file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cfdbg-;h4htm or #cfdbg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cfdbg_/pg#cfdbg-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cfdb g_/cfdbg-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/artpr9 cipleswit#jj;gov]i* ,illu/ration3 ,detail f ,! ,pursuit ( ,fragon>d4 7,frick ,collection7 ,,art ,,pr9ciples ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,pa9t+ ,toge!r ) ,notes on ! ,illusions ,produc$ by ! ,pa9t] by ,,erne/ ,,govett ,) ,?irty-"o ,illu/rations ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #aiai ,copyright1 #aiai by ,erne/ ,govett ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,preface ,?is book is put =w>d ) mu* diffid5ce1 = ,i am well aw>e ( its insuffici5cies4 ,my orig9al idea 0 to produce a "w cov]+ all ! pr9ciples ( pa9t+1 b aft] _m ye>s sp5t 9 consid]+ ! v>i\s record$ !ories relat+ to ae/hetic problems1 & 9 ga!r+ mat]ials to indicate h[ ! accept$ pr9ciples h be5 appli$1 ,i came to ! conclusion t a s+le life is sc>cely long en\gh = ! prep>ation ( an exhau/ive treatise on ! subject4 ,nev]!less1 ,i plann$ a "w ( mu* wid] scope ?an ! "o n[ pres5t$1 b v>i\s circum/ances1 & pr9cipally ! h9drance to rese>* caus$ by ! w>1 impell$ me to curtail my ambition4 ,"t 0 fad+1 & my purpose seem$ to be gr[+ v old4 ,i felt t if "o has some?+ to say1 x is bett] to say x incompletely ?an to run ! risk ( compulsory sil5ce4 ,! book w be f\nd little m ?an a skeleton1 & "s ( its sections1 notably ^? deal+ ) illusions 9 ! art1 conta9 only a few sugge/ions & in/ances1 b p]haps en\gh is said to induce a measure ( fur!r inquiry into ! subject4 ,t "p ( ! "w deal+ ) ! f9e arts g5]ally is ! result ( long consid]ation ( ! app>5t contradictions involv$ 9 ! num]\s sugge/$ /&>ds ( art4 ,9 a little book on ,! ,position ( ,l&scape 9 ,art 7publi%$ "u a nom de plume a few ye>s ago71 ,i ?rew out1 z a ballon d'essai1 an idea ( ! proposition n[ elaborat$ z ! ,law ( ,g5]al ,ass5t1 & ,i h be5 enc\rag$ to affirm ?is proposition m /rongly by ! fact t its validity 0 n que/ion$ 9 any ( ! publi%$ criticism ( ! =m] "w2 nor d ,i f9d reason to v>y x aft] ye>s ( additional delib]ation4 ,i h n be=e dealt ) ! o!r propositions n[ put =w>d4 ,! notes be+ volum9\s ,i h relegat$ !m to ! end ( ! book1 leav+ ! feet ( ! text pages = ref]5ces only4 ,:]e =eign works quot$ h be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 ! ,engli% titles are record$1 & =eign quotations are giv5 9 ,engli%1 save 9 "o or two m9or in/ances :]e ! s5se c\ld n be precisely r5d]$ 9 translation4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,def9itions ( ,art & ,beauty--,ae/hetic sy/ems--,! e>lie/ ,art--,art p]iods--,! ,grecian & ,italian developm5ts--,national & individual ,inspiration-- ,p[]s ( imag9ation & execution--,nature ( ,g5ius-- ,! ,impressioni/ ,movem5t--,sprezzatura--,! broad mann]-- ,position 9 art ( ,rembr&t & ,velasquez--,position ( ,l&scape 9 art4 ,,book ,i ,,*apt] ,i4--,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts #eb ,! ,arts imitative ( ,nature--,classifi$ accord+ to ! "* ( _! signs--,relative value ( =m 9 ,poetry--,scope ( ! ,arts 9 ! production ( beauty4 ,,ii4--,,law ,,( ,,recognition ,,9 ,,! ,,associat$ ,,arts #ei ,explanation ( ! ,law--,its application to ,poetry--,to ,sculpture--,to ,pa9t+--,to ,fiction4 ,,iii4--,,law ,,( ,,g5]al ,,ass5t #gb ,g5]al op9ion ! te/ ( beauty 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts4 ,,iv4--,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,associat$ ,,arts #gh ,production ( beauty 9 ! respective ,arts--,_! limitations4 ,v4--,,degrees ,,( ,,beauty ,,9 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,art #hc ,,vi4--,,expression4 ,,"p #a4--,,! ,,ideal #hf ,,vii4--,,expression4 ,,"p #b4--;,,*ri/ian ,,ideals #ia ,! ,deity--,*ri/--,! ,madonna--,madonna & ,*ild4 ,,viii4--,,expression4 ,,"p #c4--;,,classical ,,ideals #ajf ,ideals ( ! ,greeks--,use ( ! anci5t div9ities by ! ,pa9t]4 ,,ix4--,,expression4 ,,"p #d4--;,,g5]al ,,ideals #ace ,x4--,,expression4 ,,"p #e4--,,portraiture #ada ,limitations ( ! ,portrait ,pa9t]--,emphasis & addition ( qualities 9 portrait pa9t+--,practice ( ! anci5t ,greeks--,dignity--,importance ( ,simplicity--,"s ( ! great ma/]s--,portraiture ( wom5--,! ,engli% ma/]s--,! quality ( ,grace--,! necessity = ,repose4 ,,xi4--,,expression4 ,,"p #f4--,,miscellane\s #afg ,grief--,! ,smile--,! ,op5 ,m\?--,contra/s-- ,repres5tation ( ,dea?4 ,,xii4--,,l&scape #aib ,limitations ( ! ,l&scape ,pa9t]--,illusion ( op5+ di/ance--,illusion ( motion 9 ,l&scape-- ,moonlight sc5es--,transi5t conditions4 ,,xiii4--,,/ill-,,life #bad ,,xiv4--,,second>y ,,art #bai ,pa9t+s ( record--,sc5es f ! ,novel--,f ! writt5 drama--,f ! act$ drama--,humor\s subjects--,allegorical pa9t+s4 ,,xv4--,,col\r #bbh ,,book ,,ii ,,introductory4--,,illusion ,,9 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,art #bcf ,,*apt] ,i4--,,illusion ,,( ,,relief #bci ,,ii4--,,illusion ,,( ,,motion ,,) ,,m5 ,,& ,,animals #bdi ,,iii4--,,illusion ,,( ,,susp5sion ,,& ,,motion ,,9 ,,! ,,air #bei ,,notes #bgc ,,index ,,( ,,arti/s ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,book #ceg ,,g5]al ,,index #cfi ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,page ,,frontispiece4--,,detail ,,f ,,fragon>d',s ,,! ,,pursuit 7,,frick ,,collection1 ,,new ,,york74 ,?is "w1 :i* is "o ( ! celebrat$ ,grasse s]ies ( panels1 (f]s a v f9e example ( ! use ( an ideal head 9 a romantic subject4 7,see ,page #aci47 ,,plate #a4--,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,great ,,sculptures #f 7a74 ,head f a /atue ( ,*efr51 a k+ ( ! #d? ,egyptian ,dyna/y1 ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c4 7,cairo ,museum47 7b74 ,head f a fragm5t>y /atuette ( ,babylonia1 dat+ ab\t #bfjj ,b4,c4 7,l\vre3 f ,spe>+'s ,*ildhood ( ,art47 ,! fir/ head is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! f9e/ example ( ,egyptian art extant1 & c]ta9ly !re 0 no?+ execut$ 9 ,egypt to equal x dur+ ! ?irty c5turies foll[+ ! #e? ,dyna/y4 ,! ,babylonian head is ! be/ "w ( ,*aldean art kn[n to u1 ?\gh !re are "s f9e fragm5ts rema9+ f ! p]iod ( ab\t a ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! t5d5cy ( ! art 9 bo? examples is t[>ds ! aims a*iev$ by ! ,greeks4 7,see ,page #g47 ,,plate #b4--,,le ,,bon ,,dieu ,d',,ami5s1 ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,,por*1 ,,ami5s ,,ca!dral #ah ,?is figure by a ,fr5* sculptor ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 consid]$ by ,rusk9 to be ! f9e/ ideal ( ,*ri/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is ano!r example ( ! univ]sality ( ideals1 = ! head f ! front view might well h be5 modell$ f a ,grecian "w ( ! late f\r? or e>ly ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 7,see ,page #cai47 ,,plate #c4--;,,aft] ,,an ,,anci5t ,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,cnidian ,,v5us ,,( ,,praxiteles4 7,,vatican7 #cj ,x is commonly agre$ t ?is is ! f9e/ model 9 exi/5ce aft] ! great "w ( ,praxiteles1 :i* itself has long disappe>$4 ,! figure z x n[ /&s at ! ,vatican1 has ! "r arm re/or$1 & ! h& is made to hold up "s metallic drap]y ) :i* ! legs are cov]$1 ! beauty ( ! =m be+ ?us s]i\sly weak5$4 7,see ,pages #aaa et seq47 ,,plate #d4--,,v5us ,,anadyom5e #db 7a74 ,anci5t ,greek sculpture f ! design ( ,v5us 9 ! celebrat$ picture ( ,apelles4 7,=m]ly ,*essa ,collection1 n[ 9 ,new ,york47 ,! imm5se sup]iority ( ! sculpture ov] ! pa9t+ 7,plate #e71 f ! po9t ( view ( pure art1 is visible at a glance4 ,x is an indication ( ! f>-rea*+ scope ( ! sculptor :5 execut+ ideals4 7,see ,page #aac47 ,,plate #e4--,,v5us ,,anadyom5e1 ,,f ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,titian4 7,,bridgewat] ,,collection47 ,comp>e ) ! ,sculpture on ,plate #d4 7,see ,page #aae7 #db ,,plate #f4--,,v5us ,,repos+1 ,,by ,,giorgione4 7,,dresd5 ,,gall]y7 #ed ,?is is ! f9e/ repos+ ,v5us 9 exi/5ce 9 pa9t+4 ,x 0 ! model = ! repres5tation ( ! goddess 9 repose us$ by ,titian1 & _m o!r arti/s :o came aft] him4 7,see ,page #aaf47 ,,plate #g4--;,,demet] #ff 7a74 ,head f ! ,cnidos m>ble figure ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 attribut$ to ,scopas4 7,briti% ,museum47 7b74 ,small head 9 bronze ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 7,private ,collection47 ,9 ea* ( ^! heads ! arti/ has be5 successful 9 ma9ta9+ ! ideal1 :ile indicat+ a sugge/ion ( ! sorr[ful resignation ) :i* ,grecian leg5d has envelop$ ! m9d picture ( ,demet]4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ?is slight dep>ture f ! e/abli%$ rule t5ds to less5 ! art1 ?\gh 9 a v small degree4 7,see ,page #abb47 ,,plate #h4--,,raphael',s ,,si/9e ,,madonna 7,,dresd5 ,,gall]y71 ,,) ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,figure ,,9 ,,fragon>d',s ,,! ,,pursuit ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 #hj ,?is & ! two foll[+ plates %[ v cle>ly t 9 /riv+ = an ideal1 arti/s mu/ necess>ily arrive at ! same g5]al type4 7,see ,pages #ach et seq47 ,,plate #i4--,,raphael',s ,,virg9 ,,( ,,! ,,rose 7,,madrid71 ,,) ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,figure ,,repres5t+ ,,pr(ane ,,love ,,9 ,,titian',s ,,picture ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 #ib ,,plate #aj4--,,raphael',s ,,holy ,,family 7,,madrid71 ,,) ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,lu9i',s ,,salome ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 #ajb ,,plate #aa4--,,! ,,pursuit1 ,,by ,,fragon>d4 7,,frick ,,collection1 ,n4 ,y47 #aad ,a detail f ?is picture =ms ! ,frontispiece4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! complete pa9t+ ! c5tral figure app>5tly we>s a />tl$ expression1 b t ?is is entirely due to ! surr\nd+s & action1 is %[n by ! sub/itution ( ! face ( ! c5tral figure = t ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 ,plate #h4 7,see ,page #aci47 ,,plate #ab4--,,portrait ,,heads ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,type1 ,,f\r? ,,c5tury1 ,b4,c4 7,see ,page #ade7 #acj 7a74 ,head ( ,plato4 7,cop5hag5 ,museum47 7b74 ,t]m ( ,euripides4 7,naples ,museum47 ,,plate #ac4--,,portrait ,,heads ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,imp]ial ,,rome4 7,,see ,,page #ade7 #adf 7a74 ,vespasian4 7,naples ,museum47 7b74 ,hadrian4 7,a!ns ,museum47 ,,plate #ad4--,,sacrifice ,,( ,,iphig5ia1 ,,f ,a ,,pompeian ,,fresco4 7,,r\x ,,a9e',s ,,h]culanum ,,et ,,pompei1 ,,vol4 ,,iii7 #afj ,?is "w is presum$ to be a copy ( ! celebrat$ picture ( ,timan!s1 9 :i* ! head ( ,agamemnon 0 hidd5 because ! arti/ c\ld see no o!r way ( express+ extreme grief )\t di/ort+ ! features4 7,see ,pages #afh & #cci47 ,,plate #ae4--;,,all',s ,,well1 ,,by ,,w9sl[ ,,hom]4 7,,bo/on ,,museum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a47 #agf ,an in/ance :]e ! p]man5t beauty ( a picture is kill$ by an op5 m\?4 ,aft] a few mom5ts' inspection1 x w be obs]v$ t ! m\? appe>s to be kept op5 by a w$ge4 7,see ,page #agf47 ,,plate #af4--;,,h]cules ,,contemplat+ ,,dea?1 ,,by ,a4 ,,pollaiuolo4 7,,frick ,,collection1 ,,new ,,york47 #aij ,! only kn[n design ( ?is nature :i* appe>s to exi/ 9 any ( ! arts4 7,see ,pages #aij & #cdc47 ,,plate #ag4--;,,arcadian ,,l&scape1 ,,by ,,claude ,,lorra9e4 7,,national ,,gall]y1 ,,london7 #aih ,a f9e illusion ( op5+ di/ance creat$ by ! precise r5d]+ ( ! a]ial p]spective4 ,! illusion is ( c\rse unobs]vable 9 ! reproduction ow+ to its small size & ! want ( col\r4 7,see ,page #aih74 ,,plate #ah4--,,l&scape1 ,,by ,,hobbema4 7,,met4 ,,museum1 ,,new ,,york7 #baj ,a f9e example ( ,hobbema's "w4 ,a /rong light is ?r[n 9 f ! back to enable ! arti/ to multiply 8 signs = ! purpose ( deep5+ ! app>5t di/ance4 7,see ,page #bjb47 ,,plate #ai4--,,l&scape1 ,,by ,,jacob ,,ruysdael1 7,,national ,,gall]y1 ,,london7 #bbj ,example ( an illusion ( movem5t 9 fl[+ wat]4 7,see ,page #bjd47 ,,plate #bj4--,,! ,,/orm1 ,,by ,,jacob ,,ruysdael4 7,,b]l9 ,,gall]y7 #bcb ,exhibit+ an excell5t illusion ( motion1 due to ! fai?ful repres5tation ( a s]ies ( consecutive movem5ts ( wat] z ! vessel passes ?r\gh x4 ,! illusion is practically lo/ 9 ! reproduction1 b ! details ( design may be obs]v$4 7,see ,page #bjf47 ,,plate #ba4--,,! ,,litta ,,madonna1 ,,by ,,lion>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 7,,h]mitage7 #bdj ,?is is p]haps ! be/ example kn[n ( an illusion ( relief secur$ by %ad+ alone4 7,see ,page #bdj47 ,,plate #bb4--;,,*ri/ ,,on ,,! ,,cross1 ,,by ,,van ,,dyck4 7,,antw]p ,,museum7 #beb ,a sup]b example ( relief obta9$ by ! exclusion ( accessories4 ,van ,dyck took ! idea f ,rub5s1 :o borr[$ x f ,titian1 ?is arti/ improv+ on ,antonella da ,mess9a4 ,! relief ( c\rse is n well obs]v$ 9 ! reproduction because ( its m9iature =m4 ,! "w is usually reg>d$ z ! f9e/ ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce4 7,see ,page #bdd47 ,,plate #bc4--,,patricia1 ,,by ,,lydia ,,emmet4 7,,private ,,possession1 ,n4 ,y47 #bfd ,a v excell5t example ( ! plan ( secur+ relief describ$ 9 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,"h also ! relief is n obs]v$ 9 ! reproduction1 b ! orig9al is ( life size & provides an illusion z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 7,see ,page #bdg47 ,,plate #bd4--,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,adam1 ,,by ,,mi*elangelo4 7,,vatican7 #bgf ,in/ance ( ! use ( an oval =m ( drap]y to assi/ 9 pres5t+ an illusion ( susp5sion 9 ! air4 7,see ,page #bfj47 ,,plate #be4--,,! ,,pleiads1 ,,by ,m4 ,,s*w9d4 7,,d5n] ,,collection47 #bhh ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( illusion ( motion 9 ! air4 7,see ,page #bfi47 ,,plate #bf4--,,/4 ,,m>g>et1 ,,by ,,raphael4 7,,l\vre7 #cjb ,p]haps ! be/ example 9 exi/5ce ( a pa9t$ human figure 9 action4 ,x w be se5 t e "p ( ! body & e fold ( ! drap]y are us$ to assi/ 9 ! expression ( movem5t4 7,see ,page #bej47 ,,plate #bg4--;,,diana ,,& ,,nymphs ,,pursu$ ,,by ,,satyrs1 ,,by ,,rub5s4 7,,prado7 #cah ,a good example ( an illusion ( motion creat$ by %[+ a numb] ( p]sons 9 diff]5t /ages ( a s]ies ( consecutive actions4 7,see ,page #bed47 ,,plate #bh4--;,,autom$on ,,) ,,! ,,horses ,,( ,,a*illes1 ,,by ,h4 ,,regnault4 7,,bo/on ,,museum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a47 #ccd ,! extraord9>y _s & action ( ^! horses are above ! exp]i5ce ( life1 b !y d n appe> to be beyond ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,9 any case ! action is p]fectly appropriate "h1 z ! animals are presum$ to be immortal4 7,see ,page #bef47 ,,plate #bi4--,,m>ble ,,figure ,,( ,,ariadne4 7,,vatican7 #cdh ,?is "w1 ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 illu/rates ! possibility ( l>gely v>y+ ! regul> proportions ( ! human figure )\t injury to ! art1 by ! skilful use ( drap]y4 7,see ,page #cbi47 ,art ,pr9ciples ,,introduction ,9 view ( ! _m v>i$ def9itions ( ,art :i* h be5 put =w>d 9 rec5t times1 & ! equally div]se hypo!ses advanc$ = ! solution ( ae/hetic problems relat+ to beauty1 x is necess>y = "o :o discusses pr9ciples ( art1 to /ate :at he und]/&s by ! t]ms ,art & ,beauty4 ,?\gh hav+ a widely ext5d$ g5]al mean+1 ! t]m ,art 9 common p>lance applies to ! f9e arts only1 b ! t]m ,arts has ref]5ce z well to c]ta9 indu/ries :i* h utility = _! prim>y object4 ,?is "w consid]s only ! f9e arts1 & :5 ! writ] uses ! t]m ,art or ,arts he ref]s to "o or m ( ^! arts1 unless a p>ticul> qualification is add$4 ,! def9ition ( ,art z appli$ to ! f9e arts1 ^u :i* he relies1 is ,! production ( beauty = ! purpose ( giv+ pleasure1 or z x is m precisely put1 ,! beautiful repres5tation ( nature = ! purpose ( giv+ dis9t]e/$ pleasure4 ,?is is1 broadly1 ! def9ition g5]ally accept$1 & is c]ta9ly ! und]/&+ ( art :i* has guid$ ! h&s ( all ! creators ( ^? great works 9 ! v>i\s arts be=e :i* m5 h b[$ z triumphs ( human skill4 ,!re has be5 no satisfactory def9ition ( ,beauty1 nor c ! t]m be %ortly int]pret$ until !re is a g5]al agreem5t z to :at x cov]s4 ,mu* ( ! confusion aris+ f ! contradictory !ories ( ae/hetici/s 9 respect ( ! p]ception ( beauty is app>5tly due to ! want ( sep>ate consid]ation ( emotional beauty & beauty ( m9d1 t is to say1 ! beauty ( s5sorial effects & beauty ( expression respectively4#a ,!re are k9ds ( s5sorial beauty :i* dep5d = _! p]ception ^u imm$iately prec$+ s5sory exp]i5ce1 or p>ticul> coexi/5t surr\nd+s :i* are n necess>ily p]man5t1 :ile 9 o!r cases a c]ta9 beauty may be recogniz$ & subsequ5tly appe> to vani% altoge!r4 ,f ?is x is obvi\s t any ae/hetic sy/em bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( an objectivity ( beauty mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t an objectivity !re c be no sy/em1 because 9 its abs5ce a l9e ( reason+ expla9+ cause & effect 9 ! p]ception ( beauty1 :i* is op5 to demon/ration1 is naturally impossible4 ,nor may we prop]ly speak ( a philosophy ( art4#b ,we may reasonably consid] ae/hetics a bran* ( psy*ology1 b ! emotions aris+ f ! recognition ( beauty v>y only 9 degree & n 9 k9d1 :e!r ! beauty be se5 9 nature or art4 ,consequ5tly !re c be no sep>ate psy*ological enquiry into ! p]ception ( beauty creat$ by art z di/+ui%$ f t obs]vable 9 nature4 ,x mu/ be a natural attraction = ! insoluble my/]ies ( life t has induc$ s _m philosoph]s dur+ ! la/ two c5turies to put =w>d ae/hetic sy/ems4 ,t no two ( ^! sy/ems agree on important po9ts1 & t ea* & e "o has crumbl$ to du/ f a t\* ( ! w& ( exp]i5ce adm9i/]$ by a hundr$ h&s1 are well-kn[n facts1 yet /ill ! sy/ems cont9ue to be calmly pres5t$ z if !y 7 valuable contributions to k4 ,ea* new critic 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy c>efully & gravely sets !m up1 & !n c>efully & gravely knocks !m d[n4#c ,an excuse = ! sy/ems has be5 "h & !re (f]$1 t ! explanations !re( sometimes include valuable philosophical comm5ts or sugge/ions4 ,?is may be1 b /ud5ts _c reasonably be expect$ to sift out a few oats f a bu%el ( husks1 ev5 if ! supply be f ! b9 ( a ,hegel or a ,s*op5hau]4 ,is x too mu* to sugge/ t ^! phantom sy/ems be f9ally consign$ to ! grave ( oblivion :i* has yawn$ = !m s long & s conspicu\sly8 ,bubbles h c]ta9 measurem5ts & may brilliantly gl[1 b !y are /ill bubbles4 ,x is z impossible to build up a sy/em ( philosophy ^u ! p]ception ( beauty1 :i* dep5ds entirely ^u physical & physiological laws1 z to erect a sy/em ( e?ics on ! law ( gravitation1 = a feasible connection betwe5 sup]/ructure & f\ndation _c be pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,we may fur!r note t a prop] appreh5sion ( /&>ds ( judgm5t 9 art _c be obta9$ unless ! sep>ate & relative ae/hetic values ( ! two =ms ( beauty are consid]$1 because ! beauty ( a "w may appe> great] at "o "t ?an at ano!r1 accord+ z x is m or less p]man5t or fleet+1 t is to say1 accord+ z ! balance ( ! s5sorial & intellectual elem5ts !re9 is m or less unev52 or if ! beauty pres5t be almo/ entirely emotional1 accord+ z ! obs]v] may be affect$ by indep5d5t s5sorial conditions ( "t or place4 ,consequ5t ^u ^! consid]ations1 an endeav\r has be5 made 9 ?is "w to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two =ms ( beauty 9 ! v>i\s arts1 & ! sep>ate grades !re(4 ,x w be notic$ t ! writ] has adopt$ ! some:at unusual c\rse ( includ+ fiction among ! f9e arts4 ,:y ?is practice is n commonly foll[$ is h>d to det]m9e1 b no def9ition ( a f9e art has be5 or c be giv5 :i* does n cov] fiction4 ,9 ! def9ition "h accept$1 ! art is cle>ly includ$1 = ! prim>y object ( fiction is ! beautiful repres5tation ( nature = ! purpose ( giv+ dis9t]e/$ pleasure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,art is indep5d5t ( conditions ( peoples or c\ntries4 ,its g]m is unconnect$ ) civilization1 politics1 religion1 laws1 mann]s1 or morals4 ,x may appe> l a brilliant fl[] :]e ! m9d ( man is an intellectual des]t1 or refuse to bloom 9 ! busie/ hive ( human en]gy4 ,its "m is ! imag9ation1 & :]ev] ?is has room to exp&1 !re art w gr[1 ?\gh ! gr\nd may be ne>ly /]ile1 & ! bud )] away f want ( n\ri%m5t4 ,e *ild is born a pot5tial arti/1 = he comes into ! _w ) s5sorial n]ves1 & a bra9 :i* directs ! imag9ation4 ,! primitive peoples made beautiful ?+s long be=e !y c\ld read or write1 & ! recognition ( h>mony ( =m appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ und]/&+s 9 life aft] ! primal in/9cts ( self-pres]vation & ! cont9uation ( ! species4 ,"s ( ! sket*es made by ! cave m5 ( ,france are equal to any?+ ( ! k9d produc$ 9 a ?\s& ye>s ( c]ta9 anci5t civilizations1 comm5c+ c\ntless c5turies aft] ! v exi/5ce ( ! cave m5 _h be5 =gott52 & ev5 if execut$ n[1 w\ld be recogniz$ z indicat+ ! possession ( consid]able tal5t by ! arti/s4 ,! greate/ poem ev] writt5 0 giv5 bir? 9 a c\ntry ne> :i* b>b>ic hordes _h rec5tly deva/at$ popul\s cities1 & wreck$ a national fabric ) :i* 7 int]wov5 c5turies ( art & culture4 ,t ! au?or ( ?is poem _h se5 great works ( art is c]ta91 or he c\ld n h conceiv$ ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 b ! lab\r$ sculpture t _h fir$ 8 imag9ation1 & ! leg5ds :i* _h p]haps be5 ! se$ ( 8 ma/]pieces 7 d\btless buri$ ) 8 own records b5ea? ! tramp ( numb]less m]c5>ies4 ,=tunately "h & !re ! human voice c\ld draw f memory's /ore1 & s ! magic ( ,hom] 0 :isp]$ by ! dy+ to ! liv+2 b ev5 8 "t & place are n[ only vaguely kn[n1 & he rema9s l ! w>atah on ! blea*$ pa/ure ( "s des]t fr+e--a solit>y blaze ( sc>let :]e all else is dre> & desolate4 ,/rong is ! root ( art1 ?\gh frail ! fl[]4 ,/ifl$ 9 sun-burnt gr\nd ere x c welcome ! smile ( light2 fad+ ) ! fir/ bla/ ( air ^u its delicate %oots2 %rivell+ back to du/ :5 ! buds are ready to break2 or fall+ 9 ! /ruggle to spread its bran*es aft] its beautiful blossoms h scatt]$ _! fragrance ar\nd3 :atev] condition has br\ght x l[1 x ev] fights aga9--ev] seeks to assure mank9d t :ile x may droop or disappe>1 its se$1 its he>t1 its life1 are imp]i%able1 & surely x w bloom aga9 9 all its maje/y4 ,sometimes ) decades x has run a fitful c\rse2 sometimes ) c5turies2 sometimes ) mill5niums4 ,x has h]ald$ e civilization1 b its brea? is fre$om1 & x fl\ri%es & sick5s only ) lib]ty4 ,trace its c\rse 9 ! life ( e nation1 & ! track w be f\nd p>allel ) ! l9e ( fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,a solit>y plant may bloom unimp$$ f> f tyranny's ?rall1 b ! art & s\l ( a nation live1 & ?rob1 & die1 toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a 7,see page #g7 ,head ( ,cephr51 #d? ,egyptian ,dyna/y 7,cairo ,museum7 ,*aldean ,head3 ,ab\t #bfjj ,b4,c4 7,l\vre7 ,egypt1 ,babylon1 ,crete1 ,greece1 ,rome1 tell _! /ories ?r\gh dea?less monum5ts1 & all are alike 9 t !y demon/rate ! dep5d5ce ( art expansion ^u fre$om ( action & op9ion4 ,an art rises1 develops ano!r & ano!r1 & !y proce$ toge!r on _! way4 ,soon] or lat] comes cata/rophe 9 ! %ape ( cru%+ tyranny :i* curbs ! m9d ) slav]y1 or /eel-b\nd sac]dotal rules :i* say to ! arti/ ,?\ %alt g no fur!r1 or annihilation ( nation & life4 ,:at imag9ation c picture ! expansion ( art ?r\gh\t ! _w _h its flight be5 free s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory8 ,greece rea*$ ! sublime because its m9d 0 unfett]$1 b tw5ty or ?irty c5turies be=e ,phidias1 ,egyptian art _h arriv$ at a l(ti] plane ?an t on :i* ! highe/ pla/ic art ( ,greece 0 /&+ b a few decades be=e ! ,olympian ,zeus uplift$ ! s\ls ( m51 :ile :ole civilizations ) _! arts _h liv$ & di$1 & 7 practically =gott54 ,x is to be obs]v$ t :ile 9 its v>i\s isolat$ developm5ts1 art has proce$$ f ! immature to ! mature1 !re has be5 no g5]al evolution1 z 9 natural life1 b on ! o!r h& !re seems to be a limit to its progress4 ,s f> z our imag9ation c div9e1 no high] rea*es 9 art are atta9able ?an ^? already a*iev$4 ,! m9d c conceive ( no?+ high] ?an ! spiritual1 & ?is _c be repres5t$ 9 art except by means ( =m2 :ile )9 ! range ( human intellig5ce1 no sugge/ion ( spiritual =m c rise above ! ideals ( ,phidias4 ,( ! purely human =m1 no?+ great] ?an ! "w ( ,praxiteles & ,raphael c be pictur$ on our bra9s4 ,!re may be poets :o w rival ,hom] & ,%akespe>e1 b x is exce$+ly d\btful4 ,9 any case we mu/ disc>d ! law ( evolution z applicable to ! arts1 ) ! "o exception ( music1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! special function+ ( its signs1 mu/ be put into a division by itself4a a ,see ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,b al?\gh !re has be5 no g5]al progression 9 art p>allel ) ! gr[? ( ! sci5ces & civilization1 !re h be51 z already indicat$1 _m sep>ate epo*s ( art cultivation 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 sometimes accompani$ by ! production ( immortal works1 :i* epo*s 9 !mselves seem to provide examples ( re/rict$ evolution4#d ,x is desirable to ref] to ^! art p]iods1 z !y are commonly call$1 = ! purpose ( remov+1 if possible1 a n uncommon appreh5sion t !y are ! result ( special conditions op]at+ an ae/hetic /imulus1 & t simil> or relat$ conditions mu/ be pres5t 9 any c\ntry if ! flame ( art !re is to burn high & brightly4#e ,! well-def9$ p]iods v>y l>gely bo? 9 "* & duration1 ! mo/ important ( !m--! ,grecian developm5t & ! ,italian ,r5aissance--cov]+ two or ?ree c5turies ea*1 & ! o!rs1 z ! ,fr5* ?irte5? c5tury sculpture expansion1 ! ,engli% lit]>y revival 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1#f & ! ,dut* developm5t 9 pa9t+ 9 ! sev5te5?1 la/+ only a few decades4 ,^! latt] p]iods c be disp5s$ ) at once because !y 7 ea* conc]n$ ) "o art only1 & !re=e c sc>cely h result$ f a g5]al ae/hetic /imulus4 ,b ! ,grecian & ,italian movem5ts appli$ to all ! arts4 ,!y repres5t$ natural developm5ts f ! crude to ! advanc$1 ( :i* all nations produce examples1 & 7 only exceptional 9 t !y rea*$ high] levels 9 art ?an 7 atta9$ by o!r movem5ts4 ,b !re is no evid5ce to %[ t !y 7 br\ght ab\t by special circum/ances outside ( ! arts !mselves4 ,:ile !re 7 national crises prec$+ ! "o developm5t1 !re 0 no tr\ble ( consequ5ce to h]ald ! o!r1 nor 0 !re any p>allel betwe5 ! conditions ( ! two peoples dur+ ! progress ( ! movem5ts4 ,a %ort ref]5ce to ea* developm5t w %[ t its rise & decl9e 7 ! outcome ( simple matt]-(-fact conditions ( a m or less accid5tal nature1 un9flu5c$ by an ae/hetic impulse 9 ! s5se ( inspiration4 ,! mo/ common sugge/ion advanc$ to acc\nt = ! rise 9 ,grecian art1 is t x 0 due to ! exaltation ( ! ,greek m9d ?r\gh ! victories ( ,m>a?on1 ,plataea1 & ,salamis4 ,t a p %\ld be s trampl$ ^u z 7 ! ,greeks2 t _! cities %\ld be raz$1 _! c\ntry desolat$1 & _! comm]ce de/roy$2 t not)/&+ all ?is !y %\ld refuse to give way be=e enemies outnumb]+ !m tw5ty1 fifty1 or ev5 a hundr$ to "o2 & t aft] all !y %\ld cru% ^! enemies1 0 no d\bt a great & h]oic triumph1 likely to exalt ! nation & fe$ ! imag9ation ( ! p = a long "t to come2 b t ^! victories 7 responsible = ! l(ty em95ce rea*$ by ! ,greek arti/s1 _c be ma9ta9$4 ,f :at we "k ( ,calamis1 ,myron1 & o!rs1 x is cle> t ,grecian art 0 already on its way to ! summit rea*$ by ,phidias :5 ,m>a?on & ,salamis 7 f\ght1 ?\gh ! victories ( ! ,greek arms ha/5$ ! developm5t = ! pla9 reason t !y l$ to an increas$ dem& = works ( art4 ,& ! decl9e 9 ,grecian art result$ purely & simply f a less5$ dem&4 ,?\gh ?is 0 ! reason = ! g5]al decay1 !re 0 a special cause = ! app>5t weak5+ ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,phidias climb$ z high 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ideals z ! imag9ation c\ld so>4 ,he rea*$ ! summit ( human endeav\r4 ,necess>ily !n1 unless ano!r ,phidias arose1 :atev] 9 art came aft] him w\ld appe> to m>k a decl9e4 ,b x is sc>cely prop] to put ! case ( ,phidias =w>d = comp>ative purposes4 ,he c>ri$ ! art ( sculpture high] ?an x is possible = ! pa9t] to asc5d1 & s we %\ld r use ! giants ( ! f\r? c5tury--,scopas1 ,praxiteles1 ,lysippus1 ,apelles--z ! /&>ds to be comp>$ ) ! =emo/ spirits ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance--,raphael & ,mi*elangelo--= ea* ( ^! gr\ps a*iev$ ! human ideal1 ?\gh fail+ ) ! spiritual ideal e/abli%$ by ,phidias4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all good art means sl[ "w--long ?9k+1 mu* exp]im5t1 t$i\s att5tion to detail 9 plan1 & c>eful execution4 ,mean:ile m5 h to live1 ev5 immortal arti/s1 & r>ely inde$ does "o und]take a "w ( importance on 8 own acc\nt4 ,x is true t 9 ! great] days ( ,greece ! be/ arti/s 7 almo/ entirely employ$ by a ,/ate1 or at lea/ to execute works = public exhibition1 & d\btless ! paym5t !y receiv$ 0 q a second>y matt] ) !m1 b nev]!less few c\ld practise _! art )\t remun]ation4 ,dur+ ! fif? & f\r? c5turies great ev5ts 7 con/antly happ5+ 9 ,greece1 & 9 consequ5ce !re 7 numb]less temples to build & adorn1 groves to decorate1 m5 to hon\r1 & monum5tal tombs to erect4 ,innum]able /atues ( gods & goddesses 7 want$1 & we mu/ n =get ! :olesale de/ruction ( ,a!nian & o!r temples & sculptures dur+ ! ,p]sian invasion4 ,9 fact = a c5tury & a half aft] ,plataea1 !re 0 practically an unlimit$ dem& = works ( art1 & x 0 only :5 ! empire ( ,alex&] began to crumble away t conditions *ang$4 ,:ile ,greece 0 weak5+ ,rome 0 gr[+ & h] l5g!n+ %ad[s 7 approa*+ ! walls ( ,a!ns4 ,greece c\ld build no m temples :5 h] p 7 becom+ slaves ( ,rome2 %e c\ld ord] no m monum5ts :5 defeat 0 ! c]ta9 end ( /ruggle4 ,& s ! decl9e 0 br\ght ab\t1 n by want ( arti/s1 b ?r\gh ! de>? ( ord]s & ! consequ5t neglect ( competition4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance ! decad5ce 0 n due to ! same cause4 ,! art ( ,greece decl9$ gradually 9 respect ( quantity z well z quality1 :ile 9 ,italy aft] ! decay 9 quality set 91 art 0 z n\ri%+ z ev] f ! po9t ( view ( dem&4 ,! *ange 9 ! "* ( ! art 0 due entirely to ,raphael's a*ievem5ts4 ,z ) ! e>ly ,greek1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! e>ly ,italian art 0 conc]n$ ) religion1 ?\gh 9 ?is case !re 7 v few ideals4 ,! num]\s anci5t gods ( ,greece & ,rome 7 long gone1 to become only classical h]oes ) ! ,italians1 & _! places 7 tak5 by tw5ty or ?irty p]sonages f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,incid5ts f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 sometimes pa9t$1 b ne>ly all ! great] "w dealt ) ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! ,sa9ts4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,r5aissance di/ribut$ _! att5tion fairly equally among ^! p]sonages1 b z "t w5t on & ! art became ( a sup]ior ord]1 arti/s aim$ at ! highe/ developm5t ( beauty t _! imag9ations c\ld conceive1 & h5ce ! sev]e beauty t might be %[n 9 a picture ( ,*ri/ or a prom95t ,sa9t1 _h commonly to give way to a m e>?ly p]fection ( feature & =m1 :i*1 sugge/+ an ideal1 c\ld only be giv5 to ! figure ( ! ,virg94 ,& s ! te/ ( ! p[] ( an arti/ came to be in/9ctively decid$ by 8 repres5tation ( ! ,madonna4 ,no d\bt !re 7 _m p]sons liv+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury :o wat*$ ! gradually increas+ beauty ( ! ,madonna z depict$ by ! succession ( great pa9t]s !n work+1 & wond]$ :5 & :]e ! summit w\ld be rea*$--:5 an arti/ w\ld appe> beyond ^: "w ! imag9ation c\ld n pass1 = !re is a limit to human p[]s4 ,! g5ius arose 9 ,raphael1 & :5 he produc$ 9 ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s ( 8 life1 ,madonna aft] ,madonna1 s f> 9 advance ( any?+ t _h hi!rto be5 done1 s great 9 beauty z to leave 8 fell[ arti/s lo/ 9 wond]1 s l(ty 9 conception t ! t]m div9e 0 appli$ to him 9 8 lifetime1 x 0 inevitable t a decad5ce %\ld set 91 = s f> z ! intellig5ce c\ld see1 :atev] came aft] him mu/ be inf]ior4 ,he did n asc5d to ! height ( ,phidias1 = a pure ideal ( spiritual =m is beyond ! p[] ( ! pa9t]1b b z ) ,praxiteles he rea*$ a p]fect human ideal1 & s ga9$ ! supreme p9nacle ( 8 art4 ,b :ile !re 0 an inevitable decad5ce aft] him1 z aft] ,praxiteles1 x 01 z already indicat$1 only 9 ! "* ( ! art1 = 9 ,italy arti/s g5]ally 7 z busy = a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,raphael1 z dur+ 8 "t4 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 & ! o!r giants :o 7 work+ :5 ,raphael di$1 kept up ! r5[n ( ! p]iod = half a c5tury or s1 b x seem$ impossible = arti/s :o came on ! sc5e aft] ,raphael's dea?1 to ent] ^u an entirely orig9al c\rse4 ,! :ole ( ! new g5]ation seem$ to cl+ to ! models put =w>d by ! great ,urb9o pa9t]1 save "s ( ! ,v5etians :o _h a model ( _! own 9 ,titian4 b ,see ,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,?us x is cle> t ! rise & decl9e ( ! ,grecian & ,italian movem5ts 7 due to well asc]ta9$ causes :i* _h no?+ to d ) a national ae/hetic impulse2 nor is !re evid5ce ( su* an impulse connect$ ) o!r art developm5ts4 ,! sugge/ion t a nation may be assi/$ 9 its art by emotional or psy*ological influ5ces aris+ f patriotic exaltation1 is only an ext5sion ( an op9ion commonly held1 t ! individual arti/ is subject to simil> influ5ces1 ?\gh due to p]sonal exaltation connect$ ) 8 art4 ,x is z well to po9t out t !re is only "o way to produce a "w ( art1 & t is to comb9e ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation ) skill 9 execution4 ,! arti/ conceives an idea & puts x into =m4 ,he does no?+ m4 ,he c rely ^u no extrane\s influ5ce4 ,x is sugge/$ t to br+ ab\t a supreme accompli%m5t 9 art1 ! imag9ation mu/ be associat$ ) some?+ outside ( our p[] ( control--"s impulse :i* acts ^u ! bra9 b is indep5d5t ( x4 ,?is unmeasur$ =ce or lev] is usually kn[n by ! t]m ,inspiration4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is =ce comes to c]ta9 p]sons :5 !y h p>ticul> moods ^u !m1 & gives !m a great idea :i* !y may use 9 a pa9t+1 a poem1 or a musical composition4 ,! sugge/ion is attractive1 b 9 ! long range ( hi/orical record !re is no evid5ce t accid5t1 9 ! %ape ( inspiration or o!r psy*ological lev]1 has be5 responsible 9 ! slighte/ degree = ! production ( a "w ( art4 ,! writ] ( a sublime poem1 or ! pa9t] ( a p]fect ,madonna1 uses ! same k9d ( m5tal & mat]ial lab\r z ! man :o *isels a lion's head on a *air1 or adds a filigree ornam5t to a bangle4 ,! diff]5ce is "o ( degree only4 ,! poet or pa9t] is gift$ ) a vivid imag9ation :i* he has cultivat$ by /udy2 & by dilig5ce has acquir$ sup]lative facility 9 execution1 :i* he uses to ! be/ advantage4 ,! "w ( ! furniture c>v] or jewell] does n require su* high p[]s1 & he climbs only a few /eps ( ! ladd] ^: upp]mo/ rungs h be5 scal$ by ! great] arti/s4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( ! five & tw5ty c5turies dur+ :i* works ( high art h be5 produc$1 "s ( !m _h be5 execut$ ) ! assi/ance ( a psy*ological impulse direct$ indep5d5tly ( ! w1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ref]5ces to ! ph5om5on by ! arti/s conc]n$1 or ! v num]\s art hi/orians1 b )\t a kn[n exception1 all ! great arti/s :o h left any record ( ! cause ( _! success1 or ^: views on ! subject are to be ga9$ by indirect ref]5ces1 h attribut$ ?is success to h>d /udy1 or manual indu/ry1 or bo? toge!r4 ,we "k little ( ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,greeks on ! matt]1 b ! few anecdotes we h1 indicate t _! arti/s 7 v practical m5 inde$1 & h>dly likely to expect my/]i\s psy*ological influ5ces to help !m 9 _! "w4 ,s ) ! ,romans1 & x is noticeable t ! key to ! production ( beauty 9 poetry1 9 ! op9ion ( ,virgil & ,horace1 is c>eful prep>ation & unlimit$ revision4 ,?is appe>s to be ! view ( "s mod]n poets1 & if ,dante1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,milton1 _h exp]i5c$ vision>y inspiration1 we %\ld surely h he>d ( x4 ,=tunately "s ( ! mo/ em95t pa9t]s ( mod]n times h express$ !mselves def9itely ^u ! po9t4 ,lion>do obs]v$ t ! pa9t] arrives at p]fection by manual op]ation2 & ,mi*elangelo ass]t$ t ,raphael acquir$ 8 excell5ce by /udy & application4 ,rub5s prais$ 8 bru%es1 by :i* he meant 8 acquir$ facility1 z ! in/rum5ts ( 8 =tune2 & ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 attribut$ 8 success to ! fact t he neglect$ no?+1 ref]r+ ( c\rse to 8 /udies4 ,accord+ to 8 biograph]s1 ! triumphs ( ,claude 7 due to 8 untir+ indu/ry1 :ile ,reynolds held t no?+ is d5i$ to well direct$ lab\r4 ,& s ) _m o!rs d[n to ,turn]1 ^: secret accord+ to ,rusk91 0 s9c]ity & toil4 ,x w\ld seem to be possible = an arti/ to "w himself into a condition ( emotional excitem5t1#g ei!r involunt>ily :5 a great ?\ght comes to him1 or volunt>ily :5 he seeks ideas :]e) to execute a brilliant conception2 & x is compreh5sible t :5 9 ?is condition1 :i* is practically an extreme conc5tration ( 8 m5tal en]gy ^u ! purpose 9 h&1 images or o!r ae/hetic sugge/ions suitable = 8 "w may pres5t !mselves to 8 m9d4 ,^! he might reg>d z ! result ( inspiration1 b 9 reality !y w\ld be ! product ( a tra9$ imag9ation op]at+ "u advantage\s conditions4 ,nor c any rule be laid d[n t ! "* or temp]am5t ( an arti/ influ5ces 8 "w1 = if in/ances c be giv5 9 support ( su* an ass]tion1 at lea/ an equal numb] may be adduc$ :i* directly oppose x4 ,if we might approximately gauge ! true *>act]s ( ,fra ,angelico & ,mi*elangelo f a /udy ( _! "w1 x is c]ta9 t no imag9ation c\ld conjure up ! actual p]sonalities ( ,p]ug9o & ,cell9i1 f an exam9ation ( ! pa9t+s ( ! "o & ! sculptures ( ! o!r4 ,:at c be said on ! subject :5 assass9s ( ! nature ( ,cor5zio & ,c>avaggio pa9t$ s _m beautiful ?+s1 & evil-m9d$ m5 l ,rib]a & ,batti/ello adorn$ great *ur*es ) sacr$ compositions8 ,if ! "w ( ,claude appe>s to h>monize ) 8 "*1 t ( ,turn] does n4 ,fri5dless 9 y\?3 loveless 9 manhood2 hopeless 9 dea?4 ,su* 0 ,turn] accord+ to ,rusk91 b is !re any sign ( ?is 9 8 works8 ,n a trace4 ,if any conclusion z to 8 "* & temp]am5t c be drawn f ,turn]'s pa9t+s1 x is t he 0 a gay1 light-he>t$ ?9k]1 ) all ! optimism & high spirits t come f a delight 9 beautiful ?+s4 ,! elem5t ( mood is unque/ionably ( importance 9 ! "w ( an arti/1 b x is n uncommon to f9d ! "* ( 8 designs contr>y to 8 mood4 ,poets1 z 9 ! case ( ,hood1 or pa9t]s z ) ,tassa]t1 may execute ! mo/ lively pieces :ile 9 moods v]g+ on despair4 ,) "s m5 adv]sity quick5s ! imag9ation ) fancies2 ) o!rs x b5umbs _! faculties4 ,! t5d5cy ( popul> criticism to se>* = psy*ological ph5om5a 9 pa9t+s1 app>5tly arises l>gely f ! difficulty 9 compreh5d+ h[ x is t c]ta9 arti/s ( high repute v>y _! /yles ( pa9t+ aft] _m ye>s ( good "w1 & produce pictures )\t ! /rik+ beauty *>act]iz+ _! =m] ef=ts4 ,sometimes :5 age is beg9n+ to tell ^u !m1 !y broad5 _! mann] consid]ably1 z ) ,rembr&t & o!rs ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & _m rec5t arti/s ( less] fame4 ,! critic1 v naturally p]haps1 is *>y ( condemn+ "w f ! h& ( "o :o has giv5 evid5ce ( consummate skill1 & s seeks = hidd5 beauties 9 lieu ( ^? to :i* he has be5 accu/om$4 ,a simple enquiry into ! matt] w %[ t ! *ange ( /yle 9 ^! cases has a commonplace natural cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b 7,see page #cai7 ,le ,bon ,dieu d',ami5s 7,ami5s ,ca!dral7 ,to be 9 ! front rank an arti/ mu/ h acquir$ a va/ k ( ! te*nique ( 8 art1 & h a p[]ful imag9ation :i* has be5 highly cultivat$4 ,b ! qualifications mu/ be balanc$4 ,commonly :5 ?is balance is n pres5t ! defici5cy is 9 ! imag9ation1 b !re are in/ances :]e1 ?\gh ! p[] ( execution is supreme1 ! imag9ation has s f> exce$$ all b\nds z to r5d] ?is p[] ( comp>atively small practical value4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s example ( ?is want ( balance is ,lion>do1 :o accompli%$ little ?\gh he 0 sc>cely surpass$ 9 execution by ,raphael or ,mi*elangelo4 ,8 imag9ation inv>iably ran beyond 8 execution2 8 ideas 7 always above ! works he complet$ or p>tly f9i%$3 he saw 9 fact f> beyond any?+ he c\ld accompli%1 & s 0 nev] satisfi$ ) ! result ( 8 lab\r4 ,at ! same "t he 0 fill$ ) ideas 9 ! sci5ces1 & inve/igat$ e bran* ( k )\t br++ 8 conclusions to fruition4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 ,mi*elangelo %[$ a simil> defect 9 a less] degree1 = 8 unf9i%$ works ( ! p]iod exce$ 9 numb] ^? he complet$4 ,naturally su* intellectual giants1 ^: imag9ations _c be levell$ ) ! highe/ ability 9 execution1 are few1 b ! less] lum9>ies :o fail1 or :o con/antly fail1 9 c>ry+ out _! conceptions1 are legion1 ?\gh !y may h absorb$ ! limit ( k :i* !y are capable ( acquir+ 9 respect ( execution4 ,x is common = a pa9t] to turn out a few ma/]pieces & no?+ else ( p]man5t value4 ,?is 0 ! case ) num]\s ,italian arti/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x is inde$ a "q :e!r !re is "o ( !m1 except p]haps ,dom5i*9o1 ^: works h n a consid]able range 9 ae/hetic value4 ,!re h be5 /ill m arti/s ^: p[]s ( execution 7 f> beyond ! flights ( _! imag9ations4 ,!y include ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,dut* s*ool ) ,rembr&t at _! head1 & ! :ole ( ! ,spani% s*ool ( ! same p]iod1 except ,el ,greco1 ,zurb>an1 & ,murillo4 ,:5 an arti/ is 9 ! fir/ rank 9 respect ( execution1 b is di/9ctly inf]ior 9 imag9ative scope1 8 "w 9 all grades ( 8 art1 except ! highe/1 :]e ideals are possible1 seems to h a great] value ?an x really possesses because we are ins5sibly cognizant t ! accompli%m5t rises above ! idea ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,on ! o!r h& 8 "w 9 ! highe/ plane appe>s to possess a l[] value1 because we are surpris$ t ideals h n be5 attempt$1 & t ! types ( ! spiritual & classical p]sonages repres5t$ are ( ! same class ( m5 & wom5 z ^? exhibit$ 9 works deal+ ) ord9>y human occupations or actions4 ,?is is :y ! sacr$ & classical pictures ( ,rembr&t1 ,v]me] ( ,delft1 & ! o!r lead+ ,dut* arti/s1 appe> to be bel[ _! portrait & g5re "w 9 p[]4 ,! c\rse ( v>iation 9 ! "w ( a great pa9t] foll[s ! relative p[] ( 8 imag9ation & 8 execution4 ,:]e !re is a fair balance betwe5 ! two1 ! "w ( ! arti/ increases 9 ae/hetic value ) 8 age & exp]i5ce2 b :5 8 facility 9 execution rises above ! =ce ( 8 imag9ation1 !n 8 middle p]iod is inv>iably ! be/1 8 lat] "w %[+ a gradual depreciation 9 quality4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! surety ( ! h& & eye dim9i%es m rapidly ?an ! p[] ( ! m9d1 :i* 9 fact is commonly enhanc$ ) exp]i5ce till old age comes on4 ,great arti/s :o rely mo/ly ^u _! p[]s ( execution1 & exhibit limit$ f]tility 9 inv5tion1 su* z ,rembr&t1 h (t5 a mann] :i* is s int]wov5 ) ! effects !y seek1 t !y are seldom or nev] able to avail !mselves ( ! assi/ance ( o!rs 9 ! less] important p>ts ( _! "w4 ,a man ) ! f]tile m9d ( a ,rub5s may ga!r ar\nd him a tr\pe ( arti/s ne>ly z good z himself 9 execution1 :o w c>ry out 8 designs completely save = c]ta9 details4 ,?us he is n occupi$ ) labori\s toil1 & ! decreas+ accuracy ( 8 h&iwork tr\bles him b little4 ,on ! o!r h& a ,rembr&t1 ^: m]its lie *iefly 9 ! delicate manipulation ( light effects & intricate %ades 9 expression1 rema9s ti$ to 8 canvas4 ,he feels int5sely ! decreas+ facility 9 ! use ( 8 bru% :i* necess>ily accompanies 8 advanc+ ye>s1 & 8 only rec\rse f a /oppage ( "w is an alt]ation 9 mann] involv+ a r$uction ( lab\r & a less5$ /ra9 ^u ! eyesight4 ,) few exceptions ! great ma/]pieces ( ,rembr&t 7 produc$ 9 8 middle p]iod4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life he gradually increas$ 8 bread? ( mann]4 ,he 0 /ill magnific5t 9 g5]al expression1 b ! intimate details :i* produc$ su* glori\s effects 9 ! great ,am/]dam picture1 & fifty or m ( 8 s+le portraits1 c\ld n be obta9$ ) hog's hair4#h ,disconnect+ !n ! "w ( ! arti/ ) inspiration or o!r psy*ological =ce1 we may n[ enquire :at is mean by ,g5ius1 ,natural gift1 or o!r t]m us$ to expla9 ! p[] ( an arti/ to produce a great "w8 ,x w\ld appe> t ! answ] is closely conc]n$ ) ! condition ( ! s5sorial n]ves at bir?1 & ! precocity or o!rwise ( ! infantile imag9ation4 ,f ! fact t we c cultivate ! eye & e> s z to recognize =ms ( h>mony :i* we c\ld n be=e p]ceive1 & see+ t ! effect ( ?is cultivation is p]man5t1 x foll[s t ex]cise mu/ br+ ab\t direct *anges 9 ! n]ves associat$ ) ^! organs1 attun+ !m s to speak1 & enabl+ !m to respond to new] h>monies aris+ f increas$ complexity ( ! signs us$4#i ,x is matt] ( common k t ! /ructure ( ! s5sorial n]ves v>ies l>gely 9 diff]5t p]sons at bir?1 & :5 a boy at a v e>ly age %[s precoci\s ability 9 music or draw+1 we may prop]ly inf] t ! condition ( 8 optic or aural n]ves is comp>atively advanc$1 t is to say1 x is mu* less rudim5t>y ?an t ( ! av]age p]son at ! same age2 9 o!r words accid5t has giv5 him a n]ve regul>ity :i* c only be ga9$ by ! av]age boy aft] long ex]cise4 ,! precoci\s y\? has n a n]ve /ructure sup]ior 9 k9d1 b x is abnormally develop$1 & s he is ahead ( 8 confr]es 9 ! matt] ( "t1 = "u equal conditions ( /udy he is soon] able to arrive at a giv5 degree ( skill4 ,b e>ly appreciation ( complex h>mony1 & skill 9 execution1 are n en\gh to produce a great arti/1 = !re mu/ be associat$ ) ^! ?+s a p[]ful imag9ation4 ,:ile ! p>ticul> n]ves or vessels ( ! bra9 ) :i* ! imag9ation is conc]n$ h n be5 id5tifi$1 we "k by analogy & exp]i5ce t ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation l t ( any o!r function1 is necess>y = its developm5t1 & accord+ z we all[ x to rema9 9 abeyance s we r$uce its active value4 ,cle>ly also1 ! seat ( ! imag9ation at bir? is less rudim5t>y 9 "s p]sons ?an 9 o!rs4 ,f ^! facts x w\ld appe> t :5 bo? ! s5sory n]ve /ructure & ! seat ( ! imag9ation are advanc$ at bir?1 !n we h ! basis ^u :i* ! precoci\s g5ius is built up4 ,) su* conditions1 pati5t toil & deep /udy are alone necess>y to produce a sublime arti/4 ,evid5tly x is extremely r>e = ! imag9ation & n]ve /ructure to be toge!r s advanc$ naturally1 b commonly "o is m ?an rudim5t>y1 & ! defici5cy 9 ! o!r is comp5sat$ = by /udy4#aj ,( c\rse ^! obs]vations are g5]al1 = !re arises ! "q1 to :at ext5t c ! s5ses & imag9ation be tra9$8 ,we may well conceive t !re is a limit to ! developm5t ( ! s5se organs4 ,!re mu/ come a p]iod :5 ! optic or aural n]ves c be attun$ no fur!r2 & is ! limit equal 9 all p]sons8 ,! probability is t x is n4 ,! physical "* ( ! n]ves almo/ c]ta9ly v>ies 9 diff]5t p]sons1 "s be+ able to appreciate m complex h>monies ?an o!rs1 grant$ ! limit ( developm5t4 ,?is is a po9t :i* has to be consid]$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( music :]e9 z a rule1 ! high] ! beauty ! m complex ! comb9ations ( signs4 ,!re is a p>allel problem to solve 9 respect ( ! imag9ation4 ,we c well believe t !re 0 some?+ abnormal 9 ! imag9ation ( ,%akespe>e1 beyond ! probability t 9 8 case ! physiological sy/em controll+ ! seat ( ! imag9ation 0 unusually advanc$ at bir?4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ) su* a man a giv5 tra9+ w\ld result 9 a f> great] advance 9 ! function+ capacity ( ! imag9ation1 ?an 9 ! va/ majority ( p]sons :o might comm5ce ! tra9+ on app>5tly equal t]ms2 & he w\ld be able to g fur!r--to surpass ! po9t :i* might be ! limit ( developm5t ) mo/ p]sons4 ,^! que/ions are ( ! highe/ importance1 b !y _c be det]m9$4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 facts relat+ to ! g5]al developm5t ( ! s5se organs1 & ( ! imag9ation2 & 9 reg>d to ! =m] we "k t !re is a limit )9 compreh5sible b\nds1 b we see only v dimly any?+ f9ite 9 ! scope ( ! imag9ation4 ,) :at o!r t]m ?an limitless c we describe ! imag9ation ( a ,%akespe>e8 ,b 9 all cases1 :atev] ! natural conditions at bir?1 x is cle> t h>d "w is ! key to success 9 art1 & ?\gh "s mu/ "w h>d] ?an o!rs to arrive at an equal result1 x is satisfactory to "k t g5]ally ,c>lyle 0 "r :5 he describ$ g5ius z ! transc5d5t capacity = tak+ tr\ble1 & we are n surpris$ t ,cic]o %\ld h come to ! conclusion t dilig5ce is a virtue t seems to include all ! o!rs4 ,see+ t ! conclusions above def9$ 7& "s to be lat] drawn71 are n entirely 9 accord ) a l>ge "p ( mod]n criticism bas$ ^u :at are commonly describ$ z new & improv$ =ms ( ! pa9t]'s art1 x is necess>y to ref] to ^! =ms1 :i* are g5]ally compreh5d$ "u :at is kn[n z ,impressionism4c ,alas1 to ! frailty ( man mu/ we ascribe ! spread ( ?is movem5t1 :i* has de/roy$ s _m bright "y intellects1 & is at ?is mom5t lead+ ?\s&s ( g5tle spirits along ! level pa? :i* ends 9 despair4 ,= ! real road ( art is /eep1 & difficult1 & long4 ,ye> ^u ye> ( pati5t ?\ght1 pati5t obs]vation1 & pati5t toil1 lie ahead ( e man :o covets a cr[n ( success z a pa9t]4 ,he mu/ seek to accumulate va/ /ores ( k ( ! human =m & its anatomy1 ( nature 9 h] prolific v>iety1 ( l9e> & a]ial p]spective1 ( animals :i* move on l& or ?r\gh ! air1 ( ! laws ( col\rs & _! comb9ations4 ,he mu/ s\nd ! dep?s ( poetry1 & sculpture1 & ar*itecture2 absorb ! cream ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory2 & ) all ^! ?+s & _m m1 he mu/ saturate 8 m9d ) ! practical details ( 8 art4 ,e arti/ ^: "w ! _w has le>n$ to admire has done 8 be/ to ga9 ?is k1 & c]ta9ly no great design 0 ev] produc$ by "o ^: y\? & e>ly manhood 7 n worn ) ard5t /udy4 ,= k & exp]i5ce are ! only f\ndations ^u :i* ! imag9ation c build4 ,e new conception is a re>rangem5t ( kn[n signs1 & ! imag9ation is p[]less to arrange !m appropriately )\t a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( _! "* & significance4 c ,! v>i$ int]pretations ( ,impressionism are ref]r$ to else:]e 7see page 74 ,:5 us+ ! t]m 9 ?is book )\t qualification1 ! writ] means !reby ! subord9ation ( design to col\r1 :i* def9ition cov]s all ! =ms ( ! new art )\t go+ beyond any ( !m4 ,?is !n is ! programme ( "w :i* mu/ be adopt$ by any s]i\s aspirant to fame 9 ! art ( ! pa9t]1 & x is p]haps n surpris+ t ! numb] ( arti/s :o survive ! ordeal is /rictly limit$4 ,9 any walk ( life :]e ye>s ( /ruggle are necess>y = success1 h[ small ! proportion ( m5 :o p]sev]e to ! end2 :o pres5t a /eel wall to mis=tune & despair1 & ) an indomitable w1 ov]come c>e1 & worry1 & fatigue1 = ye> aft] ye>1 till at la/ ! cl\ds disappe>1 & !y are able to front ! _w ) an all-p[]ful %ield ( radiant k6 ,b un=tunately 9 ! pa9t]'s art x is difficult to conv9ce /ud5ts ( ! necessity = long & h>d /udy1 because !re is no def9ite /&>d = measur+ success or failure :i* !y c grasp )\t long exp]i5ce4 ,9 indu/ries :]e k is appli$ to improvem5t 9 appliances1 or me?ods ) def9ite ends1 or to ! realization ( projects hav+ a fix$ scope1 failure is det]m9$ by mat]ial results measur$ commonly by ma!matical processes ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,a man produces a new alloy :i* he claims w fulfil a c]ta9 purpose4 ,x is te/$ by recogniz$ means3 all conc]n$ admit ! validity ( ! te/1 & !re ! matt] ends4 ,b 9 ! arts1 :ile ! relative value ( ! respective grades is equally capable ( demon/ration1 ! te/ is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,in/ead ( weights & measures :i* e man c apply1 g5]al exp]i5ce mu/ be br\ght 94 ,! individual may be "r 9 8 judgm5t1 & commonly is1 b he is unable to measure ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses by mat]ial demon/ration1 & z he has no means ( judg+ :e!r 8 s5ses are normal1 except by comp>ison1 he is liable to d\bt 8 own exp]i5ce if x cla% ) t ( o!rs4 ,?us1 he may f9d b little beauty 9 a giv5 picture1 & !n may read or he> t ! "w has a high ae/hetic value1 & )\t call+ to m9d ! fact t no evid5ce 9 ! matt] is conclusive unless x be bas$ on g5]al exp]i5ce1 he is liable to believe t 8 own p]ception is 9 "s way defici5t4 ,?us 9 ! arts1 & p>ticul>ly 9 pa9t+1 !re is ample scope = ! spread ( false pr9ciples4 ,poetry has an advantage 9 t ! intellect mu/ fir/ be ex]cis$ be=e ! simple/ pictures are ?r[n on ! bra91 s feeble or ecc5tric v]se appeals to v few p]sons1 & seldom has a cli5tele1 if "o may use ! ^w1 outside ( small cot]ies ( weak ?9k]s4 ,x is difficult also 9 sculpture to put =w>d poor works z ( a high ord]1 because ?is art deals almo/ entirely ) simple human & animal =ms 9 respect ( :i* ! k is univ]sal1 & s z signs !y _c be v>i$ except 9 ! production ( :at w\ld be imm$iately recogniz$ z mon/rosities4 ,b 9 pa9t+ an imm5se v>iety 9 k9d ( beauty may be produc$1 f a simple col\r h>mony to ! repres5tation ( ideal =ms involv+ ! highe/ s5sorial & intellectual rea*es1 & !re is ample scope = ! misrepres5tation ( ae/hetic effects--= ! sugge/ion t a "w yield+ a mom5t>y appeal to ! s5ses is sup]ior to a high =m ( p]man5t beauty4 ,x is to ! ease ) :i* simple =ms ( ephem]al beauty may be produc$ 9 pa9t+ t is due ! l>ge numb] ( arti/s :o %\ld nev] h ent]$ ^u ! pr(ession4 ,ne>ly e p]son ( av]age intellig5ce is capable ) a few lessons ( produc+ excell5t imitations ( natural ?+s 9 col\r1 z = in/ance1 fl[]s1 bits ( l&scape1 & s on1 & great numb]s ( "y m5 & wom51 surpris$ at ! facility ) :i* ?is "w c be done1 errone\sly suppose t nature has end[$ !m ) special gifts1 & s take up ! art ( pa9t+ z a c>e]4 ,h5ce = e sculptor !re are tw5ty pa9t]s4 ,n[ ^! y\?ful aspirants usually />t ) det]m9ation & hope1 b al?\gh !y "k ! value ( /udi\s toil1 !y r>ely compreh5d t ?is toil1 long cont9u$1 is ! only key to success4 ,mo/ ( !m seem "u ! impression t inspiration w come to _! assi/ance1 & t _! g5ius w enable !m to disp5se ) mu* ( ! lab\r :i* o!rs1 less =tunate1 mu/ und]take4 ,!y d n und]/& t all pa9t]s1 ev5 a ,raphael1 mu/ g ?r\gh long ye>s ( h>d application4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ t !re %\ld be occasional eruptions 9 art circles t5d+ to ! exaltation ( ! immature at ! exp5se ( ! sup]ior1 or ev5 ! sublime1 = we h always ) u ! undilig5t man ( tal5t1 & ! unrecogniz$ g5ius4 ,b hi!rto1 movem5ts ( ! k9d h n be5 s]i\s1 = ) "o exception !y are lo/ 9 oblivion1 & ! exception is little m ?an a vague memory4 ,t ! pres5t movem5t %\ld h la/$ s long is n difficult to und]/& :5 we rememb] ! mod]n advantages = ! spread ( new s5sations--! exhibitions1 ! unlimit$ adv]tis+ scope1 & above all ! new criticism1 ) its ext5d$ vocabul>y1 its orig9al philosophy1 & its b\ndless discov]ies z to ! psy*ological & musical qualities ( pa9t4 ,t hi/ory is sil5t z to previ\s eruptions ( ! k9d be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury is a matt] ( regret4 ,x is unlikely t ! greate/ ( all art epo*s exp]i5c$ an impressioni/ fev]1 = "o _c imag9e ! spread ( spuri\s pr9ciples )9 measurable di/ance ( a ,/ate 7,!bes7 :i* w5t s f> z to prohibit ! repres5tation ( unbeautiful ?+s4 ,9 respect ( poetry we "k t ! ,greeks /ood no nons5se1 = did n ,zoilus suff] an ignom9i\s dea? = v5tur+ ^u *ildi% criticism ( ,hom]8 ,9 ,rome ecc5tric pa9t]s c]ta9ly f\nd "s means to ?rive1 = :]e ,bohemian poets ga!r$1 :o neglect$ ! b>b] & ! ba?1 & pret5d$ an ae/hetic exclusiv5ess1 !re surely w\ld pa9t]s ( isms be f\nd 9 v>iety4 ,naturally 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 patronage ( ! arts 0 almo/ conf9$ to ! ,*ur*1 & s w5t h& 9 h& ) le>n+1 inf]ior art /ood small *ance ( recognition2 & a little lat] :5 ,lor5zo ga!r$ ar\nd him ! intellectual cream ( ,italy2 :5 ! pupils ( ,donatello 7 spread+ ! light ( 8 g5ius2 :5 ! patrician beauties ( ,flor5ce 7 pos+ = ,ghirl&aio & 8 brilliant confr]es1 & :5 ! m9ds ( ,lion>do & ,mi*elangelo 7 bloom+2 :o w\ld h d>$ to talk ( ! psy*ological qualities ( pa9t1 or sugge/ ! composition ( a fresco symphony8 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c 7,see page #aaa7 ,anci5t ,copy ( ! ,cnidian ,v5us ( ,praxiteles 7,vatican7 ,b ano!r c5tury & m pass$ away4 ,! blaze ( ! ,r5aissance _h gone d[n1 b ! emb]s 7 kept alive1 = ,italy /ill seem$ to vibrate ) a desire to pa9t4 ,simultane\sly 9 ,fl&]s1 9 ,holl&1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl&1 private citiz5s appe>$ to develop a sudd5 dem& = pictures1 & q naturally arti/s multipli$ & f$ ! flame4 ,outside ( ,italy ! hu/le & bu/le 9 ! art _w 7 novelties to ! g5]al public1 ?\gh pleasant ones )al1 & = half a c5tury or m !y delight$ 9 ! maje/ic designs ( ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 ! intimate sc5es ( ! ,dut* arti/s1 & ! delicate l&scapes ( ,claude & ,p\ss9 & _! foll[]s1 :i* 7 cont9ually f9d+ _! way f ,rome4 ,! simplicity ( ! p protect$ ! arts4 ,!y knew ! h>d lab\r involv$ 9 ! production ( a picture2 ! worries1 ! /ruggles1 ! joys ( ! pa9t]s2 & daily saw beautiful imitations ( e-day life 9 ! %ops & m>kets4 ,!y mu/ h be5 pr\d ( !m--ins5sibly pr\d ( ! value ( human endeav\r4 ,= !m ! %am & immature _h no place3 !re is n a s+le example ( spuri\s art ( ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t has come d[n to u f ,holl& or ,fl&]s4 ,b :ile ! ,dut* s*ool 0 at ! height ( its fame1 a *ange 0 m>k+ ,italian art conditions4 ,! half score ( academies scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry 7 /ill 9 a /ate ( activity1 c>ry+ on1 z f> z !y c\ld1 ! traditions ( ! ,r5aissance3 f all p>ts ( ,europe /ud5ts 7 /ill p\r+ 91 endeav\r+ to glean ! secrets ( ! immortals2 & !re 0 no app>5t decrease 9 ! dem& = pictures f ! religi\s f\ndations & private buy]s4 ,b ! "* ( ! art produc$ 0 rapidly decl9+3 ! writ+ on ! wall 0 be+ done by ! h& t wield$ ! bru%4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce ! trad] 0 call$ 9 & art began to be comm]cializ$4 ,worse /ill1 fa%ions appe>$1 guid$ by successive ma/]s 9 ! v>i\s c5tres1 (t5 ) an influ5ce q out ( proportion ) _! m]its4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury a g5]al fall 9 activity & en?usiasm 0 noticeable4 ,! disciples ( ! ,roman s*ool1 l>gely ?r\gh ! p]nici\s influ5ce ( ,b]n9i1 _h ne>ly =gott5 ! great lessons taught by ! foll[]s ( ,raphael1 & lat] by ! ?ree ,c>racci1 & 7 fa/ desc5d+ bel[ m$iocrity2 ! ,flor5t9e s*ool includ$ half a doz5 good pa9t]s1 mo/ly /ud5ts ( ,b]rit9i3 ,v5ice 0 fall+ into a /agnation 9 :i* %e rema9$ till ! appe>ance ( ,longhi & ,tiepolo & _! bre?r52 ,bologna 0 liv+ on ! reputation ( ! ,c>racci1 & _h yet to recov] ) ! aid ( ,cignani3 ,milan & ,g5oa z sep>ate s*ools _h practically fad$ away2 & ! ,neapolitan s*ool 0 rely+ on ,salvator ,rosa1 ?\gh ,luca ,giordano 0 gr[+ into an inexhau/ible hive ( inv5tion4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ,italian art1 :ile political & o!r tr\bles 7 fur!r complicat+ ! position ( arti/s4 ,= mo/ ( !m ! "t 0 gloomy & ! future d>k4 ,a few turn$ to l&scape2 o!rs ext5d$ ! practice ( copy+ ! e>ly ma/]s = ! b5efit ( =eign capitals1 :ile "s s\ght = novelty 9 /ill-life1 or 9 ! !n newly practis$ pa/el "w4 ,b !re 0 a consid]able numb] :o w\ld h none ( ^! ?+s2 "s ( !m ) tal5t b lack+ indu/ry1 & o!rs ) indu/ry b void ( imag9ation4 ,:at 7 ^! to d at a "t :5 at ! be/ ! outlook 0 poor8 ,an answ] came to ?is "q4 ,a new ta/e mu/ be cultivat$1 & = an art t requir$ less /udy & tr\ble to produce ?an ! sublime =ms ) :i* ! ,r5aissance culm9at$4 ,s :isp]s w5t r\nd t ,raphael 0 n really s great a ma/] z 0 suppos$1 & t ) ,mi*elangelo he 0 out ( date & did n compreh5d ! real mean+ ( art--v simil> conclusions ) :i* ! mod]n impressioni/ movem5t 0 h]ald$4#aa ,! discov]y 0 made 9 ,rome1 b ! news exp&$ to ,flor5ce & ,naples1 & ,v5ice1 & behold ! result--,sprezzatura1 or to use ! mod]n ^w1 ,impressionism1 t is to say1 ! sub/itution ( sket*es = f9i%$ pictures1 ?\gh ?is is n ! def9ition usually giv5 to x4 ,b =tunately = ! art ( ! "t ! innovation 0 *iefly conf9$ to cot]ies4 ,all t c\ld be said or done fail$ to conv9ce ! pr9cipal patrons ( ! p]iod t a half f9i%$ "w is s beautiful z a complet$ "o1 & s ! novelties r>ely f\nd entrance into great collections1 nor 7 !y us$ to adorn ! int]iors ( public build+s4 ,b a good _m ( !m 7 execut$ ?\gh !y h long ceas$ to int]e/ anybody4 ,n[ & aga9 "o comes across an example 9 a sleepy ,italian village1 or 9 ! small] %ops ( ,rome or ,flor5ce1 b x is quickly put aside z a melan*oly mem5to ( a disord]$ p]iod ( art :5 tal5t$ pa9t]s _h to /ruggle = fame1 & ! untal5t$ = bread4 ,! cult ( ,sprezzatura fad$ to a glimm] be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b]n9i 0 dead1 & ,c>lo ,m>atta ) a few o!rs l$ ! way 9 re-e/abli%+ ! heal? if n ! brilliancy & r5[n ( ,italian art4 ,nor did a recurr5ce ( ! movem5t occur 9 ! next c5tury4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 comp>atively little call = art 9 ,italy1 & at ! end ( x1 :5 political di/urbances made havoc ) academies & arti/s1 ! pr9cipal occupation ( ,italian pa9t]s ) tal5t 0 precisely t ( _! skill$ bre?r5 9 ,holl& & ,fl&]s--! manufacture ( old ma/]pieces4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury = ,sprezzatura to make its reappe>ance1 & ?is "t ,italy foll[$ ! lead ( ,france4 ,!re are _m me?ods & mann]isms :i* g "u ! "n ( ,impressionism1 b !y are mo/ly sugge/ions 9 design or exp]im5ts 9 tones :i* 7 =m]ly produc$ solely z /udies to assi/ arti/s 9 execut+ _! complete works1 or else ecc5tricities :i* are obvi\sly m]e cam\flage = lack ( skill4#ab ,sometimes ! sket*es are slightly amplifi$ ) m or less f9i%$ signs1 & n[ & !n novelties are pres5t 9 ! %ape ( />tl+ col\r effects2 b 9 all cases ! imp>tial obs]v] sees 9 ! pictures only s5sorial beauty ( a k9d :i* is inevitably %ort liv$1 :ile 8 und]/&+ is oppress$ ) ! ?\ght1 fir/ly t ! picture is probably ! result ( a want ( dilig5ce on ! "p ( ! arti/1 & secondly t its exhibition z a s]i\s "w is some:at ( a reflection ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! public4 ,obvi\sly ! fundam5tal basis ( ,impressionism is weak & illogical1 = 9 our conception ( nature x invites u to elim9ate ! und]/&+4 ,:at ! impressioni/ practically says is3 ,we d n see solid =m2 we see only flat surface 9 :i* objects are di/+ui%$ by col\rs4 ,! arti/ %\ld reproduce ^! col\rs irrespective ( ! nature ( ! objects4 ,b ! objects are di/+ui%$ by our k & exp]i5ce1 & if we are to elim9ate ^! 9 "o art1 :y n 9 ano!r8 ,:y tr\ble ab\t c>v+ 9 ! r\nd :5 we only actually see 9 ! human figure a flat surface def9$ by col\r8 ,!re is no sc5e 9 nature su* z ! impressioni/ pa9ts1 nor c su* a sc5e be ?r[n ^u ! m9d ( ! pa9t] z a natural sc5e4 ,except 9 absolute des]ts !re are no sc5es )\t _m signs :i* are cle>ly def9$ to ! eye1 & :i* ! arti/ c pa9t4 ,he _c ( c\rse produce all ! signs 9 a view1 b he c indicate suffici5t ( !m to make a beautiful picture ap>t f ! tones1 & !re c be no valid ae/hetic reason = sub/itut+ = ^! signs vague sugge/ions ( col\r inf9itely less def9ite ?an ! signs z !y appe> 9 nature4 ,nor is !re any su* atmosph]e 9 nature z ! impressioni/ usually pa9ts4 ,we d n see blot*$ outl9es ( human figures1 b ! outl9es 9 nature1 except at a consid]able di/ance1 appe> to u cle> & decisive ?\gh delicately %ad$1 & n z se5 ?r\gh a veil ( /eam4 ,nor has any valid reason be5 advanc$ = juxtapos+ pure col\rs in/ead ( bl5d+ !m be=e use4#ac ,:y %\ld ! eye h to seek a p>ticul> di/ance f a pa9t+ 9 ord] t ! col\rs might naturally bl5d1 :5 ! arti/ c himself bl5d !m & pres5t a h>mony :i* is obs]vable at any reasonable di/ance8 ,we d n c>ve a /atue ) blurr$ & brok5 edges1 & !n tell ! obs]v] t ! outl9es w appe> correct if he travel a c]ta9 di/ance away be=e exam9+ !m4 ,9 giv+ ne>ly 8 :ole att5tion to col\r ! impressioni/ limits 8 art to ! feeble/ =m1 & produces a quickly tir+1 ephem]al ?+1 z if unconsci\s ( natural beauty4 ,sylvan glades & fairy dales1 :]e ! brooks ripple pleasantly z !y moi/5 ! roots ( ! violet1 & g5tly lave ! feet ( ! l>k & ! rob92 :]e %ady trees b[ welcome to ! w&]]2 :]e ! grassy c>pet is spr9kl$ ) fl[]s1 & e bu% c tell ( lov]s' sighs6 ,does ! impressioni/ see ^! ?+s8 ,(f] him ! sweete/ beauties ( nature1 & he %[s y 9 return a %ake ( a kaleidoscope4 ,m\nta9 peaks t[]+ "o above ! o!r till _! sn[y cre/s sp>kle ! azure sky2 mighty riv]s divid+ ! hills1 crumbl+ ! granite cliffs1 or ?und]+ _! c\rse ov] imp$+ rocks2 cascades ( fl[+ cry/al fall+ into see?+ seas ( foam & mi/2 ! angry ocean convulsively defy+ human p[] ) its heav+ walls & fe>some cav]ns6 ,nature 9 h] gr&e/ =m3 sublime =ces :i* k9dle ! _s ( man3 exhibit !m to ! impressioni/1 & he pres5ts to y a flat exp]im5t 9 ! juxtaposition ( pure col\rs6 ,& ! maje/y ( ! human =m1 ) its glori\s attributes2 ! noble woman & c\rage\s man2 incid5ts ( self-sacrifice2 ! realms ( spiritual beauty1 & ! great ideals :i* exp& ! m9d to ! b\nds ( space & lift ! s\l to ,heav56 ,:at ( ^!8 ,ask ! impressioni/1 & he kn[s no?+ ( !m4 ,= 8 p5cil !y are b relics ( ! pa/1 l ! bones ( ! m5 :o immortaliz$ !m 9 art4 ,?is is p]haps an ov]/atem5t ( impressionism z appli$ to ! works ( a l>ge numb] ( arti/s1 :o al?\gh commonly sacrific+ =m to col\r1 infuse m or less int]e/ 9 ! human poses & actions :i* are nom9ally ! subjects ( _! pictures4 ,b "o c only deal g5]ally ) su* a matt]4 ,! evil ( ,impressionism does n lie 9 ! pres5tation ( col\r h>monies z beautiful ?+s1 = !y are unque/ionably pleas+1 ?\gh ! beauty is purely s5sorial & ( an ephem]al "*4 ,! mis*ief arises f ! decl>ation1 ov]t or impli$1 t ^! h>monies repres5t ! high] rea*es ( ! pa9t]'s art1 & t =m or design !re9 is ( second>y importance4 ,let some?+ false 9 ?\ght or activity be propagat$ 9 any doma9 :]e ! trad] c make use ( x1 !n surely w ! evil gr[1 ea* new we$ be+ m rank ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,impressionism is n a spuri\s =m ( art1 b see+ t its spuri\s claims 7 widely accept$1 ) sub/antial results1 !re soon appe>$ innum]able o!r =ms inf]ior to x4 ,!re is no necessity to deal "h ) ^! =ms1 ) ! crude exp]im5ts ( ,cezanne1 ! vag>ies ( ,van ,gogh1#ad ! pu]ilities ( ,matisse1 or ! awful sequ5ce ( isms1 comm5c+ ) ,po/-,impressionism1 & end+ 9 ! l[e/ dep?s ( art degradation2 b x is prop] to po9t out t s long z ,impressionism puts =w>d its extravagant pret5sions1 ^! corrupt =ms w cont9ue to ta9t ! realm ( art to ! detrim5t ( bo? arti/s & public4 ,! significance ( ,impressionism is alleg$ by its advocates to be ( su* consid]able import t 9 ! public int]e/ !y %\ld h br\ght =w>d ! mo/ cog5t argum5ts = its support4 ,b we h no su* argum5ts1 nor has any logical reason be5 advanc$ to (fset ! obvi\s practical defects ( ! innovation1 namely1 t 9 ! g5]al op9ion ! art is incomplete & decid$ly inf]ior1 & t ! lead+ critics ( e c\ntry h ignor$ or directly condemn$ x z an immature =m ( art4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh !re has be5 no det]m9$ attempt to upset ! basis ( art criticism z ?is basis has be5 und]/ood = m ?an tw5ty c5turies2 al?\gh ! :ole ( ! argum5ts 9 support ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,impressionism h fail$ to indicate any compreh5sible basis at all1 b h dealt entirely ) vague s5sorial !ories1 & psy*ological sugge/ions :i* h no g5]al mean+2 al?\gh x has nev] be5 remotely advanc$ t ! beauty produc$ by means ( ,impressionism is connect$ ) intellectual activity1 z any high =m ( art mu/ necess>ily be3 not)/&+ all ?is1 !re has be5 gradually gr[+ up 9 ! public m9d1 a vague & unc]ta9 signification ( ! comp>ative =ms ( art1 :i* t5ds to ! g5]al confusion ( ?\ght among/ ! public1 & a *aos ( ideas 9 ! m9ds ( "y arti/s4 ,! root ( ^! spread+ bran*es ( my/icism is to be f\nd 9 ! insi/5t affirmation t ! broad mann] ( pa9t+ is necess>y = ! production ( great "w1 & t only ^? old ma/]s :o us$ ?is mann] are wor?y ( /udy4 ,x is1 z if ! advocates ( ! new dep>ture decl>e1 ,if we _c demon/rate ! sup]iority ( our "w1 we c at lea/ affirm t our me?ods are ! be/4 ,:]e a small m9ority is p]si/5t 9 advocat+ c]ta9 views1 & ! great majority d n tr\ble ab\t reply+ !reto1 false pr9ciples are likely to f9d consid]able area = p]meation among ! ris+ g5]ation1 :o are easily impress$ ) ! appe>ance ( undisput$ au?ority4 ,9 ! matt] we are discuss+1 ! limit$ au?ority is p>ticul>ly likely to be recogniz$ by ! inexp]i5c$ ( ^? mo/ly conc]n$1 t is to say1 "y arti/s1 because x sanctions a me?od ( "w :i* r$uces to a m9imum ! lab\r involv$ 9 arriv+ at excell5ce by ! regul> *annels4 ,n[ ! arti/ is at lib]ty to use any me?od ( pa9t+ 9 produc+ 8 picture provid+ he pres5ts some?+ beautiful4 ,!re is no special virtue 9 a broad mann]1 a f9e mann]1 or any o!r mann]1 & ! public1 = :om ! arti/ toils1 is n conc]n$ ) ! po9t4 ,x is z indiff]5t to ! k9d ( bru%work us$ by ! pa9t]1 z to ! v>iety ( *isel h&l$ by ! sculptor4 ,! obs]v] ( ! picture judges x = its beauty1 & if x be well pa9t$1 !n ! "* ( ! bru%work is unconsid]$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bru%work is s broad t ! mann] ( pa9t+ protrudes itself ^u ! obs]v] at fir/ sight1 !n ! "w _c be ( a high class4 ,all ! pa9t+s :i* we recognize z great works ( art are pictur$ ^u ! bra9 z complete ?+s imm$iately !y are br\ght )9 ! compass ( ! eye1 & to ?is rule !re is no exception4 ,if1 :5 encompass$ by ! sight we f9d t a picture is s broadly pa9t$ t we mu/ move backw>ds to an unkn[n po9t be=e ! "* ( ! "w c be ?or\ghly compreh5d$ z a complete :ole1 !n x is di/9ctly inf]ior z a "w ( art1 because1 be+ incompreh5sible on fir/ inspection1 x is necess>ily unbeautiful1 & ! act ( conv]t+ x into a ?+ ( beauty1 by means ( a me*anical op]ation1 complicates ! picture on ! bra9 & s weak5s its ae/hetic value4#ae ,?is is axiomatic4 ,!re are proportions & propriety 9 all ! arts1 & ! good arti/ is q aw>e ( ! l9es to be drawn 9 respect ( ! mann] he adopts4 ,jan ,van ,eyck's picture ( ,arnolf9i & 8 ,wife1 & ,holbe9's ,ambassadors1 bo? pa9t$ 9 ! f9e mann]1 are equally great works ( art ) ,titian's portraits2 & ,raphael's portrait ( ,julius ,,ii4 7! ,pitti ,palace example71#af :i* is 9 a mann] midway betwe5 t ( ,holbe9 & ,titian1 is sup]ior to ! "w ( all o!r portrait arti/s4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable outcome ( ! spread ( ,impressionism is n ! extravagant use ( ! broad mann]1 = vag>ies ( ?is sort w always f9d support among immature m9ds & undilig5t h&s1 b ! e/abli%m5t ( a species ( cult connect$ ) c]ta9 old ma/]s :o are n 9 ! v fir/ rank1 & ! attempt$ relegation to ! backgr\nd ( public op9ion1 ( ! few sublime pa9t]s ^: colossal g5ius & sup]iority are recogniz$ by well balanc$ m9ds :]ev] ! brea? ( man c op5 ! door ( 8 s\l4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] ^u a long enquiry z to ! validity ( ^! proce$+s1 b ! new position 9 :i* two great ma/]s h be5 plac$ c sc>cely be ignor$4 ,^! ma/]s are ,rembr&t & ,velasquez1 :o appe> to h be5 set ^u ! l(tie/ ( p$e/als 9 ord] t "s ( _! glory may be %$ ^u ! new v>ieties ( ,sprezzatura4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly said t ^! ma/]s 7 ! fir/ ( impressioni/s1 b ! connection betwe5 _! "w & ,impressionism is h>d to f9d4#ag ,n only is ,rembr&t entirely di/9ct 9 8 mann] f ,velasquez2 n only 7 !y bo? portrait pa9t]s prim>ily1 :ile ! great bulk ( impressioni/ "w is l&scape2 b _! aims1 _! ideas1 & ! :ole ( _! works are z f> remov$ f ! new s*ool z ! poles are asund]4 ,! "w ( ! two great pa9t]s deals almo/ entirely ) expression1 t ( ! impressioni/s ) col\r h>monies4 ,9 ! "o case intellectual beauty is s\ght to accompany ! s5sorial1 9 ! o!r ! production ( beauty :i* is n purely or almo/ entirely s5sorial1 is n ev5 pret5d$4 ,:ile ^! diff]5ces are obvi\s1 & :ile no man ( ord9>y intellig5ce is likely to be confus$ 9 8 m9d 9 respect ( !m1 ! fact rema9s t ! movem5t1 :i* 0 born ) ,impressionism "s =ty ye>s ago1 to raise ,rembr&t & ,velasquez to an elevation 9 art to :i* !y are n entitl$1 has met ) mu* success among/ t consid]able section ( ! community :i* is int]e/$ 9 art & appreciates its value1 b suff]s f ! delusion t special k1 :i* x has n acquir$1 is necess>y = ! recognition ( high ae/hetic m]it4 ,no def9ite propositions h be5 laid d[n 9 support ( ! movem5t3 !re has be5 no l9e ( reason+ = ! critic to h&le1 nor h ! old /&>ds be5 upset 9 ! slighte/ degree3 ! position has be5 br\ght ab\t *iefly by a cont9u\s reit]ation ( vague ass]tions & my/ic decl>ations1 & by ! glam\r aris+ f ! enorm\s prices paid by collectors = ! works ( ! ma/]s nam$1 consequ5t ^u ! skilful comm]cial exploitation ( ?is exagg]at$ approbation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d 7,see ,page #aac7 ,v5us ,anadyom5e 7,sculpture aft] ! pa9t+ ( ,apelles7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e 7,see page #aae7 ,v5us ,anadyom5e 7,! pa9t+ ( ,titian7 ,portraiture is necess>ily on a l[] scale ( art ?an hi/orical pa9t+ 7us+ ?is t]m 9 its high] application71 fir/ly because ideals are n possible !re91 & secondly 9 t ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ is v re/rict$4 ,! greate/ portrait ev] pa9t$ is immeasurably bel[ a picture :]e a beautiful ideal =m1 ) ideal expression is depict$2 z f> bel[ 9 fact z ! be/ anci5t sculptur$ bu/s 7 inf]ior to ! gods ( ,praxiteles4 ,nei!r ,rembr&t nor ,velasquez 0 capable ( idealization ( =m1 & s nei!r left beh9d him a s+le pa9t$ figure to take its place z a type4 ,rembr&t 0 a ma/] ( human expression1 & 9 ! repres5tation ( "* he 0 p]haps unsurpass$ by any pa9t]1 b if we analyze ! feel+ t is at ! bottom ( ! appreciation ( 8 portraits1 we f9d t x l>gely consi/s ( some?+ ap>t f admiration ( !m z ?+s ( beauty4 ,!re ent]s into consid]ation recognition ( ! extraord9>y g5ius ( ! arti/ 9 pres5t+ "* 9 su* a way t ! want ( corporeal beauty seems to be unfelt4 ,in/ead ( obs]v+ t ! expression 9 a c\nt5ance h>monizes ) ! features1 we involunt>ily notice t ! features h>monize p]fectly ) ! expression1 :i* seems 9 itself to be ! picture4 ,( c\rse inasmu* z ! expression inv>iably appeals to ! good side ( our nature1 x means intellectual beauty1 b z ! dep? ( any impression ( ?is k9d ( beauty dep5ds ^u ! developm5t ( ! m9d1 ! admiration mu/1 except :]e ! arti/ pres5ts corporeal beauty1 be conf9$ g5]ally to ! cultivat$ section ( ! community4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( pure art1 8 fame z a great pa9t] c only re/ ^u ^? ( 8 pictures :i* are also appreciat$ = ! corporeal beauty exhibit$4 ,! extraord9>y p[] ( ,velasquez lay 9 ! sure fre$om ( 8 execution1 & 9 ?is he 0 equal to ,titian4 ,he 0 besides a ma/] ( balance1 & s e portrait he pa9t$ is "o complete :ole1 & has exactly ! effect t a portrait %\ld h--to direct ! m9d ( ! obs]v] to ! subject1 & away altoge!r f ! pa9t]4 ,b ^! high qualities z portrait pa9t]s d n place ,rembr&t & ,velasquez on a level ) ,raphael1 & ,mi*elangelo1 & ,correggio4 ,:atev] ! individual op9ion1 x is impossible to move aside f ! long pa? ( exp]i5ce & ! laws dep5d5t ^u natural functions1 & s long z ! _w la/s1 a "w ( ideal beauty1 :e!r x be a ,madonna by ,raphael1 a ,prophet by ,mi*elangelo1 or a symbolical figure by ,fragon>d1 w live 9 g5]al e/imation1 :i* is ! only te/ ( high beauty1 f> above portraits f life & sc5es ( e day lab\r1 h[ev] !y may be pa9t$4 ,! beauty ( ! "o is et]nal & exalt+2 & ( ! o!r1 sympa!tic & m or less passive4 ,! appreciation ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo is univ]sal1 spontane\s1 emphatic2 ( ,rembr&t & ,velasquez1 sometimes imp]ative1 b usually delib]ative & cultivat$4 ,9 fact x is only among/ a section ( cultivat$ p1 t is to say1 a small p]c5tage ( ! community1 t ,rembr&t & ,velasquez are giv5 a /atus :i* is n1 & _c be1 accord$ !m if we adh]e to ! natural & "t-hon\r$ /&>ds ( judgm5t accept$ by ! fir/ arti/s & philosoph]s kn[n to ! _w s9ce art em]g$ f ! prehi/oric %ade4 ,to place ^! arti/s above1 or on a level )1 ! ,italian arti/s nam$1 is to ca/ f _! p$e/als ,hom]1 ,phidias1 ,praxiteles1 ,apelles1 ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 & e o!r admitt$ly sublime g5ius 9 art ( :om we h record4 ,ano!r baneful result ( ,impressionism is ! attempt to raise l&scape to a high] level 9 art ?an t to :i* x is prop]ly entitl$4 ,?is is p]haps a natural consequ5ce ( ! elevation ( col\r at ! exp5se ( =m1 = ! movem5t is bas$ ^u new me?ods ( col\r+1 & ! significance ( col\r is va/ly great] 9 l&scape ?an 9 any o!r bran* ( art4 ,else:]e ! disabilities ( ! l&scape pa9t] are po9t$ out1 & x w be se5 t fix$ & unalt]able re/rictions compel an extreme limitation to 8 "w4 ,x is because ( ^! re/rictions t ! v greate/ arti/s h refra9$ f pay+ close att5tion to ?is bran* ( art z a sep>ate dep>tm5t4 ,f indirect records we may presume t l&scape pa9t+ 0 well und]/ood 9 ! days ( anci5t ,greece1 b !re is no evid5ce t x !n =m$ a sep>ate bran* ( art4 ,9 ,roman times accord+ to ,pl9y1 l&scape 0 us$ = mural decoration4 ,( its "* we c only judge f ! examples expos$ dur+ ! excavations at ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 :i* indicate t ! pictures _h b a topographical int]e/1 or =m$ sett+s = ! repres5tation ( indu/rial pursuits or classical adv5tures4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no in/ance 9 ,greek or ,roman art record$ or exhibit$1 ( any l&scape z we und]/& x1 t is1 a "w built up z a beautiful repres5tation ( nature1 to be in/antly recogniz$ by ! obs]v] z a complete :ole1 z "o sign 9 fact4 ,! arti/s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance did n pa9t l&scapes z sep>ate pictures unless by way ( /udy or exp]im5t4 ,!y evid5tly consid]$ l&scape signs purely z accessories1 & compos$ _! natural views ) special ref]5ce to figure designs4 ,"s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ! lead]s ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool1 occasionally pa9t$ pictures 9 :i* l&scape appe>s to play an important "p1 b 9 ^! cases ! l&scape is really subsidi>y1 ?\gh ess5tial to ! design2 & ! works _c be comp>$ 9 any way ) ^? ( ,claude & o!rs :o (t5 add$ figures to _! l&scapes 9 ord] to comply ) ! wi%es ( _! patrons4 ,! fifte5? c5tury ,flemi% arti/s also dealt ) l&scape purely z backgr\nd1 & s ) ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 ,du]]1 & o!r e>ly ,g]man pa9t]s4 ,b all ! great pa9t]s d[n to ! decl9e ( ! ,r5aissance1 closely /udi$ l&scape1 z is evid5c$ by ! num]\s sket*es /ill exi/+1 & ! f9i%$ pictures rema9+ cle>ly indicate t by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury arti/s _h little or no?+ to le>n 9 l&scape art1 save ! managem5t ( complex a]ial p]spective4 ,s9ce l&scape pa9t+ 0 introduc$ z a sep>ate art t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x has only comm&$ g5]al att5tion :5 ! high] art ( ! pa9t] has appe>$ to decl9e4 ,9 ,fl&]s ! spurt 9 l&scape due to ,paul ,bril 0 t]m9at$ ) ! la/ ( ! ,breughels by ! ov]p[]+ spl5d\r ( ,rub5s 9 hi/orical "w1 & ! attempts ( ev5 ,rub5s himself to create a great] int]e/ 9 l&scape signally fail$4 ,!re 7 "s good l&scape pa9t]s 9 ,holl& dur+ ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 b x 0 only :5 ,rembr&t1 ,d[1 ,t]burg1 & ! re/ ( ! bright con/ellation ( figure pa9t]s _h pass$ _! z5i?1 or 7 re/+ 9 quiet graves1 t l&scape pa9t+ became 9 any way g5]al4 ,!n x 0 t ,hobbema1 ,jacob ,ruysdael1 & _! num]\s foll[]s1 ) coa/ pa9t]s l ,van d] ,cappelle1 & sea pa9t]s z ,william van de ,velde1 turn$ out ! _m f9e works :i* are n[ s highly priz$4 ,! ,italians ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 too close to ,raphael1 & ,mi*elangelo1 & ,titian1 to p]mit ( a l&scape be+ g5]ally receiv$ z a great "w ( art1 b !re appe>$ at ?is "t 9 ,rome num]\s =eign]s f ,france1 & ,fl&]s1 & ,holl&1 :o 7 devot$ to l&scape1 & among/ !m ! greate/ g5ius kn[n 9 ! art--,claude ,lorra9e4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to put ! sun 9 ! sky on canvas = ! purpose ( pure l&scape2 ! fir/ to ma/] ?or\ghly ! intricate difficulties ( a]ial p]spective2 ! fir/ to adorn ! e>? ) fairy ca/les & dreamy visions ( nature1 su* z we might suppose to h be5 common 9 ! days ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 ere yet m5 f\ght = p[]1 or toil$ f morn to eve = daily bread4 ,) 8 magic w& he skimm$ ! cream ( natural beauty & spread x ov] ! ,roman ,campagna1 trans=m+ ?is hi/oric gr\nd into a region ( palaces1 t]races1 cascades1 & glori\s foliage4 ,at ! same "t ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 0 also us+ ! ,campagna = ! l&scape sett+s ( 8 classical compositions--su* p]fect sett+s t x is impossible to imag9e ! figures sep>at$ f _! surr\nd+s4 ,^! two arti/s ) _! disciples1 & _m ,flemi% & ,dut* pa9t]s head$ by ,b]ghem & ! two ,bo?s1 =m$ a l&scape colony ( consid]able importance1 b no ,italian l&scape s*ool 0 f\nd$ f x4 ,9 ! next c5tury !re 0 little pure l&scape 9 ,italy4 ,"s f9e works ( topographical1 & a few ( g5]al int]e/ 7 produc$ by ,canaletto & 8 foll[]s1 & a k9d ( l&scape s*ool 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ,v5ice = half a c5tury or m1 b else:]e 9 ,italy ! cultivation ( l&scape 0 spasmodic & feeble4 ,9 ,engl& & ,france1 l&scape z a sep>ate art has only made consid]able headway q rec5tly1 ?\gh !re h be5 local s*ools1 z ! ,norwi* & ,b>bizon1 :i* foll[$ p>ticul> me?ods 9 design4 ,mean:ile ,engl& produc$ "s isolat$ giants 9 l&scape1 z ,wilson1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,turn]1 & ,con/able1 ,turn] /&+ out z ! greate/ pa9t] ( /rong sun effects on record4 ,x w be se5 t until ! la/ g5]ation or s1 9 no c\ntry has l&scape be5 admitt$ to high rank z a sep>ate art1 univ]sal op9ion v prop]ly recogniz+ t ! highe/ beauty 9 ! h&iwork ( man is to be f\nd 9 ! repres5tation ( ! human figure4 ,pr(\nd ef=ts ( ! imag9ation are n requir$ 9 l&scape1 = x consi/s ( a p>ticul> arrangem5t ( inanimate signs :i* h no direct influ5ce ^u ! m9d1 & _c appeal to ! high] faculties4 ,!re is no scope !re9 = l(ty conceptions1 & consequ5tly ! s5sorial beauty exhibit$ mu/ be v high to h m ?an a quickly pass+ effect ^u ! obs]v]4 ,?is high beauty is mo/ difficult to obta91 & c only be rea*$ by ^? :o h a supreme k ( ! te*nique ( _! art2 :o h made a long & close /udy ( natural signs & effects2 & :o are possess$ ( uncommon pati5ce & indu/ry4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ t sc>cely "o out ( e hundr$ l&scape pa9t]s executes a "w :i* la/s a g5]ation1 & n "o out ( a ?\s& secures a p]man5t place on ! roll ( art4 ,! man :o does n give 8 life f 8 y\? up1 to 8 "w1 conc5trat+ 8 :ole en]gy ^u x1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else1 w pa9t only inf]ior l&scapes4 ,! f\r greate/ l&scape pa9t]s kn[n to u are ,claude & ,turn] 9 di/ance "w1 & ,hobbema & ,jacob ,ruysdael 9 ne>-gr\nd4 ,claude 0 lab\r+ = tw5ty-five ye>s be=e he succe$$ 9 accompli%+ a s+le example ( ^? lovely fairy abodes s =cibly describ$ by ,goe! z absolute tru? )\t a sign ( reality4 ,turn] took m ?an tw5ty ye>s to ma/] ! secrets ( ,claude2 ,jacob ,ruysdael sp5t a qu>t] ( a c5tury 9 work+ out to p]fection ! repres5tation ( fl[+ wat]1 & ,hobbema pass$ ?r\gh m ?an half ( 8 long life be=e arriv+ at 8 sup]lative s*eme ( increas+ 8 available di/ance by ?r[+ 9 a p[]ful sunlight f ! back ( 8 trees4 ,& a long li/ ( l&scape pa9t]s ( less] lu/re might be giv51 :o w5t ?r\gh f fifte5 to ?irty ye>s ( pa9/ak+ lab\r be=e execut+ a s+le fir/-class picture4 ,great l&scapes ( ! pure v>iety are ( two k9ds1 & two k9ds only4 ,! highe/ are ^? :]e an illusion ( op5+ di/ance or o!r movem5t is provid$1 & ! second class are :]e natural sc5es ( common exp]i5ce1 "u common conditions ( atmosph]e1 are fai?fully reproduc$4 ,! light] l&scapes repres5t+ phases1 z ! sket*es ( ! ,b>bizon s*ool1#ah ) ! moonlight sc5es1 & ! ?\s& & "o s5tim5tal col\r h>monies unconc]n$ ) human motives1 :i* are turn$ out ) su* pa9ful regul>ity e mon?1 s]ve _! purpose z wall decorations ( ! mom5t1 b !n die & fade f memory l s _m ( ! un=tunate arti/s :o drag _! we>y way to ! grave 9 ! va9 /ruggle = fame by means ( !m4 ,no l&scape ( ! phase class c be any?+ m ?an a simple h>mony ( tone & design1 m ephem]al ?an ! natural phase itself4 ,! quiet h>mony is re/ful = ! fatigu$ eye1 & e eye is fatigu$ e day2 & because ! eye feels reliev$ 9 glanc+ at ! picture1 ! conclusion arises to ! un?9k+ t x mu/ be a great "w ( art4 ,gl[+ eulogies 7 pron\nc$ ^u ,:i/l]'s ,nocturne1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,new ,york1 :5 x 0 fir/ plac$ !re1 b is !re any?+ less l a "w ( beauty ?an ! d>k mean+less pat* z x is n[ se58 ,& ! same ?+ has happ5$ ) a ?\s& o!r l&scapes ( ! k9d--fir/ pres5t$ to ! tir$ eyes ( bus9ess & pr(essional m51 & !n plac$ 9 collections to be surr\nd$ by p]man5tly beautiful works4 ,all ^! phase pictures mu/ quickly lose _! beauty 9 accordance ) natural laws :i* _c be v>i$4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ! writ] means to sugge/ t ^! simple works %\ld n be execut$4 ,!y are surely bett] ?an no decoration at all 9 ! _m homes = :i* really f9e pictures are unavailable1 b x is entirely wrong to endeav\r to p]v]t ! public judgm5t by putt+ !m =w>d z works ( high art4 ,& :at ( ! /ruggl+ arti/s8 ,look ar\nd 9 e city & see ! numb]s ( bright "y m5 & wom5 we>+ away ! bloom ( _! y\? 9 va9 endeav\rs to climb ! heights ( art by ! easy track ( gl[+ col\rs6 ,x is ! call ( ,fame !y ?9k1 t leads !m along1 = !y "k n ! voice ( ! sir51 & see n ! gap+ precipice :i* is to %att] _! dreams4 ,!re is b "o sure pa? to ! top ( ! m\nta91 b x is drab-col\r$1 & _m are ! slipp]y crags4 ,few ( ! /ronge/ spirits c climb x1 b all may try1 & at lea/ !y may direct _! m9ds upw>ds1 & keep ev] 9 front ( !m a vision ( ! great ideali/s w&]+ ov] ! summit ?r\gh ! et]nal gl[ ( ! fires !y lit ere dea? consecrat$ _! glory4 ,,book ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,classification ( ! f9e arts ,! arts imitative ( nature--,! arts classifi$ accord+ to ! "* ( _! signs--,poetry n a comp\nd art1 prim>ily--,! ext5t to :i* ! arts may improve ^u nature4 ,s9ce art uses natural signs = ! purpose ( repres5t+ nature1 x is necess>ily mimetic 9 "*4#ai ,poetry repres5ts all t ! o!r arts imitate1 & 9 addition1 presum$ div9e actions4 ,specially x imitates human & presum$ spiritual actions1 ) =m & expression2 expression directly1 =m indirectly4 ,sculpture imitates human & presum$ spiritual =m & expression2 =m directly1 expression indirectly4 ,x also repres5ts animal =ms1 & modifications ( natural =ms 9 ornam5t4 ,pa9t+ imitates natural =ms & products1 & specially human =m & expression2 =m directly1 expression indirectly4 ,fiction imitates human actions1 & =m & expression2 expression directly1 =m indirectly4 ,music imitates natural s\nds & comb9es !m & specially repres5ts human emotional effects4 ,ar*itecture is ! lea/ imitative ( ! arts1 its fre$om 9 ! repres5tation ( nature be+ re/rict$ by ! necessity ( s]v+ ! end ( utility4 ,x comb9es geometrical =ms1 & 9 ! positions & proportions ( ^!1 is compell$ to repres5t :at we und]/& f exp]i5ce ( nature z natural balance4 ,! poet may give to a "* sublime attributes f> above exp]i5ce1 or exp& =m z ,hom] raises ! /ature ( ,/rife to ! heav5s1 b he _c provide attributes beyond exp]i5ce 9 k9d1 or any "p ( a =m outside ( nature4 ,he may comb9e or re>range1 & enl>ge or dim9i% z he w1 & s may ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 or musician1 b he is p[]less to create signs unkn[n to nature4 ,x foll[s !n1 t he :o imitates nature 9 ! mo/ beautiful way1 t is to say1 he :o comb9es ! signs ( nature to =m ! mo/ beautiful :ole1 produces ! greate/ "w ( art4 ,x w\ld appe> t ^u ! "* ( _! pr9cipal signs is dep5d5t ! relative position ( ! arts 9 respect ( ! recognition ( beauty !re94 ,( ! six f9e arts1 namely1 ,poetry1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1 ,fiction1 ,music1 & ,ar*itecture1 ! fir/ f\r1 :i* h]eaft] 9 ?is "w w be kn[n z ! ,associat$ ,arts1 h = _! pr9cipal sign ! human figure1 to :i* ev]y?+ else is subord9ate2 :ile 9 music ! signs consi/ ( tones1 & 9 ar*itecture1 ( l9es4 ,all ! o!r arts ^: object is to give pleasure1 z ! drama1 danc+1 et*+1 are ei!r modifications ( "o ( ! f9e arts1 or comb9ations ( two or m ( !m4 ,9 rec5t times x has be5 held t poetry is a comb9$ art1 ow+ to ! almo/ inv>iable use ( a simple =m ( music 9 its con/ruction1 b x w\ld appe> t prim>ily poetry is indep5d5t ( metrical assi/ance4 ,?is 0 cle>ly laid d[n by ,ari/otle1 b mod]n def9itions ( ! art h usually includ$ "s ref]5ce to metre4#bj ,n[ 9 our common exp]i5ce two ?+s are obs]vable 9 respect ( poetry4 ,! fir/ is1 t :5 by way ( admiration or criticism1 we discuss ! works ( ^? poets :om all ! _w recognizes z ! greate/ kn[n to u1 we deal only ) ! sub/ance ( :at is said1 & ! mann] ( say+ x1 )\t ref]5ce to ! metrical =m4 ,9 ! second place we obs]ve t ! high] ! poetry1 ! m simple is ! metrical =m ) :i* x is associat$4 ,! great epics1 :i* necess>ily take fir/ rank 9 poetry1 h only metre1 ! high] musical measures 9 :i* lyrics are set be+ avoid$4 ,b z we desc5d 9 ! scale ( ! art1 metrical =m becomes ( m importance1 & :5 simple subjects are dealt )1 & a gr& /yle is inappropriate1 ! production w\ld n be call$ poetry unless 9 ! =m ( v]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f 7,see page #aaf7 ,! ,repos+ ,v5us ( ,giorgione 7,dresd5 ,gall]y7 ,9 epic & dramatic poetry1 we call "o poet great] ?an ano!r because ( 8 sup]ior inv5tion & beauty ( expression1 let ! measure be :at x w4 ,b ! inv5tion comes fir/1 = only high inv5tion c be clo!d ) l(ty expression4 ,! actions ( dea?less gods or god-l m52 qualities ( goodness1 nobility1 c\rage1 gr&eur1 s high z to be above human rea*3 only ^! c =m ! subject ( language & s5tim5t so>+ into regions ( ! sublime1 & indiff]5t to metrical artifice4 ,9 ! sacr$ books ( all great religions we may f9d ! l(tie/ poetry )\t regul> =m1 & any prose translation ( ! ,greek poets w provide _m examples1#ba ?\gh (t5 !re is a cad5ce--a rise & fall 9 ! fl[ ( words :i* is m or less regul>1 & has ! effect ( emphasiz+ ! s5tim5t1 & ( ?r[+ ! images ^u ! m9d ) directness & =ce4 ,we mu/ conclude !n t 9 poetry1 :ile metrical =m is g5]ally ess5tial1 x is n vital to ! highe/ flights ( ! poet1 & s /rictly1 poetry is prim>ily a pure & n a comp\nd art4 ,see+ t art uses ! signs ( nature ( :i* man is at once a product & a tool1 x mu/ 9 its progress foll[ ! g5]al c\rse ( nature4 ,9 h] developm5t ( life1 nature is *iefly conc]n$ 9 ! improvem5ts ( types = h] own purposes1 & only uses ! individual 9 s f> z he c assi/ 9 ?is end1 :ile ! natural in/9ct ( ! individual is to cons]ve & improve 8 type4 ,! art :i* repres5ts life is compell$ to deal *iefly ) types1 = x is only by ! use ( a type t ! arti/ c apply 8 imag9ation to ! production ( high beauty1 to :atev] ext5t he may use ! individual to help him 9 ?is purpose1 & x is in/9ctive 9 ! human be+ to ma9ta9 & improve ! ae/hetic attraction ( ! species4 ,! highe/ art1 z ! highe/ "w ( nature1 consi/s ( ! pres5tation ( a p]fect$ type4 ,! arti/ !re=e mu/ consid] ! species be=e ! individual2 ! ess5tial be=e ! accid5tal2 ! g5]al be=e ! p>ticul>4 ,! liv+ signs ( nature ) :i* art deals are ( two classes4 ,9 ! "o sign ! position ( p>ts is ! same ?r\gh\t ! species1 & is fix$ & inv>iable1 z 9 fully develop$ animals2 9 ! o!r ! position is irregul>1 & v>iable )9 limits1 z 9 plants4 ,9 ! latt] case ! position ( p>ts may be commonly v>i$ indef9itely )\t a s5se ( incongruity aris+1 z 9 a tree1 & h5ce !re c be no conceivable g5]al =m or type ^u :i* art may build up p]fect$ p>ts & proportions4 ,9 respect ( su* a sign !re=e1 art _c improve1 or appe> to improve1 ^u nature1 by comb9+ p]fect$ p>ts into a m beautiful :ole ?an nature provides4 ,9 ! case ( a fully develop$ animal1 :]e ! position ( p>ts is fix$1 a type may be conceiv$ :i* is sup]ior 9 symmetry & h>mony to any individual ( ! species produc$ by nature1 = ! imag9ation is re/rict$ to an un*angeable =m1 & has b to put toge!r p]fect$ p>ts & proportions4 ,b ?is conception c only be appli$ 9 art to human be+s1 because 9 respect ( o!r animals1 :ile no two are alike1 ! memb]s ( ea* species1 or ea* section ( a species1 seem to be alike1 or s closely alike 9 =m & expression1 t no p]fect$ type c be conceiv$ :i* w appe> to be sup]ior 9 g5]al beauty to ! normal individual ( ! species1 or section !re(1 com+ )9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 ! mo/ p]fect conceivable racehorse pa9t$ on canvas1 might 9 reality be m p]fect 9 =m ?an any actual racehorse1 b to ! obs]v] ( ! picture x w\ld n appe> to be ( great] p]fection or high] beauty ?an racehorses t come1 or may come1 )9 exp]i5ce4 ,! poet may describe ! actions & appe>ance ( a c\rs] 9 su* a way z to sugge/ t ! animal has qualities f> above exp]i5ce1 b ! =m ( ! animal :5 ?r[n on ! m9d ( ! read]1 w\ld /ill appe> to be )9 ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce4 ,) ! human be+1 9 addition to ! g5]al =m !re ent]s into consid]ation ! c\nt5ance1 :i* is ! all-important seat ( beauty1 is ! pr9cipal key to expression1 & :i*1 to ! common k1 diff]s 9 e p]son 9 "* & proportions4 ,nature nev] produces a p]fect =m ) a p]fect c\nt5ance1 & %e actually refuses to provide a c\nt5ance :i* is free f elem5ts connect$ ) purely human in/9cts & passions4 ,b x is )9 ! p[] ( art to correct ! "w ( nature 9 ^! respects--to put toge!r p]fect p>ts1 & to provide a g5]al expression approa*+ our highe/ conceptions ( human maje/y4 ,hom]1 ,phidias1 & ,raphael h enabl$ u to ?r[ ^u our m9ds images f> above any ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,ap>t f ^! ideal =ms1 nature _c be surpass$ by art 9 ! production ( beauty1 ei!r 9 respect ( animate or inanimate signs1 sep>ately or collectively1 ! latt] because )9 ! limitations ( art1 !re is no gr\p+ or arrangem5t ( signs possible :i* w\ld n appe> to correspond ) :at may be obs]v$ 9 nature1 unless some?+ abnormal & less beautiful ?an any natural comb9ation be pres5t$4 ,poetry1 pa9t+1 & sculpture may be conc]n$ ) ideals4 ,9 fiction an ideal is impossible because ! writ] mu/ treat ( life z x is1 or z x appe>s to be1 )9 ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 nei!r music nor ar*itecture is !re a basic sign or comb9ation ( signs ^u :i* ! imag9ation may build up an ideal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,law ,,( ,,recognition ,,9 ,,! ,,associat$ ,,arts ,explanation ( ! law--,its application to poetry--,to sculpture--,to pa9t+--,to fiction4 ,:ile we are unable to expla91 logically & completely1 our appreciation ( :at we und]/& z beauty1 exp]i5ce has taught u t !re are c]ta9 ph5om5a connect$ ) ae/hetic p]ception :i* are s regul> & undeviat+ 9 _! application z to h all ! =ce ( law4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! ph5om5a relates to ! int]val ( "t elaps+ betwe5 ! s5se p]ception ( a ?+ ( art1 & ! recognition by ! m9d ( ! beauty !re94 ,we "k f common exp]i5ce ( ! ,associat$ ,arts t if "o fails to appreciate a "w almo/ imm$iately aft] compreh5d+ its nature & purport1 he arrives at ! conclusion t !re is no beauty !re91 or at lea/ t ! beauty is s obscure z to be sc>cely wor? consid]ation4 ,b sometimes on fur!r acqua9tance ) ! "w ! view ( ! obs]v] may be *ang$1 & he may become aw>e ( a c]ta9 beauty :i* he did n be=e appreciate4 ,we notice also t :5 ! beauty is comp>atively high1 x is m rapidly recogniz$ ?an :5 x is comp>atively l[4 ,cont9u+ ! exam9ation we arrive at :at is evid5tly an unalt]able law1 namely1 t ! high] ! ae/hetic value 9 a p>ticul> sph]e ( art1 ! m rapidly is ! beauty !re9 recogniz$2 t is to say1 giv5 any two works1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 t is ! high] art ! beauty 9 :i* is ! m quickly convey$ to ! m9d ( ! obs]v] aft] contact ) x1 & precisely to ! ext5t to :i* ! reason+ p[]s are requir$ to be ex]cis$ 9 compreh5d+ ! "w1 s ! beauty !re9 is dim9i%$4 ,! law may be call$ = conv5i5ce ! ,law ( ,recognition4 ,b !re are diff]5t k9ds ( beauty z well z degrees4 ,"o k9d may be m quickly recogniz$1 & yet make a weak] impression on ! m9d1 a condition :i* is due to ! v>y+ relations betwe5 ! s5sorial & intellectual elem5ts 9 ! works4 ,we note t 9 all ! ,associat$ ,arts1 z ! works !re9 desc5d 9 ae/hetic value1 ! emotional elem5t becomes m evid5t1 & consequ5tly ! impression receiv$1 less p]man5t4 ,b s5sorial beauty is ! fir/ ess5tial 9 a "w ( art3 h5ce :ile ! direct appeal to ! m9d mu/ be made z /rong z possible1 ?is mu/ n be done at ! exp5se ( ! emotional elem5ts4 ,we unconsci\sly measure ! emotional ) ! intellectual effect1 & if ! =m] does n at lea/ equal ! latt]1 we reject ! "w z inf]ior art4 ,a pa9t$ ,madonna want+ 9 beauty ( features is in/antly & prop]ly condemn$ ev5 if h] figure be en%r9$ )9 surr\nd+s ( sa9tly glories :i* 9 !mselves make a p[]ful appeal to ! m9d4 ,9 fact ! highe/ rea*es 9 art 7 probably orig9ally sugge/$ by ! necessity ( balanc+ ! "o ) ! o!r =m ( beauty4 ,! highe/ intellectual consid]ations seem to rise f> above any emotional exp]i5ces connect$ ) ord9>y life1 & h5ce to enable ^! consid]ations to ent] ! doma9 ( art1 ! div9e mu/ be introduc$ s t ! arti/ may ext5d 8 imag9ative scope = ! provision ( emotional effects comm5surate1 z f> z possible1 ) ! importance ( 8 appeal to ! m9d4 ,h5ce 9 all arts :i* comb9e an intellectual ) an emotional appeal1 ! highe/ =ms mu/ ev] be connect$ ) ! spiritual4 ,9 o!r grades ( ^! arts also1 ! arti/ has to use special means to ma9ta9 a due balance betwe5 ! two k9ds ( beauty4 ,%akespe>e c\ld n give m5 & wom5 ( e-day exp]i5ce ! wisdom1 ! judgm5t1 & ! =esight necess>y = ! pres5tation ( ! p[]ful pictures :i* "s ( 8 *>act]s ?r[ ^u ! m9d1 s he raises !m above ! level ( life by accord+ !m great] virtues & nobl] passions ?an are to be f\nd 9 p ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,! supreme emotional effects he produces seem p]fectly appropriate !re=e to ! intellectual appeals4 ,9 ! next l[] =m ( art1 :]e ! repres5tation does n g beyond life exp]i5ce1 ! emotional appeal is ( /ill great] relative importance because ! appeal to ! m9d is r>ely /rik+4 ,! emotional effect "h may inde$ be s ov]p[]+ t ! purely m5tal consid]ations are lo/ sight (1 & we obs]ve t 9 all ! great] works ( art 9 ! division1 :e!r ( poetry1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 or fiction1 ! intellectual appeal is va/ly exce$$ by ! emotional4 ,:5 we rea* ! grade :i* deals ) subjects inf]ior to ! av]age level ( human life1 z ! repres5tation ( animals1 l&scape1 hum\r1 /ill-life1 ! s5sorial effect mu/ be exce$+ly /rong relatively1 o!rwise ! art w\ld sc>cely be recognizable1 ! appeal to ! m9d be+ necess>ily weak4 ,x is cle>ly compulsory !n t ! ,associat$ ,arts1 all ( :i* may appeal to ! m9d z well z to ! s5ses1 %\ld be sep>at$ into divisions = ! purpose ( apply+ ! ,law ( ,recognition1 & ^! divisions are obvi\s1 = !y are m>k$ by ! /ronge/ natural b\nd>y l9es4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,! art :i* deals ) div9ities4 #b4 ,t :i* exhibits beauty above life exp]i5ce1 b does n rea* ! div9e4 #c4 ,t :i* repres5ts life4 #d4 ,t :i* produces repres5tations inf]ior to life4 ,?is sep>ation corresponds ) t appli$ by ,ari/otle to poetry & pa9t+1 except t he jo9$ ! two fir/ sections into "o1 :i* he describ$ z bett] ?an life4 ,b ! division ( ! great philosoph]1 :ile be+ suffici5t = 8 purpose1 is h>dly close en\gh = ! full consid]ation ( ! k9ds ( beauty1 s9ce x puts 9 ! same class1 repres5tations ( ! div9ity & ! sup]man--jo9s ,hom] & ,phidias ) ,praxiteles & ,raphael4 ,9 deal+ ) ! div9e ! arti/ ne$ place no limit to 8 imag9ation 9 ! pres5tation ( 8 picture1 :]eas ) ! sup]man he mu/ circumscribe 8 fancy )9 ! limits ( :at may appe> to ! s5ses to be possibly natural4 ,x is true t ! poet may use ! sup]natural z di/+ui%$ f ! div9e1 to enable him to ext5d 8 imag9ative scope1 & s give u beautiful pictures :i* w\ld be o!rwise unpres5table4 ,%akespe>e makes u imag9e ,puck encircl+ ! e>? 9 =ty m9utes1 & ,%elley %[s u iron-w+$ be+s climb+ ! w9d1 b we imm$iately recognize ^! pictures z figures ( fancy1 or z 9 ! nature ( allegory1 & !y d n impress u s deeply z ! miracul\s flight ( a goddess ( ,hom]1 or an assemblage ( ! satellites ( ,satan 9 ! ,hell ( ,milton1 = we involunt>ily reg>d ^! ev5ts z compatible ) ! religi\s fai? ( great nations1 & s z hav+ a ne>] app>5t semblance ( tru?4 ,sacr$ art !re=e1 be+ capable ( provid+ beauty ( a mu* high] k9d ?an any o!r =m1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a sep>ate section = ! purpose ( consid]+ ! law "u discussion4 ,only poetry among ! arts is capable ( appropriately repres5t+ div9e actions1 & only sculpture ( produc+ a =m s p]fect z to br+ a div9ity to m9d4 ,h5ce ^! arts are alone conc]n$ ) ! ,law ( ,recognition z appli$ to ! fir/ section ( ! ,associat$ ,arts4 ,! law applies to all ! ,associat$ ,arts1 & to all sections ( !m1 except ! l[e/ =m ( pa9t+--t repres5t$ by h>mony ( col\r )\t appeal to ! m9d ( any k9d--b ?is =m is s weak & exceptional t x ne$ h>dly be consid]$ 9 ! g5]al proposition4 ,inde$ we might reasonably argue t x does n come )9 ! f9e arts1 z x is produc$ by a me*anical arrangem5t ( ?+s ) fix$ & unalt]able physical prop]ties4 ,! law _c apply to music & ar*itecture1 = ! effects ( ^! are purely emotional1 & s directly v>y ) conditions ( "t & place respectively4 ,a "w ( ar*itecture may seem m beautiful 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r2 & a "w ( music m or less beautiful accord+ z x m or less syn*ronizes ) emotional conditions ( human activity surr\nd+ ! he>] at ! "t ( ! p]=mance4 ,:ile ?is law is unv>y+ 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 !re are artificial re/rictions :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ord] t app>5t deviations f x may be und]/ood4 ,special re/rictions 9 relation to ! high] poetry & sculpture are m5tion$ lat] on1 b !re is also an important g5]al re/riction4 ,! s5se n]ves & ! imag9ation1 l all o!r functions1 mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ord] t normal heal?y conditions may be reta9$2 b a l>ge section ( ! p1 by =ce ( circum/ances or want ( w1 h neglect$ ?is ex]cise1 & s ?r\gh disuse or misuse ^! functions are (t5 9 a condition :i* is little m ?an rudim5t>y4 ,h5ce su* p]sons are practically deb>r$ f appreciation ( _m =ms ( art1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :]e9 intellectual beauty is a m>k$ feature4 ,9 discuss+ ! op]ation ( ?is law among/ p 9 g5]al !re=e1 ! writ] mu/ be und]/ood to ref] only to t section ( ! community ^: s5se n]ves & imag9ations may be suppos$ to be 9 a heal?y1 active condition4 ,exp]i5ce ) all ! ,associat$ ,arts has cle>ly demon/rat$ ! validity ( ?is law4 ,! /r5g? ( ! devices us$ by ! poet lies 9 simplify+ ! pres5tation ( 8 pictures4 ,metaphor is necess>y to ! poet1 = )\t x he w\ld be p[]less to pres5t pictures made up ( a numb] ( p>ts1 b he also uses x = ! purpose ( ?r[+ simple images ^u ! m9d m rapidly1 & consequ5tly m =cibly1 ?an w\ld be possible if direct means 7 employ$2 & ! beauty ( ! metaphor appe>s ! great] accord+ z x m completely fills 9 ! picture :i* ! poet is desir\s ( pres5t+4 ,:5 o!r artifices ?an metaphor or simile are appli$1 ! result only appe>s v beautiful :5 ! cond5sation ( ! language us$ is extreme1 & :5 !re is no break 9 ! del9eation ( ! action4 ,a few supreme examples ( beauty d]iv$ f ! pr9cipal devices ( ! poet = pres5t+ 8 pictures may be in/anc$1 & x w be f\nd t 9 ea* case ! p[] ( ! image is directly due to ! brevity ( expression1 ! simplicity ( description & metaphor1 or ! unimp$$ repres5tation ( action4 ,m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! p]iod assign$ to ,hel5 ( ,troy1 & yet ea* g5]ation ( m5 & wom5 z !y le>n ( h]1 h deeply seal$ ^u _! m9ds ! impression t %e 0 ( surpass+ beauty1 almo/ beyond ! rea* ( human conception4 ,we h practically no details ( h] appe>ance f ,hom] or ,hesiod1 except t %e 0 neat-ankl$1 :ite-arm$1 ri*-hair$1 & _h ! sp>kl+ eyes ( ! ,graces1 b already 9 ! "t ( ,hesiod h] r5[n spread ov] ! e>?4 ,:at 0 x !n t e/abli%$ ! et]nal fame ( h] beauty8 ,simply a few words ( ,hom] indicat+ ! />tl+ effect ( h] appe>ance be=e ! eld]s ( ,troy4 ,we are all[$ to inf] t ^! dry1 %runk5-=m$ sages1 %rill-voic$ ) age1 became passionately di/urb$ by a m]e glance at h] figure1 & n]v\sly agre$ ) ea* o!r t little blame atta*$ to ! ,greeks & ,trojans = suff]+ su* long & sev]e h>d%ips on acc\nt ( h]1 = only ) ! goddesses c\ld %e be comp>$4 ,h[ wondr\s mu/ be ! beauty :5 a glimpse ( x suffices to ha/5 ! blood ?r\gh %rivell$ ve9s1 & provoke tempe/u\s curr5ts to awake atrophi$ n]ves6 ,)\t ! record ( ?is incid5t1 ! vague notices ( ,hel5's appe>ance w\ld be v f> f suffici5t to acc\nt = ! univ]sal recognition ( h] m>vell\s beauty4#bb ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g 7,see page #abb7 ,greek ,sculpture1 #d? ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,attribut$ to ,scopas ,greek ,bronze1 #c;d ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,heads ( ,demet] ,"o ( ! f9e/ l9es ( ,%akespe>e is1 ,h[ sweet ! moonlight sleeps ^u ?is bank4 ,! beauty ( ! l9e re/s entirely ^u ! use ( ! ^w sleeps to express some?+ :i* c\ld n be o!rwise said )\t ! use ( _m words4 ,! moonbeam is app>5tly p]fectly /ill1 ! atmosph]e calm1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! surr\nd+s to di/urb ! natural tranquillity1 ^! conditions induc+ a feel+ ( s(tness & re/ 9 ! obs]v]4 ,if x _h be5 necess>y to say all ?is1 ,%akespe>e w\ld c]ta9ly h omitt$ ref]5ce to ! moonlight1 b 8 p[]ful imag9ation br+s to m9d ! ^w sleeps to express ! conditions1 & we are ov]:elm$ ) a beautiful picture sudd5ly ?r[n on ! bra9 z if by a brilliant fla% ( light4 ,among ! _m illu/rations ( ! po9t :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,bible1 is ! great passage1 ,& ,god said1 ',let !re be ,light1' & !re 0 ,light4 ,?is is describ$ by ,long9us z nobly express$1 b he does n sugge/ any cause = its ae/hetic effect4 ,x is true t no?+ c\ld be f9]1 b ! nobility ( ! expression is d]iv$ f its brevity--f ! extreme rapidity ) :i* s va/ & pot5t an ev5t z an act ( creation is pictur$ on ! bra94#bc ,a description ( an act ( creation1 al?\gh involv+ psy*ological consid]ations ( sublimity1 is n necess>ily s beautiful 9 expression z to be a "w ( art4 ,9 ! case ( lyric poetry1 brevity ( expression1 ?\gh /ill ( high importance1 is n ( s mu* mom5t z 9 epic or dramatic v]se1 because ! sub/ance is subord9at$ to beauty ( expression & musical =m4 ,devices are us$ *iefly = /r5g!n+ ! s5sorial elem5t1 ! appeal to ! m9d be+ 9 mo/ cases second>y4 ,nev]!less ! lyric poet wa/es no words4 ,take = example ,sappho's ,ode to ,anactoria4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! amaz+ l9es is comp>atively insignificant1 be+ m]ely ! expression ( emotion on ! "p ( an individual consequ5t ^u disappo9tm5t1 yet ! transc5d5t beauty ( ! poem has held en?rall$ f\rscore g5]ations ( m5 & wom51 & /ill ! _w gasps ) a/oni%m5t at its p]fection4 ,obvi\sly ! beauty ( ! ode re/s ma9ly on qualities ( =m :i* _c be reproduc$ 9 translation1 b ! sub/ance may be1 & x w be obs]v$ t ! description ( ! action is unsurpassable4 ,! picture1 ! :ole picture1 & no?+ b ! picture1 is ?r[n on ! m9d rapidly & directly2 s rapidly t ! movem5t ( ! bru% is sc>cely disc]nible1 & s simply t n a ?\ght is requir$ = its elucidation4 ,) ! *a9 ( symptoms brok5 or less closely connect$1 ! passion indicat$ w\ld be comp>atively feeble1 :atev] ! =ce ( ! artifices 9 rhy?m & expression :i* ,sappho knew s well h[ to employ4#bd ,z ) poetry1 s ) ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+3 ! greate/ works result f simple designs4 ,all ! sculptures :i* we recognize z sublime or highly beautiful1 consi/ ( s+le figures1 or 9 v r>e cases1 gr\ps ( two or ?ree1 & inde$ x is difficult to hold 9 our m9ds a c>v$ gr\p ( sev]al figures4 ,! images ( ! ,zeus & ,a!na ( ,phidias1 ?\gh we "k little ( !m except f lit]>y records & inf]ior copies1 are f> m brilliantly mirror$ ^u our m9ds ?an ! ,p>!non reliefs4 ,! importance ( simplicity is p]haps m readily se5 9 sculpture ?an 9 any o!r art1 = ! slighte/ fault 9 design has an imm$iate effect ^u ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,x is noticeable t ! decad5ce ( a great art p]iod is usually fir/ m>k$ by complications 9 sculptur$ figures4#be ,9 pa9t+1 ! pictures :i* we reg>d z great are *>act]iz$ by _! simplicity1 & ! imm$iate recognition ( _! purport4 ,!y are ei!r ideal figures1 or gr\ps :]e at lea/ ! c5tral figure is idealiz$ & commonly kn[n4 ,! "w mu/ be grasp$ at "o glance = ! beauty to be ( a high ord]4 ,h5ce 9 ! case ( frescoes great arti/s h n attempt$ to make ! beauty ( any "p dep5d5t ^u ! compreh5sion ( ! :ole4 ,x is impossible = ! eye to take 9 at a s+le glance ! :ole ( a l>ge fresco pa9t+1 & ?is expla9s :y a fresco celebrat$ = its beauty is (t5 disappo9t+ to "o :o sees x = ! fir/ "t1 & endeav\rs to impress x on 8 m9d z a s+le picture by rapidly piec+ toge!r ! diff]5t p>ts4#bf ,polygnotus c\ld well pa9t =ty sc5es f ,hom] z mural decoration 9 "o hall1 = !y c\ld only be exam9$ & und]/ood z sep>ate pictures2 & ! ceil+ ( ,mi*elangelo at ! ,vatican is s arrang$ t !re is no necessity = comb9+ ! p>ts 9 ! m9d4 ,s ) ! ,p>ma frescoes ( ,correggio4 ,raphael _h a diff]5t task 9 8 ,vatican frescoes1 b he accompli%$ x by arrang+ 8 figures s t ea* sep>ate gr\p is a beautiful picture2 & ,lion>do 9 8 great "w at ,milan divid$ ! ,apo/les into gr\ps ( ?ree 9 ord] to m9imize ! consid]ation necess>y = ! appreciation ( s l>ge a "w4 ,fiction is divid$ into two sections1 ! novel & ! %ort /ory1 & !y are s di/9ct 9 "* t !y mu/ necess>ily be consid]$ sep>ately 9 ! application ( ! law "u discussion4 ,=m is ( high importance 9 bo? classes ( ! art1 b weighs m 9 ! %ort /ory because "h ! appeal to ! m9d is unavoidably re/rict$4 ,! noveli/ is capable ( produc+ a high] beauty ?an is )9 ! range ( ! %ort-/ory writ]4 ,! latt] is limit$ 9 8 del9eation ( "* to ! circum/ances surr\nd+ a s+le exp]i5ce1 :ile ! noveli/1 9 describ+ v>i\s exp]i5ces1 may add %ade ^u %ade 9 expression & ?us elevate ! *>act]s & actions above ! level possible ( atta9m5t by means ( a s+le incid5t4 ,b )9 8 limit ! %ort-/ory writ] may provide 8 beauty m easily ?an ! noveli/1 because a picture c be m readily fre$ f complications :5 away f surr\nd+s1 ?an :5 x =ms "o ( a s]ies ( pictures :i* mu/ h connect+ l9ks4 ,a good %ort /ory consi/s ( a s+le incid5t or exp]i5ce 9 a life hi/ory4 ,x is cle>ly cut1 )\t introduction1 & void ( a conclusion :i* is n directly "p ( ! incid5t4 ,! subject is ( g5]al int]e/2 ! language simple1 ( common use1 & free f mann]isms2 :ile !re are no accessories beyond ^? ess5tial = ! compreh5sion ( ! s*eme4 ,^! conditions1 :i* imply ! mo/ extreme simplicity1 are pres5t 9 all ! greate/ %ort /ories kn[n to u--! be/ works ( ! au?or ( ! ,contes ,n\velles1 ( ,sac*etti1 ,boccaccio1 ,m>g>et ( ,nav>re1 ,h(fman1 ,poe1 & ,de ,maupassant4 ,! novel diff]s f ! %ort /ory 9 t x is a l>ge section ( a life ) _m exp]i5ces1 b ! pr9ciples "u :i* ! two v>ieties ( fiction are built up1 are precisely ! same4 ,obvi\sly ! limit 9 l5g? ( a novel is t po9t beyond :i* ! writ] _c enhance ! beauty ( "* & action1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! unity ( design4 ,?is means ! conc5tration ( ef=t 9 ! direction ( simplicity1 facilitat+ ! rapid reception ( ! pictures pres5t$ by ! writ] ^u ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! high] ! beauty 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 ! simpl] are ! signs or sign comb9ations :i* produce x2 & h5ce ! ,law ( ,recognition re/s on a secure f\ndation1 = ! simple mu/ necess>ily be recogniz$ be=e ! complex4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,law ,,( ,,g5]al ,,ass5t ,g5]al op9ion ! te/ ( beauty 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts4 ,! fir/ aim ( art is s5sorial beauty1 because s5sorial exp]i5ce mu/ prec$e ! impression ( beauty ^u ! m9d4 ,! ext5t to :i* some?+ appe>s to be s5sorially h>moni\s dep5ds ^u ! condition or "* ( ! n]ves convey+ ! impression ( x to ! bra94 ,we "k f exp]i5ce t ex]cise ( ^! n]ves results 9 ! removal or p>tial removal ( natural irregul>ities !re91 & enables a complex =m ( beauty to be recogniz$ :i* 0 n be=e p]ceiv$4 ,! va/ majority ( ! p h n cultivat$ _! s5se n]ves except involunt>ily1 & consequ5tly c only recognize m or less simple beauty3 ?us1 z ! sign comb9ations become m complicat$1 s is dim9i%$ ! numb] ( p]sons capable ( appreciat+ ! beauty !re(4 ,! highe/ =m ( beauty conceivable to ! imag9ation is t ( ! human be+1 because "h corporeal & intellectual beauty may be comb9$4 ,?is is univ]sally admitt$ & has be5 s s9ce ! fir/ records ( m5tal activity4 ,! human figure mu/ be reg>d$ z a s+le sign s9ce ! relation ( its p>ts to ea* o!r is fix$ & inv>iable2 & fur!r x is ! simple/1 because ( all signs none is s quickly recogniz$ by ! rudim5t>y und]/&+4 ,9 ! ,associat$ ,arts !re=e1 ! highe/ beauty is to be f\nd 9 ! simple/ sign1 & ?is is ! "o supremely important sign 9 ^! arts1 = )\t x only ! l[e/ =ms may be produc$4 ,f all ?is we det]m9e t ! high] ! beauty 9 a "w ( ! ,associat$ ,arts1 ! l>g] is ! numb] ( p]sons capable ( recogniz+ x2 s t if we say t some?+ 9 ^! arts is beautiful because x pleases1 we imply t x is /ill m beautiful if we say t x g5]ally pleases1 & ! highe/ ( all /&>ds ( beauty is involv$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ,long9us3 ,t is sublime & beautiful :i* always pleases1 & takes equally ) all sorts ( m54 ,?us1 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 ! g5]al op9ion z to ! ae/hetic value ( a "w ( high art is bo? demon/ration & law4#bg ,9 music ! significance ( ! signs is inv]t$ comp>$ ) ! progression 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 = :ile 9 ! latt] ! highe/ =m ( beauty is produc$ by ! simple/ ( s+le signs1 9 music ! high] =ms are ! result ( complex comb9ations ( signs4 ,! greate/ musical compositions consi/ ( an imm5se v>iety ( signs arrang$ 9 a hi!rto unkn[n ord]4 ,?us1 :ile ! immature or uncultivat$ m9d recognizes ! high] =ms ( beauty be=e ! l[] 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 x fir/ recognizes ! l[] =ms 9 music4 ,9 ! ,associat$ ,arts !re=e1 cultivation results 9 ! fur!r appreciation ( ! =ms ( art z !y desc5d1 & 9 music z !y asc5d4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! mo/ uncultivat$ p]sons1 ev5 ^? :o h nev] ex]cis$ _! organs ( sight except involunt>ily1 w always admire ! high] =ms be=e ! l[]4#bh ,!y w m highly appreciate a picture ( a ,madonna or o!r beautiful woman ?an an int]ior :]e ! sc5e is comp>atively complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( sev]al p]sons1 & !y w pref] ! int]ior to a l&scape1 & a l&scape to a /ill-life picture4 ,s 9 sculpture4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a figure ( a man or woman w be pref]r$ to a gr\p1 & ! gr\p to an animal or decorative ornam5t4 ,an exception mu/ h[ev] be made 9 respect ( ! sublime rea*es ( ,grecian sculpture 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies ,b4,c41 ow+ to an artificial re/riction4 ,!re is v little ( ?is sculpture to be actually se51 ne>ly all ! m important works be+ kn[n only f records or v>iable copies4 ,consid]able obs]vation1 comp>ison1 & /udy1 are necess>y be=e "o c ga9 a fair conception ( ! ,grecian ideals1 & s !y are practically lo/ to ! bulk ( ! p4 ,9 fiction x is common k t ! greate/ works f ! po9t ( view ( art are always ! mo/ popul>1 z !y are inv>iably ! mo/ simple 9 con/ruction & diction4 ,9 consid]+ poetry we mu/ exclude ! great epics1 z ^? ( ,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 & ,milton1 because :]e ! actions ( sup]natural p]sons are describ$1 ! s5tim5ts & language employ$ are s elevat$ 9 "*1 & ! images & lit]>y ref]5ces s num]\s1 t a c]ta9 sup]ior education is requir$ be=e ! s5se ( ! poems c be compreh5d$4 ,subject to ?is artificial re/riction1 ! rule holds entirely good4 ,%akespe>e is at once ! greate/ & mo/ popul> ( our poets3 ,%elley1 ,byron1 & ,burns1 are z f> ahead ( ,t5nyson & ,br[n+ 9 popul>ity z !y are 9 g5]al beauty & simplicity4 ,9 music on ! o!r h& ! l[] =ms are ! simple/ & consequ5tly ! mo/ popul>4 ,songs1 dance measures1 & ditties ( v>i\s k9ds1 are enjoy$ by ! mass ( ! p 9 pref]5ce to ,bee?ov5 & ,wagn]1 a c]ta9 cultivation ( ! aural n]ves be+ necess>y = ! appreciation ( ! great] arti/s4 ,! ar*itect is "u ! necessity ( meet+ ! ends ( utility1 b subject to ?is re/riction x is obvi\s t simplicity mu/ be ! keynote to 8 design1 = ! highe/ quality ( beauty 9 8 p[] to produce is gr&eur1 & ?is dim9i%es ) an increase 9 ! complexity ( 8 sign comb9ations4 ,! comb9ation ( simplicity ) gr&eur is ! fir/ =m ( beauty t w\ld be recogniz$ by ! immature eye1 & consequ5tly 9 respect ( ! g5]al te/ ( art excell5ce1 ar*itecture falls into l9e ) ! ,associat$ ,arts1 & n ) music4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be und]/ood h[ x is t 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts op9ion z to ! ae/hetic value ( p>ticul> works beg9s to diff] z soon z we leave ! recogniz$ ma/]pieces ( ! fir/ rank1 & :y ! div]g5ce wid5s ) e /ep d[nw>ds4 ,z ! "* ( ! art is l[]$ s is dim9i%$ ! numb] ( p]sons capable ( appreciat+ x4 ,9 pa9t+ & sculpture ?is dim9ution is direct ) ! increas$ complexity ( ! signs us$1 & indirect accord+ z ! "* ( ! signs weak5s4 ,9 poetry ! same rule applies g5]ally1 b 9 ! l[] =ms alliance ) ! art ( music may br+ ab\t a v>iation4 ,only ! v l[e/ =ms ( music may be us$ ) ! high] =ms ( poetry because ! poet mu/ h ! m9imum ( re/riction :5 deal+ ) ! "* & actions ( ! p]sonages :o con/itute ! pr9cipal signs 9 8 "w1 b z ! art desc5ds ! musical =m becomes ( m importance1 & ! sub/ance m simple4 ,h5ce ! s5sorial beauty ( a lyric may be appreciat$ m quickly ?an t ( a poem :i* is1 9 sub/ance1 ( a mu* high] ord]1 ?\gh ! k9d ( beauty recogniz$ w diff] 9 ! two cases4 ,b ev5 9 ! greate/ lyric ! musical =m is comp>atively v simple1 its beauty be+ recogniz$ )\t special cultivation ( ! aural n]ves3 ?us1 subject to ! division ( poetry into its natural grades--! two sections :]e sub/ance & =m respectively pr$om9ate--! measure ( its beauty is ! ext5t to :i* x is g5]ally appreciat$4 ,none ( ! o!r ,associat$ ,arts may be alli$ ) a second art )\t crippl+ x z a f9e art1 because ( ! extraord9>y limitations =c$ ^u ! arti/ by ! alliance2 & h5ce 9 respect ( sculpture1 pa9t+1 & fiction1 !re is no exception to ! rule t ! beauty capable ( be+ produc$ dim9i%es /rictly ) an increase 9 ! complexity ( ! signs us$4 ,^! facts appe> suffici5tly to e/abli% :at may be call$ ! ,law ( ,g5]al ,ass5t 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts2 t is to say1 9 ! arts ( poetry1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & fiction1 ! supreme te/ ( ! ae/hetic value ( a "w1 is g5]al op9ion2 & a coroll>y ( ?is is t ! small] ! numb] ( p]sons to :om a "w ( "o ( ^! arts appeals1 ! weak] is ! art !re94 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,associat$ ,,arts ,! production ( beauty 9 ! respective arts--,h[ !y diff] 9 scope4 ,! ,associat$ ,arts h all ! same me?od ( produc+ beauty3 !y ?r[ pictures on ! bra94#bi ,s5sorial or intellectual beauty1 or bo? toge!r1 may be exhibit$1 b 9 ! arts ( ! pa9t] & sculptor ! picture is transf]r$ to ! bra9 ?r\gh ! optic n]ves1 & is necess>ily pres5t$ be=e ! intellect c be br\ght to be> ^u ! impression4 ,! arts ( ! poet & ! /ory writ] involve ! pres5tation ( a picture repres5t+ ! complete composition1 & 9 addition :5 ! "w is l5g?y1 ( a s]ies ( pictures ea* ( :i* /r5g!ns ! relief ( ! g5]al design4 ,! pa9t] & sculptor ea* pres5ts a complete picture1 ! mean+ ( :i* is imm$iately det]m9$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight1 & ! ext5t ( ! beauty is b\nd$ by :at c be recogniz$ by ?is s5se4 ,all ! signs necess>y to p]fect ! composition are simultane\sly indicat$1 ! arti/ exhibit+ at "o bl[ a full description ( :at makes up 8 ?+ ( beauty4 ,b ! poet _c s produce a picture because he pres5ts ! p>ts successively & n simultane\sly1 & 9 ! mo/ important ( all ! =ms :i* he repres5ts--t ( ! human c\nt5ance--bo? beauty & expression h to be def9$1 & ! sep>ate elem5ts are indescribable4 ,consequ5tly1 h[ev]1 we may comb9e ! features ( a c\nt5ance z describ$ by ! poet1 we _c ?r[ a picture ( ! :ole ^u our m9ds4 ,a p>ticul> =m ( beauty mu/ be pres5t$ to ! eye be=e x c be m5tally pictur$4 ,! poet !re=e does n attempt to dovetail 8 picture ( ! human =m ) descriptive details1 b relies ^u imag]y1 sugge/ion1 or o!r artifice1 to indicate 8 mean+ 9 ! mo/ rapid way possible4#cj ,! noveli/ is 9 ! same position z ! poet 9 ?is respect1 except t "s ( ! devices ( ! latt] are d5i$ him4 ,b al?\gh ! poet or noveli/ _c put toge!r ! p>ts 9 8 description1 he may 9 c]ta9 cases pres5t natural beauty to ! m9d1 8 scope dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! p>ts & ! ext5t to :i* !y dep5d ^u ea* o!r = ! completion ( ! picture4 ,:]e ! beauty ( ! :ole re/s ^u a comb9ation ( p]fect$ p>ts ( =m only1 z 9 ! case ( a horse1 !n ! poet is able to pres5t beauty ( =m not)/&+ t ! sep>ate p>ts are 9 !mselves n beautiful1 ?\gh ! beauty w\ld be t ( ! type & n ( ! individual4 ,! beauty ( a horse dep5ds ^u its possession ( a collection ( features :i* h ea* a p>ticul> significance4 ,if we are able to recognize f a description t a horse has qualities ( =m & action indicat+ spe$1 high spirits1 pr\d be>+1 & s on1 & at ! same "t has a h>moni\s symmetry 9 its g5]al outl9e1 a beautiful animal is ?r[n on ! m9d )\t difficulty4 ,we readily picture ! c\rs] describ$ by ,%akespe>e 9 8 ,v5us & ,adonis z a beautiful horse1 b we %\ld n be able to diff]5tiate x f ! c\rs] ( ,mazeppa4 ,:]e ! p>ts ( ! ?+ describ$ are 9 !mselves beautiful1 !n ! poet may successfully ?r[ on ! m9d a s]ies ( pictures ( ae/hetic int]e/4 ,?us1 he may call to ! imag9ation p>ts ( a l&scape :i* are 9 !mselves beautiful sc5es1 z = in/ance a deep gorge op5+ on to a lake1 or a fl[]y valley1 ?\gh ! p>ts c\ld n be put toge!r on ! m9d s t ! beauty ( ! :ole may be pres5t$4#ca ,summ+ up ! limits ( ! ,associat$ ,arts 9 ! pres5tation ( ! two k9ds ( beauty1 ! poet & ! noveli/ c pres5t g5]al or p>ticul> beauty ( m9d1 & g5]al s5sorial beauty1 b are p[]less ) p>ticul> s5sorial beauty2 ! sculptor & pa9t] may pres5t g5]al or p>ticul> s5sorial beauty1 & g5]al1 b n p>ticul>1 beauty ( m9d4 ,p>ticul> s5sorial beauty may be sugge/$ by ! poet or noveli/1 by indicat+ its emotional effect1 or by symbols 9 ! =m ( metaphor2 & p>ticul> intellectual beauty may be sugge/$ by ! sculptor or pa9t] by repres5t+ ! effect 9 expression ( a p>ticul> action1 or by symbols 9 ! =m ( human figures ( beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h 7,see page #aci7 ,raphael's ,si/9e ,madonna1 ) ! ,face ( ! ,c5tral ,figure 9 ,fragon>d's ,! ,pursuit ,sub/itut$ = t ( ! ,virg9 ,b :ile ! poet _c ?r[ ^u ! bra9 a p>ticul> =m ( human beauty1 he may sugge/ a great] beauty ?an t :i* ! pa9t] or sculptor c depict1 & fur!r produce emotional effects relat+ to spiritual & human actions & passions :i* are beyond ! pla/ic arts3 h5ce 8 art is capable ( ! highe/ rea*es4 ,next to him come ! sculptor & pa9t]1 = !y may repres5t ideal =ms :i* mu/ be exclud$ f fiction4 ,!oretically1 pa9t+ & sculpture are equal 9 respect ( ! production ( human beauty1 = !re is no =m design$ by ! "o :i* may n be pres5t$ by ! o!r2 b practically ! pa9t] _c atta9 to ! height ( ! sculptor 9 ! repres5tation ( ideal beauty4a a ,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! sculptor & pa9t] are at a disadvantage comp>$ ) ! poet & noveli/1 = ! limitation ( _! arts compels !m to conf9e _! imag9ations to /ructural "w4 ,ea* ( ! ,associat$ ,arts consi/s nom9ally ( ?ree p>ts3 7a7 ! s*eme1 or idea1 or fable2 7b7 ! design or inv5tion#cb2 7c7 ! execution4 ,9 a repres5tation ( action1 ! pa9t] or sculptor c only depict a p>ticul> mom5t ( x1 nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end be+ visible4 ,he mu/ !re=e *oose an action ( :i* ! beg9n+ & end are kn[n1 = :ile ei!r may be sugge/$ 9 a simple design1 bo? _c be impli$ s t ! :ole /ory is obvi\s4 ,he has consequ5tly to take 8 mom5t ( action f a fact or fable 9 "o ( ! lit]>y arts1 or f actual life exp]i5ce4#cc ,:]e no p>ticul> action is indicat$1 z 9 _m pa/oral & int]ior sc5es 9 pa9t+1 or ornam5tal figures 9 sculpture1 ! conception & inv5tion are "o4 ,?us1 ! pa9t] or sculptor is conf9$ to only two p>ts ( 8 art1 ! design & execution4 ,:ile !re=e ! scope ( ! poet & noveli/ is z unlimit$ z ! sea ( human motives & passions1 t ( ! pa9t] & sculptor is held )9 /rictly m>k$ b\nds4 ,all ! ,associat$ ,arts are alike 9 t !y _c be specially us$ = moral or social purposes )\t suff]+ a m>k$ det]ioration4 ,?is is because ( ! limitations impos$ ^u ! arti/4 ,8 w+s are clipp$3 8 imag9ation is conf9$ )9 a n>r[ groove3 he is conv]t$ f a ma/] to a slave4 ,h5ce no great "w ( "o ( ^! arts has be5 produc$ :]e ! conception ( ! arti/ 0 b\nd by ! necessity ( po9t+ a moral1 or ( con=m+ to "s idea ( utility4#cd ,,*apt] ,v ,,degrees ,,( ,,beauty ,,9 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,art ,! degrees ( beauty :i* ! art ( ! pa9t] c exhibit appe> to be1 9 ord] ( _! value1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ) =m1 & to ! m9d ) expression1 above ! possibility ( life exp]i5ce4 ,?is d\ble beauty c only be f\nd 9 ideals1 & ! real _c be associat$ ) x except z accessory4 ,! highe/ art ( ! pa9t] is !re=e conf9$ to sacr$1 my?ological1 & symbolical subjects4 #b4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ?r\gh repres5tation ( ! human =m1 )\t1 or ) only p>tial idealization1 & to ! m9d ?r\gh ! indication 9 expression ( high ab/ract qualities4 ,?is section comprises subjects ( pr(ane hi/ory1 & high class portraiture4 ,x v>ies f ! succe$+ section 9 t ! arti/ may repres5t ! human be+ z he ought to be1 or w\ld be ) ! high] physical & ab/ract qualities emphasiz$1 or 9 c]ta9 cases1 ) ^! qualities add$4 #c4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ?r\gh ! h>mony ( tone & design1 & to ! m9d ?r\gh ! repres5tation ( human action )9 ! compass ( life exp]i5ce4 ,?is section comprises int]iors & ext]iors relat+ to daily life & lab\r1 & portraiture :i* is m]ely accurate imitation ( features4 ,x diff]s f ! previ\s section 9 t x repres5ts ! human be+ z he is1 & n z he ought to be4 #d4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ?r\gh h>mony ( col\r & design1 9 respect ( ! imitation & ! ?+s imitat$1 9 addition to pleas+ because x excites admiration ( ! skill 9 imitation4 ,?is section comprises l&scape1 fl[]s1 f9e plumag$ birds1 & c]ta9 symmetrical animal =ms4 #e4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ?r\gh h>mony ( tone & design1 & indirectly to ! m9d ?r\gh association ( ideas connect$ ) ! o!r arts2 9 addition to pleas+ because ( ! excell5t imitation1 & possibly because ( ! beauty ( ! ?+s imitat$4 ,?is section comprises pa9t+s ( ?+s connect$ ) ! o!r arts1 & :i* are nei!r beautiful nor displeas+1 su* z books & musical in/rum5ts2 or :i* are imitations ( products ( ano!r art1 z plate1 m>ble reliefs1 or ar*itectural =ms4 #f4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ?r\gh h>mony ( tone & design1 9 addition to pleas+ because ( ! excell5t imitation4 ,?is class ( beauty comprises pa9t+s ( objects :i* 9 !mselves are n beautiful1 z vegetables1 kit*5 ut5sils1 & c]ta9 animals2 or :i* are ev5 repell5t1 z dead animals4 #g4 ,t :i* appeals to ! s5ses ?r\gh h>mony ( col\r1 ! design hav+ no beauty 9 itself4 ,?is =m ( art1 :i* is ! l[e/ 9 ! scale ( ! pa9t]1 is only adapt$ = ! simple/ =mal decoration4 ,! fir/ ?ree sections may produce bo? s5sorial & intellectual beauty2 ! o!rs only s5sorial4 ,limit$ ab/ract qualities are associat$ ) c]ta9 animals 9 nature1 b _c be indicat$ 9 ! uncomb9$ art ( ! pa9t]4 ,beyond ^! sections1 !re are classes ( pictures :i* d n belong to ! pure art ( ! pa9t]1 namely1 ^? execut$ = use & n = beauty#ce2 ^? pa9t$ to illu/rate sports1 or to record pass+ ev5ts2 c]ta9 allegorical pa9t+s2 & ^? works :i*1 :ile !y _c repres5t ! ideal1 require ! assi/ance ( ano!r art = _! int]pretation2 z = in/ance1 incid5ts to illu/rate p>ticul> morals or /ories2 sc5es f ! drama o!r ?an trag$y2 portraits ( p]sons 9 "*2 humor\s subjects1 & s on4 ,su* works1 on acc\nt ( ! re/rictions impos$ on ! arti/1 c exhibit b limit$ & fleet+ beauty4 ,else:]e !y are notic$ "u ! head+ ( ,second>y ,art4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,expression4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,ideal ,! human be+ is ! only sign 9 ! arts capable ( idealization1 because1 :ile its p>ts are fix$ & inv>iable1 x is ! only sign z to :i* !re is a univ]sal agreem5t 9 respect ( ! value ( ab/ract qualities connect$ ) x4 ,!re c be no ideal ( ! human =m sep>ately1 because ?is implies expression :i* results f ab/ract qualities4 ,nor c !re be an ideal comb9ation ( ^! qualities1 except a g5]al expression cov]+ all ! virtues & elim9at+ all ! passions1 :i* expression _c be disassociat$ f =m4 ,! ideal human be+ is !re=e a p]fect g5]alization ( ! highe/ conceivable qualities ( =m & expression4 ,necess>ily 9 matt]s ( art1 :5 we use ! t]m ,ideal1 we mean a g5]al ideal1 t is to say1 an ideal t w\ld be accept$ z su* by ! g5]al body ( m5 & wom54 ,f ! fact t ! s5sorial n]ves 9 all p]sons are alike 9 =m & "*1 & t !y act 9 ! same way "u l conditions1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be a g5]al agreem5t z to degrees ( beauty1 & ?us a common conception ( ! ideal human be+4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ ?is at all times1 bo? 9 respect ( ! g5]al ideal we are n[ discuss+1 & ( p>ticul> ideals involv+ special types & *>act]s2 & s inv>iable is ?is exp]i5ce t ! progression t[>ds simil> ideals has all ! =ce ( law4#cf ,?is g5]al agreem5t is subject to c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,! fir/ is 9 reg>d to =m 9 :i* ! imag9ation _c proce$ beyond exp]i5ce4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( an ideal =m _c include any :i* are high] 9 quality ?an ^? :i* h come )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! p]son comp\nd+ ! ideal4 ,secondly1 9 reg>d to ab/ract qualities1 ! e/imation ( ^! dep5ds ^u intellig5ce & education1 & ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ^! ?+s1 :i* we measure 9 t]ms ( degrees ( civilization4 ,consequ5tly1 diff]5t int]pretations w\ld be plac$ ^u ! phrase ! highe/ conceivable qualities ( =m & expression1 by ! v>i\s races ( mank9d4 ,accord+ z ! exp]i5ce 0 great]1 s w\ld ! ideal =m be high] 9 type2 & z ! civilization 0 m advanc$1 s w\ld ! ab/ract qualities exhibit$ be m p]fect 9 "*4 ,b among civiliz$ peoples :at is1 )9 our und]/&+1 ! ultimate =m ( ! ideal1 w\ld n *ange 9 respect ( ab/ract qualities1 & z to =m w\ld only v>y 9 comp>atively insignificant details ) ! wid? ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is obvi\s t !re c be only "o g5]al ideal cov]+ p]fection ( =m & m9d1 & ?is be+ beyond human exp]i5ce1 c only be associat$ ) a spiritual p]sonage1 & necess>ily ) ! highe/ conceivable spiritual p]sonage--! ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 its absolute p]fection x may be significant ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ( any religion ( civiliz$ peoples1 b n ( o!r spiritual p]sonages to :om su* p]fection may also be attribut$1 because absolute p[] c only be impli$ 9 "o su* p]sonage4 ,?is p[] _c be indicat$ 9 an ideal expression1 & h5ce !re is no alt]native b to leave ! "o g5]al ideal to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,!re are only two religions 9 :i* an ideal human =m has be5 us$ 9 art to typify ! ,supreme ,be+1 & ^! are ! anci5t ,grecian & ! ,*ri/ian2 b ! "o g5]al ideal ref]r$ to has only be5 us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,deity is f> nobl] ?an t :i* ! ,greeks _h ( ,zeus1 b 9 art no?+ great] ?an ! ,grecian ideal has be5 execut$4 ,z a type ( an ,almighty ,p[] ! be/ ,*ri/ian repres5tation is di/9ctly inf]ior1 & x mu/ necess>ily be s because conv5tion requires t a p>ticul> feature ( expression mu/ be indicat$ !re9 :i* is n compulsory 9 ! ,grecian ideal4 ,=giv5ess ( s9s is a c>d9al pr9ciple 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & consequ5tly :atev] ! "* ( expression giv5 to ! ,deity1 a c]ta9 g5tl5ess has to be exhibit$ :i* mat]ially limits ! compreh5sive nature ( ! expression4 ,! ,grecian ideal1 z sculptur$1 /rictly d5i$ any p>ticul> *>act]i/ic1 :ile cov]+ e good quality1 & h5ce = ! ,*ri/ian x is n s suitable z ! accept$ modification4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ideal types ( ! gods & goddesses o!r ?an ,zeus v>i$ consid]ably4 ,^? repres5tations t h come d[n to u are usually deviations f ! ,zeus type ) c]ta9 special *>act]i/ics1 ?\gh (t5 !y c only be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by symbols4 ,!y are above human life & s _c be appropriately associat$ ) human surr\nd+s4 ,ideals app]ta9+ to ,*ri/ianity are practically fix$ by conv5tion1 or are int]*angeable ) ideals 9 allegorical & symbolical art4 ,art is n conc]n$ ) :at are t]m$ ideal physical qualities because beauty is its fir/ consid]ation4 ,a =m ) p[]ful limbs & muscles may be g5]ally accept$ z an ideal =m ( /r5g?1 b ^! v limbs & muscles w\ld detract f ! beauty ( ! figure1 & s sep>ately su* a =m w\ld be inf]ior art4 ,an ideal c only be appli$ to excell5ce4 ,9 art1 moral or physical de=mity _c be exagg]at$ = ! purpose ( emphasis or contra/ )\t less5+ ! de=mity or injur+ ! art4 ,9 ! "w ( ! great] arti/s ! =m] result foll[s2 9 t ( less skilful arti/s1 ! latt]4 ,hom] c\ld n deal ) evil *>act]s )\t excit+ a c]ta9 sympa?y ) !m1 ?us dim9i%+ ! de=mity 9 ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,!re is a measure ( nobility ab\t ,%akespe>e's bad m51 & ,milton di/9ctly ennobl$ ,satan 9 portray+ 8 evil p[]s & influ5ce4 ,9 pa9t+ & sculpture !re is no place = hide\s =ms ( any description1 = !y ei!r revolt ! imag9ation & s neutralize ! appreciation ( ! beautiful figures pres5t 9 ! composition1 or !y v]ge ^u ! ridicul\s & di/urb ! m9d ) c\nt]act+ influ5ces4 ,) r>e exceptions ! great] arti/s h n fail$ to recognize ?is tru?1#cg & 9 respect ( ! v greate/ m51 no really hide\s figure is to be f\nd 9 any ( _! works1 if we except c]ta9 in/ances :]e ! arti/ _h to comply ) fix$ rules & conditions1 z = example 9 ,mi*elangelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t :]e evil be+s _h p]=ce to be pres5t$1 & c\ld only be %[n z de=mities4 ,attempts to emphasize ugl9ess by arti/s ( inf]ior rank result 9 ! fanta/ic or ! ludicr\s1 z 9 ! repres5tation ( evil spirits on ! old ,etruscan tombs1 & ! :imsical imps ( ! ,breughels & ! y\ng] ,t5i]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,expression4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,*ri/ian ,,ideals ,! ,deity--,*ri/--,! ,madonna--,! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,9 consid]+ ! scope = ! exhibition ( ideals 9 art1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ideal types ( "s ( ! pr9cipal p]sonages 9 religi\s & my?ological hi/ory h be5 already fix$ by great arti/s1 & x is impossible to dep>t f !m )\t produc+ :at w\ld appe> to be abnormal repres5tations4 ,hom] l$ ! way ) occasional h9ts ( ! presum$ physical appe>ance ( "s ( ! lead+ deities ( ,greece1 & except 9 ! case ( ,aphrodite ! lat] ,grecian sculptors closely foll[$ him4 ,! ,zeus ( ,hom] z improv$ by ,phidias has be5 ! model ( ?is deity 9 respect ( =m = ne>ly e succe$+ sculptor to ?is day1 :ile x 0 also ! model :i* sugge/$ ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!r z repres5t$ by ! fir/ arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ?\gh1 z already indicat$1 ! maje/ic dignity ( ! ,phidian ,zeus 0 p>tly sacrific$ by ! ,*ri/ian arti/s4 ,phidias 9 fact creat$ a type :i*1 s f> z human =esight c judge1 mu/ ev] guide ! arti/ic m9d1 :e!r portray+ ! mighty son ( ,kronos1 or ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,only v r>ely n[adays is ! ,*ri/ian ,deity pictur$ 9 art1 & z "t goes on ,8 introduction 9 human %ape 9 a pa9t+ w become /ill m r>e 9 con=mity ) *ang+ religi\s ideas & practices2 b n[ & h]eaft] any arti/ :o contemplates ! repres5tation1 mu/1 volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 turn to ! frescoes ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo = 8 guide4 ,!re is no tradition ^u :i* to base an actual portrait ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! fir/ f\r c5turies ,a4,d41 :5 ,he 0 repres5t$ 9 art1 x 0 usually by means ( symbols1 or z a "y man )\t be>d1 b !re are "s ,roman relics ( ! fif? c5tury rema9+ 9 :i* ,he is depict$ mu* 9 ! lat] g5]ally accept$ type1 ) %ort be>d & fl[+ hair4 ,dur+ ! long c5turies ( ! ,d>k ,age1 :5 religi\s art 0 practically conf9$ to ! ,byzant9e ,greeks1 ,*ri/ 0 almo/ inv>iably portray$ ) a long face & emaciat$ features & limbs1 z ! epitome ( sadness & sorr[4 ,?is expression 0 modifi$ z ! arts travell$ to ! nor? & we/ ( ,europe1 & gradually ,8 face began to assume m regul>ity & beauty4 ,!n came ,cimabue to s[ ! se$ ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ) him ! ideal ( ,*ri/ 0 *ang$ to a p]fect man ( fle% & blood4 ,a c5tury or m 0 occupi$ 9 e/abli%+ ?is ideal1 b x 0 s e/abli%$1 & has ma9ta9$ its position to ?is day4#ch ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i 7,see page #ach7 ,raphael's ,virg9 ( ! ,rose ) ! ,face ( ,pr(ane ,love 9 ,titian's ,picture ,sub/itut$ = t ( ! ,virg9 ,?is ideal repres5ts ! ,savi\r z a man ( ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s--,8 age at ! ,crucifixion4 ,he we>s fl[+ hair ) a %ort be>d & usually a m\/a*e4 ,8 face is r long1 (t5 oval2 ! features h a p]fect regul>ity1 & ! expression is commonly "o ( pati5t resignation4 ,naturally ,8 body mu/ appe> well n\ri%$1 o!rwise corporeal beauty _c be express$4 ,?is is ! type :i* has be5 us$ s9ce ! height ( ! ,r5aissance1 ?\gh !re h be5 a few exceptional repres5tations4 ,?us1 ! face ( ,*ri/ 9 ,lion>do's ,la/ ,supp] at ,milan is t ( a be>dless "y man ( "s tw5ty-five ye>sa & ,raphael 9 an e>ly picture %[s ,him be>dless1 b gives ,him an age ( ab\t ?irty4b ,"s e>ly ,flemi% arti/s also r5d]$ ,him be>dless at times1 notably ! ,maitre de ,flemalle1 ,van d] ,weyd51 & ,qu5t9 ,matsys4 ,mi*elangelo 9 8 ,la/ ,judgm5t repres5ts ! ,savi\r sitt+ 9 judgm5t z a robu/1 /]n1 comm&+ figure1 be>dless1 & ) an expression & be>+ app>5tly s]v+ ! idea ( ,ju/ice4c ,/range to say ! arti/ gives a v simil> face to ,/4 ,/eph5 9 ! same s]ies ( frescoes4 ,a /ill m unusual repres5tation is t ( ,francisco di ,giorgio1 :o gives ,*ri/ ! appe>ance ( an ,apollo1d :ile ,bramant9o depicts ,8 face worn ) heavy l9es4e ,9 "o picture ,m>co ,basaiti %[s ,him z a "y man ) long hair b )\t be>d1 & 9 ano!r ) a ?ick be>d )\t m\/a*e4f ,!re 0 consid]able v>iation 9 ! type among ! ,v5etians ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 b n 9 important features1 & s9ce !n v few arti/s inde$ h v5tur$ to dep>t f ! ideal above describ$4 ,! only notable exception 9 rec5t times is 9 a "w by ,burne-,jones :o repres5ts ,*ri/ z a be>dless y\?1 ?\gh indicat+ ! w\nd to ,/4 ,?omas4g ,x is suppos$ t ! arti/ presum$ t ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ und]w5t a complete *ange aft] ! ,resurrection4 a ,& 9 ! draw+ = ! picture at ! ,br]a4 b ,*ri/ ,bless+ at ! ,brescia ,gall]y4 c ,9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel frescoes4 d ,*ri/ b]eft ( ,8 clo!s be=e ! ,crucifixion1 ,si5na ,academy4 e ,*ri/1 ,mayno ,collection4 f ,! ,dead ,*ri/1 & ,call+ ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,zeb$ee1 ,academy1 ,v5ice4 g ,dies ,dom9i4 ,x is evid5t t ! ideal ,*ri/ z e/abli%$ by ! ,italians c sc>cely be improv$ ^u 9 art )9 ! prescrib$ limitations4 ,*ri/ hav+ liv$ z an actual man1 ,8 repres5tation mu/ be )9 ! b\nds ( possible exp]i5ce2 & s9ce ,he di$ at ! age ( ?irty-?ree1 intellectual p[] _c be sugge/$ 9 ,8 c\nt5ance1 = ?is 9 life means an expression imply+ l>ge exp]i5ce w>rant$ only by mature age4 ,! repres5tation is !re=e conf9$ to t ( a man :o1 :ile exhibit+ a heal?y regul>ity ( =m & feature1 has lo/ all s5se ( e>?ly pleasure4 ,! beauty a*iev$ by ?is type is negative1 ! only m>k$ quality be+ a sugge/ion ( sadness :i*1 9 pa9t+1 is necess>ily pres5t 9 all expression :]e an unconc]n ) human in/9cts & passions is depict$4 ,! ,italians 9 _! repres5tation ( ,*ri/ 7 ?us unable to rea* ! height ( ! ,greek div9e portrayals4 ,!y 7 conf9$ to e>?1 :ile ! ,greek figures 7 symbols ( spiritual =ms :i* 7 pure products ( ! imag9ation4 ,giotto & 8 successors s\ght a physically p]fect man ) all purely human features 9 expression elim9at$4 ,! ,greeks1 ev5 :5 repres5t+ div9ities bel[ ,zeus1 g5]aliz$ all human attributes1 exclud+ no?+ b ! exceptional4 ,!y embodi$ 9 _! =ms1 tru?s ackn[l$g$ by ! :ole _w2 summ$ up human life to ! cont5tm5t ( all m53 !re 0 no?+ 9 _! div9ities :i* w\ld prev5t _! acceptance z spiritual symbols 9 all religions ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,to !m human in/9cts 7 sacr$3 all human passions c\ld be ennobl$3 ev]y?+ 9 ! natural progression ( life came )9 ! purview1 & "u ! protection1 ( ! gods4 ,s ! c\rse ( _! art 0 def9ite3 !re 0 nev] a diff]5ce z to ! goal1 = x 0 univ]sal4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! developm5t ( art ! ideal ,*ri/ has be5 ( little importance comp>$ ) ! ideal ,madonna1 ?\gh "h also ! ,italians aim$ = a p>ticul> in/ead ( a g5]al type4 ,!y want$ a liv+ woman ) ! =m & features ( a pulsat+ "m2 a woman ( ord9>y life 9 fact1 b inf9itely sup]ior 9 physical beauty1 & end[$ ) ! highe/ grace t _! imag9ations c\ld conceive & _! h&s execute4 ,?is ideal seem$ to g]m9ate ) ,cimabue1 b an imm5se advance ^u him 0 made by ,giotto :o 0 unsurpass$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,holy ,"m = m ?an a c5tury4 ,b ! ideal 0 yet purely =mal & cont9u$ s till pa/ ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ,italy & ,fl&]s4 ,giotto 0 !n excell$ by _m arti/s1 b ! ,madonnas !y produc$1 ?\gh (t5 v beautiful1 are n humanly attractive4 ,!y are on ! side ( ! ,angels2 h nev] be5 wom5 evid5tly1 & are f>1 f> away f ! human type ) t+l+ ve9s & heav+ brea?4 ,filippo ,lippi m>k$ ! bord] l9e betwe5 ?is type ( ,madonna1 & ! advanc$ patt]n produc$ by ! s]ies ( great arti/s ( ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b ) ,lion>do1 ,ghirl&aio1 ,botticelli1 & ! re/1 ! ,madonna 0 sc>cely an ideal woman4 ,liv+ p]sons 7 commonly tak5 z models1 & al?\gh ! portraits 7 no d\bt improv$1 !y h little connection ) ! ideal :i* ! arti/s evid5tly _h 9 m9d4 ,! v life :i* ! arti/ transf]s to canvas 9 a portrait is de/ructive ( ! ideal1 = x is a p>ticul> life ) evid5ce ( p>ticul> emotions & passions f :i* ! ,madonna %\ld be free4 ,a mighty b>ri] mu/ be pass$ be=e a woman is translat$ on canvas into ! type ( ,madonna s\ght by ! fir/ ,r5aissance arti/s4 ,%e mu/ be a woman ( ! e>?2 a woman :o has gr[n up amid/ human surr\nd+s f infancy to girlhood1 & f girlhood to womanhood2 ) human aspirations & sympa?ies1 & exp]i5ce ( joys & trials3 %e mu/ h all ^!1 & z well h become a "m2 & yet ) human beauty1 h] c\nt5ance mu/ be su* t by no /ret* ( ! imag9ation c ! possibility ( desire be sugge/$4 ,?is 0 ! problem1 & c]ta9ly only a g5ius ( ! highe/ ord] c\ld arrive at a solution1 = ! task appe>s on ! face ( x to be almo/ sup]human4 ,b ,raphael succe$$ 9 accompli%+ x1 & 8 a*ievem5t w /& = all "t z "o ( ! greate/ epo*-mak+ ev5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,ev5 ,mi*elangelo1 :o creat$ s _m sup]b =ms1 nev] succe$$ ) an ideal suitable = a ,madonna4#ci ,x is cle> t 9 rea*+ = 8 ideal1 ,raphael did n /rive = an expression relat+ to ! spiritual4 ,8 purpose 0 to elim9ate f ! features any?+ :i* might possibly be con/ru$ z indicat+ e>?ly desires1 & yet reta9 ! highe/ conceivable human beauty4 ,) ?is d\ble object cont5tm5t is a quality 9 expression :i* is indisp5sable1 & ?is ,raphael 0 c>eful to give1 sometimes emphasiz+ x ) a sugge/ion ( happ9ess4 ,x is n possible to g fur!r ) an expression :i* is to g5]alize ! highe/ human physical & ab/ract qualities1 :ile keep+ ! figure )9 ! range ( app>5t feasible realization 9 life4 ,! result 0 ideal b n exclusive4 ,x is a univ]sal type1 & is suit$ to ! ,madonna because !re is no?+ humanly high] )9 our compreh5sion2 b x has a fur!r g5]al import :i* is dealt ) else:]e4 ,al?\gh ! aim a*iev$ by ,raphael mu/ necess>ily be ! goal ( all arti/s 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,madonna1 x is ( c\rse n ess5tial t he %\ld be accept$ z ! only guide to h] =m4 ,h] features may v>y indef9itely s long z ! ideal is ma9ta9$1 & ,raphael himself pa9t$ no two ,madonnas ) ! same features4 ,b c]ta9 traditions mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev] mu* "o may dep>t f ! actual circum/ances ( h] life4 ,! fir/ is 9 respect ( h] presum$ age4 ,9 pictures deal+ ) h] life soon aft] m>riage1 z = in/ance1 ! ,nativity & ! ,flight into ,egypt1 ! ,madonna is inv>iably repres5t$ z _m ye>s old] ?an %e appe>s 9 ,annunciation subjects1 ?\gh only a ye> or s actually pass$ betwe5 ! respective ev5ts4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,%e mu/ be %[n ) ! bloom ( a matur$ woman4 ,! highe/ =m ( nobility _c be disassociat$ f wisdom & exp]i5ce1 :i* c\ld n be indicat$ 9 ! c\nt5ance ( a girl 9 h] te5s4 ,innoc5ce & purity may be pres5t1 & a c]ta9 maje/y ev51 b our conception ( ! ,madonna z a woman involves ! triumph ov] kn[n evils1 ! full k ( "r & wrong1 & ! consci\sness ( a supreme position above ! possibility ( s94 ,h5ce 9 all repres5tations ( ! ,madonna at ! ,nativity & aft]w>ds1 %e mu/ be %[n at an age sugge/+ ! fulle/ k ( good & evil4 ,:ile1 betwe5 ! ,annunciation & incid5ts occurr+ dur+ ! infancy ( ,*ri/1 _m ye>s mu/ be presum$ to h pass$1 f ?is latt] p]iod on1 ! ,madonna mu/ be suppos$ to h ag$ v little1 if at all1 "r up to ! ,crucifixion4 ,x is n (t5 t we f9d h] includ$ 9 a design illu/rat+ ! life ( ,*ri/ betwe5 ,8 infancy & ! ,dea? ,sc5e1 a fact probably due to ! age difficulty4 ,9 ! exceptions h] face is (t5 p>tly or :olly hidd54 ,b 9 sc5es ( ! ,crucifixion1 :]e ! ,virg9 is almo/ inv>iably introduc$1 arti/s ( all p]iods1 ) few exceptions1 h be5 c>eful to avoid sugge/+ ! full presum$ age4 ,commonly ! age indicat$ is betwe5 tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s1 b z ! face is always pale1 & (t5 some:at drawn1 h] comp>atively y\?ful appe>ance is n conspicu\s4 ,obvi\sly "u no circum/ances %\ld l9es be pres5t 9 ! features1 = ?is w\ld sugge/ a physical decay n 9 con=mity ) ,*ri/ian ideas4#dj ,ev5 9 pictures relat+ to h] dea?1 :i* is presum$ to h occurr$ at an age betwe5 fifty & sixty ye>s1 h] face is %[n ) p]fectly regul> & smoo? features1 ?\gh an extreme pallor may be pa9t$4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( art1 ! ,virg9 mu/ be reg>d$ z an accessory 9 works relat+ to ! ,crucifixion1 = to ?r[ h] into prom95ce w\ld result 9 divid+ ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] ( ! picture on fir/ inspection1 & s less5+ ! art4 ,9 any case %e mu/ be pa9t$ ) an expression ( grief1 & h5ce an unalloy$ ideal ( transc5d5t beauty is out ( ! "q4 ,! cu/om ( repres5t+ ! ,madonna 9 co/ume & surr\nd+s indicat+ a high] social level ?an t 9 :i* %e actually mov$1 is n[ firmly e/abli%$1 & _c be dep>t$ f )\t l[]+ ! ideal4 ,a woman 9 a l[ly position ( life1 :o is compell$ to be> all ! responsibilities ( a home1 ) ! c>e ( a husb& & *ild1 is seldom se5 except 9 ! p]=mance ( h\sehold duties4 ,we _c see h] )\t associat+ h] 9 our m9ds ) toil & possible privation1 & we naturally expect t ! effect ( ^! w be indicat$ 9 h] expression & g5]al be>+4 ,if away f h] home h] co/ume w\ld usually decl>e h] position1 :ile habits ( m9d connect$ ) h] daily occupation commonly eng5d] mann]isms 9 air & gait :i* support ! inf]5ce drawn f ! "* ( h] attire4 ,x w\ld appe> anomal\s to pa9t a woman s situat$ ) su* beauty ( =m & expression t %e appe>s to h nev] exp]i5c$ e>?ly c>es ( any k9d1 mu* less ! long repeat$ daily worries consequ5t ^u ! *>ge ( a poor h\sehold4 ,p]fect beauty ( =m be+ ess5tial 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,madonna1 %e mu/ be pa9t$ amid/ surr\nd+s con=mable ) ! supposition t %e is free f e>?ly responsibilities1 & t h] m9d is entirely occupi$ ) ! b\ndless joy & happ9ess aris+ f ! contemplation ( ! div9e ,mission ( h] ,son4#da ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj 7,see ,page #aci7 ,raphael's ,holy ,family 7,madrid71 ) ! ,face ( ,lu9i's ,salome ,sub/itut$ = t ( ! ,virg9 ,! difficulty 9 pa9t+ ! ,madonna is complicat$ :5 ! ,infant ,*ri/ is introduc$1 because ( ! liability ( ! ,*ild to int]f]e ) a f9e pres5tation ( h] figure4 ,a simil> problem 0 met ) by ! e>ly ,greeks1 & d\btless !y dealt ) x 9 _! pa9t+s z 9 _! sculptures1 a few ( :i*1 %[+ an adult hold+ a *ild1 h come d[n to u4 ,^! repres5t ! *ild r$uc$ 9 size z f> z possible1 & c>ri$ at ! side ( ! adult figure4a ,a l sy/em 0 foll[$ by mo/ ( ! ,byzant9e work]s1 & x is v noticeable 9 "s ( ! f9e ,fr5* sculpture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4b ,9 ! same p]iod ,giovanni ,pisano 9 sculpture1c & ,cimabue 9 pa9t+1d ma9ta9$ ! tradition 9 ,italy1 & 9 ! c5tury foll[+1 ,giotto1e ,duccio1f ,lor5zetto1g & o!rs1 (t5 adopt$ ! plan4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! relative importance atta*$ to ! ,*ild 9 ! gr\p g5]ally increas$1 & by ! end ( x1 ! old practice _h be5 almo/ entirely ab&on$4 ,mean:ile ! arti/s _h "s h>d problems to meet4 ,! fir/ 0 z to ! size ( ! ,*ild4 ,x appe>$ to be g5]ally agre$ t an old] ,*ild %\ld be repres5t$ ?an _h be5 ! cu/om1 ?\gh a few arti/s held back1 notably ,fra ,angelico1 :ile 9 sculpture1 ,donatello ma9ta9$ 8 habit ( m\ld+ ! ,*ild z only a few weeks old4 ,) an increas$ age ( ! ,*ild1 ! difficulty ( secur+ repose = ! gr\p 0 enhanc$1 = x seem$ to be prop] ) a *ild pa/ its infancy1 t x %\ld be pictur$ z engag$ 9 "o ( ! *>m+ simple actions common to *ildhood4 ,^! que/ions 7 settl$ 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to ! g5ius & temp]am5t ( ! arti/s4 ,a few ( !m1 z ,mantegna1h ,lor5zo ,co/a1i & ,montagna1j gave ! ,*ild an age ( two ye>s or m1 & 9 "s ( _! designs ! figures seem to be ( equal significance1 ,mantegna & ,montagna 9 sev]al examples actually /&+ ! ,*ild 9 ! ,virg9's lap ) ! heads t\*+ ea* o!r4 a ,see ! ,olympian ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles1 & ,ir5e & ,pluto aft] ,cephisodo/us at ,muni*4 b ,gr\ps 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n por*es ( ,ami5s ,ca!dral4 c ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,ar5a ,*apel1 ,padua4 d ,gr\ps at ! ,flor5ce ,academy & ! ,l\vre4 e ,flor5ce ,academy4 f ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 g ,san ,francisco1 ,assisi4 h ,madonna & ,angels1 at ,milan1 & o!r works4 i ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ,bologna4 j ,en?ronem5t ( ! ,virg91 ,br]a1 ,milan4 ,! plans usually adopt$ by ! greate/ ma/]s1 71 to pres5t ! maximum repose ) ! ,*ild sitt+ 9 ! lap ( ! ,virg92 or to place ,him ap>t f h]1 & engag$ 9 "s slight action2 or to %[ ,him 9 ! arms ( ! ,virg91 ei!r held at ! side1 or 9 front1 ) ! ,virg9 m or less 9 pr(ile4 ,9 all ( ^! s*emes ! s]5e contemplation ( ! ,holy ,"m is practically undi/urb$4 ,9 8 _m gr\ps ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & ( ! ,holy ,family1 ,raphael only v>i$ twice f ^! plans1a & 9 bo? ! exceptions ! ,*ild recl9es across ! lap ( ! ,virg91 s t v little ( h] figure is hidd54 ,titian has ! ,*ild /&+ by h] side1b or held away f h]1 & 9 "o example ! ,virg9 is plac+ ,him 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,joseph4c ,correggio1 :5 away f ! influ5ce ( ,mantegna1 usually %[$ ! ,*ild held ap>t f ! ,"m1 or plac$ on ! floor1 or on a b5*4 ,x is a common device to %[ ! ,*ild on ! lap ( ! ,virg91 b lean+ ov] to take a fl[] or o!r object (f]$ ,him1d & num]\s arti/s all[ ,him to play ar\nd sep>ately4e ,9 ,holbe9's f9e gr\p at ,augsburg1 ! ,*ild /&s betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,anne1 & ano!r ,g]man pa9t] %[s ,him held up by ! same p]sonages1 b cle> f bo? ( !m4f ,murillo commonly /&s ! ,*ild at ! side ( ! ,virg91 b 9 "o picture adopts ! novel me?od ( plac+ ,him 9 ! arms ( ,/4 ,joseph4g a ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,bridgewat] ,coll41 ,engl&2 & same gr\p ) ,/4 ,john1 ,b]l94 b ,madonna ( ! ,*]ries1 ,imp]ial ,gall]y1 ,vi5na4 c ,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 ,bridgwat] ,coll41 ,engl&4 d ,filip9o ,lippi's ,madonna & ,angels1 ,cors9i ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 e ,luca ,signorelli's gr\p at ,muni*1 & ,bonfiglio's at ,p]ugia4 f ,hans ,fries1 ,national ,museum1 ,nuremburg4 g ,holy ,family1 ,petrograd4 ,:5 ! ,*ild is %[n di/9ctly ap>t f ! ,virg91 or lean+ away f h] lap1 great c>e is necess>y 9 avoid+ /r5g? 9 ! action1 o!rwise x w draw att5tion away f ! ,virg94 ,a notable example ( ?is defect is 9 a picture by ,p>migiano1 :]e ! ,*ild leans ov] & has 8 head br\ght close to t ( a kneel+ ,sa9t :o is c>ess+ ,him1 ! effect be+ mo/ di/urb+4a ,bramant9o %[s ! ,*ild 9 an extraord9>y attitude1 = ,he holds ,8 head above ,8 arms )\t any app>5t reason1 ! action confus+ ! design4b ,_m arti/s repres5t ,him 9 ! act ( rea*+ out 8 h& = fl[]s1 )\t *oos+ = ! mom5t ( portrayal1 an in/ant ( transition f "o "p ( ! action to ano!r1c a po9t r>ely ov]look$ by ! fir/ ma/]s4d ,occasionally v>iety is giv5 9 ! introduction ( nurs]y duties1 z = in/ance1 wa%+ ! ,*ild1e b ^! are inappropriate = reasons already indicat$1 ap>t f ! ov] /rong action necess>ily exhibit$ 9 su* designs4 ,nor %\ld ! ,*ild h an unusual expression1 z ?is w imm$iately cat* ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 "o "w ,del ,s>to actually makes ,him laugh1f & a mod]n arti/ gives ,him an expression ( fe>4g ,x is que/ionable :e!r ,masaccioh & o!rs 7includ+ ,a4 della ,robbia & ,rossell9o 9 sculpture7 did n g too f> 9 portray+ ! ,*ild ) a f+] 9 its m\?1 = al?\gh su* an incid5t is common ) *ildr51 9 ?is case x seems oppos$ to propriety4 ,g5]ally ! fir/ arti/s h /riv5 to free ! figure ( ! ,virg9 z f> z possible1 & ?is is 9 con=mity ) fir/ pr9ciples1 = x simplifies ! view ( ! *ief figure 9 ! composition4 ,9 all cases repose %\ld be ! keynote ( ! design4 a ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,sa9ts1 ,bologna ,academy4 b ,virg9 ) a ,turban1 ,br]a1 ,milan4 c ,z 9 ,b4 da ,bagnacavallo's ,holy ,family1 ,bologna2 & ,boltraffio's ,holy ,family1 ,milan4 d ,see ,titian's ,madonna ) ,,ss4 ,an?ony & ,john1 ,uffizi ,gall]y4 e ,giulio ,romano's ,holy ,family1 ,dresd54 f ,holy ,family1 ,h]mitage1 ,petrograd4 g ,uhde's ,! ,?ree ,magi1 ,magdeburg ,museum4 h ,madonna en?ron$1 ,sutton ,coll41 ,engl&4 ,!re are no g5]al ideals 9 ,*ri/ian art o!r ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,! presum$ occupants ( ! ,cele/ial regions beyond ^! ,p]sonages1 are pa9t$ z ! fancy ( ! arti/ may dictate1 subject only to ! limitations ( ! accept$ ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,!re are c]ta9 conv5tions 9 respect ( ,angels & ,sa9ts1 b !y are by no means /rict2 & = ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 ,mi*elangelo's "w 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel is commonly tak5 z a guide4 ,x is sc>cely likely t 8 examples w ev] be exce$$ 9 maje/ic beauty4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,expression4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,classical ,,ideals ,ideals ( ! ,greeks--,aphrodite--,h]a--,demet]--,a!n a--,apollo-- ,diana--,neptune--,m>s--,m]cury--,bac*us --,vulcan--,g5]al classical compositions4 ,:at human be+ c appropriately describe ! great ideals 9 art ( anci5t ,greece8 ,above u all !y /&1 seem+ly z ^u ! p9nacle ( ! univ]sal m9d1 reflect+ ! collective human s\l1 & exhibit+ ! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( human nature4 ,! be/ ( m5 & wom5 ( all ages is comb9$ 9 ^! ideal heads1 :i* look f an endless pa/ to an et]nal future2 :i* embody e passion & e virtue2 e religion & e philosophy2 all wisdom & all k4 ,!y are ideal gods & goddesses1 b are indep5d5t ( leg5ds & hi/ory4 ,!y repres5t no my?ological deities except 9 "n1 & lea/ ( all d !y assort ) ! deities ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,9 all o!r religions ! ideals express$ 9 art fail entirely to rea* ! height ( ! g5]al conceptions1 & are f> bel[ ! spiritual be+s z depict$ 9 ! sacr$ books2 b ! ,grecian ideals z record$ 9 /one are s f> beyond ! leg5d>y gods ( ! anci5t poets1 t we are unable to pass f ! /one to ! lit]ature )\t an ov]:elm+ feel+ ( a/oni%m5t at ! contra/4 ,x is un=tunate t we are p[]less to re-e/abli% ^! ideals def9itely1 = ! orig9als h be5 mo/ly lo/2 nev]!less ! anci5t copies1 a few contempor>y complete sculptures1 & _m glori\s fragm5ts2 z well z intimate descriptions & repeat$ eulogies1 (t5 rea*+ to hyp]bole1 ( em95t m51 express$ ov] a succession ( c5turies :5 ! great works 7 /ill expos$ to view--all ?is assembl$ evid5ce indelibly /amps ^u our m9ds ! nature ( ! ideals2 gives u a cle> impression ( ! mo/ pr(\nd conceptions t h emanat$ f ! human bra94 ,! p :o accompli%$ ^! great monum5ts seem to h ?\ght only 9 t]ms ( ! univ]se4 ,!y did n seek = ! embodim5t ( goodness1 nobility1 & *>ity1 p]fection 9 :i* qualities we reg>d z div9e1 b !y aim$ at a maje/y :i* includ$ all ^! ?+s2 :i* compreh5d$ no?+ b ! supreme 9 =m & m9d2 & ) an all-rea*+ k ( ! human race1 /ood outside ( x1 b cov]$ x ) reflect$ glory1 z ! sun /&s ev] away f ! planets b illum9es !m all4 ,! wond] is n t ^! ideals 7 creat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,greeks1 = !re is no b\nd>y to ! imag9ation1 b t m9ds c\ld be f\nd to set !m d[n 9 design1 & h&s to m\ld & %ape !m 9 clay & /one2 & t _m m9ds & h&s c\ld d ^! ?+s 9 ! same epo*4 ,t ^! sculptur$ =ms h nev] be5 equall$ is n wond]ful2 t !y nev] w be surpass$ is z c]ta9 z t dea? is ! p5alty ( life4 ,s firmly h !y become graft$ into ! m9ds ( m5 z ?+s unapproa*able 9 beauty1 t !y h !mselves be5 conv]t$ into g5]al ideals t[>ds :i* all mu/ climb :o attempt to scale ! heights ( art4 ,! greate/ arti/s kn[n to u s9ce ! light ( ,greek intellig5ce flick]$ away1 h be5 cont5t to /udy ^! m>ble rema9s1 & to cull f !m a sugge/ion "h1 & an idea !re1 ) :i* to adorn _! own creations4 ,inde$ x is cle> t f ! "t ( ,niccolo ,pisano1 :o leap$ at "o b\nd to celebrity aft] /udy+ ! antique sculptures at ,pisa1 ?r\gh ,giotto to ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury giants1 !re 0 h>dly a great arti/ :o 0 n m or less dep5d5t ^u ,grecian art = 8 skill1 & ! mo/ endur+ ( !m all--,donatello1 ,raphael1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 ,correggio--7 ! mo/ deeply v]s$ 9 ! art4#db ,bellori affirm$ t ! ,roman s*ool1 ( :i* ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo 7 ! greate/ ma/]s1 d]iv$ its pr9ciples f ! /udy ( ! /atues & o!r works ( ! anci5ts4a ,?is is n /rictly exact1 b x is ne> ! tru?1 & c]ta9 x is t ,mi*elangelo1 ! fir/ sculptor kn[n to ! _w s9ce ! ,d>k ,age1 will+ly b[$ 8 head be=e ! anci5t triumphs ( art pres5t$ to 8 view4 ,& yet he did n see ! ,p>!non sculptures & o!r num]\s works ( ! "t ( ,phidias1 ) ! _m beautiful examples ( ! next c5tury :i* h be5 made available s9ce 8 day4 ,:at he w\ld h said 9 ! pres5ce ( ! glories ( ! ,p>!non1 ) ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles & ! re/ ( ! collection f ,olympia1 is h>d to conjecture1 ?\gh x may well be sugge/$ t !y w\ld h prompt$ him to /ill high] "w ?an any he accompli%$4 ,) ^! /up5d\s ideals 9 front ( u1 x seems almo/ unnecess>y to talk ( ! pr9ciples ( art4 ,_! v p]fection indicates t !y 7 built up on et]nal pr9ciples1 s t 9 fact & 9 !ory !y =m ! sure/ guide = ! sculptor & pa9t]4 a ,le ,vite de' ,pittori1 ,scultori1 e ,ar*itteti mod]ni4 ,b h[ is ! pa9t] to use ^! anci5t gods & goddesses1 = ! "t has gone by to ga!r !m toge!r on ! heights ( ,olympus1 or to associate !m ) human frailties8 ,surely he may leave aside ! fables ( ! poets1 & try to portray ! deities z ! ,grecian populace saw !m 9 _! he>ts--noble =ms ( adoration1 or images ( t]ror1 objects ( curses v5e]$ ) pray] & ( (f]+s wrapp$ 9 fe>4 ,! arti/ has n n[ to be tr\bl$ ) pangs ( dread1 nor w 8 imag9ation be limit$ by sac]dotal scruples4 ,! rivalry ( ,praxiteles ne$ n conc]n him1 = !re are wondr\s ideals yet to be wr\ght1 :i* w be compreh5d$ & lov$ ev5 9 ^! days ( ha/5+ endeav\r4 ,b ! pa9t] mu/ leave alone ! ,zeus & ! v>iation ( ?is god 9 ! pictur$ ,*ri/ian ,deity1 = ! type is s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 t x w\ld be useless to dep>t f x4 ,! o!r important ,grecian deities ) :i* art is conc]n$ may be %ortly consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! pa9t]1 ?\gh !y are naturally ( f> m importance to ! sculptor because x is beyond ! p[] ( ! pa9t] to sugge/ an illusion ( div9e =m1 s9ce he mu/ associate 8 figures ) human accessories4#dc ,,aphrodite ,a/>te1 ,aphrodite1 ,v5us1 ,_s ( ,love1 or by :atev] "n we call h]2 ! "o et]nal div9ity recogniz$ by all ages1 all races2 ! univ]sal ess5ce ^: fragrance intoxicates e s\l3 ! "o que5 be=e :om all mu/ b[3 ! "o imp]ial autocrat sure ( ev]la/+ rule--sure ( ! devot$ allegiance ( e liv+ ?+ to ! end ( "t6 ,su* is ,aphrodite1 = t is ! "n "u :i* we seem to love h] be/--! ,aphrodite ( ! ,greeks1 )\t ! vague t]rify+ aspect ( ,a/>te1 or ! m e>?ly qualities ( ! ,roman ,v5us4 ,:o loves n ! ,aphrodite sprung f ! foam ( ! sea2 %ad+ ! sun on ! ,cy!ran isle ) ! light ( h] glory2 ca/+ an et]nal hall[ ov] ! groves ( ,cyprus2 flood+ ! god-l m9d ( ,greece ) h] sp>kl+ radiance8 ,:at conception ( h] beauty c rise high en\gh :5 ! grass 9 a/oni%m5t gr[s b5ea? h] feet on des]t rocks2 :5 lions & tig]s g5tly purr z %e passes1 & ! rose & ! myrtle ?r[ out _! sc5t$ blossoms to sweet5 ! air8 ,h]a & ,a!na leave ! heav5s to help man fight & kill3 ,aphrodite desc5ds to soo! despair+ he>ts1 & k9dle k9dly flame 9 ! brea/ ( ! loveless4 ,! spe> & ! %ield ) ! cre/$ helmet %e kn[s n1 nor ! fi]y c\rs]s accu/om$ to ! d9 ( /rife4 ,s]5ely %e trav]ses space at ! call ( a lov]'s pray]1 h] c> a b[] ( cele/ial blooms4 ,f ! ends ( ! e>? fly ! sp>r[s to draw x1 till _! myriads hide ! sun1 & mortals le>n t ! "t has come :5 _! ?\ghts may turn to ! _s ( love4 ,?is 0 ! ,aphrodite ( ,grecian leg5d & poetry1 if we except ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,x is ! type ( ! goddess :om ,sappho implor$1 & mu/ be accept$ z ! g5]al ideal ( ! ,grecian wor%ipp]s :o desir$ div9e m$iation :5 tr\bl$ ) pangs ( ! he>t4 ,b x 0 n ! type ( ,phidias & 8 s*ool1 = ,phidias pass$ ov] ,hesiod & purifi$ ,hom]1 repres5t+ ,aphrodite ) ! /ately mi5 & l(ty be>+ ( a que5 ( heav51 daught] ( ! all-p[]ful ,dione3 goddess ( beauty & love c]ta9ly1 b s f> above ! human und]/&+ ( ^! t]ms t all ef=ts to associate h] ) mundane ideas & aspirations mu/ signally fail4#dd ,s f> z we "k x 0 ,praxiteles :o fir/ attempt$ to realize 9 /one ! popul> ideal ( ! goddess1 & c]ta9ly ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite 0 bett] und]/ood by ! p ( ,greece z a type ( ?is ideal ?an any "w t prec$$ x4 ,we c atta* to x 9 our m9ds b v few ( ! ,hom]ic & o!r leg5ds surr\nd+ ! hi/ory ( ! goddess1 b we c well imag9e t a deity :o 0 ! subject ( s mu* att5tion & s mu* pray]1 c\ld re/ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p only z "o ) e supreme e>?ly *>m1 comb9$ ) a div9e be>+ & dignity4 ,^! qualities ! ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles appe>s to h possess$1 ?\gh x lack$ ! maje/y & exclusiv5ess ( ! ,p>!non gods4#de ,?us !re 0 =m$ a type ( beauty acceptable to ! av]age human m9d z an unsurpassable repres5tation ( an ideal woman3 to ! wor%ipp] at ! anci5t %r9es1 a compreh5sible goddess2 to all o!r m5 ! p]sonification ( sublime beauty4 ,! fif? c5tury goddess 0 left aside z beyond mortal rea*1 & f ! "t x left ! sculptor's h&s to ?is day1 ! ,cnidian ,v5us has be5 reg>d$ z a model = all t is true & beautiful 9 wom54 ,to ! sculptor x is an ev]la/+ beacon2 to all m5 a cr[n+ glory ( human h&iwork4 ,& ?is not)/&+ t s f> z we "k1 ! orig9al figure has long be5 lo/1 & we h pres]v$ little m ?an records ( its r5[n1 a fair copy ( x1 & a s+le au!ntic example ( ! o!r "w ( ! sculptor4 ,b if we _h ! actual ,aphrodite be=e u1 x c\ld n occupy a high] place 9 our m9ds ?an ! goddess :i* our imag9ation builds ^u ?is framework4 ,z 9 all cases :]e a supreme arti/ rises above 8 fell[s & creates works ( :i* emulation appe>s hopeless1 ! p]iod succe$+ ! "t ( ,praxiteles seems to m>k a decl9e 9 ! art ( sculpture1 & ?\gh ! decl9e 0 m app>5t ?an real = ab\t half a c5tury1 !re 0 naturally a depreciation 9 ! repres5tation ( ! deities ( :om ! great man _h fa%ion$ ma/]pieces4 ,?is 0 s 9 ! case ( ,aphrodite4 ,:oev] ! sculptor x seem$ impossible to approa* ! ,cnidian ideal1 & ! result 0 a s]ies ( v>iations /amp$ ) artificial devices z if to emphasize ! dep>ture4 ,b mean:ile ! pa9t]'s art _h develop$ ^u mu* ! same l9es z sculpture1 & ,apelles produc$ an ,aphrodite1 :i*1 consid]+ ! limitation ( ! pa9t]1 appe>s to h be5 almo/1 if n q1 z m>vell\s z ! /one model ( ,praxiteles4 ,ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! pa9t+ 0 la/ kn[n to exi/1 b its fame 0 s great t ! rev]b]ations f ! ?und] ( praise accord$ x h sc>cely yet di$ away4 ,no close description ( ! pa9t+ rema9s1 b f c]ta9 ref]5ces to x by anci5t au?ors we "k t x repres5t$ ! sea-born goddess walk+ t[>ds ! %ore to make h] fir/ appe>ance on e>?1 hold+ 9 ea* h& a tress ( hair z if 9 ! act ( wr++ out ! wat] !re94#df ,^! are practically all ! writt5 details we h ( ! fam\s ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 b we really "k mu* m ( x f ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 pre-,roman sculptures4 ,all b "o are brok51 ) p>ts miss+1 b ! exception1 :i* dates f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 enables u to ga9 a good idea ( ! picture4 ,! figure repres5ts ! goddess ) h] l[] limbs cut (f close to ! hips2 t is to say1 x produces ! :ole ( t "p ( ! figure 9 ! picture ( ,apelles :i* is visible above ! wat]4a ,cle>ly a subject 9 :i* ,v5us is %[n to be walk+ 9 ! sea1 s =eign to ! art ( ! sculptor1 c\ld n h sugge/$ itself indep5d5tly to a ,grecian arti/1 nor w\ld we expect to f9d "o attempt+ a "w :i* necessitat$ amputation ( ! l[] limbs1 unless a v special occasion w>rant$ ! design4 ,! special occasion 9 ?is case 0 ! picture ( ,apelles1 :i* 0 at ! "t r5[n$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,greece z an extraord9>y ma/]piece1 & ) ?is "w 9 _! m9ds ! sculptur$ head & torso w\ld appe> q appropriate to ^? ,greeks int]e/$ 9 ! arts1 t is to say1 ! entire citiz5 population4 a ,see ,plate #d4 ,^! two works !n1 ! ,cnidian ,v5us & ! ,v5us ,anadyom5e ( ,apelles1 con/itute ! models ^u :i* ! _w relies = its conceptions ( ! goddess ( beauty4 ,bo? models dep5d m or less ^u ! imag9ation = completion1 b !y are suffici5tly def9ite = ! arti/1 :o1 ( c\rse1 desires g5]al r ?an p>ticul> ideas = 8 purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa 7,see page #aci7 ,! ,pursuit1 by ,fragon>d 7,frick ,collection7 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! attempts to rival ,apelles 9 ! creation ( a ,v5us ,anadyom5e h n be5 v successful4 ,raphael pa9t$ a small picture ( ! subject1 introduc+ ! figure ( ,"t putt+ an end to ! p[] ( ! ,titans4a ,v5us /&s 9 ! wat] ) "o foot on a %ell1 :ile hold+ a tress ( hair ) h] left h&4 ,z may be expect$ ! execution is p]fect1 b ! design is less attractive ?an t ( ,apelles4 ,! only important "w ( ! ,r5aissance directly bas$ ^u ! ,greek design1 is f ! h& ( ,titian4b ,he repres5ts ! goddess walk+ out ( ! wat]1 ! surface ( :i* only rea*es half way up ! ?ighs1 ) ! result t consid]ably m action is indicat$ ?an is necess>y4 ,b ! great arti/ 0 evid5tly at a loss to "k h[ to give ! figure ! size ( life or !reab\ts1 :ile indicat+ f ! dep? ( wat] t %e _h an appreciable di/ance to g be=e t\*+ dry l&4 ,he solv$ ! problem by plac+ ! l9e ( ! front leg to :i* ! wat] rises1 at ! bottom ( ! canvas1 s t ! picture sugge/s an accid5t :i* has necessitat$ ! cutt+ away ( ! l[] portion ( ! "w4 ,! ma/] also v>ies ! s*eme ( ,apelles by cross+ ! left h& ov] ! brea/4 ,?is inf]ior device 0 imitat$ by ,rub5s1 :o1 h[ev]1 exhibits ! goddess ris+ f ! wat] among/ a gr\p ( nymphs & tritons4c ,mod]n arti/s 9 designs ( ! bir? ( ,v5us1 usually repres5t h] z hav+ rea*$ ! %ore1d ! be/ "w ( ?is s*eme be+ p]haps t ( ,cabanel :o %[s ! goddess ly+ at ! wat]'s edge & j awak+1 sugge/+ a /ate ( unconsci\sness :ile %e float$ on ! waves4e ,ano!r exception is by ,?oma1 :o exhibits ! goddess walk+ 9 only a few in*es ( wat]1 rem9d+ "o ( ! old ,roman bronze work]s :o imitat$ ! =m z pa9t$ by ,apelles1 b modell$ ! :ole figure4 a ,9 ! ba?room ( ,c>d9al ,bibi5a1 ,vatican4 ,!re is a draw+ = ! figure ( ! goddess at ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 b ,bridgewat] ,coll41 ,engl&4 ,see ,plate #e4 c ,bir? ( ,v5us1 at ,potsdam4 d ,notable examples are ^? ( ,+res & ,b\gu]eau4 e ,at ! ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is4 ,!re are sev]al replicas ( ?is picture4 ,repose be+ ! fir/ compulsory quality 9 ! repres5tation ( ,aphrodite1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! greate/ picture ( ! goddess extant--! ma/]piece ( ,giorgione--%[s h] asleep4a ,%e re/s on a v]dure c\* 9 a l&scape ( :i* ! signs indicate a s(t & tranquil atmosph]e1 ) no sugge/ion to di/urb ! repose or remove ! illusion ( life s /rongly m>k$ by ! skilful draw+4 ,only ! calm sleep+ beauty is !re )\t appe>ance ( fatigue or recov]y f x3 no expression save ( p]fect dreamless unconsci\sness4 ,! "w is ! ne>e/ approa* to a classical ideal t exi/s 9 ,v5etian pa9t+4 ,titian 9 8 v>i\s pictures ( ,v5us repos+ nev] rea*$ ! excell5ce ( 8 ma/]4 ,9 all1 he pa9t$ ! goddess 9 a re/+ position1 sometimes radiant & brilliant1 & inv>iably ) a cont5t$ expression :i* precludes s5sual sugge/ions3 /ill !re is ev] a di/9ctly e>?y tone ab\t ! figures4 ,8 ,v5uses 9 fact are pure portraits4 ,he did n seek to repres5t pr(\nd repose4 ,8 mo/ important example is at ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1b ! design ( :i* 0 tak5 f ,giorgione's "w4 ,! goddess is a figure ( gl[+ beauty1 b ! pose indicates consci\sness ( ?is fact & calls ! model to m9d4 ,p]haps ! surr\nd+s t5d to acc5tuate ! drawback1 = 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ ( 8 o!r pictures ( ,v5us1 ! arti/ has introduc$ ,v5etian accessories ( ! p]iod4 ,palma ,vec*io also took ,giorgione's "w z a guide = 8 repos+ ,v5us1 b he repres5ts h] fully awake ) ,cupid pres5t4c ,an exceptional "w ( ! subject 0 design$ by ,mi*elangelo1 & pa9t$ by ,pontormod & o!rs4 ,x repres5ts ! goddess recl9+ ) ,cupid at h] head2 b ! =m is entirely oppos$ to all our conceptions ( ,v5us1 = %e is se5 z a broad massive woman ) a %ort neck1 & a /rongly =m$ head--a fit companion = "s ( ! figures 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,pr\d dignity & a c]ta9 maje/y are sugge/$ 9 ! expression1 b ! figure is )\t ! grace & *>m usually associat$ ) ! goddess4 ,! only o!r e>ly ,italian repos+ ,v5us ( int]e/ is ,botticelli's1 :]e he %[s h] 9 deep ?\ght ) two cupids by h] side4e a ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,see ,plate #f4 ,titian add$ a ,cupid to ?is picture1 b ! little god 0 subsequ5tly pa9t$ out by a re/or]4 7,l4 ,v5turi1 ,giorgione e il ,giorgionismo1 #aiac47 b ,! sitt] is suppos$ to h be5 ! model also = ,la ,bella 9 ! ,uffizi1 & ! ,woman 9 ,fur at ! ,vi5na ,gall]y4 c ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 d ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 ,engl&4 e ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,v5us 0 r>ely repres5t$ repos+4 ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 has a f9e picture on ! subject1 b un=tunately = ! repose a c\ple ( cupids are 9 action beside ! sleep+ goddess1 :ile ! heads ( two satyrs are dimly se54a ,9 ! ,sleep+ ,v5us ( ,le ,sueur1 :i* 0 mu* prais$ 9 =m] times1 ,cupid is pres5t ) a f+] to 8 m\? to indicate sil5ce1 b ,vulcan is se5 9 an adjo9+ room wield+ a heavy hamm]1 ! sugge/ion ( repose be+ ?us de/roy$4 ,no repos+ ,v5us ( importance has s9ce be5 produc$1 ?\gh a few ,fr5* arti/s h treat$ ! subject 9 a light ve91 notably ,b\*] 9 8 ,sleep+ ,v5us1 & ,fragon>d 9 a delicate composition ( ,v5us awak5$ by ,aurora4 a ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,v5us _c be repres5t$ z consci\s ( h] beauty1 or ! design w\ld imm$iately sugge/ vanity4 ,consequ5tly :5 %[n look+ into a mirror1 %e %\ld be engag$ at h] toilet1 or at lea/ ! reflection %\ld be accid5tal4 ,titian pa9t$ ! fir/ great picture ( ! goddess at h] toilet1 b ?is is j complet$ & h] h&s are at re/4a ,! attitude w\ld be extravagant 7 x n t any sugge/ion ( satisfaction is ov]come by ! arti/ mak+ ,cupid hold ! mirror1 & giv+ ,v5us an expression ( unconc]n z %e glances at h] reflection4 ,! "w sugge/$ to ,rub5s a simil> design1 b he %[s ! goddess dress+ h] hair1 ?is be+ app>5tly ! only def9ite action :i* may be prop]ly introduc$ into su* a composition4b ,albani has a delightful picture 9 :i* ,cupid compels ,v5us to hold a mirror1c & "s lat] arti/s h repres5t$ h] adorn+ h] tresses ) ! aid ( a wat] reflection4 ,! only notable faux pas 9 a pa9t+ ( ?is subject is 9 ! ,v5us & ,cupid assign$ to ,velasquez1 9 :i* ,v5us lies on h] side & looks into a mirror held by ,cupid at h] feet4d ,!re is no sugge/ion ( toilet or accid5t1 & h5ce ! attitude is q inapplicable to a goddess4 a ,! ,h]mitage1 ,petrograd4 b ,h(museum1 ,vi5na4 c ,! ,l\vre4 d ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! prov9ce ( ,aphrodite is to infuse ! g5tle w>m? ( love into ! human race1 & n to attract love to h]self4 ,! rays are presum$ to proce$ f h] only1 = a mortal hav+ no div9e p[]s w\ld be incapable ( reflect+ !m4 ,zeus 0 requir$ to br+ ab\t ! adv5ture ) ,an*ises4 ,h5ce a voluptu\s =m %\ld nev] be giv5 to ! goddess1 & if an arti/ err at all 9 ! matt]1 x %\ld be on ! side ( re/ra9t le/ ! art be affect$ by a sugge/ion ( ! s5su\s4 ,! sure/ means ( prev5t+ ?is is to repres5t ! goddess 9 an attitude ( repose1 ) p]fect cont5tm5t z a feature 9 expression4 ,if any action be indicat$1 x mu/ be light & purely accid5tal 9 its nature4 ,to introduce an action involv+ an appreh5sion ( human fail+s t5ds to br+ ! goddess d[n to ! human level1 & ?us to de/roy ! ideal4 ,! ,v5us de' ,m$ici is a sup]b sculpture ( a woman1 b an inf]ior repres5tation ( ,v5us1 = mode/y is a human attribute aris+ f purely artificial circum/ances ( life1 its mean+ v>y+ ) race conditions & cu/oms4 ,to depict a goddess 9 an action sugge/ive ( mode/y or o!r antidote to ! co>s] effects ( natural in/9cts1 is !re=e an anomaly4 ,,h]a ,!re is no fix$ type 9 art ( ! ox-ey$ si/] & sp\se ( ,zeus1 ! ,que5 ( ,olympus1 ^: brea/ heaves ev] high1 & flam+1 ) ! ru%+ fire ( jeal\sy2 ! ,virgilian inc>nation ( bitt] rage2 yet )al ! symbol ( et]nal ,e>?1 ye>ly r5ew+ h] fruitful y\? ) ! burn+ kiss ( ! sun4 ,! sculptors ( ,greece saw 9 h] only ! supreme ,matron-,sp\se1 s]5ely pond]+ ! m>* ( "t b5ea? ! awful sway ( h] "l4 ,a mantle %e wore1 & a high-?roat$ tunic1 z %e look$ into space f a squ>e-wr\ght ?rone2 or %e /ood 9 h] temple ) fl[+ robe & diadem1 inscrutable1 be=e ! (f]+s ( an ador+ multitude4 ,b nev]!less %e 0 n ins5sible to ! radiance ( ,aphrodite4 ,polyclitus did well to place a cuckoo on h] sceptre1 & :o c =get h[ ! lotus & ! hyac9? cu%ion$ ! gr\nd on ! heights ( ,ida b5ea? a gold5 cl\d1 :i* held susp5d$ ar\nd ! glitt]+ c\* a scre5 ( sp>kl+ dew8 ,x is un=tunate t ! pa9t] is at a loss to deal ) ! maje/ic sc5es 9 great ,juno's /ory4 ,h[ is he to depict h] fly+ 9 ! cele/ial *>iot betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 ea* leap ( ! fi]y c\rs]s measur+ ! range ( ! eye f a l(ty peak across ! sea to ! endless haze8 ,h[ c he pa9t h] ano9t$ ) ambrosial oil :i* is ev] /ruggl+ = fre$om to ba! ! roll+ e>? 9 fragrance8 ,he may add a hundr$ tassels to h] girdle2 p]haps give h] ! triple grace-%[]+ e>drops1 & ev5 ! dazzl+ sun-bright veil2 b ! girdle ( ,aphrodite1 :i* peeps f h] bosom1 w fail to turn ! bra9s ( m51 or pi]ce _! he>ts ) rays ( s(t desire4 ,& ! m dreadful side ( ,h]a's hi/ory w\ld equally tr\ble ! despair+ arti/1 = dire ang] & jeal\sy ill-become ! c\nt5ance ( a goddess4 ,! sm\ld]+ fire mu/ nev] leap into flame4 ,eyes may n fla%1 n ! lips quiv]1 & ! noble br[ mu/ be free f fitful ?\ght4 ,s ) ,h]a !re is no middle c\rse = ! pa9t]4 ,he mu/ repres5t h] alone1 calm & passionless1 unfa?omable1 ) a sublime disreg>d ( e>?2 or else jo9 ) 8 pr$ecessors & drag h] d[n to a mundane level 9 sc5es ( trivial fable4 ,b !re is room = untold ,h]as ( ! high] type4 ,,demet] ,matron-,gu>dian ( ! yield+ soil2 he>t-/rick5 w&]] ov] ! e>?2 my/]i\s sil5t ,food-,"m :om all m5 love & ! gods rev]e2 et]nal life-pres]v]2 fruitful1 b passionless save :]e ! vision ( ,pluto looms1 ,iasus & ,poseidon not)/&+6 ,su* 0 ! ,demet] ( ! anci5t ,greeks till ! hordes ( ,alex&] m+l$ h] fame ) ! lu/re f ,isis & ,de4 ,s ! m\rn+ haute dame ( ,olympus came ne>] ! seat ( h] c>e1 ne>] ! dread home ( h] daught]3 pass$ f ,hom] to ,!ocritus2 f ! adoration ( ! high] prie/hood ( ,greece1 to become m]g$ 9 ! ,c]es ( ,rome1 ! goddess belov$ ( ! l[ly1 :o receiv$ ! fir/ fruits ( ! field amid/ joyful measures ( dance & song4 ,b x is ! haute dame t /rikes our imag9ation--! /aid & my/ic ,demet] ( ,eleusis1 & n ! ,c]es ( ! ,roman lyric4 ,! light-he>t$ ,c]es1 z a beautiful woman 9 ! prime ( life1 may be adorn$ ) poppies & :eat-e>s1 may /& s]5e & smil+ z a symbol ( h>ve/ or ! goddess ( a ,lat9 temple2 b pa9t h] z "o w1 %e w d little m ?an s]ve to %[ h[ fall5 are ! idols--h[ immeasurable is ! desc5t f ! /ately ,e>?-,"m ^: image w\ld be /amp$ on ! bra9 ( a ,phidias4 ,b :]e is ! ,phidian ,demet]8 ,surely su* a goddess1 deeply mus+ 9 h] hall[$ %r9e1 0 a !me = ! c>v] ( ! immortal ,zeus & ,a!na6 ,p]haps ^? inscrutable headless ,fates f ! ,p>!non1 s wond]ful 9 noble grace t ! conception ( befitt+ heads is beyond ! rea* ( our m9ds1 include ! ,e>?-,"m & h] daught]6 ,h[ easy x is to imag9e ! recl9+ figure z ,p]sephone lean+ ^u ! "m :o lov$ h] s well6 ,b we mu/ be cont5t ) :at we h ( ,demet] 9 art1 :i* is little m ?an a few fif? c5tury frieze reliefs1 ! figure f ,cnidos attribut$ to ,scopas1a & "s ,damophon memories ( ,phidias4 a ,see ,plate #g4 ,s ! arti/ is free & untrammell$ 9 respect ( ! repres5tation ( ! f>-fam$ goddess4 ,!re is no def9ite type ( h] :i* has fix$ itself on ! m9ds ( m51 ?\gh ! leg5d & /ory weav$ ab\t h] "n are beautiful & wond]ful 9 a high degree4 ,,a!na ,?\gh swa!d 9 leg5d & surr\nd$ ) a hall[ ( ,grecian rev]5ce1 ,a!na is always cold4 ,%e may dim ! sun ) ! radiance ( h] arm\r2 ride 9 a flam+ c>1 & h ,/r5g? & ,invisibility = h] allies2 b %e fights only on ! side ( ! /rong1 & uses ! tactics ( spies aga9/ h] enemies4 ,) ! ,gorgon's head on h] %ield1 & a helmet :i* w cov] ! soldi]s ( a hundr$ t[ns1 %e yet :isp]s advice to ,grecian h]oes1 & deflects a ,trojan arr[ 9 its flight4 ,truly z ,goddess ( ,w> %e is some:at difficult to g5]alize4 ,b %e is also ! div9ity ( ! arts & sci5ces2 inv5ts ! pipe & ! %uttle1 & becomes ! depository ( all indu/rial k4 ,h5ce %e embodies ! triumphs ( peace & w>--comb9es ! extremes ( human ex]tion4 ,h[ ,phidias ov]came ! task ( repres5t+ ! goddess is well kn[n4 ,he g5]aliz$ w> & wisdom1 & f 8 great "w ( ! ,p>!non !re c be little dep>ture 9 respect ( be>+ & attitude1 s long z ! prov9ce ( w> is symboliz$ 9 ! design4 ,! actual "w ( ! ,greek ma/] has disappe>$1 b f v>i\s records & copies1 x w\ld appe> t ! ,p>!non ,a!na 0 ! l(tie/ conception ev] work$ out 9 sculpture1 if we except ! ,olympian ,zeus4 ,maje/ic grace & ! unconsci\s p[] d]iv$ f supreme k1 seem to h be5 ! fir/ qualities exhibit$ 9 ! /atue4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury !re 0 no great dep>ture f ! ,phidian ideal1 & x is difficult to see h[ !re c\ld be mu* modification 9 ! direction ( br++ ! conception clos] to e>?1 = ! goddess _h no special presum$ =m :i* c\ld be adapt$ by ! arti/ to popul> ideas4 ,a nude figure w\ld be impossible because 9 ?is ! =ce & p[] impli$ 9 a h]o ( w> c\ld n be comb9$ ) fem99e attributes4 ,! ,greeks drew ! l9e at obs]vable muscul> developm5ts1 inv>iably clo?+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! figure1 b !y did n1 & c\ld n1 free h] g5]al be>+ f c]ta9 mascul9e qualities4 ,x is true t ! co/ume ( ! goddess might be modifi$1 & ,phidias himself repres5t$ h] 9 "o or two /atues )\t a helmet1 an example foll[$ by sev]al arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance1a b s long z ! symbols ( w> are includ$ 9 h] habit1 %e c be only ( =mal use to ! pa9t]4 a ,see ,pi]o di ,cosimo's ,m>syas & ! ,pipes ( ,a!na1#dg & ,botticelli's ,a!na & ! ,c5taur4 ,,apollo ,al?\gh 9 my?ology ,apollo is connect$ ) ev]y?+ on e>? :i* is useful or pleas+ to mank9d1 9 art cu/om has s conf9$ 8 repres5tation 9 respect ( bo? appe>ance & symbols1 t a type has be5 e/abli%$ f :i* x w\ld be difficult to dep>t )\t a sugge/ion ( incongruity aris+4 ,?is type is ( a m purely =mal "* ?an t ( any o!r god1 except p]haps ,m]cury1 a circum/ance probably aris+ f ! fact t ! reput$ h>d nature ( ,apollo fails to l5d itself to sympa!tic idealization4 ,he does n appe> to h be5 a fav\rite subject ) ! greate/ sculptors ( anci5t times1 = ne>ly all ! innum]able /atues ( him :i* h come d[n to u1 are reproductions ( two or ?ree types :i* 9 !mselves v>y b little4 ,x is difficult to see h[ a really noble ideal ( su* a god c be sugge/$4 ,/]n & inflexible1 ) _m human vices b no weaknesses or g5tle traits1 & )al a model ( physical beauty )\t /r5g? or app>5t p[]--9 fact an emphasiz$ fem99e =m3 su* is ! ,apollo ( tradition & art4 ,we _c wond] t ! type 0 quickly fix$1 ! limitations to avoid ! abnormal be+ s well def9$4 ,! pa9t] !n has small scope ) ! figure ( ?is god4 ,he may only slightly v>y ! accept$ =m1 :i* admits ( b a negative expression4 ,! be/ repres5tation ( ,apollo 9 mod]n art is ! "o by ,raphael 9 ! ,p>nassus fresco at ! ,vatican1 ?\gh ! beautiful figure 9 ! ,m>syas "w at ! ,l\vre is v ne>ly z p]fect4#dh ,raphael does n give to ! god ! r\nd$ swell+s ( a female =m1 b ov]comes ! difficulty by %[+ him z a "y man ( p]fect figure :o has j rea*$ maturity4 ,! expression is entirely g5]al1 b does n sugge/ a god-l p[]4 ,,diana ,x w\ld sc>cely be natural to be sympa!tic ) ,artemis4 ,%e seems to be ! fem99e type ( a cold fl9t-l nature1 z ,apollo is ! mascul9e1 & "o c well und]/& t my?ology makes ( !m bro!r & si/]4 ,mi/ress ( wild bea/s & goddess ( sudd5 dea?1 %e 0 always wor%ipp$ f fe>3 h] wra? _h ev] to be appeas$2 %e inspir$ nei!r affection nor respect4 ,true1 %e wore ! mantle ( ,ilily?ia1 b only to be dread$1 & ev5 ! attempt to ?r[ a w>m halo ov] h] by ! !ft ( ! ,endymion /ory = h] b5efit1 fail$ to lift h] reputation = ! tireless satisfaction ( a sup]natural sple54 ,nev]!less = ! pa9t] ,diana has always _h a c]ta9 attraction1 because ! leg5ds connect$ ) h] (f] opportunities = ! ex]cise ( skill 9 ! repres5tation ( ! nude4 ,b !re is an end ( all ?+s1 & ! ba?+ & hunt+ sc5es h be5 fairly exhau/$4 ,= ! sculptor only is ,artemis likely to live4 ,bright col\rs are n ! vehicle to repres5t ! symbol ( an idea :i* is beyond1 b n above1 nature--a useless ab/raction :i* nei!r w>ms ! he>t nor elevates ! s\l4 ,calli/o draws our sympa?y1 & ,niobe our te>s3 ! goddess freezes our ve9s4 ,,neptune ,bro!r ( ,jupit] & ,pluto2 sire ( ,!seus1 ( ,polyphemus1 & ( ! titanic lads :o ?reat5$ to pile m\nta9 on m\nta9 9 ord] to de/roy ! home ( ! deities2 ! god ^: foot/eps tremble ! e>?2 :o disputes ) ! sun2 :o uses floods & e>?quakes = weapons2 :o owns va/ palaces 9 ! cav]ns ( ! deep2 = :om ! angry waves s9k d[n b5ea? ! %9+ sea1 & ocean mon/]s play ar\nd 8 lightn+ track across ! wat]s3 ?is is ! div9ity :om ! pa9t] is accu/om$ to portray z a r\gh be>d$ man ) di%evell$ hair & rugg$ features1 hold+ a ?ree-prong$ =k1 & associat+ ) dolph9s1 m]maids1 & %ells4 ,b ,neptune is n a popul> god4 ,he does n appeal to ! m9d z a good-natur$ god l ,jupit] or ,m]cury1 ) _m ( ! virtues & "s ( ! fail+s ( mank9d4 ,8 acts are mo/ly viol5t2 he puni%es b does n rew>d2 gr[s angry b is nev] k9d4 ,!re is consequ5tly no sympa!tic attitude t[>ds him on ! "p ( ! arti/1 :o w\ld soon] pa9t good ?an bad actions4 ,beyond 8 viol5t acts1 ! circum/ances :i* make up ! hi/ory ( ! god1 provide subjects m suitable = ! poet ?an ! pa9t]1 :o is practically conf9$ to unimportant & casual incid5ts :i*1 ) *anges ( accessories1 w\ld answ] a ?\s& sc5es 9 my?ological hi/ory4 ,neptune !n may well disappe> f ! purview ( ! pa9t]1 ) ! tritons & ! seawe$ ent\rage4 ,,m>s ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! pa9t]1 !re is little to say ab\t ! ,grecian ,ares4 ,he has n a s+le good trait 9 leg5d or /ory1 & we "k no?+ ( 8 presum$ p]sonal =m beyond ! milit>y ext]nals4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ su* a god came to be includ$ among ! deities ( a civiliz$ race4 ,( :at s]vice c\ld be pray] :5 x is address$ to a blatant1 blood/a9$1 g5ius ( ! brutal side ( w>1 )\t feel+ or pity1 & app>5tly s want+ 9 intellig5ce t he has to leave ! direction ( battles to a goddess8 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ,hom] int5d$ him z ! god ( bullies1 or he w\ld n h made him ro> l t5 ?\s& m5 :5 /ruck ) a /one1 nor w\ld he h all[$ him to be imprison$ by two "y demigods1 & contemptu\sly w\nd$ by a ?ird4 ,b :o is responsible = ! association ( su* a wret*$ example ( div9ity ) ! radiant ,aphrodite1 = surely x is only ! cloak ( ,hom] t cov]s ! /ory6 ,0 x a pa9t] :o _h s\ght 9 va9 f ! poets a sugge/ion = a composition 9 :i* ! god w\ld at lea/ appe> normal1 or a cynical critic :o wi%$ to incite ridicule z well z contempt = ! div9ity8 ,9 any case ! pa9t] mu/ sigh 9 va9 = an inspirit+ design ) ,ares z ! lead+ figure3 he _c h>monize love & t]ror4 ,! ,roman ,m>s has a slight advantage ov] ,ares1 = ! "n ( ,silvia is sweetly-s\nd+1 b %e %\ld be repres5t$ alone1 z ! /> ( ! wild ,campagna1 :ile yet x 0 =e/-clad3 ! gleam+ light ^: rays are to illum9e ! e>?4 ,m>s may disappe> ) ! wolf1 b :o c hide ! glory ( ,rome8 ,,m]cury ,x is difficult to connect ! ,h]mes ( ! poet ) ! t$i\s expressionless figure commonly se5 9 pa9t+1 ^: only co/ume is a helmet1 & ^: inv>iable prov9ce is app>5tly to look on & d no?+4 ,= ! sculptor he is a god2 = ! pa9t] a symbol ( subord9ation4 ,a ,rub5s may give him ! pulse ( life1 b only ! sculptor c sugge/ ! div9ity4 ,) ! pa9t] ! w+$ helmet is a biz>re ornam5t2 ! immortal s&als are %runk5 to lea!r2 ! caduceus is a ?+ ( in]tia :i* is ev] 9 ! way4 ,b ) ! sculptor all ^! ?+s may be end[$ ) ! quick5+ _s ( a so>+ m9d1 = does n ,giovanni di ,bologna %[ ! li!some god spe$+ ?r\gh space ahead ( ! w9d1 ! fea!ry foot-w+s humm+ ) delirium1 ! trembl+ air divid+ ha/ily be=e ! w&8 ,true1 ! pa9t] may repres5t ! div9e h]ald on 8 way ?r\gh space1 z :5 he conducts ,psy*e to ,olympus1 or leads ! %ades ( ! suitors to ,hades2 b ! accessories pres5t mu/ surr\nd him ) an e>?y framework1 unless ! design be conf9$ to a ceil+1 & %ut away f ?+s mundane ) ar*itectural =ms1 z 9 ! plan ( ,raphael at ! ,f>nese ,villa1 or to a fresco execut$ 9 ! mann] ( a ,flaxman draw+4 ,beyond ^! artifices ! arti/ _c g ) propriety4 ,few & worn are ! sc5es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! god 9 :i* he takes a lead+ "p4 ,! head ( ,argus seems to be cut (f1 or await+ sep>ation1 9 ne>ly e collection1 sometimes ) ,juno on a cl\d deeply fr[n+ ) rev5geful ire1 occasionally ) ! peacock expectant ( its glori\s fan1 b always ) ! weak-look+ helmet$ pip]1 passive & unconc]n$ z if fulfill+ a daily task4 ,a ,correggio may weave 8 gold5 fancy ar\nd a sc5e :]e ,cupid le>ns to /r5g!n 8 arr[s ) ! rules ( sci5ce & ! wiles ( art2 b let ! pa9t] bew>e ( ! infant ,bac*us 9 ! arms ( ! mess5g]-god1 le/ a vision ( ! ,olympian gr\p arise & enfold 8 "w 9 a robe ( *>ity4 ,! s*emes :]eby ! cradl$ ?ief deceiv$ ! ,py?ian god are beyond ! scope ( ! pa9t]1 ?\gh !re is a c]ta9 available range 9 ! *>m+ actions surr\nd+ ! inv5tion ( ! lyre4 ,& if ! designs relat+ to ! un=tunate ,l>a be prop]ly consign$ to oblivion1 surely ! connection ( ,h]mes ) ,p&ora (f]s a field = ! sprightly imag9ation4 ,b save :]e ! god is a symbol ( comm]ce or spe$1 ! helmet %\ld be disp5s$ )1 = x is hackney$ beyond endurance4 ,! mod]n pa9t] is n b\nd by cu/om unless ! provision ( beauty conflict ) ! lucidity ( ! design or ! rev]5ce = univ]sal s5tim5t4 ,let ! w+$ heels suffice1 = ! %ad[ ( ,p]sius w sc>cely rise 9 prote/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab 7,see page #ade7 ,greek ,portraiture ,head ( ,plato ,head ( ,euripides ,,bac*us ,c5turies ( bac*analian fe/ivities & revelries h ne>ly kill$ ,bac*us = ! pa9t]4 ,:o c fur!r int]e/ himself 9 mean+less processions1 :]e ! mo/ prom95t figure is a fat1 drunk51 /agg]+ man1 support$ by goat-ho($ mon/rosities1 & att5d$ by all ! insignia ( v9\s royalty8 ,sil5us is no m ! lov+ nurse ( ! infant god2 ! satyrs are no m ! foll[]s ( a re$-play+ woodl& deity2 ! nymphs h long =gott5 ! fl[]y dales1 ! fai?ful trees t liv$ & di$ ) !m1 ! fairy b[]s :]e fir/ ,semele's (fspr+ clapp$ 8 h&s to ! measure ( dance & pipe4 ,:y %\ld ! dance be turn$ into a drunk5 revel8 ,:y %\ld ! arti/ rememb] ! orgies ( ,rome1 & =get ! ,grecian pa/oral fancies8 ,:at has become ( ,dionysus1 inh]itor ( ,vi%nu traditions1 ! _m-nam$ fa!r ( song1 ! lead] ( ! ,muses1 & ! fire-born enemy ( pirates8 ,no?+ rema9s ( him wor? rememb]+1 save ,ariadne ! gold5-hair$1 & %e mu/ 9 future be left on ! des]t isle le/ ! pa?os ( h] figure be di/urb$ by ! motley foll[]s ( h] rescu]4 ,x is pass+ /range t ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance did n attempt to lift ,bac*us out ( ! dit* ( ignom9y into :i* he _h fall54 ,!y seem to h tak5 _! ideas f ! record$ acc\nts ( ! ,roman rites & v9e fe/ivals1 ov]look+ ! ,grecian sugge/ions relat+ to ,dionysus1 & ev5 ! lat] re/ra9$ reliefs pictur+ incid5ts 9 8 hi/ory4 ,9 _! art1 h[ev]1 z is evid5c$ by ,pompeian frescoes1 ! ,romans (t5 treat$ ,bac*us 9 a s]i\s mann]1 associat+ him ) high] int]e/s ?an ^? connect$ ) fe/ival orgies4 ,x may be t ! figure ( ! god c>v$ by ,mi*elangeloa _h some?+ to d ) ! lat] co>se repres5tations ( him1 = x w\ld h be5 impossible = arti/s succe$+ s great a sculptor1 to ignore ! types he creat$4 ,b x w be an et]nal my/]y h[ he came to design su* a ,bac*us4 ,a voluptu\s semi-reali/ic god1 oppos$ to ev]y?+ else t 0 conceiv$ by ! sculptor1 & antagoni/ic to all t 0 kn[n 9 ,greece1 x c nev] be any?+ m ?an a sublime example ( a purely e>?ly figure4 ,"o /&s amaz$ be=e ! p]fect modell+1 b agha/ at ! conception4 ,x repres5ts ! mo/ extraord9>y transition f ! god-l man ( ! ,greeks1 to a man-l god1 ev] se5 9 art4 a ,9 ! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce4 ,! pa9t] !n has little left to use ( ! conv5tional ,bac*us & 8 hi/ory1 except ! nev]-dy+ ,ariadne1 b !re is no?+ to prev5t him f rev]t+ to ! pa/oral ,dionysus1 to ! delightful abodes ( ! nymphs 8 fo/]-mo!rs1 :]e ,pan play$ & ! ,muses sang1 :ile ! nev]-tir+ son ( ,maia brea!d tales ( love into will+ e>s4 ,,vulcan ,! poet may cont9ue to hold our fancy ) volcanic fires & cyclopean hamm]s1 b on canvas ,etna becomes a blacksmi?'s =ge1 & ! figure ( a begrim$ human toil] is giv5 to ! div9ity responsible = ! gold5 h&maids1 & ! braz5 bull ^: brea? 0 scor*+ flame4 ,!re is r>ely a pa9t+ ( ,vulcan )\t a =ge & lea!r bell[s1 ) a smi? :o is /ripp$ to ! wai/1 :i* e>?ly ?+s necess>ily kill all sugge/ions ( cele/ial int]e/1 not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ,v5us1 or ! nev]-fad+ bride ( palsi$ ,peleus4 ,occasionally we h ! incid5t ) ,m>s1 & /rangely look = ! invisible net1 b n f9d+ x we are imm$iately call$ back to e>? to pond] ov] ! wiles ( ! anci5t leg5d ga!r]s4 ,! art is lo/ beh9d ! unreality4 ,b :y does n ! pa9t] rev]t to ! *ildhood ( ,vulcan1 :5 he 0 hid+ 9 ! gli/5+ cav]n b5ea? ! roll ( ocean1 fa%ion+ respl5d5t e>drops = silv]-foot$ ,!tis8 ,"h is scope = ! imag9ation--to indicate ! fancies ( ! budd+ g5ius :o 0 to c>ve ! wondr\s %ield1 & adorn ! heav5-dom$ halls ( ,olympus4 ,let ,hephae/us mature z he w = ! poet3 he %\ld only bloom = ! pa9t]4 ,,g5]al ,,classical ,,compositions ,sc5es ( adv5ture f ! anci5t poets 9 :i* ! gods & goddesses are conc]n$1 appe> to be rapidly becom+ ?+s ( ! pa/ = ! pa9t]4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! circum/ance t ^! sc5es h be5 s multipli$ s9ce ! e>ly days ( ! ,r5aissance1 t !y are n[ positively fatigu+ to bo? arti/s & ! public2 b !re is a deep] reason4 ,if we try to numb] ! pa9t+s ( classical subjects by fir/-class arti/s :i* are en%r9$ 9 our m9ds1 we c c\nt v few1 & ne>ly all ( ^! are s+le figures1 z a ,v5us1 a ,l$a1 a ,psy*e1 or a ,p&ora4 ,we d n call up a ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 or a ,diana & ,actaeon1 or any o!r design :]e div9ities are mix$ ) mortals 9 e>?ly actions4 ,! cause ( ?is seems to be t our m9ds naturally revolt aga9/ a gl>+ incongruity4 ,! imag9ation is unable to h>monize ! qualities ( a god ) ! possession ( human in/9cts & frailties1 or /rike a balance betwe5 div9e actions & human motives4 ,we see ^! pictures & admire ! design & execution1 b !y leave u cold3 we are unable to k9dle en?usiasm ov] pat5t unreality4 ,! g5]al conclusion is t pa9t]s w\ld be wise to avoid su* compositions1 & conf9e _! att5tion 9 classical "w to s+le figures ( goddesses or h]o9es1 leav+ to ! poet sugge/ion ( miracul\s p[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,expression4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,g5]al ,,ideals ,limitation ( ! pa9t] ) g5]al ideals--,ideal heads int]*angeable 9 sacr$ & symbolical art--,ideal male human c\nt5ances impossible = ! pa9t]4 ,9 ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+1 :]e x is necess>y t ! beauty %\ld be imm$iately recogniz$ by ! eye1 x is obvi\s t a g5]al expression is sup]ior to ! p>ticul>4 ,?is is s because ! g5]al cov]s univ]sal exp]i5ce & ! p>ticul> does n4 ,b 9 ! art ( ! pa9t] !re is a limit to ! expression ( g5]al beauty4 ,!oretically !re is no beauty possible to ! sculptor :i* ! pa9t] _c produce1 b practically !re is4 ,a sculptor may c>ve :at we und]/& z a god-l figure--a glori\s image embody+ all ! highe/ qualities t may be conceiv$ by man1 ) a g5]al expression cov]+ supreme wisdom & e noble attribute--su* a figure z ! greate/ ,grecian arti/ *isell$4 ,?is figure w\ld /& 9 front ( u1 isolat$1 s]5e 9 its glory1 & we %\ld look & wond]1 & a second or two w\ld suffice to fill our entire m9d ) ! image4 ,= x w\ld be above ! e>?1 above all our surr\nd+s4 ,we c\ld connect no?+ on e>? ) x--nei!r human be+s1 nor gre5 fields1 nor ! seas1 & c]ta9ly n human habitations1 & ways1 & mann]s1 & actions4 ,a ,phidian god c h no sett+4 ,ev]y?+ on e>? is too small1 too insignificant to be> x company4 ,! reflection f ! maje/y ( ! design ?r[s into %ad[ our l(tie/ e>?ly conceptions4 ,let u suppose t a pa9t] c\ld be f\nd :o c\ld execute su* a figure3 h[ c\ld he isolate x to ! m9d8 ,he may n use accessories1 = ^! c\ld n be sep>at$ by ! eye1 & ! association ) e>? :i* !y w\ld imply w\ld de/roy ! illusion4 ,b ! figure mu/ h relief1 & h5ce tones4 ,a mono*rome w\ld n d1 = ! frame or sides ( ! wall conta9+ ! picture w\ld flatt5 x1 & sugge/ a pa9t$ imitation ( a sculpture4 ,we may imag9e a colossal figure pa9t$ on an imm5se wall ^: b\nds are hidd5 by ! conc5tration ( all ! available light on ! figure4 ,ev5 !n ! col\r+ ( ! wall mu/ be unse54 ,! figure mu/ /& out z if aga9/ inf9ite space1 surr\nd$ by ambi5t air1 9 maje/ic solitude1 pond]+ ov] ! ev]la/+ roll ( life t[>ds p]fection4 ,9 ?is way only c\ld ! pa9t] mat* ! sculptor1 b ! practical difficulties are s enorm\s z to r5d] ! s*eme to all int5ts & purposes impossible4 ,= ! pa9t] !n !re is a limit to expression4 ,he _c proce$ ) 8 ideal high] ?an ,praxiteles4 ,8 limit is ! mo/ supreme =m & expression conceivable by 8 imag9ation1 :i* does n exce$ ! app>5t possibility ( human exp]i5ce4 ,app>5t1 because an ideal mu/ necess>ily be actually above ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 b x may n appe> to be s4 ,= in/ance a ,raphael ,madonna does n seem to repres5t a sup]natural woman4 ,!re is no s+le feature pa9t$ :i* _c be mat*$ 9 life1 & h5ce x w\ld n occur to ! obs]v] t ! expression is contr>y to ! possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ! expression _c be met ) 9 life1 = besides be+ entirely g5]al1 x excludes all phases due to ! emotions or passions4 ,"o _c imag9e a woman ) ! expression ( a ,raphael ,madonna hav+ conc]n ) any special human int]e/1 & lea/ ( all ) feel+s & fail+s aris+ f natural in/9cts4 ,yet ! expression cov]s e =m ( noble endeav\r2 e phase ( innoc5t pleasure2 e degree ( m5tal activity )9 ! prov9ce ( woman4 ,& h]e9 lies ! art--! exclusion ( ! bad 9 our nature1 ) ! exaltation ( ! good4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t if ! expression be s g5]al t no p>ticul> quality c be id5tifi$ !re91 ! c\nt5ance w s]ve = ! head ( any p]sonage pa9t$ 9 ^: expression x is desirable to indicate ! possession ( high attributes1 )\t sugge/+ a p>ticul> condition ( m9d4 ,?us1 ! head ( a ,raphael ,madonna w\ld equally s]ve = ! head ( a ,sa9t ,cecilia or a ,judi?2 or1 provid+ ! age 7 suitable1 = a h]o9e ( ! /amp ( ,joan ( ,arc1 s long z ! "* ( h] actual features 7 unkn[n4 ,fur!r x w\ld be well adapt$ = a symbolical figure1 z ,prud5ce or ,tru?4 ,b a f> wid] significance ?an is ?us indicat$1 is convey$ by ! necessity = g5]aliz+ expression 9 ord] to rea* ! pa9t]'s ideal4 ,x has already be5 not$ t inasmu* z all m5 h ! same g5]al idea ( beauty--t !y g5]ally agree z to :at is1 or is n1 beautiful1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be a common op9ion z to degrees ( beauty1 & s a univ]sality ( ideal2 t is ( c\rse1 among p ) simil> exp]i5ce ( life1 z = in/ance ! :ite races ( ! _w4#di ,h5ce ! ideals ( all pa9t]s mu/ be simil>4 ,!y mu/ necess>ily aim = ! same g5]alization--exclude or emphasize l4 ,mann] or /yle1 or national type may v>y2 purely s5sorial effects may diff] z ! m9ds ( ! pa9t]s h be5 v>i\sly tra9$1 b ! comb9ation ( features & effects :i* regulate ! expression w be practically id5tical 9 e realiz$ ideal4 ,consequ5tly1 subject to *anges 9 attitude or age1 ideal heads ( all arti/s are int]*angeable )\t incongruity result+1 irrespective ( ! motive ( ! design1 = ! ideal c\nt5ance indicat$ adapts itself to any "* :]e no emotional or passionate expression is requir$4 ,! head ( ! figure repres5t+ ,pr(ane ,love 9 ,titian's great picture1 w\ld s]ve to express spiritual nobility 9 a ,madonna1a & :5 a head 9 a ,madonna by ,raphael is ex*ang$ ) t ( ! c5tral figure 9 ,fragon>d's ,! ,pursuit1b !re is no result+ sugge/ion ( impropriety 9 ei!r picture4c ,ideal c\nt5ances h sometimes be5 giv5 to evil *>act]s1 z 9 ,lu9i's ,salome1d & ! head 9 ?is picture w\ld equally well s]ve = a ,madonna4e a ,see ,plate #i4 b ,frick ,collection1 ,new ,york4#ej c ,see ,plate #h4 d ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 e ,see ,plate #aj4 ,an ideal head !n w sugge/ any expression t ! design 9 :i* x is includ$ seems to require1 subject to ! re/rictions be=e not$4 ,9 ,! ,pursuit ! face ( ! woman presum$ to be flee+ f h] lov] indicates "s conc]n1 & ev5 a little fe>1a b t ?is is due to ! surr\nd+s 9 ! "w1 is %[n :5 ! head is sub/itut$ = ano!r 9 a diff]5t picture1 = ! conc]n has disappe>$1 & ! expression becomes "o :i* may prop]ly repres5t ! highe/ attributes connect$ ) ! ,madonna4 a ,see ,frontispiece & ,plate #aa4 ,! limits )9 :i* ! =m & c\nt5ance ( a woman may be idealiz$1 are prescrib$ by ,raphael 9 8 works4 ,! presum$ age mu/ be t :5 %e rea*es ! full bloom ( womanhood4 ,y\? w n d because x involves an expression d5y+ exp]i5ce1 :ile physically a girl _c be suppos$ to h rea*$ an age :]e h] =m has ceas$ to progress t[>ds p]fection4 ,beauty ( feature & =m is ! fir/ consid]ation ( ! arti/1 & h5ce 8 difficulty 9 fix+ an expression :i* %all be entirely free f ! possibility ( sugge/+ desire4 ,= ?is reason no model1 or s]ies ( models1 w suffice ! pa9t]3 he has always to br+ 8 imag9ation to be>1 z ,raphael admitt$ he _h to d4a a ,e di belle donne1 io mi s]vo di c]ta idea *e mi vi5e nella m5te4 ,lett] to ,ca/iglione4 ,x is impossible to f9d a head ( a woman1 pa9t$ be=e ! "t ( ,raphael1 :i* fulfils ! requirem5ts ( art z an ideal4 ,! figures are ei!r too =mal1 or too di/9ctive 9 type1 or are evid5tly portraits1 :ile 9 _m ( ! greate/ pictures ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! arti/s _h n yet le>n$ h[ to put w>m blood into _! ,madonnas4 ,raphael1 h[ev]1 aft] tak+ up 8 soj\rn at ,flor5ce1 became an object lesson = ne>ly e s*ool1 & ideal c\nt5ances 7 produc$ by o!r ma/]s1 ?\gh no pa9t] o!r ?an ,raphael succe$$ ) m ?an "o or two4 ,n[adays ! ev] increas+ hu/le 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 does n l5d itself to deep /udy & long contemplation on ! "p ( pa9t]s1 b hope spr+s et]nal1 & surely ! li/ ( immortals is n yet clos$4 ,an ideal man ( fle% & blood is n possible 9 ! art ( ! pa9t]1 = !re is no g5]al conception ( male beauty bel[ ! level ( ! god-l4 ,p]fection ( =m c be giv51 b a supreme expression 9 ! face ( a man implies deep wisdom1 & ?is mu/ necess>ily be associat$ ) maturity :5 high s5sorial beauty ( feature c sc>cely be expect$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,expression4 ,,"p ,v4--,,portraiture ,limitations ( ! portrait pa9t]--,g5]alizations--,emphasis & addition ( qualities--,practice ( ! anci5t ,greeks-- ,dignity--,importance ( simplicity--,"s ( ! great ma/]s-- ,portraiture ( wom5--,! ,engli% ma/]s--,! quality ( grace--,! necessity ( repose4 ,:ile 9 ! scale ( ! pa9t]'s art1 portraiture ranks next to ! high] bran*es ( hi/orical "w1 yet x is "s di/ance beh9d !m1 = ap>t f ! commonplace ( sc5ic arrangem5t1 ! imag9ation ( ! portrait pa9t] _c be c>ri$ fur!r ?an ! consid]ation ( add$ or elim9at$ details ( =m & expression 9 relation to a set subject4 ,b ^! details are v difficult1 & s x comes ab\t t a good portrait involves a f> great] proportion ( m5tal lab\r ?an ! result appe>s on ! surface to w>rant4 ,x is indirectly consequ5t ^u ! complexity ( 8 task t ! "w ( ! arti/ :o devotes practically 8 :ole "t to portraiture1 (t5 v>ies s l>gely 9 quality4 ,he pa9ts "s portraits :i* are g5]ally appreciat$1 b z "t goes on he is ov]:elm$ ) ord]s :i* he _c possibly fulfil )\t r$uc+ ! value ( 8 "w4 ,he ?us acquires a habit ( ?r[+ 8 :ole p[] into 8 "w only :5 ! p]sonage he repres5ts is ( public importance1 or has a c\nt5ance p>ticul>ly am5able to 8 mann] or /yle4 ,x is necess>y t ?is fact %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 o!rwise errone\s /&>ds are likely to be set up :5 arti/s l ,van ,dyck1 ,reynolds1 or ,romney1 are ref]r$ to z examples4 ,9 a g5]al s5se ne>ly all pa9t+ :]e ! human figure is introduc$1 is portraiture1 & x has be5 s s9ce soon aft] ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 arti/s comm5c$ to use liv+ m5 & wom5 = second>y or accessory figures 9 sacr$ pictures4 ,! increas+ importance atta*$ to ! anatomy ( ! figure result$ 9 ! ext5sive use ( models1 & s 9 a measure portraiture rose to be a lead+ feature 9 ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,! figures 9 ! l>g] compositions ( e k9d by ! great] pa9t]s ( ! late fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies1 consi/ almo/ entirely ( portraits ( fri5ds & acqua9tances ( ! arti/s1 ! exceptions be+ ! c\nt5ances ( ! ,deity & ,*ri/1 :i* _h to be modell$ f accept$ types1 & ^? ( ! lat] ,sa9ts ! "* ( ^: features _h be5 h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,a few pa9t]s1 z ,raphael & ,correggio1 idealiz$ ! ,virg9 away f sugge/ion ( portraiture1 b o!rs1 z ,del ,s>to & ,pontormo1 ev5 9 ?is case took a wife or o!r relative z a model4 ,! practice 0 cont9u$ by _m arti/s 9 respect ( c5tral figures1 till ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 aft] :i* "t ! id5tity ( ! figures 01 z a rule1 purposely lo/4 ,nev]!less ! figures1 o!r ?an ideals1 us$ 9 all good compositions1 mu/ necess>ily be portraits or adaptations !re(1 = only f life c sup]ior repres5tation ( life be obta9$4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! portraiti/ is to g5]alize ! expression ( 8 subject4 ,a face se5 once w be ?r[n ^u ! m9d only ) ! p>ticul> expression obs]vable at ! mom5t ( view4 ,if se5 a second "t we involunt>ily comb9e ! effects ( ! dual exp]i5ce1 & ! m (t5 we see ! c\nt5ance1 ! m closely w our m5tal picture ( x correspond ) ! g5]al or av]age expression worn4 ,x is ?is av]age appe>ance t ! portraiti/ tries to repres5t1 emphasiz+ ( c\rse :atev] good qualities may be indicat$4 ,! second mo/ important task ( ! arti/ is to balance e "p ( ! picture1 s t nei!r sett+1 nor col\r1 nor h&l+1 is /rik+ly noticeable4 ,! portrait %\ld appe> at fir/ glance z "o complete :ole1 9 ord] t ! m9d ( ! obs]v] be imm$iately direct$ to ! subject1 & away f ! arti/ or ! mann] ( execution4 ,! pa9t] is limit$ to ! actual "* & physiognomy ( ! figure4 ,he mu/ make ea* feature h>monize ) ! o!rs1 & add or subtract1 hide or reveal1 )\t *ang+ ! g5]al individuality1 b he _c d m4 ,8 scope is1 !re=e1 /rictly limit$4 ,v naturally "s ( ! greate/ portraiti/s h rebell$ at ?is limit4 ,!y appe> to h pa9t$ ) an eye to po/]ity1 r ?an to satisfy _! patrons & ! p ( ! "t ) an effective g5]alization ( "* & be>+4 ,if we comp>e ! portraits execut$ by ,titian ) ^? repres5t+ c]ta9 accessory figures 9 "s important compositions ( ! great ma/]s1 z = in/ance1 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns ( ,raphael1a & ! ,dea? ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,ghirl&aio1b we f9d a m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,! latt] are obvi\sly true portraits ( liv+ m51 ) little acc5tuat$ or elim9at$1 j su* portraits z ,c>lyle want$ f :i* to obta9 real in/ruction = 8 biographies4 ,titian pa9t$ no portraits ( ?is k9d4 ,he gives a l(ty be>+ to e p]son he portrays4 ,8 figures seem to belong to a special race ( m51 end[$ ) r>e qualities ( nobility & dignity1 ) little int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( ord9>y p4 ,yet we "k t "s ( 8 *>act]s liv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( evil4 ,we _c really believe t ! ,aret9o ( ,titianc 0 ,aret9o ! man1 & we f9d x h>d to imag9e t ,philip ,,ii41d or ! ,duke ( ,alba1e z ,titian pa9t$ him1 c\ld gr[ into ! mon/] he prov$ to be4 ,nev]!less ,titian 0 ju/ifi$4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( ! arti/ to consid] ! hi/orian3 8 art is all t conc]ns him4 ,titian produc$ beautiful pictures :i* are commonly recogniz$ z great portrayals ( "*2 ^: "* matt]s n1 ?\gh :5 we h data ^u :i* to re/ a judgm5t1 we f9d ! l9eam5ts 9 8 works are fully suffici5t = purposes ( id5tification4 a ,at ! ,vatican4 b ,fresco at ,santa ,tr9ita1 ,flor5ce4 c ,frick ,collection1 ,n4 ,y4 d ,! ,padro1 ,madrid1 & else:]e4 e ,huesc> ,coll41 ,madrid4 ,:ile ,titian w5t fur!r ?an any o!r ,r5aissance pa9t] 9 ennobl+ 8 subjects1 he did n approa* ! anci5t ,greeks 9 ?is respect4 ,_! sculptur$ bu/s & t]ms repres5t ! highe/ portraiture kn[n to u4 ,_m examples rema91 mo/ly copies x is true1 b q fifty ( !m are cle>ly fai?ful reproductions1 made app>5tly 9 ! e>ly days ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 & accord closely ) ! few exi/+ orig9als4 ,! ,grecian portraits diff] f ! ,roman1 & all lat] pa9t$ or c>v$ portraits 9 a mo/ important feature4a ,! latt] aim$ at :at is /ill und]/ood z ! highe/ level 9 portraiture4 ,!y endeav\r$ to give a g5]al individualism ( m9d & be>+1 avoid+ p>ticul> expression2 9 fact to repres5t "*4 ,s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era comm5c$ nei!r sculptor nor pa9t] has gone fur!r ?an ?is1 ) v few exceptions 9 ,roman days :5 ,grecian sculptors ( ! "t imitat$ ! practice ( ! f\r? & e>ly ?ird c5turies4 ,! e>li] ,greeks on ! o!r h& n only g5]aliz$ portraits 9 an extreme degree1 b1 except 9 ! case ( a?letes1 !y alt]$ ! cont\r ( ! head & v>i$ ! actual features ( ! subject1 s t ! possession ( ! high] human attributes %\ld be indicat$ z cle>ly z possible4 ,!y inv>iably %[$ a l>ge facial angle1 plac$ ! e>s well close to ! head1 sunk ! eyes deep 9 _! sockets1 & ennobl$ ! br[s to sugge/ maje/y or pr(\nd ?\ght4 ,9 fact ! ,grecian portrait heads only diff] f _! sculptur$ gods 9 t p>ticul> c\nt5ances are depict$1 & consequ5tly ! expression 9 !m does n appe> to be above ! possibility ( human exp]i5ce4 ,app>5tly 9 ,grecian times1 only m5 :o _h become celebrat$ 9 "s way 7 repres5t$ 9 /one1 & h5ce ! arti/ _h features to depict :i* c\ld be semi-idealiz$ )\t impropriety4 ,ev5 ,socrates1 ^: ugl9ess 0 prov]bial1 0 giv5 a noble & dignifi$ expression4b a ,see ,plates #ab & #ac4 b ,see heads 9 ! ,national ,museums ( ,rome & ,naples4 ,t ! pa9t] is at lib]ty to foll[ ! example ( ! ,greeks1 !re c be no "q f ! po9t ( view ( art1 = 8 fir/ object is to produce a beautiful picture2 b 9 portraiture1 practical & conv5tional consid]ations h to be met1 ) :i* o!r bran*es ( pa9t+ are n conc]n$4 ,) r>e exceptions ! portraits execut$ are ( liv+ p]sons1 & extreme acc5tuation ( high qualities w\ld be likely to result 9 a repres5tation ( ! sitt] t w\ld appe> false to contempor>y obs]v]s1 ?\gh we might well imag9e t a "w exhibit+ ?is acc5tuation w\ld seem to be ( high excell5ce 9 ! judgm5t ( future g5]ations4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a l9e drawn 9 respect ( add$ or acc5tuat$ qualities1 & ! position ( ?is l9e w\ld naturally v>y ) ! celebrity ( ! subject & ! p[] ( ! arti/4 ,some?+ def9ite may1 h[ev]1 be said 9 reg>d to ! emphasis ( c]ta9 qualities ( =m1 & p>ticul>ly ( dignity1 a feature t has occupi$ ! att5tion ( "s ( ! greate/ ma/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac 7,see page #ade7 ,roman ,portraiture ,head ( ,vespasian ,head ( ,hadrian ,! "q arises1 h[ f> may ! arti/ g 9 imitat+ ! mann] ( ! /age ) 8 portraits8 ,on ! !atrical /age =malities are requir$ ) c]ta9 *>act]s 9 ord] to emphasize _! position--to assi/ 9 ! recognition ( _! /&+ or relative significance 9 ! drama1 = x is ( ! fir/ importance t ! audi5ce %\ld compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! actions pres5t$ z rapidly z possible4 ,! actor mu/ (t5 exagg]ate life habits ( pose & mann] 9 ord] to height5 ! contra/ betwe5 two *>act]s1 or to give special significance to ! words4 ,& ! elevation ( ! diction sometimes compels ?is exagg]ation4 ,9 high drama :]e ! language us$ is above exp]i5ce ( ord9>y life 9 measure & =ce1 !re mu/ be appropriate pose & action to accompany x1 & h5ce a height ( dignity or ev5 maje/y may appe> p]fectly prop] on ! /age1 :i* w\ld be ridicul\s 9 surr\nd+s away f x4 ,f ! practice ( c]ta9 pa9t]s x w\ld seem t !y h look$ ^u portraiture z ! transf]5ce ( _! subjects to ! public /age z x 71 s t !y might appe> to occupy a high] position 9 ! drama ( life ?an t to :i* !y are habituat$4 ,no h>m c arise f ?is provid$ ! portraiti/ does n pass beyond ! cu/om ( ! !atrical /age1 :]e1 :atev] ! exagg]ation1 ! repres5tation appe>s1 or %\ld appe>1 appropriate to ! action2 t is to say1 :]e ! exagg]ation is n recogniz$ z su*4 ,acc5tuation ( high qualities ( expression1 or ev5 v>iations 9 c]ta9 physical features1 su* z ! ,greeks br\ght ab\t1 w\ld n appe> exagg]ations 9 a portrait1 b :]e dignity ( =m is add$ to su* an ext5t t ! obs]v] imm$iately recognizes x z untrue to exp]i5ce1 !n ! arti/ goes too f>4 ,:ile ?is is s1 we d n condemn ,titian1 ,van ,dyck1 & ! few o!r portrait pa9t]s :o emphasiz$ ! quality ( dignity ( =m 9 pa/ times4 ,! reason = ?is appe>s to be t ! usual me?ods ( tea*+ hi/ory lead u to suppose t nobles & lead]s ( society 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :o 7 usually ! portrait subjects ( ! great] arti/s1 commonly assum$ a demean\r & be>+ f> above our own exp]i5ce4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 x is a matt] ( univ]sal k t a =mal dignifi$ pose is v r>ely assum$ by any "o1 su* a be>+ 9 a portrait w\ld be reg>d$ z untrue4 ,! portraiti/ may improve ! expression ( 8 subject1 add+ any good quality )9 8 p[]1 & he may remove f ! features or figure any m>k$ physical defect1 because ! portrait w\ld /ill appe> to be correct2 b if he add a /rong dignifi$ pose1 !n ! result w\ld be some?+ t is possibly1 b improbably accurate1 & !re=e inf]ior art4 ,! quality ( dignity %\ld be express$ r 9 ! c\nt5ance ?an 9 ! pose1 ! be>+ ( ! =m be+ produc$ z 9 life1 = ?is l5ds assi/ance to ! true repres5tation ( "*4 ,a dignifi$ expression may well be appropriate to an awkw>d =m ^: p]sonality w\ld be undi/+ui%$ by dignity ( pose4 ,titian 0 ! fir/ great arti/ to give a pron\nc$ dignity ( =m to 8 subjects1 & he nev] v>i$ f ! practice unless ! subject 7 exhibit$ 9 action1a or too old to be repres5t$ z an upright figure4b ,nor did he once exagg]ate ! pose s t arrogance might be sugge/$4 ,?\gh he squ>$ ! %\ld]s1 he r>ely ?rew back ! head to emphasize ! be>+1c & only 9 "o portrait is ! body slightly ar*$ z ! result ( ! pose4d ,9 fact s c>eful 0 ! arti/ 9 avoid+ ov]-emphasis1 t !re is a t5d5cy 9 two or ?ree ( 8 figures = ! upp] "p ( ! body to lean a little =w>d4e ,obvi\sly ,titian gave ?is dignifi$ attitude to 8 portrait subjects ( set purpose1 z 9 8 g5]al compositions !re is no sugge/ion ( x4#ea a ,portrait ( 8 daught]1 ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 & ( ,jacopo di ,/rada at ,vi5na4 b ,paul ,,iii4 at ,naples1 & 8 own portrait at ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 c ,an exception is ,*>les ,v4 at ,muehlb]g1 ,prado1 ,madrid4 d ,portrait ( 8 daught] z a bride1 at ,dresd54 e ,notably 9 ! portrait ( ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 ,pitti ,palace4 ,velasquez no d\bt acquir$ 8 habit ( l5d+ dignity to 8 important subjects f ! examples ( ,titian's portraits :i* came "u 8 view 9 ,spa94 ,except 9 "o notable in/ance :]e ! be>+ is mu* ov]-emphasiz$1a he 0 equally successful ) ! ,italian ma/] 9 ! practice1 ?\gh _m ( 8 *>act]s are f> f l5d+ him any natural assi/ance4 ,9 ! case ( a ,c\rt ,dw>f1 h[ev]1 ! high dignity giv5 to him by ! pa9t] seems to require explanation4b a ,c\nt-,duke ,oliv>es1 ,hol=d1 ,coll41 ,london4 b ,don ,antonio el ,+les1 ,prado4 ,be=e he w5t to ,italy1 ,van ,dyck foll[$ ! natural sy/em ( ,rub5s 9 pos+ 8 portrait subjects1 b at ,g5oa he pa9t$ "u ! spell ( ,titian's memory1 & !reaft] dur+ 8 :ole life1 he gave a dignifi$ be>+ to 8 figures :5ev] ?is 0 n oppos$ to individual traits4 ,dur+ 8 ,engli% p]iod1 :5 he und]took m "w ?an he c\ld prop]ly accompli%1 he sometimes ov]-emphasiz$ ! dignity ( a figure by ar*+ ! body1a b z a rule he produc$ a j balance ( pose & sett+1 complet+ altoge!r a magnific5t s]ies ( portraits :i* rema9 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! _w4 a ,e>l ( ,newport1 ,nor?brook ,coll41 ,engl&2 ,e>l ( ,b$=d ,sp5c] ,coll42 & ,que5 ,h5rietta 7?ree-qu>t] l5g?71 ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,x is obvi\sly ! duty ( ! portraiti/ s to design 8 "w t ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] is conc5trat$ ^u ! c\nt5ance ( ! subject imm$iately he has grasp$ ! :ole composition1 & x is 9 ! successful accompli%m5t ( ?is object t ! p[] ( ,rembr&t lies4 ,he r>ely us$ accessories1 & 9 only a few cases a backgr\nd ( any k9d4 ,he avoid$ portraits :]e an elaborate sett+ 0 requir$1 z = in/ance full l5g? /&+ figures1 ( :i* he only pa9t$ twoa2 & 9 8 _m ?ree-qu>t] l5g? portraits1 !re is seldom m ?an a table or *air to be se5 ap>t f ! figure4 ,) ?is simplicity ( design1 & ) ne>ly all ! available light direct$ full ^u ! head ( ! subject1 ! eye ( ! obs]v] ( ! picture is necess>ily c5tr$ in/antane\sly ^u ! features4 ,^! are inv>iably ca/ into bold relief by p]fect managem5t ( ! *i>oscuro1 & ! correspond5ce ) life seems z complete z x well c be4 ,rembr&t ?us accompli%es ! aim ( e great arti/3 he executes a fai?ful picture1 & ?r[s x on ! m9d ( ! obs]v] ) ! maximum ( rapidity4 ,only arti/s ( a high ord] c successfully ignore a m or less elaborate sett+ = a portrait1 p>ticul>ly if x be l>g] ?an bu/ size4 ,great c>e has to be tak5 ) su* a sett+ le/ ! eye ( ! obs]v] be attract$ by ! pose ( ! figure & ! g5]al h>mony ( ! "w be=e be+ direct$ to ! c\nt5ance4 ,if we take ! g5]al op9ion ( kn[n portraits1 s f> z x c be gaug$1 we f9d t ! mo/ highly e/eem$ ( !m are3 ! ,julius ,,ii4 ( ,raphael1 ! ,mona ,lisa ( ,lion>do1 ! ,man ) ! ,gloves by ,titian1 ! ,old ,man ) a ,boy by ,ghirl&aio1 & ,innoc5t ,x4 by ,velasquez4b ,all ( ^! except ,mona ,lisa are rem>kable = ! simplicity ( ! sett+1 & 9 ! exception ! =mal l&scape is altoge!r subord9at$ to ! figure4 ,raphael 0 ! fir/ arti/ :o saw ! value ( avoid+ accessories 9 portraiture4 ,8 half-l5g? portraits pa9t$ aft] 8 arrival 9 ,flor5ce1 are all free f !m1 & 8 ,julius ,,ii4 has only ! *air on :i* ! ,pope is seat$4 a ,m>t9 ,day & ,ma*teld van ,doorn1 bo? 9 ,gu/ave ,ro?s*ild ,coll41 ,p>is4 b ,! fir/ at ! ,pitti ,palace1 ! la/ at ! ,doria ,gall]y1 & ! o!rs at ! ,l\vre4 ,rembr&t fur!r aid$ ! conc5tration ( att5tion on ! c\nt5ance ( a sitt] by ! use ( w>m inconspicu\s tones 9 ! clo?+1 :i* h>monize ) all k9ds ( surr\nd+s 9 :i* ! picture may be se54 ,! col\rs nev] specially attract ! eye1 & ! attire consequ5tly =ms s completely a "p ( ! figure1 t aft] an inspection ( ! "w "o c r>ely describe ! co/ume4 ,?is subord9ation ( col\r is ( ! highe/ importance 9 portraiture1 ?\gh x is n suffici5tly practis$ n[adays4 ,velasquez us$ quiet tones :5ev] possible1 t is1 :5 he 0 n pa9t+ great p]sonages1 & ,titian1 ,rub5s1 & ,van ,dyck1 foll[$ ! same c\rse 9 half-l5g? portraits4 ,none ( ^!1 h[ev]1 seem$ s c>eful z ,rembr&t 9 adapt+ ! tones to ! g5]al "* ( ! figure1 s t ! impression left on ! m9d ( ! obs]v] %\ld relate entirely to ! p]sonality4 ,rembr&t1 9 fact1 aim$ at a repres5tation ( ! man1 & ! man only2 & he gave u a natural human be+ ( a commonly kn[n type1 ) 8 virtues some:at emphasiz$1 & 8 faults a little veil$4 ,! extraord9>y p[] ( ,velasquez z a portraiti/ 0 due to ! same g5]al cause op]at+ 9 ! case ( ,rembr&t1 namely1 extreme simplicity 9 design4 ,ap>t f ^? in/ances :]e royal or (ficial p]sonages _h to be repres5t$ 9 decorative attire1 e portrait ( ,velasquez is m]ely ! impress ( a p]sonality4 ,!re are no accessories2 ! clo?+ is subord9at$ to ! la/ degree1 & !re is no?+ = ! eye to grasp b a p]fectly drawn set ( features ?r[n into /rong relief by a me?od ( *i>oscuro unsurpass$ 9 dep? & accuracy4 ,?us1 z 9 ! case ( ,rembr&t1 ! portrait fulfils ! fir/ law ( art--! picture is ?r[n on ! bra9 9 ! lea/ possible fraction ( "t4 ,velasquez 0 rem>kable 9 a great] degree ?an any o!r arti/1 if we except ,hals1 = 8 facility 9 execution4 ,9 8 bru%-"w he appe>$ to d ! "r ?+ at all times )\t hesitation1 a*iev+ ! mo/ p]fect balance z if by in/9ct4 ,s f> z we c judge f ^? in/ances :]e 8 subjects 7 pa9t$ also by o!r arti/s1 8 portraits are good lik5esses1 b he foll[$ ! be/ practice 9 g5]aliz+ ! c\nt5ance to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,x is un=tunate t 8 "w 0 conf9$ to s poor a v>iety ( sitt]s4 ,( 8 kn[n portraits m ?an half repres5t ,philip ,,iv4 or 8 relatives2 eight o!rs are nobles ( ! "t1 & ano!r half doz5 are dw>fs & buffoons1 leav+ only sev5te5 examples ( ! arti/'s "w among/ ord9>y p4 ,!re nev] 0 a weak] royal family ?an t ( ,philip ,,iv41 & x is really a/oni%+ h[ ,velasquez 0 able to produce su* excell5t works ( art by means ( _! portraits4 ,) 8 abnormal lips & weak face1 ! k+ himself mu/ h be5 a mo/ difficult p]son to ennoble1 yet ! pa9t] manag$ 9 ?ree portraits to give him a highly di/+ui%$ c\nt5ance & be>+1 )\t 9 any way sugge/+ exagg]ation4a ,( ano!r weak man--,innoc5t ,x4--,velasquez pa9t$ :at ,reynolds describ$ z ! greate/ portrait he saw 9 ,rome2 & x is truly "o ( ! mo/ amaz+ life repres5tations ev] execut$4b ,a r$di% face pe]s out ?r\gh a blaze ( w>m surr\nd+s & backgr\nd2 a face 9 full relief z if cut out ( apoplectic fle%--almo/ appall+ 9 its v]ity4 ,x is l no?+ else t ,velasquez pa9t$3 x ov]p[]s ) its comb9$ /r5g? & realism4 ,b x is a picture to see occasionally1 & admire z a great imitation4 ,if "o liv$ ) x1 ! col\r w\ld hurt ! eye1 ! unpleasant face w\ld tire ! m9d4 ,su* a face %\ld n be pa9t$3 x %\ld be c>v$ 9 /one1 :]e tru? may be giv5 to =m )\t ! protrusion ( mortal decay4 ,b]n9i sculptur$ ! c\nt5ance1 & gave ! ,pope a c]ta9 maje/y :i* no pa9t+ c\ld pres5t4 ,z a life portrait ! "w ( ,velasquez is unrivall$1 b z a pure "w ( art1 x is beh9d ! ?ree portraits ( ,philip ,,iv4 already m5tion$4 ,a di/9ctly unheal?y face _c be produc$ 9 portraiture )\t injur+ ! art1 = x is a v>iety ( di/ortion4 a ,! full example at ! ,prado2 ! ,p>ma full l5g?1 9 ! ,frick ,coll41 ,n4 ,y42 & ! ?ree-qu>t] l5g? portrait at ! ,imp]ial ,gall]y1 ,vi5na4 b ,9 ! ,doria ,gall]y1 ,rome4 ,velasquez 0 s naturally a portraiti/ t ap>t f 8 actual portrait "w1 e figure composition he pa9t$ seems to consi/ m]ely ( ! portraits ( a gr\p ( p]sons4 ,he took little pa9s to connect ! figures 9 a life action1 (t5 pa9t+ !m ) a look ( unconc]n ) ! proce$+s ar\nd !m1 z if specially pos+ = ! arti/4 ,9 sev]al ( 8 works !re are faces look+ "r out ( ! picture1 & x is evid5t t 9 ^! ! arti/ _h little ?\ght 9 8 m9d away f portrait pres5tation4a ,! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a & ,las ,m59as1b reg>d$ g5]ally z 8 be/ compositions1 are admitt$ly portrait gr\p+s1 b ! sett+ 9 ea* case is "o ( action1 & h5ce ! faces look+ out ( ! picture are a great drawback1 z !y disrobe ! illusion ( a natural sc5e4 ,t a man s accurate 9 8 draw+1 s p]fect 9 8 *i>oscuro1 & s skilful 9 8 bru%work1 %\ld yet be s conspicu\sly limit$ 9 imag9ation1 is a problem :i* art hi/orians h yet to solve4 a ,see ,! ,breakfa/1 ,h]mitage2 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,m>?a1 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 & ,! ,dr9k]s1 ,prado4 b ,bo? at ! ,prado4 ,franz ,hals 0 on a level ) ,velasquez 9 respect ( facility 9 execution1 & l him seems to h be5 a born portraiti/4 ,8 bru%work 0 s rapid & decisive t 9 sc>cely any ( 8 designs is !re evid5ce ( delib]ation4 ,he seems to h be5 able to take 9 ! ess5tial features ( a subject at a glance1 & to transf] !m to canvas )\t prelim9>ies1 produc+ an amaz+ c\nt5ance ) ! lea/ possible detail4 ,?\gh "s ( 8 l>ge gr\ps are a little /iff1 ?is is r ?r\gh 8 want ( capacity 9 inv5tion ?an a set purpose ( exagg]ation ) a view to height5+ ! dignity ( pose1 = x is obvi\s t ,hals _h little imag9ation1 & knew no?+ ( ! b\ndless possibilities ( 8 art 9 g5]al composition4 ,he appe>s to h pass$ ?r\gh life )\t conc]n = 8 "w beyond mat]ial results1 be+ well conv9c$ t ! magic ( 8 execution w\ld leave no?+ fur!r = ! public to desire4 ,9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ( 8 life he made no advance 9 8 art except 9 "o respect1 b ! *ange 0 great1 = x d\bl$ ! art value ( 8 portraits4 ,he le>n$ h[ to subord9ate 8 col\rs2 h[ to modify 8 *i>oscuro 9 ord] to =ce ! imm$iate att5tion ( ! obs]v] on ! c\nt5ance ( 8 subject4#eb ,su* an advance ) su* an arti/ plac$ him 9 ! rank ( ! immortals among ! portraiti/s4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ! judgm5t ( ! greate/ pa9t]s1 decoration 9 a portrait %\ld be altoge!r subord9at$ to ! tru?ful repres5tation ( "*1 ?is practice be+ only v>i$ :5 ! p]sonage portray$ is ( public importance1 & ! portrait is requir$ m or less z a monum5t4 ,! rule is natural & reasonable1 be+ bas$ ^u ! univ]sal agreem5t t ! all-important "p ( a man compreh5d$ by ! vision is 8 c\nt5ance4 ,b ! rule only /rictly applies to a s+le figure portrait1 = :5 ! pa9t] goes beyond ?is1 & executes a d\ble portrait or a multiple gr\p1 he re/ricts ! scope ( 8 art4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal a d\ble portrait is necess>ily inf]ior art to a s+le figure picture1 s9ce ! dual objective complicates ! impression ( ! "w on ! bra91 & ! only rem$y1 or p>tial rem$y1 = ?is drawback possess$ by ! pa9t] is to introduce accessories & arrange 8 gr\p 9 a subject design4 ,?is plan results 9 detract+ f ! =ce ( ! actual portraits1 z x divides ! att5tion ( ! obs]v]1 b !re is no help = x unless "o is cont5t ) ! repres5tation ( ! figures 9 a /iff & =mal way :i* ext+ui%es ! pictorial effect ( ! "w4 ,! greate/ arti/s h avoid$ dual or triple portrait works :]e possible except 9 cases ( ga!r+s ( memb]s ( ! same family1 z "o ( ^! gr\ps may be reg>d$ z a unity by ! obs]v]4 ,nev]!less 9 8 picture ( ,leo ,x41 & ! two y\ng] ,m$ici1a ,raphael 0 c>eful to subord9ate ! c>d9als s t !y %\ld appe> little m ?an accessories 9 a pa9t+ ( ! ,pope2 an example :i* 0 foll[$ n q s successfully by ,titian 9 8 triple portrait ( ,paul ,,iii4 ) ! two bro!rs ,f>nese4b ,a gr\p ( two p]sons :o are 9 "s way associat$ ) ea* o!r1 ?\gh unconnect$ 9 action1 r>ely looks out ( place1 z 9 ! pictures ( fa!r & son1 or ( two bro!rs1 pa9t$ by ,van ,dyck1 or 9 ,! ,ambassadors ( ,holbe91c b no pa9t] has yet succe$$ 9 produc+ a fir/-class "w ( art out ( a multiple portrait gr\p :5 ! p]sonages repres5t$ are unconnect$ ) ea* o!r1 ei!r directly 9 action1 or indirectly ?r\gh association d]iv$ f ! title4 ,! picture ( ,rub5s repres5t+ ,lipsius & ?ree o!rs1 w\ld appe> mu* m /iff & =mal ?an x is1 )\t "o ( ! two titles giv5 to x1 not)/&+ ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! composition4d ,:5 ! figures introduc$ are v num]\s1 z 9 ! _m gr\ps ( civic organizations pa9t$ by ,hals1 ,rave/eyn1 & o!rs1 ! compulsory =mality s]i\sly detracts f ! ae/hetic value ( ! works1 h[ev] sup]ior !y may be 9 execution1 or :atev] ! connection ( ! p]sonages repres5t$2 & :5 we come to su* cr[d$ pa9t+s z ,t]burg's ,sign+ ! ,peace ( ,mu5/]1e we obta9 b little m ?an a record1 ?\gh x be ( absorb+ hi/orical int]e/4 a ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 b ,naples ,museum4 c ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 d ,! ,f\r ,philosoph]s1 or ,lipsius & 8 ,disciples1 ,pitti ,palace4 e ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,x is obs]vable t z a rule portraiti/s h be5 m successful ) del9eations ( m5 ?an ( wom54 ,?is is to be acc\nt$ = by ! necessity = subord9at+ ! repres5tation ( "* to ! art 9 ! case ( wom5 unless !y h pass$ ! prime ( life2 :ile ) m5 ! art is usually subord9at$ to ! portrait1 "* be+ s\ght indep5d5tly ( s5sorial beauty4 ,/rictly x is ! duty ( ! arti/ to make 8 portrait1 :e!r ( a man or a woman1 s5sorially attractive1 b "h aga9 9 portraiture cu/om & conv5tion h to be consid]$ ) ! rules ( art4 ,x is agre$ t ) a woman s5sorial beauty mu/ be produc$ if t be possible1 ev5 ) ! sacrifice ( c]ta9 elem5ts ( "*2 b ) a man ! portrait mu/ be recogniz$ by ! acqua9tances ( ! subject z correspond+ 9 mo/ details ) 8 life appe>ance4 ,! future ( ! portrait is out ( ! "q = ! "t be+4 ,nev]!less ! pa9t] has c]ta9 advantages 9 deal+ ) ! features ( a man1 = ! pres5ce ( l9es 9 ! br[1 or o!r evid5ce ( exp]i5ce1 does n int]f]e ) ! nobility or dignity :i* may be add$ to 8 g5]al be>+2 b :at w\ld be l9es 9 ! c\nt5ance ( a man w\ld be wr9kles 9 t ( a woman1 because "h !y c sc>cely be neutraliz$ by attitude & expression :i* imply /r5g? ( "*1 )\t de/roy+ :at is be/ describ$ z womanly *>m1 :i* is a compulsory feature 9 e woman's portrait4 ,) a man !re=e ! portraiti/ consid]s "* fir/ & emphasizes qualities ( =m )9 8 p[]2 :ile ) a woman1 dur+ ! p]iod ( h] bloom1 beauty ( =m & feature mu/ be ! fir/ c>e ( ! arti/1 unconflict+ qualities ( "* be+ emphasiz$ or add$4 ,all ?is 0 ( c\rse recogniz$ by ! great portraiti/s ( ! ,r5aissance & ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b :ile mo/ ( !m endeav\r$ to enhance ! s5sorial beauty ( _! m5 subjects1 little attempt 0 made to add intellectual grace to ! portrayals ( wom54 ,antonio ,moroa & ,van ,dyck1 9 _! full l5g? portraits ( wom51 sometimes succe$$ 9 conv]t+ dignity ( =m into :at we und]/& z gr&eur1 :i* implies dignity ( expression z well z grace & dignity ( =m1 b !y 7 l>gely h&icapp$ by ! dress fa%ions ( _! times4 ,!y _h to deal ) heavy =mal drap]y :i* hung ov] ! figures l elongat$ bells1 & bid defiance to fre$om ( pose4 ,:5 fa%ions & cu/oms _h s *ang$ z to all[ ( def9ition be+ giv5 to ! figures1 ,van ,dyck _h be5 dead = _m ye>s4 ,mean:ile ,hals1 ,rembr&t1 ,velasquez1 & hundr$s ( less] lights1 7 ca/+ ar\nd _! fl[]s ( =m & m9d1 b all on ! old plan1 = x is difficult to f9d a portrait ( a woman pa9t$ dur+ ! c5tury succe$+ ,van ,dyck1 :]e beauty ( feature is alli$ to nobility 9 expression4 a ,catil9a ( ,portugal1 & ,m>ia ( ,au/ria1 bo? at ! ,prado4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad 7,see page #afh7 ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia 7,pompeian ,fresco7 ,suppos$ copy ( a pa9t+ by ,timan!s ,! production ( ?is comb9ation await$ ! maturity ( ,reynolds1 :o ) ,ga9sbor\gh1 broke into a new field 9 ! portraiture ( wom54 ,ga9sbor\gh took ! gr&eur ( ,van ,dyck = 8 patt]n1 b improv$ ^u x by sub/itut+ simplicity = dignity & elaboration1 :i* he 0 able to manage )\t great difficulty1 z he _h a cle> advantage ov] ! ,flemi% ma/] 9 t ! co/umes 9 use 9 8 "t 7 light] 9 "*1 & p]mitt$ ( ! cont\r ( =m be+ prop]ly exhibit$4 ,?is simple grace ( =m alli$ to gr&eur 9 be>+1 naturally br+s ab\t an app>5t modification 9 expression 9 con=mity ) x1 s long z !re are no conflict+ elem5ts 9 expression pres5t1 :i* ,ga9sbor\gh 0 c>eful to avoid4 ,reynolds w5t fur!r ?an ,ga9sbor\gh1 = aft] ! middle ( 8 c>e] he directly add$ an expression ( nobility to 8 portraits ( wom5 :5ev] ! features w\ld admit ( x1 & s br\ght ab\t ! highe/ type ( fem99e portraiture kn[n 9 art4 ,he 0 m ne>ly alli$ to ,titian ?an ,van ,dyck1 & ?\gh 9 %e] =ce ( s5sorial beauty he did n rea* ! level ( ! ,v5etian ma/]1 yet 9 pure fem99e portraiture1 :]e high beauty ( expression is comb9$ ) a p]fect g5]alization ( ! features1 ,reynolds is unsurpass$ 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 s f> z we c judge f examples rema9+ to u4 ,= we mu/ e/imate an arti/ f 8 be/ "w4 ,reynolds pa9t$ =ty or fifty portraits ( wom5 ( ! "* indicat$1 & a few ( !m1 notably ,mrs4 ,siddons z ,trag$y1a & ,mrs4 ,bill+ton z ,/4 ,cecilia1b are among/ ! mo/ lum9\s examples ( fem99e portraiture 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re are _m arti/s :o equall$ ,reynolds 9 ! repres5tation ( m51 b !re are v few inde$ :o ev5 attempt$ to /rike a j balance betwe5 s5sorial & intellectual effects 9 ! c\nt5ance ( a woman4 a ,we/m9/] ,coll41 ,london4 b ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 ,) su* great lead]s z ,reynolds & ,ga9sbor\gh1 x might h be5 hop$ t ! s*ool !y f\nd$ 9 portraiture w\ld h tak5 a long lease ( life1 b x rapidly di$ away1 leav+ v few inde$ ( foot/eps sunk deep 9 ! s&s ( glory1 save ^? ( ,raeburn1 ,hoppn]1 ,lawr5ce1 & ,romney4 ,b betwe5 ,reynolds & ,romney !re is a wide gulf1 = :ile ! =m] s\ght = 8 beauty among ! high] gifts ( nature1 ,romney1 ) r>e exceptions1 0 cont5t ) a =mal expression alli$ to grace ( pose4 ,we may %ortly consid] ?is graceful attitude = x seems to be (t5 reg>d$ z an all-suffic+ feature 9 ! repres5tation ( wom54#ec ,! *>m ( grace lies *iefly 9 movem5t1 & a graceful attitude 9 repose implies re/ f graceful movem5t1 b ?is attitude is ephem]al 9 nature1 = if prolong$ x quickly becomes an artificial pose4 ,9 art !re=e1 a graceful pose1 :e!r exhibit$ 9 action or at re/1 mu/ soon tire unless attractive expression be pres5t to deep5 ! impress ( ! "w ^u ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,! g5]al ae/hetic value ( graceful =m 9 a pa9t$ figure v>ies ) ! scale to :i* ! figure is drawn4 ,) a h]oic figure1 grace is ( ! smalle/ importance2 9 "o ( life size1 z a portrait = in/ance1 ! quality is ( consid]able assi/+ value2 & z ! scale is dim9i%$1 s does ! relative value ( grace increase4 ,?is is because details ( expression c be less tru?fully r5d]$ 9 small figures ?an 9 ^? ( life size1 :ile 9 m9iature figures c]ta9 high qualities ( expression1 z nobility1 or a comb9$ expression ( m9d & =m1 z gr&eur1 c be sc>cely indicat$ at all1 s t purely s5sorial beauty1 z t aris+ f grace ( pose1 becomes ( comp>atively va/ importance4 ,?is 0 well und]/ood 9 anci5t times4 ,! ,grecian sculptur$ life-size figures are ne>ly always graceful1 b ! grace arises naturally f p]fection ( =m & expression1 & n f a specially add$ quality1 a p>ticul> grace ( pose be+ always subord9at$1 if pres5t at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! small] ,grecian figures1 su* z ^? f\nd at ,tanagra & 9 ,asia ,m9or1 any?+ 9 expression beyond regul>ity ( features is n attempt$1 b grace is always pres5t1 & x is entirely ^u ?is t ! beauty ( ! figur9es dep5ds4 ,we may presume f ! frescoes op5$ out at ,pompeii1 t ! anci5ts 7 well aw>e ( ! value & limitations ( grace 9 art4 ,9 all ^! decorations :]e ! figures are ( a g5]al type1 z fauns1 bac*antes1 n]eids1 danc]s1 & s on1 !y are repres5t$ 9 motion1 fly+ drap]y be+ skilfully us$ to provide illusion4 ,grace is ! highe/ quality evid5t 9 ^! =ms1 :ile ! expression is inv>iably negative4 ,= pure wall decorations1 :i* are obs]v$ 9 a casual way1 a high quality ( grace su* z ^! frescoes provide is all-suffici5t1 b z ) ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans did n make grace a lead+ feature 9 s]i\s art4 ,) ! great pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 nobility1 gr&eur1 & g5]al p]fection ( =m & expression1 ?\gh necess>ily imply+ a c]ta9 grace 9 demean\r1 altoge!r dw>f$ ! feature ( grace ( pose4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 grace 0 subord9at$ to dignity ( =m 9 ! case ( ,van ,dyck & ,velasquez1 & to actual life exp]i5ce ) ,rub5s & ,rembr&t4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! la/ two add$ a quality ( =m to _! figures1 x 0 always dignity & n grace4 ,murillo 0 ! fir/ ,spani% pa9t] to pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! grace ( 8 figures1 b he nev] gave x pr$om9ance4 ,! ,fr5* ma/]s ( ! p]iod1 ,le ,brun1 ,le ,sueur1 ,p\ss91 ,mign>d1 & ,rigaud1 lean$ too closely to classical traditions to p]mit ( grace play+ a lead+ "p 9 _! designs1 ?\gh "s ( slightly less] fame z ,noel & ,anto9e ,coypel1 appe>$ to attribute consid]able value to ! quality4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is c5tury 9 ,italy t grace fir/ appe>$ z a prom95t feature 9 figure pa9t+4 ,9 8 pa/oral & classical sc5es1 ,albani seems to h l>gely reli$ ^u x = 8 beauty1 & ,cignani1 ,&rea ,sac*i1 ,sass(]rato1 & o!rs foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh up to ! end ( ! c5tury no attempt 0 made 9 portraiture to sacrifice o!r features to grace ( pose4 ,rosalba !n made h] appe>ance z a portraiti/1 & %e 0 ! fir/ to re/ ! entire beauty ( h] "w on s5sorial *>m ( feature & grace ( pose4 ,%e develop$ a weak5$ s*ool 9 ,france :i* culm9at$ ) ,natti]2 & 9 ,engl&1 ,angelica ,kauffmann1 & "s m9iature pa9t]s1 notably ,cosway & ,humphrey1 took up h] sy/em = _! life-size portraits1 :ile _m arti/s 9 small z ,cipriani & ,b>tolozzi1 assi/$ 9 =m+ a cult ( ! /yle4 ,b ( ! great] ,briti% pa9t]s1 only ,romney gave high importance to grace ( pose 9 portraits ( wom54 ,x is saf] = an arti/ to es*ew grace ( pose altoge!r ?an to sacrifice high] qualities to x4 ,a little add$ dignity is always pref]able to a graceful attitude 9 a portrait1 because 9 nature x is n s evanesc5t a feature4 ,grace is a good assi/+ quality1 b an inf]ior sub/itute4 ,! greate/ repose possible is necess>y 9 a portrait1 z a sugge/ion ( action t5ds to draw ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] to x1 ?us imp$+ ! impression ( ! :ole ^u 8 m9d4 ,! lead+ portraiti/s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies nev] err$ 9 ?is matt]1 unless we except a s+le "w by ,titian--! portrait gr\p ( ,paul ,,iii4 & ! ,c>d9als ,f>nese1 :]e ! la/ nam$ has j arriv$ & is app>5tly 9 ! act ( b[+ be=e complet+ 8 f9al /ep2 b ev5 "h x may be fairly argu$ t a mom5t ( re/ betwe5 two p>ts ( ! f9al action is to be presum$4 ,x 0 n an uncommon practice ( ,van ,dyck to pose a subject arre/$ 9 ! act ( walk+1 or ) "o foot on ! l[e/ /ep ( a /airway z if ab\t to asc5d2 b 9 ea* ( ^! in/ances ! head is turn$1 & x is obvi\s t ! motion is tempor>ily /ay$4a ,a simil> pose 0 sometimes adopt$ by ,briti% arti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) conspicu\s success4 ,if a portrait figure be pa9t$ 9 ! act ( walk+ on level gr\nd1 ! feet mu/ be toge!r ev5 if ! mom5t repres5t$ be t betwe5 two /eps 9 ! action1 because x is contr>y to all exp]i5ce = a man to re/ :ile s walk+1 ) "o foot 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,9 a g5]al composition ! repres5tation ( a man walk+ ) ! feet sep>at$ is p]missible1 because x is "p ( a g5]al action1 & accessory 9 its nature1 b 9 a portrait ! beg9n+ & end ( ! action depict$ are usually unkn[n1 & h5ce any action mu/ be mean+less & di/urb+ to ! obs]v]4b a ,see ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 ,wilton ,coll41 ,c\ntess ( ,devon%ire1 ,*atswor?1 & ,philip le ,roy1 ,wallace ,coll41 all 9 ,engl&4 b ,see ,*ase's ,ma/] ,rol&1 private ,coll41 ,n4 ,y42 & ,manet's ,boy ) a ,sword1 ,met4 ,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,fr5* & ,engli% arti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury foll[$ ! practice ( _! pr$ecessors 9 avoid+ ! exhibition ( movem5t 9 _! portraits1 b occasionally !y dep>t$ f ! rule4 ,9 8 f9e portrait ( ,mrs4 ,?omas ,raikes1 ,romney %[s ! lady play+ a h>psi*ord1 ) ! f+]s app>5tly 9 motion2 & 9 8 gr\p ( ! ,ladies ,sp5c]1 "o ( !m is f+]+ a h>p4 ,! result 9 ea* case is a /iff attitude :i* detracts f ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,van ,dyck manag$ su* a design 9 a mu* bett] way1 = 9 8 portrait ( 8 wife ) a cello1 %e holds ! b[ di/9ctly at re/4a ,titian also1 :5 repres5t+ a man at an organ1 %[s 8 h&s /ay$1 :ile turn+ 8 head4b ,reynolds mov$ aside once f ! cu/om 9 respect ( action1c & ,raeburn seems also to h err$ only on a s+le occasion4d a ,muni* ,gall]y4 b ,v5us & ! ,organ ,play]1 ,prado4 c ,visc\ntess ,crosbie1 ,t5nant ,coll41 ,london4 d ,dr4 ,na?aniel ,sp5s1 ,royal ,co4 ( ,ar*]s1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,expression4 ,,"p ,,vi--,,miscellane\s ,grief--,! smile--,! op5 m\?--,contra/s--,repres5tation ( dea?4 ,! pa9t] has ev] to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ov]-emphasis ( facial expression4 ,8 fir/ object is to pres5t an imm$iately intelligible composition1 & ?is be+ accompli%$1 mu* has already be5 done t[>ds provid+ appropriate expressions = 8 *>act]s4 ,x has be5 se5 t attitude alone may appe> to l5d to a c\nt5ance suitable expression :i* is n obs]v$ :5 ! head ( ! figure is consid]$ sep>ately2 & :ile su* a condition is n frequ5t1 its possibility indicates t ! pa9t] is w>rant$ 9 rely+ m or less ^u ! details ( 8 action = convey+ ! /ate ( m9d ( ! p]sonages conc]n$ !re94 ,x is n ! purpose "h to deal ) ! v>i\s =ms ( expression t may be ( use to ! pa9t]1 nor inde$ is x necess>y4 ,! "w ( ,raphael alone leaves little to be le>n$ 9 respect ( ! expression ( emotion s f> z x may be exhibit$ 9 a pa9t+#ed2 b !re are a few matt]s 9 relation to ! subject :i* appe> to require att5tion1 judg+ f exp]i5ce ( mod]n pa9t+1 & %ort notes ^u !m are "h giv54 ,,grief ,int5se grief is ! mo/ difficult expression to depict 9 ! :ole art ( pa9t+1 because 9 nature x usually results 9 di/ortion ( ! features1 :i* ! arti/ mu/ avoid at all co/4 ,( ! ?\s&s ( pa9t+s ( sc5es relat+ to ! ,crucifixion1 :]e ! ,virg9 is presum$ to be 9 great agony at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 v r>ely has an arti/ attempt$ to portray ?is agony 9 reali/ic mann]4a ,he g5]ally sub/itutes = grief an expression ( sorr[ :i* is produc$ )\t contraction ( ! features4 ,?is expression1 :i* is inv>iably accompani$ ) extreme pallor1 does n prev5t ! addition ( a c]ta9 nobility to ! c\nt5ance1 & h5ce no sugge/ion ( insuffici5cy arises 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,b ! sublime expression :i* may be giv5 to ! ,virg9 w\ld be out ( place 9 h] att5dants :o are n infrequ5tly made hide\s ?r\gh attempts to repres5t !m z ov]come ) grief4 a ,a notable exception is ,p\ss9's ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 ,h]mitage4 ,a me?od ( avoid+ ! difficulty is to conceal ! face ( ! p]sonage presum$ to be suff]+ f grief4 ,timan!s is record$ by ,pl9y z hav+ pa9t$ a picture ( ! ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia 9 :i* ! head ( ,agamemnon 0 completely cov]$ by 8 robe2 & a picture ( ! same subject 9 a ,pompeian fresco repres5ts ! ,grecian mon>* hid+ 8 face ) 8 "r h&1 :ile ! left ga!rs up 8 robe4a ,?is inv5tion 0 ! subject ( consid]able discussion 9 ,europe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 :i* ,reynolds1 ,falconet1 ,less+1 & o!rs took "p4 ,reynolds said ( ! device t an arti/ might use x once1 b if he did s a second "t1 he w\ld be ju/ly suspect$ ( improp]ly evad+ difficulties4 ,falconet comp>$ ! action ( ,timan!s to t ( a poet :o avoid$ express+ c]ta9 s5tim5ts on ! gr\nd t ! action ( 8 h]o 0 above any?+ t c\ld be saidb2 :ile ,less+ held t ! grief :i* ov]came ,agamemnon c\ld only f9d expression 9 di/ortion1 & h5ce ! arti/ 0 "r 9 cov]+ ! face4c ,unque/ionably ,less+ 0 ju/ifi$1 = no?+ m is dem&$ ( ! pa9t] ?an to impress ! imag9ation ( ! obs]v] ) ! int5sity ( ! grief depict$1 & 9 ?is he succe$s4 ,obvi\sly ! poet is 9 a diff]5t position f ! pa9t] because he c express deep grief easily en\gh )\t sugge/+ di/ortion ( ! features4 a ,see ,plate #adee4 b ,traduction des #cdme1 #ceme1 et #cfme livres de ,pl9e4 c ,laocoon4 ,! artifice ( ,timan!s 0 practically unus$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 ?\gh ,botticelli once conceals ! face ( a woman lam5t+ ov] ! body ( ,*ri/1a & ,ri*>dson quotes a draw+ by ,polidoro :]e ! ,virg9 hides h] face 9 drap]y 9 a lam5tation sc5e4 ,9 ,fl&]s at a little e>li] p]iod1 ,rog] van d] ,weyd5 us$ ! device1b & ! ,maitre de ,flemalle %[s ,/4 ,john turn+ 8 head away & hold+ 8 h& to 8 face 9 a ,crucifixion sc5e4c ,9 ! succe$+ c5turies little 0 kn[n ( ! practice1 b q lately x has come into use aga94 ,boeckl9 pa9t$ a ,pieta 9 :i* ! ,virg9 has ?r[n h]self ov] ! dead body ( ,*ri/ 9 an agony ( grief1 h] :ole =m be+ cov]$ by a cloak4 ,feu]ba* has a some:at simil> arrangem5t1 & 9 a picture ( ! ,dep>ture ( ,jason1 he hides ! face ( an att5dant ( ,m$ea1 a plan adopt$ 9 two or ?ree frescoes ( ! subject at ,pompeii4 ,prud'hon1 9 a ,crucifixion sc5e1 hides ! face ( ! ,magdal5e 9 h] h&s1 & ,kaulba* 9 8 ,m>gu]ite s b5ds h] head t h] face is completely conceal$ f ! obs]v]4 ,:]e ! face _c altoge!r be hidd5 ow+ to ! "* ( ! design1 x is sometimes ?r[n into s deep a %ade t ! features are indi/+ui%able1 ?is be+ an excell5t device = symbolical figures typify+ great angui%4d a ,! ,br]a1 ,milan4 b ,9 a sc5e ( ,! ,eu*>i/1 ,antw]p4 c ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 ,b]l94 d ,z 9 ,hack]'s ,cry ( ,egypt4 ,x is n a good plan 9 a tragic design m]ely to turn ! head away to indicate grief or sorr[1 because 9 su* a case ! arti/ is unable to diff]5tiate betwe5 a p]son exp]i5c+ int5se grief1 & "o :o turns 8 head f horror ( ! trag$y4a ,! s*eme ( half veil+ ! face is n (t5 successful1 s9ce ! dep? ( emotion t w\ld be presum$ f su* an action may be m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! v limit$ feel+ :i* c be indicat$ by ! "p ( ! face rema9+ expos$4 ,on acc\nt ( a neutraliz+ effect ( ?is k9d1 ,loefftz's f9e picture ( ! ,dead ,*ri/ at ,muni* is mu* weak5$1 = !re is no /rong] expression on ! "p ( ! ,virg9 ?an pati5t resignation4 ,sorr[ may well be display$ by semi-concealm5t ( ! features1 because "h ! necess>y expression may be produc$ by ! eyes alone4b ,9 anci5t art1 to half conceal ! face indicat$ discretion1 z 9 ! case ( a ,pompeian fresco :]e a nurse ( ! "y ,neptune1 h&+ him ov] to a %eph]d = education1 has h] m\? & *9 cov]$1 ! mean+ ( ?is be+ t %e is acqua9t$ ) ! high bir? ( ! boy1 b mu/ n reveal x4 a ,see ,gros's ,timoleon ( ,cor9?4 b ,leighton's ,captive ,&roma*e4 ,,! ,,smile ,a pron\nc$ smile 9 nature is always transitory1 & h5ce %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible 9 a pa9t+4 ,! only smile t does n tire is t :i* is s fa9t z to appe> to be p]man5t 9 ! expression1 & x has be5 ! aim ( _m pa9t]s to produce ?is smile4 ,an exam9ation ( num]\s pictures :]e a smile is express$ 9 ! c\nt5ance has conv9c$ ! writ] t :5 ei!r ! eyes alone1 or ! eyes & m\? toge!r1 are us$ to indicate a smile1 x is inv>iably ov]-pron\nc$ z a sugge/ive p]man5t feature1 & t 9 e case ( su* p]man5ce1 success arises f "w on ! m\? alone4 ,! p]man5t smile 0 n /udi$ 9 ,europe till ! ,milanese s*ool 0 f\nd$1 & 9 ?is ne>ly e arti/ gave 8 att5tion to x1 foll[+ ! example ( ,lion>do4 ,?is great ma/]1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( art1 is n likely to h _h 9 8 m9d an evanesc5t expression :5 he exp]im5t$ ) ! smile1 & "o c h>dly und]/& !re=e :y ?is feature is almo/ inv>iably ov]-emphasiz$ 9 8 works4 ,9 8 portrayal ( wom5 he us$ bo? eyes & m\? to br+ ab\t ! smile1a & m commonly ?an n paid mo/ att5tion to ! eyes4 ,p]haps he _h 9 view ! production ( a p]man5t smile solely by means ( ! eyes1 :i* play s great a "p 9 g5]al expression4 ,9 nature x is physically impossible = a smile to be produc$ )\t a fa9t v>iation 9 ! m\? l9e1 :ile ! l[] eyelids may rema9 p]fectly free f any *ange 9 light & %ade1 ev5 ) a smile m pron\nc$ ?an is necess>y = app>5t p]man5ce4 ,9 ! ,mona ,lisa at ,bo/on1#ef ! smile is v fa9tly indicat$ by ! eyes1 & mo/ pron\nc$ at ! m\?1 :ile 9 ! fam\s ,p>is picture1 ! eyes are *iefly responsible = ! smile1 ! m\? only slightly assi/+4#eg ,_m smil+ faces 7 produc$ by o!rs ( ! ,milanese s*ool1 & z a rule ! m\? only 0 us$1 (t5 ) complete success1 notably by ,b4 ,lu9i1b ,p$r9i1c & ,f]r>i4d ,raphael nev] us$ ! eyes to assi/ 9 produc+ a smile1 except ) ! ,*ild ,*ri/1e & 9 all cases :]e he exhibits a smile 9 a ,madonnaf or portrait1g x appe>s def9itely p]man5t4 ,z a rule ! great arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance o!r ?an ! disciples ( ,lion>do1 r>ely produc$ a smile ) ! int5tion ( sugge/+ a p]man5tly happy expression1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury little att5tion 0 giv5 to x4 a ,an exception :]e ! m\? only is us$ is a draw+ = ! ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,anne1 ,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,london4 b ,salome1 ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 c ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,arezzo4 d ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,br]a1 ,milan4 e ,c[p] ,madonna1 ,pan%ang]1 ,engl&4 f ,see ,casa ,tempi ,madonna1 ,muni*2 & ,virg9 ) a ,goldf9*1 ,uffizi4 g ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man1 ,budape/2 & ! ,=n>9a1 ,b>b]9i ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 ,! great ,fr5* portraiti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury frequ5tly made ! smile a feature 9 expression1 & a few ( !m1 notably ,la ,t\r1 seldom produc$ a c\nt5ance )\t "o4 ,9 mo/ cases ! smile is a little too pron\nc$ = p]man5ce1 b !re are _m examples ( a fa9t & delicate smile :i* may well sugge/ an habitual condition4 ,rigaud's ,l\is ,,xv4 z a ,boy is an in/ance1a ?\gh "h ! illusion quickly passes :5 we br+ to m9d ! o!r portraits ( ! mon>*4 ,natti]1b ,b\*]1c ,dumont le ,roma91d ,p]ronneau1e ,*>d91 ,rosl91 & o!rs1 sometimes succe$$1 b ! ,fr5* ma/] ( ! smile 0 ,la ,t\r :o execut$ q a doz5 examples :i* ,lion>do might h envi$4f ,( ,briti% arti/s ,romney 0 ! mo/ adept 9 produc+ a p]man5t smile1g b /range to say !re is no in/ance ( "o 9 8 _m portraits ( ,lady ,hamilton1 beyond h] repres5tation z a bac*ante4h ,"h ! smile is f> too pron\nc$ = a pla9 portrait1 b a bac*ante may reasonably be suppos$ to be ev] engag$ 9 sc5es ( pleasure1 & h5ce ! feature does n seem to be out ( place4 ,reynolds commonly us$ bo? eyes & m\? 9 creat+ 8 smiles1i b ,raeburn 0 ne>ly equal to ,romney 9 ! numb] ( 8 felicit\s smiles1 :ile he seldom exce$$ ! m9imum expression requir$ = p]man5ce4j ,ga9sbor\gh produc$ a few portraits ( wom5 ) a vague furtive smile1 sweet & expressive beyond degree4k ,!y are inv>iably br\ght ab\t by a fa9t curvature ( ! m\? l9e4 a ,at ,v]sailles4 b ,madame ,l\ise1 at ,v]sailles4 c ,portrait ( a ,"y ,woman1 ! ,l\vre4 d ,two examples 9 ! gr\p ,madame ,m]ci] & ,family1 ,l\vre4 e ,madame ,olivi]1 ,gr\lt 7=m]ly71 ,coll41 ,p>is4 f ,see ,madame de la ,popel9i]e & ,mdlle4 ,c>mago1 bo? at ,sa9t ,qu5t9 ,museum2 & ,madame ,pompad\r1 ,l\vre4 g ,see ,mrs4 ,yates1 ,llangattock ,coll42 ,william ,boo?1 ,la?om ,coll42 & ,mrs4 ,tickle1 ,a4 de ,ro?s*ild 7=m]ly7 ,coll41 all ,engl&4 h ,t4 ,*amb]layne ,coll41 ,engl&4 i ,= exceptions see ,hon4 ,lav9ia ,b+ham1 ,sp5c] ,coll41 & ,mrs4 ,ab+ton1 ,fife ,coll41 bo? ,engl&4 j ,see ,f>m]'s ,wife1 ,mit*ell ,coll42 ,mrs4 ,lauzun1 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 & ,mrs4 ,balf\r1 ,bei? ,coll41 ,scotl&4 k ,lady ,%effield1 ,alice ,ro?s*ild ,coll42 & ,mrs4 ,leyb\rne1 ,popham ,coll4 ,,! ,,op5 ,,m\? ,if !re be "o transi5t feature m ?an ano!r :i* %\ld be avoid$ 9 a pa9t+1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! pr9cipal figure1 x is a wide-op5 m\?4 ,necess>ily1 aft] a %ort acqua9tance ) a picture conta9+ su* a feature1 ei!r ! m\? appe>s to be kept op5 by a w$ge1 or1 z 9 ! case ( a laugh1 ! face is likely to we> an abnormal expression approa*+ to idiocy1 = x is altoge!r contr>y to exp]i5ce ( normal p]sons 9 real life1 = a m\? to be kept op5 long] ?an = an in/ant or two4 ,h5ce ! fir/ arti/s h /udi\sly refra9$ f exhibit+ a wide-op5 m\?1 or inde$ "o t is op5 at all except to su* an ext5t t ! p>t$ lips appe> a p]man5t condition4 ,b a few great m5 h err$ 9 ! matt]4 ,?us1 ,mantegna %[s ! *ild ,*ri/ ) ! m\? widely op5 9 a half-vacant & half-/>tl$ expression1 :i* is imm$iately repell+4a ,dosso ,dossi has sev]al pictures mu* injur$ by ! feature1b & 9 ,ercole di ,rob]ti's ,conc]t1 no less ?an ?ree m\?s are wide op54c ,"o ( ! figures 9 ,velasquez's ,?ree ,musicians op5s 8 m\? f> too widely1d :ile ,hals has half a doz5 pictures ) ! defect4e ,a r>e mi/ake 0 made by ,c>lo ,dolci :5 %[+ ,*ri/ ) ,8 m\? op5 wide 9 ! act ( utt]ance1f & ,m5gs err$ simil>ly 9 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ ,prea*+4g ,9 m mod]n times ! fault is seldom noticeable among arti/s ( repute1 ?\gh occasionally a bad example occurs1 z 9 ,w9sl[ ,hom]'s ,all's ,well4h ,ev5 :5 an op5 m\? seems unavoidable1 ! effect is by no means neutraliz$4i a ,virg9 & ,*ild at ,b]gamo4 b ,notably ,a ,muse ,in/ruct+ a ,c\rt ,poet1 & ,nymph & ,satyr1 ,pitti ,palace4 c ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 d ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 e ,see ,m]ry ,company at ,table1 ,met4 ,mus41 ,n4 ,y41 & simil> pictures4 f ,*ri/ ,bless+1 a s+le figure picture4 g ,h]mitage1 ,petrograd4 h ,bo/on ,museum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,see ,plate #ae4 i ,z 9 ,d['s ,! ,d5ti/1 ,s*w]9 ,mus41 & a simil> "w at ! ,l\vre4 ,:5 ! blemi% is 9 an accessory figure1 x is ( less] importance z !re x becomes an incid5tal circum/ance on ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 ,?us1 9 ,reynolds's ,infant ,h]cules1 :]e ,alcm5a1 on see+ ! *ild hold+ ! snakes1 op5s h] m\? ) surprise & al>m1 ! action ( ! c5tral figure is s /rong t ! importance ( ! o!rs pres5t is comp>atively insignificant4a ,nev]!less 9 a ,pompeian fresco ( ! same subject1 c>e has be5 tak5 to close ! m\? ( ,alcm5a4 ,:]e ! design repres5ts sev]al p]sons s++1 x is well possible to indicate ! action )\t %[+ ! m\?s op51 z 9 ,raphael's ,/4 ,cecilia4b ,9 a picture ( a l subject1 ) ! ,sa9t 9 ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( five s+]s1 ,dom5i*9o %[s only ! two outside figures ) op5 m\?s1 & "o ( ^! is 9 pr(ile4 ,!re are sev]al works :]e ,david is se5 s++ to ! accompanim5t ( a h>p1 b ?\gh 8 m\? is op51 ! figure is 9 pr(ile1 & ! lips are hidd5 by m\/a*e & be>d4c a ,h]mitage1 ,petrograd4 b ,bologna ,museum4 c ,= example1 ,rub5s's ,david's ,la/ ,song1 ,frank=t ,museum4 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 c]ta9 cases artificial conditions may r5d] an op5 m\? 9 a picture ( comp>atively little significance4 ,a pa9t$ laugh = in/ance may only become objectionable to ! obs]v] :5 ! "w is con/antly be=e him2 b :5 x is 9 a picture gall]y & he sees x b r>ely1 ! la/+ "* ( ! feature is n pres5t$ to 8 m9d4 ,! ,laugh+ ,cavali] ( ,franz ,hals1 ?\gh violat+ ! pr9ciple1 does n appe> 9 bad ta/e to ! av]age visitor to ! ,wallace ,collection4 ,9 ! case ( ,rembr&t's portrait ( himself ) ,saskia on 8 knee1 :]e ! arti/ has 8 lips p>t$ 9 ! act ( laugh+1 !re is an additional reason :y ! transi5t expression %\ld n tire4 ,because ( ! numb] ( self-portraits he pa9t$1 ! c\nt5ance ( ,rembr&t is q famili> to mo/ picture gall]y visitors1 & to ^! ! laugh 9 ! ,dresd5 picture c\ld n possibly pass z an habitual expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae 7,see page #agf7 ,w9sl[ ,hom]'s ,all's ,well 7,bo/on ,museum7 ,,contra/s ,designs specially built up = ! purpose ( contra/+ two or m attributes or conditions are almo/ inv>iably un9t]e/+ unless ! motive be hidd5 beh9d a def9ite action :i* appe>s to control ! s*eme4 ,?is is because ( ! difficulty ( o!rwise connect+ ! p]sonages contra/$ 9 a p>ticul> action ( common und]/&+4 ,a design ( ,h]cules & ,omphale af=ds a sup]ior contra/ ( /r5g? & beauty to a composition ( ,/r5g? & ,wisdom4 ,9 ea* case a h]culean figure & a lovely woman repres5t ! respective qualities1 b 9 ! fir/ ! figures are connect$ by expression & action1 & 9 ! second no connection c be e/abli%$4 ,s 9 contra/+ beauty ( m9d ) t ( =m1 ?is is mu* bett] repres5t$ by su* a subject z ,hippocrates & ! ,bride ( ,p]diccas ?an 9 ! ,v5etian mann] ( figures unconnect$ 9 ! design4 ,& 9 respect ( conditions1 ,fri?'s picture ( ,pov]ty & ,weal?1 :]e a c>riage full ( fa%ionable wom5 drives ?r\gh a poor section ( ,london1 has little m ?an a topographical int]e/1 b 9 a subject su* z ,! ,fir/ ,visit ( ,croesus to ,aesop1 ! contra/ betwe5 pov]ty & weal? w\ld deeply /rike ! imag9ation4 ,9 contra/s ( good & evil1 vice & virtue1 & simil> subjects1 x is inf]ior art to repres5t ! evil "* by an ugly figure4 ,z else:]e po9t$ out1 de=mity ( any k9d injures ! ae/hetic value ( a picture because x t5ds to neutralize ! pleasurable feel+ d]iv$ f ! beauty pres5t4 ,! poet may jo9 physical de=mity ) beauty because he c m9imize ! defect ) words1 b ! pa9t] has no su* rec\rse4#eh ,a de=m$ p]sonage 9 a composition is !re=e to be deprecat$ unless z a necess>y accessory 9 a hi/orical "w1 9 :i* case he mu/ be subord9at$ to ! fulle/ ext5t possible4 ,! figure ( ,satan1 ( an exagg]at$ satyr type1 has (t5 be5 introduc$ into subjects su* z ! ,temptation ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh n by arti/s ( ! fir/ rank4a ,su* pictures d n live z high class works ( art h[ev] !y be pa9t$4 ,correggio makes a contra/ ( ,vice & ,virtue 9 two pa9t+s1b repres5t+ ,vice by a man b\nd1 b usually 9 ! mature "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,vice 0 %[n z a woman1 ei!r beautiful 9 features1 or ) h] face p>tly hidd51 v>i\s accessories indicat+ h] "*4 ,a notable exception is ,salviati's ,ju/ice :]e a hide\s old woman takes ! role ( ,vice4c ,ev5 9 cases :]e a wit* has to be introduc$1 z 9 repres5tations ( ,samuel's ,curse1 x is n necess>y to foll[ ! example ( ,salvator ,rosa1 & r5d] h] ) de=m$ features1 = !re are sev]al excell5t works :]e ?is defect is avoid$4d a ,see examples by ,ary ,s*eff]1 ,luxemb\rg2 & ,h4 ,?oma1 ,burnitz ,coll4 b ,bo? at ! ,l\vre4 c ,! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce4 d ,z 9 ,k4 ,mey]'s picture4 ,an effective design ) ! purpose ( contra/+ ! ages ( man is n possible1 fir/ly1 because ! numb] ( ages repres5t$ mu/ be v limit$1 &1 secondly1 = ! reason t ! figures _c be connect$ toge!r 9 a free & easy mann]4 ,h5ce all su* pictures h be5 failures1 ?\gh a few great arti/s h attempt$ ! subject4 ,titian tri$ x ) two *ildr51 a "y c\ple1 & an old man1 assort+ ! p]sonages casually 9 a l&scape )\t attempt+ to connect !m toge!r 9 action4a ,at ab\t ! same "t ,lotto produc$ a contra/1 also ) ?ree ages repres5t$1 namely1 a boy1 a "y man1 & an eld]ly man4b ,^! p]sonages sit toge!r z if !y _h be5 photograph$ = ! purpose1 )\t a ray ( intellig5ce pass+ betwe5 !m4 ,b ?is is f> bett] ?an ,gri5's ,?ree ,ages1c = "h ! arti/ has /rangely confus$ life & dea?1 exhibit+ a gr[n maid51 a middle-ag$ woman1 & a sk9-coat$ skeleton hold+ an h\r-glass4 ,! be/ design ( ! subject is ,van ,dyck's ,f\r ,ages4d ,he %[s a *ild asleep ne> a "y woman :o is sell+ fl[]s to a soldi]1 & an old man is 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,!re is ?us a presum$ connection betwe5 ?ree ( ! p]sonages1 b naturally ! composition is some:at /iff4 ,! only o!r design wor? m5tion+ is by ,boeckl91 :o also repres5ts f\r ages4e ,two *ildr5 play 9 ! backgr\nd ( a l&scape2 a little f>!r back is a "y woman2 !n a cavali] on horseback2 & f9ally on ! top ( an ar* an old man :om ,dea? 9 ! =m ( a skeleton is ab\t to /rike4 ,b "h aga9 !re is no connection betwe5 ! figures1 ! consequ5t =mality half de/roy+ ! ae/hetic value ( ! "w4 ,f ^! examples ?an :i* !re is none bett]1 x may be gaug$ t x is hopeless to expect a good design f a subject :]e ! ages ( man are contra/$4 ,if repres5t$ at all1 ! ages %\ld be contra/$ 9 sep>ate pictures1 z ,lancret pa9t$ !m4 a ,bridgewat] ,coll41 ,engl&4 b ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 c ,! ,prado1 ,madrid4 d ,v9c5za ,museum4 e ,vita somnium breve4 ,! practice ( pres5t+ nude ) clo!d figures :]e ! subject does n absolutely compel x1 is commonly suppos$ to be = ! purpose ( contra/4 ,?is may h be5 ! object 9 "s cases1 b 9 v few is ! int]e/ 9 ! contra/ n outweigh$ by ! biz>re appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,z a rule 9 ^! pictures !re is no?+ 9 ! expressions or actions ( ! p]sonages depict$ to sugge/ a reason = ! abs5ce ( clo!s f "s ( !m1 & s to ! av]age obs]v] !y =m a problem class ( pa9t+4 ,! fir/ important "w ( ! k9d execut$ 0 ,seba/iano del ,piombo's ,conc]t1 9 :i* ! gr\p consi/s ( two nude wom51 "o ) a re$ pipe1 & two m5 attir$ 9 ,v5etian co/ume1 ( :om "o h&les a guit>4a ,! figures are v beautiful & ! l&scape is sup]b1 b z "o _c acc\nt = ! nude figures 9 an op5-air musical p>ty1 ! ae/hetic value ( ! "w is l>gely dim9i%$4 ,?is pa9t+ has sugge/$ sev]al designs to mod]n arti/s1 ! mo/ notable be+ ,manet's ,dejeun] sur l',h]be1 :]e a c\ple ( nude wom5 ) two m5 dress$ 9 mod]n clo!s are %[n 9 a picnic on ! grass4 ,n only is ! s*eme inexplicable1 b ! inv5tion is s extravagant z to provoke ! l[e/ ( sugge/ions4 ,9 a composition ( ?is k9d only a great arti/ c build up a h>moni\s design4 a ,at ! ,l\vre4 ,=m]ly attribut$ to ,giorgione4 ,titian's picture kn[n z ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love1a :]e ! figure ( a nude woman is oppos$ to "o clo!d1 may really signify any ( a doz5 ideas1 b ! arti/ probably _h no o!r s*eme 9 8 m9d ?an to repres5t diff]5t types ( beautiful wom54 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselli's sugge/$ title ( ,l',am\r +5u et l',am\r satisfait1 0 c]ta9ly nev] conceiv$ by ,titian1 nor is ,burckh>dt's proposal1 ,love & ,prud]y1 possible 9 view ( ! fl[]s 9 ! h& ( ! drap$ figure4 ,9 any case ?is picture is ! greate/ ( its k9d1 = ! composition is s delicate & h>moni\s1 & ! art s p]fect1 z to r5d] its precise mean+ a matt] ( little consid]ation4 ,ano!r picture ( ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love 0 pa9t$ by ,gri54b ,he %[s a nude woman f :om ,cupid has j drawn ! drap]y1 & ano!r woman conceal+ h] figure ) loose drap]y4 ,! effect is weak4 ,! nude figures 9 ! well-kn[n ,dr9k]s ( ,velasquezc are undi/urb+ because !y are n v prom95t 9 ! picture1 b _! significance is n app>5t4 a ,borghese ,gall]y1 ,rome4 b ,frank=t ,museum4 c ,! ,prado1 ,madrid4 ,no "o has yet prop]ly expla9$ ! mean+ ( ! nude male figures /&+ at ease 9 ! backgr\nd ( ,mi*elangelo's celebrat$ ,holy ,family4a ,!y are app>5tly pagan gods1 & x is sugge/$ t ! arti/ int5d$ to signify ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,grecian deities by ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,su* an explanation might be possible ) ano!r pa9t]1 b x does n accord ) our conception ( ! m9d ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,a /ill great] puzzle is (f]$ by ,luca ,signorelli :o1 9 ! l&scape backgr\nd ( ! bu/ portrait ( a man1 %[s two nude m5 to ! "r ( ! portrait1 & two attir$ wom5 at ! left4b ,x is impossible to sugge/ any mean+ ( ?is extraord9>y inv5tion4 a ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 b ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 ,,! ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,dea? ,dea? is a subject inappropriate to ! art ( pa9t+ except :]e x is dealt ) symbolically or z an hi/orical incid5t4 ,naturally 9 ei!r ( ^! cases any reali/ic repres5tation ( dea?1 or ( di/ortion connect$ !re)1 %\ld be /udi\sly avoid$4 ,= :ile _m aspects ( dea? may n be unpleasant to ! s5ses1 its actual pres5ce--! cold immobility2 ! pulseless s\lless1 decay+ ?+2 ! appall+ mirror ( our own fate--^! ?+s are mo/ unpleasant1 & h5ce %\ld h no place 9 pa9t+4 ,9 sculpture1 repres5t$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 dea? is admissible1 = 9 m>ble or bronze a body may be c>v$ indicat+ only ! et]nal composure ( a beautiful =m4 ,?is is h[ ! ,greeks %[$ dea?1 :e!r 9 ! case ( a w>rior fall5 on ! battlefield1 or z ! tw9 bro!r ( ,sleep4 ,b ! pa9t] is less =tunate3 = him dea? is decay4 ,! pres5ce ( s _m sc5es ( dea? 9 ! pa9t+s ( ! pa/ 0 ! result ( accid5t4 ,= a long :ile aft] ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance1 ^? controll+ *ur*es & o!r religi\s in/itutions ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 ! *ief & almo/ ! only patrons ( art1 & !y requir$ pa9t+s z well = didactic purposes z = decoration4 ,= "s "t pictures (t5 took ! place ( writ+1 :]e comp>atively few c\ld read1 9 ! inculcation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es & hi/ory1 & !y 7 l>gely us$ z images be=e :i* p c\ld kneel 9 pray]4 ,! mo/ important facts be>+ ^u ,*ri/ian fai? are conc]n$ ) dea?1 & s !re h be5 accumulat$ ?\s&s ( pa9t+s ( sc5es ( ! ,crucifixion1 ! dea?-b$s ( sa9ts1 in/ances ( m>tyrdom1 & s on4 ,:ile ^! pa9t+s h be5 highly useful z t5d+ to invite rev]5ce = a sublime cre$1 x w\ld be injuri\s to sugge/ t g5]ally !y take a high place 9 art4 ,"s ( !m d1 b ! v l>ge numb] ( !m :i* indicate dy+ agony1 or rec5t dea? ) all its mortal *anges1 mu/ n be approv$ f a /rict art po9t ( view1 = any beauty :i* may be pres5t ap>t f ! subject is in/antly neutraliz$ by ! pa9 & horror aris+ f ! inv5tion4 ,b x is evid5tly unnecess>y to produce su* pictures1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,crucifixion1 = !re are ample works 9 exi/5ce to %[ t ! face & body ( ,*ri/ c be s pres5t$ z to be free f indications ( physical suff]+ or decay4 ,b if we are to prote/ aga9/ designs exhibit+ =bidd+ aspects ( dea? 9 sacr$ works1 :at c we say ( ! pictures ( executions1 massacres1 plagues1 & s on1 :i* ev] & aga9 h be5 produc$ s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,de$s ( h]oism or self-sacrifice on ! battlefield :]e bodies ( ! fall5 may be outl9$ are well1 b simple :olesale murd]s z pres5t$ by ,b5jam9-,con/ant1 ,heim1 & fifty o!rs1 :]e ! motive does n pret5d to be any?+ else ?an massacre or o!r gha/ly ev5t1 c only live z examples ( degrad$ art4 ,!re may be some?+ said = ,v]e/*ag91 :o pa9t$ heaps ( heads & skulls1 & scatt]$ corpses1 9 ord] to %[ ! evils ( w>1 b if ! arts are to be us$ at all = su* a purpose1 ! poet or orator w\ld be mu* m impressive because he c\ld veil ! hide\s side ( ! subject ) pa?os & imag]y1 & fur!r diff]5tiate betwe5 j & unju/ w>s4 ,! pa9t] is p[]less to d ^! ?+s4 ,he c only repres5t ! horrors ( w> by depict+ horrible ?+s :i* is entirely beyond ! prov9ce ( 8 art4 ,! purpose ( art is to give pleasure1 & if ! design desc5d bel[ ! l9e :]e displeasure beg9s1 !n ! art is no m4 ,h[ easy x is = ! ae/hetic value ( a picture to be l[]$ by ! repres5tation ( a corpse1 is %[n 9 ?ree celebrat$ pa9t+s--! anatomical works ( ,rembr&ta & ,de ,keys]4b ,probably ^! works 7 ord]$ to hon\r ! surgeons or s*ools conc]n$1 b ! object w\ld h be5 bett] s]v$ by a composition su* z ,eak9's ,dr4 ,cross's ,surgical ,cl9ic4c ,"h ! lead+ figure is also giv+ a lesson to /ud5ts1 & practical demon/ration is proce$+1 b !re is no skeleton or corpse to damage ! picture4 ,from5t9 said t ! ,tulp "w left him v cold1d & al?\gh he endeav\r$ to f9d te*nical gr\nd = ?is1 x is m ?an likely t ! pr9cipal reason lay 9 ! involunt>y m5tal di/urbance br\ght ab\t by ! corpse4 ,ano!r f9e design l>gely injur$ by corporeal evid5ce ( dea? is ,+res's ,o$ipus & ! ,sph9x1e :]e a foot rises out ( a hole 9 ! rock ne> ! ,sph9x1 ! presumption ( c\rse be+ t ! body ( a man :o _h fail$ ) ! riddle _h lately be5 ?r[n !re4 ,! inv5tion is mo/ deplorable 9 su* a picture4 a ,lesson 9 ,anatomy ( ,pr(essor ,tulp1 & ! fragm5t ( a simil> "w1 bo? at ,! ,hague4 b ,rijks ,museum1 ,am/]dam4 c ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 d ,ma/]s ( ,o!r ,days4 e ,at ! ,l\vre4 ,! use ( a skeleton z a symbol ( dea? 9 pa9t+ seems to h be5 unusual dur+ ! ,r5aissance till t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ arti/ ( note 9 ?is p]iod to adopt x1 0 ,jean ,prevo/ :o repres5t$ a man tak+ a lett] f a skeleton )\t see+ ! mess5g]4a ,!n came ,gri5 :o pa9t$ ?ree works ( ! k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ ,dea? holds an h\r-glass at ! back ( a woman1 & po9ts to ! position ( ! s&b2 9 ! second ! bony figure has clut*$ a girl by ! hairc2 & ! ?ird repres5ts a skeleton app>5tly kiss+ a girl4d ,!y are all hide\s works1 & might well h act$ z a w>n+ to succe$+ arti/s4 ,aft] ,gri5 ! use ( a skeleton 9 design 0 practically conf9$ to ! small] ,g]man ma/]s till ! middle ( ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x disappe>$ f s]i\s "w4 ,f ?is "t on1 = ! next ?ree c5turies arti/s ( repute r>ely introduc$ a skeleton into a pa9t+1 ?\gh x is to be f\nd occasionally 9 engrav+s4 ,"o might h suppos$ t ! unsightly =m _h be5 ab&on$ ) ! imps1 evil spirits1 & o!r crudities ( pa/ days1 b x 0 n to be4 ,! se>* = novelties 9 rec5t times has only result$ 9 ! resuscitation ( bygone ecc5tricities1 & we mu/ n be surpris$ t ! skeleton is among/ !m4 a ,old ,man & ,dea?1 ,bruges4 b ,imp]ial ,gall]y1 ,vi5na4 c ,girl & ,dea?1 ,basle ,museum4 d ,basle ,museum4 ,mod]n arti/s h display$ consid]able +5uity 9 ! use ( ! skeleton1 b ! results h necess>ily only succe$$ 9 degrad+ ! art4 ,re!l figures a skeleton 9 ! co/ume ( a monk :o is r++ a bell at a dance4a ,sev]al ( ! danc]s h fall5 dead1 app>5tly f plague1 & ! :ole sc5e is gha/ly4 ,h5neb]g has a ,=tune allegory 9 :i* ,dea? is ab\t to seize a horseman :o is *as+ a nude woman1b ?is design be+ a slight modification ( a v>iety ( pr9ts execut$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?oma uses a skeleton 9 a mo/ biz>re mann]4 ,he sub/itutes x = ! s]p5t 9 a picture ( ,adam & ,eve1c & 9 ano!r "w associates x ) ,cupid4d ,two lov]s are talk+1 & ,dea? /&s beh9d ! woman ^: hat ,cupid is lift+4 ,a t]rible picture ) a political be>+ 0 pa9t$ by ,uhde4e ,x repres5ts a cr[d ( revolutioni/s ru%+ t[>ds a bridge1 :ile a skeleton 9 mod]n co/ume waves a sword & *e]s !m on4 ,^! in/ances suffice to indicate ! difficulty 9 ! production ( a f9e "w ( art ) s hide\s a =m z a skeleton ?r[n into prom95ce4 a ,dea? at a ,mask$ ,ball4 b ,race = ,=tune4 c ,s9 & ,dea?4 d ,cupid & ,dea?4 e ,rev5ge4 ,h[ simply "o may avoid ! introduction ( a skeleton 9 a design conc]n$ ) dea?1 is %[n by an example :]e ?ree arti/s deal ) ! same motive--,dea?1 ! ,fri5d4 ,! fir/ composition %[s an old man sitt+ dead 9 a *air :ile a skeleton co/um$ z a monk1 tolls a bella3 9 ! second !re is also an old man 9 a *air1 b an ,angel ) a scy! is sub/itut$ = ! skeletonb3 9 ! ?ird an ,angel ) huge fold$ w+s =m+ an oval framework = h] figure1 leans ov] ! body ( a *ild :i* has its face hidd54c ,! second design is a va/ improvem5t ov] ! fir/1 b ! ?ird is incomp>ably ! be/ ( ! ?ree4 ,x may be rem>k$ t a scy! is too trivial an emblem = ! ,angel ( ,dea?1 = :om inde$ an emblem ( any k9d is only admissible :5 ,dea? is repres5t$ z ! result ( et]nal ju/ice1 9 :i* case a flam+ sword is appropriate4 a ,woodcut by ,a4 ,re!l4 b ,li?ograph by ,o4 ,r$on4 c ,pa9t+ by ,g4 ,f4 ,watts4 ,v r>ely inde$ c a good picture be made out ( a fun]al sc5e4 ,su* a sc5e att5d+ ! dea? ( a great man may be fitly produc$1 s long z ! imag9ation c be us$ 9 ! composition2 t is to say1 if !re are few or no records ( ! actual fun]ala2 b pa9t+s relat+ to ! mod]n burial ( unnam$ p]sons are ( little value z works ( art1 = ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ _c ext5d beyond unpleasant prosaic incid5ts ( common acqua9tance4 ,! purpose ( ! fun]al sc5es ( ,c\rbetb & ,anne ,an*]c has nev] be5 expla9$2 & ! v>i\s int]iors1 ea* ) a c(f9 & di/ract$ relatives ( ! dead1 by ,wi]tz1d ,dalsga>d1e & o!r mod]n arti/s1 are capable ( br++ only mis]y in/ead ( pleasure to ! obs]v]4 a ,z 9 ,rub5s's ,fun]al ( ,decius1 ,vi5na4 b ,! ,burial at ,ornans4 c ,! ,fun]al4 d ,! ,orphans4 e ,! ,*ild's ,c(f94 ,b :ile fun]als are unsuitable = ! pa9t]1 int]ior sc5es :]e dea? has occurr$ & fri5ds are wat*+ ! body1 (f] special inducem5ts to arti/s1 because ! p]fect /illness ( ! liv+ p]sons repres5t$ may be prop]ly assum$1 & s ! illusion ( life is little likely to be di/urb$ ?r\gh ! non-completion ( an indicat$ action4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^! works appe> v impressive :5 well execut$1 & !y may take high rank ev5 :5 ! arti/ is limit$ 9 8 scope by ! conditions ( an actual sc5e4 ,v little is requir$ h[ev] to de/roy ! illusion ( cont9uity4 ,9 ,kampf's picture ( ! ly+-9-/ate ( ,william ,i41a :]e _m wat*]s are %[n :o are presum$ to be motionless1 a boy 9 ! middle di/ance 9 ! act ( walk+1 is a mo/ di/urb+ elem5t4 ,an example :]e an illusion ( cont9uity is p]fectly ma9ta9$ is ,or*>dson's ,borgia1 :]e ,caes> ,borgia /&s 9 contemplation ov] ! body ( 8 poison$ victim4 ,! sil5ce indicat$ appe>s practically z p]man5t z ! pa9t$ design1 = any reasonable "t sp5t by ! obs]v] 9 exam9+ ! picture1 is n likely to be long] ?an t dur+ :i* ,caes> may be presum$ to h rema9$ /ill at ! actual occurr5ce4 ,sc5es ( approa*+ dea? may be arrang$ to produce a simil> illusion1 z = in/ance :]e ^? pres5t are pray+1 or a s+le figure is wait+ = ! life to pass f ! sick p]son4 a ,! ,night ( ,m>* #ca1 #ahhh1 at ,b]l94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af 7,see page #aij7 ,h]cules ,contemplat+ ,dea?1 9 ,bronze1 by ,pollaiuolo 7,frick ,collection7 ,little att5tion has be5 paid 9 art to ! expression ( dy+ p]sons4 ,!re are _m pictures repres5t+ celebrat$ m5 & wom5 9 _! dy+ mom5ts1 b v few ( !m exhibit an expression ( noble resignation & fe>lessness1 qualities :i* are naturally associat$ ) a great man z 8 end draws ne>4 ,no d\bt ! arti/ is (t5 limit$ 9 8 inv5tion by ! actual circum/ances ( ! dea? sc5e1 z 9 ,copley's ,dea? ( ,*a?am1a = ! /atesman 0 unconsci\s at ! mom5t ( repres5tation4 ,o!r ?an ?is ! be/ kn[n works ( ! k9d relate to ! dea? ( ,s5eca1b ,que5 ,elizabe?1c & ,g5]al ,wolfe4d ,9 ! la/ in/ance only is !re a f9e expression4 ,h[ x 0 t ,rub5s miss$ 8 opportunity ) ,s5eca is h>d to und]/&4 ,! pres5ce ( a cl]k tak+ d[n ! utt]ances ( a philosoph] z he ble$s to dea?1 gives ! design a !atrical appe>ance1 & removes any sugge/ion ( unconc]n$ resignation :i* might h aris54 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful designs 9 exi/5ce relat+ to approa*+ dea?1 is a sculptur$ figure 9 bronze ( ,h]cules contemplat+ dea?4e ,! demi-god is repres5t$ /&+ on an alt>4 ,8 left foot is rais$ ^u ! skull ( an ox2 8 head is slightly b5t1 & ! :ole attitude sugge/s a few mom5ts ( re/ :ile he contemplates 8 com+ fate4 ,! conception is z f9e z ! subject is r>e4 a ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 b ,by ,rub5s1 at ,muni*4 c ,by ,del>o*e1 at ! ,l\vre4 d ,by ,b5jam9 ,we/1 ,we/m9/] ,coll41 ,london4 e ,by ,a4 ,pollaiuolo1 ,frick ,coll41 ,new ,york4 ,see ,plate #afei4 ,! arti/ %\ld glorify dea? if possible1 b he c only d ?is :5 ! subject has a g5]al application4 ,_m pa9t]s h introduc$ ! ,angel ( ,dea? into sc5es :]e dea? has occurr$1 & h ?us conv]t$ !m into "w ( pa?os & beauty4 ,notable examples ( ?is are ,watts's ,dea?1 ! ,fri5d1 already ref]r$ to1 & ,h4 ,levy's ,"y ,girl & ,dea?1 :]e ! ,angel g5tly clasps ! body ( a girl ^: face is hidd54 ,"o ( ! f9e/ designs ( ! k9d is ,l>d's ,glory ,=gets n ,obscure ,h]oes4 ,on a battlefield1 :]e all else has gone1 lies ! body ( a soldi] ov] :om /oops a lovely w+$ figure :o raises ! head ( ! h]o1 & seems to ?r[ a halo ( glory ov] him4a ,9 hi/orical pa9t+s ! appe>ance ( sleep is (t5 giv5 to a dead body1 z 9 ,cogniet's ,t9toretto ,pa9t+ 8 ,dead ,daught]1 a pa!tic picture1 br++ to m9d ! /ory ( ,luca ,signorelli pa9t+ 8 dead son4b a ,! design = ?is picture 0 probably sugge/$ by ,longepi$'s f9e sculptur$ gr\p ( ,immortality at ! ,l\vre1 ! idea ( :i* 0 no d\bt drawn f ,canova's ,l',am\r et ,psy*e4 ,!re are ,tang>a gr\ps & fragm5ts ( l>g] works 9 exi/5ce %[+ t ! ,greeks execut$ _m designs ( a simil> "*4 b ,see also ,girodet's ,burial ( ,atala1 & ,le ,brun's ,dea? ( ,cato4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,l&scape ,limitations ( ! l&scape pa9t]--,illusion ( op5+ di/ance--,illusion ( motion 9 l&scape--,moonlight sc5es--,transi5t conditions4 ,consid]$ z a sep>ate bran* ( ! pa9t]'s art1 l&scape is on a comp>atively l[ plane1 because ! pr9cipal signs ) :i* x deals1 & ! arrangem5t ( !m to =m a view1 may be v>i$ indef9itely )\t a s5se ( incongruity aris+4 ,?us !re c be no ideal 9 ! art2 t is to say1 no ideal c be conceiv$ :i* is g5]al 9 its "*4 ,! arti/ c aspire to no def9ite goal3 8 imag9ation is limit$ to ! arrangem5t ( ?+s :i* are inanimate & expressionless4 ,he may produce s5sorial1 b n intellectual1 beauty4 ,! nobl] human attributes & passions1 z wisdom1 c\rage1 spiritual exaltation1 patriotism1 _c be connect$ ) l&scape1 & s x is unable to produce 9 ! m9d ! elevation ( ?\ght & gr&eur ( s5tim5t :i* are ! sweete/ blossoms ( ! tree ( art4#fj ,ano!r drawback 9 l&scape is ! necessity = pa9t+ x on an extraord9>ily r$uc$ scale4 ,because ( ?is ! highe/ qualities ( beauty 9 nature--gr&eur & sublimity--c only ) difficulty be sugge/$ on canvas1 = actual magnitude is requisite = ! production ( ei!r ( ^! qualities 9 any consid]able degree4 ,a volcano 9 eruption has no =ce at all 9 a pa9t+1 a result :i* is due1 n s mu* to ! inability ( ! pa9t] to repres5t mov+ smoke & fire1 z to ! impossibility ( depict+ _! enorm\s masses4 ,! disability ( ! pa9t] 9 respect ( ! repres5tation ( magnitude is readily se5 9 ! case ( a ca!dral int]ior4 ,?is may or may n h ! quality ( gr&eur1 b a picture _c diff]5tiate betwe5 "o t has1 & "o t has n1 because no feel+ ( gr&eur c arise 9 look+ at a pa9t$ int]ior1 ! elem5t ( actual space be+ abs5t4 ,see+ t an ideal 9 l&scape is impossible1 ! l&scape pa9t] _c improve ^u nature4 ,9 ! case ( ! human figure ! pa9t] may improve ^u exp]i5ce by collect+ excell5cies f diff]5t models & putt+ !m into "o =m1 ?us creat+ :at w\ld be univ]sally reg>d$ z ideal physical beauty2 & he may give to ?is =m an expression ( spiritual nobility :i* is also beyond exp]i5ce because x w\ld imply ! abs5ce ( inf]ior qualities insep>able f man 9 nature4 ,?us to ! physical1 he adds intellectual beauty4 ,su* a p]fect =m may be said to be an improvem5t ^u nature1 = x is n only beyond exp]i5ce1 b is nature purifi$4 ,b ! l&scape pa9t] _c improve ^u ! signs :i* nature provides4 ,he may v>y ! p>ts ( a tree z he w1 b x w\ld nev] be recogniz$ z beyond possible exp]i5ce unless x 7 a mon/rosity4#fa ,& ev5 if he c\ld improve ^u exp]i5ce ) 8 signs1 ?is w\ld help him b little1 = ! beauty ( a l&scape dep5ds ^u ! relation ( ! signs to ea* o!r1 & n ^u ! beauty ( ! sep>ate signs :i* v>y 9 e "w ) ! "* ( ! design4 ,9 col\r also ! pa9t] _c apply to 8 l&scape an appropriate h>mony :i* ! sun is incapable ( giv+4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! ae/hetic value ( a l&scape dep5ds entirely ^u its correspond5ce ) nature4 ,a good l&scape mu/ necess>ily be inv5t$1 because x is impossible to reproduce ! p>ticul> beauty ( a natural sc5e4#fb ,?is beauty is due to a relation ( p>ts ( ! view1 inf9ite 9 numb]1 to ea* o!r1 b :at ?is relation is _c be det]m9$ by ! obs]v]4 ,fur!r1 :atev] be ! relation1 ! cont9u\s *ang+ light & atmosph]ic effects br+ ab\t a con/ant v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! beauty4 ,x is possible = an actual view to sugge/ to ! arti/ a s*eme = a beautiful l&scape1 b 9 ?is ! precise relation ( ! p>ts w\ld h to be inv5t$ by ! pa9t] & fix$ by exp]im5t4 ,! pr9cipal features f a natural view may be tak5 out1 b n ^? :i* toge!r br+ ab\t ! beauty4 ,!re is no great l&scape 9 exi/5ce :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! purpose ( repres5t+ a p>ticul> view4 ,!re h ( c\rse be5 sc5es pa9t$ to ord]1 ev5 by notable arti/s1 b ^! only s]ve ! purpose ( record1 or z mem5toes4 ,! great view ( ,! ,hague1 pa9t$ by ,van ,goy5 "u in/ructions f ! syndics ( ! t[n1 is ! feeble/ ( 8 works1 & ! _m pictures ( ! k9d execut$ by ,briti% & ,g]man arti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury h n[ only a topographical int]e/4 ,con/able pa9t$ num]\s sc5es to ord]1 & !re are some?+ l =ty views ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral attribut$ to him1 b only ^? 9 :i* he c\ld apply 8 own inv5tion are ( consid]able ae/hetic value4 ,a good arti/ r>ely introduces into a pa9t+ ev5 a small sket* ( a sc5e made f nature4 ,titian is kn[n to h drawn num]\s sket*es 9 p>ticul> localities1 b n "o has be5 id5tifi$ 9 8 pictures4 ,9 ne>ly e pa9t+ ( ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 ! ,roman ,campagna may be recogniz$1 & "h he mu/ h made ?\s&s ( sket*es dur+ ! =ty ye>s he sp5t 9 ! di/rict1 yet ! mo/ pati5t exam9ation has fail$ to id5tify a s+le spot 9 8 _m beautiful views4 ,s ) ,gasp> ,p\ss91 :o1 unlike 8 fam\s bro!r-9-law1 occasionally set up 8 easel 9 ! op5 air2 & ) ,claude :o nev] left (f sket*+ 9 8 long life4 ,! greate/ l&scapes are ^? :i* are true to nature g5]ally1 b are untrue 9 respect ( any p>ticul> natural sc5e4 ,see+ t 9 l&scape ! production ( s5sorial beauty only is )9 ! p[] ( ! pa9t]1 & t ! beauty is enhanc$ z nature is ! m closely imitat$1 x is obvi\s t = ! "w to h a p]man5t int]e/1 ! sc5e depict$ & ! incid5ts !re9 %\ld be ( common exp]i5ce1 o!rwise ! full recognition ( ! beauty is likely to be ret>d$ by ! reason+ p[]s be+ involunt>ily set to "w 9 ! consid]ation ( ! exceptional conditions4 ,naturally ! t]m common exp]i5ce has a v>i$ application4 ,:at is ( common exp]i5ce 9 sc5]y among p 9 a temp]ate climate1 is r>e or unkn[n to ^? liv+ "u ! burn+ sun ( ,africa4 ,! arti/ is fully aw>e ( ?is1 & 9 design+ 8 "w he takes into acc\nt ! exp]i5ce ( ! p :o are likely to see 8 pa9t+s4 ,a view ( a sc5e 9 ! ,ea/1 say 9 ,pale/9e or ,siam1 may be a beautiful "w & be recogniz$ z true because ! conditions depict$ are commonly kn[n to exi/2 x w\ld fur!r h an in=mative value :i* w\ld result 9 add$ pleasure2 b among p habituat$ to a temp]ate climate x w\ld tire m quickly ?an a sc5e ( a k9d to :i* !y are daily accu/om$4 ,9 ! "o case an ef=t1 h[ev] slight1 is requir$ to accommodate ! view to exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! o!r ! :ole mean+ ( ! sc5e is in/antane\sly id5tifi$ ) its beauty4 ,9 nature !re is always movem5t & s\nd4 ,ev5 on ^? r>e days :5 ! w9d has ceas$ & ! air seems /ill & dead1 !re is motion ) noise ( "s k9d4 ,a brook trickles by1 insects buzz _! zigzag way1 & %ad[s v>y z ! sun m\nts or desc5ds4 ,b mo/ commonly !re is a breeze to ru/le ! trees & %rubs1 to ripple ! surface ( ! wat]1 & to ?r[ ov] ! sc5e evid5ce ( life 9 its ev] *>m+ v>iety4 ,! pa9t] _c reproduce ^! movem5ts & s\nds4 ,all he repres5ts is sil5t & /ill z if nature _h sudd5ly susp5d$ h] "w--/ay$ ! tree z x b5t to ! breeze1 /opp$ ! bird 9 ! act ( flight1 fix$ ! wat]1 & fa/5$ ! %ad[s to ! gr\nd4 ,:at is !re !n to comp5sate ! arti/ = ?is limitation8 ,:y1 surely he c repres5t nature z %e is at a p>ticul> mom5t1 ov] ! hills & valleys1 or across great pla9s1 ) sunlight & atmosph]e to m>k ! bread? & di/ance & s produce an illusion ( movem5t to delight ! eyes ( ! obs]v] ) bewit*+ surprise4 ,= ! eye z x involunt>ily travels f ! =egr\nd ( ! picture to ! backgr\nd1 proce$s f sign to sign1 ea* decreas+ 9 def9ition 9 con=mity ) ! *anges 9 nature1 till vague sugge/ions ( =m ann\nce t f> di/ance has be5 rea*$4 ,! effect is precisely t ( ! c9ematograph1 except t ! eye moves in/ead ( ! picture4 ,! app>5t movem5t corresponds closely ) ! op5+ ( di/ance 9 nature :5 "o proce$s 9 a fa/ mov+ vehicle along a road f :i* a consid]able /ret* ( c\ntry may be obs]v$4 ,v r>ely is ! illusion s m>k$ t ! app>5t movem5t is id5tifi$ to ! s5ses4 ,:5 x is s m>k$ ! di/ance seems to come =w>d1 b is in/antane\sly /ay$ be=e consid]ation c be br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,cle>ly if "o specially seek ! illusion1 x becomes impossible because se>* implies reason & an exam9ation sl[ out ( all proportion ) ! rapidity ( ! s5sorial effect4 ,accid5t alone w br+ ab\t ! illusion1 = x c only arise :5 ! eye travels at a c]ta9 rate ov] ! picture1 ! m9imum ( :i* rate is indet]m9able4 ,x is evid5t t any l&scape ( fair size 9 :i* consid]able dep? is indicat$ mu/ necess>ily produce an illusion ( op5+ di/ance if ! v>y+ signs are suffici5tly num]\s & prop]ly pa9t$ 9 accordance ) ! a]ial p]spective2 & ?is illusion is und\bt$ly ! key to ! extraord9>y beauty obs]v$ 9 ! works ( ! great ma/]s ( l&scape s9ce ,claude unveil$ ! secrets ( di/ance pa9t+4 ,t ! app>5t movem5t is r>ely actually def9$ is immat]ial1 = x mu/ be !re & mu/ act ^u ! eye1 produc+ an involunt>y s5sation :i* we int]pret z pleasure aris+ f admiration ( ! skill ( ! arti/ 9 giv+ u s good a repres5tation ( di/ance 9 8 imitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag 7,see page xii7 ,arcadian ,l&scape1 by ,claude ,lorra9e 7,national ,gall]y1 ,london7 ,z w pres5tly be se5 !re are o!r k9ds ( illusion ( motion :i* may be produc$ 9 l&scape1 b ?is illusion ( op5+ di/ance is ! mo/ important1 & x %\ld be produc$ :]ev] di/ance is repres5t$4 ,9 nature ! effect ( ! unfold+ ( di/ance is caus$ by a sequ5ce ( signs app>5tly dim9i%+ 9 size & cle>ness z ! eye travels back1 & a sequ5ce ( ?is k9d %\ld be produc$ by ! arti/ 9 8 picture4 ,x is n suffici5t t pat*es ( col\r ( ! tone & %ape ( sections ( vegetation1 trees1 v>i$ soils1 & s on1 be giv51 = :ile ^! may indicate di/ance z any p]spective mu/ d1 yet an illusion _c be produc$ by su* signs because !y are n suffici5tly num]\s = ! eye to exp]i5ce a c9ematographic effect :5 pass+ ov] !m4 ,x is n di/ance t gives ! beauty1 b an illusion ( op5+ di/ance1 )\t :i*1 & presum+ ! abs5ce ( any o!r illusion1 only simple h>monies ( tone & inanimate =ms are possible4 ,moreov] ! pat*es ( col\r d n prop]ly repres5t nature ei!r z %e appe>s to ! eye1 or z %e is und]/ood f exp]i5ce4 ,if "o 7 to take a mom5t>y glance at a view specially to receive ! g5]al col\r impression1 he might conceivably reta9 on 8 m9d a collection ( col\r masses su* z is (t5 put =w>d z a l&scape1 b natural sc5es are n obs]v$ 9 ?is way1 & ! arti/ has no "r to imply t a view %\ld be pa9t$ z x is obs]v$ at an in/antane\s glance4 ,"o _c be suppos$ to keep 8 eyes clos$1 except = a mom5t1 :5 9 front ( nature1 & he _c be 9 front ( nature = m ?an a mom5t )\t involunt>ily recogniz+ ?\s&s ( signs4 ,!re mu/ necess>ily be a c]ta9 cle>ness ( ! atmosph]e = di/ance to be repres5t$1 & 9 ! m9imum cle>ness1 trees1 bu%es1 rivulets1 & build+s ( e k9d1 are well def9$ at lea/ to ! middle di/ance4 ,^! c & %\ld be pa9t$1 & !re c be no object :atev] 9 omitt+ !m1 except ! ignom9i\s end ( sav+ tr\ble4 ,& x is necess>y t ! signs1 :e!r %ad[ or sub/ance1 %\ld be completely pa9t$ z !y appe> to ! eye 9 nature :5 obs]v$ ) av]age c>e by "o inspect+ a view = ! purpose ( dr9k+ 9 all its beauties1 = ?is is h[ a pa9t$ l&scape is usually exam9$4 ,!re is no place 9 ! pa9t]'s art = a sugge/ive sign 9 ! s5se t x may sugge/ a requir$ complete sign4 ,a sign mu/ be pa9t$ z completely z possible 9 con=mity ) its appe>ance z se5 f ! presum$ po9t f :i* ! arti/ sket*$ 8 view1 = ! reason t its value z a sign dep5ds ^u ! read9ess ) :i* x is und]/ood4#fc ,?is is incontrov]tible1 o!rwise ! art ( pa9t+ w\ld be an art ( hi]oglyphics4 ,9 poetry sugge/ion is ( great importance1 & x may be s gl[+ z to pres5t to ! imag9ation a high] =m ( beauty ?an c be pa9t$2 b ! signs ( ! pa9t] _c sugge/ beauty 9 ?is way1 because ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation 9 respect ( !m is limit$ by _! =m4 ,a sign pa9t$ less di/9ctly ?an z x is se5 9 nature is obvi\sly remov$ f its prop] relative position1 or else is untrue1 & 9 ei!r case x mu/ h a weak5+ effect ^u ! picture4 ,! successful repres5tation ( a]ial p]spective dep5ds ^u ! c>eful & close gradation ( tones 9 con=mity ) ! v>y+ atmosph]ic d5sity4 ,?is is difficult "w because ( ! disabilities aris+ f ! r$uction ( ! sc5e into m9iature =m1 :i* necessitates ! omission ( _m tones & effects f\nd 9 nature1 j z a portrait 9 m9iature involves ! exclusion ( v>i\s elem5ts ( expression 9 ! human c\nt5ance4 ,b =tunately 9 l&scape ! v>iabl5ess ( nature greatly assi/s ! arti/4 ,only r>ely is ! atmosph]e ( equal d5sity ov] a consid]able dep? ( gr\nd1 & ?is fact enables ! pa9t] to simplify 8 "w 9 production ( ! illusion )\t appe>+ to dep>t f nature4 ,?us he may deep5 or contract 8 =egr\nd )9 wide limits4 ,! *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ! atmosph]e 9 nature h to be greatly conc5trat$ 9 a pa9t+1 & z ?is conc5tration becomes m difficult z di/ance is rea*$1 x foll[s t ! arti/ has a bett] *ance ( success by mak+ ! =egr\nd ( 8 picture beg9 "s way 9 front ( him1 r ?an ne> ! spot :]e he is presum$ to /& :5 he executes 8 "w4 ,he may ( c\rse ma9ta9 "s v ne> gr\nd :ile mat]ially %ort5+ 8 middle di/ance1 b ?is me?od mu/ obvi\sly l[] ! beauty ( ! pa9t+ z a di/ance l&scape1 & make ! execution va/ly m difficult4 ,claude adopt$ ?is plan sometimes1 b x is se5 9 v few ( 8 important works4 ,9 8 be/ "t ,turn] 0 c>eful to set back 8 =egr\nd1 & to refra9 f re/rict+ 8 middle gr\nd4 ,if a sc5e be tak5 f ! middle di/ance only1 z 9 _m ,b>bizon works1 ! lab\r is mu* simplifi$ because nei!r ! close del9eation ( foliage1 nor any consid]able gradation ( atmosph]e is requir$1 b !n ! beauty result+ f ei!r ( ^! two ex]cises is miss+4 ,x is equally impossible = su* a sc5e to indicate gr[? & life1 or ! *>m ( a *ang+ view4 ,"s mod]n arti/s h a habit ( blott+ out ! middle & f> di/ance by ! introduction ( a ?ick atmosph]e b ?is is an abuse ( ! art1 because h[ev] true ! aspect may be 9 ! s5se t a natural view is sometimes obscur$ by ! atmosph]e1 ! beauty ( ! sc5e z a :ole is hidd51 & ! picture consi/s l>gely ( an imitation ( ! mi/1 :]e an illusion ( movem5t is impossible4 ,! pa9t] %\ld imitate ! m beautiful1 & n ! less beautiful aspects ( nature4 ,jupit] has be5 sometimes pa9t$ z an incid5t 9 a picture1 ne>ly :olly conceal$ by a cl\d1 b to exhibit a sep>ate "w ( ! god s conceal$1 w\ld only be reg>d$ z an excuse = avoid+ ex]tion1 h[ev] well ! cl\d may be pa9t$2 yet ?is w\ld n be m repreh5sible ?an to hide ! great] "p ( a view by a d5se atmosph]e4 ,) a cle> atmosph]e an illusion ( op5+ di/ance may be secur$ ) ! f> di/ance & ! great] "p ( ! middle di/ance unobs]vable1 b 9 su* a case a successful design is difficult to accompli% ow+ to ! limit$ numb] ( signs available4 ,_m signs1 z trees & h\ses1 ei!r d>k5 or hide ! view1 :ile sunlight effects on unob/ruct$ gr\nd1 suffici5tly def9ite to be us$ z signs1 c\ld n be v num]\s )\t appe>+ abnormal4 ,! only really fir/-class me?od ( produc+ a satisfactory ne>-gr\nd illusion 0 inv5t$ by ,hobbema 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,?is is to use skilfully plac$ trees & o!r signs ?r\gh :i* pa?s w9d1 or appe> to w9d1 & to ?r[ 9 a /rong sunlight f ! back4a ,! light enables f> m signs to be us$ 9 dep? ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible1 & s ! eye has a comp>atively long track to foll[4 ,t ! rem>kable beauty ( ! pictures ( ,hobbema compos$ 9 ?is way is almo/ entirely due to ! illusion ?us creat$1 is readily se5 :5 !y are comp>$ ) "s ( 8 o!r works1 v simil> 9 all respects except t ! light is ?r[n 9 f ! front or ! side4 ,be=e plac+ 8 light at ! back1 ! arti/ tri$ ! side plan 9 _m pictures1 & :ile ?is 0 a decid$ improvem5t ^u 8 e>li] ef=ts to secure dep? ( ne>-gr\nd signs1 x 0 naturally inf]ior to ! late/ s*eme4 ,jacob ,ruysdael adopt$ ! plan ( ,hobbema 9 two or ?ree works ) great effect4b a ,see ,plate #ah4 b ,= example1 ,! ,m>%1 ,h]mitage4 ,:5 ! middle di/ance is hidd5 by a ris+ =egr\nd1 an illusion may be creat$ by ! f> di/ance alone if ?is be ( consid]able dep?4 ,s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury x has be5 a frequ5t practice to conceal ! middle di/ance1 ?\gh mo/ly 9 pictures ( figure subjects4#fd ,! ,dut* arti/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :o pa9t$ op5-air sc5es ( human & animal life1 z ,paul ,pott]1 ,w\v]man1 & ,alb]t ,cuyp1 avoid$ ! middle di/ance :5ev] possible1 b (t5 manag$ to secure a fair illusion4 ,9 pure l&scape ! sy/em is less (t5 practis$1 & nev] by great arti/s4 ,! only means available to ! pa9t] ( l& views = creat+ an illusion ( motion1 ap>t f t ( op5+ di/ance1 is by ! repres5tation ( fl[+ wat] s t a s]ies ( successive ev5ts 9 ! fl[1 ea* connect$ )1 b v>y+ 9 "* f1 ! prec$+ "o1 c be exhibit$4 ,?us1 a volume ( wat] f a fall proce$s rapidly ov] a flat surface to a l$ge1 & !nce p]haps to ano!r l$ge ( a diff]5t dep?1 f :i* x passes ov] or r\nd irregul> rocks & b\ld]s1 & !nce ov] small] /ones or into a /ream1 creat+ 9 its passage e k9d ( eddy & curr5t4a ,"h is a s]ies ( progressive natural actions 9 :i* ! progression is regul> & cont9u\s1 :ile ! sep>ate actions cov] su* "t & space t !y may be readily sep>at$ by ! eye4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! :ole s]ies be prop]ly repres5t$1 an illusion ( motion w result4#fe ,obvi\sly ! canvas mu/ be ( consid]able size1 & ! breaks 9 ! fl[ ( wat] z v>i$ 9 "* & z num]\s z possible4 ,ev]d+5 & ,jacob ,ruysdael seem to h be5 ! fir/ arti/s to recognize ! significance ( ?is progression1 b ,ruysdael f> surpass$ 8 ma/] 9 ! exhibition ( x4 ,he exam9$ ! problem 9 all its v>iations1 solv$ x 9 a hundr$ ways1 & at 8 dea? left little = succe$+ pa9t]s to le>n reg>d+ x4 ,v r>ely1 "o meets ) a l&scape :]e ! d\ble illusion ( motion ( wat] & op5+ di/ance is provid$1 & ne$less to say ! effect is sup]b4b a ,see ,plate #ai4 b ,= examples see ,s4 ,b\gh's ,borr[dale1 & ,?oma's ,view ( ,lauf5burg4 ,sea views occupy a position by !mselves inasmu* z !re is a fix$ horizontal di/ance = ! arti/4 ,he _c %ort5 ?is dep? )\t mak+ 8 "w look abnormal1 & an ef=t to increase x by presum+ t ! picture is pa9t$ f a consid]able height above ! sea level1 is seldom successful because ! obs]v] ( ! "w f9ds a difficulty 9 fitt+ 9 ! novelty ) 8 exp]i5ce4 ,except :5 depict+ /ormy wea!r1 or %[+ a ?ick atmosph]e1 ! pa9t] ( a sea view has no tr\ble 9 obta9+ absolute accuracy 9 8 l9e> p]spective1 b ?is is n suffici5t1 = if a v>iety ( trees1 h]bage1 brooks1 & s on1 requires an illusion ( movem5t1 !n c]ta9ly does a sea view :i* has monotony = its keynote4 ,! motion ( ! waves 9 f9e wea!r _c be sugge/$ on canvas because x is cont9u\s & equal4 ,"o wave displaces ano!r & s f> z ! eye c rea* !re is only a succession ( simil> waves4 ,?us ! motion appe>s unbrok51 & f ! canvas po9t ( view ! waves mu/ be motionless z ! s& hillocks ( a des]t4 ,( c\rse 9 ! actual view1 ! expanse1 ! immeasurable /ret* ( ocean1 is impressive & to "s ext5t weird1 b no?+ ( ?is feel+ is induc$ by a pa9t$ m9iature4 ,) a bright sky & cle> atmosph]e ! pa9t] ( a sea view _c well obta9 an illusion ( op5+ di/ance by means ( a multiplication ( signs z on l&1 = ! introduction ( _m vessels w\ld give ! "w a =mal appe>ance1 b ! problem c be satisfactorily solv$ by putt+ ! sun 9 ! sky t[>ds ! sett+1 & us+ cl\d %ad[s z signs4 ,aivasovsky1 "o ( ! greate/ m>9e pa9t]s ( mod]n times1 0 v successful ) ?is class ( "w4 ,8 long %ad[s ?r[n at "r angles to ! l9e ( sight1 c>ry back ! di/ance till ! horizon seems to be fur!r (f ?an exp]i5ce w>rants1 ! illusion be+ p]fect4 ,an illusion ( op5+ di/ance may1 h[ev]1 be easily obta9$ 9 a sea view :5 !re is a haze cov]+1 b n hid+1 ! horizon1 by introduc+ z signs1 two or ?ree vessels1 ! fir/ 9 ! middle di/ance4 ,ano!r me?od ( giv+ a sugge/ion ( motion1 :i* may be us$ by ! sea pa9t]1 is 9 tru?fully repres5t+ ! appe>ance ( ! wat] r\nd a vessel pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,:at is probably ! f9e/ example ( ?is "w 9 exi/5ce is ,jacob ,ruysdael's ,! ,ris+ ,/orm4a ,! sea is %[n close to a port1 & half a doz5 smacks & small boats are be+ toss$ ab\t by *oppy1 break+ waves4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture is a l>ge smack ov] ! wea!r b[ ( :i* a huge foam+ wave has brok51 & "p is sp5d+ its =ce on ! lee b[1 f :i* ! wat] gradually becomes quiet] till at ! /]n ( ! boat little m ?an a black concavity is se54 ,! progression ( wave movem5t is completely repres5t$1 & ! effect is v impressive4 a ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 ,see ,plate #bj4 ,! coa/ pa9t] c produce an excell5t illusion ( motion f waves break+ on a bea*1 = 9 nature ?is action is made up ( a s]ies ( diff]5t consecutive acts ea* ( :i* is easily di/+ui%able to ! eye4 ,! wave rises1 b5ds ov] its top :i* becomes cre/$1 & spla%es =w>d on ! bea*1 to be conv]t$ into foam :i* races onw>ds1 break+ up z x goes till x rea*es ! wat]m>k1 !n rapidly fall+ back to be met by ano!r wave4 ,"h is a s]ies ( consecutive incid5ts :i* c all be pa9t$ s z to deceive = a mom5t ) ! idea ( motion4 ,! attempt to repres5t ! action ( waves break+ aga9/ /eep rocks is inv>iably a failure1 because ( ! great r$uction ( ! app>5t numb] ( incid5ts =m+ ! consecutive s]ies4 ,9 nature ! eye is n quick en\gh to foll[ ! sep>ate ev5ts1 & s !y _c be di/+ui%$ 9 a pa9t+4 ,?omson's f9e picture ( ,fa/ ,ca/le is di/9ctly m>r$ by a wide irregul> column ( wat] %[n spla%+ up aga9/ a rock4 ,!re is no possibility "h ( repres5t+ a s]ies ( actions1 & s an in/ant suffices to fix ! wat] on ! rock4 ,9 ano!r "w by ! same arti/ !re are waves break+ aga9/ precipit\s rocks1 b 9 ?is case ! wat] fir/ passes ov] an expanse ( l[ ly+ rocks1 & a sequ5ce ( actions is %[n "r up to ! cliff1 an excell5t illusion ( movem5t be+ br\ght ab\t4a a ,dunluce ,ca/le1 :i* ) ,fa/ ,ca/le1 is 9 ! ,k+sbor\gh ,collection1 ,scotl&4 ,ap>t f ^? exhibit+ an illusion ( motion ( "s k9d1 ! only l&scapes :i* h a p]man5t value1 are ne>-gr\nd sc5es 9 :i* conditions ( atmosph]e ( common exp]i5ce1 z ra9 or /orm are fai?fully r5d]$4 ,9 ^! works ! signs mu/ be num]\s & v>i$ 9 "*1 = x is only 9 ! multiplication ( small *anges ( =m & tone t ! natural effects ( a p>ticul> wea!r condition c be imitat$4 ,jacob ,ruysdael & ,con/able 7 ! greate/ ma/]s ( ?is =m ( l&scape1 ,crome & ,boeckl9 closely approa*+ !m1 b x is uncommon = a s]i\s work] 9 l&scape to attempt a picture :]e di/ance is n record$4 ,! be/ pa9t+s ( ,con/able pres5t an illusion ( op5+ di/ance1 & :5 ,jacob ,ruysdael pa9t$ ne>-gr\nd only1 x 0 ne>ly always a hilly slope ) wat] break+ ov] l[ rocks4 ,moonlight & twilight sc5es are n good subjects = ! pa9t] ( l&scape1 because1 %[n z !y mu/ be 9 daylight1 or ) artificial light1 !y become di/9ctly un9t]e/+ aft] ! fir/ impression ( tonal h>mony has pass$ away1 ow+ to ! unconsci\s revolt ( ! m9d aga9/ some?+ ) an unreal appe>ance4#ff ,?is is ! *ief reason :y no sc5e has liv$ :i* dep5d$ = its beauty entirely ^u moonlight effects4 ,x is ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ye>s s9ce ,van d] ,ne] di$1 & he /ill rema9s practically ! only moonlight pa9t] kn[n to u ^: works seem ( p]man5t int]e/4 ,b he did n rely altoge!r ^u moonlight effects = 8 beauty1 = ! repres5tation ( di/ance is ! pr9cipal feature 9 all 8 works4 ,fur!r he commonly makes u acqua9t$ ) ! human life & habitations ( 8 "t1 & 9 ?is way enhances our appreciation ( 8 pictures4 ,be=e ,van d] ,ne]1 moonlight sc5es 7 v r>ely execut$1 & only two or ?ree ( ^! h rema9$ :i* are wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! be/ ( !m is a view by ,rub5s1 :]e ! light is comp>atively /rong1 & practically ! :ole ( ! beauty re/s 9 ! op5+ di/ance1 :i* c h>dly be surpass$ 9 a "w ( ?is k9d4a a ,l&scape by ,moonlight1 ,mond ,collection1 ,london4 ,x is n necess>y to deal ) v>ieties ( pure l&scape o!r ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,!y are pa9t$ 9 _! myriads1 & =m pleasant tonal h>monies1 or h local int]e/1 b !y d n live4 ,z ! foliage 9 spr+time !y are fre% & welcome to ! eye :5 !y fir/ appe>1 b all too soon !y fade & disappe> f memory l ! leaves ( ! autumn4 ,9 l&scape z 9 all o!r bran*es ( pa9t+1 :atev] is ephem]al 9 nature1 or ( uncommon exp]i5ce1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,r>e sun effects & exceptional phases ( atmosph]e %\ld n f9d _! way into pictures1 :ile /rokes ( lightn+ & ra9b[s %\ld only be pres5t :5 !y are necessitat$ by ! design1 & !n mu/ be subord9at$ z f> z possible4 ,( all ^! ?+s ! mo/ /rongly to be deprecat$ are /range sunlight effects1 = !y h ! d\ble drawback = ! pa9t]1 ( r>ity & evanesc5ce 9 nature4 ,a /roke ( lightn+ is n out ( place :]e ! conditions may be presum$ to be m or less p]man5t1 z 9 ! celebrat$ picture ( ,apelles1 :]e ,alex&] 0 repres5t$ 9 ! "* ( ,jupit] ca/+ a ?und]bolt1 & =ks ( lightn+ proce$ f 8 h&2 or :]e ! occurr5ce is ess5tial 9 ! composition1 z 9 ,gilb]t's ,slay+ ( ,job's ,%eep4a ,s 9 ,danby's ,! ,six? ,seal ,op5$1 ! lightn+ is q appropriate1 = all nature is di/urb$4 ,9 ,m>t9's ,plague ( ,hail1 & ,! ,de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh1 ! fir/ a night sc5e1 & ! second a view d>k5$ by d5se black cl\ds1 lightn+ is well us$ = light+ purposes2 & 9 ,cot's ,! ,/orm1b :]e ! backgr\nd is d>k & no sky is visible1 lightn+ is ! only means possess$ by ! arti/ ( expla9+ t ! fe> express$ by ! lov]s 9 ! =egr\nd1 arises f ! approa*+ /orm4 ,great ma/]s l ,giorgione1c ,rub5s1d ,p\ss91e us$ a /roke ( lightn+ on r>e occasions1 b took e c>e t x %\ld n be conspicu\s1 or int]f]e 9 any way ) ! fir/ view ( ! picture4 ,! lightn+ is inv>iably plac$ 9 ! f> backgr\nd1 & no light is app>5tly reflect$ f x4 a ,! fire ( ,god is fall5 f ,heav51 & ha? burn$ up ! %eep & ! s]vants4 ,job #a1 #af4 b ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y4 c ,adra/us & ,hypsipyle1 ,v5ice4 d ,l&scape ) ,baucis & ,philemon1 ,muni*4 e ,jonah ca/ into ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah 7,see page #bjb7 ,l&scape1 by ,hobbema 7,metropolitan ,museum1 ,n4 ,y47 ,a ra9b[ 9 nature has a life ( appreciable duration1 & s may be appropriately us$ 9 l&scape1 b obvi\sly x %\ld be reg>d$ z a m9or accessory except :]e x =ms a necess>y feature 9 ! design4a ,! great drawback 9 a prom95t ra9b[ is t x =ces itself ^u ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] to ! detrim5t ( ! picture z a :ole1 & if x be v conspicu\s & crosses ! middle ( ! pa9t$ view1 z 9 ,turn]'s ,arundel ,ca/le1 ! picture appe>s divid$ 9 two p>ts1 & ! possibility ( an illusion ( op5+ di/ance is de/roy$4b ,almo/ z bad is ! effect :5 a ra9b[ cuts (f a corn] ( a picture1 = ?is sugge/s at fir/ sight an accid5tal int]f]5ce ) ! "w4c ,( all arti/s ,rub5s seem$ to "k be/ h[ to use a ra9b[4 ,he adopts ?ree me?ods4 ,! fir/ & be/ is to put ! b[ entirely 9 ! skyd2 ! second to ?r[ x "r into ! backgr\nd :]e "p ( x is dissolv$ 9 ! viewe2 & ! ?ird to indicate ! b[ 9 "o "p ( ! picture1 & ov]%ad[ x ) a /rong sunlight ?r[n 9 f ano!r "p4f ,any ( ^! =ms seems to answ] well1 b !y practically exhau/ ! possibilities 9 g5]al design4 ,a section ( a ra9b[ may be %[n ) "o end ( x on ! gr\nd1 because ?is is obs]vable 9 natureg2 b to cut (f ! top ( ! ar* z if !re 7 no room = x on ! canvas is obvi\sly bad1 = ! two segm5ts left appe> q unnatural4h a ,z 9 ,m>t9's ,i h ,set ,my ,b[ 9 ! ,cl\ds4 b ,9 ! ,riv]s ( ,engl& s]ies4 c ,! ,ra9b[ ( ,millet1 & a simil> "w ( ,?oma4 d ,h>ve/ ,l&scape1 ,muni* ,gall]y4 e ,h>ve/ ,l&scape1 ,wallace ,collection1 ,london4 f ,l&scape ) a ,ra9b[1 ,h]mitage1 ,petrograd4 g ,rub5s's ,%ipwreck ( ,a5eas1 ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 h ,a4 ,p4 ,van de ,v5ne's ,s\l ,fi%]y1 ,am/]dam4 ,! small ra9b[s sometimes se5 at wat]falls are occasionally introduc$ into pa9t+s1 b r>ely ) success because !y t5d to int]f]e ) ! g5]al view ( ! sc5e4 ,su* views are necess>ily ne> gr\nd1 & s a b[ mu/ s]i\sly injure ! picture unless x be plac$ at ! side1 z 9 ,innes's f9e "w ( ,niag>a ,falls 7! example ( #ahhd74 ,! use ( a ra9b[ z a track 9 classical pictures is sometimes effective1 ?\gh ! l&scape is l>gely sacrific$ ow+ to ! compulsory great wid? & bright appe>ance ( ! b[1 :i* mu/ inde$ practically absorb ! att5tion ( ! obs]v]4 ,! be/ kn[n picture ( ?is k9d is ,s*w9d's ,ra9b[1 :i* %[s ! beautiful =m ( ,iris wrapp$ 9 ! %e5 ( ! b[1 & desc5d+ ) great spe$1 ! idea be+ app>5tly tak5 f ,virgil4a ,to use ! top ( ! ra9b[ = a walk+ track is bad1 z ! m9d in/9ctively repels ! inv5tion z oppos$ to reason4b a ,a5eid ,v41 :]e ,juno s5ds ,iris to ! ,trojan fleet4 b ,?oma's ,progress ( ! gods to ,walhalla4 ,b if fleet+ natural ph5om5a become di/urb+ to ! obs]v] ( a picture1 h[ mu* m objectionable are ! quickly disappe>+ effects ( artificial devices1 z ! lights f explosions4 ,9 a battle sc5e cov]+ a wide area ( gr\nd1 a small cl\d ( smoke "h & !re is n out ( place1 because "u natural conditions su* a cl\d la/s = an appreciable "t2 b no good arti/ w indicate 9 8 "w a fla% f a gun1 = ?is w\ld imm$iately become /agy & unreal to ! obs]v]4 ,nor c fireworks ( ! ord9>y k9d be prop]ly repres5t$ 9 a picture4 ,! beauty ( ^! fireworks lies 9 ! appe>ance out ( no?+1 z x 71 ( brilliant %[]s ( col\r$ lights1 & _! rapid disappe>ance1 to be replac$ by o!rs ( diff]5t =m & "*1 ! movem5t & *anges con/itut+ important elem5ts 9 _! appreciation4 ,b ! pa9t] c only indicate !m by fix$ po9ts ( light :i* necess>ily appe> abnormal4 ,/ation>y po9ts ( light c h no resemblance :atev] to fireworks1 & if ! title ( ! picture =ces ! imag9ation to see 9 !m expir+ sp>ks f a rocket1 ! impression c only la/ a mom5t1 & w be succe$$ by a revolt 9 ! m9d aga9/ s gl>+ an impossibility z a numb] ( p]man5t sp>ks4 ,! only pa9t$ firework display t does n appe> abnormal is a f\nta9 ( fire & sp>ks :i* may be presum$ to la/ = "s "t1 & !re=e w\ld n quickly tire ! m9d4a a ,see examples by ,la ,t\*e1 notably ,la ,fete de ,nuit1 ,salon1 #aiad4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,/ill-,,life ,its comp>ative difficulty--,its v>ieties--,its limitations4 ,"r ?r\gh ! degrees ( ! art ( ! pa9t] till we rea* /ill-life1 ! difficulty 9 produc+ ! art is 9 proportion to ! g5]al beauty !re91 b 9 ! case ( /ill-life ! object is mu* less readily ga9$ ?an 9 simple l&scape :i* is on a high] level 9 pa9t+4 ,! causes ( ?is app>5t anomaly appe> to be z foll[s3--,fir/ly 9 m9iature pa9t+ "o does n expect su* close resemblance to nature z 9 /ill-life :i* usually repres5ts ?+s 9 _! natural size3 secondly1 9 /ill-life ! relative position ( ! p>ts c nev] be su* z to appe> novel1 :]eas 9 l&scape _! position is always m or less unexpect$3 ?irdly1 9 /ill-life ! col\rs are practically fix$1 = ! pa9t] _c dep>t f ! limit$ v>iety ( t9ts commonly connect$ ) ! objects indicat$1 :ile 9 l&scape ! col\r+ may v>y almo/ indef9itely f sun effects )\t appe>+ to dep>t f nature4 ,! beauty 9 /ill-life pa9t+s may arise f sev]al causes1 namely1 ! pleasure exp]i5c$ f ! excell5ce ( ! imitation2 ! h>mony ( tones2 ! beauty ( ! ?+s imitat$2 ! association ( ideas2 & ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! acquisition ( k4 ,ari/otle seem$ to ?9k ?is la/ "o ( ! pr9cipal reasons = our appreciation ( ! pa9t]'s "w1 ?\gh he agre$ t ! bett] ! imitation1 ! great] ! pleasure to ! obs]v]4 ,! argum5t appe>s to apply p>ticul>ly to ! l[] =ms ( life because 9 nature !y are n (t5 closely exam9$4 ,a caulifl[] = in/ance may be se5 a ?\s& times by "o :o w\ld n c>efully note its /ructure1 b if he see an imitation ( x pa9t$ by a good arti/1 8 a/oni%m5t at ! excell5ce ( ! imitation might cause him to obs]ve ! repres5tation closely1 & le>n mu* ab\t ! vegetable :i* he did n "k be=e4 ,9 ?is way ! in=mation ga9$ w\ld add to 8 pleasure4 ,z 9 l&scape1 f ! abs5ce ( ab/ract qualities f ! ?+s repres5t$1 & s9ce ! position ( ! signs may be indef9itely v>i$ )\t a s5se ( incongruity result+1 !re c be no ideal 9 /ill-life1 & s ! pa9t] _c pass beyond exp]i5ce )\t a*iev+ ! abnormal4 ,! pa9t] ( /ill-life has ! *oice ( f\r k9ds ( imitation1 namely1 ! repres5tation ( products ( nature :i* are 9 !mselves beautiful1 z roses & f9e plumag$ birds2 ! imitation ( products ( human indu/ry :i* are 9 !mselves beautiful1 z sculptur$ plate or f9e porcela92 ! repres5tation ( natural & manual products :i* 9 !mselves are nei!r beautiful nor displeas+1 b int]e/ f association ( ideas1 z c]ta9 fruits1 books1 & musical in/rum5ts2 & ! imitation ( ?+s :i* 9 !mselves are n pleas+ to ! sight1 z dead game1 kit*5 ut5sils1 & s on4 ,obvi\sly ! arti/ may assort any two or m ( ^! v>ieties 9 ! same picture4 ,he may also associate !m ) life1 b "h he is met ) a grave difficulty :i* goes to ! v root ( art4 ,if two =ms1 n be+ m]ely accessories1 are associat$ toge!r 9 a design1 ! l[] =m mu/ necess>ily be subord9at$1 o!rwise ! m9d ( ! obs]v] w be di/urb$ by ! app>5t d\ble objective4 ,a live dog or o!r animal 9 a /ill-life composition w imm$iately attract ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 draw+ (f 8 att5tion f ! inanimate objects repres5t$1 :i* w consequ5tly !reaft] lose mu* ( _! int]e/4 ,! pres5ce ( a man is /ill worse4 ,n only is x natural & inevitable t a human be+ %\ld take prec$5ce ( :atev] is inanimate 9 a "w ( art1 b 9 ! case ( /ill-life1 :]e he is pa9t$ ( natural size1 he mu/ necess>ily ov]%ad[ ev]y?+ else 9 ! picture4 ,fur!r1 8 own repres5tation is mu* injur$ because ! surr\nd+s ex]cise a disconc]t+ influ5ce4 ,ev5 ) ! human figures ( su* a "w execut$ by a pa9t] ( ! fir/ rank1 !y are q un9t]e/+4a a ,see /ill-life pictures at ! ,hague & ,vi5na ,museums by ,van ,dyck & ,snyd]s4 ,beautiful products ( nature su* z brilliant fl[]s & butt]flies1 _c be imitat$ s well t ! repres5tations appe> z beautiful z ! ?+s !mselves1 & s are unsuit$ z entire subjects = pa9t+s1 = we are usually well acqua9t$ ) ^! ?+s1 & consci\sly or unconsci\sly recognize ! inf]iority ( ! imitation4 ,! greate/ fl[] pa9t]s h !re=e wisely refra9$ f introduc+ into _! works m ?an a few f9e roses or simil> blooms4 ,! pres5ce ( _m less beautiful fl[]s 9 :i* ! imitation is1 or appe>s to be1 m pleas+ ?an ! natural =ms1 neutralizes or ov]comes ! effect ( ! inf]ior imitation ( ! m beautiful4 ,9 fact ! ext5t to :i* natural products :i* are necess>ily m beautiful ?an ! imitations1 may be us$ 9 pa9t+1 except z incid5tals1 is v limit$4 ,!y _c appropriately be us$ at all on walls & curta9s :]e !y cont9ually cross ! vision1 = !y w\ld !re quickly tire ow+ to ! involunt>y dissatisfaction ) ! repres5tation4 ,! ,japanese1 ^: :ole art ( pa9t+ 0 = c5turies conc5trat$ ^u light int]nal decoration1 rightly disc>d f ?is =m ( art all natural products :i* are necess>ily sup]ior to ! imitations1 & conf9e _! att5tion to ^? signs :i*1 :ile be+ actually m beautiful1 :5 closely se51 ?an ! imitations1 d n appe> to be s 9 nature :]e !y are usually obs]v$ at "s di/ance f ! eye4 ,?us1 wat]f[l ( v>i\s k9ds1 small birds ( ! h$ges1 /orks1 h]ons1 bran*es ( fruit blossoms1 light trees & vegetation1 are inf9itely pref]able to ! m beautiful products = purely decorative purposes4 ,a common pigeon ) an add$ bright fea!r1 is bett] on a wall or scre5 ?an ! mo/ brilliant pheasant1 = 9 ! "o case ! repres5tation appe>s above ord9>y exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! o!r case1 bel[ x4 ,! decorative arti/ !n is at lib]ty to enhance ! beauty ( 8 signs1 b n to take = !m ?+s :i* are commonly obs]v$ 9 nature1 & ^: beauty he _c equal4 ,b !re %\ld be no wide div]g5ce betwe5 ! natural beauty & ! art1 & no?+ :i* 9 itself is unpleas+ is suitable = decoration4 ,x may be introduc$ 9 a hang+ picture1 because "h a s5se ( beauty may be d]iv$ f ! excell5ce ( ! imitation1 z 9 ! case ( a dead h>e or a basket ( vegetables2 b 9 pure decoration ! effect is g5]al & n p>ticul>1 & s ! imitation yields no beauty ap>t f t ( ! ?+ imitat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,second>y ,,art ,pa9t+s ( record--,sc5es f ! novel & writt5 drama--,f ! act$ drama--,humor\s subjects--,allegorical works4 ,:5 ! inv5tion ( ! pa9t] is circumscrib$ by ! requirem5ts ( ano!r art1 :e!r a f9e art or n1 !n 8 art ceases to be a pure art & becomes an art ( record1 subord9ate to ! art by :i* 8 "w is circumscrib$4 ,?is may be t]m$ ! ,second>y ,art ( pa9t+4 ,! art may be ( importance outside ! purposes ( ! f9e arts1 & 9 c]ta9 cases may be productive ( good pictures1 b only by way ( accid5t3 h5ce a "w ( second>y art nev] engages ! att5tion ( a great arti/ unless he be specially call$ ^u to execute x4 ,h>d & fa/ l9es divid+ ! pure f ! second>y art _c be laid d[n1 z "o (t5 v]ges on ! o!r1 b !re is a g5]al di/9ction betwe5 !m :i* is easily compreh5sible 9 ! sep>ate bran*es ( pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai 7,see page #bjd7 ,l&scape1 by ,jacob ,ruysdael 7,national ,gall]y1 ,london7 ,second>y art is n produc$ f incid5ts or *>act]s tak5 f sacr$ or my?ological hi/ory1 because "h ! g5]al inv5tion ( ! pa9t] is nev] circumscrib$1 = he is able to produce =m & expression above exp]i5ce4 ,9 pr(ane hi/ory ! art is second>y :5 ! pa9t] conf9es 8 inv5tion to record$ details4 ,?us 9 a picture ( ! ,coronation ( ,*>lemagne1 ! composition is entirely inv5t$ by ! arti/1 & s ! "w becomes "o ( pure art2 b ! repres5tation ( ! ,coronation ( ,que5 ,victoria1 :]e ! arti/ reproduces ! sc5e z x actually occurr$1 is second>y art1 = he is preclud$ f ! ex]cise ( 8 imag9ation 9 ! design1 ! end ( art be+ subord9at$ to t ( record or hi/ory4 ,su* a picture is necess>ily /iff & =mal4 ,:]e ! sc5e repres5ts a numb] ( actions1 z 9 a battle design1 ! arti/ is unable to record ! actual occurr5ce1 ?\gh he may repres5t p>ticul> actions2 consequ5tly he has l>ge scope = 8 imag9ation1 & may limit 8 repres5tation to ^? actions :i* toge!r make a f9e example ( pure art4 ,b a battle sc5e :]e a p>ticul> ev5t1 z a meet+ ( g5]als1 has to be pa9t$1 imm$iately becomes second>y art1 = !n ! surr\nd+ battle ev5ts w\ld be accessory 9 _! nature4 ,x is possible = simple hi/orical works pa9t$ to ord] c5turies ago to appe> n[ z ( high art value1 because we commonly connect a /rict =mality ) old pictures ( ! k9d1 :e!r execut$ f records or inv5tion4 ,?us ,holbe9's ,h5ry ,,viii4 pres5t+ a ,*>t] to ! ,b>b]-,surgeons no d\bt closely depicts ! actual ev5t1 yet ! /iffness ( ! design does n seem out ( place4a ,nev]!less x is a refre%+ *ange f ?is picture to ,ri*>d ,,iii4 (f]$ ! ,cr[n by ,london ,m]*ants1 :i* is a magnific5t mod]n "w ( pure inv5tion4b a ,b>b]s' ,hall1 ,london4 b ,royal ,ex*ange1 ,london4 ,a sc5e f a /ory ( actual life is necess>ily second>y art1 because "h ! pa9t] imitates :at is already an imitation1 & _c asc5d above exp]i5ce4 ,he is conf9$ to ! inv5tion ( ! noveli/1 & is !re=e subord9ate to him4 ,! writt5 drama is available = ! pa9t] z a s\rce = designs only 9 cases ( high trag$y1 or mix$ plays conta9+ /rong dramatic ev5ts ( tragic import4 ,see+ t ! drama is itself an imitative art1 only su* actions or *>act]s c be us$ by ! pa9t] :i* are above life exp]i5ce1 & x is only 9 trag$y t ! dramati/ c exalt human attributes1 & ennoble ! passions above ?is exp]i5ce4 ,trag$y deals directly ) ! two great contra/+ human my/]ies--life & dea?4 ,f "o to ! o!r is ! mo/ awful & sublime action )9 human k1 & consequ5tly ! motives & s5tim5ts relat+ to x may be c>ri$ to ! l(tie/ rea* ( ! und]/&+4 ,an exagg]ation ( ord9>y life1 :]e ! comb9ation ( p]fect$ p>ts 9 =m & expression is n possible1 means only ! abnormal2 :ile com$y1 :i* imitates conditions inf]ior to ord9>y life1 _c be exagg]at$ except into di/ortion4 ,high trag$y !re=e is ! only section ( ! writt5 drama t conc]ns ! pa9t]4 ,if he draw f any o!r "w ( ! dramati/ he only produces second>y art1 z :5 he draws f ! noveli/4 ,! picture may be int]e/+1 b bo? int]e/ & beauty w be fleet+4 ,:ile ! pa9t] may use ! writt5 drama 9 c]ta9 cases1 he c by no means be conc]n$ ) ! act$ drama4 ,x is useless to attempt to produce a good picture by imitat+ an imitation accompli%$ by a comb9$ art1 z ! op]a or drama4 ,a pa9t$ sc5e f a play z x is act$1 is m]ely ! execution ( ano!r man's design :i* 9 itself is entirely circumscrib$ by conditions ( action & spee* :olly =eign to ! art ( ! pa9t]4 ,a picture ( a p>ticul> mom5t ( action 9 a writt5 play1 z x is ?r[n ^u ! bra9 9 ! c\rse ( read+1 is int]e/+1 fir/ly because our imag9ation has wide limits ( inv5tion1 & we naturally & in/9ctively adopt a h>moni\s r5d]+ ( ! sc5e s f> z ! writ+ w all[2 & secondly = ! reason t we pass rapidly f impression to impression1 & s ! :ole significance ( ea* picture1 sep>ately & relatively1 is convey$ to u4 ,b a pa9t+ ( an act$ sc5e is mean+less1 = x c repres5t only "o 9 a s]ies ( a ?\s& mom5ts ( action :i* are all connect$1 & ( :i* ! compreh5sion ( any "o is dep5d5t ^u our k ( ! :ole4 ,! pa9t] has no scope4 ,he simply copies a numb] ( figures 9 a fix$ sett+1 & ! result is necess>ily inf]ior art to a copy ( ! poore/ orig9al picture1 s9ce 9 ?is case ! arti/ at lea/ copies ! direct product ( ! imag9ation1 :ile 9 ! o!r he has only be=e him a s]ies ( dummies :o are imitat+ ! product4 ,! s5se ( unreality aris+ f su* a picture mu/ in/antly ov]p[] any h>mony ( col\r or =m t may be pres5t4 ,:]e ! portrait ( an actor is pa9t$ 9 a /age role1 ! same pr9ciple is involv$1 ?\gh ! result is n s disa/r\s4 ,we /ill h ! unreal1 b x is pa9t$ & put =w>d z a liv+ p]son4 ,! arti/ moreov] has a little imag9ative scope4 ,he c *oose a mom5t ( action be/ suit$ to 8 art1 & may ev5 v>y ! "* ( ! action1 :i* is n possible :]e an act$ sc5e is depict$4 ,b not)/&+ all ! relative advantages1 a ,raphael c\ld n make a f9e picture out ( a man 9 "*4 ,he may l>gely ov]come ! disabilities aris+ f ! limitation to 8 inv5tion2 he may introduce great effects ( light & %ade2 may ennoble expression & give gr&eur to =m2 b he w nev] hide ! %am--nev] conceal ! fact t he is repres5t+ an imitation ( life4 ,! actor on ! /age is "o ( a numb] ( signs us$ by ! dramati/4 ,8 id5tity ap>t f ! sign is lo/1 or presum$ to be lo/ = ! "t be+1 & s he is n a %am2 b outside ( ! /age 8 use or mean+ z a sign does n exi/4 ,h5ce ! repres5tation ( ?is sign z a subject ( a pa9t+ is only a degree less incongru\s ?an w\ld be ! introduction ( a pa9t$ figure z "o ( ! *>act]s ( a /age sc5e4 ,x is an indication ( ! sure public in/9ct 9 matt]s ( art pr9ciples1 t g5]al op9ion has always tacitly condemn$ pa9t+s ( /age sc5es & *>act]s4 ,!y h n infrequ5tly be5 produc$1 & sometimes arti/s ( high rank1 z ,reynolds & ,lawr5ce1 h pa9t$ portraits ( actors 9 /age roles1 b nev] has "o met ) public appreciation z a "w ( art4 ,probably 9 mo/ cases ^! works 7 execut$ z mem5toes r ?an z works ( art1 = x is sc>cely possible to conceive a pa9t] ( ! /amp ( ,reynolds1 :o 0 s well acqua9t$ ) fir/ pr9ciples1 putt+ =w>d ev5 a portrait ( ,g>rick 9 a /age role1 z a s]i\s "w1 not)/&+ t he might well "k t x 0 a ma/]piece 9 respect ( execution4 ,hum\r is n a subject = ! pa9t] to deal )1 = a humor\s picture _c be compreh5d$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ano!r art4 ,fur!r1 com$y is f\nd$ ^u a s5se ( ! ridicul\s1 :i* means di/ortion ( =m or idea4 ,di/ortion ( =m w\ld t5d to de/roy ! art if reproduc$1 & di/ortion ( idea implies ev5ts 9 "t :i* are beyond ! scope ( ! pa9t]4 ,if any hum\r 7 exhibit$ 9 ! repres5tation ( a s+le mom5t ( action 9 a /ory1 x w\ld quickly disappe>1 = a p]man5t joke is beyond ! range ( human und]/&+4 ,9 poetry & fiction1 hum\r may be appropriately introduc$1 because "h x is ( a fugitive "*1 & may s]ve z a possible relief ( ! m9d1 z a discordant note 9 music2 b 9 a pa9t+1 ! mom5t ( hum\r is fix$1 & a fix$ laugh sugge/s m5tal disord]4 ,nor is !re place 9 ! art ( ! pa9t] = works int5d+ to convey satire or irony1 = su* pictures also mean di/ortion4 ,moreov] !y are m]ely sub/itutes =1 or adjuncts to1 ! art ( writ+4 ,! object ( c>icature is to pres5t an idea 9 a m direct & rapid way ?an x c be express$ 9 writ+1 & n specially to exhibit beauty1 :i* is ! purpose ( ! pa9t]4 ,hog>?'s _m c>icatures are compos$ ( sup]lative signs ( writ+1 & n ( any f9e art4 ,c>toons 7z ! ^w is commonly und]/ood7 are ( ! nature ( allegory1 & may af=d scope = ! pa9t]1 b z !y necess>ily ref] to m or less fleet+ conditions ( a political or social "*1 !y _c reta9 p]man5t int]e/4 ,allegorical pa9t+s are second>y art :5 !y endeav\r to cov] m ?an a mom5t ( "t 9 a s+le design1 or :5 ! allegory is m]ely a metaphor apply+ to action4 ,! fir/ v>iety is r>ely se5 9 mod]n works1 b x 0 n v uncommon f ! fifte5? to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh x 0 nev] produc$ by fir/-class arti/s1 & seldom inde$ by ^? ( ! second rank4 ,q a numb] ( works ( ?is p]iod1 =m]ly suppos$ to h an allegorical signification1 are n[ prop]ly id5tifi$ z r>ely repres5t$ my?ological leg5ds1 or hi/orical incid5ts :i* h only lately be5 une>!d1a & we may re/ assur$ f int]nal evid5ce t _m o!rs ( ! same k9d w yet be newly int]pret$4 ,a good design _c be produc$ f an ev5t 9 "t because ! figures 9 a presum$ action mu/ be %[n 9 repose1b or else ! action appe>s incongru\s & oppos$ to exp]i5ce1 z :5 a goddess is ov]p[]$ by a p]sonage ) ! appe>ance ( a human be+4c ,9 bo? cases ! figures mu/ seem to be falsities4 ,designs ( ! fir/ k9d c only be prop]ly repres5t$ 9 a sequ5ce ( pictures1 ea* indicat+ a p>ticul> action1 z 9 ! ,m>ie de' ,m$ici s]ies ( ,rub5s2 & ^? ( ! second by commonly accept$ figures ( sacr$ or my?ological hi/ory or leg5d1 z :]e ,/4 ,mi*ael & ! ,dragon typify ,good ov]com+ ,evil4 a ,examples are ,lor5zo ,co/a's ,cupid ,cr[n+ ,isabella d',e/e1 ,giorgione's ,adra/us & ,hypsipyle1 & ,pi]o di ,cosimo's ,m>syas picture4 b ,religion ,succ\r$ by ,spa91 ! ,prado1 ,madrid4 c ,lotto's ,triumph ( ,*a/ity1 ,rospigliosi ,gall]y1 ,rome4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to d m ?an b>ely ref] to ! use ( metaphor by ! pa9t] :5 ! repres5tation ( action is involv$1 z = in/ance if he %\ld produce a picture ( a heav+ %ip 9 a /orm1 to meet ! metaphor ,z a %ip is toss$ on a r\gh sea1 s has be5 ! c\rse ( my life1 ?\gh ?is k9d ( picture has be5 occasionally execut$1 ! arti/ =gett+ t x is n ! object depict$ t is comp>$1 b ! action--9 ! example quot$1 ! toss+ ( ! %ip--:i* _c be repres5t$ on canvas4 ,ano!r =m ( metaphor sometimes us$ by ! pa9t] is t :]e a comp>ison ( ideas is repres5t$ by physical proportions1 z 9 ,wi]tz's ,?+s ( ! ,pres5t z se5 by ! ,future1 9 :i* ! ?+s ( ! pres5t are indicat$ by liliputian figures on ! h& ( a woman ( life size :o repres5ts ! future4 ,ne$less to say t su* designs1 ( :i* !re are ab\t a doz5 9 exi/5ce1 c only sugge/ di/ortion1 = ! small] figures mu/ appe> too small1 & ! l>g] ones too great2 or if our exp]i5ce ) m9iature imitations ( ! human figure w>rants u 9 reg>d+ ! small] figures z reasonable1 !n ! l>g] ones mu/ appe> z giants ( ! ,brobd+nagian ord]4 ,! only =m ( metaphor :i* may be us$ by ! pa9t] is t :]e9 a beautiful symbol typifies a high ab/ract quality4 ,metaphor belongs prop]ly to ! arts ( ! poet & noveli/ :o c indicate ! symbol & ?+s symboliz$ 9 imm$iate succession1 s t ! :ole mean+ is app>5t4 ,! pa9t] c only repres5t ! symbol1 & unless ?is is beautiful & its purport readily compreh5d$1 8 sign is m]ely a hi]oglyph--a sign ( writ+4 ,second>y art includes symbolic pa9t+ :5 ! symbol may repres5t ei!r ! symbol itself or ! ?+ symboliz$1 = su* a condition involves a confusion ( ideas :i* t5ds to de/roy ! ae/hetic effect ( ! "w4 ,! mo/ notable pa9t+ ( ?is k9d is ,holman ,hunt's ,! ,scapegoat1 :]e ! design %[s only a goat 9 des]t c\ntry4 ,! scapegoat has ceas$ to be an actuality = c5turies1 & ! only mean+ ( ! t]m z x is n[ us$ applies to a man3 h5ce1 ) ! title ! goat appe>s to be a symbol ( bo? a man & an animal1 :ile )\t ! title x is m]ely ! image ( a goat )\t symbolism4 ,b ! conception ( an animal ( any k9d z a symbol is =eign to ! art ( ! pa9t] ^: symbol %\ld always be beautiful1 :atev] ! nature ( ! repres5tation4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,col\r ,9 itself col\r has no virtues :i* are n gov]n$ by immutable laws4 ,^! are ap>t f ! ex]cise ( human faculties1 ! recognition ( col\r h>mony be+ involunt>y & entirely dep5d5t ^u ! condition ( ! optic n]ves4 ,?us !re c be no mean+ 9 col\r ap>t f its application to =m1 & ! ext5t to :i* x may be prop]ly us$ 9 ! repres5tation ( =m is necess>ily b\nd by our exp]i5ce ( nature4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! mo/ p]fect pa9t+ is t :]e9 !re is a j balance betwe5 ! col\r & ! =m1 t is to say1 :]e ! col\r is n s vivid z to act ^u ! s5se n]ves be=e ! g5]al beauty ( ! "w is appreciat$1 or s feeble or discordant t its want ( natural tru? is imm$iately pres5t$ to ! m9d1 ?us di/urb+ ! impression ( ! design4 ,z ) metrical =m 9 poetry1 ! importance ( col\r 9 pa9t+ v>ies inv]sely ) ! "* ( ! art4 ,9 ! highe/ art1 :]e ideals are dealt )1 col\r is ( ! lea/ importance4 ,a composition ) ideal figures may be produc$ by draw+ only1 t is to say1 by ! use ( a s+le tone 9 outl9e & %ad+4 ,! addition ( col\r height5s ! beauty ( a composition ( ?is k9d1 n s mu* because ( ! new s5sorial h>mony acquir$1 z = ! reason t a pa9t+ 9 col\rs1 correspond+ bett] ?an a col\rless draw+ ) our exp]i5ce ( nature1 assi/s 9 def9+ ! "w & s r$uces ! fractional "t necess>y = ! recognition ( ! g5]al beauty ( ! design1 :i* is a matt] ( importance4 ,! comp>atively small value ( col\r 9 ! highe/ art is demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce4 ,if we 7 to *oose f pa9t+s kn[n to u1 ^? :i* g5]al op9ion reg>ds z ! v greate/ works1 we %\ld unque/ionably "n ! frescoes ( ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo at ! ,vatican1 & ^? ( ,correggio at ,p>ma4 ,^!1 ) a few easel pictures ( ,raphael1 & p]haps a doz5 o!r pictures by v>i\s ma/]s1 are ! only works ( ! pa9t]'s art to :i* ! t]m sublime may be prop]ly appli$4 ,z ) ! great epic poems1 !y are conc]n$ entirely ) ideals--) p]sonages f> above ! level ( life1 ris+ to ! spiritual doma9--or ) human be+s z !y w\ld be if ! highe/ conceptions ( our imag9ation 7 possible ( realization4 ,:5 we recall ^! spl5did legacies ( g5ius to our m9ds1 & pond] ov] ! app>5tly limitless range ( human vision :i* !y evid5ce1 x is ! designs t absorb u1 & n ! col\r--! =ms & expression1 & n ! t9ts by :i* _! def9ition is assi/$4 ,we d n usually analyse ! impression we receive f ^! frescoes & pictures1 b 7 we to d s1 x w\ld be borne 9 ^u our m9ds t :ile a ,raphael1 a ,mi*elangelo1 or a ,correggio1 w\ld be requir$ to conceive & execute su* /up5d\s designs1 _m ?\s&s ( unkn[n pati5t work]s c\ld be f\nd to col\r !m effici5tly4 ,on ! o!r h& if we remove ! col\r f ! greate/ l&scape kn[n to u1 we f9d t mo/ ( ! beauty ( ! "w has disappe>$1 & t we h only a k9d ( skeleton left1 = ! beauty ( su* a picture re/s v l>gely ^u ! a]ial p]spective1 :i* is unobta9able )\t col\r4 ,t ! appreciation ( col\r is relative to ! "* ( ! design may be obs]v$ f common exp]i5ce4 ,we may see ! ,si/9e ,madonna half a doz5 times & !n be unable to recall ! col\rs :5 br++ ! picture to m9d1 s small an effect h !y _h ^u u z comp>$ ) t ( ! maje/y & g5]al beauty ( ! c5tral figure4 ,s ) _m ( ,raphael's o!r pictures4 ,x is a common ?+ = "o to call att5tion to ! sup]b col\r+ ( an easel picture by ,correggio1 b h[ r>ely does an obs]v] notice ! col\r+ ( 8 frescoes at ,p>ma1 :i* are 8 ma/]pieces8 ,) "s ( ! ,v5etian arti/s1 ! col\r+ is (t5 s brilliant1 n to say />tl+1 t x seems to ov]p[] ! obs]v] = a mom5t1 & necessity compels him to accu/om himself to ! tones be=e consid]+ ! design4 ,! col\r+ ( ,titian is n s /rong1 b x is always =cible2 nev]!less "o seldom he>s a comm5t ^u ! col\rs 9 8 works1 ! sup]ior design & g5]al beauty ( ! compositions f> outweigh+ ! purely s5sorial elem5ts !re94 ,titian 9 fact secur$ an approximately j balance betwe5 =m & col\r1 :ile ) 8 great foll[]s ! col\r usually exce$$ 9 /r5g? ! requirem5ts ( ! design4 ,9 ! "t ( ,t9toretto & ,v]onese ! pre/ige & prosp]ity ( ,v5ice 7 rapidly decl9+1 b we h be5 s accu/om$ to associate ) ?is city dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 a luxuri\s life ) some?+ ( ! "* ( an ,ea/]n c\rt1 t gorge\s col\r ( any k9d does n seem out ( place z "o ( its products4 ,b ?is special appropriat5ess has n ! effect ( elevat+ ! gay col\r$ voluptu\s =ms ( ! arti/s nam$1 obs]vable 9 _! classical & allegorical works1 to a high level 9 art4 ,we _c accommodate ! =ms to ! ideas ( ! poets :o inv5t$ or describ$ !m1 or to ! attributes ) :i* !y 7 commonly associat$2 & ! col\r+ t5ds to br+ !m clos] to e>?4 ,:ile we feel b\nd to admire ! col\r+1 we are equally compell$ to regret ! p>ticul> application4#fg ,speak+ g5]ally1 :5 ! design is good we rememb] ! composition irrespective ( ! col\rs1 b :5 ! beauty ( ! "w dep5ds ^u ! col\r h>mony x fades f our memory z soon z our eyes exp]i5ce new col\r comb9ations4 ,! imag9ation may call up ! h>mony aga9 ^u ! m9d1 b ! pleasure exp]i5c$ f ?is reflection mu/ be v feeble inde$ because ! s5ses are n directly affect$ !reby4 ,x c h no m effect ?an a writt5 description ( ! h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj 7,see page #bjf7 ,! ,/orm1 by ,jacob ,ruysdael 7,b]l9 ,museum7 ,! pa9t] is at lib]ty to make :at use he w ( col\r s long z he provides a ?+ ( beauty1 b he mu/ rememb] t ! appreciation ( col\r h>mony is dep5d5t n only ^u ! condition ( ! optic n]ves ( ! obs]v]1 b also ^u 8 exp]i5ce at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,z to ! fir/ consid]ation little he$ ne$ be tak51 because rudim5t>ily ! n]ve /ructure is equal or ne>ly s1 9 all p]sons1 & :ile accid5t at bir? may provide 9 "s an advanc$ condition :i* 9 o!rs is only obta9$ by ex]cise1 yet 9 respect ( col\rs1 exp]i5ce 9 complex h>mony is ga9$ involunt>ily 9 contact ) e-day nature4 ,h5ce = ! purpose ( ! pa9t]1 all m5 may be consid]$ alike 9 reg>d to ! recognition ( col\r h>mony4 ,b individual exp]i5ce at ! "t ( obs]vation ( a pa9t+ v>ies l>gely1#fh a circum/ance :i* is n ( importance 9 deal+ ) works ( ! high] art1 b becomes ( great significance :5 consid]+ ! l[] =ms4 ,no organ ( ! body is s susceptible to fatigue z ! eye1 & a pa9t+ ( ! k9d kn[n z a col\r s*eme may or may n be pleas+ accord+ z ! tone is a relief or o!rwise to ! sight4 ,sometimes a few seconds are suffici5t to fatigue ! eye1 z = in/ance :5 x is direct$ t[>ds a vivid m>oon hang+1 b let a l&scape ) a grey tone be plac$ on ! hang+ & consid]able pleasure w be involunt>ily exp]i5c$ ?r\gh ! relief to ! optic n]ves4 ,remove ! picture to a grey wall1 & x w in/antly lose its *>m1 except su* z x may possess ap>t f ! col\r4 ,z ) p>ticul> tones1 s ) col\rs g5]ally4 ,p habituat$ to conditions ( nature :]e extremes ( sun effects are uncommon1 z 9 ! nor!rn latitudes1 may be tempor>ily pleas$ ) s*emes ( gl[+ col\rs on _! walls1 because ^! relieve ! monotony ( daily exp]i5ce1 b !y mu/ necess>ily quickly tire1 z ) all exceptional conditions ( life :i* are conc]n$ ) ! s5ses only4 ,h[ soon "o is fatigu$ ) bright col\rs g5]ally is obvi\s to any visitor to a public gall]y :i* is cr[d$ ) pictures4 ,9 an h\r or less ! fatigue ( 8 eyes becomes s extreme t 8 :ole n]v\s sy/em is affect$1 & he loses en]gy ( bo? m9d & body4 ,b brilliant colors us$ sp>+ly ) good designs may be a p]petual s\rce ( pleasure4 ,place a f9e "w by ,rub5s or ,paolo ,v]onese 9 a liv+-room & x w attract att5tion e "t "o ent]s1 = ! col\r+ w always be a *ange f ! normal eye exp]i5ce4 ,"o turns to ! picture involunt>ily1 & !n ! design is obs]v$1 & s "o passes f s5sual to intellectual pleasure4 ,?is process is repeat$ day by day1 & ! "w nev] tires4 ,( c\rse x is a condition t ! design is able to hold ! att5tion1 o!rwise ! bright col\rs w\ld s]ve little bett] purpose ?an if !y def9$ a geometrical patt]n4 ,n[adays q a numb] ( pa9t+s are produc$ 9 :i* unusual tones are giv5 to signs or %ad[s1 b ^! are n to be tak5 s]i\sly by ! e>ne/ /ud5t4 ,9 ! sunlight1 amid/ c]ta9 surr\nd+s1 ! arm ( a woman may appe> = "s mom5ts to h a blui% tone1 b ! arti/ w\ld be entirely wrong to pa9t a blui% arm4 ,! picture is to be se5 "u all lights1 & if ! tones be contr>y to g5]al exp]i5ce "u any ( ^! lights1 !n ! "w appe>s to be a falsity1 = ! arti/ does n1 & _c1 reproduce ! conditions :i* toge!r br+ ab\t ! exceptional col\rs4 ,to ! normal eye "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! arm ( a woman is ( fle% col\r1 & ! arti/ is n at lib]ty to v>y ?is tone4 ,he has to repres5t :at appe>s to be true 9 g5]al op9ion1 :e!r x be really true or n "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,! dictum ( ,ari/otle 9 reg>d to poetry--t :at appe>s probable1 ?\gh 9 reality is impossible1 is bett] ?an :at seems improbable b is really possible--is equally true 9 pa9t+4 ,9 fact x is ( m importance t ?is maxim %\ld be rememb]$ 9 pa9t+ ?an 9 poetry1 because ! signs ( ! pa9t] are p]man5t4 ,a poet or noveli/ may ref] to a pass+ exceptional sun effect1 = ! impression on ! m9d ( ! read] w\ld probably be z transi5t z1 or m transi5t ?an1 ! effect itself1 b ) ! pa9t] ! transi5t effect becomes fix$4 ,! blue arm is always blue1 & 9 a v %ort "t becomes a disagreeable unreality4 ,x may be claim$ t ! objectionable sun effects are n really exceptional1 ?\gh !y are seldom notic$2 b = ! purpose ( art1 :at appe>s to be exceptional mu/ be def9itely reg>d$ z s1 & = ?is reason disc>d$ by ! arti/ :o desires to pa9t a good picture4 ,g5]ally !n1 ! value ( col\r lies fir/ly 9 its correspond5ce ) nature1 = ^u ?is dep5ds its h>mony & ! assi/ance x l5ds to ! recognition ( ! beauty 9 ! :ole composition4 ,beyond ?is x may or may n h an ephem]al value accord+ to local conditions4 ,9 any case col\r mu/ ev] be subord9at$ to design 9 a picture1 & ?is is :at ,p\ss9 meant :5 he said t p>ticul> att5tion to col\r is an ob/acle to ! art /ud5t4 ,,book ,,ii ,,illusions ,,9 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,art ,,introductory ,! pa9t] is occupi$ 9 a p]petual /ruggle to produce an illusion4 ,he does n directly aim = ?is1 b except 9 ! v highe/ art :]e ideals are realiz$1 ! bett] ! picture he pa9ts1 ! great] ! illusion4 ,! natural te/ ( ! value ( 8 "w is its correspond5ce ) nature1 & ! ne>] x s corresponds1 ! m complete ! illusion4 ,b ! :ole picture is nev] an illusion 7we leave out ( consid]ation ^? in/ances :]e artificial devices are us$ to conceal ! surr\nd+s ( ! actual pa9t$ surface71 = ! frame & o!r mat]ial evid5ce in=m u ( ! art4 ,! illusion1 :5 x exi/s1 is =c$ ^u our m9ds f mom5t to mom5t z our eyes travel ov] ! "w4 ,x occurs to u p]haps t a face lives1 t ! drap]y is true to life1 t ! tones are real1 & s on1 & obvi\sly ^! circum/ances _c impress u 9 ?is way unless we are mom5t>ily deceiv$4 ,& x is a sign ( good quality 9 ! "w :5 we are s /ruck4 ,?is does n mean t ! clos] ! imitation1 ! bett] ! picture3 on ! contr>y x is r>e to f9d a good "w ( art produc$ by an exact imitator4 ,! duty ( ! arti/ is to g5]alize ev]y?+ t c be g5]aliz$ )\t dep>t+ f ! "* ( ! ?+ repres5t$4 ,true !re are degrees ( g5]alization :i* dep5d on ! nature ( ! design1 ! size ( ! "w1 ! accessories1 & o!r matt]s1 b if a j balance ( g5]alization be secur$ ?r\gh\t1 !n ! imitation is bett] ?an a closely detail$ reproduction1 because a "w is always involunt>ily judg$ f g5]al1 & n f p>ticul>1 exp]i5ce4 ,a portrait = in/ance is a mu* bett] "w ( art if we c say ( x ,?is is a good portrait ( a man1 ?an if we are compell$ to conf9e ourselves to ,?is is a good portrait ( ,mr4 ,jones1 ev5 if ! l9eam5ts ( ! p>ticul> c\nt5ance are bett] def9$ 9 ! latt] example ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,! illusion w\ld be /rong]1 = we are m intimately acqua9t$ ) a man ?an ) ,mr4 ,jones4 ,& s ) accessories4 ,an exceptionally f9e rose or cabbage is nev] s good 9 a pa9t+ z "o ( ^! articles :i* is ( an av]age type1 because ) ?is ! illusion is m c]ta91 = x is n likely to be di/urb$ ) a m5tal inquiry into ! unusual article4 ,! pa9t] may produce 8 illusions !n )\t sacrific+ any?+ 9 8 art1 & ) ! surety t good pa9t+s necess>ily result 9 mom5t>y illusions except :5 =m or expression above life exp]i5ce are dealt )4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important illusion 9 ! art is t ( relief1 = )\t ?is no o!r illusion c be produc$4 ,x is a g5]al condition apply+ to all "w on a flat surface4 ,! o!r illusions t may be provid$ are3 7a7 ( op5+ di/ance 9 l&scape2 7b7 ( motion 9 natural actions1 z 9 fl[+ wat]2 7c7 ( human & animal actions2 7d7 ( susp5sion & motion 9 ! air4 ,! two fir/ are dealt ) "u ,l&scape2 ! o!rs are n[ consid]$4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,illusion ,,( ,,relief ,! greate/ value 9 ! illusion ( relief lies 9 its assi/ance to recognition1 = ) ! =ms r\nd$ by %ad+ & sep>at$ ) ! appe>ance ( relief :i* !y h 9 nature1 details ( ! "w are less likely to complicate ! design to ! eye1 ?an if ! flat surface ( ! canvas be emphasiz$ by ! avoidance ( relief4 ,= ! eye has to be consid]$ be=e ! m9d1 & x is ( imm5se importance t ! bra9 %\ld h ! lea/ possible "w to d 9 assi/+ ! eye to int]pret a ?+ ( art4 ,x w\ld appe> !n t ! m9imum ext5t to :i* relief %\ld be giv5 9 a pa9t+ is t po9t bel[ :i* ! ?+s pa9t$ d n seem to h _! ?ree dim5sions indicat$4 ,beyond ?is ! pa9t] is at lib]ty to proce$ z he pleases4 ,"s great arti/s1 notably ,lion>do1 7 incl9$ to ?9k t x is impossible to give too mu* relief to a figure1 & ?is may be s !oretically1 b practically !re is a l9e to be drawn because life is limit$1 & aft] a c]ta9 po9t is rea*$1 ! "w ( %ad+ = relief is s t$i\s an op]ation1 t half a lifetime w\ld be requir$ to execute a picture ( ?ree or f\r figures if ! arti/ wi%$ to produce ! /ronge/ illusion 9 8 p[] to give4 ,a ,russian arti/ ( high m]it :o essay$ ! task1 sp5t an av]age "t ( five ye>s 9 ceaseless toil on ea* figure he complet$1 & ev5 !n frequ5tly rem>k$ t he _h n giv5 to 8 figures ! full relief he desir$ to exhibit4 ,x is well kn[n t ,lion>do gave long & close att5tion to ?is matt] 9 8 pictures1 & he produc$ "s extraord9>y examples ( relief1 ( :i* ! f9e/ is1 p]haps1 ! ,litta ,madonna1a b "o _c help regrett+ t he did n re/ satisfi$ ) a l[] po9t ( excell5ce 9 respect ( ! illusion1 s t he c\ld sp5d m "t 9 g5]al design4 a ,at ! ,h]mitage4 ,see ,plate #ba4 ,ap>t f ! relief giv5 by %ad+ 9 pa9t+1 !re is an important me*anical me?od ( improv+ ! illusion1 ?\gh ?is c only be occasionally adopt$4 ,! figures 9 any well pa9t$ picture w appe> to /& out 9 high relief if we lose sight ( ! frame & o!r surr\nd+s :i* di/9ctly in=m u t ! "w is a flat surface4 ,?is is :y a pa9t+ inv>iably seems to improve if se5 ?r\gh a tube ( su* diamet] t ! frame is exclud$ f ! vision4 ,advantage ( ?is fact has be5 _m times tak5 9 ! exhibition ( s+le pictures1 :51 by ! exclusion ( ! frame1 ! concealm5t ( ! edges ( ! "w by curta9 arrangem5ts1 & ! conc5tration ( all ! available light ^u ! canvas1 su* p]fect relief has be5 obta9$ t obs]v]s h be5 sometimes unable to di/+ui% ! art f ! life4 ,x 0 ! effect ( ! surr\nd+s ( a picture ^u ! sight1 t l$ to a practice 9 design result+ 9 ! exclusion ( ^! surr\nd+s to "s ext5t :5 ! eye is direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! "w :]e ! pr9cipal figure is commonly /ation$4 ,?is practice is to avoid accessories z f> z possible ne> ! figure1 & to provide consid]able op5 space above x1 & also at ! sides :5 ! composition all[s1 s t ! obs]v+ eye has n ( necessity to range close to ! frame ( ! picture4 ,9 a good design ( ?is k9d ! c5tral figure or figures come out 9 /rong relief1 ! attraction ( ! "w be+ consequ5tly mu* enhanc$4 ,obvi\sly ! pa9t$ figures %\ld be ( life size1 or ne>ly s1 = ! illusion ( relief to be /rik+ly m>k$1 & ! conditions necess>ily prev5t ! adoption ( ! s*eme 9 a design ( _m figures4 ,x is mo/ successful ) a s+le figure1 & has be5 c>ri$ out ) two figures1 b nev] ) m ?an two except 9 a few pictures ( great size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba 7,see page #bdj7 ,! ,litta ,madonna1 by ,lion>do da ,v9ci 7,h]mitage7 ,! numb] ( arti/s :o h tak5 advantage ( ?is me*anical device is n l>ge1 b x includes "s ( ! fir/ ma/]s4 ,! plan may be us$ 9 bo? ext]ior & int]ior sc5es4 ,9 ! =m] ! figures mu/ be ?r[n aga9/ ! sky1 & x is a di/9ct advantage if !re be no trees or o!r objects on ei!r side ( ! figures1 :i* also /& out above ! horizon1 ?\gh ?is is immat]ial if ! figure be set 9 a conf9$ space1 z an ar*1 or betwe5 ! columns ( a loggia1 & ! foliage is n se5 ?r\gh ?is space4 ,! mo/ fam\s pictures :]e ! s*eme is us$ 9 ext]ior "w are among/ ! f9e/ portraits kn[n to u1 namely1 ,lion>do's ,mona ,lisa1 & ,raphael's ,maddal5a ,doni & ,angelo ,doni4a ,9 #aejd or !reab\ts1 ,lion>do pa9t$ a portrait ( ,mona ,lisa sitt+ 9 a loggia1 ! wall ( :i* rea*$ to a ?ird ( ! height ( ! canvas4b ,on ! wall at ea* side ( ! design is a column divid$ d[n ! c5tre by ! edge ( ! canvas4 ,!re is a l&scape sett+1 9 :i* ! middle di/ance is hidd5 by ris+ gr\nd1 & only "p ( ! head appe>s above ! horizon4 ,9 #aeje ,raphael made a /udy f ?is picture 9 :i* he reta9$ ! columns1 b rais$ ! wall1 & ?rew ! :ole head ( ! figure aga9/ ! sky4 ,he us$ ?is /udy = ! portrait ( ,maddal5a ,doni1 b 9 ?is he /ill fur!r improv$ ! design by remov+ ! columns1 & ext5d+ to ! %\ld]s t "p ( ! figure above ! horizon1 ! l9e ( :i* divides ! picture 9 equal halves1 in/ead ( be+ drawn at two ?irds ( ! height z 9 ! fir/ ,mona ,lisa4 ,:5 ,lion>do execut$ ! ,l\vre portrait ( ?is lady1 he remov$ ! columns1 b slightly r$uc$ ! portion ( ! head se5 aga9/ ! sky4 ,raphael's plan1 :i* 0 also us$ 9 ! portrait ( ,angelo ,doni1 is obvi\sly f> sup]ior to t 9 ! ,mona ,lisa design1 = ! relief is necess>ily bett] m>k$4 ,! s*eme 0 n new to ,raphael at ! "t1 except 9 portraiture1 = x is exhibit$ 9 ?ree ( 8 v e>ly sacr$ works4c a ,! fir/ at ! ,l\vre1 & ! o!rs at ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 b ,?is pa9t+1 or "o correspond+ to x1 is 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,see ,note #ef4 c ,sa9t ,seba/ian1 at ,b]gamo2 ,! ,r$eem] at ,brescia2 & ,! ,prophets & ,sybils at ,p]ugia4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples 9 exi/5ce ( ?is me?od ( secur+ relief is ,t9toretto's ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg94a ,on ! "r ( ! picture is a wide flight ( /airs1 curv+ r\nd z !y asc5d4 ,! ,virg9 is mov+ up ^! /eps 9 advance ( "s att5dants1 & ! curv$ /airway enables all ! figures to /& out 9 f9e relief aga9/ ! sky4 ,if well manag$ "s consid]able space above ! figures is suffici5t = ! illusion ev5 if ! sides are p>tly clos$1 z 9 ,alb]t9elli's beautiful ,salutation4b ,:]e only a small portion ( ! figure c be %[n above ! horizon1 ! use ( a fa9t f> di/ance helps 9 ! s*eme ( relief4 ,?us1 9 ,m>co ,basaiti's ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1c :]e ,*ri/ /&s on ! top ( a rock :i* hides ! middle di/ance1 ,8 head only is above ! horizon1 b ! re/ ( ! figure is ?r[n aga9/ a fa9t f> di/ance1 ! relief be+ excell5t4 ,a modification ( ?is plan is obs]vable 9 ,lion>do's ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,anne4d a ,madonna del ,orto1 ,v5ice4 b ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 c ,v5ice ,academy4 d ,! ,l\vre4 ,s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to asc]ta91 ! fir/ kn[n pa9t+ :]e a crucifix is ?r[n aga9/ ! sky is by ,antonella da ,mess9a4a ,! ,cross is fix$ 9 ! =egr\nd & ext5ds to ! top ( ! picture1 be+ cut half-way up & j bel[ ! feet ( ,*ri/ by ! l9e ( ! horizon4 ,! relief is v f9e4 ,?is s*eme 0 imitat$ ) m or less success b nev] q s p]fectly1 till ,titian produc$ 8 magnific5t ,cross4 ,"h ! ,crucifix is ca/ aga9/ a sombre ev5+ sky1 ) ! ,virg9 & two implor+ ,sa9ts at ! foot4b ,rub5s improv$ ^u ?is design ) sev]al v>iations4 ,9 "o he hid ! foot ( ! ,cross1 ?\gh ! tops ( build+s are se5 9 ! middle di/ancec2 & 9 ano!r1 :i* is /ill f9]1 ! "t ( ! sc5e is late ev5+1 & d>k vague outl9es sugge/ a l&scape4 ,b all ^! examples are ca/ into ! %ade by ,van ,dyck's ,antw]p picture1 ?an :i* !re is c]ta9ly no m impressive pa9t$ ,crucifixion 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is ! foot ( ! ,cross is n %[n1 nor is !re any gr\nd to be se51 & ! figure /&s out aga9/ a d>k =bidd+ sky1 awful1 b sublimely real1 z if set 9 b\ndless space = all et]nity4d a ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 b ,ancona ,gall]y4 c ,antw]p ,museum4 d ,?is "w 0 repeat$ sev]al times ) v>iations4 ,see ,plate #bb4 ,!re are _m v>iations ( ! above designs1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,works ( ,v5etian arti/s1 b ^? quot$ may be reg>d$ z typical4 ,h[ easy x is to h9d] ! illusion is se5 9 ,sodoma's ,sacrifice ( ,abraham1a :]e bo? figures are set aga9/ ! sky1 b trees beh9d !m & at ! side de/roy ! relief1 ?\gh ! foliage is by no means ?ick4 ,9 ,girolami da ,libri's ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,anne1 a pomegranate tree int]posesb2 & a curta9 falls at ! back ( a gr\p by ,b]nad9o da ,conti1c ! illusion 9 bo? cases be+ consequ5tly robb$ ( its effect4 a ,pisa ,ca!dral4 b ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 c ,poldo ,pezzoli ,museum1 ,milan4 ,"s ( ! ,dut* arti/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury us$ a cle> sky = ! purpose ( enhanc+ ! relief ( _! figures1 b z ^! are usually ( a comp>atively small size1 ! result is only p>tially effective4 ,alb]t ,cuyp & ,philip ,w\v]man pa9t$ _m pictures ) m5 & animals silh\ett$ above ! horizon1 & ,paul ,pott] execut$ a few ( ! k9d1 b ( all ,dut* pa9t]s1 ,jan ,/e5 secur$ ! be/ relief ) 8 ,t]race ,sc5e4a ,9 m rec5t times ! s*eme has seldom be5 adopt$ = ! purpose ( relief1 b a few ,scotti% pa9t]s practis$ x 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,simson foll[$ ,cuyp's plan1b & ,dyce 9 a sacr$ piece equall$ ! be/ ( ! old ma/]s 9 8 mann] ( produc+ ! illusion4c ,grant also pa9t$ a f9e example4d ,"s portrait pa9t]s ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( ! eighte5? c5tury us$ ! s*eme 9 a p>tial way1 b !y commonly plac$ cl\ds beh9d ! figures ?r[n aga9/ ! sky1 ?us di/urb+ ! illusion4 a ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 b ,national ,gall]y1 ,ed9burgh4 c ,/4 ,john ,lead+ ! ,virg9 f ! ,tomb1 ,national ,gall]y ( ,briti% ,art1 ,london4 d ,! ,c\ntess ( ,*e/]field & ,mrs4 ,anson1 ,gilm\r ,collection1 ,scotl&4 ,!re is only "o me?od ( us+ ?is device = assi/+ 9 ! production ( relief 9 int]iors4 ,?is is to ?r[ ! figure aga9/ a high wall :i* is undecorat$ or ne>ly s4 ,! figure mu/ be "s little di/ance 9 front ( ! wall1 & x is obs]vable t ! be/ effect is obta9$ :5 ! light ?r\gh\t ! room is equal1 b 9 any case ! wall %\ld n h less light ?an ! figure4 ,inasmu* z ! figure has to be ( life size or ne>ly s1 to produce ! desir$ result1 a v l>ge picture w\ld be necess>y = ! repres5tation ( a /&+ adult2 h5ce ! plan is n attempt$ ) a life-size figure1 except ) a sitt+ adult or a /&+ *ild4 ,be=e ?is s*eme 0 us$ = ! human figure1 t ma/] ( relief1 ,m4 ,a4 ,c>avaggio1 adopt$ x = a simple /ill-life "w4a ,a basket ( fruit on a pla9 table1 ) a high b>e wall at ! back--! canvas n[ sombre & d>k5$1 l ! s\l ( ! arti/1 b /ill rem>kable = ! relief3 ?is 0 ! fir/ application to int]iors ( a plan :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ext]iors by "s ( ! greate/ ma/]s = m ?an a c5tury4 a ,ambrogia ,museum1 ,milan4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f exi/+ works1 ?irty or =ty ye>s elaps$ aft] ! picture ( ,c>avaggio 0 pa9t$ be=e ! s*eme 0 br\ght into use = ! human figure 9 int]iors4 ,9 #afcj1 or !reab\ts1 ,velasquez produc$ 8 ,*ri/ at ! ,column4a ,"h ! wall is n actually high1 b ,*ri/ is %[n seat$ on ! floor1 & h5ce !re is ample wall space ov] :i* ! eye may rove4 ,x is possible t ! adoption ( ! plan 9 ?is in/ance 0 ! result ( accid5t1 b ! v unusual pose ( ,*ri/ h>dly w>rants ! sugge/ion4 ,velasquez pa9t$ no m pictures ( ! k9d till a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 :5 he produc$ ,las ,m59as4 ,9 ?is ! relief is excell5t1 b x w\ld h be5 /ill bett] )\t ! picture on ! wall1 & ! op5 door 9 ! backgr\nd1 ?\gh ! figure se5 on ! /eps ?r\gh ! doorway l5ds assi/ance to ! illusion4 a ,! ,prado1 ,madrid4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "s foll[]s ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool us$ ! plan occasionally1 b ! be/ exi/+ ,italian works ( ! "t :]e x is se5 are f ! h& ( ,ev>i/o ,bas*5is1 a ,b]gamese monk4 ,he 0 an excell5t pa9t] ( /ill-life1 & produc$ sev]al pictures1 ea* ) a boy or a woman seat$ 9 ! middle ( a room ne> a pla9 table on :i* re/s a di% ( fruit or a ga!r+ ( v>i\s articles1 :ile at ! back !re is a high b>e wall4 ,9 all ( ^! works a f9e relief is exhibit$1 ?\gh !y are n[ consid]ably m>r$ by d>k5$ %ad[s4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! plan 0 adopt$ by "s ,dut* arti/s1 & lat] /ill 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,*>d91 :o 9 m ways ?an "o seems to h be5 a ,fr5* ,bas*5is1 us$ x 9 sev]al pictures4 ,9 rec5t times s9ce ! /udy ( ,velasquez has become a vogue1 _m arti/s h successfully foll[$ ! plan1 & "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( x 9 exi/5ce--,lydia ,emmet's ,patriciaa--dates z late z #aiae4 a ,exhibition ( ! ,national 7,am]ican7 ,association ( ,portrait ,pa9t]s1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiae4 ,see ,plate #bc4 ,!re are sev]al m9or me*anical ways ( enhanc+ relief1 mo/ ( !m provid+ a sett+ :i* acts z a k9d ( inn] frame to ! design1 ! object be+ to r$uce ! effect ( ! actual frame 9 di/urb+ ! illusion4 ,portrait pa9t]s ( ! ,dut*1 ,flemi%1 & ,engli% s*ools1 h (t5 plac$ half l5g? figures 9 pa9t$ ovals on canvas rectangles1 & 9 ! case ( ,hals he sometimes fur!r improv$ ! illusion by ext5d+ a h& ( ! subject ov] ! oval4 ,hanneman us$ ?is oval 9 a mo/ exceptional way4 ,on a l>ge canvas he pa9t$ ! bu/ portraits ( ,con/ant9e ,huyg5s & 8 six *ildr51 ea* 9 a sep>ate oval1 ! fa!r be+ 9 ! c5tre4a ,! s*eme is /rangely effective1 = ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] is involunt>ily conf9$ to "o portrait at a "t4 ,9 g5re pictures a doorway may act z ! inn] frame1 b ?is is only ( mat]ial value if ! picture be ( consid]able size4 ,! ,dut* pa9t]s1 notably ,g]>d ,d[1 lov$ to pa9t figures lean+ ov] w9d[-sills1 ?is me?od usually enhanc+ ! relief1 because ! eye is apt to be conf9$ = a "t to ! w9d[-frame4 ,p]haps ! be/ use ( a w9d[ = ! purpose ( relief is ,rembr&t's ,samson ,m5ac+ ,8 ,fa!r-9-law1 :]e ! old man's head & h&s1 ( life size1 are se5 protrud+ f a small w9d[4b a ,hague ,gall]y4 b ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,illusion ,,( ,,motion ,) human figures--,) animals4 ,f ! e>lie/ times great sculptors1 9 produc+ a s+le figure 9 action1 h *os5 = ! repres5tation a mom5t ( re/ betwe5 two /eps 9 ! action1 s t ! "* ( ^! /eps is in/antly recogniz$ by ! obs]v]1 ^: imag9ation unconsci\sly c>ries ?r\gh ! action4 ,if e "p ( ! figure is built up con=mably ) ! action1 ) due reg>d to ! position f :i* ! /atue is to be se51 an illusion ( motion w foll[1 ?\gh ?is is necess>ily s rapid t ! effect ^u ! obs]v] is indirect3 he translates ! impression into appreciation ( ! lifelike attitude ( ! figure4 ,ne>ly all ! anci5t ,greek sculptur$ figures kn[n to u1 comm5c+ ) ^? ( ,myron1 are *>act]iz$ by ?is excell5ce 9 design1 & s ) ! be/ "w ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,mod]n sculptors ( repute h also endeav\r$ to provide ! illusion1 ,rod9 9 p>ticul> hold+ t x %\ld be ! aim ( e sculptor4#fi ,! pa9t] is 9 a diff]5t position f ! sculptor because ! latt] may design 8 figure ) special ref]5ce to ! position x is to occupy1 & s he c 9 a measure compel ! obs]v] to see x 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,?us1 ! base ( ! /atue may be "s height above ! gr\nd1 9 :i* case ! obs]v] mu/ necess>ily run 8 eyes up ! figure f ! feet2 or x may be se5 fir/ 9 a ?ree-qu>t] view s t ! position ( ! limbs w app>5tly *ange z ! obs]v] moves to ! front4 ,su* accid5tal circum/ances may be consid]$ by ! sculptor 9 8 plan4 ,! pa9t] has no su* advantage1 = 8 figure is ! same f :i*ev] po9t x is to be se51 )9 reasonable limits2 b he has comp5sation 9 ! use ( tones & accessories ( :i* ! sculptor is depriv$4 ,t ! pa9t] may provide an excell5t illusion ) a s+le figure 9 action is evid5c$ by ,raphael's sup]b ,/4 ,m>g>et1 :]e ! ,sa9t is se5 /epp+ ov] ! dragon4a ,e "p ( h] body1 & e fold ( drap]y is us$ 9 ! expression ( movem5t1 ! effect be+ s p]fect t we _c disassociate ! figure f ! action4#gj a ,at ! ,l\vre4 ,see ,plate #bg4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,r5aissance nev] prop]ly repres5t$ a figure 9 ! act ( walk+1 & !re are few pictures ev5 ( ! fifte5? c5tury :]e a s]i\s attempt is made to *oose ! be/ mom5t 9 :i* to exhibit su* a figure4 ,! fir/ successful essay 9 ! task seems to h be5 9 ,! ,tribute ,money ( ,masaccio1a :o inde$ 0 fifty ye>s ahead ( 8 fell[s 9 ! fai?ful repres5tation ( action4 ,!re 0 a jump ( two decades or s aft] ,masaccio to ! next good figure1 :i* 0 t ( an att5dant 9 ,filipo ,lippi's complex tondo at ,flor5ce4b ,?is figure mu/ h caus$ consid]able surprise at ! "t1 = x 0 copi$ into sev]al works by subsequ5t arti/s1 notably ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio1c & probably sugge/$ ! f9e figure c>ry+ a j> ( wat] on h] head 9 ,raphael's ,fire at ! ,borgo4d ,b ,raphael1 :o ma/]$ e problem 9 composition1 solv$ ?is "o s completely t he left no?+ = 8 successors to le>n respect+ x4 ,n only are ! limbs ( 8 mov+ figures s p]fectly arrang$ t we see only action1 b folds ( ! drap]y us$ on ! figures are suffici5t to indicate prec$+ movem5ts1e & ?is is s ev5 :5 ! figures are /ation>y1 b ! head1 arms1 or upp] "p ( ! body h mov$4f ,?is extraord9>y feature ( ,raphael's "w w ev] =m a subject ( a/oni%m5t & admiration4 a ,santa ,m>ia del ,c>m9e1 ,flor5ce4 b ,madonna & ,*ild ) o!r sc5es f h] life1 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 c ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 ,santa ,m>ia ,novello1 ,flor5ce4 d ,fresco at ! ,vatican4 e ,see ,deliv]ance ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,flight ( ,lot & 8 ,family1 ,moses ,/rik+ ! ,rock1 & o!rs at ! ,vatican4 f ,! ,transfiguration1 ,vatican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb 7,see page #bdd7 ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 by ,van ,dyck 7,antw]p ,museum7 ,! pa9t] has a comp>atively easy task 9 pres5t+ an illusion ) sev]al figures presum$ to be mov+1 = he has only to comply ) two simple conditions4 ,! fir/ is t ! p>ticul> /ep repres5t$ 9 ! act ( progression ( any individual %\ld v>y f ! /eps ( ! p]sons imm$iately beh9d or 9 front ( him2 & secondly t ! actions ( ! diff]5t p]sons be connect$ ) ea* o!r s f> z possible4 ,) ^! conditions reasonably fulfill$1 illusion ( motion necess>ily foll[s4 ,naturally 9 su* a me*anical matt]1 ! "* ( ! inv5tion dep5ds ^u ! scale ( ! design4 ,:5 ! mov+ figures are presum$ to be comp>atively ne> at h&1 ! position ( ! limbs mu/ be entirely pres5t$1 or ! progression w appe> brok54 ,! effective illusion pres5t$ 9 ,burne-,jones's ,gold5 ,/aircase is due to 8 +5uity 9 s arrang+ ! num]\s figures desc5d+ ! w9d+ /airs1 t all _! feet are visible4 ,9 ! case ( a cr[d ( figures ( :om "s are suppos$ to be mov+ & o!rs /&+ /ill1 ! visibility ( ! limbs is ( less importance ?an ! connection ( ! v>i\s actions4 ,9 ,m5zel's ,m>ket 9 ,v]ona1a ! illusion1 :i* is rem>kable1 is entirely produc$ by ! skill 9 :i* innum]able in/ances ( action are made dep5d5t ^u o!rs4 ,an illusion is creat$ 9 ! same way ?\gh 9 a less] degree by ,gu/ave ,dore 9 sev]al works4b ,:5 ! motion arises f ! actions ( ! arms ( a numb] ( p]sons1 x suffices if ! arms are 9 v>i\s positions1 z 9 ,m5zel's ,iron ,mill1 & ,cavalori's ,woolwork]sc :]e _m m5 are us+ long tools2 b if ! limbs are work+ toge!r1 an illusion is impossible4 ,! beauty ( ,gu>di's great picture1 ,regatta on ! ,gr& ,canal1 is mu* dim9i%$ by ! attitude ( ! gondoli]s1 :o all hold _! poles 9 ! same position4 a ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 b ,see ,samson ,slay+ ! ,phili/9es4 c ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ,flor5ce4 ,:]e _m p]sons are mov+ toge!r 9 ! same direction1 great c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 pres5t+ ! actions con=mably ) ! rate at :i* ! movem5t is proce$+1 = ^u ?is ( c\rse dep5ds ! angles ( ! b5d$ knees1 & ! ext5t to :i* "s ( ! feet may be c>ri$ f ! gr\nd4 ,9 sl[ natural movem5ts1 z :]e a numb] ( m5 are dragg+ a heavy burd51 x is r>e to f9d an arti/ wrong 9 8 repres5tationa2 b 9 ! case ( num]\s figures walk+ irregul>ly1 a true ne>gr\nd design is uncommon1 ! pa9t] usually giv+ insuffici5t action1 ) ! result t 8 figures pres5t a /agy appe>ance4b ,b a defect ( ?is k9d is n s s]i\s z :]e sev]al m51 n be+ 9 m>*+ ord]1 are mov+ 9 ! same direction ) _! feet 9 simil> positions1 & ea* ) a foot (f ! gr\nd1c = ?is is only an aggravation ( a case :]e ! picture %[s b a s+le figure walk+ ) "o foot 9 ! air4 a ,= good examples see ,b5oit's ,morn+ ( ,july #ad1 #aghi1 ,poynt]'s ,build+ ! ,treasure ,city1 & ,colton's ,royal ,artill]y ,memorial 7sculptur$ relief74 b ,dehod5cq's ,bohemians ,return+ f a ,fete1 ,*aumont ,museum4 c ,z 9 ,breton's ,cry ( ,al>m4 ,an illusion ( motion may be giv5 to a l9e ( figures 9 ! middle di/ance ( a l&scape by simply w9d+ ! road along :i* !y passa2 b ! angles ( ! turns mu/ be l>ge1 = :5 !y are small1 or :5 !re is a di/9ct zigzag1 ! illusion is de/roy$ ?r\gh ! l5g?y op]ation ( ! eye 9 compreh5d+ ! :ole sc5e4 a ,diaz's ,desc5t ( ! ,bohemians4 ,:5 _m figures are mov+ close toge!r1 ev5 if !y be m>*+ to ! same /ep1 an illusion ( movem5t may be giv5 by ! repres5tation ( a fly+ figure proce$+ 9 ! same direction4 ,?is s*eme has be5 adopt$ 9 sculpture ) high success1 z 9 ! ,%aw ,memorial at ,bo/on1a & ! ,m>seillaise ( ,rude4b ,9 pa9t+1 sev]al horizontal figures may be us$1 b !y mu/ be plac$ irregul>ly to avoid ! appe>ance ( =mality4 ,"s mod]n ,fr5* arti/s are responsible = effective designs indicat+ ! arrival ( spr+ by an ov]head figure fly+ above "y p mov+ ?r\gh fl[]y fields4c a ,by ,a4 ,sa9t-,gaud5s4 b ,arc de ,triomphe1 ,p>is4 c ,see ,aman-,jean's decorative panels at ! ,sorbonne4 ,a sugge/ion ( motion may be obta9$ by exhibit+ a numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 simil> actions1 b %[n 9 a consecutive s]ies ( /ages !re(4 ,?is plan is admirably work$ out by ,watteau 9 8 ,emb>kation = ,cy!ra4a ,a l9e ( c\ples comm5ces at ! "r ( ! picture1 proce$s t[>ds ! left1 & !n desc5ds a slope to ! place ( emb>kation4 ,! fir/ c\ple are sitt+ & conv]s+1 ! next are 9 ! act ( ris+1 & ! ?ird h j ris5 & are ab\t to foll[ ! o!r c\ples already walk+1 ! :ole device be+ mo/ effective4 ,a simil> k9d ( illusion is caus$ by ,rub5s 9 8 ,diana & ,nymphs pursu$ by ,satyrs4b ,on ! extreme "r ( ! picture "s ( ! figures are /ation>y2 !n come a few :o are /ruggl+1 & f9ally "s runn+ nymphs & satyrs1 a p]fect progression ( ev5ts be+ sugge/$4 a ,9 ! ,l\vre1 & repeat$ ) v>iations at ,b]l94 b ,! ,prado1 ,madrid4 ,see ,plate #bg4 ,illusion ( motion is m easily obta9$ ) animals ?an ) human figures1 provid+ !y are fairly l>ge1 because ( ! great] numb] ( _! feet & ! consequ5t wid] v>iation betwe5 ! app>5t & ! real movem5ts4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to produce a sugge/ion ( motion ) a s+le animal repres5t$ 9 a natural attitude1 b ! pa9t] is only conc]n$ ) :at appe>s to be natural or probable1 & n ) :at is actually s4 ,we h only a g5]al idea ( ! action ( a horse 9 nature f :at we see1 & consequ5tly 9 design ?is action mu/ be g5]aliz$ irrespective ( natural possibilities4 ,"s arti/s comb9e p>ts ( diff]5t actions z exhibit$ 9 a s]ies ( photographs 9 ord] to repres5t a mom5t ( action z x is g5]aliz$ to ! eye1 b ?is is only s]viceable :]e ! presum$ action ( ! animal is "o ( a s]ies ( simil> ev5ts1 z 9 walk+ or trott+4 ,x w\ld n answ] 9 ! case ( an isolat$ action1 z jump+ or re>+1 because su* actions v>y ) ! circum/ances surr\nd+ !m1 z ! height ( ! jump or ! cause ( ! re>+4 ,9 ^! ev5ts !re=e ! arti/ may exagg]ate to a great ext5t )\t appe>+ to pres5t impossible movem5ts4 ,9 fact ne>ly all good pictures ( "o or two horses 9 action are /rong exagg]ations ( nature1 b ?is h>dly affects _! ae/hetic wor? because ! action is n recogniz$ z abnormal or impossible4 ,! f9e/ pa9t+ ( horses 9 action kn[n to u1 is ,regnault's ,autom$on ) ! ,horses ( ,a*illes1a :]e ! animals exhibit _s & movem5t f> above exp]i5ce1 b ev5 if we did n "k t !y are presum$ to be immortal1 we %\ld only reg>d ! action z exceptional1 = x does n appe> to be impossible4 a ,bo/on ,museum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,see ,plate #bh4 ,!re is ample scope = ! pres5tation ( an illusion ) a numb] ( mov+ animals4 ,all t is necess>y is t !y %\ld be kept fairly well toge!r ) _! legs 9 v>i\s mov+ attitudes4 ,?is illusion is p]fectly manag$ by _m ( ! ,fr5* pa9t]s ( battle sc5es 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 notably ,horace ,v]net1a ,gros1b ,*>ti]1c ,morot1d & ,meissoni]4e ,! action 9 ! cavalry *>ges ( ,morot & ,*>ti] is amaz+ly true to life4 ,ev5 ?ree or f\r animals w suffice = an illusion1f b ?is _c be provid$ ) ! small] animals1 z %eep or goats1 because al?\gh a s]ies ( progressive actions may be giv5 to ^? outside animals 9 a flock ^: legs are visible to ! spectator ( ! picture1 ! scale to :i* !y are pa9t$ is necess>ily s small t ! eye has an entirely insuffici5t range = op]at+ ! illusion4 ,:]e sev]al horses are repres5t$ z mov+ at consid]able spe$1 x is necess>y t "s ( _! feet %\ld t\* ! gr\nd1 o!rwise ! illusion is de/roy$1 or else ! animal may appe> to be rac+ ?r\gh ! air4g ,! effect is n s di/urb+ :5 all ! feet ( ! mov+ animals are on ! gr\nd1h or :]e !y are hidd5 by h]bage1i or :]e all ! animals are on _! h9d legs1j ?\gh 9 ^! in/ances an illusion is almo/ impossible4 a ,la ,smalah at ,v]sailles4 b ,! ,combat ( ,naz>e?4 c ,j5a1 #ahjf1 & ,hanau1 #ahac4 d ,rei*s(f54 e #ahad4 f ,rosa ,bonheur's ,pl\gh+ 9 ,niv]nois4 g ,from5t9's ,c\ri]s des ,ool$ ,nayls1 ,luxemb\rg2 ,s*rey]'s ,! ,attack1 ,n4 ,y4 ,public ,libr>y2 & ,g]icault's ,epsom1 ,l\vre4 h ,a4 ,br[n's ,! ,drove4 i ,uhde's ,cavalry ,soldi]s ,go+ into ,action1 ,muffel ,collection4 j ,snyd]'s ,hunt1 ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,9 cases :]e horses & m5 are cr[d$ toge!r1 & are /ruggl+ 9 confusion1 x is only necess>y 9 ord] to provide an illusion1 t no action %\ld be entirely sep>at$ f ! o!rs4 ,!re 0 a f9e example ( ?is "w 9 a lo/ draw+ or pa9t+ ( ,titian1 ( ,ph>aoh's ,ho/ ,ov]:elm$ 9 ! ,r$ ,seaa2 & _m arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance produc$ l illusions 9 pictures ( ! rape ( ! ,sab9es4 ,:]e ! movem5t is spread ov] a l>ge area1 & ! scale to :i* ! animals are drawn is comp>atively small1 ! v>i\s gr\ps engag$ mu/ obvi\sly be connect$ toge!r 9 a s]ies4 ,franz ,adam arranges a s*eme ( ?is k9d 9 a battle sc5e1 us+ runn+ soldi]s or haul$ guns z l9ks 9 ! *a94b a ,an engrav+ on wood by ,a4 ,&reani is 9 exi/5ce4 b ,a ,bav>ian ,regim5t be=e ,orleans1 ,muni*4 ,an illusion ( motion is sometimes assi/$ by ! title ( ! picture4 ,a rem>kable example ( ?is is ,rob]t's ,! ,israelites ,dep>t4 ,al?\gh individual action _c be di/+ui%$ ow+ to ! scale ( ! design1 yet :5 "o is acqua9t$ ) ! title1 ! imag9ation is in/9ctively set to "w1 & ! enorm\s cr[ds pack+ ! wide /reets seem to be /ream+ 9 "o direction4 ,obvi\sly = ! title to h ?is effect1 ! numb] ( signs mu/ be ov]:elm+1 & !re mu/ be no possibility ( int]pret+ ! picture 9 two ways2 t is to say1 accessory signs mu/ be us$ to indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! cr[d is mov+4#ga ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,illusion ,,( ,,susp5sion ,,& ,,motion ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,) ! assi/ance ( drap]y--,( cl\ds--,( w+$ figures--,miscellane\s devices4 ,! repres5tation ( figures susp5d$ 9 ! air1 or mov+ ?r\gh x1 has nev] (f]$ mu* tr\ble to pa9t]s1 ?\gh necess>ily involv+ an app>5t miracle4 ,! v slighte/ pret5d$ physical assi/ance suffices = ! illusion1 & ?is help is usually r5d]$ 9 ! %ape ( fly+ drap]y1 w+$ figures1 cl\ds1 or artificial devices bas$ ^u ! contact ( two or m figures4 ,! only difficulty met ) is 9 respect ( an upw>d v]tical movem5t4 ,"h1 w+s or cl\ds c sc>cely be made to diff]5tiate betwe5 a ris+ & a fall+ movem5t1 & fly+ drap]y is ( little s]vice inasmu* z a ru% ?r\gh ! air w\ld1 if ! feat 7 actually p]=m$1 cause ! drap]y to cl+ to ! figure4 ,! sure/ rem$y = ! disabilty is to support ! figure directly by w+$ figures plac$ at a consid]able angle f ! v]tical1 b ?is plan is only r>ely adopt$ by great ma/]s because ( ! consequ5t complications 9 ! design ( ! gr\p4 ,s9ce fly+ drap]y is commonly add$ to ! figure presum$ to be asc5d+1 & see+ t arti/s almo/ inv>iably insi/ ^u giv+ _! asc5d+ figures upright attitudes1 x is seldom t ! movem5t is correctly express$4 ,usually ! figure appe>s to be held immovably 9 susp5sion1 b occasionally1 ow+ to ! drap]y arrangem5t1 a desc5d+ movem5t is indicat$4a ,)\t ! assi/ance ( w+$ figures1 ! illusion ( asc5sion c only be giv5 :5 ! figure is %[n direct$ upw>ds at an angle ( at lea/ fifte5 or tw5ty degrees f ! v]tical4 ,z a rule ! l>g] ! angle1 ! m easy is ! production ( an illusion4 ,) a fairly l>ge angle1 & an appropriate arrangem5t ( limbs & drap]y1 heavy figures c be made to appe> naturally asc5d+1 z 9 ,rub5s's ,boreas & ,ori?yia1 bo? voluptu\s =ms4b a ,z 9 ,murillo's ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ,madrid ,academy4 b ,v5ice ,academy4 ,only a v few ( ! fir/ arti/s h be5 able to give an illusion ( movem5t 9 ! air by use ( drap]y alone1 ! device adopt$ by ,mi*elangelo 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel frescoes be+ p]haps ! mo/ effective4 ,he ?r[s beh9d ! mov+ figure ( ! ,deity a l>ge fold ( drap]y1 :i* assumes an oval or ne>ly r\nd %ape1 ! :ole act+ z a concave framework = ! ,deity & att5d+ ,angels4a ,! success ( ! plan arises ( c\rse f ! app>5t resi/ance to ! air (f]$ by a l>ge & compact surface4 ,?is =m ) m or less m>k$ modifications 9 ! concavity 0 probably us$ by ! anci5t ,greeks 9 _! pa9t+s1 z a ne>ly simil> arrangem5t is f\nd 9 a sculptur$ figure :i* has come d[n to u1 ?\gh 9 ?is case a runn+ movem5t is indicat$4b ,x is also se5 9 "s ,pompeian frescoes1 :]e x is appli$ to figures mov+ ?r\gh ! air & on ! gr\nd4c ,raphael adopt$ ! device occasionally1d b g5]ally v>i$ x ) excell5t effect by fl[+ out f ! wai/ a l>ge sc>f-l fold to take a circul> =m above ! head & %\ld]s ( ! figure1e or by caus+ heavy drap]y to fl[ out f ! l[] "p ( ! body4f ,no d\bt 9 ! case ( ,raphael1 ! extraord9>y grace ( figure1 & ! p]fect pose ( ! limbs1 assi/ ! illusion4 ,t9toretto & o!r arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance us$ an oval drap]y 9 a simil> way2 :ile sometimes ! figure is half hidd5 )9 x1g & ,le ,sueur wrapp$ "p ( ! figure 9 folds be=e =m+ ! oval4h ,!re seems to be a simple virtue 9 any oval =m connect$ ) figures presum$ to be susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,x 0 q common 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,r5aissance = ! ,deity or ,virg9 & ,*ild to be plac$ 9 a regul> oval framework1 sometimes support$ by ,angels or *]ubs1 & ! illusion 0 usually successful4i ,rub5s by way ( exp]im5t w5t a little fur!r 9 "o picture1 = he plac$ ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 an oval picture frame support$ by *]ubs4j ,?is h[ev] does n seem s novel z "s ( ,p]ug9o's ovals :i* are bord]$ ) ! heads ( *]ubs4k a ,see ,plate #bd4 b ,! ,son ( ,niobe1 ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4#gb c ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 iv41 by ,r\x ,a9e4 d ,ceil+ ( ! ,hall ( ,heliodorus1 ,vatican4 e ,vatican frescoes ,god ,sep>at+ ,wat] & ,e>?1 & ,god ,appe>+ to ,isaac4 f ,! ,creation ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 g ,p\ss9's ,/4 ,francis ,zavi]1 ,l\vre4 h ,! ,virg9 appe>+ to ,/4 ,m>t94 i ,see ! ,assumption ( ,orcagna1 & ( ,luca di ,tome2 ,giunto ,pisano's ,*ri/ & ! ,virg92 & ,ma9>di's ,madonna giv+ h] ,girdle to ,/4 ,?omas4 j ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ,*iesa ,nuovo1 ,rome4 k ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ,p]ugia2 ,assumption1 ,flor5ce ,academy1 & o!rs4 ,w+s are seldom suffici5t to sugge/ lightness 9 ! air1 because !y c sc>cely be design$ ( ! size & /r5g? :i* we judge to be proportionate to ! presum$ weight ( ! body1 )\t mak+ ! =m appe> abnormal1 ?\gh !re are in/ances 9 :i* p>tial success has be5 a*iev$ by us+ comp>atively small figures & giv+ !m unusually l>ge w+s4a ,! use ( m ?an a s+le pair ( w+s is h>dly p]missible because ( ! app>5t anomaly4 ,actually "o pair is n less incompreh5sible f an anatomical po9t ( view ?an sev]al pairs1 b cu/om has driv5 f our m9ds any sugge/ion ( incongruity 9 respect ( ! repres5tation ( ! common type ( ,angel4 ,naturally :5 skilfully arrang$1 ! m w+s1 ! /rong] ! illusion ( flight1 & if a habit ( giv+ f\r w+s to an ,angel 7 eng5d]$1 we %\ld p]haps see no?+ /range 9 !m4 ,ev5 six w+s h be5 giv5 to ,angels )\t mak+ !m appe> ungraceful4b a ,j4 ,h4 ,witt's ,bless ! ,"l4 b ,pic>t's ,! ,burn+ ,coal4 ,:5 !re is no assi/ance1 z cl\ds or fl[+ drap]y1 l5t to ,angels to promote ! illusion ( susp5sion1 x is necess>y to give !m an attitude :i* is ne>ly horizontal4 ,prop]ly manag$1 a pair ( comp>atively small w+s may 9 ?is way appe> to support a heavy =m4a ,lu9i actually adds ! weight ( ! body ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e to ?ree ,angels1 fly+ horizontally1 :o c>ry h] to ! tombb2 an inv5tion1 /rangely en\gh1 foll[$ by ,kulmba* 9 ,g]many at ab\t ! same "t4c ,9 bo? cases ! illusion is excell5t4 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,flemi% & ,g]man ma/]s1 includ+ ,van ,eyckd & ,holbe91e employ$ ,angels 9 sc5es ) ! ,virg9 to hold susp5d$ beh9d h] seat1 l>ge falls ( brocad$ mat]ial1 & x is curi\s to note t ! ,angels !mselves seem to be support$ by ! drap]y4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ! sugge/ion ( lightness1 ,p]ug9o sometimes ar*$ ! l[] limbs ( ! ,angels1 add+ a n>r[ tape scrollf2 an addition improv$ ^u by ,raphael :o sub/itut$ = ! scroll a loos5$ girdle fly+ out f ! wai/4g a ,rembr&t's ,! ,angel quitt+ ,tobias1 ,l\vre4 b ,! ,br]a1 ,milan4 c ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,krakan4 d ,virg9 & ,*ild at ! ,f\nta91 ,antw]p4 e ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ,augsburg4 f ,! ,asc5sion1 ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro1 ,p]ugia4 g ,creation ( ,woman1 ,ca/ello ,gall]y2 ,prophets & ,sybils1 ,p]ugia1 & o!rs4 ,! mo/ frequ5tly us$ =m ( support = figures 9 susp5sion are irregul> masses ( cl\ds1 ^u :i* ! figures sit or /&1 & occasionally are p>tly enfold$ !re94 ,sometimes ! cl\d bank is m or less %ap$ = ! purpose ( relief1 or = v>iety 9 design4 ,?us1 ,raphael makes "p ( ! cl\d a p]fect footre/ = ! ,virg91a & ,palma ,giovane does a simil> ?+ = a figure ( ,*ri/1b b 9 ?is case ! illusion is haz>d$ z ! seat is n directly indicat$4 ,+res produces an excell5t illusion by mak+ ! footre/ a small sep>ate cl\d1c :i* is a v>iation f ! practice ( _m pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 :o us$ a sep>ate cl\d = ea* p]sonage 9 ! composition1 or ev5 ) ea* foot z ) ,c>lo ,crivelli4d ,9 a fresco ( ! ,evangeli/s at ,flor5ce1 ea* ( !m sits ) 8 insignia on a foliat$ bank ( cl\ds4e ,p]ug9o 9 us+ a simil> plan sometimes places ! cl\ds at ! bottom ( ! picture1 no "p ( ! e>? be+ se51 s t ! illusion is consid]ably enhanc$4f ,at o!r times he %[s ,angels app>5tly runn+ ?r\gh ! air1 ) ea* front foot re/+ on a t9y cl\d1 giv+ ! impression t x is fa/5$ !re4g ,dur] ext5d$ ?is plan by directly atta*+ a small cl\d to ea* foot1 ! effect be+ some:at :imsical4h ,titian 0 unsuccessful 9 ! use ( an isolat$ cl\d4i ,9 a ,resurrection sc5e ,*ri/ /&s on a small ?9 cl\d1 & holds a flag-pole1 ! l[] end ( :i* re/s ^u ! cl\d4 ,obvi\sly ) su* a design no sugge/ion ( asc5t c ent] ! m9d4 a ,foligna ,madonna1 ,vatican4 b ,*ri/ 9 ,judgm5t1 ,v5ice4 c ,! ,oa? ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 d ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ,milan4 e ,santa ,m>ia4 ,by an unkn[n arti/ ( ! ,ghirl&aio s*ool4 f ,*ri/'s ,rule4 g ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,p5it5ts1 & o!rs4 h ,! ,virg9 ) a ,can>y1 ,b]l94 i ,urb9o ,gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc 7,see page #bdg7 ,patricia1 by ,lydia ,emmet 7,private own]1 ,n4 ,y47 ,"s arti/s1 z ,luca ,signorelli1a hide ! l[] "p ( ! figure beh9d cl\ds1 b ?is me?od1 :ile indicat+ susp5sion1 _c provide an illusion ( movem5t )\t an assi/+ device4 ,?us ,s*onh]r %[s an ,angel s conceal$ 9 a ne>ly horizontal position ) w+s fully exp&$1 ! effect be+ good4b ,:5 a figure is susp5d$ on cl\ds1 v r>ely inde$ is repose emphasiz$ by plac+ x 9 a horizontal position1 b ,p\ss9 once adopts ! plan1c & ,gu]c9o goes s f> z to repres5t a recl9+ ,angel re/+ h] head on h] h& z if suff]+ f fatigue4d ,p]fect repose ( ! ,deity 9 an upright position on cl\ds is produc$ by ,gu/ave ,dore1 :o r$uces ! size ( ! e>?1 above :i* ,he /&s1 to an insignificant proportion1 s t ! imag9ation s5ds x mov+ r\nd bel[ ,him4e a ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ,glory1 ,arezzo4 b ,! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d54 c ,adam & ,eve4 d ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,mod5a4 e ,creation ( ! ,e>?4 ,q a numb] ( arti/s repres5t ! susp5d$ figures /&+ on ! backs ( *]ubs or cupids1 :i* 9 _! turn are support$ by cl\ds1 z = in/ance1 ,r4 ,ghirl&aio1a ,lib]ale di ,v]ona1b & ,francesco da ,cotignola4c ,fra ,b>tolommeo places a s+le foot ( ! ,deity on a *]ub :o holds a b&]ole1 ! illusion be+ excell5t4d ,dom5i*9o adopts a mo/ +5i\s device 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,vision4 ,he %[s ! ,apo/le be+ c>ri$ to ,heav5 by w+$ *]ubs1 :o appe> to f9d ! weight consid]able1 & to /ruggle "u x4 ,!re is little else to induce ! illusion1 :i* is complete4e ,a simil> s*eme is successfully manag$ 9 ,prud'hon's ,abduction ( ,psy*e4 ,tassa]t uses a l device1 b 9 addition has a *]ub support+ ea* arm ( ! ,virg94 ,palma ,vec*io makes ! ,virg9 /& on ! out/ret*$ w+s ( a *]ub1 b h] robe bl[s upw>ds1 giv+ h] ! appe>ance ( desc5d+ in/ead ( asc5d+4f ,rub5s has ?ree alt]natives 9 ! use ( *]ubs4 ,! figure sits on cl\ds ) feet re/+ on small globes su/a9$ by *]ubsg2 or ! *]ubs hold ! dress & mantle ( ! ,virg92 or !y help to control ! cl\ds ^u :i* %e sits4h ,9 "s ( 8 pictures ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ,murillo also uses globes1 b places ! *]ubs on !m in/ead ( "u4 ,francia has a picture 9 :i* *]ubs hold up cl\ds be>+ ! ,virg91i a device once us$ by ,rembr&t4j ,g5ga %[s ! ,deity kneel+ ^u ! heads ( *]ubs1 a s*eme n satisfactory4k ,*]ubs 7 us$ by ,titian to hold up ! ,virg9 & cl\ds1l :ile ,velasquez re/$ ! robes on cl\ds1 b us$ *]ubs to su/a9 ! ,holy ,"m4m a ,! ,madonna giv+ h] ,girdle to ,/4 ,?omas1 ,prato4 b ,! ,magdal5e & ,sa9ts4 c ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 ,rav5na ,academy4 d ,! ,deity ) ,,ss4 ,ca!r9e & ,magdal5e4 e ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 f ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 ,v5ice4 g ,! ,deity & ,*ri/1 ,weim>4 h ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 at ,dusseldorf1 ,augsburg1 ,brussels1 & ,vi5na4 i ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ,glory1 ,b]l94 j ,! ,asc5sion1 ,muni*4 k ,! ,magdal5e & ,sa9ts1 ,milan4 l ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 ,v5ice4 m ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ,madrid4 ,! illusion is usually m complete :5 ,angels are us$ in/ead ( *]ubs = support1 app>5tly because !y may be presum$ to h great] /r5g?1 & ! plan 0 adopt$ by "s ( ! e>li] ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! simple design ( ,rub5s 9 re/+ ! foot ( ,*ri/ on ! arm ( a fly+ ,angel is q successful4a ,fontana places ! ,deity on cl\ds support$ by ,angels1b a me?od adopt$ by ,granacci1 :o h[ev] assi/s ! illusion by add+ two ,angels :o are directly support+ ! figure4c ,pet] ,cornelius has ! ,deity ) ,8 foot on a small globe :i* is held 9 position by ,angels4d ,a f9e example ( _! use is %[n by ,gu!rz4 ,two ,angels ) l>ge out/ret*$ w+s are be>+ ! body ( a woman to ,heav54 ,%e lies recumb5t ^u a l5g?y hammock =m$ by ! robes ( ! ,angels1 ! ends ( ! drap]y be+ ga!r$ up by ! fly+ *]ubs4e ,! illusion is p]fect4 ,rembr&t also has a beautiful design 9 a ,resurrection sc5e1 = he %[s ! figure ( ,*ri/ z a %ade ^: h&s are held by a fly+ ,angel lift+ ,him to ,heav54f ,a few arti/s1 z ,p\ss9g & ,b\gu]eau1h use ,angels to c>ry ! figure ) no o!r assi/+ device1 b if ! body is recumb5t x is necess>y t ! ,angels %\ld be 9 a ne>ly upright position1 o!rwise !y w appe> to be mov+ horizontally4i ,rub5s 9 an ,asc5sion uses ! /range me?od ( plac+ an ,angel b5ea? ,*ri/1 b )\t t\*+ ,him4j ,! drap]y flies out at ! back1 s t )\t "s assi/ance he w\ld appe> to be desc5d+2 b ! ,angel bel[1 ) h] h&s held up1 seems to correct ! position4 ,guido ,r5i c>ries ! ,virg9 up ) ,angels :o support h] b5ea?1 & %e seems 9 fact to be /&+ on _! %\ld]s4k ,9 "o in/ance ,correggio sub/itutes a smil+ boy = an ,angel1 & he holds up a cl\d on :i* ! ,virg9 sits4l ,!re are _m works :]e w+$ figures hold a body 9 susp5sion1 mo/ ( !m provid+ excell5t illusions4 ,among ! be/ is ,lux's ,s>p$on1 :]e ! body ( ! ,trojan is held up = ,jupit] to kiss4m a ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ,vi5na4 b ,vision ( ! ,resurrection4 c ,! ,virg9 giv+ h] ,girdle to ,/4 ,?omas1 ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 d ,let !re be ,light4 e ,!y %all be> !e up4 f ,muni* ,gall]y4 g ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 & ,vision ( ,/4 ,paul4 h ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 i ,b\gu]eau's ,une ,ame au ,ciel4 j ,! ,academy1 ,v5ice4 k ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 ,muni*4 l ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,sa9ts1 ,p>ma4 m ,! ,luxemb\rg4 ,ev5 a simple b&]ole or sc>f suffices to indicate movem5t 9 ! air if well arrang$4 ,usually a fly+ *]ub holds an end ( ! b&]ole1 & ,f]ri %[s a w+less putto ev51 fly+ ) no o!r assi/ance4a ,b\*] creates an illusion by ! bold device ( connect+ two cupids ) a n>r[ sc>f bl[n out into a semicircleb2 & 9 ano!r in/ance v n>r[ tape /ream]s suffice4c a ,david plans a ,temple4 b ,bir? ( ,v5us4 c ,altdorf]'s ,nativity at ,b]l94 ,! use ( ?ick smoke = susp5sion purposes is ne>ly always successful1 because volumes ( smoke 9 nature necess>ily t5d to move upw>ds2 b obvi\sly ?is s*eme c only be arrang$ :5 an alt> is possible4 ,! plan is n uncommon 9 pictures relat+ to ,ca9 & ,abel1 & ! ,translation ( ,eno*4 ,9 "o ( ! latt] subject1 ,hoet makes "p ( ! smoke f an alt> envelop ! surr\nd+ gr\nd s z to wid5 ! volume1 :ile ,s*norr a*ieves ! same end by curl+ r\nd ! smoke z x asc5ds into ! =m ( a l>ge sauc] ^u :i* ! ,deity sits1a a me?od slightly v>i$ by ,amiconi4b a ,god's ,promise to ,abraham4 b ,god ,appe>+ to ,moses4 ,:]e a numb] ( figures are connect$ toge!r 9 a circul> =m 9 ! air1 ! d\ble illusion ( susp5sion & motion foll[s naturally1 provid$ _! attitudes indicate a circul> movem5t4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is is %[n 9 a picture by ,botticelli1 :]e ,angels dance 9 ! air ov] ! hut ( ! ,nativity4a ,! f9e/ "w ( ! k9d 9 exi/5ce is probably ,s*w9d's ,pleiads1 9 :i* ! />s are repres5t$ by a circle ( beautiful nude wom54b ,extraord9>y activity is sugge/$ by ! p]fect arrangem5t ( ! limbs & light fl[+ drap]y us$4 ,b\gu]eau has a "w ( a simil> k9d1 ,! ,lo/ ,pleiad1 b "h ! danc]s are upright1 & ! circle is only accessory to ! title figure4c ,watteau is fairly successful 9 giv+ an illusion ( susp5sion to cupids ev5 ) a half circle1 ?\gh ! inv5tion is some:at =mal4d a ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 b ,d5n] ,collection4 ,see ,plate #be4 c ,brooklyn ,museum1 ,new ,york4 d ,! ,b]l9 example ( ! ,emb>kation = ,cy!ra4 ,"s ( ! devices us$ to br+ ab\t an illusion are mo/ +5i\s4 ,?us 9 8 ,bac*us & ,ariadne1a ,t9toretto actually applies a disability ( 8 art = ! purpose4 ,v5us is %[n 9 a horizontal position 9 ! air1 plac+ a cr[n ( />s ^u ! head ( ,ariadne4 ,bac*us is /&+ by1 & ! =m ( ! goddess floats j at ! back ( him1 ! l[] side ( h] hip be+ on a level ) ! top ( 8 head4 ,see+ t ! head is cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( v9e leaves1 x is impossible = ! arti/ to indicate1 or ! obs]v] to recognize1 t ! goddess does n actually t\* ! head ( ,bac*us1 & %e app>5tly balances h]self ^u 8 head :ile cr[n+ ,ariadne1 ! arti/ hav+ be5 c>eful to place ! c5tre ( gravity ( h] figure ov] ! app>5t po9t ( contact4 ,a simil> k9d ( illusion is provid$ by ,burne-,jones1 ^: ,angel ( ! ,annunciation is upright 9 midair ne> ! gr\nd1 b h] feet seem to f9d support on ! bran*es ( a %rub4b ,rossetti1 9 ! same subject1 %[s ! ,angel ) 8 feet wrapp$ 9 flames1 ! weight be+ ?us app>5tly remov$4 ,! design seems biz>re1 p]haps because ( ! abs5ce ( an expression ( surprise :i* "o w\ld expect to see on ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,virg9 at s extraord9>y a ph5om5on4#gc ,s*w9d also uses a disability ( 8 art = an illusion 9 8 ,phantom ( ! ,=e/4c ,%e moves ne> ! gr\nd away f ! spectator ) su* rapidity t h] robe1 a simple rectangul> piece ( drap]y1 has op5$ out wide f ! front1 & hides h] figure f ! %\ld]s d[n1 s t f ! po9t ( view ( ! obs]v] %e may1 or may n1 be t\*+ ! gr\nd z %e moves4 a ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice4 b ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london4 c ,s*ack ,gall]y1 ,muni*4 ,h[ slight ! app>5t support ne$ be1 is indicat$ 9 ,b\gu]eau's ,aurora & ,twilight4 ,ea* figure is repres5t$ by a nude woman hold+ a light sc>f1 ! fir/ rapidly1 & ! second sl[ly1 skimm+ ! surface ( a /ream ( wat] ) s(t t\*es ( ! feet1 & yet !re is no anomaly t /rikes ! m9d4 ,a /ill m d>+ device is us$ by ,batti/ello1 ?\gh q successfully4 ,he places two w+less putti 9 ! air1 b "o holds up ! o!r1 & ?is action seems to su/a9 !m bo?4a ,ano!r amaz+ design is f ! h& ( ,a4 ,p4 ,roll1 :o %[s a nude-man 9 ! air clut*+ ano!r1 & app>5tly /ruggl+ to pull him d[n1 yet ! action seems p]fectly natural4b a ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 ,san ,m>t9o1 ,naples4 b ,design = ! ,petit ,palais1 ,p>is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,note #a4 ,,page #b ,x is usual & prop] to di/+ui% ?ree k9ds ( beauty 9 pa9t+1 namely1 ( col\r1 ( =m1 & ( expression4 ,b =m mu/ be def9$ by tones1 & col\r )\t =m is mean+less3 h5ce 9 ! g5]al consid]ation ( ! pa9t]'s art1 x is conv5i5t to place =m & col\r toge!r z repres5t+ ! s5sorial elem5t ( beauty4 ,nev]!less col\r & =m are n on ! same plane 9 reg>d to s5se p]ception4 ,h>mony ( col\r is di/+ui%$ involunt>ily by n]ve s5sations1 b 9 ! case ( h>mony ( =m !re mu/ be a c]ta9 consid]ation be=e its ae/hetic det]m9ation4 ,! recognition ( ?is h>mony commonly appe>s to be in/antane\s1 b /ill x is delay$1 ! delay v>y+ ) ! complexity ( ! signs1 t is to say1 ) ! quality ( ! beauty4 ,,note #b4 ,,page #b ,b5$etto ,croce1 ! inv5tor ( ! late/ s]i\s ae/hetic sy/em1 talks ( ! sci5ce ( art1 b he saysa3 ,sci5ce--true sci5ce1 is a sci5ce ( ! _s--,philosophy4 ,natural sci5ces spok5 ( ap>t f philosophy1 are complexes ( k1 arbitr>ily ab/ract$ & fix$4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to say t ,croce's ae/hetic sy/em1 l all ! o!rs1 collapses on a brea? ( inquiry4 ,on ! purely philosophical side ( x1 fur!r criticism is unnecess>y1 & its practical outcome f ! po9t ( view ( art is n f> remov$ f ! amaz+ conclusions ( ,hegel4 ,f ! latt] philosoph] we le>n t an idol 9 ! =m ( a /one pill>1 or an animal set up by ! primitive races1 is high] art ?an a drama by ,%akespe>e1 or a portrait by ,titian1 because x repres5ts ! ,idea 7,hegel's un9telligible ab/raction--see ,note #e71 :ile ,croce tells u t ! art ( savages is n inf]ior1 z art1 to t ( civiliz$ peoples1 provid$ x be correlat$ to ! impressions ( ! savages4 ,cle>ly if ?is be s1 we are n surpris$ to le>n f ,croce t ,ari/otle fail$ to disc]n ! true nature ( ! ae/hetic4 ,nev]!less1 :atev] be ! outcome ( ,croce's argum5ts1 8 sy/em is at lea/ m plausible ?an t ( ei!r ,hegel or ,s*op5hau]1 = :ile ^! two inv5t highly improbable ab/ractions ^u :i* to base _! sy/ems1 ,croce only gives new functions to an old & reasonable ab/raction4 a ,ae/hetic1 ,d\glas ,a9slie ,translation1 #aiji4 ,,note #c4 ,,page #c ,! writ] does n mean to sugge/ t ^! sy/ems are set up = ! purpose ( be+ knock$ d[n3 he desires only to indicate surprise t 9 new works deal+ ) ! p]ception ( beauty1 x is consid]$ necess>y to re/ate ! old ae/hetic !ories & to po9t out _! drawbacks1 albeit ! fatal objections to !m are s num]\s t !re is always fre% gr\nd available = de/ructive criticism4 ,! be/ ( ! rec5t works on ! subject t h come "u ! notice ( ! writ]1 is ,e4 ,f4 ,c>ritt's review ( ! pres5t position 9 respect ( ae/hetic sy/ems4 ,?\gh pr(\nd1 he is s compreh5sive t he leaves little or no?+ ( importance = succe$+ critics to say till ! next sy/em is put =w>d4 ,yet "h is 8 conclusiona3 ,if any po9t c be ?\ght to h em]g$ f ! =ego+ consid]ations1 x is ?is3 t 9 ! hi/ory ( ae/hetics we may discov] a gr[+ pressure ( emphasis ^u ! doctr9e t all beauty is ! expression ( :at may be g5]ally call$ emotion1 & t all su* expression is beautiful4 ,?is is all t an acute inve/igator c draw f ! sum ( ! ae/hetic sy/ems advanc$4 ,n[ :at does ?is mean8 ,let u turn to ! la/ page ( ,c>ritt's book & f9d ! object ( ! se>* aft] a satisfactory ae/hetic sy/em4 ,x is1 he says1 ! desire to und]/& goodness & beauty & _! relations ) ea* o!r or ) k1 z well z to practise or enjoy !m4 ,if we accept beauty z ! expression ( emotion1 h[ f> h we progress$ t[>ds ! indicat$ goal8 ,n a /ep1 = we h only agre$ ^u a new way ( /at+ an obvi\s condition :i* applies to ! animal _w z well z to human be+s4 ,beyond ?is !re is no?+--n a glimpse ( sun%9e f all ! ae/hetic sy/ems laid d[n s9ce ! "t ( ,baumg>t54 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ,leo ,tol/oy po9t$ out ! un9telligible "* ( ^! sy/ems1 b no fur!r light has be5 ?r[n ^u !m4 ,nev]!less ,tol/oy's own int]pretation ( ! significance ( beauty _c possibly meet ) g5]al approval4 ,he disputes t art is directly associat$ ) beauty or pleasure1 & f9ds 9 fact t :at we call ! beautiful repres5tation ( nature is n necess>ily art1 b tb ,art is a human activity1 consi/+ 9 ?is1 t "o man consci\sly1 by means ( c]ta9 ext]nal signs1 h&s on to o!rs feel+s he has liv$ ?r\gh1 & t o!r p are affect$ by ^! feel+s1 & also exp]i5ce !m4 ,?is def9ition may mean almo/ any?+1 & p>ticul>ly x may imply pure imitation :i* ,tol/oy condemns z outside ( art4 ,b x c]ta9ly does n include _m =ms ( :at we call art1 ! au?or specially condemn+ = in/ance1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 & decl>+ t :ile ,fau/ is beautiful1 x _c produce a really arti/ic impression4 ,! def9ition !n seems to repres5t little m ?an a quibble ov] t]ms4 ,tol/oy says t ! beautiful repres5tation ( nature is n art1 b some?+ else is4 ,v well !n1 all we h to d is to f9d a new t]m = ?is repres5tation ( nature1 & ! position rema9s z be=e except t ! mean+ ( ! t]m art has be5 *ang$4 a ,! ,!ory ( ,beauty1 #aiad4 b ,:at is ,art8 ,aylm] ,maude ,translation4 ,,note #d4 ,,page #h ,! evolution>y pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to art by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 b n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( liv+ organisms4 ,sp5c] traces a progression f ! simple to ! complex 9 ! application ( ! arts1 b n 9 ! arts !mselvesa2 & ,symonds endeav\rs to prove t ea* sep>ate m>k$ p]iod ( art %[s a progression :i* is common to all2 t is1 f immature v>iations to a high type1 !n d[nw>ds ?r\gh a l[] =m repres5t$ by romanticism or elegance1 to realism1 & f ?is to hybrid =ms4b ,sp5c]'s argum5t is sugge/ive1 b 8 conclusions h be5 mo/ly upset by ar*aeological discov]ies made s9ce 8 great book 0 publi%$4 ,! illu/rations giv5 by ,symonds are highly illum9at+1 b !y are v f> f po/ulat+ a g5]al law ( evolution op]at+ 9 ! production ( art4 a ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 b ,essay on ,evolution>y ,pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd 7,see page #bfj7 ,! ,creation ( ,adam1 by ,mi*elangelo 7,vatican7 ,,note #e4 ,,page #h ,x seems necess>y to m5tion ,hegel's art p]iods1 ?\gh "o c only d s ) a feel+ ( regret t a man :o a*iev$ a high reputation z a philosoph] %\ld h ent]$ ! prov9ce ( art only to miscon/rue its purpose ) fanta/ic propositions :i* h no hi/orical or o!r app>5t f\ndation4 ,he divides art hi/ory into ,symbolic1 ,classic1 & ,romantic p]iods respectively4 ,to accompli% ?is he inv5ts or discov]s a new ab/raction :i* he calls ! ,idea1 ?is repres5t+ man's conception1 n ( ,god1 b ( ,8 p]fection--,8 supreme qualities1 s t 9 "o s5se ! ,idea may be call$ ! ,absolute1 9 ano!r ! ,_s1 & 9 ano!r1 ,tru?4 ,^! t]ms are 9 fact int]*angeable1 & ea* may be a manife/ation ( ano!r1 or ( ,god4 ,?is ,idea1 he says1 be+ p]fect beauty1 is ! basic concept ( art4 ,9 ar*aic times man 0 unable to give expression to ?is concept1 s he repres5t$ x by symbols3 h5ce ! e>lie/ art 0 ,symbolic art4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,greeks man _h s advanc$ t he 0 able to give high] expression to ! ,idea1 & he embodi$ x 9 a p]fect human =m4 ,?is is ! ,classic p]iod1 :i* ,hegel indicates cont9u$ till ,*ri/ianity spread abroad1 :5 ,classic =m1 ?\gh p]fect z art1 0 f\nd insuffici5t = ! n[ desir$ /ill high] expression ( ! ,idea4 ,?is expression c\ld n be put into /one1 s o!r arts ?an sculpture 7 us$ = x1 namely1 poetry1 pa9t+1 & music1 :i* are plac$ toge!r z ,romantic art4 ,?is is z ne>ly z possible a /atem5t ( ! p]iods ( ,hegel 9 %ort compass4 ,x is impossible to int]pret logically 8 argum5ts1 nor is x necess>y1 = 8 conclusions :5 te/$ 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce1 develop into inexplicable p>adoxes & contradictions :i* bord] on ! ridicul\s4 ,ne$less to say1 ! acceptance ( ?is division means ! annihilation ( our ideas ( ! mean+ ( art1 & ! condemnation to ! limbo ( =getfulness ( ne>ly all ! arti/s ^: memory is hon\r$4 ,! g5]al int]pretation ( ! t]ms ,classic ,art & ,romantic ,art widely diff]s f t ( ,hegel1 & v>ies ) ! arts4 ,9 ! lit]>y arts ! di/9ction is obvi\s1 b ! t]ms are us$ to def9e bo? p]iods & classes2 9 ar*itecture ! ,go?ic p]iod is usually call$ ! ,romantic epo*2 & 9 pa9t+ ! t]ms h ref]5ce to mann]1 ! m =mal mann] be+ call$ ,classic1 & ! s(t mann]1 ,romantic2 ?\gh x is commonly und]/ood t ,romantic art is especially conc]n$ ) subjects associat$ ) ! g5tl] side ( life4 ,b !re is no g5]al agreem5t4 ,"s writ]s ass]t t ,giorgione 0 ! fir/ ( ! romantici/s1 o!rs give ! palm to ,watteau1 a ?ird section to ,delacroix1 & a f\r? to ! ,b>bizon ,s*ool4 ,we mu/ await a cle> def9ition ( ,romantic ,art4 ,,note #f4 ,,page #h ,x may be reasonably argu$ t ! want ( developm5t ( ! pla/ic arts 9 ,engl& dur+ ! lit]>y revival1 0 l>gely due to artificial re/rictions4 ,f9e pa9t+s 7 ord]$ out ( ! *ur*es by ,elizabe?1 & _m 7 de/roy$2 :ile1 foll[+ ! lead ( ! c\rt1 !re 0 little or no enc\ragem5t (f]$ by ! public to arti/s except p]haps 9 portraiture4 ,flaxman truly said ( ! de/ruction ( works ( art 9 ?is p]iod1 t ! *eck to ! national art 9 ,engl& occurr$ at a "t :i* (f]$ ! mo/ ess5tial & extraord9>y assi/ance to its progress4 ,,note #g4 ,,page #af ,dur+ ! la/ half c5tury or s1 v>i\s writ]s ( repute1 includ+ ,rusk9 & ,dean ,f>r>1 h pr(ess$ to f9d 9 ! poor] works ( ! ,italian pa9t]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ev5 9 pa9t+s ( ,m>g>itone & o!rs ( ! previ\s c5tury1 evid5ce ( /rong religi\s emotion on ! "p ( ! arti/s4 ,x is claim$ t _! purpose 9 giv+ simple solemn faces to _! ,madonnas & ,sa9ts1 0 to tell ! sacr$ /ory 9 all its beauty & simplicity2 t !y possess$ a p[]ful s9c]ity ( emotion2 t !y deliv]$ ! burn+ messages ( prophecy ) ! /amm]+ lips ( infancy1 & s on4 ,x is prop] to say t !re is no?+ to support ?is view ( ! e>ly pa9t]s4 ,we f9d no trace ( any sugge/ions ( ! k9d till ! la/ ( ^! arti/s _h be5 dead = ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s1 :ile _! lives1 s f> z we h any record1 l5d no w>ranty to ! /atem5ts4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury took _! art s]i\sly1 b purely z a craft1 & x 0 n uncommon ) !m to comb9e two or ?ree o!r crafts ) t ( pa9t+4 ,!y design$ mo/ly sacr$ subjects = ! simple reason t ! art patrons ( ! day seldom ord]$ any?+ else4 ,9 _! private lives !y associat$ toge!r1 7 g5]ally agreeable companions1 & n av]se to an occasional escapade4 ,moreov] ! "t 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 notable = :at we %\ld call loose habits1 & inde$ f ! ?irte5? c5tury to ! end ( ! fifte5?1 religi\s obs]vances & practices 7 ( a m holl[ & =mal "* ?an !y h ev] be5 s9ce4 ,! position occupi$ by ^! pa9t]s 9 ! progression ( art f ! crude ,byzant9e p]iod upw>ds1 corresponds ) t ( ! ,roman pa9t]s ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies 9 ! progression d[nw>ds to ! ,byzant9e epo*1 & !re is no m reason = suppos+ t ! ,italians 7 actuat$ by special emotions 9 _! "w1 ?an t ! ,romans 7 s mov$4 ,9 bo? cases ! "* ( ! "w1 z ,reynolds put x 9 ref]r+ to ! ,italians1 0 ! result ( want ( k4 ,! c\nt5ances usually pres5t$ by bo? ,roman & ,italian arti/s h a half sad1 half resign$ expression1 because ?is 0 ! only k9d ( expression t c\ld be giv5 by an immature pa9t] ^: ideal 0 re/rict$ by ! necessity ( elim9at+ elem5ts :i* might indicate happ9ess4 ,giotto1 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 ,duccio1 & a few m1 7 exceptions 9 t _! art 0 inf9itely sup]ior to ! av]age ( ! c5tury1 b all f ,giotto d[nw>ds1 lab\r$ z craftsm5 only4 ,no d\bt !y (t5 work$ ) en?usiasm1 & 9 ?is way _! emotions may h be5 br\ght into play1 b !re is no possible means ( id5tify+ 9 a picture ! emotions :i* an arti/ may h exp]i5c$ :ile he 0 pa9t+ x4 ,z to ! sad expression ref]r$ to 9 ^! ,italian works1 x may be obs]v$ t ,edg> ,a4 ,poe held t ! tone ( ! highe/ manife/ation ( beauty is "o ( sadness4 ,beauty ( :atev] k9d1 he says1 9 its supreme developm5t inv>iably excites ! s5sitive s\l to te>s4a ,b ,poe is cle>ly mi/ak5 "h4 ,x is n ! beauty ( ! "w t affects ! emotions to te>s1 :5 !y are s affect$1 b ! subject ( ! design exhibit+ ! beauty4 ,a picture or poem repres5t+ a sad subject may be v beautiful1 b ! sadness itself w\ld n assi/ ! beauty1 ?\gh x might increase ! emotional effect4 ,! high] =ms ( beauty r>ely draw our te>s1 b elicit our admiration )\t direct ?\ght ( any?+ b ! beauty4 ,:o w\ld weep :5 9 front ( ! greate/ m>vels ( ,greek sculpture8 a ,! ,philosophy ( ,composition4 ,,note #h4 ,,page #ba ,x is commonly1 b wrongfully1 suppos$ t ,rembr&t us$ 8 broade/ mann] 9 pa9t+ commission$ portraits4 ,! numb] ( 8 portraits kn[n to exi/ is ab\t #dej1 ( :i* fifty-five are repres5tations ( himself1 & fifty-f\r ( memb]s ( 8 h\sehold1 or relatives4 ,!re are1 fur!r1 m ?an sev5ty /udies ( old m5 & wom51 & ?irty ( y\ng] m54 ,! balance are commission$ portraits or gr\ps4 ,?is la/ section includes none at all ( 8 palette knife pictures1 & n m ?an two or ?ree :i* are execut$ ) 8 heavie/ bru%es4 ,g5]ally 8 "w broad5$ 9 8 lat] p]iod1 b up to ! end ( 8 life 8 m important works 7 (t5 pa9t$ 9 a comp>atively f9e mann]1 ?\gh ! h&l+ 0 less c>eful & close4a ,! broade/ /yle ( ! arti/ is r>ely exhibit$ except 9 8 /udies & family portraits4 ,fur!r x is extremely unlikely t a palette-knife picture w\ld h be5 accept$ 9 ,holl& dur+ ,rembr&t's "t z a s]i\s "w 9 portraiture4 a ,see among works dat+ aft] #affj1 ,! ,syndics ( ! ,drap]s1 ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man1 ,wa*tmei/] ,collection2 ,lady ) a ,dog1 ,colm> ,museum2 & ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man1 late ,beit ,collection4 ,,note #i4 ,,page #bb ,d>w9 po9t$ out ! p]man5t "* ( ! *anges 9 ! n]ves1 ?\gh he submitt$ ano!r demon/rationa3 ,t "s physical *ange is produc$ 9 ! n]ve cells or n]ves :i* are habitually us$ c h>dly be d\bt$1 = o!rwise x is impossible to und]/& h[ ! t5d5cy to c]ta9 acquir$ movem5ts is inh]it$4 a ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 ,,note #aj4 ,,page #bc ,reynolds evid5tly _h little fai? 9 orig9al g5ius4 ,address+ ,royal ,academy /ud5ts1 he saida3 ,y mu/ h no dep5d5ce on y\r own g5ius4 ,if y h great tal5ts1 indu/ry w improve !m2 if y h b mod]ate abilities1 indu/ry w supply ! defici5cy4 ,no?+ is d5i$ to well-direct$ lab\r2 no?+ is to be obta9$ )\t x4444 ,i w v5ture to ass]t t assiduity unabat$ by difficulty1 & a disposition eag]ly direct$ to ! object ( its pursuit1 w produce effects simil> to ^? :i* "s call ! result ( natural p[]s4 ,on ano!r occasion ,reynolds obs]v$ ( ,mi*elangelob3 ,he appe>s n to h _h ! lea/ conception t 8 art 0 to be acquir$ by any o!r means ?an great lab\r2 & yet he ( all m5 t ev] liv$1 might make ! greate/ pret5sions to ! efficacy ( native g5ius & inspiration4 ,gibbon said t ,reynolds agre$ ) ,dr4 ,johnson 9 d5y+ all orig9al g5ius1 any natural prop5sity ( ! m9d to "o art or sci5ce r ?an ano!r4c ,hog>? also agre$ ) ,reynolds1 = he describes g5ius z no?+ b lab\r & dilig5ce4 ,croce says t g5ius has a quantitative & n a qualitative signification1 b he (f]s no demon/ration4d ,evid5tly he is mi/ak51 = ! signification is bo? quantitative & qualitative4 ,x is true t :at a ,phidias1 or a ,raphael1 or a ,bee?ov5 puts toge!r is a sum ( small beauties1 any "o ( :i* may be equall$ by ano!r man1 b he does m ?an repres5t a numb] ( beauties1 = he comb9es ^! into a beautiful :ole :i* is sup]ior 9 quality & _c be e/imat$ quantitatively4 ,we may possibly call ,d>w9 a g5ius because ( ! l>ge numb] ( facts he asc]ta9$1 & ! correct inf]5ces he drew f !m1 b we p>ticul>ly apply ! t]m to him by reason ( ! g5]al result ( all ^! facts & inf]5ces1 ?is result be+ qualitative & n quantitative4 ,croce probably took 8 dictum f ,s*op5hau]1 :o1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ degrees ( quality z quantitative1e :i* is ( c\rse confus+ ! issue4 a ,reynolds's ,second ,disc\rse4 b ,8 ,fif? ,disc\rse4 c ,gibbon's ,memoirs ( my ,life & ,writ+s4 d ,ae/hetic4 e ,essay on ,g5ius4 ,,note #aa4 ,,page #cb ,x is (t5 obs]v$ by advocates ( new =ms ( art t ! "w ( _m great arti/s has be5 v>i\sly valu$ at diff]5t p]iods--t lead]s ( m>k$ dep>tures 9 art n[ hon\r$1 7 frequ5tly m or less ignor$ 9 _! own "t1 :ile o!r arti/s :o acquir$ a great reputation :5 liv+1 h be5 prop]ly put into ! backgr\nd by succe$+ g5]ations4 ,= ! fir/ /atem5t no solid gr\nd c be %[n4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! arti/s s9ce ! ,d>k ,age :o c be said to h l$ dep>tures ( any importance1 are ,cimabue1 ,giotto1 ! ,van ,eycks1 ,masaccio1 ,lion>do1 ,du]]1 ,giorgione1 ,raphael1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 ,holbe91 ,claude1 ,rub5s1 ,rembr&t1 ,velasquez1 ,watteau1 ,reynolds1 & ,fragon>d4 ,all ( ^! _h _! high tal5ts recogniz$ & ?or\ghly appreciat$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,9 sculpture ! exp]i5ce is ! same1 = !re is no sculptor n[ hon\r$ ^: "w 0 n highly valu$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,s ) poetry1 b be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & 9 ! e>li] days ( ?is indu/ry1 poetry ( any k9d 0 v sl[ 9 f9d+ its way among ! p4 ,:at might seem n[adays to h be5 inappreciation ( c]ta9 poets 0 really want ( k ( !m4 ,!re is m tru? 9 ! ass]tion t _m arti/s :o _h a high reputation 9 _! lifetime are n[ m or less disreg>d$1 ?\gh x does n foll[ f ?is t !re has be5 a rev]sal ( op9ion on ! "p ( ! public1 or a v>iation 9 ! acut5ess ( ae/hetic p]ception4 ,g5]ally we f9d t ^! arti/s v prop]ly held ! position !y occupi$ 9 _! "t & c\ntry1 & if !y d n n[ /& on exalt$ p$e/als x is only because we comp>e !m ) m5 ( o!r p]iods & places1 :i* _! contempor>y c\ntrym5 did n d1 at lea/ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ _! p]man5t position 9 art4 ,c>lo ,m>atta = in/ance 0 celebrat$ 9 ,italy z ! be/ pa9t] ( 8 c\ntry 9 8 "t1 & ev5 n[ we mu/ s reg>d him1 b 8 contempor>ies z ) ourselves did n place him on s high a level z 8 great pr$ecessors ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & "s ( ! sev5te5?4 ,a special reason :y _m ( ! sev5te5? c5tury arti/s ( ,italy h fall5 9 public e/eem may be f\nd 9 ! fact t !y excell$ mo/ly 9 ! production ( s5sorial beauty1 pay+ little att5tion to intellectual grace1 & ! rip5+ ( g5]al intellig5ce z "t goes on makes u m & m s5sitive to beauty ( m9d4 ,,note #ab4 ,,page #cd ,!re h be5 _m def9itions ( ,impressionism giv51 b !y v>y consid]ably4 ,pr(essor ,claus5 describes x z ! "w ( a numb] ( arti/s ^: int]e/ is 9 record+ effects ( light1 seek+ to express nature only & disreg>d+ old conv5tions4a ,mr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,mac,coll says t an impressioni/ isb a pa9t] :o1 out ( ! complet$ contacts ( vision con/ructs an image m\ld$ ^u 8 own int]e/ 9 ! ?+ se51 & n on t ( any imag9>y s*oolma/]4 ,?is def9ition is insuffici5t by itself1 b ! writ] makes 8 mean+ cle>] 9 ! same article :5 he says3 ,impressionism is ! art t surveys ! field1 & det]m9es :i* ( ! %apes & tones are ( *ief importance to ! int]e/$ eye1 & expresses ^! & sacrifices ! re/4 ,accord+ to ,c4 ,mauclair1 an ackn[l$g$ au?ority on impressionism1 ! impressioni/ holds3 ,light becomes ! "o subject ( a picture4 ,! int]e/ ( ! objects on :i* x %9es is second>y4 ,pa9t+ ?us und]/ood becomes an art ( pure optics1 a seek+ = h>monies1 a species ( natural poem1 entirely di/9ct f expression1 /yle1 draw+1 :i* h =m$ ! ma9 endeav\r ( prec$+ pa9t+4 ,x is almo/ necess>y to inv5t a new ^w = ?is special art1 :i*1 :ile rema9+ ?r\gh\t pictural1 approa*es music 9 ! same degree z x dep>ts f lit]ature or psy*ology4c ,:at c be said ( s amaz+ a decl>ation8 ,! arts ( pa9t+ & music d n1 & _c1 h any connection ) ea* o!r4 ,!y are conc]n$ ) diff]5t s5ses & diff]5t signs1 & by no /ret* ( ! imag9ation c !y be comb9$4 ,see+ t musical t]ms :5 us$ 9 respect ( pa9t+ by mod]n critics are almo/ inv>iably made to apply to col\r h>monies1 we may inf] t a confusion ( ?\ght arises 9 ! m9ds ( ! writ]s f ! simil> physical means by :i* col\r & s\nd are convey$ to ! s5ses conc]n$4 ,b ?is simil>ity has no?+ to d ) ! appreciation ( art4 ,! ae/hetic value ( a "w is det]m9$ :5 x is convey$ to ! m9d1 irrespective ( ! means by :i* x is s convey$4 ,accord+ to ,la ,t\*e x 0 ,fant9 ,lat\r :o inv5t$ mod]n impressionism4 ,braquemond relates t ,la ,t\*e told him ! foll[+ /ory4d ,he 7,la ,t\*e7 0 "o day at ! ,l\vre ) ,manet1 :5 !y saw ,lat\r copy+ ,paolo ,v]onese's ,m>riage at ,cana 9 a novel mann]1 = in/ead ( bl5d+ 8 col\rs 9 ! usual way1 he laid !m on 9 small t\*es ( sep>ate tones4 ,! result 0 an unexpect$ brilliancy 7papillotage imprevu7 :i* amaz$ b *>m$ ! visitors4 ,nev]!less :5 ,manet left ! ,l\vre ) ,la ,t\*e1 he appe>$ any?+ b satisfi$ ) :at he _h se51 & pron\nc$ x humbug4 ,b ,lat\r's me?od evid5tly sunk into 8 m9d1 = a few days lat] he comm5c$ to use x himself4 ,?us1 add$ ,la ,t\*e1 0 mod]n impressionism un*a9$4 ,! date ( ?is visit 0 n giv5 by ,la ,t\*e1 b #ahgd 0 subsequ5tly sugge/$4 ,?is acc\nt does n fit 9 ) ! /atem5t ( ,mac,coll t :5 ,monet & ,piss>ro 7 9 ,london dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 ! /udy ( ,turn]'s pictures gave !m ! sugge/ion ( ^! brok5 pat*es ( col\r4e ,if ?is be true ,monet mu/ h ant$at$ ,manet 9 ! application ( isolat$ tones4 ,d4 ,s4 ,eaton ass]ts t 9 ! ,salon ( #ahfg1 !re 0 exhibit$ a picture by ,monet :i* 0 entitl$ ,impressions1f & f ?is arose ! ^w ,impressioni/2 b ,phy?ian says t ! ^w result$ f ,monet's ,impression1 soleil levant1 exhibit$ 9 #ahgd at ! ,nad> ,gall]y 9 ,p>is ) o!r works f ,le ,societe ,anonyme des ,arti/es1 ,pe9tres1 ,sculpteurs1 et ,graveurs4 ,phy?ian addsg3 ,?us1 unwitt+ly l$ by "o ( ! exhibitors1 visitors to ! exhibition came to use ! ^w impressioni/e1 & )9 a few days a contemptu\sly unfav\rable notice ( ! exhibition appe>$ 9 ,le ,*>iv>i "u ! head+ ,exposition des ,impressioni/es4 ,x 0 n until ! lapse ( sev]al ye>s t ! "n came into g5]al use4 ,! pa9t]s to :om x 0 appli$ dis[n$ x because x 0 us$ 9 a depreciatory s5se4 ,ev5tually h[ev]1 unable to f9d a bett] "o1 !y adopt$ x4 ,ano!r orig9 ( ,impressionism is giv5 by ,mu!r4 ,he saysh3 ,! "n ,impressioni/s dates f an exhibition 9 ,p>is :i* 0 giv5 at ,nad>'s 9 #ahga4 ,! catalogue conta9$ a great deal ab\t impressions--= in/ance1 ,impression de mon pot au feu1 ,impression d'un *at qui se prom5e4 ,9 8 criticism ,cl>etie summ$ up ! impressions1 & spoke ( ! ,salon des ,impressioni/es4 ,b ! real orig9 ( impressionism mu/ be s\ght e>li] ?an #ahga1 = 9 #ahfe ,manet exhibit$ 8 ,olympia 9 ! ,salon des ,refuses4 ,?is picture did n repres5t :at 0 und]/ood z impressionism t5 ye>s lat]1 b x l$ ! way t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( ! innovation1 9 t x pret5d$ t heal?y ideas & noble designs 7 second>y consid]ations 9 art4 ,c]ta9ly ,manet c\ld n desc5d l[] ?an ?is wret*$ picture1 & 9 ?is s5se 8 subsequ5t "w 0 a di/9ct advance4 a ,royal ,academy ,lectures4 b ,article on ,impressionism1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? ,edition4 c ,l',impressionism1 son hi/oire1 son e/hetique1 ses maitres4 d ,le ,j\rnal des ,arts1 #aiji4 e ,article on ,impressionism1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition4 f ,h&book ( ,mod]n ,fr5* ,pa9t+4 g ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,mod]n ,pa9t+4 h ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,pa9t+1 vol4 iii4 ,,note #ac4 ,,page #ce ,! reason giv5 by impressioni/s = ! juxtaposition ( pure col\rs is t ! natural bl5d produc$ is m brilliant ?an ! tone f ! mix$ col\rs appli$1 b x is po9t$ out by ,moreau-,vau?i] t ! contr>y is ! case4 ,he saysa3 ,we f9d 9 practice t ! p>5t col\rs d n1 ) mat]ial col\rs1 produce ! !oretical b9>ies4 ,we get d>k1 dull gre5s1 oranges1 & violets1 t cla% ) ! p>5t col\rs4 ,to make !m h>monize we %\ld be oblig$ to dim ^! mat]ial col\rs1 to trans=m !m1 & consequ5tly to lose !m p>tly4 a ,! ,te*nique ( ,pa9t+1 #aiab4 ,,note #ad4 ,,page #cg ,cezanne & ,van ,gogh are n usually put =w>d z repres5tative impressioni/s1 b x is impossible to diff]5tiate logically betwe5 ! v>i\s isms ( :i* impressionism is ! "m1 & to attempt a s]i\s argum5t ^u !m w\ld be apt to reflect ^u ! common s5se ( ! read]4 ,! s9c]e impressioni/ c]ta9ly produces a ?+ ( beauty1 h[ev] ephem]al & lack+ 9 high "* ! beauty may be1 b mo/ ( ! productions ( ! o!r isms only s]ve ! purpose ( degrad+ ! arti/ & ! art4 ,,note #ae4 ,,page #dj ,?is =m ( picture is by no means new1 ?\gh except among ! inv5tors ( sprezzatura1 & ! mod]n impressioni/s1 x has always be5 execut$ z a r\gh sket* = ! purpose ( settl+ h>monies = s]i\s "w4 ,lomazzo relates t ,aurelio1 son ( ,b]nad9o ,lu9i1 :ile visit+ ,titian1 ask$ him h[ he manag$ to make 8 l&scape tones h>monize s well4 ,= reply ! great ma/] %[$ ,aurelio a l>ge sket*1 ! "* ( :i* c\ld n be di/+ui%$ :5 x 0 closely inspect$1 b on ! obs]v] /epp+ back1 a l&scape appe>$ z if x _h sudd5ly be5 lit up by a ray ( ! sun4a ,f ,lu9i's surprise1 & inasmu* z we h no record ( simil> "w be=e 8 "t1 x is reasonable to suppose t ,titian 0 ! fir/ great arti/ to use ?is =m ( sket* = exp]im5tal purposes4 a ,trattato dell' ,arte de la ,pittura4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be 7,see page #bfi7 ,! ,pleiads1 by ,m4 ,s*w9d ,,note #af4 ,,page #dj ,! example ( ?is picture at ! ,pitti ,palace is specially not$ because x seems impossible t ! duplicate 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y c be by ,raphael1 = x has obvi\s defects1 "s ( :i* h _m times be5 po9t$ out4 ,! expression is va/ly inf]ior to t 9 ! ,pitti portrait1 = in/ead ( a calm1 noble1 b5ign c\nt5ance1 we h a half-worri$ s5ile face :i* is any?+ b pleasant4 ,raphael 0 ! la/ man to execute a portrait ( a ,pope )\t g5]aliz+ high "* 9 ! features4 ,x w be obs]v$ also t 9 ! ,uffizi portrait1 ! left h& is /iff & cramp$1 & ! drap]y ungracefully fl[+1 :ile bo? uprights ( ! *air are actually out ( draw+4 ,!re are o!r examples ( ! same picture 9 diff]5t museums1 b ! ,pitti "w is f> above ^! 9 e respect1 & seems ! only "o :i* c be prop]ly attribut$ to ! ma/]4 ,passavant affirms t "s ( ! repetitions ( ! "w 7 c]ta9ly made 9 ! /udio ( ,raphael "u 8 ord]s1 & ?9ks t ! duplicates pass$ = orig9als ev5 9 8 "t4a a ,raphael d',urb91 vol4 ii4 ,,note #ag4 ,,page #da ,to ! k ( ! writ]1 ! only logical connection betwe5 ! "w ( ,rembr&t & impressionism t has be5 sugge/$1 is f ! p5 ( ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,br[n1 :o rem>ksa3 ,rembr&t 9 8 lat] "w att5d$ to ! pictorial effect alone1 & practically annull$ ! objects by r$uc+ !m to pure tone & col\r4 ,?+s are n !re at all1 b only ! semblance1 or effect1 or impression ( ?+s4 ,bread? is 9 ?is way comb9$ ) ! mo/ delicate v>iety1 & a new =m ( pa9t+1 n[ call$ impressionism has come into be+4 ,! pr(essor is mi/ak5 "h4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life1 ap>t f portraits1 a few /udies ( heads1 & "s col\r exp]im5ts ) c>cases ( meat1 ,rembr&t execut$1 s f> z is kn[n1 ab\t ?ree doz5 pictures1 & 9 all ( ^! he effectually prev5ts u f =m+ a g5]al impression ( ! designs be=e consid]+ ! m important details1 by conc5trat+ ne>ly all ! available light ^u ! c\nt5ances ( ! pr9cipal p]sonages repres5t$2 :ile 9 ! managem5t ( ! features1 ! :ole purpose ( ! *i>oscuro is = ! purpose ( obta9+ relief4 ,moreov] ! pictures are ne>ly all gr\ps ( p]sonages 9 set subjects1 & !re w\ld be no mean+ 9 ! designs if ! objects 7 practically annull$1 = p>ticul> action & expression are necess>y = _! compreh5sion4 ,z to ,velasquez !re is no evid5ce t5d+ to support ! /atem5t t he 0 an impressioni/4 ,! fir/ au?ority on ! arti/ has def9itely po9t$ out t he nev] took up 8 bru%es except = an important & def9ite "w3 he nei!r pa9t$ impressions nor daubs4b a ,article on ,pa9t+1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition4 b ,velasquez1 by ,de ,b]uete1 #aijb4 ,,note #ah4 ,,page #di ,x w always be a matt] ( surprise t s mu* popul>ity 0 secur$ by ! light sket*es ( ! ,b>bizon ,s*ool1 consid]+ _! g5]al insignificance f ! po9t ( view ( art1 & ! conspicu\sly artificial means adopt$ = _! exploitation4 ,"s ( ! arti/s ( ?is s*ool1 hav+ accompli%$ _m /udio works ( m]it1 acquir$ ! habit ( pa9t+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,by ?is me?od x is impossible to execute a compreh5sive natural sc5e1 & ! pa9t]s did n attempt ! task1 b !y produc$ numb]less sket*y works ( local sc5es "u p>ticul> atmosph]ic conditions4 ,!y lab\r$ hone/ly & consci5ti\sly1 & _! sket*es 7 put out = :at !y 7 & no?+ m4 ,! pa9t+s w\ld probably h reta9$ _! place z simple /udies _h n "s comm]cial g5ius conceiv$ ! idea ( putt+ !m into heavy1 gorge\s1 gilt frames4 ,) ?is embelli%m5t !y 7 successfully scatt]$ r\nd ! _w1 mo/ly 9 ! new] portions1 mu* to ! g5]al a/oni%m5t4 ,! raison d'etre ( ! frames puzzl$ _m p]sons1 ?\gh x 0 frequ5tly obs]v$ t ! pictures d n look well unless surr\nd$ by ample gold leaf4 ,?us1 ,c4 ,j4 ,holmes1 ,director ( ! ,london ,national ,gall]y1 & an au?ority on impressionism1 notesa3 ,b>bizon pictures are almo/ inv>iably set 9 frames ) an und5iably vulg> look4 ,yet 9 su* a rectangle ( gild$ contortion a ,corot or a ,daubigny %[s to p]fection3 place x 9 a frame ( m retic5t design1 & x becomes 9 a mom5t flat1 empty1 & tame4 ,! purpose ( ?is frame is obvi\s4 ,! eye is caught by ! dazzl+ glitt]1 & feels imm$iate relief :5 x re/s ^u ! quiet grey tone ( ! pa9t+1 ! pleasurable s5sation result+ !refrom be+ mi/ak5 = involunt>y appreciation ( ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,z f9i%$ pa9t+s ^! ,b>bizon sket*es are novel1 b z /udies !y are n1 = simil> "w has be5 execut$ = two or ?ree c5turies1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ,dut* arti/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 e consid]able collection ( draw+s su* sket*es may be f\nd1 & !re is sc>cely a ,b>bizon pa9t] ^: "w 0 n anticipat$ by a ,dut* ma/]4 ,"o has only to exam9e ! draw+s 9 ! public art in/itutions ( ,europe by ,de ,molyn1 ,blyho(t1 ,jan de ,bis*op1 ,lamb]t ,doom]1 ,b]ghem1 ,av]camp1 & o!rs1 to f9d examples :i*1 if execut$ n[1 might easily be tak5 = works by ! ,b>bizon ma/]s4 a ,notes on ! ,sci5ce ( ,picture-,mak+4 ,,note #ai4 ,,page #eb ,9 rec5t times attempts h be5 made to upset ! dictum ( ,ari/otle z to ! imitative "* ( ! arts g5]ally1 exception be+ tak5 9 respect ( music & ar*itecture4 ,! fir/ objection z to music arose ) ,s*op5hau]1 ?\gh he does n appe> to h be5 q c]ta9 ( 8 position4 ,he /at$ t :ile ! o!r arts repres5t ideas1 music does n1 b be+ an art x mu/ repres5t some?+1 & he sugge/$ t ?is some?+ is ! ,w1 ! t]m be+ us$ 9 ! ,s*op5hau] philosophical s5se1 t is to say1 imply+ ! active pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 n be+ ,god4 ,?is means no?+ at all f ! po9t ( view ( art1 & _c ev5 be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,! mo/ notable essay on ! subject s9ce ,s*op5hau] is f ! p5 ( ,sidney ,colv9 :o places music & ar*itecture 9 a non-imitative gr\p by !mselves1 ! =m] on ! pr9cipal gr\nd t x is l no?+ else2 x is no repres5tation or similitude ( any?+ :atev]2 :ile ar*itecture1 he says1 appeals to our faculties = tak+ pleasure 9 non-imitative comb9ations ( /ation>y masses4a ,b :at ,ari/otle meant is t ! arts are imitative 9 "*1 & n t !y necess>ily attempt to produce works ( similitude ) nature1 ?is be+ evid5t f ! fact t he po9t$ out t ! high] works ( art surpass nature1 & he divid$ poetry & pa9t+ into ?ree sections1 ( :i* ! fir/ is bett] ?an life1 & ! ?ird inf]ior to x4 ,! musician 9 produc+ 8 art proce$s 9 precisely ! same way z ! poet or pa9t]4 ,he takes natural signs & re>ranges !m 9 a new ord]1 produc+ a comb9ation :i* is n to be f\nd complete 9 nature1 b e sign !re9 is natural & mu/ necess>ily be s4 ,! high] ! flight ( ! poet1 or musician1 or pa9t]1 or sculptor1 ! f>!r is ! result f nature1 b nev]!less ! :ole aim ( ! musician1 z ( ! poet1 is to repres5t emotional effects or natural ph5om5a beyond exp]i5ce 9 life1 z ! great sculptor repres5ts =m & expression1 & ! great poet besides ^! ?+s1 e ab/ract quality1 passion1 & emotional effect1 above ?is exp]i5ce2 b he _c d m2 he _c repres5t some?+ outside ( nature1 & s mu/ imitate1 t is1 9 ! s5se ( repres5tation4 ,d>w9 notes t ev5 a p]fect musical scale c be f\nd 9 nature4 ,he saysb3 ,x is a rem>kable fact t an ape1 a species ( ! gibbon family1 produces an exact octave ( musical s\nds1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ ! scale by half tones4 ,f ?is fact1 & f ! analogy ( o!r animals1 ,i h be5 l$ to inf] t ! prog5itors ( man probably utt]$ musical tones1 & t consequ5tly1 :5 ! voice is us$ "u any /rong emotion1 x t5ds to assume1 ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( association1 a musical "*4 ,x has be5 fur!r demon/rat$ t ! /r5g? ( ! s5sory impressions f c]ta9 s\nds is due to ! /ructure ( ! e>1 & t g5]ally a p>ticul> k9d ( s\nd produces a simil> k9d ( emotional effect 9 animals z 9 man4 ,obvi\sly ! musician is p[]less to d m ?an wid5 or deep5 ?is effect4 ,colv9 admits t ! musician sometimes directly imitates1 z :5 he produces ! notes ( birds or ! s\nds ( natural =ces1 or :5 he repres5ts p>ticul> emotions2 b he reg>ds ! =m] in/ances z haz>d\s & exceptional1 & indicates t a p>ticul> emotional h>mony may affect ! he>]s diff]5tly4 ,true1 b ! haz>d ( ! fir/ condition is ! result ( ! limitations ( ! arti/1 & ! second condition is ! consequ5ce ( ! limitations ( ! art4 ,! effect ( music be+ purely s5sorial mu/ v>y ) ! emotional conditions surr\nd+ ! he>]4 ,! musician does :at he c1 b he is unable to g s f> z ! poet & produce an emotional effect :i* w ) c]ta9ty be recogniz$ by e p]son affect$1 at all times1 z hav+ ! same p>ticul> be>+4 ,ta9e sep>ates music 7prop]ly s call$ z di/+ui%$ f dramatic music7 & ar*itecture f ! imitative arts1 z !y comb9e ma!matical relation%ips s z to create works t d n correspond ) real objects4c ,obvi\sly ! :ole purpose ( dramatic music is to imitate ! effects ( ! passions1 b its necess>y inclusion among/ ! imitative arts upsets ! dictum ( ,ta9e1 = ! emotional effects ( "o k9d ( music only diff] f ^? ( ano!r k9d :5 !y diff] at all1 9 ! "* ( ! natural emotional effects repres5t$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ar*itect1 see+ t 8 art is subord9at$ to utility1 8 s*eme1 8 measurem5ts1 & ! "* ( 8 mat]ials1 are l>gely or almo/ entirely gov]n$ by conditions outside ( 8 art1 & consequ5tly x is only possible = him to repres5t nature to a limit$ ext5t4 ,r>ely c he vaguely sugge/ a natural aisle b5ea? ! cele/ial dome1 a rock-wall$ cave ^: ro( so>s into obscurity1 or a fairy grotto back$ by a beetl+ cliff4 ,sometimes he may cause u to exp]i5ce simil> effects 9 k9d to ^? we feel :5 we recognize gr&eur 9 nature1 b usually he is compell$ to conf9e 8 beauty to h>monies produc$ by symmetrical designs ( /raight l9es & curves4 ,b 9 8 simple/ z 9 8 mo/ complex designs1 he mu/ foll[ nature z closely z possible4 ,purely ornam5tal =ms always appe> m beautiful :5 ! p>ts h a direct ma!matical relation%ip ) ea* o!r ?an :5 !y h n2 t is to say1 :5 ! p>ts appe> to be naturally relat$4 ,?us1 t a cross appe>s to be less agreeable to ! sight :5 ! horizontal b> is bel[ ! c5tre ( ! p]p5dicul> ?an :5 x is above ?is po9t1 is due to :at appe>s to be a want ( balance because ! =m is unobs]vable 9 nature4 ,9 trees ! horizontal p>ts are usually above ! middle ( ! height ( ! obs]vable trunk1 & 9 ! exceptions nature gives ! :ole tree a conical or o!r %ape1 ! relative position ( ! horizontal p>ts be+ obscur$ 9 ! g5]al =m4 ,z ) p>ts ( =ms1 s ) ! =ms z :oles4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 t design is ! be/ :]e ! =ms are directly proportion$ "o ) ! o!r & ) ! :ole1 & ?is is because we are accu/om$ to ! ord] ( design 9 nature :]e ev]y?+ is balanc$ by means ( direct proportions & correspond+ relations4 ,! ar*itect !re=e1 l ! musician or poet1 mu/ repres5t nature s f> z he c )9 ! limits ( 8 art1 ?\gh 8 repres5tation is comp>atively weak ow+ to ! artificial re/rictions impos$ ^u him4 a ,article on ,f9e ,arts1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? ,edition4 b ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 c ,on ! ,ideal 9 ,art4 ,,note #bj4 ,,page #ed ,! dictum ( ,ari/otle 9 ref]5ce to metre 9 poetry relat$ only to epic & dramatic v]se1 = :at we und]/& z lyric poetry 0 sep>at$ by ! ,greeks z song 9 :i* ( c\rse metre is compulsory4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a s+le def9ition c cov] bo? epic poetry1 ^: beauty lies almo/ :olly 9 ! sub/ance1 & lyric v]se :]e ! beauty re/s *iefly 9 qualities ( expression & musical =m1 & 9 :i* inde$ ! sub/ance may be altoge!r negligible4 ,a cursory exam9ation ( ,watts-,dunton's def9ition ( ,poetry1 :i* is admitt$ly ! be/ put =w>d 9 rec5t times1 %[s its entire inadequacy4 ,absolute poetry1 he says1 is ! concrete & arti/ic expression ( ! human m9d 9 emotional & rhy?mical language4a ,?is w\ld exclude f ! art "s ( ! f9e/ sacr$ v]se1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 ! =m ( prose1 has be5 recogniz$ z poetry f "t immemorial4 ,metre is only "o ( ! devices ( ! poet = accompli%+ 8 end---! pres5tation ( beautiful pictures ^u ! m9d1 b 9 high poetry !re is a /ill m compulsory artifice :i* is n includ$ 9 ,watts-,dunton's def9ition1 & t is metaphor4 ,9 ! =m ( words ! details ( a picture c only be dealt ) successively1 & n simultane\sly1 & )\t metaphor ! poet w\ld sometimes be 9 ! position ( ! pa9t] :o %\ld pres5t a doz5 diff]5t pictures ea* conta9+ only "o "p ( a composition1 & call ^u ! obs]v] to put ! pieces toge!r 9 8 m9d4 ,fur!r ! t]m absolute 9 ! def9ition quot$ has no compreh5sible mean+ if x does n exclude a good deal ( v]se :i* is commonly recogniz$ z poetry1 :ile1 z is admitt$ by ,watts-,dunton1 !re is mu* accept$ lyric v]se )\t concrete expression4 ,9 high poetry z 9 high pa9t+1 ! beauty appeals bo? to ! s5ses & ! m9d1 & 9 ea* art ! quality desc5ds z ! s5sorial ov]balances ! intellectual appeal1 & ! effect becomes m ephem]al4 ,9 ! v highe/ ( ! pla/ic arts1 col\r has little value except 9 assi/+ def9ition2 & 9 ! v highe/ poetry musical =m has only an emphasiz+ value1 = ! s5sorial beauty aris+ f =m 9 ! "o case1 & =m & action 9 ! o!r1 entirely ov]p[]s ! h>monies ( col\r & tone respectively4 ,b col\r )\t design is mean+less1 s t x _c be appli$ 9 ! f9e arts ap>t f design3 h5ce 9 pa9t+1 col\r pres5ts no complication 9 respect ( def9ition4 ,on ! o!r h& music1 ) or )\t association ) poetry1 is equally an art s9ce 9 ei!r case x imitates ! effects ( human emotions 9 a beautiful way4 ,?us1 :]e metre is pres5t poetry is a comb9$ art1 & see+ t metre may n be pres5t1 a def9ition ( ,poetry mu/ cov] :at may be 9 "o case a pure1 & 9 ano!r1 a comp\nd art4 a ,article on ,poetry1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition4 ,,note #ba4 ,,page #ee ,!re seems to be a t5d5cy to ov]e/imate ! disp>ity betwe5 translations ( high poetry & ! orig9als4 ,! value ( a translation dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! "* ( ! ?+ translat$1 s9ce x is ! =m t is unreproducible 9 ano!r tongue1 & n ! sub/ance4 ,9 epic & dramatic poetry :]e ! =m is ( second>y importance1 a good lit]al translation may come mu* ne>] to ! orig9al ?an a translation ( a lyric :]e ! =m is usually ( at lea/ equal importance ) ! sub/ance4 ,we lose less ( ,hom] or ,sophocles ?an ( ,sappho or ,!ocritus 9 translation4 ,9 ! case ( epic poetry ! high] its "*1 ! clos] to ! orig9al appe>s ! translation1 because ! =m is ( less relative importance4 ,m ( ,dante is lo/ ?an ( ,hom] 9 lit]al translation1 b ! diff]5ce n>r[s :5 ! new v]sions are 9 metrical =m1 = ! use ( metre 9 translation is necess>ily m detrim5tal z ! sub/ance ( ! orig9al increases 9 p[]1 & ?is relative weak5+ is emphasiz$ z ! beauty ( =m 9 ! translation is rais$4 ,pope is f>!r f ,hom] ?an ,*apman1 & ,*apman ?an ! prose translations ( ,buckley & ,lang4 ,z we desc5d 9 ! scale ( ! art1 s x becomes m difficult to reproduce ! poet 9 translation1 & 9 mo/ lyric poetry ! beauty seems almo/ entirely lo/ 9 ano!r tongue f ! orig9al1 ?\gh :5 ! sub/ance is ( weight1 & ! translator is himself a good poet1 he sometimes gives u a p>aphrase ) a high beauty ( its own4 ,"s mod]n poets seem to es*ew sub/ance altoge!r4 ,mu* ( ! v]se ( e/eem$ ,fr5* & ,belgian poets is q mean+less 9 lit]al translation1 ! au?ors rely+ = ! effects entirely ^u musical =m & beauty ( expression4 ,,note #bb4 ,,page #ff ,less+ po9ts out ?is rem>kable picture ( ,hom] z emphasiz+ ! beauty ( ,hel51 obs]v+3 ,:at c\ld produce a m vivid idea ( beauty ?an mak+ old age confess t x is well wor? :ile ! w> :i* co/ s mu* blood1 & s mu* treasure8 ,nev]!less ! rem>k ( ! old m5 does n seem to mean s mu* z ! description ( ! sages & _! ref]5ce to ! goddesses4 ,x is difficult to imag9e sev]al wise m5 agree+ t ! sangu9>y w> ( n9e ye>s 0 really excusable 9 view ( ,hel5's beauty1 & ! /atem5t !re=e is naturally receiv$ z a p]missible ov]col\r4 ,consequ5tly ! effect ( ! rem>k w\ld be disc\nt$1 & unlikely to be suffici5t = ! purpose ( ! poet4 ,true1 ! ,greeks seem to h be5 *ildlike sometimes 9 _! simplicity1 b !re is no evid5ce t !y 7 s want+ 9 a s5se ( proportion z to accept lit]ally ?is op9ion ( ! eld]s4 ,b :5 we obs]ve ! s5ility ( ! eld]s1 & ! physical feebl5ess :i* has app>5tly r5d]$ !m incapable ( s5sual pleasures1 !n inde$ we mu/ m>vel at a beauty :i* excites _! emotions s p[]fully z to br+ ! goddesses to _! m9ds4a ,9 discuss+ ! suitabl5ess ( ?is incid5t z a subject = a pa9t+1 ,less+ rem>ks t ! passion felt by ! old m5 0 a mom5t>y sp>k :i* _! wisdom at once ext+ui%$1 b lat] on1 ref]r+ to ! possibility t ! veil worn by ,hel5 :5 %e pass$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,troy _h n be5 remov$ :5 %e 0 se5 by ! eld]s1 he po9ts outb3 ,:5 ! eld]s display$ _! admiration = h]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y 7 n see+ h] = ! fir/ "t4 ,_! confession !re=e did n necess>ily arise f ! pres5t mom5t>y view ( h]1 = !y _h d\btless (t5 exp]i5c$ be=e ! feel+s :i* !y n[ = ! fir/ "t ackn[l$g$4 ,?is is v true1 b x only s]ves to deep5 ! impression ( ,hel5's beauty1 = ! elem5t ( surprise is remov$ f ! m9ds ( ! eld]s1 ! m]e sight ( h]1 veil$ or unveil$1 be+ suffici5t to recall ! passionate ?rills previ\sly exp]i5c$4 a ,see on ?is subject ,qu9tilian1 viii41 #d4 b ,laocoon1 ,ro5nfeldt translation4 ,,note #bc4 ,,page #fg ,9 ne>ly all ! in/ances ( sublimity quot$ by ,long9us !re is ?is p>ticul> m]it ( brevity---! picture is ?r[n ^u ! bra9 imm$iately1 )\t pause or any?+ :atev] to complicate ! beauty4 ,b ! le>n$ critic directs att5tion only to ! magnific5t ?\ghts & ! appropriate use ( !m1 )\t po9t+ out ! extraord9>y cond5sation ( ! language employ$4 ,ap>t f ! in/ance f ,g5esis giv51 !re is ano!r ( 8 examples 9 :i* practically ! :ole beauty ( ! picture is produc$ by ! rapidity ( its pres5tation4 ,?is is ! exclamation ( ,hyp]ides :5 accus$ ( pass+ an illegal decree = ! lib]ation ( slaves--,x 0 n an orator t made ?is decree1 b ! battle ( ,*a]onea4 ,long9us obs]vesa3 ,at ! same "t t he exhibits pro( ( 8 legal proce$+s1 he int]mixes an image ( ! battle1 & by t /roke ( art q passes ! b\nds ( m]e p]suasion4 ,b x 0 r ! mann] 9 :i* ! battle 0 introduc$ ?an ! fact ( its introduction1 t gave =ce to ! argum5t4 ,if in/ead ( conf9+ himself to a %ort brilliant obs]vation1 ,hyp]ides _h c>efully trac$ cause & effect 9 ! matt]1 he w\ld /ill h int]mix$ an image ( ! battle1 b he w\ld n !n h produc$ a "w ( art4 ,/ill f9] in/ances ( ! use ( brevity 9 expresssion by ! orator are to be f\nd 9 ! spee*es ( ,demo/h5es4 ,= example 9 8 oration ,on ! ,cr[n he says3 ,man is n born to 8 p>5ts only1 b to 8 c\ntry4 ,a :ole volume on ! mean+ & virtue ( patriotism c\ld n say m3 h5ce ! sublime art4 ,! simple /atem5t lights a tor* by :i* we exam9e e convulsion 9 hi/ory2 pres5ts a mov+ picture 9 :i* we see ! motives & aspirations guid+ ! patriots ( a hundr$ g5]ations2 sets an et]nal seal ( nobility ^u ! love ( man = 8 native c\ntry4 ,& a few words suffice4 ,! same ?\ght might be elaborat$ into a l>ge volume1 b ! art w\ld fly ) ! brevity4 a ,on ! ,sublime1 ,,xv41 ,william ,smi? translation4 ,,note #bd4 ,,page #fh ,!re are _m translations ( ! ,ode to ,anactoria1 b ! be/ ( !m reflects only slightly ! dep? ( passion 9 ! orig9al4 ,! v]sion :i* mo/ ne>ly repres5ts ! sub/ance1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! unhalt+ fl[ ( language1 is p]haps t ( ,ambrose ,philips 7#afge-agdi71 :i* runs ?us3-- ,ble/ z ?' immortal gods is he1 ,! y\? :o fondly sits by !e1 ,& he>s1 & sees !e all ! :ile ,s(tly speak1 & sweetly smile4 ',twas ?is depriv$ my s\l ( re/1 ,& rais$ su* tumults 9 my brea/2 ,= :ile ,i gaz$1 9 transport to/1 ,my brea? 0 gone1 my voice 0 lo/4 ,my bosom gl[$2 ! subtle flame ,ran quick ?r\gh all my vital frame2 ,o'er my dim eyes a d>kness hung2 ,my e>s ) holl[ murmurs rung4 ,9 dewy damps my limbs 7 *ill$2 ,my blood ) g5tle horrors ?rill$2 ,my feeble pulse =got to play2 ,i fa9t$1 sunk1 & di$ away4 ,! ,engli% reproductions ( ?is ode 9 ! ,sapphic measure are n v successful1 ! difficulty ( c\rse be+ due to ! practical impossibility ( fulfill+ ! quantitative conditions ( ! /rophe )\t /ilt+ ! fl[ ( language1 or unduly v>y+ ! sub/ance4 ,b x has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,m>ion ,mill] 9 8 translation ( ,sappho's ,hymn to ,aphrodite1 :i* is mu* high] 9 sub/ance & some:at less cond5s$ 9 expression ?an ! ,ode to ,anactoria1 t ) c]ta9 lib]ties 9 respect ( quantities1 a v beautiful semblance ( ! ,sapphic measure may be produc$ 9 ,engli%4 ,8 translation ( ?is hymn is unque/ionably ! be/ 9 our language1 ?\gh ?is is p]haps p>tly due to ! fact t he is almo/ ! only translator :o has adh]$ to ! text 9 reg>d to ! sex ( ! lov$ p]son4 ,to make ! object ( affection a man seems inappropriate to ! language employ$ 9 ! v]se4 7,x is prop] to m5tion t a lic5se tak5 by ,dr4 ,mill] 9 8 translation---:]e he r5d]s ! passage relat+ to ! sp>r[s1 z cl\d+ ) _! p9ions1 ,e>?'s wide dom9ions--sugge/$ to ! pres5t writ] ! some:at simil> picture to be f\nd on ,page #aaa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf 7,see page #bej7 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 by ,raphael 7,l\vre7 ,,note #be4 ,,page #fh ,! gradual decad5ce ( ! great p]iod ( ,grecian sculpture is well m>k$ by ! successive v>iations ( ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles4 ,! copy ( ?is at ! ,vatican is no d\bt a close repres5tation ( ! orig9al1 b lat] !re 0 comm5c$ a long s]ies ( v>iations1 all ( !m m or less complicat+ ! design4 ,fir/ a pill> 0 sub/itut$ = ! vase1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! armpits1 & ! left =e>m re/$ ^u x1 :ile drap]y fell d[n ! front1 s t "s ex]tion 0 requir$ to sep>ate ! figure to ! eye4 ,!n a dolph9 0 sub/itut$ = ! pill>1 ! head ( ! animal re/+ on ! gr\nd1 & ! body ris+ up /raight ) ! b5t tail =m+ ! support4 ,!n = ?is 0 plac$ a dolph9 ) its body corkscrew %ap$1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly weak z x t5d$ to deprive ! figure ( repose4 ,aft] ?is1 :ile ! dolph9 0 ma9ta9$1 a ce/us 0 sometimes add$1 & heavy drap]y appli$ 9 v>i\s folds4 ,f9ally ! attitude ( ! figure 0 *ang$1 t ( ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici be+ adopt$1 :ile ! pill> or dolph9 0 reta9$4 ,ea* alt]ation necess>ily dim9i%$ ! beauty ( ! figure4 ,,note #bf4 ,,page #fi ,reynolds seems to h be5 disappo9t$ ) ! frescoes ( ,raphael :5 he fir/ saw !m1 & ?is fact has be5 call$ 9 evid5ce by "s mod]n critics to support _! cont5tion t ! art ( ! great ma/]s is really inf]ior to t :]e9 design is subord9at$ to col\r4 ,b ,reynolds v def9itely admitt$ t 8 fir/ impression 0 wrong1 = aft] /udy+ ! frescoes1 he notesa3 ,9 a %ort "t a new ta/e & a new p]ception began to dawn ^u me1 & ,i 0 conv9c$ t ,i _h orig9ally =m$ a false op9ion ( ! p]fection ( art1 & t ?is great pa9t] 0 well entitl$ to ! high rank :i* he holds 9 ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,reynolds 0 q a "y man :5 he w5t to ,rome1 & 8 appreciation ( ,raphael increas$ z 8 exp]i5ce matur$4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! visit1 he rem>k$ t ,raphael _h a great] comb9ation ( ! high qualities ( ! art ?an any o!r man1b & t5 ye>s lat] he affirm$ t ! ,urb9o arti/ /ood =emo/ among ! fir/ pa9t]s4c ,reynolds suppos$ t 8 lack ( appreciation ( ! frescoes :5 he fir/ saw !m arose f want ( imm$iate compreh5sion ( !m3 he 0 unaccu/om$ to works ( su* great p[]1 b x is to be obs]v$ t 8 inspection 0 a v %ort "o1 & we may reasonably draw ! conclusion t *ang+ light conditions _h mu* to d ) ! effect ! pa9t+s left ^u him at ! "t4 ,:5 "o ent]s a room :]e ! light diff]s mat]ially 9 int5sity or quality f t exp]i5c$ j previ\sly1 x is advisable to re/ quietly = a little :ile be=e exam9+ works def9$ by col\r1 9 ord] t ! eyes may become accu/om$ to ! new light4 a ,reynolds's ,italian ,note ,book4 b ,8 ,fif? ,disc\rse at ! ,royal ,academy4 c ,8 ,twelf? ,disc\rse4 ,,note #bg4 ,,page #gc ,t ! judgm5t ( ! public ^u a "w ( art is f9al seems to h be5 recogniz$ by all ! anci5t writ]s :o dealt ) ! matt]1 & t ! ,greeks g5]ally held ?is view is evid5t f _m incid5ts1 notably ! ref]5ce to public judgm5t 9 ! great competition betwe5 ,phidias & ,alcam5es4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance also ! op9ion held good1 & x is wor? not+ t ! sugge/ion sometimes made t ,mi*elangelo did n con=m to ?is view is unsupport$ by evid5ce4 ,vas>i relates ! foll[+ anecdotea3 ,he ,mi*elangelo w5t to see a "w ( sculpture :i* 0 ab\t to be s5t out because x 0 f9i%$1 & ! sculptor 0 tak+ mu* tr\ble to arrange ! lights f ! w9d[s to ! end t x might %[ up well2 :]eupon ,mi*elangelo said to him3 ,d n tr\ble y\rself1 ! important ?+ w be ! light ( ! piazza2 mean+ to inf] t :5 works are 9 public places1 ! p mu/ judge :e!r !y are good or bad4 ,lion>do w5t s f> z to advise arti/s to he> any man's op9ion on 8 "w1 =1 he said1 we "k v well t ?\gh a man may n be a pa9t]1 he has a true conception ( ! =m ( ano!r man4b ,x is a common misconception ) ! g5]al public1 ?\gh n among s]i\s arti/s1 t by reason ( _! pr(ession arti/s are bett] judges ( works ( art ?an o!r m54 ,obvi\sly ! recognition ( beauty 9 art is ap>t altoge!r f ! means by :i* x is creat$1 & subject to ! exceptions not$ else:]e1 all m5 are alike able to appreciate high beauty4 ,w9ckelmann ev5 advis$ 8 read]s aga9/ ! judgm5t ( arti/s on ! gr\nd t !y g5]ally pref]r$ :at is difficult to :at is beautiful1c b exp]i5ce ) ! great art bodies 9 ,europe :o hold exhibitions does n support ?is view4 ,x is only ! weak] arti/s :o are liable to be prejudic$ 9 su* matt]s1 & :5 ! judges are ( high atta9m5ts 9 art1 !y almo/ inv>iably make ! same *oice 9 competitions t w\ld be made if g5]al op9ion 7 solicit$4 ,b al?\gh arti/s _c be bett] judges ( high-class works ( art 7z beautiful ?+s7 ?an o!r m5 ( equal intellig5ce1 _! tra9+ usually enables !m to di/+ui% obscure =ms ( beauty :i* w\ld be unrecogniz$ by ! g5]al public1 & 9 matt]s ( col\r to diff]5tiate betwe5 ephem]al & m or less p]man5t h>monies4 ,h5ce :ile ! public int]e/s w\ld n suff] f ! introduction ( ! lay elem5t 9 judg+ high class sculpture & pa9t+1 x is obvi\s t ! consid]ation ( works :]e ! l[] =ms ( beauty only are produc$1 z 9 =mal decoration1 %\ld be conf9$ to ! pr(ession4 ,9 music alone ( ! arts1 = reasons already giv51 special cultivation is necess>y = ! judgm5t ( ! high] =ms ( beauty4 a ,life ( ,mi*elangelo ,buon>otti1 ,de ,v]e translation4 b ,mc,curdy's ,lion>do da ,v9ci's ,note ,books4 c ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art1 ,"p ,v41 #f4 ,,note #bh4 ,,page #gd ,x is commonly suppos$ t ! va/ multitude ( m5 & wom5--! toil]s 9 ! fields & factories1 & _! families1 d n appreciate great works ( art2 t r>ely !y take an int]e/ 9 any k9d ( art1 & !n only 9 simple repres5tations ( ev]yday incid5ts4 ,?is is s app>5tly1 b x is n /rictly true4 ,! great bulk ( work+ p gr[ up amid/ surr\nd+s :]e !y d n h an opportunity ( see+ good works ( art4 ,!y toil f morn to eve dur+ _! :ole life3 _! imag9ations are almo/ entirely conf9$ to _! means ( livelihood1 _! daily r\t9e ( lab\r1 & _! h\sehold duties4 ,a mute +lori\s ,milton rema9s mute because he wants ! k & exp]i5ce ar\nd :i* 8 fancy may roam1 & a pot5tial ,raphael dies 9 obscurity f ! en=c$ rigidity ( 8 imag9ation4 ,b ev5 s1 not)/&+ t ! n]v\s activities & ! imag9ations ( ! poor] work]s rema9 undevelop$1 !y are /ill subs]vi5t to ! irrevocable laws ( nature4 ,_! faculties may be little *ang$ f *ildhood 9 respect ( matt]s app]ta9+ to ! high] s5ses1 b !y /ill exi/4 ,s x comes ab\t t 9 all times s9ce art has be5 practis$1 ! pa9t+s & sculptures ( ! great] ma/]s h be5 well appreciat$ by ! multitude :5 !y c\ld come into contact ) !m4 ,9 mod]n times great works ( art are seldom available to ! masses except 9 public gall]ies :]e _! s5se p]ception & m9ds are quickly confus$ & fatigu$--9 fact r5d]$ incapable ( legitimate use1 b ! tr5d ( popul> op9ion is v decid$ly settl$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? bus9ess h\ses :i* und]take ! reproduction ( important works4 ,!re are _m times ! dem& = pr9ts & c>ds ( pictures belong+ to ! high] =ms ( art1 z = in/ance1 sacr$ & hi/orical subjects1 & portraits1 ?an = int]iors & l&scapes1 & s incessant is ?is dem& = ! bett] works1 t a pa9t] desir+ to copy "o ( ! great ,raphael or ,correggio ,madonnas at ,flor5ce = reproduction1 w usually h to wait ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ent]+ 8 "n1 be=e 8 turn comes to set up 8 easel4 ,x is r ! want ( intellig5t contact ) !m1 ?an indiff]5ce to !m1 t is due ! app>5t lack ( int]e/ 9 great works ( art on ! "p ( ! lab\r+ classes4 ,!re is a deal ( tru? 9 ! incisive rem>ks ( ,leo ,tol/oy :5 deal+ ) ?is "q4 ,he says a3 ,art _c be incompreh5sible to ! great masses only because x is v good1 z arti/s ( our day are fond ( tell+ u4 ,r we are b\nd to conclude t ?is art is un9telligible because x is v bad art1 or ev5 is n art at all4 ,s t ! fav\rite argum5t 7naively accept$ by ! cultur$ cr[d71 t 9 ord] to feel art "o has fir/ to und]/& x 7:i* really means to habituate oneself to x71 is ! true/ indication t :at we are ask$ to und]/& by su* a me?od1 is ei!r v bad art1 exclusive art1 or is n art at all4 ,"o may obs]ve h[ev] t1 z a rule1 x is only inf]ior arti/s :o compla9 ( ! want ( public appreciation ( great works ( art4 a ,:at is ,art8 ,aylm] ,maude translation1 #aijd4 ,,note #bi4 ,,page #gh ,accord+ to ,less+ & ,watts-,dunton1 :at ! =m] calls ! dazzl+ anti!sis ( ,simonides--,poetry is speak+ pa9t+1 & pa9t+ dumb poetry--has _h a wide & delet]i\s effect ^u art criticism4 ,less+1 :o wrote ,laocoon ab\t #agfa1 said 9 8 preface 9 ref]5ce to ?is say+3 ,x 0 "o ( ^? ideas held by ,simonides1 ! tru? ( :i* is s obvi\s t "o feels compell$ to ov]look ! indi/9ctness & falsehood :i* accompany x4444 ,b ( late _m critics1 j z ?\gh no diff]5ce exi/$1 h drawn ! crude/ conclusions "o c imag9e f ?is h>mony ( pa9t+ & poetry4 ,watts-,dunton1 writ+ a few ye>s ago1 add$ to ?isa3 ,x ! say+ ( ,simonides appe>s to h _h ^u mod]n criticism z mu* influ5ce s9ce ! publication ( ,less+'s ,laocoon z x _h be=e4 ,less+ po9ts out t ! ,greeks conf9$ ! say+ to ! effect produc$ by ! two arts1 & 7evid5tly ref]r+ to ,ari/otle7 did n =get to inculcate t ^! arts diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 ! ?+s imitat$ & ! mann] ( imitation4 ,s9ce ! bus9ess ( bo? poetry & pa9t+ is to ?r[ pictures on ! m9d1 ! decl>ation ( ,simonides mu/ be accept$1 b x has no p>ticul> mean+ z appli$ ei!r to criticism or ! practice ( ! arts4 ,x is m]ely a fact ( common k put into ! =m ( a mislead+ jeu d'esprit1 ?\gh "o has a natural reluctance 9 s describ+ a "t-hon\r$ say+4 ,!re is room = d\bt :e!r x really _h ! effect ^u criticism t is alleg$4 ,annibale ,c>racci v>i$ x slightly into a bett] =m ) ,poets pa9t ) words1 & pa9t]s speak ) ! p5cil1 & x 0 c]ta9ly z well kn[n 9 8 "t z 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 yet we f9d no p>ticul> evid5ce ( weak art criticism ei!r 9 ! sixte5? or sev5te5? c5tury4 ,moreov] allegorical pa9t+ 0 n less common 9 ^! c5turies ?an 9 ! c5tury foll[+2 & :ile !re 0 unque/ionably a spurt ( descriptive poetry 9 ! eighte5?1 x is difficult to trace a connection betwe5 ?is ph5om5on & g5]al criticism bas$ ^u ! dictum ( ,simonides4 ,9 reg>d to lat] times1 ! /atem5t ( ,watts-,dunton wants demon/ration4 a ,article on ,poetry1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa? edition4 ,,note #cj4 ,,page #gi ,a few di/+ui%$ poets h attempt$ to portray beauty ( =m by description ( features1 b !y h all be5 signally unsuccessful4 ,! be/ kn[n essay ( ! k9d is ,ario/o's portrait ( ,aram9ta1 :]e he closely describes all details ( h] features & =m1 us+ =ty l9es = ! purpose2 b put toge!r ! pieces z "o w1 x is q impossible to ga9 f !m an idea ( ! beauty ( h] c\nt5ance4a ,?is is po9t$ out by ,less+4 ,! v l5g? ( ! catalogue is apt to kill ! beauty z "o endeav\rs to dovetail ! sep>ate elem5ts4 ,p]haps ! l9es ( ,cornelius ,gallus to ,lydia =m ! mo/ p]fect poetical del9eation ( a beautiful face kn[n to u1 b z w be se5 f ! translation bel[1 !y are q insuffici5t to enable u to picture ! beauty ( ! comb9$ features on our m9ds4b ,lydia6 girl ( prettie/ mi51 ,& faire/ sk91 t e'er 7 se53 ,lilies1 cream1 ?y *eeks disclose2 ,! ruddy & ! milky rose2 ,smoo? ?y limbs z ivory %9e1 ,burni%$ f ! ,indic m9e4 ,oh1 sweet girl6 ^? r+lets spread ,long & loose1 f all ?y head2 ,gli/5+ l gold 9 yell[ light ,o'er ?y fall+ %\ld]s :ite4 ,%[1 sweet girl6 ?y />ry eyes1 ,& black br[s t ar*+ rise3 ,%[1 sweet girl6 ?y rose-bloom *eeks1 ,:i* ,tyre's v]million sc>let /reaks3 ,drop ^? p\t+ lips to m9e1 ,^? ripe1 ^? coral lips ( ?9e4 a ,orl&o ,furioso1 ,c4 ,,vii4 b ,c4 ,a4 ,elton translation4 ,,note #ca4 ,,page #hj ,if !re be "o example ( descriptive poetry relat+ to l&scape :i* ?r[s ^u ! m9d a complete natural sc5e dur+ ! process ( read+1 x is ! beautiful *ant ( ! ,*orus 9 ,o$ipus ,coloneus4 ,! p]fection ( =m & maje/ic diction ( ?is poetry are rem>kable1 b ! successful pres5tation ( ! picture on ! m9d is l>gely due to ! simple & direct language us$1 & ! a/oni%+ brevity ) :i* ! _m features ( ! sc5e are describ$4 ,gre5 dells1 fields1 pla9s1 groves1 rocks1 fl[]s1 fruit1 & ru%+ wat]s1 are all br\ght 91 & ! few l9es us$ d n prev5t ! introduction ( ! ,muses1 ! jovial ,bac*us ) ! nurs+ nymphs1 & radiant ,aphrodite4 ,all mod]n poetry descriptive ( l&scape entirely fails 9 pres5t+ a compreh5sive view4 ,x is too discursive--ov] descriptive1 to p]mit ( ! m9d collect+ ! details toge!r z "o :ole4 ,"h is ! be/ prose v]sion ( ! l9es ( ,sophoclesa3 ,?\ ha/ come1 ,o /rang]1 to ! seats ( ?is l&1 r5[n$ = ! /e$2 to seats ! faire/ on e>?1 ! *alky ,colonus2 :]e ! vocal night+ale1 *ief ab\nd+1 trills h] pla9tive note 9 ! gre5 dells1 t5ant+ ! d>k-hu$ ivy1 & ! leafy grove ( ! god1 untrodd51 teem+ ) fruits1 imp]vi\s to ! sun1 & un%ak5 by ! w9ds ( e /orm2 :]e ,bac*us ! revell] ev] roams att5d+ 8 div9e nurses4 ,& ev] day by day ! n>cissus1 ) its beaute\s clu/]s1 bur/s into bloom by heav5's dew1 ! anci5t coronet ( ! mighty goddesses1 & ! saffron ) gold5 ray2 nor d ! sleepless f\nts ( ,cephisus t w&] ?r\gh ! fields fail1 b e day x ru%es o'er ! pla9s ) its limpid wave1 f]tiliz+ ! bosom ( ! e>?2 nor h ! *oirs ( ! ,muses loa!d ?is clime2 nor ,aphrodite too1 ( ! gold5 reign4 a ,ox=d translation4 ,,note #cb4 ,,page #ha ,x is p]haps necess>y to rem9d "s read]s t ! t]m inv5tion is us$ 9 two s5ses 9 art1 ref]r+ to ! orig9al idea or s*eme1 or to ! prep>ation ( ! design embody+ ! idea4 ,9 poetry & fiction ! t]m has ! =m] significance2 9 pa9t+ & sculpture ! latt]4 ,! re/riction 9 ! use ( ! t]m 9 ! la/ nam$ arts is compulsory4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iii41 & ,note #cc47 ,,note #cc4 ,,page #ha ,app>5tly ,less+ did n obs]ve t inasmu* z ! pa9t] _c pres5t ! beg9n+ & end ( an incid5t1 he mu/ necess>ily take 8 mom5t ( action f ! lit]>y arts or f nature4 ,! critic notices t ! pa9t] does n inv5t ! action he depicts1 b /ates t ?is is due to 8 indiff]5ce t[>ds inv5tion1 develop$ by ! natural read9ess ( ! public to disp5se ) ! m]it ( inv5tion 9 8 case4 ,t is to say1 ! public expects ! pa9t] to take 8 idea f ! poet or f nature1 & looks to him only = correct design & execution3 h5ce ! pa9t] is "u no necessity to inv5t 8 own s*eme4 ,x is curi\s t a reason ( ?is k9d = ! practice ( ! pa9t] %\ld be put =w>d by s ke5 a critic z ,less+1 b x is n altoge!r surpris+ :5 we rememb] ! discussion z to :e!r ,virgil drew 8 repres5tation ( ! ,laocoon incid5t f ! celebrat$ sculptur$ gr\p1 or ! sculptors adopt$ ! device ( ! poet4 ,less+ def9itely settl$ ! po9t 9 fav\r ( ! poet z ! au?or ( ! design1 & s9ce 8 "t ?is decision has be5 confirm$ ov] & ov] aga9 by practical evid5ce4 ,b ! conclusion ( ,less+ seems obvi\s 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* evid5ce4 ,z we mu/ exclude ! possibility ( bo? poet & sculptors tak+ ! design f ! same orig9al s\rce1 x is cle> t ! poet c\ld only h imitat$ ! sculptors on ! supposition t !y _h s widely v>i$ ! leg5d z to necessitate a new beg9n+ & end ( ! /ory1 ^! be+ provid$ by ! poet4 ,consid]ation ( su* a s]ies ( ev5ts is n p]missible1 z x w\ld reflect ^u ! common s5se ( ! sculptors1 & actually degrade ! poet4 ,consequ5t ^u ! inability ( ! pa9t] to orig9ate a s*eme = a picture1 ! fam\s proposition ( ,less+ z to ! relative importance ( inv5tion & execution ) ! poet & pa9t]1 mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! critic /ates t our admiration ( ,hom] w\ld be less if we knew t he took c]ta9 ( 8 "w f pictures1 & asksa3 ,h[ does x happ5 t we )draw none ( our e/eem f ! pa9t] :5 he does no m ?an express ! words ( ! poem 9 =ms & col\rs8 ,he sugge/s z an answ] to ?is3 ,) ! pa9t]1 execution appe>s to be m difficult ?an inv5tion3 ) ! poet on ! o!r h& ! case seems to be rev]s$1 & 8 execution seems to be an easi] a*ievem5t ?an ! inv5tion4 ,! ^w inv5tion is to be tak5 "h 9 ! s5se ( plot or fable1 & n z ! details ( design inv5t$ by ! pa9t] = ! purpose ( repres5t+ ! action describ$ by ! poet4 ,! premisses ( ,less+'s argum5t !re=e w n /&1 = ! pa9t] _c orig9ate a fable by means ( a picture4 ,& sequ5tial to ?is ( c\rse1 ! pa9t] c be ( no s]vice to ! poet4 ,hom] c\ld n draw an orig9al s*eme f a pa9t+4 ,nor may ! poet take a detail f ! pa9t]1 = ?is has already be5 borr[$4 ,a poet may v>y a detail 9 a leg5d because he c make ! successive p>ts ( 8 relation fit 9 ) ! v>iation1 b ! pa9t] c only deal ) a s+le mom5t ( action1 & if ?is does n correspond ) an accept$ leg5d1 !n 8 design appe>s to be untrue4 ,x may be said 9 reg>d to pa9t+1 t ! relative difficulty ( ! inv5tion 7! "w ( ga!r+ & arrang+ ! signs7 & ! execution1 v>ies ) ! "* ( ! art4 ,9 ! high] =ms1 z sacr$ & hi/orical "w1 ! inv5tion is ! m difficult2 9 ord9>y sc5es ( life & lab\r ! tr\ble involv$ 9 inv5tion w\ld ab\t equal t 9 execution2 :ile 9 ! l[] =ms1 z l&scape & /ill-life1 ! execution is obvi\sly ! m difficult4 ,9 ! case ( ! poet1 ! idea or fable is ! h>de/ "p ( 8 "w1 b ! relative difficulty ( ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 & ! execution1 w\ld naturally dep5d ^u ! g5]al "* ( ! composition1 & ! =m ( ! poem4 a ,laocoon1 ,phillimore translation4 ,,note #cd4 ,,page #hb ,! works "h ref]r$ to are ^? design$ = ! purpose ( a*iev+ a political or social aim1 or convey+ in/ruction or moral lessons4 ,!re are _m examples ( good art :]e advocacy ( a social or adm9i/rative re=m is pres5t$ by way ( incid5t or accessory1 ?\gh ! art itself is nev]1 & _c be1 assi/$ !reby4 ,didactic ,art1 if su* a t]m may be appropriately us$1 is practically a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b judg+ f c]ta9 conv5tions ! op9ion seems to be r widely held t art %\ld po9t a moral :5 possible1 & an op9ion ( ,ari/otle is n infrequ5tly call$ 9 to support ?is view4 ,b :5 ,ari/otle connect$ morals ) art1 he evid5tly did n mean to sugge/ t art %\ld h a moral purpose1 b t x %\ld h a moral t5d5cy 9 n be+ morally h>mful1 = art :i* is n morally h>mful mu/ necess>ily be morally b5eficial4 ,! g5]al connection ( ! good ) ! beautiful 9 anci5t ,greece seems to h m]ely impli$ t :at is good is beautiful1 & :at is beautiful is good1 or %\ld be good1 & n t goodness is a manife/ation ( beauty1 or beauty ( goodness4 ,x 0 admitt$ t ! two ?+s may n co9cide4 ,,note #ce4 ,,page #he ,t l&scape pa9t+ may be ( consid]able value 9 assi/+ sci5tific exploration is in/anc$ by an anecdote relat$ to ! writ] by a geological fri5d4 ,pr(essor ,jack1 =m]ly ,gov]nm5t ,geologi/ ( ,que5sl&1 :ile travell+ 9 t colony1 hav+ put up "o night at ! h\se ( a small squatt]1 notic$ on ! walls ( ! int]ior1 a numb] ( col\r draw+s :i* _h be5 pa9t$ by a son ( ! settl] f views 9 ! neighb\r+ hills4 ,"o ( ^! draw+s %[$ a r$di%-br[n t9t runn+ d[n ! slope ( a grey & ne>ly b>r5 hill4 ,?is caught ! eye ( ! pr(essor :o ask$ ! arti/ if ! col\rs r\ghly repres5t$ ! natural conditions1 & receiv+ an affirmative reply1 recomm5d$ ! squatt] to prospect ! gr\nd = m9]als4 ,?is 0 done ) ! result t pr(itable copp] deposits 7 f\nd4 ,x seems t 9 ,au/ralia _m ( ! be/ m9]al ve9s are capp$ ) iron1 & run ?r\gh s*i/ose rocks trav]s$ by dioritic dykes4 ,pr(essor ,jack 0 well aw>e t ! hills 9 ! di/rict 7 =m$ ( ^! rocks & dykes1 & z ! r$di%-br[n /reak indicat$ iron oxide1 x occurr$ to him t ! iron might be ! cap ( a lode hold+ valuable m9]als4a a ,?is note is f ,! ,position ( ,l&scape 9 ,art1 by ! pres5t au?or4 ,,note #cf4 ,,page #hg ,rem>kable evid5ce ( ! univ]sality ( ideals1 is af=d$ by ! galaxy ( ,fr5* sculptors :o appe>$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y c\ld h _h no tea*]s beyond ^? responsible = ! /iff & =mal works *>act]iz+ ! m]g+ ( ,norman ) ,go?ic art2 !y c\ld h se5 few ( ! fragm5ts ( anci5t sculpture2 & yet !y left beh9d !m monum5ts :i* rival 9 noble beauty mu* ( ! "w produc$ 9 ! greate/ art p]iod4 ,h[ _! art grew1 & h[ x )]$2 h[ su* a brilliant bloom 9 ! life ( a nation %\ld s quickly fade1 ne$s too detail$ an argum5t to be v5tur$ ^u "h1 if inde$ a prop]ly reason$ explanation c be giv5 at all2 b ! fl[] rema9s1 z great a pride to mank9d z x is a glory to ,france3 rema9s1 ?\gh sadly droop+1 = ! petals ( ,rheims are gone4 ,n[ ^! ,fr5*m5 7 9 mu* ! same position z ! e>ly ,greeks4 ,!y 7 confront$ ) ! task ( mak+ images ( _! objects ( wor%ip = great temples4 ,!y _h no m real k ( ! ,p]sonality ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & mo/ ( ! ,sa9ts ?an _h ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic gods & leg5d>y h]oes1 & l ! ,grecian sculptors !y fully believ$ 9 ! spiritual p]sonages & religi\s ev5ts ) :i* !y dealt4 ,! ,grecian & ,fr5* arti/s !re=e />t$ f ! same l9e ) simil> g5]al ideals1 = ! anci5t work]s took no he$ ( ,hom] & ,hesiod 9 respect ( ! fail+s ( _! gods2 & !y bo? _h only pure =malities 9 sculpture beh9d !m4 ,& :at 0 ! result8 ,! ideal div9e head ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fr5*man is mu* ! same z t ( ! ,greeks 9 reg>d to =m1 & only v>ies 9 expression ) ! "* ( ! respective religi\s conceptions4 ,! ,fr5* sculptors did n rea* ! sublime height ( ! ,phidian s*ool1 nor did !y attempt ! m human beauty typifi$ by ! giants ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c42 b ap>t f ^!1 & leav+ aside consid]ations ( ! nude ) :i* !y 7 little conc]n$1 !y climb$ to ! highe/ level ( ! latt] end ( ! f\r? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird--! level atta9$ by ^? ,grecian sculptors :o m or less idealiz$ portrait heads by add+ ,phidian traits4 ,& x w\ld appe> t 9 rea*+ t[>ds _! goal !y foll[$ ! same l9e ( ?\ght z ! ,greeks1 & arriv$ at simil> conclusions 9 respect to e detail ( ! head & pose ( ! figure4 ,z a rule !y gave to ! faces ( ,*ri/ & ! ,sa9ts a l>ge facial angle1 set ! eyes 9 deeply & ! e>s close to ! head1 & g5]ally work$ on p>allel l9es ) ! pr9cipal sculptors ( ,peloponesia liv+ sixte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e _! "t4 ,x is p]haps natural t !y %\ld make simil> v>iations 9 ! proportions ( ! figures to provide = ! diff]5t levels f :i* !y 7 to be se51 b x is curi\s t !y %\ld adopt ! practice foll[$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! repres5tation ( *ildr5 9 arms1 by m9imiz+ to ! la/ degree ! figure ( ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 ! arms ( ! ,madonna4 ,!y c\ld n h m closely imitat$ ! ,greeks 9 ?is respect _h !y _h ,grecian models 9 front ( !m4 ,no d\bt !y fix$ ! position ( ! ,*ild at ! side ( ! ,virg9 9 ord] t ! l9e ( h] maje/ic =m might n be brok51 & t h] face might be reveal$ to obs]v]s bel[ ! level ( ! /atues1 b t !y %\ld h made ! ,*ild s extremely small & insignificant consid]+ ,8 relative importance comp>$ ) t ( ! ,grecian infant 9 arms1 is rem>kable4 ,,note #cg4 ,,page #ij ,x is too e>ly yet to fix def9itely ! position ( ,rod9 9 art4 ,!re is mu* sift+ ( 8 works to be done1 = ( all arti/s ) a wide reputation1 he 0 p]haps ! mo/ v>iable4 ,/ill he may be call$ "o ( ! great] arti/s1 & s is among/ ! r>e exceptions m5tion$1 = he execut$ "o or two hide\s figures1 ! mo/ notable be+ ,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e4a ,?is _c prop]ly be describ$ z a "w ( art because x is revolt+ to ! s5ses3 x is m]ely a species ( writ+--a hi]oglyph1 & ,rod9's own apology = x is a direct condemnation1 s9ce a "w ( sculpture _c be good if g5]al op9ion does n approve ( x4 ,he saysb3 ,:at matt]s solely to me is ! op9ion ( p ( ta/e1 & ,i h be5 delight$ to ga9 _! approbation = my ,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e4 ,i am l ! ,roman s+] :o repli$ to ! je]s ( ! populace1 ,equitibus ,cano4 ,i s+ only = ! nobles2 t is to say = ! connoisseurs4 ,! vulg> readily imag9e t :at !y consid] ugly is n a fit subject = ! arti/4 ,!y w\ld l to =bid u to repres5t :at displeases & (f5ds !m 9 nature4 ,x is a great error on _! "p4 ,:at is commonly call$ ugl9ess 9 nature c 9 art become full ( great beauty4 ,9 ! doma9 ( art we call ugly :at is de=m$1 :atev] is unheal?y4444 ,ugly also is ! s\l ( ! vici\s or crim9al man4444 ,b let a great arti/ or writ] make use ( "o or o!r ( ^! ugl9esses1 in/antly x becomes transfigur$3 ) a t\* ( 8 fairy w& he has turn$ x into beauty3 x is al*emy3 x is en*antm5t4 ,rod9 !n goes on to ref] to ! description ( ugly objects by ! poets1 9 support ( 8 argum5t t !y may be repres5t$ by ! pa9t]6 ,x 0 8 error 9 confus+ ! objects ( ! lit]>y ) ^? ( ! pla/ic arts1 t l$ him to c>ve ,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e1 = he admitt$ t he wi%$ to put into sculpture :at ,villon _h put into a poem4 ,pr(essor ,wald/e9 prop]ly po9t$ out t1 ?is be+ s1 ! obs]v] ( ! sculpture %\ld be provid$ ) a copy ( ! poem :5 9 front ( ! /atue1 add+c3 & ev5 !n ! "w rema9s only ! pres5tation ( a female figure de=m$ 9 e detail by ! we> & te> ( "t1 & ( a life end+ 9 disease & no?+ m4 ,x is ! wor/ =m ( lit]>y sculpture1 ( :i* we h _h s mu* by arti/s :o repres5t ! v opposite pole ( ! mod]n reali/s4 ,else:]e ! respective positions ( ! poet & pa9t] 7or sculptor7 9 ! repres5tation ( ugl9ess are dealt )1 b x may be add$ t 9 ! case ( ,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e1 ,rod9 does n r5d] 9 sculpture ! poem ( ,villion1 b only a "p ( x1 = ( c\rse he c\ld n %[ ! progression 9 ! life ( ! c\rtesan1 indicat$ by ! poet1 :i* progression puts an entirely diff]5t complexion ^u ! ugly figure ( ! poet comp>$ ) t ( ! sculptor4 ,cle>ly ,rod9 0 misl$ :5 he said t p ( ta/e h giv5 _! approbation to 8 appall+ figure1 = x has be5 condemn$ among all classes1 :ile its few def5d]s h fail$ to support _! op9ions by reason or exp]i5ce4 ,we may note t at ano!r "t ,rod9 reflect$ ^u ! "* ( ! anci5t ,greek sculpture = ! v reason ^u :i* he bases 8 claim = public approval ( ,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e4 ,he saysd3 ,t 0 ! fault ( ! ,hell5ic ideal4 ,! beauty conceiv$ by ! ,greeks 0 ! ord] dream$ ( by intellig5ce1 b x only appeal$ to ! cultivat$ m9d1 disda9+ ! humble4 ,"h also is a confusion ( ideas1 = ! intellig5ce _c dream ( a special k9d ( beauty :i* w\ld n be recogniz$ by ! humble1 unless x 7 s feeble z to be altoge!r bel[ ,greek conceptions4 ,! aim ( ! ,greek sculptors 0 to appeal to all classes1 & 9 ?is !y 7 em95tly successful4 a ,at ! ,luxemb\rg4 b ,gsell's ,art1 by ,augu/e ,rod94 c ,greek ,sculpture & ,mod]n ,art1 #aiad4 d ,gsell's ,art1 by ,augu/e ,rod94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg 7,see page #bed7 ,diana & ,nymphs1 by ,rub5s 7,prado1 ,madrid7 ,,note #ch4 ,,page #ib ,rusk9 consid]$ ! figure ( ,*ri/1 kn[n z ,le ,bon ,dieu d',ami5s1 at ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 ! noble/ ideal ( ,*ri/ 9 exi/5ce1a & ,dean ,f>r> wrote ( x3 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z /&+ at ! c5tral po9t ( all hi/ory1 & ( all ,revelation4b ,x is true t ! sculpture is a noble repres5tation ( ,*ri/1 b ?is is n because x is a ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,9 type x is purely ,greek ( ! late f\r? or e>ly ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! expression is g5]al1 exhibit+ ! calm repose t ! ,greeks gave to a great philosoph]4 a ,! ,bible ( ,ami5s4 ,see ,plate #b4 b ,! ,life ( ,*ri/ z ,repres5t$ 9 ,art4 ,,note #ci4 ,,page #ig ,9 ! case ( ! ,madonna1 ,mi*elangelo does n appe> to produce an ideal woman3 he only gives an improv$ woman4 ,8 ne>e/ approa* to ! ideal is 9 8 e>ly ,pieta at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 b ev5 "h ! ,virg9 is only a less e>?ly prototype ( 8 lat] figures4 ,! ,madonna 9 ! ,holy ,family at ! ,uffizi is mu* inf]ior1 be+ m]ely a slightly ennobl$ ,italian peasant4 ,! o!r ,madonnas are f> high] 9 "* & seem to sugge/ ! antique1 except t ! m mat]ial qualities ( woman are always pres5t4 ,! ,madonnas at ! ,b>gello & ,san ,lor5zo are ( ! same g5]al type z ! figure 9 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ! ,night 9 ! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ! ,l$a 9 ! ,b>gello1 & ! ,v5us 9 ! sket* made = ,pontormo4 ,?is be+ s1 x may be imag9$ :5 ! ,l$a is call$ to m9d1 t x is h>d to associate ! two ,madonnas ) ,*ri/ian ideals4 ,! figures are magnific5t works1 b !y are beh9d ! ,madonnas ( ,raphael f ! po9t ( view ( ,*ri/ian conceptions4 ,! expression is g5]al1 & all ! c\nt5ances except "o1 indicate unconc]n ) surr\nd+s2 n ! sublime unconc]n ( a ,phidian god1 :i* implies an app>5t disreg>d ( p>ticul>s because !y are necess>ily und]/ood ) an all-p[]ful compreh5sion ( pr9ciples1 b an unconc]n :i* sugge/s a want ( deep int]e/ 9 life4 ,! exception is ! ,san ,lor5zo ,madonna1 9 :i* a c]ta9 calm resignation is ! pr9cipal feature 9 expression4 ,mi*elangelo 0 m successful ) 8 m5 ?an ) 8 wom54 ,8 pa9t$ prophets 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel are z sublime z 8 sc5es f ! ,creation2 & 8 ,moses 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s is rightly reg>d$ z ! fir/ sculpture ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,,note #dj4 ,,page #ii ,:5 ! ,pieta ( ,mi*elangelo 79 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome7 0 fir/ expos$1 "s comm5t 0 made ^u ! comp>atively y\?ful appe>ance ( ! ,virg91 & ,condivi relates t he spoke to ! sculptor on ! subject4 ,9 reply ,mi*elangelo saida3 ,don't y "k t *a/e wom5 pres]ve _! beauty & y\?ful "* mu* long] ?an ^? :o are n *a/e8 ,h[ y\?ful !n mu/ appe> ! immaculate ,virg9 :o _c be suppos$ ev] to h _h a vitiat$ ?\ght4 ,& ?is is only accord+ to ! natural ord] ( ?+s3 b :y may n we suppose 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 t nature might be assi/$ by ,div9e int]position1 to demon/rate to ! _w ! virg9ity & p]petual purity ( ! ,"m8 ,?is 0 n necess>y 9 ! ,son1 nay1 r on ! contr>y1 s9ce ,div9e omnipot5ce 0 will+ to %[ t ! ,son ( ,god w\ld take ^u ,him1 z he did1 ! body ( man1 ) all 8 e>?ly infirmities except t ( s94 ,!re=e x 0 n necess>y = me to make ! human subord9ate to ! ,div9e "*1 b to consid] x 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature "u ! actual exi/+ circum/ances4 ,h5ce y ought n to wond] t f su* a consid]ation1 ,i %\ld make ! mo/ holy ,virg9-,"m ( ,god1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,son1 mu* y\ng] ?an w\ld o!rwise be requir$1 & t ,i %\ld h repres5t$ ! ,son at ,8 prop] age4 a ,lanzi's ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 ,roscoe translation1 vol4 i4 ,,note #da4 ,,page #ajj ,a few mod]n pa9t]s h produc$ works 9 :i* ! ,holy ,family are pictur$ 9 l[ly surr\nd+s1 b g5]ally !y appe> to %ock ! public s5se ( propriety4 ,_m p]sons w rememb] ! s5sation caus$ by ,millais's ,! ,c>p5t]'s ,%op1 :]e ,*ri/ is %[n z a boy ( ab\t t5 ye>s ( age 9 ! work%op ( ,/4 ,joseph1 & ,holman ,hunt's ,%ad[ ( ! ,cross4 ,lat] arti/s h be5 /ill m reali/ic1 notably ,uhde1 ^: sacr$ sc5es almo/ /agg] "o ) _! mod]n sugge/ions1 & ,demont-,breton1 ^: ,div9e ,appr5tice repres5ts ! ,boy ,*ri/ %>p5+ a tool at a gr9d/one :i* is turn$ by ! ,virg94 ,,note #db4 ,,page #ajh ,unque/ionably ! rapid advance 9 ,italian art 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman rema9s4 ,inde$ !re are v few sculptors ( ! p]iod :o fail to %[ evid5ce ( /udies 9 ,greek =ms & ornam5ts1 :ile 9 pa9t+ !re are hundr$s ( figures :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 design$ 9 ! abs5ce ( antique models4 ,true 9 "s cases ! arti/s d n appe> to h gone beyond ! anci5t lit]ature1 z ) ,masaccio :o mu/ h _h ,hom] 9 8 m9d :5 he pa9t$ 8 figures ( ,eve 9 ! ,flor5ce frescoes1 & ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 ^: fanciful compositions sav\r ( ! old leg5ds wrapp$ up 9 fairy /ories2 b _m pa9t]s 7 /eep$ bo? 9 ! art & lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome1 & made good use ( !m4 ,b ! mo/ direct evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek art ^u ,italian arti/s ( ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies1 is to be f\nd 9 ! spl5did s]ies ( bronze /atuettes ( ! p]iod4 ,9 _! monum5tal figures ! sculptors 7 m or less conf9$ 9 _! designs by consid]ations ( portraiture1 conv5tional drap]y & symbols1 & local requirem5ts1 & :ile !y 7 greatly assi/$ by ,greek exp]i5ce1 yet only r>ely 7 !y /rictly at lib]ty except ) ornam5ts & accessories4 ,b 9 ! small bronze figures _! fancy c\ld roam at w1 & !y made good use ( ?is fre$om 9 display+ _! ready acceptance ( ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! design ( ! human figure recogniz$ by ! ,greeks--t ! sculptor mu/ arrive at p]fection ( =m if t be possible2 t ?is p]fection is n to be f\nd 9 any s+le =m 9 life1 & consequ5tly ! arti/ mu/ comb9e p]fect$ p>ts into a h>moni\s :ole1 indep5d5tly ( p>ticul> models4 ,! agreem5t ) ?is pr9ciple 0 g5]al1 ) sc>cely an exception among/ ! bronze figure design]s1 & ! result 0 t 9 ! p]iod say1 f #adej to #aebe1 !re 0 execut$ a s]ies ( bronzes fully repres5tative ( ! highe/ level :i* pla/ic art has rea*$ s9ce ! great] days ( ,greece4 ,"r up to ! "t ( ! maturity ( ,mi*elangelo1 ne>ly e bronze figur9e ca/ is purely ,grecian 9 type1 & e ornam5t1 & ev5 e accessory :i* is n f its nature ( contempor>y /yle1 c be trac$ to ,greece1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ,rome4 ,mi*elangelo br\ght ab\t a *ange 9 acc5tuat+ ! muscul> developm5t ( ! body1 & be=e ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury mo/ sculptors _h come "u 8 influ5ce4 ,?is 0 un=tunate = he alone seem$ to be capable ( h>moni\sly comb9+ ,greek l9es ) muscul> p[]4 ,a few ( 8 contempor>ies1 z ,sansov9o1 ,leone1 ,cell9i1 le>n$ h[ to jo91 ) due re/ra9t1 8 innovations ) modifications ( ! ,greek torso1 b g5]ally ! imitation ( ! great ,flor5t9e initiat$ a decad5ce1 z x 0 b\nd to d1 = x 0 accompani$ ) life modell+1 & s meant a radical dep>ture f ! ,greek =ms4 ,giovanni di ,bologna alone among ! lat] sixte5? c5tury sculptors1 0 /rong en\gh to move 9 an indep5d5t direction4 ,he re/ra9$ ! acc5tuation ( ! muscles1 & light5$ ! ,greek type ( torso1 comb9+ ) ^! conditions an elegance 9 design :i* has nev] s9ce be5 surpass$4 ,?is !n is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! high ae/hetic value ( ! ,r5aissance bronzes3 ! human =m exhibit$ by !m is altoge!r m beautiful ?an ! =m com+ )9 ! compass ( life exp]i5ce4 ,!n ! details ( "w on ! bronzes are imm5sely sup]ior to ^? ( ! g5]al mod]n h&iwork4 ,= in/ance ! *isell+ ( su* m5 z ,riccio & ,cell9i1 has nev] be5 equall$ s9ce _! "t1 save p]haps by ,g\?i]e4 ,& h[ poor1 comp>atively1 are ! pres5t-day ca/+s6 ,h[ c>efully ! old ma/]s work$2 h[ p>ticul> !y 7 ) _! clay2 h[ skilfully !y prep>$ _! wax1 & h[ sl[ly & delib]ately ! m\ld6 ,h[ _m arti/s n[ w\ld h ! pati5ce to make su* a m\ld8 ,= ! beautiful pat9as on _m ( ! ,r5aissance bronzes1 age is mo/ly responsible1 ?\gh lacqu]s 7 (t5 us$ = ! provision ( artificial pat9as1 p>ticul>ly aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! f9e/ be+ f\nd on "s ( ! works ( ,giovanni di ,bologna4 ,! tone ( natural pat9a dep5ds l>gely ^u ! k9d ( oxidation to :i* ! bronze has be5 subject$1 & x is no d\bt (t5 affect$ by ! alloy us$4 ,few mod]n arti/s h giv5 close att5tion to ! alloys1 :ile ! me?od ( ca/+ is n[ usually reg>d$ z a detail ( m9or importance4 ,see+ t ! production ( figur9es accompani$ e civilization f ! dawn ( hi/ory to ! collapse ( ! ,roman ,empire1 x is curi\s t ! r5aissance ( sculpture aft] ! ,d>k ,age %\ld h progress$ a long way be=e g5]al att5tion 0 aga9 turn$ to ^! bronzes4 ,!re are a few figures ( animals :i* seem to be ,italian "w ( ! late trec5to1 b beyond ^! ! small ca/ bronzes made 9 ,italy be=e ! maturity ( ,ghib]ti1 7 practically conf9$ to ,madonnas & ,sa9ts1 mo/ly gilt1 made to fill ,go?ic ni*es1 or adorn ! alt>s ( *ur*es & private *apels4 ,sl5d] ,sa9ts !y 7 z a rule1 b always elegant1 ) s]5e c\nt5ances & delicate features2 beautifully modell$ z became ! inh]itors ( ! traditions ( ! ,pisanos4 ,x 0 some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury t ,italy comm5c$ to make ungilt /atuettes suitable = h\sehold ornam5ts1 & fully t5 or fifte5 ye>s m pass$ away be=e !y 7 produc$ ) any regul>ity4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m ( any importance appe> to be a c\ple ( ,flagellators f ! design ( ,ghib]ti4 ,!y are f9e pieces ( "w1 evid5tly f clay models made = ! sc\rg+ sc5e 9 "o ( ! gates ( ! ,flor5ce ,bapti/ry--gates describ$ by ,mi*elangelo z wor?y to fill ! portals ( ,p>adise4 ,^! figures date ab\t #addj4 ,!re is a ,*ild ,*ri/ ( a few ye>s lat] by ,luca della ,robbia2 & two or ?ree figures f models ( ,donatello may be assign$ to ! neighb\rhood ( #adej4 ,9 ! next t5 ye>s 7 turn$ out "s figures f rema9+ models ( ,donatello :i* _h be5 us$ = 8 "w at ,prato & ,padua4 ,s f> ! small bronzes made 7 f /udies = l>g] works ( sculpture1 b ab\t ?is "t int5se int]e/ began to be tak5 9 ! rema9s ( ,greek & ,roman art1 & no d\bt x 0 ! increas$ importance atta*$ to ! antique bronze figures1 mo/ly h\sehold gods ( ! ,greeks1 ,etruscans1 & ,romans1 t fir/ l$ ! pr9cipal ,r5aissance arti/s to turn _! att5tion to simil> "w4 ,f ?is "t on1 = a c5tury & a half1 ^! bronze figures 7 regul>ly made4 ,! exi/+ figur9es may be broadly classifi$ 9 f\r divisions1 namely1 ! ,paduan & ,flor5t9e figures execut$ prior to #aebe2 ^? ( ! s*ool ( ,mi*elangelo2 ^? ( ! ,v5etian s*ool head$ by ,sansov9o2 & ^? ( ,giovanni di ,bologna & 8 s*ool4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! small ornam5ts = ink/&s1 vases1 etc41 ! little animals1 & ! purely comm]cial imitations1 *iefly ,v5etian1 made at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! total numb] ( ,r5aissance bronzes n[ kn[n is r\ghly six ?\s&4 ,( ^! "u a hundr$ are f models = l>g] works by ,ghib]ti1 ,donatello1 ,v]roc*io1 ,lion>do1 ,mi*elangelo1 & a few less] lights2 ab\t two ?\s& repres5t orig9al designs specially prep>$ = bronze production2 "s ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ are duplicates (1 or slight v>iations f1 ^! orig9als1 execut$ by pupils or ne> contempor>ies ( ! ma/]s2 & ! balance ( f\r hundr$ or s1 are direct reproductions (1 or v>iations f1 antique sculptures4 ,naturally all collectors aim = ! fir/ two sections1 b ! ?ird section conta9s _m f9e bronzes1 (t5 close to ! orig9als1 ) equally good pat9as4 ,!y v>y greatly1 ?\gh !y are all ascrib$ 9 comm]ce to ! arti/s responsible = ! orig9als4 ,! "* ( ^! v>iations is be/ se5 9 ! case ( ,riccio1 ! mo/ prolific ( ! bronze work]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,he design$ & execut$ "u =ty small bronze figures & gr\ps1 besides "s l>ge bronze works ( high importance4 ,( 8 small pieces !re are 9 exi/5ce ab\t a hundr$ duplicates made by 8 pupils & imm$iate contempor>ies1 :o also adapt$ into h\sehold ornam5ts1 v>i\s details f 8 l>g] works1 br++ up ! numb] ( ,riccios made f 8 models dur+ 8 lifetime1 o!r ?an by himself1 to ab\t a hundr$ & fifty4 ,^! are all bronzes ( a high ord]4 ,!n ab\t an equal numb] ( bo? k9ds ( models 7 reproduc$ dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s foll[+ 8 dea?1 all fairly good1 b (t5 slightly v>i$ f ! orig9als2 & f9ally !re are ,riccios copi$ by ,v5etian craftsm5 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 sometimes consid]ably v>i$1 & occasionally ) purely ,v5etian ornam5ts add$4 ,^! la/ m>k ! fir/ di/9ct decad5ce 9 ! small bronze art ( ! p]iod4 ,next to ,riccio among ! e>li] sculptors1 9 ! numb] ( bronzes design$1 0 8 great contempor>y1 ,antico1 :o accompli%$ "s ?irty or s4 ,he diff]$ f ,riccio 9 t :ile ! latt] adh]$ to ! ,grecian practice 9 ! design ( details & ornam5ts1 b v>i$ ! modell+ some:at to br+ x m 9 con=mity ) ! contempor>y ideas ( elegance1 ,antico kept /rictly to ! ,grecian modell+1 b commonly v>i$ ! anci5t designs4 ,!re are few duplicates ( ,antico's "w1 made ei!r dur+ 8 lifetime or aft]4 ,z ) ,riccio1 8 imitators ov]came ! difficulty ( ! *isell+ by leav+ x out1 rely+ ^u ! wax to give close en\gh resemblance to ! orig9als4 ,( ! o!r small bronze sculptors prior to ! maturity ( ,mi*elangelo1 few execut$ m ?an half a score ( figures4 ,! be/ kn[n are ! imm$iate successors ( ,donatello 9 ! ,paduan s*ool1 z ,b]toldo & ,bellano1 & ! giants ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 z ,fil>ete & ,a4 ,pollaiuolo4 ,bronzes by ^! arti/s are v r>e1 & s are ! duplicates ( !m made by pupils1 ?\gh ,b]toldo1 :o rem9ds "o /rangely ( ,lysippus1 _h occasional imitators = ! next two c5turies4 ,^! bronzes include _m models :i* h n be5 equall$ by ! greate/ ( lat] sculptors1 & !y w nev] be mat*$ until !re arises a new s*ool ( sculptors resolv$ to imbibe ! tru?s :i* ! ,r5aissance arti/s glean$ f ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,,note #dc4 ,,page #aaj ,! writ] has us$ ,greek & ,roman names = ^! gods to "s ext5t indiscrim9ately1 9 accordance ) ! univ]sal cu/om 9 art4 ,nev]!less ! practice is to be regrett$ z x t5ds to complicate ! g5]al ideas ( ! ,greek & ,roman religions4 ,not)/&+ ! occasional direct association ( "s ( _! deities ) human p]sonages by _! poets1 ! ,romans reg>d$ _! gods z purely spiritual be+s1 hav+ no special e>?ly habitation1 or sex relations ) ! human race1 :ile _! p[]s widely diff]$ f ^? ( ! respective ,greek deities ) :om !y are commonly id5tifi$4 ,au?orities diff] z to :e!r ! gods 7 suppos$ to h spiritual m>ital relations ) ea* o!r4a ,9 any case ! :ole nature ( _! religion preclud$ ! developm5t among/ ! ,romans ( a sep>ate sacr$ art4 ,_! sculptur$ gods1 :i* 7 tak5 f ,grecian models1 7 symbols r ?an presum$ types4 a ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #aiad1 vol4 ii42 & ,w4 ,w4 ,f[l]'s ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 #aiaa4 ,,note #dd4 ,,page #aaa ,if we may judge f ! headless figures ( ! goddesses1 commonly kn[n z ! ,?ree ,fates1 f ! ea/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non1 !re seems to be little diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5]al l9es ( ! fem99e torso repres5t$ by ! ,phidian ideal1 & ^? ( ! ,praxitelean model4 ,! ,p>!non torsos are m massive proportionately1 b ! object ( bo? ,phidias & ,praxiteles 0 evid5tly to /raight5 ! out] l9es ( ! torso z ne>ly z possible1 mak+ due all[ance = ! v>i$ natural swell+s ( _! respective =ms4 ,x is obvi\s t ! use ( attire gave ,phidias 7presum+ ! ,p>!non figures ref]r$ to 7 design$ by him1 z !y probably 77 a latitude 9 v>y+ ! proportions ( ! torsos :i* he c\ld n h ex]cis$ 9 ! case ( nude =ms4 ,unclo!d1 ! figures w\ld appe> unwieldy1 & ! graceful fl[+ l9es result+ f ! p>tly cl++ drap]y c\ld n be s completely pres5t$ ) nude recl9+ or semi-recl9+ figures4 ,!re are o!r features also :i* prev5t ! nude repres5tation ( su* massive =ms4 ,?us1 ! brea/s w\ld necess>ily be out ( proportion 9 size1 & widely sep>at$4 ,^! conditions are common 9 fif? c5tury & ar*aic figures1 & d n appe> to be defects 9 =ms ( life size or less1 b !y w\ld be /rik+ly noticeable 9 sup] figures ( ! broad massive type ) ,phidian l9es4 ,! addition ( light drap]y1 h[ev]1 conv]ts ! app>5t faults into virtues1 = ! arti/ is enabl$ !re) to give new sweep+ curves to ! =ms :i* conspicu\sly enhance ! g5]al beauty ( ! figure4 ,a /ill m amaz+ in/ance :]e ! use ( drap]y all[s ! arti/ to v>y ! recogniz$ proportions ( ! fem99e =m to an ext5t :i* w\ld be impossible ) nude figures1 is ! celebrat$ ,ariadne at ! ,vatican4a ,?is beautiful "w1 :i* is ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 %[s ! daught] ( ,m9os attir$ 9 a light fl[+ s+le g>m5t1 & recl9+ on a c\*1 asleep4 ,! upp] "p ( h] body leans aga9/ ! head ( ! c\*1 b ! rema9d] is ext5d$ ne>ly at full l5g?4 ,! extraord9>y feature ( ! "w is t ! l5g? ( ! figure is altoge!r out ( proportion ) ! head & ) ! bread? ( ! torso1 be+ mu* too great1 & yet s skilfully is ! drap]y arrang$ t ?is v defect becomes an advantage1 = x enables a l(ty grace1 almo/ approa*+ gr&eur1 to be giv5 to ! figure1 :i* w\ld be impossible )\t ! exagg]ation4 ,by ! excell5t device ( a closely arrang$ cross fold ( drap]y pass+ r\nd ! middle ( ! figure1 ! arti/ app>5tly %ort5s x1 s t ! eye ( ! obs]v] is n held by its great l5g?4 ,only "o o!r example ( ! supreme use ( drap]y 9 ?is way seems to be kn[n--a bronze sitt+ figure ( ,calliope1b :i* is ( ! late ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 & is obvi\sly ( ! same s*ool z ! ,ariadne m>ble4 a ,see ,plate #bi4 b ,dreic] ,collection1 ,new ,york4 ,,note #de4 ,,page #aab ,praxiteles is kn[n to h execut$ at lea/ f\r o!r /atues ( ,aphrodite besides ! ,cnidian example1 b ?is la/ is ! only "o z to :i* we h fairly complete records1 & ( :i* copies h be5 closely id5tifi$4 ,x is also ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,we may !re=e accept ! "w z typical = comp>ative purposes4 ,,note #df4 ,,page #aac ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to :e!r ,apelles %[$ ! same ext5t ( figure z is repres5t$ 9 ! sculpture1 a common sugge/ion be+ t he br\ght ! surface ( ! wat] to ! wai/ l9e2 b x is evid5t t ! pa9t+ correspond$ ) ! sculpture 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! arti/ _h to repres5t ! goddess walk+ t[>ds ! %ore4 ,if he br\ght ! wat] to ! wai/ l9e he c\ld n def9itely sugge/ movem5t1 z a deflection ( ! %\ld] l9e might mean t ! goddess 0 9 an attitude ( re/1 correspond+ to ! pose ( ne>ly all ! sculptur$ figures ( ! ,praxitelean s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h& if he c>ri$ ! wat] l9e d[n t[>ds ! knees1 ! advance ( ! "r leg w\ld be mo/ m>k$1 & ! effect di/urb+ because ( ! loss ( repose1 a quality at all times valuable 9 a pa9t+ ( a s+le figure1 & really necess>y 9 ! repres5tation ( ,v5us4 ,! arti/ v prop]ly r$uc$ ! portion ( ! ?ighs visible to ! smalle/ fraction possible compatible ) an expression ( movem5t1 9 ord] to give ! figure ! greate/ repose atta9able4 ,"u any circum/ances !re 0 no?+ to ga9 by %[+ ! wat] rea*+ to ! wai/4 ,c]ta9 details ( ! picture by ,apelles are to be obta9$ f ,grecian epigrams4 ,?us1 "o by ,antipat] ( ,sidon conta9s ^! l9esa3 ,v5us1 em]g+ f h] p>5t sea1 ,apelles' graphic skill does "h portray3 ,%e wr+s h] hair1 :ile r\nd ! bright drops flee1 ,& presses f h] locks ! foamy spray4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! position ( ! goddess :5 pa9t$ 0 presum$ to be comp>atively ne> ! arti/1 o!rwise ! sep>ate drops ( fall+ wat] w\ld n h be5 obs]v$4 ,! la/ l9e 9 ! foll[+ epigram by ,leonides ( ,t>5tum indicates ! ideal "* ( ! c\nt5ance1 ?\gh evid5ce ( ?is is sc>cely necess>yb3 ,z ,v5us f h] "m's bosom rose 7,h] beauty ) ! murmur+ sea-foam gl[s71 ,apelles caught & fix$ ea* heav5ly *>m2 ,no picture1 b ! life1 s9c]e & w>m4 ,see h[ ^? f+] tips ^? tresses wr+6 ,see h[ ^? eyes a calm-l radiance fl+6 a ,translat$ by ,"l ,neaves4 b ,translat$ by ,"l ,neaves4 ,,note #dg4 ,,page #abd ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 ,pi]o 0 ! only arti/ ( ! ,r5aissance :o us$ ?is my?ological /ory = a composition 78 picture has hi!rto be5 call$ an allegory71 a circum/ance :i* is r s+ul> consid]+ ! suitabl5ess ( ! subject = ! provision ( effective designs4 ,! ,greek sculptors 9 deal+ ) ! leg5d conf9$ !mselves to ! mom5t :5 ,a!na ?rew d[n ! pipes1 app>5tly = ! reason t ?is in/ant gave an opportunity ( r5d]+ ,m>syas 9 a /rong dramatic action4 ,! fam\s /atue ( ! faun aft] ,myron 9 ,rome1 is suppos$ to h =m$ "p ( a gr\p repres5t+ ,a!na & ,m>syas imm$iately aft] ! pipes 7 dropp$1 & ! design appe>s on /ill exi/+ co9s & vases ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,pi]o takes a lat] mom5t1 %[+ ,m>syas com=tably squatt+ 9 ! =egr\nd ( a delightful fanciful l&scape1 express+ boyi% satisfaction ) ! prizes he is ab\t to try4 ,he is prop]ly %[n z a satyr in/ead ( 9 ! faun =m ( ! sculptor4 ,!re appe>s to be no legitimate place 9 pa9t+ = a faun1 :ile a satyr may at times be appropriately introduc$ into a pa/oral composition4 ,,note #dh4 ,,page #abe ,controv]sy has rag$ ar\nd ?is picture = some?+ l sev5ty ye>s4 ,! "w came to light be=e #ahej at a public auction sale :5 x 0 attribut$ to ,mantegna1 ) :om ( c\rse x _h no?+ to d4 ,!n x 0 pron\nc$ a ,raphael1 b ?is 0 disput$ by ,passavant :o held t on acc\nt ( ! ?9 l[] limbs ( ! figures1 & ! m9ute way 9 :i* ! l&scape 0 pa9t$1 x c\ld n be by ,raphael1 b 0 ( ! s*ool ( ,francia1 or by ,timoteo della ,viti4 ,morelli br\ght back ! attribution to ,raphael1 & ! "w !n came into ! possession ( ! ,l\vre4 ,subsequ5tly ,p9turic*io & ,p]ug9o 7 alt]nately sugge/$ z ! pa9t]1 & to ! latt] ! picture 0 assign$ by ! ,l\vre au?orities4 ,all are agre$ t ! date ( ! "w is ab\t #aejb4 ,x does n seem possible t ,p]ug9o c\ld h pa9t$ ! picture1 = ! subject & inv5tion are entirely =eign to him1 :ile ! li! active =m ( ,apollo does n consort ) ! lea/ =mal ( 8 kn[n figures4 ,! l&scape is mu* 9 8 mann]1 b s x is also 9 ! /yle ( ,raphael's e>ly p]iod1 :ile ! small build+s !re9 are closely f9i%$ z 9 "s ( ,raphael's o!r works ( ! "t4a ,p]ug9o us$ simil> t[]s & build+s1 b be+ a m exp]i5c$ pa9t] he did n s f9ely elaborate ! details4 ,! sugge/ion relat+ to ! s*ool ( ,francia 0 aft]w>ds v prop]ly )drawn1 & ,p9turic*io mu/ be rul$ out on acc\nt ( ! l&scape1 ap>t f ! supple figure ( ,apollo ( :i* he 0 incapable4 ,!re rema9 !n only ,timoteo della ,viti & ,raphael z ! possible pa9t]s ( ! "w4 ,b x _c reasonably be sugge/$ t ,timoteo c\ld h accompli%$ s p]fect a figure z ! ,apollo1 & moreov] s orig9al a figure4 ,x c]ta9ly requir$ an exceptionally bold m9d to ov]come ! difficulty 9 r5d]+ ! traditionally semi-fem99e =m ( ,apollo by repres5t+ him z a "y man j pa/ 8 te5s4 ,besides1 ! g5]al delicacy ( ! "w is n 9 ! /yle ( ,timoteo4 ,passavant's objection to ! limbs is ov]rul$ by ! pres5ce ( simil> limbs 9 ! ,mond ,crucifixion4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ,morelli 0 "r 9 assign+ ! beautiful little picture to ! y\?ful p]iod ( ! greate/ ( all pa9t]s4 a ,see ,portrait ( a "y ,man at ,budape/1 & ! ,t]ranuova ,virg9 & ,*ild at ,b]l94 ,,note #di4 ,,page #ach ,! :ite races are "h ref]r$ to m]ely by way ( example1 & !re is no int5tion to sugge/ t ! m or less unciviliz$ peoples h no p]ception ( beauty4 ,x is well kn[n t bo? semi-civiliz$ & savage races diff] f ! :ites 9 ! matt] ( beauty1 & ! fact has be5 p>tly responsible = sev]al !ories = expla9+ ae/hetic p]ception1 notably t ( association1 laid d[n by ,alison & ,jeffrey1 b long s9ce disc>d$4 ,see+ t !re is no diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! s5se n]ves ( ! :ites & ! blacks1 !y mu/ necess>ily act 9 ! same way4 ,t ! blacks appreciate z beautiful =ms :i* ! :ites disreg>d1 seems to arise p>tly f want ( exp]i5ce1 p>tly f tra9+1 & p>tly f neglect 9 ! ex]cise ( ! s5se n]ves4 ,take = example an inhabitant ( ,morocco :]e corpul5cy is commonly reg>d$ z an elem5t ( beauty 9 wom54 ,if none b ,moroccan wom5 are se5 or pictur$1 x is impossible = a high] =m ( beauty ?an is to be f\nd among/ !m to be conceiv$1 = ! imag9ation _c act beyond exp]i5ce4 ,9 cases :]e ! ,moroccan has _h exp]i5ce ( bo? :ite & black1 x is c]ta9 t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! :ite woman w\ld be ! m admir$1 = ?is is ! g5]al exp]i5ce among ! black races1 & is /rik+ly noticeable 9 ,am]ica ) ! desc5dants ( ,african tribes4 ,! appreciation ( v fat wom5 c easily be und]/ood on ! gr\nd ( cu/om or tra9+4 ,a y\?ful ,moroccan may be firmly ( op9ion t corpul5cy is n an elem5t ( beauty1 b see+ t 8 old] acqua9tances hold a contr>y view1 he may well =m ! conclusion t 8 judgm5t is wrong1 & s accept ! decision ( 8 m mature c\ntrym54 ,x is q common among ! :ites = p to d\bt _! own ae/hetic p]ceptions :5 an inf]ior "w ( art is put =w>d z a ?+ ( beauty4 ,! g5]al want ( appreciation ( c]ta9 musical h>monies on ! "p ( unciviliz$ peoples is und\bt$ly due to ! neglect ( ! s5se n]ves conc]n$1 = ^! are n cultivat$ except to a small ext5t involunt>ily4 ,! mo/ ignorant & poor ( ! :ites unavoidably come into frequ5t contact ) ! simpl] =ms ( art1 b ! savage races see only ! result ( _! own h&iwork4 ,! unciviliz$ races c sc>cely be expect$ to admire ! high] rea*es ( art :]e9 intellectual consid]ations ent]1 except = _! s5sorial excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh 7,see page #bef7 ,autom$on & ! ,horse ( ,a*illes1 by ,regnault 7,bo/on ,museum7 ,,note #ej4 ,,page #aci ,!re seems to be "s unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ,fragon>d int5d$ 8 spl5did s]ies ( ! ,frick collection to repres5t ! subjects usually assign$ to !m1 namely1 ,! ,pursuit 7or ,! ,flight ( ,design1 a title giv5 to ! orig9al sket* = ! picture72 ,! ,r5dezv\s 7or ,! ,surprise1 or ,! ,escalade72 ,s\v5irs 7or ,confid5ces1 or ,! ,read]72 ,! ,lov] ,cr[n$ 7or ,be=e ! ,pa9t]72 & ,! ,ab&onm5t 7or ,! ,rev]ie74 ,x is sugge/$ t ! works h an allegorical signification connect$ ) art1 & c]ta9ly ?ree ( !m--! fir/1 second1 & f\r?--c\ld be s int]pret$4 ,b magnific5t pa9t+s ( ?is k9d are usually fitt$ = _m allegorical sugge/ions4 ,ea* picture repres5ts an incid5t ( common exp]i5ce1 elaborat$ ) beautiful figures 9 a p]fect sett+4 ,?is approa*es ! summit ( ! pa9t]'s art1 = no conception c be great] ap>t f spiritual ideals4 ,x is symbolism 9 its highe/ =m--( univ]sal exp]i5ce 9 :i* all are int]e/$4 ,! works are n to be tak5 z a necess>y sequ5ce 7! la/ ( ! s]ies 0 pa9t$ tw5ty ye>s aft] ! o!rs71 b ! s*eme ( "o or m ( !m has come )9 ! exp]i5ce ( e man & woman s9ce ! _w began4 ,,note #ea4 ,,page #adi ,see+ t ?is precise dignifi$ pose1 com+ s ne> ! l9e ( exagg]ation1 b nev] cross+ x1 is pres5t 9 all ! au!nticat$ portraits ( ,titian1 save ^? ( v ag$ p]sons1 we may reasonably consid] ! pose an important factor 9 det]m9+ ! validity ( c]ta9 portraits z to :i* a d\bt has aris54 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! ,physician ( ,p>maa 7?is title is admitt$ly wrong71 :i* has be5 v>i\sly giv5 to ,titian & ,giorgione1 ! v]dict mu/ be 9 fav\r ( ,titian1 = ! pose is c]ta9ly 81 :ile x is unkn[n 9 any "w ( ,giorgione4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! portrait ( ,ca!r9e ,corn>a1b commonly ascrib$ to ,titian1 b also attribut$ to ,giorgione1c _c be by ! =m] ma/]2 nor is ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7) 8 h& on a bu/71d :i* seems to pair ) ! ,corn>a portrait4 ,! portrait kn[n z ,an ,old ,man ,asleep1e sometimes giv5 to ,titian1 cle>ly does n belong to him4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! g5]al confusion obs]vable = _m ye>s 9 ! e/imation ( ,giorgione's "w arose f ! attribution to him ( pa9t+s execut$ 9 ! comp>atively broad mann] ( ,titian1 b :i* ?is arti/ did n adopt till ,giorgione _h be5 dead = a decade or m4 ,! rec5t exhau/ive critique ( ,lionelli ,v5turif ( ! e>li] ma/] has cle>$ ! air1 & we n[ "k ! range ( 8 "w v positively4 ,giorgione 0 less f9e 9 "s ( 8 pa9t+s ?an 9 o!rs1 = he paid m att5tion to *i>oscuro z he matur$1 b !re is no in/ance :]e he pa9t$ 9 ! broad] mann] occasionally exhibit$ by ,titian4 ,all ! works 9 ! /yle ( ,! ,conc]t & ,! ,?ree ,ages are n[ kn[n to be by o!r h&s ?an ^? ( ,giorgione1 & x mu/ be un=tunately admitt$ t n a s+le pa9t+ by him exi/s ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 a ,vi5na ,gall]y4 b ,cook ,collection1 ,london4 c ,by ,h]b]t ,cook 9 ,giorgione4 d ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 e ,! ,br]a1 ,milan4 f ,giorgione e il ,giorgionismo1 #aiac4 ,note #eb4 ,page #aef ,hals is ano!r arti/ z to :om _m misconceptions h aris5 9 reg>d to 8 use ( a v broad mann] 9 8 portraits4 ,!re is a total ( ab\t #cej works attribut$ to him1 ( :i* "s two ?irds are s+le portraits1 & tw5ty are portrait gr\ps4 ,! balance includes ov] ?irty g5re pictures1 mo/ly ) s+le figures1 & fifty heads ( boys & girls g5]ally %[n 9 ! act ( laugh+4 ,x is 9 8 g5re "w t ! broad mann] is mo/ly obs]vable1 & only v occasionally is x to be f\nd 9 8 portraits4 ,9 ! m important works ( ! arti/1 ev5 dur+ 8 lat] p]iod1 8 mann] is by no means broad1a ?\gh x is n s f9e z 9 8 be/ ye>s1 say f #afce to #afej4 ,?is e/imate c h[ev] only be g5]al1 z 8 dat$ pa9t+s ( diff]5t p]iods aft] #afcj (t5 correspond s closely t x is difficult to assign dates to ! o!r pictures ) c]ta9ty4 ,p]haps ! frequ5t attribution to ,hals ( works by 8 pupils & imitators1 has _h some?+ to d ) ! public e/imation ( ! bread? ( 8 mann]4 ,?is 0 (t5 greatly exagg]at$ by 8 foll[]s1 & _m portraits are giv5 to him :i* he c\ld n possibly h pa9t$4 ,9 8 important "w on ! arti/1 ,dr4 von ,bode po9ts out t "s ( ! duplicates ( 8 pictures 7 app>5tly execut$ by 8 pupils1 b ^! are n sep>at$ 9 ! book4b ,x is a simple matt] to divide ! works pa9t$ by ,hals f ! /udio copies & ! portraits ( imitators4 ,8 bru%work & impa/o 7 q exceptional4 ,he _h a firm direct /roke1 nev] niggl$ or scumbl$1 & 8 load+ 0 re/ra9$ ?\gh v effective4 ,q naturally 8 pupils1 h[ev] indu/ri\s & skill$1 c\ld n closely imitate 8 rem>kable fre$om 9 h&l+4 ,!y 7 incapable ( firm decisive /rokes ?r\gh\t a portrait1 & endeav\r$ to ov]come ! load+ difficulty by us+ bru%es ( a co>s5ess =eign to ! ma/] :5 r5d]+ light tones4 ,moreov] ,hals 0 ne>ly p]fect 9 draw+1 & 9 ?is !re are usually m>k$ defects 9 ! /udio copies4 a ,see ,/ephanus ,g]e>dts1 ,antw]p ,museum2 ,isabella ,coymans1 ,e4 ,ro?s*ild ,collection1 ,p>is2 ,lady ) a ,fan1 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 & ,william van ,hey?uys51 ,lie*t5/e9 ,collection1 ,vi5na4 b ,frans ,hals3 8 ,life & ,"w1 #aiad4 ,,note #ec4 ,,page #afa ,! t]m grace z appli$ 9 art has s _m significations t x is difficult to deal ) "o ( !m )\t confusion4 ,:at is "h specially ref]r$ to is ! grace ( pose design$ by ! arti/4 ,! object ( ! portrait pa9t] is to pose 8 sitt] s t ! grace indicat$ %all appe> natural & habitual1 a feature z important n[ 9 ! appe>ance ( wom5 z x 0 tw5ty-five c5turies ago :5 ,sappho ask$a3 ,:at c\ntry maid5 *>ms !e1 ,h[ev] fair h] face1 ,:o kn[s n h[ to ga!r ,h] dress ) artless grace8 ,b ! grace ( pose nev] appe>s to be artless1 aft] ! fir/ inspection1 unless !re is some?+ 9 ! expression to hold ! m9d4 ,)\t ?is appeal to ! m9d ! portrait mu/ soon tire1 & ! pose become artificial & /iff1 t is to say1 9 repres5tations ( life size1 = 9 m9iature portraiture ! c\nt5ance seldom or nev] crosses ! vision involunt>ily4 ,9 ! anci5t ,greek =ms1 ,w9ckelmann di/+ui%es f\r k9ds ( grace--l(ty1 pleas+1 humble1 & comic--b ! grace exhibit$ by sculptur$ =ms necess>ily dep5ds ^u ! h>mony ( expression1 "* ( =m1 & pose4 ,?is %\ld be ! case ) pa9t$ portraits also1 b drap]y re/rictions & accessories commonly compel a limitation 9 ! design ( ! arti/4 ,9 ?ree qu>t] & full l5g? portraits x is impossible to dep>t f ! dress cu/om>y at ! p]iod ( execution1 unless ! sitt] assume a classical "*1 & ?is is only possible 9 comp>atively few in/ances4 ,9 any case ! pose %\ld always be subord9at$ to ! expression4 a ,free translation 7quot$ by ,:>ton71 ! t]m artless grace be+ impli$ b n express$ by ,sappho4 ,,note #ed4 ,,page #afg ,! rem>kable range ( ,raphael 9 expression has be5 comm5t$ ^u by _m critics1 & practically all agree ) ,lanzi 9 8 eloqu5t summ>ya3 ,!re is n a movem5t ( ! s\l1 !re is n a "* ( passion kn[n to ! anci5ts & capable ( be+ express$ 9 art1 t he 7,raphael7 has n caught1 express$1 & v>i$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 & always )9 ! b\nds ( propriety4444 ,8 figures are passions p]sonifi$2 & love1 hope1 fe>1 desire1 ang]1 placability1 humility1 & pride1 assume _! places by turns z ! subject *anges2 & :ile ! spectator reg>ds ! c\nt5ances1 ! air1 & ! ge/ures ( ! figures1 he =gets t !y are ! "w ( art1 & is surpris$ to f9d 8 own feel+s excit$1 & himself an actor 9 ! sc5e be=e him4 a ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 vol4 i41 ,roscoe translation4 ,,note #ee4 ,,page #afi ,?is ,pompeian fresco is suppos$ to be a copy ( ! picture ( ,timan!s1 b !re is an anci5t m>ble relief ( ! same subject at ,flor5ce1 ! design ( :i* is also said to h be5 tak5 f ! ,grecian pa9t]1 ?\gh x diff]s consid]ably f ! fresco4 ,qu9tilian obs]ves z to ! "w ( ,timan!s1 t hav+ r5d]$ ,cal*as sad1 ,ulysses /ill m sad1 & ,m5elaus ) ! deepe/ expression ( grief possible 9 art1 ! pa9t] c\ld n prop]ly portray ! c\nt5ance ( ,agamemnon1 :o z fa!r ( ,iphig5ia 0 presum$ to be ! mo/ deeply affect$ ( all pres5t1 & s cov]$ 8 head1 leav+ ! int5sity ( 8 suff]+ to be und]/ood4a a ,s*ool ( ,oratory1 ii4 ,,note #ef4 ,,page #agb ,! au!nticity ( ! ,bo/on example ( ,mona ,lisa is /ill 9 dispute4 ,s f> no s]i\s objection to x has be5 br\ght =w>d1 & !re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 its fav\r1 z ! pres5ce ( ! columns :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,raphael's sket*1 & ! bold bru%work ( ! drap]y :]e ?is c be di/+ui%$4 ,b !re is ano!r example ( ! "w 9 exi/5ce1 & ?is fact1 ) ! natural hesitation 9 pron\nc+ def9itely on s important a matt]1 w probably leave ! au!nticity ( ! picture undecid$ = a long "t4 ,mean:ile ! lit]ature ^u ,mona ,lisa is ev] increas+1 & "s important facts h be5 rec5tly br\ght out4 ,among/ ^! is an ann\ncem5t by ,a4 ,c4 ,coppi] t ! lady 0 n a ,flor5t9e1 b a ,neapolitan ( ! ,gh]ad9i family1 & t %e 0 m>ri$ 9 #adie1 :5 eighte5 ye>s ( age4a ,%e w\ld !re=e be tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old 9 #aejd :5 ! picture :i* ,raphael sket*$ is suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$4 ,b ! ,mona ,lisa 9 ! ,l\vre 0 complet$ betwe5 #aeae & #aeai2 h5ce !re is mu* to asc]ta9 z to ! hi/ory ( ! "w4 a ,les ,arts1 ,no4 #ade1 #aiad4 ,,note #eg4 ,,page #agb ,! v>i\s sugge/ions t h be5 made z to ! mean+ ( ,mona ,lisa's smile1 seem to h no o!r f\ndation ?an ! fancies ( my/ic m9ds4 ,! smile has be5 call$ dang]\s1 s9i/]1 ambigu\s1 provocative1 purposely enigmatic1 significant ( a loose woman1 expressive ( sublime mo!rhood1 rem9isc5t ( ,ea/]n intrigue1 & s on1 ! milde/ criticism ( ?is k9d affirm+ t ! smile w ev] rema9 an enigma4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible = any mean+ to be put into a smile by ! pa9t]1 o!r ?an t ( pleasure4 ,psy*ological sugge/ions are possible ) ! poet or noveli/1 b n ) ! pa9t]4 ,if !re be any enigma or my/]y 9 a picture1 !n ! art is bad1 = ! "w is incompreh5sible1 b !re is no problem to be solv$ 9 ,mona ,lisa's smile4 ,x is n diff]5t f any o!r smile except 9 degree1 & ( c\rse 9 ! quality app]ta9+ to ! p>ticul> c\nt5ance4 ,lion>do1 ) 8 sci5tific turn ( m9d1 0 n likely to attempt ! impossible by try+ to mix psy*ology ) pa9t4 ,,note #eh4 ,,page #agh ,x is necess>y to diss5t f ! conclusion ( ,less+ z to ! repres5tation ( ugl9ess by ! poet4 ,he says 9 ref]r+ to ,hom]'s portrayal ( ,!rsitesa3 ,:y 9 ! case ( ugl9ess did he adopt a me?od f :i* he s judici\sly refra9$ 9 t ( beauty8 ,does n a successive enum]ation ( its comp\nd p>ts dim9i% ! effect ( ugl9ess1 j z a simil> enum]ation ( its p>ts de/roys t ( beauty8 ,und\bt$ly x does1 b 9 ?is v fact lies ,hom]'s ju/ification4 ,= ! v reason t ugl9ess 9 ! poet's description is r$uc$ to a less repulsive appe>ance ( bodily imp]fection1 & 9 po9t ( its effect ceases z x 7 to be ugl9ess1 ! poet is enabl$ to make use ( x4 ,x is true t z he _c pres5t a p>ticul> =m ( beauty by description1 s ! poet _c describe an ugly c\nt5ance 9 su* a way t x may be pictur$ on ! m9d z a :ole2 b on ! o!r h&1 z he c1 by ref]5ce to its effect1 or by imag]y1 pres5t a great] beauty ?an ! pa9t] c portray1 s he may by simil> means sugge/ a m hide\s =m ( ugl9ess4 ,& ap>t f ?is1 :ile a detail 9 ! description ( a beautiful c\nt5ance is immat]ial until x is comb9$ ) o!r details1 a detail ( ugl9ess may 9 itself be suffici5t to r5d] ! c\nt5ance :olly repulsive to ! read]4 ,?us1 if "o said ( a maid t h] *eeks 7 a comp\nd ( ! lily & ! rose1 ?is w\ld n necess>ily imply t %e 0 g5]ally beautiful2 b if x 7 said ( a man t he _h a l>ge bulb\s nose1 we %\ld consid] him ugly :atev] ! "* ( 8 o!r features4 ,x 0 only necess>y = ,milton to ref] to "o or two details ( ! figure ( ,s91 to ?r[ ^u our m9ds a =m ( appall+ ugl9ess4b ,a successive enum]ation ( its compon5t p>ts1 does n !re=e dim9i% ! effect ( ugl9ess1 z ,less+ claims1 b increases x4 ,on ! o!r h& a successive enum]ation ( ! p>ts ( beauty does n de/roy ! beauty1 b simply fails to repres5t x4 ,! poet may use ugl9ess :]e ! pa9t] _c1 because 8 ugly =m does n dom9ate ! sc5e1 save = an in/ant or two1 be+ quickly subord9at$ by surr\nd+ conditions ( spee* & action2 :]eas ! ugly figure ( ! pa9t] is fix$ = ev]4 ,fur!r1 ! poet may surr\nd 8 description ( ! ugly ?+ ) beautiful imag]y & l(ty s5tim5t1 practically hid+ ! ugl9ess ) a cloak ( beauty2 b ! pa9t] c only depict ! ugly ?+ z x is1 nak$ to ! sight1 )\t gloss or apology4 a ,laocoon1 ,ronnfeldt translation4 b ,p>adise ,lo/1 ii4 ,,note #ei4 ,,page #aij ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! foot ( ,h]cules 9 ?is f9e bronze 0 plac$ ^u ! skull ( an ox to indicate a successful hunt1a b ,h]cules 0 a demigod1 & s c\ld n be connect$ 9 art ) any b a sup]human task or exploit4 ,moreov] ! only in/ance record$ 9 my?ological hi/ory :]e ,h]cules f\ght ) an ox 7unless ! feat ( /r5g? aga9/ ! :ite bull ( ,augeas be call$ a fight71 is t ( ! ,cretan bull1 :i* 0 captur$ & n kill$4 ,!re is no o!r sculptur$ figure n[ kn[n :]e a foot is plac$ on ! skull ( an ox1 b ,pausanias records t he saw "o 9 a temple ( ,apollo at ,patrae1 ! figure be+ t ( ! god himself4b ,pausanias attributes ! motive ( ! design to ,apollo's love ( cattle4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! significance ( ! ,frick bronze4 ,! skull ( an ox1 & rams' heads are frequ5tly f\nd on anci5t tombs1 & acan?us leaves 7 commonly us$ bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome z fun]eal signs1 :ile ! base ( ! /atuette1 :i* is ca/ ) ! figure1 is cle>ly int5d$ to repres5t an alt>4 ,x is noticeable t ! =m ( acan?us leaf us$ is ,roman1 sugge/+ t ,pollaiuolo _h access to ! reproductions ( tomb inscriptions made to ! ord] ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,!re is app>5tly no o!r exi/+ design ( a h]o contemplat+ dea?1 b ,lysippus c>v$ sev]al figures1 n[ lo/1 ( ,h]cules 9 a sad or depress$ mood4 ,9 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^!1 ! demigod 0 seat$ 9 a ?\ghtful attitude on a lion's sk91 & x is possible t ?is design 0 connect$ ) ! contemplation ( dea?1 because x 0 produc$ 9 relief soon aft] ! "t ( ,lysippus1 & lat] 9 a ,pompeian fresco1 9 bo? cases 9 ! pres5ce ( ,li*as1 ! be>] ( ! poison$ g>m5t4 a ,bode's ,preface to ! ,catalogue ( ! ,morgan ,bronzes4 b ,pausanias1 vii4 ,,note #fj4 ,,page #aib ,! attempt ( ,rusk9 to raise l&scape to a high level 9 ! art ( ! pa9t]a ne$ sc>cely be ref]r$ to "h1 s completely h 8 argum5ts be5 refut$ else:]e4 ,! au?ority ( ,alex&] ,humboldt has be5 sometimes quot$ 9 support ( ! ass]tion t l&scape c appeal to ! high] attributes1 ! passage reli$ ^u affirm+ t descriptive poetry & l&scape pa9t+ are alike capable 9 a great] or less] degree ( comb9+ ! visible & invisible 9 our contemplation ( nature4 ,b x is cle> f ! :ole ref]5ces ( ! writ] to ^! arts1 t he means no?+ m by 8 /atem5t ?an t a pa9t+ or descriptive poem may1 l an actual l&scape1 induce a feel+ ( wond] at ! p[]s ( ! orig9al ,cause ( nature4 ,! op9ion ( ,humboldt ^u ! position ( l&scape pa9t+ may be ga!r$ f 8 def9ite obs]vation t x has a m mat]ial orig9 & a m e>?ly limitation ?an ! art :i* deals ) ! human =m4b a ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vols i4 & ii41 & ! preface to ! second edition ( ! "w4 b ,cosmos1 vol4 ii4 ,,note #fa4 ,,page #aid ,x is d\btful :e!r an arti/ c inv5t a =m ( tree :i* does n exi/ 9 nature1 )\t produc+ some?+ ( ! "* ( a mon/rosity4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( dim5sions1 ! two extreme =ms ( trees us$ 9 pa9t+1 are repres5t$ 9 ,raphael's ,madonna ) ! ,goldf9*a z to ! sl5d] =ms1 & z to ! giant trunks1 9 two or ?ree ( ,claude's pictures4 ,! v beautiful trees ( ,raphael h be5 (t5 reg>d$ z pure inv5tions1 & ,rusk9 0 actually surpris$ t ! arti/ did n del9eate ! true =m ( ! trees & ! true ?ickness ( ! b\ghs2b b z a matt] ( fact precisely simil> trees 7a v>iety ( a%7 are to be f\nd 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ap5n9es to ?is day4 ,all ! *ange t ,raphael made 0 to transport ! trees f a %elt]$ spot to an op5 position4 ,v simil> trees are introduc$ 9 ! same ma/]'s ,apollo & ,m>syas4c ,p]ug9o 0 ! fir/ pa9t] to use !m1 & 9 "s ( 8 e>li] works he made !m ( great height1d b he gradually modifi$ ! =m till he approa*$ ! p]fect symmetry & delicacy ( ,raphael's examples4e ,m>co ,basaiti introduc$ !m into at lea/ ?ree ( 8 pictures1 & !y are also to be f\nd 9 works by ,timoteo della ,viti & ,francia4f ,high] & equally sl5d] trees h be5 appropriately us$ by ,antonio della ,c]aiuolo1g & ev5 by s late a pa9t] z ,ni*olas ,p\ss94h a ,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 b ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 iv4 c ,! ,l\vre4 d ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ,p]ugia2 & ,! ,crucifixion1 ,flor5ce4 e ,! ,deposition1 ,pitti ,palace4 f ,madonna & ,*ild 9 a ,rose ,g>d51 ,muni*4 g ,! ,crucifixion1 ,flor5ce ,academy4 h ,diana sleeps 9 ! ,=e/1 ,prado1 ,madrid4 ,,note #fb4 ,,page #aid ,9 not+ ! fact t ! great l&scape arti/ inv5ts 8 designs1 ,byron obs]ves t nature does n furni% him ) ! sc5es t he requires1 & addsa3 ,nature is n lavi% ( h] beauties2 !y are widely scatt]$1 & occasionally display$1 to be select$ ) c>e1 & ga!r$ ) difficulty4 ,_h ,byron be5 a pa9t]1 he w\ld h kn[n t ! tr\ble ( ! arti/ is due to ! ov]1 & n ! "u1 supply ( beauty by nature4 ,! arti/ sees ! beauty1 b _c id5tify x ) p>ticul> signs1 & s has to inv5t a sc5e himself1 us+ nature only = sket*es or ideas4 a ,art & ,nature4 ,,note #fc4 ,,page #bjj ,! =ce ( natural signs1 says ,less+1 consi/s 9 _! resemblance to ! ?+s !y repres5t4a ,9 a criticism ^u ! second "p ( ,fau/1 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes writesb3 ,! =ms :i* are 8 7! arti/'s7 mat]ials1 ! symbols :i* are 8 language1 mu/ 9 !mselves h beauty & an int]e/ readily appreciable by ^? :o d n und]/& ! occult mean+4 ,unless !y h ?is !y cease to be art3 !y become hi]oglyphs4 ,art is picture pa9t+1 n picture writ+4 ,:ile ?is is g5]ally true1 beauty 9 ! less] signs ( ! poet is ( great] importance ?an 9 ^? ( ! pa9t]1 because a pa9t+ is look$ ^u direct z a :ole1 :ile a poem has to be compreh5d$ 9 its p>ts be=e x c be prop]ly consid]$ z a :ole4 a ,laocoon4 b ,life ( ,goe!1 #b;d edition4 ,,note #fd4 ,,page #bjc ,al?\gh ^? ( ! fifte5?-c5tury arti/s :o treat$ l&scape s]i\sly did n ?or\ghly und]/& p]spective1 yet !y 7 seldom at a loss 9 repres5t+ di/ance1 t is1 9 ! cle> atmosph]e :i* !y inv>iably us$4 ,!y 7 diffid5t 9 attempt+ di/ance ) unbrok5 level c\ntry1 & till q ! end ( ! c5tury !re is no in/ance :]e middle & f> di/ance are %[n toge!r1 ev5 ) ! assi/ance ( hilly gr\nd4 ,! almo/ inv>iable practice ( ! lead+ pa9t]s :o made l&scape a feature 9 _! works1 0 to introduce wat] lead+ back f ! =egr\nd1 s t breaks !re9 c\ld be us$ to indicate di/ance4 ,m or less num]\s jutt+ =ks ( l[ ly+ l& 7 ?r[n into ! /ream f ei!r side1 ?is plan be+ successfully adopt$ 9 ,italy1a ,fl&]s1b & ,g]many4c ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury mu* improvem5t 0 made 9 ! use ( wat] = provid+ di/ance1 & a few ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s gave "s consid]ation to a]ial p]spective1 b ! mo/ p]fect example ( ?is p]spective 9 ! p]iod is conta9$ 9 an e>ly "w ( ,raphael4d ,9 ! backgr\nd is a lake ext5d+ into a gradually deep5+ haze1 & 9 ?is a boat is s skilfully plac$ z to increase consid]ably ! app>5t di/ance to ! horizon4 ,?is picture is a di/9ct advance ^u ! ,v5etian di/ance "w ( ! "t4e ,lat] on 9 ! c5tury an arti/ r>ely introduc$ wat] into a view specially to assi/ 9 produc+ di/ance by means ( boats1 m advanc$ me?ods be+ adopt$4 ,titian us$ sunlight effects ) v>y+ %ad[s1f or alt]nat+ cle> & wood$ gr\nd4g ,^! plans1 & ! use ( wat] ) ! addition ( trees & l[ hills1h con/itute ! *ief devices to be f\nd 9 ! late sixte5?-c5tury ,italian pictures4 ,"s ( ! sun effects r5d]$ = di/ance purposes ev5 be=e ,titian's be/ "t are q effective1 ?\gh =mal4i a ,see ,pi]o di ,cosimo's ,dea? ( ,procris1 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 & ,m>s & ,cupid1 ,b]l94 b ,van ,eyck's ,*ancellor ,roll9 be=e ! ,virg91 & ,b\t's ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 c ,lucas ,mos]'s ,voyage ( ! ,sa9ts 7#adca71 ,tief5br\n1 ,g]many4 d ,c5tral panel 9 a tripty* ( ! ,crucifixion1 ,h]mitage1 ,petrograd4 ,?is picture has be5 sometimes attribut$ to ,p]ug9o1 b x is unque/ionably f ! h& ( ,raphael4 e ,see ,titian's ,jacopo ,pes>o pres5t$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 ,antw]p4 f ,*>les ,v4 at ,muehlb]g1 ,madrid4 g ,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 ,padua2 & o!rs4 h ,bronz9o's ,v5us & ,cupid1 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 i ,s*iavone's ,jupit] & ,io1 ,h]mitage4 ,,note #fe4 ,,page #bjd ,less+ app>5tly ov]look$ ! possibilities ( l&scape pa9t+ 9 8 dictum z to progressive actions4 ,he writesa3 ,if pa9t+ on acc\nt ( ! signs & means ( imitation :i* x employs1 & :i* c only be comb9$ 9 space1 mu/ entirely r5\nce "t1 !n progressive actions _c1 9 s f> z !y are progressive1 be includ$ 9 ! numb] ( its subjects1 b x mu/ cont5t itself ) coexi/5t actions1 or ) m]e bodies1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! position cause an action to be suspect$4 ,x is true t a s]ies ( progressive human actions _c be includ$ 9 "o pa9t+1 b progressive natural actions c be s includ$ :5 ! progression is regul> & repeat$ & ! actions are cle>ly sep>at$ to ! eye4 ,al?\gh ! pa9t] c only depict a mom5t ( "t1 he c %[ ! :ole progression1 :i* is n ! case 9 a s]ies ( human actions1 z 9 ! example quot$ by ,less+1 ( ,p&>us arrang+ 8 b[1 op5+ 8 quiv]1 *oos+ an arr[1 & s on4 ,/range to say1 ,de ,qu9cey1 9 an explanatory note to ,less+'s obs]vations1 also ov]looks ! movem5t ( wat] brok5 by rocks1 ?\gh he ref]s specially to l&scape pa9t+4 ,he saysb3 ,9 ! succession ( p>ts :i* make up appe>ance 9 nature1 ei!r ! p>ts simply repeat ea* o!r 7z 9 ! case ( a man walk+1 a riv] fl[+1 etc471 or !y unfold !mselves ?r\gh a cycle1 9 :i* ea* /ep effaces ! prec$+1 z 9 ! case ( a gun explod+1 :]e ! fla% is swall[$ up by ! smoke effac$ by its own disp]sion4 ,b = ! purpose ( ! pa9t]1 ! action ( wat] break+ ov] l$ges & b\ld]s does n correspond ) ! case ( a man walk+ or a riv] fl[+1 because ! s]ies ( ev5ts =m+ ! progression 9 ! case ( ! wat] break+1 cov] su* "t & space t ! ev5ts c be di/9ctly sep>at$ by ! eye4 ,cle>ly also ?is action %\ld n be includ$ 9 ,de ,qu9cey's second category1 because ! repetition is bo? regul> & 7to all int5ts & purposes7 p]petual4 ,!re %\ld !re=e be a ?ird category to comprise ^? repeat$ progressive acts 9 :i* ! ev5ts c be s sep>at$ by ! eye z to be portray$ on canvas 9 ! ord] ( _! progression1 & 9 su* a way t ! :ole progression1 & ! mean+ ( x1 are at once app>5t4 a ,laocoon1 ,phillimore translation4 b ,essay on ,less+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi 7,see page #cbi7 ,greek ,sculpture ( ,ariadne 7,vatican7 ,,note #ff4 ,,page #bjh ,pr(essor ,claus5 relates t ,:i/l] told him t 8 object 9 pa9t+ nocturnes 0 to try & exhibit ! my/]y & beauty ( ! night4 ,x is obvi\s t ,:i/l] 0 "h confus+ psy*ological ) visual impressions4 ,! dep? ( gloom1 ! app>5tly limitless d>k void :i* ! eye _c p5etrate1 mean my/]y 9 a s5se1 because we c nev] accu/om ourselves to ! sugge/ion ( inf9ity involv$ 9 some?+ :i* is b\ndless to ! s5ses4 ,a s5sation ( ! sublime may consequ5tly arise1 & ?is means beauty 9 a psy*ological s5se4 ,b we are consid]+ art & n psy*ology4 ,:]e no?+ is di/+ui%$1 no?+ c be pa9t$1 & if !re be suffici5t light = objects to be det]m9$1 !re c be no my/]y = ! pa9t]4 ,if he be desir\s ( repres5t+ ,night1 he mu/ foll[ ! example ( ,mi*elangelo & symbolize x4 ,x is curi\s t s9ce ! dea? ( ,:i/l]1 a picture entitl$ ,my/]ies ( ! ,night has be5 pa9t$ by ano!r ,am]ican arti/--,j4 ,h4 ,john/on4 ,a figure ( a beautiful nude woman is /&+ on a rocky %ore 9 a contemplative attitude1 ) ! moonlight ?r[n ^u h]4 ,! design is excell5t1 b ! reali/ic modell+ ( ! figure effectually kills any sugge/ion ( my/]y4 ,,note #fg4 ,,page #bca ,vas>i m5tions t ,mi*elangelo1 ?\gh admir+ ! col\r & mann] ( ,titian regrett$ t ! ,v5etian pa9t]s did n pay m att5tion to draw+ 9 _! /udies4a ,9 quot+ ?is1 ,reynolds obs]v$b3 ,b if g5]al c5sure 0 giv5 to t s*ool f ! sight ( a picture by ,titian1 h[ mu* m heavily & m ju/ly w\ld ! c5sure fall on ,paolo ,v]onese1 & m especially on ,t9toretto4 ,reynolds himself rightly exclud$ ,titian :5 he condemn$ ! lat] ,v5etian pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance = _! exagg]ation ( col\r1 & no d\bt ,titian 0 also exempt$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds 9 8 tr5*ant criticism ( ! "w ( ?is s*ool4 ,:5 deal+ ) ! decl9e ( ,lesbian poetry aft] ! brilliant p]iod ( ,sappho1 he wrotec3 ,9 ?is ! ,lesbian poets 7 n unlike ! ,prov5cal tr\bad\rs1 :o made a lit]ature ( love1 or ! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 :o bas$ _! art on ! beauty ( col\r1 ! voluptu\s *>ms ( ! fle%4 ,9 ea* case ! motive ( en?usia/ic passion suffic$ to produce a dazzl+ result4 ,b z soon z its fre%ness 0 exhau/$ !re 0 no?+ left = art to live on1 & m]e decad5ce to s5suality ensu$4 a ,life ( ,titian4 b ,reynolds's ,f\r? ,disc\rse4 c ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets1 vol4 i4 ,,note #fh4 ,,page #bcb ,sir ,george ,beaumont relates ( ,reynoldsa3 ,on 8 return f 8 second t\r ov] ,fl&]s & ,holl&1 he obs]v$ to me t ! pictures ( ,rub5s appe>$ mu* less brilliant ?an !y _h done on 8 =m] inspection4 ,he c\ld n = "s "t acc\nt = ?is little circum/ance2 b :5 he recollect$ t :5 he fir/ saw !m he _h 8 notebook 9 8 h& = ! purpose ( writ+ d[n %ort rem>ks1 he p]ceiv$ :at _h occasion$ _! n[ mak+ a less impression ?an !y _h done =m]ly4 ,by ! eye pass+ imm$iately f ! :ite pap] to ! picture1 ! col\rs d]iv$ uncommon ri*ness & w>m?2 b = want ( ?is foil !y aft]w>ds appe>$ comp>atively cold4 a ,cunn+ham's ,lives ( ! ,briti% ,pa9t]s4 ,,note #fi4 ,,page #bdi ,rod9a obs]ves t 9 giv+ movem5t to 8 p]sonages1 ! arti/ repres5ts ! transition f "o pose to ano!r--he indicates h[ ins5sibly ! fir/ glides into ! second4 ,9 8 "w we /ill see a "p ( :at 01 & we discov] a "p ( :at is to be4 ,rod9 po9ts to ,rude's f9e /atue ( ,m>%al ,ney1 & practically says t "h ! illusion is creat$ by a s]ies ( progressive actions indicat$ 9 ! attitude3 ! legs rema9+ z !y 7 :5 ! sword 0 ab\t to be drawn1 & ! h& /ill hold+ ! scabb>d away f ! body1 :ile ! *e/ is be+ ?r[n out & ! sword held al(t4 ,?us ! sculptor compels1 s to speak1 ! spectator to foll[ ! developm5t ( an act 9 an individual4 ,! eyes are =c$ to travel upw>ds f ! l[] limbs to ! rais$ arm1 & z 9 s do+ !y f9d ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! figure repres5t$ at successive in/ants1 !y h ! illusion ( behold+ ! movem5t p]=m$4 ,rod9 himself has foll[$ a simil> c\rse ) mu* success4 ,! anci5t ,greek sculptors1 :5 repres5t+ a figure 9 action1 inv>iably *ose a mom5t ( re/ betwe5 two progressive /eps 9 ! action4 ,! ,discobolus & ,m>syas ( ,myron1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,atalanta 9 ! ,l\vre1 are f9e examples4 a ,art1 by ,augu/e ,rod91 compil$ by ,paul ,gsell1 #aiaf4 ,,note #gj4 ,,page #bej ,m5gs1 9 ref]r+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! drap]y 9 ,raphael's figures1 saysa3 ,) him e fold has its prop] cause2 ei!r 9 its own weight or 9 ! motion ( ! limbs4 ,sometimes ! folds enable u to tell :at has prec$$2 h]e9 too ,raphael has endeav\r$ to f9d significance4 ,x c be se5 by ! position ( ! folds1 :e!r an arm or a leg has be5 mov$ =w>ds or backw>ds into ! attitude :i* x actually occupies2 :e!r a limb has be51 or is be+1 mov$ f a contract$ position into a /raight5$ "o1 or :e!r x 0 ext5d$ at fir/ & is be+ contract$4 a ,! ,works ( ,anton ,raphael ,m5gs1 vol4 ii41 ,d',az>a translation4 ,,note #ga4 ,,page #beh ,besides assi/+ 9 provid+ an illusion1 ! title ( a picture may l5d great additional int]e/ to x4 ,?us 9 ,millet's ,! ,angelus ! associations call$ up by ! title act mo/ p[]fully on ! m9d1 & "o almo/ li/5s = ! s\nd ( ! bell4a ,a "w ( a simil> "* is ,bonv9's ,ave ,m>ia1 :]e ! nuns ( a conv5t are answ]+ ! callb2 & ,horace ,walk] has a picture ) ! same title1 9 :i* a boy :o is driv+ cattle1 /ops 9 front ( a ,crucifix by ! waysidec4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is add$ int]e/ is ! title ( ,turn]'s great picture ( ! ,tem]aire1d z to :i* ,r4 ,phillimore writese3 ,x is n difficult to imag9e ! picture ( an old man-(-w> t[$ by a /eam tug up a riv]4 ,! execution ( su* a subject may des]ve great praise & give great satisfaction to ! behold]4 ,b add to ! repres5tation ! /atem5t t x is ,! fight+ ,tem]aire t[$ to h] la/ b]?1 & a s]ies ( ! mo/ /irr+ ev5ts ( our national hi/ory fills our imag9ation4 a ,! ,l\vre4 b ,! ,luxemb\rg4 c ,corcoran ,gall]y1 ,wa%+ton4 d ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 e ,preface to translation ( ,less+'s ,laocoon4 ,,note #gb4 ,,page #bfa ,!re is an antique sculptur$ gr\p 9 ! ,vatican 9 :i* a precisely simil> figure ( ! son ( ,niobe has 8 left h& on ! %\ld] ( 8 si/] :o has fall5 to h] knees f ! effect ( a w\nd1 & x is v reasonably sugge/$ t ! ,flor5ce figure orig9ally =m$ "p ( a l gr\p4 ,b ! explanation ( ! act giv5 by ,p]rya & o!rs1 t ! drap]y 0 rais$ by ! bro!r to %ield ! girl1 w sc>cely hold good1 z ! folds are spread out at ! back1 =m+ a concavity1 :]eas !y w\ld fall loosely if ! y\? 7 re/+4 ,ap>t f ?is1 8 legs are widely sep>at$1 & 9 a runn+ position4 ,x may !re=e be surmis$ t 9 ! ,vatican gr\p ! arti/ int5d$ to repres5t ! precise mom5t :5 ! flee+ y\? rea*$ 8 si/]4 a ,greek & ,roman ,sculpture4 ,,note #gc4 ,,page #bgj ,x is curi\s t among ! c\ntless pictures ( ! ,annunciation1 9 v few inde$ has surprise be5 express$ 9 ! c\nt5ance & attitude ( ! ,virg91 ?\gh x is impossible to imag9e an incid5t m prop]ly call+ = pr(\nd a/oni%m5t on ! "p ( ! pr9cipal p]sonage 9 a composition1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( />tl+ miracul\s accessories su* z t introduc$ by ,rossetti4 ,probably ! reason = ?is is connect$ ) ! difficulty ( express+ great surprise unaccompani$ ) "s o!r feel+1 z pleasure1 or sorr[1 or fe>1 b !re does n seem to be any cause :y an exalt$ joyful excitem5t %\ld n be exhibit$4 ,mrs4 ,jameson ?9ks t ! ,virg9 %\ld n appe> />tl$1 z ,%e 0 accu/om$ to ! p]petual m9i/ry ( ,angels :o daily & h\rly att5d$ on ,h]1a b x is que/ionable :e!r ?is c be prop]ly assum$ by ! arti/1 & 9 any case f ! po9t ( view ( art1 ! action %\ld correspond ) ! nature ( ! ev5t z x is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,( ! few ma/]s :o h indicat$ surprise 9 an ,annunciation picture1 ,t9toretto has gone ! f>!/4 ,he %[s ! ,virg9 ) ,h] lips p>t$1 & bo? h&s held up1 evid5tly ) a/oni%m5t1b an example foll[$ by ,p>is ,bordone4c ,raphael 9 an e>ly picture repres5ts ,h] hold+ up "o h&1 b ! attitude might signify ! reception ( an ann\ncem5t ( importance4d ,p]ug9o %[s ,h] ) bo? h&s rais$1 b o!rwise ,%e appe>s unconc]n$4e ,a few o!r arti/s1 includ+ ,v5u/i & ,foppa1 & among mod]n m51 ,girodet1 adopt ,raphael's me?od ( composition4 ,rub5s goes a /ep f>!r1 & repres5ts ! ,virg9 app>5tly /&+ back ) surprise1 ?\gh ?is is only fa9tly sugge/$ by ! facial expression4f a ,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna4 b ,scuolo di ,san ,rocoo1 ,v5ice4 c ,si5na ,gall]y4 d ,! ,vatican4 e ,santa ,m>ia ,n\vo1 ,p]ugia4 f ,vi5na ,gall]y4 ,,index ,,( ,,sculptors1 ,,pa9t]s1 ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,note4--,! ,s*ools to :i* ! e>li] ,italian pa9t]s belong$ are giv5 9 brackets4 ,a ,adam1 ,franz1 #ahae-ahhf1 ,g]man --,bav>ian ,regim5t be=e ,orleans1 #beg ,aivasovsky1 ,i4 ,k41 #ahag-aijj1 ,russian1 #bje ,albani1 ,francesco1 #aegh-affj1 ,italian1 #afc --,toilet ( ,v5us1 #aah ,alb]t9elli1 ,m>iotto1 #adfg-aeab1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,! ,salutation1 #bdc ,alcam5es1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #cjd ,altdorf]1 ,a41 #adhj 7c47-#aech1 ,g]man --,! ,nativity1 #bfh ,aman1 ,jean1 #ahfj-1 ,fr5* --,sorbonne panels1 #bed ,an*]1 ,anna ,k41 #ahei-1 ,dani% --,! ,fun]al1 #ahi ,&reani1 ,a41 #aedj-afbc1 ,italian1 #beg ,angelico1 ,fra 7,giovanni da ,fiesole71 #achg-adee1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #ag1 #aja ,antico 7,pi] ,giacomo ,il>io71 work$ late #ae? & e>ly #af? c5tury1 ,italian1 #cbf ,antonella da ,mess9a1 #adba 7c47-#adic1 ,italian ,v5etian --,crucifixion1 #bdc ,antonio del ,c]aiolo1 work$ fir/ half sixte5? c5tury1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #cde ,apelles1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #aj1 #dd --,v5us ,anadyom5e1 #aac1 #ccj1 ,plate #d2 ,alex&] 9 ! "* ( ,jupit]1 #bji ,av]camp1 ,h5drick van1 #aehe-affc1 ,dut*1 #bib ,b ,b>tolommeo da ,bagnacavallo 7,b>t4 ,ram5ghi71 #adhd-aedb1 ,italian ,bolognese --,holy ,family1 #ajc ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra 7,baccio della ,porta1 or ,b>t4 di ,pagholo71 #adge-aeag1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 #bfe ,b>tolozzi1 ,francesco1 #agbe-ahae1 ,italian1 #afd ,basaiti1 ,m>co1 di$ aft] #aeba1 ,italian ,v5etian --,! ,dead ,*ri/1 #ic2 ,call+ ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,zeb$ee1 #ic2 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 #bdc ,bas*5is1 ,ev>i/o1 #afag-afgg1 ,italian1 #bdg ,batti/ello 7,giovanni ,batti/a ,c>acciolo71 #aehj-afda1 ,italian1 #ag --,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 #bga ,bellano1 ,b>tolommeo1 #adcj-adih1 #cbg ,b5jam9-,con/ant1 ,j4 ,j41 #ahde-aijb1 ,fr5*1 #ahd ,b5oit-,levy1 ,jules1 #ahff-1 ,fr5* --,morn+ ( ,july #d1 #aghi1 #bec ,b]ghem1 ,ni*olas 7or ,b]*em71 #afbj-afhc1 ,dut*1 #dg1 #bib ,b]nad9o da ,conti1 di$ #aebe1 ,italian ,v5etian --,virg9 & ,*ild1 #bde ,b]n9i1 ,g4 ,l41 #aeih-affi1 ,italian1 #ca1 #cc ,b]rit9i1 ,pietro1 #aeif-affi1 ,italian1 #ca ,b]toldo di ,giovanni1 #adbj 7c47-#adia1 ,italian1 #cbg ,bis*op1 ,c1 #afcj-afgd1 ,dut*1 #bib ,blyho(t1 ,z41 #afbb 7c47-#afih1 ,dut*1 #bib ,boeckl91 ,a41 #ahbg-aija1 ,g]man1 #bjh --,vita ,somnium breve1 #ahj2 ,pieta1 #agj ,boltraffio1 ,g4 ,a41 #adfg-aeaf1 ,italian ,milanese --,virg9 & ,*ild1 #ajc ,bonfiglio1 ,b5$etto1 #adbj-adif 7c47 ,italian ,p]ugian --,virg9 & ,*ild1 #ajc ,bonheur1 ,rosa1 #ahbb-ahii1 ,fr5* --,pl\gh+ 9 ,niv]nois1 #bef ,bordone1 ,p>is1 #aejj-aegj1 ,italian ,v5etian --,annunciation1 #ced ,bo?1 ,&ries1 #afji-afdd1 ,flemi%1 #dg ,bo?1 ,jan1 #afaj 7c47-#afeb1 ,flemi%1 #dg ,botticelli1 ,s&ro 7,aless&ro di ,m>iano dei ,filippi71 #addd-aeaj1 ,italian ,flor5t9e #if --,pieta1 #afi2 ,nativity1 #bfi2 ,repos+ ,v5us1 #aag2 ,a!na & ! ,c5taur1 #abd ,b\*]1 ,francois1 #agjd-aggj1 ,fr5* --,l\vre ,portrait1 #agc2 ,sleep+ ,v5us1 #aah2 ,bir? ( ,v5us1 #bfh ,b\gh1 ,s41 #ahbb-ahgh1 ,briti% --,borr[dale1 #bjd ,b\gu]eau1 ,a4 ,w41 #ahbe-aije1 ,fr5* --,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #bfg2 ,une ame au ,ciel1 #bfg2 ,bir? ( ,v5us1 #aae2 ,aurora1 #bga2 ,twilight1 #bga2 ,! ,lo/ ,pleiad1 #bfi ,b\ts1 ,dirk1 #adjj-adge1 ,flemi% --,adoration ( ! ,magi1 #cdg ,braquemond1 ,j4 ,f41 #ahcc-1 ,fr5*1 #bhe ,bramant9o 7,b>tolommeo ,su>di71 #adfh-7;c47 #aecj1 ,italian ,milanese --,*ri/1 #ic2 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 #ajc ,breton1 ,jules1 #ahbg-aijf1 ,fr5* --,cry ( ,al>m1 #bec ,breughel1 ,jan1 #aefi-afdb1 ,flemi%1 #df ,breughel1 ,piet]1 #aebh-aefi1 ,flemi%1 #ij ,bril1 ,paul1 #aeed-afbf1 ,flemi%1 #df ,bronz9o 7,angelo ,allori71 #aejb-aegb1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,v5us & ,cupid1 #cdh ,br[n1 ,arnesby1 #ahff-1 ,briti% --,! ,drove1 #beg ,burne-,jones1 ,e4 ,b41 #ahcc-ahih1 ,briti% --,annunciation1 #bgj2 ,gold5 ,/airs1 #beb2 ,dies ,dom9i1 #ic ,c ,cabanel1 ,aex&re1 #ahbc-ahhi1 ,fr5* --,v5us ,anadyom5e1 #aae ,calamis1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #i ,canaletto 7,antonio ,canale71 #afig-agfh1 ,italian1 #dg ,canova1 ,antonio1 #ageg-ahbb1 ,italian --,l',am\r et ,psy*e1 #aia ,cappelle1 ,jan van de1 #afbd7;c47-#afgi1 ,dut*1 #df ,c>racci1 ,ago/9o1 #aeeh-afja1 ,italian1 #ca ,c>racci1 ,annibale1 #aefj-afji1 ,italian1 #ca ,c>racci1 ,ludovico1 #aeee-afai1 ,italian1 #ca ,c>avaggio1 ,m4 7,mi*elangelo ,am]ighi71 #aefi-afji1 ,italian1 #ag1 #bdf ,cavalori1 ,mirabello1 middle sixte5? c5tury1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,! ,c>pet ,weav]s1 #beb ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #aejj-aega1 ,italian1 #ag1 #cbc ,cephisodo/os1 e>ly f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek --,ir5e & ,pluto1 #aja ,cezanne1 ,paul1 #ahci-aijf1 ,fr5*1 #cg1 #bhh ,*>d91 ,j4 ,s41 #afii-aggi1 ,fr5*1 #agc1 #bdg ,*>ti]1 ,h41 #ahgj 7c47-1 ,fr5* --,j5a1 #bef2 ,hanan1 #bef ,*ase1 ,w4 ,m41 #ahdi-aiaf1 ,am]ican --,ma/] ,rol&1 #afe ,cignani1 ,c>lo1 #afbh-agai1 ,italian1 #cb1 #afd ,cimabue1 ,giovanni1 #abdj 7c47-#acjb1 ,italian ,flor5t9e #ib1 #ie1 #bhc --,virg9 & ,*ild1 #aja ,cipriani1 ,g4 ,b41 #agbg-aghe1 ,italian1 #afd ,claude ,lorra9e 7,claude ,gelee71 #afjj-afhb1 ,fr5*1 #ag1 #cj1 #dg1 #aie1 #aih1 #bja1 #bhc --,arcadian ,l&scape1 ,plate #ag ,claus51 ,george1 #aheb-1 ,briti%1 #bhd1 #cdi ,cogniet1 ,l41 #agid-ahhj1 ,fr5*4 --,t9toretto ,pa9t+ 8 ,dead ,daught]1 #aia ,colton1 ,w4 ,r41 #ahfg-1 ,briti% --,royal ,artill]y ,memorial1 #bec ,con/able1 ,john1 #aggf-ahcg1 ,briti%1 #dh1 #aie1 #bjh ,copley1 ,j4 ,s41 #agcg-ahae1 ,am]ican --,dea? ( ,*a?am1 #aij ,cor5zio1 ,bellis>io1 #aehh 7c47-#afdc1 ,greek1 #ag ,cornelius1 ,pet]1 #aghc-ahfg1 ,g]man --,let !re be ,light1 #bfg ,correggio 7,antonio ,allegri71 #adid-aecd1 ,italian ,p>ma1 #dc1 #fi1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #adb --,vice1 #agi2 ,virtue1 #agi2 ,m]cury in/ruct+ ,cupid1 #acj2 ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,sa9ts 7,p>ma71 #bfh2 ,p>ma frescoes1 #bbi ,co/a1 ,lor5zo1 #adfj-aece1 ,italian ,f]r>ese --,coronation ( ! ,virg91 #ajb2 ,cupid cr[n+ ,isabella d',e/e1 #bbe ,cosway1 ,ri*>d1 #agdb-ahba1 ,briti%1 #afd ,cot1 ,p4 ,a41 #ahcg-ahhc1 ,fr5* --,! ,/orm1 #baj ,c\rbet1 ,g41 #ahai-ahgg1 ,fr5* --,fun]al at ,ornans1 #ahi ,coypel1 ,anto9e1 #affa-agdb1 ,fr5*1 #afc ,coypel1 ,noel1 #afbh-agjg1 ,fr5*1 #afc ,crivelli1 ,c>lo1 #addj 7c47-#adif1 ,italian 7,v5etian7 --,coronation ( ! ,virg91 #bfd ,crome1 ,john1 #agfi-ahba1 ,briti%1 #bjh ,cuyp1 ,alb]t1 #afje-afia1 ,dut*1 #bjc1 #bde ,d ,dalsga>d1 ,*ri/51 #ahbd-1 ,dani% --,! ,*ild's ,c(f91 #ahi ,damophon1 second c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #abb ,danby1 ,f41 #agic-ahfa1 ,briti%1 #bji ,dehod5cq1 ,e4 ,a41 #ahbb-ahhb1 ,fr5* --,bohemians return+ f a ,fete1 #bec ,delacroix1 ,e4 ,v4 ,e41 #agih-ahfc1 ,fr5*1 #bgh ,del>o*e1 ,paul 7,hippolyte ,del>o*e71 #agig-ahef1 ,fr5* --,dea? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 #aij ,demont-,breton1 ,v41 #ahei-1 ,fr5* --,! ,div9e ,appr5tice1 #cba ,diaz1 ,n41 #ahjg-ahgf1 ,fr5* --,desc5t ( ! ,bohemians1 #bec ,dolci1 ,c>lo1 #afaf-afhf1 ,italian --,*ri/ ,bless+1 #age ,dom5i*9o 7,dom5ico ,zampi]i71 #aeha-afda1 ,italian1 #ai --,/4 ,cecilia1 #agf2 ,/4 ,paul's ,vision1 #bfe ,donatello 7,donate di ,betto ,b>di71 #ache 7c47-#adff1 ,italian1 #cj1 #aja1 #ajh1 #cbe ,doom]1 ,lamb]t1 #afdg 7c47-#afid1 ,dut*1 #bib ,dore1 ,gu/ave1 #ahcb-ahhc1 ,fr5* --,creation ( ! ,e>?1 #bfe2 ,samson ,slay+ ! ,phili/9es1 #beb ,dossi1 ,dosso1 #adgi-aeeb1 ,italian ,f]r>ese --,muse in/ruct+ a ,c\rt ,poet1 #age2 ,nymph & ,satyr1 #age ,d[1 ,g]>d1 #afac-afge1 ,dut*1 #df1 #bdh --,! ,d5ti/1 #agf ,duccio1 ,bon9segna di1 #abfj 7c47-#acdj1 ,italian ,si5nese1 #bhj --,madonna & ,*ild1 #aja ,dumont1 ,jacques 7,le ,roma971 #agja-agha1 ,fr5* --,madame ,m]ci] & ,family1 #agc ,du]]1 ,albre*t1 #adgd-aebh1 ,g]man1 #de --,! ,virg9 ) a ,can>y1 #bfd ,dyce1 ,william1 #ahjf-ahfd1 ,briti% --,/4 ,john lead+ ! ,virg9 f ! ,tomb1 #bde ,e ,eak9s1 ,?omas1 #ahdd-aiaf1 ,am]ican --,dr4 ,cross's ,surgical ,cl9ic1 #ahe ,emmet1 ,lydia1 #ahff-1 ,am]ican --,patricia1 #bdg1 ,plate #bc ,ercole di ,rob]ti 7,e4 di ,r4 ,gr&i71 #adgj 7c47-#aeca1 ,italian ,f]r>ese --,! ,conc]t1 #age ,ev]d+51 ,e4 van1 #afab-afge1 ,dut*1 #bjd ,f ,falconet1 ,p4 ,e41 #agda-agia1 ,fr5*1 #afi ,f]r>i1 ,gaud5zio1 #adhd-aedi1 ,italian ,milanese --,madonna & ,*ild1 #agc ,f]ri ,c41 #afcd-afhi1 ,italian --,david plans a ,temple1 #bfh ,feu]ba*1 ,a41 #ahbh-ahhj1 ,g]man --,m$ea1 #agj ,fil>ete 7,antonio ,av]l9o71 7c47 #acii-adgj1 ,italian1 #cbg ,flaxman1 ,john1 #agee-ahbf1 ,briti%1 #acj ,fontana1 ,b4 7,g4 ,b4 ,f>9ati71 #aecb-aeib1 ,italian --,vision ( ,resurrection1 #bfg ,foppa1 ,v9c5zo1 #adbg 787-#aeae1 ,italian ,milanese --,annunciation1 #ced ,fragon>d1 ,j4 ,h41 #agcb-ahjf1 ,fr5*1 #dc1 #bhc --,! ,pursuit1 #aci2 ,! ,r5dezv\s1 #cce2 ,s\v5irs1 #cce2 ,! ,lov] ,cr[n$1 #cce2 ,! ,ab&onm5t1 #cce2 ,v5us ,awak5$ by ,aurora1 #aah ,francesco da ,cotignola 7,f4 dei ,zaganelli71 work$ e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 ,italian ,p>ma --,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 #bfe ,francia 7,francesco ,raibol9i71 #adej-aeag1 ,italian ,bolognese1 #ccb --,madonna & ,*ild 9 ,glory1 #bff2 ,madonna & ,*ild 9 a ,rose ,g>d51 #cde ,fries1 ,hans1 7c47 #adej-aebj1 ,g]man --,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,anne1 #ajc ,fri?1 ,w4 ,p41 #ahai-aiji1 ,briti% --,pov]ty & ,weal?1 #agh ,from5t91 ,e41 #ahbj-ahhf1 ,fr5*1 #ahe --,c\ri]s des ,ool$ ,nayls1 #beg ,g ,gaddi1 ,taddeo1 #acjj-acff1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #bhj ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,t41 #agbg-aghh1 ,briti%1 #afj --,mrs4 ,leyb\rne1 #agd2 ,lady ,%effield1 #agd ,g5ga1 ,girolamo1 #adgf-aeea1 ,italian4 ,magdal5e ) ,sa9ts1 #bff ,g]icault1 ,jean ,l\is1 #agia-ahbd1 ,fr5* --,epsom1 #beg ,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo1 #acha-adee1 ,italian1 #cbd ,ghirl&aio1 ,dom5ico1 #addi-adid1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #cj1 #if --,old ,man & ,boy1 #aea2 ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 #bea2 ,dea? ( ,/4 ,francis1 #add ,ghirl&aio1 ,ridolfo1 #adhc-aefj1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,madonna giv+ h] girdle to ,/4 ,?omas1 #bfe ,gilb]t1 ,john1 #ahag-ahig1 ,briti% --,slay+ ( ,job's ,%eep1 #bji ,giordano1 ,luca1 #afcb-agje1 ,italian1 #cb ,giorgio1 ,francesco di1 #adci-aejb1 ,italian ,si5nese --,*ri/ b]eft ( ,8 clo!s be=e ! ,crucifixion1 #ic ,giorgione 7,giorgio ,b>b>elli71 #adgg-aeaj1 ,italian ,v5etian1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #ccf --,adra/us & ,hysipyle1 #baj1 #bbe2 ,! ,sleep+ ,v5us1 #aaf ,giotto 7,giotto di ,bondone71 #abfg 7c47-#accg1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #ie1 #ajh1 #bhj1 #bhc --,madonna & ,*ild1 #aja ,giovanni di ,bologna 7,jean de ,d\ai71 #aebd-afjh1 ,fr5* or ,flemi%1 #cbc --,m]cury1 #abi ,girodet de ,roncy1 ,a4 ,l41 #agfg-ahdb1 ,fr5* --,burial ( ,atala1 #aia2 ,annunciation1 #cee ,girolamo da ,libri1 #adgb-aeee1 ,italian ,v5etian --,virg9 & ,*ild1 #bdd ,g\?i]e1 ,pi]re1 #agdj-ahjf1 ,fr5*1 #cbc ,goy51 ,jan van1 #aeif-afef1 ,dut* --,view ( ,! ,hague1 #aie ,granacci1 ,francesco1 #adgg-aedd1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,! ,virg9 giv+ h] girdle to ,/4 ,?omas1 #bfg ,grant1 ,francis1 #ahjc-ahgh1 ,briti% --,c\ntess ( ,*e/]field & ,mrs4 ,anson1 #bde ,greco1 ,el 7,dom9ico ,!otocopuli71 #aedg 7c47-#afad1 ,greek1 #ai ,gri51 ,hans ,baldung1 #adhj-aede1 ,g]man --,! ,?ree ,ages1 #ahj2 ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love1 #ahb2 ,pictures repres5t+ ,dea?1 #ahf ,gros1 ,a4 ,j41 #agga-ahce1 ,fr5* --,! ,combat ( ,naz>e?1 #bef2 ,timoleon ( ,cor9?1 #agj ,gu>di1 ,francesco1 #agab-agic1 ,italian --,regatta on ! ,gr& ,canal1 #beb ,gu]c9o 7,g4 ,f4 da ,c5to71 #aeij-afff1 ,italian --,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #bfe ,gu!rz1 ,c1 #ahdd-aijg1 ,swiss --,!y %all be> !e up1 #bfg ,h ,hack]1 ,a41 #aheh-1 ,briti% --,! ,cry ( ,egypt1 #agj ,hals1 ,franz1 #aehj-afff1 ,dut*1 #aee1 #bdh1 #ccf --,! ,laugh+ ,cavali]1 #agg2 ,/ephanus ,g]e>dts1 #ccg2 ,isabella ,coymans1 #ccg2 ,lady ) a ,fan1 #ccg2 ,willem van ,hey?uys51 #ccg2 ,m]ry ,company at ,table1 #age ,hanneman1 ,adrian1 #afaa-afhj1 ,dut* --,con/ant9e ,huyg5s & ,*ildr51 #bdh ,heim1 ,f4 ,j41 #aghg-ahfe1 ,fr5*1 #ahd ,h5neb]g1 ,r4 ,f41 #ahbe-ahgf1 ,g]man --,race = ,=tune1 #ahg ,hobbema1 ,m41 #afch-agji1 ,dut*1 #df1 #di1 #bjb --,l&scape1 ,plate #ah ,hoet1 ,g41 #afdh-agcc1 ,dut* --,translation ( ,eno*1 #bfi ,hog>?1 ,w41 #afig-agfd1 ,briti%1 #bbe1 #bhb ,holbe91 ,hans1 #adig-aedc1 ,g]man1 #bhc --,! ,b>b] ,surgeons1 #bbj2 ,holy ,family1 #ajc2 ,! ,ambassadors1 #dj1 #aeg2 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 #bfc ,hom]1 ,w9sl[1 #ahcf-aiaj1 ,am]ican --,all's ,well1 #agf1 ,plate #ae ,hoppn]1 ,john1 #ageh-ahaj1 ,briti%1 #afa ,humphrey1 ,ozias1 #agdb-ahaj1 ,briti%1 #afd ,hunt1 ,w4 ,h41 #ahbg-aiaj1 ,briti% --,%ad[ ( ! ,cross1 #cba2 ,! ,scapegoat1 #bbg ,i ,+res1 ,j4 ,a4 ,d41 #aghj-ahfg1 ,fr5* --,oa? ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 #bfd2 ,,oedipus & ! ,sph9x1 #ahf2 ,bir? ( ,v5us1 #aae ,innes1 ,george1 #ahbe-ahid1 ,am]ican --,niag>a ,falls1 #baa ,j ,john/one1 ,j4 ,h41 #aheg-1 ,am]ican --,my/]ies ( ! ,night1 #cej ,k ,kampf1 ,ar?ur1 #ahfd-1 ,g]man --,night ( ,m>* #ca1 #ahhh1 #ahi ,kauffmann1 ,m>ia ,angelica1 #agda-ahjg1 ,g]man1 #afd ,kaulba*1 ,w4 von1 #ahje-ahgd1 ,g]man --,m>gu]ite1 #agj ,keys]1 ,?omas de1 #aeif 7c47-#afgi1 ,dut* --,lesson 9 ,anatomy1 #ahe ,kulmba*1 ,hans 7,hans ,suess71 #adgf 7c47-#aebb1 ,g]man --,entombm5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 #bfc ,l ,lancret1 ,nicolas1 #affj-agdc1 ,fr5*1 #ahj ,l>d1 ,f4 ,m41 late n9ete5? c5tury1 ,fr5* --,glory ,=gets n ,obscure ,h]oes1 #aia ,la ,t\*e1 ,g41 #ahed-aiac1 ,fr5*1 #bhe --,firework pictures1 #bac ,la ,t\r1 ,maurice ,q41 #agjd-aghh1 ,fr5* --,madame de la ,popel9i]e1 #agd2 ,mdlle4 ,cam>go1 #agd2 ,madame de ,pompad\r1 #agd ,lat\r1 ,i4 ,h4 ,fant91 #ahcf-aijd1 ,fr5*1 #bhe ,lawr5ce1 ,?omas1 #agfi-ahcj1 ,briti%1 #afa1 #bbd ,le ,brun1 ,*>les1 #afai-afij1 ,fr5*1 #afc --,dea? ( ,cato1 #aia ,leighton1 ,f41 #ahcj-ahif1 ,briti% --,captive ,&roma*e1 #aga ,leoni1 ,leone1 di$ #aeij1 ,italian1 #cbc ,le ,sueur1 ,e41 #afaf-afee1 ,fr5*1 #afc --,v5us repos+1 #aah2 ,! ,virg9 appe>+ to ,/4 ,m>t91 #bfa ,levy1 ,h4 ,l41 #ahdj-aijd1 ,fr5* --,"y ,girl & ,dea?1 #aia ,lib]ale di ,v]ona1 #adeb-aeai1 ,italian ,v]onese --,magdal5e ) ,sa9ts1 #bfe ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 #adeb-aeai1 ,italian ,milanese1 #af1 #ah1 #cj1 #if1 #agb1 #bhc1 #cbe --,! ,la/ ,supp]1 #fi1 #ic2 ,mona ,lisa 7,p>is71 #aea1 #bdb1 #cda --7=m]ly ,bo/on71 #bdb1 #cdj2 ,litta ,madonna1 #bdj1 ,plate #ba2 ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,anne1 #agb1 #bdc ,lippi1 ,filippo1 #adjf-adfi1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #if --,virg9 & ,*ild1 #ajc1 #bea ,loefftz1 ,l41 #ahde-1 ,g]man --,! ,dead ,*ri/1 #aga ,longepi$1 ,l41 #ahdi-ahhh1 ,fr5* --,immortality1 #aia ,longhi1 ,pietro1 #agjb-agfb1 ,italian1 #ca ,lor5zetto1 ,p41 fir/ half f\rte5? c5tury1 ,italian ,si5nese --,madonna & ,*ild1 #aja ,lotto1 ,lor5zo1 #adhj-aeef1 ,italian ,v5etian --,?ree ,ages ( ,man1 #agi2 ,triumph ( ,*a/ity1 #bbf ,luca di ,tome1 fir/ half f\rte5? c5tury1 ,italian ,si5nese1 #bfa ,lu9i1 ,aurelio 7,a4 del ,lup9o71 #aecj-aeic1 ,italian ,milanese1 #bhh ,lu9i1 ,b]nad9o 7,b4 del ,lup9o71 #adge 7c47-#aecf1 ,italian ,milanese --,entombm5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 #bfc2 ,salome1 #agc ,lux1 ,h4 ,l41 late n9ete5? c5tury1 ,fr5* --,s>p$on1 #bfh ,lysippus1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #aj --,h]cules 9 depress$ mood1 #cdd ,m ,ma9>di1 ,s41 di$ ab\t #aeae1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,madonna giv+ h] girdle to ,/4 ,?omas1 #bfa ,maitre de ,flemelle 7,rob]t ,camp971 #acge 7c47-#addd1 ,fr5* or ,flemi%1 #ic1 #agj ,manet1 ,ed\>d1 #ahcb-ahhc1 ,fr5*1 #bhf --,boy ) a ,sword1 #afe2 ,dejeun] sur l',h]be1 #aha2 ,olympia1 #bhg ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #adca-aejf1 ,italian ,paduan --,! ,infant ,*ri/1 #ajb2 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 #age ,m>g>itone ( ,arezzo1 #abaf-abic1 ,italian ,tuscan1 #bgi ,m>atta1 ,c>lo1 #afbe-agac1 ,italian1 #cc1 #bhd ,m>t91 ,john1 #aghi-ahed1 ,briti% --,plague ( ,hail1 #baj2 ,de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh1 #baj2 ,i h ,set ,my ,b[ 9 ! ,cl\d1 #baj ,masaccio 7,tommaso ,guidi71 #adjb-adbi1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #bhc1 #cbb --,! ,madonna en?ron$1 #ajd2 ,tribute ,money1 #bej ,matisse1 ,h5ry1 #ahgf-1 ,fr5*1 #cg ,matsys1 ,qu5t91 #adfc 7c47-#aecj1 ,flemi%1 #ic ,meissoni]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e41 #ahae-ahia1 ,fr5* --#ahad1 #bef ,m5gs1 ,anton ,r41 #agbh-aggi1 ,g]man1 #ceb --,/4 ,john ,bapti/ ,prea*+1 #age ,m5zel1 ,a41 #ahae-aije1 ,g]man --,m>ket ,place 9 ,v]ona1 #beb2 ,iron ,mill1 #beb ,mey]1 ,k41 #afah-afhi1 ,swiss1 #agi ,mi*elangelo ,buon>otti1 #adge-aefd1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 ,roman1 #aj1 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #cj1 #dc1 #fi1 #ib1 #bbi1 #bfj1 #bcc1 #cej --,holy ,family 7,flor5ce71 #ahb2 ,la/ ,judgm5t1 #ij1 #ic2 ,repos+ ,v5us1 #aag2 ,l$a1 #cbj2 ,night1 #cbj2 ,san ,lor5zo ,madonna1 #cbj2 ,b>gello ,madonna1 #cbj2 ,pieta1 #cbj2 ,moses1 #cbj2 ,bac*us1 #acb2 ,/4 ,/eph51 #ic2 ,creation ( ,adam1 ,plate #bd ,mign>d1 ,pi]re1 #afaj-afie1 ,fr5*1 #afc ,millais1 ,j4 ,e41 #ahbi-ahif1 ,briti% --,! ,c>p5t]'s ,%op1 #cba ,millet1 ,j4 ,f41 #ahad-ahge1 ,fr5* --,! ,angelus1 #ceb ,molyn1 ,p41 #aeib7;c47-#affa1 ,dut*1 #bib ,monet1 ,c4 ,j41 #ahdj-1 ,fr5*1 #bhf ,montagna1 ,b41 #adej7;c47-#aebc1 ,italian ,v5etian --,! ,virg9 ,en?ron$1 #ajb ,moro1 ,antonio1 #aeab-aege1 ,flemi% --,catil9a ( ,portugal1 #aei2 ,m>ia ( ,au/ria1 #aei ,morot1 ,a4 ,n41 #ahej-1 ,fr5* --,rei*s(f51 #bef ,mos]1 ,lucas1 fir/ half fifte5? c5tury1 ,g]man --,voyage ( ! ,sa9ts1 #cdg ,murillo1 ,b4 ,e41 #afah-afhb1 ,spani%1 #ai1 #afc --,holy ,family1 #ajc2 ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 #bfj2 ,immaculate ,conception pictures1 #bff ,myron1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #i1 #bdi --,discobolus1 #ceb2 ,m>syas1 #cca1 #ceb ,n ,natti]1 ,j4 ,m41 #afhe-agff1 ,fr5*1 #afd --,madame ,l\ise1 #agc ,o ,orcagna 7,&rea di ,cione71 #acjh7;c47-#acgj1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #bfa ,or*>dson1 ,w4 ,q41 #ahce-aijg1 ,briti% --,! ,borgia1 #ahi ,p ,palma ,giovane 7,jacopo ,palma71 #aedd-afbh1 ,italian ,v5etian --,*ri/ 9 ,judgm5t1 #bfd ,palma ,vec*io 7,jacopo ,palma71 #adhj7;c47-#aebh1 ,italian ,v5etian --,repos+ ,v5us1 #aag2 ,assumption1 #bff ,p>migiano 7,francesco ,mazzuoli71 #aejd-aedj1 ,italian ,p>ma --,madonna & ,*ild ) ,sa9ts1 #ajc ,p$r9i1 ,giovanni 7,giampietr9o71 late fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies1 ,italian ,milanese --,madonna1 #agc ,p]ronneau1 ,j4 ,b41 #agae-aghc1 ,fr5* --,madame ,olivi]1 #agc ,p]ug9o1 ,pietro 7,pietro ,vanucci71 #addf-aebd1 ,italian ,umbrian1 #ag1 #ccb --,*ri/'s ,rule1 #bfd2 ,deposition1 #cde2 ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #bfb2 ,asc5sion1 #bfb1 #bfc2 ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 #cde2 ,madonna ) ,*ild & ,p5it5ts1 #bfd2 ,annunciation1 #ced2 ,crucifixion 7,flor5ce71 #cde ,phidias1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #g1 #aj1 #dd1 #eg1 #ia1 #ajh1 #abb1 #cbh --,olympian ,zeus1 #fh2 ,p>!non ,a!na1 #fh1 #abc ,pic>t1 ,b41 #afgc-agcc1 ,fr5* --,! ,burn+ ,coal1 #bfb ,pi]o di ,cosimo 7,pi]o ,rosselli or ,pi]o di ,lor5zo71 #adfb-aeba1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #cbb --,m>syas & ! ,pipes ( ,a!na1 #abd1 #bbe1 #cca2 ,dea? ( ,procris1 #cdg2 ,m>s & ,cupid1 #cdg ,p9turic*io1 ,b41 #aded-aeac1 ,italian ,umbrian1 #ccb ,pisano1 ,giovanni1 f\rte5? c5tury1 ,italian --,madonna & ,*ild1 #aja ,pisano1 ,giunto1 fir/ half ?irte5? c5tury1 ,italian --,*ri/ & ! ,virg91 #bfa ,pisano1 ,niccolo1 #abjf 7c47-#abgh1 ,italian --,infant ,*ri/1 #ajh ,piss>ro1 ,c41 #ahcj-aijc1 ,fr5*1 #bhf ,polidoro da ,c>avaggio 7,polidoro ,cald>a71 di$ #aedc1 ,italian ,neapolitan1 #afi ,pollaiuolo1 ,antonio 7,a4 di ,jacopo ,b5ci71 #adbi-adih1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #cbg --,h]cules contemplat+ dea?1 #aij1 ,plate #af1 #cdc ,polyclitus1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek --,h]a1 #abj ,polygnotus1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek --,frescoes f ,hom]1 #fi ,pontormo 7,jacopo ,c>rucci71 #adic-aeeh1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #adb --,v5us ,repos+1 #aag ,pott]1 ,paul1 #afbe-afed1 ,dut*1 #bjc1 #bde ,p\ss91 ,gasp> 7,gasp> ,dughet71 #afac-afge1 ,fr5*1 #aie ,p\ss91 ,ni*olas1 #aeid-affe1 ,fr5*1 #af1 #cj1 #dg1 #afc1 #aie --,jonah ca/ into ! sea1 #baj2 ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #bfg2 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 #bfa2 ,vision ( ,/4 ,paul1 #bfg2 ,v5us ,repos+1 #aag2 ,adam & ,eve1 #bfe2 ,diana ,sleeps 9 ! ,=e/1 #cde2 ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 #afh ,poynt]1 ,e4 ,j41 #ahcf-1 ,briti% --,build+ ! ,treasure ,city1 #bec ,praxiteles1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #g1 #aj1 #ac1 #dd1 #acf1 #cbh --,! ,cnidian ,aphrodite1 #aab1 #cbi2 ,h]mes & ! ,infant ,bac*us1 #aja1 #aji1 #abi ,prevo/1 ,jean1 di$ #aebi1 ,fr5* --,old ,man & ,dea?1 #ahf ,prudhon1 ,p4 ,p4 #ageh-ahbc1 ,fr5* --,crucifixion1 #agj2 ,abduction ( ,psy*e1 #bff ,r ,raeburn1 ,h5ry1 #agef-ahbc1 ,briti%1 #afa --,! ,f>m]'s ,wife1 #agd2 ,mrs4 ,lauzun1 #agd2 ,mrs4 ,balf\r1 #agd2 ,dr4 ,n4 ,sp5s1 #aff ,raphael 7,raffaello ,sanzio71 #adgc-aebj1 ,italian ,umbrian1 ,flor5t9e1 ,roman1 #g1 #aj1 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 #bh1 #dc1 #eg1 #fi1 #ib1 #ajh1 #abe1 #acg1 #adb1 #afg1 #bbi1 #bhc --,god ,appe>+ to ,isaac1 #bfa2 ,god ,sep>at+ ,wat] f ,e>?1 #bfa2 ,creation ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 #bfa2 ,transfiguration1 #bea2 ,julius ,,ii41 #dj1 #aea1 #bhi2 ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 #add2 ,p>nassus1 #abe2 ,prophets & ,sybils1 #bdc1 #bfc2 ,foligna ,madonna1 #bfc2 ,creation ( ,woman1 #bfc2 ,maddal5a ,doni1 #bdb2 ,angelo ,doni1 #bdb2 ,/udy f ,mona ,lisa1 #bdb2 ,! ,r$eem]1 #bdc2 ,madonna & ,*ild 7,bridgewat]71 #ajb2 ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,john 7,b]l971 #ajb2 ,holy ,family 7,madrid71 ,deliv]ance ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #bea2 ,fire at ! ,borgo1 #bea2 ,flight ( ,lot & 8 ,family1 #bea2 ,crucifixion1 #cdg2 ,moses ,/rik+ ! ,rock1 #bea2 ,sa9t ,cecilia1 #agf2 ,sa9t ,seba/ian1 #bdc2 ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 #aac2 ,*ri/ ,bless+1 #ic2 ,casa ,tempi ,madonna1 #agc2 ,c[p] ,madonna1 #agc2 ,leo ,n4 & ! ,c>d9als ,m$ici1 #aeg2 ,=n>9a1 #agc2 ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man1 #agc2 ,m]cury & ,psy*e1 #abi2 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 #bej1 ,plate #bf2 ,annunciation1 #ced2 ,apollo & ,m>syas1 #abe1 #ccb1 #cde2 ,virg9 ) a ,goldf9*1 #agc1 #cde2 ,si/9e ,madonna1 #bcj ,rave/yn1 ,jan van1 #aegb-afeg1 ,dut*1 #aeh ,r$on1 ,o41 di$ #aiag1 ,fr5* --,dea?1 ! ,fri5d1 #ahh ,regnault1 ,h41 #ahdc-ahga1 ,fr5* --,autom$on & ! ,horses ( ,a*illes1 #bef1 ,plate #bh ,rembr&t van ,ryn1 ,h41 #afjf-affi1 ,dut*1 #bj1 #ba1 #aeb1 #afj1 #bhc1 #bhi --,rembr&t & ,saskia1 #agg2 ,angel quitt+ ,tobias1 #bfc2 ,lesson 9 ,anatomy1 #ahe2 ,lady ) a ,dog1 #bha2 ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 #bff1 #bfg2 ,night ,wat*1 #ba2 ,syndics ( ! ,drap]s1 #bha2 ,portrait ,"y ,man 7,beit ,coll471 #bha2 d4 7,wa*tmei/] ,coll471 #bha2 ,m>t9 ,day1 #aej2 ,ma*teld von ,doorn1 #aej2 ,samson m5ac+ 8 fa!r-9-law1 #bdh ,r5i1 ,guido1 #aege-afdb1 ,italian --,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #bfh ,re!l1 ,a41 #ahaf-ahei1 ,g]man --,dea? at a ,mask$ ,ball1 #ahg2 ,dea? ! ,fri5d1 #ahh ,reynolds1 ,jo%ua1 #agbc-agib1 ,briti%1 #adb1 #aed1 #afj1 #bbd1 #bhb1 #cej --,! ,infant ,h]cules1 #agf2 ,mrs4 ,siddons z ,trag$y1 #afa2 ,mrs4 ,bill+ton z ,cecilia1 #afa2 ,hon4 ,lav9ia ,b+ham1 #agd2 ,mrs4 ,ab+ton1 #agd2 ,visc\ntess ,crosbie1 #aff ,riccio 7,&rea ,briosco71 #adgj-aecb1 ,italian1 #cbc1 #cbf ,rib]a1 ,giuseppe1 #aeic-afef1 ,italian1 #ag ,rigaud1 ,h41 #afei-agdc1 ,fr5*1 #afc --,l\is ,,xv4 z a boy1 #agc ,robbia1 ,luca della1 #adjj-adhb1 ,italian1 #cbe ,robbia1 ,&rea della #adce-aebe1 ,italian1 #ajd ,rob]ts1 ,david1 #agif-ahfd1 ,briti% --,! ,israelites dep>t1 #beg ,rod91 ,a41 #ahdj-aiag1 ,fr5*1 #bdi1 #cea --,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e1 #cag ,roll1 ,a4 ,p41 #ahdg-1 ,fr5*1 #bga ,romano1 ,giulio 7,g4 ,pippi71 #adib-aedf1 ,italian ,roman --,holy ,family1 #ajd ,romney1 ,george1 #agcd-ahjb1 ,briti%1 #adb1 #afa1 #afd --,lady ,hamilton z a ,bac*ante1 #agd2 ,william ,boo?1 #agd2 ,mrs4 ,?omas ,raikes1 #afe2 ,! ,ladies ,sp5c]1 #aff2 ,mrs4 ,yates1 #agd2 ,mrs4 ,tickle1 #agd ,rosa1 ,salvator1 #afae-afgc1 ,italian1 #cb --,samuel's ,curse1 #agi ,rosalba 7,rosalba ,c>ri]a71 #afge-ageg1 ,italian1 #afd ,rosl91 ,a41 #agah-agic1 ,fr5*1 #agc4 ,rossell9o1 ,antonio1 #adbi-adgi1 ,italian1 #ajd ,rossetti1 ,d4 ,g41 #ahbh-ahhb1 ,briti% --,annunciation1 #bgj ,rub5s1 ,p4 ,p41 #aegg-afdj1 ,flemi%1 #af1 #bj1 #cj1 #df1 #aeb1 #bbf1 #bhc --,assumption ( ! ,virg9 7,dusseldorf71 #bff2 d4 7,vi5na71 #bff2 d4 7,augsburg71 #bff2 d4 7,brussels71 #bff2 ,asc5sion 7,vi5na71 #bfg2 d 7,v5ice71 #bfh2 ,deity & ,*ri/1 #bff2 ,diana & ,nymphs1 #bed1 ,plate #bg2 ,h>ve/ ,l&scape 7,muni*71 #baa2 d4 7,wallace ,coll471 #baa2 ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,rome71 #bfb2 ,bir? ( ,v5us1 #aae2 ,l&scape ) a ,ra9b[1 #baa2 ,%ipwreck ( ,a5eas1 #baa2 ,annunciation 7,vi5na71 #cee2 ,l&scape ) ,baucis & ,philemon1 #baj2 ,fun]al ( ,decius1 #ahh2 ,boreas & ,orei?yia1 #bfj2 ,l&scape by ,moonlight1 #bji2 ,toilet ( ,v5us1 #aah2 ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 #bdd2 ,dea? ( ,s5eca1 #aij2 ,! ,f\r ,philosoph]s1 #aeg2 ,david's ,la/ ,song1 #agf2 ,m>ie de' ,m$ici s]ies1 #bbf ,rude1 ,francois1 #agid-ahee1 ,fr5* --,m>%al ,ney1 #cea2 ,m>seillaise1 #bed ,ruysdael1 ,jacob1 #afbh 7c47-#afhb1 ,dut*1 #di1 #bjc1 #bjh --,! ,ris+ ,/orm1 #bjf1 ,plate #bj2 ,l&scape ) fl[+ wat]1 #bjd1 ,plate #ai2 ,! ,m>%1 #bjc ,s ,sac*i1 ,&rea1 #afjj-affa1 ,italian1 #afd ,sa9t-,bonv91 ,f41 #ahag-ahhg1 ,fr5* --,ave ,m>ia1 #cec ,sa9t-,gaud5s1 ,a41 #ahdh-aijg1 ,am]ican --,%aw ,memorial ,relief1 #bed ,salviati1 ,f4 7,francesco de ,rossi71 #aeaj-aefc1 ,italian ,flor5t9e --,ju/ice1 #agi ,sansov9o 7,jacopo ,tatti71 #adhf-aegj1 ,italian1 #cbc ,s>to1 ,&rea del 7,&rea ,agnolo71 #adhh-aecj1 ,italian ,flor5t9e1 #adb --,holy ,family 7,h]mitage71 #ajd ,sass(]rato 7,giovanni ,batti/o ,salvi71 #afje-afhe1 ,italian1 #afd ,s*eff]1 ,ary1 #agie-aheh1 ,dut* --,temptation ( ,*ri/1 #agh ,s*iavone1 ,&rea1 #adfb-aebb1 ,italian ,v5etian --,jupit] & ,io1 #cdh ,s*norr1 ,j4 von ,k41 #agid-ahgb1 ,g]man --,god's ,promise to ,abraham1 #bfi ,s*ongau]1 ,m>t91 7c47 #adde-adia1 ,g]man1 #de ,s*onh]r1 ,c41 n9ete5? c5tury1 ,g]man --,agony 9 ! ,g>d51 #bfe ,s*rey]1 ,adolf1 #ahbh-ahii1 ,g]man --,! ,attack1 #beg ,s*w9d1 ,m41 #ahjd-ahga1 ,au/rian --,! ,pleiads1 #bfi1 ,plate #be2 ,ra9b[1 #bab2 ,phantom 9 ! ,=e/1 #bgj ,scopas1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,greek1 #aj --,demet]1 #abb1 ,plate #g ,seba/iano del ,piombo 7,seba/iano ,luciani71 #adhe-aedg1 ,italian ,v5etian --,conc]t1 #aha ,signorelli1 ,luca1 #addj 7c47-#aeba1 ,italian ,umbrian1 #aia --,portrait ( a ,man1 #ahb2 ,madonna & ,*ild1 #ajc1 #bfd ,simson1 ,william1 #ahjj-ahdg1 ,briti%1 #bde ,snyd]s1 ,frans1 #aegi-afgg1 ,flemi%1 #baf1 #beg ,sodoma1 ,il1 7,giovanni ,a4 ,bazzi71 #adgg-aedi1 ,italian ,siamese --,sacrifice ( ,abraham1 #bdd ,/e51 ,jan1 #afbi-afgi1 ,dut* --,t]race ,sc5e1 #bde ,t ,tassa]t1 ,o41 #ahjj-ahgd1 ,fr5*1 #ag --,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #bff ,t5i]s1 ,david1 #afaj-afij1 ,dut*1 #ij ,t]burg 7or ,t]bor*71 ,g]>d1 #afag-afha1 ,dut*1 #df --,peace ( ,mun/]1 #aeh ,?oma1 ,hans1 #ahci-1 ,g]man --,temptation ( ,*ri/1 #ahg2 ,cupid & ,dea?1 #agh2 ,s9 & ,dea?1 #ahg2 ,progress ( ! gods to ,walhalla1 #bab2 ,ra9b[1 #baa2 ,view ( ,lauf5burg1 #bjd ,?omson1 ,john1 #aggh-ahdj1 ,briti% --,fa/ ,ca/le1 #bjg2 ,dunluce ,ca/le1 #bjg ,tiepolo1 ,g4 ,b41 #afib-agfi1 ,italian1 #ca ,timan!s1 f\r? 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( ,g5]al ,wolfe1 #aij ,:i/l]1 ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,n41 #ahcd-aijc1 ,am]ican1 #ej1 #cdi ,wi]tz1 ,a41 #ahjf-ahfe1 ,belgian --,! ,orphans1 #ahi2 ,?+s ( ! ,pa/1 #bbf ,wilson1 ,ri*>d1 #agad-aghb1 ,briti%1 #dh ,witt1 ,j4 ,h41 #ahdj-aija1 ,am]ican --,bless ! ,"l1 #bfb ,w\v]man1 ,philip1 #afad-afgj1 ,dut*1 #bjc1 #bde ,z ,zurb>an1 ,francisco1 #aeih-affb1 ,spani%1 #ai ,,g5]al ,,index ,a ,actors 9 /age roles1 portraits (1 #bbc ,a]ial p]spective1 ,claude ! fir/ ma/] (1 #dg2 its importance1 #aih2 me?od ( produc+1 #bjj ,ae/hetic sy/ems1 all ( !m unt5able1 #c1 #bgd2 ,c>ritt on1 #bgd2 ( ,hegel1 #bgg2 ( ,croce1 #bgc ,ages ( man1 pictures contra/+ !1 #agi ,allegorical pa9t+1 :5 second>y art1 #bbe ,angel ( ,dea? 9 art1 in/ances (1 #aia2 symbol (1 #ahh ,angels1 repres5tation (1 9 a]ial susp5sion & flight1 #bfb1 #bff ,animal pa9t+1 9 action1 #bee2 ideals 91 n possible1 #ef ,annunciation1 ,!1 indication ( surprise 9 expression1 #bgj1 #ced ,apelles1 8 ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 #aac1 #ccj2 epigrams on1 #cca ,aphrodite 7see ,v5us7 ,apollo1 8 repres5tation 9 art1 #abd ,ar*itecture1 its position 9 ! ,f9e ,arts1 #ec2 imitative "* (1 #ec1 #bid2 unconc]n$ ) ideals1 #eh2 produces s5sorial beauty only1 #fd2 simplicity its keynote1 #ge2 /&>d ( judgm5t 91 #ge2 ,s4 ,colv9 on1 #bib ,ares 7see ,m>s7 ,ari/otle1 on imitation 9 art1 #bae1 #bib2 on metrical =m 9 poetry1 #ed1 #bif2 8 division ( ! pa9t]'s art1 #fb2 8 connection ( morals ) art1 #cad ,art1 def9ition (1 #a2 its mimetic "*1 #eb2 s5sorial beauty1 fir/ aim (1 #gb2 mu/ deal *iefly ) types1 #ee2 indep5d5t ( social & political conditions1 #d2 ( psy*ological impulses1 #h1 #ad2 great p]iods (1 #h2 sugge/$ evolution 91 #g2 ,classic & ,romantic1 #bgh2 relation (1 to nature1 #ee2 popul> appreciation (1 #gd2 ,grecian1 cause ( its decl9e1 #aj2 ,italian ,r5aissance (1 cause ( its decl9e1 #aa2 limitation ( sculpture & pa9t+ 91 #ha2 ,tol/oy's def9ition (1 #bge2 ideals 9 7see ,! ,ideal 9 ,art7 ,artemis 7see ,diana7 ,arti/s1 tra9+ necess>y =1 #be2 cause ( v>iation 9 "w (1 #bj2 reputations ( great1 #bhc2 z judges ( works ( art1 #cje ,arts 7see ,f9e ,arts7 ,ass5t1 ,law ( ,g5]al1 #gb et seq4 ,associat$ ,arts1 ! arts associat$1 #ec2 fir/ law ( !1 #fj2 highe/ art 91 recogniz$ by g5]al op9ion1 #gg2 ideals 91 #eh2 _c prop]ly be us$ = moral or social purposes1 #hb2 _! me?od ( produc+ beauty1 #gh et seq42 limitations (1 #hj ,a!na1 h] repres5tation 9 art1 #abc ,atmosph]ic effects1 limitations 9 produc+1 #bjb2 exceptional phases1 #bjb ,b ,bac*us1 8 repres5tation 9 art1 #aca ,b>bizon ,s*ool1 anticipat$ by ,dut* ma/]s1 #bia2 sket*es ( !1 ( little importance1 #bij2 use ( heavy gilt frames = works ( !1 #bia ,beauty1 def9itions (1 unsatisfactory1 #b1 #ei2 alleg$ objectivity (1 #b2 highe/ =m (1 #gb2 unconnect$ ) philosophy1 #b2 fir/ law (1 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 #fj2 ideal1 #hf2 k9ds (1 9 ! arts1 #d1 #fj1 #bgc2 degrees (1 9 ! arts g5]ally1 #fj1 9 pa9t+1 #hc2 s5sorial 7or emotional71 #fj1 #gb2 intellectual 7or beauty ( expression71 #b1 #bgc2 ( =m1 #bgc2 ( color1 #bbh et seq42 me?ods ( produc+1 #gh2 z ! expression ( emotion1 #bge2 ,long9us on ! highe/1 #gc2 /&>d ( judgm5t (1 9 poetry1 #gg1 9 sculpture1 #gg1 9 pa9t+1 #gg1 9 ar*itecture1 #ge1 9 fiction1 #gg1 9 l&scape1 #aid1 9 /ill-life1 #bad1 9 second>y art1 #bai et seq42 g5]al agreem5t 9 respect (1 #hf ,bon ,dieu d',ami5s1 ,rusk9 on1 #cai2 ,f>r> on1 #cai2 corresponds ) c]ta9 ,greek art1 #cai1 ,plate #b ,brevity 9 expression1 highe/ beauty 9 poetry1 m>k$ by1 #fe ,broad /yle ( pa9t+1 cause (1 ) great arti/s1 #ba2 its limitations1 #ci2 advocacy (1 by impressioni/s1 #ch2 z us$ by ,rembr&t1 #bha2 by ,hals1 #ccf ,bronze /atuettes ( ! ,r5aissance1 #cba et seq4 ,byron on nature & art 9 respect ( l&scape1 #cde ,c ,c>icature1 its place 9 art1 #bbe ,c>ritt1 ,e4 ,f41 on ! result ( ae/hetic sy/ems1 #bge ,cave m51 _! art1 #e ,c]es 7see ,demet]7 ,*aldean ,art1 ,illu/ration (1 ,plate #a ,"* ( ,arti/s1 influ5ce (1 9 _! "w1 #af ,*]ubs1 use (1 9 assi/+ illusion ( susp5sion 9 ! air1 #bfe ,*ri/1 repres5tation 9 art1 #ib2 ! e/abli%$ ideal1 #ib2 ,rusk9 on ! be/ ideal (1 #cai ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,deity1 its effect 9 art1 #hh ,classic ,art1 ,hegel's def9ition1 #bgg2 v>i$ mean+s ( ! t]m1 #bgh ,claude ,lorra9e1 ! fir/ great l&scape pa9t]1 #dg2 ! cause ( 8 success1 #af2 ,goe! on1 #di2 ! model = ,turn]1 #di ,claus51 ,g41 8 def9ition ( ,impressionism1 #bhd2 on ,:i/l]'s nocturnes1 #cdi ,cl\ds1 use (1 9 relation to air-susp5d$ figures1 #bfc ,coa/ views1 illusion ( motion 91 #bjf ,color1 beauty (1 #bbh et seq42 its relative importance1 #bbh2 9 l&scape1 #aid2 juxtaposition ( pure colors1 #ce1 #bhg2 by ,v5etian arti/s1 #bca1 #cej2 exceptional color effects1 #bcd2 its use by impressioni/s1 #cd et seq4 ,colv91 ,s41 claims music & ar*itecture z non-imitative arts1 #bib ,com$y1 its place 9 ! pa9t]'s art1 #bbd ,cont5tm5t1 quality ( expression 9 ! ,madonna1 #ig2 9 ,v5us1 #aai ,contra/1 its use 9 composition1 #agg2 ( =ms1 #agg2 ( ages1 #agi2 ( beauty & /r5g?1 #agg2 ( ,good & ,evil1 #agh2 ( ,pov]ty & ,weal?1 #agh2 ( ,vice & ,virtue1 #agh2 ( nude & clo!d figures1 #ahj ,correggio1 & ! sublime1 #bbi ,criticism1 ! new1 #bi ,croce1 ,b41 8 ae/hetic sy/em1 #bgc2 on g5ius1 #bhb ,d ,d>w91 ,c41 on ! result ( n]ve ex]cise1 #bha2 on natural music1 #bic ,dea?1 repres5tation (1 #ahc et seq42 9 ! ,crucifixion1 #ahd2 typifi$ by a skeleton1 #ahf2 9 massacres & executions1 #ahd2 9 int]ior sc5es1 #aij2 fun]al sc5es1 #ahh2 sc5es ( approa*+1 #aij2 ,angel (1 #ahh ,decorative art1 imitation 91 #bah ,de=mity 9 art1 #hi ,deity1 !1 repres5tation (1 #ib2 ideals (1 #ia ,demet]1 repres5tation (1 #aba1 ,plate #g ,demo/h5es1 example ( 8 art1 #cjj ,de ,qu9cey1 ,t41 on ! repres5tation ( progressive actions1 #cdh ,descriptive poetry1 its limits1 #gi2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #cjh2 example f ,sophocles1 #caj1 f ,cornelius ,gallus1 #cji ,diana1 repres5tation (1 #abf ,dignity1 9 portraiture1 #adf2 practice ( ,titian1 #adh2 ( ,van ,dyck1 #adh2 ( ,velasquez1 #adi ,dionysus 7see ,bac*us7 ,drama1 ,!1 pictures f ! writt51 #bba2 f ! act$1 #bbb2 importance ( trag$y 9 pa9t+1 #bba ,drap]y1 ) use ( 9 sculpture1 proportions possible :i* are n feasible 9 nude figures1 #cbh2 use (1 9 pa9t+ by ,raphael1 #bea1 #ceb2 = assi/+ illusions1 #bfj ,dut* pa9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _! limit$ imag9ations1 #ai ,e ,eaton1 ,d4 ,c41 on ! orig9 ( impressionism1 #bhf ,egyptian art1 its e>ly high developm5t1 #g1 ,plate #a ,emotional elem5t 9 beauty 7see ,beauty7 ,emotions1 ,!1 influ5ce (1 9 ! "w ( arti/s1 #af2 expression (1 9 relation to beauty1 #bge ,evolution1 n applicable to art g5]ally1 #g2 ,sp5c] on1 #bgf2 ,symonds on1 #bgf ,execution 9 pa9t+1 mu/ be balanc$ ) imag9ation1 #ah2 ( ,hals1 #aee2 ( ,lion>do1 #ah2 ( ,rembr&t1 #ai2 ( ,velasquez1 #aec ,expression1 9 ideals g5]ally1 #hf2 9 ,*ri/ian ideals1 #ia et seq42 9 classical ideals1 #ajf et seq42 9 portraiture1 #ada et seq42 9 ! repres5tation ( grief1 #afh2 ) ! smile1 #aga2 ! op5 m\?1 #agd2 9 ! exhibition ( de=mity1 #hi2 9 sc5es ( dea?1 #ahc2 ( ,raphael1 #cci2 ( ,rembr&t1 #db2 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,italian pa9t]s1 #bgi2 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5* sculptors1 #cae2 9 ! lit]>y arts1 #fe et seq4 ,f ,falconet1 ,e41 on ! repres5tation ( grief1 #afi ,f>r>1 ,dean1 on ! ideal ( ,*ri/1 #cai2 on ! e>ly ,italian pa9t]s1 #bgi ,fiction1 z a f9e art1 #d1 #eb2 "o ( ! ,associat$ ,arts1 #ec2 imitation 91 #eb2 =ms (1 #fi2 basic & /ructural 9 "*1 #ha2 /&>d ( judgm5t 91 #gc2 9 relation to s5sorial beauty1 #gi2 unconc]n$ ) ideals1 #eh 7see also ,novel7 ,f9e ,arts1 imitative 9 "*1 #eb2 classifi$ accord+ to _! signs1 #ec2 _! me?ods ( produc+ beauty1 #gh2 /&>ds ( judgm5t 9 !1 #gg ,fireworks1 unsuitable = ! pa9t]1 #bab ,flight1 repres5tation ( 7see ,illusion ( susp5sion & motion 9 ! air7 ,fl[]s1 _! repres5tation 9 /ill-life1 #baf2 9 decorative art1 #bag ,=egr\nd 9 l&scape1 illusion ( op5+ di/ance 91 #bjb ,=m1 beauty (1 #bgc2 ideal1 #hf ,frames ( pictures1 _! use 9 ,b>bizon works1 #bia2 exclusion (1 9 artificial means to secure relief1 #bdj ,fr5* sculptors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 _! =ms 9 ! ,greek mann]1 #cae2 _! repres5tation ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 #aja1 #cae ,frescoes1 necess>ily divid$ into sections1 #fi2 ,reynolds on ,raphael's1 #cjc ,fun]al sc5es 9 art1 #ahh ,g ,g5]al op9ion1 /&>d ( judgm5t 9 all arts except music1 #gc1 #gg ,g5ius1 h[ produc$1 #ba et seq42 ,reynolds on1 #bhb2 ,johnson on1 #bhb2 ,hog>? on1 #bhb ,geology1 /udy (1 may be assi/$ by l&scape pa9t+1 #cae ,gods1 ,my?ological 7see ,grecian1 "u _! sep>ate head+s72 ,roman1 #cbh ,grace1 inf]ior z a special quality 9 portraiture1 #afd2 z appli$ 9 ,greece & ,rome1 #afb2 9 sixte5? c5tury art1 #afc2 9 sev5te5? c5tury art1 #afc2 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 #afd2 9 ,france1 #afc2 k9ds (1 #cch ,gr&eur1 highe/ quality ( beauty 9 ar*itecture1 #ge2 practically impossible 9 l&scape1 #aic2 9 portraiture1 #afj2 9 ,van ,dyck's works1 #afj2 9 ,ga9sbor\gh's works1 #afj ,grecian art1 cause ( its decl9e1 #aj2 developm5t (1 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,r5aissance1 #aj et seq4 ,grecian sculpture1 its high place 9 art1 #ajf2 ideals 91 #hh1 #ie2 repres5tation ( adults ) *ildr5 91 #ajj2 /udi$ by ! great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 #ajh2 9 portraiture1 #ade ,h ,hals1 ,franz1 8 facility1 #aee2 8 limit$ imag9ation1 #aee2 8 broad mann]1 #ccf2 ! works ( pupils attribut$ to him1 #ccg ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w41 8 p]iods 9 art1 #bgg ,hephae/us 7see ,vulcan7 ,h]a 7see ,juno7 ,h]cules1 8 repres5tation z contemplat+ dea?1 #aij ,h]mes 7see ,m]cury7 ,hi/orical pa9t+1 its place 9 art1 #hc ,hog>?1 ,w41 on g5ius1 #bhb ,holmes1 ,c4 ,j41 on ! fram+ ( ,b>bizon pictures1 #bia ,hom]1 example ( 8 art1 #fe ,hood1 ,t41 8 moods & 8 "w1 #ag ,horses1 repres5tation 9 action1 #bee ,human figure1 pr9cipal sign 9 ! ,associat$ ,arts1 #ec1 #gc2 produces highe/ =m ( beauty1 #gb2 g5]al ideal (1 #hf2 ,greek ideals1 #ajf ,humboldt1 ,a41 on ! position ( l&scape 9 art1 #cdd ,humor\s subjects1 _! place 9 ! pa9t]'s art1 #bbd ,hyp]ides1 example ( 8 art1 #cjj ,i ,ideal 9 art1 ,!1 only possible 9 respect ( ! human =m1 #eg1 #hg2 inapplicable to =m )\t expression1 #hf2 def9ition (1 #hf2 mu/ be g5]al1 #hf2 g5]al agreem5t 9 respect (1 #hg2 c only be appli$ to excell5ce1 #hi2 limitation (1 #ef2 ideals ( ! ,greeks1 #hi1 #ia1 ( ! e>ly ,italians1 #id1 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5* sculptors1 #cae1 ( ! ,deity1 #hh1 #ia1 ( ,*ri/1 #ib1 #id1 ( ! ,madonna1 #ie1 ( ,zeus1 #hh1 ( ! o!r ,grecian deities1 #hi1 ( ,phidias1 #aj1 ( ,raphael1 #ig1 #acg1 ( ,praxiteles1 #aj1 91 ( ,mi*elangelo1 #cbj2 g5]al ideals1 #ace2 univ]sality (1 #ach1 #cae2 ideal qualities1 #hi ,illusion ( cont9uity1 9 dea? sc5es1 #ahi ,illusion ( movem5t1 9 l&scape1 #aig2 9 sea views1 #bje2 9 coa/ views1 #bjf2 9 sculpture1 #bdi1 #cea2 9 figure pa9t+1 #bej et seq42 9 animal pa9t+1 #bee et seq42 may be sugge/$ by title ( "w1 #beg ,illusion ( op5+ di/ance1 9 di/ance l&scape1 #aig2 9 ne>gr\nd "w1 #bjc2 9 sea views1 #bje ,illusion ( relief1 its value 9 pa9t+1 #bcf2 me*anical me?ods ( produc+1 #bdj ,illusion ( susp5sion & motion 9 ! air1 ) ! assi/ance ( fl[+ drap]y1 #bfj2 ( cl\ds1 #bfc2 ( *]ubs1 #bfe2 ( ,angels1 #bff2 ( smoke1 #bfh ,imag9ation1 ,!1 influ5ce ( precoci\s1 9 ! production ( g5ius1 #bc2 mu/ be balanc$ ) skill 9 execution1 #ah2 ( ,lion>do1 #ah2 ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s1 #ai2 ( ! ,spani% pa9t]s1 #ai2 ( ,%akespe>e1 #bc1 #bd ,imitation1 ! prov9ce ( art1 #eb2 %\ld be g5]aliz$1 #bcg2 9 l&scape1 #aid1 9 /ill-life1 #bad1 9 decorative art1 #bah1 9 ar*itecture1 #bid1 9 music1 #bic2 ( o!r arts by ! pa9t]1 #bba et seq42 ,ari/otle on1 #bae2 ,s4 ,colv9 on1 9 respect ( ! f9e arts1 #bib ,impressionism1 def9itions (1 #be1 #bhd et seq42 its orig91 #bhe et seq42 its influ5ce1 #ch2 its limitations1 #ce2 its defects1 #cd et seq42 its effects1 #ea2 its correspond5ce ) ,sprezzatura1 #cb ,indu/ry1 ! key to success 9 art1 #bd1 #bhb ,inspiration 9 art1 n recogniz$ by great arti/s1 #af2 actual in/ances (1 unkn[n1 #ae2 sugge/$ national1 #i et seq42 individual1 #ad ,int]iors1 pictures (1 _! place 9 art1 #hd ,inv5tion 9 art1 its relative importance1 #ed2 9 poetry1 #ed2 9 pa9t+1 #cab2 ,less+ on1 9 poetry & pa9t+1 #cab2 9 l&scape1 #aic2 ! t]m us$ 9 two s5ses1 #caa ,irony1 works convey+1 unsuitable = ! pa9t]1 #bbd ,italy1 ,art (1 decl9e ( ! ,r5aissance1 #aa et seq42 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 #cj et seq42 ,r5aissance ideals1 #ab ,j ,japanese1 _! practice 9 decoration1 #bag ,johnson1 ,dr41 on g5ius1 #bhb ,juno1 repres5tation (1 by ! pa9t]1 #abj ,jupit]1 ,greek repres5tation (1 #hh1 #hi2 ideal (1 #hi1 #ia2 by ! pa9t]1 #aji ,l ,l&scape pa9t+1 its place 9 art1 #dh1 #hd2 produces only s5sorial beauty1 #aib2 ,humboldt on1 #cdd2 signs 91 #aii2 disadvantages (1 #dd2 limitations 91 #aib et seq41 #cdh2 v>ieties (1 #di2 relative difficulty ( execution 91 #dh2 compositions mu/ be inv5t$1 #aid2 illusion ( motion 91 #aig et seq42 precise imitation necess>y 91 #aid2 z a useful art1 #cad2 e>ly developm5t (1 #df1 9 anci5t ,rome1 #de1 9 ,italy1 #dg1 9 ,holl&1 #df1 9 ,engl& & ,france1 #dh ,lanzi1 ,a4 ,l41 on ! range ( ,raphael 9 expression1 #cci ,la ,t\*e1 ,g41 on ! orig9 ( impressionism1 #bhf ,lat\r1 ,fant91 & ! orig9 ( impressionism1 #bhe ,laugh1 a1 :5 unobjectionable 9 pa9t+1 #agg ,less+1 ,g41 on progressive actions1 #cdh2 on ! relative importance ( inv5tion & execution1 #cab2 on ! repres5tation ( grief1 #afi2 on descriptive poetry1 #cji2 on signs 9 art1 #cdf2 on ,hom] & ! beauty ( ,hel51 #bih2 on ! ,laocoon design1 #caa2 on ! dictum ( ,simonides1 #cjg2 on ugl9ess 9 poetry & pa9t+1 #cda ,lewes1 ,g4 ,h41 on ! execution ( signs 9 art1 #cdf ,lightn+1 its use 9 l&scape1 #bji2 mu/ be subord9at$1 #bji2 :]e us$ 9 pa9t+ by great ma/]s1 #baj ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 8 imag9ation comp>$ ) 8 execution1 #ah2 8 relief1 #bci2 on success 9 pa9t+1 #af2 8 repres5tation ( ,*ri/1 #ic ,lit]>y arts1 ! pa9t] mu/ take 8 action f !m or f nature direct1 #ha 7see ,poetry & ,! ,novel74 ,lit]>y movem5t 9 ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #bgh ,long9us1 on ! te/ ( ! sublime & beautiful1 #gc2 on c]ta9 examples ( beauty 9 ! lit]>y arts1 #cjj ,lu9i1 ,a41 ,on an impressioni/ l&scape by ,titian1 #bhh ,m ,mac,coll1 ,d4 ,s41 on ! orig9 ( impressionism1 #bhd ,madonna1 ,!1 h] repres5tation1 ! te/ ( art dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #ab1 by ,cimabue & ,giotto1 #ie1 9 ,crucifixion sc5es1 #ii2 h] surr\nd+s 9 art1 #ii1 h] repres5tation at diff]5t ages1 #ih1 ,mi*elangelo on h] presum$ age1 #cbj2 h] presum$ social condition1 #ajj2 ! ideal ( ! e>ly ,italian1 #ab1 #ie1 ( ,raphael1 #ig1 ,mi*elangelo's portrayals (1 #cbj2 limitations 9 ! ideal (1 #ih ,madonna & ,*ild1 repres5tation (1 by ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5* sculptors1 #aja1 #cae2 9 ,italy1 #aja2 *anges 9 gr\p+ (1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #aja2 practice ( lat] arti/s1 #ajb et seq4 ,mann] 9 pa9t+1 its limitations1 #ci2 ! public indiff]5t to1 #ci2 ( ,rembr&t1 #ba2 ( ,hals1 #ccf ,manet1 ,e41 8 connection ) ! rise ( impressionism1 #bhg ,m>9e pa9t+ 7see ,sea views7 ,m>s1 repres5tation (1 9 pa9t+1 #abh ,mauclair1 ,c41 on impressionism1 #bhe ,m5gs1 ,a4 ,r41 on ,raphael's treatm5t ( drap]y1 #ceb ,m]cury1 8 repres5tation 9 pa9t+1 #abi ,metaphor1 ) ! poet1 #fe1 #bbg1 #bif2 ) ! pa9t]1 #bbf ,mi*elangelo1 & ! sublime1 #bbi2 8 /udies 9 ,greek art1 #ajh2 ,reynolds on1 #bhb2 8 ideals ( ! ,madonna1 #cbj2 on h] presum$ age at ! ,crucifixion1 #cbj2 on ! cause ( ,raphael's success1 #af2 on ! public judgm5t ( works ( art1 #cjd2 on ! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 #cej ,mill]1 ,m>ion ,m41 8 translation ( ,sappho's ,hymn to ,aphrodite1 #cjb ,m9]va 7see ,a!na7 ,mode/y1 quality 9 expression unsuitable to a goddess1 #aai ,mona ,lisa1 ! ,l\vre example1 #aea1 #agb2 ! ,bo/on example1 #agb2 h] reput$ age 9 ! picture1 #bdj2 h] smile1 #cda ,mood1 influ5ce (1 9 ! "w ( arti/s1 #ag ,moonlight sc5es1 _! place 9 art1 #bjh ,morals1 pictures illu/rat+1 _! place 9 art1 #he ,moreau-,vauti]1 ,c41 on ! juxtaposition ( pure colors1 #bhg ,music1 highe/ beauty 91 produc$ by complex comb9ations ( signs1 #gc2 greate/ works 91 ! lea/ popul>1 #ge2 ideals n possible 91 #eh2 _c pres5t intellectual beauty1 #fd2 /&>d ( judgm5t 91 #cje2 _c be connect$ ) pa9t+1 #bhe2 its connection ) poetry1 #ed1 #gf2 imitative "* (1 #ec1 #bic2 claim$ by ,colv9 z non-imitative1 #bib2 ,d>w9 on natural1 #bic ,mu!r1 ,r41 on ! orig9 ( ,impressionism1 #bhg ,my/]y 9 pa9t+1 indicates inf]ior art1 #cda ,my?ological subjects1 _! place 9 pa9t+1 #hc1 #acc ,n ,nature1 relation (1 to art1 #eg2 & l&scape1 ,byron on1 #cde ,ne>-gr\nd pa9t+ 9 l&scape1 #bjb ,neptune1 8 repres5tation 9 pa9t+1 #abg ,n]ves ( ! s5ses1 _! advanc$ condition at bir? cause ( precocity 9 art1 #ba2 alike 9 all p1 #hf2 connection ( g5ius ) developm5t (1 #bb2 physiological *anges 91 #bb1 #gb2 ,d>w9 on !1 #bha ,night1 %\ld be symboliz$ 9 pa9t+1 #cej2 ,:i/l] attempts to repres5t beauty (1 #cdi ,nocturnes1 orig9 ( ,:i/l]'s1 #cdi ,norwi* s*ool ( pa9t+1 #dh ,novel1 !1 comp>$ ) ! %ort /ory1 #gj2 limit (1 #ga2 ( little s]vice to ! pa9t]1 #bba 7see ,fiction7 ,nude ) clo!d figures1 contra/s (1 #ahj ,o ,objectivity ( beauty1 #b ,op5 ,m\?1 ,!1 #agd2 :5 n objectionable1 #agg ,p ,pa9t]1 !1 8 requirem5ts1 #be ,pa9t+1 imitative "* (1 #eb2 degrees ( beauty 91 #hc2 comp>$ ) sculpture1 #ace2 its relation to poetry1 #cjg2 g5]al ideals 91 #hf et seq42 classical ideals 91 #ajf et seq42 ,*ri/ian ideals 91 #ia et seq42 action _c be orig9at$ 91 #ha2 great1 m>k$ by simplicity1 #fi2 /&>d ( judgm5t 91 #gc2 g5]al expression 91 #afg2 relation ( inv5tion to execution 91 #cab2 broad mann] (1 #ci2 ( div9ities1 #aji2 ( classical sc5es1 #acc2 ( humor\s subjects1 #bbd2 ( contra/s1 #agg et seq42 ( sc5es f fiction1 #bba1 f ! writt5 drama1 #bba1 f ! act$ drama1 #bbb2 ( portraits 9 "*1 #bbb2 ( ugl9ess1 #cda2 de=mity 91 #agh2 repres5tation ( dea? 91 #ahc2 portrait1 #ada et seq42 l&scape1 #aib et seq42 ( moonlight sc5es1 #bjh2 ( /ill-life1 #bad2 second>y art (1 #he1 #bai2 metaphor 91 #bbf2 color 91 #bbh et seq42 impressioni/1 #be2 ( ev5ts 9 "t1 #bai2 symbolical1 #bbg2 ,b>bizon s*ool (1 #bij2 quality ( grace 91 #afa1 ( cont5tm5t1 #ig1 ( mode/y 9 respect ( goddesses1 #aai2 illusion ( relief 91 #bci et seq42 illusion ( movem5t 91 #bdi1 9 animal action1 #bee1 ( op5+ di/ance1 #aig1 ( susp5sion 9 ! air1 #bei1 9 repres5tation ( progressive actions1 #bjd1 ( cont9uity1 #ahi1 assi/$ by title1 #beg2 portraiture1 #ada et seq4 ,pa/oral occupations1 pictures repres5t+1 #hd ,p]iods ( art1 n attributable to national ae/hetic /imulus1 #h2 ,hegel's1 #bgg ,phidias1 8 exalt$ position 9 art1 #aj2 8 ideals1 #ia ,philips1 ,a41 8 translation ( ,sappho's ,ode to ,anactoria1 #cja ,philosophy1 art n specially relat$ to1 #b ,py?ian1 ,f41 on ! orig9 ( impressionism1 #bhf ,poe1 ,edg> ,a41 on sadness & beauty1 #bhj ,poetry1 ! highe/ art1 #ha2 its imitative scope1 #eb2 n prim>ily a comb9$ art1 #ee2 value ( metrical =m 91 #ed2 its association ) music1 #gf2 its relation to pa9t+1 #cjg2 _c depict s5sorial beauty by description1 #gi2 descriptive1 #cji2 9 relation to human beauty1 #gi1 to natural beauty1 #gi2 basic & /ructural 9 "*1 #ha2 its range unlimit$1 #ha2 ugl9ess 91 #cda2 /&>d ( judgm5t 91 #gc1 #gf2 ,watts-,dunton's def9ition (1 #bif2 translations (1 #big ,pompeian ,frescoes1 #de1 #afb1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga1 #bfa1 #cdd ,popul> appreciation ( art1 #gc et seq41 #cjf2 ,tol/oy on1 #cjg ,portraiture1 its position 9 art1 #ada2 v>iation 9 "w ( portraiti/s1 #ada2 g5]alization1 #adc2 add$ qualities 91 #adh2 quality ( dignity 91 #adf2 quality ( nobility 91 #afa2 action 91 #afd2 use ( ! smile 91 #aga2 ( /age *>act]s1 #bbc2 9 anci5t ,greece1 #ade1 #afb2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #ade2 ( wom51 #aeh2 ( ,raphael1 #aea2 ( ,titian1 #adh2 ( ,moro1 #aei2 ( ,van ,dyck1 #aej2 ( ,rembr&t1 #aej2 ( ,velasquez1 #adi1 #aeb2 ( ,hals1 #aee2 ( ,reynolds1 #afj2 ( ,ga9sbor\gh1 #afj2 ( ,romney1 #afa2 effects ( fa%ion 91 #aei2 quality ( grace 91 #afa2 limitations 91 #ada1 #adc2 decoration 91 %\ld be subord9at$1 #aef2 multiple portraits1 #aef ,poseidon 7see ,neptune7 ,praxiteles1 8 developm5t ( new ideals1 #aaa2 8 ,cnidian ,aphrodite1 #aaa ,precocity 9 art1 cause (1 #bb ,progressive actions1 9 figure subjects1 #bed2 9 sea views1 #bjd2 9 coa/ sc5es1 #bjf2 9 l&scape1 #bjc2 ,less+ on1 #cdh2 ,de ,qu9cey on1 #cdi ,psy*ological influ5ce 9 art conceptions1 alleg$1 #ad ,q ,qu9tilian3 on ! ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 by ,timan!s1 #cdj ,r ,ra9b[1 its use 9 l&scape1 #baj et seq4 ,raphael1 & ! sublime1 #bbi2 8 sup]iority ! cause ( ! decl9e ( ! ,r5aissance1 #aa2 8 a*ievem5t 9 ! ideal ,madonna1 #ab et seq41 #adj2 ! composition ( 8 ideal1 #ig2 8 range 9 expression1 #afg2 ,lanzi on1 #cci2 8 repres5tation ( movem5t1 #bej2 8 portraiture1 #aea2 8 drap]y arrangem5ts1 #bej2 8 repres5tation ( susp5sion 9 ! air1 #bfa2 8 /udy ( anci5t art1 #ajh2 8 fresco "w1 #fi2 ,mi*elangelo on1 #af2 8 trees1 #cde ,recognition1 ,law (1 explanation (1 #eg2 examples (1 #fe et seq42 music & ar*itecture exclud$ f !1 #fd2 division ( ! arts 9 apply+1 #fb ,relief 7see ,illusion ( ,relief7 ,rembr&t1 8 imag9ation comp>$ ) 8 execution1 #bj2 cause ( v>iation 9 8 "w1 #ba2 8 simplicity1 #aej2 8 broad "w1 #bhi2 8 use ( color1 #aeb2 8 position 9 art1 #dd2 8 repres5tation ( "*1 #db2 sugge/$ z impressioni/1 #da1 #bij2 comp>$ ) ! ideali/s1 #dc2 8 palette-knife pictures1 #bha2 classification ( 8 portraits1 #bha ,r5aissance 7see ,italy1 ,art (7 ,repose1 9 portraiture1 #afd2 9 ! repres5tation ( ,v5us1 #aaf ,reynolds1 ,jo%ua1 8 high position 9 portraiture1 #afj2 on color1 #cej2 on ! repres5tation ( grief1 #afi2 on ! cause ( excell5ce 9 pa9t+1 #bhb2 on g5ius 9 art1 #bhb2 nobility 9 8 portraits1 #afj2 z a pa9t] ( wom51 #afa2 on ! "w ( ,raphael1 #cjc2 on ,mi*elangelo1 #bhb2 on ! e>ly ,italian pa9t]s1 #bhj2 on ! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 #cej2 8 portraits ( actors 9 "*1 #bbd2 8 use ( ! smile1 #agd ,rod91 ,a41 on ! sugge/ion ( movem5t 9 sculpture1 #bdi1 #cea2 on ugl9ess 9 art1 #cag2 8 ,la ,vieille ,heaulmi]e1 #cag2 on ,greek ideals1 #cai ,romans1 ,! anci5t1 _h no sep>ate sacr$ art1 #cbh ,romantic ,art1 its v>i\s mean+s1 #bgh2 ,hegel's p]iod (1 #bgg ,romney1 ,g41 ! quality ( grace 9 8 portraits1 #afa ,rusk91 ,j41 on ! trees ( ,raphael1 #cde2 on ! ideal ( ,*ri/1 #cai2 on ! position ( l&scape 9 art1 #cdd2 on ! ,italian pa9t]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 #bgi ,ruysdael1 ,jacob1 8 pa9t+ ( break+ wat]1 #bjd1 #bjf2 8 ne>-gr\nd "w1 #bjc ,s ,sacr$ ,art1 (f]s highe/ scope = ! arti/1 #fc2 9 ,greece1 #ia2 9 ,italy1 #ab ,sadness1 z a quality ( beauty1 #bhj ,sa9ts1 repres5tation (1 #ajd ,sappho1 h] ,ode to ,anactoria1 & ! cause ( its beauty1 #fg2 translation ( ! ,ode1 #cja2 h] ,hymn to ,aphrodite1 #cjb ,satan1 repres5tation (1 #agh ,satire1 works convey+1 unsuit$ to ! pa9t]1 #bbd ,s*op5hau]1 on music z a non-imitative art1 #bib ,sculpture1 its imitative scope1 #eb2 ideals 91 #ace2 comp>$ ) pa9t+1 #ace2 importance ( simplicity 91 #fh2 /&>d ( judgm5t 91 #gc2 illusion ( motion 91 #bdi2 ,rod9 on ! illusion1 #cea2 9 anci5t ,greece1 #ajf2 9 ,greek & ,roman portraiture1 #ade2 ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5*1 #cae ,sea views1 illusion ( op5+ di/ance 91 #bjd2 progressive actions 91 #bjf ,second>y ,art1 its nature1 #he2 9 hi/orical "w1 #bbj2 9 actions drawn f ! noveli/1 #bba2 f ! writt5 drama1 #bba2 f ! act$ drama1 #bbb2 humor\s pictures1 #bbd2 9 allegorical & symbolical pa9t+1 #bbe et seq4 ,%akespe>e1 8 imag9ation1 #bc2 example ( 8 art1 #ff2 repres5ts *>act]s above exp]i5ce1 #fa ,%ort /ory1 !1 its ess5tials1 #gj2 comp>$ ) ! novel1 #fi 7see also ,fiction7 ,signs1 ( ! f9e arts1 #ef2 sep>ation ( ! arts accord+ to "* (1 #ec2 ! two classes (1 9 art1 #ef2 mu/ be completely pa9t$1 #aii2 ,lewes on1 #cdf2 ,less+ on1 #cdf2 sugge/ive1 belong to ! poet & n to ! pa9t]1 #bjj ,simonides1 on ! relation ( poetry to pa9t+1 #cjg ,simplicity1 necess>y 9 ! high] =ms ( ! ,associat$ ,arts1 #ga ,skeleton1 z a symbol 9 art1 #ahf et seq4 ,smile1 !1 transitory1 %\ld be avoid$ 9 art1 #aga2 9 ,raphael's "w1 #agc2 9 ,lion>do's1 #agb1 #cda2 ( ! ,milanese arti/s g5]ally1 #agb2 9 portraiture1 #agc2 9 ,fr5* portraits1 #agd2 9 ,briti%1 #agd ,smoke1 use (1 9 illusions ( air susp5sion1 #bfh ,sophocles1 example ( descriptive poetry f1 #caj ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on evolution 9 art1 #bgf ,sport+ pictures1 _! place 9 art1 #he ,sprezzatura1 orig9 (1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #cj et seq42 correspond5ce ) impressionism1 #cb ,/age sc5es1 pictures (1 #bbb ,/ill-life1 its place 9 art1 #he1 #bad2 beauty 91 #bad2 its v>ieties1 #bae2 9 decoration1 #bah2 cu/om ( ! ,japanese 91 #bag ,/ories1 pictures illu/rat+1 _! place 9 art1 #he1 #bba2 pa9t] (1 subord9ate to ! writ]1 #bba ,sublime1 ,!1 ,long9us on1 #gc2 pa9t]s :o h a*iev$1 #bbi ,supreme ,be+1 f9al ideal ( human =m c only apply to1 #hh ,symbolic p]iod ( pa9t+1 ,hegel's1 #bgg ,symbolical pa9t+1 :5 second>y art1 #bbg ,symonds1 ,j4 ,a41 on evolution 9 art1 #bga2 on ! ,v5etian arti/s1 #cej ,t ,ta9e1 ,h41 on music z a non-imitative art1 #bid ,tanagra figures1 quality ( grace 91 #afb ,temp]am5t1 influ5ce (1 on ! "w ( arti/s1 #af ,titian1 z a portrait pa9t]1 #add2 ! dignifi$ pose 9 8 figures1 #adh2 ! pose a te/ ( 8 portraiture1 #cce2 8 impressioni/ l&scape1 #bhh2 8 color+1 #bca2 "s d\btful attributions to1 #ccf ,titles ( pictures1 may assi/ 9 provid+ illusion ( motion1 #beg2 may add int]e/ to a "w1 #ceb ,tol/oy1 ,leo1 on ! mean+ ( art1 #bge2 on popul> appreciation ( art1 #cjg ,trag$y1 only section ( drama :i* ! pa9t] may prop]ly use1 #bba ,translations ( poetry1 v>y+ values (1 #big ,trees 9 art1 ! sl5d] trees ( ,raphael1 #cde2 ( o!r arti/s1 #cde ,turn]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 secret ( 8 success1 #af ,twilight sc5es1 _! place 9 art1 #bjh ,types1 importance (1 9 nature & art1 #ee ,u ,ugl9ess 9 art1 may be us$ 9 poetry1 b n 9 pa9t+1 #cdb2 ,rod9 on1 #cag2 ,less+ on1 #cda2 ,wald/e9 on1 #cah ,unciviliz$ races1 _! und]/&+ ( beauty1 #ccc ,v ,van ,dyck1 ,a41 #cj2 8 portraiture1 #aej ,velasquez1 8 place 9 art1 #dd2 8 simplicity 9 design1 #aeb2 8 limit$ imag9ation1 #aee2 8 execution1 #aec2 comp>$ ) ! ideali/s1 #dc2 8 p]fect balance1 #dc2 claim$ z an impressioni/1 #da1 #bij ,v5us1 h] repres5tation 9 art1 #aaj2 ,anadyom5e1 #aad et seq42 repos+1 #aaf2 at h] toilet1 #aah2 ( ,phidias1 #aaa2 ( ,praxiteles1 #aaa et seq42 ( ,apelles1 #aac2 ( ,raphael1 #aad2 ( ,mi*elangelo1 #aag2 de' ,m$ici1 #aai2 ( ,titian1 #aae2 ( o!r arti/s1 #aae et seq4 ,v]e/*ag91 ,v41 8 w> pictures1 #ahd ,v9ci1 ,lion>do da 7see ,lion>do7 ,virg91 ,! 7see ,madonna1 ,!7 ,virtue & ,vice1 pictures repres5t+1 #agh ,vulcan1 repres5tation 9 pa9t+1 #acb ,w ,wald/e91 ,c41 on ugl9ess 9 sculpture1 #cah ,watts-,dunton1 ,t41 8 def9ition ( poetry1 #bif ,:i/l]1 ,j4 ,mc,n41 8 nocturnes1 #cdi ,w+s1 use (1 9 susp5d$ figures1 #bfb ,wom5 9 portraiture1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #aei2 by ,moro1 #aei2 by ,van ,dyck1 #aei2 by ! eighte5? c5tury ,briti% arti/s1 #afa2 ,reynolds preem95t 9 pa9t+ (1 #afj ,z ,zeus 7see ,jupit]7