,,masterpieces ,,in ,,colour ,,edited ,,by ,t4 ,,leman ,,hare ,,holman ,,hunt #ahbg-aiaj ,illustration ,holman ,hunt ,,by ,,mary ,e4 ,,coleridge ,,illustrated ,,with ,,eight ,,reproductions ,,in ,,colour ,illustration ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack1 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,frederick ,a4 ,,stokes ,,co4 ,,contents ,page ,i4 ,the ,painter's ,youth 7#ahbg-ahed7 #aa ,,ii4 ,the ,east #dh ,,iii4 ,the ,subject ,pictures #eh ,,iv4 ,portraits and ,other ,works #gd ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,plate ,i4 ,portrait of ,holman ,hunt at the age of ,fifteen ,frontispiece ,by kind permission of the painter ,page ,,ii4 ,the ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona #ad ,from the ,birmingham ,art ,gallery ,,iii4 ,isabella and the ,pot of ,basil #bd ,from the painting in the possession of ,mrs4 ,james ,hall ,,iv4 ,the ,light of the ,world #cd ,from the painting in ,keble ,college ,chapel1 ,oxford ,v4 ,the ,scapegoat #dj ,from the painting in possession of ,sir ,cuthbert ,quilter1 ,bart4 ,,vi4 ,the ,triumph of the ,innocents #ej ,from the painting lent by the painter to the ,walker ,art ,gallery1 ,liverpool ,,vii4 ,the ,hireling ,shepherd #fj ,from the painting in the ,manchester ,art ,gallery ,,viii4 ,may ,morning #gj ,by kind permission of the painter ,illustration ,i ,,the ,,painter',s ,,youth 7#ahbg-ahed7 ,art is too tedious an employment for any not infatuated with it4 ,the only artists ,i ever knew who achieved work of note in any sense whatever1 went first through a steady training of several years and afterwards entered their studios with as unwearying a punctuality as business men attend their offices1 worked longer hours than these1 and had fewer holidays1 partly because of their love for art1 but also because of their deep sense of the utter uselessness of grappling with the difficulties besetting the happy issue of each contest1 except at close and unflinching quarters4 ,i have many times in my studio come to such a pass of humiliation that ,i have felt that there was no one thing that ,i had thought ,i could do thoroughly in which ,i was not altogether incapable4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,upon a wintry afternoon in ,london1 in the year #ahcd1 a little boy of six years old was standing on the stairs of a poor artist's house1 watching1 through a window in the wall1 the marvellous deeds of the man within4 ,the man within was painting the ,burning of the ,houses of ,parliament4 ,scarlet and gold6 ,scarlet and gold6 ,he used them up so quickly that he had to grind and prepare more and more4 ,every time he ground with the muller on the slab a fresh supply of vermilion and chrome yellow1 there was a fresh flare up of the conflagration1 another outburst of applause from the little boy4 ,meantime1 the artist's wife put the kettle on the fire1 and cut bread and butter as if nothing out of the way were going on2 and by-and-by she and the father and their children sat down to tea4 ,it seemed very strange to the little watchman that they could behave in this calm1 everyday manner when such wonders were all about them in the room4 ,presently a porter came from a warehouse in ,dyer's ,court1 ,aldermanbury1 where dwelt a merchant1 ,mr4 ,william ,hunt2 and he took the little boy home to his father4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,the ,,two ,,gentlemen ,,of ,,verona4 7,painted in #aheb7 ,the subject of this picture is taken from the last act of ,shakespeare's ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona4 ,it will be remembered that ,proteus and ,valentine had each gone from ,verona to ,milan to improve by travel and by seeing the wonders of the world abroad4 ,later on ,julia1 whose love ,proteus had won1 followed him disguised as a page1 only to discover that the false1 fickle1 and treacherous wooer was endeavouring to supplant his friend ,valentine in the affections of ,sylvia1 the ,duke's daughter4 ,but ,valentine1 interposing at the critical moment1 rescued her4 ,this is the moment the artist depicts4 ,the scene is one of pure bright sunlight1 in which the brilliant colours of the gay costumes tell out with almost startling vividness4 ,in the background are seen advancing the outlaws1 with the ,duke and ,thurio whom they have captured4 ,it adds an interest to the picture to know that ,sylvia was painted from ,miss ,siddall1 who afterwards became the wife of ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti4 ,the beech-tree forest scenery was painted in ,lord ,amherst's park at ,knowle1 ,kent4 ,the picture is in the ,birmingham ,art ,gallery4 ,this little boy had been born on the #bnd ,april #ahbg1 in ,wood ,street1 ,cheapside1 and was christened ,william ,holman at ,st4 ,giles's1 ,cripplegate4 ,from the time that he could hold anything he held a pencil4 ,when he was about four years old he begged for a brush and some paints1 and his joy is thus described3 ,how ,i idolised the implements when they were in my possession6 ,the camel-hair pencil1 with its translucent quill1 rosy-coloured silk binding up its delicate hair at the base1 all embedded together as in amber1 was an equal joy with the gem-like cakes of paint4 ,i carried them about with me in untiring love4 ,a day or two of this joy had not exhausted it1 when1 alas1 alas1 the brush was lost6 ,search proved to be all in vain4 ,i remember going around and over every track about the house and garden4 ,waking up from sorrowing sleep1 in which my continuing pain had been finally relieved by a dream of the lost treasure lying ensconced in some quiet corner1 ,i hurried to the spot1 only to find it vacant4 ,the loss was the greater trouble because it was my first terrible secret4 ,that my father should ever forgive me for losing so beautiful an object was to my distracted mind impossible4 ,what could be done8 ,my hair was straight1 fine1 and of camel brush hue4 ,i cut off pieces to test its fitness for the office of paint-brush1 and as ,i held a little lock ,i found that it would spread the tints fairly well2 but what to do for a handle8 ,quill pens were too big1 and ,i could not see how they could be neatly shortened4 ,a piece of firewood carefully cut promised to make a more manageable stick4 ,with my utmost skill ,i shaped this1 and with a little length of coloured cotton ,i bound a stubborn sprout of hair upon the splint4 ,i was disconcerted to find that it formed a hollow tube4 ,it seemed perverse of fate to ordain that just in the handle where it was needed to be hollow it should be solid1 and that the hair which should be solid would form an empty pipe4 ,attempts to drill the stick into a tube failed1 but there was an expedient for making the tuft fuller4 ,cutting a cross cleft in the bottom of the wood1 ,i inserted a straight length of hair1 which ,i then rebound with its crimson thread4 ,with gum ,i managed patiently to bind down loose ends and to give an improving gloss to the whole4 ,my fears grew apace1 since every hour there was a danger of inquiry for the lost pencil4 ,i summoned up1 therefore1 an assumption of assurance1 trusting that my father would see no difference between my brush and his4 ,i went forward to him1 holding the trophy very tenderly lest it should fall to pieces4 ,he turned his eyes1 they became bewildered1 his usual loving look made a frown from him the more to be dreaded4 ,i fortified my spirit1 saying1 ',thank you very much1 father1 for your brush4' ,he took it with1 ',what's this8' and turned it over4 ,breathless ,i sobbed2 he burst out laughing1 and so brought a torrent of tears to my eyes4 ,he exclaimed1 ',oh1 ,i see1 it's my brush1 is it8' caught me up and tossed me aloft several times1 ending with a scrubbing on my cheek from his close-shaven chin4 ,this was the reception of my first work of art4#a #a ,pre-,raphaelitism and the ,pre-,raphaelite ,brotherhood1 vol4 i41 by ,w4 ,holman ,hunt4 ,the warehouse was a mysterious place full of laughter and talk by day2 empty1 silent1 and vast at night when the master went over it with a bull's-eye lantern4 ,a funny man called ,henry ,pinchers busied himself with velvet binding on the third floor4 ,the jests of ,henry ,pinchers were of infinite charm4 ,he had had to take two steps back for every step forward1 he declared1 one cold morning4 ,then how did you get to the warehouse at all8 asked his delighted auditor4 ,don't you see1 you silly boy1 ,i turned round and walked backwards6 said ,henry ,pinchers4 ,other people were not much more clear than he in their answers to questions4 ,temple ,bar was so called because there was no other name2 and the martyrs were burnt at ,smithfield because they were martyrs4 ,whether the child found more satisfaction at the school to which1 soon after1 he was sent1 does not appear4 ,the lessons from the ,new ,testament read to him there made a deep impression upon his mind1 and were remembered in years to come4 ,the gain in thoughtfully-spent life is the continual disturbance of absolute convictions4 ,but there are certain convictions of childhood which are never effaced4 ,the choice of a profession was not left to the last moment in those days4 ,he was but twelve when his father asked him what he would like to be4 ,a painter6 he said at once2 and the sorrowful silence that followed told him what he knew already--that his choice was not looked on with approval4 ,his father had taken him away from school1 and was about to find for him a situation in which he would have to go about with invoices for goods from nine in the morning till eight at night4 ,no time for drawing2 no time for painting in scarlet and gold6 ,the idea did not harmonise with his presentiment of that which had to be4 ,he set about to look for a place for himself1 and explained the various qualifications that he possessed in the way of reading1 writing1 and arithmetic1 to the master of a boy-friend who was leaving that gentleman's office4 ,after some friendly chaff as to why he had not thought of enlisting as a ,grenadier1 to which he replied in all good faith1 ,i really should like your place better1 his services were accepted1 and his father--amused1 and gratified1 no doubt1 by the master's ready interest in the boy--consented that he should stay4 ,the master1 ,mr4 ,james1 drew and painted himself4 ,far from discouraging his apprentice1 he gave him his own box of oil-colours with directions how to prepare them2 draughtsmanship was studied at a night school for mechanics1 and the little salary expended on weekly lessons from a portrait-painter who had learnt from a pupil of a pupil of ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,his father1 who had permitted this1 was displeased1 however1 to find that on ,mr4 ,james's retirement he had time to visit the ,national ,gallery2 and once again1 to avoid more unendurable subjection1 he secured a place at the ,london ,agency of ,richard ,cobden's ,manchester business4 ,here he sat by himself in a little room that looked out on three blank walls1 made entries in a ledger1 pondered over the ,bible stories heard at school1 and the far-away land where they happened1 drew pen-and-ink flies on the window with such accurate realism that his employer took out a handkerchief to brush them away1 designed patterns for calicoes--taught by an occasional clerk4 ,here1 too1 he painted the portrait of an old orange-woman called ,hannah1 a ,jewess1 who came into the office and asked him to buy of her2 if only for a handsel to break her ill-luck of the morning4 ,the portrait was such a good likeness that the employer laughed aloud when he saw it2 the fame of the thing spread fast4 ,one night his father told him of this remarkable picture1 adding that he certainly ought to see it2 but no sooner had he discovered the artist than he threatened to take him away altogether if stricter discipline were not observed4 ,hunt was now sixteen2 he had borne with the city for four years2 if he waited until he came of age it would be too late to think of art as a profession4 ,he took his life into his own hands1 and declared that he meant to become a student at the ,royal ,academy1 that he must be allowed to draw at the ,british ,museum that he might qualify himself to pass the entrance examination4 ,he just contrived to make both ends meet by copy and portrait work three days out of the six4 ,he learnt more from fellow-students than from masters4 ,the first real instruction came from a pupil of ,wilkie's1 who told him1 as he sat copying ,the ,blind ,fiddler1 that ,wilkie painted without dead colour underneath1 and finished each bit in turn like a fresco-painter4 ,after this he found out for himself that quattrocentist work was very beautiful1 and that the beauty of it was due to the early training of the artists in fresco4 ,he was by nature hasty and impatient1 and the city portrait-painter had encouraged rather than checked a tendency to handle his tools with loose bravura4 ,he set himself to unlearn these lessons1 to work with accurate and humble patience4 ,the hardest part of the endeavour had yet to come4 ,twice over he failed to find his name upon the list of those accepted as probationers for the ,academy4 ,another precious year gone6 ,his father appealed to him to give it up4 ,you are wasting time and energy4 ,you can paint well enough to make friends admire you2 but you cannot compete with others1 who have genius to begin with1 who have received an excellent education4 ,are you not yourself convinced8 ,the sense of discouragement was bitter4 ,six months more he asked for one other trial2 if1 for the third time1 he failed1 he would go back to business4 ,one day1 as he stood at work in the ,museum1 a boy dressed in a velvet tunic1 and belt1 his bright brown hair curling over a turned-down white collar1 darted aside as he went by1 gazed attentively at the drawing for a minute or two1 and was off again4 ,he knew the boy1 for he had seen him take the ,gold ,medal at the ,academy over the head of all the older students4 ,he returned the visit on his way through the ,elgin room1 where young ,millais was at work on the ,ulysses4 ,quickly the younger artist turned round4 ,i say1 are not you the fellow doing that good drawing in ,no4 ,,xiii4 room8 ,you ought to be at the ,academy4 ,that is exactly my opinion4 ,but1 unfortunately1 the ,council have twice decided the other way4 ,you just send the drawing you are doing now1 and you'll be in like a shot4 ,you take my word for it2 ,i ought to know2 ,i've been there as a student1 you know1 five years4 ,i got the first medal last year in the antique1 and it's not the first given me1 ,i can tell you4444 ,i say1 tell me whether you have begun to paint8 ,what8 ,i'm never to tell2 it is your deadly secret4 ,ah6 ah6 ah6 that's a good joke6 ,you'll be drawn and quartered without even being respectably hung by the ,council of ',forty' if you are known to have painted before completing your full course in the antique4 ,why1 ,i'm as bad as you1 for ,i've painted a long while4 ,i say1 do you ever sell what you do8 ,so do ,i4 ,i've often got ten pounds1 and even double4 ,do you paint portraits8 ,yes1 ,i said2 but ,i'm terribly behind you4 ,how old are you8 he asked4 ,well1 ,i'm seventeen1 ,i replied4 ,i'm only fifteen just struck2 but don't you be afraid4 ,why1 there are students of the ,academy just fifty and more4 ,there's old ,pickering2 he once got a picture into the ,exhibition1 and he quite counts upon making a sensation when he has finished his course2 but he is very reluctant to force on his genius4 ,will you be here to-morrow8 ,no1 ,i whispered2 it's my portrait day1 but don't betray me4 ,good-bye4 ,don't you be down in the mouth1 he laughed out1 as ,i walked away more light-hearted than ,i had been for months4#b #b ,pre-,raphaelitism1 vol4 i4 p4 #ef4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,isabella1 ,,or ,,the ,,pot ,,of ,,basil ,when ,isabella found her murdered lover's grave in the forest she brought home his head in anxious secrecy4 ,then in a silken scarf--sweet with the dews ,of precious flowers pluck'd in ,araby1 ,and divine liquids come with odorous ooze ,through the cold serpent pipe refreshfully1-- ,she wrapp'd it up2 and for its tomb did choose ,a garden pot1 wherein she laid it by1 ,and cover'd it with mould1 and o'er it set ,sweet ,basil1 which her tears kept ever wet4 ,and she forgot the stars1 the moon1 and sun1 ,and she forgot the blue above the trees1 ,and she forgot the dells where waters run1 ,and she forgot the chilly autumn breeze2 ,she had no knowledge when the day was done1 ,and the new morn she saw not3 but in peace ,hung over her sweet ,basil evermore ,and moisten'd it with tears unto the core4 ,keats4 ,the picture is lent by ,mrs4 ,james ,hall to the ,laing ,art ,gallery1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,at the next examination ,hunt passed4 ,i told you so4 ,i knew you'd soon be in1 said ,millais1 when next they met at the ,academy4 ,it was the beginning of one of those rare friendships that make high things possible4 ,in the room at #hc ,gower ,street1 where ,millais painted while his mother sat at her work-table1 ,holman ,hunt was now often to be found4 ,they both help me1 ,i can tell you1 said ,millais1 as he stood with one hand on his father's shoulder1 and the other on ,mrs4 ,millais' chair4 ,he's really capital1 and does a lot of useful things4 ,look what a good head he has4 ,i have painted several of the old doctors from him4 ,by making a little alteration in each1 and putting on different kinds of beards2 he does splendidly4 ,couldn't be better1 could he8 ,and he sits for hands and draperies too4 ,and as for mamma1 she reads to me and finds me subjects4 ,she gets me all ,i want in the way of dresses and makes them up for me1 and searches out difficult questions for me at the ,british ,museum--in the library1 you know4 ,she's very clever1 ,i can tell you4 ,he stooped down and rubbed his curly head against her forehead1 and then patted the old daddy1 as he called him1 on the back4 ,the father was then only about forty-seven4444#c #c ,pre-,raphaelitism1 vol4 i4 p4 #fa4 ,many and eager were the discussions that took place among the students4 ,hunt's first visit to the ,national ,gallery1 while he was still at the office1 had not been altogether a success4 ,the ,age of ,brown was flourishing4 ,bacchus and ,ariadne was brown then4 ,in fact when1 some few years later1 it was cleaned1 and the original colours appeared1 many people said they preferred it brown4 ,lost in the brown air1 and quite unable to derive any pleasure from ,venus attired by the ,graces1 the new-comer1 standing in front of ,titian's masterpiece1 inquired where were the really grand paintings of the great master's8 ,that picture before you1 sir1 of ',bacchus and ,ariadne' is one of the finest specimens existing of the greatest colourist in the world4 ,here the custodian stopped to understand my paralysed expression4 ,can't you see its beauty1 sir8 ,not much1 ,i must confess1 ,i slowly stammered2 it is as brown as my grandmother's painted tea-tray4 ,he stared hopelessly and then left me1 only adding as a parting shot1 ,in the other rooms there are some wonderful ,rubens1 a consummate ,guido1 and miraculous heads by ,vandyke1 and several supremely fine ,rembrandts2 they will at least equal your grandmother's tea-tray2 perhaps you'll be able to see some beauty in them4#d #d ,pre-,raphaelitism1 vol4 i4 p4 #ai4 ,it took wonderful courage in those days to go on thinking that grass and trees were green1 when all the eminent teachers maintained that so far as ,art was concerned1 they were brown1 and that if you only painted them brown for several years an eye for ,nature would come4 ,they were green1 however1 at ,ewell in ,surrey1 whither the young artist went one autumn4 ,while he was there1 his first picture1 ,woodstock1 was sold for ,l#bj4 ,furthermore1 a fellow-student borrowed from ,cardinal ,wiseman vol4 i4 of ,modern ,painters1 and lent it to him for twenty-four hours4 ,he sat up most of the night to read it4 ,he had fished out a copy of ,keats from a box marked ,this lot #d;d41 and determined to paint a scene from ,the ,eve of ,st4 ,agnes4 ,it's like a parson1 said ,millais1 laughing--a curious commentary on the reading of ,isabella2 but he soon came round4 ,millais had begun to assert his independence of judgment1 to the no small wrath of his mother4 ,johnnie is behaving abominably1 she said4 ,i want you1 ,hunt1 to hear2 you would not believe it2 he shuts us out of the studio altogether2 he is there now all alone4 ,for twelve days now neither his father nor ,i have been allowed to enter the room4 ,i appeal to you2 is that the way to treat parents8 ,he cannot expect to prosper1 can he1 now8 ,i hope you will tell him so4 ,at this point a voice was heard from the studio4 ,is not that ,hunt8 ,don't mind what they say4 ,come here4#e #e ,pre-,raphaelitism1 etc41 vol4 i4 p4 #hj4 ,some time afterwards1 a wonderful conversation on the relative merits of the ,old ,masters was interrupted by a quiet knock at the door4 ,who's there8 asked my companion4 ,i have brought you the tea myself1 said the mother4 ,i was hurrying forward when ,millais stopped me with his hand1 and a silent shake of the head4 ,i really can't let you in1 mamma2 please put the tray down at the door1 and ,i'll take it in myself4 ,the mother made one more attempt2 in vain4 ,on went the talk4 ,when ,hunt had risen to say ,good-bye1 ,oh no6 said ,millais1 you must come in and see the old people1 which brought to my mind the prospect of a terrible quarter of an hour4 ,johnnie burst into the sitting-room1 ,i came very bashfully behind4 ,now1 we've come to have a nice time with you1 mamma and papa4 ,we don't wish1 said the mother1 to tax your precious time at all2 we have our own occupations to divert us and engage our attention1 and the crochet needles were more intently plied4 ,hoity-toity1 what's all this8 ,put down your worsted work at once4 ,i'm going to play backgammon with you directly2 and he straightway fetched the board from its corner1 and laid it on the table before her4 ,you know1 ,hunt1 how shamefully he has been behaving1 and ,i appeal to you to say whether it is not barefacedness to come in and treat us as though nothing had occurred1 appealed the mother4 ,the us was chosen because at the time ,johnnie had gone to his father with the guitar1 placing it in his hand and remarking1 as he put his arms round the paternal shoulders3 ,now1 as we are too busy in the day to see one another1 it's more jolly that we should do so after work1 so just you be a dear old papa1 and now prove to ,hunt what a splendid musician you are4 ,hunt used to practise the violin once1 but his family didn't like it1 and he could not be annoying them in music and painting1 too1 so he gave up his fiddling2 but he's very fond of music4 ,you play that exquisite air out of ,rigoletto6 ,and then turning to me he added1 ,there's no one in ,england has such an erect back as he has2 while to him he railingly said1 ,you want pressing1 like a shy young lady4 ,his father was1 however1 already tuning the strings1 when his son went over to the still irreconcilable mother1 took her needles away1 kissed her1 and wheeled her in the chair round to the table where the opened chess-board was arranged awaiting her4 ,the father had already commenced the air1 which at my solicitation he repeated1 and afterwards played ,the ,harmonious ,blacksmith4 ,the radiant faces of both parents gradually witnessed to their content2 while the son beat time to the music1 he paid no less attention to the game with the mother4 ,the two boys worked hard4 ,they sat up all night long in ,millais' studio2 they kept themselves awake with coffee2 they encouraged one another with talk2 when ,millais was tired to death of his own picture he worked on ,hunt's1 and ,hunt on his4 ,cymon and ,iphigenia and ,the ,eve of ,st4 ,agnes were sent in to the ,academy at eleven o'clock on the last night possible for sending in at all1 and next day1 in the exuberance of their joyful relief1 they accompanied the ,chartist procession to ,kensington ,common--,millais keen to see more of the fray than his companion thought prudent4 ,one great disappointment bravely borne by ,millais1 marked the ,academy of that year2 ,cymon and ,iphigenia was not hung4 ,hunt1 however1 gained an outspoken admirer in the person of an ,italian student1 ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti4 ,the best picture there6 said he1 as he stood before ,the ,eve of ,st4 ,agnes1 and he said it loudly too4 ,he did not admire it the less because the subject was taken from ,keats1 whom he adored4 ,he loved and studied the ,golden ,gates of ,ghiberti--another point of agreement4 ,he was passionately fond of ,art1 but dejected by the enforced study of glass bottles under the stern guidance of ,ford ,madox ,brown4 ,what was he to do8 ,he could not go on with those bottles4 ,hunt consented that they should share a studio3 and he became an ardent1 fascinating1 but very troublesome learner4 ,he hummed and moaned1 rocking himself to and fro as he sat thinking2 he raved and raged while he was painting1 causing angelic little girl models to weep2 he sat up night after night before his easel1 eating or sleeping as the fit came upon him4 ,he was perpetually encircled by a crowd of noisy followers1 and he had a most inconvenient way of showing them everything in the studio1 and asking them all to supper when the cupboard was bare--a very different friend from the un-,bohemian ,millais1 who in those days would not even smoke a pipe4 ,i have always been told by artists that a pipe is of incalculable comfort to the nerves1 that when harassed by the difficulties of a problem it solaces them4 ,that is the very reason1 it seems to me1 for not smoking4 ,a man ought to get relief only by solving his problem1 said ,millais4 ,very different1 too1 from the genial atmosphere of his home was that of the ,rossetti household1 where there were strange gatherings of ,italian exiles by the hearth4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,the ,,light ,,of ,,the ,,world ,behold1 ,i stand at the door and knock4 ,my types were of natural figures such as language had originally employed to express transcendental ideas1 and they were used by me with no confidence that they would interest any other mind than my own4 ,the closed door was the obstinately shut mind1 the weeds the cumber of daily neglect1 the accumulated hindrances of sloth2 the orchard the garden of delectable fruit for the dainty feast of the soul4 ,the music of the still small voice was the summons to the sluggard to awaken and become a zealous labourer under the ,divine ,master2 the bat flitting about only in darkness was a natural type of ignorance2 the kingly and priestly dress of ,christ1 the sign of ,his reign over the body and the soul to them who could give their allegiance to ,him and acknowledge ,god's over-rule4 ,in making it a night scene1 lit mainly by the lantern carried by ,christ1 ,i had followed metaphorical explanation in the ,psalms1 ',thy word is a lamp unto my feet1 and a light unto my path1' with also the accordant allusions by ,st4 ,paul to the sleeping soul1 ',the night is far spent1 the day is at hand4' ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,the picture hangs in ,keble ,college ,chapel1 ,oxford4 ,then you are ,pre-,raphaelite6 the other students cried1 laughing1 when self-willed ,hunt quoted ,sir ,charles ,ball to prove that the action of the demoniac boy in ,raphael's ,transfiguration was all wrong4 ,the word was caught up1 turned into a challenge1 ,p and ,r1 two of the mystic initials that were so soon to charm and to enrage ,london1 were formed4 ,the ,b was added at the suggestion of ,rossetti1 whose love of the mediaeval at once required a ,brotherhood4 ,need it be said that there had to be seven ,brothers1 and that the ,brotherhood was to be kept a secret8 ,rossetti's brother ,william1 who had never learnt how to draw2 a nominal pupil of ,hunt's1 ,f4 ,g4 ,stephens1 who had never learnt how to paint2 ,woolner1 who was a sculptor1 and ,james ,collinson1 were quickly enlisted4 ,collinson1 said ,rossetti1 is a born stunner4 ,where's your flock8 shouted out ,millais4 ,i expected to see them behind you4 ,tell me all about it4 ,they held their first meeting in his studio1 over a set of engravings of the frescoes in the ,campo ,santo at ,pisa4 ,the three leaders were all1 at this time1 eager to establish some starting-point for their art which would be secure1 if it were ever so humble4 ,they admired what was true in the works of ,raphael as much as any one else4 ,pre-,raphaelitism is not ,pre-,raphaelism1 but they held that1 since his day1 pride and the dogged observance of rule without reference to ,nature had destroyed sincerity4 ,as they turned over the pages of the book1 they hailed with delight in the old frescoes of ,gozzoli that freedom from corruption1 pride1 and disease for which they sought4 ,think what a revelation it was to find such work at such a moment1 and to recognise it with the triple enthusiasm of our three spirits6 ,they all agreed that they would make a series of designs from ,keats in the new manner4 ,millais' ,lorenzo and ,isabella1 in his friends' judgment the most wonderful picture ever painted by a man under twenty1 was the immediate fruit of this resolve4 ,nature had gifted ,rossetti with a hopeful temperament which was of no small service to ,hunt in the dark days of discouragement that followed4 ,when the latter was tempted to mourn over the waste of his young years in the city1 the former pointed out to him that he had learnt to know men1 and the ways of men1 instead of mere bookish things that were of very little use in life4 ,what did it matter whether the sun went round the earth or the earth went round the sun8 ,what did anything scientific matter in comparison with ,dante1 with the poetry of ,browning1 which he would recite1 over the fire1 by twenty pages at a time1 with ,tennyson and ,henry ,taylor and ,coventry ,patmore8#f ,when ,mr4 ,james1 the city man1 the owner of the original colour-box1 reduced ,hunt to despair by his damning criticism of the new picture ,rienzi1 ,but the man's a born fool6 exclaimed ,rossetti1 with screams of laughter4 ,when pounds1 shillings1 and pence ran low1 ,can you not understand1 said he1 that there are hundreds of young aristocrats and millionaires growing up who will be only too glad to get due direction how to make the country as glorious as ,greece was1 and as ,italy8 ,in ,paris1 in ,belgium1 in the country he was the most delightful of companions1 and it was he who led as the ,brethren walked up and down ,stanhope ,street after their work1 singing the ,marseillaise or ,mourir pour la patrie4 #f ,hunt1 who had written poetry himself1 mostly in couplet form1 and in the ,spenserian stanza1 gave it up on account of ,rossetti's greater proficiency4 ,throughout his youth1 however1 ,rossetti acted on impulse1 without consideration as to the effect upon others4 ,when it was time to send in for the ,academy he was not quite ready with the charming picture painted in ,hunt's studio1 and1 for the sake of a few more days in which to finish1 he sent instead to the ,hyde ,park ,gallery1 which opened a week earlier than ,burlington ,house4 ,the ,girlhood of ,mary1 ,virgin1 signed with the mystic ,p4,r4,b41 the meaning of which was then unknown1 except to the seven ,brothers1 appeared1 therefore1 a week earlier than ,hunt's ,rienzi and ,millais' ,lorenzo and ,isabella1 signed with the same initials1 and1 for good and for evil1 ,rossetti began to be spoken of as the precursor of a new school4 ,the effect on him was twofold4 ,unable to endure hostile criticism1 at the first touch of it1 the year after1 when he showed ,the ,annunciation1 he resolved that he would never again exhibit in public2 but1 pleased at the pre-eminence given him by those who were not behind the scenes1 he withdrew from partnership with ,hunt in the studio2 and more and more1 as time went on1 from his society and that of ,millais4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,the ,,scapegoat ,the ,apostles regarded it 7the ,scapegoat7 as a symbol of the ,christian ,church1 teaching both them and their followers submission and patience under affliction4444 ,one important part of the ceremony was the binding a scarlet fillet round the head of this second goat when he was conducted away from the ,temple1 hooted at with execration1 and stoned until he was lost to sight in the wilderness4 ,the ,high ,priest kept a portion of this scarlet fillet in the ,temple1 with the belief that it would become white if the corresponding fillet on the fugitive goat had done so1 as a signal that the ,almighty had forgiven their iniquities4444 ,the whole image is a perfect one of the persecution and trials borne by the ,apostolic ,church1 and perhaps by the ,church1 as subtly understood1 to this day4 ,the picture was originally called ,azazel3 it was painted near ,oosdoom by the ,dead ,sea4 ,every minute the mountains became more gorgeous and solemn1 the whole scene more unlike anything ever portrayed4 ,afar all seemed of the brilliancy and preciousness of jewels1 while near1 it proved to be only salt and burnt lime1 with decayed trees and broken branches brought down by the rivers feeding the lake4 ,skeletons of animals1 which had perished for the most part in crossing the ,jordan and the ,jabbok1 had been swept here1 and lay salt-covered1 so that birds and beasts of prey left them them untouched4 ,it was a most appropriate scene for my subject1 and each minute ,i rejoiced more in my work4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,sir ,cuthbert ,quilter is the owner of this picture4 ,rienzi honourably hung in the large room1 pendant to ,lorenzo and ,isabella1 made a favourable impression1 but was not sold until after the closing of the ,academy2 and meantime1 the landlord seized ,hunt's books1 furniture1 and sketches1 and he was obliged to return to his family4 ,as soon as he could he paid the man1 who thought he had been shamming poverty4 ,at one time he was not able to post a letter because he had not even a penny wherewith to buy the stamp2 as he threw himself back on a chair1 he thrust his hand between the back and the seat1 and lo1 it came in contact with half-a-crown6 ,when he went to ,lambeth to paint the background of ,claudio and ,isabella1 the man who carried his traps was so much better dressed that the porter was taken for the artist4 ,still1 he was in good heart1 and he and ,millais1 eager to improve the reputation already gained1 were hard at work upon two large works1 ,christians escaping from ,persecuting ,druids and ,christ in the ,carpenter's ,shop1 when all at once a derisive paragraph appeared in one of the papers1 betraying the significance of the three letters1 ,p4,r4,b41 and holding up the new school to ridicule4 ,munro the sculptor had wormed the secret out of ,rossetti1 and1 after promising not to tell1 he had passed it on to a journalist4 ,the storm of anger which followed was curiously out of proportion to the cause4 ,the ,germ1 a magazine started at ,rossetti's instigation1 to be the organ of ,pre-,raphaelites1 would have failed1 it may be1 in any case1 for lack of funds2 but jealousy1 and that hatred of light which is peculiar to old institutions1 can alone account for the venomous reception of the new pictures1 when once the secret of the letters became known4 ,the ,academy sprang to arms2 the older artists1 and their pupils1 waxed furious4 ,they enlisted literature on their side4 ,dickens joined in the hue and cry4 ,with the honourable exception of ,the ,spectator1 every single paper attacked the men who had dared to break with tradition4 ,raphael had been insulted2 ,raphael was1 it appeared1 the idol of all ,england4 ,ruskin came1 flashing1 to the rescue a year later1 with a letter to ,the ,times1 in which he declared that since the days of ,albert ,duerer1 there had been nothing in art so earnest or so complete as the pictures of ,millais and ,holman ,hunt4 ,they were not this year hung together2 they were placed in a less favourable light4 ,the onslaughts of the press were well sustained4 ,valentine and ,sylvia 7the subject taken from ,shakespeare's ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona7 had suffered1 in part1 from ,hunt's distress of mind and the want of means occasioned by the bad conduct of a man whom he trusted2 even after ,ruskin's letter no one ventured to buy4 ,nobody came to him for a portrait now4 ,his father's acquaintance in the city offered to bet ,l#aj that any picture of his would be sent back within a week4 ,anonymous insults poured in upon him4 ,a publisher1 who had asked for illustrations of ,longfellow1 declined to publish them4 ,debt was staring him in the face1 and failure seemed absolute4 ,at this crisis of fortune1 when he had resolved that he must give up ,art and adopt some other line of life--preferably that of a settler in the backwoods--,millais came forward4 ,he had freed himself from personal straits only a week or two earlier2 now1 with the warm concurrence of his father and mother1 he offered to share every penny he had with his friend4 ,his generous will to help overcame all resistance2 the money--repaid the following year--was advanced2 and the two ,brothers went off to ,surbiton together1 to paint ,ophelia and ,the ,hireling ,shepherd4 ,valentine and ,sylvia had been retouched and sent to ,liverpool1 where a prize of ,l#ej was offered for the finest painting4 ,never did the two gentlemen1 even in their native ,verona1 provoke more comment than followed their footsteps wherever they appeared in ,england4 ,immediately1 anonymous insults in letters and papers began again4 ,week after week went by2 there was not a word from the authorities4 ,at last it grew intolerable4 ,the painter turned on his tormentors4 ,he had never seriously expected such distinction for a moment2 but he determined to write to the committee1 and ask1 by way of bitter satire1 why the prize had not been awarded to him4 ,happily1 his designs1 and a book in which he was interested1 kept him up too late to begin that night4 ,next morning1 as he sat at work not far from the house1 he heard ,millais' voice1 ,another letter from ,liverpool6 ,valentine and ,sylvia had won the prize2 and they gave three cheers for the ,council in chorus4 ,the happy days of comradeship at the old1 ghost-haunted house called ,worcester ,park ,farm glided by all too fast4 ,millais became intent upon ,the ,huguenot2 ,hunt continued ,the ,hireling ,shepherd while the sun shone2 after dark he threw his strength into ,the ,light of the ,world4 ,whenever the moon was full1 although it was so cold that people skated in the daytime1 he would work out-of-doors from nine at night until five the next morning4 ,for the most part he enjoyed undisturbed solitude1 but now and then a friendly guardian of the public peace came to see what he was about4 ,have you seen other artists painting landscape about here8 he inquired4 ,i can't exactly say as ,i have at this time o' night1 said the policeman4 ,his nocturnal studies continued to arouse interest even after the return to ,london4 ,as he was coming back to ,chelsea on a 'bus one night the driver entertained him with descriptions of the eccentric persons who lived there1 ,carlyle among them1 and ,i've been told as how he gets his living by teaching people to write4 ,then he went on confidentially1 ,but ,i'll show you another queer cove if you're coming round the corner4 ,you see him well from the 'bus4 ,he's a cove1 in the first place1 as has a something standing all night at one winder1 while he sits down at the other1 or stands1 and seemingly is a-drawing of it4 ,he doesn't go to bed like other ,christians1 but stays long after the last 'bus has come in2 and1 as the perlice tells us1 when the clock strikes four1 out goes the gas1 down comes the gemman1 opens the street door1 runs down ,cheyne ,walk as hard as he can pelt1 and when he gets to the end he turns and runs back again1 opens his door1 goes in1 and nobody sees no more of him4 ,pre-,raphaelitism went steadily forward4 ,the ,light of the ,world was not yet ready1 but the wonderful ,academy of #aheb contained ,the ,hireling ,shepherd1 ,millais' ,ophelia and ,the ,huguenot1 and ,ford ,madox ,brown's fine picture1 painted after the same method1 ,christ ,washing ,peter's ,feet4 ,the ,strayed ,sheep1 a beautiful little landscape begun for a gentleman who admired ,the ,hireling ,shepherd1 but did not wish for so large a picture1 was painted at ,fairlight1 soon afterwards4 ,at the ,academy of #ahec ,claudio and ,isabella hung in the first room4 ,in #ahed ,the ,light of the ,world was finished1 and sold to ,mr4 ,combe of ,oxford4 ,the ,awakened ,conscience went to the ,academy the same year4 ,and now a plan that had been in the artist's mind ever since1 as a child1 he listened to the words of the ,new ,testament at school1 found sudden fulfilment4 ,the cry of the ,east was in his ears2 he would go to the ,east1 and paint a sacred picture there4 ,as on so many other occasions throughout his life1 he met with violent opposition4 ,he would lose all that he had gained at such cost and have to begin over again on his return2 he would find nothing but overgrown weeds1 no beauty that was not tenfold more beautiful in ,england2 he would get ,syrian fever and be an invalid for the rest of his days2 he would die like ,wilkie4 ,rossetti said that local colour interfered with the poetry of design4 ,ruskin said that he was giving up the real purpose of his life1 which was to train a new school of art4 ,what ,millais said does not appear4 ,what ,millais did was to help in the packing1 which had been left to the last minute1 so that there was no time for dinner1 and to rush to the buffet for any likely food that he could find and toss it into the railway carriage after the train had begun to move4 ,upon a parting gift from ,rossetti were written these lines from ,philip van ,artevelde3 ,there's that betwixt us been1 which we remember ,till they forget themselves1 till all's forgot1 ,till the deep sleep falls on them in that bed ,from which no morrow's mischief knocks them up4 ,,ii ,,the ,,east ,i regard the man who has not sojourned in a tent as one who has not thoroughly lived4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,the first period of life was over4 ,the mystic letters were used no more2 after the savage onslaughts of the press it had been determined that ,pre-,raphaelites should be recognised by their work alone1 not by any arbitrary signal4 ,henceforth each of the ,brothers followed his own line4 ,marriage came in due course4 ,mr4 ,holman ,hunt has been twice married2 he has two sons and a daughter4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,the ,,innocents ,you know that in the most beautiful former conceptions of the ,flight into ,egypt1 the ,holy ,family were always represented as watched over and ministered to by attendant angels4 ,but only the safety and peace of the ,divine ,child and its mother are thought of4 ,no sadness or wonder of meditation returns to the desolate homes of ,bethlehem4 ,but in this ,english picture all the story of the escape1 as of the flight1 is told in fulness of peace and yet of compassion4 ,the travel is in the dead of the night1 the way unseen and unknown2 but partly stooping from the starlight1 and partly floating on the desert mirage1 move with the ,holy ,family the glorified souls of the ,innocents4 ,clear in celestial light1 and gathered into child garlands of gladness1 they look to the ,child in whom they live1 and yet for whom they die4 ,waters of the ,river of ,life flow before on the sands2 the ,christ stretches out ,his arms to the nearest of them--leaning from ,his mother's breast4444 ,you may well imagine for yourselves how the painter's 444 better than magical power of giving effects of intense light1 has aided the effort of his imagination1 while the passion of his subject has developed in him a swift grace of invention which1 for my own part1 ,i never recognised in his design till now4 ,ruskin4 ,the canvas is now in the ,walker ,art ,gallery1 ,liverpool4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,middlemore has a replica4 ,the ,scapegoat--a subject which he had thought of suggesting to ,landseer--was painted by the shore of the ,dead ,sea4 ,after many negotiations1 for the country was in a troubled state and he risked his life by going1 he encamped there1 with a little band of followers to protect him1 and a goat4 ,soleiman1 one of the ,arabs1 desired--though only seven years younger than himself--to be his son4 ,by what name should he call him8 ,hunt8 ,that was no name at all4 ,holman8 ,that was not much better4 ,william1 however1 pronounced ,wullaum1 he found very good4 ,one night1 when the dews fell heavily1 and they were some way from the encampment1 ,hunt1 afraid of the effect of a chill1 began waltzing--with his gun for a partner--to keep himself warm4 ,soleiman was overcome with amazement4 ,henceforth let me be your brother1 said he--unconscious that he had become a ,pre-,raphaelite--as he flung his arms round the neck of this wonderful man4 ,you are indeed inspired2 you dance like a dervish2 you are one4 ,can you do it again8 ,yes1 my brother1 and away the wonderful man went1 a second and a third time1 again and yet again4 ,he was asked to repeat the performance for the benefit of the others1 who yelled with delight when they heard of it1 but this he declined to do2 and the next day ,soleiman invited him to marry the daughter of the sheik his uncle1 and to become sheik instead of himself when the old man died1 that he might lead the tribe in battle1 and act as dancing-dervish in times of peace4 ,where had he been born8 ,in ,london8 ,what was ,london8--a mountain8 or a plain8 ,not a city like ,jerusalem with walls and gates and shops8--,never1 my brother6 ,i will never believe that you are a citizen--never6 ,i know you are an ,english bedawee1 and you were born in a tent4 ,in spite of all this filial and fraternal affection1 ,soleiman was not much good when danger threatened4 ,there are robbers1 he declared one day2 they are coming this way--one1 two1 three1 on horseback1 and two--wait1 three--yes1 four on foot4 ,you must put down your umbrella1 shut up your picture1 cover it with stones4 ,they will not be here for an hour4 ,we will go up in the mountains4 ,no1 said ,hunt1 he should stay where he was1 it was a good work that he had in hand2 ,allah would help him2 he was quite content4 ,after several passionate appeals1 off went ,soleiman by himself1 taking the donkey4 ,the robbers presently appeared1 seven of them1 on foot and on horseback1 armed with long spears1 with guns and swords and clubs4 ,the painter painted on unconcernedly4 ,they drew up in a semicircle round him1 and the chief shouted for water4 ,the artist looked at him from his head to his horse's feet--at the others also1 and then resumed his work4 ,again the chief clamoured4 ,they might have water1 the artist said at last1 since the day was hot2 but ,englishmen were not the servants of ,arabs1 and he was an ,englishman2 they must fetch it themselves4 ,and he continued to paint4 ,are you here alone8 they inquired4 ,no2 there was an ,arab4 ,thereupon they requested that he might be called4 ,but ,i don't want him1 said the artist4 ,we want him4 ,well then1 you call him4 ,his name is ,soleiman4 ,soleiman1 however1 made no reply4 ,there is no one1 or he would answer1 they said distrustfully4 ,he is afraid4 ,you know best how to reassure him4 ,at length ,soleiman came slowly down through the rocks1 driving the donkey4 ,a long conversation followed--a wonderful description by his brother of the gun with two souls which he had1 of the pistol that would fire more than five times without reloading1 of his accomplishments as a dancing-dervish and as a story-teller 7especially about ,lot71 of the manner in which he wrote all day in coloured inks the sky1 the mountains1 the plain1 the sea1 even the salt1 on that large paper4 ,the ,arabs became intensely suspicious4 ,what could these things mean8 ,he had the white goat led over the ground1 they supposed1 to charm it4 ,he was a magician4 ,he would go back to ,england2 he would wipe out the coloured inks with a sponge2 he would find the ,cities of the ,plain underneath2 he would be lord of a great treasure4 ,for the present they agreed that they would let him alone2 but he considered it prudent to waltz home that night4 ,my dreams kept me with the ,brotherhood1 he says4 ,once he had fallen asleep within his tent1 he was back in ,england among the old set1 talking of plans and thoughts beloved of both4 ,the ,academy hung ,the ,scapegoat on the line2 and it was sold for ,l#dej1 but ,the ,finding of the ,saviour in the ,temple1 begun in ,jerusalem1 could not be finished for some time2 he was compelled to work at smaller pictures which would bring in ready money4 ,in the end1 after a friendly consultation with his old foe1 ,dickens1 he asked and obtained for it ,l#eejj1 the largest sum that had ever yet been paid for an ,english picture4 ,isabella was painted in ,florence in days of great sadness2 a year after the artist completed1 with his own hand1 the marble monument designed for his young wife4 ,the ,shadow of ,death 7,is not this the ,carpenter87 was painted on his return to the ,east1 and yet again he went thither1 to bring back with him ,the ,triumph of the ,innocents and ,the ,holy ,fire4 ,a number of ,mahommedan ladies1 from the harem of a neighbouring effendi1 came to the house at ,jerusalem1 and asked to see ,the ,innocents1 while it was still in progress4 ,the leading lady counted up the figures4 ,seventeen babies in the large picture1 and several more in the smaller one1 with the ,sib ,miriam1#g ,al ,issa ,messiah1 and ,mar ,jusif4 ,this is very well1 she said1 but on the ,day of ,judgment what will you do8 ,ah1 ,i returned1 ,i can trust only in the mercy of the ,beneficent2 but why1 pray1 ask me that question8 ,she returned1 ,because the souls of these beings that you have made will be required of you1 and what will you say then8 ,my reply1 justified on metaphysical principles1 was1 ,i hope every one of these will be present to justify me4 ,she looked bewildered1 but then turning to her flock1 re-echoed my assurance1 saying1 ,oh1 if indeed you can satisfy ,god the ,just with their souls1 it will be well with you6#h #g ,the ,virgin ,mary4 #h ,pre-,raphaelitism1 etc41 vol4 ii p4 #cbh4 ,music and rosy dawn are the inspiration of ,may ,morning2 on ,magdalen ,tower a band of choristers chant their hymn to the ,light of ,heaven1 according to ancient custom1 upon the #ast of ,may4 ,the ,lady of ,shalott is fresh in the recollection of all who have seen her4 ,a larger version of ,the ,light of the ,world has been purchased recently by ,mr4 ,charles ,booth1 for the benefit of the nation4 ,since that time the artist has not been able to work4 ,in #ahha ,rossetti died4 ,his former comrade offered to visit him when he heard of the illness2 but the offer was courteously declined by ,mr4 ,william ,rossetti4 ,in #ahif grave fears began to be expressed about ,millais4 ,the truth of his doomed condition1 at first resolutely ignored1 came very suddenly to him1 and then day by day he stepped down into the grave1 but never lost his composure or noble personality4 ,these quiet words are the fitting close of the tribute paid to him by his oldest and greatest friend1 in that book which is a record as much of friendship as of art4 ,,iii ,,the ,,subject ,,pictures ,one scarcely express purpose in our reform1 left unsaid by reason of its fundamental necessity1 was to make art a hand-maid in the cause of justice and truth4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,the vital ambition of an artist is to serve as high priest and expounder of the excellence of the works of the ,creator--choosing the highest types and combinations of ,his handiworks1 as the ,greeks taught the after-world to do1 so that men's admiration may be fascinated by the perfection of the works of the ,great ,author of all1 and men's life thus may be a continual joy and solace4 ,the aim set forth in this declaration is not the aim of any school1 however distinguished1 but the aim1 conscious or unconscious1 of all great painters4 ,it has been constantly pursued throughout the life of him who wrote these words2 if we did not put this first1 we should err4 ,the secondary purpose of his work--to give ,england what she has never had before1 a school of artists of her own--of vast and infinite grandeur though it be1 is yet subservient4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,the ,,hireling ,,shepherd ,as to the pure white ground1 you had better adopt that at once1 as1 ,i can assure you1 you will be forced to do so ultimately1 for ,hunt and ,millais1 whose works already kill everything in the exhibition for brilliancy1 will in a few years force every one who will not drag behind them to use their methods4 ,ford ,madox ,brown to ,lowes ,dickenson4 ,this picture is to be seen at ,manchester ,art ,gallery4 ,many technical questions beset a true revival which are of deeper interest to the actors in it than to the public at large4 ,such was the question of the introduction of oil as a medium in the old days2 such was the question of the proper way to render brightness in our air4 ,you vagabond6 said ,millais--as he watched ,hunt painting in transparent colour1 with light sable brushes1 over a ground of half-moist white1 the landscape of ,the ,hireling ,shepherd--that's just the way ,i paint flowers6 ,they had arrived at this method by independent lines of thought4 ,to them1 and to their brother artists1 it was most important4 ,millais1 delighted1 proposed that they should keep it a secret--and instantly confided it to ,ford ,madox ,brown4 ,the outer world was more concerned with the fact that the sun could be made to shine upon canvas than with the way in which it was brought about4 ,the one inevitable condition of the truth of a revival is always1 by one method or by another1 a return to ,nature4 ,this had been accomplished2 and the world1 as ever1 divided--the few hailing what they saw as a revelation1 the many denouncing it as heresy4 ,when a picture by the first ,pre-,raphaelite was carried in triumph through the streets of ,florence there were those who named that quarter ,borgo ,allegri2 but there were those who declared that art was at an end now the ,byzantine tradition had been broken4 ,when the pictures of the last ,pre-,raphaelite shone out at ,burlington ,house1 there were happy people who vowed they looked like openings in the wall2 there were also those who declared that art had come to an end now the tradition of ,raphael was ignored4 ,steadily1 through evil report and good report1 the painter went his way4 ,he did not hold--as ,millais came to hold in after years--that it was the business of the artist to find out what most people wanted1 and to paint that4 ,he did not hold--as ,rossetti held--that it was the business of the artist to impose his will on a select band of followers1 trained by himself to believe that the age of ,dante was the ,golden ,age1 and that colour should be based on the principles of illumination4 ,he held that an artist was accountable to ,god4 ,he held that an ,englishman should study those minds1 those words1 which have more power over ,england than any others--should help to make those clear4 ,shakespeare had led him to rate lightly that kind of art devised only for the initiated1 and to suspect all philosophies which assume that the vulgar are to be left for ever unredeemed4 ,he hated newspapers because the influence of writers who have had no other qualification to judge of art matters than the possession of more or less literary facility1 has been deterrent and ever fatal to a steady advance of taste4 ,there are two aspects4 ,art presents the form of a nation's spirit1 exactly as the sounding atoms on a vibrating plane make a constant and distinct pattern to the sound of a given note4 ,likewise1 ,all art from the beginning served for the higher development of men's minds4 ,it has ever been valued as good to sustain strength for noble resolves4 ,determined to serve his generation1 not as a playfellow1 not as a tyrant1 but as a master1 he followed singly and faithfully that conviction which had led him from childhood to think of the ,bible as the great factor in human existence4 ,to the interpretation of the ,life of ,christ he gave the best years of his manhood4 ,in order to understand it more thoroughly he broke away from comfort1 he risked success at the moment when first she smiled on him1 he left the friend whom he loved4 ,it was not enough to paint ,the ,light of the ,world1 to set before the eyes of his countrymen the eternal ,king1 the eternal ,priest1 knocking at the door of the human heart1 barred darkly in behind the weeds of selfishness4 ,he would go to the country where the ,king dwelt4 ,he would show3 7#a7 ,the coming of ,god to earth1 as it was seen by the dim eyes of tradition1 of mortal learnedness1 when there was found within the precincts of the ,temple1 among the ,rabbis1 a ,child who had forgotten to return to his parents4 7#b7 ,the oneness of ,creation in the form of the suffering creature dying by the ,dead ,sea shore--the ,goat1 the type of the ,lamb4 7#c7 ,the sacredness of labour1 in the form of the ,son of ,man resting from toil in that low workshop where the ,virgin ,mother hoarded the gifts of regal wisdom4 7#d7 ,the young immortal beauty ever to be seen by the ,child of ,god1 by the spirit of maiden purity1 turning the torrent of death into the river of life1 making the darkness as the noon-day4 ,to the ,bible1 ,holman ,hunt gave his manhood--to ,shakespeare1 his youth6 ,no one who desires to add to the store of ,england's thought but must1 at one time or another1 plunge deep into the mind of her greatest thinker4 ,it is a sign of the unthinking nature of ,english art that1 before this time1 there were no illustrations of ,shakespeare worth the name4 ,it is characteristic of the pre-eminently thoughtful nature of this artist that he should have chosen two subjects that are often misunderstood1 from two plays that are hardly ever acted--the subject of ,forgiveness from the ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona2 the subject ,death-to-be-preferred-before-slavery from ,measure for ,measure4 ,the duty of the ,forgiveness of ,sins--which has been well defined in the one word1 ,affection--a duty canvassed and discussed everywhere--is1 in ,shakespeare1 deprived of the very aspect of a duty4 ,it seems to have appeared to him not only natural but inevitable that anybody should forgive anybody anything4 ,the most astounding of all his reconciliations is that of the ,two ,gentlemen4 ,valentine has to forgive ,proteus2 ,sylvia has to forgive ,proteus and ,valentine into the bargain2 ,julia has to forgive ,proteus2 and ,proteus has to forgive himself4 ,upon the stage we have seen an actress1 in despair at the difficulty of the thing1 turn her back to the audience and lean against a tree while the discussion was going on2 but in the picture ,sylvia kneels1 her hand left trustingly in that of ,valentine1 and we have no sooner looked at it than we believe and understand4 ,it is the same with that difficult moment of ,measure for ,measure1 when the two sides of life speak in the brother and sister3 ,death is a fearful thing1 ,and shamed life a hateful4 ,the nun1 we are sometimes told1 is a repellent person2 what business had she to urge her brother to die when she could save him by doing wrong herself8 ,to look at ,claudio and ,isabella is to believe her and to understand4 ,another picture owes its motto to one of ,edgar's mad bursts of song in ,king ,lear4 ,sleepest or wakest thou1 jolly shepherd8 ,thy sheep be in the corn2 ,and yet one blast of thy minnikin mouth1 ,thy sheep shall take no harm4 ,it is not an actual shepherd and shepherdess who are seated in this leafy ,english landscape1 among the green pastures and by the still waters4 ,still less is it the kind of shepherd and shepherdess that ,watteau1 ,fragonard1 and the china manufactory of ,dresden have accustomed us to associate with the words4 ,who and what are they1 those careless people in the bright sunshine1 letting the sheep eat the corn that kills them and the unripe apples8 ,the shepherd's crook lies idle on the ground4 ,he has found a death's-head moth2 he is too busy showing it to his companion to have any use for that4 ,she is flattered and pleased that he should attend to her rather than to the sheep4 ,when this picture was painted1 the ,oxford ,movement was in the air2 the shepherd and the shepherdess were alike busy with the death's-head moth4 ,turning to modern minds1 the poet whose word weighed most with ,england at the time was undoubtedly ,tennyson4 ,a verse from ,in ,memoriam describes ,the ,ship4 ,the ,lady of ,shalott gave the subject of a work which took twelve years in painting4 ,it was enlarged from a small design in a volume of ,tennyson illustrated by ,hunt1 ,millais1 and ,rossetti2 and by several other artists1 not of their persuasion4 ,this particular illustration did not find favour with the poet1 he objected to the lady's hair1 to her manner of wearing it4 ,the dream has been changed into a profound allegory4 ,the lady is--if we mistake not--the artist who1 through neglect of the divine gift of reflective imagination1 has failed in the high purpose of art4 ,it was hers to weave the ,quest of the ,holy ,grail1 as she saw it in the magic mirror4 ,if she had stayed at her appointed work1 all had gone well4 ,but she looked out of window to see ,sir ,lancelot--not the ,sir ,lancelot of ,tennyson1 but a boastful1 pleasure-loving knight1 going on his way in the sunlight1 with two trumpeters before him4 ,then came the curse upon her1 for the order of the world was broken1 the order of the world all about her1 in the flower of the earth1 in the bird of the air1 in the stars1 governed and guided each by its own angel4 ,on one side of her room order is strength as seen in ,hercules--on the other submission1 as typified in the earlier design by the ,cross1 in the later by the ,nativity4 ,this order she has broken1 against this order she has sinned4 ,the lovely picture of her weaving the likeness of the ,holy ,grail itself will come to naught4 ,but up above there chimes the one word1 ,spes2 even for those who have failed there is hope4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,may ,,morning ,this subject was the ceremony of ,may ,morning1 ,magdalen ,tower1 ,oxford1 at sunrise1 when the choristers1 in perpetuation of a service which is a survival of primitive ,sun-worship--perhaps ,druidical--sing a hymn as the sun appears above the horizon4444 ,for several weeks ,i mounted to the ,tower roof about four in the morning with my small canvas to watch for the first rays of the rising sun1 and to choose the sky which was most suitable for the subject4 ,when all was settled ,i repeated the composition upon a larger canvas4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,the picture is at the painter's home in ,kensington4 ,the lady was trying to be a realist3 ,out flew the web1 and floated wide4 ,the mirror cracked from side to side4 ,a man's work must be the reflex of a living image in his own mind1 and not the icy double of the facts themselves4 ,it will be seen that we were never realists4 ,i think art would have ceased to have the slightest interest for any of us had the object been only to make a representation1 elaborate or unelaborate1 of a fact in nature4 ,independently of the conviction that such a system would put out of operation the faculty making man like a ,god1 it was apparent that a mere imitator gradually comes to see nature claylike and finite1 as it seems when illness brings a cloud before the eyes4 ,the practice of making independent studies for pictures which was dear to the heart of ,rossetti1 was discouraged by ,hunt and ,millais because they feared to lose unity of effect if they dwelt upon details except in their relation to the whole4 ,they painted1 first the background1 after the manner described1 straight from ,nature2 if possible1 they placed the figures in the open air and studied them outside the studio walls4 ,there are curious differences to be noted whenever the picture is repeated1 and they seem to be always in the direction of something more complex than the original4 ,in the larger version of ,the ,hireling ,shepherd1 he is far more subtle and sophisticated1 while the shepherdess looks older and more scornful4 ,in the smaller version of ,the ,triumph of the ,innocents1 the hues of a soft1 moonlit night prevail1 the ,virgin is just a sweet mother1 the ,child is blessing the children4 ,in the larger version moonlight intensified1 which was found by means of a lens to be that of the sun1 bathes the children2 the ,virgin1 who is much older1 gazes upon them with eyes in which a joyful wonder seems to be fighting still with almost unconquerable sorrow2 the ,child1 a wheat-ear in his hand1 has thrown himself back in an ecstasy of divine laughter4 ,the large water-colour of ,christ among the ,rabbis1 the rainbow halo encircling the head of the ,child as he meditates1 while the dark-eyed boys1 ,nicodemus and ,stephen1 look on1 is different in every respect from ,the ,finding in the ,temple4 ,,iv ,,portraits ,,and ,,other ,,works ,an artist should always make sure that in his treatment of ,nature alone he is able to incorporate some new enchantment to justify his claim as a master of his craft1 doing this at times without any special interest in the subject he may illustrate4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,the principle given above has been followed in such works as ,amaryllis1 ,the ,bride of ,bethlehem1 and ,sorrow4 ,there is but one portrait reproduced in this book1 and that a copy of a very early one which was rescued from destruction by the artist's mother4 ,he was going to rub it out that he might use the ground for something else1 and he objected to the rescue because it would cost him #cs4 #f;d42 but she stood firm4 ,the portrait painted of himself in later life1 palette in hand1 was executed for the gallery of great artists by themselves at the ,uffizi4 ,the haunting ,head of ,rossetti1 with fixed1 intent eyes1 was taken from a pastel sketch1 made for ,woolner when he was out in ,melbourne4 ,he had appealed to his ,pre-,raphaelite ,brothers to give him some tangible proof of their kinship which would help him to find clients1 because their names were better known than his1 and often in the paper4 ,they held a meeting1 therefore1 in ,millais' studio1 worked the whole day1 and sent him out their portraits by each other4 ,rossetti's absorbed gaze is explained by the fact that he was drawing ,hunt at the moment4 ,bianca was painted in tempera from a beautiful young ,american4 ,one portrait called ,the ,birthday--the picture of a lady--could not but be wronged by any description whatever4 ,day after day last autumn1 two little rooms in ,leicester ,square were crowded with eager thousands1 thronging to gaze upon the pictures that1 when they first appeared1 no one would buy4 ,outside1 the fog often held sway4 ,within1 light shone from every wall1 the light of dawn from ,may ,morning2 the glowing light of noonday from ,the ,strayed ,sheep2 moonlight from ,the ,ship2 soft starlight from ,the ,triumph2 the light upon the sea1 the downs1 the mountains1 the faces of men and women in the open field2 the light of strange fire2 the light of human eyes inspired with hope and purpose2 the radiant light of spiritual force4 ,,chronological ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,chief ,,pictures ,,mentioned ,portrait of the ,artist by ,himself at ,seventeen #ahdd ,woodstock 7first picture sold--for ,l#bj7 #ahdf ,the ,eve of ,st4 ,agnes 7,the ,flight of ,madeline's ,porphyro7 #ahdf ,rienzi #ahdh ,a ,converted ,british ,family sheltering a ,missionary #ahej ,claudio and ,isabella #ahej ,valentine and ,sylvia #ahea ,the ,hireling ,shepherd #ahea ,the ,strayed ,sheep #aheb ,the ,light of the ,world #ahec ,the ,awakened ,conscience #ahec ,the ,scapegoat #ahed ,the ,finding of ,christ in the ,temple #ahed ,isabella1 or ,the ,pot of ,basil #ahfg ,the ,shadow of ,death #ahfi ,the ,ship #ahge ,the ,triumph of the ,innocents #ahge-ahhb ,may ,morning #ahhi ,the ,lady of ,shalott #ahhi ,the ,holy ,fire #ahib ,these dates are approximate2 the painting of many of the pictures extended over several years4 ,,printed ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,at ,,the ,,press ,,of ,,the ,,publishers4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,the following corrections have been made1 on page3 #af changed to ' 7my brush1 is it8' caught me up and7 #cg artistocrats changed to aristocrats 7hundreds of young aristocrats7 #gd incorporat changed to incorporate 7able to incorporate some74 ,all other inconsistencies in spelling1 hyphenation and italisation were preserved from the original4