,,le>n ,,"o ,,?+ ,,e ,,day   ,,july #a  
#aiaf   ,,s]ial ,,no4 #aaj     ,,!      
,,m5tor    ,,! ,,wea!r     ,by ,c4 ,f4  
,,talman   ,( ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r   
,bureau     ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,sci5ce     
#c4jj ,,p] ,,ye>    ,,fifte5 ,,c5ts ,a  
,,copy     ,old ,probabilities   ,%all  
tomorr['s wea!r be fair or f\l8 ,bl[    
w9d--bl[ moi/ly f ! ,s\?1 = ,i g afi%+4 
,nay1 good fri5d1 exclaims ! golf]1 !   
day mu/ be dry & ! w9d 9 ! we/4 ,! f>m] 
moi/5s 8 f+] & po9ts x t[>d ! sky4 ,ra91
 come1 quickly1 = my crops1 is 8 pray]4 
,b ! maid5's voice is full ( plead+3    
,let ! sun %9e tomorr[ t my he>t may be 
light on my w$d+ day4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,& s1    
?r\gh ! days & seasons1 humanity ) all  
its v>i$ ne$s1 turns anxi\sly1          
entreat+ly to ,old ,probabilities4 ,& h[
 is x possible = him to satisfy !       
conflict+ dem&8 ,he may1 on ! same day1 
please ! f>m] 9 ! ,we/1 ! fi%]man 9 !   
,s\?1 ! golf] 9 ! nor!rn hills1 & !     
bride 9 ! ea/]n t[n4 ,b h[ c he suit !m 

all 9 "o locality on a s+le day8 ,old   
,probabilities is will+ & he loves      
humanity1 b 8 p[]s & privileges are     
limit$4 ,!re are ^? :o say t x is due to
 ! k9d endeavors ( ,old ,probabilities  
to satisfy ev]ybody t our wea!r has at  
times become s /rangely mix$4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,old ,probabilities is a g5tle family "n
 & came out ( ! affection ( ! p4 ,! "n 0
 a matt] ( pleasantry4 ,x 0 giv5 to !   
,*ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau  
:5 ! dep>tm5t 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by        
,congress1 & its s\rce lay 9 ! phrase1  
,x is probable1 ) :i* all ! wea!r       
pr$ictions began4 ,b ,old               
,probabilities1 g5ial prophet & lov] ( 8
 fell[ m51 is pass+ away1 = ! (fic] :o  
organiz$ ! ,wea!r ,bureau became 9 "t   
displeas$ ) ! "n & *ang$ ! =m ( ! daily 
pr$iction s z to read1 ,! indications   
are4 ,! phrase is =mal & sev]e4 ,!re is 
naught b cold com=t 9 x4 ,our he>ts turn
 back fondly to ,old ,probabilities & 8 
fri5dly assurance3 ,x is probable t     

tomorr[ w be fair4     ,illu/ration3    
,*ickamauga ,p>k1 ,t5n41 9 an ,ice ,/orm
  ,,! ,,wea!r  ,by ,,*>les ,,fitzhugh   
,,talman  ,libr>ian ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r  
,bureau  ,,! ,,m5tor 4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,(   
,,sci5ce 4 ,,july #a1 #aiaf  ,,m5tor    
,,gravures    ,,c5tral ,,(fice ,,( ,,!  
,u4 ,s4 ,,wea!r ,,bureau1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4
 ,c4   ,a ,,simple ,,wea!r ,,/ation   ,a
 ,,maje/ic ,,cumulus ,,cl\d   ,,!       
,,obs]vatory ,,on ,,monte ,,rosa        
,,laun*+ ,a ,,meteorological ,,kite     
,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,sn[ ,,& ,,ice--,,!  
,,campus1 ,,pr9ceton ,,univ]sity        
,ent]$ z second-class matt]1 ,m>* #aj1  
#aiac1 at ! po/(fice     at ,new ,york1 
,n4 ,y41 "u ! act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahgi4     
,copyright1 #aiaf1     by ,! ,m5tor     
,association1 ,inc4   ,x is easy to lay 
too mu* /ress ^u ! unimportant aspects (
 wea!r4 ,x furni%es a bit ( conv]sation 
ov] ! teacups2 x acc5tuates ! tw+es (   
rheumatism2 x spoils a holiday4 ,all    
?is1 h[ev]1 is m]e byplay4  ,! real "w (
 ! wea!r--! "w t expla9s ! exi/5ce (    

co/ly wea!r bureaus1 su* z ! "o ^u :i*  
our ,gov]nm5t sp5ds m ?an a million & a 
half doll>s annually--is mom5t\s beyond 
calculation4 ,consid] su* facts &       
figures z ^!3  ,! head ( ! ,briti%      
,meteorological ,(fice rec5tly decl>$ t 
bad wea!r co/s ! f>m]s ( ! ,briti%      
,isles ab\t "o hundr$ million doll>s a  
ye>4 ,9 our own c\ntry x has be5 e/imat$
 t a diff]5ce ( "o in* 9 ! ra9fall      
occurr+ dur+ ,july 9 six ,/ates means a 
diff]5ce ( two hundr$ & fifty million   
doll>s 9 ! value ( ! corn 7maize7 crop4 
,! _w ov]1 ! damage wr\ght by hail-/orms
 is said to av]age ab\t two hundr$      
million doll>s a ye>4 ,9 ! city (       
,galve/on a s+le hurricane once de/roy$ 
tw5ty million doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty &  
six ?\s& human lives4 ,?us we might     
proce$ indef9itely4  ,! fact is t man's 
welf>e is condition$ to an enorm\s ext5t
 & 9 an endless v>iety ( ways by !      
vicissitudes ( ! atmosph]e2 h5ce ! /udy 
( wea!r--meteorology--is "o ( ! mo/     
important ( sci5ces4 ,x is also "o ( !  

mo/ /rik+ly neglect$6  ,at ! (fice ( !  
,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton !re is a      
meteorological libr>y ( "s ?irty-five   
?\s& volumes4 ,b meteorological libr>ies
 are r>e2 meteorological books are sc>ce
 9 o!r libr>ies2 & meteorologi/s are s  
uncommon t :oev] decl>es himself "o is  
likely to be ask$1 ,:at is a            
meteorologi/8      ,illu/ration3        
,,/ations ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates       
,,wea!r ,,bureau      ,%[+ two extreme  
types3 "o1 an (fice on ! tw5ty-n9? floor
     ( ! ,:itehall ,build+1 ,new ,york  
,city1 ) in/rum5ts in/all$     on ! ro(2
 ! o!r1 an indep5d5t obs]vatory build+1 
)     free exposure on all sides1 at ,/4
 ,joseph1 ,mo4  ,! meteors /udi$ by !   
meteorologi/ are n %oot+ />s1 b !       
ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e1--ra9 & sn[1 cl\d 
& fog1 w9d & sun%9e1 & :atev] else ent]s
 into ! composition ( wea!r & climate4  
,,! ,,atmosph]e  ,! ocean ( air 9 :i*   
human be+s live1 ev5 z deep-sea fi%es   
live at ! bottom ( ! liquid ocean1 is   
call$ ! atmosph]e4 ,unlike ! liquid     

ocean1 x dim9i%es rapidly 9 d5sity f !  
bottom upw>d4 ,at an altitude ( ?ree &  
"o-half miles x is only half z d5se z at
 sea-level4 ,?is is high] ?an ! highe/  
p]man5t habitations ( man4              
,m\nta9-climb]s & ballooni/s h atta9$   
great] altitudes2 b above a level ( ab\t
 five miles ! air is too greatly r>efi$ 
to support life4 ,ballooni/s :o asc5d   
/ill high] mu/ c>ry a supply ( oxyg5 )  
!m4 ,a little above ! t5-mile level !   
air is only "o-eigh? z d5se z at        
sea-level4 ,! atmosph]e ext5ds at lea/  
#cjj miles above ! e>?1 at :i* height   
its d5sity is comput$ to be only "o     
two-million? z great z at sea-level4  ,!
 wea!r ) :i* human be+s are conc]n$ may 
be said to ext5d upw>d sev5 or eight    
miles2 i4e41 to ! level ( ! high] cl\ds4
 ,! lay] ( ! atmosph]e ly+ betwe5       
sea-level & ! upp] cl\d level has c]ta9 
*>act]i/ics t di/+ui% x f ! air above x1
 & is kn[n z ! troposph]e4  ,! heat+ ( !
 atmosph]e by ! sun is ! beg9n+ ( all   
wea!r1 & ! temp]ature ( ! air is ! mo/  

important wea!r elem5t4 ,z soon z we    
beg9 to /udy atmosph]ic temp]ature1 we  
enc\nt] a p>adox4 ,! heat ( ! air is all
 d]iv$ f ! sun 7except a m9ute quantity 
f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & an inf9itesimal  
quantity f o!r heav5ly bodies71 & x w\ld
 !re=e seem at fir/ glance t ! upp]     
lay]s ( ! atmosph]e %\ld be w>m] ?an !  
l[]4 ,exp]i5ce proves ! rev]se to be !  
case4 ,a m\nta9 ov]gr[n ) tropical      
vegetation on its l[] slopes is1 if high
 en\gh1 cr[n$ ) et]nal sn[s4 ,a !rmomet]
 c>ri$ upw>d 9 ! air %[s "u av]age      
conditions a fall ( temp]ature ( "o     
degree 7,fahr5heit7 = e #cjj feet (     
asc5t4 ,?is fall ( temp]ature ) asc5t   
cont9ues to ! upp] limit ( ! troposph]e1
 :]e ! av]age temp]ature is some?+ l #gj
 degrees bel[ z]o4      ,illu/ration3   
,,! ,,new ,,idea ,,9 ,,wea!r            
,,obs]vatories      ,! ,obs]vatory ( !  
,ebro 7,spa971 f\nd$ by ,spani%         
,jesuits1 is     devot$ to /udy+ !      
int]relations ( sun1 e>? & air4 ,its    
admirable equipm5t includes app>atus = !

 direct &     spectroscopic /udy ( !    
sun1 = measur+ sol> radiation1          
atmosph]ic electricity1 e>? curr5ts1    
t]re/rial magnetism1 &     e>?quakes2   
besides ! ord9>y r\t9e ( a              
meteorological     obs]vatory4 ,!       
results ( all ^! obs]vations are publi%$
     side by side1 to facilitate        
comp>ison4  ,above ! troposph]e is a    
region call$ ! /ratosph]e1 or iso!rmal  
lay]1 9 :i* an asc5d+ !rmomet] %[s      
irregul> & g5]ally small *anges (       
temp]ature--n infrequ5tly a rise (      
temp]ature ) asc5t4 ,! exploration ( !  
/ratosph]e is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ fields
 ( meteorological rese>*1 b lies some:at
 beyond ! scope ( an essay on wea!r4 ,x 
is c>ri$ out *iefly ) ! aid ( small free
 balloons1 "s ( :i* 7s\nd+ balloons7 be>
 self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s & o!r in/rum5ts1
 :ile o!rs 7pilot balloons7 be> no      
in/rum5ts1 b %[ by _! movem5ts ! drift (
 ! air curr5ts4 ,! greate/ altitude ev] 
atta9$ by a s\nd+-balloon 0 #ba4h miles2
 by a pilot-balloon1 #bd4b miles4 ,!    

bran* ( meteorology deal+ ) ! /udy ( !  
upp] air is call$ a]ology4              
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lonely ,,outpo/ ,,on 
,,! ,,v]ge ,,( ,,! ,,ant>ctic      ,!   
,arg5t9e meteorological /ation 9 ! ,s\? 
,orkneys4 ,once a     ye> an exp$ition  
is s5t f ,bu5os ,aires to relieve ! /aff
 (     f\r obs]v]s4 ,?is is ! s\!rnmo/  
p]man5tly inhabit$ spot     on ! globe2 
& x has n ev5 wireless communication ) !
     re/ ( ! _w4  ,rev]t+ to !          
temp]ature ( man's environm5t1 ! reason 
:y ! atmosph]e is w>me/ at ! bottom is  
?is3 ,! sun's rays come to u f out]     
space 9 ! =m ( vibrations 9 ! e!r1 & w>m
 ! air to only a slight ext5t 9 pass+   
?r\gh x4 ,!y are absorb$ by ! gr\nd1 &  
conv]t$ into heat waves4 ,! air is !n   
w>m$ by contact ) ! w>m gr\nd4 ,la/ly1 !
 w>m+ ( ! l[] air gives rise to         
air-curr5ts1 :i* di/ribute ! heat ?r\gh 
! atmosph]e4   ,,b>ometric ,,pressure   
,if our wea!r 7 uni=m1 x w\ld furni%    
little matt] = conv]sation2 9 fact1 w\ld
 h>dly be wea!r at all4 ,*angeabl5ess is

 ! sali5t feature ( wea!r1 & to und]/&  
wea!r *anges "o mu/ "k some?+ ab\t      
b>ometric pressure4  ,l all o!r =ms (   
matt]1 ! invisible air has weight4 ,at  
sea-level x ex]ts a d[nw>d pressure     
av]ag+ #ad4g p\nds to ! squ>e in*4      
,atmosph]ic pressure is measur$ by means
 ( an in/rum5t call$ ! b>omet]1 9 :i* ! 
weight ( ! air is balanc$ aga9/ a column
 ( m]cury4 ,z ! height ( ! m]curial     
column v>ies ) ! pressure ( ! air1 & is 
tak5 z ! measure ( ! latt]1 we foll[ !  
practice ( express+ pressure 7a =ce7 9  
l9e> units 7in*es or millimet]s74 ,?is  
practice is reta9$ ev5 9 ! use ( !      
an]oid b>omet]1 :i* conta9s no m]curial 
column4 ,h5ce1 :5 we say t ! av]age     
b>ometric pressure at sea-level is      
#bi4ib in*es1 we are really express+ 9 a
 r\ndab\t way ! weight ( ! air at t     
level4      ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,!      
,,cam]a ,,analyzes ,,lightn+      ,!    
same fla%es photograph$ ) 7a7 a /ation>y
 cam]a1 &     7b7 a cam]a revolv+ on a  
v]tical axis4 ,"o ( ! fla%es is     se5 

to h consi/$ ( sev]al successive        
dis*>ges along an     id5tical pa?      
,c\rtesy ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds &   
,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4  ,b>ometric    
pressure n only v>ies some:at regul>ly )
 altitude--dim9i%+ z we asc5d--b also   
less regul>ly f place to place 9 a      
horizontal direction1 & f "t to "t at a 
giv5 place4 ,9 /udy+ ! wea!r            
meteorologi/s frequ5tly wi% to comp>e ! 
b>ometric pressures prevail+ at a c]ta9 
"t at a numb] ( places ly+ 9 ! same     
horizontal plane4 ,giv5 a sy/em (       
meteorological /ations scatt]$ ov] a    
c]ta9 t]ritory1 ! fir/ /ep is to secure 
simultane\s read+s ( ! b>omet]s at ^!   
/ations4 ,!n1 if ! /ations are at v>i\s 
altitudes1 z !y commonly are1           
corrections mu/ be appli$ to ! read+s to
 r$uce all to a common plane2 ! plane   
adopt$ = ?is purpose is sea-level4 ,s9ce
 mo/ /ations are above sea-level1 & s9ce
 atmosph]ic pressure dim9i%es )         
altitude1 r$uction to sea-level g5]ally 
involves apply+ an additive correction4 

,,! ,,wea!r ,,map  ,n[ please att5d     
c>efully to :at foll[s2 because ,i am   
go+ to attempt to put into a m9imum     
numb] ( words ! ess5tial facts conc]n+ !
 wea!r map1 ! be/ clue to wea!r my/]ies 
yet devis$ by man4  ,at ab\t #bjj       
/ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 di/ribut$   
ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! b>omet] & o!r    
meteorological in/rum5ts are read twice 
a day2 viz41 at #h ,a4 ,m4 & #h ,p4 ,m41
 ea/]n /&>d "t4 ,! read+s are promptly  
telegraph$ 9 ciph] to ,wa%+ton1 :]e !y  
are ent]$ on a map4  ,! b>omet] read+s  
at ! diff]5t /ations1 r$uc$ to sea-level
 z j expla9$1 w v>y1 say1 f #bi to #ca  
in*es4 ,l9es1 call$ isob>s1 are n[ drawn
 ?r\gh places hav+ ! same pressure2 !   
int]vals betwe5 ! l9es correspond+ to   
diff]5ces 9 pressure ( "o-t5? ( an in*4 
,l9es 7iso!rms7 are also drawn to       
connect places hav+ ! same temp]ature1 a
 little arr[ at ea* /ation %[s !        
direction ( ! w9d at t po9t1 & v>i\s o!r
 symbols are us$ to facilitate !        
int]pretation ( ! map2 b ! isob>s are m 

important ?an any?+ else4               
,illu/ration3 ,,cirro-,,/ratus      ,!  
appe>ance ( ?is cl\d prec$es by a day or
 s ! arrival (     ra9y & /ormy wea!r   
,illu/ration3 ,,alto-,,cumulus          
,illu/ration3 ,,fair ,,wea!r ,,cumulus  
,?is cl\d m>ks ! summit ( an asc5d+ air 
curr5t1 & appe>s     t[>d midday or e>ly
 aft]noon 9 ! w>m season4 ,:5 ! air     
rises p[]fully to great heights1 cumulus
 is built up 9     m\nta9\s masses & may
 become cumulo-nimbus1 ! ?und]cl\d4  ,"h
 is ! wea!r map = ! morn+ ( ,janu>y #i1 
#ahhf4 ,! solid curv$ l9es are isob>s1  
repres5t+ b>ometric pressures rang+ all 
! way f #bh4g to #cj4h in*es4 ,x w be   
se5 at a glance t ^! l9es t5d to assume 
r\ghly circul> =ms1 inclos+ regions :]e 
! pressure is l[] or high] ?an ! av]age4
 ,moreov]1 ! little arr[s 7:i* fly ) !  
w9d7 %[ t ! w9ds r\nd a c5t] ( l[       
pressure t5d to bl[ 9 a direction       
contr>y to t foll[$ by ! h&s ( a clock  
79 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! rev]se is true71 
b in/ead ( bl[+ 9 circles are incl9$    

some:at inw>d t[>d ! c5t]4 ,r\nd a c5t] 
( high pressure 79 ! nor!rn hemisph]e7 !
 typical circulation ( ! w9ds is exactly
 opposite 7clockwise1 & incl9$ outw>d71 
?\gh ! accompany+ map does n %[ ?is     
p>ticul>ly well4      ,illu/ration3     
,,wea!r ,,map ,,janu>y #i1 #ahhf  ,an   
area ( l[ pressure1 ) its sy/em ( w9ds1 
is call$ a cyclone1 or l[4 ,an area (   
high pressure1 ) its sy/em ( w9ds1 is   
call$ an anticyclone1 or high4 ,note t a
 cyclone is n necess>ily a /orm1 ?\gh ! 
"o %[n on ?is map1 ) its c5t] n f> f    
,new ,york ,city1 0 a v viol5t /orm1    
:i*1 :5 ?is map 0 drawn1 0 sweep+ up !  
,atlantic coa/4 7,popul> usage applies !
 t]m cyclone to ! tornado47 ,! /r5g? ( !
 w9ds 9 a cyclone dep5ds ^u ! contra/ 9 
b>ometric pressure betwe5 its c5t] & its
 out] bord]4 ,a cyclone ) cr[d$ isob>s  
always has /rong w9ds2 :5 ! isob>s are  
widely spac$ ! w9ds are g5tle4          
,illu/ration3 ,,asc5t ,,( ,a ,,s\nd+    
,,balloon      ,! fir/ made 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates2 at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 9 #aijd  ,^!

 areas ( l[ & high pressure1 9 addition 
to _! movem5ts ab\t _! c5t]s1 move      
bodily across ! c\ntry1 9 a g5]al       
we/-to-ea/ direction1 at an av]age spe$ 
( ov] #ejj miles a day4 ,?is d\ble      
movem5t may be comp>$ to t ( a          
c>riage-:eel1 rotat+ & advanc+ at ! same
 "t4 ,mo/ ( our cyclones ent] ! c\ntry f
 ! ,canadian ,nor?-we/--?\gh _m come f  
o!r regions--& ne>ly all ( !m pass (f to
 sea 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4   
,lawr5ce4 ,_! r\te across ! c\ntry v>ies
 greatly1 dep5d+ 9 "p ^u ! season4      
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kite ,,h\se ,,at    
,,an ,,a]ological ,,obs]vatory      ,"s 
( ! kites are mu* ! worse = we> aft]    
fly+ 9 a     /orm   ,,! ,,wea!r ,,9     
,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones           
,b>ometric pressure is n an elem5t (    
wea!r1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 s9ce !  
fluctuations ( pressure t occur 9 !     
human environm5t are entirely           
inappreciable to ! s5ses4 ,we h se51    
h[ev]1 t pressure is intimately relat$  
to w9d1 :i* is a wea!r elem5t ( mu*     

importance4 ,9 not+ t sy/ems ( high & l[
 pressure are con/antly travel+ across !
 c\ntry1 & t !y are accompani$ by w9ds  
hav+ fairly def9ite *>act]i/ics 9       
relation to ea*1 we h tak5 an important 
/ep t[>d br++ ord] out ( ! 7to !        
un9itiat$7 *aotic sequ5ce ( wea!r4      
,obvi\sly1 a sy/em ( telegraphic wea!r  
reports makes x possible to keep close  
wat* ( ^! w9d sy/ems1 &1 f _! locations 
on today's wea!r map1 to =m "s idea :]e 
!y w be tomorr[4 ,?us ! wea!r =eca/] is 
enabl$ to give notice ( ! imm95ce ( ^?  
viol5t w9ds t de/roy life & prop]ty at  
sea1 &1 to a less ext5t1 on l&4 ,!re is 
an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 su*             
pr$ictions--s9ce /orms1 unlike railway  
tra9s1 are n conf9$ to fix$ r\tes &     
regul> s*$ules--b ! practis$ =eca/]     
acquires an in/9ct t helps him to =e/all
 _! vag>ies4      ,illu/ration3 ,,s5d+  
,,up ,a ,,meteorological ,,balloon ,,on 
,,lake ,,con/ance      ,betwe5 ,switz]l&
 & ,g]many4  ,n[ :at is true ( w9d is   
also true to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! o!r      

elem5ts ( wea!r1--!y be> typical        
relations to ! di/ribution ( atmosph]ic 
pressure4 ,cyclones are usually prec$$  
by ris+ temp]ature & accompani$ by      
cl\d9ess & ra9 or sn[2 anticyclones are 
usually prec$$ by fall+ temp]ature &    
att5d$ by fair wea!r4  ,ref]r+ aga9 to !
 map ( ,janu>y #i1 #ahhf1 & foll[+ !    
c\rse ( ! iso!rms1 or temp]ature l9es1  
we see t abnormally cold wea!r prevail$ 
ov] ! ,middle ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,!
 iso!rm ( z]o dips f> s\? across nor!rn 
,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,mississippi1        
,alabama1 & ,t5nessee2 :ile 9 ! upp]    
,mississippi & ,miss\ri ,valleys !      
temp]atures 7 f #bj to #dj degrees bel[ 
z]o4 ,^! regions 71 9 fact1 9 ! grip ( a
 sev]e cold wave1 :i* _h ent]$ ! c\ntry 
a day or two be=e1 prec$+ ! anticyclone 
"h se5 c5tral nor? ( ,dakota4 ,cold     
nor?we/]ly w9ds 7 sweep+ ov] ! ,great   
,pla9s1 & z f> s\? z ! ,gulf4           
,illu/ration3 ,,ho>fro/      ,m9ute     
cry/als ( ice deposit$ f ! air4 ,"u a   
magnify+-glass !y %[ a v>iety (         

beautiful =ms  ,! same map %[s typical  
wea!r accompany+ ! cyclone c5tral on !  
,atlantic coa/4 ,f ! seabo>d we/ to !   
,mississippi ,valley ra9 or sn[ _h fall5
 )9 ! previ\s tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7indicat$  
by %ad+71 & sn[ 7indicat$ by ,s7 0 fall+
 at ! mom5t ( obs]vation at a majority (
 /ations )9 ?is area4 ,else:]e 9 ! same 
region ! wea!r 0 cl\dy4  ,! =ego+ rem>ks
 indicate 9 a g5]al way ! significance (
 ! wea!r map & ! pr9ciples ^u :i*       
sci5tific wea!r pr$ictions are bas$4 ,! 
endless procession ( highs & l[s br+s to
 any place on ! map con/ant alt]nations 
( heat & cold1 /orm & sun%9e4 ,! =eca/] 
wat*es ! procession1 & draws 8 inf]5ces 
z to :at w happ5 9 ?is or t "p ( !      
c\ntry )9 ! next day or two 7=ty-eight  
h\rs is ab\t ! limit ( 8 outlook74      
,long-range =eca/+ is /ill a ?+ ( !     
remote future4 ,=eca/s = a week 9       
advance1 are1 inde$ made by ! ,wea!r    
,bureau ) ! aid ( reports f a *a9 (     
/ations ext5d+ r\nd ! globe1 b ^! are 9 
v g5]al t]ms4      ,illu/ration3 ,,m>v9 

,,ra9 ,,& ,,sn[ ,,gage      ,)          
trumpet-%ap$ w9d-%ield at top4 ,9 !     
middle is se5 !     cyl9drical          
collector4 ,?is is remov$ & weigh$ ) its
 cont5ts     to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( ra9 or
 sn[ t has fall5  ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiad1 !  
,bureau began publi%+ a daily wea!r map 
( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,?is publication
 is1 at pres5t1 susp5d$ on acc\nt ( !   
w>4   ,,"s ,,wea!r ,,miscellanies  ,x   
w\ld require a book1 r ?an a brief      
essay1 to describe all ! vicissitudes ( 
wea!r1 & _m books t attempt to d ?is h  
be5 writt54,a ,we h space "h only to    
m5tion a few important features ( !     
wea!r met ) 9 our own c\ntry4      ,a   
,see ,brief ,li/ ( ,meteorological      
,textbooks & ,ref]5ce         ,books1   
#c;d ed41 by ,c4 ,fitzhugh ,talman4 ,=  
sale by !         ,sup]9t5d5t (         
,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #e  
c5ts4  ,! s\!rn & s\!a/]n "p ( a        
cyclone1 "s hundr$s ( miles f ! c5t]1 is
 a favorite bre$+-gr\nd = ?und]/orms &  
tornadoes4 ,?und]/orms ( ! type kn[n z  

heat ?und]/orms also occur ) no special 
relation to cyclonic c5t]s 9 regions :]e
 ! gr\nd has be5 int5sely heat$4 ,9 ei!r
 case ! /orm is built up by rapidly     
asc5d+ air1 :i* cools & cond5ses its    
wat] vapor1 fir/ into enorm\s cl\ds     
7cumulo-nimbus1 or ?und]heads71 & !n    
into ra91 frequ5tly accompani$ by hail4 
,x w\ld be necess>y to g to "s l5g? to  
expla9 ! famili> electrical             
manife/ations ( ! ?und]/orm--"s po9ts1  
inde$1 are n p]fectly cle> to           
meteorologi/s--b x %\ld be /at$ t ^! are
 always ! result1 n ! cause1 ( ! /orm4  
,lightn+ is an electrical dis*>ge betwe5
 cl\d & e>?1 or cl\d & cl\d1 & ?und] is 
simply ! viol5t s\ndwave set up by !    
sudd5 expansion ( ! heat$ air along !   
pa? ( ! dis*>ge1--! same ac\/ic ph5om5on
 t accompanies an ord9>y explosion4     
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,an    
,,ice ,,/orm ,,at ,,canton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m>*
     #be-bg1 #aiac      ,illu/ration3   
,,summit ,,hotel ,,at ,,summit1 ,,cal4  
,on ,m>* #ah1 #aiaa4 ,a ?ree-/ory build+

 ^: fir/ /ory is     buri$ "u tw5ty-six 
feet ( sn[  ,a tornado 7popul>ly        
miscall$ a cyclone7 is an extremely     
viol5t vortex 9 ! air1 usually less ?an 
#a1jjj feet 9 diamet]4 ,besides its v   
rapid rot>y motion1 x has a progressive 
motion at a spe$ av]ag+ =ty or fifty    
miles an h\r4 ,its position at any mom5t
 is m>k$ by a black funnel-%ap$ cl\d1   
:i* gr[s d[nw>d f ! sky & does n at all 
times rea* ! e>?4 ,a wat]sp\t at sea is 
an id5tical ph5om5on1 ?\gh usually less 
viol5t4 ,along its n>r[ pa? ! tornado   
demoli%es ev]y?+1--wood5 h\ses are bl[n 
to spl9t]s1 trees uproot$ or /ripp$ ( _!
 bran*es1 /ructures ( heavy masonry laid
 9 ru9s4 ,some?+ l a hundr$ lives are   
lo/ ea* ye> 9 ^! /orms1 on an av]age1 & 
"o ( !m 7,/4 ,l\is1 ,may #bg1 #ahif7    
de/roy$ ?irte5 million doll>s' wor? (   
prop]ty4      ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( !
 ,sci5tific ,am]ican      ,a ,,wat]sp\t 
,,ne> ,,beau=t1 ,n4 ,c41 ,,9 ,,augu/1   
#aiaa      ,illu/ration3 ,,turpa9',s    
,,?und]/orm ,,record]      ,or          

c]aunograph4 ,?is is "o ( sev]al        
in/rum5ts design$ to     regi/] !       
natural electric waves1 or /rays1 :i*   
sometimes     int]f]e s]i\sly ) !       
transmission ( wireless telegrams4      
,/rays are (t5 g5]at$ by lightn+        
dis*>ges1 ne> or di/ant1     & ?is      
in/rum5t !re=e s]ves to give notice ( an
     approa*+ ?und]/orm  ,a blizz>d is a
 high1 cold w9d1 accompani$ by bl9d+    
sn[1 :i* 9 w9t] sometimes bl[s out ( !  
front ( an advanc+ anticyclone1         
especially 9 our ,nor?-,c5tral ,/ates4  
,a simil> w9d1 ) or )\t sn[1 is call$ 9 
,texas a nor!r4  ,a *9ook is a w>m1 dry 
w9d t desc5ds ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,rocky  
,m\nta9s 9 ,montana1 ,wyom+ & ,colorado1
 & fl[s nor?-ea/w>d ov] ! pla9s4 ,its   
effects are mo/ pron\nc$ 9 w9t]1 :5 x   
br+s ab\t a v sudd5 rise 9 !            
temp]ature--9 extreme cases z mu* z =ty 
degrees 9 fifte5 m9utes6 ,x causes sn[  
to vani% z if by magic1 & is            
appropriately nicknam$ ! sn[-eat]4      
,cl\dbur/ is m]ely a picturesque "n = a 

v heavy %[]2 usually a ?und]-%[]4       
,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,wake ,,( ,a     
,,tornado      ,! tornado de/roy$ a h\se
 & b>n1 b left a pa? 9 !     c5t] )     
practically no h>m done  ,we/ ,india    
hurricanes occasionally visit ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 especially 9 ! late summ] & e>ly
 autumn4 ,^! /orms beg9 z viol5t        
cyclones ( small ext5t 7#cjj to #fjj    
miles 9 diamet]71 usually some:]e ea/ ( 
! ,we/ ,indies1 sweep 9 a long curve    
across ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & !n turn nor?1
 ei!r pass+ up along ! ,atlantic ,coa/  
or cross+ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico into ! s\!rn
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,soon aft] ent]+ !      
temp]ate zone !y increase 9 size &      
dim9i% 9 viol5ce1 b are /ill vigor\s    
en\gh on rea*+ ! ,gulf or ,s\? ,atlantic
 ,coa/ to cause great deva/ation4       
,l[-ly+ %ores are (t5 inundat$ by !     
imm5se waves !y g5]ate4  ,cold waves are
 ! rapid & sev]e falls 9 temp]ature t   
sometimes occur 9 w9t]1 especially at ! 
front ( an anticyclone4 ,w>n+s ( ^!     
occurr5ces1 issu$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau   

tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs 9 advance1  
(t5 result 9 ! sav+ ( millions ( doll>s'
 wor? ( m]*&ise susceptible to damage by
 freez+4  ,fro/s 9 ! spr+ & autumn are  
also pr$ict$ ) great success1 to !      
imm5se advantage ( f>m]s1 m>ket-g>d5]s1 
& horticulturi/s4 ,! practice ( smudg+  
or heat+ or*>ds1 n[ s widespread1 is    
usually c>ri$ on "u ! advice ( ! ,wea!r 
,bureau1 :i* gives prompt notice to !   
or*>di/ :5 su* precautions are 9 ord]4  
,! bureau publi%es *>ts %[+ ! av]age &  
extreme dates ( ! la/ fro/ 9 spr+ & !   
fir/ fro/ 9 autumn = all p>ts ( !       
c\ntry4      ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,d[n
 ,,on ,a ,,sea ,,( ,,fog ,,f ,,mt4      
,,tamalpais1     ,,cali=nia  ,a fog is a
 cl\d re/+ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates fog is commone/ along !   
nor!rn & middle p>ts ( ! ,atlantic &    
,pacific ,coa/s4 ,9 ! int]ior ( !       
c\ntry1 especially ! we/]n "p1 x is (   
r>e occurr5ce1 ! av]age numb] ( days a  
ye> ) fog be+ less ?an t54              
,la/ly--wea!r fallacies are rife4       

,indian summ] is m]ely a type ( mild1   
hazy1 heav5ly wea!r t prevails          
int]mitt5tly dur+ our long ,am]ican     
autumns4 ,! equ9octial /orm is a my?2 ! 
climate has n *ang$ any:]e )9 ! span ( a
 human lifetime 7"o ye> diff]s f ano!r1 
b !re is no progressive or p]man5t      
*ange72 & ! moon has no?+ :atev] to d ) 
,,! ,,wea!r4     ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+  
,,climate ,,& ,,wea!r                   
,by ,h4 ,n4 ,dickson    ,,am]ican       
,,wea!r                                 
,by ,a4 ,w4 ,greely    ,,wea!r ,,sci5ce 
,by ,r4 ,g4 ,k4 ,lempf]t    ,,"s ,,facts
 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,wea!r                     
,by ,w4 ,m>riott     ,second edition4   
,,meteorology                           
,by ,w4 ,i4 ,milham    ,! late/ g5]al   
textbook on ! subject 9 ,engli%4        
,,=eca/+ ,,wea!r                        
,by ,w4 ,n4 ,%aw    ,,elem5t>y          
,,meteorology                           
,by ,f4 ,waldo  ,consult also ! num]\s  
publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r   
,bureau1 :i* w be f\nd 9 mo/ public     

libr>ies4   999999 ,in=mation conc]n+ ! 
above books & articles may be _h on     
application to ! ,editor ( ,! ,m5tor4   
,,! ,,op5 ,,lett]   ,:at is lightn+ &   
:at causes x8 ,! "q came to u a few days
 aft] we _h made ann\ncem5t ( a ,wea!r  
numb] ( ,! ,m5tor4 ,x 0 a natural "q1 = 
lightn+ is ! mo/ s5sational ( all wea!r 
ph5om5a4 ,x has always _h a fe>ful sort 
( fasc9ation = humanity4 ,to ! anci5ts x
 came z a bolt ( wra? f ! h& ( ,jove4   
,to ! fire-wor%ip]s x 0 a w>n+ message4 
,to p>*$ travel]s x 0 a bright promise1 
= x h]ald$ ! com+ ( ra94 ,to !          
sup]/iti\s x 0 a signal fla% f ! _s _w4 
,& to ^? ( n]v\s temp]am5t x 0 a highly 
di/urb+ ph5om5on produc+ emotions v>y+ f
 uneas9ess & al>m to hy/]ia4 ,! "q !n1  
,:at is lightn+ & :at causes x8 has an  
int]e/ = all4 ,i ref]r$ x to ,mr4       
,talman1 ! au?or ( ! ,m5tor article on  
,! ,wea!r4 ,8 reply foll[s4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,n s _m  
g5]ations ago 'natural philosoph]s'     
?\ght t inflammable gases1 exhal$ f !   

e>?1 took fire spontane\sly 9 ! air1 & t
 ?is 0 lightn+4 ,! idea also prevail$--&
 x is n yet q ext9ct--t a /roke (       
lightn+ involv$ ! hurl+ d[n f ! sky ( a 
mass ( rock1 call$ a '?und]bolt4' ,9 !  
eighte5? c5tury p became q famili> ) !  
process ( g5]at+1 by friction1 a my/]i\s
 some?+ call$ 'electricity1' :i*1 :5 x  
pass$ f "o body to ano!r ?r\gh a small  
lay] ( int]v5+ air1 produc$ sp>ks4      
,sev]al philosoph]s notic$ ! resemblance
 betwe5 ^! sp>ks & lightn+4 ,x rema9$1  
h[ev]1 = ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 to prove t    
lightn+ 0 really an electrical dis*>ge  
on a l>ge scale4 ,! exp]im5ts by :i* he 
propos$ to demon/rate ?is 7 successfully
 p]=m$1 fir/ by o!rs1 9 ,france1 & !n1  
by ,frankl9 himself1 at ,philadelphia4  
,) ! aid ( 8 fam\s kite he drew d[n f a 
?und]cl\d a little ( ! 'electrical      
fluid' 7z x 0 !n call$71 & produc$ t9y  
sp>ks f an iron key at ! l[] end ( ! wet
 kite-/r+4  ,we d n ev5 yet "k :at      
electricity is1 b we "k a great deal    
ab\t ! way x behaves & ! effects x      

produces4 ,!re are two k9ds (           
electricity1 :i* we call positive &     
negative4 ,a body is said to be *>g$ :5 
x has an excess ( ei!r k9d1 & ! two k9ds
 h a t5d5cy to unite & neutralize ea*   
o!r's effects4 ,?und]cl\ds become       
heavily *>g$ ) electricity4 ,we are n q 
sure h[ ?is happ5s1 b x is n[ commonly  
believ$ t ! /rong upris+ curr5ts ( air t
 occur 9 ! /orm1 9 ! process ( break+ up
 ! wat]-drops 9 ! cl\d also sep>ate     
positive f negative electricity2 leav+ !
 =m] 9 excess 9 ! "p ( ! cl\d next to ! 
e>?1 & c>ry+ ! latt] f> al(t4  ,by a    
process call$ 'induction' ! positive    
*>ge 9 ! cl\d draws an excess ( negative
 electricity to ! surface ( ! gr\nd     
und]nea?4 ,! /rong] ! contra/ betwe5 ^! 
opposite *>ges1 ! h>d] !y try to break  
?r\gh ! int]pos+ b>ri] ( ! air 7:i* is a
 poor conductor ( electricity7 & to     
neutralize ea* o!r4 ,at l5g? !y succe$ 9
 do+ s4 ,a p[]ful /ream ( electricity   
fl[s = an in/ant betwe5 cl\d & e>?4 ,its
 passage heats ! air & makes x lum9\s--j

 z ! passage ( an electric curr5t heats 
! filam5t ( an electric lamp & makes x  
lum9\s4 ,?is is lightn+4  ,^! dis*>ges  
occur n only betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! e>?1 b  
also1 & probably m (t51 betwe5 cl\ds    
*>g$ ) opposite k9ds ( electricity4  ,! 
sudd5 expansion ( ! heat$ air along !   
pa? ( ! dis*>ge affects our e>s j z does
 ! sudd5 expansion ( ! air at ! m\? ( a 
gun :5 x is fir$4 ,9 ea* case a wave is 
s5t ?r\gh ! air 9 all directions f !    
place ( di/urbance1 & our e>-drums are  
set 9 vibration4 ,t is ?und]4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,take c\rage !n1 y timid ones1 :o w9ce 9
 ! lightn+'s fla% & tremble "u ! ?und]'s
 roll4 ,?und] is simply a vibration (   
y\r e> drums--&1 :5 y he> ! ?und]1 be   
assur$1 all dang] is ov]4               
,signature3 ,w4 ,d4 ,m(fat              
,,editor     ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association  
,,e/abli%$ ,,= ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,a  
,,popul> ,,int]e/ ,,9     ,,art1        
,,lit]ature1 ,,sci5ce1 ,,hi/ory1        
,,nature1 ,,& ,,travel   ,,! ,,plan ,,( 

,,! ,,association  ,! purpose ( ,!      
,m5tor ,association is to give its      
memb]s1 9 an int]e/+ & attractive way ! 
in=mation 9 v>i\s fields ( k :i*        
ev]ybody wants & ought to h4 ,!         
in=mation is imp>t$ by int]e/+ read+    
matt]1 prep>$ "u ! direction ( lead+    
au?orities1 & by beautiful pictures1    
reproduc$ by ! mo/ highly p]fect$ mod]n 
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,association is to enable p to acquire  
useful k )\t ef=t1 s t !y may come      
easily & agreeably to "k ! _w's great m5
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p]man5tly int]e/+ ?+s 9 art1 lit]ature1 
sci5ce1 hi/ory1 nature1 & travel4  ,!   
purpose ( ! ,association is c>ri$ out by
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beautiful illu/rations 9 ,! ,m5tor4  ,! 
annual subscription is ,?ree ,doll>s1   
cov]+ ,! ,m5tor ,c\rse1 :i* comprises   
tw5ty-f\r numb]s ( ,! ,m5tor 9 "o ye>4  
,,! ,,m5tor ,,is ,,publi%$ ,,twice ,a   
,,mon?      ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor            
,,association1 ,,inc41 ,,at #eb ,,ea/   

,,n9ete5? ,,/reet1 ,,new     ,,york1 ,n4
 ,y4 ,,subscription1 ,,?ree ,,doll>s ,a 
,,ye>4 ,,=eign ,,po/age #ge     ,,c5ts  
,,extra4 ,,canadian ,,po/age #ej ,,c5ts 
,,extra4 ,,s+le ,,copies ,,fifte5       
,,c5ts4 ,,presid5t1 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,beck2 
,,vice-,,presid5t1 ,,walt] ,p4 ,,t5     
,,eyck2 ,,secret>y1 ,w4 ,d4 ,,m(fat2    
,,treasur]1 ,,rob]t ,m4 ,,donaldson2    
,,as/4     ,,treasur] ,,& ,,as/4        
,,secret>y1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,campbell       ,,!
 ,,m5tor ,,association1 ,,inc4     #eb  
,,ea/ #ai? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,n4 ,y4
     ,,! ,,m5tor  ,! ,m5tor ,index   ,an
 index to ,! ,m5tor has be5 prep>$1 & is
 n[ ready4 ,e numb] ( ,! ,m5tor1 f      
,s]ial ,no4 #a ?r\gh #ajf1 has be5      
index$4 ,x is a complete1 concise1 &    
accurate gr\p+ ( all ! subjects treat$ 9
 ,! ,m5tor1 "u ?ree head+s--! gravure   
pictures1 ! monographs1 & ,! ,m5tor     
articles4 ,e subject is c>efully index$ 
s t ! in=mation desir$ may be quickly & 
easily f\nd4  ,e memb] ( ,! ,m5tor      
,association %\ld own ?is index1 & e    

memb] w want to own x1 p>ticul>ly if 8  
or h] file ( back numb]s is complete4   
,! index is ! same size z ,! ,m5tor &   
simil> 9 /yle1 s t x may be b\nd 9 ) !  
numb]s ( ,! ,m5tor !mselves4 ,! price is
 tw5ty-five c5ts a copy4 ,x w\ld be     
advisable to place y\r ord] at once1 z !
 fir/ edition is limit$4   ,s5d all     
ord]s to    ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association   
#eb ,,ea/ ,,n9ete5? ,,/reet   ,,new     
,,york1 ,n4 ,y4   ,,make ,,! ,,sp>e     
,,mom5t ,,c\nt     ,,contributors ,,to  
,,! ,,m5tor   ,^! are ! m5 & wom5 :o    
make ,! ,m5tor--all ( !m em95t          
au?orities 9 _! special fields ( k4     
,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ,pr(essor ( !  
,hi/ory ( ,art1 ,rutg]s ,college1       
& ,au?or ( _m books4      ,,hamilton ,w4
 ,,mabie1 ,editor ( ,! ,outlook1 &      
,au?or & ,lit]>y       ,critic4         
,,dwight ,l4 ,,elm5dorf1 ,travel] &     
,lectur]4      ,,alb]t ,,bu%nell ,,h>t1 
,pr(essor ( ,gov]nm5t1 ,h>v>d           
,univ]sity4      ,,dr4 ,,william ,t4    
,,hornaday1 ,director ( ! ,new ,york    

,zoological ,p>k1       & ,au?or ( _m   
nature books4      ,,rob]t ,e4 ,,pe>y1  
,discov]] ( ! ,nor? ,pole4      ,,pr(4  
,,*>les ,e4 ,,fay1 ,tufts ,college1 &   
,fir/ ,presid5t ( !       ,am]ican      
,alp9e ,club4      ,,william ,,w9t]1    
celebrat$ ,critic & ,au?or4      ,,james
 ,,hunek]1 ,au?or & ,critic4            
,,gu/av ,,kobbe1 ,art ,critic ( ! ,new  
,york ,h]ald1 & ,au?or ( _m       books4
      ,,lorado ,,taft1 well-kn[n        
,am]ican ,sculptor & ,au?or4      ,w4   
,j4 ,,h5d]son1 ,music ,critic ( ! ,new  
,york ,sun1 & ,au?or (       _m books4  
,,/eph5 ,,bonsal1 ,au?or & ,w>          
,correspond5t4      ,e4 ,h4 ,,=bu%1     
,/ate ,orni?ologi/ ( ,massa*usetts1 &   
,au?or (       _m books4      ,,burges  
,,johnson1 ,pr(essor1 ,vass> ,college1  
,au?or & ,humori/4      ,,ar?ur ,,hoeb]1
 ,arti/1 ,critic & ,au?or4      ,,daniel
 ,c4 ,,be>d1 ,au?or1 ,arti/1 & celebrat$
 ,naturali/4      ,,samuel ,,i%am1      
di/+ui%$ ,art ,critic & ,au?or4      ,h4
 ,,add+ton ,,bruce1 ,au?or ( _m books4  

,,pr(4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,director (    
,coop] ,union1 ,new ,york ,city4        
,,rob]t ,m4 ,mc,e,l,r,o,y1 ,pr(essor (  
,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,pr9ceton             
,univ]sity4      ,,cl>5ce ,,w>d1        
,pr(essor ( ,ar*itecture1 ,rutg]s       
,college4      ,,ida ,m4 ,,t>bell1      
well-kn[n ,magaz9e ,writ] & ,au?or ( _m 
books4      ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,f9ck1 ,music   
,editor ( ! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/1 &    
,au?or ( v>i\s books4      ,j4 ,t4      
,,will+1 ,art ,editor & ,au?or4         
,,george ,w4 ,,bots=d1 ,pr(essor (      
,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,columbia              
,univ]sity4      ,h4 ,e4 ,,krehbiel1    
,music ,critic ( ! ,new ,york ,tribune1 
& ,au?or (       v>i\s books4      ,f4  
,j4 ,,ma!r1 ,jr41 ,pr(essor ( ,art &    
,ar*eology1 ,pr9ceton       ,univ]sity4 
,,fr$]ick ,,palm]1 ,celebrat$ ,w>       
,correspond5t1 & ,au?or (       v>i\s   
books4      ,,h5ry ,,woodh\se1 ,editor (
 ,fly+1 & an au?ority on                
a]onautics4      ,,william ,a4 ,,c(f91  
,n4 ,a41 well-kn[n ,arti/ & ,au?or4     

,,k5yon ,,cox1 ,n4 ,a41 di/+ui%$ ,arti/1
 ,au?or & ,in/ructor 9       art4       
,,e/h] ,,s+leton1 ,au?or ( _m books4    
,,walt] ,,pri*>d ,,eaton1 well-kn[n     
,magaz9e ,writ] & ,au?or (       v>i\s  
books4      ,,john ,k4 ,,mum=d1 ,au?or &
 ,exp]t on rugs4      ,,belmore ,h4     
,,br[ne1 ,arti/1 ,au?or & ,explor]4     
,,frank ,,weit5kampf1 ( ! ,new ,york    
,public ,libr>y1 ,exp]t ,9 ,pr9ts4      
,w4 ,j4 ,,holl&1 ,director ( ! ,c>negie 
,museum1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 &           
di/+ui%$ ,naturali/4      ,,dean ,c4    
,,worce/]1 not$ ,travel] & ,lectur] &   
,au?or4      ,,aym> ,,embury1 well-kn[n 
,ar*itect & ,writ] on ar*itectural      
subjects4      ,c4 ,f4 ,,talman1 ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton4 
,complete ,y\r ,,m5tor ,,libr>y         
,,subscriptions ,,always ,,beg9 ,,) ,,! 
,,curr5t ,,issue   ,! foll[+ numb]s ( ,!
 ,m5tor ,c\rse1 already issu$1 w be s5t 
po/paid at ! rate ( fifte5 c5ts ea*4    
,s]ial ,no4      #a4 ,beautiful ,*ildr5 
9 ,art     #b4 ,mak]s ( ,am]ican ,poetry

     #c4 ,wa%+ton1 ! ,capital     #d4   
,beautiful ,wom5 9 ,art     #e4         
,romantic ,irel&     #f4 ,ma/]s ( ,music
     #g4 ,natural ,wond]s ( ,am]ica     
#h4 ,pictures ,we ,love to ,live ,)     
#i4 ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,peaks    #aj4      
,scotl&1 ! ,l& ( ,song & ,sc5]y    #aa4 
,*]ubs 9 ,art    #ab4 ,/atues ,) a ,/ory
    #ac4 ,/ory ( ,am]ica 9 ,pictures3 ,!
 ,discov]]s    #ad4 ,london    #ae4 ,!  
,/ory ( ,panama    #af4 ,am]ican ,birds 
( ,beauty    #ag4 ,dut* ,ma/]pieces     
#ah4 ,p>is1 ! ,incomp>able    #ai4      
,fl[]s ( ,decoration    #bj4 ,mak]s (   
,am]ican ,humor    #ba4 ,am]ican ,sea   
,pa9t]s    #bb4 ,/ory ( ,am]ica 9       
,pictures3 ,! ,explor]s    #bc4 ,sport+ 
,vacations    #bd4 ,switz]l&3 ,! ,l& (  
,sc5ic ,spl5dors    #be4 ,am]ican       
,noveli/s    #bf4 ,am]ican ,l&scape     
,pa9t]s    #bg4 ,v5ice1 ! ,isl& ,city   
#bh4 ,! ,wife 9 ,art    #bi4 ,great     
,am]ican ,inv5tors    #cj4 ,furniture & 
,its ,mak]s    #ca4 ,spa9 & ,gibralt>   
#cb4 ,hi/oric ,spots ( ,am]ica    #cc4  

,beautiful ,build+s ( ! ,_w    #cd4     
,game ,birds ( ,am]ica    #ce4 ,/ory (  
,am]ica 9 ,pictures3 ,! ,conte/ = ,nor? 
,am]ica    #cf4 ,fam\s ,am]ican         
,sculptors    #cg4 ,! ,conque/ ( !      
,poles    #ch4 ,napoleon    #ci4 ,!     
,m$it]ranean    #dj4 ,angels 9 ,art     
#da4 ,fam\s ,compos]s    #db4 ,egypt1 ! 
,l& ( ,my/]y    #dc4 ,/ory ( ,am]ica 9  
,pictures3 ,! ,revolution    #dd4 ,fam\s
 ,engli% ,poets    #de4 ,mak]s (        
,am]ican ,art    #df4 ,! ,ru9s ( ,rome  
#dg4 ,mak]s ( ,mod]n ,op]a    #dh4 ,dur]
 & ,holbe9    #di4 ,vi5na1 ! ,que5 ,city
    #ej4 ,anci5t ,a!ns    #ea4 ,!       
,b>bizon ,pa9t]s    #eb4 ,abraham       
,l9coln    #ec4 ,george ,wa%+ton    #ed4
 ,mexico    #ee4 ,fam\s ,am]ican ,wom5  
,pa9t]s    #ef4 ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,air    
#eg4 ,c\rt ,pa9t]s ( ,france    #eh4    
,holl&    #ei4 ,our ,fea!r$ ,fri5ds     
#fj4 ,glaci] ,national ,p>k    #fa4     
,mi*elangelo    #fb4 ,am]ican ,colonial 
,furniture    #fc4 ,am]ican ,wild ,fl[]s
    #fd4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture    #fe4 ,! 

,/ory ( ! ,rh9e    #ff4 ,%akespe>e      
#fg4 ,am]ican ,mural ,pa9t]s    #fh4    
,celebrat$ ,animal ,*>act]s    #fi4     
,japan    #gj4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,fr5*       
,revolution    #ga4 ,rugs & ,rug ,mak+  
#gb4 ,alaska    #gc4 ,*>les ,dick5s     
#gd4 ,grecian ,ma/]pieces    #ge4 ,fa!rs
 ( ! ,con/itution    #gf4 ,ma/]s ( !    
,piano    #gg4 ,am]ican ,hi/oric ,homes 
#gh4 ,beauty ,spots ( ,india    #gi4    
,et*]s & ,et*+    #hj4 ,oliv] ,cromwell 
#ha4 ,*9a    #hb4 ,favorite ,trees      
#hc4 ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k    #hd4  
,fam\s ,wom5 ,writ]s ( ,engl&    #he4   
,pa9t]s ( ,we/]n ,life    #hf4 ,*9a &   
,pott]y ( ,our ,=efa!rs    #hg4 ,! ,/ory
 ( ,! ,am]ican ,railroad    #hh4        
,butt]flies    #hi4 ,! ,philipp9es      
#ij4 ,great ,gall]ies ( ! ,_w3 ,! ,l\vre
    #ia4 ,william ,m4 ,?ack]ay    #ib4  
,gr& ,canyon ( ,arizona    #ic4         
,ar*itecture 9 ,am]ican ,c\ntry ,homes  
#id4 ,! ,/ory ( ,! ,danube    #ie4      
,animals 9 ,art    #if4 ,! ,holy ,l&    
#ig4 ,john ,milton    #ih4 ,joan ,( ,arc

    #ii4 ,furniture ( ! ,revolution>y   
,p]iod   #ajj4 ,! ,r+ ( ! ,nibelung     
#aja4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,greece   #ajb4  
,*9ese ,rugs   #ajc4 ,! ,w> ( #ahab     
#ajd4 ,great ,gall]ies ( ! ,_w3 ,!      
,national ,gall]y1 ,london   #aje4      
,ma/]s ( ! ,viol9   #ajf4 ,am]ican      
,pione] ,prose ,writ]s   #ajg4 ,old     
,silv]   #ajh4 ,%akespe>e's ,c\ntry     
#aji4 ,hi/oric ,g>d5s ( ,new ,engl&     
,,numb]s ,,to ,,foll[  ,july #ae4       
,,am]ican ,,poets ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,by   
,burges ,johnson1 ,associate ,pr(essor (
 ,lit]ature1 ,vass> ,college4  ,augu/   
#a4 ,,arg5t9a4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman1     
,lectur] & ,travel]4          99        
99       99       99       99           
,illu/ration3 ,,c5tral ,,(fice ,,( ,,!  
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau1       
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4  ,,wea!r ,,s]vices   
,,at ,,home ,,& ,,abroad  ,monograph    
,numb] ,"o 9 ,! ,m5tor ,read+ ,c\rse    
,po/$ up 9 public (fices1 9 hotel       
corridors1 & o!r conspicu\s places 9 our
 cities1 ! (ficial wea!r map is a       

famili> sight4 ,ev5 m famili> is !      
(ficial wea!r =eca/1 display$1 z a rule1
 on ! fir/ page ( ! daily newspap]1 &   
s5t broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry on ! little   
br[n c>ds :i* "o may see 9 ! village    
po/(fice z well z 9 ! city drug-/ore4   
,:5 a great /orm sweeps ov] l& or sea1  
detail$ (ficial reports conc]n+ its     
progress & *>act]i/ics are publi%$ 9 !  
daily press4 ,:5 a lawsuit involves a   
dispute z to ! temp]ature or ! /ate ( ! 
sky on a c]ta9 day1 ! (ficial wea!r     
records are consult$4  ,h[ mu* d y "k   
ab\t ! bran* ( ! national gov]nm5t t is 
*>g$ ) ! duty ( keep+ wat* ( !          
wea!r--record+ its vag>ies z !y occur1 &
 also pr$ict+ !m1 z f> z is humanly     
possible8  ,besides its (fice 9         
,wa%+ton1 :]e m ?an two hundr$ p]sons   
are con/antly employ$1 ! ,wea!r ,bureau 
has ab\t two hundr$ /ations1 mann$ by   
pr(essional meteorologi/s & obs]v]s4 ,"o
 ( ^! w be f\nd 9 almo/ e l>ge city1    
:ile "s are 9 t[ns ( v mode/ importance4
 ,a regul> ,wea!r ,bureau /ation is well

 wor? a visit4 ,! in/rum5tal equipm5t ( 
^! /ations is almo/ sup]human 9 !       
accuracy ) :i* x sets d[n on pap] !     
*ronicle ( wea!r happ5+s f day to day & 
f mom5t to mom5t4 ,little less m>vel\s  
is ! sy/em by means ( :i* wea!r         
in=mation--pa/1 pres5t & future--is     
dissem9at$ f ^! (ficial foci4 ,!        
po/(fice1 ! telephone1 ! telegraph 7wire
 & wireless7 are all press$ into s]vice 
to ! fulle/ ext5t--especially 9 giv+    
timely notice ( approa*+ /orms & o!r    
de/ructive =ms ( wea!r4 ,^! ag5cies are 
supplem5t$ by visible & audible signals1
 9 ! %ape ( flags1 lant]ns1 railway     
:i/les & s =?4  ,contr>y to popul>      
belief1 ! ,wea!r ,bureau does n exi/    
prim>ily = ! purpose ( tell+ ! public 7)
 a consid]able m>g9 ( unc]ta9ty7 :e!r x 
w be advisable1 on ! morr[1 to c>ry an  
umbrella or we> an ov]coat4 ,! important
 "w ( ! ,bureau is tw(old4 ,x consi/s1  
fir/1 9 ! pr$iction ( ^? atmosph]ic     
visitations1 su* z /orms1 floods1 & cold
 waves1 :i* endang] life & prop]ty on a 

l>ge scale2 &1 second1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( !
 records t =m ! basis ( climatic        
/ati/ics4 ,9 bo? ^! directions ! ,bureau
 spl5didly ju/ifies its exi/5ce4  ,our  
national wea!r s]vice 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgj1 &
 = tw5ty ye>s 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,signal    
,corps ( ! ,army4 ,9 #ahij x 0 e/abli%$ 
on ! pres5t basis1 z ! ,wea!r ,bureau ( 
! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4  ,mo/       
civiliz$ c\ntries possess (ficial       
s]vices = ! obs]vation & pr$iction (    
wea!r1 ?\gh no o!r is organiz$ on q s   
gr&iose a scale z ours4 ,! ,briti%      
,meteorological ,(fice1 ! ,prussian     
,meteorological ,in/itute1 ! ,c5tral    
,meteorological ,bureau ( ,france1 & !  
,c5tral ,physical ,obs]vatory (         
,petrograd are among ! lead+ in/itutions
 ( ?is "* 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,admirable wea!r
 s]vices also exi/ 9 ,india1 ,japan1    
,au/ralia1 ,canada1 ,arg5t9a & else:]e4 
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,simple ,,wea!r       
,,/ation  ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts  
,monograph ,numb] ,two 9 ,! ,m5tor      
,read+ ,c\rse   ,! hi/ory (             

meteorological in/rum5ts dates back at  
lea/ z f> z ! f\r? c5tury be=e !        
,*ri/ian era1 :5 ! dep? ( ra9fall 0     
measur$ 9 ,india by "s =m ( gauge4 ,we  
aga9 he> ( ra9-gauges be+ us$ 9 ,pale/9e
 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! pres5t era4        
,!rmomet]s ) fix$ scales 7 us$ 9 ,italy 
9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! great ,galileo1
 born 9 ,pisa 9 #aefd1 took "p 9 p]fect+
 ^! in/rum5ts4 ,w9d-vanes 7 kn[n to !   
anci5ts4 ,! e>lie/ "o ( :i* we h any    
record surm\nt$ ! fam\s ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds  
at ,a!ns4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! wea!rcock
 became ! usual adornm5t ( *ur* /eeples4
 ,! b>omet] 0 inv5t$ by ,torricelli 9   
#afdc4  ,mo/ meteorological in/rum5ts1  
h[ev]1 are ( q rec5t orig91 & ?is is    
true especially ( ^! types ( app>atus t 
make automatic records1 ?us replac+1 to 
a l>ge ext5t1 ! human obs]v]4  ,our     
picture on ! o!r side ( ?is %eet %[s !  
in/rum5ts us$ by ! co-op]ative obs]v]s (
 ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,^! obs]v]s1 ( :om   
!re are ab\t #d1ejj1 well di/ribut$ ov] 
! c\ntry1 s]ve ! gov]nm5t )\t pay1 & _! 

pa9/ak+ obs]vations h alone made        
possible a detail$ survey ( our climate4
 ,9 ! picture we see1 on ! "r1 an ord9>y
 ra9-gauge1 &1 on ! left1 a             
!rmomet]-scre5 conta9+ two !rmomet]s2   
viz41 a maximum !rmomet]1 = record+ !   
highe/ temp]ature ( ! day1 & a m9imum   
!rmomet]1 = record+ ! l[e/4 ,! scre51   
:i* is ( wood1 pa9t$ :ite1 s]ves to     
%ield ! in/rum5ts f ! rays ( ! sun1 :ile
 p]mitt+ free v5tilation4 ,"u ^!        
conditions ! !rmomet]s %[ ! temp]ature (
 ! air2 :]eas :5 expos$ to direct       
sunlight a !rmomet] %[s ! temp]ature    
acquir$ by ! in/rum5t itself1 & ?is may 
diff] mat]ially f ! air temp]ature4  ,9 
contra/ to ?is simple equipm5t1 we f9d  
at a regul> meteorological /ation1 or   
obs]vatory1 an impressive collection (  
app>atus = obs]v+ & record+ ne>ly all ! 
elem5ts ( wea!r4 ,! pressure ( ! air is 
measur$ by ! m]curial b>omet]1 & regi/]$
 cont9u\sly by ! b>ograph2 ! temp]ature 
( ! air is automatically record$ by !   
!rmograph4 ,o!r self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts  

ma9ta9 cont9u\s records ( ! =ce &       
direction ( ! w9d1 ! am\nt & duration ( 
ra9fall1 ! duration ( sun%9e1 ! humidity
 ( ! air1 etc4 ,!re are also in/rum5ts =
 measur+ evaporation1 ! height & movem5t
 ( cl\ds1 ! int5sity ( sol> radiation1 !
 elem5ts ( atmosph]ic electricity1 &    
v>i\s o!r ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e4        
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,maje/ic ,,cumulus    
,,cl\d  ,,cl\ds ,,& ,,ra9fall           
,monograph ,numb] ,?ree 9 ,! ,m5tor     
,read+ ,c\rse   ,! ,int]national ,cl\d  
,classification1 n[ g5]ally us$ by      
meteorologi/s1 is an amplification ( "o 
introduc$ by an +5i\s ,engli% ,quak]1   
,luke ,h[>d1 9 ! ye> #ahjc4 ,h[>d       
di/+ui%$ sev5 types ( cl\d1 to :i* he   
gave ! ,lat9 names cirrus1 cumulus1     
/ratus1 cirro-cumulus1 cirro-/ratus1    
cumulo-/ratus1 & nimbus4 ,9 pass+1 x may
 be ( int]e/ to note t1 a few ye>s aft] 
,h[>d's classification 0 publi%$1 an    
attempt 0 made by "o ,?omas ,=/] to     
introduce popul> equival5ts ( ^! t]ms4  
,=/] propos$ to call cirrus curlcl\d1   

cumulus /ack5cl\d1 /ratus fallcl\d1 etc4
 ,9 o!r words1 he assum$ t because      
,h[>d's names 7 ,lat9 9 =m !y 7         
unsuitable = use by ! layman1 & !re=e   
ne$$ to be supplem5t$ by ,engli%        
names--al?\gh ! propos$ sub/itutes 71 on
 ! :ole1 some:at long] & m difficult to 
pron\nce ?an ! orig9als6 ,a p>allel     
und]tak+ w\ld be an attempt to disc\rage
 ! public f call+ ! w9d-fl[] anemone1 or
 virg9's b[] clematis4 ,=/]'s sup]flu\s 
names h nev] tak5 root 9 our language4  
,! highe/ cl\ds--cirrus &               
cirro-/ratus--are fea!ry 9 appe>ance1 & 
consi/ ( m9ute cry/als ( ice4 ,_!       
altitude above sea-level av]ages ab\t   
five miles1 b is frequ5tly mu* great]   
?an ?is4 ,all o!r cl\ds are compos$ (   
little drops ( wat]--n holl[ vesicles ( 
wat]1 z 0 once suppos$4 ,nei!r cry/als  
nor drops actually float 9 ! air4 ,!y   
are con/antly fall+ ) respect to ! air  
ar\nd !m1 ?\gh1 z ! air itself (t5 has  
an upw>d movem5t1 ! cl\d p>ticles are n 
always fall+ ) ref]5ce to ! e>?4 ,9 any 

case1 _! rate ( fall dep5ds ^u _! size1 
& 9 ! case ( ! small] p>ticles is v sl[4
 ,"u "s conditions ! p>ticles evaporate 
be=e rea*+ ! e>?1 :ile "u o!rs !y ma9ta9
 a solid or liquid =m & con/itute ra9 or
 sn[4 ,a fog is a cl\d ly+ at ! e>?'s   
surface4  ,ra9fall is "o ( ! mo/        
important elem5ts ( climate1 *iefly     
because ( its effects ^u vegetation4 ,x 
is measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! dep? ( wat] t w\ld
 lie on ! gr\nd if none ( x ran (f1     
soak$ 91 or evaporat$2 & ?is is1 9      
practice1 det]m9$ by collect+ ! ra91 z x
 falls1 9 a suitable receiv]1 or        
ra9-gauge4 ,usually ! gauge is s %ap$ z 
to magnify ! actual dep? ( ra9fall1 9   
ord] to facilitate measurem5t4 ,sn[ is  
measur$ 9 two ways2 fir/1 z sn[1 &1     
second1 9 t]ms ( its wat] equival5t4 ,! 
latt] measurem5t is commonly effect$ by 
melt+ ! sn[ & p\r+ x into ! ra9-gauge1  
:]e x is measur$ z ra94 ,by ?is exp$i5t 
we are enabl$ to comb9e measurem5ts (   
ra9 & sn[1 9 ord] to get ! total        
precipitation ( a place dur+ a giv5     

p]iod4  ,nature is notori\sly p>tial 9  
h] di/ribution ( ?is valuable elem5t ov]
 ! e>?4 ,a region hav+ an av]age annual 
ra9fall ( less ?an t5 in*es is normally 
a des]t1 ?\gh irrigation or dry-f>m+    
me?ods may enable its inhabitants to    
practice agriculture4  ,! heavie/ av]age
 annual ra9fall 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7n    
includ+ ,alaska7 is ab\t #acf in*es1 9  
,tillamook ,c\nty1 ,oregon4 ,! ra9ie/   
meteorological /ation 9 ! _w is         
,*]rapunji1 ,india1 ) an av]age ( ab\t  
#dbf in*es p] annum4,b      ,b ,?is is !
 late/ (ficial record4 ,!re are sev]al  
ra9-gauges at ,*]rapunji1 & ! av]age    
am\nt (         ra9 collect$ by any "o (
 !m v>ies consid]ably         ) ! l5g? (
 ! record4 ,h5ce ! widely div]g5t       
values ( ! ra9fall at ?is fam\s /ation  
publi%$         9 encyclopa$ias & o!r   
ref]5ce books4     ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,obs]vatory ,,on ,,monte ,,rosa  ,,!   
,,outpo/s ,,( ,,meteorology  ,monograph 
,numb] ,f\r 9 ,! ,m5tor ,read+ ,c\rse   
,! expression us$ 9 our title seems a   

fitt+ "o to apply to a numb] (          
meteorological obs]vatories & /ations   
ma9ta9$ = ! b5efit ( sci5ce 9 regions   
remote f ! com=ts & conv5i5ces (        
civilization4 ,"s are on ! summits (    
l(ty m\nta9s1 ! asc5t ( :i* is labori\s 
& ev5 p]il\s4 ,o!rs are situat$ 9 !     
bleak wild]nesses ( ! circumpol> zones4 
,public att5tion has all too r>ely be5  
call$ to ! h]oism & self-sacrifice ( !  
m5 :o con/itute ! /affs ( ^! lonely     
outpo/s4  ,! in/itution %[n 9 our       
gravure--(ficially kn[n1 9 honor ( !    
,d[ag] ,que5 ( ,italy1 z ! ,reg9a       
,m>gh]ita ,obs]vatory--cr[ns ! summit ( 
,monte ,rosa1 on ! nor!rn ,italian      
fronti]1 & is #ad1ifj feet above        
sea-level4 ,x is devot$ n only to       
meteorological inve/igations1 b to      
/udies ( ! physiological effects ( great
 altitudes & v>i\s o!r rese>*es1 & is   
op5 to ! savants ( all nationalities :o 
are c\rage\s en\gh to scale ! second    
highe/ summit ( ! ,alps4 ,x is habitable
 = only ab\t two mon?s2 viz41 f ! middle

 ( ,july to ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,ea*  
ye> a tempor>y telephone l9e is         
con/ruct$ connect+ ! obs]vatory ) !     
pla9s ( ,italy4 ,?is is ! highe/        
telephone l9e 9 ! _w1 & its in/allation 
is an ardu\s und]tak+4 ,a p]man5t l9e is
 impossible1 on acc\nt ( ! %ift+ ( !    
glaci]s & sn[fields on :i* ! poles mu/  
be erect$4  ,!re is also a              
meteorological obs]vatory on ,mont      
,blanc1 b x is n at ! summit & is n q s 
high z t on ,monte ,rosa4 ,! sol>       
obs]vatory :i* once /ood at ! v top (   
,mont ,blanc no long] exi/s4 ,! ,unit$  
,/ates ,signal ,s]vice 7n[ ! ,wea!r     
,bureau7 =m]ly ma9ta9$ obs]vatories on  
,pike's ,peak 7#ad1acd feet7 & ,m\nt    
,wa%+ton 7#f1bhj feet74 ,! l(tie/ (     
meteorological /ations 01 h[ev]1 t =m]ly
 op]at$ by ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory  
on ! summit ( ,el ,mi/i1 ,p]u 7#ai1bjj  
feet74  ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau ma9ta9$ a l>ge &  
important obs]vatory at ,m\nt ,wea!r1 at
 ! cre/ ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 ne> ,bluemont1

 ,virg9ia4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w "o ( ! mo/     
fam\s ( m\nta9 meteorological           
obs]vatories 0 t :i* /ood on ,b5 ,nevis 
7#d1djf71 ! highe/ summit 9 ! ,briti%   
,isles4 ,?is 0 clos$ 9 #aijd4  ,if !    
conditions ( life at ^! high-level      
/ations are su* z to repel any b ! ard5t
 lov] ( sci5ce1 ! same is true 9 ev5    
great] measure ( ^? endur$ by ! little  
b& ( meteorologi/s :o man ! obs]vatory  
ma9ta9$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,arg5t9a at     
,laurie ,isl&1 9 ! ,s\? ,orkneys1 on !  
v]ge ( ! ,ant>ctic4 ,e ye> a p>ty ( f\r 
is s5t out f ,bu5os ,aires to sp5d a ye>
 ( exile 9 ?is inhospitable spot1 :i* is
 g5]ally ice-b\nd1 & has n ev5 wireless 
communication ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,?is      
/ation has be5 9 op]ation s9ce #aijd4 ,!
 /aff1 :i* is *ang$ ea* ye>1 has embrac$
 m5 ( sev]al nationalities--,scot*1     
,am]ican & o!rs4  ,f> )9 ! ,arctic      
,circle two meteorological obs]vatories 
are ma9ta9$ 9 ,spitsb]g52 b ^! are1 at  
lea/1 connect$ ) ! _w by                
radiotelegraphy4  ,if ! hopes ( explor] 

,pe>y are accompli%$1 an obs]vatory w1  
"o ( ^! days1 be e/abli%$ at ! ,s\?     
,pole4     ,illu/ration3 ,,laun*+ ,a    
,,meteorological ,,kite  ,,! ,,air      
,,above ,,u  ,monograph ,numb] ,five 9  
,! ,m5tor ,read+ ,c\rse   ,meteorologi/s
 are n cont5t to limit _! inve/igations 
to ! /ratum ( air ly+ close to ! e>?'s  
surface4 ,ev5 be=e ! dem&s ( ! a]onaut =
 in=mation conc]n+ ! /ructure & ph5om5a 
( ! atmosph]e f> ov]head became press+1 
_m ef=ts _h be5 made to secure su*      
in=mation1 9 view ( its important be>+  
^u _m sci5tific problems4 ,z long ago z 
! ye> #aghd a ballooni/1 equipp$ ) v>i\s
 meteorological in/rum5ts1 made an asc5t
 f ,london & br\ght back an int]e/+     
s]ies ( obs]vations1 :i* 7 communicat$  
to ! ,royal ,society4 ,= m ?an a c5tury 
! mann$ balloon 0 ! pr9cipal means (    
s\nd+ ! upp] atmosph]e4  ,n[adays1 z a  
rule1 ! meteorologi/1 in/ead ( go+ al(t 
9 p]son1 s5ds up a kite or a balloon to 
:i* are atta*$ automatically regi/]+    
in/rum5ts4 ,:5 ! a]ial vehicle returns  

to e>? its record %[s 9 detail !        
conditions enc\nt]$ dur+ ! j\rney4      
,ev]ybody rememb]s h[ ,frankl9 br\ght   
lightn+ f ! cl\ds2 b x is a f> cry f !  
simple app>atus t s]v$ ,frankl9's       
purpose to ! box kite ( mod]n           
meteorology4 ,sci5ce has p]fect$ ! kite 
almo/ beyond recognition4 ,x has be5    
%orn ( t crucial feature ( ! s*oolboy   
article1 ! tail4 ,ev5 ! kite /r+ has    
become sev]al miles ( /eel piano wire1  
w\nd ar\nd ! drum ( a p[]-driv5 w9*1 )  
elaborate app>atus = record+ ! =ce ( !  
pull1 & ! angles ( azimu? & altitude4   
,captive balloons are sometimes us$ =   
simil> inve/igations4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is  
desir$ to atta9 great altitudes !       
meteorologi/ has rec\rse to ! s-call$   
s\nd+-balloon1 :i* is n te!r$ to ! e>?4 
,?is is usually made ( india-rubb]1 & :5
 laun*$ is inflat$ to less ?an its full 
capacity4 ,z x rises to regions (       
dim9i%$ air pressure x gradually exp&s1 
& f9ally bur/s at an elevation          
approximately det]m9$ 9 advance4 ,a l95 

cap1 s]v+ z a p>a*ute1 or sometimes an  
auxili>y balloon :i* does n bur/1 s]ves 
to waft ! app>atus1 ) its delicate      
self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts1 g5tly to !      
gr\nd4 ,?is commonly happ5s _m          
miles--sometimes two hundr$ or m--f !   
place ( asc5t4 ,atta*$ to ! app>atus is 
a ticket (f]+ ! f9d] a rew>d = its      
return1 & giv+ in/ructions z to pack+ & 
%ipp+4 ,soon] or lat] x usually comes   
back2 ?\gh (t5 mon?s aft] x falls4      
,inde$1 ! l>ge p]c5tage ( records       
recov]$1 ev5 9 sp>sely settl$ c\ntries1 
is n ! lea/ rem>kable feature ( ?is     
novel me?od ( rese>*4 ,! in/rum5ts      
atta*$ to s\nd+-balloons regi/] !       
temp]ature ( ! air1 ! b>ometric         
pressure1 & sometimes ! humidity4  ,by  
means ( ! s\nd+-balloon ! air is explor$
 to heights ( tw5ty miles & m6 ,!       
records obta9$ by means ( ^! balloons h1
 )9 ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 completely       
revolutioniz$ our ideas conc]n+ ! upp]  
atmosph]e4  ,/ill ano!r device employ$  
by meteorologi/s is ! pilot-balloon4    

,?is is also a free balloon1 b c>ries no
 meteorological in/rum5ts4 ,its motion 9
 ! air is foll[$ by means ( a !odolite1 
& x s]ves to %[ ! spe$ & direction ( !  
w9d at diff]5t levels4 ,dur+ ! w9t] (   
#aiab-ac a pilot-balloon s5t up f       
,godhavn1 ,gre5l&1 by a ,dani% explor+  
exp$ition rea*$ ! unprec$5t$ altitude ( 
m ?an #bd miles4     ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,effects ,,( ,,sn[ ,,& ,,ice--,,!      
,,campus1 ,,pr9ceton ,,univ]sity  ,,our 
,,w9t]s  ,monograph ,numb] ,six 9 ,!    
,m5tor ,read+ ,c\rse   ,9 ! ye> #agha   
,?omas ,jeff]son wrote 9 8 ,notes on    
,virg9ia3 ,a *ange ( climate is tak+    
place v s5sibly4 999999 ,sn[s are less  
frequ5t & less deep4 ,!y d n (t5 lie    
bel[ ! m\nta9s m ?an "o1 two or ?ree    
days1 & v r>ely a week4 ,! sn[s are     
rememb]$ to h be5 =m]ly frequ5t1 deep1 &
 ( long cont9uance4 ,! eld]ly in=m me t 
! e>? us$ to be cov]$ ) sn[ ab\t ?ree   
mon?s 9 e ye>4  ,probably long be=e !   
:ite man came to ,am]ica ! patri>*s ( ! 
,indian tribes regal$ ! "y m5 & maid5s  

ga!r$ ab\t ! campfire ) rem9isc5ces ( ! 
deep sn[s t prevail$ 9 a previ\s        
g5]ation4  ,9 %ort ! old-fa%ion$ w9t] is
 a p]5nial my?1 p]petuat$ by a famili>  
process ( self-delusion6 ,! occasional  
p]iods ( abundant sn[ make a m la/+     
impression ^u our m9ds ?an ! long       
int]vals 9 :i* ?is elem5t 0 sc>ce or    
lack+4 ,! result+ misconception is      
promptly dissipat$ :5 we consult ! wea!r
 records1 :i*1 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1    
ext5d back m ?an a c5tury1 & prove t !re
 has be5 no actual *ange 9 ! climate )9 
! p]iod !y embrace4  ,( c\rse ! errone\s
 idea is1 9 "s cases1 due to ! fact t   
"o's *ildhood 0 sp5t 9 a "p ( ! c\ntry 9
 :i* ! sn[fall is normally heavi] ?an 9 
t :]e "o has rec5tly liv$4 ,! av]age    
ye>ly sn[fall ov] ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 
,new ,york1 & ! bord]s ( ! ,great ,lakes
 is f #ej to #ajj in*es1 & upw>d4 ,ov] !
 ,nor? ,c5tral ,/ates x is mu* less4 ,9 
! ,s\!rn ti] ( ,/ates & along almo/ !   
:ole ( our ,pacific coa/ sn[ is a r>ity4
 ,! heavie/ sn[fall 9 ?is c\ntry        

probably occurs 9 ! high ,si]ra ,nevada 
( ,cali=nia1 ne> ! bord] ( ,nevada4 ,9  
"s places 9 ^! m\nta9s m ?an #dj feet ( 
sn[ falls 9 an av]age w9t]1 :ile m ?an  
#fe feet has be5 record$ 9 extreme      
cases4 ,"h x is a common occurr5ce =    
"o-/ory h\ses to be buri$1 to ! eaves1  
or above4 ,! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railway1  
:i* int]sects ?is region1 has built #cb 
miles ( sn[%$s1 at a co/ ( #db1jjj a    
mile ov] s+le track & #fe1jjj a mile ov]
 d\ble track4 ,9 an av]age ye> #aej1jjj 
is sp5t on ^! %$s 9 upkeep & r5ewals4   
,flat-ro($ h\ses are unkn[n 9 ?is       
vic9ity2 all ro(s are gabl$ at a %>p    
angle to %$ ! sn[4  ,a picturesque      
feature ( our ,am]ican w9t]s is ! ice   
/orm1 s en?usia/ically describ$ by ,m>k 
,twa93  444 ,:5 a leafless tree is clo!d
 ) ice f ! bottom to ! top--ice t is z  
bright & cle> z cry/al2 :5 e b\gh & twig
 is /rung ) ice-beads1 froz5 dew-drops1 
& ! :ole tree sp>kles cold & :ite1 l !  
,%ah ( ,p]sia's diamond plume4  ,su* is 
! arti/'s view ( ! ph5om5on2 b1 alas6 ^!

 same ice /orms cause endless           
inconv5i5ce & heavy exp5se e w9t] to !  
electrical indu/ries1 by break+ wires4  
,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,(
 ,,! ,,m5tor ,,association              
,,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,m5tor1 ,,vol4   
#d1 ,no4 #aj1 ,,s]ial ,no4 #aaj         
,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,! ,,m5tor    
,,association1 ,,inc4