,transcrib$ f ! #ahhg ,tomas ,y4 ,cr[ell ,:at to d8 edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,,on ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art--,,f ,,:at ,,to ,,d8 ,,on ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art4 ,,*apt] ,i4 4 4 4 #afi ,! ju/ification ( all p]sons :o h fre$ !mselves f toil is n[ f\nd$ on exp]im5tal1 positive sci5ce4 ,! sci5tific !ory is z foll[s3-- ,= ! /udy ( ! laws ( life ( human societies1 !re exi/s b "o indubitable me?od1--! positive1 exp]im5tal1 critical me?od ,only sociology1 f\nd$ on biology1 f\nd$ on all ! positive sci5ces1 c give u ! laws ( humanity4 ,humanity1 or human communities1 are ! organisms already prep>$1 or /ill 9 process ( =mation1 & :i* are subs]vi5t to all ! laws ( ! evolution ( organisms4 ,"o ( ! *ief ( ^! laws is ! v>iation ( de/9ation among ! portions ( ! organs4 ,"s p comm&1 o!rs obey4 ,if "s h 9 sup]abundance1 & o!rs 9 want1 ?is arises n f ! w ( ,god1 n because ! empire is a =m ( manife/ation ( p]sonality1 b because 9 societies1 z 9 organisms1 division ( labor becomes indisp5sable = life z a :ole4 ,"s p p]=m ! muscul> labor 9 societies2 o!rs1 ! m5tal labor4 ,^u ?is doctr9e is f\nd$ ! prevail+ ju/ification ( our "t4 ,n long ago1 _! reign$ 9 ! le>n$1 cultivat$ _w1 a moral philosophy1 accord+ to :i* x appe>$ t e ?+ :i* exi/s is reasonable2 t !re is no su* ?+ z evil or good2 & t x is unnecess>y = man to w> aga9/ evil1 b t x is only necess>y = him to display intellig5ce1--"o man 9 ! milit>y s]vice1 ano!r 9 ! judicial1 ano!r on ! viol94 ,!re h be5 _m & v>i$ expressions ( human wisdom1 & ^! ph5om5a 7 kn[n to ! m5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! wisdom ( ,r\sseau & ( ,less+1 & ,sp9oza & ,bruno1 & all ! wisdom ( antiquity2 b no "o man's wisdom ov]rode ! cr[d4 ,x 0 impossible to say ev5 ?is1--t ,hegel's success 0 ! result ( ! symmetry ( ?is !ory4 ,!re 7 o!r equally symmetrical !ories1--^? ( ,desc>tes1 ,leibnitz1 ,fi*te1 ,s*op5hau]4 ,!re 0 b "o reason :y ?is doctr9e won = itself1 = a season1 ! belief ( ! :ole _w2 & ?is reason 01 t ! d$uctions ( t philosophy w9k$ at p's weaknesses4 ,^! d$uctions 7 summ$ up 9 ?is1--t e ?+ 0 reasonable1 e ?+ good2 & t no "o 0 to blame4 ,:5 ,i began my c>e]1 ,hegelianism 0 ! f\ndation ( e ?+4 ,x 0 float+ 9 ! air2 x 0 express$ 9 newspap] & p]iodical articles1 9 hi/orical & judicial lectures1 9 novels1 9 treatises1 9 art1 9 s]mons1 9 conv]sation4 ,! man :o 0 n acqua9t$ ) ,hegal _h no "r to speak4 ,any "o :o desir$ to und]/& ! tru? /udi$ ,hegel4 ,e ?+ re/$ on him4 ,& all at once ! =ties pass$1 & !re 0 no?+ left ( him4 ,!re 0 n ev5 a h9t ( him1 any m ?an if he _h nev] exi/$4 ,& ! mo/ amaz+ ?+ ( all 01 t ,hegelianism did n fall because "s "o ov]?rew x or de/roy$ x4 ,no6 ,x 0 ! same !n z n[1 b all at once x appe>$ t x 0 ( no use :atev] to ! le>n$ & cultivat$ _w4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,hegelian wise m5 triumphantly in/ruct$ ! masses2 & ! cr[d1 und]/&+ no?+1 bl9dly believ$ 9 e ?+1 f9d+ confirmation 9 ! fact t x 0 on h&2 & !y believ$ t :at seem$ to !m muddy & contradictory !re on ! heights ( philosophy 0 all z cle> z ! day4 ,b t "t has gone by4 ,t !ory is worn out3 a new !ory has pres5t$ itself 9 its /ead4 ,! old "o has become useless2 & ! cr[d has look$ into ! secret sanctu>ies ( ! high prie/s1 & has se5 t !re is no?+ !re1 & t !re has be5 no?+ !re1 save v obscure & s5seless words4 ,?is has tak5 place )9 my memory4 ,b ?is arises1 p ( ! pres5t sci5ce w say1 f ! fact t all t 0 ! rav+ ( ! !ological & metaphysical p]iod2 b n[ !re exi/s positive1 critical sci5ce1 :i* does n deceive1 s9ce x is all f\nd$ on induction & exp]im5t4 ,n[ our erections are n %aky1 z !y =m]ly 71 & only 9 our pa? lies ! solution ( all ! problems ( humanity4 ,b ! old tea*]s said precisely ! same1 & !y 7 no fools2 & we "k t !re 7 p ( great intellig5ce among !m4 ,& precisely ?us1 )9 my memory1 & ) no less confid5ce1 ) no less recognition on ! "p ( ! cr[d ( s-call$ cultivat$ p1 spoke ! ,hegelians4 ,& nei!r 7 our ,h]z5s1 our ,/ankevit*es1 or our ,byel9skys fools4 ,b :5ce arose t m>vell\s manife/ation1 t s5sible p %\ld prea* ) ! greate/ assurance1 & t ! cr[d %\ld accept ) devotion1 su* unf\nd$ & unsupportable tea*+s8 ,!re is b "o reason1--t ! tea*+s ?us inculcat$ ju/ifi$ p 9 _! evil life4 ,a v poor ,engli% writ]1 ^: works are all =gott51 & recogniz$ z ! mo/ insignificant ( ! insignificant1 writes a treatise on population1 9 :i* he devises a fictiti\s law conc]n+ ! increase ( population disproportionate to ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,?is fictiti\s law1 ?is writ] encompasses ) ma!matical =mulae f\nd$ on no?+ :atev]2 & !n he laun*es x on ! _w4 ,f ! frivolity & ! /upidity ( ?is hypo!sis1 "o w\ld suppose t x w\ld n attract ! att5tion ( any "o1 & t x w\ld s9k into oblivion1 l all ! works ( ! same au?or :i* foll[$ x2 b x turn$ out q o!rwise4 ,! hack-writ] :o p5n$ ?is treatise in/antly becomes a sci5tific au?ority1 & ma9ta9s himself ^u t height = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,mal?us6 ,! ,mal?usian !ory1--! law ( ! increase ( ! population 9 geometrical1 & ( ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 ari?metical proportion1 & ! wise & natural means ( re/rict+ ! population1--all ^! h become sci5tific1 indubitable tru?s1 :i* h n be5 confirm$1 b :i* h be5 employ$ z axioms1 = ! erection ( false !ories4 ,9 ?is mann] h le>n$ & cultivat$ p proce$$2 & among ! h]d ( idle p]sons1 !re sprung up a pi\s tru/ 9 ! great laws exp\nd$ by ,mal?us4 ,h[ did ?is come to pass8 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh !y 7 sci5tific d$uctions1 :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) ! in/9cts ( ! masses4 ,b ?is c only appe> s = ! man :o believes t sci5ce1 l ! ,*ur*1 is some?+ self-conta9$1 liable to no errors1 & n simply ! imag9+s ( weak & err+ folk1 :o m]ely sub/itute ! impos+ ^w sci5ce1 9 place ( ! ?\ghts & words ( ! p1 = ! sake ( impressiv5ess4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 to make practical d$uctions f ! !ory ( ,mal?us1 9 ord] to p]ceive t ?is !ory 0 ( ! mo/ human sort1 ) ! be/ def9$ ( objects4 ,! d$uctions directly aris+ f ?is !ory 7 ! foll[+3 ,! wret*$ condition ( ! labor+ classes 0 su* 9 accordance ) an unalt]able law1 :i* does n dep5d ^u m52 &1 if any "o is to blame 9 ?is matt]1 x is ! hungry labor+ classes !mselves4 ,:y are !y su* fools z to give bir? to *ildr51 :5 !y "k t !re w be no?+ = ! *ildr5 to eat8 ,& s ?is d$uction1 :i* is valuable = ! h]d ( idle p1 has _h ?is result3 t all le>n$ m5 ov]look$ ! incorrectness1 ! utt] arbitr>9ess ( ^! d$uctions1 & _! insusceptibility to pro(2 & ! ?rong ( cultivat$1 i4e41 ( idle p1 kn[+ in/9ctively to :at ^! d$uctions lead1 salut$ ?is !ory ) en?usiasm1 conf]r$ ^u x ! /amp ( tru?1 i4e41 ( sci5ce1 & dragg$ x ab\t ) !m = half a c5tury4 ,is n ?is same ?+ ! cause ( ! confid5ce ( m5 9 positive critical-exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & ( ! dev\t attitude ( ! cr[d t[>ds t :i* x prea*es8 ,at fir/ x seems /range1 t ! !ory ( evolution c 9 any mann] ju/ify p 9 _! evil ways2 & x seems z ?\gh ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution has to deal only ) facts1 & t x does no?+ else b obs]ve facts4 ,b ?is only appe>s to be ! case4 ,exactly ! same ?+ appe>$ to be ! case ) ! ,hegelian doctr9e1 9 a great] degree1 & also 9 ! special in/ance ( ! ,mal?usian doctr9e4 ,hegelianism 01 app>5tly1 occupi$ only ) its logical con/ructions1 & bore no relation to ! life ( mank9d4 ,precisely ?is seem$ to be ! case ) ! ,mal?usian !ory4 ,x appe>$ to be busy itself only ) /ati/ical data4 ,b ?is 0 only 9 appe>ance4 ,contempor>y sci5ce is also occupi$ ) facts alone3 x inve/igates facts4 ,b :at facts8 ,:y precisely ^! facts1 & no o!rs8 ,! m5 ( contempor>y sci5ce are v fond ( say+1 triumphantly & confid5tly1 ,we inve/igate only facts1 imag9+ t ^! words conta9 "s mean+4 ,x is impossible to inve/igate facts alone1 because ! facts :i* are subject to our inve/igation are innum]able 79 ! def9ite s5se ( t ^w71--innum]able4 ,be=e we proce$ to inve/igate facts1 we mu/ h a !ory on ! f\ndation ( :i* ^! or ^? facts c be inquir$ into1 i4e41 select$ f ! incalculable quantity4 ,& ?is !ory exi/s1 & is ev5 v def9itely express$1 al?\gh _m ( ! work]s 9 contempor>y sci5ce d n "k x1 or (t5 pret5d t !y d n "k x4 ,exactly ?us has x always be5 ) all prevail+ & guid+ doctr9es4 ,! f\ndations ( e doctr9e are always /at$ 9 a !ory1 & ! s-call$ le>n$ m5 m]ely inv5t fur!r d$uctions f ! f\ndations once /at$4 ,?us contempor>y sci5ce is select+ its facts on ! f\ndation ( a v def9ite !ory1 :i* x sometimes kn[s1 sometimes refuses to "k1 & sometimes really does n "k2 b ! !ory exi/s4 ,! !ory is z foll[s3 ,all mank9d is an undy+ organism2 m5 are ! p>ticles ( t organism1 & ea* "o ( !m has 8 own special task = ! s]vice ( o!rs4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! cells unit$ 9 an organism %>e among !m ! labor ( fight = exi/5ce ( ! :ole organism2 !y magnify ! p[] ( "o capacity1 & weak5 ano!r1 & unite 9 "o organ1 9 ord] ! bett] to supply ! requirem5ts ( ! :ole organism4 ,& exactly 9 ! same mann] z ) greg>i\s animals1--ants or bees1--! sep>ate individuals divide ! labor among !m4 ,! que5 lays ! egg1 ! drone fructifies x2 ! bee works 8 :ole life long4 ,& precisely ?is ?+ takes place 9 mank9d & 9 human societies4 ,& !re=e1 9 ord] to f9d ! law ( life = man1 x is necess>y to /udy ! laws ( ! life & ! developm5t ( organisms4 ,9 ! life & developm5t ( organisms1 we f9d ! foll[+ laws3 ! law ( diff]5tiation & integration1 ! law t e ph5om5on is accompani$ n by direct consequ5ces alone1 ano!r law reg>d+ ! in/ability ( type1 & s on4 ,all ?is seems v innoc5t2 b x is only necess>y to draw ! d$uctions f all ^! laws1 9 ord] to imm$iately p]ceive t ^! laws incl9e 9 ! same direction z ! law ( ,mal?us4 ,^! laws all po9t to "o ?+2 namely1 to ! recognition ( t division ( labor :i* exi/s 9 human communities1 z organic1 t is to say1 z indisp5sable4 ,& !re=e1 ! unju/ position 9 :i* we1 ! p :o h fre$ ourselves f labor1 f9d ourselves1 mu/ be reg>d$ n f ! po9t ( view ( common- s5se & ju/ice1 b m]ely z an und\bt$ fact1 confirm+ ! univ]sal law4 ,moral philosophy also ju/ifi$ e sort ( cruelty & h>%ness2 b ?is result$ 9 a philosophical mann]1 & !re=e wrongly4 ,b ) sci5ce1 all ?is results sci5tifically1 & !re=e 9 a mann] n to be d\bt$4 ,h[ c we fail to accept s v beautiful a !ory8 ,x is m]ely necess>y to look ^u human society z an object ( contemplation2 & ,i c console myself ) ! ?\ght t my activity1 :atev] may be its nature1 is a functional activity ( ! organism ( humanity1 & t !re=e !re _c arise any "q z to :e!r x is j t ,i1 9 employ+ ! labor ( o!rs1 am do+ only t :i* is agreeable to me1 z !re c arise no "q z to ! division ( labor betwe5 ! bra9 cells & ! muscul> cells4 ,h[ is x possible n to admit s v beautiful a !ory1 9 ord] t "o may be able1 ev] aft]1 to pocket "o's consci5ce1 & h a p]fectly unbridl$ animal exi/5ce1 feel+ b5ea? "o's self t support ( sci5ce :i* is n to be %ak5 n[adays6 ,& x is on ?is new doctr9e t ! ju/ification = m5's idl5ess & cruelty is n[ f\nd$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,?is doctr9e _h its rise n s v long--fifty ye>s--ago4 ,its pr9cipal f\nd] 0 ! ,fr5* savant ,comte4 ,!re occurr$ to ,comte1--a sy/emati/1 & a religi\s man to boot1--"u ! influ5ce ( ! !n novel physiological inve/igations ( ,bi*e1 ! old idea already set =? by ,m55ius ,agrippa1--! idea t human society1 all humanity ev51 might be reg>d$ z "o :ole1 z an organism2 & m5 z liv+ p>ts ( ! sep>ate organs1 hav+ ea* 8 own def9ite appo9tm5t to s]ve ! entire organism4 ,?is idea s pleas$ ,comte1 t ^u x he began to erect a philosophical !ory2 & ?is !ory s c>ri$ him away1 t he utt]ly =got t ! po9t ( dep>ture = 8 !ory 0 no?+ m ?an a v pretty comp>ison1 :i* 0 suitable = a fable1 b :i* c\ld by no means s]ve z ! f\ndation = sci5ce4 ,he1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 mi/ook 8 pet hypo!sis = an axiom1 & imag9$ t 8 :ole !ory 0 erect$ on ! v firme/ ( f\ndations4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 x seem$ t s9ce humanity is an organism1 ! k ( :at man is1 & ( :at %\ld be 8 relations to ! _w1 0 possible only ?r\gh a k ( ! features ( ?is organism4 ,= ! k ( ^! qualities1 man is enabl$ to take obs]vations on o!r & l[] organisms1 & to draw conclusions f _! life4 ,!re=e1 9 ! fi/ place1 ! true & only me?od1 accord+ to ,comte1 is ! inductive1 & all sci5ce is only su* :5 x has exp]im5t z its basis2 9 ! second place1 ! goal & cr[n ( sci5ces is =m$ by t new sci5ce deal+ ) ! imag9>y organism ( humanity1 or ! sup]-organic be+1--humanity1--& ?is newly devis$ sci5ce is sociology4 ,& f ?is view ( sci5ce x appe>s1 t all previ\s k 0 deceitful1 & t ! :ole /ory ( humanity1 9 ! s5se ( self- k1 has be5 divid$ into ?ree1 actually into two1 p]iods3 ! !ological & metaphysical p]iod1 ext5d+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ,comte1 & ! pres5t p]iod1--t ( ! only true sci5ce1 positive sci5ce1--beg9n+ ) ,comte4 ,all ?is 0 v well4 ,!re 0 b "o error1 & t 0 ?is1--t ! :ole edifice 0 erect$ on ! s&1 on ! arbitr>y & false ass]tion t humanity is an organism4 ,?is ass]tion 0 arbitr>y1 because we h j z mu* "r to admit ! exi/5ce ( a human organism1 n subject to obs]vation1 z we h to admit ! exi/5ce ( any o!r invisible1 fanta/ic be+4 ,?is ass]tion 0 errone\s1 because = ! und]/&+ ( humanity1 i4e41 ( m51 ! def9ition ( an organism 0 incorrectly con/ruct$1 :ile 9 humanity itself all actual signs ( organism1--! c5tre ( feel+ or consci\sness1 are lack+4 #agh ,b1 9 spite ( ! arbitr>9ess & incorrectness ( ! fundam5tal assumption ( positive philosophy1 x 0 accept$ by ! s-call$ cultivat$ _w ) ! greate/ sympa?y4 ,9 ?is connection1 "o ?+ is wor?y ( note3 t out ( ! works ( ,comte1 consi/+ ( two p>ts1 ( positive philosophy & ( positive politics1 only ! fir/ 0 adopt$ by ! le>n$ _w1--t "p :i* ju/ifie?1 on new promises1 ! exi/5t evil ( human societies2 b ! second "p1 treat+ ( ! moral obligations ( altruism1 aris+ f ! recognition ( mank9d z an organism1 0 reg>d$ z n only ( no importance1 b z trivial & unsci5tific4 ,x 0 a repetition ( ! same ?+ t _h happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,kant's works4 ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 0 adopt$ by ! sci5tific cr[d2 b ! ,critique ( ,appli$ ,reason1 t "p :i* conta9s ! gi/ ( moral doctr9e1 0 repudiat$4 ,9 ,kant's doctr9e1 t 0 accept$ z sci5tific :i* subs]v$ ! exi/5t evil4 ,b ! positive philosophy1 :i* 0 accept$ by ! cr[d1 0 f\nd$ on an arbitr>y & errone\s basis1 0 9 itself too unf\nd$1 & !re=e un/eady1 & c\ld n support itself alone4 ,& s1 amid all ! multitude ( ! idle plays ( ?\ght ( ! m5 pr(ess+ ! s-call$ sci5ce1 !re pres5ts itself an ass]tion equally devoid ( novelty1 & equally arbitr>y & errone\s1 to ! effect t liv+ be+s1 i4e41 organisms1 h _h _! rise 9 ea* o!r1--n only "o organism f ano!r1 b "o f _m2 i4e41 t 9 a v long int]val ( "t 79 a million ( ye>s1 = in/ance71 n only c\ld a duck & a fi% proce$ f "o ance/or1 b t "o animal might result f a :ole hive ( bees4 ,& ?is arbitr>y & errone\s assumption 0 accept$ by ! le>n$ _w ) /ill great] & m univ]sal sympa?y4 ,?is assumption 0 arbitr>y1 because no "o has ev] se5 h[ "o organism is made f ano!r1 & !re=e ! hypo!sis z to ! orig9 ( species w always rema9 an hypo!sis1 & n an exp]im5tal fact4 ,& ?is hypo!sis 0 also errone\s1 because ! decision ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( species--t !y h orig9at$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! law ( h]$ity & fitness1 9 ! c\rse ( an int]m9ably long "t--is no solution at all1 b m]ely a re-/atem5t ( ! problem 9 a new =m4 ,accord+ to ,moses' solution ( ! "q 79 ! dispute ) :om ! entire significance ( ?is !ory lies71 x appe>s t ! div]sity ( ! species ( liv+ creatures proce$$ accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 & accord+ to ,8 almighty p[]2 b accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution1 x appe>s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ creatures arose by *ance1 & on acc\nt ( v>y+ conditions ( h]$ity & surr\nd+s1 ?r\gh an endless p]iod ( "t4 ,! !ory ( evolution1 to speak 9 simple language1 m]ely ass]ts1 t by *ance1 9 an incalculably long p]iod ( "t1 out ( any ?+ y l1 any ?+ else t y l may develop4 ,?is is no answ] to ! problem4 ,& ! same problem is diff]5tly express$3 in/ead ( w1 *ance is (f]$1 & ! co-effici5t ( ! et]nal is transpos$ f ! p[] to ! "t4 ,b ?is fre% ass]tion /r5g!n$ ,comte's ass]tion4 ,&1 moreov]1 accord+ to ! +5u\s confession ( ! f\nd] ( ,d>w9's !ory himself1 8 idea 0 ar\s$ 9 him by ! law ( ,mal?us2 & he !re=e prop\nd$ ! !ory ( ! /ruggle ( liv+ creatures & p = exi/5ce1 z ! fundam5tal law ( e liv+ ?+4 ,& lo6 only ?is 0 ne$$ by ! ?rong ( idle p = _! ju/ification4 ,two insecure !ories1 incapable ( su/a9+ !mselves on _! feet1 upheld ea* o!r1 & acquir$ ! semblance ( /ability4 ,bo? !ories bore ) !m t idea :i* is preci\s to ! cr[d1 t 9 ! exi/5t evil ( human societies1 m5 are n to blame1 & t ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s is t :i* %\ld prevail2 & ! new !ory 0 adopt$ by ! ?rong ) entire fai? & unhe>d-( en?usiasm4 ,& behold1 on ! /r5g? ( ^! two arbitr>y & errone\s hypo!ses1 accept$ z dogmas ( belief1 ! new sci5tific doctr9e 0 ratifi$4 ,sp5c]1 = example1 9 "o ( 8 fir/ works1 expresses ?is doctr9e ?us3-- ,societies & organisms1 he says1 are alike 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3-- #a4 ,9 t1 beg9n+ z t9y aggregates1 !y imp]ceptibly gr[ 9 mass1 s t "s ( !m atta9 to ! size ( t5 ?\s& times _! orig9al bulk4 #b4 ,9 t :ile !y 71 9 ! beg9n+1 ( su* simple /ructure1 t !y c be reg>d$ z de/itute ( all /ructure1 !y acquire dur+ ! p]iod ( _! gr[? a con/antly increas+ complication ( /ructure4 #c4 ,9 t al?\gh 9 _! e>ly1 undevelop$ p]iod1 !re exi/s betwe5 !m h>dly any int]dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 _! p>ts gradually acquire an int]dep5d5ce1 :i* ev5tually becomes s /rong1 t ! life & activity ( ea* "p becomes possible only on condition ( ! life & activity ( ! rema9+ p>ts4 #d4 ,9 t life & ! developm5t ( society are indep5d5t1 & m protract$ ?an ! life & developm5t ( any "o ( ! units con/itut+ x1 :i* are born1 gr[1 act1 reproduce !mselves1 & die sep>ately2 :ile ! political body =m$ f !m1 cont9ues to live g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 develop+ 9 mass 9 p]fection & functional activity4 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 organisms & society g f>!r2 & x is prov$ t ^! diff]5ces are m]ely app>5t1 b t organisms & societies are absolutely simil>4 ,= ! un9itiat$ man ! "q imm$iately pres5ts itself3 ,:at are y talk+ ab\t8 ,:y is mank9d an organism1 or simil> to an organism8 ,y say t societies resemble organisms 9 ^! f\r features2 b x is no?+ ( ! sort4 ,y only take a few features ( ! organism1 & b5ea? !m y range human communities4 ,y br+ =w>d f\r features ( resemblance1 !n y take f\r features ( dissimil>ity1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 only app>5t 7accord+ to y72 & y !nce conclude t human societies c be reg>d$ z organisms4 ,b surely1 ?is is an empty game ( dialectics1 & no?+ m4 ,on ! same f\ndation1 "u ! features ( an organism1 y may range :atev] y please4 ,i w take ! fi/ ?+ t comes into my head4 ,let u suppose x to be a =e/1--! mann] 9 :i* x s[s itself 9 ! pla91 & spreads abroad4 #a4 ,beg9n+ ) a small aggregate1 x increases imp]ceptibly 9 mass1 & s =?4 ,exactly ! same ?+ takes place 9 ! fields1 :5 !y gradually se$ !mselves d[n1 & br+ =? a =e/4 #b4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! /ructure is simple3 aft]w>ds x increases 9 complication1 & s =?4 ,exactly ! same ?+ happ5s ) ! =e/1--9 ! fir/ place1 !re 7 only bit*- trees1 !n came bru%-wood & hazel-bu%es2 at fir/ all gr[ erect1 !n !y int]lace _! bran*es4 #c4 ,! int]dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts is s augm5t$1 t ! life ( ea* "p dep5ds on ! life & activity ( ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,x is precisely s ) ! =e/1--! hazel-bu% w>ms ! tree-boles 7cut x d[n1 & ! o!r trees w freeze71 ! hazel-bu% protects f ! w9d1 ! se$-be>+ trees c>ry on reproduction1 ! tall & leafy trees af=d %ade1 & ! life ( "o tree dep5ds on ! life ( ano!r4 #d4 ,! sep>ate p>ts may die1 b ! :ole lives4 ,exactly ! case ) ! =e/4 ,! =e/ does n m\rn "o tree4 ,hav+ prov$ t1 9 accordance ) ?is !ory1 y may reg>d ! =e/ z an organism1 y fancy t y h prov$ to ! disciples ( ! organic doctr9e ! error ( _! def9ition4 ,no?+ ( ! sort4 ,! def9ition :i* !y give to ! organism is s inaccurate & s ela/ic t "u ?is def9ition !y may include :at !y w4 ,yes1 !y say2 & ! =e/ may also be reg>d$ z an organism4 ,! =e/ is mutual re-action ( individuals1 :i* d n annihilate ea* o!r1--an aggregate2 its p>ts may also ent] into a m intimate union1 z ! hive ( bees con/itutes itself an organism4 ,!n y w say1 ,if t is s1 !n ! birds & ! insects & ! grass ( ?is =e/1 :i* re-act ^u ea* o!r1 & d n de/roy ea* o!r1 may also be reg>d$ z "o organism1 9 company ) ! trees4 ,& to ?is also !y w agree4 ,e collection ( liv+ individuals1 :i* re-act ^u ea* o!r1 & d n de/roy ea* o!r1 may be reg>d$ z organisms1 accord+ to _! !ory4 ,y may affirm a connection & int]action betwe5 :atev] y *oose1 &1 accord+ to evolution1 y may affirm1 t1 out ( :atev] y please1 any o!r ?+ t y please may proce$1 9 a v long p]iod ( "t4 ,& ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ( all is1 t ?is same id5tical positive sci5ce recognizes ! sci5tific me?od z ! sign ( true k1 & has itself def9$ :at x designates z ! sci5tific me?od4 ,by ! sci5tific me?od x means common-s5se4 ,& common-s5se convicts x at e /ep4 ,z soon z ! ,popes felt t no?+ holy rema9$ 9 !m1 !y call$ !mselves mo/ holy4 ,z soon z sci5ce felt t no common-s5se 0 left 9 h] %e call$ h]self s5sible1 t is to say1 sci5tific sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,division ( labor is ! law ( all exi/+ ?+s1 &1 !re=e1 x %\ld be pres5t 9 human societies4 ,x is v possible t ?is is s2 b /ill ! "q rema9s1 ,( :at nature is t division ( labor :i* ,i behold 9 my human society8 is x t division ( labor :i* %\ld exi/8 ,& if p reg>d a c]ta9 division ( labor z unreasonable & unju/1 !n no sci5ce :atev] c conv9ce m5 t t %\ld exi/ :i* !y reg>d z unreasonable & unju/4 ,division ( labor is ! condition ( exi/5ce ( organisms1 & ( human societies2 b :at1 9 ^! human societies1 is to be reg>d$ z an organic division ( labor8 ,&1 to :atev] ext5t sci5ce may h inve/igat$ ! division ( labor 9 ! cells ( worms1 all ^! obs]vations d n compel a man to ackn[l$ge t division ( labor to be correct :i* 8 own s5se & consci5ce d n recognize z correct4 ,no matt] h[ conv9c+ may be ! pro(s ( ! division ( labor ( ! cells 9 ! organisms /udi$1 man1 if he has n p>t$ ) 8 judgm5t1 w say1 nev]!less1 t a man %\ld n weave calico all 8 life1 & t ?is is n division ( labor1 b p]secution ( ! p4 ,sp5c] & o!rs say t !re is a :ole community ( weav]s1 & t ! pr(ession ( weav+ is an organic division ( labor4 ,!re are weav]s2 s1 ( c\rse1 !re is su* a division ( labor4 ,x w\ld be well en\gh to speak ?us if ! colony ( weav]s _h aris5 by ! free w ( its memb]'s2 b we "k t x is n ?us =m$ ( _! initiative1 b t we make x4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to f9d out :e!r we h made ^! weav]s 9 accordance ) an organic law1 or ) "s o!r4 ,m5 live4 ,!y support !mselves by agriculture1 z is natural to all m54 ,"o man has set up a blacksmi?'s =ge1 & repair$ 8 pl\gh2 8 neighbor comes to him1 & asks him to m5d 8 also1 & promises him 9 return ei!r "w or money4 ,a ?ird comes1 & a f\r?2 & 9 ! community =m$ by ^! m51 !re arises ! foll[+ division ( labor1--a blacksmi? is creat$4 ,ano!r man has in/ruct$ 8 *ildr5 well2 8 neighbor br+s 8 *ildr5 to him1 & reque/s him to tea* !m also1 & a tea*] is creat$4 ,b bo? blacksmi? & tea*] h be5 creat$1 & cont9ue to be su*1 m]ely because !y h be5 ask$2 & !y rema9 su* z long z !y are reque/$ to be blacksmi? & tea*]4 ,if x %\ld come to pass t _m blacksmi?s & tea*]s %\ld set !mselves up1 or t _! "w is n requit$1 !y w imm$iately1 z common-s5se dem&s & z always happ5s :5 !re is no occasion = di/urb+ ! regul> c\rse ( division ( labor1--!y w imm$iately ab&on _! trade1 & betake !mselves once m to agriculture4 ,m5 :o behave ?us are guid$ by _! s5se1 _! consci5ce2 & h5ce we1 ! m5 end[$ ) s5se & consci5ce1 all ass]t t su* a division ( labor is "r4 ,b if x %\ld *ance t ! blacksmi?s 7 able to compel o!r p to "w = !m1 & %\ld cont9ue to make horse-%oes :5 !y 7 n want$1 & if ! tea*]s %\ld g on tea*+ :5 !re 0 no "o to tea*1 !n x is obvi\s to e sane man1 z a man1 i4e41 z a be+ end[$ ) reason & consci5ce1 t ?is w\ld n be division1 b appropriation1 ( labor4 ,& yet precisely t sort ( activity is :at is call$ division ( labor by sci5tific sci5ce4 ,p d t :i* o!rs d n ?9k ( requir+1 & dem& t !y %all be support$ = s do+1 & say t ?is is j because x is division ( labor4 ,t :i* con/itutes ! cause ( ! economical pov]ty ( our age is :at ! ,engli% call ov]-production 7:i* means t a mass ( ?+s are made :i* are ( no use to anybody1 & ) :i* no?+ c be done74 ,x w\ld be odd to see a %oemak]1 :o %\ld consid] t p 7 b\nd to fe$ him because he incessantly made boots :i* _h be5 ( no use to any "o = a long "t2 b :at %all we say ( ^? m5 :o make no?+1--:o n only produce no?+ t is visible1 b no?+ t is ( use = p at l>ge1--= ^: w>es !re are no cu/om]s1 & :o yet dem&1 ) ! same boldness1 on ! gr\nd ( division ( labor1 t !y %all be suppli$ ) f9e food & dr9k1 & t !y %all be dress$ well8 ,!re may be1 & !re are1 sorc]]s = ^: s]vices a dem& makes itself felt1 & = ?is purpose !re are br\ght to !m pancakes & flasks2 b x is difficult to imag9e ! exi/5ce ( sorc]]s ^: spells are useless to e "o1 & :o boldly dem& t !y %all be luxuri\sly support$ because !y ex]cise sorc]y4 ,& x is ! same 9 our _w4 ,& all ?is comes ab\t on ! basis ( t false conception ( ! division ( labor1 :i* is def9$ n by reason & consci5ce1 b by obs]vation1 :i* m5 ( sci5ce av[ ) su* unanimity4 ,division ( labor has1 9 reality1 always exi/$1 & /ill exi/s2 b x is "r only :5 man decides ) 8 reason & 8 consci5ce t x %\ld be s1 & n :5 he m]ely inve/igates x4 ,& reason & consci5ce decide ! "q = all m5 v simply1 unanim\sly1 & 9 a mann] n to be d\bt$4 ,!y always decide x ?us3 t division ( labor is "r only :5 a special bran* ( man's activity is s ne$ful to m51 t !y1 entreat+ him to s]ve !m1 volunt>ily propose to support him 9 requital = t :i* he %all d = !m4 ,b1 :5 a man c live f infancy to ! age ( ?irty ye>s on ! necks ( o!rs1 promis+ to d1 :5 he %all h be5 taught1 some?+ extremely useful1 = :i* no "o asks him2 & :51 f ! age ( ?irty until 8 dea?1 he c live 9 ! same mann]1 /ill m]ely on ! promise to d some?+1 = :i* !re has be5 no reque/1 ?is w n be division ( labor 7&1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no su* ?+ 9 our society71 b x w be :at x already is1--m]ely ! appropriation1 by =ce1 ( ! toil ( o!rs2 t same appropriation by =ce ( ! toil ( o!rs :i* ! philosoph]s =m]ly designat$ by v>i\s names1--= in/ance1 z indisp5sable =ms ( life1--b :i* sci5tific sci5ce n[ calls ! organic division ( labor4 ,! :ole significance ( sci5tific sci5ce lies 9 ?is alone4 ,x has n[ become a di/ribut] ( diplomas = idl5ess2 = x alone1 9 its sanctu>ies1 selects & det]m9es :at is p>asitical1 & :at is organic activity1 9 ! social organism4 ,j z ?\gh e man c\ld n f9d ?is out = himself mu* m accurately & m spe$ily1 by tak+ c\nsel ( 8 reason & 8 consci5ce4 ,x seems to m5 ( sci5tific sci5ce1 t !re c be no d\bt ( ?is1 & t _! activity is also indubitably organic2 !y1 ! sci5tific & arti/ic work]s1 are ! bra9 cells1 & ! mo/ preci\s cells 9 ! :ole organism4 ,ev] s9ce m5--reason+ be+s--h exi/$1 !y h di/+ui%$ good f evil1 & h pr(it$ by ! fact t m5 h made ?is di/9ction be=e !m2 !y h w>r$ aga9/ evil1 & h s\ght ! good1 & h sl[ly b un9t]rupt$ly advanc$ 9 t pa?4 ,& div]s delusions h always /ood be=e m51 hemm+ 9 ?is pa?1 & hav+ = _! object to demon/rate to !m1 t x 0 n necess>y to d ?is1 & t x 0 n necess>y to live z !y 7 liv+4 ,) fe>ful conflict & difficulty1 m5 h fre$ !mselves f _m delusions4 ,& behold1 a new & a /ill m evil delusion has sprung up 9 ! pa? ( mank9d1--! sci5tific delusion4 ,?is new delusion is precisely ! same 9 nature z ! old ones2 its gi/ lies 9 secretly lead+ a/ray ! activity ( our reason & consci5ce1 & ( ^? :o h liv$ be=e u1 by some?+ ext]nal4 ,9 sci5tific sci5ce1 ?is ext]nal ?+ is--inve/igation4 ,! cunn+ ( ?is sci5ce consi/s 9 ?is1--t1 aft] po9t+ out to m5 ! co>se/ false int]pretations ( ! activity ( ! reason & consci5ce ( man1 x de/roys 9 !m fai? 9 _! own reason & consci5ce1 & assures !m t e ?+ :i* _! reason & consci5ce say to !m1 t all t ^! h said to ! l(tie/ repres5tatives ( man h]et(ore1 ev] s9ce ! _w has exi/$1--t all ?is is conv5tional & subjective4 ,all ?is mu/ be ab&on$1 !y say2 x is impossible to und]/& ! tru? by ! reason1 = we may be mi/ak54 ,b !re exi/s ano!r un]r+ & almo/ me*anical pa?3 x is necess>y to inve/igate facts4 ,b facts mu/ be inve/igat$ on ! f\ndation ( sci5tific sci5ce1 i4e41 ( ! two hypo!ses ( positivism & evolution1 :i* are n borne out by any ?+1 & :i* give !mselves out z und\bt$ tru?s4 ,& ! reign+ sci5ce ann\nces1 ) delusive solemnity1 t ! solution ( all problems ( life is possible only ?r\gh ! /udy ( facts1 ( nature1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ( organisms4 ,! cr$ul\s mass ( "y p1 ov]:elm$ by ! novelty ( ?is au?ority1 :i* has n yet be5 ov]?r[n or ev5 t\*$ by criticism1 fl+s itself into ! /udy ( natural sci5ces1 into t sole pa?1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ass]tion ( ! reign+ sci5ce1 c lead to ! elucidation ( ! problems ( life4 ,b ! f>!r ! disciples proce$ 9 ?is /udy1 ! f>!r & f>!r does n only ! possibility1 b ev5 ! v idea1 ( ! solution ( ! problems ( life )draw f !m1 & ! m & m d !y become accu/om$1 n s mu* to inve/igate1 z to believe 9 ! ass]tions ( o!r inve/igators 7to believe 9 cells1 9 protoplasm1 9 ! f\r? condition ( bodies1 & s =?72 ! m & m does ! =m veil ! cont5ts f !m2 ! m & m d !y lose ! consci\sness ( good & evil1 & ! capacity ( und]/&+ ^? expressions & def9itions ( good & evil :i* h be5 elaborat$ ?r\gh ! :ole =ego+ life ( mank9d2 & ! m & m d !y appropriate to !mselves ! special sci5tific j>gon ( conv5tional expressions1 :i* possesses no univ]sally human significance2 & ! deep] & deep] d !y plunge into ! debris ( utt]ly unillum9at$ inve/igations2 ! m & m d !y lose ! p[]1 n only ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 b ev5 ( und]/&+ ! fre% human ?\ght ( o!rs1 :i* lies beyond ! b\nds ( _! ,talmud4 ,b ! pr9cipal ?+ is1 t !y pass _! be/ ye>s 9 gett+ disus$ to life2 !y gr[ accu/om$ to consid] _! position z ju/ifiable2 & !y conv]t !mselves physically into utt]ly useless p>asites1 & m5tally !y dislocate _! bra9s & become m5tal eunu*s4 ,& 9 precisely ! same mann]1 accord+ to ! measure ( _! folly1 d !y acquire self-conceit1 :i* deprives !m =ev] ( all possibility ( return to a simple life ( toil1 to a simple1 cle>1 & univ]sally human tra9 ( reason+4 ,division ( labor always has exi/$ 9 human communities1 & w probably always exi/2 b ! "q = u lies n 9 ! fact t x has exi/$1 & t x w exi/1 b 9 ?is1--h[ are we to gov]n ourselves s t ?is division %all be "r8 ,b if we take inve/igation z our rule ( action1 we by ?is v act repudiate all rule2 !n 9 t case we %all reg>d z "r e division ( labor :i* we %all descry among m51 & :i* appe>s to u to be "r--to :i* conclusion ! prevail+ sci5tific sci5ce also leads4 ,division ( labor6 ,"s are busi$ 9 m5tal or moral1 o!rs 9 muscul> or physical1 labor4 ,) :at confid5ce p enunciate ?is6 ,!y wi% to ?9k s1 & x seems to !m t1 9 po9t ( fact1 a p]fectly regul> ex*ange ( s]vices does take place4 ,b we1 9 our bl9dness1 h s completely lo/ sight ( ! responsibility :i* we h assum$1 t we h ev5 =gott5 9 ^: "n our labor is prosecut$2 & ! v p :om we h und]tak5 to s]ve h become ! objects ( our sci5tific & arti/ic activity4 ,we /udy & depict !m = our amusem5t & div]sion4 ,we h totally =gott5 t :at we ne$ to d is n to /udy & depict !m1 b to s]ve !m4 ,to su* a degree h we lo/ sight ( ?is duty :i* we h tak5 ^u u1 t we h n ev5 notic$ t :at we h und]tak5 to p]=m 9 ! realm ( sci5ce & art has be5 accompli%$ n by u1 b by o!rs1 & t our place has turn$ out to be occupi$4 ,x proves t :ile we h be5 disput+1 "o ab\t ! spontane\s orig9 ( organisms1 ano!r z to :at else !re is 9 protoplasm1 & s on1 ! common p h be5 9 ne$ ( spiritual food2 & ! unsuccessful & reject$ ( art & sci5ce1 9 ob$i5ce to ! m&ate ( adv5tur]s :o h 9 view ! sole aim ( pr(it1 h begun to furni% ! p ) ?is spiritual food1 & /ill s furni% !m4 ,= ! la/ =ty ye>s 9 ,europe1 & = ! la/ t5 ye>s ) u "h 9 ,russia1 millions ( books & pictures & song-books h be5 di/ribut$1 & /alls h be5 op5$1 & ! p gaze & s+ & receive spiritual n\ri%m5t1 b n f u :o h und]tak5 to provide x2 :ile we1 ju/ify+ our idl5ess by t spiritual food :i* we are suppos$ to furni%1 sit by & w9k at x4 ,b x is impossible = u to w9k at x1 = our la/ ju/ification is slipp+ f b5ea? our feet4 ,we h become specializ$4 ,we h our p>ticul> functional activity4 ,we are ! bra9s ( ! p4 ,!y support u1 & we h und]tak5 to tea* !m4 ,x is only "u ?is pret5ce t we h excus$ ourselves f "w4 ,b :at h we taught !m1 & :at are we n[ tea*+ !m8 ,!y h wait$ = ye>s--= t5s1 = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,& we keep on div]t+ our m9ds ) *att]1 & we in/ruct ea* o!r1 & we console ourselves1 & we h utt]ly =gott5 !m4 ,we h s entirely =gott5 !m1 t o!rs h und]tak5 to in/ruct !m1 & we h n ev5 p]ceiv$ x4 ,we h spok5 ( ! division ( labor ) su* lack ( s]i\sness1 t x is obvi\s t :at we h said ab\t ! b5efits :i* we h conf]r$ on ! p 0 simply a %ameless evasion4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,sci5ce & art h arrogat$ to !mselves ! "r ( idl5ess1 & ( ! enjoym5t ( ! labor ( o!rs1 & h betray$ _! call+4 ,& _! errors h aris5 m]ely because _! s]vants1 hav+ set =? a falsely conceiv$ pr9ciple ( ! division ( labor1 h recogniz$ _! own "r to make use ( ! labor ( o!rs1 & h lo/ ! significance ( _! vocation2 hav+ tak5 = _! aim1 n ! pr(it ( ! p1 b ! my/]i\s pr(it ( sci5ce & art1 & deliv]$ !mselves ov] to idl5ess & vice--n s mu* ( ! s5ses z ( ! m9d4 ,!y say1 ,sci5ce & art h be/[$ a great deal on mank9d4 ,sci5ce & art h be/[$ a great deal on mank9d1 n because ! m5 ( art & sci5ce1 "u ! pretext ( a division ( labor1 live on o!r p1 b 9 spite ( ?is4 ,! ,roman ,republic 0 p[]ful1 n because h] citiz5s _h ! p[] to live a vici\s life1 b because among _! numb] !re 7 h]oic citiz5s4 ,x is ! same ) art & sci5ce4 ,art & sci5ce h be/[$ mu* on mank9d1 b n because _! foll[]s =m]ly possess$ on r>e occasions 7& n[ possess on e occasion7 ! possibility ( gett+ rid ( labor2 b because !re h be5 m5 ( g5ius1 :o1 )\t mak+ use ( ^! rights1 h l$ mank9d =w>d4 ,! class ( le>n$ m5 & arti/s1 :i* has advanc$1 on ! fictiti\s basis ( a division ( labor1 its dem&s to ! "r ( us+ ! labors ( o!rs1 _c co-op]ate 9 ! success ( true sci5ce & true art1 because a lie _c br+ =? ! tru?4 ,we h become s accu/om$ to ^!1 our t5d]ly re>$ or weak5$ repres5tatives ( m5tal labor1 t x seems to u horrible t a man ( sci5ce or an arti/ %\ld pl\gh or c>t manure4 ,x seems to u t e ?+ w\ld g to de/ruction1 & t all 8 wisdom w\ld be rattl$ out ( him 9 ! c>t1 & t all ^? gr& picturesque images :i* he be>s ab\t 9 8 brea/ w\ld be soil$ 9 ! manure2 b we h become s inur$ to ?is1 t x does n /rike u z /range t our s]vitor ( sci5ce--t is to say1 ! s]vant & tea*] ( ! tru?--by mak+ o!r p d = him t :i* he might d = himself1 passes half 8 "t 9 da9ty eat+1 9 smok+1 9 talk+1 9 free & easy gossip1 9 read+ ! newspap]s & romances1 & 9 visit+ ! !atres4 ,x is n /range to u to see our philosoph] 9 ! tav]n1 9 ! !atre1 & at ! ball4 ,x is n /range 9 our eyes to le>n t ^? arti/s :o sweet5 & ennoble our s\ls h pass$ _! lives 9 drunk5ness1 c>ds1 & wom51 if n 9 some?+ worse4 ,art & sci5ce are v beautiful ?+s2 b j because !y are s beautiful !y %\ld n be spoil$ by ! compulsory comb9ation ) !m ( vice3 t is to say1 a man %\ld n get rid ( 8 obligation to s]ve 8 own life & t ( o!r p by 8 own labor4 ,art & sci5ce h caus$ mank9d to progress4 ,yes2 b n because m5 ( art & sci5ce1 "u ! guise ( division ( labor1 h rid !mselves ( ! v fir/ & mo/ indisputable ( human obligations1--to labor ) _! h&s 9 ! univ]sal /ruggle ( mank9d ) nature4 ,b only ! division ( labor1 ! fre$om ( m5 ( sci5ce & ( art f ! necessity ( e>n+ !m liv+1 has r5d]$ possible t rem>kable success ( sci5ce :i* we behold 9 our day1 is ! answ] to ?is4 ,if all 7 =c$ to till ! soil1 ^? va/ results w\ld n h be5 atta9$ :i* h be5 atta9$ 9 our day2 !re w\ld h be5 none ( ^? /rik+ successes :i* h s greatly augm5t$ man's p[] ov] nature1 7 x n = ^! a/ronomical discov]ies :i* are s a/\nd+ to ! m9d ( man1 & :i* h add$ to ! security ( navigation2 !re w\ld be no /eam]s1 no railways1 none ( ^? wond]ful bridges1 tunnels1 /eam-eng9es & telegraphs1 photography1 telephones1 sew+-ma*9es1 phonographs1 electricity1 telescopes1 spectroscopes1 microscopes1 *lor(orm1 ,li/]'s b&ages1 & c>bolic acid4 ,i w n enum]ate e ?+ on :i* our age ?us prides itself4 ,?is enum]ation & pride ( en?usiasm ov] ourselves & our exploits c be f\nd 9 almo/ any newspap] & popul> pamphlet4 ,?is en?usiasm ov] ourselves is (t5 repeat$ to su* a degree t none ( u c suffici5tly rejoice ov] ourselves1 t we are s]i\sly conv9c$ t art & sci5ce h nev] made su* progress z 9 our own "t4 ,&1 z we are indebt$ = all ?is m>vell\s progress to ! division ( labor1 :y n ackn[l$ge x8 ,let u admit t ! progress made 9 our day is notewor?y1 m>vell\s1 unusual2 let u admit t we are =tunate mortals to live 9 su* a rem>kable epo*3 b let u endeavor to appraise ?is progress1 n on ! basis ( our self-satisfaction1 b ( t pr9ciple :i* def5ds itself ) ?is progress1--! division ( labor4 ,all ?is progress is v amaz+2 b by a peculi>ly unlucky *ance1 admitt$ ev5 by ! m5 ( sci5ce1 ?is progress has n s f> improv$1 b x has r r5d]$ worse1 ! position ( ! majority1 t is to say1 ( ! work+man4 ,if ! work+man c travel on ! railway1 in/ead ( walk+1 /ill t same railway has burn$ d[n 8 =e/1 has c>ri$ (f 8 gra9 "u 8 v nose1 & has br\ght 8 condition v ne> to slav]y--to ! capitali/4 ,if1 ?anks to /eam-eng9es & ma*9es1 ! work+man c pur*ase inf]ior calico at a *eap rate1 on ! o!r h& ^! eng9es & ma*9es h depriv$ him ( "w at home1 & h br\ght him into a /ate ( abject slav]y to ! manufactur]4 ,if !re are telephones & telescopes1 poems1 romances1 !atres1 ballets1 symphonies1 op]as1 picture-gall]ies1 & s =?1 on ! o!r h& ! life ( ! work+man has n be5 bett]$ by all ?is2 = all ( !m1 by ! same unlucky *ance1 are inaccessible to him4 ,s t1 on ! :ole 7& ev5 m5 ( sci5ce admit ?is71 up to ! pres5t "t1 all ^! rem>kable discov]ies & products ( sci5ce & art h c]ta9ly n ameliorat$ ! condition ( ! work+man1 if1 inde$1 !y h n made x worse4 ,s t1 if we set aga9/ ! "q z to ! reality ( ! progress atta9$ by ! arts & sci5ces1 n our own rapture1 b t /&>d ^u ! basis ( :i* ! division ( labor is def5d$1--! good ( ! labor+ man1--we %all see t we h no firm f\ndations = t self-satisfaction 9 :i* we are s fond ( indulg+4 ,! peasant travels on ! railway1 ! woman buys calico1 9 ! isba 7cottage7 !re w be a lamp in/ead ( a p9e-knot1 & ! peasant w light 8 pipe ) a mat*1--?is is conv5i5t2 b :at "r h ,i to say t ! railway & ! factory h prov$ advantage\s to ! p8 ,if ! peasant rides on ! railway1 & buys calico1 a lamp1 & mat*es1 x is only because x is impossible to =bid ! peasant's buy+ !m2 b surely we are all aw>e t ! con/ruction ( railways & factories has nev] be5 c>ri$ out = ! b5efit ( ! l[] classes3 s :y %\ld a casual conv5i5ce :i* ! work+man enjoys lead to a pro( ( ! utility ( all ^! in/itutions = ! p8 ,!re is some?+ useful 9 e injuri\s ?+4 ,aft] a conflagration1 "o c w>m "o's self1 & light "o's pipe ) a firebr&2 b :y decl>e t ! conflagration is b5eficial8 ,m5 ( art & sci5ce might say t _! pursuits are b5eficial to ! p1 only :5 m5 ( art & sci5ce h assign$ to !mselves ! object ( s]v+ ! p1 z !y n[ assign !mselves ! object ( s]v+ ! au?orities & ! capitali/s4 ,we might say ?is if m5 ( art & sci5ce _h tak5 z _! aim ! ne$s ( ! p2 b !re are none su*4 ,all sci5ti/s are busy ) _! prie/ly avocations1 out ( :i* proce$ inve/igations into protoplasm1 ! spectral analyses ( />s1 & s on4 ,b sci5ce has nev] once ?\ght ( :at axe or :at hat*et is ! mo/ pr(itable to *op )1 :at saw is ! mo/ h&y1 :at is ! be/ way to mix bread1 f :at fl\r1 h[ to set x1 h[ to build & heat an ov51 :at food & dr9k1 & :at ut5sils1 are ! mo/ conv5i5t & advantage\s "u c]ta9 conditions1 :at mu%rooms may be eat51 h[ to propagate !m1 & h[ to prep>e !m 9 ! mo/ suitable mann]4 ,& yet all ?is is ! prov9ce ( sci5ce4 ,i am aw>e1 t1 accord+ to its own def9ition1 sci5ce ought to be useless1 i4e41 sci5ce = ! sake ( sci5ce2 b surely ?is is an obvi\s evasion4 ,! prov9ce ( sci5ce is to s]ve ! p4 ,we h inv5t$ telegraphs1 telephones1 phonographs2 b :at advances h we effect$ 9 ! life1 9 ! labor1 ( ! p8 ,we h reckon$ up two millions ( beetles6 ,& we h n tam$ a s+le animal s9ce biblical times1 :5 all our animals 7 already dome/icat$2 b ! re9de]1 ! /ag1 ! p>tridge1 ! hea?-cock1 all rema9 wild4 ,our botani/s h discov]$ ! cell1 & 9 ! cell protoplasm1 & 9 t protoplasm /ill some?+ m1 & 9 t atom yet ano!r ?+4 ,x is evid5t t ^! occupations w n end = a long "t to come1 because x is obvi\s t !re c be no end to !m1 & !re=e ! sci5ti/ has no "t to devote to ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to ! p4 ,& !re=e1 aga91 f ! "t ( ,egyptian & ,hebrew antiquity1 :5 :eat & l5tils _h already be5 cultivat$1 d[n to our own times1 n a s+le plant has be5 add$ to ! food ( ! p1 ) ! exception ( ! potato1 & t 0 n obta9$ by sci5ce4 ,torp$oes h be5 inv5t$1 & app>atus = taxation1 & s =?4 ,b ! sp9n+-:9$1 ! woman's weav+-loom1 ! pl\gh1 ! hat*et1 ! *a91 ! rake1 ! bucket1 ! well-sweep1 are exactly ! same z !y 7 9 ! days ( ,rurik2 & if !re has be5 any *ange1 !n t *ange has n be5 effect$ by sci5tific p4 ,& x is ! same ) ! arts4 ,we h elevat$ a lot ( p to ! rank ( great writ]s2 we h pick$ ^! writ]s to pieces1 & h writt5 m\nta9s ( criticism1 & criticism on ! critics1 & criticism on ! critics ( ! critics4 ,& we h collect$ picture- gall]ies1 & h /udi$ diff]5t s*ools ( art 9 detail2 & we h s _m symphonies & or*e/ras & op]as1 t x is becom+ difficult ev5 = u to li/5 to !m4 ,b :at h we add$ to ! popul> byl9i ! epic songs1 leg5ds1 tales1 songs8 ,:at music1 :at pictures1 h we giv5 to ! p8 ,on ! ,nikolskaya books are manufactur$ = ! p1 & h>monicas 9 ,tula2 & 9 nei!r h we tak5 any "p4 ,! falsity ( ! :ole direction ( our arts & sci5ces is m /rik+ & m app>5t 9 precisely ^? v bran*es1 :i*1 x w\ld seem1 %\ld1 f _! v nature1 be ( use to ! p1 & :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! false attitude1 seem r injuri\s ?an useful4 ,! te*nologi/1 ! physician1 ! tea*]1 ! arti/1 ! au?or1 %\ld1 9 virtue ( _! v call+s1 x w\ld seem1 s]ve ! p4 ,&1 :at !n8 ,"u ! pres5t regime1 !y c d no?+ b h>m to ! p4 ,! te*nologi/ or ! me*anic has to "w ) capital4 ,)\t capital he is good = no?+4 ,all 8 acquirem5ts are su* t = _! display he requires capital1 & ! exploitation ( ! labor+- man on ! l>ge/ scale2 &--n to m5tion t he is tra9$ to live1 at ! l[e/1 on f fifte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& a ye>1 & t1 !re=e1 he _c g to ! c\ntry1 :]e no "o c give him su* wages1--he is1 by virtue ( 8 v occupation1 unfitt$ = s]v+ ! p4 ,he kn[s h[ to calculate ! highe/ ma!matical ar* ( a bridge1 h[ to calculate ! =ce & transf] ( ! motive p[]1 & s on2 b he is conf\nd$ by ! simple/ que/ions ( a peasant3 h[ to improve a pl\gh or a c>t1 or h[ to make irrigat+ canals4 ,all ?is 9 ! conditions ( life 9 :i* ! labor+ man f9ds himself4 ,( ?is1 he nei!r kn[s nor und]/&s any ?+1--less1 inde$1 ?an ! v /upide/ peasant4 ,give him work%ops1 all sorts ( workm5 at 8 desire1 an ord] = a ma*9e f abroad1 & he w get along4 ,b h[ to devise means ( light5+ toil1 "u ! conditions ( labor ( millions ( m51--?is is :at he does n & c n "k2 & because ( 8 k1 8 habits1 & 8 dem&s on life1 he is unfitt$ = ?is bus9ess4 ,9 a /ill worse pr$icam5t is ! physician4 ,8 fanci$ sci5ce is all s arrang$1 t he only kn[s h[ to heal ^? p]sons :o d no?+4 ,he requires an incalculable quantity ( exp5sive prep>ations1 in/rum5ts1 drugs1 & hygi5ic app>atus4 ,he has /udi$ ) celebrities 9 ! capitals1 :o only reta9 pati5ts :o c be cur$ 9 ! hospital1 or :o1 9 ! c\rse ( _! cure1 c pur*ase ! appliances requisite = heal+1 & ev5 g at once f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\?1 to "s ba?s or o!r4 ,sci5ce is ( su* a nature1 t e rural physic-man lam5ts because !re are no means ( cur+ work+-m51 because he is s poor t he has n ! means to place ! sick man 9 ! prop] hygi5ic conditions2 & at ! same "t ?is physician compla9s t !re are no hospitals1 & t he _c get ?r\gh ) 8 "w1 t he ne$s assi/ants1 m doctors & practition]s4 ,:at is ! inf]5ce8 ,?is3 t ! p's pr9cipal lack1 f :i* diseases arise1 & spread abroad1 & refuse to be heal$1 is ! lack ( means ( subsi/5ce4 ,& "h ,sci5ce1 "u ! bann] ( ! division ( labor1 summons h] w>riors to ! aid ( ! p4 ,sci5ce is entirely arrang$ = ! weal?y classes1 & x has adopt$ = its task ! heal+ ( ! p :o c obta9 e ?+ = !mselves2 & x attempts to heal ^? :o possess no sup]fluity1 by ! same means4 ,b !re are no means1 & !re=e x is necess>y to take !m f ! p :o are ail+1 & pe/-/rick51 & :o _c recov] = lack ( means4 ,& n[ ! def5d]s ( m$ic9e = ! p say t ?is matt] has be51 z yet1 b little develop$4 ,evid5tly x has be5 b little develop$1 because if 7:i* ,god =bid67 x _h be5 develop$1 & t ?r\gh oppress+ ! p1--in/ead ( two doctors1 midwives1 & practition]s 9 a di/rict1 tw5ty w\ld h settl$ d[n1 s9ce !y desire ?is1 & half ! p w\ld h di$ ?r\gh ! difficulty ( support+ ?is m$ical /aff1 & soon !re w\ld be no "o to heal4 ,sci5tific co-op]ation ) ! p1 ( :i* ! def5d]s ( sci5ce talk1 mu/ be some?+ q diff]5t4 ,& ?is co-op]ation :i* %\ld exi/ has n yet begun4 ,x w beg9 :5 ! man ( sci5ce1 te*nologi/ or physician1 w n consid] x legal to take f p--,i w n say a hundr$ ?\s&1 b ev5 a mode/ t5 ?\s&1 or five hundr$ rubles = assi/+ !m2 b :5 he w live among ! toil+ p1 "u ! same conditions1 & exactly z !y d1 !n he w be able to apply 8 k to ! que/ions ( me*anics1 te*nics1 hygi5e1 & ! heal+ ( ! labor+ p4 ,b n[ sci5ce1 support+ itself at ! exp5se ( ! work+-p1 has entirely =gott5 ! conditions ( life among ^! p1 ignores 7z x puts x7 ^! conditions1 & takes v grave (f5ce because its fanci$ k f9ds no adh]5ts among ! p4 ,! doma9 ( m$ic9e1 l ! doma9 ( te*nical sci5ce1 /ill lies unt\*$4 ,all que/ions z to h[ ! "t ( labor is be/ divid$1 :at is ! be/ me?od ( n\ri%m5t1 ) :at1 9 :at %ape1 & :5 x is be/ to clo! "o's self1 to %oe "o's self1 to c\nt]act dampness & cold1 h[ be/ to wa% "o's self1 to fe$ ! *ildr51 to swaddle !m1 & s on1 9 j ^? conditions 9 :i* ! work+- p f9d !mselves1--all ^! que/ions h n yet be5 prop\nd$4 ,! same is ! case ) ! activity ( ! tea*]s ( sci5ce1--p$agogical tea*]s4 ,exactly 9 ! same mann] sci5ce has s arrang$ ?is matt]1 t only weal?y p are able to /udy sci5ce1 & tea*]s1 l te*nologi/s & physicians1 cl+ to money4 ,& ?is _c be o!rwise1 because a s*ool built on a model plan 7z a g5]al rule1 ! m sci5tifically built ! s*ool1 ! m co/ly x is71 ) pivot *a9s1 & globes1 & maps1 & libr>y1 & petty text-books = tea*]s & s*ol>s & p$agogues1 is a sort ( ?+ = :i* x w\ld be necess>y to d\ble ! taxes 9 e village4 ,?is sci5ce dem&s4 ,! p ne$ money = _! "w2 & ! m !re is ne$$1 ! poor] !y are4 ,def5d]s ( sci5ce say3 ,p$agogy is ev5 n[ prov+ ( advantage to ! p1 b give x a *ance to develop1 & !n x w d /ill bett]4 ,yes1 if x does develop1 & in/ead ( tw5ty s*ools 9 a di/rict !re are a hundr$1 & all sci5tific1 & if ! p support ^! s*ools1 !y w gr[ poor] ?an ev]1 & !y w m ?an ev] ne$ "w = _! *ildr5's sake4 ,:at is to be done8 !y say to ?is4 ,! gov]nm5t w build ! s*ools1 & w make education obligatory1 z x is 9 ,europe2 b aga91 surely1 ! money is tak5 f ! p j ! same1 & x w be h>d] to "w1 & !y w h less leisure = "w1 & !re w be no education ev5 by compulsion4 ,aga9 ! sole salvation is ?is3 t ! tea*] %\ld live "u ! conditions ( ! work+-m51 & %\ld tea* = t comp5sation :i* !y give him freely & volunt>ily4 ,su* is ! false c\rse ( sci5ce1 :i* deprives x ( ! p[] ( fulfill+ its obligation1 :i* is1 to s]ve ! p4 ,b 9 no?+ is ?is false c\rse ( sci5ce s obvi\sly app>5t1 z 9 ! vocation ( art1 :i*1 f its v significance1 ought to be accessible to ! p4 ,sci5ce may fall back on its /upid excuse1 t sci5ce acts = sci5ce1 & t :5 x turns out le>n$ m5 x is labor+ = ! p2 b art1 if x is art1 %\ld be accessible to all ! p1 & 9 p>ticul> to ^? 9 ^: "n x is execut$4 ,& our def9ition ( art1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 convicts ^? :o busy !mselves ) art1 ( _! lack ( desire1 lack ( k1 & lack ( p[]1 to be useful to ! p4 ,! pa9t]1 = ! production ( 8 great works1 mu/ h a /udio ( at lea/ su* dim5sions t a :ole association ( c>p5t]s 7=ty 9 numb]7 or %oemak]s1 n[ sick5+ or /ifl+ 9 lairs1 w\ld be able to "w 9 x4 ,b ?is is n all2 he mu/ h a model1 co/umes1 travels4 ,millions are exp5d$ on ! enc\ragem5t ( art1 & ! products ( ?is art are bo? incompreh5sible & useless to ! p4 ,musicians1 9 ord] to express _! gr& ideas1 mu/ assemble two hundr$ m5 9 :ite neckties1 or 9 co/umes1 & sp5d hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( rubles = ! equipm5t ( an op]a4 ,& ! products ( ?is art _c evoke f ! p--ev5 if ! latt] c\ld at any "t enjoy x--any ?+ except amazem5t & ennui4 ,writ]s--au?ors--x appe>s1 d n require surr\nd+s1 /udios1 models1 or*e/ras1 & actors2 b x !n appe>s t ! au?or ne$s 7n to m5tion com=t 9 8 qu>t]s7 all ! da9ties ( life = ! prep>ation ( 8 great works1 travels1 palaces1 cab9ets1 libr>ies1 ! pleasures ( art1 visits to !atres1 conc]ts1 ! ba?s1 & s on4 ,if he does n e>n a =tune = himself1 he is grant$ a p5sion1 9 ord] t he may compose ! bett]4 ,& aga91 ^! compositions1 s priz$ by u1 rema9 useless lumb] = ! p1 & utt]ly uns]viceable to !m4 ,& if /ill m ( ^! deal]s 9 spiritual n\ri%m5t are develop$ fur!r1 z m5 ( sci5ce desire1 & a /udio is erect$ 9 e village2 if an or*e/ra is set up1 & au?ors are support$ 9 ^? conditions :i* arti/ic p reg>d z indisp5sable = !mselves1--,i imag9e t ! work+-classes w soon] take an oa? nev] to look at any pictures1 nev] to li/5 to a symphony1 nev] to read poetry or novels1 ?an to fe$ all ^! p]sons4 ,& :y1 app>5tly1 %\ld art n be ( s]vice to ! p8 ,9 e cottage !re are images & pictures2 e peasant man & woman s+s2 _m own h>monicas2 & all recite /ories & v]ses1 & _m read4 ,x is z if ^? two ?+s :i* are made = ea* o!r--! lock & ! key--_h p>t$ company2 !y h sprung s f> ap>t1 t n ev5 ! possibility ( unit+ !m pres5ts itself4 ,tell ! arti/ t he %\ld pa9t )\t a /udio1 model1 or co/umes1 & t he %\ld pa9t five-kopek pictures1 & he w say t t is tantam\nt to ab&on+ 8 art1 z he und]/&s x4 ,tell ! musician t he %\ld play on ! h>monica1 & tea* ! wom5 to s+ songs2 say to ! poet1 to ! au?or1 t he ought to ca/ aside 8 poems & romances1 & compose song-books1 tales1 & /ories1 compreh5sible to ! un$ucat$ p1--!y w say t y are mad4 ,! s]vice ( ! p by sci5ce & art w only be p]=m$ :5 p1 dwell+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! common folk1 &1 l ! common folk1 putt+ =w>d no dem&s1 claim+ no rights1 %all (f] to ! common folk _! sci5tific & arti/ic s]vices2 ! acceptance or rejection ( :i* %all dep5d :olly on ! w ( ! common folk4 ,x is said t ! activity ( sci5ce & art has aid$ 9 ! =w>d m>* ( mank9d1--mean+ by ?is activity1 t :i* is n[ call$ by t "n2 :i* is ! same z say+ t an unskill$ bang+ ( o>s on a vessel t is float+ ) ! tide1 :i* m]ely h9d]s ! progress ( ! vessel1 is assi/+ ! movem5t ( ! %ip4 ,x only ret>ds x4 ,! s-call$ division ( labor1 :i* has become 9 our day ! condition ( activity ( m5 ( sci5ce & art1 01 & has rema9$1 ! *ief cause ( ! t>dy =w>d movem5t ( mank9d4 ,! pro(s ( ?is lie 9 t confession ( all m5 ( sci5ce1 t ! ga9s ( sci5ce & art are inaccessible to ! labor+ masses1 9 consequ5ce ( ! faulty di/ribution ( ri*es4 ,! irregul>ity ( ?is di/ribution does n decrease 9 proportion to ! progress ( sci5ce & art1 b only increases4 ,m5 ( art & sci5ce assume an air ( deep pity = ?is un=tunate circum/ance :i* does n dep5d ^u !m4 ,b ?is un=tunate circum/ance is produc$ by !mselves2 = ?is irregul> di/ribution ( weal? fl[s solely f ! !ory ( ! division ( labor4 ,sci5ce ma9ta9s ! division ( labor z a unalt]able law2 x sees t ! di/ribution ( weal?1 f\nd$ on ! division ( labor1 is wrong & ru9\s2 & x affirms t its activity1 :i* recognizes ! division ( labor1 w lead p to bliss4 ,! result is1 t "s p make use ( ! labor ( o!rs2 b t1 if !y %all make use ( ! labor ( o!rs = a v long p]iod ( "t1 & 9 /ill l>g] measure1 !n ?is wrongful di/ribution ( weal?1 i4e41 ! use ( ! labor ( o!rs1 w come to an end4 ,m5 /& beside a con/antly swell+ spr+ ( wat]1 & are occupi$ ) ! problem ( div]t+ x to "o side1 away f ! ?ir/y p1 & !y ass]t t !y are produc+ ?is wat]1 & t soon en\gh w be collect$ = all4 ,b ?is wat] :i* has fl[$1 & :i* /ill fl[s unceas+ly1 & n\ri%es all mank9d1 n only is n ! result ( ! activity ( ! m5 :o1 /&+ at its s\rce1 turn x aside1 b ?is wat] fl[s & gu%es out1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ^! m5 to ob/ruct its fl[4 ,!re h always exi/$ a true sci5ce1 & a true art2 b true sci5ce & art are n su* because !y call$ !mselves by t "n4 ,x always seems to ^? :o claim at any giv5 p]iod to be ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce & art1 t !y h p]=m$1 & are p]=m+1 &--mo/ ( all--t !y w pres5tly p]=m1 ! mo/ amaz+ m>vels1 & t beside !m !re nev] has be5 & !re is n any sci5ce or any art4 ,?us x seem$ to ! sophi/s1 ! s*ola/ics1 ! al*emi/s1 ! cabali/s1 ! talmudi/s2 & ?us x seems to our own sci5tific sci5ce1 & to our art = ! sake ( art4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,b art1--sci5ce6 ,y repudiate art & sci5ce2 t is1 y repudiate t by :i* mank9d lives6 ,p are con/antly mak+ ?is--x is n a reply--to me1 & !y employ ?is mode ( reception 9 ord] to reject my d$uctions )\t exam9+ into !m4 ,he repudiates sci5ce & art1 he wants to s5d p back aga9 into a savage /ate2 s :at is ! use ( li/5+ to him & ( talk+ to him8 ,b ?is is unju/4 ,i n only d n repudiate art & sci5ce1 b1 9 ! "n ( t :i* is true art & true sci5ce1 ,i say t :i* ,i d say2 m]ely 9 ord] t mank9d may em]ge f t savage /ate into :i* x w spe$ily fall1 ?anks to ! errone\s tea*+ ( our "t1--only = ?is purpose d ,i say t :i* ,i say4 ,art & sci5ce are z indisp5sable z food & dr9k & clo?+1--m indisp5sable ev52 b !y become s1 n because we decide t :at we designate z art & sci5ce are indisp5sable1 b simply because !y really are indisp5sable to p4 ,surely1 if hay is prep>$ = ! bodily n\ri%m5t ( m51 ! fact t we are conv9c$ t hay is ! prop] food = man w n make hay ! food ( man4 ,surely ,i _c say1 ,:y d n y eat hay1 :5 x is ! indisp5sable food8 ,food is indisp5sable1 b x may happ5 t t :i* ,i (f] is n food at all4 ,?is same ?+ has occurr$ ) our art & sci5ce4 ,x seems to u1 t if we add to a ,greek ^w ! ^w logy1 & call t a sci5ce1 x w be a sci5ce2 &1 if we call any abom9able ?+--l ! danc+ ( nude females--by a ,greek ^w1 *oreography1 t t is art1 & t x w be art4 ,b no matt] h[ mu* we may say ?is1 ! bus9ess ) :i* we occupy ourselves :5 we c\nt beetles1 & inve/igate ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! />s 9 ! ,milky ,way1 :5 we pa9t nymphs & compose novels & symphonies1--our bus9ess w n become ei!r art or sci5ce until su* "t z x is accept$ by ^? p = :om x is wr\ght4 ,if x 7 decid$ t only c]ta9 p %\ld produce food1 & if all ! re/ 7 =bidd5 to d ?is1 or if !y 7 r5d]$ incapable ( produc+ food1 ,i suppose t ! quality ( food w\ld be l[]$4 ,if ! p :o enjoy$ ! monopoly ( produc+ food 7 ,russian peasants1 !re w\ld be no o!r food ?an black bread & cabbage-s\p1 & s on1 & kvas1--no?+ except :at !y l1 & :at is agreeable to !m4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 9 ! case ( t l(tie/ human pursuit1 ( arts & sci5ces1 if "o ca/e 7 to arrogate to itself a monopoly ( !m3 b ) ?is sole diff]5ce1 t1 9 ! matt] ( bodily food1 !re c be no great dep>ture f nature1 & bread & cabbage-s\p1 al?\gh n v savory vi&s1 are fit = consumption2 b 9 spiritual food1 !re may exi/ ! v greate/ dep>tures f nature1 & "s p may fe$ !mselves = a long "t on poison\s spiritual n\ri%m5t1 :i* is directly unsuitable =1 or injuri\s to1 !m2 !y may sl[ly kill !mselves ) spiritual opium or liquors1 & !y may (f] ?is same food to ! masses4 ,x is ?is v ?+ t is go+ on among u4 ,& x has come ab\t because ! position ( m5 ( sci5ce & art is a privileg$ "o1 because art & sci5ce 79 our day71 9 our _w1 are n at all a rational occupation ( all mank9d )\t exception1 ex]t+ _! be/ p[]s = ! s]vice ( art & sci5ce1 b an occupation ( a re/rict$ circle ( p hold+ a monopoly ( ^! indu/ries1 & entitl+ !mselves m5 ( art & sci5ce1 & :o h1 !re=e1 p]v]t$ ! v idea ( art & sci5ce1 & h lo/ all ! mean+ ( _! vocation1 & :o are only conc]n$ 9 amus+ & rescu+ f cru%+ ennui _! t9y circle ( idle m\?s4 ,ev] s9ce m5 h exi/$1 !y h always _h sci5ce & art 9 ! simple/ & broade/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,sci5ce1 9 ! s5se ( ! :ole ( k acquir$ by mank9d1 exi/s & always has exi/$1 & life )\t x is n conceivable2 & !re is no possibility ( ei!r attack+ or def5d+ sci5ce1 tak5 9 ?is s5se4 ,b ! po9t lies "h1--t ! scope ( ! k ( all mank9d z a :ole is s multif>i\s1 rang+ f ! k ( h[ to extract iron to ! k ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 t man loses himself 9 ?is multitude ( exi/+ k1--k capable ( endless possibilities1 if he h no guid+ ?read1 by ! aid ( :i* he c classify ?is k1 & arrange ! bran*es accord+ to ! degrees ( _! significance & importance4 ,be=e a man und]takes to le>n any ?+ :atev]1 he mu/ make up 8 m9d t t bran* ( k is ( weight to him1 & ( m weight & importance ?an ! c\ntless o!r objects ( /udy ) :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,be=e und]tak+ ! /udy ( any ?+1 a man decides = :at purpose he is /udy+ ?is subject1 & n ! o!rs4 ,b to /udy e ?+1 z ! m5 ( sci5tific sci5ce 9 our day prea*1 )\t any idea ( :at is to come out ( su* /udy1 is d[nright impossible1 because ! numb] ( subjects ( /udy is endless2 & h5ce1 no matt] h[ _m bran*es we may acquire1 _! acquisition c possess no significance or reason4 ,&1 !re=e1 9 anci5t times1 d[n to ev5 a v rec5t date1 until ! appe>ance ( sci5tific sci5ce1 man's highe/ wisdom consi/$ 9 f9d+ t guid+ ?read1 accord+ to :i* ! k ( m5 %\ld be classifi$ z be+ ( prim>y or ( second>y importance4 ,& ?is k1 :i* =ms ! guide to all o!r bran*es ( k1 m5 h always call$ sci5ce 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,& su* sci5ce !re has always be51 ev5 d[n to our own day1 9 all human communities :i* h em]g$ f _! primal /ate ( savag]y4 ,ev] s9ce mank9d has exi/$1 tea*]s h always aris5 among peoples1 :o h enunciat$ sci5ce 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se1--! sci5ce ( :at x is mo/ useful = man to "k4 ,?is sci5ce has always _h = its object ! k ( :at is ! true gr\nd ( ! well-be+ ( ea* individual man1 & ( all m51 & :y4 ,su* 0 ! sci5ce ( ,confucius1 ( ,buddha1 ( ,socrates1 ( ,mahomet1 & ( o!rs2 su* is ?is sci5ce z !y und]/ood x1 & z all m5--) ! exception ( our little circle ( s-call$ cultur$ p--und]/& x4 ,?is sci5ce has n only always occupi$ ! highe/ place1 b has be5 ! only & sole sci5ce1 f :i* ! /&+ ( ! re/ has be5 det]m9$4 ,& ?is 0 ! case1 n 9 ! lea/ because1 z ! s-call$ sci5tific p ( our day ?9k1 cunn+ prie/ly tea*]s ( ?is sci5ce attribut$ to x su* significance1 b because 9 reality1 z e "o kn[s1 bo? by p]sonal exp]i5ce & by reflection1 !re c be no sci5ce except ! sci5ce ( t 9 :i* ! de/9y & welf>e ( man consi/4 ,= ! objects ( sci5ce are incalculable 9 numb]1--,i und]m9e ! ^w incalculable 9 ! exact s5se 9 :i* ,i und]/& x1--& )\t ! k ( t 9 :i* ! de/9y & welf>e ( all m5 consi/1 !re is no possibility ( mak+ a *oice amid ?is int]m9able multitude ( subjects2 & !re=e1 )\t ?is k1 all o!r arts & bran*es ( le>n+ w become1 z !y h become among u1 an idle & hurtful div]sion4 ,mank9d has exi/$ & exi/$1 & nev] has x exi/$ )\t ! sci5ce ( t 9 :i* ! de/9y & ! welf>e ( m5 consi/4 ,x is true t ! sci5ce ( ! welf>e ( m5 appe>s diff]5t on sup]ficial obs]vation1 among ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ,brahm9s1 ! ,hebrews1 ! ,confucians1 ! ,taui/s2 b nev]!less1 :]ev] we he> ( m5 :o h em]g$ f a /ate ( savag]y1 we f9d ?is sci5ce4 ,& all ( a sudd5 x appe>s t ! m5 ( our day h decid$ t ?is same sci5ce1 :i* has hi!rto s]v$ z ! guid+ ?read ( all human k1 is ! v ?+ :i* h9d]s e ?+4 ,m5 erect build+s2 & "o ar*itect has made "o e/imate ( co/1 a second has made ano!r1 & a ?ird yet ano!r4 ,! e/imates diff] some:at2 b !y are correct1 s t any "o c see1 t1 if ! :ole is c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ! calculations1 ! build+ w be erect$4 ,along come p1 & ass]t t ! *ief po9t lies 9 hav+ no e/imates1 & t x %\ld be built ?us--by ! eye4 ,& ?is ?us1 m5 call ! mo/ accurate ( sci5tific sci5ce4 ,m5 repudiate e sci5ce1 ! v sub/ance ( sci5ce1--! def9ition ( ! de/9y & ! welf>e ( m51--& ?is repudiation !y designate z sci5ce4 ,ev] s9ce m5 h exi/$1 great m9ds h be5 born into _! mid/1 :i*1 9 ! conflict ) reason & consci5ce1 h put to !mselves que/ions z to :at con/itutes welf>e1--! de/9y & welf>e1 n ( myself alone1 b ( e man8 ,:at does t p[] :i* has creat$ & :i* leads me1 dem& ( me & ( e man8 ,& :at is x necess>y = me to d1 9 ord] to comply ) ! requirem5ts impos$ ^u me by ! dem&s ( individual & univ]sal welf>e8 ,!y h ask$ !mselves3 ,i am a :ole1 & also a "p ( some?+ inf9ite1 et]nal2 :at1 !n1 are my relations to o!r p>ts simil> to myself1 to m5 & to ! :ole--to ! _w8 ,& f ! voices ( consci5ce & ( reason1 & f a comp>ison ( :at _! contempor>ies & m5 :o _h liv$ be=e !m1 & :o _h prop\nd$ to !mselves ! same que/ions1 _h said1 ^! great tea*]s h d$uc$ _! doctr9es1 :i* 7 simple1 cle>1 intelligible to all m51 & always su* z 7 susceptible ( fulfilm5t4 ,su* m5 h exi/$ ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & l[e/ ranks4 ,! _w is full ( su* m54 ,e liv+ man prop\nds ! "q to himself1 h[ to reconcile ! dem&s ( welf>e1 & ( 8 p]sonal exi/5ce1 ) consci5ce & reason2 & f ?is univ]sal labor1 sl[ly b un9t]rupt$ly1 new =ms ( life1 :i* are m 9 accord ) ! requirem5ts ( reason & ( consci5ce1 are work$ out4 ,all at once1 a new ca/e ( p makes its appe>ance1 & !y say1 ,all ?is is nons5se2 all ?is mu/ be ab&on$4 ,?is is ! d$uctive me?od ( ratioc9ation 7:]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! d$uctive & ! inductive me?od1 no "o c und]/&72 ^! are ! dogmas ( ! te*nological & metaphysical p]iod4 ,e ?+ t ^! m5 discov] by inw>d exp]i5ce1 & :i* !y communicate to "o ano!r1 conc]n+ _! k ( ! law ( _! exi/5ce 7( _! functional activity1 accord+ to _! own j>gon71 e ?+ t ! gr&e/ m9ds ( mank9d h accompli%$ 9 ?is direction1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1--all ?is is nons5se1 & has no weight :atev]4 ,accord+ to ?is new doctr9e1 x appe>s t y are cells3 & t y1 z a cell1 h a v def9ite functional activity1 :i* y n only fulfil1 b :i* y infallibly feel )9 y2 & t y are a ?9k+1 talk+1 und]/&+ cell1 & t y1 = ?is reason1 c ask ano!r simil> talk+ cell :e!r x is j ! same1 & 9 ?is way v]ify y\r own exp]i5ce2 t y c take advantage ( ! fact t speak+ cells1 :i* h liv$ be=e y1 h writt5 on ! same subject1 & t y h millions ( cells :i* confirm y\r obs]vations by _! agreem5t ) ! cells :i* h writt5 d[n _! ?\ghts1--all ?is signifies no?+2 all ?is is an evil & an errone\s me?od4 ,! true sci5tific me?od is ?is3 ,if y wi% to "k 9 :at ! de/9y & ! welf>e ( all mank9d & ( all ! _w consi/s1 y mu/1 fir/ ( all1 cease to li/5 to ! voices ( y\r consci5ce & ( y\r reason1 :i* pres5t !mselves 9 y & 9 o!rs l y2 y mu/ cease to believe all t ! great tea*]s ( mank9d h said ) reg>d to y\r consci5ce & reason1 & y mu/ consid] all ?is z nons5se1 & beg9 all ov] aga94 ,&1 9 ord] to und]/& e ?+ f ! beg9n+1 y mu/ look ?r\gh microscopes at ! movem5ts ( amoebae1 & cells 9 worms1 or1 ) /ill great] composure1 believe 9 e ?+ t m5 ) a diploma ( infallibility %all say to y ab\t !m4 ,& z y gaze at ! movem5ts ( ^! cells1 or read ab\t :at o!rs h se51 y mu/ attribute to ^! cells y\r own human s5sations & calculations z to :at !y desire1 :i!r !y are direct+ !mselves1 h[ !y comp>e & discuss1 & to :at !y h become accu/om$2 & f ^! obs]vations 79 :i* !re is n a ^w ab\t an error ( ?\ght or ( expression7 y mu/ d$uce a conclusion by analogy z to :at y are1 :at is y\r de/9y1 :]e9 lies ! welf>e ( y\rself & ( o!r cells l y4 ,9 ord] to und]/& y\rself1 y mu/ /udy n only ! worms :i* y see1 b microscopic creatures :i* y c b>ely see1 & trans=mations f "o set ( creatures into o!rs1 :i* no "o has ev] beheld1 & :i* y1 mo/ assur$ly1 w nev] behold4 ,& ! same ) art4 ,:]e !re has be5 true sci5ce1 art has always be5 its expon5t4 ,ev] s9ce m5 h be5 9 exi/5ce1 !y h be5 9 ! habit ( d$uc+1 f all pursuits1 ! expressions ( v>i\s bran*es ( le>n+ conc]n+ ! de/9y & ! welf>e ( man1 & ! expression ( ?is k has be5 art 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,ev] s9ce m5 h exi/$1 !re h be5 ^? :o 7 peculi>ly s5sitive & responsive to ! doctr9e reg>d+ ! de/9y & welf>e ( man2 :o h giv5 expression to _! own & ! popul> conflict1 to ! delusions :i* lead !m a/ray f _! de/9ies1 _! suff]+s 9 ?is conflict1 _! hopes 9 ! triumph ( good1 !m despair ov] ! triumph ( evil1 & _! raptures 9 ! consci\sness ( ! approa*+ bliss ( man1 on viol & tabret1 9 images & words4 ,always1 d[n to ! mo/ rec5t times1 art has s]v$ sci5ce & life1--only !n 0 x :at has be5 s highly e/eem$ ( m54 ,b art1 9 its capacity ( an important human activity1 disappe>$ simultane\sly ) ! sub/itution = ! g5u9e sci5ce ( de/9y & welf>e1 ( ! sci5ce ( any ?+ y *oose to fancy4 ,art has exi/$ among all peoples1 & w exi/ until t :i* among u is scornfully call$ religion has come to be consid]$ ! only sci5ce4 ,9 our ,european _w1 s long z !re exi/$ a ,*ur*1 z ! doctr9e ( de/9y & welf>e1 & s long z ! ,*ur* 0 reg>d$ z ! only true sci5ce1 art s]v$ ! ,*ur*1 & rema9$ true art3 b z soon z art ab&on$ ! ,*ur*1 & began to s]ve sci5ce1 :ile sci5ce s]v$ :atev] came to h&1 art lo/ its significance4 ,& not)/&+ ! rights claim$ on ! score ( anci5t memories1 & ( ! clumsy ass]tion :i* only proves its loss ( its call+1 t art s]ves art1 x has become a trade1 provid+ m5 ) some?+ agreeable2 & z su*1 x inevitably comes into ! category ( *oreographic1 cul9>y1 hair-dress+1 & cosmetic arts1 ^: practition]s designate !mselves z arti/s1 ) ! same "r z ! poets1 pr9t]s1 & musicians ( our day4 ,glance backw>d into ! pa/1 & y w see t 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 out ( milli>ds ( p1 only half a score ( ,confucius'1 ,buddhas1 ,solomons1 ,socrates1 ,solons1 & ,hom]s h be5 produc$4 ,evid5tly1 !y are r>ely met ) among m51 9 spite ( ! fact t ^! m5 h n be5 select$ f a s+le ca/e1 b f mank9d at l>ge4 ,evid5tly1 ^! true tea*]s & arti/s & le>n$ m51 ! purveyors ( spiritual n\ri%m5t1 are r>e4 ,& x is n )\t reason t mank9d has valu$ & /ill values !m s highly4 ,b x n[ appe>s1 t all ^! great factors 9 ! sci5ce & art ( ! pa/ are no long] ( use to u4 ,n[adays1 sci5tific & arti/ic au?orities c1 9 accordance ) ! law ( division ( labor1 be turn$ out by factory me?ods2 &1 9 "o decade1 m great m5 h be5 manufactur$ 9 art & sci5ce1 ?an h ev] be5 born ( su* among all nations1 s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,n[adays !re is a guild ( le>n$ m5 & arti/s1 & !y prep>e1 by p]fect$ me?ods1 all t spiritual food :i* man requires4 ,& !y h prep>$ s mu* ( x1 t x is no long] necess>y to ref] to ! eld] au?orities1 :o h prec$$ !m1--n only to ! anci5ts1 b to ^? mu* ne>] to u4 ,all t 0 ! activity ( ! !ological & metaphysical p]iod1--all t mu/ be wip$ out3 b ! true1 ! rational activity began1 say1 fifty ye>s ago1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ^? fifty ye>s we h made s _m great m51 t !re are ab\t t5 great m5 to e bran* ( sci5ce4 ,& !re h come to be s _m sci5ces1 t1 =tunately1 x is easy to make !m4 ,all t is requir$ is to add ! ,greek ^w logy to ! "n1 & =ce !m to con=m to a set rubric1 & ! sci5ce is all complete4 ,!y h creat$ s _m sci5ces1 t n only c no "o man "k !m all1 b n a s+le individual c rememb] all ! titles ( all ! exi/+ sci5ces2 ! titles alone =m a ?ick lexicon1 & new sci5ces are manufactur$ e day4 ,!y h be5 manufactur$ on ! patt]n ( t ,f9ni% tea*] :o taught ! l&$ proprietor's *ildr5 ,f9ni% in/ead ( ,fr5*4 ,e ?+ has be5 excell5tly inculcat$2 b !re is "o objection1--t no "o except ourselves c und]/& any ?+ ( x1 & all ?is is reckon$ z utt]ly useless nons5se4 ,h[ev]1 !re is an explanation ev5 = ?is4 ,p d n appreciate ! full value ( sci5tific sci5ce1 because !y are "u ! influ5ce ( ! !ological p]iod1 t pr(\nd p]iod :5 all ! p1 bo? among ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,*9ese1 & ! ,indians1 & ! ,greeks1 und]/ood e ?+ t _! great tea*]s said to !m4 ,b1 f :atev] cause ?is has come ab\t1 ! fact rema9s1 t sci5ces & arts h always exi/$ among mank9d1 &1 :5 !y really did exi/1 !y 7 useful & intelligible to all ! p4 ,b we practise some?+ :i* we call sci5ce & art1 b x appe>s t :at we d is unnecess>y & un9telligible to man4 ,& h5ce1 h[ev] beautiful may be ! ?+s t we accompli%1 we h no "r to call !m arts & sci5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,b y only furni% a diff]5t def9ition ( arts & sci5ces1 :i* is /rict]1 & is incompatible ) sci5ce1 ,i %all be told 9 answ] to ?is2 nev]!less1 sci5tific & arti/ic activity does /ill exi/4 ,!re are ! ,galileos1 ,brunos1 ,hom]s1 ,mi*ael ,angelos1 ,bee?ov5s1 & all ! less] le>n$ m5 & arti/s1 :o h consecrat$ _! entire lives to ! s]vice ( sci5ce & art1 & :o 71 & w rema91 ! b5efactors ( mank9d4 ,g5]ally ?is is :at p say1 /riv+ to =get t new pr9ciple ( ! division ( labor1 on ! basis ( :i* sci5ce & art n[ occupy _! privileg$ position1 & on ^: basis we are n[ enabl$ to decide )\t gr\nds1 b by a giv5 /&>d3 ,is !re1 or is !re n1 any f\ndation = t activity :i* calls itself sci5ce & art1 to s magnify itself8 ,:5 ! ,egyptian or ! ,grecian prie/s produc$ _! my/]ies1 :i* 7 un9telligible to any "o1 & /at$ conc]n+ ^! my/]ies t all sci5ce & all art 7 conta9$ 9 !m1 ,i c\ld n v]ify ! reality ( _! sci5ce on ! basis ( ! b5efit procur$ by !m to ! p1 because sci5ce1 accord+ to _! ass]tions1 0 sup]natural4 ,b n[ we all possess a v simple & cle> def9ition ( ! activity ( art & sci5ce1 :i* excludes e ?+ sup]natural3 sci5ce & art promise to c>ry out ! m5tal activity ( mank9d1 = ! welf>e ( society1 or ( all ! human race4 ,! def9ition ( sci5tific sci5ce & art is entirely correct2 b1 un=tunately1 ! activity ( ! pres5t arts & sci5ces does n come "u ?is head4 ,"s ( !m are directly injuri\s1 o!rs are useless1 o!rs /ill are wor?less1--good only = ! weal?y4 ,!y d n fulfil t :i*1 by _! own def9ition1 !y h und]tak5 to accompli%2 & h5ce !y h z little "r to reg>d !mselves z m5 ( art & sci5ce1 z a corrupt prie/hood1 :i* does n fulfil ! obligations :i* x has assum$1 has ! "r to reg>d itself z ! be>] ( div9e tru?4 ,& x c be und]/ood :y ! mak]s ( ! pres5t arts & sci5ces h n fulfill$1 & _c fulfil1 _! vocation4 ,!y d n fulfil x1 because out ( _! obligations !y h erect$ a "r4 ,sci5tific & arti/ic activity1 9 its real s5se1 is only fruitful :5 x kn[s no rights1 b recognizes only obligations4 ,only because x is its prop]ty to be always ?us1 does mank9d s highly prize ?is activity4 ,if m5 really 7 call$ to ! s]vice ( o!rs ?r\gh arti/ic "w1 !y w\ld see 9 t "w only obligation1 & !y w\ld fulfil x ) toil1 ) privations1 & ) self-abnegation4 ,! ?9k] or ! arti/ w nev] sit calmly on ,olympian heights1 z we h become accu/om$ to repres5t !m to ourselves4 ,! ?9k] or ! arti/ %\ld suff] 9 company ) ! p1 9 ord] t he may f9d salvation or consolation4 ,besides ?is1 he w suff] because he is always & et]nally 9 turmoil & agitation3 he might decide & say t t :i* w\ld conf] welf>e on m51 w\ld free !m f suff]+1 w\ld af=d !m consolation2 b he has n said s1 & has n pres5t$ x z he %\ld h done2 he has n decid$1 & he has n spok52 & to-morr[1 possibly1 x w be too late1--he w die4 ,& !re=e suff]+ & self-sacrifice w always be ! lot ( ! ?9k] & ! arti/4 ,n ( ?is description w be ! ?9k] & arti/ :o is re>$ 9 an e/abli%m5t :]e1 app>5tly1 !y manufacture ! le>n$ man or ! arti/ 7b 9 po9t ( fact1 !y manufacture de/roy]s ( sci5ce & ( art71 :o receives a diploma & a c]tificate1 :o w\ld be glad n to ?9k & n to express t :i* is impos$ on 8 s\l1 b :o _c avoid do+ t to :i* two irresi/ible =ces draw him1--an inw>d prompt+1 & ! dem& ( m54 ,!re w be no sleek1 plump1 self-satisfi$ ?9k]s & arti/s4 ,spiritual activity1 & its expression1 :i* are actually necess>y to o!rs1 are ! mo/ burd5some ( all man's avocations2 a cross1 z ! ,gospels phrase x4 ,& ! sole indubitable sign ( ! pres5ce ( a vocation is self-devotion1 ! sacrifice ( self = ! manife/ation ( ! p[] t is impos$ ^u man = ! b5efit ( o!rs4 ,x is possible to /udy out h[ _m beetles !re are 9 ! _w1 to view ! spots on ! sun1 to write romances & op]as1 )\t suff]+2 b x is impossible1 )\t self-sacrifice1 to in/ruct p 9 _! true happ9ess1 :i* consi/s solely 9 r5unciation ( self & ! s]vice ( o!rs1 & to give /rong expression to ?is doctr9e1 )\t self-sacrifice4 ,*ri/ did n die on ! cross 9 va92 n 9 va9 does ! sacrifice ( suff]+ conqu] all ?+s4 ,b our art & sci5ce are provid$ ) c]tificates & diplomas2 & ! only anxiety ( all m5 is1 h[ to /ill bett] gu>antee !m1 i4e41 h[ to r5d] ! s]vice ( ! p impracticable = !m4 ,true art & true sci5ce possess two unmi/akable m>ks3 ! fir/1 an inw>d m>k1 :i* is ?is1 t ! s]vitor ( art & sci5ce w fulfil 8 vocation1 n = pr(it b ) self-sacrifice2 & ! second1 an ext]nal sign1--8 productions w be intelligible to all ! p ^: welf>e he has 9 view4 ,no matt] :at p h fix$ ^u z _! vocation & _! welf>e1 sci5ce w be ! doctr9e ( ?is vocation & welf>e1 & art w be ! expression ( t doctr9e4 ,t :i* is call$ sci5ce & art1 among u1 is ! product ( idle m9ds & feel+s1 :i* h = _! object to tickle simil> idle m9ds & feel+s4 ,our arts & sci5ces are incompreh5sible1 & say no?+ to ! p1 = !y h n ! welf>e ( ! common p 9 view4 ,ev] s9ce ! life ( m5 has be5 kn[n to u1 we f9d1 always & ev]y:]e1 ! reign+ doctr9e falsely designat+ itself z sci5ce1 n manife/+ itself to ! common p1 b obscur+ = !m ! mean+ ( life4 ,?us x 0 among ! ,greeks ! sophi/s1 !n among ! ,*ri/ians ! my/ics1 gno/ics1 s*ola/ics1 among ! ,hebrews ! ,talmudi/s & ,cabali/s1 & s on ev]y:]e1 d[n to our own times4 ,h[ =tunate x is = u t we live 9 s peculi> an age1 :5 t m5tal activity :i* calls itself sci5ce1 n only does n err1 b f9ds itself1 z we are assur$1 9 a rem>kably fl\ri%+ condition6 ,does n ?is peculi> good =tune arise f ! fact t man c n & w n see 8 own hide\sness8 ,:y is !re no?+ left ( ^? sci5ces1 & sophi/s1 & ,cabali/s1 & ,talmudi/s1 b words1 :ile we are s exceptionally happy8 ,surely ! signs are id5tical4 ,!re is ! same self-satisfaction & bl9d confid5ce t we1 precisely we1 & only we1 are on ! "r pa?1 & t ! real ?+ is only beg9n+ ) u4 ,!re is ! same expectation t we %all discov] some?+ rem>kable2 & t *ief sign :i* leads u a/ray convicts u ( our error3 all our wisdom rema9s ) u1 & ! common p d n und]/&1 & d n accept1 & d n ne$ x4 ,our position is a v difficult "o1 b :y n look at x squ>ely8 ,x is "t to recov] our s5ses1 & to scrut9ize ourselves4 ,surely we are no?+ else ?an ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 :o sit 9 ,moses' seat1 & :o h tak5 ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav51 & w nei!r g 9 ourselves1 nor p]mit o!rs to g 94 ,surely we1 ! high prie/s ( sci5ce & art1 are ourselves wor?less deceiv]s1 possess+ mu* less "r to our position ?an ! mo/ crafty & deprav$ prie/s4 ,surely we h no ju/ification = our privileg$ position4 ,! prie/s _h a "r to _! position3 !y decl>$ t !y taught ! p life & salvation4 ,b we h tak5 _! place1 & we d n in/ruct ! p 9 life1--we ev5 admit t su* in/ruction is unnecess>y1--b we educate our *ildr5 9 ! same ,talmudic-,greek & ,lat9 gramm>1 9 ord] t !y may be able to pursue ! same life ( p>asites :i* we lead ourselves4 ,we say1 ,!re us$ to be ca/es1 b !re are none among u4 ,b :at does x mean1 t "s p & _! *ildr5 toil1 :ile o!r p & _! *ildr5 d n toil8 ,br+ hi!r an ,indian ignorant ( our language1 & %[ him ,european life1 & our life1 = sev]al g5]ations1 & he w recognize ! same lead+1 well-def9$ ca/es--( labor]s & non-labor]s--z !re are 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,& z 9 8 l&1 s 9 ours1 ! "r ( refus+ to labor is conf]r$ by a peculi> consecration1 :i* we call sci5ce & art1 or1 9 g5]al t]ms1 culture4 ,x is ?is culture1 & all ! di/ortions ( s5se connect$ ) x1 :i* h br\ght u to t m>vell\s madness1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* we d n see t :i* is s cle> & indubitable4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,!n1 :at is to be done8 ,:at are we to d8 ,?is "q1 :i* includes )9 itself bo? an admission t our life is evil & wrong1 & 9 connection ) ?is1--z ?\gh x 7 an ex]cise = x1--t x is impossible1 nev]!less1 to *ange x1 ?is "q ,i h he>d1 & ,i cont9ue to he>1 on all sides4 ,i h describ$ my own suff]+s1 my own grop+s1 & my own solution ( ?is "q4 ,i am ! same k9d ( a man z ev]ybody else2 & if ,i am 9 any wise di/+ui%$ f ! av]age man ( our circle1 x is *iefly 9 ?is respect1 t ,i1 m ?an ! av]age man1 h s]v$ & w9k$ at ! false doctr9e ( our _w2 ,i h receiv$ m approbation f m5 pr(ess+ ! prevail+ doctr9e3 & !re=e1 m ?an o!rs1 h ,i become deprav$1 & w&]$ f ! pa?4 ,& !re=e ,i ?9k t ! solution ( ! problem1 :i* ,i h f\nd 9 my own case1 w be applicable to all s9c]e p :o are prop\nd+ ! same "q to !mselves4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is to be done8 ,i told myself3 ,i mu/ lie nei!r to o!r p nor to myself4 ,i mu/ n fe> ! tru?1 :i!rsoev] x may lead me4 ,we all "k :at x means to lie to o!r p1 b we are n afraid to lie to ourselves2 yet ! v wor/ d[nright lie1 to o!r p1 is n to be comp>$ 9 its consequ5ces ) ! lie to ourselves1 ^u :i* we base our :ole life4 ,?is is ! lie ( :i* we mu/ n be guilty if we are to be 9 a position to answ] ! "q3 ,:at is to be done8 ,&1 9 fact1 h[ am ,i to answ] ! "q1 ,:at is to be done8 :5 e ?+ t ,i d1 :5 my :ole life1 is f\nd$ on a lie1 & :5 ,i c>efully p>ade ?is lie z ! tru? be=e o!rs & be=e myself8 ,n to lie1 9 ?is s5se1 means n to fe> ! tru?1 n to devise subt]fuges1 & n to accept ! subt]fuges devis$ by o!rs = ! purpose ( hid+ f myself ! d$uctions ( my reason & my consci5ce2 n to fe> to "p company ) all ^? :o surr\nd me1 & to rema9 alone 9 company ) reason & consci5ce2 n to fe> t position to :i* ! tru? %all lead me1 be+ firmly conv9c$ t t position to :i* tru? & consci5ce %all conduct me1 h[ev] s+ul> x may be1 _c be worse ?an ! "o :i* is f\nd$ on a lie4 ,n to lie1 9 our position ( privileg$ p]sons ( m5tal labor1 means1 n to be afraid to reckon "o's self up wrongly4 ,x is possible t y are already s deeply indebt$ t y _c take /ock ( y\rself2 b to :atev] ext5t ?is may be ! case1 h[ev] long may be ! acc\nt1 h[ev] f> y h /ray$ f ! pa?1 x is /ill bett] ?an to cont9ue !re94 ,a lie to o!r p is n alone unpr(itable2 e matt] is settl$ m directly & m spe$ily by ! tru? ?an by a lie4 ,a lie to o!rs only entangles matt]s1 & delays ! settlem5t2 b a lie to "o's self1 set =? z ! tru?1 ru9s a man's :ole life4 ,if a man1 hav+ ent]$ on ! wrong pa?1 assumes t x is ! true "o1 !n e /ep t he takes on t pa? removes him f>!r f 8 goal4 ,if a man :o has long be5 travell+ on ?is false pa? div9es = himself1 or is in=m$ by "s "o1 t 8 c\rse is a mi/ak5 "o1 b gr[s al>m$ at ! idea t he has w&]$ v f> a/ray & tries to conv9ce himself t he may1 possibly1 /ill /rike into ! "r road1 !n he nev] w get into x4 ,if a man quails be=e ! tru?1 &1 on p]ceiv+ x1 does n accept x1 b does accept a lie = ! tru?1 !n he nev] w le>n :at he ought to d4 ,we1 ! n only weal?y1 b privileg$ & s-call$ cultivat$ p]sons1 h advanc$ s f> on ! wrong road1 t a great deal ( det]m9ation1 or a v great deal ( suff]+ on ! wrong road1 is requir$1 9 ord] to br+ u to our s5ses & to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! lie 9 :i* we are liv+4 ,i h p]ceiv$ ! lie ( our lives1 ?anks to ! suff]+s :i* ! false pa? entail$ ^u me1 &1 hav+ recogniz$ ! fals5ess ( ?is pa? on :i* ,i /ood1 ,i h _h ! boldness to g at fir/ 9 ?\ght only--:i!r reason & consci5ce l$ me1 )\t reflect+ :]e !y w\ld br+ me out4 ,& ,i h be5 rew>d$ = ?is boldness4 ,all ! complicat$1 brok51 tangl$1 & incoh]5t ph5om5a ( life surr\nd+ me1 h sudd5ly become cle>2 & my position 9 ! mid/ ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* 0 =m]ly /range & burd5some1 has become1 all at once1 natural1 & easy to be>4 ,9 ?is new position1 my activity 0 def9$ ) p]fect accuracy2 n at all z x _h previ\sly pres5t$ itself to me1 b z a new & mu* m peaceful1 lov+1 & joy\s activity4 ,! v ?+ :i* _h =m]ly t]rifi$ me1 n[ began to attract me4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k1 t ! man :o w hone/ly put to himself ! "q1 ,:at is to be done8 &1 reply+ to ?is qu]y1 w n lie to himself1 b w g :i!r 8 reason leads1 has already solv$ ! problem4 ,!re is only "o ?+ t c h9d] him 9 8 se>* = an issue1--an errone\sly l(ty idea ( himself & ( 8 position4 ,?is 0 ! case ) me2 & !n ano!r1 aris+ f ! fir/ answ] to ! "q3 ,:at is to be done8 consi/$ = me 9 ?is1 t x 0 necess>y = me to rep5t1 9 ! full s5se ( t ^w1--i4e41 to entirely alt] my conception ( my position & my activity2 to confess ! hurtfulness & empt9ess ( my activity1 in/ead ( its utility & gravity2 to confess my own ignorance in/ead ( culture2 to confess my immorality & h>%ness 9 ! place ( my k9dness & morality2 in/ead ( my elevation1 to ackn[l$ge my l[l9ess4 ,i say1 t 9 addition to n ly+ to myself1 ,i _h to rep5t1 because1 al?\gh ! "o fl[s f ! o!r1 a false conception ( my l(ty importance _h s gr[n up ) me1 t1 until ,i s9c]ely rep5t$ & cut myself free f t false e/imate :i* ,i _h =m$ ( myself1 ,i did n p]ceive ! great] "p ( ! lie ( :i* ,i _h be5 guilty to myself4 ,only :5 ,i _h rep5t$1 t is to say1 :5 ,i _h ceas$ to look ^u myself z a regul> man1 & _h begun to reg>d myself z a man exactly l e "o else1--only !n did my pa? become cle> be=e me4 ,be=e t "t ,i _h n be5 able to answ] ! "q3 ,:at is to be done8 because ,i _h /at$ ! "q itself wrongly4 ,z long z ,i did n rep5t1 ,i put ! "q ?us3 ,:at sph]e ( activity %\ld ,i *oose1 ,i1 ! man :o has receiv$ ! education & ! tal5ts :i* h fall5 to my %ame8 ,h[1 9 ?is fa%ion1 make recomp5se ) t education & ^? tal5ts1 = :at ,i h tak51 & = :at ,i /ill take1 f ! p8 ,?is "q 0 wrong1 because x conta9$ a false repres5tation1 to ! effect t ,i 0 n a man j l !m1 b a peculi> man call$ to s]ve ! p ) ^? tal5ts & ) t education :i* ,i _h won by ! ef=ts ( =ty ye>s4 ,i prop\nd$ ! qu]y to myself2 b1 9 reality1 ,i _h answ]$ x 9 advance1 9 t ,i _h 9 advance def9$ ! sort ( activity :i* 0 agreeable to me1 & by :i* ,i 0 call$ ^u to s]ve ! p4 ,i _h1 9 fact1 ask$ myself3 ,9 :at mann] c\ld ,i1 s v f9e a writ]1 :o _h acquir$ s mu* le>n+ & tal5ts1 make use ( !m = ! b5efit ( ! p8 ,b ! "q %\ld h be5 put z x w\ld h /ood = a le>n$ rabbi :o _h gone ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ! ,talmud1 & _h le>n$ by he>t ! numb] ( lett]s 9 all ! holy books1 & all ! f9e po9ts ( 8 art4 ,! "q = me1 z = ! rabbi1 %\ld /& ?us3 ,:at am ,i1 :o h sp5t1 ow+ to ! mis=tune ( my surr\nd+s1 ! ye>'s be/ fitt$ = /udy 9 ! acquisition ( gramm>1 geography1 judicial sci5ce1 poetry1 novels & romances1 ! ,fr5* language1 pian(orte play+1 philosophical !ories1 & milit>y ex]cises1 in/ead ( inur+ myself to labor2 :at am ,i1 :o h pass$ ! be/ ye>s ( my life 9 idle occupations :i* are corrupt+ to ! s\l1--:at am ,i to d 9 defiance ( ^! un=tunate conditions ( ! pa/1 9 ord] t ,i may requite ^? p :o dur+ ! :ole "t h f$ & clo!d1 yes1 & :o ev5 n[ cont9ue to fe$ & clo! me8 ,_h ! "q !n /ood z x /&s be=e me n[1 aft] ,i h rep5t$1--,:at am ,i1 s corrupt a man1 to d8 ! answ] w\ld h be5 easy3 ,to /rive1 fir/ ( all1 to support myself hone/ly2 t is1 to le>n n to live ^u o!rs2 & :ile ,i am le>n+1 & :5 ,i h le>n$ ?is1 to r5d] aid on all possible occasions to ! p1 ) my h&s1 & my feet1 & my bra91 & my he>t1 & ) e ?+ to :i* ! p %\ld pres5t a claim4 ,& !re=e ,i say1 t = ! man ( our circle1 9 addition to n ly+ to himself or to o!rs1 rep5tance is also necess>y1 & t he %\ld scrape f himself t pride :i* has sprung up 9 u1 9 our culture1 9 our ref9em5ts1 9 our tal5ts2 & t he %\ld confess t he is n a b5efactor ( ! p & a di/+ui%$ man1 :o does n refuse to %>e ) ! p 8 useful acquirem5ts1 b t he %\ld confess himself to be a ?or\ghly guilty1 corrupt1 & good-=-no?+ man1 :o desires to re=m himself & n to behave b5evol5tly t[>ds ! p1 b simply to cease w\nd+ & insult+ !m4 ,i (t5 he> ! que/ions ( good "y m5 :o sympa?ize ) ! r5unciatory "p ( my writ+s1 & :o ask1 ,well1 & :at !n %all ,i d8 ,:at am ,i to d1 n[ t ,i h f9i%$ my c\rse 9 ! univ]sity1 or 9 "s o!r in/itution1 9 ord] t ,i may be ( use8 ,"y m5 ask ?is1 & 9 ! dep?s ( _! s\l x is already decid$ t ! education :i* !y h receiv$ con/itutes _! privilege & t !y desire to s]ve ! p precisely by means ( ?us sup]iority4 ,& h5ce1 "o ?+ :i* !y w 9 no wise d1 is to be> !mselves hone/ly & critically t[>ds t :i* !y call _! culture1 & ask !mselves1 are ^? qualities :i* !y call _! culture good or bad8 ,if !y w d ?is1 !y w infallibly be l$ to see ! necessity ( r5\nc+ _! culture1 & ! necessity ( beg9n+ to le>n all ov] aga92 & ?is is ! "o indisp5sable ?+4 ,!y c 9 no wise solve ! problem1 ,:at to d8 because ?is "q does n /& be=e !m z x %\ld /&4 ,! "q mu/ /& ?us3 ,9 :at mann] am ,i1 a helpless1 useless man1 :o1 ow+ to ! mis=tune ( my conditions1 h wa/$ my be/ ye>s ( /udy 9 conn+ ! sci5tific ,talmud :i* corrupts s\l & body1 to correct ?is mi/ake1 & le>n to s]ve ! p8 ,b x pres5ts itself to !m ?us3 ,h[ am ,i1 a man :o has acquir$ s mu* v f9e le>n+1 to turn ?is v f9e le>n+ to ! use ( ! p8 ,& su* a man w nev] answ] ! "q1 ,:at is to be done8 until he rep5ts4 ,& rep5tance is n t]rible1 j z tru? is n t]rible1 & x is equally joyful & fruitful4 ,x is only necess>y to accept ! tru? :olly1 & to rep5t :olly1 9 ord] to und]/& t no "o possesses any rights1 privileges1 or peculi>ities 9 ! matt] ( ?is life ( ours1 b t !re are no ends or b\nds to obligation1 & t a man's fir/ & mo/ indubitable duty is to take "p 9 ! /ruggle ) nature = 8 own life & = ! lives ( o!rs4 ,& ?is confession ( a man's obligation con/itutes ! gi/ ( ! ?ird answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is to be done8 ,i tri$ n to lie to myself3 ,i tri$ to ca/ out f myself ! rema9s ( my false conceptions ( ! importance ( my education & tal5ts1 & to rep5t2 b on ! way to a decision ( ! "q1 ,:at to d8 a fre% difficulty arose4 ,!re are s _m diff]5t occupations1 t an indication 0 necess>y z to ! precise "o :i* 0 to be adopt$4 ,& ! answ] to ?is "q 0 furni%$ me by s9c]e rep5tance = ! evil 9 :i* ,i _h liv$4 ,:at to d8 ,precisely :at to d8 all ask1 & t is :at ,i also ask$ s long z1 "u ! influ5ce ( my exalt$ idea ( any own importance1 ,i did n p]ceive t my fir/ & unque/ionable duty 0 to fe$ myself1 to clo! myself1 to furni% my own fuel1 to d my own build+1 &1 by s do+1 to s]ve o!rs1 because1 ev] s9ce ! w\ld has exi/$1 ! fir/ & indubitable duty ( e man has consi/$ & does consi/ 9 ?is4 ,9 fact1 no matt] :at a man may h assum$ to be 8 vocation1--:e!r x be to gov]n p1 to def5d 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 to div9e s]vice1 to in/ruct o!rs1 to inv5t means to height5 ! pleasures ( life1 to discov] ! laws ( ! _w1 to incorporate et]nal tru?s 9 arti/ic repres5tations1--! duty ( a reasonable man is to take "p 9 ! /ruggle ) nature1 = ! su/5ance ( 8 own life & ( t ( o!rs4 ,?is obligation is ! fir/ ( all1 because :at p ne$ mo/ ( all is _! life2 & !re=e1 9 ord] to def5d & in/ruct ! p1 & r5d] _! lives m agreeable1 x is requisite to pres]ve t life itself1 :ile my refusal to %>e 9 ! /ruggle1 my monopoly ( ! labors ( o!rs1 is equival5t to annihilation ( ! lives ( o!rs4 ,&1 !re=e1 x is n rational to s]ve ! lives ( m5 by annihilat+ ! lives ( m52 & x is impossible to say t ,i am s]v+ m51 :51 by my life1 ,i am obvi\sly injur+ !m4 ,a man's obligation to /ruggle ) nature = ! acquisition ( ! means ( livelihood w always be ! fir/ & mo/ unque/ionable ( all obligations1 because ?is obligation is a law ( life1 dep>ture f :i* entails ! inevitable puni%m5t ( ei!r bodily or m5tal annihilation ( ! life ( man4 ,if a man liv+ alone excuses himself f ! obligation ( /ruggl+ ) nature1 he is imm$iately puni%$1 9 t 8 body p]i%es4 ,b if a man excuses himself f ?is obligation by mak+ o!r p fulfil x = him1 !n also he is imm$iately puni%$ by ! annihilation ( 8 m5tal life2 t is to say1 ( ! life :i* possesses rational ?\ght4 ,9 ?is "o act1 man receives--if ! two ?+s are to be sep>at$--full satisfaction ( ! bodily & spiritual dem&s ( 8 nature4 ,! fe$+1 clo?+1 & tak+ c>e ( himself & 8 family1 con/itute ! satisfaction ( ! bodily dem&s & requirem5ts2 & do+ ! same = o!r p1 con/itutes ! satisfaction ( 8 spiritual requirem5ts4 ,e o!r employm5t ( man is only legal :5 x is direct$ to ! satisfaction ( ?is v fir/ duty ( man2 = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is duty con/itutes ! :ole life ( man4 ,i _h be5 s turn$ ab\t by my previ\s life1 ?is fir/ & indubitable law ( ,god or ( nature is s conceal$ 9 our sph]e ( society1 t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is law seem$ to me /range1 t]rible1 ev5 %ameful2 z ?\gh ! fulfilm5t ( an et]nal1 unque/ionable law1 & n ! dep>ture f x1 c be t]rible1 /range1 & %ameful4 ,at fir/ x seem$ to me t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is matt] requir$ "s prep>ation1 arrangem5t or community ( m51 hold+ simil> views1--! cons5t ( "o's family1 life 9 ! c\ntry2 x seem$ to me disgraceful to make a %[ ( myself be=e p1 to und]take a ?+ s improp] 9 our conditions ( exi/5ce1 z bodily toil1 & ,i did n "k h[ to set ab\t x4 ,b x 0 only necess>y = me to und]/& t ?is is no exclusive occupation :i* requires to be inv5t$ & arrang$ =1 b t ?is employm5t 0 m]ely a return f ! false position 9 :i* ,i f\nd myself1 to a natural "o2 0 only a rectification ( t lie 9 :i* ,i 0 liv+4 ,i _h only to recognize ?is fact1 & all ^! difficulties vani%$4 ,x 0 n 9 ! lea/ necess>y to make prep>ations & arrangem5ts1 & to await ! cons5t ( o!rs1 =1 no matt] 9 :at position ,i _h f\nd myself1 !re _h always be5 p :o _h f$1 clo!d & w>m$ me1 9 addition to !mselves2 & ev]y:]e1 "u all conditions1 ,i c\ld d ! same = myself & = !m1 if ,i _h ! "t & ! /r5g?4 ,nei!r c\ld ,i exp]i5ce false %ame 9 an unwont$ occupation1 no matt] h[ surpris+ x might be to p1 because1 ?r\gh n do+ x1 ,i _h already exp]i5c$ n false b real %ame4 ,& :5 ,i _h rea*$ ?is confession & ! practical d$uction f x1 ,i 0 fully rew>d$ = n hav+ quail$ be=e ! d$uctions ( reason1 & = foll[+ :i!r !y l$ me4 ,on arriv+ at ?is practical d$uction1 ,i 0 amaz$ at ! ease & simplicity ) :i* all ! problems :i* _h previ\sly seem$ to me s difficult & s complicat$1 7 solv$4 ,to ! "q1 ,:at is x necess>y to d8 ! mo/ indubitable answ] pres5t$ itself3 fir/ ( all1 t :i* x 0 necess>y = me to d 01 to att5d to my own samov>1 my own /ove1 my own wat]1 my own clo?+2 to e ?+ t ,i c\ld d = myself4 ,to ! "q1 ,w x n seem /range to p if y d ?is8 x appe>$ t ?is /rang5ess la/$ only a week1 & aft] ! lapse ( t week1 x w\ld h seem$ /range _h ,i return$ to my =m] conditions ( life4 ,) reg>d to ! "q1 ,is x necess>y to organize ?is physical labor1 to in/itute an association 9 ! c\ntry1 on my l&8 x appe>$ t no?+ ( ! sort 0 necess>y2 t labor1 if x does n aim at ! acquisition ( all possible leisure1 & ! enjoym5t ( ! labor ( o!rs1--l ! labor ( p b5t on accumulat+ money1--b if x h = its object ! satisfaction ( requirem5ts1 w itself be drawn f ! city to ! c\ntry1 to ! l&1 :]e ?is labor is ! mo/ fruitful & *e]ful4 ,b x is n requisite to in/itute any association1 because ! man :o labors1 naturally & ( himself1 atta*es himself to ! exi/+ association ( labor+ m54 ,to ! "q1 :e!r ?is labor w\ld n monopolize all my "t1 & deprive me ( ^? intellectual pursuits :i* ,i love1 to :i* ,i am accu/om$1 & :i*1 9 my mom5ts ( self-conceit1 ,i reg>d z n useless to o!rs8 ,i receiv$ a mo/ unexpect$ reply4 ,! en]gy ( my intellectual activity increas$1 & increas$ 9 exact proportion ) bodily application1 :ile free+ itself f e ?+ sup]flu\s4 ,x appe>$ t by d$icat+ to physical toil eight h\rs1 t half ( ! day :i* ,i _h =m]ly pass$ 9 ! oppressive /ate ( a /ruggle ) ennui1 eight h\rs rema9$ to me1 ( :i* only five ( intellectual activity1 accord+ to my t]ms1 7 necess>y to me4 ,= x appe>$1 t if ,i1 a v volum9\s writ]1 :o _h done no?+ = ne>ly =ty ye>s except write1 & :o _h writt5 ?ree hundr$ pr9t$ %eets2--if ,i _h work$ dur+ all ^? =ty ye>s at ord9>y labor ) ! work+-p1 !n1 n reckon+ w9t] ev5+s & leisure days1 if ,i _h read & /udi$ = five h\rs e day1 & _h writt5 a c\ple ( pages only on holidays 7& ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( writ+ at ! rate ( "o pr9t$ %eet a day71 !n ,i %\ld h writt5 ^? ?ree hundr$ %eets 9 f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! fact seem$ />tl+3 yet x is ! mo/ simple ari?metical calculation1 :i* c be made by a sev5-ye>-old boy1 b :i* ,i _h n be5 able to make up to ?is "t4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! day2 if we take away eight h\rs1 sixte5 rema94 ,if any man engag$ 9 intellectual occupations devote five h\rs e day to 8 occupation1 he w accompli% a fe>ful am\nt4 ,& :at is to be done ) ! rema9+ elev5 h\rs8 ,x prov$ t physical labor n only does n exclude ! possibility ( m5tal activity1 b t x improves its quality1 & enc\rages x4 ,9 answ] to ! "q1 :e!r ?is physical toil does n deprive me ( _m innoc5t pleasures peculi> to man1 su* z ! enjoym5t ( ! arts1 ! acquisition ( le>n+1 int]c\rse ) p1 & ! delights ( life 9 g5]al1 x turn$ out exactly ! rev]se3 ! m int5se ! labor1 ! m ne>ly x approa*$ :at is consid]$ ! co>se/ agricultural toil1 ! m enjoym5t & k did ,i ga91 & ! m did ,i come into close & lov+ communion ) m51 & ! m happ9ess did ,i d]ive f life4 ,9 answ] to ! "q 7:i* ,i h s (t5 he>d f p]sons n ?or\ghly s9c]e71 z to :at result c\ld fl[ f s insignificant a drop 9 ! sea ( sympa?y z my individual physical labor 9 ! sea ( labor +ulf+ me1 ,i receiv$ also ! mo/ satisfactory & unexpect$ ( answ]s4 ,x appe>$ t all ,i _h to d 0 to make physical labor ! habitual condition ( my life1 & ! majority ( my false1 b preci\s1 habits & my dem&s1 :5 physically idle1 fell away f me at once ( _! own accord1 )\t ! slighte/ ex]tion on my "p4 ,n to m5tion ! habit ( turn+ day into night & vice v]sa1 my habits connect$ ) my b$1 ) my clo?+1 ) conv5tional cleanl9ess1--:i* are d[nright impossible & oppressive ) physical labor1--& my dem&s z to ! quality ( my food1 7 entirely *ang$4 ,9 place ( ! da9ty1 ri*1 ref9$1 complicat$1 highly-spic$ food1 to :i* ,i _h =m]ly incl9$1 ! mo/ simple vi&s became ne$ful & mo/ pleas+ ( all to me1--cabbage-s\p1 porridge1 black bread1 & tea v prikusku4 #bch ,s t1 n to m5tion ! influ5ce ^u me ( ! example ( ! simple work+-p1 :o are cont5t ) little1 ) :om ,i came 9 contact 9 ! c\rse ( my bodily toil1 my v requirem5ts und]w5t a *ange 9 consequ5ce ( my toilsome life2 s t my drop ( physical labor 9 ! sea ( univ]sal labor became l>g] & l>g]1 9 proportion z ,i accu/om$ myself to1 & appropriat$1 ! habits ( ! labor+ classes2 9 proportion1 also1 to ! success ( my labor1 my dem&s = labor f o!rs grew less & less1 & my life naturally1 )\t ex]tion or privations1 approa*$ t simple exi/5ce ( :i* ,i c\ld n ev5 dream )\t fulfill+ ! law ( labor4 ,x prov$ t my de>e/ dem&s f life1 namely1 my dem&s = vanity1 & div]sion f ennui1 arose directly f my idle life4 ,!re 0 no place = vanity1 9 connection ) physical labor2 & no div]sions 7 ne$$1 s9ce my "t 0 pleasantly occupi$1 &1 aft] my fatigue1 simple re/ at tea ov] a book1 or 9 conv]sation ) my fell[s1 0 incomp>ably m agreeable ?an !atres1 c>ds1 conceits1 or a l>ge company1--all :i* ?+s are ne$$ 9 physical idl5ess1 & :i* co/ a great deal4 ,9 answ] to ! "q1 ,w\ld n ?is unaccu/om$ toil ru9 t heal? :i* is indisp5sable 9 ord] to r5d] s]vice to ! p possible8 x appe>$1 9 spite ( ! positive ass]tions ( not$ physicians1 t physical ex]tion1 especially at my age1 might h ! mo/ injuri\s consequ5ces 7b t ,sw$i% gymna/ics1 ! massage treatm5t1 & s on1 & o!r exp$i5ts int5d$ to take ! place ( ! natural conditions ( man's life1 7 bett]71 t ! m int5se ! toil1 ! /rong]1 m al]t1 m *e]ful1 & m k9dly did ,i feel4 ,?us x und\bt$ly appe>$1 t1 j z all ^? cunn+ devices ( ! human m9d1 newspap]s1 !atres1 conc]ts1 visits1 balls1 c>ds1 j\rnals1 romances1 are no?+ else ?an exp$i5ts = ma9ta9+ ! spiritual life ( man outside 8 natural conditions ( labor = o!rs1--j s all ! hygi5ic & m$ical devices ( ! human m9d = ! prep>ation ( food1 dr9k1 lodg+1 v5tilation1 heat+1 clo?+1 m$ic9e1 wat]1 massage1 gymna/ics1 electric1 & o!r means ( heal+1--all ^! clev] devices are m]ely an exp$i5t to su/a9 ! bodily life ( man remov$ f its natural conditions ( labor4 ,x turn$ out t all ^! devices ( ! human m9d = ! agreeable arrangem5t ( ! physical exi/5ce ( idle p]sons are precisely analog\s to ^? artful contrivances :i* p might inv5t = ! production 9 vessels h]metically seal$1 by means ( me*anical arrangem5ts1 ( evaporation1 & plants1 ( ! air be/ fitt$ = brea?+1 :5 all t is ne$$ is to op5 ! w9d[4 ,all ! inv5tions ( m$ic9e & hygi5e = p]sons ( our sph]e are mu* ! same z ?\gh a me*anic %\ld hit ^u ! idea ( heat+ a /eam- boil] :i* 0 n work+1 & %\ld %ut all ! valves s t ! boil] %\ld n bur/4 ,only "o ?+ is ne$$1 in/ead ( all ^! extremely complicat$ devices = pleasure1 = com=t1 & = m$ical & hygi5ic prep>ations1 int5d$ to save p f _! spiritual & bodily ailm5ts1 :i* swall[ up s mu* labor1--to fulfil ! law ( life2 to d t :i* is prop] n only to man1 b to ! animal2 to fire (f ! *>ge ( en]gy tak5 w9 9 ! %ape ( food1 by muscul> ex]tion2 to speak 9 pla9 language1 to e>n "o's bread4 ,^? :o d n "w %\ld n eat1 or !y %\ld e>n z mu* z !y h eat54 ,& :5 ,i cle>ly compreh5d$ all ?is1 x /ruck me z ridicul\s4 ,?r\gh a :ole s]ies ( d\bts & se>*+s1 ,i _h arriv$1 by a long c\rse ( ?\ght1 at ?is rem>kable tru?3 if a man has eyes1 x is t he may see ) !m2 if he has e>s1 t he may he>2 & feet1 t he may walk2 & h&s & back1 t he may labor2 & t if a man w n employ ^? memb]s = t purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 x w be ! worse = him4 ,i came to ?is conclusion1 t1 ) u privileg$ p1 ! same ?+ has happ5$ :i* happ5$ ) ! horses ( a fri5d ( m9e4 ,8 /ew>d1 :o 0 n a lov] ( horses1 nor well v]s$ 9 !m1 on receiv+ 8 ma/]'s ord]s to place ! be/ horses 9 ! /able1 select$ !m f ! /ud1 plac$ !m 9 /alls1 & f$ & wat]$ !m2 b fe>+ = ! valuable /e$s1 he c\ld n br+ himself to tru/ !m to any "o1 & he nei!r rode nor drove !m1 nor did he ev5 take !m out4 ,! horses /ood !re until !y 7 good = no?+4 ,! same ?+ has happ5$ ) u1 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 t x 0 impossible to deceive ! horses 9 any way1 & !y 7 kept 9 bonds to prev5t _! gett+ out2 b we are kept 9 an unnatural position t is equally injuri\s to u1 by deceits :i* h entangl$ u1 & :i* hold u l *a9s4 ,we h arrang$ = ourselves a life t is repugnant bo? to ! moral & ! physical nature ( man1 & all ! p[]s ( our intellig5ce we conc5trate ^u assur+ man t ?is is ! mo/ natural life possible4 ,e ?+ :i* we call culture1--our sci5ces1 art1 & ! p]fection ( ! pleasant ?+'s ( life1--all ^! are attempts to deceive ! moral requirem5ts ( man2 e ?+ t is call$ hygi5e & m$ic9e1 is an attempt to deceive ! natural physical dem&s ( human nature4 ,b ^! deceits h _! b\nds1 & we advance to !m4 ,if su* be ! real human life1 !n x is bett] n to live at all1 says ! reign+ & extremely fa%ionable philosophy ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann4 ,if su* is life1 'tis bett] = ! com+ g5]ation n to live1 say corrupt m$ical sci5ce & its newly devis$ means to t end4 ,9 ! ,bible1 x is laid d[n z ! law ( man3 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1 & 9 sorr[ ?\ %alt br+ =? *ildr52 b n\s avons *ange t\t ca1 z ,moli]e's "* says1 :5 express+ himself ) reg>d to m$ic9e1 & ass]t+ t ! liv] 0 on ! left side4 ,we h *ang$ all t4 ,m5 ne$ n "w 9 ord] to eat1 & wom5 ne$ n be> *ildr54 ,a ragg$ peasant roams ! ,krapiv5sky di/rict4 ,dur+ ! w> he 0 an ag5t = ! pur*ase ( gra91 "u an (ficial ( ! commiss>y dep>tm5t4 ,on be+ br\ght 9 contact ) ! (ficial1 & see+ 8 luxuri\s life1 ! peasant lo/ 8 m9d1 & ?\ght t he might get along )\t "w1 l g5tlem51 & receive prop] support f ! ,emp]or4 ,?is peasant n[ calls himself ! ,mo/ ,s]5e ,w>rior1 ,pr9ce ,blokh91 purveyor ( w> supplies ( all descriptions4 ,he says ( himself t he has pass$ ?r\gh all ! ranks1 & t :5 he %all h s]v$ out 8 t]m 9 ! army1 he is to receive f ! ,emp]or an unlimit$ bank acc\nt1 clo!s1 uni=ms1 horses1 equipages1 tea1 pease & s]vants1 & all sorts ( luxuries4 ,?is man is ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( _m1 b to me ! significance ( 8 madness is t]rible4 ,to ! "q1 :e!r he does n wi% to "w1 he always replies pr\dly3 ,i am mu* oblig$4 ,! peasants w att5d to all t4 ,:5 y tell him t ! peasants d n wi% to "w1 ei!r1 he answ]s3 ,x is n difficult = ! peasant4 ,he g5]ally talks 9 a high-fl[n /yle1 & is fond ( v]bal sub/antives4 ,n[ !re is an inv5tion ( ma*9]y = ! alleviation ( ! peasants1 he says2 !re is no difficulty = !m 9 t4 ,:5 he is ask$ :at he lives =1 he replies1 ,to pass ! "t4 ,i always look on ?is man z on a mirror4 ,i behold 9 him myself & all my class4 ,to pass ?r\gh all ! ranks 7t*9i7 9 ord] to live = ! purpose ( pass+ ! "t1 & to receive an unlimit$ bank acc\nt1 :ile ! peasants1 = :om ?is is n difficult1 because ( ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y1 d ! :ole bus9ess1--?is is ! complete =mula ( ! idiotic cre$ ( ! p ( our sph]e 9 society4 ,:5 we inquire precisely :at we are to d1 surely1 we ask no?+1 b m]ely ass]t--only n 9 su* good fai? z ! ,mo/ ,s]5e ,pr9ce ,blokh91 :o has be5 promot$ ?r\gh all ranks1 & lo/ 8 m9d--t we d n wi% to d any ?+4 ,he :o w reflect = a mom5t _c ask ?us1 because1 on ! "o h&1 e ?+ t he uses has be5 made1 & is made1 by ! h&s ( m52 &1 on ! o!r side1 z soon z a heal?y man has awak5$ & eat51 ! necessity ( work+ ) feet & h&s & bra9 makes itself felt4 ,9 ord] to f9d "w & to "w1 he ne$ only n hold back3 only a p]son :o ?9ks "w disgraceful--l ! lady :o reque/s h] gue/ n to take ! tr\ble to op5 ! door1 b to wait until %e c call a man = ?is purpose--c put to himself ! "q1 :at he is to d4 ,! po9t does n lie 9 inv5t+ "w1--y c nev] get ?r\gh all ! "w t is to be done = y\rself & = o!rs1--b ! po9t lies 9 wean+ "o's self f t crim9al view ( life 9 accordance ) :i* ,i eat & sleep = my own pleasure2 & 9 appropriat+ to myself t j & simple view ) :i* ! labor+ man gr[s up & lives1--t man is1 fir/ ( all1 a ma*9e1 :i* loads itself ) food 9 ord] to su/a9 itself1 & t x is !re=e disgraceful1 wrong1 & impossible to eat & n to "w2 t to eat & n to "w is ! mo/ impi\s1 unnatural1 &1 !re=e1 dang]\s position1 9 ! nature ( ! s9 ( ,sodom4 ,only let ?is ackn[l$gem5t be made1 & !re w be "w2 & "w w always be joy\s & satisfy+ to bo? spiritual & bodily requirem5ts4 ,! matt] pres5t$ itself to me ?us3 ,! day is divid$ = e man1 by food itself1 into f\r p>ts1 or f\r /9ts1 z ! peasants call x3 7#a7 be=e breakfa/2 7#b7 f breakfa/ until d9n]2 7#c7 f d9n] until f\r o'clock2 7#d7 f f\r o'clock until ev5+4 ,a man's employm5t1 :atev] x may be t he feels a ne$ = 9 8 own p]son1 is also divid$ into f\r categories3 7#a7 ! muscul> employm5t ( p[]1 labor ( ! h&s1 feet1 %\ld]s1 back1--h>d labor1 f :i* y sweat2 7#b7 ! employm5t ( ! f+]s & wri/s1 ! employm5t ( artisan skill2 7#c7 ! employm5t ( ! m9d & imag9ation2 7#d7 ! employm5t ( int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,! b5efits :i* man enjoys are also divid$ into f\r categories4 ,e man enjoys1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! product ( h>d labor1--gra91 cattle1 build+s1 wells1 ponds1 & s =?2 9 ! second place1 ! results ( artisan toil1--clo!s1 boots1 ut5sils1 & s =?2 9 ! ?ird place1 ! products ( m5tal activity1--sci5ce1 art2 &1 9 ! =? place1 e/abli%$ int]c\rse betwe5 p4 ,& x /ruck me1 t ! be/ ?+ ( all w\ld be to arrange ! occupations ( ! day 9 su* a mann] z to ex]cise all f\r ( man's capacities1 & myself produce all ^! f\r sorts ( b5efits :i* m5 make use (1 s t "o portion ( ! day1 ! fir/1 %\ld be d$icat$ to h>d labor2 ! second1 to intellectual labor2 ! ?ird1 to artisan labor2 & ! =?1 to int]c\rse ) p4 ,x /ruck me1 t only !n w\ld t false division ( labor1 :i* exi/s 9 our society1 be abrogat$1 & t j division ( labor e/abli%$1 :i* does n de/roy man's happ9ess4 ,i1 = example1 h busi$ myself all my life ) intellectual labor4 ,i said to myself1 t ,i _h s divid$ labor1 t writ+1 t is to say1 intellectual labor1 is my special employm5t1 & ! o!r matt]s :i* 7 necess>y to me ,i _h left free 7or relegat$1 r7 to o!rs4 ,b ?is1 :i* w\ld appe> to h be5 ! mo/ advantage\s arrangem5t = intellectual toil1 0 precisely ! mo/ disadvantage\s to m5tal labor1 n to m5tion its inju/ice4 ,all my life long1 ,i h regulat$ my :ole life1 food1 sleep1 div]sion1 9 view ( ^! h\rs ( special labor1 & ,i h done no?+ except ?is "w4 ,! result ( ?is has be51 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,i h contract$ my sph]e ( obs]vations & k1 & h frequ5tly _h no means = ! /udy ev5 ( problems :i* (t5 pres5t$ !mselves 9 describ+ ! life ( ! p 7= ! life ( ! common p is ! e-day problem ( intellectual activity74 ,i 0 consci\s ( my ignorance1 & 0 oblig$ to obta9 in/ruction1 to ask ab\t ?+s :i* are kn[n by e man n engag$ 9 special labor4 ,9 ! second place1 ! result 01 t ,i _h be5 9 ! habit ( sitt+ d[n to write :5 ,i _h no inw>d impulse to write1 & :5 no "o dem&$ f me writ+1 z writ+1 t is to say1 my ?\ghts1 b :5 my "n 0 m]ely want$ = j\rnali/ic speculation4 ,i tri$ to squeeze out ( myself :at ,i c\ld4 ,sometimes ,i c\ld extract no?+2 sometimes x 0 v wret*$ /uff1 & ,i 0 dissatisfi$ & griev$4 ,b n[ t ,i h le>n$ ! indisp5sability ( physical labor1 bo? h>d & artisan labor1 ! result is entirely diff]5t4 ,my "t has be5 occupi$1 h[ev] mode/ly1 at lea/ usefully & *e]fully1 & 9 a mann] in/ructive to me4 ,& !re=e ,i h torn myself f t indubitably useful & *e]ful occupation = my special duties only :5 ,i felt an inw>d impulse1 & :5 ,i saw a dem& made ^u me directly = my lit]>y "w4 ,& ^! dem&s call$ into play only good nature1 & !re=e ! usefulness & ! joy ( my special labor4 ,?us x turn$ out1 t employm5t 9 ^? physical labors :i* are indisp5sable to me1 z !y are to e man1 n only did n int]f]e ) my special activity1 b 0 an indisp5sable condition ( ! usefulness1 wor?1 & *e]fulness ( t activity4 ,! bird is s con/ruct$1 t x is indisp5sable t x %\ld fly1 walk1 peek1 comb9e2 & :5 x does all ?is1 x is satisfi$ & happy1--!n x is a bird4 ,j s man1 :5 he walks1 turns1 raises1 drags1 works ) 8 f+]s1 ) 8 eyes1 ) 8 e>s1 ) 8 tongue1 ) 8 bra91--only !n is he satisfi$1 only !n is he a man4 ,a man :o ackn[l$ges 8 appo9tm5t to labor w naturally /rive t[>ds t rotation ( labor :i* is peculi> to him1 = ! satisfaction ( 8 inw>d requirem5ts2 & he c alt] ?is labor 9 no o!r way ?an :5 he feels )9 himself an irresi/ible summons to "s exclusive =m ( labor1 & :5 ! dem&s ( o!r m5 = t labor are express$4 ,! "* ( labor is su*1 t ! satisfaction ( all a man's requirem5ts dem&s t same succession ( ! sorts ( "w :i* r5d]s "w n a burd5 b a joy4 ,only a false cre$1 ,greek text :i* _c be reproduc$1 to ! effect t labor is a curse1 c\ld h l$ m5 to rid !mselves ( c]ta9 k9ds ( "w2 i4e41 to ! appropriation ( ! "w ( o!rs1 dem&+ ! =c$ occupation ) special labor ( o!r p1 :i* !y call division ( labor4 ,we h only gr[n us$ to our false compreh5sion ( ! regulation ( labor1 because x seems to u t ! %oemak]1 ! ma*9i/1 ! writ]1 or ! musician w be bett] (f if he gets rid ( ! labor peculi> to man4 ,:]e !re is no =ce ex]cis$ ov] ! labor ( o!rs1 or any false belief 9 ! joy ( idl5ess1 n a s+le man w get rid ( physical labor1 necess>y = ! satisfaction ( 8 requirem5ts1 = ! sake ( special "w2 because special "w is n a privilege1 b a sacrifice :i* man (f]s to inw>d pressure & to 8 bre?r54 ,! %oemak] 9 ! c\ntry1 :o ab&ons 8 wont$ labor 9 ! field1 :i* is s grateful to him1 & betakes himself to 8 trade1 9 ord] to repair or make boots = 8 neighbors1 always deprives himself ( ! pleasant toil ( ! field1 simply because he likes to make boots1 because he kn[s t no "o else c d x s well z he1 & t p w be grateful to him = x2 b ! desire _c occur to him1 to deprive himself1 = ! :ole p]iod ( 8 life1 ( ! *e]+ rotation ( labor4 ,x is ! same ) ! />o/a village eld]1 ! ma*9i/1 ! writ]1 ! le>n$ man4 ,to u1 ) our corrupt conception ( ?+s1 x seems1 t if a /ew>d has be5 relegat$ to ! position ( a peasant by 8 ma/]1 or if a m9i/] has be5 s5t to ! colonies1 he has be5 *a/is$1 he has be5 ill-treat$4 ,b 9 reality a b5efit has be5 conf]r$ on him2 t is to say1 8 special1 h>d labor has be5 *ang$ into a *e]ful rotation ( labor4 ,9 a naturally con/itut$ society1 ?is is q o!rwise4 ,i "k ( "o community :]e ! p support$ !mselves4 ,"o ( ! memb]s ( ?is society 0 bett] educat$ ?an ! re/2 & !y call$ ^u him to read1 s t he 0 oblig$ to prep>e himself dur+ ! day1 9 ord] t he might read 9 ! ev5+4 ,?is he did gladly1 feel+ t he 0 useful to o!rs1 & t he 0 p]=m+ a good de$4 ,b he grew we>y ( exclusively intellectual "w1 & 8 heal? suff]$ f x4 ,! memb]s ( ! community took pity on him1 & reque/$ him to g to "w 9 ! fields4 ,= m5 :o reg>d labor z ! sub/ance & ! joy ( life1 ! basis1 ! f\ndation ( life w always be ! /ruggle ) nature1--labor bo? agricultural & me*anical1 & intellectual1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( communion betwe5 m54 ,dep>ture f "o or f _m ( ^! v>ieties ( labor1 & ! adoption ( special labor1 w !n only occur :5 ! man possess$ ( a special bran*1 & lov+ ?is "w1 & kn[+ t he c p]=m x bett] ?an o!rs1 sacrifices 8 own pr(it = ! satisfaction ( ! direct dem&s made ^u him4 ,only on condition ( su* a view ( labor1 & ( ! natural division ( labor aris+ f x1 is t curse :i* is laid ^u our idea ( labor abrogat$1 & does e sort ( "w becomes always a joy2 because a man w ei!r p]=m t labor :i* is und\bt$ly useful & joy\s1 & n dull1 or he w possess ! consci\sness ( self-abnegation 9 ! fulfilm5t ( m difficult & re/rict$ toil1 :i* he ex]cises = ! good ( o!rs4 ,b ! division ( labor is m pr(itable4 ,m pr(itable = :om8 ,x is m pr(itable 9 mak+ ! greate/ possible quantity ( calico1 & boots 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,b :o w make ^! boots & ?is calico8 ,!re are p :o1 = :ole g5]ations1 make only ! heads ( p9s4 ,!n h[ c ?is be m pr(itable = m58 ,if ! po9t lies 9 manufactur+ z mu* calico & z _m p9s z possible1 !n ?is is s4 ,b ! po9t conc]ns m5 & _! welf>e4 ,& ! welf>e ( m5 lies 9 life4 ,& life is "w4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! necessity = burd5some1 oppressive toil be m pr(itable = p8 ,= all m51 t "o ?+ is m pr(itable :i* ,i desire = myself1--! utmo/ well-be+1 & ! gratification ( all ^? requirem5ts1 bo? bodily & spiritual1 ( ! consci5ce & ( ! reason1 :i* are impos$ ^u me4 ,& 9 my own case ,i h f\nd1 t = my own welf>e1 & = ! satisfaction ( ^! ne$s ( m9e1 all t ,i require is to cure myself ( t folly 9 :i* ,i _h be5 liv+1 9 company ) ! ,krapiv5sky madman1 & :i* consi/$ 9 presuppos+ t "s p ne$ n "w1 & t c]ta9 o!r p %\ld direct all ?is1 & t ,i %\ld !re=e d only t :i* is natural to man1 i4e41 labor = ! satisfaction ( _! requirem5ts2 &1 hav+ discov]$ ?is1 ,i conv9c$ myself t labor = ! satisfaction ( "o's own ne$s falls ( itself into v>i\s k9ds ( labor1 ea* "o ( :i* possesses its own *>m1 & :i* n only d n con/itute a burd51 b :i* s]ve z a respite to "o ano!r4 ,i h made a r\gh division ( ?is labor 7n insi/+ on ! ju/ice ( ?is arrangem5t71 9 accordance ) my own ne$s 9 life1 into f\r p>ts1 correspond+ to ! f\r /9ts ( labor ( :i* ! day is compos$2 & ,i seek 9 ?is mann] to satisfy my requirem5ts4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! answ]s :i* ,i h f\nd = myself to ! "q1 ,:at is to be done8 ,fir/1 ,n to lie to myself1 h[ev] f> remov$ my pa? 9 life may be f ! true pa? :i* my reason discloses to me4 ,second1 ,to r5\nce my consci\sness ( my own righte\sness1 my sup]iority especially ov] o!r p2 & to ackn[l$ge my guilt4 ,?ird1 ,to comply ) t et]nal & indubitable law ( humanity1--! labor ( my :ole be+1 feel+ no %ame at any sort ( "w2 to cont5d ) nature = ! ma9t5ance ( my own life & ! lives ( o!rs4 ,footnotes3 #afi ,an omission by ! c5sor1 :i* ,i am unable to supply4 ,,trans4 #agh ,we designate z organisms ! elephant & ! bact]ian1 only because we assume by analogy 9 ^? creatures ! same conjunction ( feel+ & consci\sness t we "k to exi/ 9 ourselves4 ,b 9 human societies & 9 humanity1 ?is actual sign is abs5t2 & !re=e1 h[ev] _m o!r signs we may discov] 9 humanity & 9 organism1 )\t ?is sub/antial tok5 ! recognition ( humanity z an organism is incorrect4 #bch v prikusku1 :5 a lump ( sug> is held 9 ! tee? in/ead or be+ put into ! tea4