,illu/ration3 #ea ,messi]2 #ii ,messi]  
,,!   ,,plurality ,,( ,,worlds4         
,on ,nature's ,alps ,i /&1     ,& see a 
?\s& firmam5ts b5ea?6     ,a ?\s&       
sy/ems1 z a ?\s& gra9s6     ,s mu* a    
/rang]1 & s late arriv$1     ,h[ %all   
man's curi\s _s n inquire     ,:at are !
 natives ( ?is _w sublime1     ,( ?is s 
di/ant1 unt]re/rial sph]e1     ,:]e     
mortal1 untranslat$1 nev] /ray$8        
,,night ,,?\ghts4    ,,) ,,an           
,,introduction   ,,by   ,,edw>d         
,,hit*cock1 ,d4,d41    ,,presid5t ,,(   
,,amh]/ ,,college1 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,(   
,,!ology ,,& ,,geology4    ,,bo/on3     
,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1   #ej ,,wa%+ton    
,,/reet4    #ahed4    ,ent]$1 accord+ to
 ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahed1 by    
,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1   ,9 ! ,cl]k's     
,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt (   ! ,di/rict
 ( ,massa*usetts4     ,,preface4        
,al?\gh ! op9ions pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+    
,essay are put =w>ds )\t claim+ = !m any
 value beyond :at !y may d]ive f !      
argum5ts !re (f]$1 !y are n publi%$ )\t 

"s fe> ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,x w be a curi\s1 b
 n a v wond]ful ev5t1 if x %\ld n[ be   
deem$ z blamable to d\bt ! exi/5ce (    
inhabitants ( ! ,planets & ,/>s1 z1 ?ree
 c5turies ago1 x 0 held h]etical to tea*
 t doctr9e4 ,yet probably !re are _m :o 
w be will+ to see ! "q exam9$ by all !  
light :i* mod]n sci5ce c ?r[ ^u x2 & su*
 an exam9ation c be und]tak5 to no      
purpose1 except ! view :i* has ( late   
be5 g5]ally reject$ h ! argum5ts 9 its  
favor fairly /at$ & c&idly consid]$4    
,?\gh ,reveal$ ,religion conta9s no     
doctr9e relative to ! inhabitants (     
planets & />s2 & ?\gh1 till )9 ! la/    
?ree c5turies1 no ,*ri/ian ?9k] deem$   
su* a doctr9e to be requir$1 9 ord] to  
complete our view ( ! attributes ( !    
,creator2 yet x is possible t at !      
pres5t day1 :5 ! assumption ( su*       
inhabitants is v g5]ally made & ass5t$  
to1 _m p]sons h s m+l$ ?is assumption ) 
_! religi\s belief1 t !y reg>d x z an   
ess5tial "p ( ,natural ,religion4 ,if   
any su* p]sons f9d _! religi\s          

convictions int]f]$ )1 & _! consolatory 
impressions di/urb$1 by :at is said 9   
?is ,essay1 ! ,au?or w deeply regret to 
h _h any %>e 9 tr\bl+ any curr5t ( pi\s 
?\ght belong+ to ! "t4 ,b1 z "s excuse1 
x may be recollect$1 t if su*           
consid]ations _h prevail$1 ?is v        
doctr9e1 ( ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 w\ld 
nev] h be5 publicly ma9ta9$4 ,& if su*  
consid]ations are to h weight1 x mu/ be 
recollect$1 on ! o!r h&1 t !re are _m   
p]sons to :om ! assumption ( an endless 
multitude ( ,worlds appe>s difficult to 
reconcile ) ! belief ( t :i*1 z !       
,*ri/ian ,revelation tea*es u1 has be5  
done = ?is our ,_w ( ,e>?4 ,9 ?is       
conflict ( religi\s difficulties1 on a  
po9t :i* r belongs to sci5ce ?an to     
religion1 p]haps philosophical argum5ts 
may be pati5tly li/5$ to1 if urg$ z     
argum5ts m]ely2 & 9 t hope1 !y are "h   
/at$1 )\t res]ve & )\t exagg]ation4     
,all speculations on subjects 9 :i*     
,sci5ce & ,religion be> ^u ea* o!r1 are 
liable to "o ( ! two opposite *>ges2--t 

! speculator sets ,philosophy &         
,religion at v>iance2 or t he w>ps      
,philosophy into a con=mity ) ,religion4
 ,x is confid5tly hop$ t no c&id read] w
 br+ ei!r ( ^! *>ges aga9/ ! pres5t     
,essay4 ,) reg>d to ! latt]1 ! argum5ts 
mu/ speak = !mselves4 ,to ! ,au?or at   
lea/1 !y appe> to be ( no small         
philosophical =ce2 ?\gh he is q ready to
 weigh c>efully & c&idly any answ]s :i* 
may be (f]$ to !m4 ,) reg>d to ! am\nt (
 agreem5t betwe5 our ,philosophy &      
,religion1 x may p]haps be p]mitt$ to ! 
,au?or to say1 t :ile x appe>s to him t 
"s ( 8 philosophical conclusions fall 9 
v rem>kably ) c]ta9 po9ts ( religi\s    
doctr9e1 he is well aw>e t ,philosophy  
alone c d little 9 provid+ man ) !      
consolations1 hopes1 supports1 &        
convictions :i* ,religion (f]s2 & he    
ackn[l$ges x z a gr\nd ( deep gratitude 
to ! ,au?or ( all good1 t man is n left 
to ,philosophy = ^? bless+s2 b has a    
full] assurance ( !m1 by a m direct     
communication f ,him4  ,p]haps1 too1 !  

,au?or may be all[$ to say1 t he has    
tri$ to give to ! book1 n only a moral1 
b a sci5tific int]e/2 by collect+ 8     
sci5tific facts f ! be/ au?orities1 & ! 
mo/ rec5t discov]ies4 ,he w\ld flatt]   
himself1 9 p>ticul>1 t ! view ( !       
,nebulae & ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 :i* he has 
"h giv51 may be n unwor?y ( "s att5tion 
on ! "p ( a/ronom]s & obs]v]s1 z an     
occasion ( future rese>*es 9 ! skies4   
,,cont5ts   ,,(   ,,! ,,plurality ,,(   
,,worlds4                               
,,page    ,introduction4                
#i    ,,*apt] ,i4   ,a/ronomical        
,discov]ies4                  #ag       
,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,a/ronomical ,objection 
to ,religion4        #cc    ,,*apt]     
,,iii4   ,! ,answ] f ! ,microscope4     
#da    ,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,fur!r ,/atem5t (
 ! ,difficulty4       #di    ,,*apt] ,v4
   ,geology4                            
#gb    ,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,! ,argum5t f    
,geology4                 #ih    ,,*apt]
 ,,vii4   ,! ,nebulae4                  
#ace    ,,*apt] ,,viii4   ,! ,fix$ ,/>s4

                          #afc          
,,*apt] ,,ix4   ,! ,planets4            
#aib    ,,*apt] ,x4   ,!ory ( ! ,sol>   
,sy/em4               #bai    ,,*apt]   
,,xi4   ,! ,argum5t f ,design4          
#bcf    ,,*apt] ,,xii4   ,! ,unity ( !  
,_w4                   #bge    ,,*apt]  
,,xiii4   ,! ,future4                   
#bib       ,,introductory ,,notice      
,,to ,,!   ,,am]ican ,,edition4   ,x is 
an int]e/+ feature 9 ! lit]ature ( our  
day1 t s _m m9ds are turn+ _! att5tion  
to ! be>+s ( sci5ce ^u religion4 ,) a   
few honorable exceptions1 ,*ri/ian      
s*ol>s h reg>d$ ?is z a mo/ unpromis+   
field1 :i* !y h left to ! tilt+ &       
gladiator%ip ( scepticism4 ,b we owe x  
ma9ly to ! disclosures ( geology1 t !   
tables are beg9n+ to be turn$4 ,= a long
 "t suspect$ ( be+ 9 league )           
infidelity1 x 0 treat$ z an enemy1 &    
,*ri/ians ?\ght only ( =tify+ !mselves  
aga9/ its attacks4 ,b !y are f9d+ out1 t
 if ?is sci5ce has be5 se5 9 ! enemy's  
camp1 x 0 only because ( _! jeal\sy t x 

0 compell$ to rema9 !re2 l captives t   
are sometimes pu%$ =w>ds to cov] ! front
 rank & receive ! fire ( _! fri5ds4     
,judg+ f ! numb] ( works1 "s ( !m v     
able1 t appe> almo/ mon?ly f ! press1 9 
:i* illu/rations ( religion are drawn f 
geology1 we may inf] t ?is sci5ce is    
beg9n+ to be recogniz$ by ! fri5ds (    
religion z an effici5t auxili>y4  ,!    
,plurality ( ,worlds1 n[ republi%$1 is !
 mo/ rec5t "w ( ?is description t has   
fall5 "u our notice4 ,we c see no reason
 :y an ,essay ( s mu* ability1 9 :i* !  
reason+ is s dispassionate1 & oppon5ts  
are treat$ s c&idly1 %\ld appe>         
anonym\sly4 ,true1 ! au?or takes gr\nd  
aga9/ "s op9ions widely ma9ta9$ respect+
 ! ext5t ( ! inhabit$ univ]se1 & seems  
to suppose t he %all meet ) little      
sympa?y2 & ?is may be 8 reason1 ?\gh 9  
our view q insuffici5t1 = rema9+        
incognito4 ,we ?9k he w f9d t !re are a 
secret sev5 ?\s&1 :o nev] h b[$ _!      
und]/&+s to a belief ( _m ( ! doctr9es  
:i* he combats1 & he might reasonably   

calculate t 8 reason+ w add sev5 ?\s& m 
to ! numb]4 ,we confess1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh  
we h long be5 ( ?is numb] to a c]ta9    
ext5t1 we _c g z f> z ?is writ] has done
 9 8 conclusions4  ,all ! _w is acqua9t$
 ) ,dr4 ,*alm]s' spl5did ,a/ronomical   
,disc\rses4 ,assum+1 or r suppos+ t he  
has prov$1 t ! univ]se conta9s a va/    
numb] ( worlds peopl$ l our own1 he     
imag9es ! infidel to raise an objection 
to ! mission ( ! ,son ( ,god1 on ! gr\nd
 t ?is _w is too insignificant to       
receive su* an extraord9>y int]position4
 ,8 replies to ?is objection1 drawn     
*iefly f our ignorance1 are +5i\s &     
conv9c+4 ,b ! au?or ( ! ,plurality (    
,worlds d\bts ! premises on :i* !       
objection is f\nd$4 ,he ?9ks ! facts (  
sci5ce w n su/a9 ! conclusion t _m ( !  
heav5ly bodies are inhabit$2 c]ta9ly n )
 moral & intellectual be+s l man4 ,nay1 
by mak+ 8 appeal to geology1 he ?9ks !  
evid5ce /rong aga9/ su* an op9ion4 ,?is 
sci5ce %[s u t ?is _w 0 once c]ta9ly 9 a
 molt5 /ate1 & v probably1 at a /ill    

e>li] date1 may h be5 dissipat$ into    
self-lum9\s vapor1 l ! nebulae or !     
comets4 ,imm5se p]iods1 !n1 mu/ h pass$ 
be=e any organic /ructures1 su* z h s9ce
 peopl$ ! e>?1 c\ld h exi/$4 ,& dur+ !  
va/ cycles t h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/       
animals & plants appe>$ ^u ! globe1 x 0 
n 9 a prop] condition to h su/a9$ any   
o!r ?an ! inf]ior races4 ,accord+ly1 x  
has be5 only a few ?\s& ye>s s9ce man   
appe>$4  ,n[1 s f> z a/ronomy has       
reveal$ ! condition ( o!r worlds1 almo/ 
all ( !m appe> to be pass+ ?r\gh ^?     
prep>atory *anges :i* ! e>? und]w5t     
previ\s to man's creation4 ,:at are !   
unresolvable nebulae & mo/ ( ! comets   
also1 b int5sely heat$ vapor & gas8 ,:at
 is ! sun b a molt5 globe1 or p]haps    
gase\s matt] cond5s$ s z to possess     
almo/ ! d5sity ( wat]8 ,! planets beyond
 ,m>s1 also1 7exclud+ ! a/]oids17 appe> 
to be 9 a liquid condition1 b n f heat1 
& !re=e may be compos$ ( wat]1 or "s    
fluid p]haps light] ?an wat]2 or at lea/
 be cov]$ by su* fluid4 ,moreov]1 s     

great is _! di/ance f ! sun1 t 8 light &
 heat c\ld n su/a9 organic be+s su* z   
exi/ ^u ! e>?4 ,( ! inf]ior planets1    
,m]cury is s ne> ! sun t x w\ld be      
equally unfit = ! resid5ce ( su* be+s4  
,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ! ,moon1 !n1 appe> to be 
! only worlds kn[n to u capable ( su/a9+
 a population at all analog\s to t ^u   
e>?4 ,b ( ^!1 ! ,moon appe>s to be m]ely
 a mass ( ext+ui%$ volcanos1 ) nei!r    
wat] nor atmosph]e4 ,x has proce$$ f>!r 
9 ! process ( refrig]ation ?an ! e>?1   
because x is small]2 & 9 its pres5t     
/ate1 is manife/ly unfit = ! resid5ce   
ei!r ( rational or irrational creatures4
 ,s t we are left ) only ,m>s & ,v5us 9 
! sol> sy/em to :i* ! common argum5ts 9 
favor ( o!r worlds be+ inhabit$1 w      
apply4  ,b are n ! fix$ />s ! suns ( o!r
 sy/ems8 ,we w ?ank ^? :o ?9k s1 to read
 ! *apt] 9 ?is "w t treats ( ! fix$ />s1
 & we presume !y w be satisfi$ t at lea/
 _m ( ^! bodies exhibit *>act]s q       
irreconcilable ) su* an hypo!sis4 ,& if 
"s are n c5tral suns1 ! presumption t ! 

re/ are1 is weak5$1 & we mu/ wait till a
 great] p]fection ( in/rum5ts %all af=d 
u "s positive evid5ce1 be=e we "k :e!r  
our sol> sy/em is a type ( any o!rs4    
,?us f>1 x seems to u1 our au?or has    
firm gr\nd1 bo? geological &            
a/ronomical1 to /& ^u4 ,b he does n /op 
"h4 ,he takes ! position t probably our 
e>? may be ! only body 9 ! sol> sy/em1  
nay 9 ! univ]se1 :]e an intellectual1   
moral & immortal be+1 l man1 has an     
exi/5ce4 ,he makes ! e>? ! dome/ic he>? 
( ! sol> sy/em2 adju/$ betwe5 ! hot &   
fi]y haze on "o side1 & ! cold & wat]y  
vapor on ! o!r3 ! only fit region to be 
a dome/ic he>?1 a seat ( habitation4 ,he
 says t x is q agreeable to analogy t ! 
sol> sy/em %\ld h borne b "o f]tile     
fl[]4 ,& ev5 if any numb] ( ! fix$ />s 7
 also f\nd to be b>r5 fl[]s ( ! sky1 we 
ne$ n ?9k ! p[]s ( creation wa/$1 or    
fru/rat$1 ?r[n away1 or p]v]t$4 ,he does
 n d5y t "s o!r worlds may be ! abodes (
 plants & animals su* z peopl$ ?is e>?  
dur+ ! long ages ( preadamic hi/ory4 ,b 

he reg>ds ! creation ( man z ! great    
ev5t ( our _w4 ,he looks ^u ! space     
betwe5 man & ! highe/ ( ! irrational    
creatures1 z a va/ "o3 = ?\gh 9 physical
 /ructure !y approa* "o ano!r1 9        
intellectual & moral p[]s !y _c be      
comp>$4 ,he does n ?9k x d]ogatory to   
,div9e ,wisdom to h creat$ & arrang$ all
 ! o!r bodies ( ! univ]se to give       
conv5i5ce & elegance to ! abode ( su* a 
be+2 especially s9ce ?is 0 to be ! !atre
 ( ! "w ( r$emption4  ,n[ we sympa?ize  
/rongly 9 views t give dignity &        
exaltation to man1 & n at all ) t debas+
 philosophy1 s common at ?is day1 t     
looks ^u him z little m ?an a some:at   
improv$ orang4 ,b we _c admit t man is !
 only exalt$ creat$ be+ to be f\nd among
 ! va/ array ( worlds ar\nd u4 ,geology 
does1 inde$1 tea* u1 t x is no          
disp>agem5t ( ,div9e ,wisdom & b5evol5ce
 to make a _w--& if "o1 :y n _m--!      
resid5ce ( inf]ior creatures2 nay to    
leave x )\t inhabitants ?r\gh untold    
ages4 ,b x also %[s u1 t :5 su* worlds h

 pass$ ?r\gh ^! prep>atory *anges1      
rational & immortal be+s may be plac$ ^u
 !m4 ,nay1 does n ! hi/ory ( our _w %[ u
 t ?is seems to be ! gr& object ( su*   
va/ p]iods ( prep>ation4 ,& is x n      
incr$ible1 t amid ! c\ntless bodies ( ! 
univ]se1 a s+le globe only1 & t a small 
"o1 %\ld h rea*$ ! condition adapt$ to !
 resid5ce ( be+s made 9 ! image ( ,god8 
,( :at possible use to man are ^?       
numb]less worlds visible only ?r\gh !   
mo/ p[]ful telescopes8 ,surely su* a    
view gives u a v n>r[ idea ( ! plans &  
purposes ( ,jehovah1 & "o n su/a9$ 9 our
 op9ion by ! analogies ( sci5ce4  ,!re  
is ano!r pr9ciple to :i* our au?or      
atta*es1 z we ?9k1 too little importance
 9 ?is connection4 ,:5 we see h[ va/ is 
! v>iety ( organic be+s on ?is globe1 & 
h[ manifold ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce2  
h[ exactly adapt$ !y are to ! solid1 !  
liquid1 & ! gase\s /ates ( matt]1 c we  
d\bt t rational & intellig5t be+s may be
 adapt$ to physical conditions 9 o!r    
worlds widely div]se f ^? on ?is globe8 

,may n spirits be connect$ ) bodies mu* 
heavi]1 or mu* light]1 ?an on e>?2 nay1 
) m]e t5u\s e!r2 & ^? bodies1 p]haps1 be
 bett] adapt$ to ! play ( intellect ?an 
ours2 & be unaffect$ by temp]atures :i*1
 on e>?1 w\ld be fatal8 ,x does seem to 
u t su* conclusions are legitimate      
inf]5ces f ! facts ( sci5ce2 & if s1 we 
c h>dly avoid ! conclusion t !re may be 
races ( intellig5t be+s ^u o!r worlds   
:]e ! condition ( ?+s is widely diff]5t 
f t on e>?4 ,yet !re is a limit to ?is  
pr9ciple2 & :5 we c prove ano!r _w to be
 9 a simil> condition to our e>?1 :5 x 0
 inhabit$ by preadamic races1 or n at   
all inhabit$1 ! presumption is /rong1 t 
su* a _w has inhabitants ( a l "*1 or   
none at all4  ,our au?or makes b a      
slight allusion to "s mo/ important     
/atem5ts ( revelation1 t seem to u to   
be> /rongly ^u ! hypo!sis :i* he adopts4
 ,we ref] to ! exi/5ce ( angels1 holy & 
unholy4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! latt]1 we le>n t
 !y kept n _! fir/ e/ate1 b left _! own 
habitation4 ,h we n "h an example ( o!r 

rational creatures1 m exalt$ ?an man1   
:o1 l him1 h fall5 f _! fir/ e/ate2 &   
does n ! presumption h5ce arise1 t !re  
may be simil> examples 9 o!r worlds8 ,& 
is !re n a probability1 t holy angels n[
 9 heav51 may be rational intellig5ces  
:o h pass$ a successful probation 9 o!r 
worlds8 ,x does seem to u1 t ^! biblical
 facts make ! hypo!sis ( our au?or      
respect+ man extremely improbable4  ,b  
?\gh we mu/ demur z to "s ( ! views (   
?is "w1 we c cordially recomm5d its     
p]usal to intellig5t & reason+ m9ds4 ,x 
is an ef=t 9 ! "r direction1 & we ?9k w 
d mu* to correct "s false notions       
respect+ ! ,plurality ( ,worlds4 ,& ev5 
! au?or's peculi> hypo!tical views are  
su/a9$ ) mu* ability4 ,he /ates ! facts 
( geology & a/ronomy ) great cle>ness & 
correctness1 & seems q famili> )        
ma!matical reason+4 ,nor does he advance
 op9ions t come into collision ) natural
 or reveal$ religion2 ?\gh1 z already   
/at$1 we ?9k 8 favorite notions n>r[ our
 conceptions ( ! ,div9e plans &         

purposes4 ,we pr$ict = ! "w an ext5d$   
circulation among sci5tific m5 &        
!ologians2 & comm5d x ) confid5ce to all
 read]s--& 9 our c\ntry !y are          
num]\s--:o are fond ( trac+ out !       
connection betwe5 sci5ce & religion4    
,e4 ,h4                                 
,amh]/ ,college1 ,april1 #ahed4     ,,! 
,,plurality ,,( ,,worlds4     ,,*apt]   
,i4  ,,a/ronomical ,,discov]ies4   ,:5  
,i consid] ! heav5s1 ! "w ( ?y f+]s1 !  
moon & ! />s1 :i* ?\ ha/ orda9$2 ,:at is
 man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 & ! son (  
man1 t ?\ visite/ him8  #a4 ,^! /rik+   
words ( ! ,hebrew ,psalmi/ h be5 made1  
by an eloqu5t & pi\s writ] ( our own "t1
 ! />t+ po9t ( a rem>kable tra9 (       
speculation4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 9 8          
,a/ronomical ,disc\rses1 has treat$ !   
reflection ?us sugge/$1 9 connection )  
su* an aspect ( ! heav5s & ! />s1 ! e>? 
& ! univ]se1 z mod]n a/ronomy pres5ts to
 u4 ,ev5 f ! po9t ( view 9 :i* ! anci5t 
,hebrew look$ at ! />s2 see+ only _!    
numb] & spl5dor1 _! l(ty position1 & !  

va/ space :i* !y visibly occupy 9 ! sky2
 comp>$ ) ! e>?1 :i* lies d>k1 & mean1 &
 p]haps small 9 ext5t1 f> b5ea? !m1 & on
 :i* man has 8 habitation2 x appe>$     
wond]ful1 & sc>cely cr$ible1 t ! mak] ( 
all t array ( lum9>ies1 ! "l ( t wide & 
magnific5t doma91 %\ld occupy himself ) 
! conc]ns ( m53 & yet1 )\t a belief 9 ,8
 fa!rly c>e & goodness to u1 ?\ghtful & 
religi\s p]sons1 accu/om$ to turn _!    
m9ds con/antly to a ,supreme ,gov]nor & 
con/ant ,b5efactor1 are left 9 a        
desolate & bewild]$ /ate ( feel+4 ,!    
notion t :ile ! heav5s are ! "w ( ,god's
 f+]s1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s orda9$ by him1
 ,he is n m9dful ( man1 does n reg>d    
him1 does n visit him1 0 n tol]able to !
 ?\ght ( ! ,psalmi/4 ,:ile we read1 we  
are sure t he believ$ t1 h[ev]          
insignificant & mean man might be1 9    
comp>ison ) ! o!r works ( ,god1--h[ev]  
difficult x might seem to conceive1 t he
 %\ld be f\nd wor?y ! reg>ds & ! visits 
( ! ,creator ( ,all1--yet t ,god 0      
m9dful ( him1 & did visit him4 ,! "q1   

,:at is man1 t ?is is s8 implies t !re  
is an answ]1 :e!r man c discov] x or n4 
,:at is man1 t ,god is m9dful ( him8    
indicates a belief1 un%ak51 h[ev] mu*   
p]plex$1 t man is some?+1 ( su* a k9d t 
,god is m9dful ( him4  #b4 ,b if !re 0  
room = ?is que/ion+1 & cause = ?is      
p]plexity1 to a contemplative p]son1 :o 
look$ at ! skies1 ) t belief conc]n+ !  
/>s1 :i* ! anci5t ,hebrew possess$1 ! "q
 recurs ) f> great] =ce1 & ! p]plexity  
is immeasurably increas$1 by ! k1       
conc]n+ ! />s1 :i* is giv5 to u by !    
discov]ies ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,! ,jew    
probably believ$ ! e>? to be a region1  
^u ! :ole1 level1 h[ev] div]sifi$ )     
hills & valleys1 & ! skies to be a vault
 ar*$ ov] ?is level2--a firmam5t 9 :i* !
 moon & ! />s 7 plac$4 ,:at magnitude to
 assign to ?is vault1 he _h no means (  
kn[+2 & inde$1 ! v aspect ( ! nocturnal 
heav5s1 ) ! multitude ( />s1 ( v>i\s    
brightness1 :i* come into view1 "o set  
aft] ano!r1 z ! light ( day dies away1  
sugge/s r ! notion ( _! be+ scatt]$     

?r\gh a va/ dep? ( space1 at v>i\s      
di/ances1 ?an ( _! be+ s _m lights fa/5$
 to a s+le vault$ surface4 ,b h[ev] he  
might judge ( ?is1 he reg>d$ !m z plac$ 
9 a space1 ( :i* ! e>? 0 ! c5tral       
region4 ,! ho/ ( heav5 all _h ref]5ce to
 ! e>?4 ,! sun & ! moon 7 !re1 9 ord] to
 give light to x1 by day & by night4 ,& 
if ! />s _h n t = _! pr9cipal (fice1 z  
inde$ ! am\nt ( light :i* !y gave 0 n   
su* z to enc\rage su* a belief1--&      
p]haps ! p]ception1 t ! />s mu/ h be5   
creat$ = "s o!r object ?an to give light
 to man1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal circum/ances 
:i* sugge/$ ! tra9 ( ?\ght t we are n[  
consid]+2--yet /ill1 ! region ( ! />s _h
 ! e>? = its c5tre & base4 ,p]haps !    
,psalmi/1 at a subsequ5t p]iod ( 8      
contemplations1 :5 he 0 pond]+ !        
reflections :i* he has express$ 9 ?is   
passage1 might h be5 l$ to ?9k t ! />s 7
 plac$ !re 9 ord] to draw man's ?\ghts  
to ! greatness ( ! ,creator ( all ?+s2  
to give "s light to 8 m5tal1 r ?an to 8 
bodily eye2 to %[ h[ f> ,8 mode ( work+ 

transc5ds man's faculties2 to sugge/ t  
!re are ?+s 9 heav51 v diff]5t f ! ?+s  
:i* are on e>?4 ,if he ?\ght ?us1 he 0  
only foll[+ a tra9 ( ?\ght on :i*       
contemplative m9ds1 9 all ages &        
c\ntries1 h (t5 dwelt2 & :i* we _c1 ev5 
n[1 pron\nce to be ei!r unf\nd$ or      
exhau/$2 z we tru/ h]eaft] to %[4 ,b    
:e!r or n ?is be s1 we may be c]ta9 t ! 
,psalmi/ reg>d$ ! />s1 z ?+s hav+ a     
ref]5ce to ! e>?1 & yet n resembl+ !    
e>?2 z works ( ,god's f+]s1 v diff]5t f 
! e>? ) its tribes ( inhabitants2 z     
lum9>ies1 n worlds4 ,9 ! feel+ ( awe &  
p]plexity1 :i* made him ask1 ,:at is man
 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 !re 0 no mixture
 ( a p]suasion t !re 71 9 ^? lum9>ies1  
creatures1 l man1 ! *ildr5 & subjects ( 
,god2 & !re=e1 l man1 requir+ 8 c>e &   
att5tion4 ,9 ask+1 ,:at is man1 t ?\    
visite/ him8 !re 0 no lat5t comp>ison1  
to make ! "q imply1 t ?\ visite/ him1 r 
?an ^? :o dwell 9 ^? abodes8 ,x 0 !     
multitude & magnific5ce ( ,god's works1 
:i* made x seem /range t he %\ld c>e = a

 ?+ s small & mean z man2 n ! suppos$   
multitude ( ,god's intellig5t creatures 
inhabit+ ^? works1 :i* made x seem      
/range t he %\ld att5d to e p]son ^u ?is
 e>?4 ,x 0 n t ! ,psalmi/ ?\ght t1 among
 a multitude ( e>?s1 all peopl$ l ?is   
e>?1 man might seem to be 9 dang] ( be+ 
ov]look$ & neglect$ by 8 ,mak]2 b t1 !re
 be+ only "o e>?1 occupi$ by frail1     
feeble1 s9ful1 %ort-liv$ creatures1 x   
might be unwor?y ! reg>ds ( ,him :o     
dwelt 9 regions ( et]nal light &        
spl5dor1 unsulli$ by frailty1           
inaccessible to corruption4  #c4 ,?is1  
we c h no d\bt1 or some?+ resembl+ ?is1 
0 ! ,psalmi/'s view1 :5 he made !       
reflection1 :i* we h tak5 z ! basis (   
our rem>ks4 ,& ev5 9 ?is view1 7:i*1    
aft] all t sci5ce has done1 is p]haps   
/ill ! mo/ natural & famili>17 !        
reflection is extremely /rik+2 & ! words
 _c be utt]$ )\t f9d+ an e*o 9 ! brea/ (
 e contemplative & religi\s p]son4 ,b   
?is view is1 z mo/ read]s at ?is "t are 
aw>e1 v diff]5t f t pres5t$ to u by     

,mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,! discov]ies made by 
a/ronom]s are suppos$ by mo/ p]sons to h
 prov$1 or to h made x 9 ! highe/ degree
 probable1 t ?is view ( ! e>?1 z ! sole 
habitation ( intellig5t subjects (      
,god's gov]nm5t2 & ( ! />s1 z plac$ 9 a 
region ( :i* ! e>? is ! c5tre1 & yet    
diff]+ 9 _! nature f ?is l[] _w2 is     
altoge!r errone\s4 ,accord+ to          
a/ronom]s1 ! e>? is n a level space1 b a
 globe4 ,"s ( ! />s :i* we see 9 ! vault
 ( heav51 are globes1 l x2 "s small] ?an
 ! e>?1 "s l>g]4 ,!re are reasons1 drawn
 f analogy1 = believ+ t ^! globes1 ! o!r
 planets1 are inhabit$ by liv+          
creatures1 z ! e>? is4 ,! e>? is n at   
re/1 ) ! cele/ial lum9>ies circulat+    
above x1 z ! anci5ts believ$1 b itself  
moves 9 a circle ab\t ! sun1 9 ! c\rse (
 e ye>2 & ! o!r planets also move r\nd !
 sun 9 l mann]1 9 circles1 "s )9 & "s   
)\t t :i* ! e>? describes4 ,?is         
collection ( planets1 ?us circulat+ ab\t
 ! sun1 is ! ,,sol> ,,sy/em3 ( :i* ! e>?
 ?us =ms a v small "p4 ,jupit] & ,saturn

 are mu* l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,m>s & ,v5us   
are ne>ly z l>ge4 ,if ^! be inhabit$1 z 
! ,e>? is1 :i* ! analogy ( _! =m1       
movem5ts & conditions1 seems to sugge/1 
! population ( ! e>? is a v small       
portion ( ! population ( ! sol> sy/em4  
,& if ! m]e numb] ( ! subjects ( ,god's 
gov]nm5t c\ld produce any difficulty 9 !
 application ( 8 provid5ce to !m1 a     
p]son to :om ?is view ( ! _w :i* we     
inhabit _h be5 disclos$1 might well1 & )
 f> m reason ?an ! ,psalmi/1 exclaim1   
,"l1 :at is man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 
! inhabitants ( ?is ,e>?1 t ?\ reg>de/  
him8  #d4 ,b ?is is only ! fir/ /ep 9 ! 
ass]t$ revelations ( a/ronomy4 ,"s ( !  
/>s are1 z we h said1 planets ( ! k9d j 
describ$4 ,b ^! />s are a few           
only3--five1 or at mo/ six1 ( ^? visible
 to ! unassi/$ eye ( man4 ,all ! re/1   
innum]able z !y appe>1 & num]\s z !y    
really are1 are1 x is f\nd1 objects (   
ano!r k9d4 ,!y are n1 z ! planets are1  
opaque globes1 d]iv+ _! light f a sun1  
ab\t :i* !y circulate4 ,!y %9e by a     

light ( _! own4 ,!y are ( ! nature ( !  
sun1 n ( ! planets4 ,t !y appe> m]e     
specks ( light1 arises f _! be+ at a va/
 di/ance f u4 ,at a va/ di/ance !y      
und\bt$ly are2 = ev5 ) our mo/ p[]ful   
telescopes1 !y /ill appe> m]e specks (  
light2--m]e lum9\s po9ts4 ,!y d n1 z !  
planets d1 :5 se5 ?r\gh telescopes1     
exhibit to u a circul> face or disk1    
capable ( be+ magnifi$ & di/+ui%$ into  
p>ts & features4 ,b ?is impossibility ( 
magnify+ !m by means ( telescopes1 does 
n at all make u d\bt t !y may be f> l>g]
 ?an ! planets4 ,= we "k1 f o!r s\rces (
 in=mation1 t _! di/ance is imm5sely    
great] ?an t ( any ( ! planets4 ,we c   
measure ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em2--! e>?1
 by absolutely go+ r\nd a "p ( x1 or 9  
o!r ways2 ! o!r bodies ( ! sy/em1 by    
comp>+ _! positions1 z se5 f diff]5t    
p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 ?is mann] we f9d t !   
e>? is a globe #h1jjj miles 9 diamet]4  
,9 ?is way1 aga91 we f9d t ! circle :i* 
! e>? describes r\nd ! sun has1 9 r\nd  
numb]s1 a radius ab\t #bd1jjj times !   

e>?'s radius2 t is1 ne>ly a hundr$      
millions ( miles4 ,! e>? is1 at "o "t1 a
 hundr$ millions ( miles on "o side ( ! 
sun2 & at ano!r "t1 half a ye> aft]w>ds1
 a hundr$ millions ( miles on ! o!r     
side4 ,( ! bright />s :i* %9e by _! own 
light1--! fix$ />s1 z we call !m1 7to   
di/+ui% !m f ! planets1 ! w&]+ />s17--if
 any "o 7 at any mod]ate di/ance f u1 we
 %\ld see x *ange its app>5t place )    
reg>d to ! o!rs1 9 consequ5ce ( our ?us 
*ang+ our po9t ( view two hundr$        
millions ( miles3 j z a di/ant spire    
*anges its app>5t place ) reg>d to ! m  
di/ant m\nta91 :5 we move f "o w9d[ (   
our h\se to ! o!r4 ,b no su* *ange (    
place is disc]nible 9 any ( ! fix$ />s3 
or at lea/1 if we believe ! mo/ rec5t   
ass]t$ discov]ies ( a/ronom]s1 ! *ange  
is s small z to imply a di/ance 9 ! />1 
( m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& times ! radius (
 ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* is1 itself1 z we h  
said1 "o hundr$ millions ( miles4#a ,?is
 di/ance is s va/ly great1 t we c v well
 believe t ! fix$ />s1 ?\gh to our be/  

telescopes !y appe> only z po9ts (      
light1 are really z l>ge z our sun1 &   
w\ld give z mu* light z he does1 if we  
c\ld approa* z ne> to !m4 ,= s9ce !y are
 ?us1 ! ne>e/ ( !m1 two hundr$ ?\s&     
times z f> (f z he is1 ev5 if we c\ld   
magnify !m a ?\s& times1 :i* we c h>dly 
d1 !y w\ld /ill be only "o two-hundr$? (
 ! bread? ( ! sun2 & ?us1 /ill a m]e    
po9t4  #e4 ,b if ea* fix$ /> be ( !     
nature ( ! sun1 & n small] ?an ! sun1   
does n analogy lead u to suppose t !y h1
 "s ( !m at lea/1 planets circulat+ ab\t
 !m1 z our sun has8 ,if ! ,sun is !     
c5tre ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 :y %\ld n       
,sirius1 7"o ( ! brighte/ ( ! fix$ />s17
 be ! c5tre ( ! ,sirian ,sy/em8 ,& :y   
%\ld n t sy/em h z _m planets1 ) ! same 
resemblances & diff]5ces ( ! figure1    
movem5ts1 & conditions ( ! diff]5t      
planets1 z ?is8 ,:y %\ld n ! ,sirian    
,sy/em be z great & z v>i$ z ! sol>     
sy/em8 ,& ?is be+ grant$1 :y %\ld n ^!  
planets be inhabit$1 z m5 h inf]r$ ! o!r
 planets ( ! sol> sy/em1 z well z ! e>?1

 to be8 ,& ?us we h1 add$ to !          
population ( ! univ]se ( :i* we h       
already spok51 a numb] 7s f> z we h     
reason to believe7 n inf]ior to ! numb] 
( inhabitants ( ! sol> sy/em3 ?is numb] 
be+1 accord+ to all ! analogies1 v _m   
fold t ( ! population ( ! :ole e>?8  ,& 
?is is ! conclusion1 :5 we reason f "o  
/> only1 f ,sirius4 ,b ! argum5t is !   
same1 f ea* ( ! />s4 ,= we h no reason  
to ?9k t ,sirius1 ?\gh "o ( ! brighte/1 
is m l our sun ?an any ( ! o!rs is4 ,!  
o!rs appe> less bright 9 v>i\s degrees1 
probably because !y are fur!r remov$ f u
 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,!y may n be all ( !  
same size & brightness2 x is v unlikely 
t !y are4 ,b !y may z easily be l>g] ?an
 ! sun1 z small]4 ,! natural assumption 
= u to make1 hav+ no gr\nd = any o!r    
op9ion1 is1 t !y are1 ^u ! av]age1 ( !  
size ( our sun4 ,on t assumption1 we h z
 _m sol> sy/ems z we h fix$ />s2 &1 x   
may be1 six or t51 or tw5ty times z _m  
inhabit$ globes2 inhabit$ by creatures (
 :om we mu/ suppose1 by analogy1 t ,god 

is m9dful1 if he is m9dful ( u4 ,! "q   
recurs ) ov]:elm+ =ce1 if we /ill foll[ 
! same tra9 ( reflection3 ,:at is man1 t
 ,god is m9dful ( him8  #f4 ,b we h n   
yet exhau/$ ! views :i* ?us add to ! =ce
 ( ?is reflection4 ,! fix$ />s1 :i*     
appe> to ! eye s num]\s1 s innum]able1 9
 ! cle> sky on a moonless night1 are n  
really s num]\s z !y seem4 ,to ! nak$   
eye1 !re are n visible m ?an f\r or five
 ?\s&4 ,! a/ronom]s ( ,greece1 & ( o!r  
c\ntries1 ev5 9 anci5t times1 c\nt$ !m1 
mapp$ !m1 & gave !m names &             
designations4 ,b ,a/ronomy1 :o ?us began
 h] c>e] by dim9i%+1 9 "s degree1 !     
suppos$ numb]s ( ! ho/ ( heav51 has end$
 by immeasurably increas+ !m4 ,! fir/   
application ( ! telescope to ! skies    
discov]$ a va/ numb] ( fix$ />s1        
previ\sly unse53 & e improvem5t 9 t     
in/rum5t has disclos$ myriads ( new />s1
 visibly small] ?an ^? :i* _h be=e be5  
se52 & small] & small]1 z ! p[] ( vision
 is m & m /r5g!n$ by new aids f art2 z  
if ! regions ( space conta9$ an         

inexhau/ible supply ( su* objects2 z if 
inf9ite space 7 /rewn ) />s 9 e "p ( x  
to :i* vision c\ld rea*4 ,! small pat* (
 ! sky :i* =ms1 at any mom5t1 ! field ( 
view ( "o ( ! great telescopes (        
,h]s*el1 discloses to him z _m />s1 & ^?
 ( z _m diff]5t magnitudes1 z ! :ole    
vault ( ! sky exhibits to ! nak$ eye4 ,b
 ! magnify+ p[] ( su* an in/rum5t only  
discloses1 x does n make1 ^! />s4 ,!re  
appe>s to be q z mu* reason to believe1 
t ea* ( ^! telescopic />s is a sun1     
surr\nd$ by its special family (        
planets1 z to believe t ,sirius or      
,arcturus is s4 ,"h1 !n1 we h aga9 an   
ext5sion1 indef9ite to our appreh5sion1 
( ! univ]se1 z occupi$ by mat]ial       
/ructures2 & if s1 :y n by a liv+       
population1 su* z ! mat]ial /ructures   
:i* are ne>e/ to u support8  #g4 ,ev5   
yet we h n f9i%$ ! s]ies ( successive   
views :i* a/ronom]s h _h op5$ to !m1    
ext5d+ m & m _! spectacle ( ! fulness & 
l>g5ess ( ! univ]se4 ,n only does !     
telescope disclose myriads ( />s1 unse5 

to ! nak$ eye1 & new myriads ) ea*      
increase ( ! p[]s ( ! in/rum5t2 b x     
discloses also pat*es ( light1 :i*1 at  
fir/ at lea/1 d n appe> to consi/ ( />s3
 ,nebulae1 z !y are call$2 bright       
specks1 x might seem1 ( /ell> matt]1 ?91
 diffus$1 & irregul>2 n ga!r$ into      
regul> & def9ite =ms1 su* z we may      
suppose ! />s to be4 ,e "o :o has notic$
 ! />ry skies1 may und]/& :at is ! g5]al
 aspect ( su* nebulae1 by look+ at !    
milky way or galaxy1 an irregul> b& (   
nebul\s light1 :i* runs q r\nd ! sky2 ,a
 circl+ zone1 p[d]$ ) />s2 z ,milton    
calls x4 ,b ! nebulae ( :i* ,i m        
especially speak1 are m9ute pat*es1     
discov]$ ma9ly by ! telescope1 & 9 a few
 in/ances only disc]nible by ! nak$ eye4
 ,& :at ,i h to rem>k especially conc]n+
 !m at pres5t is1 t ?\gh to visual p[]s 
:i* b>ely suffice to disc]n !m1 !y appe>
 l m]e bright cl\ds1 pat*es ( diffus$   
/>ry matt]2 yet t1 :5 exam9$ by visual  
p[]s ( a high] ord]1 by m p5etrat+      
telescopes1 ^! pat*es ( cont9u\s feeble 

light are1 9 _m in/ances at lea/1       
di/+ui%able into def9ite po9ts3 !y are  
f\nd1 9 fact1 to be aggregations ( />s2 
:i* be=e appe>$ z diffus$ light1 only   
because our telescopes1 ?\gh /rong en\gh
 to reveal to our s5ses ! aggregate mass
 ( light ( ! clu/]1 7 n /rong en\gh to  
enable u to disc]n any "o ( ! />s ( :i* 
! clu/] consi/s4 ,! galaxy1 9 ?is way1  
may1 9 almo/ e "p1 be resolv$ into      
sep>ate />s2 & ?us1 ! multitude ( ! />s 
9 ! region ( ! sky occupi$ by t w9d+    
/ream ( light1 is1 :5 exam9$ by a p[]ful
 telescope1 inconceivably num]\s4  #h4  
,! small telescopic nebulae are ( v>i\s 
=ms2 "s ( !m may be 9 ! %ape ( flat     
/rata1 or cakes1 z x 71 ( />s1 ( small  
?ickness1 comp>$ ) ! ext5t ( ! /ratum4  
,n[1 if our sun 7 "o ( ! individuals (  
su* a /ratum1 we1 look+ at ! />s ( !    
/ratum f 8 neighborhood1 %\ld see !m v  
num]\s & close 9 ! direction ( ! edge ( 
! /ratum1 & comp>atively few & r>e 9 o!r
 p>ts ( ! sky4 ,we %\ld1 9 %ort1 see a  
galaxy runn+ r\nd ! sky1 z we see 9     

fact4 ,& h5ce ,sir ,william ,h]s*el has 
inf]r$1 t our sun1 ) its att5dant       
planets1 has its place 9 su* a /ratum2 &
 t x ?us belongs to a ho/ ( />s :i* are1
 9 a c]ta9 way1 deta*$ f ! o!r nebulae  
:i* we see4 ,p]haps1 he adds1 "s ( ^?   
o!r nebulae are b$s & masses ( />s n    
less num]\s ?an ^? :i* compose our      
galaxy1 & :i* occupy a l>g] portion ( ! 
sky1 only because we are imm]s$ 9 !     
int]ior ( ! cr[d4 ,& ?us1 a m9ute speck 
( nebul\s light1 disc]nible only by a   
good telescope1 may conta9 n only z _m  
/>s z occupy ! sky to ord9>y vision1 b z
 _m z is ! numb] into :i* ! mo/ p[]ful  
telescope resolves ! milky light ( !    
galaxy4 ,& ( su* resolvable nebulae !   
numb] :i* are discov]$ 9 ! sky is v     
great1 _! =ms be+ ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9d2 s t
 _m ( !m may be1 = aught we c tell1 m   
amply /ock$ ) />s ?an ! galaxy is4 ,& if
 all ! />s1 or a l>ge proportion ( !    
/>s1 ( ! galaxy1 be suns att5d$ by      
planets1 & ^! planets peopl$ ) liv+     
creatures1 :at notion mu/ we =m ( !     

population ( ! univ]se1 :5 we h ?us to  
reckon z _m galaxies z !re are          
resolvable nebulae6 ! /ock ( discov]able
 nebulae be+ z yet unexhau/$ by ! p[]s (
 our telescopes2 & ! possibility (      
resolv+ !m into />s be+ also an op]ation
 :i* has n yet be5 pursu$ to its limit4 
#i4 ,=1 7& ?is is ! la/ /ep :i* ,i %all 
m5tion 9 ?is long s]ies ( asc5d+ /eps ( 
multitude app>5tly inf9ite17 x n[ beg9s 
to be suspect$ t n "s nebulae only1 b   
all1 are resolvable into sep>ate />s4   
,:5 ! nebulae 7 fir/ c>efully /udi$1 x 0
 suppos$ t !y consi/$1 z !y appe>$ to   
consi/1 ( "s diffus$ & incoh]5t matt]1 n
 ( def9ite & limit$ masses4 ,x 0        
conceiv$ t !y 7 n />s1 b ,/ell> ,matt] 9
 ! c\rse ( =mation into />s2 & x 0      
conceiv$1 fur!r1 t by ! gradual         
conc5tration ( su* matt]1 :irl+ r\nd its
 c5tre :ile x conc5trat$1 n only />s1 t 
is1 suns1 might be =m$1 b also sy/ems ( 
planets1 circl+ r\nd ^! suns2 & ?us ?is 
,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 z x has be5 t]m$1    
gave a k9d ( !ory ( ! orig9 & =mation ( 

sy/ems1 su* z ! sol> sy/em4 ,b ! great  
telescope :i* ,"l ,rosse has con/ruct$1 
& :i* is mu* m p[]ful ?an any optical   
in/rum5t yet fabricat$1 has be5 direct$ 
to _m ( ! nebulae1 ^: appe>ance _h giv5 
rise to ?is !ory2 & ! result has be51 9 
a great numb] ( cases1 t ! nebulae are  
prov$ to consi/ entirely ( di/9ct />s2 &
 t ! diffus$ nebul\s appe>ance is       
discov]$ to h be5 an illusion1 result+ f
 ! accumulat$ light ( a va/ numb] (     
small />s ne> to ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is mann]1 
we are l$ to reg>d e nebula1 n z an     
imp]fectly =m$ /> or sy/em1 b z a va/   
multitude ( />s1 &1 = aught we c tell1 (
 sy/ems2 = ! app>5t smallness & ne>ness 
( ^! />s are1 x is ?\ght1 m]e results ( 
! va/ di/ance at :i* !y are plac$ f u4  
,& ?us1 p]haps1 all ! nebulae are1 :at  
"s ( !m seem c]ta9ly to be1 s _m va/    
armies ( />s1 ea* ( :i* />s1 we h reason
 to believe1 is ( ! nature ( our sun2 & 
may h1 & accord+ to analogy has1 an     
accompanim5t ( liv+ creatures1 su* z our
 sun has1 c]ta9ly on ! e>?1 probably1 x 

is ?\ght1 9 ! o!r planets4  #aj4 ,x is  
difficult to grasp1 9 "o view1 ! effect 
( ! successive /eps f numb] to numb]1 f 
di/ance to di/ance1 :i* we h ?us be5    
measur+ ov]4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 /ate !m    
aga9 briefly1 9 ! way ( enum]ation4  ,f 
our own place on ! e>?1 we pass1 9      
?\ght1 z a fir/ /ep1 to ! :ole globe ( !
 ,e>?2 f ?is1 z a second /ep1 to !      
,planets1 ! o!r globes :i* compose !    
,sol> ,sy/em4 ,a ?ird /ep c>ries u to ! 
,fix$ ,/>s1 z visible to ! nak$ eye2 v  
num]\s & imm5sely di/ant4 ,! transition 
to ! ,telescopic ,/>s makes a f\r? /ep2 
& 9 ?is1 ! numb] & ! space are increas$1
 almo/ beyond ! p[] ( numb]s to express 
h[ _m !re are1 & at :at di/ances4 ,b a  
fif? /ep3--p]haps all ?is array ( />s1  
obvi\s & telescopic1 only make up our   
,nebula2 :ile ! univ]se is occupi$ by   
o!r ,nebulae innum]able1 s di/ant t1 se5
 f !m1 our nebula1 ?\gh includ+1 x may  
be1 />s ( ! #bj? magnitude1 :i* may be  
#bj times or #b1jjj times m remote ?an  
,sirius1 w\ld become a telescopic speck1

 z _! nebulae are to u4  #aa4 ,v>i\s    
images & modes ( repres5tation h be5    
employ$1 9 ord] to convey to ! m9d "s   
notion ( ! dim5sions ( ! s*eme ( !      
univ]se to :i* we are ?us introduc$4    
,?us1 we may reckon t a cannon-ball1    
mov+ ) its usual orig9al velocity       
unabat$1 w\ld describe ! int]val betwe5 
! sun & ! e>? 9 ab\t "o ye>4 ,& ?is be+ 
s1 ! same missile w\ld1 f :at has be5   
said1 occupy m1 we "k n h[ mu* m1 ?an   
#bjj1jjj ye>s 9 go+ to ! ne>e/ fix$ />3 
& p]haps a ?\s& times z mu*1 9 go+ to   
o!r />s belong+ to our gr\p2 & !n aga91 
#bjj1jjj times s mu*1 or "s numb] ( ! l 
ord]1 9 go+ f "o gr\p to ano!r4 ,:5 we h
 advanc$ a /ep or two 9 ?is mode (      
/atem5t1 ! velocity ( ! cannon-ball     
h>dly p]ceptibly affects ! magnitude ( !
 numb]s :i* we h to use4  ,& ! same     
ne>ly is ! case if we h rec\rse to !    
swifte/ motion ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 t 
( ,light4 ,light travels1 x is %[n by   
indisputable sci5tific reason+s1 9 ab\t 
eight m9utes f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,h5ce we 

c easily calculate t x w\ld occupy at   
lea/ ?ree ye>s to travel z f> z ,sirius1
 & probably1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 or a mu*   
great] numb]1 to rea* to ! smalle/ />s1 
or to come f !m to u4 ,& ?us1 z ,sir ,w4
 ,h]s*el rem>k$1 s9ce light is ! only   
vehicle by :i* in=mation conc]n+ ^!     
di/ant bodies is convey$ to u1 we d1 by 
see+ !m1 receive in=mation1 n :at !y are
 at ?is mom5t1 b :at !y 71 z to visible 
condition1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,/>s may h 
be5 creat$ :5 man 0 creat$1 & yet _!    
light may n h rea*$ him4#b ,/>s may h   
be5 ext+ui%$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & yet may
 /ill be visible to our eyes1 by means (
 ! light :i* !y emitt$ previ\s to _!    
ext9ction1 & :i* has n yet di$ away4    
#ab4 ,s va/ !n are ! di/ances at :i* !  
diff]5t bodies ( ! univ]se are          
di/ribut$2 & yet s num]\s are ^? bodies4
 ,9 ! va/ness ( _! di/ances1 !re is1    
inde$1 no?+ :i* ne$ di/urb our m9ds1 or 
:i*1 aft] a little reflection1 is likely
 to d s3 = :5 we h said all t c be said1
 ab\t ! l>g5ess ( ^! di/ances1 /ill !re 

is no difficulty 9 f9d+ room = !m4 ,we  
necess>ily conceive ,space z be+ inf9ite
 9 its ext5t3 h[ev] mu* space ! heav5ly 
bodies occupy1 !re is space beyond !m3  
if !y are n !re1 space is !re nev]!less4
 ,t ! />s & planets are s f> f ea* o!r1 
is an arrangem5t :i* prev5ts _! di/urb+ 
ea* o!r ) _! mutual attractions1 to any 
de/ructive ext5t2 & is an arrangem5t :i*
 ! spaci\s1 ! inf9ite univ]se1 admits (1
 )\t any difficulty4  #ac4 ,b we are m  
especially conc]n$ ) ! ,numb]s ( !      
heav5ly bodies4 ,s _m planets ab\t our  
sun3 s _m suns1 ea* p]haps ) its family 
( planets3 & !n1 all ^! suns mak+ b "o  
gr\p3 & o!r gr\ps com+ into view1 "o    
aft] ano!r1 9 seem+ly endless           
succession3 & all ^! planets be+ ( !    
nature ( our e>?1 z all ^! />s are ( !  
nature ( our sun3--all ?is1 pres5ts to u
 a spectacle ( a _w--( a c\ntless ho/ ( 
worlds--( :i*1 :5 we reg>d !m z ?us     
arrang$ 9 planet>y sy/ems1 & z hav+1    
accord+ to all probability1 ye>s &      
seasons1 days & nights1 z we h1 we _c b 

accept x z at lea/ a likely sugge/ion1 t
 !y h also inhabitants2--intellig5t be+s
 :o c reckon ^! days & ye>s2 :o subsi/  
on ! fruits :i* ! season br+s =?1 & h _!
 daily & ye>ly occupations1 accord+ to  
_! faculties4 ,:5 we take1 z our s*eme (
 ! univ]se1 su* a s*eme z ?is1 we may   
well be ov]:elm$ ) ! numb] ( prov9ces1  
besides t 9 :i* man dwells1 :i* ! empire
 ( ! ,"l ( all includes2 &1 recurr+ to !
 words ( ! ,psalmi/1 we may say ) a     
pr(undity ( mean+ immeasurably          
augm5t$--,"l1 :at is man8  ,x 0 ?is     
view1 ,i conceive1 :i* ,dr4 ,*alm]s _h 9
 8 ?\ghts1 9 pursu+ ! speculations :i*  
,i h m5tion$1 9 ! outset ( ?is ,essay4  
,,footnotes3  #a ,x is q to our purpose 
to recollect ! impression :i* su*       
discov]ies naturally make ^u a pi\s m9d4
      ,oh6 rack me n to su* ext5t1      
,^! di/ances belong to ,!e2     ,! _w's 
too little = ,?y t5t1       ,a grave too
 big = me6                              
,,george ,,h]b]t4  #b ,?is ?\ght is1    
h[ev]1 old]4 ,"y expresses x 9 8 ,night 

,?\ghts1 ,night ,,ix41 7publi%$ 9       
#agdd73      ,h[ di/ant "s ( ^!         
nocturnal suns6     ,s di/ant 7says !   
sage7 'tw]e n absurd     ,to d\bt if    
beams1 set out at nature's bir?1        
,are yet arriv$ at ?is s =eign _w4      
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,! ,,a/ronomical        
,,objection ,,to ,,religion4   #a4 ,su* 
a/ronomical views1 !n1 z ^? j /at$1 we  
may suppose to be ^? to :i* ,*alm]s _h  
ref]5ce1 9 ! argum5t ( 8 ,a/ronomical   
,disc\rses4 ,^! real or suppos$         
discov]ies ( a/ronom]s1 or a consid]able
 "p ( !m1 7 ! facts :i* 7 pres5t to 8   
m9d1 & ( :i* he !re discusses ! be>+s ^u
 religi\s tru?s4 ,?is multiplicity (    
sy/ems & worlds1 :i* ! telescopic       
scrut9y ( ! />s is assum$ to h disclos$1
 or to h made probable1 is ! ma9 feature
 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 z reveal$ 
by sci5ce1 to :i* 8 reflections are     
direct$4 ,nor c we say t1 9 fix+ ^u ?is 
view1 he has gone out ( 8 way1 to       
/ruggle ) obscure & lat5t difficulties1 
su* z ! bulk ( mank9d "k & c>e little   

ab\t4 ,= 9 reality1 su* views are       
g5]ally diffus$ 9 our "t & c\ntry1 are  
common to all classes ( read]s1 & z we  
may v5ture to express x1 are ! popul>   
views ( p]sons ( any degree (           
intellectual culture1 :o h1 directly or 
d]ivatively1 accept$ ! doctr9es ( mod]n 
sci5ce4 ,among su* p]sons1 expressions  
:i* imply t ! />s are globes ( lum9\s   
matt]1 l ! sun2 t !re are1 among !m1    
sy/ems ( revolv+ bodies1 seats ( life & 
( intellig5ce2 are s frequ5t & famili>1 
t ^? :o s speak1 d n seem to be aw>e t1 
9 us+ su* expressions1 !y are mak+ any  
assumption at all2 any m ?an !y suppose 
!mselves to be mak+ assumptions1 :5 !y  
speak ( ! globul> =m ( ! e>?1 or ( its  
motion r\nd ! sun1 or ( its revolution  
on its axis4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a suitable &  
laudable purpose1 = a writ] l ,*alm]s1  
well in/ruct$ 9 sci5ce1 ( l>ge &        
compreh5sive views ) reg>d bo? to       
religion & to philosophy1 ( deep &      
p]vasive piety1 & ma/] ( a dignifi$ &   
p]suasive eloqu5ce1 to employ himself 9 

correct+ any errone\s op9ions &         
impressions respect+ ! be>+ :i* su*     
sci5tific doctr9es h ^u religi\s tru?4  
,x 0 8 lot to labor among m5 ( great    
intellectual curiosity1 acut5ess1 &     
boldness3 x 0 8 t5d5cy to deal ) new    
views ( o!rs on ! mo/ v>i\s subjects1   
religi\s1 philosophical1 & social2 &1 on
 su* subjects1 to orig9ate new views ( 8
 own4 ,x fell especially )9 8 prov9ce1  
!re=e1 to satisfy ! m9ds ( ! public :o  
li/5$ to him1 ) reg>d to ! conflict1 if 
a conflict !re 01 or seem$ to be1 betwe5
 new sci5tific doctr9es1 & p]man5t      
religi\s v]ities4 ,he 01 by 8 culture & 
8 p[]s1 peculi>ly fitt$1 & !re=e        
peculi>ly call$1 to m$iate betwe5 !     
sci5tific & ! religi\s _w ( 8 "t4  #b4  
,! sci5tific doctr9e :i* he especially  
deals )1 9 ! "w to :i* ,i ref]1 is !    
multiplicity ( worlds2--! exi/5ce ( _m  
seats ( life1 ( enjoym5t1 ( intellig5ce2
 & x may be1 z he sugge/s also1 ( moral 
law1 ( transgression1 ( ali5ation f     
,god1 & ( ! ne$1 & ( ! means1 (         

reconciliation to ,him2 or ( ob$i5ce to 
,him & sympa?y ) ,him4 ,t if !re be _m  
worlds resembl+ our _w 9 o!r respects1  
!y may resemble x 9 "s ( ^!1 is an      
obvi\s1 & we may say1 an irresi/ible    
conjecture1 9 any speculative m9d to :i*
 ! doctr9e itself has be5 convey$4 ,nor 
c x fail to be v int]e/+1 to see h[ su* 
a writ] z ,i h describ$ deals ) su* a   
sugge/ion2 h[ f> he accepts or incl9es  
to accept x2 & if s1 :at aspect su* a   
view leads him to give to tru?s1 ei!r   
belong+ to ,natural or to ,reveal$      
,!ology1 :i*1 be=e ! introduction ( su* 
a view1 7 reg>d$ z be>+ only ^u ! _w (  
:i* man is ! inhabitant4  #c4 ,! mode 9 
:i* ,*alm]s treats ?is sugge/ion1 is to 
reg>d x z ! gr\nd ( an objection to     
,religion1 ei!r ,natural or ,reveal$4   
,he supposes an objector to take 8 /& ^u
 ! multiplicity ( worlds1 assum$ or     
grant$ z true2 & to argue t1 s9ce !re   
are s _m worlds beside ?is1 all alike   
claim+ ! c>e1 ! gov]nm5t1 ! goodness1 ! 
int]position1 ( ! ,creator1 x is 9 !    

highe/ degree extravagant & absurd1 to  
suppose t he has done1 = ?is _w1 t :i*  
,religion1 bo? ,natural & ,reveal$1     
repres5ts him z hav+ done1 & z do+4 ,:5 
we are told t ,god has provid$1 & is    
con/antly provid+1 = ! life1 ! welf>e1 !
 com=t ( all ! liv+ ?+s :i* p ?is e>?1  
we c1 by an ef=t ( ?\ght & reflection1  
br+ ourselves to believe t x is s4 ,:5  
we are fur!r told t ,he has giv5 a moral
 law to man1 ! intellig5t inhabitant ( !
 e>?1 & gov]ns him by a moral gov]nm5t1 
we are able1 or at lea/ ! great bulk (  
?\ghtful m51 on due consid]ation ( all !
 be>+s ( ! case1 are able1 to accept !  
conviction1 t ?is also is s4 ,:5 we are 
/ill f>!r ask$ to believe t ! imp]fect  
sway ( ?is moral law ov] man has requir$
 to be rem$i$ by a special int]position 
( ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 or by a s]ies (    
special int]positions1 to make ! ,law   
cle>1 & to rem$y ! effects ( man's      
transgression ( x2 ?is doctr9e          
also1--accord+ to ! old & unsci5tific   
view1 :i* repres5ts ! human race z1 9 an

 especial mann]1 ! summit & cr[n (      
,god's mat]ial workman%ip1 ! end ( ! re/
 ( creation1 & ! select$ !atre ( ,god's 
deal+s ) transgression & ) ob$i5ce1--we 
c conceive1 &1 z religi\s p]sons hold1  
we c f9d ample & satisfactory evid5ce to
 believe4 ,b if ?is _w be m]ely "o (    
innum]able worlds1 all1 l x1 !          
workman%ip ( ,god2 all1 ! seats ( life1 
l x2 o!rs1 l x1 occupi$ by intellig5t   
creatures1 capable ( w1 ( law1 (        
ob$i5ce1 ( disob$i5ce1 z man is2 to hold
 t ?is _w has be5 ! sc5e ( ,god's c>e & 
k9dness1 & /ill m1 ( 8 special          
int]positions1 communications1 & p]sonal
 deal+s ) its individual inhabitants1 9 
! way :i* ,religion tea*es1 is1 !       
objector is conceiv$ to ma9ta91         
extravagant & incr$ible4 ,x is to select
 "o ( ! millions ( globes :i* are       
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! va/ doma9 ( space1 & to 
suppose t "o to be treat$ 9 a special & 
exceptional mann]1 )\t any reason = !   
assumption ( su* a peculi>ity1 except t 
?is globe happ5s to be ! habitation ( u1

 :o make ?is assumption4 ,if ,religion  
require u to assume1 t "o p>ticul> corn]
 ( ! ,univ]se has be5 ?us s+l$ out1 &   
made an exception to ! g5]al rules by   
:i* all o!r p>ts ( ! ,univ]se are       
gov]n$2 %e makes1 x may be said1 a dem& 
^u our cr$ulity :i* _c fail to be       
reject$ by ^? :o are 9 ! habit (        
contemplat+ & admir+ ^? g5]al laws4 ,c !
 ,e>? be ?us ! c5tre ( ! moral &        
religi\s univ]se1 :5 x has be5 %[n to h 
no claim to be ! c5tre ( ! physical     
univ]se8 ,is x n z absurd to ma9ta9 ?is1
 z x w\ld be to hold1 at ! pres5t day1 !
 old ,ptolemaic hypo!sis1 :i* places !  
,e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! heav5ly motions1     
in/ead ( ! new] ,cop]nican doctr9e1 :i* 
tea*es t ! ,e>? revolves r\nd ! ,sun8   
,is n ,religion disprov$1 by ! necessity
 "u :i* %e lies1 ( mak+ su* an          
assumption z ?is8  #d4 ,su* is1 9 a     
g5]al way1 ! objection to ,religion )   
:i* ,*alm]s deals2 &1 z ,i h said1 8    
mode ( treat+ x is highly int]e/+ &     
in/ructive4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we %all make

 our reason+s & speculations apply to a 
wid] class ( read]s1 if we consid] !    
view n[ spok5 (1 n z an objection1 urg$ 
by an oppon5t ( religion1 b r z a       
difficulty1 felt by a fri5d ( religion4 
,x is1 ,i conceive1 c]ta9 t _m ( ^? :o  
are n at all dispos$ to argue aga9/     
religion1 b :o1 on ! contr>y1 feel t _! 
:ole int]nal com=t & repose are b\nd up 
indissolubly ) _! religi\s convictions1 
are /ill tr\bl$ & dismay$ at ! doctr9es 
( ! va/ness ( ! univ]se1 & ! multitude (
 worlds1 :i* !y suppose to be taught &  
prov$ by a/ronomy4 ,!y h a pr(\nd       
rev]5ce = ! ,idea ( ,god2 !y are glad to
 ackn[l$ge _! con/ant & univ]sal        
dep5d5ce ^u ,8 pres]v+ p[] & goodness2  
!y are ready & desir\s to recognize !   
work+ ( ,8 provid5ce2 !y receive ! moral
 law1 z ,8 law1 ) rev]5ce & submission2 
!y reg>d _! transgressions ( ?is law z  
s9s aga9/ ,him2 & are eag] to f9d ! mode
 ( reconciliation to ,him1 :5 ?us       
e/rang$ f him2 !y will+ly ?9k ( ,god1 z 
ne> to !m4 ,b :ile !y li/5 to ! evid5ce 

:i* sci5ce1 z we h said1 sets be=e !m1 (
 ! long array ( gr\ps1 & ho/s1 &        
myriads1 ( worlds1 :i* are br\ght to our
 k1 !y f9d !mselves p]turb$ & di/ress$4 
,!y w\ld will+ly ?9k ( ,god z ne> to !m2
 b dur+ ! progress ( ?is enum]ation1 ,he
 appe>s1 at e /ep1 to be remov$ fur!r & 
fur!r f !m4 ,to discov] t ! ,e>? is s   
l>ge1 ! numb] ( its inhabitants s great1
 its =m s diff]5t f :at man at fir/     
imag9es x1 may p]haps h />tl$ !m2 b 9   
?is view1 !re is no?+ :i* a pi\s m9d    
does n easily surm\nt4 ,b if ,v5us &    
,m>s also h _! inhabitants2 if ,saturn &
 ,jupit]1 globes s mu* l>g] ?an ! e>?1 h
 a proportional am\nt ( population2 may 
n man be neglect$ or ov]look$8 ,is he   
wor?y to be reg>d$ by ! ,creator ( all8 
,may n1 mu/ n1 ! mo/ pi\s m9d recur to !
 exclamation ( ! ,psalmi/3 ,"l1 :at is  
man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 ,& mu/ n ?is
 exclamation1 "u ! new aspect ( ?+s1 be 
accompani$ by an enfeebl$ & less        
confid5t belief t ,god is m9dful ( him8 
,& !n1 ?is array ( planets1 :i* d]ive _!

 light f ! ,sun1 ext5ds mu* fur!r ?an   
ev5 ! a/ronom] at fir/ suspect$4 ,!     
orbit ( ,saturn is t5 times z wide z !  
orbit ( ! e>?2 b beyond ,saturn1 & almo/
 twice z f> f ! sun1 ,h]s*el discov]s   
,uranus1 ano!r great planet2 & aga91    
beyond ,uranus1 & aga9 at ne>ly twice 8 
di/ance1 ! subtle sagacity ( ! a/ronom]s
 ( our day1 surmises1 & !n detects1     
ano!r great planet4 ,9 su* a sy/em z    
?is1 ! e>? %r9ks into insignificance4 ,c
 its conc]ns engage ! att5tion ( him :o 
made ! :ole8 ,b aga91 ?is :ole ,sol>    
,sy/em itself1 ) all its orbits &       
planets1 %r9ks into a m]e po9t1 :5      
comp>$ ) ! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,& aga91 !    
di/ance :i* lies betwe5 u & su* />s1    
%r9ks into incalculable smallness1 :5 we
 j\rney 9 ?\ght to o!r fix$ />s4 ,&     
aga91 & aga91 ! field ( our previ\s     
contemplation suff]s an immeasurable    
contraction1 z we pass on to o!r po9ts (
 view4  #e4 ,& 9 all ^! successive      
moves1 we are /ill )9 ! dom9ions ( !    
same ,creator & ,gov]nor2 & at e move1  

we are br\ght1 we may suppose1 to new   
bodies ( 8 subjects1 be>+1 9 ! expansion
 ( _! numb]1 "s proportion to ! expanse 
( space :i* !y occupy4 ,& if ?is be s1  
h[ %all ! e>?1 & m51 its inhabitants1   
?us repeat$ly annihilat$1 z x 71 by !   
gr[+ magnitude ( ! kn[n ,univ]se1       
cont9ue to be any?+ 9 ! reg>d ( ,him :o 
embraces all8 ,lea/ ( all1 h[ %all m5   
cont9ue to receive t special1 p]sev]+1  
provid5tial1 judicial1 p]sonal c>e1 :i* 
religion implies2 & )\t ! belief ( :i*1 
any man :o has religi\s ?\ghts1 mu/ be  
di/urb$ & unhappy1 desolate & =sak58    
#f4 ,su* are1 ,i conceive1 ! ?\ghts ( _m
 p]sons1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! a/ronomical  
views :i* ,*alm]s ref]s to z be+        
sometimes employ$ aga9/ religi\s belief4
 ,( c\rse1 x is natural t ! views :i*   
are us$ by unbeliev]s z argum5ts aga9/  
religi\s belief1 %\ld create            
difficulties & tr\bles 9 ! m9ds (       
believ]s2 at lea/1 till ! argum5t is    
rebutt$4 ,& ( c\rse also1 ! answ]s to ! 
argum5ts1 consid]$ z infidel argum5ts1  

w\ld op]ate to remove ! difficulties :i*
 believ]s ent]ta9 on su* gr\nds4        
,*alm]s' reason+s aga9/ su* argum5ts1   
!re=e1 w1 s = z !y are valid1 avail to  
relieve ! m5tal tr\ble ( believ]s1 :o   
are p]plex$ & oppress$ by ! a/ronomical 
views ( :i* ,i h spok52 z well z to     
confute & conv9ce ^? :o reject religion1
 on su* a/ronomical gr\nds4 ,x may1     
h[ev]1 z ,i h said1 be ( use to deal )  
^! difficulties r z difficulties (      
religi\s m51 ?an z objections (         
irreligi\s m52 to exam9e r h[ we c quiet
 ! tr\bl$ & p]plex$ believ]1 ?an h[ we c
 triumph ov] ! dogmatic & self-satisfi$ 
infidel4 ,i1 at lea/1 %\ld wi% to h !   
=m]1 r ?an ! latt] ( ^! tasks1 reg>d$ z 
t :i* ,i propose to myself4  ,i %all    
h]eaft] attempt to expla9 m fully !     
difficulties :i* ! doctr9e ( !          
,plurality ( ,worlds appe>s to "s p]sons
 to ?r[ 9 ! way ( ,reveal$ ,religion2 b 
be=e ,i d s1 !re is "o "p ( ,*alm]s'    
answ]1 be>+ especially ^u ,natural      
,religion1 :i* x may be prop] to att5d  

to4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,answ] ,,f 
,,! ,,microscope4   #a4 ,x is n my      
bus9ess1 nor my int5tion1 to criticize !
 rem>kable "w ( ,*alm]s to :i* ,i h s   
(t5 ref]r$4 ,b ,i may say1 t ! argum5ts 
!re employ$ by him1 s f> z !y g ^u      
a/ronomical or philosophical gr\nds1 are
 ( great weight2 & ^u ! :ole1 su* z we  
may bo? ass5t to1 z sci5tifically true1 
& accept z rationally p]suasive4 ,i ?9k1
 h[ev]1 t !re are o!r argum5ts1 also    
drawn f sci5tific discov]ies1 :i* be>1 9
 a v important & /rik+ mann]1 ^u !      
op9ions 9 "q1 & :i* ,*alm]s has n ref]r$
 to2 & ,i conceive t !re are            
philosophical views ( ano!r k9d1 :i*1 = 
^? :o desire & :o w v5ture to reg>d !   
,univ]se & its ,creator 9 ! wid] & deep]
 relations :i* appe> to be op5 to human 
speculation1 may be a s\rce (           
satisfaction4 ,:5 c]ta9 positive        
propositions1 ma9ta9$ z true :ile !y are
 really highly d\btful1 h giv5 rise to  
difficulties 9 ! m9ds ( religi\s p]sons1
 o!r positive propositions1 combat+ ^!1 

prop\nd$ & support$ by argum5t1 t !y may
 be accept$ accord+ to _! evid5ce1 may1 
at any rate1 h =ce en\gh to break d[n & 
dissipate su* loosely f\nd$             
difficulties4 ,to pres5t to ! read]'s   
m9d su* speculations z ,i h ?us         
indicat$1 is ! object ( ! foll[+ pages4 
,!y c1 ( c\rse1 pret5d to no *>m1 except
 = p]sons :o are will+ to h _! m9ds     
occupi$ ) su* difficulties & su*        
speculations z ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,^? :o   
are will+ to be s employ$1 may1 p]haps1 
f9d 9 :at ,i h to say some?+ :i* may    
int]e/ !m4 ,=1 ( ! argum5ts :i* ,i h to 
exp\nd1 "s1 ?\gh !y appe> to me bo? v   
obvi\s & v =cible1 h nev]1 s f> z ,i am 
aw>e1 be5 put =? 9 t religi\s be>+ :i*  
seems to belong to !m2 & o!rs1 ?\gh     
aspir+ to po9t out 9 "s degree !        
relation ( ! ,univ]se & its ,creator1   
are ( a v simple k9d2 t is1 = m9ds :i*  
are prep>$ to deal ) su* subjects at    
all4  #b4 ,z ,i h said1 ! argum5ts ) :i*
 we are "h conc]n$ ref] bo? to ,natural 
,religion & to ,reveal$ ,religion2 & !re

 is "o ( ,*alm]s' argum5ts1 be>+        
especially ^u ! =m] bran* ( ! subject1  
:i* ,i may beg9 by notic+4 ,among !     
?\ghts :i*1 x 0 /at$1 might naturally   
arise 9 m5's m9ds1 :5 ! telescope       
reveal$ to !m an innum]able multitude ( 
worlds besides ! "o :i* we inhabit1 0   
?is3 t ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se1 :o has s
 _m worlds "u 8 managem5t1 _c be        
conceiv$ z be/[+ ^u ?is ,e>?1 & its     
v>i\s tribes ( inhabitants1 t c>e :i*1  
till !n1 ,natural ,religion _h taught m5
 t he does employ1 to secure to man !   
possession & use ( 8 faculties ( m9d &  
body2 & to all animals ! requisites (   
animal exi/5ce & animal enjoym5t4 ,& ^u 
?is ,*alm]s rem>ks1 t j ab\t ! "t :5    
sci5ce gave rise to ! sugge/ion ( ?is   
difficulty1 %e also gave occasion to a  
rem>kable reply to x4 ,j ab\t ! same "t 
t ! inv5tion ( ! ,telescope %[$ t !re 7 
innum]able worlds1 :i* might h          
inhabitants requir+ ! ,creator's c>e z  
mu* z ! tribes ( ?is e>? d1--! inv5tion 
( ! ,microscope %[$ t !re 71 9 ?is _w1  

innum]able tribes ( animals1 :i* _h be5 
all along enjoy+ ! b5efits ( !          
,creator's c>e1 z mu* z ^? k9ds ) :i*   
man _h be5 famili> f ! beg9n+4 ,!       
telescope sugge/$ t !re might be dwell]s
 9 ,jupit] or 9 ,saturn1 ( giant size & 
unkn[n /ructure1 :o mu/ %>e ) u !       
pres]v+ c>e ( ,god4 ,! microscope %[$ t 
!re _h be51 close to u1 inhabit+ m9ute  
crevices & crannies1 peopl+ ! leaves (  
plants1 & ! bodies ( o!r animals1       
animalcules ( a m9ut5ess hi!rto         
unguess$1 & ( a /ructure hi!rto unkn[n1 
:o _h be5 always %>]s ) u 9 ,god's      
pres]v+ c>e4 ,! telescope br\ght into   
view worlds z num]\s z ! drops ( wat]   
:i* make up ! ocean2 ! microscope br\ght
 into view a _w 9 almo/ e drop ( wat]4  
,inf9ity 9 "o direction 0 balanc$ by    
inf9ity 9 ! o!r4 ,! d\bts :i* m5 might  
feel z to :at ,god c\ld d1 7 balanc$ by 
c]ta9ties :i* !y discov]$1 z to :at he  
_h always be5 do+4 ,8 c>e & goodness    
c\ld n be suppos$ to be exhau/$ by !    
hi!rto kn[n population ( ! e>?1 = x 0   

prov$ t !y _h n hi!rto be5 conf9$ to t  
population4 ,! discov]y ( new worlds at 
va/ di/ances f u1 0 accompani$ by !     
discov]y ( new worlds close to u1 ev5 9 
! v sub/ances ) :i* we 7 be/ acqua9t$2 &
 0 ?us r5d]$ ineffective to di/urb !    
belief ( ^? :o _h reg>d$ ! _w z hav+    
,god = its gov]nor4  #c4 ,?is is a /rik+
 reflection1 & is put by ,*alm]s 9 a v  
/rik+ mann]2 & x is well fitt$ to remove
 ! scruples to :i* x is especially      
address$4 ,if !re be any p]sons to :om !
 a/ronomical discov]ies :i* ! telescope 
has br\ght to light1 sugge/s d\bts or   
difficulties ) reg>d to su* tru?s (     
,natural ,religion z ,god's c>e = &     
gov]nm5t ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 !     
discov]ies ( ! _m v>i\s =ms ( animalcul>
 life :i* ! microscope has br\ght to    
light are well fitt$ to remove su*      
d\bts1 & to solve su* difficulties4 ,we 
may easily believe t ! p[] ( ,god to    
su/a9 & provide = animal life1 animal   
su/5ance1 animal enjoym5t1 c suffice =  
innum]able worlds besides ?is1 )\t be+  

)drawn or di/ract$ or we>i$ 9 ?is e>?2 =
 we f9d t x does suffice = innum]able m 
inhabitants ( ?is e>? ?an we 7 be=e aw>e
 (4 ,if we _h imag9$ be=e1 t1 9 conceiv+
 ,god z able & will+ to provide = ! life
 & pleasure ( all ! s5ti5t be+s :i* we  
knew to exi/ ^u ! e>?1 we _h =m$ an     
adequate notion ( 8 p[] & ( 8 goodness1 
^! microscopical discov]ies are well    
adapt$ to undeceive u4 ,!y %[ u t all ! 
notions :i* our k1 hi!rto1 _h enabl$ u  
to =m ( ! p[]s & attributes ( ! ,creator
 & ,pres]v] ( all liv+ ?+s1 are va/ly1  
are immeasurably bel[ ! real tru? ( !   
case4 ,!y %[ u t ,god1 z reveal$ to u 9 
! animal creation1 is ! ,au?or & ,giv] (
 life1 ( ! organization :i* life        
implies1 ( ! contrivances by :i* x is   
conduct$ & su/a9$1 ( ! enjoym5t by :i* x
 is accompani$1--to an ext5t inf9itely  
beyond :at ! unassi/$ vision ( man c\ld 
h sugge/$4 ,! facts :i* are obvi\s to   
man1 f :i* religi\s m9ds 9 all ages h   
drawn _! notions & _! evid5ce ( ! ,div9e
 p[] & goodness1 c>e & wisdom1 9 provid+

 = its creatures1 require1 we f9d1 to be
 indef9itely ext5d$1 9 virtue ( ! new   
tribes ( m9ute creatures1 & /ill new    
tribes1 & /ill m m9ute1 :i* we f9d exi/+
 ar\nd u4 ,! views ( our ,natural       
,!ology mu/ be indef9itely ext5d$ on "o 
side2 & !re=e we ne$ n be />tl$ or      
di/urb$ at hav+ to ext5d !m indef9itely 
on ! o!r side2--at hav+ to believe t !re
 are1 9 o!r worlds1 creatures :om ,god  
has creat$1 :om he su/a9s 9 life1 = :om 
he provides ! pleasures ( life1 z he    
does = ! long unsuspect$ creatures ( ?is
 _w4  #d4 ,?is is1 ,i say1 a reflection 
:i* might quiet ! m9d ( a p]son1 :om    
a/ronomical discov]ies _h l$ to d\bt ( !
 ord9>y doctr9es ( ,natural ,religion4  
,b1 ,i ?9k1 x may be que/ion$1 :e!r1 to 
produce su* d\bts1 is a common or       
probable effect ( an acqua9tance )      
a/ronomical discov]ies4 ,und\bt$ly1 by  
su* discov]ies1 a p]son :o believes 9   
,god1 9 8 wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness1 on ! 
evid5ce ( ! natural _w1 is requir$ to   
ext5d & exalt 8 conceptions ( ^? ,div9e 

,attributes4 ,he _h believ$ ,god to be !
 ,au?or ( _m =ms ( life2--he f9ds him to
 be ! ,au?or ( /ill m =ms ( life4 ,he _h
 trac$ _m contrivances 9 ! /ructure (   
animals1 = _! su/5tation & well-be+2 8  
new discov]ies disclose to him 7= t is  
und\bt$ly among ! effects ( microscopic 
rese>*es7 /ill m nice contrivances4 ,he 
_h se5 reason to ?9k t all s5ti5t be+s h
 _! enjoym5ts2 he f9ds new fields (     
enjoym5t ( ! same k9d4 ,b 9 all ?is1 !re
 is little or no?+ to di/urb ! views &  
convictions ( ! ,natural ,!ologian4 ,he 
mu/1 ev5 by ! evid5ce ( facts pat5t to  
ord9>y obs]vation1 h be5 l$ to believe t
 ! ,div9e ,wisdom & ,p[] are n only     
great1 b great 9 a degree :i* we _c     
fa?om or compreh5d2--t !y are1 to our   
appreh5sion1 inf9ite3 8 new discov]ies  
only confirm ! impression ( ?is inf9ite 
"* ( ! ,div9e ,attributes4 ,he _h be=e  
believ$ ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t & wise
 ,creator1 on ! evid5ce ( ! m>ks (      
design & contrivance1 :i* ! creation    
exhibit$3 ( su* design & contrivance he 

discov]s new m>ks1 new examples4 ,he _h 
believ$ t ,god is good1 because he f\nd 
^? contrivances inv>iably _h ! good ( ! 
creature = _! object3 he f9ds1 /ill1 t  
?is is ! g5]al1 ! univ]sal s*eme ( !    
creation1 n[ :5 8 view ( x is ext5d$4   
,he has no difficulty 9 exp&+ 8 religi\s
 conceptions1 to correspond ) 8         
sci5tific discov]ies1 s f> z !          
microscope is ! in/rum5t ( discov]y2 !re
 is no reason :y he %\ld h any m        
difficulty 9 do+ ! same1 :5 ! telescope 
is 8 in=mant4 ,x is true1 t 9 ?is case !
 in=mation is m imp]fect4 ,x does n tell
 him1 ev5 t !re are liv+ inhabitants 9 !
 regions :i* x reveals2 &1 consequ5tly1 
x does n disclose any ( ^? examples (   
design :i* belong to ! /ructure ( liv+  
?+s4 ,b if we suppose1 f analogy1 t !re 
are liv+ ?+s 9 ^? regions1 we h no      
difficulty 9 conceiv+1 f analogy also1 t
 ^? liv+ ?+s are con/ruct$ ) a c>e &    
wisdom su* z appe> 9 ! inhabitants (    
e>?4 ,x w n readily or commonly occur to
 a speculator on su* subjects1 t !re is 

any s\rce ( p]plexity or unbelief1 9 su*
 an assumption ( inhabitants ( o!r      
worlds1 ev5 if we make ! assumption4 ,x 
is z easy1 x may well & reasonably be   
?\ght1 = ,god to create a population = !
 planets z to make ! planets            
!mselves2--z easy to supply ,jupit] )   
t5ants1 z ) satellites2--z easy to      
devise ! organization ( an inhabitant ( 
,saturn1 z ! /ructure & equilibrium (   
,saturn's r+4 ,x is no m difficult = !  
,univ]sal ,creator to ext5d to ^? bodies
 ! p[]s :i* op]ate 9 organiz$ matt]1 ?an
 ! p[]s :i* op]ate 9 brute matt]4 ,x is 
z easy = ,him to e/abli% circulation &  
nutrition 9 mat]ial /ructures1 z        
cohesion & cry/allization1 :i* we mu/   
suppose ! planet>y masses to possess2 or
 attraction & in]tia1 :i* we "k !m to   
possess4 ,no d\bt1 to our conception1   
organization appe>s to be a /ep beyond  
cohesion2 circulation ( liv+ fluids1 a  
/ep beyond cry/allization ( dead        
masses3--b !n1 x is 9 trac+ su* /eps1 t 
we disc]n ! peculi> "* ( ! ,creator's   

ag5cy4 ,he does n m]ely "w ) me*anical &
 *emical p[]s1 z man to a c]ta9 ext5t c 
d2 b ) organic & vital p[]s1 :i* man _c 
comm&4 ,! ,creator1 !re=e1 c animate !  
du/ ( ea* planet1 z easily z make ! du/ 
itself4 ,& :5 f organic life we rise to 
s5ti5t life1 we h /ill only ano!r /ep 9 
! kn[n ord] ( ,creative ,p[]4 ,to create
 animals1 9 any prov9ce ( ! ,univ]se1 _c
 be conceiv$ z mu* m incompreh5sible or 
incr$ible1 ?an to create vegetables4 ,no
 d\bt1 ! addition ( ! liv+ & s5ti5t     
pr9ciple to ! mat]ial1 & ev5 to !       
organic /ructure1 is a mighty /ep2 & "o 
:i* may1 p]haps1 be made ! occasion ( "s
 speculative sugge/ions1 9 a subsequ5t  
"p ( ?is ,essay2 b /ill1 x is n likely t
 any "o1 :o _h =m$ 8 conceptions ( !    
,div9e ,m9d f its manife/ations 9 !     
production & su/5tation ( animal1 z well
 z vegetable life1 on ?is e>?1 w\ld h 8 
belief 9 ! op]ation ( su* a ,m9d1 %ak51 
by any necessity :i* might be impress$  
^u him1 ( grant+ ! exi/5ce ( animal life
 on o!r planets1 z well z on ! e>?1 or  

ev5 on innum]able su* planets1 & on     
innum]able sy/ems ( planets & worlds1   
sy/em above sy/em4  #e4 ,! rem>k (      
,*alm]s1 !re=e1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1     
/rik+ z x is1 does n appe> to be>       
directly ^u a difficulty ( any great    
=ce4 ,if a/ronomy gives bir? to scruples
 :i* int]f]e ) religion1 !y mu/ be f\nd 
9 "s o!r qu>t] ?an 9 ! possibility ( m]e
 animal life exi/+ 9 o!r p>ts ( !       
,univ]se1 z well z on our e>?4 ,t       
possibility may require u to enl>ge our 
idea ( ! ,deity1 b x has little or no   
t5d5cy to di/urb our appreh5sion ( 8    
attributes4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,fur!r  
,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,difficulty4   #a4   
,we h attempt$ to %[ t if ! discov]ies  
made by ! ,telescope %\ld excite 9 any  
"o's m9d1 difficulties respect+ ^?      
doctr9es ( ,natural ,religion1--!       
adequacy ( ! ,creator to ! support &    
gu>dian%ip ( all ! animal life :i* may  
exi/ 9 ! univ]se1--! discov]ies ( !     
,microscope may remove su* difficulties2
 b we h rem>k$ also1 t ! tra9 ( ?\ght   

:i* leads m5 to dwell ^u su*            
difficulties does n seem to be common4  
,b :at w be ! tra9 ( ?\ght to :i* we    
%all be l$1 if we suppose t !re are1 on 
o!r planets1 & 9 o!r sy/ems1 n animals  
only1 liv+ ?+s1 :i*1 h[ev] diff]5t f !  
animals ( ?is e>?1 are yet 9 "s way     
analog\s to !m1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( 
circum/ances2 b also creatures analog\s 
to man2--intellectual creatures1 liv+1  
we mu/ suppose1 "u a moral law1         
responsible = transgression1 ! subjects 
( a ,provid5tial ,gov]nm5t8 ,if we      
suppose t1 9 ! o!r planets ( our sol>   
sy/ems1 & ( o!r sy/ems1 !re are         
creatures ( su* a k9d1 & "u su*         
conditions z ^!1 h[ f> w ! religi\s     
op9ions :i* we _h previ\sly ent]ta9$ be 
di/urb$ or modifi$8 ,w any new          
difficulty be introduc$ into our views (
 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by su* a supposition8
  #b4 ,i h spok5 ( man z an             
,intellectual ,creature2 mean+ !reby t  
he has a ,m9d2--p[]s ( ?\ght1 by :i* he 
c contemplate ! relations & prop]ties ( 

?+s 9 a g5]al & ab/ract =m2 & among o!r 
relations1 moral relations1 ! di/9ction 
( "r & wrong 9 8 actions4 ,^? p[]s (    
?\ght lead him to ?9k ( a ,creator &    
,orda9] ( all ?+s2 & 8 p]ception ( "r & 
wrong leads him to reg>d ?is ,creator z 
also ! ,gov]nor & ,judge ( 8 creatures4 
,! op]ation ( 8 m9d directs him to      
believe 9 a ,supreme ,m9d3 8 moral      
nature directs him to believe t ! c\rse 
( human affairs1 & ! condition ( m51 bo?
 z individuals & z bodies1 is det]m9$ by
 ! provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ,god4  #c4 ,) 
reg>d to ! be>+ ( a m]ely intellectual  
nature on su* que/ions1 x does n appe> t
 any consid]able difficulty w\ld be at  
once occasion$ 9 our religi\s views1 by 
suppos+ su* a nature to belong to o!r   
creatures1 ! inhabitants ( o!r planets1 
z well z to man4 ,! exi/5ce ( our own   
m9ds directs u1 z ,i h said1 to a       
,supreme ,m9d2 & ! nature ( ,m9d is     
conceiv$ to be1 9 all its manife/ations1
 s mu* ! same1 t we c conceive m9ds to  
be multipli$ indef9itely1 )\t fe> (     

confusion1 int]f]5ce1 or exhau/ion4 ,!re
 may be1 9 ,jupit]1 creatures end[$ ) an
 intellect :i* enables !m to discov] &  
demon/rate ! relations ( space2 & if s1 
!y _c h discov]$ & demon/rat$ any?+ ( t 
k9d z true1 :i* is n true = u also3 _!  
,geometry mu/ co9cide ) ours1 z f> z ea*
 goes3--?us %[+ h[ absurdly1 z ,plato   
long ago obs]v$1 we give to ! sci5ce :i*
 deals ) ! relations ( space1 a "n      
7geometry71 borr[$ f ! art ( measur+ !  
e>?4 ,! e>? ) its prop]ties is no m !   
special basis ( geometry1 ?an are       
,jupit] or ,saturn1 or1 s f> z we c     
judge1 ,sirius or ,arcturus & _! sy/ems1
 ) _! prop]ties4 ,:]ev] pure intellect  
is1 we are compell$ to conceive t1 :5   
employ$ ^u ! same objects1 its results &
 conclusions are ! same4 ,if !re be     
intellig5t inhabitants ( ! ,moon1 !y    
may1 l u1 h employ$ _! intellig5ce 9    
reason+ ^u ! prop]ties ( l9es & angles &
 triangles2 & mu/1 s f> z !y h gone1 h  
arriv$1 9 _! ?\ghts1 at ! same prop]ties
 ( l9es & angles & triangles1 at :i* we 

h arriv$4 ,!y mu/1 l u1 h _h to di/+ui% 
betwe5 "r angles & oblique angles4 ,!y  
may h come to "k1 z "s ( ! inhabitants (
 ! e>? came to "k1 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 t1
 9 a "r-angl$ triangle1 ! squ>e on !    
l>g] side is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es  
on ! o!r two sides4 ,we c conceive      
occurr5ces :i* w\ld give u evid5ce t !  
,moon1 z well z ! ,e>?1 conta9s         
geomet]s4 ,if we 7 to see1 on ! face ( !
 full moon1 a figure gradually becom+   
visible1 repres5t+ a "r-angl$ triangle )
 a squ>e con/ruct$ on ea* ( its ?ree    
sides z a base2 we %\ld reg>d x z ! "w (
 intellig5t creatures !re1 :o might be  
?us mak+ a signal to ! inhabitants ( !  
e>?1 t !y possess$ su* k1 & 7 desir\s ( 
mak+ kn[n to _! ne>e/ neighbors 9 ! sol>
 sy/em1 _! exi/5ce & _! speculations4 ,9
 su* an ev5t1 curi\s & /rik+ z x w\ld   
be1 we %\ld see no?+ b :at we c\ld      
und]/& & accept1 )\t unsettl+ our belief
 9 ! ,supreme & ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 we c\ld h>dly fail to       
receive su* a manife/ation z a fre%     

evid5ce t ! ,div9e ,m9d _h imp>t$ to !  
inhabitants ( ! ,moon1 z he has to u1 a 
p[] ( appreh5d+1 9 a v g5]al & ab/ract  
=m1 ! relations ( t space 9 :i* he p]=ms
 8 works4 ,we %\ld judge1 t hav+ be5 l$ 
s f> 9 _! speculations1 !y mu/1 9 all   
probability1 h be5 l$ also to a         
conception ( ! ,univ]se1 z ! field (    
action ( a univ]sal & ,div9e ,m9d2 t    
hav+ ?us become geomet]s1 !y mu/ h      
asc5d$ to ! ,idea ( a ,god :o works by  
geometry4  #d4 ,b yet1 by su* a         
supposition1 on fur!r consid]ation1 we  
f9d ourselves introduc$ to views        
entirely diff]5t f ^? to :i* we are l$  
by ! supposition ( m]e animal life1     
exi/+ 9 o!r worlds ?an ! e>?4 ,=1 n to  
dwell "h ^u any speculations z to h[ f> 
! op]ations ( our m9ds may resemble !   
op]ations ( ! ,div9e ,m9d2--a subject   
:i* we %all h]eaft] endeavor to         
discuss2--we "k t ! advance to su* tru?s
 z ^? ( geometry has be51 among !       
inhabitants ( ! e>?1 gradual &          
progressive4 ,?\gh ! human m9d h _h !   

same p[]s & faculties1 f ! beg9n+ ( !   
exi/5ce ( ! race up to ! pres5t "t1 7z  
we _c b suppose17 ! results ( ! ex]cise 
( ^! p[]s & faculties h be5 v diff]5t 9 
diff]5t ages2 & h gradually gr[n up1 f  
small beg9n+s1 to ! va/ & complex body (
 k conc]n+ ! s*eme & relations ( !      
,univ]se1 :i* is at pres5t accessible to
 ! m9ds ( human speculators4 ,x is1 z we
 h said1 probably ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s1   
s9ce ! fir/ /eps 9 su* k 7 made4        
,geometry is said to h _h its orig9 9   
,egypt2 b x assum$ its ab/ract &        
speculative "* fir/ among ! ,greeks4    
,py?agoras is relat$ to h be5 ! fir/ :o 
saw1 9 ! cle> light ( demon/ration1 !   
prop]ty ( ! "r-angl$ triangle1 ( :i* we 
h spok54 ,! ,greeks1 f ! "t ( ,socrates1
 /imulat$ especially by ,plato1 pursu$1 
) wond]ful success1 ! inve/igation ( ?is
 k9d ( tru?s4 ,!y saw t su* tru?s _h _! 
application 9 ! heav5s1 f> m ext5sively 
?an on ! e>?4 ,!y 7 enabl$1 by su*      
speculations1 to unravel1 9 a great     
degree1 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se1 be=e s     

seem+ly entangl$ & p]plex$4 ,!y det]m9$1
 to a v consid]able ext5t1 ! relative   
motions ( ! planets & ( ! />s4 ,& 9     
mod]n times1 aft] a long int]val1 9 :i* 
su* k 0 ne>ly /ation>y1 ! progress aga9 
began2 & fur!r advances 7 successively  
made 9 man's k ( ! s*eme & /ructure ( ! 
visible heav5s2 till at l5g? ! intellect
 ( man 0 l$ to ^? views ( ! ext5t ( !   
,univ]se & ! nature ( ! />s1 :i* are !  
basis ( ! discussions 9 :i* we are n[   
engag$4 ,& ?us man1 hav+ probably be51 9
 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! exi/5ce ( ! species1 
entirely ignorant ( ab/ract tru?1 & ( ! 
relations :i*1 by ! k ( su* tru?1 we c  
trace 9 nature1 7z ! b>b>\s tribes :i*  
occupy ! great] "p ( ! e>?'s surface    
/ill are27 has1 by a long s]ies (       
progressive /eps1 come into ! possession
 ( k1 :i* we _c reg>d )\t wond] &       
admiration2 & :i* seems to elevate him 9
 no inconsid]able degree1 t[>ds a       
community ( ?\ght ) t ,div9e ,m9d1 into 
! nature & s*eme ( ^: works he is ?us   
p]mitt$ to p5etrate4  #e4 ,n[ ! k :i*   

man is capable1 by ! nature ( 8 m5tal   
faculties1 ( acquir+1 be+ ?us blank &   
rudim5t>y at fir/1 & only proce$+       
gradually1 by ! /eps ( a progress1      
num]\s1 sl[1 & (t5 long int]rupt$1 to t 
/age 9 :i* x is ! basis ( our pres5t    
speculations2 ! view :i* we h j tak51 ( 
! nature ( ,intellect1 z a faculty      
always ( ! same k9d1 always uni=m 9 its 
op]ations1 always consi/5t 9 its        
results1 appe>s to require              
reconsid]ation2 & especially ) ref]5ce  
to ! application :i* we made ( t view1  
to ! intellig5t inhabitants ( o!r       
planets & o!r worlds1 if su* inhabitants
 !re be4 ,= if we suppose t !re are1 9 !
 ,moon1 or 9 ,jupit]1 creatures possess+
 intellectual faculties ( ! same k9d z  
^? ( man2 capable ( appreh5d+ ! same    
ab/ract & g5]al tru?s2 able1 l man1 to  
atta9 to a k ( ! s*eme ( ! ,univ]se2 yet
 ?is supposition m]ely gives ! capacity 
& ! ability2 & does n include any       
security1 or ev5 high probability1 z x  
w\ld seem1 ( ! ex]cise ( su* capacity1  

or ( ! successful application ( su*     
ability4 ,ev5 if ! surface ( ! ,moon be 
inhabit$ by creatures z intellig5t z m51
 :y mu/ we suppose t !y "k any?+ m ( !  
geometry & a/ronomy1 ?an ! great bulk ( 
! less cultur$ inhabitants ( ! e>?1 :o  
occupy1 really1 a space f> l>g] ?an !   
surface ( ! ,moon2 &1 all intellig5t    
?\gh !y be1 & 9 ! full possession (     
m5tal faculties1 are yet1 on ! subjects 
( geometry & a/ronomy1 entirely         
ignorant2--_! m9ds1 z to su* a k1 a     
blank8 ,x does n foll[1 !n1 t ev5 if !re
 be su* inhabitants 9 ! ,moon1 or 9 !   
,planets1 !y h any sympa?y ) u1 or any  
community ( k on ! subjects ( :i* we are
 n[ speak+4 ,! surface ( ! ,moon1 or (  
,jupit]1 or ( ,saturn1 ev5 if well      
peopl$1 may be peopl$ only ) tribes z   
b>b>\s & ignorant z ,t>t>s1 or          
,esquimaux1 or ,au/ralians2 & !re=e1 by 
mak+ su* a supposition1 we d little1 ev5
 hypo!tically1 to ext5d ! dom9ion ( t   
intellig5ce1 by means ( :i* all         
intellig5t be+s h "s community ( ?\ght )

 ea* o!r1 & "s sugge/ion ( ! work+ ( !  
,div9e & ,univ]sal ,m9d4  #f4 ,b1 9     
fact1 ! view :i* we h giv5 ( ! mode (   
exi/5ce ( ! human species ^u ! e>?1 z   
be+ a progressive exi/5ce1 ev5 9 !      
developm5t ( ! intellectual p[]s & _!   
results1 necess>ily fa/5s d[n our ?\ghts
 & our speculations to ! e>?1 & makes u 
feel h[ vision>y & gratuit\s x is to    
assume any simil> k9d ( exi/5ce 9 any   
region occupi$ by o!r be+s ?an man4 ,z  
we h said1 we h no insup]able difficulty
 9 conceiv+ o!r p>ts ( ! ,univ]se to be 
t5ant$ by animals4 ,animal life implies 
no progress 9 ! species4 ,su* z !y are 9
 "o c5tury1 su* are !y 9 ano!r4 ,!      
conditions ( _! su/5tation & g5]ation   
be+ giv51 :i* no diff]5ce ( physical    
circum/ances c r5d] incr$ible1 ! race   
may1 s f> z we c see1 g on =ev]4 ,b a   
race :i* makes a progress 9 ! developm5t
 ( its faculties _c ?us1 or at lea/ _c )
 ! same ease1 be conceiv$ z exi/+ ?r\gh 
all "t1 & "u all circum/ances4 ,progress
 implies1 or at lea/ sugge/s1 a beg9n+ &

 an end4 ,if ! m]e exi/5ce ( a race     
imply a su/a9+ & pres]v+ p[] 9 !        
,creator1 ! progress ( a race implies a 
guid+ & impell+ p[]2 a ,gov]nor &       
,director1 z well z a ,creator &        
,pres]v]4 ,& progress1 n m]ely 9 mat]ial
 conditions1 n m]ely 9 ! ex]cise (      
bodily faculties1 b 9 ! ex]cise ( m5tal 
faculties1 9 ! intellectual condition ( 
a portion ( ! species1 /ill m implies a 
special position & "* ( ! race1 :i* _c1 
)\t great lic5se ( hypo!sis1 be ext5d$  
to o!r races2 & :i*1 if s ext5d$1       
becomes unmean+1 f ! impossibility ( our
 kn[+ :at is progress 9 any o!r         
species2--f :at & t[>ds :at x t5ds4 ,!  
intellectual progress ( ! human species 
has be5 a progress 9 ! use ( ?\ght1 & 9 
! k :i* su* use procures2 x has be5 a   
progress f m]e matt] to m9d2 f !        
impressions ( s5se to ideas2 f :at 9 k  
is casual1 p>tial1 tempor>y1 to :at is  
necess>y1 univ]sal1 & et]nal4 ,we c     
conceive no progress1 ( ! nature ( ?is1 
:i* is n id5tical ) ?is2 no?+ l x1 :i*  

is n ! same4 ,&1 !re=e1 if we w p o!r   
planets ) creatures1 intellig5t z man is
 intellig5t1 we mu/ n only give to !m ! 
intellig5ce1 b ! intellectual hi/ory ( !
 human species4 ,!y mu/ h _h _! m9ds    
unfold$ by /eps simil> to ^? by :i* !   
human m9d has be5 unfold$2 or at lea/1  
diff]+ f !m only z ! intellectual hi/ory
 ( "o nation ( ! e>? diff]s f t ( ano!r4
 ,!y mu/ h _h _! ,py?agoras1 _! ,plato1 
_! ,kepl]1 _! ,galileo1 _! ,newton1 if  
!y "k :at we "k4 ,& ?us1 9 ord] to      
conceive1 on ! ,moon or on ,jupit]1 a   
race ( be+s intellig5t l man1 we mu/    
conceive1 !re1 colonies ( m51 ) hi/ories
 resembl+ m or less ! hi/ories ( human  
colonies2 & inde$ resembl+ ! hi/ory ( ^?
 nations ^: k we inh]it1 f> m closely   
?an ! hi/ory ( any o!r t]re/rial nation 
resembles t "p ( t]re/rial hi/ory4 ,if  
we d ?is1 we ex]cise an act ( inv5tion &
 imag9ation :i* may be z coh]5t z a     
fairy tale1 b :i*1 )\t fur!r pro(1 mu/  
be z purely imag9>y & arbitr>y4 ,b if we
 d n d ?is1 we _c conceive t ^? regions 

are occupi$ at all by intellig5t be+s4  
,intellig5ce1 z we see 9 ! human race1 9
 ord] to h ^? *>act]s :i* conc]n our    
argum5t1 implies a hi/ory ( intellectual
 developm5t2 & to assume arbitr>ily a   
hi/ory ( intellectual developm5t = !    
inhabitants ( a remote planet1 z a gr\nd
 ( reason+ ei!r = or aga9/ ,religion1 is
 a proce$+ :i* we c h>dly be expect$    
ei!r to ass5t to or to refute4 ,if we   
are to =m any op9ions ) reg>d to !      
condition ( su* bodies1 & to trace any  
be>+ ( su* op9ions ^u our religi\s      
views1 we mu/ proce$ ^u "s gr\nd :i* has
 m ( reality ?an su* a gratuit\s        
assumption4  #g4 ,?us ! condition ( man 
^u ! e>?1 z a condition ( intellectual  
progress1 implies su* a special guidance
 & gov]nm5t ex]cis$ ov] ! race by !     
,au?or ( 8 be+1 z produces progress2 &  
we h n1 s f> z we yet p]ceive1 any      
reason = suppos+ t ,he ex]cises a l     
guidance & gov]nm5t ov] any ( ! o!r     
bodies ) :i* ! rese>*es ( a/ronom]s h   
made u acqua9t$4 ,! e>? & its           

inhabitants are "u ! c>e ( ,god 9 a     
special mann]2 & we are utt]ly de/itute 
( any reason = believ+ t o!r planets &  
o!r sy/ems are "u ! c>e ( ,god 9 ! same 
mann]4 ,if we reg>d$ m]ely ! exi/5ce (  
unprogressive races ( animals ^u our    
globe1 we might easily suppose t o!r    
globes also are simil>ly t5ant$2 & we   
might inf]1 t ! ,creator & ,uphold] (   
animal life 0 active on ^? globes1 9 !  
same mann] z ^u ours4 ,b :5 we come to a
 progressive creature1 ^: condition     
implies a beg9n+1 & !re=e sugge/s an    
end1 we =m a peculi> judgm5t ) respect  
to ,god's c>e ( t creature1 :i* we h n z
 yet se5 ! slighte/ gr\nds to ext5d to  
o!r possible fields ( exi/5ce1 :]e we   
disc]n no indication ( progress1 (      
beg9n+1 or ( end4 ,s f> z we c judge1   
,god is m9dful ( man1 & has laun*$ &    
guid$ 8 c\rse 9 a c]ta9 pa? :i* makes 8 
lot & /ate diff]5t f t ( all o!r        
creatures4  #h4 ,n[ :5 we h arriv$ at   
?is result1 we h1 ,i conceive1 rea*$ "o 
( ! po9ts at :i* ! difficulties :i*     

a/ronomical discov]y puts 9 ! way (     
religi\s conviction beg9 to appe>4 ,!   
,e>? & its human inhabitants are1 z f> z
 we yet "k1 9 an especial mann] !       
subjects ( ,god's c>e & gov]nm5t1 = !   
race is progressive4 ,n[ c ?is be8 ,is x
 n difficult to believe t x is s8 ,!    
e>?1 s small a speck1 only "o among s   
_m1 s _m ?\s&s1 s _m millions ( o!r     
bodies1 all1 probably1 ( ! same nature )
 itself1 :]e=e %\ld x draw to x !       
special reg>ds ( ! ,creator ( all1 &    
occupy 8 c>e 9 an especial mann]8 ,!    
tea*+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 z      
intellectually progressive1 agrees ) !  
tea*+ ( ,religion1 9 impress+ ^u u t    
,god is m9dful ( man2 t he does reg>d   
him2 b /ill1 !re naturally arises 9 our 
m9ds a feel+ ( p]plexity & bewild]m5t1  
:i* expresses itself 9 ! words already s
 (t5 quot$1 ,:at is man1 t ?is %\ld be  
s8 ,c x be true t ?is prov9ce is ?us    
s+l$ out = a special & peculi>          
adm9i/ration by ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]sal     
,empire8  #i4 ,be=e ,i make any attempt 

to answ] ^! que/ions1 ,i mu/ pursue !   
difficulty some:at fur!r1 & look at x 9 
o!r =ms4 ,z ,i h said1 ! hi/ory ( ,man  
has be51 9 c]ta9 nations1 a hi/ory (    
intellectual progress1 f ! e>lie/ times 
up to our own day4 ,b intellectual      
progress has be51 z ,i h also said1 9 a 
great measure conf9$ to c]ta9 nations   
?us especially favor$4 ,! great] "p ( ! 
e>?'s inhabitants h %>$ v scantily 9 t  
weal? ( k to :i* ! brighte/ & happie/   
intellects among m5 h ?us be5 l$4 ,b    
?\gh ! bulk ( mank9d h ?us _h little %>e
 9 ! gr& treasures ( sci5ce :i* are op5 
to ! race1 _! life has /ill be5 v       
diff]5t f t ( o!r animals4 ,_m nations1 
?\gh !y may n h be5 conspicu\s 9 !      
hi/ory ( intellectual progress1 h yet n 
be5 )\t _! place 9 progress ( o!r       
k9ds--9 arts1 9 arms1 &1 above all1 9   
morals--9 ! recognition ( ! di/9ction ( 
"r & wrong 9 human actions1 & 9 !       
practical application ( ?is di/9ction4  
,su* a progress z ?is has be5 f> m      
ext5sively aim$ at1 ?an a progress 9    

ab/ract & g5]al k2 &1 we may v5ture to  
say1 has be51 9 _m nations & 9 a v great
 measure1 really effect$4 ,no d\bt !    
imp]fection ( ?is progress1 & ! con/ant 
recurr5ce ( ev5ts :i* appe> to c\nt]act 
& rev]se x1 are s obvi\s & s common z to
 fill ) grief & indignation ! m9ds ( ^? 
:o reg>d su* a progress z ! great       
bus9ess ( ! human race2 b yet /ill1     
look+ at ! :ole hi/ory ( ! human race1 !
 progress is visible2 & ev5 ! grief & ! 
indignation ( :i* we h spok5 are a "p ( 
its evid5ces4 ,!re has be51 ^u ! :ole1 a
 moral gov]nm5t ( ! human race4 ,! moral
 law1 ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong1 has be5 
e/abli%$ 9 e nation2 & p5alties h be5   
e/abli%$ = wrong-do+4 ,! notion ( "r &  
wrong has be5 ext5d$1 f m]e outw>d acts1
 to ! spr+s ( action1 to affection1     
desire1 & w4 ,! c\rse ( human affairs   
has g5]ally be5 su*1 t ! j1 ! tru?ful1 !
 k9d1 ! *a/e1 ! ord]ly portion ( mank9d 
h be5 happi] ?an ! viol5t & wick$4      
,ext]nal wrong has be5 commonly puni%$  
by ! act ( human society4 ,int]nal s9s1 

impure & di%one/ designs1 falsehood1    
cruelty1 h v (t5 l$ to _! own puni%m5t1 
by _! effect ^u ! guilty m9d itself4 ,we
 d n say t ! moral gov]nm5t :i* has     
prevail$ among m5 has be5 su*1 t we c   
consid] x complete & f9al 9 its visible 
=m4 ,we see t ! aspect ( ?+s is mu* !   
contr>y2 & we ?9k we see reasons :y x   
may be expect$ to be s4 ,b /ill1 !re has
 exi/$ ^u e>? a moral gov]nm5t ( ! human
 race1 ex]cis$1 z we mu/ ne$s hold1 by !
 ,creator ( man2 p>tly ?r\gh ! direct   
op]ation ( man's faculties1 affections1 
& emotions2 & p>tly ?r\gh ! au?orities  
:i*1 9 all ages & nations1 ! nature (   
man has l$ him to e/abli%4 ,n[ ?is moral
 progress & moral gov]nm5t ( ! human    
race is "o ( ! lead+ facts on :i*       
,natural ,religion is f\nd$4 ,we are ?us
 l$ to reg>d ,god z ! ,moral ,gov]nor ( 
man2 n only 8 ,creator & ,pres]v]1 b 8  
,lawgiv] & 8 ,judge4 ,& ! gr\nds on :i* 
we ent]ta9 ?is belief are peculi>ly !   
human faculties ( man1 & _! op]ation 9  
hi/ory & 9 society4 ,! belief is d]iv$ f

 ! :ole complex nature ( man--! work+ ( 
8 ,affections1 ,desires1 ,convictions1  
,reason1 ,consci5ce1 & :atev] else ent]s
 into ! production ( human action & its 
consequ5ces4 ,god is se5 to be ! ,moral 
,gov]nor ( man by evid5ce :i* is        
especially d]iv$ f ! "* ( ,man1 & :i* we
 c\ld n attempt to apply to any o!r     
creature ?an man )\t mak+ our words     
altoge!r unmean+4 ,b w\ld x n be too    
bold an assumption to speak ( !         
,consci5ce ( an inhabitant ( ,jupit]8   
,w\ld x n be a ra% philosophy to assume 
! op]ation ( ,remorse or ,self-approval 
on ! planet1 9 ord] t we may ext5d to x 
! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god8 ,except we c   
po9t out some?+ m solid ?an ?is to      
reason f1 on su* subjects1 !re is no use
 9 our attempt+ to reason at all4 ,our  
doctr9es mu/ be m]e results ( inv5tion &
 imag9ation4 ,"h !n1 aga91 we are br\ght
 to ! conviction t ,god is1 s f> z we   
yet see1 9 an especial & peculi> mann]1 
! ,gov]nor ( ! e>? & ( its human        
inhabitants1 9 su* a way t ! l gov]nm5t 

_c be conceiv$ to be ext5d$ to o!r      
planets1 & o!r sy/ems1 )\t arbitr>y &   
fanciful assumptions2 assumptions ei!r (
 un9telligible diff]5ces )              
incompreh5sible results1 or ( be+s 9 all
 respects human1 inhabit+ ! mo/ remote  
regions ( ! univ]se4 ,& "h1 aga91 !re=e1
 we are l$ to ! same difficulty :i* we h
 already enc\nt]$3 ,c ! e>?1 a small    
globe among s _m millions1 h be5 select$
 z ! sc5e ( ?is especially ,div9e       
,gov]nm5t8  #aj4 ,t :5 we attempt to    
ext5d our sympa?ies to ! inhabitants (  
o!r planets & o!r worlds1 & to reg>d !m 
z liv+1 l u1 "u a moral gov]nm5t1 we are
 driv5 to suppose !m to be1 9 all       
ess5tial respects1 human be+s l         
ourselves1 we h pro(1 9 all ! attempts  
:i* h be5 made1 ) :atev] lic5se (       
hypo!sis & fancy1 to pres5t to u        
descriptions & repres5tations ( !       
inhabitants ( o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,su*
 repres5tations1 ?\gh purposely made z  
unlike human be+s z ! imag9ation ( man c
 frame !m1 /ill are m]ely comb9ations1  

slightly v>i$1 ( ! elem5ts ( human be+2 
& ?us %[ u t n only our reason1 b ev5   
our imag9ation1 _c conceive creatures   
subject$ to ! same gov]nm5t to :i* man  
is subject$1 )\t conceiv+ !m z be+ m5 ( 
"o k9d or o!r4 ,a m]e animal life1 ) no 
int]e/ b animal enjoym5t1 we may        
conceive z assum+ =ms diff]5t f ^? :i*  
appe> 9 exi/+ animal races2 ?\gh ev5 "h1
 !re are1 z we %all h]eaft] attempt to  
%[1 c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* run ?r\gh 
all animal life4 ,b :5 9 addition to m]e
 animal impulses1 we assume or suppose  
moral & intellectual int]e/s1 we        
conceive !m z ! moral & intellectual    
int]e/s ( man4 ,tru? & falsehood1 "r &  
wrong1 law & transgression1 happ9ess &  
mis]y1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 are ! necess>y 
elem5ts ( all t c int]e/ u--( all t we c
 call ,gov]nm5t4 ,to transf] ^! to      
,jupit] or to ,sirius1 is m]ely to      
imag9e ^? bodies to be a sort ( isl& (  
,=mosa1 or new ,atlantis1 or ,utopia1 or
 ,platonic ,polity1 or some?+ ( ! l k9d4
 ,! bolde/ & mo/ resolute attempts to   

devise "s life diff]5t f human life1 h n
 produc$ any?+ m diff]5t ?an            
romance-writ]s & political !ori/s h     
devis$ z a =m ( human life4 ,& ?is be+  
s1 !re is no m wisdom or philosophy 9   
believ+ su* assemblages ( be+s to exi/ 9
 ,jupit] or ,sirius1 )\t evid5ce1 ?an 9 
believ+ !m to exi/ 9 ! isl& ( ,=mosa1 ) 
! l abs5ce ( evid5ce4  #aa4 ,any        
exam9ation ( :at has be5 writt5 on ?is  
subject w\ld %[ t1 9 speculat+ ab\t     
moral & intellectual be+s 9 o!r regions 
( ! univ]se1 we m]ely make !m to be m5 9
 ano!r place4 ,) reg>d to ! plants &    
animals ( o!r planets1 fancy has fre]   
play2 b man _c conceive any moral       
creature :o is n man4 ,?us ,font5elle1 9
 8 ,dialogues on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1
 makes ! inhabitants ( ,v5us possess1 9 
an exagg]at$ degree1 ! *>act]i/ics ( !  
m5 ( ! w>m climates ( ! e>?4 ,!y are l !
 ,moors ( ,gr5ada2 or r1 ! ,moors (     
,gr5ada w\ld be to !m z cold z ,gre5l&]s
 & ,lapl&]s to u4 ,& ! inhabitants (    
,m]cury h s mu* vivacity1 t !y w\ld pass

 ) u = insane4 ,enf9 c'e/ dans ,m]cure  
que sont les ,petites-,maisons de       
l',univ]s4 ,! inhabitants ( ,jupit] &   
,saturn are imm5sely sl[ & phlegmatic4  
,& ?\gh he & o!r writ]s attempt to make 
^! inhabitants ( remote regions 9 "s    
respects sup]ior to man1 tell+ u t      
in/ead ( only five s5ses1 !y may h six1 
or t51 or a hundr$1 /ill ^! are m]e     
words :i* convey no mean+2 & ! great    
a/ronom] ,bessel _h reason to say1 t ^? 
:o imag9$ inhabitants 9 ! ,moon &       
,planets1 suppos$ !m1 9 spite ( all _!  
prote/ations1 z l to m5 z "o egg to     
ano!r4#a  #ab4 ,b !re is "o /ep m1 :i*  
we /ill h to make1 9 ord] to br+ out ?is
 difficulty 9 its full =ce4 ,z we h     
said1 ! moral law has be51 to a c]ta9   
ext5t1 e/abli%$1 develop$1 & en=c$ among
 m54 ,b1 z ,i h also said1 look+        
c>efully at ! law1 & at ! degree ( man's
 ob$i5ce to x1 & at ! op]ation ( !      
sanctions by :i* x is support$1 we _c   
help see+1 t man's k ( ! law is         
imp]fect1 8 conviction ( its au?ority   

feeble1 8 transgressions habitual1 _!   
puni%m5t & consequ5ces obscure4 ,:51    
!re=e1 we reg>d ,god1 z ! ,lawgiv] &    
,judge ( man1 x w n appe> /range to u1 t
 he %\ld h tak5 "s mode ( promulgat+ 8  
,law1 & ann\nc+ 8 ,judgm5ts1 9 addition 
to t ord9>y op]ation ( ! faculties (    
man1 ( :i* we h spok54 ,reveal$         
,religion tea*es u t he has done s3 t f 
! fir/ plac+ ( ! race ( man ^u ! e>?1 x 
0 8 purpose to d s3 t by 8 deal+ ) !    
race ( man 9 ! e>li] times1 & at v>i\s  
int]vals1 he made prep>ation = ! mission
 ( a special ,mess5g]1 :om1 9 ! fulness 
( "t1 he s5t ^u ! e>? 9 ! =m ( a man2 & 
:o bo? taught m5 ! ,law ( ,god 9 a pur] 
& cle>] =m ?an any 9 :i* x _h yet be5   
giv52 & reveal$ ,8 purpose1 ( rew>ds =  
ob$i5ce1 & puni%m5ts = disob$i5ce1 to be
 execut$ 9 a /ate ( be+ to :i* ?is human
 life is only an introduction2 &        
e/abli%$ ! means by :i* ! _s ( man1 :5  
ali5at$ f ,god by transgression1 may be 
aga9 reconcil$ to ,him4 ,! arrival ( ?is
 especial ,mess5g] ( ,hol9ess1 ,judgm5t1

 & ,r$emption1 =ms ! great ev5t 9 !     
hi/ory ( ! e>?1 consid]$ 9 a religi\s   
view1 z ! abode ( ,god's s]vants4 ,x 0  
att5d$ ) ! suff]+s & cruel dea? ( !     
,div9e ,mess5g] ?us s5t2 0 prec$$ by    
prophetic ann\ncem5ts ( 8 com+2 & !     
hi/ory ( ! _w1 = ! two ?\s& ye>s t h    
s9ce elaps$1 has be5 9 a great measure  
occupi$ ) ! consequ5ces ( t adv5t4 ,su* 
a proce$+ %[s1 ( c\rse1 t ,god has an   
especial c>e = ! race ( man4 ,! e>?1 ?us
 select$ z ! !atre ( su* a s*eme (      
,tea*+ & ( ,r$emption1 _c1 9 ! eyes (   
any "o :o accepts ?is ,*ri/ian fai?1 be 
reg>d$ z be+ on a level ) any o!r       
domiciles4 ,x is ! ,/age ( ! great      
,drama ( ,god's ,m]cy & ,man's          
,salvation2 ! ,sanctu>y ( ! ,univ]se2 ! 
,holy ,l& ( ,creation2 ! ,royal ,abode1 
= a "t at lea/1 ( ! ,et]nal ,k+4 ,?is   
be+ ! "* :i* has ?us be5 conf]r$ ^u x1  
h[ c we ass5t to ! ass]tions (          
,a/ronom]s1 :5 !y tell u t x is only "o 
among millions ( simil> habitations1 n  
di/+ui%able f !m1 except t x is small]  

?an mo/ ( !m t we c measure2 confus$ &  
rude 9 its mat]ials l !m8 ,or if we     
believe ! ,a/ronom]s1 w n su* a belief  
lead u to d\bt ! tru? ( ! great s*eme ( 
,*ri/ianity1 :i* ?us makes ! e>? ! sc5e 
( a special disp5sation4  #ac4 ,?is is !
 =m 9 :i* ,*alm]s has tak5 up ! argum5t4
 ,?is is ! difficulty :i* he proposes to
 solve2 or r1 7su* be+ z ,i h said !    
mode 9 :i* he pres5ts ! subject17 !     
objection :i* he proposes to refute4 ,x 
is ! be>+ ( ! ,a/ronomical discov]ies ( 
mod]n times1 n ^u ! doctr9es ( ,natural 
,religion1 b ^u ! s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity1  
:i* he discusses4 ,& ! "q :i* he        
supposes 8 oppon5t to prop\nd1 z an     
objection to ! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 is3--,h[ 
is x consi/5t ) ! dignity1 !            
imp>tiality1 ! compreh5siv5ess1 !       
analogy ( ,god's proce$+s1 t he %\ld    
make s special & pre-em95t a provision =
 ! salvation ( ! inhabitants ( ?is ,e>?1
 :]e !re are su* myriads ( o!r worlds1  
all ( :i* may require ! l provision1 &  
all ( :i* h an equal claim to _!        

,creator's c>e8  #ad4 ,! answ] :i*      
,*alm]s gives to ?is objection1 is "o   
drawn1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f our          
ignorance4 ,he urges t1 :5 ! objector   
ass]ts t o!r worlds may h ! l ne$ ) our 
own1 ( a special provision = ! rescue ( 
_! inhabitants f ! consequ5ces ( !      
transgression ( ,god's laws1 he is      
really mak+ an ass]tion )\t ! slighte/  
f\ndation4 ,n only does ,sci5ce n give u
 any in=mation on su* subjects1 b ! :ole
 _s ( ! sci5tific proc$ure1 :i* has l$  
to ! k :i* we possess1 conc]n+ o!r      
planets & o!r sy/ems1 is utt]ly oppos$  
to our mak+ su* assumptions1 respect+   
o!r worlds1 z ! objection involves4     
,mod]n ,sci5ce1 9 proportion z %e is    
confid5t :5 %e has good gr\nds ( pro(1  
h[ev] /range may be ! doctr9es prov$1 is
 n only diffid5t1 b is utt]ly sil5t1 &  
ab/a9s ev5 f guess+1 :5 %e has no gr\nds
 ( pro(4 ,*alm]s takes ,newton's        
reason+1 z (f]+ a special example ( ?is 
mix$ temp]1 ( c\rage 9 foll[+ ! evid5ce1
 & temp]ance 9 n advanc+ :5 !re is no   

evid5ce4 ,he puts1 9 opposition to ?is1 
! example ( ! true philosophical        
temp]1--a suppos$ ra% !ori/1 :o %\ld    
make unw>rant$ suppositions &           
assumptions1 conc]n+ matt]s to :i* our  
sci5tific evid5ce does n rea*2--!       
animals & plants1 = in/ance1 :i* are to 
be f\nd 9 ! planet ,jupit]4 ,no "o1 he  
says1 w\ld m utt]ly reject & condemn su*
 speculations ?an ,newton1 :o fir/      
rightly expla9$ ! motion ( ,jupit] & ( 8
 att5dant satellites1 ab\t :i* ,sci5ce c
 pron\nce h] tru?s4 ,& ?us1 no?+ c be m 
opposite to ! real _s ( mod]n sci5ce1 & 
a/ronomy 9 p>ticul>1 ?an argum5ts1 su* z
 we h /at$1 pr(ess+ to be drawn f sci5ce
 & f a/ronomy4 ,s9ce we "k no?+ ab\t !  
inhabitants ( ,jupit]1 true sci5ce      
requires t we say & suppose no?+ ab\t   
!m2 /ill m requires t we %\ld n1 on !   
gr\nd ( assumptions made ) reg>d to !m1 
& o!r suppos$ gr\ps ( liv+ creatures1   
reject a belief1 f\nd$ on direct &      
positive pro(s1 su* z is ! belief 9 !   
tru?s ( ,natural & ( ,reveal$ ,religion4

  #ae4 ,to ?is argum5t ( ,*alm]s1 we may
 n only give our full ass5t1 b we may   
v5ture to sugge/1 9 accordance ) :at we 
h already said1 t ! argum5t1 :5 s put1  
is n /at$ 9 all its legitimate =ce4 ,!  
ass]tion t ! inhabitants ( ,jupit] h !  
same ne$ z we h1 ( a special disp5sation
 = _! pres]vation f moral ru91 is n only
 z m]ely arbitr>y an assumption1 z any  
ass]tion c\ld be1 f\nd$ on a suppos$ k (
 an analogy betwe5 ! botany ( ,jupit]1 &
 ! botany ( ! e>?2 b x is a great deal m
 s4 ,!re may be circum/ances :i* may    
af=d "s reason to believe t some?+ ( !  
nature ( vegetables gr[s on ! surface ( 
,jupit]2 = in/ance1 if we f9d t he is a 
solid globe surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e1   
vapor1 cl\ds1 %[]s4 ,b1 z we h already  
said1 !re is an immeasurable di/ance    
betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( unprogressive tribes 
( organiz$ creatures1 plants1 or ev5    
animals1 & ! exi/5ce ( a progressive    
creature1 :i* c pass ?r\gh ! conditions 
( receiv+1 disc]n+1 disobey+1 & obey+ a 
moral law2 :i* c be e/rang$ f ,god1 & !n

 reconcil$ to him4 ,to assume1 )\t fur!r
 pro(1 t !re are1 9 ,jupit]1 creatures (
 su* a nature t ^! descriptions apply to
 !m1 is a f> bold] & m unphilosophical  
assumption1 ?an any t ! objector c\ld   
make conc]n+ ! botany ( ,jupit]2 &      
!re=e1 ! objection ?us suppos$ to be    
drawn f our suppos$ k1 is v prop]ly     
answ]$ by an appeal to our really utt]  
ignorance1 z to ! po9ts on :i* ! argum5t
 re/s4  #af4 ,?is appeal to our         
ignorance is ! ma9 feature 9 ,*alm]s'   
reason+s1 s f> z ! argum5t on ! "o side 
or ! o!r has ref]5ce to sci5ce4 ,*alm]s1
 inde$1 pursues ! argum5t into o!r      
fields ( speculation4 ,he urges1 t n    
only we h no "r to assume t o!r worlds  
require a r$emption ( ! same k9d z t    
provid$ = man1 b t ! v rev]se maybe !   
case4 ,man maybe ! only transgressor2 & 
?is1 ! only _w t ne$$ s great a         
provision = its salvation4 ,we read 9   
,scripture1 expressions :i* imply t o!r 
be+s1 besides man1 take an int]e/ 9 !   
salvation ( man4 ,may n ?is be true ( ! 

inhabitants ( o!r worlds1 if su*        
inhabitants !re be8 ,^! speculations he 
pursues to a consid]able l5g?1 ) great  
ri*ness ( imag9ation1 & great eloqu5ce4 
,b ! suppositions on :i* !y proce$ are  
too loosely connect$ ) ! results (      
sci5ce1 to make x safe = u to dwell ^u  
!m "h4  #ag4 ,i conceive1 z ,i h said1 t
 ! argum5t ) :i* ,*alm]s ?us deals      
admits ( answ]s1 also drawn f mod]n     
sci5ce1 :i* to _m p]sons w seem m       
complete ?an t :i* is ?us drawn f our   
ignorance4 ,b be=e ,i proce$ to br+ =w>d
 ^! answ]s1 :i* w require sev]al /eps ( 
explanation1 ,i h "o or two rem>ks /ill 
to make4  #ah4 ,und\bt$ly !y :o believe 
firmly bo? t ! e>? has be5 ! sc5e ( a   
,div9e ,plan = ! b5efit ( man1 & also t 
o!r bodies 9 ! univ]se are inhabit$ by  
creatures :o may h an int]e/ 9 su* a    
,plan1 are naturally l$ to conjectures &
 imag9ations z to ! nature & ext5t ( t  
int]e/4 ,! religi\s poet1 9 8 ,night    
,?\ghts1 int]rogates ! inhabitants ( a  
di/ant />1 :e!r _! race too has1 9 its  

hi/ory1 ev5ts resembl+ ! fall ( man1 & !
 r$emption ( man4      ,enjoy y\r happy 
realms _! gold5 age8     ,& _h y\r ,ed5 
an ab/emi\s ,eve8     ,or1 if y\r "m    
fell are y r$eem$8     ,& if r$eem$1 is 
y\r ,r$eem] scorn$8  ,& su* imag9ations 
may be readily all[$ to ! prea*] or !   
poet1 to be employ$ 9 ord] to impress ^u
 man ! conviction ( 8 privileges1 8     
?anklessness1 8 inconsi/5cy1 & ! l4 ,b e
 =m 9 :i* su* reflections c be put %[s  
h[ intimately !y dep5d ^u ! nature &    
hi/ory ( man4 ,& :5 su* reflections are 
made ! s\rce ( difficulty or objection 9
 ! way ( religi\s ?\ght1 & :5 ^!        
difficulties & objections are repres5t$ 
z d]iv$ f a/ronomical discov]ies1 x _c  
be sup]flu\s to inquire :e!r a/ronomy   
has really discov]$ any gr\nd = su*     
objections4 ,to "s p]sons x may be m    
grateful to rem$y "o assumption by      
ano!r3 ! assumption ( moral ag5ts 9 o!r 
worlds1 by ! assumption ( "s op]ation ( 
! ,div9e ,plan 9 o!r worlds4 ,b s9ce _m 
p]sons f9d great difficulty 9 conceiv+  

su* an op]ation ( ! ,div9e ,plan 9 a    
satisfactory way2 & _m p]sons also ?9k t
 to make su* unau?oriz$ & fanciful      
assumptions ) reg>d to ! ,div9e ,plans =
 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god's creatures is a     
violation ( ! humility1 submission (    
m9d1 & _s ( rev]5ce :i* religion        
requires2 x may be useful if we c %[ t  
su* assumptions1 ) reg>d to ! ,div9e    
,plans1 are call$ =? by assumptions     
equally gratuit\s on ! o!r side3 t      
,a/ronomy no m reveals to u             
extra-t]re/rial moral ag5ts1 ?an        
,religion reveals to u extra-t]re/rial  
,plans ( ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,*alm]s has   
spok5 ( ! ra%ness ( mak+ assumptions on 
su* subjects )\t pro(2 leav+ x h[ev]1 to
 be suppos$1 t ?\gh a/ronomy does n     
supply pro( ( intellig5t inhabitants (  
o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 %e yet does (f]   
/rong analogies 9 favor ( su* an op9ion4
 ,b su* a proc$ure is m ?an ra%3 :5     
a/ronomical doctr9es are pres5t$ 9 ! =m 
9 :i* !y h be5 already laid be=e !      
read]1 :i* is ! ord9>y & popul> mode (  

appreh5d+ !m1 ! analogies 9 favor ( o!r 
worlds1 are 7to say ! lea/7 greatly     
exagg]at$4 ,& by tak+ into acc\nt :at   
a/ronomy really tea*es u1 & :at we le>n 
also f o!r sci5ces1 ,i %all attempt to  
r$uce su* analogies to _! true value4   
#ad4 ,! privileges ( man1 :i* make !    
difficulty 9 assign+ him 8 place 9 ! va/
 s*eme ( ! ,univ]se1 we h describ$ z    
consi/+ 9 8 be+ an intellectual1 moral1 
& religi\s creature4 ,p]haps !          
privileges impli$ 9 ! la/ t]m1 & _!     
place 9 our argum5t1 may ju/ify a ^w m (
 explanation4 ,religion tea*es u t !re  
is op5$ to man1 n only a prospect ( a   
life 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 aft] ?is mortal
 life1 b also ! possibility & ! duty (  
sp5d+ ?is life z 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4    
,?is is prop]ly ! highe/ result &       
manife/ation ( ! effect ( ,religion ^u  
man4 ,precisely because x is ?is1 x is  
difficult to speak ( ?is effect )\t     
seem+ to use ! language ( en?usiasm2 &  
yet aga91 precisely because x is s1 our 
argum5t w\ld be incomplete )\t a ref]5ce

 to x4 ,!re is = man1 a possibility & a 
duty ( br++ 8 ?\ghts1 purposes1 &       
affections m & m into cont9ual unison ) 
! w ( ,god4 ,?is1 ev5 ,natural ,religion
 taught m51 0 ! highe/ po9t at :i* man  
c\ld aim2 & ,reveal$ ,religion has /ill 
m cle>ly enjo9$ ! duty ( aim+ at su* a  
condition4 ,! means ( a progress t[>ds  
su* a /ate belong to ! ,religion ( !    
he>t & m9d4 ,!y include a con/ant       
purification & elevation ( ! ?\ghts1    
affections1 & w1 wr\ght by habits (     
religi\s reflection & m$itation1 ( pray]
 & gratitude to ,god4 ,)\t ent]+ into   
fur!r explanation1 all religi\s p]sons w
 agree t su* a progress is1 "u happy    
influ5ces1 possible = man1 & is ! highe/
 condition to :i* he c atta9 9 ?is life4
 ,:atev] names may h be5 appli$ at      
diff]5t times to ! /eps ( su* a         
progress2--! cultivation ( ! div9e      
nature 9 u2 resignation2 devotion2      
hol9ess2 union ) ,god2 liv+ 9 ,god1 & ) 
,god 9 u2--religi\s p]sons w n d\bt t   
!re is a reality ( int]nal /ate         

correspond+ to ^! expressions2 & t1 to  
be capable ( elevation into ! condition 
:i* ^! expressions indicate1 is "o ( !  
especial privileges ( man4 ,man's s\l1  
consid]$ especially z ! subject ( ,god's
 gov]nm5t1 is (t5 call$ 8 ,_s2 & t man  
is capable ( su* con=mity to ! w ( ,god1
 & approximation to ,him1 is sometimes  
express$ by speak+ ( him z a spiritual  
creature4 ,& ?\gh ! privilege ( be+1 or 
( be+ capable ( becom+1 9 ?is s5se1 a   
spiritual creature1 is a "p ( man's     
religi\s privileges2 we may sometimes be
 all[$ to use ?is additional expression1
 9 ord] to rem9d ! read]1 h[ great ^?   
religi\s privileges are1 & h[ close is !
 relation betwe5 man & ,god1 :i* !y     
imply4  #ae4 ,we h giv5 a view ( !      
peculi> "* ( man's condition1 :i* seem  
to claim = him a nature & place unique &
 incapable ( repetition1 9 ! s*eme ( !  
univ]se2 & to ?is view a/ronomy1        
exhibit+ to u ! habitation ( man z only 
"o among _m simil> abodes1 (f]s an      
objection4 ,we are1 !re=e1 n[ call$ ^u1 

,i conceive1 to proce$ to exhibit !     
answ] :i* a some:at diff]5t view ( mod]n
 sci5ce sugge/s to ?is difficulty or    
objection4  ,= ?is purpose1 we mu/ beg9 
by reg>d+ ! ,e>? 9 ano!r po9t ( view1   
diff]5t f t hi!rto consid]$ by u4       
,,footnotes3  #a ,popula]e ,vorlesung5  
ueb] ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,geg5/a5de1 p4 #ca4
     ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,geology4   #a4 ,man1
 z ,i tru/ has be5 made app>5t to !     
consci\sness & conviction ( ! read]1 is 
an intellig5t1 moral1 religi\s1 &       
spiritual creature2 & we h to discuss ! 
difficulty1 or p]plexity1 or objection1 
:i* arises 9 our m9ds1 :5 we consid] su*
 a creature z occupy+ an habitation1 :i*
 is b "o among _m globes app>5tly       
equally fitt$ to be ! dwell+-places (   
liv+ ?+s--a m]e speck 9 ! imm5sity (    
creation--an atom among su* a va/ array 
( mat]ial /ructures--a _w1 z we ne$s mu/
 deem x1 among millions ( o!r objects   
:i* appe> to h an equal claim to be     
reg>d$ z worlds4  #b4 ,! difficulty     
appe>s to be great1 ei!r way4 ,c ! e>?  

alone be ! !atre ( su* intellig5t1      
moral1 religi\s1 & spiritual action8 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 c we conceive su* action to g
 on 9 ! o!r bodies ( ! univ]se8 ,if we  
take ! latt] alt]native1 we mu/ p o!r   
planets & o!r sy/ems ) m5 su* z we are1 
ev5 z to _! hi/ory4 ,= ! intellectual & 
moral condition ( man implies a hi/ory (
 ! species2 & ! view ( man's condition  
:i* religion pres5ts1 n only involves a 
s*eme ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ! human race is a
 "p1 b also ass]ts a peculi> ref]5ce _h1
 9 ! provisions ( ,god1 to ! nature (   
man2 & ev5 a peculi> relation &         
connection betwe5 ! human & ! div9e     
nature4 ,to ext5d su* suppositions to   
o!r worlds w\ld be a proce$+ s arbitr>y 
& fanciful1 t we are l$ to consid] :e!r 
! alt]native supposition may n be m     
admissible4 ,! alt]native supposition   
is1 t man is1 9 an especial & em95t     
mann]1 ! object ( ,god's c>e2 t 8 place 
9 ! creation is1 n t he m]ely occupies  
"o among millions ( simil> domiciles    
provid$ 9 b\ndless pr(usion by !        

,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 b t he is !      
s]vant1 subject1 & *ild ( ,god1 9 a way 
unique & peculi>2 t 8 be+ a spiritual   
creature1 7includ+ 8 o!r attributes 9 ! 
highe/ = ! sake ( brevity17 makes him   
belong to a spiritual _w1 :i* is n to be
 judg$ ( m]ely by analogies belong+ to !
 mat]ial univ]se4  #c4 ,betwe5 ^! two   
difficulties ! *oice is emb>rass+1 & !  
decision mu/ be unsatisfactory1 except  
we c f9d "s fur!r gr\nd ( judgm5t4 ,b   
p]haps ?is is n hopeless4 ,we h hi!rto  
ref]r$ to ! evid5ce & analogies suppli$ 
by "o sci5ce1 namely1 a/ronomy4 ,b !re  
are o!r sci5ces :i* give u in=mation    
conc]n+ ! nature & hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,f "s
 ( ^!1 p]haps1 we may obta9 "s k ( !    
place ( ! e>? 9 ! s*eme ( creation--h[  
f> x is1 9 its pres5t condition1 a ?+   
unique1 or only "o ?+ among _m l x4 ,any
 sci5ce :i* supplies u ) evid5ce or     
in=mation on ?is head1 w give u aid 9   
=m+ a judgm5t ^u ! "q "u our            
consid]ation4 ,to su* sci5ces1 !n1 we w 
turn our att5tion4  ,"o sci5ce has      

employ$ itself 9 inve/igat+ ! nature &  
hi/ory ( ! e>? by an exam9ation ( !     
mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$2 namely1    
,geology4 ,let u call to m9d "s ( !     
results at :i* ?is sci5ce has arriv$4   
#d4 ,a v little att5tion to :at is go+  
on among ! mat]ials ( :i* ! e>?'s       
surface is compos$1 suffices to %[ u t  
!re are causes ( *ange con/antly &      
effectually at "w4 ,! e>?'s surface is  
compos$ ( l& & wat]1 hills & valleys1   
rocks & riv]s4 ,b ^! features und]go    
*ange1 & produce *ange 9 ea* o!r4 ,!    
m\nta9-riv]s cut deep] & deep] into !   
rav9es 9 :i* !y run2 !y break up ! rocks
 ov] :i* !y ru%1 use ! fragm5ts z       
implem5ts ( fur!r de/ruction1 pile !m up
 9 slop+ m\nds :]e ! /reams issue f !   
m\nta9s1 spread !m ov] ! pla9s1 fill up 
lakes ) s$im5t1 pu% into ! sea great    
deltas4 ,! sea batt]s ! cliffs & eats   
away ! l&1 & aga91 =ms banks & isl&s :]e
 !re _h be5 deep wat]4 ,volcanoes p\r   
out /reams ( lava1 :i* de/roy !         
vegetation ov] :i* !y fl[1 & :i* aga91  

aft] a s]ies ( ye>s1 are !mselves clo!d 
) vegetation4 ,e>?quakes ?r[ d[n tracts 
( l& b5ea? ! sea1 & elevate o!r tracts f
 ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,^! ag5cies are    
ev]y:]e manife/2 & ?\gh at a giv5 mom5t1
 at a giv5 spot1 _! effect may seem to u
 almo/ imp]ceptible1 too insignificant  
to be tak5 acc\nt (1 yet 9 a long c\rse 
( ye>s almo/ e place has und]gone       
consid]able *anges4 ,riv]s h alt]$ _!   
c\rses1 lakes h become pla9s1 coa/s h   
be5 swept away or h become inl&         
di/ricts1 ri* valleys h be5 ravag$ by   
wat]y or fi]y deluges1 ! c\ntry has 9 "s
 way or o!r assum$ a new face4 ,! pres5t
 aspect ( ! e>? is 9 "s degree diff]5t f
 :at x 0 a few ?\s& ye>s ago4  #e4 ,b   
yet1 9 tru?1 ! *anges ( :i* we ?us speak
 h n be5 v consid]able4 ,! =ms (        
c\ntries1 ! l9es ( coa/s1 ! ranges (    
m\nta9s1 ! gr\ps ( valleys1 ! c\rses (  
riv]s1 are mu* ! same n[ z !y 7 9 anci5t
 times4 ,! face ( ! e>?1 s9ce man has _h
 any k ( x1 may h und]gone "s *ange1 b !
 *angeable has borne a small proportion 

to ! p]man5t4 ,*anges h tak5 place1 &   
are tak+ place1 b !y d n take place     
rapidly4 ,! anci5t e>? & ! mod]n e>?    
are1 9 all _! ma9 physical features1    
id5tical2 & we mu/ g backw>ds ?r\gh a   
consid]ably l>g] int]val ?an t :i*      
c>ries u back to :at we usually t]m     
antiquity1 be=e we are l$1 by ! op]ation
 ( causes n[ at "w1 to an aspect ( !    
e>?'s surface v diff]5t f t :i* x n[    
pres5ts4  #f4 ,= in/ance1 riv]s d1 no   
d\bt1 m or less alt]1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 
by natural causes4 ,! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone1 !
 ,po1 ! ,danube1 h1 c]ta9ly1 dur+ ! la/ 
f\r ?\s& ye>s1 silt$ up _! b$s 9 level  
places1 exp&$ ! deltas at _! m\?s1 *ang$
 ! *annels by :i* !y ent] ! sea2 & v    
probably1 9 _! upp] p>ts1 alt]$ ! =ms ( 
_! wat]falls & ( _! %+le b$s4 ,yet ev5  
if we 7 ?us to g backw>ds t5 ?\s&1 or   
tw5ty1 or ?irty ?\s& ye>s1 7sett+ aside 
great & viol5t causes ( *ange1 z        
e>?quakes1 volcanic eruptions1 & ! l17 !
 g5]al =m & c\rse ( ^! riv]s1 & ( !     
ranges ( m\nta9s 9 :i* !y fl[1 w\ld n be

 diff]5t f :at x is n[4 ,& ! same may be
 said ( coa/s & isl&s1 seas & bays4 ,!  
pres5t geography ( ! e>? may be1 & f all
 ! evid5ce :i* we h1 mu/ be1 v anci5t1  
accord+ to any measures ( antiquity :i* 
c apply to human affairs4  #g4 ,b yet ! 
fur!r exam9ation ( ! mat]ials ( ! e>?   
c>ries u to a view beyond ?is4 ,?\gh !  
g5]al =ms ( ! l& & ! wat]s ( cont95ts & 
seas1 71 sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago1 mu* !    
same z !y n[ are2 yet x 0 n always s4   
,we h cle> evid5ce t l>ge tracts :i* are
 n[ dry gr\nd1 7 =m]ly ! b$ ( ! ocean2 &
 ^!1 n tracts ( ! %ore1 :]e ! v>y+ w>f>e
 ( sea & l& is /ill go+ on1 b ! v c5tral
 p>ts ( great cont95ts2 ! ,alps1 !      
,pyr5ees1 ! ,himalayas4 ,= n only are ! 
rocks ( :i* ^! great m\nta9-*a9s consi/1
 ( su* /ructure t !y appe> to h be5 =m$ 
z lay]s ( s$im5t at ! bottom ( wat]2 b  
also1 ^! lay]s conta9 va/ accumulations 
( %ells1 or impressions ( %ells1 & o!r  
rema9s ( m>9e animals4 ,& ^! appe>ances 
are n few1 limit$1 or p>tial4 ,! exi/5ce
 ( su* m>9e rema9s1 9 ! solid sub/ance (

 cont95ts & m\nta9s1 is a g5]al1        
pr$om9ant1 & almo/ univ]sal fact1 9 e "p
 ( ! e>?4 ,nor is any o!r way ( acc\nt+ 
= ?is fact admissible1 ?an t ^? mat]ials
 really h1 at "s "t1 =m$ bottoms ( seas4
 ,! v>i\s o!r conjectures & hypo!ses1   
:i* 7 put =w>d on ?is subject1 :5 !     
am\nt1 ext5t1 multiplicity1 & coh]5ce ( 
! ph5om5a 7 n yet asc]ta9$1 & :5 _!     
natural hi/ory 0 n yet /udi$1 _c n[ be  
consid]$ z wor?y ( ! smalle/ reg>d4 ,t  
_m ( our highe/ hills are =m$ ( mat]ials
 rais$ f ! dep?s ( ocean1 is a          
proposition :i* _c be d\bt$1 by any "o1 
:o fairly exam9es ! evid5ce :i* nature  
(f]s4  #h4 ,if we take ?is proposition  
only1 we _c imm$iately connect x ) our k
 respect+ ! surface ( ! e>? 9 its pres5t
 =m4 ,we le>n t :at is n[ l&1 has be5   
sea2 & we may suppose 7s9ce x is natural
 to assume t ! bulk ( ! sea has n mu*   
*ang$7 t :at is n[ sea 0 =m]ly l&4 ,b1  
except we c le>n some?+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* 
?is *ange took place1 we _c make any use
 ( our k4 ,0 ! *ange sudd51 or gradual2 

abrupt1 or successive2 brief1 or        
long-cont9u+8  #i4 ,to ^! que/ions1 !   
fur!r /udy ( ! facts enables u to return
 answ]s ) great confid5ce4 ,! *ange or  
*anges :i* produc$ ! effects ( :i* we h 
spok5--! conv]sion ( ! bottom ( ! ocean 
into ! c5tre ( our greate/ cont95ts &   
highe/ m\nta9s1--7 und\bt$ly gradual1   
successive1 & long cont9u$4 ,we mu/ /ate
 v briefly ! gr\nds on :i* we make ?is  
ass]tion4  #aj4 ,! masses :i* =m our    
m\nta9-*a9s1 (f] evid5ce1 z ,i h said1 t
 !y 7 deposit$ z s$im5t at ! bottom ( a 
sea1 & !n h>d5$4 ,!y consi/ ( successive
 lay]s ( su* s$im5t1 mak+ up ! :ole mass
 ( ! m\nta94 ,^! lay]s are1 ( c\rse1 to 
a c]ta9 ext5t1 a measure ( ! "t dur+ :i*
 ! deposition ( s$im5t took place4 ,!   
?ick] ! mass ( s$im5t1 ! m num]\s & v>i$
 its b$s1 & ! long] p]iod mu/ we suppose
 to h be5 requisite = its =mation4 ,)\t 
mak+ any attempt at accurate or def9ite 
e/imation1 :i* w\ld be to no purpose1 x 
is pla9 t a mass ( s$im5t>y /rata five  
?\s& or t5 ?\s& feet ?ick1 mu/ h        

requir$1 = its deposit1 a long c\rse (  
ye>s1 or r1 a long c\rse ( ages4  #aa4  
,b aga93 on fur!r exam9ation x is f\nd1 
t we h n m]ely "o s]ies ( s$im5t>y      
deposits1 ?us =m+ our m\nta9s4 ,!re are 
a numb] ( diff]5t s]ies ( su* lay]s or  
/rata1 to be f\nd 9 diff]5t ranges (    
hills1 & 9 ! same range1 "o s]ies re/+  
^u ano!r4 ,^! diff]5t s]ies ( /rata are 
di/+ui%able f "o ano!r by _! g5]al      
/ructure & appe>ance1 besides m intimate
 *>act]s1 ( :i* we %all %ortly h to     
speak4 ,ea* su* s]ies appe>s to h a     
c]ta9 consi/5cy ( /ructure )9 itself2 ! 
lay]s ( :i* x is compos$ be+ m or less  
p>allel1 b ! successive s]ies are n ?us 
always p>allel1 ! l[] ones be+ (t5      
highly incl9$ & irregul>1 :ile ! upp]   
ones are m level & cont9u\s3 z if ! l[] 
/rata _h be5 brok5 up & ?r[n into       
disord]1 & !n a new s]ies ( /rata _h be5
 deposit$ horizontally on _! fragm5ts4  
,b 9 :atev] way ^! diff]5t s$im5t>y     
s]ies succe$$ ea* o!r1 ea* s]ies mu/ h  
requir$1 z we h se51 a long p]iod = its 

=mation2 & to e/imate ! l5g? ( ! int]val
 betwe5 ! two s]ies1 we h1 at ! pres5t  
/age ( our exposition1 no evid5ce4  #ab4
 ,b ! me*anical /ructure ( ! /rata1 !   
result1 z x seems1 ( aque\s s$im5t>y    
deposit1 is n ! only1 nor ! mo/         
important evid5ce1 ) reg>d to ! l5g? (  
"t occupi$ by ! =mation ( ! rocky lay]s 
:i* n[ compose our m\nta9s4 ,z we h     
said1 !y conta9 %ells1 & o!r rema9s (   
creatures :i* live 9 ! sea4 ,^! !y      
conta91 n 9 small numb]s1 scatt]$ &     
deta*$1 b 9 va/ abundance1 z !y are f\nd
 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ocean :i* is mo/ alive ) 
!m4 ,!re are ! rema9s ( oy/]s & o!r     
%ell-fi% 9 lay]s1 z !y live at pres5t 9 
! seas ne> our %ores2 ( corals1 9 va/   
pat*es & b$s1 z !y n[ occur 9 ! wat]s ( 
! ,pacific2 ( %oals ( fi%es1 ( _m       
diff]5t k9ds1 9 imm5se abundance4 ,ea* (
 ^! b$s ( %ells1 ( corals1 & ( fi%es1   
mu/ h requir$ _m ye>s1 p]haps _m        
c5turies1 = ! gr[? ( ! successive       
individuals & successive g5]ations ( :i*
 x consi/s3 z long a "t1 p]haps1 z !    

pres5t inhabitants ( ! sea h liv$ !re93 
or _m times long]1 if !re h be5 _m su*  
successive *anges4 ,& ?us1 :ile ! pres5t
 condition ( ! e>? ext5ds backw>ds to a 
p]iod ( va/ b unkn[n antiquity2 we h1   
(f]$ to our notice1 ! evid5ce ( a s]ies 
( o!r p]iods1 ea* ( :i*1 s f> z we c    
judge1 may h be5 z long or long] ?an t  
dur+ :i* ! dry l& has _h its pres5t =m4 
#ac4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable feature 9 !     
evid5ce is yet to come4 ,we h spok5 9   
g5]al ( ! oy/]s1 & corals1 & fi%es1 :i* 
occur 9 ! /rata ( our hills2 z if !y 7  
creatures ( ! same k9ds :i* we n[       
designate by ^? names4 ,b a m exact     
exam9ation ( ^! rema9s ( organiz$ be+s1 
%[s t ?is is n s4 ,! tribes ( animals   
:i* are f\nd petrifi$ 9 our rocks are   
almo/ all diff]5t1 s f> z our be/       
natural hi/orians c det]m9e1 f ^? :i* n[
 live 9 our exi/+ seas4 ,!y are diff]5t 
species2 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! creatures :i* 
we f9d ?us emb$d$ 9 our m\nta9s1 are n  
only dead z individuals1 b ext9ct z     
species4 ,!y belong$1 n only to a       

t]re/rial p]iod1 b to an animal         
creation1 :i* is n[ pa/ away4 ,! e>? is1
 x seems1 a domicile :i* has outla/$ m  
?an "o race ( t5ants4  #ad4 ,x may seem 
ra% & presumptu\s 9 ! natural hi/orian  
to pron\nce ?us p]emptorily t c]ta9 =ms 
( life are n[h]e to be f\nd at pres5t1  
ev5 9 ! unfa?omable & inaccessible dep?s
 ( ! ocean4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 s1 !        
proposition t ! e>? has *ang$ its       
inhabitants1 s9ce ! rocks 7 =m$1 ( :i*  
our hills consi/1 does n dep5d = its    
pro( on ?is assumption4 ,= 9 ! organic  
bodies :i* our /rata conta91 we f9d     
rema9s1 n only ( m>9e animals1 b (      
animals :i* inhabit ! fre% wat]s1 & !   
l&1 & ( plants4 ,& ! exam9ation ( su*   
rema9s hav+ be5 pursu$ ) great zeal1 & )
 all ! aids :i* natural hi/ory c supply1
 ! result has be51 ! pro(s ( a va/ s]ies
 ( diff]5t tribes ( animals & plants1   
:i* h successively occupi$ ! e>? & !    
seas2 & ( :i* ! numb]1 v>iety1          
multiplicity1 & /rang5ess1 exce$1 by f>1
 ev]y?+ :i* c\ld h be5 previ\sly imag9$4

 ,?us ,cuvi] f\nd1 9 ! lime/one /rata on
 :i* ,p>is /&s1 animals ( ! mo/ curi\s  
=ms1 comb9+ 9 ! mo/ wond]ful mann] !    
qualities ( diff]5t species ( exi/+     
quadrup$s4 ,9 ano!r s]ies ( /rata1 !    
,lias1 :i* runs z a b& across ,engl& f  
,n4 ,e4 to ,s4 ,w41 we h ! rema9s (     
liz>ds1 or lac]t9e animals1 diff]5t f ^?
 :i* n[ exi/1 ( imm5se size & (         
extraord9>y /ructure1 "s approa*+ to !  
=m ( fi%es 7i*?yosaurus72 o!rs1 ) ! neck
 ( a s]p5t2 o!rs ) w+s1 l ! fabl$ =ms ( 
dragons4 ,!n beyond ^!1 t is1 ant]ior to
 !m 9 ! s]ies ( "t1 we h ! imm5se       
collection ( fossil plants1 :i* occur 9 
! ,coal ,/rata2 ! %ells & corals ( !    
,m\nta9 ,lime/one2 ! peculi> fi%es1     
diff]5t altoge!r f exi/+ fi%es1 ( ! ,old
 ,r$ ,s&/one2 & ?\gh1 z we desc5d l[] & 
l[]1 ! traces ( organic life appe> to be
 m r>e & m limit$ 9 k9d1 yet /ill we h1 
b5ea? ^!1 9 slates & 9 b$s ( lime/one1  
_m fossil rema9s1 /ill diff]+ f ^? :i*  
occur 9 ! high]1 & !re=e1 new] /rata4   
#ae4 ,we h no int5tion ( in/itut+ any   

def9ite calculation ) reg>d to ! p]iods 
( "t :i* ?is succession ( =ms ( organic 
life may h occupi$4 ,?is1 inde$1 !      
bolde/ geological speculators h n v5tur$
 to d4 ,b ! sci5tific discov]ies ?us    
made1 h a be>+ ^u ! analogies (         
creation1 q z important z ! discov]ies (
 a/ronomy4 ,& !re=e we may /ate briefly 
"s ( ! divisions ( ! s]ies ( t]re/rial  
/rata :i* h sugge/$ !mselves to         
geological inquir]s4 ,at ! outset ( su* 
speculations1 x 0 conceiv$ t ! l[]      
rocks1 compos$ ( granite1 slate1 & ! l1 
_h exi/$ be=e ! e>? 0 peopl$ ) liv+ ?+s2
 & t ^!1 be+ brok5 up into incl9$       
positions1 !re 7 deposit$ ^u !m1 z !    
s$im5t ( sup]9cumb5t wat]s1 /rata m     
horizontal1 conta9+ organic rema9s4 ,!  
=m] 7 !n call$ ,primitive or ,prim>y1 ! 
latt]1 ,second>y rocks4 ,b x 0 soon f\nd
 t ?is 0 too sweep+ & p]emptory a       
division4 ,rocks :i* _h be5 class$ z    
,prim>y1 7 f\nd to conta9 traces ( life2
 & h5ce1 an int]m$iate class (          
,transition /rata 0 spok5 (4 ,b ?is too 

0 soon se5 to be too n>r[ a s*eme (     
arrangem5t1 to take 9 !                 
rapidly-accumulat+ mass ( facts1 organic
 & o!rs1 :i* ! geological record ( !    
e>?'s hi/ory disclos$4 ,x appe>$ t among
 ! fossil-be>+ /rata !re might be       
disc]n$ a long s]ies ( ,=mations3 ! t]m 
,=mation be+ us$ to imply a collection (
 successive /rata1 :i*1 tak+ into acc\nt
 all ! evid5ce1 ( mat]ials1 position1   
relations1 & organic rema9s1 appe>s to h
 be5 deposit$ dur+ "s "o epo* or p]iod2 
s z to =m a natural gr\p1 *ronologically
 & physiologically di/9ct f ! o!rs4 ,9  
?is way x appe>$ t1 tak+ z ! highe/ "p (
 ! ,second>y s]ies1 ! b$s ( *alk1 :i*1  
m>k$ by *>act]i/ic fossils1 run ?r\gh   
great tracts ( ,europe1 ) o!r b$s1 ( s& 
& clay1 :i* g5]ally accompany ^!2 !re 01
 bel[ ?is ,cretace\s ,=mation1 an       
,oolitic ,=mation1 /ill m l>gely        
diffus$1 & /ill m abundant 9 its peculi>
 organic rema9s4 ,bel[ ?is1 we h1 9     
,engl&1 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,=mation1    
:i*1 9 o!r c\ntries1 is accompani$ by   

b$s abundant 9 fossils1 z ! ,mus*elkalk 
( ,g]many4 ,bel[ ?is aga9 we h ! ,coal  
,=mation1 & ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ) _!   
peculi> fossils4 ,bel[ ^!1 we h ! ,old  
,r$ ,s&/one or ,devonian ,sy/em1 ) its  
peculi> fi%es & o!r fossils4 ,b5ea? ^!1 
occur /ill num]\s s]ies ( di/+ui%able   
/rata2 :i* h be5 arrang$ by ,sir        
,rod]ick ,mur*ison z ! memb]s ( !       
,silurian =mation2 ! rese>*es by :i* x 0
 e/abli%$ hav+ be5 c>ri$ on1 9 ! fir/   
place1 9 ,s\? ,wales1 ! anci5t c\ntry ( 
! ,silures4 ,includ+ ! l[] "p ( ?is     
=mation1 & desc5d+ /ill l[] 9 ord]1 is !
 ,cambrian =mation ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick4
 ,& s9ce ! races ( organic be+s1 z we   
?us desc5d ?r\gh successive /rata1 seem 
to be few] & few] 9 _! g5]al types1 till
 at la/ !y disappe>2 ^! l[] memb]s ( !  
geological s]ies h be5 t]m$1 accord+ to 
_! succession1 ,palaeozoic1 ,protozoic1 
& ,hypozoic or ,azoic4 ,! g5]al         
impression on ! m9ds ( geologi/s has    
be51 t1 z we desc5d 9 ?is long /aircase 
( natural /eps1 we are br\ght 9 view ( a

 /ate ( ! e>? 9 :i* life 0 scantily     
manife/$1 s z to appe> to be ne> its    
e>lie/ /ages4  #af4 ,ea* ( ^! =mations  
is ( great ?ickness4 ,sev]al ( ! memb]s 
( ea* =mation are hundr$s1 _m ( !m ?\s&s
 ( feet ?ick4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 !y af=d an
 a/\nd+ record ( ! "t dur+ :i* !y mu/ h 
be5 accumulat+1 & dur+ :i* ^! successive
 gr\ps ( animals mu/ h be5 br\ght into  
be+1 liv$1 & cont9u$ _! k9ds4  #ag4 ,we 
mu/ add1 t ov] ! ,second>y /rata !re are
 f\nd1 9 pat*es1 g5]ally ( m limit$     
ext5t1 ano!r1 & ( c\rse1 new] mass (    
/rata1 :i* h be5 t]m$ ,t]ti>y ,=mations4
 ,( ^!1 ! /rata1 ne> & "u ,p>is1 ly+ 9 a
 holl[ ( ! subjac5t /rata1 & h5ce t]m$ !
 ,p>is ,bas91 attract$ prom95t notice 9 
! fir/ place4 ,& ^! are f\nd to conta9  
an imm5se quantity ( rema9s ( animals1  
:i*1 be+ well pres]v$1 & be+ subject$ to
 a c>eful & sci5tific scrut9y by ! great
 naturali/ ,george ,cuvi]1 _h an em95t  
%>e 9 e/abli%+ 9 ! m9ds ( ,geologi/s !  
belief ( ! ext9ct "* ( fossil species1 &
 ( ! possibility ( recon/ruct+1 f su*   

rema9s1 ! animals1 diff]5t f ^? :i* n[  
live1 :i* _h =m]ly t5ant$ ! e>?4  #ah4  
,we h1 9 ?is enum]ation1 a s]ies ( gr\ps
 ( /rata1 ea* ( :i*1 speak+ 9 a g5]al   
way1 has its own population ( animals & 
plants1 & is sep>at$1 by ! peculi>ities 
( ^!1 f ! gr\ps bel[ & above x4 ,ea*    
gr\p may1 9 a g5]al mann]1 be consid]$ z
 a sep>ate creation ( animal & vegetable
 =ms--creatures :i* h liv$ & di$1 z !   
races n[ exi/+ ^u ! e>? live & die2 & ( 
:i* ! liv+ exi/5ce may1 & accord+ to all
 appe>ance mu/1 h occupi$ ages1 & s]ies 
( ages1 su* z h be5 occupi$ by ! pres5t 
liv+ g5]ations ( ! e>?4 ,?is s]ies (    
creations1 or ( successive p]iods (     
life1 is1 no d\bt1 a v /rik+ & />tl+    
fact1 v diff]5t f any?+ :i* ! imag9ation
 ( man1 9 previ\s /ages ( inve/igation (
 ! e>?'s condition1 _h conceiv$2 b /ill1
 is e/abli%$ by evid5ce s complete1     
drawn f an exam9ation & k ( ! /ructures 
( liv+ ?+s s exact & c>eful1 z to leave 
no d\bt :atev] ( ! reality ( ! fact1 on 
! m9ds ( ^? :o h att5d$ to ! evid5ce2   

f\nd$1 z x is1 ^u ! analogies1 (fices1  
anatomy1 & comb9ations ( organic        
/ructures4 ,! progress ( human k on ?is 
subject has be5 c>ri$ on & e/abli%$ by !
 same alt]nations ( bold conjectures &  
felicit\s confirmations ( !m1--( m9ute  
rese>*es & l>ge g5]alizations1--:i* h   
giv5 reality & solidity to ! o!r mo/    
c]ta9 portions ( human k4 ,t ! /rata ( !
 e>?1 z we desc5d f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 
are di/+ui%$ 9 g5]al by *>act]i/ic or   
organic fossils1 & t ^! =ms (           
organization are diff]5t f ^? :i* n[    
live on ! e>?1 are tru?s z cle>ly &     
indisputably e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h
 ! requisite k ( geology & natural      
hi/ory1 z t ! planets revolve r\nd !    
sun1 & satellites r\nd ! planets4 ,t ^! 
epo*s ( creation are some?+ q diff]5t f 
any?+ :i* we n[ see tak+ place on ! e>?1
 no m di/urbs ! belief ( ^? facts1 :i*  
sci5tific explor]s ent]ta91 ?an !       
seem+ly obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! nebulae
 :i* are reg>d$ z yet un=m$ planet>y    
sy/ems1 & ! sol> sy/em to :i* our e>?   

belongs1 di/urbs ! belief ( a/ronom]s1 t
 su* nebulae1 z well z our sy/em1 really
 exi/4 ,inde$ we may say1 z we %all     
h]eaft] see1 t ! fact ( our e>? hav+    
pass$ ?r\gh ! s]ies ( p]iods ( organic  
life :i* geologi/s recognize1 is1       
hi!rto1 incomp>ably bett] e/abli%$1 ?an 
! fact t ! nebulae1 or any ( !m1 are    
pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges1 su* z may 
lead to a sy/em l ours2 z "s em95t      
a/ronom]s 9 mod]n times h held4 ,9 ?is  
respect1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & its place 9 
! univ]se1 are f> m cle>ly le>nt f      
geology ?an f a/ronomy4  #ai4 ,b ) reg>d
 to ?is s]ies ( ,organic ,creations1 if1
 = ! sake ( brevity1 we may call !m s2  
we may naturally ask1 9 :at mann]1 by   
:at ag5cies1 at :at int]vals1 !y succe$$
 ea* o!r on ! e>?8 ,n[1 d ! rese>*es (  
geologi/s give u any in=mation on ^!    
po9ts1 :i* may be br\ght to be> ^u our  
pres5t speculations8 ,if we ask ^!      
que/ions1 we receive1 f diff]5t classes 
( geologi/s1 diff]5t answ]s4 ,a little  
:ile ago1 mo/ geologi/s held1 probably !

 great] numb] /ill hold1 t ! transitions
 f "o ( ^! p]iods ( organic life to     
ano!r1 7 accompani$ g5]ally by seasons (
 viol5t disruption & mutation ( !       
surface ( ! e>?1 exce$+ any?+ :i* has   
tak5 place s9ce ! surface assum$ its    
pres5t g5]al =m2 9 ! same proportion z !
 *anges ( its organic population g      
beyond any su* *anges :i* we c disc]n to
 be at pres5t 9 op]ation4 ,& !re 7 f\nd 
to be *anges ( o!r k9ds1 :i* seem$ to %[
 t ^! epo*s ( organic transition _h also
 be5 epo*s ( me*anical viol5ce1 ^u a va/
 & wond]ful scale4 ,x appe>$ t1 at "s ( 
^! epo*s at lea/1 ! /rata previ\sly     
deposit$1 z if 9 comp>ative             
tranquillity1 _h be5 brok51 ?ru/ up f   
bel[1 or drawn or ca/ d[nw>ds2 s t /rata
 :i* mu/ at fir/ h be5 ne>ly level1 7   
?r[n into positions highly incl9$1      
fractur$1 set on edge1 contort$1 ev5    
inv]t$4 ,ov] ! brok5 edges ( ^! /rata1  
?us di/urb$ & fractur$1 7 f\nd va/      
accumulations ( ! fragm5ts :i* su* rude 
treatm5t might naturally produce2 ^!    

fragm5t>y ru9s be+ spread 9 b$s         
comp>atively level1 ov] ! bri/l+ edges (
 ! subjac5t rocks1 z if deposit$ 9 !    
fluid :i* _h ov]:elm$ ! previ\s         
/ructure2 & ) few or no traces ( life   
appe>+ 9 ?is mass ( ru9s2 :ile1 9 !     
/rata :i* lay ov] !m1 & :i* appe>$ to h 
be5 ! result ( quiet] times1 new =ms (  
organic life made _! appe>ance 9 va/    
abundance4 ,su* is1 = example1 !        
relation ( ! coal /rata 9 a great "p (  
,engl&2 brok5 into innum]able bas9s1    
ridges1 valleys1 /rips1 & %r$s1 ly+ 9   
all positions2 & !n fill$ into a sort ( 
level1 by ! conglom]ate ( ! magnesian   
lime/one1 & ! sup]9cumb5t r$ s&/one &   
oolites4 ,9 o!r cases x appe>$ z if !re 
7 ! means ( trac+1 9 ^! dislocations1 ! 
ag5cy ( igne\s /ony matt]1 :i* _h be5   
inject$ f bel[1 s z to =m m\nta9-*a9s1  
or ! cores ( su*2 & 9 :i* ! p]iod ( !   
convulsion c\ld be trac$1 by ! /rata to 
:i* ! di/urbance ext5d$2 ^? /rata be+   
suppos$ to h be5 deposit$ be=e !        
eruption1 :i* 7 ?ru/ upw>ds by x into   

highly-incl9$ positions2 :ile ^? /rata  
:i*1 ?\gh ne> to ^! sc5es ( me*anical   
viol5ce1 7 /ill comp>atively horizontal1
 z !y _h be5 orig9ally deposit$1 7      
naturally inf]r$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ! wat]s1
 aft] ! cata/rophe _h pass$ away4 ,by   
su* reason+s z ^!1 ,m4 ,elie de         
,beaumont has conceiv$ t he c asc]ta9 ! 
relative ages 7accord+ to ! va/ & loose 
measurem5ts ( age :i* belong to ?is     
subject7 ( ! pr9cipal ranges ( m\nta9s (
 ! e>?'s surface4  #bj4 ,su* e/imations 
( age c1 inde$1 z we h intimat$1 be only
 ( ! wide/ & loose/ k9d2 yet !y all     
concur 9 assign+ v great & gigantic     
p]iods ( "t1 z hav+ be5 occupi$ by !    
ev5ts :i* h =m$ ! e>?'s /rata1 & br\ght 
!m into _! pres5t position4 ,= n only   
mu/ !re h be5 long ages employ$1 z we h 
said1 :ile ! successive g5]ations ( ea* 
gr\p ( animals liv$1 & di$1 & 7 entomb$ 
9 ! abrad$ fragm5ts ( ! !n exi/+ e>?2 b 
! o!r op]ations :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ^!   
app>5tly m tranquil processes1 mu/ also 
h occupi$1 x w\ld seem1 long ages at ea*

 int]val4 ,! dislocation1 disruption1 & 
contortion ( ! va/ masses ( previ\sly   
exi/+ m\nta9s1 by :i* _! framework 0    
brok5 up1 & its ru9s cov]$ ) b$s ( its  
own rubbi%1 _m ?\s& feet ?ick1 &        
gradually becom+ less co>se & smoo!r1 z 
! high] b$s 7 deposit$ ^u ! l[]1 c\ld   
h>dly take place1 x w\ld seem1 except 9 
hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,& !n aga91 all 
^! processes ( deposition1 ?us arrang+  
loose masses ( mat]ial into level b$s1  
mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! bottom ( deep      
oceans2 & ! b$s ( ^! oceans mu/ h be5   
elevat$ into ! position ( m\nta9 ridges 
:i* !y n[ occupy1 by "s mighty op]ation 
( nature1 :i* mu/ h be5 comp>atively    
tranquil1 s9ce x has n mu* di/urb$ ^? m 
level b$s2 & :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5      
comp>atively long cont9u$4 ,if we       
accept1 z s _m em95t geologi/s h done1  
?is evid5ce ( a va/ s]ies ( successive  
p]iods ( alt]nate viol5ce & repose1 we  
mu/ assign to ea* su* p]iod a duration  
:i* _c b be imm5se1 comp>$ ) ! p]iods ( 
"t ) :i* we are commonly conv]sant4 ,9 !

 p]iods ( comp>ative quiet1 su* z n[    
exi/ on ! e>?'s surface1 & su* z seem to
 be alone consi/5t ) cont9u$ life &     
successive g5]ation1 deposits at !      
bottom ( lakes & seas take place1 x w\ld
 seem1 only at ! rate ( a few feet 9 a  
ye>1 or p]haps1 9 a c5tury4 ,:51 !re=e1 
we f9d /rata1 be>+ evid5ce ( su* a mode 
( deposit1 & pil$ up to ! am\nt ( ?\s&s 
& t5s ( ?\s&s ( feet1 we are naturally  
l$ to reg>d !m z ! production ( myriads 
( ye>s2 & to add new myriads1 z (t5 z1 9
 ! prosecution ( geological rese>*1 we  
are br\ght to new masses ( /rata ( ! l  
k9d2 & aga91 to int]polate new p]iods ( 
! same ord]1 to all[ = ! transition f "o
 su* gr\p to ano!r4  #ba4 ,nor is !re   
any?+ :i* ne$ />tle u1 9 ! necessity (  
assum+ su* va/ int]vals ( "t1 :5 we h   
once br\ght ourselves to deal ) ! "q ( !
 antiquity ( ! e>? ^u sci5tific evid5ce 
alone4 ,= if geology ?us c>ries u f>    
backw>ds ?r\gh ?\s&s1 x may be1 millions
 ( ye>s1 a/ronomy does n (f] ! smalle/  
argum5t to *eck ?is regressive          

supposition4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! mo/   
subtle & pr(\nd inve/igations (         
a/ronom]s h l$ !m to ! conviction1 t !  
motions ( ! e>? may h gone on1 z !y n[ g
 on1 = an indef9ite p]iod ( pa/ "t4 ,!re
 is no t5d5cy to d]angem5t 9 ! me*anism 
( ! sol> sy/em1 s = z sci5ce has explor$
 x4 ,m9ute inequalities 9 ! movem5ts    
exi/1 too small to produce any          
p]ceptible effect on ! condition ( !    
e>?'s surface2 & ev5 ^! inequalities1   
aft] gr[+ up ?r\gh long cycles ( ages1  
to an am\nt b>ely capable ( be+ detect$ 
by a/ronomical scrut9y1 rea* a maximum2 
&1 dim9i%+ by ! same sl[ degrees by :i* 
!y increas$1 correct !mselves1 &        
disappe>4 ,! sol> sy/em1 & ! e>? z "p ( 
x1 con/itute1 s = z we c discov]1 a     
,p]petual ,motion4  #bb4 ,!re is !re=e  
no?+1 9 :at we "k ( ! ,cosmical         
conditions ( our globe1 to contradict ! 
,t]re/rial evid5ce = its va/ antiquity1 
z ! seat ( organic life4 ,if = ! sake ( 
giv+ def9it5ess to our notions1 we 7 to 
assume t ! numb]s :i* express !         

antiquity ( ^! f\r ,p]iods2--! ,pres5t  
organic condition ( ! e>?2 ! ,t]ti>y    
,p]iod ( geologi/s1 :i* prec$$ t2 !     
,second>y ,p]iod1 :i* 0 ant]ior to t2 & 
! ,prim>y ,p]iod :i* prec$$ ! ,second>y2
 7 on ! same scale z ! numb]s :i*       
express ^! f\r magnitudes3--! magnitude 
( ! ,e>?2 t ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em comp>$ ) ! 
,e>?2 ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ ,fix$ ,/>s    
comp>$ ) ! sol> sy/em2 & ! di/ance ( !  
mo/ remote ,nebulae comp>$ ) ! ne>e/    
fix$ />s2 !re is1 9 ! evid5ce :i*       
geological sci5ce (f]s1 no?+ to         
contradict su* an assumption4  #bc4 ,& z
 ! inf9ite ext5t :i* we necess>ily      
ascribe to space1 all[s u to f9d room1  
)\t any m5tal difficulty1 = ! va/       
di/ances :i* a/ronomy reveals1 & ev5    
leaves u r emb>rass$ ) ! inf9ite ext5t  
:i* lies beyond our f>!/ explorations2 s
 ! inf9ite duration :i* we1 9 l mann]1  
necess>ily ascribe to pa/ "t1 makes x   
easy = u1 s f> z our p[]s ( intellect   
are conc]n$1 to g millions ( millions ( 
ye>s backw>ds1 9 ord] to trace ! beg9n+ 

( ! e>?'s exi/5ce1--! fir/ /ep (        
t]re/rial creation4 ,x is z easy = ! m9d
 ( man to reason respect+ a sy/em :i* is
 billions or trillions ( miles 9 ext5t1 
& has endur$ ?r\gh ! l numb] ( ye>s1 or 
c5turies1 z x is to reason ab\t a sy/em 
7! e>?1 = in/ance17 :i* is =ty million  
feet 9 ext5t1 & has endur$ = a hundr$   
?\s& million ( seconds1 t is1 a few ?\s&
 ye>s4  #bd4 ,?is /atem5t is amply      
suffici5t = ! argum5t :i* we h to f\nd  
^u x2 b be=e ,i proce$ to d t1 ,i w give
 ano!r view :i* has rec5tly be5 adopt$  
by "s geologi/s1 ( ! mode 9 :i* !       
successive p]iods ( creation1 :i*       
geological rese>* discloses to u1 h     
pass$ into "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ?is new
 view1 we f9d no suffici5t reason to    
believe t ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 z read by u 
9 ! organic & me*anical ph5om5a ( its   
sup]ficial p>ts1 has consi/$ ( su* an   
alt]nation ( p]iods ( viol5ce & (       
repose1 z we h j attempt$ to describe4  
,accord+ to ^! !ori/s1 /rata h succe$$  
/rata1 "o gr\p ( animals & plants has   

foll[$ ano!r1 ?r\gh a season ( uni=m    
*ange2 ) no great] p>oxysm or           
cata/rophe1 x may be1 ?an has occurr$   
dur+ ! "t t man has be5 an obs]v] ( !   
e>?4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ is ?is consi/5t 
) ! ph5om5a :i* we h describ$2--) ! va/ 
masses ( ru91 :i* m>k ! end ( "o p]iod &
 ! beg9n+ ( ano!r1 z is ! case 9 pass+ f
 ! coal measures ( ,engl& to !          
sup]9cumb5t b$s2--) ! highly-incl9$     
/rata ( ! c5tral masses1 & ! level b$s (
 ! upp] =mations :i* h be5 describ$ z   
m>k+ ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,europe8 ,to ^!  
que/ions1 a reply is furni%$1 we are    
told1 by a m ext5sive & c>eful          
exam9ation ( ! /rata4 ,x may be1 t 9    
c]ta9 localities1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 !   
transition1 f ! m\nta9 lime/one & !     
coal1 to ! sup]jac5t s&/ones & oolites1 
is abrupt & seem+ly viol5t2 m>k$ by     
uncon=mable positions ( ! upp] ^u ! l[] 
/rata1 by b$s ( conglom]ate1 by ! abs5ce
 ( organic rema9s 9 c]ta9 ( ^! b$s4 ,b  
if we foll[ ^! v /rata into o!r p>ts ( !
 _w1 or ev5 into o!r p>ts ( ?is isl&1 we

 f9d t ?is abruptness & incongruity     
betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] /rata disappe>s4 
,betwe5 ! m\nta9-lime/one & ! r$ s&/one 
:i* lies ov] x1 c]ta9 new b$s are f\nd1 
:i* fill up ! incoh]5t int]val2 :i* (f] 
! same evid5ce z ! /rata bel[ & above   
!m1 ( hav+ be5 produc$ tranquilly2 & :i*
 d n viol5tly diff] 9 position f ei!r   
gr\p4 ,! appe>ance ( incoh]5ce 9 ! s]ies
 arose f ! occurr5ce1 9 ! region fir/   
exam9$1 ( a gap1 :i* is "h fill$ up1--a 
blank :i* is "h suppli$4 ,h5ce x is     
inf]r$1 t :atev] ( viol5ce & extreme    
di/urbance is indicat$ by ! dislocations
 & ru9s !re obs]v$1 0 local & p>tial    
only2 & t1 at ! v "t :5 ^! fragm5t>y    
b$s1 void ( organiz$ be+s1 7 =m+ 9 "o   
place1 !re 71 at ! same "t1 go+ on1 9   
ano!r "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 n f> remov$1
 ! processes ( ! life1 dea? & imb$d+ (  
species1 z tranquilly z at any o!r      
p]iod4 ,& ! same ass]tion is made )     
reg>d to ! m g5]al fact1 be=e describ$1 
( ! /ratigraphical con/itution ( m\nta9 
*a9s4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! uncon=mable      

relation ( ! /rata :i* compose ! diff]5t
 p>ts ( ^? *a9s1 is a local occurr5ce   
only2 & t ! same /rata1 if foll[$ into  
o!r regions1 are f\nd con=mable to ea*  
o!r2 or are r$uc$ to a virtually        
cont9u\s s*eme1 by ! int]polation ( o!r 
/rata1 :i* make a transition1 9 :i* no  
evid5ce ( exceptional viol5ce appe>s4   
#be4 ,we %all n attempt 7x is n at all  
necess>y = u to d s7 to decide betwe5 ! 
doctr9es ( ! two geological s*ools :i*  
?us /& 9 ?is opposition to ea* o!r4 ,b x
 w be useful to our argum5t to /ate     
some:at fur!r ! op9ions ( ?is latt]     
s*ool on "o ma9 po9t4 ,we mu/ expla9 !  
view :i* ^! geologi/s take ( ! mode (   
succession ( "o gr\p ( organiz$ be+s to 
ano!r2 by :i*1 z we h said1 ! diff]5t   
successive /rata are *>act]iz$4 ,su* a  
ph5om5on1 x w\ld at fir/ seem1 _c be    
br\ght )9 ! ord9>y rules ( ! exi/+ /ate 
( ?+s4 ,! species ( plants & animals :i*
 inhabit ! e>?1 d n *ange f age to age2 
!y are ! same 9 mod]n times1 z !y 7 9 ! 
mo/ remote antiquity1 ( :i* we h any    

record4 ,! dogs & horses1 %eep & cattle1
 lions & wolves1 eagles & swall[s1 corn 
& v9es1 oaks & c$>s1 :i* occupy ! e>?   
n[1 are n1 we h ! /ronge/ reasons to    
believe1 ess5tially diff]5t n[ f :at !y 
7 9 ! e>lie/ ages4 ,at lea/1 if "o or   
two species h disappe>$1 no new species 
h come into exi/5ce4 ,we _c conceive a  
great] violation ( ! kn[n laws ( nature1
 ?an t su* an ev5t z ! appe>ance ( a new
 species %\ld h occurr$4 ,ev5 ^? :o hold
 ! uni=mity ( ! me*anical *anges ( !    
e>?1 & ( ! rate ( *ange1 f age to age1 &
 f "o geological p]iod to ano!r2 mu/    
/ill1 x w\ld seem1 all[ t ! zoological &
 phytological *anges ( :i* geology gives
 h] te/imony1 are complete exceptions to
 :at is n[ tak+ place4 ,! =mation (     
/rata at ! bottom ( ! ocean f ! ru9 (   
exi/+ cont95ts1 may be go+ on at pres5t4
 ,ev5 ! elevation ( ! b$ ( ! ocean 9    
c]ta9 places1 z a process imp]ceptibly  
sl[1 may be 9 action at ?is mom5t1 z ^! 
!ori/s hold t x is4 ,b /ill1 ev5 :5 !   
b$s ?us =m$ are elevat$ into m\nta9     

*a9s1 if t %\ld happ51 9 ! c\rse (      
myriads ( ye>s1 7accord+ to !           
supposition x _c be effect$ 9 a less    
p]iod17 ! /rata ( su* m\nta9 *a9s w /ill
 conta9 only ! species ( su* creatures z
 n[ inhabit ! wat]s2 & we %all h1 ev5   
!n1 no succession ( organic epo*s1 su* z
 geology discov]s 9 ! exi/+ m\nta9s ( ! 
e>?4  #bf4 ,! answ] :i* is made to ?is  
objection appe>s to me to involve a     
lic5se ( assumption on ! "p ( !         
uni=mit>ian geologi/1 7z su* !ori/s h   
be5 t]m$17 :i* goes q beyond ! b\nds (  
natural philosophy3 b ,i wi% to /ate x2 
p>tly1 9 ord] to %[ t ! mo/ +5i\s m51   
/imulat$ by ! exig5cies ( a !ory1 :i*   
requires "s hypo!sis conc]n+ !          
succession ( species1 to make x coh]5t &
 complete1 h /ill f\nd x impossible to  
br+ ! creation ( species ( plants &     
animals )9 ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce2 &  
p>tly1 to %[ h[ easily & readily        
geological !ori/s are l$ to assume      
p]iods ( "t1 ev5 ( a high] ord] ?an ^?  
:i* ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/4  #bg4 ,x mu/1

 h[ev]1 be fir/ /at$1 z a fact on :i* ! 
assumption is f\nd$ :i* ,i h to notice1 
t ! organic gr\ps by :i* ^! successive  
/rata are *>act]iz$1 are n s di/9ct &   
sep>ate1 z x 0 conv5i5t1 = ! sake (     
explanation1 to describe !m 9 ! fir/    
in/ance4 ,al?\gh ea* body ( /rata is    
m>k$ by pr$om9ant gr\ps ( g5]a &        
species1 yet x is n true1 t all !       
species ( ea* =mation disappe>1 :5 we   
proce$ to ! next4 ,"s species & g5]a    
endure ?r\gh sev]al successive gr\ps (  
/rata2 :ile o!rs disappe>1 & new =ms    
come into view1 z we asc5d4 ,& ?us1 !   
*ange f "o set ( organic =ms to ano!r1 z
 we advance 9 "t1 is made1 n altoge!r by
 abrupt transitions1 b 9 "p cont9u\sly4 
,! uni=mit>ian1 9 ! case ( organic1 z 9 
! case ( me*anical *ange1 oblit]ates or 
weak5s ! evid5ce ( sudd5 & cata/rophic  
leaps1 by int]pos+ int]m$iate /eps1 :i* 
involve1 p>tly ! ph5om5a ( ! prec$+1 &  
p>tly ^? ( ! subsequ5t condition4 ,z he 
all[s no univ]sal transition f "o       
deposit to a succe$+ discrepant &       

uncon=mable deposit1 s he all[s no      
abrupt & complete transition f "o       
collection ( organic be+s1--"o creation1
 z we may call x1--to ano!r4 ,if        
creation mu/ ne$s be an act out ( !     
region ( natural sci5ce1 he w h x to be 
at lea/ an act n ex]cis$ at di/ant      
int]vals1 & on peculi> occasions2 b     
con/antly go+ on1 & produc+ its effects1
 z mu* at "o "t 9 ! geological hi/ory ( 
! _w1 z at ano!r4  #bh4 ,& ?is he holds1
 n only ) reg>d to ! geological p]iods  
:i* h prec$$ ! exi/+ condition ( ! e>?1 
b also ) reg>d to ! transition f ^?     
previ\s p]iods to t 9 :i* we live4 ,!   
pres5t population ( ! e>? is n "o 9 :i* 
all previ\s =ms are ext9ct4 ,! pa/      
population ( ! e>? 0 n "o 9 :i* !re are 
f\nd no creatures /ill liv+4 ,on !      
contr>y1 he f9ds t !re exi/s a va/ mass 
( /rata1 sup]ior to ! second>y /rata1   
:i* are *>act]iz$ by ext9ct =ms1 & are  
yet inf]ior to ^? deposits :i* are n[   
go+ on by ! ag5cy ( obvi\s causes4 ,^!  
masses ( /rata conta9 a population (    

creatures1 p>tly ext9ct species1 & p>tly
 su* species z are /ill liv+ on our l& &
 9 our wat]s4 ,! proportion 9 :i* ! old 
& ! new species occur 9 su* /rata1 is   
v>i\s2 & ! /rata are s num]\s1 s ri* 9  
organic rema9s1 s diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & h
 be5 s well explor$1 t !y h be5         
classifi$ & nam$ accord+ to ! proportion
 ( new & ( old species :i* !y conta94   
,^? :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion (     
species /ill liv+1 h be5 t]m$ ,plioc5e1 
z conta9+ a great] numb] ( new or rec5t 
species4 ,bel[ ^!1 are /rata :i* are    
t]m$ ,mioc5e1 imply+ a small] numb] (   
new species4 ,bel[ ^! aga91 are o!rs :i*
 h be5 t]m$ ,eoc5e1 z conta9+ few new   
species inde$1 b yet en\gh to m>k !     
dawn1 ! ,eos1 ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ! organic
 _w4 ,^! /rata are1 9 _m places1 ( v    
consid]able ?ickness2 & _! numb]1 _!    
succession1 & ! great am\nt ( ext9ct    
species :i* !y conta91 %[s1 9 a mann]   
:i* _c be que/ion$1 7if ! evid5ce (     
geology is accept$ at all17 9 :at a     
gradual mann]1 a portion at lea/1 ( !   

exi/+ =ms ( organic life h tak5 ! place 
( a diff]5t population previ\sly exi/+  
on ! surface ( ! globe4  #bi4 ,& ?us !  
uni=mit>ian is l$ to consid] ! facts :i*
 geology br+s to light1 z indicat+ a sl[
 & almo/ imp]ceptible1 b1 ^u ! :ole1    
con/ant s]ies ( *anges1 n only 9 !      
position ( ! e>?'s mat]ials1 b 9 its    
animal & vegetable population4 ,l&      
becomes sea & sea becomes l&2 ! b$s (   
oceans are elevat$ into m\nta9 regions1 
c>ry+ ) !m ! rema9s ( _! inhabitants2   
%eets ( lava p\r f volcanic v5ts &      
ov]:elm ! seats ( life2 & ^!1 aga91     
become fields ( vegetation2 or1 x may   
be1 desc5d to ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & are    
ov]gr[n ) groves ( coral2 lakes are     
fill$ ) s$im5t1 imb$d+ ! rema9s ( l&    
animals1 & =m ! museums ( future        
zoologi/s2 ! deltas ( mighty riv]s      
become ! c5tres ( cont95ts1 & are       
excavat$ z coal-fields by m5 9 remote   
ages4 ,& yet all ?is "t1 s sl[ is !     
*ange1 t man is unaw>e su* *anges are   
go+ on4 ,he kn[s t ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia

 are ris+ out ( ! ,baltic at ! rate ( a 
few feet 9 a c5tury2 he kn[s t ! f]tile 
slope ( ,etna has be5 gr[+ = ?\s&s (    
ye>s by ! addition ( lava /reams &      
p>asitic volcanos2 he kn[s t ! delta ( !
 ,mississippi accumulates hundr$s (     
miles ( vegetable matt] e g5]ation2 he  
kn[s t ! %ores ( ,europe are yield+ to !
 sea2 b all ^! appe> to him m9ute items1
 n wor? summ+2 inf9itesimal quantities1 
:i* he _c integrate4 ,& s1 9 tru?1 !y   
are1 = him4 ,8 ephem]al exi/5ce does n  
all[ him to =m a j conception1 9 any    
ord9>y /ate ( m9d1 ( ! effects ( ?is    
con/ant ag5cy ( *ange1 work+ ?r\gh      
c\ntless ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,b ,"t1 inexhau/$
 & unremitt+1 sums ! s]ies1 integrates !
 =mula ( *ange2 & ?us passes1 ) sure    
?\gh noiseless progress1 f "o geological
 epo* to ano!r4  #cj4 ,& 9 ! mean:ile1  
to complete ! view ?us tak5 by !        
uni=mit>ian ( ! geological hi/ory ( !   
e>?1 by "s con/ant b inscrutable law1   
creative ag5cy is p]petually at "w1 to  
introduce1 into ?is progressive sy/em ( 

?+s1 new species ( vegetable & animal   
life4 ,organic =ms1 ev] & ev] new ones1 
are br\ght into be+1 & left1 visible    
foot/eps1 z x 71 ( ! progress :i* ,"t   
has made2--m>ks plac$ betwe5 ! rocky    
leaves ( ! book ( creation2 by :i* man1 
:5 8 "t comes1 may turn back & read !   
pa/ hi/ory ( 8 habitation4 ,b ! po9t = u
 to rem>k is1 ! immeasurable1 !         
inconceivable l5g? ( "t1 if any l5g? (  
"t c\ld be inconceivable1 :i* is requir$
 ( our ?\ghts1 by ?is new assumption ( !
 con/ant production ( new species1 z a  
law ( creation4 ,we might feel ourselves
 well nigh ov]:elm$1 :51 by look+ at    
processes :i* we see produc+ only a few 
feet ( height or bread? or dep? dur+ !  
life ( man1 we are call$ ^u to imag9e ! 
con/ruction ( ,alps & ,&es1--:5 we h to 
imag9e a _w made a few in*es 9 a c5tury4
 ,b !re1 at lea/1 we _h some?+ to />t f3
 ! elem5t ( *ange 0 small1 b !re 0 an   
elem5t ( *ange3 we _h to exp&1 b we _h n
 to orig9ate4 ,b 9 conceiv+ t all !     
myriads ( successive species1 :i* we f9d

 9 ! e>?'s /rata1 h come into be+ by a  
law :i* is n[ op]at+1 we h no?+ to />t  
f4 ,we h se51 & "k (1 no su* *ange2 all 
sob] & skilful naturali/s reject x1 z a 
fact n belong+ to our "t4 ,we h "h to   
build a !ory )\t mat]ials2--to sum a    
s]ies ( :i* e t]m1 s f> z we "k1 is     
no?+2--to introduce into our sci5tific  
reason+s an assumption contr>y to all   
sci5tific k4  #ca4 ,?is appe>s to me to 
be ! real "* ( ! assumption ( ! con/ant 
creation ( new species4 ,b1 z ,i h said1
 x is n my bus9ess "h1 to pron\nce ^u ! 
value or tru? ( ?is assumption4 ,! only 
use :i* ,i wi% to make ( x is ?is3--,if 
any p]sons1 :o h adopt$ ! geological    
view :i* ,i h j be5 expla9+1 %\ld feel  
any int]e/ 9 ! speculations "h (f]$ to  
_! notice1 !y mu/ ne$s be 7z ,i h no    
d\bt !y w be7 ev5 m will+ ?an o!r       
geologi/s1 to grant to our argum5t a    
scale ( "t = geological succession1     
correspond+ 9 magnitude to ! scale (    
di/ances :i* a/ronomy tea*es u1 z ^? :i*
 measure ! relation ( ! univ]se to !    

e>?4  ,?is be+ suppos$ to be grant$1 ,i 
am prep>$ to proce$ ) my argum5t4       
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f        
,,geology4   #a4 ,i h endeavor$ to      
expla9 t1 accord+ to ! discov]ies (     
geologi/s1 ! masses ( :i* ! surface ( ! 
e>? is compos$1 exhibit indisputable    
evid5ce t1 at diff]5t successive p]iods1
 ! l& & ! wat]s :i* occupy x1 h be5     
inhabit$ by successive races ( plants & 
animals2 :i*1 :5 tak5 9 l>ge gr\ps1     
accord+ to ! asc5d+ or desc5d+ ord] ( ! 
/rata1 consi/ ( species diff]5t f ^?    
above & bel[ !m4 ,_m ( ^! gr\ps (       
species are ( =ms s diff]5t f any liv+  
?+s :i* n[ exi/1 z to give to ! life (  
^? anci5t p]iods an aspect /rangely     
div]se f t :i* life n[ displays1 & to   
transf] u1 9 ?\ght1 to a creation remote
 9 its pr$om9ant =ms f t among :i* we   
live4 ,i h %[n also1 t ! life &         
successive g5]ations ( ^! gr\ps (       
species1 & ! ev5ts by :i* ! rocks :i*   
conta9 ^! rema9s h be5 br\ght into _!   
pres5t situation & condition1 mu/ h     

occupi$ imm5se int]vals ( "t2--int]vals 
s l>ge t !y des]ve to be comp>$1 9 _!   
num]ical expression1 ) ! int]vals (     
space :i* sep>ate ! planets & />s f ea* 
o!r4 ,x has be5 se51 also1 t ! be/      
geologi/s & natural hi/orians h n be5   
able to devise any hypo!sis to acc\nt = 
! successive introduction ( ^! new      
species into ! e>?'s population2 except 
! ex]cise ( a s]ies ( acts ( creation1  
by :i* !y h be5 br\ght into be+2 ei!r 9 
gr\ps at once1 or 9 a p]petual          
succession ( "o or a few species1 :i* ! 
c\rse ( long int]vals ( "t might        
accumulate into gr\ps ( species4 ,x is  
true1 t "s speculators h held t by !    
ag5cy ( natural causes1 su* z op]ate ^u 
organic =ms1 "o species might be        
transmut$ into ano!r2 ext]nal conditions
 ( climate1 food1 & ! l1 be+ suppos$ to 
conspire ) int]nal impulses & t5d5cies1 
s z to produce ?is effect4 ,?is         
supposition is1 h[ev]1 on a m exact     
exam9ation ( ! laws ( animal life1 f\nd 
to be de/itute ( pro(2 & ! doctr9e ( !  

successive creation ( species rema9s    
firmly e/abli%$ among geologi/s4 ,t !   
ext9ction ( species1 & ( gr\ps (        
species1 may be acc\nt$ = by natural    
causes1 is a proposition mu* m          
plausible1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 probable2
 = we h good reason to believe t1 ev5 )9
 ! "t ( human hi/ory1 "s few species h  
ceas$ to exi/ ^u ! e>?4 ,b :e!r !       
ext9ction ( su* va/ gr\ps ( species z ! 
anci5t /rata pres5t to our notice1 c be 
acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way1 at lea/ )\t assum+ 
! occurr5ce ( great cata/rophes1 :i* mu/
 = a "t1 h de/roy$ all =ms ( life 9 !   
di/rict 9 :i* !y occurr$1 appe>s to be m
 d\btful4 ,! decision ( ^! que/ions1    
h[ev]1 is n ess5tial to our purpose4    
,:at is important is1 t imm5se numb]s ( 
tribes ( animals h t5ant$ ! e>? =       
c\ntless ages1 be=e ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s 
began to be4  #b4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ?+s  
is t to :i* ! exi/5ce & ! hi/ory ( ,,man
 belong2 & ! rem>k :i* ,i n[ h to make  
is1 t ! exi/5ce & ! hi/ory ( ,man are   
facts ( an entirely diff]5t ord] f any  

:i* exi/$ 9 any ( ! previ\s /ates ( !   
e>?2 & t ?is hi/ory has occupi$ a s]ies 
( ye>s :i*1 comp>$ ) geological p]iods1 
may be reg>d$ z v brief & limit$4  #c4  
,! rema9s ( man are n[h]e f\nd 9 ! /rata
 :i* conta9 ! records ( =m] /ates ( !   
e>?4 ,skeletons ( va/ v>ieties (        
creatures h be5 dis9t]r$ f _! rocky     
tombs2 b ^! cemet]ies ( nature supply no
 portion ( a human skeleton4 ,9 e>li]   
p]iods ( natural sci5ce1 :5 comp>ative  
anatomy 0 z yet v imp]fectly und]/ood1  
no d\bt1 _m fossil bones 7 suppos$ to be
 human bones4 ,! rema9s ( giants & (    
ant$iluvians 7 frequ5t 9 museums4 ,b a  
fur!r k ( anatomy has made x appe> t su*
 bones all belong to animals1 ( "o k9d  
or ano!r2 (t51 to animals utt]ly        
diff]5t1 9 _! =m & skeleton1 f man4     
,also "s bones1 really human1 h be5 f\nd
 petrifi$ 9 situations 9 :i*            
petrification has gone on 9 rec5t times1
 & is /ill go+ on4 ,human skeletons1    
imb$d$ 9 rocks by ?is process1 h be5    
f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,guadal\pe1 & else:]e4  

,b ?is ph5om5on is easily di/+ui%able f 
! petrifi$ bones ( o!r animals1 :i* are 
f\nd 9 rocks belong+ to really          
geological p]iods2 & does n at all      
oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 !          
geological & ! hi/orical p]iods4  #d4   
,inde$ n bones only1 b objects ( art1   
produc$ by human workman%ip1 are f\nd   
fossiliz$ & petrifi$ by ! l processes2 &
 ^!1 ( c\rse1 belong to ! hi/orical     
p]iod4 ,human bones1 & human works1 are 
f\nd 9 su* deposits z morasses1         
s&-banks1 lava-/reams1 m\nds ( volcanic 
a%es2 & _m ( !m may be ( unkn[n1 &1     
comp>$ ) ! duration ( a few g5]ations1 (
 v great antiquity2 b su* deposits are  
di/+ui%able1 g5]ally )\t difficulty1 f !
 /rata 9 :i* ! geologi/ reads ! records 
( =m] creations4 ,x has be5 truly said1 
t ! geologi/ is an ,antiqu>y2 =1 l !    
antiqu>y1 he traces a pa/ condition (   
?+s 9 ! rema9s & effects ( x :i* /ill   
subsi/2 b x has also be5 truly said1 at 
! same "t1 t he is an antiqu>y ( a new  
,ord]2 = ! rema9s :i* he /udies are ^?  

:i* illu/rate ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 n ( man4
 ,! geologi/'s antiquity is n t (       
ornam5ts & arms1 ut5sils & habilim5ts1  
walls & m\nds2 b ( species & ( g5]a1 (  
seas & ( m\nta9s4 ,x is true1 t !       
geologi/ may h to /udy ! works ( man1 9 
ord] to trace ! effects ( causes :i*    
produce ! results :i* he inve/igates2 z 
:5 he exam9es ! pholad-pi]c$ pill>s (   
,pateoli1 to prove ! rise & ! fall ( !  
gr\nd on :i* !y /&2 or notes !          
an*or+-r+s 9 ! wall ( "s ,roman edifice1
 once a m>itime =t1 b n[ a ru9 remote f 
! sea2 or :5 he rem>ks ! /reets 9 ! t[ns
 ( ,scania1 :i* are n[ bel[ ! level ( ! 
,baltic1#a & !re=e %[ t ! l& has sunk   
s9ce ^! pavem5ts 7 laid4 ,b 9 /udy+ su* 
objects1 ! geologi/ consid]s ! h& ( man 
z only "o among _m ag5cies4 ,man is to  
him only "o ( ! natural causes ( *ange4 
#e4 ,& if1 ) ! illu/ri\s au?or to :om we
 h j ref]r$1#b we lik5 ! fossil rema9s1 
by :i* ! geologi/ det]m9es ! age ( 8    
/rata1 to ! ,m$als & ,co9s 9 :i* !      
antiqu>y f9ds ! record ( reigns &       

dyna/ies2 we mu/ /ill recollect t a ,co9
 really discloses a va/ body (          
*>act]i/ics ( man1 to :i* !re is no?+   
approa*+ 9 ! previ\s condition ( ! _w4  
,= h[ mu* does a ,co9 or ,m$al indicate8
 ,prop]ty2 ex*ange2 gov]nm5t2 a /&>d (  
value2 ! arts ( m9+1 assay+1 co9+1      
draw+1 & sculpture2 language1 writ+1 &  
reckon+2 hi/orical recollections1 & !   
wi% to be rememb]$ by future ages4 ,all 
?is is involv$ 9 t small human "w1 a    
,co94 ,if ! fossil rema9s ( animals may 
7z has be5 said7 be t]m$ ,m$als /ruck by
 ,nature to record ! epo*s ( h] hi/ory2 
,m$als mu/ be said to be1 n m]ely1 l    
fossil rema9s1 records ( mat]ial ?+s2 !y
 are ! records ( ?\ght1 purpose1        
society1 long cont9u$1 long improv$1    
suppli$ ) multipli$ aids & helps2 !y are
 ! p]man5t results1 9 a m9ute compass1 (
 a va/ progress1 ext5d+ ?r\gh all !     
ramifications ( human life4  #f4 ,n a   
co9 m]ely1 b any1 ! rude/ "w ( human    
art1 c>ries u f> beyond ! doma9 ( m]e   
animal life4 ,!re is no transition f man

 to animals4 ,no d\bt1 !re are races (  
m5 v degrad$1 b>b>\s1 & bruti%4 ,no d\bt
 !re are k9ds ( animals :i* are v       
intellig5t & sagaci\s2 & "s :i* are     
exce$+ly dispos$ to & adapt$ to         
companion%ip ) man4 ,b by elevat+ !     
intellig5ce ( ! brute1 we d n make x    
become ! intellig5ce ( ! man4 ,by mak+  
man b>b>\s1 we d n make him cease to be 
a man4 ,animals h _! especial           
capacities1 :i* may be c>ri$ v f>1 & may
 approa* ne> to human sagacity1 or may  
ev5 g beyond x2 b ! capacity ( man is ( 
a diff]5t k9d4 ,x is a capacity1 n =    
becom+ sagaci\s1 b = becom+ rational2 or
 r x is a capacity :i* he has 9 virtue (
 be+ rational4 ,x is a capacity (       
progress4 ,9 animals1 h[ev] sagaci\s1   
h[ev] well tra9$1 ! progress 9 skill & k
 is limit$1 & v n>r[ly limit$4 ,!       
creature soon rea*es a b\nd>y1 beyond   
:i* x _c pass2 & ev5 if ! acquir$ habits
 be transmitt$ by desc5t to ano!r       
g5]ation1 7:i* happ5s 9 ! case ( dogs & 
sev]al o!r animals17 /ill ! race soon   

comes to a /& 9 its accompli%m5ts4 ,b 9 
man1 ! possible progress f g5]ation to  
g5]ation1 9 intellig5ce & k1 & we may   
also say1 9 p[]1 is indef9ite2 or if ?is
 be d\bt$1 x is at lea/ s va/1 t comp>$ 
) animals1 8 capacity is inf9ite4 ,& ?is
 capacity ext5ds to all races ( m5 its  
*>act]iz+ efficacy3 = we h good reason  
to believe t !re is no race ( human be+s
 :o may n1 by a due c\rse ( culture1    
cont9u$ ?r\gh g5]ations1 be br\ght into 
a community ( intellig5ce & p[] ) ! mo/ 
intellig5t & ! mo/ p[]ful races4 ,?is   
seems to be well e/abli%$1 = in/ance1 ) 
reg>d to ! ,african negroes2 s long     
reg>d$ by mo/1 by "s probably reg>d$    
/ill1 z a race inf]ior to ,europeans4 ,x
 has be5 f\nd t !y are abundantly       
capable ( tak+ a %>e 9 ! arts1          
lit]ature1 morality & religion (        
,european peoples4 ,& we _c d\bt t1 9 ! 
same mann]1 ! native ,au/ralians1 or !  
,bu%m5 ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 h human 
faculties & human capacities2 h[ev]     
difficult x might be to unfold ^!1 9 "o 

or two g5]ations1 into a =m (           
intellig5ce & civilization 9 any        
consid]able degree resembl+ our own4    
#g4 ,x is n requisite = u1 & x might    
lead to unnecess>y difficulties1 to fix 
^u any "o attribute ( man1 z peculi>ly  
*>act]i/ic1 & di/+ui%+ him f brutes4    
,yet x w\ld n be too mu* to say t man   
is1 9 tru?1 univ]sally & specifically   
*>act]iz$ by ! possession ( ,language4  
,x w n be que/ion$ t language1 9 its    
highe/ =ms1 is a wond]ful vehicle & a   
/rik+ evid5ce ( ! intellig5ce ( man4 ,8 
bodily organs c1 by a few sc>cely       
p]ceptible motions1 %ape ! air into     
s\nds :i* express ! k9ds1 prop]ties1    
actions & relations ( ?+s1 "u ?\s&s (   
aspects1 9 =ms inf9itely m g5]al &      
recondite ?an ^? 9 :i* !y pres5t        
!mselves to 8 s5ses2--& he c1 by means (
 ^! =ms1 aid$ by ! use ( 8 s5ses1       
explore ! b\ndless regions ( space1 ! f>
 recesses ( pa/ "t1 ! ord] ( nature1 !  
work+ ( ! ,au?or ( nature4 ,?is man     
does1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 ,reason1 & by !  

use ( ,language1 a necess>y implem5t ( 8
 ,reason = su* purposes4  #h4 ,t        
language1 9 su* a /age1 is a special "* 
( man1 w n be d\bt$4 ,b x may be ?\ght1 
!re is little resemblance betwe5        
,language 9 ?is exalt$ degree (         
p]fection1 & ! seem+ly s5seless gibb]i% 
( ! mo/ b>b>\s tribes4 ,su* an op9ion1  
h[ev]1 might easily be c>ri$ too f>4    
,all human language has 9 x ! elem5ts ( 
indef9ite intellectual activity1 & !    
g]ms ( indef9ite developm5t4 ,ev5 !     
rude/ k9d ( spee*1 us$ by savages1      
d5otes objects by _! k9ds1 _!           
attributes1 _! relations1 ) a degree (  
g5]ality d]iv$ f ! intellect1 n f !     
s5ses4 ,! g5]ality may be v limit$2 !   
relations :i* ! human intellect is      
capable ( appreh5d+ may be imp]fectly   
convey$4 ,b to d5ote k9ds & attributes &
 actions & relations at all1 is a beg9n+
 ( g5]alization & ab/raction2--or r1 is 
f> m ?an a beg9n+4 ,x is ! "w ( a       
faculty :i* c g5]alize & ab/ract2 & ^!  
m5tal processes once begun1 ! field (   

progress :i* is op5 to !m is indef9ite4 
,und\bt$ly x may happ5 t weak & b>b>\s  
tribes are1 = _m g5]ations1 s h>d press$
 by circum/ances1 & _! faculties s      
entirely absorb$ 9 provid+ = ! b>e wants
 ( ! poore/ life1 t _! ?\ghts may nev]  
travel to any?+ beyond ^!1 & _! language
 may n be ext5d$ s z to be applicable to
 any o!r purposes4 ,b ?is is n ! /&>d   
condition ( mank9d4 ,x is n1 by su*     
cases1 t man1 or t human nature1 is to  
be judg$4 ,! normal condition ( man is  
"o ( an advance beyond ! m]e means (    
subsi/5ce1 to ! arts ( life1 & ! ex]cise
 ( ?\ght 9 a g5]al =m4 ,to "s ext5t1 su*
 an advance has tak5 place 9 almo/ e    
region ( ! e>? & 9 e age4  #i4 ,p]haps  
we may (t5 h a t5d5cy to ?9k m meanly   
?an !y des]ve1 ( s-call$ b>b>\s tribes1 
& ( ^? ^: intellectual habits diff] mu* 
f our own4 ,we may be prone to reg>d    
ourselves z /&+ at ! summit (           
civilization2 & all o!r nations & ages1 
z n only occupy+ inf]ior positions1 b   
positions on a slope :i* desc5ds till x 

s9ks into ! nature ( brutes4 ,& yet h[  
little does an exam9ation ( ! hi/ory (  
mank9d ju/ify ?is view6 ,! diff]5t /ages
 ( civilization1 & ( intellectual       
culture1 :i* h prevail$ among !m1 h _h  
no appe>ance ( belong+ to "o s+le s]ies1
 9 :i* ! cases diff]$ only z high] or   
l[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re h be5 _m v      
diff]5t k9ds ( civilization1 accompani$ 
by diff]5t =ms ( art & ( ?\ght2 %[+ h[  
univ]sally ! human m9d t5ds to su*      
habits1 & h[ ri* x is 9 ! modes (       
manife/+ its innate p[]s4 ,h[ diff]5t h 
be5 ! =ms ( civilization among ! ,*9ese1
 ! ,indians1 ! ,egyptians1 !            
,babylonians1 ! ,mexicans1 ! ,p]uvians6 
,yet 9 all1 h[ mu* 0 display$ ( sagacity
 & skill1 ( p]sev]ance & progress1 (    
m5tal activity & grasp1 ( ?\ghtfulness &
 p[]4 ,are we1 9 ?9k+ ( ^! manife/ations
 ( human capacity1 to ?9k ( !m z only a 
/age betwe5 u & brutes8 or are we to ?9k
 s1 ev5 ( ! /oical ,r$ ,indians ( ,nor? 
,am]ica1 or ! en]getic ,new ,zeal&]s1 & 
,caffres8 ,& if n1 :y ( ! ,african      

,negroes1 or ! ,au/ralians1 or ! ,bu%m58
 ,we may call _! ,language a j>gon4 ,v  
probable x w\ld1 9 its pres5t =m1 be    
unable to express a great deal ( :at we 
are 9 ! habit ( putt+ into language4 ,b 
c we refuse to believe t1 ) reg>d to    
matt]s ) :i* !y are famili>1 & on       
occasions :]e !y are int]e/$1 !y w\ld be
 to ea* o!r intelligible & cle>8 ,& if  
we suppose cases 9 :i* _! affections &  
emotions are /rongly excit$1 7&         
affections & emotions at lea/ we _c d5y 
!m17 c we n believe t !y w\ld be eloqu5t
 & impressive8 ,d we n "k1 9 fact1 t    
almo/ all nations :i* we call savage1   
are1 on su* occasions1 eloqu5t 9 _! own 
language8 ,& s9ce ?is is s1 mu/ n _!    
language1 aft] all1 be a wond]ful       
in/rum5t z well z ours8 ,s9ce x c convey
 "o man's ?\ghts & emotions to _m1 clo!d
 9 ! =m :i* !y assume 9 8 m9d2 giv+ to  
?+s1 x may be1 an aspect q diff]5t f t  
:i* !y w\ld h if pres5t$ to _! own      
s5ses2 guid+ _! conviction1 w>m+ _!     
he>ts1 impell+ _! purposes2--c language1

 ev5 9 su* cases1 be o!rwise ?an a      
wond]ful produce ( man's int]nal1 ( 8   
m5tal1 t is1 ( 8 peculi>ly human        
faculties8 ,& is n language1 !re=e1 ev5 
9 :at we reg>d z its l[e/ =ms1 an       
end[m5t :i* completely sep>ates man f   
animals :i* h no su* faculty8--:i* _c   
reg>d1 or :i* _c convey1 ! impressions (
 ! individual 9 any su* g5]al & ab/ract 
=m8 ,probably we %\ld f9d1 z ^? :o h    
/udi$ ! language ( savages always h     
f\nd1 t e su* language conta9s a numb] (
 curi\s & subtle                        
practices1--contrivances1 we _c help    
call+ !m1--= m>k+ ! relations1 be>+s &  
connections ( words2 contrivances q     
diff]5t f ^? ( ! languages :i* we ?9k ( 
z m p]fect2 b yet1 9 ! m\?s ( ^? :o use 
su* spee*1 answ]+ _! purpose ) great    
precision4 ,b )\t go+ into su* details1 
! use ( any articulate language is1 z ! 
olde/ ,greeks spoke ( x1 a special &    
complete di/9ction ( man z man4  #aj4 ,x
 w\ld be an obscure & useless labor1 to 
speculate ^u ! "q :e!r animals h among  

!mselves any?+ :i* c prop]ly be call$   
,language4 ,t !y h any?+ :i* c be t]m$  
,language1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we "h speak ( 
x1 z admitt+ ( g5]al expressions1       
ab/ractions1 address to numb]s1         
eloqu5ce1 is utt]ly at v>iance ) any    
int]pretation :i* we c put ^u _!        
proce$+s4 ,! broad di/9ction ( ,in/9ct &
 ,reason1 h[ev] obscure x may be1 yet   
seems to be mo/ simply describ$1 by     
say+1 t animals d n appreh5d _!         
impressions "u g5]al =ms1 & t man does4 
,resemblance1 & consequ5t association ( 
impressions1 may (t5 %[ l g5]alization2 
b yet x is diff]5t4 ,!re is1 9 man's    
m9d1 a g]m ( g5]al ?\ghts1 sugge/$ by   
resemblances1 :i* is evolv$ & fix$ 9    
language2 & by ! aid ( su* an addition  
to ! impressions ( s5se1 man has ?\s&s (
 intellectual pa?ways f object to       
object1 f effect to cause1 f fact to    
inf]5ce4 ,8 impressions are project$ on 
a sph]e ( ?\ght ( :i* ! radii c be      
prolong$ into ! f>!/ regions ( !        
univ]se4 ,animals1 on ! contr>y1 are %ut

 up 9 _! sph]e ( s5sation1--pass+ f "o  
impression to ano!r by v>i\s            
associations1 e/abli%$ by circum/ances2 
b /ill1 hav+ access to no wid]          
intellectual region1 ?r\gh :i* lie l9es 
( transition purely ab/ract & m5tal4 ,t 
!y h _! modes ( communicat+ _!          
impressions & associations1 _!          
affections & emotions1 we "k2 b ^! modes
 ( communication d n make a language2   
nor d !y di/urb ! assignm5t ( ,language 
z a special "* ( man2 nor ! belief t man
 diff]s 9 8 ,k9d1 & we may say1 us+ a   
l>g] phrase1 9 8 ,ord]1 f all o!r       
creatures4  #aa4 ,we may sometimes be l$
 to assign mu* ( ! developm5t ( man's   
peculi> p[]s1 to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal   
circum/ances4 ,& t ! developm5t ( ^?    
p[]s is s influ5c$1 we _c d\bt2 b _!    
developm5t only1 n _! exi/5ce4 ,we h    
already said t savages1 liv+ a prec>i\s 
& mis]able life1 occupi$ incessantly )  
provid+ = _! m]e bodily wants1 are n    
likely to possess language1 or any o!r  
*>act]i/ic ( humanity1 9 any b a /unt$ &

 imp]fect =m4 ,b1 t manhood is debas$ & 
degrad$ "u su* adv]se conditions1 does n
 make man cease to be man4 ,ev5 f su* an
 abject race1 if a *ild be tak5 & br\ght
 up among ! com=ts & means ( developm5t 
:i* civiliz$ life supplies1 he does n   
fail to %[ t he possesses1 p]haps 9 an  
em95t degree1 ! p[]s :i* specially      
belong to man4 ,! evid5ces ( human      
t5d5cies1 human ?\ghts1 human           
capacities1 human affections &          
sympa?ies1 appe> conspicu\sly1 9 cases 9
 :i* !re has be5 no "t = ext]nal        
circum/ances to op]ate 9 any great      
degree1 s z to unfold any diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! man & ! brute2 or 9 :i* !      
influ5ce ( ! mo/ g5]al ( ext]nal        
ag5cies1 ! impressions ( sev]al ( !     
s5ses1 h be5 int]cept$4 ,:o t sees a    
lively *ild1 look+ ) eag] & curi\s eyes 
at e object1 utt]+ cries t express e    
v>iety ( elem5t>y human emotion 9 ! mo/ 
vivaci\s mann]1 ex*ang+ looks & ge/ures1
 & in>ticulate s\nds1 ) 8 nurse1 c d\bt 
t already he possesses ! g]ms ( human   

feel+1 ?\ght & k8 t already1 be=e he c  
=m or und]/& a s+le articulate ^w1 he   
has )9 him ! mat]ials ( an inf9ite      
exub]ance ( utt]ance1 & an impulse to   
f9d ! language into :i* su* utt]ance is 
to be m\ld$ by ! law ( 8 human nature8  
,& p]haps x may h happ5$ to o!rs1 z x   
has to me1 to "k a *ild :o _h be5 bo?   
deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d1 f a v e>ly age4 ,yet
 %e1 z ye>s w5t on1 disclos$ a          
p]petually gr[+ sympa?y ) ! o!r *ildr5 (
 ! family 9 all _! actions1 ) :i* (     
c\rse %e c\ld only acqua9t h]self by !  
s5se ( t\*4 ,%e sat1 dress$1 walk$1 z !y
 did2 ev5 imitat$ !m 9 hold+ a book 9 h]
 h& :5 !y read1 & 9 kneel+ :5 !y pray$4 
,no "o c\ld look at ! *ange :i* came ov]
 h] sightless c\nt5ance1 :5 a kn[n h&   
t\*$ h]s1 & d\bt t !re 0 a human s\l )9 
! frame4 ,! human s\l seem$ n only to be
 !re1 b to h be5 fully develop$2 ?\gh ! 
means by :i* x c\ld receive su*         
communications z g5]ally con/itute human
 education1 7 ?us cut (f4 ,& su* modes (
 communication ) h] companions z _h be5 

taught h]1 or z %e _h h]self inv5t$1    
well bore out ! belief1 t h] m9d 0 !    
con/ant dwell+-place1 n only ( human    
affections1 b ( human ?\ghts4 ,s pla9ly 
does x appe> t human ?\ght is n produc$ 
or occasion$ by ext]nal circum/ances    
only2 b has a special & inde/ructible   
g]m 9 human nature4  #ab4 ,i h be5      
endeavor+ to illu/rate ! doctr9e t man's
 nature is diff]5t f ! nature ( o!r     
animals2 z subsidi>y to ! doctr9e t !   
,human ,epo* ( ! e>?'s hi/ory is diff]5t
 f all ! prec$+ ,epo*s4 ,b 9 tru?1 ?is  
subsidi>y proposition is n by any means 
necess>y to my ma9 purpose4 ,ev5 if     
b>b>\s & savage tribes1 ev5 if m5 "u    
unfavorable circum/ances1 be little     
bett] ?an ! brutes1 /ill no "o w d\bt t 
! mo/ civiliz$ races ( mank9d1 t man "u 
! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 is f>1 is1
 inde$1 immeasurably elevat$ above !    
brutes4 ,! hi/ory ( man includes n only 
! hi/ory ( ,scy?ians & ,b>b>ians1       
,au/ralians & ,negroes1 b ( anci5t      
,greeks & ( mod]n ,europeans2 & !re=e   

!re c be no d\bt t ! p]iod ( ! ,e>?'s   
hi/ory1 :i* includes ! hi/ory ( man1 is 
v diff]5t inde$ f any p]iod :i* prec$$  
t4 ,to illu/rate ! peculi>ity1 !        
elevation1 ! dignity1 ! wond]ful        
end[m5ts ( man1 we might ref] to !      
a*ievem5ts1 ! record$ ?\ghts & actions1 
( ! mo/ em95t among ^? nations2--to _!  
arts1 _! poetry1 _! eloqu5ce2 _!        
philosoph]s1 _! ma!maticians1 _!        
a/ronom]s2 to ! acts ( virtue &         
devotion1 ( patriotism1 g5]osity1       
ob$i5ce1 tru?fulness1 love1 :i* took    
place among !m2--to _! piety1 _! rev]5ce
 = ! deity1 _! resignation to 8 w1 _!   
hope ( immortality4 ,su* *>act]i/ic     
traits ( man z man1 7:i* all examples ( 
intellig5ce1 virtue1 & religion1 are17  
might s]ve to %[ t man is1 9 a s5se q   
diff]5t f o!r creatures1 fe>fully &     
wond]fully made2 b ,i ne$ n g into su*  
details4 ,x is suffici5t = my purpose to
 sum up ! result 9 ! expressions :i* ,i 
h already us$2 t man is an intellectual1
 moral1 religi\s1 & spiritual be+4  #ac4

 ,b ! exi/5ce ( man ^u ! e>? be+ ?us an 
ev5t ( an ord] q diff]5t f any previ\s  
"p ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 ! "q occurs1 h[    
long has ?is /ate ( ?+s endur$8 ,:at    
p]iod has elaps$ s9ce ?is creature1 ) ^!
 high p[]s & faculties1 0 plac$ ^u !    
e>?8 ,h[ f> mu/ we g backw>d 9 "t1 to   
f9d ! beg9n+ ( 8 wond]ful hi/ory8--s    
utt]ly wond]ful comp>$ ) any?+ :i* _h   
previ\sly occurr$4 ,= z to t po9t1 we _c
 feel any d\bt4 ,! wilde/ imag9ation _c 
sugge/ t corals & madrepores1 oy/]s &   
sepias1 fi%es & liz>ds1 may h be5       
rational & moral creatures2 nor ev5 ^?  
creatures :i* come ne>] to human        
organization2 mega!riums & ma/odons1    
ext9ct de] & elephants4 ,und\bt$ly !    
e>?1 till ! exi/5ce ( man1 0 a _w ( m]e 
brute creatures4 ,h[ long !n has x be5  
o!rwise8 ,h[ long has x be5 ! habitation
 ( a rational1 reflective1 progressive  
race8 ,c we by any evid5ce1 geological  
or o!r1 approximate to ! beg9n+ ( !     
,human ,hi/ory8  #ad4 ,?is is a l>ge &  
curi\s "q1 & "o on :i* a precise answ]  

may n be )9 our rea*4 ,b an answ] n     
precise1 an approximation1 z we h       
sugge/$1 may suffice = our purpose4 ,if 
we c det]m9e1 9 "s measure1 ! ord] &    
scale ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* man has occupi$
 ! e>?1 ! det]m9ation may s]ve to       
support ! analogy :i* we wi% to e/abli%4
  #ae4 ,! geological evid5ce ) reg>d to 
! exi/5ce ( man is altoge!r negative4   
,previ\s to ! deposits & *anges :i* we c
 trace z belong+ obvi\sly to ! pres5t   
/ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! op]ation (  
causes n[ exi/+1 !re is no ve/ige ( !   
exi/5ce ( man1 or ( 8 works4 ,z 0 long  
ago obs]v$1#c we d n f9d1 among ! %ells 
& bones :i* are s abundant 9 ! old]     
/rata1 any weapons1 m$als1 implem5ts1   
/ructures1 :i* speak to u ( ! h& ( man1 
! workman4 ,if we look =w>ds t5 or tw5ty
 ?\s& ye>s1 & suppose ! exi/+ works (   
man to h be51 by t "t1 ru9$ & cov]$ up  
by masses ( rubbi%1 inundations1        
morasses1 lava-/reams1 e>?quakes2 /ill1 
:5 ! future inhabitant ( ! e>? digs into
 & explores ^! cov]+s1 he w discov]     

innum]able monum5ts t man exi/$ s long  
ago4 ,! mat]ials ( _m ( 8 works1 & !    
traces ( 8 own m9d1 :i* he /amps ^u !m1 
are z inde/ructible z ! %ells & bones   
:i* give language to ! olde/ "w4 ,inde$1
 9 _m cases ! olde/ fossil rema9s are ! 
results ( objects ( seem+ly ! mo/ frail 
& p]i%able mat]ial2--( ! mo/ delicate & 
t5d] animal & vegetable tissues &       
filam5ts4 ,t no su* rema9s ( textures & 
=ms1 m\ld$ by ! h& ( man1 are any:]e    
f\nd among ^!1 mu/ be accept$ z         
indisputable evid5ce t man did n exi/1 s
 z to be contempor>y ) ! plants &       
animals ?us commemorat$4 ,accord+ to    
geological evid5ce1 ! race ( man is a   
novelty ^u ! e>?2--some?+ :i* has       
succe$$ to all ! great geological       
*anges4  #af4 ,& 9 ?is1 almo/ all       
geologi/s are agre$4 ,ev5 ^? :o hold t1 
9 o!r ways1 ! c\rse ( *ange has be5     
uni=m2--t ev5 ! introduction ( man1 z a 
new species ( animal1 is only an ev5t ( 
! same k9d z myriads ( l ev5ts :i* h    
occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?2--/ill all[ t

 ! introduction ( man1 z a moral be+1 is
 an ev5t entirely diff]5t f any :i* _h  
tak5 place be=e2 & t ev5t is1           
geologically speak+1 rec5t4 ,! *anges ( 
:i* we h spok51 z /udi$ by ! geologi/ 9 
connection ) ! works ( man1 ! de/ruction
 ( build+s on sea-coa/s by ! incursions 
( ! ocean1 ! removal ( ! %ore _m miles  
away f anci5t h>bors1 ! ov]:elm+ (      
cities by e>?quakes or volcanic         
eruptions2 h[ev] great :5 comp>$ ) !    
*anges :i* take place 9 "o or two       
g5]ations2 are m9ute & inf9itesimal1 :5 
put 9 comp>ison ) ! *anges by :i* ranges
 ( m\nta9s & cont95ts h be5 br\ght into 
be+1 "o aft] ano!r1 ea* ( !m fill$ ) !  
rema9s ( diff]5t organic creations4     
#ag4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 geology does n g on
 ?is "q4 ,%e has no *ronomet] :i* c tell
 u :5 ! fir/ build+s 7 erect$1 :5 man   
fir/ dwelt 9 cities1 fir/ us$ implem5ts 
or arms2 /ill less1 language &          
reflection4 ,geology is compell$ to give
 ov] ! "q to ,hi/ory4 ,! ext]nal        
evid5ces ( ! antiquity ( ! species fail 

u1 & we mu/ h rec\rse to ! int]nal4     
,nature c tell u s little ( ! age ( man1
 t we mu/ inquire :at he c tell u       
himself4  #ah4 ,:at man c tell u ( 8 own
 age--:at hi/ory c say ( ! beg9n+ (     
hi/ory--is necess>ily v obscure &       
imp]fect4 ,we "k h[ difficult x is to   
trace to its orig9 ! ,hi/ory ( any s+le 
,nation3 h[ mu* m1 ! ,hi/ory ( all      
,nations6 ,we "k t all su* p>ticul>     
hi/ories c>ry u back to p]iods ( !      
migrations ( tribes1 confus$ mixtures ( 
populations1 p]plex$ & contradictory    
g5ealogies ( races2 & z we foll[ ^!     
fur!r & fur!r backw>ds1 !y become m & m 
obscure & unc]ta92 at lea/ 9 ! hi/ories 
:i* rema9 to u ( mo/ nations4 ,/ill1 !  
obscurity is n su* z to lead u to !     
conviction t rese>* is useless &        
unpr(itable4 ,x is an obscurity su* z   
naturally arises f ! lapse ( "t1 & !    
complexity ( ! subject4 ,! aspect ( !   
_w1 h[ev] f> we g back1 is /ill         
hi/orical & human2 hi/orical & human1 9 
z high a degree1 z x is at ! pres5t day4

 ,m51 z describ$ 9 ! records ( ! olde/  
times1 are ( ! same nature1 act ) ! same
 views1 are gov]n$ by ! same motives1 z 
at pres5t4 ,at all po9ts1 we see ?\ght1 
purpose1 law1 religion1 progress4 ,if we
 d n f9d a beg9n+1 we f9d at lea/       
evid5ce t1 9 approa*+ ! beg9n+1 !       
condition ( man does n1 9 any way1 cease
 to be t ( an intellectual1 moral1 &    
religi\s creature4  #ai4 ,!re are1      
inde$1 "s hi/ories :i* speak to u ( !   
beg9n+ ( man's exi/5ce ^u e>?2 & "o su* 
hi/ory 9 p>ticul>1 :i* comes to u       
recomm5d$ by indisputable evid5ce ( its 
own great antiquity1 by num]\s & /rik+  
confirmations f o!r hi/ories1 & f facts 
/ill curr5t1 & by its connection ) t    
religi\s view ( man's condition1 :i*    
appe>s to ?\ghtful m5 to be absolutely  
requisite to give a mean+ & purpose to  
man's faculties & end[m5ts4 ,i speak1 ( 
c\rse1 ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,?is    
hi/ory pr(esses to in=m u h[ man 0 plac$
 ^u ! e>?2 & h[1 f "o c5tre1 ! human    
family spread itself 9 v>i\s bran*es    

into all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is g5ealogy ( ! 
human race is accompani$ by a *ronology1
 f :i* x results t ! antiquity ( ! human
 race does n exce$ a few ?\s& ye>s4 ,ev5
 if we accept ?is hi/ory z true &       
au?oritative1 x w\ld n be wise to be    
rigidly t5aci\s ( ! *ronology1 z to its 
m9ute exactness4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 (  
?ree diff]5t =ms 9 :i* ?is hi/ory       
appe>s1 ! *ronology is diff]5t 9 all !  
?ree3 ,i mean ! ,hebrew1 ! ,sam>itan1 & 
! ,septuag9t v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 
,& ev5 if ?is 7 n s1 s9ce ?is *ronology 
is put 9 ! =m ( g5ealogies1 ( :i* _m ( !
 /eps may v probably h a mean+ diff]5t f
 ! simple succession ( g5]ations 9 a    
family1 7z "s ( !m c]ta9ly h17 x w\ld be
 unwise to consid] ourselves b\nd to !  
exact numb] ( ye>s /at$1 9 any ( ! ?ree 
v]sions1 or ev5 9 all4 ,x makes no      
diff]5ce to our argum5t1 nor to any1    
purpose 9 :i* we c suppose ?is n>rative 
to h a be>+1 :e!r we accept six ?\s& or 
t5 ?\s& ye>s1 or ev5 a long] p]iod1 z ! 
int]val :i* has n[ elaps$ s9ce !        

creation ( man took place1 & ! peopl+ ( 
! e>? began4  #bj4 ,&1 9 our            
speculations at lea/1 x w be well = u to
 take into acc\nt ! view :i* is giv5 u (
 ! antiquity ( ! human race1 by o!r     
hi/ories z well z by ?is4 ,a            
satisfactory result ( su* an            
inve/igation w\ld be atta9$ if1 look+ at
 all ^! hi/ories1 weigh+ _! value1      
int]pret+ _! expressions fairly1        
discov]+ _! s\rces ( error1 & (         
misrepres5tation1 we %\ld f9d !m all    
conv]ge to "o po9t2 all give a consi/5t 
& h>moni\s view ( ! e>lie/ /ages ( man's
 hi/ory2 ( ! times & places 9 :i* he    
fir/ appe>$ z man4 ,if all nations ( m5 
are bran*es ( ! same family1 x _c b     
int]e/ u1 to f9d all ! family traditions
 t5d+ upw>ds t[>ds ! same qu>t]2        
indicat+ a div]g5ce f ! same po9t2      
exhibit+ a recollection ( ! orig9al     
domicile1 or ( ! same orig9al family    
circle4  #ba4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1
 ?is appe>s to be ! result ( ! hi/orical
 inve/igations :i* h be5 pursu$ relative

 to ?is subject4 ,a c]ta9 gr\p ( nations
 is br\ght be=e u by ^! rese>*es :i*1 a 
few ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 7 possess$ ( arts1
 & mann]s1 & habits1 & belief1 :i* make 
!m conspicu\s1 & :i* we c easily believe
 to h be5 contemporane\s successors ( a 
common1 ?\gh1 x may be ev5 !n1 remote   
/ock4 ,su* are ! ,jews1 ,egyptians1     
,*aldeans1 & ,assyrians4 ,! hi/ories (  
^! nations are connect$ ) & confirm ea* 
o!r4 ,_! languages1 or mo/ ( !m1 h c]ta9
 aff9ities1 :i* glossologi/s1 on        
indep5d5t gr\nds1 h reg>d$ z aff9ities  
imply+ an orig9al connection4 ,_!       
*ronologies1 ?\gh 9 _m respects         
discrepant1 are n incapable ( be+ r$uc$ 
into an h>mony by v probable            
suppositions4 ,"h we h a v e>ly view ( !
 condition ( a portion ( ! e>? z !      
habitation ( man1 & p]haps a sugge/ion (
 a condition e>li] /ill4  #bb4 ,x is    
true1 t !re are o!r nations also1 :i*   
claim an antiquity = _! civilization    
equal to or great] ?an t :i* we c       
ascribe to ^!4 ,su* are ! ,indians & !  

,*9ese4 ,b :ile we d n "q t ^! nations 7
 at a remote p]iod 9 possession ( arts1 
k1 & regul> polity1 9 a v em95t degree1 
we are n at all call$ ^u to ass5t to !  
imm5se numb]s1 t5s ( ?\s&s & hundr$s (  
?\s&s ( ye>s1 by :i* su* nations1 9 _!  
hi/ories1 express _! antiquity4 ,=1 9 ! 
fir/ place1 su* numb]s are easily devis$
 & transf]r$ to ! obscure e>ly /ages (  
tradition1 :5 ! art ( num]ation is once 
become famili>4 ,^! va/ int]vals1 appli$
 to s]ies ( blank g5ealogies1 or idle   
fables1 gratify ! popul> appetite =     
num]ical wond]s1 b h little claim on    
critical conviction4  #bc4 ,& 9 ! next  
place1 we discov] t n enum]ation only1 b
 a m recondite art1 _h a great %>e 9 !  
fabrication ( ^! gigantic numb]s ( ye>s4
 ,"s ( ! nations ( :om we h ?us spok51 !
 ,indians1 = example1 _h1 at an e>ly    
p]iod1 possess$ !mselves ( a l>ge %>e ( 
a/ronomical k4 ,!y _h obs]v$ & exam9$ ! 
motions ( ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,planets1 &
 ! ,/>s1 till !y _h discov]$ ,cycles1 9 
:i*1 aft] long & seem+ly irregul> w&]+s 

9 ! skies1 ! heav5ly bodies came r\nd   
aga9 to kn[n & regul> positions4 ,!y _h 
?us detect$ ! ord] t reigns 9 ! seem+   
disord]2 & _h1 by ?is means1 enabl$     
!mselves to "k be=eh& :5 c]ta9          
a/ronomical ev5ts w\ld occur2 c]ta9     
configurations ( ! ,planets1 = in/ance1 
& eclipses2 & kn[+ h[ su* ev5ts w\ld    
occur 9 future1 !y 7 also able to       
calculate h[ ! l ev5ts _h occurr$ 9 !   
pa/4 ,!y c\ld ?us det]m9e :at eclipses &
 :at planet>y configurations _h occurr$1
 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( pa/ "t2 
& c\ld1 if !y 7 dispos$ to falsify _!   
e>ly hi/ories1 & to confirm !           
falsification by a/ronomical evid5ce1 d 
s ) a v ne> approximation to a/ronomical
 tru?4 ,su* a/ronomical confirmation (  
_! ass]tions1 s incapable 9 any common  
appreh5sion ( be+ d]iv$ f any o!r s\rce 
?an actual obs]vation ( ! fact1         
naturally produc$ a great effect ^u     
common m9ds2 & /ill m1 on ^? :o exam9$ !
 a/ronomical fact1 en\gh only to see t x
 01 approximately1 at lea/1 true4 ,b 9  

rec5t times ! fallacy ( ?is evid5ce has 
be5 %[n1 & ! fabrication detect$4 ,=    
?\gh ! a/ronomical rules :i* !y _h      
devis$ 7 approximately true1 !y 7 true  
approximately only4 ,! m exact rese>*es 
( mod]n ,european a/ronomy discov]$ t _!
 cycles1 ?\gh ne>ly exact1 7 n q s4 ,!re
 0 9 !m an error :i* made ! cycle1 at e 
revolution ( its p]iod1 :5 x 0 appli$ to
 pa/ ages1 m & m wrong2 s t !           
a/ronomical ev5ts :i* !y ass]t$ to h    
happ5$1 z !y _h calculat$ t !y w\ld h   
happ5$1 ! bett] in=m$ a/ronom] ( our day
 kn[s w\ld n h happ5$ exactly s1 b 9 a  
mann] diff]+ m & m f _! /atem5t1 z !    
ev5t 0 m & m remote4 ,& ?us ! fact :i*  
!y ass]t$ to h be5 obs]v$1 _h n really  
happ5$2 & ! confirmation1 :i* x _h be5  
suppos$ to l5d to _! hi/ory1 disappe>$4 
,& ?us1 !re is n1 9 ! ass]t$ antiquity (
 ,indian civilization & ,indian         
a/ronomy1 any?+ :i* has a well-f\nd$    
claim to di/urb our belief t ! nations (
 ! m we/]n regions ( ,asia _h a         
civilization z anci5t z !irs4 ,&        

consid]ations ( ne>ly ! same k9d may be 
appli$ to ! v remote a/ronomical facts  
:i* are record$ z hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 !   
hi/ory ( "s o!rs ( ! anci5t nations     
above m5tion$4  #bd4 ,/ill less ne$ we  
be di/urb$ by ! long s]ies ( dyna/ies1  
ea* occupy+ a l>ge p]iod ( ye>s1 :i* !  
,egyptians are said to h ins]t$ 9 _!    
e>ly hi/ory1 s z to c>ry _! orig9 beyond
 ! e>lie/ times :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,if !y
 spoke ( ! ,greek nations z *ildr5      
comp>$ ) _! own long-cont9u$ age1 z     
,plato says !y did1 a few ?\s&s ( ye>s (
 previ\s exi/5ce w\ld well entitle !m to
 d s4 ,s f> z su* a p]iod goes1 _!      
monum5ts & _! hi]oglyphical inscriptions
 give a reality to _! pret5sions1 :i* we
 may v will+ly grant4 ,& ev5 ! hi/ory ( 
! ,jews supposes t ! ,egyptians _h      
atta9$ a high po9t 9 arts1 gov]nm5t1 k1 
:5 ,abraham1 ! fa!r ( ! ,jewi% nation1 0
 /ill lead+ ! life ( a nomad4 ,b ?is    
supposition is n inconsi/5t ) ! acc\nt  
:i* ! ,jewi% ,scriptures give1 ( ! orig9
 ( nations2 especially if1 z we h said1 

we ab/a9 f any rigid & n>r[             
int]pretation ( ! *ronology ( ^?        
scriptures2 z on e gr\nd1 x is prud5t to
 d4  #be4 ,x appe>s !n n unreasonable to
 believe1 t a v few ?\s&s1 or ev5 a few 
hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,abraham1 !  
nations ( c5tral & we/]n ,asia (f] to u 
! olde/ aspect ( ! life ( man ^u ! e>?2 
& t 9 reason+ conc]n+ ! antiquity ( !   
human race1 we may suppose t at t p]iod1
 he 0 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( 8 exi/5ce4     
,al?\gh1 9 tru?1 if we 7 to accept !    
antiquity claim$ by ! ,egyptians1 !     
,indians1 or ! ,*9ese1 ! nature ( our   
argum5t w\ld n be mat]ially alt]$2 = t5 
?\s&1 or ev5 tw5ty ?\s& ye>s1 be>s a v  
small proportion to ! p]iods ( "t :i*   
geology requires = ! revolutions :i* %e 
describes2 &1 z ,i h said1 we h         
geological evid5ce also1 to %[ h[ brief 
! human p]iod has be51 :5 comp>$ ) !    
p]iod :i* prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,& if 
?is be s2 if su* peoples z ^? :o h left 
to u ! monum5ts ( ,egypt & ( ,assyria1 !
 pyramids & anci5t ,!bes1 ! walls (     

,n9eveh & ,babylon1 7 ! fir/ nations :i*
 liv$ z nations2 or if !y 7 sep>at$ f   
su* only by ! int]val by :i* ! ,g]mans (
 to-day are sep>at$ f ! ,g]mans (       
,tacitus2 we may well repeat our rem>k1 
t ! hi/ory ( man1 9 ! e>lie/ times1 is z
 truly a hi/ory ( a wond]ful1           
intellectual1 social1 political1        
spiritual creature1 z x is at pres5t4   
,we see1 9 ! monum5ts ( ^? p]iods1      
evid5ces s great & s full ( skill1 t ev5
 n[1 !y amaze u1 ( arts1 gov]nm5t1      
prop]ty1 ?\ght1 ! love ( beauty1 !      
recognition ( deity2 evid5ces ( memory1 
=esight1 p[]4 ,if ,london or ,b]l9 7 n[ 
de/roy$1 ov]:elm$1 &1 f\r ?\s& ye>s     
h5ce1 dis9t]r$1 ^! cities w\ld n af=d   
/rong] te/imony ( ^? attributes1 z exi/+
 9 mod]n ,europeans1 ?an we h ( su*     
qualities 9 ! anci5t ,babylonians &     
,egyptians4 ,! hi/ory ( man1 z t ( a    
creature pre-em95t 9 ! creation1 is     
equally su*1 h[ev] f> back we c>ry our  
rese>*es4  #bf4 ,nor is !re any?+ to    
di/urb ?is view1 9 ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( 

! uncultur$ & b>b>\s tribes :i* occupy1 
& always h occupi$1 a l>ge portion ( !  
e>?'s surface4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re  
is n1 9 ! aspect ( ! fact1 or 9 !       
in=mation :i* hi/ory gives u1 any reason
 to believe t su* tribes exhibit a =m ( 
human exi/5ce1 :i*1 9 ! natural ord] (  
progress1 is e>li] ?an ! =ms ( civiliz$ 
life1 ( :i* we h spok54 ,! op9ion t !   
mo/ savage k9d ( human life1 lea/       
acqua9t$ ) arts1 & lea/ provid$ )       
res\rces1 is ! /ate ( nature out ( :i*  
civiliz$ life has ev]y:]e gradually     
em]g$1 is an op9ion :i*1 ?\gh at "o "t  
popul>1 is unsupport$ by pro(1 & contr>y
 to probability4#d ,savage tribes d n s 
gr[ into civilization2 _! condition is1 
f> m probably1 a condition (            
civilization degrad$ & lo/1 ?an (       
civilization incipi5t & prospective4    
,add to ?is1 t if we 7 to assume t ?is 7
 o!rwise2 if man ?us orig9ally &        
naturally savage1 did also naturally t5d
 to become civiliz$2 ?is t5d5cy is an   
end[m5t no less wond]ful1 ?an ^?        

end[m5ts :i* civilization exhibits4 ,!  
capacity is z extraord9>y z ! develop$  
result2 = ! capacity involves ! result4 
,if savage man be ! g]m ( ! mo/ highly  
civiliz$ man1 he diff]s f all o!r animal
 g]ms1 z man diff]s f brute4 ,& add to  
?is aga91 t 9 ! tribes :i* we call      
savage1 & ^: condition mo/ diff]s1 9    
ext]nal circum/ances1 f ours1 !re are1  
aft] all1 a va/ mass ( human attributes3
 ?\ght1 purpose1 language1 family       
relations2 g5]ally prop]ty1 law1        
gov]nm5t1 contract1 arts1 & k1 to no    
small ext5t2 & 9 almo/ e case1 religion4
 ,ev5 unciviliz$ man is an intellectual1
 moral1 social1 religi\s creature2 nor  
is !re1 9 8 condition1 any reason :y he 
may n be a spiritual creature1 9 !      
highe/ s5se 9 :i* ! mo/ civiliz$ man c  
be s4  #bg4 ,"h !n we are br\ght to !   
view :i*1 x w\ld seem1 (f]s a complete  
reply to ! difficulty1 :i* a/ronomical  
discov]ies appe>$ to place 9 ! way (    
religion3--! difficulty ( ! op9ion t    
man1 occupy+ ?is speck ( e>?1 :i* is b z

 an atom 9 ! ,univ]se1 surr\nd$ by      
millions ( o!r globes1 l>g]1 &1 to      
appe>ance1 nobl] ?an t :i* he inhabits1 
%\ld be ! object ( ! peculi> c>e &      
gu>dian%ip1 ( ! favor & gov]nm5t1 ( !   
,creator ( ,all1 9 ! way 9 :i* ,religion
 tea*es u t ,he is4 ,= we f9d t man1 7! 
human race1 f its fir/ orig9 till n[17  
has occupi$ b an atom ( "t1 z he has    
occupi$ b an atom ( space3--t z he is   
surr\nd$ by myriads ( globes :i* may1 l 
?is1 be ! habitations ( liv+ ?+s1 s he  
has be5 prec$$1 on ?is e>?1 by myriads (
 g5]ations ( liv+ ?+s1 n possibly or    
probably only1 b c]ta9ly2 & yet t1      
comp>+ 8 hi/ory ) !irs1 he has be51     
c]ta9ly has be5 fitt$ to be1 ! object ( 
! c>e & gu>dian%ip1 ( ! favor &         
gov]nm5t1 ( ! ,ma/] & ,gov]nor ( ,all1 9
 a mann] entirely diff]5t f any?+ :i* x 
is possible to believe ) reg>d to !     
c\ntless g5]ations ( brute creatures :i*
 _h gone be=e him4 ,if we w d\bt or     
ov]look ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & brutes1 
! difficulty ( ascrib+ to man peculi>   

privileges1 is made z great by !        
revelations ( geology1 z ( a/ronomy4 ,! 
scale ( man's insignificance is1 z we h 
said1 ( ! same ord] 9 ref]5ce to "t1 z  
to space4 ,!re is no?+ :i* at all goes  
beyond ! magnitude :i* obs]vation &     
reason+ sugge/ = geological p]iods1 9   
suppos+ t ! t]ti>y /rata occupi$1 9 _!  
deposition & elevation1 a p]iod z mu*   
great] ?an ! p]iod ( human hi/ory1 z !  
sol> sy/em is l>g] ?an ! e>?3--t !      
second>y /rata 7 z mu* long] ?an ^! 9 _!
 =mation1 z ! ne>e/ fix$ /> is m di/ant 
?an ! sun3--t ! /ill e>li] masses1 call 
!m prim>y1 or protozoic1 or :at we w1   
did1 9 _! production1 ext5d ?r\gh a     
p]iod ( "t z va/1 comp>$ ) ! second>y   
p]iod1 z ! mo/ di/ant nebula is remot]  
?an ! ne>e/ />4 ,if ! e>?1 z !          
habitation ( man1 is a speck 9 ! mid/ ( 
an inf9ity ( space1 ! e>?1 z !          
habitation ( man1 is also a speck at !  
end ( an inf9ity ( "t4 ,if we are z no?+
 9 ! surr\nd+ univ]se1 we are z no?+ 9 !
 elaps$ et]nity2 or r1 9 ! elaps$       

organic antiquity1 dur+ :i* ! e>? has   
exi/$ & be5 ! abode ( life4 ,if man is b
 "o small family 9 ! mid/ ( innum]able  
possible h\seholds1 he is also b "o     
small family1 ! successor ( innum]able  
tribes ( animals1 n possible only1 b    
actual4 ,if ! planets may be ! seats (  
life1 we "k t ! seas :i* h giv5 bir? to 
our m\nta9s 7 ! seats ( life4 ,if ! />s 
may h hundr$s ( sy/ems ( t5ant$ planets 
roll+ r\nd !m1 we "k t ! second>y gr\p (
 rocks does conta9 hundr$s ( t5ant$ b$s1
 witness+ ( z _m sy/ems ( organic       
creation4 ,if ! nebulae may be planet>y 
sy/ems 9 ! c\rse ( =mation1 we "k t !   
prim>y & transition rocks ei!r %[ u !   
e>? 9 ! c\rse ( =mation1 z ! future seat
 ( life1 or exhibit su* life z already  
begun4  #bh4 ,h[ f> t :i* a/ronomy ?us  
ass]ts z possible1 is probable3--:at is 
! value ( ^! possibilities ( life 9     
di/ant regions ( ! univ]se1 we %all     
h]eaft] consid]4 ,b 9 :at geology       
ass]ts1 ! case is cle>4 ,x is no        
possibility1 b a c]ta9ty4 ,no "o w n[   

d\bt t %ells & skeletons1 trunks &      
leaves1 prove animal & vegetable life to
 h exi/$4 ,ev51 !re=e1 if ,a/ronomy c\ld
 demon/rate all t h] mo/ fanciful       
disciples assume1 ,geology w\ld /ill h a
 complete "r to claim an equal he>+2--to
 insi/ ^u hav+ h] analogies reg>d$4 ,%e 
w\ld h a "r to answ] ! que/ions (       
,a/ronomy1 :5 %e says1 ,h[ c we believe 
?is8 & to h h] answ]s accept$4  #bi4    
,a/ronomy claims a sort ( dignity ov]   
all o!r sci5ces1 f h] antiquity1 h]     
c]ta9ty1 & ! va/ness ( h] discov]ies4 ,b
 ! antiquity ( a/ronomy z a sci5ce _h no
 %>e 9 su* speculations z we are        
discuss+2 & if x _h _h1 new tru?s are   
bett] ?an old conjectures2 new          
discov]ies mu/ rectify old errors2 new  
answ]s mu/ remove old difficulties4 ,!  
vigor\s y\? ( ,geology makes h] fe>less 
( ! age ( ,a/ronomy4 ,& z to ! c]ta9ty (
 ,a/ronomy1 x has j z little to d ) ^!  
speculations4 ,! c]ta9ty /ops1 j :5 ^!  
speculations beg94 ,!re may1 inde$1 be  
"s dang] ( delusion on ?is subject4 ,m5 

h be5 s long accu/om$ to look ^u        
a/ronomical sci5ce z ! "m ( c]ta9ty1 t  
!y may conf\nd a/ronomical discov]ies ) 
cosmological conjectures2 ?\gh ^! be    
slightly & illogically connect$ ) ^?4 ,&
 !n1 z to ! va/ness ( a/ronomical       
discov]ies1--grant+ t "*1 inasmu* z x is
 to a c]ta9 degree1 a matt] (           
measurem5t1--we mu/ obs]ve1 t !         
discov]ies ( geology are no less va/3 !y
 ext5d ?r\gh "t1 z ^? ( a/ronomy d ?r\gh
 space4 ,!y c>ry u ?r\gh millions (     
ye>s1 t is1 ( ! e>?'s revolutions1 z ^? 
( a/ronomy d ?r\gh millions ( ! e>?'s   
diamet]s1 or ( diamet]s ( ! e>?'s orbit4
 ,geology fills ! regions ( duration )  
ev5ts1 z a/ronomy fills ! regions ( !   
univ]se ) objects4 ,%e c>ries u backw>ds
 by ! relation ( cause & effect1 z      
a/ronomy c>ries u upw>ds by ! relations 
( geometry4 ,z a/ronomy /eps on f po9t  
to po9t ( ! univ]se by a *a9 (          
triangles1 s geology /eps f epo* to epo*
 ( ! e>?'s hi/ory by a *a9 ( me*anical &
 organical laws4 ,if ! "o dep5ds on !   

axioms ( geometry1 ! o!r dep5ds on !    
axioms ( causation4  #cj4 ,s f> !n1     
,geology has no ne$ to reg>d ,a/ronomy z
 h] sup]ior2 & lea/ ( all1 :5 !y apply  
!mselves toge!r to speculations l ^!4 ,b
 9 tru?1 9 su* speculations1 ,geology   
has an immeasurable sup]iority4 ,%e has 
! comm& ( an implem5t1 9 addition to all
 t ,a/ronomy c use2 & "o1 = ! purpose ( 
su* speculations1 adapt$ f> beyond any  
a/ronomical elem5t ( discov]y4 ,%e has1 
= "o ( h] /udies1--"o ( h] means ( deal+
 ) h] problems1--! k ( ,life1 animal &  
vegetable4 ,vital organization is a     
subject ( att5tion :i* has1 9 mod]n     
times1 be5 =c$ ^u h]4 ,x is n[ "o ( !   
ma9 p>ts ( h] discipl9e4 ,! geologi/ mu/
 /udy ! traces ( life 9 e =m2 mu/ le>n  
to decyph] its fa9te/ indications & its 
fulle/ developm5t4 ,on ! "q1 !n1 :e!r   
!re be 9 ?is or t qu>t]1 evid5ce ( life1
 he c speak ) ! confid5ce d]iv$ f       
famili> k2 :ile ! a/ronom]1 to :om su*  
/udies are utt]ly =eign1 because he has 
no facts :i* be> ^u !m1 c (f]1 on su*   

que/ions1 only ! loose/ & mo/ arbitr>y  
conjectures2 :i*1 z we h _h to rem>k1 h 
be5 rebuk$ by em95t m51 z be+ altoge!r  
inconsi/5t ) ! ackn[l$g$ maxims ( 8     
sci5ce4  #ca4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,geology tells
 u t ! e>?1 :i* has be5 ! seat ( human  
life = a few ?\s& ye>s only1 has be5 !  
seat ( animal life = myriads1 x may be1 
millions ( ye>s1 %e has a "r to (f] ?is1
 z an answ] to any difficulty :i*       
,a/ronomy1 or ! read]s ( a/ronomical    
books1 may sugge/1 d]iv$ f !            
consid]ations t ! ,e>?1 ! seat ( human  
life1 is b "o globe ( a few ?\s& miles 9
 diamet]1 among millions ( o!r globes1  
at di/ances millions ( times z great4   
#cb4 ,let ! difficulty be put 9 any way 
! objector pleases4 ,is x t x is unwor?y
 ( ! greatness & maje/y ( ,god1 accord+ 
to our conceptions ( ,him1 to be/[ su*  
peculi> c>e on s small a "p ( ,8        
creation8 ,b we "k1 f geology1 t ,he has
 be/[$ ^u ?is small "p ( ,8 creation1   
mank9d1 ?is special c>e2--,he has made  
_! p]iod1 ?\gh only a mom5t 9 ! ages (  

animal life1 ! only p]iod ( intellig5ce1
 morality1 religion4 ,if !n1 to suppose 
t ,he has done ?is1 is contr>y to our   
conceptions ( ,8 greatness & maje/y1 x  
is pla9 t our conceptions are errone\s2 
!y h tak5 a wrong direction4 ,god has n 
judg$1 z to :at is wor?y ( ,him1 z we h 
judg$4 ,he has f\nd x wor?y ( ,him to   
be/[ ^u man ,8 special c>e1 ?\gh he     
occupies s small a portion ( "t2 & :y n1
 !n1 al?\gh he occupies s small a       
portion ( space8  #cc4 ,or is !         
objection ?is2 t if we suppose ! e>?    
only to be occupi$ by inhabitants1 all !
 o!r globes ( ! univ]se are wa/$2--turn$
 to no purpose8 ,is wa/e ( ?is k9d      
consid]$ z unsuit$ to ! "* ( ! ,creator8
 ,b "h aga91 we h ! l wa/e1 9 !         
occupation ( ! e>?4 ,all its previ\s    
ages1 its seas & its cont95ts1 h be5    
wa/$ ^u m]e brute life2 (t51 s f> z we c
 see1 = myriads ( ye>s1 ^u ! l[e/1 !    
lea/ consci\s =ms ( life2 ^u %ell-fi%1  
corals1 sponges4 ,:y !n %\ld n ! seas & 
cont95ts ( o!r planets be occupi$ at    

pres5t ) a life no high] ?an ?is1 or )  
no life at all8 ,w x be said t1 s f> z  
mat]ial objects are occupi$ by life1 !y 
are n wa/$2 b t !y are wa/$1 if !y are  
entirely b>r5 & blank ( life8 ,?is is a 
v arbitr>y say+4 ,:y %\ld ! life ( a    
sponge1 or a coral1 or an oy/]1 be      
reg>d$ z a good employm5t ( a spot ( l& 
& wat]1 s z to save x f be+ wa/$8 ,no   
d\bt1 if ! coral or ! oy/] be !re1 !re  
is a reason :y x is s1 consi/5tly ) !   
attributes ( ,god4 ,b !n1 on ! same     
gr\nd1 we may say t if x be n !re1 !re  
is a reason :y x is n s4 ,su* a mode (  
reg>d+ ! p>ts ( ! univ]se c nev] give u 
reasons :y !y %\ld or %\ld n be         
inhabit$1 :5 we h no o!r gr\nds = kn[+  
:e!r !y are4 ,if x be a suffici5t       
employm5t ( a spot ( rock or wat] t x is
 ! seat ( organization--( organic p[]s2 
:y may x n be a suffici5t employm5t ( ! 
same spot t x is ! seat ( attraction1 ( 
cohesion1 ( cry/all9e p[]s8 ,all !      
planets1 all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 we h good
 reason to believe1 are p]vad$ by       

attraction1 by =ces ( aggregation &     
atomic relation1 by light & heat4 ,:y   
may n ^! be suffici5t to prev5t ! space 
be+ wa/$1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,creator8 z1 dur+
 a great "p ( ! e>?'s pa/ hi/ory1 & ov] 
l>ge portions ( its pres5t mass1 !y are 
actually held by ,him suffici5t2 = !y   
are all t occupy ^? portions4 ,?is      
notion1 !n1 ( ! improbability ( !re be+1
 9 ! univ]se1 s va/ an am\nt ( wa/e     
spaces1 or wa/e bodies1 z is impli$ 9 ! 
op9ion t ! e>? alone is ! seat ( life1  
or ( intellig5ce1 is confut$ by ! fact1 
t !re are va/ spaces1 wa/e di/ricts1 &  
especially wa/e times1 to an ext5t z    
great z su* a notion deems improbable4  
,! avoidance ( su* wa/e1 accord+ to our 
notions ( wa/e1 is no "p ( ! economy (  
creation1 s f> z we c disc]n t economy1 
9 its mo/ c]ta9 exemplifications4  #cd4 
,or w ! objection be made 9 ?is way2 t  
su* a peculi> dignity & importance giv5 
to ! e>? is contr>y to ! analogy (      
creation2--t s9ce !re are s _m globes1  
simil> to ! e>?1--l h]1 revolv+ r\nd !  

sun1 l h]1 revolv+ on h] axes1 sev]al ( 
!m1 l h]1 accompani$ by satellites2 x is
 reasonable to suppose t _! de/9ation & 
(fice is ! same z h]s2--t s9ce !re are s
 _m />s1 ea* l ! sun1 a s\rce ( light1 &
 probably ( heat1 x is reasonable to    
suppose t1 l ! sun1 !y are ! c5tres (   
sy/ems ( planets1 to :i* _! light & heat
 are imp>t$1 to uphold life3--is x ?\ght
 t su* a resemblance is a /rong gr\nd = 
believ+ t ! planets ( our sy/em1 & ( o!r
 sy/ems1 are inhabit$ z ! e>? is8 ,if   
su* an a/ronomical analogy be insi/$ on1
 we mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to geology1 to   
see :at su* analogy is wor?4 ,& !n1 we  
are l$ to reflect1 t if we 7 to foll[   
su* analogies1 we %\ld be l$ to suppose 
t all ! successive p]iods ( ! e>?'s     
hi/ory 7 occupi$ ) life ( ! same ord]2 t
 z ! e>?1 9 its pres5t condition1 is !  
seat ( an intellig5t population1 s mu/ x
 h be51 9 all =m] conditions4 ,! e>?1 9 
its =m] conditions1 0 able & fitt$ to   
support life2 ev5 ! life ( creatures    
closely resembl+ man 9 _! bodily        

/ructure4 ,ev5 ( monkeys1 fossil rema9s 
h be5 f\nd4 ,b yet1 9 ^? =m] conditions1
 x did n support human life4 ,ev5 ^?    
geologi/s :o h dwelt mo/ on ! discov]y (
 fossil monkeys1 & o!r animals ne>e/ to 
man1 h n dreamt t !re exi/$1 be=e man1 a
 race ( rational1 intellig5t1 &         
progressive creatures4 ,z we h se51     
geology & hi/ory alike refute su* a     
fancy4 ,! notion1 !n1 t "o p]iod ( "t 9 
! hi/ory ( ! e>? mu/ resemble ano!r1 9 !
 "* ( its population1 because x         
resembles x 9 physical circum/ances1 is 
negativ$ by ! facts :i* we discov] 9 !  
hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,& s1 ! notion t "o "p (
 ! univ]se mu/ resemble ano!r 9 its     
population1 because x resembles x 9     
physical circum/ances1 is negativ$ z a  
law ( creation4 ,analogy1 fur!r exam9$1 
af=ds no support to su* a notion4 ,!    
analogy ( "t1 ! ev5ts ( :i* we "k1      
corrects all su* guesses f\nd$ on a     
suppos$ analogy ( space1 ! furniture (  
:i*1 s f> z ?is po9t is conc]n$1 we h no
 suffici5t means ( exam9+4  #ce4 ,b 9   

tru?1 we may g fur!r4 ,n only does !    
analogy ( creation n po9t to any su*    
entire resemblance ( simil> p>ts1 z is  
?us assum$1 b x po9ts 9 ! opposite      
direction4 ,n entire resemblance1 b     
univ]sal diff]5ce is :at we discov]2 n !
 repetition ( exactly simil> cases1 b a 
s]ies ( cases p]petually dissimil>1     
pres5ts itself2 n con/ancy1 b *ange1    
p]haps advance2 n "o p]man5t & p]vad+   
s*eme1 b prep>ation & completion (      
successive s*emes2 n uni=mity & a fix$  
type ( exi/5ces1 b progression & a      
climax4 ,?is may be said to be ! case 9 
! geological aspect ( ! _w2 =1 )\t      
occupy+ ourselves ) ! "q1 h[ f> !       
monum5ts ( animal life1 :i* we f9d      
pres]v$ 9 ! e>?'s /rata1 exhibit$ a     
gradual progression f rud] & m imp]fect 
=ms to ! types ( ! pres5t t]re/rial     
population2 f sponges & mollusks1 to fi%
 & liz>ds1 f cold-blood$ to w>m blood$  
animals1 & s on1 till we come to ! mo/  
p]fect v]tebrates2--a doctr9e :i* _m    
em95t geologi/s h held1 & /ill          

hold2--)\t discuss+ ?is "q1 or assum+ t 
! fact is s2 ?is at lea/ _c be d5i$ or  
d\bt$1 t man is incomp>ably ! mo/ p]fect
 & highly-end[$ creature :i* ev] has    
exi/$ on ! e>?4 ,h[ f> previ\s p]iods ( 
animal exi/5ce 7 a necess>y prep>ation (
 ! e>?1 z ! habitation ( man1 or a      
gradual progression t[>ds ! exi/5ce (   
man1 we ne$ n n[ inquire4 ,b ?is at lea/
 we may say2 t man1 n[ t he is "h1 =ms a
 climax to all t has prec$$2 a t]m      
incomp>ably exce$+ 9 value all ! previ\s
 p>ts ( ! s]ies2 a complex & ornate     
capital to ! subjac5t column2 a p]sonage
 ( va/ly great] dignity & importance ?an
 all ! prec$+ l9e ( ! procession4 ,!    
analogy ( nature1 9 ?is case at lea/1   
appe>s to be1 t !re %\ld be inf]ior1 z  
well z sup]ior prov9ces1 9 ! univ]se2 & 
t ! inf]ior may occupy an imm5sely l>g] 
portion ( "t ?an ! sup]ior2 :y n !n (   
space8 ,! intellig5t "p ( creation is   
?ru/ into ! compass ( a few ye>s1 9 !   
c\rse ( myriads ( ages2 :y n !n into !  
compass ( a few miles1 9 ! expanse (    

sy/ems8 ,! e>? 0 brute & in]t1 comp>$ ) 
its pres5t condition1 d>k & *aotic1 s f>
 z ! light ( reason & intellig5ce are   
conc]n$1 = c\ntless c5turies be=e man 0 
creat$4 ,:y !n may n o!r p>ts ( creation
 be /ill 9 ?is brute & in]t & *aotic    
/ate1 :ile ! e>? is "u ! influ5ce ( a   
high] ex]cise ( creative p[]8 ,if ! e>? 
01 = ages1 a turbid abyss ( lava & (    
mud1 :y may n ,m>s or ,saturn be s /ill8
 ,if ! g]ms ( life 71 gradually1 & at   
long int]vals1 ins]t$ 9 ! t]re/rial     
slime1 :y may !y n be j ins]t$1 or n yet
 ins]t$1 9 ,jupit]8 ,or :y %\ld we      
assume t ! condition ( ^? planets       
resembles ours1 ev5 s f> z su*          
suppositions imply8 ,:y may !y n1 "s or 
all ( !m1 be b>r5 masses ( /one & metal1
 slag & scoriae1 du/ & c9d]s8 ,t "s ( !m
 are compos$ ( su* mat]ials1 we h bett] 
reason to believe1 ?an we h to believe  
any?+ else respect+ _! physical         
con/itution1 z we %all h]eaft] endeavor 
to %[4 ,if !n1 ! e>? be ! sole inhabit$ 
spot 9 ! "w ( creation1 ! oasis 9 !     

des]t ( our sy/em1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is    
contr>y to ! analogy ( creation4 ,b if1 
9 "s way :i* p]haps we _c discov]1 ! e>?
 obta9$1 = accompanim5ts1 m]e *aotic &  
b>r5 masses1 z conditions ( com+ into   
its pres5t /ate2 z x may h requir$1 =   
accompanim5ts1 ! brute & imp]fect races 
( =m] animals1 z conditions ( com+ into 
its pres5t /ate1 z ! habitation ( man2 !
 analogy is aga9/1 & n 9 favor (1 !     
belief t !y too 7! o!r masses1 !        
planets1 c47 are habitations4 ,i may    
h]eaft] dwell m fully on su*            
speculations2 b ! possibility t !       
planets are su* rude masses1 is q z     
t5able1 on a/ronomical gr\nds1 z !      
possibility t ! planets resemble ! e>?1 
9 matt]s ( :i* a/ronomy c tell u no?+4  
,we say1 !re=e1 t ! example ( geology   
refutes ! argum5t drawn f ! suppos$     
analogy ( "o "p ( ! univ]se ) ano!r2 &  
sugge/s a /rong suspicion t ! =ce (     
analogy1 bett] kn[n1 may t5d 9 !        
opposite direction4  #cf4 ,:5 su*       
possibilities are pres5t$ to ! read]1 he

 may naturally ask1 if we are ?us to    
reg>d man z ! climax ( creation1 9      
space1 z 9 "t1 c we po9t out any *>act]s
 belong+ to him1 :i* may t5d to make x  
conceivable t ! ,creator %\ld ?us       
di/+ui% him1 & c>e = him3--%\ld prep>e 8
 habitation if x be s1 by ages ( *aotic 
& rudim5t>y life1 & by accompany+ orbs (
 brute & b>r5 matt]4 ,if ,man be1 ?us1 !
 head1 ! cr[n$ head ( ! creation1 is he 
wor?y to be ?us elevat$8 ,has he any    
qualities :i* make x conceivable t1 )   
su* an array ( prep>ation &             
accompanim5t1 he %\ld be plac$ ^u ! e>?1
 8 ?rone8 ,or r1 if he be ?us ! *os5    
subject ( ,god's c>e1 has he any        
qualities1 :i* make x conceivable t he  
%\ld be ?us select$2 tak5 "u su*        
gu>dian%ip2 admitt$ to su* a            
disp5sation2 grac$ ) su* favor4 ,! "q ) 
:i* we began aga9 recurs3 ,:at is man t 
,god %\ld be ?us m9dful ( him8 ,aft] !  
views :i* h be5 pres5t$ to u1 does any  
answ] n[ occur to u8  #cg4 ,! answ] :i* 
we h to give1 is t :i* we h already     

repeat$ly /at$4 ,man is an intellectual1
 moral1 religi\s1 & spiritual creature4 
,if we consid] ^! attributes1 we %all   
see t !y are su* z to give him a special
 relation to ,god1 & z we conceive1 &   
mu/ conceive1 ,god to be2 & may !re=e   
be1 9 ,god1 ! occasion ( special        
gu>dian%ip1 special reg>d1 a special    
disp5sation t[>ds man4  #ch4 ,z an      
intellectual creature1 he has n only an 
intellig5ce :i* he c apply to practical 
uses1 to m9i/] to ! ne$s ( animal &     
social life2 b also an intellect by :i* 
he c speculate ab\t ! relations ( ?+s1 9
 _! mo/ g5]al =m2 = in/ance1 ! prop]ties
 ( space & "t1 ! relations ( f9ite &    
inf9ite4 ,he c discov] tru?s1 to :i* all
 ?+s1 exi/+ 9 space & "t1 mu/ con=m4 ,^!
 are conditions ( exi/5ce to :i* !      
creation con=ms1 t is1 to :i* ! ,creator
 con=ms2 & man1 capable ( see+ t su*    
conditions are true & necess>y1 is      
capable1 s f>1 ( und]/&+ "s ( !         
conditions ( ! ,creator's workman%ip4 ,9
 ?is way1 ! m9d ( man has "s community )

 ! m9d ( ,god2 & h[ev] remote & imp]fect
 ?is community may be1 x mu/ be real4   
,s9ce1 !n1 man has ?us1 9 8 intellect1  
an elem5t ( community ) ,god1 x is s f> 
conceivable t he %\ld be1 9 a special   
mann]1 ! object ( ,god's c>e & favor4 ,!
 human m9d1 ) its wond]ful & p]haps     
illimitable p[]s1 is some?+ ( :i* we c  
believe ,god to be m9dful4  #ci4 ,aga93 
man is a moral creature4 ,he recognizes1
 he _c help recogniz+1 a di/9ction ( "r 
& wrong 9 8 actions2 & 9 8 int]nal      
movem5ts :i* lead to action4 ,?is       
di/9ction he recognizes z ! reason1 !   
highe/ & ultimate reason1 = do+ or = n  
do+4 ,& ?is law ( 8 own reason1 he is1  
by reflection1 l$ to recognize z a ,law 
( ! ,supreme ,reason2 ( ! ,supreme ,m9d 
:i* has made him :at he is4 ,! ,moral   
,law1 he owns & feels z ,god's ,law4 ,by
 ! obligation :i* he feels to obey ?is  
,law1 he feels himself ,god's subject2  
plac$ "u 8 gov]nm5t2 compell$ to expect 
8 judgm5t1 8 rew>ds1 & puni%m5ts4 ,by   
be+ a moral creature1 !n1 he is1 9 a    

special mann]1 ! subject ( ,god2 & n    
only we c believe t1 9 ?is capacity1    
,god c>es = him2 b we _c believe t he   
does n c>e = him4 ,he c>es = him1 s z to
 approve ( :at he does "r1 & to condemn 
:at he does wrong4 ,& he has giv5 him1 9
 8 own brea/1 an assurance t he w d ?is2
 & ?us1 ,god c>es = man1 9 a peculi> &  
special mann]4 ,z a moral creature1 we h
 no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t ,god may ?9k
 him wor?y ( 8 reg>d & gov]nm5t4  #dj4  
,! developm5t ( man's moral nature1 z we
 h j describ$ x1 leads to1 & involves ! 
developm5t ( 8 religi\s nature4 ,by     
look+ )9 himself1 & see+ ! ,moral ,law1 
he le>ns to look upw>ds to ,god1 !      
,au?or ( ! ,law1 & ! ,aw>d] ( ! rew>ds &
 p5alties :i* foll[ moral good & evil4  
,b ! belief ( su* a disp5sation c>ries  
u1 or makes u long to be c>ri$1 beyond !
 manife/ations ( ?is disp5sation1 z !y  
appe> 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( human life4 ,by
 ?9k+ on su* ?+s1 man is l$ to ascribe a
 wid] range to ! moral ,gov]nm5t (      
,god3--to believe 9 me?ods ( rew>d &    

puni%m5t1 :i* d n appe> 9 ! natural     
c\rse ( ev5ts3 to accept ev5ts1 out ( ! 
ord] ( nature1 :i* ann\nce t ,god has   
provid$ su* me?ods3 to accept !m1 :5    
duly au!nticat$1 z messages f ,god2 &   
?us1 :5 ,god provides ! means1 to all[  
himself to be plac$ 9 int]c\rse ) ,god4 
,s9ce man is capable ( ?is2 s9ce1 z a   
religi\s creature1 ?is is 8 t5d5cy1 8   
ne$1 ! crav+ ( 8 he>t1 )\t :i*1 :5 8    
religi\s nature is fully unfold$1 he c  
feel no com=t nor satisfaction2 we _c be
 surpris$ t ,god %\ld deem him a prop]  
object ( a special fa!rly c>e2 a fit    
subject = a special disp5sation ( 8     
purposes1 z to ! consequ5ces ( human    
actions4 ,man be+ ?is1 we c believe t   
,god is n only m9dful ( him1 b visits   
him4  #da4 ,z we h said1 ! s\l ( man1   
reg>d$ z ! subject ( ,god's religi\s    
gov]nm5t1 is especially t]m$ 8 ,_s3 !   
c\rse ( human be+ :i* results f !       
int]c\rse ) ,god1 :i* ,god p]mits1 is a 
spiritual exi/5ce4 ,man is capable1 9 no
 small degree1 ( su* an exi/5ce1 ( su*  

an int]c\rse ) ,god2 &1 z we are        
au?oriz$ to t]m x1 ( su* a life ) ,god1 
& 9 ,god1 ev5 :ile he cont9ues 9 8      
pres5t human exi/5ce4 ,i say au?oriz$1  
because su* expressions are us$1 ?\gh   
rev]5tly1 by ! mo/ religi\s m52 :o are1 
at any rate1 au?ority z to _! own       
s5tim5ts2 :i* are ! basis ( our reason+4
 ,:atev]1 !n1 may be ! imp]fection1 9   
?is life1 ( su* a union ) ,god1 yet s9ce
 man c1 :5 suffici5tly assi/$ & favor$  
by ,god1 ent] ^u su* a union1 we _c b   
?9k x mo/ cr$ible & mo/ natural1 t he   
%\ld be ! object ( ,god's special c>e & 
reg>d1 ev5 ( 8 love & pres5ce4  #db4 ,t 
m5 are1 only 9 a comp>atively small     
numb] ( cases1 intellectual1 moral1     
religi\s1 & spiritual1 9 ! degree :i* ,i
 h describ$1 does n1 by any means1      
deprive our argum5t ( its =ce4 ,!       
capacity ( man is1 t he may become ?is2 
& su* a capacity may well make him a    
special object 9 ! eyes ( ,him "u ^:    
guidance & by ^: aid1 su* a developm5t &
 elevation ( 8 nature is op5 to him4    

,h[ev] imp]fect & degrad$1 h[ev]        
un9tellectual1 immoral1 irreligi\s1 &   
unspiritual1 a great "p ( mank9d may be1
 /ill !y all h ! g]ms ( su* an elevation
 ( _! nature2 & a l>ge portion ( !m     
make1 we _c d\bt1 no small progress 9   
?is c>e] ( advancem5t to a spiritual    
condition4 ,& ) su* capacities1 & su*   
practical ex]cise ( ^? capacities1 we c 
h no difficulty 9 believ+1 if ! evid5ce 
directs u to believe1 t t "p ( !        
creation 9 :i* man has 8 pres5t appo9t$ 
place1 is ! special field ( ,god's c>e &
 love2 by :atev] wa/es ( space1 &       
multitudes ( mat]ial bodies1 x may be   
surr\nd$2 by :atev] races x may h be5   
previ\sly occupi$1 ( brutes t p]i%1 & t1
 comp>$ ) man1 c h>dly be said to h     
liv$4  ,,footnotes3  #a ,lyell1 ,,ii4   
#dbj4 #f? ,ed4  #b ,cuvi]4  #c ,by      
,bi%op ,b]keley4 ,see ,lyell1 ,,iii4    
#cdf4  #d ,a rec5t popul> writ]1 :o has 
ass]t$ ! self-civiliz+ t5d5cy ( man1 has
 n be5 able1 x w\ld seem1 to adduce any 
example ( ! op]ation ( ?is t5d5cy1      

except a s+le tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ican    
,indians1 9 :om x op]at$ = a %ort "t1 & 
to a small ext5t4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4    
,,! ,,nebulae   #a4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ 
t1 ev5 if we suppose ! o!r bodies ( !   
univ]se to resemble ! ,e>?1 s f> z to   
seem1 by _! mat]ials1 =ms1 & motions1 no
 less fitt$ ?an %e is to be ! abodes (  
life2 yet t1 kn[+ :at we d ( man1 we c  
believe t ! ,e>? is t5ant$ by a race :o 
are ! special objects ( ,god's c>e4 ,ev5
 if ! t5d5cy ( ! analogies ( creation 71
 to incl9e u to suppose t ! o!r planets 
are z well suit$ z our globe1 to h      
inhabitants1 /ill x w\ld require a great
 am\nt ( evid5ce1 to make u believe t !y
 h su* inhabitants z we are2 :ile yet   
su* evid5ce is altoge!r want+4 ,ev5 if  
we knew t ! />s 7 ! c5tres ( revolv+    
sy/ems1 we %\ld h an imm5se difficulty 9
 believ+ t an ,e>?1 ) su* a population z
 ours1 revolves ab\t any ( !m4 ,if      
a/ronomy made a plurality ( worlds      
probable1 we h /rong reason+s1 drawn f  
o!r subjects1 to ?9k t ! o!r worlds are 

n l ours4  #b4 ,! admir]s ( a/ronomical 
triumphs may p]haps be dispos$ to say1 t
 :5 s mu* has be5 discov]$1 we may be   
all[$ to complete ! s*eme by ! ex]cise (
 fancy4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ t we are n 9
 su* a /ate ( ignorance1 :5 we look at  
o!r relations ( ! e>? & ( man1 z to all[
 u to d ?is4 ,b n[ we may g a little    
onw>ds 9 our argum5t2 & may ask1 :e!r   
,a/ronomy really does :at is "h claim$ =
 h]3--:e!r %e c>ries u s securely to !  
b\nds ( ! visible univ]se1 t our ,fancy 
may take up ! task1 & p ! space ?us     
explor$3--:e!r ! bodies :i* ,a/ronomy   
has exam9$1 be really z fitt$ z our     
,e>?1 to su/a9 a population ( liv+      
?+s3--:e!r ! mo/ di/ant objects 9 !     
univ]se d really seem to be sy/ems1 or !
 beg9n+s ( sy/ems3--:e!r ,a/ronomy      
h]self may n incl9e 9 favor ( !         
condition ( man1 z be+ ! sole creature (
 8 k9d8  #c4 ,9 mak+ ?is inquiry1 x w ( 
c\rse be und]/ood1 t ,i d s ) ! highe/  
admiration = ! va/ discov]ies :i*       
,a/ronomy has really made2 & = !        

m>vell\s skill & inv5tion ( ! great m5  
:o h1 9 all ages ( ! _w1 & n lea/1 9 our
 "t1 be5 ! au?ors ( su* discov]ies4 ,f !
 "t :5 ,galileo fir/ discov]$ ! sy/em ( 
,jupit]'s satellites1 to ! la/ scrut9y (
 ! /ructure ( a nebula by ,"l ,rosse's  
gigantic telescope1 ! hi/ory ( !        
telescopic exploration ( ! sky1 has be5 
a hi/ory ( g5ius felicit\sly employ$ 9  
reveal+ wond]s4 ,9 ?is hi/ory1 ! noble  
labors ( ! fir/ & ! second ,h]s*el      
relative to ! di/ribution ( ! fix$ />s1 
! =ms & classes ( nebulae1 & ! ph5om5a (
 d\ble />s1 especially be> ^u our pres5t
 speculations2 to :i* we may add1 !     
exam9ation ( ! aspect ( ea* planet1 by  
v>i\s obs]v]s1 z ,s*roet]1 & ( ! moon by
 o!rs1 f ,huygh5s to ,ma$l] & ,be]4 ,!  
a*ievem5ts :i* are mo/ likely to occur  
to ! read]'s m9d are ^? ( ! ,e>l (      
,rosse2 z be+ ! late/ addition to our k1
 & ! result ( ! greate/ in/rum5tal p[]s4
 ,by ! en]gy & +5uity ( t em95t p]son1  
an eye is direct$ to ! heav5s1 hav+ a   
pupil ( six feet diamet]1 ) ! mo/       

complete optical /ructure1 & ! p[] (    
rang+ ab\t = its objects ov] a great    
ext5t ( sky2 & ?us ! quantity ( light   
:i* ! eye receives f any po9t ( ! heav5s
 is augm5t$1 x may be1 fifty ?\s& times4
 ,! ris+ ,moon is se5 f ! ,obs]vatory 9 
,irel& ) ! same increase ( size & light1
 z if h] solid globe1 two ?\s& miles 9  
diamet]1 reta9+ all its illum9ation1    
really re/$ ^u ! summits ( ! ,alps1 to  
be gaz$ at by ! nak$ eye4 ,an object :i*
 appe>s to ! nak$ eye a s+le />1 may1 by
 ?is telescope1 s f> z its p[] ( see+ is
 conc]n$1 be resolv$ into fifty ?\s&    
/>s1 ea* ( ! same brightness z ! obvi\s 
/>4 ,:at seems to ! unassi/$ vision a   
nebula1 a pat* ( dilut$ light1 9 :i* no 
di/9ct lum9\s po9t c be detect$1 may1 by
 su* an in/rum5t1 be discrim9at$ or     
resolv$ into a numb] ( bright dots2 z ! 
/ippl$ %ades ( an engrav+ are resolv$   
into dots by ! application ( a p[]ful   
magnify+ glass4 ,simil> results ( !     
application ( great telescopic p[] _h ( 
c\rse be5 atta9$ long previ\sly2 b1 z ! 

nature ( sci5tific rese>* is1 ea* /ep   
adds some?+ to our means ( k2 & ! la/   
addition assumes1 includes1 & augm5ts ! 
k :i* we possess$ be=e4 ,! discussions 9
 :i* we are engag$1 belong to ! v b\nd>y
 region ( sci5ce2--to ! fronti] :]e k1  
at lea/ a/ronomical k1 ends1 & ignorance
 beg9s4 ,su* discov]ies1 !re=e1 z ^?    
made by ,"l ,rosse's telescope1 require 
our special notice "h4  #d4 ,we may     
beg91 at :at appe>s to u ! outskirts (  
creation1 ! ,nebulae4 ,at "o "t x 0     
conceiv$ by a/ronom]s 9 g5]al1 t ^!     
pat*es ( diffus$ light1 :i* are se5 by  
!m 9 su* pr(usion 9 ! sky1 are n lum9\s 
bodies ( regul> t]ms & def9ite b\nd>ies1
 app>5tly solid1 z ! />s are suppos$ to 
be2 b really1 z ev5 to good telescopes  
_m ( !m seem1 masses ( lum9\s cl\d or   
vapor1 loosely held toge!r1 z cl\ds &   
vapors are1 & n capable by any p[]s (   
vision ( be+ resolv$ into di/9ct visible
 elem5ts4 ,?is op9ion 0 = a "t s        
confid5tially ent]ta9$1 t !re 0 f\nd$ ^u
 x an hypo!sis1 t ^! 7 gase\s masses1   

out ( :i* suns & sy/ems might aft]w>ds  
be =m$1 by ! conc5tration ( ^! lum9\s   
vapors into a solid c5tral sun1 m       
int5sely lum9\s2 :ile deta*$ portions ( 
! mass1 fly+ (f1 & cool+ d[n s z to be  
no long] self-lum9\s1 might revolve r\nd
 ! c5tral body1 z planets & satellites4 
,?is is ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 sugge/$ by 
! eld] ,h]s*el1 & adopt$ by ! great     
ma!matician ,laplace4  #e4 ,b ! result (
 ! optical scrut9y ( ! nebulae by m     
mod]n obs]v]s1 especially by ,"l ,rosse 
9 ,irel&1 & ,mr4 ,bond 9 ,am]ica1 has   
be51 t _m cele/ial objects :i* 7 reg>d$ 
be=e z truly nebul\s1 h be5 resolv$ into
 />s2 & ?is resolution has be5 ext5d$ to
 s _m cases ( nebulae1 ( su* v>i\s k9ds1
 z to h produc$ a /rong suspicion 9 !   
m9ds ( a/ronom]s t all ! nebulae1 h[ev] 
diff]5t 9 _! appe>ance1 may really be   
resolv$ into />s1 if !y be attack$ )    
optical p[]s suffici5tly great4  #f4 ,if
 ?is 7 to be assum$ z done1 & if ea* ( !
 sep>ate po9ts1 into :i* ! nebulae are  
?us resolv$1 7 conceiv$ to be a />1 :i* 

looks s small only because x is s       
di/ant1 & :i* really is z likely to h a 
sy/em ( planets revolv+ ab\t x1 z is a  
/> ( ! fir/ magnitude3--we %\ld !n h a  
view ( ! imm5sity ( ! visible univ]se1  
su* z ,i pres5t$ to ! read] 9 ! beg9n+ (
 ?is essay4 ,all ! di/ant nebulae appe> 
z nebulae1 only because !y are s di/ant2
 if truly se51 !y are gr\ps ( />s1 ( :i*
 ea* may be z important z our sun1 be+1 
l x1 ! c5tre ( a planet>y sy/em4 ,& ?us1
 a pat* ( ! heav5s1 "o hundr$? or "o    
?\s&? "p ( ! visible bread? ( our sun1  
may conta9 9 x m life1 n only ?an exi/s 
9 ! sol> sy/em1 b 9 z _m su* sy/ems z ! 
unassi/$ eye c see />s 9 ! heav5s1 on ! 
cle>e/ w9t] night4  #g4 ,?is is a       
/up5d\s view ( ! greatness ( ! creation2
 &1 to _m p]sons1 its v maje/y1 d]iv$ f 
magnitude & numb]1 w make x s /rik+ &   
acceptable1 t1 once appreh5d$1 !y w feel
 z if !re 7 a k9d ( irrev]5ce 9 di/urb+ 
x4 ,b if ?is view be really n t5able :5 
m closely exam9$1 x is1 aft] all1 n wise
 to connect our feel+s ( religi\s       

rev]5ce ) x1 s t !y %all suff] a %ock :5
 we are oblig$ to reject x4 ,i may add1 
t we may ent]ta9 an und\bt+ tru/ t any  
view ( ! creation :i* is f\nd to be     
true1 w also be f\nd to supply mat]ial =
 rev]5tial contemplation4 ,i v5ture to  
hope t we may1 by fur!r exam9ation1 be  
l$ to a rev]5ce ( a deep] & m solemn "* 
?an a m]e wond] at ! imm5sity ( space & 
numb]4  #h4 ,b :atev] ! result may be1  
let u consid] ! evid5ce = ?is view4 ,x  
assumes t all ! ,nebulae are resolvable 
into />s1 & t !y appe> z nebulae only   
because !y are m di/ant ?an ! region 9  
:i* !y c appe> z />s4 ,are !re any      
facts1 any ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s1 :i* may  
help u to det]m9e :e!r ?is is a probable
 op9ion8  #i4 ,x is mo/ satisfactory =  
u1 :5 we c1 9 su* inquiries1 "k ! ?\ghts
 :i* h sugge/$ !mselves to ! m9ds ( ^?  
:o h exam9$ ! ph5om5a ) ! mo/ complete  
k1 ! greate/ c>e1 & ! be/ advantages2 & 
h speculat$ ^u ^! ph5om5a 9 a way bo?   
pr(\nd & unprejudic$4 ,"s rem>ks ( ,sir 
,john ,h]s*el1 recomm5d$ by ^! preci\s  

*>act]s1 seem to me to be> /rongly ^u ! 
"q :i* ,i h j _h to ask3--,d all !      
nebulae owe _! nebul\s appe>ance to _!  
be+ too di/ant to be se5 z gr\ps (      
di/9ct />s1 ?\gh !y really are su*      
gr\ps8  #aj4 ,h]s*el1 9 ! visit :i* he  
made to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 = !      
purpose ( erect+ to 8 fa!r ! mo/ spl5did
 monum5t t son ev] erect$1--! complet$  
survey ( ! vault ( heav51--_h full      
opportunity ( /udy+ a c]ta9 pair (      
rem>kable bright spaces ( ! skies1 fill$
 ) a cl\dy light1 :i* lie ne> ! s\!rn   
pole2 & :i*1 hav+ be5 unavoidably notic$
 by ! fir/ ,ant>ctic voyag]s1 are call$ 
! ,magellanic ,cl\ds4 ,:5 ! l>g] ( ^!   
two cl\ds is exam9$ ?r\gh p[]ful        
telescopes1 x pres5ts1 we are told1 a   
con/itution ( uncommon complexity3 l>ge 
pat*es & tracts ( nebulosity 9 e /age ( 
resolution1 f light1 irresolvable )     
eighte5 in*es ( reflect+ ap]ture1 up to 
p]fectly sep>at$ />s l ! ,milky ,way1 & 
clu/]+ gr\ps suffici5tly insulat$ &     
cond5s$ to come "u ! designation (      

irregul>1 & 9 "s cases pretty ri*       
clu/]s4 ,b besides ^!1 !re are also     
nebulae 9 abundance1 bo? regul> &       
irregul>2 globul> clu/]s 9 e /age (     
cond5sation1 & objects ( a nebul\s "* q 
peculi>1 & :i* h no analogies 9 any o!r 
region ( ! heav5s4#a ,he goes on to say1
 t ^! nebulae & clu/]s are f> m cr[d$ 9 
?is space ?an !y are 9 any o!r1 ev5 !   
mo/ cr[d$ p>ts1 ( ! nebul\s heav5s4 ,?is
 ,nubecula ,major1 z x is t]m$1 is ( a  
r\nd or oval =m1 & its diamet] is ab\t  
six degrees1 s t x is ab\t twelve times 
! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon4 ,! ,nubecula 
,m9or is a small] pat* ( ! same k9d4 ,if
 we suppose ! space occupi$ by ! v>i\s  
objects :i* ! nubecula major includes1  
to be1 9 a g5]al way1 sph]ical1 its     
ne>e/ & mo/ remote p>ts mu/ 7z its      
angul> size proves7 diff] 9 _! di/ance f
 u by little m ?an a t5? "p ( our       
di/ance f its c5tre4 ,t ! two nubeculae 
are ?us approximately sph]ical spaces1  
is 9 ! highe/ degree probable2 n only f 
! peculi>ity ( _! cont5ts1 :i* sugge/s !

 notion ( a peculi> gr\p ( objects1     
collect$ into a limit$ space2 b f !     
b>r5ness1 z to su* objects1 ( ! sky 9 ! 
neighborhood ( ^! ,magellanic ,cl\ds4   
,to suppose 7! only o!r possible        
supposition7 t !y are two columns (     
space1 ) _! ends turn$ t[>ds u1 & _!    
l5g?s hundr$s & ?\s&s ( times _!        
bread?s1 w\ld be too fanta/ical a       
proce$+ to be tol]at$2 & w\ld1 aft] all1
 n expla9 ! facts )\t fur!r altoge!r    
arbitr>y assumptions4  #aa4 ,x appe>s1  
!n1 t1 9 ^! gr\ps1 !re are />s ( v>i\s  
magnitudes1 clu/]s ( v>i\s =ms1 nebulae 
regul> & irregul>1 nebul\s tracts &     
pat*es ( peculi> "*2 & all s dispos$1 t 
! mo/ di/ant ( !m1 :i*ev] ^! may be1 are
 n m ?an "o-t5? m di/ant ?an ! ne>e/4   
,if ! ne>e/ /> 9 ?is space be at n9e    
times ! di/ance ( ,sirius1 ! f>!/       
nebulae1 conta9$ 9 ! same space1 w n be 
at m ?an t5 times ! di/ance ( ,sirius4  
,( c\rse1 ! doctr9e t nebulae are se5 z 
nebulae1 m]ely because !y are s di/ant1 
requires u to assume all nebulae to be  

hundr$s & ?\s&s ( times m di/ant ?an !  
smalle/ />s4 ,if />s ( ! eigh? magnitude
 7:i* are h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye7  
be eight times z remote z ,sirius1 a    
nebula conta9+ a ?\s& />s1 :i* is       
invisible to ! nak$ eye1 mu/ be m ?an   
eight ?\s& times z remote z ,sirius4 ,& 
?us if1 9 ! :ole galaxy1 we reckon only 
! />s z f> z ! eigh? magnitude1 &       
suppose all ! />s ( ! galaxy to =m a    
nebula1 :i* is visible to ! spectators 9
 a di/ant nebula1 only z _! nebula is   
visible to u2 we mu/ place !m at eight  
?\s& times two hundr$ ?\s& times !      
di/ance ( ! ,sun2 &1 ev5 s1 we are      
obvi\sly va/ly und]/at+ ! calculation4  
,^! are ! gigantic e/imates ) :i* "s    
a/ronomical speculators h be5 9 ! habit 
( ov]:elm+ ! m9ds ( _! li/5]s2 & ^!     
views h giv5 a k9d ( maje/y to ! aspect 
( ! nebulae2 & h l$ "s p]sons to speak (
 ! discov]y ( e new /reak ( nebul\s     
light 9 ! />ry heav5s1 z a discov]y (   
new worlds1 & /ill new worlds4 ,b !     
,magellanic ,cl\ds %[ u v cle>ly t all  

^! calculations are entirely baseless4  
,9 ^? regions ( space1 !re coexi/s1 9 a 
limit$ compass1 & 9 indiscrim9ate       
position1 />s1 clu/]s ( />s1 nebulae1   
regul> & irregul>1 & nebul\s /reaks &   
pat*es4 ,^!1 !n1 are diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s 
9 !mselves1 n m]ely diff]5t to u4 ,!re  
are su* ?+s z nebulae side by side )    
/>s1 & ) clu/]s ( />s4 ,nebul\s matt]   
resolvable occurs close to nebul\s matt]
 irresolvable4 ,! la/ & wide/ /ep by :i*
 ! dim5sions ( ! univ]se h be5 exp&$ 9 !
 notions ( eag] speculators1 is *eck$ by
 a complet] k & a sag] _s ( speculation4
 ,:atev] inf]5ce we may draw f !        
resolvability ( "s ( ! nebulae1 we may n
 draw ?is inf]5ce2--t !y are m di/ant1 &
 conta9 a l>g] array ( sy/ems & (       
worlds1 9 proportion z !y are difficult 
to resolve4  #ab4 ,b inde$1 if we       
consid] ?is process1 ( ! resolution (   
nebulae into lum9\s po9ts1 on its own   
gr\nd1 )\t look+ to su* facts z ,i h j  
adduc$1 x w be difficult1 or impossible1
 to assign any reason :y x %\ld lead to 

su* inf]5ces z h be5 drawn f x4 ,let u  
look at ?is matt] m cle>ly4 ,an         
a/ronom]1 arm$ ) a p[]ful telescope1    
resolves a nebula1 disc]ns t a lum9\s   
cl\d is compos$ ( %9+ dots3--b :at are  
^! dots8 ,into :at does he resolve !    
nebula8 ,into ,/>s1 x is commonly said4 
,let u n wrangle ab\t words4 ,by all    
means let ^! dots be ,/>s1 if we "k ab\t
 :at we are speak+3 if a ,/> m]ely mean 
a lum9\s dot 9 ! sky4 ,b t ^! />s %all  
resemble1 9 _! nature1 />s ( ! fir/     
magnitude1 & t su* />s %all resemble our
 ,sun1 are surely v bold /ructures (    
assumption to build on su* a basis4 ,"s 
nebulae are resolvable2 are resolvable  
into di/9ct po9ts2 c]ta9ly a v curi\s1  
probably an important discov]y4 ,we may 
h]eaft] le>n t all nebulae are          
resolvable into di/9ct po9ts3 t w\ld be 
a /ill m curi\s discov]y4 ,b :at w\ld x 
am\nt to8 ,:at w\ld be ! simple way (   
express+ x1 )\t hypo!sis1 & )\t         
assumption8 ,pla9ly ?is3 t ! sub/ance ( 
all nebulae is n cont9u\s1 b            

discrete2--sep>able1 & sep>ate into     
di/9ct lum9\s elem5ts2--nebulae are1 x  
w\ld !n seem1 z x 71 ( a curdl$ or      
granulat$ texture2 !y h run into lumps (
 light1 or h be5 =m$ orig9ally ( su*    
lumps4 ,highly curi\s4 ,b :at are ^!    
lumps8 ,h[ l>ge are !y8 ,at :at         
di/ances8 ,( :at /ructure8 ,( :at use8  
,x w\ld seem t he mu/ be a bold man :o  
und]takes to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,c]ta9ly
 he mu/ appe> to ord9>y ?9k]s to be v   
bold1 :o1 9 reply1 says1 gravely &      
confid5tly1 z if he _h unque/ionable    
au?ority = 8 tea*+3--,^! lumps1 ,o man1 
are ,suns2 !y are di/ant f ea* o!r z f> 
z ! ,dog-/> is f u2 ea* has its sy/em ( 
,planets1 :i* revolve ar\nd x2 & ea* (  
^! ,planets is ! seat ( an animal &     
vegetable creation4 ,among ^! ,planets1 
"s1 we d n yet "k h[ _m1 are occupi$ by 
rational & responsible creatures1 l     
,man2 & ! only matt] :i* p]plexes u1    
hold+ ?is belief on a/ronomical gr\nds1 
is1 t we d n q see h[ to put our !ology 
into its due place & =m 9 our sy/em4    

#ac4 ,9 discuss+ su* matt]s z ^!1 :]e   
our k & our ignorance are s curi\sly    
bl5d$ toge!r1 & :]e x is s difficult to 
make m5 feel t s mu* ignorance c lie s  
close to s mu* k2--to make !m believe t 
!y h be5 all[$ to discov] s mu*1 & yet  
are n all[$ to discov] m3--we may be    
p]mitt$ to illu/rate our mean+1 by      
suppos+ a case ( bl5d$ k & ignorance1 ( 
real & imag9>y discov]y4 ,suppose t !re 
7 c>ri$ f a sci5tific to a m ignorant   
nation1 excell5t maps ( ! _w1 f9ely     
engrav$2 ! m\nta9-ranges %ad$ 9 ! mo/   
delicate mann]1 & ! %eet cr[d$ )        
in=mation ( all k9ds1 9 writ+ l>ge1     
small1 & microscopic4 ,suppose also1 t  
:5 ^! maps _h be5 /udi$ ) ! nak$ eye1 s 
z to e/abli% a pr(\nd respect = ! k &   
skill ( ! au?or ( !m1 "s ( ^? :o p]us$  
!m %\ld be furni%$ ) good microscopes1 s
 z to c>ry _! exam9ation fur!r ?an be=e4
 ,!y might !n f9d t1 9 sev]al p>ts1 :at 
be=e appe>$ to be m]ely crook$ l9es1 0  
really writ+1 /at+1 x may be1 ! am\nt ( 
population ( a prov9ce1 or ! date (     

f\ndation ( a t[n4 ,to exhau/ all !     
in=mation ?us conta9$ on ! maps1 might  
be a "w ( consid]able "t & labor4 ,b    
suppose t1 :5 ?is 0 done1 a body (      
resolute microscopi/s %\ld insi/ t !    
in=mation :i* ! map conta9$ 0 n exhau/$3
 t !y %\ld cont9ue pe]+ p]sev]+ly at !  
l9es :i* =m$ ! %ad+ ( ! m\nta9s1 ma9ta9+
 t ^! l9es also 7 writ+1 if only x might
 be deciph]$2 & %\ld g on increas+1 )   
imm5se labor & +5uity1 ! p[]s ( _!      
microscopes1 9 ord] to discov] ! leg5d  
conta9$ 9 ^! unmean+ l9es4 ,we %\ld1    
p]haps1 h "h an image ( ! employm5t ( ^!
 a/ronom]s1 :o n[ g on look+ 9 nebulae =
 worlds4 ,& we may notice 9 pass+1 t    
sev]al ( ! argum5ts :i* are us$ by su*  
a/ronom]s1 might be us$1 & w\ld be us$1 
by our microscopi/s3--h[ improbable x 0 
t a p]son s full ( k1 & s able to convey
 x1 z ! au?or ( ! maps 0 kn[n to be1    
%\ld n h a design & purpose 9 e l9e t he
 drew3 :at a wa/e ( space x w\ld be to  
leave any "p ( ! %eet blank ( in=mation2
 & ! l4 ,to :i* ! reply is to u obvi\s2 

t ! design ( %ad+ ! m\nta9s 0 design    
en\gh2 & t ! in=mation convey$ 0 all t 0
 necess>y or conv5i5t4 ,nor does ?is    
illu/ration at all t5d to %[ t su*      
a/ronomical scrut9y1 direct$            
intellig5tly1 ) a "r selection ( ! po9ts
 exam9$1 may n be highly int]e/+ &      
important4 ,if ! microscopi/s _h exam9$ 
! map ) a view to det]m9e ! be/ way 9   
:i* m\nta9s c be indicat$ by %ad+1 !y   
w\ld h employ$ !mselves ^u a "q :i* has 
be5 ! subject ( multipli$ & in/ructive  
discussion 9 our own day4  #ad4 ,b to   
return to ! subject ( ,nebulae1 we may  
fur!r say1 ) ! mo/ complete confid5ce1 t
 :e!r or n nebul\s matt] be g5]ally     
resolvable into %9+ dots1 x _c possibly 
be true t its be+1 or n be+ s resolvable
 by our telescopes1 dep5ds m]ely ^u its 
small] or great] di/ance f ! obs]v]4 ,=1
 9 ! fir/ place1 t !re is matt]1 to !   
be/ assi/$ eye n di/+ui%able f nebul\s  
matt]1 :i* is n s resolvable1 is prov$  
by sev]al facts4 ,! tails ( ,comets (t5 
resemble nebulae2 s mu* s t !re are     

sev]al kn[n nebulae1 :i* are1 by ! less 
exp]i5c$ explor]s ( ! sky1 p]petually   
mi/ak5 = comets1 till !y are prov$ n to 
be s1 by _! hav+ no comet>y motion4 ,su*
 is ! nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 :i* is visible  
to ! nak$ eye4#b ,b ! tails & nebul\s   
app5dages ( comets1 ?\gh !y alt] _!     
appe>ance v greatly1 accord+ to ! p[] ( 
! telescope ) :i* !y are exam9$1 h nev] 
be5 resolv$ into />s1 or any k9d ( dots2
 & seem1 by all inve/igations1 to be    
%eets or cyl9d]s or cones ( lum9\s      
vapor1 *ang+ _! =m z !y approa* to or   
rec$e f ! sun1 & p]haps by ! influ5ce ( 
o!r causes4 ,yet "s ( !m approa* v ne> !
 e>?2 all ( !m come )9 ! limits ( our   
sy/em4 ,"h1 !n1 we h 7probably1 at      
lea/17 nebul\s matt]1 :i* :5 br\ght     
close to ! eye1 comp>$ ) ! /ell>        
nebulae1 /ill appe>s z nebul\s4  #ae4   
,aga91 z ano!r ph5om5on1 be>+ ^u ! same 
"q1 we h ! ,zodiacal ,light4 ,?is is a  
fa9t cone ( light#c :i*1 at c]ta9       
seasons1 may be se5 ext5d+ f ! horizon  
obliquely upw>ds1 & foll[+ ! c\rse ( !  

ecliptic1 or r1 ( ! sun's equator4 ,x   
appe>s to be a l5s-%ap$ envelope ( !    
sun1 ext5d+ beyond ! orbits ( ,m]cury & 
,v5us1 & ne>ly atta9+ t ( ! e>?2 & 9    
,sir ,john ,h]s*el's view1 may be reg>d$
 z plac+ ! sun 9 ! li/ ( nebul\s />s4   
,no "o has ev] ?\ght t ?is nebul\s      
appe>ance 0 resolvable into lum9\s      
po9ts2 b if x 71 probably n ev5 ! mo/   
sangu9e ( speculators on ! multitude (  
suns w\ld call ^! po9ts suns4  #af4 ,b  
inde$ ! nebulae !mselves1 & especially !
 mo/ remote ( ! nebulae1 or at lea/ ^?  
:i* mo/ especially require ! mo/ p[]ful 
telescopes1 (f] f> m decisive pro(s t _!
 resolvability or non-resolvability1--_!
 app>5t con/itution z diffus$ & vapor\s 
masses1--does n dep5d ^u _! di/ance4 ,a 
rem>kable fact 9 ! irregul>1 & 9 "s ( ! 
regul> nebulae#d is1 t !y consi/ ( long 
pat*es & /reaks1 :i* /ret* out 9 v>i\s  
directions1 & ( :i* ! =m#e & ext5t v>y  
accord+ to ! visual p[] :i* is appli$ to
 !m4 ,_m ( ! nebulae & especially ( !   
fa9t] ones1 entirely *ange _! =m ) !    

optical p[] ( ! in/rum5t by :i* !y are  
scrut9iz$2 s t1 z se5 9 ! mighti]       
telescopes ( mod]n times1 ! a/ronom]    
sc>cely recognizes ! figures 9 :i* !    
e>li] obs]v]s h record$ :at !y saw 9 !  
same place4 ,p>ts :i*1 be=e1 7 sep>ate1 
are connect$ by ?9 bridges ( light :i*  
are n[ detect$2 & :]e ! nebul\s space   
appe>$ to be b\nd$1 x s5ds (f long tails
 ( fa9t light into ! surr\nd+ space4    
,n[1 no "o c suppose t ^! newly-se5     
portions ( ! nebula are imm5sely fur!r  
(f ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,h[ev] little we "k (
 ! nature ( ! object1 we mu/ suppose x  
to be "o connect$ object1 ) all its     
p>ts1 z to s5se1 at ! same di/ance f u4 
,:e!r !re=e x be resolvable or no1 !re  
mu/ be "s o!r reason1 besides ! diff]5ce
 ( di/ance1 :y ! bright] p>ts 7 se51    
:ile ! fa9t] p>ts 7 n4 ,! obvi\s reason 
is1 t ! latt] 7 n se5 because !y 7 ?9   
films :i* requir$ m light to see !m4 ,we
 are l$1 irresi/ibly z x seems1 to reg>d
 ! :ole mass ( su* a nebula1 z an       
aggregation ( vapor\s rolls & /reaks1   

assum+ su* =ms z ?9 volumes ( smoke or  
vapor (t5 assume 9 our atmosph]e1 &     
assum+1 l !m1 diff]5t %apes accord+ to !
 quantity ( light :i* comes to u f !m4  
,if1 z soon z "o ( ^! new filam5ts or   
webs ( a nebula comes into view1 we %\ld
 say1 ,"h we h a new array ( suns & (   
worlds1 we %\ld judge z fanta/ically1 z 
any "o :o %\ld comb9e ! l imag9ations ) 
! v>y+ cl\d-"w ( a summ]-sky4 ,to       
suppose t all ! v>i$ /reaks by :i* !    
pat* ( nebul\s light %ades (f into !    
surr\nd+ d>kness1 & :i* *ange _! =m &   
ext5t ) e additional poli% :i* we c give
 to a reflect+ or refract+ surface1     
disclose1 ) e new /reak1 new worlds1 is 
a wanton indulg5ce ( fancy1 to :i*      
a/ronomy gives u no c\nt5ance4#f  #ag4  
,und\bt$ly all true a/ronom]s1 taught   
caution & temp]ance ( ?\ght by !        
discipl9e ( _! magnific5t sci5ce1 ab/a9 
f f\nd+ su* assumptions ^u _!           
discov]ies4 ,!y "k h[ necess>y x is to  
be ^u _! gu>d aga9/ ! tricks :i* fancy  
plays ) ! s5ses2 & if !y see appe>ances 

( :i* !y _c int]pret ! mean+1 !y are    
cont5t t !y %\ld h no mean+ = !m1 till !
 due explanation comes4 ,we h innum]able
 examples ( ?is wise & cauti\s temp]1 9 
all p]iods ( a/ronomy4 ,"o has occurr$  
lately4 ,sev]al c>eful a/ronom]s1 obs]v+
 ! />s by day1 _h be5 surpris$ to see   
globes ( light glide across ! field (   
view ( _! telescopes1 (t5 9 rapid       
succession & 9 great numb]s4 ,!y did n1 
z may be suppos$1 ru% to ! assumption t 
^! globes 7 cele/ial bodies ( a new k9d1
 be=e unse52 & t f ! peculi>ity ( _!    
appe>ance & movem5t1 !y 7 probably      
inhabit$ by be+s ( a peculi> k9d4 ,!y   
proce$$ v diff]5tly2 !y alt]$ ! focus ( 
_! telescopes1 look$ ) o!r glasses1 made
 v>i\s *anges & trials1 & f9ally        
discov]$ t ^! globes ( light 7 ! w+$    
se$s ( c]ta9 plants :i* 7 waft$ ?r\gh ! 
air2 & :i*1 illum9at$ by ! sun1 7 made  
globul> by be+ at di/ances unsuit$ to ! 
focus ( ! telescope4#g  #ah4 ,b p]haps  
some?+ m may be f\nd$ on ! ramifi$ &    
/raggl+ =m :i* belongs to _m ( !        

nebulae4 ,"u ! p[]s ( ,"l ,rosse's      
telescope1 a consid]able numb] ( !m     
assume a %ape consi/+ ( sev]al spiral   
films div]g+ f "o c5tre1 & gr[+ broad] &
 fa9t] z !y div]ge1 s z to resemble a   
curl$ fea!r1 or :irlpool ( light4#h ,?is
 =m1 ?\gh g5]ally de=m$ by              
irregul>ities1 m or less1 is traceable 9
 s _m ( ! nebulae1 t we _c easily dive/ 
ourselves ( ! p]suasion t !re is "s     
g5]al reason = su* a =m2--t some?+1 9 ! 
me*anical causes :i* h produc$ !        
nebulae1 has t5d$ to give !m ?is %ape4  
,n[1 :5 ?is ?\ght has occurr$ to u1 s9ce
 ma!maticians h writt5 a great deal     
conc]n+ ! me*anics ( ! univ]se1 x is    
natural to ask1 :e!r any ( ! problems   
:i* !y h solv$ give a result l t ?us    
pres5t$ to our eyes4 ,d su* spirals z we
 "h see1 occur 9 any ( ! diagrams :i*   
illu/rate ! possible motions ( cele/ial 
bodies8 ,& to ?is1 a p]son acqua9t$ )   
ma!matical lit]ature might reply1 t 9 ! 
second ,book ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 9 ! 
"p :i* has especial ref]5ce to !        

,vortices ( ,desc>tes1 su* spirals appe>
 ^u ! page4 ,!y repres5t ! pa? :i* a    
body w\ld describe if1 act$ ^u by a     
c5tral =ce1 x _h to move 9 a m$ium ( :i*
 ! resi/ance 0                          
consid]able2--consid]able1 t is1 9      
comp>ison ) ! o!r =ces :i* act2 z =     
example1 ! =ces :i* deflect ! motion f a
 /raight l9e4 ,inde$1 t 9 su* a case a  
body w\ld describe a spiral1 ( :i* !    
g5]al =m w\ld be m or less oval1 is     
evid5t on a little consid]ation4 ,& 9   
?is way1 = in/ance1 ,encke's comet1 :i*1
 if ! resi/ance to its motion 7         
ins5sible1 w\ld g on describ+ an ellipse
 ab\t ! sun1 always return+ ^u ! same   
pa? aft] e revolution2 does really      
describe a pa? :i*1 at ea* revolution1  
falls a little )9 ! prec$+ revolution1 &
 ?us gradually conv]ges to ! c5tre4 ,&  
if we suppose ! comet to consi/ ( a     
lum9\s mass1 or a /r+ ( masses1 :i* %\ld
 occupy a consid]able arc ( su* an      
orbit1 ! orbit w\ld be m>k$ by a track (
 light1 z an oval spiral4 ,or if su* a  

comet 7 to sep>ate into two portions1 z 
we h1 ) our own eyes1 rec5tly se5       
,biela's comet d2 or into a great]      
numb]2 !n ^! portions w\ld be di/ribut$ 
along su* a spiral4 ,& if we suppose a  
l>ge mass ( cometic matt] ?us to move 9 
a highly resi/+ m$ium1 & to consi/ (    
pat*es ( diff]5t d5sities1 !n "s w\ld   
move fa/] & "s m sl[ly2 b all1 9 spirals
 su* z h be5 spok5 (2 & ! g5]al aspect  
produc$ w\ld be1 t ( ! spiral nebulae   
:i* ,i h endeavor$ to describe4 ,!      
lum9\s matt] w\ld be m diffus$ 9 ! out] 
& m cond5s$ 9 ! c5tral p>ts1 because to 
! c5tre ( attraction all ! spirals      
conv]ge4  #ai4 ,?is w\ld be s1 we say1  
if ! lum9\s matt] mov$ 9 a greatly      
resi/+ m$ium4 ,b :at is ! measure (     
great resi/ance8 ,x is1 z we h already  
said1 t ! resi/ance :i* opposes ! motion
 %all be> a consid]able proportion to ! 
=ce :i* deflects ! motion4 ,b :at is t  
=ce8 ,^u ! !ory ( ! univ]sal gravitation
 ( matt]1 on :i* !ory we "h proce$1 !   
=ce :i* deflects ! motions ( ! p>ts (   

ea* sy/em into curves1 is ! mutual      
attraction ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em2 leav+ out
 ( ! acc\nt ! action ( o!r sy/ems1 z    
comp>atively insignificant & ins5sible4 
,! condition1 !n1 = ! production ( su*  
spiral figures z ,i h spok5 (1 am\nts   
really to ?is2 t ! mutual attraction ( !
 p>ts ( ! lum9\s matt] is slight2 or1 9 
o!r words1 t ! matt] itself is v ?9 &   
r>e4 ,9 t case1 inde$1 we c easily see t
 su* a result w\ld foll[4 ,a cl\d ( du/1
 or ( smoke1 :i* 0 ?9 & light1 w\ld make
 b a little way ?r\gh ! air1 & w\ld soon
 fall d[nw>ds2 :ile a metal bullet %ot  
horizontally ) ! same velocity1 might   
fly = miles4 ,j s1 a loose & vapor\s    
mass ( cometic matt] w\ld be pull$      
rapidly inw>ds by ! attraction to !     
c5tre2 & suppos+ x also drawn into a    
long tra91 by ! diff]5t d5sity ( its    
diff]5t p>ts1 x w\ld trace1 9 l9es (    
light1 a circul> or elliptical spiral   
conv]g+ to ! c5tre ( attraction1 &      
resembl+ "o ( ! bran*es ( ! spiral      
nebulae4 ,& if sev]al su* cometic masses

 ?us travell$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 !y w\ld    
exhibit ! :eel-l figure ) b5t spokes1   
:i* is se5 9 ! spiral nebulae4 ,& su* a 
figure w\ld all ! m resemble "s ( ^!    
nebulae1 z se5 ?r\gh ,"l ,rosse's       
telescope1 if ! spirals 7 accompani$ by 
ext]ior bran*es ( ?9n] & fa9t] light1   
:i* nebul\s matt] ( small] d5sity might 
naturally =m4 ,p]haps too1 su* matt]1 :5
 ?91 may be suppos$ to cool d[n m       
rapidly f its /ate ( inc&esc5ce2 & ?us  
to become less lum9\s4 ,if ?is 7 s1 a   
great optical p[] w\ld ( c\rse be       
requir$1 to make ! div]g+ bran*es       
visible at all4  #bj4 ,!re is "o        
additional rem>k1 :i* we may make1 z to 
! resemblance ( comet>y#i & nebul>      
matt]4 ,t comet>y matt] is ( v small    
d5sity1 we h _m reasons to believe3--its
 transp>5cy1 :i* all[s u to see />s     
?r\gh x undimm$2--! abs5ce ( any        
me*anical effect1 weight1 in]tia1       
impulse1 or attraction1 9 ! ne>e/       
appulses ( comets to planets &          
satellites3--& ! fact t1 9 ! rec5t      

rem>kable ev5t 9 ! cometic hi/ory1 !    
sep>ation ( ,biela's comet into two1 !  
two p>ts did n appe> to ex]t any        
p]ceptible attraction on ea* o!r1 any m 
?an two volumes ( du/ or ( smoke w\ld d 
on e>?4 ,lum9\s comet>y matt]1 !n1 is v 
light1 t is1 has v little weight or     
in]tia4 ,& lum9\s nebul\s matt] is also 
v light 9 ?is s5se3 if our acc\nt ( !   
cause ( spiral nebulae has 9 x any tru?4
 ,b yet1 if we suppose ! nebulae to be  
gov]n$ by ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 
! attractive =ce ( ! lum9\s matt] ^u    
itself1 mu/ be suffici5t to b5d !       
spirals into _! =ms4 ,h[ are we to      
reconcile ?is2 t ! matt] is s loose t x 
falls to ! c5tre 9 rapid spirals1 & yet 
t x attracts s /rongly t !re is a c5tre1
 & an en]getic c5tral =ce to curve !    
spirals ?i!r8 ,to ?is1 ! reply :i* we   
mu/ make is1 t ! size ( ! nebul> space  
is su*1 t ?\gh its r>ity is extreme1 its
 :ole mass is consid]able4 ,"o "p does n
 p]ceptibly attract ano!r1 b ! :ole does
 p]ceptibly attract e "p4 ,?is inde$ ne$

 ! less surprise u1 s9ce x is exactly ! 
case ) our e>?4 ,"o /one does n visibly 
attract ano!r4 ,x is mu* inde$ = man1 if
 he c make p]ceptible ! attraction ( a  
m\nta9 ^u a plumb-l9e2 or ( a /ratum (  
rock a ?\s& feet ?ick ^u ! go+ ( a      
p5dulum2 or ( l>ge masses ( metal ^u a  
delicate balance4 ,by su* exp]im5ts m5 (
 sci5ce h endeavor$ to measure t m9ute  
?+1 ! attraction ( "o portion (         
t]re/rial matt] ^u ano!r2 & ?us1 to     
weigh ! :ole mass ( ! e>?4 ,& equally   
great1 at lea/1 may be ! disproportion  
betwe5 ! mutual attraction ( two p>ts ( 
a nebul\s sy/em1 & ! total c5tral       
attraction2 & ?us1 ?\gh ! =m] be        
ins5sible1 ! latt] may be important4    
#ba4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,newton1 t if any
 mass ( matt] be di/ribut$ 9 a uni=m    
sph]e1 or 9 uni=m conc5tric sph]ical    
%ells1 ! total attraction on a po9t )\t 
! sph]e1 w be ! same z if ! :ole mass 7 
collect$ 9 t s+le po9t1 ! c5tre4 ,n[1   
proce$+ ^u ! supposition ( su* a        
di/ribution ( ! matt] 9 a nebula1 7:i*  

is a reasonable av]age supposition17 we 
may say1 t if our sun 7 exp&$ into a    
nebula rea*+ to ! extreme b\nds ( ! kn[n
 sol> sy/em1 namely1 to ! newly-discov]$
 planet ,neptune1 or ev5 hundr$s ( times
 fur!r2 ! attraction on an ext]nal po9t 
w\ld rema9 ! same z x is1 :ile !        
attraction on po9ts )9 ! sph]e (        
diffusion w\ld be less ?an x is2 accord+
 to "s law1 dep5d+ ^u ! degree (        
cond5sation ( ! nebul> matt] t[>ds !    
c5tre2 b /ill1 9 ! out] regions ( !     
nebula1 n diff]+ mu* f ! pres5t sol>    
attraction4 ,if we c\ld discov] a mass (
 lum9\s matt]1 desc5d+ 9 a spiral c\rse 
t[>ds ! c5tre ( su* a nebula1 t is1     
t[>ds ! sun1 we %\ld h a sort ( elem5t (
 ! spiral nebulae :i* h n[ attract$ s   
mu* ( ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s4 ,b1 by an 
extraord9>y co9cid5ce1 rec5t discov]ies 
h pres5t$ to u su* an elem5t4 ,encke's  
comet1 ( :i* we h j spok51 appe>s to be 
describ+ su* a spiral curve t[>ds ! sun4
 ,x is f\nd t its p]iod is1 at e        
revolution1 %ort] & %ort]2 ! amplitude (

 its sweep1 at e return )9 ! limits (   
our obs]vation1 n>r[] & n>r[]2 s t 9 !  
c\rse ( revolutions & ages1 h[ev]       
num]\s1 /ill1 n su* z to %ake ! evid5ce 
( ! fact1 x w fall into ! sun4  #bb4 ,"h
 !n we are irresi/ibly driv5 to         
calculate :at degree ( resemblance !re  
is1 betwe5 ! comet ( ,encke1 & ! lum9\s 
elem5ts ( ! spiral nebulae1 :i* h       
rec5tly be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 o!r regions (
 ! univ]se4 ,c we comp>e its d5sity )   
!irs8 ,c we le>n :e!r ! lum9\s matt] 9  
su* nebulae is m diffus$ or less        
diffus$1 ?an t ( ! comet ( ,encke8 ,c we
 comp>e ! me*anical p[] ( gett+ ?r\gh   
space1 z we may call x1 t is1 ! ratio ( 
! in]tia to ! resi/ance1 9 ! "o case1 & 
9 ! o!r8 ,if we c1 ! comp>ison _c fail1 
x w\ld seem1 to be v curi\s &           
in/ructive4 ,9 ?is comp>ison1 z 9 mo/   
o!rs to :i* cosmical relations conduct  
u1 we mu/ expect t ! numb]s to :i* we   
are l$1 w be ( v consid]able am\nt4 ,x  
is n equality 9 ! d5sity ( ! two lum9\s 
masses :i* we are to expect to f9d2 if  

we c m>k _! proportions by ?\s&s (      
times1 we %all h made no small progress 
9 su* speculations4  #bc4 ,! comet (    
,encke describes a spiral1 gradually    
conv]g+ to ! sun2 b at :at rate conv]g+8
 ,9 h[ _m revolutions w x rea* ! sun8 ,(
 h[ _m folds w its spire consi/1 be=e x 
atta9s ! end ( its c\rse8 ,! answ]      
is3--,( v _m4 ,! ret>dation ( ,encke's  
,comet is v small3 s small1 t x has     
task$ ! highe/ p[]s ( mod]n calculation 
to detect x4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x is !re3    
detect$1 & g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & confirm$
 by e revolution ( ! comet1 :i* br+s x  
"u our notice2 t is1 commonly1 ab\t e   
?ree ye>s4 ,& hav+ ?is fact1 we mu/ make
 :at we c ( x1 9 reason+ on ! condition 
( ! univ]se4 ,no accuracy ( calculation 
is necess>y = our purpose3 x is en\gh1  
if we br+ into view ! k9d ( scale (     
numb]s to :i* calculation w\ld lead u4  
#bd4 ,encke's comet revolves r\nd ! sun 
9 #a1baa days4 ,! p]iod dim9i%es at     
pres5t1 by ab\t "o-n9? ( a day e        
revolution4 ,?is am\nt ( dim9ution w    

*ange1 z ! orbit n>r[s2 b = our purpose1
 x w be en\gh to consid] x un*angeable4 
,! orbit !re=e w cease to exi/ 9 a numb]
 ( p]iods express$ by #i times #a1baa2 t
 is1 9 some?+ m t #aj1jjj revolutions2 &
 ( c\rse soon] ?an ?is1 9 consequ5ce (  
its com+ 9 contact ) ! body ( ! sun4 ,9 
#cj1jjj ye>s !n1 x may be1 ?is comet w  
complete its spiral1 & be absorb$ by !  
c5tral mass4 ,?is long "t1 ?is long     
s]ies ( t5 ?\s& revolutions1 are long1  
because ! resi/ance is s small1 comp>$ )
 ! in]tia ( ! mov+ mass4 ,h[ev] ?91 &   
r>e1 & unsub/antial ! comet may be1 !   
m$ium :i* resi/s x is mu* m s4  #be4 ,b 
?is spiral1 conv]g+ to its pole s sl[ly 
t x rea*es x only aft] #aj1jjj circuits1
 is v diff]5t inde$ f ! spirals :i* we  
see 9 ! nebulae ( :i* we h spok54 ,9 !  
mo/ conspicu\s ( ^?1 !re are only at mo/
 ?ree or f\r circul> or oval sweeps1 9  
ea* spiral1 or ev5 ! spiral rea*es !    
c5tre be=e x has complet$ a s+le        
revolution r\nd x4 ,n[1 :at are we to   
inf] f ?is8 ,h[ is x1 t ! comet has a   

spiral ( s _m revolutions1 & ! nebulae (
 s few8 ,:at diff]5ce ( ! me*anical     
conditions is indicat$ by ?is /rik+     
diff]5ce ( =m8 ,:y1 :ile ! ,comet ?us   
l+]s long] 9 ! out] space1 & approa*es !
 sun by almo/ imp]ceptible degrees1 does
 ! ,nebul> ,elem5t ru%1 z x 71 headlong 
to its c5tre1 & %[ itself unable to     
circulate ev5 = a few revolutions8  #bf4
 ,reg>d+ ! "q z a me*anical problem1 !  
answ] mu/ be ?is3--,x is s1 because !   
nebula is s mu* m r>e ?an ! matt] ( !   
comet1 or ! resi/+ m$ium s mu* m d5se2  
or comb9+ ! two suppositions1 because 9 
! case ( ! comet1 ! lum9\s matt] has mu*
 m in]tia1 m me*anical reality &        
sub/ance1 ?an ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x moves2
 b 9 ! nebula v little m4  #bg4 ,!      
numb]s ( revolutions ( ! spiral1 9 ! two
 cases1 may n exactly repres5t !        
diff]5ce ( ! proportions2 b1 z ,i h     
said1 !y may s]ve to %[ ! scale ( !m2 & 
?us we may say1 t if ,encke's comet1    
approa*+ ! c5tre by #aj1jjj revolutions1
 is #ajj1jjj times z d5se z ! surr\nd+  

m$ium1 ! elem5ts ( ! nebula1 :i* rea* ! 
c5tre 9 a s+le revolution1 are only t5  
times z d5se z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y h to
 move4#aj  #bh4 ,nor does ?is result 7t 
! bright elem5t ( ! nebulae is s few    
times d5s] ?an ! m$ium 9 :i* x moves7   
(f] any?+ :i* ne$ surprise u3 =1 9 tru?1
 9 a diffus$ nebula1 s9ce we suppose t  
its p>ts h me*anical prop]ties1 ! nebula
 itself is a resi/+ m$ium4 ,! r>] p>ts1 
:i* may v naturally h cool$ d[n 9       
consequ5ce ( _! r>ity1 & s1 become      
non-lum9\s1 w resi/ ! motions ( ! m d5se
 & /ill-lum9\s portions4 ,if we recur to
 ! supposition1 :i* we lately made1 t ! 
,sun 7 exp&$ into a nebul\s sph]e1 rea*+
 ! orbit ( ,neptune1 ! diffus$ matt]    
w\ld (f] a f> great] resi/ance to !     
motions ( comets ?an !y n[ exp]i5ce4 ,9 
t case1 ,encke's comet might be br\ght  
to ! c5tre aft] a few revolutions2 & if1
 :ile x 7 ?us desc5d+1 x 7 to be drawn  
out into a /r+ ( lum9\s masses1 z       
,biela's comet has begun to be1 ^!      
comets1 & any o!rs1 w\ld =m sep>ate     

lum9\s spiral tracks 9 ! sol> sy/em2 &  
w\ld conv]t x into a spiral nebula ( _m 
bran*es1 l ^? :i* are n[ ! mo/ rec5t    
objects ( a/ronomical wond]4  #bi4 ,x   
seems all[able to reg>d x z "o ( ^?     
co9cid5ces1 9 ! epo*s ( relat$ yet seem+
 unconnect$ discov]ies1 :i* h s (t5     
occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce2 t we %\ld1 
ne>ly at ! same "t1 h _h br\ght to our  
notice1 ! preval5ce ( spiral nebulae1 & 
! circum/ances1 9 ,biela's & 9 ,encke's 
comets1 :i* seem to expla9 !m3 ! "o by  
%[+ ! orig9 ( lum9\s brok5 l9es1 "o "p  
drift+ on fa/] ?an ano!r1 accord+ to its
 diff]5t d5sity1 z is usual 9 incoh]5t  
masses2#aa & ! o!r by %[+ ! orig9 ( !   
spiral =m ( ^? l9es1 aris+ f ! motion   
be+ 9 a resi/+ m$ium4  #cj4 ,b ?\gh ,i h
 made suppositions by :i* our ,sol>     
,sy/em might become a spiral nebula1    
und\bt$ly x is at pres5t some?+ v       
diff]5t2 & ! lead+ po9ts ( diff]5ce are 
v important = u to consid]4 ,& ! ma9    
po9t is1 t :i* has already be5 cursorily
 notic$3 t in/ead ( consi/+ ( matt] all 

ne>ly ( ! same d5sity1 & a great deal ( 
x lum9\s1 our ,sol> ,sy/em consi/s (    
k9ds ( matt] imm5sely diff]5t 9 d5sity1 
& ( l>ge & regul> portions :i* are n    
lum9\s4 ,in/ead ( a diffus$ nebula )    
vapor\s comets trail+ spiral tracks     
?r\gh a m$ium little r>] ?an !mselves2  
we h a c5tral sun1 & ! d>k globes ( !   
solid planets roll+ r\nd him1 9 a m$ium 
s r>e1 t 9 ?\s&s ( revolutions n a      
ve/ige ( ret>dation c be discov]$ by !  
mo/ subtle & p]sev]+ rese>*es (         
a/ronom]s4 ,9 ! sol> sy/em1 ! lum9\s    
matt] is collect$ into ! body ( ! sun2 !
 non-lum9\s matt]1 into ! planets4 ,& ! 
comets & ! resi/+ m$ium1 :i* (f] a small
 exception to ?is acc\nt1 be> a         
proportion to ! re/ :i* ! p[] ( numb]s  
sc>ce suffices to express4  #ca4 ,?us ) 
reg>d to ! d5sity ( matt] 9 ! sol>      
sy/em2 we h suppos$1 z a mode (         
expression1 t ! d5sity ( a comet1       
,encke's comet = in/ance1 is #ajj1jjj   
times t ( ! resi/+ m$ium4 ,probably ?is 
is greatly und]/at$2 & probably also we 

greatly und]/ate ! matt]1 :5 we suppose 
t ! tail ( a comet is #ajj1jjj times r>]
 ?an ! matt] ( ! sun4#ab ,& ?us ! resi/+
 m$ium w\ld be1 at a v l[ calculation1  
#aj1jjj millions ( times m r>e ?an !    
sub/ance ( ! sun4  #cb4 ,& ?us we are n1
 ,i ?9k1 go+ too f>1 :5 we say1 t our   
,sol> ,sy/em1 comp>$ ) spiral nebul\s   
sy/ems1 is a sy/em complet$ & f9i%$1    
:ile !y are m]e confus$1 indiscrim9ate1 
incoh]5t masses4 ,9 ! ,nebulae1 we h    
loose matt] ( a ?9 & vapor\s            
con/itution1 diff]+ z m or less r>e1 m  
or less lum9\s1 9 a small degree2       
diffus$ ov] enorm\s spaces1 9 /raggl+ & 
irregul> =ms2 mov+ 9 devi\s & brief     
curves1 ) no ve/ige ( ord] or sy/em1 or 
ev5 ( sep>ation ( diff]5t k9ds ( bodies4
 ,9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 we h ! lum9\s       
sep>at$ f ! non-lum9\s1 ! hot f ! cold1 
! d5se f ! r>e2 & all1 lum9\s &         
non-lum9\s1 =m$ into globes1 impress$ ) 
regul> & ord]ly motions1 :i* cont9ue !  
same = innum]able revolutions &         
cycles4#ac ,! spiral nebulae1 comp>$ ) !

 sol> sy/em1 _c be consid]$ z o!r ?an a 
k9d ( *aos2 & n ev5 a *aos1 9 ! s5se ( a
 /ate prec$+ an ord]ly & /able sy/em2 = 
!re is no indication1 9 ^? objects1 (   
any t5d5cy t[>ds su* a sy/em4 ,if we 7  
to say t !y appe> m]e %apeless masses1  
flung (f 9 ! "w ( creat+ sol> sy/ems1 we
 might p]haps di/urb ^? :o are resolv$  
to f9d ev]y:]e worlds l ours2 b x seems 
difficult to sugge/ any o!r reason = n  
say+ s4  #cc4 ,! same may be said ( !   
o!r v irregul> nebulae1 :i* spread out  
pat*es & pa?s ( v>i\s degrees (         
brightness2 & %oot out1 into surr\nd+   
space1 fa9t bran*es :i* are ( diff]5t =m
 & ext5t1 accord+ to ! optical p[] ) :i*
 !y are se54 ,^! irregul> =ms are       
incapable ( be+ p]man5t accord+ to !    
laws ( me*anics4 ,!y are n figures (    
equilibrium2 &1 !re=e1 mu/ *ange by !   
attraction ( ! matt] ^u itself4 ,b if ! 
t5uity ( ! matt] is extreme1 & !        
resi/ance ( ! m$ium 9 :i* x floats      
consid]able1 ?is t5d5cy to *ange & to   
cond5sation may be almo/ nullifi$2 & !  

bright specks may long keep _! /raggl+  
=ms1 z ! mo/ fanta/ically %ap$ cl\ds ( a
 summ]-sky (t5 d4 ,x is true1 x may be  
said t ! reason :y we see no *ange 9 !  
=m ( su* nebulae1 is t our obs]vations h
 n endur$ long en\gh2 all visible *anges
 9 ! />s requir+ an imm5se "t1 accord+  
to ! gigantic scale ( cele/ial me*anism4
 ,b ev5 ?is hypo!sis 7x is no m7 t5ds to
 e/abli% ! extreme t5uity ( ! nebulae2 =
 m solid sy/ems1 l our sol> sy/em1      
require1 = ! pres]vation ( _! =m1       
motions :i* are p]ceptible1 & inde$     
conspicu\s1 9 ! c\rse ( a mon?2 namely1 
! motions ( ! planets4 ,all1 !re=e1     
concurs to prove ! extreme t5uity ( !   
sub/ance ( irregul> nebulae4  #cd4      
,nebulae :i* assume a regul>1 = in/ance1
 a circul> or oval %ape1 ) :atev]       
v>iation ( lum9\s d5sity f ! inn] to !  
out] p>ts1 may h a =m ( equilibrium1 if 
_! p>ts h a prop] gyratory motion4      
,/ill1 we see no reason = suppos+ t ^!  
diff] s mu* f irregul> nebulae1 z to be 
d5s] bodies1 kept 9 _! =ms by rapid     

motions4 ,we are r l$ to believe t1 ?\gh
 p]haps d5s] ?an ! spiral nebulae1 !y   
are /ill ( extremely ?9 & vapor\s "*4 ,x
 w\ld seem v unlikely t ^! va/ cl\ds (  
lum9\s vapor %\ld be z d5se z ! tail ( a
 comet2 s9ce a portion ( lum9\s matt] s 
small z su* a tail is1 mu/ h cool$ d[n f
 its mo/ lum9\s condition2 & mu/ require
 to be m d5se ?an nebul> matt] 9 ord] to
 be visible at all by its own light4    
#ce4 ,?us we appe> to h good reason to  
believe t nebulae are va/ masses (      
incoh]5t or gase\s matt]1 ( imm5se      
t5uity1 diffus$ 9 =ms m or less         
irregul>1 b all ( !m de/itute ( any     
regul> sy/em ( solid mov+ bodies4 ,we   
seem1 !re=e1 to h made x c]ta9 t ^!     
cele/ial objects at lea/ are n inhabit$4
 ,no speculators h be5 bold en\gh to    
place inhabitants 9 a comet2 except1    
inde$1 "s p]sons :o h imag9$ t su* a    
habitation1 c>ry+ its inmates alt]nately
 into ! close vic9ity ( ! sun's surface1
 & f> beyond ! orbit ( ,uranus1 & ?us   
expos+ !m to ! fi]ce extremes ( heat &  

cold1 might be ! seat ( p5al inflictions
 on ^? :o _h des]v$ puni%m5t by acts    
done 9 _! life on "o ( ! planets4 ,b ev5
 to give coh]5ce to ?is wild imag9ation1
 we mu/ fur!r suppose t ! t5ants ( su*  
prison-h\ses1 ?\gh /ill s5sible to human
 suff]+ f extreme heat & cold1 h bodies 
( ! same vapor\s & unsub/antial "* z !  
vehicle 9 :i* !y are ?us c>ri$ ab\t !   
sy/em2 = no frame ( solid /ructure c\ld 
be su/a9$ by ! incoh]5t & v>y+ volume ( 
a comet4 ,& probably1 to p ! nebulae )  
su* ?9 & fi]y =ms1 is a mode ( provid+  
!m ) population1 t ! mo/ ard5t advocates
 ( ! plurality ( worlds are n prep>$ to 
adopt4  #cf4 ,s f> !n z ! ,nebulae are  
conc]n$1 ! improbability ( _! be+       
inhabit$1 appe>s to m\nt to ! highe/    
po9t t c be conceiv$4 ,we may1 by !     
indulg5ce ( fancy1 p ! summ]-cl\ds1 or !
 beams ( ! aurora borealis1 ) liv+ be+s1
 ( ! same k9d ( sub/ance z ^? bright    
appe>ances !mselves2 & 9 do+ s1 we are n
 mak+ any bold] assumption ?an we are1  
:5 we /ock ! ,nebulae ) inhabitants1 &  

call !m 9 t s5se1 di/ant worlds4        
,,footnotes3  #a ,h]s*el1 ,outl4 ( ,a/r4
 ,art4 #hic4  #b ,h]s*el1 ,outl4 ( ,a/r4
 ,art4 #hgd1 & ,plate #aa1 ,fig4 #c4  #c
 ,ibid4 ,art4 #hig4  #d ,h]s*4 #hgd4  #e
 ,ibid4 #hha-h4  #f ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( 
! ,briti% ,association 7,sept4 #ahec71  
draw+s 7 exhibit$ ( ! same nebulae1 z   
se5 ?r\gh ,"l ,rosse's l>ge telescope1 &
 ?r\gh a telescope ( ?ree feet ap]ture4 
,) ! small] telescopic p[]1 all !       
*>act]i/ic features 7 lo/4 ,! spiral    
/ructure 7see next ,article b "o7 has   
be5 almo/ entirely br\ght to light by ! 
l>ge telescope4  #g ,see mon?ly ,notices
 ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,dec4
 #ac1 #ahej4  #h ,! frontispiece to ?is 
volume repres5ts two ( ^! ,spiral       
,nebulae2 ^? d5om9at$ #ea ,messi]1 & #ii
 ,messi]1 z giv5 by ,"l ,rosse 9 !      
,phil4 ,trans4 = #ahej4 ,! =m] ( ^! two 
has a lat]al focus1 besides ! pr9cipal  
focus or pole4  #i ,i am aw>e t "s      
a/ronom]s d n consid] x z prov$ t       
comet>y matt] is entirely self-lum9\s4  

,arago f\nd t ! light ( a ,comet conta9$
 a portion ( pol>iz$ light1 ?us prov+ t 
x _h be5 reflect$ 7,cosmos1 ,i4 p4 #aaa1
 & ,,iii4 p4 #eff74 ,b ,i ?9k ! op9ion t
 ! great] "p ( ! light is self-lum9\s1 l
 ! nebulae1 g5]ally prevails4 ,any o!r  
supposition is sc>cely consi/5t ) !     
rapid *anges ( brightness :i* occur 9 a 
comet dur+ its motion to & f ! ,sun4    
#aj ,we assume "h t ! numb] (           
revolutions to ! c5tre is great] 9      
proportion z ! relative d5sity ( !      
resi/+ m$ium is less2 :i* is by no means
 me*anically true2 b ! calculation may  
s]ve1 z we h said1 to %[ ! scale ( !    
numb]s involv$4  #aa ,humboldt1 :om no?+
 relative to ! hi/ory ( sci5ce escapes1 
quotes f ,s5eca a passage 9 :i* m5tion  
is made ( a ,comet :i* divid$ into two  
p>ts2 & f ! ,*9ese ,annals1 a notice (  
?ree c\pl$ ,comets1 :i* 9 ! ye> #hif    
appe>$1 & describ$ _! pa?s toge!r4      
,cosmos1 ,,iii4 p4 #egj1 & ! notes4  #ab
 ,laplace has prov$ t ! masses ( comets 
are v small4 ,he reckons _! mean mass z 

v mu* less ?an #a-ajjjjj? ( ! ,e>?'s    
mass4 ,& h5ce1 consid]+ _! great size1  
we see h[ r>e !y mu/ be4 ,see ,expos4 du
 ,sy/4 du ,monde4  #ac ,humboldt        
repeat$ly expresses 8 conviction t our  
,sol> ,sy/em conta9s a great] v>iety (  
=ms ?an o!r sy/ems4 7,cosmos1 ,,iii4    
#cgc & #ehg47     ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,!  
,,fix$ ,,/>s4   #a4 ,we appe>1 9 ! la/  
*apt]1 to h cle>$ away ! suppos$        
inhabitants ( ! outskirts ( creation1 s 
f> z ! ,nebulae are ! outskirts (       
creation4 ,we mu/ n[ approa* a little   
ne>]1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 to our own   
sy/em4 ,we mu/ consid] ! ,fix$ ,/>s2 &  
exam9e any evid5ce :i* we may be able to
 discov]1 z to ! probability ( _!       
conta9+1 9 !mselves or 9 accompany+     
bodies1 z planets1 inhabitants ( any    
k9d4 ,any special evid5ce :i* we c      
disc]n on ?is subject1 ei!r way1 is     
inde$ slight4 ,on ! "o side we h !      
ass]t$ analogy ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se2 (  
:i* po9t we h spok51 & may h m to say   
h]eaft]4 ,ea* ,fix$ ,/> is conceiv$ to  

be ( ! nature ( our ,sun2 & !re=e1 l    
him1 ! c5tre ( a planet>y sy/em4 ,on !  
o!r side1 x is extremely difficult to   
f9d any special facts relative to !     
nature ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* may enable u 9 
any degree to judge h[ f> !y really are 
( a l nature ) ! ,sun1 & h[ f> ?is      
resemblance goes4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 notice
 a few features 9 ! />ry heav5s1 ) :i*1 
9 ! abs5ce ( any /rong] gr\nds1 we may  
be all[$ to connect our speculations on 
su* que/ions4 ,! assidu\s scrut9y ( !   
/>s :i* has be5 pursu$ by ! mo/ em95t   
a/ronom]s1 & ! reflections :i* _!       
rese>*es h sugge/$ to !m1 may h a new   
int]e/1 :5 discuss$ "u ?is po9t ( view4 
#b4 ,next aft] ! ,nebulae1 ! cases :i*  
may mo/ naturally engage our att5tion1  
are ,clu/]s ( />s4 ,! cases1 inde$1 9   
:i* ^! clu/]s are ! close/1 & ! />s !   
smalle/1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 x is only by ! 
aid ( a good telescope t !y are resolv$ 
into />s1 d n diff] f ! resolvable      
nebulae1 except 9 ! degree ( optical p[]
 :i* is requir$ to resolve !m4 ,we may1 

!re=e1 x w\ld seem1 apply to su* clu/]s1
 :at we h said ( resolvable nebulae3 t  
:5 !y are ?us1 by ! application (       
telescopic p[]1 resolv$ into bright     
po9ts1 x seems to be a v bold assumption
 to assume1 )\t fur!r pro(1 t ^! bright 
po9ts are suns1 di/ant f ea* o!r z f> z 
we are f ! ne>e/ />s4 ,! boldness ( su* 
an assumption appe>s to be felt by our  
wise/ a/ronom]s4#a ,t sev]al ( ! clu/]s 
:i* are visible1 "s ( !m appe>+ z if !  
compon5t />s 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 a ne>ly   
sph]ical =m1 are sy/ems b\nd toge!r by  
"s special =ce1 or "s common orig91 we  
may reg>d1 ) ^? a/ronom]s1 z 9 ! highe/ 
degree probable4 ,) respect to !        
/ability ( ! =m ( su* a sy/em1 a curi\s 
rem>k has be5 made by ,sir ,john        
,h]s*el1#b t if we suppose a globul>    
space fill$ ) equal />s1 uni=mly disp]s$
 ?r\gh x1 ! p>ticul> />s might g on     
=ev]1 describ+ ellipses ab\t ! c5tre ( !
 globe1 9 all directions1 & ( all sizes2
 & all complet+ _! revolutions 9 ! same 
"t4 ,?is foll[s1 because1 z ,newton has 

%[n1 9 su* a case1 ! comp\nd =ce :i*    
t5ds to ! c5tre ( ! sph]e w\ld be       
ev]y:]e proportional to ! di/ance f !   
c5tre2 & "u ! action ( su* a =ce1       
ellipses ab\t ! c5tre w\ld be describ$1 
all ! p]iods be+ ( ! same am\nt4 ,?is   
k9d ( symmetrical & simple sy/ematic    
motion1 pres5t$ by ,newton z a m]e      
exemplification ( ! results ( 8         
me*anical pr9ciples1 is p]haps realiz$1 
approximately at lea/1 9 "s ( ! globul> 
clu/]s4 ,! motions w be swift or sl[1   
accord+ to ! total mass ( ! gr\ps4 ,if1 
= in/ance1 our ,sun 7 ?us brok5 into    
fragm5ts1 s z to fill ! sph]e girdl$ by 
! e>?'s orbit1 all ! fragm5ts w\ld      
revolve r\nd ! c5tre 9 a ye>4 ,n[1 !re  
is no symptom1 9 any clu/]1 ( its p>ts  
mov+ ne>ly s fa/ z ?is2 & !re=e we h1 x 
w\ld seem1 evid5ce t ! gr\ps are mu*    
less d5se ?an w\ld be ! space s fill$ ) 
fragm5ts ( ! sun4 ,! sl[ness ( !        
motions1 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! nebulae1 is  
evid5ce ( ! weakness ( ! =ces1 & !re=e1 
( ! r>ity ( ! mass2 & till we h "s      

gyratory motion discov]$ 9 ^! gr\ps1 we 
h no?+ to limit our supposition ( !     
extreme t5uity ( _! total sub/ance4  #c4
 ,let u !n g on to ! cases 9 :i* we h   
pro( ( su* gyratory motions 9 ! />s2 =  
su* are n want+4 ,fifty ye>s ago1       
,h]s*el ! fa!r1 _h already asc]ta9$ t   
!re are c]ta9 pairs ( />s1 v ne> ea* o!r
 7s ne>1 inde$1 t to ! unassi/$ eye !y  
are se5 z s+le />s only17 & :i* revolve 
ab\t ea* o!r4 ,^! ,b9>y ,sid]eal ,sy/ems
 h s9ce be5 exam9$ ) imm5se dilig5ce &  
pr(\nd skill by ,h]s*el ! son1 & o!rs2 &
 ! numb] ( su* b9>y sy/ems has be5 f\nd1
 by su* obs]v]s1 to be v consid]able4 ,!
 p]iods ( _! revolutions are ( v>i\s    
l5g?s1 f #cj or #dj ye>s to sev]al      
hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,"s ( ^? pairs :i* h !  
%orte/ p]iods1 h already1 s9ce ! nature 
( _! movem5ts 0 discov]$1 p]=m$ m ?an a 
complete revolution2#c ?us leav+ no room
 = d\bt+ t _! motions are really ( ?is  
gyratory k9d4 ,n only ! fact1 b ! law ( 
?is orbital motion1 has be5 inve/igat$2 
& ! inve/igations1 :i* naturally 7      

comm5c$ on ! hypo!sis t ^! di/ant bodies
 7 gov]n$ by t ,law ( univ]sal          
,gravitation1 :i* prevails ?r\gh\t !    
sol> sy/em1 & s completely expla9s !    
m9ute/ features ( its motions1 h end$ 9 
e/abli%+ ! reality ( t ,law1 = sev]al   
,b9>y ,sy/ems1 ) z complete evid5ce z t 
:i* c>ries its op]ations to ! orbits (  
,uranus & ,neptune4  #d4 ,be+ able ?us  
to disc]n1 9 di/ant regions ( ! univ]se1
 bodies revolv+ ab\t ea* o!r1 we h !    
means ( det]m9+1 z we d 9 our own sol>  
sy/em1 ! masses ( ! bodies s revolv+4 ,b
 = ?is purpose1 we mu/ "k _! di/ance f  
ea* o!r2 :i* is1 to our vision1 exce$+ly
 small1 requir+1 z we h said1 high      
magnify+ p[]s to make x visible at all4 
,& aga91 to "k :at l9e> di/ance ?is     
small visible di/ance repres5ts1 we mu/ 
"k ! di/ance ( ! />s f u1 :i* is1 = e   
/>1 z we "k1 imm5sely great2 & = mo/1 we
 are de/itute ( all means ( det]m9+ h[  
great x is4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ( ^!    
b9>y sy/ems1 9 :i* a/ronom]s conceive t 
!y h suffici5tly asc]ta9$ ! value ( bo? 

^! elem5ts1 7! di/ance ( ! two />s f ea*
 o!r1 & f u17 to enable !m to proce$ ) !
 calculation ( :i* ,i h spok52 !        
det]m9ation ( ! masses ( ! revolv+      
bodies4 ,9 ! case ( ! /> ,alpha         
,c5tauri1 ! fir/ /> 9 ! con/ellation ( !
 ,c5taur1 ! p]iod is reckon$ to be #gg  
ye>s2 & z1 by ! same calculator1 !      
app>5t semi-axis ( ! orbit describ$ is  
/at$ at #ae seconds ( space1 :ile !     
annual p>allax ( ea* /> is ab\t "o      
second1 x is evid5t t ! orbit mu/ h a   
radius ab\t #ae times ! radius ( ! e>?'s
 orbit2 t is1 an orbit great] ?an t (   
,saturn1 & approa*+ to t ( ,uranus4 ,9 !
 sol> sy/em1 a revolution 9 su* an orbit
 w\ld occupy a "t great] ?an t (        
,saturn1 :i* is #cj ye>s1 & less ?an t (
 ,uranus1 :i* is ab\t #hj ye>s3 x w\ld1 
9 fact1 be ab\t #eh ye>s4 ,& s9ce1 9 !  
b9>y />1 ! p]iod is great] ?an ?is1     
namely #gg ye>s1 ! attraction :i* holds 
toge!r its two elem5ts mu/ be less ?an t
 :i* holds toge!r ! ,sun & a planet at !
 same di/ance2 & !re=e ! masses ( ! two 

/>s toge!r are consid]ably less ?an !   
mass ( our sun4  #e4 ,a l conclusion is 
d]iv$ f ano!r ( ^! conspicu\s d\ble />s1
 namely1 ! "o t]m$ by a/ronom]s #fa     
,cygni2 ( :i* ! annual p>allax has      
lately be5 asc]ta9$ to be "o-?ird ( a   
second ( space1 :ile ! di/ance ( ! two  
/>s is #ae seconds4 ,"h !re=e we h an   
orbit #de times ! size ( ! ,e>?'s orbit2
 l>g] ?an t ( ! newly-discov]$ planet   
,neptune1 ^: orbit is #cj times z l>ge z
 ! e>?'s1 & 8 p]iod ne>ly #afe ye>s4 ,! 
p]iod ( #fa ,cygni is h[ev]1 x appe>s1  
probably n %ort ( #ejj ye>s2 & h5ce x is
 calculat$ t ! sum ( ! masses ( ! two   
/>s :i* make up ?is pair is ab\t "o-?ird
 ( ! mass ( our ,sun4#d  #f4 ,^! results
 give "s c\nt5ance to ! op9ion1 t !     
quantity ( lum9\s matt]1 9 o!r sy/ems1  
does n diff] v consid]ably f ! mass (   
our ,sun4 ,x diff]s 9 ^! cases z #a to  
#c1 or !reab\ts4 ,9 :at degree (        
cond5sation1 h[ev]1 ! matt] ( ^! b9>y   
sy/ems is1 comp>$ ) t ( our sol> sy/em1 
we h no means :atev] ( kn[+4 ,ea* ( !   

two />s may h its lum9\s matt] diffus$  
?r\gh a globe z l>ge z ! e>?'s orbit2 & 
9 t case1 w\ld probably n be m d5se ?an 
! tail ( a comet4#e ,x is obs]v$ by     
a/ronom]s1 t 9 ! pairs ( b9>y />s :i* we
 h m5tion$1 ! two />s ( ea* pair are (  
diff]5t colors2 ! />s be+ ( a high      
yell[1 approa*+ to orange color1#f b !  
small] individual be+ 9 ea* case ( a    
deep] t9t4 ,?is might sugge/ to u !     
conjecture t ! small] mass _h cool$     
fur!r bel[ ! po9t ( high lum9osity ?an !
 l>g]2 b t bo? ^! degrees ( light belong
 to a condition /ill progressive1 &     
probably /ill gase\s4 ,)\t atta*+ any   
great value to su* conjectures1 !y appe>
 to be at lea/ z well au?oriz$ z !      
supposition t ea* ( ^! />s1 ?us diff]5t1
 is nev]!less precisely 9 ! condition ( 
our sun4  #g4 ,b1 ev5 grant+ t ea* ( !  
individuals ( ?is pair 7 a sun l ours1 9
 ! nature ( its mat]ial & its /ate (    
cond5sation1 is x probable t x resembles
 our ,sun also 9 hav+ planets revolv+   
ab\t x8 ,a sy/em ( planets revolv+ ar\nd

 or among a pair ( suns1 :i* are1 at !  
same "t1 revolv+ ab\t "o ano!r1 is s    
complex a s*eme1 s impossible to arrange
 9 a /able mann]1 t ! assumption ( !    
exi/5ce ( su* s*emes1 )\t a ve/ige (    
evid5ce1 c h>dly require confutation4   
,no d\bt1 if we 7 really requir$ to     
provide su* a b9>y sy/em ( suns )       
att5dant planets1 ?is w\ld be be/ done  
by putt+ ! planets s ne> to "o sun1 t !y
 %\ld n be s5sibly affect$ by ! o!r2 &  
?is is accord+ly :at has be5 propos$4#g 
,=1 z has be5 well said ( ! suppos$     
planets1 9 mak+ ?is proposal1 ,unless   
closely ne/l$ "u ! protect+ w+ ( _!     
imm$iate sup]ior1 ! sweep ( ! o!r sun 9 
8 p]ihelion passage r\nd _! own1 might  
c>ry !m (f1 or :irl !m into orbits      
utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( _!      
inhabitants4 ,to assume ! exi/5ce ( !   
inhabitants1 9 spite ( su* dang]s1 & to 
provide aga9/ ! dang]s by plac+ !m s    
close to "o sun z to be out ( ! rea* ( !
 o!r1 ?\gh ! :ole di/ance ( ! two may n1
 & z we h se51 9 "s cases does n1 exce$ 

! dim5sions ( our sol> sy/em1 is %[+ !m 
all ! favor :i* is possible4 ,b 9 mak+  
?is provision1 x is ov]look$ t x may n  
be possible to keep !m 9 p]man5t orbits 
s ne> to ! select$ c5tre3 _! sun may be 
a va/ sph]e ( lum9\s vapor2 & ! planets1
 plung$ into ?is atmosph]e1 may1 in/ead 
( describ+ regul> orbits1 pl\gh _! way 9
 spiral pa?s ?r\gh ! nebul\s abyss to   
its c5tral nucleus4  #h4 ,clu/]$ />s1   
!n1 & d\ble />s1 appe> to give u b      
little promise ( inhabitants4 ,we mu/   
next turn our att5tion to ! s+le />s1 z 
! mo/ hopeful cases4 ,inde$1 x is c]ta9 
t no "o w\ld h ?\ght ( reg>d+ !         
individual />s ( clu/]s1 or ( pairs1 z !
 c5tres ( planet>y sy/ems1 if ! view (  
insulat$ />s1 z ! c5tres ( su* sy/ems1  
_h n already become famili>1 &1 we may  
say1 e/abli%$4 ,:at1 !n1 is !           
probability ( t view8 ,is !re good      
evid5ce t ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 or "s ( !m1     
really h planets revolv+ r\nd !m8 ,:at  
is ! k9d ( pro( :i* we h ( ?is8  #i4 ,to
 ?is we mu/ reply1 t ! only pro( t !    

fix$ />s are ! c5tres ( planet>y sy/ems1
 resides 9 ! assumption t ^? />s are l !
 ,sun2--resemble him 9 _! qualities &   
nature1 & !re=e1 x is inf]r$1 mu/ h !   
same (fices1 & ! same app5dages4 ,!y    
are1 z ! ,sun is1 indep5d5t s\rces (    
light1 & !nce1 probably1 ( heat2 & !re=e
 !y mu/ h att5dant planets1 to :i* !y c 
imp>t _! light & heat2 & ^! planets mu/ 
h inhabitants1 :o live "u & enjoy ^?    
influ5ces4 ,?is is1 probably1 ! k9d (   
reason+ on :i* ^? rely1 :o reg>d ! fix$ 
/>s z s _m worlds1 or c5tres ( families 
( worlds4  #aj4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is argum5t1  
!re=e1 dep5ds ^u ?is3 t ! ,/>s are l !  
,sun2 & we mu/ consid]1 :at evid5ce we h
 ( ! exactness ( ?is lik5ess4  #aa4 ,!  
,/>s are l ! ,sun 9 ?is1 t !y %9e ) an  
indep5d5t light1 n ) a borr[$ light1 z !
 planets %9e4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! />s      
resemble1 n only ! ,sun1 b ! nebul\s    
pat*es 9 ! sky1 & ! tails ( comets2 = ^!
 also1 9 all probability1 %9e ) an      
orig9al light4 ,probably x w h>dly be   
urg$ t we see1 by ! v appe>ance ( ! />s1

 t !y are ( ! nature ( ! ,sun3 = !      
appe>ance ( lum9>ies 9 ! sky is s f> f  
enabl+ u to discrim9ate ! nature ( _!   
light1 t to a common eye1 a planet & a  
fix$ /> appe> alike z />s4 ,!re is no   
obvi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! orig9al light 
( ! />s & ! reflect$ light ( ! planets4 
,! />s1 !n1 be+ l ! sun 9 be+ lum9\s1   
does x foll[ t !y are1 l ! sun1 def9ite 
d5se masses8#h ,or are !y1 or _m ( !m1  
lum9\s masses 9 a f> m diffus$ /ate2    
visually contract$ to po9ts1 by ! imm5se
 di/ance f u at :i* !y are8  #ab4 ,we h 
se5 t "s ( ^? />s1 :i* we h ! be/ means 
( exam9+1 are1 9 mass1 "o ?ird1 or less1
 ( our ,sun4 ,if su* a mass1 at !       
di/ance ( ! fix$ />s1 7 diffus$ ?r\gh a 
sph]e equal 9 radius to ! e>?'s orbit1 x
 w\ld /ill appe> to u z a po9t2 z is    
evid5t by ?is1 t ! fix$ />s1 = ! mo/ "p1
 h no discov]able annual p>allax2 t is1 
! e>?'s orbit appe>s to !m a po9t4 ,if  
"o ( ! fix$ />s1 ,sirius1 = in/ance1 be 
9 ?is diffus$ condition1 su* a          
circum/ance w n1 me*anically speak+1    

prev5t 8 hav+ planets revolv+ r\nd him2 
=1 z we h said1 ! attraction ( 8 :ole   
mass1 9 :atev] /ate ( sph]ical          
diffusion1 w be ! same z if x 7 collect$
 at ! c5tre4 ,b su* a /ate ( diffusion w
 make him s unlike our ,sun1 z mu* to   
break ! =ce ( ! presumption t he mu/ h  
planets because our ,sun has4 ,if !     
lum9\s matt] ( ! />s gradually cools1   
gr[s d>k1 & solidifies1 su* diffusion   
w\ld imply t ! "t ( solidification is n 
yet begun2 & !re=e t ! solid planets :i*
 accompany ! lum9\s c5tral body are n   
yet br\ght into be+4 ,if !re be any tru?
 9 ?is hypo!tical acc\nt ( ! *anges1    
?r\gh :i* ! matt] ( ! />s successively  
passes2 & if1 by su* *anges1 planet>y   
sy/ems are =m$2 h[ _m ( ! fix$ />s may  
nev] yet h rea*$ ! planet>y /ate6 h[ _m1
 = want ( "s necess>y me*anical         
condition1 may nev] give rise to p]man5t
 orbits at all6  #ac4 ,& t ! matt] ( !  
/>s does g ?r\gh *anges1 we h evid5ce1 9
 _m su* *anges :i* h actually be5       
obs]v$2#i & p]haps 9 ! diff]5t colors ( 

diff]5t />s2 :i* may1 n improbably1     
arise f _! be+ at diff]5t /ages ( _!    
progress4 ,t planet>y sy/ems1 once =m$1 
g ?r\gh mighty *anges1 we h evid5ce 9 ! 
view :i* geology gives u ( ! hi/ory (   
?is e>?2 & 9 t view1 we see also1 h[    
unique1 & h[ f> elevat$ 9 its purpose1 !
 la/ p]iod ( ?is hi/ory may be1 comp>$ )
 ! prec$+ p]iods2 &1 up to ! pres5t "t  
at lea/1 h[ comp>atively brief 9 its    
duration4 ,if1 !re=e1 /ell> globes c    
become planet>y sy/ems 9 ! progress (   
ages1 x w n be at all inconsi/5t ) :at  
we "k ( ! ord] ( nature1 t only a few1  
or ev5 t only "o1 %\ld h yet rea*$ t    
condition4 ,all ! o!rs1 b ! "o1 may be  
sy/ems yet un=m$1 or fragm5ts /ruck (f 9
 ! =m+ ( ! "o4 ,if any "o is n satisfi$ 
) ?is acc\nt ( ! degree ( resemblance   
betwe5 ! fix$ />s & ! sun1 b w\ld make !
 lik5ess great] ?an ?is2 we h only to   
say1 t ! pro( t x is s lies ^u him4 ,su*
 a resemblance z we h suppos$1 is all t 
! facts sugge/4 ,t ! />s are indep5d5t  
lum9>ies1 we see2 b :e!r !y are z d5se z

 ! sun1 or globes a hundr$ or a ?\s&    
times z r>e1 we h no means :atev] (     
kn[+4 ,&1 to assume t besides ^! lum9\s 
bodies :i* we see1 !re are d>k bodies   
:i* we d n see1 revolv+ r\nd ! o!rs 9   
p]man5t orbits1 :i* require special     
me*anical conditions2 & to suppose ?is1 
9 ord] t we may build ^u ?is assumption 
a /ill l>g] "o1 t ( liv+ inhabitants (  
^! d>k bodies2 is a hypo!tical proc$ure1
 :i* x seems /range t we %\ld h to      
combat1 at ! pres5t /age ( ! hi/ory (   
sci5ce1 & 9 deal+ ) ^? ^: m9ds h be5    
discipl9$ by ! previ\s ev5ts 9 !        
progress ( a/ronomy4  #ad4 ,let u       
consid]1 h[ev]1 fur!r1 h[ f> a/ronomy   
au?orizes u to reg>d ! ,fix$ ,/>s z be+1
 l our ,sun1 ! c5tres ( sy/ems (        
,planets4 ,^? :o hold ?is1 consid] !m z 
hav+ a p]man5t condition ( brightness1 z
 our ,sun has _h = an indef9ite p]iod1 s
 f> z we h any k on ! subject4 ,yet1 z  
we h said1 no small numb] ( ! />s und]go
 *anges ( brightness2 & "s ( !m und]go  
su* *anges1 9 a mann] :i* is n          

disc]nibly p]iodical2 & :i* mu/ !re=e be
 reg>d$ z progressive4 ,?is ph5om5on    
c\nt5ances ! op9ion ( su* a progress f  
"o mat]ial condition to ano!r2 :i*1 we h
 se51 is sugge/$ by ! analogy ( !       
probable =mation ( our own sol> sy/em4  
,! v /> :i* is s (t5 tak5 z ! probable  
c5tre ( a sy/em1 ,sirius1 has1 9 ! c\rse
 ( ! la/ #b1jjj ye>s1 *ang$ its light f 
r$ to :ite4 ,ptolemy notes x z a r$ />3 
9 ,ty*o's "t x 0 already1 z x is n[1 a  
:ite "o4#aj ,! /> ,eta ,argus *anges bo?
 its degree ( light & its color2 rang+1 
9 seem+ly irregul> int]vals ( "t1 f !   
f\r? to ! fir/ magnitude1#aa & f yell[  
to r$4 ,sev]al o!r examples ( ! l k9d h 
be5 obs]v$4 ,mr4 ,h9d#ab gives an       
example 9 :i* he has1 q rec5tly1 obs]v$ 
9 two ye>s a /> *ange its color f v r$  
to blui%4 ,^! v>iable unp]iodical />s   
are probably v num]\s4 ,also1 "s />s1   
obs]v$ ( old1 are n[ become invisible4  
,! lo/ ,pleiad1 by ! loss ( :i* ! clu/]1
 call$ ! ,sev5 ,/>s1 (f]s n[ only six to
 ! nak$ eye1 is an example ( a *ange (  

?is k9d already not$ 9 anci5t times4    
,!re are sev]al o!rs1 ( :i* ! ext9ction 
is recogniz$ by a/ronom]s z prov$4#ac ,9
 o!r cases1 new />s h appe>$1 & h !n    
seem$ to die away & vani%4 ,! appe>ance 
( a new /> 9 ! "t ( ! ,greek a/ronom]   
,hipp>*us1 induc$ him to con/ruct 8     
fam\s ,catalogue ( ! ,/>s4 ,o!rs are    
record$ to h appe>$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,! 
fir/ :i* 0 obs]v$ by mod]n a/ronom]s 0 !
 celebrat$ /> se5 by ,ty*o ,brahe 9     
#aegb4 ,x appe>$ sudd5ly 9 !            
con/ellation ,cassiopeia1 0 fix$ 9 its  
place l ! neighbor+ />s1 _h no nebula or
 tail1 exce$$ 9 spl5dor all o!r />s1 be+
 z bright z ,v5us :5 %e is ne>e/ ! e>?4 
,x soon began to dim9i% 9 brightness1 & 
pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s dim9i%+ degrees (     
magnitude1 vani%$ altoge!r aft] sev5te5 
mon?s4 ,?is /> also pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s   
colors2 be+ fir/ :ite1 !n yell[1 !n r$4 
,9 l mann]1 9 #afjd1 a new /> ( great   
magnitude blaz$ =? 9 ! con/ellation     
,s]p5t>ius2 & 0 se5 by ,kepl]4 ,& ?is   
also1 l t ( #aegb1 aft] a few mon?s1    

decl9$ & vani%$4  #ae4 ,^! appe>ances l$
 ,ty*o to frame an hypo!sis l t :i* ,sir
 ,william ,h]s*el aft]w>ds propos$1 t ! 
/>s are =m$ by ! cond5sation ( lum9\s   
nebul\s matt]4 ,nor is x easy to ?9k (  
su* ph5om5a 7( :i* sev]al o!rs h be5    
obs]v$1 ?\gh none s conspicu\s z ^!71   
)\t reg>d+ !m z %[+ t ! matt] ( ! fix$  
/>s1 occasionally at lea/1 passes ?r\gh 
*anges ( consi/5ce z great z w\ld be !  
cond5sation & ext9ction ( a lum9\s      
vapor4 ,& if su* *anges h be5 b few )9 !
 record$ p]iod ( man's obs]vation ( !   
/>s1 we mu/ recollect h[ small t p]iod  
is1 comp>$ ) ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! />s h   
exi/$4 ,! />s !mselves give u te/imony (
 _! hav+ be5 9 be+ = millions ( ye>s4 ,=
 accord+ to ! be/ e/imates we c =m ( _! 
di/ances1 ! "t :i* light w\ld employ 9  
rea*+ u f ! mo/ remote ( !m1 w\ld be    
millions ( ye>s2 &1 !re=e1 we n[ see ^? 
remote />s by means ( ! light emitt$ f  
!m millions ( ye>s ago4 ,& if1 9 !      
#b1jjj ye>s dur+ :i* su* obs]vations are
 record$1 only #bjj />s h und]gone su*  

*anges 9 a degree visible to ! e>?'s    
inhabitants2 9 a million ( ye>s1 *ange  
go+ on at ! same rate1 #ajj1jjj />s w\ld
 exhibit visible progressive *ange1 %[+ 
t !y _h n yet rea*$ a p]man5t condition4
 ,& h[ mu* ( *ange may g on 9 any /> )\t
 its be+ 9 any degree p]ceptible to !   
mo/ exact a/ronomical scrut9y6  #af4 ,! 
t5d5cy ( ^! consid]ations is1 to lead u 
to ?9k t ! fix$ />s are n g5]ally 9 t   
p]man5t condition 9 :i* our sun is2 &   
:i* appe>s to be alone consi/5t ) !     
exi/5ce ( a sy/em su* z ! sol> sy/em4#ad
 ,^! views1 !re=e1 fall 9 ) t :i* we h  
be5 l$ to by ?is consid]ation ( !       
,nebulae3 t ! ,sol> ,sy/em is 9 a m     
complete & advanc$ /ate1 z a sy/em1 ?an 
_m at lea/ ( ! /ell> sy/ems c be2 x may 
be1 ?an any o!r4  #ag4 ,x has be5       
alleg$1 z a pro( ( ! lik5ess ( ! ,fix$  
,/>s to our ,sun1 t l him1 !y revolve ^u
 _! axes4#ae ,?is has be5 suppos$ to be 
prov$ ) reg>d to _m ( !m1 by _! hav+    
p]iodical recurr5ces ( fa9t] & bright]  
lu/re2 z if !y 7 revolv+ orbs1 ) "o side

 d>k5$ by spots4 ,su* facts are n v     
num]\s or def9ite 9 ! heav5s4           
,omicron#af 9 ! con/ellation ,cetus1 is 
! longe/ kn[n ( !m2 & is held to revolve
 9 #hca days4 ,f ! curi\s ph5om5a n[    
spok5 (1 x has be5 call$ ,mira ,ceti4#ag
 ,algol1 ! second /> 7,beta7 ( ,p]seus1 
call$ also ,caput ,m$usae1 is ano!r1 ) a
 p]iod ( #b days #ba h\rs2 & 9 ?is case1
 ! obscuration ( ! light1 & ! re/oration
 ( x1 are s sudd51 t f ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ 
rem>k$1 7by ,goodricke1 9 #aghb17 x     
sugge/$ ! hypo!sis ( an opaque body     
revolv+ r\nd ! />4 ,! /> ,delta1 9 !    
con/ellation ,cephus1 is ano!r1 ) a     
p]iod ( #e days #i h\rs4 ,! /> ,beta 9 !
 ,lyre1 has a p]iod ( #f days #aj h\rs1 
or p]haps #ab days #ba h\rs1 "o         
revolution hav+ be5 tak5 = two4 ,ano!r  
su* /> is ,eta ,aquilae1 ) a p]iod ( #g 
days #d h\rs4 ,^! five are all !        
p]iodical />s ( :i* a/ronom]s c speak ) 
precision4#ah ,b ab\t ?irty m are       
suppos$ to be subject to su* *ange1 ?\gh
 _! p]iods1 epo*s1 & phases (           

brightness1 _c at pres5t be giv5        
exactly4  #ah4 ,t ^! p]iodical *anges 9 
c]ta9 ( ! fix$ />s are a curi\s &       
int]e/+ a/ronomical fact1 is            
indisputable4 ,no?+ c be m probable     
also1 ?an t x indicates1 9 ! /ell>      
masses1 a revolution on _! axes2 :i* _c 
surprise u1 see+ t revolution ^u an axis
 is1 s f> z we "k1 a univ]sal law ( all 
! l>ge compact masses ( matt] :i* exi/ 9
 ! univ]se2 & may be conceiv$ to be a   
result d]iv$ f _! orig91 & a condition (
 any p]man5t or ne>ly p]man5t figure4 ,b
 ?is c prove little or no?+ z to _! be+ 
l ! sun1 9 any way :i* implies _! hav+  
inhabitants1 9 !mselves or 9 accompany+ 
planets4 ,! rotation ( our ,sun is n1 9 
any intelligible way1 connect$ ) its    
hav+ ne> x ! inhabit$ ,e>?4  #ai4 ,if we
 7 to suppose "s ( ! />s to be c5tres ( 
planet>y sy/ems1 we c h>dly suppose x   
likely t ^! alone rotate1 & t ! o!rs /& 
/ill4 ,probably all ! />s rotate1 m or  
less regul>ly1 accord+ z !y are p]man5t 
or v>iable 9 =m2 b ! mo/ regul> may /ill

 h no planets2 & if !y h1 ^? planets may
 be z blank ( inhabitants z our moon w  
be prov$ to be4  #bj4 ,! revolution (   
,algol seems to approa* ! ne>e/ to a    
fact 9 favor ( a /> be+ ! c5tre ( a     
revolv+ sy/em2 & f ! fir/1 z we h said1 
! p]iodical *ange1 & ! sudd5 d>k5+ &    
bright5+ ( ?is lum9>y1 sugge/$ !        
supposition ( an opaque body revolv+    
ab\t x4 ,b ?is body _c be a planet4 ,!  
planets :i* revolve ab\t our ,sun are n1
 any ( !m1 nor all ( !m toge!r1 l>ge    
en\gh to produce a p]ceptible           
obscuration ( 8 light1 to a spectator   
outside ! sy/em4 ,b 9 ,algol1 ! ph5om5a 
are v diff]5t f ?is4#ai ,! /> is usually
 visible z a /> ( ! second magnitude2 b 
dur+ ea* p]iod ( #b days #ba h\rs1 7or  
#fi h\rs17 x suff]s a k9d ( eclipse1 :i*
 r$uces x to a /> ( ! f\r? magnitude4   
,dur+ ?is eclipse1 ! /> dim9i%es 9      
spl5dor = #c-a_/b h\rs2 is at its l[e/  
brightness = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 & !n1 9  
#c-a_/b h\rs m1 is re/or$ to its orig9al
 spl5dor4 ,accord+ to ^! numb]s1 if !   

obscuration be produc$ by a d>k body    
revolv+ r\nd a c5tral lum9>y1 & describ+
 a circul> orbit1 z ! regul> recurr5ce (
 ! obscuration implies1 ! space ( !     
orbit dur+ :i* ! eclips+ body is        
int]pos$ mu/ be ab\t "o-n9? ( !         
circumf]5ce2 = ! obscuration occupies   
#g-a_/d h\rs out ( #fi4 ,& !re=e ! space
 dur+ :i* ! eclips+ body obscures !     
c5tral "o1 mu/ be ab\t "o six? ( !      
diamet] ( its orbit4 ,b 9 ord] t !      
revolv+ body may1 ?r\gh ?is space1      
obscure ! c5tral "o1 ! latt] mu/ ext5d  
ov] ?is space1 namely1 "o six? ( !      
diamet] ( ! orbit4 ,b we may rem>k t !re
 is no pro(1 9 ! ph5om5a1 t ! d>k5+ body
 is deta*$ f ! bright mass4 ,! effect   
w\ld be ! same if ! d>k mass 7 a "p ( ! 
revolv+ /> itself4 ,x may be t ! /> has 
n yet assum$ a sph]ical =m1 b is an     
oblong nebul> mass ) "o "p 7p]haps f be+
 ?9n] 9 texture7 cool$ d[n & become     
opaque4 ,& ! am\nt ( obscuration1 r$uc+ 
! /> f ! second to ! f\r? magnitude1    
implies t ! obscur+ mass is l>ge 7p]haps

 "o half ! diamet]1 or mu* m7 comp>$ ) !
 lum9\s mass4 ,if ?is be a probable     
hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a1 !y are  
mu* m aga9/ ?an = ! supposition ( ! />  
be+ ! c5tre ( seats ( habitation4 ,& ev5
 if we h a planet ne>ly z l>ge z its    
sun1 revolv+ at ! di/ance ( only six ( !
 sun's radii1 h[ unlike is ?is to ! sol>
 sy/em6  #ba4 ,9 fact1 all ^! p]iodical 
/>s1 9 s f> z !y are p]iodical1 are     
prov$1 n to be l1 b to be unlike our    
sun4 ,x is true t ! sun has spots1 by   
means ( :i* 8 rotation has be5 det]m9$  
by a/ronom]s4 ,b ^! spots1 besides be+ s
 small t !y produce no p]ceptible       
alt]ation 9 8 brightness1 & are nev]1 or
 v r>ely1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 are n  
p]man5t4 ,a /> ) a p]man5t d>k side w\ld
 be v unlike our sun4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n ( ^!
 />s1 ,mira1 z ! old a/ronom]s call$ x1 
becomes invisible to ! nak$ eye = #e    
mon?s dur+ a p]iod ( #aa mon?s4 ,x mu/1 
!re=e1 h ne>ly "o half its surface q    
d>k4 ,?is is v unlike ! condition ( !   
sun2 & is a condition1 x w\ld seem1 v   

little fitt$ to make ?is /> ! c5tre ( a 
planet>y sy/em l ours4  #bb4 ,b !re are 
o!r rem>kable ph5om5a respect+ ^!       
p]iodical />s1 :i* h a be>+ on our      
subject4 ,_! p]iods are n q regul>1 b   
are subject to c]ta9 v>iations4 ,?us x  
has be5 suppos$ t ! p]iod ( ,mira is    
subject to a cyclical fluctuation1      
embrac+ #hh ( its p]iods2 t is1 ab\t #hj
 ye>s4 ,b ?is notion ( a cycle ( s long 
a duration1 requires confirmation2 !    
fact ( fluctuation 9 ! p]iod is alone   
c]ta94 ,9 l mann]1 ,algol's p]iods are n
 q uni=m4 ,all ^! facts agree ) our     
sugge/ion1 t ! p]iodical />s are bodies 
( lum9\s matt] :i* h n yet assum$ a     
p]man5t =m2 & :i*1 !re=e1 z !y revolve  
ab\t _! axes1 & turn to u _! d>k] & _!  
bright] p>ts1 d s at int]vals1 & 9 an   
ord] some:at v>iable4 ,& ?is sugge/ion  
appe>s to be rem>kably confirm$1 by a   
result :i* rec5t obs]vations h discov]$ 
relative to ?is />1 ,algol2 namely1 t   
its p]iods become %ort] & %ort]4 ,= if !
 lum9\s matt]1 :i* is ?us revolv+1 be   

gradually ga!r+ into a m cond5s$        
=m2--becom+ less r>e1 or m compact2 z1 =
 in/ance1 x w\ld d1 if x 7 collect+     
itself f an irregul>1 or elongat$1 into 
a m sph]ical =m2 su* a %ort5+ ( ! p]iod 
( revolution w\ld take place2 = a mass  
:i* contracts :ile x is revolv+1        
accel]ates its rate ( revolution1 by    
me*anical pr9ciples4 ,& ?us we d appe>  
to h1 9 ?is obs]v$ accel]ation ( !      
p]iods ( ,algol1 an evid5ce t t lum9\s  
mass has n yet rea*$ its f9al & p]man5t 
condition4  #bc4 ,x is true1 x has be5  
conjectur$1 by high au?ority1#bj t ?is  
accel]at$ rapidity ( ! p]iods ( ,algol w
 n cont9ue2 b w gradually relax1 & !n be
 *ang$ to an increase2 l _m o!r cyclical
 comb9ations 9 a/ronomy4 ,b ?is         
conjecture seems to h little to support 
x4 ,! cases 9 :i* an accel]ation (      
motion is ret>d$1 *eck$1 & re/or$1 all  
belong to our ,sol> ,sy/em2 & to assume 
t ,algol1 l ! sol> sy/em1 has assum$ a  
p]man5t & balanc$ condition1 is to take 
= grant$ precisely ! po9t 9 "q4 ,we "k (

 no su* cycles among ! fix$ />s1 at lea/
 ) any c]ta9ty2 = ! cycle propos$ =     
,mira mu/ be consid]$ z greatly ne$+    
confirmation2 consid]+ h[ long is !     
cycle1 & h[ rec5t ! sugge/ion ( its     
exi/5ce4  #bd4 ,& ev5 9 ! sol> sy/em1 we
 h accel]at$ motions1 9 :i* no          
ma!matician or a/ronom] looks = a *eck  
or regress ( ! accel]ation4 ,no "o      
expects t ,encke's comet w cease to be  
accel]at$1 & to revolve 9 p]iods        
cont9ually %ort]2 ?\gh all ! o!r motions
 hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ! sy/em are cyclical4  
,9 ! case ( a fix$ />1 we h mu* less    
reason to look = su* a cycle1 ?an we h 9
 ,encke's comet4 ,b fur!r3 ) reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( su* a cycle ( fa/] & sl[]     
motion 9 ! case ( ,algol1 ! mo/ rec5t   
obs]v$ facts are /rongly aga9/ x2 = x   
has be5 obs]v$ by ,argel&]1 t n only !re
 is a dim9ution ( ! p]iod1 b t ?is      
dim9ution proce$s ) accel]at$ rapidity2 
a c\rse ( ev5ts :i*1 9 no in/ance1 9 !  
:ole ( ! cosmical movem5ts1 ends 9 a    
regression1 ret>dation1 & re/oration ( !

 =m] rate4 ,we are l$ to believe1 !re=e1
 t ?is rem>kable lum9>y w g on revolv+  
fa/] & fa/]1 till its extreme po9t (    
cond5sation is atta9$4 ,& 9 ! meantime1 
we h v /rong reasons to believe t ?is   
mutable body is n1 l ! sun1 a p]man5t   
c5tre ( a p]man5t sy/em2 & t any argum5t
 drawn f its suppos$ lik5ess to ! sun1 9
 favor ( ! supposition t ! regions :i*  
are ne> x are ! seats ( habitation1 is q
 baseless4  #be4 ,!re are o!r ph5om5a ( 
! ,fix$ ,/>s1 & o!r conjectures (       
a/ronom]s respect+ !m1 :i* ,i ne$ n     
notice1 z !y d n appe> to h any be>+ ^u 
our subject4 ,su* are ! prop] motions ( 
! />s1 & ! explanation :i* has be5      
sugge/$ ( "s ( !m2 t !y arise f ! />s   
revolv+ r\nd o!r />s :i* are d>k1 &     
!re=e invisible4 ,su* aga9 is ! attempt 
to %[ t ! ,sun1 c>ry+ ) x ! :ole ,sol>  
,sy/em1 is 9 motion2 & ! fur!r attempt  
to %[ ! direction ( ?is motion2 & aga91 
! hypo!sis t ! ,sun itself revolves r\nd
 "s di/ant body 9 space4 ,^! m9ute      
inquiries & bold conjectures1 z to !    

movem5ts ( ! masses ( matt] :i* occupy !
 univ]se1 d n ?r[ any light on ! "q :e!r
 any "p besides ! e>? is inhabit$2 any m
 ?an ! inve/igation ( ! movem5ts ( !    
ocean1 & ( _! laws1 c\ld prove or       
disprove ! exi/5ce ( m>9e plants &      
animals4 ,!y d n on t acc\nt cease to be
 important & int]e/+ subjects (         
speculation2 b !y d n belong to our     
subject4  #bf4 ,9 ,font5elle's          
,dialogues on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 a 
"w :i* may be consid]$ z hav+ giv5 ?is  
subject a place 9 popul> lit]ature1 he  
illu/rates 8 argum5t by a comp>ison1 :i*
 x may be wor? :ile to look at = a      
mom5t4 ,! speak] :o ass]ts t ! moon1 !  
planets1 & ! />s1 are ! seats (         
habitation1 describes ! p]son1 :o d5ies 
?is1 z resembl+ a citiz5 ( ,p>is1 :o1   
see+ f ! t[]s ( ,notre ,dame ! t[n (    
,sa9t ,d5is1 7x be+ suppos$ t no        
communication betwe5 ! two places _h ev]
 occurr$17 d5ies t x is inhabit$1       
because he _c see ! inhabitants4 ,(     
c\rse ! conclusion is easy1 if we may   

?us take = grant$ t :at he sees is a    
t[n4 ,b we may modify ?is image1 s z to 
repres5t our argum5t m fairly4 ,let x be
 suppos$ t we inhabit an isl&1 f :i*    
innum]able o!r isl&s are visible2 b !   
art ( navigation be+ q unkn[n1 we are   
ignorant :e!r any ( !m are inhabit$4 ,9 
"s ( ^! isl&s1 are se5 masses m or less 
resembl+ *ur*es2 & "s ( our neighbors   
ass]t t ^! are *ur*es2 t *ur*es mu/ be  
surr\nd$ by h\ses2 & t h\ses mu/ h      
inhabitants4 ,o!rs hold t ! seem+ *ur*es
 are only peculi> =ms ( rocks4 ,9 ?is   
/ate ( ! debate1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u !     
degree ( resemblance to *ur*es :i* ! =ms
 exhibit4 ,b suppose t telescopes are   
inv5t$1 & employ$ ) dilig5ce ^u !       
que/ionable %apes4 ,9 a long c\rse (    
c>eful & skilful exam9ation1 no h\se is 
se51 & ! rocks d n at all become m l    
*ur*es1 r ! contr>y4 ,s f>1 x w\ld seem1
 ! probability ( inhabitants 9 ! isl&s  
is less5$4 ,b !re are o!r reasons br\ght
 into view4 ,our isl& is a long ext9ct  
volcano1 ) a tranquil & f]tile soil2 b !

 o!r isl&s are app>5tly some:at diff]5t4
 ,"s ( !m are active volcanoes1 !       
volcanic op]ations cov]+1 s f> z we c   
disc]n1 ! :ole isl&2 o!rs und]go *anges1
 su* z wea!r or e>?quakes may produce2 b
 9 none ( !m c we discov] su* *anges z  
%[ ! h& ( man4 ,= ^! isl&s1 x w\ld seem 
! probability ( inhabitants is fur!r    
less5$4 ,& s long z we h no bett]       
mat]ials ?an ^! = =m+ a judgm5t1 x w\ld1
 surely1 be acc\nt$ ra%1 to ass]t t !   
isl&s 9 g5]al are inhabit$2 &           
unreasonable1 to blame ^? :o d5y or d\bt
 x4 ,nor w\ld su* blame be ju/ifi$ by   
adduc+ !ological or a priori argum5ts2  
z1 t ! analogy ( isl& ) isl& makes !    
assumption all[able2 or t x is          
inconsi/5t ) ! plan ( ! ,creator ( isl&s
 to leave !m un9habit$4 ,= we "k t _m   
isl&s are1 or 7 long1 un9habit$4 ,& if  
ours 7 an isl& occupi$ by a num]\s1     
well-gov]n$1 moral1 & religi\s race1 (  
:i* ! hi/ory 0 kn[n1 & ( :i* ! relation 
to ! ,creator 0 connect$ ) its hi/ory2 !
 assumption ( a hi/ory1 m or less simil>

 to ours1 = ! inhabitants ( ! o!r isl&s1
 ^: exi/5ce 0 utt]ly unprov$1 w\ld1     
probably1 be g5]ally deem$ a fitt] field
 = ! romance-writ] ?an = ! philosoph]4  
,x c\ld n1 at be/1 rise above ! region (
 vague conjecture4  #bg4 ,font5elle1 9 !
 agreeable book j ref]r$ to1 says1 v    
truly1 t ! =mula by :i* 8 view is urg$  
on adv]s>ies is1 ,p\rquoi non8 :i* he   
holds to be a p[]ful figure ( logic4 ,x 
is1 h[ev]1 a figure :i* has ?is         
peculi>ity1 t x may1 9 mo/ cases1 be us$
 ) equal =ce on ei!r side4 ,:5 we are   
ask$ ,:y ! ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,saturn1 !   
sy/em ( ,sirius1 %\ld n be inhabit$ by  
intellig5t be+s2 we may ask1 ,:y ! e>? 9
 ! ages previ\s to man might n be s     
inhabit$8 ,! answ] w\ld be1 t we h pro( 
h[ x 0 inhabit$4 ,& z to ! fact 9 ! o!r 
case1 ,i %all %ortly attempt to give    
pro( t ! ,moon is c]ta9ly n1 & ,m]cury &
 ,saturn probably n inhabit$4 ,) reg>d  
to ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 x is m difficult to    
reason2 because we h ! means ( kn[+ s   
little ( _! /ructure4 ,b 9 ?is case     

also1 we might easily ask on our side1  
,p\rquoi non8 ,:y %\ld n ! ,sol> ,sy/em 
be ! *ief & mo/ complete sy/em 9 !      
univ]se1 & ! ,e>? ! pr9cipal planet 9 t 
,sy/em8 ,s f> z we yet "k1 ! ,sun is !  
l>ge/ ,sun among ! />s2 & we %all       
attempt to %[1 t ! ,e>? is ! l>ge/ solid
 opaque globe 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,"s ,sy/em
 mu/ be ! l>ge/ & mo/ f9i%$ ( all2 :y n 
ours8 ,"s planet mu/ be ! l>ge/ planet2 
:y n ! ,e>?8  #bh4 ,x %\ld be recollect$
 t !re mu/ be "s sy/em :i* is ! mo/     
complete ( all sy/ems1 "s planet :i* is 
! l>ge/ ( all planets4 ,& if t l>ge/    
planet1 9 ! mo/ complete sy/em1 be1 aft]
 be+ = ages t5ant$ by irrational        
creatures1 at la/1 & alone ( all1       
occupi$ by a rational race1 t race mu/  
necess>ily h ! p[] ( ask+ su* que/ions z
 ^!3 ,:y !y %\ld be alone rational8 ,:y 
_! planet %\ld be alone ?us favor$8 ,if 
! case be ours1 we may hope to be !n    
able to answ] ^! que/ions1 :5 we c      
expla9 ! mo/ c]ta9 fact :i* !y involve2 
,:y ! ,e>? 0 occupi$ s long by          

irrational creatures1 be=e ! rational   
race 0 plac$ ^u x8 ,! m]e p[] ( ask+ su*
 que/ions c prove or disprove no?+2 = x 
is a p[] :i* mu/ equally subsi/1 :e!r ! 
human inhabitants ( ! e>? be or be n !  
only rational population :i* ! univ]se  
conta9s4 ,if !re be a race ?us favor$ by
 ! ,creator1 !y mu/1 at t /age ( _! k 9 
:i* man n[ is1 be able to d\bt1 z man   
does1 ( ! ext5t & greatness ( !         
privilege :i* !y enjoy4  #bi4 ,! argum5t
 t ! ,fix$ ,/>s are l ! ,sun1 & !re=e ! 
c5tres ( inhabit$ sy/ems z ! ,sun is1 is
 sometimes call$ an argum5t f ,analogy2 
& ?is ^w ,analogy is urg$1 z giv+ great 
=ce to ! reason+4 ,b x mu/ be           
recollect$1 t precisely ! po9t 9 "q is1 
:e!r !re is an analogy4 ,! />s1 x is    
said1 are l ! ,sun4 ,9 :at respects8 ,we
 "k ( none1 except 9 be+ self-lum9\s2 & 
?is !y h 9 common ) ! nebulae1 :i*1 z we
 h se51 are n c5tres ( inhabit$ sy/ems4 
,nor does ?is quality ( be+ self-lum9\s 
at all det]m9e ! degree ( cond5sation ( 
a />4 ,sirius may be less ?an a hundr$? 

or a ?\s&? ( ! d5sity ( ! ,sun4 ,b !    
,/>s1 x may be fur!r urg$1 are l ! ,sun 
9 turn+ on _! axes4 ,to ?is we reply1 t 
we "k ?is only ( ^? />s 9 :i*1 ! v      
ph5om5on :i* proves _! revolution1      
proves also t !y are unlike ! ,sun1 9   
hav+ "o side d>k] ?an ! o!r4 ,add to    
:i*1 _! revolution is n connect$ ) !    
exi/5ce ( planets1 /ill less (          
inhabitants ( planets1 9 any            
intelligible mann]4 ,! resemblance1     
!re=e1 s f> z x be>s ^u ! "q1 is conf9$ 
to "o s+le po9t1 9 ! highe/ degree      
ambigu\s & inconclusive2 & any argum5t  
drawn f ?is "o po9t ( resemblance1 has  
little claim to be t]m$ an argum5t f    
analogy4#ba  #cj4 ,on a subject on :i*  
we "k s little1 x is difficult to pres5t
 any view :i* des]ves to be reg>d$ z an 
analogy4 ,we see1 among ! />s1 nebulae m
 or less cond5s$1 :i* are possibly1 9 "s
 cases1 /ages ( a connect$ progress     
t[>ds a def9ite />2 & x may be1 to a /> 
) planets 9 p]man5t orbits4 ,we see1 9  
our planet1 evid5ce ( successive /ages (

 a connect$ s]ies ( brute animals1      
prec$$ p]haps by v>i\s /ages ( lifeless 
*aos4 ,if ! hi/ories ( ! ,sun1 & ( all !
 />s1 are gov]n$ by a common analogy1 ! 
nebul\s cond5sation1 & ! /ages ( animal 
life1 may be p>ts ( ! same cont9u$ s]ies
 ( ev5ts2 & diff]5t />s may be at       
diff]5t po9ts ( t s]ies4 ,b ev5 on ?is  
supposition1 b a few ( ! />s may be !   
seats ( consci\s life1 & none1 (        
intellig5ce4 ,= among ! />s :i* h       
cond5s$ to a p]man5t =m1 h[ _m h fail$ 9
 ?r[+ (f a p]man5t planet6 ,h[ _m may be
 9 "s /age ( lifeless *aos6 ,we mu/ ne$s
 suppose a va/ numb] ( /ages betwe5 a   
nebul> *aos & ! l[e/ =ms ( consci\s     
life4 ,p]haps z _m z !re are fix$ />s2 &
 f> m ?an !re are ( />s :i* become      
f]tile ( life3 s t no two sy/ems may be 
at ! same /age ( ! planet>y progress4 ,&
 if ?is be s1--our sy/em be+ s          
complicat$1 t we mu/ suppose x peculi>ly
 develop$1 hav+ ! l>ge/ ,sun t we "k (1 
& our ,e>? be+ 7z we %all h]eaft]       
attempt to prove7 ! l>ge/ solid planet t

 we "k (1--?is ,e>? may be ! sole seat (
 ! highe/ /age ( planet>y developm5t4   
#ca4 ,! assumption t !re is any?+ ( !   
nature ( a regul> law or ord] ( progress
 f nebul> matt] to consci\s life1--a law
 :i* ext5ds to all ! />s1 or to _m (    
!m1--is 9 ! highe/ degree prec>i\s &    
unsupport$2 b s9ce x is sometimes       
employ$ 9 su* speculations z we are     
pursu+1 we may make a rem>k or two      
connect$ ) x4 ,if we suppose1 on !      
planets ( o!r sy/ems1 a progress 9 "s   
degree analog\s to t :i* geology %[s to 
h occurr$ on ! ,e>?1 !re may be1 9 ^?   
planets1 creatures 9 "s way analog\s to 
our vegetables & animals2 b analogy also
 requires t !y %\ld diff] f> m f !      
t]re/rial vegetables & animals ( any    
epo*1 ?an ^? ( "o epo* d f ^? ( ano!r2  
s9ce !y belong to a diff]5t /ell> sy/em1
 & probably exi/ "u v diff]5t conditions
 f any t ev] prevail$ on ! ,e>?4 ,we are
 =bidd51 !re=e1 by analogy1 to suppose t
 on any o!r planet !re 0 su* an         
anatomical progression t[>ds ! =m ( man1

 z we c disc]n 7accord+ to "s em95t     
physiologi/s7 among ! tribes :i* h      
occupi$ ! ,e>?4 ,are we to conceive t ! 
creatures on ! planets ( o!r sy/ems are1
 l ! mo/ p]fect t]re/rial animals1      
symmetrical z to "r & left1 v]tebrate1 )
 =e limbs & h9d limbs1 heads1 organs (  
s5se 9 _! heads1 & ! l8 ,e "o c see h[  
ra% & fanciful x w\ld be to make su*    
suppositions4 ,^? :o h1 9 ! play ( _!   
inv5tion1 imag9$ inhabitants ( o!r      
planets1 h tri$ to avoid ?is s]vile     
imitation ( t]re/rial =ms4 ,"h is ,sir  
,humphry ,davy's acc\nt ( ! inhabitants 
( ,saturn4 ,i saw mov+ on ! surface bel[
 me1 imm5se masses1 ! =ms ( :i* ,i f9d x
 impossible to describe4 ,!y _h sy/ems =
 locomotion simil> to t ( ! morse or    
sea-horse1 b ,i saw ) great surprise t  
!y mov$ f place to place by six         
extremely ?9 membranes1 :i* !y us$ z    
w+s4 ,i saw num]\s convolutions ( tubes1
 m analog\s to ! trunk ( ! elephant1 ?an
 to any?+ else ,i c imag9e1 occupy+ :at 
,i suppos$ to be ! upp] p>ts ( !        

body4#bb ,! att5dant ,g5ius in=ms !     
n>rator1 t ?\gh ^! creatures look l     
zoophytes1 !y h a sph]e ( s5sibility &  
intellectual enjoym5t f> sup]ior to t ( 
! inhabitants ( ! ,e>?4 ,if we 7 to     
reason ^u a "w ( fancy l ?is1 we might  
say1 t x 0 j z easy to ascribe sup]ior  
s5sibility & intellig5ce to zoophyte-=m$
 creatures ^u ! ,e>?1 z 9 ,saturn4 ,ev5 
fancy _c aid u 9 giv+ consi/5t =m to !  
inhabitants ( o!r planets4  #cb4 ,b ev5 
if we c\ld ass5t to ! op9ion1 z         
probable1 t !re may occur1 on "s o!r    
planet1 progressions ( organiz$ =ms     
analog\s 9 "s way to t s]ies ( animal   
=ms :i* has appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 we %\ld    
/ill h no gr\nd to assume t ?is s]ies   
mu/ t]m9ate 9 a rational & intellig5t   
creature l man4 ,= ! introduction (     
reason & intellig5ce ^u ! ,e>? is no "p 
nor consequ5ce ( ! s]ies ( animal =ms4  
,x is a fact ( an entirely new k9d4 ,!  
transition f brute to man does n come )9
 ! analogy ( ! transition f brute to    
brute4 ,! ?read ( analogy1 ev5 if x c\ld

 lead u s f>1 w\ld break "h4 ,we may    
conceive analogues to o!r animals1 b we 
c\ld h no analogue to man1 except man4  
,man is n m]ely a high] k9d ( animal2 he
 is a creature ( a sup]ior ord]1        
p>ticipat+ 9 ! attributes ( a high]     
nature2 z we h already said1 & z we hope
 h]eaft] fur!r to %[4 ,ev51 !re=e1 if we
 7 to assume ! g5]al analogy ( ! ,/>s & 
( ! ,sun1 & 7 to jo9 to t ! in=mation   
:i* geology gives u ( ! hi/ory ( our own
 planet2 ?\gh we might1 on ?is prec>i\s 
pa?1 be l$ to ?9k ( o!r planets z peopl$
 ) unimag9$ mon/]s2 we %\ld /ill f9d a  
*asm 9 our reason+1 if we tri$1 9 ?is   
way1 to f9d intellig5t & rational       
creatures 9 planets :i* may revolve r\nd
 ,sirius or ,arcturus4  #cc4 ,!         
reasonable view ( ! matt] appe>s to be  
?is4 ,! assumption t ! ,fix$ ,/>s are ( 
exactly ! same nature z ! ,sun1 01 at ! 
fir/1 :5 _! va/ di/ance & probable great
 size 7 newly asc]ta9$1 a bold guess2 to
 be confirm$ or refut$ by subsequ5t     
obs]vations & discov]ies4 ,any          

appe>ances1 t5d+ 9 any degree to confirm
 ?is guess1 w\ld h des]v$ ! mo/         
consid]ate att5tion4 ,b !re has n be5 a 
ve/ige ( any su* confirmatory fact4 ,no 
planet1 nor any?+ :i* c fairly be reg>d$
 z indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( a planet1       
revolv+ ab\t a />1 has any:]e be5       
disc]n$4 ,! discov]y ( nebulae1 ( b9>y  
sy/ems1 ( clu/]s ( />s1 ( p]iodical />s1
 ( v>y+ & accel]at$ p]iods ( su* />s1   
all seem to po9t ! o!r way4 ,& if all ^!
 facts be held to be b small 9 am\nt1 z 
to ! in=mation :i* !y convey1 ab\t !    
l>g]1 & p]haps ne>] />s2 /ill !y leave !
 orig9al assumption a m]e guess1        
unsupport$ by all t ?ree c5turies ( mo/ 
dilig5t1 & 9 o!r respects successful    
rese>*1 has be5 able to br+ to light4 ,t
 ,cop]nicus1 t ,galileo1 t ,kepl]1 %\ld 
believe ! />s to be ,suns1 9 e s5se ( ! 
t]m1 0 a natural result ( ! expansion ( 
?\ght :i* _! great discov]ies produc$1 9
 !m & 9 _! contempor>ies4 ,nor are we   
yet call$ ^u to )draw f !m our sympa?y2 
or entitl$ to contradict _! conjecture4 

,b all ! k t ! succe$+ times h giv5 u2 !
 extreme t5uity ( mu* ( ! lum9\s matt] 9
 ! skies2 ! exi/5ce ( gyratory motion   
among ! />s1 q diff]5t f planet>y       
sy/ems2 ! abs5ce ( any obs]v$ motions at
 all resembl+ su* sy/ems2 ! appe>ance ( 
*anges 9 />s1 q inconsi/5t ) su* p]man5t
 sy/ems2 ! disclosure ( ! hi/ory ( our  
own planet1 z "o 9 :i* *anges h         
con/antly be5 go+ on2 ! c]ta9ty t by f> 
! great] "p ( ! duration ( its exi/5ce1 
x has be5 t5ant$ by creatures entirely  
diff]5t f ^? :i* give an int]e/1 & !nce1
 a p]suasiv5ess1 to ! belief (          
inhabitants 9 worlds app5d$ to ea* />2 !
 impossibility1 :i* appe>s1 on ! grave/ 
consid]ation1 ( transf]r+ to o!r worlds 
su* int]e/s z belong to our own race 9  
?is _w2 all ^! consid]ations %\ld1 x    
w\ld seem1 h prev5t$ t old & arbitr>y   
conjecture f gr[+ up1 among a g5]ation  
pr(ess+ philosophical caution1 &        
sci5tific discipl9e1 into a settl$      
belief4  #cd4 ,"s ( ! moral & !ological 
views :i* t5d to enc\rage & uphold ?is  

belief1 may be tak5 "u our m special    
consid]ation h]eaft]3 b "h1 :]e we are  
reason+ pr9cipally ^u a/ronomical       
gr\nds1 we may conclude :at we h to     
rem>k ab\t ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 z ! c5tres (   
inhabit$ sy/ems ( worlds1 by say+2 t x w
 be "t en\gh to speculate ab\t !        
inhabitants ( ! planets :i* belong to   
su* sy/ems1 :5 we h asc]ta9$ t !re are  
su* planets1 or "o su* planet4 ,:5 t is 
done1 we c !n apply to !m any reasons   
:i* may exi/1 = believ+ t all1 or _m    
planets1 are ! seats ( habitation ( liv+
 ?+s4 ,:at reasons ( ?is k9d c be       
adduc$1 & :at is _! =ce ) reg>d to our  
own sol> sy/em1 we mu/ n[ proce$ to     
discuss4#bc  ,,footnotes3  #a ,h]s*el1  
#hff4  #b ,ibid4 #hff4  #c ,h]s*el1     
#hdf4  #d ,h]s*el1 #hdh4  #e ,t ^!      
sy/ems h n cond5s$ to "o c5tre1 appe>s  
to imply a less complete degree (       
cond5sation ?an exi/s 9 ^? sy/ems :i* h 
done s4  #f ,h]s*el1 #hej4  #g ,h]s*el1 
#hdg4  #h ,! d5sity ( ! sun is ab\t z   
great z ! d5sity ( wat]4  #i ,h]s*el1   

#hbg-hcb4  #aj ,cosmos1 ,,iii4 #afi1    
#bje1 & #fda4  #aa ,ibid41 ,,iii4 #agb &
 #beb4  #ab ,a/ron4 ,soc4 ,notices1     
,dec4 #ac1 #ahej4  #ac ,see ,grant's    
,hi/4 ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 p4 #ech4   
#ad ,i am aw>e ( c]ta9 speculations1 &  
especially ( "s rec5t ones1 t5d+ to %[ t
 ev5 our ,sun is wa/+ away by ! emission
 ( light & heat2 b ^! op9ions1 ev5 if   
e/abli%$1 d n mu* affect our argum5t "o 
way or ! o!r4  #ae ,*alm]s' ,a/ron4     
,disc4 p4 #ci4  #af ,h]s*4 #hbj4  #ag ,!
 p]iodical "* ( ?is /> 0 discov]$ by    
,david ,fabricius1 a p>i% prie/ 9 ,ea/  
,friesl&1 ! fa!r ( ,john ,fabricius1 :o 
discov]$ ! sol> spots4 7,cosmos1 ,,iii4 
#bcd47  #ah ,h]s*4 #hbe4 ,9 ,humboldt's 
,cosmos1 ,,iii4 #bdc1 ,argel&]1 :o has  
mo/ c>efully obs]v$ & /udi$ ^! p]iodical
 />s1 has giv5 a catalogue conta9+ #bd1 
) ! mo/ rec5t det]m9ations ( _! p]iods4 
#ai ,h]s*4 #hba4 ,humboldt 7,cosmos1    
,,iii4 #bch & #bdf17 gives ! p]iod z #fh
 h\rs #di m9utes1 & says t x is #g or #h
 h\rs 9 its less bright /ate4 ,if we    

c\ld suppose ! times ( ! w>n+1 & ( !    
greate/ eclipse1 giv5 by ,h]s*el1 to be 
exactly det]m9$1 z #c-a_/b & #a_/d1 t   
is1 9 ! proportion ( #ad to #a1 ! d>k5+ 
body mu/ h its effective bread? #ad_/ae 
( t ( ! />4 ,b ?is is on ! supposition t
 ! orbit ( ! d>k5+ body has !           
spectator's eye 9 its plane2 if ?is be n
 s1 ! d>k5+ body may be mu* l>g]4  #bj  
,h]s*4 ,outl4 ,a/r4 #hba4 ,ano!r        
explanation ( ! v>iable p]iod ( ,algol1 
is t ! /> is mov+ t[>ds u1 & !re=e !    
light occupies less & less "t to rea* u4
  #ba ,humboldt1 v ju/ly1 reg>ds ! =ce (
 analogy z t5d+ 9 ! opposite direction4 
,aft] all1 he asks1 7,cosmos1 ,,iii4    
#cgc17 is ! assumption ( satellites to !
 ,fix$ ,/>s s absolutely necess>y8 ,if  
we 7 to beg9 f ! out] planets1 ,jupit]1 
c41 analogy might seem to require t all 
planets h satellites4 ,b yet ?is is n   
true = ,m>s1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury4 ,to :i* we 
may fur!r add ! tw5ty-?ree ,planetoids4 
,9 ?is case !re is a mu* great] numb] ( 
bodies :i* h n satellites1 ?an :i* h !m4

  #bb ,consolations 9 ,travel4 ,dial4   
#a4  #bc ,:at is said 9 ,art4 #ae1 t 9  
consequ5ce ( ! "t employ$ 9 !           
transmission ( visual impressions1 our  
see+ a /> is evid5ce1 n t x exi/s n[1 b 
t x exi/$1 x may be1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s    
ago2 may seem1 to "s read]s1 to ?r[     
d\bts ^u reason+s :i* we h employ$4 ,x  
may be said t a /> :i* 0 a m]e *aos1 :5 
! light1 by :i* we see x1 set out f x1  
may1 9 ! ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* h s9ce elaps$1
 h gr[n into an ord]ly _w4 ,to :i* b>e  
possibility1 we may oppose ano!r        
supposition at lea/ equally possible3--t
 ! di/ant />s 7 sp>ks or fragm5ts /ruck 
(f 9 ! =mation ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 :i* are
 really long s9ce ext9ct2 & survive 9   
appe>ance1 only by ! light :i* !y at    
fir/ emitt$4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,!     
,,planets4   #a4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$1 by   
,cop]nicus & ,galileo1 t ,m]cury1 ,v5us1
 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 :i* _h hi!rto  
be5 reg>d$ only z w&]+ fires1 t move 9  
my/ic dance1 7 really1 9 _m             
circum/ances1 bodies resembl+ ! ,e>?2--t

 !y & ! ,e>? alike1 7 opaque globes1    
revolv+ ab\t ! ,sun 9 orbits ne>ly      
circul>1 revolv+ also ab\t _! own axes1 
& "s ( !m accompani$ by _! ,satellites1 
z ! ,e>? is by ! ,moon2--x 0 inevitable 
t ! conjecture %\ld arise1 t !y too _h  
inhabitants1 z ! ,e>? has4 ,ea* ( ^!    
bodies 7 seem+ly coh]5t & solid2 furni%$
 ) an arrangem5t = produc+ day & night1 
summ] & w9t]2 & might !re=e1 x 0        
naturally conceiv$1 h inhabitants mov+  
^u its solid surface1 & reckon+ _! lives
 & _! employm5t by days1 & mon?s1 &     
ye>s4 ,?is 0 an unavoidable guess4 ,x 0 
f> less bold & sweep+ ?an ! guess t !re 
are inhabitants 9 ! region ( ! ,fix$    
,/>s1 b /ill1 l t1 x 01 = ! "t at lea/1 
only a guess2 & l t1 x mu/ dep5d ^u     
future explorations ( ^! bodies & _!    
conditions1 :e!r ! guess 0 confirm$ or  
discr$it$4 ,! conjecture c\ld n1 by any 
mod]ately cauti\s man1 be reg>d$ z s    
ov]:elm+ly probable1 t x _h no ne$ (    
fur!r pro(4 ,its f9al acceptance or     
rejection mu/ dep5d on ! subsequ5t      

progress ( a/ronomy1 & ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4
  #b4 ,we h to consid] !n h[ f>         
subsequ5t discov]ies h giv5 additional  
value to ?is conjecture4 ,&1 z1 9 ! fir/
 place1 important among su* discov]ies1 
we mu/ note ! addition ( sev]al new     
planets to our sy/em4 ,x 0 f\nd1 by !   
eld] ,h]s*el1 79 #agha17 t1 f> beyond   
,saturn1 !re 0 ano!r planet1 :i*1 = a   
"t1 0 call$ by ! "n ( its sagaci\s      
discov]]2 b m rec5tly1 9 ord] to con=m !
 nom5clature ( ! planets to ! my?ology )
 :i* !y _h be5 s long connect$1 has be5 
t]m$ ,uranus4 ,?is 0 a va/ ext5sion ( ! 
limits ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! ,e>? is1 z we 
h already said1 ne>ly a hundr$ millions 
( miles f ! ,sun4 ,jupit] is at m ?an   
five times1 & ,saturn ne>ly at t5 times 
?is di/ance3 b ,uranus1 x 0 f\nd1       
describes an orbit ( :i* ! radius is    
ab\t n9ete5 times z great z t ( ! ,e>?4 
,b ?is did n t]m9ate ! ext5sion ( ! sol>
 sy/em :i* ! progress ( a/ronomy        
reveal$4 ,9 #ahdf1 a new planet1 /ill m 
remote1 0 discov]$3 its exi/5ce hav+ be5

 div9$1 be=e x 0 se51 by two            
ma!maticians1 ,mr4 ,adams1 ( ,cambridge1
 & ,m4 ,lev]ri]1 ( ,p>is1 f ! effects ( 
its =ce ^u ,uranus4 ,?is new planet 0   
t]m$ ,neptune3 its di/ance f ! ,sun is  
ab\t ?irty times ! ,e>?'s di/ance4      
,besides ^! discov]ies ( l>ge planets1 a
 great numb] ( small planets 7 detect$ 9
 ! region ( ! sol> sy/em :i* lies betwe5
 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,?is s]ies (
 discov]ies began on ! fir/ day ( #ahja1
 :5 ,c]es 0 detect$ by ,piazzi at       
,pal]mo2 & has gone on up to ! pres5t   
"t1 :5 tw5ty-?ree ( ^! small bodies h   
be5 br\ght to light2 & probably ! gr\p  
is n yet exhau/$4  #c4 ,n[ if we h to   
discuss ! probability t all ^! bodies   
are inhabit$1 we may beg9 ) ! out]mo/ ( 
!m at pres5t kn[n1 namely ,neptune4 ,h[ 
f> is x likely t ?is globe is occupi$ by
 liv+ creatures :i* enjoy1 l ! creatures
 on ! ,e>?1 ! light & heat ( ! ,sun1    
ab\t :i* ! planet revolves8 ,x is pla91 
9 ! fir/ place1 t ?is light & heat mu/  
be v feeble4 ,s9ce ,neptune is ?irty    

times z f> f ! sun z ! e>? is1 ! diamet]
 ( ! sun z se5 f ,neptune w only be     
"o-?irtie? z l>ge z x is1 se5 f ! e>?4  
,x w1 9 fact1 be r$uc$ to a m]e />4 ,x w
 be ab\t ! diamet] "u :i* ,jupit] appe>s
 :5 he is ne>e/ to u4 ,( c\rse its      
brightness w be mu* great] ?an t (      
,jupit]2 ne>ly z mu* inde$1 z ! sun is  
bright] ?an ! moon1 bo? be+ ne>ly ( !   
same size3 b /ill1 ) our full-moonlight 
r$uc$ to ! am\nt ( illum9ation :i* we   
receive f a full ,jupit]1 & our         
sun-light r$uc$ 9 ne>ly ! same          
proportion1 we %\ld h b a d>k1 & also a 
cold _w4 ,9 fact1 ! light & ! heat :i*  
rea* ,neptune1 s f> z !y dep5d on !     
di/ance ( ! sun1 w ea* be ab\t n9e      
hundr$ times small] ?an !y are on ! e>?4
 ,n[ are we to conceive animals1 ) _!   
vital p[]s unfold$1 & _! vital enjoym5ts
 *]i%$1 by ?is am\nt ( light & heat8 ,( 
c\rse1 we _c say1 ) c]ta9ty1 t any      
feebl5ess ( light & heat are inconsi/5t 
) ! exi/5ce ( animal life3 & if we _h   
good reason to believe t ,neptune is    

inhabit$ by animals1 we might try to    
conceive 9 :at mann] _! vital s*eme is  
accommodat$ to ?is scanty supply ( heat 
& light4 ,if x 7 c]ta9 t !y 7 !re1 we   
might inquire h[ !y c\ld live !re1 & :at
 mann] ( creatures !y c\ld be4 ,if !re 7
 any g5]al gr\nds = assum+ inhabitants1 
we might consid] :at modifications (    
life _! p>ticul> conditions w\ld        
require4  #d4 ,b is !re any su* g5]al   
gr\nd68 ,su* a gr\nd we %\ld h1 if we   
c\ld v5ture to assume t all ! bodies ( !
 ,sol> ,sy/em are inhabit$2--if we c\ld 
proce$ ^u su* a pr9ciple1 we might      
reject or po/pone ! difficulties (      
p>ticul> cases4  #e4 ,b is su* an       
assumption true8 ,is su* a pr9ciple well
 f\nd$8 ,! be/ *ance :i* we h ( le>n+   
:e!r x is s1 is to endeavor to asc]ta9 !
 fact1 9 ! body :i* is ne>e/ to u2 &    
?us1 ! be/ plac$ = our clos] scrut9y4   
,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! ,moon2 & ) reg>d to 
! ,moon1 we h1 aga91 ?is advantage 9    
beg9n+ ! inquiry ) h]3--t %e1 at lea/1  
is 9 circum/ances1 z to light & heat1 s 

f> z ! ,sun's di/ance affects !m1 :i* we
 "k to be q consi/5t ) animal &         
vegetable life4 ,= h] di/ance f ! ,sun  
is n appreciably diff]5t f t ( ! ,e>?2  
h] revolutions r\nd ! e>? d n make ne>ly
 s great a diff]5ce1 9 h] di/ance f !   
sun1 z does ! e>?'s diff]5t di/ances f !
 sun 9 summ] & 9 w9t]3 ! fact also be+1 
t ! e>? is consid]ably ne>] to ! sun 9 !
 w9t] ( ?is our nor!rn hemisph]e1 ?an 9 
! summ]4 ,! moon's di/ance f ! sun !n1  
adapts h] = habitation3 is %e inhabit$8 
#f4 ,! answ] to ?is "q1 s f> z we c     
answ] x1 may involve some?+ m ?an ^? m]e
 a/ronomical conditions1 h] di/ance f ! 
sun1 & ! nature ( h] motions4 ,b /ill1  
if we are compell$ to answ] x 9 !       
negative2--if x appe>1 by /rong evid5ce1
 t ! ,moon is n inhabit$2 !n is !re an  
end ( ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t1 all ! bodies 
( ! sol> sy/em are inhabit$1 & t we mu/ 
beg9 our speculations ab\t ea*1 ) ?is   
assumption4 ,if ! ,moon be n inhabit$1  
!n1 x w\ld seem1 ! belief t ea* special 
body 9 ! sy/em is inhabit$1 mu/ dep5d ^u

 reasons specially belong+ to t body2 & 
_c be tak5 = grant$ )\t su* reasons4 ,( 
! two bodies ( ! sol> sy/em :i* alone we
 c exam9e closely1 s z to "k any?+ ab\t 
!m1 ! ,e>? & ! ,moon1 if ! "o be        
inhabit$1 & ! o!r blank ( inhabitants1  
we h no "r to assume at once1 t any o!r 
body 9 ! sol> sy/em belongs to ! =m] (  
^! classes r ?an to ! latt]4 ,if1 ev5 "u
 t]re/rial conditions ( light & heat1 we
 h a total abs5ce ( ! ph5om5on ( life1  
kn[n to u only z a t]re/rial ph5om5on2  
we are surely n entitl$ to assume t :5  
^! conditions fail1 we h /ill !         
ph5om5on1 life4 ,we are n entitl$ to    
assume x2 h[ev] x may be capable ( be+  
aft]w>ds prov$1 9 any special case1 by  
special reasons2 a "q aft]w>ds to be    
discuss$4  #g4 ,is1 !n1 ! ,moon         
inhabit$8 ,f ! moon's proximity to u1   
7%e is di/ant only ?irty diamet]s ( !   
e>?1 less ?an t5 times ! e>?'s          
circumf]5ce2 a railroad c>riage1 at its 
ord9>y rate ( travell+1 w\ld rea* h] 9 a
 mon?17 %e c be exam9$ by ! a/ronom] )  

peculi> advantages4 ,! pres5t p[]s ( !  
telescope enable him to exam9e h]       
m\nta9s z di/9ctly z he c\ld ! ,alps at 
a few hundr$ miles di/ance1 ) ! nak$    
eye2 ) ! additional advantage t h]      
m\nta9s are mu* m brilliantly illum9at$ 
by ! ,sun1 & mu* m favorably plac$ =    
exam9ation1 ?an ! ,alps are4 ,he c map &
 model ! inequalities ( h] surface1 z   
fai?fully & exactly z he c ^? ( !       
surface ( ,switz]l&4 ,he c trace !      
/reams t seem to h fl[$ f eruptive      
orifices ov] h] pla9s1 z he c ! /reams (
 lava f ! crat]s ( ,etna or ,hecla4  #h4
 ,n[1 ?is m9ute exam9ation ( ! ,moon's  
surface be+ possible1 & hav+ be5 made1  
by _m c>eful & skilful a/ronom]s1 :at is
 ! conviction :i* has be5 convey$ to _! 
m9ds1 ) reg>d to ! fact ( h] be+ ! seat 
( vegetable or animal life8 ,)\t        
exception1 x w\ld seem1 !y h all be5 l$ 
to ! belief1 t ! ,moon is n inhabit$2 t 
%e is1 s f> z life & organization are   
conc]n$1 wa/e & b>r51 l ! /reams ( lava 
or ( volcanic a%es on ! e>?1 be=e any   

ve/ige ( vegetation has be5 impress$ ^u 
!m3 or l ! s&s ( ,africa1 :]e no blade (
 grass f9ds root4 ,x is held1 by su*    
obs]v]s1 t !y c disc]n & exam9e portions
 ( ! moon's surface z small z a squ>e   
mile2#a yet1 9 _! exam9ation1 !y h nev] 
p]ceiv$ any alt]ation1 su* z ! cycle (  
vegetable *anges ?r\gh ! revolutions (  
seasons w\ld produce4 ,sir ,william     
,h]s*el did n d\bt t if a *ange _h tak5 
place on ! visible "p ( ! ,moon1 z great
 z ! gr[? or ! de/ruction ( a great     
city1 z great1 = in/ance1 z ! de/ruction
 ( ,london by ! great fire ( #afff1 x   
w\ld h be5 p]ceptible to 8 p[]s (       
obs]vation4 ,yet no?+ ( ! k9d has ev]   
be5 obs]v$4 ,if !re 7 lun> a/ronom]s1 z 
well provid$ z t]re/rial ones are1 )    
artificial helps ( vision1 !y w\ld      
und\bt$ly be able to p]ceive ! diff]5ces
 :i* ! progress ( g5]ations br+s ab\t on
 ! surface ( our globe2 ! cle>+ ( ! =e/s
 ( ,g]many or ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! embankm5t
 ( ,holl&2 ! *ange ( ! modes ( culture  
:i* alt] ! color ( ! gr\nd 9 ,europe2 ! 

e/abli%m5t ( great ne/s ( manufactures  
:i* %r\d portions ( ! l& 9 smoke1 z ^?  
:i* h _! c5tres at ,birm+ham or at      
,man*e/]4 ,h[ev] obscurely !y might     
disc]n ! nature ( ^? *anges1 !y w\ld    
/ill see t *ange 0 go+ on4 ,& s %\ld we1
 if ! l *anges 7 go+ on ^u ! face ( !   
,moon4 ,yet no su* *anges h ev] be5     
notic$4 ,nor ev5 h su* *anges be5       
rem>k$1 z might occur 9 a m]e brute mass
 )\t life2--! =mation ( new /reams (    
lava1 new crat]s1 new crevices1 new     
elevations4 ,! ,moon exhibits /rong     
evid5ces1 :i* /rike all telescopic      
obs]v]s1 ( an action resembl+1 9 _m     
respects1 volcanic action1 by :i* its   
pres5t surface has be5 =m$4#b ,b1 if x h
 be5 produc$ by su* int]nal fires1 !    
fires seem to be ext+ui%$2 ! volcanoes  
to be burn$ out4 ,x is a m]e c9d]2 a    
collection ( %eets ( rigid slag1 &      
inactive crat]s4 ,& if ! ,moon & ! ,e>? 
7 bo?1 at fir/ 9 a condition 9 :i*      
igne\s eruptions f _! int]ior produc$ ! 
ridges & cones :i* r\gh5 _! surfaces2 ! 

,e>? has _h ?is /ate succe$$ by a s]ies 
( /ates ( life 9 innum]able =ms1 till at
 la/ x has become ! dwell+-place ( man2 
:ile ! ,moon1 small] 9 dim5sions1 has at
 an e>li] p]iod completely cool$ d[n1 z 
to its ext]ior at lea/1 )\t ev] be+     
judg$ fit or wor?y by its ,creator ( be+
 ! seat ( life2 & rema9s1 hung 9 ! sky1 
z an object on :i* man may gaze1 &      
p]haps1 f :i* he may le>n some?+ ( !    
con/itution ( ! univ]se2 & among o!r    
lessons ?is2 t he mu/ n take = grant$1 t
 all ! o!r globes ( ! sol> sy/em are    
t5ant$1 l t on :i* he has 8 appo9t$     
place4  #i4 ,x is true1 t 9 com+ to ?is 
conclusion1 ! a/ronom]s ( :om ,i speak1 
h be5 gov]n$ by o!r reasons1 besides ^? 
:i* ,i h m5tion$1 ! abs5ce ( any *anges1
 ei!r rapid or sl[1 discov]able 9 !     
,moon's face4 ,!y h se5 reason to       
believe t wat] & air1 elem5ts s ess5tial
 to t]re/rial life1 d n exi/ 9 ! ,moon4 
,! d>k spaces on h] disk1 :i* 7 call$   
seas by ^? :o fir/ depict$ !m1 h an     
appe>ance inconsi/5t ) _! be+ oceans (  

wat]4 ,!y are n level & smoo?1 z wat]   
w\ld be2 nor uni=m 9 _! color1 b m>k$ ) 
p]man5t /reaks & %ades1 imply+ a rigid  
=m4 ,& ! abs5ce ( an atmosph]e (        
transp>5t vapor & air1 surr\nd+ ! moon1 
z our atmosph]e surr\nds ! e>?1 is /ill 
m cle>ly prov$1 by ! abs5ce ( all !     
optical effects ( su* an atmosph]e1 :5  
/>s pass beh9d ! moon's disk1 & by !    
ph5om5a :i* are se5 9 sol> eclipses1 :5 
h] solid mass is mask$ by ! ,sun4#c ,?is
 abs5ce ( moi/ure & air 9 ! ,moon1 (    
c\rse1 entirely confirms our previ\s    
conclusion1 ( ! abs5ce ( vegetable &    
animal life2 & leaves u1 z we h said1 to
 exam9e ! "q = ! o!r bodies1 on _!      
special gr\nds1 )\t any previ\s         
presumption t su* life exi/s4 ,und\bt$ly
 ! aspect ( ! case w be diff]5t 9 "o    
feature1 :5 we see reason to believe t  
o!r bodies h an atmosph]e2 & if !re be 9
 any planet suffici5t light & heat1 &   
cl\ds & w9ds1 & a due adju/m5t ( ! p[] (
 gravity1 & ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ials ( :i*  
organiz$ frames consi/1 !re may be1 s f>

 z we c judge1 life ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,b 
yet1 ev5 9 ^? cases1 we %\ld be l$ to   
judge also1 by analogy1 t ! life :i* !y 
su/a9 is m diff]5t f ! t]re/rial life ( 
! pres5t p]iod ( ! e>?1 ?an t is f !    
t]re/rial life ( any =m] geological     
p]iod1 9 proportion z ! conditions (    
light & heat1 & attraction & d5sity1 are
 m diff]5t on any o!r planet1 ?an !y c h
 be5 on ! e>?1 at any p]iod ( its       
hi/ory4  #aj4 ,let u !n consid] ! /ate (
 ^! elem5ts ( be+ 9 ! o!r planets4 ,i h 
m5tion$1 among !m1 ! =ce ( gravity1 & ! 
d5sity ( mat]ials2 because ^! are       
important elem5ts 9 ! "q4 ,x may seem   
/range1 t we are able1 n only to measure
 ! planets1 b to weigh !m2 yet s x is4  
,! wond]ful discov]y ( univ]sal         
gravitation1 s firmly e/abli%$1 z ! law 
:i* embraces e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! sol> 
sy/em1 enables u to d ?is1 ) ! mo/      
p]fect confid5ce4 ,! revolutions ( !    
satellites r\nd _! prim>y planets1 give 
u a measure ( ! =ce by :i* ! planets    
reta9 !m 9 _! orbits2 & 9 ?is way1 a    

measure ( ! quantity ( matt] ( :i* ea*  
planet consi/s4 ,& o!r effects ( ! same 
univ]sal law1 enable u to measure1 ?\gh 
less easily & less exactly1 ! masses1   
ev5 ( ^? planets :i* h no satellites4 ,&
 ?us we c1 z x 71 put ! ,e>?1 & ,jupit] 
or ,saturn1 9 ! balance aga9/ ea* o!r2 &
 tell ! proportionate numb] ( p\nds :i* 
!y w\ld weigh1 if s pois$4 ,& aga91 by  
ano!r k9d ( exp]im5t1 we c1 z we h said1
 weigh ! e>? aga9/ a kn[n m\nta92 or ev5
 aga9/ a small sph]e ( lead duly adju/$ 
= ! purpose4 ,& ?is has be5 done2 & !   
results are extremely curi\s2 & v       
important 9 our speculations relative to
 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4  #aa4 ,& 9 !
 fir/ place1 we may rem>k t ! ,e>? is   
really mu* less heavy ?an we %\ld       
expect1 f :at we "k ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x
 consi/s4 ,=1 measur+ ! d5sity1 or      
specific gravity1 ( mat]ials1 7t is _!  
comp>ative weight 9 ! same bulk17 by _! 
proportion to wat]1 :i* is ! usual way1 
! d5sity ( iron is #h1 t ( lead #aa1 t (
 gold #ai3 ! ord9>y rocks at ! ,e>?'s   

surface h a d5sity ( #c or #d4 ,moreov]1
 all ! sub/ances ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 
contract into a small] space1 & h _!    
d5sity increas$1 by be+ subject$ to     
pressure4 ,air does ?is1 9 an obvi\s    
mann]2 & h5ce x is1 t ! l[] p>ts ( our  
atmosph]e are d5s] ?an ! upp] p>ts2 be+ 
press$ by a great] sup]9cumb5t weight1 !
 weight ( ! sup]ior p>ts ( ! atmosph]e  
itself4 ,air is ?us obvi\sly & em95tly  
ela/ic4 ,b all sub/ances1 ?\gh less     
obvi\sly & em95tly1 are /ill1 really1 & 
9 "s degree1 ela/ic4 ,!y all contract by
 compression4 ,wat] = in/ance1 if press$
 by a column ( wat] #ajjjjj feet high1  
w\ld be r$uc$ to a bulk "o-t5? less ?an 
be=e4 ,9 ! same mann] iron1 compress$ by
 a column ( iron #ijjjj feet high1 loses
 "o-t5? ( its bulk1 & ( c\rse ga9s s mu*
 9 d5sity4 ,& ! l takes place1 9 diff]5t
 am\nts1 ) all mat]ial :atev]4 ,?is is !
 rate at :i* compression produces its   
effect ( increas+ ! d5sity1 9 bodies :i*
 are 9 ! condition ( ^? :i* lie ar\nd u4
 ,b if ?is law 7 to g on at ! same rate1

 :5 ! compression is greatly increas$1 !
 d5sity ( bodies deep d[n t[>ds ! c5tre 
( ! ,e>? mu/ be imm5se4 ,! ,e>?'s radius
 is above #bj million feet4 ,at a       
million feet dep? we %\ld h matt]       
subject$ to ! pressure ( a column ( a   
million feet ( sup]9cumb5t matt]1 heavi]
 ?an wat]2 & h5ce we %\ld h a           
compression ( wat] #aj times z great z  
we h m5tion$2 &1 !re=e1 ! bulk ( ! wat] 
w\ld be r$uc$ almo/ to no?+1 its d5sity 
increas$ almo/ indef9itely3 & ! same    
w\ld be ! case ) o!r mat]ials1 z metals 
& /ones4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is law (          
compression 7 to hold = ^! great        
pressures1 all mat]ials :atev]1 conta9$ 
9 ! dep?s ( ! ,e>?'s mass1 mu/ be       
imm5sely d5s]1 & imm5sely specifically  
heavi]1 ?an !y are at ! surface4 ,& ?us1
 ! ,e>? consi/+ ( ^! f> d5s] mat]ials   
t[>ds ! c5tre1 b1 ne>] ! surface1 (     
light] mat]ials1 su* z rock1 & metals1 9
 _! ord9>y /ate1 mu/1 we %\ld expect1   
be1 on ! :ole1 mu* heavi] ?an if x      
consi/$ ( ! heavie/ ord9>y mat]ials2    

heavi] ?an iron1 or ?an lead2 hundr$s ( 
times p]haps heavi] ?an /one4  #ab4     
,?is1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd to be s4 ,!      
expectation ( ! great d5sity ( ! ,e>?1  
:i* we might h d]iv$ f ! kn[n laws (    
cond5sation ( t]re/rial sub/ances1 is n 
confirm$4 ,! mass ( ! ,e>? be+ weigh$1  
by means ( su* processes z we h already 
ref]r$ to1 is f\nd to be only five times
 heavi] ?an s mu* wat]3 less heavy ?an  
if x 7 made ( iron3 less ?an twice z    
heavy z if x 7 made ( ord9>y rock4 ,?is1
 ( c\rse1 %[s u t ! cond5sation ( !     
int]ior p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s mass1 is by no  
means s great z we %\ld h expect$ x to  
be1 f :at we "k ( ! laws ( cond5sation  
"h2 & f consid]+ ! enorm\s pressure (   
sup]9cumb5t mat]ials to :i* ^? int]ior  
p>ts are subject$4 ,! laws (            
cond5sation1 x w\ld seem1 d n g on      
op]at+ = ^! enorm\s pressures1 by ! same
 progression z = small] pressure4 ,if a 
mass ( a mat]ial is compress$ into      
n9e-t5?s its bulk by ! weight ( a column
 ( #ajjjjj feet high1 x does n foll[ t x

 w be aga9 compress$ into n9e-t5?s ( its
 cond5s$ bulk1 by ano!r column ( #ajjjjj
 feet high4 ,! compression & cond5sation
 rea*1 or t5d to1 a limit2 & probably1  
be=e !y h gone v f>4 ,x may be possible 
to compress a piece ( iron by "o-?\s&?  
"p1 ev5 by su* =ces z we c use2 & yet x 
may n be possible to compress ! same    
piece ( iron into "o half its bulk1 ev5 
by ! weight ( ! :ole ,e>?1 if made to   
be> ^u x4 ,?is appe>s to be probable3 & 
?is w expla91 h[ x is1 t ! mat]ials ( ! 
,e>? are n s viol5tly cond5s$ z we %\ld 
h suppos$2 & ?us1 :y1 ! ,e>? is s light4
  #ac4 ,we mu/ avoid draw+ inf]5ces too 
boldly1 on a subject :]e our means ( k  
are s obscure z !y are ) reg>d to !     
int]ior ( ! ,e>?2 b yet1 p]haps1 we may 
be all[$ to say1 t ! result :i* we h j  
/at$1 t ! ,e>? is s light1 sugge/s to u 
! belief t ! int]ior consi/s ( ! same   
mat]ials z ! ext]ior1 slightly cond5s$  
by pressure4#d ,we f9d no enc\ragem5t to
 believe t !re is a nucleus )91 ( "s    
mat]ial1 diff]5t f :at we h on !        

outside2 "s metal1 = in/ance1 heavi] ?an
 lead4 ,if ! e>? 7 ( granite1 or ( lava1
 to ! c5tre1 x w\ld1 s f> z we c judge1 
h mu* ! same weight :i* x n[ has4 ,su* a
 c5tral mass1 cov]$ ) ! v>i\s lay]s (   
/one1 :i* =m ! upp] cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 w\ld 
naturally make ?is globe ( at lea/ !    
weight :i* x really has4 ,& !re=e1 if we
 7 to le>n t a planet 0 mu* light] ?an  
?is1 z to its mat]ials1--mu* less d5se1 
tak+ ! :ole mass toge!r1--we %\ld be    
compell$ to inf] t x 01 ?r\gh\t1 or     
ne>ly s1 =m$ ( less compact matt] ?an   
metal & /one2 or else1 t x _h int]nal   
cavities1 or "s o!r complex /ructure1   
:i* x w\ld be absurd to assume1 )\t     
positive reasons4  #ad4 ,n[ hav+ decid$ 
^! views f an exam9ation ( ! ,e>?1 let u
 apply !m to o!r planets1 z be>+ ^u ! "q
 ( _! be+ inhabit$2 & 9 ! fir/ place1 to
 ,jupit]4 ,we c1 z we h said1 easily    
comp>e ! mass ( ,jupit] & ( ! ,e>?2 =   
bo? ( !m h ,satellites4 ,x is asc]ta9$1 
by ?is means1 t ! mass ( weight (       
,jupit] is ab\t #ccc times ! weight ( ! 

e>?2 b z 8 diamet] is also #aa times t (
 ! e>?1 8 bulk is #acca times t ( ! e>?3
 7! cube ( #aa is #acca72 &1 !re=e1 !   
d5sity ( ,jupit] is to t ( ! e>?1 only z
 #ccc to #acca1 or ab\t #a to #d4 ,?us !
 d5sity ( ,jupit]1 tak5 z a :ole1 is    
ab\t a qu>t] ( ! e>?'s d5sity2 less ?an 
t ( any ( ! /ones :i* =m ! cru/ ( ! e>?2
 & n mu* great] ?an ! d5sity ( wat]4    
,inde$1 x is tol]ably c]ta91 t ! d5sity 
( ,jupit] is n great] ?an x w\ld be1 if 
8 entire globe 7 compos$ ( wat]2 mak+   
all[ance = ! compression :i* ! int]ior  
p>ts w\ld suff] by ! pressure ( ^? p>ts 
sup]9cumb5t4 ,we might1 !re=e1 (f] x z a
 conjecture n q arbitr>y1 t ,jupit] is a
 m]e sph]e ( wat]4  #ae4 ,b is !re any?+
 fur!r 9 ! appe>ance ( ,jupit]1 :i* may 
s]ve to contradict1 or to confirm1 ?is  
conjecture8 ,!re is "o circum/ance 9    
,jupit]'s =m1 :i* is1 to say ! lea/1    
p]fectly consi/5t ) ! supposition1 t he 
is a fluid mass2 namely1 t he is n an   
exact sph]e1 b oblate1 l an orange4 ,su*
 a =m is produc$1 9 a fluid sph]e1 by a 

rotation ^u its axis4 ,x is produc$1 ev5
 9 a sph]e :i* is 7at pres5t at lea/17  
p>tly solid & p>tly fluid2 & ! oblat5ess
 ( ! e>? is acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,b     
,jupit]1 :o1 :ile he is mu* l>g] ?an !  
e>?1 revolves mu* m rapidly1 is mu* m   
oblate ?an ! e>?4 ,8 pol> & equatorial  
diamet]s are 9 ! proportion ( #ac to    
#ad4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable circum/ance1 t
 ?is is ! am\nt ( oblat5ess1 :i*1 on    
me*anical pr9ciples1 w\ld result f 8 "t 
( revolution1 if he 7 entirely fluid1 & 
( ! same d5sity ?r\gh\t4#e ,s f>1 !n1 we
 h "s confirmation at lea/1 ( 8 be+     
compos$ entirely ( "s fluid :i* 9 its   
d5sity agrees ) wat]4  #af4 ,b !re are  
o!r circum/ances 9 ! appe>ances (       
,jupit]1 :i* /ill fur!r confirm ?is     
conjecture ( 8 wat]y con/itution4 ,8    
belts1--c]ta9 b&s ( d>k] & light] color1
 :i* run p>allel to 8 equator1 & :i*1 9 
"s degree1 *ange _! =m1 & bread?1 &     
place1 f "t to "t1--h be5 conjectur$1 by
 almo/ all a/ronom]s1 to arise f l9es ( 
cl\d1 alt]nat+ ) tracts comp>atively    

cle>1 & hav+ _! direction det]m9$ by    
curr5ts analog\s to our trade-w9ds1 b ( 
a mu* m /eady & decid$ "*1 9 consequ5ce 
( ! great rotatory velocity4#f ,n[      
vapors1 supply+ ! mat]ials ( su* masses 
( cl\d1 w\ld naturally be rais$ f su* a 
wat]y sph]e z we h suppos$1 by ! action 
( ! ,sun2 w\ld =m su* l9es2 & w\ld *ange
 _! =m f slight causes ( irregul>ity1 z 
! belts are se5 to d4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^!   
l9es ( cl\d does ( itself %[ t !re is   
mu* wat] on ,jupit]'s surface1 & is q   
consi/5t ) our conjecture1 t 8 :ole mass
 is wat]4#g  #ag4 ,p]haps "s p]sons may 
be dispos$ to d\bt :e!r1 if ,jupit] be1 
z we suppose1 m]ely or pr9cipally a mass
 ( wat] & ( vapor1 we are entitl$ to    
ext5d to him ! law ( univ]sal           
gravitation1 :i* is ! basis ( our       
speculations4 ,b ?is d\bt may be easily 
dismiss$4 ,we "k t ! wat]s ( ! e>? are  
affect$ by gravitation2 n only t[>ds !  
e>?1 z %[n by _! weight1 b t[>ds ^?     
di/ant bodies1 ! ,sun & ! ,moon2 = ?is  
gravitation produces ! tides ( ! ocean4 

,& our atmosph]e also has weight1 z we  
"k2 & probably has also sol> & lun>     
tides1 ?\gh ^! are m>k$ by _m o!r causes
 ( diurnal *ange4 ,we h1 !n1 ! same     
reason = suppos+ t air & wat]1 9 o!r    
p>ts ( ! sy/em1 are gov]n$ by univ]sal  
gravitation1 & ex]cise !mselves !       
attractive =ce ( gravitation1 :i* we h =
 mak+ ! l suppositions ) reg>d to ! mo/ 
solid bodies4 ,:atev] argum5t proves    
univ]sal gravitation1 proves x = all    
matt] alike2 & ,newton1 9 ! c\rse ( 8   
magnific5t g5]alization ( ! law1 took   
c>e to demon/rate1 by exp]im5t1 z well z
 by reason+1 t x might be s g5]aliz$4   
#ah4 ,z be>+ ^u ! "q ( life 9 ,jupit]1  
!re is ano!r po9t :i* requires to be    
consid]$2 ! =ce ( gravity at 8 surface4 
,?\gh1 equal bulk = equal bulk1 he is   
light] ?an ! e>?1 yet 8 bulk is s great 
t1 z we h se51 he is altoge!r mu* heavi]
 ?an ! e>?4 ,?is1 8 great] mass1 makes  
bodies1 at equal di/ances f ! c5tres1   
pond]ate proportionally m to him ?an !y 
w\ld d to ! e>?4 ,& ?\gh 8 surface is   

#aa times fur!r f 8 c5tre ?an ! e>?'s   
is1 & !re=e ! gravity at ! surface is   
!reby dim9i%$1 yet1 ev5 aft] ?is        
d$uction1 gravity at ! surface ( ,jupit]
 is ne>ly two & a half times t on !     
e>?4#h ,& ?us a man transf]r$ to !      
surface ( ,jupit] w\ld feel a /one1     
c>ri$ 9 8 h&s1 & w\ld feel 8 own limbs  
also1 7= 8 muscul> p[] w\ld n be alt]$  
by ! transf]17 become #b-a_/b times z   
heavy1 z difficult to raise1 z !y 7     
be=e4 ,"u su* circum/ances animals (    
l>ge dim5sions w\ld be oppress$ ) _! own
 weight4 ,9 ! small] creatures on ! e>?1
 z 9 insects1 ! muscul> p[] be>s a great
 proportion to ! weight1 & !y might     
cont9ue to run & to leap1 ev5 if gravity
 7 tripl$ or quadrupl$4 ,b an elephant  
c\ld n trot ) two or ?ree elephants     
plac$ ^u 8 back4 ,a lion or tig] c\ld n 
spr+1 ) twice or ?rice 8 own weight hung
 ab\t 8 neck4 ,su* an increase ( gravity
 w\ld be inconsi/5t !n1 ) ! pres5t      
con/itution & life ( ! l>ge/ t]re/rial  
animals2 & if we are to suppose planets 

inhabit$1 9 :i* gravity is mu* m        
en]getic ?an x is ^u ! e>?1 we mu/      
suppose classes ( animals :i* are adapt$
 to su* a diff]5t me*anical condition4  
#ai4 ,tak+ into acc\nt !n1 ^!           
circum/ances 9 ,jupit]'s /ate2 8        
7probably7 bottomless wat]s2 8 light1 if
 any1 solid mat]ials2 ! /rong h& ) :i*  
gravity presses d[n su* mat]ials z !re  
are2 ! small am\nt ( light & heat :i*   
rea*es him1 at #e times ! e>?'s di/ance 
f ! sun2 :at k9d ( inhabitants %all we  
be l$ to assign to him8 ,c !y h         
skeletons :]e no sub/ance s d5se z bone 
is f\nd1 at lea/ 9 l>ge masses8 ,x w\ld 
seem n probable4#i ,& x w\ld seem !y mu/
 be dwell]s 9 ! wat]s1 = aga9/ ! exi/5ce
 !re ( solid l&1 we h mu* evid5ce4 ,!y  
mu/1 ) s little ( light & heat1 h a l[  
degree ( vitality4 ,!y mu/ !n1 x w\ld   
seem1 be c>tilag9\s & glut9\s masses2   
peopl+ ! wat]s ) m9ute =ms3 p]haps also 
) l>g] mon/]s2 = ! weight ( a bulky     
creature1 float+ 9 ! fluid1 w\ld be mu* 
m easily su/a9$ ?an on solid gr\nd4 ,if 

we are resolv$ to h su* a population1 & 
t !y %all live by food1 we mu/ suppose t
 ! wat]s conta9 at lea/ s mu* solid     
matt] z is requisite = ! su/5ance ( !   
l[e/ classes2 = ! high] classes (       
animals w probably f9d _! food 9 consum+
 ! l[]4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! advocates (    
peopl$ worlds w ?9k su* a population z  
?is wor? cont5d+ =3 b ,i ?9k ! only d\bt
 c be1 betwe5 su* a population1 & none4 
,if ,jupit] be a m]e mass ( wat]1 )     
p]haps a few c9d]s at ! c5tre1 & an     
envelope ( cl\ds ar\nd x1 x seems v     
possible t he may n be ! seat ( life at 
all4 ,b if life be !re1 x does n seem 9 
any way likely1 t ! liv+ ?+s c be any?+ 
high] 9 ! scale ( be+1 ?an su* boneless1
 wat]y1 pulpy creatures z ,i h imag9$4  
#bj4 ,p]haps x may occur to "s "o to    
ask1 if ?is planet1 :i* pres5ts s       
glori\s an aspect to our eyes1 be ?us ! 
abode only ( su* imp]fect & embryotic   
lumps ( vitality z ,i h describ$2 to :at
 purpose 0 all t gorge\s array (        
satellites app5d$ to him1 :i* w\ld      

pres5t1 to intellig5t spectators on 8   
surface1 a spectacle f> m spl5did ?an   
any t our skies (f] to u3 f\r moons1 "s 
z great1 & o!rs h>dly less1 ?an our     
moon1 p]=m+ _! regul> revolutions 9 !   
vault ( heav54 ,to :i* x w suffice1 at  
pres5t1 to reply1 t ! use ( ^? moons1 "u
 su* a supposition1 w\ld be precisely ! 
same1 z ! use ( our moon1 dur+ ! myriads
 ( ye>s :i* elaps$ :ile ! e>? 0 t5ant$  
by corals & madrepores1 %ell-fi% &      
belemnites1 ! c>tilag9\s fi%es ( ! ,old 
,r$ ,s&/one1 or ! ,saurian mon/]s ( !   
,lias2 & 9 %ort1 ?r\gh all ! c\ntless   
ages :i* elaps$1 be=e ! la/ few ?\s&    
ye>s3 be=e man 0 plac$ ^u ! e>? to eye !
 blue vault & bless ! useful light3 to  
reckon by x 8 mon?s & ye>s3 to discov]  
by means ( x1 ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 & 
p]haps1 ! special c>e ( 8 ,creator = him
 alone ( all 8 creatures4 ,! moons (    
,jupit]1 may 9 ?is way be ( use1 z our  
own moon is4 ,inde$ we "k t !y h be5    
turn$ to mo/ important purposes1 9      
a/ronomy & navigation4 ,& kn[+ ?is1 we  

may be cont5t n to "k h[1 ei!r !        
satellites ( ,jupit]1 or ! satellite ( !
 ,e>?1 t5d to ! advantage ( ! brute     
inhabitants ( ! wat]s4  #ba4 ,!re is    
ano!r po9t1 connect$ ) ?is doctr9e ( !  
wat]y nature ( ,jupit]1 :i* ,i may      
notice1 ?\gh we h little means ( k on ! 
subject4 ,jupit] be+ ?us cov]$ ) wat]1  
is ! wat] ev] conv]t$ into ice8 ,!      
planet is m ?an #e times z f> f ! sun z 
! e>? is3 ! heat :i* he receives is1 on 
t acc\nt1 #be times less ?an ours4 ,!   
veil ( cl\ds :i* cov]s a l>ge "p ( 8    
surface1 mu/ dim9i% ! heat /ill fur!r4  
,:at effect ! abs5ce ( l& produces1 on !
 freez+ ( ! ocean1 x is n easy to say4  
,we _c1 !re=e1 pron\nce ) any confid5ce 
:e!r 8 wat]s are ev] froz5 or n4 ,9 !   
next consid]able planet1 ,m>s1 a/ronom]s
 conceive t !y d trace ! effects ( fro/2
 b 9 ,m>s we h also appe>ances ( l&4 ,9 
,jupit]1 we are left to m]e conjecture2 
:e!r cont95ts & float+ isl&s ( ice /ill 
fur!r *ill ! fluids ( ! slimy tribes :om
 we h be5 l$ to reg>d z ! only possible 

inhabitants2 or :e!r ! wat]y globe is   
conv]t$ into a globe ( ice2 reta9+ on   
its surface1 ( c\rse1 z mu* fluid z is  
requisite1 "u ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! sun1  
to supply ! curr5ts ( vapor :i* =m !    
belts4 ,9 ?is case1 p]haps1 we may ?9k x
 mo/ likely t !re are no inhabitants (  
^! %all[ pools 9 a planet ( ice3 at any 
rate1 x is n wor? :ile to provide any   
new speculations = su* a hypo!sis4  #bb4
 ,we may turn our consid]ation f ,jupit]
 to ,saturn2 = 9 _m respects ! two      
planets are v simil>4 ,b 9 almo/ e po9t1
 :i* is ( =ce aga9/ ! hypo!sis (        
inhabitants1 ! case is mu* /rong] 9     
,saturn ?an x is 9 ,jupit]4 ,light &    
heat1 at 8 di/ance1 are only "o n9etie? 
( ^? at ! ,e>?4 ,none b a v l[ degree ( 
vitality c be su/a9$ "u su* sluggi%     
influ5ces4 ,! d5sity ( 8 mass is h>dly  
great] ?an t ( cork2 mu* less ?an t (   
wat]3 s t1 x does n appe> :at           
supposition is left = u1 except t a l>ge
 portion ( ! globe1 :i* we see z 81 is  
vapor4 ,t ! out] "p ( ! globe is vapor1 

is prov$1 9 ,saturn z 9 ,jupit]1 by !   
exi/5ce ( sev]al cl\dy /reaks or belts  
runn+ r\nd him p>allel to 8 equator4    
,yet 8 mass1 tak5 altoge!r1 is          
consid]able1 on acc\nt ( 8 great size2 &
 gravity w\ld be great]1 at 8 out]      
surface1 ?an x is at ! e>?'s4 ,= su*    
reasons1 !n1 z 7 urg$ 9 ! case (        
,jupit]1 we mu/ ei!r suppose t he has no
 inhabitants2 or t !y are aque\s1       
gelat9\s creatures2 too sluggi%1 almo/  
to be deem$ alive1 float+ on _! ice-cold
 wat]s1 %r\d$ =ev] by _! humid skies4   
#bc4 ,:e!r !y h eyes or no1 we _c tell2 
b probably if !y _h1 !y w\ld nev] see ! 
,sun2 & !re=e we ne$ n commis]ate _! lot
 9 n see+ ! ho/ ( ,saturnian satellites2
 & ! ,r+1 :i* to an intellig5t          
,saturnian spectator1 w\ld be s spl5did 
a cele/ial object4 ,! ,r+ is a glori\s  
object = man's view1 & 8 contemplation2 
& !re=e is n altoge!r )\t its use4 ,/ill
 less ne$ we 7z "s appe> to d7 reg>d z a
 s]i\s mis=tune to ! inhabitants ( c]ta9
 regions ( ! planet1 a sol> eclipse (   

fifte5 ye>s' duration1 to :i* !y are    
liable by ! int]position ( ! ,r+ betwe5 
!m & ! ,sun4#aj  #bd4 ,! cases ( ,uranus
 & ,neptune are simil> to t ( ,saturn1 b
 ( c\rse /rong]1 9 proportion to _!     
small] light & heat4 ,= ,uranus1 ?is is 
only #a-cfj?1 = ,neptune1 z we h already
 said1 #a-ijj? ( ! light & heat at !    
e>?4 ,moreov]1 ^! two new planets agree 
) ,jupit] & ) ,saturn1 9 be+ ( v l>ge   
size & ( v small d5sity2 & also we may  
rem>k1 "o ( !m1 probably bo?1 9 revolv+ 
) great rapidity1 & 9 ne>ly ! same      
p]iod1 namely1 ab\t #aj h\rs3 at lea/1  
?is has be5 ! op9ion ( a/ronom]s ) reg>d
 to ,uranus4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ !        
hypo!sis ( ^! two planets be+ inhabit$1 
are ( c\rse ( ! same k9d z 9 ! case (   
,jupit] & ,saturn1 b mu* increas$ 9     
/r5g?2 & ! supposition ( ! probably     
wat]y nature & l[ vitality ( _!         
inhabitants mu/ be comm5d$ to !         
consid]ation ( ^? :o cont5d =           
inhabitants 9 ^? remote regions ( ! sol>
 sy/em4  #be4 ,we may n[ return t[>ds ! 

,sun1 & direct our att5tion to ! planet 
,m>s4 ,"h we h "s approximation to !    
condition ( ! ,e>?1 9 circum/ances1 z 9 
position4 ,x is true1 8 light & heat1 s 
f> z di/ance f ! ,sun affects !m1 are   
less ?an half ^? at ! ,e>?4 ,8 d5sity   
appe>s to be ne>ly equal to t ( ! ,e>?1 
b 8 mass is s mu* small]1 t gravity at 8
 surface is only "o-half ( :at x is "h4 
,!n1 z to 8 physical condition1 s f> z  
we c det]m9e x1 a/ronom]s disc]n 9 8    
face#aa ! outl9es ( cont95ts & seas4 ,! 
ruddy color by :i* he is di/+ui%$1 ! r$ 
& fi]y aspect :i* he pres5ts1 arise1 !y 
?9k1 f ! color ( ! l&1 :ile ! seas appe>
 gre5i%4 ,cl\ds (t5 seem to int]cept !  
a/ronom]'s view ( ! globe1 :i* ) its    
cont95ts & oceans ?us revolves "u 8 eye2
 & t !re is an atmosph]e on :i* su*     
cl\ds may float1 appe>s to be fur!r     
prov$1 by brilliant :ite spots at !     
poles ( ! planet1 :i* are conjectur$ to 
be sn[2 = !y disappe> :5 !y h be5 long  
expos$ to ! sun1 & are greate/ :5 j     
em]g+ f ! long night ( _! pol> w9t]2 !  

sn[-l9e !n ext5d+ to ab\t six degrees   
7reckon$ ^u ! m]idian ( ! planet7 f !   
pole4 ,moreov]1 ,m>s agrees ) ! e>?1 9 !
 p]iod ( 8 rotation2 :i* is ab\t #bd    
h\rs2 & 9 hav+ 8 axis incl9$ to 8 orbit1
 s z to produce a cycle ( long & %ort   
days & nights1 a return ( summ] & w9t]1 
9 e revolution ( ! planet4  #bf4 ,we h  
"h a numb] ( circum/ances :i* speak f> m
 p]suasively = a simil>ity ( condition1 
9 ?is planet & ! ,e>?1 ?an 9 any ( !    
cases previ\sly discuss$4 ,x is true1   
,m>s is mu* small] ?an ! e>?1 & has n   
be5 judg$ wor?y ( ! att5dance ( a       
satellite1 al?\gh fur!r f ! ,sun2 b     
/ill1 he may h be5 judg$ wor?y (        
inhabitants by 8 ,creator4 ,p]haps we   
are n q c]ta9 ab\t ! exi/5ce ( an       
atmosph]e2 & )\t su* an app5dage1 we c  
h>dly accord him t5ants4 ,b if he h     
inhabitants1 let u consid] ( :at k9d !y 
mu/ be conceiv$ to be1 accord+ to any   
judgm5t :i* we c =m4 ,! =ce ( 8 gravity 
is s small1 t we may all[ 8 animals to  
be l>ge1 )\t fe>+ t !y w break d[n by _!

 own weight4 ,9 a planet s d5se1 !y may 
v likely h solid skeletons4 ,! ice ab\t 
8 poles w cumb] ! seas1 cold ev5 = !    
want ( sol> heat1 z x does 9 our arctic 
& ant>ctic oceans2 & we may easily      
imag9e t ^! seas are t5ant$1 l ^?1 by   
huge creatures ( ! nature ( :ales &     
seals1 & by o!r creatures :i* ! exi/5ce 
( ^! requires & implies4 ,or r1 s9ce1 z 
we h said1 we mu/ suppose ! population (
 o!r planets to be m diff]5t f our exi/+
 population1 ?an ! population ( o!r ages
 ( our own planet1 we may suppose !     
population ( ! seas & ( ! l& ( ,m>s1 7if
 !re be any1 & if we are n c>ry+ x too  
high 9 ! scale ( vital activity17 to    
diff] f any t]re/rial animals1 9 some?+ 
( ! same way 9 :i* ! great l& & sea     
saurians1 or ! iguanodon & d9o!rium1    
diff]$ f ! animals :i* n[ live on ! e>?4
  #bg4 ,t we ne$ n discuss ! "q1 :e!r   
!re are intellig5t be+s liv+ on !       
surface ( ,m>s1 p]haps ! read] w all[1  
till we h "s bett] evid5ce t !re are    
liv+ ?+s !re at all2 if he calls to m9d 

! imm5se proportion :i*1 on ! e>?1 f>   
bett] fitt$ = ! habitation ( ! only     
intellig5t creature :i* we "k or c      
conceive1 ! duration ( un9tellig5t life 
has borne to t ( intellig5t4 ,"h1 on ?is
 ,e>?1 a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 began ! life
 ( a creature :o c speculate ab\t ! pa/ 
& ! future1 ! ne> & ! abs5t1 ! ,univ]se 
& its ,mak]1 duty & immortality4 ,?is   
began a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 aft] ages &  
myriads ( ages1 aft] imm5se v>ieties (  
lives & g5]ations1 ( corals & mollusks1 
saurians1 iguanodons1 & d9o!riums4 ,no  
d\bt ! ,creator might place an          
intellig5t creature ^u a planet1 )\t all
 ?is prep>ation1 all ?is prelim9>y life4
 ,he has n *os5 to d s on ! e>?1 z we   
"k2 & t is by mu* ! be/ evid5ce         
atta9able by u1 ( :at ,8 purposes are4  
,x is also possible t ,he %\ld1 on ano!r
 planet1 h e/abli%$ creatures ( ! nature
 ( corals & mollusks1 saurians &        
iguanodons1 )\t hav+ yet arriv$ at !    
p]iod ( intellig5t creatures3 especially
 if t o!r planet h long] ye>s1 a cold]  

climate1 a small] mass1 & p]haps no     
atmosph]e4 ,x is also possible t ,he    
%\ld h put t small] planet ne> ! ,e>?1  
resembl+ x 9 "s respects1 z ! ,moon     
does1 b )\t any inhabitants1 z %e has   
none2 & t ,m>s may be su* a planet4 ,!  
probability aga9/ su* a belief c h>dly  
be consid]$ z /rong1 if ! argum5ts      
already (f]$ be reg>d$ z effective aga9/
 ! op9ion ( inhabitants 9 ! o!r planets1
 & 9 ! ,moon4  #bh4 ,! num]\s tribe (   
small bodies1 :i* revolve betwe5 ,jupit]
 & ,m>s1 d n admit ( mu* ( ! k9d (      
reason+1 :i* we h appli$ to ! l>g]      
planets4 ,!y h1 ) p]haps "o exception   
7,ve/a7 no disk ( visible magnitude2 !y 
are m]e dots1 & we d n ev5 "k t _! =m is
 sph]ical4 ,! ne> co9cid5ce ( _! orbits 
has sugge/$1 to a/ronom]s1 ! conjecture 
t !y h result$ f ! explosion ( a l>g]   
body1 & f its fracture into fragm5ts4   
,p]haps ! g5]al ph5om5a ( ! univ]se     
sugge/ r ! notion ( a collapse (        
portions ( sid]eal matt]1 ?an ( a sudd5 
disruption & disp]sion ( any portion (  

x2 & ^! small bodies may be ! results ( 
"s imp]fectly effect$ conc5tration ( !  
elem5ts ( our sy/em2 :i*1 if x _h gone  
on m completely & regul>ly1 might h     
produc$ ano!r planet1 l ,m>s or ,v5us4  
,p]haps !y are only ! l>g] masses1 among
 a great numb] ( small] ones1 result+ f 
su* a process3 & x is v conceivable1 t !
 meteoric /ones :i*1 f "t to "t1 h fall5
 ^u ! e>?'s surface1 are o!r results ( !
 l process3--bits ( planets :i* h fail$ 
9 ! mak+1 & lo/ _! way1 till arre/$ by !
 resi/ance ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,a      
rem>kable circum/ance 9 ^! bodies is1 t 
?\gh ?us com+ app>5tly f "s remote "p ( 
! sy/em1 !y conta9 no elem5ts b su* z _h
 already be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 ! mass ( !  
e>?2 al?\gh "s sub/ances1 z nickel &    
*rome1 :i* are some:at r>e 9 ! e>?'s    
mat]ials1 are common p>ts ( !           
composition ( meteoric /ones4 ,also !y  
are ( cry/all9e /ructure1 & exhibit "s  
peculi>ities 9 _! cry/allization4 ,su* z
 ^! /range visitors are1 !y seem to %[ t
 ! o!r p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em conta9 ! same

 elem5t>y sub/ances1 & are subject to ! 
same laws ( *emical syn!sis & cry/all9e 
=ce1 :i* obta9 9 ! t]re/rial region4 ,! 
smallness ( ^! specim5s is a necess>y   
condition ( _! rea*+ u2 = if !y _h be5 m
 massive1 !y w\ld h foll[$ out ! pa? (  
_! orbits r\nd ! sun1 h[ev] ecc5tric ^! 
might be4 ,! great ecc5tricity ( !      
small] planets1 _! great deviation f !  
zodiacal pa?1 :i* is ! highway ( ! l>ge 
planets1 _! great numb]1 probably by no 
means yet exhau/$ by ! discov]ies (     
a/ronom]s2 all fall 9 ) ! supposition t 
!re are1 9 ! sol> sy/em1 a va/ multitude
 ( su* abnormal planetoidal lumps4 ,z ,i
 h said1 we d n ev5 "k t !y are         
approximately sph]ical2 & if !y are ( ! 
nature ( meteoric /ones1 !y are m]e     
crude & irregul>ly cry/alliz$ masses (  
metal & e>?4 ,x w !re=e1 probably1 be   
deem$ unnecess>y to give o!r reasons :y 
^! planetoids are n inhabit$4 ,b if x be
 grant$ t !y are n1 we h "h1 9 addition 
to ! moon1 a l>ge array ( examples1 to  
prove h[ baseless is ! assumption1 t all

 ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em are ! seats (  
life4  #bi4 ,we h ?us p]=m$ our j\rney f
 ! extreme/ v]ge ( ! ,univ]se1 s f> z we
 h any k ( x1 to ! orbit ( our own      
planet2 & h f\nd1 till we came into our 
own mo/ imm$iate vic9ity1 /rong reasons 
= reject+ ! assumption ( inhabit$ worlds
 l our own2 & inde$1 ( ! habitation (   
worlds 9 any s5se4 ,& ev5 if ,m>s1 9 8  
pres5t condition1 may be "s image ( !   
,e>?1 9 "s ( its remote geological      
p]iods1 x is at lea/ equally possible t 
he may be an image ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! /ill   
remot] geological p]iod be=e life began4
 ,( peculi> fitnesses :i* make ! e>?    
suit$ to ! su/5tation ( life1 z we "k t 
x is1 we %all speak h]eaft]2 & at pres5t
 pass on to ! o!r planets1 ,v5us &      
,m]cury4 ,b ( ^!1 !re is1 9 our po9t (  
view1 v little to say4 ,v5us1 :i*1 :5   
ne>e/ to u1 fills a l>g] angle ?an any  
o!r cele/ial body1 except ! ,sun & !    
,moon1 might be expect$ to be ! "o ( :i*
 we "k mo/4 ,yet %e is really "o ( ! mo/
 difficult to scrut9ize ) our           

telescopes4 ,a/ronom]s _c discov] 9 h]1 
z 9 ,m>s1 any traces ( cont95ts & seas1 
m\nta9s & valleys2 at lea/ ) any        
c]ta9ty4#ab ,h] illum9at$ "p %9es ) an  
int5se lu/re :i* dazzles ! sight2#ac yet
 %e is ( h]self p]fectly d>k2 & x 0 !   
discov]y1 t %e pres5t$ ! phases ( !     
,moon1 made by ! telescope ( ,galileo1  
:i* gave ! fir/ impulse to planet>y     
rese>*4 ,%e is almo/ z l>ge z ! e>?2    
almo/ z heavy4 ,! light & heat :i* %e   
receives f ! ,sun mu/ be ab\t d\ble ^?  
:i* come to ! e>?4 ,we disc]n no traces 
( a gase\s or wat]y atmosph]e surr\nd+  
h]4 ,p]haps if we c\ld see h] bett]1 we 
might f9d t %e _h a surface l ! moon2 or
 p]haps1 9 ! ne>] neighborhood ( ! sun1 
%e may h cool$ m sl[ly & quietly1 l a   
glass :i* is anneal$ 9 ! fire2 & h5ce1  
may h a smoo? surface1 in/ead ( ! furr[$
 & pimpl$ visage :i* ! ,moon pres5ts to 
u4 ,) ?is ignorance ( h] conditions1 x  
is h>d to say :at k9d ( animals we c\ld 
place 9 h]1 if we 7 dispos$ to p h]     
surface2 except p]haps ! microscopic    

creatures1 ) silice\s cov]+s1 :i*1 z    
mod]n explor]s ass]t1 are almo/         
inde/ructible by heat4 ,to believe t %e 
has a surface l ! e>?1 & tribes (       
animals1 l t]re/rial animals1 & l man1  
is an ex]cise ( imag9ation1 :i* n only  
is q gratuit\s1 b contr>y to all !      
in=mation :i* ! telescope gives u2 & )  
?is rem>k1 we may dismiss ! hypo!sis4   
#cj4 ,( ,m]cury we "k /ill less4 ,he    
receives sev5 times z mu* light & heat z
 ! ,e>?2 is mu* small] ?an ! e>?1 b     
p]haps m d5se2 & has n1 s f> z we c     
tell1 any ( ! conditions :i* make animal
 exi/5ce conceivable4 ,if x is s        
difficult to f9d suitable inhabitants = 
,v5us1 ! difficulty = ,m]cury is        
imm5sely great]4  #ca4 ,s f> !n1 we h   
trav]s$ ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & h f\nd ev5 "h1
 ! /ronge/ gr\nds t !re c be no animal  
exi/5ce1 l t :i* alone we c conceive z  
animal exi/5ce1 except 9 ! planet next  
beyond ! e>?1 ,m>s2 & !re1 n )\t great  
modifications4 ,b we may make "s fur!r  
rem>ks on ! condition ( ! sev]al        

planets1 ) reg>d to :at appe>s to u to  
be ! necess>y elem5ts ( animal life4    
,,footnotes3  #a ,m rec5tly1 at ! meet+ 
( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,septemb]1   
#ahec1 ,pr(essor ,phillips has decl>$1 t
 a/ronom]s c disc]n ! %ape ( a spot on !
 ,moon's surface1 :i* is a few hundr$   
feet 9 bread?4  #b ,a p]son visit+ !    
,eifel1 a region ( ext9ct volcanoes1 we/
 ( ! ,rh9e1 c h>dly fail to be /ruck ) !
 resemblance ( ! crat]s !re1 to ^? se5 9
 ! moon ?r\gh a telescope4  #c ,bessel  
has discuss$ & refut$ 7x 0 h>dly        
necess>y7 ! conjecture ( "s p]sons 7he  
describes !m z ! feel+ he>ts :o w\ld f9d
 sympa?y ev5 9 ! ,moon7 t !re may be 9 !
 ,moon's valleys air en\gh to support   
life1 ?\gh x does n rise above !        
hills4--,popula]e ,vorlesung51 p4 #gh4  
#d ,! doctr9e t ! int]ior nucleus ( !   
,e>? is fluid1 :e!r accept$ or reject$1 
does n mat]ially affect ?is argum5t4 ,x 
appe>s1 t 9 "s cases1 at lea/1 ! melt+ (
 sub/ances is prev5t$1 by _! be+        
subject$ to extreme pressure2 b !       

d5sity1 ! elem5t f :i* we reason1 is    
measur$ by me?ods q indep5d5t ( su*     
que/ions4  #e ,h]s*el1 #eab4 ,bessel1   
h[ev]1 holds t ! oblat5ess ( ,jupit]    
proves t 8 int]ior is some:at d5s] ?an 8
 ext]ior4 ,pop4 ,vorles4 p4 #ia4  #f    
,h]s*el1 #eac4  #g ,a difficulty may be 
rais$1 f\nd$ on :at we may suppose to be
 ! fact1 z to ! extreme cold ( ^?       
regions ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,x may be     
suppos$ t wat] "u su* a temp]ature c\ld 
exi/ 9 no o!r =m ?an ice4 ,& t ! cold   
mu/ !re be int5se1 accord+ to our       
notion1 !re is /rong reason to believe4 
,ev5 9 ! out] regions ( our atmosph]e1 !
 cold is probably v _m degrees bel[     
freez+1 & 9 ! blank & airless void      
beyond1 x may be cold] /ill4 ,x has be5 
calculat$ by physical philosoph]s1 on   
gr\nds :i* seem to be solid1 t ! cold ( 
! space beyond our atmosph]e is #ajj    
deg4 bel[ z]o4 ,! space ne> to ,jupit]1 
if an absolute vacuum1 9 :i* !re is no  
matt] to receive & reta9 heat emitt$ f !
 ,sun1 may1 p]haps1 be no cold] ?an x is

 ne>] ! ,sun4 ,& z to ! effect ! great  
cold w\ld produce on ,jupit]'s wat]y    
mat]ial1 we may rem>k1 t if !re be a    
free surface1 !re w be vapor produc$ by 
! ,sun's heat2 & if !re be air1 !re w be
 cl\ds4 ,we may add1 t s f> z we h      
reason to believe1 bel[ ! freez+ po9t1  
no accession ( cold produces any mat]ial
 *ange 9 ice4 ,ev5 9 ! exp$itions ( our 
,arctic navigators1 a cold ( #dj deg4   
bel[ z]o 0 exp]i5c$1 & ice 0 /ill b ice1
 & !re 7 vapors & cl\ds z 9 our climate4
 ,x is q an arbitr>y assumption1 to     
suppose t any cold :i* may exi/ 9       
,jupit] w\ld prev5t ! /ate ( ?+s :i* we 
suppose4  #h ,h]s*el1 #ejh4  #i ,x may  
be ?\ght fanciful to suppose t because  
!re is little or no solid matt] 7( any  
k9d kn[n to u7 9 ,jupit]1 8 animals are 
n likely to h solid skeletons4 ,!       
analogy is n v /rong2 b also1 ! weight  
assign$ to x 9 ! argum5t is small4      
,valeat quantum val]e debet4  #aj       
,h]s*el1 #ebb4  #aa ,h]s*el1 #eaj4  #ab 
,accord+ to ,bessel1 ,s*roet] once saw  

"o bright po9t on ! d>k gr\nd1 ne> !    
b\nd>y ( light 9 ,v5us4 ,?is 0 tak5 z   
prov+ a m\nta91 e/imat$ at #fj1jjj feet 
high4 ,pop4 ,vorles4 p4 #hf4  #ac       
,h]s*el1 #eji4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,!ory  
,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4   #a4 ,we h giv5
 our views respect+ ! v>i\s planets :i* 
con/itute ! ,sol> ,sy/em2--views        
e/abli%$1 x w\ld seem1 by all t we "k1 (
 ! laws ( heat & moi/ure1 d5sity &      
attraction1 organization & life4 ,we h  
exam9$ & reason$ ^u ! cases ( ! diff]5t 
planets sep>ately4 ,b x may s]ve to     
confirm ?is view1 & to e/abli% x 9 !    
read]'s m9d1 if we give a description ( 
! sy/em :i* %all comb9e & connect !     
views :i* we h pres5t$1 ( ! con/itution 
& peculi>ities1 z to physical           
circum/ances1 ( ea* ( ! planets4 ,x w   
help u 9 our speculations1 if we c reg>d
 ! planets n only z a collection1 b z a 
s*eme2--if we c give1 n an enum]ation   
only1 b a !ory4 ,n[ su* a s*eme1 su* a  
!ory1 appe>s to (f] itself to u4  #b4 ,!
 planets ext]ior to ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 &    

,saturn especially1 z ! be/ kn[n ( !m1  
appe>1 by ! be/ judgm5t :i* we c =m1 to 
be sph]es ( wat]1 & ( aque\s vapor1     
comb9$1 x may be1 ) atmosph]ic air1 9   
:i* _! cl\dy belts float ov] _! deep    
oceans4 ,m>s seems to h "s portion at   
lea/ ( aque\s atmosph]e2 ! e>?1 we "k1  
has a consid]able atmosph]e ( air1 & (  
vapor2 b ! ,moon1 s ne> to h] mi/ress1  
has none4 ,on ,v5us & ,m]cury1 we see   
no?+ ( a gase\s or aque\s atmosph]e2 &  
!y1 & ,m>s1 d n diff] mu* 9 _! d5sity f 
! ,e>?4 ,n[1 does n ?is look z if ! wat]
 & ! vapor1 :i* belong to ! sol> sy/em1 
7 driv5 (f into ! out] regions ( its va/
 circuit2 :ile ! solid masses :i* are   
ne>e/ to ! focus ( heat1 are all        
approximately ( ! same nature8 ,& if ?is
 be s1 :at is ! peculi> physical        
condition :i* we are l$ to ascribe to ! 
,e>?8 ,pla9ly ?is3 t %e is situat$ j 9 t
 region ( ! sy/em1 :]e ! exi/5ce (      
matt]1 bo? 9 a solid1 a fluid1 & a      
gase\s condition1 is possible4 ,outside 
! ,e>?'s orbit1 or at lea/ outside ,m>s 

& ! small ,planetoids1 !re is1 9 !      
planets1 app>5tly1 no solid matt]2 or r1
 if !re be1 !re is a va/ prepond]ance ( 
wat]y & vapor\s matt]4 ,inside ! ,e>?'s 
orbit1 we see1 9 ! planets1 no traces ( 
wat] or vapor1 or gas2 b solid matt]1   
ab\t ! d5sity ( t]re/rial matt]4 ,!     
,e>?1 alone1 is plac$ at ! bord] :]e !  
conditions ( life are comb9$2 gr\nd to  
/& ^u2 air to brea!2 wat] to n\ri%      
vegetables1 & ?us1 animals2 & solid     
matt] to supply ! mat]ials = _! m solid 
p>ts2 & ) ?is1 a due supply ( light &   
heat1 a due en]gy ( ! =ce ( weight4 ,all
 ^! conditions are1 9 our conception1   
requisite = life3 t all ^! conditions   
meet1 else:]e ?an 9 ! neighborhood ( !  
,e>?'s orbit1 we see /rong reasons to   
disbelieve4 ,! ,e>?1 !n1 x w\ld seem1 is
 ! abode ( life1 n because all ! globes 
:i* revolve r\nd ! ,sun may be assum$ to
 be ! abodes ( life2 b because ! ,e>? is
 fitt$ to be s1 by a curi\s & complex   
comb9ation ( prop]ties & relations1 :i* 
d n at all apply to ! o!rs4 ,t ! ,e>? is

 inhabit$1 is n a reason = believ+ t !  
o!r ,planets are s1 b = believ+ t !y are
 n s4  #c4 ,c we see any physical       
reason1 = ! fact :i* appe>s to u s      
probable1 t all ! wat] & vapor ( ! sy/em
 is ga!r$ 9 its outw>d p>ts8 ,x w\ld    
seem t we c4 ,wat] & aque\s vapor are   
driv5 f ! ,sun to ! out] p>ts ( ! sol>  
sy/em1 or are all[$ to be p]man5t !re   
only1 z !y are driv5 (f & reta9$ at a   
di/ance by any o!r s\rce ( heat2--to use
 a homely illu/ration1 z !y are driv5 f 
wet objects plac$ ne> ! kit*5-fire3 z !y
 are driv5 f ! hot s&s ( ,egypt into !  
upp] air3 z !y are driv5 f ! tropics to 
! poles4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 & g5]ally1 9
 all cases1 9 :i* vapor is ?us driv5 f a
 hott] region1 :5 x comes into a cold]1 
x may aga9 be cond5s$ 9 wat]1 & fall 9  
ra94 ,s ! cold ( ! air 9 ! temp]ate zone
 cond5ses ! aque\s vapors :i* fl[ f !   
tropics2 & s1 we h our cl\ds & our %[]s4
 ,& z !re is ?is ra9y region1 indi/9ctly
 def9$1 betwe5 ! torrid & ! frigid zones
 on ! e>?2 s is !re a region ( cl\ds &  

ra91 ( air & wat]1 mu* m precisely      
def9$1 9 ! sol> sy/em1 betwe5 ! c5tral  
torrid zone & ! ext]nal frigid zone :i* 
surr\nds ! ,sun at a great] di/ance4    
#d4 ,! ,e>?'s ,orbit is ! ,temp]ate     
,zone ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,9 t ,zone only 
is ! play ( ,hot & ,cold1 ( ,moi/ &     
,dry1 possible4 ,! ,torrid ,zone ( !    
,e>? is n free f moi/ure2 x has its     
ra9s1 = x has its upp] cold] atmosph]e4 
,b h[ mu* hott] are ,v5us & ,m]cury ?an 
! ,torrid ,zone8 ,!re1 no vapors c l+]2 
!y are expell$ by ! fi]ce sol> en]gy2 & 
!re is no cool /ratum to cat* !m &      
return !m4 ,if !y 7 !re1 !y mu/ fly to !
 out] regions2 to ! cold abodes (       
,jupit] & ,saturn1 if on _! way1 ! ,e>? 
did n ) cold & airy f+] out/ret*$ af>1  
cat* a few drops ( _! treasures1 = ! use
 ( plant1 & bea/1 & man4 ,! solid /one  
only1 & ! metallic ore :i* c be fus$ &  
solidifi$ ) little loss ( sub/ance1 c   
be> ! cont9ual =ce ( ! ne> sol> fire1 & 
be ! mat]ial ( p]man5t solid planets 9 t
 region4 ,b ! lava pavem5t ( ! ,inn]    

,planets be>s no sup]/ructure ( life2 = 
all life w\ld be scor*$ away along )    
wat]1 its fir/ elem5t4 ,on ! ,e>? fir/1 
c ?is sup]/ructure be rais$2 & !re1     
?r\gh we "k n :at graduation ( =ms1 !   
wat]s 7 made to br+ =? abundantly ?+s t 
_h life2 plants1 & animals n\ri%$ by    
plants1 & conspir+ ) !m1 to fe$ on _!   
respective appo9t$ elem5ts1 9 ! air :i* 
surr\nd$ !m4 ,& s1 n\ri%$ by ! influ5ces
 ( air & wat]1 plants & animals liv$ &  
di$1 & 7 entomb$ 9 ! sc\r+s ( ! l&1 :i* 
! desc5d+ /reams c>ri$ to ! bottom ( !  
wat]s4 ,& !n1 ^! b$s ( dead g5]ations 7 
rais$ into m\nta9 ranges2 p]haps by !   
yet unext+ui%$ =ces ( subt]rane\s fires4
 ,& !n a new creation ( plants & animals
 succe$$2 /ill liv+ "u ! fo/]+ influ5ce 
( ! unit$ pair1 ,air & ,wat]1 :i* nev]  
ceas$ to brood ov] ! ,_w ( ,life1 _!    
,nursel+2 & !n1 p]haps1 a new *ange ( ! 
limits ( l& & wat]1 & a new creation    
aga93 till at la/1 ,man 0 plac$ ^u !    
,e>?2 ) f> high] p[]s1 & f> diff]5t     
purposes1 f any ( ! prec$+ tribes (     

creatures3 & ) ?is1 = "o ( 8 (fices2--t 
!re might be an intellig5t be+ to le>n  
h[ wond]fully ! s*eme ( creation _h be5 
c>ri$ on1 & to admire1 & to wor%ip !    
,creator4  #e4 ,b we h a few m rem>ks to
 make on ! /ructure ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 9 
?is po9t ( view4 ,:5 we say t ! wat] &  
vapor ( ! ,sy/em 7 driv5 to ! out] p>ts1
 or reta9$ !re1 by ! c5tral heat ( !    
,sun1 p]haps x might be suppos$ to be   
mo/ simple & natural1 t ! aque\s vapor1 
& ! wat]1 %\ld assume its place 9 a     
di/9ct circle1 or r a sph]ical %ell1 (  
:i* ! ,sun 0 ! c5tre2 ?us mak+ an       
elem5tal sph]e ab\t ! c5tre1 su* z !    
anci5ts imag9$ 9 _! s*emes ( ! ,univ]se4
 ,nor w we v5ture to say t su* an       
arrangem5t ( elem5ts might n be2 ?\gh   
p]haps x might be %[n t no /able        
equilibrium ( ! sy/em w\ld be1 9 ?is    
way1 me*anically possible4 ,b ?is at    
lea/ we may say2 t a rotatory motion (  
all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se appe>s to be a   
univ]sal law preval5t 9 x1 s f> z our   
obs]vation c rea*3 & t1 by su* rotation 

( ! sep>ate masses1 ! :ole is put 9 a   
condition :i* is ev]y:]e "o ( /able     
equilibrium4 ,x 01 !n1 agreeable to !   
g5]al s*eme1 t ! excess ( wat] & vapor1 
:i* mu/ necess>ily be c>ri$ away1 or    
/or$ up1 9 ! out] regions ( ! ,sy/em1   
%\ld be put into %apes 9 :i* x %\ld h a 
p]man5t place & =m4 ,& ?us1 x is        
suitable to ! g5]al economy ( creation1 
t ?is wat] & vapor %\ld be pack$ into   
rotat+ masses1 su* z are ,jupit] &      
,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,:5 once   
collect$ 9 su* rotat+ masses1 !         
attraction ( its p>ts w\ld ga!r x into  
sph]oidal =ms2 oblate by ! effect (     
rotation1 z ,jupit]1 or p]haps into     
annul> =ms1 l ! ,r+ ( ,saturn2#a = su*  
also is a me*anically possible =m (     
equilibrium1 = a fluid mass4 ,& ^!      
sph]oids once =m$1 ! wat] w\ld =m a     
c5tral nucleus1 ov] :i* w\ld hang a cov]
 ( vapor1 rais$ by ! evaporat+ p[] ( !  
,sun1 & =m+ cl\ds1 :]e ! r>ity ( ! upp] 
/rata ( vapor all[$ ! cold ( ! ext]nal  
space to act2 & ^! cl\ds1 spun into     

belts by ! rotation ( ! sph]e4 ,& ?us1 !
 vapor1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h w&]$ loose   
ab\t ! atmosph]e1 0 neatly w\nd into    
balls2 :i*1 aga91 7 kept 9 _! due place1
 by be+ made to revolve 9 ne>ly circul> 
orbits ab\t ! ,sun4  #f4 ,& ?us1 accord+
 to our view1 wat] & gases1 cl\ds &     
vapors1 =m ma9ly ! planets 9 ! out] "p (
 ! sol> sy/em2 :ile masses su* z result 
f ! fusion ( ! mo/ solid mat]ials1 lie  
ne>] ! sun1 & are f\nd pr9cipally )9 !  
orbit ( ,jupit]4#b ,to conceive planet>y
 sy/ems z =m$ by ! gradual contraction (
 a nebul> mass1 & by ! solidification ( 
"s ( its p>ts1 is a favorite notion (   
sev]al speculators4 ,if we adopt ?is    
notion1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 f9d additional 
pro(s 9 favor ( our view ( ! sy/em4 ,=1 
9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! zodiacal light1 a
 nebul\s app5dage to ! ,sun1 z ,h]s*el  
conceives1 ext5d+ beyond ! orbits (     
,m]cury & ,v5us4 ,^! planets1 !n1 h n   
yet fully em]g$ f ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y  
_h _! orig93--! "m-light & "m-fire1 9   
:i* !y began to cry/allize1 z cry/als d 

9 _! "m-wat]4 ,?\gh !y are already      
opaque1 !y are /ill imm]s$ 9 lum9\s     
vapor3 & be>+ su* traces ( _! *aotic    
/ate be+ n yet end$1 we ne$ n wond]1 if 
we f9d no evid5ce ( _! hav+ inhabitants1
 & "s evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,!y are )9 a
 nebul> region1 :i* may easily be       
conceiv$ to be un9habitable4 ,& :]e ?is 
nebul> region1 m>k$ by ! zodiacal light1
 t]m9ates1 ! _w ( life beg9s1 namely at 
! ,e>?4  #g4 ,b fur!r1 outside ?is      
region ( ! ,e>?1 :at d we f9d 9 ! sol>  
sy/em8 ,( solid matt]1 if our views are 
"r1 we f9d no?+ b an imm5se numb] (     
small bodies2 namely1 fir/1 ,m>s1 :o1 z 
we h said1 is only ab\t "o-eigh? ! e>? 9
 mass3 ! tw5ty-six small planetoids1 7or
 :atev] numb] may h be5 discov]$ :5 ^!  
pages meet ! read]'s eye1#c7 betwe5 ,m>s
 & ,jupit]2 ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit]2 
! eight satellites ( ,saturn2 ! six 7if 
t be ! true numb]17 satellites (        
,uranus2 & ! "o satellite ( ,neptune1   
already detect$4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t   
all ?is array ( small bodies beg9s to be

 f\nd j outside ! ,e>?'s orbit4         
,suppos+1 z we h f\nd s mu* reason to   
suppose1 t ,jupit]1 & ! o!r ext]ior     
planets1 are n solid bodies1 b masses ( 
wat] & ( vapor2 ! exi/5ce ( great solid 
planet>y masses1 su* z exi/ 9 ! region (
 ! ,e>?'s orbit1 is succe$$ ext]nally by
 ! exi/5ce ( a va/ numb] ( small]       
bodies4 ,! real quantity ( matt] 9 ^!   
small] bodies we _c 9 g5]al det]m9e4    
,p]haps ! l>ge/ ( !m1 7aft] ,m>s17 may  
be ,jupit]'s ?ird satellite2 :i*#d is   
reckon$1 by ,laplace1 to h a mass less  
?an #a-aj1jjj? ( t ( ,jupit] himself2 & 
?us1 s9ce ,jupit]1 z we h se51 has a    
mass #ccc times t ( ! ,e>?1 ! satellite 
w\ld be above #a-cj? ( ! ,e>?'s mass4#e 
,t none b masses ( ?is size1 & _m f>    
bel[ ?is1 are f\nd outside ( ,m>s1      
appe>s to indicate1 t ! planet-mak+ p[]s
 :i* 7 efficaci\s to ?is di/ance f !    
sun1 & :i* produc$ ! great globe ( !    
,e>?1 71 beyond ?is po9t1 feebl]2 s t !y
 c\ld only give bir? to small] masses2  
to planetoids1 to satellites1 & to      

meteoric /ones4 ,p]haps we may describe 
?is want ( en]gy 9 ! planet-mak+ p[]1 by
 say+1 t at s great a di/ance f ! c5tral
 fire1 !re 0 n heat en\gh to melt toge!r
 ^! small] fragm5ts into a l>g] globe2#f
 or r1 :5 !y exi/$ 9 a nebul>1 p]haps 9 
a gase\s /ate1 t !re 0 n heat en\gh to  
keep !m 9 t /ate1 till ! attraction ( ! 
p>ts ( all ( !m _h drawn !m into "o     
mass1 :i* might aft]w>ds solidify into a
 s+le globe4 ,! t5d5cy ( nebul> matt] to
 sep>ate into di/9ct portions1 :i* may  
aft]w>ds be m & m deta*$ f ea* o!r1 s z 
to break ! nebul\s light into pat*es &  
specks1 appe>s to be se5 9 ! /ructure ( 
! resolvable nebulae1 z we h already _h 
occasion to notice4 ,& accord+ to ! view
 we are n[ tak+1 we may conceive su*    
pat*es1 by fur!r cool+ & conc5tration1  
to rema9 lum9\s z comets1 & p]haps %oot+
 />s2 or to become opaque z planets1    
planetoids1 satellites1 or meteoric     
/ones4 ,& "h we may call to m9d :at we h
 already said1 t ! meteoric /ones consi/
 ( ! same elem5ts z ^? ( ! e>?1 comb9$  

by ! same laws2 & ?us appe> to br+ u a  
message f ! o!r solid planets1 t !y also
 h ! same elem5ts & ! same *emical =ces 
z ! e>? has4  #h4 ,x has already be5    
suppos$1 by _m a/ronom]s1 t %oot+ />s1 &
 meteoric /ones1 are bodies ( connect$  
nature & orig92 & t !y are cosmical1 n  
t]re/rial bodies2--p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em1 
n m]ely app5dages to ! e>?4 ,x has be5  
conceiv$1 t ! lum9\s masses1 :i* appe> z
 %oot+ />s1 :5 !y are )\t ! sph]e (     
t]re/rial influ5ces1 may1 :5 !y rea* our
 atmosph]e1 collapse into su* solid     
lumps z h f "t to "t fall5 ^u ! e>?'s   
surface3 _m ( !m1 ) su* sudd5           
manife/ations ( light & heat1 z impli$  
"s rapid *ange tak+ place 9 _! *emical  
con/itution & consi/5ce4 ,if %oot+ />s  
are ( ?is nature1 !n1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* a
 great numb] ( !m appe> 9 close         
succession1 we h evid5ce t !re is a     
region 9 :i* !re is a l>ge collection ( 
matt] ( a nebul\s k9d1 collect$ already 
into small cl\ds1 & ready1 by any       
additional t\* ( ! p[]s t hov] r\nd !   

e>?1 to be fur!r consolidat$ into       
planet>y matt]4 ,t ! e>?'s orbit c>ries 
h] ?r\gh su* regions1 9 h] annual c\rse1
 we h evid5ce1 9 ! curi\s fact1 n[ s    
repeat$ly obs]v$1 ( %[]s ( %oot+ />s1   
se5 at p>ticul> seasons ( e ye>2        
especially ab\t ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 & !  
#aj? ( ,augu/4 ,?is ph5om5on has be5    
held1 mo/ reasonably1 to imply t at ^?  
p]iods ( ! ye>1 ! e>? passes ?r\gh a    
cr[d ( su* meteor-planets1 :i* =m a r+  
r\nd ! sun2 & revolv+ r\nd him1 l ! o!r 
planets1 reta9 _! place 9 ! sy/em f ye> 
to ye>4#g ,x may be t ! orbits ( ^!     
meteor-planets are v elliptical4 ,t !y  
are to a c]ta9 ext5t elliptical1 appe>s 
to be %[n1 by our fall+ 9 ) !m only once
 a ye>1 n e half ye>1 z we %\ld d1 if _!
 orbit1 be+ ne>ly circul>1 met ! e>?'s  
orbit 9 two opposite po9ts4 ,t ! %oot+  
/>s1 ?us se5 9 great numb]s :5 ! e>? is 
at c]ta9 po9ts ( h] orbit1 are really   
planetoidal bodies1 appe>s to be fur!r  
prov$ by ?is2--t !y all seem to move    
ne>ly 9 ! same direction4#h ,!y are1 ea*

 ( !m1 visible = a %ort "t only1 7inde$ 
commonly only = a few seconds71 :ile !y 
are ne>e/ ! e>?2 mu* 9 ! same way 9 :i* 
a comet is visible only = a small       
portion ( its pa?3 & ?is portion is     
describ$ 9 a %ort "t1 because !y move   
ne> ! e>?4 ,!y are s small t a little   
*ange ( di/ance removes !m beyond our   
vision4  #i4 ,p]haps ^! revolv+ specks (
 nebulae are ! outrid]s ( ! zodiacal    
light2 portions ( x1 :i*1 be+ ext]nal to
 ! p]man5tly nebul\s c5tral mass1 h     
brok5 into pat*es1 & are se5 z />s = !  
mom5t t we are ne> to !m4 ,& if ?is be  
true1 we h to correct1 9 a c]ta9 way1   
:at we h previ\sly said ( ! zodiacal    
light2--t no "o _h ?\ght ( resolv+ x    
into />s3 = x w\ld ?us appe>1 t 9 its   
out] region1 x resolves itself into />s1
 visible1 ?\gh b = a mom5t1 to ! nak$   
eye4  #aj4 ,& ?us1 all ^! ph5om5a concur
 9 mak+ x appe> probable1 t ! ,e>? is   
plac$ 9 t region ( ! sol> sy/em 9 :i* ! 
planet-=m+ p[]s are mo/ vigor\s &       
pot5t2--betwe5 ! region ( p]man5t       

nebul\s vapor1 & ! region ( m]e %r$s &  
specks ( planet>y matt]1 su* z are !    
satellites & ! planetoidal gr\p4 ,& f ^!
 views1 f9ally x foll[s1 t ! ,e>? is    
really ! l>ge/ planet>y body 9 ! ,sol>  
,sy/em4 ,! va/ globes ( ,jupit] &       
,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 :i* roll f>
 above h]1 are /ill only huge masses (  
cl\d & vapor1 wat] & air2 :i*1 f _!     
enorm\s size1 are pond]\s en\gh to reta9
 r\nd !m a body ( small satellites1     
p]haps1 9 "s degree at lea/1 solid2 &   
:i* h p]haps a small lump1 or a few     
simil> lumps1 ( planet>y matt] at !     
c5tre ( _! wat]y globe4 ,! ,e>? is      
really ! dome/ic he>? ( ?is ,sol>       
,sy/em2 adju/$ betwe5 ! hot & fi]y haze 
on "o side1 ! cold & wat]y vapor on !   
o!r4 ,?is region only is fit to be a    
dome/ic he>?1 a seat ( habitation2 & 9  
?is region is plac$ ! l>ge/ solid globe 
( our sy/em2 & on ?is globe1 by a s]ies 
( creative op]ations1 entirely diff]5t f
 any ( ^? :i* sep>at$ ! solid f !       
vapor\s1 ! cold f ! hot1 ! moi/ f ! dry1

 h be5 e/abli%$1 9 succession1 plants1 &
 animals1 & man4 ,s t ! habitation has  
be5 occupi$2 ! dome/ic he>? has be5     
surr\nd$ by its family2 ! fitnesses s   
wond]fully comb9$ h be5 employ$2 & !    
,e>? alone1 ( all ! p>ts ( ! frame :i*  
revolves r\nd ! ,sun1 has become a ,_w4 
#aa4 ,p]haps x may t5d /ill fur!r to    
illu/rate1 & to fix 9 ! read]'s m9d1 !  
view ( ! con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em "h  
giv51 if we rem>k an analogy :i* exi/s1 
9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ! ,e>? 9 p>ticul>1
 & ! ,sol> ,sy/em 9 g5]al4 ,! e>?1 l !  
c5tral p>ts ( ! sy/em1 is w>m$ by ! sun2
 & h5ce1 drives (f wat]y vapors into !  
circumambi5t space1 :]e !y are cond5s$  
by ! cold4 ,! upp] regions ( !          
atmosph]e1 l ! out] regions ( ! sol>    
sy/em1 =m ! vapors ?us rais$ into cl\ds1
 :i* are really only wat] 9 m9ute drops2
 :ile 9 ! sol> sy/em1 ! cold ( ! out]   
regions1 & ! rotation ( ! masses        
!mselves1 ma9ta9 ! wat]1 & ! vapor1 9   
imm5se sph]es4 ,b ,jupit] & ,saturn may 
be reg>d$ z1 9 _m respects1 imm5se      

cl\ds2 ! cont9u\s wat] be+ collect$ at  
_! c5tres1 :ile ! m airy & loos] p>ts   
circulate above4 ,!y are ! p]man5t      
receptacles ( ! sup]flu\s wat] & air ( !
 sy/em4 ,:at is n want$ on ! ,e>?1 is   
/or$ up !re1 & hangs above u1 f> remov$ 
f our atmosph]e2 b yet1 l ! cl\ds 9 our 
atmosph]e1 an example1 :at glori\s      
objects accumulations ( vapor & wat]1   
illum9at$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 may become 
9 our eyes4  #ab4 ,^! views are s       
diff]5t f ^? hi!rto g5]ally ent]ta9$1 & 
consid]$ z hav+ a sort ( religi\s       
dignity belong+ to !m1 t we may fe>1 at 
fir/ at lea/1 !y w appe> to _m1 ra% &   
fanciful1 & almo/1 z we h said1         
irrev]5t4 ,on ! "q ( rev]5ce we may     
h]eaft] say a few words2 b z to !       
ra%ness ( ^! views1 we w\ld beg ! read]1
 calmly & dispassionately1 to consid] ! 
v extraord9>y numb] ( po9ts 9 ! sol>    
sy/em1 hi!rto unexpla9$1 :i* !y acc\nt  
=1 or1 at lea/ r$uce into consi/5cy &   
connection1 9 a mann] :i* seems         
wond]ful4 ,! ,!ory1 z we may p]haps     

v5ture to call x1 br+s toge!r all ^!    
kn[n ph5om5a2--! great size & small     
d5sity ( ! ext]ior planets2--_! belts & 
/reaks2--,saturn's r+2--,jupit]'s       
oblat5ess2--! great numb] ( satellites (
 ! ext]ior planets2--! num]\s gr\p (    
planetoid bodies betwe5 ,jupit] &       
,m>s2--! appe>ance ( def9ite %apes ( l& 
& wat] on ,m>s2--! %[]s ( %oot+ />s :i* 
appe> at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye>2--!       
,zodiacal ,light2--! appe>ance ( ,v5us z
 diff]5t f ,m>s2--& f9ally1 ! mat]ial   
composition ( meteoric /ones4  #ac4     
,p]haps !re are o!r ph5om5a :i* m       
readily f9d an explanation 9 ?is !ory1  
?an 9 any o!r3 = in/ance1 ! rec5t       
discov]y ( a dim half-transp>5t r+1 z an
 app5dage to ! lum9\s r+ ( ,saturn1 :i* 
has hi!rto alone be5 obs]v$4 ,p]haps ?is
 is ! r+ ( vapor :i* may naturally be   
expect$ to accompany ! r+ ( wat]4 ,x is 
! annul> atmosph]e ( ! aque\s annulus4  
,b1 ! discov]y ( ?is fa9t r+ be+ s new1 
& hi!rto n fully unfold$1 we %all n     
fur!r press ! argum5t1 :i*1 h]eaft]1    

p]haps1 may be m confid5tly d]iv$ f its 
exi/5ce4  #ad4 ,!re are "s o!r facts 9 !
 ,sol> ,sy/em1 :i*1 we c h>dly d\bt1 mu/
 h a be>+ ^u ! views :i* we h urg$2 ?\gh
 we _c yet und]take to expla9 t be>+    
fully4 ,n only d all ! planet>y bodies (
 ! sol> sy/em1 z well z ! ,sun himself1 
revolve ^u _! axes2 b !re is a v curi\s 
fact relative to ^! revolutions1 :i*    
appe>s to po9t out a fur!r connection   
among !m4 ,s f> z has yet be5 asc]ta9$1 
all ^? :i* we1 9 our !ory1 reg>d z solid
 bodies1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s1
 revolve 9 v ne>ly ! same "t3 namely1 9 
ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,all ^? l>g]       
masses1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* we1 9 our !ory1
 hold to be wat]y planets1 ,jupit]1     
,saturn1 ,uranus1 revolve1 n 9 a long]  
"t1 z w\ld p]haps h be5 expect$1 f _!   
great] size1 b 9 a %ort] "t2 9 less ?an 
half ! "t2 9 ab\t t5 h\rs4 ,! ne>       
agreem5t ( ! times ( revolution 9 ea* ( 
^! two gr\ps1 is an extremely curi\s    
fact2 & _c fail to lead our ?\ghts to ! 
probability ( "s common orig9al cause ( 

^! motions4 ,b no su* common cause has  
be5 sugge/$1 by any speculator on ^!    
subjects4 ,if1 9 ?is blank1 ev5 (       
hypo!ses1 "o might be admitt$1 z at lea/
 a mode ( connect+ ! facts1 we might    
say1 t ! comp\nd collection ( solid     
mat]ials1 wat]1 & air1 ( :i* ! sol>     
sy/em consi/s1 & ( :i* our e>? alone1   
p]haps1 reta9s ! comb9ation1 be+1 by    
:atev] means1 set a sp9n+ r\nd an axis1 
at ! rate ( "o revolution 9 #bd h\rs1 ! 
solid masses :i* 7 deta*$ f x1 n be+    
liable to mu* contraction1 reta9$ _!    
rate ( revolution2 :ile ! vapor\s masses
 :i* 7 deta*$ f ! fluid & airy "p1      
contract+ mu*1 :5 !y came into a cold]  
region1 increas$ _! rate ( revolution on
 acc\nt ( _! contraction4 ,t su* an     
accel]ation ( ! rate ( revolution w\ld  
be ! result ( contraction1 is kn[n f    
me*anical pr9ciples2 & inde$1 is evid5t3
 = ! contraction ( a circul> r+ ( su*   
matt] into a n>r[] compass1 w\ld n      
dim9i% ! l9e> velocity ( its elem5ts1   
:ile x w\ld give !m a small] pa? to     

describe 9 _! revolutions4 ,su* an      
hypo!sis w\ld acc\nt1 !re=e1 bo? = !    
ne>ly equal times ( revolution ( all !  
solid planets1 & = ! small] p]iod (     
rotation1 :i* ! l>g] planets %[4  #ae4  
,9 :at mann]1 h[ev]1 portions are to be 
deta*$ f su* a rotat+ mass1 s z to =m   
solid planets on ! "o side1 & wat]y     
planets on ! o!r1 & h[ ^! planets1 s    
deta*$1 are to be made to revolve r\nd !
 ,sun1 9 orbits ne>ly circul>1 we h no  
hypo!sis ready to expla94 ,& p]haps we  
may say1 t no satisfactory1 or ev5      
plausible1 hypo!sis to expla9 ^! facts1 
has be5 propos$3 = ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 
! only "o :i* is likely to be consid]$ z
 wor?y any notice on ?is subject1 is too
 imp]fectly work$ out1 z yet1 to enable 
u to "k1 :at x w or w n acc\nt =4       
,accord+ to t hypo!sis1 ! nebul> matt] (
 a sy/em1 hav+ orig9ally a rotatory     
motion1 gradually contracts2 & sep>at+1 
at v>i\s di/ances f ! c5tre1 =ms r+s2   
:i* aga91 break+ at "s po9t ( _!        
circumf]5ce1 are1 by ! mutual attraction

 ( _! p>ts1 ga!r$ up into "o mass2 :i*1 
:5 cool$ d[n1 s z to be opaque1 becomes 
a planet2 /ill revolv+ r\nd ! lum9\s    
mass :i* rema9s at ! c5tre4 ,t su* a    
process1 if we suppose ! consi/5cy1 &   
o!r prop]ties1 ( ! nebul\s matt] to be  
su* z to r5d] x possible1 w\ld produce  
planet>y masses revolv+ r\nd a sun 9    
ne>ly circul> orbits1 & rotat+ ab\t _!  
own axes1 seems mo/ likely2 ?\gh x does 
n appe> t x has be5 v cle>ly %[n4#i ,b  
no successful attempt has be5 made to   
d$uce any laws ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre1  
times ( rotation1 or o!r prop]ties ( su*
 planets2 & !re=e1 we _c say t ! nebul> 
hypo!sis is yet 9 any degree confirm$4  
#af4 ,! ,!ory :i* we h v5tur$ to        
propose1 ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 agrees ) !   
,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 s f> z t hypo!sis    
goes2 if we suppose t !re is1 at ! c5tre
 ( ! ext]ior planets1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 
,uranus1 & ,neptune1 a solid nucleus1   
probably small1 ( ! same nature z ! o!r 
planets4 ,su* an addition to our !ory   
is1 p]haps1 on all acc\nts1 probable3 = 

t circum/ance w\ld seem to det]m9e1 to  
p>ticul> po9ts1 ! accumulation ( wat] & 
vapors1 to :i* we hold t ^? planets owe 
! great] "p ( _! bulk4 ,^? planets !n1  
,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ! o!rs1 are really  
small solid planets1 ) enorm\s oceans & 
atmosph]es4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 9 t   
case1 is t "p ( our ,hypo!sis1 :i*      
relates to ! cond5sation ( lum9\s nebul>
 matt]2 :ile we consid]1 fur!r1 ! causes
 :i*1 scor*+ ! inn] planets1 & driv+ !  
vapors to ! out] orbs1 w\ld make !      
region ( ! e>? ! only habitable "p ( !  
sy/em4  #ag4 ,! belief t o!r planets1 z 
well z our own1 are ! seats ( habitation
 ( liv+ ?+s1 has be5 ent]ta9$1 9 g5]al1 
n 9 consequ5ce ( physical reasons1 b 9  
spite ( physical reasons2 & because !re 
7 conceiv$ to be o!r reasons1 ( ano!r   
k9d1 !ological or philosophical1 = su* a
 belief4 ,x 0 held t ,v5us1 or t        
,saturn1 0 inhabit$1 n because any "o   
c\ld devise1 ) any degree ( probability1
 any organiz$ /ructure :i* w\ld be      
suitable to animal exi/5ce on ! surfaces

 ( ^? planets2 b because x 0 conceiv$ t 
! greatness or goodness ( ! ,creator1 or
 ,8 wisdom1 or "s o!r ( ,8 attributes1  
w\ld be manife/ly imp]fect1 if ^!       
planets 7 n t5ant$ by liv+ creatures4 ,!
 evid5ces ( design1 ( :i* we c trace s  
_m1 & su* /rik+ examples1 9 our own     
sph]e1 ! sph]e ( life1 mu/1 x 0 assum$1 
exi/1 9 ! l =m1 9 e o!r "p ( ! univ]se4 
,! disposition to reg>d ! ,univ]se 9 ?is
 po9t ( view1 is v g5]al2 ! dis9cl9ation
 to accept any *ange 9 our belief :i*   
seems1 = a "t1 to int]f]e ) ?is view1 is
 v /rong2 & ! attempt to e/abli% !      
necessity ( new views discrepant f ^!   
has1 9 _m eyes1 an appe>ance z if x 7   
unfri5dly to ! be/ e/abli%$ doctr9es (  
,natural ,!ology4 ,all ^! appreh5sions  
w1 we tru/1 be %[n1 9 ! sequel1 to be   
utt]ly unf\nd$3 & 9 ord] t any su*      
repugnance to ! doctr9es "h urg$1 may n 
l+] 9 ! read]'s m9d1 we %all next proce$
 to contemplate ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 9 
_! be>+ ^u su* speculations4            
,,footnotes3  #a ,o!r speculators also h

 reg>d$ ,saturn's ,r+ z a r+ ( cl\d or  
wat]4 ,see ,cosmos1 ,,iii4 #ebg & #eec4 
#b ,humboldt has already rem>k$         
7,cosmos1 ,i4 #ie1 & ,,iii4 #dbg71 t !  
inn] planets z f> z ,m>s1 & ! out] ones 
beg9n+ ) ,jupit]1 =m two gr\ps hav+     
diff]5t prop]ties4 ,also ,encke4 7,see  
,humboldt's ,note47  #c ,pr9t$ ,oct4    
#ai1 #ahec4  #d ,h]s*el1 #edj4  #e ,x is
 probable1 f ! small d5sity ( ,jupit]'s 
satellites1 t !y also consi/ 9 a great  
measure ( wat] & vapor4 ,only "o ( !m is
 d5s] ?an ,jupit] himself4--,cosmos4  #f
 ,x has1 9 our own day1 ev5 9 ! pres5t  
ye>1 be5 reg>d$ z a great a*ievem5t (   
man to direct ! fi]y influ5ces :i* he c 
comm&1 s z to ca/ a colossal /atue 9 a  
s+le piece1 in/ead ( ca/+ x 9 sev]al    
portions4  #g ,h]s*el1 #ijj-ije4  #h    
,h]s*el1 #ija4  #i ,besides ! curi\s    
relation ( ! times ( rotation ( !       
planets1 j notic$1 !re is ano!r curi\s  
relation1 ( _! di/ance f ! ,sun1 :i* any
 "o1 wi%+ to frame an hypo!sis on !     
orig9 ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 ought by all  

means to try to acc\nt =4  ,! di/ances f
 ! ,sun1 ( ! planets1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1   
,e>?1 ,m>s1 ! ,planetoids1 ,jupit]1     
,saturn1 ,uranus1 are ne>ly z ! numb]s1 
#d1 #g1 #aj1 #af1 #bh1 #eb1 #ajj1 #aif3 
n[ ! excesses ( ea* ( ^! numb]s above ! 
fir/ are1      #c1 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1    
#dh1 #if3  a s]ies 9 :i* ea* t]m 7aft] !
 fir/17 is d\ble ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,h5ce1 !
 di/ances ( ! planets con=m to a s]ies  
foll[+ ?is law1 7,bode's law1 z x is    
t]m$47 ,& ?\gh ! law is by no means     
exact1 yet x 0 s f> consid]$ a probable 
expression ( a g5]al fact1 t ! deviation
 f ?is law1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,m>s &   
,jupit]1 0 ! pr9cipal cause :i* l$ fir/ 
to ! suspicion ( a planet int]pos$ 9 !  
seem+ly vacant space2 & ?us l$ to !     
discov]y ( ! planetoids1 :i* really     
occupy t region4 ,x is true1 t ! law is 
f\nd n to hold1 9 ! case ( !            
newly-discov]$ planet ,neptune2 = 8     
di/ance f ! ,sun1 :i* accord+ to ?is    
law1 %\ld be #chh1 is really only #cjj1 
#cj times ! ,e>?'s di/ance1 in/ead ( #ci

 times4 ,/ill1 ,bode's law has a        
compreh5sive approximate reality 9 !    
,sol> ,sy/em1 suffici5t to make x a     
/rong recomm5dation ( any hypo!sis ( !  
orig9 ( ! sy/em1 t x %all acc\nt = ?is  
law4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! nebul> hypo!sis does
 n4     ,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f
 ,,design4   #a4 ,!re is no m wor?y or  
suitable employm5t ( ! human m9d1 ?an to
 trace ! evid5ces ( ,design & ,purpose 9
 ! ,creator1 :i* are visible 9 _m p>ts (
 ! ,creation4 ,! conviction ?us obta9$1 
t man 0 =m$ by ! wisdom1 & is gov]n$ by 
! provid5ce1 ( an intellig5t & b5evol5t 
,be+1 is ! basis ( ,natural ,religion1 &
 ?us1 ( all ,religion4 ,we tru/ t "s new
 lights w be ?r[n ^u ! traces ( ,design 
:i* ! ,univ]se (f]s1 ev5 9 ! "w n[ be=e 
! read]2 & z our views1 reg>d+ ! plan ( 
su* ,design1 are diff]5t1 9 "s respects1
 & especially z relates to ! ,planets & 
,/>s1 f ^? :i* h ( late be5 g5]ally     
ent]ta9$1 x w be prop] to make "s g5]al 
rem>ks1 ma9ly t5d+ to %[1 t ! argum5t   
rema9s undi/urb$1 ?\gh ! physical !ory  

is *ang$4  #b4 ,x _c surprise any "o :o 
has att5d$ to ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 to f9d 
t ! views1 ev5 ( ! mo/ philosophical    
m9ds1 ) reg>d to ! plan ( ! univ]se1    
alt]1 z man advances f falsehood to     
tru?3 or r1 f v imp]fect tru? to tru?   
less imp]fect4 ,b yet su* a "o w n be   
dispos$ to look1 ) any o!r feel+ ?an    
pr(\nd respect1 ^u ! reason+s by :i* !  
wise/ m5 ( =m] times asc5d$ f _!        
errone\s views ( nature to ! tru? (     
,natural ,religion4 ,x _c seem /range to
 u t man at any po9t1 & p]haps at e     
po9t1 ( 8 intellectual progress1 %\ld h 
an imp]fect insight into ! plan ( !     
,univ]se2 b1 9 ! mo/ imp]fect condition 
( su* k1 he has light en\gh f x1 to see 
ve/iges ( ! ,wisdom & ,b5evol5ce ( !    
,creat+ ,deity2 & at ! highe/ po9t ( 8  
sci5tific progress1 he c probably       
discov] little m1 by ! light :i*        
physical sci5ce supplies4 ,we c h>dly   
hope1 !re=e1 t any new tru?s ) reg>d to 
! mat]ial univ]se1 :i* may n[ be        
atta9able1 w add v mu* to ! evid5ce (   

creative design2 b we may be confid5t1  
also1 t !y w n1 :5 rightly und]/ood1    
%ake or weak5 su* evid5ce4 ,x has inde$ 
happ5$1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 t new views
 ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 br\ght to 
! light by sci5tific rese>*es1 &        
e/abli%$ beyond d\bt1 9 ! conviction (  
imp>tial p]sons1 h di/urb$ ! ?\ghts (   
religi\s m52 because !y did n fall 9 ) !
 view !n ent]ta9$1 ( ! mode 9 :i* ,god  
effects 8 purpose 9 ! univ]se4 ,b 9 ^!  
cases1 x soon came to be se51 aft] a    
season ( controv]sy1 reproa*1 & al>m1 t 
! old argum5t = design 0 capable ( be+  
translat$ into ! language ( ! new !ory1 
) no loss ( =ce2 & ! m9ds ( m5 7        
gradually tranquilliz$ & pacifi$4 ,x may
 be hop$ t ! _w is n[ s mu* wis] ?an x 0
 two or ?ree c5turies ago1 t if any     
modification ( ! curr5t argum5ts = !    
,div9e ,attributes1 drawn f ! aspect ( !
 univ]se1 become necess>y1 9 consequ5ce 
( ! rectification ( receiv$ errors1 x w 
take place )\t produc+ pa91 fe>1 or     
ang]4 ,to promote ?is purpose1 we proce$

 to make a few rem>ks4  #c4 ,! pro( (   
,design1 z %[n 9 ! works ( ,creation1 is
 se5 mo/ cle>ly1 n 9 m]e physical       
arrangem5t1 b 9 ! /ructure ( organiz$   
?+s2--9 ! con/itution ( plants &        
animals4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( nature1 ! evid5ces
 ( intellig5t purpose1 ( wise           
adaptation1 ( skilful selection ( means 
to ends1 ( provid5t contrivance1 are1 9 
_m in/ances1 ( ! mo/ /rik+ k9d4 ,su*1 = 
example1 are ! /ructure ( ! human eye1 s
 curi\sly adapt$ = its (fice ( see+2 !  
muscles1 cords1 & pullies by :i* ! limbs
 ( animals are mov$1 exce$+ f> !        
me*anical +5uity %[n 9 human inv5tions2 
! provisions :i* exi/1 be=e ! bir? (    
(fspr+1 = its su/5ance & well-be+ :5 x  
%all h be5 born2--^! are lucid & conv9c+
 pro(s ( an intellig5t ,creator1 to :i* 
no ord9>y m9d c refuse its conviction4  
,nor is ! evid5ce1 :i* we "h recognize1 
depriv$ ( its =ce1 :5 we see t _m p>ts (
 ! /ructure ( animals1 ?\gh adapt$ =    
p>ticul> purposes1 are yet fram$ z a    
portion ( a sy/em :i* does n seem1 9 its

 g5]al =m1 to h any be>+ on su*         
purposes4#a ,! beautiful contrivances   
:i* exi/ 9 ! skeleton ( man1 & !        
contrivances1 possess+ ! same k9d (     
beauty1 9 ! skeleton ( a sp>r[1 d n     
appe> to any reasonable p]son less      
beautiful1 because ! skeleton ( a man1 &
 ( a sp>r[1 h an agreem5t1 bone = bone1 
= :i* we see no reason1 & :i* appe>s to 
u to answ] no purpose4 ,! way 9 :i* !   
human h& & arm are made capable ( _!    
inf9ite v>iety ( use1 by ! play ( !     
radius & ulna1 ! bones ( ! wri/ & !     
f+]s1 is n ! less admirable1 because we 
c trace ! repres5tatives & rudim5ts (   
ea* ( ^! bones1 9 cases :]e !y answ] no 
su* ends2--9 ! =eleg ( ! pig1 ! ox1 !   
horse1 or ! seal4 ,! provision = fe$+ ! 
"y creature1 :i* is made1 ) su* b\nte\s 
lib]ality1 & su* opportune punctuality1 
by ! brea/s ( ! "m1 has n any d\bt ?r[n 
^u its reality1 by ! teats ( male       
animals & ! paps ( man1 :i* answ] no su*
 purpose4 ,t 9 ^! cases !re is manife/$ 
a wid] plan1 :i* does n %[ any ref]5ce  

to ! ne$s ( p>ticul> cases2 z well z    
peculi> contrivances = ! p>ticul> cases1
 does n di/urb our impression ( design 9
 ea* case4 ,:y %\ld s l>ge a portion ( !
 animal k+dom1 int5d$1 z x seems1 = su* 
diff]5t fields ( life & modes (         
liv+2--bea/s1 birds1 fi%es2--/ill h a   
skeleton ( ! same plan1 & ev5 ( ! same  
p>ts1 bone = bone2 ?\gh _m ( ! p>ts1 9  
special cases1 appe> to be altoge!r     
useless 7namely1 ! v]tebrate plan78 ,we 
_c tell4 ,our naturali/s & comp>ative   
anatomi/s1 x w\ld seem1 _c po9t out any 
def9ite end1 :i* is answ]$ by mak+ s _m 
classes ( animals on ?is "o v]tebrate   
plan4 ,& s9ce !y _c d ?is1 & s9ce we _c 
tell :y animals are s made1 we mu/ be   
cont5t to say t we d n "k2 & !re=e1 to  
leave ?is feature 9 ! /ructure ( animals
 out ( our argum5t = design4 ,h5ce we d 
n say t ! mak+ ( bea/s1 birds1 & fi%es1 
on ! same v]tebrate plan1 proves design 
9 ! ,creator1 9 any way 9 :i* we c      
und]/& design4 ,t plan is n ( itself a  
pro( ( design2 x is some?+ 9 addition to

 ! pro(s ( design2 a g5]al law ( !      
animal creation1 e/abli%$1 x may be1 =  
"s o!r reason4 ,b ?is common plan be+   
giv51 we c disc]n & admire1 9 e k9d (   
animal1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! common plan is  
adapt$ to ! p>ticul> purpose :i* !      
animal's k9d ( life involves4#b ,! g5]al
 law is n all2 !re is also1 9 e in/ance1
 a special c>e = ! species4 ,! g5]al law
 may seem1 9 _m cases1 to remove fur!r f
 u ! pro( ( provid5tial c>e2 by %[+ t ! 
elem5ts ( ! b5evol5t contrivance are n  
provid$ 9 ! cases alone :]e !y are ne$$1
 b 9 o!rs also4 ,b yet ?is seem+1 ?is   
obscuration ( ! evid5ce ( design1 by    
int]pos+ ! =m ( g5]al law1 _c la/ long4 
,if ! g5]al law supplies ! elem5ts1 /ill
 a special adaptation is ne$$ to make ! 
elem5ts answ] su* a purpose2 & :at is   
?is adaptation1 b design8 ,! radius &   
ulna1 ! c>pal & metac>pal bones1 are all
 9 ! g5]al type ( ! v]tebrate skeleton4 
,b does ?is fact make x ! less wond]ful1
 t man's arm & h& & f+]s %\ld be        
con/ruct$ s t he c make & use ! spade1 !

 pl[1 ! loom1 ! p51 ! p5cil1 ! *isel1 ! 
lute1 ! telescope1 ! microscope1 & all  
o!r in/rum5ts8 ,is x n1 r1 v wond]ful t 
! bones :i* are to be f\nd rudim5tally1 
9 ! leg-bone ( a horse1 or ! ho( ( an   
ox1 %\ld be capable ( su* a curi\s &    
f]tile developm5t & modification8 ,& is 
n su* developm5t & modification a "w1 & 
a pro(1 ( design & int5tion 9 !         
,creator8 ,& s 9 o!r cases4 ,! teats (  
male animals1 ! nipples ( man1 may arise
 f ?is1 t ! g5]al plan ( ! animal frame 
includes paps1 z portions ( x2 & t !    
frame is s f> m\ld$ 9 ! embryo1 be=e !  
sex ( ! (fspr+ is det]m9$4 ,be x s4 ,yet
 /ill ?is provision ( paps 9 ! animal =m
 9 g5]al1 has ref]5ce to (fspr+2 & !    
developm5t ( t "p ( ! frame1 :5 ! sex is
 det]m9$1 is evid5ce ( design1 z cle> z 
x is possible to conceive 9 ! works (   
nature4 ,! g5]al law is m\ld$ to !      
special purpose1 at ! prop] /age2 & ?is 
play ( g5]al laws1 & special            
contrivances1 into ea* o!r's prov9ces1  
?\gh x may make ! ph5om5a a little m    

complex1 & modify our notion z to ! mode
 ( ! ,creator's work+1 w n1 9           
philosophical m9ds1 di/urb ! conviction 
t !re is design 9 ! special adaptations3
 besides :i*1 "s o!r feature ( !        
op]ation ( ! ,creative ,m9d may be      
sugge/$ by ! preval5ce ( g5]al laws 9 ! 
,creation4  #d4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o      
caution sugge/$ by ?is view4 ,s9ce1     
besides1 & mix$ ) ! examples ( ,design  
:i* ! creation (f]s1 !re are also       
results ( ,g5]al ,laws1 9 :i* we _c     
trace ! purpose & object ( ! law2 we may
 fall into error1 if we fa/5 ^u some?+  
:i* is a result ( su* m]e g5]al laws1 & 
imag9e t we c disc]n its object &       
purpose4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we might      
possibly p]suade ourselves t we _h      
discov]$ ! use & purpose ( ! teats (    
male animals2 or ( ! trace ( sep>ation  
into p>ts :i* ! leg-bone ( a horse (f]s2
 or ( ! false toes ( a pig3 all :i* are1
 z we h se51 ! rudim5ts ( a plan m g5]al
 ?an is develop$ 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,&  
if1 :5 we _h made su* a fanci$ discov]y1

 x 7 f\nd t ! uses & purposes :i* we _h 
imag9$ to belong to ^! p>ts or features1
 7 n really s]v$ by !m2 at fir/1 p]haps1
 we might be some:at di/urb$1 z hav+ lo/
 "o ( ! evid5ces ( ! design ( !         
,creator1 all :i* are1 preci\s to a     
rev]5t m9d4 ,b x is n likely t any      
di/urbance ( a rev]5t m9d on su* gr\nds 
z ?is1 w\ld cont9ue long1 or g f>4 ,we  
%\ld soon come to recollect1 h[ light & 
prec>i\s1 p]haps h[ arbitr>y &          
ill-support$ by our real k1 7 ! gr\nds  
on :i* we _h assign$ su* uses to su*    
p>ts4 ,we %\ld turn back f !m to ! m    
solid & c]ta9 evid5ces1 n %ak51 nor     
likely to be %ak51 by any *ange 9       
preval5t zoological or anatomical       
doctr9es1 :i* ^? :o love to contemplate 
su* subjects habitually dwell ^u2 &1    
hold+ ourselves ready to ent]ta9 any    
speculations by :i* ! be>+ ( ^? g5]al   
,laws ^u ,natural ,religion c\ld be %[n1
 9 su* a way z to conv9ce our reason1 we
 %\ld re/ 9 ! confid5t & tranquil       
p]suasion t no success or failure 9 su* 

speculations c\ld vitally affect our    
belief 9 a wise & b5evol5t ,deity3--t   
?\gh additional illu/rations ( 8        
attributes might be int]e/+ & welcome1  
no *ange ( our sci5tific po9t ( view    
c\ld make 8 be+ or action d\btful4  #e4 
,?is is1 x w\ld seem1 ! mann] 9 :i* a   
reasonable & rev]5t man w\ld reg>d !    
pro( ( a ,supreme ,creator & ,gov]nor1  
:i* is d]iv$ f ,design1 z se5 9 !       
organic creation2 & ! mode 9 :i* su*    
pro( w\ld be affect$ by *anges 9 ! k :i*
 we may acquire ( ! g5]al laws by :i* ! 
organic creation is con/itut$ & gov]n$4 
,& h5ce1 if x %\ld be f\nd to be        
e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( ! mo/          
compreh5sive & exact philosophy1 t !re  
are1 9 any prov9ce ( ! univ]se1         
resemblances1 gradations1 g5]al laws1   
indications ( ! mode 9 :i* "o =m        
approa*es to ano!r1 & seems to pass into
 & g5]ate ano!r1 :i* t5d to oblit]ate   
di/9ctions :i* at fir/ appe>$ broad &   
conspicu\s2 /ill ! argum5t1 f ! design  
:i* appe>s 9 ! p>ts ( :i* we mo/ cle>ly 

see ! purpose1 w\ld n lose its =ce4 ,if1
 = in/ance1 x %\ld be made app>5t1 by   
geological inve/igations ( ! ext9ct     
fossil creation1 t ! animal =ms :i* h   
inhabit$ ! e>?1 h gradually approa*$ to 
t type 9 :i* ! human =m is includ$1     
pass+ f ! rude/ & mo/ imp]fect animal   
organizations1 mollusks1 or ev5 organic 
monads1 to v]tebrate animals1 to        
w>m-blood$ animals1 to monkeys1 & to m52
 /ill1 ! evid5ces ( design 9 ! anatomy (
 man are n less /rik+ ?an !y 71 :5 no   
su* gradation 0 ?\ght (4 ,& :at is m to 
! purpose ( our argum5t1 ! evid5ces ( ! 
peculi> nature & de/9ation ( man1 z %[n 
9 o!r *>act]s ?an 8 anatomy1--8 moral & 
intellectual nature1 8 hi/ory &         
capacities1--/& :]e !y /ood be=e2 nor is
 ! va/ *asm :i* sep>ates man1 z a be+ ) 
su* *>act]s z ^! latt]1 f all o!r       
animals1 at all fill$ up or bridg$ ov]4 
#f4 ,! evid5ce ( design 9 ! inorganic   
_w1--9 ! relation ( e>?1 air1 wat]1 heat
 & light1--is1 to mo/ p]sons1 less /rik+
 & impressive1 ?an x is 9 ! organic     

creation4 ,b ev5 among ^! m]e physical  
elem5ts ( ! _w1 :5 we consid] !m )      
ref]5ce to liv+ ?+s1 we f9d _m          
arrangem5ts :i*1 on a reflective view1  
excite our admiration1 by ! b5eficial   
effect1 & seem+ly b5efic5t purpose4 ,our
 condition is furni%$ ) ! solid e>?1 on 
:i* we /&1 & 9 :i* we f9d ! mat]ials (  
man's h&iworks2 /one & metal1 clay &    
s&2--) ! atmosph]e :i* we brea!1 & :i*  
is ! vehicle ( oral int]c\rse betwe5 man
 & man2--) revolutions ( ! sun1 by :i*  
are br\ght r\nd ! successions ( day &   
night1 ?r\gh all _! v>y+ l5g?s1 & (     
summ] & w9t]2--) ! cl\ds above u1 :i*   
p\r ^u ! e>? _! f]tiliz+ %[]s4 ,all ?is 
furniture ( ! e>?1 s m>vell\sly adapt+ x
 = ! abode ( liv+ creatures1 &          
especially ( man1 may well be reg>d$ z a
 collection ( provisions = 8 b5efit3--z 
int5d$ to d him ! good1 :i* !y d4 ,nor  
w\ld ?is impression be remov$1 or ev5   
weak5$1 if we 7 to discov] t "s ( ^!    
arrangem5ts1 in/ead ( be+ produc$ by a  
ma*9]y conf9$ to t s+le purpose1 7 only 

p>tial results ( a m g5]al plan4 ,=     
in/ance2 we le>n t ! v>y+ l5g?s ( days &
 nights ?r\gh ! ye>1 & ! v>y+ decl9ation
 ( ! sun1 are produc$1 n1 z 0 at fir/   
suppos$1 by ! sun mov+ r\nd ! e>?1 9 a  
complex diurnal & annual pa?1 b by ! e>?
 revolv+ 9 an annual orbit r\nd ! sun2  
:ile at ! same "t %e has a diurnal      
rotation ab\t h] own axis1 :i* axis1 by 
! laws ( me*anics1 rema9s always p>allel
 to itself4 ,:5 we le>n t ?is is s1 we  
see t ! effect is produc$ by a me*anical
 arrangem5t f> m simple ?an any :i* !   
imag9ation ( man _h devis$2 b 9 ?is     
case1 ! effect is pla9ly r an increas$  
admiration at ! simplicity ( ! me*anism1
 ?an a wav]+ belief 9 ! reality ( !     
purpose4 ,9 l mann] :51 in/ead ( suppos+
 wat] to exi/ 9 a cont9u\s res]voir 9 a 
firmam5t above ! e>?1 & to fall 9 !     
e>li] & 9 ! latt] ra91 by "s special    
ag5cy = t purpose2 m5 le>nt to see t !  
wat] 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air mu/ exi/ 9
 cl\ds & 9 vapors only1 & mu/ fall 9    
%[]s by ! cond5s+ influ5ce ( cold       

curr5ts ( air2 !y ne$$ n to cease to    
admire ! k9dness ( ! ,creator1 9 provid+
 ! ra9 to wat] ! e>?1 & ! w9d to dry x2 
al?\gh ! me*anism by :i* ! effect 0     
produc$ 0 ( a l>g] k9d ?an !y _h be=e   
imag9$4 ,& ev5 if ?is me*anism ext5d    
?r\gh ! sol> sy/em3 if ! arrangem5t by  
:i* ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e is ! special     
region 9 :i* !re are w9ds hot & cold1   
cl\ds compact or dissolv+1--be an       
arrangem5t :i* ext5ds its influ5ce to   
o!r planets1 z well z to ours2--if ?is  
mix$ atmosph]e be plac$1 n only at !    
meet+ po9t ( cle> aque\s vapor above1 & 
w>m] airs bel[1 b also at ! meet+ po9t (
 a hot c5tral region surr\nd+ ! ,sun1 & 
a cold ext]ior zone 9 :i* wat] & vapor c
 exi/ 9 imm5se collect$ masses1 su* z   
are ,jupit] & ,saturn2--/ill x w\ld n   
appe>1 to a reasonable view1 t ?is l>g] 
expansion ( ! ma*9]y by :i* ! effect is 
produc$1 makes ! ma*9]y less rem>kable2 
or c at all t5d to dim9i% ! belief t x 0
 int5d$ to produce ! effect :i* x does  
produce4 ,hot & cold1 moi/ & dry1 are   

con/antly mix$ toge!r = ! support (     
vegetable & animal life2 & n ! less s1  
if we believe t1 ?\gh elem5ts ( ?is k9d 
p]vade ! :ole sol> sy/em1 x is only at !
 ,e>? t !y are comb9$ s z to fo/] &     
n\ri% liv+ ?+s4  #g4 ,b x w p]haps be   
said1 t to suppose ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em  
to be a ma*9e m]ely op]at+ = ! b5efit ( 
! ,e>? & its population1 is to give to !
 ,e>? & its population an importance 9 !
 s*eme ( creation :i* is q extravagant &
 improbable3--x is to make ! great]     
orbs1 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 m9i/] to !     
less2 in/ead ( hav+ _! own purpose1 & _!
 own population1 :i* _! size naturally  
leads u to expect4 ,to ?is we reply1 t1 
9 ! fir/ place1 we h %[n good reason =  
believ+ t ! ,e>? is really ! l>ge/ d5se 
solid globe :i* exi/s 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & 
t ! size ( ,jupit] & ,saturn arises f _!
 be+ compos$ ma9ly ( wat] & vapor4 ,& ) 
reg>d to ! difficulty ( ! great] m9i/]+ 
to ! less2--if by great]1 m]e size &    
ext5t be und]/ood1 x appe>s to be !     
univ]sal law ( creation1 t ! great]1 9 t

 s5se1 %\ld m9i/] to ! less1 :5 ! less  
includes liv+ ?+s4 ,ev5 if ! planets be 
all inhabit$1 ! sun1 :i* is great] f>   
?an all ( !m toge!r1 m9i/]s light & heat
 to all ( !m4 ,ev5 on ?is supposition1 !
 va/ spaces by :i* ! planets are sep>at$
 h no use1 t we c disc]n1 except to     
place !m at suitable di/ances f ! sun4  
,ev5 on ?is supposition1 _! solid globes
 )91 _! atmosph]es )\t are all m]ely    
subs]vi5t to ! b5efit ( a ?9 & scatt]$  
population on ! surface4 ,! space       
occupi$ by m5 & animals on ! e>?'s      
surface1 ev5 tak+ into acc\nt ! highe/  
build+s & ! deepe/ seas1 is only a few  
hundr$s1 or a ?\s& feet4 ,! b5efit ( ?is
 m9ute %ell1 int]rupt$ 9 _m places = va/
 di/ances1 ev]y:]e loosely & sp>sely    
fill$1 is m9i/]$ to by ! solidity &     
attraction ( a mass bel[ x #bj millions 
( feet deep2 by ! influ5ce ( an         
atmosph]e above x #bjj ?\s& feet high at
 lea/1 & x may be1 mu* m4 ,& ?is be+ s1 
if we increase ! dep? ( ! c5tre #bj ?\s&
 times2 if we c>ry ! extreme v]ge ( air 

& vapor to ?irty times ! radius ( !     
e>?'s orbit f u1 h[ does ! con/ruction (
 ! ma*9e become m improbable1 or !      
disproportion ( its size to its purpose 
m incongru\s8 ,is m]e size1--ext5t (    
brute matt] or blank space1--s maje/ic a
 ?+8 ,is n inf9ite space l>ge en\gh to  
admit ( ma*9es ( any size )\t grudg+8 ,b
 if we ?us move ! c5tre ( ! ,e>?'s      
peopl$ surface #bj ?\s& times fur!r (f1 
we rea* ! ,sun4 ,if we c>ry ! limit (   
air & vapor to ! di/ance ( #cj times !  
radius ( ! ,e>?'s orbit we arrive at    
,neptune4 ,are ^! new numb]s mon/r\s1   
:ile ! old ones 7 accept$ )\t scruple8  
,is numb] su* an al>m+ feature 9 !      
description ( ! ,univ]se8 ,does n !     
description ( e "p & e aspect ( x1      
pres5t u ) numb]s s l>ge1 t wond] &     
repugnance1 on t gr\nd are long ago     
exhau/$8 ,surely ?is is s3 & if !       
evid5ce really t5d to prove to u t all !
 sol> sy/em m9i/]s to ! e>?'s           
population2 ! m]e size ( ! sy/em1 comp>$
 ) ! space occupi$ by ! population1 w n 

long /& 9 ! way ( ! reception ( su* a   
doctr9e4  #h4 ,b ! objection w p]haps be
 urg$ 9 ano!r =m4 ,x w be said t ! o!r  
,planets h s _m po9ts ( resemblance ) ! 
,e>?1 t we mu/ suppose _! nature &      
purpose ! same4 ,!y1 l ! ,e>?1 revolve 9
 circles r\nd ! sun1 rotate on _! own   
axes1 h1 sev]al ( !m1 satellites1 are   
opaque bodies1 d]iv+ light & probably   
heat f ! sun4 ,to an ext]nal spectator (
 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 !y w\ld n be           
di/+ui%able f ! ,e>?4 ,su* a spectator  
w\ld nev] be tempt$ to guess t ! ,e>?   
alone1 ( all ^!1 nei!r ! greate/ nor !  
lea/1 nei!r ! "o ) ! mo/ satellites1 nor
 ! fewe/1 nei!r ! inn]mo/ nor ! out]mo/ 
( ! planets1 is ! only "o inhabit$2 or  
at any rate ! only "o inhabit$ by an    
intellig5t population4 ,& to ?is we     
reply2 t ! l>ge/ ( ! o!r planets1 if we 
judge rightly1 are n l ! ,e>? 9 "o mo/  
ess5tial respect1 _! d5sity2 & none (   
!m1 9 hav+ a surface consi/+ ( l& &     
wat]2 except p]haps ,m>s3 t if ! suppos$
 ext]nal spectator c\ld see t ?is 0 s1  

he might see t ! e>? 0 diff]5t f ! re/2 
& he might be able to see ! vapor\s     
nature ( ! out] planets1 s t he w\ld no 
m ?9k ( peopl+ !m1 ?an we d1 ( peopl+ ! 
gr& ,alp9e ridges & vallies :i* we see 9
 ! cl\ds ( a summ]-sky4  #i4 ,b ev5 if !
 suppos$ spectator att5d$ only to !     
obvi\s & sup]ficial resemblances betwe5 
"o ( ! planets & ano!r1 he might /ill1  
if he 7 acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al economy ( !  
,univ]se1 h great hesitation 9 inf]r+ t1
 if "o ( !m 7 inhabit$1 ! o!rs also mu/ 
be inhabit$4 ,=1 z we h said1 9 ! plan (
 creation1 we h a pr(usion ( examples1  
:]e simil> visible /ructures d n answ] a
 simil> purpose2 :]e1 s f> z we c see1 !
 /ructure answ]s no purpose 9 _m cases2 
b exi/s1 z we may say1 = ! sake (       
simil>ity3 ! simil>ity be+ a g5]al ,law1
 ! result1 x w\ld seem1 ( a creative    
en]gy1 :i* is wid] 9 its op]ation ?an ! 
p>ticul> purpose4 ,su* examples are1 z  
we h said1 ! f+]-bones :i* are pack$    
into ! ho(s ( a horse1 or ! paps &      
nipples ( a male animal4 ,n[ !          

spectator1 recollect+ su* cases might   
say3 ,i "k t ! e>? is inhabit$2 no d\bt 
,m>s & ,jupit] are a good deal l ! ,e>?2
 b are !y inhabit$8 ,!y look l !        
t]re/rial brea/ ( ,nature3 b are !y     
really nurs+ brea/s8 ,d !y1 l t1 give   
food to liv+ (fspr+8 ,or are !y m]e     
images ( su* brea/s8 male teats1 dry (  
all nutritive p[]8 sports1 or r ov]works
 ( nature2 m>ks ( a wid] law ?an ! ne$s 
( ,"m ,e>? require8 _m sket*es ( a      
design1 ( :i* only "o 0 to be execut$8  
_m specim5s ( ! prep>atory process (    
mak+ a ,planet1 ( :i* only "o 0 to be   
c>ri$ out into ! mak+ ( a ,_w8 ,su*     
que/ions might naturally occur to a     
p]son acqua9t$ ) ! c\rse ( creation 9   
g5]al2 ev5 be=e he rem>k$ ! features :i*
 t5d to %[ t ,jupit] & ,saturn1 t ,v5us 
& ,m]cury1 h n be5 develop$ into peopl$ 
worlds1 l our ,e>?4  #aj4 ,p]haps x may 
be said1 t to hold ?is1 is to make      
,nature "w 9 va92 to wa/e h] p[]s2 to   
suppose h] to produce ! frame "w1 & n to
 build2 to make ! skeleton1 & n to clo! 

x ) liv+ fle%2 to delude u ) appe>ances 
( analogy & promises ( f]tility1 :i* are
 fallaci\s4 ,:at c we reply to ?is8     
#aa4 ,we reply1 t to "w 9 va91 9 ! s5se 
( produc+ means ( life :i* are n us$1   
embryos :i* are nev] vivifi$1 g]ms :i*  
are n develop$2 is s f> f be+ contr>y to
 ! usual proce$+s ( nature1 t x is an   
op]ation :i* is con/antly go+ on1 9 e "p
 ( nature4 ,( ! vegetable se$s :i* are  
produc$1 :at an inf9itely small         
proportion ev] gr[ into plants6 ,(      
animal ova1 h[ exce$+ly few become      
animals1 9 proportion to ^? t d n2 & t  
are wa/$1 if ?is be wa/e6 ,x is an old  
calculation1 :i* us$ to be repeat$ z a  
wond]ful ?+1 t a s+le female fi% conta9s
 9 its body #bjj millions ( ova1 & ?us1 
might1 ( itself alone1 repl5i% ! seas1  
if all ^! 7 fo/]$ into life4 ,b 9 tru?1 
?is1 ?\gh x may excite wond]1 _c excite 
wond] z any?+ uncommon4 ,x is only "o   
example ( :at occurs ev]y:]e4 ,e tree1 e
 plant1 produces innum]able fl[]s1 !    
fl[]s innum]able se$s1 :i* drop to !    

e>?1 or are c>ri$ abroad by ! w9ds1 &   
p]i%1 )\t hav+ _! p[]s unfold$4 ,:5 we  
see a field ( ?i/les %$ its d[ny se$s ^u
 ! w9d1 s t !y roll away l a cl\d1 :at a
 va/ ho/ ( possible ?i/les are !re6 ,yet
 v probably none ( !m become actual     
?i/les4 ,few are able to take hold ( !  
gr\nd at all2 & ^? t d1 die = lack (    
cong5ial nutrim5t1 or are cru%$ by      
ext]nal causes be=e !y are gr[n4 ,! l is
 ! case ) e tribe ( plants4#c ,! l ) e  
tribe ( animals4 ,! possible f]tility ( 
"s k9ds ( insects is z port5t\s z any?+ 
( ?is k9d c be4 ,if all[$ to proce$     
un*eck$1 if ! possible life 7 n         
p]petually ext+ui%$1 ! multiply+ en]gies
 p]petually fru/rat$1 !y w\ld ga9       
dom9ion ov] ! l>ge/ animals1 & occupy ! 
e>?4 ,& ! same is ! case1 9 diff]5t     
degrees1 9 ! l>g] animals4 ,! female is 
/ock$ ) innum]able ovules1 capable (    
becom+ liv+ ?+s3 ( :i* incomp>ably !    
greate/ numb] end z !y began1 m]e       
ovules2--m>ks ( m]e possibility1 (      
vitality fru/rat$4 ,! univ]se is s full 

( su* rudim5ts ( ?+s1 t !y f> outnumb] !
 ?+s :i* outgr[ _! rudim5ts4 ,! m>ks (  
possibility are mu* m num]\s ?an ! tale 
( actuality4 ,! vitality :i* is fru/rat$
 is f> m copi\s ?an ! vitality :i* is   
consummat$4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ?is analogy    
goes1 if ! e>? alone1 ( all ! planet>y  
h>ve/1 has be5 a f]tile se$ (           
creation2--if ! t]re/rial embryo h alone
 be5 evolv$ into life1 :ile all ! o!r   
masses h rema9$ b>r5 & dead3--we h1 9   
?is1 no?+ :i* we ne$ reg>d z an         
unprec$5t$ wa/e1 an improbable          
prodigality1 an unusual failure 9 !     
op]ations ( nature3 b on ! contr>y1 su* 
a s+le case ( success among _m (        
failure1 is exactly ! ord] ( nature 9 ! 
production ( life4 ,x is q agreeable to 
analogy1 t ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ( :i* ! fl[]s
 are n _m1 %\ld h borne b "o f]tile     
fl[]4 ,"o 9 eight1 or 9 twice eight1    
re>$ into su* wondr\s f]tility z belongs
 to ! ,e>?1 is an abundant produce1     
comp>$ ) ! result 9 ! mo/ f]tile        
prov9ces ( ,nature4 ,& ev5 if any numb] 

( ! ,fix$ ,/>s 7 also f\nd to be b>r5   
fl[]s ( ! sky2 objects1 h[ev] beautiful1
 yet n s\rces ( life or developm5t1 we  
ne$ n ?9k ! p[]s ( creation wa/$ or     
fru/rat$1 ?r[n away or p]v]t$4 ,"o su*  
f]tile result z ! ,e>?1 ) all its ho/s (
 plants & animals1 & especially ) ,man1 
an intellig5t be+1 to /& at ! head ( ^? 
ho/s1 is a wor?y & suffici5t produce1 s 
f> z we c judge ( ! ,creator's ways by  
analogy1 ( all ! ,univ]sal ,s*eme4  #ab4
 ,b :5 we foll[ ?is analogy1 s f> z to  
speak ( ! m]e mat]ial mass ( a planet z 
an embryo _w2--a b>r5 fl[]2--a se$ :i*  
has nev] be5 develop$ into a plant2--we 
are 9 dang] ( all[+ ! analogy to mislead
 u4 ,= a planet1 z to its brute mass1   
has really no?+ 9 common ) a se$ or an  
embryo4 ,x has no organization1 or      
t5d5cy to organization2 no pr9ciple (   
life1 h[ev] obscure4 ,s f> z we c judge1
 no progress ( "t1 or op]ation ( m]e    
natural influ5ce1 w\ld clo! a brute mass
 ) vegetables1 or /ock x ) animals4 ,no 
species ( liv+ ?+ w\ld h its place ^u ! 

surface2 by ! m]e ord] ( un9tellig5t    
nature4 ,s mu* is ?is s1 accord+ to all 
t our be/ k tea*es1 t ^? geologi/s :o   
mu/ mo/ h desir$1 = ! sake ( giv+       
complet5ess & consi/5cy to _! sy/ems1 to
 make ! production ( vegetable & animal 
species f brute matt]1 a "p ( ! ord] (  
nature1 7inasmu* z !y h expla9$ ev]y?+  
else by ! ord] ( nature17 h n v5tur$ to 
d s4 ,!y all[1 g5]ally at lea/1 ea*     
sep>ate species to require a special act
 ( creative p[]1 to br+ x into be+4 ,!y 
make ! peopl+ ( ! e>?1 ) its successive 
races ( inhabitants1 a s]ies ( ev5ts    
altoge!r diff]5t f ! op]ation ( physical
 laws 9 ! su/5tation ( exi/+ species4 ,!
 creation ( life is1 !y all[1 some?+ out
 ( ! range ( ! ord9>y laws ( nature4 ,& 
!re=e1 :5 we speak ( un9habit$ planets1 
z cases 9 :i* vital t5d5cies h be5      
defeat$2 9 :i* _! app>5t de/9y1 z worlds
 ( life1 has be5 fru/rat$2 we really d  
inju/ice to our argum5t4 ,! planets _h  
no vital t5d5cies3 !y c\ld h _h su*     
giv51 only by an additional act1 or a   

s]ies ( additional acts1 ( ,creative    
p[]4 ,z m]e in]t globes1 !y _h no settl$
 de/9y to be seats ( life3 !y c\ld h su*
 a de/9y1 only by ! appo9tm5t ( ,him :o 
creates liv+ ?+s1 & puts !m 9 ! places  
:i* he *ooses = !m4 ,if1 :5 a planet>y  
mass _h come into be+1 79 virtue ( !    
same g5]al physical law1 suppose1 :i*   
produc$ ! e>?17 ! ,creator plac$ a ho/ (
 liv+ ?+s ^u ! e>?1 & none ^u ! o!r     
planet2 !re 0 /ill no violation (       
analogy1 no seem+ *ange ( purpose1 no   
unf9i%$ plan4 ,9 ! sol> sy/em1 we c see 
:at seem to be good reasons :y he did   
?is2 b if we c\ld n see su* reasons1    
/ill we %\ld be yet fur!r f be+ able to 
see reasons :y he necess>ily mu/ place  
inhabitants ^u ! o!r planet4  #ac4 ,x is
 sometimes said1 t x is agreeable to !  
goodness ( ,god1 t all p>ts ( ! creation
 %\ld sw>m ) life2 t life is enjoym5t2 &
 t ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+ is %[n 
9 ! diffusion ( su* enjoym5t into e     
qu>t] ( ! univ]se4 ,to leave a planet   
)\t inhabitants1 w\ld1 x is ?\ght1 be to

 ?r[ away an opportunity ( produc+      
happ9ess4 ,n[ we %all n "h dwell ^u !   
consid]ation1 t ! enjoym5t ?us spok5 (1 
is1 9 a great degree1 ! enjoym5t :i* !  
m]e life ( ! l[] tribes ( animals       
implies2--! enjoym5t ( madrepores &     
oy/]s1 cuttle-fi% & %>ks1 tortoises &   
s]p5ts2 b we reply m broadly1 t x is n !
 rule foll[$ by ! ,creator1 to fill all 
places ) liv+ ?+s4 ,to say no?+ ( ! va/ 
int]vals betwe5 planet & planet1 :i*1 x 
is presum$1 no "o supposes to be occupi$
 by liv+ ?+s2 h[ l>ge a portion ( !     
surface ( ! e>? is un9habit$1 or        
inhabit$ only 9 ! scantie/ mann]4 ,va/  
des]t tracts exi/ 9 ,africa & 9 ,asia1  
:]e ! b>r5 s& n\ri%es nei!r animal nor  
vegetable life4 ,! highe/ regions (     
m\nta9-ranges1 clo!d ) p]petual sn[1 & )
 f>-rea*+ %eets ( glaci] ice1 are       
unt5ant$1 except by ! *amois at _!      
outskirts4 ,!re are _m un9habit$ isl&s2 
& 7 =m]ly _m m4 ,! ocean1 cov]+ ne>ly   
?ree-f\r?s ( ! globe1 is no seat (      
habitation = l& animals or = man2 & ?\gh

 x has a l>ge population ( ! fi%y       
tribes1 is probably peopl$ 9 small]     
numb]s ?an if x 7 l&1 z well z by       
inf]ior ord]s4 ,we see1 9 ! ,e>? !n1 :i*
 is ! only seat ( life ( :i* we really  
"k any?+1 no?+ to support ! belief t e  
field 9 ! mat]ial univ]se is t5ant$ by  
liv+ inhabitants4  #ad4 ,t vegetables & 
animals1 be+ once plac$ ^u ! e>?1 h     
multipli$ or are multiply+1 s z to      
occupy e "p ( ! l& & wat] :i* is suit$ =
 _! habitation1 we c see mu* reason to  
believe4 ,philosophical                 
natural-hi/orians h be5 g5]ally l$ to ! 
conviction t ea* species has _h an      
orig9al c5tre ( disp]sion1 :]e x 0 fir/ 
native1 & t f ?is c5tre x has be5       
diffus$ 9 all directions1 z f> z !      
circum/ances ( climate & soil 7         
favorable to its production4 ,b we c see
 also mu* reason to believe t ?is g5]al 
diffusion ( vegetable & animal life f   
c5tres1 is a "p ( ! ord] ( nature :i*   
may (t5 be made to give way to o!r &    
high] purposes2--to ! diffusion1 ov] !  

:ole surface ( ! e>?1 ( a race (        
intellig5t1 moral ag5ts4 ,?is process   
may (t5 int]f]e ) ! g5]al law (         
diffusion3 z = in/ance1 :5 man          
ext]m9ates noxi\s animals4 ,& :atev] may
 be ! laws :i* t5d to repl5i% ! e>?1 on 
:i* su* c5tres ( ! diffusion ( life exi/
 = animals & plants2 accord+ to all     
analogy1 ^! laws c h no =ce on any o!r  
planet1 till su* orig9s & c5tres ( life 
are e/abli%$ on _! surfaces4 ,& ev5 if  
any ( ! species :i* h ev] t5ant$ ! e>? 7
 s e/abli%$ on any o!r planet1 we h !   
/ronge/ reason to believe t !y c\ld n   
survive to a second g5]ation4  #ae4     
,p]haps x may be said t we unju/ifiably 
limit ! p[] & skill ( ! ,supreme        
,creator1 if we d5y t he c\ld frame     
creatures fitt$ to live on any ( ! o!r  
planets1 z well z 9 ! ,e>?3--t !        
wond]ful v>iety1 & unexpect$ res\rce1 ( 
! ways 9 :i* animals are adapt$ = all   
k9ds ( climates1 habitations1 &         
conditions1 ^u ! e>?1 may give u        
confid5ce t1 "u conditions /ill m       

ext5d$1 9 habitations /ill fur!r remov$1
 9 climates go+ beyond ! t]re/rial      
extremes1 /ill ! same wisdom & skill may
 well be suppos$ to h devis$ possible   
modes ( animal life4  #af4 ,to ?is we   
reply1 t we are s f> f say+ t ! ,creator
 c\ld n place inhabitants 9 ! o!r       
planets1 t we h attempt$ to %[ :at k9d (
 inhabitants w\ld be mo/ likely to be   
plac$ !re1 by consid]+ ! way 9 :i*      
animals are accommodat$ to special      
conditions 9 _! habitation4 ,9 judg+ (  
su* modes ( accommodat+ animals to an   
abode on o!r planets1 z well z ! e>?1 we
 h reason$ f :at we "k1 ( ! mode 9 :i*  
animals are accommodat$ to _! diff]5t   
habitations on ! e>?4 ,we believe ?is to
 be ! only safe & philosophical way (   
treat+ ! "q4 ,if we are to reason at all
 ab\t ! possibility ( animal life1 we   
mu/ suppose t heat & light1 gravity &   
buoyancy1 mat]ials & aff9ities1 air &   
moi/ure1 produce ! same effect1 require 
! same adaptations1 9 ,jupit] or 9      
,v5us1 z !y d on ! ,e>?4 ,if we d n     

suppose ?is1 we run into ! error :i* s  
long prev5t$ _m f accept+ ! ,newtonian  
sy/em3--! error ( ?9k+ t matt] 9 !      
heav5s is gov]n$ by q diff]5t laws f    
matt] on ! e>?4 ,we mu/ adopt t belief1 
if we hold t animals may live "u        
relations ( heat & moi/ure1 mat]ials &  
aff9ities1 9 ,jupit] or ,v5us1 "u :i* !y
 c\ld n live on our planet4 ,& t belief1
 z we h said1 appe>s to u contr>y to all
 ! tea*+ :i* ! hi/ory ( sci5ce (f]s u4  
#ag4 ,& n only is x contr>y to ! tea*+ (
 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 to suppose ! laws1  
:i* connect elem5tal & organic nature1  
to be diff]5t 9 ! o!r planets f :at !y  
are on ours2 b moreov] ! supposition    
w\ld n at all answ] ! purpose1 ( mak+ x 
probable t ! planets are inhabit$4 ,= if
 we beg9 to imag9e new & unkn[n laws (  
nature = ^? abodes1 :at is !re to limit 
or det]m9e our assumptions 9 any degree8
 ,:at extravagant mixtures ( !          
attributes & prop]ties ( m9d & matt] may
 we n !n accept z probable tru?s8 ,we "k
 h[ difficult ! poets h f\nd x to       

describe1 ) any degree ( consi/5cy1 !   
actions & ev5ts ( a _w ( angels1 or (   
evil spirits1 s\ls or %ades1 embodi$ 9  
=ms s z to admit ( description1 & yet n 
subject to ! laws ( human bodies4       
,virgil1 ,tasso1 ,milton1 ,klop/ock1 &  
_m o!rs1 h /ruggl$ ) ?is difficulty3--no
 "o ( !m1 x w be probably agre$1 ) any  
great success2 at lea/1 reg>d+ 8        
repres5tation z a hypo!sis ( a possible 
=m ( life1 diff]5t f all ! =ms :i* we   
"k4 ,yet if we are to reject ! laws :i* 
gov]n ! kn[n =ms ( life1 9 ord] t we may
 be able to ma9ta9 ! possibility ( "s   
unkn[n =m 9 a diff]5t planet1 we mu/    
accept "s ( ^! hypo!ses1 or f9d a bett]4
 ,we mu/ suppose t weight & cohesion1   
w\nds & mutilations1 w+s & plumage1 w\ld
 h1 ei!r ! effect :i* ! poets repres5t  
!m z hav+1 or "s diff]5t effect3 & 9    
ei!r case x w be impossible to give any 
suffici5t reason :y we %\ld conf9e !    
population to ! surface ( a planet4 ,if 
gravity h n1 ^u any set ( be+s1 ! effect
 :i* x has ^u u1 su* be+s may live ^u ! 

surface ( ,saturn1 ?\gh x be m]e vapor3 
b !n1 on t supposition1 !y may equally  
well live 9 ! va/ space betwe5 ,saturn &
 ,jupit]1 )\t ne$+ any planet = _!      
mansion4 ,if we are ready to suppose t  
!re are1 9 ! sol> sy/em1 consci\s be+s1 
n subject to ! ord9>y laws ( life1 we   
may g on to imag9e creatures con/itut$ (
 vapor\s elem5ts1 float+ 9 ! fi]y haze (
 a nebula1 or close to ! body ( a sun2 &
 cl\dy =ms :i* so> z vapors 9 ! region (
 vapor4 ,b su* imag9ations1 besides be+ 
r fitt$ = ! employm5t ( poets ?an (     
philosoph]s1 w n1 z we h said1 f9d a    
population = ! planets2 s9ce su* =ms may
 j z easily be conceiv$ swimm+ r\nd !   
sun 9 empty space1 or d>t+ f /> to />1 z
 conf9+ !mselves to ! neighborhood ( any
 ( ! solid globes :i* revolve ab\t !    
c5tral sun4  #ah4 ,we %\ld n1 !n add    
any?+ to ! probability ( inhabitants on 
! o!r planets ( our sy/em1 ev5 if we 7  
arbitr>ily to assume unlimit$ *anges 9 !
 laws ( nature1 :5 we pass f our region 
to !irs4 ,b probably1 all read]s w be ( 

op9ion t su* assumptions are contr>y to 
! :ole s*eme & _s ( su* speculations z  
we are "h presum+3--t if we speculate on
 su* subjects at all1 x mu/ be done by  
suppos+ t ! same laws ( nature op]ate 9 
! same mann]1 9 planet>y1 z 9 t]re/rial 
spaces2--& t z we suppose1 & prove1     
gravity & attraction1 in]tia & mom5tum1 
to foll[ ! same rules1 & produce ! same 
effects1 on brute matt] !re1 :i* !y d   
"h2 s1 bo? ^! =ces1 & o!rs1 z light &   
heat1 moi/ure & air1 if1 9 ! planets1 !y
 g beyond ! extremes :i* limit !m "h1   
yet mu/ imply1 9 any organiz$ be+s :i*  
exi/ 9 ! planets1 *anges1 ?\gh great] 9 
am\nt1 ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* occur 9    
approa*+ ! t]re/rial extremes ( ^?      
elem5t>y ag5ts4 ,& :at k9d ( a          
population t w\ld lead u to suppose 9   
,jupit] or ,saturn1 ,m>s or ,v5us1 !    
read] has already se5 our attempt to    
det]m9e2 & may !nce judge :e!r1 :5 we g 
s f> beyond ! t]re/rial extremes ( heat 
& cold1 light & dimness1 vapor & wat]1  
air & airlessness1 any population at all

 is probable4  #ai4 ,p]haps "s p]sons1  
ev5 if !y _c resi/ ! =ce ( ^! reasons1  
may /ill yield to !m ) regret2 & may    
feel z if1 hav+ hi!rto believ$ t !      
planets 7 inhabit$1 & hav+ n[ to give up
 t belief1 _! view ( ! sol> sy/em1 z "o 
( ! prov9ces ( ,god's creation1 7 made  
n>r[] & poor] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,& ?is feel+
 may be /ill fur!r increas$1 if !y are  
l$ to believe also t _m ( ! fix$ />s are
 n ! c5tres ( inhabit$ sy/ems2 or t v   
few1 or none are4 ,x may seem to !m1 z  
if1 by su* a *ange ( belief1 ! field (  
,god's greatness1 b5evol5ce1 & gov]nm5t1
 7 n>r[$ & impov]i%$1 to an ext5t pa9ful
 & %ock+2--z if1 in/ead ( be+ ! ,mak] & 
,gov]nor ( innum]able worlds1 ( ! mo/   
v>i$ con/itution1 we 7 call$ ^u to reg>d
 him z m]ely ! ,ma/] ( ! s+le _w 9 :i*  
we live3--z if1 in/ead ( be+ ! object ( 
rev]5ce & adoration to ! intellig5t     
population ( ^! ?\s& sph]es1 he 0       
recogniz$ & wor%ipp$ on "o only1 & on t1
 h[ scantily & imp]fectly6  #bj4 ,x is n
 to be d5i$ t !re may be su* a regret & 

di/urbance naturally felt at hav+ to    
give up our belief t ! planets & ! />s  
probably conta9 s]vants & wor%ipp]s (   
,god4 ,x mu/ always be a matt] ( pa9 &  
tr\ble1 to be urg$ ) t5d]ness1 & to be  
p]=m$ 9 "t1 to untw9e our rev]5tial     
religi\s s5tim5ts f errone\s views ( !  
con/itution ( ! univ]se ) :i* !y h be5  
involv$4 ,b ! *ange once made1 x is f\nd
 t religion is un9jur$1 & rev]5ce       
undim9i%$4 ,& !re=e we tru/ t ! read] w 
receive ) c&or & pati5ce ! argum5t :i*  
we h to (f] ) ref]5ce to ?is view1 or r1
 ?is s5tim5t4  #ba4 ,we rem>k1 9 ! fir/ 
place1 t h[ev] repugnant x may be to u  
to believe a /ate ( any "p ( ! univ]se 9
 :i* !re are n creatures :o c "k1 obey &
 wor%ip ,god2 we are compell$1 by       
geological evid5ce1 to admit t su* a    
/ate ( ?+s has exi/$ ^u ! e>?1 dur+ a f>
 long] p]iod ?an ! :ole duration ( man's
 race4 ,if we suppose t ! human race1 if
 n by _! actual k1 ob$i5ce1 & wor%ip (  
,god1 yet at lea/ by _! faculties =     
kn[+1 obey+1 & wor%ipp+1 are a suffici5t

 reason :y !re %\ld be su* a prov9ce 9  
,god's empire2 /ill 9 fact1 ?is race has
 exi/$ only = a few ?\s& ye>s1 out ( !1 
p]haps1 millions ( ye>s ( ! e>?'s       
exi/5ce2 & dur+ all ! previ\s p]iod1 !  
e>?1 if t5ant$1 0 t5ant$ by brute       
creatures1 fi%es & liz>ds1 bea/s &      
birds1 ( :i* none _h any faculty1       
intellectual1 moral1 or religi\s4 ,by ! 
same analogy1 !re=e1 on :i* we h already
 insi/$1 we may argue t !re is reason to
 believe1 t if o!r planets1 & o!r />s1  
are ! seats ( habitation1 x is r ( su*  
habitation z has prevail$ ^u ! e>? dur+ 
! millions1 ?an dur+ ! six ?\s& ye>s2 & 
t if we h1 9 consequ5ce ( physical      
reasons1 to give up ! belief ( a        
population 9 ! o!r planets1 or 9 ! />s2 
we are giv+ up1 n any?+ ) :i* we might  
dwell ) religi\s pleasure--ho/s (       
fell[-s]vants & fell[-wor%ipp]s ( !     
,div9e ,au?or ( all3--b ! m]e brute     
tribes1 ( ! l& & ( ! wat]1 ?+s t creep &
 crawl1 pr[l & spr+2--none t c lift its 
visage to ! sky1 ) a feel+ t x is look+ 

= its ,mak] & ,ma/]4 ,!re h n exi/$ ^u !
 ,e>?1 dur+ ! imm5se ages ( its         
praehuman exi/5ce1 be+s :o c\ld         
recognize & ?9k ( ! ,creator ( ! _w3 &  
if a/ronomy introduces u1 z geology has 
done1 to a new ord] ( mat]ial /ructures1
 ?us b>r5 ( an intellig5t & religi\s    
population1 we mu/ le>n to accept !     
prospect1 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r4 ,nor  
ne$ we fe> t on a fur!r contemplation ( 
! univ]se1 we %all f9d e "p ( x m9i/]+1 
?\gh p]haps n 9 ! way our fir/ ?\ghts _h
 guess$1 to s5tim5ts ( rev]5ce &        
adoration t[>ds ! ,mak] ( ! univ]se4    
#bb4 ,! tru? is1 z ! slighte/           
recollection ( ! c\rse ( op9ion ab\t !  
/>s may satisfy u1 t m5 h _h repeat$ly  
to give up ! notions :i* !y _h adopt$1 (
 ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ial heav5s1 ! />s &
 ! skies1 are to m9i/] to man's feel+ ( 
rev]5ce = ! ,creator4 ,x 0 long ago     
said1 t ! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 
& ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork3 t day &    
night1 sun & moon1 cl\ds & />s1 unite 9 
impress+ ^u u ?is s5tim5t4 ,& ?is       

language /ill f9ds a sympa!tic e*o1 9 ! 
brea/s ( all religi\s p]sons4 ,nor w x  
ev] cease to d s1 h[ev] our op9ions ( ! 
/ructure & nature ( ! heav5ly bodies may
 alt]4 ,:5 ! new aspects ( ?+s become   
famili>1 !y w %[ u ! h&iwork ( ,god1 &  
decl>e 8 glory1 z pla9ly z ! old ones4  
,b 9 ! progress ( op9ions1 man has (t5  
_h to resign :at seem$ to him1 at ! "t1 
visions s beautiful1 sublime1 & glori\s1
 t !y c\ld n be dismiss$ )\t regret4 ,! 
,univ]sal ,"l 0 at "o "t conceiv$ z     
direct+ ! motions ( all ! sph]es by     
means ( ,rul+ ,angels1 appo9t$ to       
preside ov] ea*4 ,! preval5ce (         
proportion & numb]1 9 ! dim5sions ( ^!  
sph]es1 0 assum$ to po9t to ! exi/5ce ( 
h>moni\s s\nds1 accompany+ _! movem5ts1 
?\gh unhe>d by man2 z proportion & numb]
 _h be5 f\nd to be ! accompanim5ts &    
conditions ( h>mony ^u e>?4 ,! "t came1 
:5 ^! op9ions 7 no long] consi/5t )     
man's k ( ! heav5ly motions1 & ( !      
wide-spread+ causes by :i* !y are       
produc$4 ,!n ,rul+ ,angels f _! sph]es 7

 hurl$1 z a matt] ( belief2 ?\gh /ill ! 
poets lov$ to ref] to imag]y 9 :i* s _m 
l(ty & rev]5t ?\ghts _h s long be5      
clo!d4 ,! aspect ( ! />s 0 mo/ naturally
 turn$ to a lesson ( *e]ful & ?\ghtful  
piety1 by ! adoption ( su* a view ( _!  
nature & (fice2 & ?us1 ! midnight       
contemplator ( an ,italian sky tea*es 8 
companion conc]n+ ! />ry ho/2      ,sit1
 ,jessica2 look h[ ! floor ( heav'n     
,is ?ick inlaid ) patt]ns ( bright gold4
     ,!re's n ! meane/ orb1 :i* ?\      
behold'/1     ,b 9 8 motion l an angel  
s+s1     ,/ill quir+ to ! "y-ey$        
*]ubims2     ,su* h>mony is 9 immortal  
s\ls4  mean+1 app>5tly1 ! h>mony betwe5 
! immortal spirits t gov]n ea* />1 & !  
*]ubims t s+ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,b    
h[ev] beautiful & sublime may be ?is    
repres5tation1 ! philosoph] has _h to   
ab&on x 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,he may h    
adopt$1 in/ead1 ! op9ion t ea* ( ! />s  
is ! seat1 or ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( seats1 
( *oirs ( wor%ipp]s2 b ?is aga91 is /ill
 to suppose ! nature ( ^? orbs to be    

entirely diff]5t f t ( ?is e>?2 ?\gh 9  
_m respects1 we "k t !y are gov]n$ by ! 
same laws4 ,& if he w be cont5t to "k no
 m ?an he has ! means ( kn[+1 or ev5 to 
"k only accord+ to 8 be/ means ( kn[+1  
he mu/ be prep>$1 if ! =ce ( pro( s     
requires1 to give up ?is belief also2 at
 lea/ = ! pres5t4  #bc4 ,inde$1 ^? :o h 
n be5 cont5t ) ?is1 & h s\ght to comb9e 
) ! visible spl5dor ( ! skies1 "s s*eme1
 f\nd$ ^u a/ronomical views1 :i* %all p 
!m ) intellig5t be+s & wor%ipp]s1 h     
drawn ^u _! fancy q z mu* z ,lor5zo 9 8 
lesson to ,jessica2 or r1 !y h done :at 
he & ^? f :om 8 love 0 d]iv$1 _h done   
be=e4 ,!y h tak5 ! tru?s :i* a/ronom]s h
 discov]$ & taught1 & made ! objects &  
regions s reveal$1 ! sc5es & occasions (
 su* s5tim5ts ( piety z !y !mselves h1  
or feel t !y ought to h4 ,ev5 9         
,%akspe>e1 ! />s are already orbs1 ea*  
orb has 8 motion1 & 9 8 motion produces 
! music ( ! sph]es4 ,m rec5t prea*]s1   
foll[+ s\nd] views ( ! nature ( ^! orbs 
& motions1 h be5 equally poetical :5 !y 

come to _! religi\s reflection4 ,:5 !   
poet ( ! ,night ,?\ghts says1      ,ea* 
( ^! />s is a religi\s h\se2     ,i saw 
_! alt>s smoke1 _! inc5se rise1     ,&  
he>d hosannas r+ ?r\gh e sph]e4  he is  
no less imag9ative ?an ! poet ( t       
,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 :i* we h 9 ! 
,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,& we are compell$1 by
 all ! evid5ce :i* we c disc]n1 to say !
 same ( ! prea*] :o speaks1 f ! pulpit1 
( ^! orbs ( worlds1 & tells u ( ! />s   
:i* give animation to o!r sy/ems#d2 :5  
he says#e worlds roll 9 ^! di/ant       
regions2 & ^! worlds mu/ be ! c5tres (  
life & intellig5ce2 :5 he speaks ( !    
e>?#f z ! humble/ ( ! prov9ces ( ,god's 
empire4 ,b !n we mu/ recollect t ^!     
?\ghts /ill prove ! religi\s nature (   
man2 !y %[ h[ he is impell$ to endeavor 
to elevate 8 m9d to ,god by e "p ( !    
univ]se2 & x is n too mu* to say1 t     
?r\gh ! faculties ( man1 ?us reg>d+ !   
/>ry heav5s1 e /> does really te/ify to 
! greatness ( ,god1 & m9i/] to ,8       
wor%ip4  #bd4 ,we may tru/ t ?is m]e    

mat]ial magnific5ce does n require      
inhabitants1 to make x lift man's he>t  
t[>ds ! ,univ]sal ,creator1 & to make   
him accept x z a sublime evid5ce ( ,8   
greatness4 ,! gr&e/ objects 9 nature are
 blank & void ( life2--! m\nta9-peaks t 
/&1 ridge beyond ridge1 s]5e 9 ! region 
( p]petual sn[2--! summ]-cl\ds1 images (
 su* m\nta9 tracts1 ev5 ^u a gr&] scale1
 & t9t$ ) m gorge\s colors2--!          
?und]-cl\d ) its dazzl+ bolt2--! /ormy  
ocean ) its m\nta9\s waves2--! ,aurora  
,borealis1 ) its my/]i\s pill>s (       
fire2--all ^! are sublime2 all ^!       
elevate ! s\l1 & make x ackn[l$ge a     
mighty ,work] 9 ! elem5ts1 9 spite ( any
 tea*+ ( a mat]ial philosophy4 ,& if we 
h to reg>d ! planets z m]ely p>ts ( !   
same great spectacle ( nature1 we %all n
 ! less reg>d !m ) an admiration :i*    
m9i/]s to pi\s awe4 ,ev5 m]ely z a      
spectacle1 ,saturn made visible 9 8 real
 %ape1 only by a va/ ex]tion ( human    
skill1 yet %9+ l a />1 9 =m s curi\sly  
complex1 symmetrical & seem+ly          

artificial1 w nev] cease to be an object
 ( ! ard5t & contemplative gaze ( all :o
 cat* a sight ( him4 ,& h[ev] mu* !     
philosoph] may tea* t he is m]ely a mass
 ( wat] & vapor1 ice & sn[1 he mu/ be f>
 m int]e/+ to ! eye ?an ! ,alps1 or !   
cl\ds t cr[n !m1 or ! ocean ) its       
iceb]gs2 :]e ! same elem5ts occur 9 =ms 
comp>atively %apeless & lawless1        
irregul> & *aotic4  #be4 ,b p]haps !re  
is 9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons1 a s5tim5t      
connect$ ) ?is regul> & symmetrical =m (
 ! heav5ly bodies2 t be+ ?us beautifully
 =m$ & f9i%$ !y mu/ h be5 ! objects (   
especial c>e to ! ,creator4 ,^! regul>  
globes1 ^! ne>ly circul> orbits1 ^!     
families ( satellites1 !y too s regul> 9
 _! movem5ts2 ?is r+ ( ,saturn2 all !   
adju/m5ts by :i* ! planet>y motions are 
secur$ f go+ wrong1 z ! pr(\nde/        
rese>*es into ! me*anics ( ! univ]se    
%[2--all ^! ?+s seem to indicate a      
peculi> att5tion be/[$ by ! ,mak] on ea*
 "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,s mu* ( law & ord]1 (   
symmetry & beauty 9 e "p1 implies1 x may

 be ?\ght1 t e "p has be5 fram$ ) a view
 to "s use2--t its symmetry & its beauty
 are ! m>ks ( "s noble purpose4  #bf4   
,to reply to ?is argum5t1 s f> z x is   
requisite = u to d s1 we mu/ recur to   
:at we h already said2 t ?\gh we see 9  
_m p>ts ( ! univ]se1 inorganic z well z 
organic1 m>ks :i* we _c mi/ake1 ( design
 & purpose2 yet t ?is design & purpose  
are (t5 effect$ by laws :i* are ( a mu* 
wid] sweep ?an ! design1 s f> z we c    
trace its be>+4 ,^! laws1 besides answ]+
 ! purpose1 produce _m o!r effects1 9   
:i* we c see no purpose4 ,we h n[ to    
obs]ve fur!r t ^! laws1 ?us rang+ widely
 ?r\gh ! univ]se1 & work+ ev]y:]e1 z if 
! ,creator delight$ 9 ! g5]ality ( !    
law1 indep5d5tly ( its special          
application1 d (t5 produce innum]able   
results ( beauty & symmetry1 z if !     
,creator delight$ 9 beauty & symmetry1  
indep5d5tly ( ! purpose answ]$4  #bg4   
,?us1 to exemplify ?is reflection3 !    
p[]s ( aggregation & cohesion1 :i* hold 
toge!r ! p>ts ( solid bodies1 z metals &

 /ones1 salts & ice1--:i* solidify      
matt]1 9 %ort1--we c easily see1 to be  
necess>y1 9 ord] to ! =mation &         
pres]vation ( solid t]re/rial bodies4   
,!y are requisite1 9 ord] t man may h ! 
firm e>? to /& ^u1 & firm mat]ials to   
use4 ,b let u obs]ve1 :at a wond]ful &  
beautiful v>iety ( ph5om5a gr[s out (   
?is law1 ) no app>5t be>+ ^u t :i* seems
 to u its ma9 purpose4 ,! p[] (         
aggregation ( solid bodies is1 9 fact1 !
 =ce ( cry/allization4 ,x b9ds toge!r ! 
p>ticles ( bodies by molecul> =ces1 :i* 
n only hold ! p>ticles toge!r1 b are    
ex]t$ 9 special directions1 :i* =m      
triangles1 squ>es1 hexagons1 & ! l4 ,&  
h5ce we h all ! v>iety ( cry/all9e =ms  
:i* sp>kle 9 gems1 ores1 e>?s1 pyrites1 
bl5des2 & :i*1 :5 exam9$ by !           
cry/allograph]s1 are f\nd to be an      
inexhau/ible field ( ! play (           
symmetrical complexity4 ,! diamond1 !   
em]ald1 ! topaz1 h got ea* its peculi>  
k9d ( symmetry4 ,gold & o!r metals h1 = 
! basis ( _! =ms1 ! cube1 b run f ?is   

into a va/ly great] v>iety ( regul>     
solids ?an ev] geomet] dreamt (4 ,"s    
s+le species ( m9]als1 z calc-sp>1      
pres5t hundr$s ( =ms1 all rigor\sly     
regul>1 & h be5 alone ! subject (       
volumes4 ,ice cry/allizes by ! same laws
 z o!r solid bodies2 & our ,arctic      
voyag]s h sometimes reliev$ ! we>9ess ( 
_! soj\rn 9 ^? regions1 by collect+ "s (
 ! innum]able =ms1 resembl+ an endless  
collection ( hexagonal fl[]s1 sport+    
into diff]5t %apes1 :i* are assum$ by   
flakes ( sn[#g4 ,9 ^! & _m o!r ways1 !  
p[] ( cry/allization produces an        
inexhau/ible supply ( examples (        
symmetrical beauty4 ,& :at are we to    
conceive to be ! object & purpose ( ?is8
 ,z we h said1 t "p ( ! purpose :i* is  
intelligible to u is1 t we h "h a =ce   
hold+ toge!r ! p>ticles ( bodies1 s z to
 make !m solid4 ,b all ^! pretty %apes  
add no?+ to ?is intelligible use4 ,:y !n
 are !y !re8 ,!y are !re1 x w\ld seem1 =
 _! own sake2--because !y are           
pretty2--symmetry & beauty are !re on _!

 own acc\nt2 or because !y are univ]sal 
adjuncts ( ! g5]al laws by :i* ! creator
 works4 ,or r we may say1 comb9+ diff]5t
 bran*es ( our k1 t cry/allization is ! 
m>k & accompanim5t ( *emical            
composition3 & t z *emical composition  
takes place accord+ to def9ite numb]s1 s
 cry/all9e aggregation takes place      
accord+ to def9ite =ms4 ,! symmetrical  
relations ( space 9 cry/als correspond  
to ! simple relations ( numb] 9 syn!sis2
 & ?us1 because !re is rule1 !re is     
regul>ity1 & regul>ity assumes ! =m (   
beauty4  #bh4 ,?is1 :i* ?us %[s itself  
?r\gh\t ! m9]al k+dom1 or1 speak+ m     
widely & truly1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole range (  
*emical composition1 is /ill m manife/ 9
 ! vegetable doma94 ,all ! va/ array (  
fl[]s1 s inf9itely v>i\s1 & s beautiful 
9 _! v>iety1 are ! results ( a few g5]al
 laws2 & %[1 9 ! degree ( _! symmetry1 !
 alt]nate op]ation ( "o law & ano!r4 ,! 
rose1 ! lily1 ! c[slip1 ! violet1 diff] 
9 some?+ ( ! same way1 9 :i* ! cry/all9e
 =ms ( ! sev]al gems diff]4 ,_! p>ts are

 arrang$ 9 fives or 9 ?rees1 9 p5tagons 
or 9 hexagons1 & 9 ^! regul> =ms1 "o "p 
or ano!r is exp&$ or contract$1 r5d]$   
conspicu\s by color or by %ape1 s z to  
produce all ! multiplicity ( beauty :i* 
! flori/ admires4 ,or r1 9 ! eye ( !    
philosophical botani/1 ! :ole ( !       
/ructure ( plants1 ) all _! array ( /ems
 & leaves1 blossoms & fruits1 is b !    
manife/ation ( "o ,law2 & all ^! memb]s 
( ! vegetable =m1 are1 9 _! natures1 !  
same1 develop$ m or less 9 ?is way or 9 
t4 ,! daisy consi/s ( a close clu/] (   
fl[]s ( :i* ea* has1 9 its =m1 !        
rudim5ts ( ! val]ian4 ,! peablossom is a
 rose1 ) "s ( its petals exp&$ into     
butt]fly-l w+s4 ,ev5 )\t *ang+ !        
species1 ?is g5]al law leads to endless 
*anges4 ,! g>d5-rose is ! common        
h$ge-rose ) innum]able filam5ts *ang$   
into gl[+ petals4 ,by ! addition ( :orl 
to :orl1 ( vegetable coronet ov]        
coronet1 gre5 & color$1 broad & n>r[1   
filmy & rigid1 e plant is g5]at$1 & !   
glory ( ! field & ( ! g>d51 ( ! jungle &

 ( ! =e/1 is br\ght =? 9 all its        
magnific5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an           
immeasurable weal? ( beauty & regul>ity1
 br\ght to view by ! op]ation ( a s+le  
law4 ,& to :at use8 ,:at purpose d ^!   
beauties answ]8 ,:at is ! object = :i* !
 lilies ( ! field are clo!d s gaily &   
gorge\sly8 ,"s plants1 inde$1 are       
subs]vi5t to ! use ( animals & ( man3 b 
h[ small is ! numb] 9 :i* we c trace    
?is1 z an intellig5t purpose ( _!       
exi/5ce6 ,& does x n1 9 fact1 bett]     
express ! impression :i* ! survey ( ?is 
prov9ce ( nature sugge/s to u1 to say1 t
 !y gr[ because ! ,creator will$ t !y   
%\ld gr[8 ,_! vegetable life 0 an object
 ( ,8 c>e & contrivance1 z well z animal
 & human life4 ,& !y are beautiful1 also
 because ,he will$ t !y %\ld be         
s3--because ,he delights 9 produc+      
beauty2--&1 z we h fur!r tri$ to make x 
appe>1 because ,he acts by g5]al law1 & 
law produces beauty4 ,is n su* a t5d5cy 
"h app>5t1 z a "p ( ! g5]al s*eme (     
,creation8  #bi4 ,we h already attempt$ 

to %[1 t 9 ! /ructure ( animals1        
especially t l>ge class be/ kn[n to u1  
v]tebrate animals1 !re is also a g5]al  
plan :i*1 s f> z we c see1 goes beyond !
 circuit ( ! special adaptation ( ea*   
animal to its mode ( liv+3 & is a rule (
 creative action1 9 addition to ! rule t
 ! p>ts %all be subs]vi5t to an         
intelligible purpose ( animal life4 ,we 
h notic$ sev]al ph5om5a 9 ! animal      
k+dom1 :]e p>ts & features appe>1       
rudim5t>y & in]t1 dis*>g+ no (fice 9 _! 
economy1 & speak+ to u1 n ( purpose1 b (
 law3--consi/5t ) an end :i* is visible1
 b seem+ly ! results ( a rule ^: end is 
9 itself4  #cj4 ,& d we n1 9 innum]able 
cases1 see beauties ( color & =m1       
texture & lu/re1 :i* sugge/s to u       
irresi/ibly ! belief t beauty & regul>  
=m are rules ( ! ,creative ag5cy1 ev5 :5
 !y seem to u1 look+ at ! creation =    
uses only1 idle & wanton exp5diture (   
beauty & regul>ity4 ,to :at purpose are 
! ho/ ( spl5did circles :i* decorate !  
tail ( ! peacock1 m beautiful1 ea* ( !m1

 ?an ,saturn ) 8 r+s8 ,to :at purpose ! 
exquisite textures ( microscopic        
objects1 m curi\sly regul> ?an any?+ :i*
 ! telescope discloses8 ,to :at purpose 
! gorge\s colors ( tropical birds &     
insects1 t live & die :]e human eye nev]
 approa*es to admire !m8 ,to :at purpose
 ! ?\s&s ( species ( butt]flies ) ! gay 
& v>i$ embroid]y ( _! microscopic       
plumage1 ( :i* "o 9 millions1 if se5 at 
all1 only draws ! admiration ( ! w&]+   
s*oolboy8 ,to :at purpose ! delicate &  
brilliant m>k+s ( %ells1 :i* live1      
g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 9 ! sunless &   
sightless dep?s ( ! ocean8 ,d n all ^!  
examples1 to :i* we might add c\ntless  
o!rs1 7= ! _w1 s f> z human eye has     
scann$ x1 is full ( !m17 prove t beauty 
& regul>ity are univ]sal features ( ! "w
 ( ,creation1 9 all its p>ts1 small &   
great3 & t we judge 9 a way contr>y to a
 va/ range ( analogy1 :i* runs ?r\gh !  
:ole ( ! ,univ]se1 :5 we inf] t1 because
 ! objects :i* are pres5t$ to our       
contemplation are beautiful 9 aspect &  

regul> 9 =m1 !y mu/1 9 ea* case1 be     
means = "s special end1 ( ^? :i* we     
commonly fix ^u1 z ! ma9 ends ( !       
,creation1 ! support & advantage (      
animals or ( man8  #ca4 ,if ?is be s1 !n
 ! beautiful & regul> objects :i* !     
telescope reveals to u2 ,jupit] & 8     
,moons1 ,saturn & 8 ,r+s1 ! mo/ regul> (
 ! ,d\ble ,/>s1 ,clu/]s & ,nebulae2 _c  
reasonably be inf]r$1 because !y are    
beautiful & regul>1 to be also fields ( 
life1 or sc5es ( ?\ght4 ,!y may be1 z to
 ! poet's eye !y (t5 appe>1 ! gems ( !  
robe ( ,night1 ! fl[]s ( ! cele/ial     
fields4 ,l gems & l fl[]s1 !y are       
beautiful & regul>1 because !y are      
br\ght into be+ by va/ & g5]al laws4 ,^!
 laws1 al?\gh1 9 ! m9d ( ! ,creator1 !y 
h _! suffici5t reason1 z f> z !y ext5d1 
may h1 9 no o!r region ?an t :i* we     
inhabit1 ! reason :i* we seek to discov]
 ev]y:]e1 ! su/5tation ( a life l ours4 
,t we %\ld connect ) ! exi/5ce ( su*    
laws1 ! exi/5ce ( ,m9d l our own m9d1 is
 mo/ natural2 &1 z we might easily %[1  

is ju/ifiable1 reasonable1 ev5 necess>y4
 ,b t we %\ld suppose ! result ( su*    
laws are s connect$ ) ,m9d1 t :]ev] !   
laws ga!r matt] into globes1 & :irl x   
r\nd ! c5tral body1 !re is also a local 
seat ( m9ds l ours2 is an assumption    
altoge!r unw>rant$2 & is1 )\t /rong     
evid5ce1 ( :i* we h z yet no p>ticle1 q 
vision>y4  #cb4 ,b f9ally1 x may be said
 t by ?is our view ( ! univ]se1 we      
dim9i% ! greatness ( ! "w ( creation1 & 
! maje/y ( ! ,creator4 ,su* a view      
appe>s to repres5t ! o!r planets z m]e  
fragm5ts1 :i* h fl[n (f 9 ! fabrication 
( ?is our e>?1 & ( ! me*anism by :i* x  
answ]s its purpose4 ,in/ead ( a va/     
array ( complet$ worlds1 we h "o _w1    
surr\nd$ by abortive worlds & in]t      
masses4 ,in/ead ( p]fection ev]y:]e1 we 
h imp]fection ev]y:]e1 except at "o     
spot2 if ev5 !re ! workman%ip be p]fect4
  #cc4 ,to ?is1 ! reply is conta9$ 9 :at
 we h already said3 b we may add1 t x _c
 be wise or "r1 to prop up our notions (
 ,god's greatness1 by physical doctr9es 

:i* w n be> discussion4 ,god's greatness
 has no ne$ ( man's inv5tions = its     
support4 ,! v conviction t ! ,creation  
mu/ be su* z to confirm our belief 9 !  
greatness ( ,god1 %[s t su* a belief is 
m deeply seat$ ?an any special views ( !
 /ructure ( ! univ]se1 & w triumphantly 
survive ! removal ( error 9 su* views4  
,we may add1 t till )9 a few ?\s& ye>s1 
?is e>?1 comp>$ ) :at x n[ is1 hav+ ^u x
 no intellig5t be+s1 might be reg>d$ z  
an abortive _w2 t all ! p>ts ( ! sol>   
sy/em :i* we c be/ scrut9ize1 ! moon1 & 
meteoric /ones1 are in]t masses2 &      
fur!r1 t !re is ev]y:]e ! p]fection :i* 
results f ! op]ation ( law1 & t t seems 
to be ! p]fection ) :i* ! ,creator is   
cont5t$4  #cd4 ,& p]haps1 :5 ! view ( ! 
univ]se :i* we "h pres5t has become     
famili>1 we may be l$ to ?9k t ! aspect 
:i* x gives to ! mode ( work+ ( !       
,creator1 is suffici5tly gr& & maje/ic4 
,in/ead ( manufactur+ a multitude (     
worlds on patt]ns m or less simil>1 ,he 
has be5 employ$ 9 "o great "w1 :i* we _c

 call imp]fect1 s9ce x includes &       
sugge/s all t we c conceive ( p]fection4
 ,x may be t all ! o!r bodies1 :i* we c 
discov] 9 ! univ]se1 %[ ! greatness (   
?is "w1 & are roll$ into =ms ( symmetry 
& ord]1 into masses ( light & spl5dor1  
by ! va/ :irl :i* ! orig9al creative    
en]gy imp>t$ to ! lum9\s elem5t4 ,!     
planets & ! />s are ! lumps :i* h fl[n f
 ! pott]'s :eel ( ! ,great ,work]2--!   
%r$-coils :i*1 9 ! work+1 sprang f ,8   
mighty la!3--! sp>ks :i* d>t$ f ,8 awful
 anvil :5 ! sol> sy/em lay inc&esc5t    
!reon2--! curls ( vapor :i* rose f !    
great cauldron ( creation :5 its elem5ts
 7 sep>at$4 ,if ev5 ^! sup]flu\s        
portions ( ! mat]ial are m>k$ ) univ]sal
 traces ( regul>ity & ord]1 ?is %[s t   
univ]sal rules are 8 implem5ts1 & t     
,ord] is ! fir/ & univ]sal ,law ( !     
heav5ly "w4  #ce4 ,&1 t we may see !    
full dignity ( ?is "w1 we mu/ always    
recollect t ,man is a "p ( x1 & ! cr[n+ 
"p4 ,! workman%ip :i* is employ$ on m]e 
matt] is1 aft] all1 ( small acc\nt1 9 ! 

eyes ( intellectual & moral creatures1  
:5 comp>$ ) ! creation & gov]nm5t (     
intellectual & moral creatures4 ,!      
maje/y ( ,god does n reside 9 planets & 
/>s1 9 orbs & sy/ems2 :i* are1 aft] all1
 only /one & vapor1 mat]ials & means4   
,if1 z we believe1 ,god has n only made 
! mat]ial _w1 b has made & gov]ns man1  
we ne$ n regret to h to depress any     
portion ( ! mat]ial _w bel[ ! place :i* 
we _h previ\sly assign$ to x2 =1 :5 all 
is done1 ! mat]ial _w mu/ be put 9 an   
inf]ior place1 comp>$ ) ! _w ( m9d4 ,if 
!re be a ,_w ( ,m9d1 t1 accord+ to all t
 we c conceive1 mu/ h be5 bett] wor?    
creat+1 mu/ be m wor?y to exi/1 z an    
object ( c>e 9 ! eyes ( ! ,creator1 ?an 
?\s&s & millions ( />s & planets1 ev5 if
 !y 7 occupi$ by a myriad times z _m    
species ( brute animals z h liv$ ^u !   
e>? s9ce its vivification4 ,9 say+ ?is1 
we are only e*o+ ! common voice (       
mank9d1 utt]$1 z s (t5 x is1 by !       
tongues ( poets4 ,"o su* speaks ?us (   
/ell> sy/ems3      ,behold ?is midnight 

spl5dor1 worlds on worlds2     ,t5 ?\s& 
add & twice t5 ?\s& m1     ,!n weigh !  
:ole3 "o s\l outweighs !m all1     ,&   
calls ! seem+ va/ magnific5ce     ,(    
un9tellig5t creation1 poor4  ,& z ?is is
 true ( intellig5ce1 ) ! sugge/ion :i* t
 faculty s naturally (f]s1 ( !          
inext+ui%able nature ( m9d1 s is x true 
( ! moral nature ( man4 ,no accumulation
 ( mat]ial gr&eur1 ev5 if x fill !      
univ]se1 has any dignity 9 our eyes1    
comp>$ ) moral gr&eur3 z poetry has also
 express$3      ,look !n abroad ?r\gh   
nature1 to ! range     ,( planets1 suns1
 & adamant9e sph]es1     ,:eel+ un%ak5  
?r\gh ! void imm5se1     ,& speak1 ,o   
man6 ,c ?is capaci\s sc5e     ,) half t 
k9dl+ maje/y exalt     ,?y /rong        
conception1 z :5 ,brutus rose           
,refulg5t f ! /roke ( ,caes>'s fate     
,amid ! b& ( patriots2 & 8 arm     ,al(t
 ext5d+1 l et]nal ,jove     ,:5 guilt   
calls d[n ! ?und]1 call'd al\d     ,on  
,tully's "n1 & %ook 8 crimson /eel1     
,& bade ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry1 ,hail6     

,= lo6 ! tyrant pro/rate 9 ! du/1     ,&
 ,rome aga9 is free4  ,?is action be+   
tak51 z x is "h meant to be conceiv$1 = 
"o ( ! highe/ examples ( moral          
greatness4 ,& h[ev] we may judge ( ?is  
action1 we mu/ all[ t ! *>act]s :i* are 
impli$ 9 ?is praise ( x1--! l(tie/ k9ds 
( moral excell5ce1--are m suitable to ! 
highe/ idea ( ! object & purpose ( a    
,deity creat+ worlds1 ?an w\ld be any   
m]e mat]ial /ructure ( planets & suns1  
:e!r kept 9 _! places by adamant9e      
sph]es1 :eel+ un%ak5 ?r\gh ! void       
imm5se1 or !mselves :eel+ un%ak5 by !   
p[] ( a univ]sal law4 ,! ?\ghts (       
,rights & ,obligations1 ,duty & ,virtue1
 ( ,law & ,lib]ty1 ( ,c\ntry &          
,con/itution1 ( ! ,glory ( our          
,ance/ors1 ! ,elevation ( our           
,fell[-,citiz5s1 ! ,fre$om & ,happ9ess &
 ,dignity ( ,po/]ity1--are ?\ghts :i*   
belong to a _w1 a race1 a body ( be+s1 (
 :i* any "o individual1 ) ! capacities  
:i* su* ?\ghts imply1 is m wor?y (      
acc\nt1 ?an millions ( millions (       

mollusks & belemnites1 liz>ds & fi%es1  
slo?s & pa*yd]ms1 diffus$ ?r\gh myriads 
( worlds4  #cf4 ,we might illu/rate ?is 
argum5t fur!r1 by tak+ actions ( ! moral
 "* ( :i* !re w be less d\bt4 ,if we    
look at ! great acts :i* r5d] ,greece   
illu/ri\s & int]e/+ 9 our eyes1--su* z !
 dea? ( ,socrates1 = in/ance1 ! triumph 
( a rev]5ce = ,law & a love ( c\ntry2--c
 we ?9k x any real dim9ution ( ! glory (
 ! univ]se1 if we are r$uc$ to !        
necessity ( reject+ ! belief 9 a        
multitude ( worlds1 :i* ?\gh1 x may be1 
peopl$ ) l[] animals1 conta9 none end[$ 
) any high] pr9ciple ?an hung] & ?ir/8  
#cg4 ,t ! human race possesses a wor? 9 
! eyes ( ,reason beyond t :i* any       
mat]ial /ructure1 or any brute          
population c possess1 might be ma9ta9$  
on /ill high] & /rong] gr\nds2 namely1  
on religi\s gr\nds3 b we d n int5d "h to
 dwell on t "p ( ! subject4 ,if man be1 
n m]ely 7& he alone ( all animals7      
capable ( ,virtue & ,duty1 ( ,univ]sal  
,love & ,self-,devotion1 b be also      

immortal2 if 8 be+ be ( inf9ite         
duration1 8 s\l creat$ nev] to die2 !n1 
inde$1 we may well say t "o s\l         
outweighs ! :ole un9tellig5t creation4  
,& if ! ,e>? h be5 ! sc5e ( an action ( 
,love & ,self-,devotion = ! incalculable
 b5efit ( ! :ole human race1 9 comp>ison
 ) :i* ! dea? ( ,socrates fades into a  
m]e act ( *e]ful resignation to ! common
 lot ( humanity2 & if ?is action1 & its 
consequ5ces to ! :ole race ( man1 9 8   
temporal & et]nal de/9y1 & 9 8 hi/ory on
 e>? be=e & aft] x1 7 ! ma9 object = :i*
 man 0 creat$1 ! c>d9al po9t r\nd :i* ! 
capacities & ! =tunes ( ! race 7 to     
turn2 !n inde$ we see t ! ,e>? has a    
pre-em95ce 9 ! s*eme ( creation1 :i* may
 well reconcile u to reg>d all ! mat]ial
 spl5dor :i* surr\nds x1 all ! array (  
m]e visible lum9>ies & masses :i*       
accompany x1 z no unfitt+ app5dages to  
su* a drama4 ,! elevation ( millions (  
intellectual1 moral1 religi\s1 spiritual
 creatures1 to a de/9y s prep>$1        
consummat$1 & develop$1 is no unwor?y   

occupation ( all ! capacities ( space1  
"t1 & matt]4 ,&1 s f> z any "o has yet  
%[n1 to reg>d ?is great s*eme z o!r ?an 
! c5tral po9t ( ! div9e plan2 to consid]
 x z "o "p among o!r p>ts1 simil>1      
co-ord9ate1 or sup]ior2 involves ^? :o s
 speculate1 9 difficulties1 ev5 ) reg>d 
to ! plan itself1 :i* !y /rive 9 va9 to 
reconcile2 :ile ! assumption ( !        
subjects ( su* a plan1 9 o!r regions ( !
 univ]se1 is at v>iance ) all :i* we1   
look+ at ! analogies ( space & "t1 ( e>?
 & />s1 ( life 9 brutes & 9 man1 h f\nd 
reason to deem 9 any degree probable4   
#ch4 ,& ?us t conjecture ( ! ,plurality 
( ,worlds1 to :i* a wide & c>eful       
exam9ation ( ! physical con/itution ( ! 
,univ]se suppli$ no confirmation1 d]ives
 also little support f a contemplation (
 ! ,design :i* ! ,creator may be suppos$
 to h _h 9 ! "w ( ! ,creation2 :5 su*   
,design is reg>d$ 9 a compreh5sive      
mann]1 & 9 all its be>+s4 ,su* a survey 
seems to speak r 9 favor ( ! ,unity ( ! 
,_w1 ?an ( a ,plurality ( ,worlds4 ,a   

fur!r consid]ation ( ! intellectual1    
moral1 & religi\s nature ( man may /ill 
fur!r illu/rate ?is view2 & ) t object1 
we %all make a few additional rem>ks4   
,,footnotes3  #a ,! greate/ anatomi/s1 &
 especially ,mr4 ,ow51 h rec5tly        
express$ _! conviction1 t rese>*es on ! 
/ructure ( animals mu/ be guid$ by !    
pr9ciple ( unity ( composition z well z 
! pr9ciple ( f9al causes4 ,see ,ow5 ,on 
! ,nature ( ,limbs4  #b ,?is has be5    
t]m$ by physiologi/s ,! ,law ( !        
,developm5t f ! ,g5]al to ! ,special4   
#c ,e read] ( physiological works kn[s  
h[ easy x w\ld be to multiply examples (
 ?is k9d to any ext5t4 ,?us x is held by
 physiologi/s1 t ! sporules ( fungi are 
univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1   
ready to vegetate :5ev] an opportunity  
pres5ts itself3 & t a s+le individual   
produces n less ?an t5 millions ( g]ms4 
,x is held also t innum]able se$s (     
plants /ill capable ( vegetation1 lie 9 
/rata f> bel[ ! e>?'s surface1 f9d+ !   
occasion to vegetate only by ! r>e/ &   

mo/ exceptional occurr5ces4--,c>p5t]1   
,manual ( ,physiology4 #ahea1 ,art4 #dd4
  #d ,*alm]s1 p4 #ce4  #e ,ibid4 p4 #ba 
#f ,ibid4 p4 #aai4  #g ,dr4 ,scoresby1 9
 8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,arctic ,regions 7#ahbj7 
,vol4 ,,ii4 has giv5 figures ( #if su*  
=ms1 select$ = _! em95t regul>ity f _m  
m4     ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,! ,,unity ,,(  
,,! ,,_w4   #a4 ,! two doctr9es :i* we h
 "h to weigh aga9/ ea* o!r are !        
,plurality ( ,worlds1 & ! ,unity ( !    
,_w4 ,9 s say+1 we include 9 our pres5t 
view1 a necess>y "p ( ! conception ( a  
,_w1 a collection ( intellig5t          
creatures3 = ev5 if ! suppositions to   
:i* we h be5 l$1 respect+ ! k9d (       
un9tellig5t liv+ ?+s :i* may inhabit o!r
 p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 be conceiv$ to be   
probable2 su* a belief w h little int]e/
 = mo/ p]sons1 comp>$ ) ! belief ( o!r  
worlds1 :]e reside intellig5ce1         
p]ception ( tru?1 recognition ( moral   
,law1 & rev]5ce = a ,div9e ,creator &   
,gov]nor4 ,9 look+ outw>ds at !         
,univ]se1 !re are c]ta9 aspects :i*     

sugge/ to man1 at fir/ sight1 a         
conjecture t !re may be o!r bodies l !  
,e>?1 t5ant$ by o!r creatures l man4    
,?is conjecture1 h[ev]1 receives no     
confirmation f a clos] inquiry1 )       
increas$ means ( obs]vation4 ,let u n[  
look inw>ds1 at ! con/itution ( man2 &  
consid] "s *>act]s ( 8 nature1 :i* seem 
to remove or less5 ! difficulties :i* we
 may at fir/ feel1 9 reg>d+ ! ,e>? z1 9 
a unique & special mann]1 ! field (     
,god's ,provid5ce & ,gov]nm5t4  #b4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 ! ,e>?1 z ! abode ( man1 ! 
intellectual creature1 conta9s a be+1 ^:
 m9d is1 9 "s measure1 ( ! same nature z
 ! ,div9e ,m9d ( ! ,creator4 ,! ,laws   
:i* man discov]s 9 ! ,creation mu/ be   
,laws kn[n to ,god4 ,! tru?s1--= in/ance
 ! tru?s ( geometry1--:i* man sees to be
 true1 ,god also mu/ see to be true4 ,t 
!re 71 f ! beg9n+1 9 ! ,creative ,m9d1  
,creative ,?\ghts1 is a doctr9e involv$ 
9 e intellig5t view ( ,creation4  #c4   
,?is doctr9e 0 pres5t$ by ! anci5ts 9   
v>i\s =ms2 & ! mo/ rec5t sci5tific      

discov]ies h suppli$ new illu/rations ( 
x4 ,! mode 9 :i* ,plato express$ !      
doctr9e :i* we are "h urg+ 01 t !re 7 9 
! ,div9e ,m9d1 be=e or dur+ ! "w (      
creation1 c]ta9 ar*etypal ,ideas1 c]ta9 
exempl>s or patt]ns ( ! _w & its p>ts1  
accord+ to :i* ! "w 0 p]=m$3 s t ^!     
,ideas or ,exempl>s exi/$ 9 ! objects   
ar\nd u be+ 9 s _m cases disc]nible by  
man1 & be+ ! prop] objects ( human      
reason4 ,if a m]e metaphysician 7 to    
attempt to revive ?is mode ( express+ ! 
doctr9e1 probably 8 speculations w\ld be
 disreg>d$1 or treat$ z a p$antic       
resuscitation ( obsolete ,platonic      
dreams4 ,b ! adoption ( su* language mu/
 ne$s be receiv$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]1 :5
 x proce$s f a great discov]] 9 ! field 
( natural k3 :5 x is1 z x 71 =c$ ^u him1
 z ! obvi\s & appropriate expression ( !
 result ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & compreh5sive   
rese>*es into ! frame ( ! :ole animal   
creation4 ,! rec5t works ( ,mr4 ,ow51 & 
especially "o "w1 ,on ! ,nature (       
,limbs1 are full ( ! mo/ en]getic &     

/rik+ passages1 inculcat+ ! doctr9e :i* 
we h be5 endeavor+ to ma9ta94 ,we may   
take ! lib]ty ( enri*+ our pages ) "o   
passage be>+ ^u ! pres5t "p ( ! subject4
  ,if ! _w 7 made by any antec$5t ,m9d  
or ,und]/&+1 t is by a ,deity1 !n !re   
mu/ ne$s be an ,idea & ,exempl> ( ! :ole
 _w be=e x 0 made1 & consequ5tly actual 
k1 bo? 9 ! ord] ( ,"t & ,nature1 be=e   
,?+s4 ,b conceiv+ ( k z x 0 got by _!   
own f9ite m9ds1 & ignorant ( any evid5ce
 ( an ideal ,ar*etype = ! _w or any "p (
 x1 !y ! ,democritic ,philosoph]s :o    
d5i$ a ,div9e ,creative ,m9d affirm$ t  
!re 0 none1 & conclud$ t !re c\ld be no 
k or m9d be=e ! _w 01 z its cause4      
,plato's ass]tion ( ,ar*etypal ,ideas 0 
a prote/ aga9/ ?is doctr9e1 b 0 r a     
guess1 sugge/$ by ! nature ( ma!matical 
demon/ration1 ?an a doctr9e d]iv$ f a   
contemplation ( ! ext]nal _w4  ,n[      
h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,ow5 cont9ues1 ! recognition
 ( an ideal exempl> = ! v]tebrat$       
animals proves t ! k ( su* a be+ z ,man 
mu/ h exi/$ be=e ,man appe>$4 ,= !      

,div9e ,m9d :i* plann$ ! ,ar*etypal also
 =eknew all its modifications4 ,!       
,ar*etypal ,idea 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle% "u 
div]s modifications ^u ?is planet1 long 
prior to ! exi/5ce ( ^? animal species  
:i* actually exemplify x4 ,to :at       
natural or second>y causes ! ord]ly     
succession & progression ( su* organic  
ph5om5a may h be5 committ$1 we are z yet
 ignorant4 ,b if )\t d]ogation to !     
,div9e ,p[]1 we may conceive su* m9i/]s 
& p]sonify !m by ! t]m ,nature1 we le>n 
f ! pa/ hi/ory ( our globe t %e has     
advanc$ ) sl[ & /ately /eps1 guid$ by ! 
ar*etypal light amid/ ! wreck ( worlds1 
f ! fir/ embodim5t ( ! v]tebrate idea1  
"u its old i*?yic ve/m5t1 until x became
 array$ 9 ! glori\s g>b ( ! human =m4   
#d4 ,law implies a ,lawgiv]1 ev5 :5 we d
 n see ! object ( ! ,law2 ev5 z ,design 
implies a ,design]1 :5 we d n see !     
object ( ! ,design4 ,! ,laws ( ,nature  
are ! indications ( ! op]ation ( !      
,div9e ,m9d2 & are reveal$ to u1 z su*1 
by ! op]ations ( our m9ds1 by :i* we    

come to discov] !m4 ,!y are ! utt]ances 
( ! ,creator1 deliv]$ 9 language :i* we 
c und]/&2 & be+ ?us ,language1 !y are ! 
utt]ances ( an ,intellig5t ,_s4  #e4 ,x 
may seem to "s p]sons too bold a view1  
to id5tify1 s f> z we ?us d1 c]ta9 tru?s
 z se5 by man1 & z se5 by ,god3#a--to   
make ! ,div9e ,m9d ?us cognizant ( !    
tru?s ( geometry1 = in/ance4 ,if any "o 
has su* a scruple1 we may rem>k t tru?1 
:5 ( s lum9\s & /able a k9d z are !     
tru?s ( geometry1 mu/ be alike ,tru? =  
all m9ds1 ev5 = ! highe/4 ,! mode (     
arriv+ at ! k ( su* tru?s1 may be v     
diff]5t1 ev5 = diff]5t human            
m9ds2--d$uction = "s2--intuition = o!rs4
 ,b ! intuitive appreh5sion ( necess>y  
tru? is an act s purely intellectual1 t 
ev5 9 ! ,supreme ,intellect1 we may     
suppose t x has its place4 ,c we        
conceive o!rwise1 ?an t ,god does       
contemplate ! univ]se z exi/+ 9 space1  
s9ce x really does s2--& subject to !   
relations ( space1 s9ce ^! are z real z 
space itself8 ,we are well aw>e t !     

,supreme ,be+ mu/ contemplate ! _w "u _m
 o!r aspects ?an ?is2--ev5 man does s4  
,b t does n prev5t ! tru?s1 :i* belong  
to ! aspect ( ! _w1 contemplat$ z exi/+ 
9 space1 f be+ tru?s1 reg>d$ z su*1 ev5 
by ! ,div9e ,m9d4  #f4 ,if ^!           
reflections are well f\nd$1 z we tru/ !y
 w1 on consid]ation1 be se5 to be1 we   
may adopt _m ( ! expressions by :i*     
philosoph]s h]et(ore h attempt$ to      
convey simil> views2 = 9 fact1 ?is view1
 9 its g5]al be>+ at lea/1 is by no     
means new4 ,! ,m9d ( ,man is a p>tak] ( 
! ?\ghts ( ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,! ,intellect 
( ,man is a sp>k ( ! ,light by :i* ! _w 
0 creat$4 ,! ,ideas accord+ to :i* man  
builds up 8 k1 are emanations ( !       
ar*etypal ,ideas accord+ to :i* ! "w (  
creation 0 plann$ & execut$4 ,^!1 & _m !
 l expressions1 h be5 (t5 us$2 & we n[  
see1 we may tru/1 t !re is a great      
philosophical tru?1 :i* !y all t5d to   
convey2 & ?is tru? %[s at ! same "t1 h[ 
man may h "s k respect+ ! ,laws (       
,nature1 & h[ ?is k may1 9 "s cases1    

seem to be a k ( necess>y relations1 z 9
 ! case ( space4#b  #g4 ,n[1 ! views to 
:i* we h be5 l$1 be> v /rongly ^u t     
argum5t4 ,= if man1 :5 he atta9s to a k 
( su* laws1 is really admitt$1 9 "s     
degree1 to ! view ) :i* ! ,creator      
himself beholds 8 creation2--if we c    
ga!r1 f ! conditions ( su* k1 t 8       
intellect p>takes ( ! ,nature ( !       
,supreme ,intellect2--if 8 ,m9d1 9 its  
cle>e/ & l>ge/ contemplations1 h>monizes
 ) ! ,div9e ,m9d2--we h1 9 ?is1 a reason
 :i* may well seem to u v p[]ful1 :y1   
ev5 if ! ,e>? alone be ! habitation (   
intellig5t be+s1 /ill1 ! great "w (     
,creation is n wa/$4 ,if ,god h plac$ ^u
 ! e>? a creature :o c s f> sympa?ize ) 
,him1 if we may v5ture ^u !             
expression2--:o c raise 8 intellect into
 "s accordance ) ! ,creative ,intellect2
 & t1 n once only1 nor by few /eps1 b   
?r\gh an indef9ite gradation (          
discov]ies1 m & m compreh5sive1 m & m   
pr(\nd2 ea*1 an advance1 h[ev] slight1  
t[>ds a ,div9e ,insight2--!n1 s f> z    

intellect alone 7& we are "h speak+ (   
intellect alone7 c make ,man a wor?y    
object ( all ! va/ magnific5ce (        
,creative ,p[]1 we c h>dly %r9k f       
believ+ t he is s4  #h4 ,we may rem>k   
fur!r1 t ?is view ( ,god1 z ! ,au?or ( !
 ,laws ( ! ,univ]se1 leads to a view (  
all ! ph5om5a & objects ( ! _w1 z ! "w (
 ,god2 n a "w made1 & laid out ( h&1 b a
 field ( 8 pres5t activity & en]gy4 ,&  
su* a view _c fail to give an aspect (  
dignity to all t is great 9 creation1 & 
( beauty to all t is symmetrical1 :i*   
o!rwise !y c\ld n h4 ,accord+ly1 x is by
 call+ to _! ?\ghts ! pres5ce ( ,god z  
sugge/$ by sc5es ( gr&eur or spl5dor1 t 
poets (t5 rea* ! sympa?ies ( _! read]s4 
,& ?is dignity & sublimity appe>        
especially to belong to ! l>g] objects1 
:i* are de/itute ( consci\s life2 z !   
m\nta91 ! glaci]1 ! p9e-=e/1 ! ocean2   
s9ce 9 ^!1 we are1 z x 71 alone ) ,god1 
& ! only pres5t witnesses ( ,8 my/]i\s  
work+4  #i4 ,n[ if ?is reflection be    
true1 ! va/ bodies :i* hang 9 ! sky1 at 

su* imm5se di/ances f u1 & roll on _!   
c\rses1 & sp9 r\nd _! axles ) su* exce$+
 rapidity2 ,jupit] & 8 array ( ,moons1  
,saturn ) 8 /ill l>g] ho/ ( ,satellites1
 & ) 8 wond]ful ,r+1 & ! o!r l>ge &     
di/ant ,planets1 w lose no?+ ( _!       
maje/y1 9 our eyes1 by be+ un9habit$2   
any m ?an ! summ]-cl\ds1 :i* p]haps are 
=m$ ( ! same mat]ials1 lose _! dignity f
 ! same cause2--any m ?an our ,moon1 "o 
( ! tribe ( satellites1 loses h] s(t &  
t5d] beauty1 :5 we h asc]ta9$ t %e is m 
b>r5 ( inhabitants ?an ! top ( ,m\nt    
,blanc4 ,h[ev] de/itute ! planets &     
moons & r+s may be ( inhabitants1 !y are
 at lea/ va/ sc5es ( ,god's pres5ce1 & (
 ! activity ) :i* he c>ries into effect1
 ev]y:]e1 ! laws ( nature4 ,! light :i* 
comes to u f !m is transmitt$ accord+ to
 laws :i* ,he has e/abli%$1 by an en]gy 
:i* ,he ma9ta9s4 ,! remote/ planet is n 
devoid ( life1 = ,god lives !re4 ,at ea*
 /age :i* we make1 f planet to planet1 f
 /> to />1 into ! regions ( inf9ity1 we 
may say1 ) ! patri>*1 ,surely ,god is   

"h1 & ,i knew x n4 ,& :5 ^? :o "q !     
habitability ( ! remote planets & />s   
are reproa*$ z pres5t+ a view ( !       
univ]se1 :i* takes some?+ f !           
magnific5ce hi!rto ascrib$ to x1 z !    
sc5e ( ,god's glory1 %[n 9 ! ?+s :i* ,he
 has creat$2 !y may reply1 t !y d n at  
all di/urb t glory ( ! creation :i*     
arises f its be+1 n only ! product1 b ! 
con/ant field ( ,god's activity & ?\ght1
 wisdom & p[]2 & !y may p]haps ask1 9   
return1 :e!r ! dignity ( ! ,moon w\ld be
 greatly augm5t$ if h] surface 7        
asc]ta9$ to be abundantly peopl$ )      
liz>ds2 or :e!r ,m\nt ,blanc w\ld be m  
sublime1 if millions ( frogs 7 kn[n to  
live 9 ! crevasses ( its glaci]s4  #aj4 
,aga93 ! ,e>? is a sc5e ( ,moral ,trial4
 ,man is subject to a ,moral ,law2 & ?is
 ,moral ,law is a ,law ( :i* ,god is !  
,legislator4 ,x is a law :i* man has !  
p[] ( discov]+1 by ! use ( ! faculties  
:i* ,god has giv5 him4 ,by consid]+ !   
nature & consequ5ces ( actions1 man is  
able to disc]n1 9 a great measure1 :at  

is "r & :at is wrong2--:at he ought &   
:at he ought n to d2--:at 8 duty &      
virtue1 :at 8 crime & vice4 ,man has a  
,law on su* subjects1 writt5 on 8 he>t1 
z ! ,apo/le ,paul says4 ,he has a       
consci5ce :i* accuses or excuses him2 & 
?us1 recognizes 8 acts z wor?y (        
condemnation or approval4 ,& ?us1 man   
is1 & kn[s himself to be1 ! subject (   
,div9e ,law1 comm&+ & prohibit+2 & is   
"h1 9 a /ate ( probation1 z to h[ f> he 
w obey or disobey ?is ,law4 ,he has     
impulses1 spr+s ( action1 :i* urge him  
to ! violation ( ?is ,law4 ,appetite1   
,desire1 ,ang]1 ,lu/1 ,gre$9ess1 ,envy1 
,malice1 impel him to c\rses :i* are    
vici\s4 ,b ^! impulses he is capable (  
resi/+ & controll+2--( avoid+ ! vices & 
practis+ ! opposite virtues2--& ( ris+ f
 "o /age ( ,virtue to ano!r1 by a       
gradual & successive purification &     
elevation ( ! desires1 affections &     
habits1 9 a degree1 s f> z we "k1 )\t   
limit4  #aa4 ,n[ 9 consid]+ ! be>+ ( ?is
 view ^u our orig9al subject1 we h1 9 ! 

fir/ place1 to make ?is rem>k3 t !      
exi/5ce ( a body ( creatures1 capable ( 
su* a ,law1 ( su* a ,trial1 & ( su* an  
,elevation z ?is1 is1 accord+ to all t  
we c conceive1 an object inf9itely m    
wor?y ( ! ex]tion ( ! ,div9e ,p[] &     
,wisdom1 9 ! ,creation ( ! univ]se1 ?an 
any numb] ( planets occupi$ by creatures
 hav+ no su* lot1 no su* law1 no su*    
capacities1 & no su* responsibilities4  
,h[ev] imp]fectly ! moral law be obey$2 
h[ev] ill ! great] "p ( mank9d may      
respond to ! appo9tm5t :i* places !m "h 
9 a /ate ( moral probation2 h[ev] few ^?
 may be :o use ! capacities & means ( _!
 moral purification & elevation2--/ill1 
t !re is su* a plan 9 ! creation1 & t   
any respond to its appo9tm5ts1--is      
really a view ( ! ,univ]se :i* we c     
conceive to be suitable to ! nature (   
,god1 because we c approve ( x1 9 virtue
 ( ! moral nature :i* ,he has giv5 u4   
,"o s*ool ( moral discipl9e1 "o !atre ( 
moral action1 "o ar5a ( moral conte/s = 
! highe/ prizes1 is a suffici5t c5tre = 

innum]able ho/s ( />s & planets1 globes 
( fire & e>?1 wat] & air1 :e!r or n     
t5ant$ by corals & madrepores1 fi%es &  
creep+ ?+s4 ,s great & maje/ic are ^?   
names ( ,"r & ,good1 ,duty & ,virtue1 t 
all m]e mat]ial or animal exi/5ce is    
wor?less 9 ! comp>ison4  #ab4 ,b fur!r3 
let u consid] :at is ?is moral progress 
( :i* we h spok52--?is purification &   
elevation ( man's inn] be+4 ,man's      
intellectual progress1 8 advance 9 ! k (
 ! g5]al laws ( ! ,univ]se1 we f\nd     
reason to believe t we 7 n describ+     
unfitly1 :5 we spoke ( x z br++ u ne>]  
to ,god2--z mak+ our ?\ghts1 9 "s       
degree1 resemble ,8 ?\ghts2--z enabl+ u 
to see ?+s z ,he sees !m4 ,& on t       
acc\nt1 we held t ! plac+ man1 ) 8      
intellectual p[]s1 9 a condition 9 :i*  
he 0 impell$1 & enabl$1 to seek su* k1 0
 ( itself a great ?+1 & t5d$ mu* to give
 to ! ,creation a wor?y end4 ,n[ ! moral
 elevation ( man's be+ is ! elevation ( 
8 s5tim5ts & affections t[>ds a /&>d or 
idea1 :i* ,god1 by 8 ,law1 has indicat$ 

z t po9t t[>ds :i* man ought to t5d4 ,we
 d n ascribe ,virtue to ,god1 adapt+ to 
,him our notions tak5 f man's           
attributes1 z we d :5 we ascribe ,k to  
,god3 = ,virtue implies ! control &     
direction ( human spr+s (               
action2--implies human ef=ts & human    
habits4 ,b we ascribe to ,god inf9ite   
,goodness1 ,ju/ice1 & ,tru?1 z well z   
inf9ite ,wisdom & ,p[]2 & ,goodness1    
,ju/ice1 ,tru?1 =m elem5ts ( ! "* at :i*
 man also is1 by ! ,moral ,law1 direct$ 
to aim4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 man's moral       
progress is a progress t[>ds a lik5ess )
 ,god2 & su* a progress1 ev5 m ?an a    
progress t[>ds an intellectual lik5ess )
 ,god1 may be conceiv$ z mak+ ! s\l (   
man fit to endure =ev] ) ,god2 & !re=e1 
z mak+ ?is e>? a prefatory /age ( human 
s\ls1 to fit !m = et]nity2--a nurs]y (  
plants :i* are to be fully unfold$ 9 a  
cele/ial g>d54  #ac4 ,& to ?is1 we mu/  
add t1 on o!r acc\nts also1 z well z on 
acc\nt ( ! capacity ( ! human s\l =     
moral & intellectual progress1 ?\ghtful 

m5 h always be5 dispos$1 on gr\nds      
suppli$ by ! light ( nature1 to believe 
9 ! exi/5ce ( human s\ls aft] ?is pres5t
 e>?ly life is pa/4 ,su* a belief has   
be5 *]i%$ 9 all ages & nations1 z ! mode
 9 :i* we naturally conceive t :i* is   
app>5tly imp]fect & defici5t 9 ! moral  
gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 to be complet$ &       
p]fect$4 ,& if ?is mortal life be ?us   
really only ! comm5cem5t ( an inf9ite   
,div9e ,plan1 beg9n+ ^u e>? & de/9$ to  
endure = endless ages aft] our e>?ly    
life2 we ne$ no array ( o!r worlds 9 !  
univ]se to give suffici5t dignity &     
maje/y to ! s*eme ( ! ,creation4  #ad4  
,we may make ano!r rem>k :i* may h an   
important be>+ ^u our e/imate ( ! value 
( ! moral s*eme ( ! _w :i* occupies !   
e>?4 ,if1 by any act ( ! ,div9e         
,gov]nm5t1 ! numb] ( ^? m5 %\ld be mu*  
increas$1 :o raise !mselves t[>ds !     
moral /&>d :i* ,god has appo9t$1 & ?us1 
t[>ds a lik5ess to ,god1 & a prospect ( 
a future et]nal union ) him2--su* an act
 ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t w\ld d f> m t[>ds   

mak+ ! ,univ]se a sc5e 9 :i* ,god's     
goodness & greatness 7 l>gely display$1 
?an c\ld be done by any am\nt ( peopl+ (
 planets ) creatures :o 7 incapable (   
moral ag5cy2 or ) creatures ^: capacity 
= ! developm5t ( _! moral faculties 0   
small1 & w\ld cont9ue to be small till  
su* an act ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t 7 p]=m$4  
,! ,int]position ( ,god1 9 ! hi/ory (   
man1 to rem$y man's feebl5ess 9 moral & 
spiritual tasks1 & to enable ^? :o pr(it
 by ! ,int]position1 to asc5d t[>ds a   
union ) ,god1 is an ev5t entirely out ( 
! range ( ^? natural c\rses ( ev5ts :i* 
belong to our subject2 & to su* an      
,int]position1 !re=e1 we mu/ ref] )     
great res]ve2 us+ great caution t we d n
 mix up speculations & conjectures ( our
 own1 ) :at has be5 reveal$ to man      
conc]n+ su* an ,int]position4 ,b ?is1 x 
w\ld seem1 we may say3--t su* a ,div9e  
,int]position = ! moral & spiritual     
elevation ( ! human race1 & = !         
enc\ragem5t & aid ( ^? :o seek !        
purification & elevation ( _! nature1 & 

an et]nal union ) ,god1 is f> m suitable
 to ! ,idea ( a ,god ( ,inf9ite         
,goodness1 ,purity1 & ,greatness1 ?an   
any suppos$ multiplication ( a          
population1 7on our planet or on any    
o!r17 n provid$ ) su* means ( moral &   
spiritual progress4  #ae4 ,& if we 71   
in/ead ( su* a supposition1 to imag9e to
 ourselves1 9 o!r regions ( ! ,univ]se1 
a moral population purifi$ & elevat$ )\t
 ! aid or ne$ ( any su* ,div9e          
,int]position2 ! suppos$ possibility (  
su* a moral race w\ld make ! s9 & mis]y1
 :i* de=m & sadd5 ! aspect ( our e>?1   
appe> m d>k & dismal /ill4 ,we %\ld     
!re=e1 x w\ld seem1 f9d no !ological    
congruity1 & no religi\s consolation1 9 
! assumption ( a ,plurality ( ,worlds ( 
,moral ,be+s3 :ile1 to place ! seats (  
su* worlds 9 ! ,/>s & ! ,planets1 w\ld  
be1 z we h already %[n1 a /ep           
disc\nt5anc$ by physical reasons2 &     
disc\nt5anc$ ! m1 ! m ! light ( sci5ce  
is ?r[n ^u x4  #af4 ,p]haps x may be    
said1 t all :i* we h urg$ to %[ t o!r   

animals1 9 comp>ison ) man1 are less    
wor?y objects ( creative design1 may be 
us$ z an argum5t to prove t o!r planets 
are t5ant$ by m51 or by moral &         
intellectual creatures l man2 s9ce1 if !
 creation ( "o _w ( su* creatures exalts
 s highly our views ( ! dignity &       
importance ( ! plan ( creation1 ! belief
 9 _m su* worlds mu/ elevate /ill m our 
s5tim5ts ( admiration & rev]5ce ( !     
greatness & goodness ( ! ,creator2 & mu/
 be a belief1 on t acc\nt1 to be accept$
 & *]i%$ by pi\s m9ds4  #ag4 ,to ?is we 
reply1 t we _c ?9k ourselves au?oriz$ to
 ass]t cosmological doctr9es1 select$   
arbitr>ily by ourselves1 on ! gr\nd ( _!
 exalt+ our s5tim5ts ( admiration &     
rev]5ce = ! ,deity1 :5 ! weight ( all ! 
evid5ce :i* we c obta9 respect+ !       
con/itution ( ! univ]se is aga9/ !m4 ,x 
appe>s to u1 t to disc]n "o great s*eme 
( moral & religi\s gov]nm5t1 :i* is !   
spiritual c5tre ( ! univ]se1 may well   
suffice = ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( m5 9 !  
pres5t age2 z 9 =m] ages su* a view (   

creation 0 suffici5t to ov]:elm m5 )    
feel+s ( awe1 & gratitude1 & love2 & to 
make !m confess1 9 ! mo/ emphatic       
language1 t all su* feel+s 7 an         
inadequate response to ! view ( ! s*eme 
( ,provid5ce :i* 0 reveal$ to !m4 ,!    
?\s&s ( millions ( inhabitants ( ! ,e>? 
to :om ! effects ( ! ,div9e ,plan ext5d1
 w n seem1 to ! great] "p ( religi\s    
p]sons1 to ne$ ! addition ( m1 to fill  
our m9ds ) suffici5tly va/ & affect+    
contemplations1 s f> z we are capable ( 
pursu+ su* contemplations4 ,! possible  
ext5sion ( ,god's spiritual k+dom ^u !  
e>? w probably appe> to !m a f> m       
int]e/+ field ( dev\t m$itation1 ?an !  
possible addition to x ( ! inhabitants (
 di/ant />s1 connect$ 9 "s inscrutable  
mann] ) ! ,div9e ,plan4  #ah4 ,to ju/ify
 our say+ t ! weight ( ! evid5ce is     
aga9/ su* cosmological doctr9es1 we mu/ 
recall to ! read]'s recollection ! :ole 
c\rse ( ! argum5t :i* we h be5 pursu+4  
,x is a possible conjecture1 at fir/1 t 
!re may be o!r ,worlds1 hav+1 z ?is has1

 _! moral & intellectual attributes1 &  
_! relations to ! ,creator4 ,x is also a
 possible conjecture1 t ?is ,_w1 hav+   
su* attributes1 & su* relations1 may1 on
 t acc\nt1 be necess>ily unique &       
incapable ( repetition1 peculi>1 &      
spiritually c5tral4 ,^! two opposite    
possibilities may be plac$1 at fir/1    
front to front1 z balanc+ ea* o!r4 ,we  
mu/ !n weigh su* evid5ce & su* analogies
 z we c f9d on ! "o side or on ! o!r4   
,we see mu* 9 ! intellectual & moral    
nature ( man1 & 9 8 hi/ory1 to confirm !
 op9ion t ! human race is ?us unique1   
peculi> & c5tral4 ,9 ! views :i*        
,religion pres5ts1 we f9d mu* m1 t5d+ ! 
same way1 & involv+ ! opposite          
supposition 9 great difficulties4 ,we   
f9d1 9 our k ( :at we ourselves are1    
reasons to believe t if !re be1 9 any   
o!r planet1 intellectual & moral be+s1  
!y mu/ n only be l m51 b mu/ be m51 9   
all ! attributes :i* we c conceive z    
belong+ to su* be+s4 ,& yet to suppose  
o!r gr\ps ( ! human species1 9 o!r p>ts 

( ! univ]se1 mu/ be all[$ to be a v bold
 hypo!sis1 to be ju/ifi$ only by "s     
positive evid5ce 9 its favor4 ,:5 f ^!  
views1 drawn f ! attributes & relations 
( man1 we turn to ! evid5ce drawn f     
physical conditions1 we f9d v /rong     
reason to believe t1 s f> z ! ,sol>     
,sy/em is conc]n$1 ! ,e>? is1 ) reg>d to
 ! conditions ( life1 9 a peculi> &     
c5tral position2 s t ! conditions ( any 
life approa*+ at all to human life1 exi/
 on ! ,e>? alone4 ,z to o!r sy/ems :i*  
may circle o!r suns1 ! possibility ( _! 
be+ inhabit$ by m51 rema9s1 z at fir/1 a
 m]e conjecture1 )\t any trace (        
confirmatory evid5ce4 ,x 0 sugge/$ at   
fir/ by ! suppos$ analogy ( o!r />s to  
our sun2 b ?is analogy has n be5 v]ifi$ 
9 any in/ance2 & has be51 we conceive1  
%[n 9 _m cases1 to vani% altoge!r4 ,& t 
!re may be su* a plan ( creation1--"o 9 
:i* ! moral & intellig5t race ( man is !
 climax & c5tral po9t to :i* innum]able 
races ( m]e un9tellig5t species t5d1--we
 h ! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce1 9 ! hi/ory ( our

 own e>?1 z disclos$ by geology4 ,we are
 left1 !re=e1 ) no?+ to cl+ to1 on "o   
side1 b ! b>e possibility t "s ( ! />s  
are ! c5tres ( sy/ems l ! ,sol>         
,sy/em2--an op9ion f\nd$ ^u ! s+le fact1
 %[n to be highly ambigu\s1 ( ^? />s be+
 self-lum9\s2 & to ?is possibility1 we  
oppose all ! consid]ations1 fl[+ f      
moral1 hi/orical1 & religi\s views1 :i* 
repres5t ! human race z unique &        
peculi>4 ,! =ce ( ^! consid]ations w1 ( 
c\rse1 be diff]5t 9 diff]5t m9ds1       
accord+ to ! importance :i* ea* p]son   
atta*es to su* moral1 hi/orical1 &      
religi\s views2 b :atev] ! weight ( !m  
may be deem$1 x is to be recollect$ t we
 h on ! o!r side a b>e possibility1 a   
m]e conjecture2 :i*1 ?\gh sugge/$ at    
fir/ by a/ronomical discov]ies1 all m   
rec5t a/ronomical rese>*es h fail$ to   
confirm 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,9 ?is /ate 
( our k1 & ) su* gr\nds ( belief1 to    
dwell ^u ! ,plurality ( ,worlds (       
intellectual & moral creatures1 z a     
highly probable doctr9e1 mu/1 we ?9k1 be

 held to be em95tly ra% &               
unphilosophical4  #ai4 ,on su* a        
subject1 :]e ! evid5ces are s imp]fect1 
& our p[] ( e/imat+ analogies s small1  
f> be x f u to speak positively &       
dogmatically4 ,& if any "o holds !      
op9ion1 on :atev] evid5ce1 t !re are o!r
 sph]es ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t ?an ?is    
e>?1--o!r regions 9 :i* ,god has        
subjects & s]vants1--o!r be+s :o d 8 w1 
& :o1 x may be1 are connect$ ) ! moral &
 religi\s int]e/s ( man2--we d n brea! a
 syllable aga9/ su* a belief2 b1 on !   
contr>y1 reg>d x ) a ready & respectful 
sympa?y4 ,x is a belief :i* f9ds an e*o 
9 pi\s & rev]5t he>ts2#c & x is1 (      
itself1 an evid5ce ( t religi\s &       
spiritual "* 9 man1 :i* is "o ( ! po9ts 
( our argum5t4 ,b ! discussion ( su* a  
belief does n belong to ! pres5t        
occasion1 any fur!r ?an to obs]ve1 t x  
w\ld be v ra% & unadvis$1--a proce$+    
unw>rant$1 we ?9k1 by ,religion1 &      
c]ta9ly at v>iance ) all t ,sci5ce      
tea*es1--to place ^? o!r1 extra-human   

sph]es ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ,planets 
& 9 ! ,/>s4 ,) reg>d to ! planets & !   
/>s1 if we reason at all1 we mu/ reason 
on physical gr\nds2 we mu/ suppose1 z to
 a great ext5t we c prove t ! laws &    
prop]ties ( t]re/rial matt] & motion    
apply to !m also4 ,on su* gr\nds1 x is z
 improbable t visitants f ,jupit] or f  
,sirius c come to ! ,e>?1 z t m5 c pass 
to ^? />s3 z unlikely t inhabitants ( ^?
 />s "k & take an int]e/ 9 human        
affairs1 z t we c le>n :at !y are do+4  
,a belief 9 ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t ( o!r    
races ( spiritual creatures besides !   
human race1 & 9 ,div9e ,m9i/rations     
committ$ to su* be+s1 _c be connect$ )  
our physical & a/ronomical views ( !    
nature ( ! />s & ! planets1 )\t mak+ a  
mixture altoge!r incongru\s & incoh]5t2 
a mixture ( :at is mat]ial & :at is     
spiritual1 adv]se alike to s\nd religion
 & to s\nd philosophy4  #bj4 ,p]haps    
aga91 x may be said1 t 9 speak+ ( !     
%ortness ( ! "t dur+ :i* man has occupi$
 ! e>?1 9 comp>ison ) ! previ\s ages (  

irrational life1 & ( blank matt]1 we are
 tak+ man at 8 pres5t p]iod ( exi/5ce on
 ! e>?3--t we d n "k t ! race may n be  
de/9$ to cont9ue ^u ! e>? = z _m ages z 
prec$$ ! creation ( man4 ,& to ?is we   
reply1 t 9 reason+1 z we mu/ d1 at !    
pres5t p]iod1 we c only proce$ ^u t :i* 
has happ5$ up to ! pres5t p]iod4 ,if we 
d n "k h[ long man w cont9ue to inhabit 
! e>?1 we _c reason z if we did "k t he 
w inhabit x long] ?an any o!r species   
has done4 ,we may n dwell ^u a m]e      
possibility1 :i*1 x is assum$1 may at "s
 indef9itely future p]iod1 alt] ! aspect
 ( ! facts n[ be=e u4 ,= x w\ld be z    
easy to assume possibilities :i* may    
come h]eaft] to alt] ! aspect ( ! facts1
 9 favor ( ! "o side1 z ( ! o!r4#d ,:at 
! future de/9ies ( our race1 & ( ! e>?1 
may be1 is a subject :i* is1 = u1 %r\d$ 
9 deep d>kness4 ,x w\ld be v ra% to     
assume t !y w be su* z to alt] !        
impression d]iv$ f :at we n[ "k1 & to   
alt] x 9 a c]ta9 preconceiv$ mann]4 ,b  
yet x is natural to =m conjectures on   

?is subject2 & p]haps we may be all[$ to
 consid] = a mom5t :at k9d ( conjectures
 ! exi/+ /age ( our k sugge/s1 :5 we    
all[ ourselves ! lic5se ( conjectur+4 ,!
 next ,*apt] conta9s "s rem>ks be>+ ^u  
su* conjectures4  ,,footnotes3  #a      
,among ! mo/ rec5t expositors ( ?is     
doctr9e we may place ,m4 ,h5ri ,m>t91 ^:
 ,philosophie ,spirituali/e de la       
,nature is full ( /rik+ views ( !       
univ]se 9 its relation to ,god4 7,p>is4 
#ahdi47  #b ,mo/ read]s :o h giv5 any   
att5tion to speculations ( ?is k9d1 w   
recollect ,newton's rem>kable           
expressions conc]n+ ! ,deity3 ,a,eternus
 e/ et inf9itus1 omnipot5s et omnisci5s2
 id e/1 durat ab aet]no 9 aet]num1 et   
ade/ ab inf9ito 9 inf9itum4444 ,non e/  
aet]nitas et inf9itas1 s$ aet]nus et    
inf9itus2 non e/ duratio et spatium1 s$ 
durat et ade/4 ,durat semp] et ade/     
ubique1 et exi/5do semp] et ubique      
durationem et spatium con/ituit4  ,to   
say t ,god by exi/+ always & ev]y:]e    
con/itutes duration & space1 appe>s to  

be a =m ( expression bett] avoid$4      
,besides t x approa*es too ne> to !     
op9ion1 :i* ! writ] rejects1 t ,he is   
duration & space1 x assumes a k ( !     
nature ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce1 beyond our   
means ( kn[+1 & !re=e ra%ly4 ,x appe>s  
to be saf]1 & m 9 con=mity ) :at we     
really "k1 to say1 n t ! exi/5ce ( ,god 
con/itutes "t & space2 b t ,god has     
con/itut$ man1 s t he c appreh5d ! works
 ( creation1 only z exi/+ 9 "t & space4 
,t ,god has con/itut$ "t & space z      
conditions ( man's k ( ! creation1 is   
c]ta93 t ,god has con/itut$ "t & space z
 results ( 8 own exi/5ce 9 any o!r way1 
we _c "k4  #c     ,= d\bt n t 9 o!r     
worlds above     ,!re mu/ be o!r (fices 
( love1     ,t o!r tasks & m9i/ries !re 
are1     ,s9ce x is promis$ t ,8        
s]vants1 !re1     ,%all s]ve ,him       
/ill4--,,tr5*4  #d ,= in/ance1 we may   
assume t 9 two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 by !
 improvem5t ( telescopes1 or by o!r     
means1 x may be asc]ta9$ t ! o!r planets
 ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em are n inhabit$1 & t ! 

o!r ,/>s are n ! c5tres ( regul> sy/ems4
     ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  ,,! ,,future4     
#a4 ,we proce$ !n to a few reflections  
to :i* we _c b feel ourselves invit$ by 
! views :i* we h already pres5t$ 9 ^!   
pages4 ,:at w be ! future hi/ory ( !    
human race1 & :at ! future de/9ation (  
ea* individual1 mo/ p]sons w1 & mo/     
wisely1 judge on f> o!r gr\nds ?an !    
analogies :i* physical sci5ce c supply4 
,analogies d]iv$ f su* a qu>t] c ?r[    
little light on ^? grave & l(ty         
que/ions4 ,yet p]haps a few ?\ghts on   
?is subject1 ev5 if !y s]ve only to %[  
h[ little ! light ?us atta9able really  
is1 may n be an unfit conclusion to :at 
has be5 said2 & ! m s1 if ^! analogies (
 sci5ce1 s f> z !y h any specific       
t5d5cy1 t5d to confirm "s ( !           
convictions1 ) reg>d to ^? weighty &    
solemn po9ts1--! de/9y ( ,man1 & (      
,mank9d1--:i* we d]ive f o!r & high]    
s\rces ( k4  #b4 ,man is capable ( look+
 back ^u ! pa/ hi/ory ( himself1 8      
,race1 ! ,e>?1 & ! ,univ]se4 ,s f> z he 

has ! means ( do+ s1 & s f> z 8         
reflective p[]s are unfold$1 he _c      
refra9 f su* a retrospect4 ,z we h se51 
man has occupi$ 8 ?\ghts ) su*          
contemplations1 & has be5 l$ to         
convictions !reupon1 ( ! mo/ rem>kable &
 /rik+ k9d4 ,man is also capable ( look+
 =w>ds to ! future probable or possible 
hi/ory ( himself1 8 race1 ! e>?1 & !    
univ]se4 ,he is irresi/ibly tempt$ to d 
?is1 & to endeavor to %ape 8 conjectures
 on ! ,future1 by :at he kn[s ( ! ,pa/4 
,he attempts to disc]n :at future *ange 
& progress may be imag9$ or expect$1 by 
! analogy ( pa/ *ange & progress1 :i* h 
be5 asc]ta9$4 ,su* analogies may be     
necess>ily v vague & loose2 b !y are !  
peculi> gr\nd ( speculation1 ) :i* we h 
"h to deal4 ,p]haps man _c discov] )    
c]ta9ty any fix$ & p]man5t laws :i* h   
regulat$ ^? pa/ *anges :i* h modifi$ !  
surface & population ( ! e>?2 /ill less1
 any laws :i* h produc$ a visible       
progression 9 ! con/itution ( ! re/ ( ! 
univ]se4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 avail himself ( 

any close analogies1 to help him to     
conjecture ! future c\rse ( ev5ts1 on ! 
e>? or 9 ! univ]se2 /ill less c he apply
 any kn[n laws1 :i* may enable him to   
pr$ict ! future configurations ( !      
elem5ts ( ! _w2 z he c pr$ict ! future  
configurations ( ! planets = indef9ite  
p]iods4 ,he c =esee ! a/ronomical       
revolutions ( ! heav5s1 s long z ! kn[n 
laws subsi/4 ,he _c =esee ! future      
geological revolutions ( ! e>?1 ev5 if  
!y are to be produc$ by ! same causes   
:i* h produc$ ! pa/ revolutions1 ( :i*  
he has le>nt ! s]ies & ord]4 ,/ill less 
c he =esee ! future revolutions :i* may 
take place 9 ! condition ( man1 (       
society1 ( philosophy1 ( religion2 /ill 
less1 aga91 ! c\rse :i* ! ,div9e        
,gov]nm5t ( ! _w w take1 or ! /ate ( ?+s
 to :i*1 ev5 z n[ conduct$1 x w lead4   
#c4 ,all ^! subjects are cov]$ ) a veil 
( my/]y1 :i* sci5ce & philosophy c d    
little 9 rais+4 ,yet ^! are subjects to 
:i* ! m9d turns1 ) a f> m eag]          
curiosity1 ?an t :i* x feels ) reg>d to 

m]e geological or a/ronomical           
revolutions4 ,man is naturally1 &       
reasonably1 ! greate/ object ( int]e/ to
 man4 ,:at %all happ5 to ! human race1  
aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 is a f> de>] conc]n  
to him1 ?an :at %all happ5 to ,jupit] or
 ,sirius2 & ev51 ?an :at %all happ5 to !
 cont95ts & oceans ( ! globe on :i* he  
lives1 except s f> z ! *anges ( 8       
domicile affect himself4 ,if our k ( !  
e>? & ( ! heav5s1 ( animals & ( man1 ( !
 pa/ condition & pres5t laws ( ! _w1 is 
q b>r5 ( all sugge/ion ( :at may or may 
n h]eaft] be ! lot ( man1 su* k w lose !
 *>m :i* w\ld h made x mo/ preci\s &    
attractive 9 ! eyes ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,&
 if1 on su* subjects1 any conjectures1  
h[ev] dubi\s1--any analogies1 h[ev]     
loose1--c be collect$ f :at we "k1 !y w 
probably be receiv$ z acceptable1 9     
spite ( _! insecurity2 & w be deem$ a   
fit (f]+ f ! sci5tific faculty1 to ^?   
hopes & expectations1--to t curiosity & 
desire ( all k1--:i* gladly receive _!  
nutrim5t & gratification f e prov9ce (  

man's be+4  #d4 ,n[ if we ask1 :at is   
likely to be ! future condition ( !     
population ( ! e>? z comp>$ ) ! pres5t2 
we are naturally l$ to recollect1 :at   
has be5 ! pa/ condition ( t population z
 comp>$ ) ! pres5t4 ,& "h1 our ?\ghts   
are at once /ruck by t great fact1 to   
:i* we h s (t5 ref]r$2 :i* we conceive  
to be e/abli%$ by irrefragable          
geological evid5ce1 & ( :i* ! importance
 _c be ov]rat$3--namely1 ! fact t !     
exi/5ce ( man ^u ! e>? has be5 = only a 
few ?\s& ye>s3--t = ?\s&s1 & myriads1 & 
x may be = millions ( ye>s1 previ\s to t
 p]iod1 ! e>? 0 t5ant$1 entirely &      
solely1 by brute creatures1 de/itute (  
reason1 incapable ( progress1 & guid$   
m]ely by animal in/9cts1 9 ! pres]vation
 & cont9uation ( _! races4 ,aft] ?is    
p]iod ( m]e brute exi/5ce1 9 innum]able 
=ms1 _h endur$ = a va/ s]ies ( cycles1  
!re appe>$ ^u ! e>? a creature1 ev5 9 8 
organization1 sup]ior f> to all2 b /ill 
m sup]ior1 9 8 possession ( peculi>     
end[m5ts2--reason1 language1 ! p[] (    

indef9ite progress1 & ( rais+ 8 ?\ghts  
t[>ds 8 ,creator & ,gov]nor3 9 %ort1 to 
use t]ms already employ$1 an            
intellectual1 moral1 religi\s1 &        
spiritual creature4 ,aft] ! ages (      
intellectual d>kness1 !re took place ?is
 creation ( intellectual light4 ,aft] ! 
long-cont9u$ play ( m]e appetite &      
s5sual life1 !re came ! op]ation (      
?\ght1 reflection1 inv5tion1 art1       
sci5ce1 moral s5tim5ts1 religi\s belief 
& hope2 & ?us1 life & be+1 9 a f> high] 
s5se ?an _h ev] exi/$1 ev5 9 ! highe/   
degree1 9 ! long ages ( ! e>?'s previ\s 
exi/5ce4  #e4 ,n[1 ?is great & capital  
fact _c fail to excite 9 u _m           
reflections1 :i*1 h[ev] vaguely & dimly1
 c>ry u to ! prospect ( ! future4 ,!    
pres5t be+ s relat$ to ! pa/1 h[ may we 
suppose t ! future w be relat$ to !     
pres5t8  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is a      
natural reflection4 ,! t]re/rial _w hav+
 made ?is advance f brute to human life1
 c we ?9k x at all likely1 t ! pres5t   
condition ( ! e>?'s inhabitants is a    

f9al condition8 ,has ! va/ /ep f animal 
to human life1 exhau/$ ! progressive    
p[]s ( nature8 or to speak m rev]5tly & 
ju/ly1 has x complet$ ! progressive plan
 ( ! ,creator8 ,aft] ! great revolution 
by :i* man became :at he is1 c & w no?+ 
be done1 to br+ into be+ some?+ bett]   
?an n[ is2 h[ev] t future creature may  
be relat$ to man8 ,we leave out (       
consid]ation any suppos$ progression1   
:i* may h tak5 place 9 ! animal creation
 previ\s to man's exi/5ce2 any          
progression by :i* ! animal organization
 0 made to approximate1 gradually or by 
sudd5 /eps1 to ! human organization2    
p>tly1 because su* successive           
approximation is que/ion$ by "s         
geologi/s2 & is1 at any rate1 obscure & 
p]plex$3 b mu* m1 because x is n really 
to our purpose4 ,simil>ity (            
organization is n ! po9t 9 "q4 ,!       
end[m5ts & capacities ( man1 by :i* he  
is ,man1 are ! great di/9ction1 :i*     
places all o!r animals at an            
immeasurable di/ance bel[ him4 ,! close/

 approximation ( =m or organs1 does no?+
 to oblit]ate ?is di/9ction4 ,x does n  
br+ ! monkey ne>] to man1 t 8 tongue has
 ! same muscul> app>atus z man's1 s long
 z he _c talk2 & s long z he has n !    
?\ght & idea :i* language implies1 & :i*
 are unfold$ indef9itely 9 ! use (      
language4 ,! /ep1 !n1 by :i* ! e>?      
became1 a human habitation1 0 an        
immeasurable advance on all t exi/$     
be=e2 & !re=e !re is a "q :i* we are1 x 
seems1 irresi/ibly prompt$ to ask1 ,is  
?is ! la/ su* /ep8 ,is !re no?+ beyond  
x8 ,man is ! head ( creation1 9 8 pres5t
 condition2 b is t condition ! f9al     
result & ultimate goal ( ! progress (   
creation 9 ! plan ( ! ,creator8 ,z !re 0
 f\nd & produc$ some?+ s f> beyond      
animals1 z man is1 may !re n also1 9 "s 
c\rse ( ! revolutions ( ! _w1 be produc$
 some?+ f> beyond :at man is8 ,! "q is  
put1 z imply+ a difficulty 9 believ+ t x
 %\ld be s2 & ?is difficulty mu/ be v   
g5]ally felt4 ,consid]+ h[ va/ !        
res\rces ( ! ,creative ,p[] h be5 %[n to

 be1 x is difficult to suppose !y are   
exhau/$4 ,consid]+ h[ great ?+s h be5   
done1 9 ! progress ( ! "w ( creation1 we
 naturally ?9k t ev5 great] ?+s ?an ^!1 
/ill rema9 to be done4  #f4 ,b !n1 on ! 
o!r h&1 !re is an imm5se difficulty 9   
suppos+1 ev5 9 imag9+1 any fur!r *ange1 
at all comm5surate 9 k9d & degree1 ) !  
/ep :i* c>ri$ ! _w f a m]e brute        
population1 to a human population4 ,9 a 
proportion 9 :i* ! two fir/ t]ms are    
brute & man1 :at c be ! ?ird t]m8 ,9 !  
progress f m]e ,in/9ct to ,reason1 we h 
a progress f bl9dness to sight2 & :at c 
we d m ?an see8 ,:5 pure ,intellect is  
evolv$ 9 man1 he approa*es to ! nature (
 ! ,supreme ,m9d3 h[ c a creature rise  
high]8 ,:5 m]e impulse1 appetite1 &     
passion are plac$ "u ! control &        
direction ( duty & virtue1 man is put "u
 ,div9e ,gov]nm5t3 :at great] lot c any 
creat$ be+ h8  #g4 ,& ! difficulty (    
conceiv+ any ult]ior /ep at all analog\s
 to ! la/ & mo/ wond]ful ( ! revolutions
 :i* h tak5 place 9 ! condition ( !     

e>?'s inhabitants1 w be f\nd to gr[ ^u  
u1 z x is m closely exam9$4 ,= x may    
truly be said1 ! *ange :i* occurr$ :5   
man 0 plac$ on ! e>?1 0 n "o :i* c\ld h 
be5 imag9$ & con/ruct$ be=eh&1 by a     
speculator m]ely look+ at ! end[m5ts &  
capacities ( ! creatures :i* 7 previ\sly
 liv+4 ,ev5 9 ! way ( organization1 c\ld
 any intellig5t spectator1 contemplat+  
any?+ :i* !n exi/$ 9 ! animal _w1 h     
guess$ ! wond]ful new & p[]ful purposes 
to :i* x 0 to be made subs]vi5t 9 man8  
,c\ld su* a spectator1 f see+ ! rudim5ts
 ( a ,h&1 9 ! horse or ! c[1 or ev5 f   
see+ ! h& ( a quadruman\s animal1 h     
conjectur$1 t ! ,h& 01 9 man1 to be made
 an in/rum5t by :i* inf9ite numb]s ( new
 in/rum5ts 7 to be con/ruct$1 subdu+ !  
elem5ts to man's uses1 giv+ him a comm& 
ov] nature :i* might seem sup]natural1  
tam+ or conqu]+ all o!r animals1 enabl+ 
him to scrut9ize ! f>!/ regions ( !     
univ]se1 & ! subtle/ comb9ations (      
mat]ial ?+s8  #h4 ,or aga92 c\ld su* a  
spectator1 by dissect+ ! tongues (      

animals1 h div9$ t ! ,tongue1 9 man1 0  
to be ! means ( communicat+ ! f9e/      
movem5ts ( ?\ght & feel+2 ( giv+ "o man1
 weak & feeble1 an unb\nd$ asc5d5cy ov] 
robu/ & angry multitudes2 &1 assi/$ by !
 7writ+7 h&1 ( influ5c+ ! intimate      
?\ghts1 laws1 & habits ( ! mo/ remote   
po/]ity8  #i4 ,& aga91 c\ld su* a       
spectator1 see+ animals entirely occupi$
 by _! appetites & desires1 & ! objects 
subs]vi5t to _! individual              
gratification1 h ev] dreamt t !re %\ld  
appe> on e>? a creature :o %\ld desire  
to "k1 & %\ld "k1 ! di/ances & motions (
 ! />s1 future z well z pres5t2 ! causes
 ( _! motions1 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & 8 own
 hi/ory2 & ev5 %\ld "k tru?s by :i* all 
possible objects & ev5ts n only are1 b  
mu/ be regulat$8  #aj4 ,& yet aga91 c\ld
 su* a spectator1 see+ t animals obey$  
_! appetites ) no re/ra9t b ext]nal fe>1
 & knew ( no diff]5ce ( good & bad      
except ! s5sual diff]5ce1 ev] h imag9$ t
 !re %\ld be a creature ackn[l$g+ a     
diff]5ce ( "r & wrong1 z a di/9ction    

supreme ov] :at 0 good or bad to ! s5se2
 & a rule ( duty :i* might =bid & prev5t
 gratification by an int]nal            
prohibition8  #aa4 ,& f9ally1 c\ld su* a
 spectator1 see+ no?+ b animals ) all _!
 faculties ?us entirely imm]s$ 9 !      
elem5ts ( _! bodily be+1 h suppos$ t a  
creature %\ld come1 :o %\ld raise 8     
?\ghts to 8 ,creator1 ackn[l$ge ,him z 8
 ,ma/] & ,gov]nor1 look to ,8 ,judgm5t1 
& aspire to live et]nally 9 ,8 pres5ce8 
#ab4 ,if x w\ld h be5 impossible = a    
spectator ( ! praehuman creation1 h[ev] 
intellig5t1 imag9ative1 bold & inv5tive1
 to h conjectur$ be=eh& ! end[m5ts ( su*
 a creature z ,man1 tak+ only ^? :i* we 
h ?us indicat$2 x may well be ?\ght1 t  
if !re is to be a creature :i* is to    
succe$ man1 z man has succe$$ ! animals1
 x mu/ be equally impossible = u to     
conjecture be=eh&1 :at k9d ( creature t 
mu/ be1 & :at w be 8 end[m5ts &         
privileges4  #ac4 ,?us a spectator :o   
%\ld ?us h /udi$ ! praehuman creation1 &
 :o %\ld h _h no?+ else to help him 9 8 

conjectures & conceptions1 7( c\rse1 by 
! supposition ( a praehuman p]iod1 n any
 k ( ! op]ation ( intellig5ce1 ?\gh a   
mo/ active intellig5ce w\ld be necess>y 
= su* speculations17 w\ld n h be5 able  
to div9e ! future appe>ance ( a         
creature1 s excell5t z ,man2 or to guess
 at 8 end[m5ts & privileges1 or 8       
relation to ! previ\s animal creation2 &
 j z little able may we be1 ev5 if !re  
is to exi/ at "s "t1 a creature m       
excell5t & glori\s ?an man1 to div9e :at
 k9d ( creature he w be1 & h[ relat$ to 
man4 ,& "h1 !re=e1 x w\ld p]haps be be/1
 t we %\ld quit ! subject2 & n (f]      
conjectures :i* we ?us ackn[l$ge to h no
 value4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! few brief     
rem>ks :i* we h /ill to make1 put =w>ds1
 z !y are1 m]ely z sugge/ions to be     
weigh$ by o!rs1 c n reasonably give     
(f5ce1 or tr\ble ev5 ! mo/ rev]5t ?9k]4 
#ad4 ,to suppose a high] developm5t (   
end[m5ts :i* already exi/ 9 man1 is a   
natural mode ( ris+ to ! imag9ation ( a 
be+ nobl] ?an man is2 b we %all f9d t   

su* hypo!ses d n lead u to any          
satisfactory result4 ,look+ at ! fir/ ( 
^? features ( ! sup]iority ( man ov]    
brutes1 :i* we h j po9t$ out1 ! ,human  
,h&1 we c imag9e ?is sup]iority c>ri$   
fur!r4 ,inde$1 9 ! c\rse ( human        
progress1 & especially 9 rec5t times1 & 
9 our own c\ntry1 man employs in/ead (1 
or 9 addition to ! h&1 innum]able       
in/rum5ts to make nature s]ve 8 ne$s & d
 8 w4 ,he works by ,tools & ,ma*9]y1    
d]ivative h&s1 :i* increase a           
hundr$-fold ! p[] ( ! natural h&4 ,%all 
we try to asc5d to a ,new ,p]iod1 to    
imag9e a ,new ,creature1 by suppos+ ?is 
p[] increas$ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( times m1 
s t nature %\ld obey man1 & m9i/] to 8  
ne$s1 9 an incomp>ably great] degree ?an
 %e n[ does8 ,we may imag9e ?is c>ri$ s 
f>1 t all ne$ = manual labor %all be    
sup]s$$2 & ?us1 abundant "t %all be left
 to ! creature ?us gift$1 = develop+ !  
intellectual & moral p[]s :i* mu/ be !  
high] "p ( its nature4 ,b /ill1 t high] 
nature ( ! creature itself1 & n its     

comm& ov] ext]nal mat]ial nature1 mu/ be
 ! qu>t] 9 :i* we are to f9d any?+ :i*  
%all elevate ! creature above man1 z man
 is elevat$ above brutes4  #ae4 ,or1    
look+ at ! second ( ! features ( human  
sup]iority1 %all we suppose t ! means ( 
,communication ( _! ?\ghts to ea* o!r1  
:i* exi/ = ! human race1 are to be      
imm5sely increas$1 & t ?is is to be !   
lead+ feature ( a ,new ,p]iod8 ,already1
 9 addition to ! use ( ! tongue1 o!r    
means ( communication h va/ly multipli$ 
man's orig9al means ( c>ry+ on !        
int]c\rse ( ?\ght3--writ+1 employ$ 9    
epi/les1 books1 newspap]s2 roads1 horses
 & po/+ e/abli%m5ts2 %ips2 railways2 &1 
z ! la/ & mo/ notable /ep1 made 9 our   
"t1 electric telegraphs1 ext5d+ across  
cont95ts & ev5 oceans4 ,we c imag9e ?is 
facility & activity ( communication1 9  
:i* man s immeasurably exce$s all       
animals1 /ill fur!r increas$1 & m widely
 ext5d$4 ,b yet s long z :at is ?us     
communicat$ is no?+ great] or bett] ?an 
:at is n[ communicat$ among m52--su*    

news1 su* ?\ghts1 su* que/ions & answ]s1
 z n[ d>t along our roads2--we c\ld     
h>dly ?9k t ! creature1 :atev] wond]ful 
means ( int]c\rse ) its fell[-creatures 
x might possess1 0 elevat$ above man1 s 
z to be ( a high] nature ?an man is4    
#af4 ,?us1 su* improv$ end[m5ts z we h  
n[ spok5 (1 increas$ p[] ov] mat]ials1 &
 increas$ means ( motion &              
communication1 aris+ f improv$ me*anism1
 d little1 & we may say1 no?+1 to       
satisfy our idea ( a m excell5t         
condition ?an t ( man4 ,= su* ext5sions 
( man's pres5t p[]s are consi/5t ) !    
abs5ce ( all intellectual & moral       
improvem5t4 ,m5 might be able to d>t f  
place to place1 & ev5 f planet to       
planet1 & f /> to />1 on w+s1 su* z we  
ascribe to angels 9 our imag9ation3 !y  
might be able to make ! elem5ts obey !m 
at a beck2 & yet !y might n be bett]1   
nor ev5 wis]1 ?an !y are4 ,x is n f\nd  
g5]ally1 t ! improvem5t ( ma*9]y1 & (   
means ( locomotion1 among m51 produces  
an improvem5t 9 morality1 nor ev5 an    

improvem5t 9 intellig5ce1 except z to   
p>ticul> po9ts4 ,we mu/ !re=e look      
some:at fur!r1 9 ord] to f9d possible   
*>act]s1 :i* may enable u to imag9e a   
creature m excell5t ?an man4  #ag4      
,among ! di/9ctions :i* elevate man     
above brutes1 !re is "o :i* we h n      
m5tion$1 b :i* is really "o ( ! mo/     
em95t4 ,we mean1 8 faculty & habit ( =m+
 himself into ,societies1 unit$ by laws 
& language = "s common object1 !        
fur!rance ( :i* requires su* union4 ,!  
mo/ g5]al & prim>y k9d ( su* societies1 
is t ,civil ,society :i* is b\nd toge!r 
by ,law & ,gov]nm5t1 & :i* secures to m5
 ! ,rights ( prop]ty1 p]son1 family1    
ext]nal peace1 & ! l4 ,t ?is k9d (      
society may be conceiv$1 z tak+ a m     
excell5t "* ?an x n[ possesses1 we c    
easily see3 = n only does x (t5 v       
imp]fectly atta9 its direct object1 !   
pres]vation ( ,rights1 b x becomes !    
means & s\rce ( wrong4 ,n only does x   
(t5 fail to secure peace ) /rang]s1 b x 
acts z if its ma9 object 7 to enable m5 

to make w>s ) /rang]s4 ,if we 7 to      
conceive a ,univ]sal & ,p]petual ,peace 
to be e/abli%$ among ! nations ( ! e>?2 
7= in/ance by "s g5]al agreem5t = t     
purpose27 & if we 7 to suppose1 fur!r1 t
 ^? nations %\ld employ all _! p[]s &   
means 9 fully unfold+ ! intellectual &  
moral capacities ( _! memb]s1 by e>ly   
education1 con/ant tea*+1 & ready help 9
 all ways2 we might !n1 p]haps1 look    
=w>ds to a /ate ( ! e>? 9 :i* x %\ld be 
inhabit$1 n inde$ by a be+ exalt$ above 
,man1 b by ,man exalt$ above himself z  
he n[ is4  #ah4 ,t by su* comb9ations ( 
communities ( m51 ev5 ) _! pres5t p[]s1 
results may be obta9$1 :i* at pres5t    
appe> impossible1 or inconceivable1 we  
may f9d good reason to believe2 look+ at
 :at has already be5 done1 or plann$ z  
atta9able by su* means1 9 ! promotion ( 
k1 & ! ext5sion ( man's intellectual    
empire4 ,! greate/ discov]y ev] made1 ! 
discov]y1 by ,newton1 ( ! laws :i*      
regulate ! motions ( ! cosmical sy/em1  
has be5 e>n$ to its pres5t /ate (       

complet5ess1 only by ! unit$ ef=ts ( all
 ! mo/ intellectual nations ^u e>?2 9   
addition to va/ labors ( individuals1 & 
( small] societies1 volunt>ily associat$
 = ! purpose4 ,a/ronomical obs]vatories 
h be5 e/abli%$ 9 e l&2 sci5tific        
voyages1 & exp$itions = ! purpose (     
obs]vation1 :]ev] !y c\ld ?r[ light ^u !
 !ory1 h be5 s5t =?2 co/ly in/rum5ts h  
be5 con/ruct$1 a*ievem5ts ( discov]y h  
be5 rew>d$2 & all nations h %[n a ready 
sympa?y ) e attempt to =w>d ?is "p ( k4 
,yet ! l>ge/ & wise/ plans = ! ext5sion 
( human k 9 o!r prov9ces ( sci5ce by ! l
 means1 h rema9$ hi!rto almo/ entirely  
unexecut$1 & h be5 treat$ z m]e dreams4 
,! exhortations ( ,francis ,bacon to m51
 to seek1 by su* means1 an elevation (  
_! intellectual condition1 h be5 ass5t$ 
to 9 words2 b 8 plans ( a me?odical &   
organiz$ comb9ation ( society = ?is     
purpose1 x has nev] be5 ev5 attempt$ to 
realize4 ,if ! nations ( ! e>? 7 to     
employ1 = ! promotion ( human k1 a small
 fraction only ( ! means1 ! weal?1 !    

+5uity1 ! en]gy1 ! comb9ation1 :i* !y h 
employ$ 9 e age1 = ! de/ruction ( human 
life & ( human means ( enjoym5t2 we     
might soon f9d t :at we hi!rto knew1 is 
little comp>$ ) :at man has ! p[] (     
kn[+4  #ai4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d (       
,society1 or ano!r object ( ,society    
among m51 :i* 9 a /ill m important mann]
 aims at ! elevation ( _! nature4 ,man  
sympa?izes ) man1 n only 9 8            
intellectual aspirations1 b 9 8 moral   
s5tim5ts1 9 8 religi\s beliefs & hopes1 
9 8 ef=ts aft] spiritual life4 ,society1
 ev5 ,civil ,society1 has g5]ally       
recogniz$ ?is sympa?y1 9 a great] or    
less degree2 & has includ$ ,morality &  
,religion1 among ! objects :i* x        
endeavor$ to uphold & promote4 ,b any "o
 :o has any deep & compreh5sive         
p]ception ( man's capacities &          
aspirations1 on su* subjects1 mu/ feel t
 :at has commonly1 or inde$ ev]1 be5    
done by nations = su* a purpose1 has be5
 f> bel[ t :i* ! full developm5t ( man's
 moral1 religi\s1 & spiritual nature    

requires4 ,c we n conceive a ,society   
among m51 :i* %\ld h = its purpose1 to  
promote ?is developm5t1 f> m ?an any    
human society has yet done8--a ,body    
select$ f all nations1 or r1 includ+ all
 nations1 ! purpose ( :i* %\ld be to b9d
 m5 toge!r by a univ]sal feel+ ( k9dness
 & mutual reg>d1 to associate !m 9 !    
ackn[l$gm5t ( a common ,div9e ,lawgiv]1 
,gov]nor1 & ,fa!r2--to unite !m 9 _!    
ef=ts to dive/ !mselves ( ! evil ( _!   
human nature1 & to br+ !mselves ne>] &  
ne>] to a con=mity ) ! ,div9e ,idea2 &  
f9ally1 a ,society :i* %\ld unite !m 9 !
 hope ( su* a union ) ,god t ! p>ts ( _!
 nature :i* seem to claim immortality1 !
 ,m9d1 ! ,s\l1 & ! ,_s1 %\ld endure =ev]
 9 a /ate ( happ9ess aris+ f _! exalt$ &
 p]fect$ condition8 ,& if we c suppose  
su* a ,society2 fully e/abli%$ & fully  
op]ative1 w\ld n ?is be a condition1 z  
f> elevat$ above ! ord9>y e>?ly         
condition ( man1 z t ( man is elevat$   
above ! bea/s t p]i%8  #bj4 ,yet "o m   
"q2 ?\gh we hesitate to mix su*         

sugge/ions f analogy1 ) tra9s ( ?\ght & 
belief1 :i* h _! prop] nutrim5t f o!r   
qu>t]s4 ,we "k1 ev5 f ! evid5ce (       
natural sci5ce1 t ,god has int]pos$ 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ?is ,e>?1 9 ord] to place ,man 
^u x4 ,9 t case1 !re 0 a cle>1 &1 9 !   
/ronge/ s5se ( ! t]m1 a sup]natural     
int]position ( ! ,div9e ,creative ,p[]4 
,god int]pos$ to place ^u ! e>?1 ,man1 !
 social & rational be+4 ,god ?us        
directly in/itut$ ,human ,society2 gave 
man 8 privileges & 8 prospects 9 su*    
society2 plac$ him f> above ! previ\sly 
exi/+ creation2 & end[$ him ) ! means ( 
an elevation ( nature entirely unlike   
any?+ :i* _h previ\sly appe>$4 ,w\ld x  
!n be a violation ( analogy1 if ,god 7  
to int]pose aga91 to in/itute a ,div9e  
,society1 su* z we h attempt$ to        
describe2 to give to its memb]s _!      
privileges2 to assure to !m _!          
prospects2 to supply to !m 8 aid 9      
pursu+ ! objects ( su* a union ) ea*    
o!r2 & ?us1 to draw !m1 z !y aspire to  
be drawn1 to a spiritual union ) ,him8  

,x w\ld seem t ^? :o believe1 z !       
records ( ! e>?'s hi/ory seem to %[1 t !
 e/abli%m5t ( ,man1 & ( ,human ,society1
 or ( ! g]m ( human society1 ^u ! e>?1 0
 an int]position ( ,creative ,p[] beyond
 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature2 may also      
readily believe t ano!r sup]natural     
,int]position ( ,div9e ,p[] might take  
place1 9 ord] to plant ^u ! e>? ! ,g]m (
 a m ,div9e ,society2 & to introduce a  
p]iod 9 :i* ! e>? %\ld be t5ant$ by a m 
excell5t creature ?an at pres5t4  #ba4  
,b ?\gh we may ?us prep>e ourselves to  
ass5t to ! possibility1 or ev5          
probability1 ( su* a ,div9e             
,int]position1 ex]cis$ = ! purpose (    
e/abli%+ ^u e>? a ,div9e ,society3 x    
w\ld be a ra% & unau?oriz$              
/ep1--especially tak+ into acc\nt ! va/ 
diff]5ces betwe5 mat]ial & spiritual    
?+s1--to assume t su* an ,int]position  
w\ld h any resemblance to ! comm5cem5t (
 a ,new ,p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1        
analog\s to ! ,p]iods by :i* t hi/ory   
has already be5 m>k$4 ,:at ! mann] & !  

op]ation ( su* a ,div9e ,int]position   
w\ld be1 ,philosophy w\ld attempt 9 va9 
to conjecture4 ,x is conceivable t su*  
an ev5t %\ld produce its effect1 n at   
once1 by a g5]al & simultane\s *ange 9 !
 aspect ( t]re/rial ?+s1 b gradually1 by
 an almo/ imp]ceptible progression4 ,x  
is possible also t !re may be su* an    
,int]position1 :i* is only "o /ep 9 !   
,div9e ,plan2--a prep>ation = "s o!r    
subsequ5t ,int]position1 by :i* ! *ange 
9 ! ,e>?'s inhabitants is to be         
consummat$4 ,or x is possible t su* a   
,div9e ,int]position 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 z
 we h h9t$ at1 may be a prep>ation1 n = 
a new =m ( t]re/rial life1 b = a new =m 
( human life2--n = a new peopl+ ( !     
,e>?1 b = a new exi/5ce ( ,man4 ,^!     
possibilities are s vague & d\btful1 s  
f> z any sci5tific analogies lead1 t x  
w\ld be mo/ unwise to attempt to claim =
 !m any value1 z po9ts 9 :i* ,sci5ce    
supplies support to ,religion4 ,^?      
p]sons :o mo/ deeply feel ! value (     
religion1 & are mo/ /rongly conv9c$ (   

its tru?s1 w be ! mo/ will+ to decl>e1 t
 religi\s belief is1 & ought to be1     
indep5d5t ( any su* support1 & mu/ be1 &
 may be1 firmly e/abli%$ on its own     
prop] basis4  #bb4 ,we f9d no           
enc\ragem5t1 !n1 = any attempt to obta91
 f ,sci5ce1 by ! light ( ! analogy ( !  
pa/1 any def9ite view ( a future        
condition ( ! ,creation4 ,& t ?is is s1 
we _c1 = reasons :i* h be5 giv51 feel   
any surprise4 ,yet ! reason+s :i* we h1 
9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is ,essay1 pursu$1 w n h
 be5 )\t pr(it1 ev5 9 _! influ5ce ^u our
 religi\s ?\ghts1 if !y h left ^u our   
m9ds ^! convictions3--,t if ! analogy ( 
sci5ce proves any?+1 x proves t !       
,creator ( man c make a ,creator z f>   
sup]ior to ,man1 z ,man1 :5 mo/         
intellectual1 moral1 religi\s1 &        
spiritual1 is sup]ior to ! brutes3--&   
aga91 ,t ,man's ,intellect is ( a div9e1
 & !re=e ( an immortal nature4 ,^?      
p]sons :o c1 on any basis ( belief1     
comb9e ^! two convictions1 s z to feel t
 !y h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 bo? ( !m2--^?  

:o h su* gr\nds z ,religion1 happily    
appeal$ to1 c furni%1 = hop+ t _!       
imp]i%able elem5t may1 h]eaft]1 be clo!d
 ) a new & m glori\s app>el by ! h& (   
its ,almighty ,mak]2--may be well cont5t
 to ackn[l$ge t ,sci5ce & ,philosophy   
c\ld n give !m ?is comb9$ conviction1 9 
any mann] 9 :i* x c\ld m9i/] t          
consolation1 & t tru/ 9 ! ,div9e ,p[] & 
,goodness1 :i* human nature1 9 its      
pres5t condition1 requires4   ,,! ,,end4
     ,transcrib]'s ,notes4   ,spell+    
irregul>ities :]e !re 0 no obvi\sly     
pref]r$ v]sion 7 left z is4 ,v>iants    
include3 emb$d$ & imb$d$2 a hypo!sis &  
an hypo!sis2 inexhau/$ & unexhau/$2     
volcanos & volcanoes4  ,*ang$           
intellig5cies to intellig5ces on page   
xvi3 may be rational intellig5ces4      
,*ang$ famil> to famili> on page #dc3 _h
 be5 famili>4  ,*ang$ ,*alm]'s to       
,*alm]s' on page #fg3 ,*alm]s' reason+s4
  ,ins]t$ miss+ p]iod aft] live 9 ! sea 
on page #gh4  ,*ang$ disape> to disappe>
 on page #hb3 at la/ !y disappe>4       

,*ang$ natturally to naturally on page  
#hd3 we may naturally ask4  ,*ang$      
planets to plants on page #ia3 plants & 
animals4  ,*ang$ intellig5ee to         
intellig5ce on page #abe3 intellig5ce1  
morality1 religion4  ,*ang$ cry/al9e to 
cry/all9e on page #abf3 ( cry/all9e     
p[]s4  ,*ang$ dissimili> to dissimil> on
 page #abh3 p]petually dissimil>4       
,*ang$ words to worlds on page #ace3    
plurality ( worlds4  ,*ang$ insignific5t
 to insignificant on page #aea3         
insignificant & ins5sible4  ,*ang$ tales
 to tails on page #agj3 tails ( comets4 
,*ang$ ,*amb]s' to ,*alm]s' 9 ! footnote
 on page #age3 ,*alm]s' ,a/ron4 ,disc4  
,9 ! footnote on page #agg1 ! times ( ! 
w>n+ might be a typographic error = !   
times ( ! wan+1 b 0 n *ang$4  ,*ang$    
disaprove to disprove on page #ahe3     
prove or disprove4  ,*ang$ "o-?irte5? to
 "o-?irtie? on page #aid3 be "o-?irtie? 
z l>ge4  ,*ang$ skelet\s to skeletons on
 page #bjh3 ,c !y h skeletons4  ,9 !    
footnote f page #bag1 ,s*roet] appe>s ) 

! oe-ligature2 else:]e x does n4 ,!     
ligature 0 replac$ by ! two sep>ate     
*>act]s 9 ! footnote4  ,*ang$ h[-h[ev]  
to h[ev] 9 ! footnote f page #bcc3 ,?is1
 h[ev]4  ,*ang$ hisorians to hi/orians  
on page #bec3 natural-hi/orians4  ,*ang$
 ,mean+ to mean+ at ! beg9n+ ( page     
#bfa1 s9ce x's n a new s5t5ce4  ,*ang$  
cry/alizes to cry/allizes & cry/al9e to 
cry/all9e on page #bfe3 ,ice            
cry/allizes2 cry/all9e aggregation4     
,*ang$ ,artic to ,arctic 9 ! footnote f 
page #bfe3 ,acc\nt ( ! ,arctic ,regions4
  ,*ang$ k+don to k+dom on page #bfg3 ! 
animal k+dom4  ,*ang$ spl5d\r to spl5dor
 on page #bgc3 ! mat]ial spl5dor4       
,*ang$ highte/ to highe/ on page #bie3 !
 highe/ degree4  ,*ang$ deely to deeply 
on page #cje3 :o mo/ deeply feel4