,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,evolution  ,f ,!     
,a!i/ic ,plat=m1 ,twelve ,lectures  ,by 
,edw>d ,avel+   ,london3 ,free?\ght     
,publi%+ ,company  #fc1 ,fleet ,/reet1  
,e4,c4  #ahhd    ,,! ,,gospel ,,(       
,,evolution  ,a new & bett] ,gospel is  
n[ prea*$ to m54 ,t :i* has = a long "t 
gone by ! "n ( ,gospel 7good news7 is   
nei!r news nor good4 ,x is n news1 = x  
has be5 prea*$ = ne>ly n9ete5 c5turies4 
,n t l5g? ( "t alone c\ld make x old &  
effete4 ,b ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ianity has n
 )9 itself t inh]5t & /rong life (      
reality :i* makes ev5 old tru?s to h a  
p]5nial fre%ness1 an et]nal y\?1 ,nor is
 ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ianity good4 ,9 !     
tales t x tells u ( ! pa/1 9 ! advice t 
x gives u = ! pres5t1 & 9 ! hopes &     
?reats x holds out = ! future1 x is a   
mislead+ guide1 a poor philosoph]1 a    
false fri5d4  ,! leg5ds h x t on ! com+ 
( ! c5tral figure ( ! discr$it$ evangel 
! angels sang toge!r3 ,peace on e>?1    
good w to m54 ,x 0 a false al>m4 ,nei!r 
peace nor good w 0 =?com+4 ,b ) ! adv5t 

( ?is sci5tific gospel1 ! ,gospel (     
,evolution1 comes ! possibility ( /rik+ 
a univ]sal peace ?r\gh sea & l&1 !      
possibility ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood (    
man4  ,p]haps we are all ( u too anxi\s 
& too hopeful 9 ! feel+ t "s "o idea w  
save ! _w4 ,! religi\s cre$s ( diff]5t  
races & times are ! expression ( ?is    
anxiety4 ,we t h reject$ all belief 9 ! 
sup]natural mu/ take c>e t ! same fancy 
t has spoilt ! lives ( s _m does n m>   
our own4 ,we mu/ h a c>e le/ we make too
 mu* ( "s tru?1 ev5 ?\gh x be a         
sci5tific conclusion1 bas$ on sci5tific 
obs]vation & reason+4 ,& we mu/ n =get  
t1 ( all ! great g5]alisations1 t (     
,evolution is ! "o mo/ likely to be ?us 
reg>d$1 = x is a g5]alisation (         
g5]alisations4 ,! m9d ( man is always   
long+ = "s solid re/+-place4 ,man wants 
to get back & back1 to some?+ c]ta94 ,he
 wants to feel t1 :atev] happ5s1 "s "o  
great pr9ciple /&s fa/4 ,! *ildr5 ( !   
decrepit gospel dream$ t ?is 0 f\nd 9   
,god4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! new ,gospel "k t 9 !

 inde/ructibility ( matt] & ( motion1 & 
9 ! inf9ite nature ( ! trans=mations (  
matt] & motion1 !y h a solid fact on :i*
 to fall back :5 all else fails4 ,only x
 is v important to rememb] t1 great z   
any idea may be1 ! m5tal ef=t ne$$ = its
 und]/&+ & its acquisition is to !      
individual ( z mu* mom5t z ! idea       
itself4 ,! ex]cise ( our faculties is ( 
z great value to u z ! results atta9$ by
 ! ex]cise4 ,! old p>5tal habit ( ask+ (
 ! s*ool-boy or ! s*ool-girl3 ,:at      
prizes h y ga9$8 is only "o =m ( a g5]al
 error4 ,! "q is n1 ,:at prizes h y8 b  
,:at h y le>n$8 ,we are com+ to         
recognise ?is 9 "s measure 9 our        
e/imates ( gr[n m5 & wom54 ,/ill1 h[ev]1
 to ! vulg>1 ! measure ( a man is !     
bank]'s balance4 ,b ! ?\ghtful1 z yet   
few 9 numb]1 al?\gh ! numb] gr[s h\rly1 
& ev5 ! commonplace p1 if !y are 9 !    
unaccu/om$ atmosph]e ( culture1 are     
e/imat+ ! value ( a human be+ by t :i*  
he actually does & is1 r ?an by !       
magnitude ( ! *eques he c draw4  ,:at   

is1 !n1 ?is ,evolution8 ,9 ! ask+ ?is "q
 & 9 ! attempt to answ] we see h[ mu*   
happi] is ! position ( ! new gospel z   
comp>$ ) t ( ! old4 ,! good news (      
,*ri/ianity1 hav+ no sci5tific & inde$  
no natural basis1 has be5 ,protean 9 its
 =ms4 ,^! h be5 indef9itely v>i$ accord+
 to ! ta/e & fancy ( ! age & ( !        
individual4 ,! ,gospel z prea*$ by      
,messrs4 ,b5son1 ,boo?1 ,baldw9 ,br[n1  
,spurgeon1 ,liddon1 ,moody1 is some:at  
mix$4 ,b ! new evangel is f\nd$ :olly on
 a natural & sci5tific basis4 ,!re may  
be slight diff]5ces ( op9ion z to matt]s
 ( detail among its apo/les & its       
disciples1 b ! fundam5tal pr9ciples are 
accept$ by all4 ,^u ^!1 no d\bt1 mu*    
less any dispute reigns4  ,evolution is 
! "n = ! idea ( ! unity & cont9uity (   
phs5om5a4 ,! popul> & unsci5tific notion
 0 t !re 0 n only an orig9al ef=t on !  
"p ( ! sup]natural caus+ ! natural1     
sett+ x go+1 9 fact1 b a cont9ual       
int]position ( ! sup]natural f )\t1     
controll+ ! natural4 ,evolution is !    

doctr9e ( non-int]v5tion4 ,accord+ to   
?is gospel1 matt] & motion are all 9    
all4 ,matt] is ! conv5i5t "n = all t :i*
 c affect ! s5ses ( man4 ,motion is     
*ange ( place1 :e!r x be ( l>ge1        
palpable masses1 z :5 ! arm is rais$1 or
 ( m9ute impalpable molecules1 z :5 heat
 or electricity is at "w4  ,! ord9>y    
notion ( movem5t is :olly conf9$ to t   
:i* is call$ mol>1 t is1 ! motion (     
masses4 ,molesa mass4 ,?us ! movem5ts ( 
a runn+ man1 or ( a football :5 kick$1  
or ( a railway tra9 :5 ! eng9e draws x  
along1 are all cases ( mol> motion4 ,b a
 f9] k9d ( movem5t has ( late ye>s come 
)9 ! k5 ( mank9d4 ,x has be5 at "w      
probably et]nally4 ,x is molecul>       
movem5t1 or movem5t ( small masses4 ,b  
only v rec5tly has ! m9d ( man be5 able 
to take cognisance ( ?is =m4 ,! rese>*es
 ( ! physici/s1 ! *emi/s1 ! biologi/s h 
demon/rat$ t !re is a :ole _w ( movem5ts
 t affect only ! m9ute p>ticles (       
bodies4 ,?us heat is a mode ( motion2   
electricity is ano!r2 magnetism is a    

?ird4 ,! famili> ph5om5a ( light are no 
long] reg>d$ z due to any actual matt] t
 has be5 ?r[n f a lum9\s body4 ,!y are !
 result ( waves ( a fluid impond]able & 
univ]sal call$ e!r1 & !re seems e reason
 to believe t ! ph5om5a commonly call$  
vital are ( ! same or ( a ,k9dr$ ord]4  
,life1 x w\ld appe>1 is b a mode (      
motion4 ,& ?\gh we "k life g5]ally only 
by its manife/ations ( mol> motion1 z 9 
! bl[ ( ! arm1 or ! /ride ( ! leg1 yet  
^! massive movem5ts are b ! outw>d      
repres5tatives ( a l>ge numb] ( int]nal 
movem5ts1 ( *emical nature 9 dige/ion1 (
 n]v\s nature 9 ! s5se-organs & n]ve    
tissues4 ,e bodily movem5t visible to ! 
ord9>y eye is only ! obv]se aspect ( _m 
molecul> motions1 n z yet visible to    
man4  ,! reasons :y we reg>d matt] &    
motion z all-suffici5t 9 ! explanation (
 all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are sev]al4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 no de/ruction ( matt]  
has ev] be5 witness$4 ,second1 no       
de/ruction ( motion1 has ev] be5        
witness$4 ,! creation ( ei!r matt] or   

motion has be5 equally unse54           
,trans=mations ( matt] f "o ( its       
inf9itely _m =ms to "s o!r are con/antly
 visible1 & !y are always unatt5d$ by ! 
smalle/ increase or dim9ution 9 ! actual
 quantity ( matt]4 ,s also )            
motion--trans=mations )\t any *ange 9   
quantity are cont9ually occurr+4  ,?us1 
we see ! rocks dis9tegrat$ by ! action (
 ra9 & runn+ wat]1 wea!r$ by ! action ( 
! air4 ,we see ! matt] ( :i* !y consi/$ 
worn away & c>ri$ d[n by /reams & riv]s 
to be deposit$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s or on !
 b$s ( seas4 ,or we set fire to a c&le &
 wat* its matt] comb9+ ) ! matt] ( ! air
 to =m ! products ( combu/ion1 c>bon1   
dioxide1 /eam1 & _! fell[s4 ,or a dead  
animal or plant is se5 to decay sl[ly   
into ^! same gases t ! burn+ c&le gives 
=? & into c]ta9 inorganic salts4 ,& ^!  
are all cases ( ! trans=mation ( matt]  
)\t any creation or de/ruction4  ,or we 
see ! mol> motion ( a /ud5t's h&s br++  
toge!r "s acid & two metals4 ,at once   
*emical action1 a =m ( molecul> motion1 

is set up4 ,! mol> motion ( h&s1 a piece
 ( silk1 & a glass rod results 9        
electricity1 a mode ( molecul> motion4  
,or we apply heat1 a mode ( molecul>    
motion1 to a b> ( metal :i* exp&s1 to a 
mixture ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 :i* unite     
*emically4 ,or to a cry/al ( t\rmal9e1  
"o end ( :i* becomes positively         
electric1 ! o!r negatively4 ,^! are all 
cases ( ! trans=mation ( motion )\t any 
creation or de/ruction4 ,9 all ^! cases 
! am\nt ( matt] & ! am\nt ( motion rema9
 un*ang$4 ,only ! quantities ( p>ticul> 
k9ds v>y4 ,! g5]alisation t ! quantity (
 matt] & motion 9 ! univ]se is ! same   
ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]1 appe>s to be  
?or\ghly e/abli%$4  ,m ?an ?is4 ,n only 
is !re no sci5tific basis :atev] = !    
fancy ( a creation or ( a de/ruction (  
matt] or ( motion4 ,! fancy is          
un?9kable4 ,no human m9d is capable (   
pictur+ to itself ! passage f ! mat]ial 
to ! immat]ial1 ! mom5t ( "t 9 :i* !    
non-univ]se began to be ! univ]se4  ,yet
 aga94 ,up to ! pres5t "t e explanation 

( e ph5om5on ( ! univ]se has be5 9 t]ms 
( matt] & ( motion4 ,! law (            
gravitation1 ,kepl]'s ?ree great        
g5]alisations 9 a/ronomy1 ! ph5om5a (   
attraction & repulsion 9 electrifi$ &   
magnetis$ bodies1 ! nature ( *emical    
elem5ts & comp\nds1 ! relation betwe51  
plants & animals 9 reg>d to _! effect on
 ! air1 ! pr9ciples ( v>iation1 (       
natural selection1 ( h]$ity1 (          
adaptation--^! & ?\s&s ( o!r tru?s t    
unseal our eyes to ! beautiful mean+ (  
nature1 are all explanations z to h[    
c]ta9 =ms ( matt] are 9 c]ta9 /ates (   
motion4 ,& if up to ! pres5t h\r all !  
explanations t h be5 =?com+ ( natural   
?+s are 9 t]ms ( ! natural1 we are      
entitl$ to conclude t all explanations  
h]eaft] w be 9 k9dr$ t]ms4  ,or we may  
look on ! "q 9 ano!r way4 ,9 ! days (   
man's great] ignorance ev]y?+ 0 prim>ily
 or ultimately ref]r$ to ! sup]natural4 
,all ph5om5a 7 at fir/ directly due to !
 action ( ! sup]natural4 ,b1 z "t & k   
advanc$1 ^! ref]5ces grew few] & few] 9 

numb]4 ,!y 7 replac$ by p]fectly natural
 explanations ( ev5ts1 & we are entitl$ 
to believe t ?is process ( elim9ation   
has n[ gone on suffici5tly f> = u to    
hold t s9ce sup]-naturalism is          
unnecess>y = ! prim>y explanation (     
ph5om5a1 x is also unnecess>y = _!      
ultimate explanation4  ,f all t ,i h j  
said x w be und]/ood t ! ,gospel (      
,evolution has a wid] significance ?an  
popul> notions imply4 ,! g5]al idea1 z  
to ,evolution1 t x is synonym\s )       
,d>w9ism1 is n accurate4 ,! ,d>w9ian    
tea*+ is only a "p1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se x is 
! mo/ important "p1 ( ! ,evolution tru?4
 ,evolution itself means1 z we h se51 ! 
unity ( ph5om5a4  ,all ?+s are1 accord+ 
to ?is new pr9ciple1 "o huge cont9uity4 
,:il/ ,d>w9ism %[s t man is n di/9ct f !
 l[] animals1 & t all species ( animals1
 & all species ( plants are artificial  
gr\ps glid+ "o into ! o!r1 j z 9 _!     
gradual developm5t !y glid$ "o out ( !  
o!r1 ,evolution goes fur!r ?an ?is &    
does n f>e worse4 ,= ! evolutioni/ n    

only believes t :i* ! works ( ,d>w9 h   
made an assur$ tru?1 b he believes t    
plants & animals h _h a common p>5tage1 
t liv+ matt] has orig9at$ f ! non-liv+1 
t !re has be5 no break 9 ! va/ s]ies (  
ph5om5a at any po9t4  ,"s ( ! g5]al     
gr\nds = ?is belief h be5 giv54 ,let u  
look rapidly at "s ( ! m special4 ,!    
pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy already
 m5tion$ indirectly is1 9 a s5se1 ! />t+
 po9t ( ?\ght on ?is subject4 ,grove's  
essay on ! ,correlation ( ! ,physical   
,=ces1 publi%$ a few ye>s s9ce1 0 ! fir/
 cle> enunciation ( ! g5]alisation t[>ds
 :i* s _m obs]vations _h l$4 ,:5 he     
rem9d$ m5 t *emical action1 electricity1
 heat1 s\nd1 light1 magnetism1 & life 7 
all conv]tible1 "o into ! o!r1 & ?us    
conv]tible 9 def9ite num]ical           
proportions1 ma!matically calculable1 ! 
keynote ( ! idea ( ,evolution _h be5    
/ruck4  ,h>% z x may seem1 an idea 9 any
 bran* ( k has nev] atta9$ a sure basis 
until x is expressible 9 t]ms (         
ma!matics4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 physics &     

*emi/ry 7 divorc$ f ma!matics to a l>ge 
ext5t4 ,n[ ev5 ! ph5om5a ( electricity &
 ! reactions "o ^u ano!r ( *emical      
bodies are express$ 9 algebraical       
=mulae4 ,?is is ! result ( ! increas$   
precision ( our k4 ,foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps 
( physics & *emi/ry ! biological sci5ces
 are becom+ e day m ma!matical4 ,we h   
=mulas to express ! mann] ( ! arrangem5t
 ( leaves ^u a /em1 ! mann] ( arrangem5t
 ( ! p>ts ( a fl[]4 ,"o ( ^! days e     
/ructural & functional fact 9 reg>d to e
 liv+ ?+ w be relat$ to "s =mula (      
ma!matics m or less g5]al4 ,we %all n   
all become m>t9ets or dryasdu/s4 ,!re is
 a beauty 9 exactness4 ,i sometimes ?9k 
t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lovel9ess ( our   
?9k+ & ( our dream+ on natural phs5om5a1
 z comp>$ ) t :i* ! old] ?9k]s & dream]s
 enjoy$1 w be z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! joy 
( a game ( *ess betwe5 skill$ play]s or 
betwe5 ^? t "k n ev5 ! moves4 ,! *ild   
pu%es ! k+s & que5s & rooks & knights & 
bi%ops & pawns ab\t at r&om1 & laughs   
gaily4 ,b ! ma/]' ( ! game1 mov+ !m     

accord+ to def9ite rules1 obta9s a f>   
high] enjoym5t1 & produces a comb9ation 
t has its poetry4  ,! v sci5ces t deal )
 ^! diff]5t modes ( matt] & motion are  
n[ by no means z cle>ly m>k$ (f "o f    
ano!r z _! e>li] /ud5ts ?\ght !y 74     
,physics1 *emi/ry2 geology1 botany1     
zoology1 anatomy1 physiology1 h[ !y all 
dovetail into1 or actually ov]lap ea*   
o!r4 ,x is impossible to say sometimes  
to :i* doma9 ( sci5ce a p>ticul> fact   
belongs4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 ! physical
 & ! *emical prop]ties ( bodies are     
confess$ly artificial4 ,botany implies a
 /udy ( ! anatomy & ! physiology (      
plants4 ,physiology 9 its turn becomes  
only a "q ( *emi/ry2 its ph5om5a are    
becom+ r$uc$ to ma!matical expressions4 
,we are le>n+ to calculate ! actual     
am\nt ( "w done 9 ! p]=mance ( diff]5t  
functions ( ! liv+ body1 9 ! same t]ms z
 we calculate ! "w done by a /eam eng9e4
 ,! respiratory organs or ! muscul> dur+
 ! day d s _m foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,!       
foot-p\nd is ! unit ( measurem5t employ$

 9 ! /udy ( "w4 ,"w is done :5 matt] is 
mov$ ?r\gh space4 ,! footp\nd is ! am\nt
 ( "w done :5 ! mass ( a p\nd is rais$  
"o foot aga9/ ! gravitation attraction (
 ! e>?4 ,a /eam-eng9e does p] day a     
c]ta9 numb] ( foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,its     
capacity = "w is usually express$ by    
say+ t x is s _m horse p[]4 ,"o horse   
p[] is equival5t to #cc1jjj footp\nds p]
 m9ute4 ,! physiologi/s are1 by means ( 
v intricate & c>eful calculations1      
enabl$ to calculate ) ev]-increas+      
accuracy ! equival5t 9 footp\nds1 i4e41 
! me*anical equival5t1 ( ea* ( ! body   
functions ( ! av]age man p] diem4  ,if  
we turn to any ( ! special sci5ces !    
same dovetail+ & ov]-lapp+ appe>4 ,9    
*emi/ry x is difficult to m>k (f any    
gr\p ( bodies f all o!r gr\ps4 ,! ?ree  
sets ( bodies t *emi/ry is suppos$ to   
/udy are elem5ts1 mixtures1 & comp\nds4 
,an elem5t su* z c>bon or gold1 is a    
body :i* has n yet be5 decompos$4 ,a    
mixture is t :i* results f putt+ toge!r 
two or m sub/ances1 )\t ^? sub/ances    

und]go+ any *ange ( prop]ties4 ,?us br&y
 & wat]1 or gunp[d] is a mixture4 ,!    
prop]ties ( ! br&y & ( ! wat] 9 ! "o    
case1 & ( ! *>coal1 nitre & sulphur 9 ! 
o!r1 are un*ang$4 ,a comp\nd is ! result
 ( ! union ( two or m elem5ts ) *ange ( 
prop]ties2 ?us wat] is a comp\nd (      
hydrog5 & oxyg51 & its prop]ties are ^? 
( nei!r hydrog5 nor oxyg54 ,! fundam5tal
 di/9ction suppos$ to be at ! basis (   
all *emical /udy1 t betwe5 elem5ts &    
comp\nds1 is f\nd to be inapplicable :5 
we /udy su* bodies z cyanog51 a comp\nd 
( ! two elem5ts c>bon & nitrog51 t      
behaves l an elem5t4 ,ammonium1 a       
comp\nd ( f\r atoms ( hydrog5 & "o (    
nitrog51 also behaves l an elem5t1 tak+ 
! place ( su* metallic elem5ts z        
potassium or sodium4 ,9 fact all !      
s-call$ comp\nd radicles :i* ent] s     
l>gely into our /udy ( organic *emi/ry  
are gr\ps ( two or atoms ( two or m     
elem5ts t behave z simple bodies4 ,!    
metals & ! non-metals are connect$ by   
su* =ms z ars5ic or sel5ium1 plac$ by "o

 *emi/ among ! metals1 by ano!r among ! 
non-metals4 ,hydrog51 usually class$ ) !
 non-metals1 has ! p[] ( replac+        
metallic elem5ts4 ,x does ?is s         
p]si/5tly t1 on !oretical gr\nds1 *emi/s
 _h long spok5 ( hydrog5 z probably     
ess5tially a metal4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* *emi/   
,pictet succe$$ 9 liquefy+ hydrog51     
until !n only kn[n 9 ! gas =m1 ! liquid 
fell ^u ! floor ( ! laboratory ) a      
metallic r+4 ,& :o is to say positively 
:e!r an alloy ( copp] & z9c is to be    
reg>d$ z a mixture or z a comp\nd ( !   
two metals8  ,/ill m important is !     
bridg+ ov] ! suppos$ gulf betwe5 !      
inorganic & ! organic *emical sub/ances4
 ,a few ye>s back ?is gulf 0 suppos$ to 
be great1 fix$1 impassable4 ,! m9]al or 
inorganic 0 makable by man4 ,! organic 0
 n1 & nev] w\ld be4 ,! *emi/ might g on 
cont9ually manufactur+ hydrog5 & oxyg51 
c>bon dioxide1 ammonia4 ,b he 0 nev] to 
hope to make alcohol1 sug>1 urea1 any ( 
! multitud9\s sub/ances call$ organic4  
,& n[ all ?is folly ( =bidd+ is at an   

end4 ,! organic bodies are manufactur$  
by man4 ,! inorganic & ! organic are no 
m reg>d$ z cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,ev5 !   
*emi/ry books by _! v titles recognise &
 proclaim ?is fact4 ,we h no long] works
 on organic *emi/ry4 ,we h volumes on ! 
*emi/ry ( c>bon comp\nds4  ,9 geology ! 
diff]5t k9ds ( rocks graduate into ea*  
o!r4 ,betwe5 ! aque\s1 or s$im5t>y1 & ! 
igne\s1 or ^? due to ! action ( fire1   
range ! metamorphic1 i4e41 s$im5t>y     
rocks t h be5 aft]w>ds subject$ to heat4
 ,! v>i\s sy/ems ( s$im5t>y rocks are   
kn[n n[ to be purely artificial if      
conv5i5t divisions4 ,f ! ,laur5tian up  
to ! rec5t rocks !re has nev] be5 any   
real hiatus4 ,n[h]e is !re ! slighte/   
evid5ce ( pause or ( recomm5cem5t4 ,our 
gr\ps are artificial4 ,nature is l      
,oallio & c>es = none ( ^! ?+s4  ,:il/  
rocks ?us glide "o into ! o!r1 ! fossil 
rema9s t !y conta9 d likewise4 ,if !    
view ( ! special creationi/ 7 accurate  
we ought to f9d isolat$ =ms ( dead      
animals & plants1 we ought to f9d sudd5 

appe>ances 9 ! rocks ( =ms n alli$ to ^!
 already enc\nt]$1 we ought n necess>ily
 to f9d a s]ies ( organic rema9s asc5d+ 
9 complexity ( /ructure4 ,if ! view ( ! 
evolutioni/ is accurate1 we ought to f9d
 no =ms ( dead animals or plants        
isolat$2 we ought nev] to f9d a =m      
appe>+ )\t prelim9>y h]alds ( its com+ 9
 ! %ape ( k9dr$ =ms2 we ought to f9d a  
s]ies ( organic rema9s ^: lat] memb]s   
are 9 advance ( ! e>li]4 ,^! latt]      
expectations are realis$4  ,9 l mann] ! 
gap suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! k+doms ( ! 
non-liv+ & liv+ is clos+ up4 ,z long z  
m5 _h only /udi$ ! high] =ms ( liv+ ?+s 
!re 0 no difficulty 9 def9+ & di/+ui%+  
liv+ organisms4 ,to def9e & to di/+ui% !
 l[e/ =ms ( ^? n[ kn[n is impossible4   
,h[ completely ?is is true c only be    
und]/ood by ^? :o h /udi$ ! protoplasmic
 masses t hov] on ! bord] l9e betwe5 !  
organic & ! inorganic4 ,b ev5 ! unskill$
 9 microscopic "w w be able to grasp    
some?+ ( ! great tru? if !y w take !    
tr\ble to look up ! innum]able          

def9itions ( life t h be5 giv5 by v>i\s 
p]sons1 & note h[ unsatisfactory1 h[    
contradictory & (t5 self-contradictory  
!y are4  ,if we pass up into ! k+doms ( 
! liv+1 & /udy plants & animals1 ! same 
unity ( ph5om5a meets u4 ,our           
classification t]ms--ord]1 g5us1        
species1 & s =?--are z artificial z our 
names = ! geological sy/ems4 ,no "o     
holds to-day t any s+le species is      
cle>ly m>k$ (f f all o!rs4 ,connect+    
l9ks ab\nd 9 our vegetable k+dom4 ,!    
li*5s1 long reg>d$ z a sep>ate class (  
l[ly organis$ plants are n[ kn[n to be  
fungi t are p>asitic ^u algae4 ,! high] 
cryptogams or fl[]less plants are f\nd  
to be at "o 9 _! /ructure & functions ) 
! l[] phs5ogams or fl[]+ plants4  ,!    
di/9ctions betwe5 plants & animals are  
f\nd to h vani%$4 ,once aga9 x is easy  
en\gh to di/+ui% high plants f high     
animals4 ,b no man c satisfactorily draw
 ! l9e betwe5 ! l[] memb]s ( ! two      
k+doms4 ,! old def9itions ( ! animal & !
 plant giv5 ) a suicidal glibness 9 old 

books on botany & zoology1 :5 tri$ 9 !  
balance ( criticism1 are f\nd want+4    
,ev5 ! food-di/9ction1 suppos$ to be !  
be/ di/9ction betwe5 ! two gr\ps1 fails4
 ,x is no long] true t plants fe$ on !  
inorganic1 & animals on organic         
sub/ances4 ,! cases ( vegetable p>asites
 & ( insectivor\s plants give a direct  
contradiction to ?is /atem5t4 ,& x is v 
int]e/+ to notice h[ gradual are !      
transitions 9 ?is z 9 all cases4 ,a gr\p
 ( plants kn[n z saprophytes1 t fe$ on  
decay+ organic ?+s1 is ! natural        
transition betwe5 ! ord9>y plants t eat 
inorganic food-/uffs1 & ^? plants t1 l  
animals1 exi/ on organic sub/ances4 ,s  
m>k$ is ?is difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5
 ! l[] plants & ! l[] animals1 t x has  
be5 sugge/$ t a ?ird k+dom ( ! liv+ %\ld
 be con/ruct$ midway betwe5 ! two       
g5]ally recognis$4 ,?is is to be call$  
,proti/a1 & is to include all ! d\btful 
=ms t are n cle>ly memb]s ei!r ( !      
,k+dom ,animalia or ( ! ,k+dom          
,vegetabilia4  ,if ! arbitr>y nature (  

all our sy/ems ( classification is      
und]/ood1 ?is new division w d little   
h>m4 ,b = ! sy/emati/ ! difficulty is by
 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is gr\p only d\bl$4    
,h]et(ore he _h only to /ruggle ov] a   
p>ticul> liv+1 ?+1 ) ! view to det]m9e  
:e!r x 7 plant or animal4 ,n[ he w h to 
/ruggle ov] x ) ! view ( tell+ :e!r x is
 ,proti/ic or animal1 or ,proti/ic or   
vegetable4 ,b ! true evolutioni/ w only 
look on ! gr\p ( ! ,proti/a z conta9+   
=ms t repres5t ! p>5t condition ( bo?   
vegetables & animals4  ,! animal k+dom1 
no less ?an ! vegetable1 gives ^!       
results4 ,amphioxus1 ! little           
,m$it]ranean fi%1 l9ks ! ,v]tebrata1 or 
back-bon$ animals1 = ev] on to !        
,inv]tebrata4 ,! classes ( ! ,v]tebrate 
sub-k+dom h _! connect+ l9ks or         
int]m$iate =ms4 ,^! classes1 adopt+ =   
popul> exposition ! old classification1 
are ! ,pisces1 ,amphibia1 ,eeptilia1    
,aves1 ,mammalia4 ,:il/ ,amphioxus at ! 
l[] end ( ! class ( fi%es connects ^! ) 
! s(t-bodi$ animals1 or ,mollusca1 at ! 

upp] end ( ! ,pisces1 we h !            
,lepidosir51 or mud-fi%4 ,x is          
impossible to say :e!r ?is animal is m (
 a fi% or a reptile4 ,) limbs r ?an f9s1
 ) ?ree cavities to its he>t1 & a       
swim-bladd] t acts z a lung1 x has yet s
 _m p>ts ( its anatomy t are pisc9e z to
 lead ,pr(essor ,huxley /ill to place x 
z a solit>y repres5tative ( ! highe/    
ord] ( ,pisces4  ,! class ,amphibia is  
itself a confirmation ( ! g5]al tru?1 = 
its memb]s1 su* z ! frogs1 are 9 _! e>ly
 condition fi%1 & 9 _! adult /ate       
reptiles4 ,pt]odactyl ( ! ,jurassic     
/rata is ! w+$ liz>d4 ,its "n tells u t 
we h a =m int]m$iate betwe5 ! classes   
,reptilia & ,aves4 ,! duck-bill$        
,platypus1 or ,orni?orhyncus1 (         
,au/ralia1 is a furr$ mammal t suckles  
its "y1 & yet has a bird's bill1 a      
bird's feet1 a bird's wi%+-bone1 a      
bird's he>t1 a bird's alim5t>y canal4   
,if we turn to ! individual classes1 !  
same ?+ obta9s4 ,to take b ! ! highe/   
class1 ! ,prosimiae1 or half-apes1 among

 ! ,mammalia are an ord]1 t /&s c5trally
 to ! ,insectivora1 ,eod5tia1           
,*eiropt]a1 & ,primates4 ,!re is no gap 
betwe5 man & ! re/ ( ! ,primates4 ,n a  
s+le m>k ( anatomy1 ( physiology1 or (  
psy*ology1 cle>ly di/+ui%es man f !     
highe/ apes4  ,if we /udy ! individual  
animal1 ! same fact ( ! unity ( ph5om5a 
is aga9 borne 9 ^u u4 ,! bodily         
functions are by no means s di/9ct 9 _! 
nature z we 7 wont to ?9k4 ,to take b an
 illu/ration4  ,! s5se-organs ( man are 
all f\nd to be only s _m modifications (
 ! integum5t4  ,! sk9 or tactile organ  
is ! integum5t4 ,! tongue or ta/e organ 
is b ! integum5t fold$ inw>ds & a little
 modifi$4 ,! nasal cavities are also l9$
 ) a modification ( ! same tissue1 & ev5
 ! mo/ complex s5se organs t are at !   
same "t ! mo/ important--t is ! eye & ! 
e>--are1 z ! /udy ( developm5t or       
embryology %[s u1 only ! result ( a     
s]ies ( rem>kable *anges affect+ c]ta9  
p>ts ( ! epid]mis ( ! animal4  ,^?      
physiological functions ( ! human body t

 appe> to be cle>ly m>k$ (f are really n
 completely dem>cat$4 ,take z example ! 
excretory action ( ! sk91 lungs1 & !    
r5al organs4 ,! lungs get rid especially
 ( c>bon dioxide2 ! sk9 ( wat]2 ! r5al  
organs ( ! products ( nitrog5\s decay4  
,b ea* ( ^! organs also elim9ates ^?    
products :i* are elim9at$ by ! o!r two4 
,?us ! lungs1 :il/ !y get rid pr9cipally
 ( c>bon dioxide1 also get rid ( wat] 9 
! =m ( /eam & ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,! sk9 
gives (f a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bon       
dioxide & nitrog5 excreta4 ,& ! r5al    
organs also elim9ate all ?ree ( ! *ief  
=ms ( excretory matt]4 ,:5 any "o ( ^!  
?ree organs is n function+ at its be/1  
extra "w is ?r[n ^u ! o!rs1 & 9 "s      
extreme cases ?is meta/asis1 or         
transf]5ce ( function1 is v rem>kable4  
,?us an ulc] 9 ! human body has be5 kn[n
 to secrete milk4  ,try to realise at   
lea/ some?+ ( :at all ?is means4 ,x is  
no long] possible to m>k (f cle>ly !    
v>i\s doma9s ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is "o1 = 
x is ! /udy ( nature1 & nature is "o4 ,9

 e bran* ( our k t daily gr[s m unifi$1 
! transitions are f\nd to be innum]able 
& ! gradations inf9itesimal4 ,our       
*emical gr\ps1 our geological rocks &   
/rata1 our inorganic & organic k+doms1  
our plants & animals1 our classes1      
ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 all are se5 to be 
artificial4  ,"h is !n ! new message t  
sci5ce is utt]+ to man4 ,x is 9 tru?    
good news4 ,!re is no break any:]e4 ,!  
univ]se is "o va/ :ole4 ,x is true t at 
fir/ !re seems to be a loss because ( ! 
indi/9ctness t n[ veils ! old l9es (    
dem>cation4 ,at fir/ "s t>+ ( a %ock is 
felt :5 we realise t ! old def9itions & 
classifications are only matt]s (       
conv5i5ce1 & really repres5t no?+ 9     
nature4 ,b our view ( ! :ole ga9s       
incomp>ably4 ,we are l$ to take a l>g] &
 m true conception ( ! univ]se4 ,if !   
subdivisions disappe> ! unity ( ! :ole  
comes out ) wond]ful cle>ness4 ,we /udy 
ph5om5a f bel[ upw>ds1 & see some?+ m   
?an an unbrok5 s]ies4 ,we see t actually
 !re is no bel[ & no above4' ,! m9]al   

k+dom ( ! non-liv+ passes into ! liv+4  
,?is by gradual /ages ( asc5t rises to !
 l(tie/ =ms ( plants & animals yet kn[n4
 ,b ^! 9 _! con/ant decay & 9 _! dea?   
once = all z individuals1 return to !   
m9]al k+dom aga94 ,if only we grasp !   
full mean+ ( ?is new gospel f\nd$ on    
sci5ce1 all life acquires a new         
significance4 ,mo/ ( all our own life1 z
 ! highe/ expression kn[n to u ( !      
ph5om5a ( matt] 9 motion1 becomes m     
solemn & m full ( hope4 ,9 x m ?an 9 any
 o!r are ga!r$ toge!r ! =ces ( !        
univ]se4 ,! attraction ( ! /one = !     
planet1 & ( ! p>ticles ( rock "o =      
ano!r1 ! loves & hates ( *emical atoms1 
! en]gies ( electrifi$ & magnetis$      
bodies1 ! v>iations ( innum]able simpl] 
=ms ( organisms1 long *a9s ( h]$ity     
rea*+ back ?r\gh incalculable times1    
myriads ( adaptations1 /ruggles &       
failures1 dea?s & lives1 all h met 9 u4 
,we1 m ?an all o!rs1 are ! heirs ( !    
ages4 ,:ile our less =tunate bre?r51 !  
l[] animals1 ! plants1 ! m9]als1 are    

play+ _! good "p 9 ! univ]sal hi/ory1   
)\t ! consci\sness 9 full ( ! mean+ ( x 
all1 we read ! signs ( ! pa/ & ( to-day4
 ,we "k :at we are1 b we "k n :at we may
 be1 9 all ! detail t our *ildr5's      
*ildr5 w see & live4 ,yet we "k t ! race
 has a future t w transc5d its pa/1 z t 
pa/ transc5d$ ! d>k dumb lives ( !      
ance/ry :5ce our k9d has sprung4  ,!    
,gospel ( ,evolution is replac+ t (     
,*ri/ianity4 ,sci5ce is tak+ ! place (  
,religion & yield+ to mank9d ! poetry t 
its =]unn] miss$4 ,nature is our all 9  
all4 ,only ! :isp] ( a secret ?\ght "h &
 !re ( h]s has yet rea*$ our e>s4 ,b "o4
 ,! only good result t is suppos$ to fl[
 f pray] does n really fl[ f pray] at   
all1 b is explicable by purely natural  
facts4 ,x is heal?i] t p %\ld "k ^!     
facts1 ?an t !y %\ld ref] real s5sations
 to an imag9>y cause4 ,?is special      
re-action :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances     
foll[s1 b is n paus$ by pray] to a      
sup]natural exi/5ce1 =ms b a m9ute "p ( 
! results :i* fl[ f belief 9 pray]4 ,i  

desire to de/roy pray] n only because x 
is a fraud1 b because x is a h9drance to
 progress4 ,m5 pray to d t :i* !y %\ld  
l9k h&s to p]=m = !mselves4 ,!y are d[n 
on _! knees1 cry+ l *ildr51 :5 !y %\ld  
be on _! feet1 work+1 /riv+ = _! fell[s4
 ,i grudge e mom5t ( "t t is giv5 by man
 to god4 ,man wants all we c d2 our     
he>t1 our bra91 our love1 our faculties1
 all1 all ^! are sacr$ to man2 !y mu/ n 
be desecrat$ to ! use ( god4 ,x is      
sacrilege to /eal = god ! weal? ne$$ = !
 enri*+ ( man4  ,:y1 only a few weeks   
s9ce ,i read a lett] f ! ,dean (        
,pet]bor\gh1 ask+ = ,l#dj1jjj = ! repair
 ( ,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral4 ,& m51 wom5 &  
little *ildr5 are rott+ 9 cell>s 9 ! v  
city :]e9 t lett] 0 publi%$4 ,& he w get
 x4 ,l#dj1jjj are giv5 s easily = a h\se
 ( god1 b #dj1jjj p5ce w\ld be grudg$ to
 make dec5t ! hovels 9 :i* human be+s   
live4 ,i hate ! *>ity :i* p\rs out weal?
 = a god1 & c\nts 9 mis]ly fa%ion e f>?+
 giv5 = man4  ,!re are no means (       
progress ^u e>? save ^? ( /udy & ( "w4  

,/udy ( nature to f9d out :at is2 "w to 
apply ! k = ! increase ( human happ9ess4
 ,= c5turies ^u c5turies m5 h pray$ to  
god = deliv]ance f pov]ty1 f mis]y1 f   
crime2 & pov]ty1 mis]y & crime are f\nd 
on e side4 ,x is "t t we %\ld turn f god
 to man1 f pray] to "w1 f dream+ to     
act+4 ,man %all d = e>? :at pray] has   
fail$ to d2 & man's ?\ght1 man's love1  
man's /urdy ef=t %all make t ,gold5 ,age
 = :i* s _m h pray$1 b s few h work$4   
,pr9t$ by ,annie ,besant & ,*>les       
,bradlaugh1 at #fc1 ,fleet ,/reet1      
,london1 ,b4,c4--#ahhd4