,,h]esy3 ,,its ,,utility ,,& ,,morality 
,a ,,plea ,,& ,a ,,ju/ification  ,by    
,*>les ,bradlaugh  ,london3 ,au/9  ,co41
 #ag1 ,johnson's ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet1  
,e4,c4  ,price ,n9ep5ce4     ,,h]esy3   
,,its ,,morality  ,,utility  ,a ,,plea &
 ,a ,,ju/ification4     ,,*apt] ,i4     
,,introduction  ,:at is h]esy t x %\ld  
be s heavily puni%$8 ,:y is x t society 
w condone _m (f5ces1 p>don _m vici\s    
practices1 & yet h su* scant m]cy = !   
op5 h]etic1 :o is treat$ z ?\gh he 7 "s 
horrid mon/] to be fe>$ & hat$8 ,mo/    
religioni/s1 in/ead ( endeav\r+ ) k9dly 
?\ght to provide "s solution = !        
difficulties prop\nd$ by _! h]etical    
bre?r51 indiscrim9ately conf\nd all     
inquir]s 9 "o common category ( c5sure2 
_! views are dismiss$ ) ridicule z      
sophi/ical & fallaci\s1 abus$ z         
inf9itely dang]\s1 !mselves d5\nc$ z    
h]etics & infidels1 & libell$ z sc(f]s &
 ,a!i/s4 ,) "s religoni/s all h]etics   
are ,a!i/s4 ,) ! ,pope ( ,rome1         
,g>ibaldi & ,mazz9i are ,a!i/s4 ,) !    

,religi\s ,tract ,society1 ,voltaire &  
,pa9e 7 ,a!i/s4 ,yet 9 nei!r ( !        
above-nam$ cases is ! allegation true4  
,voltaire & ,pa9e 7 h]etics1 b bo? 7    
,!i/s4 ,g>ibaldi & ,mazz9i are h]etics1 
b nei!r ( !m is an ,a!i/4 ,) few        
exceptions1 ! h]etics ( "o g5]ation     
become ! rev]$ sa9ts ( a p]iod less ?an 
tw5ty g5]ations lat]4 ,"l ,bacon1 9 8   
own age1 0 *>g$ ) ,a!ism1 ,sir ,isaac   
,newton ) ,soc9ianism1 ! fam\s          
,tillotson 0 actually *>g$ ) ,a!ism1 &  
,dr4 ,burnet wrote aga9/ ! commonly     
receiv$ traditions ( ! fall & deluge4   
,!re are b few m5 ( ! pa/ ( :om ! *ur*  
boa/s to-day1 :o h n at "s "t be5 po9t$ 
at z h]etics by or?odox antagoni/s      
excit$ by p>ty ranc\r4 ,h]esy is 9      
itself nei!r ,a!ism nor ,!ism1 nei!r !  
rejection ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 nor (      
,cant]bury1 nor ( ,con/ant9ople2 h]esy  
is n necess>ily ( any i/ or ism4 ,!     
h]etic is "o :o has select$ 8 own       
op9ions1 or ^: op9ions are ! result ( "s
 m5tal ef=t2 & he diff]s f o!rs :o are  

or?odox 9 ?is3--!y hold op9ions :i* are 
(t5 only ! beque/ ( an e>li] g5]ation   
unque/ion+ly accept$2 he has escap$ f ! 
cu/om>y grooves ( conv5tional           
acquiesc5ce1 & s\ght tru? outside !     
*annels sanctifi$ by habit4  ,m5 & wom5 
:o are or?odox are g5]ally s = ! same   
reason t !y are ,engli% or ,fr5*--!y 7  
born 9 ,engl& or ,france1 & _c help !   
good or ill =tune ( _! bir?-place4 ,_!  
or?odoxy is no high] virtue ?an _!      
nationality4 ,m5 are good & true ( e    
nation & ( e fai?2 b !re are m good &   
true m5 9 nations :]e civilisation has  
made progress1 & among/ fai?s :i* h be5 
modifi$ by high humanis+ influ5ces4 ,m5 
are good n because ( _! or?odoxy1 b 9   
spite ( x2 _! goodness is ! outgr[? ( _!
 humanity1 n ( _! or?odoxy4 ,h]esy is   
necess>y to progress2 h]esy 9 religion  
always prec$es an endeav\r = political  
fre$om4 ,y _c h effectual political     
progress )\t wide-spread h]etical ?\ght4
 ,e gr& political *ange 9 :i* ! p h     
play$ an important "p1 has be5 prec$$ by

 ! popul>isation ( h]esy 9 ! imm$iately 
e>li] g5]ations4  ,=tunately1 ignorant  
m5 _c be real h]etics1 s t education mu/
 be ! h&-maid5 to h]esy4 ,ignorance &   
sup]/ition are tw9 si/]s4 ,belief too   
(t5 means no?+ m ?an pro/ration ( !     
intellect on ! ?re%old ( ! unkn[n4      
,h]esy is ! pione]1 erect & manly1 /rid+
 ov] ! =bidd5 l9e 9 8 se>* = tru?4      
,het]odoxy develops ! intellect1        
or?odoxy smo!rs x4 ,h]esy is ! /> tw9kle
 9 ! night1 or?odoxy ! cl\d :i* hides   
?is fa9t gleam ( light f ! we>y         
travell]s on life's encumb]$ pa?way4    
,or?odoxy is well exemplifi$ 9 ! d>k    
middle ages1 :5 ! mass ( m5 & wom5      
believ$ mu* & knew little1 :5 miracles 7
 common & s*ools 7 r>e1 & :5 ! mona/]ies
 on ! hill tops held ! lit]ature (      
,europe4 ,h]esy speaks = itself 9 ?is   
n9ete5? c5tury1 ) ! gas & electric      
light1 ) *eap newspap]s1 ) a ?\s&       
lecture rooms1 ) innum]able libr>ies1 & 
at lea/ a majority ( ! p able to read ! 
?\ghts ! dead h left1 z well z to li/5  

to ! words ! liv+ utt]4  ,! ^w h]etic   
ought to be a t]m ( hon\r2 = hone/1     
cle>ly utt]$ h]esy is always virtu\s1 & 
?is :e!r tru? or error2 yet x is n      
difficult to und]/& h[ ! *>ge ( h]esy   
has be5 g5]ally us$ z a means ( excit+  
bad feel+4 ,! ,greek ^w ------ :i* is 9 
fact our ^w h]esy1 signifies simply1    
selection or *oice4 ,! he etiq          
philosoph] 0 ! "o :o _h se>*$ & f\nd1   
:o1 n cont5t ) ! beat5 pa?s1 _h select$ 
a new road1 *os5 a new fa%ion ( travell+
 9 ! in>* = t happ9ess all humank9d are 
seek+4  ,h]etics are usually call$      
infidels1 b no ^w c\ld be m unfairly    
appli$1 if by x is meant any?+ m ?an t !
 h]etic does n con=m to ! ,/ate ,fai?4  
,if x meant ^? :o d n pr(ess ! fai?1 !n 
!re w\ld be no objection1 b x is m (t5  
us$ ( ^? :o are unfai?ful1 & !n x is    
g5]ally a libel4 ,mahom$ans & ,*ri/ians 
bo? call ,jews infidels1 & ,mahom$ans & 
,*ri/ians call ea* o!r infidels4 ,ea*   
religioni/ is ?us an infidel to all     
sects b 8 own2 !re is b "o degree (     

h]esy betwe5 him & ! h]etic :o rejects  
all *ur*es4 ,ea* ord9>y or?odox man is a
 h]etic to e religion 9 ! _w except "o1 
b he is h]etic f ! accid5t ( bir? )\t ! 
virtue ( true h]esy4  ,9 our own c\ntry 
h]esy is n conf9$ to ! extreme plat=m   
adopt$ z a /&+ po9t by su* a man z      
myself4 ,x is rife ev5 9 ! /ate-su/a9$  
,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & to %[ ?is "o does n   
ne$ to be cont5t ) su* illu/rations z   
are af=d$ by ! ,essayi/s & ,review]s1 :o
 discov] ! s\rces ( ! _w's education r 9
 ,greece & ,italy ?an 9 ,judea1 :o      
reject ! alleg$ prophecies z evid5ce ( !
 ,messianic "* ( ,jesus2 :o admit t 9   
nature & f nature1 by sci5ce & by       
reason1 we nei!r h1 nor c possibly h any
 evid5ce ( a deity work+ miracles2 b    
decl>e t = t we mu/ g out ( nature &    
beyond sci5ce1 & 9 effect av[ t ,gospel 
miracles are always objects1 n evid5ces1
 ( fai?2 :o d5y ! necessity ( fai? 9    
,jesus z savi\r to peoples ,:o c\ld nev]
 h su* fai?2 & :o reject ! notion t all 
mank9d are individually involv$ 9 !     

curse & p]dition ( ,adam's s92 or ev5 by
 ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,voysey1 :o decl9es to  
prea* ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 & :o w n tea* t
 e ^w ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t is ! ^w (
 ,god2 or by ! ,rev4 ,dunb> ,hea?1 :o 9 
defiance ( ! ,bible doctr9e1 t man has  
only exi/$ on ! e>? ab\t #f1jjj ye>s1   
tea*es t unnumb]$ *iliads h pass$ away  
s9ce ! human family comm5c$ to play at  
nations on our e>?2 or by ,bi%op        
,col5so1 :o 9 8 impea*m5t ( ! ,p5tateu*1
 8 d5ial ( ! lit]al tru? ( ! n>ratives (
 ! creation1 fall1 & deluge1 actually   
impugns ! :ole s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity 7if !
 f\ndation be false1 ! sup]/ructure _c  
be true72 or by ! ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell1 :o
 decl>$ t ! :ole t5or ( geology is 9    
entire contradiction to ! cosmogony     
deliv]$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & :o d5i$ a local
 heav5 above & a local hell b5ea? ! e>?2
 or by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 :o1 n cont5t
 ) prec$+ ,dr4 ,col5so 9 8 assaults on !
 text ( ! ,p5tateu*1 also wrote z       
vigor\sly aga9/ ! text ( ! ,new         
,te/am5t2 or by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wall1 :o1 

unsatisfi$ ) argum5ts aga9/ ! admitt$ly 
incorrect au?oris$ translation ( !      
,bible1 actually wrote to prove t a new 
& correct$ ,hebrew text 0 necess>y1 !   
,hebrew itself be+ corrupt2 or by !     
,rev4 ,dr4 ,irons1 :o tea*es t n only   
are ! ,gospel writ]s unkn[n1 b t ! v    
language 9 :i* ,jesus taught is yet to  
be discov]$1 :o decl>es t prior to !    
,esraic p]iod ! lit]al hi/ory ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t is lo/1 :o does n f9d ! ,tr9ity
 taught 9 ,scripture1 & :o decl>es t !  
,gospel dees n tea* ! doctr9e ( !       
,atonem5t2 or by ! late ,ar*bi%op       
,:ately1 to :om is attribut$ a ,lat9    
pamphlet rais+ /rong objections aga9/ ! 
tru? ( ! alleg$ confusion ( tongues at  
,babel4  ,we may fairly allege1 t among/
 ?9k+ cl]gym5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 h]esy 
is ! rule & n ! exception4 ,s soon z a  
m9i/] beg9s to prea* s]mons :i* he does 
n buy ready li?ograph$--s]mons :i* are !
 "w ( 8 bra9--s soon h]esy m or less    
buds out1 n[ 9 ! rejection ( "s *ur*    
doctr9e or article ( m9or importance1 n[

 9 "s bold decl>ation at v>iance ) major
 & m ess5tial t5ets4 ,ev5 ,bi%op        
,watson's s fam\s = 8 ,bible ,apology1  
decl>$ t ! *ur* articles & cre$s 7 n    
b9d+ on any man4 ,!y may be true1 !y may
 be false1 he wrote4 ,today scores (    
,*ur* ( ,engl& cl]gym5 op5ly prote/     
aga9/1 or groan 9 sil5ce "u ! en=c$     
subscription ( ,?irty-n9e unbelievable  
,articles4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton      
decl>es t ! heads ( ,colleges at ,ox=d  
well knew t ! man prep>+ = ! ,*ur* w    
subscribe ,?irty-n9e ,articles :i* he _c
 believe1 :o swe>s to d & to h done a   
hundr$ articles :i* he _c or does n     
p]=m4  ,9 sci5tific circles ! h]esy ( ! 
mo/ effici5t memb]s is />tl+ly app>5t4  
,aga9/ memb]s ( ! ,an?ropological       
,society *>ges ( ,a!ism are freely      
levell$1 & al?\gh su* a *>ge does n seem
 to be ju/ifi$ by any reports ( _!      
meet+s1 or by _! pr9t$ publications1 x  
is cle> t n only out ( doors1 b ev5     
among/ _! own circle x is felt t _!     
rese>*es conflict s]i\sly ) ! ,hebrew   

writ4 ,! ,society has be5 prea*$ aga9/ &
 pray$ aga9/1 & yet x is simply a       
society = discov]+ ev]y?+ possible ab\t 
man1 prehi/oric z well z mod]n4 ,x has1 
h[ev]1 an unp>donable vice 9 ! eyes ( ! 
or?odox--x enc\rages ! utt]ance ( facts 
)\t reg>d to _! effect on fai?s4  ,!    
,e?nological ,society is k9dr$ to ! la/ 
nam$ 9 _m ( its objects1 & h5ce "s ( its
 mo/ active memb]s h be5 direct         
assailants ( ! ,hebrew ,*ronology1 :i*1 
limits man's exi/5ce to ! %ort space (  
#f1jjj ye>s2 !y h be5 d5i]s7sp47 ( !    
orig9 ( ! human race f "o pair1 ( !     
confusion ( tongues at ,babel1 & ( !    
r$uction ( ! human race to "o family by 
! ,noa*ian deluge4  ,geological sci5ce  
has a cr[d ( h]etics among/ its         
pr(essors1 m5 :o d5y ! sudd5 orig9 (    
fauna & flora2 :o trace ! gradual       
developm5t ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms
 ?r\gh va/ p]iods ( "t2 & :o f9d no re/+
 place 9 a beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 b are      
oblig$ to halt 9 face ( a measureless   
pa/1 inconceivable 9 its gr&eur4        

,geology1 to quote ! words ( ,dr4       
,kalis*1 decl>es ! utt] impossibility ( 
a creation ( ev5 ! e>? alone 9 six days4
 ,mr4 ,goodw9 says 9 ! ,essays &        
,reviews3 ,! s*ool-books ( ! pres5t day1
 :ile !y tea* ! *ild t ! e>? moves1 yet 
assure him t x is a little less ?an six 
?\s& ye>s old1 & t x 0 made 9 six days4 
,on ! o!r h&1 geologi/s ( all religi\s  
cre$s are agre$ t ! e>? has exi/$ = an  
imm5se s]ies ( ye>s--to be c\nt$ by     
millions r ?an by ?\s&s2 & t indubitably
 m ?an six days elaps$ f its fir/       
creation to ! appe>ance ( man ^u its    
surface4  ,a/ronomy has 9 ! ranks ( its 
pr(essors _m ( its mo/ able m9ds :o d n 
believe 9 ! sun & moon z two great      
lights1 :o _c accept ! myriad />s z fix$
 9 ! firmam5t solely to give light ^u ! 
e>?1 :o refuse to believe 9 ! heav5 z a 
fix$ firmam5t to divide ! wat]s above f 
! wat]s b5ea?1 :o _c by _! telescopes   
discov] ! local heav5 above or ! local  
hell b5ea?1 al?\gh _! sci5ce m>ks ea*   
fa9t nebulosity cross+1 or cross$ by !  

range ( ! wat*]'s vision4 ,to quote aga9
 f ,mr4 ,goodw93--,on ! revival ( sci5ce
 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 "s ( ! e>lie/      
conclusions at :i* philosoph]s arriv$1 7
 f\nd to be at v>iance ) popul> & long  
e/abli%$ belief4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em (  
a/ronomy1 :i* _h !n full possession ( ! 
m9ds ( m51 contemplat$ ! :ole visible   
univ]se f ! e>? z ! immovable c5tre (   
?+s4 ,cop]nicus *ang$ ! po9t ( view1 &  
plac+ ! behold] 9 ! sun1 at once r$uc$ !
 e>? to an inconspicu\s globule1 a m]ely
 subord9ate memb] ( a family ( planets2 
:i* ! t]re/rials _h1 until !n1 fondly   
imag9$ to be b p5dants & ornam5ts ( _!  
own habitation4 ,! ,*ur*1 naturally1    
took a lively int]e/ 9 ! disputes :i*   
arose betwe5 ! philosoph]s ot ! new     
s*ool1 & ^? :o adh]$ to ! old doctr9es1 
inasmu* z ! ,hebrew records1 ! basis (  
religi\s fai?1 manife/ly c\nt5anc$ !    
op9ion ( ! e>?'s immobility1 & c]ta9 o!r
 views ( ! univ]se1 v incompatible ) ^? 
prop\nd$ by ,cop]nicus4 ,h5ce arose !   
(ficial proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo1 9      

consequ5ce ( :i* he submitt$ to sign 8  
celebrat$ recantation1 ackn[l$g+ t '!   
proposition t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & 
immovable f its place1 is absurd1       
philosophically false1 & =mally         
h]etical1 because x is expressly contr>y
 to ! ,scripture2' & t '! proposition t 
! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 nor          
immovable1 b t x moves1 & also ) a      
diurnal motion1 is absurd1              
philosophically false1 & at lea/        
errone\s 9 fai?4'  ,:y is x t society is
 s sev]e on h]esy8 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s ago
 x burn$ h]etics1 till ?irty ye>s ago x 
s5t !m to jail2 ev5 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica  
to-day x is cont5t to h>ass1 annoy1 &   
sl&] !m4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a c&idate = 
! ,gov]nor%ip ( a ,/ate1 al?\gh o!rwise 
admitt$ly eligible1 0 assail$ bitt]ly = 
8 suspect$ ,soc9ianism4 ,sir ,sidney    
,wat]l[1 /&+ = a ,scot* seat1 0 %>ply   
cate*is$ z to :5 he _h la/ be5 inside ! 
,unit>ian ,*apel1 & only sav$ 8 seat by 
n too boldly av[+ 8 op9ions4 ,"l        
,amb]ley1 :o 0 unwise en\gh to be hone/ 

9 "s ( 8 answ]s1 did n obta9 8 seat =   
,s\? ,devon 9 consequ5ce ( ! suspicion (
 h]esy excit$ aga9/ him4 ,x is *iefly to
 ! odium !ologicum t ,mr4 ,mill may     
attribute 8 rejection at ,we/m9/]2 & x  
is suppos$ to h also damag$ ,sir ,john  
,lubbock 9 ,we/ ,k5t4 ,i only refra9 f  
enl>g+ on my own case1 because ,i le>n f
 ! ,press t x is *iefly ! vulg>ity &    
co>s5ess ( my h]esy ) :i* !y are        
indignant4 ,to reply t ,i h s\ght to    
avoid be+ co>se & vulg> is worse ?an    
useless1 ,i am judg$ untri$1 condemn$   
unhe>d2 evid5ce is unnecess>y 9 ! case (
 a man :o ?us puts himself outside !    
pale4  ,sir ,william ,drummond says1    
,e>ly associations are g5]ally ! /ronge/
 9 ! human m9d1 & :at we h be5 taught to
 cr$it z *ildr5 we are seldom1 dispos$  
to "q z m54 ,call$ away f speculative   
inquiries by ! common bus9ess ( life1 m5
 9 g5]al possess nei!r ! incl9ation1 nor
 ! leisure to exam9e :at !y believe or  
:y !y believe4 ,a p[]ful prejudice      
rema9s 9 ! m9d2 ensures conviction )\t !

 tr\ble ( ?9k+2 & repels d\bt )\t ! aid 
or au?ority ( reason4 ,! multitude !n is
 n v likely to applaud an au?or1 :o     
calls ^u x to consid] :at x _h hi!rto   
neglect$1 & to /op :]e x _h be5 accu/om$
 to pass on4 ,x may also happ5 t !re is 
a le>n$ & =midable body1 :i*1 hav+ giv5 
its g5]al sanction to ! lit]al          
int]pretation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 may
 be (f5d$ at ! presumption ( an unhall[$
 layman1 :o v5tures to hold1 t !        
language ( ^? ,scriptures is (t5        
symbolical & allegorical1 ev5 9 passages
 :i* bo? ! ,*ur* & ! ,synagogue consid] 
z no?+ else ?an a pla9 /atem5t ( fact4  
,a writ] :o _h suffici5t boldness to    
enc\nt] su* ob/acles1 & to make an      
appeal to ! public1 w\ld only expose    
himself to ! invectives ( (f5d$ bigotry1
 & to ! misrepres5tations ( int]e/$     
malice4 ,! press w\ld be made to r+ )   
declamations aga9/ him1 & nei!r le>n+1  
nor argum5t1 nor reason1 nor mod]ation  
on 8 side1 w\ld protect him f ! lit]>y  
assass9ation :i* await$ him4 ,9 va9 w\ld

 he put on ! heav5-temp]$ panoply (     
tru?4 ,! weapons :i* c\ld nei!r pi]ce 8 
buckl] nor break 8 casque1 might be made
 to pass ) env5om$ po9ts ?r\gh ! jo9ts (
 8 arm\r4 ,e trivial error :i* he might 
commit1 w\ld be magnifi$ into a flagrant
 fault2 & e insignificant mi/ake into   
:i* he might fall1 w\ld be repres5t$ by 
! bigott$1 or by ! hirel+ critics ( !   
day z an ignorant1 or z a p]v]se        
deviation f ! tru?4 ,bo? by ! ,/atute   
,law & ,common ,law1 h]esy is puni%able1
 & _m are puni%$ = x ev5 9 ! second half
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a man :o has be5  
educat$ 91 or made pr(ession (          
,*ri/ianity1 & :o %all !n d5y any ( !   
,?irty-n9e ,articles1 is liable to      
indictm5t & imprisonm5t1 b ?is c\rse is 
seldom pursu$2 ! m common practice is = 
! ,*ri/ian to avail himself ( ! h]etic's
 want ( belief 9 ord] to object to 8    
compet5cy z a witness4 ,repeat$ in/ances
 h occurr$ rec5tly 9 :i* ! propos$      
witness has be5 reject$ z untru/wor?y1  
because he 0 too hone/ to pret5d to hold

 a fai? he 9 tru? d5i$4 ,besides su* op5
 p]secution1 !re is ! con/ant1 unceas+1 
paltry1 petty p]secut+ _s :i* refuses to
 trade ) ! h]etic2 :i* decl9es to eat ) 
him2 :i* w n employ him2 :i* feels      
ju/ifi$ 9 sl&]+ him1 :i* seeks to set 8 
wife's m9d aga9/ him1 & to take away !  
affection ( 8 *ildr5 f him4  ,= ^? :o d 
n believe ?is1 ,i w in/ance two cl]gym5 
( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&3 "o 7:o z my tea*] :5
 a boy7 set a k9d fa!r's he>t aga9/ me1 
& drove me fur!r 9 h]esy ?an ,i !n      
dream$ ( m>*+2 & ! o!r1 :o 9 cruel      
wick$ness tri$ to w\nd me z a man ?r\gh 
! feel+s ( my wife & *ildr51 :om he mo/ 
vilely & basely sl&]$4 ,! fir/ is yet   
unpuni%$1 ! second escap$ condign       
puni%m5t only by writ+ himself d[n      
libell]1 & pray+ p>don = ! sl&]\s co9age
 ( 8 bra94 ,& yet ?is latt] ,*ur* (     
,engl& cl]gyman1 :o _h writt5 a /rong   
lett] ?ank+ me = my g5]\s =be>ance1 & :o
 f 8 own pulpit pret5d$ to express 8    
sorr[1 is actually ! fir/ & only man 9  
my neighb\rhood to cry ,a!i/ aga9/ me1  

:5 ,i m+le 9 political life1 & he ?9ks !
 phrase may w\nd & injure me4           
,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury  ,x
 requires a m practis$ p5 ?an m9e to ev5
 fa9tly sket* ! progress ( h]esy dur+ ! 
pa/ ?ree c5turies1 b ,i tru/ to say     
en\gh to give ! read] an idea ( its     
rapid gr[? & wide ext5sion4 ,i say ( !  
pa/ ?ree c5turies1 because x is only    
dur+ ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s t h]esy has 
made ! majority ( its conv]ts among/ !  
mass ( ! p4 ,9 e>li] times h]etics 7 n  
only few1 b !y talk$ to ! few1 & wrote  
to ! few1 9 ! language ( ! few2 & inde$ 
x may be fairly said1 t x is only dur+ !
 la/ hundr$ ye>s t ! greate/ m5 h s\ght 
to make h]esy vulg>2 t is1 to make x    
common4 ,"o ( our lead+ sci5tific m5    
admitt$ rec5tly t he _h be5 reprov$ by  
"s ( 8 m or?odox fri5ds1 = n conf9+ to !
 ,lat9 language su* ( 8 geological      
op9ions z 7 suppos$ to be mo/ dang]\s to
 ! ,hebrew records4 ,! />t+-po9t ( !    
real era ( popul> h]esy may be plac$ at 
! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 !      

memories ( ,huss & ,ziska 7:o _h really 
inoculat$ ! mass ) "s _s ( h]etical     
resi/ance a c5tury be=e7 aid$ ,lu!r 9   
resi/+ ,rome4  ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 born at     
,eisleb5 9 ,saxony1 9 #adhc1 0 "o ( !   
h]etics :o s\ght popul> endorsem5t = 8  
h]esy1 & :o foll[+ ! example ( ! ,ulri* 
,zu+le1 ( ,zuri*1 prea*$ to ! p 9 r\gh  
pla9 words4 ,:ile o!rs 7 limit$ to      
,lat91 he rang out 9 pla9 ,g]man 8      
opposition to ,tetzel & 8 protectors4 ,i
 "k t to-day1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r is spok5 ( by 
or?odox ,prote/ants z if he 7 a sa9t )\t
 blemi%1 & inde$ ,i d n want to deprive 
! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! hon\r ( 8 adh]5ce2 
he is h>dly good en\gh & true en\gh = a 
fir/-class h]etic4 ,yet 9 ju/ification (
 my rank+ him ev5 s tempor>ily among/ ! 
h]etics ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x w be      
suffici5t to m5tion t he reg>d$ ! books 
( ! ,k+s z m wor?y ( cr$it ?an ! books (
 ! ,*ronicles1 t he wrote z foll[s3--,! 
book ( ,esdras ,i toss into ! ,elbe4 ,i 
am s an enemy to ! book ( ,e/h] ,i w\ld 
x did n exi/4 ,job spake n !re=e z x /&s

 writt5 9 8 book4 ,x is a %e] argum5tum 
fabulae ,! book ( ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon 
has be5 piec$ toge!r by o!rs1 (         
,ecclesia/es !re is too mu* ( brok5     
matt] 9 x2 x has nei!r boots nor spurs1 
b rides only 9 socks4 ,isaiah ha? borr[$
 8 :ole art & k f ,david4 ,! hi/ory (   
,jonah is s mon/r\s t x is absolutely   
incr$ible4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is n
 by ,/4 ,paul1 nor inde$ by any ,apo/le4
 ,! ,epi/le ( ,james #a acc\nt ! writ+ (
 no ,apo/le1 & is truly an ,epi/le (    
%am4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,jude allege? say+s or
 /ories :i* h no place 9 ,scripture1 (  
,revelation ,i c discov] no trace t x is
 e/abli%$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,if ,m>t9     
,lu!r 7 alive to-day1 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 
( ,engl&1 :i* pret5ds to rev]e him1 w\ld
 prosecute him 9 ! ,engli%              
,ecclesia/ical ,c\rts if he v5tur$ to   
repeat ! =ego+ phrases f h] pulpits4    
,:at w\ld ! writ]s :o attack me =       
co>s5ess1 say ( ! foll[+ passage1 :i*   
occurs ) ref]5ce to ,melanc?on1 :om     
,lu!r boa/s t he rais$ miracul\sly f !  

dead8 ,melanc?on1 says ,sir ,william    
,hamilton1 to ^: essay ,i am indebt$ = !
 extracts "h giv51 _h fall5 ill at      
,weim> f contrition & fe> = ! "p he _h  
be5 l$ to take 9 ! ,l&grave's polygamy3 
8 life 0 ev5 9 dang]4 ,!n & !re1 said   
,lu!r1 ,i made our ,"l ,god to sm>t = x4
 ,= ,i ?rew d[n ! sack be=e ! door1 &   
rubb$ 8 e>s ) all 8 promises ( he>+     
pray]1 :i* ,i knew h[ to recapitulate f 
,holy ,writ1 s t he c\ld n b he>k5 to   
me1 %\ld ,i ev] aga9 place any reliance 
on 8 promises4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 ) 8 absolute
 d5ial ( free-w1 & ) 8 d\ble code (     
morality = pr9ces & peasants--easy = "o 
& h>% = ! o!r--may be fairly left n[ )  
^? :o desire to vaunt 8 or?odoxy2 "h 8  
"n is us$ only to illu/rate ! popul>    
impetus giv5 to noncon=mity by 8 qu>rel 
) ! papal au?orities4 ,lu!r prote/$     
aga9/ ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 b e/abli%$ by ! v 
fact ! "r = "s m advanc$ man ?an ,doctor
 ,m>t9 to prote/ 9 turn aga9/ ! ,lu!ran 
,*ur*4 ,! only consi/5t *ur* 9 ,*ri/5dom
 is ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 = x claims ! "r to  

?9k = all its foll[]s4 ,! :ole ( !      
,prote/ant ,*ur*es are inconsi/5t1 = !y 
claim ! "r to ?9k & judge aga9/ ,rome1 b
 d5y extrem] ,noncon=mi/s ! "r to ?9k & 
judge aga9/ !mselves4 ,goe!1 says       
,fr\de1 decl>es t ,lu!r ?rew back !     
intellectual progress ( mank9d by us+ ! 
passions ( ! multitude to decide        
subjects :i* %\ld h be5 left to ! le>n$4
 ,i d n believe ?is to be :olly true1 = 
! multitude once hav+ _! e>s fairly     
op5$1 li/5$ to m ?an ! appeal to _!     
passions1 & exam9$ = !mselves           
propositions :i* o!rwise !y w\ld h      
accept$ or reject$ f habit & )\t        
inquiry4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r's public           
discussions ) p5 & tongue1 9 ,wittemb]g1
 ,augsburg1 ,lieb5w]d1 & ,li*t5b]g1 & ! 
prote/ he enc\rag$ aga9/ ,rome1 7 !     
comm5cem5t ( a vigor\s controv]sy1 9 :i*
 ! public 7:o he>d = ! fir/ "t %>p      
controv]sial s]mons prea*$ publicly 9 ! 
v>i\s pulpits by ,lu!ran prea*]s on     
free-w & necessity1 election &          
pr$e/9ation1 c47 began to take real "p &

 int]e/2 & :i* is /ill go+ on1 & w 9    
fact nev] end until ! unholy alliance ( 
,*ur* & ,/ate is ev]y:]e annull$1 & ea* 
religion is left to su/a9 itself by its 
own tru?1 or to fall f its own weakness1
 no man be+ mole/$ "u ! law on acc\nt ( 
8 op9ions on religi\s matt]s4 ,:ile     
,lu!r und\bt$ly gave an impetus to !    
gr[? ( ,rationalism by 8 own appeal to  
reason & 8 reliance on reason = himself1
 x is n true t he cont5d$ = ! "r ( g5]al
 fre$om ( inquiry1 nor w\ld he h left   
unlimit$ ! privileges ( individual      
judgm5t = o!rs4 ,he c\ld be furi\s 9 8  
d5unciations ( reason :5 a fre] ?9k] ?an
 himself d>$ to use x aga9/ 8           
sup]/itions4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t  
:ile on ! "o h& "o man1 ,lu!r1 0 deta*+ 
f ! ,*ur* ( ,rome a l>ge numb] ( m9ds1  
ano!r man1 ,loyola1 0 ab\t ! same "t    
engag$ 9 f\nd+ t p[]ful society 7!      
,society ( ,jesuits71 :i* has done s mu*
 to *eck free inquiry & ma9ta9 ! prie/ly
 dom9ation ov] ! human intellect4 ,t :i*
 ,lu!r comm5c$ 9 ,g]many r\ghly1        

ineffici5tly1 & p]haps m f p]sonal feel+
 = ! privileges ( ! special ord] to :i* 
he belong$ ?an f desire = popul>        
progress1 0 aid$ 9 its p]man5t effect by
 ,desc>tes1 9 ,engl& by ,bacon1 9       
,france by ,montaigne1 & 9 ,italy by    
,bruno4  ,francis ,bacon1 ,"l ,v]ulam1 0
 born on ! #bbnd ,janu>y1 #aefa1 & di$  
#afbf4 ,8 "m1 ,anne1 daught] ( ,sir     
,an?ony ,cooke1 0 a woman ( high        
education1 & c]ta9ly ) "s incl9ations   
fav\rable to ,free?\ght1 = %e _h h]self 
translat$ into ,engli% "s ( ! s]mons on 
fate & free-w ( ,b]n>d ,o*9o1 or ,b]n>d9
 ,o*9us1 an ,italian ,re=m+ ,h]etic1    
alike repudiat$ by ! p[]s at ,rome1     
,g5eva1 ,wittemb]g1 & ,zuri*4 ,o*9o1 9 8
 fam\s disquisition t\*+ ! fre$om or    
bondage ( ! human w1 & ! =ekn[l$ge1     
pr$e/9ation1 & lib]ty ( ,god1 aft]      
discuss+1 ) great acut5ess1 & f diff]5t 
po9ts ( view1 ^! important topics1 comes
 to ! conclusion t !re is no outlet to !
 mazes ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! hone/ speculator 
plunges 9 ! endeav\r to solve ^!        

problems4 ,al?\gh1 l o!r writ]s ( t &   
e>li] p]iods1 _m ( ,bacon's works 7     
publi%$ 9 ,lat91 he wrote & publi%$ also
 9 ,engli%1 & if ,i am "r 9 numb]+ him z
 "o ( ! h]etics ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 he  
mu/ be also c\nt$ a vulg> h]etic--i4e41 
"o :o wrote 9 ! vulg> tongue1 :o prea*$ 
8 h]esy 9 ! language :i* ! mass         
und]/ood4 ,lewes says1 ,bacon &         
,desc>tes are g5]ally recognis$ z !     
,fa!rs ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 al?\gh !y  
!mselves 7 c>ri$ along by !             
rapidly-swell+ curr5t ( _! age1 !n      
decisively sett+ 9 ! direction ( sci5ce4
 ,x is _! glory to h se5 visions ( !    
com+ greatness1 to h express$ 9 t]ms (  
spl5did p[]1 ! ?\ghts :i* 7 dimly /irr+ 
! age1 & to h sanction$ ! new movem5t by
 _! au?oritative g5ius4 ,bacon 0 !      
popul>is] ( t me?od ( reason+ kn[n z !  
inductive1 t me?od :i* seeks to trace   
back f ! ph5om5a ( ! mom5t to ! et]nal  
n\m5on or n\m5a--f ! condition$ to !    
absolute4 ,ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e1 !  
same me?od _h be5 taught by ,ari/otle 9 

opposition to ,plato1 & probably long   
?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! gr& ,greek1         
pre-hi/oric s*oolm5 _h us$ ! me?od2 x is
 natural to ! human m9d4 ,! ,/agirite 0 
! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 ,bacon ! tea*] &     
popul>is] = a nation4 ,ari/otle's ,greek
 0 kn[n to few1 ,bacon's eloqu5t ,engli%
 op5$ out ! subject to ! _m :om he      
impregnat$ ) 8 own confid5ce 9 ! gr&    
progressiv5ess ( human ?\ght4 ,lewes    
says2 ,! _s ( 8 philosophy 0 antagoni/ic
 to ,!ology1 = x 0 a _s ( d\bt & se>*2 &
 its se>* 0 = visible & tangible        
results4 ,bacon himself1 9 8 essay on   
,sup]/ition1 says3 ,a!ism leaves a man  
to s5se1 to philosophy1 to natural      
piety1 to laws1 to reputation1 all :i*  
may be guides to an outw>d moral virtue1
 ?\gh religion 7 n2 b sup]/ition        
dism\nts all ^!1 & erecte? an absolute  
mon>*y 9 ! m9ds ( m53 !re=e ,a!ism did  
nev] p]turb /ates2 = x makes m5 w>y (   
!mselves1 z look+ no fur!r2 & we see !  
times incl9$ to ,a!ism1 z ! "t (        
,augu/us ,caes> 7 civil times2 b        

sup]/ition ha? be5 ! confusion ( _m     
/ates1 & br+e? 9 a new primum mobile 7! 
fir/ motive cause71 t ravi%e? all !     
sph]es ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is true t he also 
wrote aga9/ ,a!ism1 & ?is 9 /rong       
language1 b 8 philosophy 0 n us$ = !    
purpose ( prov+ !ological propositions4 
,he said3 ,true philosophy is t :i* is !
 fai?ful e*o ( ! voice ( ! _w1 :i* is   
writt5 9 "s sort "u ! dictation ( ?+s1  
:i* adds no?+ ( itself1 :i* is only !   
reb\nd1 ! reflection ( reality4 ,x has  
be5 well said t ! words ,utility &      
,progress give ! keynotes ( ,bacon's    
tea*+s4 ,) "o o!r extract we leave 8    
writ+s4 ,crafty m51 he says1 contemn    
/udies1 simple m5 admire !m1 & wise m5  
use !m2 = !y tea* n _! own use2 b t is a
 wisdom )\t !m1 & above !m1 won by      
obs]vation4 ,read n to contradict &     
confute1 nor to believe & take = grant$1
 nor to f9d talk & disc\rse2 b to weigh 
& consid]4 ,"s books are to be ta/$1    
o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s few to be *ew$ 
& dige/$4 ,read+ make? a full man2      

conf]5ce a ready man2 & writ+ an exact  
man2 & !re=e1 if a man write little1 he 
ne$ h a great memory2 if he conf]       
little1 he ne$ h a pres5t wit2 & if he  
read little1 he _h ne$ h mu* cunn+1 to  
seem to "k t he do? n4 ,hi/ories make m5
 wise2 poets witty2 ! ma!matics subtle2 
natural philosophy deep2 moral1 grave2  
logic & rhetoric1 able to cont5d4 ,he 0 
! fa!r ( exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,9 "o ( 
8 sugge/ions z to ! =ce ( attraction (  
gravitation may be f\nd ! fir/ aid to   
,sir ,isaac ,newton's lat] demon/rations
 on ?is head2 ano!r ( 8 sugge/ions1     
work$ out by ,torricelli1 end$ 9        
demon/rat+ ! gravity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b  
to ! me?od he s popul>is$ may be        
attribut$ ! gr&e/ discov]ies ( mod]n    
times4 ,x is to be deplor$ t ! memory ( 
8 moral weakness %\ld rema9 to spoil !  
praise ( 8 gr& intellect4  ,"l          
,macaulay1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 aft]  
contra/+ at "s l5g? ! philosophy (      
,plato ) t ( ,bacon1 said2--,to sum up !
 :ole3 we %\ld say t ! aim ( ! ,platonic

 philosophy 0 to exalt man into a god4  
,! aim ( ! ,baconian philosophy 0 to    
provide man ) :at he requires :ile he   
cont9ues to be man4 ,! aim ( ! ,platonic
 philosophy 0 to raise u f> above vulg> 
wants4 ,! aim ( ! ,baconian philosophy 0
 to supply our vulg> wants4 ,! =m] aim 0
 noble2 b ! latt] 0 atta9able4 ,plato   
drew a good b[2 b1 l ,ace/es 9 ,virgil1 
he aim$ at ! />s2 & !re=e1 ?\gh !re 0 no
 want ( /r5g? or skill1 ! %ot 0 ?r[n    
away4 ,8 arr[ 0 inde$ foll[$ by a track 
( dazzl+ radiance1 b x /ruck no?+4      
,bacon fix$ 8 eye on a m>k :i* 0 plac$  
on ! e>? & )9 b[%ot1 & hit x 9 ! :ite4  
,! philosophy ( ,plato began 9 words &  
end$ 9 words--noble words 9 de$-words   
su* z 7 to be expect$ f ! f9e/ ( human  
intellects ex]cis+ b\ndless dom9ion ov] 
! f9e/ ( human languages4 ,! philosophy 
( ,bacon began 9 obs]vations & end$ 9   
arts4  ,9 ,france ! political h]esy (   
,jean ,bod9--:o *all5g$ ! div9e "r (    
rul]s2 :o proclaim$ ! "r ( resi/ance    
aga9/ oppressive decrees ( mon>*s2 :o _h

 words ( laudation = tyrannicide1 & yet 
_h no conception t ! multitude 7 entitl$
 to use political p[]1 b on ! contr>y   
wrote aga9/ !m--0 v imp]fect1 !         
conception ( individual "r 0 conf\nd$ 9 
! habit ( ob$i5ce to mon>*ical au?ority4
 ,bod9 is class$ by ,mo%eim among/ !    
writ]s :o s[$ ! se$s ( scepticism 9     
,france2 b al?\gh he 0 f> f an or?odox  
man1 x is d\btful if ,bod9 ev] int5d$ 8 
views to be %>$ beyond ! class to :i* he
 belong$4 ,to ! p>tial glimpse (        
individual "r 9 ! works ( ,bod9 add !   
doctr9e ( political frat]nity taught by 
,la ,boetie1 & !n ?is political h]esy   
becomes dang]\s 9 becom+ popul>4  ,! mo/
 decid$ h]etic & d\bt] ( ! sixte5?      
c5tury 0 "o ,san*ez1 by bir? a          
,portuguese1 & practis+ z a physician at
 ,t\l\se2 b ! impetus :i* ultimately l$ 
to ! spread & popul>ity ( sceptical     
op9ions 9 relation to politics & !ology1
 is *iefly due to ! satirical romances (
 ,rabelais & ! essays ( ,montaigne4 ,:at
 ,rabelais 0 to ! support]s ( !ology1   

says ,buckle1 t 0 ,montaigne to ! !ology
 itself4 ,! writ+s ( ,rabelais 7 only   
direct$ aga9/ ! cl]gy1 b ! writ+s (     
,montaigne 7 direct$ aga9/ ! sy/em ( :i*
 ! cl]gy 7 ! (fspr+4  ,montaigne 0 born 
at ,bordeaux #aecc1 di$ #aeib4 ,l\is    
,blanc says ( 8 words1 ,et ce ne sont   
pas simples disc\rs d'un philosophe a   
des philosophes4 ,montaigne s'addresse a
 t\s4 ,montaigne's words 7 n ^? ( a     
philosoph] talk+ only to 8 own ord]1 he 
address$ himself to mank9d at l>ge1 & he
 wrote 9 language ! majority c\ld easily
 compreh5d4 ,voltaire po9ts out t       
,montaigne z a philosoph] 0 ! exception 
9 ,france to 8 class2 he hav+ succe$$ 9 
escap+ t p]secution :i* fell s heavily  
on o!rs4 ,montaigne's ?\ghts 7 l %>p    
in/rum5ts scatt]$ broadca/1 & int5d$ = !
 de/ruction ( _m ( ! old social &       
conv5tional bonds2 he 0 ! advocate (    
individualism1 & plac$ ea* man z above  
society1 r ?an society z m important ?an
 ea* man4 ,montaigne mock$ ! reason]s :o
 contradict$ ea* o!r1 & d]id$ t         

fallibility ( m9d :i* reg>d$ ! op9ion ( 
! mom5t z infallibly true1 & :i* 0 yet  
always tempor>ily *ang$ by an attack (  
fev] or a draught ( /rong dr9k1 & (t5   
p]man5tly modifi$ by "s new discov]y4   
,less =tunate ?an ,montaigne1 ,godfrey a
 ,valle 0 burn$ = h]esy 9 ,p>is 9 #aegb1
 8 *ief (f5ce hav+ be5 t ( issu+ a "w   
entitl$ ,de ,arte ,nihil ,cr$5di4       
,h]esy ?us *ampion$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 
& ,engl&1 _h 9 ,italy its sixte5? c5tury
 soldi]s 9 ,pomponatius ( ,mantua1      
,giordano ,bruno1 & ,telesio1 bo? (     
,naples1 & 9 ,campanella ( ,calabria1 a 
gallant b&1 :o 7 ne>ly all met ) ! cry (
 ,a!i/1 & 7 ei!r answ]$ ) exile1 !      
prison1 or ! faggot4  ,pomponatius1 :o 0
 born #adhf & di$ #aebe1 wrote a        
treatise on ! ,s\l1 :i* 0 s mu* deem$ an
 attack on ! doctr9e ( immortality      
despite a pr(ession ( rev]5ce = ! dogmas
 ( ! ,*ur*1 t ! "w 0 publicly burn$ at  
,v5ice1 a special bull ( ,leo ,x4 be+   
direct$ aga9/ ! doctr9e4  ,b]n>d        
,telesio 0 born at ,naples 9 #aejh1 &   

f\nd$ !re a s*ool 9 :i* ma!matics &     
philosophy 7 giv5 ! fir/ place4 ,dur+ 8 
lifetime he _h ! good =tune to escape   
p]secution1 b sites 8 dea? 8 works 7    
proscrib$ by ! ,*ur*2 ,telesio 0 *iefly 
useful 9 educat+ ! m9ds ( "s ( !        
,neapolitans = m advanc$ ?9k+ ?an 8 own4
  ,?is 0 well illu/rat$ 9 ! case (      
,?omas ,campanella1 born #aefh1 :o1     
attract$ by ! tea*+s ( ,telesio1 wrote  
vigor\sly aga9/ ! old s*oolm5 & 9 favor 
( ! new philosophy4 ,despite an affect$ 
rev]5ce = ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,campanella  
sp5t tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( 8 life 9 prison4 
,campanella has be51 z is usually ! case
 ) em95t writ]s1 *>g$ ) a!ism1 b !re    
seems to be no fair f\ndation = ! *>ges 
,he 0 a true h]etic1 = he n only oppos$ 
,ari/otle2 b ev5 8 own tea*] ,telesio4  
,none ( ^! m51 h[ev]1 yet /rove to rea* 
! p1 !y wrote to & ( "o ano!r1 n to or (
 ! masses4 ,x is said t ,campanella 0   
fifty times arre/$ & sev5 times tortur$ 
= 8 h]esy4  ,"o ,&rew de ,b5a1 a pr(\nd 
s*ol> & em95t prea*] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 

c>ri$ away by ! _s ( ! "t1 came out into
 ! re=m$ p>ty2 b 8 m9d once set free f !
 old trammels1 f\nd no re/ 9 ,lu!r's    
n>r[ *ur*1 & a poetic ,pan!ism 0 !      
result4  ,j]ome ,c>dan1 a ma!matician ( 
consid]able ability1 born at ,pavia     
#afja1 has be5 fi]cely accus$ ( a!ism4  
,8 *ief (f5ce seems to h be5 r 9 an     
opposite direction2 a/rology 0 ) him a  
fav\rite subject4 ,:ile ! /range views  
put =w>d 9 "s ( 8 works s]v$ good       
purpose by provok+ inquiry1 we c h>dly  
class ,c>dan o!rwise ?an z a man ^:     
und\bt$ g5ius & erudition 7 m ?an       
c\nt]balanc$ by 8 excessively sup]/iti\s
 folly4  ,giordano ,bruno 0 born ne>    
,naples ab\t #aeej4 ,he 0 burn$ at ,rome
 = h]esy on ! #ag? ,febru>y1 #afjj4     
,bruno 0 burn$ = alleg$ a!ism1 b appe>s 
r1 to h be5 a ,pan!i/4 ,8 mo/ prom95t   
av[al ( h]esy 0 ! disbelief 9 et]nal    
torm5t & rejection1 ( ! common or?odox  
ideas ( ! devil4 ,he wrote *iefly 9     
,italian1 8 vulg> tongue1 & ?us         
effectively aid$ ! gr& m>* ( h]esy by   

famili>is+ ! eyes ( ! p ) new] & tru]   
=ms ( ?\ght4 ,bruno us$ ! tongue z      
flu5tly z ! p54 ,he spoke 9 ,italy until
 he _h r\s$ an opposition r5d]+ flight !
 only possibly escape f dea?4 ,at ,g5eva
 he f\nd no re/+ place1 ! fi]ce _s (    
,zu+le & ,calv9 0 !re too mighty2 at    
,p>is he might h f\nd fav\r1 ) ! ,k+1 & 
at ! ,sorbonne1 b he refus$ to att5d    
mass1 & deliv]$ a s]ies ( popul>        
lectures1 :i* won _m admir]s2 f ,p>is he
 w5t to ,engl&1 :]e we f9d him publicly 
debat+ at ,ox=d & lectur+ on !ology1    
until he excit$ an antagonism :i* induc$
 8 return to ,p>is1 :]e he actually     
publicly discuss$ = ?ree days "s ( ! gr&
 problems ( exi/5ce4 ,p>is or?odoxy c\ld
 n p]mit 8 onslaughts on e/abli%$       
op9ions1 & ?is "t x 0 to ,g]many ,bruno 
turn$ = hospitality2 :]e1 aft] visit+ _m
 ( ! diff]5t /ates1 lectur+ freely b )  
g5]al success1 he drew ^u himself a     
s5t5ce ( excommunication at ,helm/adt4  
,at la/ he return$ to ,italy & spoke at 
,padua1 b _h at once to fly !nce f !    

,inquisition2 at ,v5ice he f\nd a re/+  
place 9 prison1 :5ce aft] six ye>s (    
dungeon1 & aft] ! t5d] m]cy ( ! rack1 he
 0 l$ out to receive ! f9al refutation (
 ! faggot4 ,!re is a gr& h]oism 9 !     
mann] 9 :i* he receiv$ 8 s5t5ce & bore 8
 fi]y puni%m5t4 ,no cry ( despair1 no   
pray] = escape1 no fl9*+ at ! mom5t (   
dea?4 ,bruno's m>tyrdom may fav\rably   
contra/ ) ! highe/ example ,*ri/ianity  
gives u4  ,x 0 9 ! latt] half ( !       
sixte5? c5tury1 t ,unit>ianism or       
,soc9ianism assum$ a front rank position
 9 ,europe1 hav+ its *ief /r5g? 9 ,pol&1
 ) consid]able =ce 9 ,holl& & ,engl&4 ,9
 #aebd1 "o ,lewis ,hetz] _h be5 publicly
 burn$ at ,con/ance1 = d5y+ ! div9ity ( 
,jesus2 b ,hetz] 0 m connect$ ) !       
,anabapti/s ?an ) ! ,unit>ians4 ,ab\t ! 
same "t a man nam$ ,claudius op5ly argu$
 among/ ! ,swiss p1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! 
tr9ity1 & "o ,john ,campanus cont5d$ at 
,wittemb]g1 & o!r places1 aga9/ !       
usually inculcat$ doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 z 
to ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/4  ,9    

#aeff1 ,val5t9e ,g5tilis1 a ,neapolitan1
 0 put to dea? at ,rome1 = tea*+ !      
sup]iority ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ov] ! ,son & 
! ,holy ,gho/4 ,mod]n ,unit>ianism      
appe>s to h _h z its f\nd]s or *ief     
promot]s1 ,laelius ,soc9us1 & 8 nephew  
,fau/us ,soc9us2 ! fir/ hav+ ! bett]    
bra9 & high] g5ius1 b m>r$ by a timid & 
irresolute "*2 ! second hav+ a m active 
nature & bold] temp]am5t4 ,f ,crac[ &   
,rac[1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury1 !
 ,unit>ians 7:o drew into _! ranks _m m5
 ( advanc$ m9ds47 issu$ a l>ge numb] (  
books & pamphlets1 :i* 7 circulat$      
among/ ! p ) consid]able zeal & indu/ry4
 ,unit>ianism 0 c>ri$ f ,pol& into      
,transylvania by a physician1 ,george   
,bl&rata1 & a prea*] ,francis ,david1 or
 ,davides1 :o obta9$ ! support &        
c\nt5ance ( ! !n rul] ( ! c\ntry4       
,davides1 un=tunately = himself1 became 
too unit>ian = ! ,unit>ians2 he adopt$ !
 extreme views ( "o ,simon ,budnffius1  
:o1 9 ,li?uania1 entirely repudiat$ any 
sort1 ( religi\s wor%ip 9 ref]5ce to    

,jesus4 ,budnaeus 0 excommunicat$ by !  
,unit>ians !mselves1 & ,davides 0       
imprison$ = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,z !        
,unit>ians 7 p]secut$ by ! old ,romi% & 
new ,lu!ran ,*ur*es1 s !y 9 turn        
p]secut$ sec$]s f & oppos]s ( _! own    
movem5t4 ,ea* man's hi/ory involv$ !    
wid5+ out ( public ?\ght2 ea* act (     
p]secution illu/rat$ a va9 endeav\r to  
*eck ! progress ( h]esy2 ea* new sect   
m>k$ a /ep t[>ds ! de/ruction ( ! old   
ob/ructive fai?s4  ,ab\t ! close ( !    
sixte5? c5tury1 ,erne/ius ,son]us1 (    
,nuremb]g1 wrote aga9/ ! doctr9e (      
et]nal torm5t1 & also aga9/ ! div9ity ( 
,jesus1 b 8 works 7 nev] v widely       
circulat$4 ,among/ ! di/+ui%$ ,europeans
 ( ! sixte5? c5tury :om ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4    
,smi? m5tions z ei!r a!i/s or fav\r+    
a!ism1 7 ,paul ,jovius1 ,pet] ,aret91 & 
,muretus4 ,rum\r has ev5 enroll$ ,leo   
,x4 himself 9 ! a!i/ical ranks4 ,h[ f>  
"s ( ^! m5 _h w>rant$ ! *>ge o!r ?an by 
be+ promot]s ( lit]ature & lov]s (      
philosophy1 x is n[ difficult to say4 ,a

 det]m9$ resi/ance 0 (f]$ to ! spread ( 
h]etical op9ions 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe by !
 ,roman ,*ur*1 & x is alleg$ t "s ?\s&s 
( p]sons 7 burn$ or o!rwise puni%$ 9    
,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,naples dur+ !      
sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,inquisition or ,holy
 ,(fice 0 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal ! mo/     
prom95t & active p]secutor1 b p]secution
 0 c>ri$ on vigor\sly 9 o!r p>ts (      
,europe by ! sec$]s f ,rome4 ,zu+le1    
,lu!r1 & ,calv91 7 z h>% z ! ,pope t[>ds
 ^? ) :om !y diff]$4  ,mi*ael ,s]vetus1 
or ,s]v$e1 0 a native ( ,arragon1 by    
pr(ession a physician2 he wrote aga9/ ! 
ord9>y doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity1 b 0 f> f   
ord9>y ,unit>ianism4  ,he 0 burn$ at    
,g5eva1 at ! in/ance ( ,calv94 ,calv9 0 
r fond ( burn+ h]etical oppon5ts2 to !  
"n ( ,s]vetus might be add$ t ( ,gruet1 
:o also 0 burn$ at ! in/ance ( ,calv91 =
 d5y+ ! div9ity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 &
 = argu+ aga9/ ! immortality ( ! s\l4   
,x is wor? notice t :ile h]esy 9 ?is    
sixte5? c5tury began to bran* out op5ly1
 & to /rike its roots d[n firmly among/ 

! p1 ecclesia/ical hi/orians are        
compell$ to record improvem5t 9 !       
condition ( society4 ,mo%eim says1 ,9   
?is c5tury ! arts & sci5ces 7 c>ri$ to a
 pit* unkn[n to prec$+ ages1 & f ?is    
happy r5ovation ( le>n+1 ! ,european    
*ur*es d]iv$ ! mo/ signal & ine/imable  
advantages4 ,! b5ign influ5ce ( true    
sci5ce1 & its t5d5cy to improve bo? ! =m
 ( religion & ! in/itutions ( civil     
policy1 7 p]ceiv$ by _m ( ! /ates4 ,!   
love ( lit]ature is ! mo/ rem>kable &   
*>act]i/ic =m ( advanc+ civilisation4   
,in/ead ( be+ ! absorb+ passion ( !     
le>n$ few1 x becomes gradually ! delight
 & occupation ( increas+ numb]s4 ,?is   
cultivation ( lit]>y pursuits by ! mass 
is only possible :5 en\gh ( h]esy has   
be5 obta9$ to r5d] _! scope ( /udy wide 
en\gh to be useful4 ,rott]dam gave life 
to ! poli%$ ,erasmus1 ,val5tia to       
,ludovico ,vivez1 ,pic>dy to ,le ,fevre1
 & ,france to ,rabelais4  ,9 ! latt]    
half ( ?is c5tury1 giants 9 lit]ature   
grew out1 giants :o wrote = ! p4        

,william ,%akespe>e wrote ev5 = ^? :o   
c\ld n read1 b :o might le>n :ile look+ 
& li/5+4 ,8 com$ies & trag$ies are at ! 
same "t pictures = ! p ( div]se phases (
 ,engli% life & "*1 ) a !reunto add$    
univ]sality ( p\rtrayal & bread? 9      
philosophy1 :i* x is h>dly too mu* to   
say1 t no o!r dramati/ has ev] equall$4 
,italy boa/s its ,torquato ,tasso1 ^:   
,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 ! gr& "w ( a great  
poet1 m>ks1 l a mighty monum5t1 ! age   
capable ( f9d+ ev5 9 a prie/-ridd5      
c\ntry1 an audi5ce among/ ! l[e/ z well 
z ! highe/1 ready to read & s+1 & f9ally
 p]meat$ ) ! poet's outp\r+s4 ,9        
a/ronomy1 ! "n ( ,ty*o ,brahe /&s out 9 
! sixte5? c5tury l "o ( ! fir/ magnitude
 />s ^: exi/5ce he catalogu$4           
,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury  
,! se$s ( inquiry s[n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury
 result$ 9 a fruitful display ( advanc$ 
op9ions dur+ ! next age4 ,9 ! page (    
sev5te5? c5tury hi/ory1 m names ( m51   
ei!r av[$ly h]etics1 or *>g$ by !       
or?odox ) h]esy1 or ^: lab\rs c be %[n  

to h t5d$ to ! gr[? ( h]esy1 may        
probably be record$ ?an c be f\nd dur+ !
 :ole ( ! previ\sly long p]iod dur+ :i* 
! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* assum$ to dom9ate &    
control ,european ?\ght4 ,! sev5te5?    
c5tury mu/]-roll ( h]esy is inde$ a gr& 
"o1 & glori\sly fill$4 ,"o ( its e>ly   
m>tyrs 0 ,julius ,caes> ,van9i1 :o 0    
burn$ at ,t\l\se1 9 ! ye> #afai1 ag$    
#cd1 z an impi\s & ob/9ate ,a!i/4 ,0 he 
,a!i/1 or 0 he n8 ,?is is a "q1 9 answ]+
 :i* ! few rema9s ( 8 works give little 
gr\nd = %>+ ! op9ion ( 8 p]secutors4    
,yet _m writ]s agree 9 writ+ z if 8     
,a!ism 7 ( indisputable notoriety4 ,he 0
 a poor ,neapolitan prie/1 he prea*$ a  
sort ( ,pan!ism2 un=tunately = himself1 
he believ$ 9 ! utility ( public         
discussion on !ological que/ions1 & ?us 
br\ght ^u 8 head ! *>ge ( seek+ to      
conv]t ! _w to ,a!ism4  ,9 #afaa1 two   
m51 nam$ ,legat & ,:itman1 7 burn$ 9    
,engl& = h]esy4 ,b1 says ,buckle1 ?is 0 
! la/ gasp ( expir+ bigotry2 & s9ce t   
memorable day1 ! soil ( ,engl& has nev] 

be5 /a9$ by ! blood ( a man :o has      
suff]$ = 8 religi\s cre$4  ,pet] ,*>ron1
 ( ,p>is1 ought p]haps to h be5 includ$ 
9 ! sixte5? c5tury li/1 = he di$ 9      
#afjc1 b 8 only kn[n "w1 ,la ,sagesse1  
belongs to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 :i* x   
circulat$ & obta9$ reputation4  ,he urg$
 t religion is ! accid5tal result ( bir?
 & education1 & t !re=e v>iety ( cre$   
%\ld n be cause ( qu>rel betwe5 m51 z   
su* v>iety is ! result ( circum/ances   
ov] :i* ! m5 !mselves h _h no control2 &
 he urges t z ea* sect claims to be !   
only true "o1 we ought to rise sup]ior  
to all sects1 & )\t be+ t]rifi$ by ! fe>
 ( future puni%m5t1 or allur$ by ! hope 
( future happ9ess1 be cont5t ) su*      
practical religion z consi/s 9 p]=m+ !  
duties ( life4 ,buckle1 :o speaks 9 high
 t]ms ( ,*>ron1 says1 ,! ,sorbonne w5t s
 f> z to condemn ,*>ron's great "w1 b   
c\ld n succe$ 9 hav+ x prohibit$4  ,r5e 
,desc>tes ,dup]ron1 a few ye>s lat] ?an 
,bacon 7he 0 born 9 #aeif1 at ,la ,haye1
 9 ,t\ra9e1 di$ #afej1 at ,/ockholm7    

e/abli%$ ! f\ndations ( ! d$uctive me?od
 ( reason+1 & appli$ x 9 a mann] :i*    
,bacon _h app>5tly c>efully avoid$4 ,bo?
 ,desc>tes & ,bacon address$ !mselves to
 ! task ( sub/itut+ = ! old sy/ems1 a m 
compreh5sive & useful _s ( philosophy2 b
 :ile ,bacon s\ght to accompli% ?is by  
p]suad+ m5 to exp]im5t & obs]vation1    
,desc>tes comm5c$ ) ! se>* = a fir/ &   
self-evid5t gr\nd ( all k4 ,?is1 to him1
 is f\nd 9 consci\sness4 ,! exi/5ce (   
,deity 0 a po9t :i* ,bacon left unt\*$  
by reason1 yet ) ,desc>tes x 0 ! fir/   
proposition he s\ght to prove4 ,he says1
 ,i h always ?\ght t ! two que/ions ( ! 
exi/5ce ( ,god & ! nature ( ! s\l1 7 !  
*ief ( ^? :i* ought to be demon/rat$ r  
by philosophy ?an by !ology1 = al?\gh x 
is suffici5t = u1 ! fai?ful1 to believe 
9 ,god1 & t ! s\l does n p]i% ) ! body1 
x does n seem possible ev] to p]suade ! 
infidels to any religion unless we fir/ 
prove to !m ^! two ?+s by natural       
reason4 ,to prove ?is exi/5ce ( ,god & !
 immortality ( ! s\l1 ,desc>tes ne$$ a  

firm />t+ po9t1 "o :i* no d\bt c\ld t\*1
 "o :i* no argum5t c\ld %ake4 ,he f\nd  
?is po9t 9 ! fact ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,he  
c\ld d\bt ev]y?+ else1 b he c\ld n d\bt 
t he1 ! ?9k+ d\bt]1 exi/$4 ,8 own       
exi/5ce 0 ! primal fact1 ! indubitable  
c]ta9ty1 :i* s]v$ z ! base = all o!r    
reason+s1 h5ce 8 fam\s ,cogito ergo sum3
 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,& al?\gh x has   
be5 fairly object$ t ,desc>tes did n    
exi/ because he ?\ght1 b exi/$ & ?\ght2 
x is nev]!less cle> t x is only 9 ! ?9k+
 t ,desc>tes _h ! consci\sness ( 8      
exi/5ce4 ,! fact ( ,desc>tes' exi/5ce 01
 to him1 "o above & beyond all logic1   
,evid5ce c\ld n add to ! c]titude1 no   
scepticism c\ld impea* x4 ,:e!r or n we 
agree ) ! ,c>tesian philosophy1 or !    
reason+s us$ to su/a9 x1 we mu/ admire !
 foll[+ f\r rules :i* he has giv5 u1 &  
:i*1 ) ! view ( consci\sness 9 :i* we d 
n entirely concur1 are ! ess5tial       
features ( ! basis ( a consid]able      
portion ( ,desc>tes' sy/em2--  #a4 ,nev]
 to accept any?+ z true b :at is        

evid5tly s2 to admit no?+ b :at s cle>ly
 & di/9ctly pres5ts itself z true1 t !re
 c be no reason to d\bt x4  #b4 ,to     
divide e "q into z _m sep>ate p>ts z    
possible1 t ea* "p be+ m easily         
conceiv$1 ! :ole may be m intelligible4 
#c4 ,to conduct ! exam9ation ) ord]1    
beg9n+ by t ( objects ! mo/ simple1 &   
!re=e ! easie/ to be kn[n1 & asc5d+     
little by little up to k ( ! mo/        
complex4  #d4 ,to make su* exact        
calculations1 & su* circumspections z to
 be confid5t t no?+ ess5tial has be5    
omitt$4  ,consci\sness be+ ! basis ( all
 c]titude1 ev]y?+ ( :i* y are cle>ly &  
di/9ctly consci\s mu/ be true3 ev]y?+   
:i* y cle>ly & di/9ctly conceive1 exi/s1
 if ! idea involve exi/5ce4  ,x %\ld be 
rem>k$ t consci\sness be+ a /ate (      
condition ( ! m9d1 is by no means an    
infallible guide8 ,m5 may fancy !y h    
cle> ideas1 :5 _! consci\sness1 if      
c>efully exam9$1 w\ld prove to h be5    
trea*]\s4 ,desc>tes argu$ = ?ree classes
 ( ideas--acquir$1 comp\nd$1 & innate4  

,x is 9 8 assumption ( innate ideas t y 
h "o ( ! radical weaknesses ( 8 sy/em4  
,sir ,william ,hamilton po9ts out t !   
use ( ! ^w idea by ,desc>tes1 to express
 ! object ( memory1 imag9ation1 & s5se1 
0 q a new usage1 only "o o!r writ]1     
,david ,bu*anan1 hav+ previ\sly us$ ! ^w
 idea ) ?is signification4  ,desc>tes   
did n write = ! mass1 & 8 philosophy    
w\ld h be5 limit$ to a mu* n>r[] circle 
_h its spread re/$ on 8 own ef=ts4 ,b ! 
age 0 "o = new ?\ght1 & ! contempor>ies 
& successors ( ,desc>tes c>ri$ !        
,c>tesian logic to extremes he _h p]haps
 avoid$1 & !y taught ! new philosophy to
 ! _w 9 a fe>less _s1 ) a boldness = :i*
 ,desc>tes c\ld h giv5 !m no example4   
,desc>tes1 :o 9 e>ly life _h travell$   
mu* m ?an 0 !n ! cu/om1 _h probably made
 ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( mo/ ( ! lead+  
?9k]s ( ,europe !n liv+2 x w\ld be      
o!rwise difficult to acc\nt = ! v ready 
reception giv5 by !m to 8 fir/ "w4      
,=tunately = ,desc>tes1 he 0 born ) a   
fair =tune1 & escap$ su* difficulties z 

poor] philosoph]s mu/ ne$s submit to4   
,!re is p]haps a p] contra side4 ,x is m
 ?an possible t if ! ne$s ( life _h     
compell$ him1 ,desc>tes' sci5tific      
pr$ilections might h result$ 9 m        
imm$iate advantage to society4 ,8       
philosophy is (t5 p$antic to we>9ess1 & 
8 sci5tific !ories are (t5 /]ile4 ,! fe>
 ( pov]ty might h quick5$ "s ( 8        
speculations into a m practical         
utt]ance4 ,buckle rem9ds u t ,desc>tes 0
 ! fir/ :o successfully appli$ algebra  
to geometry2 t he po9t$ out ! important 
law ( ! s9es2 t 9 an age 9 :i* optical  
in/rum5ts 7 extremely imp]fect1 he      
discov]$ ! *anges to :i* light is       
subject$ 9 ! eye by ! cry/all9e l5s2 t  
he direct$ att5tion to ! consequ5ces    
result+ f ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 & t he
 detect$ ! causes ( ! ra9b[4 ,desc>tes1 
says ,sa9tes1 ?r[+ (f ! swaddl+ clo!s ( 
s*ola/icism1 resolv$ to owe to himself  
alone ! acquisition ( ! tru? :i* he s   
e>ne/ly desir$ to possess4 ,= :at else  
is ! me?odical d\bt :i* he e/abli%$ z ! 

/>t+ po9t 9 8 philosophy1 ?an an        
en]getic prote/ ( ! human m9d aga9/ all 
ext]nal au?ority8 ,hav+ ?us plac$ all   
sci5ce on a philosophical basis1 no     
matt] :at1 he fre$ philosophy h]self f  
h] long s]vitude1 & proclaim$ h] que5 ( 
! intellect4 ,h5ce e "o :o has wi%$ to  
acc\nt to himself = 8 exi/5ce1 e "o :o  
has desir$ to "k himself to "k nature1 &
 to rise to its au?or2 9 a ^w1 all :o h 
wi%$ to make a wise use ( _!            
intellectual faculties1 to apply !m1 n  
to holl[ speculations :i* bord] on      
non5tity1 b to s5sible & practical      
inquiries1 h tak5 & foll[$ "s direction 
f ,desc>tes4 ,x is almo/ amus+ :5       
philosoph]s criticise _! pr$ecessors4   
,mons4 ,h5ri ,bitt] d5ies to ,desc>tes  
any orig9ality ( me?od or ev5 (         
illu/ration1 :ile ,hegel describes him z
 ! f\nd] ( mod]n philosophy1 ^: influ5ce
 ^u 8 own age & on mod]n times x is     
impossible to exagg]ate4 ,to attempt to 
deal fully & truly ) ,desc>tes 9 ! few  
l9es :i* c be sp>$ "h1 is impossible2   

all t is s\ght is to z x 7 catalogue 8  
"n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury li/4 ,:e!r       
orig9ator or imitator1 :e!r f\nd] or    
disciple1 x is c]ta9 t ,desc>tes gave a 
%>p spur to ,european ?\ght1 & mightily 
ha/5$ ! progress ( h]esy4 ,x is n !     
object or duty ( ! pres5t writ] to      
exam9e or refute any ( ! extraord9>y    
views ent]ta9$ by ,desc>tes z to        
vortices4 ,desc>tes himself is report$  
to h said my !ory ( vortices is a       
philosophical romance4 ,sci5ce 9 ! la/  
?ree c5turies has travell$ ev5 m rapidly
 ?an philosophy2 & mo/ ( ! physical     
speculations ( ,desc>tes are relegat$ to
 ! region ( gr&ly curi\s blund]+s4 ,!re 
is "o po9t ( error held by ,desc>tes    
suffici5tly ent]ta9$ ev5 to-day--al?\gh 
mo/ (t5 )\t a di/9ct appreciation ( !   
position--to ju/ify a few words ^u x4   
,desc>tes d5i$ m5tal faculties to all ! 
animal k+dom except mank9d4 ,all ! brute
 k+dom he reg>d$ z ma*9es )\t           
intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is he 0 logical1 ev5 9 
error1 = he accord$ a s\l to man :i* he 

d5i$ to ! brute4 ,s\l & m9d ) him are   
id5tifi$1 & ?\ght is ! fundam5tal       
attribute ( m9d4 ,to admit t a dog1     
horse1 or elephant c ?9k1 t x c rememb] 
:at happ5$ ye/]day1 t x c reason ev] s  
incompletely1 w\ld be to admit t t dog1 
horse1 or elephant1 has "s k9d ( s\l2 to
 avoid ?is he r$uces all animals outside
 ! human family to ! position ( ma*9es4 
,to-day sci5ce admits 9 animals1 m or   
less accord+ to _! organisation1        
p]ception1 memory1 judgm5t1 & ev5 "s    
sort ( reason4 ,yet or?odoxy /ill claims
 a s\l = man ev5 if he be a madman f 8  
bir?1 & d5ies x to ! sagaci\s elephant1 
! intellig5t horse1 ! fai?ful dog1 & !  
cunn+ monkey4 ,8 pro( ( ! exi/5ce (     
,deity is ?us /at$ by                   
,lewes3--,int]rogat+ 8 consci\sness1 he 
f\nd t he _h ! idea ( ,god1 und]/&+ by  
,god1 a sub/ance inf9ite1 et]nal1       
immutable1 indep5d5t1 omnisci5t1        
omnipot5t4 ,?is1 to him1 0 z c]ta9 a    
tru? z ! tru? ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,i exi/3 
n only d ,i exi/1 b exi/ z a mis]ably   

imp]fect f9ite be+1 subject to *ange1   
greatly ignorant1 & incapable ( creat+  
any?+4 ,9 ?is1 my consci\sness1 ,i f9d  
by my f9itude t ,i am n ! ,all2 by my   
imp]fection1 t ,i am n p]fect4 ,yet an  
inf9ite & p]fect be+ mu/ exi/1 because  
inf9ity & p]fection are impli$ z        
correlatives 9 my ideas ( imp]fection & 
f9itude4 ,god !re=e exi/s3 8 exi/5ce is 
cle>ly proclaim$ 9 my consci\sness1 & c 
no m be a matt] ( d\bt1 :5 fairly       
consid]$1 ?an my own exi/5ce4 ,!        
conception ( an inf9ite be+ proves 8    
real exi/5ce2 = if !re is n really su* a
 be+1 ,i mu/ h made ! conception2 b if  
,i c\ld make x1 ,i c also unmake x1 :i* 
evid5tly is n true2 !re=e !re mu/ be1   
ext]nally to myself an ar*etype f :i* ! 
conception 0 d]iv$4 ,all t we cle>ly &  
di/9ctly conceive z conta9$ 9 any?+1 is 
true ( t ?+4 ,n[ we conceive1 cle>ly &  
di/9ctly1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is conta9$ 
9 ! idea we h ( him--,ergo1 ,god exi/s4 
,x may n be out ( place to note at ?is  
demon/ration1 t ! ,jesuit writ]1 ,fa!r  

,h>d\91 9 8 ,a!i/s ,unmask$1 z a        
recomp5se = ?is demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce
 ( ,deity1 places ,desc>tes & 8         
disciples1 le ,gr& & ,regis1 9 ! fir/   
rank ( a!i/ical tea*]s4 ,voltaire1      
comm5t+ on ?is1 rem>ks1 ,! man :o _h    
devot$ all ! acut5ess ( 8 extraord9>y   
intellect to ! discov]y ( new pro(s ( ! 
exi/5ce ( a ,god1 0 mo/ absurdly *>g$ ) 
d5y+ him altoge!r4 ,speak+ ( ! pro( ( ! 
exi/5ce ( ,deity1 ,demon/rations ( ?is  
k9d1 says ,fr\de1 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( !   
p]iod4 ,desc>tes _h set ! example (     
con/ruct+ !m1 & 0 foll[$ by ,cudwor?1   
,cl>ke1 ,b]keley1 & _m o!rs besides     
,sp9oza4 ,! inconclusiv5ess ( ! me?od   
may p]haps be obs]v$ mo/ readily 9 !    
/rangely opposite conceptions =m$ by all
 ^! writ]s ( ! nature ( t ,be+ ^:       
exi/5ce !y nev]!less agre$1 by ! same   
process1 to ga!r ea* out ( _! ideas4 ,x 
is important1 h[ev]1 to exam9e x        
c>efully1 = x is ! v key/one ( !        
,pan!i/ic sy/em4 ,z /at$ by ,desc>tes1 !
 argum5t /&s some?+ z foll[s3--,god is  

an all-p]fect ,be+1 p]fection is ! idea 
:i* we =m ( ,him1 exi/5ce is a mode (   
p]fection1 & !re=e ,god exi/s4 ,!       
sophism1 we are told1 is only app>5t1   
exi/5ce is "p ( ! idea--z mu* involv$ 9 
x z ! equality ( all l9es drawn f !     
c5tre to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is    
involv$ 9 ! idea ( a circle4 ,a         
non-exi/5t all-p]fect ,be+ is z         
inconceivable z a quadrilat]al triangle4
 ,x is sometimes answ]$ t 9 ?is way we  
may prove ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 ,titans1   
,*ima]as1 or ! ,olympian gods2 we h b to
 def9e !m z exi/+1 & ! pro( is complete4
 ,b ?is objection is summ>ily set aside2
 none ( ^! be+s are by hypo!sis         
absolutely p]fect1 &1 !re=e1 ( _!       
exi/5ce we c conclude no?+4 ,) great]   
ju/ice1 h[ev]1 we may say1 t ( su* t]ms 
z p]fection & exi/5ce we "k too little  
to speculate4 ,exi/5ce may be an        
imp]fection = all we c tell1 we "k no?+ 
ab\t ! matt]4 ,su* argum5ts are b       
endless petitiones pr9cipii--l !        
self-dev\r+ s]p5t1 resolv+ !mselves into

 no?+4 ,we w&] r\nd & r\nd !m1 9 ! hope 
( f9d+ "s tangible po9t at :i* we c     
seize _! mean+2 b we are pres5t$ ev]y:]e
 ) ! same impracticable surface1 f :i*  
our grasp glides (f ineffectual4  ,?omas
 ,hobbes1 ( ,malmesbury1 is "o ( ^? m5 m
 (t5 freely abus$ ?an c>efully read2 he 
0 born ,april #e?1 #aehh1 di$ #afgi4 ,he
 0 ! subtle/ dialectician ( 8 "t1 & "o (
 ! e>lie/ ,engli% advocates ( !         
mat]iali/ic limitation ( m9d2 he d5ies !
 possibility ( any k o!r ?an z result+ f
 s5sation2 8 doctr9e is 9 direct        
negation ( ,desc>tes' !ory ( innate     
ideas1 & w\ld be fatal to ! or?odox     
dogma ( m9d z spiritual4 ,:atev] we     
imag9e1 he says1 is f9ite4 ,!re=e1 !re  
is no idea1 no conception ( any?+ we    
call inf9ite4 ,9 a brief pamphlet on 8  
own views1 publi%$ 9 #afhj1 9 reply to  
attacks ^u him1 he writes1 ,besides !   
creation ( ! _w !re is no argum5t to    
prove a ,deity1 & t x _c be decid$ by   
any argum5t t ! _w _h a beg9n+2 b he    
pr(esses to admit ! au?ority ( !        

,magi/rate & ! ,scriptures to ov]ride   
argum5t4 ,he says t he does n believe t 
! safety ( ! /ate dep5ds ^u ! safety ( !
 *ur*4 ,"s ( ,hobbes' pieces 7 only 9   
,lat91 o!rs 7 issu$ 9 ,engli%4 ,9 "o (  
^? on ,h]esy1 he m5tions t by ! /atute (
 #a ,edw>d ,,vi4 cap #ab1 !re is        
provision = ! repeal ( all =m] acts (   
p>liam5t made to puni% any mann] (      
doctr9e conc]n+ religion4  ,9 ! foll[+  
extracts ! read] w f9d ! prom95t        
features ( t s5sationalism :i* to-day   
has s _m adh]5ts3--,conc]n+ ! ?\ghts (  
man1 ,i w consid] !m fir/ s+ly1 &       
aft]w>ds 9 a tra9 or dep5d5ce ^u "o     
ano!r4 ,s+ly !y are e "o a repres5tation
 or appe>ance ( "s quality or o!r       
accid5t ( a body )\t u1 :i* is commonly 
call$ an object4 ,:i* object worke? on !
 eyes1 e>s1 & o!r p>ts ( a man's body1 &
 by div]sity ( work+1 produce? div]sity 
( appe>ances4 ,! orig9al ( !m all is t  
:i* we call s5se1 = !re is no conception
 9 a man's m9d :i* ha? n at fir/ totally
 or by p>ts be5 begott5 ^u ! organs (   

s5se4 ,! re/ are d]iv$ f t orig9al4 ,!  
effect ( ?is is to d5y any possible k   
o!r ?an z results f ! activity ( !      
s5sative faculties1 & is also fatal to !
 doctr9e ( a s\l4 ,accord+1 says        
,hobbes1 to ! two pr9cipal p>ts ( man1  
,i divide 8 faculties into two          
sorts--faculties ( ! body1 & faculties (
 ! m9d4 ,s9ce ! m9ute & di/9ct anatomy (
 ! p[]s ( ! body is no?+ necess>y to !  
pres5t purpose1 ,i w only sum !m up 9 ^!
 ?ree heads--p[] nutritive1 p[]         
g5]ative1 & p[] motive1 ,( ! p[]s ( !   
m9d !re be two sorts--cognitive1        
imag9ative1 or conceptive1 & motive4 ,= 
! und]/&+ ( :at ,i mean by ! p[]        
cognitive1 we mu/ rememb] & ackn[l$ge t 
!re be 9 our m9ds cont9ually c]ta9      
images or conceptions ( ! ?+s )\t u4    
,?is imag]y & repres5tation ( !         
qualities ( ! ?+s )\t1 is t :i* we call 
our conception1 imag9ation1 ideas1      
notice1 or k ( !m2 & ! faculty1 or p[]  
by :i* we are capable ( su* k1 is t ,i  
"h call cognitive p[]1 or conceptive1 ! 

p[] ( kn[+ or conceiv+4 ,all ! qualities
 call$ s5sible are1 9 ! object t cause? 
!m1 b s _m sev]al motions ( ! matt] by  
:i* x presse? on our organs div]sely4   
,nei!r 9 u t are press$ are !y any?+    
else b div]s motions2 = motion produce? 
no?+ b motion4 ,because ! image 9       
vision1 consi/+ ( col\r & %ape1 is ! k  
we h ( ! qualities ( ! objects ( t s5se2
 x is no h>d matt] = a man to fall into 
?is op9ion t ! same col\r & %ape are ! v
 qualities !mselves1 & = ! same cause t 
s\nd & noise are ! qualities ( ! bell or
 ( ! air4 ,& ?is op9ion ha? be5 s long  
receiv$ t ! contr>y mu/ ne$s appe> a    
great p>adox1 & yet ! introduction (    
species visible & intelligible 7:i* is  
necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( t op9ion7 pass+
 to & fro f ! object is worse ?an any   
p>adox1 z be+ a pla9 impossibility4 ,i  
%all !re=e endeav\r to make pla9 ^!     
po9ts4 ,t ! subject :]e9 col\r & image  
are inh]5t1 is n ! object or ?+ se54 ,t 
!re is no?+ )\t u 7really7 :i* we call  
an image or col\r4 ,t ! said image or   

col\r is b an app>ition unto u ( !      
motion1 agitation1 or alt]ation :i* !   
object worke? 9 ! bra91 or spirits1 or  
"s int]nal sub/ance ( ! head4 ,t z 9    
visions1 s also 9 conceptions t arise f 
! o!r s5ses1 ! subject ( _! inf]5ce is n
 ! object b ! s5ti5t4 ,/range to say    
,hobbes 0 protect$ f 8 cl]ical          
antagoni/s by ! fav\r ( ,*>les ,,ii41 :o
 _h ! portrait ( ! philosoph] (         
,malmesbury hung on ! walls ( 8 private 
room at ,:itehall4  ,"l ,h]b]t1 (       
,*]bury 7"o ( ! fri5ds ( ,hobbes7 born  
#aeha1 di$ #afdh1 is rem>kable = hav+   
writt5 a book ,de ,v]itate1 9 fav\r (   
natural--& aga9/ any necessity =        
reveal$--religion2 & yet at ! same "t   
plead+ a sort ( special sign or         
revelation to himself 9 fav\r ( its     
publication4  ,pet] ,gass5di1 a native (
 ,prov5ce1 born #aeib1 di$ #afee1 0 "o (
 ! oppon5ts ( ,desc>tes & ( ,"l ,h]b]t1 
& 0 an admir] ( ,hobbes2 he advocat$ !  
old philosophy ( ,epicurus1 pr(ess+ to  
reject f x ev]y?+ contr>y to            

,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 asks ,c\s91 h[ c\ld he 
succe$ 9 ?is8 ,pr9ciples1 processes1    
results1 ev]y?+ 9 ,epicurus is          
s5sualism1 mat]ialism1 a!ism4 ,gass5di's
 works 7 *>act]is$ by great le>n+ &     
ability1 b be+ conf9$ to ! ,lat9 tongue1
 & writt5 av[$ly ) ! int5t ( avoid+ any 
conflict ) ! *ur*1 !y gave b little     
imm$iate impetus to ! great h]etical    
movem5t4 ,arnauld *>ges ,gass5di )      
ov]turn+ ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( !  
s\l1 9 8 discussion ) ,desc>tes1 &      
,leibnitz *>ges ,gass5di ) corrupt+ &   
injur+ ! :ole sy/em ( natural religion  
by ! wav]+ nature ( 8 op9ions4 ,buckle  
says1 ,! rapid increase ( h]esy 9 !     
middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is v         
rem>kable1 & x greatly aid$ civilisation
 9 ,engl& by enc\rag+ habits ( indep5d5t
 ?\ght4 ,9 ,febru>y #afdf1 ,boyle writes
 f ,london1 ,!re are few days pass "h1 t
 may n ju/ly be accus$ ( ! brew+ or     
broa*+ ( "s new op9ion4 ,if any man h   
lo/ 8 religion1 let him repair to       
,london1 & ,i'll w>rant him he %all f9d 

x3 ,i _h almo/ said too1 & if any man   
has a religion1 let him b come hi!r n[ &
 he %all g ne> to lose x4  ,ab\t #afee1 
"o ,isaac ,la ,peyr]e wrote two small   
treatises to prove t ! _w 0 peopl$ be=e 
,adam1 b be+ arre/$ at ,brussels1 &     
?reat5$ ) ! /ake1 he1 to escape ! fi]y  
refutation1 made a full recantation ( 8 
views1 & re/or$ to ! _w its de>ly priz$ 
/a9 ( natural depravity1 & to ,adam 8   
position z ! fir/ man4 ,la ,peyr]e's =c$
 recantation is almo/ =gott51 ! op9ions 
he recant$ are n[ among/ common tru?s4  
,b>u* ,d',esp9oza or ,b5$ict ,sp9oza1 0 
born ,nov4 #bd1afcb1 9 ,am/]dam2 an apt 
s*ol>1 he1 at ! e>ly age ( f\rte51 _h   
ma/]$ ! ord9>y tasks set him by 8 tea*]1
 ! ,babbi ,morteira1 & at fifte5 puzzl$ 
& affright$ ! grave heads ( ! synagogue1
 by attempt+ ! solution ( problems :i*  
!y !mselves 7 well cont5t to pass by4 ,z
 he grew old] 8 reason took m d>+       
flights1 & aft] attempts _h be5 made to 
bribe him into submissive sil5ce1 :5    
?reats _h fail$ to *eck or modify him1 &

 :5 ev5 ! knife _h no effect1 !n ! fury 
( disappo9t$ fanaticism f\nd v5t 9 !    
bitt] curse ( excommunication1 & :5 ab\t
 tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 ,sp9oza f\nd     
himself outca/ & ana!matis$4 ,hav+ no   
private means or ri* patrons1 & diff]+ 9
 ?is f ne>ly e "o ^: "n we h yet giv5   
our h]o subsi/$ z a poli%] ( glasses1   
microscopes1 c41 devot+ 8 leisure to !  
/udy ( languages & philosophy4 ,!re are 
few m5 z to :om mod]n writ]s h s widely 
diff]$ 9 ! description ( _! views1 few  
:o h be5 s ?or\ghly misrepres5t$4 ,bayle
 speaks ( him z a sy/ematic ,a!i/4      
,sa9tes says t he laid ! f\ndations ( a 
,pan!ism z de/ructive to s*ola/ic       
philosophy z to all reveal$ religion4   
,voltaire repeat$ly writes ( ,sp9oza z  
an ,a!i/ & tea*] ( ,a!ism4 ,samuel      
,taylor ,col]idge speaks ( ,sp9oza z an 
,a!i/1 & prefaces ?is op9ion ) ! foll[+ 
passage1 :i* we comm5d to m or?odox1 &  
less acute writ]s3--,little d ^! m5 "k  
:at ,a!ism is4 ,n "o man 9 a ?\s& has   
ei!r /r5g? ( m9d1 or goodness ( he>t to 

be an ,a!i/4 ,i repeat x--,n "o man 9 a 
?\s& has ei!r goodness ( he>t1 or /r5g? 
( m9d1 to be1 an ,a!i/4 ,& yet1 says    
,fr\de1 bo? 9 fri5d & enemy alike1 !re  
has be5 a reluctance to see ,sp9oza z he
 really 04 ,! ,h]d] & ,s*lei]ma*] s*ool 
h claim$ him z a ,*ri/ian1 a position   
:i* no little disguise 0 necess>y to    
make t5able2 ! or?odox ,prote/ants &    
,ca?olics h call$ him an ,a!i/1 :i* is  
/ill m extravagant2 & ev5 a man l       
,novalis1 :o1 x might h be5 expect$1    
w\ld h said some?+ reasonable1 c\ld f9d 
no bett] "n = him ?an a ',gott trunk5]  
mann1' a ,god intoxicat$ man2 an        
expression :i* has be5 quot$ by ev]ybody
 :o has s9ce writt5 on ! subject1 & :i* 
is ab\t z inapplicable z ^? labori\sly  
pregnant say+s usually are4 ,) due      
all[ance = exagg]ation1 su* a "n w\ld   
describe tol]ably ! transc5d5tal my/ics1
 a ,tol]1 a ,boehm51 or a ,sw$5borg2 b )
 :at ju/ice c x be appli$ to ! cauti\s1 
me?odical ,sp9oza1 :o c>ri$ 8 ?\ghts    
ab\t ) him = tw5ty ye>s1 delib]ately    

%ap+ !m1 & :o gave !m at la/ to ! _w 9 a
 =m m sev]e ?an ) su* subjects _h ev]   
be5 s mu* z attempt$ be=e8 ,) him1 z )  
all great m51 !re 0 no ef=t aft] sublime
 emotions4 ,he 0 a pla91 practical      
p]son2 8 object 9 philosophy1 0 only to 
f9d a rule by :i* to gov]n 8 own actions
 & 8 own judgm5t2 & 8 treatises conta9  
no m ?an ! conclusions at :i* he arriv$ 
9 ?is purely p]sonal se>*1 ) ! gr\nds on
 :i* he re/$ !m4 ,sp9oza1 :o 0 wise     
en\gh to "k t x 0 utt]ly useless to     
expect an unfett]$ exam9ation (         
philosophical problems by m5 :o are b\nd
 to accept z an infallible arbit] any   
p>ticul> book1 & :o knew t reason+s mu/ 
be ( a v limit$ "* :i* took ! alleg$    
,hebrew ,revelation z ! c5tre & />t+    
po9t = all inquiry1 & also z ! circl+1  
limitation l9e = all                    
inve/igation--devot$ himself to ! task (
 exam9+ h[ f> ! ord9>y or?odox doctr9es 
z to ! infallibility ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7
 fairly ma9ta9able4 ,x 0 = ?is reason he
 p5n$ 8 ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1

 :]e9 he says--,we see t !y :o are mo/  
"u ! influ5ce ( sup]/iti\s feel+s1 & :o 
covet unc]ta9ties )\t /9t or measure1 m 
especially :5 !y fall into difficulty or
 dang]1 _c help !mselves1 are ! p]sons1 
:o1 ) v[s & pray]s & womanly te>s1      
implore ! ,div9e assi/ance2 :o call     
reason1 bl9d1 & human wisdom va92 & all1
 =soo?1 because !y _c f9d an assur$ way 
to ! vanities !y desire4 ,! ma9spr+ (   
sup]/ition is fe>2 by fe> too is        
sup]/ition su/a9$ & n\ri%$4 ,m5 are     
*iefly assail$ by sup]/ition ,:5 suff]+ 
f fe>1 & all !y !n d 9 ! "n ( a va9     
religion is1 9 fact1 b ! vapor\s product
 ( a sorr[ful _s1 ! delirium ( a m9d    
ov]p[]$ by t]ror4 ,he proce$s1 ,i h (t5 
wond]$ t m5 :o boa/ ( ! great advantage 
!y enjoy "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation--!   
peace1 ! joy !y exp]i5ce1 ! bro!rly love
 !y feel t[>ds all 9 its ex]cise--%\ld  
nev]!less cont5d ) s mu* acrimony1 & %[ 
su* intol]ance & unappeasable hatr$     
t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,if fai? _h to be inf]r$
 f action r ?an pr(ession1 x w\ld inde$ 

be impossible to say to :at sect or cre$
 ! majority ( mank9d belong4 ,he laid   
d[n t ,no "o is b\nd by natural law to  
live accord+ to ! pleasure ( ano!r1 b t 
e "o is by natural title ! rightful     
ass]t] ( 8 own indep5d5ce1 & t he or !y 
gov]n be/ :o conc$e to e "o ! privilege 
( ?9k+ z he pleases1 & ( say+ :at he    
?9ks4 ,criticis+ ! ,hebrew prophets1 he 
po9ts out t ,god us$ no p>ticul> /yle 9 
mak+ 8 communications2 b 9 ! same       
measure z ! prophet possess$ le>n+ &    
ability1 8 communications 7 ei!r concise
 & cle>1 or on ! contr>y1 !y 7 rude1    
prolix1 & obscure4 ,! repres5tations (  
,ze*>iah1 z we le>n f ! acc\nts         
!mselves1 7 s obscure t )\t an          
explanation !y c\ld n be und]/ood by    
himself2 & ^? ( ,daniel 7 s d>k1 t ev5  
:5 expla9$1 !y 7 /ill un9telligible1 n  
to o!rs only1 b also to ! prophet       
himself4 ,he argues entirely aga9/      
miracles1 z ei!r contr>y to nature or   
above nature1 decl>+ any su* to be a %e]
 absurdity1 m]um esse absurdum ,( !     

,scriptures !mselves he po9ts out t !   
anci5t ,hebrew is entirely lo/4 ,( !    
au?ors1 or1 if y please1 writ]s1 ( _m   
books1 we ei!r "k almo/ no?+1 or we     
ent]ta9 grave d\bts z to ! correctness )
 :i* ! sev]al books are ascrib$ to !    
p>ties ^: names !y be>4 ,!n we nei!r "k 
on :at occasion1 nor at :at "t ^? books 
7 indit$1 ! writ]s ( :i* are unkn[n to  
u4 ,fur!r1 we "k no?+ ( ! h&s into :i* !
 books fell2 nor ( ! codices :i* h      
furni%$ su* a v>iety ( read+s1 nor :e!r1
 p]*ance1 !re 7 n _m o!r v>iations 9 o!r
 copies4 ,voltaire says ( ,sp9oza1 ,n   
only 9 ! "* ( a ,jew he attacks ! ,new  
,te/am5t1 b 9 ! "* ( a s*ol> he ru9s !  
,old4 ,! logic ( ,sp9oza 0 direct$ to ! 
demon/ration ( "o sub/ance ) inf9ite    
attributes1 = :i* "o sub/ance ) inf9ite 
attributes he _h z equival5t ! "n ,god4 
,"s :o h s9ce foll[$ ,sp9oza1 h agre$ 9 
8 "o sub/ance1 b h d5i$ ! possibility ( 
inf9ite attributes4 ,attributes or      
qualities1 !y urge1 are attributes ( !  
f9ite or condition$1 & t y _c h         

attributes ( sub/ance except z          
attributes ( its modes4 ,y h 9 ?is      
di/9ction ! division l9e betwe5         
,sp9ozism & ,a!ism4 ,sp9oza recognises  
inf9ite intellig5ce1 b ,a!ism _c        
conceive intellig5ce except 9 relation z
 quality ( ! condition$1 & n z ! ess5ce 
( ! absolute4 ,sp9oza d5i$ ! doctr9e (  
freewill1 z ) him all ph5om5a are (     
,god1 s he rejects ! ord9>y notions (   
good & evil4 ,! popul> views ( ,sp9oza 9
 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 *iefly
 d]iv$ f ! volumes ( 8 antagoni/s2 m5   
le>n$ 8 "n because prie/s abus$ him1 few
 _h p]us$ 8 works = !mselves4 ,to-day we
 may fairly say t ,sp9oza's logic & 8   
biblical criticisms gave a vig\r & =ce  
to ! h]esy ( ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? &
 beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 a          
directness & effectiv5ess !ret(ore      
want+4  ,z = ! ,bible1 !re 0 no long] an
 affect$ rev]5ce = e yod or comma1 *ur* 
traditions 7 ignor$ :]ev] inconsi/5t )  
reason1 & ! law itself 0 boldly *all5g$ 
:5 its lett] 0 aga9/ ! _s ( human       

progress4  ,"o ( ! greate/ promot]s (   
h]esy 9 ,engl& 0 ,ralph ,cudwor?1 born  
#afag1 di$ #afhh4 ,he wrote to combat ! 
a!i/ical t5ets :i* 7 !n comm5c+ to obta9
 popul>ity 9 ,engl&1 & 0 a              
controv]siali/ s fair & c&id 9 ! /atem5t
 ( ! op9ions ( 8 antagoni/s1 t he 0     
actually *>g$ ) h]esy himself1 & !      
epi!ts ( ,arian1 ,soc9ian1 ,dei/1 & ev5 
,a!i/ 7 freely levell$ aga9/ him4 ,he   
has rais$1 says ,dryd51 su* /rong       
objections aga9/ ! be+ ( a ,god &       
,provid5ce1 t _m ?9k he has n answ]$ !m4
 ,! clam\r ( bigotry seems to h         
disc\rag$ ,cudwor?1 & he left _m ( 8    
works unpr9t$4 ,c\s9 describes him z a  
,platoni/1 ( a firm & pr(\nd m9d1 :o    
b5ds some:at "u ! weight ( 8 erudition4 
,?omas ,burnet1 born #afce1 di$ #agae1 a
 cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :o1 ?\gh  
high 9 fav\r ) ,k+ ,william & ! fam\s   
,ar*bi%op ,tillotson1 is said to h be5  
%ut out f pref]m5t 9 ! *ur* *iefly1 if n
 entirely1 on acc\nt ( 8 _m het]odox    
views4 ,he did n accept ! or?odox       

notions on ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( !         
creation1 fall1 & deluge4 ,reg>d+ !     
acc\nt ( ! fall z allegorical1 he argu$ 
= ! ultimate salvation ( ev]yone1 & (   
c\rse d5i$ ! doctr9e ( et]nal torm5t4   
,9 a curi\s passage relat+ to !         
equivocations ( a l>ge numb] ( ! cl]gy 9
 op5ly tak+ ! oa? ( allegiance to       
,william ,,iii41 :ile secretly support+ 
,james z ,k+1 ,burnet says1 !           
prev>ication ( too _m 9 s sacr$ a matt] 
contribut$ n a little to =tify ! gr[+   
a!ism ( ! "t4  ,z ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza _h
 be5 =emo/ on ! cont95t1 s 0 ,locke 9   
,engl&1 & no sket* ( ! progress ( h]esy 
dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury w\ld be des]v+   
s]i\s reg>d :i* did n accord a prom95t  
place to ,john ,locke1 :om ,g4 ,h4      
,lewes calls "o ( ! wise/ ( ,engli%m51 &
 ( :om ,buckle speaks z an innovator 9 8
 philosophy1 & an ,unit>ian 9 8 cre$4   
,he 0 born 9 #afcb1 & di$ #agjd4 ,locke1
 accord+ to 8 own fa%ion1 0 a s9c]e &   
e>ne/ ,*ri/ian2 b ?is has n sav$ him f  
be+ furi\sly assail$ = ! mat]iali/ic "* 

( 8 philosophy1 & _m h be5 ready to     
ass]t t ,locke's pr9ciples lead to      
,a!ism4 ,9 politics ,locke laid d[n1 t  
unju/ & unlawful =ce on ! "p ( !        
gov]nm5t might & ought to be resi/$ by  
=ce on ! "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,he urg$ t on  
que/ions ( !ology !re ought to be no    
p5alties consequ5t ^u ! reception or    
rejection ( any p>ticul> religi\s       
op9ion4 ,h[ f> ^? 7 "r :o reg>d$        
,locke's metaphysical reason+ z2 dang]\s
 to or?odoxy may be1 judg$ by ! foll[+  
extract on ! orig9 ( ideas3--3 ,foll[ a 
*ild f its bir? & obs]ve ! alt]ations t 
"t makes1 & y %all f9d1 z ! m9d by !    
s5ses comes m & m to be furni%$ ) ideas1
 x comes to be m & m awake2 ?9ks m1 ! m 
x has matt] to ?9k on4 ,aft] "s "t1 x   
beg9s to "k ! objects1 :i* be+ mo/      
famili> ) x1 h made la/+ impressions4   
,?us x comes1 by degrees1 to "k ! p]sons
 x daily conv]ses )1 & di/+ui% !m f     
/rang]s2 :i* are in/ances & effects (   
its com+ to reta9 & di/+ui% ! ideas !   
s5ses convey to x2 & s we may obs]ve1 h[

 ! m9d1 by degrees improves 9 ^!1 &     
advances to ! ex]cise ( ^? o!r faculties
 ( enl>g+1 comp\nd+1 & ab/ract+ its     
ideas1 & ( reason+ ab\t !m1 & reflect+  
^u all ^!4  ,if x %all be dem&$ !n1 :5 a
 man beg9s to h any ideas8 ,i ?9k ! true
 answ] is1 :5 he fir/ has any s5sation4 
,= s9ce !re appe> n to be any ideas 9 ! 
m9d1 be=e ! s5ses h convey$ any 91 ,i   
conceive t ideas 9 ! und]/&+ are coeval 
) s5sation2 :i* is su* an impression or 
emotion1 made 9 "s "p ( ! body1 z       
produces "s p]ception 9 ! und]/&+4 ,x is
 ab\t ^! impressions made on our s5ses  
by outw>d objects1 t ! m9d seems fir/ to
 employ itself 9 su* op]ations z we call
 p]ception1 rememb]+1 consid]ation1     
reason+1 c4  ,9 "t1 ! m9d comes to      
reflect on its own op]ations1 ab\t !    
ideas got by s5sation1 & !reby /ores    
itself ) a new set ( ideas1 :i* ,i call 
ideas ( reflection4 ,^! are !           
impressions t are made on our s5ses by  
outw>d objects1 t are extr9sical to !   
m9d2 & its own op]ations1 proce$+ f p[]s

 intr9sical & prop] to itself1 :i*1 :5  
reflect$ on by itself1 becom+ also      
objects ( its contemplation1 are1 z ,i h
 said1 ! orig9al ( all k4 ,?us ! fir/   
capacity ( human intellect is1 t ! m9d  
is fitt$ to receive ! impressions made  
on x1 ei!r ?r\gh ! s5ses1 by outw>d     
objects1 or by its own op]ations1 :5 x  
reflects on !m4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep a man
 makes t[>ds ! discov]y ( any?+1 & !    
gr\ndwork :]eon to build all ^? notions 
:i* ev] he %all h naturally 9 ?is _w4   
,all ^? sublime ?\ghts :i* t[] above !  
cl\ds1 & rea* z high z heav5 itself1    
take _! rise & foot+ "h3 9 all t good   
ext5t :]e9 ! m9d w&]s1 9 ^? remote      
speculations1 x may seem to be elevat$  
)1 x /irs n "o jot beyond ^? ideas :i*  
s5se or reflection h (f]$ = its         
contemplation4  ,9 ?is "p1 ! und]/&+ is 
m]ely passive2 & :e!r or no x w h ^!    
beg9n+s1 &1 z x 71 mat]ials ( k1 is n 9 
its own p[]4 ,= ! objects ( our s5ses d1
 _m ( !m1 obtrude _! p>ticul> ideas ^u  
our m9ds1 :e!r we w or no2 & ! op]ations

 ( our m9ds w n let u be )\t1 at lea/1  
"s obscure notions ( !m4 ,no man c be   
:olly ignorant ( :at he does :5 he ?9ks4
 ,^! simple ideas1 :5 (f]$ to ! m9d1 !  
und]/&+ c no m refuse to h1 nor alt]1 :5
 !y are impr9t$1 nor blot !m out & make 
new ones itself1 ?an a mirror c refuse1 
alt]1 or oblit]ate ! images or ideas :i*
 ! objects set be=e x d !re9 produce4 ,z
 ! bodies t surr\nd u d div]sely affect 
our organs1 ! m9d is =c$ to receive !   
impressions1 & _c avoid ! p]ception ( ^?
 ideas t are annex$ to !m4  ,! di/9ction
 po9t$ out by ,lewes betwe5 ,locke &    
,hobbes & ,gass5di1 is t ! two latt]    
taught t all our ideas 7 d]iv$ f        
s5sations1 :ile ,locke said !re 7 two   
s\rces1 n "o s\rce1 & ^! two 7 s5sation 
& reflection4 ,locke 0 9 /yle a m popul>
 writ] ?an ,hobbes1 & ! h]etical effect 
( ! doctr9es on ! m9d n be+ s imm$iately
 p]ceiv$ 9 consequ5ce ( ,locke's repeat$
 decl>ations 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity1 8   
metaphysical productions 7 m widely read
 ?an ^? ( ,hobbes2 b ,locke really      

tea*es ! same doctr9e z t laid d[n by   
,rob]t ,ow5 9 8 views on ! =mation ( "*2
 & 8 views on s5sation1 z ! prim>y s\rce
 ( ideas1 are fatal to all notions (    
innate ideas & ( freewill4 ,voltaire1   
speak+ ( ,locke1 says3--',we %all1      
p]haps1 nev] be capable ( kn[+ :e!r a   
be+ purely mat]ial ?9ks or n4' ,?is     
judici\s & gu>d$ obs]vation 0 consid]$  
by m ?an "o div9e1 z nei!r m nor less   
?an a sc&al\s & impi\s decl>ation1 t !  
s\l is mat]ial & mortal4 ,"s ,engli%    
devotees1 aft] _! usual mann]1 s\nd$ !  
al>m4 ,! sup]/iti\s are 9 society :at   
poltroons are 9 an army--!y bo? feel &  
excite causeless t]ror4 ,! cry 01 t ,mr4
 ,locke wi%$ to ov]turn religion2 !     
subject1 h[ev]1 _h no?+ to d ) religion 
at all2 x 0 purely a philosophical "q1 &
 p]fectly indep5d5t ( fai? & revelation4
  ,"o cl]gyman1 ! ,rev4 ,william ,c>rol1
 wrote1 *>g+ ,a!ism z ! result (        
,locke's tea*+s4 ,! fam\s ,sir ,isaac   
,newton ev5 grew s al>m$ ) ! mat]iali/ic
 t5d5cy ( ,locke's philosophy1 t :5     

,john ,locke 0 report$ sick & unlikely  
to live1 x is cr$ibly /at$ t ,newton w5t
 s f> z to say t x w\ld be well if !    
au?or ( ! essay on ! ,und]/&+ 7 already 
dead4 ,9 #afhi1 "o ,cassim] ,leszynski1 
a ,poli% knight1 0 burn$ at ,w>saw =    
d5y+ ! be+ & provid5ce ( a ,god2 b !re  
are no easy means ( le>n+ :e!r ! *>ge   
arose f prejudice on ! "p ( 8 accus]s1  
or :e!r ?is un=tunate g5tleman really   
held ,a!i/ic views4  ,pet] ,bayle1 born 
at ,c>lat1 9 ,foix1 #afdg1 di$ 9 ,holl&1
 #agjf1 0 a writ] ( great p[] &         
brilliancy & wide le>n+4 ,)\t /&+ av[$ly
 on ! side ( scepticism1 he did mu* to  
promote sceptical views among/ ! rapidly
 gr[+ class ( m5 ( lett]s4 ,he decl>$ t 
x 0 bett] to be an ,a!i/1 ?an to h a    
false or unwor?y idea ( ,god2 t a man c 
be at ! same "t an ,a!i/ & an hone/ man1
 & t a p )\t a religion is capable (    
good ord]4 ,bayle's writ+s grew m       
h]etical t[>ds ! latt] "p ( 8 c>e]1 & he
 suff]$ consid]able p]secution at ! h&s 
( ! ,*ur*1 = hav+ spok5 too pla9ly ( !  

"* ( ,david4 ,he said t if ,david 0 !   
man aft] ,god's own he>t1 x mu/ h be5 by
 8 p5it5ce1 n by 8 crimes4 ,bayle might 
h add$1 t ! record ot ,david's p5it5ce  
is n easily discov]able 9 any "p ( !    
n>rative ( 8 life4  ,mat!w ,t9dal1 born 
#afef1 di$ #agcc1 01 ?\gh ! son ( a     
cl]gyman ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 "o ( !    
fir/ among/ ! s*ool ( ,dei/ical writ]s  
:o became s prom95t 9 ! beg9n+ ( !      
eighte5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?        
catalogues him z an ,a!i/1 b we "k no   
gr\nd = ?is4 ,he 0 a zeal\s             
controv]siali/1 & comm5c+ by attack+    
prie/s1 he cont9u$ 8 attack aga9/ !     
revelation !y prea*$4 ,he 0 a frequ5t   
writ]1 b 8 ,*ri/ianity z old z !        
,creation is 8 *ief "w1 & ! "o :i* has  
provok$ ! greate/ am\nt ( discussion4 ,x
 0 publi%$ ne>ly at ! close ( 8 life1 & 
aft] he _h se5 o!rs ( 8 writ+s burn$ by 
! common hangman4 ,dr4 ,mat!w ,t9dal    
help$ mu* to %ake belief 9 ! ,bible1 ^? 
:o wrote aga9/ him did mu* m2 if no "o  
_h repli$ to ,t9dal1 8 attacks on2      

revelation w\ld h be5 read by few1 b 9  
answ]+ ! h]etic1 ,bi%op ,wat]l& & 8     
confr]es gave wid] circulation to       
,t9dal's h]esy4  ,john ,tol& 0 born     
,nov4 #cj1afgj1 at ,londond]ry1 b 0     
educat$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,he di$ #agbb4 ,8    
publications 7 all ab\t ! close ( !     
sev5te5? & comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5?      
c5turies1 & ! ability ( 8 contributions 
to popul> in/ruction may be judg$ by !  
abusive epi!ts heap$ ^u him by 8        
oppon5ts4 ,:ile sev]ely attack+ ! bulk (
 ! cl]gy z mislead]s ( ! p1 & :ile also 
assail+ "s ( ! *ief or?odox notions1 he 
yet1 ei!r 9 ord] to escape ! law1 or f !
 effect ( 8 religi\s education1 pr(ess$ 
a respect = :at he 0 pleas$ to call true
 ,*ri/ianity1 b :i* we %\ld be incl9$ to
 consid]1 at ! lea/1 some:at advanc$    
,unit>ianism4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 8 works 7 
ord]$ to be burn$ by ! common hangman1 &
 to escape arre/ & prosecution he _h to 
flee to ! ,cont95t4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi? 
describes ,tol& z a ,pan!i/1 & calls 8  
,pan!i/icon an ,a!i/ic ,liturgy4 ,9 "o (

 ,tol&'s essays he lam5ts h[ h>d x is to
 come to a tru? y\rself1 & h[ dang]\s a 
?+ to publi% to o!rs4 ,! publications ot
 ,tol& 7 none ( !m v bulky al?\gh       
num]\s1 & z mo/ ( !m 7 fi]cely assail$  
by ! or?odox cl]gy1 !y help$ to excite  
popul> int]e/ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! critical    
exam9ation ( ! ,scriptures & ! doctr9es 
!re9 taught4  ,besides ! few au?ors to  
:om att5tion is "h drawn1 !re 7 num]\s  
m5 :o--ea* = a little :ile1 & (t5 com+  
out f ! l[] ranks ( ! p !mselves--/irr$ 
! hi!rto almo/ /agnant pool ( popul>    
?\ght ) "s d>+ utt]ance or extravagant  
/atem5t4 ,fanatics "s1 my/ics "s1       
al*emi/s "s1 mat]iali/s "s1 b all crude 
& imp]fect 9 _! grasp ( ! subject !y    
advocat$1 !y nev]!less all help$ to     
agitate ! human m9d1 to r5d] x m re/less
 & inquir+1 & ?us !y all promot$ ! m>* (
 h]esy4  ,"o feature ( ! hi/ory ( !     
sev5te5? c5tury %[s h[ mu* philosophy _h
 ga9$ gr\nd1 & h[ deep its roots 7 /rik+
 ?r\gh\t ! ,european _w--viz41 t ne>ly  
all ! writ]s wrote 9 ! vulg> tongue ( _!

 c\ntry1 or !re 7 publi%$ editions ( _! 
works 9 t tongue4 ,a c5tury e>li]1 & b  
few escap$ f ! n>r[ bonds ( le>n$ ,lat93
 two c5turies be=e1 & none got outside !
 ,lat9 folios2 b 9 ?is c5tury !ology1   
metaphysics1 philosophy1 & politics are 
discuss$ 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 &    
,italian4 ,! commone/ read] may p]use ! 
mo/ le>n$ au?or1 = ! writ+ is 9 a       
language :i* he _c help kn[+4  ,!re 7 9 
?is c5tury a l>ge numb] ( writ]s 9      
,engl& & ?r\gh\t ,europe1 :o1 tak+ !    
,bible z a />t+-po9t & limitation = _!  
philosophy1 broa*$ wond]ful !ories z to 
creation1 c1 9 :i* reason & revelation 7
 s\ght to be made h>moni\s4 ,enfield1 a 
mo/ or?odox writ]1 9 8 ,hi/ory (        
,philosophy says1 ,:o does n p]ceive1 f 
! p>ticul>s :i* h be5 relat$ conc]n+ ^! 
,scriptural philosoph]s1 t _! lab\rs1   
h[ev] well int5d$1 h be5 ( little b5efit
 to philosophy8 ,_! fundam5tal error has
 consi/$ 9 suppos+ t ! sacr$ ,scriptures
 7 int5d$1 n only to in/ruct m5 9 all   
?+s necess>y to _! salvation1 b to tea* 

! true pr9ciples ( physical &           
metaphysical sci5ce4 ,h[ pregnant !     
admission t revelation & sci5ce _c be   
expect$ to accord--an admission :i* 9   
tru? decl>es t 9 all philosophical      
rese>* x is necess>y to g beyond !      
,bible1 if n to g aga9/ x--an admission 
:i* involves ! decl>ation1 t s long z m5
 are b\nd by ! lett] ( ! ,bible1 s long 
all philosophical progress is           
impossible4  ,9 ?is c5tury ! ,engli%    
,*ur* lo/ mu* ( ! political p[] x _h    
hi!rto wield$4 ,x 0 9 #afbe1 t ,william1
 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 0 dismiss$ f ! (fice 
( ,"l ,keep]1 & s9ce 8 day no           
ecclesia/ic has held ! great seal (     
,engl&1 & to-day :o ev5 9 ! ,*ur* itself
 w\ld dream ( try+ to make a bi%op ,"l  
,*ancellor8 ,! *ur* lo/ gr\nd 9 !       
conflict ) ,*>les1 b ?is x might p]haps 
h recov]$1 b x suff]$ irretrievably loss
 ( pre/ige 9 its /ruggle ) ,william4    
,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury   
,! eighte5? c5tury des]ves t ! p5man :o 
t\*es its records %all h "s virility2 = 

^! records conta91 n only ! n>rative ( !
 rapid gr[? ( ! new philosophy 9        
,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many1 :]e its     
roots _h be5 firmly /ruck 9 ! previ\s   
c5tury1 b !y also give ! hi/ory ( a     
glori\s endeav\r on ! "p ( a d[n-trodd5 
& long-suff]+ p1 weak5$ & degrad$ by    
g5]ations ( />vation & oppression1 to   
break ! yoke ( tyranny & sup]/ition4    
,eighte5? c5tury hi/orians c write h[ ! 
m5 ( ,france1 aft] hav+ be5 curs$ by a  
long race ( k+s1 :o nev] dream$ (       
id5tify+ _! int]e/s ) ^? ( ! p2 aft]    
endur+ c5turies ( tyranny f prie/s1 ^:  
only ,gods 7 p[]1 pleasure1 & ,mammon1 &
 at ! h&s ( nobles1 :o d5i$ civil rights
 to _! s]fs2 at la/1 c\ld endure no     
long]1 b electrifi$ into life by        
eighte5? c5tury h]esy1 spurn$ "u foot ! 
idols ( tyranny & sup]/ition1 & s\ght by
 ! influ5ce ( reason to erect on ! ru9s 
( arbitr>y p[] ! glori\s edifice ( civil
 & religi\s lib]ty4 ,:y ,fr5*m5 !n fail$
 9 giv+ p]man5t success to _! h]oic     
endeav\r1 & :y ,france1 despite !       

wond]ful rec5t progress 9 ?\ght1 is ev5 
yet curs$ ) corrupt imp]ialism & /ate   
sup]/ition1 is n difficult to expla91 :5
 we consid] t e tyranny 9 ,europe unit$ 
aga9/ t "y republic to :i* ! mon>*y _h  
bequea!d a legacy ( a wret*$ paup] p1 a 
p ^: m9ds _h be5 hi!rto :olly 9 ! h&s ( 
! prie/s1 ^: passions _h revolt$ aga9/  
wrong1 b ^: bra9s 7 yet too weak = !    
p]man5t enjoym5t ( ! fre$om tempor>ily  
result+ f physical ef=t4 ,eighte5?      
c5tury h]esy is especially noticeable = 
its imm$iate connection ) political     
*ange4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,european hi/ory1 
! great mass comm5c$ to ye>n = !        
ass]tion 9 gov]nm5t ( democratic        
pr9ciples4 ,! ,fr5* ,republican         
,revolution :i* ov]?rew ,l\is ,,xvi4 & !
 ,ba/ile1 0 only possible because !     
h]etical tea*]s :o prec$$ x1 _h weak5$ !
 div9e "r ( k+craft2 & x 0 ultimately   
unsuccessful1 only because an ov]:elm+  
majority ( ! p 7 z yet n suffici5tly    
releas$ f ! ?raldom ( ! *ur*1 & !re=e   
fell be=e ! alli$ despotisms ( ,europe1 

:o 7 aid$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/s1 :o      
naturally plott$ aga9/ ! _s :i* seem$   
likely to make m5 too indep5d5t to be   
pi\s4  ,9 ,g]many ! lib]ation ( ! masses
 f ! dom9ion ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 effect$
 ) !1 at fir/1 active believ+ concurr5ce
 ( ! nation2 9 ,engl& ?is 0 n s1        
,prote/antism "h 0 ! result r ( !       
influ5ce & int]e/s ( ! ,k+ & ,c\rt1 & ( 
! indiff]5ce ( ! great body ( ! p4 ,!   
,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 su/a9$ by ! cr[n 
& ari/ocracy1 has g5]ally left ! p to   
f9d _! own way to heav5 or hell1 & has  
only requir$ ab/95ce f av[$ d5ial (1 or 
active opposition to1 its t5ets4 ,its   
m9i/]s h usually prea*$ ) ! same =ce to 
a few wor%ipp]s scatt]$ ov] _! gr&      
ca!drals & num]\s *ur*es z to a ?rong+  
cr[d1 b 9 ea* ^! !re has be5 a lack (   
vitality 9 ! s]mon4 ,x is only :5 !     
mat]ial int]e/s ( ! *ur* h be5 app>5tly 
?reat5$ t vig\r has be5 %[n on ! "p (   
its tea*]s4  ,x is a curi\s fact1 & "o =
 comm5t h]eaft]1 t :ile 9 ! mod]n       
/ruggle = ! progress ( h]esy1 its       

sixte5? c5tury pages pres5t _m mo/      
prom95t ,italian names1 :5 we come to ! 
eighte5? c5tury1 !re are b few su* names
 wor?y special notice2 x is no long] f !
 extreme ,s\?1 b f ,france1 ,g]many1 &  
,engl& t y h ! great array ( ,free?9k+  
w>riors4 ,^? :om ,italy boa/s too are n[
 ne>ly all 9 ! ,ideali/ic ranks4  ,we   
comm5c$ ! li/ by a brief ref]5ce to     
,b]n>d ,m&eville1 a ,dut* physician1    
born at ,dordre*t 9 #afgj & :o di$ 9    
#agcc2 a writ] ) great p[] z a satiri/1 
^: fable ( ! ,bees1 or ,private ,vices  
made ,public ,b5efits1 n only s]v$ z    
s\rce = mu* ( ,helvetius1 b _h ! d\ble  
hon\r ( an indictm5t at ! ,middlesex    
session1 & an answ] f ! p5 ( ,bi%op     
,b]keley4  ,"o ( ! e>ly1 & p]haps "o ( !
 mo/ important promot]s ( h]esy 9 !     
,unit$ ,k+dom1 0 ,george ,b]keley1 an   
,iri%man by bir?4 ,he 0 born on ! #ab? (
 ,m>*1 #afhd1 at ,kilcr91 & di$ at ,ox=d
 9 #agec4 ,x 0 ?is writ] to :om ,pope   
assign$ e virtue "u heav51 & ( :om      
,byron wrote3--       ,:5 ,bi%op        

,b]keley said '!re 0 no matt]1'      ,& 
prov$ x--'twas no matt] :at he said3    
,!y say 8 sy/em 'tis 9 va9 to batt]1    
,too subtle = ! airie/ human head2      
,& yet :o c believe x8  ,a writ] 9 !    
,encyclop$ia ,metropolitana describes   
him z ! "o1 p]haps1 ^: he>t 0 mo/ free f
 scepticism1 & ^: und]/&+ 0 mo/ prone to
 x4 ,b]keley is "h dealt ) z "o         
specially contribut+ to ! gr[? (        
sceptical ?\ght1 & n z an ,ideali/ only4
 ,ar?ur ,colli] publi%$1 ab\t ! same "t 
z ,b]keley1 sev]al works 9 :i* absolute 
,idealim is advocat$4 ,colli] & ,b]keley
 7 m\?pieces = ! expression ( an ef=t at
 resi/ance aga9/ ! gr[+ ,sp9ozi/ic      
s*ool4 ,!y wrote aga9/ sub/ance assum$ z
 ! n\m5on ly+ und]nea? all ph5om5a--!   
sub/ratum support+ all qualities--!     
some?+ 9 :i* all accid5ts inh]e4 ,colli]
 & 8 writ+s are almo/ unkn[n2 ,b]keley's
 "n has become fam\s1 & 8 argum5ts h    
s]v$ to excite f> wid] scepticism ?an h 
^? ( any o!r ,engli%man ( 8 age4 ,mo/   
religi\s m5 :o read him misund]/& him1 &

 ne>ly all misrepres5t 8 !ory4 ,hume1   
speak+ ( ,b]keley1 says1 ,mo/ ( ! writ+s
 ( t v +5i\s philosoph] =m ! be/ lessons
 ( scepticism :i* are to be f\nd1 ei!r  
among ! anci5t or mod]n philosoph]s1    
,bayle n except$4 ,he pr(esses1 h[ev]1 9
 8 title page 7& und\bt$ly ) great tru?7
 to h compos$ 8 book aga9/ ! sceptics1 z
 well z aga9/ ! ,a!i/s & ,free?9k]s4 ,b 
t all 8 argum5ts1 ?\gh o!rwise int5d$1  
are 9 reality m]ely sceptical1 appe>s f 
?is1 t !y admit ( no answ]1 & produce no
 conviction1 ,b]keley wrote = ^? :o want
 a demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce &           
immat]iality ( ,god1 or ! natural       
immortality ( ! s\l1 & 8 philosophy 0   
int5d$ to *eck mat]ialism4 ,! key-note  
ot 8 works may be f\nd 9 8 decl>ation1  
,! only ?+ ^: exi/5ce ,i d5y1 is t :i*  
philosoph]s call ,matt] or corporeal    
sub/ance4 ,! def9ition giv5 by ,b]keley 
( matt] is "o :i* no mat]iali/ w be     
ready to accept1 i4e4f an in]t1 s5seless
 sub/ance 9 :i* ext5sion1 figure1 &     
motion d actually exi/4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( 

,human ,k is ! "w 9 :i* ,b]keley's      
,idealism is *iefly set =?1 & _m h be5 !
 volumes & pamphlets writt5 9 reply4    
,:atev] might h be5 ,b]keley's int5tion 
z to refut+ scepticism1 ! result ( 8    
lab\rs 0 to increase x 9 no ord9>y      
degree2 ,dr4 ,pye ,smi? ?ug summ>ises   
,b]keley's views3--,he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( 
matt] z a cause ( our p]ceptions1 b     
firmly ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( creat$ &     
dep5d5t spirits1 ( :i* e man is "o2 t to
 suppose ! exi/5ce ( s5sible qualities &
 ( a mat]ial _w1 is an errone\s d$uction
 f ! fact ( our p]ceptions2 t ^?        
p]ceptions are-no?+ b ideas & ?\ghts 9  
our m9ds2 t ^! are produc$ 9 p]fect     
uni=mity1 ord]1 & consi/5cy 9 all m9ds1 
s t _! occurr5ce is accord+ to fix$     
rules :i* may be call$ ! laws ( nature2 
t t ,deity is ei!r ! imm$iate or !      
m$iate cause ( ^! p]ceptions1 by 8      
univ]sal op]ation on creat$ m9ds2 & t ! 
creat$ m9d has a p[] ( manag+ ^!        
p]ceptions1 s t volitions arise1 & all !
 ph5om5a ( moral action &               

responsibility4 ,! great reply to ?is   
is1 t x is a hypo!sis :i* _c be prov$1  
:i* is highly improbable1 & :i* seems to
 put ^u ! ,deity ! inflict+ on man a    
p]petual delusion4  ,! weakness (       
,b]keley's sy/em z a m]e "q ( logic is1 
t :ile he requires ! mo/ rigor\s        
demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( :at he def9es
 z matt]1 he assumes an et]nal _s )     
v>i\s attributes1 & also creates spirits
 ( v>i\s sorts4 ,he creates ! /ates (   
m9d result+ f ! s5sation ( surr\nd+     
ph5om5a into ideas1 exi/+ indep5d5t ( ! 
ego1 :5 9 tru?1 man's ideas are n 9     
addition to man's m9d2 b ! aggregate (  
s5sative ability1 & ! result ( its      
ex]cise is ! m9d1 j z ! aggregate (     
functional ability & activity is life4  
,! f\ndation ( ,b]keley's fai? 9 !      
invisible et]nal _s 9 angels z creat$   
spirits1 is difficult to discov]1 :5 y  
accept 8 argum5t = ! rejection ( visible
 ph5om5a4 ,he 9 tru? %\ld h reject$     
ev]y?+ save 8 own m9d1 = ! m5tal        
processes are cle>ly n always reliable4 

,9 dreams1 9 delirium1 9 insanity1 9    
tempor>y disease ( p>ticul> n]ves (     
s5sation1 9 "s phases ( magnetic        
influ5ce1 ! ideas :i* ,b]keley su/a9s s 
=cibly are admitt$ly delusions4 ,z 9    
,george ,b]keley1 s we h 9 ,bi%op       
,butl]1 an illu/ration ( ! endeav\r to  
*eck ! rapidly enl>g+ scepticism ( ?is  
c5tury4 ,joseph ,butl] 0 born 9 #afib1  
di$ #ageb1 & w be long kn[n by 8 fam\s  
"w on ! ,analogy ( ,religion to ! c\rse 
( nature4 ,9 ?is place x is n our duty  
to d m ?an po9t out a few features ( !  
argum5t1 obs]v+ t ?is elaborate piece ( 
special plead+ = natural & reveal$      
religion1 is evid5ce t dang] 0 appreh5d$
 by ! cl]gy1 f ! spread ( ,free?\ght    
views among/ ! masses4 ,a popul> reply 0
 writt5 to provide aga9/ ! gr[+ popul>  
objection2 ,bi%op ,butl] argues t we "k 
t we are endu$ ) c]ta9 capacities (     
action1 ( happ9ess & mis]y2 = we are    
consci\s ( act+1 ( enjoy+ pleasure1 & ( 
suff]+ pa94 ,n[ t we h ^! p[]s &        
capacities be=e dea?1 is a presumption t

 we %all reta9 !m ?r\gh1 & aft] dea?2   
inde$ a probability ( x abundantly      
suffici5t to act ^u1 unless !re be "s   
positive reason to ?9k t dea? is !      
de/ruction ( ^? liv+ p[]s4 ,x may be    
fairly submitt$ 9 reply1 t "h ! argum5t 
f analogy is z utt]ly faulty1 z if 9 !  
spr+ season a travell] %\ld say ( a     
wayside pool1 x is "h be=e ! summ] sun  
%9es ^u x1 & w be "h dur+ & aft] ! summ]
 dr\ght1 :5 ord9>y exp]i5ce w\ld tea*   
him t z ! pool is only ga!r$ dur+ ! ra9y
 season 9 ! holl[ gr\nd1 s 9 ! dry hot  
summ] days1 x w be gradually evaporat$  
"u ! blaz+ rays ( ! ,july sun4 ,z to !  
human capacities1 exp]i5ce tea*es u t !y
 h *ang$ ) ! condition ( ! body2        
emotional feel+s & animal passions1 !   
gratification ( :i* ensur$ tempor>y     
pleasure or pa91 h v>i$1 h be5 newly    
felt1 & h di$ out 9 diff]5t p]iods &    
conditions ( our lives1 & ! presumption 
is aga9/ ! complete endurance ( all ^!  
capacities = action1 c41 ev5 dur+ ! :ole
 life1 & mu* m /rongly1 !re=e1 aga9/ _! 

endurance aft] dea?4 ,besides           
:i*--cont9u+ ! argum5t f analogy--my    
capacities hav+ only be5 manife/$ s9ce  
my body has exi/$1 & 9 proportion to my 
physical ability1 ! presumption is r t !
 manife/ation :i* comm5c$ ) ! body1 w   
f9i% z ! body f9i%es4 ,fur!r1 x is fair 
to presume t dea? is ! de/ruction ( ^?  
liv+ p[]s1 = dea? is ! cessation (      
organic functional activity2 a cessation
 consequ5t on "s *ange or de/ruction (  
organisation4 ,( c\rse1 ! ^w de/ruction 
is n "h us$ 9 any s5se ( annihilation ( 
sub/ance1 b z mean+ su* a *ange (       
condition t vital ph5om5a are no long]  
manife/$4 ,b1 says ,butl]1 we "k n at   
all :at dea? is 9 itself1 b only "s (   
its effects1 su* z ! dissolution ( fle%1
 sk91 & bones1 & ^! effects d 9 n[ise   
appe> to imply ! de/ruction ( a liv+    
ag5t4 ,"h1 p]haps1 !re is an            
unju/ifiable assumption 9 ! words liv+  
ag5t1 = if by liv+ ag5t is only meant ! 
animal :i* dies1 !n ! de/ruction ( fle%1
 sk91 & bones does fairly imply !       

de/ruction ( ! liv+ ag5t1 b if by liv+  
ag5t is int5d$ m ?an ?is1 !n ! argum5t  
is speci\sly & unfairly word$4 ,b beyond
 ?is1 if ,bi%op ,butl]'s argum5t has any
 value1 x proves too mu*4 ,he says--,nor
 c we f9d any?+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole analogy (
 nature1 to af=d u ev5 ! slighte/       
presumption t animals ev] lose _! liv+  
p[]s4444 by dea?4 ,t is1 ,bi%op ,butl]  
applies 8 argum5t = a future /ate (     
exi/5ce1 n only to man1 b to ! :ole     
animal k+dom2 & x may be fairly conc$$ t
 !re is z mu* gr\nd to presume t man w  
live aga91 z !re is t ! worm w live     
aga91 :i*1 be+ impal$ ^u a hook1 is eat5
 by ! gudgeon1 or t ! gudgeon w live    
aga9 :i*1 ?read$ z a bait1 is torn &    
mangl$ to dea? by a rav5\s pike1 or t ! 
pike w live aga9 aft] x has be5 kept out
 ( wat] till rigid1 !n gutt$1 scal$1    
/uff$ ) sav\ry condim5ts1 broil$1 &     
ultimately eat5 by ,piscator & 8 family4
 ,bi%op ,butl]'s argum5t1 t because     
pleasure or pa9 is uni=mly f\nd to foll[
 ! act+ or n act+ 9 "s p>ticul> mann]1  

!re is presumptive analogy 9 fav\r (    
future rew>ds & puni%m5ts by ,deity1    
appe>s weak 9 ! extreme4 ,accord+ to    
,butl]1 ,god is ! au?or ( nature4       
,nature's laws are su*1 t puni%m5t1     
imm$iate or remote1 foll[s              
non-obs]vance1 & rew>d1 m or less       
imm$iate1 is ! result ( obs]vance2 &    
because ,god is by ,butl]'s argum5t1    
assum$ z ! au?or ( nature1 & has !re=e  
already puni%$ or rew>d$ once2 we are   
foll[+ ,butl]1 to presume t he w aft]   
dea? puni% or rew>d aga9 = an action ^u 
:i* he has already adjudicat$4 ,9 8     
*apt] on ! ,moral ,gov]nm5t ( ,god1     
,butl] says1 ,z ! manifold appe>ances ( 
design & ( f9al causes 9 ! con/itution (
 ! _w1 prove x to be ! "w ( an          
intellig5t m9d1 s ! p>ticul> f9al causes
 ( pleasure & pa9 di/ribut$ among/ 8    
creatures1 prove t !y are "u 8          
gov]nm5t--:at may be call$ 8 natural    
gov]nm5t ( creatures end[$ ) s5se &     
reason4 ,b tak+ ,bi%op ,butl]'s own     
position1 :at sort ( gov]nm5t is        

demon/rat$ by ?is argum5t f analogy8    
,god1 accord+ to ,bi%op ,butl]'s        
reason+1 design$ ! :ale to swall[ !     
,clio ,borealis1 :i* latt] he design$ to
 be s swall[$1 b :i* he nev]!less inve/$
 ) "s #cjj1jjj suck]s1 to enable x 9 its
 turn to seize ! m9ute animalcule on :i*
 x lives4 ,god design$ ,brutus to kill  
,caes>1 ,ors9i to be behead$ by ,l\is   
,napoleon4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,butl]1 w\ld 
be all "u ! special control ( ,god's    
gov]nm5t4 ,deity w\ld guide ! ,clio     
,borealis into ! m\? ( ! :ale1 guide !  
dagg] ( ,brutus1 & arrange = ! enjoym5t 
( ! cancan by pr9ces ( ! blood royal4   
,bi%op ,butl]'s !ory t our pres5t life  
is a /ate ( trial & probation1 is met by
 ! difficulty1 t :ile he assumes !      
ju/ice & b5evol5ce ( ,god z moral       
gov]nor1 he has ! fact1 t _m exi/ )     
organisations & capacities s orig9ally  
diff]5t1 t x is manife/ly mo/ unfair to 
put "o & ! same rew>d1 or "o & ?is same 
publi%m5t = all4 ,! ,esquimaux or ,negro
 is n on a level at ! outset ( life ) ! 

,caucasian races4 ,h[ f analogy c any "o
 argue 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t an imp>tial
 judge :o _h />t$ !m 9 ! race ( life    
unfairly mat*$1 w\ld put ! same prize   
be=e all1 none ( ! />t]s be+ h&icapp$8  
,bi%op ,butl]'s argum5t on ! doctr9e (  
necessity1 is t :i* "o might expect to  
f9d f a hir$ nisi prius advocate1 b :i* 
is read ) regret com+ f ! p5 ( a        
g5tleman1 :o ought to be /riv+ to       
conv9ce 8 err+ bre?r5 by ! words ( tru? 
alone4 ,he says1 suppose a *ild to be   
educat$ f 8 e>lie/ y\? 9 ! pr9ciples (  
fatalism1 :at !n8 ,! reply is1 t a      
necessit>ian kn[+ t a c]ta9 education ( 
! human m9d 0 mo/ conducive to human    
happ9ess1 w\ld /rive to imp>t to 8      
*ildr5 education ( t "*4 ,t a worse     
fatalism is inculcat$ 9 ! doctr9e ( a   
=e-orda9+ & ev]-direct+ provid5ce1      
plann+ & controll+ e "o ( ! *ild's      
actions1 ?an ev] 0 taught 9 necessit>ian
 essays4 ,t ! *ild w\ld be taught ! laws
 ( exi/5ce1 & w\ld be %[n h[ c]ta9      
conduct result$ 9 pleasure1 & c]ta9 o!r 

conduct 0 dur+ life att5d$ ) pa91 & t ! 
result ( su* tea*+ w\ld be f> m         
efficaci\s 9 its moral results1 ?an !   
inculcation ( a pres5t responsibility1 &
 an ultimate heav5 & hell1 9 :i* latt]  
doctr9e1 ne>ly all ,*ri/ians pr(ess to  
believe1 b ne>ly all act z if x 7 n ( ! 
slighte/ consequ5ce :e!r any su* p>adise
 or inf]nal region exi/s4  ,h5ry ,/4    
,john1 ,"l ,bol+broke1 born ,octob]     
#a1afgb1 di$ ,novemb] #ae1agea1 may be  
tak5 z "o ( ! s*ool ( poli%$ dei/ical   
writ]s1 :o1 ?\gh comp>atively few1      
fairly en\gh repres5t ! religi\s op9ions
 ( ! l>ge majority ( ! j\rnali/s ( !    
pres5t day4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ,bol+broke's   
,lett]s on ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 a /rong   
sceptical _s is manife/$1 & he speaks 9 
"o ( ! %>e :i* ! div9es ( all religions 
h tak5 9 ! corruption ( hi/ory4 ,9 ano!r
 he ?us deals ) ! "q ( ! ,bible3--,x has
 be5 said by ,abbadie1 & o!rs1 't !     
accid5ts :i* h happ5$ to alt] ! texts ( 
! ,bible1 & to disfigure1 if ,i may say 
s1 ! scriptures 9 _m respects1 c\ld n h 

be5 prev5t$ )\t a p]petual /&+ miracle1 
& t a p]petual /&+ miracle is n 9 ! ord]
 ( provid5ce4' ,n[ ,i c by no means     
subscribe to ?is op9ion4 ,x seems evid5t
 to my reason t ! v contr>y mu/ be true2
 if we suppose t ,god acts t[>ds m5     
accord+ to ! moral fitness ( ?+s2 & if  
we suppose t he acts arbitr>ily1 we c =m
 no op9ion at all4 ,i ?9k ^! accid5ts   
w\ld n h happ5$1 or t ! scriptures w\ld 
h be5 pres]v$ entirely 9 _! g5u9e purity
 not)/&+ ^! accid5ts1 if !y _h be5      
entirely dictat$ by ! ,holy ,gho/3 & !  
pro( ( ?is probable proposition1 accord+
 to our cle>e/ & mo/ di/9ct ideas (     
wisdom & moral fitness1 is obvi\s &     
easy4 ,b ^! scriptures are n s come d[n 
to u3 !y are come d[n brok5 & confus$1  
full ( additions1 int]polations2 &      
transpositions1 made we nei!r "k :51 nor
 by :om2 & su*1 9 %ort1 z nev] appe>$ on
 ! face ( any o!r book1 on ^: au?ority  
m5 h agre$ to rely4 ,?is be+ s1 my "l1  
:at hypo!sis %all we foll[8 ,%all we    
adh]e to "s su* di/9ction z ,i h        

m5tion$8 ,%all we say1 = in/ance1 t !   
scriptures 7 orig9ally writt5 by !      
au?ors to :om !y are vulg>ly ascrib$1 b 
t ^! au?ors writ no?+ by inspiration1   
except ! legal1 ! doctr9al1 & !         
prophetical p>ts1 & t 9 e o!r respect _!
 au?ority is purely human1 & !re=e      
fallible8 ,or %all we say t ^! hi/ories 
are no?+ m ?an compilations ( old       
traditions1 & abridgem5ts ( old records1
 made 9 lat] times1 z !y appe> to e "o  
:o reads !m )\t prepossession & )       
att5tion8  ,x has be5 alleg$ t ,pope's  
v]se is b ano!r r5d]+ ( ,bol+broke's    
views )\t 8 ari/ocratic non*alance1 & t 
"s passages ( ,pope reg>d$ z ho/ile to  
reveal$ religion1 7 specially due to !  
influ5ce ( ,bol+broke2 & m ?an "o critic
 has pr(ess$ to trace id5tities ( ?\ght 
& expression 9 ord] to %[ t ,pope 0     
l>gely indebt$ to ! publi%$ works ( ,/4 
,john4  ,david ,hume 0 born at          
,ed9burgh1 #bf? ,april1 #agaa1 & di$    
#aggf4 ,he creat$ a new s*ool (         
,free?9k]s1 & is to-day "o ( ! mo/      

e/eem$ among/ sceptical au?ors4 ,he 0 a 
pr(\nd ?9k]1 & an easy1 elegant writ]1  
:o did mu* to give a =ce & solidity to  
extreme h]etical reason+s1 :i* !y _h    
hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z lack+4 ,8 h]etical  
essays h _h a f> wid] circulation s9ce 8
 dea?1 ?an !y enjoy$ dur+ 8 life4 ,_m   
volumes h be5 issu$ 9 ! fruitless       
endeav\r to refute him1 & all ^! h      
contribut$ to wid5 ! circle ( 8 read]s4 
,he adopt$ & advocat$ ! utilit>ian &    
necessit>ian !ory ( morals1 & wrote (   
ord9>y !ism & religion1 z aris+ f       
p]sonification ( unkn[n causes1 = g5]al 
or special ph5om5a4 ,he held & advanc$ !
 idea1 :i* ,buckle s fully /ates1 &     
endeav\rs to prove 9 8 ,hi/ory (        
,civilisation--viz41 t g5]al laws op]ate
 among/ peoples1 & influ5ce & det]m9e _!
 s-call$ moral conduct1 mu* z o!r laws d
 ! orbits ( planets1 ! occurr5ces (     
eclipses1 c4 ,8 argum5ts aga9/ miracles1
 z evid5ces = reveal$ religion1 rema9   
unrefut$1 al?\gh !y h be5 made ! subject
 ( _m attacks4 ,he cont5ds1 9 effect1 t 

9 ea* acc\nt ( a miracul\s occurr5ce1   
!re is always m prima facie probability 
( error1 or bad fai? on ! "p ( !        
n>rator1 ?an ( int]f]5ce ) ^? inv>iable 
sequ5ces kn[n z natural laws1 & !re 0   
really no reply 9 ! conclusion ( ,dr4   
,campbell1 to ! effect t we h equally to
 tru/ human te/imony = an acc\nt ( !    
laws ( nature & = ! n>ratives (         
miracles1 = 9 tru? y nev] h ! same "* ( 
human te/imony = ! latt] z = ! =m]4 ,&1 
fur!r1 :ile 9 ! case ( human te/imony z 
to natural ev5ts1 x is evid5ce :i* y may
 te/ & comp>e ) y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,?is  
is n s z to miracles1 decl>$ at once to 
be out ( ! range ( all ord9>y exp]i5ce4 
,m51 he says1 are c>ri$ by a natural    
in/9ct or prepossession to repose fai? 9
 _! s5ses4 ,:5 !y foll[ ?is bl9d &      
p[]ful in/9ct ( nature1 !y always       
suppose ! v images pres5t$ to ! s5ses to
 be ! ext]nal objects1 & nev] ent]ta9   
any suspicion t ! "o are no?+ b         
repres5tatives ( ! o!r4 ,b ?is univ]sal 
& prim>y op9ion ( all m5 is soon de/roy$

 by ! slighte/ philosophy1 :i* tea*es u 
t no?+ c ev] be pres5t to ! m9d b an    
image or p]ception4 ,s f>1 !n1 we are   
necessitat$ by reason+ to contradict !  
prim>y in/9cts ( nature1 & to embrace a 
new sy/em ) reg>d to ! evid5ce ( our    
s5ses4 ,b "h philosophy f9ds h]self     
extremely emb>rass$1 :5 %e w\ld obviate 
! cavils & objections ( ! sceptics4 ,%e 
c no long] plead ! infallible &         
irresi/ible in/9ct ( nature1 = t l$ u to
 q a diff]5t sy/em1 :i* is ackn[l$g$    
fallible1 & ev5 errone\s1 & to ju/ify   
?is pret5d$ philosophical sy/em by a *a9
 ( cle> & conv9c+ argum5t1 or ev5 any   
appe>ance ( argum5t1 exce$s ! p[] ( all 
human capacity4 ,d y foll[ ! in/9ct &   
prop5sities ( nature 9 ass5t+ to !      
v]acity ( ! s5ses8 ,b ^! lead y to      
believe t ! v p]ception or s5sible image
 is ! ext]nal object--7,idealism47 ,d y 
disclaim ?is pr9ciple 9 ord] to embrace 
a m rational op9ion1 t ! p]ceptions are 
only repres5tations ( some?+ ext]nal8 ,y
 "h dep>t f y\r natural prop5sities1 & m

 obvi\s s5tim5ts2 & yet are n able to   
satisfy y\r reason1 :i* c nev] f9d any  
conv9c+ argum5t f exp]i5ce to prove t ! 
p]ceptions are connect$ ) ext]nal       
objects--7,scepticism47  ,*>les de      
,secondat ,b>on de ,montesquieu1 born 9 
#afhi ne> ,bordeaux1 di$ at ,p>is #agee1
 :o e>n$ consid]able fame by 8 ,lettres 
,p]sanes1 is m fam\s = 8 (t-ref]r$ to "w
 ,l',esprit des ,lois4 ,victor ,c\s9    
describes him z ! man ( our c\ntry :o   
has be/ compreh5d$ hi/ory1 & :o fir/    
gave an example ( true hi/oric me?od4 ,9
 ! publication ( c]ta9 ( 8 ideas on     
hi/ory1 ,montesquieu 0 ! lay] ( !       
f\ndation-/one = an edifice :i* ,buckle 
w\ld probably h glori\sly cr[n$ _h 8    
life be5 long]4 ,voltaire1 :o %>ply     
criticises ,montesquieu1 decl>es t he   
has e>n$ ! et]nal gratitude ( ,europe by
 8 gr& views & 8 bold attacks on        
tyranny1 sup]/ition1 & gr9d+ taxation4  
,montesquieu urg$ t virtue is ! true    
ess5ce ( republicanism1 b misl$ by !    
mi/ak5 notions ( hon\r held by 8        

pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 he decl>$  
hon\r to be ! pr9ciple ( mon>*ical      
in/itutions4 ,voltaire rem9ds him t x is
 9 c\rts t m51 devoid ( hon\r1 (t5 atta9
 to ! highe/ dignities2 & x is 9        
republics t a kn[n di%on\rable citiz5 is
 seldom tru/$ by ! p ) public conc]ns4  
,montesquieu wrote 9 fav\r ( a          
con/itutional mon>*y su* z !n exi/$ 9   
,engl&1 & 8 "w %ad[$ =? a future = !    
middle class 9 ,france4  ,francois ,m>ie
 ,ar\et ,voltaire1 born #bj? ,febru>y1  
#afid1 at ,*at5ay1 di$ #cj? ,may1 #aggh1
 may be fairly writt5 ( z ! man to ^:   
f]tile bra9 & active p51 to ^: great    
g5ius1 fi]ce irony1 & ?or\gh humanity1  
we owe mu* m ( ! rapid *ange ( popul>   
?\ght 9 ,europe dur+ ! la/ c5tury ?an to
 any o!r man4 ,8 wit1 l ! electric fla%1
 sp>$ no?+2 8 love = 8 k9d w\ld h made  
him ! protector ( ev]y?+ weak1 8 desire 
to protect himself f ! consequ5ces ( 8  
true/ utt]ances1 (t5 dims ! h]o-halo )  
:i* 8 "n is surr\nd$4 ,born & tra9$     
among/ a corrupt & selfi% class1 x is n 

wond]ful t we f9d "s ( _! p]nici\s      
habits cl++ to p>ts ( 8 c>e]4 ,on !     
contr>y1 x is m wond]ful to f9d t he has
 %ak5 (f s mu* ( ! consequ5ces ( 8      
education4 ,nei!r 9 politics nor 9      
!ology 0 he s v extreme 9 8 utt]ances z 
_m deem$ him1 = :ile he occasionally    
sev]ely h&l$ individual mon>*s1 we d n  
f9d him ! prea*] ( republicanism4 ,on ! 
contr>y1 he is (t5 sev]e aga9/ "s ( !   
advanc$ political views ( ,jean ,jacques
 ,r\sseau4 ,he nev]!less sugge/s t x    
might h be5 ! art ( work+ metals :i*    
orig9ally made k+s1 & ! art ( ca/+      
cannons :i* n[ ma9ta9s !m1 & z a        
comm5t>y on k+ly conduct 9 ! matt] (    
taxation1 decl>es t a %eph]d ought to   
%e> 8 %eep1 & n to flay !m4 ,9 !ological
 controv]sy he wrote z a ,!i/1 & decl>es
 ,a!ism & ,fanaticism to be two mon/]s  
:i* may te> society 9 pieces1 b ! ,a!i/ 
pres]ves 8 reason1 :i* *ecks 8 prop5sity
 to mis*ief1 :ile ! fanatic is "u !     
influ5ce ( a madness con/antly urg+ him 
on4 ,= ! anci5t ,jews1 & = ! ,hebrew    

records1 ,voltaire ent]ta9$ s ?or\gh a  
feel+ ( contemptu\s dete/ation1 t 9 8   
,def5se de mon ,oncle1 & 8 articles &   
lett]s on ! ,jews1 we f9d utt] disbelief
 9 !m z a *os5 p1 & ! /ronge/ abhorr5ce 
( _! brutal habits1 height5$ 9          
expression by ! sca?+ satire ( 8        
phrases4 ,to ! m mod]n desc5dants (     
,abraham he said3 ,we h repeat$ly driv5 
y away ?r\gh av>ice2 we h recall$ y     
?r\gh av>ice & /upidity2 we /ill1 9 m   
t[ns ?an "o1 make y pay = lib]ty to     
brea! ! air2 we h1 9 m k+doms ?an "o1   
sacrific$ y to ,god2 we h burn$ y z     
holocau/s--= ,i w n foll[ y\r example1 &
 dissemble t we h (f]$ up sacrifices (  
human blood2 all ! diff]5ce is1 t our   
prie/s1 cont5t ) apply+ y\r money to _! 
own use1 h _h y burn$ by laym52 :ile y\r
 prie/s always immolat$ _! human victims
 ) _! own sacr$ h&s4 ,y 7 mon/]s (      
cruelty & fanaticism 9 ,pale/9e2 we h   
be5 s 9 ,europe4  ,writ+ on miracles1   
,voltaire asks3 ,= :at purpose w\ld ,god
 p]=m a miracle8 ,to accompli% "s       

p>ticul> design ^u liv+ be+s8 ,he w\ld  
!n1 9 reality1 be suppos$ to say--,i h n
 be5 able to effect by my con/ruction ( 
! univ]se1 by my div9e decrees1 by my   
et]nal laws1 a p>ticul> object2 ,i am n[
 go+ to *ange my et]nal ideas &         
immutable laws1 to endeav\r to accompli%
 :at ,i h n be5 able to d by means ( !m4
 ,?is w\ld be an av[al ( 8 weakness1 n (
 8 p[]2 x w\ld appe> 9 su* a be+ an     
inconceivable contradiction4 ,accord+ly1
 !re=e1 to d>e to ascribe miracles to   
,god is1 if man c 9 reality insult ,god1
 actually (f]+ him t insult4 ,x is say+ 
to him--,y are a weak & inconsi/5t be+4 
,x is !re=e absurd to believe 9         
miracles2 x is1 9 fact1 di%on\r+ !      
div9ity4  ,^? :o are incl9$ to attack ! 
"* ( ,voltaire1 %\ld read ! acc\nt ( 8  
endeav\rs = ! ,calas family4 ,h[1 :5 old
 ,calas _h be5 brok5 alive on ! :eel at 
,t\l\se1 & 8 family 7 ru9$1 ,voltaire   
took up _! case1 aid$ !m ) means1 sp>$  
no ef=t ( 8 p5 or bra91 & ultimately    
a*iev$ ! great victory ( rev]s+ ! unju/ 

s5t5ce1 & obta9+ comp5sation = ! family4
 ,x1 !n1 ^! ,voltaire-hat]s h n le>n$ to
 love ?is great h]etic1 let !m /udy !   
n>rative ( 8 ev5 m successful endeav\rs 
on behalf ( ! ,sirv5s2 m successful1    
because 9 ?is case he took up ! fight   
be=e an unju/ judgm5t c\ld be deliv]$1 &
 ?us prev5t$ ! repetition ( su* an      
iniquit\s execution z _h tak5 place 9 ! 
,galas case4 ,! c[>dly sl&]s z to 8     
conduct :5 dy+ are n wor? notice2 ^?    
spit on ! grave ( ! dead :o w\ld n h d>$
 to look 9 ! face ( ! liv+4  ,claud     
,adrian ,helvetius 0 born at ,p>is      
#agae1 & di$ ,decemb] #agga4 ,8 be/ kn[n
 works are ,de l',esprit1 publi%$ #ageh2
 ,essai sur l',orig9e des ,connaissances
 ,huma9es1 #agdf2 ,traite des ,sy/emes1 
#agdi2 ,traite des ,s5sations1 #ageh4   
,r\sseau wrote 9 reply to ,helvetius1 b 
:5 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is condemn$ ! "w ,de
 l',esprit1 & x 0 9 consequ5ce burn$ by 
! common hangman1 ,r\sseau )drew 8      
refutatory volume4 ,helvetius argues t  
any religion1 ( :i* ! *iefs are         

intol]ant1 & ! conduct ( :i* is exp5sive
 to ! /ate1 _c long be ! religion ( an  
enlight5$ & well gov]n$ nation4 ,! p t  
submit to x w lab\r only to ma9ta9 !    
ease & luxury ( ! prie/hood2 ea* ( its  
inhabitants w be no?+ m ?an a slave to !
 sac]dotal p[]4 ,a religion to be good  
%\ld be tol]ant & little exp5sive4 ,its 
cl]gy %\ld h no au?ority ov] ! p4 ,a    
dread ( ! prie/ debases ! m9d & ! s\l1  
makes ! "o bruti% & ! o!r slavi%4 ,mu/ !
 m9i/]s ( ! alt> always be arm$ ) !     
sword ( ! /ate8 ,c ! b>b>ities committ$ 
by _! intol]ance ev] be =gott58 ,! e>?  
is yet dr5*$ ) ! blood !y h spill$4     
,civil tol]ance alone is n suffici5t to 
secure ! peace ( nations4 ,e dogma is a 
se$ ( discord & inju/ice s[n among/     
mank9d4  ,:y d y make ! ,supreme ,be+   
resemble an ea/]n tyrant8 ,:y make him  
puni% slight faults ) et]nal torm5t8 ,:y
 ?us put ! "n ( ! ,div9ity at ! bottom (
 ! portrait ( ! devil8 ,:y oppress ! s\l
 ) a load ( fe>1 break its spr+s1 & ( a 
wor%ipp] ( ,jesus make a vile1          

pusillanim\s slave8 ,x is ! malignant :o
 pa9t a malignant ,g-od4 ,:at is _!     
devotion8 ,a veil = _! crimes4  ,let n !
 rew>ds ( heav5 be made ! price ( trifl+
 religi\s op]ations1 :i* convey a       
dim9utive idea ( ! ,et]nal & a false    
conception ( virtue2 its rew>ds %\ld    
nev] be assign$ to fa/+1 hairclo?1 a    
bl9d submission1 & self-ca/igation4 ,!  
man :o places ^! op]ations among !      
virtues1 might z well place ^? ( leap+1 
danc+1 & tumbl+ on ! rope4 ,humility may
 be held 9 v5]ation by ! dwell]s 9 a    
mona/]y or a conv5t1 x fav\rs ! meanness
 & idl5ess ( a mona/ic life4 ,b ought ! 
humility to be reg>d$ z ! virtue ( ! p8 
,no4 ,speak+ ( ! ,pagan sy/ems1         
,helvetius says1 ,all ! fables (        
my?ology 7 m]e emblems ( c]ta9 pr9ciples
 ( nature4  ,b>on d',holba*1 a native ( 
! ,palat9ate1 born ,janu>y #agbc1 di$   
#ba/ ,janu>y1 #aghi1 des]ves special    
notice1 z be+ ! man ^: h\se 0 ! ga!r+   
place ( ! knot ( writ]s & ?9k]s1 :o     
/ruck light & life into ! d>k & dead5$  

bra9 ( ,france4 ,he is g5]ally reput$ to
 h be5 ! au?or ( t well-kn[n "w1 !      
,sy/em ( ,nature1 :i* 0 issu$ z if by   
,mirabaud4 ,?is "w1 al?\gh x 0 fi]cely  
assail$ at ! "t1 by ! p5 ( ,voltaire1 & 
by ! plaidorie ( ! prosecut+            
,avocat-,g5]al1 & has s9ce be5 attack$  
by hundr$s :o h nev] read x1 yet rema9s 
a wond]fully popul> exposition ( !      
p[]-ga!r+ h]esy ( ! c5tury1 &1 z f> z we
 are aw>e1 has nev] receiv$ effici5t    
reply4 ,probably next to ,pa9e's works1 
x _h 9 ,engl& dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ?is 
c5tury1 ! wide/ circulation ( any       
anti-!ological book1 & ?is circulation  
ext5d+ ?r\gh ! manufactur+ ranks4 ,9 !  
eighte5? c5tury ,mirabaud c\ld1 9       
,engl&1 only be f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! few1 b 
fifty ye>s _h wondr\sly multipli$ !     
numb] ( read]s4  ,joseph ,prie/ley 0    
born ne> ,le$s1 #ac? ,m>*1 #agcc1 & be+ 
t[>ds ! latt] "p ( 8 life driv5 out (   
,engl&1 by ! p]secut+ _s ev9c$ t[>ds    
him1 & :i* _h be5 specially excit$ by 8 
republican t5d5cies1 he di$ at          

,nor?umb]l&1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! #f?     
,feb41 #ahjd4 ,orig9ally a ,*ur* (      
,engl& cl]gyman1 8 fir/ notable         
incl9ation to het]odoxy manife/$ itself 
9 hesitation z to ! doctr9e ( !         
atonem5t4 ,he ultimately reject$ !      
immortality & immat]iality ( ! s\l1     
argu$ = necessit>ianism1 & e>n$         
consid]able unpopul>ity by ! boldness ( 
"s ( 8 s5tim5ts on political z well z   
!ological matt]s4 ,prie/ley 0 "o ( !    
rapidly multiply+ in/ances ( h]esy alike
 9 religion & politics1 b he provok$ !  
mo/ bitt] antagonism4 ,8 works 7 burn$  
by ! common hangman1 8 h\se1 libr>y1 &  
sci5tific in/rum5ts 7 de/roy$ by an     
infuriate & pi\s mob4 ,despite all ?is1 
8 h]esy1 accord+ to 8 own view ( x1 0 n 
( a v outrage\s "*1 = he believ$ 9      
,deity1 9 reveal$ religion1 & 9         
,*ri/ianity1 r putt+ ! blame on         
misconduct ( alleg$ ,*ri/ians4 ,he said3
 ,! wret*$ =ms "u :i* ,*ri/ianity has   
long be5 g5]ally exhibit$1 & its degrad+
 alliance )1 or r its subjection to a   

p[] :olly het]og5e\s to x1 & :i* has    
employ$ x = ! mo/ unwor?y purposes1 has 
made x contemptible & odi\s 9 ! eyes (  
all s5sible m51 :o are n[ ev]y:]e ca/+  
(f ! v pr(ession & e badge ( x4         
,enlight5$ ,*ri/ians mu/ !mselves1 9 "s 
measure1 jo9 ) unbeliev]s 9 expos+      
:atev] w n be> exam9ation 9 or ab\t     
religion4 ,8 writ+s on sci5tific topics 
7 mo/ volum9\s2 8 mo/ h]etical volumes  
are ^? on ,matt] & ,_s4  ,edw>d ,gibbon 
0 born at ,putney1 ! #bg? ,april1 #agcg1
 & di$ #af? ,janu>y1 #agid4 ,he 0 a     
poli%$ & pa9/ak+ writ]1 ari/ocratic 9 8 
t5d5cies & associations1 :o _h educat$  
himself into a disbelief 9 ! pr9cipal   
dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 b :o lov$ ! peace 
& quietude ( an easy life too mu* to    
ent] ! li/s z an active antagoni/ ( !   
,*ur*4 ,8 works1 especially ! fifte5? & 
sixte5? *apt]s ( ,! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! 
,roman ,empire1 h be5 reg>d$ z infidel 9
 _! t5d5cy1 r f :at has be5 left unsaid 
?an f ! direct /atem5ts aga9/           
,*ri/ianity4 ,! sne] at ! evid5ce (     

prophecy1 or ! d\bt ( ! reality (       
miracul\s evid5ces1 is gu>d$ly express$4
 ,x is only :5 ,gibbon c c\* 8 lance    
aga9/ "s reckless & impud5t =g] (       
,*ri/ian ,evid5ces1 su* z ,eusebius1 t y
 h any?+ l a bold condemnation4 ,a      
prophecy or a miracle is treat$ t5d]ly1 
& if kill$1 x is r ) ov]-affectionate   
c\rtesy ?an by r\gh h&l+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( 8
 v9dications ( ! attack$ passages1      
,gibbon's scepticism f9ds v5t 9 !       
collection & quotation ( unpleasantly   
h]etical views ( o!rs1 b he c>efully    
avoids committ+ himself to v di/9ct     
p]sonal decl>ations ( disbelief2 he     
claims to be ! unbiass$ hi/orian record+
 fact1 & leav+ o!rs to =m _! own        
conclusions4 ,x w\ld p]haps be mo/      
appropriate to express 8 convictions z  
to ! religions ( ! _w1 9 ne>ly ! same   
words z he us$ to *>act]ise ! v>i\s     
modes ( wor%ip at ,rome1 all consid]$ by
 ! p z equally true1 by ! philosoph] z  
equally false1 & by ! magi/rate z       
equally useful4  ,pi]re ,john ,george   

,cabanis1 born at ,conac1 ne> ,breves1  
#f? ,june1 #ageg1 di$ #f? ,may1 #ahjh1  
foll[+ ,condillac 9 _m respects1 0 "o ( 
^? ^: physiological inve/igations h op5$
 out wide fields ( k 9 psy*ology1 & :o  
did mu* to promote ! e/abli%m5t 9       
,france1 ,am]ica1 & ,engl&1 ( a new     
s*ool ( ,free?9k]s4 ,subject to ! action
 ( ext]nal bodies1 he says1 man f9ds 9 !
 impressions ^! bodies make on 8 organs1
 at once 8 k & ! causes ( 8 cont9u$     
exi/5ce1 = to live is to feel2 & 9 t    
admirable *a9 ( ph5om5a :i* con/itute 8 
exi/5ce1 e want dep5ds on ! developm5t (
 "s faculty2 e faculty by its v         
developm5t satisfies "s want1 & !       
faculties gr[ by ex]cise1 z ! wants     
ext5d ) ! facility ( satisfy+ !m4 ,by ! 
cont9ual action ( ext]nal bodies on !   
s5ses ( man1 results ! mo/ rem>kable "p 
( 8 exi/5ce4 ,b is x true t ! n]v\s     
c5tres only receive & comb9e !          
impressions :i* rea* !m f ! bodies8 ,is 
x true t no image or idea is =m$ 9 !    
bra91 & t no det]m9ation ( ! s5sitive   

organ takes place1 o!r ?an by virtue (  
^! same impressions on ! s5ses /rictly  
s-call$8 ,! faculty ( feel+ & (         
spontane\s movem5t =ms ! "* ( animal    
nature4 ,! faculty ( feel+ consi/s 9 !  
prop]ty possess$ by ! n]v\s sy/em ( be+ 
w>n$ by ! impressions produc$ on its    
diff]5t p>ts1 & notably on its          
extremities4 ,^! impressions are int]nal
 or ext]nal4 ,ext]nal impressions1 :5   
p]ception is di/9ct1 are call$          
s5sations4 ,int]nal impressions are v   
(t5 vague & confus$1 & ! animal is !n   
only w>n$ by _! effects1 & does n cle>ly
 di/+ui% _! connection ) ! causes4 ,!   
=m] result f ! application ( ext]nal    
objects to ! organs ( s5se1 & on !m     
ideas dep5d4 ,! latt] result f !        
developm5t ( ! regul> functions1 or f ! 
maladies to :i* ea* organ is subject2 & 
f ^! issue ^? det]m9ations :i* be> ! "n 
( in/9cts4 ,feel+ & movem5t are l9k$    
toge!r4 ,e movem5t is det]m9$ by an     
impression1 & ! n]ves1 z ! organs (     
feel+1 animate & direct ! motor organs4 

,9 feel+1 ! n]v\s organ reacts on       
itself4 ,9 movem5t x reacts on o!r p>ts1
 to :i* x communicates ! contractile    
faculty1 ! simple & fecund pr9ciple (   
all animal movem5t4 ,f9ally1 ! vital    
functions c ex]cise !mselves by !       
influ5ce ( "s n]v\s ramifications1      
isolat$ f ! sy/em--! di/9ctive faculties
 c develope !mselves1 ev5 :5 ! bra9 is  
almo/ :olly de/roy$1 & :5 x seems :olly 
inactive4 ,b = ! =mation ( ?\ghts1 x is 
necess>y t ! bra9 %\ld exi/1 & be 9 a   
heal?y condition2 x is ! special organ (
 ?\ght4 ,?omas ,pa9e1 ! mo/ fam\s ,dei/ 
( mod]n times1 0 born at ,!t=d on ! #bi?
 ,janu>y1 #agcg1 & di$ #h? ,june1 #ahji4
 ,x w h>dly be untrue to say t ! fam\s  
rebelli\s ne$leman has be5 ! mo/ popul> 
writ] 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica aga9/  
reveal$ religion1 & t 8 works1 f _!     
pla91 cle> language1 h 9 ^? c\ntries _h1
 & /ill h1 a f> wid] circulation ?an ^? 
( any o!r mod]n sceptical au?or4 ,8     
anti-!ology 0 alli$ to 8 republicanism2 
he w>r$ alike aga9/ *ur* & ?rone1 & 8   

impea*m5t ( ea* 0 c\*$ 9 ! pla9e/       
,anglo-,saxon4 ,8 "n became at ! same "t
 a ^w ( t]ror to ! ari/ocracy & to !    
cl]gy4 ,9 ,engl& num]\s prosecutions 7  
comm5c$ aga9/ ! v5dors ( 8 political &  
!ological works1 & aga9/ p]sons suspect$
 ( giv+ curr5cy to 8 views4 ,!          
peace-(fic]s se>*$ poor m5's h\ses to   
discov] 8 dread$ works4 ,lanca%ire &    
,york%ire artisans read him by /eal?1 & 
assembl$ 9 corn]s ( fields t !y might   
discuss ! ,age ( ,reason1 & yet be safe 
f surprise by ! au?orities4 ,heavy      
s5t5ces 7 pass$ ^u m5 convict$ (        
promulgat+ 8 op9ions2 b all )\t effect1 
! =bidd5 fruit f\nd eag] ga!r]s4 ,pa9e  
appe>s to h be5 t+$ ) scepticism f 8    
e>ly boyhood1 b x 0 z a democratic writ]
 t he fir/ a*iev$ lit]>y fame4 ,8 ,age (
 ,reason 0 ! culm9at+ bl[ :i* ! dy+     
eighte5? c5tury aim$ at ! ,hebrew &     
,*ri/ian records4 ,!ret(ore s*ol>ly     
philosoph]s1 metaphysicians1 & critics  
_h writt5 = _! fell[s1 & :e!r or n any (
 ! mass read & und]/ood1 ! au?ors c>$ b 

little4 ,n[ ! p 7 address$ by "o (      
!mselves 9 language />tl+ 9 its         
pla9ness4 ,pa9e 0 n a deep exam9] (     
metaphysical problems1 b he 0 t]ribly 9 
e>ne/ 9 8 rejection ( an impossible     
cre$4  ,*>les ,prangois ,dupuis 0 born  
ne> ,*aumont1 9 ,france1 ! #af? ,oct41  
#agdb1 di$ #bi? ,sept41 #ahji4 ,he play$
 a prom95t "p 9 ! great revolution>y    
movem5t1 & 0 ,secret>y to ! ,national   
,conv5tion4 ,8 fam\s "w1 ,l',orig9e de  
t\s les ,cultes1 is "o ( ! gr& h]esy    
m>ks ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,himself a    
,pan!i/1 he se>*$ ?r\gh ! my?ic         
traditions ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,egyptians1 ! 
,h9doos1 & ! ,hebrews1 & z a result1    
s\ght to demon/rate a common orig9 = all
 religions4 ,dr4 ,john ,pye ,smi?       
classes ,dupuis z an ,a!i/1 b ?is is mo/
 c]ta9ly an incorrect classification4   
,he did n believe 9 creation1 nor c\ld  
he g outside ! univ]se to se>* = its    
cause1 b he reg>d$ ,god z la =ce        
univ]selle et et]nellem5t active & :i*  
p]meat$ & animat$ ev]y?+4 ,dupuis 0 an  

example ( a new & rapidly increas+ class
 ( ,free?9k+ writ]s--i4e41 ^? :o1 n     
cont5t ) d\bt+ ! div9e orig9 ( !        
religions !y attack$1 s\ght to expla9 ! 
s\rce & progress ( ! v>i\s sy/ems4 ,he  
urges t all religions f9d _! base 9 !   
attempts at p]sonification ( "s "o or   
o!r1 or ( ! :ole ( ! =ces ( ! univ]se1 &
 %[s :at an important "p ! sun & moon h 
be5 made to play 9 ! ,egyptian1 ,greek1 
& ,h9doo ,my?ologies4 ,he argues t !    
fabul\s biographies ( ,h]cules1 ,bac*us1
 ,osiris1 ,mi?ra1 & ,jesus1 f9d _!      
common orig9 9 ! sun-wor%ip1 ?us cloak$ 
& hidd5 f ! vulg> 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,he does
 n attack ! ,hebrew ,records z simply   
inaccurate1 b endeav\rs to %[ cle>      
,sabai/ic f\ndation = _m ( ! mo/        
important n>ratives4 ,! works ( ,dupuis 
& ,dulaure %\ld be read toge!r2 !y      
conta9 ! mo/ complete among/ ! _m       
attempts to trace out ! common orig9s ( 
! v>i\s my?ologies ( ! _w4 ,9 ! n9?     
*apt] ( ,dupuis' great "w1 he deals ) ! 
fable made ^u ! sun ador$ "u ! "n (     

,*ri/1 un dieu qui ait mange autrefois  
sur la t]re1 et qu'on y mange           
auj\rd'hui1 & unque/ionably urges /range
 po9ts ( co9cid5ce4 ,x is only          
a/rologically t ! #be? ( ,decemb] c be  
fix$1 he argues1 z ! bir?day ( ,mi?ra & 
( ,jesus1 !n born ( ! cele/ial ,virg94  
,our ,ea/] fe/ivities = ! resurrection (
 ,jesus1 are b ano!r =m ( ! m anci5t    
rejoic+s at t season = ,adonis1 !       
sun-,god1 re/or$ to ! _w aft] 8 desc5t  
into ! l[] regions4 ,he recalls t !     
anci5t ,druidic wor%ip recognis$ !      
,virg9 suckl+ ! *ild1 & ga!rs toge!r _m 
illu/rations fav\rable to 8 !ory4 ,"h we
 d no m ?an po9t out t :ile reason 0    
rapidly releas+ itself f prie/ly        
?raldom1 h]etics 7 n cont5t to d5y !    
div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 b s\ght to   
trace its mundane or cele/ial s\rce1 &  
/rip x ( its fabul\s plumage4           
,con/ant9e ,francis ,*assebeuuf ,c\nt   
,volney1 born at ,craon 9 ,anj\1        
,febru>y #crd1 #ageg1 di$ #ahbj4 ,he 0 a
 ,dei/4 ,9 8 two great works1 ,! ,ru9s (

 ,empires1 & ,new ,rese>*es on ,anci5t  
,hi/ory1 he advances _m ( ! views br\ght
 =w>d by ,dupuis1 f :om he quotes1 b 8  
volumes are mu* m readable ?an ^? ( !   
au?or ( ! ,orig9 ( all ,religions4      
,volney appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ to  
popul>ise _m ( ,sp9oza's ,biblical      
criticisms4 ,he d5i$ ! ,mosaic au?or%ip 
( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,he wrote mo/ vigor\sly  
aga9/ k+craft z well z prie/craft1      
reg>d+ all sy/ems ( mon>*y & religion z 
f\nd$ on ! ignorance & s]vility1 !      
sup]/ition & weakness ( ! p4 ,he puts ! 
foll[+ into ! m\? ( ,ma-homm$an prie/s  
reply+ to ,*ri/ian prea*]s3 ,we ma9ta9 t
 y\r gospel morality is by no means     
*>act]is$ by ! p]fection y ascribe to x4
 ,x is n true t x has introduc$ into !  
_w new & unkn[n virtues2 = example1 !   
equality ( mank9d 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 & !  
frat]nity & b5evol5ce :i* are !         
consequ5ce ( ?is equality1 7 t5ets =m]ly
 pr(ess$ by ! sect ( ,h]metics &        
,samaneans1 f :om y h y\r desc5t4 ,z to 
=giv5ess ( injuries1 x _h be5 taught by 

! ,pagans !mselves2 b 9 ! latitude y    
give to x1 x ceases to be a virtue1 &   
becomes an immorality & a crime4 ,y\r   
boa/$ precept1 to him t /rikes !e on ?y 
"r *eek turn ! o!r also1 is n only      
contr>y to ! feel+s ( man1 b a flagrant 
violation ( e pr9ciple ( ju/ice2 x      
embold5s ! wick$ by impunity1 degrades !
 virtu\s by ! s]vility to :i* x subjects
 !m2 deliv]s up ! _w to disord] &       
tyranny1 & dissolves ! b&s (            
society--su* is ! true _s ( y\r doctr9e4
 ,! precepts & p>ables ( y\r ,gospel    
also nev] repres5t ,god o!r ?an z a     
despot1 act+ by no rule ( equity2 ?an z 
a p>tial fa!r treat+ a debau*$ &        
prodigal son ) great] fav\r ?an 8 ob$i5t
 & virtu\s *ildr52 ?an z a caprici\s    
ma/] giv+ ! same wages to him :o has    
wr\ght b "o h\r1 z to ^? :o h borne !   
bur!n & heat ( ! day1 & pref]r+ ! la/   
com]s to ! fir/4 ,9 %ort1 y\r morality  
?r\gh\t is unfri5dly to human int]c\rse2
 a code ( misan?ropy calculat$ to give  
m5 a disgu/ = life & society1 & atta* !m

 to solitude & celibacy4 ,) respect to !
 mann] 9 :i* y h practis$ y\r boa/$     
doctr9e1 we 9 our turn appeal to !      
te/imony ( fact1 & ask1 0 x y\r         
evangelical meekness & =be>ance :i*     
excit$ ^? endless w>s among y\r         
sect>ies1 ^? atroci\s p]secutions ( :at 
y call h]etics1 ^? crusades aga9/ !     
,arians1 ! ,mani*seans1 & ! ,prote/ants1
 n to m5tion ^? :i* y h committ$ aga9/  
u1 nor ! sacrilegi\s associations /ill  
subsi/+ among y1 =m$ ( m5 :o h sworn to 
p]petuate !m899 ,0 x ! *>ity ( y\r      
,gospel t l$ y to ext]m9ate :ole nations
 9 ,am]ica1 & to de/roy ! empires (     
,mexico & ,p]u2 t makes y /ill desolate 
,africa1 ! inhabitants ( :i* y sell l   
cattle1 not)/&+ ! abolition ( slav]y t y
 pret5d y\r religion has effect$2 t     
makes y ravage ,india ^: doma9 y usurp2 
9 %ort1 is x *>ity t has prompt$ y =    
?ree c5turies pa/ to di/urb ! peaceful  
inhabitants ( ?ree cont95ts1 ! mo/      
prud5t ( :om1 ^? ( ,japan & ,*9a1 h be5 
con/ra9$ to bani% y f _! c\ntry1 t !y   

might escape y\r *a9s & recov] _!       
dome/ic tranquillity8       99 ,! oa?   
tak5 by ! ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ,malta is
 to      kill1 or make ! ,mahometans    
prison]s1 = ! glory (      ,god4  ,dur+ 
! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 magaz9es 
& o!r p]iodicals began to gr[ apace1 &  
pamphlets multipli$ exce$+ly 9 ?is      
c\ntry4 ,addison1 ,/eele1 ,defoe1 &     
,dean ,swift all help$ 9 ! "w ( popul>  
education1 & (t5 9 a mann] probably     
unanticipat$ by !mselves4 ,dean ,swifts 
satire aga9/ scepticism 0 fi]cely       
p[]ful2 b 8 onslaughts aga9/ ,roman     
,ca?olics & ,presbyt]ians made f> m     
sceptics ?an 8 o!r writ+s _h made       
*ur*m54  ,dur+ ! latt] portion ( !      
eighte5? c5tury1 a new phase ( popul>   
progress 0 exhibit$ 9 ! comp>atively    
lively int]e/ tak5 9 political que/ions 
by ! great body ( ! p inhabit+ l>ge     
t[ns4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 ?is
 0 /rongly m>k$2 x is h[ev] 9 ?is c\ntry
 t we f9d special evid5ces ( !          
connection betwe5 h]esy & progress1 z   

contradi/+ui%$ f or?odoxy &             
ob/ructiv5ess manife/$ 9 ! /ruggle = !  
lib]ty ( ! press & plat=m2 a /ruggle 9  
:i* "s ( ! bolde/ ef=ts 7 made by poor &
 h]etical self-taught m54 ,! dy+        
eighte5? c5tury witness$1 9 ,engl&1     
repeat$ in/ances ( ,/ate prosecutions1 9
 :i* ! *>ge ( ent]ta9+ or advocat+ !    
views ( ! ,republican h]etic1 ,pa9e1 =m$
 a prom95t feature1 & !re is little d\bt
 t ! ef=ts ( ! ,london ,correspond+     
,society 7:i* ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day made  
/r5u\s endeav\rs to repress7 to give    
circulation to "s ( ,pa9e's political   
op9ions 9 ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & !    
,nor?1 _h = result ! famili>is+ _m m5 ) 
views !y w\ld h o!rwise fe>$ to         
inve/igate4 ,! /ep f ! ,rights ( ,man to
 ! ,age ( ,reason 0 b a %ort /ride = an 
advanc+ inquir]4 ,9 ,france ! end ( !   
eighte5? c5tury 0 m>k$ by a frightful   
convulsion4 ,a p />v$ & degrad$ =       
g5]ations1 rose 9 ! v desp]ation (      
despair1 & ) a mighty =ce broke ! yoke (
 traditional feudalism & habitual       

mon>*ic rev]5ce2 b 9 ! case ( ,france1 !
 revolution 0 too sudd5 to be imm$iately
 b5eficial or endur+1 ! p 7 z a mass too
 poor1 & !re=e too ignorant to wield !  
p[] s rapidly wre/$ f ! class :o _h s   
long monopolis$ x4 ,x is f> bett] to gr[
 out ( a cre$ by ! sure & gradual       
consci\sness ( ! tru?s ( exi/5ce1 ?an to
 da% (f a religi\s g>b simply f         
abhorr5ce ( ! %ameful practices ( its   
pr(essors1 or sudd5 conviction ( !      
falsity ( _m ( ! te/imonies 9 its fav\r4
 ,s x is a m p]man5t & m complete       
revolution :i* is effectuat$ by educat+ 
m5 to a s5se ( ! maje/y & wor? ( true   
manhood1 ?an is any m]e sudd5 ov]turn+ a
 rott5 or cruel usurpation4 ,mon>*ies   
are mo/ ?or\ghly & entirely de/roy$--n  
by pull+ d[n ! ?rone1 or by decapitat+ !
 k+1 b by educat+ & build+ up ) a k (   
political duty1 ea* individual citiz5   
among/ ! p4  ,x is "h t h]esy has its   
great advantage4 ,*ri/ianity says1 !    
p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god1 he t       
resi/e? ! p[] resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god4

 ,h]esy *all5ges ! div9e "r ( ! gov]nor1
 & decl>es t gov]nm5t %\ld be ! be/     
contrivance ( national wisdom to promote
 ! national weal1 to provide aga9/      
national want1 & alleviate-national     
suff]+--t gov]nm5t :i* is only a co/ly  
ma*9]y = cons]v+ class privileges1 &    
prev5t+ popul> fre$om1 is a tyrannical  
usurpation ( p[]1:i* x is ! duty ( true 
m5 to de/roy4  ,i h briefly & imp]fectly
 allud$ to a few ( ! m5 :o /& out z !   
sign-po/s ( h]etical progress dur+ !    
sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies2 
9 "s future publication ( wid] scope    
fair] tribute may be paid to ! memories 
( "s ( ^! mighty w>riors 9 ! ,free?\ght 
army4 ,my object is to %[ t !           
civilisation ( ! masses is 9 proportion 
to ! spread ( h]esy among/ !m1 t its    
effect is se5 9 an exhibition ( manly   
dignity & self-reliant ef=t :i* is      
utt]ly unatta9able among/ a sup]/iti\s  
p4 ,look at ! lazz>oni ( ! ,neapolitan  
,/ates1 or ! peasant ( ! ,campagna1 & y 
h at once ! fe>ful illu/ration (        

demoralisation by fai? 9 ! begg>1 brig&1
 & believ]4  ,x is sometimes pret5d$ t  
su* advantages ( education & position z 
! p may boa/ 9 ,engl&1 _! civil rights &
 social advancem5t1 are ow+ to _!       
,*ri/ianity1 b 9 po9t ( fact ! rev]se is
 ! case4 ,= c5turies ,*ri/ianity _h done
 little b fett] tightly ! masses to     
,*ur* & ,cr[n1 to ,prie/ & ,b>on2 !     
enfran*isem5t is comp>atively mod]n4    
,ev5 9 ?is v day1 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! p  
are entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! cl]gy ( !      
,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 !re !y are z a mass !  
mo/ deprav$4 ,take ! agricultural       
c\nties & ! agricultural lab\r]s3 !re   
are no h]etical books or pap]s to be se5
 9 _! cottages1 no h]etical speak]s come
 among/ !m to di/urb _! cont5tm5t2 !    
deputy-lieut5ant1 ! squire1 & ! rector  
wield supreme au?ority--! p>i% *ur* has 
no rival4 ,b :at are ! p z a mass8 ,!y  
are n m51 !y are n wom51 !y lack m5's & 
wom5's ?\ghts & aspirations3 !y are     
digg]s & we$]s1 h$g]s & dit*]s1 pl\ghm5 
& c>t]s2 !y are taught to be cont5t ) ! 

/ate ( life1 9 :i* x has pleas$ ,god to 
place !m4  ,my plea is1 t mod]n h]esy1 f
 ,sp9oza to ,mill1 has giv5 bra9-/r5g? &
 dignity to e "o x has p]meat$--t !     
popul> propag&i/s ( ?is h]esy1 f ,bruno 
to ,c>lile1 h be5 ! true r$eem]s &      
savi\rs1 ! true educators ( ! p4 ,!     
r$emption is yet only at its comm5cem5t1
 ! education only lately begun1 b !     
*ange is traceable already2 z witness ! 
p[] to speak & write1 & ! ability to    
li/5 & read1 :i* h gr[n among/ ! masses 
dur+ ! la/ #ajj ye>s4 ,& if to-day we   
write ) high] hope1 x is because ! "r to
 speak & ! "r to pr9t has be5 p>tly fre$
 f ! fett]s =g$ ?r\gh long g5]ations (  
intellect-pro/ration1 & almo/ entirely  
fre$ f ! /atutory limitations :i*1 "u   
pret5ce ( *eck+ blasphemy & s$ition1 h  
really gagg$ hone/ spee* aga9/ ,pope &  
,emp]or1 aga9/ ,*ur* & ,?rone4