---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,transcribera,euro7,,tm7s note3 ,g5us names are n consi/5ly italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,^! h be5 correct$ = consi/5cy accord+ to ! mod]n usage except 9 ! ,index :]e !y are consi/5tly pr9t$ 9 regul> fontface4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,silurian ,,age4 ,,! ,,*a9 ,,( ,,life ,,9 ,,geological ,,"t ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,succession ,,( ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,,by ,,sir ,j4 ,,william ,,dawson ,c4,m4,g41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,etc4 ,,au?or ,,( a,eurooe,a,c,a,d,i,a,n ,,geology1a,euro a,eurooe,t,h,e ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1a,euro a,eurooe,e,g,y,p,t ,,& ,,syria2 ,,_! ,,physical ,,features ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,bible ,,hi/ory1a,euro ,,etc4 ,,?ird ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,! ,,religi\s ,,tract ,,society1 #ef ,,pat]no/] ,,r[2 #fe ,,/4 ,p,a,u,la,euro7,,tm7,s ,,*ur*y>d2 ,,& #afd ,,piccadilly #ahhh ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons4 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,,preface4 ,que/ions z to ! orig9 & hi/ory ( life are n at ! pres5t "t answ]$ by m]e philosophical speculation & poetical imag9+4 ,su* solutions ( ^! que/ions z sci5ce c pr(ess to h obta9$ are bas$ on va/ accumulations ( facts respect+ ! rema9s ( animals & plants pres]v$ 9 ! rocky b$s ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/1 :i* h be5 successively accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( its long geological hi/ory4 ,^! facts und\bt$ly af=d ! means ( atta9+ to v c]ta9 conclusions on _m po9ts relat+ to ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>?4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h furni%$ ! mat]ial = hypo!ses :i*1 ?\gh confid5tly affirm$ to be indisputable1 h no real f\ndation 9 nature1 & are indirectly subv]sive ( "s ( ! mo/ sacr$ beliefs ( mank9d4 ,9 ^! circum/ances x is mo/ desirable t ^? :o are n speciali/s 9 su* matt]s %\ld be 9 a position to judge = !mselves2 & x does n appe> impossible 9 ! actual /ate ( k1 to pres5t1 9 t]ms intelligible to ! g5]al read]1 su* a view ( ! asc]ta9$ sequ5ce ( ! =ms ( life z may s]ve at once to give exalt$ & elevat+ views ( ! great plan ( creation1 & to prev5t ! deceptions ( pseudo-sci5ti/s f do+ _! evil "w4 ,difficulties1 no d\bt1 att5d ! attempt4 ,!y arise f ! numb] & v>iety ( ! facts1 f ! unc]ta9ties att5d+ _m important po9ts1 f ! new views con/antly op5+ up 9 ! progress ( discov]y1 & f ! difficulty ( pres5t+ 9 an intelligible =m ! prelim9>y data 9 biology & geology necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( ! que/ions 9 h&4 ,9 ord]1 z f> z possible1 to obviate ^! difficulties1 ! plan adopt$ 9 ?is "w has be5 to note ! fir/ kn[n appe>ance ( ea* lead+ type ( life1 & to foll[ its progress d[n to ! pres5t "t or until x became ext9ct4 ,?is me?od is at lea/ natural & hi/orical1 & has comm5d$ itself to ! writ] z giv+ a v cle> compreh5sion ( ! actual /ate ( our k1 & z pres5t+ "s aspects ( ! subject :i* may be novel & sugge/ive ev5 to ^? :o h /udi$ x mo/ deeply4 ,9 select+ examples & illu/rations1 ! writ] has endeav\r$ to avoid1 z f> z possible1 ^? already famili> to ! g5]al read]4 ,he has c>efully s\ght = ! late/ facts1 :ile reject+ z unprov$ _m ?+s t are confid5tly ass]t$2 & has endeav\r$ to avoid all t is irrelevant to ! subject 9 h&1 & to ab/a9 f all te*nical t]ms n absolutely ess5tial4 ,9 a "w at once s wide 9 its scope1 s popul> 9 its "*1 & s limit$ 9 its dim5sions1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ho/ile criticism on ! "p ( speciali/s is to be expect$1 "s portion ( x p]haps j1 o!r portions aris+ f n>r[ prejudices due to limit$ l9es ( /udy4 ,! writ] is will+ to receive su* comm5ts ) att5tion & gratitude1 b he w\ld deprecate ! misuse ( !m 9 ! int]e/ ( ^? cot]ies :i* are at pres5t engag$ 9 ! ef=t to torture nature into a confession ( belief 9 ! doctr9es ( a mat]iali/ic or agno/ic philosophy4 ,! title ( ! "w 0 sugge/$ by t ( ,gaudrya,euro7,,tm7s rec5t attractive book1 ,les ,encha,a7,r7nem5ts du ,monde animal4 ,x seem$ well fitt$ to express ! connection & succession ( =ms ( life1 )\t imply+ _! d]ivation f "o ano!r1 :ile x rem9ds u t nature is n a =tuit\sly tangl$ ske91 & t ! l9ks :i* connect man himself ) ! l[e/ & olde/ creatures b9d him also to ! ?rone ( ! ,et]nal4 ,9 ! few ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 great additions h be5 made to our k ( fossil animals & plants4 ,_m new species h be5 describ$1 & _m new facts h be5 discov]$1 respect+ species previ\sly kn[n4 ,?is rapid progress ( discov]y has1 h[ev]1 invalidat$ few ( ! /atem5ts made 9 ! fir/ edition1 & has c]ta9ly e/abli%$ no?+ aga9/ ! g5]al laws ( ! succession ( life z /at$ 9 ?is "w4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( rec5t discov]y is ! trac+ back ( c]ta9 =ms ( life to e>li] p]iods ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s geological hi/ory4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rec5t facts ( ?is k9d are ! f9d+1 by ,m4 ,*>les ,brongni>t1 ( a fossil insect1 alli$ to ! ,blattae or cockroa*es1 9 ! ,silurian ( ,spa91 t ( true ,scorpions 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian ( ,sw$5 by ,lindstr,am1 & 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian ( ,scotl& by ,pea*1 :o has also describ$ fossil ,millip$es f ! ,l[] ,devonian4 ,! t5d5cy ( su* discov]ies is to c>ry f>!r back ! orig9 ( highly specialis$ =ms ( life1 & ?us to r5d] less probable _! orig9 by any process ( gradual d]ivation4 ,o!r discov]ies s]ve to fill up blanks 9 our k1 & ?us to r5d] ! geological record less imp]fect4 ,( ?is k9d is ! close approximation n[ work$ out 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica betwe5 ! end ( ! reign ( ! great ,mesozo,a-c reptiles & ! beg9n+ ( t ( ! mammals ( ! ,tertiarya,euroa great & abrupt revolution1 effect$ app>5tly by a c\p de ma94 ,i h myself _h opportunity to %[ t a simil>ly %>p l9e sep>ates t qua9t old ,mesozo,a-c flora ( p9es1 cycads & f]ns1 :i* ext5ds upw>d into ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 f ! ri* & luxuriant assemblage ( broad-leav$ trees ( mod]n aspect1 :i* takes its place 9 ! middle "p ( ! same =mation4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ^! & simil> discov]ies1 :ile !y s]ve to bridge ov] gaps 9 ! succession ( organic be+s1 d n fav\r ! !ory ( sl[ modification ( types4 ,!y r po9t to a law ( rapid developm5t ( new =ms "u special conditions z yet unkn[n to sci5ce1 & ?is accompani$ ) ! ext9ction ( old] species4 ,rec5t discov]ies also pres5t _m rem>kable in/ances ( ! e>ly introduction ( highly specialis$ types1 ( high] =ms prec$+ ^? t are l[] 9 ! same class1 & ( ! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 types ?r\gh\t geological "t )\t any important *ange4 ,j4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,mcgill ,,college4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,& ,,s\rces ,,( ,,our ,,k #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,life ,,on ,,! ,,e>? #ba ,,iii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,inv]tebrates ,,( ,,! ,,sea #de ,,iv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,,on ,,! ,,l& #hi ,v4 ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,v]tebrate ,,animals #aag ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,air-,,brea!rs #acg ,,vii4 ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,reptiles #afe ,,viii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,=e/s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,type #ahe ,,ix4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,mammals #bjg ,x4 ,,! ,,adv5t ,,( ,,man #bcc ,,xi4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,life #bec ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,frontispiece4a,euro,life 9 ! ,silurian ,age ,to face ,title4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,bank ( /ream or coa/1 %[+ /ratification #d #b4 ,section at ,niag>a ,falls #d #c4 ,section obta9$ by bor+1 ne> ,god]i*1 ,ont>io #e #d4 ,incl9$ b$s1 hold+ fossil plants #f #e4 ,ideal section ( ! ,apala*ian ,m\nta9s #g #f4 ,g5]alis$ section across ,engl& f ,m5ai ,/raits to ! ,valley ( ! ,?ames #i #g4 ,g5]alis$ section f ! ,laur5tian ( ,canada to ! coal-field ( ,mi*igan #i #h4 ,uncon=mable sup]position ( ,devonian ,conglom]ate on ,silurian slates1 at ,/4 ,abba,euro7,,tm7s ,head1 ,b]wick%ire #aj #i4 ,section ( ,tr5ton lime/one1 ,montreal #ad #aj4 ,diagram %[+ diff]5t /ate ( fossilisation ( a cell ( a ,tabulate ,coral #ae #aa4 ,ca/ ( erect tree 7,sigill>ia7 9 ,s&/one #af #ab4 ,proti*nites septem-notatus #ag #ab;a4 ,footpr9ts ( mod]n ,limulus1 or k+-crab #ah #ac4 ,curr5t m>k+s on %ale1 resembl+ a fossil plant #ah ,frontispiece4 ,magnifi$ & re/or$ section ( a portion ( ,eozoon canad5se #bj #ad4 ,ideal section1 %[+ ! relations ( ! ,laur5tian & ,huronian #bd #ae4 ,small wea!r$ specim5 ( ,eozoon #bh #af4 ,nature-pr9t$ specim5 ( ,eozoon slightly et*$ ) acid #bi #ag4 ,magnifi$ gr\p ( canals 9 supplem5tal skeleton ( ,eozoon #ca #ah4 ,portion ( ,eozoon magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s #ca #ai4 ,magnifi$ portion ( %ell ( ,calc>9a #cb #bj4 ,am,aba1 a fre%-wat] nak$ ,rhizopod2 & ,act9ophrys1 a fre%-wat] ,protozoon #cd #ba4 ,nonion9a1 a mod]n m>9e ,=am9if] #cd #bb4 ,/romatopora conc5trica #ce #bc4 ,caunopora planulata #cf #bd4 ,arch,aocya?us m+an5sis4 ,a ,primordial ,protozoon #cg #be4 ,receptaculites4 ,re/or$ #ch #bf4 ,section ( ,l(tusia ,p]sica4 ,an ,eoc5e ,=am9if] #ci #bg4 ,=am9if]al ,rock ,build]s1 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e #da ,frontispiece4 ,p>adoxides ,reg9a 7,mat!w7 #dd #bh4 ,gr\p ( ,cambrian ,animals #df #bi4 ,portion ( skeleton ( ,hexact9ellid ,sponge 7,,calopty*ium7 #di #cj4 ,protospongia f5e/rata 7,salt]7 #ej #ca4 ,a/ylospongia pr,amorsa 7,roem]7 #ea #cb4 ,spicules ( ,li?i/id ,sponge 7,tri*ospongia1 ,bill+s7 #ea #cc4 ,oldhamia antiqua 7,=bes7 #eb #cd4 ,dictyonema sociale4 ,enl>g$ #eb #ce4 ,dictyonema ,web/]i 7,dn47 #ec #cf4 ,gr\p ( mod]n ,hydroids alli$ to ,graptolites #ed #cg4 ,silurian ,graptolitid,a #ee #ch4 ,c5tral portion ( ,graptolite1 ) membrane1 or float 7,di*ograpsus octobra*iatus1 ,hall7 #ee #ci4 ,ptilodictya acuta 7,hall74 ,bryozoan #ee #ci;a4 ,f5e/ella ,lyelli 7,dn474 ,a ,c>bonif]\s ,bryozoan #ef #dj4 ,*aetetes fibrosa4 ,a ,tabulate ,coral ) microscopic cells #ef #da4 a1 ,/5opora exilis 7,dn474 b1 ,*aetetes tumidus 7,edw>ds & ,ha9e7 #eg #db4 ,liv+ ,an?ozoan ,coral 7,astr,aa7 #eh #dc4 ,tabulate ,corals 7,halisites & ,favosites7 #ei #dd4 ,rugose ,coral 7,heliophyllum ,halli7 #ei #dd;a4 ,zaphr5tis prolifica 7,bill+s7 #fj #de4 ,rugose ,corals 7,zaphr5tis ,m9as1 ,dn41 & ,cya?ophyllum ,bill+si1 ,dn47 #fj #df4 ,mod]n ,cr9oid 7,rhizocr9us ,l(ot5sis7 #fa #dg4 ,pal,aa/] ,niag>5sis 7,hall7 #fb #dh4 ,pal,a*9us ellipticus 7,mc,coy7 #fb #di4 ,pleurocy/ites squamosus #fc #ej4 ,het]ocr9us simplex 7,meek7 #fc #ea4 ,body ( ,glyptocr9us #fc #eb4 ,extracr9us ,bri>eus #fd #ec4 ,p5tacr9us caput-medus,a #fd #ed4 ,l+ula anat9a #fe #ee4 ,cambrian & ,silurian ,lingul,a #fe #ef4 ,t]ebratula sacculus 7,m>t97 #ff #eg4 ,bra*iopods2 g5us ,or?is #ff #eh4 ,rhyn*onella increbresc5s 7,hall7 #ff #ei4 ,spirif] mucronatus 7,conrad7 #fg #ei;a4 ,a?yris subtilita 7,hall7 #fg #fj4 ,productus cora 7,da,euro7,,tm7,orbigny7 #fh #fa4 ,gr\p ( ,old] ,pal,aozoic ,lamellibran*s #fi #fb4 ,conul>ia planico/ata 7,dn474 ,a ,c>bonif]\s ,pt]opod #gj #fc4 ,silurian ,sea-snails #gj #fd4 ,squid 7,loligo7 #gb #fe4 ,pe>ly ,nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius7 #gb #ff4 ,or?oc]as #gc #fg4 ,gomphoc]as #gc #fh4 ,lituites #gc #fi4 ,nautilus ,avon5sis 7,dn47 #gd #gj4 ,goniatites cr5i/ria 7,philips7 #gd #ga4 ,c]atites nodosus 7,s*lo?7 #ge #gb4 ,ammonites ,jason 7,re9ecke7 #gf #gb;a4 ,suture ( ,ammonites compon5s 7,meek7 #gf #gc4 ,cretace\s ,ammonitid,a #gg #gd4 ,belemnite #gh #gd;a4 ,belemnoteu?is antiquus #gh #ge4 ,cambrian ,trilobites #gi #gf4 ,transv]se section ( ,calym5e4 ,a ,silurian ,trilobite #hj #gf;a4 ,burr[s ( ,trilobite & ( mod]n ,k+-crab #ha #gg4 ,silurian ,trilobites #hb #gh4 ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ,trilobites #hc #gi4 ,pal,aozoic ,o/racod ,cru/aceans #hc #hj4 ,pt]ygotus anglicus #hd #ha4 ,amphipeltis p>adoxus 7,salt]7 #he #hb4 ,anthropal,amon ,hilliana 7,dn47 #he ,frontispiece4 ,cordaites1 ( ! gr\p ( ,dory-,cordaites #hh #hc4 ,protannul>ia ,h>knessii 7,ni*olson7 #ia #hd4 ,am]ican ,l[] ,silurian ,plants #ib #hf4 ,fragm5t ( out] surface ( ,glyptod5dron ( ,claypole #ic #hg4 ,psilophyton pr9ceps 7,dn47 #ie #hh4 ,trunk ( a ,devonian ,tree-f]n 7,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi1 ,dn47 #ig #hi4 ,frond ( ,arch,aopt]is ,jacksoni 7,dn47 #ih #ij4 ,portion ( a bran* ( ,leptophleum rhombicum 7,dn47 #ih #ia4 ,calamites radiatus 7,brongni>t7 #ii #ib4 ,a ,devonian ,tax9e ,conif] 7,dadoxylon ouangondianum1 ,dn47 #ajj #ic4 ,gr\p ( ,devonian fruits1 c4 #aja #id4 ,/ructures ( ! olde/-kn[n ,angiosp]m\s ,exog5 7,syr+oxylon mirabile1 ,dn47 #ajb #ie4 ,a/]ophyllites p>vula 7,dn47 & ,sph5ophyllum antiquum 7,dn47 #ajc #if4 ,calamites #ajd #ig4 ,c>bonif]\s ,f]ns #aje #ih4 ,c>bonif]\s ,tree-f]ns #ajg #ii4 ,lepidod5dron corrugatum 7,dn47 #ajh #ajj4 ,sigillari,a ( ! ,c>bonif]\s #aji #aja4 ,trigonoc>pum ,hook]i 7,dn47 #aaa ,frontispiece4 ,pt]aspis4 ,re/or$ #aaf #ajb4 ,siluro-,cambrian ,conodonts #aah #ajc4 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,conodont #aai #ajd4 a1 ,head-%ield ( an ,upp] ,silurian ,fi% 7,cya?aspis72 b1 ,sp9e ( a ,silurian ,%>k 7,on*us t5ui-/riatus1 ,agass472 c1 d1 ,scales ( ,!codus #aba #aje4 ,cephalaspis ,dawsoni 7,lanke/]7 #abb #ajf4 ,devonian ,placoganoid ,fi%es 7,pt]i*?ys cornutus1 ,cephalaspis ,lyelli7 #abc #ajg4 ,devonian ,lepidoganoid ,fi%es 7,diplacan?us & ,o/eolepis7 #abd #ajh4 ,mod]n ,dipnoi 7,c]atodus ,fo/]i & ,lepidosir5 annectus7 #abd #aji4 ,ant]ior "p ( ! palate ( ,dipt]us #abe #aaj4 ,d5tal plate ( ,con*odus plicatus 7,dn47 #abf #aaa4 ,d5tal plate ( ,c]atodus ,b>r&ii #abf #aab4 ,d5tal plate ( ,c]atodus s]ratus #abg #aac4 ,jaws ( ,d9i*?ys ,h]tz]i 7,newb]ry7 #abg #aad4 ,l[] ,jaw ( ,d9i*?ys ,h]tz]i #abh #aae4 ,jaws ( ,lepidosir5 #abh #aaf4 ,a small ,c>bonif]\s ,ganoid 7,pal,aoniscus 7,rhad9i*?ys7 ,modulus1 ,dn47 #abi #aag4 ,tee? & ,sp9es ( ,c>bonif]\s ,%>ks #acj #aah4 ,tee? ( ,cretace\s ,%>ks 7,otodus & ,pty*odus7 #aca #aai4 ,too? ( a ,t]ti>y ,%>k 7,c>*>odon7 #acb #abj4 ,a ,liassic ,ganoid 7,dap$ius7 #acb #aba4 ,cretace\s ,fi%es ( ! mod]n or ,teleo/ian type 7,b]yx ,lewesi5sis & ,por!us molossus1 ,cope7 #acc #abb4 ,mod]n ,ganoids 7,polypt]us & ,lepido/eus7 #acd ,frontispiece4 ,a ,microsaurian ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod 7,hylonomus ,lyelli7 #acf #abc4 ,w+s ( ,devonian ,insects #adj #abd4 ,l&-snail 7,pupa vetu/a1 ,dn47 #adc #abe4 ,l&-snail 7,zonites 7,conulus7 priscus1 ,c>p5t]7 #adc #abf4 ,millip$es 7,xylobius sigillari,a1 ,dn42 ,ar*iulus ,xylobioides1 ,scudd]2 ,x4 f>ctus1 ,scudd]7 #ade #abg4 ,w+s ( ,cockroa*es #adf #abh4 ,w+ ( ,may-fly 7,haplophlebium ,b>nesii1 ,scudd]7 #adg #abi4 ,a ,jurassic ,sph9x-mo? 7,sph9x ,snell]i1 ,wey5burgh7 #adh #acj4 ,an ,eoc5e ,butt]fly 7,prodryas p]sephone1 ,scudd]7 #adi #aca4 ,abdom9al "p ( a ,c>bonif]\s ,scorpion #aej #acb4 ,c>bonif]\s ,scorpion 7,eoscorpius c>bon>ius1 ,meek & ,wor!n7 #aea #acc4 ,footpr9ts ( "o ( ! olde/ kn[n ,batra*ians1 probably a species ( ,d5dr]peton #aeb #acd4 ,ar*egosaurus ,de*5i #aed #ace4 ,ptyonius #aed #acf4 ,a l>ge ,c>bonif]\s ,labyr9?odont 7,baphetes planiceps1 ,ow57 #aee #acg4 ,baphetes planiceps 7,ow57 #aef #ach4 ,a liz>d-l ,amphibian 7,hylonomus aci$5tatus7 #aeg #aci4 ,/elliosaurus longico/atus 7,frits*7 #aeh #adj4 ,section %[+ ! position ( an erect ,sigill>ia1 conta9+ rema9s ( l& animals #afj #adj;a4 ,section ( base ( erect ,sigill>ia1 conta9+ rema9s ( l& animals #afa ,frontispiece4 ,inhabitants ( ! ,engli% ,seas 9 ! ,age ( ,reptiles #afd #ada4 ,arm ( ,prot]osaurus ,sp5]i #aff #adb4 ,skeleton ( ,i*?yosaurus #afg #adb;a4 ,head ( ,pliosaurus #afh #adb;b4 ,paddle ( ,plesiosaurus ,oxoni5sis #afh #adc4 ,skeleton ( ,clida/es #agj #add4 ,an ,anomodont ,reptile ( ! ,trias 7,dicynodon lac]ticeps1 ,ow57 #agj #ade4 ,a ,!riodont ,reptile ( ! ,trias 7,lycosaurus7 #agj #adf4 ,skeleton ( ,pt]odo*ylus crassiro/ris #agj #adg4 ,re/oration ( ,rhamphorhyncus ,buckl&i #aga #adh4 ,a ,jurassic bird 7,arch,aopt]yx macr\ra7 #agb #adi4 ,jaw ( a ,cretace\s ,too!d ,bird 7,i*?yornis disp>7 #agc #aej4 ,jaw ( ,ba?ygna?us borealis 7,leidy7 #agd #aea4 ,hadrosaurus ,f\lkii 7,cope7 #age #aeb4 ,jaws ( ,megalosaurus #agf #aec4 ,too? ( ,megalosaurus #agg #aed4 ,compsogna?us #agi ,frontispiece4 ,l[] ,cretace\s ,leaves #ahd #aee4 ,sassafras cretaceum 7,newb]ry7 #aij #aef4 ,liriod5dron prim,avum 7,newb]ry7 #aia #aeg4 ,onoclea s5sibilis #aia #aeh4 ,davallia t5uifolia #aib #aei4 ,eoc5e ,leaves #aid #afj4 ,an ,anci5t ,clov] 7,trifolium pal,aog,aum1 ,saporta7 #aie #afa4 ,an ,eoc5e ,maple 7,ac] sextianus1 ,saporta7 #aie #afb4 ,a ,european ,magnolia ( ! ,eoc5e 7,m4 dian,a1 ,saporta7 #aie #afc4 ,fl[] & ,leaf ( ,bombax sepultiflorum #aif #afd4 ,bran* & ,fruit ( ,sequoia ,couttsi,a 7,he]7 #aig #afe4 ,c9namomum ,s*eu*z]i 7,he]7 #aih ,frontispiece4 ,siva!rium giganteum #bjf #aff4 ,jaw ( ,droma!rium sylve/re 7,emmons7 #bji #afg4 ,myrmecobius fasciatus #bji #afh4 ,jaw & ,mol> ( ,phascolo!rium ,buckl&i #baj #afi4 ,jaw & ,pre-mol> ( ,plagiaulax ,becklesii #baj #agj4 ,re/oration ( ,pal,ao!rium magnum #baa #aga4 ,skull ( a ,l[] ,eoc5e ,p]issodactyl 7,coryphodon ,hamatus7 #bad #agb4 ,=e-foot ( ,coryphodon #bae #agc4 ,skull ( ,upp] ,eoc5e ,p]issodactyl 7,d9oc]as mirabilis7 #baf #agd4 ,=e-foot ( ,d9oc]as #bag #age4 ,skull ( ,mioc5e ,p]issodactyl 7,bronto!rium +5s1 ,m>%7 #bag #agf4 ,s]ies ( ,equ9e feet #bah #agg4 ,skull ( g5]alis$ ,mioc5e ,rum9ant 7,oreodon major7 #bba #agh4 ,l[] ,jaw ( ,mega!rium #bbb #agi4 ,ungual ,phalanx & ,claw-core ( ,mega!rium #bbb #ahj4 ,too? ( ,eoc5e ,:ale 7,zeuglodon cetioides7 #bbc #aha4 ,ma/odon ohioticus #bbe #ahb4 ,head ( ,d9o!rium giganteum #bbf #ahc4 ,w+ ( ,eoc5e ,bat 7,vesp]tilio aqu5sis7 #bbf #ahd4 ,skull ( a ,cymet>-too!d ,tig] 7,ma*airodus cultrid5s7 #bbh #ahe4 ,l[] ,jaw ( ,dryopi!cus ,fontani #bbi ,frontispiece4 ,contempor>ies ( ,po/-,glacial ,man #bcb #ahf4 ,elephas primig5ius #bda #ahg4 ,too? ( ,elasmo!rium #bdb #ahh4 ,engis ,skull #bdc #ahi4 ,outl9es ( ,?ree ,prehi/oric ,european ,skulls comp>$ ) an ,am]ican ,skull #bdd #aij4 ,fl9t ,implem5t f\nd 9 ,kenta,euro7,,tm7s ,cav]n1 ,torquay #bde #aia4 ,bone ,h>poon 7,pal,aocosmic7 #bdf #aib4 ,sket* ( a ,mammo? c>v$ on a portion ( a ,tusk ( ! same ,animal #bdi ,tabul> ,view ( ,geological ,p]iods & ( ,life-,epo*s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,geological ,,p]iods4 ,,animal ,,life4 ,,vegetable ,,life4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,c ,po/- ,mod]n4 ,age ( ,man ,a ,n ,t]ti>y or ,po/-,glacial4 & mod]n ,i ,e ,quat]n>y4 ,mammals4 ,age ( ,n o ,o ,angiosp]ms ,o r ,z ,t]ti>y ,plei/oc5e or ,age ( ,ext9ct & ,palms4 ,z ,o ,glacial4 ,mammals4 ,o ,i ,plioc5e4 7,e>lie/ ,i ,c4 ,mioc5e4 ,plac5tal ,c ,eoc5e4 ,mammals47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,upp]1 ,m ,cretace\s ,l[]1 or ,e ,neocomian4 ,s ,age ( ,o ,jurassic ,oolite4 ,reptiles & 7,e>lie/ ,z ,lias4 ,birds4 ,mod]n ,trees47 ,o ,age ( ,i ,cycads & ,c4 ,upp]1 7,e>lie/ ,p9es4 ,middle1 or ,m>supial ,triassic ,mus*elkalk4 ,mammals47 ,l[] ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,upp]1 ,p]mian ,middle1 or ,magnesian 7,e>lie/ ,lime/one4 true ,l[]4 ,reptiles47 ,upp] ,coal-,=mation4 ,c>bon- ,coal-,=mation if]\s ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 ,l[] ,p ,coal-,=mation4 ,a ,l ,upp]4 ,age ( ,age ( ,a ,devonian ,middle4 ,amphibians ,acrog5s & ,o ,l[]4 & ,fi%es4,gymnosp]ms4 ,z 7,e>lie/ ,o ,silurian ,upp]4 ,l& ,plants47 ,i ,l[]4 ,age ( ,c4 ,alg,a4 ,siluro-,cam- ,age ( brian or ,upp]4 ,mollusks1 ,ordovician ,l[]4 ,corals1 & ,cru/aceans4 ,upp]4 ,cambrian ,middle4 ,l[] ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,huronian ,upp]4 ,l[]4 ,e ,age ( ,o ,protozoa4 ,indications ,z 7,fir/ animal ,plants ,o ,upp]4 rema9s47 n ,i ,laur5tian ,middle1 det]m9able4 ,c4 ,l[]1 or ,bojian4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,! ,,*a9 ,,( ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,consid]ations ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,& ,,s\rces ,,( ,,our ,,k4 ,x is ( ! nature ( true sci5ce to take no?+ on tru/ or on au?ority4 ,e fact mu/ be e/abli%$ by accurate obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 or calculation4 ,e law & pr9ciple mu/ re/ on inductive argum5t4 ,! apo/olic motto1 a,eurooe,prove all ?+s1 hold fa/ t :i* is good1a,euro is ?or\ghly sci5tific4 ,x is true t ! m]e read] ( popul> sci5ce mu/ (t5 be cont5t to take t on te/imony :i* he _c p]sonally v]ify2 b x is desirable t ev5 ! mo/ cursory read] %\ld fully compreh5d ! modes 9 :i* facts are asc]ta9$ & ! reasons on :i* conclusions are bas$4 ,fail+ ?is1 he loses all ! b5efit ( 8 read+ 9 s f> z tra9+ is conc]n$1 & _c h full assurance ( t :i* he believes4 ,:51 !re=e1 we speak ( life-epo*s1 or ( l9ks 9 a *a9 ( liv+ be+s1 ! "q is at once raiseda,euro,:at evid5ce h we ( ! succession ( su* epo*s8 ,?is "q1 ) "s accessory po9ts1 mu/ engage our att5tion 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,geology z a practical sci5ce consi/s ( ?ree lead+ p>ts4 ,! fir/ & mo/ elem5t>y ( ^! is ! /udy ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( rocks :i* ent] into ! composition ( ^? p>ts ( ! e>? :i* are accessible to u1 & :i* we are 9 ! habit ( call+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,?is is ! subject ( ,li?ology1 :i* is bas$ on ! k ( m9]als1 & has rec5tly become a mu* m precise dep>tm5t ( sci5ce ?an h]et(ore1 ow+ to ! successful employm5t ( ! microscope 9 ! inve/igation ( ! m9ute /ructure & composition ( rocks4 ,! second is ! /udy ( ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials ( ! e>? on ! l>ge scale1 z b$s1 ve9s1 & irregul> masses2 & inasmu* z ! great] "p ( ! rocks kn[n to u 9 ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/ are arrang$ 9 b$s or /rata1 ?is dep>tm5t may be nam$ ,/ratigraphy4 ,a m g5]al "n sometimes employ$ is t ( ,petrography4 ,! ?ird division ( geology relates to ! rema9s ( animals & plants buri$ 9 ! rocks ( ! e>?1 & :i* h liv$ at ! "t :5 ^? rocks 7 9 process ( =mation4 ,^! fossil rema9s introduce u to ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>?1 & con/itute ! subject ( ,pal,aontology4 ,x is pla9 t 9 consid]+ :at may be le>n$ z to epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( life we are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! la/ ( ^! divisions4 ,! second may also be important z a means ( det]m9+ ! relative ages ( ! fossils4 ,) ! fir/ we h comp>atively little to d4 ,previ\s to obs]vation & inquiry1 we might suppose t ! k9ds ( animals & plants :i* n[ inhabit ! e>? are ^? :i* h always peopl$ x2 b a v little /udy ( fossils suffices to conv9ce u t va/ numb]s ( creatures once inhabitants ( ?is _w h become ext9ct1 & c be kn[n to u only by _! rema9s buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,:5 we place ?is 9 connection ) /ratigraphical facts1 we fur!r f9d t ^! ext9ct species h succe$$ ea* o!r at diff]5t times1 s z to con/itute successive dyna/ies ( life4 ,on ! "o h&1 :5 we "k ! successive ages ( fossil =ms1 ^! become to u1 l m$als or co9s to ! hi/orian1 evid5ces ( p]iods 9 ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s hi/ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are oblig$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to asc]ta9 ! ages ( ! m$als !mselves by _! position 9 ! successive /rata :i* h be5 accumulat$ on ! surface4 ,! s]ies ( lay]s :i* explor]s l ,s*liemann f9d on ! site ( an anci5t city1 & :i* hold ! works ( successive peoples :o h inhabit$ ! place1 ?us pres5t on a small scale a fai?ful picture ( ! succession ( b$s & ( =ms ( life on ! great e>? itself4 ,our lead+ crit]ion = e/imat+ ! relative ages ( rocks is ! sup]position ( _! b$s on ea* o!r4 ,! b$s ( s&/one1 %ale1 lime/one1 & o!r rocks :i* con/itute ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/ h ne>ly all be5 deposit$ !reon by wat]1 & orig9ally 9 attitudes approa*+ to horizontality4 ,h5ce ! b$ t is ! l[] is ! old] ( any two b$s4 ,h5ce also1 :5 any cutt+ or section reveals to u ! succession ( sev]al b$s1 we "k t fossil rema9s conta9$ 9 ! l[] b$s mu/ be ( old] date4 ,we c sc>cely walk by ! side ( a /ream :i* has be5 cutt+ into its banks1 or at ! foot ( a sea-cliff1 or ?r\gh a road-cutt+1 )\t obs]v+ illu/rations ( ?is4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! section repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 we see at ! surface ! vegetable soil1 bel[ ?is lay]s ( gravel & s&1 bel[ ?is a b$ ( clay1 & bel[ ?is h>d lime/one4 ,( ^! b$s a is ! newe/1 d ! olde/2 & if1 = example1 we %\ld f9d "s m>9e %ells 9 d1 "s fre%-wat] %ells 9 c1 bones ( l& animals & fl9t arr[heads 9 b1 & fragm5ts ( mod]n pott]y 9 a1 we %\ld be able at once to assign _! relative ages to ^! fossils1 & to =m "s idea ( ! succession ( conditions & ( life :i* _h occurr$ 9 ! locality4 ,on a some:at l>g] scale1 we h 9 ,fig4 #b a section ( ! b$s cut ?r\gh by ! great ,fall ( ,niag>a4 ,all ( ^! except t m>k$ a are v anci5t m>9e rocks1 hold+ fossil %ells & corals1 b n[ =m+ "p ( ! int]ior ( a cont95t1 & cut ?r\gh by a fre%-wat] riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4;a,euro,bank ( /ream or coa/1 %[+ /ratification4 a1 ,vegetable soil4 b1 ,gravel & s&4 c1 ,clays4 d1 ,lime/one rock1 slightly incl9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4;a,euro,section at ,niag>a ,falls1 %[+ ! /rata cut ?r\gh by ! action ( ! ,fall4 ,?ickness ( b$s ab\t #bej feet4 a1 ,b\ld] clay & gravela,euro,po/-plioc5e4 b1 ,niag>a lime/one ,upp] ,silurian1 ) c1 ,niag>a %ale m>9e %ells & d1 ,cl9ton lime/one corals4 e1 ,m$9a s&/one ,9 deep m9es & bor+s /ill m pr(\nd sections may be laid op51 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* repres5ts ! sequ5ce ( b$s asc]ta9$ by bor+ ) ! diamond drill 9 se>* ( rock salt ne> ,god]i* 9 ,canada4 ,"h we h a succession ( #a1ejj feet ( b$s1 "s ( :i* mu/ h be5 =m$ "u v peculi> & exceptional conditions4 ,! b$s ( rock salt & gypsum mu/ h be5 =m$ by ! dry+ up ( sea-wat] 9 limit$ bas9s4 ,^? ( ,dolomite imply precipitation ( c>bonate ( lime & magnesia 9 ! sea-bottom4 ,! m>ls mu/ h be5 =m$ l>gely by ! driftage ( s& & clay1 :ile "s ( ! lime/one 0 produc$ by accumulation ( corals & %ells4 ,su* deposits mu/ n only h be5 successive1 b mu/ h requir$ a long "t = _! =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4;a,euro,section obta9$ by bor+ ) ! diamond drill1 ne> ,god]i*1 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 9 ! ,sal9a s]ies ( ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,f a memoir by ,dr4 ,hunt 9 ! ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada = #ahgf-g4 ,no4 #a1 ,clay1 gravel1 & bouldersa,euro,po/-plioc5e4 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 #g1 #i1 #ac1 ,dol omite or magnesian lime/one1 ) lay]s ( m>l1 lime/one1 & gypsum4 ,no4 #c1 ,lime/one ) coralsa,euro,favosites1 etc4 ,nos4 #e1 #aa1 #ae1 #ag1 ,m>ls ) lay]s ( ,dolomite & anhydr\s gypsum4 ,nos4 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 ,rock salt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4;a,euro,incl9$ b$s1 hold+ fossil plants4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,s\? ,jogg9s1 ,nova ,scotia4 #a4 ,%ale & s&/one4 ,plants ) ,spirorbis atta*$2 ra9 m>ks 7874 #b4 ,s&/one & %ale1 #h feet4 ,erect ,calamites4 ,an erect conif]\s 787 tree1 root$ #c4 ,gray s&/one1 #g feet4 on ! %ale1 passes up ?r\gh #ae #d4 ,gray %ale1 #d feet4 feet ( ! s&/ones & %ale4 #e4 ,gray s&/one1 #d feet4 #f4 ,gray %ale1 #f in*es4 ,pro/rate & erect trees1 ) rootlets1 leaves1 ,naiadites1 & ,spirorbis on ! plants4 #g4 ,ma9 coal-seam1 #e feet coal 9 two b$s4 #h4 ,und]clay1 ) rootlets4 ,9 ,fig4 #d we h a b$ ( coal & its accompanim5ts4 ,! coal itself 0 produc$ by ! sl[ accumulation ( vegetable matt] on a wat]-soak$ soil1 & ?is 0 buri$ "u successive b$s ( s& & clay1 n[ h>d5$ into s&/one & %ale1 "s ( ! b$s hold+ trees & re$-l plants1 :i* /ill /& on ! soils on :i* !y grew1 & :i* mu/ h be5 buri$ 9 s$im5t deposit$ 9 inundations or aft] subsid5ce ( ! l&4 ,9 ?is section we may also obs]ve t ! b$s are some:at incl9$2 & t ?is is n _! orig9al position is %[n by ! po/ure ( ! /ems ( trees1 once erect1 b n[ incl9$ ) ! b$s4 ,?is leads to a consid]ation v important ) ref]5ce to our pres5t subject2 namely1 t z our cont95ts are mo/ly made up ( b$s deposit$ "u wat] & aft]w>ds elevat$1 ^! b$s h 9 ?is process exp]i5c$ su* di/urbances t !y r>ely reta9 _! horizontal position1 b are tilt$ at v>i\s angles4 ,:5 we foll[ su* incl9$ /rata ov] l>ge areas1 we f9d t !y undulate 9 great waves or folds1 =m+ :at are call$ anticl9al & syncl9al l9es1 & t ! irregul>ities ( ! surface ( ! l& dep5d to a great ext5t on ^! undulations1 along ) ! projection ( h>d b$s ^: edges protrude at ! surface4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 m\nta9 ranges dep5d on ^! crumpl+s ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/2 & ! prim>y cause ( ^! is probably ! %r9kage ( ! mass ( ! e>? ow+ to contraction 9 cool+4 ,:5 ! di/urbances ( b$s are extreme1 !y (t5 cause intricacies ( /ructure difficult to unravel2 b :5 ( mod]ate ext5t !y v mu* aid u 9 p5etrat+ bel[ ! surface1 = we c (t5 see a great ?ickness ( b$s ris+ "o f b5ea? ano!r1 & c ?us "k by m]e sup]ficial exam9ation ! /ructure ( ! e>? to a great dep?4 ,x ?us happ5s t geologi/s reckon ! ?ickness ( ! /ratifi$ deposits ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? at m ?an #gj1jjj feet1 ?\gh !y _c p5etrate x p]p5dicul>ly to m ?an a fraction ( t dep?4 ,! two sections1 ,figs4 #f & #g1 %[+ ! sequ5ce ( b$s 9 ,engl& & 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 w s]ve1 if /udi$ by ! read]1 to %[ h[1 by m]ely travell+ ov] ! surface & measur+ ! upturn$ edges ( b$s1 _m ?\s&s ( feet ( deposits may be obs]v$1 & _! relative ages di/9ctly asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4;a,euro,ideal section ( ! ,apala*ian ,m\nta9s %[+ fold+ ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/4 a1 ,anticl9al axes4 b1 ,ov]turn$ /rata4 c1 ,syncl9als4 d1 ,uncon=mable b$s4 ,9 /udy+ any ext5sive section ( rock we f9d t its memb]s may m or less readily be sep>at$ into di/9ct gr\ps4 ,sometimes ^! are di/+ui%$ by :at is t]m$ uncon=mability1 t is1 ! l[] s]ies has be5 di/urb$ or incl9$ be=e ! upp] has be5 deposit$ ^u x4 ,?is is se5 on a gr& scale 9 ! section ,fig4 #g1 9 ! case ( ! ,laur5tian & ,cambrian =mations1 & on a small] scale 9 ,fig4 #h 9 ! uncon=mable sup]position ( ,devonian conglom]ate on ,silurian slates at ,/4 ,abba,euro7,,tm7s ,head4 ,9 ! la/ section x is q evid5t t ! b$s ( ! l[] s]ies h be5 b5t into abrupt folds & worn away to a consid]able ext5t be=e ! deposition ( ! ov]ly+ s]ies4 ,9 su* a case we "k n m]ely t ! upp] s]ies is new] ?an ! l[]1 b t "s consid]able "t mu/ h elaps$ aft] ! deposition ( ! "o be=e ! o!r 0 laid d[n2 & we are n surpris$ to f9d t ! fossils 9 ! gr\ps ?us uncon=mable to ea* o!r are v diff]5t4 ,b ev5 :5 ! b$s are con=mable1 !y c usually be sep>at$ into gr\ps1 dep5d+ ^u diff]5ces ( m9]al "*1 or *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 ! mode ( deposition4 ,"o gr\p ( b$s1 = example1 may be l>gely compos$ ( lime/one1 ano!r ( s&/one or %ale4 ,"o gr\p may be di/+ui%$ by conta9+ "s special m9]al1 z1 = example1 rock salt or coal1 :ile o!rs may be de/itute ( su* special m9]als4 ,"o gr\p may %[ by its fossils t x 0 deposit$ 9 ! sea1 o!rs may be e/u>9e or lacu/r9e4 ,?us we obta9 ! means ( divid+ ! rocks ( ! e>? into gr\ps ( diff]5t ages1 kn[n z a,eurooe,formations1a,euro & m>k+ p>ticul> p]iods ( geological "t4 ,by trac+ ^! =mations f "o di/rict or region to ano!r1 we le>n ! fur!r tru? t ! succession is n m]ely local1 b t1 ?\gh liable to v>iation 9 detail1 its l>g] subdivisions hold s ext5sively t !y may be reg>d$ z _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,g5]alis$ section across ,engl& f ,m5ai ,/raits to ! ,valley ( ! ,?ames4a,euro,aft] ,ramsay4 #j ,huronian8 or ,laur5tian8 #a ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian4 #b ,upp] ,silurian4 #c ,devonian4 #f1 #g1 #h ,trias & lias4 #i & #aj ,jurassic4 #aa ,cretace\s4 #ab ,eoc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4;a,euro,g5]alis$ section f ! ,laur5tian ( ,canada to ! coal-field ( ,mi*igan4 #j ,laur5tian 7! ,huronian is abs5t 9 ! l9e ( ?is section74 #a ,cambrian4 #b ,l[] ,silurian4 #c ,upp] ,silurian4 #d ,devonian4 #e ,c>bonif]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4;a,euro,uncon=mable sup]position ( ,devonian conglom]ate on ,silurian slates1 at ,/4 ,abba,euro7,,tm7s ,head1 ,b]wick%ire4a,euro,aft] ,lyell4 ,putt+ toge!r ! facts ?us obta9$1 we c frame a tabul> arrangem5t ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s /rata1 z 9 ! table prefix$ to ?is *apt]2 & :5 we add ! fur!r discov]y1 v e>ly made by geologi/s1 t ! successive =mations diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! fossil rema9s1 we h ! means ( recognis+ any p>ticul> =mation by its fossils1 ev5 :5 ! /ratigraphical evid5ce may be obscure or want+4 ,?us our k ( ,epo*s ( ,life1 & inde$ ( ! :ole geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 is bas$ on ! sup]position ( b$s 9 ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/1 & on ! div]sity ( fossil rema9s 9 ! successive b$s s sup]impos$ on ea* o!r2 & x is on ^! gr\nds t we are enabl$ to con/ruct a ,table ( ,geological ,=mations repres5t+ ! :ole s]ies ( b$s z f> z kn[n1 ) ! *>act]i/ic gr\ps ( fossils ( ea* p]iod4 ,"h ,i might close ^! prelim9>y consid]ations1 b !re are a few accessory que/ions1 important to our cle> compreh5sion ( ! subject1 :i* may pr(itably occupy our att5tion = a %ort "t4 ,"o ( ^! relates to ! absolute duration ( ! "t repres5t$ by ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,su* e/imates z our pres5t k enables u to =m are v indef9ite4 ,:e!r we seek = a/ronomical or geological data1 we f9d great unc]ta9ty4 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is ! case1 t curr5t e/imates ( ! "t necess>y to br+ ! e>? f a /ate ( primitive inc&esc5ce to its pres5t condition h v>i$ f fifte5 millions ( ye>s to five hundr$ millions4 ,( ! v>i\s modes propos$1 p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory z well z in/ructive is t bas$ on ! rate ( d5udation ( our pres5t cont95ts1 z indicat$ by ! am\nt ( s$im5t c>ri$ d[n by great riv]s4 ,! ,mississippi1 dra9+ a va/ & v>i$ area 9 temp]ate latitudes1 is wa%+ away ! ,am]ican l& at ! rate ( "o foot 9 #f1jjj ye>s4 ,! ,ganges1 9 a tropical climate & dra9+ _m m\nta9 valleys1 works at ! rate ( "o foot 9 #b1ceh ye>s4 ,! mean ( ^! two great riv]s w\ld give "o foot 9 #d1agi ye>s1 at :i* rate our cont95ts w\ld be levell$ ) ! wat]s 9 ab\t six millions ( ye>s4 ,b ! l& has be5 9 process ( r5ewal z well z ( wa/e 9 geological "t2 & a bett] measure w be af=d$ by ! am\nt ( b$s actually deposit$4 ,! entire ?ickness ( all ! /ratifi$ rocks ( ,great ,brita9 has be5 calculat$ by ,ramsay at #gb1jjj feet4 ,n[1 if we suppose ! wa/e 9 all geological "t to h be5 on ! av]age ! same z at pres5t1 & t ?is mat]ial has be5 deposit$ to ! ?ickness ( #gb1jjj feet on a belt ( sea m>g9 #ajj miles 9 wid?1 we %all h ab\t #hf millions ( ye>s z ! "t requir$4#a ,?is has ! m]it ( approximat+ to ,sir ,william ,thomsona,euro7,,tm7s calculation1 bas$ on ! rate ( cool+ ( ! e>?1 t a m9imum ( #ajj millions ( ye>s may repres5t ! "t s9ce a solid cru/ fir/ began to =m4 ,z x is m likely t ! rate ( d5udation has on ! av]age be5 great] 9 =m] geological p]iods ?an at pres5t1 we may p]haps e/imate fifty or sixty millions ( ye>s z ! "t requir$ = ! accumulation ( all our =mations4 ,"s geologi/s object to ?is z too little1 b 9 ?is "s ( !m are influ5c$ by ! exig5cies ( !ories ( evolution1 & o!rs appe> to h no adequate conception ( ! va/ lapse ( "t repres5t$ by su* numb]s1 9 its relation to ! actual rates ( d5udation & deposition4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h1 h[ev]1 t1 on c]ta9 !ories n[ some:at g5]ally accept$1 respect+ ! nature & s\rce ( sol> heat1 ! absolute duration ( geological "t w\ld be mu* r$uc$ bel[ ! e/imate ( ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson4 ,pr(4 ,tait has bas$ on su* data an e/imate ( fifte5 millions ( ye>s4 ,pr(4 ,simon ,newcomb says t a,eurooeon ! only hypo!sis sci5ce w n[ all[ u to make respect+ ! s\rce ( ! sol> heata,euro 7! gravitation hypo!sis ( ,helmholtz7 a,eurooethe e>? 01 tw5ty millions ( ye>s ago1 envelop$ 9 ! fi]y atmosph]e ( ! sun4a,euro ,dr4 ,kirkwood has call$ att5tion to ^! results 9 connection ) ! planet>y hypo!sis ( ,la ,place1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4#b ,%\ld su* views prove to be well-f\nd$1 geological calculations z to ! "t requir$ = ! successive =mations may h to be revis$4 ,if n[ we attempt to divide ?is "t among ! =mations kn[n to u1 accord+ to _! relative ?icknesses1 we h1 accord+ to an elaborate e/imate ( ,pr(essor ,dana1 ! "t ratios ( #ab1 #c1 & #a = ! ,pal,aozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,ca9ozoic p]iods respectively4 ,tak+ ! :ole "t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cambrian z =ty-eight millions ( ye>s1 we %\ld ?us h = ! ,pal,aozoic ?irty-six millions1 = ! ,mesozoic n9e1 & = ! ,t]ti>y ?ree4 ,ano!r calculation1 rec5tly made by ,pr(essors ,hull & ,haughton1 gives ! foll[+ ratios3a,euro ,azoic #cd;,a4#c p] c5t4 ,pal,aozoic #db;,a4#e a,euro ,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic #bc;,a4#b a,euro ,?is calculation is1 h[ev]1 bas$ on ! absolute ?ickness ( ! sev]al s]ies z asc]ta9$ 9 ,great ,brita91 )\t ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! b$s1 z indicat+ diff]5t rates ( accumulation4 ,"u ei!r e/imate x w be se5 t ! ,pal,aozoic "t greatly exce$s ! ,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic toge!r1 & consequ5tly t *anges ( life seem to h proce$$ at an accel]at$ rate z "t wore on4 ,ano!r inquiry ( "s importance relates to ! mann] ( pres]vation ( fossils1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y con/itute ! mat]ial ( rocks4 ,?is inquiry is d\bly important1 z x be>s on ! g5u95ess ( fossil rema9s1 & on ! means we h ( und]/&+ _! nature4 ,"s rocks are entirely made up ( matt] t once 0 alive1 or =m$ "p ( liv+ organisms4 ,?is is ! case ) "s lime/ones1 :i* consi/ ( microscopic %ells1 or ( l>g] %ells1 corals1 & simil> calc>e\s organisms1 ei!r entire or brok5 into fragm5ts & cem5t$ toge!r ) pa/y or cry/all9e lime/one fill+ _! int]/ices4 ,?is may be se5 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* repres5ts a magnifi$ slice ( a ,silurian lime/one4 ,coal 9 l mann] consi/s ( c>bonis$ vegetable matt]1 reta9+ m or less p]fectly its organic /ructure1 & sometimes ev5 ! ext]nal =ms ( its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,m frequ5tly1 fossils are disp]s$ m or less sp>sely ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( b$s compos$ ( e>?y matt]2 & !y h usually be5 m or less affect$ by *emical *anges1 or by me*anical pressure1 or are m9]alis$ by diff]5t sub/ances :i* h ei!r fill$ _! pores by infiltration or h m or less completely replac$ _! sub/ance4 ,( c\rse1 z a rule1 ! s(t] & m putrescible organic matt]s h p]i%$ by decay1 & x is only ! h>d] & m resi/+ p>ts t rema94 ,ev5 ^! h (t5 yield$ to ! enorm\s pressure to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 & if at all por\s1 h be5 *ang$ by ! sl[ action ( p]colat+ wat] *>g$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( m9]al matt] 9 solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4;a,euro,section ( ,tr5ton lime/one1 magnifi$1 %[+ t x is compos$ ( fragm5ts ( corals1 cr9oids1 & %ells4 ,montreal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4;a,euro,diagram %[+ diff]5t /ate ( fossilisation ( a cell ( a tabulate coral 7,dawsona,euro7,,tm7s ,dawn ( ,life74 a ,natural condition1 wall calcite cell empty4 b ,wall calcite1 cells fill$ ) ! same4 c ,walls calcite1 cells fill$ ) silica or a silicate4 d ,wall silicifi$1 cells fill$ ) calcite4 e ,wall silicifi$1 cell fill$ ) silica4 ,x ?us happ5s t _m fossils are infiltrat$ ) m9]al matt]4 ,wood1 = example1 may h ! cavities ( its cells & vessels fill$ ) silica or silicates1 ) sulphide or c>bonate ( iron1 or ) lime/one1 :ile ! woody walls ( ! cells may rema9 ei!r z coaly matt] or *>coal4 ,i h (t5 se5 ! microscopic cells ( fossil wood n only fill$ 9 ?is way1 b pres5t+ "u a high p[] successive coats ( deposit1 l ! b&$ /ructure ( an agate4 ,9 "s cases n only are ! pores fill$ ) m9]al matt]1 b ! solid p>ts !mselves h be5 replac$1 & ! :ole mass has actually become /one1 :ile /ill reta9+ its orig9al /ructure4 ,?us silicifi$ wood is (t5 z h>d & solid z agate1 & "u ! microscope we see t ! wood has entirely p]i%$1 & is repres5t$ by silica or fl9t1 diff]+ m]ely 9 col\r f t :i* fills ! cavities4 ,9 ?is case we may imag9e ! wood to h be5 act$ on by wat] hold+ 9 solution silica1 comb9$ ) soda or pota%1 9 ! mann] ( :at is t]m$ soluble glass4 ,! wood1 9 decay1 w\ld be conv]t$ into c>bon dioxide1 & ?is z =m$ w\ld seize on ! pota% or soda1 leav+ ! silica 9 an insoluble /ate1 to be deposit$ in/ead ( ! c>bon4 ,?us ea* p>ticle ( ! c>bon ( ! wood1 z remov$ by decay1 w\ld be replac$ by a p>ticle ( silica1 till ! :ole became /one4 ,by simil> *emical *anges corals & %ells are (t5 repres5t$ by silica1 or by pyrite1 :i* has tak5 ! place ( ! orig9al calc>e\s matt]2 & /ill m rem>kable *anges sometimes occur1 z :5 ! silice\s spicules ( sponges h be5 replac$ by c>bonate ( lime4 ,! organic matt] pres5t 9 ! fossils greatly promotes ^! *anges1 by ! sub/ances produc$ 9 its decay1 & ?us x (t5 happ5s t ! %ells1 corals1 etc41 conta9$ 9 lime/one h be5 replac$ by fl9t1 :ile ! inclos+ lime/one is un*ang$4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! v>i\s conditions :i* a coral may assume "u ^! diff]5t modes ( treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4;a,euro,ca/ ( erect tree 7,sigill>ia7 9 s&/one1 /&+ on a small b$ ( coal1 ,s\? ,jogg9s1 ,nova ,scotia 7,dawsona,euro7,,tm7s ,acadian ,geology74 ,! sub/ance ( a fossil may be entirely remov$ by decay or solution1 leav+ a m]e m\ld repres5t+ its ext]nal =m1 & ?is may subsequ5tly be fill$ ) m9]al matt]1 s z to produce a natural ca/ ( ! object4 ,?is is v common 9 ! case ( fossil plants2 & l>ge trunks ( trees may sometimes be f\nd repres5t$1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aa1 by /ony pill>s reta9+ no?+ ( ! orig9al wood except p]haps a portion ( ! b>k 9 ! /ate ( coal4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! sub/ance ( fossils has be5 remov$1 leav+ m]e empty cavities1 sometimes conta9+ /ony cores repres5t+ ! int]nal *amb]s ( ! fossils4 ,aga91 calc>e\s fossils imb$d$ 9 h>d rocks are (t5 remov$ by wea!r+1 leav+ v p]fect impressions ( _! =ms4 ,= ?is reason ! fossil rema9s conta9$ 9 "s h>d resi/+ rocks c be be/ se5 z impress$ m\lds on ! wea!r$ surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4;a,euro,proti*nites septem-notatus4 ,a suppos$ s]ies ( cru/acean footpr9ts made 9 s&1 n[ h>d5$ into s&/one4 ,cambrian4a,euro,aft] ,logan4 ,la/ly1 we sometimes h impressions or footpr9ts repres5t+ ! locomotion ( fossil animals1 r ?an ! fossils !mselves4 ,9 ?is way "s ext9ct creatures are kn[n to u only by _! foot/eps on s& or clay1 once s(t1 b n[ h>d5$ into /one2 & 9 ! case ( "s ( ! l[] animals ! trails ?us made are (t5 n easily int]pret$ 7,figs4 #ab1 #ab;a74 ,x has be5 f\nd t ev5 sea-we$s drift$ by ! tide make impressions ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 :5 !y occur 9 old rocks1 are v my/]i\s4 ,ev5 ra9-drops are capable ( be+ p]man5tly impress$ on rocks1 & con/itute a k9d ( fossils4 ,besides ^! we h _m k9ds ( imitative m>k+s :i* simulate fossils1 z ^? ( concretions or nodules1 :i* are (t5 v fanta/ic 9 %ape1 ^? ( d5dritic cry/allisation giv+ moss-l =ms1 & ! complicat$ trac]y produc$ on muddy %ores by ! little rills ( wat] :i* foll[ ! rec$+ tide 7,fig4 #ac74 ,su* ?+s are (t5 mi/ak5 by ! ignorant = fossil rema9s1 b are easily di/+ui%$ by a practis$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab;a4a,euro,footpr9ts ( mod]n ,limulus1 or k+-crab1 9 ! s&1 :i* enable u to int]pret ^? 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! read] :o has foll[$ ^!1 p]haps some:at dry1 details1 w be rew>d$ = 8 pati5ce by hav+ "s conception ( ! conditions 9 :i* we f9d fossil rema9s1 & ( ! evid5ce by :i* we c ref] ^! to diff]5t p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4;a,euro,curr5t m>k+s on %ale1 resembl+ a fossil plant4 ,r$uc$ f a photograph 7,dawsona,euro7,,tm7s ,acadian ,geology74 ,c>ry+ ?is k ) u1 & at ! same "t glanc+ at ! table ( successive =mations prefix$ to ?is *apt]1 we %all be prep>$1 )\t any additional geological /udy1 to und]/& ! /atem5ts to be made 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 & to appreciate ! actual nature ( ! succession ( life 9 s f> z x is at pres5t kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnifi$ ,,& ,,re/or$ ,,section ,,( ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,eozoon ,,canad5se4 ,! %ad$ portions %[ ! animal matt] ( ! ,*amb]s1 ,tubuli1 ,canals1 & ,pseudopodia2 ! un%ad$ portions ! calc>e\s skeleton4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,life ,,on ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! day mu/ h be5 :5 ! fir/ liv+ be+ appe>$ = ! fir/ "t on our planet4 ,0 x plant or animal8 or a g5]alis$ organism unit+ 9 "s my/]i\s way ! prop]ties & p[]s ( two k+doms ( nature1 n[ s di/9ct1 & ev5 contr>y to ea* o!r 9 _! manife/ations8 ,did x appe> sudd5ly1 or 0 x sl[ly evolv$ f dead matt] by "s process 9 :i* ! album9\s or protoplasmic matt]1 :i* we "k =ms ! basal sub/ance ( liv+ be+s1 0 fir/ produc$ & !n end[$ ) life8 ,did ! fir/ liv+ be+ appe> 9 a mature /ate1 or 0 x m]ely a g]m f :i* ! mature individual c\ld be produc$8 ,^! are que/ions :i* sci5ce 9 its pres5t /ate has no means ( answ]+4 ,we d n "k any process by :i* ! +r$i5ts ( protoplasm c be comb9$ s z to produce t sub/ance )\t a previ\s liv+ be+4 ,we d n "k :at molecul> diff]5ces may exi/ betwe5 dead album5 & t :i* we see gr[+ & mov+ & in/9ct ) life2 /ill less d we "k h[ to set up or e/abli% ^! diff]5ces4 ,we d n "k ! precise nature or relation to o!r =ces ( ! en]gy :i* actuates liv+ organisms4 ,9 our exp]i5ce ! simple/ creatures t h life spr+ f previ\s g]ms1 !mselves ! products ( previ\s g5]ations ( liv+ be+s4 ,?us we are 9 ! pres5ce ( great my/]ies :i* x might be impossible = u to solve1 ev5 if we 7 p]mitt$ to visit "s new planet on :i* ! dawn ( life 0 break+4 ,"s ?+s1 h[ev]1 we c inf] z to ! conditions ( ! introduction ( life4 ,fir/1 !re is e reason to believe t ! e>? we inhabit 0 once a gl[+1 inc&esc5t mass1 cond5s+ f a vapor\s condition1 & q unfit = ! abode ( liv+ be+s1 & :i*1 ev5 if 9 "s previ\s /ate its mat]ials _h con/itut$ ! mass ( an inhabit$ _w1 mu/ h lo/ e trace ( any liv+ g]m 9 ! f]v5t heat to :i* x _h be5 subject$4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 9 "s way an absolute creation or orig9ation ( life & organisation4 ,secondly1 we may inf] t 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! e>?1 :5 x 0 p]haps :olly or almo/ entirely cov]$ ) ! wat]s1 :5 x 0 /ill uni=mly w>m$ ) its own int]nal heat1 :5 x 0 surr\nd$ ) a pall ( d5se vap\rs prev5t+ radiation1 & nurs+ its heat )9 itself1 ?\gh 9 a condition entirely unsuit$ to ! high] =ms ( life1 x may h pres5t$ circum/ances m fav\rable to ! orig9ation & multiplication ( liv+ be+s ( l[ organisation ?an at any subsequ5t "t4 ,?is incubation ( creative p[] 9 ! vapor\s mantle ov] ! prim,aval ocean 0 a fav\rite imag9ation ( old ?9k]s1 & is n obscurely h9t$ at 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,x has be5 reviv$ & mu* insi/$ on by evolutioni/s 9 our own "t1 ?\gh x has no c]ta9 f\ndation 9 sci5tific obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,?irdly1 f ! fact t plant-life alone has ! p[] ( subsi/+ on inorganic matt]1 & t plants furni% all ! n\ri%m5t ( animals1 we may fairly inf] t ! life ( ! plant prec$$ t ( ! animal4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ t "s ( ! humbl] =ms ( life may comb9e 9 a rude & simple way en\gh ( ! p[]s ( ! plant & ! animal to enable !m to bridge ov] ! d\ble gap betwe5 ! animal & ! plant1 & ! animal & ! m9]al1 or t su* creatures may 9 _! e>ly /ages c>ry on vegetable functions1 & 9 _! lat] ^? ( ! animal4 ,x is !oretically possible t life may h begun ) su* creatures1 :i* "s ( ! results ( microscopical rese>* w\ld lead u to believe /ill exi/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 on ! :ole m probable t simple plants fir/ exi/$1 & furni%$ pabulum to animals ( l[ grade introduc$ almo/ contemporane\sly4 ,f\r?ly1 all our k ( ! succession ( life leads u to believe t x 0 n ! high] plants & animals t fir/ sprang into exi/5ce f ! teem+ e>?1 b creatures ( l[ & humble organisation1 suit$ to ! !n immature & unf9i%$ condition ( ! planet4 ,x is also 9 accordance ) ! amaz+ fecundity ( ! seas 9 all geological p]iods 9 ^! l[] =ms ( life1 to suppose t ! e>lie/ liv+ ?+s orig9at$ 9 ! wat]s1 & t ! plants & animals ( ! l& are ( lat] date4 ,d we "k any?+ f actual obs]vation ( ?is e>lie/ population ( ! _w8 ,su* k we c hope to acquire only by /udy+ ! olde/ =mations kn[n to u2 & ^!1 x mu/ be confess$1 exi/ 9 a /ate s highly cry/all9e1 & s mu* affect$ by int]nal heat1 by me*anical pressure1 & by movem5t1 z to r5d] x little likely t organic rema9s %\ld be pres]v$ 9 !m 9 a /ate fit = recognition4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & notably 9 ,canada & ,sc&9avia1 z well z 9 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ,bav>ia1 ! old] ,pal,aozoic rocks1 ! l[e/ conta9+ plants 9 great abundance1 re/ on /ill old] cry/all9e b$s1 :i* h become h>d & cry/all9e 9 pre-,pal,aozoic times1 & h contribut$ s& & pebbles to ! succe$+ v anci5t deposits4 ,^! old rocksa,euro! ,eozoic s]ies ( our tablea,euromay be gr\p$ 9 two great sy/ems1 ! ,laur5tian & ,huronian 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! =m] may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree memb]s3 ,fir/1 ! ,bojian1 or ,ottawa gneiss1 consi/+ ( /ratifi$ granite rocks1 usually ( a r$ col\r1 & ( v great ?ickness4 ,?is conta9s1 s f> z kn[n1 no lime/one1 & has af=d$ z yet no trace ( fossils4 ,secondly1 ! ,middle ,laur5tian1 ! great] "p ( :i* consi/s ( gneiss1 b conta9+ important b$s ( o!r rocks1 z qu>tzite1 iron ore1 & lime/one4 ,x is 9 ?is s]ies t we h ! fir/ evid5ce ( life1 & x is "h also t we f9d ! greate/ abundance ( c>bon1 9 ! =m ( graphite or plumbago1 & also l>ge quantities ( calcium phosphate1 or bone e>?4 ,?irdly1 ! ,upp] ,laur5tian or ,norian s]ies4 ,?is consi/s 9 great "p ( ,labadorite1 or lime feldsp>1 b has also b$s ( ord9>y gneiss1 lime/one1 & iron ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4;a,euro,ideal section1 %[+ ! relations ( ! ,laur5tian & ,huronian4 a1 ,l[] ,laur5tian4 b1 ,middle ,laur5tian4 c1 ,upp] ,laur5tian4 d1 ,huronian4 e1 ,cambrian & ,silurian4 ,! latt]1 ! ,huronian1 is mu* less cry/all9e1 & is divisible into two seriesa,euro! ,l[] ,huronian1 :i* includes _m b$s ( volcanic orig91 & ! ,upp] ,huronian1 :i* has af=d$ "s obscure fossils4 ,! ,huronian 0 fir/ recognis$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 9 ,canada1 b correspond+ rocks exi/ 9 ,europe4 ,! ,pebidian s]ies ( ,hicks 9 ,wales is probably ( ?is age4 ,x is likely t mu* ( ! pres5t appe>ance & condition ( ! mo/ anci5t rocks may be attribut$ to metamorphism1 t is1 to ! sl[ bak+ "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 heat$ wat]1 & pressure1 to :i* !y h be5 subject$ 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/1 :5 buri$ deeply "u new] deposits4 ,x is also true1 h[ev]1 z ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt has po9t$ out 9 detail1 t !y pres5t m9]al *>act]s :i* %[ a mode ( deposition diff]5t f t :i* has prevail$ subsequ5tly1 & probably indicat+ great ejections ( heat$ m9]al matt] into ! primitive ocean1 & comp>atively little ( t deposit !re9 ( m]e s& & clay :i* has prevail$ 9 subsequ5t geological p]iods4 ,9 %ort1 ^! rocks h an unmi/akably primitive aspect1 di/+ui%+ !m f ^? ( lat] times1 & convey+ ! impression t !y approa* at lea/ to ! records ( t "t :5 a heat$ ocean fir/ re/$ on ! ?9 & rec5tly solidifi$ cru/ ( our planet4 ,if ?is is really ! case1 !n our ,l[] ,laurentiana,euroh>d1 compact1 de/itute ( lime/one1 & compos$ ( mat]ial :i* may be little else ?an ! d,a7,c7bris ( products ( int]nal heat m]ely spread out into b$d$ =ms by watera,euromay repres5t a "t :5 no liv+ ?+ z yet t5ant$ ! wat]s2 & ! dawn ( life may h appe>$ 9 t p]iod :5 ! ,middle ,laur5tian b$s 7 laid d[n4 ,"h at lea/ we f9d two k9ds ( evid5ce po9t+ to ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 =ms ( life 9 ! wat]s4 ,! fir/ dep5ds on ! m9]al "* ( ! b$s !mselves4 ,?is =mation holds sev]al v ?ick b$s ( lime/one4 ,n[ al?\gh ?is k9d ( rock may1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be deposit$ directly f solution 9 wat]1 x is n ord9>ily s deposit$1 b m usually ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( liv+ be+s inhabit+ ! wat]s1 & =m+ _! skeletons or h>d p>ts ( lime/one d]iv$ f ! wat]1 usually ?r\gh ! m$ium ( humble =ms ( plant life4 ,9 ?is way are =m$ reefs ( coral & b$s ( %ells & ( *alky ooze1 all compos$ ( mat]ial once con/itut+ ! skeletons ( animals4 ,! /udy ( lime/ones ( all geological ages %[s t ?is has be5 ! usual mode ( _! =mation4 ,if ! ,laur5tian lime/ones _h a simil> orig91 ! seas ( t p]iod mu/ h sw>m$ ) animals hav+ calc>e\s cov]+s2 & ! /udy ( m mod]n lime/ones :i* h become highly cry/all9e %[s t x is q possible t ! =ms & /ructures ( ^! organisms may h be5 oblit]at$4 ,aga91 ! ,middle ,laur5tian ab\nds 9 c>bon or coaly matt]4 ,true1 ?is is 9 ! =m ( graphite or plumbago1 b ?is condition may be a result ( metamorphism2 & we "k t ! c>bon ( coal-b$s & bitum9\s %ales ( mu* m mod]n times has be5 alt]$ into graphite4 ,fur!r1 ! graphite occurs 9 ! way 9 :i* we %\ld expect x to occur if ( organic orig94 ,x is f\nd dissem9at$ 9 ! lime/one1 j z bitum9\s matt] is f\nd 9 unalt]$ rocks ( ?is k9d4 ,x is f\nd int]lam9at$ ) gneiss1 z c>bonace\s & bitum9\s matt]s are f\nd 9 ! %ales ( ! ord9>y fossilif]\s rocks1 :]e ^! sub/ances are kn[n to be ( organic orig94 ,! graphite also occurs 9 a v pure =m 9 irregul> ve9s1 j z 9 "s bitum9\s =mations ! rock oil1 ooz+ into fissures1 has be5 h>d5$ into asphalt or coaly matt]4#c ,to ^! facts may be add$ ! pres5ce ( ?ick b$s & ve9s ( iron ore & ( apatite or calcium phosphate 7bone e>?74 ,bo? ( ^! sub/ances occur 9 a dissem9at$ /ate 9 ne>ly all rocks1 b !y are conc5trat$ into def9ite deposits by ! action ( life4 ,iron is usually dissolv$ out & r$eposit$ by acids produc$ 9 ! decay ( vegetable matt]1 z we see 9 ! clay iron/ones ( ! coal =mation & 9 bog-iron ores4 ,calcic phosphate is tak5 up by _m animals1 & =ms _! %ells or skeletons1 & on _! dea? is deposit$ 9 b$s on ! sea-bottom1 sometimes to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,! concurr5ce ( all ^! ph5om5a 9 ! ,middle ,laur5tian may be held to af=d a /rong presumption t1 c\ld we discov] ^! rocks 9 an unalt]$ /ate1 we %\ld f9d ! lime/ones fill$ ) m>9e fossils & ! graphite %[+ ! =ms or /ructure ( plants4 ,! only />tl+ feature 9 ?is conclusion is1 t if we admit x1 we mu/ also admit t life 0 develop$ 9 ! ,laur5tian "t 9 an exub]ance n surpass$1 if equall$1 9 any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,/ill1 !re is no?+ incr$ible 9 ?is1 = if ! =ms ( life 7 few & l[1 _! increase may h be5 rapid1 because un*eck$2 & !y no d\bt f\nd 9 ! anci5t seas a surplusage ( mat]ial on :i* to fe$ & ) :i* to con/ruct _! skeletons4 ,dr4 ,hunt has e/imat$ t ! am\nt ( c>bon n[ seal$ up z coaly matt] w\ld1 if diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e z c>bon dioxide1 af=d #fjj times ! quantity ( t gas at pres5t float+ 9 ! air4 ,a /ill m va/ am\nt is seal$ up 9 ! lime/one ( ! sev]al geological =mations4 ,! same *emi/ has %[n t ! quantity ( lime held 9 solution 9 ! ocean mu/ h be5 mu* great] 9 ,laur5tian times ?an at pres5t4 ,^! facts at lea/ all[ u to suppose t 9 ! ,eozoic times !re 7 great supplies ( c>bon & ( lime available to su* creatures ( l[ organisation z 7 capable ( pr(it+ by !m2 & we h no reason to d\bt t !re may h be5 plants & animals s con/itut$ z to fl\ri% 9 conditions ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* p]haps sc>cely any mod]n species c\ld exi/4 ,^! probabilities h caus$ geologi/s anxi\sly to se>* = any traces ( fossil organic rema9s 9 ! old ,laur5tian rocks2 & !y h be5 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( "o species1 ,eozoon ,canad5se1 /ill (t5 ref]r$ to z only a problematical fossil2 b ?is arises to a l>ge ext5t f ! preval5t want ( k suffici5t to appreciate ! evid5ce = its organic "*4 ,?is be+ once admitt$1 we h 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,eozoon alone a suffici5t cause = ! accumulation ( mu* ( ! ,laur5tian lime/one1 ?\gh !re is reason to believe t x 0 n ! only inhabitant ( ^? anci5t seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae 7,nos4 #a to #d74;a,euro,small wea!r$ specim5 ( ,eozoon4 ,f ,petite ,nation4 #a1 ,natural size2 %[+ g5]al =m1 & ac]vul9e portion above & lam9at$ portion bel[4 #b1 ,enl>g$ ca/s ( cells f upp] "p4 #c1 ,enl>g$ ca/s ( cells f ! l[] "p ( ! ac]vul9e portion4 #d1 ,enl>g$ ca/s ( s>code lay]s f ! lam9at$ "p4 ,! be/ specim5s ( ,eozoon occur z r\nd$1 flatt5$1 or m or less irregul> lumps or masses 9 c]ta9 lay]s ( ! ,laur5tian lime/one4 ,:5 wea!r$ on ! surface ( ! rock1 ^! lumps %[ a regul> conc5tric lam9ation1 caus$ by ?9 fibres ( lime/one1 alt]nat+ ) o!r m9]al sub/ances1 fill+ up ! spaces betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ^! int]v5+ lay]s are compos$ ( su* m9]als z ,s]p5t9e1 ,loganite1 ,pyrox5e1 or ,dolomite1 :i* are m resi/+ ?an ! lime/one1 !y project :5 wea!r$1 or :5 ! lime/one is et*$ by an acid1 s z to %[ ! lam9ation v di/9ctly4 ,at ! l[] surface ( ! masses ! lay]s are se5 to be ?ick] ?an !y are above1 & 9 p]fect specim5s !y are se5 t[>d ! surface to break up into small r\nd$ vesicles ( calcite1 l little bubbles1 :i* con/itute ! s-call$ ac]vul9e condition ( ,eozoon 7,fig4 #ae1 ,no4 #b74 ,slices ( ! fossil et*$ ) an acid %[ ^! appe>ances v p]fectly1 & c ev5 be pr9t$ f1 s z to pres5t p]fect nature-pr9ts ( ! /ructure 7,fig4 #af74 ,,fig4 #af4;a,euro,nature-pr9t$ specim5 ( ,eozoon slightly et*$ ) acid4 ,x %[s ! lam9ation1 & at "o side fragm5tal ,eozoon 7,lifea,euro7,,tm7s ,dawn on ,e>?74 ,on et*+ a small fragm5t or slice ) v dilute acid1 s z to dissolve away ! calcite sl[ly1 if ! specim5 be well pres]v$1 we f9d t ! calcite lay]s h a v curi\s /ructure4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( little :ite or transp>5t ?reads ( ,s]p5t9e1 ,dolomite1 or ,pyrox5e1 :i* ramify ?r\gh\t ! sub/ance ( ! lime/one lay]s1 & are left intact :5 !y h be5 dissolv$4 ,^! little processes mu/ orig9ally h be5 pores 9 ! lime/one lay]s1 :i* h be5 fill$ ) ! sub/ance :i* con/itutes ! alt]nate lamin,a4 ,9 addition to ?is1 if we use a some:at high microscopic p[]1 & especially if we /udy ! /ructures z se5 9 ?9 transp>5t slices1 we c p]ceive a /ill f9] tubulation along ! sides ( ! calcite lay]s1 repres5t$ by extremely m9ute p>allel rods ( m9]al matt] 7,figs4 #ag1 #ah74 ,n[ if we reg>d ^! /ructures z ^? ( an infiltrat$ fossil1 z describ$ 9 la/ *apt]1 _! int]pretation w n be difficult4 ,! orig9al organism 0 compos$ ( calc>e\s matt] 9 ?9 conc5tric lamin,a1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by pill>s & plates ( simil> mat]ial4 ,betwe5 ^! lamin,a 0 lodg$ ! s(t1 jelly-l sub/ance ( a m>9e animal1 gr[+ by ! addition ( successive lay]s1 ea* protect$ by a ?9 calc>e\s cru/4 ,! lay]s 7 orig9ally trav]s$ by v num]\s p>allel tubuli1 p]mitt+ ! s(t protoplasm to p5etrate !m2 & :51 9 ! progress ( gr[?1 x 0 necess>y to /r5g!n ^! lay]s1 !y 7 ?ick5$ by a supplem5tal deposit trav]s$ by l>g] & ramify+ canals4 ,:5 ! animal 0 dead1 & its s(t p>ts remov$ by decay1 ! *amb]s betwe5 ! lamin,a1 z well z ! m9ute canals & tubuli1 became infiltrat$ ) m9]al matt]1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & :5 s pres]v$ became absolutely imp]i%able "u any circum/ances %ort ( absolute fusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4;a,euro,magnifi$ gr\p ( canals 9 supplem5tal skeleton ( ,eozoon4 ,tak5 f ! specim5 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ recognis$ 7,lifea,euro7,,tm7s ,dawn on ,e>?74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4;a,euro,portion ( ,eozoon magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s1 %[+ ! orig9al cell-wall ) tubulation1 & ! supplem5tal skeleton ) canals4a,euro,aft] ,c>p5t]4 a1 ,orig9al tubulat$ wall or a,eurooe,nummuline lay]4a,euro ,m magnifi$ 9 ,fig4 ,a4 b1 c1 ,int]m$iate skeleton1 ) canals4 ,?is int]pretation leads to ! conclusion1 at :i* ,i arriv$ f ! /udy ( ! fir/ well-pres]v$ specim5 ev] submitt$ to microscopic exam9ation1 t ! animal :i* produc$ ! calc>e\s skeleton ( ,eozoon 0 a memb] ( t l[e/ grade ( ,protozoa kn[n z ,=am9if]a2 & :i*1 aft] liv+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( geological "t1 /ill ab\nd 9 ! sea4 ,! ma9 diff]5ces are1 t ,eozoon pres5ts a some:at g5]alis$ /ructure1 int]m$iate betwe5 two mod]n types1 & t x atta9$ to a gigantic size comp>$ ) mo/ ( ^! organisms 9 lat] p]iods4 ,h[ ne> x approa*es 9 /ructure to "s mod]n =ms may be se5 by comp>ison ( ! rec5t species repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ai1 9 :i* ! p>ts correspond+ to ! *amb]s1 lamin,a1 tubuli1 & canals ( ,eozoon c be readily di/+ui%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4;a,euro,magnifi$ portion ( %ell ( ,calc>9a4a,euro,aft] ,c>p5t]4 a1 ,cells4 b1 ,orig9al cell-wall ) tubuli4 c1 ,supplem5t>y skeleton ) canals4 ,! mod]n animals ( ?is gr\p are :olly compos$ ( s(t gelat9\s protoplasm or s>code1 ! out] lay] ( :i* is usually some:at d5s] ?an ! inn] portion2 b bo? are /ructureless1 except t ! inn] lay] may pres5t a m or less di/9ct granul> appe>ance4 ,_m ( !m %[ a di/9ct spot or cell1 call$ ! nucleus1 & "s h m9ute transp>5t vesicles1 :i* contract & exp& alt]nately1 & appe> to be ( ! nature ( circulatory or excretory organs4 ,!y h no prop] alim5t>y canal1 b receive _! food into ! g5]al mass & dige/ x 9 tempor>y cavities4 ,_! means ( locomotion & preh5sion are s(t ?read-l or f+]-l processes1 ext5d$ at w f ! surface ( any "p ( ! body1 & kn[n z false feet 7pseudopodia74 ,f ^! processes ! :ole gr\p has obta9$ ! "n ( ,rhizopods1 or rootfoot$ animals4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! simple/ & humble/ =m ( animal life c]ta9ly kn[n to u4 ,! v num]\s species ( ^! creatures exi/+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! mod]n _w may be arrang$ "u ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps4 ,! fir/ & highe/ includes ^? :i* h lobate or f+]-l pseudopods1 & a well-develop$ nucleus & pulsat+ vesicle 7,fig4 #bj1 a74 ,!y are mo/ly inhabitants ( fre% wat]1 & de/itute ( a h>d cru/ or %ell4 ,a second gr\p1 includ+ _m inhabitants ( ! sea z well z ( fre% wat]s1 has ?read-l radiat+ pseudopodia#d 7,fig4 #bj b74 ,"s ( ^! =m beautiful silici\s skeletons4 ,a ?ird gr\p1 ess5tially m>9e1 consi/s ( ^? ) reticulat$ pseudopodia1 & usually de/itute ( di/9ct nucleus & pulsat+ vesicle 7,fig4 #ba74 ,!y produce beautiful calc>e\s skeletons1 (t5 v complex1 or sometimes are cont5t to cov] !mselves ) a cru/ ( agglut9at$ gra9s ( s&4 ,x is to ?is la/ gr\p t ,eozoon belongs1 & to ! highe/ division ( ita,eurot :i* has ! %ell p]=at$ ) m9ute pores1 (t5 ( two k9ds4 ,x is curi\s t j z we h ! *amb]s & pores ( ,eozoon fill$ ) s]p5t9e1 s 9 all geological =mations & 9 ! mod]n seas x is n uncommon to f9d ,=am9if]a hav+ _! cavities fill$ ) glauconite & o!r hydr\s silicates alli$ to s]p5t9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4;a,euroa1 ,am,aba1 a fre%-wat] nak$ ,rhizopod2 & b1 ,act9ophrys1 a fre%-wat] ,protozoon ( ! gr\p ,radiol>ia1 ) ?read-l pseudopodia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4;a,euro,nonion9a1 a mod]n m>9e ,=am9if]4 ,%[+ its *amb]$ %ell & nett$ pseudopodia4a,euro,aft] ,c>p5t]4 ,if we attempt to trace ! ,rhizopods onw>d f ! ,middle ,laur5tian1 we are met ) a great hiatus 9 ! ,upp] ,laur5tian4 ,! species ,eozoon ,bav>icum has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd 9 rocks app>5tly ( ,huronian age2 b ?is is ! la/ kn[n appe>ance ( ,eozoon1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,9 ! ,cambrian or ,siluro-,cambrian1 h[ev]1 we meet ) _m gigantic ,protozoa1 m especially ^? kn[n z ,/romatopora1 ,arch,aocya?us1 ,receptaculites1 & ,cryptozoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4;a,euro,/romatopora conc5trica4a,euro,aft] ,hall4 a1 ,section ( ! same1 magnifi$4 b1 ,small portion highly magnifi$1 %[+ lamin,a & pill>s4 ,! typical ,stromatopor,a1 or ,lay]-corals1 consi/1 l ,eozoon1 ( conc5tric lay]s1 connect$ by num]\s pill>s1 :i* are (t51 ?\gh n always1 m def9ite & regul> ?an 9 ! ,laur5tian fossil4 ,! lamin,a are p]=at$1 b m co>sely ?an 9 ,eozoon1 & !y are (t5 ?ick5$ ) supplem5tal deposit :i*1 9 "s ( ! =ms1 pres5ts canals radiat+ f v]tical tubes or bundles ( tubes p5etrat+ ! mass 7,figs4 #bb1 #bc74 ,! mode ( gr[? ( ,/romatopora mu/ h closely resembl$ t ( ,eozoon1 & ! =ms produc$ are s simil> t x is (t5 q impossible to di/+ui% !m by ! nak$ eye4 ,l ,eozoon1 !y =m ! sub/ance ( important lime/ones1 & s+le masses are sometimes f\nd z mu* z ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ,stromatopor,a ext5d f ! ,upp] ,cambrian to ! ,devonian inclusive4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s !y are cont9u$ by small] & m regul> organisms ( ! g5us ,l(tusia1#e & ?is g5us seems to ext5d )\t m>k$ *ange up to ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y4 ,rec5t /ud5ts ( ! ,stromatopor,a seem dispos$ to promote !m f ! prov9ce ( ,protozoa to t ( ! ,hydroids4#f ,! reasons = ?is seem cog5t 9 ! case ( "s ( ! =ms1 b 9 my judgm5t fail 9 o!rs1 m especially 9 ! old] =ms4 ,x may ultimately be f\nd t ! gr\p z n[ held includes v diff]5t types ( /ructure4 ,9 mod]n times ,i "k ( no ne>] repres5tative ?an ! animal ^: skeleton (t5 adh]es 9 r$ encru/+ pat*es to our specim5s ( corals1 & :i* is kn[n z ,polytrema4 ,9 g5]al /ructure x is n v f> f be+ a v deg5]ate k9d ( ,/romatopora4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4;a,euro,caunopora planulata4 ,%[+ ! radiat+ canals on a wea!r$ surface4 ,devonian4a,euro,aft] ,hall4 ,x is curi\s t 9 ! l9e ( succession above /at$1 ! beautiful tubulat$ cell-wall ( ,eozoon disappe>s2 & ?is /ructure seems1 aft] ! ,laur5tian1 to be = ev] divorc$ f ! great lam9at$ ,protozoans4 ,x reappe>s 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 9 c]ta9 small] organisms ( ! type ( ! ,nummulites1 or ,money-/one ,=am9if]s1 & is cont9u$ 9 ?is gr\p ( small] & free animals d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s & e>ly ,t]ti>y p]iods1 ! ,=am9if]a ( diff]5t types h be5 ne>ly z great rock-build]s z !y 7 9 ! ,laur5tian4 ,"s ( ^! lat] rock-build]s1 h[ev]1 h belong$ to ! l[] or imp]=ate gr\p2 o!rs to ! high] or ,rotal9e & ,nummul9e gr\ps2 &1 z a :ole1 !y h be5 individually small1 mak+ up 9 numb]s :at !y lack$ 9 size4 ,probably ! conditions = enabl+ animals ( ?is type rapidly1 & on a l>ge scale1 to collect calc>e\s matt]1 7 m fav\rable 9 ! ,laur5tian ?an !y h ev] be5 s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4;a,euro,arch,aocya?us m+an5sis4 ,a ,primordial ,protozoon4a,euro,aft] ,bill+s4 a1 ,pores ( ! inn] wall4 ,9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian age two o!r =ms ( gigantic ,=am9if]al ,protozoans 7 introduc$1 widely diff]5t f ,eozoon1 & de/9$ app>5tly n to survive ! p]iod 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,^! 7 ,arch,aocya?us1 ! anci5t ,cup-corals1 & ,receptaculites1 :i* may p]haps be call$ ! ,sack-corals4 ,bo? are q remote f ,eozoon 9 /ructure1 want+ its complexity 9 ! matt] ( m9ute tubules1 & hav+ great] regul>ity & complication on ! l>ge scale4 ,arch,aocya?us _h ! =m ( a holl[ inv]t$ cone ) d\ble p]=at$ walls1 connect$ by radiat+ irregul> plates1 also p]=at$ 7,fig4 #bd74 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z a sponge1 & "s species are c]ta9ly accompani$ ) spicules2 b ^! ,i h asc]ta9$ to be m]ely accid5tal1 & w be ref]r$ to 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! true /ructure ( ,arch,aocya?us consi/s ( radiat+ calc>e\s plates enclos+ *amb]s connect$ by pores4 ,arch,aocya?us came 9 ) ! ,lat] ,cambrian1 & seems to h di$ out 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,! only m mod]n ?+s :i* at all resemble x are ! ,=am9if]a call$ ,dactylopora1 :i* belong to ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4;a,euro,receptaculites4 ,re/or$4a,euro,aft] ,bill+s4 a1 ,ap]ture4 b1 ,inn] wall4 c1 ,out] wall4 n1 ,nucleus1 or prim>y *amb]4 v1 ,int]nal cavity4 ,receptaculites is a /ill m complex organism4 ,x has a sack-l =m1 (t5 atta9+ a l>ge size1 & ! d\ble walls are compos$ ( squ>e or rhombic plates1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by holl[ tubes f :i* proce$ canals p]=at+ ! plates 7,fig4 #be74 ,?is curi\s /ructure is conf9$ to ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 & is s dissimil> f mod]n =ms t its aff9ities h be5 subject to grave d\bts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4;a,euro,section ( ,l(tusia ,p]sica4 ,an ,eoc5e ,=am9if]4 ,magnifi$ five diamet]s4a,euro,aft] ,c>p5t] & ,brady4 ,we ?us h pres5t$ to u ! rem>kable fact t 9 ! ,pal,aozoic age we h no precise repres5tative ( ,eozoon1 b in/ead ?ree div]g5t types1 diff]+ f x & f ea* o!r1 all app>5tly specialis$ to p>ticul> uses1 all tempor>y 9 _! duration2 :ile 9 lat] times nature seems to h return$ ne>] to ! type ( ,eozoon1 ?\gh on a small] scale1 & sep>at+ "s *>act]s conjo9$ 9 x4 ,"s portion ( ?is curi\s result may be due to our ignorance2 & x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k1 :at we may "k "s day1 h[ ?is type ( life 0 repres5t$ 9 ! long int]val betwe5 ! ,huronian & ! ,upp] ,cambrian1 :5 p]haps !re may h be5 =ms t w\ld at lea/ enable u to connect ,eozoon & ,/romatopora4 ,ano!r l9k 9 ! *a9 ( be+ rema9s to be notic$ "h4 ,9 ! ,laur5tian lime/ones we meet ) num]\s m9ute sph]ical bodies & gr\ps ( sph]es ) calc>e\s tubulat$ te/s4#g ,^! may ei!r be small ,foraminifer,a1 di/9ct f ,eozoon1 or may be g]ms or deta*$ cells f its surface4 ,simil> bodies are f\nd 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 9 ! ,quebec gr\p at ,po9t ,levis2 & !re !y are fill$ ) a species ( glauconite con/itut+ a sort ( gre5s& rock4 ,/ill high]1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 !re are v num]\s species ( ,=am9if]a1 pres5t+ =ms v simil> to ^? 9 ! mod]n seas1 s t 9 ! small] %ells ( ?is gr\p we seem to h evid5ce ( a cont9u\s s]ies all ! way f ! ,laur5tian to ! pres5t "t4 ,! great] lam9at$ =ms co-exi/ ) ^! up to ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( geological timea,eurof ! =mation ( ! ,laur5tian lime/ones to t ( ! *alky ooze accumulat+ 9 ! mod]n oceana,euro^! humble creatures h be5 among ! *ief in/rum5ts 9 seiz+ on ! calc>e\s matt] ( ! wat]s & deposit+ x 9 ! =m ( lime/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4;a,euro,=am9if]al ,rock ,build]s1 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e4 a1 ,nummulites l,avigataa,euro,eoc5e4 b1 ,! same1 %[+ *amb]$ int]ior4 c1 ,miliol9e lime/one1 magnifieda,euro,eoc5e1 ,p>is4 d1 ,h>d ,*alk1 section magnifieda,euro,cretace\s4 ,i h said no?+ ( ! developm5t ( high] =ms ( animal life f ,eozoon1 simply because ,i "k no?+ ( x4 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t ^! are introduc$ seem+ly 9 an indep5d5t mann]4 ,we may be cont5t to trace =am9if]al life along its own l9e ( developm5t1 wax+ & wan+1 b ev] conf9$ )9 ! same g5]al b\nd>ies1 f ! ,laur5tian to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is likely t if1 9 any ( ! ages con/itut+ ?is va/ lapse ( "t1 a dr$ge _h be5 dropp$ into ! dep?s ( ocean1 x w\ld h br\ght up ,=am9if]a n ess5tially diff]5t 9 =m & /ructure4 ,if any "o asks to :at ext5t ! successive species con/itut+ ?is almo/ endless *a9 may be desc5dants "o ( ! o!r1 we h no absolutely c]ta9 in=mation to give4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is n inconceivable t su* =ms z ,/romatopora or ,nummul9a may h desc5d$ f ,eozoon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally conceivable t ! same p[] :i* produc$ ,eozoon at fir/1 :e!r f dead matt] or f "s unkn[n l[] =m ( life1 may h repeat$ ! process 9 lat] times ) modifications4 ,9 any case x is probable t ! ,=am9if]a h exp]i5c$ alt]nations ( expansion & %r9kage1 ( elevation & decad5ce1 9 ! lapse ( geological "t4 ,!re 7 times 9 :i* _m new =ms sw>m$ into exi/5ce1 & times 9 :i* old =ms 7 becom+ ext9ct )\t be+ replac$ by o!rs4 ,9 s f> z ! areas ( ! cont95ts & ! adjac5t wat]s are conc]n$1 ^? p]iods :5 ! l& 0 subsid+ "u ! ocean mu/ h be5 _! times ( prosp]ity1 ^? 9 :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? %runk & rais$ up l>ge areas ( l& mu/ h be5 _! times ( decay4 ,/ill ?is l[e/ =m ( animal life has nev] p]i%$1 b has always f\nd abundant place = itself1 h[ev] press$ by physical *ange & by ! introduction ( high] be+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>adoxides ,reg9a 7,mat!ws74 ,l[] ,cambrian ( ,new ,brunswick4 #a_/f? ,nat4 ,size4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,inv]tebrates ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,if ! middle portion ( ! ,laur5tian age 0 really a "t ( exub]ant & ab\nd+ life1 ei!r ?is met ) /range rev]ses 9 succe$+ p]iods1 or ! conditions ( pres]vation h be5 su* z to prev5t u f trac+ its onw>d hi/ory4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t accord+ to pres5t appe>ances we h a new beg9n+ 9 ! ,cambrian1 :i* introduces ! great ,pal,aozoic age1 & few l9ks ( connection are kn[n betwe5 ?is & ! previ\s ,eozoic4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,pal,aozoic we h reason to believe t our cont95ts 7 sl[ly subsid+ "u ! sea1 aft] a p]iod ( g5]al cont95tal elevation :i* 0 consequ5t on ! crumbl+ ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s cru/ at ! close ( ! ,eozoic2 & on ! new sea-bottoms =m$ by ?is subsid5ce came 91 sl[ly at fir/1 b 9 ev]-increas+ sw>ms1 ! abundant & v>i$ life ( ! e>ly ,pal,aozoic4 ,9 ! olde/ portion ( ! ,cambrian s]ies 9 ,wales1 ,hicks has catalogu$ species ( no less ?an sev5te5 g5]a1 embrac+ ,cru/aceans1 ! repres5tatives ( our crabs & lob/]s1 bivalve & univalve %ell-fi%es ( diff]5t types1 worms1 sea-/>s1 zoophytes1 & sponges4 ,if we c\ld h walk$ on ! %ores ( ! old ,cambrian sea1 or ca/ our dr$ge or trawl into its dep?s1 we %\ld h f\nd repres5tatives ( mo/ ( ! humbl] =ms ( sea life /ill extant1 ?\gh ( specific =ms /range to u4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to su* exp]i5ce :i* we c make is to exam9e ! gr\p ( ,cambrian animals del9eat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh1 & to notice1 "u ! guidance ( ! geologi/ above nam$1 ! sections se5 at ,/4 ,davida,euro7,,tm7s1 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4;a,euro,gr\p ( ,cambrian ,animals 7f ,ni*olson74 a1 ,ar5icolites didymus1 worm tubes4 b1 ,l+ulella f]rug9ea4 c1 ,!ca ,davidii4 d1 ,modiolopsis solv5sis4 e1 ,or?is ,hicksii4 f1 ,obolella sagittalis4 g1 ,hym5oc>is v]micauda4 h1 ,trilobite1 ,ol5us micrurus4 ,"h we f9d a nucleus ( anci5t rocks suppos$ to be ,laur5tian1 ?\gh 9 m9]al "* m ne>ly ak9 to ! ,huronian1 b :i* h hi!rto af=d$ no trace ( fossils4 ,re/+ uncon=mably on ^! is a s]ies ( p>tially alt]$ rocks1 reg>d$ z ,l[] ,cambrian1 & also de/itute ( organic rema9s4 ,^! h a ?ickness ( almo/ #a1jjj feet1 & !y are succe$$ by #c1jjj feet m ( simil> rocks1 /ill class$ z ,l[] ,cambrian1 b :i* h af=d$ fossils4 ,! l[e/ b$ :i* conta9s indications ( life is a r$ %ale1 p]haps a deep-sea b$1 & possibly itself p>tly ( organic orig91 by t /range process ( decomposition or dissolution ( =am9if]al ooze & volcanic fragm5ts1 go+ on 9 ! dep?s ( ! mod]n ocean1 & describ$ by ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson z occurr+ ov] l>ge areas 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,! species are two ,lingulell,a1 a ,disc9a & a ,lep]ditia4 ,suppos+ ^! to be all1 x is rem>kable t we h no ,protozoa or ,corals or ,e*9od]ms1 & t ! types ( ,bra*iopods & ,cru/aceans are ( comp>atively mod]n aff9ities4 ,pass+ upw>d ?r\gh ano!r #a1jjj feet ( b>r5 s&/one1 we rea* a zone 9 :i* no less ?an five g5]a ( ,trilobites are f\nd1 along ) ,pt]opods & a sponge4 ,?us x is t life comes 9 at ! base ( ! ,cambrian 9 ,wales1 & x may be reg>d$ z a fair specim5 ( ! facts z !y appe> 9 ! e>li] fossilif]\s b$s succe$+ ! ,laur5tian4 ,tak+ ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps ( fossils1 we may recognise 9 ! ,lep]ditia a two-valv$ ,cru/acean closely alli$ to =ms /ill liv+ 9 ! seas & fre% wat]s4 ,! ,lingulell,a1 :e!r we reg>d !m z molluscoids1 or1 ) ,pr(essor ,morse1 z s+ul>ly specialis$ worms1 repres5t a peculi> & di/9ct type1 h&$ d[n1 ?r\gh all ! vicissitudes ( ! geological ages1 to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,pt]opods & ! sponge are v simil> to =ms n[ liv+4 ,! ,trilobites are an ext9ct gr\p1 b closely alli$ to "s mod]n ,cru/aceans4 ,_h ! primordial life begun ) species altoge!r inscrutable & unexampl$ 9 succe$+ ages1 ?is w\ld no d\bt h be5 my/]i\s2 b next to ?is is ! my/]y ( ! olde/ =ms ( life be+ also among ! newe/4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ^! creatures1 !y repres5t families :i* h endur$ till n[ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce )\t ei!r elevation or degradation4 ,yet1 ?\gh ?us va/ 9 _! duration1 !y seem to h sw>m$ 9 toge!r & 9 great numb]s1 9 ! ,cambrian1 )\t any previ\s prep>ation4 ,f ! ,cambrian onw>d1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,pal,aozoic1 !re is no decid$ break 9 ! cont9uity ( m>9e life2 & already 9 ! ,silurian p]iod ! sea 0 t5ant$ ) all ! =ms ( inv]tebrate life x yet pres5ts1 & ^! 9 a teem+ abundance n surpass$ 9 any succe$+ age4 ,let u n[1 9 accordance ) our plan1 select "s ( ^! anci5t inhabitants ( ! wat]s & trace _! subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,rema9s ( sea-we$s are und\bt$ly pres5t 9 ! ,cambrian rocks4 ,"o ( ! l[e/ b$s 9 ,sw$5 has be5 nam$ f _! abundance ! ,fucoidal ,s&/one2 & :]ev] fossilif]\s ,cambrian rocks occur1 "s traces1 m or less obscure1 ( ^! plants may be f\nd4 ,ne>ly all t we c say ( !m1 h[ev]1 is1 t1 9 s f> z _! rema9s give any in=mation1 !y are v l ! plants ( ! same gr\p t n[ ab\nd 9 our seas4 ,9 ! fucoidal s&/one ( ,sw$5 c]ta9 /riat$ or ribb$ bodies h be5 f\nd1 :i* h ev5 be5 reg>d$ z l& plants2#h b !y seem r to be trails or m>ks left by sea-we$s dragg$ by curr5ts ov] a muddy bottom4 ,! plants ( ! sea ?us prec$e ^? ( ! l&1 & !y beg9 on ! same level z to /ructure t !y h s9ce ma9ta9$4 ,i agree ) ,na?or/1 h[ev]1 9 hold+ t ! ,bilobites & _m o!r =ms believ$ by "s to be sea-we$s1 are really trails & tracks ( animals4#i ,! ,=am9if]a ( ! ,pal,aozoic we h notic$ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 b we n[ f9d a new type ( ,protozoana,eurot ( ! ,sponge4 ,sponges z !y exi/ at pres5t may be def9$ to be composite animals1 made up ( a great numb] ( "o-cell$ or gelat9\s zoids1 provid$ ) vibrat+ ?reads or cilia1 & s arrang$ t curr5ts ( wat] are driv5 ?r\gh passages or canals 9 ! mass1 by ! action ( ! cilia1 br++ food & a]at$ wat] = respiration4 ,to support ^! s(t s>codic sponge-masses1 !y secrete fibres ( horny matt] & ne$les 7spicul,a7 ( fl9t or ( lime/one1 =m+ complicat$ fibr\s & spicul> skeletons1 (t5 ( great beauty4 ,!y ab\nd 9 all seas1 & "s species are f\nd 9 fre% wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4;a,euro,portion ( skeleton ( ,hexact9ellid ,sponge 7,,calopty*ium74 ,magnifi$4 ,aft] ,zittel4 ,) ! exception ( a v few species de/itute ( skeleton1 & :i* we _c expect to f9d 9 a fossil /ate1 ! sponges may be r\ghly divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 #a1 ^? ) corne\s or horny skeleton1 l our common wa%+ sponges2 #b1 ^? ) skeletons compos$ ( silici\s ne$les ( v>i\s =ms & arrangem5t2 #c1 ^? ) calc>e\s spicules4 ,( ^!1 ! second or silici\s gr\p has prec$5ce 9 po9t ( "t1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,e>ly ,cambrian1 & cont9u+ to ! pres5t4 ,two ( its subdivisions are especially int]e/+ 9 _! range4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! ,lattice-sponges 7,hexactinellid,a71 9 :i* ! spicules h six rays plac$ at "r angles1 & are atta*$ to ea* o!r by _! po9ts1 s z to =m a v regul> network 7,fig4 #bi74 ,! second is t ( ! ,/one-sponges 7,lithistid,a71 9 :i* ! spicules are f\r-ray$ or irregul>1 & are unit$ by ! bran*+ root-l ends ( ! rays4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( all sponges1 ! ,v5us ,fl[]-basket 7,euplectella71 is a mod]n ,hexact9ellid1 & ! wond]ful weav+ ( its spicules is z m>vell\s a triumph ( con/ructive skill z its g5]al =m is graceful4 ,! ,li?i/ids are less beautiful1 b are ! d5se/ & mo/ compact ( sponges1 & are repres5t$ by sev]al species 9 ! mod]n seas4 ,bo? ( ^! types g back to ! ,e>ly ,cambrian1 & h cont9u$ side by side to ! pres5t day1 z repres5tatives ( two di/9ct geometrical me?ods = ! con/ruction ( a spicul> skeleton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4;a,euro,protospongia f5e/rata 7,salt]74 ,m5evian gr\p4 a1 ,fragm5t %[+ ! spicules p>tially displac$4 b1 ,portion enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4;a,euro,a/ylospongia pr,amorsa 7,roem]74 ,niag>a gr\p4a,euro,aft] ,hall4 a1 ,spicules magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4;a,euro,spicules ( ,li?i/id sponge 7,tri*ospongia ( ,bill+s74 ,f ! ,cambrian ( ,labrador4 ,_m ye>s ago ! ke5 eye ( ! late lam5t$ ,salt] detect$ 9 a /a9 on ! surface ( a slab ( ,cambrian slate ! rema9s ( a sponge2 & m9ute exam9ation %[$ t its spicules cross$ ea* o!r1 & =m$ lattice-"w on ! hexact9ellid plan4 ,salt] boldly nam$ x ,protospongia 7! fir/ sponge71 & x is /ill ! e>lie/ t we "k 7,fig4 #cj74 ,?us ! type ^: skeleton is ! mo/ p]fect 9 a me*anical po9t ( view takes ! lead4 ,x is cont9u$ 9 ! ,silurian 9 _m curi\s =ms1 ( :i* ! /alkless sponges 7,a/ylospongia7 are ! mo/ common 7,fig4 #ca74 ,x p]haps atta9s its maximum 9 ! ,cretace\s1 f :i* ! beautiful example 9 ,fig4 #bi is tak51 & x /ill fl\ri%es1 giv+ u ! mo/ beautiful ( all rec5t =ms4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,cambrian !re 7 o!r sponges ( ! ,li?i/id type4 ,fig4 #cb repres5ts a gr\p ( spicules f ! ,calcif]\s 7,l[e/ ,silurian or ,upp] ,cambrian7 ( ,m+an1#aj & :i* probably belong to a l>ge ,li?i/id sponge ( t e>ly "t4 ,! ,li?i/ids h be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s1 & cont9u+ upw>d to ! ,cretace\s1 !re become va/ly num]\s1 :ile _! mod]n repres5tatives are by no means few4 ,! silici\s sponges ) simple spicules appe> to h exi/$ z f> back z ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 & !re is believ$ to be almo/ z e>ly evid5ce ( horny or corne\s sponges4 ,! calc>e\s sponges h be5 recognis$ z f> back z ! ,silurian4#aa ,?us f ! close ( ! ,pal,aozoic all ! types ( sponges seem to h exi/$ side by side2 & 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 :5 su* l>ge areas ( our cont95ts 7 deeply subm]g$1 !y atta9$ a wond]ful developm5t1 p]haps n equall$ 9 any o!r era ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4;a,euro,oldhamia antiqua 7,=bes74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4;a,euro,dictyonema sociale4 ,enl>g$4 ,l+ula flags4a,euro,aft] ,salt]4 ,sponges may be reg>d$ z ! highe/ or mo/ complex ( ! ,protozoa or ! l[e/ ( ! ,coel5t]ates4 ,we h no l9ks :]e) to connect !m ) ! l[] ,protozoa ( ! ,eozoic p]iod2 & ?r\gh _! long hi/ory1 ?\gh v num]\s 9 g5]a & species1 !y %[ no clos] relation%ip ) ! ,=am9if]a bel[1 & ! ,corals above1 ?an d _! successors 9 ! mod]n seas4 ,!y ?us /& v mu* ap>t2 & mod]n /udies ( _! developm5t & m9ute /ructures d n seem to remove !m f ?is isolation4 ,?\gh we are treat+ "h ( inhabitants ( ! sea1 x may be prop] to m5tion t ,ge9itz has describ$ two species f ! ,p]mian :i* he believ$ to be e>ly precursors ( ! ,spongill,a1 or fre%-wat] sponges2 b m rec5tly he seems to reg>d !m z probably ,alg,a4 ,"y has1 h[ev]1 rec5tly f\nd true spicules ( ,spongilla 9 ! ,purbeck b$s4#ab ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4;a,euro,dictyonema ,web/]i 7,dn74 ,niag>a =mation4 a1 ,enl>g$ portion 7,acadian ,geology74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4;a,euro,gr\p ( mod]n ,hydroids alli$ to ,graptolites4 ,magnifi$1 & natural size4 a1 ,s]tul>ia4 b1 ,tubul>ia4 c1 ,campanul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4;a,euro,silurian ,graptolitid,a4 a1 ,graptoli?us4 b1 ,diplograpsus4 c1 ,phyllograpsus4 d1 ,tetragrapsus4 e1 ,didymograpsus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4;a,euro,c5tral portion ( ,graptolite1 ) membrane1 or float 7,di*ograpsus octobra*iatus1 ,hall74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci;a,euro,ptilodictya acuta 7,hall74 ,bryozoan4 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,a /age high] ?an ! sponges are ^? little polyp-l animals ) sac-l bodies & radiat+ arms or t5tacles1 :i* =m m9ute horny or calc>e\s cells1 & bud out into bran*+ communities1 look+ to untra9$ eyes l delicate sea-weedsa,euro! sea-firs & sea-mosses ( our coa/s 7,fig4 #cf74 ,^! belong to a v old gr\p1 = 9 ! olde/ ,cambrian we h a =m ref]r$ to ?is type 7,fig4 #cc71 & 9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian ano!r /ill m decid$ example 7,fig4 #cd74ac ,?is /yle ( life1 once introduc$1 mu/ h increas$ 9 v>iety & ext5d$ itself ) amaz+ rapidity1 = 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian age we f9d x already z *>act]i/ic z 9 our mod]n seas1 & s abundant t va/ ?icknesses ( %ale are fill$ & black5$ ) ! d,a7,c7bris ( =ms alli$ to ! sea-firs1 & masses ( lime/one l>gely made up ( ! m calc>e\s =ms ( ! sea-mosses4 ,z examples ( ! =m] we may take ! ,graptolites1 s nam$ f _! resemblance to l9es ( writ+1 & ( :i* sev]al =ms are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! little tee? on ! sides ( ^! 7 cells1 inhabit$ probably by polyps1 l ^? repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n ,s]tul>ia 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,"s ( !m 7 probably atta*$ to ! bottom4 ,9 o!rs ! bran*es radiat$ f a c5tral film :i* may h be5 a holl[ vesicle or float1 enabl+ !m to live at ! surface ( ! wat] 7,fig4 #ch74 ,^! ,graptolites are specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian4 ,! nett$ ones 7,dictyonema71 z may be se5 f ,figs4 #cd & #ce1 came 9 be=e ! close ( ! ,cambrian1 & cont9ue un*ang$ to ! ,silurian1 :]e !y disappe>4 ,! bran*+ =ms1 se5 9 ,fig4 #cg1 h sc>cely s great a range4 ,!y ?us =m mo/ c]ta9 m>ks ( ! p]iod to :i* !y belong1 & be+ oceanic & probably float]s1 !y diffus$ !mselves s rapidly t !y appe> to indicate ! same geological "t 9 c\ntries s widely sep>at$ z ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,x is curi\s1 too1 t :ile ! ,graptolites ?us m>k a def9ite geological "t1 & seem to disappe> abruptly & )\t app>5t cause1 !y are ! fir/ l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( ! ,hydroids1 :i*1 ?\gh "u diff]5t family =ms1 cont9ue to ?is day1 app>5tly nei!r bett] nor worse ?an _! p]i%$ ,pal,aozoic relatives4 ,!re is a gr\p ( little ,/ony ,corals 7,monticuliporid,a71 :i* 7 possibly also ! cells ( ,hydroids1 t h a simil> hi/ory4 ,!y are ! only kn[n ,corals t date s f> back z ! ,upp] ,cambrian2 & !y cont9ue "u v simil> =ms all ?r\gh ! ,pal,aozic1 & are repres5t$ by ! millepore corals ( ! pres5t day4 ,fig4 #dj repres5ts a =m f\nd at ! base ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 & ,fig4 #da %[s =ms *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci;a4a,euro,f5e/ella ,lyelli 7,dawson74 ,a ,c>bonif]\s ,bryozoan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4;a,euro,*aetetes fibrosa4 ,a tubulate coral ) microscopic cells4 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,if we turn n[ to ! sea-mosses 7,bryozoa71 we h a gr\p ( m9ute polyp-l animals inhabit+ cells n unlike ^? ( ! ,hydroids1 & :i* =m plant-l aggregates4 ,b ! animals !mselves are s diff]5t 9 /ructure t !y are consid]$ to be ne>] allies ( ! bivalve %ell-fi%es ?an ( ! ,corals4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 s diff]5t1 t ! mo/ ard5t evolutioni/ w\ld sc>cely hold a community ( orig9 betwe5 !m & su* creatures z ! ,graptolites & ,millepores1 ?\gh an ord9>y obs]v] might readily conf\nd ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,^! animals appe> at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 & su* =ms z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ci1 v closely alli$ to "s n[ liv+1 are l>ge con/itu5ts ( "s ( ! lime/ones ( t p]iod4 ,o!r =ms1 l t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ci;a1 are v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,^! animals1 individually small1 ?\gh complicat$ 9 /ructure & bran*+ into communities1 sc>cely ev] ( any great magnitude1 humble creatures :i* h nev] play$ any great "p 9 ! _w1 h1 nev]!less1 be5 s p]si/5t t1 ?\gh specific & g5]ic =ms h be5 *ang$1 ! gr\p may be said to be 9 ! mod]n seas exactly :at x 0 9 ^? ( ! e>ly ,pal,aozoic1 nor c x be affirm$ to h orig9at$ 9 any?+ diff]5t1 or to h produc$ any?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4;a,euroa1 ,/5opora exilis 7,dawson74 b1 ,*aetetes tumidus 7,edw>ds & ,ha9e74 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,! true ,/ony ,corals 7,an?ozoa7 are z yet unkn[n 9 ! ,cambrian4 ,!y ent]$ on ! /age 9 imm5se abundance 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 :]e consid]able lime/ones are l>gely compos$ ( _! rema9s1 mix$1 h[ev]1 & sometimes ov]p[]$ ) ^? ( ,bryozoa & ,hydroids4 ,an ord9>y coral1 su* z ^? ( :i* coral reefs are builta,euro! r$ coral1 us$ = ornam5t is n q similara,eurois ! skeleton ( an animal con/ruct$ on ! plan ( a sea anemone2 ) a c5tral /oma* surr\nd$ by radiat+ *amb]s1 & hav+ above a cr[n ( t5tacles4 ,! /ony coral surr\nds & protects ! s(t body ( ! animal1 & may ei!r be a s+le cell1 = "o animal1 or an aggregation ( su* cells1 con/itut+ a r\nd$ or bran*+ mass4 ,! mod]n /> coral1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #db1 is an in/ance ( ! latt] condition4 ,x %[s n9ete5 or tw5ty animals1 ea* ) a c5tral m\? & fr+e ( %ort t5tacles1 aggregat$ toge!r1 & two ( !m %[+ ! spontane\s division by :i* ! numb] ( animals 9 ! mass is progressively increas$4 ,! liv+ coral %[s only ! s(t animals & ! animal matt] connect+ !m2 b if dead !re w\ld be a :ite /ony mass ) a />-l cell or depression correspond+ to ea* animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4;a,euro,liv+ ,an?ozoan ,coral 7,astr,aa74 ,9 _! g5]al plan1 ! olde/ ,corals 7 precisely ( ?is "*1 b !y pres5t$ "s diff]5ces 9 detail1 :i* h caus$ !m to be divid$ into two gr\ps1 :i* are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pal,aozoic agea,euro! tabulate or floor$ corals1 & ! rugose or wr9kl$ corals4 ,9 ! =m] 7,fig4 #dc7 ! cells are usually small & ?9-wall$1 (t5 hexagonal1 l a honeycomb1 & are floor$ across at int]vals ) tabul,a or horizontal plates4 ,a few mod]n corals pres5t a simil> arrangem5t1#ad b ?is k9d ( /ructure 0 f> m preval5t 9 ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,9 ! second type ! animals are usually l>g] & (t5 solit>y1 ! cell has /rongly m>k$ radiat+ plates1 :ile ! horizontal floors are abs5t or subord9ate1 & !re is usually a ?ick ext]nal r9d or out] coat 7,figs4 #dd1 #de74 ,9 g5]al plan1 ^! rugose corals closely resemble ^? ( our mod]n reefs2 b !y diff] 9 _! details ( /ructure1 & only a v few mod]n =ms f ! deep sea are reg>d$ z actual mod]n repres5tatives4#ae ,"o curi\s po9t ( diff]5ce is t _! radiat+ lamin,a beg9 ) f\r1 & increase by multiples ( t numb]1 :ile 9 mod]n corals ! numb]s are six & multiples ( six2 a *ange ( ma!matical relation n easily acc\nt$ =1 & :i* assimilates !m to ,hydroids on ! "o h&1 & to a high] gr\p1 ! ,alcyonids1 on ! o!r1 bo? ( :i* pref] f\r & eight to six1 or h _h ^! numb]s *os5 = !m4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod ! tabulate & rugose corals 7 replac$ by o!rs1 ! por\s & solid corals ( ! mod]n seas2 b1 9 s f> z we "k1 ! animals produc+ ^!1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 "s details1 7 nei!r m nor less elevat$ ?an _! pr$ecessors1 & !y took up precisely ! same r,a'le z reef-build]s 9 ! sea1 ?\gh ) probably m t5d5cy to ! accumulation ( great masses ( coral lime/one 9 p>ticul> spots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4;a,euro,tabulate ,corals4 a1 ,halisites1 & b1 ,favosites4 ,upp] ,silurian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4;a,euro,rugose ,coral 7,heliophyllum ,halli74 ,devonian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd;a4a,euro,zaphr5tis prolifica 7,bill+s74 ,devonian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4;a,euro,rugose ,corals4 a1 ,zaphr5tis ,m9as 7,dn471 & b1 ,cya?ophyllum ,bill+si 7,dn474 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,leav+ ! corals1 we may turn to ! sea-/>s & sea-ur*9s4 ,^! m]ely put 9 an appe>ance 9 ! ,e>ly ,cambrian1 b become va/ly multipli$ 9 ! ,silurian1 :]e ! /alk$ fea!r />s 7,cr9oids7 7,fig4 #df7 seem to h cov]$ great areas ( sea-bottom1 & multipli$ s rapidly t ?ick %eets ( lime/one are l>gely made up ( ! fragm5ts ( _! skeletons4 ,! ord9>y />-fi%es appe> fir/ 9 ! ,silurian 7,fig4 #dg74 ,! sea-ur*9s beg9 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 ! e>ly species hav+ num]\s & loosely atta*$ plates1 l "s ( ^? n[ f\nd 9 ! deep sea#af 7,fig4 #dh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4;a,euro,mod]n ,cr9oid 7,rhisocr9us ,l(ot5sis74a,euro,aft] ,s>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4;a,euro,pal,aa/] ,niag>5sis 7,hall74 ,"o ( ! olde/ /> fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4;a,euro,pal,a*9us ellipticus 7,mc,coy74 ,"o ( ! olde/ types ( sea-ur*9s4 ,! mo/ curi\s hi/ory 9 ?is gr\p is t ( ! fea!r-/>s4 ,9 ! ,e>ly ,cambrian !y are repres5t$ by a few species kn[n to u only 9 fragm5ts1 & ^! belong to a humble gr\p 7,cy/ideans7 resembl+ ! l>val or immature condition ( ! high] ,cr9oids4 ,fig4 #di %[s "o ( ^! animals ( some:at lat] age4 ,!y h few or rudim5t>y arms & %ort /alks1 & want ! beautiful radial symmetry ( ! typical />-fi%es4 ,9 ! ,silurian ^! creatures are re9=c$ by a va/ numb] ( beautiful & p]fect fea!r-/>s 7,figs4 #ej1 #ea74 ,^! cont9ue to increase 9 numb] & beauty1 & app>5tly culm9ate 9 ! ,mesozoic1 :]e gigantic =ms exi/1 "s ( !m probably hav+ m complicat$ skeletons1 9 s f> z numb] ( di/9ct p>ts is conc]n$1 ?an any o!r animals4 ,buckl& has calculat$ t 9 a cr9oid simil> to t 9 ,fig4 #eb !re are no less ?an #aej1jjj little bones1 & #cjj1jjj contractile bundles ( fibres to move !m4 ,9 ! mod]n seas ! fea!r-/>s h some:at dw9dl$ bo? 9 numb]s & complexity1 & are mo/ly conf9$ to ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v>i\s types ( ord9>y />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s h increas$ 9 numb] & importance4 ,we ?us f9d 9 ?is gr\p a c]ta9 advance & improvem5t f ! ,cy/ideans ( ! ,e>ly ,pal,aozoic to ! sea-ur*9s & _! allies4 ,?is advance is n1 h[ev]1 along "o l9e = ! ,cy/ideans cont9ue unimprov$ to ! end4 ,! ,cr9oids culm9ate 9 ! ,mesozoic1 & are n kn[n to give orig9 to any?+ high]4 ,! />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s comm5ce indep5d5tly1 be=e ! culm9ation ( ! ,cr9oids1 &1 ?\gh greatly increas$ 9 numb] & v>iety1 /ill adh]e v closely to _! orig9al types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4;a,euro,pleurocy/ites squamosus4 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,aft] ,bill+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4;a,euro,het]ocr9us simplex 7,meek74 ,"o ( ! lea/ complex cr9oids ( t p]iod4 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4;a,euro,body ( ,glyptocr9us4 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,! great sub-k+dom ( ! ,mollusca1 includ+ ! bivalve & univalve %ell-fi%es1 makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,cambrian1 :]e its e>lie/ repres5tatives belong to a gr\p1 ! ,arm-be>]s or ,lamp %ells 7,bra*iopods71 held by "s to be alli$ to worms z mu* z to mollusks4 ,! olde/ ( all ^! %ells are allies ( ! mod]n ,lingul,a 7,fig4 #ed71 "s ( ! e>lie/ ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! mod]n ,l+ula is protect$ by a delicate two-valv$ %ell1 compos$1 unlike t ( mo/ o!r mollusks1 ( phosphate ( lime or bone e>?4 ,x lives on s&-banks1 atta*$ by its long flexible /alk1 :i* x buries l a root 9 ! bottom4 ,its food consi/s ( microscopic organisms1 drift$ to its m\? by cilia plac$ on two arm-l processes1 f :i* ! gr\p d]ives its "n4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ab\t "o hundr$ species ( ,bra*iopods are kn[n1 belong+ to ab\t tw5ty g5]a1 "s ( :i* diff] consid]ably f ! ,lingul,a4 ,! g5us ,t]ebratula1 repres5t$ at ,fig4 #ef1 is "o ( ! mo/ common mod]n z well z fossil =ms1 & has ! valves unequal1 ) a r\nd op5+ 9 "o ( !m = ! /alk1 :i* is atta*$ to "s h>d object1 & !re is an int]nal %elly loop = support+ ! arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4;a,euro,extracr9us ,bri>eus4 ,r$uc$4 ,jurassic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4;a,euro,p5tacr9us caput-medus,a4 ,r$uc$4 ,mod]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4;a,euro,l+ula anat9a4 ,) flexible muscul> /alk4 ,mod]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4;a,euro,cambrian & ,silurian ,lingul,a4 a1 ,l+ulella ,mat!wi 7,h>tt74 ,acadian gr\p4 b1 ,l+ula quadrata 7,hall74 ,siluro-,cambrian4 c1 ,l+ulella prima 7,hall74 ,potsdam4 d1 ,l+ulella antiqua 7,hall74 ,potsdam4 ,^! curi\s1 & 9 ! mod]n seas1 exceptional %ells1 7 dom9ant 9 ! ,pal,aozoic p]iod4 ,upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& fossil species are kn[n1 ( :i* a l>ge proportion belong to ! ,cambrian & ,silurian1 n9e g5]a appe>+ 9 ! ,cambrian1 & no less ?an fifty-two 9 ! ,silurian4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! creatures is v rem>kable4 ,! ,lingul,a1 :i* are ! fir/ to appe>1 cont9ue un*ang$ & ) ! same phosphatic %ells to ! pres5t day4 ,morse1 :o has c>efully /udi$ an ,am]ican species1 rem>ks 9 illu/ration ( ?is1 t x is exce$+ly t5aci\s ( life1 be>+ mu* *ange ( dep?1 temp]ature1 etc41 )\t be+ de/roy$4 ,! g5us ,disc9a1 :i* is ne>ly z old1 also cont9ues ?r\gh\t geological "t4 ,! g5us ,or?is 7,fig4 #eg71 :i* appe>s at ! same "t ) ! la/1 becomes va/ly abundant 9 ,silurian times1 b dies out altoge!r be=e ! end ( ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,rhyn*onella 7,fig4 #eh71 :i* comes 9 a little lat]1 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 cont9ues to ?is day4 ,spirif] & ,productus 7,figs4 #ei & #fj7 appe> lat]1 & die out at ! close ( ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,s /range & inscrutable are ! =tunes ( ^! animals1 :i* on ! :ole h lo/ 9 ! battle ( life1 t _! place 9 nature is va/ly less important ?an x 04 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t if any gr\p ( creatures c\ld ?r[ light ^u ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 x w\ld be ^!2 b ,davidson1 :o has p]haps /udi$ !m m ?or\ghly ?an any o!r naturali/1 f\nd !m z sil5t on ! subject z ! sponges or ! corals4 ,9 a s]ies ( pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 he rem>k$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4;a,euro,t]ebratula sacculus 7,m>t974 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4;a,euro,bra*iopods2 g5us ,or?is4 a1 ,o4 ,bill+si 7,h>tt74 ,l[] ,cambrian4 b1 ,o4 pect9ella 7,hall74 ,siluro-,cambrian4 c1 ,o4 lynx 7,ei*wald74 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4;a,euro,rhyn*onella increbresc5s 7,hall74 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4;a,euro,spirif] mucronatus 7,conrad74 ,devonian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei;a4a,euro,a?yris subtilita 7,hall74 ,c>bonif]\s4 a1 b1 ,ext]iors4 c1 ,int]ior1 %[+ spirals4 a,eurooe,we f9d t ! l>ge numb] ( g5]a made _! fir/ appe>ance dur+ ! ,pal,aozoic p]iods1 & s9ce !y h be5 decreas+ 9 numb] to ! pres5t p]iod4 ,we w leave out ( "q ! species1 = !y v>y s little t x is (t5 v difficult to trace really good di/9ctive *>act]s betwe5 !m2 x is diff]5t ) ! g5]a1 z !y are1 or %\ld be1 f\nd$ on mu* great] & m p]man5t di/9ctions4 ,?us1 = example1 ! family ,spiriferid,a includes g5]a :i* are all *>act]is$ by a calcifi$ spiral lam9a = ! support ( ! bra*ial app5dages2 &1 h[ev] v>i$ ^! may be1 !y always reta9 ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! gr\p f _! fir/ appe>ance to _! ext9ction4 ,! ,bra*iopodi/ lab\rs "u ! difficulties ( n be+ able to det]m9e :at are ! simple/1 or :i* are ! highe/ families into :i* ei!r ( ! two great gr\ps ( 8 fav\rite class is divid$2 s f>1 !n1 he is unable to po9t out any evid5ce fav\r+ progressive developm5t 9 x4 ,b1 conf9+ himself to species1 he sees (t5 be=e him great v>ietal *anges1 s mu* s z to make x difficult = him to def9e ! species2 & x leads him to ! belief t su* gr\ps 7 n ( indep5d5t orig91 z 0 univ]sally ?\ght be=e ,d>w9 publi%$ 8 great "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,b 9 ?is respect ! ,bra*iopoda reveal no?+ m ?an o!r gr\ps ( ! organic k+doms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4;a,euro,productus cora 7,da,euro7,,tm7,orbigny74 ,c>bonif]\s4 a,eurooe,now1 al?\gh c]ta9 g5]a1 su* z ,t]ebratula1 ,rhyn*onella1 ,crania1 & ,disc9a1 h enjoy$ a v consid]able geological exi/5ce1 !re are g5]a1 su* z ,/r+ocephalus1 ,uncites1 ,porambonites1 ,kon9ck9a1 & sev]al o!rs1 :i* made _! appe>ance v sudd5ly & )\t any w>n+2 aft] a :ile !y disappe>$ 9 a simil> abrupt mann]1 hav+ enjoy$ a comp>atively %ort exi/5ce4 ,!y are all possess$ ( su* m>k$ & di/9ctive int]nal *>act]s t we _c trace betwe5 !m & associat$ or syn*ron\s g5]a any evid5ce ( _! be+ ei!r modifications ( "o or ! o!r1 or ( be+ ! result ( desc5t ) modification4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh f> f d5y+ ! possibility or probability ( ! correctness ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 ,i c\ld n consci5ti\sly affirm t ! ,bra*iopoda1 z f> z ,i am at pres5t acqua9t$ ) !m1 w\ld be ( mu* s]vice 9 prov+ x4 ,! subject is wor?y ( ! cont9u$ & s]i\s att5tion ( e well-in=m$ man ( sci5ce4 ,! sublime ,creator ( ! univ]se has be/[$ on him a ?9k+ m9d2 !re=e all t c be discov]$ is legitimate4 ,sci5ce has ?is advantage1 t x is cont9ually on ! advance1 & is ev] ready to correct its errors :5 fre% light or new discov]ies make su* necess>y4a,euro ,! late ,joa*im ,b>r&e1 ! great pal,aontologi/ ( ,bohemia1 be>s simil> te/imony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4;a,euro,gr\p ( ,old] ,pal,aozoic ,lamellibran*s4a,euro,aft] ,bill+s4 #a1 ,cucullea opima4 #b1 ,nucula oblonga4 #c1 ,nucula l9eata4 #d1 ,cypric>dia truncata4 #e1 ,tell9a ovata4 #f1 ,nucula bellatula4 #g1 ,modiola conc5trica4 ,! ord9>y bivalves1 l ! mussels & cockles1 n[ s v pl5tiful on our coa/s1 are r>e 9 ! ,cambrian & ,silurian1 & = ! fir/ "t make a some:at conspicu\s appe>ance 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,devonian4 ,b f ! fir/ !y resemble v closely _! mod]n successors1 ?\gh on ! :ole nei!r s l>ge nor s ornate 7,fig4 #fa74 ,_! =tunes h ?us be5 precisely ! opposite ( ^? ( ! ,bra*iopods1 ?\gh 9 nei!r case is !re v m>k$ elevation or det]ioration 9 ! individual animals4 ,a v simil> /atem5t may be made z to ! sea-snails1 :e!r ! curi\s w+$ snails 7,pt]opods7 or ! ord9>y crawl]s 7,ga/ropods74 ,! =m] come 9 e>ly1 & are repres5t$ by ,pal,aozoic =ms f9] ?an any n[ extant4 ,! g5us ,conul>ia 7,fig4 #fb7 pres5ts "s ,silurian species six in*es or m 9 l5g?1 :i* are giants 9 comp>ison ) any n[ liv+4 ,! =ms ( m ord9>y ,ga/ropods f ! ,silurian repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fc w suffice to %[ t _! /yles are n v dissimil> f ^? /ill extant4#ag ,z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y bivalves1 h[ev]1 ! mod]n ,ga/ropods mu* exce$ 9 numb]s & magnitude ^? ( ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4;a,euro,conul>ia planico/ata 7,dn474 ,a ,c>bonif]\s ,pt]opod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4;a,euro,silurian ,sea-snails4 ,canada4 a1 ,mur*isonia bic9cta 7,hall74 b1 ,pleurotom>ia umbilicatula 7,hall74 c1 ,mur*isonia gracilis 7,hall74 d1 ,bell]ophon sulcat9us 7,bill+s74 ,! highe/ gr\p ( ,mollusks1 repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n ocean by ! ,nautili & ,cuttle-fi%es1 has a hi/ory s /range & ev5tful1 & s diff]5t f :at might h be5 anticipat$1 t x p]haps des]ves a m detail$ notice1 m especially z ,b>r&e has rec5tly direct$ m>k$ att5tion to x 9 8 magnific5t "w on ! ,pal,aontology ( ,bohemia4 ,! ,cuttle-fi%es & ,squids & _! allies are1 9 ! mod]n seas1 a mo/ important gr\p 7,fig4 #fd74 ,! great numb]s 9 :i* ! small] species appe> on _m coa/s1 & ! imm5se size & =midable "* ( o!rs2 _! s+ul> app>atus ( arms1 be>+ suck]s1 _! /range =ms1 & ! inky secretion ) :i* !y c d>k5 ! wat]1 h at all times attract$ popul> att5tion4 ,! great complexity ( _! /ructures1 & ! fact t 9 _m po9ts !y /& q at ! head ( ! inv]tebrates ( ! sea1 & approa* mo/ ne>ly to ! elevation ( ! true fi%es1 h secur$ to !m ! att5tion ( naturali/s4 ,"s ( ^! animals h %elly int]nal supports1 & "o g5us1 t ( ! ,argonauts1 or ,pap] ,nautili1 has an ext]nal protective %ell4 ,alli$1 ?\gh m di/antly1 to ! ,cuttle-fi%es1 are ! true ,nautili1 repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n sea pr9cipally by ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 ?\gh !re are two o!r species1 bo? ( !m v r>e4 ,! mod]n pe>ly nautilus 7,fig4 #fe7 may be reg>d$ z a peculi> k9d ( cuttle-fi% provid$ ) a discoidal %ell = protection1 & also = floatage4 ,! %ell is divid$ into a numb] ( *amb]s by p>titions4 ,( ^! ! animal inhabits ! la/ & l>ge/4 ,! o!rs are empty1 & are connect$ ) ! body ( ! animal only by a pipe1 or siphuncle1 ) membran\s walls & fill$ ) fluid4 ,?us provid$1 ! nautilus1 :5 9 ! wat]1 has practically no weight1 & c move up or d[n 9 ! sea ) ! greate/ facility1 us+ its suck]-be>+ arms & horny beak to seize & dev\r ! animals on :i* x preys4 ,! buoyancy ( ! %ell seems exactly adapt$ to ! weight ( ! animal2 & ?is proportion is kept up by ! addition ( new air-*amb]s z ! body increases 9 size4 ,9 ! mod]n seas ?is s+ul> little gr\p /&s entirely isolat$1 & its individuals are s r>e t x is difficult to procure p]fect specim5s = collections1 ?\gh its me*anical /ructure & advantages = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce seem ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,b 9 ! old _w ( pa/ geological "t ! case 0 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4;a,euro,squid 7,loligo74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4;a,euro,pe>ly ,nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius74 a1 ,mantle4 b1 ,its dorsal fold4 c1 ,hood4 o1 ,eye4 t1 ,t5tacles4 f1 ,funnel4 g1 ,air *amb]s4 h1 ,siphuncle4 ,! ,nautiloid %ell-fi%es bur/ sudd5ly ^u u 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 or ,l[] ,silurian1 ,barrandea,euro7,,tm7s second fauna2 & ?is applies to all ! c\ntries :]e !y h be5 /udi$4 ,9 ?is =mation alone ab\t #dej species are kn[n1 & 9 ! ,silurian ^! increase to #a1bjj2 & "h ! gr\p culm9ates4 ,x returns 9 ! ,devonian to ab\t ! same numb] ) ! ,l[] ,silurian1 dim9i%es 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s to #cej1 & 9 ! ,mesozoic1 :]e ! ,nautiloid =ms are replac$ by o!rs ( ! type ( ! ,ammonites1 becomes l>gely r$uc$4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y !re are b n9ete5 species1 &1 z already /at$1 9 ! mod]n _w ?ree4 ,^! /atem5ts d n1 h[ev]1 repres5t ! :ole tru?4 ,9 ! ,pal,aozoic1 9 addition to ! g5us ,nautilus1 we h a great numb] ( o!r g5]a1 "s ) p]fectly /raight %ells1 l ,or?oc]as 7,fig4 #ff71 o!rs b5t 7,cyrtoc]as71 o!rs diff]+ 9 ! /yle ( siphuncle1 or ap]ture1 or *amb]s 7,endoc]as1 ,gomphoc]as1 ,lituites1 ,figs4 #fg to #fi71 or inflat$ into sac-l =ms 7,ascoc]as74 ,!re is1 besides1 ! family ( ! ,goniatid,a 7,fig4 #gj71 ) ! *amb]s ?r[n into angul> folds & ! siphuncle at ! back4 ,fur!r1 "s ( ! e>ly =ms1 z ! ,orthoceratid,a1 atta9 to gigantic dim5sions1 be+ six feet or m 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]4 ,?us ! idea t we %\ld naturally =m f ! /udy ( ! ,nautilus1 t x repres5ts a type suit$ = mu* m v>i$ & important adaptations ?an ^? t we n[ see1 is m ?an realis$ 9 ^? ,pal,aozoic ages :5 ^! animals seem to h be5 ! lords ( ! seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4;a,euro,or?oc]as4 ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s ! position ( ! siphuncle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4;a,euro,gomphoc]as4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4;a,euro,lituites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4;a,euro,nautilus ,avon5sis 7,dn474 ,c>bonif]\s4 a1 ,%ell1 r$uc$4 b1 ,section1 %[+ siphuncle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4;a,euro,goniatites cr5i/ria 7,philips74 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4;a,euro,c]atites nodosus 7,s*lo?74 ,triassic4 ,:5 we leave ! ,pal,aozoic & ent] ! ,mesozoic1 ?\gh ! ,nautiloid %ells /ill ab\nd1 we f9d !m sup]s$$1 9 great "p1 by a nobl] =m1 t ( ! ,ammonitid,a 7,figs4 #ga1 #gb74 ,^! are rem>kable = ! ornate m>k+s on ! surfaces ( _! %ells1 & = ! beautifully wav$ edges ( ! p>titions 7,fig4 #gb;a71 :i*1 by giv+ a mu* m complete support to ! sides ( ! %ell1 mu/ h contribut$ greatly to ! union ( lightness & /r5g? s important to ! utility ( ! %ell z a float4 ,?is type admits ( all ! same v>iety ( /raight1 b5t1 & curl$ =ms ) ! simpl] ,nautiloid type1 & "s ( ! species are ( great size1 ,ammonites be+ kn[n ?ree feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,^! animals1 unkn[n 9 ! ,pal,aozoic1 appe> 9 num]\s species 9 ! ,e>ly ,mesozoic1 culm9ate 9 hundr$s ( beautiful species 9 ! middle ( t era1 & disappe> = ev] at its close1 leav+ no mod]n successors4 ,_m & beautiful species ( ,ammonites & _! allies h be5 obta9$ f ! ,mesozoic rocks ( ,briti% ,columbia & o!r p>ts ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p]fectly repres5t+ ?is gr\p z x occurs at ! same p]iod 9 ,europe1 & closely resembl+ ! ,mesozoic ,ammonites ( ,india4 ,^! animals h all p]i%$1 yet ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific roll betwe51 app>5tly ) conditions z fav\rable = _! com=table exi/5ce z ^? ( any previ\s "t4 ,!y p]i%$ long ago1 at ! dawn ( ! ,t]ti>y2 yet ! g5us ,nautilus1 "o ( ! olde/ & lea/ improv$ ( ! :ole1 surviv$1 & /ill te/ifies to ! wond]ful contrivance embodi$ 9 ^! animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4;a,euro,ammonites ,jason 7,re9ecke74 ,jurassic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb;a4a,euro,suture ( ,ammonites compon5s 7,meek71 ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,%[+ ! complicat$ fold+ ( ! edges ( ! *amb]s to give /r5g? to ! %ell4 ,cretace\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4;a,euro,cretace\s ,ammonitid,a4 a1 ,baculites4 b1 ,ancyloc]as4 c1 ,crioc]as4 d1 ,turrilites4 ,^! are m]ely g5]al consid]ations1 b ,b>r&e1 9 8 ,atudes ,,ga7,c7n,a7,c7rales1 goes mu* f>!r4 ,he sums up all ! kn[n facts 9 ! mo/ elaborate mann]1 consid]+ fir/ ! embryonic *>act]s ( ! %ell 9 ! diff]5t g5]a1 !n _! di/ribution 9 space & "t1 !n all ! diff]5t p>ts & *>act]s ( ! %ells 9 ! diff]5t groupsa,euro! :ole ) ref]5ce to any possible d]ivation ( ! species2 & he f9ds t all leads to ! result t 9 e respect ^! %ells seem to h be5 s introduc$ z to make any !ory ( evolution ) respect to !m altoge!r unt5able4 ,9 8 conclud+ s5t5ce ?is greate/ ( ,pal,aozoic pal,aontologi/s affirms t1 a,eurooe,the !oretical evolution ( ! ,cephalopods is1 l t ( ! ,trilobites1 a m]e figm5t ( imag9ation1 )\t any f\ndation 9 fact4a,euro#ah ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4;a,euro,belemnite4a,euro,aft] ,philips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd;a4a,euro,belemnoteu?is antiquus4 ,suppos$ to be a ,belemnite1 ) s(t p>ts pres]v$4a,euro,jurassic4a,euro,aft] ,mantell4 ,i h res]v$ no space to notice ! geological hi/ory ( ! o!r & high] gr\p ( ,cephalopods1 includ+ ! true ,cuttles & ,squids4 ,?is is p]haps less to be regrett$1 z1 f ! abs5ce ( ext]nal %ells1 !y are likely to be mu* less p]fectly kn[n z fossils4 ,s f> z kn[n1 !y are va/ly y\ng] ?an ! ,nautiloids1 = no examples :atev] h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,!y appe> abundantly 9 ! ,mesozoic1 b are !re repres5t$ pr9cipally by an ext9ct gr\p ( squids 7,belemnites & _! allies1 ,figs4 #gd1 #gd;a71 rem>kable = ! great & complicat$ developm5t ( _! int]nal support1 :i* has a *amb]$ float z well z a solid %ea?4 ,?is family becomes ext9ct at ! close ( ! ,mesozoic1 ?\gh ! cuttles z a :ole p]haps culm9ate 9 ! mod]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4;a,euro,cambrian ,trilobites4 a1 ,p>adoxides4 b1 ,dikellocephalus4 c1 ,conocoryphe 7head74 d1 ,agno/us 7head & tail74 ,! rem>kable gr\p ( ! ,trilobites _h prec$5ce 9 ord] ( "t ( ! ,nautiloid %ell-fi%es4 ,no animal /ructures c well be m dissimil> ?an ^? ( ! two great gr\ps ( aquatic animals :i* popul> spee* conf\nds "u ! "n ( a,eurooeshell-fi%es4a,euro ,take a :elk & a crab1 = example1 & comp>e _! g5]al =ms1 ! /ructure ( _! %ells1 & _! organs ( motion1 & x is sc>cely possible to imag9e any two animals m unlike2 & :5 we exam9e _! anatomy 9 detail ?is diff]5ce does n dim9i%4 ,!y h1 x is true1 correspond+ p>ts1 & ^! p>ts s]ve simil> uses1 b 9 plan ( /ructure !y are :olly diff]5t4 ,yet bo? animals may live 9 ! same pool1 & may subsi/ on ne>ly ! same food4 ,if we attempt to f9d "s common type :i* bo? resemble1 we may trace ! /ructure ( ! crab back to ^? ( "s ( ! m>9e worms ) :i* x has "s aff9ity1 & ^? ( ! :elk to su* creatures z ! ,l+ula1 :i* are suppos$ to h a resemblance to ! worms4 ,b /ill ! two types1 t ( ! ,mollusk & ! ,articulate1 are di/9ct ev5 f _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! egg1 nor h ei!r any close aff9ities ) ! ,protozoa1 ! ,hydroids1 or ! ,corals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4;a,euro,transv]se section ( ,calym5e4 ,a ,silurian ,trilobite4a,euro,aft] ,wolcott4 a1 ,dorsal %ell4 b1 ,visc]al cavity4 c1 ,legs4 d1 ,epipoditea,eurogill-clean] or palp4 e1 ,spiral gills4 ,bo? types meet u 9 ! ,e>ly ,cambrian1 b :ile ! ,mollusk is !re repres5t$ only by l[ =ms1 ! ,articulate is !n n only 9 ! humble guise ( ! worm1 b 9 ! complex & highly organis$ =m ( ! ,trilobite 7,figs4 #bh & #ge74 ,:at old] phases !y may h pass$ ?r\gh we "k n2 b 9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian we h v>i\s =ms ( ^! animals1 includ+ "s ( ! l>ge/ kn[n z well z "s ( ! smalle/2 "s ( ! mo/ complex 9 numb] ( p>ts z well z "s ( ! simple/4 ,^! animals1 9 %ort1 seem to h appe>$ at once all ov] ! _w fully =m$1 & 9 a v>iety ( g5]ic & specific =ms2 & no?+ %ort ( a v l>ge fai? 9 ! imp]fection ( ! geological record c suffice to acc\nt = _! evolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf;a4a,euro,burr[s ( ,trilobite & ( mod]n ,k+-crab4 ,! ,trilobite burr[ is kn[n z ,rus*9ites1 & has be5 suppos$ to be a sea-we$ ( ! k9d call$ ,bilobites4 ,a ,trilobite is a creature 9 ^: /ructure ! numb] ?ree is dom9ant4 ,se5 f above1 x pres5ts ?ree divisions f front to re>3a,eurofir/1 a cephalic %ield or head-piece2 secondly1 a ?orax1 divid$ into sev]al segm5ts movable ^u ea* o!r2 & ?irdly1 a tail-piece or pygidium1 :i*1 :5 br\ght aga9/ ! head by ! roll+ up ( ! body segm5ts1 effectually cov]s ! l[] p>ts4 ,?is l[] portion 0 until lately little kn[n2 b ! discov]ies ( ,bill+s & ( ,wolcott h enabl$ u to re/ore ! jaws "u ! head1 ! jo9t$ legs & spiral gills "u ! ?orax1 & ?us to complete ! /ructure ( ! animal1 & und]/& bett] its relations to mod]n crabs & %rimps 7,fig4 #gf74 ,( ^! x c]ta9ly comes ne>e/ to ! ,k+-crabs & ,horse%oe-crabs1 a some:at limit$ gr\p at pres5t1 & "o :i* rea*es back 9 geological "t only to ! ,upp] ,silurian1 :5 ! ,trilobites _h p]haps already pass$ _! culm9ation4 ,con/ruct$ z above describ$1 ! ,trilobite c\ld swim1 z is suppos$1 usually on its back or side4 ,x c\ld crawl on ! bottom4 ,us+ its sn\t z a %ovel1 x c\ld burr[ l a mod]n ,k+-crab 7,fig4 #gf;a72 & :5 press$ by dang] "s species c\ld roll !mselves into balls & defy _! enemies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4;a,euro,silurian ,trilobites4 a1 ,isotelus4 b1 ,homalonotus4 c1 ,calym5e4 ,?is type ( animal1 ent]+ on ! /age 9 full =ce 9 ! ,old] ,cambrian1 cont9ues "u _m =ms ?r\gh ! :ole ,pal,aozoic age1 dy+ out f9ally 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,figs4 #gg & #gh %[ a few ( ! =ms ( ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,contemporane\sly ) ! dawn ( ! ,trilobite gr\p1 appe> "s small %rimp-l =ms 7,fig4 #bh71ai & o!rs ) bivalve %ells 7,fig4 #gi71 :i* are closely alli$ to mod]n =ms1#bj &1 l ! ,lingul,a1 p]si/ ?r\gh ! succe$+ =mations ) little m ?an specific changea,europres5t+ 9 ?is a /range contra/ to ! ,trilobites4 ,:ile ! latt] 7 /ill fl\ri%+1 ab\t ! close ( ! ,l[] ,silurian1 a rem>kable gr\p ( l>ge & highly-develop$ creatures1 alli$ to ! ,trilobites1 b suit$ = rapid swimm+ r ?an creep+1 0 introduc$2 & 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,devonian ^! creatures#ba atta9$ to gigantic sizes1 exce$+1 probably1 any mod]n ,cru/aceans1 & 7 tyrants ( ! seas4 ,pt]ygotus anglicus 7,fig4 #hj7 is suppos$ to h atta9$ ! l5g? ( six feet4 ,yet ^! noble repres5tatives ( ! ,cru/aceans became ext9ct 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a few small k+-crabs appe> 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & ?is type /ill cont9ues1 & seems to culm9ate z to size 9 mod]n times2 s div]se h be5 ! =tunes ( ^! v>i\s gr\ps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4;a,euro,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ,trilobites4 a1 ,phaceps latifrons 7,bronn74 b1 ,philipsia ,h[i 7,bill+s7 7tail74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4;a,euro,pal,aozoic ,o/racod ,cru/aceans4 ,magnifi$4 a1 ,bairdia4 b1 ,cy!rella inflata 7,jones74 c1 ,cy!re4 ,c>bonif]\s4 d1 ,beyri*ia ,jonesii 7,dn474 ,c>bonif]\s4 e1 ,beyri*ia pu/ulosa 7,hall74 ,silurian4 ,! high]1 or decapod ,cru/aceans1 n[ famili> to u 9 ! mod]n crabs & lob/]s1 are fir/ f\nd 9 a few small species 9 ! ,devonian#bb & ,c>bonif]\s1 & !y are accompani$ 9 ! ,devonian by at lea/ "o species ( ! alli$ gr\p ( ! ,/omapods 7,figs4 #ha1 #hb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4;a,euro,pt]ygotus anglicus4 ,r$uc$4a,euro,aft] ,page & ,woodw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4;a,euro,amphipeltis p>adoxus 7,salt]74 ,a ,devonian ,/omapod f ,new ,brunswick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4;a,euro,anthropal,amon ,hilliana 7,dn74 ,a ,c>bonif]\s ,decapod f ,nova ,scotia4 ,! c>apace only4 ,! ,pal,aozoic age ( geology is ?us emphatically an age ( inv]tebrates ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is p]iod !y 7 dom9ant 9 ! wat]s1 & until t[>d its close almo/ )\t rivals4 ,we %all f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 fi%es made _! appe>ance1 & 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s amphibian reptiles1 & t1 be=e ! close ( ! ,pal,aozoic1 v]tebrate life 9 ^! =ms _h become pr$om9ant4 ,we %all also see t j z ! lead+ gr\ps ( ,mollusks & ,cru/aceans seem to h _h no ance/ors1 s x is ) ! gr\ps ( ,v]tebrates :i* take _! places4 ,x is also int]e/+ to obs]ve t already 9 ! ,pal,aozoic all ! types ( inv]tebrate m>9e life 7 z fully repres5t$ z at pres5t1 & t ?is sw>m+ m>9e life breaks ^u u 9 successive waves z we proce$ upw>d f ! ,cambrian4 ,?us ! progress ( life is n gradual1 b int]mitt5t1 & consi/s 9 ! sudd5 & rapid influx ( new =ms de/9$ to increase & multiply 9 ! place ( ^? :i* are becom+ effete & ready to vani% away or to s9k to a l[] place4 ,f>!r1 s9ce ! great waves ( aquatic life roll 9 ) ea* great subsid5ce ( ! l&1 a fact :i* co9cides ) _! appe>ance 9 ! lime/ones ( ! successive p]iods1 x foll[s t x is n /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b expansion "u fav\rable circum/ances & ! op5+ up ( new fields ( migration t is fav\rable to ! introduction ( new species4 ,! te/imony ( pal,aontology on ?is po9t1 :i* ,i h else:]e adduc$ at l5g?1#bc 9 my judgm5t altoge!r subv]ts ! preval5t !ory ( a,eurooesurvival ( ! fitte/1a,euro & %[s t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 s f> f be+ a cause ( developm5t & improvem5t1 has l$ only to decay & ext9ction1 :]eas ! adv5t ( new & fav\rable conditions1 & ! removal ( sev]e competition1 are ! circum/ances fav\rable to introduction ( new & advanc$ species4 ,?is te/imony ( ! inv]tebrates ( ! sea we %all f9d is confirm$ by o!r gr\ps ( liv+ be+s1 to be notic$ 9 ! sequel4#bd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4a,euro,! t]m a,eurooe,siluro-,cambrian1a,euro z us$ 9 ?is & ! next *apt]1 is synonym\s ) a,eurooe,ordoviciana,euro ( ,lapwor?1 :i* is n[ com+ into some:at g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cordaites1 ,,( ,,! ,,gr\p ,,( ,,dory-,,cordaites4 ,,bran* ,,re/or$4a,euro,aft] ,granda,euro7,,tm7 ,eury4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,,on ,,! ,,l&4 ,if ! graphite ( ! ,laur5tian rocks 0 d]iv$ f vegetable matt]1 ! fur!r "q arises1 ,0 ?is vegetation ( ! l&1 or ( ! sea8 & some?+ may be said on bo? sides ( ?is "q4 ,if !re 7 l& plants 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod1 !y mu/ h gr[n ei!r on rocks old] ?an ! ,laur5tian itself1 or on su* portions ( ! b$s ( ! latt] z _h be5 rais$ out ( ! sea1 =m+ p]haps swampy flats ( newly-made soil4 ,b we "k no rocks old] ?an ! ,laur5tian1 & !re is no positive evid5ce t any ( ! b$s ( t =mation 7 o!r ?an m>9e4 ,/ill x is n impossible t "s ( ! b$s :i* are n[ graphitic gneisses may orig9ally h be5 simil> to ! bitum9\s %ales1 coals1 or "u-clays ( ! coal =mation4 ,! graphite occurr+ 9 ve9s1 if ( vegetable orig91 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f liquid bitum5 ooz+ into fissures2 & ve9s ( ?is k9d occur 9 lat] =mations1 bo? 9 m>9e & fre%-wat] b$s4 ,! only o!r positive argum5t :i* has be5 adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( abundant l& plants 9 ! ,laur5tian is t ( ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt1 d]iv$ f ! great b$s ( iron ore1 :i* x is difficult to acc\nt = *emically except on ! hypo!sis ( ! decay 9 ! air ( great quantities ( vegetable matt]4 ,! "q mu/ rema9 9 d\bt till "s "o is =tunate en\gh to f9d portions ( ! ,laur5tian c>bon reta9+ traces ( organic /ructure4 ,my own obs]vations1 ?\gh some:at num]\s1 all[ me only to say t ! graphite sometimes pres5ts fibr\s =ms1 t x occasionally appe>s z v]micul> threadsa,euro:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i suppose to be fill+s ( canals ( ,eozoona,euro& t 9 ! graphitic b$s !re are occasionally sl5d] root-l bodies ( a light] col\r ?an ! mass2 b none ( ^! indications are suffici5t to det]m9e any?+ z to its vegetable orig91 or ! nature ( ! plants f :i* x may h be5 d]iv$4 ,9 any case1 ! quantity ( c>bon :i* has be5 accumulat$ 9 ! ,laur5tian rocks is v great4 ,i h measur$ "o b$ at ,buck+ham1 on ! ,ottawa1 e/imat$ to conta9 #bj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & :i* is at lea/ eight feet 9 ?ickness4 ,sir ,william ,logan has describ$ ano!r simil> b$ f t5 to twelve feet ?ick1 & m rec5t reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada m5tion a b$ suppos$ to be tw5ty-five feet ?ick1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,h(fman f9ds #cj p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,on ! :ole ! quantity ( c>bon 9 ! graphitic zone ( ! ,laur5tian is comp>able ) t 9 c]ta9 productive coal-fields1 & we c]ta9ly h 9 ! subsequ5t geological hi/ory no examples ( su* accumulations except f rema9s ( ! luxuriant vegetation ( swampy flats4 ,! ,upp] ,laur5tian & ,huronian h z yet af=d$ no evid5ce ( l& vegetation4 ,! ,cambrian1 z already /at$1 ab\nds 9 rema9s ( sea-we$s2 b ?\gh ! =ms :i* h be5 nam$ ,eophyton h be5 reg>d$ z l& plants1 ?is claim is1 to say ! lea/1 v d\btful2 & ,i h z yet se5 no?+ ( ?is k9d :i* did n appe> to me to be m]ely m>k+s made by objects drift$ ov] ! bottom or rema9s ( m>9e plants4 ,yet 9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian !re are wide surfaces ( littoral s&/one (t5 conta9+ m9ute c>bonis$ fragm5ts1 & :i* might be expect$ to af=d indications ( l& vegetation1 _h su* exi/$4 ,i h myself devot$ _m days ( fruitless lab\r to ! exam9ation ( ! l>ge areas ( ,potsdam s&/one expos$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,canada4 ,b z ^! rocks 7 evid5tly =m$ along ! bord]s ( a ,laur5tian cont95t capable ( support+ vegetation1 we may /ill hope = "s discov]y ( ?is k9d1 m especially if we c\ld f9d ! po9t :]e "s fre%-wat] /ream ran into ! ,cambrian sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4;a,euro,protannul>ia ,h>knessii 7,ni*olson74 ,a ,siluro-,cambrian ,plant1 f ! ,skiddaw s]ies4 ,! olde/ plants1 probably high] ?an ,alg,a1 kn[n to me by _! ext]nal =ms1 are ^? describ$ by ,ni*olson#be f ! ,siluro-,cambrian ,skiddaw slates ( ! nor? ( ,engl& 7,fig4 #hc74 ,_! discov]] has nam$ !m ,bu?otrephis ,h>knessii & ,b4 radiata1#bf /at+1 h[ev]1 t ^! two species are n improbably portions ( ! same plant1 & t its =m is r t ( a l& plant ?an ( an ,alga4 ,! specim5s ( ^! plants :i* ,i h se5 appe> to me to support ! conclusion t !y repres5t "o species1 & ?is alli$ to ! ,annulari,a ( ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s p]iods1 :i* probably grew 9 %all[ wat] ) only _! upp] p>ts 9 ! air1 & bore :orls or v]ticles ( n>r[ leaves4 ,!y 7 ei!r relatives ( ! ,marea,euro7,,tm7s-tails1 or ( ! ,rhosoc>ps1 ( our mod]n swamps & ponds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4;a,euro,am]ican ,l[] ,silurian ,plants4a,euro,aft] ,lesqu]eux4 a1 ,sph5ophyllum prim,avum4 b1 ,proto/igma sigill>ioides4 ,some:at high] up 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian1 9 ! ,c9c9nati gr\p ( ,am]ica1 ,lesqu]eux f9ds objects :i* he ref]s to ! g5us ,sph5ophyllum1 :i* is closely alli$ to ,annul>ia 7,fig4 #hd1 a71 & also a plant :i* he t]ms ,proto/igma 7,fig4 #hd1 b71 & believes to be ! /em ( a tree alli$ to ! club-mosses4#bg ,he also f9ds m9ute bran*+ /ems1 :i* he ref]s to ! g5us ,psilophyton1 to be m5tion$ 9 ! sequel2 b z to ^! ,i h "s d\bts :e!r !y may n be ,zoophytes alli$ to ! ,graptolites1 r ?an plants ( t g5us4 ,^! discov]ies t5d to %[ ! probable exi/5ce 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian ( plants repres5t+ two ( ! ?ree lead+ families ( ! high] cryptogams or fl[]less plants1 namely1 ! ,club-mosses & ! ,marea,euro7,,tm7s-tails4 ,?us l& vegetation beg9s ) ! highe/ memb]s ( ! l[] ( ! two great s]ies into :i* botani/s divide ! vegetable k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4;a,euro,fragm5t ( out] surface ( ,glyptod5dron ( ,claypole4 ,a ,silurian ,tree4 ,if we n[ turn to ! ,silurian1 fur!r evid5ce ( l& vegetation pres5ts itself4 ,ne> ! base ( ?is great s]ies1 ! club-moss family is repres5t$ by a plant discov]$ by ,claypole 9 ! ,cl9ton gr\p1 & ref]r$ to a new g5us 7,glyptod5dron1 ,fig4 #hf74 ,plants ( ?is family h also be5 notic$ by ,b>r&e 9 ,bohemia1 & by page 9 ,scotl&2 & a humble b int]e/+ memb] ( ! family1 connect+ x ) ! pillworts1 ,psilophyton 7,fig4 #hg71 ?\gh m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,devonian1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian bo? 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no ,f]ns or ,equiseta h z yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,silurian2 b 9 #ahgj ,i recognis$ 9 "s fragm5ts ( wood f ! ,ludl[ bone-b$1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 ! /ructure ( t curi\s prototypal tree1 to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ,nematophyton1 & :i* 0 fir/ recognis$ 9 ! ,devonian ( ,gasp,a7,c74 ,s9ce t "t ,i h f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian b$s ( ,cape ,bon ,ami1 9 ,new ,brunswick1 simil> fragm5ts ( fossil wood1 associat$ ) r\nd se$-l bodies1 hav+ a c5tral nucleus & a ?ick wall or te/ ( radiat+ fibres4 ,^! bodies %[ a /ructure simil> to t ( ^? f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ( ,engl&1 & describ$ by ,hook] "u ! "n ,pa*y!ca4 ,9 my judgm5t !y are c]ta9ly true se$s4#bh ,se$s ( ?is k9d h also be5 f\nd by ,hicks 9 ! /ill old] ,d5bigh%ire grits ( ,nor? ,wales1 along ) fragm5ts ( ! wood ( ,nematophyton1 & ) rema9s ( bran*+ /ems :i* h be5 describ$ "u ! "n ,b]wynia1 ?\gh x is n unlikely t !y repres5t ! bran*es ( ,nematophyton4 ,x is prop] to add t ^! anci5t vegetable fossils are reg>d$ by "s ,engli% botani/s z gigantic alg,a or sea-we$s1 b ,i confess ,i am unable to adopt ?is view ( _! nature4 ,! suppos$ f]n ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 figur$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 has prov$ on fur!r exam9ation to be m]ely an imitative =m produc$ by cry/allisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rec5t discov]y ( a cockroa* & two species ( ,scorpion 9 ! ,silurian1 proves ! exi/5ce ( l& animals z well z plants at ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4;a,euro,psilophyton pr9ceps 7,dn47 ,silurian & ,devonian4 ,re/or$4 a1 ,fruit1 natural size4 b1 ,/em1 natural size4 c1 ,scal>i=m tissue ( ! axis1 highly magnifi$4 ,9 ! re/oration "o side is repres5t$ 9 v]nation1 & ! o!r 9 fruit4 ,x is probable t ^! discov]ies repres5t m]ely a small proportion ( ! plants actually exi/+ 9 ! ,silurian p]iod4 ,all ! deposits ( ?is age at pres5t kn[n to u are m>9e2 & mo/ ( !m 7 probably =m$ at a di/ance f l&1 s t x is little likely t l& plants c\ld f9d _! way into !m4 ,at any "t ! discov]y ( an e/u>9e or lacu/r9e deposit ( ,silurian age might wond]fully ext5d our k ( ?is anci5t flora4 ,! ,devonian or ,erian age1 t ( ! classic ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 is t 9 :i* we f9d ! fir/ great & complete l& flora2 & ?\gh ?is is inf]ior 9 numb] ( species to t ( ! succe$+ ,c>bonif]\s1 & greatly less important ) ref]5ce to its practical be>+ on our welf>e1 x is 9 "s respects sup]ior 9 t v>iety :i* dep5ds on div]sity ( soil & ( /ation4 ,to appreciate ?is1 x w be necess>y to glance at ! range & subdivisions ( ! mod]n flora4 ,9 ! mod]n _w we divide all vegetation into two great s]ies1 t ( ! ,fl[]+ ,plants 7,ph,anogams71 :i* also produce true fruits & se$s1 & t ( ! ,fl[]less ,plants 7,cryptogams71 :i* produce m9ute spores in/ead ( se$s4 ,! latt] is 9 e respect ! l[] gr\p4 ,?is l[] s]ies is aga9 divisible into ?ree classesa,eurofir/ & l[e/1 t ( ! ,seawe$s1 ,m\lds1 & ,li*5s 7,?allophytes74 ,secondly1 t ( ! ,mosses & _! allies 7,anophytes74 ,?irdly1 t ( ! ,f]ns1 ,equisetums & ,club-mosses 7,acrog5s74 ,9 l mann] ! second1 or high] s]ies is divisible into ?ree classes3 t ( ! ,p9es & ,cycads 7,gymnosp]ms71 hav+ nak$ se$s n cov]$ by true fruits1 & woody tissue ( simple /ructure2 t ( ! ,palms & ,grasses & _! allies 7,endog5s72 & la/ & highe/1 t ( ! ord9>y timb] trees & o!r plants alli$ to !m1 ) exog5\s /ems1 nett$-ve9$ leaves1 & a two-leav$ embryo 7,exog5s74 ,^! la/ are 9 e respect ! dom9ant plants on our pres5t cont95ts4 ,c>ry+ ) u ?is tw(old division ( ! vegetable k+dom & its subdivisions1 we %all be prep>$ to und]/& ! relation ( ! m anci5t floras to t n[ liv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4;a,euro,trunk ( a ,devonian ,tree-f]n 7,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi1 ,dn474 ,gilboa1 ,new ,york4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4;a,euro,frond ( ,arch,aopt]is ,jacksoni 7,dn474 ,devonian1 ( ,ma9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4;a,euro,portion ( a bran* ( ,leptophleum rhombicum 7,dn474 ,a ,lycopodiace\s tree ( ! ,devonian ( ,ma9e4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4;a,euro,calamites radiatus 7,brongni>t74 ,middle ,devonian ( ,n4 ,brunswick4 ,9 ! ,devonian age we meet ) no l& plants ( ! two l[] classes ( ! ,cryptogams1 & ) sc>cely any t c be ref]r$ to ! two high] classes ( ,ph,anogams1 s t ! vegetation ( ?is p]iod pres5ts a rem>kable "* ( m$iocrity1 be+ compos$ almo/ entirely ( ! highe/ class ( ! fl[]less plants & ! l[e/ class ( ^? t fl[]4 ,( ! =m] !re are ,tree-f]ns & va/ numb]s ( h]bace\s =ms 7,figs4 #hh1 #hi71 great ,lycopodiace\s plants1 imm5sely bett] develop$ ?an ^? n[ exi/+ 7,fig4 #ij71 & gigantic ,calamites1 alli$ to ! ,maresa,euro7,,tm7-tails 7,fig4 #ia71 along ) humbl] memb]s ( ! same gr\p 7,fig4 #ie74 ,( ! latt] !re 7 ,p9es ( great /ature1 kn[n to u at pres5t only by _! wood 7,fig4 #ib72 & t o!r alli$ trees exi/$ we h evid5ce 9 num]\s se$s :i* mu/ h belong$ to ?is class 7,fig4 #ic71 & 9 long flag-l leaves#bi :i* mod]n discov]ies w\ld ref] to ! same gr\p4 ,z yet we "k no ,devonian ,palms or ,grasses2 & only a s+le specim5 has be5 f\nd indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( a plant ( ! highe/ vegetable class1 t ( ! true exog5s4 ,?is unique specim51 f\nd by ,hall 9 ! ,devonian ( ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie1 is a fragm5t ( m9]alis$ wood1 ! /ructures ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,! l>ge ducts se5 9 cross section 9 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 & 9 longitud9al section 9 ,nos4 #d & #e1 & ! m$ull>y rays1 se5 9 ,nos4 #a1 #d1 & #f1 te/ify to ! fact t ?is *ip ( wood mu/ h belong$ to a tree ( ! same type :i* conta9s our oaks1 maples1 & popl>s2 a type :i* does n appe> to h become dom9ant till ne> ! close ( ! ,mesozoic1 b :i* already exi/$1 ?\gh p]haps only 9 few species1 & only 9 upl& & inl& positions1 z f> back z ! ,middle ,devonian4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies 9 ! ,erian or ,devonian rocks has be5 t ( ! imm5se abundance ( spores ( ^? humble plants ! ,rhizoc>ps1 repres5t$ 9 mod]n times by ! ,pillworts & ,salvini,a1 c4 ,to ^! x is believ$ t ,sph5ophyllum & ,psilophyton 7 alli$2 b 9 addition to ?is !re are ?ick & va/ly ext5d$ b$s ( bitum9\s %ale :i* owe _! inflammable prop]ties to c\ntless multitudes ( ,macrospores 7,sporangites7 ( ! g5us ,protosalv9ia4#cj ,9 ,ohio !re are b$s ( ?is k9d #cej feet ?ick1 & ext5d+ across ! ,/ate4 ,!y occur also 9 ,canada1 :]e ^! =ms 7 fir/ recognis$ by ! writ] 9 ! bitum9\s %ale ( ,kettle ,po9t1 ,lake ,huron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4;a,euro,a ,devonian ,tax9e ,conif] 7,dadoxylon ouangondianum1 ,dn474 ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,a1 ,fragm5t %[+ ,/]nb]gia pi? & wood2 a1 ,m$ull>y %ea?2 b1 ,pi?2 c1 ,wood2 d1 ,section ( pi?4 ,b1 ,wood cell a1 & hexagonal areole & pore b4 ,c1 ,longitud9al section ( wood1 %[+ a1 ,areolation1 & b1 ,m$ull>y rays4 ,d1 ,transv]se section %[+ a1 ,wood-cells1 & b1 ,limit ( lay] ( gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4;a,euro,gr\p ( ,devonian ,fruits1 c4 ,middle ,devonian1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,a1 ,c>dioc>pum cornutum4 ,b1 ,c>dioc>pum acutum4 ,c1 ,c>dioc>pum ,crampii4 ,d1 ,c>dioc>pum ,baileyi4 ,e1 ,trigonoc>pum racemosum4 ,,ea1 ,,ea squ>$1 ,fruits enl>g$4 ,f1 ,an?oli!s ,devonicus4 ,,fa1 ,fruit ( ! same4 ,g1 ,annul>ia acum9ata4 ,h1 ,a/]ophyllites acicul>is4 ,,ha1 ,leaf4 ,k1 ,c>dioc>pum4 78 "y ( ,a47 ,l1 ,p9nul>ia dispalans4 ,f ,acadian ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4;a,euro,/ructures ( ! olde/-kn[n ,angiosp]m\s ,exog5 7,syr+oxylon mirabile1 ,dn474 ,f ,eighte5-mile ,creek1 ,lake ,erie4 #a1 ,transv]se section x #ajj4 #b & #c1 ,portions ( ! same x #cjj4 #d1 ,longitud9al section x #cjj4 #e1 ,fragm5t ( duct f ! same x #fjj4 #f1 ,wood cells & m$ull>y ray x #fjj4 ,! ,devonian flora seems to h be5 introduc$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,am]ican cont95t at a "t ( w>m & equable climate1 & ( elevation ( new l& out ( ! ,silurian sea4 ,x spread itself to ! s\?w>d1 & 0 f9ally de/roy$ 9 ! great subsid5ces & di/urbances :i* clos$ ! ,devonian age1 & :i* 7 probably accompani$ ) refrig]ation ( climate4 ,x 0 succe$$ by ! m massive & ri*]1 b m monoton\s flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 a p]iod 9 :i* l>ge areas ( our cont95ts 7 9 ! /ate ( swampy & (t5 subm]g$ flats1 & 9 :i* ! climate 0 aga9 w>m & uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4;a,euro,a/]ophyllites p>vula 7,dn471 & ,sph5ophyllum antiquum 7,dn474 ,middle ,devonian1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s age 01 ev5 m emphatically ?an ! ,devonian1 an age ( ,acrog5s & ,conif]s4 ,a few ,c>bonif]\s ,fungi h rec5tly be5 discov]$1 b !re are no kn[n ,li*5s or ,mosses4 ,!re seem to be a few ,endog5s1 b no true ,exog5s4 ,! great bulk ( ! plants consi/s ( ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms1 z 9 ! previ\s p]iod4 ,z ?is flora is s v important & s mu* bett] kn[n ?an any o!r ( ^? belong+ to ! infancy ( ! vegetable k+dom1 we may notice a little 9 detail "s ( its lead+ =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4;a,euro,calamites4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,a1 ,c4 ,suckovii4 ,b1 ,c4 ,ci/ii 7,bt474 ,c1 ,base ( ,calamites4 ,d1 ,e1 ,/ructures4 ,f ,acadian ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4;a,euro,c>bonif]\s ,f]ns4 ,a1 ,odontopt]is subcuneata 7,bunbury74 ,b1 ,neuropt]is cordata 7,brongni>t74 ,c1 ,ale?opt]is ton*itica 7,brongni>t74 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,maresa,euro7,,tm7-tails1 we f9d ^! repres5t$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s by _m gigantic species1 atta9+ to almo/ tree-l dim5sions 7,fig4 #if74 ,^! are ! ,calamites1 :i* =m$ d5se brakes & jungles on ! m>g9s ( ! great swampy flats ( ?is p]iod4 ,_! tall /ems1 ribb$ & jo9t$1 bore :orls ( leaves or bran*lets4 ,s5d+ out horizontal root-/ocks & budd+ out f ! base1 !y grew 9 great clumps1 & _h ! capacity to resi/ ! effects ( accumulat+ s$im5t by con/antly s5d+ out new /ems at high] & high] levels4 ,! l>g] species assum$ a complexity 9 ! /ructure ( _! /ems unkn[n 9 _! mod]n cong5]s1 & enabl+ !m to gr[ to a great height2#ca b _! foliage & fructification 7 n correspond+ly advanc$4 ,?us ! family ( ! ,equisetace,a culm9at$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & !nce=? desc5d$ gradually 9 ! succe$+ ages1 leav+ ! comp>atively humble ,maresa,euro7,,tm7-tails & ,sc\r+ ,ru%es z its pres5t repres5tatives4 ,! ,f]ns ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 l ^? ( ! ,devonian1 pres5t$ bo? gigantic =ms l ^? ( ! tree-f]ns ( ! mod]n tropics1 & delicate h]bace\s species1 & ^! 9 great pr(usion4 ,on ! :ole1 !y d n /rike ! obs]v] z v dissimil> f ^? ( mod]n times4 ,a m critical exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! bulk ( ! tree-f]ns ( ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s are alli$ n to ! ,polypod type1 :i* is ! mo/ common at pres5t1 b to c]ta9 comp>atively r>e s\!rn f]ns1 ! ,m>attias & _! allies1 *>act]is$ by a peculi> /yle ( fructification1 p]haps adapt+ !m to a moi/ & w>m atmosph]e 7,fig4 #ig74cb ,?us ! f]ns1 :ile a wond]fully p]si/5t type1 7 9 _! gr&] =ms f> m widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ?an at pres5t2 & g5]a n[ comp>atively r>e1 & limit$ to w>m & moi/ climates1 7 !n abundant1 & rang$ ov] ^? temp]ate & boreal regions ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e :]e only a few humble & h>dy species c n[ subsi/4 ,!re 7 also "s rem>kable & anomal\s tree-f]ns1 ( :i* t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ih is an example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4;a,euro,c>bonif]\s ,tree-f]ns4 ,a1 ,megaphyton magnificum 7,dn474 ,c1 ,pal,aopt]is ,h>tii 7,dn474 ,d1 ,p4 ,acadica 7,dn474 ,! family ( ! ,club-mosses1 already1 ev5 9 ! ,devonian1 9 advance ( its mod]n developm5t1 exp]i5ces 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s a rem>kable & port5t\s ext5sion into great trees ( sev]al g5]a & _m species1 con/itut+ app>5tly ext5sive =e/s1 & hav+ ! woody tissues ( _! /ems develop$ to a degree unhe>d ( 9 _! pres5t repres5tatives 7,fig4 #ii74 ,fur!r1 !y become closely l9k$1 9 ext]nal =m at lea/1 ) ano!r & m advanc$ type1 t ( ! ,sigillari,a4 ,^! rem>kable trees 7 ! mo/ abundant ( all 9 ! swamps ( ! coal-=mation1 & probably ^? :i* mo/ contribut$ to ! accumulation ( coal4 ,!y pres5t$ tall pill>-l trunks1 (t5 ribb$ longitud9ally1 & ) p]p5dicul> r[s ( sc>s ( fall5 leaves4 ,divid+ at top into a few ?ick bran*es1 !y 7 cov]$ ) long rigid grass-l foliage4 ,_! fruit 0 borne 9 r+s or :orls ( spikes surr\nd+ ! bran*es at int]vals 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,_! roots 7 /rangely symmetrical1 spread+ out l und]gr\nd bran*es into ! s(t soil by a regul> process ( bifurcation1 & 7 cov]$ ) rootlets div]g+ 9 e direction1 & s jo9t$ to ! ma9 root t :5 brok5 (f !y left r\nd m>ks regul>ly arrang$4 ,^! roots are ! s-call$ ,stigmari,a1 s abundant 9 e coal-field1 & especially fill+ ! a,eurooeunder-claysa,euro ( ! coal-b$s1 :i* are ! soils on :i* ! plants =m+ ^! b$s 7 support$4 ,! true botanical position ( ! ,sigillari,a has be5 a matt] ( mu* controv]sy4 ,"s ( !m und\bt$ly h /ructures ak9 to ^? ( ! tree-l ,club-mosses1 z ,williamson has well %[n1 & may h be5 cryptogam\s4 ,o!rs h /ructures ( high] "*1 ak9 to ^? ( ! mod]n ,cycads1 & seem to h borne nutlets alli$ to ^? ( ^! plants4 ,yet ! ext]nal =ms ( ^! div]se sorts are s simil> t no def9ite sep>ation ( !m has yet be5 made4 ,ei!r ^! anomal\s trees con/itute a l9k connect+ ! two great s]ies ( ! vegetable k+dom1 or we h be5 conf\nd+ two di/9ct gr\ps1 ow+ to imp]fect in=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4;a,euro,lepidod5dron corrugatum 7,dn474 ,a *>act]i/ic ,lycopod ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,am]ica4 ,a1 ,re/oration4 ,b1 ,leaf1 natural size4 ,c1 ,cone4 ,d1 ,leafy bran*4 ,e1 ,=ms ( leaf-bases4 ,f1 ,sporangium4 ,i1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,m>k+s on /em & bran*es1 9 v>i\s /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4;a,euro,sigillari,a ( ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,a1 ,sigill>ia ,br[nii 7,dn474 ,b1 ,s4 elegans 7,brongni>t74 ,,ba1 c4 ,leaf & ,leaf-sc>s4 ,ano!r curi\s1 & till rec5tly little und]/ood1 gr\p ( ,c>bonif]\s trees is t kn[n z ,cordaites1 :i* exi/$ already 9 "s ( its species 9 ! ,devonian4 ,_! leaves are long1 & (t5 broad z well1 & ) num]\s delicate p>allel ve9s1 resembl+ 9 ?is ! leaves ( grasses4 ,corda long ago %[$ t "o species at lea/ has a /em alli$ to ! ,club-mosses4 ,m rec5tly ,granda,euro7,,tm7 ,eury has f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france admirably pres]v$ specim5s1 :i* %[ t o!rs m resembl$ 9 _! /ructure ! ,p9es & ,yews1 & 7 probably ,gymnosp]ms1 approa*+ to ! ,p9es1 b ) v peculi> & exceptional foliage1 ( :i* ! only mod]n examples are ! broad-leav$ ,p9es ( ! g5us ,damm>a 7,frontispiece to ,*apt]74 ,"h aga9 we h ei!r two v di/9ct gr\ps1 comb9$ ?r\gh our ignorance1 or a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,lycopods & ! ,p9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4;a,euro,trigonoc>pum ,hook]i 7,dn474 ,a ,gymnosp]m\s se$4 a1 ,te/a4 b1 ,tegm54 c1 ,nucleus4 d1 ,embryo4 ,! ,yews & _! allies among mod]n trees1 :ile memb]s ( ! great ,cone-be>+ ord]1 be> nut-l se$s 9 fle%y envelopes1 sometimes1 z 9 ! ,,ga-nkgo ( ,japan1 con/itut+ edible fruits4 ,se$s ( ?is type seem to h be5 extremely abundant 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 7 probably produc$ by trees ( sev]al g5]a 7,dadoxylon1 ,sigill>ia1 ,cordaites1 etc47 7,fig4 #aja74 ,*>les ,brongni>t has rec5tly describ$ no less ?an sev5te5 g5]a ( ^! se$s f ! coal-field ( ,/4 ,ati5ne alone1 & x w\ld be a l[ e/imate to say t we probably "k z _m z sixty or sev5ty species 9 all1 :ile ! trunks ( great conif]\s trees alli$ to ,taxine,a1 & %[+ well-pres]v$ /ructure1 are by no means uncommon 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,_h ^! great ,yews appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,coal-=mation1 we might h suppos$ t !y _h be5 develop$ f su* ,lycopods z ,lepidod5dra1 & t ! ,cordaites are ! int]m$iate =ms2 b un=tunately ! ,p9es g almo/ z f> back 9 geological "t z ! ,lycopods1 & x does n help u1 :5 9 se>* ( evid5ce ( evolution1 to f9d ! l9k :i* is miss+ or imp]fect 9 ! ,e>ly ,devonian suppli$ 9 ! ,coal-=mation1 :]e1 = ?is purpose at lea/1 x is no long] ne$$4 ,we h said some?+ ( :at 0 9 ! ,pal,aozoic flora2 b :at ( t :i* 0 n8 ,we may answ]3a,euro,ne>ly all t is *>act]i/ic ( our mod]n =e/s1 :e!r 9 ! ord9>y ,exog5s1 :i* pr$om9ate s greatly 9 ! trees & %rubs ( temp]ate climates1 or 9 ! ,palms & _! allies1 :i* figure s conspicu\sly )9 ! tropics4 ,! few r>e1 & to "s ext5t d\btful1 repres5tatives ( ^! types sc>cely des]ve to be not$ z exceptions4 ,_h a botani/ se>*$ ! ,pal,aozoic =e/s = precursors ( ! future1 he w\ld probably h f\nd only a few r>e species1 :ile he w\ld h se5 all ar\nd him ! giant =ms & peculi> & monoton\s foliage ( tribes n[ degrad$ 9 magnitude & /ructure1 & ( small acc\nt 9 ! sy/em ( nature4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! ,pal,aozoic flora rema9$ 9 undi/urb$ possession ( ! cont95ts dur+ ! :ole ( t long p]iod4 ,9 ! successive subsid5ces ( ! cont95tal plateaux1 9 :i* ! m>9e lime/ones 7 deposit$1 x 0 to a great ext5t swept away1 or 0 re/rict$ to limit$ insul> areas1 & ^! m especially 9 ! f> nor?1 s t on re-elevation ( ! l& x 0 always peopl$ ) nor!rn plants4 ,?us !re 7 alt]nate re/rictions & expansions ( vegetation1 & ! latt] 7 always signalis$ by ! introduction ( new species1 = "h1 z else:]e1 x 0 n /ruggle1 b opportunity1 t fav\r$ improvem5t4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,silurian su* plants z exi/$ mu/ h exp]i5c$ great re/riction at ! age ( ! ,niag>a or ,w5lock lime/one4 ,^? ( ! ,upp] ,silurian suff]$ a simil> rev]se at ! "t ( ! ,l[] ,held]b]g or ,ludl[ lime/ones4 ,?is recurr$ at ! close ( ! ,devonian & 9 ! "t ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s lime/one2 & f9ally ! ,pal,aozoic flora disappe>$ altoge!r 9 ! ,p]mian1 to be replac$ by new types 9 ! ,mesozoic4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !re is a great g5]al simil>ity 9 ! successive ,pal,aozoic floras1 !re are m9or diff]5ces1 s t ! ,devonian plants are = ! mo/ "p di/9ct specifically f ^? ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 ^? ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s f ^? ( ! ,coal-=mation1 & ^? ( ! latt] f ^? ( ! ,p]mian4 ,) all ^! vicissitudes x is to be obs]v$ t !re is no app>5t elevation ( type 9 all ! long ages f ! ,devonian to ! ,p]mian1 t ! ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms ( ^! p]iods are 9 "s respects sup]ior1 9 all respects equal1 to _! mod]n successors1 & t _! hi/ory %[s a decad5ce t[>d ! mod]n p]iod2 t int]m$iate =ms arrive too late to =m connect+ l9ks 9 "t1 t sev]al di/9ct types appe> toge!r at ! beg9n+1 & t all utt]ly & app>5tly simultane\sly p]i% at ! end ( ! ,pal,aozoic1 to make way = ! entirely new vegetation ( ! succe$+ age4 ,!ories ( evolution receive no support f facts l ^!1 ?\gh _! practical significance1 z p>ts ( ! "o great uni=m s*eme ( nature1 is suffici5tly manife/4 ,( :at use !n 7 ^! old floras8 ,to ! naturali/1 vegetable life1 ) reg>d to its mod]n uses1 is ! great accumulator ( pabulum = ! su/5ance ( ! high] =ms ( vital en]gy manife/$ 9 ! animal4 ,9 ! ,pal,aozoic ?is consid]ation s9ks 9 importance4 ,9 ! ,coal p]iod we "k few l& animals1 & ^! n vegetable fe$]s1 ) ! exception ( "s insects1 millip$es1 & snails4 ,b ! ,c>bonif]\s =e/s did n live 9 va91 if _! only use 0 to /ore up ! light & heat ( ^? old summ]s 9 ! =m ( coal1 & to remove ! excess ( c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! ,devonian p]iod ev5 ^! utilities fail1 = coal does n seem to h be5 accumulat$ to any great ext5t1 & ! petroleum ( ! ,devonian appe>s to h be5 produc$ f aquatic vegetation4 ,ev5 ) ref]5ce to !ories ( evolution1 !re seems no necessity = ! long cont9uance & frequ5t *anges ( species ( acrog5\s plants )\t any p]ceptible elevation4 ,we may h mu* yet to le>n ( ! life ( ! ,devonian2 b = ! pres5t ! great plan ( vegetable nature goes beyond our measures ( utility2 & !re rema9s only :at is p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful & sugge/ive correlation ( all1 namely1 t our m9ds1 made 9 ! image ( ! ,creator1 are able to trace 9 ^! p]i%$ organisms /ructures simil> to ^? ( mod]n plants1 & ?us to reproduce 9 imag9ation ! =ms & habits ( gr[? ( liv+ ?+s :i* s long prec$$ u on ! e>?4 ,we may inde$ proce$ a /ep fur!r1 & hold t1 indep5d5tly ( human appreciation1 ^! primitive plants comm5d$ !mselves to ! approval ( _! ,mak]1 & p]haps ( high] intellig5ces unkn[n to u2 & t 9 ! la/ resort x 0 = ,8 pleasure t !y 7 creat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pt]aspis4 ,,re/or$4a,euro,,aft] ,,lanke/]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,v]tebrate ,,animals4 ,confess$ly ! highe/ /yle ( animal is t :i* possesses a skull & backbone1 ) bra9 & n]ve sy/em to mat*1 & :i* embodies ! g5]al plan ( /ructure employ$ 9 man himself4 ,yet among ! fi%es1 :i* con/itute ! l[e/ manife/ation ( ?is type1 are "s s rudim5t>y t ! bra9 is sc>cely develop$1 & ! skeleton is m]ely a cord ( gri/le4 ,^! are repres5t$ 9 ! mod]n _w only by ! ,lancelot1#cc a creature :i* has sometimes be5 mi/ak5 = a worm1 & by a slightly m advanc$ type1 t ( ! ,lampreys4#cd ,9 ^! animals ! ,v]tebrates make ! ne>e/ approa* to ! l[] doma9s ( ! animal k+dom1 collectively kn[n z ,inv]tebrates4 ,we %\ld naturally expect t s9ce ! v]tebrates succe$ ! inf]ior animals 9 "t1 _! l[] types %\ld appe> fir/1 & t ^! %\ld be aquatic r ?an t]re/rial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! olde/ fi%es t are c]ta9ly kn[n are /rongly protect$ ) bony arm\r1 & _h to cont5d aga9/ =midable ,cru/aceans & ,cuttles1 we might suppose t ! ,lancelot & ! ,lampreys are r degrad$ types belong+ to ! mod]n p]iod1 ?an ! true precursors ( ! o!r fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4;a,euro,siluro-,cambrian ,conodonts4 ,magnifi$4a,euro,aft] ,p&]4 ,b if fi%es l ! ,lancelot prec$$ all o!rs1 we may nev] f9d 9 a fossil /ate any traces ( _! s(t & p]i%able bodies2 & ev5 ! ,lampreys h no h>d p>ts except small horny tee?1 :i* might easily escape obs]vation4 ,b pal,aontologi/s h %>p eyes1 & x has n escap$ !m t c]ta9 microscopic too?-l bodies are some:at widely di/ribut$ 9 ! old] rocks4 ,9 ,russia1 ,p&] has f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian1 & also 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s1 m9ute conical & comb-l tee?1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( ,conodonts 7,fig4 #ajb71 & :i* he supposes to be ! tee? ( anci5t ,lampreys4 ,simil> tee? h be5 f\nd by ,moore & o!rs 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ,engl&1 & by ,newb]ry 9 ,c>bonif]\s %ales 9 ,ohio4 ,9 po9t ( =m1 ^! bodies c]ta9ly resemble ! tee? ( ! humble fi%es to :i* !y h be5 ref]r$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,c>bonif]\s specim5s f ,ohioa,euro! only ones ,i h _h an opportunity to exam9e! mat]ial is calcium phosphate1 & ! /ructures are m l ^? ( tee? ( ,%>ks ?an ( ,lampreys1 s t !re c be no d\bt t !y are really tee? ( fi%es1 & probably ( fi%es ( some:at high] grade ?an ! ,lampreys4#ce ,! ,cambrian & ,silurian specim5s are said to be compos$ ( calcium c>bonate1 :i* w\ld r5d] x m probable t1 z has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,ow51 !y may h be5 tee? ( "s species ( ,sea-snail de/itute ( %ell4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t !y may h orig9ally be5 horny1 & t ! animal matt] has be5 replac$ by c>bonate ( lime4 ,rohon & ,zittel h rec5tly %[n t _m ( ^! are m alli$ to ! tee? ( worms ?an ( any o!r animals4#cf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4;a,euro,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,conodont4 ,magnifi$4a,euro,aft] ,newb]ry4 ,if ^! old] ,conodonts 7 really tee? ( fi%es1 !y c>ry ! introduction ( ^! ne>ly z f> back z t ( ! ,mollusks & ,cru/aceans4 ,if !y 7 n1 !n ! e>lie/ kn[n repres5tatives ( ?is class belong to a mu* lat] age1 t ( ! ,silurian4 ,"h we h und\bt$ rema9s ( fi%es belong+ to two ( ! high] ord]s ( ! class2 & 9 ! succe$+ ,devonian ^! became multipli$ & ext5d$ exce$+ly4 ,besides ! inf]ior tribes already ref]r$ to1 ! mod]n seas & riv]s pres5t f\r lead+ types ( fi%es3a,eurofir/1 ! ord9>y bony fi%es 7,teleo/ians71 su* z ! ,cod1 ,salmon1 & ,h]r+2 secondly1 ! ,ganoid fi%es1 protect$ ) bony plates on ! sk91 z ! ,bony-pike#cg & ,/urgeon2 ?irdly1 ! ,%>ks & _! allies1 ! ,dog-fi%es & ,rays2 f\r?ly1 ! peculi> & at pres5t r>e gr\p ( semi-reptilian fi%es to :i* ! "n ( ,dipnoi has be5 giv51 on acc\nt ( _! capacity = brea?+ bo? 9 air & 9 wat]4 ,( ^! f\r types ! fir/ is altoge!r mod]n1 & includes ! great majority ( our pres5t fi%es4 ,x does n make its appe>ance till ! ,cretace\s age1 & !n is at once repres5t$ by at lea/ ?ree ( ! mod]n families1 ^? ( ! ,salmon1 ,h]r+1 & ,p]*4 ,! hi/ory ( ! o!r ?ree gr\ps is precisely ! opposite ( ?is4 ,!y ab\nd exce$+ly at an e>ly p]iod1 & dw9dle to a mu* small] numb] 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! ,ganoids & ! ,dipnoi4 ,x is also rem>kable t ^! gr\ps ( old-fa%ion$ fi%es#ch are 9 "s respects ! highe/ memb]s ( ! class1 approa*+ ! ne>e/ to ! reptiles2 b ?is accords ) a well-kn[n pal,aontological law1 namely1 t ! high] memb]s ( l[ gr\ps give way on ! introduction ( m elevat$ types1 :ile ! l[] memb]s may cont9ue4 ,?us ! decad5ce ( ^! high] fi% beg9s ) ! incom+ ( ! reptiles1 j z ! decad5ce ( ! high] ,mollusks & pr$ace\s ,cru/aceans began ) ! incom+ ( ! fi%es4 ,fur!r1 ! mod]n ,ganoids & ,dipnoi are mo/ly fre%-wat] animals1 ?\gh ! ,%>ks are l>gely pelagic4 ,9 ! ,pal,aozoic !re seem to h be5 abundance ( m>9e species ( all ^! types2 b ?\gh m>9e1 !y probably fl\ri%$ mo/ 9 bays & e/u>ies & on %all[ banks2 & ! exi/5ce ( ^! implies cont95tal masses ( l&4 ,?is expla9s ! curi\s co9cid5ce t ! introduction ( fi%es & ( an abundant l& flora syn*ronise1 & t ! ocean 0 /ill dom9at$ by ,inv]tebrates long aft] ! fi%es _h become supreme 9 bays1 e/u>ies1 & riv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4;a,euroa1 ,head-%ield ( an ,upp] ,silurian fi% 7,cya?aspis74 b1 ,sp9e ( a ,silurian ,%>k 7,on*us t5ui-/riatus1 ,agass474 c1 d1 ,scales ( ,!codus1 enl>g$4 ,! fir/ fi%es t we c]ta9ly "k are ! ,ganoids & ,%>ks1 :i* appe> ne> ! close ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 9 ! ,engli% ,ludl[ = example 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,! ,ganoids f\nd "h all belong to an ext9ct gr\p1 *>act]is$ by ! cov]+ ( ! head & ant]ior "p ( ! body ) l>ge bony plates4 ,!y are mo/ly small fi%es1 & probably f$ at ! bottom1 & us$ _! long or r\nd$ bony sn\ts = grubb+ 9 ! mud = food4 ,9 ?is respect !y pres5t a s+ul> resemblance to ! ,trilobites1 s t we seem to h "h animals ( an entirely new type1 ! ,v]tebrate1 & ) bony in/ead ( %elly cov]+s1 tak+ up ! r,a'le &1 to "s ext5t1 ! ext]nal =m ( a gr\p ab\t to pass away4 ,yet ,i presume t no d]ivationi/ w\ld be h>dy en\gh to affirm t ! ,trilobites c\ld h be5 ! ance/ors ( ^! fi%es4 ,nor inde$ is any ance/ry ev5 hypo!tically kn[n = !m1 = ! d\btful ,lampreys ( ! ,cambrian ,silurian are too remote & unc]ta9 to be us$ 9 t way4 ,! head-%ield copi$ 9 outl9e 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 & ! re/oration aft] ,lanke/] 9 ! frontispiece to ?is *apt]1 may s]ve to repres5t ^! curi\s primitive ,ganoids1 :i* are cont9u$ 9 ! ,devonian fi%es repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4;a,euro,cephalaspis ,dawsoni 7,lanke/]74 ,l[] ,devonian ( ,gasp,a7,c74 ,along ) ^!1 & n improbably _! enemies1 7 c]ta9 ,%>ks 7,fig4 #ajd71 kn[n to u only by ! sp9es :i* 7 atta*$ to _! f9s z weapons ( def5ce1 & by deta*$ bony tub]cles :i* protect$ _! sk94 ,^! rema9s are *iefly int]e/+ z indications t two ( ! great lead+ divisions ( ! class ( fi%es orig9at$ toge!r4 ,9 ! ,devonian age ! ,ganoids & ,%>ks1 ?us introduc$ 9 ! ,silurian1 may be said to culm9ate4 ,! =m]1 m especially1 are repres5t$ by a great v>iety ( species1 "s ( !m ne>ly alli$ to _! ,silurian pr$ecessors 7,fig4 #ajf71 o!rs ( =ms & /ructure n dissimil> to ^? ( ! few surviv+ repres5tatives ( ! ord]1 or altoge!r peculi> to ! ,devonian 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,s num]\s are ^! fi%es1 & ( s _m g5]a & speciesa,euro& ?is n m]ely 9 "o region1 b 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! worlda,eurot ! ,devonian has n inaptly be5 call$ ! reign ( ,ganoids4 ,z an illu/ration at once ( ! v peculi> =ms ( "s ( ^! fi%es & ( _! wide di/ribution1 ,i figure "h along ) ! ,briti% species a ,cephalaspis 7,fig4 #aje7 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,devonian ( ,gasp,a7,c71 9 ! same b$s ) "s ( ! antique ,devonian plants describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4;a,euro,devonian ,placoganoid ,fi%es 7,pt]i*?ys cornutus1 ,cephalaspis ,lyelli71 f ,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4;a,euro,devonian ,lepidoganoid ,fi%es 7,diplacan?us & ,o/eolepis74 ,aft] ,page & ,ni*olson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4;a,euro,mod]n ,dipnoi4 a1 ,c]atodus ,fo/]i4 ,au/ralia4 b1 ,lepidosir5 annectus4 ,africa4 ,a new & int]e/+ light has rec5tly be5 ca/ ^u "s ( ! mo/ anomal\s ( ! anci5t fi%es by ! /udy ( ! n[ r>e & peculi> species ( ! gr\p ( ,dipnoi4 ,two ( ^!1 belong+ to ! g5us ,lepidosir51 are ! a,eurooe,mud-fishesa,euro ( ! riv]s ( tropical ,africa & ,am]ica 7,fig4 #ajh1 b47 ,^! creatures h an elongat$ & elegant =m1 & ! body is cov]$ ) ov]lapp+ horny scales l ^? ( ord9>y fi%es2 b ! pectoral & v5tral f9s are rod-l1 & are support$ by simple c>tilag9\s rays1 :ile ! tailf9 =ms a fr+e ar\nd ! po/]ior "p ( ! body4 ,unlike ord9>y fi%es1 !y h lungs z well z gills1 & _! m\?s are arm$ ) %>p1 bony1 beak-l tee? 7,fig4 #aae71 ) :i* !y c inflict t]rible bites on ! small fi%es & frogs :i* furni% !m ) food4 ,_! mo/ rem>kable habit is t ( bury+ !mselves 9 ! mud ( dri$-up ponds1 ?us =m+ a sort ( wat]-*amb] or a,eurooecocoon1a,euro 9 :i* !y rema9 9 a torpid /ate until ! return ( ! ra9y season sets !m free4 ,ano!r example ( ^! ,dipnoi is ! ,b>ramunda1 or ,c]atodus ( ! ,au/ralian riv]s 7,fig4 #ajh;a74 ,?is fi% resembles ! ,lepidosir5 9 _m ess5tial po9ts ( /ructure2 b its f9s h lat]al rays1 & are consequ5tly ( "s bread?1 ?\gh ( peculi> =m1 & its m\? is arm$ ) flat1 pavem5t-l tee?1 :]e) x br[ses on aquatic grasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4;a,euro,ant]ior "p ( ! palate ( ,dipt]us4 ,%[+ ! d5tal plates at a1 ,devonian4a,euro,aft] ,traquair4 ,^! mod]n fi%es h enabl$ u to und]/& sev]al my/]i\s =ms met ) 9 ! old] rocks4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y %[ ! mean+ ( c]ta9 flat-too!d fi%es1 l ,dipt]us ( ! ,devonian 7,fig4 #aji71 ,con*odus ( ! ,c>bonif]\s 7,fig4 #aaj71 & ,c]atodus ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,trias 7,figs4 #aaa1 #aab71 previ\sly ( v d\btful "*4 ,^! mu/ all h be5 ( simil> /ructure & habits ) ! ,b>ramunda1 :i* is ?us ! sole survivor1 p]haps itself v]g+ on ext9ction1 ( a gr\p ( h]bivor\s fi%es introduc$1 x may be1 contemporane\sly ) ! fir/ /ream af=d+ ! requisite vegetable food1 & :i* h cont9u$ almo/ )\t improvem5t or det]ioration to ! pres5t "t4 ,^! fi%es are1 h[ev]1 v closely connect$ ) ! ,ganoids1 & !re are "s ( ^!1 ) fr+$ f9s & ov]lapp+ scales1 :i*1 :ile reg>d$ z true ,ganoids1 resemble ! ,dipnoi v closely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4;a,euro,d5tal plate ( ,con*odus plicatus 7,dn474 ,coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,acadian ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4;a,euro,d5tal plate ( ,c]atodus ,b>r&ii4 ,coal-=mation ( ,bohemia4 ,aft] ,frits*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4;a,euro,d5tal plate ( ,c]atodus s]ratus4 ,f ! ,trias4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4;a,euro,jaws ( ,d9i*?ys ,h]tz]i 7,newb]ry74 ,lat]ally compress$2 "o-six? natural size4 ,aga91 c]ta9 huge fi%es1 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! ,devonian ( ,ohio1#ci _h jaws on ! same plan ) ^? ( ,lepidosir51 b ( enorm\s size & /r5g? 7,figs4 #aac1 #aad1 #aae71 s t 9 ?is & "s o!r po9ts ( /ructure !y may be reg>d$ z colossal ,mud-fi%es1 & !y mu/ h _h ! same de/ructive p[]s1 b on a f> gr&] scale4 ,!y 7 besides clo!d ) heavy arm\r ( bony scales1 hav+ "s resemblance to t ( ^? mail$ fi%es ( small] size already ref]r$ to1 & indicat+ t1 huge ?\gh !y 71 & =midable 9 de/ructive p[]1 !y also _h enemies to be dread$4 ,^! plates s]ve to ally !m ) ! ,ganoids1 z _! jaws d ) ,lepidosir54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4;a,euro,l[] ,jaw ( ,d9i*?ys ,h]tz]i4 ,"o-six? natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4;a,euro,jaws ( ,lepidosir54 ,natural size4a,euro,aft] ,newb]ry4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to see 9 ! /reams1 lakes1 & bays ( ! ,pal,aozoic1 h>mless fi%es1 ( ! type ( ,c]atodus1 fe$+ on plants1 & huge precursors ( ! ,mud-fi%es d>t+ f ! dep?s1 & provid$ ) a d5tal app>atus m =midable ?an t ( any mod]n fi%1 suffici5t to pi]ce ! /ronge/ arm\r ( ! ,ganoids1 & to de/roy & dev\r ! l>ge/ aquatic animals4 ,^! huge fi%es1 arm$ ) %e>s two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & capable ( cutt+ asund] scale1 fle%1 & bone1 are ! beau id,a7,c7al ( de/ructive mon/]s ( ! deep1 f> surpass+ our mod]n ,%>ks2 & if1 by means ( supplem5t>y lungs1 !y c\ld brea! 9 air z well z 9 wat]1 !y w\ld on t acc\nt be all ! m vigor\s & voraci\s4 ,newb]ry has well rem>k$ t :ile 9 ! ,devonian ! ,ganoids & ,dipnoi 7 ! real tyrants ( ! sea1 z well z ( ! /reams1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s !y already dim9i% 9 size1 ?\gh /ill abundant z to numb]s1 & are m limit$ to e/u>ies & fre% wat]s4 ,?us _! dep>ture f p[] _h already begun1 & w5t on until 9 mod]n times ! proportion ( ,ganoids to ord9>y fi%es is1 accord+ to ,,ga#a_/dn!r1 n9e out ( #i1jjj4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s1 inde$1 v specially ab\nds 9 small ,ganoids1 ?\gh !re are _m l>ge & =midable species4 ,"o ( ^! small] species1 a v beautiful little fi%1 ( fre%-wat] ponds & /reams 9 ! old] "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 is repres5t$ ( ! natural size 9 ,fig4 #aaf1 & is n a re/oration1 be+ f\nd pres]v$ entire1 ?\gh flatt5$1 9 a f9e bitum9\s %ale1 :i* has p]fectly pres]v$ ev5 ! mo/ delicate sculptur+ ( its bony scales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4;a,euro,a small ,c>bonif]\s ,ganoid 7,pal,aoniscus 7,rhad9i*?ys7 ,modulus ,dn474 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 ,new ,brunswick4 a1 ,outl9e4 b1 c1 d1 ,sculpture ( scales magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4;a,euro,tee? & ,sp9es ( ,c>bonif]\s ,%>ks4 ,nova ,scotia4 a1 ,diplodus p5etrans4 b1 ,psammodus4 c1 ,ct5opty*ius cri/atus4 d1 ,sp9e1 ,gyracan?us magnificus4 ,"o-eigh? natural size4a,euro,acadian ,geology4 ,! ,%>ks 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s increase 9 numb] & importance4 ,fig4 #aag %[s a few examples ( _! tee? & sp9es4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 h[ev]1 !re is a great prepond]ance ( ^? species ) flat1 cru%+ tee? fitt$ = gr9d+ %ells1#dj :i* 9 dim9i%+ numb]s cont9ue up to ! pres5t "t1 :5 !y are repres5t$ by ! ,port ,jackson ,%>k & a few o!r species4 ,! increase t[>d ! mod]n "t ( ! true ,%>ks#da ) %>p cutt+ tee?1 is obvi\sly relat$ to ! increase ( ! ord9>y fi%es :i* furni% !m ) food4 ,ano!r curi\s diff]5ce1 connect$ probably ) ! same circum/ance1 is ! fact t 9 ! %>p too!d ,%>ks ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ! two side fangs ( ea* too? are ! l>ge/1 or are exclusively develop$ 7,fig4 #aag1 a71 :ile 9 lat] p]iods ! c5tral po9t becomes dom9ant1 or is develop$ to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs 7,figs4 #aah1 #aai74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4;a,euro,tee? ( ,cretace\s ,%>ks 7,otodus & ,pty*odus74a,euro,aft] ,leidy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4;a,euro,too? ( a ,t]ti>y ,%>k 7,c>*>odon74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4;a,euro,a ,liassic ,ganoid 7,dap$ius74 ,re/or$4a,euro,aft] ,ni*olson4 ,! ,ganoids & ,dipnoi /ill1 h[ev]1 occupy a v important place ?r\gh ! ,mesozoic ages 7,fig4 #abj71 & x is only at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s t !y f9ally give place to ! ,teleo/s1 or common fi%es1 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps m fully specialis$ 9 purely i*?yic features1 h dropp$ ! reptilian *>act]i/ics ( _! pr$ecessors 7,fig4 #aba74 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ^! old-fa%ion$ fi%es _h culm9at$ be=e ! adv5t ( air-brea?+ ,v]tebrates1 :i* appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t gr\ps ( fi%es furni%$ ) means ( aid+ _! gills by rudim5t>y lungs 7 especially suit$ to wat]s m *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 & less ) free oxyg51 ?an ^? ( m rec5t times4 ,?is rem>k especially applies to ! mephitic & sluggi% /reams & lagoons ( ! ,c>bonif]\s swamps1 :]e1 9 ! mid/ ( a rank vegetation & reek+ masses ( decay+ organic matt]1 ! half air-brea?+ fi%es & ! amphibi\s reptilian animals met ) ea* o!r & f\nd equally cong5ial abodes4 ,?us1 indep5d5tly ( ! fact t "s ( ^! fi%es 7 probably vegetable fe$]s1 x is n altoge!r an accid5t1 b a wise adaptation1 t caus$ ! culm9ation ( ! reptilian fi%es & batra*ian reptiles to co9cide ) ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! l[] =ms ( l&-plants 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,ano!r curi\s illu/ration ( ! dim9i%+ necessity = air-brea?+ to ! fi%es1 is ! *ange ( ! tail f ! unequally-lob$ or het]oc]cal =m1 :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,pal,aozoic1 to ! m mod]n equally-lob$ 7homoc]cal7 /yle 9 ! ,mesozoic4 ,! =m] is bett] suit$ to animals :i* h to rise rapidly to ! surface = air1 & is /ill cont9u$ 9 "s mod]n fi%es1 :i* = o!r reasons ne$ to asc5d & desc5d1 or to turn !mselves 9 ! wat]2 b ! homoc]cal =m is be/ suit$ to ! ord9>y fi%1 :e!r ,ganoids or ,teleo/s 7,fig4 #abb74 ,x is curi\s also to f9d ! beg9n+ ( ! dom9ancy ( ! ord9>y fi% to co9cide ) t ( ! broad-leav$ exog5\s trees 9 ! lat] ,cretace\s1 & to prec$e imm$iately ! appe>ance ( ! mammals on ! l&2 all ^! *anges be+ relat$ to ! pur] air1 ! cle>] wat]s1 & ! m v>i$ cont95tal pr(iles ( ! lat] geological p]iods4 ,?us physical improvem5t & ! *anges ( animal & vegetable life are l9k$ toge!r by correlations :i* imply n only design1 b presci5ce1 :e!r we attribute ^! qualities to a spiritual ,creator or to m]e atoms & =ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4;a,euro,cretace\s ,fi%es ( ! mod]n or ,teleo/ian type4 a1 ,b]yx ,lewesi5sis4 ,engli% *alk4 b1 ,por!us molossus 7,cope74 ,a l>ge fi% f ! ,am]ican ,cretace\s4 ,"o tw5ty-eigh? natural size4 ,! hi/ory ( fi%es ext5ds fur!r ?r\gh geological "t ?an t ( any o!r ,v]tebrates1 & is p]haps m completely kn[n to u1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] facilities = ! pres]vation ( _! rema9s 9 aque\s deposits4 ,if we receive ,pandera,euro7,,tm7s ,conodonts z indicat+ a l[ type ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ^! mu/ h cont9u$ = va/ ages )\t any elevation1 & /ruggl+ = a b>e exi/5ce amid/ =midable ,cuttle-fi%es & ,cru/aceans1 be=e1 "u m fav\rable conditions1 !y sudd5ly exp&$ into ! high & p]fect types ( ,ganoids & ,%>ks4 ,if we reject ! e>ly ,conodonts1 !n ! two la/-m5tion$ types spr+ toge!r & sudd5ly into exi/5ce1 l ! arm$ m5 f ! dragona,euro7,,tm7s tee? ( ,cadmus4 ,!y rapidly atta9 to numb]s & gr&eur unexampl$ 9 lat] times1 & become ! lords ( ! wat]s at ! "t :5 !re 0 probably no ,v]tebrate life on ! l&4 ,z ! reptiles e/abli% !mselves on ! l& & 9 ! wat]s1 ! ,ganoids dim9i%1 b ! ,%>ks hold _! own4 ,at l5g? ! reign ( reptiles is ov]1 b ! ,ganoids1 in/ead ( resum+ _! pri/9e numb]s1 give place to ! ,teleo/s1 & become r$uc$ to insignificance2 :ile ! ,%>ks1 pr(it+ by ! decad5ce ( ! great m>9e reptiles1 rema9 ! tyrants ( ! seas4 ,?is hi/ory is /rangely unlike a cont9u\s evolution2 b we are anticipat+ facts :i* w fall to be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4;a,euro,mod]n ,ganoids 7,polypt]us4 ,africa4 ,lepido/eus4 ,am]ica74 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,microsaurian ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod 7,hylonomus ,lyelli74 ,,re/or$ ,,f ,,! ,,skeleton ,,& ,,d]mal ,,app5dages ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,an ,,erect ,,sigill>ia4 ,,half ,,natural ,,size4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,air-,,brea!rs4 ,7 our exp]i5ce limit$ to ! animals ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! e>li] ,pal,aozoic rocks1 we might be unable to conceive ! possibility ( an animal capable ( liv+ & brea?+ 9 ! ?9 & app>5tly uncong5ial m$ium ( air4 ,m especially w\ld ?is appe> d\btful if our exp]i5ce ( ! atmosph]e pres5t$ x to u z load$ ) c>bonic acid1 & less ri* 9 vital air ?an x is at pres5t4 ,ev5 ! me*anical difficulties ( ! case might /rike u z consid]able1 9 our ignorance ( ! capabilities ( limbs4 ,/ill1 z "t wore on1 we %\ld f9d ?is problem work$ out along ?ree di/9ct l9es ( advancementa,euro^? ( ! ,mollusk1 ! ,ar?ropod1 & ! ,v]tebrate1 & 9 ea* ( ^! ) diff]5t ma*9]y1 relat$ to ! previ\s locomotive & wat]-brea?+ app>atus ( ! type4 ,respiration "u wat] dep5ds1 n on ! wat] itself1 b on ! small p]c5tage ( free oxyg5 :i* x conta9s1 & ?is is utilis$ = ! a,aration ( ! blood ( animals1 by t wond]ful & (t5 extremely beautiful app>atus ( delicate fibres or lamin,a p5etrat$ ) blood-vessels1 :i* we call a gill4 ,except ^? l[e/ creatures :i* a,arate _! blood m]ely at ! g5]al surface ( ! body1 all animals capable ( respiration 9 wat] are provid$ ) gills 9 "s =m1 ?\gh 9 _m ( ! humbl] types1 l t ( ! famili> ,oy/]1 ! gills are us$ = ! d\ble purpose ( a,arat+ ! blood &1 by _! m9ute vibrat+ ?reads or cilia1 drift+ food to ! m\?4 ,9 ! great gr\p ( radiat$ animals1 ! ,protozoa1 ,,cal5t]ata1 & ,e*9od]mata1 no air-brea?+ creature exi/s1 or1 9 s f> z is kn[n1 has exi/$1 s t ?is va/ gr\p ( animals is limit$ altoge!r to ! wat]s2 & ?is is und\bt$ly "o m>k ( its inf]iority4 ,9 ! sub-k+dom ( ! ,mollusks ! highe/ class1 t ( ! ,cuttle-fi%es & ,nautili1 has be51 s+ul>ly en\gh1 reject$ z unfit = ?is promotion1 ?\gh x 0 e>ly introduc$1 & atta9s to a high developm5t ( muscul> en]gy & n]v\s p[]4 ,! gr\p next 9 ord]1 t ( ! ,snails & _! allies1 alone v5tures 9 "s ( its families to assume ! r,a'le ( air-brea?+4 ,z might be expect$1 9 creatures ( ?is /amp ! simple/ means are employ$ to effect ! result4 ,9 ! sub-aquatic species ! gills are conta9$ 9 a *amb]1 :]e !y are protect$ & kept suppli$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! air-brea?+ species1 ?is gill-*amb] is m]ely empti$ ( its cont5ts & conv]t$ into an air-sac or functional lung4 ,?us a rude & imp]fect me?od ( air-brea?+ is contriv$1 :i* sc>cely sep>ates ! animals t possess x f _! aquatic relatives1 b :i* nev]!less gives to u ! beautiful & v>i$ gr\ps ( ! ,l&-snails & ( ! air-brea?+ fre%-wat] ,snails4 ,9 ! worms & ,cru/aceans ! gills are plac$ at ! sides ( ! body1 & connect$ ) its sev]al segm5ts4 ,b ! ,cru/aceans1 l ! ,cuttle-fi%es1 ?\gh ! highe/ aquatic type1 nev] become air-brea!rs4 ,x is true "s ( !m1 l ! ,l&-crabs1 live 9 ! air2 b !y reta9 _! gills1 & h to c>ry ) !m a supply ( wat] to keep ^! moi/4 ,b 9 ord] to elevate ! ,annulose type to ! true dignity ( air brea?+1 ?ree new classes _h to be introduc$1 diff]+ altoge!r 9 _! details ( /ructure2 & all ?ree seem to h be5 plac$ on ! e>? ab\t ! same "t4 ,!y are3 ,fir/1 ! ,myriapods1 or ,gallyworms & ,c5tip$es2 secondly1 ! ,insects2 & ?irdly1 ! ,ara*nidans1 or ,spid]s & ,scorpions4 ,9 ! ,myriapods a sy/em ( air-tubes1 kept op5 by ela/ic spiral fibres1 p5etrates ! body by lat]al pores1 ?us reta9+ ! resemblance to ! lat]al respiration ( ! ,cru/aceans & worms4 ,9 ! ,insects1 :]e ?is type ( /ructure rises to its highe/ me*anical p]fection1 & :]e ! animal is enabl$ to be n m]ely an air-brea!r1 b a fli]1 ! same sy/em ( lat]al pores & int]nal air-tubes is adopt$1 & is s ext5d$ & ramifi$ z to give a v p]fect respiration4 ,9 ! ,spid]s & ,scorpions ! sy/em is ! same1 except t 9 ! latt] & a "p ( ! =m] ! :ole or a "p ( ! tra*eal sy/em becomes exp&$ into air-*amb]s simulat+ true lungs4 ,among ! ,v]tebrates1 ! fi%es are brea!rs by gills atta*$ to ar*es at ! sides ( ! neck4 ,b already 9 ! ,devonian we h reason to believe t !re 7 fi%es hav+ ! swimm+-bladd] op5+ into ! back ( ! m\? to receive air1 & divid$ into *amb]s1 s z to con/itute an imp]fect lung4 ,& "h we h n1 z 9 ! l[] types1 an adaptation ( ! old wat]-brea?+ organs1 b an entirely new app>atus4 ,9 ! next grade ( ,v]tebrates we f9d1 z 9 ! ,frogs1 ,wat]-liz>ds1 etc41 t ! "y are aquatic & brea! by gills1 :ile ! adults acquire lungs1 sometimes reta9+ _! gills also1 b 9 ! high] =ms p>t+ ) !m4 ,?us 9 ! v]tebrates alone we h true lungs1 di/9ct /ructurally f gills2 & ^! lungs atta9 to _! highe/ p]fection 9 ! birds & mammals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4;a,euro,w+s ( ,devonian ,insects4 ,middle ,devonian ( ,new ,brunswick4 a1 ,platephem]a antiqua 7,scudd]74 b1 ,homo!tus fossilis 7,scudd]74 c1 ,li!ntomum ,h>ttii 7,scudd]74 d1 ,x5oneura antiquorum 7,scudd]74 ,! olde/ air brea!rs at pres5t kn[n are ,scorpions & insects alli$ to ! mod]n ,may-flies1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,silurian4 ,next to ^!1 & m important 9 numb] & v>iety1 are ! insects ( ! ,erian plant b$s ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,!y 7 discov]$ by ! late lam5t$ ,pr(4 ,c4 ,f4 ,h>tt 9 ! plant-be>+ %ales ( ! ,middle ,devonian 7,fig4 #abc74 ,! b$s conta9+ !m hold also a species ( ,eurypt]us1 an obscure ,trilobite1 & a ,cru/acean alli$ to ! mod]n ,/omapods1#db besides a %ell :i* may possibly be t ( a ,l&-snail1 to be m5tion$ 9 ! sequel4 ,!y are also exce$+ly ri* 9 beautifully-pres]v$ rema9s ( ,devonian plants4 ,! collection made by ,pr(4 ,h>tt is limit$ to a few fragm5ts ( w+s2 b ^!1 9 ! skilful h&s ( ,mr4 ,scudd]1 h prov$ to be ri* 9 geological int]e/4 ,"o is a gigantic ,ephem]a or ,may-fly1 :i* mu/ h be5 five in*es 9 ! expanse ( ! w+s1 :i* are m complex 9 _! v5ation ?an ^? ( its mod]n allies 7,fig4 #abc1 a74 ,ano!r pres5ts peculi>ities betwe5 ^? ( ! ,may-flies & ,dragon-flies 7,fig4 #abc1 b74 ,a ?ird is a ,neuropt]1 n belong+ to any kn[n family1 b alli$ to "s 9 ! ,coal-=mation 7,fig4 #abc1 c74 ,a f\r? 7,fig4 #abc1 d7 is a small & delicate w+1 suppos$ to h belong$ to an animal hav+ "s po9ts ( resemblance to ! mod]n crickets4 ,two o!rs are repres5t$ by m]e fragm5ts ( w+s1 insuffici5t to det]m9e _! aff9ities ) c]ta9ty4 ,no o!r insects ( ?is age h be5 discov]$ else:]e2 b x is to be borne 9 m9d t no o!r locality ri* 9 ,devonian plants has probably be5 s ?or\ghly explor$4 ,! h>d slaty ridges conta9+ ^! fossils are well expos$ on ! coa/ ne> ! city ( ,/4 ,john1 & ,messrs4 ,h>tt & ,mat!w ( t city1 act+1 ,i believe1 9 conc]t ) & aid$ by ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ! place1 n only se>*$ sup]ficially1 b remov$ by bla/+ l>ge portions ( ! ri*e/ b$s1 & exam9$ e fragm5t ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,_! prim>y object 0 fossil plants1 ( :i* !y obta9$ magnific5t collections2 & x is sc>cely possible t ! insects c\ld h be5 f\nd b = ! exhau/ive me?ods ( exploration employ$4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve1 respect+ ^! olde/ insects1 t !y all belong to ^? families :i* h jaws1 & n suctorial app>atus1 t !y are n ( ^? :i* und]go a complete metamorphosis1 & t _! mod]n cong5]s pass _! l>val /age 9 ! wat]4 ,?us ! wat]s gave bir? to ! fir/ insects1 & _! e>lie/ families 7 n ( ^? :i* suck honi$ juices or ! blood ( animals1 or :i* pass ?r\gh a worm-l infancy4 ,^! gr\ps belong app>5tly to mu* lat] times4 ,on "o ( ! specim5s collect$ by ,messrs4 ,h>tt & ,mat!w1 & plac$ by !m 9 my h&s1 is a spiral =m :i* 9 e p>ticul> ( ext]nal m>k+ resembles a g5us ( mod]n ,we/ ,indian ,l&-snails4#dc ,i h hesitat$ to describe x1 z ! /ructure is lo/ & ! =m imp]fect2 b ,i _c help reg>d+ x z an indication t ?is gr\p ( l& animals also w be trac$ back to ! ,devonian age4 ,asc5d+ f ! ,devonian to ! ,c>bonif]\s1 we at once f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( air-brea!rs ( v>i\s types4 ,"h are ,myriapods1 insects ( sev]al ord]s1 ,spid]s1 ,scorpions1 ,l&-snails1 & ,batra*ian reptiles1 & ^! ( _m species1 & f\nd 9 _m localities widely sep>at$4 ,we c ?us p ^? d>k1 luxuriant =e/s1 to :i* we owe our mo/ valuable b$s ( coal1 ) _m =ms ( life2 & z mo/ ( ^! belong to tribes likely to multiply abundantly :]e food 0 pl5tiful1 we c imag9e multitudes ( ,snails & ,millep$es fe$+ on succul5t or decay+ vegetable matt]1 sw>ms ( insects flitt+ ?r\gh ! air 9 ! sunni] spots1 :ile _! larv,a luxuriat$ 9 decay+ masses ( leaves or wood1 or peopl$ ! pools & /reams4 ,9 l mann]1 9 imag9ation we c r5d] ^! old woods vocal ) ! trill ( crickets & ) ! pip+ or boom+ ( small] & l>g] ,batra*ians4 ,let u n[1 9 accordance ) our plan1 inquire z to ! nature ( ^! e>ly air-brea!rs & ! =tunes ( _! families 9 ! geological hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4;a,euro,l&-snail 7,pupa vetu/a1 ,dawson74 ,f ! ,coal-=mation4 a1 ,natural size4 b1 ,magnifi$4 c1 ,apex4 d1 ,sculpture4 ,enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4;a,euro,l&-snail 7,zonites 7,conulus7 priscus1 ,c>p5t]74 ,f ! ,coal-=mation4 a1 ,%ell4 ,enl>g$2 ! l9e bel[ %[s ! natural size4 b1 ,sculpture4 ,enl>g$4 ,! ,l&-snails kn[n z yet 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s are limit$ to five or six species1 belong+ to f\r g5]a1 all ,am]ican & relat$ to exi/+ ,am]ican =ms4 ,! two e>lie/ kn[n are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #abd & #abe4dd ,"o ( !m is a ,pupa1 or elongat$ ,l&-snail1 s simil> to mod]n =ms t x does n m]it a g5]ic di/9ction1 & is inde$ v ne> to "s exi/+ ,we/ ,indian species4 ,! o!r is 9 l mann] a memb] ( ! mod]n g5us ,zonites4 ,^! are f ! ,coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 & ! ,pupa mu/ h be5 v abundant1 z x has be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 a lay] ( %ale1 & 9 ! /umps ( erect trees1 9 b$s sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a ?ickness ( #b1jjj feet ( /rata4 ,! ,zonites is mu* m r>e4 ,a second ,pupa is f\nd 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & two species occur 9 ! ,coal-field ( ,ill9ois4 ,"o ( ^! is a ,pupa /ill small] ?an ,p4 vetu/a1 &1 l "s mod]n species1 ) a too?-l process on ! inn] lip4 ,! o!r has be5 plac$ 9 a new g5us1#de b is v ne> to "s ( ! small] ,am]ican ,snails /ill liv+4 ,its mo/ special "* is a plate ext5d+ f ! inn] lip ov] half ! ap]ture1 a contrivance = protection /ill se5 9 "s mod]n =ms4 ,?us ! ,l&-snails come on ! /age 9 at lea/ ?ree g5]ic =ms1 simil> to ^? :i* /ill live1 b all ( small size1 indicat+ p]haps t ! conditions 7 less fav\rable = su* creatures ?an ^? ( ! temp]ate & w>m] climates at pres5t4 ,x may seem a small /ep 9 advance = ,sea-snails to lose _! gills & to become ,l&-snails1 & ?is )\t any elevation ( _! g5]al /ructure2 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we h "h n only ! dropp+ ( ! gills = an air-sac1 b pr(\nd *anges 9 tee?1 muc\s gl&s1 %ell1 & o!r p>ticul>s1 to fit !m = new food & new habits4 ,x is also s+ul> t ! ,l&-snails at once appe> in/ead ( ! int]m$iate =ms ( ! air-brea?+ fre%-wat] snails4 ,^! la/ may1 h[ev]1 yet be f\nd4 ,! ,millep$es1 l ! ,l&-snails1 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 b species h s9ce be5 discov]$ n only 9 ,ill9ois1 b also 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,bohemia4 ,9 ,nova ,scotia alone two g5]a & five di/9ct species h be5 f\nd1 all 9 ! int]ior ( erect trees1 to :i* ^! creatures probably resort$ = food & %elt] 7,fig4 #abf74 ,all ! species yet kn[n are alli$ to ! mod]n ,gallyworms1 ?\gh pres5t+ special features :i* seem to sep>ate !m z a di/9ct family1#df & 7 probably vegetable-fe$]s4 ,"s ( ! species h ! peculi>ity1 unkn[n among _! mod]n successors1 ( be+ arm$ ) long sp9es4#dg ,! moi/1 equable climate & exub]ant vegetation ( ! ,coal-p]iod w\ld naturally be v fav\rable to ,millep$es1 & x is likely t ! discov]ies made z yet give b a fa9t idea ( _! actual abundance4 ,x is n improbable t !y subsequ5tly decl9$1 z we "k ( none betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ! ,jurassic1 & !y d n seem to h improv$ up to ! mod]n p]iod4 ,! ,c>nivor\s ,myriapods1 h[ev]1 or ,c5tip$es prop]1 a high] & ess5tially di/9ct type1 are n kn[n until mu* m rec5t times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4;a,euro,millep$es4 ,f ! ,coal-=mation4 a1 ,xylobius sigillari,a 7,dawson74 b1 ,ar*iulus xylobioides 7,scudd]74 ,ant]ior segm5ts4 ,enl>g$1 c1 ,x4 f>ctus 7,scudd]74 ,caudal portion4 ,enl>g$4 ,! insects ( ! ,c>bonif]\s z yet kn[n1 belong to ?ree out ( ! t5 or m ord]s into :i* ! class is divid$4 ,"o ( ^! is repres5t$ by a numb] ( species ( ,cockroa*1 ano!r by ,may-flies & a ,dragon-fly1 & ano!r by "s weevil-l ,beetles4 ,! ,cockroa* is *>act]is$ by ,huxley z "o ( ! a,eurooeoldest1 lea/ modifi$1 & 9 _m ways mo/ in/ructive =ms ( insects2a,euro & bo? he & ,rolle/on take its anatomy z typical ( t ( ! class4 ,t ^! creatures %\ld h ab\nd$ 9 ! ,coal-p]iod we ne$ n wond]1 :5 we consid] ! habits ( ^? t infe/ our h\ses1 & :5 we fur!r be> 9 m9d ! numb] ( species1 "s ( !m two in*es 9 l5g?1 t exi/ 9 tropical climates4 ,s _m species ( ?is family h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,coal-=mation on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1#dh t we may fairly reg>d !m z con/itut+ "o ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic features1 & z probably ! olde/ repres5tatives ( ! ord] to :i* !y belong#di 7,fig4 #abg74 ,!re 7 also 9 ! ,coal-p]iod insects alli$ to ! ,locu/s & to ! ,mantids1 a c>nivor\s gr\p4 ,"o ( ! latt] 7,li?omantis71 describ$ by ,woodw>d1 is a magnific5t insect1 n unlike "s mod]n tropical species4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,coal-=mation ( ,scotl&4 ,a /ill l>g] species1 probably ! l>ge/ insect kn[n1 has be5 describ$ by ,brongni>t4 ,! ,may-flies 7,ephemerid,a7 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s by sev]al v l>ge species4 ,t ( :i* ! w+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh mu/ h be5 sev5 in*es 9 expanse ( w+s4 ,! habits ( ! mod]n ,may-flies %[ u h[ animals ( ?is gr\p1 liv+ z larv,a 9 ! /reams & lakes1 mu/ h af=d$ l>ge supplies ( food to fi%es1 & :5 mature mu/ h em]g$ f ! wat]s 9 c\ntless myriads1 fill+ ! air = ! brief t]m ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! p]fect /ate4 ,! ,may-flies repres5t ano!r insect ord]4#ej ,! ,coal-measures ( ,sa>bruck h af=d$ sev]al species alli$ to ! :ite ants 7,t]mites71 insects :i* mu/ h f\nd abundant scope = _! activity 9 ! dead trees ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s4 ,! occurr5ce ( beetles1#ea especially ( ! weevil family1 :i* h z yet be5 f\nd only 9 ,europe1 might h be5 expect$1 consid]+ ! habits & mod]n di/ribution ( ?is gr\p4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t mo?s#eb h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s2 b ! pro( ( ?is1 s f> z kn[n to me1 is ! occurr5ce ( leaves1 notic$ by ,/]nb]g1 ) m>k+s simil> to ^? made by ! larv,a ( m9ute leaf-m9+ mo?s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unc]ta9 evid5ce4 ,if we consid] ! ord]s ( insects n f\nd 9 ! ,coal-=mation1 we c p]ceive good reasons = ! abs5ce ( "s ( !m4 ,^? conta9+ ! lice & fleas1 & o!r m9ute & p>asitic insects1 we c sc>cely expect to f9d4 ,! bees & wasps1 & ! butt]flies & mo?s1 are little likely to h be5 pres5t :]e !re 7 sc>cely any fl[]+ plants2 b su* gr\ps z ^? ( ! two-w+$ flies1 ! plant-bugs & ! ants1 we might h expect$1 b = ! fact ( _! be+ highly specialis$ =ms1 & = t reason likely to h appe>$ lat]4#ec ,!re are1 inde$1 z yet no hau/ellate or suctorial insects kn[n 9 ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,plausible !ories ( ! phylog5y ( insects are n want+2 b !y d n well suit ! kn[n facts z to _! fir/ appe>ance2 & p]haps we may v5ture )\t mu* blame to apply to ! insects ( ! ,coal-p]iod ! rem>k made by ,wolla/on ) ref]5ce to ! ri* insect fauna ( ! isolat$ rock ( ,/4 ,hel5a3 a,eurooe,to a m9d :i*1 l my own1 c accept ! doctr9e ( creative acts z n necess>ily a,eurounphilosophical1a,euro7,,tm7 ! my/]ies ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! species 9 an isl& s remote f o!r l&s1 h[ev] great1 become at lea/ conceivable2 b ^? :i* are n able to d ?is may1 p]haps1 succe$ 9 elaborat+ "s special !ory ( _! own1 :i*1 ev5 if x does n satisfy all ! requirem5ts ( ! problem1 may at lea/ prove conv9c+ to !mselves4a,euro ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4;a,euro,w+s ( ,cockroa*es4 ,f ! ,coal-=mation4 a1 ,ar*imulacris ,acadicus 7,scudd]74 b1 ,blatt9a ,breton5sis 7,scudd]74 c1 ,b4 ,hesri 7,scudd]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4;a,euro,w+ ( ,may-fly 7,haplophlebium ,b>nesii1 ,scudd]74 ,f ! ,coal-=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4;a,euro,a ,jurassic ,sph9x-mo? 7,sph9x ,snell]i1 ,wey5burgh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4;a,euro,an ,eoc5e ,butt]fly 7,prodryas p]sephone1 ,scudd]74 ,f ,colorado4 ,! suctorial insects make _! fir/ c]ta9 appe>ance 9 ! ,jurassic2 & ! magnific5t ,sph9x ,mo? 9 ,fig4 #abi is an example ( ! magnitude & p]fection to :i* t tribe atta9$ 9 ! age ( ! ,sol5h(5 slate2 ?\gh ,wey5burgh1 :o describes x1 fancies t he sees evid5ce t x may1 unlike any mod]n mo?s1 h be5 provid$ ) a /+4 ,! mo/ p]fect & beautiful fossil butt]fly kn[n to me is t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #acj1 f a photograph k9dly giv5 to me by ,mr4 ,scudd]4 ,x is f ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 & is laid out 9 /one z neatly z if prep>$ by an entomologi/1 :ile its pres]vation is s p]fect t ev5 ! microscopic scales on ! w+s c be made out4 ,x belongs to "o ( ! highe/ types ( mod]n butt]flies1 t to :i* ! ,vaness,a belong1 b ) "s po9ts ( /ructure po9t+ to ! l[] gr\p ( ! a,eurooe,skippersa,euro 7,hesperiad,a74 ,scudd] rem>ks t :ile ! =e-w+s resemble ^? ( ! =m] gr\p1 ! h9d-w+s look m l ^? ( ! latt]2 & ?is seems to be a common "* ( two or ?ree o!rs ( ! few fossil species kn[n1 none ( :i* are old] ?an ! ,t]ti>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4;a,euro,abdom9al "p ( a ,c>bonif]\s ,scorpion4#ed ,we "k too little ( ! spid]s & scorpions ( ! ,c>bonif]\s to say m ?an t !y closely resemble mod]n =ms4 ,two ( ! scorpions are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #aca & #acb2 & ! only spid] c]ta9ly kn[n1 :i* is f ,silesia1 is said to belong to ! gr\p ( ! hunt+ or trap-door spid]s 7,lycosa74#ee ,! ,batra*ians ( ! ,coal are its mo/ *>act]i/ic & rem>kable air-brea!rs1a,euroespecially s z ! precursors ( ! reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic age4 ,cope 9 a rec5t summ>y enum]ates no less ?an ?irty-n9e g5]a & ab\t "o hundr$ species2 & to ^! h to be add$ at lea/ a doz5 m rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,europe2 ?\gh x 0 only 9 #ahda t ! fir/ indications ( su* creatures 7 f\nd1 & 7 !n reg>d$ by geologi/s ) ! same scepticism :i* "s ( !m /ill apply to ,eozoon4 ,! fir/ trace ev] obs]v$ ( batra*ians 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s consi/$ ( a s]ies ( small b well-m>k$ footpr9ts f\nd by ! late ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s %ales ( ,horton ,bluff1 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,9 t ye> ?is pa9/ak+ geologi/ _h exam9$ ! coal-fields ( ,p5nsylvania & ,nova ,scotia1 ) ! view ( foll[+ up 8 important discov]y ( ! ,stigmari,a1 or roots ( ,sigill>ia1 z accompanim5ts ( ! coal-und]clays4 ,on 8 return he read a pap]1 detail+ 8 obs]vations1 be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 ,9 ?is he m5tion$ ! footpr9ts 9 "q2 b ! pap] 0 publi%$ only 9 ab/ract1 & ! importance ( ! discov]y 0 ov]look$ = a "t1 ! anatomi/s evid5tly be+ %y to ackn[l$ge ! validity ( ! evid5ce = a fact s unexpect$4 ,fig4 #acc is a repres5tation ( ano!r slab subsequ5tly f\nd 9 b$s ( ! same age 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & :i* may s]ve to indicate ! nature ( ,sir ,williama,euro7,,tm7s discov]y4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! neglect ( ?is fir/ h9t by ! ,london geologi/s1 ! discov]y ( bones ( a batra*ian by von ,de*5 at ,sa>bruck 9 #ahdd1 & t ( footpr9ts by ,k+ 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 ! same ye>1 are usually repres5t$ z ! fir/ facts ( ?is k9d4 ,my own e>lie/ discov]y ( reptilian bones 9 ,nova ,scotia 0 made 9 #ahdd1 ?\gh n publi%$ till "s "t aft]w>d1 & 0 foll[$ up by fur!r collections 9 company ) ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 #ahea1 at :i* "t also ! e>lie/ l&-snail 0 f\nd1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! fir/ millep$e4 ,s9ce t "t ! progress ( discov]y has be5 a/oni%+ly rapid1 & has ext5d$ ov] mo/ ( ! pr9cipal coal-areas on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4;a,euro,c>bonif]\s ,scorpion 7,eoscorpius c>bon>ius1 ,meek & ,wor!n74 ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4;a,euro,footpr9ts ( "o ( ! olde/ kn[n ,batra*ians1 probably a species ( ,d5dr]peton4 ,f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,parrsboroa,euro7,,tm71 ,nova ,scotia4 ,upp] figure natural size4 ,we may1 = conv5i5ce1 call ^! animals reptiles1 b !y are reg>d$ z belong+ to t l[] grade ( reptilian animals1 ! ,amphibians or ,batra*ians1 :i* includes ! mod]n frogs & newts & wat]-liz>ds4#ef ,/ill x w\ld be do+ great inju/ice to ! c>bonif]\s reptiles n to say1 t :ile relat$ to ?is l[ type1 !y pres5t$ a mu* great] range ( organisation ?an x %[s at pres5t1 ev9c+ a capability to fill mo/ ( ! places n[ occupi$ by ! true reptiles4 ,"s ( !m 7 aquatic1 & ) limbs rudim5t>y or little develop$1 b _m ( !m walk$ on ! l&1 & 7 p[]ful & pr$ace\s creatures4 ,!y _h l>ge & complex tee?1 !y 7 protect$ by ext]nal bony plates1 & "s ( !m _h 9 addition a beautiful cov]+ ( horny plates & sp9es1 & ornam5tal lappets4 ,_m _h well-develop$ ribs1 indicat+ a condition ( respiration mu* 9 advance ( t 9 ! ribless batra*ians4 ,"s ( !m atta9$ to size & /r5g? rivall+ ^? ( ! mod]n alligators1 :ile "s ( ! smalle/ species exhibit *>act]s approa*+ 9 "s respects to ! liz>ds4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fi%-l ( ^! animals are ^? fir/ discov]$ by von ,de*5 7,ar*egosaurus1 ,fig4 #acd74 ,_! long heads1 %ort necks1 supports = gills1 feeble limbs & long flat tail1 %[ t !y 7 aquatic creatures pres5t+ _m po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,ganoid fi%es :i* mu/ h be5 _! companions4 ,yet !y %[ :at no fi% c exhibit1 =e & h9d limbs ) prop] toes1 & ! complete s]ies ( bones t appe> 9 our own arms & legs1 :ile !y mu/ h _h true lungs & brea!d ?r\gh no/rils4 ,s diff]5t are !y f ! fi% 9 details1 t a s+le limb bone1 a v]tebra1 a rib1 or a fragm5t ( a skull bone1 suffices to di/+ui% !m4 ,mu* has be5 said rec5tly ( ! g5esis ( limbs2 & "h1 z f> z n[ kn[n1 we h ! fir/ true limbs2 b x is sc>cely too mu* to say t ! feet ( ,ar*egosaurus diff] m f ! f9s ( any c>bonif]\s fi% ?an !y d f ! human h&2 :ile x is c]ta9 t ! feet :i* made ! impressions repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #acc1 on ! l[e/ b$s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 or t f ! upp] coal-=mation repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aci1 7 n less typical or p]fectly =m$ feet ?an ^? ( mod]n liz>ds4 ,leav+ ^! fi%-l =ms1 we f9d ! rema9d] ( ! c>bonif]\s reptiles to div]ge f !m along ?ree l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4;a,euro,ar*egosaurus ,de*5i4 ,head & ant]ior limb r$uc$4 ,coal-field ( ,sa>bruck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4;a,euro,ptyonius4 ,a ,snake-l ,amphibian4 ,coal-measures ( ,ohio4a,euro,aft] ,cope4 ,! fir/ leads to snake-l creatures1 de/itute ( limbs1 & :i* mu/ h be5 functionally ! repres5tatives ( ! s]p5ts 9 ! ,pal,aozoic1 ?\gh batra*ian 9 _! aff9ities 7,fig4 #ace74 ,!y are f\nd bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 & ,huxley describes "o f ,irel& m ?an tw5ty-"o in*es long1 & ) ov] "o hundr$ vertebr,a4#eg ,"s extraord9>y traces are f\nd on ! s&/ones ( ! coal-=mation1#eh :i* appe> to indicate t !re may h be5 species ( ?is type mu* l>g] ?an any repres5t$ by skeletons1 & ) bodies p]haps six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is n unlikely t !y _h ! habits ( ! mod]n wat] snakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4;a,euro,a l>ge ,c>bonif]\s ,labyr9?odont 7,baphetes planiceps1 ,ow574 a1 ,ant]ior "p ( ! skull1 view$ f b5ea?4 ,"o-six? natural size1 b1 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ tee?1 natural size4 ,a second l9e leads upw>d to l>ge crocodile-l creatures1 ) =midable tee?1 /rong bony arm\r1 & well-develop$ limbs 7,labyr9?odontia1 ,figs4 #acf1 #acg74 ,"s ( !m mu/ h atta9$ a l5g? ( t5 feet4 ,!y 7 liz>d-l 9 =m1 c\ld walk well1 z is se5 f ! footpr9ts ( "s ( ! species :i* pres5t a consid]able /ride1 & mov$ ov] mud )\t ! belly t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,_! tails 7 long1 & probably useful 9 swimm+4 ,_! heads 7 flat & massive1 & _! tee? 7 /r5g!n$ by a rem>kable fold+ inw>d ( ! out] plate ( enamel 7,fig4 #acg b74 ,! belly 0 protect$ by bony plates & closely imbricat$ scales4 ,9 "s ( ! species at lea/ ! upp] p>ts 7 clo!d ) horny scales1 & ! ?roat & sides 7 ornam5t$ ) p5d5t scaly fr+es or lappets4#ei ,_! g5]al aspect & mode ( life mu/ h resembl$ ^? ( mod]n alligators2 & 9 ! va/ swamps ( ! ,coal-p]iod1 full ( ponds & sluggi% /reams sw>m+ ) fi%1 !y mu/ h f\nd a mo/ suitable abode4 ,:ile rigid anatomy may ally ^! animals r ) ! batra*ians ?an ! true reptiles1 x is evid5t t _! great size1 _! capacity = walk+ ) ! body borne well above ! gr\nd1 _! bony & scaly arm\r1 _! p[]ful tee? & _! capaci\s *e/s1 ) well-develop$ ribs1 indicate conditions ( respiration & g5]al vitality q comp>able ) ^? ( ! highe/ mod]n memb]s ( ! class ,reptilia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4;a,euro,baphetes planiceps 7,ow574 a1 ,fragm5t ( maxill>y bone %[+ sculpture1 f\r out] tee?1 & "o inn] too?4 ,natural size4 b1 ,section ( inn] too?4 ,magnifi$1 c1 ,d]mal scale4 ,natural size4 ,! ?ird l9e ( progress leads to "s sl5d] & beautiful creatures 7,microsauria71 *iefly kn[n to u by rema9s f\nd 9 erect trees1 & :i* resembl$ 9 =m & habits ! small] mod]n liz>ds4 ,!y h simple tee?1 a well-develop$ bra9-case1 limbs ( "s l5g?1 & bony & scaly arm\r1 ! latt] 9 "s cases highly ornate4#fj ,!y 7 probably ! mo/ ?or\ghly t]re/rial1 & ! mo/ active ( ! coal batra*ians1 if inde$ !y 7 n /rictly int]m$iate betwe5 !m & ! liz>ds prop]4 ,fig4 #ach %[s "s fragm5ts ( "o ( ^! animals2 & ! animal repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aci1 rec5tly figur$ by ,frits*1 probably belongs to ?is gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4;a,euro,a liz>d-l ,amphibian 7,hylonomus aci$5tatus74 a1 ,maxill>y bone2 enl>g$4 b1 ,m&ible2 enl>g$4 c1 ,tee?2 magnifi$1 %[+ front & side view ( ord9>y too? & groov$ ant]ior too?4 d1 ,section ( too?2 magnifi$4 e1 ,scale2 natural size & magnifi$4 f1 ,pelvic bone 7872 natural size4 g1 ,rib2 natural size4 h1 ,scapul> bone 7872 natural size4 i1 ,palate2 natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4;a,euro,/elliosaurus longico/atus 7,frits*74 ,upp] ,coal-=mation ( ,bohemia4 ,! ,labyr9?odonts ( ! ,c>bonif]\s cont9ue upw>d into ! ,p]mian1 :]e !y meet ) ! true reptiles2 & 9 ! e>li] ,mesozoic "s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ typical examples are f\nd4#fa ,b "h _! reign ceases1 & !y give place to reptiles ( m elevat$ type1 ^: hi/ory we mu/ consid] 9 ! next *apt]4 ,no?+ c be m rem>kable ?an ! app>5tly sudd5 & simultane\s incom+ ( ! batra*ian reptiles 9 ! ,coal-=mation4 ,z if at a giv5 signal1 !y came up l ! frogs ( ,egypt ev]y:]e & 9 all v>ieties ( =m4 ,if1 z evolutioni/s suppose1 !y 7 develop$ f fi%es1 ?is mu/ h be5 by "s sudd5 *ange1 occurr+ at once all ov] ! _w1 unless inde$ "s great & unkn[n gap sep>ates ! ,devonian f ! ,carboniferousa,euroa supposition :i* seems q contr>y to facta,euroor unless 9 "s region yet unexplor$ ?is *ange 0 proce$+1 & at a p>ticul> "t its products spread !mselves ov] ! worlda,euroa supposition equally improbable4 ,9 %ort1 ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 z appli$ to ^! animals1 is surr\nd$ ) geological improbabilities4 ,a rem>kable picture ( ! conditions ( ,pal,aozoic l& life is pres5t$ by ! occurr5ce ( rema9s ( reptiles1 millep$es & l&-snails 9 su* erect trees z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,9 ! n[ celebrat$ section ( ! ,s\? ,jogg9s 9 ,nova ,scotia1 trees ( ?is k9d occur at m ?an sixty diff]5t levels2 b only 9 "o ( ^! h !y z yet be5 f\nd to be ri* 9 animal rema9s4 ,=tunately ?is b$ is s well expos$ & s abundant 9 trees1 t ,i h myself1 )9 a few ye>s1 remov$ f x ab\t tw5ty ( !m1 ! great] numb] af=d+ rema9s ( l& animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4;a,euro,section %[+ ! position ( an erect ,sigill>ia1 conta9+ rema9s ( l& animals4 #a4 ,und]clay1 ) rootlets ( ,/igm>ia1 re/+ on gray %ale1 ) two ?9 coaly seams4 #b4 ,gray s&/one1 ) erect trees1 ,calamites1 & o!r /ems3 #i feet4 #c4 ,coal1 ) erect tree on its surface3 #f in*es4 #d4 ,und]clay ) ,/igm>ia rootlets4 a1 ,calamites4 b1 ,/em ( plant undet]m9$4 c1 ,/igm>ia roots4 d1 ,erect trunk1 #i feet high4 ,! hi/ory ( "o ( ^! trees may be %ortly /at$ ?us4 ,x 0 a ,sigill>ia1 p]haps two feet 9 diamet]1 & its /em _h a d5se & imp]i%able out] b>k1 a s(t cellul> inn] b>k liable to rapid decay1 & a sl5d] woody axis n v durable4 ,x grew on ! surface ( a swamp1 n[ repres5t$ by a b$ ( coal4 ,by inundations & by subsid5ce1 ?is swamp 0 expos$ to ! invasion ( muddy & s&y s$im5t1 & ?is w5t on accumulat+ until ! /em ( ! tree 0 buri$ to ! height ( ab\t n9e feet1 be=e :i* "t x 0 no d\bt kill$4 ,aft] a "t ! top decay$ & fell1 leav+ ! buri$ /ump imb$d$ 9 ! s&y soil1 :i* _h n[ become dry1 or ne>ly s4 ,! trunk decay$1 its inn] b>k & axis rott+ away & fall+ 9 %r$s into ! bottom ( ! cyl9drical hole1 ab\t n9e feet deep1 once occupi$ by ! /em1 & n[ kept op5 l a %aft or well by ! h>d resi/+ out] bank4 ,! gr\nd ar\nd ?is op5+ became clo!d ) f]ns & re$-l ,calamites1 p>tly mask+ & conceal+ x4 ,& n[ millep$es & l& snails made ! buri$ trunk a home1 or fell into x 9 _! w&]+s2 & small reptiles sport+ ar\nd1 9 pursuit ( prey1 or !mselves pursu$1 /umbl$ into ! op5 pitfall1 & 7 unable to extricate !mselves1 ?\gh ,i h f\nd 9 "s ( ! lay]s 9 ^! trees trails :i* %[ t ^! imprison$ reptiles _h we>ily w&]$ r\nd & r\nd1 9 ! va9 se>* = means ( exit1 till !y di$ ( exhau/ion & fam9e4 ,! bones ( ^! dead reptiles1 %ells ( l&-snails & cru/s ( millep$es1 accumulat$ 9 ^! natural c(f9s1 & became mix$ ) vegetable debris fall+ into !m1 & ) ?9 lay]s ( mud wa%$ 9 by ! ra9s2 & ?is process cont9u$ s long t a lay] ( six in*es to a foot 9 ?ickness1 full ( bones1 0 sometimes produc$4 ,at l5g? a new *ange sup]v5$1 ! area 0 aga9 inundat$ & drift$ ov] ) s&1 & ! holl[ trunk 0 fill$ to ! top & buri$ "u _m feet ( s$im5t1 nev] to be re-op5$ till1 aft] ! :ole _h be5 h>d5$ into s&/one & elevat$ to =m a "p ( ! mod]n coa/1 :5 ! old tree & its =e/ companions :i* _h %>$ ! same fate ) x1 are made to yield up _! treasures to ! geologi/4 ,?is hi/ory is no fancy picture4 ,x repres5ts ! results ( long & c>eful /udy ( ! b$s hold+ ^! erect trees1 & ( ! labori\s extraction ( great numb]s ( !m1 & ! break+-up ( _! cont5ts into ?9 flakes1 to be c>efully exam9$ ) ! l5s "u a bright light 9 se>* ( ! relics !y conta9$4 ,fig4 #aa 9 ,*ap4 ,i4 repres5ts ! extraction ( "o ( ^! trees1 :i* happ5$ to be p>tially expos$ by ! wa/+ ( ! cliff2 b _m o!rs _h to be labori\sly m9$ out ( ! rock by bla/+ ) gunp[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj;a4a,euro,section ( base ( erect ,sigill>ia1 conta9+ rema9s ( l& animals4 a1 ,m9]al *>coal4 b1 ,d>k-col\r$ s&/one1 ) plants1 bones1 c4 c1 ,gray s&/one1 ) ,calamites & ,cordaites4 ,x is evid5t t ! comb9ation ( circum/ances ref]r$ to above c\ld n (t5 occur2 & x is !re=e n wond]ful t only 9 "o place & "o b$ has evid5ce ( x be5 f\nd1 & t ev5 9 ?is "s ( ! trees h be5 fill$ up at once by s& & clay1 or s cru%$ by fall+ 9 or lat]al pressure1 t !y c\ld receive no animal rema9s4 ,9 "o respect ?is is a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! imp]fection ( ! geological record1 s9ce1 b = :at may be call$ a =tunate accid5t1 _m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ inhabitants ( ! coal =e/s might h be5 altoge!r unkn[n to u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %[s h[ /range & unexpect$ are ! ways 9 :i* ! relics ( ! old _w h be5 pres]v$ = our inspection1 & t !re is probably sc>cely any animal or plant t has ev] liv$ ( :i* "s fragm5t does n exi/1 did we "k :]e to look = x4 ,x may be well to rem>k1 9 clos+ ?is *apt]1 h[ _m new =ms ( life1 air-brea?+ & o!rwise1 make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & h cont9u$ to prevail until n[4 ,"h we f9d ! fir/ specim5s ( ,amphibians1 ,spid]s1 ,myriapods1 ,or?opt]\s & ,coleopt]\s ,insects1 & ( ! ,crabs among t5-foot$ ,cru/aceans4 ,9 ! latt] gr\p ,woodw>d has rec5tly describ$ ! olde/ kn[n crab1 f ! ,coal-=mation ( ,belgium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,seas ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles4 ,pliosaurus1 ,i*?yosaurus1 ,plesiosaurus1 ,mososaurus1 & ,teleosaurus4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,reptiles4 ,_h we liv$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 we might h suppos$ t ! l9e ( ! great ,labyr9?odont ,batra*ians w\ld h be5 cont9u$ onw>d & elevat$1 p]haps1 9 ! direction ( ! ,mammalia1 to :i* "s features ( _! /ructure po9t4 ,b we %\ld h be5 mi/ak5 9 ?is4 ,! ,labyr9?odonts1 x is true1 ext5d into ! ,trias2 b !re is p]haps a sign ( _! com+ degradation 9 ! appe>ance 9 ! ,p]mian ( ! fir/ kn[n mud-eel1 a humble ,batra*ian =m alli$ to ! ,newts & ,wat]-liz>ds4#fb ,_! special peculi>ities are dropp$ 9 ! ,mesozoic 9 fav\r ( ^? ( c]ta9 small & feeble liz>d-l animals1 appe>+ fir/ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & m manife/ly 9 ! ,p]mian1 & :i* are ! true =]unn]s1 ?\gh !y c sc>cely be ! ance/ors1 ( ! magnific5t reptilian species ( ! ,mesozoic1 :i* h caus$ ?is p]iod to be call$ a,eurooethe age ( reptiles4a,euro ,! lead+ reptilian animal f ! ,european ,p]mian has long be5 ! ,prot]osaurus1 f ! copp] slates ( ,?ur+ia 7,fig4 #ada71 a reptile ( liz>d-l =m1 ) well-develop$ limbs1 & atta9+ a l5g? ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,x resembles m ne>ly ^? l>ge mod]n liz>ds kn[n z a,eurooe,monitors1a,euro ?an any o!r exi/+ =m4 ,! =e-limb repres5t$ 9 ! figure =e%ad[s v closely ! bones ( ! human arm & h&4 ,besides ?is we f9d 9 ! ,p]mian c]ta9 liz>ds 7,!riodonts ( ,ow57 :i* pres5t ! rem>kable & advanc$ peculi>ity already pr$ict$ by "s ,c>bonif]\s ,microsauria1#fc ( hav+ di/9ct can9e tee?1 produc+ a division into incisors1 can9es1 & mol>s1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,c>nivor\s quadrup$s1 :i* !y seem also to h resembl$ 9 "s o!r p>ts ( _! skeletons4 ,x is n impossible t ! footpr9ts 9 ! ,p]mian s&/ones ( ,scotl&1 :i* h be5 ref]r$ to tortoises1 7 ^? ( animals ( ?is type4 ,cope has rec5tly describ$ f ! ,p]mian ( ,texas a numb] ( reptiles :i* h ! complex d5tition ( ! ,!riodonts1 & o!rs :i* simulate t ( ,h]bivor\s mammals1 by ! possession ( flat gr9d+ tee? suppos$ to be adapt$ to vegetable food4#fd ,! tee? ( all ^! ,p]mian reptiles 7 set 9 sockets1 also an advanc$ peculi>ity4 ,?us already 9 ! ,p]mian1 be=e ! f9al decad5ce ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 & :ile ! ,pal,aozoic inv]tebrates /ill l+]$ 9 ! sea1 ! age ( reptiles dawn$1 & gave promise ( its future greatness by ! assumption on ! "p ( reptilian species ( /ructures n[ limit$ to ! ,mammalia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4;a,euro,arm ( ,prot]osaurus ,sp5]i4 ,r$uc$4 ,p]mian4 ,b ! great ,mesozoic reptiles 7 n fully en?ron$1 till ! ,p]mian1 an unsettl$ & di/urb$ age1 *>act]is$ by great e>? movem5ts1 _h pass$ away1 & until t p]iod ( cont95tal elevation1 ) local des]ts & desiccation1 & mu* volcanic action1 :i* we call ! ,trias1 _h also pass$4 ,!n 9 ! ,jurassic & e>ly ,cretace\s ! reptiles culm9at$1 & pres5t$ features ( magnitude & /ructural complexity unrivall$ 9 lat] times4 ,at ! same "t ! ,labyr9?odonts disappe>1 or are degrad$ into ! humble /ations :i* ! mod]n ,batra*ians n[ occupy4 ,to und]/& ! reptiles ( ?is age1 x w be necess>y to notice ! subdivisions ( _! mod]n repres5tatives4 ,! true reptiles n[ exi/+ con/itute ! foll[+ ord]s3a,euro#a1 ! ,turtles & ,tortoises 7,*elonia72 #b1 ! ,snakes 7,ophidia72 #c1 ! ,liz>ds 7,lac]tilia72 #d1 ! ,crocodiles & ,alligators 7,crocodilia74 ,all ( ^!1 except ! snakes1 are well repres5t$ among ,mesozoic fossils2 b we h 9 ?is middle age ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s geological hi/ory to add to !m f five to sev5 ord]s n[ altoge!r ext9ct1 & ^! n ( l[ & inf]ior organisation1 b includ+ species f> 9 advance ( any n[ exi/+ bo? 9 elevation & magnitude1 & con/itut+ ! v]itable ari/ocracy ( ! reptile race4 ,x w be/ s]ve our purpose "h to consid] *iefly ^! p]i%$ ord]s & _! hi/ory1 & !n to notice v %ortly ^? t n[ survive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4;a,euro,skeleton ( ,i*?yosaurus4 ,lias4 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ ( ! ext9ct ord]s is t ( ! great ,sea-liz>ds1#fe ( :i* ! n[ famili> ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus ( ! ,engli% seas1 to be se5 9 all museums & text-books1 are ! types 7,figs4 #adb1 #adb;a & #adb;b74 ,^! 7 m>9e animals ( l>ge size1 b n fi%es or amphibians4 ,!y 7 true air-brea?+ reptiles1 b ) paddles = swimm+ in/ead ( feet1 & "s ( !m ) long flatt5$ tails = /e]+ & propulsion4 ,!y bore1 9 %ort1 precisely ! same relation to ! o!r memb]s ( ! class ,reptilia :i* ! ,:ales & ,porpoises be> to ! ord9>y quadrup$s4 ,"s ( ^! animals are believ$ to h be5 fifty or sixty feet 9 l5g?1 ?us rivall+ ! ,:ales1 :ile o!rs 7 ( small] dim5sions1 l ! ,porpoises & ,dolph9s4 ,"s1 l ! ,i*?yosaurus & ,pliosaurus 7,fig4 #adb;a71 7 /rongly built & p[]ful swimm]s1 & able to de/roy ! l>ge/ fi%es1 :ile o!rs1 l ,plesiosaurus1 _h ! body %ort & compact1 ! head small1 & ! neck long & flexible1 & probably prey$ on small animals ne> ! bord]s ( ! wat]s4 ,catalogues ( ,briti% fossils alone include ab\t ?irty species ( ,enaliosaurs1 :i* haunt$ ! coa/s ( ,mesozoic ,europe1 a wond]ful fact1 :5 we consid] ! abs5ce ( ^! creatures f ! mod]n seas1 & ! probability t only a fraction ( ! species are yet kn[n to u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb;a4a,euro,head ( ,pliosaurus4 ,jurassic4 ,mu* r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb;b4a,euro,paddle ( ,plesiosaurus ,oxoni5sis4 ,jurassic4a,euro,aft] ,phillips4 ,"o-t5? natural size4 ,ano!r rem>kable gr\p is t to :i* ,cope has giv5 ! "n ( ,py?onomorpha1 & :i* he reg>ds z alli$ to ! s]p5ts1 or z gigantic sea-s]p5ts provid$ ) swimm+ paddles1 b :i* ,ow5 consid]s m ne>ly connect$ ) ! liz>ds4 ,9 ei!r case !y con/itute a gr\p by !mselves1 rem>kable n only on acc\nt ( _! anatomical aff9ities ) animals s unlike !m 9 g5]al port1 b also = _! enorm\sly ext5d$ l5g? & =midable d5tition 7,fig4 #adc74 ,su* animals z ! ,mososaurus ( ,mae/ri*t & ,clida/es ( ,we/]n ,am]ica may h exce$$ 9 l5g? ! l>ge/ ,i*?yosaurs & ! mo/ bulky ( liv+ ,cetaceans1 ?\gh _! sl5d] =ms & num]\s vertebr,a rem9d "o ( ! semi-fabul\s sea-s]p5t1 r ?an ( any kn[n animal ( our mod]n age4 ,!y 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lat] ,mesozoic1 m especially ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 & mu/ h be5 =midable enemies to ! fi%es ( _! "t4 ,ow5 has =m$ two ord]s#ff = ! reception ( "s rem>kable ext9ct reptiles ( ?is age1 f\nd especially 9 ,s\? ,africa & ,india1 b also 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ includes l>ge liz>d-l animals hav+ horny jaws l ^? ( turtles1 & 9 "s ( ! species ) great def5sive tusks 7,fig4 #add74 ,_! mode ( life is n well kn[n1 b !y may h be5 peaceable & h>mless vegetable fe$]s4 ,! second has be5 already ref]r$ to1 9 connection ) ! ,p]mian1 :]e x fir/ appe>s1 ?\gh x is cont9u$ 9 ! ,trias 7,fig4 #ade74 ,! resemblance ( ! skulls ( ^! creatures to ^? ( ,c>nivor\s mammals is v /rik+1 & no?+ c be m s+ul> ?an _! e>ly appe>ance & _! decad5ce be=e ! adv5t ( ^? ,t]ti>y mammals :i* 9 m mod]n times occupy _! place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4;a,euro,skeleton ( ,clida/es4 ,a great ,mososauroid ,sea ,reptile ( ! ,cretace\s4a,euro,aft] ,cope1 mu* r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4;a,euro,an ,anomodont ,reptile ( ! ,trias 7,dicynodon lac]ticeps1 ,ow574 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4;a,euro,a ,!riodont ,reptile ( ! ,trias 7,lycosaurus74a,euro,aft] ,ow54 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4;a,euro,skeleton ( ,pt]odo*ylus crassiro/ris4 ,jurassic ( ,sol5h(54 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4;a,euro,re/oration ( ,rhamphorhyncus ,buckl&i4 ,jurassic ( ,engl&4a,euro,aft] ,phillips4 a1 ,"o ( ! tee?4 ,natural size4 ,p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all ! ,mesozoic modifications ( ! reptilian type 0 t ( ! fly+ reptiles1 or ,pt]odactyls4 ,^! 71 9 %ort1 liz>ds modifi$ = flight1 some:at 9 ! same mann] ) ! bats among ! mammals4 ,if ! bat may be lik5$ to a fly+ %rew-m\se1 a ,pt]odactyl may 9 l mann] be comp>$ to a fly+ liz>d2 b ! modification 9 ! latt] case is by mu* ! m rem>kable1 inasmu* z ! liz>d is a cold-blood$ animal1 & f> less likely to be end[$ ) ! active circulation & muscul> p[] necess>y to flight ?an is ! m\se4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,pt]odactyls mu/ h be5 provid$ ) "s approa* to a mammalian or orni?ic he>t1 z !y c]ta9ly 7 ) great brea/-muscles atta*$ to a keel 9 ! brea/-bone = work+ _! l>ge membran\s w+s4 ,^! w+s 7 also some:at orig9al 9 _! con/ruction4 ,!y 7 n furni%$ ) p9ions1 l ^? ( ! bird1 b ) a membrane l t ( ! bat1 & ?is1 in/ead ( be+ /ret*$ ov] f\r enorm\sly l5g!n$ f+]s1 z 9 t quadrup$1 0 support$ on a s+le elongat$ f+]1 correspond+1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 to ! little f+]1 :i* usually inconspicu\s memb] con/itut$ 9 "s ( ^! /range creatures a limb long] ?an ! :ole body 7,figs4 #adf1 #adg47 ,! o!r f+]s ( ! h& 7 left free = walk+ or grasp+4 ,!y are ?us believ$ to h be5 able to walk z well z to fly1 & ev5 9 case ( ne$1 to swim2 :ile !y c\ld probably p]* l birds on rocks & trees4 ,_! heads1 ?\gh v lightly fram$1 7 l>ge & reptilian 9 aspect1 & furni%$ ) %>p tee?1 & sometimes probably ) a beak z well4 ,few creatures ( ! old _w are ( m hide\s & s9i/] aspect4 ,yet "s ( !m mu/ h be5 z light & graceful on ! w+ z swall[s or sea-gulls4 ,!re are _m species1 mo/ ( !m small1 b "s ( ^? 9 ! lat] ,mesozoic atta9$ to s great a size t ! expanse ( _! w+s mu/ h exce$$ tw5ty feet1 mak+ !m v]itable fly+ dragons1 probably =midable to all ! small] animals ( _! "t4 ,?\gh ^! animals 7 /rictly reptiles1 !y comb9$ 9 _! /ructures contrivances = a,arial locomotion n[ di/ribut$ betwe5 ! bats & ! birds4 ,!y _h bat-l w+s & bird-l *e/s4 ,"s _h horny beaks4 ,all _h holl[ limb bones1 & air cavities to give lightness to ! skull4 ,_! bra9s approa* to ^? ( birds1 &1 z already /at$1 _! respiration & circulation mu/ h be5 ( a high ord]4 ,^! facts are v sugge/ive1 & p]haps 9 no po9t is ! imag9ation or ! fai? ( ! dev\t evolutioni/ m sev]ely te/$ ?an 9 realis+ ! spontane\s assumption ( ^! *>act]s by reptiles1 & _! subsequ5t di/ribution betwe5 ! v dissimil> types 9 :i* !y are n[ cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4;a,euro,a ,jurassic ,bird 7,arch,aopt]yx macr\ra74a,euro,aft] ,ow54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4;a,euro,jaw ( a ,cretace\s ,too!d ,bird 7,i*?yornis disp>74a,euro,aft] ,m>%4 ,natural size4 ,! approximation ( ! w+$ reptiles to ! birds is fur!r increas$ by ! facts t 9 ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s p]iods !re 7 birds hav+ reptilian tails & probably too!d jaws 7,arch,aopt]yx macr\ra1 ,fig4 #adh74 ,! species j nam$1 :ile 9 its limbs1 trunk1 & fea!rs a v]itable p]*+ bird1 resembles a reptile 9 its head & tail4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 ,m>% has rec5tly discov]$ two di/9ct types ( too!d birds1 "o hav+ ! tee? 9 regul> sockets1 ! o!r hav+ !m implant$ 9 a groove 9 ! jaw4 ,"o ( ^! birds 7,i*?yornis disp>1 ,fig4 #adi7 0 l>g] ?an a pigeon1 ) p[]ful w+s con/ruct$ l ^? ( ord9>y birds4 ,x _h also ! curi\s & old-fa%ion$ peculi>ity ( biconcave vertebr,a1 l ^? ( fi%es & "s reptiles4 ,ano!r 7,hesp]ornis regalis7 /ood five or six feet high1 & _h rudim5t>y w+s l ^? ( ! ,p5gu9s4 ,^! too!d birds ext5d into ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 :]e ! ,odontopt]yx ( ,ow5 has be5 kn[n = "s "t4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e1 h[ev]1 ?is too!d bird is associat$ ) o!rs ( ord9>y types1 alli$ closely to ! ,o/ri*es1 ! ,pelicans1 ! ,ibis1 ! ,woodpeck]s1 ! ,hawks1 ! ,owls1 ! ,vultures1 & ! ord9>y p]*+ birds4 ,9 ! ,lat] ,mesozoic1 inde$1 "s reptiles became s bird-l t !y ne>ly approa*$ ! e>lie/ birds2 b ?is 0 a f9al & futile ef=t ( ! reptile to obta9 9 ! air t supremacy :i* x _h long enjoy$ 9 e>? & wat]2 & its failure 0 imm$iately succe$$ 9 ! ,eoc5e by ! appe>ance ( a cl\d ( true birds1 repres5t+ all ! exi/+ ord]s ( ! class4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4;a,euro,jaw ( ,ba?ygna?us borealis 7,leidy74 ,a ,triassic ,d9osaur f ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 a1 ,cross section ( second too?1 natural size4 b1 ,fif? too?1 natural size4 ,we may close our notice ( ! w+$ reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic by quot+ f ,phillips 8 summ>y ( ! *>act]s ( ,rhamphorhyncus 7,fig4 #adg7fg3 a,eurooe,gifted ) ample means ( flight1 able at lea/ to p]* on rocks & scuffle along ! %ore1 p]haps compet5t to dive1 ?\gh n s well z a palmip$ bird1 _m fi%es mu/ h yield$ to ! cruel beak & %>p tee? ( ! ,rhamphorhyncus4 ,if we ask to :i* ( ! _m families ( birds ! analogy ( /ructure & probable way ( life w\ld lead u to assimilate ,rhamphorhyncus1 ! answ] mu/ po9t to ! swimm+ races1 ) long w+s1 claw$ feet1 hook$ beak1 & habits ( viol5ce & voracity2 & = pref]5ce1 ! %ortness ( ! legs & o!r circum/ances may be held to claim = ! ,/onesfield fossil a m ?an fanciful similitude to ! gr\ps ( ,cormorants & o!r m>9e div]s :i* con/itute an effective "p ( ! picturesque army ( robb]s ( ! sea4a,euro ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4;a,euro,hadrosaurus ,f\lkii 7,cope74 ,an ,h]bivor\s ,d9osaur1 #bh feet long4a,euro,aft] ,hawkinsa,euro7,,tm7s re/oration4 ,la/ly1 ! reptiles1 9 ?is age ( _! imp]ial sway1 culm9at$ 9 ! ,d9osaurians1 animals f> above any mod]n ,reptilia 9 ! p]fection ( _! organisation1 & _m ( !m ( gigantic size4 ,j z ! ,pt]osaurs fill$ ! place n[ occupi$ by ! birds1 s ! ,d9osaurs fill$ t repres5t$ by ! mammals1 or r !y took up a place hold+ "s close relations ) bo? ! birds & ! mammals4 ,!re 7 ?us reptilian animals :i* on ! "o h& 7 ! elephants & lions ( _! "t1 & on ! o!r bore a grotesque resemblance to creatures s unlike ^! z ! ,o/ri*es1 9 s f> z _! anatomical /ructure 0 conc]n$2 :ile x is evid5t t _! :ole organisation places !m 9 ! highe/ position possible )9 ! reptilian class4 ,"s ( !m mu/ h be5 h]bivor\s1 & probably sl[ 9 movem5t & quiet 9 nature4 ,o!rs 7 c>nivor\s & ( t]rible en]gy1 :ile furni%$ ) ! mo/ de/ructive weapons 7,figs4 #aeb1 #aec74 ,_m _h ! p[] ( erect+ !mselves on _! h9d-feet & walk+ z bip$s2 & to adapt !m to ?is end _! h9d] limbs 7 v l>ge & /rong1 & !y _h long pill>-l tails1 :ile _! =e-feet 7 comp>atively small1 & us$ p]haps ma9ly = preh5sion 7,figs4 #aea1 #aed74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4;a,euro,jaws ( ,megalosaurus4a,euro,aft] ,phillips4 ,"o-t5? natural size4 ,! size ( "s ( ^! creatures 0 /up5d\s4 ,! ,hadrosaurus ( ,new ,j]sey1 an ,h]bivor\s species 7,fig4 #aea71 :5 erect$ on its h9d limbs & tail1 mu/ h /ood m ?an tw5ty feet 9 height4 ,megalosaurus & ,iguanodon1 ( ! ,engli% ,jurassic & ,weald51 mu/ h be5 ( /ill m gigantic size4 ,! =m] 0 a c>nivor\s animal1 its head 7,fig4 #aeb7 f\r or five feet 9 l5g?1 arm$ ) tee?1 sabre-%ap$1 %>p & cr5ate on ! edges 7,fig4 #aec71 its h9d limbs ( enorm\s p[]1 s t if our imag9ation does n fail u 9 ! attempt to realise su* a wond]1 we may ev5 suppose ?is huge animal1 mu* l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ elephant1 spr++ l a tig] on its prey1 a miracle ( t]rible /r5g? & f]ocity1 be=e :i* no liv+ ?+ c\ld /&4 ,its companion1 ,iguanodon1 01 on ! contr>y1 a h>mless h]bivor\s creature1 us+ its great /r5g? & /ature z a means ( obta9+ leaves & fruits = food1 & p]haps fall+ a prey to ! l>g] ,c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs its contempor>ies4 ,a /ill m bulky animal 0 ! ,ceteosaurus1 s admirably describ$ by ,phillips4 ,its ?igh-bone measures m ?an five feet 9 l5g? & a foot 9 diamet]2 & x mu/ h /ood t5 feet high :5 on all f\rs1 :ile its l5g? mu/ h rea*$ =ty or fifty feet4 ,x seems f ! =ms ( its bones to h be5 able to walk on l&1 b probably sp5t mo/ ( its "t 9 ! wat]1 :]e x may be comp>$ to a huge reptilian hippopotamus4 ,v rec5tly "s bones f\nd 9 rocks1 possibly ( ,weald5 age1 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica1 & describ$ by ,cope & by ,m>%1 indicate t ev5 ,ceteosaurus _h n atta9$ to ! maximum ( ,d9osaurian dim5sions4 ,^! new animals h vertebr,a tw5ty in*es 9 l5g? & f twelve in*es to ?irte5 in*es 9 ! diamet] ( _! bodies1 :ile _! lat]al processes /ret*$ ?ree & a half feet4 ,! %\ld]-blade ( "o species is five feet 9 l5g?1 & its ?igh-bone is six feet long4 ,f ^! measurem5ts ,cope concludes t1 unlike mo/ o!r ,d9osaurs1 x _h ! =e-feet l>g] 9 proportion ?an ! h9d-feet1 s z to h some:at ! appe>ance ( a l>ge giraffe4 ,! bones ( ! back h a rem>kable cav]n\s /ructure1 :i* ,cope int]prets z indicat+ air cavities1 to give lightness1 z 9 ! case ( ! bones ( birds2 b ,ow5 sugge/s t ! cavities 7 fill$ ) c>tilage1 & t ! animals 7 aquatic 9 _! habits4 ,evid5tly 9 po9t ( size ! ,d9osaurs _h a bett] claim ?an ev5 ,behemo? to be call$ ! a,eurooechief ( ! ways ( ,god4a,euro ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 7 ( small size1 & probably active & bird-l 9 _! movem5ts4 ,"o ( ^! is ! animal repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aed1 a species f ! li?ographic lime/one ( ,sol5h(54#fh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4;a,euro,too? ( ,megalosaurus4 ,natural size4 a1 ,cross section4 b1 ,cr5ellation ( edges4 ,enl>g$4 ,no?+ 9 ! life ( ! ,mesozoic has s seiz$ on ! imag9ation ( evolutioni/s z ! l9ks ( connection betwe5 birds & reptiles1 :i* has ev5 be5 introduc$ by ,huxley into ! classification ( animals1 by 8 gr\p+ ^! h]et(ore v di/9ct classes 9 "o gigantic & compreh5sive class ( ,sauropsida4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to glance at ^! connections1 & if possible to arrive at "s conception ( _! true value4 ,! l9ks :i* connect ! reptiles & ! birds are tw(old4 ,fir/1 t betwe5 ! ,d9osaurs & ! o/ri* tribe1#fi &1 secondly1 t betwe5 ! ,pt]odactyls & _! allies1 & ! peculi> ,mesozoic birds1 su* z ,arch,aopt]yx4 ,! fir/ w\ld s]ve to acc\nt = ! few exceptional ,/ru?i\s birds ( ! mod]n _w4 ,! second w\ld acc\nt = ! ,pass]9e & o!r m ord9>y birds2 & ?us1 accord+ to evolution1 ! n[ some:at homog5e\s class ( birds w\ld h a d\ble1 or m probably multiple1 orig9 f sev]al l9es ( reptilian ance/ors4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 greatly complicates ! l9ks ( connection1 :e!r ^! be suppos$ to indicate d]ivation or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4;a,euro,compsogna?us4 ,"o ( ! small] ,d9osaurs4a,euro,aft] ,wagn]4 ,if we inquire z to ! fir/ connection above /at$1 we may def9e x briefly 9 ! words ( ,pr(4 ,phillips1 ) ref]5ce to ,megalosaurus1 :i* a,eurooewas n a gr\nd-crawl]1 l ! alligator1 b mov+ ) free /eps1 *iefly1 if n solely1 on ! h9d limbs1 & claim+ a curi\s analogy1 if n "s degree ( aff9ity1 ) ! o/ri*4a,euro#gj ,b ! "q arises1 ,0 ?is resemblance m]ely t ( two ovip>\s bip$s1 or any?+ m8 & :5 we set (f1 aga9/ ! resemblance 9 haun* bones & h9d limbs1 ! entire dissimil>ity 9 head1 9 =e limbs1 9 vertebr,a1 9 tail1 & probably 9 ext]nal cov]+1 we are dispos$ to agree ) ,huxley 9 8 /atem5t1 ) respect to ! ,/ru?i\s birds1 t _! a,eurooetotal am\nt ( approximation to ! reptilian type is b small2 & ! gap betwe5 reptiles & birds is b v slightly n>r[$ by _! exi/5ce4a,euro ,!re is !re=e "h a great gap1 ev5 9 ! l9k+ toge!r ( ! types1 indep5d5tly ( any "q ( d]ivation4 ,! second l9e ( connection appe>s at fir/ sight m promis+4 ,arch,aopt]yx has a reptilian tail1 & claws on ! w+2 &1 z x _h too!d jaws1 l "s ( ! birds 9 ! ,cretace\s1 mu/ h altoge!r made a mu* ne>] approa* to a reptile ?an any mod]n bird does4 ,! rem>kable a,eurooefish-birda,euro 7,i*?yornis7 ( ,m>% is also v reptilian 9 "s ( its *>act]s4 ,b :5 we comp>e ^! reptilian birds ) ! ,pt]odactyls & _! allies1 a va/ gap at once becomes app>5t4 ,disreg>d+ ! ext]nal clo?+1 we f9d ! w+ 9 ! two gr\ps entirely dissimil> 9 details ( con/ruction1 & ?is dissimil>ity ext5ds to ! h9d limbs z well1 s t ! ,pt]odactyls resemble bats r ?an birds4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to any doctr9e ( developm5t1 we might h rejoic$ if our geological discov]ies _h e/abli%$ a cont9u\s *a91 or two cont9u\s *a9s1 ( be+ betwe5 ! reptiles & ! birds2 b ?is end is evid5tly /ill f> f be+ atta9$1 ?\gh "s approximation has und\bt$ly be5 made4 ,to quote aga9 ! admission ( ,huxley3 a,eurooe,birds are no m modifi$ reptiles ?an reptiles are modifi$ birds1 ! reptilian & orni?ic types be+ bo? 9 reality some:at diff]5t sup]/ructures1 rais$ ^u "o & ! same gr\nd-plana,euroa,eurot gr\nd-plan be+ ! idea ( ! air-brea?+ ovip>\s v]tebrate1 & ! reptile repres5t+ ! less specializ$ & less ornate build+4 ,z yet ! orig9 ( t idea1 & ! mode ( c>ry+ x out to completion1 rema9 unkn[n1 except to ! ,ar*itect & ,build]1 :o may reveal !m to e>ne/ seek]s = tru? 9 ,8 own good "t4 ,z to l9ks ( connection ) ! ,mammalia1 ^! are /ill m obscure4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic ! mammals are repres5t$ z yet only by a few small species alli$ to ! p\*$ 7,m>supial7 & insectivor\s quadrup$s ( ,au/ralia1 & ^! are closely l9k$ ) "s ( ! small] c>nivor\s ,mammalia ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y2 b nei!r approa* v closely to any kn[n reptilian types4 ,nor h we yet any connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! great m>9e reptiles & ! ,cetaceans & ,sir5ians :i* 9 ! ,t]ti>y take _! place 9 ! sea4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 to come be=e u 9 our next *apt]1 t ! great l& reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic surviv$ long en\gh to become contempor>y ) ! introduction & fir/ luxuriance ( ! mod]n types ( vegetation 9 ! lat] ,cretace\s4 ,x w\ld be natural to suppose t access to ^! great supplies ( bett] food w\ld h /imulat$ ! increase & developm5t ( ! h]bivor\s species1 & w\ld h indirectly _h ! same effect on ^? t 7 c>nivor\s2 b ! opposite result seems to h foll[$1 & 9 ! next p]iod ! reptiles altoge!r gave place to ! mammals1 unless1 inde$1 !y 7 !mselves by "s my/]i\s & comp>atively rapid process trans=m$ into ,mammalia1 to suit !m to ! bett] conditions ( an improv$ _w4 ,s f> z yet kn[n1 ! reign ( reptiles 0 _w-wide 9 its "t2 & ! imag9ation is tax$ to conceive ( a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! seas sw>m$ ) great reptiles on e coa/1 :5 ! l& 0 trodd5 by colossal reptilian bip$s & quadrup$s1 9 comp>ison ) "s ( :i* our elephants are pygmies1 & :5 ! air 0 fill$ ) ! grotesque & =midable ,pt]odactyls4 ,yet ?is is no fancy picture4 ,x repres5ts a "t :i* actually exi/$1 :5 t comp>atively l[1 brutal1 & ins5sate type ( exi/5ce repres5t$ by ! mod]n crocodiles & alligators 0 supreme 9 ! _w4 ,! duration ( ^! creatures 0 long1 & 9 wat*+ ! progress ( creation1 !y w\ld h seem$ ! p]man5t inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,yet all h p]i%$1 & _! mod]n successors1 except a few l>ge species exi/+ 9 ! w>m] climates1 h become subject to ! m rec5tly introduc$ ,mammalia4 ,h[ did ! anci5t reptile ari/ocracy p]i%8 ,we are ignorant ( ! details ( ! cata/rophe1 b _! f9al disappe>ance & replacem5t by ! m mod]n fauna 0 connect$ ) a great cont95tal subsid5ce 9 ! ,cretace\s age1 & ) *anges ( climate & conditions prec$+ & subsequ5t to x4 ,yet ! /ruggle = cont9u$ dom9ion 0 h>d & protract$2 & t[>d its close "s ( ! *ampions ( ! reign ( reptiles 7 ! greate/ & mo/ magnific5t examples ( ! type2 z if !y _h ris5 9 _! might to defy approa*+ ru94 ,?us "s ( ! mo/ /up5d\s =ms appe> 9 ! lat] ,cretace\s1 aft] ! great subsid5ce _h made progress & almo/ atta9$ its consummation4 ,l ! ant$iluvian giants1 !y 7 undismay$ ev5 :5 ! l& began to s9k b5ea? _! feet2 & = !m !re 0 no ark ( deliv]ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l[] ,,cretace\s ,,leaves4 ,,r$uc$ ,,9 ,,size4a,euro,aft] ,lesqu]eux4 a1 ,aralia ,saporteana4 b1 ,sassafras araliopsis4 c1 ,qu]cus primordialis4 d1 ,fagus polyclada4 e1 ,salix prote,afolia4 f1 ,laurus prote,afolia4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,=e/s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,type4 ,= a long "t x 0 believ$ by geologi/s t a great & my/]i\s gap sep>at$ ! ,upp] ,cretace\s f ! olde/ ,t]ti>y =mations2 & 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 9 s f> z physical conditions & animal life are conc]n$1 ! sev]ance seem$ ne>ly complete4 ,oceanic deposits1 l ! ,upp] ,*alk1 are succe$$ by b$s ( littoral & e/u>9e *>act]s4 ,! la/ & "s ( ! greate/ ( ! ,mesozoic ,saurians h _! burial-places 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 & appe> no m on e>?4 ,! wond]ful %ell-fi%es ( ! ,ammonite gr\p1 & ! cuttle-fi%es ( ! ,belemnite type1 %>e ! same fate4 ,) ! e>lie/ deposits ( ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y came 9 multitudes ( l>ge ,mammalia h]et(ore unkn[n1 & ! ,cetaceans appe> 9 ! sea in/ead ( ! great m>9e liz>ds2 :ile %ells1 corals1 & cru/aceans ( mod]n types sw>m 9 ! wat]s4 ,?us x is true t a great & app>5tly some:at abrupt *ange takes place at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s1 & t]m9ates = ev] ! reptilian age4 ,ev5 9 regions l ,we/]n ,am]ica1 :]e physically ! lat] ,cretace\s %ades gradually into ! e>li] ,t]ti>y1 s t !re h be5 d\bts z to ! limits ( ^! sev]al p]iods1 ! same great *ange 9 animal life occurs4 ,b a l9k ( connection has at l5g? be5 f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! mod]n flora came 9 ) its full =ce 9 ! lat] ,cretace\s1 be=e ! end ( ! reptilian age1 & cont9u$ onw>d to ! pres5t "t4 ,?us ! plant takes prec$5ce ( ! animal1 & ! prep>ation 0 made = ! mammalian life ( ! ,eoc5e by ! introduction ( ! mod]n flora 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,9 l mann] x is possible t ! great graphite deposits ( ! ,laur5tian indicate a vegetation :i* prec$$ ! sw>m+ m>9e life ( ! ,cambrian2 & x is n improbable t ! ,pal,aozoic l& flora exi/$ long be=e ! fir/ l& animals4 ,?us ! plant1 z 9 ! old ,mosaic record1 ev] appe>s on ! day be=e ! animal1 9 ea* /age ( ! developm5t ( ! _w4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 we trac$ ! hi/ory ( ! old & ri* vegetation ( ! ,coal p]iod4 ,b ?is vegetation consi/$ pr9cipally ( cryptogams & ^? l[e/ ph,anogams1 ( ! p9e & cycad gr\ps1 :i* h nak$ se$s4 ,9 ! mod]n flora we may arrange ! sev]al gr\ps ( plants1 some:at naturally1 z foll[s3a,euro ,s]ies ,i41 ,,cryptogams3a,euro ,class #a1 ,?allophytes1 sea-we$s1 li*5s1 fungi4 a,euro #b1 ,anophytes1 mosses1 c4 a,euro #c1 ,acrog5s1 f]ns1 lycopods1 horsetails4 ,s]ies ,,ii41 ,,pha,,nogams3a,euro ,class #d1 ,gymnosp]ms1 p9es1 cycads1 c4 a,euro #e1 ,endog5s1 palms1 grasses1 c4 a,euro #f1 ,exog5s1 oaks1 maples1 c4 ,) ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ^! gr\ps ! record /&s z foll[s3a,euro,9 ! ,pal,aozoic age classes #c & #d culm9at$1 & con/itut$ ! great mass ( ! arboreal vegetation4 ,on ent]+ ! ,mesozoic1 ,no4 #c becomes some:at dim9i%$1 b ,no4 #d cont9ues ) unabat$ preval5ce1 s t ! ,mesozoic has sometimes be5 *>act]iz$ z emphatically ! age ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,) ^! appe> "s ,endog5s1 alli$ to ! mod]n ,yuccas & ,screw p9es & ,arums4 ,b 9 ! l[] ,mesozoic rocks we h no repres5tatives ( ! broad-leav$ ,exog5s 7,angiosp]ms71 :i* con/itute ! great mass ( ord9>y =e/ vegetation2 & x is only 9 ! ,cretace\s t we f9d !m appe>+ 9 =ce1 & t ! monoton\s vegetation ( ! old] /yle 0 replac$ by ! m beautiful & v>i$ =ms ( our mod]n woods4 ,9 ,europe1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,bohemia 7,c5omanian71 h be5 f\nd "s leaves :i* indicate ! beg9n+ ( ?is *ange4 ,^! h be5 ref]r$ to ,,casalp9ias or ,brasilettos1 pod-be>+ trees ( ,india & tropical ,am]ica1 ,aralias or ,g9s5gs1 ,magnolias1 ,laurels1 an ,ivy1 & a peculi> & unc]ta9 g5us 7,cr$n]ia74 ,) ^! are noble palms1 bo? ( ! types ) p9nate & palmate leaves1 & trees alli$ to ! ,giant ,sequoias ( ,cali=nia1 & to ! ,arauc>ian p9es ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 7,see ,frontispiece to ?is ,*apt]47 ,^! anci5t ,cretace\s =e/s ( ,ea/]n ,europe are comp>$ by ,saporta ) ^? :i* n[ live 9 ! w>m] portions ( ,*9a or 9 ,s\? ,americaa,eurotruly a m>vell\s *ange f ! sombre & uni=m vegetation by :i* !y seem to h be5 imm$iately prec$$4 ,a /ill fur!r developm5t ( mod]n vegetation takes place 9 ! next or highe/ memb] ( ! ,cretace\s1 ! ,mae/ri*t b$s 7,s5onian71 :]e we f9d a cr[d ( mod]n types4 ,on ?is great *ange ,c\nt ,saporta rem>ks ) tru? t !re seem to h be5 p]iods ( pause & ( activity 9 ! introduction ( plants4 ,! ,jurassic p]iod 0 "o ( inactivity2 & a new & vigor\s evolution1 z he reg>ds x1 is introduc$ 9 ! middle ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,?is new & gr& elevation ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 ! ,cretace\s age 0 n local m]ely4 ,9 ,moravia1 9 ! ,h>tz1 9 ,belgium & ,france1 ev5 9 ,gre5l&1 ! same great r5ew+ ( ! face ( ! e>? 0 9 progress4 ,9 ,am]ica x 0 proce$+ on a gr& scale1 & seems to h set 9 e>li] ?an 9 ,europe4#ga ,9 ! ,dakota gr\p ( ! ,we/1 "o ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! ,cretace\s1 & cov]+ a va/ area1 a ri* angiosp]m\s flora has be5 discov]$ by ,hayd51 & describ$ by ,lesqu]eux & ,newb]ry1 & b$s ( coal h be5 =m$ f its rema9s4 ,9 ,vancouvera,euro7,,tm7s ,isl& 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,cretace\s coal measures occur1 comp>able 9 value & 9 ! excell5ce ( ! fuel !y af=d ) ^? ( ! true coal =mation4 ,"s ( ! b$s ( coal are eight feet 9 ?ickness1 & ! %ales associat$ ) !m ab\nd 9 leaves ( exog5\s trees g5]ally simil> to ^? /ill liv+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ^! b$s are also f\nd m9]aliz$ trunks1 :i* pres5t "u ! microscope ! famili> /ructures ( our oaks1 bir*es1 & o!r mod]n trees4 ,?us all ov] ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! elevation ( ! l& out ( ! wat]s ( ! great ,cretace\s subsid5ce 0 signaliz$ by a developm5t ( noble & exub]ant =e/ vegetation1 ( ! types /ill extant4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( families f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s1 aft] ,saporta1 w %[ ! botani/ h[ fully our mod]n ,exog5s are repres5t$3a,euro ,,apetala4 ,myricace,a4 ,cupulifer,a4 ,betulace,a4 ,salicace,a4 ,more,a4 ,proteace,a4 ,laurace,a4 ,,gamopetala4 ,apocynace,a4 ,ericace,a4 ,ebenace,a4 ,myrsine,a4 ,,polypetala4 ,araliace,a4 ,hamameliace,a4 ,helleborine,a4 ,magnoliace,a4 ,tiliace,a4 ,celastrace,a4 ,anacardiace,a4 ,myrtace,a4 ,( ! plants 9 ?is li/1 "s1 l ! oaks1 bir*es1 will[s1 & hea?s1 are common & famili> memb]s ( ! flora ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e to-day1 & ev5 ( ! ,european flora4 ,"s1 l ! ,magnolias1 ,myricas1 & wit*-hazels1 are *>act]i/ically ,am]ican1 & a few1 l ! ,proteace,a1 are n[ conf9$ to ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,"s ( ^! families h dw9dl$ s9ce ! ,cretace\s "t1 s z to be repres5t$ by v few species1 or at lea/ h n advanc$1 :ile o!rs h multipli$ & prosp]$2 & on ! :ole ! flora ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e seems to h be5 z ri* 9 ?is e>ly beg9n+ ( our mod]n =e/s z x is at ! pres5t day4 ,lesquereuxa,euro7,,tm7s results1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican flora ( ! ,dakota gr\p1 are v simil>1 & pres5t "s surpris+ features ( resemblance to mod]n ,am]ican =e/s1 ?\gh he rem>ks t ^! ,cretace\s trees are g5]ally *>act]iz$ by ! ev5 or uns]rat$ edges ( _! leaves2 & ! same rem>k seems to apply to ! olde/ ,cretace\s leaves ( ,europe4 ,a v s+ul> feature ( ! ,cretace\s flora is ! numb] ( species ( "s g5]a n[ repres5t$ by few or ev5 a s+le species2 & ?is is ! m rem>kable :5 we consid] h[ few species1 comp>atively1 ( ! old] flora1 are kn[n to u4 ,= example1 ,lesqu]eux1 ?\gh aw>e ( ! great v>iability ( ! mod]n ,sassafras ( ,am]ica1 recognizes eight species ( ?is g5us 9 ! ,dakota ,cretace\s1 "o ( :i* seems to be t /ill liv+ 9 ,am]ica1 s t x has cont9u$ un*ang$1 :ile ! o!rs h p]i%$ 7,fig4 #aee74 ,?us ?is g5us culm9ates at once 9 ! ,cretace\s1 b cont9ues /ill 9 "o ( its species4 ,aga91 ! tulip-tree1 ,liriod5dron1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 unique1 & inv>iable ( ,am]ican trees1 is repres5t$ by "o sole species 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,!re seem to be no less ?an f\r 9 ! ,dakota b$s1 besides o!rs 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,new ,j]sey1 & "o species is f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y ( ,gre5l& z well z 9 t ( ,europe 7,fig4 #aef74 ,!re are probably f\r or five species ( plane-tree 7,platanus7 n[ extant1 ( :i* b "o occurs 9 ,am]ica1 unless ,p4 ,mexicana1 ! ,mexican plane-tree1 is a good species z di/9ct f ! ord9>y1 m nor!rn1 =m4 ,!re are sev5 species1 accord+ to ,lesqu]eux1 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,dakota alone4 ,?is sort ( evolution backw>d1 or f _m species to few1 w\ld probably be greatly increas$1 _h we full] k ( ! ,cretace\s flora1 z !re are sev]al g5]a already repres5t$ by z _m species z !y c boa/ 9 mod]n times4 ,we h already se5 t ?is abrupt & sudd5 culm9ation ( g5]a & families1 & _! subsequ5t decad5ce1 is no r>e ?+ 9 geology1 & x connects itself ) t idea ( p]iods ( creative activity :i* we h already _h occasion to notice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4;a,euro,sassafras cretaceum 7,newb]ry74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4;a,euro,liriod5dron prim,avum 7,newb]ry74 ,a ,cretace\s ,tulip-tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4;a,euro,onoclea s5sibilis4 ,eoc5e4a,euro,aft] ,newb]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4;a,euro,davallia t5uifolia4 ,eoc5e4a,euro,aft] ,dawson4 ,natural size & enl>g$4 ,i h dwelt pr9cipally on ! ph,anogam\s plants ( ! ,cretace\s1 z pres5t+ ! mo/ notewor?y & new features ( ! "t2 b we mu/ n =get t ?\gh cryptogams 7 depos$ f ! high position !y held 9 ! ,pal,aozoic1 !y /ill exi/$2 & !re are m especially _m int]e/+ species ( f]ns & equisetums 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e rocks4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 ( mod]n types2 & x is rem>kable t "s ( !m appe> to h cont9u$ )\t ev5 specific *ange f ! lat] ,cretace\s up to ! pres5t "t4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is is af=d$ by two f]ns discov]$ side by side 9 ! olde/ ,eoc5e b$s#gb ( ! pla9s we/ ( ,r$ ,riv]1 & describ$ 9 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawsona,euro7,,tm7s report on ! #di? p>allel4 ,"o ( ^! is ! well-kn[n & v common ,onoclea s5sibilis 7,fig4 #aeg71 or s5sitive f]n ( ,ea/]n ,am]ica4#gc ,?is species came into exi/5ce at late/ at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s1 & has app>5tly be5 cont9u$ 9 ,am]ica up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e x does n n[ live1 x occurs z a fossil 9 ,eoc5e b$s 9 ! ,isle ( ,mull4 ,! o!r is ,davallia t5uifolia 7,fig4 #aeh71 a delicate little plant belong+ to a g5us n n[ repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica1 & to a species at pres5t f\nd only 9 ,asia4 ,yet ?is species also liv$ 9 ,am]ica 9 e>ly ,eoc5e times1 b has s9ce be5 bani%$1 ?\gh its =m] companion1 ! ,onoclea1 /ill holds its gr\nd4 ,su* cases ( specific p]si/5ce along ) great *anges ( habitat are v in/ructive z to ! p]man5ce ( species4 ,c\nt ,saporta1 ^: j rem>ks on ! m>vell\sly sudd5 incom+ ( ! ,cretace\s flora we h already ref]r$ to1 also notices ! fact t ! families & g5]a repres5t$ 9 ?is flora are a mo/ miscellane\s & unconnect$ assemblage1 %[+ ei!r ! simultane\s appe>ance ( _m dissimil> types1 or requir+ u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! & ( int]m$iate =ms = a v long p]iod be=e t 9 :i* !y are fir/ f\nd4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be plac$ 9 connection ) ! appe>ance ( an exog5\s tree 7,syr+oxylon7 9 ! ,devonian1 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x w\ld be a /range & n[ little suspect$ case ( imp]fection ( ! record1 if x %\ld be f\nd t trees ( ?is type 7 lurk+ 9 exceptional corn]s ?r\gh all ! va/ p]iods betwe5 ! ,devonian & ! ,cretace\s1 to bur/ =? 9 unwont$ v>iety & luxuriance 9 ! latt] p]iod4 ,! new ,cretace\s flora appe>s fir/ 9 b$s :i* _h be5 rec5tly elevat$ f ! ocean ( ! great ,cretace\s subsid5ce2 & :5 x fir/ fl\ri%$1 9 temp]ate regions at lea/1 ! cont95ts 7 ( small dim5sions1 & brok5 up into gr\ps ( isl&s4 ,f>!r1 ,am]ica w\ld seem to h _h prec$5ce ( ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t1 & ! ,arctic ( ! ,temp]ate regions4 ,?us on ! elevation ( ! lat] ,cretace\s l&1 plants previ\sly e/abli%$ 9 ! f> nor? spread !mselves s\?w>d1 ov] newly-rais$ l&s1 radiat+ f ! pol> regions into ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,?is seems ! only way ( acc\nt+ = ! simil>ity ( ! plants 9 ^! di/ant c\ntries4 ,! new flora ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s 9 its j\rney s\?w>d met ) a climate probably w>m] ?an ! pres5t1 yet n s w>m z to prev5t trees simil> to ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! same latitudes f fl\ri%+4 ,let u n[ trace ?is flora ?r\gh ! succe$+ ages1 9 :i* ,i %all foll[ pretty closely "s g5]al /atem5ts made by ,c\nt ,de ,saporta 9 memoirs rec5tly publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4;a,euro,eoc5e ,leaves4 ,f ,aix4 a1 ,qu]cus antec$5s 7,saporta74 b1 ,diospyros pyrifolia 7,saporta74 c1 ,myrica ,ma!sonii 7,saporta74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eoc5e we f9d a humid & w>m climate 9 ,europe1 ) great =e/s ( oaks1 *e/nuts1 laurels1 giant p9es1 & o!r g5]a1 "s ( !m /ill ,european1 o!rs ,asiatic or ,am]ican1 & _m ( !m survivors ( ! ,cretace\s 7,figs4 #aei to #afb72 & at ! same p]iod simil> =e/s ov]spread ^? great pla9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* 7 ris+ f out ! ,cretace\s sea1 & !re va/ swampy b$s 7 =m$ ( vegetable d,a7,c7bris1 giv+ orig9 to b$s ( br[n coal1 "s ( !m eighte5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!n came 9 ,europe & ,asia t great subsid5ce "u ! sea1 dur+ :i* ! ,nummul9e lime/ones 7 deposit$1 & :5 ! old cont95t 0 resolv$ aga9 into an ar*ipelago ( isl&s1 p]haps closely connect$ ) m s\!rn l&s4 ,?is l$ to a great increase ( s\!rn =ms ( plants1 :i* does n seem to h occurr$ to ! same ext5t 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! flora is m cont9u\s1 ?\gh %[+ a w>m] climate 9 ! old] ?an 9 ! new] ,eoc5e4 ,at ?is p]iod ,palms1 ,screw p9es1 ,proteace\s %rubs1 ,myrtles1 ,acacias1 & o!r plants ( ! "* ( ^? ( m s\!rn climates 7 dom9ant 9 ,europe 7,fig4 #afc74 ,! well-kn[n b$s ( ,b\rnem\?1 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1#gd conta9 a ri* flora ( ! ,eoc5e age1 p]haps ( its middle p]iod1 & rem9d+ u ( ! =e/s ( sub-tropical ,india or ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4;a,euro,an ,anci5t ,clov] 7,trifolium pal,aog,aum1 ,saporta74 ,eoc5e4 ,aix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4;a,euro,an ,eoc5e ,maple 7,ac] sextianus1 ,saporta74 ,aix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4;a,euro,a ,european ,magnolia ( ! ,eoc5e 7,m4 dian,a1 ,saporta74 ,aix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4;a,euro,fl[] & ,leaf ( ,bombax sepultiflorum4 ,eoc5e ( ,aix4a,euro,aft] ,saporta4 ,a ,european repres5tative ( ! ,silk-cotton-tree ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,tropical ,am]ica4 ,gradual elevation ( ! l& fav\r$ = a "t ! ext5sion ( ^! plants1 & ! w>m? ( ! climate all[$ !m to ext5d ev5 into ,arctic latitudes4 ,b 9 ! middle ( ! ,eoc5e ano!r subsid5ce occurr$1 :i* ext]m9at$ mu* ( ! ,eoc5e flora1 & 0 p]haps accompani$ ) a r$uction ( temp]ature1 9 :i* ! m nor!rn l&s became cov]$ ) great =e/s ( trees alli$ to ! ,p9es4 ,9 ,engl& a rem>kable deposit ( ?is age is t ( ,bovey ,tracey1 9 ,devon%ire1 :]e b$s ( clay & br[n coal h af=d$ a ri* flora ( ,am]ican & s\!rn types4 ,! ,sequoia %[n 9 ,fig4 #afd ab\nds at ?is place1 & is a ne> relation to ! celebrat$ a,eurooebig treesa,euro ( ,cali=nia2 ! ,c9namomum 9 ,fig4 #afe is a type equally =eign f mod]n ,engl&4 ,x is a curi\s feature ( ! ,bovey deposit t imm$iately above ^! ,eoc5e b$s1 hold+ a ri* flora ( w>m temp]ate "*1 are glacial clays ) leaves ( ,arctic will[s & ( ! dw>f bir*1 indicat+ a climate mu* m sev]e ?an t ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s at pres5t4#ge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4;a,euro,bran* & ,fruit ( ,sequoia ,couttsi,a 7,he]74 ,eoc5e4 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e p]iod ! l& aga9 rose1 & ! nor!rn flora spread itself s\?w>d equally ov] ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 s t ! ,mioc5e flora ( all ^! regions is v simil>2 & ?is ,mioc5e flora cont9ues sub/antially to ?is day 9 ,ea/]n ,am]ica & ,ea/]n ,asia1 except t x has be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 numb] ( species by ! int]v5tion ( ! cold glacial p]iod2 b 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,am]ica x has be5 l>gely replac$ by o!r app>5tly m mod]n species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4;a,euro,c9namomum ,s*eu*z]i 7,he]74 ,eoc5e4 ,engl&4 ,a /rik+ result ( rec5t discov]ies is ! fact t 9 ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e times a v w>m climate prevail$ 9 ! extreme ,arctic regions1 & trees ( temp]ate latitudes grew !re freely4 ,9 ! rec5t ,arctic exp$ition1 ,capta9 ,field5 f\nd 9 latitude #ha;,a deg4 #dj;a,euro7,,tm71 )9 #fjj miles ( ! ,pole1 a b$ ( lignite1 f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet 9 ?ickness1 associat$ ) rema9s ( plants su* z n[ gr[ only 9 temp]ate latitudes4 a,eurooe,from ! "* ( ! plant-rema9s1 ,dr4 ,he] inf]s t ! lignite ( ?is locality repres5ts an anci5t peat-moss1 :i* mu/ h be5 ( wide ext5t1 ) re$s1 s$ges1 bir*es1 popl>1 & c]ta9 conif]s gr[+ on its banks2 :ile ! high] & dri] gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood probably support$ a gr[? ( p9es & firs1 ) elms & hazel-bu%es4 ,! rema9s ( wat]-lilies sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( a fre%-wat] lake 9 ! old peat-moss1 :i* mu/ h rema9$ unfroz5 dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>4a,euro ,x is to be obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to ! age ( ^! b$s1 t z ! ,lat] ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e flora ( ,europe & ,am]ica migrat$ f ! nor?1 ! plants f\nd 9 ! b$s ( t age 9 ! temp]ate latitudes may really be some:at old] 9 ! ,arctic regions1 a fact :i* produces "s unc]ta9ty z to _! actual age4 ,! w>m? requir$ = ! gr[? ( luxuriant =e/s ne> ! ,pole might be secur$ by a diff]5t di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 & ( ! oceanic curr5ts1 b ! requirem5ts ( plants z to light seem m difficult to meet1 & x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r species simil> to ^? :i* are accu/om$ 9 mod]n times to regul> alt]nations ( day & night c\ld submit to ! long ,arctic w9t] d>kness4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t 9 cons]vatories 9 ,nor!rn ,russia plants suppli$ ) heat & moi/ure c endure 9 w9t] great deprivation ( light1 & at ,disco1 9 ,gre5l&1 roses & fu*sias fl\ri% z h\se plants4#gf ,^! facts %[ t if !re 7 suffici5t light & heat 9 summ]1 a great numb] ( ! plants ( temp]ate latitudes c\ld endure extreme cold & mu* deprivation ( light 9 w9t]4 ,x may be well "h to in=m ! read] t "s confusion z to ! succession ( ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y floras 9 ,am]ica has aris5 f ! fact t ! plants :i* are evid5tly ,eoc5e 9 ,gre5l& & ,am]ica h be5 until lately incorrectly reg>d$ z ,mioc5e 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! ,dakota gr\p ( ,lesqu]eux is ov]la9 by #bjjj feet ( ,cretace\s b$s1 conta9+ ! m>9e %ells *>act]i/ic ( t age1 b no plants4 ,b 9 ,vancouvera,euro7,,tm7s ,isl& ^! same ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s conta9 an abundant flora1 :i* "s botani/s h call$ ,t]ti>y = ! reason already m5tion$4 ,above ! #bjjj feet ( m>9e b$s ov]ly+ ! ,dakota gr\p is ! ,l[] ,lignite gr\p ( ,lesqu]eux1 hold+ _m fossil plants1 includ+ ,palms & o!r evid5ces ( a w>m] climate ?an t ( ! ,cretace\s1 & :i* con/itute a ,l[] ,eoc5e flora correspond+ 9 "s respects to t ( ,europe4 ,?is is succe$$ by an ,upp] ,lignite gr\p1 also ,eoc5e1 b repres5t+ a m temp]ate climate1 & !re=e resembl+ m ne>ly ! ,cretace\s flora4 ,?is is ne>ly id5tical ) ! s-call$ ,mioc5e ( ,gre5l&1 ,alaska1 & ,mack5zie ,riv]1 :i* ! facts collect$ by ! ,canadian geologi/s h %[n to be really ,eoc5e4#gg ,b ! ,canadian reports conta9+ ^! facts are comp>atively little kn[n 9 ,europe1 h5ce incorrect ideas z to ! succession ( ^! floras h be5 h&$ f "o writ] to ano!r4 ,to ^? :o adopt extreme views z to ! refrig]ation ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 9 s-call$ glacial times1 !re is great difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y flora2 b if we adopt mod]ate views z to ?is1 & dem& m]ely a great subsid5ce1 ) mu* r$uction ( mean temp]ature1 we may suppose t ! plants previ\sly exi/+ 7 pres]v$ on insul> spots1 :5ce !y 7 ready to recolonize ! l& on its em]g5ce f ! sea4 ,x seems c]ta91 h[ev]1 t our cont95ts nev] rega9$1 aft] ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! exub]ance ( plant life :i* !y pres5t$ 9 ! ,mioc5e & e>li] ,plioc5e2 & we %all f9d t ?is /atem5t applies to ! _w ( animals z well z to t ( plants4 ,?is r$uction 0 m extreme 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,ea/]n ,asia & ,ea/]n ,am]ica1 & ! fact is ?us acc\nt$ = 9 a rec5t lecture by ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray3a,euro a,eurooe,i conceive t ?ree ?+s h conspir$ to ?is loss4 ,fir/1 ,europe1 h>dly ext5d+ s\? ( latitude #dj;,a deg41 is all )9 ! limits g5]ally assign$ to sev]e glacial action4 ,second1 its m\nta9s tr5d ea/ & we/1 f ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,c>pa?ians & ! ,caucasus beyond1 ne> its s\!rn bord]2 & !y _h glaci]s ( _! own1 :i* mu/ h begun _! op]ations1 & p\r$ d[n ! nor?w>d flanks1 :ile ! pla9s 7 /ill cov]$ ) =e/1 on ! retreat f ! great ice-wave com+ f ! nor?4 ,attack$ bo? on front & re>1 mu* ( ! =e/ mu/ h p]i%$ !n & !re4 ,?ird1 across ! l9e ( retreat ( ^? :i* may h flank$ ! m\nta9-ranges1 or 7 /ation$ s\? ( !m1 /ret*$ ! ,m$it]ranean1 an impassable b>ri]4 ,"s h>dy trees may h ek$ out _! exi/5ce on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,b we d\bt n1 ,taxodium & ,sequoias1 ,magnolias & ,liquidamb>s1 & ev5 ,hickories & ! l1 7 among ! miss+4 ,escape by ! ea/1 & rehabilitation f t qu>t] until a v late p]iod1 7 app>5tly prev5t$ by ! prolongation ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,caspian1 & !nce to ! ,sib]ian ocean4 ,if we accept ! supposition ( ,nordenski,ald1 t1 ant]ior to ! ,glacial p]iod1 ,europe 0 a,eurob\nd$ on ! s\? by an ocean ext5d+ f ! ,atlantic ov] ! pres5t des]ts ( ,sah>a & ,c5tral ,asia to ! ,pacific1a,euro7,,tm7 all *ance ( ^! ,am]ican types hav+ escap$ f or re-ent]$ ,europe f ! s\? & ea/ is exclud$4 ,europe may ?us be conceiv$ to h be5 = a "t some:at 9 ! condition 9 :i* ,gre5l& is n[1 & inde$ to h be5 connect$ ) ,gre5l& 9 ?is or 9 e>li] times4#gh ,su* a junction1 cutt+ (f access ( ! ,gulf ,/ream to ! ,pol> ,sea1 w\ld1 z "s ?9k1 o!r ?+s rema9+ z !y are1 almo/ ( itself give glaciation to ,europe4 ,gre5l& may be ref]r$ to1 by way ( comp>ison1 z a c\ntry :i*1 hav+ und]gone extreme glaciation1 be>s ! m>ks ( x 9 ! extreme pov]ty ( its flora1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! plants to :i* its s\!rn portion1 ext5d+ six degrees bel[ ! ,arctic ,circle1 might be entitl$4 ,x ought to h trees1 & might support !m4 ,b s9ce de/ruction by glaciation no way has be5 op5$ = _! return4 ,europe f>$ mu* bett]1 b suff]$ 9 its degree 9 a simil> way4 a,eurooe,turning = a mom5t to ! ,am]ican cont95t = a contra/1 we f9d ! l& unbrok5 & op5 d[n to ! tropic1 & ! m\nta9s runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,! trees1 :5 t\*$ on ! nor? by ! on-com+ refrig]ation1 _h only to move _! s\!rn bord] s\?w>d1 along an op5 way1 z f> z ! exig5cy requir$2 & !re 0 no imp$im5t to _! due return4 ,!n ! m s\!rn latitude ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gave great advantage ov] ,europe4 ,on ! ,atlantic bord]1 prop] glaciation 0 felt only 9 ! nor!rn "p1 d[n to ab\t latitude #dj;,a deg44 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 ow+ d\btless to great] dryness & summ] heat1 ! limit rec$$ greatly nor?w>d 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & gave only local glaci]s to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & no volcanic outbreaks or viol5t *anges ( any k9d h "h occurr$ s9ce ! types ( our pres5t vegetation came to ! l&4 ,s our l9es h be5 ca/ 9 pleasant places1 & ! goodly h]itage ( =e/-trees is "o ( ! consequ5ces4 a,eurooe,the /ill great] ri*ness ( ,nor?-ea/ ,asia 9 arboreal vegetation may f9d explanation 9 ! preval5ce ( p>ticul>ly fav\rable conditions1 bo? ante-glacial & rec5t4 ,! trees ( ! ,mioc5e circumpol> =e/ appe> to h f\nd !re a secure home2 & ! ,japanese isl&s1 to :i* mo/ ( ^! trees belong1 mu/ be rem>kably adapt$ to !m4 ,! situation ( ^! islandsa,euroanalog\s to t ( ,great ,brita91 b ) ! advantage ( l[] latitude & great] sun%9e!ir ample ext5t nor? & s\?1 _! div]sifi$ configuration1 _! proximity to ! great ,pacific gulf-/ream1 by :i* a va/ body ( w>m wat] sweeps along _! acc5tuat$ %ores1 & ! comp>atively equable diffusion ( ra9 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 all probably conspire to ! pres]vation & developm5t ( an orig9ally ample inh]itance4a,euro ,! comp>ative paucity 9 species ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh ! ,sequoias & "s o!r =ms :i* h p]i%$ else:]e are reta9$ !re1 is admitt$ to be exceptional1 & n easily expla9$1 except by ! supposition ( peculi> local conditions affect+ ! comp>atively n>r[ /rip ( l& betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & coa/ ranges1 & ! ,pacific4 ,to su* widely-di/ribut$ & v>i$ & complex ph5om5a z ^? :i* h be5 discuss$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 x is impossible to d ju/ice 9 ! space at our comm&4 ,details 9 relation to !m w be f\nd 9 ! publications ( ,he]1 ( ,saporta1 & ( ,lesqu]eux1 & are well wor?y ( /udy by botani/s1 to :om alone !y c be made fully intelligible4 ,9 g5]al1 ) ref]5ce to n[ preval5t !ories ( d]ivation1 !y pres5t two v dissimil> aspects4 ,no difficulty c be great] to ! evolutioni/ ?an to acc\nt = ! simultane\s appe>ance ( s _m mod]n g5]ic =ms 9 ! ,cretace\s2 & ! fact ( _m ( ! g5]a pres5t+ m & m species ! f>!r we trace !m back is a /range anomaly ( evolution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( species cont9u+ un*ang$ f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mod]n1 ! o!rs only slightly modifi$1 & ! repres5tative species occurr+ 9 ! floras ( ! old & new cont95ts1 appe> to _m to give great support to ! doctr9e ( gradual trans=mation ( species4 ,f>!r facts & f>!r compreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 species & races w be necess>y to ! settlem5t ( ^! que/ions4 ,9 ! meantime x w\ld appe> t ! ,jurassic flora rapidly gave place1 at a p>ticul> po9t ( geological "t1 to t ( ! mod]n _w1 & ?is n m]ely 9 "o locality1 b ov] ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e2 & !re are app>5tly simil> facts 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e z well4 ,x f>!r appe>s t ea* g5us 0 at fir/ repres5t$ by _m species1 & t z "t w5t on ^! 7 gradually r$uc$ to a few be/ suit$ to survive2 & t ! *anges ( climate & level :i* occurr$ di/ribut$ ^! ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! cont95ts 9 a way at fir/ sight v anomal\s1 b :i* ,pr(4 ,gray some:at qua9tly repres5ts z foll[s3a,euro a,eurooe,it is z if ,nature1 :5 %e _h en\gh species ( a g5us to g r\nd ! f\r floral regions 7,europe1 ,ea/ ,asia1 ,we/ ,am]ica1 & ,ea/ ,am]ica71 dealt !m fairly "o at lea/ to ea* qu>t] ( our zone2 b :5 %e _h only two ( "s peculi> k9d1 gave "o to u1 & ! o!r to ,japan1 ,mant*uria1 or ! ,himalayas2 & :5 %e _h only "o1 divid$ x betwe5 ! two p>tn]s on ! opposite sides ( ! table4a,euro ,la/ly1 x seems v probable t _m s-call$ species are no?+ m ?an v>ietal =ms1 :i* may v well be modifi$ desc5dants ( ,mioc5e or ,eoc5e plants n[ figur+ 9 our li/s "u diff]5t names4 ,illu/ration3 ,,siva!rium ,,giganteum4 ,a ,great ,rum9ant ( ! ,mioc5e ( ,india4 ,copi$ by special p]mission ( ,james ,murie1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,mammals4 ,! incom+ ( t highe/ ord] ( animals 9 :i* man himself1 9 s f> z 8 physical nature is conc]n$1 takes 8 place1 pres5ts "s features :i*1 ?\gh n unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( o!r =ms ( life1 are /ill v /rik+4 ,! mod]n ,mammalia are some:at %>ply divid$ into ?ree v unequal gr\ps4 ,fir/1 ^? :i* pres5t 9 _! full p]fection ! prop]ty ( produc+ fully develop$ "y1 :i* is "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! class4 ,^! are ! ,plac5tal ,mammals4 ,secondly1 ^? 9 :i* ! "y are produc$ 9 a v imp]fect condition1 & are usually n\ri%$ = a "t 9 a m>supium or p\*4 ,^! are h5ce call$ ,m>supials4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to ,au/ralasia1 ?\gh a few occur 9 ,am]ica2 & are decid$ly inf]ior 9 rank to ! ord9>y mammals4 ,?irdly1 ^? 9 :i* !re is a bird-l bill1 & also c]ta9 bird-l or reptilian peculi>ities ( skeleton & ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,^! are ! ,monotremes1 repres5t$ by a v few species 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 geological hi/ory1 s f> z ! facts are at pres5t kn[n1 ! second gr\p1 t ( ! ,m>supials1 ant$at$ ! o!rs by a va/ lapse ( "t4 ,! ,m>supials appe> 9 ! ,trias1 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,! ,plac5tals are n f\nd until we rea* ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! ,monotremes w\ld seem to be a comp>atively mod]n degrad$ type4 ,?us ! ,m>supials exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! reptilian age1 & ?is 9 ^? c\ntries ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 9 :i* !y are n n[ f\nd4 ,! ,mesozoic ,m>supials 71 x is true1 ( small size1 b !re 7 probably num]\s species1 & ?\gh unable to cope ) ! great reptiles t sw>m$ by ! %ores & on ! pla9s1 !y may h f\nd abundant scope 9 ! upl& & int]ior regions ( ! cont95ts4 ,! ,upp] ,trias ( ,g]many has af=d$ to ,pr(essor ,ple9+] two tee? ( a small mammal1 to :i* ! "n ( ,microle/es antiquus has be5 giv51 "u ! impression t x 0 c>nivor\s1 ?\gh x n[ seems m likely t x 0 a vegetable fe$]4 ,9 rocks ( ne>ly ! same age 9 ,am]ica1 ,emmons f\nd a jaw-bone ( ano!r species 7,droma!rium sylve/re71 :i* has be5 suppos$ to be a ne> ally ( ! exi/+ ,myrmecobius fasciatus ( ,au/ralia 7,figs4 #aff1 #afg74 ,9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 a memb] ( ! ,engli% ,jurassic1 sev]al o!r species h be5 f\nd 7,fig4 #afh71 & a /ill l>g] numb] 9 ! fre%-wat] b$s ( ! ,upp] ,purbeck4 ,m>% has obta9$ _m o!rs f ! ,jurassic ( ,am]ica4 ,none appe> to h yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s1 b !y reappe> 9 ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 & cont9ue to ! mod]n "t4 ,_! abs5ce 9 ! ,cretace\s is probably a m]e accid5t1 & !y pres5t an illu/ration ( a v p]man5t type little *ang$ s9ce its fir/ introduction4 ,lyell enum]ates 9 all ?irty-?ree species f ! ,mesozoic1 all ( !m ( small size1 & all m or less ne>ly relat$ to exi/+ ,au/ralian ,m>supials1 ?\gh diff]+ mu* among !mselves1 & includ+ bo? c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s =ms 7,fig4 #afi74 ,m>% has rec5tly sugge/$ a some:at new int]pretation ( ^! int]e/+ mammalian rema9s4#gi ,he consid]s !m divisible into two gr\ps1 "o alli$ to ! mod]n ,insectivora 7,moles1 ,%rews1 ,h$gehogs1 c471 b ( g5]aliz$ =ms4 ,= ^! he con/itutes a new ord] 7,panto!ria1 ,m>%74 ,! o!r gr\p is less num]\s & is ,m>supial 7,allo!ria1 ,m>%74 ,! jaws 9 ,figs4 #aff & #afh belong to ! =m] gr\p1 t 9 ,fig4 #afi to ! latt]4 ,we %\ld ?us h bo? plac5tal & ,m>supial mammals 9 ! ,mesozoic4 ,m>% rem>ks t ! desc5t ( ^! diff]5t types f a common ance/ry w\ld require u to trace mammals back into ! ,pal,aozoic1 t is1 on ! doctr9e ( gradual evolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4;a,euro,jaw ( ,droma!rium sylve/re 7,emmons74 ,f ! ,trias ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4;a,euro,myrmecobius fasciatus4 ,a mod]n ,au/ralian m>supial1 alli$ to ,mesozoic species4 ,s soon z ! pal,aontologi/ passes f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s to ! ,eoc5e1 he f9ds himself 9 ! doma9 ( ! plac5tal mammals1 :i* appe> 9 num]\s & l>ge species1 & ?is1 n m]ely 9 "o region1 b 9 e "p ( ! _w 9 :i* ^! deposits are kn[n to exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4;a,euro,jaw1 & enl>g$ mol> ( ,phascolo!rium ,buckl&i4 ,/onesfield slate4 ,engl&4a,euro,aft] ,phillips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4;a,euro,plagiaulax ,becklesii4 ,jaw1 & pre-mol> enl>g$1 %[+ flat surface1 ) ridges4a,euro,purbeck4 ,inde$1 ! rec5t discov]ies 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe h almo/ ?r[n into ! %ade ^? rese>*es ( ,cuvi] 9 ! ,p>is bas9 :i* fir/ br\ght ?is important fact to light4 ,! ,eoc5e mammals1 l ! ,c>bonif]\s amphibians1 ! ,mesozoic reptiles1 & ! ,cretace\s =e/s1 appe> to spr+ full-gr[n f ! e>?1 & ?is at ne>ly ! same "t 9 e "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !y may h come 9 gradually )\t our k 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod2 b if s1 we %\ld h f\nd "s ( _! rema9s along ) ^? ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s plants4 ,b ! preval5ce ( ! great reptiles up to ! close ( ! ,cretace\s w\ld seem to r5d] ! co-exi/5ce ( l>ge mammals unlikely4 ,x has fur!r be5 suppos$ t geological *anges 9 ! s\!rn & nor!rn hemisph]es may h alt]nat$ ) ea* o!r1 s t !re may be 9 ! =m] ,cretace\s b$s 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ance/ors ( ! ,eoc5e mammals may be f\nd4 ,b we d n z yet "k ( su* deposits4 ,we may be cont5t1 !re=e1 to suppose t at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s !re 0 e/abli%$ some:]e a sort ( ,ed5 = ! fir/ plac5tal mammals1 9 :i* !y 7 introduc$ & c\ld live unh>m$ by ! decay+ mon/]s ( ! reptilian age1 until ! "t came :5 !y c\ld increase & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to su* a c5tre ( mammalian life is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ^? great ,am]ican lake bas9s emb$d$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/1 :i* h be5 s well describ$ by ,hayd5 & ,newb]ry1 & :i* h yield$ s _m animal rema9s to ! rese>*es ( ,leidy1 ,m>%1 & ,cope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4;a,euro,re/oration ( ,pal,ao!rium magnum4 ,eoc5e4a,euro,aft] ,cuvi] & ,ow54 ,! typical deposits ( ! ,e>ly ,eoc5e h long be5 ^? ( ! ,bas9 ( ,p>is1 :]e ?ick & highly fossilif]\s deposits ( ?is age re/ on ! m or less d5ud$ surface ( ! ,upp] ,*alk1 & h af=d$ a ri* h>ve/ ( rema9s ( ab\t fifty species ( plac5tal quadrup$s1 ^: bones h be5 f\nd 9 ! gypsum qu>ries ( ,montm>tre4 ,! great majority belong to ! ,ungulates1 or ho($ animals1 & ! mo/ abundant g5]a are ^? call$ by ,cuvi] ,pal,ao!rium 7,fig4 #agj7 & ,anoplo!rium1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species1 & :i* h aff9ities ) ! mod]n ,tapirs on ! "o h&1 & ) ! ,horse on ! o!r4 ,( ! ,unguiculate or claw$ ord]s !re are c>nivor\s =ms alli$ to ! ,hy,ana & ! ,fox1 a ,bat & a ,squirrel2 & ! ,m>supials are repres5t$ by an ,opossum4 ,lyell describes a b$ ( clay associat$ ) ! gypsum1 9 :i* are num]\s footpr9ts1 probably produc$ on ! m>g9 ( a lake4 ,_m ( ^! might be ref]r$ to ! ,pal,ao!re & its allies2 b !re are o!rs belong+ to quadrup$s yet unkn[n1 & !re are also tracks ( tortoises1 crocodiles1 & liz>ds1 & ( a l>ge wad+ bird4 ,su* a b$1 p]haps deposit$ on ! m>g9 ( a salt lake1 resort$ to z a a,eurooelicka,euro by h]bivor\s animals1 & by ! c>nivor\s species :i* prey$ on !m1 is well fitt$1 by ! ?rong+ life :i* x indicates1 to tea* h[ little we c "k ( ! actual numb] & v>iety ( ! old inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,eoc5e b$s ( ! age ( ^? ( ,p>is1 occupy ! valley ( ! ,?ames & ! ,isle ( ,wight & neighb\r+ p>ts ( ,hants4 ,!y h af=d$ mammalian fossils simil> to ^? ( ,p>is1 ?\gh less abundantly1 b !y are ri* 9 rema9s ( m>9e animals & ( l& plants4 ,in/ead ( describ+ ! well-kn[n animals ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ,t]ti>ies1 f ^! ,eoc5e deposits upw>ds1 ,i %all %ortly sket* ! succession 9 ,am]ica1 z work$ out by ,m>% & ,cope1 ) ! aid ( ! admirable summ>y giv5 by ,gaudry ( ! pres5t /ate ( k ) ref]5ce to ! sequ5ce ( mammalian life f its appe>ance 9 ! ,e>ly ,eoc5e up to ! pres5t "t4#hj ,eoc5e mammals1 especially ^? gigantic :ale-l creatures call$ ,zeuglodon 7,fig4 #ahj71 h be5 f\nd 9 ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 b ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies h be5 made 9 ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories1 :]e va/ numb]s ( bones are imb$d$ 9 c]ta9 anci5t & wide-spread lacu/r9e b$s4 ,x may be well to premise "h t ?\gh ! division into ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e is recognis$ 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe1 ! limits ( ^! gr\ps may n precisely correspond ) ^? 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,/ill we h ?is c]ta9 po9t ( dep>ture1 t ! ,eoc5e beg9s :]e ! peculi> animals ( ! ,cretace\s end1 & t ! dry+ up ( ! lat] ,cretace\s sea & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,eoc5e l& 7 probably ne>ly contemporane\s 9 bo? cont95ts4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 9 animals z 9 plants1 t 9 ! successive p]iods ( ! ,t]ti>y1 ,am]ica pres5ts an old] aspect ?an ,europe1 j z its mod]n fauna /ill conta9s su* old =ms z ! opossum4 ,x w\ld seem t z ! m\nta9-ranges & table-l&s ( ,we/]n ,am]ica em]g$ f ! ,cretace\s wat]s1 !y became clo!d ) ,eoc5e =e/s & inhabit$ by ,eoc5e mammals4 ,b ! wat]s1 damm$ up by surr\nd+ ridges1 =m$ l>ge lake bas9s1 :i* 7 dra9$ only by ! sl[ excavation ( a,eurooeca,a-onsa,euro z ! l& rose /ill high]4 ,9 ! successive deposits =m$ 9 ^! lakes bo? by ord9>y deposition ( silt & by p>oxysmal %[]s ( volcanic a%es 7 entomb$ great numb]s ( ! animals :i* f$ on _! banks4 ,x appe>s t ^! deposits1 :i* 9 "s places are e/imat$ at n less ?an #hjjj feet 9 ?ickness1 hold ! rema9s ( ?ree successive faunas1 diff]+ mat]ially f ea* o!r1 & repres5t+ ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,eoc5e4 ,on ! flanks ( ! elevat$ region support+ ! b$s =m$ 9 ! ,eoc5e lakes1 are o!r lat] lake bas9s ( ,mioc5e age1 also ab\nd+ 9 animal rema9s4 ,ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & also on ! ,pacific coa/1 are /ill lat] ,plioc5e deposits hold+ o!r & m mod]n ,mammalia4 ,! va/ area ( ^! =mations & ! complete sequ5ce :i* !y %[ are sc>cely equall$ else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4;a,euro,coryphodon ,hamatus4 ,a ,l[] ,eoc5e ,p]issodactyl skull1 greatly r$uc$1 %[+ small size ( bra91 a4a,euro,aft] ,m>%4 ,z 9 ! ,p>is bas91 ! l>ge ,ungulates con/itute ! mo/ conspicu\s feature4 ,! great gr\p is n[ usually divid$ into ^? t are odd-to$ 7,p]issodactyl7 & ^? t are ev5-to$ 7,artiodactyl74 ,?\gh ^! are app>5tly arbitr>y *>act]s1 !y correspond ) o!r m fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,! fir/ includes su* mod]n animals z ! ,rh9oc]os1 ,tapir1 & ,horse4 ,! second includes two some:at di/9ct assemblagesa,eurot ) mammillat$ tee?1 ( :i* ! ,hog & ,hippopotamus are types 7,bunodonts71 & t ) cresc5tal plates ( enamel 9 ! tee?1 ( :i* ! ,rum9ants l ! ,de]1 ,ox & ,camel1 are examples 7,sel5odonts74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4;a,euro,=e-foot ( ,coryphodon4 ,greatly r$uc$4a,euro,aft] ,m>%4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic animals ( ! l[e/ ,eoc5e belong to ! g5us ,coryphodon 7,figs4 #aga1 #agb71 :i* s ab\nd$ 9 ,eoc5e ,am]ica t bones ( ab\t #aej individuals 7 f\nd by ! ,:eel] ,exp$ition 9 "o ye> 9 ! ,eoc5e b$s ( ,new ,mexico4 ,^! animals 9 _! d5tition approa*$ ! ,am]ican tapirs1 except t !y _h great can9es l ! be>1 :ile _! feet resembl$ ^? ( ! elephant1 & "s ( !m atta9$ ! dim5sions ( ! ox4 ,coryphodon is ?us1 z might be expect$ 9 a primal plac5tal mammal1 a creature ( some:at g5]alis$ type4 ,ano!r po9t 9 :i* x resembles "s at lea/ ( its e>ly ,t]ti>y contempor>ies is ! small size ( ! bra91 especially 9 ^? p>ts ( x suppos$ to m9i/] to ! intellig5ce & high] in/9cts 7,fig4 #aga1 a74 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t z ,t]ti>y "t w5t on ! successive gr\ps ( mammals 7 gift$ ) bra9s ( l>g] & l>g] size1 fitt+ !m = high] functions2 & ultimately = associat+ ) man4 ,animals ?us l[ 9 developm5t ( bra9 7 probably sl[ & sluggi% & /ubbornly f]oci\s1 & dep5d5t on brute =ce = subsi/5ce & def5ce2 & !y w\ld h be5 altoge!r unsuitable = dome/ication _h !y liv$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4;a,euro,skull ( an ,upp] ,eoc5e ,p]issodactyl 7,d9oc]as mirabilis71 %[+ ?ree pairs ( horn-bases4 ,greatly r$uc$4a,euro,aft] ,m>%4 ,9 ! ,middle ,eoc5e1 ! place ( ,coryphodon 0 tak5 by ,d9oc]as & alli$ =ms4 ,"s ( ! species ne>ly equall$ ! elephant 9 size1 b _h %ort] & /\t] limbs1 ea* support$ on five great toesa,euro! mo/ p]fect possible sort ( p$e/al foot 7,figs4 #agb1 #agd74 ,!y 7 heavily arm$ ) imm5se can9es on ! upp] jaws1 & two or ev5 ?ree pairs ( horns or h>d protub]ances on ! head 7,fig4 #agc74 ,creatures s support$ & s arm$1 & liv+ :]e food 0 pl5tiful1 might well disp5se ) any great degree ( intellig5ce1 & _! developm5t ( bra9 is consequ5tly little bett] ?an t ( ,coryphodon4 ,^! great & *>act]i/ic ,eoc5e families h no kn[n successors2 & 9 ! ,mioc5e age _! place is tak5 by a v diff]5t gr\p1 t ( :i* ,bronto!rium is ! type 7,fig4 #age74 ,!y are creatures ( huge size1 ) a pair ( horn-cores on ! nose1 & feet ) f\r toes 9 front & ?ree beh9d1 resembl+ 9 =m ^? ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4;a,euro,=e-foot ( ,d9oc]as4 ,greatly r$uc$4a,euro,aft] ,m>%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4;a,euro,skull ( ,bronto!rium +5s 7,m>%74 ,greatly r$uc$4 ,a ,mioc5e ,p]issodactyl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4;a,euro,s]ies ( ,equ9e ,feet4a,euro,aft] ,m>%4 a1 ,orohippus1 ,eoc5e4 b1 ,miohippus1 ,mioc5e4 c1 ,protohippus1 ,l[] ,plioc5e4 d1 ,pliohippus1 ,upp] ,plioc5e4 e1 ,equus1 ,po/-,plioc5e & ,mod]n4 ,:ile ^! gigantic ,p]issodactyles h no successors z yet kn[n to u1 ano!r & less conspicu\s ,eoc5e type c be trac$ onw>d to mod]n times by a *a9 ( successors :i* ! imag9ation ( evolutioni/s has conv]t$ into a v]itable g5etic s]ies1 to :i* !y appeal z a a,eurooedemonstrationa,euro ( ! process ( desc5t ) specific modifications4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,eoc5e are f\nd ! rema9s ( a dim9utive ungulate 7,eohippus71 ( ! /ature ( a mod]ately-siz$ dog4 ,x has f\r toes & a rudim5t ( a fif? 9 front1 & ?ree toes beh9d2 & has tee? slightly resembl+ ^? ( ! horse1 b m simple & %ort] 9 ! cr[n4 ,9 ?is creature x has be5 suppos$ t we h a direct ance/or ( ! mod]n horse4 ,a v simil> g5us 7,orohippus71 lack+ only ! fif? rudim5t>y toe1 replaces ,eohippus 9 ! ,middle ,eoc5e4 ,mesohippus ( ! ,l[] ,mioc5e is z l>ge z a %eep1 & has only ?ree toes on ! =e-foot & a spl9t bone1 :ile its tee? assume a m equ9e "* 7,fig4 #agf74 ,9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e ,miohippus cont9ues ! l9e1 :ile ,protohippus ( ! ,l[] ,plioc5e is /ill m equ9e & z l>ge z an ass1 & corresponds ) ! ,european ,hipp>ion 9 hav+ ! middle toe ( ea* foot alone long en\gh to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,plioc5e true horses appe> ) only a s+le toe1 & spl9t bones in/ead ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh ! horse 0 unkn[n at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! cont95t1 sev]al species occur 9 ! ,t]ti>y & ,po/-,plioc5e1 %[+ t ! g5us exi/$ !re up to a comp>atively late p]iod2 & :5 re-introduc$ x has ?riv5 & run wild 9 ! m temp]ate regions4 ,:at cause c\ld h l$ to its ext9ction 9 ,po/-,glacial times is z yet a my/]y4 ,?is g5ealogy ( ! horse1 indep5d5tly ( its evolutioni/ application1 is v int]e/+4 ,x %[s t "s ,eoc5e types 7 suit$ to cont9uance1 & ev5 adapt$ = ext5sion1 :ile o!rs 7 de/9$ to become altoge!r ext9ct at an e>ly date4 ,x %[s f>!r t ! p[] ( cont9uance resid$ n s mu* 9 ! gigantic & prom95t species z 9 small] =ms4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,gaudry & o!r or?odox evolutioni/s 9 ,europe d$uce ! horse1 n f ,eohippus1 b f ,pal,ao!rium1 & t x is equally impossible to v]ify ei!r phylog5y1 s9ce ! m]e sequ5ce ( m or less closely alli$ species 9 "t does n prove cont9u\s d]ivation4 ,nor inde$ are we c]ta9 t "o-to$ horses l ^? n[ liv+ did n exi/ on ! dry pla9s 9 ,eoc5e times1 s9ce ! inhabitants ( ^! pla9s are probably unkn[n to u4 ,an amus+ illu/ration ( ! probable reason ( ! disappe>ance ( ! miss+ l9ks has rec5tly be5 giv5 by a writ] n v fav\rable to ! new philosophy4 ,! sev]al consecutive species may be repres5t$ by co9s4 ,we may suppose1 = example1 sixp5ces to h be5 co9$ fir/1 !n sev5p5ny & eightp5ny pieces1 & s on up to a %ill+1 !n pieces repres5t+ ?irte51 f\rte5 & fifte5 p5ce1 & s on up to a half-cr[n or cr[n2 b all ! int]v5+ d5om9ations betwe5 ! sixp5ce & ! %ill+1 & betwe5 ! %ill+ & ! half-cr[n1 7 f\nd practically ( little use4 ,h5ce few 7 co9$1 & !y soon became obsolete4 ,?us ! antiqu>y w\ld f9d only a few d5om9ations1 & ^? connect+ !m w\ld be seldom or nev] f\nd4 ,x is pla9 t if we c\ld suppose t nations con/ruct$ _! co9age aft] ?is un?9k+ & empirical fa%ion1 & t if we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ a simil> proc$ure to ! ,creator1 x might help to acc\nt = ! facts z we f9d !m1 o!rwise we %\ld r suppose t 9 bo? cases some?+ l plan & calculation det]m9$ ! selection ( ! species produc$1 :e!r ( co9s or animals4 ,b ,*ance is a bl9d goddess1 & if we in/al h] z creator1 we mu/ expect ! "w to proce$ by a s]ies ( abortive exp]im5ts4 ,! ,p]issodactyls are n num]\s at pres5t4 ,! ?ree gr\ps repres5t$ by ! ,horse1 ,rh9oc]os1 & ,tapir con/itute ! :ole2 & ! two latt] =ms c be trac$ back to pr$ecessors 9 ,eoc5e times1 ev5 m closely resembl+ !m ?an ^? suppos$ to be ance/ors ( ! horse resemble t animal4 ,b ! few species n[ liv+ h ?us a va/ surplusage ( possible ance/ors4 ,_m species & g5]a are dropp$ )\t any mod]n repres5tatives1 s t ! t5d5cy has be5 to a gradual elim9ation ( surplus types1 until only a few isolat$ & some:at specialis$ =ms rema9 at pres5t4 ,yet ?is process ( elim9ation is n necess>ily an evolution or survival ( ! fitte/1 9 ! s5se ( mod]n d]ivationi/s4 ,x r implies t 9 c]ta9 pa/ /ates ( ! e>? ! conditions ( life af=d$ scope = _m =ms n n[ requir$1 or replac$ by o!r types m suit$ to ! advanc$ & specialis$ nature ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,artiodactyls h ga9$ 9 numb]s & importance1 9 comp>ison ) _! odd-to$ comrades2 & ?is1 ?\gh an odd numb]1 namely five1 0 ! typical numb] ) :i* ! e>lie/ quadrup$al =ms began life f> back 9 ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,! typical ,artiodactyls are ^? t cleave ! ho(1 & _m ( :i* also *ew ! cud2 & !y are ( all o!rs1 ! horse p]haps except$1 ^? t are mo/ valuable to man4 ,! l[] type 7,bunodont71 to :i* ! hog belongs1 is ! old]2 & _m hog-l animals occur f ! e>li] ,t]ti>y upw>ds4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e1 ev5-to$ species appe> ) an approa* at lea/ to ! cresc5t-%ap$ tee? ( ! mod]n de] & ox54 ,"s ( ! species are obvi\sly =]unn]s ( ! mod]n antelopes & de]1 ?\gh z yet de/itute ( horns or antl]s4 ,o!rs1 l ,oreodon1 are ( m hog-l aspect1 ?\gh believ$ to h be5 rum9ants 7,fig4 #agg74 ,^! are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,mioc5e1 at :i* /age true de] appe> 9 ,europe 7,dicroc]as71 ?\gh !y are n kn[n 9 ,am]ica until ! ,plioc5e p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ de] h small & simple antl]s1 ^! ornam5ts becom+ l>g] & m elaborate 9 approa*+ ! mod]n era4 ,! holl[-horn$ rum9ants appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 ,am]ica 9 ! ,l[] ,plioc5e2 & no ance/ry has s f> be5 attempt$ to be trac$ = !m4 ,! antelopes ( ?is gr\p1 z well z ! gigantic ,siva!rium ( ,india1#ha alli$ to ! mod]n prong-horn$ antelope ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 7 prom95t 9 ! ,old ,_w 9 ! ,mioc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4;a,euro,oreodon major4 ,a g5]alis$ ,mioc5e rum9ant1 ) aff9ities to ! ,de]1 ,camel1 & ,hog4 ,greatly r$uc$4a,euro,aft] ,leidy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4;a,euro,l[] ,jaw ( ,mega!rium4 ,greatly r$uc$4 ,po/-,plioc5e ( ,s\? ,am]ica4a,euro,aft] ,ow54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4;a,euro,ungual ,phalanx & ,claw-core ( ,mega!rium4 ,greatly r$uc$4 ,a v notewor?y & specially ,am]ican gr\p ( mammals is t ( ! ,ed5tates1 ! ,slo?s & ,ant-eat]s1 a gr\p :i* ,a priori we %\ld h suppos$ w\ld h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 "t4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 fir/ 9 ! ,mioc5e1 )\t ev5 any sugge/$ ance/ry1 & are repres5t$ f ! fir/ by l>ge species1 ?\gh !y atta9 _! gr&e/ /ature 9 ! ,mega!rium & ,mylodon ( ! ,po/-,plioc5e 7,figs4 #agh1 #agi71 :i* 7 slo?s ( s gigantic size t !y mu/ h pull$ d[n trees to fe$ on _! leaves1 unless1 inde$1 !re 7 trees equally colossal = !m to climb4 ,b be=e ! mod]n "t1 l ! ,am]ican horses1 ! l>g] h]bivor\s =ms sudd5ly disappe>1 & are n[ repres5t$ only by a few dim9utive ,s\? ,am]ican species1 :i* c sc>cely1 by any /ret* ( imag9ation1 be suppos$ to be desc5dants ( _! gigantic pr$ecessors4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! animals1 l ^? ( ! great ,t]ti>y m>supials ( ,au/ralia & ! _m ,mioc5e elephants ( ,india1 af=ds a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! p]si/5ce ( simil> gr\ps ( creatures 9 successive ages 9 ! same region1 along ) dim9ution 9 magnitude & numb] ( species t[>d ! mod]n times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4;a,euro,too? ( ,eoc5e ,:ale 7,zeuglodon cetioides74 ,"o-half natural size4 ,! ,:ale-tribe 7,cetaceans7 at once 9 ! e>lie/ ,eoc5e takes ! place ( ! great ,sea-liz>ds ( ! ,cretace\s2 & ! olde/ ( ! :ales are 9 _! d5tition m p]fect ?an any ( _! successors1 s9ce _! tee? are ea* implant$ by two roots1 & h s]rat$ cr[ns1 l ^? ( ! ,seals4 ,! great ,eoc5e :ales ( ! ,s\!rn ,atlantic 7,zeuglodon7 7,fig4 #ahj71 :i* h ^! *>act]s1 atta9$ ! l5g? ( sev5ty feet1 & are und\bt$ly ! fir/ ( ! :ales 9 rank z well z 9 "t4 ,?is is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ difficult facts to be expla9$ on ! !ory ( evolution4 ,alli$ to ! :ales is ! small & peculi> gr\p ( ! ,sea-c[s or ,dugongs 7,sir5ians74 ,^! creatures1 highly specialis$ & v di/9ct f all o!rs1 appe> 9 ! ,e>ly ,t]ti>y 9 =ms v simil> to ^? :i* n[ exi/1 & probably 9 mu* m num]\s species1 & !y pursue ! ev5 t5or ( _! way d[n to mod]n times )\t p]ceptible elevation or degradation4 a,eurooe,we h que/ion$1a,euro says ,gaudry1 :5 speak+ ( ! ,t]ti>y ,cetaceans1 a,eurooethese /range & gigantic sov]eigns ( ! ,t]ti>y oceans z to _! progenitorsa,euro!y leave u )\t reply4a,euro ,_! sil5ce is ! m significant z "o c sc>cely suppose ^! animals to h be5 nurtur$ 9 any limit$ or seclud$ space 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,! true ,seals1 :i* are m elevat$ ?an ! ,:ales1 & v diff]5t 9 type1 appe> mu* lat]1 & )\t any probable ance/ry4 ,! ,elephants1 two or ?ree species ( :i* con/itute 9 ! mod]n _w ! sole repres5tatives ( an ord]1 are a remnant ( an anci5t race once va/ly m num]\s4 ,!y appe> 9 ,europe & ,asia 9 ! ,mioc5e1 :5 !y 7 repres5t$ by ?ree di/9ct g5]a 7,elephas1 ,ma/odon1 & ,d9o!rium74 ,! second g5us 7,fig4 #aha7 diff]s f ! prop] ,elephants 9 hav+ tub]culat$ tee?1 indicat+ a m sw9i% habit1 & probably a m fi]ce disposition4 ,! ?ird 7,fig4 #ahb7 is rem>kable = ! imm5se size ( "s ( its species1 f> exce$+ ! mod]n ,elephants1 & has ! f>!r peculi>ity ( a pair ( desc5d+ tusks on ! l[] jaw1 con/itut+ a /rong & heavy grubb+-hoe1 ) :i* x c\ld probably dig deeply = roots4 ,s important 0 ! gr\p 9 ,mioc5e times t sev5 elephants are already kn[n f ?is =mation 9 ,india alone1 besides ?ree species ( ,ma/odon4 ,f\r or five ,mioc5e ,ma/odons are kn[n 9 ,europe1 besides two ,d9o!ria2 & ! true ,elephants appe> !re 9 ! ,plioc5e1 & cont9ue to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n4 ,! elephant9e animals are n kn[n 9 ,am]ica till ! ,plioc5e1 b 9 t & ! ,plei/oc5e1 & p]haps up to ! human p]iod1 ! we/]n cont95t1 n[ altoge!r de/itute ( elephants1 possess$ sev]al species bo? ( ,elephas & ,ma/odon1 :i* ext5d$1 z 9 ,sib]ia1 ev5 into ! ,arctic regions2 &1 z we "k f specim5s pres]v$ 9 a froz5 /ate 9 ! latt] region1 "s ( ! species 7 s protect$ by d5se fur z to be able to endure extreme cold4 ,! c&id ,gaudry closes 8 summ>y ( ! hi/ory & aff9ities ( ! elephant9e animals ) ! words3 a,eurooe,however1 ! sum ( ! diff]5ces comp>$ ) t ( ! resemblances is too great to p]mit u to indicate any relation ( desc5t betwe5 ! proboscidians & ! animals ( o!r ord]s kn[n to u at pres5t4a,euro ,s ^! greate/ ( all ! animals ( ! l&1 ) _! /rangely specialis$ =ms & almo/ human sagacity1 /& alone1 )\t fa!r or "m1 )\t desc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4;a,euro,ma/odon ohioticus4 ,an ,am]ican ,elephant4 ,po/-,glacial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4;a,euro,head ( ,d9o!rium giganteum4 ,greatly r$uc$4 ,mioc5e ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4;a,euro,w+ ( ,vesp]tilio aqu5sis4 ,an ,eoc5e ,bat4 ,aft] ,gaudry4 ,! ,rod5ts1 or gnaw+ animals1 appe> 9 ! ,e>ly ,eoc5e on bo? cont95ts 9 famili> =ms alli$ to our ,squirrels & ,rats4 ,porcup9es & ,beav]s are add$ 9 ! ,mioc5e4 ,?is gr\p seems ?us to h cont9u$ mu* z x 02 & x is /ill p]haps repres5t$ by z _m species z at any previ\s "t4 ,_m ( ! anci5t =ms 71 h[ev]1 mu* l>g] ?an any mod]n species1 & "s ( ^! l>g] =ms#hb pres5t s+ul> po9ts ( approa* to v di/9ct types1 z1 = example1 to t ( ! ,be>s2 b ^! l>ge & composite species are long s9ce ext9ct4 ,! insectivor\s mammals h mu* ! same hi/ory ) ! ,rod5ts4 ,su* highly specialis$ & abnormal =ms z ! ,bats might be suppos$ to be mod]n4 ,b1 /range to say1 !y appe> ) fully develop$ w+s bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica 9 ! ,eoc5e 7,fig4 #ahc74 ,gaudry ?9ks t x is a,eurooenatural to supposea,euro t !re mu/ h be5 species exi/+ previ\sly ) %ort] f+]s & rudim5t>y w+s2 b !re are no facts to support ?is supposition1 :i* is ! m que/ionable s9ce ! suppos$ rudim5t>y w+s w\ld be useless1 & p]haps h>mful to _! possessors4 ,besides1 if f ! ,eoc5e to ! pres5t ! ,bats h rema9$ ! same1 h[ long w\ld x take to develop an animal ) ord9>y feet1 l ^? ( a %rew1 into a bat8 ,! ,e>ly ,eoc5e 0 n altoge!r a "t ( peace 9 ! animal _w4 ,! old c>nivor\s ,saurians 7 dead & buri$1 b _! place 0 tak5 by c>nivor\s mammals1 alli$ to our mod]n ,tig]s1 ,hy,anas1 ,foxes1 & ,weasels4 ,! ,c>nivora1 h[ev]1 7 subord9ate 9 ! ,eoc5e1 &1 z already rem>k$1 "s ( !m appe> to be int]m$iate betwe5 m>supial & plac5tal formsa,euroa fact :i* evolutioni/s h notic$ ) mu* satisfaction4 ,!y appe> to atta9 to _! culm9ation 9 ! ,mioc5e1 :5 _! p[]s seem to be proportionate to ^? ( ! great & well-arm$ quadrup$s !y _h to deal )4 ,to ?is age belongs ! introduction ( ! t]rible a,eurooe,cymetar-too!d ,tigera,euro 7,ma*airodus1 ,fig4 #ahd74 ,its huge tusk-l can9es & p[]ful limbs seem to fit x m ?an any o!r ( ! cat family = de/ructive effici5cy4 ,yet ord9>y cat-l animals 7 contempor>y ) x1 & h surviv$ x1 s9ce ,ma*airodus disappe>s 9 ! ,po/-,plioc5e1 ?\gh 9 previ\s p]iods x _h be5 v widely di/ribut$ on bo? cont95ts4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 p]haps ( m significance 9 v>i\s ways ?an we yet und]/&1 t ! ,dog-be> 7,arctocyon71 ( ! olde/ ,fr5* ,eoc5e1 believ$ to be ! olde/ plac5tal mammal kn[n1 ?\gh te*nically plac$ among ! ,c>nivora1 has a k9d ( d5tition indicat+ t1 l ! mod]n ,be>s1 x 0 really omnivor\s2 & its skull %[s "s peculi>ities t5d+ to ^? ( ! ,m>supials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4;a,euro,skull ( a ,cymet>-too!d ,tig] 7,ma*airodus cultrid5s74 ,plioc5e1 ,france4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4;a,euro,l[] ,jaw ( ,dryopi!cus ,fontani4 ,an ,an?ropoid ,ape ( ! ,middle ,mioc5e ( ,france4 ,natural size4 ,mu* int]e/ atta*es to ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ord] ( ,apes 7,quadrumana71 or1 if we take ! some:at deceptive classification fav\r$ by "s mod]n zoologi/s1 ! ,primates1 includ+ ! apes & man4 ,!y beg9 9 ! ,eoc5e1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ) ! l[e/ tribe1 t ( ! ,lemurs1 n[ conf9$ to ! isl& ( ,madagasc> & p>ts ( ,africa & ,s\!rn ,asia1 & :i* may1 ,gaudry ?9ks1 be modifi$ ,m>supials1 ?\gh he admits t ?is is h>d to und]/&4 ,he m5tions ! resemblance ( ! tee? ( monkeys to ^? ( "s hog-l animals1 a resemblance1 h[ev]1 m]ely m>k+ a simil>ity ( food1 & sugge/s on ?is gr\nd t "s ( ! primitive ance/ors ( ! hog may h also giv5 rise to ! ,monkeys4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,europe & ,asia we h true ,apes2 & "o ( ^!1 :i* rivals man 9 /ature 7,dryopi!cus71 belongs to ! gr\p ( ! gibbons1 or long-arm$ apes1 "o ( ! high] families ( ! mod]n ,quadrumana 7,fig4 #ahe74 ,?is animal pres5ts1 inde$1 ! ne>e/ approa* to man made by any ,t]ti>y mammal4 ,/ill ! diff]5ces are great1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! mu* l>g] size ( ! can9es & premol>s4 ,yet s mu* confid5ce has ,gaudry 9 ! resemblances1 t he ev5 v5tures to sugge/ t c]ta9 fl9t *ips f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,!nay1 & :i* h be5 suppos$ to indicate human workman%ip1 may h be5 *ipp$ by ! h&s ( ,dryopi!cus4 ,%\ld ?is view be adopt$ by evolutioni/s1 x w at lea/ h ! effect ( prev5t+ fl9t *ips f be+ receiv$ z evid5ces ( ! antiquity ( man4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to sum up ?is review ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,t]ti>y mammals4 ,mu* t has be5 said may be modifi$ or *ang$ by future discov]ies2 b ! great facts ( ! late appe>ance ( ! plac5tal mammals1 ( _! rapid introduction1 ) _! ord9al diff]5tiation ne>ly complete ov] all ! cont95ts1 ( ! spe$y culm9ation & e>ly decad5ce ( _m types1 & ( ! un*ang$ p]man5ce ( o!rs1 mu/ 9 ! ma9 be su/a9$4 ,x is n too mu* to say t to acc\nt = ^! facts ! evolutioni/ mu/ ab&on ! idea ( gradual *ange1 & adopt t ( a,eurooecritical periodsa,euro :5 sudd5 *anges occurr$4 ,! hi/ory becomes inexplicable1 unless ) ,miv>t1 ,le ,conte1 & ,saporta1 we admit a,eurooeperiods ( rapid evolutiona,euro alt]nat+ ) o!rs ( /agnation or retrogression2 & if we admit ^!1 we practically fall back on ! old idea ( creation2 only x may p]haps be a,eurooe,creation by ,law4a,euro ,illu/ration3 ,,contempor>ies ,,( ,,po/-,,glacial ,,man4 ,f a pa9t+ by ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,adv5t ,,( ,,man4 ,hi!rto we h met ) no trace ( man or ( 8 works4 ,yet !re h be5 9 our upw>d progress f ! dawn ( life mute prophecies ( 8 adv5t4 ,man is 9 8 bodily frame a v]tebrate animal & a mammal2 & :5 fir/ ! ,amphibians 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,pal,aozoic1 ! framework ( mana,euro7,,tm7s body 0 already sket*$ out & its pr9ciples settl$4 ,^? great reptilian lords1 ! bip$ ,saurians ( ! ,mesozoic1 already =e%ad[$ 8 erect po/ure1 ?\gh _! limbs may h be5 m orni?ic ?an mammalian4 ,! gradual advance 9 ! bra9-developm5t ( ! ,t]ti>y mammals presag$ a com+ "t :5 m9d w\ld obta9 ! ma/]y ov] claw & too? & horn2 & 9 ! ,mioc5e ages !re 0 already "s h9t ( ! precise /yle ( /ructure 9 :i* ?is new creative idea w\ld be realis$4 ,yet x might h be5 impossible to imag9e be=eh& ! va/ *anges :i* ?is new idea w\ld inaugurate4 ,9 ! l[] animals su* intellig5ce z !y possess is s ti$ to ! physical organisation t x manife/s itself z a me*anical unv>y+ in/9ct4 ,man bur/s ?is bond1 & 9 do+ s revolutionises ! :ole s*eme ( nature4 ,old ?+s are n[ put to new uses1 ! face ( nature is *ang$1 v>i$ arts are introduc$1 & ?\ght ent]s into ! doma9 ( g5]al & ab/ract tru?4 ,objects are arrang$1 classifi$1 und]/ood1 & :ile 9 "s respects ! :ole creation is made to groan "u ! tyrann\s inv5tions ( man1 yet ^! are ! inv5tions ( imag9ation & design4 ,!y are ! triumph1 n ( brute =ce1 b ( w & intellig5ce4 ,t man 0 n 9 all ! e>li] ages ( ! _w1 except 9 ^! prophecies ( 8 com+1 geology assures u4 ,t he is1 we "k4 ,h[ he came to be1 is1 indep5d5tly ( ,div9e revelation1 an imp5etrable mysterya,euro"o :i* x is d\btful if 9 all its be>+s sci5ce w ev] be compet5t to solve4 ,yet !re are legitimate sci5tific que/ions ( great int]e/ relat+ to ! "t & mann] ( 8 appe>ance1 & to ! condition ( 8 e>li] exi/5ce & subsequ5t hi/ory1 :i* belong to geology1 & 9 :i* s great /ores ( mat]ial h be5 accumulat$ t a treatise r ?an a *apt] w\ld be requir$ = _! discussion4 ,we may endeav\r to select a few ( ! m important po9ts4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions meet+ u is t :i* relates to ! po9t 9 geological "t signalis$ by ! adv5t ( our species4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e p]iod our cont95ts 7 be+ gradually rais$ out ( ! ocean1 & 7 /ill 9 great "p "u ! wat]s1 :i* sev]al times return$ ^u ! l&1 & seem$ ready aga9 to engulf x4 ,9 ?is p]iod n only h we no traces ( man1 b all ! high] animals ( t age are n[ ext9ct4 ,9 ! lat] ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e ! ext5t ( l& became great]1 b x 0 s dispos$ z to all[ ! influx into ! ,arctic ,sea ( va/ volumes ( heat$ wat] f ! equatorial regions2 & !re may h be5 also a/ronomical causes at "w to increase ?is influx ( w>m wat]1 & s to raise ! temp]ature ( ! ,arctic regions /ill high]4#hc ,! middle p]iod ( ! ,t]ti>y 0 und\bt$ly a "t v fav\rable to ! wide di/ribution ( ! high] =ms ( life bo? animal & vegetable4 ,b we _c trace man or any ( ! contempor>y mammals back to ! ,mioc5e4 ,9 ! ,plioc5e ! cont95ts _h atta9$ to _! pres5t elevations1 & climates 7 n dissimil> f ^? prevail+ at pres5t2 b /ill we h no c]ta9 indication ( ! pres5ce ( man2 & if o!r mod]n mammals ext5d back to ?is p]iod _! numb] is v small4 ,9 ?is age also ! great] "p ( ! cont95ts mu/ h be5 cov]$ ) a great ?ickness ( soil & dis9tegrat$ rock fav\rable to vegetation1 & !re seem$ no?+ to preclude ! introduction ( man4 ,b a new & at fir/ sight mo/ unfav\rable *ange 0 to int]v5e4 ,:e!r ?r\gh int]nal *anges affect+ ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 or ?r\gh a/ronomical vicissitudes1 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & possibly ! :ole _w1 ent]$ on an era ( refrig]ation1 ! s-call$ a,eurooe,glacial ,agea,euro ( ! ,po/-,plioc5e or ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,t 9 ?is p]iod our cont95ts z f> s\? z ! latitude ( #dj;,a deg4 7 ov]:elm$ ) ice or ice-lad5 seas is r5d]$ evid5t by ! fact t ! :ole surface up to sev]al ?\s&s ( feet above ! sea-level has be5 b>$ ( its accumulat$ d,a7,c7bris & poli%$ & groov$ by ice1 & lad5 ) b\ld]s & o!r glacial deposits1 :ile 9 _m places at heights ( ev5 #a1jjj or #a1bjj feet ^! deposits conta9 sea-%ells ( species n[ liv+ 9 ! cold] p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,^! ph5om5a d n exi/ 9 ! tropical regions1 except 9 ! vic9ity ( high m\nta9s1 b !y recur 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r ! p]iod ( greate/ cold 9 ! two hemisph]es 0 at ! same "t or 9 successive ages4 ,geologically1 h[ev]1 !y are approximately contemporane\s1 bo? occurr+ betwe5 ! end ( ! ,plioc5e & ! mod]n p]iod2 b nev]!less !y may n h co9cid$ 9 absolute date4 ,v diff]5t views h be5 held z to ! precise condition ( ! cont95ts 9 ! ,glacial ,age1 ?\gh all agree 9 ! preval5ce ( cold & ! action ( ice1 & 9 ! fact ( a great subm]g5ce at "o or m /ages ( ! p]iod4 ,my own conclusions1 :i* ,i h advocat$ else:]e1#hd & :i* are bas$ on ext5sive /udy ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! deposits ( ?is age are m widely develop$ ?an else:]e1 are t !re 0 "o great subsid5ce1 lead+ to a condition 9 :i* ! l[] levels ( ! cont95ts 7 cov]$ ) ice-lad5 wat] & ! high] regions 7 occupi$ ) p]man5t sn[ & glaci]s4 ,?is subm]g5ce w5t on till ev5 high m\nta9s #d1jjj feet or m 9 elevation 7 "u wat]4 ,!n !re 0 a gradual ?\gh int]mitt5t elevation1 dur+ :i* ! climate became ameliorat$1 & la/ly !re 0 a condition 9 :i* ! l& ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e /ood high] ?an at pres5t1 & :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! mod]n p]iod4 ,z ^! conditions h great significance 9 relation to ! appe>ance ( man1 ,i h tabulat$ !m = ref]5ce z !y occur 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,great ,brita91 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! s-call$ a,eurooe,interglacial ,periodsa,euro ( "s geologi/s are 9 reality local results ( ! /ages ( int]mitt5t elevation 9 :i* 7 deposit$ b$s :i* 9 "s cases1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ,sw$51 & ,ea/]n ,canada1 hold sea-%ells1 & 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! c5tral areas ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 conta9 rema9s ( plants ( nor!rn species4 ,we %all "n1 = conv5i5ce1 ! p>ts ( ?is ,plei/oc5e revolution :i* include ! great subsid5ce & glaciation1 ! ,glacial ,age1 t ext5d+ f ! re-elevation to ! mod]n ! ,po/-glacial4 ,! ,glacial ,age prov$ fatal to a l>ge proportion ( ! l& life ( ! previ\s p]iods4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,boyd ,dawk9s1 out ( fifty-?ree species kn[n 9 ,brita9 9 ! ,po/-glacial1 only twelve are survivors ( ! ,plioc5e2 & probably ! proportions w\ld n be great] 9 any "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 did survive1 ei!r by migrat+ s\?w>d or by be+ inhabitants ( places less sev]ely affect$ ?an mo/ by ! g5]al cold & subm]g5ce4 ,!re 0 ?us no absolute break 9 ! *a9 ( life effect$ by ! ,glacial ,age4 ,,table ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,deposits ,,9 ,,sc&9avia1 ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,am]ica4 7,ord] desc5d+47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sc&9avia4 ,,great ,,brita94 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 7,torell47 7,lyell1 c47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,valley-clays & ,hoxne ,deposits & ,t]race ,gravels ,hea?-s&s ( ,upp] ,t]race & ,loess ,sw$54 7,no ,gravels4 ,deposits4 fossils47 ,pal,aoli?ic ,implem5ts4 ,plac] ,gravels ( ,we/4 ,t]race-gravels ( ,upp] ,glacial ,b$s4 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,bridl+ton ,b$s4 ,d4 ,s& & ,gravel1 7,no fossils47 ,upp] ,b\ld] ,new] ,b\ld] ,drift4 ,b$s4 ,s-call$ ,int]glacial ,dryas-clay ) ,s-call$ ,b$s1 ) ,plants1 c4 ,fossil plants ( ,int]glacial nor!rn species4 ,deposits4 ,loess ,deposits ( ,mississippi4 ,uddevalla b$s ) ,clyde ,b$s & ,upp] ,l$a ,clay & ,boreal ,m>9e ,m>9e ,clays4 ,*ampla9 ,clay1 ) %ells4 ,boreal ,%ells4 ,:ite ,silts ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,mid-,glacial ,s&s4 ,erie ,clays & simil> ,b$s ( ,we/4 ,yoldia ,clay & ,l[] ,l$a ,clay1 ) ,s&4 ,arctic ,arctic ,%ells4 ,m>9e ,%ells4 ,port ,hudson ,deposit ( ,mississippi4 ,yell[ ,/ony ,clay & ,s&1 & ,syrt5sian ,b$s ( ,gravel ( ,scania4 ,new ,brunswick4 ,orange ,s& ( ,mississippi4 ,mora9es de ,fond1 ,till1 or ,old] ,b\ld] ,clays1 ) or ,b\ld] ,clay ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,local & "s prop]4 ,travell$ ,b\ld]s4 ,old ,l& ,surfaces--,peat ,anci5t ,diluvial ,pebbly ,b$s & "u ,b\ld] ,clay1 ,s&4 ,weyburne ,s&s1 ,local ,gravels & ,lignitic ,=e/ ,s&s4 ,b$s4 ,pre-glacial ,gravels ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,9 :at "p ( ?is sequ5ce did man appe>8 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i ?9k x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t he is n c]ta9ly kn[n e>li] ?an ! ,po/-glacial p]iod4 ,v>i\s suppos$ indications ( 8 pres5ce 9 a,eurooe,interglaciala,euro ,glacial1 ,plioc5e1 & ev5 ,mioc5e deposits h prov$ on exam9ation to be unreliable4 ,am]ica has rec5tly put =? claims to h be5 inhabit$ by man 9 ! ,plioc5e1 on ! fai? ( rema9s f\nd 9 aurif]\s gravels 9 ! ,we/4 ,b ! facts t ! implem5ts & bones f\nd are mod]n 9 type1 t ! gravels 7 deeply m9$ by ! ,indians1 & t ! objects f\nd1 z mort>s = dress+ gravel1 etc41 are 9 _m cases su* z !y w\ld be likely to leave 9 _! excavations1 h discr$it$ ^! suppos$ discov]ies4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 *ipp$ fl9ts f\nd 9 gravels 9 ,new ,j]sey1 by ,abbott1 h be5 suppos$ to c>ry back ! ,indians ( ! ,ea/ coa/ to ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 f ! description ( ^! deposits by ! late ,mr4 ,belt & by ,pr(essor ,cook1 director ( ! ,survey ( ,new ,j]sey1 t !y are really ,po/-glacial1 t _! age mu/ be e/imat$ by /udy ( ! local conditions1 & t !re is no good gr\nd = correlat+ !m ) ! upp] memb]s ( ! true ,glacial drift to ! nor?w>ds1 ) :i* !y _h be5 some:at ra%ly id5tifi$4 ,irrespective ( ! d\btful "* ( _m if n all ( ! s-call$ implem5ts1 ! deposits 9 :i* !y are f\nd is confess$ly n a product ( ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod prop]1 :e!r t 01 z "s ma9ta91 a p]iod ( l& glaciation z f> s\? z ,new ,j]sey or n4 ,x belongs to a "t ( d5udation by wat]1 aid$ p]haps by float+ ice1 & is n necess>ily old] ?an ! riv] gravels ( ! ,somme1 :i*1 l x1 conta9 b\ld]s & imply conditions ( torr5tial action & climate :i* h long s9ce pass$ away4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! implem5ts are g5u9e1 !y w\ld imply ! pres5ce ( ,pal,aocosmic or ,ant$iluvian man 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is w\ld 9 itself be an important discov]y4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re=e1 man is geologically a ,po/-glacial species1 & !re is no?+ unreasonable 9 suppos+ t he dates no f>!r back1 s9ce sev]al animals 8 contempor>ies are 9 ! same case2 & by suppos+ him to h orig9at$ aft] ! ,glacial age we avoid ! difficulties att5dant on 8 survival ( t great revolution4 ,! only necessity = suppos+ an e>li] appe>ance arises f ! requirem5ts ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o hold ?is !ory1 may ) ,haeckel take refuge 9 t %ad[y cont95t suppos$ to h ext5d$ f ,africa to ,au/ralia1#he & to h %elt]$ man 9 8 transition f ! ape to humanity1 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! "n ,lemuria is tak5 f ! ,lemurs1 suppos$ ance/ors ( ! ,apes1 :i* /ill haunt ! m>g9 ( ! ,indian ,ocean2 b x may be tak5 also 9 its old ,lat9 s5se ( gho/s ( ! evil dead2 & z we are n likely to obta9 any m tangible evid5ce ( ! old natives ( ,lemuria1 p]haps we may hope t "s spirituali/ may succe$ 9 *>m+ !m f ! va/y deep = our enlight5m5t4 ,%\ld ?is be s1 x is to be hop$ t no a,eurooedrum ecclesiastica,euro w be beat5 to drive !m away till !y h reveal$ all !y c tell4 ,x may be well to add t1 9 addition to ! negative evid5ce1 !re is at lea/ "o positive evid5ce ( ! rec5t orig9 ( man :i* has be5 well urg$ by ,le ,conte4 ,x is ?is3 animals h cont9u$ long 9 geological "t 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! rank4 ,"s ,mesozoic protozoa /ill survive4 ,s d _m e>ly ,t]ti>y mollusks4 ,b ! mammals are ( mu* less duration4 ,no liv+ species goes back f>!r ?an ! ,plioc5e4 ,few ext5d f>!r ?an ! ,glacial age4 ,on ! same pr9ciple x is n to be expect$ t man1 ! highe/ ( all animals1 %\ld ext5d f> back 9 geological "t4 ,accept+ ! ,po/-glacial age z t ( ! adv5t ( man1 x may be int]e/+ to ask :at we "k ( ! condition ( our cont95ts :5 he appe>$4 ,9 ,we/]n ,asia1 9 ,europe1 except 9 its m nor!rn portions1 & x w\ld n[ seem also 9 ,am]ica1 man _h be5 introduc$ at a "t closely foll[+ ! em]g5ce ( ! l& f ! ,glacial sea4 ,at ?is "t ! l& area ( bo? cont95ts 0 l>g] ?an x is at pres5t1 & ! "* ( ! fauna %[s t mu* ( ! surface 0 occupi$ ) great /eppes or prairies1 ov] :i* migration w\ld be easy2 :ile !re 7 probably connections by l& or *a9s ( isl&s betwe5 ! cont95ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! l& animals ( ! cont95ts 7 m num]\s & ( great] /ature ?an at pres5t4 ,sev]al species ( elephants 7,fig4 #ahf7 & a rh9oc]os roam$ ov] ! pla9s4 ,! =midable ,elasmo!rium 7,fig4 #ahg71hf an animal alli$ to ! rh9oc]os1 b m fleet & active1 & ( imm5se size1 inhabit$ ,asia & ,europe4 ,hippopotami1 wild horses1 ! gigantic ,iri% /ag1 sev]al species ( wild cattle1 & bisons ( great] size ?an _! successors1 haunt$ ! /reams & /eppes4 ,! cave be>1 ! cave lion1 ! spott$ hy,ana1 & possibly ! ,ma*airodus1 7 among ! bea/s ( prey ev5 9 ! temp]ate latitudes4 ,! climate mu/ h be5 a cont95tal "o1 rang+ ?r\gh consid]able extremes2 b ! conditions fav\r$ migration ( animals on ! great scale1 s z to avoid ^! extremes1 & h5ce species ( types n[ comp>atively re/rict$ enjoy$ a wide di/ribution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4;a,euro,elephas primig5ius4 ,po/-glacial4 ,to e/abli% !mselves 9 su* a _w1 ! primitive m5 mu/ h be5 no puny race1 ei!r 9 m9d or body1 & !y mu/ h be5 %elt]$ 9 "s ,ed5 ( pl5ty & comp>ative safety till1 by increase ( numb]s1 inv5tion ( weapons & implem5ts1 & dome/ication ( useful animals1 !y became able to cope ) ! mon>*s ( ! wa/e4 ,b ?is position once atta9$ 9 ! orig9al seats ( ! species1 ! wide cont95ts pres5t$ great facilities = _! movem5ts1 & !re 7 ample /ores ( food = w&]+ tribes subsi/+ by ! *ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4;a,euro,too? ( ,elasmo!rium4 ,gr9d+ surface1 natural size4 ,sib]ia4 ,f ,nature4 ,) su* views ! skeletons ( ! mo/ anci5t kn[n m5#hg fully accord4 ,!y indicate a p ( great /ature1 ( p[]ful muscul> developm5t1 especially 9 ! l[] limbs1 ( l>ge bra91 indicat+ great capacity & res\rces 7,fig4 #ahh71 b ( co>se ,turanian features1 l ^? ( ! tribes t n[ roam ov] ! pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,asia 7,fig4 #ahi74 ,!y us$ fl9t & bone implem5ts1 :i* !y manufactur$ ) mu* skill 7,figs4 #aij1 #aia74 ,!y 7 probably clo!d 9 dress$ sk9s1 ornam5t$ ) embroid]y1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,!y us$ %ells & c>v$ bones z ornam5ts4 ,rec5t discov]ies at ,sol\tre1 9 ,france1 r5d] x probable t "s ( ! tribes _h tam$ ! horse1 & resid$ 9 =tifi$ villages4 ,!y buri$ _! dead ) (f]+s1 indicat+ a belief 9 immortality4 ,^! ,po/-glacial m5 are c]ta9ly kn[n z yet only 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia2 & we _c !re=e det]m9e if !y repres5t ! av]age man ( ! p]iod4 ,!re 7 9 ,belgium & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 m5 ( small] /ature & ( l[] cranial type1 contempor>y or ne>ly s ) ! high] race4 ,!re may h be5 fruit-eat+ or agricultural peoples 9 ! m g5ial & f]tile l&s ( ! ea/ & s\?4 ,! conditions above sket*$ are1 ,i ?9k1 fairly d$ucible f ! facts /at$ by ,*ri/y & ,l>tet1 ,dupont1 ,rivi,are1 ,dawk9s1 & o!rs1 :o h /udi$ ! rema9s ( ^! e>ly m51 ! ,pal,aoli?ic m5 ( "s writ]s1 or ! m5 ( ! ,mammo? age1 & :om ,i h else:]e nam$ ,pal,aocosmic m51 z a t]m less objectionable ?an ^? f\nd$ on implem5ts n conf9$ to any age1 or animals :i* may h long ant$at$ man4 ,rec5t discov]ies 9 ! caves ( ,spy 9 ,belgium1#hh tak5 9 connection ) ! previ\s discov]ies ( ,s*m]l+ & ,dupont1 seem to %[ ! exi/5ce 9 t c\ntry ( m5 ( ! l[-br[$ ,ne&]?al or ,can/adt type 7,fig4 #ahi ?ird outl9e71 p]haps locally prec$+ b p]haps contemporane\s )1 ! l>g] & bett] develop$ m5 ( ! ,cro-,magnon type 7,fig4 #ahi fir/ outl9e74 ,^! two types are1 h[ev]1 alli$1 & !re are int]m$iate =ms1 s t !y are to be reg>d$ z two races ( ,pal,aocosmic m5 n m dissimil> ?an we f9d 9 cognate rude races at pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4;a,euro,engis ,skull4 ,r$uc$4a,euro,aft] ,lyell4 ,! ,skull ( "o ( ! ,m5 ( ! ,mammo? age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4;a,euro,outl9es ( ,?ree ,prehi/oric ,european ,skulls comp>$ ) an ,am]ican ,skull f ,ho*elaga4 ,out] outl9e1 ,cro-,magnon ,skull4 ,second outl9e1 ,engis ,skull4 ,?ird outl9e 7dott$71 ,ne&]?al ,skull4 ,inn] figure1 ,ho*elagan ,skull on a small] scale4 ,!y 7 succe$$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe by a small] & less elevat$ race1 id5tical app>5tly ) ! mod]n ,lapps & ,basques1 & 9 ^: "t ! mammo? & _m l>ge animals _h disappe>$1 ,europe _h become clad ) d5se =e/s1 & ! re9de] _h ext5d$ 8 range f> to ! s\?1 :ile ! l& ( our cont95ts _h become n>r[$ to its pres5t limits1 or ev5 less4 ,! cause ( ^! *anges mu/ h be5 physical1 & to "s ext5t cataclysmal2 & its wide-spread & effectual "* is %[n by ! fact t x ext]m9at$ s _m animals ( bo? cont95ts :i* _h surviv$ ! ,glacial age4 ,simil> te/imony is borne by ! occurr5ce ( ! implem5ts & rema9s ( ,pal,aocosmic m5 9 gravels & 9 diluvial clays 9 cav]ns1 & by ! *anges ( level & deep erosions ( valleys t are ref]able to ! close ( ! ,pal,aocosmic age4 ,! mo/ probable ag5cies 9 ?is revolution 7 subsid5ces ( ! l&1 accompani$ ) climatal *anges2 b ! precise nature & ext5t ( ^! is /ill unkn[n2 & ! preval5t t5d5cy on ! "p ( geologi/s to /ret* ! doctr9e ( uni=mity1 s valuable )9 prop] limits1 to ! absurd extreme ( exclud+ all *anges n exemplifi$ ev5 9 am\nt 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 w probably = "s "t prev5t any adequate conception ( !m4 ,x w\ld be premature to correlate :at is yet kn[n ( ! ,pal,aocosmic age ) hi/orical p]iods2 b ! t5d5cy ( ! facts accumulat$ is1 ,i ?9k1 t[>d ! id5tification ( ! ,pal,aocosmic m5 ) ! ,ant$iluvians2 & _! ,neocosmic successors1 :e!r ( ! re9de] age1 ( ! ,dani% %ell-m\nds1 or ! ,swiss lake habitations1 ) ,po/diluvian & /ill exi/+ tribes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4;a,euro,fl9t ,implem5t f\nd 9 ,kenta,euro7,,tm7s ,cav]n1 ,torquay1 "u f\r feet ( cave mud & "o foot ( /alagmite4a,euro,aft] ,p5gelly4 ,aft] :at has be5 already said1 x w be unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! fir/ race ( m5 kn[n to u4 ,!y 7 rude & uncivilis$1 9 s f> z outw>d appliances are conc]n$2 b !y are confess$ly altoge!r m51 & 9 no respect ak9 to apes1 & _! volume ( bra9 is r great] ?an t ( ! av]age ,european ( to-day2 s t !y mu/ h _h q z mu* natural sagacity & capacity = culture1 &1 l ! mod]n & hi/oric ,turanian nations1 !y 7 probably sup]ior to ! av]age ,european 9 ! in/9ct = art & con/ruction4 ,?us if we suppose ^! m5 d]iv$ f apes by any process ( gradual *ange1 we mu/ look = _! brute ance/ors1 n 9 ! ,plioc5e or ,mioc5e1 b 9 ! ,eoc5e itself4 ,?is causes u to recur to ! doctr9e ( critical p]iods1 :5 _m species 7 introduc$ toge!r1 alt]nat+ ) p]iods ( decay & ext9ction4 ,po/-glacial man appe>s at ! end ( a "t ( sift+ & trial1 a "t 9 :i* a va/ numb] ( species succumb$ to great physical rev]ses4 ,no v great numb] ( species came 9 ) him1 & 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 hi/ory !re 0 a decad5ce or de/ruction ei!r by ! diluvial cataclysm or gradually4 ,out ( n9ety-eight species ( mammals contempor>y ) e>ly man 9 ,europe1 =ty-"o are :olly or locally ext9ct1 & none h be5 introduc$ except ^? br\ght by man himself4 ,?us man /&s alone1 ! gr& product ( 8 p]iod & a "l ( creation1 = :om great prep>atory *anges 7 made1 & multitudes ( l[] animals swept away to make room = him4 ,accord+ to our sacr$ ,scriptures1 ?is *ange is /ill imp]fect1 & great additional ameliorations w\ld h tak5 place b = a moral cata/rophe n )9 ! doma9 ( geologya,euro! fall ( man4 ,if we id5tify ! ,pal,aocosmic m5 ) ! ,ant$iluvians ( ! same v5]able record1 ! rov+ tribes ^: rema9s are kn[n to u repres5t t "p ( ! race ( ,ca9 ( :om ,jubal 0 ! fa!r1 ! nomads dwell+ 9 t5ts1 z di/+ui%$ f ! settl$ agricultural peoples4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! cata/rophe :i* de/roy$ ^! rude & lawless m5 0 t :i* culm9at$ 9 ! deluge ( ,noah1 :i* may repres5t ! ext9ction ( ! la/ great body ( ?is primitive race1 ^: arts1 h&$ d[n to ! physically inf]ior m5 ( ,po/diluvian times1 a/oni% u by _! e>ly developm5t 9 ,chald,aa & 9 ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4;a,euro,bone ,h>poon 7,pal,aocosmic71 f ,,pa7,c7rigord ,cav]n4 ,if man is s rec5t geologically1 he may /ill be v old hi/orically2 & ! "q rema9s1 ,h we any facts be>+ on ! absolute antiquity ( man8 ,= ! prop]ly hi/orical aspect ( ?is "q1 ,i may ref] to ! excell5t "w ( ,canon ,rawl9son on ! ,orig9 ( ,nations1#hi :i* %[s conclusively t ! hi/oric orig9 ( all ! great nations ( antiquity ext5ds backw>d less ?an #d1djj ye>s f our "t4 ,beyond ?is we h1 h[ev]1 ! ,pal,aocosmic or ,ant$iluvian m52 & _! ext5sion backw>d seems limit$ geologically only by ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 :ile _m hold t ! ,g5ealogy 9 ,g5esis does n require u to limit v n>r[ly _! antiquity4 ,! date ( ! ,glacial p]iod is1 h[ev]1 at pres5t v unc]ta94 ,on ! "o h&1 "s geologi/s1 l ,lyell1 h suppos$ x may be z f> back z #bjj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,o!rs1 l ,croll1 are cont5t$ ) ! m mod]ate e/imate ( #hj1jjj ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! calculations ( ,&rews1 bas$ on ! recession ( ! ,am]ican lakes1 ^? ( ,w9*ell on ! recession ( ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 & ! rec5t surveys ( ! recession ( ! ,falls ( ,niag>a1 r$uce ! "t to f #g1jjj to #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,x is impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k to settle ^! disputes2 b "o may ref] 9 ! sequel to "s ( ! evid5ces :i* h be5 adduc$ 9 fav\r ( great antiquity4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! second edition ( ?is "w ,pr(4 ,pre/wi*1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society1#ij has br\ght =w>d o!r reasons :i* induce him to conclude t ! close ( ! ,glacial epo* occurr$ a,eurooefrom #h1jjj to #aj1jjj ye>s s9ce4a,euro ,x is true1 he admits1 on geological evid5ce /ill 9 dispute1 t man may h exi/$ 9 ,europe be=e t "t1 & he also admits1 on hi/orical1 n geological evid5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( a,eurooe,neolithica,euro man 9 ,asia1 a,eurooeat an e>li] date ?an #d1jjj ,b4,c4a,euro ,/ill ! repudiation1 by s good an au?ority1 ( ! exagg]at$ antiquity :i* x has be5 ! fa%ion1 s9ce ! rise ( ,d>w9ian evolution1 to assign to man1 contr>y to ! geological evid5ce1 is a satisfactory indication ( a return to m rational views2 & :5 geologi/s get rid ( ! fiction ( a cont95tal ice-%eet1 /ill f>!r progress 9 ?is direction may be expect$4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 at once take x = grant$1 t none ( ! ,neocosmic races date f>!r back ?an ! orig9 ( ! great ea/]n nations4 ,!re are c]ta9ly no geological evid5ces requir+ a great] antiquity1 = 9 _! "t ! l& _h atta9$ to its pres5t configuration1 & ! *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 ! succession ( =e/s & ! gr[? ( peat are su* z our exp]i5ce 9 ,am]ica %[s to be possibly q mod]n4 ,!re is besides no d\bt t ^! p1 f ! ,re9de] m5 ( ,france & ,belgium to ! p ( ! ,swiss lakes1 are mod]n races1 ^: desc5dants /ill live 9 ,europe4 ,we c ?us limit our inquiry to ! ,pal,aocosmic m52 & ) respect to !m we "k only :at may be ga!r$ f a consid]ation ( ! physical *anges :i* h occurr$ s9ce !y liv$4 ,9 ,europe a great numb] ( consid]ations h be5 adduc$ z evid5ce ( _! high antiquity2 & ^! des]ve c>eful att5tion1 ?\gh ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t !y are all liable to s]i\s objections or great abatem5ts on geological gr\nds4 7#a7 ,! occurr5ce ( human rema9s ) ^? ( animals n[ ext9ct af=ds no c]ta9 evid5ce ( antiquity4 ,admitt+ t human rema9s are f\nd along ) ^? ( ! mammo? 9 ,europe1 & ) ^? ( ! ma/odon 9 ,am]ica1 ! "q rema9s1 ,h[ late did ^! species survive8 ,9 ,europe we "k t sev]al l>ge animals n[ ext9ct exi/$ up to comp>atively mod]n times4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ,iri% de] 7,megac]os71 ! urus1 ! auro*s1 & ! re9de]1 9 temp]ate ,europe4 ,h[ long previ\sly ! mammo? or ! hairy rh9oc]os disappe>$ we d n "k1 b ne$ n suppose ! "t v long4 7#b7 ,! accumulation ( s$im5t or ( /alagmite ov] human rema9s 9 cav]ns is n necess>ily indicative ( v great antiquity4 ,we "k t 9 fav\rable circum/ances mud1 s&1 & gravel may be rapidly deposit$ 9 caves by l& floods or riv] inundations1 & t d,a7,c7bris ( v>i\s sorts accumulates 9 su* places f decay ( rock & vegetable & animal ag5cies4 ,! deposition ( /alagmite is also v v>iable 9 its rate2 & ! fact t x is be+ v sl[ly deposit$ 9 any cave n[ does n prove t m rapid deposition may n h tak5 place =m]ly4 ,dawk9s & o!rs h asc]ta9$ a rate ( a qu>t] ( an in* p] annum 9 "s cav]ns2 & ?is w\ld all[ ! /alagmite cru/ ( ,kenta,euro7,,tm7s cave1 = :i* an antiquity ( half a million ( ye>s has be5 claim$1 to h be5 =m$ 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4;a,euro,sket* ( a ,mammo?1 c>v$ on a portion ( a ,tusk ( ! same ,animal 7,l>tet74 7#c7 ,! erosion ( riv] valleys to great dep?s s9ce ! ,glacial p]iod fails to e/abli% ! great antiquity ( ! caves left on _! sides or ! high level gravels ( _! banks4 ,?r\gh\t ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! riv] valleys are ( old date1 & 7 m]ely fill$ ) loose detritus 9 ! ,glacial age4 ,! sweep+ out ( ?is d,a7,c7bris w\ld be a rapid process1 m especially :5 *anges ( level 7 occurr+1 & :5 ! ra9fall 0 great] ?an at pres5t4 ,besides1 z ,croll has well rem>k$1 ! actual configuration ( our cont95ts1 ! am\nt ( drift /ill rema9+1 & ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* ! riv] valleys h be5 cle>$ out1 all te/ify to ! comp>ative rec5cy ( ! ,glacial p]iod4#ia ,^! consid]ations w\ld1 inde$1 mat]ially r$uce ! antiquity :i* he claims on a/ronomical gr\nds = ! ice age4 7#d7 ,! gr[? ( peat & ! deposition ( silt are v deceptive z indications ( great antiquity4 ,= in/ance1 accurate obs]vations made by a ,fr5* eng9e] 9 ! con/ruction ( docks at ,/4 ,nazaire1#ib %[ t 9 #a1fjj ye>s ! ,loire _h deposit$ ov] ,gallo-,roman rema9s six metres ( mud4 ,relics ( ! ,bronze age occur bel[ ^! at a dep? indicat+ #ejj ye>s previ\sly z _! date2 & ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n deposit ( ! ,loire w\ld1 on ! same evid5ce1 be only #f1jjj ye>s ago4 ,hilgarda,euro7,,tm7s obs]vations on ! delta ( ! ,mississippi 9 l mann] t5d greatly to r$uce our e/imates ( ! "t occupi$ 9 ! deposit ( ! mod]n silt ( t riv]4 ,! peat deposit at ,abbeville1 at ! m\? ( ! ,somme1 has be5 suppos$ to h requir$ #cj1jjj ye>s = its =mation4 ,b ?is e/imate 0 bas$ ^u ! pres5t rate ( gr[?2 &1 z ,&rews has %[n1 ! fact admitt$ by ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 t bir* /ems ?ree feet high /& 9 ?is peat1 implies a mu* m rapid rate1 :i* is also prov$ by ! dep? at :i* ,roman rema9s h be5 f\nd4 ,9 l mann] ! ,sc&9avian peats1 to :i* a fabul\s antiquity has be5 ascrib$1 h be5 prov$ to be comp>atively mod]n by ! dep?s at :i* metallic works ( art are f\nd 9 !m4 7#e7 ,! paucity ( rema9s ( ,pal,aocosmic m5 9 ,europe1 ) _! wide di/ribution1 indicate t _! soj\rn 0 n long1 or t ! population 0 v small & mu* scatt]$4 ,ev5 9 a few ?\s&s ( ye>s1 an active & vigor\s p1 liv+ 9 a c\ntry well suppli$ ) food1 mu/ h multipli$ greatly1 & mu/ h left consid]able rema9s4 ,on ! !ory t ^! m5 inhabit$ ,europe ev5 = #b1jjj ye>s1 we h to suppose t ! great] "p ( _! rema9s h be5 swept away1 or rema9 "u ! wat]s1 or buri$ out ( sight 9 diluvial s$im5ts4 7#f7 ,mu* importance has be5 atta*$ to ! e>ly works & high culture ( ,egypt & ,chald,aa1 z evid5ce ( va/ "t dur+ :i* arts 7 gr[+ f a suppos$ rude /one age4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t no su* p]iod is kn[n to ant$ate civilisation 9 ! ,ea/1 & t if ! e>ly empires 7 e/abli%$ by survivors ( ! ,deluge1 !y mu/ h br\ght ) !m ! culture ( ,ant$iluvian times4 ,f>!r1 ! notion ( m5 em]g+ f a half-brutal /ate1 & f ! use ( ! rude/ implem5ts1 is purely conjectural & n support$ by facts4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! semi-civilis$ agricultural races are unque/ionably ! olde/1 ! rude/ possible implem5ts 7 us$ by ^! p>tially civilis$ agricultural p along ) poli%$ /one & metal2 & ,s*liemann has %[n t a rude /one age succe$$ ! civilisation ( ,troy1 & ?is at a "t :5 ,ph,anicia & ,egypt 7 at ! height ( _! civilisation4 ,su* facts1 :i* might fill volumes1 %[ h[ little value is to be atta*$ to suppos$ ages ( r\gh & poli%$ /one4 7#g7 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( geological dates = deposits l ^? conta9+ ! rema9s ( m5 are v great4 ,!y are altoge!r sup]ficial & local1 n wide-spread m>9e b$s 9 :i* a di/9ct ord] ( sup]position c be cle>ly trac$4 ,!y are n easily sep>at$ f ! glacial b$s bel[1 or f ^? above :i* h be5 modifi$ by human ag5cy1 by l&-floods1 or by l&slips4 ,?us ! application ( geological crit]ia ( age to !m is v difficult & unc]ta94 ,evid5ce ( ?is c\ld easily be giv51 9 ! _m errors :i* h be5 promulgat$1 & :i* h _h to be retract$ by _! au?ors1 or h be5 disprov$ by ! obs]vations ( o!rs4 ,= example1 no c\ntry 0 at "o "t ri*] 9 suppos$ evid5ces ( ! antiquity ( man ?an ,sc&9avia2 b ,pr(essor ,torell1 ! director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,sw$51 has rec5tly made a c>eful re-exam9ation ( ! facts1 & has f\nd t !re is no evid5ce :atev] ( ! exi/5ce ( man 9 ,sc&9avia be=e ! ,neoli?ic or poli%$ /one age4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 evid5ces ( consid]able *anges ( level s9ce t "t1 & x w\ld seem ev5 s9ce ! twelf? c5tury ( our era4 ,! rem>kable & seem+ly inexcusable errors ( obs]vation ref]r$ to 9 ,pr(essor ,torella,euro7,,tm7s memoir1 %\ld en=ce a caution on geologi/s z to ! unc]ta9ties ( su* evid5ce4 ,lyell sift$ ! te/imony be>+ on ?is subject ) great c>e 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,9 lat] editions he _h to make l>ge abatem5ts1 & n[ mu* ( ! evid5ce 9 ! late/ edition w\ld h to be )drawn or o!rwise appli$4 ,f all ^! consid]ations ! conclusion is obvi\s t :ile we h no c]ta9 data = assign+ a def9ite numb] ( ye>s to ! resid5ce ( man on ! e>?1 we h no geological evid5ce = ! ra% ass]tion (t5 made t 9 comp>ison ) hi/orical p]iods ! date ( ! e>lie/ races ( m5 rec$es into a dim1 my/]i\s1 & measureless antiquity4 ,on ! basis ( t ,lyellian pr9ciple ( ! application ( mod]n causes to expla9 pa/ *anges1 :i* is ! /able f\ndation ( mod]n geology1 we fail to erect any su* edifice z ! indef9ite antiquity ( man1 or to ext5d ?is comp>atively insignificant int]val to an equality ) ! long ,aons ( ! prec$+ ,t]ti>y4 ,! dem& = su* indef9ite ext5sion ( ! hi/ory ( man re/s n on geological facts1 b on ! necessities ( hypo!ses :i*1 :atev] _! f\ndation1 h no basis 9 ! discov]ies ( t sci5ce1 & are n requir$ to acc\nt = ! sequ5ce :i* x discloses4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,life4 ,:at g5]al conclusions c we rea* z to ?is long & /range hi/ory ( ! progress ( life on our planet8 ,p]haps ! mo/ compreh5sive ( ^! is t ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( life1 or r 9 its _m *a9s1 are n scatt]$ & disunit$ ?+s1 b memb]s ( a great & complex plan2 & t :5 we disc]n _! comb9ations & _! patt]n1 we f9d !m n only ord]ly & symmetrical1 b all t5d+ to "o po9t & b\nd to "o c5tral object1 ev5 ! ?rone ( ! ,et]nal4 ,x mu/ also appe> evid5t t ! orig9al plan ( nature1 bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable worlds1 0 too va/ to be realis$ at "o "t on a globe s limit$ z ours1 b _h to be di/ribut$ 9 "t z well z 9 space1 ?us realis+ ! idea ( "t-worlds3 successive ,aons 9 :i*1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! "w ( creation c\ld rise to successive /ages ( p]fection & complet5ess till x culm9at$ 9 man4 ,all ?is is suffici5tly pla9 on ! !i/ic view ( nature1 & may suffice = ^? :o rev]5tly reg>d ! ,god ( nature z ! ,fa!r ( _! own spirits4 ,b !re are o!rs :o ask fur!r que/ions4 ,d we "k any?+ ( ! second>y causes & orig9 ( life1 ( ! mann] ( its introduction & advance1 ( ! laws ( its succession8 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 x is c]ta9 t1 up to ?is "t1 ! orig9ation ( ! liv+ be+ f ! non-liv+ is an inscrutable my/]y4 ,no "o has witness$ ?is *ange1 or has be5 able to effect x exp]im5tally4 ,nor h we any direct evid5ce ( ! orig9ation ( "o specific type f ano!r4 ,su* reason+s z assume ! possibility ( ^! ?+s1 or on analogical gr\nds ass]t _! probability1 belong r to ! doma9 ( philosophical speculation ?an to sci5ce4 ,z to ! laws ( ! succession ( life1 h[ev]1 x is possible to le>n some?+ f ! sequ5ce ( facts z already asc]ta9$2 & ?\gh mu* rema9s to be discov]$1 !re are a few lead+ /atem5ts on ?is subject :i* c already be made ) safety4 ,unity & uni=mity1 )9 ! limits impos$ by progress & increas+ complexity1 c be affirm$ ( ! :ole process4 ,f ! dawn ( life to ! pres5t "t ! great laws ( physical nature :i* op]ate on animals & plants h be5 uni=m4 ,^! /able laws h regulat$ ! action ( ! out] _w on organisms4 ,! plans ( /ructure ( ^! organisms laid d[n at ! fir/ h be5 foll[$ ?r\gh\t4 ,?us ! succession ( life pres5ts no?+ =tuit\s or arbitr>y1 b a cont9u\s plan c>ri$ out uni=mly 9 "t & space1 ) c]ta9 mat]ials ( fix$ prop]ties1 & ) c]ta9 /ructures pr$et]m9$ f ! fir/4 ,!re is1 = example1 a great sam5ess ( plan ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! m>9e inv]tebrate life ( ! ,pal,aozoic4 ,if we turn ov] ! pages ( an illu/rat$ text-book ( geology1 or exam9e ! cases or draw]s ( a collection ( fossils1 we %all f9d ext5d+ ?r\gh e succe$+ =mation1 repres5tative =ms ( ,cru/aceans1 ,mollusks1 & ,corals1 9 su* a mann] z to indicate t 9 ea* successive p]iod !re has be5 a reproduction ( ! same type ) modifications2 & if ! s]ies is n cont9u\s1 ?is appe>s to be due to lack ( specim5s1 or to abrupt physical *anges2 s9ce sometimes1 :]e two =mations pass into ea* o!r1 we f9d a gradual *ange 9 ! fossils by ! dropp+ out & introduction ( species "o by "o4 ,?us 9 ! :ole ( ! great ,pal,aozoic p]iod1 bo? 9 its fauna & flora1 we h a cont9uity & simil>ity ( a mo/ m>k$ "*4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no?+ to preclude ! supposition t _m =ms reckon$ z species are really only race modifications4 ,my own provisional conclusion1 bas$ on ! /udy ( ,pal,aozoic plants1 publi%$ _m ye>s ago1#ic is t ! g5]al law w be f\nd to be ! exi/5ce ( di/9ct specific types indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b liable 9 geological "t to m9or modifications1 :i* h (t5 be5 reg>d$ z di/9ct species4 ,:ile ?is unity ( successive faun,a at fir/ sight pres5ts an appe>ance ( h]$it>y succession1 x loses mu* ( ?is "* :5 we consid] ! numb] ( new types introduc$ )\t app>5t pr$ecessors1 or ceas+ )\t successors1 & ! almo/ *angeless p]si/5ce ( o!r types2 ! necessity t !re %\ld be simil>ity ( type 9 successive faun,a on any hypo!sis ( a cont9u\s plan2 &1 above all1 ! fact t ! recurr5ce ( repres5tative species or races 9 l>ge proportion m>ks times ( decad5ce r ?an ( expansion 9 ! types to :i* !y belong4 ,to return to a lat] p]iod1 ?is is v manife/ 9 t s+ul> resemblance :i* obta9s betwe5 ! mod]n mammals ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia & _! imm$iate fossil predecessorsa,euro! ph5om5on be+ "h manife/ly t ( decad5ce ( l>ge & abundant species into a few depaup]at$ repres5tatives4 ,?is w be f\nd to be a v g5]al law1 elevation be+ accompani$ by ! abrupt appe>ance ( new types1 & decad5ce by ! app>5t cont9uation ( old species1 or modifications ( !m4 ,?is resemblance ) diff]5ce 9 successive faun,a also connects itself v directly ) ! successive elevations & depressions ( our cont95tal plateaus 9 geological "t4 ,e great ,pal,aozoic lime/one1 = example1 indicates a depression ) succe$+ elevation4 ,on ea* elevation m>9e animals 7 driv5 back into ! ocean1 & on ea* depression sw>m$ 9 ov] ! l&1 re9=c$ by new species1 ei!r !n introduc$ or d]iv$ by migration f o!r localities4 ,9 l mann] on e depression1 l& plants & animals 7 driv5 9 ^u insul> areas1 & on re-elevation aga9 spread !mselves widely4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x w be f\nd to be a law "h t p]iods ( expansion 7 em95tly ^? ( introduction ( new specific types1 & p]iods ( contraction ^? ( ext9ction1 & also ( cont9uance ( old types "u new v>ietal =ms4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t all ! lead+ types ( inv]tebrate life 7 e>ly introduc$1 t *ange )9 ^! 0 necess>ily limit$1 & t elevation c\ld take place ma9ly by ! introduction ( ! v]tebrate ord]s4 ,s 9 plants1 ,cryptogams e>ly atta9$ _! maximum z well z ,gymnosp]ms1 & elevation occurr$ 9 ! introduction ( ,ph,anogams4 ,ano!r alli$ fact is ! simultane\s appe>ance ( l types ( life 9 "o & ! same geological p]iod1 ov] widely sep>at$ regions ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s surface4 ,?is /rikes u especially 9 ! comp>atively simple & homog5e\s life-dyna/ies ( ! ,pal,aozoic1 :5 = example we f9d ! same types ( ,silurian ,graptolites1 ,trilobites & ,bra*iopods appe>+ simultane\sly 9 ,au/ralia1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe4 ,p]haps 9 no dep>tm5t is x m impressive ?an 9 ! introduction 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ages ( t gr& cryptogam\s & gymnosp]m\s flora :i* ranges f ,brazil to ,spitzb]g51 & f ,au/ralia to ,scotl&1 accompani$ 9 all by ! same gr\ps ( m>9e inv]tebrates2 or 9 ! l :olesale production ( mod]n types ( trees 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,su* facts may dep5d ei!r on t long life ( specific types :i* gives !m ample "t to spread to all possible habitats1 be=e _! ext9ction2 or on "s g5]al law :]eby ! conditions suitable to simil> types ( life em]ge at "o "t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,bo? causes may be influ5tial1 z ! "o does n exclude ! o!r1 & !re is reason to believe t bo? are natural facts4 ,%\ld x be ultimately prov$ t species alli$ & repres5tative1 b di/9ct 9 orig91 come into be+ simultane\sly ev]y:]e1 we %all arrive at "o ( ! laws ( creation1 & "o probably connect$ ) ! gradual *ange ( ! physical conditions ( ! _w4 ,a closely relat$ tru? is ! p]iodicity ( introduction ( species4 ,!y come 9 by bur/s or flood-tides at p>ticul> po9ts ( "t1 :ile ^! great life-waves are foll[$ & prec$$ by times ( ebb 9 :i* little t is new is be+ produc$4 ,we lab\r 9 our inve/igation ( ?is matt] "u ! disadvantage t ! mod]n p]iod is evid5tly "o ( ! times ( pause 9 ! creative "w4 ,_h our "t be5 t ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y or e>ly ,mesozoic1 our views z to ! "q ( orig9 ( species might h be5 v diff]5t4 ,x is a /rik+ fact1 9 illu/ration ( ?is1 t s9ce ! ,glacial age no new species ( mammal c be prov$ to h orig9at$ on our cont95ts1 :ile a great numb] ( l>ge & conspicu\s =ms h disappe>$4 ,x is possible t ! proximate or second>y causes ( ! ebb & fl[ ( life-production may be 9 "p at lea/ physical2 b o!r & m important effici5t causes may be beh9d ^!4 ,9 any case ^! undulations 9 ! hi/ory ( life are 9 h>mony ) mu* t we see 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,x results f ! above & ! imm$iately prec$+ /atem5t t specific & g5]ic types ent] on ! /age 9 great =ce1 & gradually tap] (f t[>d ext9ction4 ,!y %\ld s appe> 9 ! geological diagrams made to illu/rate ! succession ( life4 ,?is applies ev5 to ^? =ms ( life :i* come 9 ) fewe/ species & "u ! mo/ humble guise4 ,:at a rem>kable sw>m+1 = example1 !re mu/ h be5 ( ,m>supial ,mammals 9 ! e>ly ,mesozoic2 & 9 ! ,coal =mation ! only kn[n ,pulmonates1 f\r or five 9 numb]1 belong to z _m g5]ic types4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! p]man5ce ( c]ta9 species 9 geological "t4 ,i may n[ place ?is 9 connection ) ! law ( orig9ation & m or less cont9u\s transmission ( v>ietal =ms4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be/ illu/rate ?is 9 connection ) a gr\p ( species ) :i* ,i am v famili>1 t :i* came into our seas at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,glacial age1 & /ill exi/s4 ,) reg>d to _! p]man5ce1 x c be affirm$ t ! %ells n[ elevat$ 9 ,wales to #a1bjj & 9 ,canada to #fjj feet above ! sea1 & :i* liv$ be=e ! la/ great revolution ( our cont95ts1 a p]iod va/ly remote z comp>$ ) human hi/ory1 diff] 9 no tittle f _! mod]n successors aft] ?\s&s or t5s ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations4 ,x c also be affirm$ t ! m v>iable species appe> "u precisely ! same v>ietal =ms !n z n[1 ?\gh ^! v>ieties h *ang$ mu* 9 _! local di/ribution4 ,! real import ( ^! /atem5ts1 :i* might also be made ) reg>d to o!r gr\ps well kn[n to pal,aontologi/s1 is ( s great significance t x c be realis$ only aft] we h ?\ght ( ! va/ "t & num]\s *anges ?r\gh :i* ^! humble creatures h surviv$4 ,i may call 9 evid5ce "h a famili> ,briti% & ,am]ican animal1 ! common s& clam1 ,mya ar5>ia1 & its relative1 ,mya truncata1 :i* n[ inhabit toge!r all ! nor!rn seas2 = ! ,pacific specim5s1 f ,japan & ,cali=nia1 ?\gh diff]5tly nam$1 are und\bt$ly ! same4 ,mya truncata appe>s 9 ,europe 9 ! old] ,plioc5e1 & 0 foll[$ by ,m4 ar5>ia a little lat]4 ,bo? %ells occur 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,am]ica1 & _! sev]al v>ietal =ms _h !n already develop$ !mselves1 & rema9 ! same to-day2 s t ^! humble mollusks1 littoral 9 _! habits1 & subject$ to a great v>iety ( conditions1 h cont9u$1 p]haps = "o or two ?\s& c5turies1 to con/ruct _! %ells precisely z at pres5t4 ,nor are !re any indications ( a transition betwe5 ! two species4 ,simil> /atem5ts may be made ) reg>d to o!r mollusks ( ! ,plioc5e & ,mod]n p]iods1 & !re are ev5 species :i* ext5d un*ang$ f ! e>ly ,eoc5e4 ,nor is x impossible t "s mod]n bivalves ( ! ,bra*iopod gr\p may be sc>cely modifi$ desc5dants ev5 ( ,pal,aozoic species4 ,p]haps "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 connection ) ! p]man5ce ( species & v>ietal =ms are ^? furni%$ by t magnific5t flora :i* bur/ 9 all its maje/y on ! ,am]ican cont95t 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 & /ill survives among u ev5 9 "s ( its specific types1 ,i say survives2 = we h b a remnant ( its =ms liv+1 & comp>atively little t is new has probably be5 add$ s9ce4 ,take1 = example1 ! facts /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 z to ! cont9uance to ! pres5t "t ( species ( plants introduc$ 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e1 & :i* ?us came 9 at ! v "t :5 ! great ,mesozoic reptiles 7 decay+ or _h j disappe>$1 & :5 ! plac5tal mammals 7 be+ introduc$4 ,"s ( ^! plants mu/ h propagat$ !mselves un*ang$ = half a million ( ye>s4 ,plants & ! l[] tribes ( animals are1 h[ev]1 m p]man5t ?an ! high] animals2 & a /range contra/ is af=d$ to ! =ego+ examples ( p]si/5ce by ! repeat$ revolutions t h affect$ v]tebrate life s9ce ! ,mesozoic age4 ,yet ev5 9 ! case ( v]tebrates !re seems to h be5 little *ange1 except 9 ! ext9ction ( species1 s9ce ! ,plioc5e p]iod4 ,9 conclusion ( ?is review1 c we =mulate a few ( ! g5]al laws1 or p]haps ,i _h bett] call !m ! g5]al conclusions respect+ life1 9 :i* all pal,aontologi/s may agree8 ,p]haps x is n possible to d ?is at pres5t satisfactorily1 b ! attempt may d no h>m4 ,we may1 !n1 ,i ?9k1 make ! foll[+ affirmations3a,euro 7#a7 ,! exi/5ce ( life & organisation on ! e>? is n et]nal1 or ev5 coeval ) ! beg9n+ ( ! physical univ]se1 b may possibly date f ,laur5tian or imm$iately pre-,laur5tian times4 7#b7 ,! introduction ( new species ( animals & plants has be5 a cont9u\s process1 n necess>ily 9 ! s5se ( d]ivation ( "o species f ano!r1 b 9 ! high] s5se ( ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! cause or causes :i* introduc$ life at fir/4 ,?is1 z already /at$1 ,i take to be ! true !ological or ,scriptural z well z sci5tific idea ( :at we ord9>ily & some:at loosely t]m creation4 7#c7 ,?\gh ?us cont9u\s1 ! process has n be5 uni=m2 b p]iods ( rapid production ( species h alt]nat$ ) o!rs 9 :i* _m disappe>$ & few 7 introduc$4 ,?is may h be5 an effect ( physical cycles react+ on ! progress ( life4 7#d7 ,species1 l individuals1 h great] en]gy & vitality 9 _! y\ng] /ages1 & rapidly assume all _! v>ietal =ms1 & ext5d !mselves z widely z ext]nal circum/ances w p]mit4 ,l individuals1 also1 !y h _! p]iods ( old age & decay1 ?\gh ! life ( "s species has be5 ( enorm\s duration 9 comp>ison ) t ( o!rs2 ! diff]5ce appe>+ to be connect$ ) degrees ( adaptation to diff]5t conditions ( life4 7#e7 ,_m alli$ species1 con/itut+ gr\ps ( animals & plants1 h made _! appe>ance at once 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ^! gr\ps h obey$ ! same laws ) ! individual & ! species 9 culm9at+ rapidly1 & !n sl[ly dim9i%+1 ?\gh a l>ge gr\p once introduc$ has r>ely disappe>$ altoge!r4 7#f7 ,gr\ps ( species1 z g5]a & ord]s1 d n usually beg9 ) _! highe/ or l[e/ =ms1 b ) int]m$iate & g5]alis$ types1 & !y %[ a capacity = bo? elevation & degradation 9 _! subsequ5t hi/ory4 7#g7 ,! hi/ory ( life pres5ts a progress f ! l[] to ! high]1 & f ! simpl] to ! m complex1 & f ! m g5]alis$ to ! m specialis$4 ,9 ?is progress new types are introduc$1 & take ! place ( ! old] ones1 :i* s9k to a relatively subord9ate place1 & become ?us degrad$4 ,b ! physical & organic *anges h be5 s correlat$ & adju/$ t life has n only always ma9ta9$ its exi/5ce1 b has be5 enabl$ to assume m complex =ms1 & t old] =ms h be5 made to prep>e ! way = new]1 s t !re has be5 on ! :ole a /eady elevation culm9at+ 9 man himself4 ,elevation & specialisation h1 h[ev]1 be5 secur$ at ! exp5se ( vital en]gy & range ( adaptation1 until ! new elem5t ( a rational & inv5tive nature 0 introduc$ 9 ! case ( man4 7#h7 ,9 reg>d to ! l>g] & m di/9ct types1 we _c f9d evid5ce t !y h1 9 _! introduction1 be5 prec$$ by simil> =ms connect+ !m ) previ\s gr\ps2 b !re is reason to believe t _m suppos$ repres5tative species 9 successive =mations are really only races or v>ieties4 7#i7 ,9 s f> z we c trace _! hi/ory1 specific types are p]man5t 9 _! *>act]s f _! introduction to _! ext9ction1 & _! e>li] v>ietal =ms are simil> to _! lat] ones4 7#aj7 ,pal,aontology furni%es no direct evid5ce1 p]haps nev] c furni% any1 z to ! actual trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r1 or z to ! actual circum/ances ( creation ( a species1 b ! drift ( its te/imony is to %[ t species come 9 p] saltum1 r ?an by any sl[ & gradual process4 7#aa7 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( life _c1 any m ?an ! orig9 & det]m9ation ( matt] & =ce1 be expla9$ on purely mat]ial gr\nds1 b involve ! consid]ation ( p[] ref]able to ! unse5 & spiritual _w4 ,diff]5t m9ds may /ate ^! pr9ciples 9 diff]5t ways1 b ,i believe t 9 s f> z pal,aontology is conc]n$1 9 sub/ance !y mu/ hold good1 at lea/ z /eps to high] tru?s4 ,& n[ ,i may be p]mitt$ to add t we %\ld be ?ankful t x is giv5 to u to deal ) s great que/ions1 & t 9 do+ s deep humility1 e>ne/ seek+ = tru?1 pati5t collection ( all facts1 self-d5y+ ab/95ce f ha/y g5]alisations1 =be>ance & g5]\s e/imation ) reg>d to our fell[-lab\r]s1 & reliance on t ,div9e ,_s :i* has brea!d into u our intellig5t life1 & is ! s\rce ( all true wisdom1 are ! qualities :i* be/ become u4 ,z we h trac$ onw>d ! succession ( life1 ref]5ce has be5 made "h & !re to ! defects ( ^? bold !ories ( desc5t ) modification :i* are held =? 9 our "t z ! true bond ( ! l9ks ( ! *a9 ( life4 ,x mu/ h be5 app>5t t ^! !ories1 h[ev] speci\s :5 plac$ 9 connection ) a limit$ induction ( facts select$ = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ !m1 are v f> f af=d+ a satisfactory solution ( all difficulties4 ,!y _c p]haps be expect$ to take u back to ! orig9 ( liv+ be+s2 b !y also fail to expla9 :y s va/ numb]s ( highly organis$ species /ruggle into exi/5ce simultane\sly 9 "o age & disappe> 9 ano!r1 :y no cont9u\s *a9 ( succession 9 "t c be f\nd gradually bl5d+ species into ea* o!r1 & :y 9 ! natural succession ( ?+s degradation "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions & f9al ext9ction seem to be laws ( organic exi/5ce4 ,x is useless "h to appeal to ! imp]fection ( ! record or to ! movem5ts or migrations ( species4 ,! record is n[ 9 _m important p>ts too complete1 & ! simultane\sness ( ! entrance ( ! faunas & floras too c]ta9ly e/abli%$1 :ile ! mov+ ( species f place to place only evades ! difficulty4 ,! tru? is t su* hypo!ses are at pres5t premature1 & t we require to h l>g] collections ( facts4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x w\ld seem t f a philosophical po9t ( view all !ories ( evolution1 z at pres5t appli$ to life1 are fundam5tally defective 9 be+ too p>tial 9 _! "*2 & ?is applies m p>ticul>ly to ^? :i* are a,eurooemonstica,euro or a,eurooeagnostic1a,euro & ?us endeav\r to disp5se ) a ,creative ,w beh9d nature4 ,x may be in/ructive to illu/rate f ! facts develop$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s ?is feature ( mo/ ( ! attempts at g5]alisation on ?is subject4 ,fir/1 !n1 ^! hypo!ses are too p>tial1 9 _! t5d5cy to ref] num]\s & complex ph5om5a to "o cause1 or to a few causes only1 :5 all tru/wor?y analogy w\ld indicate t !y mu/ result f _m concurr5t =ces & det]m9ations ( =ce4 ,we h ( late be5 v famili> ) ^? +5i\s1 n to say amus+1 speculations 9 :i* "s entomologi/s & botani/s h indulg$ ) ref]5ce to ! mutual relations ( fl[]s & hau/ellate insects4 ,geologically ! facts oblige u to beg9 ) ,cryptogam\s plants & m&ibulate insects2 & out ( ! desire ( insects = non-exi/5t honey1 & ! adaptations ( plants to ! requirem5ts ( non-exi/5t suctorial app>atus1 we h to evolve ! m>vell\s complexity ( floral =m & col\r+1 & ! exquisitely delicate app>atus ( ! m\?s ( hau/ellate insects4 ,n[ :5 x is borne 9 m9d t ?is !ory implies a m5tal confusion on our "p precisely simil> to t :i* 9 ! dep>tm5t ( me*anics actuates ! seek]s = p]petual motion1 t we h n ! smalle/ tittle ( evid5ce t ! *anges requir$ h actually occurr$ 9 any "o case1 & t ! ?\s&s ( o!r /ructures & relations ( ! plant & ! insect h to be work$ out by a s]ies ( concurr5t evolutions s complex & absolutely incalculable 9 ! aggregate t ! cycles & epicycles ( ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy 7 childa,euro7,,tm7s play 9 comp>ison1 we ne$ n wond] t ! common s5se ( mank9d revolts aga9/ su* fancies1 & t we are accus$ ( attempt+ to con/ruct ! univ]se by me?ods t w\ld baffle ,omnipot5ce itself1 because !y are simply absurd4 ,9 ?is aspect ( !m1 inde$1 su* speculations are necess>ily futile1 because no m9d c grasp all ! complexities ( ev5 any "o case1 & x is useless to foll[ out an imag9>y l9e ( developm5t :i* unexpla9$ facts mu/ contradict at e /ep4 ,?is is also no d\bt ! reason :y all rec5t attempts at con/ruct+ a,eurooe,phylogeniesa,euro are s *angeable1 & :y no two exp]ts c agree ab\t almo/ any ( !m4 ,a second aspect 9 :i* su* speculations are too p>tial is 9 ! unw>rant$ use :i* !y make ( analogy4 ,x is n unusual to f9d su* analogies z t betwe5 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! individual animal & ! succession ( animals 9 geological "t plac$ on a level ) t reason+ f analogy by :i* geologi/s apply mod]n causes to expla9 geological =mations4 ,no claim c\ld be m unf\nd$4 ,:5 ! geologi/ /udies anci5t lime/ones built up ( ! rema9s ( corals1 & !n applies ! ph5om5a ( mod]n coral reefs to expla9 _! orig91 he br+s ! latt] to be> on ! =m] by an analogy :i* includes n m]ely ! app>5t results b ! causes at "w1 & ! conditions ( _! action2 & x is on ?is t ! validity ( 8 comp>ison dep5ds1 9 s f> z x relates to simil>ity ( mode ( =mation4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! developm5t ( an animal f an embryo cell ) ! progress ( animals 9 "t1 ?\gh we h a curi\s analogy z to ! /eps ( ! process1 ! conditions & ag5ts at "w are kn[n to be altoge!r dissimil>1 & !re=e we h no evid5ce :atev] z to id5tity ( cause1 & our reason+ becomes at once ! mo/ transp>5t ( fallacies4 ,f>!r1 we h no "r "h to ov]look ! fact t ! conditions ( ! embryo are det]m9$ by ^? ( a previ\s adult1 & t no soon] does ?is h]$it>y pot5tiality produce a new adult animal ?an ! t]rible ext]nal ag5cies ( ! physical _w1 9 pres5ce ( :i* all life exi/s1 beg9 to tell on ! organism1 & aft] a /ruggle ( long] or %ort] duration x succumbs to dea?1 & its sub/ance returns into inorganic nature1 a law f :i* ev5 ! long] life ( ! species does n seem to exempt x4 ,all ?is is s pla9 & manife/ t x is extraord9>y t evolutioni/s w cont9ue to use su* p>tial & imp]fect argum5ts4 ,ano!r example may be tak5 f t application ( ! doctr9e ( natural selection to expla9 ! introduction ( species 9 geological "t :i* is s elaborately discuss$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,! great geologi/ evid5tly leans /rongly to ! !ory1 & claims = x ! a,eurooehighest degree ( probability1a,euro yet he p]ceives t !re is a s]i\s gap 9 x2 s9ce no mod]n fact has ev] prov$ ! orig9 ( a new species by modification4 ,su* a gap1 if x exi/$ 9 ^? gr& analogies by :i* we expla9 geological =mations ?r\gh mod]n causes1 w\ld be admitt$ to be fatal4 ,a ?ird illu/ration ( ! p>tial "* ( ^! hypo!ses may be tak5 f ! use made ( ! !ory d$uc$ f mod]n physical discov]ies1 t life mu/ be m]ely a product ( ! cont9u\s op]ation ( physical laws4 ,! assumption1 = x is no?+ m1 t ! ph5om5a ( life are produc$ m]ely by "s arrangem5t ( physical =ces1 ev5 if x be admitt$ to be true1 gives only a p>tial explanation ( ! possible orig9 ( life4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! fact t life z a =ce or comb9ation ( =ces is set 9 antagonism to all o!r =ces4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! m>vell\s connection ( life ) organisation4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! det]m9ation & arrangem5t ( =ces impli$ 9 life4 ,a v simple illu/ration may make ?is pla94 ,if ! problem to be solv$ 7 ! orig9 ( ! marinera,euro7,,tm7s compass1 "o might ass]t t x is :olly a physical arrangem5t bo? z to matt] & =ce4 ,ano!r might ass]t t x involves m9d & intellig5ce 9 addition4 ,9 "s s5se bo? w\ld be "r4 ,! prop]ties ( magnetic =ce & ( iron or /eel are purely physical1 & x might ev5 be )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t some:]e 9 ! univ]se a mass ( natural load/one may h be5 s balanc$ z to sw+ 9 h>mony ) ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s magnetism4 ,yet we %\ld surely be reg>d$ z v cr$ul\s if we c\ld be induc$ to believe t ! marinera,euro7,,tm7s compass has orig9at$ 9 t way4 ,?is argum5t applies ) a ?\s&fold great] =ce to ! orig9 ( life1 :i* involves ev5 9 its simple/ =ms s _m m adju/m5ts ( =ce & s mu* m complex ma*9]y4 ,f\r?ly1 ^! hypo!ses are p>tial1 inasmu* z !y fail to acc\nt = ! va/ly v>i$ & correlat$ int]dep5d5cies ( natural ?+s & =ces1 & = ! unity ( plan :i* p]vades ! :ole4 ,^! c be expla9$ only by tak+ into ! acc\nt ano!r elem5t f )\t4 ,ev5 :5 x pr(esses to admit ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 ! evolutioni/ reason+ ( our day limits itself practically to ! physical or visible univ]se1 & leaves entirely out ( sight ! p[] ( ! unse5 & spiritual1 z if ?is 7 some?+ ) :i* sci5ce has no?+ to d1 b :i* belongs only to imag9ation or s5tim5t4 ,s mu* has ?is be5 ! case t :5 rec5tly a few physici/s & naturali/s h turn$ to ?is aspect ( ! subject1 !y h seem$ to be tea*+ new & />tl+ tru?s1 ?\gh only reviv+ "s ( ! olde/ & mo/ p]man5t ideas ( our race4 ,f ! dawn ( human ?\ght x has be5 ! conclusion alike ( philosoph]s1 !ologians1 & ! common s5se ( mank9d1 t ! se5 c be expla9$ only by ref]5ce to ! unse51 & t any m]ely physical !ory ( ! _w is necess>ily p>tial4 ,?is1 too1 is ! position ( our sacr$ ,scriptures1 & is broadly /at$ 9 _! op5+ v]se2 & inde$ x lies alike at ! basis ( all true religion & all s\nd philosophy1 = x mu/ necess>ily be t a,eurooethe ?+s t are se5 are temporal1 ! ?+s t are unse51 et]nal4a,euro ,) ref]5ce to ! primal aggregation ( en]gy 9 ! visible univ]se1 ) ref]5ce to ! introduction ( life1 ) ref]5ce to ! s\l ( man1 ) ref]5ce to ! heav5ly gifts ( g5ius & prophecy1 ) ref]5ce to ! introduction ( ! ,savi\r ,himself into ! _w1 & ) ref]5ce to ! spiritual gifts & graces ( ,goda,euro7,,tm7s p1 all ^! spr+ n f sporadic acts ( int]v5tion1 b f ! cont9u\s action ( ,god & ! unse5 _w2 & ?is1 we mu/ nev] =get1 is ! true ideal ( creation 9 ,scripture & 9 s\nd !ology4 ,only 9 su* exceptional & little influ5tial philosophies z t ( ,democritus1 & 9 ! speculations ( a few m5 c>ri$ (f _! balance by ! brilliant physical discov]ies ( our age1 has ?is necess>ily p>tial & imp]fect view be5 adopt$4 ,nev] inde$ 0 its imp]fection m cle> ?an 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,geology1 by trac+ back all pres5t ?+s to _! orig91 0 ! fir/ sci5ce to e/abli% on a basis ( obs]v$ facts ! necessity ( a beg9n+ & end ( ! _w4 ,b ev5 physical sci5ce n[ tea*es u t ! visible univ]se is a va/ ma*9e = ! dissipation ( en]gy2 t ! processes go+ on 9 x mu/ h _h a beg9n+ 9 "t1 & t all ?+s t5d to a f9al & helpless equilibrium4 ,?is necessity implies an unse5 p[]1 an invisible univ]se1 9 :i* ! visible univ]se mu/ h orig9at$1 & to :i* its en]gy is ev] return+4 ,! hiatus betwe5 ! se5 & ! unse5 may be bridg$ ov] by ! conceptions ( atomic vortices ( =ce1 & by ! univ]sal & cont9u\s e!r2 b :e!r or n1 x has become cle> t ! conception ( ! unse5 z exi/+ has become necess>y to our belief 9 ! possible exi/5ce ( ! physical univ]se itself1 ev5 )\t tak+ life into ! acc\nt4 ,x is 9 ! doma9 ( life1 h[ev]1 t ?is necessity becomes mo/ app>5t2 & x is 9 ! plant t we fir/ cle>ly p]ceive a visible te/imony to t unse5 :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! se54 ,life 9 ! plant opposes ! outw>d ru% ( =ce 9 our sy/em1 arre/s a "p ( x on its way1 fixes x z pot5tial en]gy1 & ?us1 =m+ a m]e eddy1 s to speak1 9 ! process ( dissipation ( en]gy1 x accumulates t on :i* animal life & man himself may subsi/1 & ass]t = a "t supremacy ov] ! se5 & temporal on behalf ( ! unse5 & et]nal4 ,i say1 = a "t1 because life is1 9 ! visible univ]se1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 b a tempor>y exception1 introduc$ f t unse5 _w :]e x is no long] ! exception b ! et]nal rule4 ,9 a /ill high] s5se1 !n1 ?an t 9 :i* matt] & =ce te/ify to a ,creator1 organisation & life1 :e!r 9 ! plant1 ! animal1 or man1 be> ! same te/imony1 & exi/ z outpo/s put =? 9 ! succession ( ages f t high] heav5 t surr\nds ! visible univ]se4 ,9 !m1 z 9 dead matt]1 ,almighty p[] is no d\bt condition$ by law1 yet !y be> m di/9ctly ^u !m ! impress ( _! ,mak]1 & :ile all explanations ( ! physical univ]se :i* refuse to recognise its spiritual & unse5 orig9 mu/ necess>ily be p>tial & 9 ! end incompreh5sible1 ?is de/9y falls m quickly & surely on ! attempt to acc\nt = life & its succession on m]ely mat]iali/ic pr9ciples4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we mu/ rememb] t creation1 z ma9ta9$ aga9/ su* mat]iali/ic evolution1 :e!r by !ology1 philosophy1 or ,holy ,scripture1 is necess>ily a cont9u\s1 nay1 an et]nal influ5ce1 n an int]v5tion ( disconnect$ acts4 ,x is ! true cont9uity1 :i* includes & b9ds toge!r all o!r cont9uity4 ,x is "h t natural sci5ce meets ) !ology1 n z an antagoni/1 b z a fri5d & ally 9 its "t ( greate/ ne$2 & ,i mu/ "h record my belief t nei!r m5 ( sci5ce nor !ologians h a "r to sep>ate :at ,god 9 ,holy ,scripture has jo9$ toge!r1 or to build up a wall betwe5 nature & religion1 & write ^u x a,eurooeno ?or\ghf>e4a,euro ,! sci5ce t does ?is mu/ be impot5t to expla9 nature & )\t hold on ! high] s5tim5ts ( man4 ,! !ology t does ?is mu/ s9k into m]e sup]/ition4 ,9 ! light ( all ^! consid]ations1 :e!r be>+ on our k or our ignorance1 a high] & deep] "q pres5ts itself1 namely1 t z to ! relation ( nature & ( man to a ,p]sonal ,creator4 ,to ?is x seems to me t ! /udy ( ! succession ( life yields no unc]ta9 reply4 ,call ! progress ( life an evolution if y w2 trace x back to prim,aval ,protozoa1 or to a cong]ies ( atoms3 /ill ! tru? rema9s t no?+ c be evolv$ out ( ^! primitive mat]ials except :at !y orig9ally conta9$4 ,n[ we f9d 9 ! exi/5ce ( man1 & 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! s*eme ( nature t[>ds 8 introduction1 evid5ce t at lea/ all t is involv$ 9 ! reason+ & moral nature ( man mu/ h exi/$ pot5tially be=e atoms began to %ape !mselves into cry/als or into organic =ms4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is is impli$1 = we d n "k t man & :at he has hi!rto be5 & done con/itute ! ultimate p]fection ( nature1 & we mu/ suspect t some?+ mu* m ?an :at we see 9 man mu/ be requir$ = ! orig9ation ( ! *a9 ( life4 ,:at does ?is prove1 9 any s5se 9 :i* human reason c und]/& x8 ,no?+ less1 x seems to me1 ?an t doctr9e ( ! ,almighty ,div9e ,logos1 or ,creative ,reason1 z ! cause ( all ?+s1 ass]t$ 9 our sacr$ ,scriptures1 & held 9 "o =m or ano!r by all ! greate/ ?9k]s :o h attempt$ to deal ) ! "q ( orig9s4 ,fall+ back on ?is great tru?1 :e!r pres5t$ to u 9 ! simple a,eurooe,god saida,euro ( ,g5esis1 or 9 ! m def9ite =m ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a,eurooe,the ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god1a,euro we f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( a ,div9e plan p]vad+ all ! ages ( ! eartha,euro7,,tm7s hi/ory & culm9at+ 9 man1 :o pres5ts = ! fir/ "t ! image & lik5ess ( ! ,div9e ,mak]2 & ?is =ms ! true nexus ( all ! sep>ate *a9s ( life4 ,_h man nev] exi/$1 su* reason+ might h be5 speculative m]ely1 b ! exi/5ce ( man1 tak5 9 connection ) ! progress ( ! plan :i* has t]m9at$ 9 8 adv5t1 proves ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,div9e revelation c>ries u a /ep f>!r1 & tea*es u to recognise 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%1 ! ,div9e ,logos dwell+ among m54 ,b ?\gh ?is is a doctr9e ( revelation & n ( sci5ce1 x is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! plan ( progress :i* we h be5 sket*+4 ,x is ! natural outcome ( a process lead+ to ! introduction ( a rational & acc\ntable be+1 und]/&+ some?+ ( ! works & ways ( ,god1 t to him ,god %\ld reveal ,himself1 & t ! ,div9e ,logos1 by :om 7 a,eurooeconstituted ! agesa,euro#id ( ! worlda,euro7,,tm7s geological hi/ory1 %\ld preside also ov] its future consummation1 :5 all ! degradation t has sprung f ! ab]rations ( fall5 & imp]fect humanity %all be remov$1 & man himself %all become fully a p>tak] ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,! _w we live 9 is ?us n necess>ily a f9i%$ _w1 & x is n[ m>r$ by ! s9s ( man4 ,:at x may be 9 ! future1 we c p]haps z little guess z an intellig5ce /udy+ ! ,pal,aozoic _w c\ld h und]/ood t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,b x is a glori\s tru? to "k t our ,mak] has reveal$ ,himself to u also z a ,savi\r1 & t z individuals we %all n p]i%1 to be replac$ by an improv$ species 9 ! future1 b t we ourselves1 z sons ( ,god1 may ent] into & possess ! new e>? & new heav5s ( future ,aons ( ! univ]se4 ,?us x w\ld seem t ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is t :i* 0 want+ to complete & ju/ify ! hi/ory ( nature by br++ to light ! f9al a,eurooerestitution ( all ?+s1a,euro & our own union to ,god 9 a happy immortality4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,croll has elaborat$ ?is calculation 9 8 "w1 ,climate & ,"t4 #b ,sept4 #ahgi4 #c ,analyses rec5tly made by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h(fman1 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 %[ t b$s ( graphitic gneiss1 "s ( !m #h feet 9 ?ickness1 conta9 z mu* z #be;,a4#e to #cj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 ! rema9+ e>?y matt] consi/+ pr9cipally ( silica1 alum9a1 & lime4 ,! graphite f ve9s 0 ne>ly pure c>bon1 conta9+ f #ig;,a4#f to #ii;,a4#h p] c5t4 ( t sub/ance4 #d ,sometimes sep>at$ z a di/9ct ord] "u ! "n ( ,radiol>ia4 #e ,l(tusia ,columbiana1 ,dawson1 f ,briti% ,columbia1 is ! only ,c>bonif]\s species yet kn[n4 #f ,see ,ni*olson 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,pal,aontographical ,society4 #g ,arch,aospherin,a ( ! au?or4 #h ,eophyton ,linn,aanum 7,torrell74 #i ,see ,pap] on a,eurooe,footprints & ,impressions ( ,animals1a,euro ,am4 ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahgc4 #aj ,!y probably belong to a l>ge sponge nam$ by ,bill+s ,tri*ospongia s]icea4 #aa ,amphispongia4 #ab ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahgh4 #ac ,x is reg>d$ z some:at d\btful :e!r ^! are ,hydroids or ,bryozoa4 #ad ,heliopora1 an ,alcyon>ian2 ,pocillopora1 an ,an?ozoan4 #ae ,haplophyllia1 ,guynia1 ,duncania1 ( ,p\rtales4 #af ,pal,a*9us4 #ag ,"s ( ! e>lie/ appe> to be allies ( ! mod]n limpets4 #ah a,eurooe,un produit de la,euro7,,tm7imag9ation1 sans aucun fondem5t dans la r,a7,c7alit,a7,c74a,euro #ai ,hym5oc>is4 #bj ,phyllopods & ,o/racods4 #ba ,pt]ygotus1 ,eurypt]us1 c4 #bb ,:itfield1 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci41 #ahhj4 #bc ,report on ,devonian ,fossil ,plants ( ,canada1 #ahga4 ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 #ahgc4 ,address to ,am]ican ,association1 #ahge4 #bd ,see ! important memoir ( ,b>r&e on ! ,silurian ,bra*iopods1 9 :i*1 z ! result ( ! mo/ elaborate & detail$ comp>isons1 he concludes t 9 ! case ( ^! %ells1 z 9 t ( ! ,cephalopods & ,trilobites1 ! introduction ( species 9 geological "t has n occurr$ by modification1 b mu/ h dep5d$ on a creative process4 ,x is su* pa9/ak+ rese>*es z ^? ( ! great ,bohemian pal,aontologi/ :i* mu/ f9ally settle ^! que/ions1 9 s f> z geology is conc]n$4 #be ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #ahfi4 #bf ,! g5us ,bu?otrephis includes suppos$ bran*+ sea-we$s ( ! ,silurian4 ,= ?is reason ,i w\ld propose ! "n ,protannul>ia = ^! plants4 #bg ,lycopodiace,a4 #bh ,alli$ to ^? nam$ by ,brongni>t ,ae!ote/a4 #bi ,cordaites4 #cj ,pap] by ,sir ,w4 ,dawson 9 ,*icago ,academya,euro7,,tm7s ,bullet91 #ahhf4 #ca ,calamod5dron & ,ar?ropitys are =ms ( ?is k9d4 #cb ,granda,euro7,,tm7 ,eury & ,williamson h direct$ att5tion to ?is 9 ! case ( ^? ( ,france & ,engl&4 #cc ,amphioxus4 #cd ,petromyzon1 c4 #ce ,dr4 ,newb]ry has k9dly furni%$ me ) specim5s1 & ,dr4 ,h>r+ton has submitt$ to analysis portions ( %ale fill$ ) ^! little tee?1 ! result giv+ #b;,a4#eh ( calcium phosphate = ! :ole1 :i* indicates t ! ,conodonts are really bone4 ,_! microscopic /ructure approa*es to t ( ! d5t9e ( su* ,c>bonif]\s fi%es z ,diplodus4 ,h9de has describ$ ,conodonts f ! ,silurian ( ,canada4 #cf ,ueb] ,conodont53 ,muni*1 #ahhf4 #cg ,lepido/eus4 #ch ,pal,ai*?yes ( ,,ga#a_/dn!r4 #ci ,d9i*?ys ,t]relli & ,d4 ,h]tz]i 7,newb]ry74 #dj ,ce/racionts4 #da ,sela*ians4 #db ,amphipeltis p>adoxus ( ,salt]4 #dc ,g5us ,/rophia4 ,i h provisionally nam$ ! ,/4 ,john species ,/rophites erianus4 #dd ,! enl>g$ figure ( ,pupa vetu/a is too mu* elongat$1 & ! ap]ture is some:at conjectural1 z x is usually cru%$4 #de ,dawsonella ( ,bradley4 #df ,archiulid,a ( ,scudd]4 #dg ,euphobesia armig]a 7,meek & ,wor!n71 f ,ill9ois4 #dh ,ab\t fifty 9 all1 z ,i le>n f ,mr4 ,scudd]4 #di ,or?opt]a4 #ej ,neuropt]a4 #ea ,coleopt]a4 #eb ,tinc,a4 #ec ,"o highly specialis$ ,c>bonif]\s insect rec5tly f\nd is ! ,protophasma ( ,brongni>t1 a relative ( ! mod]n a,eurooe,walking-/icks4a,euro #ed ,?is 0 fir/ describ$ z "p ( ! l>va ( a ,dragon-fly4 ,x is n[ recognis$ z belong+ to a ,scorpion4 #ee ,protolycosa 7,roem]74 #ef ,m5opoma1 ,m5obran*us1 c4 #eg ,ophid]peton ,br[nriggii4 #eh ,dipli*nites4 #ei ,^! are kn[n 9 "s ( ! small] species1 b n z yet 9 ! l>g]4 #fj ,hylonomus4 ,see ,fig4 fac+ ?is *apt]4 #fa ,ma/odonsaurus or ,labyr9?odon4 #fb ,pal,aosir5 ,be9]tii ( ,ge9itz4 #fc ,hyleopeton4 #fd ,diadictes & ,bolasaurus 7,cope74 #fe ,enaliosauria1 includ+ ,i*?yopt]ygia & ,sauropt]ygia4 #ff ,anomodontia & ,!riodontia4 #fg ,geology ( ,ox=d1 p4 #bbg4 #fh ,cope has propos$ ! names ,cam]osaurus1 ,amphic,alias1 c41 = ^! problematical animals4 ,m>% names !m ,titanosaurus1 ,atlantosaurus1 c41 :ile ,ow5 holds t "s ( !m at lea/ are id5tical ) 8 g5us ,*ondro/eosaurus4 ,seeley & ,hulke adopt ! "n ,orni?opsis1 & support ,copea,euro7,,tm7s view ( _! nature4 #fi ,ratit,a4 #gj ,woodw>d 9 a rec5t pap] ref]s to a /ill m curi\s resemblance ( ! ,d9osaurs to ! bip$ liz>d ( ,au/ralia 7,*lamydosaurus71 :i* runs on its h9d limbs1 & ev5 p]*es on trees4 #ga ,a popl> occurs 9 ,gre5l&1 9 b$s held to be ,l[] ,cretace\s4 #gb ,by "s reg>d$ z ,upp] ,cretace\s4 #gc ,fir/ recogniz$ 9 ,am]ican ,eoc5e by ,newb]ry4 #gd ,describ$ by ,la ,h>pe & ,gaud91 & rec5tly by ,g>dn]4 #ge ,rec5t discov]ies h s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition remov$ ! ,bovey ,tracey b$s f ! ,mioc5e to ! ,eoc5e4 ,see ,reports ( ,mr4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] to ! ,briti% ,association4 #gf ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples2 ,br[n1 ,florula ,discoana4 #gg ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on #di? ,p>allel2 ,reports on ,briti% ,columbia4 #gh ,graya,euro7,,tm7s reason+ is bas$ on ! extreme view ( ! ,glacial p]iod n[ preval5t 9 ,am]ica1 contr>y1 z x appe>s to me1 to ! actual facts2 b ) limitations x holds good on m mod]ate views z well4 #gi ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,july1 #ahhg4 #hj ,les ,en*a9em5ts du ,monde ,animal4 #ha ,see ,frontispiece to ?is ,*apt]4 #hb ,= example1 ,tillo!rium ( ! ,am]ican ,eoc5e1 :i* 0 z l>ge z a tapir1 & 9 =m resembl$ a be>4 #hc ,croll1 ,climate & ,"t4 #hd ,notes on ,po/-,plioc5e ( ,canada2 ,acadian ,geology1 #crd edition4 #he ,! actual reason = belief 9 ! pa/ exi/5ce ( l& 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,indian ,ocean is f\nd 9 ! close relation%ip ( =ms ( life f\nd 9 ,madagasc>1 ,s\!rn ,asia1 & ,au/ralia4 #hf ,traditions ( ?is animal1 a v]itable prim,aval unicorn1 are said /ill to exi/ 9 ,sib]ia4 #hg ,z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,cro-,magnon1 & ,m5tone1 & ,engis4 #hh ,de ,puyot & ,loh]t1 ,namur1 #ahhg4 #hi ,religi\s ,tract ,society1 #ahgh4 #ij ,may1 #ahhg4 #ia ,climate & ,"t1 a "w 9 :i* ^! & o!r matt]s relat+ to ! ,glacial p]iod are v well discuss$4 #ib ,kimb]1 quot$ by ,s\?all4 #ic ,report on ,devonian ,plants ( ,canada1 #ahga4 #id ,! true mean+ ( ,hebrews i4 #b & xi4 #c4 ,,index4 7,pr9cipally to ,=ms ( ,life notic$ or illu/rat$47 ,agno/us1 #gi ,ale?opt]is1 #aje ,ammonites1 #gf ,amphibians1 #aeb ,amphipeltis1 #he ,ancyloc]as1 #gg ,an?oli!s1 #aja ,an?ozoa1 #eg ,angiosp]ms1 #ahg ,anthropal,amon1 #he ,antiquity ( ,man1 #bdg ,apes1 #bbh ,ara*nida1 #aej ,arch,aocya?us1 #ch ,arch,aopt]yx1 #agb ,ar*egosaurus1 #aec ,ar*imulacris1 #adf ,arctocyon1 #bbh ,a/]ophyllites1 #ajc ,a/ylospongia1 #ea ,a?yris1 #fg ,baculites1 #gg ,baphetes1 #aee ,ba?ygna?us1 #agd ,batra*ians1 #aeb ,bats1 #bbf ,beetles1 #ade ,beg9n+ ( ,life1 #bc ,belemnites1 #gh ,b]yx1 #acc ,beyri*ia1 #hc ,birds1 #agb ,bivalve %ells1 #fi ,blatt9a1 #adf ,bra*iopods1 #fc ,bronto!rium1 #bag ,bu?otrephis1 #ib ,butt]flies1 #aej ,calamites1 #ii1 #aje ,calym5e1 #hj1 #hb ,campsogna?us1 #agi ,c>*>odon1 #acb ,c>dioc>pum1 #aja ,cephalaspis1 #abb ,cephalopods1 #ga ,c]atites1 #ge ,c]atodus1 #abf ,ceteosaurus1 #agh ,c9namomum1 #aih ,clida/es1 #afi ,cockroa*es1 #adf ,conocephalites1 #gi ,conodonts1 #aah ,corals1 #ee ,cordaites1 #aaj ,coryphodon1 #bae ,cr9oids1 #fa ,crioc]as1 #gg ,cru/acea1 #gi ,cuttle-fi%es1 #ga ,cya?aspis1 #aba ,cya?ophyllum1 #fj ,cy/ideans1 #fb ,cy!re1 #hc ,dadoxylon1 #ajj ,dap$ius1 #acb ,davallia1 #aib ,dictyonema1 #ec ,dikellocephalus1 #gi ,d9i*?ys1 #abg ,d9oc]as1 #baf ,d9osaurs1 #agd ,dipnoi1 #abc ,disc9a1 #ff ,dragon-fly1 #adh ,droma!rium1 #bji ,dryopi!cus1 #bbi ,e*9od]ms1 #fa ,elasmo!rium1 #bdb ,elephants1 #bbd ,eoc5e age1 #bac ,eopt]is1 #ic ,eoscorpius1 #aea ,eozoon1 #bg ,equ9e feet1 #bah ,equisetace,a1 #ig ,extracr9us1 #fd ,favosites1 #ei ,f]ns ( ,pal,aozoic1 #ajf ,f]ns1 ,tree1 #ig ,fi%es1 #abj ,floras1 di/ribution (1 #bja ,footpr9ts1 #aeb ,=am9if]a1 #cb ,fruits ( ,devonian1 #aja ,ganoids1 #abj ,ga/ropods1 #gj ,glacial age1 #bcc ,glyptocr9us1 #fc ,glyptod5dron1 #id ,gomphoc]as1 #gc ,graptolites1 #ec ,halisites1 #ei ,heliophyllum1 #ei ,het]ocr9us1 #fc ,horse1 #bah ,huronian age1 #bd ,hydrozoa1 #ed ,hylonomus1 #aeg ,i*?yosaurus1 #afg ,implem5ts1 #bde ,insects1 #aci ,isotelus1 #hb ,labyr9?odonts1 #aee ,lamellibran*iata1 #fi ,lampreys1 #aag ,l&-snails1 #adb ,laur5tian age1 #bd ,lepidod5dron1 #ajh ,lepidosir51 #abd ,leptophleum1 #ih ,libellula1 #adh ,l+ula1 #fe ,liriod5dron1 #aia ,lituites1 #gc ,loligo1 #gb ,ma*airodus1 #bbg ,mammals1 #bjg ,mammo?1 #bdj ,man1 adv5t (1 #bcc ,mantids1 #adf ,m>es-tails1 #ig ,m>supials1 #bjg ,ma/odon1 #bbd ,may-flies1 #adf ,megalosaurus1 #a ,megaphyton1 #ajg ,mega!rium1 #bbb ,microle/es1 #bjh ,microsauria1 #aef ,millep$es1 #ade ,mod]n =e/s1 #ahf ,monotremes1 #bjh ,mososaurus1 #afi ,mo?s1 #adh ,mur*isonia1 #gj ,myrica1 #aid ,nautilus1 #ga ,neuropt]is1 #aje ,oldhamia1 #eb ,on*us1 #aba ,onoclea1 #aia ,oreodon1 #bba ,orig9 ( ,life1 #bc ,or?is1 #ff ,or?oc]as1 #gc ,o/eolepis1 #abd ,o/racods1 #hc ,otodus1 #aca ,pal,aa/]1 #fb ,pal,a*9us1 #fb ,pal,aoniscus1 #abi ,pal,ao!rium1 #bab ,p>adoxides1 #gi ,p5tacr9us1 #fd ,phaceps1 #hc ,phascolo!rium1 #baj ,p9nul>ia1 #aja ,plagiaulax1 #baj ,plants1 e>lie/1 #hi ,plei/oc5e1 #bdj ,plesiosaurus1 #afg ,pleurocy/ites1 #fc ,pleurotom>ia1 #gj ,pliosaurus1 #afh ,polyzoa1 #ei ,po/-glacial1 #bcf ,prodryas1 #aej ,productus1 #fh ,protannul>ia1 #ia ,protosalv9ia1 #aja ,prot]osaurus1 #aff ,proto/igma1 #ib ,protozoa1 #bg ,psilophyton1 #ie ,pt]i*?ys1 #abc ,pt]odactyls1 #aga ,pt]opods1 #gj ,pt]ygotus1 #hd ,ptilodictya1 #ee ,ptyonius1 #aed ,quadrumana1 #bbh ,qu]cus1 #aid ,receptaculites1 #ch ,reptiles1 #afe ,rhamphorhyncus1 #aga ,rhizopods1 #cd ,rus*9ites1 #ha ,sassafras1 #aij ,scorpions1 #aea ,sea-liz>ds1 #afg ,sela*ians1 #acj ,sequoia1 #aig ,%>ks1 #abj ,sigill>ia1 #aji ,sph5ophyllum1 #ib1 #ajc ,sph9x-mo?1 #adi ,spirif]1 #fg ,sponges1 #dh ,squids1 #gb ,/elliosaurus1 #aeh ,/5opora1 #eg ,/romatopora1 #cf ,syr+oxylon1 #ajb ,tabulata1 #ei ,telio/s1 #abj ,t]ebratula1 #ff ,tri*ospongia1 #ea ,trigonoc>pum1 #aja ,trilobites1 #gh ,turrilites1 #gg ,xylobius1 #ade ,zaphr5tis1 #fj ,zonites1 #adc ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4