,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,s\nd+ ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,air ,,be+ ,,six ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,l[ell ,,in/itute ,,( ,,bo/on ,,9 ,,decemb] #ahih ,,by ,a4 ,,lawr5ce ,,rot*1 ,s4,b41 ,a4,m41 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,blue ,,hill ,,meteorological ,,obs]vatory1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,,& ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,int]national ,,cl\d ,,& ,,a]onautical ,,committees4 ,,publi%$ ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,committee4 ,,london3 ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k1 ,,nor?umb]l& ,,av5ue1 ,w4,c42 #dc1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,,brighton3 #abi1 ,,nor? ,,/reet4 ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,"y ,,co4 #aijj ,?is little ,book is gratefully ,d$icat$ ,,to ,! late ,,augu/us ,,l[ell1 ,esq4 ,,( ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,:o1 ,,z ,,tru/ee ,,( ,,! ,,l[ell ,,in/itute1 ,,enabl$ ,,sci5tific ,,m5 ,,( ,,two ,,cont95ts ,,to ,,pres5t ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,_! ,,inve/igations ,,to ,,! ,,public ,,corrig5da ,page #ej1 l9e #aa1 = isolation read insolation4 ,page #ei1 l9e #ba1 be=e direction ins]t opposite4 ,page #aab1 l9e #b2 page #aae1 l9es #b & #ae1 & ,index1 pages #age & #ahc1 = ,violl read ,violle4 ,page #aab1 l9e #bc2 page #aac1 l9e #f1 & ,index1 page #aha1 = ,muntz read ,mntz4 ,page #abc1 la/ l9e1 = #ahhi read #ahia4 ,index1 page #agg1 = ,cotte 7,t47 read ,cotte 7,l474 ,index1 page #agi1 aft] ,hann 7,j471 #cf1 add #agc4 ,index1 page #agi1 = ,hellman 7,g47 read ,hellmann 7,g474 ,index1 page #aha1 aft] ,langley 7,s4 ,p47 ins]t #bh4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,^! corrections h be5 appli$ to ! curr5t v]sion ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,atmosph]e--,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,k--,,me?ods ,,( ,,inve/igation #i ,,ii4 ,,cl\ds--,,=mation ,,& ,,classification--,,measurem5ts ,,at ,,blue ,,hill--,,! ,,int]national ,,obs]vations #ch ,,iii4 ,,balloons--,,notable ,,asc5ts ,,& ,,results ,,obta9$--,,captive ,,balloons #fh ,,iv4 ,,ballons-,,sondes ,,= ,,great ,,altitudes--,,! ,,int]national ,,asc5ts #ih ,v4 ,,kites--,,hi/ory ,,& ,,application ,,to ,,meteorological ,,purposes ,,at ,,blue ,,hill ,,& ,,else:]e #aag ,,vi4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,kite-,,flights ,,at ,,blue ,,hill--,,future ,,"w #ade ,,index #age ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,plate ,i4 ,comp>ative ,altitudes #bb ,,plate ,,ii4 ,optical ,ph5om5a %[+ ! ,height ( ! ,atmosph]e #bf ,,plate ,,iii4 ,temp]ature at diff]5t ,latitudes & ,altitudes #ca ,,fig4 #a4 ,nephoscope at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 #eb ,,fig4 #b4 ,cl\d ,!odolite at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory #ed ,,plate ,,iv4 ,heights & ,velocities ( ,cl\ds #eg ,,plate ,v4 ,atmosph]ic ,circulation at diff]5t ,heights 9 ,cyclones & ,anti-cyclones #fa ,,fig4 #c4 ,g]man ,balloon equipp$ = ,meteorological ,obs]vations #hg ,,plate ,,vi4 ,temp]atures obs]v$ 9 ,f\r ,high ,balloon ,asc5ts #ia ,,fig4 #d4 ,g]man ,kite-balloon4 #ie ,,fig4 #e4 ,b>o-!rmograph ( ,ri*>d #ajb ,,fig4 #f4 ,! ,arophile ris+ #ajc ,,plate ,,vii4 ,heights & ,temp]atures record$ 9 eight ,asc5ts ( ! ,cirrus #aji ,,fig4 #g4 ,ori5tal tailless ,kites4 #aai ,,fig4 #h4 ,eddy tailless ,kite #abi ,,fig4 #i4 ,h>grave ,kite #acj ,,fig4 #aj4 ,modifi$ ,h>grave ,kites at ,blue ,hill #acc ,,fig4 #aa4 ,lamson's ,a]o-curve ,kite #ace ,,fig4 #ab4 ,meteorograph lift$ by ,kites at ,blue ,hill #ach ,,plate ,,viii4 ,meteorogram f ! ,kite-flight ( ,oct4 #h1 #ahif1 at ,blue ,hill #adh ,,plate ,,ix4 ,mean ,*anges ) ,height1 & ,*anges dur+ ! ,kite-flight ( ,oct4 #h1 #ahif #aej ,,plate ,x4 ,*anges ) ,height record$ by ,kites at ,blue ,hill #aee ,,plate ,,xi4 ,kite ,obs]vations at ,blue ,hill1 ,sept4 #e-aa1 #ahig #afc ,,plate ,,xii4 ,automatic ,records dur+ a ,high ,kite-flight at ,blue ,hill #aff ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,results ( ,kite-flights at ,blue ,hill dur+ an ,anti-cyclone & a ,cyclone #afh ,,s\nd+ ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,air ---------- ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,atmosph]e--,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,k--,,me?ods ,,( ,,inve/igation ,conc]n+ ?is mo/ important elem5t 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+1 ,pl9y1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 wrote z foll[s3 ,x is "t to consid] ! o!r m>vels ( ! heav5s2 ?us our fa!rs call$ t imm5se space :]e fl[s ! vital fluid to :i* we give ! "n ( air1 & :i* is n app>5t to ! s5ses because ( its great r>ity4 ,!re cl\ds =m1 ?und] & lightn+ also2 x is ! region ( tempe/s & ( :irlw9ds2 f !re fall ra9s1 hail1 & ho> fro/2 f !re come all ^? ph5om5a1 a/oni%+ & (t5 disa/r\s1 :i* foll[ ! combat ( ,nature ) h]self4444 ,! sun's rays /rike ! e>? on all sides1 w>m+ & /r5g!n+ x2 !y are reflect$ & deta* all ! p>ticles !y c c>ry away2 vap\rs desc5d & rise aga92 ! w9ds come empty & return lad5 ) spoil2 animals brea! 9 f above ?is vital fluid :i* animates !m1 & ! e>? s5ds x back to its s\rce z if %e w\ld fill ! void by ?is means4 ,s1 by ,nature act+ ev]y:]e & 9 all directions !re results an app>5t discord f :i* is born ! h>mony ( ! ,univ]se2 x is ?is g5]al movem5t :i* puts all ?+s 9 _! places2 "s are pres]v$ by ! de/ruction ( o!rs2 all move1 all act1 ! /ruggle is cont9ual1 if x ceas$ an in/ant ev]y?+ w\ld fall into *aos4444 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 z f> back z hi/ory ext5ds1 we f9d mank9d int]e/$ 9 meteorological ph5om5a4 ,?is appe>s natural if we consid] ! importance ( ! wea!r to ! anci5t pa/oral nations1 :i*1 f ! op5-air life & ke5 p]ceptive faculties ( _! p1 7 well fitt$ to /udy natural ph5om5a4 ,! beauty & gr&eur ( _m ( ! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 & ! curiosity excit$ conc]n+ _! causes1 probably contribut$ to int]e/ p 9 !m4 ,meteorology appe>s to h be5 fir/ treat$ sy/ematically1 z di/9ct f a/ronomy & a/rology1 by ! ,greek philosoph]1 ,ari/otle1 m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,! ^w meteor1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek elevat$1 0 appli$ to c]ta9 ph5om5a hav+ _! orig9 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,^! 7 classifi$ into arial1 aque\s1 & lum9\s meteors1 & 7 all includ$ 9 ! t]m ,meteorology4 ,9 8 treatise by ?is "n ,ari/otle gave a m detail$ acc\nt ( !m ?an any prec$+ or contempor>y writ]1 & ,!ophra/us1 8 pupil1 wrote two books on ! w9ds & on ! signs ( ra91 :i* h be5 translat$ into ,lat9 & ,engli%4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod ,aratus incorporat$ ! curr5t wea!r prov]bs 9 8 poem1 ,diosemeia4 ,! ,greek hi/orians & poets frequ5tly allud$ to atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 & _! example 0 foll[$ by ! ,romans1 ( :om ,pl9y has be5 quot$4 ,no d\bt ! desire to asc5d into ! air always possess$ man1 b ow+ to ! awe ) :i* m\nta9s seem to h inspir$ ! anci5ts1 !re is r>ely m5tion 9 _! writ+s ( climb+ m\nta9s1 or ( ! physiological effects :i* c\ld h>dly h fail$ to be app>5t ^u high summits4 ,cit+ "o ( ! few exi/+ n>ratives1 ,ari/otle relates3 ,^? :i* asc5d to ! top ( ! m\nta9 ,olympus c\ld n keep !mselves alive )\t c>ry+ ) !m wet sponges1 by ^: assi/ance !y c\ld respire 9 t air o!rwise too ?9 = respiration4 ,?is m\nta9 ( less ?an #aj1jjj feet 0 said to be s high t x nev] ra9$ on its summit1 :]e1 x 0 suppos$1 ! air 0 always /ill4 ,a /ill high] m\nta91 easily accessible to ! anci5t _w1 & :i* we "k 0 asc5d$1 is ,etna4 ,conc]n+ ! progress ( meteorology1 f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,romans to ! revival ( k 9 ,europe1 !re is little to say except t dur+ ! middle ages meteorology1 l o!r le>n+1 0 conf9$ to ! mona/]ies4 ,speculations 7 curr5t z to ! ext5t ( ! atmosph]e until1 9 ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ,alhaz51 a le>n$ ,arab1 comput$ f ! duration ( twilight t ! atmosph]e ext5d$ n9ete5 leagues above ! e>?4 ,! same me?od 0 appli$ ) m precision by ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl]1 & o!r a/ronom]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! e>lie/ wea!r *ronicles 7 probably not$ by monks f "t to "t 9 almanacks or missals1 al?\gh :5 ?is 0 done fir/ we d n "k4 ,! olde/ daily *ronicles ( ! wea!r extant are ^? kept by ,william ,m]le 9 ,ox=d f #accg to #acdd4 ,we owe x to ! late ,mr4 ,symons1 ! ,engli% meteorologi/ & bibliophile1 t ?is ,,ms4 & _m o!r old records h be5 br\ght to light & publi%$4 ,dr4 ,hellmann has done ev5 m 9 ,g]many1 & ?is hi/orical rese>* is evid5ce ( ! gr[+ importance ( ! sci5ce ( meteorology4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! age ( geographical discov]y x 0 se5 t ! climatic features ( our globe dep5d *iefly ^u di/ance f ! equator1 proximity to ! ocean1 & height above x4 ,9 ! tropics especially1 ! luxuriant vegetation1 :i* dim9i%es on m\nta9 slopes & high] up gives place to sn[1 mu/ h be5 visible pro( ( ! decrease ( temp]ature ) altitude1 =1 z ,pr(essor ,daniell rem>k$1 m\nta9s are a gigantic regi/]+ !rmomet] hav+ = ! freez+-po9t ! l9e ( p]petual sn[4 ,! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts = measur+ temp]ature & b>ometric pressure made possible ! quantitative obs]vations t h suppli$ ! data = d$uc+ ! laws gov]n+ ! atmosph]e4 ,! olde/ meteorological in/rum5t is1 no d\bt1 ! wea!r or w9d-vane1 :i* _h its orig9 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! next olde/ is ! hygromet]1 or in/rum5t = measur+ moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! =m :i* acts by absorption dat+ f ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! cond5sation hygromet] be+ a c5tury y\ng]4 ,next 9 *ronological ord] comes ! ra9-gauge1 :i* appe>s to h be5 us$ by ,ca/elli1 a fri5d ( ,galileo1 9 ! ye> #afci4 ,! hi/ory ( t important in/rum5t1 ! !rmomet]1 is obscure1 b x is c]ta9 t ,galileo 9 ,padua us$ an air-!rmomet] 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* ,rey1 a ,fr5* physician1 fill$ ) liquid 9 #afca4 ,?is !rmomet]1 z well z o!r physical in/rum5ts1 0 p]fect$ by memb]s ( ! ,accademia del ,cim5to at ,flor5ce4 ,^! in/rum5ts are describ$ 9 ,saggi di ,naturali ,esp]i5za1 writt5 9 #afff1 & translat$ into ,lat9 & ,engli%4 ,! ,flor5t9e !rmomet]s _h "o fix$ po9t1 t ( freez+ wat]1 & conta9$ ei!r spirits or m]cury4 ,9 #agbd ,fahr5heit1 9 ,danzig1 fix$ ?ree po9ts on ! scale ( ! m]curial !rmomet]1 viz4 ! cold produc$ by ice & sal-ammoniac :i* he call$ #j1 freez+ wat] or #cb1 & ! heat ( ! human blood :i* he assum$ to be #if4 ,?is !rmometric scale1 hav+ #ahj betwe5 freez+ & boil+ wat]1 & t ( ,celsius1 ) #ajj1 are ! only ones 9 sci5tific use to-day4 ,x is a rem>kable fact 9 ! hi/ory ( !rmomet]s t nei!r ( ^! !rmomet]s rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e x 0 inv5t$2 ?us ! !rmomet] ( ,fahr5heit1 a ,g]man1 came into use exclusively 9 ,engl& & h] colonies1 :ile t ( ,celsius1 a ,sw$e1 is n[ us$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe except 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! !rmomet] ( ,raumur1 a ,fr5*man1 is /ill 9 popul> use4 ,( ! f\r fundam5tal meteorological in/rum5ts1 ! b>omet] 0 ! la/ inv5t$4 ,ari/otle _h suspect$ t air _h weight1 b x 0 n demon/rat$ until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! old axiom t ,nature abhors a vacuum 0 replac$ by ! rational explanation1 giv5 by ,galileo & ,torricelli1 8 pupil1 :y wat] w n rise 9 a suction pump m ?an ?irty-two feet4 ,9 #afdc ,torricelli execut$ ?is fam\s exp]im5t3 he took a glass tube1 seal$ at "o end1 & fill$ x ) m]cury1 !n1 clos+ ! op5 end ) 8 f+]1 he inv]t$ x 9 a bas9 ( m]cury4 ,! m]cury fell to ab\t ?irty in*es1 :i* 0 recogniz$ to be ! weight ( a column hav+ ! area ( ! tube & ( ! height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! application ( ! b>omet] 0 due to ,blaise ,pascal1 :o repeat$ at ,r\5 ,torricelli's exp]im5t ) a mu* long] tube fill$ ) wat]1 :i* be+ ?irte5 times light] ?an m]cury1 /ood ?irte5 times high]1 or ?irty-two feet1 9 ! tube4 ,pascal1 be+ himself at ,p>is 9 #afdh1 got 8 bro!r-9-law ,p]i] to c>ry a b>ometric tube fill$ ) m]cury to ! top ( ! ,puy de ,dme1 a m\nta9 9 ,auv]gne ris+ ab\t #cejj feet above ! city ( ,cl]mont4 ,! m]cury fell 9 ! tube ) ! asc5t1 & at ! top ( ! m\nta9 x /ood "s ?ree in*es l[] ?an at ! base1 %[+ t ! l[] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e are d5s] ?an ! upp]4 ,pascal repeat$ ! exp]im5t on ! ,t[] ( ,/4 ,jacques 9 ,p>is1 & x is int]e/+ to note t m ?an two hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 meteorological /ations 7 e/abli%$ bo? !re & on ! ,puy de ,dme4 ,x 0 soon p]ceiv$ t n only did ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube *ange ) height1 b t x oscillat$ cont9ually at ! same place1 & f its obs]v$ relation to ! /ate ( ! wea!r its "n wea!r-glass is d]iv$4 ,9 #afej ! weight ( ! air 0 demon/rat$ 9 ano!r mann] by ,otto von ,gu]icke1 burgoma/] ( ,magdeburg1 :o by means ( an air-pump ( 8 inv5tion p]=m$ ! exp]im5t1 :i* ,ari/otle _h tri$ unsuccessfully1 ( weigh+ a vessel full ( air & ! same vessel exhau/$ ( air4 ,he also %[$ ! pressure ( ! air 9 all directions by ! fam\s exp]im5t ( ! ,magdeburg hemisph]es1 :i*1 be+ holl[1 7 plac$ toge!r1 & aft] ! air 0 exhau/$ f ! sph]e s =m$ sixte5 horses 7 unable to pull !m ap>t4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,rob]t ,boyle exp]im5t$ fur!r ^u ! weight & spr+ ( ! air1 z he call$ x1 & gave ! "n to ! b>omet]4 ,bo? ,boyle 9 ,engl& & ,m>iotte 9 ,france discov]$ ! law1 be>+ indiff]5tly _! names1 t ! pressure ( gases is proportional to _! d5sity4 ,halley1 a few ye>s lat]1 %[$ t ! rate ( decrease 9 pressure diff]$ f ! rate ( increase 9 height1 & develop$ =mul = measur+ heights by ! b>omet]1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ,laplace4 ,kn[+ ! heights ( ! b>omet] at a high & at a l[-level /ation1 & ! mean temp]ature ( ! air ly+ betwe5 !m1 x is possible to compute accurately ! diff]5ce ( height ( ! two /ations1 or1 conv]sely1 giv5 ?is height1 ! diff]5ce 9 b>ometric pressure c be calculat$4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! mo/ important meteorological in/rum5ts _h be5 inv5t$1 & n only c ,italy claim to be _! bir?place1 b ! ,gr& ,duke ,f]d9& ,,ii41 ^: bro!r ,leopold f\nd$ ! ,accademia del ,cim5to1 di/ribut$ ! new in/rum5ts 9 ,italy & ev5 beyond ! ,alps1 s t 9 #afed obs]vations sev]al times a day 7 begun at a doz5 /ations4 ,! obs]vations 9 ,flor5ce f #afej to #afgj 7 pres]v$ & con/itute ! comm5cem5t ( in/rum5tal meteorology4 ,x 0 ! conque/ ( ,p]u :i*1 by lead+ m5 ov] ! high passes ( ! ,&es1 fir/ br\ght !m to great heights1 b al?\gh we f9d m5tion 9 ! hi/ory ( ! exp$itions ( ! s-call$ m\nta9 sickness1 caus$ by fatigue z well z by cold & r>efi$ air1 x does n appe> t sci5tific obs]vations 7 made4 ,!re=e1 :ile x mu/ be assum$ t ! atmosph]ic conditions at consid]able altitudes 7 famili> to travell]s1 yet n until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury did ,b\gu]1 "o ( ?ree ,fr5* ,academicians s5t to ,p]u on a geodetic mission1 fix ! height ( ! freez+ po9t 9 v>i\s latitudes1 aft] obs]v+ t ! temp]ature fell bel[ freez+ at night ^u ! m\nta9s ne> ! equator4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury1 ,kirwan1 an ,engli% *emi/1 calculat$ ! temp]ature = v>i\s p>allels ( latitude1 & 9 #ahag ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 aft] a voyage ar\nd ! _w1 publi%$ 8 iso!rmal l9es1 or l9es ( equal temp]ature on ! surface ( ! globe1 by :i* he %[$ t ! deviation f ! normal1 or calculat$1 temp]ature arose f ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 & f ! geographical relief ( ! =m]4 ,?is "w ( von ,humboldt =m$ ! basis ( all subsequ5t /udies 9 comp>ative climatology4 ,mean:ile *emi/ry _h kept pace ) physics1 & 9 #aggd ! old !ory1 t air 0 "o ( ! f\r elem5ts f :i* all ?+s orig9at$1 0 r5d]$ unt5able by ,prie/ley1 :o prov$ t oxyg5 gas1 :i* he discov]$1 0 a con/itu5t "p ( air4 ,! o!r con/itu5t1 nitrog51 =m]ly call$ azote f its de/ructiv5ess to life1 0 discov]$ soon aft]w>ds1 & its proportion 9 ! air det]m9$ by ! ,fr5* *emi/1 ,lavoisi]4 ,9 #aghc man became possess$ ( ! long-s\ght-= means ( ris+ freely 9 ! air1 & he spe$ily avail$ himself ( x4 ,! fir/ balloons1 fill$ ) heat$ air1 7 call$ ,montgolfires f ! inv5tors1 ! bro!rs ,montgolfi]1 liv+ 9 ,annonay1 ,france4 ,aft] animals _h be5 s5t up atta*$ to "o1 ,piltre de ,rozi] v5tur$ to asc5d 9 ! a]o/atic ma*9e1 fir/ te!r$ captive b !n set free1 & be=e ! close ( ! ye> a balloon1 fill$ ) hydrog5 gas1 or inflammable air z x 0 call$1 c>ri$ ,m4 ,*>les #ijjj feet above ,p>is4 ,dur+ m ?an a c5tury ! balloon has be5 ! mo/ important ag5t = ! exploration ( ! atmosph]e1 & yet1 not)/&+ ! c\rage & devotion to sci5ce ( ! e>ly a]onauts1 _! asc5ts ) unsuitable in/rum5ts furni%$ mu* discordant & errone\s data4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable balloon voyages & ! mod]n me?ods ( s\nd+ & dr$g+ ! atmosph]e1 to borr[ t]ms f ! exploration ( ! ocean1 w be describ$ 9 two future *apt]s4 ,p]haps ! *ief reason = ! sl[ progress ( meteorology to ! /atus ( a sci5ce is ! v>iable "* ( its ph5om5a ) ! place ( obs]vation4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f a/ronomy1 :i* 0 m easily cultivat$ 9 ! re/rict$ anci5t _w4 ,only aft] _m ye>s ( obs]vation at diff]5t places _h contribut$ a f\ndation = climatology 0 x realiz$ t man1 9 8 relation to ! atmosph]e1 resembl$ m>9e organisms conf9$ to ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & t 9 ord] to discov] ! true conditions ( ! atmosph]e x 0 necess>y to obs]ve !m at consid]able heights4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ! highe/ po9t at :i* physical obs]vations _h be5 made 0 ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 less ?an #af1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! asc5t ( ?is m\nta9 0 fir/ accompli%$ 9 #aghg by ,h4 ,b4 ,de ,saussure & 8 guides ) mu* difficulty & suff]+1 & ! obs]vations1 abridg$ & r5d]$ less accurate by ! fatigue & sickness ( ,de ,saussure1 7 also influ5c$ by ! proximity ( ! m\nta9 itself4 ,9 #ahjb von ,humboldt & ,bonpl& rea*$ a height ( ab\t #ah1jjj feet 9 ! ,&es1 :]e !y made important obs]vations4 ,! asc5t ( man 0 rapid dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = 9 #ahjd ,gay-,lussac rose 9 a balloon1 )\t ex]tion or discom=t1 to ! height ( #bc1jjj feet1 & !re made obs]vations :i* 7 assum$ to give ! true atmosph]ic conditions4 ,aft] an active campaign ! conque/ ( ! air by balloons 0 tempor>ily ab&on$1 & ! field 0 left free to ! m\nta9e]4 ,b to-day supremacy re/s ) ! a]onaut1 = no "o has succe$$ 9 gett+ high] ?an #bd1jjj feet on a m\nta91 :ile ! a]onaut has exce$$ ?is altitude by a mile )\t great h>d%ip1 & lately has s5t 8 unmann$ balloons twice z high z ! l(tie/ m\nta9s4 ,plate ,i41 head$ ,! ,exploration ( ! ,atmosph]e1 repres5ts a v]tical section ( ! l[] portion ( our atmosph]e4 ,on ! "r is a scale ( miles above ! sea1 & on ! left is a scale ( b>ometric pressures correspond+ to ! height4 ,! "r-h& half ( ! diagram %[s ! ea/]n hemisph]e ) ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 ! left-h& half ! we/]n hemisph]e ) ! ,&es4 ,!re are se5 ! heights ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( cl\ds1 measur$ at ,blue ,hill1 z describ$ 9 ! next *apt]2 ! highe/ meteorological /ations1 ^? on ,mont ,blanc & ,el ,mi/i 9 ,p]u2 ! highe/ p]man5tly inhabit$ place1 :i* is a mona/]y 9 ,?ibet2 & ! greate/ height to :i* man has climb$1 namely1 9 ! ,&es4 ,! heights at :i* obs]vations h be5 made 9 balloons1 c>ry+ obs]v]s1 or only record+ in/rum5ts1 may be comp>$ ) ! height atta9$ by ! ,blue ,hill kites1 to be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,o!r altitudes c be not$1 su* z ! height ( ! sn[-l9e on v>i\s m\nta9s1 & z a ?\s&-foot measure1 ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is1 ! talle/ /ructure erect$ by man1 may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,comp>ative ,,altitudes4 ,! developm5t ( meteorological k to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury has n[ be5 trac$1 b be=e beg9n+ ! consid]ation ( ! me?ods ( explor+ ! atmosph]e t =m ! subject ( ! book1 let u1 9 ord] to und]/& ?is "w bett]1 review ! g5]al k :i* we possess ( our atmosph]e z reg>ds its orig91 composition1 ext5t1 & conditions ( heat & moi/ure4 ,fir/1 !n1 reg>d+ ! ,orig9 ( ! ,atmosph]e1 or vap\r envelope :i* ! "n means4 ,accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 our e>?1 l all exi/+ suns & planets1 0 cond5s$ f cl\ds ( nebul\s matt] & became a highly-heat$ globul> mass rotat+1 l e cele/ial body1 f we/ to ea/4 ,z ! e>? cool$1 a cru/ 0 =m$1 & _m ( ! sub/ances t n[ exi/ 9 ! e>? 7 susp5d$ z cl\ds 9 ! cool] atmosph]e surr\nd+ x4 ,ev5tually1 ^! sub/ances 7 cond5s$ ^u ! cru/2 ! oxyg51 especially1 mu/ h be5 dim9i%$ by comb9+ ) ! rocks1 :ile ! light] gases1 su* z hydrog51 may h escap$ f ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,no d\bt1 :5 vegetable & animal life began1 ! e>?'s atmosph]e 0 d5s] ?an n[ & mu* ri*] 9 c>bonic acid1 :i*1 dur+ ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 0 absorb$ by plants1 & is n[ imprison$ 9 coal & lime/one4 ,)9 hi/oric times1 h[ev]1 !re is no evid5ce ( any *ange 9 ! composition ( our atmosph]e1 or ! climatic conditions z a :ole4 ,m4 ,j\rdanet1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* physiologi/1 ma9ta9$ t man appe>$ on ! e>? at ! close ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 :5 ! b>ometric pressure at sea-level 01 he suppos$1 ab\t =ty-?ree in*es1 or ne>ly a half m ?an x is to-day1 & ow+ to ! great] d5sity ( ! air its temp]ature 0 also consid]ably high]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances he believ$ t man fir/ occupi$ ! high regions ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & only emigrat$ to l[] levels :5 ! climatic conditions became ameliorat$4 ,9 o!r words1 ,m4 ,j\rdanet believ$ 9 a lit]al desc5t ( man1 b if ?is be true1 _m ( ! race h return$ to _! bir?place1 = to-day millions ( p dwell on ! great ,asiatic plateau1 & on ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cordill]a1 at an av]age altitude ( #aj1jjj feet1 :ile a few live ?r\gh\t ! ye> at extreme heights ( #ae1jjj feet4 ,composition ( ! ,atmosph]e4--,dry air is a mixture ( ab\t "o-fif? ( a volume ( oxyg5 to f\r-fif?s ( a volume ( nitrog51 besides a v small quantity 7#c_/aj1jjj7 ( c>bonic acid1 traces ( ammonia1 ozone1 argon1 & o!r rec5tly discov]$ gases4 ,! oxyg5 consum$1 & ! c>bonic acid giv5 (f by animal life & by combu/ion1 are ma9ta9$ 9 ?is fix$ proportion 9 ! free air by ! absorption ( ! c>bonic acid1 & ! sett+ free ( oxyg5 by vegetation4 ,by diffusion & ! mobility ( ! air1 a ?or\gh mixture is effect$1 ) ! result t ! fundam5tal composition ( our atmosph]e is ev]y:]e ne>ly ! same4 ,9 ! l[] atmosph]e ! vap\r ( wat] is pres5t 9 a v>y+ quantity1 9 ! av]age ab\t "o p] c5t4 9 weight1 ) a volume dep5d+ on ! temp]ature4 ,du/ is always susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e2 ! co>s] p>ticles settle1 b ! f9] ones1 t come f volcanoes1 may float = a long "t 9 ! high atmosph]e4 ,du/ is an important factor 9 ! production ( cl\ds & ra91 & occasions _m optical ph5om5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,optical ,,ph5om5a ,,%[+ ,,! ,,height ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,ext5t ( ! ,atmosph]e4--,if ! atmosph]e 7 incompressible & _h ?r\gh\t ! d5sity t x has at ! e>?1 its height w\ld be ab\t five miles only1 b actually x is compos$ ( gases t foll[ ,boyle's law & v>y 9 volume inv]sely z ! pressure ^u !m4 ,s9ce ! pressure decreases ) height 9 a geometrical progression1 x w\ld be halv$ = ea* ?ree & a half miles ( asc5t 7 ! temp]ature con/ant1 b z ! temp]ature also decreases ) height1 ! successive int]vals1 beg9n+ ) ?ree & a half miles1 become %ort] because ! volume ( a gas dep5ds on its temp]ature z well z on ! pressure ^u x4 ,! decrease ( pressure ) increas+ height above ! e>? is %[n by ! left-h& scale ( ,plate ,i41 already describ$1 & ! subsequ5t dim9ution ( d5sity to ! limits ( our measurable atmosph]e is indicat$ on ! "r ( ,plate ,,ii41 ,optical ,ph5om5a %[+ ! ,height ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,! gases compos+ ! atmosph]e probably ext5d to heights proportional to _! d5sity2 viz4 oxyg5 to ab\t ?irty miles & nitrog5 to ?irty-five miles1 al?\gh wat]-vap\r ne>ly disappe>s at twelve miles4 ,f ^! consid]ations x is suppos$ t ! atmosph]e1 z measurable by ! b>omet]1 vani%es at ab\t ?irty-eight miles1 & ?is is ab\t ! height indicat$ by twilight1 :i* is ! reflect$ light ( ! sun :5 #ah bel[ ! horizon4 ,aft] ! great eruption ( ! volcano ,krakatoa 9 ! ,s\? ,seas 9 #ahhc1 ! brilliant sunset gl[s & ! long] twilight %[$ t ! du/ emitt$ by ! eruption rema9$ = m ?an a ye> susp5d$ at a height ( at lea/ sixty miles4 ,! s-call$ lum9\s cl\ds se5 at night dur+ ! same p]iod1 & :i* 7 probably ^! same du/ p>ticles /ill illum9$ by ! sun1 7 f\nd by trigonometrical measurem5ts to h ab\t ! same altitude4 ,al?\gh x is comput$ t at a height ( sev5ty miles ! air has less ?an "o-million? ( its d5sity at sea-level--:i* is ab\t ! d5sity ( ! air rema9+ 9 ! exhau/$ bulb ( an inc&esc5t electric lamp--x is !re suffici5tly d5se to r5d] meteors lum9\s by friction aft] !y ) great velocity ent] our atmosph]e4 ,! height ( ^! meteors has be5 f\nd1 f simultane\s trigonometrical measures at two /ations1 sometimes to exce$ "o hundr$ miles1 & if we suppose ! aurora borealis to be an electrical dis*>ge 9 highly r>efi$ air1 measures made 9 ! same way indicate z great a height = our atmosph]e4 ,! height ( ! aurora v>ies enorm\sly1 b ! av]age altitude ( x & ( ! o!r ph5om5a describ$1 ) ! correspond+ comput$ d5sity ( ! air1 are %[n 9 ! prec$+ diagram1 9 :i* ! dep? ( ! ocean ( air may be comp>$ ) ! deepe/ seas & ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,:ile1 z ,pr(essor ,"y says1 x _c be ass]t$ t ! atmosph]e has any def9$ upp] limit1 yet ! k9etic !ory ( gases seems to af=d evid5ce t ! molecules ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 d n escape f ! e>?'s attraction1 & !re=e ! hypo!sis ( ,pr(essor ,fr/] is unw>rant$1 t int]planet>y space is fill$ ) ,himmelsluft1 or v ?9 air4 ,temp]ature ( ! ,atmosph]e4--,! w>m? ( ! atmosph]e is d]iv$ *iefly f ! sun's rays :i*1 arre/$ by ! e>?'s surface1 are p>tly reflect$ & p>tly radiat$ back ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,n m ?an sev5ty-five p] c5t4--,pr(essor ,langley says only sixty p] c5t4--( ! heat ( ! sun1 :i* is receiv$ v]tically on ! upp] surface ( ! atmosph]e1 p5etrates to ! e>?1 & v mu* less ?an ?is :5 ! angle ( ! sun is l[4 ,! reason :y temp]ature dim9i%es z we asc5d1 is p>tly ow+ to ! great] loss ( heat by radiation ?r\gh ! ?9n] envelope ( ! upp] /rata1 & p>tly ow+ to ! great] absorption ( ! heat giv5 (f f ! e>? by ! l[] & d5s] /rata4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t !re is a dim9ution ( #a ,fahr5heit = ea* ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet t we rise v]tically1 b1 ?is rate v>ies greatly at diff]5t heights1 places1 & times4 ,= in/ance1 ! decrease is n ! same on m\nta9s z x is 9 ! free air1 & 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e x is great] on ! s\? ?an on ! nor? sides ( m\nta9s2 x is usually greate/ ne> ! gr\nd1 & is fa/] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,b 9 ! av]age1 ! temp]ature falls z mu* = ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet ( elevation z x does = a *ange ( sev5ty miles on ! e>?'s surface nor? or s\? ( ! equator4 ,:5 dry air rises1 because x is heat$ & !reby is made light]1 ! laws ( !rmo-dynamics %[ t1 by reason ( its expansion1 its temp]ature is decreas$ #a ,fahr5heit = ea* "o hundr$ & eighty-?ree feet t x asc5ds1 &1 by compression1 its temp]ature is increas$ z mu* if x is made to desc5d ! same di/ance4 ,?is is call$ ! adiabatic rate ( *ange ( temp]ature1 because x is produc$ by an alt]ation 9 ! d5sity ( ! air1 due to v>iation 9 pressure1 )\t ! addition or loss ( heat4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is book !re w be occasion frequ5tly to ref] to ?is law ( heat+ & cool+4 ,! adiabatic rate ( *ange is seldom obs]v$ on m\nta9s because ( _! influ5ce ^u ! curr5ts ( air 9 contact ) _! flanks1 or ev5 9 balloons1 on acc\nt ( imp]fect measurem5ts1 b1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! clos+ *apt]1 ! adiabatic *ange ( temp]ature is confirm$ by ! obs]vations ) kites1 :i* furni% ! be/ me?od ( obta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! free air up to mod]ate heights4 ,! adiabatic cool+ ( ris+ curr5ts ( air is ano!r reason = ! rapid decrease ( temp]ature ) height up to a mile or m4 ,! upp] air alt]s its temp]ature f diurnal & seasonal causes mu* m sl[ly ?an ! l[] air1 & a mile above ! e>? ! daily *ange ( temp]ature1 ap>t f ! passage ( w>m & cold waves1 is less ?an "o degree4 ,at a height ( six miles above ! e>? a temp]ature mu* bel[ z]o con/antly prevails1 :ile1 at t5 miles1 #hj bel[ z]o has be5 record$ 9 a balloon--?is is approximately ! temp]ature prevail+ w9t] & summ] above pole & equator4 ,^! facts are express$ graphically 9 ,plate ,,iii41 ,temp]ature at ,diff]5t ,latitudes & ,altitudes1 :i* repres5ts half ( a section ( ! e>?1 f ! nor? pole to ! equator1 ) ! sup]9cumb5t atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,temp]ature ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,latitudes ,,& ,,altitudes4 ,p]haps x %\ld be expla9$1 t :]eas ! curvature ( ! e>? ) respect to ! height ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! previ\s diagram 0 n exagg]at$1 9 ! pres5t diagram ! height ( ! atmosph]e ov] ! radius ( ! e>? is enorm\sly increas$4 ,at ! nor? pole ! mean annual temp]ature is ab\t #j ,fahr5heit1 & at ! equator x is ab\t #hj4 ,x is se5 t ! atmosph]ic lay] hav+ a temp]ature ( #ej 7"h repres5t$ 9 section by a l9e7 t\*es ! e>? at #de latitude1 b is ab\t two miles above ! equator4 ,9 ! same way ! l9e ( freez+ 7#cb7 leaves ! e>?'s surface at #eh latitude & rises to ab\t ?ree & a half miles ov] ! equator2 ! l9e ( #j rises f ! pole to ab\t sev5 miles at ! equator4 ,?is is famili>ly illu/rat$ by ! fact t only ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! tropics are sn[-capp$1 :ile )9 ! ,arctic circle ! sn[-l9e desc5ds ne>ly to sea-level4 ,! l9es 9 ! diagram %[ ! mean annual temp]atures1 b ! iso!rmal surfaces rise 9 summ] & s9k 9 w9t]1 ! *ange ( altitude be+ greate/ 9 nor!rn regions & ne> ! gr\nd4 ,frequ5tly !re is an inv]sion ( temp]ature1 t is to say1 x is w>m] above ?an bel[4 ,notably1 9 ,sib]ia1 :]e ! w9t] temp]ature is #fj bel[ z]o1 !re c be no imm$iate decrease ( temp]ature ) height1 & x is probable t !re is a w>m] lay] ( air int]pos$ betwe5 ! v cold e>? & ! /ill cold] upp] air1 s t ! temp]ature fir/ rises rapidly ) elevation & !n falls sl[ly to ! limits ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 temp]ate latitudes x (t5 happ5s1 ) a high b>ometric pressure1 9 w9t] t ! m\nta9 /ations enjoy a long p]iod ( /ill & relatively w>m wea!r1 z comp>$ to t exp]i5c$ 9 ! valleys4 ,b ! subject ( inv]sions ( temp]ature w be discuss$ at l5g? 9 consid]+ ! results ( ! balloon & kite obs]vations4 ,! obs]vations f balloons at great heights are nei!r suffici5tly num]\s nor accurate to enable u to =m an op9ion z to :at is ! temp]ature ( int]planet>y space1 :i* ! k9etic !ory ( gases places at #dfj ,fahr5heit bel[ z]o4 ,?is temp]ature is call$ ! absolute z]o1 & is calculat$ f ! fact t air "u a con/ant pressure contracts #a_/dij ( its volume = ea* degree ,fahr5heit x is cool$ bel[ ! temp]ature ( freez+ wat]1 & consequ5tly "u no pressure x %\ld h an inf9ite volume & a temp]ature ( ab\t #dij bel[ freez+1 or #deh bel[ z]o4 ,!re are o!r hypo!ses reg>d+ ! temp]ature ( space1 b s9ce x c nev] be measur$ directly1 x w probably rema9 a matt] ( speculation4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t if ! e>? 7 depriv$ ( its atmosph]e1 ! temp]ature w\ld fall v l[1 & ev5 ) our atmosph]e z a blanket our e>? w\ld be un9habitable 7 x n = ! aque\s vap\r :i* controls ! selective absorption ( ! sol> rays1 trans=m+ !m into obscure rays s t !y _c escape f ! atmosph]e4 ,wat]-vap\r1 !n1 is a v important factor 9 ! physics ( ! atmosph]e1 b x c only be consid]$ briefly "h4 ,moi/ure ( ! ,atmosph]e4--,! air is con/antly absorb+ moi/ure f ! wat] on ! e>?1 b ! t5sion ( ?is aque\s vap\r decreases ) elevation mu* fa/] ?an does ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,at ! height ( ab\t a mile & a qu>t] half ! quantity ( wat]-vap\r is bel[1 :ile we mu/ rise ab\t ?ree & a half miles to r$uce ! quantity ( air "o-half1 z may be se5 9 ,plate ,i4 ,! relative humidity1 or ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 z comp>$ to ! am\nt :i* x c\ld conta9 at t temp]ature1 is ne>ly ! rev]se at l[ & at high levels4 ,x is f\nd f ! kite-obs]vations at ,blue ,hill1 t up to ! height ( a mile or two ! air is dri] dur+ w9t] & at night1 & damp] dur+ summ] & 9 ! day-"t ?an x is ne> ! gr\nd4 ,at great heights probably ! air is always v dry4 ,! cond5sation ( ! invisible vap\r into a visible =m is consid]$ 9 ! next *apt] on cl\ds4 ,x is app>5t t our obs]vational k ( ! atmosph]e is ga9$ by two g5]al me?ods ( explor+ x1 viz4 obs]vations made f ! e>? ^u cl\ds & optical ph5om5a at a di/ance1 & obs]vations made directly 9 ! air itself4 ,al?\gh x 0 realiz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury t meteorological obs]vations 7 almo/ all conduct$ at ! v bottom ( our atmosph]e--9 ! %oals & %all[s ( ! ocean ( air1 von ,humboldt said--yet only )9 ! pa/ ?irty ye>s 0 x ?\ght necess>y to replace ! occasional obs]vations on m\nta9s by sy/ematic & long-cont9u$ ones1 comp>able to ^? s g5]ally c>ri$ on at l[ levels4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ! zeal 9 ,am]ica to advance ! "y sci5ce ( meteorology1 t ! fir/ m\nta9-top /ation 9 ! _w 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahga ^u ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 & t bo? ?is expos$ po/ ( obs]vation1 #fcjj feet above ! sea1 & ! "o m ?an twice z high on ,pike's ,peak1 :i* 0 = a long "t ! highe/ 9 ! _w1 7 ma9ta9$ = _m ye>s by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,s]vice4 ,! pres5t highe/ /ation 9 ! _w is ma9ta9$ by ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory ^u ,el ,mi/i 9 ,p]u1 :]e1 at a height exce$+ #ai1jjj feet1 a comb9ation ( self-record+ in/rum5ts 0 con/ruct$ by my assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 to op]ate dur+ ?ree mon?s )\t att5tion4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! addition to our k ( ! physics ( ! atmosph]e af=d$ by ! ,am]ican /ations has be5 slight & incomm5surate ) ! exp5se incurr$4 ,m has be5 ga9$ f ! m\nta9 /ations 9 ,europe1 notably f ^? 9 ! ,au/rian ,alps1 :i* h furni%$ data = ,dr4 ,hann's spl5did discussions ( ! !rmo-dynamics ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:ile m\nta9 /ations pres5t ! only means ( obta9+ cont9u\s obs]vations at a consid]able & con/ant height1 /ill !y h s]i\s drawbacks4 ,n only is ! di/ribution ( m\nta9s ov] our globe irregul>1 b s9ce !y =m "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 t]re/rial influ5ces affect all obs]vations made ^u !m4 ,9 ! case ( plateaux ?is 0 at once admitt$1 b by plac+ ! /ations on ! summits ( high & isolat$ peaks1 x 0 hop$ to approximate to ! conditions ( ! free air4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e is s delicate t = its dynamical /udy exact & m9ute measurem5ts ( temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & curr5ts are requir$1 & ! me?ods :i* w be describ$ are int5d$ to give ! values ( ^! elem5ts free f t]re/rial di/urbances4 ,cl\ds1 balloons1 & kites naturally supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,:ile cl\ds indicate ! direction & velocity ( ! air at diff]5t heights1 yet ! l[] cl\ds (t5 conceal ! upp] /rata1 or !re may be no cl\ds at all1 9 :i* case balloons or kites w aid u to det]m9e ! drift ( ! curr5ts4 ,:5 !re is little w9d at ! gr\nd1 or to rea* heights ( sev]al miles1 we mu/ employ balloons1 b o!rwise kites are pref]able 9 mo/ cases4 ,! !rmal & hygrometric conditions ( ! free air c be asc]ta9$ only by p]sonal obs]vations 9 balloons1 or by rais+ self-record+ in/rum5ts ) balloons & kites1 & ?is latt] me?od x is pr$ict$ w be ! pa? ( greate/ progress4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,cl\ds--,,=mation ,,& ,,classification--,,measurem5ts ,,at ,,blue ,,hill--,,! ,,int]national ,,obs]vations ,cl\ds mu/ h be5 among ! e>lie/ obs]v$ natural ph5om5a1 & !y 7 us$ f "t immemorial z wea!r signs4 ,yet _! e-day occurr5ce 0 v likely ! reason :y _! orig9 0 n /udi$ until ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,fa!r ,cotte1 9 8 classic "w on meteorology1 publi%$ 9 #aggd1 devotes only a c\ple ( p>agraphs to cl\ds1 b ,abb ,ri*>d1 9 8 contempor>y ,hi/oire ,naturelle de l',air1 discusses ! appe>ance & !ories ( cl\ds 9 t5 *apt]s4 ,! cause ( evaporation 0 unkn[n 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & x 0 n until its close t ,dalton1 ! ,engli% *emi/1 prov$ t wat]-vap\r exi/s indep5d5tly 9 ! air1 & ,hutton expla9$ t precipitation 0 produc$ by ! contact ( a curr5t ( saturat$ air ) a cold] "o4 ,al?\gh !re rema9s mu* to be le>n$ ab\t cl\d =mation1 yet x is n[ pretty well e/abli%$ t its mo/ effective cause is ! asc5t1 & consequ5t cool+ by expansion ( ! air1 r ?an ! mixture ( masses ( air hav+ diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! asc5t ( ! air may result f its be+ =c$ up a m\nta9 slope by its horizontal movem5t1 or f its be+ drawn up 9 a vortex1 b mo/ commonly ! air rises f its less5$ specific gravity :5 w>m$4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! quiesc5t air decreases fa/] ?an #a = ea* #ahc feet ( height1 :i* is ! adiabatic rate ( cool+ = dry air1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 air w>m$ locally w rise & cool at ?is rate until ! dew-po9t is rea*$4 ,!n ! vap\r 9 ! air w be cond5s$ ^u p>ticles ( du/1 :i* ,aitk5 f\nd to be m num]\s 9 cl\ds ?an outside !m4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! cl\ds =m$ by ris+ curr5ts is ! cumulus1 or r\nd$ summ] cl\d1 :i* has be5 aptly t]m$ ! visible capital ( an invisible column ( air4 ,saturat$ air cools z x rises m sl[ly ?an dry air1 consequ5tly ! upw>d motion is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! cl\d mass1 caus+ ! swell+ up ( ! tops ( ! cumulus cl\ds1 :i* rea* _! highe/ developm5t 9 ! ?und] cl\ds1 or cumulo-nimbus1 z !y are call$4 ,! l[] limit ( ! cl\d region is det]m9$ !re=e by ! height at :i* ! ris+ curr5ts rea* _! dew-po9t1 & ! altitude ( ! cl\d =mation dep5ds ^u ! humidity ( ! asc5d+ curr5t1 ! dri] x is1 s mu* ! high] mu/ x rise to h its vap\r cond5s$4 ,9 /orms ! ris+ curr5t m+les ) ! /rong] horizontal curr5t above1 :i* c>ries ) x ! upp] portion ( ! cl\d1 & cov]s ! :ole sky ) a uni=m %eet4 ,! wave1 or ripple cl\d1 has be5 expla9$ by von ,helmholtz & von ,bezold to be due to ! undulations 9 a horizontal curr5t produc+ alt]nate r>efaction & cond5sation ( its wat]-vap\r ?r\gh *anges ( temp]ature4 ,/ill ano!r cause ( l[-ly+ cl\ds is ! cool+ ( ! air to its dew-po9t by contact ) a cold surface1 su* z ! e>? :5 cool$ by radiation dur+ a cle> night1 or ! pol> curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,fog is (t5 =m$ 9 ?is way1 :i* we call /ratus cl\d :5 x rises above u4 ,! highe/ cl\ds consi/ ( ice cry/als1 because ! temp]ature ( ! air :]e !y are is mu* bel[ t ( freez+ wat]4 ,al?\gh x is possible to cool drops ( wat] consid]ably bel[ #cb ,fahr5heit )\t congelation1 yet x c be told ) c]ta9ty t ! cl\ds are compos$ ( ice if ! sun & moon :5 se5 ?r\gh !m are surr\nd$ by ! l>ge r+s or halos1 :i* ! !ory ( optics %[s c only result f refraction ( light by ice cry/als1 :]eas wat] drops 9 ! cl\ds produce ! small] col\r$ r+s1 :i* are call$ coron4 ,! old "q1 :y cl\ds float unless _! p>ticles are holl[1 is easily answ]$1 = !y d n float1 & always t5d to s9k if !y are n support$ by ! curr5ts ( air4 ,9 s9k+ into w>m] air ! p>ticles are vap\riz$ & become invisible1 b o!rs ris+ are cond5s$ & take _! places1 s t ! cl\d p]si/s1 al?\gh its p>ticles *ange4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! cl\d bann]s1 :i* frequ5tly /ream f m\nta9 peaks1 & are caus$ by ! rise ( air up ! m\nta9 side4 ,ev5 9 a /rong w9d ! cl\d rema9s atta*$ to ! peak1 %[+ t its p>ticles are be+ r5ew$ cont9ually2 b if1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! w9d desc5ds on ! leew>d side ( ! m\nta91 ! cl\d p>ticles disappe>4 ,lam>ck1 ! celebrat$ naturali/1 9 ! op5+ ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 fir/ propos$ a classification ( cl\d =ms4 ,two ye>s lat] ,luke ,h[>d1 a ,london m]*ant1 publi%$ 8 epo*-mak+ essay on ,! ,modifications ( ,cl\ds4 ,! !ories !re advanc$ & ! nom5clature propos$ h be5 accept$ g5]ally to our day1 not)/&+ ! m complete classifications devis$ by ,poy1 ,ley1 & o!rs4 ,h[>d believ$ t cl\ds are =m$ by ! aque\s vap\r :i* rises f ! e>?1 & t ! globules :i* compose !m are solid1 & are n fill$ ) hydrog5 gas z _h be5 ma9ta9$ by ,deluc & ,de ,saussure4 ,h[>d classifi$ ! cl\ds z we d to-day1 accord+ to _! appe>ance1 into ?ree pr9cipal types1 viz4 /ratus1 cumulus1 & cirrus1 :i* repres5t$ also l[1 middle1 & high cl\ds4 ,/ratus is ! %eet ( l[-ly+ cl\d :i* =ms at night1 & commonly re/s on ! e>?2 cumulus is ! heap$-up cl\d ( ! day-"t2 & cirrus is ! curl cl\d ( ! high atmosph]e4 ,^! ?ree types 7 fur!r divid$ into f\r int]m$iate types1 viz4 nimbus1 cumulo-/ratus1 cirro-/ratus1 & cirro-cumulus4 ,h[>d's nom5clature 0 us$ almo/ exclusively1 until 9 #ahhi ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,conf]5ce t met at ,p>is recomm5d$ ! adoption ( ano!r classification1 bas$ on ,h[>d's1 b modifi$ by two exp]ts1 ,ab]cromby ( ,engl& & ,hildebr&sson ( ,sw$54 ,?is classification also disreg>d$ ! orig9 ( cl\ds1 & 0 bas$ only on _! appe>ance4 ,! next ye> an atlas1 ) col\r$ pictures ( ! cl\ds1 sep>at$ accord+ to ! new nom5clature1 ) descriptive text1 0 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,hildebr&sson1 assi/$ by ,drs4 ,neumay] & ,kpp5 ( ! ,deuts*e ,seew>te1 or ,g]man ,national ,meteorological ,obs]vatory4 ,?is atlas 0 adopt$ by ! pr9cipal meteorological in/itutions on ! cont95t ( ,europe = _! obs]v]s4 ,! preface conta9$ ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! /udy ( ! =ms ( cl\ds is daily increas+ 9 importance1 bo? f ! /&po9ts ( !ory & ( wea!r pr$iction4 ,obs]vations tak5 at ! bottom ( ! atmosph]ic ocean are pla9ly insuffici5t to det]m9e its circulation4 ,! cl\ds1 h[ev]1 furni% in=mation ab\t ! condition & motion ( ! air at v>i\s levels4 ,b1 a comp>ison ( ! obs]vations ( diff]5t obs]v]s is only possible :5 ! same ideas are connect$ ) ! same expressions4 ,x is h>dly possible to give a suffici5t v]bal description ( su* indet]m9ate & *angeable =ms z ^? ( ! cl\ds2 graphical repres5tations are !re=e necess>y1 ) ! help ( a %ort description1 9 ord] to enable an obs]v] to connect :at he sees 9 ! sky ) :at he f9ds 9 ! in/ructions4 ,9 ord] t a cl\d picture may be intelligible to non-speciali/s1 ! cl\ds & ! blue sky mu/1 at lea/1 be pla9ly di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! meet+ ( ! directors ( ! meteorological in/itutions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 :i* 0 held at ,muni* 9 #ahia1 decid$ to adopt ! classification ( ,ab]cromby & ,hildebr&sson1 & a committee 0 appo9t$ to prep>e an ,atlas ( ,cl\ds1 :i* %\ld be *eap] ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,?is committee1 ( :i* ! writ] has ! hon\r to be ! ,am]ican memb]1 met at ,upsala 9 #ahid4 ,x def9$ ! v>i\s =ms ( cl\ds1 select$ typical pictures to illu/rate !m1 & drew up in/ructions = obs]v+4 ,?is atlas1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahif1 is ! recogniz$ au?ority on cl\d =ms4 ,mean:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau _h issu$ a plate ( cl\ds1 pr9t$ 9 "o col\r1 to famili>ize its obs]v]s ) ! new sy/em4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t has also an int]e/ 9 cl\ds1 = sev]al ?\s& seam5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w s5d _! special logs to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice4 ,! ,hydrograph]1 a few ye>s ago1 0 ,capta9 ,sigsbee1 :o1 long be=e he became kn[n to ! public z comm&] ( ! ill-fat$ ,ma9e1 _h a*iev$ sci5tific reputation f 8 inve/igations ^u ! dep?s & ! curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,capta9 ,sigsbee desir$ to r5d] comp>able ! obs]vations ( cl\ds :i* 7 be+ made all ov] ! _w1 & to ?is end he resolv$ to publi% a col\r$ atlas ( ! int]national cl\d types :i* %\ld be intelligible to seam51 & yet n too co/ly = 8 (fice to supply4 ,aft] two ye>s ( exp]im5t+1 dur+ :i* ! writ] & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,clayton1 7 frequ5tly consult$1 ! ,illu/rative ,cl\d ,=ms1 ) & )\t descriptive text1 7 issu$ 9 #ahig by ! ,hydrographic ,(fice1 & 9 sev]al respects ?is atlas is ! be/4 ,/ill1 x is impossible = any?+ b a photograph f ! cl\d itself to %[ ! extreme delicacy ( c]ta9 =ms4 ,p]haps x %\ld be expla9$1 h[ev]1 t z ! blue sky & ! :ite cl\ds act ) almo/ equal act9ic effect ^u ! s5sitiz$ plate1 9 ord] to obta9 ! prop] contra/ betwe5 sky & cl\d x is necess>y ei!r to pol>ize ! light f ! sky1 or1 z is mo/ commonly done1 to sep>ate ! col\r$ rays by all[+ !m to pass ?r\gh a yell[ scre51 & to fall ^u auto*romatic plates4 ,be=e def9+ ! t5 pr9cipal types ( cl\d x %\ld be expla9$ t two g5]al classes ( cl\ds are di/+ui%$1 sep>ate or globul> masses1 :i* are mo/ frequ5tly se5 9 dry wea!r1 & =ms :i* are widely ext5d$ or completely cov] ! sky1 :i* are typical ( wet wea!r4 ,bo? ^! classes ( cl\ds are f\nd at all heights4 ,cirrus are ?91 fibr\s1 deta*$1 & fea!r-l cl\ds =m$ ( ice-cry/als4 ,!y are ! highe/ ( all ! cl\ds1 & move ) ! greate/ velocity4 ,cirro-/ratus =m a ?9 :iti% veil1 m or less fibr\s1 :i* (t5 produces halos ar\nd ! sun & moon & o!r optical ph5om5a4 ,cirro-cumulus are flocks ( small deta*$ fleecy cl\ds1 g5]ally :ite & )\t %ad[s4 ,alto-/ratus is a grey or blui% veil ?r\gh :i* ! sun & moon are fa9tly visible1 occasionally giv+ rise to coron4 ,its altitude is only ab\t half t ( ,cirro-/ratus4 ,alto-cumulus are flocks ( l>g]1 m or less r\nd$1 :ite or p>tially %ad$ masses1 (t5 t\*+ "o ano!r1 & frequ5tly arrang$ 9 l9es 9 "o or m directions4 ,/rato-cumulus are l>ge globul> masses or rolls ( d>k cl\d1 frequ5tly cov]+ ! :ole sky1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,cumulus are pil$ cl\ds ) conical or hemisph]ical tops & flat bases4 ,!y are =m$ by ris+ curr5ts ( heat$ air1 & are !re=e mo/ common 9 summ] & 9 tropical regions4 ,:5 brok5 up by /rong w9ds ! deta*$ portions are call$ ,fracto-cumulus4 ,cumulo-nimbus is ! massive ?und] %[] cl\d ris+ 9 ! =m ( m\nta9s or turrets1 & g5]ally hav+ above a scre5 ( fibr\s appe>ance 7,false ,cirrus71 & und]nea? a mass ( cl\d simil> to ,nimbus f :i* ra9 falls4 ,nimbus is a d5se1 d>k %eet ( ragg$ cl\d f :i* cont9u$ ra9 or sn[ g5]ally falls4 ,brok5 cl\ds und]nea?1 =m+ ! scud ( ! sailors1 are call$ ,fracto-nimbus4 ,/ratus is a ?9 uni=m lay] ( cl\d at a v l[ level4 ,:5 ! %eet is brok5 up into irregul> %r$s x is call$ ,fracto-/ratus4 ,hav+ describ$ ! orig9 & appe>ance ( ! diff]5t cl\ds1 an acc\nt w n[ be giv5 ( ! measurem5ts made at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory & ! in=mation :i* !y give ab\t ! circulation ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! "w !re 0 tak5 up 9 #ahhg 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]e/ ( ! meteorologi/1 ,mr4 ,clayton1 9 ! /udy ( cl\ds2 8 discussion ( ! cl\d obs]vations1 publi%$ two ye>s ago ) ! ,blue ,hill obs]vations1 has be5 t]m$ by f> ! mo/ ?or\gh /udy ( ! k9d ev] und]tak5 9 ,am]ica if n 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ ( ! conclusions :i* are /at$ popul>ly "h h _! sci5tific expression 9 8 "w4 ,! fir/ inve/igation relat$ to ! am\nt ( cl\d at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 & dur+ ! v>i\s seasons4 ,x is cu/om>y to note ! degree ( cl\d9ess on a scale ( f #j1 :5 !re are no cl\ds1 to #aj1 :5 ! :ole sky is cov]$4 ,= twelve ye>s ! am\nt ( cl\d at ea* h\r ( ! day has be5 record$ at ,blue ,hill4 ,! p]sonal obs]vations h be5 supplem5t$ dur+ ! day-"t by an automatic in/rum5t call$ a sun%9e-record]1 = x has be5 prov$ t ! cl\d9ess is v ne>ly ! inv]se ( ! bright sun%9e4 ,consequ5tly1 if1 z is usual !re1 ! sun %9es =ty-six p] c5t4 ( ! "t :5 x is above ! horizon1 ! cl\d9ess is v ne>ly fifty-f\r p] c5t41 :i* is ! av]age = ! ye>4 ,! in/rum5t g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose is a glass sph]e :i* acts z a burn+-glass1 & *>s a /rip ( c>dbo>d plac$ conc5trically ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! sph]e4 ,z ! sun moves1 ! image on ! c>d moves 9 ! opposite direction ov] ! c>d1 burn+ a l9e z long z x %9es1 b leav+ ! c>d unt\*$ :5 x is cl\dy4 ,9 a simil> way a record may be obta9$ on s5sitiz$ blue pap] by all[+ ! sun's rays to ent] a d>k *amb] conta9+ ! pap]4 ,! ma9t5ance ( p]sonal obs]vations at ea* h\r ( ! night is ardu\s1 &1 !re=e1 dur+ t5 ye>s an automatic in/rum5t has be5 us$ at ,blue ,hill :i* des]ves to be bett] kn[n4 ,x is call$ ! pole-/> record]1 & 0 devis$ by ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 director ( ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,! in/rum5t is v simple1 & consi/s ( a telescopic cam]a focuss$ on ,pol>is4 ,?is /> is n at ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s b a little m ?an a degree di/ant1 &1 consequ5tly1 x describes a small circle 9 ! heav5s dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! sky is cle> ar\nd ,pol>is its trail ^u ! photographic plate is cont9u\s1 b :5 ! sky is p>tly or entirely cov]$ ) cl\ds ! trail is brok5 or obscur$4 ,( c\rse ! plate is n expos$ until aft] d>k1 & a %utt] is clos$ by a clock be=e dawn4 ,! only h\rly records ( cl\d9ess at night 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are obta9$ by ?is in/rum5t on ,blue ,hill & at ,cambridge4 ,x w be object$1 p]haps1 t ! cl\d9ess d]iv$ f obs]vations ( ! sun or ! pole-/> is n ! am\nt ov] ! :ole sky1 b only t 9 ! region ( ! lum9>y4 ,?is is true1 b x is f\nd t ! av]age ( ! records = a mon? or a ye> agrees v closely ) ! av]age ( e/imates ( cl\d9ess ov] ! :ole sky dur+ ^! p]iods4 ,! use ( ! pole-/> is pref]able to t ( ! sun1 because 9 our latitude x gives values at a po9t ab\t half-way betwe5 ! horizon & ! z5i?2 :ile s9ce ! sun travels at a v>iable height across ! sky1 :5 its altitude is l[ ! same mass ( cl\d may int]cept m sunlight ?an :5 x %9es v]tically4 ,f t5 ye>s' obs]vations ! foll[+ d$uctions h be5 made conc]n+ ! v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( cl\d at ,blue ,hill4 ,= all ! mon?s ! diurnal am\nt ( cl\d is greate/ ab\t "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5cy ( cumulus cl\ds ne> ! w>me/ "p ( ! day1 :ile ! next greate/ am\nt1 due to ! frequ5cy ( /ratus cl\ds1 occurs ne> sunrise1 or at ! colde/ "t ( day4 ,all ov] ! _w ! lea/ cl\d9ess is 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! sum ( ! comb9$ effects ( radiation & insolation is lea/4 ,! annual p]iod 9 ! cl\d9ess is complex1 because ! am\nt ( cl\d is connect$ ) *anges ( humidity at _m diff]5t levels 9 ! atmosph]e1 b 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e !re is mo/ cl\d dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye> & lea/ dur+ ! latt] half1 probably because ! increas+ w>m? at ! e>?'s surface produces increas$ asc5d+ curr5ts until summ]1 :ile ! *ill+ ( ! e>?'s surface 9 ! autumn becomes unfav\rable = asc5d+ curr5ts4 ,! di/ribution ( cl\d ov] ! globe is intimately connect$ ) ! g5]al atmosph]ic circulation1 be+ great] :]e !re are ris+ curr5ts & less :]e !re are d[nw>d curr5ts4 ,! reason1 naturally1 is t z desc5d+ air becomes w>m] & !re=e relatively dri]1 ! cl\ds 9 x evaporate & disappe>4 ,a cl\dy belt encircles ! e>? at ! equator1 & on ei!r side are two belts ( less cl\d1 b 9 high] latitudes ! cl\d9ess increases4 ,if we c\ld see our e>? f outside its atmosph]e1 ! light reflect$ f ! upp] surfaces ( ! cl\d-belts w\ld probably make !m appe> bright4 ,f ! m>k+s on a planet t are kn[n to be caus$ by cond5sation1 a ,fr5* meteorologi/1 ,m4 ,teiss]5c de ,bort1 believes t ! circulation ( its atmosph]e c be inf]r$1 = :]ev] on ! surface ( ! planet bright spots are se51 !re ! vap\r ( ris+ curr5ts %\ld be cond5s$4 ,if ?is be true1 !re is a resemblance betwe5 ,jupit]1 z we see x1 & ! e>? z x w\ld appe> f ano!r planet1 ! bright b&s be+ cl\d surfaces1 & ! d>k pat*es glimpses ( ! surface ( ! planet b5ea?4 ,obs]vations ( ! direction ( motion1 & app>5t velocity ( cl\ds at diff]5t heights1 h be5 made at ,blue ,hill sev]al times a day s9ce #ahhf4 ,to measure ! motion ( cl\ds ! nephoscope 7,fig4 #a7 is us$4 ,x consi/s ( a horizontal circul> mirror ) a conc5tric circle ( azimu?s & an eye-piece ,c1 movable 9 a plane ,,bd at "r angles to ! mirror & also ar\nd x1 ?r\gh :i* ! image ( ! cl\d is br\ght to ! c5tre ( ! mirror ,a4 ,x c be prov$ by geometry t ! motion ( ! cl\d-image is proportional to ! movem5t ( ! cl\d itself1 s by not+ 9 :at direction & h[ f> ! image is displac$ 9 a giv5 "t1 we h ! true direction ( motion ( ! cl\d itself & also its relative velocity1 comp>able ) ! velocity ( all cl\ds hav+ ! same height4 ,if ! height is kn[n1 !n ! relative velocity c be easily conv]t$ into absolute velocity1 & ?us ! velocity ( curr5ts at diff]5t heights 9 ! atmosph]e is accurately asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,nephoscope at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 ,! height ( cl\ds seems to h be5 measur$ trigonometrically f two /ations z e>ly z #afdd by ,riccioli & ,grimaldi1 two ,jesuits ( ,bologna1 b not)/&+ ^! measurem5ts & "s conclusions d]iv$ f obs]vations on m\nta9s1 & 9 balloons1 ! altitudes ( ! diff]5t cl\ds 7 n kn[n ) any accuracy until 9 #ahhd ,ekholm & ,hag/rm made a s]ies ( trigonometrical measurem5ts ^u ! diff]5t k9ds ( cl\ds at ,upsala1 ,sw$54 ,ab\t ! same "t attempts 7 made at ,kew ,obs]vatory to measure cl\ds by photography1 & 9 #ahhe probably ! fir/ trigonometrical measurem5ts 9 ,am]ica 7 made at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,davis & ,mr4 ,a4 ,mc,adie4 ,9 #ahij-ia ! ,sw$i% me?ods 7 employ$ at ,blue ,hill by ,messrs4 ,clayton & ,f]gusson ( ! ,obs]vatory /aff1 & until rec5tly ! measurem5ts !re & at ,upsala compris$ all t 0 kn[n accurately ab\t ! heights & velocities ( ! v>i\s species ( cl\ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,cl\d ,!odolite at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 ,! trigonometrical measurem5ts at ,blue ,hill 7 made z foll[s3 at two /ations1 "o at ! ,obs]vatory1 ! o!r at ! base ( ! hill ab\t a mile di/ant1 two obs]v]s det]m9$ simultane\sly ! angul> altitude & azimu? ( "s po9t on ! cl\d :i* 0 agre$ ^u by telephonic conv]sation4 ,if1 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! l9es ( sight did n meet1 ! trigonometrical =mul gave ! height ( a po9t midway betwe5 ! cross+ ( ^! l9es4 ,su* 0 ! accuracy ( ^! measurem5ts t ! probable error ( ! calculat$ heights ( ! highe/ cl\ds is only a few hundr$ feet4 ,successive obs]vations at ! two /ations ( ! position ( ! cl\d enabl$ its velocity to be calculat$1 or1 z already expla9$1 ?is may be got f ! relative velocity measur$ at "o /ation1 if ! height ( ! cl\d be kn[n4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! !odolite on ! t[] ( ! ,obs]vatory4 ,five o!r me?ods ( measur+ cl\ds h be5 employ$ at ,blue ,hill3 7#a7 ,! only me?od ( f9d+ ! height ( l(ty & uni=m cl\d /rata is by means ( ! light ?r[n on !m f bel[1 & on ,blue ,hill ! electrical illum9ation ( ! surr\nd+ t[ns is utiliz$4 ,! angle :i* ! c5tre ( ! illum9ation makes ) ! horizon is measur$1 & kn[+ ! di/ance ( ! t[n1 ! "r-angl$ triangle may be solv$4 7#b7 ,an accurate me?od = l[ & uni=m cl\ds is to s5d kites into !m1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! clos+ *apt]4 7#c7 ,:5 ! cl\ds are l[ en\gh to ca/ %ad[s on ! gr\nd1 ! angles ( ! cl\d & sun z se5 f ! ,obs]vatory are measur$1 & ) ! di/ance ( ! %ad[ f ! hill-top1 asc]ta9$ by a map1 ?is triangle c be solv$4 ,! times ( passage ( ! %ad[ ov] kn[n po9ts on ! l&scape af=d ano!r means ( calculat+ its velocity4 7#d7 ,a me?od t 0 sugge/$ by ,espy1 ! pione] ,am]ican meteorologi/1 = gett+ ! altitude ( ! bases ( cl\ds ly+ )9 a mile ( ! e>?1 is to f9d ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! air & ! dew-po9t at ! gr\nd1 & to compute ! height at :i* ?is diff]5ce %\ld disappe>4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! ris+ curr5ts increases1 z on w>m days1 & ! level ( ! dew-po9t rises high]1 ! cl\d c be se5 to asc5d1 &1 9 fact1 ! measurem5ts at ,blue ,hill %[ t ! cl\ds ( mod]ate altitude are highe/ dur+ ! w>me/ "p ( ! day4 7#e7 ,f9ally1 v l[ /ratus or nimbus may be measur$ by not+ ! heights ( _! bases on ! sides ( ! hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,! id5tity ( cl\d-=ms all ov] ! _w has be5 e/abli%$1 & z a result ( ! measurem5ts at ,blue ,hill1 ! heights & spe$ ( all cl\ds obs]v$ !re are kn[n4 ,! av]ages h be5 plott$ 9 ! five levels into :i* we sep>ate ! cl\ds 9 ,plate ,,iv41 ,heights & ,velocities ( ,cl\ds1 :]e ord9ates repres5t heights & absciss velocities1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! di/ances ( ! v>i\s =ms ( cl\ds above ! horizontal base indicate _! heights1 & ! di/ances f ! left-h& v]tical l9e _! velocities4 ,= comp>ison1 ! velocity ( ! w9d on ,blue ,hill1 a few hundr$ feet above ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry1 is repres5t$4 ,! mean height ( ! cirrus is ab\t #bi1jjj feet1 b ?is cl\d sometimes rea*es #di1jjj feet4 ,! mean height ( ! cumulus is ab\t a mile1 b ! tops ( ! cumulo-nimbus1 or ?und]-%[] cl\d1 sometimes p5etrate into ! cirrus level4 ,g5]ally ! base ( ! nimbus1 or ra9 cl\d1 is only #bcjj feet above ! gr\nd1 & x frequ5tly s9ks bel[ ! top ( ,blue ,hill1 :i* is only #fcj feet above ! sea4 ,! poetic say+1 t ,e>? wraps h] g>m5t clos] ab\t h] 9 w9t]1 has a sci5tific basis1 = ! av]age height ( all ! cl\ds is greate/ 9 summ] & lea/ 9 w9t]4 ,b ! rev]se is true ( _! velocity1 = ! entire atmosph]e moves twice z fa/ 9 w9t] z x does 9 summ]1 & at ! l[] levels ! seasonal *ange is ev5 great]4 ,! av]age velocity ( cirri=m cl\ds is n9ety miles an h\r 9 w9t]1 & sixty miles 9 summ]1 b occasionally 9 w9t] cirrus h be5 f\nd to h ! enorm\s velocity ( two hundr$ & ?irty miles an h\r4 ,9 ! av]age1 ! velocity ( ! curr5ts increases1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ cl\ds1 at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree miles an h\r = ea* #ajjj feet ( height1 b ne> ! gr\nd ! increase ) height is fa/]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! velocity ( ! l[] cl\ds is less ?an ! velocity ( ! w9d on a m\nta9 ( ! same height1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be expla9$ on ! supposition t ! m\nta9 acts l a dam to accel]ate ! fl[ ( air ov] x4 ,! measurem5ts 9 ,sw$5 %[$ t ! middle & upp] levels ( cl\ds are high] ?an 9 ,am]ica1 b t !y move less rapidly4 ,?is may be because ! surfaces ( equal temp]ature 9 ! air are high] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,sw$51 on acc\nt ( ! direction ( ! upp] curr5ts1 :ile ! great] velocity ( our high cl\ds corresponds ) ! m rapid movem5t ( areas ( l[ & high b>ometric pressure ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! results are sugge/ive4 ,= in/ance1 ! en]gy ( ! upp] half ( ! mass ( ! atmosph]e1 or t portion :i* lies above #ah1jjj feet1 has be5 calculat$ to possess six times ! en]gy ( ! l[] half 9 :i* we live1 & z yet1 none ( ?is enorm\s /ore ( en]gy is appli$ to ! use ( man4 ,:ile x appe>s c]ta9 t no navigable balloon or fly+ ma*9e w ev] be able to /em ! enorm\s velocity ( ! upp] atmosph]e1 r>ifi$ ?\gh x is1 p]haps 9 ! future arial ma*9es w take advantage ( ! prevail+ curr5ts ( ! high atmosph]e1 z our sail+ %ips d ( ! trade w9ds4 ,! obs]vations ( cirrus cl\ds 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w %[ t !y always move f a g5]al we/]ly direction1 :ile bel[ ?is prim>y drift t[>d ! ea/ occur ! relatively p]man5t or transi5t diff]5ces ( pressure :i* cause ! deviations f ! normal circulation ( ! atmosph]e1 & give rise to ! local circulation 9 /orms4 ,9 ! famili> daily wea!r map x w be notic$ t !re is usually "s portion m>k$ l[1 & ano!r portion m>k$ high4 ,! =m] is an area ( l[ b>ometric pressure1 into :i* ! w9ds at ! gr\nd bl[ spirally inw>d 9 ! opposite direction t ! clock h&s turn2 ! latt] is an area ( high b>omet]1 out ( :i* ! w9ds at ! gr\nd bl[ 9 ! contr>y way4 ,! =m] :5 well develop$ are call$ cyclones1 & are usually accompani$ by /ormy wea!r1 & ! latt]1 call$ anti-cyclones1 br+ fair wea!r4 ,f ! obs]vations ( ! directions f :i* ! cl\ds move 9 cyclones & anti-cyclones1 we h f\nd t above ! cumulus level 7at ! height ( ab\t a mile7 ! inw>d incl9ation ( ! w9d 9 a cyclone1 & ! outw>d incl9ation 9 an anti-cyclone1 bo? disappe>1 & ! g5]al drift f ! we/ prevails4 ,! results ( ! obs]vations are %[n 9 ,plate ,v41 ,atmosph]ic ,circulation 9 ,cyclones & ,anti-cyclones1 repres5t+ sections ( ! atmosph]e1 conc5tric to ! e>?'s surface1 9 ! five cl\d-levels se5 f above4 ,! arr[s fly ) ! w9d & are proportional 9 l5g? to its velocity1 ! dott$ arr[s indicat+ ! probable fl[ ( ! air ?r\gh ! cyclones & anti-cyclones t are indicat$ by ! circles1 _! axes be+ assum$ to be ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! e>?'s surface4 ,above ! cumulus x w be obs]v$ t ! w9d 9 ! cyclone t5ds to come f ! s\?-we/ 9 front & f ! nor?-we/ 9 ! re>1 :ile 9 ! anti-cyclone ! contr>y is ! case1 indicat+ a deflection ( ! we/]ly upp] curr5t to ! "r 9 cyclones & to ! left 9 anti-cyclones4 ,?is su/a9s ! !ory t ! cyclonic circulation is /ruggl+ aga9/ a g5]al atmosph]ic drift f ! we/ :i* increases ) altitude1 & above ! height ( a mile becomes great] ?an ! cyclonic influ5ce4 ,high] ?an ?is1 ! atmosph]ic circulation is controll$ prim>ily by ! p]man5t temp]ature gradi5t betwe5 equator & pole1 by ! seasonal temp]ature gradi5t betwe5 ocean & cont95t1 &1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! passage ( w>m & cold waves4 ,mr4 ,clayton's inve/igations indicate t ! motion ( ! upp] cl\ds is ne>ly p>allel to ! l9es ( equal temp]ature at ! e>?'s surface4 ,a high temp]ature1 by exp&+ ! air upw>d1 causes 9 ! upp] air a high pressure2 & a l[ temp]ature1 by contract+ ! air t[>ds ! gr\nd1 causes 9 ! upp] air a l[ pressure1 s t ! l9es ( equal pressure 9 ! upp] air are p>allel to ! l[] l9es ( equal temp]ature1 & s9ce !re is little friction 9 ! upp] air ! motion ( ! w9d is ne>ly p>allel to ! l9es ( equal pressure4 ,bel[ ! cumulus level ! w9ds foll[ ! normal cyclonic & anti-cyclonic circulation4 ,!re are two !ories ( ! orig9 ( ^! areas ( high & l[ pressure1 ! driv5 !ory :i* supposes t !y d]ive _! en]gy & drift f ! g5]al atmosph]ic movem5t f we/ to ea/1 & ! convectional !ory :i* attributes _! =mation & progression to ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 !m & ! adjac5t air4 ,:ile ! obs]vations on m\nta9s h fav\r$ ! driv5 !ory1 yet ! inw>d spiral motion ( ! cirrus cl\ds above ! anti-cyclone1 indicat+ a l[] pressure ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ air1 contradicts ! hypo!sis1 & ! rec5t obs]vations ) kites at ,blue ,hill /rongly support ! convectional !ory ( cyclones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,atmosph]ic ,,circulation ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,heights ,,9 ,,cyclones ,,anti-,,cyclones ,,plate ,v4 ,! relation ( ! cl\ds to wea!r =eca/+ has be5 inve/igat$ at ,blue ,hill4 ,= in/ance1 x is f\nd1 9 ?is region at lea/1 & contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion1 t cirrus cl\ds d n indicate ra91 b d =etell a *ange ( temp]ature t is proportional to ! rapidity ( motion ( ! cl\ds4 ,alto-cumulus is foll[$ by ra9 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?ree times 9 f\r4 ,ra9 foll[s ! appe>ance ( all high & int]m$iate cl\ds mo/ frequ5tly :5 ! cl\d banks are d5se/ t[>d "s we/]ly po9t & :5 !y come f ! we/4 ,mr4 ,sweetl&1 an assi/ant1 has /udi$ special =ms ( cl\d 9 _! relation to ! succe$+ wea!r4 ,he concludes t cirrus plumes prec$e fair wea!r1 :ile d5se clots ( cirro-cumulus are foll[$ by ra94 ,r\nd$ p5dants1 or mammillat$ cl\ds1 9 ! l[] levels indicate ra91 b 9 ! upp] levels fair wea!r4 ,( all ! =ms1 ! d>k %eet ( /ratus1 & cl\ds ( l5ticul> %ape1 are mo/ frequ5tly foll[$ by ra94 ,( cl\ds presag+ *anges 9 temp]ature1 ! turret$ cumulus1 :i* is connect$ ) ?und]-/orms1 prec$es ! greate/ fall 9 temp]ature1 & next 9 ord] come l5ticul> cl\ds1 flaky cirrus1 & alto-cumulus4 ,9 g5]al1 flat & flaky cl\ds1 cl\ds =m+ & disappe>+ rapidly1 & cl\ds *ang+ to =ms at a high] level prec$e dry & cool] wea!r4 ,x w be se5 t ?is mod]n /udy ( cl\ds z progno/ics simply adds to ! wea!r prov]bs t h come d[n to u f ! "t ( ,!ophra/us4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t cl\d =ms alone c usually s]ve to pr$ict ra9 = m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b = a few h\rs 9 advance ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 cl\d =ms frequ5tly furni%es ! obs]v] m tru/wor?y signs ( com+ ra9 ?an does ! synoptic wea!r map4 ,to a =eca/] 9 possession ( telegraphic data1 ! preval5ce ( rapidly-mov+ cirrus ov] a wide area indicates a rapid /orm movem5t1 ) sudd5 & m>k$ *anges ( wea!r & ( temp]ature1 :ile sl[ly-mov+ cirrus indicate slight *anges ( temp]ature & dry wea!r4 ,! direction ( ! cirrus movem5ts 9 front & ar\nd a /orm c5tre w usually po9t out ! future movem5t ( ! /orm1 :i* t5ds to advance 9 ! same g5]al direction4 ,! "w done at ,blue ,hill %[s ! importance ( cl\d obs]vations to elucidate ! g5]al movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 z well z ! circulation ( ! air above b>ometric maxima & m9ima1 :i* c result practically 9 mak+ accurate wea!r =eca/s possible a day or two 9 advance4 ,! sy/ematic obs]vation ( ! upp] curr5ts 0 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,committee by ,dr4 ,hildebr&sson 9 #ahhe1 & at ! meet+ ( ! ,int]national ,cl\d ,committee 9 #ahid1 besides ! adoption ( ! nom5clature ( cl\ds & in/ructions = obs]v+ !m1 x 0 decid$ t obs]vations ( _! motion1 z well z measurem5ts ( _! height1 %\ld be made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,accord+ly1 ! ye> comm5c+ ,may #a1 #ahif1 0 designat$ z ! ,int]national ,cl\d-,ye>1 & obs]vations ) nephoscopes ( ! direction ( motion & relative velocity ( cl\ds 7 begun at _m /ations 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & at fifte5 /ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,trigonometrical measures ( ! heights ( cl\ds 7 und]tak5 at /ations 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 ,russia1 ,f9l&1 ,prussia1 & ,france1 z well z at ,toronto1 ,manila1 & ,batavia2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! measurem5ts already describ$ 7 recomm5c$ at ,blue ,hill1 & ! ,wea!r ,bureau equipp$ a simil> /ation 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ,europe x is ?\ght t ! det]m9ation ( heights by photogrammet]s1 z ! !odolites ) atta*$ photographic cam]as are call$1 possesses advantages ov] ! visual !odolites1 & x is true t n only is ! k9d ( cl\d record$ on ! plates1 b !re are available = calculation z _m po9ts on ! cl\d z c be id5tifi$ on ! two plates expos$ simultane\sly at bo? /ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( ne>ly uni=m or d>k cl\d-/rata1 x is easi] to see po9ts = measurem5t on ! cl\d ?an to fix !m on ! photographic plates4 ,= ?is reason1 & f ! difficulty ( manipulat+ ! photogrammet]1 visual in/rum5ts 7 adopt$ bo? at ,blue ,hill & at ,wa%+ton4 ,! "w 0 successfully c>ri$ on until ,may #a1 #ahig1 & ! obs]vations & measurem5ts 7 r$uc$ at ,blue ,hill accord+ to ! plan prescrib$ by ! ,committee4 ,already ! obs]vations & measurem5ts made at ,upsala1 ,manila1 & ,blue ,hill are publi%$1 & ! o!rs w foll[4 ,! discussion ( ! correlat$ data f ! v>i\s c\ntries w probably increase our k ( ! circulation ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important que/ions 9 ! physics ( ! globe4 ,! result w h be5 rea*$ by int]national co-op]ation1 ( :i* ! b5efits to sci5ce are ev]y:]e manife/ to-day4 ,b = ! :ole problem to be solv$1 x is necess>y1 n only to "k ! movem5t ( ! air1 b1 z f> z possible1 to asc]ta9 its conditions ( heat & moi/ure4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ! use ( balloons & kites1 to be describ$ 9 ! rema9+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,balloons--,,notable ,,asc5ts ,,& ,,results ,,obta9$--,,captive ,,balloons ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ! inv5tion ( ! hot-air & ! hydrog5 balloon 0 *ronicl$1 & x 0 /at$ t on ,decemb] #a1 #aghc1 ,*>les rose f ,p>is to a height ( #ijjj feet4 ,public int]e/ 9 ,france 0 greatly excit$ by ?is wond]ful ext5sion ( ! realm ( man1 & num]\s asc5sions ) ,montgolfires & ,*>lires1 z ! hot-air & hydrog5 balloons 7 respectively call$1 took place 9 ,p>is & ! prov9ces4 ,! uses ( ! balloon seem$ innum]able1 & ,lavoisi] 0 in/ruct$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces to draw up a report on ! value ( ! new discov]y4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ 9 detail ! asc5sions :i* he _h witness$1 ! great *emi/ /opp$1 appall$ at ! multitude ( problems :i* ! balloon c\ld solve4 ,hi/ory has %[n1 h[ev]1 t no comm]cial application ( ! balloon 0 possible1 & t aside f its spectacul> attractions1 its *ief use has be5 = sci5tific obs]vations4 ,! fir/ p]sons 9 ,engl& :o devot$ !mselves to arial navigation 7 =eign]s4 ,two ( !m 7 ,italians1 ! philosoph] ,tib]ius ,cavallo1 :o already 9 #aghb _h %[$ to a ,london assembly t soap-bubbles fill$ ) hydrog5 w rise1 & !re=e _h almo/ anticipat$ ! inv5tion ( ! hydrog5 balloon1 & ! diplomati/ ,v9c5t ,lun>di1 :o made "s d>+ balloon asc5ts 9 #aghd4 ,b ! hon\r ( mak+ ! fir/ sci5tific balloon voyage is due to a ,bo/onian1 ,dr4 ,john ,jeffries4 ,dr4 ,jeffries graduat$ at ,h>v>d ,college 9 #agfc & !n practis$ m$ic9e 9 ,engl&1 :]e he became a loyali/1 & dur+ ! ,revolution 0 ) ! ,briti% troops4 ,9 ,london he int]e/$ himself 9 a]o/ation1 &1 aid$ by ! ,royal ,society1 asc5d$ 9 a balloon because1 he said1 ,i wi%$ to see ! foll[+ po9ts m cle>ly det]m9$3 fir/1 ! p[] ( asc5d+ or desc5d+ at pleasure1 :ile susp5d$ & float+ 9 ! air2 secondly1 ! effect :i* o>s or w+s might be made to produce t[>ds ! purpose & 9 direct+ ! c\rse ( ! balloon2 ?irdly1 ! /ate & temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e at diff]5t heights f ! e>?2 & f\r?ly1 by obs]v+ ! v>y+ c\rse ( ! curr5ts ( air1 or w9ds1 at c]ta9 elevations1 to ?r[ "s new light on ! !ory ( w9ds 9 g5]al4 ,a ,fr5* pr(essional a]onaut nam$ ,blan*>d _h made ?ree asc5ts 9 ,france & "o 9 ,engl&1 & ,dr4 ,jeffries paid "o hundr$ gu9eas to accompany ,blan*>d on 8 fif? asc5t1 :i* 0 made f ,london ,novemb] #cj1 #aghd4 ,he took ) him a !rmomet]1 a b>omet]1 a hygromet]1 an electromet]1 & a m>9]'s compass1 also sev]al numb]$ bottles1 fill$ ) wat] & provid$ ) glass /opp]s1 :i* 7 to be empti$ & cork$ up at diff]5t heights 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,x 0 arrang$ to record ! obs]vations on rul$ pap] ) a silv] p51 because ! doctor w\ld n tru/ a common p5 or p5cil z liable to accid5t4 ,he also _h a map ( ,engl& to det]m9e ! direction :i* ! balloon took4 ,jeffries' ,engli% s5tim5ts are %[n by ?is quotation f 8 n>rative3 ,i _h provid$ a h&some ,briti% flag1 invidi\sly repres5t$ ! next day 9 "o ( ! public pap]s to h be5 ! flag ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,! b>omet] & !rmomet] 7 obs]v$ e few m9utes1 & ! hygromet] occasionally4 ,! electromet] did n *ange its indications4 ,samples ( air 7 obta9$ & s5t to ! ,royal ,society1 b x does n appe> t !y 7 ev] analyz$4 ,! balloon rose ne>ly two miles1 & desc5d$ safely 9 ,k5t aft] an h\r & a half4 ,jeffries' obs]vations comp>e fav\rably ) ^? made until rec5tly2 inde$1 = ne>ly a c5tury !re 0 little improvem5t 9 ! app>atus4 ,! decrease ( temp]ature :i* ,jeffries f\nd1 viz4 #a = #cfj feet rise1 & ! decreas+ humidity ) height agree v well ) lat] obs]vations4 ,jeffries & ,blan*>d und]took a m p]il\s voyage on ,janu>y #g1 #aghe1 f ,dov] across ! ,*annel1 l&+ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,artois1 aft]1 s runs ! ann\ncem5t1 we 7 susp5d$ & float+ 9 ! atmosph]e two h\rs ov] ! sea & =ty-sev5 m9utes ov] ! l& ( ,france4 ,! voyag]s 7 cordially welcom$1 & 7 ent]ta9$ lavi%ly 9 ,p>is z be+1 ,jeffries says1 ! fir/ :o pass$ across ! sea f ,engl& into ,france by ! r\te ( ! air4 ,no in/rum5ts b a b>omet] & a compass 7 c>ri$1 & ! only sci5tific result wor?y ( notice 0 t ! balloon seem$ to lose buoyancy ov] ! sea1 due to :at ,jeffries ?\ght might be ! p[] ( attraction ov] ! wat]4 ,! height ( ! balloon 0 measur$ trigonometrically by ,fr5* (fic]s 9 ,calais1 :o f\nd by angul> measures1 :5 ! balloon 0 midway across ! ,*annel1 t its height 0 #dejj feet4 ,jeffries' voyages h be5 describ$ some:at at l5g? because ! fir/ sci5tific balloon voyage is g5]ally attribut$ to ! ,belgian physici/1 ,rob]tson1 :o asc5d$ f ,hamburg 9 #ahjc to ! improbable height ( #bd1jjj feet4 ,rob]tson made 8 ?ird asc5t ! next ye> f ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 accompani$ by ! ,academician ,sa*>(f4 ,?is 0 a sci5tific voyage1 in/itut$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,russian ,academy1 to asc]ta9 ! physical /ate ( ! atmosph]e & ! compon5t p>ts ( x at diff]5t heights1 also ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! results ( v]tical asc5ts & ! obs]vations ( ,deluc1 ,de ,saussure1 von ,humboldt & o!rs on m\nta9s1 :i* x 0 rightly conclud$ c\ld n be s free f t]re/rial influ5ces z ^? made 9 ! op5 air4 ,among ! exp]im5ts :i* ! ,academy propos$ 7 ! foll[+3 *ange ( rate ( evaporation ( fluids1 decrease or increase 9 ! magnetic =ce1 incl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 increase ( heat ( ! sol> rays1 fa9t] col\rs 9 ! spectrum1 influ5ce ( r>efaction ( ! air on ! human body1 z well z "s o!r *emical & philosophical exp]im5ts4 ,a height ( ab\t two miles 0 rea*$1 & _m int]e/+ obs]vations 7 made1 b s9ce ! in/rum5ts 7 n easily us$ 9 ! basket ( ! balloon1 ! results 7 unsatisfactory & requir$ repetition to be conclusive4 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is n[ took up ! inve/igation ) ! special object ( prov+ :e!r ! magnetic =ce decreas$ z ,rob]tson 9 a balloon & ,de ,saussure 9 ! ,alps _h suppos$4 ,two "y physici/s1 ,biot & ,gay-,lussac1 7 *os5 to c>ry out ! inve/igations4 ,!y asc5d$ f ,p>is on ,augu/ #bd1 #ahjd1 provid$ ) all necess>y in/rum5ts1 b ! balloon 0 too small to rise high] ?an #ac1jjj feet4 ,gay-,lussac asc5d$ alone to a height ( #bc1jjj feet on ,septemb] #af1 #ahjd1 9 a balloon fill$ ) hydrog54 ,8 obs]vations confirm$ ^? :i* he _h made ) ,biot1 t !re 0 no *ange 9 ! magnetic =ce1 & f samples ( air collect$ he prov$ t ! *emical con/itution ( ! air is inv>iable4 ,8 obs]vations ( temp]ature seem$ to confirm ! !ory ( a decl9e ( temp]ature ( #a 9 #cjj feet ( elevation4 ,! air 0 f\nd to be v dry1 & ,gay-,lussac notic$ t at ! highe/ altitude ! cl\ds 7 /ill f> above him4 ,pass+ ov] sev]al notable asc5ts 9 o!r c\ntries1 x 0 n until #ahej t sci5tific balloon+ 0 begun aga9 9 ! l& :]e ! balloon orig9at$4 ,!n ,,mm4 ,b>ral & ,bixio made two asc5ts f ,p>is 9 ra9y wea!r to ! heights ( #ai1jjj & #bc1jjj feet respectively1 al?\gh !y _h expect$ to atta9 twice ^! altitudes4 ,_! mo/ int]e/+ obs]vations 7 ! great ?ickness ( ! cl\d mass1 :i* 9 "o case am\nt$ to #ae1jjj feet1 & ! sudd5 fall ( temp]ature 9 x f #ae to -#ci4 ,"s curi\s optical ph5om5a 7 connect$ ) ! float+ ice cry/als1 & al?\gh ! light ( ! sky 0 f\nd to be /rongly pol>iz$1 ! light reflect$ f ! cl\ds 0 n pol>iz$4 ,! field ( op]ations 0 n[ transf]r$ to ,engl&1 :]e1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,briti% ,association1 f\r asc5ts 7 made by ,john ,wel% ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory 9 ! great ,nassau balloon manag$ by ,gre51 ! vet]an a]onaut4 ,! special object ( ^! inve/igations1 l ^? 9 ,france1 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! temp]ature & hygrometric condition ( ! air at diff]5t elevations4 ,besides ?is1 samples ( air at diff]5t heights 7 collect$ = analysis & ! light reflect$ f cl\ds 0 exam9$ = pol>ization4 ,recogniz+ t on acc\nt ( ! calm prevail+ 9 ! c> ( ! balloon & ! great sol> radiation1 ! read+s ( ! !rmomet] w\ld be affect$1 ,wel% enclos$ ! !rmomet]s 9 poli%$ tubes ?r\gh :i* air 0 =c$ by bell[s4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ aspirat$ !rmomet]1 :i* alone gives ! true temp]ature ( ! air ) ! conditions prevail+ 9 a balloon4 ,! in/rum5t fell into oblivion until a few ye>s ago1 & to ?is fact is due ! fictiti\s temp]atures g5]ally obta9$ by a]onauts4 ,wel% rea*$ heights ( f #ab1ejj to #bc1jjj feet1 & 8 obs]vations %[$ t ! temp]ature ( ! air decreas$ uni=mly ) height until at a c]ta9 elevation1 v>y+ on diff]5t days1 ! decrease is arre/$1 & = a space ( #bjjj or #cjjj feet ! temp]ature rema9s ne>ly con/ant1 or ev5 increases slightly2 ! regul> dim9ution be+ aft]w>ds resum$ & g5]ally ma9ta9$ at a less rapid rate ?an 9 ! l[] air1 & comm5c+ f a high] temp]ature ?an w\ld h exi/$ b = ! int]ruption4 ,! v>iation ( ! decrease ) ! seasons 0 also demon/rat$4 ,! humidity did n *ange mu* ) height1 & x 0 n[h]e v dry4 ,f9ally1 ! light ( ! cl\ds 0 prov$ n to be pol>iz$1 & ! p]man5t composition ( ! atmosph]e 0 confirm$4 ,9 #ahfa ano!r grant ( money 0 made by ! ,briti% ,association = balloon exp]im5ts to be p]=m$1 "u ! direction ( a ,committee1 by ,mr4 ,james ,glai%]1 !n engag$ 9 geodetic & meteorological "w 9 ,engl&4 ,betwe5 #ahfb & #ahfh ,glai%]1 accompani$ by ! a]onaut ,coxwell1 made ?irty asc5ts4 ,!y atta9$ ?ree times a height exce$+ #bc1jjj feet1 & once m ?an #bi1jjj feet1 :5 !y believ$ t ! balloon rose to #cg1jjj feet4 ,! prim>y objects ( ,glai%]'s exp]im5ts 7 z foll[s3 det]m9ation ( ! temp]ature ( ! air & its hygrometrical conditions up to five miles1 comp>isons ( an an]oid b>omet] ) a m]curial "o1 det]m9ation ( ! electrical /ate ( ! air & ( its oxyg5ic /ate by means ( ozone pap]s1 "t ( vibration ( a magnet at diff]5t di/ances f ! e>?4 ,second>y objects ( /udy 7 ! composition ( ! air1 ! =m & ?ickness ( cl\ds1 ! atmosph]ic curr5ts1 ac\/ical ph5om5a1 etc4 ,9 ord] to obta9 _m obs]vations frequ5t asc5ts 7 necess>y1 z ! insul> position ( ,engl& preclud$ long voyages4 ,dur+ #ahfi asc5ts 9 a captive balloon up to #agjj feet supplem5t$ ! employm5t ( ! free balloon1 :i* f its rapid rise & fall made obs]vations 9 x ne> ! e>? impossible4 ,glai%] 0 a good obs]v]2 8 in/rum5ts 7 excell5t1 & _h be5 previ\sly te/$1 b _! exposure 9 ! basket ( ! balloon 0 bad1 & al?\gh ! !rmomet] 0 provid$ ) an aspirator simil> to ,wel%'s1 ,glai%]1 notic+ t ! read+s agre$ ) ^? ( a freely expos$ !rmomet]1 ha/ily conclud$ t ! use ( ! aspirator 0 unnecess>y1 & s disc>d$ x4 ,until q rec5tly ,glai%]'s results 7 accept$ z repres5t+ ! conditions ( ! free air up to ! greate/ height :i* x 0 possible to rea*4 ,^! results %[$ t ! temp]ature did n fall uni=mly ) height1 b t x fell mo/ rapidly ne> ! e>? & mu* less rapidly at great heights4 ,9 cl\dy wea!r up to ! height ( a mile ! mean decrease ( temp]ature 9 ! day-"t diff]$ little f ! !ory ( #a p] #cjj feet1 b 9 cle> or p>tly cle> wea!r ! decrease 0 m rapid1 comm5c+ ) #a = #afj feet ne> ! gr\nd & dim9i%+ to #a = #ajjj feet at an elevation exce$+ six miles4 ,! obs]vations 9 ! captive balloon up to a ?ird ( a mile indicat$ a daily range 9 ! v]tical decrease ( temp]ature4 ,! obs]vations ( relative humidity agre$ ) ,wel%'s 9 %[+ a slight increase up to ab\t half-a-mile1 !n a decrease up to above five miles1 :]e !re seem$ to be an almo/ entire abs5ce ( wat]4 ,! o!r obs]vations 7 inconclusive1 except t ! "t ( vibration ( a magnet 0 f\nd to be some:at long] ?an on ! e>?1 :i* 0 contr>y to ,gay-,lussac's exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ,glai%]'s asc5ts 0 made f ,wolv]hampton on ,septemb] #e1 #ahfb1 :5 9 less ?an "o h\r he _h pass$ ! altitude ( five miles1 exce$+ ! greate/ height hi!rto rea*$4 ,to quote f ,glai%]'s n>rative3 ,up to ?is "t ,i _h tak5 obs]vations ) com=t & exp]i5c$ no difficulty 9 brea?+1 :il/ ,mr4 ,coxwell1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ex]tion he _h to make1 _h brea!d ) difficulty = "s "t4 ,hav+ dis*>g$ s&1 we asc5d$ /ill high]2 ! aspirator became tr\blesome to "w1 & ,i also f\nd a difficulty 9 see+ cle>ly4444 ,ab\t #a h\r #eb m941 or lat]1 ,i read ! dry-bulb !rmomet] z m9us #e2 aft] ?is ,i c\ld n see ! column ( m]cury 9 ! wet-bulb !rmomet]1 nor ! h&s ( ! wat*1 nor ! f9e divisions ( any in/rum5t4 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,coxwell to help me to read ! in/rum5ts4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! rotatory motion ( ! balloon1 :i* _h cont9u$ )\t ceas+ s9ce leav+ ! e>?1 ! valve-l9e _h become entangl$1 & he _h to leave ! c> & m\nt into ! r+ to readju/ x4 ,i !n look$ at ! b>omet]1 & f\nd its read+ to be #i-c_/d in*es1 /ill decreas+ fa/1 & imply+ a height exce$+ #bi1jjj feet4 ,%ortly aft]1 ,i laid my arm ^u ! table1 possess$ ( its full vig\r1 b on be+ desir\s ( us+ x1 ,i f\nd x p[]less4444 ,try+ to move ! o!r arm1 ,i f\nd x p[]less also4 ,!n ,i tri$ to %ake myself & succe$$1 b ,i seem$ to h no limbs4444 ,i dimly saw ,mr4 ,coxwell1 & endeav\r$ to speak1 b c\ld n4 ,9 an in/ant int5se d>kness ov]came me1 s t ! optic n]ve lo/ p[] sudd5ly1 b ,i 0 /ill consci\s1 ) z active a bra9 z at ! pres5t mom5t :il/ writ+ ?is4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h be5 seiz$ ) asphyxia1 & believ$ ,i %\ld exp]i5ce no?+ m1 z dea? w\ld come unless we spe$ily desc5d$2 o!r ?\ghts 7 ent]+ my m9d1 :5 ,i sudd5ly became unconsci\s4444 ,i _c tell any?+ ( ! s5se ( he>+1 z no s\nd rea*es ! air to break ! p]fect /illness & sil5ce ( ! regions betwe5 six & sev5 miles above ! e>?4 ,my la/ obs]vation 0 made at #a h\r #ed m941 above #bi1jjj feet4444 ,:il/ p[]less ,i he>d ! words1 'temp]ature' & 'obs]vation1' & ,i knew ,mr4 ,coxwell 0 9 ! c> speak+ to & endeav\r+ to r\se me4444 ,i !n he>d him speak m emphatically1 b c\ld n see1 speak1 or move4 ,i he>d him aga9 say1 ',d try2 n[ d6' ,!n ! in/rum5ts became dimly visible1 !n ,mr4 ,coxwell1 & v %ortly ,i saw cle>ly4444 ,mr4 ,coxwell told me t :ile 9 ! r+ he felt x pi]c+ly cold1 t ho>fro/ 0 all r\nd ! neck ( ! balloon1 & t on attempt+ to leave ! r+ he f\nd 8 h&s froz54 ,he _h1 !re=e1 to place 8 arms on ! r+ & drop d[n4444 ,he wi%$ to approa* me1 b c\ld n2 & :5 he felt ins5sibility com+ ov] him too1 he became anxi\s to op5 ! valve4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ lo/ ! use ( 8 h&s he c\ld n d ?is2 ultimately he succe$$1 by seiz+ ! cord ) 8 tee?1 & dipp+ 8 head two or ?ree times1 until ! balloon took a decid$ turn d[nw>ds4 ,no inconv5i5ce foll[$ my ins5sibility2 & :5 we dropp$1 x 0 9 a c\ntry :]e no conveyance ( any k9d c\ld be obta9$1 s ,i _h to walk betwe5 sev5 & eight miles4444 ,i h already said t my la/ obs]vation 0 made at a height ( #bi1jjj feet2 at ?is "t 7#a h\r #ed m947 we 7 asc5d+ at ! rate ( #ajjj feet p] m9ute2 & :5 ,i resum$ obs]vations we 7 desc5d+ at ! rate ( #bjjj feet p] m9ute4 ,^! two positions mu/ be connect$1 tak+ into acc\nt ! int]val ( "t betwe51 viz4 #ac m9utes1 & on ^! consid]ations ! balloon mu/ h atta9$ ! altitude ( #cf1jjj or #cg1jjj feet4 ,aga91 a v delicate m9imum !rmomet] read m9us #aa4i1 & ?is w\ld give a height ( #cg1jjj feet4 ,mr4 ,coxwell1 on com+ f ! r+1 notic$ t ! c5tre ( ! an]oid b>omet]1 its blue h&1 & a rope atta*$ to ! c> 7 all 9 ! same /raight l9e1 & ?is gave a read+ ( sev5 in*es & leads to ! same result4 ,!re=e1 ^! indep5d5t means all lead to ab\t ! same elevation1 viz4 fully sev5 miles4 ,mr4 ,glai%]'s circum/antial evid5ce ( ! height he rea*$ has be5 assail$ lately1 p>tly f 8 assumption t ! velocity ( ! balloon :ile ris+ & fall+ dur+ ! ?irte5 m9utes 0 uni=m1 b pr9cipally f ! supposition t m5 c\ld h surviv$ 9 t region ( dea?1 )\t at lea/ artificial means ( respiration4 ,:ile x is c]ta9 t ,b]son's obs]vations1 :i* are describ$ lat]1 7 made at a great] height ?an ,glai%]'s1 yet all cr$it mu/ be giv5 to ?is ,ne/or ( a]onautical & meteorological sci5ce 9 ,great ,brita91 :o is /ill liv+ at ! advanc$ age ( n9ety4 ,! example ( ,glai%] 0 n foll[$ 9 ,engl&1 b x /imulat$ int]e/ 9 ! balloon aga9 9 ,france1 :]e ,,mm4 ,flamm>ion1 de ,fonvielle1 & ,tiss&i] h made _m asc5ts = sci5tific purposes1 & h pres5t$ ! results 9 a popul> =m to ! public4 ,photography 9 a balloon is g5]ally a failure on acc\nt ( ! int5se reflection f ! upp] cl\d surfaces & ! haze :i* masks ! e>?4 ,consequ5tly1 = sc5ic effects we mu/ rely ^u sket*es1 ( :i* ^? 9 t int]e/+1 b n[ r r>e book1 ,travels 9 ! ,air1 may be ref]r$ to4 ,! high atmosph]e is (t5 fill$ ) f9e ice cry/als :i*1 ?\gh invisible f bel[1 occasion curi\s optical ph5om5a1 & "s ( ^! h be5 sket*$ by ,m4 ,alb]t ,tiss&i]1 :o has ! advantage ( be+ an arti/ z well z an a]onaut4 ,( ! _m n>ratives ( balloon voyages1 "o ( ! mo/ ?rill+ is ! trag$y ( ! ,z5i?4 ,9 #ahge1 ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces & o!r sci5tific bodies1 x 0 arrang$ to make two voyages1 "o ( long duration1 ! o!r to a great height1 9 ! balloon ,z5i?4 ,! long voyage f ,p>is to ,bordeaux 0 successfully accompli%$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & on ,april #ae ! ,z5i? aga9 rose f ,p>is1 c>ry+ ,,mm4 ,ga/on ,tiss&i] & ,croc-,sp9elli1 ) ,sivel z a]onaut4 ,by ! advice ( ,m4 ,paul ,b]t1 ! di/+ui%$ physiologi/1 ?ree small balloons ( oxyg5 7 provid$ to assi/ respiration4 ,! sci5tific app>atus 0 z foll[s3 a pump 0 arrang$ to draw air ?r\gh tubes fill$ ) pota% 9 :i* to /ore ! c>bonic acid at diff]5t heights 9 ! atmosph]e1 9 ord] t analysis might det]m9e if its proportion dim9i%$ at great heights2 a spectroscope 0 employ$ to exam9e ! l9e ( wat]-vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e1 & two an]oid b>omet]s 7 provid$1 "o giv+ ! pressure correspond+ to heights up to #ac1jjj feet1 ! o!r ! pressure betwe5 #ac1jjj & #cj1jjj feet4 ,!re 7 also two b>ometric tubes regi/]+ ! l[e/ pressure1 z well z !rmomet]s & o!r sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,at #ae1jjj feet ! voyag]s began to brea! oxyg51 :i* _h be5 us$ b5eficially by ,sivel & ,croc-,sp9elli 9 a high asc5t ! previ\s ye>4 ,at #bd1jjj feet ,tiss&i] wrote 9 8 notes3 ,my h&s are freez+4 ,i am well4 ,we are all "r4 ,haze on horizon ) small r\nd$ cirrus4 ,we are ris+4 ,croc pants4 ,we brea! oxyg54 ,sivel %uts 8 eyes1 ,croc does ! same4 ,five m9utes lat]3 ,sivel ?r[s out balla/1 temp]ature -#aa ,c5t41 b>omet] #cjj millimet]s4 ,aft] ?is1 ,tiss&i] became s weak t he c\ld n turn 8 head to look at 8 companions4 ,he tri$ to seize ! oxyg5 tube1 b 0 unable to move 8 arms4 ,8 m9d 0 cle>1 & he saw ! b>omet] s9k bel[ #bhj millimet]s1 indicat+ a height ( #bg1jjj feet4 ,!n he fa9t$4 ,aft] a half-h\r ( unconsci\sness he reviv$ & wrote3 ,we are fall+1 temp]ature -#h1 b>omet] #cae millimet]s4 ,i dis*>ge balla/4 ,croc & ,sivel unconsci\s 9 bottom ( basket4 ,we fall rapidly4 ,aga9 he fell into a /upor1 f :i* he 0 r\s$ by ,croc %ak+ 8 arm1 say+1 ,?r[ out balla/6 :i* he did1 toge!r ) ! pump1 wraps1 etc4 ,:at happ5$ aft] ?is is unkn[n1 b probably ! balloon1 ?us light5$ & ! gas 9 x be+ w>m1 rose aga9 ne>ly z high z be=e4 ,:5 ,tiss&i] came to 8 s5ses ! balloon 0 fall+ ) frightful spe$1 & 9 ! bottom ( ! basket1 :i* 0 oscillat+ viol5tly f side to side1 7 cr\*$ 8 two companions ) black faces & bloody m\?s4 ,! %ock ( /rik+ ! gr\nd 0 t]rific1 b ! an*or held1 & ! balloon soon empti$4 ,f ! b>ometric data x appe>s probable t ! ,z5i? atta9$ twice a height ( ab\t #bh1jjj feet1 & t asphyxiation f ! long deprivation ( suffici5t oxyg5 kill$ ! two companions ( ,tiss&i] & ne>ly prov$ fatal to him4 ,?is disa/] disc\rag$ fur!r attempts to rea* high altitudes1 & ) ! exception ( ! asc5t to #bc1jjj feet 9 ,france by ,,mm4 ,jovis & ,mallet1 no m 7 made until ! pa/ decade4 ,! results ( ! meteorological obs]vations 7 se5 to be /rangely discordant2 = example1 ! temp]ature ( #dj bel[ z]o1 obs]v$ by ,b>ral & ,bixio at a height ( #bc1jjj feet1 & #hj above z]o1 not$ by ! ,am]ican a]onaut ,wise1 at #fjjj feet4 ,! prophecy t ! balloon-basket w\ld be ! cradle ( ! "y sci5ce ( meteorology seem$ unlikely to be realiz$1 b1 nev]!less1 obs]vations 9 balloons cont9u$ to be made 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,russia4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a s]ies ( balloon asc5ts 0 conduct$ by ! ,signal ,s]vice1 :i* !n includ$ ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & ! height ( #ae1ejj feet rea*$ by ,pr(essor ,haz5 9 #ahhg is probably ! greate/ at :i* obs]vations 9 ! free air h be5 made 9 ,am]ica4 ,! difficulty ( obta9+ ! true temp]ature ( ! air f a balloon is great1 & )\t special precautions ! obs]vations give ! conditions ( ! free air ev5 less well ?an d obs]vations on m\nta9 summits4 ,dur+ a rapid asc5t ! air is c>ri$ up 9 ! balloon basket l wat] 9 a well-bucket1 & s9ce ! balloon drifts ) ! w9d x is relatively 9 a calm1 s t !re is no circulation ( air2 ! !rmomet]s1 ev5 :5 scre5$ f direct sun%9e1 are affect$ by radiation f ! heat$ gas-bag above1 & moreov] !y are n suffici5tly s5sitive to foll[ ! *ang+ temp]ature ( ! air /rata s quickly trav]s$ by ! balloon4 ,! an]oid b>omet]1 f :i* ! height ( ! balloon is calculat$1 _c respond to rapid *anges ( pressure2 consequ5tly !re is a d\ble s\rce ( error 9 det]m9+ ! height at :i* ! temp]ature is measur$4 ,ord9>ily1 ! temp]ature ( ! air may be obta9$ q accurately by sl++ 9 a circle a !rmomet] atta*$ to a cord1 ev5 ?\gh ?is is done 9 sun%9e4 ,dur+ two balloon asc5ts by ! writ]1 a sl+ !rmomet] 0 f\nd 9 extreme cases to read #ad l[] ?an 0 record$ by automatic in/rum5ts1 hung 9 _! usual position f ! r+ ( ! balloon4 ,! sl+ !rmomet]1 h[ev]1 is influ5c$ by int5se insolation1 & moreov] _c be swung f> en\gh outside ! basket ( a balloon to insure good results4 ,! /&>d in/rum5t = obta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! air "u all conditions1 adopt$ = int]national use 9 #ahih1 is a modification ( t us$ by ,wel% =ty-five ye>s be=e4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,assmann ( ,b]l91 is call$ ! aspiration !rmomet]1 & is design$ to prev5t ! cas+ surr\nd+ ! !rmomet] f be+ heat$ by insolation or conduction1 & to insure a fl[ ( air pa/ ! !rmomet] bulbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,g]man ,balloon equipp$ = ,meteorological ,obs]vations4 ,! reorganization ( balloon obs]vations 0 accompli%$ by ! ,g]man ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,arial ,navigation1 :i* has be5 assi/$ by ! ,prussian ,meteorological ,in/itute1 & by (fic]s ( ! ,g]man ,army ,balloon ,corps4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or takes a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w1 & has aid$ x by ! gift ( a consid]able sum ( money4 ,! fir/ voyage "u ! direction ( ! ,society 0 made 9 #ahhh1 & _m notable ones foll[$4 ,9 #ahia1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! presid5t1 ,dr4 ,assmann1 ! writ] made an asc5t f ,b]l9 9 a balloon equipp$ = accurate obs]vations1 ) ! special purpose ( comp>+ ! sl+ ) ! aspiration !rmomet]4 ,! c> ( ! balloon is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a companion 0 ! n[ fam\s ,dr4 ,b]son1 :o !n made 8 second asc5t1 b :o has n[ become an exp]t a]onaut by reason ( m ?an fifty asc5sions1 "s ( !m to great heights4 ,on ,decemb] #d1 #ahid1 he asc5d$ alone f ,/assfurt1 ,prussia1 9 ! ,pho5ix1 to probably ! greate/ height ev] rea*$ by man1 at lea/ 9 a consci\s /ate4 ,by brea?+ oxyg5 he 0 able to keep 8 s5ses & to read ! b>omet] at #ia in*es1 indicat+ approximately an altitude ( #cj1jjj feet1 & ! aspirat$ !rmomet] at #ed bel[ z]o4 ,an ord9>y !rmomet] read #aa bel[ z]o 9 ! sun1 %[+ its heat 0 mu* dim9i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! haze t prevail$ ev5 at ?is enorm\s height4 ,! cirri=m cl\ds :i* surr\nd$ ! balloon 7 f\nd to h ! /ructure ( sn[-flakes r ?an t ( ice-cry/als4 ,! *ief result ( ?is record-break+ asc5t 0 ! extraord9>ily l[ temp]atures record$ at great heights1 z comp>$ ) ^? obs]v$ by ,glai%]1 ,tiss&i]1 & o!rs4 ,an inv]sion ( temp]ature--t is an increase ( temp]ature ) height--prevail$ up to a mile1 b above t ! temp]ature fell at a rapid & accel]at$ rate :i* approa*$ ! adiabatic fall above #bf1jjj feet4 ,! w9d1 :i* 0 almo/ calm at ! e>?'s surface1 increas$ to a gale 9 ! high atmosph]e1 & c>ri$ ! balloon along at an av]age spe$ ( ?irty-six miles an h\r4 ,wi%+ to demon/rate conclusively :e!r ! insul> position ( ,engl& influ5c$ ! temp]ature ( ! high atmosph]e1 z _h be5 sugge/$1 ,dr4 ,b]son det]m9$ to execute a high asc5sion 9 ,engl& dur+ ! preval5ce ( a b>ometric maximum 9 summ]1 :5 ! air column w\ld be abnormally w>m$ & ! upp] iso!rmal surfaces elevat$4 ,an opportunity 0 af=d$ ,b]son to foll[ 9 ,glai%]'s foot/eps on ,septemb] #ad1 #ahih1 :5 abnormal heat prevail$ 9 ,europe4 ,b]son1 ) ! a]onaut ,sp5c]1 9 ! balloon ,excelsior1 rose f ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 ,london to ! height ( #bg1cjj feet1 :]e he obs]v$ a temp]ature ( -#bi4 ,! oxyg5 inhal$ prev5t$ h>mful physiological effects except = ! discom=t caus$ by ! enorm\s r$uction ( temp]ature f #hj at ! gr\nd only ?irty-five m9utes be=e4 ,! temp]ature decreas$ rapidly at fir/1 !n mod]ately up to ?ree miles1 & above t x fell almo/ at ! adiabatic rate4 ,ev5 9 ?is hot summ] maximum ( pressure & not)/&+ ! m>itime climate & s\?-we/]ly curr5ts1 a temp]ature ab\t #bi bel[ z]o reign$ at #bg1jjj feet1 be+ only a few degrees w>m] ?an ,b]son _h obs]v$ 9 w9t] at ! same height above ,g]many4 ,yet ,glai%]1 9 all 8 asc5ts1 two ( :i* exce$$ #bf1jjj feet1 nev] record$ a temp]ature ( less ?an #e bel[ z]o4 ,^! relatively high temp]atures1 obta9$ also by ,wel%1 ,tiss&i]1 & ,gay-,lussac1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! insuffici5t protection ( ! !rmomet]s aga9/ insolation1 to ! proximity ( ! in/rum5ts to ! heat$ basket & its occupants1 & la/ly1 to ! sluggi%ness ( ! !rmomet]s !mselves1 f lack ( v5tilation1 dur+ ! rapid passage ?r\gh air-/rata ( diff]5t temp]atures4 ,plate ,,vi4 indicates ! *ange ( temp]ature ) height obs]v$ dur+ ! f\r highe/ balloon asc5ts 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dots indicate ! obs]vations :ile asc5d+1 & crosses ! obs]vations :ile desc5d+2 ^! are connect$ by full & brok5 l9es respectively1 an incl9ation upw>d to ! left %[+ a decrease ( temp]ature ) height & vice v]s4 ,! adiabatic l9es1 repres5t+ a fall ( temp]ature ( #a ,fahr5heit p] #ahc feet ( asc5t1 s]ve = comp>ison4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,temp]atures obs]v$ 9 ,f\r ,high ,balloon ,asc5ts4 ,?is acc\nt ( notable balloon asc5ts %\ld n be clos$ )\t m5tion+ ! mo/ d>+ & unique ( all1 ! voyage ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,&re t[>ds ! nor? pole 9 #ahig4 ,al?\gh 8 0 a voyage ( geographical discov]y1 & n "o = ! exploration ( ! air1 yet meteorological & o!r obs]vations 7 to be made1 & ,&re _h famili>iz$ himself ) ! in/rum5ts & ! managem5t ( a balloon dur+ sev]al voyages 9 ,sw$54 ,! success ( ! pol> voyage dep5d$ prim>ily ^u ! preval5ce ( s\!rly w9ds1 & ! ability ( ! balloon to keep afloat long en\gh to pr(it by !m1 ev5 %\ld !y be light & v>iable at times4 ,!re=e ! imp]meability ( ! balloon to hydrog5 gas 0 ( vital importance1 & x 0 ! conviction t ! ,eagle1 ( #adj1jjj cubic feet1 0 nei!r suffici5tly l>ge nor /aun* to su/a9 itself = ?irty days1 ! "t :i* might be requir$ to rea* ,behr+ ,/raits1 t l$ ,dr4 ,nils ,ekholm1 ! meteorologi/ & physici/1 to )draw f ! exp$ition4 ,un=tunately1 8 fe>s seem to h be5 well f\nd$1 & x is probable t we mu/ n[ ab&on hope ( ! safety ( ! brave ,&re & 8 two companions4 ,a less p]il\s voyage nor?w>d across ! ,alps 0 attempt$ 9 #ahih by ,pr(essor ,heim1 ! ,swiss geologi/1 & two associates1 conduct$ by ! ,italian a]onaut1 ,spelt]9i4 ,) an automatic photographic cam]a1 simil> to "o describ$ 9 ! next *apt]1 x 0 hop$ to get views ( ! high ,alps f above1 :i* w\ld be alike valuable = geologic & topographic /udy4 ,ext5sive meteorological obs]vations 7 made 9 connection ) ! six? int]national balloon asc5t1 b only ! ,jura 0 cross$1 at an altitude ( #ac1jjj feet1 because ! balloon travell$ 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 in/ead ( nor?-ea/ z 0 expect$4 ,_m ye>s ago ,wise & ,donaldson1 ! ,am]ican a]onauts1 propos$ to cross ! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 a balloon4 ,! difficulties :i* pres5t !mselves 9 su* an und]tak+ are purely te*nical1 & giv5 a balloon :i* loses its gas s sl[ly t its buoyancy c be ma9ta9$ = sev]al days1 !re seems to be no reason :y su* a balloon1 at a height ( f\r or five miles1 c\ld n pass f ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york1 or f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,europe1 s9ce ! motion ( ! upp] cl\ds proves t ! high atmosph]e moves almo/ con/antly ) great velocity f ! we/ to ! ea/4 ,! dirigible balloon has n be5 realiz$ except 9 ne>ly calm wea!r1 b ! a]onaut c (t5 rev]se 8 direction by asc5d+ or desc5d+ into a contr>y w9d to t 9 :i* he has be5 travell+4 ,frequ5tly no cl\ds sep>ate ^! oppos+ curr5ts1 :i* become app>5t only :5 a balloon ent]s !m4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t 9 #ahfi ,glai%] made obs]vations 9 a captive balloon 9 ,engl& up to ! height ( #agjj feet 9 ord] to /udy ! conditions ( ! air )9 ?is di/ance ( ! e>?1 :i* c\ld n be done 9 a free & rapidly mov+ balloon4 ,al?\gh captive balloons are frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,european cities to lift p :o wi% to enjoy ! view f a height ( #ejj or #ajjj feet1 !y appe> to h be5 little us$ by sci5tific obs]v]s s9ce ! "t ( ,glai%]4 ,9 #ahij-ia ! a]onautical society at ,b]l9 employ$ a captive balloon 9 connection ) ! obs]vations 9 free balloons :i* h be5 describ$4 ,?is captive balloon _h a capacity ( only #ejjj cubic feet1 b x suffic$ to lift an app>atus weigh+ sixte5 p\nds1 design$ by ,dr4 ,assmann to record atmosph]ic pressure1 z well z ! temp]ature & relative humidity ( ! air4 ,! balloon1 atta*$ to a cable #bfjj feet long1 0 drawn d[n by a /eam eng9e4 ,x 0 possible 9 ?is way to h simultane\s obs]vations at ?ree levels1 viz4 ne> ! gr\nd1 9 ! free air at a height ( ab\t half-a-mile1 & at ! highe/ level atta9$ by a free balloon4 ,b ! captive balloon is (t5 at a disadvantage1 = ! w9d drives x d[n1 & al?\gh ! meteorograph m5tion$ _h +5i\s devices to neutralize ! viol5t %ocks caus$ by ?is & by ! reb\nd ( ! balloon aft] ! gu/ ( w9d1 yet ^! impair$ ! automatic record4 ,! height to :i* ! balloon rose 0 s mu* dim9i%$ by ! w9d t in/ead ( #bfjj feet1 :i* ! balloon atta9$ 9 calm wea!r :5 ! cable 0 v]tical1 ! av]age height ( ! tw5ty-f\r asc5ts 0 b half ?is1 & 9 v w9dy wea!r ! balloon c\ld n rise at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,g]man ,kite-balloon4 ,to obviate ^! difficulties1 a few ye>s ago !re 0 inv5t$ by two (fic]s ( ! ,g]man army1 ,lieut5ants von ,siegsfeld & von ,p>seval1 a captive balloon capable ( resi/+ /rong w9ds1 call$1 f its action z a kite1 ! ,dra*5-,ballon or kite-balloon1 & :i* at ! pres5t "t is be+ successfully us$ 9 ! ,g]man ,army & ,navy = reconnoitr+ 9 all k9ds ( wea!r4 ,a small] kite-balloon1 ( #ggjj cubic feet capacity1 fill$ ei!r ) hydrog5 or ) illum9at+ gas1 0 fir/ us$ to lift meteorological in/rum5ts at ,/rassburg 9 #ahih1 :]e x rema9$ at a height ( sev]al hundr$ feet dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z is se5 f ,fig4 #d1 ! balloon is cyl9drical1 ) hemisph]ical ends1 & is atta*$ to its cable l a kite1 s t ! w9d acts to lift & n to depress x4 ,! cyl9d] is divid$ by a diaphragm ne> its l[] end into two *amb]s1 ! upp] & l>g] "o be+ fill$ ) gas1 :ile ! l[] *amb]1 by means ( a valve op5+ inw>ds1 receives ! pressure ( ! w9d :i* presses aga9/ ! diaphragm1 & pres]ves ! sausage-l =m ( ! balloon 9 spite ( leakage ( gas4 ,ano!r w9d-bag encircl+ ! bottom ( ! air-*amb] s]ves z a rudd]1 & lat]al f9s or w+s give /ability to ! balloon ab\t its long] axis4 ,! in/rum5ts are plac$ 9 a basket hung f> bel[ ! balloon4 ,9 cases :]e !re is little or no w9d at ! gr\nd1 captive balloons c r5d] valuable s]vice = meteorological obs]vations1 b 9 all o!r cases kites are pref]able4 ,! reasons = ?is ass]tion w be giv5 :5 we consid] kites4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be p]ceiv$ h[ mu* ! ,g]mans did to advance sci5tific balloon+1 yet _! con/ant rivals1 ! ,fr5*1 f\nd a way to surpass !m 9 ! exploration ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! /ruggle = supremacy 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! greate/ heights 0 ke5 betwe5 ! sci5tific m5 ( bo? c\ntries1 b a truce 0 decl>$ at ,p>is 9 #ahif1 & s9ce !n bo? nations h work$ toge!r h>moni\sly4 ,! fri5dly meet+ ( ,fr5* & ,g]man physici/s at ,/rassburg 9 #ahih to agree ^u ! details ( co-op]ation1 typifi$ ! union ( nations ?r\gh sci5ce1 & :ile x is true t ! atmosph]e has no b\nd>ies & _c be pre-empt$1 let u hope t ! common aims ( sci5ce w ultimately oblit]ate ev5 political b\nd>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ballons-,,sondes ,,= ,,great ,,altitudes--,,! ,,int]national ,,asc5ts ,we h se5 t ! asc5t ( human be+s to heights ( six miles is att5d$ ) difficulty & dang]1 & ev5 ) app>atus = supply+ ! life-su/a9+ oxyg51 man c h>dly hope to rea* mu* great] altitudes4 ,consequ5tly1 to obta9 in=mation ab\t ! atmosph]ic /rata ly+ above six miles1 t is to say1 ^? facts :i* require to be asc]ta9$ 9 ! m$ium itself1 we mu/ employ ! s-call$ ballons-sondes1 c>ry+ self-record+ in/rum5ts b no obs]v]s4 ,?is me?od1 :i* 0 propos$ 9 ,cop5hag5 z long ago z #ahji1 0 fir/ put into execution by ! ,fr5* a]onauts1 ,h]mite & ,besanon1 :o1 x may be rem>k$1 sugge/$ attempt+ to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole by balloon "s "t be=e ,&re ann\nc$ 8 s*eme4 ,a balloon is ! be/ ( anemomet]s1 s9ce x takes ! direction & spe$ ( ! curr5ts 9 :i* x floats1 & h5ce x is cu/om>y1 be=e a mann$ balloon />ts1 to dispat* sev]al small pilot-balloons 9 ord] to judge ( ! direction & /r5g? ( ! upp] w9ds4 ,ev5 if we d n "k ! height ( ! curr5ts 9 :i* !y float1 ?\gh ?is c be asc]ta9$ by measur+ ! height ( ! balloon trigonometrically or micrometrically1 we /ill obta9 a g5]al k ( ! direction & spe$ ( ! curr5ts4 ,) ?is idea1 ,m4 ,bonvallet 9 #ahia dispat*$ f ,ami5s1 ,france1 n9ety-sev5 pap] balloons1 ea* provid$ ) a po/al c>d ask+ = ! "t & place ( desc5t4 ,sixty ( ^! c>ds 7 return$1 almo/ all ! balloons hav+ be5 c>ri$ ea/ by ! upp] curr5t1 t5 go+ beyond "o hundr$ & ?irty miles1 & "o travell+ at a spe$ ( almo/ "o hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,! next ye> ! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ by ,,mm4 ,h]mite & ,besanon ) balloons ( ?irty-five cubic feet cont5ts1 & ab\t half ( ^? dispat*$ f ,p>is 7 recov]$ )9 a radius ( "o hundr$ miles4 ,! height to :i* ! balloons c\ld rise is det]m9$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 to asc5d #ah1jjj feet1 :]e ! atmosph]ic pressure is "o-half t at ! e>? 7see ,plate ,i471 ! balloon :5 half full ( gas mu/ lift itself f ! gr\nd2 to rise #ce1jjj feet1 :]e ! pressure is r$uc$ to "o-qu>t]1 x mu/ be able to />t upw>d :5 "o-qu>t] fill$1 & s on4 ,9 practice ! asc5sional =ce usually dim9i%es at fir/ f v>i\s causes1 su* z ! escape ( gas1 its cool+1 & ! deposit ( moi/ure on ! outside ( ! balloon4 ,to p5etrate ! cl\ds1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to h a consid]able excess ( asc5sional =ce1 b above ! cl\ds1 s9ce ! heat+ effect ( ! sun increases greatly ) altitude1 ! gas 9 ! balloon is w>m$ mu* above ! surr\nd+ air1 & s ! !oretical altitudes are exce$$4 ,hav+ det]m9$ t balloons inflat$ ) "o hundr$ & fifty cubic feet ( coal-gas w\ld rise to great heights1 simple & light regi/]+ in/rum5ts1 z well z ! po/al c>ds1 7 atta*$ to !m4 ,z ! pressure dim9i%$1 an an]oid b>omet] trac$ a l9e on a smok$ glass1 & aft] ! desc5t 0 plac$ "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & ! pressure requir$ to reproduce ! trace 0 measur$ by a manomet]4 ,f ?is ! height c\ld be comput$ approximately4 ,! maximum & m9imum !rmomet] 0 ( ! well-kn[n ,u-=m1 & in/ructions app5d$ ask$ t x be read z soon z f\nd4 ,a sl[-mat* 0 arrang$ to deta* po/al c>ds successively1 s t if !y 7 f\nd & mail$1 ! track ( ! balloon c\ld be det]m9$4 ,^! balloons at fir/ 7 call$ ballons p]dus1 or lo/ balloons1 b :5 x 0 kn[n t mo/ ( ! f\rte5 balloons lib]at$ f ,p>is 7 recov]$1 ! "n ballons explorateurs 0 giv51 :i* 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ to ballons-sondes1 or s\nd+ balloons4 ,! ,g]mans call !m1 ,regi/rir-,ballons1 & 9 ,engli% !y h be5 designat$ unmann$ balloons also4 ,"o ( ^! pap] balloons hav+ rea*$ a height ( ne>ly #cj1jjj feet1 ,,mm4 ,h]mite & ,besanon proce$$ to con/ruct a balloon ( gold-beat]'s sk91 hav+ a capacity ( #cifj cubic feet1 9 ord] to c>ry a bett] in/rum5tal equipm5t4 ,! self-record+ in/rum5ts made by ! ,fr5* firm ( ,ri*>d ,bro!rs 7 well adapt$ = ?is purpose1 & a comb9$ b>omet] & !rmomet]1 regi/]+ 9 ink on an upright drum t is turn$ by clockwork inside1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! exhau/$ pair ( boxes ,b ( ! b>omet] actuates ! l[] p51 :ile ! curv$ tube ,c1 :i* is fill$ ) alcohol1 by its *ange ( %ape moves ! upp] p5 & records ! temp]ature4 ,f ! indications ( ! b>omet] & ! temp]ature ( ! mass ( air1 x is possible by ,laplace's =mula to calculate ! height at any h\r ( ! regi/ration4 ,! balloon m5tion$ 0 ! fir/ ( ! s-call$ ,arophiles1 & :5 inflat$ ) coal-gas x c\ld lift sev5ty-sev5 p\nds besides its own weight ( =ty p\nds4 ,x c>ri$ two ( ! b>o-!rmographs describ$1 & a package ( in=mation c>ds arrang$ to be deta*$ by a sl[-mat*4 ,to mitigate ! %ock ( /rik+ ! gr\nd "o ( ! in/rum5ts 0 hung by rubb] cords inside a wick] basket t 9 ! fir/ asc5t 0 n scre5$ f ! sun4 ,x 0 decid$ to lib]ate ^! balloons entirely fill$ ) gas 7in/ead ( p>tly full1 to all[ = its expansion71 & to utilize all possible asc5sional =ce at fir/ r ?an to weight ! balloon ) an automatic dis*>g] ( balla/ 7,fig4 #f74 ,! trial ( ! ,arophile occurr$ ,m>* #ba1 #ahic1 & ! next day "o ( ! c>ds 0 return$ ann\nc+ its fall 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,yonne1 :]e ! balloon & ! in/rum5ts 7 recov]$ injur$4 ,f ! blurr$ traces ( ! latt] x 0 comput$ t at an altitude ( ab\t #di1jjj feet a temp]ature ( -#fj ,fahr5heit _h be5 met )1 bo? pressure & temp]ature be+ ! l[e/ measur$ 9 a balloon up to t "t4 ,al?\gh ! data secur$ by ?is asc5t 7 some:at d\btful1 yet ! feasibility ( explor+ ! atmosph]e by ballons-sondes 0 prov$4 ,x 0 se5 t ! enorm\s velocity ( asc5t ov]came ! w9d & p]mitt$ ! pa? ( ! balloon to ! summit ( its trajectory to be foll[$1 ! balloon appe>+ l a meteor visible 9 daylight1 & s its height c\ld be calculat$ by trigonometrical measurem5ts2 :ile ! desc5t1 caus$ by ! escape & cool+ ( ! gas1 0 g5tle & regul>1 p]mitt+ ! delicate in/rum5ts to be recov]$ un9jur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,b>o-!rmograph ( ,ri*>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,! ,arophile ris+4 ,! left-h& picture %[s ! de=mation caus$ by ! resi/ance ( ! air to its rapid asc5t1 & ! "r-h& "o ! viol5t oscillations :5 fir/ lib]at$4 ,! second asc5t ( ?is ,arophile 0 its la/1 =1 aft] fall+ 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 x 0 burn$ by *ildr54 ,h[ev]1 ,m4 ,besanon1 n disc\rag$1 con/ruct$ ! ,arophile ,,ii4 ( #fcjj cubic feet1 & improv$ ! in/rum5ts z exp]i5ce sugge/$4 ,! records _h (t5 be5 int]rupt$ by freez+ ( ! ink1 s ! p5 0 replac$ by a ne$le m>k+ ) less friction on smok$ pap] surr\nd+ ! record drum4 ,to avoid heat+ ( ! !rmomet]s by ! sun1 !y 7 plac$ 9 a wick] cyl9d] op5 at bo? ends & cov]$ ) bright metallic pap]4 ,?is 0 hung bel[ ! balloon ) its axis v]tical1 9 ord] t ! draught ?r\gh ! cyl9d] :5 ! balloon 0 ris+ or fall+ %\ld c\nt]act ! insolation1 & 9 ! next asc5t1 at ab\t ! same altitude1 a temp]ature l[] by #cf ,fahr5heit indicat$ ! effect ( ! protection4 ,to secure an indep5d5t record ( ! l[e/ temp]ature an +5i\s device 0 us$1 consi/+ ( a !rmomet] tube fill$ ) alcohol & hav+ black divisions4 ,! l[e/ po9t to :i* ! alcohol sank 0 record$ on photographic pap] plac$ beh9d ! tube1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ 9 a metallic box t 0 automatically clos$ on /rik+ ! gr\nd1 & s 0 pres]v$ aga9/ ! m$dl+ ( curi\s p]sons4 ,up to ! middle ( #ahih t5 voyages _h be5 made by ! ,arophiles1 :i* 7 n[ con/ruct$ ( v>ni%$ silk to hold #af1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,"o ( ! objects s\ght 0 ! collection ( samples ( air at great heights1 b ?is 0 n accompli%$ until rec5tly4 ,9 ! fir/ app>atus = ?is purpose1 an an]oid b>omet] at a pr$et]m9$ pressure turn$ ! cock communicat+ ) an exhau/$ receiv] t fill$ ) air & 0 !n clos$4 ,! cock leak$1 s next ! +5i\s device ( g5]at+ heat *emically to seal ! glass tube 0 tri$4 ,?is1 too1 fail$1 b f9ally1 an app>atus ( ,m4 ,cailletet solv$ ! problem4 ,x is advisable to control ! height d$uc$ f ! b>ometric records by direct obs]vations s long z ! balloon rema9s visible1 & = ?is purpose micrometric measures 7 made ) a telescope z soon z ! balloon left ! gr\nd4 ,!re 0 also us$ a species ( regi/]+ !odolite :i*1 :5 kept po9t$ at ! balloon1 automatically trac$ on pap] its azimu? & angul> altitude4 ,^! records1 :5 comb9$ ) ! b>ometric height at a kn[n h\r1 p]mitt$ ! horizontal di/ance trav]s$1 & h5ce ! velocity1 to be calculat$1 or1 ) two su* in/rum5ts at ends ( a base l9e1 ! height ( ! balloon c\ld be f\nd4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts ) ballons-sondes 9 ,france 7 soon repeat$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e a balloon ( rubb]-fabric hold+ #hgjj cubic feet 0 obta9$ by ! ,g]man ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,arial ,navigation4 ,:5 inflat$ ) coal-gas x _h a lift+ =ce ( ab\t two hundr$ & n9ety p\nds1 9 excess ( its envelope1 etc41 weigh+ n9ety-?ree p\nds1 & ! meteorological app>atus weigh+ six p\nds4 ,! ,cirrus1 z x 0 call$1 bur/ on its fir/ trial1 b 9 ,july #ahid x made a rem>kable voyage f ,b]l9 to ! b\nd>y ( ,bosnia1 a di/ance ( sev5 hundr$ miles1 at an av]age spe$ ( sixty-two miles an h\r4 ,a maximum height ( #ed1jjj feet & a m9imum temp]ature ( -#fc ,fahr5heit 7 record$4 ,! ,cirrus on its ?ird voyage 0 accompani$ by mann$ balloons 9 ord] to h simultane\s obs]vations at diff]5t levels1 & ?is "t x travell$ eighty-?ree miles an h\r & rose #fa1jjj feet4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature ( -#hh ,fahr5heit 0 suppos$ to be too high1 = ! reason t :]eas ! v5tilation ( ! !rmomet]s 9 a rapidly asc5d+ or desc5d+ balloon might be suffici5t to c\nt]act sol> radiation1 ?is w\ld n be ! case :5 ! balloon 0 approa*+ its culm9at+ po9t ) a dim9i%+ spe$4 ,!re=e1 ,dr4 ,assmann1 "u ^: sup]vision ! ,g]man exp]im5ts 7 conduct$1 employ$ ! !rmomet]1 :i* 9 ! captive balloon 0 aspirat$ electrically1 b n[ 0 driv5 by a weight1 & lat]1 because ! ink froze1 ! regi/ration 0 made photographic4 ,! efficacy ( ! aspirator 0 se5 9 ! asc5t ref]r$ to1 =1 :5 its action /opp$1 a high] temp]ature 0 record$ ?\gh ! balloon cont9u$ to asc5d4 ,9 ,april #ahie ! ,cirrus rose to ! extraord9>y height ( #gb1jjj feet1 or m ?an ?irte5 & a qu>t] miles1 :]e ! b>ometric pressure 0 r$uc$ to "o & a half in*es ( m]cury4 7,9 ,plate ,i4 ?is extreme & possibly excessive height is n %[n z ! height ( ! ballon-sonde1 b ! av]age ( ! ?ree highe/ asc5ts ( ! ,cirrus is indicat$47 ,! comp>ative w>m? 7-#ej ,fahr5heit7 record$ has l$ ,dr4 ,assmann himself to d\bt ! accuracy ( ! usual me?ods ( regi/]+ temp]ature at su* extremely l[ pressures4 ,plate ,,vii4 %[s ! heights 9 metres1 & ! temp]atures 9 degrees ,c5tigrade1 dur+ eight voyages f ,b]l9 prior to ,june #ahig4 ,not)/&+ ! rivalry & diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ,fr5* z to ! me?ods ( explor+ ! high atmosph]e1 !re 0 also a s9c]e desire to co-op]ate1 & ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,conf]5ce :i* 0 held at ,p>is 9 ,septemb] #ahif furni%$ an opportunity to make ! arrangem5ts4 ,resolutions 7 adopt$ fav\r+ asc5ts ) mann$ balloons1 z well z simultane\s asc5ts ( ballons-sondes 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! successful use ( kites at ,blue ,hill to lift self-record+ in/rum5ts m ?an a mile into ! air l$ to ! wi% t simil> exp]im5ts %\ld be tri$ else:]e4 ,an ,int]national ,committee 0 appo9t$ to c>ry out ^! resolutions1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,h]gesell ( ,/rassburg is presid5t1 & ! vet]an ,p>isian a]onaut & j\rnali/1 ,wilfrid de ,fonvielle1 is secret>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,heights ,,& ,,temp]atures ,,record$ ,,9 ,,eight ,,asc5ts ,,( ,,! ,,cirrus4 ,x 0 agre$ to make a night asc5t & to use id5tical in/rum5ts1 9 ord] t ! obs]vations might be made ev]y:]e "u ! same conditions4 ,accord+ly1 on ! e>ly morn+ ( ,novemb] #ad1 #ahif1 five balloons mann$ by obs]v]s1 & ?ree ballons-sondes ) record+ in/rum5ts1 7 lib]at$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,russia4 ,by means ( ! automatic diagrams f ! ballons-sondes1 & ! direct obs]vations 9 ! mann$ balloons1 x 0 s\ght to det]m9e ! decrease ( temp]ature ) height 9 v]tical sections ( ! atmosph]e connect+ ! v>i\s c5tres f :i* ! balloons />t$4 ,sev5 su* sections 7 available by connect+ ,p>is & ,/rassburg1 ,b]l9 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,w>saw & ,muni*1 etc41 b1 un=tunately1 obs]vations 9 ! highe/ /rata 7 g5]ally lack+4 ,?ree m int]national asc5ts 7 made dur+ ! ye> #ahig1 :i* 7 p>ticipat$ 9 less ext5sively4 ,at ?is "t x 0 necess>y to decide que/ions t _h aris51 & to make plans = ! future1 consequ5tly a meet+ ( ! ,int]national ,committee 0 held at ,/rassburg 9 #ahih4 ,_m te*nical que/ions 7 settl$1 b ! *ief result accompli%$ 0 ! dissipation ( misund]/&+s & prejudices1 n only betwe5 ,fr5* & ,g]mans1 b betwe5 ! ,g]man repres5tatives !mselves1 = no d\bt p]sonal int]c\rse is ! greate/ good ( su* conf]5ces4 ,al?\gh x 0 n a surprise1 nev]!less x 0 regrett$ t no "o came f ,great ,brita91 :]e1 s9ce ,glai%]'s epo*-mak+ balloon asc5sions1 little has be5 done to explore ! air4 ,! b5eficial results ( ! ,conf]5ce 7 app>5t at ! fif? int]national asc5t1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ,june #h1 #ahih4 ,au/ria & ,belgium jo9$ ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,russia1 & ! field ( atmosph]ic survey 0 ext5d$ ov] a good "p ( ,europe4 ,a v]itable a]onautic fleet 0 laun*$ f ,p>is1 ,brussels1 ,b]l91 ,w>saw1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,/rassburg1 ,muni*1 & ,vi5na1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-"o balloons1 ( :i* ?irte5 c>ri$ obs]v]s1 :o all us$ ! aspiration !rmomet]s1 & eight 7 equipp$ only ) self-record+ in/rum5ts4 ,"s ( ! latt] balloons rea*$ altitudes ( #ej1jjj feet1 & ! =m] atta9$ extreme heights ( "o-?ird ?is4 ,on ! day select$ ! atmosph]e 0 9 a /ate ( repose1 ) light v>iable w9ds1 except high up1 :]e !y blew1 z is usual1 f ! we/ or s\?-we/4 ,^! obs]vations 7 suffici5tly num]\s to =m a synoptic *>t at a consid]able height above ,europe = comp>ison ) ! usual *>t drawn f ! surface obs]vations4 ,besides ! g5]al "w ( ! ,int]national ,committee1 special inve/igations h be5 und]tak5 by ! ,fr5*1 :o =m$ an ,a]o/atic ,commission 9 ,p>is4 ,! s]vices ( ! em95t physici/s1 ,,mm4 ,cailletet & ,violle1 h be5 enli/$1 :ile a g5]\s patron has be5 f\nd 9 ,pr9ce ,rol& ,bonap>te4 ,! app>atus ( ,m4 ,cailletet to br+ d[n samples ( air f ! high regions may n[ be describ$4 ,:5 ! balloon has rea*$ its greate/ height a cock ( special con/ruction1 turn$ by clockwork1 op5s & all[s ! air to ent] a res]voir 9 :i* a vacuum exi/s1 & !n ! cock is automatically & h]metically clos$4 ,z x is kn[n t ! balloon rea*es its extreme height 9 ab\t an h\r & a qu>t]1 ! "t ( op5+ ! cock is s regulat$1 ! clos+ tak+ place a little lat] by its fur!r rotation4 ,9 ord] to protect ! mov+ p>ts f ! extreme cold1 a receptacle fill$ ) fus$ acetate ( soda is plac$ 9 ! box conta9+ ! motor1 s t1 not)/&+ ! int5se cold ( ! high regions1 ?is salt 9 assum+ a cry/all9e /ate gives out en\gh heat dur+ sev]al h\rs at lea/4 ,dur+ ! asc5t ( an ,arophile air 0 collect$ at #ej1jjj feet1 :i* :5 analyz$ by ,m4 ,mntz %[$ :at 0 suppos$1 viz4 t at ?is altitude ! composition ( ! air does n diff] mu* f t ( ! l[] air4 ,! slight excess ( c>bonic acid f\nd 9 ! upp] air might be due to ! oxidation ( ! grease us$ on ! cock1 & ! small] quantity ( oxyg51 z comp>$ ) normal air1 might be caus$ by ! absorption ( ?is gas by ! grease or ev5 ! absorption by ! t9n$ sides ( ! copp] res]voir4 ,by elim9at+ all possible s\rces ( error 9 future asc5sions1 ,m4 ,mntz ?9ks t x c be prov$ :e!r !re are real diff]5ces 9 ! air at diff]5t heights1 = ! me?ods ( analysis are to-day accurate en\gh to %[ su* diff]5ces if !y exi/4 ,b s9ce x is probable t 9 ! regions :i* c be explor$ by ! ballons-sondes1 ! air und]goes ! same mix+ t r5d]s ! l[] air ne>ly uni=m1 only ! smalle/ v>iations 9 its composition w\ld naturally be f\nd1 requir+ m9ute precautions aga9/ errors4 ,?is is no d\bt :y previ\s measures agre$ 9 %[+ ! inv>iable composition ( ! air at l[] altitudes4 ,ano!r important contribution ( ,m4 ,cailletet is an app>atus = measur+ ! height ( ! balloon by photography 9 ord] to v]ify ,laplace's =mula connect+ ! b>ometric pressure ) ! altitude4 ,! idea 0 to replace ! obs]v]s on ! gr\nd1 :o sometimes made ! trigonometrical measurem5ts ( ! balloon describ$1 by a photographic app>atus c>ri$ by ! balloon itself1 & :i* at frequ5t int]vals %\ld photograph automatically ! gr\nd ov] :i* x pass$1 at ! same "t t an an]oid b>omet] 0 photograph$ on ! same %eet4 ,! app>atus is hung v]tically bel[ ! balloon2 9 ! l[] portion ( ! box is an objective :i* photographs ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! upp] portion is a second objective :i* photographs ! face ( an an]oid b>omet] plac$ at ! prop] di/ance above4 ,a clock-movem5t makes exposures e two m9utes1 & a s5sitive film unroll$ betwe5 ! objectives receives ! images on ea* side4 ,if !re are kn[n1 ! focal l5g? ( ! objective1 ! di/ance ( two po9ts on ! gr\nd1 & ! di/ance ( two po9ts on ! photograph1 a simple proportion p]mits ! height ( ! balloon to be det]m9$ at t "t1 & consequ5tly1 f ! b>ometric record1 ! law connect+ ! pressure ) height c be d$uc$4 ,! app>atus 0 successfully us$ 9 ! voyage ( a l>ge balloon ) obs]v]s1 & ! accuracy ( ! det]m9ation ( height 0 f\nd to be )9 #a_/bej4 ,if ! app>atus is to be us$ at great heights x w\ld be necess>y to protect ! b>omet] & ! cam]a f ! v l[ temp]atures4 ,besides ! use = :i* x 0 design$1 ?is app>atus may s]ve to trace ! r\te ( a balloon & to det]m9e ! horizontal velocity at ! diff]5t po9ts ( its pa?4 ,! exploration ( ! high atmosph]e by ballons-sondes1 :i* c aid s _m inve/igations1 has be5 utiliz$ by ,m4 ,violle to obta9 act9ometric measures1 t is1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat giv5 by ! sun1 or :at is call$ ! sol> con/ant4 ,?is has be5 done on m\nta9s ) v>y+ results1 due to ! *ang+ am\nt ( atmosph]ic absorption4 ,9 regions trav]s$ by ! balloon :]e ! pressure ( ! air is r$uc$ to a few in*es ( m]cury1 :]e !re is a complete abs5ce ( wat]-vap\r1 & at heights to :i* t]re/rial du/ does n ext5d1 ! measure ( ! quantity ( heat s5t by ! sun t[>ds ! e>? is fre$ f almo/ all ! errors :i* we enc\nt] on its surface4 ,! act9omet] ( ,m4 ,violle is1 9 pr9ciple1 a sph]e ( copp]1 black5$ ext]nally1 & hav+ inside a !rmometric app>atus :i* regi/]s "s di/ance away4 ,"u ! action ( ! sol> rays ! sph]e is heat$1 & assumes equilibrium :5 ! loss by radiation & by contact ) ! air comp5sates = ! ga9 by ! absorption ( ! direct heat4 ,:ile at l[ levels ! atmosph]e also contributes to heat ! sph]e1 at great heights ! sun %9es f an almo/ black sky & alone heats ! sph]e4 ,s9ce ! balloon foll[s ! w9d ! app>atus is protect$ f air curr5ts :i* w\ld o!rwise introduce errors4 ,ea* tw5ty m9utes a scre5 cuts (f ! sol> rays f ! sph]e s t x cools to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 :i* is also record$4 ,on acc\nt ( its weight ?is app>atus has n yet be5 c>ri$ by a ballon-sonde1 b x has op]at$ successfully 9 a balloon ) obs]v]s4 ,m4 ,teiss]5c de ,bort1 :o is actively engag$ 9 explor+ ! air f a meteorological /&po9t1 has con/ruct$ a v s5sitive !rmomet] made ( a blade ( ,g]man silv] set 9 a frame ( nickel-/eel t does n exp& ) heat4 ,?is may be v5tilat$ by a fan1 &1 :ile extremely s5sitive to *anges ( temp]ature1 x is n affect$ by %ocks1 & consequ5tly is well adapt$ = use 9 ballons-sondes t pass rapidly ?r\gh air-/rata ( v>y+ temp]ature4 ,f ?is review ( ! developm5t ( ! ballons-sondes x is evid5t t !y (f] possibilities ( obta9+ data 9 ! high atmosph]e1 p]haps up to fifte5 miles or m1 :i*1 ?\gh subject to inaccuracies1 are ( great int]e/ to ! physici/ & a/ronom]4 ,! meteorologi/ is *iefly conc]n$ ) t portion ( ! atmosph]e :i* lies )9 two or ?ree miles ( ! e>?1 & he requires1 moreov]1 accurate measurem5ts = 8 conclusions4 ,! new & mo/ satisfactory way ( obta9+ ^! data is by kites1 & ! rema9+ *apt]s w treat ( ?is me?od ( explor+ ! atmosph]e & ! results4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,kites--,,hi/ory ,,& ,,application ,,to ,,meteorological ,,purposes ,,at ,,blue ,,hill ,,& ,,else:]e ,kites are suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era by ,ar*ytas1 & at ,smyrna ! fly+ ( kites rema9s a national sport to ?is day4 ,we are told t two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 a ,*9ese g5]al1 ,han ,s91 employ$ kites z a means ( communication ) ! g>rison ( a besieg$ t[n1 & !re is a leg5d ab\t _! use 9 ,japan to dislodge & c>ry away a gold5 ornam5t f a t[]4 ,:atev] may be ! tru? ( ^! /ories1 we "k t kite-fly+ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ,japan1 has be5 a pa/ime = all classes dur+ c5turies1 & t ! ,asiatic p h always be5 ! exp]t kite-fli]s ( ! _w4 ,kites ) tails seem to h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 & ,isaac ,newton :5 a s*ool-boy made "s improvem5ts 9 !m4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t g5]ations ( boys h fl[n kites & s em95t a ma!matician z ,eul] inve/igat$ _! !ory1 until rec5tly kites rema9$ toys unsuit$ = practical purposes4 ,s9ce ! tailless kite has become a famili> object1 x has be5 said faceti\sly t kites lo/ _! tails by ! same process ( evolution :i* depriv$ man ( 8 caudal app5dage2 b z kites )\t tails h be5 fl[n 9 ,asia = c5turies1 ! tru? is t ! tail$ kites 7 ! ones fir/ br\ght to ,europe z play?+s4 ,to-day 9 ,holl& we see boys fly+ ! ,engli% b[-kite & ! common kite ) cross$ /icks1 bo? ( :i* require tails1 & by ! side ( !m tailless kites import$ f ! ,dut* colonies 9 ,java4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts a kite f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,java1 drawn f a model 9 a museum at ,am/]dam1 & also a draw+ ( a ,*9ese bird-kite 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,l mo/ ( ! ori5tal kites1 !y are made flat1 b :5 expos$ to ! w9d ! extremities ( ! w+s1 :i* h a frame ( split bamboo1 b5d backw>d1 secur+ 9 ?is way ! /ability :i* 9 our common flat kite is ga9$ by ! action ( ! tail 9 l[]+ ! c5tre ( gravity & 9 ma9ta9+ ! incl9ation to ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,ori5tal tailless ,kites4 ,f hi/orical rese>*es t h be5 /imulat$ by ! rec5t practical applications ( kites1 x appe>s t _! fir/ use = sci5tific purposes 0 9 #agdi1 :5 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,wilson ( ,glasg[1 & 8 pupil1 ,?omas ,melvill1 us$ kites to lift !rmomet]s4 ,_! kites1 f f\r to sev5 feet 9 height1 & cov]$ ) pap]1 7 fa/5$ beh9d "o ano!r1 ea* kite tak+ up z mu* l9e z c\ld be support$1 !reby all[+ its companion to so> to an elevation proportionally high]4 ,x is relat$ t ! upp]mo/ "o asc5d$ to an amaz+ height1 disappe>+ at times among ! :ite summ] cl\ds1 :il/ all ! re/1 9 a s]ies1 =m$ ) x 9 ! air bel[ su* a l(ty scale1 & t too affect$ by su* regul> & conspir+ motions1 z at once *ang$ a boyi% pa/ime into a spectacle :i* greatly int]e/$ e behold]4444 ,to obta9 ! in=mation !y want$ !y contriv$ t !rmomet]s1 prop]ly secur$1 & hav+ bu%y tassels ( pap] ti$ to !m1 %\ld be let fall at /at$ p]iods f "s ( ! high] kites1 :i* 0 accompli%$ by ! gradual s+e+ ( a mat*-l9e4 ,h[ ! !rmomet]s 7 prev5t$ f *ang+ _! read+s :ile fall+ to ! gr\nd is n expla9$4 ,! acc\nt concludes3 ,:5 engag$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh n[ & !n !y communicat$ imm$iately ) ! cl\ds1 yet1 z ?is happ5$ always 9 f9e wea!r1 no symptoms :atev] ( an electrical nature came "u _! obs]vation4 ,! sublime analysis ( ! ?und]bolt1 & ( ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e1 lay yet entirely undiscov]$1 & 0 res]v$ two ye>s long] = ! sagacity ( ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,h5ce x seems t ,frankl9's fam\s exp]im5t ( collect+ ! electricity ( a ?und]-cl\d by means ( a kite1 p]=m$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ageb1 0 n its fir/ sci5tific application1 & !re=e ,am]ica c claim only ! lat] & mo/ rem>kable developm5t ( ?is means ( explor+ ! air4 ,ab\t #ahcg !re exi/$ 9 ,philadelphia an organization call$ ! ,frankl9 ,kite ,club t flew kites = recreation4 ,espy1 ! em95t meteorologi/1 0 a memb]1 & he /ates t on ^? days :5 column> cl\ds =m rapidly & num]\sly ! kite 0 frequ5tly c>ri$ upw>d ne>ly p]p5dicul>ly by columns ( asc5d+ air1 a ph5om5on :i* is (t5 obs]v$ to-day4 ,espy calculat$ ! height at :i* cl\ds %\ld =m by ! cool+ ( ! air to its dew-po9t1 & !n employ$ kites to v]ify 8 calculations ( ! heights ( ! cl\ds4 ,x w be rememb]$ t bo? ^! me?ods are utiliz$ 9 ! measurem5ts ( cl\d-heights at ,blue ,hill4 ,kites 7 employ$ to get temp]atures a hundr$ or m feet above ! ,arctic ocean e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 & 9 #ahdg ,w4 ,r4 ,birt flew a kite at ,kew ,obs]vatory1 ) :i* he hop$ to obta9 measures ( temp]ature1 humidity1 w9d velocity1 etc4 ,?is kite1 hexagonal 9 %ape1 requir$ ?ree div]g5t /r+s atta*$ to ! gr\nd to keep x /eady1 & ! in/rum5ts 7 to be hoi/$ up to ! kite by a pulley4 ,p]haps ! fir/ p]son to so> al(t on a kite 0 a lady1 :o1 m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 0 lift$ "s hundr$ feet by a great kite con/ruct$ by ,george ,pocock1 an ,engli%man1 to s]ve z an arial obs]vatory 9 w>f>e1 & also to drag c>riages along ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 propos$ aft]w>ds to make use ( kites 9 %ipwrecks to take p]sons or life-l9es a%ore1 & 9 #ahfe ,sir ,george ,n>es inv5t$ a /orm-kite1 s call$1 ) a tail made up ( holl[ cones4 ,?is =m ( tail1 subsequ5tly us$ = bo? kites & balloons1 is v effici5t1 s9ce x (f]s increas+ resi/ance z ! w9d becomes /rong]4 ,9 #ahhb ,mr4 ,d\glas ,ar*ibald 9 ,engl& reviv$ ! use ( kites = meteorological obs]vations1 & outl9$ a compreh5sive s*eme ( explor+ ! air ) kites :i* includ$ almo/ all t has be5 done s9ce1 b 8 actual "w1 p]=m$ dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s1 0 limit$ to asc]ta9+ ! increase ( w9d velocity ) height4 ,to d ?is1 he atta*$ regi/]+ anemomet]s at f\r diff]5t po9ts on ! kite-wire1 b s9ce ! total w9d movem5ts only 7 regi/]$ f ! "t ! anemomet]s left ! gr\nd until !y return$1 x 0 impossible to obta9 simultane\s records ne> ! gr\nd & at ! kite1 z is done to-day4 ,/ill1 ,ar*ibald got diff]5tial measurem5ts ( ! velocity ( ! w9d up to ! height ( #abjj feet4 ,! kites he employ$ 7 diamond-%ap$1 cov]$ ) silk1 & 7 fl[n t&em1 ) ! holl[ cones1 already m5tion$1 atta*$ to ! tails4 ,al?\gh copp] & iron wire _h be5 us$ = fly+ kites _m ye>s be=e1 yet ,ar*ibald 0 ! fir/ to sub/itute /eel pian(orte wire = ! /r+1 !reby increas+ ! /r5g? :ile dim9i%+ ! weight1 size1 & co/ ( ! l9e4 ,mr4 ,ar*ibald 9 #ahhg took ! fir/ photograph f a kite1 a me?od :i* ,,mm4 ,batut & ,w5z develop$ 9 ,france1 & ,messrs4 ,eddy & ,woglom 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! subsequ5t progress ( kite-fly+ = meteorological purposes has tak5 place 9 ! la/-nam$ c\ntry1 & may be *ronologically /at$ z foll[s3 9 #ahhe ,mr4 ,alex&] ,mc,adie 7lat] ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau7 repeat$ ,frankl9's kite exp]im5t on ,blue ,hill1 ) ! addition ( an electromet]2 9 #ahia1 & aga9 9 #ahib1 he measur$ simultane\sly ! electric pot5tial at ! base ( ,blue ,hill1 on ! hill1 & ) kites z collectors sev]al hundr$ feet above ! hill-top1 ab\t ! same "t t ,dr4 ,web]1 9 ,breslau1 ,g]many1 0 mak+ a m ext5sive use ( kites = ! same purpose4 ,x 0 no d\bt ,william ,a4 ,eddy ( ,bayonne1 ,n4 ,j41 :o turn$ ! att5tion ( ,am]ican sci5tific m5 to kite-fly+1 & creat$ ! widespread int]e/ 9 kites :i* exi/s to-day4 ,ab\t #ahij ,mr4 ,eddy lift$ !rmomet]s ) an ord9>y kite1 b soon aft]w>ds devis$ a tailless kite1 resembl+ ! ,java kite except t ! horizontal cross-piece is ne>] ! top ( ! v]tical /ick1 & its ends are b5t backw>d 9 a b[ & connect$ by a cord4 ,?is kite />ts upw>d on be+ held 9 ! w9d at ! end ( a taut l9e1 & cont9ues to rise until ! increas+ w9d-pressure on ! portion above ! cross-/ick balances ! pressure on ! l>g] l[] portion4 ,! kite is kept f fall+ to "o side by ! loos5ess ( ! cov]+ on ei!r side ( ! backbone1 & if !re is m mat]ial on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 or if ! cov]+ is too tight to =m pockets 9 ! w9d1 ! kite requires a tail4#a #a ,a tail w prev5t any kite f turn+ ov]1 or div+1 because its weight keeps ! l[] end d[n :ile ! pressure ( ! w9d on ! tail also pulls ! l[] end backw>d & ma9ta9s ! necess>y angle ( ! kite to ! w9d1 ! mo/ effici5t angle be+ ab\t #bb degrees4 ,b5d+ back ! ends ( ! cross-/ick gives /ability to a kite because1 :51 on acc\nt ( ! eddies 9 ! w9d1 a /rong] pressure is ex]t$ on "o side ( ! kite1 ?is side is driv5 backw>d1 !reby pres5t+ less effective surface to ! w9d1 :ile z ! o!r side comes =w>d m ne>ly at "r angles to ! w9d1 x receives great] pressure ?an be=e4 ,9 ?is way ! equilibrium ab\t ! c5tral /ick is automatically ma9ta9$1 ! requir$ incl9ation to ! w9d be+ secur$ by ! great] surface pres5t$ to ! w9d bel[ ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! bridle4 ,9 #ahia ,mr4 ,eddy lift$ a m9imum !rmomet] by sev]al ( ^! kites fl[n t&em1 & propos$ to obta9 9 ?is way data to =eca/ ! wea!r4 ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,a]onautical ,conf]5ce1 held 9 connection ) ! ,*icago ,exposition1 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,w4 ,h>r+ton1 !n ,*ief ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 quot$ ,mr4 ,eddy's e/imate ( ! co/ ( explor+ ! air by means ( kites fl[n 9 s]ies1 & advocat$ _! use4 ,up to ?is "t x does n appe> t self-record+ in/rum5ts--t is to say1 ^? :i* make cont9u\s graphic records--_h be5 rais$ by kites4 ,9 ! days ( ! e>ly exp]im5t]s su* in/rum5ts 7 too heavy & cumb]some to be lift$ by ! m or less unmanageable kites1 b )9 ! pa/ few ye>s ,m4 ,ri*>d ( ,p>is has made ! simple & light record+ in/rum5ts describ$ 9 connection ) balloons1 :i* c be atta*$ to kites4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to obta9 simultane\s records at ! kite & at a /ation on ! gr\nd1 & f !m to /udy ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature & humidity1 & ?is seems to h be5 done fir/ at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahid ,mr4 ,eddy br\ght 8 kites to ,blue ,hill & ) !m lift$ a ,ri*>d !rmograph1 :i* _h be5 p>tly recon/ruct$ ( alum9ium by ,mr4 ,f]gusson s t x weigh$ b #a-a_/d lbs41 to ! height ( #aejj feet1 & s ! e>lie/ automatic record ( temp]ature 0 obta9$ by a kite4 ,dur+ ! next summ]1 ,mr4 ,eddy assi/$ aga9 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,blue ,hill1 & secur$ photographs ( ! ,obs]vatory & ! hill by a cam]a c>ri$ betwe5 8 kites to ! height ( a hundr$ feet or m4 ,n[ t ! possibility ( lift+ self-record+ meteorological in/rum5ts to consid]able heights _h be5 demon/rat$1 an inve/igation ( ! !rmal & hygrometric conditions ( ! free air 0 und]tak5 by ! /aff ( ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 :o _h already made an inve/igation ( ! movem5ts ( ! cl\ds by ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! second *apt]4 ,! developm5t ( ! kite & its accessory app>atus1 & ! acquisition ( ! k h[ to use !m1 requir$ mu* "t1 & result$ 9 ! damage or loss ( _m kites4 ,two meteorographs1 z ! comb9ation ( two or m self-record+ in/rum5ts is call$1 7 dropp$ f a great height & no trace ( !m 0 f\nd4 ,:51 h[ev]1 by ! break+ ( ! l9e bo? kites & in/rum5t are c>ri$ away1 ! kites act z a p>a*ute & be> ! in/rum5t g5tly to ! gr\nd1 :]e bo? are usually recov]$ un9jur$2 to facilitate _! return %\ld !y fall at a di/ance1 ! "n & address are m>k$ on ea*4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to relate ! ups & d[ns ( sci5tific kite-fly+ at ,blue ,hill be=e ! w9d 0 successfully h>ness$ to ! s]vice ( sci5ce1 & ! kites 7 prev5t$ f kick+ ov] ! traces1 or f break+ away1 s only a brief acc\nt ( ! progress ( ! "w w be giv51 & !n ! me?ods at pres5t us$ w be describ$4 ,at fir/ ! ,eddy1 or ,malay kites1 z !y are also call$1 cov]$ ) pap] or ) v>ni%$ clo?1 7 c\pl$ t&em to secure great] safety & lift+ p[]4 ,! pr9ciple ( atta*+ kites at sev]al po9ts on ! l9e 0 e>ly adopt$ at ,blue ,hill1 = al?\gh x c be demon/rat$ !oretically t a great] height is possible by conc5trat+ all ! pull at ! end ( ! l9e1 yet 9 ! case ( a l9e :i* is n inf9itely /rong ! be/ results are got by di/ribut+ ! pull1 & 9 ?is way1 too1 kites c be add$ z ! w9d conditions al(t w>rant4 ,to obviate ! frequ5t break+ ( ! b[$ cross-piece1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson made x 9 two pieces1 ea* be+ held 9 a metal socket on ! c5tral /ick1 ! two pieces =m+ a dih$ral angle t[>ds ! w9d4 ,x _h ! advantage also ( be+ readily tak5 ap>t = transportation4 ,?is kite1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 flew at a high angle above ! horizon & ?r\gh a consid]able range ( w9d velocity1 b x c\ld n be kept p]man5tly 9 balance1 or made to adju/ itself to great v>iations 9 w9d velocity1 & !re=e x 0 disc>d$4 ,! fir/ meteorograph1 a comb9$ record+ !rmomet] & b>omet] 7f :i* ! height c be calculat$71 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson 9 ,augu/ #ahie1 & ?ree mon?s lat] he unit$ a record+ anemomet] to ! !rmomet]1 :i* 0 probably ! fir/ app>atus ( ?is k9d to be atta*$ to kites4 ,a meteorograph1 record+ ! atmosph]ic pressure1 air temp]ature1 & relative humidity1 0 ord]$ f ,m4 ,ri*>d ( ,p>is 9 #ahie1 l "o already c>ri$ by ,fr5* a]onauts1 except t1 s9ce = kites lightness is all-ess5tial1 ,m4 ,ri*>d con/ruct$ ?is triple-record] = ! fir/ "t ( alum9ium1 & h]eby r$uc$ its weight to #b-d_/e lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,eddy tailless ,kite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,h>grave ,kite4 ,"o ( ^! meteorographs 0 hung to a r+ at ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! two kite-l9es to ! ma9 l9e1 a me?od :i* 0 us$ until rec5tly4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahie1 besides ! ,eddy kites1 !re 0 fir/ us$ ! cellul> or box kite1 inv5t$ by ,lawr5ce ,h>grave ( ,sydney1 ,au/ralia1 :i* be>s no resemblance to ! conv5tional =ms ( kites & :i* x w\ld n be suppos$ c\ld fly4 ,z se5 f ,fig4 #i its appe>ance is t ( two light boxes )\t tops or bottoms1 fa/5$ "s di/ance above ea* o!r4 ,! w9d ex]ts its lift+ =ce *iefly ^u ! front & re> sides ( ! top box1 ! l[] box1 :i* incl9es to ! re>1 & s receives less pressure1 pres]v+ ! balance4 ,! ends ( ! boxes1 be+ 9 l9e ) ! w9d1 keep ! kite /eady & s]ve ! purpose ( ! dih$ral angle 9 ! ,malay kite4 ,! ,japanese are said to fly a s+le box1 :i* is ! prototype ( ! ,h>grave d\ble cell4 ,at ! pres5t "t "s =m ( ! ,h>grave kite is g5]ally employ$ = sci5tific purposes4 ,on acc\nt ( ! weight ( ! l>ge cord necess>y to control ^! kites1 & ! surface :i* x pres5t$ to ! w9d1 a height ( #bjjj feet c\ld n be rea*$1 s1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahie-f1 foll[+ ,ar*ibald's example & ! me?ods ( deep-sea s\nd+ employ$ by ,capta9 ,sigsbee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 /eel pian(orte wire 0 sub/itut$ = ! cord4 ,?is wire is less ?an half z heavy1 & less ?an "o-f\r? ! size ( cord hav+ ! same /r5g?1 &1 moreov]1 its surface is poli%$1 :i* r$uces ! friction ( ! w9d bl[+ pa/ x4 ,) ! wire ! height ( a mile 0 rea*$ 9 ,july1 & a mile & two-?irds above ,blue ,hill 9 ,octob] #ahif4 ,up to ?is "t a reel turn$ by two m5 suffic$ to draw d[n ! kites1 b ! increas+ pull & l5g? ( wire made rec\rse to /eam-p[] necess>y4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahig a grant ( money 0 allott$ f ! ,hodgk9s ,fund ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = ! purpose ( obta9+ meteorological records at heights exce$+ t5 ?\s& feet1 & no d\bt ! fir/ application ( /eam to kite-fly+ 0 ! w9* built by ,mr4 ,f]gusson ) +5i\s devices = di/ribut+1 oil+1 & measur+ ! l5g? ( wire4 ,! cumulative pressure ( ! successive coils ( wire f9ally cru%$ ! drum1 & ! next app>atus appli$ ! pr9ciple ( ,sir ,william ,?omson's deep-sea s\nd+ app>atus1 9 :i* !re is no accumulation ( pressure4 ,9 ,octob] #ahig records 7 br\ght d[n f elev5 ?\s& feet1 or a ?\s& feet above ! prescrib$ height4 ,! kites & app>atus at pres5t employ$ at ,blue ,hill w n[ be describ$4 ,! kites are all ( ! multiplane type1 & mo/ly ( ,h>grave's con/ruction ) two rectangul> cells4 ,^! cells are cov]$ ) clo? or silk1 except at _! tops & bottoms1 & "o is secur$ above ! o!r by f\r or m /icks4 ,! wood5 frames are z light z possible1 b are made rigid by guys ( /eel wire t b9d !m 9 all directions4 ,! av]age weight is ab\t two ounces a squ>e foot ( lift+ surface1 :i* is ab\t ! same weight a squ>e foot z ! ,eddy kites :5 all ! surface is includ$ 9 ! e/imate4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ,h>grave kites /&s n9e feet high1 weighs elev5 p\nds1 & conta9s n9ety squ>e feet ( lift+ surface1 :i* 9 ! rec5t kites is ar*$1 resembl+ ! curvature ( a bird's w+s1 a con/ruction t 0 propos$ _m ye>s ago by ,phillips 7,fig4 #aj74 ,^! curv$ surfaces increase ! lift1 or upw>d pull1 m ?an ! drift1 or motion to leew>d1 & s ! angul> elevation is augm5t$ )\t mat]ially add+ to ! total pull on ! wire1 :i* %\ld n exce$ "o-half its break+ /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,modifi$ ,h>grave ,kite at ,blue ,hill4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important factor 9 ! success ( ! ,blue ,hill "w 0 ! inv5tion by ,mr4 ,clayton ( ! regulat+ bridle :i* is appli$ to e kite4 ,an ela/ic cord is ins]t$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! bridle1 to :i* ! fly+-l9e is atta*$1 & :5 ! w9d-pressure increases ?is cord /ret*es1 & causes ! kite to dim9i% its angle ( incid5ce to ! w9d until ! gu/ subsides4 ,a kite c be set to pull only a fix$ am\nt 9 ! /ronge/ w9d1 :5 ! kite w fly ne>ly horizontal4 ,we are !re=e able to calculate ! greate/ pull :i* c be ex]t$ on ! wire by all ! kites4 ,) ?is device ! kites h fl[n ?r\gh gales ( fifty or sixty miles an h\r )\t break+ loose or injur+ !mselves4 ,ano!r effici5t kite :i* has be5 us$ at ,blue ,hill is ! s-call$ a]o-curve kite made by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,lamson ( ,portl&1 ,ma9e4 ,z is se5 f ,fig4 #aa1 ?is kite resembles a so>+ bird1 & x c be tak5 ap>t & fold$ up = /orage or transportation4 ,9 g5]al1 ! angle ( ! fly+ l9es ( ! ,blue ,hill kites is #ej or #fj above ! horizon1 & 9 w9ds ( tw5ty miles an h\r ! pull on ! l9e is ab\t "o p\nd = ea* squ>e foot ( lift+ surface 9 ! kite4 ,kites c be rais$ 9 a w9d t bl[s m ?an twelve miles an h\r at ! gr\nd1 & z ! av]age velocity ( ! w9d = ! ye> on ,blue ,hill is eighte5 miles an h\r1 ! days are few :5 kites w n fly !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,lamson's ,a]o-curve ,kite4 ,! wire to :i* ! kites are atta*$ is /eel music-wire1 #cb_/ajjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 weigh+ fifte5 p\nds a mile1 & capable ( )/&+ a pull ( ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,! wire is splic$ 9 l5g?s ( m ?an a mile ) ! greate/ c>e1 special pa9s be+ tak5 t no %>p b5ds or ru/-spots occur :i* w\ld cause x to break4 ,to lift ! increas+ weight ( wire1 kites are atta*$ at int]vals ( a few ?\s& feet1 s t ! angle may be ma9ta9$ z high z is consi/5t ) a safe pull1 & ?is is done by screw+ on ! wire alum9ium clamps1 to :i* ! kite-l9es are fa/5$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great] /ability & /r5g? ( ! new kites1 ! meteorograph is susp5d$ directly f ! top kite4 ,! ,ri*>d meteorograph1 conta9$ 9 an alum9ium cage ( ab\t a foot cube1 weighs less ?an ?ree p\nds1 & x is only necess>y to scre5 ! !rmomet] f ! sun's rays to obta9 ! true temp]ature ( ! air1 s9ce ! w9d insures a circulation ( air ar\nd ! !rmomet]4 ,ano!r meteorograph1 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 records ! velocity ( ! w9d 9 addition to ! ?ree o!r elem5ts1 & x weighs no m ?an ! ,fr5* in/rum5t4 ,! reel+ app>atus is an example ( h[ ! same app>atus may s]ve diametrically opposite purposes4 ,9 s\nd+ ! deep sea ! wire mu/ be pull$ upw>ds1 :]eas 9 s\nd+ ! heights ( ! atmosph]e ! wire mu/ be pull$ 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,!re=e ! deep-sea s\nd+ app>atus has be5 alt]$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson to pull obliquely d[nw>ds1 ! wire pass+ ov] a swivell+ pulley :i* foll[s its direction & regi/]s on a dial ! exact l5g? unreel$4 ,next ! wire be>s aga9/ a pulley c>ri$ by a /rong spiral spr+1 by :i* ! pull ^u x at all times is record$ on a pap]-cov]$ drum turn$ by clockwork4 ,! wire passes n[ sev]al times ar\nd a /ra9-pulley1 & f9ally is coil$ "u slight t5sion ^u a l>ge /orage-drum4 ,:5 ! kites are to be pull$ d[n1 ! /ra9-pulley is connect$ ) a two-horse-p[] /eam-eng9e1 & ! wire is drawn 9 at a spe$ ( f ?ree to six miles an h\r2 b :5 ! kites are ris+ ! belt is remov$1 & ! pull ( ! kites unreels ! wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,meteorograph lift$ by ,kites at ,blue ,hill4 ,! me?od ( mak+ a kite-flight = meteorological purposes at ,blue ,hill is z foll[s3 a kite1 fa/5$ by a long wire to ! r+ 9 ! ma9 wire1 be+ 9 ! air1 & ! meteorograph susp5d$1 ano!r kite is atta*$ to ! r+ by a %ort] cord 7,fig4 #ab74 ,!y are !n all[$ to rise1 & to unreel ! wire1 until its angle ) ! horizon becomes l[1 :51 by means ( ! clamps describ$1 o!r kites are add$1 ! numb] dep5d+ on ! size ( ! kites & ! /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,aft] a pause at ! highe/ atta9able altitude1 ! w9* is connect$ ) ! /eam-eng9e & ! kites are drawn d[n4 ,! pauses at ! highe/ po9t1 & :5 kites are atta*$ or deta*$1 are necess>y to all[ ! record+ in/rum5ts to acquire ! conditions ( ! surr\nd+ air2 & because at ^! times ! meteorograph is ne>ly /ation>y1 measurem5ts ( its angul> elevation are made ) a surveyor's transit1 :ile obs]vations ( azimu? give ! direction ( ! w9d at ! diff]5t heights4 ,! "t ( mak+ ea* angul> measurem5t is not$1 s t ! correspond+ po9t on ! trace ( ! meteorograph may be f\nd4 ,f ! l5g? ( ! wire & its v]tical angle1 ! height ( ! meteorograph c be calculat$1 x hav+ be5 f\nd t ! sag ( ! wire1 or its deviation ei!r 9 a v]tical or a horizontal plane f ! /raight l9e jo9+ ! kite & ! reel1 does n cause an error exce$+ ?ree p] c5t4 9 ! height s comput$4 ,:5 ! meteorograph is hidd5 by cl\ds1 ! height above ! la/ po9t trigonometrically det]m9$ is comput$ f ! b>omet] record by ,laplace's =mula4 ,at night !re is only ! b>omet] f :i* to det]m9e ! height2 = al?\gh an attempt 0 made to use a lant]n to sight ^u1 yet x soon became invisible1 or1 :5 se51 0 conf\nd$ ) ! />s4 ,be=e & aft] ! flight ! meteorograph is hung ^u a tripod 9 ! free air1 9 ord] t its !rmomet] & hygromet] may be comp>$ ) ! /&>ds4 ,,heights ,,above ,,sea-,,level ,,( ,,kite-,,flights4 7,blue ,hill is #fcj feet above ! sea7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4,heights 9 ,feet ,p]c5tages ( ,records above ,ye> ( ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,rec-,mean (,absolute #ejj m4 #ajjj m4 #aejj m4 #bjjj m4 #cjjj m4 ords,maximum,maximum 7#afdj 7#cbhj 7#dibj 7#fefj 7#ihdj ft47 ft47 ft47 ft47 ft47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahid #b #a1hfj #b1jgj #ej #j #j #j #j #ahie #bh #a1fgc #b1dij #ei #j #j #j #j #ahif #hf #b1ggb #i1cbg #gh #bh #i #d #j #ahig #ch #d1eeg #aa1gaf #ie #fh #de #ba #e #ahih #ce #g1cej #ab1jgj #ajj #ib #hj #ff #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s9ce ! use ( wire & m effici5t kites1 ! heights h be5 greatly increas$4 ,?us ! av]age height above ! hill atta9$ by ! meteorograph 9 ?irty-five flights made dur+ #ahih 0 m ?an a mile & a qu>t]1 :]eas ! av]age height ( all ! asc5ts prior to #ahig 0 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile 7see ,table74 ,! av]age height ( ! meteorograph above ! hill1 9 all ! flights dur+ ,augu/ #ahih1 0 ne>ly a mile & a half1 & on ,augu/ #bf ! meteorograph 0 rais$ #cfj feet high] ?an ev] be=e1 its altitude1 det]m9$ trigonometrically1 be+ #aa1ddj feet above ,blue ,hill1 or #ab1jgj feet above ! neighb\r+ ocean4 ,! meteorograph 0 susp5d$ f ! topmo/ kite1 "o ( ! ,lamson patt]n1 hav+ #ga squ>e feet ( lift+ surface1 & ?is 0 increas$ to a total ( #adi squ>e feet by f\r kites ( ! modifi$ ,h>grave type1 t 7 atta*$ at int]vals to ! wire4 ,! five miles ( wire 9 ! air weigh$ #ge lbs41 & ! total weight includ+ kites & app>atus 0 #aab lbs4 ,! meteorograph left ! gr\nd at #aj3dj a4m41 atta9$ its greate/ height at #d3ae p4m41 & return$ to ! gr\nd at #h3dj p4m41 a feat :i* x w\ld be difficult = a man to equal on a m\nta94 ,! cumulus cl\ds 7 trav]s$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile f ! e>?1 & above !m ! air 0 f\nd to be v dry4 ,on ! hill ! air temp]ature 0 #gb1 :5 x 0 #ch 9 ! free air #aa1ddj feet above1 & ! w9d velocity increas$ f tw5ty-two to =ty miles an h\r4 ,^! figures give an idea ( ! *ange ( atmosph]ic conditions :i* occurs1 b ! conclusions d$uc$ f ! ,blue ,hill kite-flights w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,h[ev]1 ! ph5om5a ( atmosph]ic electricity1 :i* h become noticeable s9ce ! use ( wire1 may be describ$ "h4 ,g5]ally1 :5ev] ! kites rise above sev5te5 hundr$ feet1 ! wire becomes /rongly *>g$ ) electricity1 & :5 ! great heights are rea*$ ! electricity is dis*>g$ 9 long & brilliant sp>ks at ! reel1 (t5 to ! inconv5i5ce ( ! att5dants4 ,usually1 ! electrical pot5tial increases ) altitude1 & x is greate/ dur+ sn[-/orms or :5 ! conditions fav\r ?und]-/orms4 ,not)/&+ its int5sity1 ! quantity ( electricity 9 ! atmosph]e is probably insuffici5t to make its collection & /orage = practical purposes wor? :ile4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t kite-fly+ = meteorological purposes is a s9ecure4 ,at ,blue ,hill ab\t two hundr$ flights h be5 made 9 all seasons & 9 all wea!rs1 ) temp]atures v>y+ f -#e to #ij1 9 gales1 9 ra91 & 9 sn[-/orms1 ?\gh n 9 ?und]-/orms4 ,sometimes ! kites are invisible f almo/ ! "t !y leave ! e>? until _! return1 b :5 ! upp] kites are visible x is necess>y to obs]ve !m ) !odolites e few m9utes4 ,rememb]+ t a high flight occupies t5 or twelve h\rs1 & frequ5tly t]m9ates late at night1 or ev5 cont9ues until morn+1 x w be obvi\s t ! "w requires skill1 en]gy1 & p]sev]ance1 :i* h be5 %[n by my assi/ants at ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory :o h conduct$ ! flights4 ,occasionally1 = lack ( w9d or f breakage ( ! l9e1 ! kites fall to ! gr\nd1 usually intact4 ,if !y 7 visible1 trigonometrical measurem5ts on ! hill enable ! place ( desc5t to be locat$1 & !n ! kites & meteorograph are s5t = & ! wire is reel$ up4 ,b at night1 or :5 cl\ds hide ! kites1 ! direction 9 :i* !y fall is n kn[n1 because ! azimu? ( ! wire at ! reel (t5 diff]s f t ( ! kites2 s la/ autumn sev]al hundr$ miles ( road1 pa?1 wood1 & swamp 7 trav]s$ be=e ! arial app>atus1 :i* _h be5 lo/ dur+ a flight at night1 0 f\nd comp>atively close at h&4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be evid5t t a =m] toy has be5 prov$ to be ( ! greate/ importance = meteorological inve/igation at ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 ,on acc\nt ( ! success !re atta9$ x is com+ into use else:]e = meteorological obs]vations4 ,9 #ahih ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau creat$ sev5te5 kite /ations1 *iefly 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ) ! int5tion ( obta9+ data e day1 at ! height ( a mile or m1 ) :i* to plot a synoptic wea!r map simil> to ! map t is n[ drawn f ! data at ! gr\nd4 ,f a k ( ! wea!r conditions prevail+ simultane\sly 9 ! upp] & l[] air1 x 0 expect$ t ! wea!r =eca/s c\ld be improv$1 b un=tunately1 on acc\nt ( ! light w9ds dur+ ! summ]1 x 0 impossible to make en\gh simultane\s kite-flights to con/ruct ! upp]-air map1 & !re=e ! s*eme 0 ab&on$4 ,h[ev]1 ! data obta9$ w no d\bt furni% valuable in=mation ab\t ! v]tical temp]ature gradi5t1 etc41 9 v>i\s conditions ( wea!r4 ,! *ief meteorological bureaus ( ,g]many & ,russia are equipp+ /ations ) kites & balloons1 & ,m4 ,teiss]5c de ,bort1 :o has provid$ 8 private obs]vatory ne> ,p>is ) kite app>atus ( ! ,blue ,hill type1 has already rea*$ high altitudes4 ,9 ,scotl& too1 :i* 0 ! bir?place ( sci5tific kite-fly+1 exp]im5ts h be5 resum$ by a ,scot*man & an ,am]ican--a happy union ( =ces4 ,f ^! prep>ations x appe>s t ! resolution ( ! ,int]national ,a]onautical ,conf]5ce1 recomm5d+ t all c5tral obs]vatories %\ld employ ?is me?od ( inve/igation z be+ ( prime importance = ! advancem5t ( meteorological k1 is be+ c>ri$ out1 & seems likely to produce important results4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,kite-,,flights ,,at ,,blue ,,hill--,,future ,,"w ,kites possess sev]al advantages ov] o!r me?ods ( explor+ ! air up to heights ( at lea/ #ab1jjj feet :5ev] !re is w9d1 b _! *ief m]it is1 t ) !m ! true conditions ( ! air may be asc]ta9$4 ,! disadvantages ( o!r me?ods ( explor+ ! air1 z comp>$ ) kites1 are ^!3 #a4 ,m\nta9s n only affect by contact ! adjac5t air1 b by deflect+ ! air-curr5ts cause mixture & asc5t1 :i* give conditions diff]+ widely f ^? ( ! free air4 #b4 ,free ,balloons are m or less surr\nd$ by heat$ or /agnant air1 because !y drift ) ! w9d1 & on acc\nt ( ! sluggi%ness ( ! !rmomet]s1 ! temp]atures obs]v$ at a giv5 height 9 a balloon are g5]ally high] dur+ ! asc5t1 i4e4 :5 pass+ f w>m to cold air1 ?an dur+ ! desc5t1 :5 ! conditions are rev]s$4 ,aga91 x is n possible to /udy ! progressive *anges 9 ! atmosph]ic conditions at "o place1 because obs]vations 9 a drift+ balloon are n comp>able ) simultane\s ones made at a /ation on ! gr\nd bel[4 ,) kites1 h[ev]1 ! possibility ( mak+ frequ5t & ne>ly v]tical asc5ts & desc5ts p]mits obs]vations to be obta9$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 sup]9cumb5t /rata ( air4 ,! height ( ! kite c usually be det]m9$ ) an accuracy n atta9able by ! b>omet] 9 a balloon4 #c4 ,captive ,balloons1 al?\gh con/ruct$ s z n to be driv5 d[n by w9d1 _c rise ne>ly s high z kites on acc\nt ( ! weight & resi/ance ( ! cable necess>y to control !m1 & ev5 ! ,g]man kite-balloon1 on acc\nt ( its l>ge surface1 w\ld h>dly )/& ! /rong w9ds 9 :i* kites c fly4 #d4 ,! ,co/ ( in/all+ & op]at+ ei!r m\nta9 /ations or balloons is mu* great] ?an = kites4 ,! exploration ( ! l[] two miles ( air ) kites fl[n f ,blue ,hill is no d\bt ! mo/ complete ev] made at "o place4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ records h be5 obta9$ 9 all k9ds ( wea!r conditions1 & ! progressive atta9m5t ( great] & great] heights is %[n 9 ! table 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! records f ! flights h be5 discuss$ by ,mr4 ,clayton2 ^? until ,febru>y #ahig1 ) ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vations1 9 ,vol4 xlii41 ,"p ,i41 ( ! ,annals ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,college1 & lat] records 9 two ,bullet9s ( ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 9 :i* ! *anges ( temp]ature & humidity ) height1 & _! relation to ! positions ( cyclones & anti-cyclones1 are inve/igat$4 ,! use ( kites = wea!r pr$ict+1 z 0 said1 has be5 tri$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 b x is c]ta9 t fur!r /udies1 su* z h be5 made on ,blue ,hill1 are necess>y be=e ! sequ5ce ( ! conditions at ! e>?'s surface to ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! upp] air is def9itely kn[n1 s t ! latt] c be utiliz$ 9 =eca/+4 ,"s ( ! d$uctions f ! obs]vations ) kites at ,blue ,hill foll[4 ,plate ,,viii4 is a facsimile ( ! record ( ! b>o-!rmo-hygrograph dur+ two flights on ,octob] #h1 #ahif1 :5 = ! fir/ "t ! height ( a mile & a half 0 atta9$4 ,! record-%eet1 x may be said1 is wrapp$ ar\nd a cyl9d] t turns on its axis 9 twelve h\rs1 & ! curv$ l9es 9 ea* ( ! ?ree horizontal sections divide !m into qu>t] h\rs4 ,! l[] section conta9s ! trace ( ! b>omet]1 ! horizontal l9es be+ ! heights 9 metres & feet t correspond to ! b>ometric pressure ) a temp]ature ( #cb ,fahr5heit2 9 ! middle section is ! trace ( ! hygromet] on a scale ( relative humidity 9 p]c5tages1 & 9 ! upp] section is ! trace ( ! !rmomet] on a scale ( temp]atures 9 ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade degrees4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! record ( ! b>omet] is rev]s$1 i4e4 ! trace rises = fall+ pressure1 & 9 ! second flight :5 ! unexpect$ height ( #hfig feet above ,blue ,hill 0 rea*$1 ! limit ( ! altitude scale 0 exce$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,meteorogram ,,f ,,! ,,kite-,,flight ,,( ,,oct4 #h1 #ahif1 ,,at ,,blue ,,hill4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! *anges ( ^! elem5ts ) height dur+ ! high] flight1 9 ,plate ,,ix41 ,figs4 #d & #e1 ! temp]ature & humidity ( ! automatic record are plott$ z absciss1 ) ! heights above sea-level 9 metres z ord9ates4 ,= ^? n famili> ) ?is unit ( l5g?1 x may be said t #ajj metres are ab\t #ccj feet1 & t #afjj metres equal "o mile approximately4 ,:5 ! meteorograph 0 asc5d+1 dots indicate ! record$ temp]atures & humidities1 :i* are ea* connect$ respectively by cont9u\s l9es2 :5 ! meteorograph 0 desc5d+1 crosses indicate ! obs]vations1 :i* are connect$ by brok5 l9es4 ,l9es incl9+ upw>ds to ! left indicate decreas+ temp]ature & humidity ) increase ( height1 & l9es incl9+ to ! "r increas+ temp]ature & humidity ) height4 ,! /raight dott$ l9es %[ ! adiabatic decrease ( temp]ature = asc5d+ dry air4 ,! asc5t 0 made dur+ ! w>me/ "p ( ! day1 & ! desc5t = ! mo/ "p aft] sunset4 ,! two bran*es ( ! temp]ature-l9es typify ! temp]ature *ange ) height :i* usually occurs 9 fair wea!r dur+ ! day & ! night respectively4 ,! cont9u\s l9e1 repres5t+ ! day obs]vations1 %[s a uni=m fall ( temp]ature at ! adiabatic rate to ! cl\d level4 ,dur+ ! night1 ! l[] "p ( ! brok5 l9e b5ds decid$ly to ! left1 %[+ a body ( relatively cold air ne> ! gr\nd1 caus$ by radiation4 ,!re is a rise ( temp]ature ) increas+ altitude above ! gr\nd up to a c]ta9 height1 & aft]w>ds a comp>atively uni=m fall z high z ! cl\ds1 if !y exi/2 b ! rate ( fall ) increas+ altitude1 %[n by ! upp] "p ( ! diagram1 is sl[] at night ?an dur+ ! day4 ,x appe>s t ! diurnal *ange ( temp]ature is v small at great altitudes1 comp>$ ) ! *ange ne> ! e>?'s surface4 ,! relative humidity 7,fig4 #e7 up to #bjjj metres v>ies inv]sely ) ! temp]ature1 & 9 ! pres5t case !re 0 only a slight *ange 9 ! direction ( ! w9d 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,,mean ,,*anges ,,) ,,height1 ,,& ,,*anges ,,dur+ ,,! ,,kite-,,flight ,,( ,,oct4 #h1 #ahif4 ,diurnal ,*anges ( ,temp]ature at ,diff]5t ,altitudes4--,! curve repres5t+ ! diurnal *ange 9 ! air at "s di/ance above ! gr\nd is probably simil> to "o repres5t+ ! *ange ne> ! gr\nd1 except t its amplitude is less4 ,if ?is be true1 !n ! diurnal rate ( fall = a giv5 "t at any two levels w be proportional to ! daily ranges ( temp]ature at ! two levels4 ,x is impossible 9 practice to keep a kite at exactly ! same level = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 h5ce ! daily ranges = ! diff]5t levels mu/ be f\nd by comp>+ ! rates ( rise or fall ( temp]ature = giv5 times ) ! rates f\nd f records ne> ! gr\nd1 made simultane\sly ) ^? above4 ,9 ,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #a1 ! results = six /ations1 i4e4 ! kite at #ajjj & #ejj metres1 ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is 7#cjj metres71 ! summit ( ,blue ,hill1 its base1 & ! valley 7#bjj1 #ej1 & #ae metres respectively71 are connect$1 & a smoo? curve is drawn ?r\gh !m4 ,! curve passes approximately ?r\gh e "o ( ! obs]v$ & ! comput$ ranges1 except ! "o at ! summit ( ,blue ,hill1 :i* is too great4 ,?is evid5tly is because insolation & radiation1 act+ ?r\gh ! soil ( ! hill1 heat & cool ! air to a great] ext5t ?an ! free air is heat$ & cool$ at ! same altitude1 & ?is mu/ be true at e m\nta9 /ation4 ,! smoo!d curve passes also v slightly to ! left ( ! data = ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 indicat+ t ! range !re is ab\t #a great] ?an ! true range on acc\nt ( ! heat+ & cool+ ( ! ,t[]4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! diurnal range ( temp]ature dim9i%es rapidly ) increas+ altitude 9 ! free air1 & almo/ disappe>s 9 ! av]age at a height ( #ajjj metres4 ,! records ( ! anemomet] %[ t1 z a rule1 ! w9d increases /eadily z ! kites rise1 b ! increase is greate/ betwe5 ,bo/on & ! top ( ,blue ,hill1 due probably to ! ret>d+ ( ! l[] w9ds by contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,! results are plott$ 9 ,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #c1 toge!r ) ! mean w9d velocity on ,blue ,hill 7#bji metres71 & ! velocity on a t[] 9 ,bo/on 7#fj metres74 ,s+le records ( ! kite-anemomet] diff] mu*1 = sometimes ! w9d velocity dim9i%$ ) altitude1 & at o!r times x increas$ s rapidly t ! kites 7 unable to rise high]4 ,on sev]al occasions :5 ! kites pass$ f "o curr5t into ano!r1 hav+ a diff]5t direction & a diff]5t temp]ature1 ! w9d sudd5ly increas$1 & 0 /rong] betwe5 ! two curr5ts ?an above or bel[ t plane4 ,diurnal ,*anges ( ,humidity at ,diff]5t ,altitudes4--,x is f\nd t z night approa*es ! humidity at ! altitude ( #ajjj metres dim9i%es1 :ile at ! e>? x increases4 ,?is agrees ) ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! cumulus cl\ds t =m dur+ ! day betwe5 #ajjj & #bjjj metres1 & disappe> at night1 ?us visibly indicat+ an increase ( humidity by day & a decrease by night4 ,if ! tr5d ( ! humidity-curve at a height ( #ajjj metres is assum$ to be ! rev]se ( its tr5d at ! gr\nd1 !n ! results f ! kite-meteorograph %[ ! m9imum humidity to be at ! colde/ & ! maximum humidity at ! w>me/ "p ( ! day4 ,! mean daily ranges = diff]5t altitudes are plott$ 9 ,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #b4 ,! "p ( ! curve at ! left ( ! z]o l9e %[s ! range at diff]5t altitudes1 ) ! m9imum humidity ne> ! w>me/ "t ( day1 :ile ! "p at ! "r ( ! z]o %[s ! ranges at diff]5t altitudes1 ) ! m9imum humidity at ! colde/ "t ( day4 ,types ( ,*ange ( ,temp]ature ) ,altitude4--,:5 ! records ( temp]ature & humidity made al(t by ! kite-meteorograph & at ! /ations ne> ! gr\nd are plott$ 9 relation to altitude1 !y are f\nd to be easily divisible into a few types4 ,9 ,plate ,x41 ,type #a repres5ts ! decrease ( temp]ature on mo/ fair days f ! gr\nd to altitudes ( a mile or m1 :5 no cl\ds are met4 ,! cont9u\s l9e1 plott$ f ! records ( ! asc5t1 repres5ts ! day conditions1 & ! brok5 l9e1 plott$ f ! records ( ! desc5t1 repres5ts ! night conditions4 ,?is curve %[s t ) increas+ altitude ! temp]ature falls uni=mly dur+ ! day & approximately at ! adiabatic rate repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! fall ( temp]ature ) increas+ altitude dur+ ! night is sl[] ?an dur+ ! day1 & 9 fact1 f ! e>?'s surface to an altitude ( a few hundr$ metres1 !re is (t5 a rise ( temp]ature ) height1 s t ! air at altitudes ( f #cjj to #ejj metres may be consid]ably w>m] ?an x is at ! gr\nd4 ,?is 0 %[n 9 ! desc5t on ,octob] #h1 #ahif1 & is f\nd 9 ,type #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,*anges ,,) ,,height ,,record$ ,,by ,,kites ,,at ,,blue ,,hill4 ,:5 cl\ds are trav]s$ dur+ ! flight1 ! temp]ature curve assumes ! =m ( ,type #b4 ,! cont9u\s curve is plott$ f ! records ( an asc5t2 ! brok5 curve f ! records ( ! desc5t1 bo? occurr+ 9 ! day-"t4 ,! temp]ature falls at ! adiabatic rate 9 unsaturat$ air till ! base ( ! cumulus cl\d is rea*$4 ,x falls at a sl[] rate 9 ! cl\d1 ! rate probably be+ t comput$ by physici/s z ! adiabatic rate = air 9 :i* cond5sation is tak+ place4 ,above ! cl\ds1 ! fall ( temp]ature appe>s to be v sl[4 ,type #c is a condition :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t ! day & night1 & x resembles ! night =m ( ,type #a4 ,! temp]ature rises v rapidly = a %ort di/ance above ! gr\nd & !n falls1 ) increase ( height1 some:at sl[] ?an ! adiabatic rate4 ,! rise ( temp]ature ne> ! gr\nd ) increas+ height is m m>k$ aft] sunset ?an dur+ ! day-"t4 ,type #d 0 illu/rat$ by ! asc5t ( ,octob] #h4 ,?is di/ribution ( temp]ature is caus$ by a w>m] curr5t ov]fl[+ cold] air1 :i* is v commonly f\nd at l[ altitudes 9 ! atmosph]e & probably exi/s usually at "s altitude1 great or small4 ,rec5t obs]vations indicate t ?is type repres5ts ! normal condition ( ! atmosph]e 9 all sorts ( wea!r4 ,frequ5tly !re are two or m sudd5 rises ( temp]ature at diff]5t heights1 s t ! plott$ data resemble inv]t$ /air-/eps4 ,dur+ ! day !re is a decrease ( temp]ature at ! adiabatic rate 7#ah 9 #ajj metres7 f ! gr\nd to ! height ( sev]al hundr$ metres1 !n a sudd5 rise ( temp]ature 9 ! next "o or two hundr$ metres1 & above ?is a sl[ fall ( temp]ature ) increas+ altitude1 usually mu* less ?an ! adiabatic rate4 ,g5]ally1 cl\ds are f\nd ne> ! plane ( meet+ ( ! w>m & cold curr5t4 ,! rev]se ( ,type #d1 t is1 a sudd5 fall ( temp]ature1 due to a cold] curr5t ov]ly+ a w>m] "o1 is probably impossible1 because ! cold] air1 on acc\nt ( its great] weight1 w\ld imm$iately beg9 to s9k & ! w>m] air w\ld rise4 ,?is %\ld cause a fall ( temp]ature at ! adiabatic rate f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! cold] curr5t1 & is probably ! orig9 ( ! cold wave %[n 9 ,type #e4 ,bo? ! cont9u\s & brok5 curves 7repres5t+ an asc5t & a desc5t7 %[ a fall ( temp]ature at ! adiabatic rate ( unsaturat$ air1 f ab\t #ejj metres to ! highe/ po9t rea*$4 ,up to #ejj metres ! decrease ( temp]ature is m rapid ?an ! adiabatic rate1 due to ! rapid mov+ 9 ( cold] air above1 :]eby air ris+ f ! gr\nd is cool$ by contact z well z by its expansion1 & also because ! air is heat$ m ?an usual by contact ) ! gr\nd1 :i* "u ^! conditions is abnormally w>m]4 ,?is is ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! cold wave type ( curve dur+ ! day h\rs4 ,! night =m ( ,type #e1 not)/&+ ! excessive radiation f ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! dry air1 %[s a rapid decrease ( temp]ature ) increase ( altitude f ! gr\nd upw>d4 ,type #f %[s a less common1 b an int]e/+ =m1 ( v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature1 9 :i* ! temp]ature is ab\t ! same f #djj metres to #adjj metres or m4 ,up to #djj metres !re is a fall ( temp]ature ) increas+ altitude dur+ ! day1 & a rise ) increas+ altitude at night4 ,^! la/ conditions c be readily trac$ to ! effects ( insolation & radiation ne> ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! morn+1 if ! temp]ature ( ! air be ! same f ! gr\nd up to #ajjj metres or m1 ! heat+ ( ! gr\nd by ! sun w cause asc5d+ curr5ts1 until ! w>me/ "p ( ! day4 ,?is air1 cool+ by expansion at ! adiabatic rate1 w rise to ab\t #ddj metres be=e x assumes ! mean temp]ature ( ! upp] air column4 ,at night cool+ takes place next ! gr\nd by radiation & is gradually transf]r$ upw>d a few hundr$ metres by conduction1 ?us produc+ an increas+ temp]ature ) increas+ altitude1 until sunrise4 ,z a result ( ! conditions describ$1 x is evid5t t on c]ta9 days ! diurnal range ( temp]ature is b little felt above #ejj metres4 ,types ( ,*ange ( ,relative ,humidity ) ,altitude4--,z 9 ! temp]ature types1 ! cont9u\s l9es repres5t ! records ( ! asc5t1 & ! brok5 l9es ! records ( ! desc5t1 g5]ally "u *ang+ conditions4 ,l9es incl9+ upw>d to ! left %[ a decreas+ humidity1 & to ! "r an increas+ humidity4 ,type #a may be call$ a normal type ( curve :5 !re are cl\ds4 ,a v>iation ( ?is type 0 met ) 9 ! asc5t on ,octob] #h1 #ahif1 & x diff]$ f t n[ illu/rat$ 9 indicat+ 9 its upp] "p a fall ( humidity r ?an a rise4 ,^! two types c be tak5 z ! normal *ange ( humidity ) *ange ( altitude 9 cl\dy or p>tly cl\dy wea!r4 ,! humidity increases /eadily to ! base ( ! cl\d1 !n !re is complete saturation 9 ! cl\d1 & above x is a sudd5 fall ( humidity1 on ent]+ ! dry air above ! cl\d1 into :i* ! asc5d+ curr5ts f ! gr\nd h n p5etrat$4 ,type #c is a cle>-wea!r =m ( curve 9 :i* ! humidity increases until a c]ta9 altitude is rea*$1 probably at ! upp] limits ( ! curr5ts ris+ f ! gr\nd4 ,above ?is altitude ! humidity decreases rapidly4 ,type #e is also a cle>-wea!r =m & accompanies ! cold wave type ( temp]ature1 also numb]$ #e4 ,! v dry desc5d+ air m+les ) air r5d]$ damp by asc5t1 & ! result is a ne>ly uni=m relative humidity at diff]5t altitudes1 al?\gh ! absolute humidity dim9i%es on acc\nt ( decreas+ pressure & temp]ature4 ,9 ,type #f bo? ! relative & ! absolute humidity decrease rapidly1 ?is type co9cid+ ) ! temp]ature1 ,type #f4 ,dur+ ! week ( ,septemb] #e to #aa1 #ahig1 kite-flights 7 made daily on ,blue ,hill4 ,twice ! kites 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ! air1 & cont9u\s records 7 obta9$ dur+ mo/ ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! records furni% an example ( ! small diurnal *anges ( temp]ature 9 ! free air at %ort di/ances above ! gr\nd1 :i* 7 d$uc$ f ! av]age *anges at diff]5t h\rs & at diff]5t heights4 ,f #b p4m4 ( ! fif? to #b p4m4 ( ! six?1 ! altitude ( ! self-record+ in/rum5ts v>i$ betwe5 #ejj & #ajjj metres above sea-level1 av]ag+ ab\t #gjj metres & v>y+ little f ?is height dur+ mu* ( ! night4 ,! times :5 ! kite-meteorograph cross$ ! #gjj-metre level 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+ 7 det]m9$ f its b>ograph trace1 & ! syn*ron\s temp]atures & humidities 7 read f ! records ( its !rmograph & hygrograph4 ,! results h be5 plott$ 9 ,plate ,,xi41 ,figs4 #a & #b1 toge!r ) ! temp]atures record$ simultane\sly at ! summit & valley /ations ( ! ,obs]vatory & ! humidities at ! summit4 ,fig4 #a %[s t ! diurnal v>iation ( temp]ature1 well m>k$ at ! l[] levels1 is v slight or has entirely disappe>$ at #gjj metres4 ,fig4 #b %[s t ! c\rse ( ! relative humidity at #gjj metres is exactly opposite 9 phase to t record$ at l[] levels1 = at #gjj metres ! m9imum humidity 0 record$ at night & ! maximum dur+ ! day1 :ile ! opposite conditions prevail$ on ! hill4 ,repeat$ kite-flights indicate t ^! are ! normal conditions at ! two levels4 ,9 ,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #c1 is plott$ a curve f ! h\rly read+s ( ! !rmograph at ! ,blue ,hill valley /ation 7fifte5 metres7 dur+ ! week1 & also a curve connect+ temp]atures record$ by ! kite-meteorograph once or twice ea* day dur+ ! same week at a level ( #ejj metres1 obta9$ 9 ! way describ$ or comput$ f ! adiabatic *ange4 ,all ! night records %[ t x 0 decid$ly w>m] at ! height ( #ejj metres dur+ ! night ?an x 0 at ! gr\nd1 except dur+ ! cool wave on ! sev5? & eigh?4 ,fur!rmore1 ! curves 9 ,fig4 #c indicate a control ( ! surface temp]atures dur+ ! day by ^? above4 ,= in/ance1 on ! sev5? !re 0 a di/9ct flatt5+ ( ! day curve1 evid5tly because1 z ! temp]ature on ! gr\nd rose #aj above t at #ejj metres1 ! air 0 9 un/able equilibrium1 & cold] air desc5d$ to take ! place ( ! surface air s t its temp]ature c\ld rise no high]4 ,on ! t5?1 ! temp]ature at #ejj metres 0 consid]ably great] ?an ! mean ( ! day at ! gr\nd1 & ! air at ! gr\nd did n acquire ! un/able condition 9 any volume until ! w>me/ "p ( ! day1 s t ! diurnal curve at ! l[] /ation =ms a %>p peak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,kite ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,blue ,,hill1 ,,sept4 #e-aa1 #ahig4 ,s9ce !re appe>s to be no appreciable diurnal p]iod 9 ! temp]ature at & above #ejj metres1 a bett] comp>ison ( ! relative *anges al(t & bel[ dur+ ! passage ( w>m & cold waves is obta9$ by smoo?+ out ! diurnal p]iod bel[4 ,?is has be5 done 9 ,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #d1 ) ! data giv5 by ! kites at #ejj & #ajjj metres plott$ 9 curves1 :i* x 0 necess>y to complete by extrapolation4 ,x is se5 t !re is a mu* great] range 9 ! temp]ature f ! cre/ ( a w>m to ! cre/ ( a cold wave at a height ( #ejj metres ?an at ! gr\nd4 ,at #ajjj metres ! range appe>s to be slightly great] ?an at #ejj metres1 & ! cre/s ( ! w>m & cold waves occur successively e>li] ?an !y d at ! gr\nd4 ,on ! approa*1 & until ! passage ( ! cre/ ( ! cold wave ! air is cold] al(t ?an at ! gr\nd1 ! diff]5ce be+ app>5tly t ( ! adiabatic cool+ ( asc5d+ air4 ,aft] ! passage ( ! cre/ ( ! cold wave1 ! temp]ature al(t rises mu* m rapidly ?an at ! gr\nd1 & at ! cre/ ( ! w>m wave ! air at #ejj metres is "s #aj w>m] ?an ! mean daily temp]ature at ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m kite-flights ! diff]5ce 0 f\nd to be ev5 great] ?an ?is4 ,tak+ ! mean temp]ature ( tw5ty-f\r-h\rs1 x is se5 t ! av]age temp]ature at ! gr\nd dur+ a week or m is ab\t ! same z x is at #ejj metres4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! *ange 9 ! v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature dur+ ! oncom+ ( ! w>m wave on ! eigh? & e>ly morn+ ( ! n9?1 z det]m9$ by f\r asc5ts1 culm9at+ at #aa a4m41 #i p4m41 #aa p4m41 & #d a4m4 ,! l9es ( #ei1 #fb1 #fe1 & #fh %[ t !re 0 a gradual rise ( temp]ature al(t1 :i* ext5d$ d[nw>ds to #bjj metres1 or to ! top ( ,blue ,hill4 ,cl\ds =m$ at ! level ( l[e/ temp]ature1 & ^! sank also until !y cov]$ ! top ( ! hill4 ,plate ,,xii4 is a facsimile ( ! meteorogram dur+ ! kite-flight ( ,octob] #ae1 #ahig1 ! l[] "p %[+ ! trace ( ! b>omet] on a scale ( heights 9 metres1 ! middle section ! trace ( ! hygromet]1 & ! upp] "o ! trace ( ! !rmomet] on a scale ( ,c5tigrade degrees4 ,! temp]ature foll[$ ! normal *ange1 :i* is z foll[s3 dur+ ! day1 up to a c]ta9 height1 :i* v>ies "u diff]5t conditions1 !re is a decrease ne>ly at ! adiabatic rate ( #ah ,f4 p] hundr$ metres4 ,above t height ! air sudd5ly becomes w>m]1 & !n cools ) asc5t at a rate some:at less ?an ! adiabatic rate4 ,dur+ ! night !re is a m>k$ inv]sion ( temp]ature betwe5 ! gr\nd & #bjj or #cjj metres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,automatic ,,records ,,dur+ ,a ,,high ,,kite-,,flight ,,at ,,blue ,,hill4 ,high] ?an ?is1 ! temp]ature decreases at a fairly uni=m rate1 b m sl[ly ?an ! adiabatic rate4 ,al?\gh no cl\ds 7 visible1 yet ! relative humidity increas$ greatly1 bo? dur+ ! asc5t & desc5t1 ne> #aejj & #bgjj metres1 ^! be+ ab\t ! heights at :i* cumulus & alto-cumulus cl\ds usually =m4 ,dur+ ,septemb] #ahih f\r kite-flights 7 made on f\r successive days :5 an anti-cyclone & a cyclone pass$ ne>ly ov] ,blue ,hill4 ,?is is a r>e occurr5ce1 & ! me*anism ( ^! ph5om5a 0 accord+ly /udi$ by ,mr4 ,clayton1 "s ( ^: d$uctions w n[ be giv51 illu/rat$ by ,plate ,,xiii4 ,figs4 #a & #b give ! temp]ature plott$ accord+ to height on ,septemb] #ba 9 ! anti-cyclone1 & on ,septemb] #bb1 :5 ! b>ometric pressure 0 fall+1 ! full l9es1 z 9 previ\s diagrams1 indicat+ obs]vations dur+ ! asc5ts1 & ! brok5 l9es obs]vations dur+ ! desc5ts4 ,x is se5 t f ! gr\nd ! l9es all incl9e upw>d to ! left1 indicat+ a fall ( temp]ature1 to a c]ta9 height :5 ! l9es b5d to ! "r %>ply1 %[+ a sudd5 rise ( temp]ature4 ,above ?is1 ! temp]ature aga9 falls1 b m sl[ly ?an at l[] levels4 ,! g5]al preval5ce ( ?is ph5om5on 0 not$ by ,wel% 9 8 balloon asc5ts 9 ,engl& 9 #ahed1 & ! high kite-flights at ,blue ,hill %[ x to be v frequ5t bel[ #bjjj metres4 ,! plane ( increas$ temp]ature usually det]m9es ! height ( ! tops ( cumulus & /rato-cumulus cl\ds4 ,above #bjjj metres o!r sudd5 rises ( temp]ature are f\nd dur+ ! highe/ kite-flights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,,results ,,( ,,kite-,,flights ,,at ,,blue ,,hill ,,dur+ ,,an ,,anti-,,cyclone ,,& ,a ,,cyclone4 ,figs4 #c to #f %[ ! *anges 9 ! v>i\s elem5ts dur+ ! f\r days at "s ( ! foll[+ levels1 viz4 ne> sea-level1 #bjj1 #ajjj1 #bjjj1 & #cjjj metres4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! *anges 9 ! b>omet] at ! f\r levels1 f :i* x is evid5t t ! fall ( pressure 0 greate/ ne> sea-level4 ,fig4 #d %[s temp]ature *anges at ! diff]5t levels1 & indicates t ! *anges 7 ( ! same nature up to #cjjj metres4 ,! greate/ non-diurnal range ( temp]ature is se5 to be at #ajjj metres1 & x dim9i%es bo? at high] & at l[] levels4 ,fig4 #e %[s *anges 9 relative humidity at #bjj1 #ajjj1 & #bjjj metres4 ,! curves %[ t ! greate/ range ( humidity 0 at #bjjj metres4 ,!re ! relative humidity rose f almo/ z]o1 9 ! anti-cyclone on ! tw5ty-fir/1 to saturation at ! same level 9 ! cyclone4 ,at #bjj metres ! *ange is simil> to t at #bjjj1 b is less 9 am\nt4 ,at #ajjj metres ! relative humidity fell until ! tw5ty-second1 b !n rose rapidly1 %[+ ! v dry air at #bjjj metres on ! tw5ty-fir/ _h desc5d$ z l[ z #ajjj metres on ! tw5ty-second4 ,fig4 #f gives ! *ange 9 w9d velocity at ! diff]5t levels4 ,!re 0 an increase ( w9d at all ! levels f ! "t ( ! passage ( ! anti-cyclone to ! passage ( ! cyclone4 ,! m9imum ( w9d at #bjj metres 0 9 ! anti-cyclone1 ) a second>y m9imum dur+ ! passage ( ! c5tre ( ! cyclone4 ,figs4 #g to #aj %[ ! *anges 9 height f day to day ( ! equal conditions at ! diff]5t levels4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! *ange 9 level ( ! isob>s1 :i*1 al?\gh v small1 is l>ge/ at ! l[] levels4 ,! light brok5 l9es 9 ,fig4 #g & subsequ5t figures indicate ! axes ( ! anti-cyclone & cyclone4 ,t ! axis ( ! cyclone 0 incl9$ backw>d1 & t ! high pressure occurr$ lat] at high ?an at l[ levels1 0 confirm$ by ! w9d obs]vations on ! tw5ty-fir/4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! heights at :i* ! same temp]atures 7 f\nd on successive days4 ,s9ce ! iso!rms rose until ! tw5ty-?ird1 ! temp]ature ( ! air up to #cjjj metres 0 high] on ! day ( ! cyclone ?an on ! day ( ! anti-cyclone4 ,previ\s high flights indicate t ?is is ! normal condition 9 ! mov+ cyclones & anti-cyclones ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z ! light brok5 l9es repres5t ! axes ( ! anti-cyclone & cyclone up to #cjjj metres1 x is se5 t at ?is level ! temp]ature at ! place ( maximum pressure is probably high] ?an at ! place ( m9imum pressure1 al?\gh ?is is n true = a v]tical column ( air above ! e>?4 ,fig4 #i gives ! positions ( equal humidities on successive days1 saturat$ & cl\dy areas be+ indicat$ by cross$ %ad+1 & less humidity by s+le rul+4 ,f ! laws ( !rmo-dynamics ! un%ad$ curves %\ld repres5t desc5d+ curr5ts1 & ! %ad$ portions asc5d+ ones4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 increas$ w>m? & a l[] relative humidity are produc$ 9 ! desc5t to a l[] altitude2 9 ! la/ case1 cool+1 increas+ relative humidity1 & cond5sation are produc$ by expansion 9 ! asc5t to a high] altitude4 ,consequ5tly1 two regions ( desc5d+ air are indicat$1 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ! anti-cyclone1 ! o!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! cyclone4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! *ange 9 height ( ! l9es ( equal w9d velocity4 ,) asc5d+ curr5ts & precipitation1 high w9d velocities 7 f\nd at l[ levels1 because ( increas$ b>ometric gradi5t1 :ile ) ! desc5d+ curr5ts 9 ! anti-cyclone & c5tre ( ! cyclone1 ! high velocities 7 f\nd only at great altitudes4 ,! /udy ( ^! data indicate t ! cyclonic & anti-cyclonic circulations obs]v$ 9 ?is latitude d n embrace any air-movem5ts at great] altitudes ?an #bjjj metres1 except 9 front ( ! cyclone1 :5 ! air appe>s to be c>ri$ upw>d to a great height4 ,above #bjjj metres !re are probably o!r weak cyclones & anti-cyclones1 or second>y ones1 ) _! c5tres at diff]5t places f ^? at ! e>?'s surface & produc+ a diff]5t circulation ( w9d4 ,! obs]vations ( ! cirrus cl\ds at ,blue ,hill indicate t at _! level exi/s a cyclonic circulation above ! anti-cyclone app>5t at ! e>?'s surface4 ,! %all[ness ( our anti-cyclones w\ld be inf]r$ f ! great diff]5ces 9 spe$ ( ! g5]al atmosph]ic drift1 = s9ce ! velocity ( ! g5]al drift f ! we/ is m ?an ?irty times great] at #aj1jjj metres ?an x is at #bjj metres1 a circulation ( great dep? c\ld n endure long4 ,cyclones & anti-cyclones appe> to be b second>y ph5om5a 9 ! great waves ( w>m & cold air :i* sweep across ! ,unit$ ,/ates f p]iodic causes4 ,! orig9 ( cyclones & anti-cyclones is p]haps ! mo/ important problem rema9+ = meteorological /udy4 ,! !ory t !y are produc$ by diff]5ces ( temp]ature 9 adjac5t masses ( air1 or1 z x is call$1 ! convectional !ory ( ! ,am]ican meteorologi/s1 ,espy & ,f]rel1 is oppos$ by ! obs]vations on m\nta9s 9 ,europe :i* 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,hann ( ,vi5na4 ,if ! "q c be solv$ by ! use ( kites1 z seems to be =e%ad[$ by ! results j /at$1 ano!r f\ndation-/one w be laid 9 ! sci5ce ( meteorology & ! /atus ( ! kite e/abli%$ z an in/rum5t ( rese>*4 ,! kite fails :5 !re is little or no w9d at ! gr\nd1 b x seems possible 9 su* cases to lift ! kite into ! upp] air1 :]e !re usually is w9d1 by atta*+ x to a small balloon t1 aft] ! kite c support itself1 %all be deta*$ automatically4 ,:ile ! height to :i* kites c rise is limit$1 & ! limit is probably be+ approa*$1 judg+ f ! less ga9 ( altitude 9 rec5t flights1 yet x seems reasonable to expect t1 ) fav\rable conditions1 a height ( at lea/ ?ree miles w be rea*$4 ,besides lift+ ! meteorological in/rum5ts describ$1 kites c c>ry app>atus = o!r inve/igations 9 ! free air1 su* z ! measurem5t ( atmosph]ic electricity1 & ! collection ( samples ( air1 to be exam9$ = cosmic du/ & bact]ia4 ,cam]as h be5 lift$ by kites1 z already said1 & = ! purpose ( photograph+ ! upp] surfaces ( cl\ds !re is be+ con/ruct$ = ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory a v light automatic cam]a1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to ,m4 ,cailletet's app>atus = photograph+ ! gr\nd f a balloon4 ,! use ( ! kite z an a]oplane c only be allud$ to 9 ?is book1 & x may be suffici5t to say t if a motor atta*$ to a kite c1 by w+s or screws1 propel x aga9/ ! w9d1 ! su/a9+ /r+ is unnecess>y1 & we %all h ! fly+ ma*9e :i* ,pr(essor ,langley tells u w soon be realiz$4 ,! surface ( our globe has be5 tol]ably well explor$2 ! exploration ( ! atmosph]e by balloons & kites w cont9ue to make great progress dur+ ! la/ ye> ( ! c5tury1 & at ! end ( ! tw5tie? c5tury we may confid5tly expect t z ! seas n[ are a m$ium = transportation1 s ! ocean ( air w h be5 br\ght likewise into man's doma94 ,,index ,a ,ab]cromby 7,r471 classification ( cl\ds1 #db ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,fr5*1 #ah1 #gb-c ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,russian1 balloon asc5t1 #gb ,accademia del ,cim5to1 #ad ,act9omet]1 ,violl's1 #aae ,adiabatic rate ( *ange ( temp]ature1 #bi ,a]onautical ,conf]5ce at ,*icago1 #abe ---- ,conf]5ce at ,/rassburg1 #ig1 #aaj ---- ,committee2 ,int]national1 #ajh ,arophile balloons1 #ajb1 #ajd ,a]o/atic ,commission1 ,fr5*1 #aaa ,air1 collection & analysis (1 #gj1 #gc1 #ge1 #hb1 #aab ---- weight (1 #af ,aitk5 7,j471 du/ p>ticles1 #ci ,alhaz5 7,b4 ,a471 height ( atmosph]e1 #ab ,altitudes1 comp>ative1 #bj ,&re 7,s4 ,a471 balloon voyage to ,nor? ,pole1 #ij ,anti-cyclones1 #ei1 #agj ,aratus1 ,diosemeia1 #aa ,ar*ibald 7,d471 kites = meteorological obs]vations1 #abb ,ar*ytas1 suppos$ inv5tor ( kite1 #aag ,ari/otle1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae ,assmann 7,r471 #hf1 #id1 #ajh ,atmosph]e1 composition (1 #bd ---- en]gy ( upp] portion1 #eh ---- ext5t (1 #bh ---- me?ods ( explor+ same1 #ce et seq41 #ade ---- moi/ure (1 #cd ---- orig9 (1 #bc ---- ph5om5a %[+ height (1 #bf ---- ,pl9y on1 #i ---- temp]ature (1 #bh ,atmosph]ic circulation 9 cyclones & anti-cyclones1 #fj ---- electricity1 #gj1 #gf1 #aba1 #ada ,b ,balloon asc5ts1 int]national1 #ajh et seq4 ---- cross+ ! ,atlantic by1 #ib ---- inv5tion ( hot-air1 #ai ---- kite1 #id ,balloons1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #cg1 #fh1 et seq4 ---- captive1 #gf1 #ic1 #adf ---- *anges ( temp]ature obs]v$ 91 #ga1 #gc1 #ge1 #gg1 #hd1 #hh1 #ij ---- *ang+ ! direction (1 #ic ,ballons-sondes1 #ih et seq4 ,b>omet]1 #ae1 #af1 #he1 #aac ,b>o-!rmograph ( ,ri*>d1 #ajb ,b>ral1 balloon asc5t1 #gc1 #hd ,batavia1 ,java1 int]national cl\d measurem5ts1 #fe ,batut 7,a471 photography f kites1 #abc ,b]son 7,a471 balloon asc5ts1 #ha1 #hg et seq4 ,b]t 7,p471 respiration ( oxyg51 #hb ,besanon 7,g471 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajd ,bezold 7,w4 von71 wave-cl\d1 #dj ,biot 7,j4 ,b471 balloon asc5t1 #gc ,birt 7,w4 ,r471 kite at ,kew ,obs]vatory1 #abb ,bixio1 balloon asc5t1 #gc1 #hd ,blanc1 ,mont1 #bj1 #ba ,blan*>d1 balloon asc5t ) ,jeffries1 #gj1 #ga ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #fd1 #ajh1 #abf et seq4 ,bonap>te 7,pr9ce ,rol&71 patron ( a]onautics1 #aab ,bonpl& 7,a471 asc5t 9 ,&es1 #bj ,bonvallet 7,l471 explor+ balloons1 #ii ,b\gu] 7,p471 height ( freez+-po9t1 #ah ,boyle 7,r471 #af ,c ,cailletet 7,l471 #aab1 #aac ,cambridge1 ,mass41 cl\ds measur$ at1 #ec ,ca/elli 7,b471 inv5t$ ra9-gauge1 #ac ,cavallo 7,t471 %[$ lightness ( hydrog51 #fi ,celsius 7,a471 !rmomet]1 #ad ,*>les 7,j4 ,a4 ,c471 asc5t 9 hydrog5 balloon1 #ai1 #fh ,cim5to1 ,accademia del1 #ad ,cirrus balloon1 #ajf ,clayton 7,h4 ,h471 #de1 #dg1 #ec1 #fb1 #acc1 #adg1 #afg ,cl\d1 am\nt (1 #dg et seq4 ---- atlases1 #db1 #dc1 #dd ---- ,committee1 ,int]national1 #dd1 #fe ---- -ye>1 int]national1 #fe ,cl\ds1 classification (1 #da et seq4 ---- def9itions (1 #de ---- =mation (1 #ci ---- obs]vations ( direction & relative velocity1 #ea1 #fe ---- measurem5ts ( height & velocity1 #eb1 #ec et seq41 #fe1 #aba ---- on ,jupit]1 #ea ---- relation to =eca/+1 #fc-d ,cotte 7,l471 on cl\ds1 #ch ,coxwell 7,h471 a]onaut = ,glai%]1 #ge et seq4 ,croc-,sp9elli 7,j471 asc5t 9 ,z5i?1 #hb ,cyclones1 #ei1 #agj ,d ,dalton 7,j471 wat]-vap\r 9 ! air1 #ch ,daniell 7,j4 ,f471 m\nta9s a regi/]+ !rmomet]1 #ac ,davis 7,w4 ,m471 cl\d measurem5ts1 #ec ,deluc 7,j4 ,a471 !ory ( cl\ds1 #db ,de ,saussure 7,h4 ,b471 #bj1 #db1 #gc ---- 7,h4 ,b471 asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc1 #bj ,deuts*e-,seew>te1 ,hamburg1 #dc ,donaldson 7,w4 ,h471 propos$ cross+ ,atlantic 9 a balloon1 #ib ,e ,eddy 7,w4 ,a471 #abc1 #abd et seq4 ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,p>is1 #bc1 #aeb ,ekholm 7,n471 #ec1 #ib ,electricity1 atmosph]ic1 #gj1 #gf1 #aba1 #ada ,espy 7,j4 ,p471 kites to v]ify calculat$ height ( cl\ds1 #aba ,etna1 asc5d$ by anci5ts1 #ab ,eul] 7,l471 !ory ( kites1 #aah ,explor+ ! atmosph]e1 me?ods (1 #ce et seq41 #ade-f ,f ,fahr5heit 7,d4 ,g471 !rmomet]1 #ad ,f]d9& ,,ii4 7,gr& ,duke71 di/ribut$ meteorological in/rum5ts1 #ag ,f]gusson 7,s4 ,p471 #ce1 #ec1 #abf1 #abh1 #aca1 #acf ,f]rel 7,w471 !ory ( cyclones1 #agc ,flamm>ion 7,c471 balloon asc5ts1 #ha ,fly+ ma*9es1 future1 #ei1 #agd ,fonvielle 7,w4 de71 #ha1 #ajh ,fr/] 7,w471 hypo!sis ( ,himmelsluft1 #bh ,=eca/+ by kites1 #adc1 #adg ,frankl9 7,b471 exp]im5t ) kites1 #aba1 #abc ,frankl9 ,kite ,club1 #aba ,g ,galileo 7,g471 #ad1 #ae ,gay-,lussac 7,j4 ,l471 balloon asc5t1 #bj1 #gc ,g]man ,emp]or 7,william ,,ii471 patron ( a]onautics1 #hf ---- ,society = ,promotion ( ,arial ,navigation1 #hf1 #ic1 #ajf ,glai%] 7,j471 balloon asc5ts1 #ge et seq41 #ic ,gre5 7,c471 a]onaut = ,wel%1 #gd ,grimaldi 7,f4 ,m471 fir/ measur$ cl\ds trigonometrically1 #eb ,gu]icke 7,o4 von71 exp]im5t ( ,magdeburg hemisph]es1 #af ,h ,hag/rm 7,k471 measur$ cl\ds1 #ec ,halley 7,e471 measur$ heights by b>omet]1 #ag ,hann 7,j471 #cf1 #agc ,han ,s91 employ$ kites 9 w>f>e1 #aag ,h>grave 7,l471 inv5t$ cellul> kite1 #abi ,h>r+ton 7,m4 ,w471 advocat$ explor+ air ) kites1 #abe ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 #ce1 #dh ,haz5 7,h4 ,a471 highe/ balloon asc5t 9 ,am]ica1 #he ,height ( balloon1 ,cailletet's app>atus = obta9+1 #aac ,heights ( kite-flights at ,blue ,hill1 #ba1 #adj ---- h[ measur$ by b>omet]1 #ag1 #aja ,heim 7,a471 voyage across ! ,alps1 #ib ,hellmann 7,g471 hi/orical rese>*es1 #ab ,helmholtz 7,h4 von71 wave-cl\d1 #dj ,h]gesell 7,h471 ,presid5t ( ,a]onautical ,committee1 #ajh ,h]mite 7,g471 #ih1 #ii1 #aja ,hildebr&sson 7,h4 ,h471 #db1 #fe ,hodgk9s' ,fund ( ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 grant f1 #aca ,h[>d 7,l471 cl\d nom5clature1 #da ,humboldt 7,a4 von71 #ah1 #bj1 #ce ,humidity1 *anges ) altitudes1 #cd1 #ga1 #gc1 #gg1 #aea1 #afi1 #aga ---- diurnal *anges at diff]5t altitudes1 #aec ---- types ( *ange ) altitudes1 #aei et seq4 ,hutton 7,j471 cause ( precipitation1 #ch ,hygromet]1 inv5tion (1 #ac ,j ,jeffries 7,j471 fir/ sci5tific balloon asc5t1 #fi ---- fir/ to cross ! ,engli% ,*annel1 #ga ,j\rdanet 7,d471 hypo!sis ( desc5t ( man1 #bd ,jovis1 balloon asc5t1 #hd ,jupit]1 analogy betwe5 cl\d9ess on e>? & on1 #ea ,k ,kepl] 7,j471 height ( atmosph]e1 #ab ,kew ,obs]vatory1 #ec1 #gd1 #abb ,kpp5 7,w471 cl\d atlas1 #dc ,kirwan 7,r471 temp]ature at diff]5t latitudes1 #ah ,kite1 antiquity ( !1 #aag ---- ,eddy or ,malay1 #abd1 #abi ---- flights at ,blue ,hill1 #ba1 #acg1 #adj1 #adb ---- ,h>grave1 #abi1 #acb ---- ,lamson's a]o-curve1 #acd ---- photography1 #abc1 #abf1 #agc ---- !ory (1 #aah1 #abd1 #acj ,kites1 fir/ sci5tific use (1 #abj ---- fir/ self-record+ in/rum5ts rais$ by1 #abf ---- ori5tal tailless1 #aah ---- sci5tific uses (1 #agc ,kite-w9* at ,blue ,hill1 /eam1 #aca1 #acf ,krakatoa1 eruption ( volcano1 #bg ,l ,lam>ck 7,j4 ,b471 fir/ to classify cl\d =ms1 #da ,lamson 7,c4 ,h471 a]o-curve kite1 #acd ,langley 7,s4 ,p471 #bh1 #agd ,laplace 7,p4 ,s4 de71 #ag1 #bc1 #aja ,lavoisi] 7,a4 ,l471 #ai1 #fh ,ley 7,w4 ,c471 classification ( cl\ds1 #db ,lun>di 7,v471 balloon asc5t1 #fi ,m ,m',adie 7,a471 #ec1 #abc ,magnetism1 v>iation ) height1 #gc1 #gg ,mallet 7,m471 balloon asc5t1 #hd ,manila1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 cl\d measurem5ts at1 #fe-f ,m>iotte 7,e471 law ( gases1 #af ,melvill 7,t471 aid$ 9 fir/ sci5tific use ( kites1 #abj ,m]le 7,w471 olde/ wea!r *ronicles1 #ab ,meteorograph = kites1 #abh1 #acf ,meteorological conf]5ces1 int]national1 #db1 #dd1 #ajh ,meteorology1 fir/ treat$ by ,ari/otle1 #aj ---- orig9 (1 #aj ,mi/i1 ,el1 highe/ /ation1 #ce ,montgolfi] bro!rs1 inv5t$ hot-air balloon1 #ai ,mntz 7,a471 analysis ( air1 #aab-ac ,n ,n>es 7,sir ,g471 /orm-kite1 #abb ,nebul> hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 #bc ,neumay] 7,g471 cl\d-atlas1 #db ,newton 7,i471 improv$ kites1 #aah ,o ,olympus1 m\nta9 asc5d$ by anci5ts1 #aa ,ox=d1 olde/ wea!r *ronicles1 #ab ,p ,p>seval 7,a4 von71 kite-balloon1 #id ,pascal 7,b471 exp]im5t ) b>omet]1 #ae1 #af ,p]i] 7,f471 idem1 #ae ,photography f balloons1 #ha1 #aac ---- f kites1 #abc1 #abf1 #agc ,pick]+ 7,e4 ,c471 pole-/> record]1 #dh ,pike's ,peak1 meteorological /ation1 #ce ,piltre de ,rozi] 7,j4 ,f471 fir/ to asc5d 9 balloon1 #ai ,pl9y1 ! atmosph]e1 #i ,pocock 7,g471 great kite1 #abb ,poy 7,a471 classification ( cl\ds1 #db ,prie/ley 7,j471 oxyg5 9 ! air1 #ah ,r ,ra9-gauge1 inv5tion (1 #ac ,raumur 7,r4 ,a4 ,f4 de71 !rmomet]1 #ad ,rey 7,j471 fir/ !rmomet] fill$ ) liquid1 #ad ,riccioli 7,g4 ,b471 fir/ to measure cl\ds trigonometrically1 #eb ,ri*>d 7,abb71 cl\ds1 #ch ---- 7,j471 self-record+ in/rum5ts1 #aja1 #abe1 #abh1 #acf ,rob]tson 7,e4 ,g471 #gb1 #gc ---- balloon asc5t1 #gb ,rot* 7,a4 ,l471 balloon asc5ts1 #he1 #hf ,s ,sa*>(f1 balloon asc5t1 #gb ,siegsfeld 7,h4 ,b4 von71 kite-balloon1 #id ,sigsbee 7,c4 ,d471 #dd1 #aca ,sivel 7,t471 asc5t 9 ,z5i?1 #hb ,spelt]9i 7,e471 balloon voyage ) ,heim1 #ib ,sp5c] 7,s471 a]onaut = ,b]son1 #hi ,sweetl& 7,a4 ,e471 progno/ics f cl\ds1 #fc ,symons 7,g4 ,j471 meteorologi/ & bibliophile1 #ab ,t ,teiss]5c de ,bort 7,l471 #ea1 #aaf1 #add ,temp]ature1 *ange ) height1 #ah1 #bi1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge1 #gg1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #abj1 #aba1 #abf1 #ada1 #aea1 #afg ---- diurnal *anges at diff]5t altitudes1 #aeb1 #afa-b ---- types ( *ange ) altitude1 #aed et seq4 ,!odolite1 regi/]+1 #ajf ,!ophra/us1 wea!r progno/ics1 #aa ,!rmomet]1 aspiration1 #gd1 #hf ---- metallic1 #aaf ---- sl+1 #he ,!rmomet]s1 e>ly1 #ad ,tiss&i] 7,a471 sket*es ( optical ph5om5a1 #ha ---- 7,g471 asc5t 9 ,z5i?1 #ha1 #hb ,toronto1 ,canada1 int]national cl\d measurem5ts1 #fe ,torricelli 7,e471 inv5t$ b>omet]1 #ae ,ty*o ,brahe1 height ( atmosph]e1 #ab ,u ,unit$ ,/ates hydrographic (fice1 #dd ---- wea!r bureau1 #dd1 #fe1 #adc ,upsala1 ,sw$51 cl\ds measur$ at1 #ec1 #eh1 #ff ,v ,violle 7,j471 #aab1 #aae ,w ,wa%+ton 7,m\nt71 meteorological /ation1 #ce ,wea!r *ronicles1 fir/1 #ab ---- =eca/+ by means ( cl\ds1 #fc ---- progno/ics ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us1 #aa ---- vane1 olde/ meteorological in/rum5t1 #ac ,web] 7,l471 measur$ electric pot5tial ) kites1 #abd ,wel% 7,j471 balloon asc5ts1 #gd ,w5z 7,e471 photography f kites1 #abc ,wilson 7,a471 fir/ sci5tific use ( kites1 #abj ,w9d at diff]5t heights1 #eg et seq41 #ih1 #aec1 #agj1 #aga ,wire = kite-l9es1 #abc1 #aca1 #acd ,wise 7,j471 #hd1 #ib ,woglom 7,j4 ,t471 photography f kites1 #abc ,y ,"y 7,c4 ,a471 limit ( atmosph]e1 #bh ,z ,z5i?1 cata/rophe ( balloon1 #hb ,z]o1 absolute1 #cc ,ri*>d ,clay ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,london ,bungay4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! text pres5t$ "h is ess5tially t 9 ! orig9al pr9t$ volume4 ,! li/ ( corrections 7,,corrig5da7 :i* accompani$ ! orig9al has be5 appli$4 ,"o additional typo 7see bel[7 has also be5 made4 ,!re may h be5 "s m9or corrections 7miss+ p]iod1 commas1 etc4 add$7 :i* are n detail$ "h4 ,9 ! orig9al publication1 sev]al figures & plates 7 plac$ 9 ! middle ( p>agrahs4 ,"h mo/ 7 mov$ betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations & any o!r page ref]5ces /ill indicate ! page numb] ( ! orig9al location4 ,on page #hh1 ! oe ligature 0 replac$ ) ! individual lett]s4 ,typographical ,correction ,page ,correction #abh all-ass5tial all-ess5tial