,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,essays ,arts & ,crafts ,essays ,by ,memb]s ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society ,) a ,preface ,by ,william ,morris ,london ,,riv+ton1 ,,p]cival1 ,,co4 #ahic ,,preface ,! pap]s t foll[ ?is ne$ no explanation1 s9ce !y are direct$ t[>ds special sides ( ! ,arts & ,crafts4 ,mr4 ,crane has put =w>d ! aims ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society z an ,exhibition ,society1 !re=e ,i ne$ n enl>ge ^u t phase ( ?is book4 ,b ,i w write a few words on ! way 9 :i* x seems to me we ought to face ! pres5t position ( t revival 9 decorative art ( :i* our ,society is "o ( ! tok5s4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! v fact t !re is a revival %[s t ! arts a=esaid h be5 sick unto dea?4 ,9 all su* *anges ! fir/ ( ! new does n appe> till !re is little or no life left 9 ! old1 & yet ! old1 ev5 :5 x is all b dead1 goes on liv+ 9 corruption1 & refuses to get itself put quietly out ( ! way & dec5tly buri$4 ,s t :ile ! revival advances & does "s good "w1 ! p]iod ( corruption goes on f worse to worse1 till x arrives at ! po9t :5 x c no long] be borne1 & disappe>s4 ,to give a concrete example3 9 ^! la/ days !re are _m build+s erect$ :i* 79 spite ( our eclecticism1 our lack ( a traditional /yle7 are at lea/ well design$ & give pleasure to ! eye2 nev]!less1 s hopelessly hide\s & vulg> is g5]al build+ t p]sons ( ta/e f9d !mselves regrett+ ! br[n brick box ) its feeble & trump]y attempts at ornam5t1 :i* *>act]ises ! /yle ( build+ curr5t at ! end ( ! la/ & beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 because !re is "s /yle ab\t x1 & ev5 "s m]it ( design1 if only negative4 ,! position :i* we h to face !n is ?is3 ! lack ( beauty 9 mod]n life 7( decoration 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w71 :i* 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury 0 unnotic$1 is n[ recognis$ by a "p ( ! public z an evil to be rem$i$ if possible2 b by f> ! l>g] "p ( civilis$ mank9d does n feel t lack 9 ! lea/1 s t no g5]al s5se ( beauty is extant :i* w\ld =ce u into ! creation ( a feel+ = art :i* 9 its turn w\ld =ce u into tak+ up ! dropp$ l9ks ( tradition1 & once m produc+ g5u9e organic art4 ,su* art z we h is n ! "w ( ! mass ( craftsm5 unconsci\s ( any def9ite /yle1 b produc+ beauty in/9ctively2 consci\s r ( ! desire to turn out a cr$itable piece ( "w ?an ( any aim t[>ds positive beauty4 ,t is ! ess5tial motive p[] t[>ds art 9 pa/ ages2 b our art is ! "w ( a small m9ority compos$ ( educat$ p]sons1 fully consci\s ( _! aim ( produc+ beauty1 & di/+ui%$ f ! great body ( workm5 by ! possession ( t aim4 ,i d n1 inde$1 ignore ! fact t !re is a s*ool ( arti/s belong+ to ?is decade :o set =? t beauty is n an ess5tial "p ( art2 :i* !y consid] r z an in/rum5t = ! /atem5t ( fact1 or an exhibition ( ! arti/'s intellectual obs]vation & skill ( h&4 ,su* a s*ool w\ld seem at fir/ sight to h an int]e/ ( its own z a g5u9e traditional developm5t ( ! art ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i*1 l all intellectual movem5ts 9 t c5tury1 0 negative & de/ructive2 & ?is all ! m z ! above-m5tion$ s*ool is connect$ ) sci5ce r ?an art4 ,b on look+ clos] into ! matt] x w be se5 t ?is s*ool _c claim any special int]e/ on ! score ( tradition4 ,= ! eighte5? c5tury art 0 q unconsci\s ( its t5d5cy t[>ds ugl9ess & nullity1 :]eas ! mod]n ,impressioni/s l\dly proclaim _! enmity to beauty1 & are no m unconsci\s ( _! aim ?an ! arti/s ( ! revival are ( _! long+ to l9k !mselves to ! traditional art ( ! pa/4 ,"h we h !n1 on ! "o h&1 a s*ool :i* is pu%+ r ?an drift+ into ! doma9 ( ! empirical sci5ce ( to-day1 & ano!r :i* c only "w ?r\gh its obs]vation ( an art :i* 0 once organic1 b :i* di$ c5turies ago1 leav+ u :at by ?is "t has become b ! wreckage ( its brilliant & eag] life1 :ile at ! same "t ! great mass ( civilisation lives on cont5t to =go art almo/ altoge!r4 ,nev]!less ! arti/s ( bo? ! s*ools spok5 ( are und\bt$ly hone/ & eag] 9 pursuit ( art "u ! conditions ( mod]n civilisation2 t is to say1 t !y h ?is mu* 9 common ) ! s*ools ( tradition1 t !y d :at !y are impell$ to d1 & t ! public w\ld be q wrong 9 suppos+ !m to be sway$ by m]e affectation4 ,n[ x seems to me t ?is impulse 9 m5 ( c]ta9 m9ds & moods t[>ds c]ta9 =ms ( art1 ?is g5u9e eclecticism1 is all t we c expect "u mod]n civilisation2 t we c expect no g5]al impulse t[>ds ! f9e arts till civilisation has be5 trans=m$ into "s o!r condition ( life1 ! details ( :i* we _c =esee4 ,let u !n make ! be/ ( x1 & admit t ^? :o practise art mu/ n[adays be consci\s ( t practice2 consci\s ,i mean t !y are ei!r add+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( arti/ic beauty & int]e/ to a piece ( goods :i* w\ld1 if produc$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 h no beauty or arti/ic int]e/1 or to produce works ( art1 to supply ! lack ( tradition by dilig5tly cultivat+ 9 ourselves ! s5se ( beauty 7pace ! ,impressioni/s71 skill ( h&1 & nic5ess ( obs]vation1 )\t :i* only a make%ift ( art c be got2 & also1 s f> z we c1 to call ! att5tion ( ! public to ! fact t !re are a few p]sons :o are do+ ?is1 & ev5 e>n+ a livelihood by s do+1 & t !re=e1 9 spite ( ! de/ructive tradition ( our imm$iate pa/1 9 spite ( ! great revolution 9 ! production ( w>es1 :i* ?is c5tury only has se5 on ! road to completion1 & :i* on ! face ( x1 & p]haps ess5tially1 is ho/ile to art1 9 spite ( all difficulties :i* ! evolution ( ! lat] days ( society has ?r[n 9 ! way ( t side ( human pleasure :i* is call$ art1 !re is /ill a m9ority ) a good deal ( life 9 x :i* is n cont5t ) :at is call$ utilit>ianism1 :i*1 be+ int]pret$1 means ! reckless wa/e ( life 9 ! pursuit ( ! means ( life4 ,x is ?is consci\s cultivation ( art & ! attempt to int]e/ ! public 9 x :i* ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society has set itself to help1 by call+ special att5tion to t really mo/ important side ( art1 ! decoration ( utilities by furni%+ !m ) g5u9e arti/ic f9i% 9 place ( trade f9i%4 ,,william ,,morris4 ,july #ahic4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,design ,,& ,,h&icraft3 ) ,notes on ! ,"w ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society4 ,walt] ,crane #a ,,textiles4 ,william ,morris #bb ,,( ,,decorative ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,design4 ,walt] ,crane #ci ,,( ,,wall ,,pap]s4 ,walt] ,crane #eb ,,fictiles4 ,g4 ,t4 ,rob9son #fb ,,metal ,,"w4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b5son #fh ,,/one ,,& ,,wood ,,c>v+4 ,som]s ,cl>ke #ha ,,furniture4 ,/eph5 ,webb #hi ,,/a9$ ,,glass4 ,som]s ,cl>ke #ih ,,table ,,glass4 ,som]s ,cl>ke #ajf ,,pr9t+4 ,william ,morris & ,em]y ,walk] #aaa ,,bookb9d+4 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son #acd ,,( ,,mural ,,pa9t+4 ,f4 ,madox ,br[n #adi ,,( ,,sgraffito ,,"w4 ,heywood ,sumn] #afa ,,( ,,/ucco ,,& ,,gesso4 ,g4 ,t4 ,rob9son #agb ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron4 ,w4 ,r4 ,le?aby #ahd ,,( ,,dye+ ,,z ,,an ,,art4 ,william ,morris #aif ,,( ,,embroid]y4 ,may ,morris #bab ,,( ,,lace4 ,alan ,s4 ,cole #bbd ,,( ,,book ,,illu/ration ,,& ,,book ,,decoration4 ,reg9ald ,blomfield #bcg ,,( ,,designs ,,& ,,work+ ,,draw+s4 ,lewis ,f4 ,day #bdi ,,furniture ,,& ,,! ,,room4 ,edw>d ,s4 ,prior #bfa ,,( ,,! ,,room ,,& ,,furniture4 ,halsey ,ric>do #bgd ,,! ,,engli% ,,tradition4 ,reg9ald ,blomfield #bhi ,,c>p5t]s' ,,furniture4 ,w4 ,r4 ,le?aby #cjb ,,( ,,decorat$ ,,furniture4 ,j4 ,h4 ,poll5 #caj ,,( ,,c>v+4 ,/eph5 ,webb #cbb ,,int>sia ,,& ,,inlaid ,,wood-,,"w4 ,t4 ,g4 ,jackson #ccj ,,woods ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials4 ,/eph5 ,webb #cde ,,( ,,mod]n ,,embroid]y4 ,m>y ,e4 ,turn] #cee ,,( ,,mat]ials4 ,may ,morris #cfe ,,col\r4 ,may ,morris #cgf ,,/it*es ,,& ,,me*anism4 ,alan ,s4 ,cole #chg ,,design4 ,john ,d4 ,s$d+ #dje ,,on ,,design+ ,,= ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,embroid]y4 ,selwyn ,image #dad ,,( ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,design ,,& ,,h&icraft3 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,exhibition ,,society ,! decorative arti/ & ! h&icraftsman h hi!rto _h b little opportunity ( display+ _! "w 9 ! public eye1 or r ( appeal+ to x ^u /rictly arti/ic gr\nds 9 ! same s5se z ! pictorial arti/2 & x is a some:at s+ul> /ate ( ?+s t at a "t :5 ! ,arts are p]haps m look$ aft]1 & c]ta9ly m talk$ ab\t1 ?an !y h ev] be5 be=e1 & ! beautify+ ( h\ses1 to ^? to :om x is possible1 has become 9 "s cases almo/ a religion1 s little is kn[n ( ! actual design] & mak] 7z di/9ct f ! propriet>y manufactur] or middleman7 ( ^? famili> ?+s :i* contribute s mu* to ! com=t & ref9em5t ( life--( our *airs & cab9ets1 our *9tzes & wall-pap]s1 our lamps & pit*]s--! ,l>es & ,p5ates ( our h\seholds1 :i* ) ! t\* ( "t & association (t5 come to be reg>d$ ) s peculi> an affection4 ,nor is ?is condition ( affairs 9 reg>d to appli$ ,art )\t an explanation1 s9ce x is und5iable t "u ! mod]n indu/rial sy/em t p]sonal elem5t1 :i* is s important 9 all =ms ( ,art1 has be5 ?ru/ f>!r & f>!r into ! backgr\nd1 until ! production ( :at are call$ ornam5tal objects1 & ! supply ( ornam5tal additions g5]ally1 in/ead ( gr[+ out ( organic necessities1 h become1 "u a misapplication ( ma*9]y1 driv5 by ! ke5 competition ( trade1 purely comm]cial affairs--que/ions ( ! supply & dem& ( ! m>ket artificially /imulat$ & controll$ by ! arts ( ! adv]tis] & ! salesman bidd+ aga9/ ea* o!r = ! fav\r ( a caprici\s & pass+ fa%ion1 :i* too (t5 takes ! place ( a real love ( ,art 9 our days4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( revival has be5 go+ on1 z a prote/ aga9/ ! conviction t1 ) all our mod]n me*anical a*ievem5ts1 com=ts1 & luxuries1 life is gr[+ ugli] e day1 z ,mr4 ,morris puts x4 ,ev5 our pa9t]s are driv5 to rely r on ! accid5tal beauty :i*1 l a /ruggl+ ray ?r\gh a ,london fog1 sometimes illumes & transfigures ! sordid commonplace ( ev]yday life4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 live on s5sational effects )\t impair+ our s5se ( =m & balance--( beauty1 9 %ort4 ,we _c conc5trate our att5tion on pictorial & graphic art1 & come to reg>d x z ! "o =m wor? pursu+1 )\t los+ our s5se ( con/ruction & p[] ( adaptation 9 design to all k9ds ( v diff]5t mat]ials & purposes--t s5se ( relation--t ar*itectonic s5se :i* built up ! great monum5ts ( ! pa/4 ,! true root & basis ( all ,art lies 9 ! h&icrafts4 ,if !re is no room or *ance ( recognition = really arti/ic p[] & feel+ 9 design & craftsman%ip--if ,art is n recognis$ 9 ! humble/ object & mat]ial1 & felt to be z valuable 9 its own way z ! m highly rew>d$ pictorial skill--! arts _c be 9 a s\nd condition2 & if arti/s cease to be f\nd among ! crafts !re is great dang] t !y w vani% f ! arts also1 & become manufactur]s & salesm5 in/ead4 ,x 0 ) ! object ( giv+ "s visible expression to ^! views t ! ,exhibitions ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,society 7 organis$4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 _m difficulties _h to be enc\nt]$4 ,9 ! endeav\r to assign due cr$it to ! responsible design] & workman1 x 0 f\nd sometimes difficult to d s amid ! v num]\s artific]s 79 "s cases7 :o "u our indu/rial conditions contribute to ! production ( a "w4 ,x w readily be und]/ood t ! organisation ( exhibitions ( ?is "*1 & ) su* objects z h be5 /at$1 is a f> less simple matt] ?an an ord9>y picture exhibition4 ,in/ead ( hav+ an array ( arti/s ^: names & addresses are 9 e catalogue1 our con/itu5cy1 z x 71 outside ! p]sonal k ( ! ,committee1 _h to be discov]$4 ,"u ! designation ( ,s-&-s & ,co4 _m a skilful design] & craftsman may be conceal$2 & individual & indep5d5t arti/s 9 design & h&icraft are z yet few & f> betwe54 ,h[ev]1 9 ! belief1 z else:]e express$1 t x is little good n\ri%+ ! tree at ! head if x is dy+ at ! root1 & t1 liv+ or dy+1 ! desirability ( an accurate diagnosis :ile !re is any d\bt ( our arti/ic heal? w at once be admitt$1 ! ,society det]m9$ to try ! exp]im5t & s op5$ _! fir/ ,exhibition4 ,! reception giv5 to x hav+ s f> ju/ifi$ our plea = ! due recognition ( ! arts & crafts ( design1 & our belief 9 _! fundam5tal importance--! am\nt ( public int]e/ & support accord$ to ! ,exhibition hav+1 9 fact1 f> exce$$ our anticipations1 x 0 det]m9$ to hold a second on ! same l9es1 & to endeav\r to c>ry out1 ) m complet5ess ?an 0 at fir/ f\nd possible1 ^? pr9ciples ( "w1 ideas1 & aims 9 art = :i* we cont5d$1 & to make ! ,exhibition a rally+ po9t1 z x 71 = all sympa!tic work]s4 ,reg>d+ design z a species ( language capable ( v v>i$ expression ?r\gh ! m$ium ( diff]5t me?ods & mat]ials1 x naturally foll[s t !re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 "o treatm5t & ano!r1 bo? ( design & mat]ial2 &1 moreov]1 e mat]ial has its own prop] capacity & appropriate range ( expression1 s t x becomes ! bus9ess ( ! sympa!tic workman to discov] ?is & give x due expansion4 ,= ! abs5ce ( ?is discrim9at+ s5se no am\nt ( me*anical smoo?ness or imitative skill c comp5sate2 & x is obvi\s t any attempt to imitate or r5d] ! qualities peculi> to "o mat]ial 9 ano!r leads ! workman on a false track4 ,n[1 we h only to consid] h[ mu* ( ! "w commonly produc$1 :i* comes "u ! head ( :at is call$ indu/rial art1 dep5ds ^u ?is v false quality ( imitation 7:e!r z to design or mat]ial7 to %[ h[ f> we h dep>t$ 9 ! ord9>y processes ( manufacture & /&>ds ( trade f primitive & true arti/ic in/9cts4 ,! dem&1 artificially /imulat$1 is less = ?\ght or beauty ?an = novelty1 & all sorts ( me*anical inv5tion are appli$1 *iefly ) ! view ( increas+ ! rate ( production & dim9i%+ its co/1 reg>dless ( ! fact t any?+ 9 ! nature ( bad or false art is de> at any price4 ,pla9 mat]ials & surfaces are inf9itely pref]able to inorganic & inappropriate ornam5t2 yet !re is n ! simple/ article ( common use made by ! h& ( man t is n capable ( receiv+ "s t\* ( art--:e!r x lies 9 ! plann+ & proportions1 or 9 ! f9al decorative adornm5t2 :e!r 9 ! "w ( ! smi?1 ! c>p5t]1 ! c>v]1 ! weav]1 or ! pott]1 & ! o!r indisp5sable crafts4 ,) ! organisation ( indu/ry on ! gr& scale1 & ! enorm\s application ( ma*9]y 9 ! int]e/s ( competitive production = pr(it1 :5 bo? art & indu/ry are =c$ to make _! appeal to ! unreal & imp]sonal av]age1 r ?an to ! real & p]sonal y & me1 x is n wond]ful t beauty %\ld h become divorc$ f use1 & t attempts to conc$e its dem&s1 & ! desire = x1 %\ld too (t5 mean ! ill-consid]$ b$iz5m5t ( mean+less & unrelat$ ornam5t4 ,! v produc]1 ! design]1 & craftsman1 too1 has be5 lo/ sight (1 & 8 p]sonality subm]g$ 9 t ( a bus9ess firm1 s t we h rea*$ ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( an imp]sonal arti/ or craftsman try+ to produce ?+s ( beauty = an imp]sonal & unkn[n public--a purely conjectural matt] f fir/ to la/4 ,"u su* conditions x is h>dly surpris+ t ! arts ( design %\ld h decl9$1 & t ! idea ( art %\ld h become limit$ to pictorial "w 7:]e1 at lea/1 ! arti/ may be kn[n1 9 "s relation to 8 public1 & comp>atively free74 ,p>tly z a prote/ aga9/ ?is /ate ( ?+s1 & p>tly to conc5trate ! awak5$ feel+ = beauty 9 ! accessories ( life1 ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society comm5c$ _! "w4 ,! movem5t1 h[ev]1 t[>ds a revival ( design & h&icraft1 ! ef=t to unite--or r to re-unite--! arti/ & ! craftsman1 s sund]$ by ! indu/rial conditions ( our c5tury1 has be5 gr[+ & ga!r+ =ce = "s "t pa/4 ,x reflects 9 art ! intellectual movem5t ( inquiry into fundam5tal pr9ciples & necessities1 & is a practical expression ( ! philosophy ( ! condition$4 ,x is true x has _m diff]5t sides & manife/ations1 & is "u _m diff]5t influ5ces & impell$ by diff]5t aims4 ,) "s ! "q is closely connect$ ) ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ,engl&1 & h] pr[ess 9 ! competitive race = weal?2 ) o!rs x is en\gh if ! social well-be+ & happ9ess ( h] p is advanc$1 & t ! t\* ( art %\ld light5 ! toil ( joyless lives4 ,! movem5t1 inde$1 repres5ts 9 "s s5se a revolt aga9/ ! h>d me*anical conv5tional life & its ins5sibility to beauty 7q ano!r ?+ to ornam5t74 ,x is a prote/ aga9/ t s-call$ indu/rial progress :i* produces %oddy w>es1 ! *eapness ( :i* is paid = by ! lives ( _! produc]s & ! degradation ( _! us]s4 ,x is a prote/ aga9/ ! turn+ ( m5 into ma*9es1 aga9/ artificial di/9ctions 9 art1 & aga9/ mak+ ! imm$iate m>ket value1 or possibility ( pr(it1 ! *ief te/ ( arti/ic m]it4 ,x also advances ! claim ( all & ea* to ! common possession ( beauty 9 ?+s common & famili>1 & w\ld awak5 ! s5se ( ?is beauty1 dead5$ & depress$ z x n[ too (t5 is1 ei!r on ! "o h& by luxuri\s sup]fluities1 or on ! o!r by ! abs5ce ( ! commone/ necessities & ! gnaw+ anxiety = ! means ( livelihood2 n to speak ( ! ev]yday ugl9esses to :i* we h accu/om$ our eyes1 confus$ by ! flood ( false ta/e1 or d>k5$ by ! hurri$ life ( mod]n t[ns 9 :i* huge aggregations ( humanity exi/1 equally remov$ f bo? art & nature & _! k9dly & ref9+ influ5ces4 ,x ass]ts1 moreov]1 ! value ( ! practice ( h&icraft z a good tra9+ = ! faculties1 & z a mo/ valuable c\nt]action to t ov]/ra9+ ( purely m5tal ef=t "u ! fi]ce competitive conditions ( ! day2 ap>t f ! v :olesome & real pleasure 9 ! fa%ion+ ( a ?+ ) claims to art & beauty1 ! /ruggle ) & triumph ov] ! /ubborn te*nical necessities :i* refuse to be ga9said4 ,&1 f9ally1 ?us claim+ = man ?is primitive & common delight 9 common ?+s made beautiful1 x makes1 ?r\gh art1 ! great socialis] = a common & k9dr$ life1 = sympa!tic & helpful fell[%ip1 & dem&s conditions "u :i* y\r arti/ & craftsman %all be free4 ,see h[ great a matt] a little fire k9dle?4 ,"s may ?9k ?is is an ext5sive programme--a remote ideal = a purely arti/ic movem5t to t\*4 ,yet if ! revival ( art & h&icraft is n a m]e !atric & imitative impulse2 if x is n m]ely to gratify a pass+ :im ( fa%ion1 or dem& ( comm]ce2 if x has reality & roots ( its own2 if x is n m]ely a delicate luxury--a little gl[ ( col\r at ! end ( a sombre day--x c h>dly mean less ?an :at ,i h writt54 ,x mu/ mean ei!r ! sunset or ! dawn4 ,! success :i* _h hi!rto att5d$ ! ef=ts ( our ,society1 ! sympa?y & response elicit$ by ! claims :i* _h be5 advanc$ by u on behalf ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ( ,design1 & 7despite difficulties & imp]fections7 ,i ?9k x may be said ! "* ( our exhibitions1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! public int]e/ & support1 manife/$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & f diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 w5t f> to prove bo? _! necessity & importance4 ,we 7 !re=e enc\rag$ to op5 a ?ird ,exhibition 9 ! autumn ( #ahij4 ,9 ?is la/ x 0 ! ,society's object to make 9 x lead+ features ( two crafts 9 :i* good design & h&icraft are ( ! utmo/ importance1 namely1 ,furniture & ,embroid]y2 & endeav\rs 7 made to get toge!r good examples ( ea*4 ,x may be not$ t :ile "s well-kn[n firms1 :o _h hi!rto held alo(1 n[ exhibit$ ) u1 ! old difficulty ab\t ! names ( ! responsible executants cont9u$2 b :ile "s evad$ ! "q1 o!rs 7 models ( exactitude 9 ?is respect1 prov+ t 9 ?is z 9 o!r que/ions :]e !re is a w !re is a way4 ,! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society1 :ile at fir/1 ( necessity1 dep5d+ on ! "w ( a comp>atively limit$ circle1 _h no wi% to be n>r[] ?an ! recognition ( c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 design w all[1 &1 inde$1 desir$ b to receive & to %[ ! be/ aft] its k9d 9 contempor>y design & h&icraft4 ,judgm5t is n always infallible1 & ! be/ is n always =?com+1 & 9 a mix$ exhibition x is difficult to ma9ta9 an unv>y+ /&>d4 ,at pres5t1 inde$1 an exhibition may be said to be b a necess>y evil2 b x is ! only means ( obta9+ a /&>d1 & giv+ publicity to ! works ( ,design] & ,craftsman2 b x mu/ be m or less ( a compromise1 & ( c\rse no m c be done ?an to make an exhibition ( contempor>y "w repres5tative ( curr5t ideas & skill1 s9ce x is impossible to get outside our own "t4 ,9 "s qu>t]s x appe>s to h be5 suppos$ t our ,exhibitions are int5d$ to appeal1 by ! exhibition ( *eap & saleable articles1 to :at are rudely t]m$ ! masses2 we appeal to all c]ta9ly1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t *eapness 9 art & h&icraft is well-nigh impossible1 save 9 "s =ms ( m or less me*anical reproduction4 ,9 fact1 *eapness z a rule1 9 ! s5se ( l[-pric$ production1 c only be obta9$ at ! co/ ( *eapness--t is1 ! *eap5+ ( human life & lab\r2 surely1 9 reality1 a mo/ wa/eful & extravagant *eapness6 ,x is difficult to see h[1 "u pres5t economic conditions1 x c be o!rwise4 ,art is1 9 its true s5se1 aft] all1 ! cr[n & fl[]+ ( life & lab\r1 & we _c reasonably expect to ga9 t cr[n except at ! true value ( ! human life & lab\r ( :i* x is ! result4 ,( c\rse !re is ! diff]5ce ( co/ betwe5 mat]ials to be tak5 into acc\nt3 a table may be ( oak or ( deal2 a clo? may be ( silk or ( l952 b ! lab\r1 skill1 ta/e1 intellig5ce1 ?\ght1 & fancy1 :i* give ! s5se ( art to ! "w1 are mu* ! same1 &1 be+ b\nd up ) human lives1 ne$ ! means ( life 9 its completion = _! prop] su/5ance4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i ?9k x may be said t ! pr9ciple ( ! ess5tial unity & int]dep5d5ce ( ! arts has be5 aga9 ass]t$--! bro!rhood ( design] & craftsman2 t goes = some?+1 ) :atev] imp]fections or disadvantages its ackn[l$gm5t may h be5 obscur$4 ,9 putt+ ?is pr9ciple be=e ! public1 ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society has avail$ itself f ! fir/ ( bo? lecture & essay1 z well z ! display ( examples4 ,lectures & demon/rations 7 giv5 dur+ ! progress ( ! ,exhibitions1 & essays writt5 by well-kn[n work]s 9 ! crafts ( :i* !y treat$ h accompani$ ! catalogues4 ,^! pap]s h n[ be5 collect$ toge!r1 & revis$ by _! au?ors1 & appe> 9 book =m "u ! editor%ip ( ,mr4 ,william ,morris1 ^: "n has be5 practically associat$ ) ! revival ( beauty 9 ! arts & crafts ( design 9 _m ways be=e our ,society came into exi/5ce1 & :o ) 8 co-work]s may be said to h be5 ! pione] ( our ,engli% ,r5asc5ce1 :i* x is our e>ne/ desire to fo/] & p]petuate4 ,e movem5t :i* has any sub/ance & vitality mu/ expect to enc\nt] misrepres5tation1 & ev5 abuse1 z well z sympa?y & support4 ,9 its "w1 s f>1 ! ,society to :i* ,i h ! hon\r to belong has _h its %>e ( bo?1 p]haps4 ,^? pl$g$ to ! support ( exi/+ conditions1 :e!r 9 art or social life1 are always s5sitive to attacks ^u _! weak po9ts1 & x is n possible to avoid t\*+ !m to any man :o v5tures to look an in* or two beyond ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,b ! ho/ility ( "s is z mu* a m>k ( vitality & progress z ! sympa?y ( o!rs4 ,! sun /rikes hotte/ z ! travell] climbs ! hill2 & we mu/ be cont5t to leave ! value ( our "w to ! unfail+ te/ ( "t4 ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,,textiles ,!re are sev]al ways ( ornam5t+ a wov5 clo?3 7#a7 real tape/ry1 7#b7 c>pet-weav+1 7#c7 me*anical weav+1 7#d7 pr9t+ or pa9t+1 & 7#e7 embroid]y4 ,!re has be5 no improvem5t 7inde$1 z to ! ma9 processes1 no *ange7 9 ! manufacture ( ! w>es 9 all ^! bran*es s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z f> z ! w>es !mselves are conc]n$2 :atev] improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ h be5 purely comm]cial1 & h _h to d m]ely ) r$uc+ ! co/ ( production2 nay1 m1 ! comm]cial improvem5ts h on ! :ole be5 decid$ly injuri\s to ! quality ( ! w>es !mselves4 ,! noble/ ( ! weav+ arts is ,tape/ry1 9 :i* !re is no?+ me*anical3 x may be look$ ^u z a mosaic ( pieces ( col\r made up ( dy$ ?reads1 & is capable ( produc+ wall ornam5t ( any degree ( elaboration )9 ! prop] limits ( duly consid]$ decorative "w4 ,z 9 all wall-decoration1 ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ 9 ! design+ ( ,tape/ry is ! =ce1 purity1 & elegance ( ! silh\ette ( ! objects repres5t$1 & no?+ vague or indet]m9ate is admissible4 ,b special excell5ces c be expect$ f x4 ,dep? ( tone1 ri*ness ( col\r1 & exquisite gradation ( t9ts are easily to be obta9$ 9 ,tape/ry2 & x also dem&s t crispness & abundance ( beautiful detail :i* 0 ! especial *>act]i/ic ( fully develop$ ,m$iaeval ,art4 ,! /yle ( ev5 ! be/ p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance is :olly unfit = ,tape/ry3 accord+ly we f9d t ,tape/ry reta9$ its ,go?ic "* long] ?an any o!r ( ! pictorial arts4 ,a comp>ison ( ! wall-hang+s 9 ! ,great ,hall at ,hampton ,c\rt ) ^? 9 ! ,sol> or ,draw+-room1 w make ?is sup]iority ( ! e>li] design = its purpose cle> to any "o n lack+ 9 arti/ic p]ception3 & ! comp>ison is all ! fair]1 z bo? ! ,go?ic tape/ries ( ! ,sol> & ! po/-,go?ic hang+s ( ! ,hall are pre-em95tly good ( _! k9ds4 ,n to g into a description ( ! process ( weav+ tape/ry1 :i* w\ld be futile )\t illu/rations1 ,i may say t 9 contradi/9ction to me*anical weav+1 ! w>p is q hidd51 ) ! result t ! col\rs are z solid z !y c be made 9 pa9t+4 ,c>pet-weav+ is some:at ( ! nature ( ,tape/ry3 x also is :olly unme*anical1 b its use z a floor-clo? some:at degrades x1 especially 9 our nor!rn or we/]n c\ntries1 :]e p come out ( ! muddy /reets into rooms )\t tak+ (f _! %oes4 ,c>pet-weav+ und\bt$ly arose among peoples liv+ a t5t life1 & = su* a dwell+ z a t5t1 c>pets are ! be/ possible ornam5ts4 ,c>pets =m a mosaic ( small squ>es ( wor/$1 or hair1 or silk ?reads1 ti$ into a co>se canvas1 :i* is made z ! "w progresses4 ,ow+ to ! comp>ative co>s5ess ( ! "w1 ! designs %\ld always be v elem5t>y 9 =m1 & sugge/ive m]ely ( =ms ( leafage1 fl[]s1 bea/s & birds1 etc4 ,! s(t gradations ( t9t to :i* ,tape/ry l5ds itself are unfit = ,c>pet-weav+2 beauty & v>iety ( col\r mu/ be atta9$ by h>moni\s juxtaposition ( t9ts1 b\nd$ by judici\sly *os5 outl9es2 & ! patt]n %\ld lie absolutely flat ^u ! gr\nd4 ,on ! :ole1 9 design+ c>pets ! me?od ( contra/ is ! be/ "o to employ1 & blue & r$1 q frankly us$1 ) :ite or v light outl9es on a d>k gr\nd1 & black or "s v d>k col\r on a light gr\nd1 are ! ma9 col\rs on :i* ! design] %\ld dep5d4 ,9 mak+ ! above rem>ks ,i h be5 ?9k+ only ( ! g5u9e or h&-made c>pets4 ,! me*anically-made c>pets ( to-day mu/ be look$ ^u z make%ifts = *eapness' sake4 ,( ^!1 ! velvet pile & ,brussels are simply co>se wor/$ velvets wov5 ov] wires l o!r velvet1 & cut1 9 ! case ( ! velvet pile2 & ,kidd]m9/] c>pets are /\t clo?s1 9 :i* abundance ( w>p 7a w>p to ea* weft7 is us$ = ! sake ( we> & te>4 ,! velvet c>pets ne$ ! same k9d ( design z to col\r & quality z ! real c>pets2 only1 z ! col\rs are necess>ily limit$ 9 numb]1 & ! patt]n mu/ repeat at c]ta9 di/ances1 ! design %\ld be simpl] & small] ?an 9 a real c>pet4 ,a ,kidd]m9/] c>pet calls = a small design 9 :i* ! diff]5t planes1 or plies1 z !y are call$1 are well int]lock$4 ,me*anical weav+ has to repeat ! patt]n on ! clo? )9 comp>atively n>r[ limits2 ! numb] ( col\rs also is limit$ 9 mo/ cases to f\r or five4 ,9 mo/ clo?s s wov51 !re=e1 ! be/ plan seems to be to *oose a pleasant gr\nd col\r & to sup]impose a patt]n ma9ly compos$ ( ei!r a light] %ade ( t col\r1 or a col\r 9 no v /rong contra/ to ! gr\nd2 & !n1 if y are us+ sev]al col\rs1 to light up ?is g5]al arrangem5t ei!r ) a m =cible outl9e1 or by spots ( /rong] col\r c>efully dispos$4 ,(t5 ! light] %ade on ! d>k] suffices1 & h>dly calls = any?+ else3 "s v beautiful clo?s are m]ely damasks1 9 :i* ! w>p & weft are ( ! same col\r1 b a diff]5t tone is obta9$ by ! figure & ! gr\nd be+ wov5 ) a long] or %ort] twill3 ! tabby be+ ti$ by ! w>p v (t51 ! sat9 mu* m r>ely4 ,9 any case1 ! patt]n$ webs produc$ by me*anical weav+1 if ! ornam5t is to be effective & wor? ! do+1 require t same ,go?ic crispness & cle>ness ( detail :i* has be5 spok5 ( be=e3 ! geometrical /ructure ( ! patt]n1 :i* is a necessity 9 all recurr+ patt]ns1 %\ld be boldly insi/$ ^u1 s z to draw ! eye f accid5tal figures1 :i* ! recurr5ce ( ! patt]n is apt to produce4 ,! mean+less /ripes & spots & o!r torm5t+s ( ! simple twill ( ! web1 :i* are s common 9 ! wov5 ornam5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury & 9 our own times1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$3 all ^! ?+s are ! la/ res\rce ( a jad$ inv5tion & a contempt ( ! simple & fre% beauty t comes ( a sympa!tic sugge/ion ( natural =ms3 if ! patt]n be vigor\sly & firmly drawn ) a true feel+ = ! beauty ( l9e & silh\ette1 ! play ( light & %ade on ! mat]ial ( ! simple twill w give all ! necess>y v>iety4 ,i invite my read]s to make ano!r comp>ison3 to g to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum & /udy ! invaluable fragm5ts ( ! /uffs ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ( ,syrian & ,sicilian manufacture1 or ! almo/ equally beautiful webs ( ,p]sian design1 :i* are lat] 9 date1 b in/9ct ) ! pure/ & be/ ,ea/]n feel+2 !y may also note ! spl5did /uffs produc$ mo/ly 9 ,italy 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 :i* are unsurpass$ = ri*ness & effect ( design1 & :5 !y h impress$ _! m9ds ) ! productions ( ?is great hi/oric s*ool1 let !m contra/ ) !m ! "w ( ! vile ,pompad\r p]iod1 pass+ by ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury z a p]iod ( transition into corruption4 ,!y w !n 7if1 once m1 !y h real arti/ic p]ception7 see at once ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! results ( irrepressible imag9ation & love ( beauty1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( re/less & we>y vacuity ( m9d1 =c$ by ! exig5cies ( fa%ion to d some?+ or o!r to ! innoc5t surface ( ! clo? 9 ord] to di/+ui% x 9 ! m>ket f o!r clo?s2 betwe5 ! h&iwork ( ! free craftsman do+ z he pleas$ ) 8 "w1 & ! drudg]y ( ! op]ative set to 8 task by ! tradesman compet+ = ! cu/om ( a frivol\s public1 :i* _h =gott5 t !re 0 su* a ?+ z art4 ,! next me?od ( ornam5t+ clo? is by pa9t+ x or pr9t+ on x ) dyes4 ,z to ! pa9t+ ( clo?s ) dyes by h&1 :i* is no d\bt a v old & widely practis$ art1 x has n[ q disappe>$ 7mod]n society n be+ ri* en\gh to pay ! necess>y price = su* "w71 & its place has n[ be5 tak5 by pr9t+ by block or cyl9d]-ma*9e4 ,! rem>ks made on ! design = me*anically wov5 clo?s apply pretty mu* to ^! pr9t$ /uffs3 only1 9 ! fir/ place1 m play ( delicate & pretty col\r is possible1 & m v>iety ( col\r also2 & 9 ! second1 mu* m use c be made ( hat*+ & dott+1 :i* are obvi\sly suitable to ! me?od ( block-pr9t+4 ,9 ! _m-col\r$ pr9t$ clo?s1 frank r$ & blue are aga9 ! ma9/ays ( ! col\r arrangem5t2 ^! col\rs1 s(t5$ by ! pal] %ades ( r$1 outl9$ ) black & made m t5d] by ! addition ( yell[ 9 small quantities1 mo/ly =m+ "p ( brighti% gre5s1 make up ! col\r+ ( ! old ,p]sian pr9ts1 :i* c>ry ! art z f> z x c be c>ri$4 ,x mu/ be add$ t no textile ornam5t has suff]$ s mu* z clo?-pr9t+ f ^? above-m5tion$ comm]cial inv5tions4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! processes = pr9t+ on clo? diff]$ little f ^? us$ by ! ,indians & ,p]sians2 & ev5 up to )9 =ty ye>s ago !y produc$ col\rs t 7 9 !mselves good en\gh1 h[ev] in>ti/ically !y might be us$4 ,!n came "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful & mo/ useless ( ! inv5tions ( mod]n ,*emi/ry1 t ( ! dyes made f coal-t>1 produc+ a s]ies ( hide\s col\rs1 crude1 livid--& *eap1--:i* e p]son ( ta/e loa!s1 b :i* nev]!less we c by no means get rid ( until we are able to /ruggle successfully aga9/ ! doom ( *eap & na/y :i* has ov]tak5 u4 ,la/ ( ! me?ods ( ornam5t+ clo? comes ,embroid]y3 ( ! design = :i* x mu/ be said t "o ( its aims %\ld be ! exhibition ( beautiful mat]ial4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n wor? do+ unless x is ei!r v copi\s & ri*1 or v delicate--or bo?4 ,= su* an art no?+ pat*y or scrappy1 or half-/>v$1 %\ld be done3 !re is no excuse = do+ any?+ :i* is n /rik+ly beautiful2 & t m especially z ! exub]ance ( beauty ( ! "w ( ! ,ea/ & ( ,m$iaeval ,europe1 & ev5 ( ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 is at h& to reproa* u4 ,x may be well "h to w>n ^? occupi$ 9 ,embroid]y aga9/ ! feeble imitations ( ,japanese art :i* are s disa/r\sly common among/ u4 ,! ,japanese are admirable naturali/s1 wond]fully skilful draughtsm51 deft beyond all o!rs 9 m]e execution ( :atev] !y take 9 h&2 & also great ma/]s ( /yle )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limitations4 ,b ) all ?is1 a ,japanese design is absolutely wor?less unless x is execut$ ) ,japanese skill4 ,9 tru?1 ) all _! brilliant qualities z h&icraftsm51 :i* h s dazzl$ u1 ! ,japanese h no ar*itectural1 & !re=e no decorative1 in/9ct4 ,_! works ( art are isolat$ & blankly individuali/ic1 & 9 consequ5ce1 unless :]e !y rise1 z !y sometimes d1 to ! dignity ( a sugge/ion = a picture 7always devoid ( human int]e/71 !y rema9 m]e wond]ful toys1 ?+s q outside ! pale ( ! evolution ( art1 :i*1 ,i repeat1 _c be c>ri$ on )\t ! ar*itectural s5se t connects x ) ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,to conclude ) "s g5]al rem>ks ab\t design+ = textiles3 ! aim %\ld be to comb9e cle>ness ( =m & firmness ( /ructure ) ! my/]y :i* comes ( abundance & ri*ness ( detail2 & ?is is easi] ( atta9m5t 9 wov5 goods ?an 9 flat pa9t$ decoration & pap]-hang+s2 because 9 ! =m] ! /uffs usually hang 9 folds & ! patt]n is brok5 m or less1 :ile 9 ! latt] x is spread out flat aga9/ ! wall4 ,d n introduce any l9es or objects :i* _c be expla9$ by ! /ructure ( ! patt]n2 x is j ?is logical sequ5ce ( =m1 ?is gr[? :i* looks z if1 "u ! circum/ances1 x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise1 :i* prev5ts ! eye we>y+ ( ! repetition ( ! patt]n4 ,nev] introduce any %ad+ = ! purpose ( mak+ an object look r\nd2 :atev] %ad+ y use %\ld be us$ = explanation only1 to %[ :at y mean by su* & su* a piece ( draw+2 & ev5 t y _h bett] be sp>+ (4 ,d n be afraid ( l>ge patt]ns2 if prop]ly design$ !y are m re/ful to ! eye ?an small ones3 on ! :ole1 a patt]n :]e ! /ructure is l>ge & ! details mu* brok5 up is ! mo/ useful4 ,l>ge patt]ns are n necess>ily />tl+2 ?is comes m ( viol5t relief ( ! figure f ! gr\nd1 or inh>moni\s col\r+3 beautiful & logical =m reliev$ f ! gr\nd by well-manag$ contra/ or gradation1 & ly+ flat on ! gr\nd1 w nev] we>y ! eye4 ,v small rooms1 z well z v l>ge ones1 look be/ ornam5t$ ) l>ge patt]ns1 :atev] y d ) ! middl+-siz$ ones4 ,z f9al maxims3 nev] =get ! mat]ial y are work+ )1 & try always to use x = do+ :at x c d be/3 if y feel y\rself hamp]$ by ! mat]ial 9 :i* y are work+1 in/ead ( be+ help$ by x1 y h s f> n le>n$ y\r bus9ess1 any m ?an a w\ld-be poet has1 :o compla9s ( ! h>d%ip ( writ+ 9 measure & rhyme4 ,! special limitations ( ! mat]ial %\ld be a pleasure to y1 n a h9drance3 a design]1 !re=e1 %\ld always ?or\ghly und]/& ! processes ( ! special manufacture he is deal+ )1 or ! result w be a m]e t\r de =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! pleasure 9 und]/&+ ! capabilities ( a special mat]ial1 & us+ !m = sugge/+ 7n imitat+7 natural beauty & incid5t1 t gives ! raison d'etre ( decorative art4 ,,william ,,morris4 ,,( ,,decorative ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,design ,! t]m ,decorative pa9t+ implies ! exi/5ce ( pa9t+ :i* is n decorative3 a /range /ate ( ?+s = an art :i* prim>ily & pre-em95tly appeals to ! eye4 ,if we look back to ! times :5 ! arts & crafts 7 9 _! mo/ fl\ri%+ & vigor\s condition1 & dwelt toge!r1 l bre?r51 9 unity--say to ! fifte5? c5tury--su* a di/9ction did n exi/4 ,pa9t+ only diff]$ 9 its application1 & 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ( a ,,ms41 ( ! panels ( a c(f]1 ( a ceil+1 a wall1 or an alt>-piece1 ! pa9t] 0 alike--h[ev] diff]5t 8 !me & conception--possess$ ) a p>am\nt impulse to decorate1 to make ! space or surface he dealt ) z lovely to ! eye 9 design & col\r z he _h skill to d4 ,! art ( pa9t+ has1 h[ev]1 become consid]ably diff]5tiat$ s9ce ^? days4 ,we are "h 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury encumb]$ ) _m di/9ctions 9 ! art4 ,!re is obvi\sly mu* pa9t+ :i* is n decorative1 or ornam5tal 9 any s5se1 :i* has inde$ q o!r objects4 ,x may be ! pres5tm5t ( ! m sup]ficial natural facts1 phases1 or accid5ts ( light2 ! pictorial dramatis+ ( life or pa/ hi/ory2 ! po9t+ ( a moral2 or ! embodim5t ( romance & poetic ?\ght or symbol4 ,n b :at x is q possible = a pa9t] to deal ) su* ?+s & yet to produce a "w t %all be decorative4 ,a picture1 ( c\rse1 may be a piece ( decorative art ( ! mo/ beautiful k9d2 b to beg9 )1 if x is an easel picture1 x is n necess>ily relat$ to any?+ b itself3 its pa9t] is n b\nd to consid] any?+ outside its own dim5sions2 &1 inde$1 ! practice ( hold+ l>ge & mix$ picture-%[s has taught him ! uselessness ( s do+4 ,!n1 too1 ! dem& = lit]al pres5tm5t ( ! sup]ficial facts or phases ( nature (t5 removes ! pa9t] & 8 picture /ill f>!r f ! ar*itectural1 decorative1 & con/ructive arti/ & ! h&icraftsman1 :o are b\nd to ?9k ( plan1 & design1 & mat]ials--( ! adaptation ( _! "w1 9 %ort--:ile ! pa9t] seeks only to be an unbiass$ record] ( all accid5ts & s5sational conditions ( nature & life1--& s we get our illu/rat$ newspap]s on a gr& scale4 ,an illu/rat$ newspap]1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! skill & ent]prise x may absorb1 is n someh[ a joy = ev]2 &1 aft] all1 if lit]alism & in/antane\s appe>ances are ! only ?+s wor? /riv+ = 9 pa9t+1 ! photograph beats any pa9t] at t4 ,if tru? is ! object ( ! mod]n pa9t] ( pictures--tru? z di/9ct f or oppos$ to beauty--beauty is c]ta9ly ! object ( ! decorative pa9t]1 b beauty n necess>ily sev]$ f tru?4 ,)\t beauty1 h[ev]1 decoration has no reason = exi/5ce2 inde$ x c h>dly be said to exi/4 ,next to beauty1 ! fir/ ess5tial ( a decoration is t x %all be relat$ to its environm5t1 t x %all express or ackn[l$ge ! conditions "u :i* x exi/s4 ,if a fresco on a wall1 = in/ance1 x adorns ! wall )\t attempt+ to look l a hole cut 9 x ?r\gh :i* some?+ is accid5tally se52 if a pa9t+ on a vase1 x ackn[l$ges ! convexity ( ! %ape1 & helps to express in/ead ( contradict+ x2 if on a panel 9 a cab9et or door1 x spreads itself 9 an appropriate fill+ on an organic plan to cov] x2 be+1 9 %ort1 ornam5tal by its v nature1 its fir/ bus9ess is to ornam5t4 ,!re exi/1 !re=e1 c]ta9 def9ite te/s = ! "w ( ! decorative arti/4 ,does ! design fit its place & mat]ial8 ,is x 9 scale ) its surr\nd+s & 9 h>mony ) itself8 ,is x fair & lovely 9 col\r8 ,has x beauty & inv5tion8 ,has x ?\ght & poetic feel+8 ,^! are ! dem&s a decorator has to answ]1 & by 8 answ] he mu/ /& or fall2 b su* que/ions %[ t ! scope ( decoration is no mean "o4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t a mix$ exhibition does n easily af=d ! faire/ or complete/ te/s ( su* qualities4 ,an exhibition is at be/ a compromise1 a conv5i5ce1 a means ( comp>ison1 & to enable "w to be %[n to ! public2 b ( c\rse is1 aft] all1 only really & prop]ly exhibit$ :5 x is 9 ! place & position & light = :i* x 0 de/9$4 ,! te/s by :i* to judge a design]'s "w are only complete !n4 ,z ! /em & bran*es to ! leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit ( a tree1 s is design to pa9t+4 ,9 decoration "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r1 z ! beauty ( a figure dep5ds ^u ! well-built & well-proportion$ skeleton & its me*anism4 ,y _c sep>ate a h\se f its plan & f\ndations4 ,s x is 9 decoration2 (t5 ?\ght ( lightly z some?+ trivial & sup]ficial1 a m]ely aimless comb9ation ( curves & col\rs1 or a m]e re*auffe ( ! dead languages ( art1 b really dem&+ ! be/ ?\ght & capacity ( a man2 & 9 ! range ( its application x is n less compreh5sive4 ,! mural pa9t] is n only a pa9t]1 b a poet1 hi/orian1 dramati/1 philosoph]4 ,:at %\ld we "k1 h[ mu* %\ld we realise1 ( ! anci5t _w & its life )\t him1 & 8 bro!r ! ar*itectural sculptor8 ,h[ w\ld anci5t ,egypt live )\t h] wall pa9t+s--or ,rome1 or ,pompeii1 or ,m$iaeval ,italy8 ,h[ mu* ( beauty z well z ( hi/ory is conta9$ 9 ! illum9at$ pages ( ! books ( ! ,middle ,ages6 ,"s mod]n essays 9 mural pa9t+ %[ t ! habit ( m9d & me?od ( "w fo/]$ by ! production ( trifles = ! picture m>ket is n fav\rable to monum5tal pa9t+4 ,nei!r ! mood nor ! skill1 inde$1 c be gr[n l a mu%room2 su* works z ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ! ,/anzi ( ,raphael1 or ! ,ap>tim5ti ,borgia1 are ! result ( long practice ?r\gh _m c5turies1 & intimate relation%ip & h>mony 9 ! arts1 z well z a c]ta9 unity ( public s5tim5t4 ,! true soil = ! gr[? ( ! pa9t] 9 ?is high] s5se is a ri* & v>i$ ext]nal life3 famili>ity f e>ly y\? ) ! uses ( mat]ials & me?ods1 & ! h& facility :i* comes ( close & con/ant acqua9tance%ip ) ! tools ( ! arti/1 :o sums up & includes 9 himself o!r crafts1 su* z modell+1 c>v+1 & ! hamm]+ ( metal1 ar*itectural design1 & a k ( all ! ways man has us$ to beautify & deck ! surr\nd+s & accessories ( life to satisfy 8 delight 9 beauty4 ,we "k t pa9t+ 0 /rictly an appli$ art 9 its e>li] hi/ory1 & all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages pa9t]s 7 9 close alliance ) ! o!r crafts ( design1 & _! "w 9 "o craft no d\bt react$ on & influ5c$ t 9 ano!r1 :ile ea* 0 kept di/9ct4 ,at all ev5ts1 pa9t]s l ,alb]t ,du]] & ,holbe9 7 also ma/]s ( design 9 all ways4 ,?r\gh ! v>i\s arts & crafts ( ! ,greek1 ,m$iaeval1 or ,e>ly ,r5aissance p]iods1 !re is evid5t1 f ! examples :i* h come d[n to u1 a c]ta9 unity & common "* 9 design1 ass]t+ itself ?r\gh all div]se individualities3 ea* art is kept di/9ct1 ) a complete recognition ( ! capacity & advantages ( its own p>ticul> me?od & purpose4 ,9 our age1 = v>i\s reasons 7social1 comm]cial1 economic71 ! specialis$ & purely pictorial pa9t] is dom9ant4 ,8 aims & me?ods influ5ce o!r arts & crafts1 b by no means advantage\sly z a rule2 s9ce1 un*eck$ by judici\s ideas ( design1 attempts are made 9 unsuitable mat]ials to produce s-call$ reali/ic =ce1 & sup]ficial & accid5tal appe>ances dep5d5t on peculi> qualities ( light+ & atmosph]e1 q out ( place 9 any o!r me?od ?an pa9t+1 or 9 any place b an easel picture4 ,f su* t5d5cies1 su* influ5ces z ^!1 9 ! matt] ( appli$ art & design1 we are /riv+ to recov]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ results is1 p]haps1 ?is app>5tly artificial di/9ction betwe5 decorative & o!r pa9t+4 ,b along ) ?is we h pa9t]s ^: easel pictures are 9 feel+ & treatm5t q adaptable z wall & panel decorations1 & !y are pa9t]s :o1 z a rule1 h /udi$ o!r me?ods 9 art1 & drawn _! inspiration f ! mode ( ,m$iaeval or ,e>ly ,r5aissance times4 ,mu* might be said ( diff]5t me?ods & mat]ials ( "w 9 decorative pa9t+1 b ,i h h>dly space "h4 ,! decorative pa9t] pref]s a c]ta9 flatness ( effect1 & !re=e su* me?ods z fresco1 9 :i* ! col\rs are laid on :ile ! pla/] gr\nd is wet1 & temp]a naturally appeal to him4 ,9 ! latt] ! col\rs gr\nd 9 wat] & us$ ) size1 or :ite & yolk ( egg1 or prep>$ ) />*1 work$ on a dry gr\nd1 dry+ light] ?an :5 !y are put on1 h a peculi> lum9\s quality1 :ile ! surface is free f any gloss4 ,bo? ^! me?ods ne$ direct pa9t+ & f9i%+ z ! "w proce$s4 ,by a me?od ( work+ 9 ord9>y oil col\rs on a gr\nd ( fibr\s pla/]1 us+ rectifi$ _s ( turp5t9e or b5z9e z a m$ium1 mu* ( ! quality ( fresco or temp]a may be obta9$1 ) ! advantage t ! pla/] gr\nd may be a movable panel4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r fields = ! decorative pa9t] ?an wall pa9t+2 z1 = in/ance1 dome/ic furniture1 :i* may v>y 9 degree ( elaboration f ! highly ornate cassone or m>riage c(f] ( ,m$iaeval ,italy to ! wrea?s & sprays :i* deck$ *airs & b$-po/s ev5 )9 our c5tury4 ,!re has be5 ( late "s revival ( pa9t+ z appli$ *iefly to ! panels ( cab9ets1 or ! decoration ( piano fronts & cases4 ,! same causes produce ! same results4 ,) ! se>* aft]1 & desire =1 beauty 9 life1 we are aga9 driv5 to /udy ! laws ( beauty 9 design & pa9t+2 & 9 s do+ pa9t]s w f9d aga9 ! lo/ ?read1 ! gold5 l9k ( connection & intimate association ) ! si/] arts & h&icrafts1 :]e( none is be=e or aft] ano!r1 none is great] or less ?an ! o!r4 ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,,( ,,wall ,,pap]s ,:ile ! tradition & practice ( mural pa9t+ z appli$ to int]ior walls & ceil+s ( h\ses /ill l+] 9 ,italy1 9 ! =m ( (t5 skilful if n always ta/eful temp]a "w1 9 m we/]n c\ntries1 l ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica1 "u ! economic conditions & cu/oms ( comm]cial civilisation1 ) its smoky cities1 & its h\ses built by ! hundr$ to "o patt]n1 p]haps1 & let on %ort t]ms1 z reg>ds dome/ic decoration--except 9 ! case ( a few weal?y freehold]s--mural pa9t+ has ceas$ to exi/4 ,its place has be5 tak5 by :at aft] all is b a sub/itute = x1 namely1 wall pap]4 ,i am n aw>e t any specim5 ( wall pap] has be5 discov]$ t has claims to any high] antiquity ?an ! sixte5? c5tury1 & x only came mu* into use 9 ! la/1 increas+ 9 ! pres5t1 until x has become well-nigh a univ]sal cov]+ = dome/ic walls1 & at ! same "t has %[n a rem>kable developm5t 9 design1 v>y+ f v unpret5d+ patt]ns & pr9t+s 9 "o col\r to elaborate block-pr9t$ designs 9 _m col\rs1 besides *eap ma*9e-pr9t$ pap]s1 :]e all ! t9ts are pr9t$ f ! design on a roll] at once4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,william ,morris has %[n :at beauty & "* 9 patt]n1 & good & delicate *oice ( t9t c d = u1 giv+ 9 %ort a new impulse 9 design1 a great am\nt ( +5uity & ent]prise has be5 sp5t on wall pap]s 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! bett] k9ds a v di/9ct advance has be5 made ^u ! patt]ns ( inconceivable hide\sness1 (t5 ( ,fr5* orig91 ( ! p]iod ( ! ,second ,empire--a p]iod :i* p]haps repres5ts ! mo/ degrad$ level ( ta/e 9 decoration g5]ally4 ,! design] ( patt]ns = wall pap]s h]et(ore has be5 cont5t to imitate o!r mat]ials1 & adapt ! *>act]i/ics ( ! patt]ns f\nd1 say1 9 silk damask hang+s or tape/ry1 or ev5 imitate ! ve9+ ( wood1 or m>ble1 or tiles2 b s9ce ! revival ( int]e/ 9 art1 ! /udy ( its hi/ory1 & k ( /yle1 a new impulse has be5 giv51 & patt]ns are con/ruct$ ) m direct ref]5ce to _! beauty1 & int]e/ z su*1 :ile /rictly adapt$ to ! me?ods ( manufacture4 ,great pa9s are (t5 tak5 by our pr9cipal mak]s to secure good designs & h>moni\s col\r+s1 & ?\gh a manufactur] & director ( works is always m or less controll$ by ! exig5cies ( ! m>ket & ! dem&s ( ! t5tative salesman--consid]ations :i* h no natural connection ) art1 ?\gh highly important z economic conditions affect+ its welf>e--v rem>kable results h be5 produc$1 & a special developm5t ( appli$ design may almo/ be said to h come into exi/5ce ) ! mod]n use ( wall pap]s4 ,! manufacture suff]s l mo/ o!rs f ! ke5ness & unscrupul\sness ( comm]cial competition1 :i* leads to ! production ( speci\s imitations ( bona fide designs1 & unau?oris$ use ( designs orig9ally int5d$ = o!r purposes1 & ?is ( c\rse presses unfairly ^u ! m consci5ti\s mak]1 s long z ! public d n decl9e to be deceiv$4 ,engli% wall pap]s are made 9 l5g?s #ba in*es wide4 ,fr5* wall pap]s are #ah in*es wide4 ,?is has probably be5 f\nd mo/ conv5i5t 9 work+ 9 block-pr9t+3 x is obvi\s to any "o :o has se5 ! pr9t]s at "w t a wid] block ?an #ba in*es w\ld be unwieldy1 s9ce ! block is pr9t$ by h&1 be+ susp5d$ f above by a cord1 & guid$ by ! workman's h& f ! well ( col\r1 into :i* x is dipp$1 to ! pap] flat on a table be=e him4 ,! design] mu/ "w to ! giv5 wid?1 & ?\gh 8 design may v>y 9 dep?1 mu/ nev] exce$ #ba in*es squ>e1 except :]e d\ble blocks are us$4 ,8 ma9 bus9ess is to devise 8 patt]n s t x w repeat satisfactorily ov] an indef9ite wall space )\t runn+ into awkw>d holes or l9es4 ,x may be easy en\gh to draw a spray or two ( leaves or fl[]s :i* w /& by !mselves1 b to comb9e !m 9 an organic patt]n :i* %all repeat pleasantly ov] a wall surface requires mu* +5uity & a k ( ! conditions ( ! manufacture1 ap>t f play ( fancy & arti/ic skill4 ,"o way ( conceal+ ! jo9ts ( ! repeat ( ! patt]n is by contriv+ :at is call$ a drop-repeat1 s t1 9 hang+1 ! pap]-hang]1 in/ead ( plac+ ea* repeat ( patt]n side by side1 is enabl$ to jo9 ! patt]n at a po9t its own dep? bel[1 :i* v>ies ! effect1 & arranges ! *ief features or masses on an alt]nat+ plan4 ,! mod]n habit ( reg>d+ ! walls ( a room *iefly z a backgr\nd to pictures1 furniture1 or p1 & p]haps ! smallness ( ! av]age room1 has br\ght r small1 ?ickly disp]s$1 leafy patt]ns into vogue1 retir+ 9 col\r = ! mo/ "p4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 we us$ to see rotund & accid5tal bun*es ( roses 7! pictorial or sket*y treatm5t ( :i* contra/$ awkw>dly ) _! =mal repetition71 we n[ get a c]ta9 s5se ( adaptation1 & ! necessity ( a c]ta9 flatness ( treatm5t2 & mo/ ( u :o h giv5 mu* ?\ght to ! subject feel t :5 natural =ms are dealt )1 "u su* conditions1 sugge/ion is bett] ?an any attempt at realisation1 or naturali/ic or pictorial treatm5t1 & t a design mu/ be con/ruct$ ^u "s sy/ematic plan1 if n absolutely controll$ by a geometric basis4 ,wall pap]s are pr9t$ f blocks prep>$ f designs1 ! outl9es ( :i* are reproduc$ by means ( flat brass wire driv5 edgeways into ! wood block4 ,"o block = ea* t9t is us$4 ,fir/ "o col\r is pr9t$ on a l5g? ( pap]1 a piece ( #ab y>ds long & #ba in*es wide1 :i* is pass$ ov] /icks susp5d$ across ! work%op4 ,:5 ! fir/ col\r is dry ! next is pr9t$1 & s on2 ! col\rs be+ mix$ ) size & put 9 %all[ trays or wells1 into :i* ! blocks are dipp$4 ,a *eap] k9d is pr9t$ by /eam p[] f roll]s on :i* ! design has be5 reproduc$ 9 ! same way by brass wire1 :i* holds ! col\r2 b 9 ! case ( ma*9e-pr9t$ pap]s all ! t9ts are pr9t$ at once4 ,?us ! patt]n is (t5 imp]fect & blurr$4 ,a m elaborate & co/ly k9d ( wall pap] is t :i* is /amp$ & gild$1 9 emulation ( /amp$ & gild$ lea!r1 :i* x resembles 9 effect & quality ( surface4 ,= ?is me?od ! design is reproduc$ 9 relief z a rep\ssee brass plate1 & f ?is a m\ld or matrix is made1 & ! pap] be+ damp$ is /amp$ 9 a press into ! matrix1 & s takes ! patt]n 9 relief1 :i* is g5]ally cov]$ ) :ite metal & lacqu]$ to a gold hue1 & ?is aga9 may be rubb$ 9 ) black1 :i* by fill+ ! int]/ices gives emphasis to ! design & d>k5s ! gold to bronze2 or ! gild$ surface may be treat$ 9 any v>iety ( col\r by means ( pa9t+ or lacqu]1 or simply reliev$ by col\r+ ! gr\nd4 ,b few ( u own our own walls1 or ! gr\nd !y /& ^u3 b few ( u c af=d to employ ourselves or skill$ arti/s & craftsm5 9 pa9t+ our rooms ) beautiful fancies3 b if we c get well-design$ repeat+ patt]ns by ! y>d1 9 agreeable t9ts1 ) a pleasant flav\r p]*ance ( nature or antiquity1 = a few %ill+s or p\nds1 ought we n to be happy8 ,at all ev5ts1 wall-pap] mak]s %\ld naturally ?9k s4 ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,,fictiles ,e>lie/ among/ ! inv5tions ( man & 8 endeav\r to unite ,art ) ,craft is ! ,fictile ,art4 ,8 fir/ ne$s 9 dome/ic life1 8 fir/ ut5sils1 8 fir/ ef=ts at civilisation1 came f ! ,"m ,e>?1 ^: son he believ$ himself to be1 & 8 a%es or 8 bones return$ to ,e>? en%r9$ 9 ! fictile vases he creat$ f _! common clay4 ,& ^! ,fictiles tell ! /ory ( 8 fir/ ,art-in/9cts1 & ( 8 ye>n+s to unite beauty ) use4 ,!y tell1 too1 m ( 8 hi/ory ?an is en%r9$ & pres]v$ by any o!r art2 = almo/ all we "k ( _m a p & _m a tongue is le>n$ f ! fictile record1 ! sole relic ( pa/ civilisations :i* ! ,de/roy] ,"t has left u4 ,begun 9 ! simple/ fa%ion1 fa%ion$ by ! simple/ means1 creat$ f ! commone/ mat]ials1 ,fictile ,art grew ) man's intellectual gr[?1 & ,fictile ,craft grew ) 8 k2 ! latt] conqu]+1 9 ?is our day1 :5 ! craftsman /rangles ! arti/ alike 9 ?is z 9 all o!r arts4 ,to truly fo/] & =w>d ! art1 ! craftsman & ! arti/ %\ld1 :]e possible1 be unit$1 or at lea/ %\ld "w 9 common1 z 0 ! case :51 9 ea* civilisation1 ! ,pott]'s ,art fl\ri%$ mo/1 & :5 ! sci5tific base 0 ( less acc\nt ?an 0 ! art employ$ ^u x4 ,9 its e>lie/ /ages ! local clay suffic$ = ! =mative portion ( ! "w1 & ! fai5ces ( mo/ ,european c\ntries (f] m arti/ic results to u ?an d ! m sci5tifically comp\nd$ porcela9s4 ,9 ! =m] case ! native clay seem$ m easily to ally itself ) native art1 to record m ( curr5t hi/ory1 to create arti/ic g5ius r ?an to be cont5t ) attempt+ to copy misund]/ood ef=ts ( o!r peoples & o!r times4 ,b :5 sci5ce ransack$ ! e>? = =eign bodies & +r$i5ts1 =eign decorative ideas came ) !m & ,fictile ,art 0 no m a v]nacul> "o4 ,x attempt$ to disguise itself1 to %[ ! craftsman sup]ior to ! arti/2 & !n came ! ,manufactur] & ! reign ( quantity ov] quality1 ! ca/+ 9 m\lds by ! gross & ! pr9t+ by ! ?\s&s4 ,be x und]/ood ^! rem>ks only apply to ! introduction ( porcela9 into ,europe4 ,9 ! ,ea/ :]e ! clay is native1 ! art is native2 ! pott]'s h& & ! :eel yet ma9ta9 ! p[] ( giv+ ! pott] 8 individuality z ! creator & ! arti/1 & save him f be+ b ! s]vant & ! slave ( a ma*9e4 ,betwe5 fai5ce & porcela9 comes1 midway1 ,/onew>e1 9 :i* _m wond]fully1 & "s fe>fully1 made ?+s h be5 done ( late1 b :i* possesses ! comb9$ qualities ( fai5ce & porcela9--! ease ( manipulation ( ! =m]1 & ! h>dness & durability ( ! latt]2 b ! t5d5cy to ov]-elaborate ! detail ( its decoration1 & rely less on ! beauty ( its semi-glossy surface ?an on m]etrici\s ornam5t1 has r spoil$ a v hopeful movem5t 9 ,c]amic ,art4 ,probably ! wise/ c\rse to pursue at ! pres5t w\ld be to pay m att5tion to fai5ces decorat$ ) simple glazes or ) slip decoration1 & ?is especially 9 modell$ "w4 ,a cont9uation ( ! arti/ic c>e] ( ! ,della ,robbia family is yet an unfulfill$ desid]atum1 not)/&+ t glaz$ fai5ces h nev] s9ce _! "t ceas$ to be made1 & t glaz$ figure "w ( l>ge scale prevail$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,unglaz$ t]ra cotta1 an arti/ic product em95tly suit$ to our climate & to our urban ar*itecture1 has b p>tially develop$ itself1 & ?is m 9 ! direction ( m\ld$ & ca/ "w ?an t ( really pla/ic art2 & albeit t f its dawn to ?is pres5t ! ,fictile ,art has be5 ex]cis$ abundantly1 its role is by no means exhau/$4 ,! arti/ & ! craftsman h yet a wide field be=e !m1 b x w\ld be well t ! =m] %\ld1 = "s :ile to come1 take ! lead4 ,sci5ce has too long reign$ supreme 9 a doma9 :]e9 %e %\ld h be5 n m ?an equal sov]eign4 ,%e has _h h] triumphs1 great triumphs too1 triumphs :i* h be5 fraught ) good 9 an utilit>ian s5se1 b %e has tyrannis$ too rigidly ov] ! realm ( ,art4 ,let u n[ try to equalise ! dual rule4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,rob9son4 ,,metal ,,"w ,9 discuss+ ! arti/ic aspect ( metal "w1 we h to take into acc\nt ! physical prop]ties & appropriate treatm5t ( ! foll[+ metals3 ! preci\s metals1 gold & silv]2 copp]1 bo? pure & alloy$ ) o!r metals1 especially t9 & z9c 9 v>i\s proportions to =m ! _m k9ds ( brass & bronze2 lead1 ) a gr\p ( alloys ( :i* pewt] is typical2 & iron1 9 ! ?ree =ms ( ca/ iron1 wr\ght iron1 & /eel4 ,all ^! h be5 made to s]ve ! purpose ( ! arti/1 & ! manipulation ( !m1 :ile pres5t+ _m diff]5ces 9 detail1 pres5ts c]ta9 broad *>act]i/ics 9 common :i* di/+ui% !m f ! raw mat]ial ( o!r crafts4 ,:e!r !y are f\nd native 9 ! metallic /ate z is usual 9 ! case ( gold1 or comb9$ ) _m o!r m9]als 9 ! =m ( ore z is m common ) o!r metals1 fire is ! primal ag5cy by :i* !y are made available = our ne$s4 ,! fir/ /age 9 _! manipulation is to melt & ca/ !m into +ots ( a size conv5i5t to ! purpose int5d$4 ,secondly1 all ^! metals :5 pure1 & _m alloys1 are 9 v>y+ degree malleable & ductile1 are1 9 fact1 if suffici5t =ce be appli$1 pla/ic4 ,h5ce arises ! fir/ broad division 9 ! treatm5t ( metals4 ,! fluid metal may1 by ! use ( suitable m\lds1 be ca/ at once to ! %ape requir$1 or ! ca/+ may be treat$ m]ely z ! />t+-po9t = a :ole s]ies ( op]ations--=g+1 roll+1 *ipp+1 *as+1 wire-draw+1 & _m m4 ,ano!r prop]ty ( ! metals :i* mu/ be notic$ is1 t n only c sep>ate masses ( metals be melt$ d[n & fus$ into "o1 b x is possible1 "u v>i\s conditions1 ( :i* ! "o inv>iably necess>y is p]fectly clean surfaces ( contact1 to unite sep>ate portions ( ! same or diff]5t metals )\t fusion ( ! mass4 ,= our pres5t purpose ! mo/ important in/ance ( ?is is ! process ( sold]+1 by :i* two surfaces are unit$ by ! application ( suffici5t heat to melt m fusible metal :i* is introduc$ betwe5 !m1 & :i* comb9es ) bo? s z firmly to unite !m on solidify+4 ,closely alli$ to ?is are ! processes by :i* "o metal is1 = purposes ( adornm5t or pres]vation f corrosion1 coat$ ) a ?9 film or deposit ( ano!r1 usually m co/ly1 metal4 ,?\gh h]eaft] electro-metallurgy may ass]t its claim to arti/ic orig9ality z a ?ird division1 = ! pres5t all metal "w1 s f> z its arti/ic aspect dep5ds ^u process1 falls naturally into "o ( ! two broad divisions ( ca/ metal & wr\ght metal4 ,bo? h be5 employ$ f a "t long ant]ior to writt5 hi/ory2 ornam5ts ( beat5 gold1 & tools ( ca/ bronze1 are alike f\nd among ! relics ( v e>ly /ages ( civilisation1 & 9 e>ly /ages bo? alike are arti/ic4 ,! *oice betwe5 ! two processes is det]m9$ by su* consid]ations z conv5i5ce ( manufacture & ! physical prop]ties ( ! metals1 & ! diff]5t purposes 9 view4 ,:5 a ?ick & comp>atively massive %ape is requir$1 x is (t5 easi] to ca/ x at once4 ,= ?9n] & light] =ms x is usually m conv5i5t to treat ! +ot or crude product ( ! furnace z m]e raw mat]ial = a long s]ies ( work+s "u ! hamm]1 or its pat5t me*anical equival5ts1 ! roll+ & press+ mills ( mod]n me*anics4 ,! *oice is fur!r influ5c$ by ! t\ghness g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( wr\ght metal1 :]eas ! alloys :i* yield ! cleane/ ca/+s are by no means univ]sally ! be/ 9 o!r respects4 ,iron is ! extreme in/ance ( ?is3 ord9>y ca/ iron be+ an impure =m ( ! metal1 :i* is too brittle to be work$ "u ! hamm]1 b is readily ca/ into m\lds1 be+ fluid at a temp]ature :i*1 ?\gh high1 is easily obta9$ 9 a bla/ furnace4 ,wr\ght iron1 h[ev]1 :i* is usually obta9$ f ca/ iron by a process call$ puddl+1 :]eby ! impurities are burnt out1 does n become fluid en\gh to p\r into m\lds2 b on ! o!r h&1 pieces at a :ite heat c be unit$ into a solid mass by skilful hamm]+1 a process :i* is call$ weld+1 &1 toge!r ) ! fact t f its great h>dness x is usually work$ hot1 is specially di/9ctive ( ! blacksmi?'s craft4 ,9 no o!r metal is ! sep>ation betwe5 ! two bran*es s wide z 9 iron4 ,! misdirect$ skill ( "s mod]n iron-f\nd]s has caus$ ! "n ( ca/ iron to be reg>d$ z ! v negative ( art1 & has ev5 ?r[n suspicion on ! process ( ca/+ itself z "o ( que/ionable hone/y4 ,nev]!less1 z a craft capable ( giv+ f9al %ape to metal1 x has manife/ly an arti/ic aspect1 &1 9 fact1 bronze /atu>y1 a f9e art pure & simple1 is reproduc$ f ! clay model m]ely by m\ld+ & ca/+4 ,we mu/ !re=e look = ! arti/ic conditions 9 ! prep>ation ( ! model or patt]n1 ! impress ( :i* 9 s& or loam =ms ! m\ld2 ! patt]n may be c>v$ 9 wood or modell$ 9 clay1 b ! h&l+ ( ! wood or clay is modifi$ by ! conditions "u :i* ! =m is reproduc$4 ,& la/ly1 ! f9i%$ object may ei!r reta9 ! surface =m$ z ! metal solidifies1 z 9 ! case ( ! bronzes ca/ by ! wax process1 or ! sk9 may be remov$ by ! use ( cutt+ tools1 *isels & files & grav]s1 s t1 z 9 ! case ( _m ( ! bett] ,fr5* bronzes1 ! f9i%$ "w is /rictly c>v$ "w4 ,on ! contr>y1 mu* silv]smi?'s "w1 z well z su* simple objects z ,*9ese gongs & ,indian lotahs1 aft] be+ ca/ approximately to %ape are f9i%$ by hamm] "w1 t is1 treat$ z pla/ic mat]ial ) tools t =ce ! mat]ial into %ape in/ead ( cutt+ ! %ape out ( ! mass by remov+ ext]ior portions ( mat]ial4 ,attempts to imitate bo? processes by ca/+ only1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! co/ ( f9i%+1 are common1 b z !y disp5se likewise ) all beauty 9 ! product1 ev5 if !y d n sub/itute v>ni%$ & t9t$ z9c = bett] metal1 _! success is comm]cial only4 ,we h ?us ?ree *>act]i/ic k9ds ( surface result+ f ! conditions ( treatm5t1 m>k+ out ?ree natural divisions ( ! art3 & be x not$ t que/ions ( surface or texture are all-important 9 ! arts2 beauty is sk9 deep4 ,fir/1 ! natural sk9 ( ! metal solidifi$ 9 contact ) ! m\ld1 & m or less closely imitative ( ! surface ( ! orig9al model1 usually = our purposes a pla/ic surface2 secondly1 !re is c>v$1 te*nically call$ *as$1 "w2 & ?irdly1 beat5 or wr\ght "w1 :i* 9 ornam5t is t]m$ emboss+4 ,sup]impos$ on ^! we h ! cross divisions ( ! crafts accord+ to ! special metal op]at$ on1 & 9 ! exi/+ indu/rial organisation ! gr\ps ?us obta9$ h to be fur!r divid$ into _m sub-heads1 accord+ to ! articles produc$2 & f9ally1 ano!r comm]cial di/9ction has to be drawn :i* greatly affects ! pres5t condition ( h&icraft1 t is1 ! division ( ! sev]al trades into craftsm5 & salesm54 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ext5t ( ! exi/+ dissociation ( ! produc+ craftsman f ! consum] is an evil = ! arts1 & t ! gr[+ prepond]ance ( great /ores is inimical to excell5ce ( workman%ip4 ,x is1 p]haps1 an advantage = ! workman to be reliev$ f ! (fice ( salesman2 ! position ( ! village smi? ply+ 8 call+ 9 face ( 8 cu/om]s might n suit e craft1 b ! s]vices ( ! middleman are de>ly b\ght at ! price ( arti/ic fre$om4 ,x is too (t5 9 ! p[] ( ! middleman to dictate ! quality ( workman%ip1 too (t5 8 seem+ int]e/ to orda9 t x %all be bad4 ,! *oice ( a metal = any p>ticul> purpose is det]m9$ by physical prop]ties comb9$ ) consid]ations ( co/4 ,iron1 if only = its *eapness1 is ! mat]ial = ! l>ge/ works ( metal2 :ile 9 ! =m ( /eel x is ! be/ available mat]ial = _m v small works1 wat*-spr+s = in/ance3 x has ! defect ( liability to ru/2 ! surfaces ( o!r metals may t>ni%1 b iron ru/s ?r\gh4 ,= ! pres5t only "o application ( ca/ iron conc]ns u--its use = grates & /oves4 ,! po9t to rememb] is1 t z ! mat]ial has b little beauty1 its employm5t %\ld be re/rict$ to ! quantity prescrib$ by ! dem&s ( utility4 ,wr\ght iron1 on ! contr>y1 gives v great scope to ! arti/1 & x (f]s ?is peculi> advantage1 t ! necessity ( /rik+ :ile ! iron is hot en=ces su* free dext]ity ( h&l+ 9 ! ord9>y smi?1 t he has comp>atively little to le>n if set to produce ornam5tal "w1 & ?us r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ! art has f\nd craftsm5 en\gh :o c\ld readily respond to ! dem& made ^u !m4 ,copp]1 di/+ui%$ among metals by its gl[+ r$ t9t1 has z a mat]ial = arti/ic "w be5 ov]%ad[$ by its alloys1 brass & bronze2 p>tly because !y make s\nd] ca/+s1 p>tly x is to be fe>$ f ! approa* ( _! col\r to gold4 ,hold+ an int]m$iate position betwe5 iron & ! preci\s metals1 !y are ! mat]ial ( innum]able h\sehold ut5sils & small] ar*itectural fitt+s4 ,lead1 t91 & z9c sc>cely conc]n ! arti/ to-day1 ?\gh nei!r plumb] nor pewt]] has always be5 re/rict$ to pla9 utilit>ianism4 ,gold & silv] h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 all ages z ! preci\s metals1 bo? = _! comp>ative r>ity & _! fre$om f corrosion1 & _! extreme beauty4 ,!y are bo? extremely malleable & v readily work$4 ,unhappily !re is little orig9al ,engli% "w be+ done 9 ^! metals4 ,! m ord9>y w>es h all life & feel+ tak5 out ( !m by me*anical f9i%1 an abrasive process be+ employ$ to remove e sign ( tool-m>ks4 ,! all-important surface is ?us oblit]at$4 ,z to design1 fa%ion oscillates betwe5 copies ( "o pa/ p]iod & ano!r4 ,a comp>ison ( "o ( ^! copies ) an orig9al w make ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "w ( a man paid to d 8 quicke/ & "o paid to d 8 be/ cle>] ?an volumes ( description4 ,inde$1 :5 all is said1 a writ] c b indicate ! logic t und]lies ! craft1 or h9t at ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! process1 ! mat]ial1 & ! f9i%$ w>e3 ! di/9ction betwe5 good & bad 9 art eludes def9ition2 x is n an affair ( reason1 b ( p]ception4 ,w4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,b5son4 ,,/one ,,& ,,wood ,,c>v+ ,! crafts ( ! /one & wood c>v] may fairly be tak5 9 review at ! same "t1 al?\gh !y diff] 9 !mselves4 ,x is a mis=tune t !re %\ld be s great a gulf z !re is betwe5 ! craftsman :o is call$1 & consid]s himself to be prop]ly call$1 a sculptor & 8 fell[-craftsman :o is call$ a c>v]4 ,9 ^! days ! sculptor is b too (t5 a man :o w\ld ?9k x a condesc5sion to execute :at1 = want ( a bett] "n1 we mu/ call decorative "w4 ,9 tru?1 ! sculptor is ! outcome ( t entire sep>ation :i* has come ab\t betwe5 ! love ( beauty1 once common 9 ev]yday life1 & art1 z x is n[ call$--a ?+ degrad$ to ! purposes ( a toy1 a m]e ornam5t = ! ri*4 ,! sculptor is tra9$ to make ^! ornam5ts1 ?+s :i* h no relation to _! surr\nd+s1 b :i* may be plac$ n[ 9 a draw+-room1 n[ 9 a cons]vatory or a public squ>e1 alone & un%elt]$4 ,he is a *ild ( ! /udio4 ,! result ( ?is tra9+ is1 he has lo/ all k h[ to produce "w ( a decorative "*4 ,he und]/&s no?+ ( design 9 a wide s5se1 b be+ able to model a figure ) tol]able success he re/s !re) cont5t4 ,be+ design$1 z x is1 9 ! /udio1 8 "w is want+ 9 sympa?y ) its surr\nd+s2 x does n fall into its place1 x is n a "p ( a complete conception4 ,?+s 7 n s :5 sculpture & :at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 we h call$ /one & wood c>v+ 7 at _! prime4 ,! ,greek craftsman c\ld produce bo? ! great figure ( ! god1 :i* /ood alone z ! c5tral object 9 ! temple1 & 7work+ 9 ?or\gh sympa?y ) ! ar*itect7 ! decorative sculpture ( less importance :i* 0 atta*$ to ! build+ r\nd ab\t1 & )\t :i* ! beauty ( ! fabric 0 incomplete4 ,s also ! great ,flor5t9e sculptors sp5t !mselves ) equal zeal on a door1 ! enclosure ( a *oir1 a pulpit1 or a tomb1 :i* 9 ^? days meant n m]ely ! effigy ( ! dep>t$1 b a complete design ( _m p>ts all full ( beauty & skill4 ,9 ! great days ( ,m$iaeval ,art sculpture play$ a "p ( ! highe/ importance4 ,! works !n produc$ are n only excell5t 9 !mselves1 b are s design$ z to =m a "p ( ! build+ !y adorn4 ,h[ ?or\ghly unf9i%$ w\ld be ! we/ front ( ! ,ca!dral at ,wells1 or ! portals ( ,ami5s or ,reims1 )\t _! sculpture4 ,h[ r>ely c we feel ?is s5se ( satisfaction1 ( unity ( result1 betwe5 ! "w ( ! sculptor & ! ar*itect 9 our build+s ( to-day4 ,! figures are /ood ab\t l ornam5ts on ! mantelpiece4 ,! ar*itect seems z unable to prep>e = !m z ! sculptor to make !m4 ,we seldom see congruity ev5 betwe5 ! figure & ! p$e/al on :i* x /&s4 ,! want ( ?is ext5d$ sympa?y leads to ano!r ill result4 ,wood1 /one1 & metal1 diff]5t z !y are1 are treat$ by ! arti/ 9 mu* ! same fa%ion4 ,! orig9al model 9 clay seems to /& beh9d ev]y?+4 ,! arti/ makes ! clay model2 8 subord9ates "w x out 9 "o or ano!r mat]ial4 ,! result c only be unsatisfactory because ! natural limitations fix$ by ! qualities ( ! diff]5t mat]ials h be5 neglect$1 :]eas !y %\ld /& =? prom95tly 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ f ! mom5t he fir/ conceives 8 design4 ,m>ble1 /ones--"s h>d1 "s s(t1--t]ra cotta1 metals1 or wood1 ea* dem& a diff]5ce ( treatm5t4 ,= example1 ! fibr\s nature ( wood enables ! craftsman to produce "w :i* w\ld fall to pieces at ! fir/ bl[ if execut$ 9 /one4 ,! poli%$ & v>i$ surface ( m>ble dem&s a treatm5t ( surface & section ( m\ld+s :i* 9 /one w\ld seem tame & poor4 ,aga91 x mu/ n be =gott5 t mo/ works 9 /one or m>ble are built up4 ,!y are compos$ ( _m blocks /&+ "o on ! o!r4 ,) wood x is q diff]5t4 ,us$ 9 ?ick pieces x splits2 good wood-"w is !re=e fram$ toge!r1 ! fram+ & int]m$iate panell+ l5d+ itself to ! ri*e/ decoration2 b any?+ 9 ! design :i* sugge/s /one con/ruction is obvi\sly wrong4 ,9 %ort1 wood mu/ be treat$ z a mat]ial t is fibr\s & t5aci\s1 & 9 planks or slabs2 /one or m>ble z ( close1 ev5 texture1 brittle & 9 blocks4 ,consequ5t on ^! diff]5ces ( texture1 we f9d t ! tools & me?od ( h&l+ !m us$ by ! wood-c>v] diff] 9 _m respects f ^? us$ by ! work] 9 /one or m>ble4 ,"o mat]ial is scoop$ & cut out1 ! o!r is attack$ by a con/ant repetition ( bl[s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,art we f9d t ! craft ( ! /one-c>v] 0 p]fectly und]/ood long be=e t ( 8 bro!r craftsman 9 wood4 ,:il/ ! fir/ _h all ?r\gh ,europe atta9$ great p]fection 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! second did n rea* ! same /&>d till ! fifte5?1 & ) ! classic revival x di$ out4 ,no?+ displays m fully ! adaptation ( design & decoration to ! mat]ial ?an mu* ( ! fifte5?-c5tury /all-"w 9 our ,engli% ca!drals4 ,^! c\ld only be execut$ 9 wood2 ! design is suit$ to t mat]ial only2 b :5 ! ,italian influ5ce creeps 91 ! designs adopt$ are 9 fact suit$ to f9e /one1 m>ble1 or alaba/]1 & n to wood4 ,until ! craftsman 9 /one & wood is m ( an ar*itect1 & ! ar*itect m ( a craftsman1 we _c hope = improvem5t4 ,,som]s ,,cl>ke4 ,,furniture ,! in/itution ( s*ools ( art & design1 & ! ef=ts ( s]ials & magaz9es devot$ to arti/ic matt]s1 h _h _! prop] effect 9 ! creation ( a pretty g5]al di/a/e = ! clumsy & in>ti/ic =ms :i* *>act]is$ cab9ets & furniture g5]ally "s ye>s back4 ,un=tunately = ! movem5t1 "s manufactur]s saw _! opportunity 9 ! dem& ?us creat$ = bett] & m arti/ic %apes to produce bad & ill-made copies ( good designs1 :i* und]m9$ ! self-respect ( ! un=tunate man 7frequ5tly a good & suffici5t craftsman7 ^: ill hap x 0 to be oblig$ to make !m1 & vex$ ! s\l ( ! equally un=tunate pur*as]4 ,! introduction ( ma*9]y = m\ld+1 :i* left only ! fitt+ & poli%+ to be done by ! craftsman1 & :i* enabl$ manufactur]s to produce two or ?ree cab9ets 9 ! "t =m]ly occupi$ 9 ! mak+ ( "o1 0 all aga9/ ! quality & /ability ( ! "w4 ,no good "w 0 ev] done 9 a hurry3 ! craftsman may be rapid1 b 8 rapidity is ! result ( v delib]ate ?\ght1 & n ( hurry4 ,good furniture1 h[ev]1 _c be made rapidly4 ,all wood1 no matt] h[ long x is kept1 nor h[ dry x may be sup]ficially1 w always %r9k aga9 :5 cut into4 ,x foll[s t ! long] ! int]val betwe5 ! cutt+ up ( ! wood1 & its fitt+ toge!r1 ! bett] = ! "w4 ,9 ! old times ! p>ts ( a cab9et lay ab\t 9 ! workman's b5*way = weeks1 & ev5 mon?s1 & 7 cont9ually turn$ ov] & h&l$ by him :ile he 0 engag$ on ! m\ld+s & o!r details4 ,! wood ?us became really dry1 & no fur!r %r9kage c\ld take place aft] x 0 put toge!r4 ,a ^w "h ab\t ! design+ ( cab9ets4 ,mod]n furniture design]s are f> too mu* influ5c$ by consid]ations ( /yle1 & sacrifice a good deal t is valuable 9 ord] to con=m to c]ta9 rules :i*1 ?\gh s\nd en\gh 9 _! relation to ar*itecture1 d n really apply to furniture at all4 ,mu* m pleas+1 & n necess>ily less arti/ic "w w\ld be produc$1 7 design]s1 & h&icraftsm5 too1 enc\rag$ to all[ _! imag9ation m scope1 & to get m ( _! own individuality into _! "w1 in/ead ( be+ ! slaves ( /yles inv5t$ by p :o liv$ "u q diff]5t conditions f ^? n[ prevail+4 ,m\ld+s z appli$ to cab9ets are ne>ly always too co>se1 & project too mu*4 ,?is applies equally to ! c>v+s1 :i* %\ld always be q subord9ate to ! g5]al design & m\ld+s1 & 79 its application to surfaces7 %\ld be 9 l[ relief4 ,?is is q compatible ) all necess>y vig\r z well z ref9em5t4 ,! idea t boldness--viz4 high projection ( p>ts 9 c>v+--has any?+ to d ) vig\r is a common "o1 b is q errone\s4 ,all ! p[] & vig\r :i* he is capable ( putt+ into any?+1 ! clev] c>v] c put into a piece ( ornam5t :i* %all n project m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* f ! gr\nd 9 any "p4 ,inde$1 ,i h kn[n good c>v]s :o did _! be/ "w )9 ^? limits4 ,k ( l9e1 ( ! managem5t ( planes1 ) dext]ity 9 ! h&l+ ( surfaces1 is all he requires4 ,ano!r common mi/ake is to suppose t smoo?ness ( surface has any?+ to d ) f9i% prop]ly s call$4 ,if only half ! "t :i* is commonly sp5t 9 smoo?+ & poli%+ c>v$ surfaces 0 devot$ to ! m ?or\gh /udy & developm5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! design1 & ! correction ( ! outl9es1 ! surface might v well be left to take c>e ( itself1 & ! "w w\ld be ! bett] = x4 ,!re is n space 9 ?is pap] to d m ?an glance at a few o!r me?ods 9 ord9>y use = cab9et decoration4 ,m>quetry1 inlays ( ivory1 & v>i\s o!r mat]ials h always be5 ext5sively us$1 & sometimes ) excell5t effect4 ,9 _m old examples ! surface ( ! solid wood 0 cut away to ! patt]n1 & v>i\s o!r k9ds ( wood press$ into ! l9es s sunk4 ,! me?od m g5]ally adopt$ n[ is to ins]t ! patt]n into v5e] :i* has be5 prep>$ to receive x1 & m\nt ! :ole on a solid panel or %ape ) glue4 ,! besett+ s9 ( ! mod]n design] or mak] ( m>quetry is a t5d5cy to l\d col\r & viol5t contra/s ( bo? col\r & gra94 ,x is common to see z _m z a doz5 diff]5t k9ds ( wood us$ 9 ! decoration ( a mod]n cab9et--"s ( !m /a9$ woods1 & ! col\rs ( no two ( !m 9 h>mony4 ,! be/ "w 9 ?is k9d dep5ds = its effect on a ri*1 ?\gh x may be l[ tone ( col\r4 ,x is seldom t m ?an two or ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( wood are us$1 b ea* k9d is s c>efully select$ = ! purpose ( ! design1 & is us$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 t1 :ile ! all-important tone is kept ?r\gh\t1 ! v>iety ( surface is almo/ inf9ite4 ,= ?is reason1 ?\gh x is n necess>y t ! design] %\ld actually cut ! "w himself1 x is mo/ ess5tial t he %\ld always be )9 call ( ! cutt]1 & %\ld himself select e piece ( wood :i* is introduc$ into ! design4 ,?is k9d ( "w is sometimes %ad$ ) hot s&2 at o!r times a d>k] wood is introduc$ into ! patt]n = ! %ad[s4 ,! latt] is ! bett] way2 ! =m] is ! *eap]4 ,! poli%+ ( cab9et "w4 ,i h s /rong an objection 9 ?is connection to ! ,fr5* poli%] & all 8 works & ways1 t1 not)/&+ ! popul> prejudice 9 fav\r ( brilliant surfaces1 ,i w\ld h none ( him4 ,=m]ly ! cab9etmak] 0 accu/om$ to poli% 8 own "w1 sometimes by expos+ ! f9i%$ surfaces to ! light = a few weeks 9 ord] to d>k5 !m1 & !n apply+ beeswax ) pl5tiful rubb+4 ,?is 0 ! e>lie/ & ! be/ me?od1 b 9 lat] times a poli% compos$ ( naph?a & %ellac 0 us$4 ,! latt] poli%1 ?\gh op5 to _m ( ! objections :i* may be urg$ aga9/ t n[ 9 use1 0 at lea/ h>d & la/+1 :i* c h>dly be said ( its mod]n sub/itute4 ,! action ( ! m reputable cab9etmak+ firms has be51 ( late1 almo/ :olly 9 ! direction ( bett] design & con/ruction2 b a /ill bett] gu>antee ( progress 9 ! future ( ! craft is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! craftsman :o takes an arti/ic & intellig5t1 & n a m]ely me*anical int]e/ 9 8 "w1 is n[ (t5 to be met4 ,to su* m5 great] individual fre$om is alone want+4 ,,/eph5 ,,webb4 ,,/a9$ ,,glass ,9 ^! days !re is a t5d5cy to judge ! m]its ( /a9$ glass f ! /&po9t ( ! ar*aeologi/4 ,x is good or bad 9 s f> z x is directly imitative ( "w ( ! f\rte5? or fifte5? c5tury4 ,! art _h rea*$ to a surpris+ degree ( beauty & p]fection 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & al?\gh "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance "s good "w 0 done1 x rapidly decl9$ only to lift its head once m ) ! reviv$ /udy ( ! ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! burn+ en]gy ( ,pug91 :i* no?+ c\ld escape1 0 direct$ t[>ds ?is end1 b ! atta9m5t ( a m]e ar*aeological correctness 0 ! *ief aim 9 view4 ,! crude draughtsman%ip ( ! anci5t craftsman 0 dilig5tly imitat$1 b ! _s & *>m ( ! orig9al 0 lo/1 z1 9 a m]e imitation1 x mu/ be4 ,9 ! revival ( ! art1 :il/ !re 0 an attempt to imitate ! draw+1 !re 0 no attempt to reproduce ! quality ( ! anci5t glass4 ,?us1 brilliant1 transp>5t1 & unbrok5 t9ts 7 us$1 lack+ all ! ri*ness & spl5d\r ( col\r s *>act]i/ic ( ! orig9als4 ,"u ^! conditions ( bl9d imitation ! mod]n work] 9 /a9$ glass produc$ ?+s probably m hide\s ?an ! _w ev] saw be=e4 ,dep>t+ altoge!r f ! traditions ( ! m$iaeval s*ools1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 !re has aris5 ano!r s*ool :i* has f\nd its *ief expon5ts at ,muni*4 ,! object ( ^! p has be51 ignor+ ! condition "u :i* !y mu/ necess>ily "w1 to produce an ord9>y picture 9 enamell$ col\rs ^u %eets ( glass4 ,! result has be5 ! production ( m]e transp>5cies no bett] ?an pa9t$ bl9ds4 ,:at !n1 x may be ask$1 are ! limit+ conditions1 impos$ ^u him by ! nature ( ! mat]ials1 )9 :i* ! craftsman mu/ "w to produce a satisfactory result8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a /a9$ glass w9d[ is n an easel picture4 ,x does n /& )9 a frame1 z does ! easel picture1 9 isolation f ! objects surr\nd+ x2 x is n ev5 an object to be look$ at by itself2 its duty is1 n only to be beautiful1 b to play its "p 9 ! adornm5t ( ! build+ 9 :i* x is plac$1 be+ subord9at$ to ! effect ! int]ior is int5d$ to produce z a :ole4 ,x is1 9 fact1 b "o ( _m p>ts t g to produce a complete result4 ,a visit to "o ( our m$iaeval *ur*es1 su* z ,york ,m9/]1 ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 or ,malv]n ,priory1 *ur* build+s1 :i* /ill reta9 mu* ( _! anci5t glass1 & a comp>ison ( ! unity ( effect !re exp]i5c$ ) ! int]nec9e /ruggle exhibit$ 9 mo/ build+s furni%$ by ! glass pa9t]s ( to-day1 w surely conv9ce ! mo/ indiff]5t t !re is yet mu* to be le>n$4 ,secondly1 ! great diff]5ce betwe5 col\r$ glass & pa9t$ glass mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,a col\r$ glass w9d[ is 9 ! nature ( a mosaic4 ,n only are no l>ge pieces ( glass us$1 b ea* piece is sep>at$ f & at ! same "t jo9$ to its neighb\r by a ?9 groov$ /rip ( lead :i* holds ! two4 ,col\r$ glass is obta9$ by a mixture ( metallic oxides :il/ 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,?is col\r+ p]vades ! sub/ance ( ! glass & becomes incorporat$ ) x4#a ,x is t]m$ pot-metal4 ,an exam9ation ( su* a piece ( glass w %[ x to be full ( v>ieties ( a giv5 col\r1 unev5 9 ?ickness1 full ( little air-bubbles & o!r accid5ts :i* cause ! rays ( light to play 9 & ?r\gh x ) endless v>iety ( effect4 ,x is ! exact opposite to ! cle> %eet ( ord9>y w9d[-glass4 ,to build up a decorative "w 7& su* a =m ( expression may be f\nd v appropriate 9 ?is craft7 9 col\r$ glass1 ! pieces mu/ be c>efully select$1 ! gradations ( t9t 9 a giv5 piece be+ made use ( to ga9 ! result aim$ at4 ,! lead$ canes by :i* ! :ole is held toge!r are made use ( to aid ! effect4 ,f9e l9es & hat*+s are pa9t$ z ) silv] /a91 & 9 ?is respect only is !re any approa* to enamell+ 9 ! mak+ ( a col\r$ glass w9d[4 ,! glass mosaic z above describ$ is held 9 its place 9 ! w9d[ by horizontal iron b>s1 & ! position ( ^! is a matt] ( "s importance1 & is by no means ov]look$ by ! arti/ 9 consid]+ ! effect ( 8 f9i%$ "w4 ,a well-design$ col\r$ glass w9d[ is1 9 fact1 l no?+ else 9 ! _w b itself4 ,x is n only a mosaic2 x is n m]ely a picture4 ,x is ! hone/ outcome ( ! use ( glass = mak+ a beautiful w9d[ :i* %all transmit light & n look l any?+ b :at x is4 ,! effect ( ! "w is obta9$ by ! contra/ ( ! ri* col\rs ( ! pot-metal ) ! pe>ly tones ( ! cle> glass4 ,we mu/ n[ describe a pa9t$ w9d[1 s t ! di/9ction betwe5 a col\r$ & a pa9t$ w9d[ may be cle>ly made out4 ,quot+ f ! same book z be=e--,to pa9t glass ! arti/ uses a plate ( transluc5t glass1 & applies ! design & col\r+ ) vitrifiable col\rs4 ,^! col\rs1 true enamels1 are ! product ( metallic oxides comb9$ ) vitre\s comp\nds call$ fluxes4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^!1 assi/$ by a /rong heat1 ! col\r+ matt]s are fix$ ^u ! plate ( glass4 ,9 ! pa9t$ w9d[ we are invit$ to =get t glass is be+ us$4 ,%ad[s are obta9$ by load+ ! surface ) enamel col\rs2 ! fulle/ rotundity ( modell+ is aim$ at2 ! lead & iron s ess5tially necess>y to ! con/ruction & safety ( ! w9d[ are conceal$ ) extraord9>y skill & +5uity4 ,! spectator p]ceives a hole 9 ! wall ) a v indiff]5t picture 9 x--ov]done 9 ! high lights1 smoky & unpleasant 9 ! %ad[s1 9 no s5se decorative4 ,we ne$ conc]n ourselves no m ) pa9t$ w9d[s2 !y are ?or\ghly false & unwor?y ( consid]ation4 ,( col\r$ or /a9$ w9d[s1 z !y are m commonly call$1 _m are made1 mo/ly bad1 b !re are among/ u a few :o "k h[ to make !m well1 & ^! are bett] ?an any made else:]e 9 ,europe at ?is "t4 ,,som]s ,,cl>ke4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,indu/rial ,arts1 ,hi/orical ,sket*es1 p4 #aie1 publi%$ = ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education4 ,*apman & ,hall4 ,,table ,,glass ,few mat]ials l5d !mselves m readily to ! skill ( ! craftsman ?an glass4 ,! fluid or visc\s condition ( ! metal z x comes f ! pot1 ! way 9 :i* x is %ap$ by ! brea? ( ! craftsman1 & by 8 skill 9 mak+ use ( c5trifugal =ce1 ^! & _m o!r ?+s too num]\s to m5tion are all manife/$ 9 ! triumphs ( ! ,v5etian glass-bl[]4 ,at ! fir/ glance we see t ! vessel he has made is ( a mat]ial once liquid4 ,he takes ! fulle/ advantage ( ! conditions "u :i* he works1 & ! result is a beautiful ?+ :i* c be produc$ 9 b "o way4 ,= _m c5turies ! old me?ods 7 foll[$1 b ) ! p[] to produce ! metal1 or glass ( extreme purity & transp>5cy1 came ! desire to leave ! old pa?s1 & produce "w 9 imitation ( cry/al4 ,! :eel came into play1 & cut & engrav$ glass became g5]al4 ,at fir/ !re 0 no?+ b a g5u9e advance or v>iation on ! old modes4 ,! specim5s ( cle> glass made at ! end ( ! sev5te5? & beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5turies are well design$ to suit ! capabilities ( ! mat]ial4 ,! =m giv5 to ! liquid metal by ! craftsman's skill is /ill manife/1 its delicate transp>5cy acc5tuat$ "h & !re by cutt+ ! surface into small facets1 or engrav+ ^u x graceful designs2 b z skill increas$ s ta/e degrad$4 ,! graceful outl9es & natural curves ( ! old work]s gave place to di/ortions ( l9e b too common 9 all decorative works ( ! p]iod4 ,a little lat] & ! mat]ial 0 produc$ 9 m]e lumps1 cut & torm5t$ into a ?\s& surfaces1 sugge/+ t ! "w 0 made f ! solid1 z1 9 "p1 x 04 ,?is mis]able /uff rea*$ its climax 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! pres5t reign4 ,s9ce !n a great reaction has tak5 place4 ,= example1 ! old decant]1 a massive lump ( mis%ap5 mat]ial bett] suit$ to ! purpose ( bra9+ a burgl> ?an decorat+ a table1 has giv5 place to a light & gracefully =m$ vessel1 cov]$ 9 _m cases ) well-design$ surface engrav+1 & ?or\ghly suit$ bo? to ! uses x is int5d$ to fulfil & ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made4 ,& n only s1 b a di/9ct v>iation & developm5t ^u ! old types has be5 made4 ,! works produc$ h n be5 m]ely copies1 b !y h _! own "*4 ,x is n necess>y to describe ! craft ( ! glass-bl[]4 ,x is suffici5t to say t he deals ) a mat]ial :i*1 :5 x comes to 8 h&s1 is a liquid1 solidify+ rapidly on exposure to ! air2 t !re is h>dly a limit to ! delicacy ( ! film t c be made2 &1 9 addition to us+ a mat]ial ( "o col\r1 diff]5t col\rs c be laid "o ov] ! o!r1 ! out] ones be+ aft]w>ds cut ?r\gh by ! :eel1 leav+ a patt]n 9 "o col\r on a gr\nd ( ano!r4 ,!re has develop$ itself ( late an un=tunate t5d5cy to /ray f ! pa? ( improvem5t1#a b a due consid]ation on ! "p bo? ( ! pur*as] & ( ! craftsman ( h[ ! mat]ial %\ld be us$ w result1 x may be hop$1 9 f>!r advances on ! "r road4 ,,som]s ,,cl>ke4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,novelty r ?an improvem5t is ! rock on :i* our craftsm5 are b too (t5 wreck$4 ,,pr9t+ ,pr9t+1 9 ! only s5se ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$1 diff]s f mo/ if n f all ! arts & crafts repres5t$ 9 ! ,exhibition 9 be+ comp>atively mod]n4 ,= al?\gh ! ,*9ese took impressions f wood blocks engrav$ 9 relief = c5turies be=e ! wood-cutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 by a simil> process1 produc$ ! block books1 :i* 7 ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ! true pr9t$ book1 ! inv5tion ( movable metal lett]s 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury may ju/ly be consid]$ z ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,& x is wor? m5tion 9 pass+ t1 z an example ( f9e typography1 ! e>lie/ book pr9t$ ) movable types1 ! ,gut5b]g1 or =ty-two l9e ,bible ( ab\t #adee1 has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,pr9t+1 !n1 = our purpose1 may be consid]$ z ! art ( mak+ books by means ( movable types4 ,n[1 z all books n prim>ily int5d$ z picture-books consi/ pr9cipally ( types compos$ to =m lett]press1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t ! lett] us$ %\ld be f9e 9 =m2 especially z no m "t is occupi$1 or co/ incurr$1 9 ca/+1 sett+1 or pr9t+ beautiful lett]s ?an 9 ! same op]ations ) ugly ones4 ,& x 0 a matt] ( c\rse t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! craftsm5 took c>e t beautiful =m %\ld always be a "p ( _! productions :atev] !y 71 ! =ms ( pr9t$ lett]s %\ld be beautiful1 & t _! arrangem5t on ! page %\ld be reasonable & a help to ! %apel9ess ( ! lett]s !mselves4 ,! ,middle ,ages br\ght caligraphy to p]fection1 & x 0 natural !re=e t ! =ms ( pr9t$ lett]s %\ld foll[ m or less closely ^? ( ! writt5 "*1 & !y foll[$ !m v closely4 ,! fir/ books 7 pr9t$ 9 black lett]1 i4e4 ! lett] :i* 0 a ,go?ic developm5t ( ! anci5t ,roman "*1 & :i* develop$ m completely & satisfactorily on ! side ( ! l[]-case ?an ! capital lett]s2 ! l[]-case be+ 9 fact inv5t$ 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,! e>lie/ book pr9t$ ) movable type1 ! a=esaid ,gut5b]g ,bible1 is pr9t$ 9 lett]s :i* are an exact imitation ( ! m =mal ecclesia/ical writ+ :i* obta9$ at t "t2 ?is has s9ce be5 call$ missal type1 & 0 9 fact ! k9d ( lett] us$ 9 ! _m spl5did missals1 psalt]s1 etc41 produc$ by pr9t+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b ! fir/ ,bible actually dat$ 7:i* also 0 pr9t$ at ,ma9tz by ,pet] ,s*oeff] 9 ! ye> #adfb7 imitates a mu* fre] h&1 simpl]1 r\nd]1 & less spiky1 & !re=e f> pleasant] & easi] to read4 ,on ! :ole ! type ( ?is book may be consid]$ ! ne-plus-ultra ( ,go?ic type1 especially z reg>ds ! l[]-case lett]s2 & type v simil> 0 us$ dur+ ! next fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s n only by ,s*oeff]1 b by pr9t]s 9 ,/rasburg1 ,basle1 ,p>is1 ,lubeck1 & o!r cities4 ,b ?\gh on ! :ole1 except 9 ,italy1 ,go?ic lett] 0 mo/ (t5 us$1 a v few ye>s saw ! bir? ( ,roman "* n only 9 ,italy1 b 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,9 #adfe ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz began pr9t+ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,subiaco ne> ,rome1 & us$ an exce$+ly beautiful type1 :i* is inde$ to look at a transition betwe5 ,go?ic & ,roman1 b :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h come f ! /udy ( ! twelf? or ev5 ! elev5? c5tury ,,mss4 ,!y pr9t$ v few books 9 ?is type1 ?ree only2 b 9 _! v fir/ books 9 ,rome1 beg9n+ ) ! ye> #adfh1 !y disc>d$ ?is = a m completely ,roman & f> less beautiful lett]4 ,b ab\t ! same ye> ,m5tel9 at ,/rasburg began to pr9t 9 a type :i* is di/9ctly ,roman2 & ! next ye> ,gun!r ,ze9] at ,augsburg foll[$ suit2 :ile 9 #adgj at ,p>is ,udalric ,g]+ & 8 associates turn$ out ! fir/ books pr9t$ 9 ,france1 also 9 ,roman "*4 ,! ,roman type ( all ^! pr9t]s is simil> 9 "*1 & is v simple & legible1 & unaffect$ly design$ = use2 b x is by no means )\t beauty4 ,x mu/ be said t x is 9 no way l ! transition type ( ,subiaco1 & ?\gh m ,roman ?an t1 yet sc>cely m l ! complete ,roman type ( ! e>lie/ pr9t]s ( ,rome4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! ,roman lett] took place at ,v5ice4 ,john ( ,spires & 8 bro!r ,v9del91 foll[$ by ,ni*olas ,j5son1 began to pr9t 9 t city1 #adfi1 #adgj2 _! type is on ! l9es ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* r ?an ( ! ,roman pr9t]s4 ,( ,j5son x mu/ be said t he c>ri$ ! developm5t ( ,roman type z f> z x c g3 8 lett] is admirably cle> & regul>1 b at lea/ z beautiful z any o!r ,roman type4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 ! f\rte5 eighties1 or at lea/ by #adij1 pr9t+ 9 ,v5ice _h decl9$ v mu*2 & ?\gh ! fam\s family ( ,aldus re/or$ its te*nical excell5ce1 reject+ batt]$ lett]s1 & pay+ great att5tion to ! press "w or actual process ( pr9t+1 yet _! type is arti/ically on a mu* l[] level ?an ,j5son's1 & 9 fact !y mu/ be consid]$ to h end$ ! age ( f9e pr9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,j5son1 h[ev]1 _h _m contempor>ies :o us$ beautiful type1 "s ( :i*--z1 e4g41 t ( ,jacobus ,rubeus or ,jacques le ,r\ge--is sc>cely di/+ui%able f 84 ,x 0 ^! great ,v5etian pr9t]s1 toge!r ) _! bre?r5 ( ,rome1 ,milan1 ,p>ma1 & "o or two o!r cities1 :o produc$ ! spl5did editions ( ! ,classics1 :i* are "o ( ! great glories ( ! pr9t]'s art1 & are wor?y repres5tatives ( ! eag] en?usiasm = ! reviv$ le>n+ ( t epo*4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ^! ,italian pr9t]s1 x %\ld be m5tion$1 7 ,g]mans or ,fr5*m51 work+ "u ! influ5ce ( ,italian op9ion & aims4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! fifte5? & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5turies ! ,roman lett] 0 us$ side by side ) ! ,go?ic4 ,ev5 9 ,italy mo/ ( ! !ological & law books 7 pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic lett]1 :i* 0 g5]ally m =mally ,go?ic ?an ! pr9t+ ( ! ,g]man workm51 _m ( ^: types1 inde$1 l t ( ! ,subiaco works1 are ( a transitional "*4 ,?is 0 notably ! case ) ! e>ly works pr9t$ at ,ulm1 & 9 a some:at less] degree at ,augsburg4 ,9 fact ,gun!r ,ze9]'s fir/ type 7aft]w>ds us$ by ,s*ussl]7 is rem>kably l ! type ( ! be=e-m5tion$ ,subiaco books4 ,9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ,cologne1 :i* 7 v f]tile ( pr9t$ books1 ,go?ic 0 ! fav\rite4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,dut* type1 z repres5t$ by ! excell5t pr9t] ,g]>d ,leew1 is v pron\nc$ & uncompromis+ ,go?ic4 ,?is type 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,caxton's successor1 & 0 us$ !re ) v little v>iation all ?r\gh ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & inde$ into ! eighte5?4 ,mo/ ( ,caxton's own types are ( an e>li] "*1 ?\gh !y also mu* resemble ,flemi% or ,cologne lett]4 ,aft] ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! degradation ( pr9t+1 especially 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 w5t on apace2 & by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 0 no really beautiful pr9t+ done3 ! be/1 mo/ly ,fr5* or ,l[-,c\ntry1 0 neat & cle>1 b )\t any di/9ction2 ! wor/1 :i* p]haps 0 ! ,engli%1 0 a t]rible fall+-(f f ! "w ( ! e>li] presses2 & ?+s got worse & worse ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 s t 9 ! eighte5? pr9t+ 0 v mis]ably p]=m$4 ,9 ,engl& ab\t ?is "t1 an attempt 0 made 7notably by ,caslon1 :o />t$ bus9ess 9 ,london z a type-f\nd] 9 #agbj7 to improve ! lett] 9 =m4 ,caslon's type is cle> & neat1 & fairly well design$2 he seems to h tak5 ! lett] ( ! ,elzevirs ( ! sev5te5? c5tury = 8 model3 type ca/ f 8 matrices is /ill 9 ev]yday use4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( 8 praisewor?y ef=ts1 pr9t+ _h /ill "o la/ degradation to und]go4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury f\nts 7 bad r negatively ?an positively4 ,b = ! beauty ( ! e>li] "w !y might h seem$ tol]able4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! f\nd]s ( ! lat] eighte5? c5tury to produce lett]s :i* are positively ugly1 & :i*1 x may be add$1 are dazzl+ & unpleasant to ! eye ow+ to ! clumsy ?ick5+ & vulg> ?9n+ ( ! l9es3 = ! sev5te5?-c5tury lett]s are at lea/ pure & simple 9 l9e4 ,! ,italian1 ,bodoni1 & ! ,fr5*man1 ,didot1 7 ! lead]s 9 ?is luckless *ange1 ?\gh our own ,bask]ville1 :o 0 at "w "s ye>s be=e !m1 w5t mu* on ! same l9es2 b 8 lett]s1 ?\gh un9t]e/+ & poor1 are n ne>ly s gross & vulg> z ^? ( ei!r ! ,italian or ! ,fr5*man4 ,) ?is *ange ! art ( pr9t+ t\*$ bottom1 s f> z f9e pr9t+ is conc]n$1 ?\gh pap] did n get to its wor/ till ab\t #ahdj4 ,! ,*iswick press 9 #ahdd reviv$ ,caslon's f\nts1 pr9t+ = ,messrs4 ,longman ! ,di>y ( ,lady ,will\ghby4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 s f> successful t ab\t #ahej ,messrs4 ,mill] & ,ri*>d ( ,ed9burgh 7 induc$ to cut pun*es = a s]ies ( old /yle lett]s4 ,^! & simil> f\nts1 ca/ by ! above firm & o!rs1 h n[ come into g5]al use & are obvi\sly a great improvem5t on ! ord9>y mod]n /yle 9 use 9 ,engl&1 :i* is 9 fact ! ,bodoni type a little r$uc$ 9 ugl9ess4 ,! design ( ! lett]s ( ?is mod]n old /yle leaves a good deal to be desir$1 & ! :ole effect is a little too gray1 ow+ to ! ?9ness ( ! lett]s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t mo/ mod]n pr9t+ is done by ma*9]y on s(t pap]1 & n by ! h& press1 & ^! some:at wiry lett]s are suitable = ! ma*9e process1 :i* w\ld n d ju/ice to lett]s ( m g5]\s design4 ,x is disc\rag+ to note t ! improvem5t ( ! la/ fifty ye>s is almo/ :olly conf9$ to ,great ,brita94 ,"h & !re a book is pr9t$ 9 ,france or ,g]many ) "s pret5sion to good ta/e1 b ! g5]al revival ( ! old =ms has made no way 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,italy is cont5t$ly /agnant4 ,am]ica has produc$ a good _m %[y books1 ! typography1 pap]1 & illu/rations ( :i* are1 h[ev]1 all wrong1 oddity r ?an rational beauty & mean+ be+ app>5tly ! ?+ s\ght = bo? 9 ! lett]s & ! illu/rations4 ,to say a few words on ! pr9ciples ( design 9 typography3 x is obvi\s t legibility is ! fir/ ?+ to be aim$ at 9 ! =ms ( ! lett]s2 ?is is be/ fur!r$ by ! avoidance ( irrational swell+s & spiky projections1 & by ! us+ ( c>eful purity ( l9e4 ,ev5 ! ,caslon type :5 enl>g$ %[s great %ortcom+s 9 ?is respect3 ! ends ( _m ( ! lett]s su* z ! t & e are hook$ up 9 a vulg> & mean+less way1 in/ead ( end+ 9 ! %>p & cle> /roke ( ,j5son's lett]s2 !re is a grossness 9 ! upp] f9i%+s ( lett]s l ! c1 ! a1 & s on1 an ugly pe>-%ap$ swell+ defac+ ! =m ( ! lett]3 9 %ort1 x happ5s to ?is craft1 z to o!rs1 t ! utilit>ian practice1 ?\gh x pr(esses to avoid ornam5t1 /ill cl+s to a fooli%1 because misund]/ood conv5tionality1 d$uc$ f :at 0 once ornam5t1 & is by no means useful2 :i* title c only be claim$ by arti/ic practice1 :e!r ! art 9 x be consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,9 no *>act]s is ! contra/ betwe5 ! ugly & vulg> illegibility ( ! mod]n type & ! elegance & legibility ( ! anci5t m /rik+ ?an 9 ! ,arabic num]als4 ,9 ! old pr9t ea* figure has its def9ite individuality1 & "o _c be mi/ak5 = ! o!r2 9 read+ ! mod]n figures ! eyes mu/ be /ra9$ be=e ! read] c h any reasonable assurance t he has a #e1 an #h1 or a #c be=e him1 unless ! press "w is ( ! be/3 ?is is awkw>d if y h to read ,brad%aw's ,guide 9 a hurry4 ,"o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! f9e type & ! utilit>ian mu/ probably be put d[n to a misappreh5sion ( a comm]cial necessity3 ?is is ! n>r[+ ( ! mod]n lett]s4 ,mo/ ( ,j5son's lett]s are design$ )9 a squ>e1 ! mod]n lett]s are n>r[$ by a ?ird or !reab\t2 b :ile ?is ga9 ( space v mu* hamp]s ! possibility ( beauty ( design1 x is n a real ga91 = ! mod]n pr9t] ?r[s ! ga9 away by putt+ inord9ately wide spaces betwe5 8 l9es1 :i*1 probably1 ! lat]al compression ( 8 lett]s r5d]s necess>y4 ,comm]cialism aga9 compels ! use ( type too small 9 size to be com=table read+3 ! size kn[n z ,long prim] ought to be ! smalle/ size us$ 9 a book meant to be read4 ,"h1 aga91 if ! practice ( lead+ 7 retr5*$ l>g] type c\ld be us$ )\t enhanc+ ! price ( a book4 ,"o v important matt] 9 sett+ up = f9e pr9t+ is ! spac+1 t is1 ! lat]al di/ance ( words f "o ano!r4 ,9 good pr9t+ ! spaces betwe5 ! words %\ld be z ne> z possible equal 7x is impossible t !y %\ld be q equal except 9 l9es ( poetry72 mod]n pr9t]s und]/& ?is1 b x is only practis$ 9 ! v be/ e/abli%m5ts4 ,b ano!r po9t :i* !y %\ld att5d to !y almo/ always disreg>d2 ?is is ! t5d5cy to ! =mation ( ugly me&]+ :ite l9es or riv]s 9 ! page1 a blemi% :i* c be ne>ly1 ?\gh n :olly1 avoid$ by c>e & =e?\ght1 ! desirable ?+ be+ ! break+ ( ! l9e z 9 bond+ masonry or brickwork1 ?us3 ,! g5]al solidity ( a page is mu* to be s\ght =3 mod]n pr9t]s g5]ally ov]do ! :ites 9 ! spac+1 a defect probably =c$ on !m by ! *>act]less quality ( ! lett]s4 ,= :]e ^! are boldly & c>efully design$1 & ea* lett] is ?or\ghly individual 9 =m1 ! words may be set mu* clos] toge!r1 )\t loss ( cle>ness4 ,no def9ite rules1 h[ev]1 except ! avoidance ( riv]s & excess ( :ite1 c be giv5 = ! spac+1 :i* requires ! con/ant ex]cise ( judgm5t & ta/e on ! "p ( ! pr9t]4 ,! position ( ! page on ! pap] %\ld be consid]$ if ! book is to h a satisfactory look4 ,"h once m ! almo/ inv>iable mod]n practice is 9 opposition to a natural s5se ( proportion4 ,f ! "t :5 books fir/ took _! pres5t %ape till ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 or inde$ lat]1 ! page s lay on ! pap] t !re 0 m space all[$ to ! bottom & =e m>g9 ?an to ! top & back ( ! pap]1 ?us3 ------------------ xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx ------------------ ! unit ( ! book be+ look$ on z ! two pages =m+ an op5+4 ,! mod]n pr9t]1 9 ! tee? ( ! evid5ce giv5 by 8 own eyes1 consid]s ! s+le page z ! unit1 & pr9ts ! page 9 ! middle ( 8 pap]--only nom9ally s1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases1 s9ce :5 he uses a headl9e he c\nts t 91 ! result z measur$ by ! eye be+ t ! l[] m>g9 is less ?an ! top "o1 & t ! :ole op5+ has an upside-d[n look v]tically1 & t lat]ally ! page looks z if x 7 be+ driv5 (f ! pap]4 ,! pap] on :i* ! pr9t+ is to be done is a necess>y "p ( our subject3 ( ?is x may be said t ?\gh !re is "s good pap] made n[1 x is nev] us$ except = v exp5sive books1 al?\gh x w\ld n mat]ially increase ! co/ 9 all b ! v *eape/4 ,! pap] t is us$ = ord9>y books is exce$+ly bad ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 b is beat5 9 ! race = vil5ess by t made 9 ,am]ica1 :i* is ! wor/ conceivable4 ,!re seems to be no reason :y ord9>y pap] %\ld n be bett] made1 ev5 all[+ ! necessity = a v l[ price2 b any improvem5t mu/ be bas$ on %[+ op5ly t ! *eap article is *eap1 e4g4 ! *eap pap] %\ld n sacrifice t\ghness & durability to a smoo? & :ite surface1 :i* %\ld be indications ( a delicacy ( mat]ial & manufacture :i* w\ld ( necessity increase its co/4 ,"o fruitful s\rce ( badness 9 pap] is ! habit t publi%]s h ( ek+ out a ?9 volume by pr9t+ x on ?ick pap] almo/ ( ! sub/ance ( c>dbo>d1 a device :i* deceives nobody1 & makes a book v unpleasant to read4 ,on ! :ole1 a small book %\ld be pr9t$ on pap] :i* is z ?9 z may be )\t be+ transp>5t4 ,! pap] us$ = pr9t+ ! small highly ornam5t$ ,fr5* s]vice-books ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury is a model 9 ?is respect1 be+ ?91 t\gh1 & opaque4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact mu/ n be bl9k$ t ma*9e-made pap] _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s be made ( s good a texture z t made by h&4 ,! ornam5tation ( pr9t$ books is too wide a subject to be dealt ) fully "h2 b "o ?+ mu/ be said on x4 ,! ess5tial po9t to be rememb]$ is t ! ornam5t1 :atev] x is1 :e!r picture or patt]n-"w1 %\ld =m "p ( ! page1 %\ld be a "p ( ! :ole s*eme ( ! book4 ,simple z ?is proposition is1 x is necess>y to be /at$1 because ! mod]n practice is to disreg>d ! relation betwe5 ! pr9t+ & ! ornam5t altoge!r1 s t if ! two are helpful to "o ano!r x is a m]e matt] ( accid5t4 ,! due relation ( lett] to pictures & o!r ornam5t 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! old pr9t]s2 s t ev5 :5 ! woodcuts are v rude inde$1 ! proportions ( ! page /ill give pleasure by ! s5se ( ri*ness t ! cuts & lett] toge!r convey4 ,:51 z is mo/ (t5 ! case1 !re is actual beauty 9 ! cuts1 ! books s ornam5t$ are among/ ! mo/ delightful works ( art t h ev] be5 produc$4 ,!re=e1 grant$ well-design$ type1 due spac+ ( ! l9es & words1 & prop] position ( ! page on ! pap]1 all books might be at lea/ comely & well-look+3 & if to ^! good qualities 7 add$ really beautiful ornam5t & pictures1 pr9t$ books might once aga9 illu/rate to ! full ! position ( our ,society t a "w ( utility might be also a "w ( art1 if we c>$ to make x s4 ,,william ,,morris4 ,,em]y ,,walk]4 ,,bookb9d+ ,mod]n bookb9d+ dates f ! application ( pr9t+ to lit]ature1 & 9 ess5tials has rema9$ un*ang$ to ! pres5t day1 ?\gh 9 ^? outw>d *>act]i/ics1 :i* appeal to ! t\* & to ! eye1 & con/itute b9d+ 9 an arti/ic s5se1 x has gone ?r\gh _m *anges = bett] & = worse1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 h result$1 9 ! ma91 9 ! exagg]ation ( te*nical skill & 9 ! dea? ( arti/ic fancy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ op]ation ( ! mod]n b9d] is to fold or refold ! pr9t$ %eet into a section1 & to ga!r ! sections1 numb]$ or lett]$ at ! foot1 9 _! prop] ord] into a volume4 ,! sections are !n tak51 "o by "o1 plac$ face d[nw>ds 9 a frame1 & sewn ?r\gh ! back by a cont9u\s ?read runn+ backw>ds & =w>ds along ! backs ( ! sections to upright /r+s fa/5$ at regul> int]vals 9 ! sew+ frame4 ,?is process unites ! sections to "o ano!r 9 s]ies "o aft] ! o!r1 & p]mits ! p]usal ( ! book by ! simple turn+ ( leaf aft] leaf ^u ! h+e =m$ by ! ?read & ! back ( ! section4 ,a volume1 or s]ies ( sections1 s treat$1 ! ends ( ! /r+ be+ prop]ly secur$1 is ess5tially b\nd2 all t is subsequ5tly done is done = ! protection or = ! decoration ( ! volume or ( its cov]4 ,! sides ( a volume are protect$ by millbo>ds1 call$ %ortly bo>ds4 ,! bo>ds !mselves & ! back are protect$ by a cov] ( lea!r1 vellum1 silk1 l951 or pap]1 :olly or 9 "p4 ,! edges ( ! volume are protect$ by ! projection ( ! bo>ds beyond !m at top1 bottom1 & =e-edge1 & usually by be+ cut smoo? & gilt4 ,a volume s b\nd & protect$ may be decorat$ by tool+ or o!rwise ^u all ! expos$ surfaces 7^u ! edges1 ! sides1 & ! back7 & may be designat$ by lett]+ ^u ! back or ! sides4 ,! degree 9 :i* a b\nd book is protect$ & decorat$ w det]m9e ! class to :i* ! b9d+ w belong4 7#a7 ,9 clo? b9d+1 ! cov]1 call$ a case1 is made ap>t f ! book1 & is atta*$ z a :ole aft] ! book is sewn4 7#b7 ,9 half b9d+1 ! cov] is built up = & on ea* individual book1 b ! bo>ds ( :i* x is compos$ are only p>tly cov]$ ) ! lea!r or o!r mat]ial :i* cov]s ! back4 7#c7 ,9 :ole b9d+1 ! bo>ds are :olly cov]$ ) lea!r or o!r durable mat]ial1 :i* 9 half b9d+ cov]s only a portion ( !m4 7#d7 ,9 extra b9d+1 :ole b9d+ is advanc$ a /age high] by decoration4 ,( c\rse 9 ! v>i\s /ages ! details v>y comm5surately ) ! /age itself1 be+ m or less elaborate z ! /age is high] or l[] 9 ! scale4 ,! process ( extra b9d+ set out 9 m detail is z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,fir/ ! sections are fold$ or refold$4 7#b7 ,!n end-pap]s--sections ( pla9 pap] add$ at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! volume to protect ! fir/ & la/1 ! mo/ expos$1 sections ( pr9t$ matt] con/itut+ ! volume prop]--hav+ be5 prep>$ & add$1 ! sections are beat51 or roll$1 or press$1 to make !m solid4 ,! end-pap]s are usually add$ at a lat] /age1 & are pa/$ on1 & n sewn1 b1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 x is bett] to add !m at ?is /age1 & to sew !m & n to pa/e !m4 7#c7 ,!n ! sections are sewn z already describ$4 7#d7 ,:5 sewn ! volume passes into ! h&s ( ! =w>d]1 :o 7#e7 ,makes ! back1 beat+ x r\nd1 if ! back is to be r\nd1 & back+ x1 or mak+ x fan out f ! c5tre to "r & left & project at ! edges1 to =m a k9d ( ridge to receive & to protect ! edges ( ! bo>ds :i* =m ! sides ( ! cov]4 7#f7 ,! back hav+ be5 made1 ! bo>ds 7made ( millbo>d1 & orig9ally ( wood7 = ! protection ( ! sides are made & cut to %ape1 & atta*$ by lac+ into !m ! ends ( ! /r+s ^u :i* ! book has be5 sewn4 7#g7 ,! bo>ds hav+ be5 atta*$1 ! edges ( ! book are n[ cut smoo? & ev5 at ! top1 bottom1 & =e-edge1 ! edges ( ! bo>ds be+ us$ z guides = ! purpose4 ,9 "s cases ! ord] is rev]s$1 & ! edges are fir/ cut & !n ! bo>ds4 7#h7 ,! edges may n[ be col\r$ & gilt1 & if x is propos$ to gauff] or to decorate !m ) tool+1 !y are s treat$ at ?is /age4 7#i7 ,! head-b& is next work$ on at head & tail1 & ! back l9$ ) pap] or lea!r or o!r mat]ial to keep ! head-b& 9 its place & to /r5g!n ! back itself4 ,! book is n[ ready to be cov]$4 7#aj7 ,if ! book is cov]$ ) lea!r1 ! lea!r is c>efully p>$ all r\nd ! edges & along ! l9e ( ! back1 to make ! edges %>p & ! jo9ts free4 7#aa7 ,! book hav+ be5 cov]$1 ! depression on ! inside ( ! bo>ds caus$ by ! ov]lap ( ! lea!r is fill$ 9 ) pap]1 s t ! entire inn] surface may be smoo? & ev51 & ready to receive ! fir/ & la/ leaves ( ! end-pap]s1 :i* f9ally are cut to %ape & pa/$ d[n1 leav+ ! bord]s only uncov]$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ & la/ leaves ( ! end-pap]s are ( silk1 & ! jo9t ( lea!r1 9 :i* case1 ( c\rse1 ! end-pap]s are n pa/$ d[n1 b ! insides ( ! bo>ds are indep5d5tly treat$1 & are cov]$1 sometimes ) lea!r1 sometimes ) silk or o!r mat]ial4 ,! book is n[ =w>d$1 & passes into ! h&s ( ! f9i%] to be tool$ or decorat$1 or f9i%$ z x is call$4 ,! decoration 9 gold on ! surface ( lea!r is wr\ght out1 bit by bit1 by means ( small brass /amps call$ tools4 ,! /eps ( ! process are %ortly z foll[s3-- 7#ab7 ,! patt]n hav+ be5 settl$ & work$ out on pap]1 x is transf]r$ to1 or m>k$ out on1 ! v>i\s surfaces to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,ea* surface is !n prep>$ 9 succession1 &1 if l>ge1 bit by bit1 to receive ! gold4 7#ac7 ,fir/ ! lea!r is wa%$ ) wat] or ) v9eg>4 7#ad7 ,!n ! patt]n is p5cill$ ov] ) glaire 7:ite ( egg beat5 up & dra9$ (f71 or ! surface is :olly wa%$ ) x4 7#ae7 ,next x is sme>$ lightly ) grease or oil4 7#af7 ,&1 f9ally1 ! gold 7gold leaf7 is appli$ by a pad ( cotton wool1 or a flat ?9 bru% call$ a tip4 7#ag7 ,! patt]n1 visible ?r\gh ! gold1 is n[ reimpress$ or work$ ) ! tools heat$ to ab\t ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 & ! unimpress$ or wa/e gold is remov$ by an oil$ rag1 leav+ ! patt]n 9 gold & ! re/ ( ! lea!r cle>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! sev]al op]ations are1 9 ,engl&1 usually di/ribut$ among five classes ( p]sons4 7#a7 ,! sup]9t5d5t or p]son responsible = ! :ole "w4 7#b7 ,! sew]1 usually a woman1 :o folds1 sews1 & makes ! head-b&s4 7#c7 ,! book-edge gild]1 :o gilds ! edges4 ,usually a craft ap>t4 7#d7 ,! =w>d]1 :o p]=ms all ! o!r op]ations lead+ up to ! f9i%+4 7#e7 ,! f9i%]1 :o decorates & lett]s ! volume aft] x is =w>d$4 ,9 ,p>is ! "w is /ill fur!r di/ribut$1 a special workman 7c\vreur7 be+ employ$ to prep>e ! lea!r = cov]+ & to cov]4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 ! "w1 z a craft ( beauty1 suff]s1 z d ! workm51 f ! allocation ( diff]5t op]ations to diff]5t workm54 ,! "w %\ld be conceiv$ ( z "o1 & be :olly execut$ by "o p]son1 or at mo/ by two1 & especially %\ld !re be no di/9ction betwe5 f9i%] & =w>d]1 betwe5 executant & arti/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ te*nical names may s]ve to call att5tion to ! pr9cipal features ( a b\nd book4 7#a7 ,! back1 ! po/]ior edge ( ! volume ^u :i* at ! pres5t "t ! title is usually plac$4 ,=m]ly x 0 plac$ on ! =e-edge or side4 ,! back may be 7a7 convex or concave or flat2 7b7 m>k$ horizontally ) b&s1 or smoo? f head to tail2 7c7 tight1 ! lea!r or o!r cov]+ adh]+ to ! back itself1 or holl[1 ! lea!r or o!r cov]+ n s adh]+2 & 7d7 /iff or flexible4 7#b7 ,edges1 ! ?ree o!r edges ( ! book1--! top1 ! bottom1 & ! =e-edge4 7#c7 ,b&s1 ! cords ^u :i* ! book is sewn1 & :i*1 if n let 9 or emb$d$ 9 ! back1 appe> on x z p>allel ridges4 ,! ridges are1 h[ev]1 usually artificial1 ! real b&s be+ let 9 to facilitate ! sew+1 & _! places suppli$ by ?9 slips ( lea!r cut to resemble !m & glu$ on ! back4 ,?is process also enables ! =w>d] to give great %>pness & f9i% to ?is "p ( 8 "w1 if he ?9k x wor? :ile4 7#d7 ,betwe5-b&s1 ! space betwe5 ! b&s4 7#e7 ,head & tail1 ! top & bottom ( ! back4 7#f7 ,! head-b& & head-cap1 ! fillet ( silk work$ 9 buttonhole /it* at ! head & tail1 & ! cap or cov] ( lea!r ov] x4 ,! head-b& _h its orig9 probably 9 ! desire to /r5g!n ! back & to resi/ ! /ra9 :5 a book is pull$ by head or tail f ! %elf4 7#g7 ,bo>ds1 ! sides ( ! cov]1 /iff or limp1 ?ick or ?91 9 all degrees4 7#h7 ,squ>es1 ! projection ( ! bo>ds beyond ! edges ( ! book4 ,^! may be %all[ or deep 9 all degrees1 limit$ only by ! purpose !y h to fulfil & ! dang] !y w !mselves be expos$ to if too deep4 7#i7 ,bord]s1 ! ov]laps ( lea!r on ! insides ( ! bo>ds4 7#aj7 ,pro(1 ! r\gh edges ( leaves left uncut 9 cutt+ ! edges to %[ :]e ! orig9al m>g9 01 & to prove t ! cutt+ has n be5 too sev]e4 ,! life ( bookb9d+ is 9 ! da9ty mutation ( its mutable elem5ts--back1 b&s1 bo>ds1 squ>es1 decoration4 ,^! elem5ts admit ( almo/ endless v>iation1 s+ly & 9 comb9ation1 9 k9d & 9 degree4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 !y are n[ almo/ always uni=mly treat$ or work$ up to "o type or set ( types4 ,?is is ! dea? ( bookb9d+ z a craft ( beauty4 ,! f9i%1 moreov]1 or execution1 has outrun inv5tion1 & is ! great *>act]i/ic ( mod]n bookb9d+4 ,?is aga91 ! inv]sion ( ! due ord]1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 b z ! c>v+ on ! tomb ( a dead art1 & itself dead4 ,a well-b\nd beautiful book is nei!r ( "o type1 nor f9i%$ s t its highe/ praise is t _h x be5 made by a ma*9e x c\ld n h be5 made bett]4 ,x is individual2 x is in/9ct ) ! h& ( him :o made x2 x is pleasant to feel1 to h&le1 & to see2 x is ! orig9al "w ( an orig9al m9d work+ 9 fre$om simultane\sly ) h& & he>t & bra9 to produce a ?+ ( use1 :i* all "t %all agree ev] m & m also to call a ?+ ( beauty4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,cobd5-,,s&]son4 ,,( ,,mural ,,pa9t+ ,!re seems no precise reason :y ! subject ( ?is note %\ld diff] mu* f t ( ,mr4 ,crane's article on ,decorative ,pa9t+ 7pp4 #ci-ea74 ,mural ,pa9t+ ne$ n1 z su*1 consi/ ( any "o sort ( pa9t+ m ?an ano!r4 ,decorative ,pa9t+ does seem1 on ! o!r h&1 to indicate a c]ta9 desire or und]tak+ to r5d] ! object pa9t$ m pleasant to ! behold]'s eye4 ,f long habit1 h[ev]1 *iefly induc$ by ! con/ant practice ( ! ,italians ( mod]n times1 ,mural ,pa9t+ has come to be look$ ^u z figure pa9t+ 79 fact1 ! human figure exclusively7 on walls--& no o!r sort ( objects c suffici5tly imp>t t dignity to a build+ :i* x seems to crave =4 ,i c ?9k ( no valid reason :y a set ( rooms1 or walls1 %\ld n be decorat$ ) animals 9 lieu ( humans1 z ! late ,mr4 ,trelawney us$ to call u3 "o wall to be devot$ to monkeys1 a second to be fill$ 9 ) tig]s1 a ?ird to be giv5 up to horses1 etc4 etc4 ,i "k m5 9 ,engl&1 &1 ,i believe1 "s arti/s1 :o w\ld be delight$ ) ! sub/itution4 ,b ,i hope ! g5]al s5se ( ! public w\ld be set aga9/ su* subjects1 & ! l[]+ effects ( !m on e "o1 & ! k9d ( humiliation we %\ld feel at kn[+ !m to exi/4 ,i h be5 in=m$ t 9 ,b]l9 ! walls ( ! rooms :]e ! antique /atues are kept h be5 pa9t$ ) mix$ subjects repres5t+ antique build+s ) antique ,greek views & l&scapes1 to back up1 z x 71 ! /atues4 ,i mu/ own x1 t )\t hav+ se5 ! decoration 9 "q1 ,i feel fill$ ) extreme av]sion = ! plan4 ,! m s :5 "o consid]s ! extreme unlikelihood ( ! same be+ made tol]able 9 col\r at ,b]l94 ,i h also be5 told t "s pa9t]s 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 bitt5 ) a desire to decorate build+s1 h pa9t$ "o set ( rooms ) l&scapes4 ,?is1 )\t ! lea/ k ( ! works 9 "q1 z l&scapes1 ,i mu/ all[ ,i regret4 ,!re is1 x seems to me1 an unbridgeable *asm1 n to be pass$1 betwe5 l&scape art & ! decoration ( walls2 = ! v ess5ce ( ! l&scape art is di/ance1 :]eas ! v ess5ce ( ! wall-picture is its solidity1 or1 at lea/1 its n appe>+ to be a hole 9 ! wall4 ,on ! matt] ( subjects fit = pa9t+ on walls ,i may h a few words to say f>!r on 9 ?is pap]1 b fir/ ,i _h bett] set d[n :at little ,i h to advise ) reg>d to ! mat]ial & mode ( execut+4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,italian or ,buon ,fresco ,i look ^u z practically giv5 up 9 ?is c\ntry1 & e o!r ,european c\ntry t has n a climate to equal ,italy4 ,if ! climate ( ,p>is w n admit ( ?is process1 h[ mu* less is our damp1 foggy1 *angeable atmosph]e likely to put up ) x = _m ye>s6 ,x is true t ! frescoes ( ,william ,dyce h la/$ = "s ?irty ye>s )\t app>5t damage2 b also x is ! case t ! ,que5's ,rob+ ,rooms 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords h be5 specially gu>d$ aga9/ atmosph]ic *anges ( temp]ature4 ,next to real fresco1 !re has be5 9 repute = a "t ! wat]glass process1 9 :i* ,daniel ,maclise's great pa9t+s h be5 execut$4 ,i see no precise reason :y ^! noble works %\ld n la/1 & defy climate = _m1 _m long ye>s yet2 ?\gh f want ( exp]i5ce he v mu* endang]$ ?is durability ?r\gh ! too lavi% application ( ! m$ium4 ,b 9 ,g]many1 ! c\ntry ( wat]glass1 ! process is already 9 bad repute4 ,! ?ird alt]native1 _s fresco1 or :at we 9 ,engl& claim z ! ,gambi]-,p>ry process1 has1 ,i und]/&1 sup]s$$ x4 ,i h myself pa9t$ 9 ?is sy/em sev5 works on ! walls ( ! ,man*e/] ,t[n ,hall1 & h _h no reason to compla9 ( _! behavi\r4 ,s9ce beg9n+ ! s]ies1 h[ev]1 a fre% *ange has come ov] ! =tunes ( mural art 9 ! fact t1 9 ,france 7:at mo/ /rongly recomm5ds itself to common s5se71 ! mural pa9t]s h n[ tak5 to pa9t+ on canvas1 :i* is aft]w>ds cem5t$1 or :at ! ,fr5* call m>onflee1 on to ! wall4 ,:ite-lead & oil1 ) a v small admixture ( ros9 melt$ 9 oil1 are ! +r$i5ts us$4 ,x is laid on cold & pl5tifully on ! wall & on ! back ( ! picture1 & ! pa9t+ press$ d[n ) a clo? or h&k]*ief3 no?+ fur!r be+ requir$1 sav+ to gu>d ! edges ( ! canvas f curl+ up be=e ! :ite-lead has _h "t to h>d54 ,! advantage ( ?is process ( cem5t+ lies 9 ! fact t ) ea* succe$+ ye> x mu/ become h>d] & m l /one 9 its consi/5cy4 ,! canvases may be prep>$ z if = oil pa9t+1 & pa9t$ ) common oil-col\rs flatt$ 7or matt$7 aft]w>ds by gum-elemi & spike-oil4 ,or ! canvas may be prep>$ ) ! ,gambi]-,p>ry col\r & pa9t$ 9 t v mat m$ium4 ,! canvases %\ld if possible be f9e 9 texture1 z bett] adapt$ = adh]+ to ! wall4 ,! advantage ( ?is process is t1 %\ld at any "t1 ?r\gh neglect1 damp invade ! wall1 & ! canvas %[ a t5d5cy to get loose1 x w\ld be easy to replace x2 or ! canvas might be altoge!r deta*$ f ! wall & /ra9$ z a picture4 ,i mu/ n[ return to ! *oice ( subject1 a matt] ( mu* importance1 b on :i* x is difficult to give advice4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 may be urg$ z a rule1 & t is1 t v d>k or ,rembr&tesque subjects are p>ticul>ly unsuit$ = mural pa9t+s4 ,i _c g into ! reasons = ?is1 b a slight exp]im5t ought to satisfy ! pa9t]1 hav+ once he>d ! pr9ciple enunciat$3 t is1 if he belong to ! class likely to succe$ at su* "w4 ,ano!r s9e qua non z to subject is t ! pa9t] himself mu/ be all[$ to select x4 ,x is true t c]ta9 limitations may be accord$--= in/ance1 ! arti/ may be requir$ to select a subject ) c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 x--b ! actual inv5tion ( ! subject & work+ out ( x mu/ be 84 ,9 fact1 ! pa9t] himself is ! only judge ( :at he is likely to c>ry out well & ( ! subjects t are pa9table4 ,!n mu* dep5ds on :om ! works are =2 if = ! g5]al public1 & c>ri$ out ) _! money1 c>e 7x seems to me b fair7 %\ld be tak5 t ! subjects are su* z !y c und]/& & take int]e/ 94 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y are pa9t+ = highly-cultur$ p ) a turn = ,greek my?s1 x is q ano!r ?+2 !n1 su* a subject z ,eros reproa*+ 8 bro!r ,ant]os = 8 coldness might be "o (f]+ opportunities = %ades ( s5tim5t suit$ to ! giv]s ( ! commissions conc]n$4 ,b = su* z h n be5 tra9$ to ent]ta9 ^! ref9em5ts1 d[nright facts1 ei!r 9 hi/ory or 9 sociology1 are calculat$ mo/ to excite ! imag9ation4 ,x is n always necess>y = ! spectator to be exact 9 8 conclusions4 ,i rememb] once at ,man*e/]1 ! memb]s ( a ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association _h come to a meet+ 9 ! great hall4 ,"s ( !m 7 !re too soon1 & s 7 look+ r\nd ! room4 ,"o obs]v$3 ,:at's ?is ab\t8 ,8 fri5d answ]$3 ,fall5 (f a ladd]1 ! police are runn+ him 96 ,well1 ?is 0 n q correct4 ,a w\nd$ "y ,dani% *iefta9 0 be+ hurri$ out ( ,man*e/] on 8 comrade's %\ld]s1 ) a view to save 8 life4 ,! ,phrygian helmets ( ! ,danes indicat$ nei!r firem5 nor policem52 b ! idea 0 "o ( mis=tune1 & c>e be/[$ on x--& did z well1 & %[$ sympa?y 9 a some:at uncultivat$1 ?\gh well-int5tion$1 class ( ,lanca/rians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h notic$ t subjects t int]e/ infallibly all classes1 educat$ or illit]ate1 are religi\s subjects4 ,x is n a "q ( piety--b comes f ! simple bread? ( poetry & humanity usually involv$ 9 ?is class ( subject4 ,t ! am\nt ( religiosity 9 ei!r spectator or produc] has no?+ to d ) ! feel+ is cle> if we consid]4 ,! ,spani>ds are "o ( ! mo/ religi\s peoples ev] kn[n1 & yet _! art is s+ul>ly defici5t 9 ?is quality4 ,7 !re ev] two great pa9t]s z want+ 9 ! sacr$ feel+ z ,velasquez & ,murillo8 & yet1 9 all probability1 !y 7 m religi\s ?an ourselves4 ,x only rema9s = me to po9t to ! fact t mural pa9t+1 :5 x has be5 practis$ jo9tly by ^? :o 7 at ! same "t easel-pa9t]s1 has inv>iably rais$ ^? pa9t]s to f> high] flights & in/ances ( /yle ?an !y seem capable ( 9 ! small] pa?4 ,take ! examples left u1 say by ,raphael & ,mi*el ,angelo1 or "s ( ! e>li] ma/]s1 su* z ! ,fulm9ati ( ,signorelli1 comp>$ ) 8 specim5s 9 our ,national ,gall]y2 or ! works left on walls by ev5 less fav\r$ arti/s1 su* z ,dom5i*9o & ,&rea del ,s>to1 or ! ,fr5* de la ,ro*e's ,hemicycle1 or our own great pa9t]s ,dyce & ,maclise's frescoes2 ! same rise 9 /yle1 ! same improvem5t1 is ev]y:]e to be notic$1 bo? 9 draw+1 9 col\r1 & 9 fle%-pa9t+4 ,f4 ,,madox ,,br[n4 ,,( ,,sgraffito ,,"w ,! ,italian words ,graffiato1 ,sgraffiato1 or ,sgraffito1 mean ,scrat*$1 & scrat*$ "w is ! olde/ =m ( graphic expression & surface decoration us$ by man4 ,! t]m ,sgraffito is1 h[ev]1 specially us$ to d5ote decoration scrat*$ or incis$ ^u pla/] or pott]'s clay :ile /ill s(t1 & = beauty ( effect dep5ds ei!r solely ^u l9es ?us incis$ accord+ to design1 ) ! result+ contra/ ( surfaces1 or p>tly ^u su* l9es & contra/1 & p>tly ^u an "u-coat ( col\r reveal$ by ! incisions2 :ile1 aga91 ! means at disposal may be increas$ by v>y+ ! col\rs ( ! "u-coat 9 accordance ) ! design4 ,( ! pott]'s sgraffito ,i h no exp]i5ce1 b x is my pres5t purpose briefly & practically to exam9e ! me?od1 special aptitudes1 & limitations ( poly*rome sgraffito z appli$ to ! pla/]]'s craft4 ,fir/1 !n1 z to me?od4 ,giv5 ! wall int5d$ to be treat$3 grant$ ! completion ( ! s*eme ( decoration1 ! c>toons hav+ be5 execut$ 9 sev]al col\rs & ! outl9es firmly prick$1 & fur!r1 all ?+s be+ ready = beg9n+ "w4 ,hack (f any exi/+ pla/] f ! wall3 :5 b>e1 rake & sweep out ! jo9ts ?or\ghly3 :5 clean1 give ! wall z mu* wat] z x w dr9k3 lay ! co>se coat1 leav+ ! face r\gh 9 ord] to make a good key = ! next coat3 :5 suffici5tly set1 fix y\r c>toon 9 its de/9$ position ) slate nails3 p\nce ?r\gh ! prick$ outl9es3 remove ! c>toon3 replace ! nails 9 ! regi/] holes3 m>k 9 ) a bru% 9 :ite oil pa9t ! spaces = ! diff]5t col\rs z %[n 9 ! c>toon1 & p\nc$ 9 outl9e on ! co>se coat1 plac+ ! lett]s ,b1 ,r1 ,y1 etc41 z ! case may be1 9 ord] to %[ ! pla/]] :]e to lay ! diff]5t col\rs--,black1 ,r$1 ,yell[1 etc43 give ! wall z mu* wat] z x w dr9k3 lay ! col\r coat 9 accordance ) ! lett]$ spaces on ! co>se coat1 tak+ c>e n to displace ! regi/] nails1 & leav+ pl5ty ( key = ! f9al surface coat4 ,9 lay+ ! col\r coat1 calculate h[ mu* ( ! col\r surface x may be advisable to get on ! wall1 z ! same duration ( "t %\ld be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! "w betwe5 ! lay+ ( ! col\r coat & ! foll[+ on ) ! f9al surface coat--= ?is reason1 if ! col\r coat sets h>d be=e ! f9al coat is laid1 x w n be possible to scrape up ! col\r to its full /r5g? :]ev] x may be reveal$ by incision ( ! design4 ,:5 suffici5tly set1 i4e4 9 ab\t #bd h\rs1 foll[ on ) ! f9al surface coat1 only lay+ z mu* z c be cut & clean$ up 9 a day3 :5 ?is is suffici5tly /eady1 fix up ! c>toon 9 its regi/]$ position3 p\nce ?r\gh ! prick$ outl9es3 remove ! c>toon & cut ! design 9 ! surface coat be=e x sets3 !n1 if y\r regi/] is correct1 y w cut ?r\gh to diff]5t col\rs accord+ to ! design1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few days ! "w %\ld set z h>d & homog5e\s z /one1 & z damp-pro( z ! nature ( ?+s p]mits4 ,! ?ree coats above ref]r$ to may be gaug$ z foll[s3-- ,co>se ,coat4--#b or #c ( %>p clean s& to #a ( ,portl&1 to be laid ab\t #c_/d in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is coat is to promote an ev5 suction & to keep back damp4 ,col\r ,coat4--#a ( col\r to #a-a_/b ( old ,portl&1 to be laid ab\t #a_/h in* 9 ?ickness4 ,specially prep>$ di/emp] col\rs %\ld be us$1 & among/ su* may be m5tion$ gold5 o*re1 ,turkey r$1 ,indian r$1 manganese black1 lime blue1 & umb]4 ,f9al ,surface ,coat4--,ab]?aw lime & sel5itic cem5t1 bo? sift$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve--! proportions ( ! gauge dep5d ^u ! heat ( ! lime3 or1 ,p>ian cem5t sift$ z above--air-slak$ = #bd h\rs1 & gaug$ ) wat] col\r$ ) o*re1 s z to give a creamy tone :5 ! pla/] dries out3 or1 #c ( sel5itic cem5t to #b ( silv] s&1 bo? sift$ z above--?is may be us$ = out-door "w4 ,individual ta/e & exp]i5ce mu/ decide z to ! ?ickness ( ! f9al coat1 b if laid betwe5 #a_/h & #a_/ab in*1 & ! l9es cut ) slant+ edges1 a side light gives emphasis to ! f9i%$ result1 mak+ ! outl9es tell alt]nately z !y take ! light or ca/ a %ad[4 ,pla/]]s' small tools ( v>i\s k9ds & knife-blades fix$ 9 tool h&les w be f\nd suit$ to ! simple craft ( cutt+ & cle>+ (f ! f9al surface coat2 b z to ?is a craftsman f9ds 8 own tools by exp]i5ce1 & inde$ by ! same acquir$ p]ception mu/ be int]pret$ all ! =ego+ directions1 & specially t ambigu\s ^w1 de> to ! writ]s ( recipes1--,suffici5t4 ,?us f> me?od4 ,n[1 z to special aptitudes & limitations4 ,sgraffito "w may claim a special aptitude = design ^: c5tre ( aim is l9e4 ,x has no beauty ( mat]ial l glass1 no my/]y ( surface l mosaic1 no pre-em95ce ( subtly-wov5 tone & col\r l tape/ry2 yet x gives fre] play to l9e ?an any ( ^! m5tion$ fields ( design1 & a c>toon = sgraffito c be execut$ 9 facsimile1 undeviat$ by w>p & wo(1 & un*eck$ by angul> tess]ae or lead l9es4 ,true1 h>dness ( design may easily result f ?is aptitude1 inde$ is to a c]ta9 ext5t inh]5t to ! me?od "u exam9ation1 b 9 ov]com+ ?is dang] & 9 mak+ ! mo/ ( ?is aptitude is ! arti/ discov]$4 ,sgraffito f its v nature ass]ts ! wall2 t is1 pres]ves ! solid appe>ance ( ! build+ :i* x is int5d$ to decorate4 ,! decoration is 9 ! wall r ?an on ! wall4 ,x seems to be organic4 ,! inn] surface ( ! actual wall *anges col\r 9 puzzl+ b ord]ly sequ5ce1 z ! upp] surface passes into expressive l9es & spaces1 deliv]s its simple message1 & !n relapses into sil5ce2 b :e!r incis$ ) intricate design1 or left 9 pla9 reliev+ spaces1 ! wall receives no fur!r treatm5t1 ! m>ks ( float1 tr[el1 & scrap] rema91 & comb9e to make a natural surface4 ,x compels ! "w to be execut$ 9 situ4 ,! /udio mu/ be ex*ang$ = ! scaffold1 & ! result %\ld ju/ify ! inconv5i5ce4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! s*eme ( decoration may be design$1 slight yet important modifications & readju/m5ts w probably be f\nd necess>y 9 ! transf] f c>toon to wall2 & ?\gh ! asc5t ( ! scaffold may seem an indignity to ^? :o pref] to suff] vic>i\sly 9 ! execution ( _! works1 & ?\gh we ( ! n9ete5? "k1 z ,c5n9i ( ! fifte5? c5tury knew1 t pa9t+ pictures is ! prop] employm5t ( a g5tleman1 & ) velvet on 8 back he may pa9t :at he pleases1 /ill ! fact rema9s1 t if decoration is to atta9 t inevitable fitness = its place :i* is ! fulfilm5t ( design1 ?is prop] employm5t ( a g5tleman mu/ be po/pon$1 & velvet ex*ang$ = bl\se4 ,x compels a quick1 sure mann] ( "w2 & ?is quickness ( execution1 due to ! sett+ nature ( ! f9al coat1 & to ! consequ5t necessity ( work+ aga9/ "t1 gives an appe>ance ( /r5u\s ease to ! firm incisions & spaces by :i* ! design is express$1 & a liv+ en]gy ( l9e to ! :ole4 ,aga91 ! sett+ nature ( ! col\r coat sugge/s1 & naturally l5ds itself to1 an occasional addition 9 ! %ape ( mosaic to ! means at disposal1 & a little glitt] "h & !re w be f\nd to g a long way 9 giv+ po9ts ( emphasis & play to l>ge surfaces4 ,x compels ! arti/ to adopt a limit$ col\r s*eme--a limitation1 & yet "o :i* may almo/ be welcom$ z an aptitude1 = ( col\rs 9 decorative "w multiplication may be said to be a vexation4 ,f9ally1 ! limitations ( sgraffito z a me?od ( expression are ! same z ^? ( all incis$ or l9e "w4 ,by x y c express ideas & sugge/ life1 b y _c realise1--_c imitate ! natural objects on :i* y\r graphic language is f\nd$4 ,! means at disposal are too scanty4 ,item3 :ite l9es & spaces reliev$ aga9/ & slightly rais$ on a col\r$ gr\nd2 col\r$ l9es & spaces slightly sunk on a :ite surface2 intricacy reliev$ by simplicity ( l9e1 & aga9 ei!r reliev$ by pla9 spaces ( col\r$ gr\nd or :ite surface4 ,inde$ !y are simple means4 ,yet l9e /ill rema9s ! readie/ mann] ( graphic expression2 & if 9 ! /r5g? ( limitation our pa/ ma/]s ( ! arts & crafts h _h p[] to free1 ar\se1 dilate by _! simple record ( h& & s\l1 we also %\ld be able to br+ =? new a*ievem5t f old me?od1 & to sugge/ ! life & express ! ideas :i* sway ! latt] ye>s ( our own c5tury4 ,,heywood ,,sumn]4 ,,( ,,/ucco ,,& ,,gesso ,few ?+s are m di%e>t5+ to ! pursu] ( pla/ic art ?an f9d+ t1 :5 he has c>ri$ 8 own lab\r to a c]ta9 po9t1 he has to entru/ x to ano!r 9 ord] to r5d] x p]man5t & useful4 ,if he models 9 clay & wi%es x burnt into t]ra cotta1 ! %r9kage & risk 9 fir+1 & ! dang] 9 transport to ! kiln1 are a nightm>e to him4 ,if he wi%es x ca/ 9 pla/]1 ! di/ortion by wa/e-m\ld+1 or ! co/ ( piece-m\ld+1 are s]i\s grievances to him1 consid]+ t aft] all he has b a friable result2 & ?\gh ?is latt] objection is m9imis$ by ,mrs4 ,laxton ,cl>k's +5i\s process ( indurat+ pla/]1 yet ,i am p]suad$ t mo/ modell]s w\ld pref] to complete _! "w 9 "s p]man5t =m ) _! own h&s4 ,hav+ ?is desirable end 9 view1 ,i wi% to draw _! att5tion to "s disus$ processes :i* once l>gely prevail$1 by :i* ! arti/ is enabl$ to f9i%1 & r5d] durable & v5dible1 8 "w1 )\t hav+ to "p ) x or pay = ano!r's aid4 ,^! old processes are modell+ 9 ,/ucco-duro & ,gesso4 ,/ucco-duro1 al?\gh ( v anci5t practice1 is n[ practically a lo/ art4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are simply well-burnt & slack$ lime1 a little f9e s&1 & "s f9ely-gr\nd unburnt lime-/one or :ite m>ble du/4 ,^! are well temp]$ toge!r ) wat] & beat5 up ) /icks until a good workable pa/e results4 ,9 fact1 ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ials is exactly ! same z t describ$ by ,vitruvius1 :o recomm5ds t ! fragm5ts ( m>ble be sift$ into ?ree degrees ( f95ess1 us+ ! co>s] = ! r\gh bossage1 ! m$ium = ! g5]al modell+1 & ! f9e/ = ! surface f9i%1 aft] :i* x c be poli%$ ) *alk & p[d]$ lime if necess>y4 ,inde$1 to s f9e a surface c ?is mat]ial be br\ght1 & s highly c x be poli%$1 t he m5tions its use = mirrors4 ,! only caution t x is ne$ful to give is to avoid work+ too quickly2 =1 z ,sir ,h5ry ,wooton1 ,k+ ,james's ambassador at ,v5ice1 :o greatly advocat$ ! use ( /ucco-duro1 obs]v$1 ! /ucco work] makes 8 figures by addition & ! c>v] by subtraction1 & to avoid too great risk ( ! "w crack+ 9 dry+1 ^! additions mu/ be made sl[ly :]e ! relief is great4 ,if ! relief is v great1 or if a figure ( l>ge dim5sions is essay$1 x may be ne$ful ev5 to delay ! dry+ ( ! /ucco1 & ! addition ( a little /iff pa/e w insure ?is1 s t ! "w may be consecutively work$ ^u = _m days4 ,f ! rema9s ( ! /ucco "w ( classic times left u1 we c realise h[ p]fectly workable ?is mat]ial 02 & if y exam9e ! pla/] ca/s tak5 f "s mo/ delicate l[-relief plaques 9 /ucco exhum$ "s t5 ye>s ago ne> ! ,villa ,f>nes9a at ,rome1 or ! r\gh] & readi] fragm5ts ( /ucco-duro itself f "s ,italo-,greek tombs1 bo? ( :i* are to be se5 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 y w at once be conv9c$ ( ! great applicability ( ! process4 ,) ! decad5ce ( classic art "s portion ( ! process seems to h be5 lo/1 & ! use ( p\nd$ trav]t9e 0 sub/itut$ = :ite m>ble2 b1 z ! bassi-relievi ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance 7 mo/ly decorat$ ) col\r1 ?is 0 n important4 ,! gr\nd col\rs seem g5]ally to h be5 laid on :il/ ! /ucco 0 wet1 z 9 fresco1 & ! details height5$ ) temp]a or encau/ic col\rs1 sometimes ) accessories enri*$ 9 gilt gesso 7( :i* h]eaft]74 ,_m rema9s ( ^! exi/1 & 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,w9t] ,exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy !re 7 no less ?an twelve v int]e/+ examples ( x exhibit$1 & 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum are "s few mod]ately good illu/rations ( x4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! sixte5? c5tury t ! old means ( produc+ ! highly-f9i%$ :ite /uc*i 7 r$iscov]$1 & ?is revival ( ! art z an ar*itectonic accessory is due to ! exhumation ( ! ba?s ( ,titus "u ,leo ,x4 ,raphael & ,giovanni da ,ud9e 7 !n s /ruck ) ! beauty ( ! /ucco "w ?us expos$ to view t its re-use 0 at once det]m9$ ^u1 & ! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican 0 ! fir/ result ( _m exp]im5ts1 ?\gh ! re-inv5t$ process seems to h be5 precisely t describ$ by ,vitruvius4 ,naturally1 ! art ( modell+ 9 /ucco at once became popul>3 ! patronage ( x by ! ,pope1 & ! practice ( x by ! arti/s :o work$ = him1 gave x ! highe/ sanction1 & h>dly a build+ ( any ar*itectural importance 0 erect$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury t did n be> evid5ce ( ! arti/ic craft ( ! /uccatori4 ,!re has j 7,autumn1 #ahhi7 arriv$ at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum a model ( ! c5tral hall ( ! ,villa ,madama 9 ,rome1 ?us decorat$ by ,giulio ,romano & ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 :i* exemplifies ! adaptability ( ! process2 & 9 ?is model ,cav4 ,m>iani has employ$ /ucco-duro = its execution1 %[+ to h[ high a pit* ( f9i% ?is mat]ial is capable ( be+ c>ri$4 ,inde$1 x 0 us$ by goldsmi?s = ! models = _! craft1 z be+ less liable to injury ?an wax1 yet capable ( receiv+ equally delicate treatm5t2 & ,b5v5uto ,cell9i modell$ ! celebrat$ button1 ) t magnific5t big diamond 9 ! middle1 = ! cope ( ,pope ,clem5t1 ) all its intricate detail1 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,h[ m9ute ?is "w ( "s six in*es diamet] 0 may be inf]r$ f ,cell9i's own description ( x4 ,above ! diamond1 9 ! c5tre ( ! piece1 0 %[n ,god ! ,fa!r seat$1 9 ! act ( giv+ ! b5$iction2 bel[ 7 ?ree *ildr51 :o1 ) _! arms uprais$1 7 support+ ! jewel4 ,"o ( !m1 9 ! middle1 0 9 full relief1 ! o!r two 9 half-relief4 ,all r\nd ,i set a cr[d ( *]ubs 9 div]s attitudes4 ,a mantle undulat$ to ! w9d ar\nd ! figure ( ! ,fa!r1 f ! folds ( :i* *]ubs peep$ out2 & !re 7 _m o!r ornam5ts besides1 :i*1 adds he1 & = once we may believe him1 made a v beautiful effect4 ,at ! same "t1 figures l>g] ?an life1 inde$ colossal figures1 7 execut$ 9 x1 & 9 our own c\ntry ! ,italian arti/s br\ght ov] by our ,h5ry ,,viii4 work$ 9 t /yle = 8 vani%$ palace ( ,nonsu*4 ,gradually1 /ucco-duro fell into disuse1 & co>se p>getry & modell$ pla/] ceil+s became 9 lat] ye>s its sole & deg5]ate desc5dants4 ,gesso is really a pa9t]'s art r ?an a sculptor's1 & consi/s 9 impa/o pa9t+ ) a mixture ( pla/] ( ,p>is or :it+ 9 glue 7! composition ) :i* ! gr\nd ( 8 pictures is laid7 aft] r\ghly modell+ ! high] =ms ) t[ or "s fibr\s mat]ial incorporat$ ) ! gesso2 b x is que/ionable if gesso is ! be/ vehicle = any b ! l[e/ relief4 ,by x ! mo/ subtle & delicate v>iation ( surface c be obta9$1 & ! f9e/ l9es p5cill$1 analog\s1 9 fact1 to ! f9e pate sur pate "w 9 porcela94 ,its *ief use 9 e>ly times 0 9 ! accessories ( pa9t+1 z ! nimbi1 attributes1 & jewell]y ( ! p]sonage repres5t$1 & x 0 almo/ entirely us$ z a gr\nd-"w = gild+ ^u4 ,abundant illu/ration ( ?is usage w be f\nd 9 ! pictures by ! e>ly ,italian ma/]s 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,! retables ( alt>s 7 l>gely decorat$ 9 ?is mat]ial1 a notable example be+ t /ill exi/+ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,_m ( ! gorge\s accessories to ! panoply ( w> 9 m$iaeval times1 su* z decorative %ields & ! light] milit>y acc\trem5ts1 7 ?us ornam5t$ 9 l[ relief1 & on ! high-crupp]$ & high-peak$ saddles x 0 abundantly display$4 ,9 ! sixte5?-c5tury "w ( ,g]many x seems to h receiv$ an admixture ( f9ely-p\nd$ li?ographic /one1 or hone /one1 by :i* x became ( su* h>dness z to be tak5 = sculpture 9 ^! mat]ials4 ,its *ief use1 h[ev]1 0 = ! decoration ( ! caskets & ornam5tal objects :i* make up ! ref9em5t ( dome/ic life1 & ! base repres5tative ( x :i* figures on our picture-frames claims a noble ance/ry4 ,its t5acity1 :5 well prep>$1 is exce$+ly great1 & ,i h us$ x on glass1 on poli%$ m>ble1 on porcela91 & su* l non-absorb5t surfaces1 f :i* x c sc>cely be sep>at$ )\t de/ruction ( its base4 ,inde$1 = m9iature art1 gesso possesses innum]able advantages n pres5t$ by any o!r m$ium1 b x is h>dly available = l>g] works4 ,"t & space w n p]mit my ent]+ m fully into ^! two =ms ( pla/ic art2 b see+ t we are annually receiv+ su* l>ge accessions to ! numb]s ( our modell]s1 & z1 ( c\rse1 x is n possible = all ^! to a*ieve success 91 or f9d a means ( liv+ by1 ! art ( sculpture 9 m>ble1 ,i h s\ght to indicate a home-art means by :i*1 at v mod]ate co/1 !y c br+ _! lab\rs 9 useful =m be=e ! _w1 & at ! same "t le>n & live4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,rob9son4 ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron ,ca/ iron is ne>ly our humble/ mat]ial1 & ) associations less ?an all arti/ic1 = x has be5 almo/ hopelessly vulg>is$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 s mu* s t ,mr4 ,rusk91 ) 8 fe>less use ( p>adox to %ock "o into ?\ght1 has laid x d[n t ca/ iron is an arti/ic solecism1 impossible = ar*itectural s]vice n[1 or at any "t4 ,& yet1 al?\gh we c nev] claim = iron ! beauty ( bronze1 x is 9 "s degree a p>allel mat]ial1 & has be5 us$ ) appreciation 9 _m ways up to ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,iron 0 already kn[n 9 ,sussex at ! com+ ( ! ,romans4 ,?r\gh\t ?is c\nty & ,k5t1 9 out-(-!-way f>m-h\ses1 iron fire-backs to op5 he>?s1 f9e specim5s ( ! f\nd]'s art1 are /ill 9 daily use z !y h be5 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,"s h ,go?ic diap]s & me&]s ( v9e ) h]aldic badges & initials1 & are evid5tly ca/ f models made 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 patt]ns t rema9$ 9 /ock & 7 ca/ f aga9 & aga94 ,o!rs1 ( ! foll[+ c5turies1 h coat-arms & support]s1 salam&]s 9 ! flames1 figures1 a triton or c5taur1 or ev5 a sc5e1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 or ,m>riage ( ,alex&]1 or1 m appropriately1 m]e patt]n-"w1 vases ( fl[]s & ! l4 ,h[ev] crude !y may be1 & "s are absurdly inadequate z sculpture1 ! s5se ( treatm5t & relief suitable to ! mat]ial nev] fails to give !m a fit int]e/4 ,) ^! backs ca/-iron fire-dogs are (t5 f\nd1 ( :i* "s ,go?ic examples also rema91 simple 9 =m ) s(t dull modell+2 lat]1 ^! 7 (t5 a m]e obelisk on a base surm\nt$ by a ball or a bird1 or rude t]m9al figures2 sometimes a m delicate full figure1 ! limbs well toge!r1 s t no?+ projects f ! g5]al po/-l =m2 & )9 _! limitations !y are n )\t grace & "*4 ,9 ,frant *ur*1 ne> ,tunbridge1 are sev]al ca/-iron grave slabs ab\t six feet long by half t wid?1 p]fectly flat1 "o ) a s+le %ield ( arms & "s lett]s1 o!rs ) sev]al2 !y are q successful1 natural1 & n 9 ! lea/ vulg>4 ,iron rail+s are ! mo/ usual =m ( ca/ iron z an accessory to ar*itecture2 ! e>li] examples ( ^! 9 ,london are ?or\ghly fit = _! purpose & _! mat]ial2 /urdily simple =ms ( g5tly swell+ curves1 or ) slightly r\nd$ reliefs4 ,! orig9al rail+ at ,/4 ,paul's1 ( ,lamb]hur/ iron1 is ! f9e/ ( ^!1 a l>ge portion ( :i* ar\nd ! we/ front 0 remov$ 9 #ahgc4 ,ano!r example encloses ! portico ( ,/4 ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields4 ,! rail+ ( ! c5tral area ( ,b]keley ,squ>e is beautifully design$1 & !re are in/ances "h1 z 9 ,grosv5or ,squ>e1 :]e ca/ iron is us$ toge!r ) wr\ght1 a difficult comb9ation4 ,balcony rail+s & /aircase balu/rades are q g5]al to h\ses ( ! late eighte5? c5tury4 ,ref9$ & ?or\ghly good ( _! k9d1 !y nev] fail to please1 & nev]1 ( c\rse1 imitate wr\ght iron4 ,! design is always direct1 unpret5ti\s & ef=tless1 9 a mann] t became at ?is "t q a tradition4 ,! v]&ahs also1 ( :i* !re are s _m 9 ,piccadilly or ,mayfair1 ) po/s re$$ & ( delicate pr(iles1 are ( ! same k9d1 confess$ly ca/ iron1 & nev] )\t ! *>act]is+ dulness ( ! =ms1 s t !y h no jutt+ memb]s to be brok5 (f1 to expose a repulsive jagg$ fracture4 ,! opposite ( all ^! qualities may be f\nd 9 ! exp5sive-look+ rail+ on ! ,embankm5t enclos+ ! g>d5s1 ^: t9y frett$ & fretful =ms invite an exp]im5t (t5 successful4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ca/ iron %\ld be m]ely a flat lattice-l design1 obvi\sly ca/ 9 panels1 or pla9 po/ & rail con/ruction ) ca/ uprights & t]m9al knops t5on$ into rails1 s t !re is no d\bt ( /raight=w>d unaffect$ fitt+4 ,! ,briti% ,museum scre5 may be tak5 to in/ance h[ ample ability w n r$eem false pr9ciples ( design3 ! con/ruction is n cle>1 nor are ! =ms suffici5tly simple1 ! result be+ only a high ord] ( commonplace gr&eur4 ,ev5 ! lamp-po/s set up 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury = oil lights1 a few ( :i* h n yet be5 improv$ away f back /reets1 %[ ! same c>e = appropriate =m4 ,"s ( ! ,pall ,mall ,clubs1 aga91 h well-design$ c&elabra ( a m pret5ti\s k9d2 also ,london & ,wat]loo ,bridges4 ,! fire-grates1 bo? ) hobs & close fronts1 t came into use ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 are decorat$ all ov] ! field ) t9y flut+s1 beads1 & leaf m\ld+s1 sometimes ev5 ) little figure m$allions1 & c>ry delicacy to its limit4 ,! bett] examples are entirely successful1 bo? 9 =m & 9 ! ornam5tation1 :i*1 adapt$ to ?is new purpose1 does no m ?an gracefully ackn[l$ge its debt to ! pa/1 j z ! be/ ornam5t at all times is nei!r orig9al nor copi$3 x mu/ recognise tradition1 & add some?+ :i* %all be ! tradition ( ! future4 ,! me?od foll[$ is to keep ! g5]al =m q simple & ! areas flat1 :ile ! decoration1 j an embroid]y ( ! surface1 is ( "o sub/ance & 9 ! slighte/ possible relief4 ,o!r l>g] grates !re 7 ) pla9 surfaces simply fram$ ) m\ld+s4 ,ev5 ! sculptor has n refus$ iron4 ,pl9y says !re 7 two /atues 9 ,rhodes1 "o ( iron & copp]1 & ! o!r1 a ,h]cules1 entirely ( iron4 ,9 ! palace at ,prague !re is a ,/4 ,george hors$ & arm$1 ! "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! qualities natural to iron :i* x has to (f] = sculpture may be/ be appreciat$ by see+ ! examples at ! ,museum ( ,geology1 9 ,j]myn ,/reet4 ,on ! /aircase !re are two l>ge dogs1 two ornam5tal c&elabra1 & two figures2 ! dogs1 al?\gh n f9e z sculpture1 are well treat$1 9 mass & surface1 = ! metal4 ,9 ! same museum !re is a small] /atue /ill bett] = surface & f9i%1 a ,fr5* "w sign$ & dat$ #ahda1 &1 !re=e1 half an antique4 ,b = ord9>y f\ndry-"w )\t surface f9i%--probably ! mo/ appropriate1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ available1 me?od--! little lions on ! out] rail at ! ,briti% ,museum are pro( ( h[ suffici5t feel+ = design w dignify any mat]ial = any object2 !y are by ! late ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 & are ?or\ghly iron bea/s1 s slightly modell$ t !y w\ld be only block$ out = bronze4 ,9 ! ,geological ,museum are also specim5s ( ,b]l9 & ,ils5burg manufacture2 !y s]ve to po9t ! moral t +5uity is n art1 nor t5uity ref9em5t4 ,! "q ( ru/ is a difficult "o1 ! oxide n be+ an add$ beauty l ! pat9a acquir$ by bronze1 yet ! decay ( ca/ iron is mu* less ?an is g5]ally ?\ght1 especially on l>ge smoo? surfaces1 if ! ca/+ has be5 once treat$ by an oil ba? or a coat+ ( hot t>3 ! celebrat$ iron pill> ( ,delhi1 "s tw5ty feet high1 has /ood = f\rte5 c5turies1 & %[s1 x is said1 little evid5ce ( decay4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to see h[ ca/ sph]es ( good iron w\ld be affect$ 9 our climate1 if occasionally coat$ ) a lacqu]4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! range ( t9ts be/ approv$ is black ?r\gh gray to :ite3 ! simple negative gray gives a pleasant unobtrusiv5ess to ! well-design$ iron-"w ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ation 9 ,p>is1 :]eas our almo/ univ]sal ,indian r$ is a v bad *oice--a hot co>se col\r1 y mu/ see x1 & be irritat$1 & x is surely ! only col\r t gets worse z x blea*es 9 ! sun4 ,gild+ is suitable to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b = int]nal "w ! homely black-lead+ _c be bett]$4 ,to put toge!r ! results obta9$ 9 our exam9ation ( examples4 7#a7 ,! metal mu/ be bo? good & c>efully manipulat$4 7#b7 ,! design mu/ be ?\ght out ?r\gh ! mat]ial & its traditional me?ods4 7#c7 ,! patt]n mu/ h ! ornam5t modell$1 n c>v$1 z is almo/ univ]sally ! case n[1 c>v+ 9 wood be+ entirely unfit to give ! s(t sugge/ive relief requir$ bo? by ! nature ( ! s&-m\ld into :i* x is impress$1 & ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! metal :5 ca/4 7#d7 ,flat surfaces l grate fronts may be decorat$ ) "s intricacy if ! relief is delicate4 ,b ! relief mu/ be less ?an ! basis ( atta*m5t1 s t ! m\ld+ may be easily practicable1 & no portions invite "o to te/ h[ easily !y might be deta*$4 7#e7 ,objects 9 ! r\nd mu/ h a simple & sub/antial b\nd+ =m ) b little ornam5t1 & t only sugge/$4 ,?is applies equally to figures4 ,9 !m homog5e\s /ructure is ( ! fir/ importance4 7#f7 ,:5 possible1 ! surface %\ld be f9i%$ & left z a metal ca/+4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be entirely gilt4 ,if pa9t$1 ! col\r mu/ be neutral & gray4 ,ca/+ 9 iron has be5 s abas$ & abus$ t x is almo/ difficult to believe t ! metal has any?+ to (f] to ! arts4 ,at no o!r "t & 9 no o!r c\ntry w\ld a national /aple commodity h be5 s degrad$4 ,yet 9 its /r5g? "u pressure1 b fragility to a bl[1 9 c]ta9 qualities ( texture & ( requir$ manipulation1 x invites a specially *>act]is$ treatm5t 9 ! design1 & x (f]s "o ( ! few mat]ials naturally black available 9 ! col\r arrangem5t ( int]iors4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,,( ,,dye+ ,,z ,,an ,,art ,dye+ is a v anci5t art2 f ! e>lie/ times ( ! anci5t civilisations till )9 ab\t =ty ye>s ago !re _h be5 no ess5tial *ange 9 x1 & n mu* *ange ( any k9d4 ,up to ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! process ( ,prussian-blue dye+ 9 ab\t #ahaj 7x 0 kn[n z a pigm5t ?irty or =ty ye>s e>li]71 ! only *anges 9 ! art 7 ! result ( ! introduction ( ! ,am]ican insect dye 7co*9eal71 :i* gradually sup]s$$ ! ,european "o 7k]mes71 & ! ,am]ican wood-dyes n[ kn[n z logwood & ,brazil-wood3 ! latt] diff]s little f ! ,asiatic & ,african ,r$ ,saund]s1 & o!r r$ dye-woods2 ! =m] has *eap5$ & wors5$ black-dye+1 9 s f> z x has tak5 ! place ( ! indigo-vat z a basis4 ,! ,am]ican qu]citron b>k gives u also a useful additional yell[ dye4 ,^! *anges1 & "o or two o!rs1 h[ev]1 did little t[>ds revolutionis+ ! art2 t revolution 0 left = our own days1 & result$ f ! discov]y ( :at are kn[n z ! ,anil9e dyes1 d$uc$ by a long process f ! plants ( ! coal-measures4 ,( ^! dyes x mu/ be en\gh to say t _! discov]y1 :ile conf]r+ ! greate/ hon\r on ! ab/ract sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 & :ile do+ great s]vice to capitali/s 9 _! hunt aft] pr(its1 has t]ribly injur$ ! art ( dye+1 & = ! g5]al public has ne>ly de/roy$ x z an art4 ,h5ce=w>d !re is an absolute divorce betwe5 ! comm]cial process & ! art ( dye+4 ,anyone want+ to produce dy$ textiles ) any arti/ic quality 9 !m mu/ entirely =go ! mod]n & comm]cial me?ods 9 fav\r ( ^? :i* are at lea/ z old z ,pl9y1 :o speaks ( !m z be+ old 9 8 "t4 ,n[1 9 ord] to dye textiles 9 patt]ns or o!rwise1 we ne$ f\r col\rs to />t )--to wit1 blue1 r$1 yell[1 & br[n2 gre51 purple1 black1 & all int]m$iate %ades c be made f a mixture ( ^! col\rs4 ,blue is giv5 u by indigo & woad1 :i* d n diff] 9 col\r 9 ! lea/1 _! *emical product be+ ! same4 ,woad may be call$ nor!rn indigo2 & indigo tropical or sub-tropical woad4 ,note t until ! introduction ( ,prussian blue ab\t #ahaj !re 0 no o!r blue dye except ?is indigot9e t c\ld be call$ a dye2 ! o!r blue dyes 7 m]e /a9s :i* w\ld n be> ! sun = m ?an a few days4 ,r$ is yield$ by ! insect dyes k]mes1 lac-dye1 & co*9eal1 & by ! vegetable dye madd]4 ,( ^!1 k]mes is ! k+2 bright] ?an madd] & at once m p]man5t & m beautiful ?an co*9eal3 ! latt] on an alum9\s basis gives a r cold crimson1 & on a t9 basis a r hot sc>let 7e4g4 ! dress-coat ( a l9e (fic]74 ,madd] yields on wool a deep-ton$ blood-r$1 some:at bricky & t5d+ to sc>let4 ,on cotton & l951 all imag9able %ades ( r$ accord+ to ! process4 ,x is n ( mu* use 9 dye+ silk1 :i* x is apt to bl9d2 i4e4 x takes (f ! gloss4 ,lac-dye gives a hot & n pleasant sc>let1 z may be not$ 9 a private militiaman's coat4 ,! ,fr5* l9]s' tr\s]s1 by ! way1 are1 or 71 dy$ ) madd]1 s t _! c\ntrym5 sometimes call !m ! ,madd]-we>]s2 b _! clo? is some:at too *eaply dy$ to d cr$it to ! drysalt]y4 ,besides ^! p]man5t r$ dyes !re are o!rs produc$ f woods1 call$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages by ! g5]al "n ( ,brazil2 :5ce ! "n ( ! ,am]ican c\ntry1 because ! conqu]ors f\nd s mu* dye+-wood gr[+ !re4 ,"s ( ^! wood-dyes are v beautiful 9 col\r2 b unluckily !y are none ( !m p]man5t1 z y may see by exam9+ ! beautiful /uffs ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 9 :i* y w sc>cely f9d any r$1 b pl5ty ( fawn-col\r1 :i* is 9 fact ! wood-r$ ( #ejj ye>s ago ?us fad$4 ,if y turn f !m to ! ,go?ic tape/ries1 & note ! r$s 9 !m1 y w h ! measure ( ! relative p]man5ce ( k]mes & ,brazil1 ! tape/ry r$s be+ all dy$ ) k]mes1 & /ill reta9+ ! great] "p ( _! col\r4 ,! m$iaeval dy]s mu/ be p>tly excus$1 h[ev]1 because ,brazil is especially a silk dye1 k]mes %>+ some:at 9 ! ill qualities ( madd] = silk2 ?\gh ,i h dy$ silk 9 k]mes & got v beautiful & p[]ful col\rs by means ( x4 ,yell[ dyes are *iefly giv5 u by weld 7sometimes call$ wild mignonette71 qu]citron b>k 7above m5tion$71 & old fu/ic1 an ,am]ican dye-wood4 ,( ^! weld is mu* ! prettie/1 & is ! yell[ silk dye p> excell5ce1 ?\gh x dyes wool well en\gh4 ,b yell[ dyes are ! commone/ to be met ) 9 nature1 & our fields & h$g][s be> pl5ty ( gre5+-we$s1 z our =efa!rs call$ !m1 s9ce !y us$ !m *iefly = gre5+ blue wooll5 clo?2 =1 z y may well believe1 !y1 be+ good col\ri/s1 _h no great ta/e = yell[ wooll5 /uff4 ,dy]s'-broom1 saw-wort1 ! twigs ( ! popl>1 ! osi]1 & ! bir*1 hea!r1 broom1 fl[]s & twigs1 w all ( !m give yell[s ( m or less p]man5ce4 ,( ^! ,i h tri$ popl> & osi] twigs1 :i* bo? gave a /rong yell[1 b ! =m] n a v p]man5t "o4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 yell[ dyes are ! lea/ p]man5t ( all1 z once m y may see by look+ at an old tape/ry1 9 :i* ! gre5s h always fad$ m ?an ! r$s or blues2 ! be/ yell[ dyes1 h[ev]1 lose only _! bright] %ade1 ! lemon col\r1 & leave a residuum ( br[ni% yell[1 :i* /ill makes a k9d ( a gre5 ov] ! blue4 ,br[n is be/ got f ! roots ( ! walnut tree1 or 9 _! default f ! gre5 husks ( ! nuts4 ,?is mat]ial is especially be/ = sadd5+1 z ! old dy]s us$ to call x4 ,! be/ & mo/ endur+ blacks also 7 done ) ?is simple dye-/uff1 ! goods be+ fir/ dy$ 9 ! indigo or woad-vat till !y 7 a v d>k blue & !n br[n$ into black by means ( ! walnut-root4 ,cate*u1 ! inspissat$ juice ( a plant or plants1 :i* comes to u f ,india1 also gives ri* & useful p]man5t br[ns ( v>i\s %ades4 ,gre5 is obta9$ by dye+ a blue ( ! requir$ %ade 9 ! indigo-vat1 & !n gre5+ x ) a good yell[ dye1 add+ :at else may be necess>y 7z1 e4g41 madd]7 to modify ! col\r accord+ to ta/e4 ,purple is got by blue+ 9 ! indigo-vat1 & aft]w>ds by a ba? ( co*9eal1 or k]mes1 or madd]2 all int]m$iate %ades ( cl>et & murrey & russet c be got by ^! drugs help$ out by sadd5+4 ,black1 z a=esaid1 is be/ made by dye+ d>k blue wool ) br[n2 & walnut is bett] ?an iron = ! br[n "p1 because ! iron-br[n is apt to rot ! fibre2 z once m y w see 9 "s pieces ( old tape/ry or old ,p]sian c>pets1 :]e ! black is q p]i%$1 or at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! c>pet gone d[n to ! knots4 ,all int]m$iate %ades c1 z a=esaid1 be got by ! bl5d+ ( ^! prime col\rs1 or by us+ weak ba?s ( !m4 ,= in/ance1 all %ades ( fle% col\r c be got by means ( weak ba?s ( madd] & walnut sadd5+2 madd] or co*9eal mix$ ) weld gives u orange1 & ) sadd5+ all imag9able %ades betwe5 yell[ & r$1 includ+ ! amb]s1 maize-col\r1 etc4 ,! crimsons 9 ,go?ic tape/ries mu/ h be5 got by dye+ k]mes ov] pale %ades ( blue1 s9ce ! crimson r$-dye1 co*9eal1 _h n yet come to ,europe4 ,a ^w or two 7entirely unsci5tific7 ab\t ! processes ( ?is old-fa%ion$ or arti/ic dye+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all dyes mu/ be soluble col\rs1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f pigm5ts2 mo/ ( :i* are insoluble1 & are only v f9ely divid$1 z1 e4g41 ultram>9e1 umb]1 t]re-v]te4 ,next1 dyes may be divid$ into ^? :i* ne$ a mordant & ^? :i* d n2 or1 z ! old *emi/ ,bancr(t v conv5i5tly expresses x1 into adjective & sub/antive dyes4 ,indigo is ! great sub/antive dye3 ! indigo has to be de-oxidis$ & !reby made soluble1 9 :i* /ate x loses its blue col\r 9 proportion z ! solution is complete2 ! goods are plung$ into ?is solution & work$ 9 x betwe5 two wat]s1 z ! phrase goes1 & :5 expos$ to ! air ! indigo !y h got on !m is swiftly oxidis$1 & once m becomes insoluble4 ,?is process is repeat$ till ! requir$ %ade is got4 ,all %ades ( blue c be got by ?is means1 f ! pale wat*et1 z our =efa!rs call$ x1 up to ! blue :i* ! eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* dy]s call$ ,bleu d'enf]4 ,navy ,blue is ! polit] "n = x to-day 9 ,engl&4 ,i mu/ add t1 ?\gh ?is seems an easy process1 ! sett+ ( ! blue-vat is a tickli% job1 & requires1 ,i %\ld say1 m exp]i5ce ?an any o!r dye+ process4 ,! br[n dyes1 walnut & cate*u1 ne$ no mordant1 & are sub/antive dyes2 "s ( ! yell[s also c be dy$ )\t mordant1 b are mu* improv$ by x4 ,! r$ dyes1 k]mes & madd]1 & ! yell[ dye weld1 are especially mordant or adjective dyes3 !y are all dy$ on an alum9\s basis4 ,to put ! matt] pla9ly1 ! goods are work$ 9 a solution ( alum 7usually ) a little acid add$71 & aft] an int]val ( a day or two 7age+7 are dy$ 9 a ba? ( ! dissolv$ dye-/uff4 ,a lake is ?us =m$ on ! fibre :i* is 9 mo/ cases v durable4 ,! effect ( ?is mordant+ ( ! fibre is cle>e/ se5 9 ! madd]+ ( pr9t$ cotton goods1 :i* are fir/ pr9t$ ) alum9\s mordants ( v>i\s degrees ( /r5g? 7or ) iron if black is ne$$1 or a mixture ( iron ) alum9a = purple71 & !n dy$ :olesale 9 ! madd]-beck3 ! result be+ t ! p>ts :i* h be5 mordant$ come out v>i\s %ades ( r$1 etc41 accord+ to ! /r5g? or composition ( ! mordant1 :ile ! unmordant$ p>ts rema9 a dirty p9k1 :i* has to be cle>$ into :ite by soap+ & exposure to ! sun & air2 :i* process bo? bright5s & fixes ! dy$ p>ts4 ,pl9y saw ?is go+ on 9 ,egypt1 & x puzzl$ him v mu*1 t a clo? dy$ 9 "o col\r %\ld come out col\r$ div]sely4 ,t rem9ds me to say a ^w on ! fi%-dye ( ! anci5ts3 x 0 a sub/antive dye & behav$ some:at z indigo4 ,x 0 v p]man5t4 ,! col\r 0 a real purple 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 i4e4 a col\r or %ades ( a col\r betwe5 r$ & blue4 ,! real ,byzant9e books :i* are writt5 on purple vellum give y "s1 at lea/1 ( its %ades4 ,! anci5ts1 y mu/ rememb]1 us$ words = col\rs 9 a way t seems vague to u1 because !y 7 g5]ally ?9k+ ( ! tone r ?an ! t9t4 ,:5 !y want$ to specify a r$ dye !y w\ld n use ! ^w purpureus1 b cocc9eus1 i4e4 sc>let ( k]mes4 ,! art ( dye+1 ,i am b\nd to say1 is a difficult "o1 ne$+ = its practice a good craftsman1 ) pl5ty ( exp]i5ce4 ,mat*+ a col\r by means ( x is an agreeable b some:at anxi\s game to play4 ,z to ! arti/ic value ( ^! dye-/uffs1 mo/ ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! necess>y mordant alum9a1 ! _w discov]$ 9 e>ly times 7,i mean e>ly hi/orical times71 ,i mu/ tell y t !y all make 9 _! simple/ =ms beautiful col\rs2 !y ne$ no muddl+ into arti/ic usefulness1 :5 y ne$ y\r col\rs bright 7z ,i hope y usually d71 & !y c be modifi$ & ton$ )\t dirty+1 z ! f\l blot*es ( ! capitali/ dy] _c be4 ,l all dyes1 !y are n et]nal2 ! sun 9 light+ !m & beautify+ !m consumes !m2 yet gradually1 & = ! mo/ "p k9dly1 z 7to use my example = ! la/ "t 9 ?is pap]7 y w see if y look at ! ,go?ic tape/ries 9 ! draw+-room at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,^! col\rs 9 fad+ /ill rema9 beautiful1 & nev]1 ev5 aft] long we>1 pass into no?+ness1 ?r\gh t /age ( livid ugl9ess :i* di/+ui%es ! comm]cial dyes z nuisances1 ev5 m ?an _! %ort & by no means m]ry life4 ,i may also note t no textiles dy$ blue or gre51 o!rwise ?an by indigo1 keep an agreeable col\r by c&le-light3 _m q bright gre5s turn+ into %e] drab4 ,a fa%ionable blue :i* simulates indigo turns into a slaty purple by c&le-light2 & ,prussian blues are also mu* damag$ by x4 ,i except f ?is condemnation a comm]cial gre5 kn[n z gas-gre51 :i* is z abom9able z its "n1 bo? by daylight & gaslight1 & inde$ "o w\ld almo/ expect x to make unlight$ midnight hide\s4 ,,william ,,morris4 ,,( ,,embroid]y ,! te*nicalities ( ,embroid]y are v simple & its tools few--practically consi/+ ( a ne$le1 & no?+ else4 ,! "w c be wr\ght loose 9 ! h&1 or /ret*$ 9 a frame1 :i* latt] mode is (t5 advisable1 always :5 smoo? & m9ute "w is aim$ at4 ,!re are no my/]ies ( me?od beyond a few elem5t>y rules t c be quickly le>nt2 no way to p]fection except t ( c>e & pati5ce & love ( ! "w itself4 ,?is be+ s1 ! m is dem&$ f design & execution3 we look = complete triumph ov] ! limitations ( process & mat]ial1 &1 :at is equally important1 a c]ta9 judgm5t & self-re/ra9t2 &1 9 %ort1 ^? m5tal qualities t di/+ui% me*anical f intellig5t "w4 ,! latitude all[$ to ! work]2 ! lavi%ness & +5uity display$ 9 ! /it*es employ$2 9 %ort1 ! vivid expression ( ! work]'s individuality1 =m a great "p ( ! success ( ne$lework4 ,! v>ieties ( /it* are too _m to be closely describ$ )\t diagrams1 b ! *ief are z foll[s3-- ,*a9-/it* consi/s ( loops simulat+ ! l9ks ( a simple *a94 ,"s ( ! mo/ fam\s "w ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 work$ 9 ?is /it*1 :i* is endur+1 & ( its nature necessitates c>eful execution4 ,we are m famili> ) x 9 ! da9ty "w ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 9 ! airy brightness & simplicity ( :i* lies a peculi> *>m1 contra/$ ) ! m pomp\s & pret5ti\s "w ( ! same p]iod4 ,?is /it* is also wr\ght ) a hook on any loose mat]ial /ret*$ 9 a tamb\r frame4 ,tape/ry-/it* consi/s ( a build+-up ( /it*es laid "o beside ano!r1 & gives a surface slightly resembl+ t ( tape/ry4 ,i give ! "n z x is s (t5 us$1 b x is vague1 & leads to ! confusion t exi/s 9 p's m9ds betwe5 loom-tape/ry & embroid]y4 ,! /it* is work$ 9 a frame1 & is p>ticul>ly suitable = ! drap]y ( figures & any?+ t requires skilful bl5d+ ( sev]al col\rs1 or a c]ta9 am\nt ( %ad+4 ,?is facility ( pa9t+ ) ! ne$le is 9 itself a dang]1 = x tempts "s p to produce a highly %ad$ imitation ( a picture1 an attempt :i* mu/ be a failure bo? z a decorative & z a pictorial a*ievem5t4 ,x _c be said too (t5 t ! ess5tial qualities ( all good ne$lework are a broad surface1 bold l9es & pure1 brilliant &1 z a rule1 simple col\r+2 all ( :i* be+ qualities atta9able ?r\gh1 & prescrib$ by1 ! limitations ( ?is art4 ,applique has be51 & is /ill1 a fav\rite me?od ( "w1 :i* ,vas>i tells u ,botticelli prais$ z be+ v suitable to processional bann]s & hang+s us$ 9 ! op5 air1 z x is solid & endur+1 also bold & effective 9 /yle4 ,x is m accurately describ$ z a me?od ( "w 9 :i* v>i\s /it*es are made use (1 = x consi/s ( designs embroid]$ on a /\t gr\nd & !n cut out & laid on silk or velvet1 & edg$ r\nd ) l9es ( gold or silk1 & sometimes ) pe>ls4 ,x requires consid]able deftness & judgm5t 9 apply+1 z ! "w c\ld well be spoilt by clumsy & heavy f9i%+4 ,x is n[ look$ ^u z solely ecclesia/ical1 ,i believe1 & is associat$ 9 our m9ds ) g>i% r$1 gold & :ite1 & ) dull geometric ornam5t1 ?\gh !re is absolutely no reason :y *ur* embroid]y ( to-day %\ld be limit$ to ungraceful =ms & />+ col\rs4 ,a c]ta9 p]iod ( "w1 ?ick & solid1 b n v int]e/+1 ei!r z to me?od or design1 has be5 /]eotyp$ into :at is kn[n z ,ecclesia/ical ,embroid]y1 ! me*anical *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle be+1 ( c\rse1 emphasis$ & exagg]at$ 9 ! process4 ,*ur* "w w nev] be ( ! f9e/ :ile ^! *>act]i/ics are insi/$ on2 ! m pity1 z x is seemly t ! ri*e/ & noble/ "w %\ld be devot$ to *ur*es1 & to all build+s t belong to & are an expression ( ! communal life ( ! p4 ,ano!r & simpl] =m ( appli$ "w is to cut out ! desir$ =ms 9 "o mat]ial & lay ^u ano!r1 secur+ ! applique ) /it*es r\nd ! outl9e1 :i* are hidd5 by an edg+ cord4 ,! "w may be fur!r enri*$ by light ornam5t ( l9es & fl\ri%es laid directly on ! gr\nd mat]ial4 ,c\*+ is an effective me?od ( "w1 9 :i* broad masses ( silk or gold ?read are laid d[n & secur$ by a network or diap] ( cross+ ?reads1 ?r\gh :i* ! "u surface %9es v prettily4 ,x is (t5 us$ 9 conjunction ) applique4 ,!re are z _m v>ieties ( c\*+ /it*es z ! work] has inv5tion =2 9 "s ! ?reads are laid simply & flatly on ! =m to be cov]$1 :ile 9 o!rs a slight relief is obta9$ by lay]s ( s(t l95 ?read :i* =m a k9d ( m\ld+ or /uff+1 & :i* are cov]$ by ! silk ?reads or :atev] is to be ! f9al decorative surface4 ,! +5i\s pat*work cov]lets ( our gr&mo!rs1 =m$ ( scraps ( old g[ns piec$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 symmetrical =ms1 con/itute ! romance ( family hi/ory1 b ?is me?od has an old] orig9 ?an w\ld be imag9$4 ,que5 ,isis-em-,kheb's embalm$ body w5t d[n ! ,nile to its burial-place "u a canopy t 0 lately discov]$1 & is pres]v$ 9 ! ,b\lak ,museum4 ,x consi/s ( _m squ>es ( gazelle-hide ( diff]5t col\rs sewn toge!r & ornam5t$ ) v>i\s devices4 ,"u ! "n ( pat*work1 or mosaic-l piec+ toge!r ( diff]5t col\r$ /uffs1 comes also ! ,p]sian "w made at ,re%t4 ,bits ( f9e clo? are cut out = leaves1 fl[]s1 & s =?1 & neatly /it*$ toge!r ) great accuracy4 ,?is done1 ! "w is fur!r c>ri$ out & enri*$ by *a9 & o!r /it*es4 ,! result is p]fectly smoo? flat "w1 no easy feat :5 done on a l>ge scale1 z x (t5 is4 ,d>n+ & runn+ ne$ little explanation4 ,! =m] /it* is famili> to u 9 ! well-kn[n ,cretan & ,turki% clo?s3 ! /it* "h is us$ me*anically 9 p>allel l9es1 & simulates weav+1 s t ^! h&some bord]s 9 a deep ri* r$ might z well h come f ! loom z f ! ne$le4 ,ano!r me?od ( d>n+ is loos] & co>s]1 & suitable only = clo?s & hang+s n subject to mu* we> & rubb+2 ! /it*es foll[ ! curves ( ! design1 :i* ! ne$le pa9ts1 z x 71 %ad+ & bl5d+ ! col\rs4 ,x is necess>y to use ?is facility = %ad+ temp]ately1 h[ev]1 or ! flatness ess5tial to decorative "w is lo/4 ,! =ego+ is a r\gh li/ ( /it*es :i* c\ld be copi\sly supplem5t$1 b t ,i am oblig$ to pass on to ano!r important po9t1 t ( design4 ,if ne$lework is to be look$ ^u s]i\sly1 x is necess>y to secure appropriate & practicable designs4 ,:]e ! work] does n inv5t = h]self1 %e %\ld at lea/ int]pret h] design]1 j z ! design] int]prets & does n attempt to imitate nature4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t x is bett] to avoid us+ designs ( arti/s :o "k no?+ ( ! capacities ( ne$lework1 & design beautiful & intricate =ms )\t ref]5ce to ! execution1 ! result be+ unsatisfactory & incomplete4 ,reg>d+ ! design itself1 broad bold l9es %\ld be *os51 & broad h>moni\s col\r 7:i* %\ld be r\ghly plann$ be=e sett+ to "w71 ) z mu* m9ute "w1 & /it*es introduc+ play ( col\r1 z befits ! purpose ( ! "w & hum\r ( ! work]2 !re %\ld be no scrat*+1 no indef9it5ess ( =m or col\r1 no vagu5ess t all[s ! eye to puzzle ov] ! design--beyond t indef9able s5se ( my/]y :i* arre/s ! att5tion & )holds ! full *>m ( ! "w = a mom5t1 to unfold x to ^? :o /op to give x m ?an a glance4 ,b !re are s _m diff]5t /it*es & s _m diff]5t modes ( sett+ to "w1 t x w soon be se5 t ^! few h9ts d n apply to all ( !m4 ,"o me?od1 = in/ance1 consi/s ( tru/+ entirely to design1 & leaves col\r out ( acc\nt3 :ite "w on :ite l951 :ite on d>k gr\nd1 or black or d>k blue ^u :ite4 ,aga91 "s "w dep5ds m on magnific5ce ( col\r ?an on =m1 z1 = example1 ! h&some ,italian hang+s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 work$ 9 floss-silk1 on l95 sometimes1 & sometimes on a dusky op5 canvas :i* makes ! silks gleam & gl[ l preci\s /ones4 ,9 ?us slightly describ+ ! me?ods *iefly us$ 9 embroid]y1 ,i d s pr9cipally f old examples1 z mod]n embroid]y1 be+ a dilettante pa/ime1 has little di/9ct "*1 & is1 9 its be/ po9ts1 usually imitative4 ,ea/]n "w /ill reta9s ! old pr(essional skill1 b beauty ( col\r is rapidly disappe>+1 & little att5tion is paid to durability ( ! dyes us$4 ,9 speak+ r slight+ly ( mod]n ne$lework1 ,i mu/ add t its non-success is (t5 due m to ! use ( poor mat]ials ?an to want ( skill 9 work+4 ,x is surely folly to wa/e "t ov] "w t looks %abby 9 a mon?4 ,! work] %\ld use judgm5t & ?\ght to procure mat]ials1 n necess>ily ri*1 b ea* good & g5u9e ( its k9d4 ,la/ly1 %e %\ld n be sp>+ ( h] own h&iwork1 =1 :ile a slightly execut$ piece ( "w dep5ds :olly on design1 9 "o :]e ! actual /it*]y is m elaborate1 b ! design less ma/]ly1 ! pati5ce & ?\ght lavi%$ on x r5d] x 9 a diff]5t way equally pleas+1 & br+ x m )9 ! scope ( ! amateur4 ,,may ,,morris4 ,,( ,,lace ,lace is a t]m freely us$ at ! pres5t "t to describe v>i\s sorts ( op5 ornam5t 9 ?read "w1 ! successful effect ( :i* dep5ds v mu* ^u ! contra/+ ( m or less closely-textur$ =ms ) gr\nds or int]v5+ spaces fill$ 9 ) me%es ( equal size or ) cross-ties1 b>s1 etc4 ,:5ce x has come to pass t fabrics hav+ an appe>ance ( ?is description1 su* z embroid]ies ^u nets1 cut l95 works1 drawn ?read works1 & ma*9e-wov5 c\nt]feits ( lace-l fabrics1 are frequ5tly call$ laces4 ,b !y diff] 9 make f ^? productions ( c]ta9 specialis$ h&icrafts to :i* f ! sixte5? to ! eighte5? c5turies lace owes its fame4 ,^! specialis$ h&icrafts are divisible into two bran*es4 ,! "o bran* involves ! employm5t ( a ne$le to loop a cont9u\s ?read into v>ieties ( %apes & devices2 ! o!r is 9 ! nature ( mak+ correspond+ or simil> ornam5t by twi/+ & plait+ toge!r a numb] ( sep>ate ?reads1 ! loose ends ( :i* h to be fa/5$ 9 a r[ on a cu%ion or pill[1 ! supply ( ! ?reads be+ w\nd ar\nd ! heads ( l5g!n$ bobb9s1 s %ap$ = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,! fir/-nam$ bran* is ne$lepo9t lace-mak+2 ! second1 bobb9 or pill[ lace-mak+4 ,ne$lepo9t lace-mak+ may be reg>d$ z a species ( embroid]y1 :il/ bobb9 or pill[ lace-mak+ is closely alli$ to ! twi/+ & knott+ toge!r ( ?reads = fr+es4 ,embroid]y1 h[ev]1 po/ulates a f\ndation ( mat]ial to be enri*$ ) ne$lework1 :]eas ne$lepo9t & pill[ lace are wr\ght indep5d5tly ( any correspond+ f\ndation ( mat]ial4 ,! production ( sl5d] ne$les & small metal p9s is an important incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( lace-mak+ by h&4 ,broadly speak+1 ! manufacture = a widespread consumption ( su* metal p9s & ne$les does n date e>li] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,)\t small implem5ts ( ?is "* delicate lace-mak+ is n possible4 ,x is !re=e fair to assume t al?\gh hi/oric nations l ! ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,roman1 made use ( fr+es & knott$ cords ^u _! hang+s1 cloaks1 & tunics1 lace 0 unkn[n to !m4 ,_! bone1 wood51 or metal p9s & ne$les 7 suit$ to c]ta9 classes ( embroid]y & to ! mak+ ( nets1 loop$ cords1 etc41 b n to su* lace-mak+ z we "k x f ! e>ly days ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) ! developm5t 9 ,europe ( f9e l95 = und]clo?+1 coll>s & cuffs j visible beyond ! out] g>m5ts came into vogue1 & a ta/e 0 spe$ily manife/$ = trimm+ l95 und]%irts1 coll>s & cuffs1 ) ins]tions & bord]s ( k9dr$ mat]ial4 ,?is ta/e seems to h be5 fir/ display$ 9 a m>k$ mann] by ,v5etian & ,flemi% wom52 = ! e>lie/ kn[n books ( engrav$ patt]ns = l95 ornam5tal bord]s & ins]tions are ^? :i* 7 publi%$ dur+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury at ,v5ice & ,antw]p4 ,b su* patt]ns 7 design$ 9 ! fir/ place = v>i\s sorts ( embroid]y ^u a mat]ial1 su* z d>n+ ^u canvas 7punto fa su la rete a maglia quadra71 drawn ?read "w ( reticulat$ patt]ns 7punto tirato or punto a reticella71 & cut "w 7punto tagliato74 ,patt]ns = q o!r sorts ( "w1 su* z po9t 9 ! air 7punto 9 a]e7 & ?read "w twi/$ & plait$ by means ( little lead5 weights or bobb9s 7m]letti a piomb9i71 7 ab\t ?irty ye>s lat] 9 publication4 ,^! two la/-nam$ classes ( "w are respectively id5tifiable 7punto 9 a]e7 ) ne$lepo9t & 7m]letti a piomb9i7 ) bobb9 lace-mak+2 & !y seem to date f ab\t #aedj4 ,! sixte5?-c5tury & e>lie/ kn[n ne$lepo9t laces 7punto 9 a]e7 are ( n>r[ l5g?s or b&s1 ! patt]ns ( :i* are compos$ pr9cipally ( repeat$ op5 squ>es fill$ 9 ) circul>1 />1 & o!r geometric %apes1 set ^u diagonal & cross l9es :i* radiate f ! c5tre ( ea* squ>e to its corn]s & sides4 ,:5 ! b&s 7 to s]ve z bord]s !y w\ld h a d5tat$ edg+ add$ to !m2 ?is edg+ might be made ( ei!r ne$lepo9t or bobb9 lace4 ,z "t w5t on ! dim5sions ( bo? lace b&s & lace v&ykes increas$ s t1 :il/ ^! s]v$ z trimm+s to l951 lace ( consid]able wid? & v>i\s %apes came to be made1 & ruffs1 coll>s1 & cuffs 7 :olly made ( x4 ,su* lace 0 ?9 & wiry 9 appe>ance4 ,! lead+ l9es ( ! patt]ns =m$ squ>es & geometrical figures1 among/ :i* 7 dispos$ small :eel & se$ =ms1 little triangles1 & su* l4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! details ( ^! geometrically plann$ patt]ns became m v>i$1 t9y human figures1 fruits1 vases & fl[]s1 be+ us$ z ornam5tal details4 ,b a m di/9ct *ange 9 "* ( patt]n 0 effect$ :5 fl[+ scrolls ) leaf & blossom devices1 held toge!r by means ( little ties or b>s1 7 adopt$4 ,diff]5t portions ( ! scrolls & blossoms ) _! connect+ l9ks or b>s w\ld (t5 be enri*$ ) little loops or picots1 ) /it*$ reliefs1 & v>ieties ( close & op5 "w4 ,!n came a ta/e = arrang+ ! b>s or ties into trellis gr\nds1 or gr\nds ( hexagons1 ov] :i* small ornam5tal devices w\ld be scatt]$ 9 balanc$ gr\ps4 ,at ! same "t1 ! bobb9 or pill[ lace-work]s produc$ gr\nds ( small equal-size me%es 9 plait$ ?reads4 ,?is inv5tiv5ess on ! "p ( ! bobb9 or pill[ work]s react$ ^u ! ne$lepo9t work]s1 :o 9 _! turn produc$ /ill m delicate gr\nds ) me%es ( s+le & d\ble twi/$ ?reads4 ,lace1 pass+ f /age to /age1 ?us became a filmy tissue or fabric1 & its orig9al use z a some:at /iff1 wiry-look+ trimm+ to l95 consequ5tly *ang$4 ,l>g] articles ?an bord]s1 coll>s1 & cuffs 7 made ( ! new filmy mat]ial1 & lace fl\nces1 veils1 loose sleeves1 curta9s1 & b$-cov]s 7 produc$4 ,?is transition may be trac$ ?r\gh ! fir/ hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s ( lace-mak+4 ,x culm9at$ dur+ ! succe$+ n9ety ye>s 9 a developm5t ( fanciful patt]n-mak+1 9 :i* reali/ic repres5tation ( fl[]s1 trees1 cupids1 w>riors1 sportsm51 animals ( ! *ase1 emblems ( all sorts1 rococo & ar*itectural ornam5t1 is typical4 ,:il/ ! eighte5? c5tury may p]haps be reg>d$ z a p]iod ( que/ionable propriety 9 ! employm5t ( ornam5t h>dly appropriate to ! twi/+1 plait+1 & loop+ toge!r ( ?reads1 x is nev]!less notable = t\rs de =ce 9 lace-mak+ a*iev$ )\t reg>d to co/ or tr\ble4 ,f ?is /age1 ! climax ( :i* may be plac$ ab\t #agfj1 ! design+ ( lace patt]ns decl9$2 & f ! end ( ! eighte5? to ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s or s ( ! n9ete5? c5turies1 laces1 al?\gh /ill made ) ! ne$le & bobb9s1 became little m ?an f9ely-me%$ nets p[d]$ ov] ) dots or leaves1 or s+le blossoms1 or t9y sprays4 ,)9 ! limits ( a brief note l ! pres5t1 x is n possible to discuss local peculi>ities 9 me?ods ( "w & /yles ( design :i* e/abli%$ ! *>act]s ( ! v>i\s ,v5etian & o!r ,italian po9ts1 ( ! ,fr5* po9ts ( ,al5con & ,arg5tan1 ( ! cl\dy ,val5ci5nes1 ,me*l91 & ,brussels laces4 ,nei!r c "o t\* ^u ! nurtur+ ( ! indu/ry by nuns 9 conv5ts1 by work]s subsidis$ by ,/ate grants1 & s =?4 ,x w\ld require m space ?an is available to fairly discuss :at /yles ( ornam5t are lea/ or mo/ suit$ to lace-mak+2 or :e!r lace is less rightly employ$ z a tissue = ! mak+ ( entire articles ( co/ume or ( h\sehold use1 ?an z an ornam5tal accessory or trimm+ to co/ume4 ,:il/ v mu* lace is a fanta/ic adjunct to co/ume1 s]v+ a purpose sometimes l t ( appoggiature & fioriture 9 music1 o!r lace1 su* z ! c>v$-ivory-look+ scrolls ( ,v5etian rais$ po9ts1 :i* are pr9cipally associat$ ) ! jabots & ruffles ( k+s1 m9i/]s1 & m>%als1 & ) ! ornam5tation ( prie/s' ve/m5ts1 is c]ta9ly m dignifi$ 9 "*4 ,! loops1 twi/s1 & plaits ( ?reads are m noticeable 9 laces ( comp>atively small dim5sions ?an !y are 9 laces ( great size4 ,size r tempts ! lace-work] to /rive = ready effect1 & to sacrifice ! m9ut5ess & f9i% ( h& "w1 :i* give quality ( preci\sness to lace4 ,! via m$ia to ?is quality lies betwe5 two extremes2 namely1 apply+ da9ty ?reads to ! int]pretation ( badly %ap$ & ill-gr\p$ =ms on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& adopt+ a /yle ( ornam5t :i* dep5ds ^u l>g5ess ( detail & massiv5ess 9 gr\p+1 & is !re=e unsuit$ to lace4 ,)\t f9i% ( h&icraft1 produc+ beautiful ornam5t suit$ to ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is express$1 lace wor?y ! "n _c be made4 ,! indu/ry is /ill pursu$ 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,v5ice1 ,au/ria1 ,bohemia1 & ,irel&4 ,honiton has acquir$ a notoriety = its pill[ laces1 _m ( :i* "s hundr$ ye>s ago 7 z v>i$ & well execut$ z ,brussels pill[ laces4 ,o!r ,engli% t[ns 9 ! ,midl& c\nties foll[$ ! lead *iefly ( ,me*l91 ,val5ci5nes1 ,lille1 & ,arras1 b 7 r>ely z successful z _! lead]s4 ,saxony1 ,russia1 & ! ,auv]gne produce quantities ( pill[ laces1 hav+ little pret5ce to design1 ?\gh capable ( pretty effects :5 arti/ically worn4 ,!re is no "q t ! want ( a su/a9$ intellig5ce 9 appreciat+ +5i\s h&-made laces has told sev]ely ^u ! indu/ry2 & z ) o!r arti/ic h&icrafts1 s ) lace-mak+1 ma*9]y has v consid]ably supplant$ ! h&4 ,!re is at pres5t a limit$ revival 9 ! dem& = h&-made laces1 & ef=ts are made at c]ta9 c5tres to give new life to ! indu/ry by infus+ into x arti/ic feel+ d]iv$ f a /udy ( "w done dur+ ! p]iods :5 ! art fl\ri%$4 ,,alan ,s4 ,,cole4 ,,( ,,book ,,illu/ration ,,& ,,book ,,decoration ,book illu/ration is suppos$ to h made a great advance 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,no d\bt x has1 b ?is advance has n be5 made on any def9ite pr9ciple1 b1 z x 71 9 & out ( a network ( cross-purposes4 ,no attempt has be5 made to classify illu/ration 9 relation to ! purpose x has to fulfil4 ,broadly speak+1 ?is purpose is ?reefold4 ,x is ei!r utilit>ian1 or p>tly utilit>ian p>tly arti/ic1 or purely arti/ic4 ,! fir/ may be dismiss$ at once4 ,su* draw+s z te*nical diagrams mu/ be cle> & accurate1 b by _! v nature !y are non-arti/ic1 & 9 reg>d to art x is a case ( h&s (f to ! draughtsman4 ,illu/ration z an art1 t is1 book decoration1 beg9s ) ! second class4 ,f ?is /&po9t an illu/ration involves some?+ m ?an m]e draw+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! draw+ mu/ illu/rate ! subject1 b z ! draw+ w n be set 9 a pla9 m\nt1 b surr\nd$ or bord]$ by pr9t$ type1 !re is ! fur!r problem ( ! relation ( ! draw+ to ! pr9t$ type4 ,! relative importance atta*$ to ! pr9t$ type or ! draw+ is ! crucial po9t = ! illu/rator4 ,if all 8 ?\ghts are conc5trat$ on 8 own draw+1 "o l9e to him w be mu* z ano!r2 b if he consid]s 8 illu/ration z go+ ) ! type to =m "o homog5e\s design1 ea* l9e becomes a matt] ( delib]ate int5tion4 ,n[1 9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+1 :5 bo? type & illu/ration 7 pr9t$ (f a s+le block1 ! latt] /&po9t 0 adopt$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & z ! art develop$ & m5 ( g5u9e ability appli$ !mselves to design1 ?is intimate relation betwe5 pr9t] & design] produc$ results ( inimitable beauty4 ,ea* page ( a f9e ,ald9e is a "w ( art 9 itself4 ,! eye c run ov] page aft] page = ! simple pleasure ( its decoration4 ,no black blots 9 a sea ( ignoble type break ! quiet dignity ( ! page2 ea* "p ( x works toge!r ) ! re/ = "o prem$itat$ h>mony4 ,b gradually1 ) ! sev]ance ( ! arts1 ! pr9t] lo/ sight ( ! arti/1 & ! latt] c>$ only = himself2 & !re came ! inevitable result :i* has foll[$ ?is selfi%ness 9 all ! o!r arts ( design4 ,pr9t+ ceas$ to be an art at all1 & ! art ( book decoration di$ ( neglect2 ! illu/rator made 8 draw+ )\t ?\ght ( ! type1 & left x to ! pr9t] to pit* x into ! text1 & reproduce x z be/ he c\ld4 ,! l[-wat] m>k 9 arti/ic illu/ration 0 rea*$ p]haps 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 & ! greate/ (f5d] 0 ,turn] himself4 ,! illu/rations :i* ,turn] made = ,rog]s's ,poems %[ no sort ( modification ( 8 habitual practice 9 pa9t+4 ,!y may h be5 beautiful 9 !mselves1 b x evid5tly nev] ent]$ into ,turn]'s head t ! me?od1 :i* 0 admirable 9 a picture aid$ by all ! res\rces ( col\r1 0 beside ! m>k :5 appli$ to ! pr9t$ page ) all ! limitations ( black & :ite & ! simple l9e4 ,"o looks 9 va9 9 ,turn]'s illu/rations = any evid5ce t he 0 consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! re/ ( ! page at all4 ,some?+ m ?an a l&scape pa9t]'s k ( draw+ is necess>y4 ,! cu/om ( gett+ illu/rations f pa9t]s :o h little k ( decorative design has l$ to ! inv5tion ( all sorts ( me*anical processes 9 ord] to transf] easel-"w direct to ! pr9t$ page4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u book decoration has be5 deadly4 ,process-"w ( ?is sort has gone f> to kill wood-engrav+2 & z to its result1 in/ead ( a uni=m texture ( l9e wov5 z x 7 ov] ! entire page1 ! eye is arre/$ by h>% pat*es ( black or gray :i* %[ a disreg>d ( ! pr9t$ type :i* is little less ?an brutal4 ,leav+ rec5t "w out ( acc\nt1 "o exception only c be made1 & t is 9 ! case ( ,william ,blake4 ,! inh]5t conditions ( book decoration po9t to ! l9e drawn by h&1 & reproduc$1 ei!r by wood-engrav+ or by direct facsimile process1 z its prop] me?od4 ,inde$1 ! ideal ( pag9al beauty w\ld be rea*$ by leav+ bo? ! text & ! illu/rative design to h&1 if n to "o h&4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is out ( ! "q2 ! co/ alone is prohibitive4 ,! po9t = ! book-decorator to consid] is1 :at sort ( l9e w range be/ ) ! type4 ,9 ! case ( ! second division ( our classification1 :i*1 9 default ( a bett] "n1 may be call$ record "w1 x is impossible to apply to ! l9e ! am\nt ( ab/raction & selection :i* w\ld be necess>y 9 pure design4 ,to d s1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( an ar*itectural illu/ration1 w\ld de/roy ! vraisemblance :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( su* a draw+4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! l9e ought to be v c>efully consid]$4 ,x is important to recollect t ! type e/abli%es a sort ( scale ( its own1 &1 tak+ ord9>y lett]+1 ?is w\ld exclude v m9ute "w :]e ! l9es are close toge!r & !re is mu* cross-hat*+2 & also simple outl9e "w su* z ,rets* us$ to lab\r at1 = ! latt] errs on ! side ( t5uity & meagr5ess z mu* z process-reproduction ( bru%-"w s9s 9 ! opposite extreme4 ,! l9e us$ 9 ar*itectural illu/ration %\ld be free1 accurate1 & unfalt]+1 drawn ) suffici5t te*nical k ( ar*itecture to enable ! draughtsman to "k :]e he c /op )\t injury to 8 subject4 ,! l9e %\ld n be ob/9ate1 b s light & subtle z to reflect )\t ef=t ea* ?\ght t flits across ! arti/'s m9d4 ,vi]ge has %[n h[ mu* c be done 9 ?is way4 ,) a few free l9es & ! contra/ ( "s d>k piece ( %ad+ 9 exactly ! "r place1 he w (t5 tell y m ( a subject ?an w ! mo/ elaborately f9i%$ picture4 ,?is is ! me?od to aim at 9 ar*itectural illu/ration4 ,! poetry ( ar*itecture & its highe/ qualities ( dignity ( mass & outl9e are smo!r$ by t labori\s accuracy :i* cov]s e "p ( ! draw+ ) a va9 repetition ( unfeel+ l9es4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! illu/ration is purely imag9ative1 ! decorative /&po9t %\ld be kept /eadily 9 view1 & ! process ( selection & ab/raction c>ri$ v mu* f>!r4 ,"h1 at l5g?1 ! illu/rator c s ord] 8 design t ! draw+ & ! pr9t$ type =m a s+le piece ( decoration1 n disreg>d+ ! type1 b us+ x z 9 itself a means ( obta9+ texture & scale & di/ribut$ effect4 ,! type is1 z x 71 ! te*nical datum ( ! design1 :i* det]m9es ! scale ( ! l9e to be us$ ) x4 ,) a wiry type no d\bt a wiry draw+ is desirable1 b ! types ( ! great p]iods ( pr9t+ are firm 9 outl9e & l>ge & ample 9 di/ribution4 ,assum+1 !n1 t "o ( ^! types c be us$1 ! l9e ( ! accompany+ design %\ld be /rongly drawn1 & design$ f end to end ) full all[ance = ! :ite pap]4 ,no bett] model c be foll[$ ?an ,du]]'s woodcuts4 ,! am\nt ( "w :i* ,du]] w\ld get out ( a s+le l9e is some?+ extraord9>y1 & p]haps to u impossible2 = 9 view ( our complex mod]n ideas & total abs5ce ( tradition1 probably no mod]n design] c hope to atta9 to ! great ,g]man's magnific5t directness & trem5d\s int5sity ( expression4 ,delib]ate selection1 bo? 9 subject & treatm5t1 becomes !re=e a matt] ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! design] %\ld reject subjects :i* d n admit ( a decorative treatm5t4 ,8 bus9ess is n ) sci5ce1 or morals1 b ) art = its own sake2 he %\ld1 !re=e1 select 8 subject ) a s+le eye to its arti/ic possibilities4 ,z to ! l9e itself1 x is impossible to (f] any sugge/ion1 = ! l9e us$ is z mu* a "p ( ! design]'s idea z ! words ( a poem are ( a poet's poetry2 & ! inv5tion ( ^! mu/ come ( itself4 ,b once 9 consci\sness1 ! l9e mu/ be put "u rigid control z simply a means ( expression4 ,!re is an insidi\s dang] 9 ! l9e4 ,design]s sometimes seem to be inebriat$ ) _! own cunn+2 !y g on draw+ l9e aft] l9e1 app>5tly = ! simple pleasure ( deftly plac+ !m side by side1 or at be/ to produce "s spuri\s imitation ( texture4 ,z soon z ! l9e is made an end 9 itself1 x becomes a we>isome ?+4 ,! use ( ! l9e & ! imitation ( texture %\ld be absolutely subord9at$ to ! decorative purposes ( ! design1 & ! neglect ( ?is rule is z bad art z if a musician1 f p]v]se delight 9 ! intricacies ( a fugue1 7 to lose 8 !me 9 a *aos ( c\nt]po9t4 ,if1 !n1 to conclude1 we are to return to ! be/ traditions ( book decoration1 ! arti/ mu/ ab&on ! selfi% isolation 9 :i* he has hi!rto work$4 ,he mu/ reg>d ! pr9t$ type n z a necess>y evil1 b z a valuable mat]ial = ! decoration ( ! page1 & ! type & ! illu/ration %\ld be consid]$ 9 /rict relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is w involve a self-re/ra9t f> m rigid ?an any requir$ 9 et*+1 because ! po9t to be aim$ at is n s mu* ! direct sugge/ion ( nature1 z ! be/ decorative treatm5t ( ! l9e 9 relation to ! entire page4 ,?us1 to ! skill ( ! draughtsman mu/ be add$ ! f>-see+ imag9ation ( ! design]1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) a hole-&-corn] success1 involv+ disgrace to ! re/ ( ! page1 embraces 9 its consci\sness all ! mat]ials available = ! beautification ( ! page z a :ole4 ,x is only by ?is sev]e intellectual ef=t1 by ?is self-abnegation1 by ?is ready acceptance ( ! union ( ! arts1 t ! art ( book illu/ration c aga9 atta9 to a p]man5t value4 ,,reg9ald ,,blomfield4 ,,( ,,designs ,,& ,,work+ ,,draw+s ,! draw+s :i* mo/ deeply int]e/ ! workman are work+ draw+s--j ! la/ to be appreciat$ by ! public1 because !y are ! la/ to be und]/ood4 ,! mo/ admir$ ( %[ draw+s are to u craftsm5 comp>atively )\t int]e/4 ,we recognise ! competition draw+ at once2 we see h[ x 0 made 9 ord] to secure ! commission1 n ) a view to its effect 9 execution 7:i* is ! true & only end ( a design71 & we d n wond] at ! failure ( competitions 9 g5]al4 ,= ! man :o c>es lea/1 if ev5 he kn[s at all1 h[ a design w appe> 9 execution is ! mo/ likely to p]petrate a prett9ess :i* may ga9 ! fav\r ( ! inexp]t1 ) :om ! selection is likely to re/4 ,! g5]al public1 & all 9 fact :o are te*nically ignorant on ! subject1 ne$ to be w>n$ t ! mo/ attractive & :at are call$ tak+ draw+s are j ^? :i* are lea/ likely to be designs--/ill less bona fide work+ draw+s4 ,! real workman has n ! "t1 ev5 if he _h ! incl9ation1 to f9i% up 8 draw+s to ! po9t t is g5]ally consid]$ pleas+2 ! inv5tive _s has n ! pati5ce4 ,we h ea* ( u ! fail+s complem5t>y to our faculties1 & vice v]sa2 & y w usually f9d--c]ta9ly x is my exp]i5ce--t ! mak]s ( v elaborately f9i%$ draw+s seldom d any?+ b :at we h (t5 se5 be=e2 & t m5 ( any individuality1 actual design]s t is to say1 h a way ( consid]+ a draw+ f9i%$ z soon z ev] x expresses :at !y mean4 ,y may take x1 !n1 z a g5]al rule t highly f9i%$ & elaborate draw+s are got up = %[1 f9i%$ = exhibition z !y say 79 compliance ) ! suppos$ requirem5ts ( an exhibition r ?an ) a view to practical purposes71 & t draw+s complet$ only s f> z is necess>y1 precise 9 _! details1 disfigur$ by notes 9 writ+1 sections1 & s on1 are at lea/ g5u9e workaday designs4 ,if y ask :at a design %\ld be l--well1 l a design4 ,x is altoge!r a diff]5t ?+ f a picture2 x is almo/ ! rev]se ( x4 ,practically no man has1 z ,i said1 ! leisure1 ev5 if he _h ! ability1 to make an effective f9i%$ picture ( a ?+ yet to be c>ri$ out--p]haps n to be c>ri$ out4 ,?is la/ is a mo/ s]i\s consid]ation = him1 & may h a sad effect ^u 8 "w4 ,! arti/ :o c\ld af=d ?us to give himself away gratis w\ld c]ta9ly n d s2 ! man :o might be will+ to d x c\ld n2 = if he has got no "w to d--t is at lea/ presumptive evid5ce t he is n precisely a ma/] ( 8 craft4 ,! design t looks l a picture is likely to be at be/ a rem9isc5ce ( some?+ done be=e2 & ! m (t5 x has be5 done ! m likely x is to be pictorially successful--& by s mu* ! less is x1 /rictly speak+1 a design4 ,?is applies especially to designs on a small scale1 su* z are usually submitt$ to cat* ! r>e commission4 ,to imitate 9 a full-siz$ c>toon ! texture ( mat]ial1 ! casualty ( reflect$ light1 & o!r su* accid5ts ( effect1 is %e] nons5se1 & no practical workman w\ld ?9k ( su* a ?+4 ,a pa9t] put to ! uncong5ial task ( decorative design might be excus$ = attempt+ to make 8 productions pass mu/] by workman%ip excell5t 9 itself1 al?\gh n 9 ! lea/ to ! po9t3 "o does :at "o c1 or :at "o mu/2 & if a man has a faculty he ne$s mu/ %[ x4 ,only1 ! p]fection ( pa9t+ w n1 = all t1 make design4 ,9 ! fir/ small sket*-design1 ev]y?+ ne$ n ( c\rse be express$2 b x %\ld be indicat$--= ! purpose is simply to expla9 ! s*eme propos$3 s mu* ( pictorial repres5tation z may be necess>y to t is desirable1 & no m4 ,x %\ld be 9 ! nature ( a diagram1 specific en\gh to illu/rate ! idea & h[ x is to be work$ out4 ,x ought by /rict rights to commit "o def9itely to a c]ta9 me?od ( execution1 z a writt5 specification w\ld2 & may (t5 ) advantage be help$ out by writt5 notes1 :i* expla9 m def9itely ?an any pictorial r5d]+ j h[ ?is is to be wr\ght1 t ca/1 ! o!r *as$1 & s on1 z ! case may be4 ,:atev] ! me?od ( expression ! arti/ may adopt1 he %\ld be p]fectly cle> 9 8 own m9d h[ 8 design is to be work$ out2 & he ought to make x cle> also to any "o ) suffici5t te*nical k to und]/& a draw+4 ,9 ! fir/ sket* = a w9d[1 = example1 he ne$ n %[ e lead & e piece ( glass2 b !re %\ld be no possible mi/ake z to h[ x is to be glaz$1 or :i* is pa9t$ glass & :i* is mosaic4 ,to omit ! necess>y b>s 9 a sket* = glass seems to me a weak concession to ! prejudice ( ! public4 ,"o may h to conc$e su* po9ts sometimes2 b ! concession is due less to necessity ?an to !--:at %all we call x8--n p]haps exactly ! c[>dice1 b at all ev5ts ! timidity1 ( ! arti/4 ,9 a full-siz$ work+ draw+ or c>toon ev]y?+ mat]ial to ! design %\ld be express$1 & t z def9itely z possible4 ,9 a c>toon = glass 7to take aga9 ! same example7 e lead-l9e %\ld be %[n1 z well z ! saddle b>s2 to omit !m is ab\t z excusable z x w\ld be to leave out ! sections f a design = cab9et "w4 ,x is cont5d$ sometimes t su* details are n necess>y1 t ! arti/ c be> all t 9 m9d4 ,d\btless he c1 m or less2 b ,i am incl9$ to believe m /rongly 9 ! less4 ,at any rate he w mu* m c]ta9ly h !m 9 view :il/ he keeps !m visibly be=e 8 eyes4 ,"o ?+ t det]s him is ! fe> ( (f5d+ ! cli5t1 :o w n believe1 :5 he sees leads & b>s 9 a draw+1 h[ little !y are likely to ass]t !mselves 9 ! glass4 ,v mu* ! same ?+ applies to designs & work+ draw+s g5]ally4 ,a ?or\gh craftsman nev] sugge/s a =m or col\r )\t realis+ 9 8 own m9d h[ he w be able to get su* =m or col\r 9 ! actual "w2 & 9 8 work+ draw+ he expla9s t fully1 mak+ all[ance ev5 = "s n impossible dulness ( appreh5sion on ! "p ( ! executant4 ,?us1 if a patt]n is to be wov5 he indicates ! c>ds to be employ$1 he arranges :at p>ts are s+le1 :at d\ble1 z ! weav]s call x1 :at *anges 9 ! %uttle are propos$1 & by ! cross+ ( :i* ?reads c]ta9 int]m$iate t9ts are to be obta9$4 ,or aga91 if ! design is = wall-pap] pr9t+1 he arranges n only = ! blocks1 b ! ord] 9 :i* !y %all be pr9t$2 & provides = possible pr9t+ 9 flock1 or = ! pr9t+ ( "o transp>5t col\r ov] ano!r1 s z to get m col\rs ?an !re are blocks us$1 & s on4 ,9 ei!r case1 too1 he %[s q pla9ly ! limits ( ea* col\r1 n s mu* seek+ ! s(tness ( effect :i* is 8 ultimate aim1 z ! precision :i* w enable ! block or c>d cutt] to see at a glance :at he means1--ev5 at ! risk ( a c]ta9 h>dness 9 8 draw+2 = ! draw+ is 9 itself ( no acc\nt2 x is only ! means to an end2 & 8 end is ! /uff1 ! pap]1 or :atev] x may be1 9 execution4 ,a workman int5t on 8 design w sacrifice 8 draw+ to x--h>d5 x1 z ,i said1 = ! sake ( emphasis1 annotate x1 pat* x1 cut x up into pieces to prove x1 if ne$ be d any?+ to make 8 mean+ cle> to ! workman :o comes aft] him4 ,x is z a rule only ! dilettante :o is da9ty ab\t pres]v+ 8 draw+s4 ,to an arti/ v mu* 9 repute !re may be "s temptation to be c>eful ( 8 designs1 & to elaborate !m 7himself1 or by ! h&s ( 8 assi/ants71 because1 s f9i%$1 !y h a comm]cial value z draw+s--b ?is is at be/ pot-boil+2 & ! only m5 :o are subject to ?is temptation are j ^? :o might be pro( aga9/ x4 ,m5 ( su* rank t ev5 _! work+ draw+s are 9 dem& h no v urg5t ne$ to "w = ! pot2 & ! work+ draw+s ( m5 to :om p\nds & %ill+s mu/ ne$s be a real consid]ation are n s\ght aft]4 ,9 ! case ( v sm>t & highly f9i%$ draw+s by comp>atively unkn[n design]s--( n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$1 t is to say1 or n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e out ( a ?\s& p]haps--elaboration implies ei!r t1 hav+ little to say1 a man fills up 8 "t 9 say+ x at unnecess>y l5g?1 or t he is work+ = exhibition4 ,& :y n "w = exhibition8 x may be ask$4 ,!re is a simple answ] to t3 ,! exhibition pit* is 9 mu* too high a key1 & 9 ! long run x w ru9 ! faculty ( ! workman :o adopts x4 ,x is only fair to admit t an exhibition ( fragm5t>y & unf9i%$ draw+s1 soil$1 tatt]$1 & torn1 z !y almo/ inv>iably come f ! work%op or factory1 w\ld make a v poor %[--:i* may be an argum5t aga9/ exhibit+ !m at all4 ,c]ta9ly x is a reason = m5d+1 clean+1 & m\nt+ !m1 & putt+ !m 9 "s sort ( frame 7= :at is n wor? ! pa9s ( mak+ pres5table is n wor? %[+71 b t is a v diff]5t ?+ f work+ designs up to picture pit*4 ,:5 all is said1 designs1 if exhibit$1 appeal prim>ily to design]s4 ,we all want to see ea* o!r's "w1 & especially ea* o!r's way ( work+2 b x %\ld n be altoge!r un9t]e/+ to ! intellig5t amateur to see :at work+ draw+s are1 & to comp>e !m ) ! k9d ( speci\s competition draw+s by :i* he is s apt to be misl$4 ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day4 ,,furniture ,,& ,,! ,,room ,! art ( furni%+ runs on two :eels--! room & ! furniture4 ,z 9 ! bicycle1 ! inord9ate developm5t ( "o :eel at ! exp5se ( its colleague has be5 n )\t "s great feats1 yet too (t5 has provok$ cata/rophe2 s furni%+ makes safe/ progression :51 ) a ju/] proportion1 its two :eels are kept to mod]ate & uni=m diamet]s4 ,! room %\ld be = ! furniture j z mu* z ! furniture = ! room4 ,( late x has n be5 s2 we h be5 indulg+ 9 ! disproportionately :eel$ type1 & ! result has be5 to cr[d our rooms1 & r$uce !m to insignificance4 ,ev5 locomotion 9 !m is (t5 emb>rass+1 especially :5 ! uphol/]] has be5 all[$ c>te blan*e4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 !re is a s5se ( repletion 9 ^! masses ( *attel--miscellanies br\ght toge!r ) no subord9ation to ea* o!r1 or to ! effect ( ! room z a :ole4 ,tak5 9 ! s+le piece1 our furniture is sometimes n )\t its m]it1 b x is r>ely exempt f self-ass]tion1 or1 to use a slang t]m1 fuss9ess4 ,& an aggregation ( fuss9esses becomes fatigu+4 ,"o is betray$ into uncivilis$ long+s = ! workh\se1 or ev5 ! convict's cell1 ! simplicity ( b>e bo>ds & tables6 ,b we mu/ n use our dictum = aggressive purposes m]ely1 faulty z mod]n sy/ems may be4 ,9 ! di/9ction ( ! two sides ( ! problem ( furni%+--! room = ! furniture1 & ! furniture = ! room--!re is "s hi/orical significance4 ,"u ^! titles might be writt5 respectively ! fir/ & la/ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is art--its rise & its decad5ce4 ,furniture 9 ! embryonic /ate ( *e/s1 :i* held ! possessions ( e>ly times1 & s]v$1 z !y mov$ f place to place1 = tables1 *airs1 & w>drobes1 may h be5 9 exi/5ce :ile ! t5ts & %$s :i* accommodat$ !m 7 ( less value4 ,b furni%+ began ) settl$ ar*itecture1 :5 ! room grew fir/ into importance1 & ov]%ad[$ its cont5ts4 ,! art ( ! build] _h so>$ f> beyond ! ambitions ( ! furni%]4 ,lat]1 ! two con/itu5ts ( our art came to be produc$ simultane\sly1 & "u "o impulse ( design4 ,! room1 :e!r *ur* or hall1 _h n[ its specific furniture4 ,9 ! =m] ?is 0 adapt$ = ritual1 9 ! latt] = fea/+2 b 9 bo? ! cont5ts =m$ 9 idea an integral "p ( ! int]ior 9 :i* !y /ood4 ,& :ile ^! conditions endur$1 ! art 0 9 its palmy /ate4 ,lat]1 furniture came to be consid]$ ap>t f its position4 ,x grew fanciful & =tuit\s4 ,! problem ( fitt+ x to ! room 0 no problem at all :ile bo? sprang f a common conception3 x became s :5 its indep5d5t design1 at fir/ a foible ( luxury1 grew to be a necessity ( production4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z ar*itecture rema9$ dom9ant1 & pa9t+ & sculpture 7 its ackn[l$g$ vassals1 furniture reta9$ its legitimate position & %>$ 9 _! triumphs4 ,b :5 ^! ! eld] si/]s %ook (f _! allegiance1 furniture foll[$ suit4 ,x develop$ ! self-ass]tion ( :i* we h spok51 &1 9 ! belief t x c\ld /& alone1 divorc$ itself f t support :i* 0 ! f9al cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,!re h be5 d\btless _m slack5+s & tight5+s ( ! *a9 :i* l9ks ! arts ( design toge!r2 b x is to be not$ h[ ) ea* slack5+ furniture grew gorge\s & artificial1 fail$ to sympa?ise ) common ne$s1 & sank sl[ly b surely into feebl5ess & insipidity4 ,we _h pass$ ?r\gh "s su* cycle by ! middle ( ?is c5tury4 ,) ! dissolution ( old ties ! majority ( ! decorative arts _h p]i%$4 ,pa9t+ rema9$ to u1 arrogat+ to h]self ! role :i* hi!rto ! :ole company _h comb9$ to make successful4 ,9 h] /ruggle to fill ! giant's robe1 %e has run unresi/+ly 9 ! ruts ( ! age4 ,%e has cr[d$ h] portable canvases1 side by side1 into exhibitions & gall]ies1 & claim$ ! title ( art = lit]>y r ?an ae/hetic sugge/ions4 ,! m9or coquetries ( craftsman%ip1 f :i* once 0 n\ri%$ ! burly /r5g? ( art1 h felt out ( place 9 su* illu/ri\s company4 ,s we h ! =c$ art ( public display1 b x has ceas$ to be ! habit 9 :i* our common rooms & homely walls c\ld be dress$4 ,! att5dant symptom has be5 ! loss f our h\ses ( all t ar*itectural amalgam1 :i* 9 =m] times bl5d$ ! /ructure ) its cont5ts1 ! scre5s & panell+s1 :i*1 half room1 half furniture1 cem5t$ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! eighte5? c5tury c>ri$ on ! tradition to a great ext5t ) pl9? & dado1 cornice & encru/$ ceil+2 b by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? we _h our int]iors h&$ ov] to u by ! ar*itect almo/ completely void ( ar*itectural feature4 ,we are ask$ to take z a sub/itute1 :at is naively call$ decoration1 two coats ( pa9t1 & a v5e] ( ma*9e-pr9t$ wall-pap]s4 ,9 ?is progress ( oblit]ation an important factor has be5 ! increas+ brevity ( our t5ures4 ,?ree or f\r times 9 tw5ty ye>s ! outgo+ t5ant w make good 8 dilapidations1 & ! h\se-ag5t w put ! premises into t5antable repair--z ^! ?+s are settl$ = u by lawy]s & surveyors4 ,aft] a s]ies ( su* processes1 :at c rema9 ( int]nal ar*itecture8 ,c !re be left ev5 a room wor? furni%+1 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m8 ,! fir/ /ep to r5d] x s mu/ usually be ! oblit]ation ( z mu* z possible ( ! maim$ & di/ort$ con/ruction1 :i* our leasehold h\se (f]s4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if furniture1 beg9n+ aga9 to acc\nt h]self an art1 %\ld h transgress$ h] limits & invad$ ! room8 ,ceil+s1 walls & floors1 *imneypieces1 grates1 doors & w9d[s1 all n[adays come into ! h&s ( ! arti/ic furni%]1 & are at ! m]cy ( uphol/]]s & cab9etmak]s to beg9 )1 & ( ! antiquity-collector to foll[4 ,!n we br+ 9 our g>d5s1 & f9i% (f our draw+-room z a mixture ( a cons]vatory & a bric-a-brac %op4 ,! fa%ion = ar*aeological mimicry has be5 ano!r pitfall4 ,! attempt to br+ back art by complete reproductions ( old-day furni%+s has be5 mu* ! vogue abroad4 ,! ,p>isians di/+ui% _m /yles & affect to c>ry !m out 9 e detail4 ,! ,am]icans h copi$ ,p>is1 & we h done a little ourselves4 ,b ! weak elem5t 9 all ?is is1 t ! occupi] ( ^! m$iaeval or classic ap>tm5ts rema9s /ill ! n9ete5?-c5tury embodim5t1 :i* we meet 9 railway c>riage & omnibus4 ,we _c be cultur$ ,epicureans 9 a draw+-room ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & by ! op5+ ( a door walk z ,flemi% ,burgoma/]s into our libr>ies4 ,! he>t ( ! age w m\ld its productions irrespective ( fa%ion or ar*aeology1 & su* mis]able %ams fail to rea* x4 ,if we1 :o live 9 ?is c5tury1 c at all ourselves appraise ! position1 its mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic 9 its be>+ ^u art has be5 ! comm]cial t5d5cy4 ,!reby an indelible /amp is set ^u our furniture4 ,! mak+ ( x "u ! supreme condition ( pr(itable sale has affect$ x 9 bo? its functions4 ,on ! side ( utility our furniture has be5 %ap$ to ! uses ( ! million1 n ( ! individual4 ,h5ce its monoton\sly av]age "*1 its failure to become "p ( ourselves1 its lack ( p]sonal & local *>m4 ,h[ %\ld a /ock article possess ei!r8 ,b ! blight has fall5 m cruelly on t o!r function1 :i* is a necessity ( human craftsman%ip--! ef=t to express itself & please ! eye by ! expression4 ,art be+ ! monopoly ( pa9t+1 & hav+ no?+ to d ) su* vulg> matt]s z furniture1 comm]cialism has be5 able to advance a /&>d ( beauty ( its own1 ) "o canon1 t ( spe$y pr(its4 ,furniture has become a m]e w>e 9 ! m>ket ( fa%ion4 ,b\ght to-day z ! rage1 x is disc>d$ to-morr[1 & "s new fancy pur*as$4 ,! tradesman has a new m>g9 ( pr(it1 b ! cu/om] is j :]e he 04 ,x may be grant$ t a g5u9e necessity ( sale is ! /imulus to :i* all s]i\s ef=t 9 ! arts mu/ look = progress1 & )\t :i* !y w\ld become faddism & conceit4 ,b x is a diff]5t ?+ altoge!r :5 ?is passes f /imulus into motive--! exclusive motive ( pr(it to ! produc]4 ,! wor? ( ! article is impair$ z mu* z ! well-be+ ( ! craftsman1 & furniture is degrad$ to ! position ( a pawn 9 ! game ( ! sweat]4 ,we mu/1 ,i fe>1 be cont5t at pres5t to put up ) exhibitions & un>*itectural rooms4 ,b :ile mak+ ! be/ ( ^! conditions1 we ne$ n acquiesce 9 !m or ma9ta9 _! p]man5ce4 ,at any rate we may fight a good fight ) comm]cialism4 ,! evils ( he>tless & unlov+ production1 "u ! gr9d ( an unnecess>y gre$1 are pat5t en\gh to lead u to reflect t we h aft] all 9 ^! matt]s a *oice4 ,we ne$ n sp5d our money on t :i* is n bread4 ,we c g = our furniture to ! individual craftsman & n ! comm]cial firm4 ,! p5alty = s do+ is no long] prohibitive4 ,9 clos+ our rem>ks we _c d bett] ?an repeat our initial axiom--! art ( furni%+ lies ) ! room z mu* z ) ! furniture4 ,! old ways are /ill ! only ways4 ,:5 we c>e = art suffici5tly to summon h] f h] /ate prison-h\se ( exhibitions & gall]ies1 to live aga9 a free life among u 9 our homes1 %e w appe> z a controll+ =ce1 us+ n only pa9t+ & sculpture1 b all ! decorative arts to %ape room & furniture "u "o purpose ( design4 ,:e!r we %all !n give h] ! "t-hon\r$ title ( ar*itecture1 or call h] by ano!r "n1 is ( no mom5t4 ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,prior4 ,,( ,,! ,,room ,,& ,,furniture ,! transi5t t5ure t mo/ ( u h 9 our dwell+s1 & ! absorb+ nature ( ! /ruggle t mo/ ( u h to make to w9 ! necess>y provisions ( life1 prev5t our enc\rag+ ! manufacture ( well-wr\ght furniture4 ,we mean to outgr[ our h\ses--our lease expires aft] s _m ye>s & !n we %all want an entirely diff]5t class ( furniture2 consequ5tly we pur*ase articles t h only suffici5t life 9 !m to la/ ! brief p]iod ( our occupation1 & are cont5t to abide by ! want ( appropriat5ess or beauty1 9 ! cle> int5tion ( "s day surr\nd+ ourselves ) objects t %all be joys to u = ! rema9d] ( our life4 ,ano!r det]r5t condition to mak+ a s]i\s outlay 9 furniture is ! in/ability ( fa%ion3 ea* decade sees a new /yle1 & ! furniture t we h acquir$ 9 ! ex]cise ( our exp]i5c$ ta/e w 9 all probability be disc>d$ by ! impetu\s purism ( ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,at pres5t we are suff]+ f su* a ca?olicity ( ta/e z sees good 9 ev]y?+1 & has an indiff]5t & tepid appreciation ( all & sundry1 especially if consecrat$ by age4 ,?is is ma9ly a reaction aga9/ ! au/]ity ( ^? morali/s :o prea*$ ! logic ( con/ruction1 & :o requir$ outw>d pro( ( ! pr9ciples on :i* & by :i* ea* piece 0 design$4 ,ano!r cause prejudicial to ! gr[? ( mod]n furniture is ! canonisation ( old4 ,t tables & *airs %\ld h la/$ "o hundr$ ye>s is inde$ pro( t !y 7 orig9ally well made3 t ! conditions ( ! mom5t ( _! make 7 bett] ?an !y are n[ is possible1 & su* aureole z is _! due let u ha/5 to (f]4 ,b1 to take advantage ( _! survival & to increase _! numb] by facsimile reproduction is to p>alyse all heal?y gr[? ( manufacture4 ,z an answ] to ! ne$s & habits ( our ance/ors ( "o hundr$ ye>s ago--bo? 9 con/ruction & design--let !m s]ve u z models %[+ ! attitude ( m9d 9 :i* we %\ld meet ! problems ( our day--& s f> z ! ne$s & habits ( ! pres5t "t are un*ang$1 z models ( =m1 n to be incorporat$ ) our v]nacul>1 b :i* we %\ld recognise z successful =m1 & discov] ! pla/ic secrets ( its %ape4 ,) ?is possession we may borr[ :at =ms we w--%apes ( ! ,ind & f> ,ca?ay--! :ole wide _w is op5 to u--( pa/ imag9ations & ( ! dreams ( our own4 ,b )\t ?is ma/]-key ! copy+ is slavi%1 & ! bondage ( ! task is bo? cruel & de/ructive4 ,cruel1 because m9dless1 "w c be reproduc$ m rapidly ?an ?\ghtful "w c be inv5t$1 & ! rate ( production affects ! price ( o!r articles ( simil> k9d1 s t ! "o dictates :at ! o!r %all receive2 & de/ructive1 because x treats ! craftsman z a m]e ma*9e1 ^: only /&>d c be me*anical excell5ce4 ,n[1 all furniture t has any p]man5t value has be5 design$ & wr\ght to meet ! ends x _h to s]ve1 & ! c>eful elaboration ( x gave its mak] scope = 8 pleasure & occasion = 8 pride4 ,if a man really likes :at he has got to d1 he w make great %ifts to express & realise 8 pleasure2 he w *oose c>efully 8 mat]ials1 & ei!r 9 playfulness ( fancy1 or 9 grave r5unciation ( ! g>niture ( 8 art1 w put ! /amp ( 8 individuality on 8 "w4 ,an example ( liv+ art 9 mod]n furniture is a co/]mong]'s b>r[4 ,affectionately put toge!r1 c>v$ & pa9t$1 x expresses almo/ 9 words ! pride & ta/e ( its own]4 ,z long z we are incapable ( recognis+ & sympa?is+ ) ! delight ( ! workman 9 ! realisation ( 8 art1 our admiration ( 8 "w is a pret5ce1 & our enc\ragem5t ( x bl9d--& ?is bl9dness makes u ins5sitive z to :e!r ! delight is really !re or no2 consequ5tly our patronage w mo/ (t5 be disa/r\s r ?an helpful4 ,! value ( furniture dep5ds on ! directness ( its response to ! requirem5ts t call$ x into be+1 & to ! nature ( ! conditions t evok$ x4 ,to obta9 good furniture we mu/ contrive t ! conditions ( its s]vice are wor?y conditions1 & n m]ely ! dictates ( our fancy or our slo?4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t mod]n furniture may be r\ghly divid$ into two classes3 furniture = s]vice1 & furniture = display4 ,mo/ ( u1 h[ev]1 h to conf9e ourselves to ! possession ( s]viceable furniture only2 & a m frank recognition ( ?is limitation w\ld assi/ u greatly 9 our selection4 ,if only we kept our real ne$s /eadily be=e u1 h[ mu* m beauty we c\ld import into our homes6 ,ow+ to lack ( obs]vation1 & ( exp]i5c$ canons ( ta/e1 our fancies are caught by "s *ance object t pleases--"o ( t huge collection ( ephem]al articles :i* h be5 creat$ to supply a want t hi!rto has nev] be5 felt--& z ! co/ ( ^! fictions is 7by ! nature ( ! case7 s l[ z to be ( no great mom5t to u1 ! ?+ is pur*as$ & helps h5ce=? to swell ! museum ( incongru\s accumulation t goes by ! "n ( a furni%$ draw+-room4 ,a fancy1 s caught1 is soon outworn1 b ! precept ( economy =bids ! dis*>ge ( ! sup]flu\s pur*ase1 & s x adds its unit to ! sum ( daily lab\r sp5t on its pres]vation & its appe>ance4 ,?is burd5 ( unnecess>y toil is ! index ( ! ne$lessness & cruelty ) :i* we sp5d ! lab\r ( ^? :om ne$ has put "u our s]vice4 ,& ! sum ( money sp5t on ^! ill-consid]$ acquisitions :i* h gone to swell ! g5]al total ( di/ress1 an ev]-wid5+ r+ ( bitt] ripple1 might1 conc5trat$1 h pur*as$ "s "o ?+1 bo? beautiful & useful1 ^: fa%ion+ _h be5 a pleasure to ! artific]1 & ^: pres5ce 0 an increas+ delight to ! own] & an add$ unit to ?is _w's real weal?4 ,su* indiscrim9ate collection defeats its own aim4 ,comp>e ! way ,giovanni ,bell9i fits up ,/4 ,j]ome's /udy = him 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,!re is no /9t ( money evid5tly2 ! ,sa9t gets all t he c prop]ly want1 & he gets ov] & above--! addition born ( 8 d5ial--! look ( peace & calm 9 8 room1 t c s seldom be f\nd ) u4 ,ano!r reason :y our rooms are s gl>+ly ov]-furni%$ is1 t _m ( u aim at a /&>d ( pr(usion1 9 =getfulness ( ! circum/ances :i* creat$ t /&>d4 ,families1 ^: desc5t has be5 hi/oric1 & ^: home has be5 _! pride1 accumulate1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 heirlooms ( _m k9ds--pictures1 furniture1 tr9kets1 etc4--& z ^! increase 9 numb]s1 ! rooms 9 :i* !y are conta9$ become fill$ & cr[d$ beyond :at beauty or com=t p]mits1 & su* sacrifice is ju/ly made = ! dem&s ( filial pride4 ,?is emotion is s conspicu\sly an hon\rable "o t we are all eag] to possess & give scope to our own1 & s long z ! scope is hone/ !re is no?+ m laudable4 ,b ! temptation is to add to our un9h]it$ display 9 ?is p>ticul> by sub/itutes1 & to surr\nd ourselves ) immemorable articles1 ! ju/ification ( ^: pres5ce really %\ld be t !y =m "p ( ! hi/ory ( our lives 9 m important respects ?an ! m]e occasions ( _! pur*ase4 ,x is ?is unreason+ ambition t leads to ! rivall+ ( pr9cely h\ses by ! acquisition ( family portraits pur*as$ 9 ,w>d\r ,/reet--! rivall+ ( hi/oric libr>ies by ! pur*ase ( ?\s&s ( books to =m our ye/]day's libr>ies ( undi/urb$ volumes--! rivall+ ( memorable *airs & tables1 by rec5tly b\ght articles ( our own1 cr[d$ 9 imitation ( our model ) innum]able trifles1 to ! inf9ite tax ( our space1 our pati5ce1 & our purse4 ,our want ( c>e & re/ra9t 9 ! selection ( our furniture affects bo? its design & manufacture4 ,con/antly articles are b\ght = tempor>y use--we po/pon+ ! responsibility ( wise pur*ase until we h m "t1 or else we buy :at is n precisely :at we want b :i* mu/ d1 s9ce we _c wait to h ! exact ?+s made1 & h n ! "t to se>* else:]e = !m4 ,furniture1 9 response to ?is dem&1 mu/ be made ei!r s /rik+ z to arre/ ! eye1 or s v>i$ly s]viceable z to meet "s consid]able proportion ( ! conflict+ requirem5ts made on x by ! *ance int5d+ pur*as]1 or else x mu/ fall back on ! impregnable basis ( antiquity & sil5ce all argum5t ) ! canon t :at ! late ,mr4 ,*ipp5dale did 0 b\nd to be good ta/e4 ,!re %\ld be a place = ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ 9 its place4 ,v true4 ,b 9 ! ex]cise ( our ord]l9ess we require ! he>ty co-op]ation ( ! place itself4 ',tis a wond]ful aid :5 ! place fits ! object x is int5d$ to conta94 ,take ! common male *e/ ( draw]s z a case 9 po9t4 ,its function is to hold a man's %irts & 8 clo!s1 articles ( a kn[n & con/ant size4 ,:y are ! draw]s n made proportionate = _! duty8 ,:y are !y s few & s deep t :5 fill$--z !y ne$s mu/ be--!y are uneasy to draw out1 & to obta9 ! p>ticul> article ( :i* we are 9 que/1 & :i* ( c\rse is at ! bottom1 we mu/ burr[ into ! heavy sup]-incumb5t mass ( clo!s 9 our se>*1 &--t successful--sp5d a we>y :ile 9 contriv+ to repack ! ill-dispos$ space4 ,x c h>dly be economy ( lab\r & mat]ial t dictates ?is1 =--if s--:y is ! usual hang+ w>drobe made s prepo/]\sly too tall8 ,does ! idiot mak] suppose t a woman's dress is hung all 9 "o piece1 body & skirt1 f ! nape ( ! neck1 to trail its extreme/ l5g?8 ,! art ( buy+ furniture1 or hav+ x made = u1 is to be acquir$ only by /udy & pa9s1 & we mu/ ei!r pursue ! necess>y education1 or depute ! furni%+ ( our rooms to compet5t h&s3 & ! responsibility does n end "h1 = !re is ! duty ( discov]+ :o are compet5t1 & ?is mu/ be done indirectly s9ce direct inquiry only elicits ! "o crit]ion1 omnipot5t1 omnipres5t1 ( co/4 ,! object to be ga9$ 9 furni%+ a room is to supply ! j requirem5ts ( ! occupants1 to acc5tuate or fur!r ! "* ( ! room1 & to indicate ! individual habits & ta/es ( ! own]4 ,ea* piece %\ld be beautiful 9 itself1 &1 /ill m important1 %\ld m9i/] to & increase ! beauty ( ! o!rs4 ,collective beauty is to be aim$ at2 n s mu* individual4 ,proportion is ano!r ess5tial4 ,n t ! proportions ( furniture %\ld v>y ) ! size ( ! rooms3 ! dim5sions ( *airs1 height ( tables1 sizes ( doors1 h long be5 all fix$ &1 hav+ direct ref]5ce to ! human body1 are immutable4 ,sub/antially1 ! size ( man's body is ! same & has be5 ! same f ! dawn ( hi/ory until n[1 & w be ! same :e!r 9 a cottage p>l\r or ! ,alb]t ,hall4 ,b !re is a proportion 9 ! relations ( ! spaces ( a room to its furniture :i* mu/ be secur$4 ,if ?is is n done1 no individual beauty ( ! objects 9 ! room w repair ! lo/ h>mony or be comp5sation = ! picture t might h be54 ,a museum ( beautiful objects has its educational value1 b no "o pret5ds t x claims to be m ?an a /oreh\se ( beauty4 ,! pa9t] :o cr[ds 8 canvas ) ! innum]able spots ( col\r t c be squeez$ out ( e tube ( beautiful pa9t t ! col\rman sells1 is no ne>] 8 goal ?an he :o fills 8 rooms ) a het]og5e\s miscellany ( articles swept toge!r f e clime & ( e age4 ,,halsey ,,ric>do4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,tradition ,! s5se ( a consecutive tradition has s completely fad$ out ( ,engli% art t x has become difficult to realise ! mean+ ( tradition1 or ! possibility ( its ev] aga9 reviv+2 & ?is /ate ( ?+s is n improv$ by ! fact t x is due to unc]ta9ty ( purpose1 & n to any burn+ fev] ( individualism4 ,tradition 9 art is a matt] ( environm5t1 ( intellectual atmosph]e4 ,z ! result ( _m g5]ations ( "w along "o cont9u\s l9e1 !re has accumulat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ability 9 design & manual dext]ity1 c]ta9 ideas are 9 ! air1 c]ta9 ways ( do+ ?+s come to be recognis$ z ! "r ways4 ,to all ?is end[m5t an arti/ born 9 any ( ! liv+ ages ( art succe$$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & x is ! abs5ce ( ?is inh]it$ k t places ! mod]n craftsman "u exceptional disabilities4 ,!re is evid5ce to prove ! exi/5ce 9 ,engl& ( h]$it>y crafts 9 :i* ! son succe$$ ! fa!r = g5]ations1 & to %[ t ! guilds 7 r ! gu>dians ( high traditional skill ?an m]e trades unions2 b !re is sur] pro( ( a common ?read ( tradition 9 c]ta9 qualities all along ! l9e1 :i* gave to ,engli% "w a "* peculi> to itself4 ,in/ances ( g5u9e ,go?ic furniture are r>e2 9 ,engl& at any rate x 0 usually simple & solid1 suffici5t to answ] ! ne$s ( an age )\t any highly develop$ s5se ( ! luxuries ( life4 ,x is n till ! ,r5aissance t mu* mat]ial c be f\nd = a hi/ory ( ,engli% furniture4 ,mu* ( ! motif ( ?is "w came f ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s2 inde$ cab9et "w 0 import$ l>gely f ! latt] c\ntry4 ,x 0 j "h1 h[ev]1 t tradition /epp$ 91 & gave to our sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury furniture a di/9ctly national "*4 ,! delicate m\ld+s1 ! skilful turn+s1 ! quiet inlays ( ebony1 ivory1 *]ry wood1 & walnut1 above all ! bread? & sobriety ( its design1 po9t to a tradition ( craftsman%ip /rong en\gh to assimilate all ! ideas :i* x borr[$ f o!r ages & o!r c\ntries4 ,contra/1 = in/ance1 a piece ( ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road m>quetry ) ! "m-(-pe>l & ebony inlay on an ,engli% cab9et at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,s f> z m]e skill 9 cutt+ goes !re may be no great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 b ! latt] is *>m+1 & ! =m] t$i\s 9 ! la/ degree2 & ! reason is t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! craftsman lov$ 8 "w1 & 0 ma/] ( x4 ,he />t$ ) an idea 9 8 head1 & us$ 8 mat]ial ) mean+1 & s 8 inlay is z fanciful z ! seawe$1 & yet entirely subord9at$ to ! h>mony ( ! :ole design4 ,p]haps "s ( ! be/ furniture "w ev] done 9 ,engl& 0 done betwe5 #afjj & #affj4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! good examples1 to "w :i* dep5d$ = its effect on ref9$ design & delicate detail1 n to ! bulb\s legs & co>se c>v+ ( ord9>y ,elizabe?an1 ?\gh ev5 ?is _h a naivete & spontaneity entirely lack+ 9 mod]n reproductions4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 signs ( ,fr5* influ5ce appe> 9 ,engli% furniture1 b ! tradition ( /ructural fitness & dignity ( design 0 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! great ar*itectural age ( ,wr5 & ,gibbs1 & la/$ till ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,if t c5tury 0 n p>ticul>ly inspir$1 x at lea/ und]/ood consummate workman%ip4 ,! av]age ( te*nical skill 9 ! h&icrafts 0 f> 9 advance ( ! ord9>y trade "w ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s curi\s evid5ces ( ! activity prevail+ 9 :at are call$ ! m9or arts may be f\nd 9 ,! ,laboratory & ,s*ool ( ,arts1 a small octavo volume publi%$ 9 #agch4 ,! "w ( ?is p]iod furni%es a /&+ in/ance ( ! value ( tradition4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury a s*ool ( c>v]s _h gr[n up 9 ,engl& :o c\ld c>ve1 ) absolute precision & )\t me*anical aids1 all su* ornam5t z egg & tongue "w1 or ! acan?us1 & o!r conv5tional foliage us$ = ! decoration ( ! m\ld+s ( doors1 mantelpieces1 & ! l4 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons is usually nam$ z ! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool1 b ,gibbons 0 himself tra9$ by su* m5 z ,wr5 & ,gibbs1 & = ! s\rce f :i* ?is "w d]ives ! real /amp ( /yle "o mu/ g back to ! au/]e g5ius ( ,inigo ,jones4 ,! importance ( ! ar*itect1 9 influ5c+ craftsm5 9 all su* matt]s z ?is1 _c be ov]rat$4 ,he has1 or ought to h1 suffici5t k ( ! crafts to settle = ! craftsman ! all-important po9ts ( scale & proportion to ! re/ ( ! design2 & ?is is j "o ( ^? po9ts 9 :i* contempor>y ar*itecture1 bo? z reg>ds ! education ( ! ar*itect & curr5t practice1 is exce$+ly apt to fail4 ,sir ,william ,*amb]s & ! bro!rs ,adam 7 ! la/ ( ! ar*itects be=e ! cataclysm ( ! n9ete5? c5tury :o made designs = furniture ) any degree ( skill4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury occur ! famili> names ( ,*ipp5dale1 ,heppel:ite1 & ,%]aton1 & if ^! excell5t cab9etmak]s did a t5? ( ! "w ) :i* ! deal]s cr$it !m1 !y mu/ ea* h _h ! hundr$ h&s ( ,gyas4 ,! rosewood furniture inlaid ) arabesques 9 ?9 flat brass1 & made by ,gill[ at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 is p]haps ! la/ g5u9e ef=t 9 ,engli% furniture1 ?\gh ! tradition ( good "w & simple design di$ v h>d 9 old-fa%ion$ c\ntry places4 ,! mis*ief began ) ! ridicul\s m$iaevalism ( ,horace ,walpole1 :i* sub/itut$ amateur fancy = craftsman%ip1 & l$ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury to ! complete ext9ction ( any tradition :atev]4 ,! heavy attempts at furniture 9 ! ,greek /yle :i* accompani$ ! ar*itecture ( ,wilk9s & ,soane 7 z artificial z ?is lit]>y ,go?ic1 & ! two result$ 9 ! *aos ( art :i* f\nd its expression 9 ! great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,?ree great qualities /amp$ ! ,engli% tradition 9 furniture s long z x 0 a liv+ =ce--/eadfa/ness ( purpose1 res]ve 9 design1 & ?or\gh workman%ip4 ,take any good p]iod ( ,engli% furniture1 & "o f9ds c]ta9 well-recognis$ types consi/5tly adh]$ to ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 grasp+ _! g5]al *>act]i/ics1 :]eas ! v g5ius ( classification c\ld furni% no clue to ! labyr9? ( n9ete5?-c5tury design4 ,! m5 ( ^! e>li] times made no labori\s se>* = qua9tness1 no disord]$ attempt to comb9e ! peculi>ities ( a doz5 diff]5t ages4 ,"o g5]al type 0 adh]$ to because x 0 ! legacy ( g5]ations1 & !re 0 no reason = dep>t+ f su* an excell5t model4 ,! design]s & ! workm5 _h only to p]fect :at 0 already good2 !y made no exp]im5ts 9 ornam5t1 b us$ x ) nice judgm5t1 & full k ( its effect4 ,! result 0 t1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ & unreasonable1 _! "w 0 ?or\ghly happy2 "o _c ?9k ( x z bett] done ?an x is4 ,! quality ( res]ve & sobriety is ev5 m important4 ,z comp>$ ) ! lat] developm5ts ( ! ,r5aissance on ! ,cont95t1 ,engli% furniture 0 always di/+ui%$ by its simplicity & self-re/ra9t4 ,yet x is ?is v quality :i* is mo/ conspicu\sly abs5t f mod]n "w4 ,z a p we r pride ourselves on ! resolute suppression ( any florid display ( feel+1 b art 9 ?is c\ntry is s completely divorc$ f ev]yday exi/5ce1 t x nev] seems to occur to an ,engli%man to import "s ( ?is f9e insul> quality into 8 daily surr\nd+s4 ,x has be5 res]v$ = ?is g5]ation to "p company ) ! tradition ( f9i%$ workman%ip4 ,good "w ( c\rse c be done1 b x is exce$+ly difficult to f9d ! workman1 & ! av]age is bad4 ,we h no?+ to take ! place ( ! admirable craftsman%ip ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* includ$ n only great manual skill1 b also an assur$ k ( ! purpose ( any giv5 piece ( furniture1 ( ! =m be/ suit$ = x1 & ! exact /r5g? ( mat]ial necess>y1 a k :i* came ( long famili>ity ) ! difficulties ( design & execution1 :i* nev] hesitat$ 9 its te*nique1 :i* atta9$ a rightness ( me?od s complete z to seem inevitable4 ,craftsman%ip ( ?is ord] h>dly exi/s n[adays4 ,x is ! result ( tradition1 ( ! lab\r ( _m g5]ations ( cunn+ workm54 ,la/ly1 z ! complem5t ( ^! lapses on ! "p ( ! craftsman1 !re has be5 a gradual decad5ce 9 ! ta/e ( ! public4 ,sci5ce & me*anical +5uity h gone f> to de/roy ! art ( ! h&icrafts4 ,art is a matt] ( ! imag9ation1 & ( ! skill ( "o's h&s--b ! pace n[adays is too mu* = x4 ,c]ta9ly f ! sixte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury a well-educat$ ,engli% g5tleman _h "s k ( ! arts1 & especially ( ar*itecture2 ! ,e>l ( ,burl+ton ev5 design$ important build+s1 ?\gh n ) rem>kable success2 b at any rate educat$ p _h "s insight into ! arts1 :e!r inh]it$ or acquir$4 ,n[adays good education & bre$+ are no gu>antee = any?+ ( ! sort1 unless x is "s miscellane\s k ( pictures4 ,few p1 outside ! arti/s1 & n too _m ( !m1 give any s]i\s att5tion to ar*itecture & sculpture1 & consequ5tly an art su* z furniture1 :i* is bas$ almo/ entirely ^u ^!1 is h>dly recognis$ by ! public z an art at all4 ,h[ mu* ! arti/ & 8 public react ^u ea* o!r is %[n by ! pla9 fact t up to ! la/ few ye>s !y h /eadily m>*$ d[n hill toge!r1 & x is n v c]ta9 t !y h yet begun to turn ! corn]4 ,t our ,engli% tradition 0 once a liv+ ?+ is %[n by ! beautiful furniture1 purely ,engli% 9 design & execution1 /ill to be se5 9 great h\ses & museums1 b x is n likely t su* a tradition w spr+ up aga9 till ! arti/s try to make ! unity ( ! arts a real ?+1 & ! craftsman gr[s call\s to fa%ion & ar*aeology1 & ! public resolutely turns its back on :at is tawdry & silly4 ,,reg9ald ,,blomfield4 ,,c>p5t]s' ,,furniture ,x requires a f> se>* to ga!r up examples ( furniture really repres5tative 9 ?is k9d1 & ?us to ga9 a po9t ( view = a prospect into ! m ideal :]e furniture no long] is b\ght to look exp5sively useless 9 a b\doir1 b s]ves ev]yday & commonplace ne$1 su* z mu/ always be ! wont1 :]e mo/ m5 "w1 & ex*ange 9 "s sort life = life4 ,! be/ pres5t-day example is ! deal table 9 ^? la/ places to be vulg>is$1 f>m-h\se or cottage kit*54 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?+s z simply made z a kit*5 table1 m]e c>p5t]s' fram+s1 7 decorat$ to ! utmo/ /ret* ( ! imag9ation by means simple & rude z _! con/ruction4 ,design1 inde$1 really fre% & p5etrat+1 co-exi/s x seems only ) simple/ conditions4 ,simple1 s]viceable movables fall into few k9ds3 ! box1 cupbo>d1 & table1 ! /ool1 b5*1 & *air4 ,! box 0 once ! mo/ frequ5t1 useful1 & beautiful ( all ^!2 n[ x is nev] made z furniture4 ,(t5 x 0 seat1 c(f]1 & table 9 "o1 ) *equ]s inlaid on ! top = *ess4 ,!re are a great numb] ( *e/s 9 ,engl& z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,"o type ( con/ruction1 p]haps ! e>lie/1 is to clamp ! wood-"w toge!r & beautifully decorate x by bran*+ scrolls ( iron-"w4 ,ano!r k9d 0 ornam5t$ by a sort ( butt]-pr9t patt]n+1 cut into ! wood 9 +5i\s fill+s to squ>es & circles1 :i* y c imitate by draw+ ! int]sect+ l9es ! compasses seem to make ( _! own w 9 a circle1 & cutt+ d[n ea* space to a %all[ ,v4 ,?is simple c>p5t]'s decoration is especially id5tifi$ ) *e/s4 ,! same k9d ( "w is /ill done 9 ,icel& & ,norway1 ! sep>ate comp>tm5ts (t5 brightly pa9t$ into a mosaic ( col\r2 or patt]ns ( simple scroll-"w are made out 9 incis$ l9e & space4 ,9 ,italy ?is *>m+ art ( incis+ 0 c>ri$ mu* f>!r 9 ! cassoni1 ! fronts ( :i*1 broad planks ( cypress wood1 are (t5 romantic ) q a tape/ry ( k+s & ladies1 bea/s1 birds1 & foliage1 cut 9 outl9e ) a knife & pun*$ ) dots1 ! cavities be+ fill$ ) a col\r$ ma/ic l seal+-wax4 ,panell+1 r\gh inlay+ 9 ! solid1 c>v+ & pa9t+1 & cas+ ) rep\sse or pi]c$ metal1 or cov]+ ) lea!r incis$ into designs1 & mak+ out patt]ns ) nail-heads1 7 all me?ods ( decoration us$ by ! mak] ( boxes3 o!r examples1 & ^? n ! lea/ /ately1 _h no o!r ornam5t ?an ! purfl+ at ! edges =m$ by +5i\sly elaborate dovetails fitt+ toge!r l a puzzle & %[+ a patt]n l an inlay4 ,:5 p "w naturally1 x is z we>isome & unnecess>y (t5 to repeat ! same design z to cont9ually pa9t ! same picture4 ,design comes by design+4 ,on ! "o h& tradition c>efully & cont9u\sly %apes ! object to fill its use1 on ! o!r spontane\s & eag] excursions are made into ! limitless fields ( beautiful device4 ,:]e con/ruction & =m are ?us ! result ( a long tradition undi/urb$ by fa%ion1 !y are always absolutely "r z to use & di/9ctive z to beauty1 ! con/ruction be+ n only visible1 b "o ) ! decoration4 ,take a pres5t-day survival1 ! l>ge c\ntry c>t1 ! body %ap$ l ! wai/ ( a sail+ %ip1 & e rail & upright unalt]ably logical1 & !n decorat$ by qua9t *amf]+s1 ! facets ( :i* are made out 9 brighte/ pa9t4 ,or look at an old table1 always ) /ret*+ rails at ! bottom & fram$ toge!r ) /rong t5ons & cross p9s into turn$ po/s1 b s ?\ghtfully done t e "o is orig9al & all beautiful4 ,turn+1 a delightful old art1 half = conv5i5ce1 half = beauty1 itself comes d[n to u f long be=e ! ,conque/4 ,! great *>m 9 furniture ( ! simple/ /ructure may be/ be se5 9 old illum9at$ manuscripts1 :]e a *e/1 a b5*1 & aga9/ ! wall a cupbo>d1 ! top ris+ 9 /eps :]e are set out tall ,v5ice glasses1 or a g>ni% ( plate "u a te/] ( "s bright /uff1 make up a :ole ( fairy beauty 9 ! frank simplicity ( ! =ms & ! innoc5t gaiety ( bright col\r4 ,take ! ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 /udy ( ,du]] or ,bell9i1 & comp>e ! dignity ( s]5e & satisfy+ ord] ) ! mo/ beautifully furni%$ room y "k3 h[ vulg> our good ta/e appe>s & h[ =eign to ! end ( culture--,peace4 ,f records1 & :at rema9s to u1 we "k t ! room1 ! hang+s1 & ! furniture 7 patt]n$ all ov] ) scatt]$ fl[]s & inscriptions--violets & ! words bonne p5see2 or vases ( lilies & pax1 angels & inc5se pots1 ciph]s & initials1 badges & devices1 or :atev] !re be ( sugge/ion & my/]y4 ,! panell+ & furniture 7 gre5 l a curta91 z ! old acc\nts h x2 or v]milion & :ite1 l "s pa9t$ *airs at ,knole2 or ev5 decorat$ ) pa9t+s & gilt gesso patt]ns l ! ,norfolk scre5s4 ,fancy a b$ ) ! und]side ( ! canopy hav+ an ,annunciation or spread+ trellis ( roses1 & ! *amb] c>v$ l "o 9 ?irte5?-c5tury romance3-- ,n'a el monde be/e n'oisel ,qui n'i soit ovre a cisel4 ,if we w\ld "k h[ f> we are f ! s\l ( art1 we h b to rememb] t all ?is1 ! romance elem5t 9 design1 ! joy 9 life1 nature1 & col\r1 :i* 9 "o pa/ developm5t we call ,go?ic1 & :i* is ev] ! well ( beauty undefil$1 is n n[ s mu* impossible ( atta9m5t z entirely out ( range ) our _s & life1 a felt ana*ronism & affectation4 ,all art is s5tim5t embodi$ 9 =m4 ,to f9d beauty we mu/ consid] :at really gives u pleasure--pleasure1 n pride--& %[ our una%am$ delight 9 x2 & s1 :5 we h leisure to be happy & /r5g? to be simple we %all f9d ,art aga9--! art ( ! workman4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,,( ,,decorat$ ,,furniture ,decorat$ or sumptu\s furniture is n m]ely furniture t is exp5sive to buy1 b t :i* has be5 elaborat$ ) mu* ?\ght1 k1 & skill4 ,su* furniture _c be *eap1 c]ta9ly1 b ! real co/ ( x is sometimes borne by ! arti/ :o produces r ?an by ! man :o may happ5 to buy x4 ,furniture on :i* valuable lab\r is be/[$ may consi/ (--#a4 ,l>ge /&+ objects :i*1 ?\gh actually movable1 are practically fixtures1 su* z cab9ets1 presses1 sidebo>ds ( v>i\s k9ds2 monum5tal objects4 #b4 ,*airs1 tables ( conv5i5t %apes1 /&s = lights & o!r purposes1 c(f]s1 caskets1 mirror & picture frames4 #c4 ,numb]less small conv5i5t ut5sils4 ,"h we c b notice class #a1 ! l>ge /&+ objects :i* mo/ absorb ! en]gies ( arti/s ( e degree & ord] 9 _! con/ruction or decoration4 ,cab9ets seem to h be5 s nam$ z be+ little /rongholds--(fices ( m5 ( bus9ess = /[+ pap]s & docum5ts 9 ord]ly receptacles4 ,!y are secur$ ) ! be/ locks procurable4 ,!y (t5 conta9 secret draw]s & cavities1 hidd5 f all eyes b ^? ( ! own]4 ,nor are in/ances want+ ( own]s leav+ no in=mation on ^! matt]s to _! heirs1 s t casual buy]s sometimes come 9 = a w9dfall1 or su* a cata/rophe z befell ! own] ( ,ri*>d ! ,?ird's b$4 ,x is n to be expect$ t elaborate sy/ems ( secret draw]s & hid+-places %\ld be contriv$ 9 cab9ets ( our "t4 ,money & jewels are consid]$ saf] :5 deposit$ 9 banks4 ,b1 +5uity ( con/ruction 9 a complicat$ piece ( furniture mu/ c]ta9ly be c\nt$ z "o ( its p]fections4 ,s\nd & accurate jo9]y ) well-season$ woods1 prop]ly und]/ood z to %r9kage & z to ! relations betwe5 "o k9d ( timb] & ano!r 9 ^! respects1 is no small m]it4 ,"s old ,engli% cab9ets are to be met ) 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* wood only is us$1 ! mortic+ admirable1 ! bo>ds1 us$ to hold ends & divisions toge!r f end to end1 /ra9$ & secur$ by w$ges t turn on pivots1 etc4 ,furniture ( ?is k9d c be tak5 to pieces & set up1 resum+ prop] rigidity toties quoties4 ,to look at ! subject hi/orically1 x seems t ! cab9et1 dress]1 or sidebo>d is a *e/ set on legs1 & t ! press1 or cupbo>d 7closet1 n prop] cup-bo>d71 takes ! place ( ! panell$ recess clos$ by doors1 g5]ally contriv$1 & sometimes +5i\sly hidd51 9 ! con/ruction ( a panell$ room4 ,! front ( ! elevat$ *e/ is h+$1 & flaps d[n1 :ile ! lid is a fixture2 ! int]ior is m complicat$ ?an t ( ! *e/1 z its subdivisions are m conv5i5tly rea*$4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 x is wor? notice t ! ar*itectural1 or r ar*itectonic1 "* seems to h deeply impress$ ! mak]s ( cab9ets :5 ! *e/-type _h gradually be5 lo/4 ,italian1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 & o!r cab9ets are (t5 f\nd repres5t+ a *ur* front or a h\se front1 ) columns1 doors1 sometimes ebony & ivory pavem5ts1 etc4 ,next z to me?ods ( decorat+ cab9ets1 etc4 ,! k9d :i* des]ves our fir/ att5tion is t ( sculpture4 ,"h1 und\bt$ly1 we mu/ look to ! ,italians z our ma/]s1 & to t admirable s*ool ( wood-c>v+ :i* ma9ta9$ itself s long 9 ,fl&]s1 ) an ,italian grace graft$ on ! +5uity1 vig\r1 & playfulness ( a nor!rn race4 ,our ,engli% c>v]s1 admirable craftsm5 dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 seem to h be5 closely alli$ ) ! contempor>y ,flem+s4 ,fronts ( cab9ets1 dress]s1 *imneypieces1 etc41 7 import$ f ,belgium & 7 made up by ,engli% jo9]s ) panell+1 supplem5t$ ) c>v+ :]e requir$1 = our great h\ses4 ,b ! be/ ,italian c>v+ rema9s on *e/s & *e/ fronts :i* 7 made 9 great numb]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ^! *e/s are toilet *e/s2 "s h =m$ wall-seats1 laid along ! sides ( halls & gall]ies to hold hang+s1 etc41 :5 ! h\se 0 empty1 & h s]v$ z seats or z monum5tal pieces :5 company 0 receiv$4 ,z ! *e/ grew into ! cab9et1 or bureau1 or dress]1 great att5tion 0 paid to ! supports4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t1 = ! support ( seats1 tables1 etc41 animals1 typical ( /r5g? or o!r qualities--! lion or ! sph9x1 ! horse1 sometimes ! slave--h be5 employ$ by long traditional usage4 ,& c>v]s ( wood h n fail$ to give full att5tion to ! use & decoration ( conv5tional supports to ! furniture n[ "u discussion4 ,!y are made to unite ! c5tral mass to a %all[ base1 leav+ ! rema9+ space op54 ,next to sculptur$ decoration comes incru/$4 ,! mo/ co/ly k9ds ( mat]ial1 preci\s /ones1 su* z lapis lazuli1 agate1 r>e m>bles1 etc41 h be5 employ$ on furniture surfaces4 ,b su* "w is r t ( ! lapid>y ?an ( ! cab9etmak]4 ,x is v co/ly1 & seems to h be5 conf9$1 9 fact1 to ! factories kept up 9 ,italy1 ,russia1 & o!r /ates1 at gov]nm5t exp5se4 ,we d n produce !m 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ! numb] ( su* objects is probably limit$ :]ev] we look = !m4 ,incru/ation ( preci\s woods is a m natural sy/em ( wood-decoration4 ,v5e]$ wood1 :i* is laid on a r\gh5$ surface ) ?9 glue at imm5se pressure1 if well made1 is v long-liv$4 ,! woods us$ give a col\r$ surface1 & are poli%$ s z to br+ ! col\r fully out1 & to protect ! mat]ial f damp4 ,9 f9e examples ! v5e]s =m little pictures1 or patt]ns1 ei!r by ! arrangem5t ( ! gra9 ( ! pieces us$1 s z to make pictorial l9es by means ( ! gra9 itself1 or by us+ woods ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,a v f9e surface decoration 0 inv5t$1 or c>ri$ to p]fection1 by ,&re ,*>les ,b\le1 = ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x is a v5e] ( tortoise-%ell & brass1 ) occasional :ite metal4 ,an important elem5t 9 ,b\le decoration is noticeable 9 ! *isell$ angle m\nts1 l9es ( m\ld+1 claws1 feet1 etc41 all ( :i* are impos$1 ?\gh !y h ! g5]al "* ( metal angle supports4 ,9 fact1 ! tortoise-%ell is held by glue1 & ! metal by f9e nails ( ! same mat]ial1 ! heads ( :i* are fil$ d[n4 ,incru/ation1 or m>quetry1 ( ?is k9d is co/ly1 & mo/ ( x is due to ! lab\rs ( arti/s & craftsm5 employ$ by ! k+s ( ,france at ! exp5se ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,a consid]able quantity ( x is /ill made 9 t c\ntry4 ,n[ z to ! way 9 :i* sculptors1 or incru/]s1 %\ld dispose ( _! decoration1 & ! fidelity to nature :i* is to be expect$ ( !m1 :e!r 9 sculpture or wood mosaic1 i4e4 wood pa9t+4 ,fir/1 we may suppose !y w conc5trate _! m important details 9 recognisable divisions ( _! pieces1 or 9 su* ways t a proportion & rhy?m %all be express$ by _! dispositions ( masses & f9e details2 plac+ _! figures 9 c5tral panels1 on angles1 or on divid+ memb]s2 leav+ "s pla9 surface to set (f _! decorative detail2 & tak+ c>e t ! cont\rs ( runn+ m\ld+s %all n be lo/ sight ( by ! c>v]4 ,b h[ f> is absolute natural tru?1 ev5 absolute ob$i5ce to ! laws ( 8 art 9 e p>ticul> ( 8 details1 to be expect$ f ! arti/8 ,we _c d\bt t su* absolute ob$i5ce is sometimes dep>t$ f int5tionally & ) success4 ,all ,greek sculpture is n always absolutely true to nature nor z beautiful z ! sculptor1 if free1 c\ld h made x4 ,/atues are conv5tionalis$1 decorative scrolls exagg]at$1 figures turn$ into columns = good reasons1 & 9 ! result successfully4 ,9 furniture1 z 9 ar*itecture1 c>v$ "w or incru/ation is n free1 b is 9 s]vice2 & compromises ) v]isimilitude to nature1 ev5 viol5ce1 may sometimes be requir$ on details 9 ! int]e/s ( ! entire /ructure4 ,next let a ^w or two be res]v$ = ,pa9t$ ,furniture4 ,pa9t+ has be5 employ$ on furniture ( all k9ds at _m p]iods4 ,! anci5ts made !irs ( bronze1 or ( ivory1 c>v$ or inlaid4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages wood-c>v+ & _m k9ds ( furniture 7 pa9t$4 ,! coronation *air at ,we/m9/] 0 s decorat$4 ,! *e/ fronts ( ,delli & o!r pa9t]s are (t5 pictures ( great intr9sic m]it1 & v g5]ally ^! family *e/ fronts are valuable records ( co/umes & fa%ions ( _! day4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! practice ( pa9t+ pian(orte cases1 *air-backs1 table-tops1 panels ( all sorts1 has be5 mu* resort$ to4 ,di/+ui%$ pa9t]s1 ,angelica ,kauffmann & h] contempor>ies1 & a :ole race ( coa*-pa9t]s h left monum5ts ( _! skill 9 ?is l9e4 ,x mu/ suffice "h to recall c]ta9 mod]n examples1 e4g4 a small dress]1 n[ 9 ! national collections1 ) doors pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,poynt]1 ) spirit$ figures repres5t+ ! ,be]s & ! ,w9es2 ! f9e piano case pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,burne-,jones2 ano!r by ,mr4 ,alma ,tadema2 la/ly1 a tall clock-case by ,mr4 ,/anhope1 :i*1 z well z o!r promis+ examples1 h be5 exhibit$ by ! ,arts & ,crafts ,society4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,poll54 ,,( ,,c>v+ ,x is n uncommon to see an elaborate piece ( furniture1 9 decorat+ :i* x is evid5t t ! c>v] has _h opportunity = ! ex]cise ( all 8 skill1 & :i*1 inde$1 be>s evid5ce ( ! mo/ skilful woodcutt+ on almo/ e squ>e in* ( its surface1 f ! contemplation ( :i* nei!r an arti/ nor an educat$ craftsman c d]ive any pleasure or satisfaction4 ,?is w\ld seem to po9t to ! design] ( ! ornam5t z ! cause ( failure1 & ! writ] ( ?is believes t 9 su* cases x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! design]1 ?\gh he may "k ev]y?+ t he ought to "k ab\t ! production ( designs :i* %all look well on pap] or on a flat surface1 has _h no exp]i5ce1 by actually work+ at ! mat]ial1 ( its difficulties1 special capabilities1 or limitations4 ,if at ! same "t he has _h b a limit$ exp]i5ce ( ! diff]5ce 9 treatm5t necess>y = c>v+ :i* is to be se5 at v>i\s altitudes1 8 failure may be tak5 z suffici5tly acc\nt$ =4 ,an idea n[ preval5t t x is n advisable to make models = wood-c>v+ is n by any means borne out by ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ] ( ?is pap]4 ,models are c]ta9ly n necess>y = ord9>y "w1 su* z m\ld+s1 or ev5 = "w 9 panels :5 ! surfaces are int5d$ to be almo/ :olly on "o plane1 b ! c>v$ decoration ( a panel1 :i* pret5ds to be 9 any degree a "w ( art1 (t5 dep5ds = its effect q z mu* on ! ma/]ly treatm5t ( surface planes1 & ! relative projection f ! surface ( ! m prom95t p>ts1 z ^u ! outl9e4 ,n[1 !re are _m m5 :o1 ?\gh able to c>ve wood exquisitely1 h nev] giv5 !mselves ! tr\ble1 or p]haps h sc>cely _h ! opportunity1 to le>n h[ to read an ord9>y draw+4 ,! practice obta9s 9 _m c>v+ %ops = "o or two lead+ m5 to r\gh out 7viz4 %ape out r\ghly7 all ! "w s f> z t is practicable1 & ! o!rs take x up aft] !m & f9i% x4 ,! foll[]s are n necess>ily less skilful c>v]s or cutt]s ?an ! lead]s1 b h1 presumably1 less k ( =m4 ,if1 !n1 "o wi%es to avail oneself ( ! skill ( ^! m5 = c>ry+ out really important "w1 x is mu* ! simpl] way to make a model 7h[ev] r\gh7 :i* %all accurately express ev]y?+ "o wi%es to see 9 ! f9i%$ "w2 &1 assum+ ! design] to be fairly dext]\s 9 ! use ( clay or o!r pla/ic mat]ial1 a sket* model w n occupy any m ( 8 "t ?an a draw+ w\ld4 ,to put x pla9ly1 no design] c ev] "k :at he ought to expect f a work] 9 any mat]ial if he has n work$ 9 t mat]ial himself4 ,if he has c>v$ m>ble1 = in/ance1 he kn[s ! extreme c>e requir$ 9 "u-cutt+ ! project+ p>ts ( ! design1 & ! co/ entail$ by ! processes necess>y to be employ$ = t purpose4 ,he !re=e s arranges ! v>i\s p>ts ( 8 design t :]ev] x is possible ^! project+ portions %all be support$ by o!r =ms1 s avoid+ ! lab\r & co/ ( reliev+ 7or "u-cutt+7 !m2 & if he be skilful 8 skill w appe> 9 ! fact t 8 motive 9 ?is w be app>5t only to exp]ts1 :ile to o!rs ! :ole w appe> to gr[ naturally out ( ! design4 ,moreov]1 he kn[s t he mu/ dep5d = ! success ( ?is ?+ on an effect ( bread? & dignity4 ,he is n afraid ( a some:at elaborate surface treatm5t1 be+ aw>e t ne>ly any v>iety ( surface :i* he c readily produce 9 clay may be r5d]$ 9 m>ble ) a reasonable am\nt ( tr\ble4 ,9 design+ = ! wood-c>v] he is on altoge!r diff]5t gr\nd4 ,he may safely lay aside "s portion ( 8 late dignity1 & dep5d almo/ entirely on vig\r ( l9e2 ! ease ) :i* "u-cutt+ is done 9 ?is mat]ial enabl+ him to obta9 contra/ by ! use ( delicately reliev$ =ms4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he mu/ n all[ ! effect 9 8 model to dep5d 9 any degree on surface treatm5t4 ,c>e 9 t respect w prev5t disappo9tm5t 9 ! f9i%$ "w4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature 9 mod]n c>v$ surface decoration is ! almo/ univ]sal t5d5cy to ov]cr[d+4 ,x appe>s seldom to h occurr$ to ! craftsman or design] t decorat+ a panel1 = in/ance1 is n at all ! same ?+ z cov]+ x ) decoration4 ,/ill less does he seem to h felt t occasionally "s portions ( ! gr\nd are mu* m valuable 9 ! design ?an any?+ :i* he c put on !m4 ,inde$1 ! ?\ghtful design] :o und]/&s its use & appreciates its value1 frequ5tly has m tr\ble ) 8 gr\nd ?an ) any?+ else 9 ! panel4 ,also1 if he h ! true decorative _s1 8 m9d is con/antly on ! g5]al s*eme surr\nd+ 8 "w1 & he is always ready to subord9ate himself & 8 "w 9 ord] t x may enhance & n di/urb ?is g5]al s*eme4 ,we w suppose1 = example1 t he has to decorate a column ) rais$ ornam5t4 ,he feels at once t ! outl9es ( t column are ( inf9itely m importance ?an any?+ :i* he c put on x1 h[ev] +5i\s or beautiful 8 design may be4 ,he !re=e keeps 8 necess>y project+ p>ts z small & l[ z possible1 leav+ z mu* ( ! column z he c %[+ betwe5 ! l9es ( 8 patt]n4 ,by ?is means ! idea ( /r5g? & support is n int]f]$ )1 & ! t\t ensemble is n de/roy$4 ,?is may seem some:at elem5t>y to _m :o w read x4 ,my excuse mu/ be t "o sees _m columns 9 :i* e ve/ige ( ! outl9e is s cov]$ by ! c>v+ :i* has be5 built r\nd !m1 t ! idea ( _! support+ any?+ o!r ?an _! ornam5t appe>s prepo/]\s4 ,!re has be5 no opportunity to d m ?an glance at su* a subject z ?is 9 a space s limit$2 b ! purposes ( ?is pap] w h be5 s]v$ if x has suppli$ a useful h9t to any craftsman1 or if by its means any design] %all h be5 induc$ to make a m ?or\gh /udy ( ! mat]ials )9 8 rea*4 ,,/eph5 ,,webb4 ,,int>sia ,,& ,,inlaid ,,wood-,,"w ,al?\gh decoration by inlay+ woods ( diff]5t col\rs mu/ naturally h sugge/$ itself 9 v e>ly times1 z soon inde$ z !re 7 workm5 ( skill suffici5t = x1 ! hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( art practically beg9s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is em95tly an ,italian art1 :i* accord+ to ,vas>i _h its orig9 9 ! days ( ,brunelles*i & ,paolo ,uccello2 & x _h its bir? 9 a l& :i* has a great] v>iety ( mild close-gra9$ woods ) a great] v>iety ( col\r ?an ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,by ! ,italians x 0 reg>d$ z a l[] =m ( pa9t+4 ,l all mosaic1 ( :i* art x is prop]ly a bran*1 x has its limitations2 & x is only s long z x conf9es itself to ^! t x is a legitimate =m ( decoration4 ,t>sia is at ! be/ "o ( ! m9or decorative arts1 b :5 well employ$ x is "o t gives an imm5se deal ( pleasure1 & "o to :i* x _c be d5i$ t ! build+s ( ,italy owe mu* ( _! spl5d\r4 ,_! poli%$ & inlaid furniture h>monises ) ! r>e delicacy ( _! m>ble & mosaic1 & goes f> t[>ds produc+ t air ( ri* ref9em5t & elaborate culture :i* is to ! sev]] /yles & simpl] mat]ials ( ! ,nor? :at ! velvet-rob$ ,s5ator ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 to ! mail-clad feudal *ief f beyond ! ,alps4 ,z to its durability1 ! exp]i5ce ( f\r c5turies s9ce ,vas>i's "t has prov$ t ) ord9>y c>e1 or p]haps ) no?+ worse ?an m]e neglect1 ,int>sia w la/ z long z pa9t+4 ,its only real enemy is damp1 z w be readily und]/ood f ! nature ( ! mat]ials & ! mode ( putt+ !m toge!r4 ,= ?\gh 9 a few in/ances1 :5 ! art 0 9 its infancy1 ! inlaid patt]n may h be5 cut ( a sub/antial ?ickness & sunk into a solid gr\nd pl\gh$ out to receive x1 ?is me?od 0 obvi\sly v labori\s1 & admitt$ only ( v simple design1 = x is v difficult 9 ?is way to keep ! l9es ( ! draw+ accurately4 ,! recognis$ way ( mak+ ,int>sia 01 & is1 to =m bo? patt]n & gr\nd 9 ?9 v5e]s ab\t #a_/af ( an in* ?ick1 :i* are glu$ d[n ^u a solid panel4 ,at fir/ sight ?is me?od may appe> too slight & unsub/antial = "w int5d$ to la/ = c5turies1 b x has1 9 fact1 /ood ! te/ ( "t extremely well1 :5 ! "w has be5 kept 9 ! dry ev5 temp]ature ( *ur*es & great h\ses1 :]e !re is nei!r damp to melt ! glue & swell ! v5e]1 nor excessive heat to make ! wood %r9k & />t asund]4 ,:5 ^! conditions 7 n obs]v$1 ( c\rse ! "w 0 soon ru9$1 & ,vas>i tells an amus+ /ory ( ! humiliation :i* befell ,b5$etto da ,majano1 :o began 8 c>e] z an ,int>siatore1 9 ! matt] ( two spl5did *e/s :i* he _h made = ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 f :i* ! v5e]s1 loos5$ by ! damp ( a sea voyage1 fell (f 9 ! royal pres5ce4 ,! v5e]s be+ s ?91 x is ( c\rse easy to cut ?r\gh sev]al lay]s ( !m at once1 & ?is sugge/$1 or at all ev5ts l5t itself admirably to ! design ( ! e>li] examples1 :i* are g5]ally arabesques symmetrically dispos$ "r & left ( a c5tral l9e4 ,if two d>k & two light v5e]s are put toge!r1 ! :ole ( "o panel1 bo? gr\nd & patt]n1 c be cut at "o op]ation ) a ?9 fret saw2 ! ornam5tal patt]n drops into ! space cut out ( ! gr\nd1 :i* x1 ( c\rse1 fits exactly except = ! ?ickness ( ! saw-cut1 & ! two half-patt]ns ?us fill$ 9 are h&$ "r & left1 & s complete ! symmetrical design4 ,! l9e giv5 by ! ?ickness ( ! saw is !n fill$ 9 ) glue & black col\r s z to def9e ! outl9e1 & additional saw-cuts are made or l9es are engrav$1 & 9 ei!r case fill$ 9 ) ! same /opp+1 :]ev] additional l9es are want$ = ! design4 ,x only rema9s to glue ! :ole d[n to a solid panel1 & to poli% & v>ni% ! surface1 & x is !n ready to be fram$ into its place z ! back ( a *ur* /all1 or ! l9+ ( a c\rtly hall1 libr>y1 or cab9et4 ,x 0 ?us t ! simpl] ,italian ,int>sia 0 done1 su* z t 9 ! dado surr\nd+ ,p]ug9o's ,sala del ,cambio 9 8 native city1 :]e ! design consi/s ( light arabesques 9 box or "s simil> wood on a walnut gr\nd1 def9$ by black l9es j z ,i h describ$4 ,b l all true arti/s ! ,int>siatore did n /& /ill4 ,hav+ successfully accompli%$ simple outl9e & accurate draw+1 he 0 dissatisfi$ until he c\ld c>ry 8 art f>!r by introduc+ ! ref9em5t ( %ad+4 ,?is 0 done at diff]5t times & by diff]5t arti/s 9 a v>iety ( ways2 ei!r by inlay+ ! %ad[ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( woods1 by scor*+ x ) fire1 or by /a9+ x ) *emical solutions4 ,9 ! book desks ( ! *oir at ! ,c]tosa or ,*>t]h\se ( ,pavia1 ! effect ( %ad+ is got 9 a direct b some:at imp]fect way by lay+ /rips ( diff]5t col\r$ woods side by side4 ,ea* fl[] or leaf 0 probably built up ( tol]ably ?ick pieces ( wood glu$ toge!r 9 position1 s t !y c\ld be slic$ (f 9 v5e]s & yield sev]al fl[]s or leaves f ! same block1 mu* 9 ! way ( ,tunbridge ,wells w>e1 ?\gh ! ,italian specim5s are1 ,i believe1 always cut ) ! gra9 & n across x4 ,! designs ?us produc$ are v effective at a %ort di/ance1 b ! me?od is1 ( c\rse1 suitable only to bold & simple conv5tional patt]ns4 ,! panels ( ! high scre5 or back to ! /alls at ! same *ur* af=d an in/ance ( a m elaborate me?od4 ,^! spl5did panels1 :i* g all r\nd ! *oir1 conta9 ea* a ?ree-qu>t]-l5g? figure ( a sa9t4 ,lanzi des]v$ly praises !m z ! l>ge/ & mo/ p]fect figures ( t>sia :i* he _h se54 ,!y date f #adhf1 & 7 execut$ by an ,i/rian arti/1 ,b>tolommeo da ,pola1 p]haps f ! designs ( ,borgognone4 ,! me?od by :i* _! highly pictorial effect is produc$ is a mix$ "o1 ! %ad+ be+ p>tly inlaid ) woods ( diff]5t col\rs1 & p>tly obta9$ by scor*+ ! wood ) fire or hot s& 9 ! mann] g5]ally 9 use = m>quet]ie at ! pres5t day4 ,! inexhau/ible pati5ce z well z ! f]tility ( res\rce display$ by ,mess] ,b>tolommeo is a/oni%+4 ,:]e ! saw-cut did n give him a /rong en\gh l9e he has inlaid a firm l9e ( black wood1 ! high lights ( ! drap]ies are inlaid 9 :ite1 ! folds %ad$ by burn+1 & ! fl[+ l9es ( ! curl+ hair are all inlaid1 ea* sev]al tress be+ %ad$ by ?ree n>r[ /rips ( gradat$ col\r foll[+ ! curv$ l9es ( ! lock to :i* !y belong4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t !re are "s =ty or m ( ^! panels1 ea* diff]+ f ! re/1 ! spl5d\r z well z ! labori\s nature ( ! decoration ( ?is unrivall$ *oir w be bett] und]/ood4 ,( all ! examples ( pictorial ,int>sia ! mo/ elaborate are p]haps ^? 9 ! *oir /alls ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,maggiore 9 ,b]gamo4 ,!y are attribut$ to ,gianfrancesco ,capo di ,f]ro1 :o work$ f ! designs ( ,lotto1 & 0 ei!r a rival or pupil ( ,fra ,damiano di ,b]gamo1 a fam\s ma/] ( ! art4 ,!y consi/ ( figure subjects & l&scapes on a small scale1 %ad$ ) all ! delicacy & r\ndness atta9able 9 a t9t$ draw+1 & c]ta9ly %[ h[ ne> ,int>sia c approa* to pa9t+4 ,_! draw+ is excell5t & _! execution m>vell\s2 b at ! same "t "o feels t1 h[ev] "o may admire !m z a t\r de =ce1 ! limitations ( good s5se & prop] use ( ! mat]ial h be5 rea*$ & ov]/epp$4 ,:5 ! delicacy ( ! "w is s great t x requires to be cov]$ up or kept "u glass1 x obvi\sly quits ! prov9ce ( decorative art2 furniture is meant to be us$1 & :5 x is too preci\s to be usable on acc\nt ( ! ov]-delicate ornam5t be/[$ ^u x1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ornam5t is out ( place1 &1 !re=e1 bad art4 ,! lat] ,italian ,int>sia 0 betray$ into extravagance by ! dext]ity ( ! craftsman4 ,! temptation be=e :i* he fell 0 t ( rivall+ ! pa9t]1 & z he advanc$ 9 facility ( te*nique1 & f\nd wid] res\rces at 8 comm&1 he ?rew aside n only ^? re/ra9ts :i* necessity _h hi!rto impos$1 b also ^? :i* good ta/e & judgm5t /ill call$ him to obey4 ,9 ! pla9 un%ad$ arabesques ( ! ,sala del ,cambio1 & ev5 9 ! figure panels ( ! ,c]tosa1 ! treatm5t is purely decorative2 ! idea ( a plane surface is rightly obs]v$1 & !re is no attempt to repres5t di/ance or to produce illusory effects ( relief4 ,above all1 ! "w is solid & simple en\gh to be> h&l+2 ! /alls may be sat 91 ! desks may be us$ = books1 ! doors may be op5$ & %ut1 )\t fe> ( injury to _! decoration4 ,work+ )9 ^! limits1 ! art 0 safe2 b !y came 9 "t to be disreg>d$1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r bran*es ( art1 ! /yle 0 ru9$ by ! ov]-+5uity ( ! arti/s4 ,consci\s ( _! own dext]ity1 !y attempt$ ?+s nev] done be=e1 ) means q unsuit$ to ! purpose1 & ) ! sole result t !y did imp]fectly & labori\sly ) _! wood5 v5e]s1 _! glue-pot1 & _! *emicals1 :at ! pa9t] did ) crayon & bru% p]fectly & easily4 ,_! greate/ triumphs aft] !y began to run riot 9 ?is way1 h[ev] int]e/+ z miracles ( dext]ity1 h no value z works ( art 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o "k ! true pr9ciples ( decorative design2 :ile no?+ c be mu* dull] ?an ! elaborate playfulness ( ! ,int>siatore :o lov$ to cov] 8 panell+ ) %am book-cases1 birds 9 cages1 guit>s1 & milit>y in/rum5ts 9 elaborate p]spective4 ,x w\ld take too long to say mu* ab\t ! art 9 its application to furniture1 su* z tables1 *airs1 cab9ets1 & o!r movables1 :i* are decorat$ ) inlay t g5]ally goes by ! ,fr5* "n ( m>quet]ie4 ,m>quet]ie & ,int>sia are ! same ?+1 ?\gh f habit ! ,fr5* title is g5]ally us$ :5 speak+ ( "w on a small] scale4 ,& z ! me?ods & mat]ials are ! same1 :e!r us$ on a gr& or a small scale1 s ! same rules & re/ra9ts apply to bo? classes ( design1 & c no m be infr+$ ) impunity on ! door ( a tall clock-case ?an on ! doors ( a palatial hall ( audi5ce4 ,no?+ c be a pretti] or m practical & durable mode ( decorat+ furniture ?an m>quet]ie 9 simple br[n1 black1 yell[1 & :ite2 & :5 us$ ) judgm5t !re is no?+ to =bid ! employm5t ( dy$ woods2 :ile ! smallness ( ! scale puts at our disposal ivory1 "m-(-pe>l1 & tortoise-%ell1 mat]ials :i* 9 l>g] works are naturally out ( ! "q4 ,no?+1 on ! o!r h&1 is m (f5sive to good ta/e ?an "s ( ! ov]done m>quet]ie ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( ! la/ c5tury1 ) its picture panels1 & naturalesque figures1 fl[]s1 & foliage1 /raggl+ all ov] ! surface1 z if ! article ( furniture 7 m]ely a vehicle = ! clev]ness ( ! m>quet]ie cutt]4 ,/ill worse is ! mod]n "w ( ! k9d1 :e!r ,engli% or =eign1 ( :i* s mu* t is hopelessly pret5ti\s & vulg> is turn$ out n[adays1 9 :i* ! aim ( ! design] seems to h be5 to cov] ! surface z ?ickly z he c\ld ) fl[]s & fe/oons ( all conceivable col\rs1 )\t any reg>d = ! =m ( ! ?+ he 0 decorat+1 ! nature ( ! mat]ial he 0 us+1 or ! graceful disposition & economy ( ! ornam5t he 0 contriv+4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,,woods ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials ,! woods 9 ord9>y use by cab9etmak]s may be divid$ broadly into two classes1 viz4 ^? :i* by _! /r5g?1 t\ghness1 & o!r qualities are suitable = con/ruction1 & ^? :i* by reason ( ! beauty ( _! texture or gra91 _! r>ity1 or _! co/l9ess1 h come to be us$ *iefly = decorative purposes--v5e]+ or inlay+4 ,!re are c]ta9ly sev]al woods :i* comb9e ! qualities necess>y = ei!r purpose1 z w be notic$ lat] on4 ,at pres5t ! above classification is suffici5tly accurate = ! purposes ( ?is pap]4 ,! woods *iefly us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( cab9et "w & furniture are oak1 walnut1 mahogany1 rosewood1 sat9-wood1 c$>1 plane1 sycamore4 ,! oak has be5 made ! /&>d by :i* to measure all o!r woods = ! qualities ( /r5g?1 t\ghness1 & durability4 ,!re are said to be ne>ly fifty species ( oak kn[n1 b ! common ,engli% oak possesses ^! qualities 9 a f> great] degree ?an any o!r wood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v cross-gra9$ & difficult to manage :]e delicate details are requir$1 & its qualities recomm5d x to ! c>p5t] r ?an to ! furniture-mak]1 :o pref]s ! s(t] & /raight-gra9$ oak f ,turkey or wa9scot f ,holl&1 :i*1 9 addition to be+ m easily work$ & tak+ a high] f9i%1 is n s liable to w>p or split4 ,!re is also a species call$ :ite oak1 :i* is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,am]ica1 & is l>gely us$ = int]ior fitt+s & cab9et-mak+4 ,x is n equal to ! ,briti% oak 9 /r5g? or durability1 & x is inf]ior to ! wa9scot 9 ! beauty ( its m>k+s4 ,! bett] ! quality ( ?is oak1 ! m x %r9ks 9 dry+4 ,walnut is a fav\rite wood ) ! furniture-mak]1 z well z ! c>v]1 on acc\nt ( its ev5 texture & /raight gra94 ,! ,engli% v>iety is ( a light grayi%-br[n col\r1 :i* col\r improves mu* by age "u poli%4 ,t f ,italy has m gray 9 x1 & ?\gh x looks extremely well :5 c>v$ is less lik$ by c>v]s on acc\nt ( its brittl5ess4 ,x is b little liable to ! attacks ( worms4 ,9 ! ,engli% k9d1 ! old] 7& !re=e1 g5]ally speak+1 ! bett]7 wood may be recognis$ by its d>k] col\r4 ,( mahogany !re are two k9ds1 viz4 ^? :i* are gr[n 9 ! isl&s ( ,cuba & ,jamaica1 & 9 ,honduras4 ,! ,cuba or ,spani% mahogany is mu* ! h>d] & m durable1 & is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 ! v be/ wood = all ! purposes ( ! cab9et or furniture mak] kn[n to u4 ,x is beautifully figur$1 takes a f9e poli%1 is n difficult to "w1 :5 its extreme h>dness is tak5 into acc\nt1 & is less subject to twi/+ & w>p+ ?an any o!r k9d ( wood4 ,x has become s co/ly ( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 t x is mo/ly cut into v5e]s1 & us$ = ! decoration ( furniture surfaces4 ,honduras mahogany1 or1 z cab9etmak]s call x1 ,bay ,wood1 is t :i* is n[ 9 mo/ frequ5t dem& = ! con/ruction ( ! be/ k9ds ( furniture & cab9et "w4 ,x is fairly /rong 7?\gh x _c comp>e 9 t respect ) ,cuba or rosewood71 works easily1 does n %r9k1 resi/s *anges ( temp]ature )\t alt]ation1 & holds glue well1 all ( :i* qualities specially recomm5d x = ! purposes ( con/ruction :]e v5e]s are to be us$4 ,_m cab9etmak]s pref] to use ?is wood = draw]s1 ev5 9 an oak job4 ,rosewood is "o ( ^? woods us$ indiff]5tly = con/ruction or = ! decoration ( o!r woods4 ,?\gh beautiful specim5s ( gra9 & figure are (t5 se51 its col\r does n comp>e ) good specim5s ( ,cuba v5e]4 ,its purple tone 7:atev] /a9s are us$7 is n s agreeable z ! ri*1 deep1 mell[ br[ns ( ! mahogany2 nor does x h>monise s readily ) its surr\nd+s 9 an ord9>y room4 ,x has great /r5g? & durability1 & is n difficult to "w4 ,probably ! be/ way to use x con/ructively is 9 ! mak+ ( small cab9ets1 *airs1 etc4--t is1 if "o wi%es = an appe>ance ( lightness ) real /r5g?4 ,! writ] does n "h (f] any op9ion z to :e!r a piece ( furniture1 or inde$ any?+ else1 %\ld or %\ld n look /rong :5 x really is s4 ,sat9-wood1 mo/ ( :i* comes f ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 is well kn[n = its f9e lu/re & gra91 z also = its w>m col\r1 :i* is usually deep5$ by yell[ /a94 ,x is mu* us$ = pa9t$ furniture1 & ! pla9 v>iety is lik$ by ! c>v]4 ,c$> is too well kn[n to ne$ any description "h4 ,x is commonly believ$ t no worm w t\* x1 & x is !re=e greatly 9 dem& = ! int]ior fitt+ ( cab9ets1 draw]s1 etc4 ,x is a /raight-gra9$ wood & fairly easy to "w1 ?\gh liable to split4 ,x is impossible 9 a %ort pap] l ! pres5t to d m ?an glance at a few ( ! num]\s o!r woods 9 common use4 ,ebony has always be5 greatly lik$ = small or elaborate caskets or cab9ets1 its extreme clos5ess ( gra9 & h>dness enabl+ ! c>v] to br+ up ! smalle/ details ) all ! %>pness ( metal "w4 ,sycamore1 bee*1 & holly are frequ5tly /a9$ to imitate walnut1 rosewood1 or o!r mat]ials2 ( ^! ! fir/ two are us$ con/ructively1 b ! latt]1 :i* takes ! /a9 be/1 is ne>ly all cut into v5e]1 &1 9 addition to its use = cov]+ l>ge surfaces1 =ms an important elem5t 9 ! mod]n m>quetry decorations4 ,bass wood1 on acc\nt ( its s(tness & ! facility ) :i* x c be /a9$ to any requisite %ade1 is ext5sively us$ to imitate o!r woods 9 mod]n furniture ( ! *eap] sort4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 nev] be us$ = furniture at all1 z x has 7z a cab9etmak] w\ld say7 no nature 9 x1 & 9 ! result !re is no we> 9 x4 ,o!r woods1 com+ "u ! second category1 z amboyna1 corom&el1 snake-wood1 orange-wood1 ?uy]1 are all woods ( a beautiful figure1 :i* may be v>i$ indef9itely by cutt+ ! v5e]s at diff]5t angles to ! gra9 ( ! wood1 & ! tone may also be v>i$ by ! introduction ( col\r into ! poli% :i* is us$ on !m4 ,corom&el wood is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ^!1 b x is n s available z x w\ld o!rwise be on acc\nt ( its resi/ance to glue4 ,orange-wood1 :5 n /a9$1 is v wa/eful 9 use1 z ! natural col\r is conf9$ to ! he>t ( ! tree4 ,silv]1 :ite metal1 brass1 etc41 are cut into a v5e] ( tortoise-%ell or "m-(-pe>l1 produc+ a decorative effect :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 is m accurately describ$ z gorge\s ?an beautiful4 ,!re are _m processes & mat]ials us$ to alt] or modify ! col\r ( woods & to conv]t "o wood into ano!r4 ,oak is made d>k by be+ subject$ to ! fumes ( liquid ammonia1 :i* p5etrate x to almo/ any dep?4 ,ord9>y oak is made into br[n oak by be+ treat$ ) a solution ( *romate ( pota% 7:i* is also us$ to conv]t v>i\s light woods into mahogany1 etc474 ,pe>la% is us$ = ! same purpose1 ?\gh n commonly4 ,= conv]t+ pe>-tree1 sycamore1 etc41 into ebony1 two or m applications ( logwood *ips1 ) an aft] application ( v9eg> & /eel fil+s1 are us$4 ,a good deal ( b$room & o!r furniture is enamell$1 & "h ! gr\nd is prep>$ ) size & :it+1 & ?is is work$ ov] ) flake :ite1 transp>5t poli%1 & bismu?4 ,b by f> ! mo/ beautiful surface treatm5t 9 ?is k9d are ! lacqu]s1 compos$ ( _s & v>i\s gums1 or ( %ellac & _s into :i* col\r is introduc$4 ,,/eph5 ,,webb4 ,,( ,,mod]n ,,embroid]y ,if we wi% to arrive at a true e/imate ( ! value ( mod]n embroid]y1 we mu/ exam9e ! "w be+ sold 9 ! fancy-"w %ops1 illu/rat$ 9 ladies' newspap]s or embroid]$ 9 ! draw+-rooms ( to-day1 & consid] 9 :at respect x diff]s f ! old "w su* z t exhibit$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! old embroid]y & ! mod]n diff] widely--9 design1 9 col\r1 & 9 mat]ial2 nor w\ld any "o d5y t a v l>ge proportion ( mod]n "w is greatly inf]ior to t ( pa/ times4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! design ( ! pres5t day8 ,mod]n design is frequ5tly v naturali/ic1 & seems r to seek aft] a life-l r5d]+ ( ! object to be embroid]$ ?an ! decoration ( ! mat]ial to be ornam5t$4 ,!n aga9 x may be not$ t mod]n designs are (t5 ill adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( embroid]y4 ,?is is probably because _m ( ! p :o design = embroid]y d n und]/& x4 ,v (t5 a design t has be5 made = ?is purpose w\ld h be5 bett] suit$ to a wall pap]1 a panel ( tiles1 or a wov5 patt]n4 ,! design] %\ld ei!r be also an embroid]] or h /udi$ ! subject s ?or\ghly z to be able to direct ! work]1 = ! design %\ld be drawn 9 relation to ! col\rs & /it*es 9 :i* x is to be c>ri$ out4 ,! m1 inde$1 p w /udy ! f9e designs ( ! pa/1 & comp>e ) !m ! designs ( ! art-ne$lework ( ! pres5t1 ! m !y w realise t1 :]e ! =m] is ri*1 dignifi$1 & re/ra9$1 ob$i5t to law 9 e curve & l9e1 ! latt] is florid1 c>eless1 weak1 & ignores law4 ,& h[ f9i%$ t old embroid]y 01 & h[ full6 ,no grudg+ ( ! "t or ! lab\r sp5t ei!r on design or ne$lework2 no scamp+2 no m]e outl9+4 ,bord] )9 bord] we (t5 see1 & all ! space )9 cov]$ up to ! edges & into ! corn]s4 ,contra/ ) ?is v mu* ( our mod]n "w4 ,let u take z an example "o piece t 0 on view ?is summ] at a well-kn[n place 9 ,london :]e embroid]y is sold4 ,x is m]ely a type ( _m o!rs 9 _m o!r places4 ,?is 0 a ?reefold scre5 made ( d>k r$-br[n velvete54 ,all ov] x ran diagonal cross+ l9es co>sely work$ 9 light silk1 to imitate a wire trellis1 ) occasional upright supports work$ 9 br[n wool1 imitat+ knotty /icks4 ,up "o side ( ?is trellis climb$ a scrambl+ mass ( :ite clematis2 "o spray w&]+ along ! top fell a little way d[n ! o!r side4 ,?us a good "p ( ! scre5 0 b>e ( embroid]y1 except = ! trellis4 ,naturalism c\ld n g mu* f>!r1 design is almo/ abs5t1 & ! result is feeble & devoid ( beauty4 ,if we turn n[ to mat]ial1 we %all f9d t embroid]y1 l "s o!r arts1 dep5ds mu* = its excell5ce on ! m9or crafts :i* provide x ) mat]ial2 & ^! crafts suppli$ x ) bett] mat]ial 9 =m] times ?an !y d n[4 ,a /uff to be us$ z a gr\nd = embroid]y %\ld h endless capacities = we>4 ,?is 0 a quality em95tly possess$ by h&-spun & h&-wov5 l951 :i*1 ) its r\nd$ & sep>ate ?read1 & ! creamy t9t ( its p>tial blea*+1 made an ideal gr\nd = embroid]y4 ,or if silk 7 pref]r$1 ! silks ( pa/ c5turies 7 at once ?ick1 firm1 s(t & pure1 q free f ! dress or artificial ?ick5+1 by ^: aid a silk n[adays tries to look ri* :5 x is n4 ,! oatmeal clo?1 diagonal clo?1 cotton-back$ sat91 velvete5 & plu%1 s mu* us$ n[1 are v inf]ior mat]ials z gr\nds = ne$lework to ! h&-loom l95s & silks on :i* s l>ge a "p ( ! old embroid]y rema9+ to u 0 work$4 ,& s v mu* ( ! beauty ( ! embroid]y dep5ds on ! appropriat5ess ( ! mat]ial4#a ,clo?1 s]ge1 & plu% are n appropriate2 embroid]y nev] looks half s well on !m z on silk & l954 ,x is equally important t ! ?read1 :e!r ( silk1 wool1 flax1 or metal1 %\ld be pure & z well made z x c be1 &1 if dy$1 dy$ ) col\rs t w /& light & wa%+4 ,mo/ ( ! silk1 wool1 & flax ?read sold = embroid]y is n z good z x %\ld be4 ,! filoselles & crewels v soon get worn away f ! surface ( ! mat]ial !y are work$ on4 ,! crewels are made ( too s(t a wool1 & are n twi/$ tight en\gh1 & ! filoselles1 n be+ made ( pure silk1 %\ld nev] be us$ at all1 pretty & s(t ?\gh _! effect und\bt$ly is :ile fre%4 ,?\gh e imag9able %ade ( col\r c be produc$ by mod]n dy]s1 ! craft seems to h be5 bett] und]/ood by ! dy]s ( times n v long pa/1 :o1 ?\gh !y may n h be5 able to produce s _m %ades1 c\ld dye col\rs :i* w\ld wa% & did n quickly fade1 or :5 !y fad$ m]ely lo/ "s col\r1 in/ead ( *ang+ col\r1 z s _m mod]n dyes d4 ,! old embroid]y is work$ ) pur] & few] col\rs2 n[ all k9ds ( dull int]m$iate t9ts are us$ ( gold1 br[n1 olive1 & ! l1 :i* g5]ally fade rapidly & w n wa%4 ,_m p1 admir+ old embroid]y & desir+ to make _! new "w look l x at lea/ 9 col\r1 w use t9ts z fa9t & delicate z ! fad$ old col\rs1 =gett+ t 9 a few ye>s _! "w w be almo/ col\rless4 ,x is wis] to use /rong good col\rs1 = a little fad+ does n spoil b really improves !m4 ,s we see t _m ?+s comb9e to r5d] embroid]y z f9e z t ( ! pa/ difficult ( production1 & !re is no?+ m aga9/ x ?an ma*9]y1 :i* floods ! m>ket ) its *eap imitations1 s t an embroid]$ dress is no long] ! *oice & r>e production x once 02 ! ma*9e-made imitation is s common & s *eap t a ref9$ ta/e1 sick ( ! vulg>ity ( ! imitation1 c>es little ev5 = ! reality1 & seeks refuge 9 an unornam5t$ pla9ness4 ,! h&-work$ embroid]y glorifi$ & gave value to ! mat]ial x 0 work$ on4 ,! ma*9e-"w _c lift x above ! commonplace4 ,:5 w p und]/& t ! m ornam5t is sl[ & difficult ( production1 ! m we appreciate x :5 we h got x2 t x is because we "k t ! ?\ght ( a human bra9 & ! skill ( a human h& w5t into e /roke ( a *isel1 e t\* ( a bru%1 or e /it* plac$ by ! ne$le1 t we admire1 enjoy1 & wond] at ! /atue1 ! picture1 or ! ne$lework t is ! result ( t pati5ce & t skill2 & t we d n c>e ab\t ! ornam5t at all1 & t x becomes lifeless always1 & (t5 vulg>1 :5 x has be5 made at little or no co/ by a ma*9e :i* is ready at any mom5t to produce any quantity m ( ! same ?+8 ,all ornam5t & patt]n 0 once produc$ by h& only1 !re=e x 0 always r>e & co/ly & 0 valu$ accord+ly4 ,fa%ions did n *ange quickly4 ,x 0 wor? :ile to embroid] a g>m5t beautifully1 = x w\ld be worn = ye>s1 = a lifetime p]haps2 & ! elaborately work$ c\nt]pane w\ld cov] ! b$ 9 ! gue/-*amb] = m ?an "o g5]ation4 ,^! rem>ks mu/ be und]/ood to apply to ! ord9>y fancy-"w & s-call$ art-ne$lework ( ! pres5t day4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago !re w\ld h be5 no ray ( light 9 ! dep?s to :i* ! art ( embroid]y _h fall54 ,n[ = "s ye>s /eady & successful ef=ts h be5 made by a few p to produce once m works wor?y ( ! pa/ glories ( ! art4 ,!y h prov$ to u t design]s c design & t wom5 c execute f9e embroid]y1 b _! productions are b z a drop 9 ! ocean ( inf]ior & valueless "w4 ,,m>y ,e4 ,,turn]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,b cf4 ,( ,mat]ials1 p4 #cfe4 ,,( ,,mat]ials ,almo/ e fabric t is good ( its k9d is suitable = a gr\nd = ne$lework1 & any ?read ( silk1 l951 cotton1 or wool1 is suitable = lay+ on a web1 ) ! purpose ( decorat+ x4 ,yet ^! mat]ials %\ld n be w$d$ indiscrim9ately1 e surface requir+ its peculi> treatm5t2 a loose wooll5 fabric1 = example1 be+ be/ cov]$ ) wool-"w r ?an ) silk4 ,n t x is necess>y to "w 9 l95 ?read on l95 gr\nd1 9 silk on silk gr\nd1 & s =?2 silk ^u l951 silk on canvas1 wool on l951 are legitimate1 because suitable comb9ations2 x be+ sc>cely necess>y to note t l95 or wool ?reads %\ld n be us$ on silk surface1 z to place ! poor] on ! ri*] mat]ial w\ld be an error 9 ta/e4 ,gold ?read & preci\s /ones w ( c\rse be res]v$ = ! ri*] gr\nds1 & ! m elaborate k9ds ( "w4 ,a pla9 or a figur$ 7damask7 silk c be employ$ z a gr\nd = ne$lework1 ! brok5 surface ( a good damask sometimes enri*+ & help+ out ! design4 ,if "w is to be laid directly on silk gr\nd1 x %\ld be r op5 & light 9 "*2 if clos] /it*es are want$1 ! pr9cipal =ms are usually done on a canvas or l95 back+1 :i* is !n cut out & appli$ to ! f9al silk gr\nd1 ! design be+ c>ri$ on & complet$ by light] "w ( l9es & curves1 & by ! enri*m5t ( gold ?read1 & sometimes ev5 preci\s /ones4 ,^! two me?ods are a s]i\s & dignifi$ =m ( embroid]y1 & 7 (t5 us$ by ! great m$iaeval embroid]]s on a ri* figur$ or damask silk1 & sometimes on pla9 silk1 & sometimes on a silky velvet4 ,x is n easy to procure absolutely pure undress$ silk n[1 & pliable silk velvet ( a suitable nature is /ill m difficult to obta94 ,sat9 is1 to my ?9k+1 almo/ too %9y a surface = a gr\nd1 b x may1 occasionally1 be useful = small "w4 ,a sort ( imitation call$ ,roman sat9 is sometimes employ$ on acc\nt ( its *eapness & effectiv5ess1 ,i suppose1 z x _c be = its beauty2 ! texture1 :5 mu* h&l$1 be+ woolly & unpleasant4 ,no "o tak+ tr\ble to procure *oice mat]ials w ?9k ( mak+ use ( x4 ,floss silk l5ds itself p>ticul>ly to ! k9d ( ne$lework we are speak+ (2 !re is no twi/ on x1 ! silk is pure & unt\*$1 if prop]ly dy$ has a s(t gloss1 & a yield+ surface t r5d]s x q ! =emo/ ( embroid]y silks1 ?\gh its delicate texture requires skilful h&l+4 ,b avoid silks t pr(ess to be floss ) ! difficulty 9 h&l+ remov$4 ,if ! old work]s c\ld use a pure untwi/$ floss1 surely we c take ! tr\ble to conqu] ?is difficulty & d ! same4 ,twi/$ silk1 if us$ on a silk gr\nd1 %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be r f9e2 if ?ick & mu* twi/$1 x /&s out 9 relief aga9/ ! gr\nd & gives a h>d & ropy appe>ance4 ,i am1 9 fact1 assum+ t "w on s co/ly a mat]ial z pure ?ick silk is to be r f9e ?an co>se4 ,gold & silv] ?read is mu* us$ ) silk1 b x is almo/ impossible to keep ! silv] f t>ni%+4 ,ord9>y gold pass+1 :i* consi/s ( a gilt silv] ?read w\nd r\nd silk1 is also apt to t>ni%1 & %\ld always be lacqu]$ be=e us+--a r tr\blesome process to d at home1 z ! gold has to be unw\nd & bru%$ ov] ) ! lacqu]1 & %\ld be dri$ 9 a w>m room free f damp1 or on a hot sunny day4 ,japanese pap]-gold is useful1 = ! reason t x does n t>ni%1 ?\gh 9 "s ways x is m tr\blesome to manage ?an ! gold t c be ?read$ 9 a ne$le & pass$ ?r\gh ! mat]ial4 ,x consi/s1 l mu* ( ! anci5t gold ?read1 ( a gild$ /rip ( pap] w\nd r\nd silk1 ! old gold be+ gild$ vellum1 :5 n ! flat gold beat5 out ?9 7z1 by ! bye1 9 _m ( ! ,ea/]n t[els made to-day :]e ! flat t9sel is v clev]ly us$74 ,= ne$lework = m ord9>y uses1 l95 is by f> ! mo/ pleas+ & endur+ web4 ,unlike silk on ! "o side1 & wool on ! o!r1 x has sc>cely any limitations 9 treatm5t1 or 9 mat]ial suitable to be us$ on x4 ,= hang+s x c be *os5 ( a loose l>ge texture1 & cov]$ ) bold "w execut$ 9 silk1 l95 ?read1 or wool1 or x c be *os5 ( ! f9e/ ?read1 & cov]$ ) m9ute delicate /it*es2 x c be work$ equally well 9 ! h&1 or 9 a frame1 & usually ! m x is h&l$ ! bett] x looks4 ,a ?ick twi/$ silk is excell5t = big & co>se "w on l951 ! /it*es us$ be+ on ! same scale1 big & bold1 & f9] silk us$ sp>+ly if ne$$4 ,:ite l95 ?read is (t5 ! mat]ial employ$ = l95 alt> clo?s1 cov]lets1 etc41 & "s extremely *oice examples ( su* "w are to be se5 9 our museums1 "s work$ r\ghly ) a l>ge l95 ?read & big /it*es1 "s ) pati5t m9ut5ess4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say h[ important ! design ( su* "w is4 ,diff]5t qualities ( ?is mat]ial w be sugge/$ to ! embroid]ess by h] ne$s2 b1 be=e pass+ to o!r ?+s1 ,i %\ld n omit m5tion ( ! *>m+ l95 wov5 at ,langdale4 ,= "s purposes x is v useful1 z good l95 = embroid]+ on is n easy to obta94 ,we h1 h[ev]1 yet to f9d a web :i* w resemble ! r\gh] & co>s] l95s us$ = old embroid]ies1 r loosely wov51 ) a ?ick glossy ?read1 & ( a heavy yet yield+ sub/ance1 q unlike ! h>d pap]-l surfaces ( ma*9e-made l95s4 ,! ,langdale l95 is1 ( c\rse1 h&-spun & h&-made1 & ! flat silky ?read gives a v pleasant surface2 b1 ow+ to its price & f9e texture1 x is n always suitable = ! purposes ( l>ge hang+s4 ,_m f9e examples ( ,p]sian "w1 su* z quilts & s =?1 are execut$ on a :ite cotton gr\nd1 nei!r v f9e nor v co>se1 entirely 9 floss silk1 a v>iety ( /it*es be+ us$1 & ! brighte/ possible col\rs *os54 ,! cool silky surface ( l951 h[ev]1 comm5ds itself m to u ?an cotton1 ea* c\ntry rightly *oos+ ! mat]ials ne>e/ to h&1 9 ?is z 9 o!r decorative arts4 ,bo? l95 & cotton are good gr\nds = wool-"w1 ( :i* ! mo/ satisfactory k9d is t done on a l>ge scale1 ) a v>iety ( close & curi\s /it*es )9 bold curves & outl9es4 ,canvas & net are op5 textures ( l95 or cotton1 & c be us$ ei!r z a gr\nd-"w cov]$ entirely ) "s /it* l ! old-fa%ion$ cross-/it* or t5t-/it*1 or "s k9dr$ me*anical /it*1 or x c /& z ! gr\nd1 to be decorat$ ) bright silks4 ,! texture ( canvas be+ co>se1 ! design = x %\ld be *os5 on a l>ge scale1 & ?ick silk us$2 floss pref]ably z ! glossie/1 b a ?ick twi/$ silk is almo/ equally effective1 & r easi] to h&le4 ,?is canvas is us$ frequ5tly 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,italian room-hang+s1 ei!r 9 ! natural br[ni% col\r1 or dy$ blue or gre51 ! dye on x giv+ a dusky neutral col\r :i* well %[s up ! ri*ness ( ! silk4 ,( wooll5 mat]ials1 clo? is ! k+2 ?\gh z a gr\nd = ne$le-decoration x has its limitations4 ,x =ms a good basis = applique1 ! gr\ps ( ornam5t be+ work$ sep>ately1 & laid on ! clo? ) ?reads & cords ( silk1 gold1 or wool1 accord+ to ! treatm5t decid$ on4 ,r\gh s]ge gives a good surface = l>ge op5 wool-"w4 ,su* "w is quickly done1 & c\ld be made a v pleas+ decoration = walls4 ,see ! delightful inv5tories ( ! worldly goods ( ,sir ,john ,fa/olf 9 ! notes to ! ,pa/on ,lett]s1 :]e ! description ( gre5 & blue wor/$ hang+s1 & bank]s work$ ov] ) roses & b\ghs1 & hunt+ sc5es1 make "o long to emulate ! ri* fancies ( =gott5 arts1 & try to plan out simil> "w1 mu* ( :i* 0 q unambiti\s & simple1 bo? 9 design & execution4 ,slack1 a slightly twi/$ wool1 wor/$ & crewel are usually ! =ms ( "w us$2 ( ^! slack wool is ! pleasante/ = l>ge "w1 wor/$ be+ too h>%2 crewel is v f9e & mu* twi/$1#a (t5 met ) 9 old "w ( a f9e k9d4 ,! advantage ( wool ov] silk 9 co/ is obvi\s1 & r5d]s x suitable = ! common] uses ( life1 :]e lavi%ness w\ld be out ( place4 ,,may ,,morris4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,crewel1 crull1 curly3-- ,8 locks 7 crull z !y 7 laid 9 press1 says ,*auc] ( ! ,squire 9 ,! ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,,col\r ,x is n unusual to he> said ( textiles & embroid]ies1 ,i l s(t quiet col\r+2 su* & su* is too bright4 ,?is ass]tion is bo? "r & wrong2 x %[s an in/9ctive pleasure 9 h>mony comb9$ ) ignorance ( te*nique4 ,to beg9 )1 col\r _c be too bright 9 itself2 if x appe>s s1 x is ! skill ( ! craftsman t is at fault4 ,x w be not$ 9 a f9e piece ( "w t f> f blaz+ ) col\r 9 a way to di/urb ! eye1 its g5]al effect is t ( a subdu$ gl[2 & yet1 on consid]+ ! diff]5t %ades ( ! col\rs us$1 !y are f\nd to be 9 !mselves ( ! brighte/ ! dy] c produce4 ,?us ,i h se5 9 an old ,p]sian rug light & d>k blue fl[]s & orange leaves outl9$ ) turquoise blue on a /rong r$ gr\nd1 a comb9ation t s\nds d>+1 & yet no?+ c\ld be m peaceful 9 tone ?an ! beautiful & complicat$ gr\ps ( col\rs "h display$4 ,h>mony1 !n1 produces ?is repose1 :i* is dem&$ in/9ctively1 purity & crispness be+ fur!r obta9$ by ! quality ( ! col\rs us$4 ,?us 9 blues1 use ! %ades t are only obta9$ satisfactorily by indigo dye1 ) su* modifications z slightly gre5+ ) yell[ :5 a gre5-blue is want$1 & s =?4 ,! pure blue ( indigo1#a nei!r slaty nor too hot & r$ on ! "o h&1 nor t5d+ to a co>se peacock gre5-blue on ! o!r1 is p]fect 9 all its tones1 & ( all col\rs ! safe/ to use 9 masses4 ,its modifications to purple on "o side & gre5-blue on ! o!r are also useful1 ?\gh to be employ$ ) mod]ation4 ,!re are endless v>ieties ( useful r$s1 f p9k1 salmon1 orange1 & sc>let1 to blood-r$ & deep purple-r$1 obta9$ by diff]5t dyes & by diff]5t processes ( dye+4 ,k]mes1 an insect dye1 gives a v beautiful & p]man5t col\r1 r sc>let4 ,co*9eal1 also an insect dye1 gives a r$1 r inf]ior1 b useful = mix$ %ades1 & mu* us$ on silk1 ( :i* madd] & k]mes are apt to de/roy ! gloss1 ! =m] a good deal1 ! latt] slightly4 ,madd]1 a vegetable dye1 yields on wool a deep-ton$ blood-r$1 some:at bricky & t5d+ to sc>let4 ,on cotton & l95 all imag9able %ades ( r$1 accord+ to ! process4#b ,( ! %ades into :i* r$ ent]s1 avoid ov]-abundant use ( w>m orange or sc>let1 :i* are ! m valuable 7especially ! latt]7 ! m sp>+ly us$2 !re is a dusky orange & a fa9t cle> bricky sc>let1 sometimes met ) 9 old "w1 t d n ne$ ?is res]vation1 be+ quiet col\rs ( impure yet beautiful tone4 ,cle>1 full yell[1 f9e 9 itself1 also loses its value if too pl5tifully us$1 or lack+ due relief by o!r col\rs4 ,! pure col\r is nei!r r$di% & hot 9 tone1 nor gre5i% & sickly4 ,x is v abundant1 = example1 9 ,p]sian silk embroid]y1 also 9 ,*9ese1 & aga9 9 ,spani% & ,italian "w ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! be/ & mo/ p]man5t yell[ dye1 especially valuable on silk1 is weld or wild mignonette4 ,next to blue1 gre5 seems ! mo/ natural col\r to live )1 & ! mo/ re/ful to ! eye & bra92 yet x is curi\s to ^? n famili> ) ! ins & outs ( dye+ t x %\ld be s difficult to obta9 ?r\gh ord9>y comm]cial *annels a full1 ri*1 p]man5t gre51 nei!r muddy yell[ nor co>se blui%4 ,a dy] :o employ$ old-fa%ion$ dye-/uffs & me?ods w\ld1 h[ev]1 tell u t ! gre5s ( comm]ce are obta9$ by messes1 & n by dyes1 ! only me?od = obta9+ good %ades be+ t ( dye+ a blue ( ! dep? requir$ 9 ! indigo-vat1 & aft]w>ds gre5+ x ) yell[1 ) :atev] modifications are ne$$4 ,?ree sets ( gre5s w be f\nd useful = ne$lework1 full yell[-gre5s ( two or ?ree %ades1 grayi%-gre5s1 & blue-gre5s4 ,( ^!1 ! %ades t5d+ to grayi%-gre5 are ! mo/ manageable 9 l>ge masses4 ,!re is also an olive-gre5 t is good1 if n too d>k & br[n1 :5 x becomes a nondescript1 & z su* to be condemn$4 ,walnut 7! roots or ! husks or ! nut7 & cate*u 7! juice ( a plant7 are ! mo/ reliable br[n dye-/uffs1 giv+ good ri* col\r4 ,! be/ black1 by ! bye1 =m]ly us$1 consi/$ ( ! d>ke/ indigo %ade ! mat]ial w\ld take1 dipp$ aft]w>ds 9 ! walnut root dye4 ,?is ha/y enum]ation ( dye-/uffs gives an idea ( ^? pr9cipally us$ until ?is c5tury1 b n[ v r>ely1 s9ce ! reign ( ,anil9e4 ,yet !y give ! only really pure & p]man5t col\rs kn[n1 n los+ _! value by artificial light1 & v little & gradually fad+ ?r\gh c5turies ( exposure to sunlight4 ,x w\ld be pleasant if 9 pur*as+ silk or clo? "o _h n to pause & consid] w x fade8 mean+ n w x fade 9 a hundr$1 or t51 or ?ree ye>s8 b w x fade & be an unsightly rag ?is "t next mon?8 ,i _c see t ,anil9e has done m = u ?an ?is4 ,col\r c be treat$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways3 by di/9ctly light %ades1 :e!r few or _m1 on a d>k gr\nd1 :i* treatm5t l5ds itself to great v>iety & effect2 or by d>k on a light gr\nd1 n s ri* or satisfy+ 9 effect2 or aga91 by col\r plac$ on col\r ( equal tone1 z x 7 a mosaic or piec+ toge!r ( col\rs unit$1 or jo9t$1 by outl9+ r\nd ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! design4 ,black on :ite1 or :ite on :ite1 a m]e draw+ ( a design on ! mat]ial1 sc>cely comes "u ! head ( ,col\r1 ?\gh1 z a=esaid1 "s v beautiful "w has be5 done 9 ?is way4 ,z reg>ds me?od ( col\r+1 x is n v possible to give mu* indication ( :at to use & :at to avoid1 x be+ greatly a matt] ( practice1 & some:at ( in/9ct1 h[ to unite col\r into beautiful & complex gr\ps4 ,a few h9ts = & aga9/ c]ta9 comb9ations may p]haps be giv53 = in/ance1 avoid plac+ a blue imm$iately aga9/ a gre5 ( ne>ly ! same tone2 an outl9e ( a diff]5t col\r disposes ( ?is difficulty1 b ev5 s1 blue & gre5 = equally lead+ col\rs %\ld be avoid$4 ,aga91 r$ & yell[1 if bo? ( a vivid tone1 w ne$ a s(t5+ outl9e2 also1 ,i ?9k1 r$ & gre5 if at all /rong2 avoid cold gre5 9 contact ) mi/y blue-gre51 :i* 9 itself is r a pretty col\r3 ! w>n+ seems futile1 b ,i h se5 ^! col\rs us$ p]si/5tly toge!r1 & d n l ! result+ undecid$ gray tone4 ,a cold /rong gre5 r5d]s s]vice sometimes1 notably = plac+ aga9/ a cle> brilliant yell[1 :i* is apt to dead5 c]ta9 s(t] gre5s4 ,br[n1 :5 us$1 %\ld be *os5 c>efully1 w>m 9 t9t1 b n hot2 avoid ! mixture ( br[n & yell[1 (t5 se5 9 ,art ,depots1 b n 9 nature1 an un=tunate grop+ aft] ! picturesque1 z br[n wants cool+ d[n1 & to m>ry x to a flam+ yell[ is n ! way to d x4 ,black %\ld be us$ v sp>+ly inde$1 ?\gh by no means bani%$ f ! palette4 ,blue & p9k1 blue & r$1 ) a little t5d] gre5 = relief1 are p]fectly safe comb9ations = ! lead+ col\rs 9 a piece ( "w2 aga91 yell[ & gre51 or yell[1 p9k1 & gre51 make a delightfully fre% & joy\s %[4 ,!re is a l>ge cov]let to be se5 at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 79 ! ,p]sian gall]y7 :i* is work$ 9 ^! col\rs1 all v mu* ! same bright tone1 ! c5tre be+ gre5 & yell[ & p9k1 & ! sev]al bord]s ! same1 ) ! ord] & proportion alt]$ to make a v>iety4 ,9 recall+ bright col\r+ l ?is1 "o is rem9d$ ( ,*auc] & 8 unfail+ delight 9 gay col\rs1 :i* he con/antly br+s be=e u 9 describ+ g>d51 woodl&1 or befl[]$ g[n4 ,z-- ,ev]i* tree well f 8 fell[ grewe ,) bran*es broad lad5 ) leaves newe ,t sprong5 out aga9/ ! sonne %e5e ,"s gold5 r$ & "s a glad bright gr5e4 ,or1 aga91 ! ,squire's dress 9 ! ,prologue to ,! ,cant]bury ,tales-- ,embr\d$ 0 he1 z x 7 a m$e ,alle ful ( fre%e fl\res1 :ite & r$e4 ,,may ,,morris4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= notes on ! dy]'s art & ! nature ( dye /uffs1 see ,william ,morris's essay on ,dye+ z an ,art1 p4 #aif4 #b ,william ,morris1 ,dye+ z an ,art4 ,,/it*es ,,& ,,me*anism ,z a guid+ classification ( me?ods ( embroid]y consid]$ f ! te*nical po9t ( view1 ,i h set d[n ! foll[+ heads3-- 7a7 ,embroid]y ( mat]ials 9 frames4 7b7 ,embroid]y ( mat]ials held 9 ! h&4 7c7 ,positions ( ! ne$le 9 mak+ /it*es4 7d7 ,v>ieties ( /it*es4 7e7 ,effects ( /it*es 9 relation to mat]ials into :i* !y are work$4 7f7 ,me?ods ( /it*+ diff]5t mat]ials toge!r4 7g7 ,embroid]y 9 relief4 7h7 ,embroid]y on op5 gr\nds l net1 etc4 7i7 ,drawn ?read "w2 ne$lepo9t lace4 7j7 ,embroid]y alli$ to tape/ry weav+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i def9e embroid]y z ! ornam5tal enri*m5t by ne$lework ( a giv5 mat]ial4 ,su* mat]ial is usually a closely-wov5 /uff2 b sk9s ( animals1 lea!r1 etc41 also s]ve z f\ndations = embroid]y1 & s d nets4 7a7 ,mat]ials to be embroid]$ may be ei!r /ret*$ out 9 a frame1 or held loosely 7b7 9 ! h&4 ,exp]i5ce decides :5 ei!r way is ! bett]4 ,= embroid]y ^u nets1 frames are indisp5sable4 ,! use ( frames is also necess>y :5 a p>ticul> aim ( ! embroid]] is to secure an ev5 t5sion ( /it* ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,!re are v>i\s frames1 "s l>ge & /&+ on tre/les2 9 ^! _m feet ( mat]ial c be /ret*$ out4 ,!n !re are small h&y frames 9 :i* a squ>e foot or two ( mat]ial is /ret*$2 & aga9 !re are small] frames1 usually circul>1 9 :i* a few in*es ( mat]ials ( delicate texture1 l musl9 & cambric1 may be /ret*$4 ,ori5tal embroid]]s1 l ^? ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 are great us]s ( frames = _! "w4 7c7 ,/it*es hav+ peculi> or individual *>act]i/ics are comp>atively few4 ,almo/ all are 9 use = pla9 ne$lework4 ,x is ?r\gh ! employm5t ( !m to r5d] or express ornam5t or patt]n t !y become embroid]y /it*es4 ,"s embroid]]s & "s s*ools ( embroid]y cont5d t ! numb] ( embroid]y /it*es is almo/ inf9ite4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is probably "o ( ! my?s ( ! craft4 ,to beg9 )1 !re are b>ely m ?an two diff]5t positions 9 :i* ! ne$le is held = mak+ a /it*--"o :5 ! ne$le is pass$ m or less horizontally ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 ! o!r :5 ! ne$le is work$ m or less v]tically4 ,9 respect ( ! fir/-nam$ way1 ! po9t ( ! ne$le ent]s ! mat]ial usually 9 two places1 & "o pull takes ! embroid]y ?read into ! mat]ial m or less horizontally1 or along or beh9d its surface 7,fig4 #a74 ,9 ! second1 ! ne$le is pass$ upw>ds f b5ea? ! mat]ial1 pull$ "r ?r\gh x1 & !n return$ d[nw>ds1 s t !re are two pulls in/ead ( "o to complete a s+le /it*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,/em ,/it*--a peculi> use ( %ort /it*es4 ,a hook$ or cro*et ne$le ) a h&le is held m or less v]tically = work+ a *a9 /it* ^u ! surface ( a mat]ial /ret*$ 9 a frame1 b ?is is a me?od ( embroid]y involv+ ! use ( an implem5t di/9ct f t done ) ! ord9>y & freely-pli$ ne$le4 ,/ill1 includ+ ?is la/-nam$ me?od1 :i* comes into ! class ( embroid]y done ) ! ne$le 9 a m or less v]tical position1 we d n get m ?an two di/9ctive positions = hold+ ! embroid]y ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,*a9 ,/it*4 7d7 ,v>ieties ( /it*es may be classifi$ "u two sections3 "o ( /it*es 9 :i* ! ?read is loop$1 z 9 *a9 /it*1 knott$ /it*es1 & button-hole /it*2 ! o!r ( /it*es 9 :i* ! ?read is n loop$1 b lies flatly1 z 9 %ort & long /it*es--crewel or fea!r /it*es z !y are sometimes call$1--d>n+ /it*es1 t5t & cross /it*es1 & sat9 /it*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,sat9 ,/it*4 ,almo/ all ( ^! /it*es produce diff]5t sorts ( surface or texture 9 ! embroid]y done ) !m4 ,*a9 /it*es1 = in/ance1 give a brok5 or granul>-look+ surface 7,fig4 #b74 ,?is effect 9 surface is m /rongly m>k$ :5 knott$ /it*es are us$4 ,sat9 /it*es give a flat surface 7,fig4 #c71 & are g5]ally us$ = embroid]y or details :i* are to be ( an ev5 t9t ( col\r4 ,crewel or long & %ort /it*es comb9$ 7,fig4 #d7 give a slightly less ev5 texture ?an sat9 /it*es4 ,crewel /it* is specially adapt$ to ! r5d]+ ( col\r$ surfaces ( "w 9 :i* diff]5t t9ts are to modulate into "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,fea!r or ,crewel ,/it*--a mixture ( long & %ort /it*es4 7e7 ,! effects ( /it*es 9 relation to ! mat]ials into :i* !y are work$ c be consid]$ "u two broadly-m>k$ divisions4 ,! "o is 9 reg>d to embroid]y :i* is to produce an effect on "o side only ( a mat]ial2 ! o!r to embroid]y :i* %all produce simil> effects equally on bo? ! back & front ( ! mat]ial4 ,a d>n+ & a sat9 /it* may be work$ s t ! embroid]y has almo/ ! same effect on bo? sides ( ! mat]ial4 ,*a9 /it* & crewel /it* c only be us$ ) reg>d to effect on "o side ( a mat]ial4 7f7 ,b ^! sugge/ions = a simple classification ( embroid]y d n by any means apply to _m me?ods ( s-call$ embroid]y1 ! effects ( :i* dep5d ^u some?+ m ?an /it*es4 ,9 ^! o!r me?ods cutt+ mat]ials into %apes1 /it*+ mat]ials toge!r1 or on to "o ano!r1 & draw+ c]ta9 ?reads out ( a wov5 mat]ial & !n work+ ov] ! undrawn ?reads1 are involv$4 ,appli$ or applique "w is g5]ally us$ 9 connection ) ornam5t ( bold =ms4 ,! l>g] & pr9cipal =ms are cut out ( "o mat]ial & !n /it*$ d[n to ano!r--! junctures ( ! edges ( ! cut-out =ms be+ usually conceal$ & ! %apes ( ! =ms emphasis$ by cord /it*$ along !m4 ,pat*work dep5ds = successful effect ^u skill 9 cutt+ out ! sev]al pieces :i* are to be /it*$ toge!r4 ,pat*work is a sort ( mosaic "w 9 textile mat]ials2 &1 f> beyond ! homely pat*work quilt ( c\ntry cottages1 pat*work l5ds itself to ! production ( +5i\s c\nt]*anges ( =m & col\r 9 complex patt]ns4 ,^! me?ods ( applique & pat*work are peculi>ly adapt$ to ornam5tal ne$lework :i* is to lie1 or hang1 /ret*$ out flatly1 & are n suit$ !re=e to "w 9 :i* is involv$ a calculat$ beauty ( effect f folds4 7g7 ,!re are two or ?ree classes ( embroid]y 9 relief :i* are n well adapt$ to embroid]ies on lissome mat]ials 9 :i* folds are to be consid]$4 ,quilt+ is "o ( ^! classes4 ,x may be arti/ically employ$ = r5d]+ l[-relief ornam5t1 by means ( a /\t cord or padd+ plac$ betwe5 two bits ( /uff1 :i* are !n ornam5tally /it*$ toge!r s t ! cord or padd+ may fill out & give slight relief to ! ornam5tal portions def9$ by & enclos$ betwe5 ! l9es ( /it*+4 ,!re is also padd$ embroid]y or "w consi/+ ( a numb] ( details sep>ately wr\ght 9 relief ov] padd+ ( hanks ( ?read1 wadd+1 & su* l4 ,effects ( high relief are obta9able by ?is me?od4 ,ano!r class1 b ( l[] relief embroid]y1 is c\*+ 7,fig4 #e71 9 :i* cords & gimps are laid side by side1 9 gr\ps1 ^u ! face ( a mat]ial1 & !n /it*$ d[n to x4 ,v>i\s effects c be obta9$ 9 ?is me?od4 ,! col\r ( ! ?read us$ to /it* ! cords or gimp d[n may be diff]5t f t ( ! cords or gimp1 & ! /it*es may ( c\rse be s tak5 z to produce small p[d]$ or diap] patt]ns ov] ! face ( ! gr\ps ( cords or gimp4 ,gold cords are (t5 us$ 9 ?is class ( "w1 :i* is peculi>ly id5tifi$ ) ecclesia/ical embroid]ies ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 z also ) ,japanese "w ( lat] date4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,a =m ( ,embroid]y 9 relief1 call$ ,c\*+4 7h7 ,! embroid]y & "w hi!rto allud$ to has be5 su* z requires a f\ndation ( a closely wov5 nature1 l l951 clo?1 silk1 & velvet4 ,b !re are v>ieties ( embroid]y done ^u nett$ or me%$ gr\nds4 ,& on to ^! op5 gr\nds1 embroid]y 9 d>n+ & *a9 /it*es c be wr\ght4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! embroid]ies ^u op5 or me%$ gr\nds h a lace-l appe>ance4 ,9 lace1 ! contra/ betwe5 close "w & op51 or p>tially op51 spaces ab\t x plays an important "p4 ,! me?ods ( mak+ lace by ! ne$le1 or by bobb9s on a cu%ion1 are totally di/9ct f ! me?ods ( mak+ lace-l embroid]ies ^u net4 7i7 ,ak9 to lace & embroid]ies ^u net is embroid]y 9 :i* mu* ( its special effect is obta9$ by ! )drawal ( ?reads f ! mat]ial1 & !n ei!r :ipp+ or ov]ca/+ 9 button-hole /it*es ! undrawn ?reads4 ,! ,p]sians & embroid]]s 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago h excell$ 9 su* "w1 produc+ wondr\sly delicate textile grills ( +5i\s geometric patt]ns4 ,9 ?is drawn ?read "w1 z x is call$1 we (t5 meet ) ! employm5t ( button-hole /it*+1 :i* is an important /it* 9 mak+ ne$lepo9t lace 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,button-hole ,/it*+1 z us$ 9 ne$lepo9t lace4 7j7 ,we also meet ) ! use ( a weav+ /it* resembl+ 9 effect1 on a small scale1 will[ weav+ = hurdles4 ,?is weav+ /it*1 & ! me?od ( compact+ toge!r ! ?reads made ) x1 are closely alli$ to t special me?od ( weav+ kn[n z tape/ry weav+4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ specim5s ( tape/ry weav+ consi/ ( ornam5tal bord]s1 b&s1 & panels1 :i* 7 inwov5 into tunics & cloaks worn by ,greeks & ,romans f ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 up to ! eigh? or n9? aft] ,*ri/4 ,! scale ( ! "w 9 ^! is s small1 z comp>$ ) t ( l>ge tape/ry wall-hang+s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 t ! me?od may be reg>d$ z be+ relat$ m to drawn ?read embroid]y ?an to weav+ into an ext5sive field ( w>p ?reads4 ,a sket* ( ! diff]5t employm5ts ( ! =ego+ me?ods ( embroid]y is n to be includ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! univ]sality ( embroid]y f ! e>lie/ ( hi/oric times is atte/$ by evid5ces ( its practice among/ primitive tribes ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,fragm5ts ( /it*$ mat]ials or und\bt$ indications ( !m h be5 f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( e>ly ,am]ican ,indians1 & 9 ! cave dwell+s ( m5 :o liv$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! p]iod ( hi/oric ,egyptians & ,assyrians4 ,( ,greek %ort & long /it*1 & *a9 /it* & applique embroid]y1 !re are specim5s ( ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 pres]v$ 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans 7 skilful 9 ! use ( tape/ry weav+ /it*es4 ,da9ty embroid]y1 ) delicate silk5 ?reads1 0 practis$ by ! ,*9ese long be=e simil> "w 0 done 9 ! c\ntries we/ ( ,p]sia1 or 9 c\ntries :i* came )9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( t ,empire1 ! ,emp]or ,!odosius ,i4 fram$ rules respect+ ! importation ( silk1 & made regulations = ! lab\r employ$ 9 ! gynaecea1 ! public weav+ & embroid]+ rooms ( t p]iod1 ! developm5t & organisation ( :i* are traceable to ! ap>tm5ts allott$ 9 private h\ses to ! semp/resses & embroid]esses :o =m$ "p ( ! well-to-d h\seholds ( e>ly classic times4 ,,alan ,s4 ,,cole4 ,,design ,dr9k wat]s out ( ?9e own ci/]n1 & runn+ wat]s out ( ?9e own well4--,,solomon4 ,produce2 produce2 be x b ! inf9itesimalle/ product1 produce4--,,c>lyle4 ,= ! la/ sixty ye>s1 ev] s9ce ! ,go?ic ,revival set 91 we h done our be/ to resuscitate ! art ( embroid]y4 ,fir/ ! ,*ur* & !n ! _w took up ! task1 & mu* admirable "w has be5 done by ! ,s*ools1 ! %ops1 & at home4 ,& yet ! v]dict /ill mu/ be ! old is bett]4 ,consid]+ all ?+s1 ?is lack ( absolute success is p]plex+ & ne$s to be expla9$4 ,= we h realis$ our ideals4 ,nev] 0 a "t :5 ! art & sci5ce ( ne$lework 7 s ?or\ghly und]/ood z 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,our design]s c design 9 any /yle4 ,e old me?od is at our f+]s' ends4 ,e +5i\s /it* ( old humanity has be5 ma/]$1 & a descriptive "n giv5 to x ( our own devis+4 ,e traditional patt]n--wave1 lotus1 daisy1 convolvulus1 honeysuckle1 ,sacr$ ,horn or tree ( life2 e animal =m1 or bird1 fi% or reptile1 has be5 trac$ to its s\rce1 & its symbolism laid b>e4 ,e phase ( ! _w's primal s*ools ( design--,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 ,indian1 ,*9ese1 ,greek1 ,byzant9e1 ,european--has be5 illu/rat$ & made easy ( imitation4 ,we are ar*aeologi/s3 we are critics3 we are arti/s4 ,we are lov]s ( old "w3 we are le>n$ 9 hi/orical & ae/hetic que/ions1 9 te*nical rules & pr9ciples ( design4 ,we are col\ri/s1 & c play ) col\r z musicians play ) notes4 ,:at is m1 we are 9 t]rible e>ne/ness ab\t ! :ole bus9ess4 ,! hon\r ( ! ,briti% nation1 ! cr$it ( ,royalty1 are1 9 a mann]1 /ak$ ^u ! success ( our ,s*ools ( ,ne$lework4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all ^! fav\r+ circum/ances1 we get no ne>] to ! old "w t fir/ mock$ u to emulation 9 reg>d to p[] ( initiative & human int]e/4 ,tru? & gallantry prompt me to add1 x is n 9 /it*]y b 9 design t we lag beh9d ! old4 ,fair ,engli% h&s c copy e trick ( anci5t arti/ry3 f+]-skill 0 nev] deft]1 w 0 nev] m ard5t to d f9e ?+s1 ?an n[4 ,yet our "w hangs fire4 ,x fails 9 design4 ,:y8 ,n[1 ,em]son has well said t all ! arts h _! orig9 9 "s en?usiasm4 ,m>k ?is1 h[ev]3 t :]eas ! design ( old ne$lework is bas$ ^u en?usiasm = birds1 fl[]s1 & animal life1#a ! design ( mod]n ne$lework has its orig9 9 en?usiasm = antique art4 ,nature is1 ( c\rse1 ! gr\ndwork ( all art1 ev5 ( ours2 b x is n to ,nature at fir/-h& t we g4 ,! fl[]s we embroid] 7 n pluck$ f field & g>d51 b f ! camphor-sc5t$ pres]ves at ,k5s+ton4 ,our ne$lework conveys no pretty message ( ,! life t brea!s1 ! life t lives1 x sav\rs only ( ! n[ /iff & />k device ( dead h&s4 ,our art holds no mirror up to ,nature z we see h]1 x only reflects ! reflection ( dead p]iods4 ,nay1 n cont5t ) m]ely rifl+ ! motifs ( mo?-frett$ rags1 we mu/ ne$s turn = novelty to an old ,p]sian tile :i*1 well magnifi$1 makes a capital design = a quilt t "o might p]*ance sleep "u 9 spite ( :at is outside6 ,or we are n a%am$ to ask our be/ embroid]esses to copy ! b>b>ic wriggles & *ildlike crudities ( a sev5?-c5tury ,book ( ,kells1 a task :i* cramps h] /yle & robs ,celtic art ( all its wond]4 ,we h1 ,i said1 realis$ our ideals4 ,we c d spl5didly :at we set ourselves to d--namely1 to mimic old ma/]pieces4 ,! "q is1 ,:at next8 ,%all we cont9ue to hunt old trails1 & die1 n leav+ ! _w ri*] ?an we f\nd x8 ,or %all we = art & hon\r's sake boldly adv5ture some?+--drop ?is we>isome translation ( old /yles & translate ,nature in/ead8 ,?9k ( ! ga9 to ! ,s*ools1 & to ! design]s !mselves1 if we elect to take ano!r />t+-po9t6 ,no m museum-inspir$ "w6 ,no m scruples ab\t /yles6 ,no m dry-z-du/ /ock patt]ns6 ,no m loa?ly ,p]sian-tile quilts6 ,no m awful ,zoomorphic table-clo?s6 ,no m ca/-iron-look+ alt> clo?s1 or ,syon ,cope angels1 or /umpy ,norfolk-scre5 sa9ts6 ,no m ,tudor roses & pump$-out ,*ri/ian imag]y sugge/+ t ,*ri/ianity is dead & buri$6 ,b1 in/ead1 we %all h design by liv+ m5 = liv+ m5--some?+ t expresses fre% realisations ( sacr$ facts1 p]sonal brood+s1 skill1 joy 9 ,nature--9 grace ( =m & gladness ( col\r2 design t %all recall ,%akespe>e's maid :o 444 ) h] neeld composes ,nature's own %ape1 ( bud1 bird1 bran*1 or b]ry1 ,t ev5 ,art si/]s ! natural roses4 ,=1 aft] all1 mod]n design %\ld be z ! old--liv+ ?\ght1 artfully express$3 fancy t has tak5 fair %apes4 ,& ne$lework is /ill a pictorial art t requires a real arti/ to direct ! design1 a real arti/ to ply ! ne$le4 ,giv5 ^!1 & our ne$lework c be z full ( /ory z ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 z full ( imag]y z ! ,syon ,cope1 & bett] drawn4 ,! *>m ( old embroid]y lies 9 ?is1 t x clo!s curr5t ?\ght 9 curr5t %apes4 ,x meant some?+ to ! work]s1 & to ! man 9 ! /reet = :om x 0 done4 ,& = our "w to ga9 ! same s5sibility1 ! same range ( appeal1 ! same human int]e/1 we mu/ employ ! same means4 ,we mu/ clo! mod]n ideas 9 mod]n dress2 adorn our design ) liv+ fancy1 & rise to ! height ( our k & capacities4 ,d\btless !re is dang] to ! untra9$ design] 9 direct resort to ,nature4 ,= ! t5d5cy 9 8 or h] case is to copy outright1 to give u pure crude fact & n to design at all4 ,/ill !re is hope 9 hone/ error3 none 9 ! icy p]fections ( ! m]e /yli/4 ,= ! unskill$ design] !re is no tra9+ l draw+ f an old h]bal2 = 9 all old draw+ ( ,nature !re is a l>ge elem5t ( design4 ,besides :i*1 ! v limitations ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 realis+ a design 9 ne$lework1 be x ev] s naturally col\r$1 h9d]s a too def9ite pres5tation ( ! real4 ,= ! pr(essional /yli/1 ! confirm$ conv5tionali/1 an h\r 9 8 g>d51 a /roll 9 ! embroid]$ mead[s1 a dip into an old h]bal1 a few c>efully-drawn cribs f ,curtis's ,botanical ,magaz9e1 or ev5--= lack ( some?+ bett]--,sutton's la/ ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue1 is :olesome ex]cise1 & w d m to revive ! orig9al in/9cts ( a true design] ?an a mon? ( sixp5ny days at a /uffy museum4 ,! old ma/]s are dead1 b ! fl[]s1 z ,victor ,hugo says1 ! fl[]s la/ always4 ,,john ,d4 ,,s$d+4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a /rip ( sixte5?-c5tury ne$lework 9 my possession 7#f ft4 by #b ft4 #f 947 figures ?irty diff]5t specim5s ( plants1 six animals1 & f\r birds1 besides ornam5tal sprays ( foliage4 ,,on ,,design+ ,,= ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,embroid]y ,9 e =m ( art ! ?+ :i* is ( prim>y importance is ! "q ( ,design4 ,by ,design ,i und]/& ! inv5tive arrangem5t ( l9es & masses1 = _! own sake1 9 su* a relation to "o ano!r1 t !y =m a f9e1 h>moni\s :ole3 a :ole1 t is1 t[>ds :i* ea* "p contributes1 & is 9 su* a comb9ation ) e o!r "p t ! result is a unity ( effect1 s completely satisfy+ u t we h no s5se ( dem&+ 9 x m or less4 ,aft] ?is /atem5t & def9ition let me proce$ to t\* briefly ^u f\r po9ts 9 relation to ! matt]1 z x conc]ns itself ) ! art ( ,embroid]y2 & ! fir/ ( ^! f\r po9ts %all be ?is4 ,be=e y comm5ce y\r design1 consid] c>efully ! conditions "u :i* ! f9i%$ "w is to be se54 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 embroid]y to be too uni=mly delicate & m9ute4 ,to be too delicate1 or ev5 m9ute1 9 some?+ :i* is always to be se5 close "u "o's eyes is1 x may be1 impossible2 b 9 an alt>-clo?1 a bann]1 a wall-hang+1 ?is delicacy & m9ut5ess are n m]ely ?r[n away1 b !y t5d to make ! ?+ ineffective4 ,= su* objects z ^! ,i h m5tion$1 ! ma9 l9es & masses ( ! design %\ld1 x w\ld seem 9 ! nature ( ! case1 be well emphasis$2 if !y are well emphasis$1 & ( c\rse f9e 9 _! "* & arrangem5t1 !re is produc$ a s5se ( l>g5ess & dignity :i* is ( ! highe/ value1 & = ! abs5ce ( :i* no am\nt ( curi\s workman%ip w atone4 ,9 mak+ y\r design1 let ^! ma9 l9es & masses be ! fir/ ?+s y att5d to1 & secure4 ,/& away at a di/ance1 & see if !y tell out satisfactorily1 be=e y g on to put 9 a s+le t\* ( detail4 ,= ! second po9t3 rememb] t embroid]y deals ) its objects z if !y 7 all on ! same plane4 ,x has be5 sometimes describ$ z ! art ( pa9t+ ) ! ne$le2 b x necess>ily & ess5tially diff]s f ! art ( pa9t+ 9 ?is1 t x1 prop]ly1 repres5ts all ?+s z be+ equally ne> to y1 z laid out be=e y on ! same plane4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to be a s\nd rule to fill ! spaces1 left = y by ! arrangem5t ( y\r ma9 l9es & masses1 ) su* =ms z %all occupy ^! spaces1 "o by "o1 completely2 ) su* patt]ns1 ,i mean1 z %all appe> to h _! natural & full developm5t )9 ! limits ( ea* space3 avoid ! appe>ance ( "o ?+ be+ beh9d ! o!r1 ) portions ( x cut (f & obscur$ by :at comes 9 front ( x4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 s mu* else1 an imm5se deal mu/ be left to ! in/9ct ( ! arti/4 ,?irdly3 aim at simplicity 9 ! elem5ts or motives ( y\r design2 d n cr[d x ) a score ( diff]5t elem5ts1 :i* produce a s5se ( confusion & irritation1 &1 9 reality1 prove only a pov]ty ( inv5tion4 ,a real ri*ness ( inv5tion1 z well z a ri*ness ( effect1 lies 9 us+ "o or two1 p]haps at mo/ ?ree1 elem5ts1 ) v>iety 9 ! treatm5t ( !m4 ,make y\rself ?or\ghly ma/] ( ! ess5tial po9ts1 9 :atev] elem5ts y *oose z ! basis ( y\r design1 be=e y set p5cil to pap]2 & y w f9d 9 almo/ any natural =m y fix ^u m ?an en\gh to give y all ! v>iety & ri*ness y require1 if y h suffici5t natural fancy to play ) x4 ,la/ly3 return aga9 & aga91 & = ev]more1 to ,nature4 ,! value ( /udy+ specim5s ( old embroid]y is imm5se2 x makes y famili> ) ! pr9ciples & me?ods1 :i* exp]i5ce has f\nd to be true & useful2 x puts y into possession ( ! traditions ( ! art4 ,he t has no rev]5ce = ! traditions ( 8 art seals 8 own doom2 he t is c>eless ab\t !m1 or treats !m ) sup]cili\sness1 or w n give ! "t & pa9s necess>y to und]/& !m1 b ?9ks to />t (f afre% along clean new l9es ( 8 own1 /amps himself z an up/>t--makes himself p]haps1 if he is clev]1 a n9e days' curiosity--b loses himself1 by & by1 9 extravagances1 & br+s no fruit to p]fection4 ,! /udy ( old "w1 !n1 is ( ! highe/ importance1 is ess5tial2 ! pati5t & humble /udy ( x4 ,b = :at end8 ,to le>n pr9ciples & me?ods1 to secure a s\nd f\ndation = oneself2 n to slavi%ly imitate results1 & live on b\nd h& & foot 9 ! swaddl+ clo!s ( prec$5t4 ,le>n y\r bus9ess 9 ! s*ools1 b g out to ,nature = y\r inspirations4 ,see ,nature ?r\gh y\r own eyes1 & be a p]si/5t & curi\s obs]v] ( h] inf9ite wond]s4 ,yet to see ,nature 9 h]self is n ev]y?+1 x is b half ! matt]2 ! o!r half is to "k h[ to use h] = ! purposes ( f9e art1 to "k h[ to translate h] into ! language ( art4 ,& ?is k we acquire by a s\nd acqua9tance ) ! ess5tial conditions ( :atev] art we practise1 a frank acceptance ( ^! conditions1 & a rev]5tial appreciation ( ! tea*+ & examples ( pa/ workm54 ,timidity & impud5ce are bo? alike fatal to an arti/3 timidity1 :i* makes x impossible = him to see ) 8 own eyes1 & f9d 8 own me?ods2 & impud5ce1 :i* makes him imag9e t 8 own eyes1 & 8 own me?ods1 are ! be/ t ev] 74 ,,selwyn ,,image4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,selection ,,f ,,! ,rec5t ,publications ,,( ,,messrs4 ,,p]cival ,,k+ ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 ,,london 99 99 99 99 99 #cd ,,k+ ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,april #ahic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,recollections ( ,dr4 ,john ,br[n ,au?or ( ',rab & ,8 ,fri5ds4' ,) ,selections f ,correspond5ce4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,p$die1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #afmo4 #cs4 ,my ,book ( ,songs & ,sonnets ,by ,,maude ,,eg]ton ,,k+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,outl9es ( ,briti% ,colonisation ,by ! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,p>r ,,greswell1 ,m4,a4 ,au?or ( ',our ,s\? ,african ,empire1' ',a ,hi/ory ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1' & ',geography ( ,africa ,s\? ( ! ,zambesi1' etc4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,"l ,,brassey4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,we/ ,indies--,! ,leew>d ,isl&s--,newf\ndl&--,! ,dom9ion ( ,canada--,! ,we/ ,african ,settlem5ts--,! ,s\? ,african ,colonies--,! ,au/ralian ,colonies--,tasmania--,s\? ,au/ralia--,new ,zeal&--,! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ,fiji--,ceylon & ! ,maldive ,ar*ipelago--,mauritius--,hong ,kong--,app5dices ( ,facts & ,figures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,maps & a ,plan4 #afs4 ,v5ice ,an ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,republic ,by ,,horatio ,f4 ,,br[n1 ,au?or ( ',life on ! ,lagoons4' ,! ,au?or's endeav\r 9 ?is ,"w is to view ,v5ice z a p]sonality2 to trace1 z x 71 9 brief h] biography2 attempt+ to %[ :at made h]2 h[ %e grew2 :at mi/akes %e committ$1 & h[ %e paid = !m2 & ?is attempt seem$ ! m reasonable 9 ?is case1 because ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,v5ice ! p]sonality ( ! ,/ates is always m prom95t ?an ! p]sonality ( individual ,v5etians4 ',al?\gh1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ?is "w may be describ$ z a hi/ory ( ,v5ice1 x has be5 c>ri$ out on s orig9al a plan z to des]ve a di/9ct & prom95t place among/ ! _m volumes :i* h be5 devot$ to a record ( ! rise1 developm5t1 & decl9e ( ! ,v5etian ,republic4'--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ',mr4 ,br[n has imprison$ ! atmosph]e ( ,v5ice into 8 pages1 has = ! mo/ "p made h] h]oes live aga91 & has br\ght out fully ! poetry & pa?os ( h] wond]ful c>e]4 ,he is already kn[n z a sympa!tic writ] on ,v5etian subjects1 b he has done no?+ s good z ?is acc\nt ( '! city t looks z ?\gh %e 7 putt+ out to sea4'--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ',mr4 ,br[n has p]=m$ 8 task ) skill & ta/e2 & a picture is pres5t$ ( ! process by :i* ,v5ice 0 built up & fell f its high e/ate1 :i* is at once brilliant & accurate4'--,scotsman4 ',mr4 ,br[n's le>n$ & yet ?or\ghly readable book is publi%$ 9 a =tunate h\r1 bo? = au?or & read]4 ,:5 he writes ab\t ,v5ice we feel t 8 sympa?y ) 8 subject has giv5 him ! p[] bo? ( compreh5d+ ?+s ,v5etian & ( ext5d+ t compreh5sion to 8 read]s4'--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ',?is is 9 tru? a *ronicle :i* foll[s out ) indu/ry & accuracy ! maze ( ,v5etian hi/ory4444 ,z an hi/orical sket* x is admirable4'--,times4 ',a valuable & fasc9at+ "w1 evid5tly ! result ( rese>* & /udy4444 ,e visitor to ! beautiful %r9e ( ,/4 ,m>k %\ld be possess$ ( ?is h&some volume4'--,daily ,telegraph4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,!ories ( ,production & ,di/ribution 9 ,engli% ,political ,economy1 f #aggf to #ahdh ,by ,,edw9 ,,cannan1 ,m4,a41 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,weal? ( a ,nation--,! ,idea ( ! ,production ( ,weal?--,! ,fir/ ',requisite ( ,production1' ,lab\r--,! ,second ',requisite ( ,production1' ,capital--,! ,?ird ',requisite ( ,production1' ,l&--,! ,idea ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,weal?--,pseudo ,di/ribution 7causes :i* affect 7#a7 ! absolute am\nt ( ,wages p] head2 7#b7 ! rate ( ,pr(its2 & 7#c7 ! absolute am\nt ( ,r5t7--,di/ribution ,prop] 7causes :i* affect ! proportions 9 :i* a giv5 produce is divid$ betwe5 diff]5t classes & individuals7--,politics & ,economics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 two ,volumes1 sold sep>ately4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ea*4 ,! ,victorian ,age ( ,engli% ,lit]ature ,by ,,mrs4 ,,oliphant & ,f4 ,r4 ,,oliphant1 ,b4,a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,vol4 ,i4--,! ,/ate ( ,lit]ature at ! ,que5's ,accession1 & ( ^? ^: "w 0 already done--,m5 :o _h made _! "n1 especially ,john ,gibson ,lockh>t1 ,walt] ,savage ,l&or1 ,leigh ,hunt--,?omas ,c>lyle & ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 & o!r ,essayi/s & ,critics--,macaulay & ! o!r ,hi/orians & ,biograph]s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign--,! ,great] ,poets--,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 & ! old] ,noveli/s--,index4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,writ]s on ,religi\s & ,!ological subjects--,sci5tific ,writ]s--,philosophical ,writ]s--,! ,y\ng] ,poets--,! ,y\ng] ,noveli/s--,writ]s on ,art--,lat] ,hi/orians1 ,biograph]s1 ,essayi/s1 etc41 & ! pres5t condition ( ,lit]ature--,j\rnali/s--,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,! ,hygi5e1 ,diseases1 & ,mortality ( ,occupations ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,arlidge1 ,m4,d41 ,a4,b4 7,,lond471 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 7,,lond472 ,consult+ ,physician to ! ,nor? ,/af=d%ire ,infirm>y2 late ,milroy ,lectur] at ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 etc4 etc4 ',dr4 ,arlidge's "w %\ld be welcom$ by legislators & philan?ropi/s z well z by ! memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 ^: duty x is to be specially acqua9t$ ) ^? causes :i* affect ! heal? ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! indu/rial community4444 ,x only rema9s = u to say t1 hav+ gone c>efully ?r\gh ! book1 we c confid5tly recomm5d x z a valuable "w ( ref]5ce to all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! indu/rial classes4'--,lancet4 ',a novel & important "w deal+ ) a subject ( great public z well z m$ical int]e/4'--,times4 ',we h already briefly notic$ ,dr4 ,arlidge's int]e/+ "w2 b ! importance ( ! que/ions ) :i* x deals is suffici5t to ju/ify a m complete acc\nt ( ! conclusions at :i* ! au?or has arriv$1 & ( ! pr9cipal data ^u :i* ^! conclusions h be5 f\nd$4'--,times4 ',f :at we h quot$ x w be se5 t ! rese>*es und]tak5 by ,dr4 ,arlidge1 = 8 ,milroy ,lectures1 & embodi$ 9 ! volume be=e u1 are1 f a practical z well z a sci5tific po9t ( view1 ( ! mo/ sugge/ive "* to all :o are conc]n$ t weal? %all n increase :ile m5 decay4'--,/&>d4 ',w be consid]$ ! /&>d au?ority on ! subject = _m ye>s to come4'--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ',?is ma/]ly "w4444 ,dr4 ,arlidge 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w has r5d]$ a signal public s]vice4'--,ab]de5 ,j\rnal4 ',?is invaluable "w4'--,daily ,telegraph4 ',few1 if any1 ,briti% m5 h a bett] "r ?an ,dr4 ,arlidge to be he>d on ?is p>ticul> subject4444 7,! volume is7 cramm$ f cov] to cov] ) mo/ int]e/+ & important in=mation1 giv5 ) a pla9ness ( spee* & a fre$om f te*nical pret5ce t make x delightful read+ = ^? )\t a smatt]+ ( m$ic9e4'--,national ,obs]v]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art ,an ,essay ^u its ,orig9 & ,developm5t z illu/rat$ by ! ,art ( ,mod]n ,races ( ,mank9d4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,balf\r1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,curator ( ! ,e?nographical ,dep>tm5t 7,pitt-,riv]s ,collection71 ,univ]sity ,museum1 ,ox=d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 ,may4 ,te*nical ,essays ,by ,memb]s ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society4 ,edit$ ) a ,preface by ,,william ,,morris4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,revival ( ,design & ,h&icraft3 ) ,notes on ! "w ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society1 ,,walt] ,,crane4--,textiles1 ,,william ,,morris4--,decorative ,pa9t+ & ,design1 ,,walt] ,,crane4--,wall ,pap]s1 ,,walt] ,,crane4--,fictiles1 ,g4 ,t4 ,,rob9son4--,metal ,"w1 ,w4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,b5son4--,/one & ,wood ,c>v+1 ,,som]s ,,cl>ke4--,furniture1 ,,/eph5 ,,webb4--,/a9$ ,glass1 ,,som]s ,,cl>ke4--,table ,glass1 ,,som]s ,,cl>ke4--,pr9t+1 ,,william ,,morris & ,,em]y ,,walk]4--,bookb9d+1 ,t4 ,j4 ,,cobd5 ,,s&]son4--,mural ,pa9t+1 ,f4 ,,madox-,,br[n4--,sgraffito ,"w1 ,,heywood ,,sumn]4--,/ucco & ,gesso1 ,g4 ,t4 ,,rob9son4--,ca/ ,iron1 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4--,dye+ z an ,art1 ,,william ,,morris4--,embroid]y1 ,,may ,,morris4--,lace1 ,,alan ,s4 ,,cole4--,book ,illu/ration & ,book ,decoration1 ,,reg9ald ,,blomfield4--,designs & ,work+ ,draw+s1 ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day4--,furniture & ! ,room1 ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,prior4--,! ,room & ,furniture1 ,,halsley ,,ric>do4--,! ,engli% ,tradition1 ,r4 ,,blomfield4--,c>p5t]s' ,furniture1 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4--,decorat$ ,furniture1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,poll54--,c>v+1 ,,/eph5 ,,webb4--,int>sia & ,inlaid ,woodwork1 ,t4 ,g4 ,,jackson4--,woods & o!r ,mat]ials1 ,,/eph5 ,,webb4--,mod]n ,embroid]y1 ,,m>y ,e4 ,,turn]4--,mat]ials1 ,,may ,,morris4--,col\r1 ,,may ,,morris4--,/it*es & ,me*anism1 ,,alan ,s4 ,,cole4--,design1 ,,john ,d4 ,,s$d+4--,design+ = ! ,art ( ,embroid]y1 ,,selwyn ,,image4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 ,may4 ,european ,hi/ory1 #aghi-ahae ,by ,h4 ,,morse ,,/eph5s1 ,m4,a41 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,=m+ a ,volume ( ,,p]iods ,,( ,,european ,,hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,spa9 & ,morocco ,/udies 9 ,local ,col\r4 ,by ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,f9ck1 ,au?or ( ',*op91 & o!r ,musical ,essays1' etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,fai? ,elev5 ,s]mons1 ) a ,preface4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,bee*+1 ,m4,a41 ,rector ( ,yatt5don1 ,b]ks4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,object ( ,fai?--,! ,wor%ip ( ,fai?--,! ,righte\sness ( ,fai?--,! ,food ( ,fai?--,national ,fai?--,! ,eye ( ,fai?--,! ,e> ( ,fai?--,! ,activity ( ,fai?--,! ,g5tl5ess ( ,fai?--,! ,discipl9e ( ,fai?--,fai? 9 ,man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,royal #cbmo4 #bs4 ,or 9 #b vols4 7! ',h\rs' & ',mirror' sep>ately74 #bs4 #f;d4 ,copies may also be _h 9 %eets1 complete4 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y ,accord+ to ! ,s>um ,brevi>y1 toge!r ) a brief ,comm5t>y f ',! ,mirror ( our ,lady4' ,?is book is pr9t$ 9 r$ & black on ton$ pap]1 ) a f9e reproduction ( an old engrav+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,) ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or1 & ,maps4 ,f ,abraham to ,david ,! ,/ory ( _! ,c\ntry & ,times4 ,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,h>p]1 ,au?or ( ',! ,bible & ,mod]n ,discov]ies1' & ,memb] ( ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,?is book is int5d$ z a help to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! wond]ful /ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! p]iod conta9$ 9 x comprises "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & critical times ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,call & ,life ( ,abram--,! ,cities ( ! ,pla9--,! ,life ( ,joseph--,! ,oppression ( ! ,israelites--,! ,exodus & ! ,des]t ,r\te--,! ,l& ( ,promise--,! ,judges--,samson--,samuel--,saul--,david --,david ! ,k+--,david's ,flight--,david's ,return & ,dea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,f ,adv5t to ,adv5t ,s]mons prea*$ at ! ,*apel ,royal1 ,:itehall4 ,by ! late ,,aubrey ,l4 ,,moore1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"s ,aspects ( ,s9 ,?ree ,c\rses ( ,s]mons4 ,by ! late ,,aubrey ,l4 ,,moore1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,message ( ! ,gospel ,addresses to ,c&idates = ,ord9ation1 & ,s]mons prea*$ *iefly be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,by ! late ,,aubrey ,l4 ,,moore1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,fire ^u ! ,alt> ,s]mons prea*$ to ,h>r[ ,boys4 #ahhg to #ahij4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,welldon1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,h>r[ ,s*ool1 & ,hon4 ,*apla9 to ! ,que54 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,old ,tru?s 9 ,mod]n ,lights ,! ,boyle ,lectures = #ahij1 ) o!r ,s]mons4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,d4,sc1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,honor>y ,canon ( ,man*e/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,high & ,l[ ,*ur* ,by ,,"l ,,norton4 ,be+ a ,discussion relat+ to ,diff]5ces ( ,views )9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z to matt]s connect$ ) its ,doctr9e & ,practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,?+s ,old & ,new ,s]mons & ,pap]s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,f[l]1 ,late ,pr9cipal ( ! ,cl]gy ,s*ool1 ,le$s4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,talbot1 ,vic> ( ,le$s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #as4 ,pla9 ,h&icrafts ,be+ ,essays by ,arti/s sett+ =? ! ,pr9ciples ( ,design & ,e/abli%$ ,me?ods ( ,workman%ip4 ,a ,guide to ,elem5t>y ,practice4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,,mackmurdo4 ,) a ,preface by ,g4 ,f4 ,,watts1 ,r4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,elev5? ,?\s&4 ,fcap #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,popul> ,lessons on ,cook]y ,by ,,mrs4 ,,boyd ,,c>p5t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/ ,free to ,subscrib]s1 ,t5 ,%ill+s a ye>1 paid 9 advance2 or ,?ree ,%ill+s a ,numb]4 ,! ,economic ,review ,a ,qu>t]ly ,review = ! ,consid]ation ( ,social & ,economic ,que/ions4 ,9 ,connection ) ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,bran* ( ! ,*ri/ian ,social ,union4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,april ,,numb]1 #ahic4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,s]fdom4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,a%ley1 ,m4,a4 ,edw>d ,vansitt>t ,neale z ,*ri/ian ,sociali/4 ,8 ,hon\r ,,judge ,,hughes1 ,q4,c4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,wills4 ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,fry1 ,d4,d4 ,co-op]ators & ,pr(it-,%>+4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,snell4 ,! ,alcohol ,monopoly 9 ,switz]l&4 ,,joseph ,,k+4 ,! ,special ,importance ( ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics = ! ,*ur* 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,ottley1 ,m4,a4 ,legislation1 ,p>liam5t>y ,inquiries1 & ,(ficial ,returns4 ,,edw9 ,,cannan1 ,m4,a4 ,reviews & ,%ort ,notices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,! ,religion ( ,humanity ,& o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,annie ,,ma!son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,folio1 #as4 ,te*nical ,ex]cises = ! ,pian(orte ,by ,,basil ,,johnson1 ,organi/ ( ,rugby ,s*ool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,9 two ,volumes4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #afs4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 includ+ ,p5 & ,p5cil ,draw+s by ,,jane ,e4 ,,cook4 ,also a l>ge-pap] edition de luxe ( ,?irty-six sign$ & numb]$ copies1 ) ! illu/rations h& pr9t$ ^u ,japanese pap] & m\nt$1 price ,five ,gu9eas net ea*4 ,old ,t\ra9e ,! ,life & ,hi/ory ( ! ,fam\s ,*ateaux ( ,france4 ,by ,,!odore ,,&rea ,,cook1 ,b4,a41 sometime ,s*ol> ( ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,!re is an it9]>y = ! t\ri/1 & a map1 g5ealogical tables1 li/s ( pictures1 manuscripts1 etc41 & an index1 :i* w1 x is hop$1 save ! necessity ( pur*as+ guide-books = ea* ( ! ,*ateaux4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 two ,volumes4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,a ,p>adise ( ,engli% ,poetry ,arrang$ by ! ,,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,bee*+1 ,m4,a41 ,rector ( ,yatt5don1 ,b]ks4 ,?is "w is pr9t$ on h&-made pap]1 b\nd 9 buckram1 & publi%$ 9 a limit$ edition1 :i* w n1 "u any circum/ances1 be repr9t$4 ,! publi%]s res]ve ! "r to issue at a future date1 %\ld !y ?9k fit1 a small] & *eap] edition4 ',t ^? :o walk 9 ! rose-sc5t$ av5ues ( ,mr4 ,bee*+'s g>d5 w say t ! plant+ has be5 well done1 we _c d\bt = a mom5t4 ,he has n only a k ( ,engli% lit]ature :i* is z sympa!tic z x is pr(\nd1 b he has ! critical faculty1 )\t :i* a k (1 & ev5 a love =1 lit]ature is wa/$4 ,he does m ?an "k :at is good 9 lit]ature1--t is comp>atively easy4 ,he kn[s :at is bad1 & ) him base metal is nev] (f]$ u = gold4 ,!re are n _m m5 :o c /& ?is te/1 b ,mr4 ,bee*+ comes ?r\gh x triumphantly4444 ,be=e we leave ?is book1 we mu/ comm5d ,mr4 ,bee*+'s excell5t notes4 ,!y are int]e/+1 to ! po9t1 n too long1 & (t5 enable "o to get an additional t\* ( pleasure f ! v]se !y annotate4'--,spectator4 ',a v skilful selection1 & em95tly wor?y ( its "n4444 ,w comm5d itself to all true lov]s ( ,engli% poetry4'--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,may also be _h b\nd 9 ,clo? extra1 gilt lett]$1 & ) gilt edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,cal5d> ( ,v]se ,be+ a ,%ort ,selection = e day 9 ! ye> f ,twelve ,poets1 "o = ea* mon?4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,george ,,sa9tsbury4 ',an admirable little book2 p]haps ! be/ ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce4444 ,we c he>tily comm5d ?is *>m+ ',cal5d> ( ,v]se4' ,if we _h n prais$ x z a /r+ ( pe>ls1 we %\ld h call$ x a book ( gold4'--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ',delightful to h&le & to look at1 delightful to read 94 ,no extract exce$s tw5ty l9es4 ,! purpose ( ! volume is n t ( introduction1 mu* less ( sub/itution1 b r to rem9d & refre%4'--,speak]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,a ,sket* ( ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,engli% ,language1 ) examples1 d[n to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,*ampneys1 ,m4,a41 ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,m>lbor\gh ,college4 ',a s*ol>ly & well-writt5 introduction to ! /udy ( ,engli% philology4'--,times4 ',x is pleasant to be able to say t ?is volume is v f> above ! ord9>y level ( its class4'--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ',to ! tea*] :o has n always "t nor opportunity to consult all ! l>g] books ^u :i* ?is is bas$1 x w come z a boon4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ,engli% lit]ature :o wi%es to ga9 "s intellig5t k ( a subject closely connect$ ) 8 own1 x w be q z welcome4'--,daily ,*ronicle4 ',a fre% & valuable book4444 ,a rem>kably good cond5sation4444 ,! book is an exce$+ly sugge/ive "o4'--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,norway & ! ,norwegians ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,ke>y1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts4--,,! ,,l&3 ,! ,glacial ,era & its ,rema9s2 ,isl&s2 ,m\nta9s2 ,fjords2 ,valleys2 ,=e/s2 ,con=mation ( ! ,c\ntry--,,! ,,p3 ,traces ( ,prehi/oric ,life 9 ,mod]n ,norway--,,seaf>+3 ,! ,vik+s--,,! ,,edda ,,& ,,its ,,my?ology3 ,discov]y ( ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,am]ica2 ,orig9 ( ,old ,norse ,poetry2 ,! ,my?ology ( ! ,edda--,,! ,,sagas--,,hi/ory3 ,h>ald ,fairhair2 ,hakon2 ,gunhild's ,sons2 ,olaf ,tryggvason2 ,/4 ,olaf2 ,magnus ! ,good2 ,h>ald ,h>dradi2 ,! ,end ( ! ,h]oic ,age2 ,! ,civil ,w>s2 ,sv]ri2 ,hakon ,hakonsson2 ,magnus ! ,law ,re=m]2 ,! ,union ( ,calm>2 ,transition to ,mod]n ,times--,,mod]n ,,norway3 ,con/itution2 ,religion2 ,education2 ,l& ,t5ure & ! ,means ( ,liv+--,,norse ,,lit]ature--,,! ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,norway--,,g5ealogical ,,tables--,,index4 ',! visitor to ,norway _c d bett] ?an supply himself ) ?is volume4 ,x is n a guide-book2 b x is a mo/ intellig5t & useful guide1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 to a compreh5sive und]/&+ ( ! c\ntry & its p4'--,spectator4 ',e ,engli% & ,am]ican visitor to ,norway suffici5tly intellig5t to desire to "k some?+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 its peoples1 & its hi/ory1 w rejoice ov] ?is pleasant little book4 ,?is book1 9 size & b9d+ well suit$ to a place 9 a portmanteau1 & n a cumbr\s addition ev5 to a knapsack1 w give him briefly & pleasantly ! in=mation t he wants4--,:ile ,mr4 ,ke>y's book is "o t is good to read at all times & 9 any l&1 ! t\ri/ 9 ,norway w f9d x an invaluable & delightful companion4'--,saturday ,review4 ',we cordially comm5d ?is mo/ in/ructive & compreh5sive little book to all int5d+ t\ri/s1 & ev5 ^? :o may h to /ay at home c\ld h>dly d bett] ?an console !mselves by travell+ 9 imag9ation "u su* an excell5t conductor z ,mr4 ,ke>y4'--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ',c]ta9ly ev]ybody :o takes any int]e/ 9 ,sc&9avia %\ld read ?is book2 = !re are few :om x w n enlight51 & probably few] :om x w n delight4'--,/4 ,james' ,gazette4 ',x is a useful "w = ! m intellectual class ( travell]s 9 ,norway4'--,daily ,telegraph4 ',we h little d\bt t x w hold its own z a h&y "w ( ref]5ce4 ,plans & pictures height5 ! *>m ( ?is pa9/ak+ & admirable record4'--,le$s ,m]cury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vol4 ,i4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,france ( ,to-day ,a ,survey1 ,comp>ative & ,retrospective4 ,to be complet$ 9 ,two ,volumes4 ,sold sep>ately4 ,by ,m4 ,,be?am ,,edw>ds1 ,(fici] de ,l',in/ruction ,publique de ,france4 ,editor ( ,ar?ur ,"y's ',travels 9 ,france4' ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,"p ,i4--,prov9ces3 ,b\rbonnais1 ,auv]gne1 ,velay1 ,langu$oc1 ,pyr5ees4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,prov9ces3 ,anj\1 ,poit\1 ,gascoigne1 ,b]ry4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,fran*e-,comte1 ,burgundy1 ,le ,morvan4 ,,app5dix4 ,,index4 ',y\r excell5t "w1 ,france ( ,to-day1 fulfils my highe/ expectations4 ,x is 9 e way wor?y ( y\r high reputation z our fir/ liv+ au?ority on ,france4'--,mr4 ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison4 ',no liv+ ,engli% writ]1 p]haps no liv+ ,fr5* writ]1 has a m intimate acqua9tance ?an ,miss ,be?am ,edw>ds ) ,france & ! ,fr5*4 ,l ,ar?ur ,"y 9 ! la/ c5tury1 %e has w&]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? & bread? ( ! c\ntry1 & %e adds to t writ]'s faculty ( obs]vation1 broad] sympa?ies & a great] range ( intellectual cultivation4 ,h] ,france ( ,to-day is a delightful book1 sett+ =? ! ,fr5* peasant & ! ,fr5* b\rgeois z !y are1 naught ext5uat+ nor aught sett+ d[n 9 malice4'--,daily ,news4 ',! au?or is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! ,france ( ! ,republic2 & )9 a %ort space %e gives u a description :i* is und5iably int]e/+ & readable1 & c h>dly fail1 s f> z x goes1 to be in/ructive4 ,a m elaborate "w might convey m in=mation1 b n 9 a m attractive %ape4'--,/4 ,james' ,gazette4 ',und\bt$ly a "w inspir$ by a happy idea4 ,miss ,be?am ,edw>ds /yles h] book a survey1 comp>ative & retrospective1 & su* x is1 9 ! wide/ acceptation ( ! t]m4'--,saturday ,review4 ',miss ,be?am ,edw>ds kn[s m ( rural life 9 ,france ?an probably does any o!r ,engli%woman4 ,! pres5t volume describes ! ,s\?-,we/1 ! ,s\?1 & ! ,ea/ ( ,france4 ,no "o int]e/$ 9 agriculture & indu/ry w regret tak+ x z a companion !re4 ,we look =w>d eag]ly to ! volume :i* w complete ! "w4'--,academy4 ',! *>act]i/ics ( rural ,france1 & ! simplicity & /r5g? :i* p]vade ! popul> int]pretation ( life & duty1 are *>m+ly indicat$ 9 ^! pages1 & pessimi/s :o pr(ess to be 9 despair ( human progress1 w f9d n a little 9 ?is calm & philosophic survey ( ! social problem 9 mod]n ,france1 to dis>m _! fe>s4'--,le$s ,m]cury4 ',! t\ri/1 ! /ud5t ( c]ta9 economical problems1 & ! g5]al read]1 w all f9d ! book wor? _! att5tion4'--,york%ire ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,) a ,map4 ,! ,=e/ ,cantons ( ,switz]l& ,luz]n1 ,s*wyz1 ,uri1 ,unt]wald54 ,by ,j4 ,,s[]by1 ,m4,a4 ,,cont5ts4--,introduction--,topography & ,*>act]i/ics--,political ,hi/ory--,con/itutional ,hi/ory--,subject & ,protect$ ,l&s--,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory--,economical ,condition1 ,trade1 etc4--,mann]s & ,cu/oms--,language & ,dialects--,leg5ds1 ,poetry1 ,lit]ature1 ,art1 etc4--,rem>kable ,m5--,geology1 ,fauna1 ,flora1 etc4--,canton & ,t[n ( ,luc]ne--,lake ( ,luc]ne--,rigi & ,pilatus--,s*wyz3 ! ,=tress ( ! ,l&s--,canton ,uri--,/4 ,got?>d--,canton ,unt]wald5--,alp9e ,exploration--,local ,traditions--,index4 ',w be f\nd an int]e/+ companion by any ^: holiday haunts lie 9 ,luc]ne1 ,s*wyz1 ,uri1 or ,unt]wald54 ,mr4 ,s[]by beg9s ) hi/ory1 goes on to trades1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 & leg5ds1 & ends up ) ,alp9e exploration--9 :i* dep>tm5t he himself has to be cr$it$ ) sev]al fir/ asc5ts4 ,! book is easily portable1 & has a good map & a full index4'--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ',?is int]e/+ & useful little book4'--,spectator4 ',portable1 z a guide book %\ld be1 x is admirably readable f ! fir/ page to ! la/4'--,saturday ,review4 ',to ! intellig5t & inquir+ travell] no bett] description ( ^! primitive communities c\ld be recomm5d$4 ,! book1 x %\ld be add$1 conta9s a good map4'--,scotti% ,lead]4 ',an excell5t & h&y little book1 :i* %\ld meet ) a w>m welcome4'--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ',we advise all :o take an int]e/ 9 ?is delightful c\ntry to procure a copy ( ,mr4 ,s[]by's book4'--,we/m9/] ,review4 ',pack$ ) explicit & div]sifi$ in=mation1 & t ( a k9d ) :i* ! guide books seldom int]m$dle4 ,9 say+ ?is we are n speak+ at r&om1 = we c truly ass]t t x is n (t5 our exp]i5ce to come across a manual fill$ to bett] advantage ) well-select$ & admirably arrang$ facts4'--,le$s ,m]cury4 ',w be an invaluable companion to ^? :o sp5d _! summ] holidays 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne4'--,morn+ ,po/4 ',an excell5t & h&y little book1 :i* %\ld meet ) a w>m welcome f ! hundr$s ( ,briti% & ,am]ican t\ri/s :o may legitimately wi% to "k m ?an ord9>y guide-books c tell !m ab\t ! hi/ory1 mann]s1 & cu/oms1 social & economical conditions1 language1 etc41 ( ! ,=e/ ,cantons1 ! he>t & consci5ce ( ,switz]l&4'--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory ,) ,maps4 ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,pelham1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,camd5 ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,! object ( ?is book is to give a cle> & readable sket* ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,c>e has be5 also tak5 to give full ref]5ces to ! *ief au?orities anci5t & mod]n4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,beg9n+s ( ,rome & ! ,mon>*y--,! ,e>ly ,republic1 #eji-bge ,b4,c4--,rome & ! ,m$it]ranean ,/ates1 #bfe-adf ,b4,c4--,! ,p]iod ( ! ,revolution1 #acc-di ,b4,c4--,! ,f\ndation ( ! ,imp]ial ,sy/em1 & ! ,rule ( ! ,e>ly ,caes>s1 #di ,b4,c4-#fi ,a4,d4--,! ,organisation ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 & ! ,fir/ ,conflict ) ! ,b>b>ians1 #fi-bhd ,a4,d4--,! ,b>b>ic ,invasions1 #bhd-dgf ,a4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,fr5* ,w>s ( ,religion ,_! ,political ,aspects4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,arm/rong1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[1 ,lectur]1 & ,s5ior ,burs> ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ,volume4 #hvo4 #ahs4 net4 ,! ,iliad ( ,hom] ,translat$ into ,engli% ,prose by ,,john ,,purves1 ,m4,a41 ,late ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,evelyn ,,abbott1 ,,ll4,d41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy ,= ,/ud5ts & ,g5]al ,read]s4 ,by ,,john ,,m>%all1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon41 ,,ll4,d4 ,ed941 ,rector ( ! ,royal ,high ,s*ool1 ,ed9burgh1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,classical ,lit]ature & ,philosophy 9 ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sup] ,royal #dto1 #cbd pp4 ,l#c1 #cs4 net4 ,) ,"o ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,illu/rations1 ( :i* ,sixty are ,full-,page1 & ,six ,photogravure ,plates4 ,engli% ,p5 ,arti/s ( ,to-day ,examples ( _! ,"w1 ) "s ,criticisms & ,appreciations4 ,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,h>p]4 ,! ,engli% edition ( ?is book is limit$ to #ejj copies1 & w n1 "u any circum/ances1 be repr9t$ 9 any =m4 ,tw5ty-five numb]$ & sign$ copies only are issu$ 9 a special =m1 ! illu/rations h& pr9t$ ^u ,japanese pap] & m\nt$4 ,! b9d+ ( ^! copies is 9 half morocco1 & ! price ( ! rema9+ copies at ?is date is ,t5 ,gu9eas net4 ',exce$+ly well done1 & ,mr4 ,h>p] des]ves ! success :i* we believe is assur$ = 8 "w4'--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ',a spl5did & ta/eful tribute ( recognition has be5 paid by ,mr4 ,h>p] to ! ',p5 ,arti/s ( ,to-day' 9 ! %ape ( a /ately volume1 conta9+ _m admirably execut$ examples ( _! "w1 accompani$ by apposite criticisms & nice appreciations4'--,daily ,telegraph4 ',a v acceptable & useful "w 9 edit+ ! accompli%m5ts ( ! mo/ conspicu\s p5-&-ink arti/s 9 ,engl&4 ,?is task1 :i* we imag9e mu/ h prov$ at once a labori\s & a pleasant "o1 ,mr4 ,h>p] has accompli%$ 9 a v fir/-rate mann]1 & ! result lies be=e u 9 a v excell5tly-produc$ qu>to4 ,! volume is a cr$itable production1 ev5 = ! pres5t day1 ! pap]1 type1 & pr9t+ be+ admirable1 :il/ ! au?or has clo!d ! :ole 9 a nicely design$ & useful b9d+4'--,briti% ,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,art ,tea*+ ( ,john ,rusk9 ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,coll+wood1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,! ,dawn ( ,art 9 ! ,anci5t ,_w ,an ,ar*aeological ,sket*4 ,by ,,william ,,m>t9 ,,conway4 ,sometime ,roscoe ,pr(essor ( ,art 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool1 ,victoria ,univ]sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,) ,frontispiece & ,?irty ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,ar*itecture1 ,my/icism1 & ,my? ,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,ar*itecture1 be+ an ,inquiry z to ! ,basis ( c]ta9 ,ideas common to ! ,sacr$ ,build+s ( _m ,l&s4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 99 99 99 99 99 ,royal #afmo4 #es4 ,love's ,look+-,glass ,a ,volume ( ,poems4 ,by ! ,au?ors ( ',love 9 ,idl5ess4' ',a little volume ( poems entitl$ ,love 9 ,idl5ess1 0 publi%$ a few ye>s ago by ?ree ,ox=d fri5ds--,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mackail1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,bee*+1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,b4 ,ni*ols--& be+ spe$ily appreciat$ by all lov]s ( graceful & s*ol>ly v]sification1 x soon w5t out ( pr9t4 ,! ?ree writ]s n[ reappe> 9 ! same association 9 ,love's ,look+-,glass1 :i* conta9s ! orig9al poems1 toge!r ) _m additions4444 ,! volume %\ld prove z attractive z its pr$ecessor1 = ! new poems x conta9s are n less s*ol>ly1 melodi\s1 & graceful ?an ! old4'--,times4 ',?is delightful volume ( v]se4444 ,all ! v]se is full ( an academic _s1 b x is t _s 9 its happie/ mood1 )\t a t\* ( p$antry or artificiality4'--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #afmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,b\nd 9 pap] bo>ds1 ) p>*m5t back4 ,! ,pocket ,libr>y ( ,engli% ,lit]ature ,edit$ by ,,george ,,sa9tsbury4 sc,vol4 ,i4--,,tales ,,( ,,my/]y4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,,political ,,v]se4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4--,,defoe',s ,,m9or ,,novels4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4--,,political ,,pamphlets4 ,,vol4 ,v4--,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,lyrics4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,vol4 ,,vi4--,,elizabe?an ,,& ,,jacobean ,,pamphlets4 ',mr4 ,george ,sa9tsbury is ! editor1 &1 z nobody liv+ has a pur]1 wid]1 or bett] in/ruct$ ta/e ?an 8 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 ! s]ies promises good ?+s to a lov] ( books4 ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's introduction to ! extracts 7,tales ( ,my/]y7 is an int]e/+ sket* 9 criticism1 & enables a read] to see at once :at is be/ 9 ! /ories !mselves4'--,scotsman4 ',x is n surpris+ to f9d t ?is volume 7,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,lyrics7 :]e9 are ga!r$ s _m lyric gems1 has pass$ into a second edition4444 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to say t ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's selections are admirable1 & !re are few poems exclud$ :i* we c\ld wi% admitt$1 few] /ill admitt$ :i* we %\ld desire exclud$4'--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ',mr4 ,sa9tsbury's selections f all ?ree writ]s are fairly repres5tative2 inde$1 ^? f ,mrs4 ,radcliffe & ,matur9 %[ a nicety ( judgm5t :i* ! mo/ fa/idi\s critic _c b approve4'--,saturday ,review4 ',we _c "p ) ! *>m+ *aplets 7,political ,v]se7 :i* ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury has arrang$1 )\t ?ank+ him = ! result ( 8 wide k1 8 untir+ indu/ry1 & 8 imp>tial compreh5siv5ess ( view4'--,daily ,news4 ',political ,v]se4 ,a mo/ readable & ent]ta9+ volume4'--,times4 ',political ,pamphlets is a v attractive volume4'--,times4 ',we are he>tily glad t ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury has put toge!r 8 pretty little volumes4'--,spectator4 ,! ',sev5te5? ,c5tury ,lyrics' may also be _h b\nd 9 ,clo?1 gilt lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,essays 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature #aghj to #ahfj4 ,by ,,george ,,sa9tsbury4 ,,cont5ts4--,! k9ds ( ,criticism--,crabbe--,hogg 7,ettrick ,%eph]d7--,sydney ,smi?--,jeffrey--,hazlitt--,moore--,leig h ,hunt--,peacock--,wilson 7,*ri/oph] ,nor?7--,de ,qu9cey--,lockh>t--,pra$--,borr[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,essays on ,fr5* ,noveli/s ,by ,,george ,,sa9tsbury4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,fr5* ,novel--,an?ony ,hamilton--,ala9 ,r5e ,lesage--,a ,/udy ( ,s5sibility--,*>les de ,b]n>d--,alex&re ,dumas--,!ophile ,gauti]--,jules ,s&eau--,octave ,feuillet--,gu/ave ,flaub]t--,h5ry ,murg]--,victor ,*]buliez4 ,z a judge ( romantic lit]ature ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury /&s on a v high em95ce inde$1 & few w d5y t a critic ( 8 ta/e & p5etration is well qualifi$ to act z cic]one to excursioni/s into ^? fields ( fiction4'--,times4 ',we %\ld l to notice _m ma/]ly t\*es ( critical k & insight1 _m delightful rem>ks :i* no wor?y read] w pass ov] or =get1 b ?is is really n necess>y4 ,ev]ybody :o kn[s ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's =m] books w read & enjoy ?is book4 ,!re are few /udies m fasc9at+ ?an t ( ,fr5* lit]ature4'--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,miscellane\s ,essays ,by ,,george ,,sa9tsbury4 ,,cont5ts4--,engli% ,prose ,/yle--,*am=t & ,riv>ol--,mod]n ,engli% ,prose 7#ahgf7--;,erne/ ,r5an--,?\ghts on ,republics--,sa9t-,evremond--,*>les ,baudelaire--,! ,"y ,engl& ,movem5t2 its place 9 our ,hi/ory--,a ,p>adox on ,qu9et--,! ,contra/s ( ,engli% & ,fr5* ,lit]ature--,a ,frame ( ,m9iatures3--,p>ny1 ,dorat1 ,desaugi]s1 ,vade1 ,piron1 ,pan>d--,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,engli% ,novel 7#ahib74 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,guide to ,greek ,trag$y ,= ,engli% ,read]s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,,campbell1 ,,ll4,d41 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,/udies 9 ,second>y ,education ,edit$ by ,,ar?ur ,h4 ,d4 ,,acl&1 ,m4,p41 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,education2 & ,h4 ,,llewellyn ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,,james ,,bryce1 ,m4,p41 ,*ancellor ( ! ,du*y ( ,lanca/]4 ,publi%$ "u ! ,auspices ( ! ,national ,association = ! promotion ( ,te*nical & ,second>y ,education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,tea*]s' ,guild ,addresses1 & ! ,regi/ration ( ,tea*]s ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,,laurie1 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,!ory1 ,hi/ory1 & ,art ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 & ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s--,!ory1 & ! ,curriculum ( ,second>y ,s*ools--,me?od1 & ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*]--,montaigne1 ! ,rationali/--,rog] ,as*am1 ! ,humani/--,com5ius1 ! ,encyclopa$i/ & ,f\nd] ( ,me?od--,! ,s*oolma/] & ,univ]sity 7,day7 ,tra9+ ,colleges--,selection f ,evid5ce giv5 be=e a ,select ,p>liam5t>y ,committee on a ,tea*]s' ,regi/ration & ,organisation ,bill--,report ( ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,?irte5 ,essays on ,education ,edit$ by ! ,hon4 & ,rev4 ,e4 ,,lyttelton1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,haileybury ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london3 #cd ,k+ ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,p]cival issue ! und]m5tion$ ,catalogues1 :i* may be _h on application3-- ,cr[n #hvo4 #a4 ,a ,,selection ,,f ,,_! ,,rec5t ,,publications ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #b4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,educational ,,works4 ,demy #hvo4 #c4 ,,complete ,,catalogue ,,( ,,all ,,_! ,,publications4 ,,p]cival ,,co4 #cd ,,k+ ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,w4,c4 ,london