,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,m9or spell+ inconsi/5cies h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,ap>t f a few corrections li/$ at ! end ( ! book1 orig9al spell+ 0 reta9$4 ,footnotes 7 sequ5tially numb]$ & plac$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 p4 #cjj3 9 ! words c>p5t]1 maje/y & m]*aundise lett]s e macron & u ) breve are encod$ z pla9 e & u respectively4 p4 #cjc3 9 ! words m\rnfully1 m\rnfuly1 royalty lett]s u ) breve1 u1 a macron are encod$ z pla9 u & a respectively4 p4 #cjd3 9 ! words ,trump+ton1 love-sik & dang]us lett]s i macron & i1 u ) breve are encod$ z pla9 i & u respectively4 p4 #cba-cbb3 sup]scripts are prec$$ by ! sign & enclos$ 9 braces if m ?an "o lett] is 9 sup]script4 p4 #ced3 9 ! ^w ,pusan lett]s u macron & s ) c$illa are encod$ z pla9 u & s respectively4 ,ligature oe is encod$ z oe4 ,m>k up3 italics bold 99font *ange99 99,columbia ,univ]sity99 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,lit]ature 99,columbia ,univ]sity99 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance3 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,influ5ce ( ,italy 9 ! ,=mation & ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,classicism4 ,by ,,joel ,,elias ,,sp+>n4 ,9 ,press3 ,,romances ,,( ,,rogu]y3 ,an ,episode 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,mod]n ,novel1 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,pic>esque ,novel 9 ,spa94 ,by ,,frank ,,wadleigh ,,*&l]4 ,,spani% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,engl& ,,"u ,,! ,,tudors4 ,by ,,john ,,g>rett ,,und]hill4 99 99 99 99 99 999999,o!r numb]s ( ?is s]ies w be issu$ f "t to "t1 conta9+ ! results ( lit]>y rese>*1 or criticism by ! /ud5ts or (fic]s ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 or o!rs associat$ ) !m 9 /udy1 "u ! au?orization ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,lit]ature1 ,,george ,,edw>d ,,woodb]ry & ,,br&] ,,mat!ws1 ,pr(essors4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,italy ,,9 ,,! ,,=mation ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,mod]n ,,classicism ,,by ,,joel ,,elias ,,sp+>n ,illu/ration 99,new ,york99 ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #ahii ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 99,norwood ,press99 ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,,?is essay und]takes to treat ! hi/ory ( lit]>y criticism 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ?ree sections into :i* ! essay is divid$ are devot$1 respectively1 to ,italian criticism f ,dante to ,tasso1 to ,fr5* criticism f ,du ,bellay to ,boileau1 & to ,engli% criticism f ,as*am to ,milton2 b ! critical activity ( ! sixte5? c5tury has be5 ! ma9 !me1 & ! e>li] or lat] lit]ature has receiv$ treatm5t only 9 s f> z x s]ves to expla9 ! causes or consequ5ces ( ! critical developm5t ( ?is c5tral p]iod4 ,x 0 at ?is epo* t mod]n criticism began1 & t ! anci5t ideals ( art seem$ once m to sway ! m9ds ( m52 s t ! hi/ory ( sixte5?-c5tury criticism mu/ ( necessity include a /udy ( ! beg9n+s ( critical activity 9 mod]n ,europe & ( ! gradual introduction ( ! ,ari/otelian canons into mod]n lit]ature4 ,?is /udy has be5 made subs]vi5t1 m p>ticul>ly1 to two specific purposes4 ,:ile ! critical activity ( ! p]iod is important & ev5 int]e/+ 9 itself1 x has be5 "h /udi$ prim>ily = ! purpose ( trac+ ! orig9 & causes ( ! classic _s 9 mod]n lett]s & ( discov]+ ! s\rces ( ! rules & !ories embodi$ 9 ! neo-classic lit]ature ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,h[ did ! classic _s arise8 ,:5ce did x come1 & h[ did x develop8 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! pr9ciples & precepts ( neo-classicism8 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions ,i h attempt$ to answ] 9 ?is essay2 &1 9 answ]+ !m1 ,i h tri$ to rememb] t ?is is a hi/ory1 n ( critical lit]ature1 b ( lit]>y criticism4 ,= ?is reason ,i h giv5 to individual books & au?ors less prom95ce ?an "s ( !m p]haps des]v$1 & h conf9$ myself almo/ exclusively to ! orig9 ( pr9ciples1 !ories1 & rules1 & to ! g5]al temp] ( classicism4 ,= a simil> reason ,i h be5 oblig$ to say little or no?+ ( ! me?ods & results ( appli$1 or concrete1 criticism4 ,?is1 !n1 has be5 ! ma9 design ( ! essay2 b fur!rmore1 z is indicat$ 9 ! title1 ,i h attempt$ to po9t out ! "p play$ by ,italy 9 ! gr[? ( ?is neo-classic _s & 9 ! =mulation ( ^! neo-classic pr9ciples4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n sci5ce1 philosophy1 art1 & creative lit]ature has be5 = a long "t ! subject ( mu* /udy4 ,x has be5 my m mode/ task to trace ! indebt$ness ( ! mod]n _w to ,italy 9 ! doma9 ( lit]>y criticism2 & ,i tru/ t ,i h %[n ! ,r5aissance influ5ce to be z great 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r realms ( /udy4 ,! bir? ( mod]n criticism 0 due to ! critical activity ( ,italian humanism2 & x is 9 sixte5?-c5tury ,italy t we %all f9d1 m or less matur$1 ! g5]al _s & ev5 ! specific pr9ciples ( ,fr5* classicism4 ,! second half ( ! design1 !n1 is ! hi/ory ( ! ,italian influ5ce 9 lit]>y criticism2 & ) ,milton1 ! la/ ( ! humani/s 9 ,engl&1 ! essay naturally closes4 ,b we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 9 ! doma9 ( lit]>y criticism 0 n ev5 !n all decay$1 & t ,less+ & ,%elley1 to m5tion no o!rs1 7 ! legitimate inh]itors ( ! ,italian tradition4 ,?is essay 0 submitt$ to ! ,faculty ( ,philosophy1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 9 p>tial fulfillm5t ( ! requirem5ts ( ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,! bibliography at ! end ( ! essay indicates suffici5tly my obligations to prec$+ writ]s4 ,x has be5 prep>$ *iefly = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ref]5ce to works cit$ 9 ! text & 9 ! foot-notes1 & %\ld be consult$ = ! full titles ( books !re9 m5tion$2 x makes no pret5ce ( be+ a complete bibliography ( ! subject4 ,x w be se5 t ! hi/ory ( ,italian criticism 9 ! sixte5? c5tury has receiv$ sc>cely any att5tion f mod]n s*ol>s4 ,9 reg>d to ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 ,i h us$ ! text1 & 9 g5]al foll[$ ! int]pretation1 giv5 9 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]'s ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art1 a noble monum5t ( s*ol>%ip vivifi$ by lit]>y feel+4 ,i desire also to express my obligations to ,pr(essor ,but*] = an ab/ract ( ,zab>ella1 to ,mr4 ,p4 ,o4 ,sk9n] ( ,h>v>d = an analysis ( ,capriano1 to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,*&l]1 = summ>ies ( sev]al e>ly ,engli% rhetorical treatises1 & to ,pr(essor ,cavali] ,sp]anza = a few corrections2 also to my fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,und]hill1 ,mr4 ,lewis ,e9/e91 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,ut]h>t1 & to my bro!r1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,sp+>n1 = incid5tal assi/ance ( "s importance4 ,b1 above all1 ,i desire to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,pr(essor ,george ,e4 ,woodb]ry4 ,?is book is ! fruit ( 8 in/ruction2 & 9 writ+ x1 also1 ,i h _h rec\rse to him = assi/ance & criticism4 ,)\t ! aid s k9dly accord$ by him1 ! book c\ld h>dly h be5 writt51 & c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h assum$ its pres5t =m4 ,b my obligations to him are n limit$ to ! subject or cont5ts ( ! pres5t essay4 ,?r\gh a p]iod ( five ye>s ! inspiration d]iv$ f 8 in/ruction & enc\ragem5t has be5 s great z to preclude ! possibility ( its expression 9 a preface4 ,qu>e habe tibi quidquid hoc libelli4 ,,new ,,york1 ,m>*1 #ahii4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,italy ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,problem ,,( ,,r5aissance ,,criticism #c i4 ,m$iaeval ,conceptions ( ,poetry4 ii4 ,! ,moral ,ju/ification ( ,poetry4 iii4 ,! ,f9al ,ju/ification ( ,poetry4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,!ory ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,! ,,italian ,,r5aissance #bd i4 ,poetry z a ,=m ( ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy4 ii4 ,poetry z an ,imitation ( ,life4 iii4 ,! ,function ( ,poetry4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,drama #fj i4 ,! ,subject ( ,trag$y4 ii4 ,! ,function ( ,trag$y4 iii4 ,! ,*>act]s ( ,trag$y4 iv4 ,! ,dramatic ,unities4 v4 ,com$y4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,epic ,,poetry #ajg i4 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,epic ,poem4 ii4 ,epic & ,romance4 ,v4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,classic ,,_s ,,9 ,,italian ,,criticism #abe i4 ,humanism4 ii4 ,ari/otelianism4 iii4 ,rationalism4 ,,vi4 ,,romantic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,italian ,,criticism #aee i4 ,! ,anci5t ,romantic ,elem5t4 ii4 ,m$iaeval ,elem5ts4 iii4 ,mod]n ,elem5ts4 ,,"p ,,second ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,france ,i4 ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,fr5* ,,criticism ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #aga i4 ,"*4 ii4 ,developm5t4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,r5aissance #aij i4 ,! ,poetic ,art4 ii4 ,! ,drama4 iii4 ,h]oic ,poetry4 ,,iii4 ,,classic ,,& ,,romantic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,criticism ,,dur+ ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #bad i4 ,classical ,elem5ts4 ii4 ,romantic ,elem5ts4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,classic ,,ideal ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #bcb i4 ,! ,romantic ,revolt4 ii4 ,! ,reaction aga9/ ! ,pleiade4 iii4 ,! ,second ,influx ( ,italian ,ideas4 iv4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,rationali/ic ,philosophy4 ,,"p ,,?ird ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,engl& ,i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,engli% ,,criticism ,,f ,,as*am ,,to ,,milton #bec ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,!ory ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,! ,,elizabe?an ,,age #bfa ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,dramatic ,,& ,,h]oic ,,poetry #bhb i4 ,trag$y4 ii4 ,com$y4 iii4 ,! ,dramatic ,unities4 iv4 ,epic ,poetry4 ,,iv4 ,,classical ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,elizabe?an ,,criticism #bif i4 ,introductory3 ,romantic ,elem5ts4 ii4 ,classical ,metres4 iii4 ,o!r ,evid5ces ( ,classicism4 ,,app5dices #cab ,a4 ,*ronological ,table ( ! ,*ief ,critical ,works ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,b4 ,salviati's ,acc\nt ( ! ,comm5tators on ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,,bibliography #cag ,,index #cbe ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,italy ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,italy ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,problem ,,( ,,r5aissance ,,criticism ,,! fir/ problem ( ,r5aissance criticism 0 ! ju/ification ( imag9ative lit]ature4 ,! exi/5ce & cont9uity ( ! ae/hetic consci\sness1 & p]haps1 9 a less degree1 ( ! critical faculty1 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 c h>dly be d5i$2 yet di/ru/ ( lit]ature 0 ke5e/ among ! v class ( m5 9 :om ! critical faculty might be presuppos$1 & x 0 z ! h&maid ( philosophy1 & mo/ ( all z ! vassal ( !ology1 t poetry 0 *iefly valu$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! crit]ia by :i* imag9ative lit]ature 0 judg$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7 n lit]>y crit]ia4 ,poetry 0 disreg>d$ or contemn$1 or 0 valu$ if at all = virtues t lea/ belong to x4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 ?us confront$ ) ! necessity ( ju/ify+ its appreciation ( ! va/ body ( lit]ature :i* ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ _h recov]$ = ! mod]n _w2 & ! function ( ,r5aissance criticism 0 to ree/abli% ! ae/hetic f\ndations ( lit]ature1 to reaffirm ! et]nal lesson ( ,hell5ic culture1 & to re/ore once & = all ! elem5t ( beauty to its rightful place 9 human life & 9 ! _w ( art4 ,i4 ,m$iaeval ,conceptions ( ,poetry ,! m$iaeval di/ru/ ( lit]ature 0 ! result ( sev]al coop]at+ causes4 ,popul> lit]ature _h fall5 into decay1 & 9 its contempor>y =m 0 b5ea? s]i\s consid]ation4 ,classical lit]ature 0 un=tunately pagan1 & 0 moreov] b imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! m$iaeval ,*ur* f its e>lie/ /ages _h reg>d$ pagan culture ) suspicion1 & _h come to look ^u ! developm5t ( popul> lit]ature z antagoni/ic to its own supremacy4 ,b beyond ?is1 ! di/ru/ ( lit]ature w5t deep]1 & 0 gr\nd$ ^u c]ta9 !oretical & fundam5tal objections to all ! works ( ! imag9ation4 ,^! !oretical objections 7 9 n[ise new to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y _h be5 /at$ 9 antiquity ) mu* m directness & philosophical efficacy ?an 0 possible 9 ! m$iaeval p]iod4 ,plato _h tri$ imag9ative lit]ature by ! crit]ia ( reality & morality1 bo? ( :i* are unae/hetic crit]ia1 al?\gh fundam5tally applicable to poetry4 ,9 respect to reality1 he _h %[n t poetry is ?ree removes f ! tru?1 be+ b ! imitation1 by ! arti/1 ( ! imitation1 9 life1 ( an idea 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,9 respect to morality1 he _h discov]$ 9 ,hom]1 ! greate/ ( poets1 deviations f tru?1 blasphemy aga9/ ! gods1 & obsc5ity ( v>i\s sorts4 ,fur!rmore1 he _h f\nd t creative lit]ature excites ! emotions m ?an does actual life1 & /irs up ignoble passions :i* 7 bett] re/ra9$4 ,^! ideas ran ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 & inde$ p]si/$ ev5 beyond ! ,r5aissance4 ,poetry 0 judg$ by ^! same crit]ia1 b x 0 natural t m$iaeval writ]s %\ld sub/itute m practical reasons = ! metaphysical argum5ts ( ,plato4 ,accord+ to ! crit]ion ( reality1 x 0 urg$ t poetry 9 its v ess5ce is untrue1 t at bottom x is fiction1 & !re=e false4 ,?us ,t]tullian said t ! ,au?or ( tru? hates all ! false2 ,he reg>ds z adult]y all t is unreal4444 ,he nev] w approve pret5d$ loves1 & wra?s1 & groans1 & te>s2#a & he affirm$ t 9 place ( ^! pagan works !re 0 9 ! ,bible & ! ,fa!rs1 a va/ body ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature & t ?is is n fabul\s1 b true1 n tricks ( art1 b pla9 realities4#b ,accord+ to ! crit]ion ( morality1 x 0 urg$ t z few works ( ! imag9ation 7 entirely free f obsc5ity & blasphemy1 su* blemi%es are insep>able f ! poetic art2 & accord+ly1 ,isidore ( ,seville says t a ,*ri/ian is =bidd5 to read ! figm5ts ( ! poets1 quia p] oblectam5ta inanium fabul>um m5tem excitant ad inc5tiva libid9um4#c ,! ?ird1 or psy*ological objection1 made by ,plato1 0 simil>ly emphasiz$4 ,?us ,t]tullian po9t$ out t :ile ,god has enjo9$ u to deal calmly & g5tly & quietly ) ! ,holy ,_s1 lit]ature1 & especially dramatic lit]ature1 leads to spiritual agitation4#d ,?is po9t seem$ to ! m$iaeval m9d fundam5tal1 = 9 real beauty1 z ,?omas ,aqu9as insi/$1 desire is quiet$4#e ,fur!rmore1 x 0 %[n t ! only body ( lit]>y "w wor?y ( s]i\s /udy dealt ) pagan div9ities & ) religi\s practices :i* 7 9 direct antagonism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,o!r objections1 also1 7 incid5tally allud$ to by m$iaeval writ]s4 ,= example1 x 0 said1 ! supreme "q 9 all matt]s ( life is ! "q ( conduct1 & x 0 n app>5t 9 :at mann] poetry conduces to action4 ,poetry has no practical use2 x r en]vates m5 ?an urges !m to ! call ( duty2 & above all1 !re are m pr(itable occupations 9 :i* ! righte\s man may be engag$4 ,^! objections to lit]ature are n *>act]i/ically m$iaeval4 ,!y h sprung up 9 e p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & especially recur 9 all ages 9 :i* ascetic or !ological conceptions ( life are dom9ant4 ,!y 7 /ock que/ions ( ! ,greek s*ools1 & !re are extant treatises by ,maximus ( ,tyre & o!rs on ! problem :e!r or n ,plato 0 ju/ifi$ 9 expell+ ,hom] f 8 ideal commonweal?4 ,! same objections prevail$ beyond ! ,r5aissance2 & !y 7 urg$ 9 ,italy by ,savon>ola1 9 ,g]many by ,cornelius ,agrippa1 9 ,engl& by ,gosson & ,prynne1 & 9 ,france by ,bossuet & o!r ecclesia/ics4 ,,ii4 ,! ,moral ,ju/ification ( ,poetry ,! allegorical me?od ( int]pret+ lit]ature 0 ! result ( ! m$iaeval attempt to answ] ! objections j /at$4 ,?is me?od ow$ its orig9 to ! mode ( int]pret+ ! popul> my?ology fir/ employ$ by ! ,sophi/s & m ?or\ghly by ! lat] ,/oics4 ,su* h]oes z ,h]cules & ,!seus1 in/ead ( be+ m]e brute conqu]ors ( mon/]s & giants1 7 reg>d$ by ! ,/oic philosoph]s z symbols ( ! e>ly sages :o _h combat$ ! vices & passions ( mank9d1 & !y became 9 ! c\rse ( "t types ( pagan sa9ts4 ,! same mode ( int]pretation 0 lat] appli$ to ! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by ,philo ,judaeus1 & 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,occid5tal ,europe by ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s & ,ambrose1 ,bi%op ( ,milan4#f ,abraham1 ,adam1 ,eve1 ,jacob1 became types ( v>i\s virtues1 & ! biblical /ories 7 consid]$ z symbolical ( ! v>i\s moral /ruggles 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( ! sy/ematic application ( ! me?od to ! pagan my?s occurs 9 ! ,my?ologicon ( ,fulg5tius1 :o probably fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury2 & 9 8 ,virgiliana ,cont95tia1 ! ,a,eneid is treat$ z an image ( life1 & ! travels ( ,a,eneas z ! symbol ( ! progress ( ! human s\l1 f nature1 ?r\gh wisdom1 to f9al happ9ess4 ,f ?is p]iod1 ! allegorical me?od became ! recogniz$ mode ( int]pret+ lit]ature1 :e!r sacr$ or pr(ane4 ,petr>*1 9 8 lett]1 ,de quibusdam fictionibus ,virgilij1#g treats ! ,a,eneid aft] ! mann] ( ,fulg5tius2 & ev5 at ! v end ( ! ,r5aissance ,tasso int]pret$ 8 own romantic epics 9 ! same way4 ,aft] ! acceptance ( ! me?od1 its application 0 fur!r complicat$4 ,gregory ! ,great ascribes ?ree mean+s to ! ,bible1--! lit]al1 ! typical or allegorical1 & ! moral4 ,/ill lat]1 a f\r? mean+ 0 add$2 & ,dante di/9ctly claims all f\r1 ! lit]al1 ! allegorical1 ! moral or philosophical1 & ! anagogical or my/ical1 = 8 ,div9e ,com$y4#h ,?is me?od1 :ile p]haps ju/ify+ poetry f ! /&po9t ( e?ics & div9ity1 gives x no place z an indep5d5t art2 ?us consid]$1 poetry becomes m]ely a popul>iz$ =m ( !ology4 ,bo? ,petr>* & ,boccaccio reg>d$ allegory z ! w>p & wo( ( poetry2 b !y modifi$ ! m$iaeval po9t ( view by argu+ conv]sely t !ology itself is a =m ( poetry1--! poetry ( ,god4 ,bo? ( !m insi/ t ! ,bible is ess5tially poetical1 & t ,*ri/ himself spoke l>gely 9 poetical images4 ,?is po9t 0 s emphasiz$ by ,r5aissance critics t ,b]ni1 9 8 ,dialogo contra i ,poeti 7#aecg71 condemns ! poets = speak+ ( ,god z ,jupit] & ( ! sa9ts z ,m]cury1 ,h]cules1 ,bac*us1 & = ev5 hav+ ! audacity to call ! prophets & ! writ]s ( ! ,scriptures poets & mak]s ( v]ses4#i ,! f\rte5? & fifte5? books ( ,boccaccio's treatise1 ,de ,g5ealogia ,deorum1 h be5 call$ ! fir/ def5ce ( poesy 9 honor ( 8 own art by a poet ( ! mod]n _w2 b ,boccaccio's ju/ification ( imag9ative lit]ature is /ill prim>ily bas$ on ! usual m$iaeval gr\nds4 ,! reality ( poetry is dep5d5t on its allegorical f\ndations2 its moral tea*+s are to be s\ght 9 ! hidd5 mean+s discov]able b5ea? ! lit]al expression2 pagan poetry is def5d$ = ,*ri/ianity on ! gr\nd t ! ref]5ces to ,greek & ,roman gods & rituals are to be reg>d$ only z symbolical tru?s4 ,! poet's function1 = ,boccaccio1 z = ,dante & ,petr>*1 0 to hide & obscure ! actual tru? beh9d a veil ( beautiful fictions--v]itatem r]um pul*ris velam9ibus adorn>e4#aj ,! humani/ic po9t ( view1 9 reg>d to poetry1 0 ( a m practical & f>-rea*+ nature ?an t ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! allegorical int]pretation did inde$ cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance1 & ,mantuan1 = example1 c only def9e a poem z a lit]>y =m :i* is b\nd by ! /rict] laws ( metre1 & :i* has its fundam5tal tru?s hidd5 "u ! lit]al expressions ( ! fable4 ,= /ill lat] writ]s1 ?is mode ( reg>d+ lit]ature seem$ to pres5t ! only loophole ( escape f ! moral objections to poetry4 ,b 9 employ+ ! old me?od1 ! humani/s c>ri$ x f> beyond its orig9al application4 ,?us1 ,lion>do ,bruni1 9 8 ,de ,/udiis et ,lit]is 7c4 #adje71 aft] dwell+ on ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! pagan my?s1 argues t :5 "o reads ! /ory ( ,a,eneas & ,dido1 he pays 8 tribute ( admiration to ! g5ius ( ! poet1 b ! matt] itself is kn[n to be fiction1 & s leaves no moral impression4#aa ,by ?is ,bruni means t fiction z su*1 :5 kn[n to be fiction1 c leave no moral impression1 & secondly1 t poetry is to be judg$ by ! success ( ! arti/1 & n by ! efficacy ( ! morali/4 ,simil>ly1 ,batti/a ,gu>9o1 9 8 ,de ,ord9e ,doc5di et ,/ud5di 7#adei71 says t we are n di/urb$ by ! impieties1 cruelties1 horrors1 :i* we f9d 9 poetry2 we judge ^! ?+s simply by _! congruity ) ! *>act]s & incid5ts describ$4 ,9 o!r words1 we criticise ! arti/1 n ! morali/4#ab ,?is is a di/9ct attempt at ! ae/hetic appreciation ( lit]ature1 b :ile su* ideas are n uncommon ab\t ?is "t1 !y express isolat$ s5tim5ts1 r ?an a doctr9e /rictly coord9at$ ) an ae/hetic !ory ( poetry4 ,! m /rict def5ce ( poetry 0 attempt$ = ! mo/ "p on ! gr\nds set =? by ,horace 9 8 ,ars ,poetica4 ,at no p]iod f ! ,augu/an ,age to ! ,r5aissance does ! ,ars ,poetica seem to h be5 entirely lo/4 ,x is m5tion$ or quot$1 = example1 by ,isidore ( ,seville#ac 9 ! six? c5tury1 by ,john ( ,salisbury#ad 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & by ,dante#ae 9 ! f\rte5?4 ,horace insi/s on ! m+l$ in/ructiv5ess & pleasurabl5ess ( poetry2 & beyond ?is1 he po9ts out ! value ( poetry z a civiliz+ factor 9 hi/ory1 reg>d+ ! e>ly poets z sages & prophets1 & ! inv5tors ( arts & sci5ces3-- ,orpheus1 inspir$ by m ?an human p[]1 ,did n1 z poets feign$1 tame savage bea/s1 ,b m5 z lawless & z wild z !y1 ,& fir/ dissuad$ !m f rage & blood4 ,?us :5 ,amphion built ! ,!ban wall1 ,!y feign$ ! /ones obey$ 8 magic lute2 ,poets1 ! fir/ in/ructors ( mank9d1 ,br\ght all ?+s to _! prop] native use2 ,"s !y appropriat$ to ! gods1 ,& "s to public1 "s to private ends3 ,promiscu\s love by m>riage 0 re/ra9$1 ,cities 7 built1 & useful laws 7 made2 ,s anci5t is ! p$igree ( v]se1 ,& s div9e ! poet's function4#af ,?is conception ( ! e>ly poet's function 0 an old "o4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/ophanes2#ag x runs ?r\gh ,r5aissance criticism2 & ev5 9 ?is v c5tury1 ,%elley#ah speaks ( poets z ! au?ors ( language1 & ( music1 ( ! dance1 & ar*itecture1 & /atu>y1 & pa9t+1 z ! in/itutors ( laws1 & ! f\nd]s ( civil society1 & ! inv5tors ( ! arts ( life4 ,to-day ! ideali/ takes refuge 9 ! same fai?3 ,! tree ( k is ( equal date ) ! tree ( life2 nor 7 ev5 ! tam] ( horses1 ! work] 9 metals1 or ! s[]1 eld] ?an ^? tw9 gu>dians ( ! s\l1--! poet & ! prie/4 ,consci5ce & imag9ation 7 ! pione]s :o made e>? habitable = ! human _s4#ai ,x 0 ?is e?ical & civiliz+ function ( poetry :i* 0 fir/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! humani/s4 ,action be+ ! te/ ( all /udies1#bj poetry mu/ /& or fall 9 proportion z x conduces to righte\s action4 ,?us1 ,lion>do ,bruni#ba speaks ( poetry z s valuable an aid to k1 & s ennobl+ a s\rce ( pleasure2 & ,a,eneas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i1 9 8 treatise ,de ,lib]orum ,educatione 7#adej71 decl>es t ! crucial "q is n1 ,is poetry to be contemn$8 b1 ,h[ are ! poets to be us$8 & he solves 8 own "q by ass]t+ t we are to welcome all t poets c r5d] 9 praise ( integrity & 9 condemnation ( vice1 & t all else is to be left unhe$$4#bb ,beyond ?is1 ! humani/s urg$ 9 favor ( poetry ! fact ( its antiquity & div9e orig91 & ! fur!r fact t x _h be5 prais$ by great m5 ( all pr(essions1 & its creators patroniz$ by k+s & emp]ors f "t immemorial4 ,!re 7 !n at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 two oppos+ t5d5cies 9 reg>d to ! poetic art1 "o repres5t+ ! humani/ic rev]5ce = anci5t culture1 & = poetry z "o ( ! phases ( t culture1 & ! o!r repres5t+ n only ! m$iaeval tradition1 b a purism alli$ to t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & ak9 to ! ascetic conceptions ( life f\nd 9 almo/ e p]iod4 ,^! two t5d5cies are express$ specifically 9 _! noble/ =ms by ! great humani/ ,poliziano1 & ! great moral re=m] ,savon>ola4 ,9 ! ,sylvae1 writt5 t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,poliziano dwells on ! div9e orig9 ( poetry1 z ,boccaccio _h done 9 8 ,vita di ,dante2 & !n1 aft] ! mann] ( ,horace1 he describes its ennobl+ influ5ce on man1 & its g5]al influ5ce on ! progress ( civilization4#bc ,he !n proce$s to survey ! progress ( poetry f ! mo/ anci5t times1 & 9 s do+ may be said to h writt5 ! fir/ mod]n hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,! second section ( ! ,sylvae discusses ! bucolic poets2 ! ?ird conta9s t glorification ( ,virgil :i* began dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 cont9u$ by ,vida & o!rs1 became 9 ,scalig] lit]>y deification2 & ! la/ section is devot$ to ,hom]1 :o is consid]$ z ! great tea*] ( wisdom1 & ! wise/ ( ! anci5ts4 ,n[h]e does ,poliziano exhibit any appreciation ( ! ae/hetic value ( poetry1 b 8 en?usiasm = ! great poets1 & inde$ = all =ms ( anci5t culture1 is unmi/akable1 & comb9$ ) 8 imm5se erudition m>ks him z a repres5tative poet ( humanism4#bd ,on ! o!r h&1 ! puri/ic conception ( art is elaborat$ at great l5g? by ,savon>ola 9 an apology = poetry conta9$ 9 8 tractate1 ,de ,divisione ac ,utilitate ,omnium ,sci5t>um1#be writt5 ab\t #adib4 ,aft] classify+ ! sci5ces 9 true s*ola/ic fa%ion1 & arrang+ !m accord+ to _! relative importance & _! respective utility = ,*ri/ianity1 he attacks all le>n+ z sup]flu\s & dang]\s1 unless re/rict$ to a *os5 few4 ,poetry1 accord+ to ! s*ola/ic arrangem5t1 is gr\p$ ) logic & gramm>2 & ?is m$iaeval classification fixes ,savon>ola's conception ( ! !ory ( poetic art4 ,he expressly says t he attacks ! abuse ( poetry & n poetry itself1 b !re c be no d\bt t1 at bottom1 he 0 intol]ant ( creative lit]ature4 ,l ,plato1 l moral re=m]s ( all ages1 he fe>$ ! free play ( ! imag9ative faculty2 & 9 connect+ poetry ) logic he 0 t5d+ t[>d ! elim9ation ( ! imag9ation 9 art4 ,! basis ( 8 ae/hetic sy/em1 su* z x is1 re/s :olly on t ( ,?omas ,aqu9as2#bf b he is 9 clos] accord ) ,ari/otle :5 he po9ts out t v]sification1 a m]ely conv5tional accompanim5t ( poetry1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ess5ce ( poetry itself4 ,?is di/9ction is urg$ to def5d ! ,scriptures1 :i* he reg>ds z ! highe/ & holie/ =m ( poetry4 ,= him poetry is coord9ate ) philosophy & ) ?\ght2 b 9 8 intol]ance ( poetry 9 its l[] =ms1 he w\ld foll[ ,plato 9 bani%+ poets f an ideal /ate4 ,! imitation ( ! anci5t poets especially falls "u 8 suspicion1 & 9 an age giv5 up to _! wor%ip he d5ies bo? _! supremacy & _! utility4 ,9 f9e1 z a re=m]1 he repres5ts = u ! religi\s reaction aga9/ ! paganization ( culture by ! humani/s4 ,b ! =ces aga9/ him 7 too /rong4 ,ev5 ! ,*ri/ianization ( culture effect$ dur+ ! next c5tury by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 0 h>dly m ?an tempor>y4 ,humanism1 :i* repres5ts ! revival ( anci5t pagan culture1 & rationalism1 :i* repres5ts ! gr[? ( ! mod]n _s 9 sci5ce & art1 7 curr5ts too p[]ful to be imp$$ by any re=m]1 h[ev] great1 &1 :5 comb9$ 9 classicism1 7 to reign supreme 9 lit]ature = c5turies to come4 ,b ,savon>ola & ,poliziano s]ve to indicate t mod]n lit]>y criticism _h n yet begun4 ,= until "s rational answ] to ! objections urg$ aga9/ poetry 9 antiquity & 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 =?com+1 lit]>y criticism 9 any true s5se 0 fundam5tally impossible2 & t answ] came only ) ! recov]y ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,,iii4 ,! ,f9al ,ju/ification ( ,poetry ,! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics 9 classical antiquity1 s f> z x is possible to judge1 0 v slight2 !re is no app>5t ref]5ce to ! ,poetics 9 ,horace1 ,cic]o1 or ,qu9tilian1#bg & x 0 entirely lo/ sight ( dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,its mod]n transmission 0 due almo/ exclusively to ,ori5tals4#bh ,! fir/ ,ori5tal v]sion ( ,ari/otle's treatise appe>s to h be5 t made by ,abu-,bas*>1 a ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian1 f ! ,syriac into ,arabic1 ab\t ! ye> #ice4 ,two c5turies lat]1 ! ,moslem philosoph] ,av]roes made an abridg$ v]sion ( ! ,poetics1 :i* 0 translat$ into ,lat9 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 by a c]ta9 ,g]man1 nam$ ,h]mann1 & aga91 by ,mant9us ( ,tortosa 9 ,spa91 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,h]mann's v]sion seems to h circulat$ consid]ably 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b x _h no traceable influ5ce on critical lit]ature :atsoev]4 ,x is m5tion$ & c5sur$ by ,rog] ,bacon1 b ! ,poetics 9 any =m 0 probably unkn[n to ,dante1 to ,boccaccio1 & beyond a s+le obscure ref]5ce1 to ,petr>*4 ,!re is no "q t = a long "t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,poetics _h be5 entirely neglect$4 ,n only d ! critical ideas ( ?is p]iod %[ no indication ( ,ari/otelian influ5ce1 b dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury itself !re seems to h be5 a well-def9$ impression t ! ,poetics _h be5 recov]$ only aft] c5turies ( oblivion4 ,?us1 ,b]n>do ,segni1 :o translat$ ! ,poetics into ,italian 9 #aedi1 speaks ( x z ab&on$ & neglect$ = a long "t2#bi & ,b]n>do ,tasso1 "s t5 ye>s lat]1 ref]s to x z buri$ = s long a "t 9 ! obscure %ad[s ( ignorance4#cj ,x 0 !n z a new "w ( ,ari/otle t ! ,lat9 translation by ,giorgio ,valla1 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #adih1 mu/ h appe>$ to ,valla's contempor>ies4 ,?\gh h>dly successful z a "w ( s*ol>%ip1 ?is translation1 & ! ,greek text ( ! ,poetics publi%$ 9 ! ,ald9e ,rhetores ,graeci 9 #aejh1 _h consid]able influ5ce on dramatic lit]ature1 b sc>cely any imm$iate influ5ce on lit]>y criticism4 ,some:at lat]1 9 #aecf1 ,aless&ro de' ,pazzi publi%$ a revis$ ,lat9 v]sion1 accompani$ by ! orig9al2 & f ?is "t1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,ari/otelian canons becomes manife/ 9 critical lit]ature4 ,9 #aedh1 ,robortelli produc$ ! fir/ critical edition ( ! ,poetics1 ) a ,lat9 translation & a le>n$ comm5t>y1 & 9 ! v next ye> ! fir/ ,italian translation 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,b]n>do ,segni4 ,f t day to ?is ! editions & translations ( ! ,poetics h increas$ beyond numb]1 & !re is h>dly a s+le passage 9 ,ari/otle's treatise :i* has n be5 discuss$ by innum]able comm5tators & critics4 ,x 0 9 ,ari/otle's ,poetics t ! ,r5aissance 0 to f9d1 if n a complete1 at lea/ a rational ju/ification ( poetry1 & an answ] to e "o ( ! ,platonic & m$iaeval objections to imag9ative lit]ature4 ,z to ! ass]tion t poetry div]ges f actual reality1 ,ari/otle#ca cont5d$ t !re is to be f\nd 9 poetry a high] reality ?an t ( m]e commonplace fact1 t poetry deals n ) p>ticul>s1 b ) univ]sals1 & t x aims at describ+ n :at has be51 b :at might h be5 or ought to be4 ,9 o!r words1 poetry has little reg>d = ! actuality ( ! specific ev5t1 b aims at ! reality ( an et]nal probability4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ,a*illes or ,a,eneas did ?is ?+1 or t ?+1 :i* ,hom] or ,virgil ascribes to ei!r1 b if ,a*illes or ,a,eneas 0 su* a man z ! poet describes1 he mu/ necess>ily act z ,hom] or ,virgil has made him d4 ,x is ne$less to say t ,ari/otle is "h simply di/+ui%+ betwe5 ideal tru? & actual fact1 & 9 ass]t+ t x is ! function ( poetry to imitate only ideal tru? he laid ! f\ndations1 n only ( an answ] to m$iaeval objections1 b also ( mod]n ae/hetic criticism4 ,beyond ?is1 poetry is ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nds ( morality1 = :ile n hav+ a di/9ctly moral aim1 x is ess5tially moral1 because x is ?is ideal repres5tation ( life1 & an idealiz$ v]sion ( human life mu/ necess>ily pres5t x 9 its moral aspects4 ,ari/otle di/9ctly combats ! traditional ,greek conception ( ! didactic function ( poetry2 b x is evid5t t he insi/s fundam5tally t lit]ature mu/ be moral1 = he /]nly rebukes ,euripides sev]al times on gr\nds t are moral1 r ?an purely ae/hetic4 ,9 answ] to ! objection t poetry1 in/ead ( calm+1 /irs & excites our meane/ passions1 t x wat]s & *]i%es ^? emotions :i* ought to )] ) dr\ght1 & con/itutes !m our rul]s1 :5 !y ought to be our subjects1#cb ,ari/otle taught ^? 9 ! ,r5aissance :o 7 able to und]/& him1 t poetry1 & especially dramatic poetry1 does n inde$ />ve ! emotions1 b excites !m only to allay & to regulate !m1 & 9 ?is ae/hetic process purifies & ennobles !m4#cc ,9 po9t+ out ^! ?+s he has ju/ifi$ ! utility ( poetry1 reg>d+ x z m s]i\s & philosophic ?an hi/ory1 because x univ]salizes m]e fact1 & imitates life 9 its noble/ aspects4 ,^! argum5ts 7 incorporat$ into ,r5aissance criticism2 !y 7 emphasiz$1 z we %all see1 ov] & ov] aga91 & !y =m$ ! basis ( ! ju/ification ( poetry 9 mod]n critical lit]ature4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is purely ae/hetic conception ( art did n prevail by itself 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ev5 9 ^? = :om ,ari/otle meant mo/1 & :o be/ und]/ood 8 mean+2 ! ,horatian elem5ts1 also1 z f\nd 9 ! e>ly humani/s1 7 elaborat$ & discuss$4 ,9 ! ,poetica ( ,daniello 7#aecf71 ^! ,horatian elem5ts =m ! basis = a def5ce ( poetry#cd t has _m m>k$ resemblances to v>i\s passages 9 ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,def5ce ( ,poesy4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! antiquity & nobility ( poetry1 & affirm+ t no o!r art is nobl] or m anci5t1 ,daniello %[s t all ?+s kn[n to man1 all ! secrets ( ,god & nature1 are describ$ by ! poets 9 musical numb]s & ) exquisite ornam5t4 ,he fur!rmore ass]ts1 9 ! mann] ( ,horace1 t ! poets 7 ! inv5tors ( ! arts ( life2 & 9 answ] to ! objection t x 0 ! philosoph]s :o 9 reality did ^! ?+s1 he %[s t :ile in/ruction is m prop] to ! philosoph] ?an to ! poet1 poets tea* too1 9 _m m ways1 & f> m pleasantly1 ?an any philosoph] c4 ,!y hide _! useful tea*+s "u v>i\s fictions & fabul\s veils1 z ! physician cov]s bitt] m$ic9e ) a sweet coat+4 ,! /yle ( ! philosoph] is dry & obscure1 )\t any =ce or beauty by itself2 & ! delightful in/ruction ( poetry is f> m effective ?an ! ab/ract & h>% tea*+s ( philosophy4 ,poetry1 inde$1 0 ! only =m ( philosophy t primitive m5 _h1 & ,plato1 :ile reg>d+ himself z an enemy ( poets1 0 really a great poet himself1 = he expresses all 8 ideas 9 a wondr\sly h>moni\s rhy?m1 & ) great spl5dor ( words & images4 ,?is def5ce ( ,daniello's is int]e/+1 z anticipat+ ! g5]al =m ( su* apologies ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,simil>ly1 ,m9turno 9 8 ,de ,poeta 7#aeei71 elaborates ! ,horatian sugge/ions = a def5ce ( poetry4 ,he beg9s by po9t+ out ! broad inclusiv5ess ( poetry1 :i* may be said to compreh5d 9 itself e =m ( human le>n+1 & by %[+ t no =m ( le>n+ c be f\nd be=e ! fir/ poets1 & t no nation1 h[ev] b>b>\s1 has ev] be5 av]se to poetry4 ,! ,hebrews prais$ ,god 9 v]se2 ! ,greeks1 ,italians1 ,g]mans1 & ,briti% h all honor$ poetry2 ! ,p]sians h _h _! ,magi & ! ,gauls _! b>ds4 ,v]se1 :ile n ess5tial to poetry1 gives ! latt] mu* ( its delightful effectiv5ess1 & if ! gods ev] speak1 !y c]ta9ly speak 9 v]se2 inde$1 9 primitive times x 0 9 v]se t all sci5ces1 hi/ory1 & philosophy 7 writt54#ce ,to answ] ! traditional objections aga9/ imag9ative lit]ature :i* _h surviv$ beyond ! ,middle ,ages seem$ to ! ,r5aissance a simpl] task1 h[ev]1 ?an to answ] ! m philosophical objections urg$ 9 ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,! au?ority ( ,plato dur+ ! ,r5aissance made x impossible to slight ! argum5ts /at$ by him 9 ! ,republic1 & else:]e4 ,! writ]s ( ?is p]iod 7 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to refute1 or at lea/ to expla9 away1 ! reasons = :i* ,plato _h bani%$ poets f 8 ideal commonweal?4 ,"s critics1 l ,b]n>do ,tasso#cf & ,daniello1#cg ass]t$ t ,plato _h n argu$ aga9/ poetry itself1 b only aga9/ ! abuse ( poetry4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,tasso1 only impure & effem9ate poets 7 to be exclud$ f ! ideal /ate1 & accord+ to ,daniello1 only ! m immoral tragic poets1 & especially ! au?ors ( obsc5e & lampoon+ com$ies4 ,o!r ,r5aissance writ]s1 l ,m9turno#ch & ,fraca/oro1#ci answ]$ ! ,platonic objections on m philosophical gr\nds4 ,?us ,fraca/oro answ]s ,plato's *>ge t1 s9ce poetry is ?ree removes f ideal tru?1 poets are fundam5tally ignorant ( ! realities !y attempt to imitate1 by po9t+ out t ! poet is inde$ ignorant ( :at he is speak+ (1 9 s f> z he is a v]sifi] & skill$ 9 language1 j z ! philosoph] or hi/orian is ignorant ( natural or hi/orical facts 9 s f> z he1 too1 is m]ely skill$ 9 language1 b kn[s ^! facts 9 s f> z he is le>n$1 & has ?\ght out ! problems ( nature & hi/ory4 ,! poet1 z well z ! philosoph] & ! hi/orian1 mu/ possess k1 if he is to tea* any?+2 he1 too1 mu/ le>n ! ?+s he is go+ to write ab\t1 & mu/ solve ! problems ( life & ?\ght2 he1 too1 mu/ h a philosophical & an hi/orical tra9+4 ,plato's objection1 inde$1 applies to ! philosoph]1 to ! orator1 to ! hi/orian1 q z mu* z to ! poet4 ,z to ,plato's second *>ge1 t imag9ation naturally t5ds t[>d ! wor/ ?+s1 & accord+ly t poets write obsc5ely & blasphem\sly1 ,fraca/oro po9ts out t ?is is n ! fault ( ! art1 b ( ^? :o abuse x2 !re are1 inde$1 immoral & en]vat+ poets1 & !y ought to be exclud$1 n only f ,plato's1 b f e commonweal?4 ,?us v>i\s ,ari/otelian & ,horatian elem5ts 7 comb9$ to =m a def9ite body ( ,r5aissance criticism4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #a ,de ,spectac4 xxiii4 #b ,ibid4 xxii4 #c ,diff]5tiae1 iii4 #ac1 #a4 #d ,de ,spectac4 xv4 ,cf4 ,cyprian1 ,epi/4 ad ,donat4 viii4 #e ,cf4 ,bosanquet1 ,hi/4 ( ,a,esthetic1 p4 #adh4 #f ,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,confess4 v4 #ad1 vi4 #d2 ,clem5s ,alex4 ,/romata1 v4 #h4 #g ,op]a1 p4 #hfg4 #h ,cf4 ,dante1 ,epi/4 xi4 #g2 ,convito1 ii4 #a1 #a4 #i ,b]ni1 p4 #bbf sq4 #aj ,petr>*1 ,op]a1 p4 #abje2 cf4 ,boccaccio1 ,g54 degli ,dei1 p4 #bej1 v4 #aa ,woodw>d1 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 p4 #acb4 #ab ,ibid4 p4 #age4 #ac ,etymologiae1 viii4 #g1 #e4 #ad ,policraticus1 i4 #h4 #ae ,moore1 ,dante & 8 ,e>ly ,biograph]s1 ,london1 #ahij1 pp4 #agc1 #agd4 #af ,ars ,poet4 #cia 7,roscommon74 #ag ,frogs1 #ajcj sq4 #ah ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 ed4 ,cook1 p4 #e4 #ai ,woodb]ry1 ,a ,new ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 9 ,he>t ( ,man1 ,new ,york1 #ahii1 p4 #gf4 #bj ,woodw>d1 p4 #ahb sq4 #ba ,ibid4 p4 #aca4 #bb ,ibid4 p4 #aej4 #bc ,pope1 ,selecta ,poemata1 ii4 #ajh2 cf4 ,ars ,poet4 #cih4 #bd ,cf4 ,gasp>y1 ii4 #bbj4 #be ,vill>i1 p4 #eja sq41 & ,p]r5s1 ii4 #cbh sq4 #bf ,cf4 ,c>ti]1 ,l',e/hetique de ,savon>ole1 9 ,didron's ,annales ,ar*eologiques1 #ahdg1 vii4 #bee sq4 #bg ,egg]1 #bji sq4 #bh ,ibid4 #eee sq4 #bi ,segni1 p4 #afj4 #cj ,b4 ,tasso1 ,lett]e1 ii4 #ebe4 ,s also1 ,robortelli1 #aedh1 ,jacuit lib] hic neglectus1 ad no/ra f]e haec usque tempora4 #ca ,poet4 ix4 #cb ,plato1 ,rep4 x4 #ffj4 #cc ,poet4 vi4 #b2 ,pol4 viii4 #g4 #cd ,daniello1 p4 #aj sq4 #ce ,de ,poeta1 p4 #ac sq4 #cf ,lett]e1 ii4 #ebf4 #cg ,poetica1 p4 #ad sq4 #ch ,de ,poeta1 p4 #cj sq4 #ci ,op]a1 i4 #cfa sq4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,g5]al ,,!ory ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,! ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,geography ,/rabo def9es poetry z a k9d ( elem5t>y philosophy1 :i* introduces u e>ly to life1 & gives u pleasurable in/ruction 9 ref]5ce to "*1 emotion1 action4 ,?is passage s\nds ! keynote ( ! ,r5aissance !ory ( poetry4 ,poetry is !re9 /at$ to be a =m ( philosophy1 &1 moreov]1 a philosophy ^: subject is life1 & its object is said to be pleasurable in/ruction4 ,i4 ,poetry z a ,=m ( ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy ,9 ! fir/ place1 poetry is a =m ( philosophy4 ,savon>ola _h class$ poetry ) logic & gramm>1 & _h ass]t$ t a k ( logic is ess5tial to ! compos+ ( poetry4 ,! division ( ! sci5ces & ! relative importance ( ea* 7 a s\rce ( inf9ite s*ola/ic discussion dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ari/otle _h fir/ plac$ dialectic or logic1 rhetoric1 & poetics 9 ! same category ( effici5t philosophy4 ,b ,av]roes 0 probably ! fir/ to confuse ! function ( poetics ) t ( logic1 & to make ! =m] a subdivision1 or =m1 ( ! latt]2 & ?is classification appe>s to h be5 accept$ by ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is conception ( ! position ( poetry 9 ! body ( human k may be f\nd1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance4 ,?us1 ,robortelli1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,poetics 7#aedh71 gives ! usual s*ola/ic di/9ctions betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( ! writt5 or spok5 ^w 7oratio73 ! demon/rative1 :i* deals ) ! true2 ! dialectic1 :i* deals ) ! probable2 ! rhetorical1 ) ! p]suasive2 & ! poetic1 ) ! false or fabul\s4#dj ,by ! t]m false or fabul\s is meant m]ely t ! subject ( poetry is n actual fact1 b t x deals ) ?+s z !y ought to be1 r ?an z !y are4 ,v>*i1 9 8 public lectures on poetry 7#aeec71 divides philosophy into two =ms1 real & rational4 ,real philosophy deals ) ?+s1 & includes metaphysics1 e?ics1 physics1 geometry1 & ! l2 :ile rational philosophy1 :i* includes logic1 dialectic1 rhetoric1 hi/ory1 poetry1 & gramm>1 deals n ) ?+s1 b ) words1 & is n philosophy prop]1 b ! in/rum5t ( philosophy4 ,poetry is !re=e1 /rictly speak+1 nei!r an art nor a sci5ce1 b an in/rum5t or faculty2 & x is only an art 9 ! s5se t x has be5 r$uc$ to rules & precepts4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a =m ( logic1 & no man1 accord+ to ,v>*i1 c be a poet unless he is a logician2 ! bett] logician he is1 ! bett] poet he w be4 ,logic & poetry diff]1 h[ev]1 9 _! matt] & _! in/rum5ts2 = ! subject ( logic is tru?1 arriv$ at by means ( ! demon/rative syllogism1 :ile ! subject ( poetry is fiction or inv5tion1 arriv$ at by means ( t =m ( ! syllogism kn[n z ! example4 ,"h ! en?ymeme1 or example1 :i* ,ari/otle has made ! in/rum5t ( rhetoric1 becomes ! in/rum5t ( poetry4 ,?is classification surviv$ 9 ! ,ari/otelian s*ools at ,padua & else:]e z late z ,zab>ella & ,campanella4 ,zab>ella1 a pr(essor ( logic & lat] ( philosophy at ,padua f #aefd to #aehi1 expla9s at l5g? ,av]roes's !ory t poetics is a =m ( logic1 9 a treatise on ! nature ( logic1 publi%$ 9 #aegh4da ,he concludes t ! two faculties1 logic & poetics1 are n in/rum5ts ( philosophy 9 g5]al1 b only ( a "p ( x1 = !y ref] r to action ?an to k2 t is1 !y come "u ,ari/otle's category ( effici5t philosophy4 ,!y are n ! in/rum5ts ( useful art or ( moral philosophy1 ! end ( :i* is to make "o's self good2 b ( civil philosophy1 ! end ( :i* is to make o!rs good4 ,if x be object$ t !y are ,greek3 ton enantion1 t is1 ( bo? good & evil1 x may be answ]$ t _! prop] end is good4 ,?us1 9 ! ,symposium1 ! true poet is prais$2 :ile 9 ! ,republic ! poets :o aim at pleasure & :o corrupt _! audi5ces are c5sur$2 & ,ari/otle 9 8 def9ition ( trag$y says t ! end ( trag$y is to purge ! passions & to correct ! morals ( m5 7affectiones animi purg>e et mores corrig]e74 ,ev5 lat] ?an ,zab>ella1 we f9d 9 ! ,poetica ( ,campanella a division ( ! sci5ces v simil> to t ( ,savon>ola & ,v>*i4 ,!ology is !re plac$ at ! head ( all k1 9 accordance ) ! m$iaeval tradition1 :ile poetics1 ) dialectic1 gramm>1 & rhetoric1 is plac$ among ! logical sci5ces4 ,consid]+ poetica z a =m ( philosophy1 ano!r comm5tator on ,ari/otle1 ,maggi 7#aeej71 takes great pa9s to di/+ui% its v>i\s manife/ations4 ,poetica is ! art ( compos+ poetry1 poesis1 ! poetry compos$ accord+ to ?is art1 poeta1 ! compos] ( poetry1 & poema1 a s+le specim5 ( poetry4#db ,?is di/9ction is an elaboration ( two passages 9 ,plut>* & ,aph?onius4 ,,ii4 ,poetry z an ,imitation ( ,life ,9 ! second place1 accord+ to ! passage f ,/rabo cit$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 poetry introduces u e>ly to life1 or1 9 o!r words1 its subject is human action1 & x is :at ,ari/otle calls x1 an imitation ( human life4 ,?is raises two di/9ct problems4 ,fir/1 :at is ! mean+ ( imitation8 & :at 9 life is ! subject-matt] ( ?is imitation8 ,! conception ( imitation held by ! critics ( ! ,r5aissance 0 t express$ by ,ari/otle 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! ,poetics4 ,! passage is z foll[s3-- ,x is evid5t f :at has be5 said t x is n ! function ( ! poet to relate :at has happ5$1 b :at may happ51--:at is possible accord+ to ! law ( probability or necessity4 ,! poet & ! hi/orian diff] n by writ+ 9 v]se or 9 prose4 ,! "w ( ,h]odotus might be put into v]se1 & x w\ld /ill be a species ( hi/ory1 ) metre no less ?an )\t x4 ,! true diff]5ce is t "o relates :at has happ5$1 ! o!r :at may happ54 ,poetry1 !re=e1 is a m philosophical & a high] ?+ ?an hi/ory2 = poetry t5ds to express ! univ]sal1 hi/ory ! p>ticul>4 ,! univ]sal tells u h[ a p]son ( giv5 "* w on occasion speak or act1 accord+ to ! law ( probability or necessity2 & x is ?is univ]sality at :i* poetry aims 9 giv+ expressive names to ! *>act]s4 ,9 ?is passage ,ari/otle has briefly =mulat$ a conception ( ideal imitation :i* may be reg>d$ z univ]sally valid1 & :i*1 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 became ! basis ( ,r5aissance criticism4 ,9 ! ,poetica ( ,daniello 7#aecf71 occurs ! fir/ allusion 9 mod]n lit]>y criticism to ! ,ari/otelian notion ( ideal imitation4 ,accord+ to ,daniello1 ! poet1 unlike ! hi/orian1 c m+le fictions ) facts1 because he is n oblig$1 z is ! hi/orian1 to describe ?+s z !y actually are or h be51 b r z !y ought to be2 & x is 9 ?is t ! poet mo/ diff]s f ! hi/orian1 & n 9 ! writ+ ( v]ses2 = ev5 if ,livy's works 7 v]sifi$1 !y w\ld /ill be hi/ories z be=e4#dc ,?is is ( c\rse almo/ a p>aphrase ( ! passage 9 ,ari/otle2 b t ,daniello did n completely und]/& ! ideal elem5t 9 ,ari/otle's conception is %[n by ! fur!r di/9ction :i* he draws betwe5 ! hi/orian & ! poet4 ,= he adds t ! poet & ! hi/orian h mu* 9 common2 9 bo? !re are descriptions ( places1 peoples1 laws2 bo? conta9 ! repres5tation ( vices & virtues2 9 bo?1 amplification1 v>iety1 & digressions are prop]2 & bo? tea*1 delight1 & pr(it at ! same "t4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 t ! hi/orian1 9 tell+ 8 /ory1 rec\nts x exactly z x happ5$1 & adds no?+2 :]eas ! poet is p]mitt$ to add :atev] he desires1 s long z ! fictiti\s ev5ts h all ! appe>ance ( tru?4 ,some:at lat]1 ,robortelli treats ! "q ( ae/hetic imitation f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,! poet deals ) ?+s z !y ought to be1 b he c ei!r appropriate actual fact1 or he c inv5t 8 mat]ial4 ,if he does ! =m]1 he n>rates ! tru? n z x really happ5$1 b z x might or ought to happ52 :ile if he inv5ts 8 mat]ial1 he mu/ d s 9 accordance ) ! law ( possibility1 or necessity1 or probability & v]isimilitude4#dd ,?us ,x5ophon1 9 describ+ ,cyrus1 does n depict him z he actually 01 b z ! be/ & noble/ k+ c be & ought to be2 & ,cic]o1 9 describ+ ! orator1 foll[s ! same me?od4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! poet c inv5t ?+s transc5d+ ! ord] ( nature2 b if he does s1 he %\ld describe :at might or ought to h be54 ,"h ,robortelli answ]s a possible objection to ,ari/otle's /atem5t t poets deal only ) :at is possible & v]isimil>4 ,is x possible & v]isimil> t ! gods %\ld eat ambrosia & dr9k nect>1 z ,hom] describes1 & t su* a be+ z ,c]b]us %\ld h sev]al heads1 z we f9d 9 ,virgil1 n to m5tion v>i\s improbable ?+s t occur 9 _m o!r poets8 ,! answ] to su* an objection is t poets c inv5t 9 two ways4 ,!y c inv5t ei!r ?+s accord+ to nature or ?+s transc5d+ nature4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ^! ?+s mu/ be 9 keep+ ) ! laws ( probability & necessity2 b 9 ! latt] case1 ! ?+s are treat$ accord+ to a process describ$ by ,ari/otle himself1 & call$ p>alogism1 :i* means1 n necess>ily false reason+1 b ! natural1 if q inconclusive1 logical inf]5ce t ! ?+s we "k n ( are subject to ! same laws z ! ?+s we "k4 ,! poets accept ! exi/5ce ( ! gods f ! common notion ( m51 & !n treat all t relates to ^! deities 9 accordance ) ?is sy/em ( p>alogism4 ,9 trag$y & com$y m5 are describ$ z act+ 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y occurr5ces ( nature2 b 9 epic poetry ?is is n entirely ! case1 & ! m>vell\s is !re=e admitt$4 ,accord+ly1 ?is m>vell\s elem5t has ! wide/ scope 9 epic poetry2 :ile 9 com$y1 :i* treats ( ?+s ne>e/ to our own "t1 x ought n to be admitt$ at all4 ,b !re is ano!r problem sugge/$ by ! passage f ! ,poetics :i* has be5 cit$4 ,ari/otle says t imitation1 & n metre1 is ! te/ ( poetry2 t ev5 if a hi/ory 7 v]sifi$1 x w\ld /ill rema9 hi/ory4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r a writ] :o imitates 9 prose1 t is1 )\t v]se1 w\ld be wor?y ( ! title ( poet4 ,robortelli answ]s ?is "q by po9t+ out t metre does n con/itute ! nature1 =ce1 or ess5ce ( poetry1 :i* dep5ds entirely on ! fact ( imitation2 b at ! same "t1 :ile "o :o imitates )\t v]se is a poet1 9 ! be/ & true/ poetry imitation & metre are comb9$4#de ,9 ,fraca/oro's ,naug]ius1 sive de ,poetica ,dialogus 7#aeee71 !re is ! complete/ explanation ( ! ideal elem5t 9 ! ,ari/otelian conception ( imitation4 ,! poet1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 diff]s f o!r writ]s 9 t ! latt] consid] m]ely ! p>ticul>1 :ile ! poet aims at ! univ]sal4 ,he is1 9 o!r words1 attempt+ to describe ! simple & ess5tial tru? ( ?+s1 n by depict+ ! nude ?+ z x is1 b ! idea ( ?+s clo!d 9 all _! beauties4#df ,"h ,fraca/oro attempts to expla9 ! ,ari/otelian conception ( ! type ) ! aid ( ! ,platonic notion ( beauty4 ,!re 71 9 fact1 9 ! ,r5aissance1 ?ree conceptions ( beauty 9 g5]al vogue4 ,fir/1 ! purely objective conception t poetry is fix$ or =mal1 t x consi/s 9 approximat+ to a c]ta9 me*anical or geometrical =m1 su* z r\ndness1 squ>5ess1 or /raightness2 secondly1 ! ,platonic conception1 e?ical r ?an ae/hetic1 connect+ ! beautiful ) ! good1 & reg>d+ bo? z ! manife/ation ( div9e p[]2 &1 ?irdly1 a m purely ae/hetic conception ( beauty1 connect+ x ei!r ) grace or con=mity1 or 9 a high] s5se ) :atev] is prop] or fitt+ to an object4 ,?is la/ idea1 :i* at times approa*es ! mod]n conception t beauty consi/s 9 ! realization ( ! objective "* ( any p>ticul> ?+ & 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! law ( its own be+1 seems to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,idea ( ! ,greek rhetorician ,h]mog5es1 ^: influ5ce dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 0 consid]able1 ev5 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,filelfo4 ,x 0 ! celebrat$ rhetorician ,giulio ,cammillo1 h[ev]1 :o appe>s to h popul>iz$ ,h]mog5es 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 by translat+ ! ,idea into ,italian1 & by exp\nd+ x 9 a disc\rse publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #aedd4 ,z w be se51 ,fraca/oro's conception ( beauty approximates bo? to ! ,platonic & to ! m purely ae/hetic doctr9es :i* we h m5tion$2 & he exp\nds & elaborates ?is ae/hetic notion 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,ea* art has its own rules ( prop] expression4 ,! hi/orian or ! philosoph] does n aim at all ! beauties or elegancies ( expression1 b only su* z are prop] to hi/ory or philosophy4 ,b to ! poet no grace1 no embelli%m5t1 no ornam5t1 is ev] ali52 he does n consid] ! p>ticul> beauty ( any "o field1--t is1 ! s+ul>1 or p>ticul>1 ( ,ari/otle1--b all t p]ta9s to ! simple idea ( beauty & ( beautiful spee*4 ,yet ?is univ]saliz$ beauty is no extrane\s ?+2 x _c be add$ to objects 9 :i* x has no place1 z a gold5 coat on a ru/ic2 all ! ess5tial beauty ( ea* species is to be ! especial reg>d ( ! poet4 ,= 9 imitat+ p]sons & ?+s1 he neglects no beauty or elegance :i* he c attribute to !m2 he /rives only aft] ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ excell5t1 & 9 ?is way affects ! m9ds ( m5 9 ! direction ( excell5ce & beauty4 ,?is sugge/s a problem :i* is at ! v root ( ,ari/otle's conception ( ideal imitation2 & x is ,fraca/oro's high m]it t he 0 "o ( ! fir/ writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance to expla9 away ! objection1 & to =mulate 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] :at ,ari/otle really meant4 ,=1 ev5 grant+ t ! poet tea*es m ?an o!rs1 may x n be urg$ t x is n :at p]ta9s to ! ?+ itself1 b ! beauties :i* he adds to !m1--t x is ornam5t1 extrane\s to ! ?+ itself 7extra rem71 & n ! ?+ itself1--:i* seems to be ! *ief reg>d ( ! poet8 ,b aft] all1 :at is extra rem8 ,are beautiful columns1 domes1 p]i/yles extra rem1 because a ?at*$ ro( w protect u f ra9 & fro/2 or is noble raim5t extra rem1 because a ru/ic g>m5t w\ld suffice8 ,! poet1 s f> f add+ any?+ extrane\s to ! ?+s he imitates1 depicts !m 9 _! v ess5ce2 & x is because he alone f9ds ! true beauty 9 ?+s1 because he attributes to !m _! true nobility & p]fection1 t he is m useful ?an any o!r writ]4 ,! poet does n1 z "s ?9k1 deal ) ! false & ! unreal4#dg ,he assumes no?+ op5ly ali5 to tru?1 ?\gh he may p]mit himself to treat ( old & obscure leg5ds :i* _c be v]ifi$1 or ( ?+s :i* are reg>d$ z true on acc\nt ( _! appe>ance1 _! allegorical signification 7su* z ! anci5t my?s & fables71 or _! common acceptance by m54 ,s we may conclude t n e "o :o uses v]se is a poet1 b only he :o is mov$ by ! true beauty ( ?+s--by _! simple & ess5tial beauties1 n m]ely app>5t ones4 ,?is is ,fraca/oro's conclusion1 & x conta9s t m+l+ ( ,platonism & ,ari/otelianism :i* may be f\nd some:at lat] 9 ,tasso & ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,x is ! *ief m]it ( ,fraca/oro's dialogue1 t ev5 :ile emphasiz+ ?is ,platonic elem5t1 he cle>ly di/+ui%es & def9es ! ideal elem5t 9 ae/hetic imitation4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 9 ! public lectures ( ,v>*i 7#aeec71 !re 0 an attempt to =mulate a m explicit def9ition ( poetry on ! basis ( ,ari/otle's def9ition#dh ( trag$y4 ,poetry1 accord+ to ,v>*i1 is an imitation ( c]ta9 actions1 passions1 habits ( m9d1 ) song1 diction1 & h>mony1 toge!r or sep>ately1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! vices ( m5 & incit+ !m to virtue1 9 ord] t !y may atta9 _! true happ9ess & beatitude4#di ,9 ! fir/ place1 poetry is an imitation4 ,e poet imitates1 & any "o :o does n imitate _c be call$ a poet4 ,accord+ly1 ,v>*i foll[s ,maggi 9 di/+ui%+ ?ree classes ( poets1--! poets p> excell5ce1 :o imitate 9 v]se2 ! poets :o imitate )\t us+ v]se1 su* z ,lucian1 ,boccaccio 9 ! ,decam]on1 & ,sannaz>o 9 ! ,arcadia2 & ! poets1 commonly b less prop]ly s call$1 :o use v]se1 b :o d n imitate4 ,v]se1 :ile n an ess5tial attribute ( poetry1 is g5]ally requir$2 = m5's innate love ( h>mony1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 0 "o ( ! causes t gave rise to poetic composition4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( poetry h[ev]1 su* z trag$y1 _c be writt5 )\t v]se2 = embelli%$ language1 t is1 v]se1 is includ$ 9 ! v def9ition ( trag$y z giv5 by ,ari/otle4 ,! "q :e!r poetry c\ld be writt5 9 prose 0 a s\rce ( mu* discussion 9 ! ,r5aissance2 b ! cons5sus ( op9ion 0 ov]:elm+ly aga9/ ! prose drama4 ,com$y 9 prose 0 ! usual ,italian practice ( ?is p]iod1 & v>i\s s*ol>s#ej ev5 sanction ! practice on !oretical gr\nds4 ,b ! controv]sy 0 n br\ght to a head until ! publication ( ,ago/9o ,mi*ele's ,discorso 9 cui si dimo/ra come si possono scriv]e le ,comm$ie e le ,trag$ie 9 ,prosa 9 #aeib2 & eight ye>s lat]1 9 #afjj1 ,paolo ,b5i publi%$ 8 ,lat9 diss]tation1 ,disputatio 9 qua o/5ditur prae/>e ,como$iam atque ,trago$iam metrorum v9culis solv]e4#ea ,! language ( ,b5i's treatise 0 /rong--its v title speaks ( lib]at+ ! drama f ! %ackles ( v]se2 & = a h]esy ( ?is sort1 c\*$ z x 0 9 language t might ev5 h be5 revolution>y en\gh = ! ,fr5* romantici/s ( #ahcj1 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 n yet fully prep>$4 ,fau/9o ,summo1 answ]+ ,b5i 9 ! same ye>1 ass]ts t n only is x improp] = trag$y & com$y to be writt5 9 prose1 b t no =m ( poetry :atev] c prop]ly be compos$ )\t ! accompanim5t ( v]se4#eb ,! result ( ! :ole controv]sy 0 to fix ! metrical =m ( ! drama ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism4 ,b x ne$ n be said t ! same conclusion 0 n accept$ by all = e =m ( poetry4 ,! rem>k ( ,c]vantes 9 ,don ,quixote1 t epics c be writt5 9 prose z well z 9 v]se1 is well kn[n2 & ,julius ,caes> ,scalig]#ec speaks ( ,heliodorus's romance z a model epic4 ,scalig]1 h[ev]1 reg>ds v]se z a fundam5tal "p ( poetry4 ,= him1 poetry & hi/ory h ! =ms ( n>ration & ornam5t 9 common1 b diff] 9 t poetry adds fictions to ! ?+s t are true1 or imitates actual ?+s ) fictiti\s ones1--majore sane app>atu1 t is1 among o!r ?+s1 ) v]se4 ,z a result ( ?is notion1 ,scalig] ass]ts t if ! hi/ory ( ,h]odotus 7 v]sifi$1 x w\ld no long] be hi/ory1 b hi/orical poetry4 ,"u no circum/ances1 !oretically1 w he p]mit ! sep>ation ( poetry f m]e v]sification4 ,he accord+ly dismisses ) contempt ! usual argum5t ( ! p]iod t ,lucan 0 an hi/orian r ?an a poet4 ,take an actual hi/ory1 says ,scalig]2 h[ does ,lucan diff]1 = example1 f ,livy8 ,he diff]s 9 us+ v]se4 ,well1 !n he is a poet4 ,poetry1 !n1 is imitation 9 v]se2#ed b 9 imitat+ :at ought to be r ?an :at is1 ! poet creates ano!r nature & o!r =tunes1 z if he 7 ano!r ,god4#ee ,x w be se5 f ^! discussions t ! ,r5aissance always conceiv$ ( ae/hetic imitation 9 ?is ideal s5se4 ,!re are sc>cely any traces ( realism1 9 any?+ l its mod]n s5se1 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ?is p]iod4 ,torquato ,tasso does inde$ say t art becomes mo/ p]fect z x approa*es mo/ closely to nature2#ef & ,scalig] decl>es t ! dramatic poet mu/ beyond all ?+s aim at reproduc+ ! actual conditions ( life4#eg ,b x is ! appe>ance ( reality1 & n ! m]e actuality itself1 t ! critics are speak+ ( "h4 ,) ! va/ body ( m$iaeval lit]ature be=e !m1 9 :i* impossibilities foll[ ^u impossibilities1 & ! s5se ( reality is cont9ually obscur$1 ! critical writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance 7 =c$ to lay p>ticul> /ress on ! elem5t ( probability1 ! elem5t ( close approa* to ! seem+ realities ( life2 b ! imitation ( life is = !m1 nev]!less1 an imitation ( ?+s z !y ought to be--9 o!r words1 ! imitation is ideal4 ,muzio says t nature is adorn$ by art3-- ,suol f> l' op]e sue roze1 e tra le mani ,lasci>le a l' arte1 *e le adorni e limi2#eh & he di/9ctly affirms t ! poet _c rema9 cont5t ) exact portraiture1 ) ! m]e actuality ( life3-- ,lascia 'l v]o a l' hi/oria1 e ne' tuoi v]si ,sotto i nomi privati a l' univ]so ,mo/ra *e f>e e *e non f> si debbia4 ,9 keep+ ) ?is idealiz$ conception ( art1 ,muzio ass]ts t ev]y?+ obsc5e or immoral mu/ be exclud$ f poetry2 & ?is puri/ic notion ( art is ev]y:]e emphasiz$ 9 ,r5aissance criticism4 ,x 0 ! v]isimile1 z has be5 said1 t ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod especially insi/$ ^u4 ,poetry mu/ h ! appe>ance ( tru?1 t is1 x mu/ be probable2 = unless ! read] believes :at he reads1 8 _s _c be mov$ by ! poem4#ei ,?is anticipates ,boileau's fam\s l9e3-- ,l'esprit n'e/ po9t emu de ce qu'il ne croit pas4#fj ,b beyond & above ! v]isimile1 ! poet mu/ pay special reg>d to ! e?ical elem5t 7il lodevole e l' one/o74 ,a poet ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,pal+5ius1 says t !re are ?ree qualities requir$ ( e poem3-- ,atqui scire opus e/1 triplex g5us esse bonorum1 ,utile1 delectans1 majusque ambobus hone/um4#fa ,poetry1 !n1 is an ideal repres5tation ( life2 b %\ld x be /ill fur!r limit$1 & made an imitation ( only human life8 ,9 o!r words1 are ! actions ( m5 ! only possible !mes ( poetry1 or may x deal1 z 9 ! ,georgics & ! ,de ,r]um ,natura1 ) ! v>i\s facts ( ext]nal nature & ( sci5ce1 :i* are only indirectly connect$ ) human life8 ,may poetry treat ( ! life ( ! _w z well z ( ! life ( m52 & if only ( ! latt]1 is x to be re/rict$ to ! actions ( m51 or may x also depict _! passions1 emotions1 & "*8 ,9 %ort1 h[ f> may ext]nal nature on ! "o h&1 & ! int]nal work+ ( ! human s\l on ! o!r h&1 be reg>d$ z ! subject-matt] ( poetry8 ,ari/otle says t poetry deals ) ! actions ( m51 b he uses ! ^w actions 9 a l>g] s5se ?an _m ( ! ,r5aissance critics appe> to h believ$4 ,8 real mean+ is ?us expla9$ by a mod]n writ]3-- ,ev]y?+ t expresses ! m5tal life1 t reveals a rational p]sonality1 w fall )9 ?is l>g] s5se ( action4444 ,! phrase is virtually an equival5t = ,greek3 e! 7"*71 ,greek3 pa! 7emotion71 ,greek3 praxeis 7action74444 ,! common orig9al f :i* all ! arts draw is human life1--its m5tal processes1 its spiritual movem5ts1 its outw>d acts issu+ f deep] s\rces2 9 a ^w1 all t con/itutes ! inw>d & ess5tial activity ( ! s\l4 ,on ?is pr9ciple l&scape & animals are n rank$ among ! objects ( ae/hetic imitation4 ,! :ole univ]se is n conceiv$ ( z ! raw mat]ial ( art4 ,ari/otle's !ory is 9 agreem5t ) ! practice ( ! ,greek poets & arti/s ( ! classical p]iod1 :o introduce ! ext]nal _w only s f> z x =ms a backgr\nd ( action1 & ent]s z an emotional elem5t into man's life & height5s ! human int]e/4#fb ,ari/otle di/9ctly says t ev5 if a treatise on m$ic9e or natural philosophy be br\ght out 9 v]se1 ! "n ( poet is by cu/om giv5 to ! au?or2 & yet ,hom] & ,emp$ocles h no?+ 9 common except ! mat]ial2 ! =m]1 !re=e1 is prop]ly /yl$ poet1 ! latt]1 physici/ r ?an poet4#fc ,! ,ari/otelian doctr9e 0 v>i\sly conceiv$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,fraca/oro1 = example1 ass]ts t ! imitation ( human life alone is n ( itself a te/ ( poetry1 = su* a te/ w\ld exclude ,emp$ocles & ,lucretius2 x w\ld make ,virgil a poet 9 ! ,a,eneid1 & n a poet 9 ! ,georgics4 ,all matt]s are prop] mat]ial = ! poet1 z ,horace says1 if !y are treat$ poetically2 & al?\gh ! imitation ( m5 & wom5 may seem to be ( high] importance = u :o are m5 & wom51 ! imitation ( human life is no m ! poet's end ?an ! imitation ( any?+ else4#fd ,?is portion ( ,fraca/oro's argum5t may be call$ apologetic1 = ! imitation ( human actions z a te/ ( poetry w\ld exclude mo/ ( 8 own poems1#fe su* z 8 fam\s ,de ,morbo ,gallico 7#aebi71 writt5 be=e ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle 0 felt 9 any?+ b ! m]e ext]nal =ms ( creative lit]ature4 ,= ,fraca/oro1 all ?+s poetically treat$ become poetry1 & ,ari/otle himself#ff says t ev]y?+ becomes pleasant :5 correctly imitat$4 ,s t n ! m]e composition ( v]se1 b ! ,platonic rapture1 ! delight 9 ! true & ess5tial beauty ( ?+s1 is = ,fraca/oro ! te/ ( poetic p[]4 ,v>*i1 on ! o!r h&1 is m 9 accord ) ,ari/otle1 9 conceiv+ ( action1 ! subject-matt] ( poetry1 z includ+ ! passions & habits ( m9d z well z ! m]ely ext]nal actions ( mank9d4 ,by passions ,v>*i means ^? m5tal p]turbations :i* impel u to an action at any p>ticul> "t 7,greek3 pa!72 :ile by mann]s1 or habits ( m9d1 he means ^? m5tal qualities :i* di/+ui% "o man or "o class ( m5 f ano!r 7,greek3 e!74 ,! exclusion ( ! emotional or introspective side ( human life w\ld leave all lyric &1 9 fact1 all subjective v]se out ( ! realms ( poetry2 & x 0 !re=e ess5tial1 9 an age 9 :i* ,petr>* 0 wor%ipp$1 t ! subjective side ( poetry %\ld receive its ju/ification4#fg ,!re is also 9 ,v>*i a mo/ int]e/+ comp>ison betwe5 ! arts ( poetry & pa9t+4#fh ,! basis ( 8 di/9ction is ,horace's ut pictura poesis1 d\btless f\nd$ on ! p>allel ( ,simonides pres]v$ = u by ,plut>*2 & ?is di/9ction1 :i* reg>d$ pa9t+ z sil5t poetry1 & poetry z pa9t+ 9 language1 may be consid]$ almo/ ! keynote ( ,r5aissance criticism1 cont9u+ ev5 up to ! "t ( ,less+4 ,9 ,capriano's ,della ,v]a ,poetica 7#aeee7 poetry is giv5 a preem95t place among all ! arts1 because x does n m]ely deal ) actions or ) ! objects ( any s+le s5se4 ,= ,capriano1 poetry is an ideal repres5tation ( life1 & z su* v]e nutrice e amatrice del no/ro b5e4#fi ,all s5su\s or compreh5sible objects are capable ( be+ imitat$ by v>i\s arts4 ,! nobl] ( ! imitative arts are conc]n$ ) ! objects ( ! nobl] s5ses1 :ile ! ignobl] arts are conc]n$ ) ! objects ( ! s5ses ( ta/e1 t\*1 & smell4 ,poetry is ! f9e/ ( all ! arts1 because x compreh5ds 9 itself all ! faculties & p[]s ( ! o!r arts1 & c 9 fact imitate any?+1 z1 = example1 ! =m ( a lion1 its color1 its f]ocity1 its ro>1 & ! l4 ,x is also ! highe/ =m ( art because x makes use ( ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( imitation1 namely1 words1 & especially s9ce ^! receive ! additional beauty & p[] ( rhy?m4 ,accord+ly1 ,capriano divides poets into two classes3 natural poets1 :o describe ! ?+s ( nature1 & moral poets 7su* z epic & tragic poets71 :o aim at pres5t+ moral lessons & indicat+ ! uses ( life2 & ( ^! two classes ! moral poets are to be rat$ above ! natural poets4 ,b if all ?+s are ! objects ( poetic imitation1 ! poet mu/ "k ev]y?+2 he mu/ h /udi$ nature z well z life2 &1 accord+ly1 ,lion>di1 9 8 dialogues on poetic imitation 7#aeed71 says t to be a good poet1 "o mu/ be a good hi/orian1 a good orator1 & a good natural & moral philosoph] z well2#gj & ,b]n>do ,tasso ass]ts t a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! art ( poetry is only to be ga9$ f ! /udy ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 comb9$ ) a k ( philosophy & ! v>i\s arts & sci5ces1 & va/ exp]i5ce ( ! _w4#ga ,! ,r5aissance1 ) its humani/ic t5d5cies1 nev] q succe$$ 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 erudition & g5ius4 ,scalig] says t no?+ :i* proce$s f solid le>n+ c ev] be out ( place 9 poetry1 & ,fraca/oro 7#aeee7 & ,tomitano 7#aede7 bo? affirm t ! good poet & ! good orator mu/ ess5tially be le>n$ s*ol>s & philosoph]s4 ,scalig] !re=e di/+ui%es ?ree classes ( poets1--fir/1 ! !ological poets1 su* z ,orpheus & ,amphion2 secondly1 ! philosophical poets1 ( two sorts1 natural poets1 su* z ,emp$ocles & ,lucretius1 & moral poets1 :o aga9 are ei!r political1 z ,solon & ,tyrtaeus1 economic1 z ,hesiod1 or common1 z ,phocyllides2 &1 ?irdly1 ! ord9>y poets :o imitate human life4#gb ,! la/ are divid$ accord+ to ! usual ,r5aissance classification into dramatic1 n>rative1 & common or mix$4 ,scalig]'s classification is employ$ by ,sir ,philip ,sidney2#gc & a v simil> subdivision is giv5 by ,m9turno4#gd ,! treatm5t ( ,ca/elvetro1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,poetics 7#aegj71 is at times mu* m 9 accord ) ! true ,ari/otelian conception ?an mo/ ( ! o!r ,r5aissance writ]s4 ,:ile foll[+ ,ari/otle 9 ass]t+ t v]se is n ( ! ess5ce ( poetry1 he %[s t ,ari/otle himself by no means int5d$ to class z poetry works t imitat$ 9 prose1 = ?is 0 n ! cu/om ( ,hell5ic art4 ,prose is n suit$ to imitative or imag9ative subjects1 = we expect !mes treat$ 9 prose to be actual facts4#ge ,v]se does n di/+ui% poetry1 says ,ca/elvetro1 b clo!s & adorns x2 & x is z improp] = poetry to be writt5 9 prose1 or hi/ory 9 v]se1 z x is = wom5 to use ! g>m5ts ( m51 & = m5 to we> ! g>m5ts ( wom54#gf ,! te/ ( poetry !re=e is n ! metre b ! mat]ial4 ,?is approximates to ,ari/otle's own view2 s9ce :ile imitation is :at di/+ui%es ! poetic art1 ,ari/otle1 by limit+ x to ! imitation ( human life1 01 aft] all1 mak+ ! matt] ! te/ ( poetry4 ,ca/elvetro1 h[ev]1 arrives at ?is conclusion on diff]5t gr\nds4 ,sci5ce he reg>ds z n suitable mat]ial = poetry1 & accord+ly su* writ]s z ,lucretius & ,fraca/oro are n poets4 ,!y are good arti/s1 p]haps1 or good philosoph]s1 b n poets2 = ! poet does n attempt to discov] ! tru? ( nature1 b to imitate ! de$s ( m51 & to br+ delight to 8 audi5ce by means ( ?is imitation4 ,moreov]1 poetry1 z w be se5 lat]1 is int5d$ to give delight to ! populace1 ! untra9$ multitude1 to :om ! sci5ces & ! arts are dead lett]s2#gg if we conc$e ^! to be fit !mes = poetry1 !n poetry is ei!r n meant to delight1 or n meant = ! ord9>y p1 b is int5d$ = in/ruction & = ^? only :o are v]s$ 9 sci5ces & arts4 ,moreov]1 comp>+ poetry ) hi/ory1 ,ca/elvetro f9ds t !y resemble ea* o!r 9 _m po9ts1 b are n id5tical4 ,poetry foll[s1 z x 71 9 ! foot/eps ( hi/ory1 b diff]s f x 9 t hi/ory deals ) :at has happ5$1 poetry ) :at is probable2 & ?+s t h happ5$1 ?\gh probable1 are nev] consid]$ 9 poetry z probable1 b always z ?+s t h happ5$4 ,hi/ory1 accord+ly1 does n reg>d v]isimilitude or necessity1 b only tru?2 poetry mu/ take c>e to e/abli% ! probability ( its subject 9 v]isimilitude & necessity1 s9ce x _c reg>d tru?4 ,ca/elvetro 9 common ) mo/ ( ! critics ( ! ,r5aissance seems to misconceive ! full mean+ ( ideal tru?2 = to ! ,r5aissance--nay1 ev5 to ,%akespe>e1 if we are to consid] z 8 own v>i\s phrases :i* he has put into ! m\?s ( 8 dramatic *>act]s--tru? 0 reg>d$ z co9cid5t ) fact2 & no?+ t 0 n actual fact1 h[ev] subord9at$ to ! laws ( probability & necessity1 0 ev] call$ tru?4 ,x is 9 keep+ ) ?is conception ( ! relations betwe5 hi/ory & poetry1 t ,ca/elvetro %\ld diff] n only f ,ari/otle1 b f mo/ ( ! critics ( 8 own "t1 9 ass]t+ t ! ord] ( ! poetic n>rative may be ! same z t ( hi/orical n>rative4 ,9 tell+ a /ory1 he says1 we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves :e!r x has beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 b only :e!r x is fitt$ to its true purpose1 t is1 to delight its auditors by ! n>ration ( c]ta9 circum/ances :i* c\ld possibly happ5 b h n actually happ5$4#gh ,"h ! only vital di/9ction betwe5 hi/ory & poetry is t ! incid5ts rec\nt$ 9 hi/ory h once happ5$1 :ile ^? rec\nt$ 9 poetry h nev] actually happ5$1 or ! matt] w n be reg>d$ z poetry4 ,ari/otle's fundam5tal requirem5t ( ! unity ( ! fable is reg>d$ z uness5tial1 & is simply obs]v$ 9 ord] to %[ ! poet's +5uity4 ,?is notion ( poetic +5uity is con/ant ?r\gh\t ,ca/elvetro's comm5t>y4 ,?us he expla9s ,ari/otle's /atem5t t poetry is m philosophic ?an hi/ory--m philosophic1 accord+ to ,ca/elvetro1 9 ! s5se ( requir+ m ?\ght1 m speculation 9 its composition--by %[+ t x is a m difficult & m +5i\s labor to inv5t ?+s t c\ld possibly happ51 ?an m]ely to repeat ?+s t h actually happ5$4#gi ,,iii4 ,! ,function ( ,poetry ,accord+ to ,/rabo1 x w be rememb]$1 ! object or function ( poetry is pleasurable in/ruction 9 ref]5ce to "*1 emotion1 action4 ,?is occasions ! inquiry z to :at is ! function ( ! poetic art1 &1 fur!rmore1 :at are its relations to morality4 ,! />t+-po9t ( all discussions on ?is subject 9 ! ,r5aissance 0 ! fam\s v]se ( ,horace3-- ,aut prodesse volunt aut delect>e poetae4#hj ,?is l9e sugge/s t ! function ( poetry may be to please1 or to in/ruct1 or bo? to please & in/ruct2 & e "o ( ! writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance takes "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree positions4 ,ari/otle1 z we "k1 reg>d$ poetry z an imitation ( human life1 = ! purpose ( giv+ a c]ta9 ref9$ pleasure to ! read] or he>]4 ,! end ( ! f9e arts is to give pleasure 7,greek3 pros h$on571 or rational enjoym5t 7,greek3 pros diagog574#ha ,x has already be5 said t poetry1 9 s f> z x is an imitation ( human life1 & attempts to be true to human life 9 its ideal aspects1 mu/ fundam5tally be moral2 b to give moral or sci5tific in/ruction is 9 no way ! end or function ( poetry4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,r5aissance 0 9 clos] accord ) ,horace ?an ) ,ari/otle1 9 requir+ = ! mo/ "p ! utile z well z ! dulce 9 poetry4 ,= ,daniello1 "o ( ! e>lie/ critical writ]s ( ! c5tury1 ! function ( ! poet is to tea* & delight4 ,z ! aim ( ! orator is to p]suade1 & ! aim ( ! physician to cure1 s ! aim ( ! poet is equally to tea* & delight2 & unless he tea*es & delights he _c be call$ a poet1 ev5 z "o :o does n p]suade _c be call$ an orator1 or "o :o does n cure1 a physician4#hb ,b beyond pr(itabl5ess & beauty1 ! poet mu/ c>ry ) him a c]ta9 p]suasion1 :i* is "o ( ! highe/ functions ( poetry1 & :i* consi/s 9 mov+ & affect+ ! read] or he>] ) ! v passions depict$2 b ! poet mu/ be mov$ fir/1 be=e he c move o!rs4#hc ,"h ,daniello is r5ew+ ,horace's ,si vis me fl]e1 dol5dum e/ ,primum ipsi tibi1-- a s5tim5t e*o$ by poets z diff]5t z ,vauquel91 ,boileau1 & ,lam>t9e4 ,fraca/oro1 h[ev]1 attempts a deep] analysis ( ! prop] function ( ! poetic art4 ,:at is ! aim ( ! poet8 ,n m]ely to give delight1 = ! fields1 ! />s1 m5 & wom51 ! objects ( poetic imitation !mselves d t2 & poetry1 if x did no m1 c\ld n be said to h any reason = exi/+4 ,nor is x m]ely to tea* & delight1 z ,horace says2 = ! descriptions ( c\ntries1 peoples1 & armies1 ! sci5tific digressions & ! hi/orical ev5ts1 :i* con/itute ! in/ructive side ( poetry1 are d]iv$ f cosmograph]s1 sci5ti/s1 & hi/orians1 :o tea* & delight z mu* z poets d4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! function ( ! poet8 ,x is1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 to describe ! ess5tial beauty ( ?+s1 to aim at ! univ]sal & ideal1 & to p]=m ?is function ) e possible accompanim5t ( beautiful spee*1 ?us affect+ ! m9ds ( m5 9 ! direction ( excell5ce & beauty4 ,portions ( ,fraca/oro's argum5t h be5 allud$ to be=e1 & x w suffice "h to /ate 8 own summ+ up ( ! aim ( ! poet1 :i* is ?is1 ,delect>e et prodesse imit&o 9 unoquoque maxima et pul*]rima p] g5us dic5di simplicit] pul*rum ex conv5i5tibus4#hd ,?is is a m+l+ ( ! ,horatian & ,platonic conceptions ( poetic art4 ,by o!r critics a m practical function 0 giv5 to poetry4 ,giraldi ,c9tio ass]ts t x is ! poet's aim to condemn vice & to praise virtue1 & ,maggi says t poets aim almo/ exclusively at b5efit+ ! m9d4 ,poets :o1 on ! contr>y1 treat ( obsc5e matt]s = ! corruption ( y\?1 may be comp>$ ) infam\s physicians :o give _! pati5ts deadly poison 9 ! guise ( :olesome m$ic9e4 ,horace & ,ari/otle1 accord+ to ,maggi1 are at "o on ?is po9t1 = 9 ! def9ition ( trag$y ,ari/otle ascribes to x a di/9ctly useful purpose1 & :atev] delight is obta9able is to be reg>d$ z a result ( ?is moral function2 = ,maggi & ! ,r5aissance critics 9 g5]al w\ld foll[ ! ,elizabe?an poet :o speaks ( delight1 ! fruit ( virtue de>ly lov$4 ,muzio1 9 8 v]sifi$ ,arte ,poetica 7#aeee71 reg>ds ! end ( poetry z pleasure & pr(it1 & ! pleasurable aim ( poetry z atta9$ by v>iety1 = ! greate/ poems conta9 e phase ( life & art4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,v>*i class$ poetry ) rational philosophy4 ,! end ( all arts & sci5ces is to make human life p]fect & happy2 b !y diff] 9 _! modes ( produc+ ?is result4 ,philosophy atta9s its end by tea*+2 rhetoric1 by p]suasion2 hi/ory1 by n>ration2 poetry1 by imitation or repres5tation4 ,! aim ( ! poet1 !re=e1 is to make ! human s\l p]fect & happy1 & x is 8 (fice to imitate1 t is1 to inv5t & repres5t1 ?+s :i* r5d] m5 virtu\s1 & consequ5tly happy4 ,poetry atta9s ?is end m p]fectly ?an any ( ! o!r arts or sci5ces1 because x does s1 n by means ( precept1 b by means ( example4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( mak+ m5 virtu\s1--by tea*+ !m :at vice is & :at virtue is1 :i* is ! prov9ce ( e?ics2 by actually *a/is+ vices & rew>d+ virtues1 :i* is ! prov9ce ( law2 or by example1 t is1 by ! repres5tation ( virtu\s m5 receiv+ suitable rew>ds = _! virtue1 & ( vici\s m5 receiv+ suitable puni%m5ts1 :i* is ! prov9ce ( poetry4 ,?is la/ me?od is ! mo/ efficaci\s1 because x is accompani$ by delight4 ,= m5 ei!r c n or w n take ! tr\ble to /udy sci5ces & virtues--nay1 d n ev5 l to be told :at !y %\ld or %\ld n d2 b 9 he>+ or read+ poetic examples1 n only is !re no tr\ble1 b !re is ! greate/ delight1 & no "o c help be+ mov$ by ! repres5tation ( *>act]s :o are rew>d$ or puni%$ accord+ to an ideal ju/ice4 ,= ,v>*i1 !n1 z = ,sir ,philip ,sidney lat]1 ! high importance ( poetry is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x tea*es morality bett] ?an any o!r art1 & ! reason is t its in/rum5t is n precept b example1 :i* is ! mo/ delightful & h5ce ! mo/ efficaci\s ( all means4 ,! function ( poetry is1 !re=e1 a moral "o1 & x consi/s 9 remov+ ! vices ( m5 & incit+ !m to virtue4 ,?is tw(old moral object ( poetry--! removal ( vices1 :i* is passive1 & ! incitem5t to virtue1 :i* is active--is admirably atta9$1 = example1 by ,dante 9 8 ,div9a ,comm$ia2 = 9 ! ,inf]no evil m5 are s fe>fully puni%$ t we resolve to flee f e =m ( vice1 & 9 ! ,p>adiso virtu\s m5 are s glori\sly rew>d$ t we resolve to imitate e "o ( _! p]fections4 ,?is is ! expression ( ! extreme view ( poetic ju/ice2 & :ile x is 9 keep+ ) ! common s5tim5t ( ! ,r5aissance1 x is ( c\rse entirely un-,ari/otelian4 ,scalig]'s po9t ( view is 9 accord ) ! common ,r5aissance tradition4 ,poetry is imitation1 b imitation is n ! end ( poetry4 ,imitation = its own sake--t is1 art = art's sake--receives no enc\ragem5t f ,scalig]4 ,! purpose ( poetry is to tea* delightfully 7doc]e cum delectatione72 &1 !re=e1 n imitation1 z ,ari/otle says1 b delightful in/ruction1 is ! te/ ( poetry4#he ,m9turno 7#aeei7 adds a ?ird elem5t to t ( in/ruction & ( delight4#hf ,! function ( poetry is n only to tea* & delight1 b also to move1 t is1 beyond in/ruction & delight ! poet mu/ impel c]ta9 passions 9 ! read] or he>]1 & incite ! m9d to admiration ( :at is describ$4#hg ,an ideal h]o may be repres5t$ 9 a poem1 b ! poem is futile unless x excites ! read] to admiration ( ! h]o depict$4 ,accord+ly1 x is ! peculi> (fice ( ! poet to move admiration = great m52 = ! orator1 ! philosoph]1 & ! hi/orian ne$ n necess>ily d s1 b no "o :o does n incite ?is admiration c really be call$ a poet4 ,?is new elem5t ( admiration is ! logical consequ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance position t philosophy tea*es by precept1 b poetry by example1 & t 9 ?is consi/s its sup]ior e?ical efficacy4 ,9 ,s5eca's phrase1 longum it] p] praecepta1 breve p] exempla4 ,if poetry1 !re=e1 atta9s its end by means ( example1 x foll[s t to arrive at ?is end ! poet mu/ incite 9 ! read] an admiration ( ! example1 or ! e?ical aim ( poetry w n be accompli%$4 ,poetry is m ?an a m]e passive expression ( tru? 9 ! mo/ pleasurable mann]2 x becomes l oratory an active exhortation to virtue1 by attempt+ to create 9 ! read]'s m9d a /rong desire to be l ! h]oes he is read+ ab\t4 ,! poet does n tell :at vices are to be avoid$ & :at virtues are to be imitat$1 b sets be=e ! read] or he>] ! mo/ p]fect types ( ! v>i\s virtues & vices4 ,x is1 9 ,sidney's phrase 7a phrase app>5tly borr[$ f ,m9turno71 t feign+ notable images ( virtues1 vices1 or :at else1 ) t delightful in/ruction1 :i* mu/ be ! "r describ+ note to "k a poet by4 ,dryd51 a c5tury lat]1 seems to be insi/+ ^u ?is same pr9ciple ( admiration :5 he says t x is ! "w ( ! poet to affect ! s\l1 & excite ! passions1 & above all to move admiration1 :i* is ! delight ( s]i\s plays4#hh ,b ,m9turno goes ev5 fur!r ?an ?is4 ,if ! poet is fundam5tally a tea*] ( virtue1 x foll[s t he mu/ be a virtu\s man himself2 & 9 po9t+ ?is out1 ,m9turno has giv5 ! fir/ complete expression 9 mod]n times ( ! consecrat$ conception ( ! poet's (fice4 ,z no =m ( k & no moral excell5ce is =eign to ! poet1 s at bottom he is ! truly wise & good man4 ,! poet may1 9 fact1 be def9$ z a good man skill$ 9 language & imitation2 n only ought he to be a good man1 b no "o w be a good poet unless he is s4#hi ,?is conception ( ! moral nature ( ! poet may be trac$ h5ce=? ?r\gh\t mod]n times4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ,rons>d#ij & o!r ,fr5* & ,italian writ]s2 x is especially noticeable 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & is insi/$ on by ,b5 ,jonson1#ia ,milton1#ib ,%aftesbury1#ic ,col]idge1#id & ,%elley4#ie ,9 ?is idea ,plato's praise ( ! philosoph]1 z well z ,cic]o's & ,qu9tilian's praise ( ! orator1 0 by ! ,r5aissance transf]r$ to ! poet2#if b ! conception itself goes back to a passage 9 ,/rabo's ,geography1 a "w well kn[n to sixte5?-c5tury s*ol>s4 ,?is passage is z foll[s3-- ,c we possibly imag9e t ! g5ius1 p[]1 & excell5ce ( a real poet consi/ 9 aught else ?an ! j imitation ( life 9 =m$ disc\rse & numb]s8 ,b h[ %\ld he be t j imitator ( life1 :il/ he himself kn[s n its measures1 nor h[ to guide himself by judgm5t & und]/&+8 ,= we h n surely ! same notion ( ! poet's excell5ce z ( ! ord9>y craftsman's1 ! subject ( ^: art is s5seless /one or timb]1 )\t life1 dignity1 or beauty2 :il/ ! poet's art turn+ pr9cipally on m5 & mann]s1 he has 8 virtues & excell5ce z poet naturally annex$ to human excell5ce1 & to ! wor? & dignity ( man1 insomu* t x is impossible he %\ld be a great & wor?y poet :o is n fir/ a wor?y & good man4#ig ,ano!r writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,b]n>do ,tasso1 tells u t 9 8 poem ( ! ,amadigi he has aim$ at delight r ?an pr(itable in/ruction4#ih ,i h sp5t mo/ ( my ef=ts1 he says1 9 attempt+ to please1 z x seems to me t ?is is m necess>y1 & also m difficult to atta92 = we f9d by exp]i5ce t _m poets may in/ruct & b5efit u v mu*1 b c]ta9ly give u v little delight4 ,?is agrees ) :at "o ( ! sane/ ( ,engli% critics1 ,john ,dryd5 7#affh71 has said ( v]se1 ,i am satisfi$ if x caus$ delight1 = delight is ! *ief if n ! only end ( poesie2 in/ruction c be admitt$ b 9 ! second place1 = poesie only in/ructs z x delights4#ii ,x is ?is same end :i* ,ca/elvetro 7#aegj7 ascribes to poetic art4 ,= ,ca/elvetro1 z 9 a less] degree = ,robortelli also1 ! end ( poetry is delight1 & delight alone4#ajj ,?is1 he ass]ts1 is ! position ( ,ari/otle1 & if utility is to be conc$$ to poetry at all1 x is m]ely z an accid5t1 z 9 ! tragic purgation ( t]ror & compassion4#aja ,b he goes fur!r ?an ,ari/otle w\ld h be5 will+ to g2 = poetry1 accord+ to ,ca/elvetro1 is int5d$ n m]ely to please1 b to please ! populace1 9 fact ev]ybody1 ev5 ! vulg> mob4#ajb ,on ?is he insi/s ?r\gh\t 8 comm5t>y2 inde$1 z w be se5 lat]1 x is on ?is conception t 8 !ory ( ! drama is prim>ily bas$4 ,b x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ,ari/otle w\ld h will+ly e*o$ ! conclusion ( ,%akespe>e1 z express$ 9 ,hamlet1 t ! c5sure ( "o ( ! judici\s mu/ o'erweigh a :ole !atre ( o!rs4 ,at ! same "t1 ,ca/elvetro's conception is 9 keep+ ) a c]ta9 mod]n feel+ 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( poetic art4 ,?us a rec5t writ] reg>ds lit]ature z aim+ at ! pleasure ( ! greate/ possible numb] ( ! nation r ?an in/ruction & practical effects1 & z apply+ to g5]al r ?an specializ$ k4#ajc ,!re is1 !n1 9 ,ca/elvetro's argum5t ?is modicum ( tru?1 t poetry appeals to no specializ$ k1 b t its function is1 z ,col]idge says1 to give a def9ite & imm$iate pleasure4 ,torquato ,tasso1 z might be expect$1 reg>ds poetry 9 a m highly ideal s5se4 ,8 conception ( ! function ( poets & ( ! poetic art may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,! univ]se is beautiful 9 itself1 because beauty is a ray f ! ,div9e spl5dor2 & h5ce art %\ld seek to approa* z closely z possible to nature1 & to cat* & express ?is natural beauty ( ! _w4#ajd ,real beauty1 h[ev]1 is n s call$ because ( any usefulness x may possess1 b is prim>ily beautiful 9 itself2 = ! beautiful is :at pleases e "o1 j z ! good is :at e "o desires4#aje ,beauty is !re=e ! fl[] ( ! good 7quasi un fiore del buono72 x is ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ( :i* ! good is ! c5tre1 & accord+ly1 poetry1 z an expression ( ?is beauty1 imitates ! outw>d %[ ( life 9 its g5]al aspects4 ,poetry is !re=e an imitation ( human actions1 made = ! guidance ( life2 & its end is delight1 ord9ato al giovam5to4#ajf ,x mu/ ess5tially delight1 ei!r because delight is its aim1 or because delight is ! necess>y means ( effect+ ! e?ical end ( art4#ajg ,?us1 = example1 h]oic poetry consi/s ( imitation & allegory1 ! function ( ! =m] be+ to cause delight1 & t ( ! latt] to give in/ruction & guidance 9 life4 ,b s9ce difficult or obscure conceits r>ely delight1 & s9ce ! poet does n appeal to ! le>n$ only1 b to ! p1 j z ! orator does1 ! poet's idea mu/ be1 if n popul> 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 at lea/ intelligible to ! p4 ,n[ ! p w n /udy difficult problems2 b poetry1 by appeal+ to !m on ! side ( pleasure1 tea*es !m :e!r !y w or no2 & ?is con/itutes ! true effectiv5ess ( poetry1 = x is ! mo/ delightful1 & h5ce ! mo/ valuable1 ( tea*]s4#ajh ,su*1 !n1 are ! v>i\s conceptions ( ! function ( poetry1 z held by ! critics ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be said t at bottom ! conception 0 an e?ical "o1 =1 ) ! exception ( su* a revolution>y _s z ,ca/elvetro1 by mo/ !ori/s x 0 z an effective guide to life t poetry 0 *iefly valu$4 ,ev5 :5 delight 0 admitt$ z an end1 x 0 simply because ( its usefulness 9 effect+ ! e?ical aim4 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 x may be well to say a few words1 & only a few1 ^u ! classification ( poetic =ms4 ,!re 7 dur+ ! ,r5aissance num]\s attempts at di/+ui%+ ^! =ms1 b on ! :ole all ( !m are fundam5tally equival5t to t ( ,m9turno1 :o recognizes ?ree g5res1--! lyric or melic1 ! dramatic or sc5ic1 & ! epic or n>rative4 ,?is classification is ess5tially t ( ! ,greeks1 & x has la/$ d[n to ?is v day4 ,) lyric poetry ?is essay is sc>cely conc]n$1 = dur+ ! ,r5aissance !re 0 no sy/ematic lyric !ory4 ,^? :o discuss$ x at all gave mo/ ( _! att5tion to its =mal /ructure1 its /yle1 & especially ! conceit x conta9$4 ,! model ( all lyrical poetry 0 ,petr>*1 & x 0 9 accordance ) ! lyrical poet's agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! ,petr>*an me?od t he 0 reg>d$ z a success or a failure4 ,muzio's critical poem 7#aeea7 deals almo/ entirely ) lyrical v]se1 & !re are discussions on ?is subject 9 ! works ( ,triss9o1 ,equicola1 ,ruscelli1 ,scalig]1 & ,m9turno4 ,b ! real "q at issue 9 all ^! discussions is m]ely t ( ext]nal =m1 & x is ) ! "q ( pr9ciples1 9 s f> z !y reg>d lit]>y criticism1 t ?is essay is prim>ily conc]n$4 ,! !ory ( dramatic & epic poetry1 be+ fundam5tal1 w !re=e receive almo/ exclusive att5tion4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #dj ,robortelli1 p4 #a sq4 #da ,?is analysis ( ,zab>ella1 ,op]a ,logica1 ,de ,natura ,logicae1 ii4 #ac-bc1 ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,but*] ( ,ed9burgh4 ,zab>ella probably d]iv$ 8 k ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics f ,robortelli1 "u :om he /udi$ ,greek4 ,cf4 ,bayle1 ,dict4 s4 v4 ,zab>ella4 #db ,maggi1 p4 #bh sq4 ,cf4 ,b4 ,tasso1 ,lett]e1 ii4 #ead2 ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #b2 ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #g2 ,salviati1 ,cod4 ,magliabe*4 ii4 ii4 #aa1 fol4 #chd v42 ,b4 ,jonson1 ,timb]1 p4 #gd4 #dc ,daniello1 p4 #da sq4 #dd ,robortelli1 p4 #hf sq4 #de ,robortelli1 p4 #ij sq4 #df ,fraca/oro1 i4 #cdj4 #dg ,fraca/oro1 i4 #ceg sq4 #dh ,poet4 vi4 #b4 #di ,v>*i1 p4 #egh4 #ej ,e4g4 ,piccolom9i1 p4 #bg sq4 #ea ,tirabos*i1 vii4 #acca4 #eb ,summo1 pp4 #fa-fi4 #ec ,poet4 iii4 #ie4 #ed ,poet4 i4 #a4 #ee ,ano!r critic ( ! "t1 ,vettori1 #aefj1 pp4 #ad1 #ic1 attacks poetic prose on ! gr\nd t 9 ,ari/otle's def9ition ( ! v>i\s poetic =ms1 v]se is always spok5 ( z an ess5tial "p4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! phrase poetic prose is us$1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 9 ,m9turno1 ,arte ,poetica1 #aefd1 p4 #c1 etc4 #ef ,op]e1 x4 #bed4 ,cf4 ,m9turno1 ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #cc4 #eg ,poet4 iii4 #if4 #eh ,muzio1 p4 #fi4 #ei ,giraldi ,c9tio1 i4 #fa4 #fj ,art ,poet4 iii4 #ej4 ,cf4 ,horace1 ,ars ,poet4 #ahh4 #fa ,zodiac4 ,vitae1 i4 #adc4 #fb ,but*]1 pp4 #aag1 #aah4 #fc ,poet4 i4 #h4 #fd ,fraca/oro1 i4 #cce sq4 #fe ,cf4 ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #bg sq4 #ff ,rhet4 i4 #aa4 #fg ,cf4 ,a4 ,segni1 #aeha1 cap4 i4 #fh ,v>*i1 p4 #bbg sq4 #fi ,capriano1 cap4 ii4 #gj ,lion>di1 p4 #dc sq4 #ga ,lett]e1 ii4 #ebe4 #gb ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #b4 #gc ,def5se1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #gd ,de ,poeta1 p4 #ec sq4 #ge ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #bc sq4 #gf ,ibid4 p4 #aij4 #gg ,cf4 ,t4 ,tasso1 xi4 #ea4 #gh ,poetica1 p4 #aeh4 #gi ,poetica1 p4 #aia4 #hj ,ars ,poet4 #ccc4 #ha ,but*]1 p4 #ahe4 #hb ,daniello1 p4 #be4 #hc ,ibid4 p4 #dj4 #hd ,fraca/oro1 i4 #cfc4 #he ,scalig]1 ,poet4 vi4 ii4 #b4 #hf ,de ,poeta1 p4 #ajb4 ,cf4 ,scalig]1 ,poet4 iii4 #if4 #hg ,de ,poeta1 p4 #aa4 #hh ,essay ( ,dramatic ,poesy1 p4 #ajd4 #hi ,de ,poeta1 p4 #gi4 #ij ,oeuvres1 vii4 #cah4 #ia ,works1 i4 #ccc4 #ib ,prose ,works1 iii4 #aah4 #ic ,*>act]i/icks1 #agaa1 i4 #bjg4 #id ,h4 ,c4 ,rob9son1 ,di>y1 ,may #bi1 #ahab1 ,col]idge talk$ ( ! impossibility ( be+ a good poet )\t be+ a good man4 #ie ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 p4 #db4 #if ,m9turno pla9ly says z mu*1 ,de ,poeta1 p4 #aje4 #ig ,geog4 i4 ii4 #e1 z cit$ by ,%aftesbury4 #ih ,lett]e1 ii4 #aie4 #ii ,essay ( ,dramatic ,poesy1 p4 #ajd4 #ajj ,cf4 ,piccolom9i1 p4 #cfi4 #aja ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #eje4 ,cf4 ,tw9+1 ii4 #ddi1 #dej4 #ajb ,poetica1 p4 #bi4 #ajc ,posnett1 cit$ by ,cook1 p4 #bdg4 #ajd ,op]e1 viii4 #bf sq4 #aje ,ibid4 ix4 #abc4 #ajf ,ibid4 xii4 #ac4 #ajg ,ibid4 xi4 #ej4 #ajh ,ibid4 xii4 #bab4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,drama ,,ari/otle',s def9ition ( trag$y is ! basis ( ! ,r5aissance !ory ( trag$y4 ,t def9ition is z foll[s3 ,trag$y is an imitation ( an action t is s]i\s1 complete1 & ( a c]ta9 magnitude2 9 language embelli%$ ) ea* k9d ( arti/ic ornam5t1 ! sev]al k9ds be+ f\nd 9 sep>ate p>ts ( ! play2 9 ! =m ( action1 n ( n>ration2 ?r\gh pity & fe> effect+ ! prop] ka?>sis or purgation ( ^! emotions4#aji ,to exp& ?is def9ition1 trag$y1 9 common ) all o!r =ms ( poetry1 is ! imitation ( an action2 b ! action ( trag$y is di/+ui%$ f t ( com$y 9 be+ grave & s]i\s4 ,! action is complete1 9 s f> z x possesses p]fect unity2 & 9 l5g? x mu/ be ( ! prop] magnitude4 ,by embelli%$ language1 ,ari/otle means language into :i* rhy?m1 h>mony1 & song ent]2 & by ! rem>k t ! sev]al k9ds are to be f\nd 9 sep>ate p>ts ( ! play1 he means t "s p>ts ( trag$y are r5d]$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( v]se alone1 :ile o!rs receive ! aid ( song4 ,moreov]1 trag$y is di/+ui%$ f epic poetry by be+ 9 ! =m ( action in/ead ( t ( n>ration4 ,! la/ portion ( ,ari/otle's def9ition describes ! peculi> function ( tragic p]=mance4 ,i4 ,! ,subject ( ,trag$y ,trag$y is ! imitation ( a s]i\s action1 t is1 an action bo? grave & great1 or1 z ! sixte5? c5tury translat$ ! ^w1 illu/ri\s4 ,n[1 :at con/itutes a s]i\s action1 & :at actions are n suit$ to ! dignifi$ "* ( trag$y8 ,daniello 7#aecf7 di/+ui%es trag$y f com$y 9 t ! comic poets deal ) ! mo/ famili> & dome/ic1 n to say base & vile op]ations2 ! tragic poets1 ) ! dea?s ( high k+s & ! ru9s ( great empires4#aaj ,:i*ev] ( ^! matt]s ! poet selects %\ld be treat$ )\t admixture ( any o!r =m2 if he resolves to treat ( grave matt]s1 m]e lovel9ess %\ld be exclud$2 if ( !mes ( lovel9ess1 he %\ld exclude all grave !mes4 ,"h1 at ! v beg9n+ ( dramatic discussion1 ! /rict sep>ation ( !mes or g5res is advocat$ 9 z =mal a mann] z ev] dur+ ! p]iod ( classicism2 & ?is 0 nev] deviat$ f1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 by any ( ! writ]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,daniello1 ! dignifi$ "* ( trag$y dem&s t all unseemly1 cruel1 impossible1 or ignoble incid5ts %\ld be exclud$ f ! /age2 :ile ev5 com$y %\ld n attempt to repres5t any lascivi\s act4#aaa ,?is 0 m]ely a d$uction f ,s5ecan trag$y & ! g5]al practice ( ! classics4 ,!re is1 9 ,daniello's !ory ( trag$y1 no s+le ,ari/otelian elem5t1 & x 0 n until ab\t a decade lat] t ,ari/otle's !ory ( trag$y play$ any consid]able "p 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 #aedc1 h[ev]1 ! ,poetics _h already become a "p ( univ]sity /udy1 = ,giraldi ,c9tio1 9 8 ,discorso sulle ,com$ie e sulle ,trag$ie1 writt5 9 t ye>1 says t x 0 a regul> academic ex]cise to comp>e "s ,greek trag$y1 su* z ! ,o$ipus ( ,sophocles1 ) a trag$y ( ,s5eca on ! same subject1 us+ ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle z a dramatic text-book4#aab ,giraldi di/+ui%es trag$y f com$y on some:at ! same gr\nds z ,daniello4 ,trag$y & com$y1 he says1 agree 9 t !y are bo? imitations ( an action1 b !y diff] 9 t ! =m] imitates ! illu/ri\s & royal1 ! latt] ! popul> & civil4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle says t com$y imitates ! worse sort ( actions1 n t !y are vici\s & crim9al1 b t1 z reg>ds nobility1 !y are worse :5 comp>$ ) royal actions4 ,giraldi's position is made cle> by 8 fur!r /atem5t t ! actions ( trag$y are call$ illu/ri\s1 n because !y are virtu\s or vici\s1 b m]ely because !y are ! actions ( p ( ! highe/ rank4#aac ,?is conception ( ! s]i\s action ( trag$y1 :i* makes its dignity ! result ( ! rank ( ^? :o are its actors1 & ?us reg>ds rank z ! real di/+ui%+ m>k betwe5 com$y & trag$y1 0 n only common ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance1 b ev5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( classicism1 & _h an extraord9>y effect on ! mod]n drama1 especially 9 ,france4 ,?us ,daci] 7#afib7 says t x is n necess>y t ! action be illu/ri\s & important 9 itself3 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be v ord9>y or common2 b x mu/ be s by ! quality ( ! p]sons :o act4444 ,! greatness ( ^! em95t m5 r5d]s ! action great1 & _! reputation makes x cr$ible & possible4#aad ,aga91 ,robortelli 7#aedh7 ma9ta9s t trag$y deals only ) ! great] sort ( m5 7prae/antiores71 because ! fall ( m5 ( su* rank into mis]y & disgrace produces great] commis]ation 7:i* is1 z w be se51 "o ( ! functions ( trag$y7 ?an ! fall ( m5 ( m]ely ord9>y rank4 ,ano!r comm5tator on ! ,poetics1 ,maggi 7#aeej71 gives a slightly diff]5t explanation ( ,ari/otle's mean+4 ,maggi ass]ts t ,ari/otle1#aae 9 say+ t com$y deals ) ! worse & trag$y ) ! bett] sort ( m51 means to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? ^: rank is l[] or high] ?an t ( ord9>y m52 com$y deal+ ) slaves1 tradesm51 maids]vants1 buffoons1 & o!r l[ p1 trag$y ) k+s & h]oes4#aaf ,?is explanation is def5d$ on gr\nds simil> to ^? giv5 by ,robortelli1 t is1 ! *ange f felicity to infelicity is great] & m noticeable 9 ! greate/ m54#aag ,?is conception ( ! rank ( ! *>act]s z ! di/+ui%+ m>k betwe5 trag$y & com$y is1 x ne$ n be said1 entirely un-,ari/otelian4 ,ari/otle does und\bt$ly hold1 says ,pr(essor ,but*]1 t actors 9 trag$y ought to be illu/ri\s by bir? & position4 ,! n>r[ & trivial life ( obscure p]sons _c give scope = a great & significant action1 "o ( tragic consequ5ce4 ,b n[h]e does he make outw>d rank ! di/+ui%+ feature ( tragic z oppos$ to comic repres5tation4 ,moral nobility is :at he dem&s2 & ?is--on ! ,fr5* /age1 or at lea/ ) ,fr5* critics--is trans=m$ into an inflat$ dignity1 a c\rtly etiquette & decorum1 :i* seem$ prop] to high rank4 ,! in/ance is "o ( _m 9 :i* lit]>y critics h :olly conf\nd$ ! tea*+ ( ,ari/otle4#aah ,?is di/9ction1 !n1 ?\gh common up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is n to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle2 b ! fact is1 t a simil> di/9ction c be trac$1 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 ?r\gh\t classical antiquity1 back almo/ to ! "t ( ,ari/otle himself4 ,! gramm>ian1 ,diom$es1 has pres]v$ ! def9ition ( trag$y =mulat$ by ,!ophra/us1 ,ari/otle's successor z head ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 trag$y is a *ange 9 ! =tune ( a h]o4#aai ,a ,greek def9ition ( com$y pres]v$ by ,diom$es1 & ascrib$ to ,!ophra/us also1#abj speaks ( com$y z deal+ ) private & civil =tunes1 )\t ! elem5t ( dang]4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! accept$ ,roman notion ( com$y4 ,9 ! treatise ( ,euan?ius-,donatus1 com$y is said to deal ) ! common =tunes ( m51 to beg9 turbul5tly1 b to end tranquilly & happily2 trag$y1 on ! o!r h&1 has only mighty p]sonages1 & ends t]ribly2 its subject is (t5 hi/orical1 :ile t ( com$y is always inv5t$ by ! poet4#aba ,! ?ird book ( ,diom$es's ,ars ,grammatica1 bas$ on ,suetonius's tractate ,de ,poetis 7writt5 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d471 di/+ui%es trag$y f com$y 9 t only h]oes1 great lead]s1 & k+s are introduc$ 9 trag$y1 :ile 9 com$y ! *>act]s are humble & private p]sons2 9 ! =m]1 lam5tations1 exiles1 blood%$ pr$om9ate1 9 ! latt]1 love affairs & s$uctions4#abb ,isidore ( ,seville1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 says v mu* ! same ?+3 ,comic poets treat ( ! acts ( private m51 :ile tragic poets treat ( public matt]s & ! hi/ories ( k+s2 tragic !mes are bas$ on sorr[ful affairs1 comic !mes on joyful ones4#abc ,9 ano!r place he speaks ( trag$y z deal+ ) ! anci5t de$s & misde$s ( infam\s k+s1 & ( com$y z deal+ ) ! actions ( private m51 & ) ! defilem5t ( maid5s & ! love affairs ( /rumpets4#abd ,9 ! ,ca?olicon ( ,johannes ,janu5sis de ,balbis 7#abhf7 trag$y & com$y are di/+ui%$ on simil> gr\nds3 trag$y deals only ) k+s & pr9ces1 com$y ) private citiz5s2 ! /yle ( ! =m] is elevat$1 t ( ! latt] humble2 com$y beg9s sorr[fully & ends joyfully1 trag$y beg9s joyfully & ends mis]ably & t]ribly4#abe ,= ,dante1 any poem writt5 9 an elevat$ & sublime /yle1 beg9n+ happily & end+ 9 mis]y & t]ror1 is a trag$y2 8 own great vision1 writt5 z x is 9 ! v]nacul>1 & beg9n+ 9 hell & end+ glori\sly 9 p>adise1 he calls a com$y4#abf ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t dur+ ! po/-classic p]iod & ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 com$y & trag$y 7 di/+ui%$ on any or all ( ! foll[+ gr\nds3-- i4 ,! *>act]s 9 trag$y are k+s1 pr9ces1 or great lead]s2 ^? 9 com$y1 humble p]sons & private citiz5s4 ii4 ,trag$y deals ) great & t]rible actions2 com$y ) famili> & dome/ic actions4 iii4 ,trag$y beg9s happily & ends t]ribly2 com$y beg9s r turbul5tly & ends joyfully4 iv4 ,! /yle & diction ( trag$y are elevat$ & sublime2 :ile ^? ( com$y are humble & colloquial4 v4 ,! subjects ( trag$y are g5]ally hi/orical2 ^? ( com$y are always inv5t$ by ! poet4 vi4 ,com$y deals l>gely ) love & s$uction2 trag$y ) exile & blood%$4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! tradition t %ap$ ! un-,ari/otelian conception ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 com$y & trag$y1 :i* p]si/$ ?r\gh\t & ev5 beyond ! ,r5aissance4 ,giraldi ,c9tio has foll[$ mo/ ( ^! traditional di/9ctions1 b he is 9 clos] accord ) ,ari/otle#abg :5 he ass]ts t ! tragic z well z ! comic plot may be purely imag9>y & inv5t$ by ! poet4#abh ,he expla9s ! traditional conception t ! tragic fable %\ld be hi/orical1 on ! gr\nd t z trag$y deals ) ! de$s ( k+s & illu/ri\s m51 x w\ld n be probable t rem>kable actions ( su* great p]sonages %\ld be left unrecord$ 9 hi/ory1 :]eas ! private ev5ts treat$ 9 com$y c\ld h>dly be kn[n to all4 ,giraldi1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t x does n matt] :e!r ! tragic poet inv5ts 8 /ory or n1 s long z x foll[s ! law ( probability4 ,! poet %\ld *oose an action t is probable & dignifi$1 t does n ne$ ! int]v5tion ( a god 9 ! unravell+ ( ! plot1 t does n occupy mu* m ?an ! space ( a day1 & t c be repres5t$ on ! /age 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs4#abi ,9 respect to ! d5\em5t ( trag$y1 x may be happy or unhappy1 b 9 ei!r case x mu/ ar\se pity & t]ror2 & z = ! classic notion t no dea?s %\ld be repres5t$ on ! /age1 ,giraldi decl>es t ^? :i* are n excessively pa9ful may be repres5t$1 = !y are repres5t$ n = ! sake ( commis]ation b ( ju/ice4 ,! argum5t "h c5tres ab\t ,ari/otle's phrase ,greek3 en to phan]o ?anatoi1#acj b ! common practice ( classicism 0 bas$ on ,horace's express prohibition3-- ,ne pu]os coram populo ,m$ea trucidet4#aca ,giraldi gives x z a univ]sal rule ( ! drama t no?+ %\ld be repres5t$ on ! /age :i* c\ld n ) propriety be done 9 "o's own h\se4#acb ,scalig]'s treatm5t ( ! dramatic =ms is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because ( its great influ5ce on ! neo-classical drama4 ,he def9es trag$y z an imitation ( an illu/ri\s ev5t1 end+ unhappily1 writt5 9 a grave & weighty /yle1 & 9 v]se4#acc ,"h he has disc>d$1 or at lea/ disreg>d$1 ! ,ari/otelian def9ition ( trag$y1 9 favor ( ! traditional conception :i* _h come d[n ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,real trag$y1 accord+ to ,scalig]1 is entirely s]i\s2 & al?\gh !re are a few happy end+s 9 anci5t trag$y1 ! unhappy end+ is mo/ prop] to ! _s ( trag$y itself4 ,mortes aut exilia--^! are ! fit accompanim5ts ( ! tragic cata/rophe4#acd ,! action beg9s tranquilly1 b ends horribly2 ! *>act]s are k+s & pr9ces1 f cities1 ca/les1 & camps2 ! language is grave1 poli%$1 & entirely oppos$ to colloquial spee*2 ! aspect ( ?+s is tr\bl$1 ) t]rors1 m5aces1 exiles1 & dea?s on e h&4 ,tak+ z 8 model ,s5eca1 :om he rates above all ! ,greeks 9 maje/y1#ace he gives z ! typical !mes ( trag$y ! m&ates ( k+s1 slaught]s1 despairs1 executions1 exiles1 loss ( p>5ts1 p>ricides1 ince/s1 conflagrations1 battles1 loss ( sight1 te>s1 %rieks1 lam5tations1 burials1 epitaphs1 & fun]al songs4#acf ,trag$y is fur!r di/+ui%$ f com$y on ! gr\nd t ! latt] d]ives its argum5t & its *ief *>act]s f hi/ory1 inv5t+ m]ely ! m9or *>act]s2 :ile com$y inv5ts its argum5ts & all its *>act]s1 & gives !m names ( _! own4 ,scalig] di/+ui%es m51 = ! purposes ( dramatic poetry1 accord+ to "* & rank2#acg b x w\ld seem t he reg>d$ rank alone z ! di/+ui%+ m>k betwe5 trag$y & com$y4 ,?us trag$y is made to diff] f com$y 9 ?ree ?+s3 9 ! rank ( ! *>act]s1 9 ! quality ( ! actions1 & 9 _! diff]5t end+s2 & z a result ( ^! diff]5ces1 9 /yle also4 ,! def9ition ( trag$y giv5 by ,m9turno1 9 8 treatise ,de ,poeta 7#aeei71 is m]ely a p>aphrase ( ,ari/otle's4 ,he conceives ( trag$y z describ+ casus h]\m cuius sibi quisque =tunae fu]it fab]1 & x ?us acts z a w>n+ to m5 aga9/ pride ( rank1 insol5ce1 av>ice1 lu/1 & simil> passions4#ach ,x is grave & illu/ri\s because its *>act]s are illu/ri\s2 & no v>iety ( p]sons or ev5ts %\ld be introduc$ t are n 9 keep+ ) ! calamit\s end+4 ,! language ?r\gh\t mu/ be grave & sev]e2 & ,m9turno has express$ 8 c5sure 9 su* matt]s by ! phrase1 poema amatorio mollique s]mone effoem9at1#aci a c5sure :i* w\ld d\btless apply to a l>ge portion ( classic ,fr5* trag$y4 ,9 ,ca/elvetro 7#aegj7 we f9d a f> m complete !ory ( ! drama ?an _h be5 attempt$ by any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 "w is by no means a model ( :at a comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,poetics %\ld be4 ,9 ! next c5tury1 ,daci]1 ^: subs]vi5ce to ,ari/otle 0 ev5 great] ?an t ( any ( ! ,italians1 accuses ,ca/elvetro ( lack+ e quality necess>y to a good int]pret] ( ,ari/otle4 ,he knew no?+1 says ,daci]1 ( ! !atre1 or ( "*1 or ( ! passions2 he und]/ood nei!r ! reasons nor ! me?od ( ,ari/otle2 & he s\ght r to contradict ,ari/otle ?an to expla9 him4#adj ,! fact is t ,ca/elvetro1 despite consid]able v5]ation = ,ari/otle's au?ority1 (t5 %[s rem>kable indep5d5ce ( ?\ght2 & s f> f re/+ cont5t1 9 8 comm5t>y1 ) ! m]e explanation ( ! details ( ! ,poetics1 he has attempt$ to d$uce f x a m or less complete !ory ( poetic art4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh div]g+ f _m ( ! details1 & /ill m f ! _s ( ! ,poetics1 he has1 z x 71 built up a dramatic sy/em ( 8 own1 f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 modifications & misconceptions ( ! ,ari/otelian canons4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ?is sy/em is q mod]n2 & x is especially int]e/+ because x indicates t by ?is "t ! drama _h become m ?an a m]e academic ex]cise1 & 0 actually reg>d$ z int5d$ prim>ily = repres5tation on ! /age4 ,ca/elvetro exam9es ! physical conditions ( /age repres5tation1 & on ?is bases ! requirem5ts ( dramatic lit]ature4 ,! fact t ! drama is int5d$ = ! /age1 t x is to be act$1 is at ! bottom ( 8 !ory ( trag$y1 & x 0 to ?is notion1 z w be se5 lat]1 t we are to attribute ! orig9 ( ! unities ( "t & place4 ,b ,ca/elvetro's me?od br+s ) x its own r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,= aft] all1 /age repres5tation1 :ile ess5tial to ! production ( dramatic lit]ature1 c nev] circumscribe ! poetic p[] or e/abli% its conditions4 ,! conditions ( /age repres5tation *ange1 & mu/ *ange1 ) ! v>y+ conditions ( dramatic lit]ature & ! inv5tive faculty ( poets1 = truly great art makes1 or at lea/ fixes1 its own conditions4 ,besides1 x is ) :at is p]man5t & univ]sal t ! arti/--! dramatic arti/ z well z ! re/--is conc]n$2 & x is ! poetic1 & n ! dramaturgic1 elem5t t is p]man5t & univ]sal4 ,! p[] ( trag$y1 we may be sure1 says ,ari/otle1 is felt ev5 ap>t f repres5tation & actors2#ada & aga93 ,! plot ( a trag$y ought to be s con/ruct$ t ev5 )\t ! aid ( ! eye any "o :o is told ! incid5ts w ?rill ) horror & pity at ! turn ( ev5ts4#adb ,b :at1 accord+ to ,ca/elvetro1 are ! conditions ( /age repres5tation8 ,! !atre is a public place1 9 :i* a play is pres5t$ be=e a motley cr[d1--la moltitud9e rozza1--^u a circumscrib$ plat=m or /age1 )9 a limit$ space ( "t4 ,to ?is idea ! :ole ( ,ca/elvetro's dramatic sy/em is con=m$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce ! audi5ce may be great 9 numb]1 ! !atre mu/ be l>ge1 & yet ! audi5ce mu/ be able to he> ! play2 accord+ly1 v]se is add$1 n m]ely z a delightful accompanim5t1 b also 9 ord] t ! actors may raise _! voices )\t inconv5i5ce & )\t loss ( dignity4#adc ,9 ! second place1 ! audi5ce is n a select ga!r+ ( *oice spirits1 b a motley cr[d ( p1 drawn to ! !atre = ! purpose ( pleasure or recreation2 accord+ly1 ab/ruse !mes1 & 9 fact all te*nical discussions1 mu/ be es*ew$ by ! playwright1 :o is ?us limit$1 z we %\ld say to-day1 to ! elem5tal passions & int]e/s ( man4#add ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! actors are requir$ to move ab\t on a rais$ & n>r[ plat=m2 & ?is is ! reason :y dea?s or de$s ( viol5ce1 & _m o!r ?+s :i* _c be act$ on su* a plat=m ) conv5i5ce & dignity1 %\ld n be repres5t$ 9 ! drama4#ade ,fur!rmore1 z w be se5 lat]1 x is on ?is conception ( ! circumscrib$ plat=m & ! physical necessities ( ! audi5ce & ! actors1 t ,ca/elvetro bases 8 !ory ( ! unities ( "t & place4 ,9 di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t g5res1 ,ca/elvetro op5ly diff]s ) ,ari/otle4 ,9 ! ,poetics1 ,ari/otle di/+ui%es m5 accord+ z !y are bett] ?an we are1 or worse1 or ! same z we are2 & f ?is diff]5ce ! v>i\s species ( poetry1 tragic1 comic1 & epic1 are d]iv$4 ,ca/elvetro ?9ks ?is mode ( di/9ction n only untrue1 b ev5 inconsi/5t ) :at ,ari/otle says lat] ( trag$y4 ,goodness & badness are to be tak5 acc\nt (1 accord+ to ,ca/elvetro1 n to di/+ui% "o =m ( poetry f ano!r1 b m]ely 9 ! special case ( trag$y1 9 s f> z a mod]ate virtue1 z ,ari/otle says1 is be/ able to produce t]ror & pity4 ,poetry1 z inde$ ,ari/otle himself ackn[l$ges1 is n an imitation ( "*1 or ( goodness & badness1 b ( m5 act+2 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( poetry are di/+ui%$1 n by ! goodness & badness1 or ! "*1 ( ! p]sons select$ = imitation1 b by _! rank or condition alone4 ,! great & all-p]vad+ diff]5ce betwe5 royal & private p]sons is :at di/+ui%es trag$y & epic poetry on ! "o h& f com$y & simil> =ms ( poetry on ! o!r4 ,x is rank1 !n1 & n intellect1 "*1 action1--= ^! v>y 9 m5 accord+ to _! condition1--t diff]5tiates "o poetic =m f ano!r2 & ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( rank on ! /age1 & 9 lit]ature g5]ally1 is ! be>+ ( ! *>act]s1 royal p]sons act+ ) propriety1 & mean] p]sons ) impropriety4#adf ,ca/elvetro has "h escap$ "o pitfall1 only to fall into ano!r2 = :ile goodness & badness _c1 f any ae/hetic /&po9t1 be made to di/+ui% ! *>act]s ( trag$y f ^? ( com$y1--leav+ out ( consid]ation "h ! "q :e!r ?is 0 or 0 n ! actual op9ion ( ,ari/otle1--x is no less improp] to make m]e outw>d rank or condition ! di/+ui%+ feature4 ,:e!r x be reg>d$ z an int]pretation ( ,ari/otle or z a poetic !ory by itself1 ,ca/elvetro's cont5tion is1 9 ei!r case1 equally unt5able4 ,,ii4 ,! ,function ( ,trag$y ,no passage 9 ,ari/otle's ,poetics has be5 subject$ to m discussion1 & c]ta9ly no passage has be5 m misund]/ood1 ?an t 9 :i*1 at ! close ( 8 def9ition ( trag$y1 he /ates its peculi> function to be t ( effect+ ?r\gh pity & fe> ! prop] purgation 7,greek3 ka?>sis7 ( ^! emotions4 ,! m probable ( ! explanations ( ?is passage are1 z ,tw9+ says1#adg r$ucible to two4 ,! fir/ ( ^! gives to ,ari/otle's ka?>sis an e?ical mean+1 attribut+ ! effect ( ! trag$y to its moral lesson & example4 ,?is int]pretation 0 a lit]>y tradition ( c5turies1 & may be f\nd 9 su* div]se writ]s z ,corneille & ,less+1 ,rac9e & ,dryd51 ,daci] & ,rap94 ,accord+ to ! second int]pretation1 ! purgation ( ! emotions produc$ by trag$y is an emotional relief ga9$ by ! excitem5t ( ^! emotions4 ,plato _h insi/$ t ! drama excites passions1 su* z pity & fe>1 :i* debase m5's spirits2 ,ari/otle 9 ?is passage answ]s t by ! v exaltation ( ^! emotions !y are giv5 a pleasurable outlet1 & beyond ?is !re is effect$ a purification ( ! emotions s reliev$4 ,t is1 ! emotions are cl>ifi$ & purifi$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art1 & by be+1 z ,pr(essor ,but*] po9ts out1 ennobl$ by objects wor?y ( an ideal emotion4#adh ,?is explanation gives no direct moral purpose or influ5ce to ! ka?>sis1 = trag$y acts on ! feel+s & n on ! w4 ,:ile ! e?ical conception1 ( c\rse1 pr$om9ates 9 ,italian criticism1 z x does ?r\gh\t ,europe up to ! v end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a numb] ( ,r5aissance critics1 among !m ,m9turno & ,sp]oni1 ev5 if !y fail$ to elaborate ! fur!r ae/hetic mean+ ( ,ari/otle's def9ition1 at lea/ p]ceiv$ t ,ari/otle ascrib$ to trag$y an emotional & n an e?ical purpose4 ,x is unnecess>y to give a detail$ /atem5t ( ! op9ions ( ! v>i\s ,italian critics on ?is po9t2 b x is ess5tial t ! int]pretations ( ! m important writ]s %\ld be allud$ to1 s9ce o!rwise ! ,r5aissance conception ( ! function ( ! drama c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,giraldi ,c9tio po9ts out t ! aim ( com$y & ( trag$y is id5tical1 viz4 to conduce to virtue2 b !y rea* ?is result 9 diff]5t ways2 = com$y atta9s its end by means ( pleasure & comic je/s1 :ile trag$y1 :e!r x ends happily or unhappily1 purges ! m9d ( vice ?r\gh ! m$ium ( mis]y & t]ror1 & ?us atta9s its moral end4#adi ,else:]e1#aej he affirms t ! tragic poet condemns vici\s actions1 & by comb9+ !m ) ! t]rible & ! mis]able makes u fe> & hate !m4 ,9 o!r words1 m5 :o are bad are plac$ 9 su* pitiable & t]rible positions t we fe> to imitate _! vices2 & x is n a purgation ( pity & fe>1 z ,ari/otle says1 b an eradication ( all vice & vici\s desire t is effect$ by ! tragic ka?>sis4 ,triss9o1 9 ! fif? section ( 8 ,poetica 7#aefc71 cites ,ari/otle's def9ition ( trag$y2 b makes no attempt to elucidate ! doctr9e ( ka?>sis4 ,8 conception ( ! function ( ! drama is mu* ! same z ,giraldi's4 ,x is ! (fice ( ! tragic poet1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( imitation1 to praise & admire ! good1 :ile t ( ! comic poet is to mock & vitup]ate ! bad2 = trag$y1 z ,ari/otle says1 deals ) ! bett] sort ( actions1 & com$y ) ! worse4#aea ,robortelli 7#aedh71 h[ev]1 ascribes a m ae/hetic function to trag$y4 ,by ! repres5tation ( sad & atroci\s de$s1 trag$y produces t]ror & commis]ation 9 ! spectator's m9d4 ,! ex]cise ( t]ror & commis]ation purges ! m9d ( ^! v passions2 = ! spectator1 see+ ?+s p]=m$ :i* are v simil> to ! actual facts ( life1 becomes accu/om$ to sorr[ & pity1 & ^! emotions are gradually dim9i%$4#aeb ,moreov]1 by see+ ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 m5 sorr[ less at _! own1 recogniz+ su* ?+s z common to human nature4 ,robortelli's conception ( ! function ( trag$y is1 !re=e1 n an e?ical "o2 ! effect ( trag$y is und]/ood prim>ily z dim9i%+ pity & fe> 9 our m9ds by accu/om+ u to ! sight ( de$s t produce ^! emotions4 ,a simil> int]pretation ( ! ka?>sis is giv5 by ,vettori 7#aefj7 & ,ca/elvetro 7#aegj74aec ,! latt] comp>es ! process ( purgation ) ! emotions :i* are excit$ by a pe/il5ce4 ,at fir/ ! infect$ populace is craz$ by excitem5t1 b gradually becomes accu/om$ to ! sight ( ! disease1 & ! emotions ( ! p are ?us temp]$ & allay$4 ,a some:at diff]5t conception ( ka?>sis is t ( ,maggi4 ,accord+ to him1 we are to und]/& by purgation ! lib]ation ?r\gh pity & fe> ( passions simil> to ^!1 b n pity & fe> !mselves2 = ,maggi _c und]/& h[ trag$y1 :i* induces pity & fe> 9 ! he>]1 %\ld at ! same "t remove ^! p]turbations4#aed ,moreov]1 pity & fe> are useful emotions1 :ile su* passions z av>ice1 lu/1 ang]1 are c]ta9ly n4 ,9 ano!r place1 ,maggi1 rely+ on citations f ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 expla9s ! pleasure we receive f trag$y1 by po9t+ out t we feel sorr[ by reason ( ! human he>t )9 u1 :i* is c>ri$ out ( itself by ! sight ( mis]y2 :ile we feel pleasure because x is human & natural to feel pity4 ,pleasure & pa9 are ?us fundam5tally ! same4#aee ,v>*i#aef is at "o ) ,maggi 9 int]pret+ ! ka?>sis z a purgation1 n ( pity & fe> !mselves1 b ( emotions simil> to !m4 ,= ,scalig] 7#aefa7 ! aim ( trag$y1 l t ( all poetry1 is a purely e?ical "o4 ,x is n en\gh to move ! spectators to admiration & dismay1 z "s critics say ,a,eschylus does2 x is also ! poet's function to tea*1 to move1 & to delight4 ,! poet tea*es "* ?r\gh actions1 9 ord] t we %\ld embrace & imitate ! good1 & ab/a9 f ! bad4 ,! joy ( evil m5 is turn$ 9 trag$y to bitt]ness1 & ! sorr[ ( good m5 to joy4#aeg ,scalig] is "h foll[+ ! extreme view ( poetic ju/ice :i* we h f\nd express$ 9 s _m ( ! ,r5aissance writ]s4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 9 c5sur+ ,%akespe>e = ! tragic fate met$ out to ,cordelia & o!r blameless *>act]s1 %[$ himself an inh]itor ( ?is ,r5aissance tradition1 j z we %all see t ,less+ 0 9 o!r matt]s4 ,= ,scalig] ! moral aim ( ! drama is atta9$ bo? indirectly1 by ! repres5tation ( wick$ness ultimately puni%$ & virtue ultimately rew>d$1 & m directly by ! enunciation ( moral precepts ?r\gh\t ! play4 ,) ! ,s5ecan model be=e him1 su* precepts 7s5t5tiae7 became ! v props ( trag$y1--sunt enim quasi columnae aut pilae qua$am univ]sae fabricae illius1--& s !y rema9$ 9 mod]n classical trag$y4 ,m9turno po9ts out t ^! s5t5tiae are to be us$ mo/ 9 trag$y & lea/ 9 epic poetry4#aeh ,m9turno also foll[s ,scalig] 9 conceiv+ t ! purpose ( trag$y is to tea*1 to delight1 & to move4 ,x tea*es by sett+ be=e u an example ( ! life & mann]s ( sup]ior m51 :o by reason ( human error h fall5 into extreme unhapp9ess4 ,x delights u by ! beauty ( its v]se1 its diction1 its song1 & ! l4 ,la/ly1 x moves u to wond]1 by t]rify+ u & excit+ our pity1 ?us purg+ our m9ds ( su* matt]s4 ,?is process ( purgation is lik5$ by ,m9turno to ! me?od ( a physician3 ,z a physician eradicates1 by means ( poison\s m$ic9e1 ! p]f]vid poison ( disease :i* affects ! body1 s trag$y purges ! m9d ( its impetu\s p]turbations by ! =ce ( ^! emotions beautifully express$ 9 v]se4#aei ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ( ! ka?>sis1 trag$y is a mode ( homoeopa?ic treatm5t1 effect+ ! cure ( "o emotion by means ( a simil> "o2 & we f9d ,milton1 9 ! preface to ,samson ,agoni/es1 expla9+ ! ka?>sis 9 mu* ! same mann]3-- ,trag$y1 z x 0 anci5tly compos$1 ha? be5 ev] held ! grave/1 morale/1 & mo/ pr(itable ( all o!r poems2 !re=e said by ,ari/otle to be ( p[]1 by rais+ pity & fe>1 or t]ror1 to purge ! m9d ( ^? & su* l passions2 t is1 to temp] & r$uce !m to j measure ) a k9d ( delight1 /irr$ up by read+ or see+ ^? passions well imitat$4 ,nor is nature want+ 9 h] own effects to make good 8 ass]tion2 = s 9 physic1 ?+s ( melan*olic hue & quality are us$ aga9/ melan*oly1 s\r aga9/ s\r1 salt to remove salt hum\rs4 ,?is passage has be5 reg>d$ by ,tw9+1 ,b]nays1 & o!r mod]n s*ol>s z a rem>kable indication ( ,milton's s*ol>%ip & critical insight2#afj b aft] all1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 he 0 m]ely foll[+ ! int]pretation ( ! ,italian comm5tators on ! ,poetics4 ,_! writ+s he _h /udi$ & knew ?or\ghly1 _h imbib$ all ! critical ideas ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & 9 ! v preface f :i* we h j quot$1 fill$ z x is ) ideas t may be trac$ back to ,italian s\rces1 he ackn[l$ges foll[+ ! anci5ts & ,italians1 z ( great au?ority & fame4 ,l ,milton1 ,m9turno conceiv$ ( trag$y z hav+ an e?ical aim2 b bo? ,milton & ,m9turno cle>ly p]ceiv$ t by ka?>sis ,ari/otle _h ref]5ce n to a moral1 b to an emotional1 effect4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discussions on ! mean+ ( ! ka?>sis is to be f\nd 9 a lett] ( ,sp]one ,sp]oni#afa writt5 9 #aefe4 ,8 explanation ( ! passage itself is q an impossible "o1 if only on philological gr\nds2 b 8 argum5t is v int]e/+ & v mod]n4 ,he po9ts out t pity & fe> may be conceiv$ ( z keep+ ! _s ( m5 9 bondage1 & h5ce x is prop] t we %\ld be purg$ ( ^! emotions4 ,b he insi/s t ,ari/otle _c ref] to ! complete eradication ( pity & fe>--a conception :i* is ,/oic r ?an ,p]ipatetic1 = ,ari/otle does n require u to free ourselves f emotions1 b to regulate !m1 s9ce 9 !mselves !y are n bad4 ,,iii4 ,! ,*>act]s ( ,trag$y ,ari/otle's conception ( ! ideal tragic h]o is bas$ on ! assumption t ! function ( trag$y is to produce ! ka?>sis1 or purgation1 ( pity & fe>1--pity be+ felt = a p]son :o1 if n :olly innoc5t1 meets ) suff]+ beyond 8 des]ts2 fe> be+ awak5$ :5 ! suff]] is a man ( l nature ) ourselves4#afb ,f ?is x foll[s t if trag$y repres5ts ! fall ( an entirely good man f prosp]ity to adv]sity1 nei!r pity nor fe> is produc$1 & ! result m]ely %ocks & repels u4 ,if an entirely bad man is repres5t$ z und]go+ a *ange f di/ress to prosp]ity1 n only d we feel no pity & no fe>1 b ev5 ! s5se ( ju/ice is left unsatisfi$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 su* a man entirely bad falls f prosp]ity into adv]sity & di/ress1 ! moral s5se is inde$ satisfi$1 b )\t ! tragic emotions ( pity & fe>4 ,! ideal h]o is !re=e morally betwe5 ! two extremes1 nei!r em95tly good nor entirely bad1 ?\gh lean+ to ! side ( goodness2 & ! mis=tune :i* falls ^u him is ! result ( "s great flaw ( "* or fatal error ( conduct4#afc ,?is conception ( ! tragic h]o 0 ! subject ( consid]able discussion 9 ! ,r5aissance2 9 fact1 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ,italian criticism ( ! application ( ,ari/otelian ideas to ! !ory ( trag$y is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! ref]5ce ( ,daniello 7#aecf7 to ! tragic h]o's fate4 ,daniello1 h[ev]1 und]/ood ,ari/otle's mean+ v incompletely1 = he po9ts out t trag$y1 9 ord] to imitate mo/ p]fectly ! mis]able & ! t]rible1 %\ld n introduce j & virtu\s m5 fall5 into vice & inju/ice ?r\gh ! adv]sity ( =tune1 = ?is is m wick$ ?an x is mis]able & t]rible1 nor %\ld evil m51 on ! contr>y1 be introduc$ z *ang$ by prosp]ity into good & j m54#afd ,"h ,daniello conceives ( trag$y z repres5t+ ! *ange ( a man f vice to virtue1 or f virtue to vice1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( prosp]ity or mis=tune4 ,?is is a curi\s misconception ( ,ari/otle's mean+4 ,ari/otle ref]s1 n to ! e?ical effect ( trag$y1 b to ! effect ( ! emotions ( pity & t]ror ^u ! m9d ( ! spectator1 al?\gh ( c\rse he does n wi% ! cata/rophe to %ock ! moral s5se or ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,giraldi ,c9tio1 "s ye>s aft] ,daniello1 foll[s ,ari/otle m closely 9 ! conception ( ! tragic h]o2 & he affirms1 moreov]1 t trag$y may end happily or unhappily s long z x inspires pity & t]ror4 ,n[1 ,ari/otle has expressly /at$ 8 disapprobation ( ! happy end+ ( trag$y1 = 9 speak+ ( trag$ies ) a d\ble ?read & a d\ble cata/rophe1 t is1 trag$ies 9 :i* ! good are ultimately rew>d$ & ! bad puni%$1 he %[s t su* a conclusion is decid$ly aga9/ ! g5]al tragic effect4#afe ,scalig]'s conception ( ! moral function ( ! tragic poet z rew>d+ virtue & puni%+ vice is !re=e inconsi/5t ) ! ,ari/otelian conception2 =1 z ,scalig] insi/s t e trag$y %\ld end unhappily1 x foll[s t only ! good mu/ survive & only ! bad suff]4 ,ano!r critic ( ?is "t1 ,capriano 7#aeee71 po9ts out t ! fatal end+ ( trag$y is due to ! inability ( c]ta9 illu/ri\s m5 to conduct !mselves ) prud5ce2 & ?is is m 9 keep+ ) ,ari/otle's true mean+4#aff ,x has be5 se5 t ,ari/otle reg>d$ a p]fectly good man z n fitt$ to be ! ideal h]o ( trag$y4 ,m9turno1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t trag$y is grave & illu/ri\s because its *>act]s are illu/ri\s1 & t !re=e he c see no reason1 despite ,ari/otle1 :y ! lives ( p]fect m5 or ,*ri/ian sa9ts %\ld n be repres5t$ on ! /age1 & :y ev5 ! life ( ,*ri/ w\ld n be a fit subject = trag$y4#afg ,?is is1 inde$1 ,corneille's op9ion1 & 9 ! exam5 ( 8 ,polyeucte he cites ,m9turno 9 ju/ification ( 8 own case4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r *>act]s ( trag$y1 ,m9turno /ates a curi\s di/9ction betwe5 *>act]s fit = trag$y & ^? fit = com$y4#afh ,9 ! fir/ place1 he po9ts out t no "y girls1 ) ! exception ( female slaves1 %\ld appe> 9 com$y1 = ! reason t ! wom5 ( ! p d n appe> 9 public until m>riage1 & w\ld be sulli$ by ! company ( ! l[ *>act]s ( com$y1 :]eas ! maid5s ( trag$y are pr9cesses1 accu/om$ to meet & conv]se ) noblem5 f girlhood4 ,secondly1 m>ri$ wom5 are always repres5t$ 9 com$y z fai?ful1 9 trag$y z unfai?ful to _! husb&s1 = ! reason t com$y concludes ) fri5d%ip & tranquillity1 & unfai?ful relations c\ld nev] end happily1 :ile ! love depict$ 9 trag$y s]ves to br+ ab\t ! tragic ru9 ( great h\ses4 ,?irdly1 9 com$y old m5 are (t5 repres5t$ z 9 love1 b nev] 9 trag$y1 = an amor\s old man is conducive to laught]1 :i* com$y aims at produc+1 b :i* w\ld be :olly out ( keep+ ) ! gravity requir$ 9 trag$y4 ,^! di/9ctions are ( c\rse d$uc$ f ! practice ( ! ,lat9 drama--! trag$ies ( ,s5eca on ! "o h&1 & ! com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce on ! o!r4 ,9 a c]ta9 passage ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics !re is a =mulation ( ! requirem5ts ( "*-draw+ 9 ! drama4#afi ,9 ?is passage ,ari/otle says t ! *>act]s mu/ be good2 t !y mu/ be drawn ) propriety1 t is1 9 keep+ ) ! type to :i* !y belong2 t !y mu/ be true to life1 some?+ q di/9ct ei!r f goodness or propriety2 & t ! *>act]s mu/ be self-consi/5t4 ,?is passage gave rise to a curi\s conception ( "* 9 ! ,r5aissance & ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! conception ( decorum1 x 0 insi/$ t e old man %\ld h su* & su* *>act]i/ics1 e "y man c]ta9 o!rs1 & s on = ! soldi]1 ! m]*ant1 ! ,flor5t9e or ,p>isian1 & ! l4 ,?is fix$ & =mal mode ( reg>d+ "* 0 connect$ ) ! di/9ction ( rank z ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! *>act]s ( trag$y & com$y1 & x 0 really f\nd$ on a passage 9 ,horace's ,ars ,poetica1-- ,a,etatis cujusque not&i sunt tibi mores1#agj & on ! rhetorical descriptions ( ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( m5 9 ! second book ( ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric4 ,! explanation ( ! ,r5aissance conception ( decorum may />t f ei!r ( two po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be not$ t ,horace1 & aft] him ! critics ( ! ,r5aissance1 set ab\t to transpose to ! doma9 ( poetry ! t5tative di/9ctions ( "* =mulat$ by ,ari/otle1 9 ! ,rhetoric1 simply = ! purposes ( rhetorical exposition4 ,^! di/9ctions1 x mu/ be repeat$1 7 rhetorical & n ae/hetic1 & !y are !re=e n allud$ to by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,poetics4 ,! result ( ! attempt to transpose !m to ! doma9 ( poetry l$ to a h>d5+ & cry/allization ( "* 9 ! classic drama4 ,b ! ae/hetic misconception impli$ by su* an attempt is only too obvi\s4 ,9 su* a sy/em poetry is held acc\ntable1 n to ! ideal tru? ( human life1 b to c]ta9 arbitr>y1 or at be/ m]ely empirical1 =mulae ( rhetorical !ory4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 9 ?is m]ely do+ = "* :at 0 be+ done = all ! o!r elem5ts ( art4 ,e su* elem5t1 :5 once discrim9at$ & def9itely =mulat$1 became fix$ z a necess>y & inviolable sub/itute = ! reality :i* _h ?us be5 analyz$4 ,b we may look at ! pr9ciple ( decorum f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,a mu* deep] "q--! "q ( social di/9ctions--is "h involv$4 ,! obs]vance ( decorum necessitat$ ! ma9t5ance ( ! social di/9ctions :i* =m$ ! basis ( ,r5aissance life & ( ,r5aissance lit]ature4 ,x 0 ?is same t5d5cy :i* caus$ ! trag$y ( classicism to exclude all b *>act]s ( ! highe/ rank4 ,speak+ ( n>rative poetry1 ,muzio 7#aeea71 :ile all[+ k+s to m+le ) ! masses1 consid]s x absolutely improp] = "o ( ! p1 ev5 = a mom5t1 to assume ! sceptre4#aga ,accord+ly1 m5 z di/+ui%$ by ! accid5ts ( rank1 pr(ession1 c\ntry1 & n z di/+ui%$ by t only :i* art %\ld take cognizance (1 "*1 became ! subjects ( ! lit]ature ( classicism2 & 9 s f> z ?is is true1 t lit]ature loses some?+ ( ! pr(undity & ! univ]sality ( ! highe/ art4 ,?is elem5t ( decorum is to be f\nd 9 all ! critics ( ! ,r5aissance f ! "t ( ,vida#agb & ,daniello4#agc ,s ess5tial became ! obs]vance ( decorum t ,muzio & ,capriano bo? consid]$ x ! mo/ s]i\s *>ge to be made aga9/ ,hom]1 t he 0 n always obs]vant ( x4 ,capriano1 comp>+ ,virgil ) ,hom]1 ass]ts t ! ,lat9 poet surpasses ! ,greek 9 eloqu5ce1 9 dignity1 9 gr&eur ( /yle1 b beyond ev]y?+ 9 decorum4#agd ,! seem+ vulg>ity ( "s ( ,hom]'s similes1 & ev5 ( ! actions ( "s ( 8 *>act]s1 appe>$ to ! ,r5aissance a mo/ s]i\s blemi%2 & x 0 ?is t l$ ,scalig] to rate ,hom] n only bel[ ,virgil1 b ev5 bel[ ,musaeus4 ,9 ,m9turno & ,scalig] we f9d e detail ( "* m9utely analyz$4 ,! poet is told h[ "y m5 & old m5 %\ld act1 %\ld talk1 & %\ld dress2 & no deviations f ^! fix$ =mulae 7 all[$ "u any circum/ances4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ev5 :5 ! poet lib]at$ himself f ^! conceptions1 & aim$ at depict+ "* 9 its true s5se1 we f9d "*1 b nev] ! developm5t ( "*1 portray$ 9 ! neo-classic drama4 ,! "* 0 fix$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! play to ! end2 & x is "h t we may f9d ! orig9 ( ,b5 ,jonson's conception ( hum\rs4 ,9 "o ( ,salviati's lectures1 ,del ,trattato della ,poetica1#age ,salviati def9es a hum\r z a peculi> quality ( nature accord+ to :i* e "o is incl9$ to "s special ?+ m ?an to any o!r4 ,?is w\ld apply v di/9ctly to ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,elizabe?ans us$ ! ^w4 ,?us ,jonson himself1 9 ! ,induction ( ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r1 aft] exp\nd+ ! m$ical notion ( a hum\r1 says3-- ,x may1 by metaphor1 apply itself ,unto ! g5]al disposition3 ,z :5 "s "o peculi> quality ,do? s possess a man1 t x do? draw ,all 8 effects1 8 spirits1 & 8 p[]s1 ,9 _! confluctions1 all to run "o way1 ,?is may be truly said to be a hum\r4 ,! orig9 ( ! t]m hum\r1 9 ,jonson's s5se1 has nev] be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,jonson's editors speak ( x z peculi> to ! ,engli% language1 & z fir/ us$ 9 ?is s5se ab\t ,jonson's p]iod4 ,x is n our purpose to g fur!r into ?is "q2 b ,salviati's def9ition is close en\gh to ,jonson's to indicate t ! orig9 ( ?is t]m1 z ( all o!r critical t]ms & critical ideas ?r\gh\t sixte5?-c5tury ,europe1 mu/ be look$ = 9 ! ae/hetic lit]ature ( ,italy4#agf ,,iv4 ,! ,dramatic ,unities ,9 8 def9ition ( trag$y ,ari/otle says t ! play mu/ be complete or p]fect1 t is1 x mu/ h unity4 ,by unity ( plot he does n mean m]ely ! unity giv5 by a s+le h]o1 =1 z he says1 inf9itely v>i\s are ! incid5ts 9 "o man's life :i* _c be r$uc$ to unity2 & s1 too1 !re are _m actions ( "o man out ( :i* we _c make "o action4 ,h5ce ! error1 z x appe>s1 ( all poets :o h compos$ a ,h]acleid1 a ,!seid1 or o!r poems ( ! k9d4 ,!y imag9e t z ,h]acles 0 "o man1 ! /ory ( ,h]acles ought also to be a unity4#agg ,?is is ,ari/otle's /atem5t ( ! unity ( action4 ,b :at is ! orig9 ( ! two o!r unities1--! unities ( "t & place8 ,!re is 9 ! ,poetics b a s+le ref]5ce to ! "t-limit ( ! tragic action & none :atsoev] to ! s-call$ unity ( place4 ,ari/otle says t ! action ( trag$y & t ( epic poetry diff] 9 l5g?1 = trag$y endeavors1 s f> z possible1 to conf9e itself to a s+le revolution ( ! sun1 or b slightly to exce$ ?is limit2 :]eas ! epic action has no limits ( "t4#agh ,?is passage is ! incid5tal /atem5t ( an hi/orical fact2 x is m]ely a t5tative d$uction f ! usual practice ( ,greek trag$y1 & ,ari/otle nev] conceiv$ ( x z an inviolable law ( ! drama4 ,( ! ?ree unities :i* play s prom95t a "p 9 mod]n classical drama1 ! unity ( action 0 ! ma91 &1 9 fact1 ! only unity :i* ,ari/otle knew or insi/$ on4 ,b f 8 incid5tal ref]5ce to ! g5]al "t-limits ( ,greek trag$y1 ! ,r5aissance =mulat$ ! unity ( "t1 & d$uc$ f x also ! unity ( place1 to :i* !re is absolutely no ref]5ce ei!r 9 ,ari/otle or 9 any o!r anci5t writ] :atev]4 ,x is to ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance1 & n to ! ,fr5* critics ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t ! _w owes ! =mulation ( ! ?ree unities4 ,! att5tion ( s*ol>s 0 fir/ call$ to ?is fact ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 by ! bro*ure ( a ,swiss s*ol>1 ,h4 ,breit+]1 on ! unities ( ,ari/otle be=e ,corneille's ,cid2 b ! gradual developm5t & =mulation ( ! ?ree unities h nev] be5 sy/ematically work$ out4 ,we %all endeavor "h to trace _! hi/ory dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & to expla9 ! processes by :i* !y develop$4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce 9 mod]n lit]ature to ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( "t is to be f\nd 9 ,giraldi ,c9tio's ,discorso sulle ,com$ie e sulle ,trag$ie4 ,he says t com$y & trag$y agree1 among o!r ?+s1 9 ! limitation ( ! action to "o day or b little m2#agi & he has ?us = ! fir/ "t conv]t$ ,ari/otle's /atem5t ( an hi/orical fact into a dramatic law4 ,moreov]1 he has *ang$ ,ari/otle's phrase1 t trag$y limits itself to a s+le revolution ( ! sun1 into ! m def9ite expression ( a s+le day4 ,he po9ts out t ,euripides1 9 ! ,h]aclidae1 on acc\nt ( ! long di/ance betwe5 ! places 9 ! action1 _h be5 unable to limit ! action to "o day4 ,n[1 z ,ari/otle mu/ h kn[n _m ( ! be/ ,greek dramas :i* are n[ lo/1 x 0 probably 9 keep+ ) ! practice ( su* dramas t _! actions 7 n /rictly conf9$ )9 ! limits ( "o day4 ,ari/otle1 !re=e1 int5tionally all[$ ! drama a slightly long] space ( "t ?an a s+le day4 ,! unity ( "t1 accord+ly1 becomes a "p ( ! !ory ( ! drama betwe5 #aedj & #aede1 b x 0 n until almo/ exactly a c5tury lat] t x became an inv>iable rule ( ! dramatic lit]ature ( ,france & ( ! _w4 ,9 ,robortelli 7#aedh7 we f9d ,ari/otle's phrase1 a s+le revolution ( ! sun1 re/rict$ to ! artificial day ( twelve h\rs2 = z trag$y c conta9 only "o s+le & cont9u\s action1 & z p are accu/om$ to sleep 9 ! night1 x foll[s t ! tragic action _c be cont9u$ beyond "o artificial day4 ,?is holds good ( com$y z well z trag$y1 = ! l5g? ( ! fable 9 ea* is ! same4#ahj ,segni 7#aedi7 diff]s f ,robortelli1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d+ a s+le revolution ( ! sun z ref]r+ n to ! artificial day ( twelve h\rs1 b to ! natural day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 because v>i\s matt]s treat$ 9 trag$y1 & ev5 9 com$y1 are su* z are m likely to happ5 9 ! night 7adult]ies1 murd]s1 & ! l72 & if x be said t night is naturally ! "t = repose1 ,segni answ]s t unju/ p act contr>y to ! laws ( nature4#aha ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 !n1 t !re comm5c$ ! hi/oric controv]sy z to :at ,ari/otle meant by limit+ trag$y to "o day2 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury lat]1 9 #afbc1 ,b5i c\ld cite ?irte5 diff]5t op9ions ( s*ol>s on ?is "q4 ,triss9o1 9 8 ,poetica 7#aefc71 p>aphrases z foll[s ! passage 9 ,ari/otle :i* ref]s to ! unity ( "t3 ,!y also diff] 9 l5g?1 = trag$y t]m9ates 9 "o day1 t is1 "o p]iod ( ! sun1 or b little m1 :ile !re is no "t det]m9$ = epic poetry1 z inde$ 0 ! cu/om ) trag$y & com$y at _! beg9n+1 & is ev5 to-day among ignorant poets4#ahb ,"h = ! fir/ "t1 z a ,fr5* critic rem>ks1 ! obs]vance ( ! unity ( "t is made a di/9ction betwe5 ! le>n$ & ! ignorant poet4#ahc ,x is evid5t t ,triss9o conceives ( ! unity ( "t z an arti/ic pr9ciple :i* has help$ to save dramatic poetry f ! =mlessness & *aotic condition ( ! m$iaeval drama4 ,s t ! unity ( "t became n only a dramatic law1 b "o ! obs]vation ( :i* di/+ui%$ ! dramatic arti/ f ! m]e ignorant compil] ( popul> plays4 ,!re is 9 none ( ! writ]s we h m5tion$ s f> any ref]5ce to ! unity ( place1 = ! simple reason t !re is no allusion to su* a requirem5t = ! drama 9 ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,maggi's discussion ( ! unity ( "t1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,poetics 7#aeej71 is ( p>ticul> int]e/ z prep>+ ! way = ! ?ird unity4 ,maggi attempts to expla9 logically ! reason = ! unity ( "t4#ahd ,:y %\ld trag$y be limit$ z to "t1 & n epic poetry8 ,accord+ to him1 ?is diff]5ce is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ! drama is repres5t$ on ! /age be=e our eyes1 & if we %\ld see ! actions ( a :ole mon? p]=m$ 9 ab\t ! "t x takes to p]=m ! play1 t is1 two or ?ree h\rs1 ! p]=mance w\ld be absolutely incr$ible4 ,= example1 says ,maggi1 if 9 a trag$y we %\ld s5d a mess5g] to ,egypt1 & he w\ld return 9 an h\r1 w\ld n ! spectator reg>d ?is z ridicul\s8 ,9 ! epic1 on ! contr>y1 we d n see ! actions p]=m$1 & s d n feel ! ne$ ( limit+ !m to any p>ticul> "t4 ,n[1 x is to be not$ "h t ?is limitation ( "t is bas$ on ! idea ( repres5tation4 ,! duration ( ! action ( ! drama itself mu/ fairly co9cide ) ! duration ( its repres5tation on ! /age4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple :i* l$ to ! acceptance ( ! unity ( place1 & ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,limit ! "t ( ! action to ! "t ( repres5tation1 & x foll[s t ! place ( ! action mu/ be limit$ to ! place ( repres5tation4 ,su* a limitation is ( c\rse a piece ( realism :olly out ( keep+ ) ! true dramatic illusion2 b x 0 almo/ exclusively 9 ! drama t classicism t5d$ t[>d a m9ut] realism ?an c\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! ,ari/otelian canons4 ,9 ,maggi ! beg9n+s ( ! unity ( place are evid5t1 inasmu* z he f9ds t ! requirem5ts ( ! repres5tation d n p]mit a mess5g] or any "* 9 ! drama to be s5t v f> f ! place :]e ! action is be+ p]=m$4 ,! clos] action & repres5tation co9cide1 ! cle>] becomes ! necessity ( a limitation 9 place z well z 9 "t2 & x 0 on ?is pr9ciple t ,scalig] & ,ca/elvetro1 some:at lat]1 =mulat$ ! ?ree unities4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ,scalig] 7#aefa7 no direct /atem5t ( ! unity ( "t2 b ! ref]5ce to x is nev]!less unmi/akable4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,scalig] requires t ! ev5ts be s arrang$ & dispos$ t !y approa* ne>e/ to actual tru? 7ut quam proxime acc$ant ad v]itatem74#ahe ,?is is equival5t to say+ t ! duration ( ! action1 its place1 its mode ( proc$ure1 mu/ correspond m or less exactly ) ! repres5tation itself4 ,! dramatic poet mu/ aim1 beyond all ?+s1 at reproduc+ ! actual conditions ( life4 ,! v]isimile1 ! vraisemblable1 9 ! etymological s5se ( ^! words1 mu/ be ! f9al crit]ion ( dramatic composition4 ,x is n suffici5t t ! spectator %\ld be satisfi$ ) ! action z typical ( simil> actions 9 life4 ,an absolutely p]fect illusion mu/ prevail2 ! spectator mu/ be mov$ by ! actions ( ! play exactly z if !y 7 ^? ( real life4 ,?is notion ( ! v]isimile1 & ( its effect ( p]fect illusion on ! spectator's m9d1 prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism1 & 0 vigor\sly def5d$ by no less a critic ?an ,voltaire himself4 ,accord+ly1 z ,maggi fir/ po9t$ out1 if ! playwright1 9 ! few h\rs x takes to repres5t ! :ole play1 requires "o ( 8 *>act]s to p]=m an action t _c be done 9 less ?an a mon?1 ?is impression ( actual tru? & p]fect illusion w n be left on ! spectator's m9d4 ,!re=e1 says ,scalig]1 ^? battles & assaults :i* take place ab\t ,!bes 9 ! space ( two h\rs d n please me2 no s5sible poet %\ld make any "o move f ,delphi to ,!bes1 or f ,!bes to ,a!ns1 9 a mom5t's "t4 ,agamemnon is buri$ by ,a,eschylus aft] be+ kill$1 & ,li*as is hurl$ into ! sea by ,h]cules2 b ?is _c be repres5t$ )\t viol5ce to tru?4 ,accord+ly1 ! poet %\ld *oose ! briefe/ possible argum5t1 & %\ld enliv5 x by means ( episodes & details4444 ,s9ce ! :ole play is repres5t$ on ! /age 9 six or eight h\rs1 x is n 9 accordance ) ! exact appe>ance ( tru? 7haud v]isimile e/7 t )9 t brief space ( "t a tempe/ %\ld arise & a %ipwreck occur1 out ( sight ( l&4 ,! obs]vance ( ! unity ( "t c\ld n be dem&$ 9 cle>] or m =cible t]ms ?an ?is4 ,b x is a mi/ake to con/rue ?is passage into a /atem5t ( ! unity ( place4#ahf ,:5 ,scalig] says t ! poet %\ld n move any "o ( ! *>act]s f ,delphi to ,!bes1 or f ,!bes to ,a!ns1 9 a mom5t's "t1 he is ref]r+ to ! exig5cies1 n ( place1 b ( "t4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 he is m]ely foll[+ ,maggi1 :o1 z we h se51 says t x is ridicul\s = a dramati/ to h a mess5g] g to ,egypt ) a message & return 9 an h\r4 ,! *>act]s1 accord+ to ,scalig]1 %\ld n move f ,delphi to ,!bes 9 a mom5t1 n because ! action ne$ necess>ily occur 9 "o s+le place1 b because ! *>act]s _c ) any appe>ance ( tru? g a great di/ance 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,?is is an approa* to ! unity ( place1 & _h ,scalig] foll[$ 8 cont5tion to its logical conclusion1 he mu/ c]ta9ly h =mulat$ ! ?ree unities4 ,b by requir+ ! action to be dispos$ ) ! greate/ possible approa* to ! actual tru?1 or1 9 o!r words1 by insi/+ t ! action mu/ co9cide ) ! repres5tation1 ,scalig] help$ m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors to ! f9al recognition ( ! unity ( place4 ,9 ,m9turno#ahg & 9 ,vettori#ahh we f9d a t5d5cy to re/rict ! duration ( ! epic z well z ! tragic action4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,ari/otle di/9ctly says t :ile ! action ( trag$y g5]ally endeavors to conf9e itself )9 a p]iod ( ab\t "o day1 t ( epic poetry has no det]m9$ "t4 ,m9turno1 h[ev]1 alludes to ! unity ( "t 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,:oev] exam9es well ! works ( ! mo/ e/eem$ anci5t writ]s1 w f9d t ! action repres5t$ on ! /age is t]m9at$ 9 "o day1 or does n pass beyond ! space ( two days2 :ile ! epic has a long] p]iod ( "t1 except t its action _c exce$ "o ye> 9 duration4#ahi ,?is limitation ,m9turno d$uces f ! practice ( ,hom] & ,virgil4#aij ,! action ( ! ,iliad beg9s 9 ! t5? ye> ( ! ,trojan w>1 & la/s "o ye>2 ! action ( ! ,a,eneid beg9s 9 ! sev5? ye> aft] ! dep>ture ( ,a,eneas f ,troy1 & also la/s "o ye>4 ,ca/elvetro1 h[ev]1 0 ! fir/ !ori/ to =mulate ! unity ( place1 & ?us to give ! ?ree unities _! f9al =m4 ,we h se5 t ,ca/elvetro's !ory ( ! drama 0 bas$ entirely ^u ! notion ( /age repres5tation4 ,all ! ess5tials ( dramatic lit]ature are ?us fix$ by ! exig5cies ( ! /age4 ,! /age is a circumscrib$ space1 & ! play mu/ be p]=m$ ^u x )9 a p]iod ( "t limit$ by ! physical necessities ( ! spectators4 ,x is f ^! two facts t ,ca/elvetro d$uces ! unities ( "t & place4 ,:ile ass]t+ t ,ari/otle held x z cosa f]missima e v]issima t ! tragic action _c exce$ ! l5g? ( an artificial day ( twelve h\rs1 he does n ?9k t ,ari/otle himself und]/ood ! real reason ( ?is limitation4#aia ,9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ! ,poetics ,ari/otle says t ! l5g? ( ! plot is limit$ by ! possibility ( its be+ c>ri$ 9 ! memory ( ! spectator conv5i5tly at "o "t4 ,b ?is1 x is urg$1 w\ld re/rict ! epic z well z ! tragic fable to "o day4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 epic & dramatic poetry 9 ?is respect is to be f\nd 9 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! conditions ( n>rative & sc5ic poetry4#aib ,n>rative poetry c 9 a %ort "t n>rate ?+s t happ5 9 _m days or mon?s or ev5 ye>s2 b sc5ic poetry1 :i* sp5ds z _m h\rs 9 repres5t+ ?+s z x actually takes to d !m 9 life1 does q o!rwise4 ,9 epic poetry words c pres5t to our intellect ?+s di/ant 9 space & "t2 b 9 dramatic poetry ! :ole action occurs be=e our eyes1 & is accord+ly limit$ to :at we c actually see ) our own s5ses1 t is1 to t brief duration ( "t & to t small am\nt ( space 9 :i* ! actors are occupi$ 9 act+1 & n any o!r "t or place4 ,b z ! re/rict$ place is ! /age1 s ! re/rict$ "t is t 9 :i* ! spectators c at _! ease rema9 sitt+ ?r\gh a cont9u\s p]=mance2 & ?is "t1 on acc\nt ( ! physical necessities ( ! spectators1 su* z eat+1 dr9k+1 & sleep+1 _c well g beyond ! duration ( "o revolution ( ! sun4 ,s t n only is ! unity ( "t an ess5tial dramatic requirem5t1 b x is 9 fact impossible = ! dramati/ to d o!rwise ev5 %\ld he desire to d s--a conclusion :i* is ( c\rse ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! :ole argum5t4 ,9 ano!r place ,ca/elvetro m briefly =mulates ! law ( ! unities 9 ! def9itive =m 9 :i* x 0 to rema9 ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism3 ,la mutatione tragica non puo tir> con esso seco se non una giornata e un luogo4#aic ,! unities ( "t & place are = ,ca/elvetro s v important t ! unity ( action1 :i* is = ,ari/otle ! only ess5tial ( ! drama1 is entirely subord9at$ to !m4 ,9 fact1 ,ca/elvetro specifically says t ! unity ( action is n ess5tial to ! drama1 b is m]ely made exp$i5t by ! requirem5ts ( "t & place4 ,9 com$y & trag$y1 he says1 !re is usually "o action1 n because ! fable is unfitt$ to conta9 m ?an "o action1 b because ! re/rict$ space 9 :i* ! action is repres5t$1 & ! limit$ "t1 twelve h\rs at ! v mo/1 d n p]mit ( a multitude ( actions4#aid ,9 a simil> mann] ,ca/elvetro applies ! law ( ! unities to epic poetry4 ,al?\gh ! epic action c be accompli%$ 9 _m places & at div]se times1 yet z x is m comm5dable & pleasurable to h a s+le action1 s x is bett] = ! action to conf9e itself to a %ort "t & to b few places4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m ! epic attempts to re/rict itself to ! unities ( place & "t1 ! bett]1 accord+ to ,ca/elvetro1 x w be4#aie ,moreov]1 ,ca/elvetro 0 n m]ely ! fir/ "o to =mulate ! unities 9 _! def9itive =m1 b he 0 also ! fir/ to insi/ ^u !m z inviolable laws ( ! drama2 & he ref]s to !m ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! pages ( 8 comm5t>y on ! ,poetics4#aif ,?is !n is ! orig9 ( ! unities4 ,our discussion mu/ h made x cle> h[ little !y des]ve ! traditional title ( ,ari/otelian unities1 or z a rec5t critic ) equal inaccuracy calls !m1 ! ,scalig]ian unities 7unites scalig]i5nes74#aig ,nor 7 !y1 z we h se51 fir/ =mulat$ 9 ,france1 ?\gh ?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,?us ,dryd5 says t ! unity ( place1 h[ev] x might be practis$ by ! anci5ts1 0 nev] "o ( _! rules3 we nei!r f9d x 9 ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 or any :o h writt5 ( x1 till 9 our age ! ,fr5* poets fir/ made x a precept ( ! /age4#aih ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t j z ! unity ( action is p> excell5ce ! ,ari/otelian unity1 s ! unities ( "t & place are beyond a d\bt ! ,italian unities4 ,!y ent] ! critical lit]ature ( ,europe f ! "t ( ,ca/elvetro1 & may almo/ be said to be ! la/ contributions ( ,italy to lit]>y criticism4 ,two ye>s aft] _! =mulation by ,ca/elvetro !y 7 introduc$ into ,france1 & a doz5 ye>s aft] ?is =mulation1 into ,engl&4 ,x 0 n until #afcf1 h[ev]1 t !y became fix$ 9 mod]n dramatic lit]ature1 z a result ( ! ,cid controv]sy4 ,?is is approximately a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! fir/ m5tion ( ! unity ( "t 9 ,italian criticism4 ,v4 ,com$y ,! treatm5t ( com$y 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ?is p]iod is entirely conf9$ to a discussion & elaboration ( ! little t ,ari/otle says on ! subject ( com$y 9 ! ,poetics4 ,ari/otle1 x w be rememb]$1 _h di/+ui%$ trag$y f com$y 9 t ! =m] deals ) ! nobl]1 ! latt] ) ! bas]1 sort ( actions4 ,com$y is an imitation ( *>act]s ( a l[] type ?an ^? ( trag$y1--*>act]s ( a l[] type inde$1 b n 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w bad4 ,! ludicr\s is m]ely a subdivision ( ! ugly4 ,x may be def9$ z a defect or ugl9ess :i* is n pa9ful or de/ructive4 ,?us1 = example1 ! comic mask is ugly & di/ort$1 b does n cause pa94#aii ,f ^! few h9ts ! ,italian !ori/s con/ruct$ a body ( comic doctr9e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! critical lit]ature ( ?is p]iod no attempt to expla9 ! !ory ( ! indig5\s ,italian com$y1 ! comm$ia dell' arte4 ,! classical com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce 7 ! models1 & ,ari/otle's ,poetics ! guide1 ( all ! discussions on com$y dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! *>act]s ( com$y & trag$y has already be5 expla9$ 9 suffici5t detail4 ,all t rema9s to be done 9 treat+ ( com$y is to indicate z briefly z possible su* def9itions ( x z 7 =mulat$ by ! ,r5aissance1 & ! special function :i* ! ,r5aissance und]/ood com$y to possess4 ,accord+ to ,triss9o 7#aefc71 ! comic poet deals only ) base ?+s1 & = ! s+le purpose ( *a/is+ !m4 ,z trag$y atta9s its moral end ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pity & fe>1 com$y does s by means ( ! *a/isem5t & vitup]ation ( ?+s t are base & evil4#bjj ,! comic poet1 h[ev]1 is n to deal ) all sorts ( vices1 b only su* z give rise to ridicule1 t is1 ! jocose actions ( humble & unkn[n p]sons4 ,laught] proce$s f a c]ta9 delight or pleasure aris+ f ! sight ( objects ( ugl9ess4 ,we d n laugh at a beautiful woman1 a gorge\s jewel1 or beautiful music2 b a di/ortion or de=mity1 su* z a silly spee*1 an ugly face1 or a clumsy movem5t1 makes u laugh4 ,we d n laugh at ! b5efits ( o!rs2 ! f9d] ( a purse1 = example1 ar\ses n laught] b envy4 ,b we d laugh at "s "o :o has fall5 into ! mud1 because1 z ,lucretius says1 x is sweet to f9d 9 o!rs "s evil n to be f\nd 9 ourselves4 ,yet great evils1 s f> f caus+ u to laugh1 ar\se pity & fe>1 because we are appreh5sive le/ su* ?+s %\ld happ5 to u4 ,h5ce we may conclude t a slight evil :i* is nei!r sad nor de/ructive1 & :i* we p]ceive 9 o!rs b d n believe to be 9 ourselves1 is ! prim>y cause ( ! ludicr\s4#bja ,9 ,maggi's treatise1 ,de ,ridiculis1 app5d$ to 8 comm5t>y on ! ,poetics1 ! ,ari/otelian conception ( ! ridicul\s is accept$1 ) ! addition ( ! elem5t ( admiratio4 ,maggi insi/s on ! idea ( sudd5ness or novelty2 = we d n laugh at pa9less ugl9ess if x be v famili> or long cont9u$4#bjb ,accord+ to ,robortelli 7#aedh71 com$y1 l all o!r =ms ( poetry1 imitates ! mann]s & actions ( m51 & aims at produc+ laught] & light-he>t$ness4 ,b :at produces laught]8 ,! evil & obsc5e m]ely disgu/ good m52 ! sad & mis]able cause pity & fe>4 ,! basis ( laught] is !re=e to be f\nd 9 :at is only slightly mean or ugly 7subturpiculum74 ,! object ( com$y1 accord+ to ! cons5sus ( ,r5aissance op9ion1 is !re=e to produce laught] = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! m9or vices ridicul\s4 ,muzio 7#aeea7 inde$ compla9s1 z bo? ,sidney & ,b5 ,jonson d lat]1 t ! comic writ]s ( 8 day 7 m int5t on produc+ laught] ?an on depict+ "* or mann]s3-- ,int5ta al riso ,piu *' a i co/umi4 ,b ,m9turno po9ts out t com$y is n to be contemn$ because x excites laught]2 = by comic hil>ity ! spectators are kept f becom+ buffoons !mselves1 & by ! ridicul\s light 9 :i* am\rs are plac$1 are made to avoid su* ?+s 9 future4 ,com$y is ! be/ corrective ( m5's morals2 x is inde$ :at ,cic]o calls x1 imitatio vitae1 speculum consuetud9is1 imago v]itatis4 ,?is phrase1 ascrib$ by ,donatus to ,cic]o1 runs ?r\gh all ! dramatic discussions ( ! ,r5aissance1#bjc & f9ds its e*o 9 a fam\s passage 9 ,hamlet4 ,c]vantes cites ! phrase 9 ,don ,quixote2#bjd & ,il ,lasca1 9 ! prologue to ,l',arzigoglio1 b]ates ! comic writ]s ( 8 day aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,!y take no acc\nt ( ! absurdities1 ! contradictions1 ! inequalities1 & ! discrepancies ( _! pieces2 = !y d n seem to "k t com$y %\ld be tru?'s image1 ! ensample ( mann]s1 & ! mirror ( life4 ,?is is exactly :at ,%akespe>e is cont5d+ = :5 he makes ,hamlet caution ! play]s n to o'er/ep ! mode/y ( nature2 = any?+ s ov]done is f ! purpose ( play+1 ^: end1 bo? at ! fir/ & n[1 0 & is1 to hold z 'tw]e ! mirror up to nature2 to %[ virtue h] own feature1 scorn h] own image1 & ! v age & body ( ! "t 8 =m & pressure4#bje ,! high importance :i* ,scalig] 7#aefa7 gives to com$y1 & 9 fact to satiric & didactic poetry 9 g5]al1 is "o ( _m indications ( ! incipi5t =mation ( neo-classical ideals dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,he reg>ds z absurd ! /atem5t :i* he conceives ,horace to h made1 t com$y is n really poetry2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! true =m ( poetry1 & ! fir/ & highe/ ( all1 = its matt] is entirely inv5t$ by ! poet4#bjf ,he def9es com$y z a dramatic poem fill$ ) intrigue 7negotiosum71 writt5 9 popul> /yle1 & end+ happily4#bjg ,! *>act]s 9 com$y are *iefly old m51 slaves1 c\rtesans1 all 9 humble /ation or f small villages4 ,! action beg9s r turbul5tly1 b ends happily1 & ! /yle is nei!r high nor l[4 ,! typical !mes ( com$y are sports1 banquets1 nuptials1 drunk5 c>\sals1 ! crafty wiles ( slaves1 & ! deception ( old m54#bjh ,! !ory ( com$y 9 sixte5?-c5tury ,italy 0 entirely classical1 & ! practice ( ! "t agrees ) its !ory4 ,!re are inde$ to be he>d occasional notes ( dissatisfaction & revolt1 especially 9 ! prologues ( popul> plays4 ,il ,lasca1 9 ! prologue to ! ,/rega1 defiantly prote/s aga9/ ! inviolable au?ority ( ,ari/otle & ,horace1 & 9 ! prologue to 8 ,gelosia res]ves ! "r to copy ! mann] ( 8 own "t1 & n ^? ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,cec*i1 ,aret9o1 ,gelli1 & o!r comic writ]s give expression to simil> s5tim5ts4#bji ,b on ! :ole ^! prote/s avail$ no?+4 ,! au?ors ( com$y1 & m especially ! lit]>y critics1 7 guid$ by classical practice & classical !ory4 ,dramatic =ms l ! improvis$ comm$ia dell' arte _h m>k$ influ5ce on ! practice ( ,european com$y 9 g5]al1 especially 9 ,france1 b left no traces ( _! influ5ce on ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #aji ,poet4 vi4 #b4 #aaj ,daniello1 p4 #cd4 #aaa ,cf4 ,horace1 ,ars ,poet4 #ahb sq4 #aab ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ii4 #f4 #aac ,ibid4 ii4 #cj4 #aad ,cit$ by ,but*]1 p4 #bbj4 #aae ,poet4 iv4 #g4 #aaf ,maggi1 p4 #fd4 #aag ,maggi1 p4 #aed4 #aah ,but*]1 p4 #bbj sq4 #aai ,but*]1 p4 #bai1 n4 #a4--,muell]1 ii4 #cid1 attempts to h>monize ! def9ition ( ,!ophra/us ) t ( ,ari/otle4 #abj ,egg]1 ,hi/4 de la ,critique1 p4 #cdd1 n4 #b4 #aba ,cloetta1 i4 #bi4 ,cf4 ,antiphanes1 cit$ by ,egg]1 p4 #gb4 #abb ,cloetta1 p4 #cj4 #abc ,etymol4 viii4 #g1 #f4 #abd ,etymol4 xviii4 #de & #df4 #abe ,cloetta1 p4 #bh1 & p4 #ca sq4 #abf ,epi/4 xi4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,gelli's ,lectures on ! ,div9e ,com$y1 ed4 ,negroni1 #ahhg1 i4 #cg sq4 #abg ,poet4 ix4 #e-i4 #abh ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ii4 #ad4 #abi ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ii4 #bj4 #acj ,poet4 xi4 #f4 #aca ,ars ,poet4 #ahb-ahh4 #acb ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ii4 #aai4 #acc ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #f4 #acd ,scalig]1 i4 #aa2 iii4 #if4 #ace ,ibid4 vi4 #f4 #acf ,ibid4 iii4 #if4 #acg ,ibid4 i4 #ac4 #ach ,de ,poeta1 p4 #dc sq4 #aci ,ibid4 p4 #agc4 ,cf4 ,milton's phrase1 va9 & amatori\s poem4 #adj ,daci]1 #afib1 p4 xvii4 #ada ,poet4 vi4 #ai4 #adb ,poet4 xiv4 #a4 #adc ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #cj4 #add ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 #ade ,ibid4 p4 #eg4 #adf ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 #adg ,tw9+1 ii4 #c4 #adh ,but*]1 *4 vi4 #adi ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ii4 #ab4 #aej ,ibid4 i4 #ff sq4 #aea ,triss9o1 ii4 #ic sq4 #aeb ,robortelli1 p4 #eb sq4 #aec ,vettori1 p4 #ef sq41 & ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #aag sq4 #aed ,maggi1 p4 #ig sq4 #aee ,cf4 ,%elley1 ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 p4 #ce1 ,trag$y delights by af=d+ a %ad[ ( t pleasure :i* exi/s 9 pa91 etc4 #aef ,lezzioni1 p4 #ffj4 #aeg ,scalig]1 ,poet4 vii4 i4 #c2 iii4 #if4 #aeh ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #bhg4 #aei ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #gg4 #afj ,but*]1 pp4 #bbi1 #bcj4 #afa ,op]e1 v4 #agh4 #afb ,but*]1 p4 #bhj sq4 #afc ,poet4 xiii4 #b1 #c4 #afd ,daniello1 p4 #ch4 #afe ,poet4 xiii4 #g4 #aff ,della ,v]a ,poetica1 cap4 iii4 #afg ,de ,poeta1 p4 #ahb sq4 #afh ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #aah sq42 also 9 ,scalig] & ,giraldi ,c9tio4 #afi ,poet4 xv4 #a-e4 #agj ,ars ,poet4 #aed sq4 #aga ,muzio1 p4 #hj4 #agb ,pope1 i4 #afe4 #agc ,poetica1 p4 #cf sq4 #agd ,capriano1 op4 cit41 cap4 v4 #age ,cod4 ,magliabe*iano1 vii4 #g1 #gae4 #agf ,ano!r expression ( ,jonson's1 small ,lat9 & less ,greek1 may p]haps be trac$ to ,m9turno's poco del ,lat9o e po*issimo del ,greco1 ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #aeh4 #agg ,poet4 viii4 #a-d4 #agh ,poet4 v4 #d4 #agi ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ii4 #aj sq4 #ahj ,robortelli1 pp4 #ej1 #bge1 & app5dix1 p4 #de4 ,cf4 ,luis9o's ,comm5t>y on ,horace's ,ars ,poetica1 #aeed1 p4 #dj4 #aha ,b4 ,segni1 p4 #agj v4 #ahb ,triss9o1 ii4 #ie4 #ahc ,bruneti]e1 i4 #fi4 #ahd ,maggi1 p4 #id4 #ahe ,scalig]1 iii4 #if4 ,s ,robortelli1 p4 #ec1 speaks ( trag$y z repres5t+ ?+s quae multum acc$unt ad v]itatem ipsam4 #ahf ,e4g4 ,l9tilhac1 ,de ,scal4 ,poet4 p4 #cb4 #ahg ,de ,poeta1 pp4 #ahe1 #bha4 #ahh ,vettori1 p4 #bej4 #ahi ,arte ,poet4 pp4 #ga1 #aag4 #aij ,ibid4 p4 #ab4 #aia ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 pp4 #aeg1 #agj4 #aib ,ibid4 pp4 #eg1 #aji4 #aic ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #ecd4 ,cf4 ,boileau1 ,art ,poet4 iii4 #de4 #aid ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #agi4 #aie ,ibid4 pp4 #ecd1 #ece4 #aif ,o!r allusions to ! unities1 besides ^? already m5tion$1 w be f\nd 9 ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 pp4 #afc-afe1 #afh-aga1 #aia1 #cig1 #eja1 #ebg1 #eca-ecf1 #fib1 #fig1 etc4 #aig ,l9tilhac1 9 ! ,n\velle ,revue1 lxiv4 #eda4 #aih ,essay ( ,dramatic ,poesy1 p4 #ca4 #aii ,poet4 v4 #a4 ,cf4 ,rhet4 iii4 #ah4 #bjj ,triss9o1 ii4 #abj4 ,cf4 ,but*]1 p4 #bjc sq4 #bja ,triss9o1 ii4 #abg-acj4 ,triss9o seems to foll[ ,cic]o1 ,de ,orat4 ii4 #eh sq4 ,x is to ^! ,italian discussions ( ! ludicr\s t ! !ory ( laught] =mulat$ by ,hobbes1 & aft] him by ,addison1 owes its orig94 ,= ,r5aissance discussions ( wit & humor be=e ! introduction ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 cf4 ! ?ird & f\r? books ( ,pontano's ,de ,s]mone1 & ! second book ( ,ca/iglione's ,cortigiano4 #bjb ,maggi1 p4 #cjg4 ,cf4 ,hobbes1 ,human ,nature1 #afej1 ix4 #ac4 #bjc ,cf4 ,b4 ,tasso1 ii4 #eae2 ,robortelli1 p4 #b2 etc4 #bjd ,don ,quix4 iv4 #ba4 #bje ,hamlet1 iii4 #b4 #bjf ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #b4 ,ca/iglione1 9 ! second book ( ! ,cortigiano1 says t ! comic writ]1 m ?an any o!r1 expresses ! true image ( human life4 #bjg ,poet4 i4 #e4 #bjh ,poet4 iii4 #if4 #bji ,symonds1 ,r54 9 ,italy1 v4 #abd sq41 #ecc sq4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,epic ,,poetry ,,epic poetry 0 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem dur+ ! ,r5aissance & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism4 ,x 0 reg>d$ by ,vida z ! highe/ =m ( poetry1#baj & a c5tury lat]1 despite ! success ( trag$y 9 ,france1 ,rap9 /ill held ! same op9ion4#baa ,! rev]5ce = ! epic ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance may be ascrib$ 9 "p to ! m$iaeval v5]ation ( ,virgil z a poet1 & 8 popul> apo!osis z prophet & magician1 & also 9 "p to ! decay into :i* dramatic lit]ature _h fall5 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! h&s ( ! w&]+ play]s1 ! hi/riones & ! vagantes4 ,ari/otle#bab inde$ _h reg>d$ trag$y z ! highe/ =m ( poetry2 & z a result1 ! traditional rev]5ce = ,virgil & ,hom]1 & ! ,r5aissance subs]vi5ce to ,ari/otle1 7 di/9ctly at v>iance4 ,triss9o 7#aefa7 p>aphrases ,ari/otle's argum5t 9 favor ( trag$y1 b po9ts out1 not)/&+ ?is1 t ! :ole _w is unanim\s 9 consid]+ ,virgil & ,hom] great] ?an any tragic poet be=e or aft] !m4#bac ,plac$ 9 ?is qu&>y1 he concludes by leav+ ! read] to judge = himself :e!r epic or trag$y be ! nobl] =m4 ,i4 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,epic ,poem ,vida's ,ars ,poetica1 writt5 be=e #aebj1 al?\gh no edition prior to t ( #aebg is extant1 is ! e>lie/ example 9 mod]n times ( t class ( critical poems to :i* belong ,horace's ,ars ,poetica1 ,boileau's ,art ,poetique1 & ,pope's ,essay on ,criticism4 ,vida's poem is entirely bas$ on t ( ,horace2 b he sub/itutes epic = ,horace's dramatic /udies1 & employs ! ,a,eneid z ! model ( an epic poem4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ! treatm5t accord$ to epic poetry 9 ,ari/otle's ,poetics l$ ! ,r5aissance to d$uce ! laws ( h]oic poetry & ( poetic artifice 9 g5]al f ! practice ( ,virgil2 & x is to ?is po9t ( view t ! critical works on ! ,a,eneid by ,regolo 7#aefc71 ,m>anta 7#aefd71 & ,toscanella 7#aeff7 owe _! orig94 ,! obvi\s & ev5 accid5tal qualities ( ,virgil's poem are enunciat$ by ,vida z fundam5tal laws ( epic poetry4 ,! precepts ?us giv5 are purely rhetorical & p$agogic 9 "*1 & deal almo/ exclusively ) que/ions ( poetic inv5tion1 disposition1 poli%1 & /yle4 ,beyond ?is ,vida does n attempt to g4 ,!re is 9 8 poem no def9ition ( ! epic1 no !ory ( its function1 no analysis ( ! ess5tials ( n>rative /ructure4 ,9 fact1 no !ory ( poetry 9 any real s5se is to be f\nd 9 ,vida's treatise4 ,daniello7#aecf7 deals only v cursorily ) epic poetry1 b 8 def9ition ( x /rikes ! keynote ( ! ,r5aissance conception4 ,h]oic poetry is = him an imitation ( ! illu/ri\s de$s ( emp]ors & o!r m5 magnanim\s & valor\s 9 arms1#bad--;a conception t goes back to ,horace's ,res ge/ae regumque ducumque et tri/ia bella4#bae ,triss9o 7#aefc7 fir/ introduc$ ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( ! epic into mod]n lit]>y criticism2 & ! six? section ( 8 ,poetica is giv5 up almo/ exclusively to ! treatm5t ( h]oic poetry4 ,! epic agrees ) trag$y 9 deal+ ) illu/ri\s m5 & illu/ri\s actions4 ,l trag$y x mu/ h a s+le action1 b x diff]s f trag$y 9 n hav+ ! "t ( ! action limit$ or det]m9$4 ,:ile unity ( action is ess5tial to ! epic1 & is inde$ :at di/+ui%es x f n>rative poems t are n really epics1 ! ,r5aissance conceiv$ ( va/ness ( design & l>g5ess ( detail z necess>y to ! gr&iose "* ( ! epic poem4#baf ,?us ,muzio says3-- ,il poema sovrano e una pittura ,de l' univ]so1 e p]o 9 se compr5de ,ogni /ilo1 ogni =ma1 ogni ritratto4 ,triss9o reg>ds v]si sciolti z ! prop] metre = an h]oic poem1 s9ce ! /anzaic =m imp$es ! cont9uity ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ?is po9t he f9ds fault ) ,boccaccio1 ,boi>do1 & ,ario/o1 ^: romantic poems1 moreov]1 he does n reg>d z epics1 because !y d n obey ,ari/otle's inviolable law ( ! s+le action4 ,he also f9ds fault ) ! romantic poets = describ+ ! improbable1 s9ce ,ari/otle expressly pref]s an impossible probability to an improbable possibility4 ,m9turno's def9ition ( epic poetry is m]ely a modification or p>aphrase ( ,ari/otle's def9ition ( trag$y4 ,epic poetry is an imitation ( a grave & noble de$1 p]fect1 complete1 & ( prop] magnitude1 ) embelli%$ language1 b )\t music or danc+2 at times simply n>rat+ & at o!r times introduc+ p]sons 9 words & actions2 9 ord] t1 ?r\gh pity & fe> ( ! ?+s imitat$1 su* passions may be purg$ f ! m9d ) bo? pleasure & pr(it4#bag ,"h ,m9turno1 l ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ascribes to epic poetry ! same purgation ( pity & fe> effect$ by trag$y4 ,epic poetry he rates above trag$y1 s9ce ! epic poet1 m ?an any o!r1 ar\ses t admiration ( great h]oes :i* x is ! peculi> function ( ! poet to excite1 & !re=e atta9s ! end ( poetry m completely ?an any o!r poet4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is true only 9 ! highe/ =m ( n>rative poetry2 = ,m9turno di/+ui%es ?ree classes ( n>rative poets1 ! l[e/1 or bucolici1 ! m$iocre1 or epici1 :o h no?+ beyond v]se1 & ! highe/1 or h]oici1 :o imitate ! life ( a s+le h]o 9 noble v]se4#bah ,m9turno insi/s fundam5tally on ! unity ( ! epic action2 & directly aga9/ ,ari/otle's /atem5t1 z we h se51 he re/ricts ! duration ( ! action to "o ye>4 ,! lic5se & prolixity ( ! romanzi l$ ! def5d]s ( ! classical epic to ?is extreme ( rigid circumspection4 ,accord+ to ,scalig]1 ! epic1 :i* is ! norm by :i* all o!r poems may be judg$ & ! *ief ( all poems1 describes h]\m g5us1 vita1 ge/a4#bai ,?is is ! ,horatian conception ( ! epic1 & !re is 9 ,scalig] little or no trace ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e4 ,he also foll[s ,horace closely 9 =bidd+ ! n>rative poet to beg9 8 poem f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 /ory 7ab ovo71 & 9 v>i\s o!r details4 ,ca/elvetro 7#aegj7 diff]s f ,ari/otle 9 reg>d to ! unity ( ! epic fable1 on ! gr\nd t poetry is m]ely imag9ative hi/ory1 & c !re=e d any?+ t hi/ory c d4 ,poetry foll[s ! foot/eps ( hi/ory1 diff]+ m]ely 9 t hi/ory n>rates :at has happ5$1 :ile poetry n>rates :at has nev] happ5$ b yet may possibly happ52 & !re=e1 s9ce hi/ory rec\nts ! :ole life ( a s+le h]o1 )\t reg>d to its unity1 !re is no reason :y poetry %\ld n d likewise4 ,! epic may 9 fact deal ) _m actions ( "o p]son1 "o action ( a :ole race1 or _m actions ( _m p2 x ne$ n necess>ily deal ) "o action ( "o p]son1 z ,ari/otle enjo9s1 b if x does s x is simply to %[ ! +5uity & excell5ce ( ! poet4#bbj ,,ii4 ,epic & ,romance ,?is discussion ( epic unity leads to "o ( ! mo/ important critical que/ions ( ! sixte5? c5tury1--! "q ( ! unity ( romance4 ,ario/o's ,orl&o ,furioso & ,boi>do's ,orl&o ,innamorato 7 writt5 be=e ! ,ari/otelian canons _h become a "p ( ! critical lit]ature ( ,italy4 ,:5 x became cle> t ^! poems div]g$ f ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( ! epic z exp\nd$ 9 ! ,poetics1 ,triss9o set out to compose an h]oic poem :i* w\ld be 9 p]fect accord ) ! precepts ( ,ari/otle4 ,8 ,italia ,lib]ata1 :i* 0 complet$ by #aedh1 0 ! result ( tw5ty ye>s ( /udy1 & x is ! fir/ mod]n epic 9 ! /rict ,ari/otelian s5se4 ,) ,ari/otle z 8 guide1 & ,hom] z 8 model1 he _h /udi\sly & me*anically con/ruct$ an epic ( a s+le action2 & 9 ! d$ication ( 8 poem to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 he *>ges all poems :i* violate ?is prim>y law ( ! s+le action ) be+ m]ely ba/>d =ms4 ,! romanzi1 & among !m ! ,orl&o ,furioso1 9 seem+ly disreg>d+ ?is fundam5tal requirem5t1 came "u ,triss9o's c5sure2 & ?is />t$ a controv]sy :i* 0 n to end until ! comm5cem5t ( ! next c5tury1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se may be said to rema9 undecid$ ev5 to ?is day4 ,! fir/ to take up ! cudgels 9 def5ce ( ! writ]s ( ! romanzi 0 ,giraldi ,c9tio1 :o 9 8 y\? _h kn[n ,ario/o p]sonally1 & :o wrote 8 ,discorso intorno al comporre dei ,romanzi1 9 ,april1 #aedi4 ,! gr\nds ( 8 def5ce are tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,giraldi ma9ta9s t ! romance is a poetic =m ( :i* ,ari/otle did n "k1 & to :i* 8 rules !re=e d n apply2 & 9 ! second place1 ,tuscan lit]ature1 diff]+ z x does f ! lit]ature ( ,greece 9 language1 9 _s1 & 9 religi\s feel+1 ne$ n & inde$ ought n to foll[ ! rules ( ,greek lit]ature1 b r ! laws ( its own developm5t & its own traditions4 ,) ,ario/o & ,boi>do z models1 ,giraldi sets out to =mulate ! laws ( ! romanzi4 ,! romanzi aim at imitat+ illu/ri\s actions 9 v]se1 ) ! purpose ( tea*+ good morals & hone/ liv+1 s9ce ?is ought to be ! aim ( e poet1 z ,giraldi conceives ,ari/otle himself to h said4#bba ,all h]oic poetry is an imitation ( illu/ri\s actions1 b ,giraldi1 l ,ca/elvetro tw5ty ye>s lat]1 recognizes sev]al di/9ct =ms ( h]oic poetry1 accord+ z to :e!r x imitates "o action ( "o man1 _m actions ( _m m51 or _m actions ( "o man4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! epic poem1 ! rules ( :i* are giv5 9 ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,! second is ! romantic poem1 aft] ! mann] ( ,boi>do & ,ario/o4 ,! ?ird is ! biographical poem1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,!seid & simil> works deal+ ) ! :ole life ( a s+le h]o4 ,^! =ms are !re=e to be reg>d$ z ?ree di/9ct & legitimate species ( h]oic poetry1 ! fir/ ( !m be+ an epic poem 9 ! /rict ,ari/otelian s5se1 & ! two o!rs com+ "u ! g5]al head ( romanzi4 ,( ! two =ms ( romanzi1 ! biographical deals pref]ably ) an hi/orical subject1 :]eas ! noble/ writ]s ( ! m purely romantic =m1 deal+ ) _m actions ( _m m51 h inv5t$ _! subject-matt]4 ,horace says t an h]oic poem %\ld n comm5ce at ! v beg9n+ ( ! h]o's life2 b x is difficult to und]/&1 says ,giraldi1 :y ! :ole life ( a di/+ui%$ man1 :i* gives u s great & ref9$ a pleasure 9 ! works ( ,plut>* & o!r biograph]s1 %\ld n please u all ! m :5 describ$ 9 beautiful v]se by a good poet4#bbb ,accord+ly1 ! poet :o is compos+ an epic 9 ! /rict s5se %\ld1 9 h&l+ ! ev5ts ( 8 n>rative1 plunge imm$iately 9 m$ias res4 ,! poet deal+ ) _m actions ( _m m5 %\ld beg9 ) ! mo/ important ev5t1 & ! "o ^u :i* all ! o!rs may be said to h+e2 :]eas ! poet describ+ ! life ( a s+le h]o %\ld beg9 at ! v beg9n+1 if ! h]o sp5t a really h]oic y\?1 z ,h]cules = example did4 ,! poem deal+ ) ! life ( a h]o is ?us a sep>ate g5re1 & "o = :i* ,ari/otle does n attempt to lay d[n any laws4 ,giraldi ev5 goes s f> z to say t ,ari/otle#bbc c5sur$ ^? :o write ! life ( ,!seus or ,h]cules 9 a s+le poem1 n because !y dealt ) _m actions ( "o man1 b because !y treat$ su* a poem 9 exactly ! same mann] z ^? :o dealt ) a s+le action ( a s+le h]o1--an ass]tion :i* is ( c\rse utt]ly absurd4 ,giraldi !n proce$s to deal 9 detail ) ! disposition & composition ( ! romanzi1 :i* he rates above ! classical epics 9 ! efficacy ( e?ical tea*+4 ,x is ! (fice ( ! poet to praise virtu\s actions & to condemn vici\s actions2 & 9 ?is ! writ]s ( ! romanzi are f> sup]ior to ! writ]s ( ! anci5t h]oic poems4#bbd ,giraldi's disc\rse on ! romanzi gave rise to a curi\s dispute ) 8 own pupil1 ,giambatti/a ,pigna1 :o publi%$ a simil> "w1 entitl$ ,i ,romanzi1 9 ! same ye> 7#aeed74 ,pigna ass]t$ t he _h sugge/$ to ,giraldi ! ma9 argum5t ( ! disc\rse1 & t ,giraldi _h adopt$ x z 8 own4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! details ( ?is controv]sy1 x w\ld seem t ! priority ( ,giraldi _c fairly be conte/$4#bbe ,at all ev5ts1 !re is a v great resemblance betwe5 ! works ( ,giraldi & ,pigna4 ,pigna's treatise1 h[ev]1 is m detail$ ?an ,giraldi's4 ,9 ! fir/ book1 ,pigna deals ) ! g5]al subject ( ! romanzi2 9 ! second he gives a life ( ,ario/o1 & discusses ! ,furioso1 po9t by po9t2 9 ! ?ird he demon/rates ! good ta/e & critical acum5 ( ,ario/o by comp>+ ! fir/ v]sion ( ! ,furioso ) ! complet$ & p]fect$ copy4#bbf ,bo? ,pigna & ,giraldi consid] ! romanzi to con/itute a new g5re1 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 & !re=e n subject to ,ari/otle's rules4 ,giraldi's sympa?ies 7 9 favor ( ! biographical =m ( ! romanzi1 & 8 poem1 ! ,ercole 7#aeeg71 rec\nts ! :ole life ( a s+le h]o4 ,pigna1 :o keeps clos] to ! tradition ( ,ario/o1 reg>ds ! biographical =m z n prop] to poetry1 because too mu* l hi/ory4 ,^! argum5ts1 pres5t$ by ,giraldi & ,pigna1 7 answ]$ by ,sp]oni1 ,m9turno1 & o!rs4 ,sp]oni po9t$ out t :ile x is n necess>y = ! romantic poets to foll[ ! rules prescrib$ by ! anci5ts1 !y _c disobey ! fundam5tal laws ( poetry4 ,! romanzi1 says ,sp]oni1 are epics1 :i* are poems1 or !y are hi/ories 9 v]se1 & n poems4#bbg ,t is1 h[ does a poem diff] f a well-writt5 hi/orical n>rative1 if ! =m] be )\t organic unity8#bbh ,z to ! :ole discussion1 x may be said "h1 )\t attempt+ to pass judgm5t on ,ario/o1 or any o!r writ] ( romanzi1 t unity ( "s sort e true poem mu/ necess>ily h2 &1 flawless z ! ,orl&o ,furioso is 9 its details1 ! unity ( ! poem c]ta9ly has n ! obvi\sness ( p]fect1 & especially classical1 art4 ,a "w ( art )\t organic unity may be comp>$ ) an unsymmetrical circle2 &1 :ile ! ,furioso is n to be judg$ by any arbitr>y or me*anical rules ( unity1 yet if x has n t int]nal unity :i* transc5ds all m]e ext]nal =m1 x may be consid]$1 z a "w ( art1 h>dly less ?an a failure2 & ! f>!r x is remov$ f p]fect unity1 ! m imp]fect is ! art4 ,poetry adapts itself to its times1 b _c dep>t f its own fundam5tal laws4#bbi ,m9turno's answ] to ! def5d]s ( ! romanzi is m detail$ & explicit ?an ,sp]oni's1 & x is ( consid]able importance because ( its influ5ce on ,torquato ,tasso's conception ( epic poetry4 ,m9turno does n d5y--& 9 ?is 8 po9t ( view is id5tical ) ,tasso's--t x is possible to employ ! matt] ( ! romanzi 9 ! composition ( a p]fect poem4 ,! actions !y describe are great & illu/ri\s1 _! knights & ladies are noble & illu/ri\s1 too1 & !y conta9 9 a mo/ excell5t mann] t elem5t ( ! m>vell\s :i* is s important an elem5t 9 ! epic action4 ,x is ! /ructure ( ! romanzi ) :i* ,m9turno f9ds fault4 ,!y lack ! fir/ ess5tial ( e =m ( poetry1--unity4 ,9 fact1 !y are little m ?an v]sifi$ hi/ory or leg5d2 &1 :ile express+ admiration = ! g5ius ( ,ario/o1 ,m9turno _c b regret t he s f> yield$ to ! popul> ta/e ( 8 "t z to employ ! me?od ( ! romanzi4 ,he approves ( ! sugge/ion ( ,bembo1 :o _h tri$ to p]suade ,ario/o to write an epic in/ead ( a romantic poem1#bcj j z lat]1 & = simil> reasons1 ,gabriel ,h>vey attempt$ to dissuade ,sp5s] f cont9u+ ! ,fa]ie ,que5e4 ,m9turno d5ies t ! ,tuscan tongue is n well adapt$ to ! composition ( h]oic poetry2 on ! contr>y1 !re is no =m ( poetry to :i* x is n admirably fitt$4 ,he d5ies t ! romantic poem c be di/+ui%$ f ! epic on ! gr\nd t ! actions ( knights-errant require a diff]5t & broad] =m ( n>rative ?an d ^? ( ! classical h]oes4 ,! cele/ial & inf]nal gods & demi-gods ( ! anci5ts correspond ) ! angels1 sa9ts1 an*orites1 & ! "o ,god ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! anci5t sibyls1 oracles1 en*antresses1 & div9e mess5g]s correspond ) ! mod]n necromanc]s1 fates1 magicians1 & cele/ial angels4 ,to ! claim ( ! romantic poets t _! poems approximate clos] to t magnitude :i* ,ari/otle enjo9s z necess>y = all poetry1 ,m9turno answ]s t magnitude is ( no avail )\t proportion2 !re is no beauty 9 ! giant ^: limbs & frame are di/ort$4 ,f9ally1 ! romanzi are said to be a new =m ( poetry unkn[n to ,ari/otle & ,horace1 & h5ce n am5able to _! laws4 ,b "t1 says ,m9turno1 _c *ange ! tru?2 9 e age a poem mu/ h unity1 proportion1 magnitude4 ,ev]y?+ 9 nature is gov]n$ by "s specific law :i* directs its op]ation2 & z x is 9 nature s x is 9 art1 = art tries to imitate nature1 & ! ne>] x approa*es nature 9 h] ess5tial laws1 ! bett] x does its "w4 ,9 o!r words1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 poetry adapts itself to its times1 b _c dep>t f its own laws4 ,b]n>do ,tasso1 ! fa!r ( ,torquato1 _h orig9ally be5 "o ( ! def5d]s ( ! classical epic2 b he seems to h be5 conv]t$ to ! opposite view by ,giraldi ,c9tio1 & 9 8 poem ( ! ,amadigi he foll[s romantic models4 ,8 son ,torquato1 9 8 ,discorsi dell' ,arte ,poetica1 orig9ally writt5 "o or two ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,m9turno's ,arte ,poetica1 al?\gh n publi%$ until #aehg1 0 ! fir/ to attempt a reconciliation ( ! epic & romantic =ms2 & he may be said to h effect$ a solution ( ! problem by ! =mulation ( ! !ory ( a n>rative poem :i* w\ld h ! romantic subject-matt]1 ) its delightful v>iety1 & ! epic =m1 ) its ess5tial unity4 ,! "q at issue1 z we h se51 is t ( unity2 t is1 does ! h]oic poem ne$ unity8 ,tasso d5ies t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ! epic poem & ! romantic poem z poems4 ,! reason :y ! latt] is m pleas+1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact ( ! great] delightfulness ( ! !mes treat$4#bca ,v>iety 9 itself is n pleas+1 = a v>iety ( disagreeable ?+s w\ld n please at all4 ,h5ce ! p]fect & at ! same "t mo/ pleas+ =m ( h]oic poem w\ld deal ) ! *ivalr\s !mes ( ! romanzi1 b w\ld possess t unity ( /ructure :i*1 accord+ to ! precepts ( ,ari/otle & ! practice ( ,hom] & ,virgil1 is ess5tial to e epic4 ,!re are two sorts ( unity possible 9 art z 9 nature1--! simple unity ( a *emical elem5t1 & ! complex unity ( an organism l an animal or plant1--& ( ^! ! latt] is ! sort ( unity t ! h]oic poet %\ld aim at4#bcb ,capriano 7#aeee7 _h ref]r$ to ?is same di/9ction1 :5 he po9t$ out t poetry ought n to be ! imitation ( a s+le act1 su* z a s+le act ( weep+ 9 ! elegy1 or a s+le act ( pa/oral life 9 ! eclogue1 = su* a sporadic imitation is to be comp>$ to a picture ( a s+le h& )\t ! re/ ( ! body2 on ! contr>y1 poetry ought to be ! repres5tation ( a numb] ( att5dant or dep5d5t acts1 lead+ f a giv5 beg9n+ to a suitable end4#bcc ,hav+ settl$ ! g5]al fact t ! attractive !mes ( ! romanzi %\ld be employ$ 9 a p]fect h]oic poem1 we may inquire :at p>ticul> !mes are mo/ fitt$ to ! epic1 & :at mu/ be ! ess5tial qualities ( ! epic mat]ial4#bcd ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subject ( ! h]oic poem mu/ be hi/orical1 = x is n probable t illu/ri\s actions su* z are dealt ) 9 ! epic %\ld be unkn[n to hi/ory4 ,! au?ority ( hi/ory ga9s = ! poet t semblance ( tru? necess>y to deceive ! read] & make him believe t :at ! poet writes is true4 ,secondly1 ! h]oic poem1 accord+ to ,tasso1 mu/ deal ) ! hi/ory1 n ( a false religion1 b ( ! true "o1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! religion ( ! pagans is absolutely unfit = epic mat]ial2 = if ! pagan deities are n introduc$1 ! poem w lack ! elem5t ( ! m>vell\s1 & if !y are introduc$ x w lack ! elem5t ( probability4 ,bo? ! m>vell\s & ! v]isimile mu/ exi/ toge!r 9 a p]fect epic1 & difficult z ! task may seem1 !y mu/ be reconcil$4 ,ano!r reason :y paganism is unfit = ! epic is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! p]fect knight mu/ h piety z well z o!r virtues4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! poem mu/ n deal ) !mes connect$ ) ! articles ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 = su* !mes w\ld be unalt]able1 & w\ld all[ no scope to ! free play ( ! poet's inv5tive fancy4 ,f\r?ly1 ! mat]ial mu/ be nei!r too anci5t nor too mod]n1 = ! latt] is too well kn[n to admit ( fanciful *anges ) probability1 & ! =m] n only lacks int]e/ b requires ! introduction ( /range & ali5 mann]s & cu/oms4 ,! times ( ,*>lemagne & ,ar?ur are accord+ly be/ fitt$ = h]oic treatm5t4 ,f9ally1 ! ev5ts !mselves mu/ possess nobility & gr&eur4 ,h5ce an epic %\ld be a /ory d]iv$ f "s ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian peoples1 intr9sically noble & illu/ri\s1 b n ( s sacr$ a "* z to be fix$ & immutable1 & nei!r contempor>y nor v remote4 ,by ! selection ( su* mat]ial ! poem ga9s ! au?ority ( hi/ory1 ! tru? ( religion1 ! lic5se ( fiction1 ! prop] atmosph]e 9 po9t ( "t1 & ! gr&eur ( ! ev5ts !mselves4#bce ,ari/otle says t bo? epic & trag$y deal ) illu/ri\s actions4 ,tasso po9ts out t if ! actions ( trag$y & ( epic poetry 7 bo? illu/ri\s 9 ! same way1 !y w\ld bo? produce ! same results2 b tragic actions move horror & compassion1 :ile epic actions z a rule d n & ne$ n ar\se ^! emotions4 ,! tragic action consi/s 9 ! unexpect$ *ange ( =tune1 & 9 ! gr&eur ( ! ev5ts c>ry+ ) !m horror & pity2 b ! epic action is f\nd$ ^u und]tak+s ( l(ty m>tial virtue1 ^u de$s ( c\rtesy1 piety1 g5]osity1 none ( :i* is prop] to trag$y4 ,h5ce ! *>act]s 9 epic poetry & 9 trag$y1 ?\gh bo? ( ! same regal & supreme rank1 diff] 9 t ! tragic h]o is nei!r p]fectly good nor entirely bad1 z ,ari/otle says1 :ile ! epic h]o mu/ h ! v height ( virtue1 su* z ,a,eneas1 ! type ( piety1 ,amadis1 ! type ( loyalty1 ,a*illes1 ( m>tial virtue1 & ,ulysses1 ( prud5ce4 ,hav+ =mulat$ ^! !ories ( h]oic poetry 9 8 y\?1 ,tasso set out to c>ry !m into practice1 & 8 fam\s ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata 0 ! result4 ,?is poem1 almo/ imm$iately aft] its publication1 />t$ a viol5t controv]sy1 :i* rag$ = _m ye>s1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z ! legitimate outcome ( ! e>li] dispute 9 connection ) ! romanzi4#bcf ,! ,g]usalemme 0 9 fact ! c5tre ( critical activity dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury4 ,%ortly aft] its publication1 ,camillo ,pellegr9o publi%$ a dialogue1 entitl$ ,il ,c>affa 7#aehc71 9 :i* ! ,g]usalemme is comp>$ ) ! ,orl&o ,furioso1 mu* to ! advantage ( ! =m]4 ,pellegr9o f9ds fault ) ,ario/o on acc\nt ( ! lack ( unity ( 8 poem1 ! immoral mann]s imitat$1 & v>i\s imp]fections ( /yle & language2 & 9 all ( ^! ?+s1 unity1 morality1 & /yle1 he f9ds ,tasso's poem p]fect4 ,?is 0 naturally ! signal = a heat$ & long-cont9u$ controv]sy4 ,! ,accademia della ,crusca _h be5 f\nd$ at ,flor5ce1 9 #aehb1 & x seems t ! memb]s ( ! new society felt hurt at "s s>ca/ic rem>ks reg>d+ ,flor5ce 9 "o ( ,tasso's dialogues4 ,accord+ly1 ! head ( ! academy1 ,lion>do ,salviati1 9 a dialogue entitl$ ,l' ,inf>9ato1 wrote an ard5t def5ce ( ,ario/o2 & an acrid & undignifi$ dispute betwe5 ,tasso & ,salviati 0 begun4#bcg ,tasso answ]$ ! ,accademia della ,crusca 9 8 ,apologia2 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury1 ,paolo ,b5i1 ! comm5tator on ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 publi%$ 8 ,comp>azione di ,om]o1 ,virgilio1 e ,torquato1 9 :i* ,tasso is rat$ above ,hom]1 ,virgil1 & ,ario/o1 n only 9 dignity1 9 beauty ( /yle1 & 9 unity ( fable1 b 9 e o!r quality t may be said to con/itute p]fection 9 poetry4 ,be=e dismiss+ ?is :ole matt]1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! def5d]s ( ,ari/otle _h absolutely ab&on$ ! position ( ,giraldi & ,pigna1 t ! romanzi con/itute a g5re by !mselves1 & are !re=e n subject to ,ari/otle's law ( unity4 ,! "q z ,giraldi _h /at$ x 0 ?is3 ,does e poem ne$ to h unity8 ,! "q z discuss$ 9 ! ,tasso controv]sy _h *ang$ to ?is =m3 ,:at is unity8 ,x 0 tak5 = grant$ by bo? sides 9 ! controv]sy t e poem mu/ h organic unity2 & ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 9 epic z 9 dramatic poetry1 0 h5ce=? supreme4 ,x 0 to ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle t ,tasso's oppon5ts appeal$2 & ,salviati1 m]ely = ! purpose ( und]m9+ ,tasso's pret5sions1 wrote an ext5d$ comm5t>y on ! ,poetics1 :i* /ill lies 9 ,ms4 at ,flor5ce1 & :i* has be5 made use ( 9 ! pres5t essay4#bch ,,foot-,,notes3 #baj ,pope1 i4 #acc4 #baa ,rap91 #afgd1 ii4 #b4 #bab ,poet4 xxvi4 #bac ,triss9o1 ii4 #aah sq4 #bad ,daniello1 p4 #cd4 #bae ,ars ,poet4 #gc4 #baf ,triss9o1 ii4 #aab sq4 #bag ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #i4 #bah ,de ,poeta1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 #bai ,poet4 iii4 #ie4 #bbj ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 p4 #agh sq4 #bba ,giraldi ,c9tio1 i4 #aa1 #fd4 #bbb ,giraldi ,c9tio1 i4 #bd4 #bbc ,poet4 viii4 #b4 #bbd ,giraldi1 i4 #ff sq4 #bbe ,cf4 ,tirabos*i1 vii4 #idg sq41 & ,giraldi1 ii4 #aec sq4 ,pigna's own words are cit$ 9 ,giraldi1 i4 p4 xxiii4 #bbf ,canello1 p4 #cjf sq4 #bbg ,sp]oni1 v4 #eba4 #bbh ,cf4 ,m9turno1 ,de ,poeta1 p4 #aea4 #bbi ,m9turno1 ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #ca4 ,= v>i\s op9ions on ! unity ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso1 cf4 ,canello1 p4 #ajf1 & ,f(fano1 p4 #ei sq4 #bcj ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #ca4 #bca ,t4 ,tasso1 xii4 #bai sq4 #bcb ,t4 ,tasso1 xii4 #bcd4 #bcc ,della ,v]a ,poetica1 cap4 iii4 #bcd ,t4 ,tasso1 xii4 #aii sq4 #bce ,t4 ,tasso1 xii4 #bjh4 #bcf ,acc\nts ( ?is fam\s controv]sy w be f\nd 9 ,tirabos*i1 ,canello1 ,s]assi1 etc42 b ! late/ & mo/ complete is t giv5 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,sol]ti's monum5tal ,vita di ,torquato ,tasso1 ,tor9o1 #ahie4 #bcg ,ne>ly all ! important docum5ts ( ! ,tasso controv]sy are repr9t$ 9 ,ros9i's edition ( ,tasso1 ,op]e1 vols4 xviii4-xxiii4 #bch ,! "q ( unity 0 also rais$ 9 ano!r controv]sy ( ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a passage 9 ,v>*i's ,ercolano 7#aegj71 rat+ ,dante above ,hom]1 />t$ a controv]sy on ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,! mo/ important outcome ( ?is dispute 0 ,mazzoni's ,difesa di ,dante 7#aegc71 9 :i* a :ole new !ory ( poetry is exp\nd$ 9 ord] to def5d ! great ,tuscan poet4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,classic ,,_s ,,9 ,,italian ,,criticism ,,! gr[? ( classicism 9 ,r5aissance criticism 0 due to ?ree causes1--humanism1 or ! imitation ( ! classics1 ,ari/otelianism1 or ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 & rationalism1 or ! au?ority ( ! reason1 ! result ( ! gr[? ( ! mod]n _s 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,^! ?ree causes are at ! bottom ( ,italian classicism1 z well z ( ,fr5* classicism dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,i4 ,humanism ,! progress ( humanism may be di/+ui%$ by an arbitr>y b m or less practical division into f\r p]iods4 ,! fir/ p]iod 0 *>act]iz$ by ! discov]y & accumulation ( classical lit]ature1 & ! second p]iod 0 giv5 up to ! arrangem5t & translation ( ! works ?us discov]$4 ,! ?ird p]iod is m>k$ by ! =mation ( academies1 9 :i* ! classics 7 /udi$ & humaniz$1 & :i* z a result produc$ a special cult ( le>n+4 ,! f\r? & la/ p]iod is m>k$ by ! decl9e ( pure erudition1 & ! beg9n+ ( ae/hetic & /yli/ic s*ol>%ip4#bci ,! practical result ( ! revival ( le>n+ & ! progress ( humanism 0 ?us ! /udy & imitation ( ! classics4 ,to ?is imitation ( classical lit]ature all t humanism gave to ! mod]n _w may be ultimately trac$4 ,! problem be=e u1 !n1 is ?is3 ,:at 0 ! result ( ?is imitation ( ! classics1 9 s f> z x reg>ds ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,r5aissance8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! imitation ( ! classics result$ 9 ! /udy & cult ( ext]nal =m4 ,elegance1 poli%1 cle>ness ( design1 became objects ( /udy = !mselves2 & z a result we h ! =mation ( ae/hetic ta/e1 & ! gr[? ( a classic purism1 to :i* _m ( ! lit]>y t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance may be trac$4#bdj ,"u ,leo ,x4 & ?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! intricacies ( /yle & v]sification 7 c>efully /udi$4 ,vida 0 ! fir/ to lay d[n laws ( imitative h>mony2#bda ,bembo1 & aft] him ,dolce & o!rs1 /udi$ ! poetic effect ( diff]5t s\nds1 & ! onomatopoeic value ( ! v>i\s v[els & consonants2#bdb ,claudio ,tolomei attempt$ to introduce classical metres into ! v]nacul>2#bdc ,triss9o publi%$ subtle & sy/ematic rese>*es 9 ,tuscan language & v]sification4#bdd ,lat]1 ! rhetorical treatises ( ,cavalcanti 7#aefe71 ,lion>di 7#aeed71 & ,p>t5io 7#aefj71 & ! m practical manuals ( ,fanucci 7#aecc71 ,equicola 7#aeda71 & ,ruscelli 7#aeei71 all te/ify to ! trem5d\s impulse :i* ! imitation ( ! classics _h giv5 to ! /udy ( =m bo? 9 classical & v]nacul> lit]atures4 ,9 ,vida's ,ars ,poetica !re are abundant evid5ces ( ! rhetorical & especially ! puri/ic t5d5cies ( mod]n classicism4 ,! me*anical conception ( poetic expression1 9 :i* imag9ation1 s5sibility1 & passion are subject$ to ! elaborate & intricate precepts ( art1 is ev]y:]e f\nd 9 ,vida's poem4 ,l ,horace1 ,vida insi/s on long prep>ation = ! composition ( poetry1 & w>ns ! poet aga9/ ! indulg5ce ( 8 fir/ impulses4 ,he sugge/s z a prep>ation = ! composition ( poetry1 t ! poet %\ld prep>e a li/ ( phrases & images = use :5ev] occasion may dem&4#bde ,he impresses ^u ! poet ! necessity ( euphemi/ic expressions 9 introduc+ ! subject ( 8 poem2 = example1 ! "n ( ,ulysses %\ld n be m5tion$1 b he %\ld be ref]r$ to z "o :o has se5 _m m5 & _m cities1 :o has suff]$ %ipwreck on ! return f ,troy1 & ! l4#bdf ,9 su* me*anical precepts z ^!1 ! rhetoric ( sev5te5?-c5tury classicism is anticipat$4 ,its re/ra9t1 its purity1 its me*anical side1 are ev]y:]e visible 9 ,vida4 ,a little lat]1 9 ,daniello1 we f9d simil> puri/ic t5d5cies4 ,he requires ! sev]e sep>ation ( g5res1 decorum & propriety ( *>act]ization1 & ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ disagreeable f ! /age4 ,9 ,p>t5io's ,della ,imitatione ,poetica 7#aefj71 ! poet is expressly =bidd5 ! employm5t ( ! ord9>y words 9 daily use1#bdg & elegance ( =m is especially dem&$4 ,p>t5io reg>ds =m z ( sup]ior importance to subject or idea2 = ^? :o he> or read poetry c>e m = beauty ( diction ?an = "* or ev5 ?\ght4#bdh ,x is on m]ely rhetorical gr\nds t ,p>t5io di/+ui%es excell5t f m$iocre poetry4 ,! good poet1 unlike ! bad "o1 is able to give spl5dor & dignity to ! mo/ trivial idea by means ( adornm5ts ( diction & disposition4 ,?is conception seems to h p>ticul>ly appeal$ to ! ,r5aissance2 & ,tasso gives expression to a simil> notion :5 he calls x ! poet's noble/ function to make ( old concepts new ones1 to make ( vulg> concepts noble ones1 & to make common concepts 8 own4#bdi ,9 a high] & m ideal s5se1 poetry1 accord+ to ,%elley1 makes famili> objects be z if !y 7 n famili>4#bej ,x is 9 keep+ ) ?is rhetorical ideal ( classicism t ,scalig] makes electio et sui fa/idium ! highe/ virtues ( ! poet4#bea ,all t is m]ely popul> 7plebeium7 9 ?\ght & expression is to be m9utely avoid$2 = only t :i* proce$s f solid erudition is prop] to art4 ,! basis ( arti/ic creation is imitation & judgm5t2 = e arti/ is at bottom some:at ( an e*o4#beb ,grace1 decorum1 elegance1 spl5dor are ! *ief excell5ces ( poetry & ! life ( all excell5ce lies 9 measure1 t is1 mod]ation & proportion4 ,x is 9 ! _s ( ?is classical purism t ,scalig] m9utely di/+ui%es ! v>i\s rhetorical & grammatical figures1 & c>efully e/imates _! prop] place & function 9 poetry4 ,8 analysis & sy/ematization ( ! figures 7 imm$iately accept$ by ! s*ol>s & gramm>ians ( 8 "t1 & h play$ a l>ge "p 9 ,fr5* education ev] s9ce4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ,scalig]'s dogmatic tea*+1 ! ,lat9ization ( culture1 c only be ref]r$ to "h 9 pass+4#bec ,a second result ( ! imitation ( ! classics 0 ! paganization ( ,r5aissance culture4 ,classic art is at bottom pagan1 & ! ,r5aissance sacrific$ ev]y?+ 9 ord] to appe> classical4#bed ,n only did ,*ri/ian lit]ature seem contemptible :5 comp>$ ) classic lit]ature1 b ! m]e treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian !mes (f]$ num]\s difficulties 9 itself4 ,?us ,muzio decl>es t ! anci5t fables are ! be/ poetic mat]ials1 s9ce !y p]mit ! introduction ( ! deities into poetry1 & a poem1 be+ some?+ div9e1 %\ld n disp5se ) ! association ( div9ity4#bee ,to br+ ! ,god ( ,israel into poetry1 to repres5t him1 z x 71 9 ! fle%1 disc\rs+ & argu+ ) m51 0 sacrilege2 & to give ! ev5ts ( poetic n>rative div9e au?oritativ5ess1 ! pagan deities became necessities ( ,r5aissance poetry4 ,savon>ola1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 9 ! sixte5?1 react$ aga9/ ! paganization ( lit]ature1 b 9 va94 ,despite ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 despite ,tasso & ,du ,b>tas1 ! pagan gods held sway ov] ,p>nassus until ! v end ( ! classical p]iod2 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z w be se51 ,boileau expressly disc\rages ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian !mes1 & insi/s t ! anci5t pagan fables alone mu/ =m ! basis ( neo-classical art4 ,a ?ird result ( ! imitation ( ! classics 0 ! developm5t ( appli$1 or concrete1 criticism4 ,if ! f\ndations ( lit]ature1 if ! =mation ( /yle1 c result only f a close & judici\s imitation ( classical lit]ature1 ?is problem confronts u3 ,:i* classical au?ors are we to imitate8 ,an answ] to ?is "q involves ! application ( concrete criticism4 ,a reason mu/ be giv5 = "o's pref]5ces2 9 o!r words1 !y mu/ be ju/ifi$ on pr9ciple4 ,! lit]>y controv]sies ( ! humani/s1 ! disputes on ! subject ( imitation1 ( ,cic]onianism1 & :at n1 all t5d$ 9 ?is direction4 ,! judgm5t ( au?ors 0 dep5d5t m or less on individual impressions4 ,b ! long] ^! controv]sies cont9u$1 ! ne>] 0 ! approa* to a lit]>y criticism1 ju/ifi$ by appeals to g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* became m & m fix$ & det]m9$2 s t ! gr[? ( pr9ciples1 or crit]ia ( judgm5t 9 matt]s ( lit]ature1 is 9 reality cot]m9\s ) ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( classicism4#bef ,b "o ( ! mo/ important consequ5ces ( ! imitation ( ! classics 0 t ?is imitation became a dogma ( criticism1 & radically *ang$ ! relations ( art & nature 9 s f> z !y t\* lett]s & lit]>y criticism4 ,! imitation ( ! classics became1 9 a ^w1 ! basis ( lit]>y creation4 ,vida1 = example1 affirms t ! poet mu/ imitate classical lit]ature1 = only by su* imitation is p]fection atta9able 9 mod]n poetry4 ,9 fact1 ?is notion is c>ri$ to su* an extreme t ! highe/ orig9ality becomes = ,vida m]ely ! +5i\s translation ( passages f ! classic poets3-- ,haud m9or e/ adeo virtus1 si te audit ,apollo1 ,inv5ta ,argivum 9 patriam conv]t]e vocem1 ,quam si tute aliquid intactum inv5]is ante4#beg ,muzio1 e*o+ ,horace1 urges ! poet to /udy ! classics by day & by night2 & ,scalig]1 z has be5 se51 makes all lit]>y creation dep5d ultimately on judici\s imitation3 ,nemo e/ qui non aliquid de ,e*o4 ,z a result1 imitation gradually acquir$ a specializ$ & almo/ esot]ic mean+1 & became 9 ?is s5se ! />t+-po9t ( all ! educational !ories ( ! lat] humani/s4 ,! doctr9e ( imitation set =? by ,john ,/urm1 ! ,/rasburg humani/1 0 p>ticul>ly influ5tial4#beh ,accord+ to ,/urm1 imitation is n ! s]vile copy+ ( words & phrases2 x is a vehem5t & arti/ic application ( m9d1 :i* judici\sly uses & transfigures all t x imitates4 ,/urm's !ory ( imitation is n entirely orig9al1 b comes ?r\gh ,agricola & ,melan*?on f ,qu9tilian4#bei ,qu9tilian _h said t ! great] "p ( art consi/s 9 imitation2 b = ! humani/s imitation became ! *ief & almo/ ! only elem5t ( lit]>y creation1 s9ce ! lit]ature ( _! own "t seem$ s va/ly inf]ior to t ( ! anci5ts4 ,! imitation ( ! classics hav+ ?us become ess5tial to lit]>y creation1 :at 0 to be its relation to ! imitation ( nature8 ,! anci5t poets seem$ to insi/ t e writ] is at bottom an imitator ( nature1 & t he :o does n imitate nature div]ges f ! purpose & pr9ciple ( art4 ,a lesson com+ f a s\rce s au?oritative z ?is c\ld n be left unhe$$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ! evolution ( classicism may be di/+ui%$ by ! *ang+ po9t ( view ( ! critics 9 reg>d to ! relations betwe5 nature & art4 ,?is evolution may be trac$ 9 ! neo-classical p]iod ?r\gh ?ree di/9ct /ages1 & ^! ?ree /ages may be indicat$ by ! doctr9es respectively ( ,vida1 ,scalig]1 & ,boileau4 ,vida says t x is ! fir/ ess5tial ( lit]>y art to imitate ! classics4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t him f w>n+ ! poet t x is 8 fir/ duty to obs]ve & copy nature3-- ,praet]ea haud lateat te1 nil con>i] artem1 ,naturam nisi ut assimulet1 propiusque sequatur4 ,= ,vida1 h[ev]1 z = ! lat] classici/s1 nature is synonym\s ) civiliz$ m51 p]haps ev5 fur!r re/rict$ to ! m5 ( ! city & ! c\rt2 & ! /udy ( nature 0 h>dly m = him ?an close obs]vation ( ! diff]5ces ( human "*1 m especially ( ! ext]nal diff]5ces :i* result f div]sity ( age1 rank1 sex1 race1 pr(ession1 & :i* may be designat$ by ! t]m decorum4#bfj ,! imitation ( nature ev5 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se ,vida requires on ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts4 ,! mod]n poet %\ld imitate nature because ! great classical poets h always ackn[l$g$ h] sway3-- ,hanc unam vates sibi proposu]e magi/ram4 ,nature has no p>ticul> int]e/ = ,vida 9 itself4 ,he accepts ! classics z we accept ! ,scriptures2 & nature is to be imitat$ & foll[$ because ! anci5ts seem to require x4 ,9 ,scalig] ?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ "o /age f>!r4 ,! poet creates ano!r nature & o!r =tunes z if he 7 ano!r ,god4#bfa ,virgil especially has creat$ ano!r nature ( su* beauty & p]fection t ! poet ne$ n conc]n himself ) ! realities ( life1 b c g to ! second nature creat$ by ,virgil = ! subject-matt] ( 8 imitation4 ,all ! ?+s :i* y h to imitate1 y h accord+ to ano!r nature1 t is1 ,virgil4#bfb ,9 ,virgil1 z 9 nature1 !re are ! mo/ m9ute details ( ! f\ndation & gov]nm5t ( cities1 ! managem5t ( armies1 ! build+ & h&l+ ( %ips1 & 9 fact all ! secrets ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,:at m c ! poet desire1 & inde$ :at m c he f9d 9 life1 & f9d !re ) ! same c]ta9ty & accuracy8 ,virgil has creat$ a nature f> m p]fect ?an t ( reality1 & "o comp>$ ) :i* ! actual _w & life itself seem b pale & )\t beauty4 ,:at ,scalig] /&s =1 !n1 is ! sub/itution ( ! _w ( art in/ead ( life z ! object ( poetic imitation4 ,?is po9t ( view f9ds expression 9 _m ( ! !ori/s ( 8 "t4 ,p>t5io1 = example1 ass]ts t art is a firm] & saf] guide ?an nature2 ) nature we c err1 b sc>cely ) art1 = art eradicates f nature all t is bad1 :ile nature m+les we$s ) fl[]s1 & does n di/+ui% vices f virtues4#bfc ,boileau c>ries ! neo-classical ideal ( nature & art to its ultimate p]fection4 ,accord+ to him1 no?+ is beautiful t is n true1 & no?+ is true t is n 9 nature4 ,tru?1 = classicism1 is ! f9al te/ ( ev]y?+1 includ+ beauty2 & h5ce to be beautiful poetry mu/ be f\nd$ on nature4 ,nature %\ld !re=e be ! poet's sole /udy1 al?\gh = ,boileau1 z = ,vida1 nature is "o ) ! c\rt & ! city4 ,n[1 9 :at way c we discov] exactly h[ to imitate nature1 & p]ceive :e!r or n we h imitat$ x correctly8 ,boileau f9ds ! guide to ! correct imitation ( nature1 & ! v te/ ( its correctness1 9 ! imitation ( ! classics4 ,! anci5ts are great1 n because !y are old1 b because !y are true1 because !y knew h[ to see & to imitate nature2 & to imitate antiquity is !re=e to use ! be/ means ! human _s has ev] f\nd = express+ nature 9 its p]fection4#bfd ,! advance ( ,boileau's !ory on t ( ,vida & ,scalig] is !re=e t he f\nd$ ! rules & lit]>y practice ( classical lit]ature on reason & nature1 & %[$ t !re is no?+ arbitr>y 9 ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts4 ,= ,vida1 nature is to be foll[$ on ! au?ority ( ! classics2 = ,boileau1 ! classics are to be foll[$ on ! au?ority ( nature & reason4 ,scalig] _h %[n t su* a poet z ,virgil _h creat$ ano!r nature m p]fect ?an t ( reality1 & t !re=e we %\ld imitate ?is m beautiful nature ( ! poet4 ,boileau1 on ! contr>y1 %[$ t ! anci5ts 7 simply imitat+ nature itself 9 ! close/ & ke5e/ mann]1 & t by imitat+ ! classics ! poet 0 n imitat+ a second & diff]5t nature1 b 0 be+ %[n 9 ! sure/ way h[ to imitate ! real & only nature4 ,?is f9al reconciliation ( ! imitation ( nature & ! imitation ( ! classics 0 ,boileau's highe/ contribution to ! lit]>y criticism ( ! neo-classical p]iod4 ,,ii4 ,ari/otelianism ,! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics is fir/ visible 9 ! dramatic lit]ature ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,triss9o's ,s(onisba 7#aeae71 usually acc\nt$ ! fir/ regul> mod]n trag$y1 ,rucellai's ,rosmunda 7#aeaf71 & innum]able o!r trag$ies ( ?is p]iod1 7 9 reality little m ?an m]e attempts at putt+ ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( trag$y into practice4 ,! ,ari/otelian influ5ce is evid5t 9 _m ( ! prefaces ( ^! plays1 & 9 a few contempor>y works ( s*ol>%ip1 su* z ! ,antiquae ,lectiones 7#aeaf7 ( ,caelius ,rhodig9us1 :om ,scalig] call$ omnium doctissimus praeceptor no/]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,poetics did n imm$iately play an important "p 9 ! critical lit]ature ( ,italy4 ,f ! "t ( ,petr>*1 ,ari/otle1 id5tifi$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! humani/s ) ! m$iaeval s*ola/icism s obnoxi\s to !m1 _h lo/ some:at ( 8 supremacy2 & ! /rong ,platonic t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance _h fur!r contribut$ to l[] ! pre/ige ( ,ari/otelianism among ! humani/s4 ,at no "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 h[ev]1 did ,ari/otle lack ard5t def5d]s1 & ,filelfo1 = example1 wrote 9 #adci1 ,to def5d ,ari/otle & ! tru? seems to me "o & ! same ?+4#bfe ,9 ! doma9 ( philosophy ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle 0 tempor>ily su/a9$ by ! lib]al ,p]ipateticism ( ,pomponazzi2 & num]\s o!rs1 among !m ,scalig] himself1 cont9u$ ! traditions ( a mod]niz$ ,ari/otelianism4 ,f ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,ari/otle's position z ! supreme philosoph] 0 *all5g$ m & m2 & he 0 reg>d$ by ! advanc$ ?9k]s ( ! ,r5aissance z ! repres5tative ( ! m$iaeval obscurantism t oppos$ ! progress ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igation4 ,b :atev] ( ,ari/otle's au?ority 0 lo/ 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy 0 m ?an rega9$ 9 ! doma9 ( lit]ature4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,ari/otelian influ5ce on mod]n lit]>y !ory may be said to date f ! ye> #aecf1 9 :i* ye> ,tr9caveli publi%$ a ,greek text ( ! ,poetics1 ,pazzi 8 edition & ,lat9 v]sion1 & ,daniello 8 own ,poetica4 ,pazzi's son1 9 d$icat+ 8 fa!r's po/hum\s "w1 said t 9 ! ,poetics ! precepts ( poetic art are treat$ by ,ari/otle z div9ely z he has treat$ e o!r =m ( k4 ,9 ! v ye> t ?is 0 said1 ,ramus ga9$ 8 ,ma/]'s degree at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is by def5d+ victori\sly ! !sis t ,ari/otle's doctr9es )\t exception are all false4#bff ,! ye> #aecf may !re=e be reg>d$ z a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ari/otle's influ5ce4 ,x m>ks ! beg9n+ ( 8 supremacy 9 lit]ature1 & ! decl9e ( 8 dictatorial au?ority 9 philosophy4 ,betwe5 ! ye> #aecf & ! middle ( ! c5tury ! lessons ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics 7 be+ gradually le>n$ by ! ,italian critics & poets4 ,by #aeej ! :ole ( ! ,poetics _h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! critical lit]ature ( ,italy1 & ,fraca/oro c\ld say t ,ari/otle has receiv$ no less fame f ! survival ( 8 ,poetics ?an f 8 philosophical rema9s4#bfg ,accord+ to ,b>tolommeo ,ricci1 9 a lett] to ,pr9ce ,alfonso1 son ( ,h]cules ,,ii41 ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 ,maggi 0 ! fir/ p]son to int]pret ,ari/otle's ,poetics 9 public4#bfh ,^! lectures 7 deliv]$ "s "t be=e ,april1 #aedi4 ,z e>ly z #aedj1 ,b>tolommeo ,lomb>di1 ! collaborator ( ,maggi 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,poetics1 _h int5d$ to deliv] public lectures on ! ,poetics be=e a ,paduan academy1 b di$ be=e accompli%+ 8 purpose4#bfi ,num]\s public read+s on ! subject ( ,ari/otle & ,horace foll[$ ^? ( ,maggi1--among !m ^? by ,v>*i1 ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ,luis9o1 & ,trifone ,gabrielli2 & ! numb] ( public read+s on topics connect$ ) lit]>y criticism1 & on ! poetry ( ,dante & ,petr>*1 increas$ greatly f ?is "t4 ,! numb] ( comm5t>ies on ! ,poetics itself1 publi%$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 is really rem>kable4 ,! value ( ^! comm5t>ies 9 g5]al is n s mu* t !y add any?+ to ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,r5aissance1 b t _! explanations ( ,ari/otle's mean+ 7 accept$ by contempor>y critics1 & became 9 a way ! s\rce ( all ! lit]>y argum5ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,nor 0 _! influ5ce re/rict$ m]ely to ?is p>ticul> p]iod4 ,!y 71 "o might almo/ say1 liv+ ?+s to ! critics & poets ( ! classical p]iod 9 ,france4 ,rac9e1 ,corneille1 & o!r di/+ui%$ writ]s possess$ copies ( ^! comm5t>ies1 /udi$ !m c>efully1 cit$ !m 9 _! prefaces & critical writ+s1 & ev5 annotat$ _! own copies ( ! comm5t>ies ) m>g9al notes1 ( :i* "s may be se5 9 ! mod]n editions ( _! works4 ,9 ! preface to ,rap9's ,reflexions sur l',art ,poetique 7#afgd7 !re is a hi/ory ( lit]>y criticism1 :i* is almo/ entirely devot$ to ^! ,italian comm5tators2 & writ]s l ,*apela9 & ,balzac eag]ly argu$ & discuss$ _! relative m]its4 ,sev]al ( ^! ,italian comm5tators h be5 allud$ to already4#bgj ,! fir/ critical edition ( ! ,poetics 0 t ( ,robortelli 7#aedh71 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ^? ( ,maggi 7#aeej7 & ,vettori 7#aefj71 bo? writt5 9 ,lat91 & bo? exhibit+ great le>n+ & acum54 ,! fir/ translation ( ! ,poetics into ! v]nacul> 0 t by ,segni 7#aedi71 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,italian comm5t>ies ( ,ca/elvetro 7#aegj7 & ,piccolom9i 7#aege74 ,tasso1 aft] comp>+ ! works ( ^! two comm5tators1 conclud$ t :ile ,ca/elvetro _h great] erudition & inv5tion1 ,piccolom9i _h great] maturity ( judgm5t1 m le>n+1 p]haps1 ) less erudition1 & c]ta9ly le>n+ m ,ari/otelian & m suit$ to ! int]pretation ( ! ,poetics4#bga ,! two la/ sections ( ,triss9o's ,poetica1 publi%$ 9 #aefc1 are little m ?an a p>aphrase & transposition ( ,ari/otle's treatise4 ,b ! curi\s excesses into :i* admiration ( ,ari/otle l$ ! ,italian s*ol>s may be ga!r$ f a "w publi%$ at ,milan 9 #aegf1 an edition ( ! ,poetics exp\nd$ 9 v]se1 ,bald9i's ,ars ,poetica ,ari/otelis v]sibus exposita4 ,! ,poetics 0 also adapt$ = use z a practical manual = poets & playwrights 9 su* works z ,riccoboni's brief ,comp5dium ,artis ,poeticae ,ari/otelis ad usum confici5dorum poematum 7#aeia74 ,! la/ ( ! great ,italian comm5t>ies on ! ,poetics to h a g5]al ,european influ5ce 0 p]haps ,b5i's1 publi%$ 9 #afac2 b ?is c>ries u beyond ! conf9es ( ! c5tury4 ,besides ! publi%$ editions1 translations1 & comm5t>ies1 _m o!rs 7 writt5 :i* may /ill be f\nd 9 ,ms4 9 ! libr>ies ( ,italy4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ,salviati's 7#aehf74 ,!re are also two anonym\s comm5t>ies dat+ f ?is p]iod 9 ,ms4 at ,flor5ce1--"o 9 ! ,magliabe*iana & ! o!r 9 ! ,ricc>diana4 ,! la/ "w :i* may be m5tion$ "h is ,buonamici's ,discorsi ,poetici 9 difesa d' ,ari/otele1 9 :i* ,ari/otle is ard5tly def5d$ aga9/ ! attacks ( 8 detractors4 ,x 0 9 ,italy dur+ ?is p]iod t ! lit]>y dictator%ip ( ,ari/otle fir/ develop$1 & x 0 ,scalig] to :om ! mod]n _w owes ! =mulation ( ! supreme au?ority ( ,ari/otle z a critical !ori/4 ,fraca/oro _h lik5$ ! importance ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics to t ( 8 philosophical treatises4 ,triss9o _h foll[$ ,ari/otle v]bally & almo/ lit]ally4 ,v>*i _h spok5 ( ye>s ( ,ari/otelian /udy z an ess5tial pr]equisite = e "o :o ent]$ ! field ( lit]>y criticism4 ,p>t5io1 a ye> be=e ! publication ( ,scalig]'s ,poetics1 _h ass]t$ t ev]y?+ relat+ to trag$y & epic poetry _h be5 settl$ by ,ari/otle & ,horace4 ,b ,scalig] w5t f>!r /ill4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to reg>d ,ari/otle z ! p]petual lawgiv] ( poetry4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to assume t ! duty ( ! poet is fir/ to f9d out :at ,ari/otle says1 & !n to obey ^! precepts )\t "q4 ,he di/9ctly calls ,ari/otle ! p]petual dictator ( all ! arts3 ,ari/oteles imp]ator no/]1 omnium bon>um artium dictator p]petuus4#bgb ,?is is p]haps ! fir/ occasion 9 mod]n lit]ature 9 :i* ,ari/otle is def9itely reg>d$ z a lit]>y dictator1 & ! dictator%ip ( ,ari/otle 9 lit]ature may1 !re=e1 be dat$ f ! ye> #aefa4 ,b ,scalig] did m ?an ?is4 ,he 0 ! fir/ app>5tly to attempt to reconcile ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 n only ) ! precepts ( ,horace & ! def9itions ( ! ,lat9 gramm>ians1 b ) ! :ole practice ( ,lat9 trag$y1 com$y1 & epic poetry4 ,x 0 9 ! light ( ?is reconciliation1 or concord ( ,ari/otelianism ) ! ,lat9 _s1 t ,ari/otle became = ,scalig] a lit]>y dictator4 ,x 0 n ,ari/otle t prim>ily int]e/$ him1 b an ideal creat$ by himself1 & f\nd$ on su* p>ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle z receiv$ confirmation f ! !ory or practice ( ,roman lit]ature2 & ?is new ideal1 h>moniz+ ) ! ,lat9 _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 became 9 ! c\rse ( "t "o ( ! f\ndations ( classicism4 ,! influ5ce ( ,ari/otelianism 0 fur!r augm5t$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* gave to ,ari/otle's doctr9e ! same degree ( au?ority z ,ca?olic dogma4 ,all ^! circum/ances t5d$ to favor ! importance ( ,ari/otle 9 ,italy dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & z a result ! lit]>y dictator%ip ( ,ari/otle 0 by ! ,italians foi/$ on ,europe = two c5turies to come4 ,f #aefj to #aghj ,ari/otle 0 reg>d$ z ! supreme au?ority 9 lett]s ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,at no "t1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 dur+ & aft] t p]iod1 0 !re a break 9 ! ,ari/otelian tradition1 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,poetics may be f\nd 9 ,sidney & ,b5 ,jonson1 9 ,milton & ,dryd51 z well z 9 ,%elley & ,col]idge4 ,less+1 ev5 9 break+ away f ! classical practice ( ! ,fr5* /age1 def5d$ 8 innovations on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 & said ( ! ,poetics1 ,i d n hesitate to ackn[l$ge1 ev5 if ,i %\ld !re=e be held up to scorn 9 ^! enlight5$ times1 t ,i consid] ! "w z infallible z ! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid4#bgc ,9 #agef1 a doz5 ye>s be=e ,less+1 "o ( ! precursors ( ! romantic movem5t 9 ,engl&1 ,joseph ,w>ton1 _h also said ( ! ,poetics1 ,to attempt to und]/& poetry )\t hav+ dilig5tly dige/$ ?is treatise w\ld be z absurd & impossible z to pret5d to a skill 9 geometry )\t hav+ /udi$ ,euclid4#bgd ,"o ( ! fir/ results ( ! dictator%ip ( ,ari/otle 0 to give mod]n lit]ature a body ( inviolable rules = ! drama & ! epic2 t is1 ! dramatic & h]oic poets 7 re/rict$ to a c]ta9 fix$ =m1 & to c]ta9 fix$ *>act]s4 ,classical poetry 0 ( c\rse ! ideal ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ,ari/otle _h analyz$ ! me?ods :i* ^! works _h employ$4 ,! inf]5ce seems to h be5 t by foll[+ ^! rules a lit]ature ( equal importance c\ld be creat$4 ,^! =mulae 7 at ! bottom ( classical lit]ature1 & rules :i* _h creat$ su* lit]atures z ^? ( ,greece & ,rome c\ld h>dly be disreg>d$4 ,z a result1 ^! rules came to be consid]$ m & m z ess5tials1 & f9ally1 almo/ z ! v te/s ( lit]ature2 & x 0 9 consequ5ce ( _! acceptance z poetic laws t ! mod]n classical drama & epic arose4 ,! fir/ mod]n trag$ies & ! fir/ mod]n epics 7 h>dly m ?an su* attempts at putt+ ! ,ari/otelian rules into practice4 ,! cult ( =m dur+ ! ,r5aissance _h produc$ a reaction aga9/ ! =mlessness & inv]tebrate "* ( m$iaeval lit]ature4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 inf9itely inf]ior to t ( ! anci5ts2 m$iaeval lit]ature lack$ =m & /ructure1 classical lit]ature _h a regul> & def9ite =m4 ,=m !n came to be reg>d$ z ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]fect lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ! imp]fect & vulg> lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & ! d$uction f ?is 0 t1 to be classical1 ! poet mu/ obs]ve ! =m & /ructure ( ! classics4 ,m9turno inde$ says t ! precepts giv5 ( old by ! anci5t ma/]s1 & n[ repeat$ by me "h1 are to be reg>d$ m]ely z common usage1 & n z inviolable laws :i* mu/ s]ve "u all circum/ances4#bge ,b ?is 0 n ! g5]al conception ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,muzio1 = example1 specifically says3-- ,que/e legge *' io scrivo e que/i esempi ,sian1 lettore1 al tuo dir p]petua norma2 & 9 ano!r place he speaks ( a precept he has giv51 z v]a1 f]ma1 e inevitabil legge4#bgf ,scalig] goes /ill fur!r ?an ?is2 =1 accord+ to him1 ev5 ! classics !mselves are to be judg$ by ^! /&>ds & rules4 ,x seems to me1 says ,scalig]1 t we ought n to ref] ev]y?+ back to ,hom]1 j z ?\gh he 7 ! norm1 b ,hom] himself %\ld be ref]r$ to ! norm4#bgg ,9 ! mod]n classical p]iod some:at lat]1 ^! rules 7 f\nd to be bas$ on reason3-- ,^! rules ( old1 discov]$ n devis$1 ,are nature /ill1 b nature me?odiz$4#bgh ,b dur+ ! ,r5aissance !y 7 accept$ ex ca!dra f classical lit]ature4 ,! =mulation ( a fix$ body ( critical rules 0 n ! only result ( ! ,ari/otelian influ5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! results1 z has appe>$1 0 ! rational ju/ification ( imag9ative lit]ature4 ,) ! introduction ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics into mod]n ,europe ! ,r5aissance 0 fir/ able to =mulate a sy/ematic !ory ( poetry2 & x is !re=e to ! r$iscov]y ( ! ,poetics t we may be said to owe ! f\ndation ( mod]n criticism4 ,x 0 on ! side ( ,ari/otelianism t ,italian criticism _h its influ5ce on ,european lett]s2 & t ?is influ5ce 0 deep & widespread1 our /udy ( ! critical lit]atures ( ,france & ,engl& w 9 "p %[4 ,! critics ) :om we h be5 deal+ are n m]ely dead prov9cial names2 !y influ5c$1 = two :ole c5turies1 n only ,france & ,engl&1 b ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,g]many z well4 ,lit]>y criticism1 9 any real s5se1 did n beg9 9 ,spa9 until ! v end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! critical works t !n appe>$ 7 :olly bas$ on ^? ( ! ,italians4 ,r5gifo's ,arte ,poetica ,espanola 7#aeib71 9 s f> z x deals ) ! !ory ( poetry1 is bas$ on ,ari/otle1 ,scalig]1 & v>i\s ,italian au?orities1 accord+ to ! au?or's own ackn[l$gm5t4 ,p9ciano's ,philosophia ,antigua ,poetica 7#aeif7 is bas$ on ! same au?orities4 ,simil>ly1 ,cascales1 9 8 ,tablas ,poeticas 7#afaf71 gives z 8 au?orities ,m9turno1 ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ,maggi1 ,riccoboni1 ,ca/elvetro1 ,robortelli1 & 8 own c\ntryman ,p9ciano4 ,! s\rces ( ^! & all o!r works writt5 at ?is p]iod are ,italian2 & ! foll[+ passage f ! ,egempl> ,poetico1 writt5 ab\t #afjf by ! ,spani% poet ,juan de la ,cueva1 is a good illu/ration1 n only ( ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! ,italians on ,spani% criticism1 b ( ! high rev]5ce 9 :i* ! individual ,italian critics 7 held by ,spani% m5 ( lett]s3-- ,de los prim]os ti5e ,horacio el pue/o1 ,en num]os y e/ilo sob]ano1 ,qual en su ,arte al mundo es manife/o4 ,escalig]o i4e4 ,scalig] hace el paso llano ,con g5]al ens5ami5to y guia1 ,lo mismo el docto ,c9tio i4e4 ,giraldi ,c9tio y ,bip]ano4#bgi ,m>anta#bhj es egempl> de la ,poesia1 ,vida el norte1 ,pontano#bha el ornam5to1 ,la luz ,m9turno qual el sol del dia4444 ,acud5 todos a colm> sus vasos ,al oceano sacro de ,/agira i4e4 ,ari/otle1 ,donde se afirman los dudosos pasos1 ,se et]niza la trompa y ti]na lira4#bhb ,! influ5ce ( ! ,italians 0 equally great 9 ,g]many4 ,f ,fabricius to ,opitz1 ! critical ideas ( ,g]many 7 almo/ all borr[$1 directly or indirectly1 f ,italian s\rces4 ,fabricius 9 8 ,de ,re ,poetica 7#aehd7 ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ,m9turno1 ,p>t5io1 ,pontanus1 & o!rs1 b above all to ,scalig]2 & mo/ ( ! critical ideas by :i* ,opitz r5ovat$ mod]n ,g]man lit]ature g back to ,italian s\rces1 ?r\gh ,scalig]1 ,rons>d1 & ,daniel ,he9sius4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian critics ^u ,european lett]s c\ld be af=d$ ?an t giv5 by ,opitz's ,bu* von d] deuts*5 ,poet]ei4#bhc ,! influ5ce ( ,italian criticism on ! critical lit]ature ( ,france & ,engl& w be m or less treat$ 9 ! rema9+ portions ( ?is essay4 ,x may be not$ "h1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! critical writ+s ( ,less+ !re is repres5t$ ! climax ( ! ,italian tradition 9 ,european lett]s1 especially on ! side ( ,ari/otelianism4 ,%elley repres5ts a simil> culm9ation ( ! ,italian tradition 9 ,engl&4 ,8 indebt$ness to ,sidney & ,milton1 :o repres5t ! ,italian influ5ce 9 ! ,elizabe?an age1 & especially to ,tasso1 :om he cont9ually cites1 is v m>k$4 ,! debt ( mod]n lit]ature to ,italian criticism is !re=e n slight4 ,9 ! half c5tury betwe5 ,vida & ,ca/elvetro1 ,italian criticism =mulat$ ?ree ?+s3 a !ory ( poetry1 a rigid =m = ! epic1 & a rigid =m = ! drama4 ,^! rigid =ms = drama & epic gov]n$ ! creative imag9ation ( ,europe = two c5turies1 & !n pass$ away4 ,b :ile mod]n ae/hetics = ov] a c5tury has /udi$ ! processes ( art1 ! !ory ( poetry1 z enunciat$ by ! ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 has n dim9i%$ 9 value1 b has cont9u$ to p]vade ! f9] m9ds ( m5 f t "t to ?is4 ,,iii4 ,rationalism ,! rationali/ic temp] may be obs]v$ 9 critical lit]ature almo/ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is _s ( rationalism is obs]vable ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance2 & its g5]al causes may be look$ = 9 ! lib]ation ( ! human reason by ! ,r5aissance1 9 ! gr[? ( ! sci5ces & arts1 & 9 ! reaction aga9/ m$iaeval sac]dotalism & dogma4 ,! causes ( its developm5t 9 lit]>y criticism may be f\nd n only 9 ^! b 9 sev]al o!r influ5ces ( ! p]iod4 ,! paganization ( culture1 ! gr[? ( rationali/ic philosophies1 ) _! all-p]vad+ influ5ce on arts & lett]s1 & moreov] ! influ5ce ( ,horace's ,ars ,poetica1 ) its ideal ( good s5se1 all t5d$ to make ! elem5t ( reason pr$om9ate 9 lit]ature & 9 lit]>y criticism4 ,9 ,vida ! ?ree elem5ts :i* are at ! bottom ( classicism1 ! imitation ( ! classics1 ! imitation ( nature1 & ! au?ority ( reason1 may all be f\nd4 ,reason is = him ! f9al te/ ( all ?+s3-- ,semp] nutu rationis eant res4#bhd ,! function ( ! reason 9 art is1 fir/1 to s]ve z a /&>d 9 ! *oice & c>ry+ out ( ! design1 a bulw>k aga9/ ! op]ation ( m]e *ance1#bhe & secondly1 to mod]ate ! expression ( ! poet's own p]sonality & passion1 a bulw>k aga9/ ! morbid subjectivity :i* is ! horror ( ! classical temp]am5t4#bhf ,x has be5 said ( ,scalig] t he 0 ! fir/ mod]n to e/abli% 9 a body ( doctr9e ! pr9cipal consequ5ces ( ! sov]eignty ( ! reason 9 lit]ature4#bhg ,t 0 h>dly 8 aim1 & c]ta9ly n 8 atta9m5t4 ,b he 01 at all ev5ts1 "o ( ! fir/ mod]n critics to affirm t !re is a /&>d ( p]fection = ea* specific =m ( lit]ature1 to %[ t ?is /&>d may be arriv$ at a priori ?r\gh ! reason1 & to attempt a =mulation ( su* /&>d = ea* lit]>y =m4 ,e/ 9 omni r]um g5]e unum primum ac rectum ad cuius tum norman1 tum rationem caet]a dirig5da sunt4#bhh ,?is1 ! fundam5tal assumption ( ,scalig]'s ,poetics1 is also "o ( ! basic ideas ( classicism4 ,n only is !re a /&>d1 a norm1 9 e species ( lit]ature1 b ?is norm c be def9itely =mulat$ & def9$ by means ( ! reason2 & x is ! duty ( ! critic to =mulate ?is norm1 & ! duty ( ! poet to /udy & foll[ x )\t deviat+ f ! norm 9 any way4 ,ev5 ,hom]1 z we h se51 is to be judg$ accord+ to ?is /&>d arriv$ at ?r\gh ! reason4 ,su* a me?od cuts (f all possibility ( novelty ( =m or expression1 & holds e poet1 anci5t or mod]n1 great or small1 acc\ntable to "o & ! same /&>d ( p]fection4 ,! gr[? & influ5ce ( rationalism 9 ,italian criticism may be be/ obs]v$ by ! gradual effect :i* its developm5t _h on ! elem5t ( ,ari/otelianism4 ,9 o!r words1 rationalism *ang$ ! po9t ( view accord+ to :i* ! ,ari/otelian canons 7 reg>d$ 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! e>li] ,italian critics accept$ _! rules & precepts on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle alone4 ,?us ,triss9o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? section ( 8 ,poetica1 f9i%$ 9 #aedi1 al?\gh begun ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e1 says1 ,i %all n dep>t f ! rules & precepts ( ! anci5ts1 & especially ,ari/otle4#bhi ,some:at lat]1 9 #aeec1 ,v>*i says1 ,reason & ,ari/otle are my two guides4#bij ,"h ! elem5t ( ! reason fir/ ass]ts itself1 b !re is no intimation t ! ,ari/otelian canons are 9 !mselves reasonable4 ,! critic has two guides1 ! individual reason & ! ,ari/otelian rules1 & ea* ( ^! two guides is to s]ve :]ev] ! o!r is f\nd want+4 ,?is same po9t ( view is f\nd a decade lat] 9 ,tasso1 :o says t ! def5d]s ( ! unity ( ! epic poem h made a %ield ( ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 nor d !y lack ! arms af=d$ by ! reason2#bia & simil>ly1 9 #aehc1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney says t ! unity ( "t is dem&$ bo? by ,ari/otle's precept & common reason4#bib ,"h bo? ,tasso & ,sidney1 :ile cont5d+ t ! p>ticul> law "u discussion is 9 itself reasonable1 speak ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics & ! reason z sep>ate & di/9ct au?orities1 & fail to %[ t ,ari/otle himself bas$ all 8 precepts ^u ! reason4 ,9 ,d5ores1 a few ye>s lat]1 ! developm5t is c>ri$ "o /age f>!r 9 ! direction ( ! ultimate classical attitude1 z :5 he speaks ( reason & ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 :i* is inde$ f\nd$ on naught save reason4#bic ,?is is z f> z ,italian criticism ev] w5t4 ,x 0 ! function ( neo-classicism 9 ,france1 z w be se51 to %[ t su* a phrase z reason & ,ari/otle is a contradiction 9 itself1 t ! ,ari/otelian canons & ! reason are ultimately r$ucible to ! same ?+1 & t n only :at is 9 ,ari/otle w be f\nd reasonable1 b all t reason dictates = lit]>y obs]vance w be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle4 ,rationalism produc$ sev]al v important results 9 lit]ature & lit]>y criticism dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x t5d$ to give ! reason a high] place 9 lit]ature ?an imag9ation or s5sibility4 ,poetry1 x w be rememb]$1 0 (t5 classifi$ by ,r5aissance critics z "o ( ! logical sci5ces2 & no?+ c\ld be 9 great] accord ) ! neo-classical ideal ?an ! ass]tion ( ,v>*i & o!rs t ! bett] logician ! poet is1 ! bett] he w be z a poet4 ,sa9te-,beuve gives ,scalig] ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ =mulat$ ?is !ory ( lit]ature :i* subord9ates ! creative imag9ation & poetic s5sibility to ! reason2#bid b ! cr$it or discr$it ( orig9at+ x does n belong exclusively to ,scalig]4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>d ! apo!osis ( ! reason 0 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 & does n *>act]ize any individual au?or4 ,! ,italian critics ( ?is p]iod 7 ! fir/ to =mulate ! classical ideal t ! /&>d ( p]fection may be conceiv$ ( by ! reason1 & t p]fection is to be atta9$ only by ! realization ( ?is /&>d4 ,! rationali/ic _s also t5d$ to set ! seal ( disapprobation on extravagances ( any sort4 ,subjectivity & individualism came to be reg>d$ m & m1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 z out ( keep+ ) classical p]fection4 ,cle>ness1 reasonabl5ess1 sociabl5ess1 7 ! highe/ requirem5ts ( art2 & any excessive expression ( ! poet's individuality 0 entirely disapprov$ (4 ,man1 n only z a reasonable be+1 b also z a social be+1 0 reg>d$ z ! basis ( lit]ature4 ,boileau's l9es3-- ,que les v]s ne soi5t pas votre et]nel emploi2 ,cultivez vos amis1 soyez homme de foi2 ,c'e/ peu d'etre agreable et *>mant dans un livre1 ,il faut savoir encore et conv]s] et vivre1#bie 7 anticipat$ 9 ,b]ni's ,dialogo contra i ,poeti1 writt5 9 #aebf1 ?\gh n publi%$ until #aecg4 ,?is *>m+ invective is direct$ aga9/ ! fa%ionable lit]ature ( ! "t1 & especially aga9/ all pr(essional poets4 ,writ+ f ! /&po9t ( a poli%$ & rationali/ic society1 ,b]ni lays great /ress on ! fact t poetry is n to be tak5 too s]i\sly1 t x is a pa/ime1 a recreation = cultur$ p1 a m]e bagatelle2 & he pr(esses to despise ^? :o sp5d all _! "t 9 writ+ v]ses4 ,! vanity1 ! uselessness1 ! extravagances1 & ! ribaldry ( ! pr(essional poets receive 8 he>ty contempt2 only ^? :o write v]ses = pa/ime m]it approbation4 ,are y s /upid1 he cries1 z to ?9k t ,i call any "o :o writes v]ses a poet1 & t ,i reg>d su* m5 z ,vida1 ,pontano1 ,bembo1 ,sannaz>o1 z m]e poets8 ,i d n call any "o a poet1 & condemn him z su*1 unless he does no?+ b write v]ses1 & wret*$ ones at t1 & is good = no?+ else4 ,b ! m5 ,i h m5tion$ are n poets by pr(ession4#bif ,"h ! s5tim5ts express$ are ^? ( a ref9$ & social age1--! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 no less ?an t ( ,leo ,x4 ,! irreligi\s "* ( neo-classic art may also be reg>d$ z "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is rationali/ic temp]4 ,! comb9$ effect ( humanism1 ess5tially pagan1 & rationalism1 ess5tially sceptical1 0 n favorable to ! gr[? ( religi\s feel+ 9 lit]ature4 ,classicism1 ! result ( ^! two t5d5cies1 became m & m rationali/ic1 m & m pagan2 & 9 consequ5ce1 religi\s poetry 9 any real s5se ceas$ to fl\ri% :]ev] ! m /r+5t =ms ( classicism prevail$4 ,9 ,boileau ^! t5d5cies result 9 a c]ta9 di/9ct antagonism to ! v =ms ( ,*ri/ianity 9 lit]ature3-- ,c'e/ donc bi5 va9em5t que nos auteurs decus1 ,bannissant de leurs v]s ces ornem5s recus1 ,p5s5t faire agir ,dieu1 ses sa9ts et ses prophetes1 ,comme ces dieux eclos du c]veau des poetes2 ,mett5t a *aque pas le lecteur en enf]2 ,n'(fr5t ri5 qu',a/>o?1 ,belzebu?1 ,lucif]4 ,de la foi d'un *reti5 les my/]es t]ribles ,d'ornem5s egayes ne sont po9t susceptibles2 ,l',evangile a l'esprit n'(fre de t\s cotes ,que p5it5ce a faire et t\rm5s m]ites2 ,et de vos fictions le melange c\pable ,meme a ses v]ites donne l'air de la fable4#big ,,foot-,,notes3 #bci ,symonds1 ii4 #afa1 bas$ on ,voigt4 #bdj ,cf4 ,woodw>d1 p4 #baj sq4 #bda ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 i4 #h4 #a4 ,cf4 ,pope1 i4 #ahb3 ,omnia s$ num]is vocum concordibus aptant1 etc4 #bdb ,bembo1 ,le ,prose1 #aebe2 ,dolce1 ,oss]vationi1 #aeej1 lib4 iv42 etc4 #bdc ,v]si e ,regole de la ,nuova ,poesia ,toscana1 #aeci4 #bdd ,triss9o1 ,poetica1 lib4 i4-iv41 #aebi2 ,tomitano1 ,della ,l+ua ,toscana1 #aede2 etc4 #bde ,pope1 i4 #acd4 ,cf4 ,de ,sanctis1 ii4 #aec sq4 #bdf ,pope1 i4 #aeb4 #bdg ,p>t5io1 p4 #hj4 #bdh ,ibid4 p4 #ie4 #bdi ,op]e1 xi4 #ea4 #bej ,def5ce1 p4 #ac4 #bea ,poet4 v4 #c4 #beb ,poet4 v4 #a2 vi4 #d4 #bec ,cf4 ,bruneti]e1 p4 #ec4 #bed ,symonds1 ii4 #cie sq4 #bee ,muzio1 p4 #id4 #bef ,cf4 ,d5nis1 ,select ,works1 #agah1 ii4 #dag sq4 #beg ,pope1 i4 #afg4 #beh ,laas1 ,die ,pa$agogik des ,johannes ,/urm1 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 p4 #fe sq4 #bei ,in/4 ,orat4 x4 #b4 #bfj ,pope1 i4 #afe4 #bfa ,poet4 i4 #a4 #bfb ,poet4 iii4 #d4 #bfc ,p>t5io1 p4 #ci sq4 #bfd ,cf4 ,bruneti]e1 p4 #ajb sq41 & ,lanson1 ,hi/4 de la ,litt4 fr41 p4 #did sq4 #bfe ,lettres grecques1 ed4 ,legr&1 #ahib1 p4 #ca4 #bff ,quaecunque ab ,ari/otele dicta s9t falsa et comm5titia esse2 ,bayle1 ,dict4 s4 v4 ,ramus1 note ,c4 #bfg ,fraca/oro1 i4 #cba4 #bfh ,tirabos*i1 vii4 #adfe4 #bfi ,maggi1 d$ication4 #bgj ,9 an app5dix to ?is essay w be f\nd an exc]pt f ,salviati's unpubli%$ comm5t>y on ! ,poetics1 giv+ 8 judgm5t ( ! comm5tators :o _h prec$$ him4 #bga ,tasso1 xv4 #bj4 #bgb ,poet4 vii4 ii4 #a4 #bgc ,hamburg4 ,dramat4 #aja-ajd4 #bgd ,essay on ,pope1 #c;d ed41 i4 #aga4 #bge ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #aeh4 #bgf ,muzio1 pp4 #ha v41 #gf v4 #bgg ,poet4 i4 #e4 #bgh ,pope1 ,essay on ,criticism1 #hh4 #bgi ,vip]ano1 au?or ( ,de ,poetica libri tres1 ,antw]p1 #aegi4 #bhj ,m>anta1 au?or ( ,lucullanae ,quae/iones1 ,basle1 #aefd4 #bha ,?ree writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance bore ?is "n3 ,g4 ,pontano1 ! fam\s ,italian humani/ & ,lat9 poet1 :o di$ 9 #aejc2 ,p4 ,pontano1 ( ,bruges1 ! au?or ( an ,ars ,v]sificatoria1 publi%$ 9 #aebj2 & ,j4 ,pontanus1 a ,bohemian ,jesuit1 au?or ( ,in/itutiones ,poeticae1 fir/ publi%$ at ,+ol/adt 9 #aeid1 & sev]al times repr9t$4 #bhb ,s$ano1 ,p>naso ,espanol1 ,madrid1 #aggd1 viii4 #dj1 #da4 #bhc ,cf4 ,b]ghoeff]1 ,opitz' ,bu* von d] ,poet]ei1 #ahhh1 & ,beckh]rn1 ,opitz1 ,rons>d1 und ,he9sius1 #ahhh4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 nor? ( ! ,alps1 is to be f\nd 9 ,lu!r's ,address to ! ,*ri/ian ,nobles ( ! ,g]man ,nation1 #aebj4 ,s*oss]'s ,disputationes de ,trago$ia1 publi%$ 9 #aeei1 two ye>s be=e ,scalig]'s "w appe>$1 is entirely bas$ on ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 #bhd ,pope1 i4 #aee4 #bhe ,loc4 cit41 beg9n+1 ,nec te =s inop9a regat4 #bhf ,pope1 i4 #afd1 beg9n+1 ,ne tam5 ah nimium4 #bhg ,l9tilhac1 9 ,n\velle ,revue1 lxiv4 #edc4 #bhh ,scalig]1 ,poet4 iii4 #aa4 #bhi ,triss9o1 ii4 #ib4 #bij ,v>*i1 p4 #fjj4 #bia ,tasso1 xii4 #bag4 #bib ,def5se ( ,poesy1 p4 #dh4 #bic ,discorso1 #aehg1 p4 #ci v4 #bid ,caus]ies du ,lundi1 iii4 #dd4 #bie ,art ,poet4 iv4 #aba4 #bif ,b]ni1 p4 #bdi4 #big ,art ,poet4 iii4 #aic4 ,cf4 ,dryd51 ,disc\rse on ,satire1 9 ,works1 xiii4 #bc sq4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,romantic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,italian ,,criticism ,,9 ! ,italian critical lit]ature ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re are to be f\nd ! g]ms ( romantic z well z classical criticism4 ,! developm5t ( romanticism 9 ,r5aissance criticism is due to v>i\s t5d5cies1 ( anci5t1 ( m$iaeval1 & ( mod]n orig94 ,! anci5t elem5t is ,platonism2 ! m$iaeval elem5ts are ,*ri/ianity1 & ! influ5ce ( ! lit]>y =ms & ! lit]>y subject-matt] ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & ! mod]n elem5ts are ! gr[? ( national life & national lit]atures1 & ! opposition ( mod]n philosophy to ,ari/otelianism4 ,i4 ,! ,anci5t ,romantic ,elem5t ,z ! elem5t ( reason is ! pr$om9ant feature ( neo-classicism1 s ! elem5t ( imag9ation is ! pr$om9ant feature ( romanticism2 & accord+ z ! reason or ! imag9ation pr$om9ates 9 ,r5aissance lit]ature1 !re results neo-classicism or romanticism1 :ile ! mo/ p]fect art f9ds a reconciliation ( bo? elem5ts 9 ! imag9ative reason4 ,accord+ to ! faculty ( reason1 :5 made ! basis ( lit]ature1 ! poet is1 z x 71 held d[n to e>?1 & art becomes ! m]e reason$ expression ( ! tru? ( life4 ,by ! faculty ( imag9ation1 ! poet is made to create a new _w ( 8 own1--a _w 9 :i* 8 g5ius is free to m\ld :atev] its imag9ation takes hold (4 ,?is romantic doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( g5ius1 ( inspiration & ! p[] ( imag9ation1 9 s f> z x =ms a "p ( ,r5aissance criticism1 owes its orig9 to ,platonism4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,platonic doctr9es among ! humani/s has already be5 allud$ to4 ,plato 0 reg>d$ by !m z _! lead] 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ m$iaevalism1 s*ola/icism1 & ,ari/otelianism4 ,! ,ari/otelian dialectic ( ! ,middle ,ages appeal$ exclusively to ! reason2 ,platonism gave opportunities = ! imag9ation to so> to vague & sublime heights1 & h>monize ) ! div9e my/]ies ( ! univ]se4 ,z reg>ds poetry & imag9ative lit]ature 9 g5]al1 ! critics ( ! ,r5aissance appeal$ f ! ,plato ( ! ,republic & ! ,laws to ! ,plato ( ! ,ion1 ! ,pha$rus1 & ! ,symposium4 ,beauty be+ ! subject-matt] ( art1 ,plato's praise ( beauty 0 transf]r$ by ! ,r5aissance to poetry1 & 8 praise ( ! philosoph] 0 transf]r$ to ! poet4 ,! ,ari/otelian doctr9e def9es beauty accord+ to its relations to ! ext]nal _w2 t is1 poetry is an imitation ( nature1 express$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e1 on ! contr>y1 is conc]n$ ) poetry1 or beauty1 9 s f> z x conc]ns ! poet's own nature2 t is1 ! poet is div9ely inspir$ & is a creator l ,god4 ,fraca/oro1 z has be5 se51 makes ! ,platonic rapture1 ! delight 9 ! true & ess5tial beauty ( ?+s1 ! true te/s ( poetic p[]4 ,9 introduc+ ?is ,platonic ideal ( poetic beauty into mod]n lit]>y criticism1 he def9es & di/+ui%es poetry accord+ to a subjective crit]ion2 & x is accord+ to :e!r ! objective or ! subjective conception ( art is insi/$ ^u1 t we h ! classic _s or ! romantic _s4 ,! extreme romantici/s1 l ! ,s*legels & _! contempor>ies 9 ,g]many1 entirely elim9ate ! relation ( poetry to ! ext]nal _w1 & 9 ?is extreme =m romanticism becomes id5tifi$ ) ! exagg]at$ subjective idealism ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+4 ,! extreme classici/s entirely elim9ate ! poet's p]sonality2 t is1 poetry is m]ely reason$ expression1 a p]fect$ expression ( :at all m5 c see 9 nature1 = ! poet has no m insight into life--no m imag9ation--?an any ord9>y1 judici\s p]son4 ,! effects ( ?is ,platonic elem5t ^u ,r5aissance criticism 7 v>i\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 ?r\gh ! ,platonic influ5ce t ! relation ( beauty to poetry 0 fir/ made prom95t4#bih ,accord+ to ,scalig]1 ,tasso1 ,sidney1 ano!r _w ( beauty is creat$ by ! poet1--a _w t possesses beauty 9 its p]fection z ?is _w nev] c4 ,! reason alone leaves no place = beauty2 & accord+ly1 = ! neo-classici/s1 art 0 ultimately re/rict$ to moral & psy*ological obs]vation4 ,moreov]1 ,platonism rais$ ! "q ( ! fre$om ( g5ius & ( ! imag9ation4 ,( all m51 only ! poet1 z ,sidney & o!rs po9t$ out1 is b\nd d[n & re/rict$ by no laws4 ,b if poetry is a matt] ( inspiration1 h[ c x be call$ an art8 ,if g5ius alone suffices1 :at ne$ is !re ( /udy & artifice8 ,= ! extreme romantici/s ( ?is p]iod1 g5ius alone 0 acc\nt$ suffici5t to produce ! greate/ works ( poetry2 = ! extreme classici/s1 /udi\s & labor$ art unaid$ by g5ius fulfill$ all ! functions ( poetic creation2 b mo/ ( ! critics ( ! sixte5? c5tury seem to h agre$ ) ,horace t g5ius1 or an inborn aptitude1 is necess>y to beg9 )1 b t x ne$s art & /udy to regulate & p]fect x4 ,g5ius _c suffice )\t re/ra9t & cultivation4 ,scalig]1 curi\sly1 reconciles bo? classic & romantic elem5ts4 ,! poet1 accord+ to ,scalig]1 is inspir$1 is 9 fact a creator l ,god2 b poetry is an imitation 7t is1 re-creation7 ( nature1 accord+ to c]ta9 fix$ rules obta9$ f ! obs]vation ( ! ant]ior expression ( nature 9 great art4 ,x is ^! rules t make poetry an art2 & ^! rules =m a di/9ct neo-classic elem5t impos$ on ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e4 ,,ii4 ,m$iaeval ,elem5ts ,! ,middle ,ages contribut$ to ! poetic ideal ( ! ,r5aissance two elem5ts3 romantic !mes & ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,! =ms & subjects ( m$iaeval lit]ature are di/9ctly romantic4 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y is an allegorical vision2 x is almo/ unique 9 =m1 & has no classical prototype4#bii ,! t5d5cy ( ,petr>*ism 0 also 9 ! direction ( romanticism4 ,its conceits & its subjectivity l$ to an unclassical extravagance ( ?\ght & expression2 & ! ,petr>*i/ic influ5ce made lyric poetry1 & accord+ly ! criticism ( lyric poetry1 m romantic ?an any o!r =m ( lit]ature or lit]>y criticism dur+ ! p]iod ( classicism4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t !re 0 little lyricism 9 ! classical p]iod1 n only 9 ,france1 b :]ev] ! classic temp] pr$om9at$4 ,! !mes ( ! romanzi are also m$iaeval & romantic2 b :ile !y are m$iaeval contributions to lit]ature1#cjj !y became contributions to lit]>y criticism only aft] ! gr[? ( national life & ! developm5t ( ! feel+ ( nationality1 bo? di/9ctly mod]n4 ,"s ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! paganization ( culture by ! humani/s4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( t revival ( ,*ri/ian s5tim5t :i* l$ to ! ,re=mation1 !re 7 num]\s attempts to reconcile ,*ri/ianity ) pagan culture4#cja ,su* m5 z ,fic9o & ,pico della ,mir&ola attempt$ to h>monize ,*ri/ianity & ,platonic philosophy2 & "u ! great patron ( lett]s1 ,pope ,leo ,x41 !re 7 v>i\s attempts to h>monize ,*ri/ianity ) ! classic _s 9 lit]ature4 ,9 su* poems z ,vida's ,*ri/iad & ,sannaz>o's ,de ,p>tu ,virg9is1 ,*ri/ianity is cov]$ ) ! drap]y ( paganism or classicism4 ,! fir/ reaction aga9/ ?is paganization ( culture 01 z has be5 se51 effect$ by ,savon>ola4 ,?is reaction 0 re5=c$1 9 ! next c5tury1 by ! influ5ce & au?ority ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 & aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,*ri/ian ideal plays a prom95t "p 9 lit]>y criticism4 ,! _s ( bo? ,giraldi ,c9tio & ,m9turno is di/9ctly ,*ri/ian4 ,= ,giraldi ! romanzi are ,*ri/ian1 & h5ce sup]ior to ! classical epics4 ,he all[s ! introduction ( pagan deities only into epics deal+ ) ! anci5t classical subjects2 b ,tasso goes fur!r1 & says t no mod]n h]oic poet %\ld h any?+ to d ) !m4 ,accord+ to ,tasso1 ! h]oes ( an h]oic poem mu/ be ,*ri/ian knights1 & ! poem itself mu/ deal ) a true1 n a false1 religion4 ,! subject is n to be connect$ ) any article ( ,*ri/ian fai? or dogma1 because t 0 fix$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 b paganism 9 any =m is altoge!r unfit = a mod]n epic4 ,tasso ev5 goes s f> z to ass]t t piety %all be numb]$ among ! virtues ( ! knightly h]oes ( epic poetry4 ,at ! same "t also1 ,lor5zo ,gamb>a wrote 8 "w1 ,de ,p]fecta ,poeseos ,ratione1 to prove t x is ess5tial = e poet to exclude f 8 poems1 n only ev]y?+ t is wick$ or obsc5e1 b also ev]y?+ t is fabul\s or t deals ) pagan div9ities4#cjb ,x 0 to ?is religi\s reaction t we owe ! ,*ri/ian poetry ( ,tasso1 ,du ,b>tas1 & ,sp5s]4 ,b humanism 0 /rong1 & rationalism 0 rife2 & ! religi\s revival 0 h>dly m ?an tempor>y4 ,neo-classicism ?r\gh\t ,europe 0 ess5tially pagan4 ,,iii4 ,mod]n ,elem5ts ,! lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages con/itutes1 z x 71 "o va/ body ( ,european lit]ature2 only ) ! ,r5aissance did di/9ctly national lit]atures spr+ into exi/5ce4 ,nationalism z well z individualism 0 subsequ5t to ! ,r5aissance2 & x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! gr[? ( a national lit]ature1 ( national life1--9 a ^w1 patriotism 9 its wide/ s5se1--0 fir/ effect$4 ,! l+ui/ic discussions & controv]sies ( ! sixte5? c5tury prep>$ ! way = a high] appreciation ( national languages & lit]atures4 ,^! controv]sies on ! comp>ative m]its ( ! classical & v]nacul> tongues _h begun 9 ! "t ( ,dante1 & 7 cont9u$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,bembo1 ,ca/iglione1 ,v>*i1 ,muzio1 ,tolomei1 & _m o!rs2 & 9 #aefd ,salviati summ$ up ! ,italian side ( ! "q 9 an oration 9 :i* he ass]t$ t ! ,tuscan1 or1 z he call$ x1 ! ,flor5t9e language & ! ,flor5t9e lit]ature are va/ly sup]ior to any o!r language or lit]ature1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n4 ,h[ev] extravagant ?is claim may appe>1 ! m]e fact t ,salviati made su* a claim at all is en\gh to give him a place wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,! o!r side ( ! controv]sy f9ds its extreme/ expression 9 a treatise ( ,celio ,calcagn9i address$ to ,giraldi ,c9tio1 9 :i* ! hope is express$ t ! ,italian language1 & all ! lit]ature compos$ 9 t language1 w\ld be absolutely ab&on$ by ! _w4#cjc ,9 ,giraldi ,c9tio we f9d ! fir/ traces ( purely national criticism4 ,8 purpose1 9 writ+ ! disc\rse on ! romanzi1 0 prim>ily to def5d ,ario/o1 :om he _h kn[n p]sonally 9 8 y\?4 ,! po9t ( view f :i* he />ts is t ! romanzi con/itute a new =m ( poetry ( :i* ,ari/otle did n "k1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 ,ari/otle's rules d n apply4 ,giraldi reg>d$ ! romantic poems ( ,ario/o & ,boi>do bo? z national & z ,*ri/ian works2 & ,italian lit]ature is ?us = ! fir/ "t critically di/+ui%$ f classical lit]ature 9 reg>d to language1 religion1 & nationality4 ,9 ,giraldi's disc\rse !re is no app>5t desire ei!r to und]rate or to disreg>d ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle2 ! fact 0 simply t ,ari/otle _h n kn[n ! poems :i* deal ) _m actions ( _m m51 & h5ce x w\ld be absurd to dem& t su* poems %\ld con=m to 8 rules4 ,! romanzi deal ) phases ( poetry1 & phases ( life1 :i* ,ari/otle c\ld n be expect$ to und]/&4 ,a simil> feel+ ( ! di/9ct nationality ( ,italian lit]ature is to be f\nd 9 _m ( ! prefaces ( ! ,italian com$ies ( ?is p]iod4 ,il ,lasca1 9 ! preface ( ! ,/rega 7c4 #aeee71 says t ,ari/otle & ,horace knew _! own times1 b ours are n ! same at all4 ,we h o!r mann]s1 ano!r religion1 & ano!r mode ( life2 & x is !re=e necess>y to make com$ies aft] a diff]5t fa%ion4 ,z e>ly z #aecd1 ,aret9o1 9 ! prologue ( 8 ,cortegiana1 w>n$ 8 audi5ce n to be a/oni%$ if ! comic /yle is n obs]v$ 9 ! mann] requir$1 = we live aft] a diff]5t fa%ion 9 mod]n ,rome ?an !y did 9 anci5t ,a!ns4 ,simil>ly1 ,gelli1 9 ! d$ication ( ! ,sporta 7#aedc71 ju/ifies ! use ( language n to be f\nd 9 ! great s\rces ( ,italian spee*1 on ! gr\nd t language1 toge!r ) all o!r natural ?+s1 cont9ually v>ies & *anges4#cjd ,al?\gh !re is 9 ,giraldi ,c9tio no fundam5tal opposition to ,ari/otle1 x is 9 8 disc\rse on ! romanzi t !re may be f\nd ! fir/ attempt to wre/ a prov9ce ( art f ,ari/otle's supreme au?ority4 ,nei!r ,salviati1 :o _h rat$ ! ,italian language above all o!rs1 nor ,calcagn9i1 :o _h reg>d$ x z ! meane/ ( all1 _h und]/ood ! discussion ( ! importance ( ! ,tuscan tongue to be conc]n$ ) ! "q ( ,ari/otle's lit]>y supremacy4 ,x 0 simply a national "q--a "q z to ! national limits ( ,ari/otle's au?ority1 j z 0 ! case 9 ! sev]al controv]sies connect$ ) ,tasso1 ,dante1 & ,gu>9i's ,pa/or ,fido4#cje ,ca/elvetro1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,poetics1 diff]s f ,ari/otle on _m occasions1 & does n hesitate ev5 to refute him4 ,yet 8 rev]5ce = ,ari/otle is great2 8 s5se ( ,ari/otle's supreme au?ority is /rong2 & on "o occasion1 :]e ,horace1 ,qu9tilian1 & ,cic]o seem to diff] f ,ari/otle1 ,ca/elvetro does n hesitate to ass]t t !y c\ld n h se5 ! passage ( ! ,poetics 9 "q1 & t1 9 fact1 !y did n ?or\ghly und]/& ! true con/itution ( a poet4#cjf ,! opposition to ,ari/otelianism among ! humani/s has already be5 allud$ to4 ,?is opposition increas$ m & m ) ! developm5t ( mod]n philosophy4 ,9 #aecf ,ramus _h attack$ ,ari/otle's au?ority at ,p>is4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #aedc1 ,ort5sio ,l&i1 :o _h be5 at ! ,c\rt ( ,france = "s "t1 publi%$ 8 ,p>adossi1 9 :i* x is cont5d$ t ! works :i* pass "u ! "n ( ,ari/otle are n really ,ari/otle's at all1 & t ,ari/otle himself 0 n only an ignoramus1 b also ! mo/ villan\s man ( 8 age4 ,we h1 ( our own accord1 he says1 plac$ our necks "u ! yoke1 putt+ t vile bea/ ( an ,ari/otle on a ?rone1 & dep5d+ on 8 conclusions z if he 7 an oracle4#cjg ,x is ! philosophical au?ority ( ,ari/otle t ,l&i is attack+4 ,8 attitude is n t ( a humani/1 = ,cic]o & ,boccaccio d n receive m respectful treatm5t at 8 h&s ?an ,ari/otle does4 ,l&i1 despite 8 m]e ecc5tricities1 repres5ts ! gr[? ( mod]n free ?\ght & ! antagonism ( mod]n philosophy to ,ari/otelianism4 ,! lit]>y opposition & ! philosophical opposition to ,ari/otelianism may be said to meet 9 ,francesco ,patrizzi1 &1 9 a less degree1 9 ,giordano ,bruno4 ,patrizzi's bitt] ,antip]ipateticism is to be se5 9 8 ,nova de ,univ]sis ,philosophia 7#aeia71 9 :i* ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle are %[n to be false1 inconsi/5t1 & ev5 oppos$ to ! doctr9es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,8 lit]>y antagonism to ,ari/otle is %[n 9 8 rem>kable "w1 ,della ,poetica1 publi%$ at ,f]r>a 9 #aehf4 ,?is "w is divid$ into two p>ts1--! fir/ hi/orical1 ,la ,deca ,i/oriale1 & ! second controv]sial1 ,la ,deca ,disputata4 ,9 ! hi/orical section he attempts to d]ive ! norm ( ! diff]5t poetic =ms1 n f "o or two great works z ,ari/otle _h done1 b f ! :ole hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,x is ?us ! fir/ "w 9 mod]n times to attempt ! philosophical /udy ( lit]>y hi/ory1 & to trace out ! evolution ( lit]>y =ms4 ,! second or controv]sial section is direct$ aga9/ ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle1 & 9 "p also aga9/ ! critical doctr9es ( ,torquato ,tasso4 ,9 ?is portion ( 8 "w ,patrizzi sets out to demon/rate--p] i/oria1 e p] ragioni1 e p] autorita de' gr&i anti*i--t ! accept$ critical op9ions ( 8 "t 7 )\t f\ndation2 & ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle himself he exhibits z obscure1 inconsi/5t1 & entirely unwor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,simil> antagonism to ! critical doctr9es ( ,ari/otle is to be f\nd 9 passages scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! works ( ,giordano ,bruno4 ,9 ! fir/ dialogue ( ! ,eroici ,furori1 publi%$ at ,london 9 #aehe1 :ile ,bruno 0 visit+ ,engl&1 he expresses 8 contempt = ! m]e p$ants :o judge poets by ! rules ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,8 cont5tion is t !re are z _m sorts ( poets z !re are human s5tim5ts & ideas1 & t poets1 s f> f be+ subs]vi5t to rules1 are !mselves really ! au?ors ( all critical dogma4 ,^? :o attack ! great poets ^: works d n accord ) ! rules ( ,ari/otle are call$ by ,bruno /upid p$ants & bea/s4 ,! gi/ ( 8 argum5t may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ passage3-- ,,tans4 ,?\ do/ well conclude t poetry is n born 9 rules1 or only slightly & accid5tally s2 ! rules are d]iv$ f ! poetry1 & !re are z _m k9ds & sorts ( true rules z !re are k9ds & sorts ( true poets4 ,,cic4 ,h[ !n are ! true poets to be kn[n8 ,,tans4 ,by ! s++ ( _! v]ses2 9 t s++ !y give delight1 or !y edify1 or !y edify & delight toge!r4 ,,cic4 ,to :om !n are ! rules ( ,ari/otle useful8 ,,tans4 ,to him :o1 unlike ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 ,orpheus1 & o!rs1 c\ld n s+ )\t ! rules ( ,ari/otle1 & :o1 hav+ no ,muse ( 8 own1 w\ld coquette ) t ( ,hom]4#cjh ,a simil> antagonism to ,ari/otle & a simil> lit]>y individualism are to be f\nd 9 a mu* lat] "w by ,b5$etto ,fioretti1 :o "u ! pseudonym ( ,ud5o ,nisieli publi%$ ! five volumes ( 8 ,prog9nasmi ,poetici betwe5 #afbj & #afci4cji ,j be=e ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,poetics _h obta9$ an ard5t def5d] aga9/ su* attacks 9 ! p]son ( ,francesco ,buonamici1 9 8 ,discorsi ,poetici2 & ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #afjj1 ,fau/9o ,summo publi%$ a simil> def5ce ( ,ari/otle4 ,! attacks on ,ari/otle's lit]>y dictator%ip 7 ( little avail2 x 0 h>dly necess>y ev5 to def5d him4 ,= two c5turies to come he 0 to reign supreme on ! cont95t ( ,europe2 & 9 ,italy ?is supremacy 0 h>dly di/urb$ until ! days ( ,goldoni & ,meta/asio4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #bih ,de ,sanctis1 ii4 #aic sq4 #bii ,cf4 ,bosanquet1 ,hi/4 ( ,a,esthetic1 p4 #aeb sq4 #cjj ,cf4 ,f(fano1 p4 #aea sq4 #cja ,symonds1 ii4 #dgj4 #cjb ,baillet1 iii4 #gj4 #cjc ,tirabos*i1 vii4 #aeei4 #cjd ,sev]al simil> extracts f ,italian comic prologues may be f\nd 9 ,symonds1 v4 #ecc sq4 #cje ,f(fano1 p4 #aed sq4 #cjf ,poetica1 p4 #cb4 #cjg ,p>adossi1 ,v5etia1 #aede1 ii4 #bi4 #cjh ,op]e1 ii4 #cae 7,williams's translation74 #cji ,cf4 ! div]se op9ions ( ,tirabos*i1 viii4 #eaf1 & ,hallam1 ,lit4 ( ,europe1 pt4 iii4 *4 #g4 ,,"p ,,second ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,france ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,france ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,fr5* ,,criticism ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,lit]>y criticism 9 ,france1 :ile beg9n+ some:at lat] ?an 9 ,italy1 prec$$ ! bir? ( criticism 9 ,engl& & 9 ,spa9 by a numb] ( ye>s4 ,critical activity 9 ne>ly all ! c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe seems to h be5 u%]$ 9 by ! translation ( ,horace's ,ars ,poetica into ! v]nacul> tongues4 ,critical activity 9 ,italy began ) ,dolce's ,italian v]sion ( ! ,ars ,poetica 9 #aece2 9 ,france1 ) ! ,fr5* v]sion ( ,pelleti] 9 #aede2 9 ,engl&1 ) ! ,engli% v]sion ( ,drant 9 #aefg2 & 9 ,spa91 ) ! ,spani% v]sions ( ,esp9el & ,zapata 9 #aeia & #aeib1 respectively4 ,two c5turies ( lit]>y discussion _h prep>$ ! way = criticism 9 ,italy2 & lack+ ?is p]iod ( prep>ation1 ,fr5* criticism dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 0 necess>ily ( a mu* m practical "* ?an t ( ,italy dur+ ! same age4 ,! critical works ( ,france1 & ( ,engl& also1 7 on ! :ole design$ = ^? ^: imm$iate int5tion x 0 to write v]se !mselves4 ,! dis9t]e/$ & philosophic treatm5t ( ae/hetic problems1 :olly aside f all practical consid]ations1 *>act]iz$ mu* ( ! critical activity ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 b did n become g5]al 9 ,france until ! next c5tury4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% sections ( ?is essay1 x w be necess>y to deal ) v>i\s rhetorical & metrical que/ions :i* 9 ! ,italian section c\ld be l>gely disreg>d$4 ,9 ^! matt]s1 z 9 ! m g5]al que/ions ( criticism1 x w be se5 t sixte5?-c5tury ,italy furni%$ ! s\rce ( all ! accept$ critical doctr9es ( we/]n ,europe4 ,! comp>ative numb] ( critical works 9 ,italy & 9 ,france is also notewor?y4 ,:ile ^? ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance may be c\nt$ by ! score1 ! lit]ature ( ,france dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 exclusive ( a few purely rhetorical treatises1 h>dly (f]s m ?an a s+le doz54 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! treatm5t ( ,fr5* criticism mu/ be m limit$ 9 ext5t ?an t ( ,italian criticism1 & some:at diff]5t 9 "*4 ,! lit]ature ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,france is divid$ into two almo/ equal p>ts by ,du ,bellay's ,def5se et ,illu/ration de la ,langue francaise1 publi%$ 9 #aedi4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry ( ,europe is ! transition f ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,r5aissance s cle>ly m>k$ z x is 9 ,france by ?is s+le book4 ,) ! invasion ( ,italy by ! army ( ,*>les ,,viii4 9 #adid1 ! influ5ce ( ,italian art1 ( ,italian le>n+1 ( ,italian poetry1 _h receiv$ its fir/ impetus 9 ,france4 ,b ov] half a c5tury 0 to elapse be=e ! effects ( ?is influ5ce ^u ! creative lit]ature ( ,france 0 univ]sally & p[]fully felt4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! activity ( ,budaeus1 ,erasmus1 ,dolet1 & num]\s o!r ,fr5* & =eign humani/s /r5g!n$ ! cause & wid5$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,new ,le>n+4 ,b x is only ) ! bir? ( ! ,pleiade t mod]n ,fr5* lit]ature may be said to h begun4 ,9 #aedi ,du ,bellay's ,def5se1 ! manife/o ( ! new s*ool1 appe>$4 ,rons>d's ,odes 7 publi%$ 9 ! next ye>2 & 9 #aeeb ,jodelle inaugurat$ ,fr5* trag$y ) 8 ,cleopatre1 & fir/1 z ,rons>d said1 ,francoisem5t *anta la grecque trag$ie4 ,! ,def5se !re=e m>ks a di/9ct epo* 9 ! critical z well z ! creative lit]ature ( ,france4 ,! critical works t prec$$ x1 if !y may be call$ critical 9 any real s5se1 did n attempt to d m ?an =mulate ! conv5tional notions ( rhetorical & metrical /ructure common to ! ,fr5* poets ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,pleiade itself1 z w be m cle>ly und]/ood lat]1 0 also *iefly conc]n$ ) l+ui/ic & rhetorical re=ms2 & z late z #aehj ,montaigne c\ld say t !re 7 m poets 9 ,france ?an judges & int]pret]s ( poetry4#caj ,! creative re=ms ( ! ,pleiade lay l>gely 9 ! direction ( ! =mation ( a poetic language1 ! introduction ( new g5res1 ! creation ( new rhy?ms1 & ! imitation ( classical lit]ature4 ,b ) ! imitation ( classical lit]ature !re came ! r5ewal ( ! anci5t subjects ( inspiration2 & f ?is !re proce$$ a high & dignifi$ conception ( ! poet's (fice4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! m g5]al critical ideas ( ! ,pleiade spr+ f ! desire to ju/ify ! function ( poetry1 & to magnify its importance4 ,! new s*ool & its epigones dom9ate ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & z ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury 0 practically unproductive ( critical lit]ature1 a hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,r5aissance criticism is h>dly m ?an an acc\nt ( ! poetic !ories ( ! ,pleiade4 ,! s]ies ( rhetorical & metrical treatises t prec$e ,du ,bellay's ,def5se beg9s ) ,l',art de dicti] et de f]e *ancons1 balades1 virelais et rondeaulx1 writt5 by ! poet ,eu/a*e ,des*amps 9 #acib1 ov] half a c5tury aft] ! simil> "w ( ,antonio da ,tempo 9 ,italy4#caa ,t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury a "w ( ! same nature1 ! ,fleur de ,rhetorique1 by an au?or :o ref]s to himself z ,l',in=tune1 seems to h _h "s influ5ce on lat] treatises4 ,?ree works ( ?is sort fall )9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 ! ,gr& et vrai ,art de ple9e ,rhetorique ( ,pi]re ,fabri1 publi%$ at ,r\5 9 #aeba2 ! ,rhetorique metrifiee ( ,graci5 du ,pont1 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aeci2 & ! ,art ,poetique ( ,?omas ,sibilet1 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aedh4 ,! second "p ( ,fabri's ,rhetorique deals ) que/ions ( v]sification--( rhyme1 rhy?m1 & ! complex metrical =m ( su* poets z ,cret91 ,mes*9ot1 & ,mol9et1 9 :om ,pasqui] f\nd pr\ de rime et equivoque1 mais peu de raison4 ,z ! ,rhetorique ( ,fabri is little m ?an an amplification ( ! simil> "w ( ,l',in=tune1 s ! "w ( ,graci5 du ,pont is little m ?an a reproduction ( ,fabri's4 ,graci5 du ,pont is /ill *iefly int5t on rime equivoquee1 rime entrelacee1 rime retrograde1 rime concat5ee1 & ! v>i\s o!r m$iaeval complexities ( v]sification4 ,sibilet's ,art ,poetique is m int]e/+ ?an any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,x 0 publi%$ a ye> be=e ! ,def5se ( ,du ,bellay1 & discusses _m ( ! new g5res :i* ! latt] advocates4 ,sibilet treats ( ! sonnet1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 borr[$ f ! ,italians by ,mell9 de ,sa9t-,gelais1 ! ode1 :i* _h j be5 employ$ by ,pelleti]1 & ! epigram1 z practis$ by ,m>ot4 ,! eclogue is describ$ z ,greek by inv5tion1 ,lat9 by usurpation1 & ,fr5* by imitation4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ passages 9 ,sibilet's book is t 9 :i* ! ,fr5* morality is comp>$ ) ! classical drama4 ,?is passage exhibits p]haps ! e>lie/ trace ( ! influ5ce ( ,italian ideas on ,fr5* criticism2 x w be discuss$ lat] 9 connection ) ! dramatic !ories ( ?is p]iod4 ,x is ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 !n1 t ! influ5ce ( ,italian criticism is fir/ visible4 ,! lit]ature ( ,italy 0 read ) avidity 9 ,france4 ,_m educat$ "y ,fr5*m5 travell$ 9 ,italy1 & sev]al ,italian m5 ( lett]s visit$ ,france4 ,girolamo ,muzio travell$ 9 ,france 9 #aebd1 & aga9 9 #aecj ) ,giulio ,camillo4#cab ,aret9o m5tions ! fact t a ,v9c5zo ,maggi 0 at ! ,c\rt ( ,france 9 #aedh1 b x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ?is 0 ! au?or ( ! comm5t>y on ! ,poetics4#cac ,9 #aedi1 aft] ! completion ( ! two la/ p>ts ( 8 ,poetica1 d$icat$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,arras1 ,triss9o made a t\r ab\t ,france4#cad ,nor mu/ we =get ! numb] ( ,italian s*ol>s call$ to ,p>is by ,francis ,i4#cae ,! lit]>y relations betwe5 ! two c\ntries d n conc]n u "h2 b x is no insignificant fact t ! great lit]>y re=ms ( ! ,pleiade %\ld take place betwe5 #aedh & #aeej1 ! v "t :5 critical activity fir/ receiv$ its great impetus 9 ,italy4 ,?is ,italian influ5ce is j becom+ app>5t 9 ,sibilet1 = :om ! poets betwe5 ,jean le ,maire de ,belges & ,clem5t ,m>ot are ! *ief models1 b :o is n :olly av]se to ! mod]ate innovations d]iv$ by ,france f classical antiquity & ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,m4 ,bruneti]e1 9 a v sugge/ive *apt] ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,criticism1 reg>ds ! ,def5se ( ,du ,bellay1 ! ,poetics ( ,scalig]1 & ! ,art ,poetique ( ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye z ! mo/ important critical works 9 ,france dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4#caf ,x may inde$ be said t ,du ,bellay's ,def5se 7#aedi7 is n 9 any true s5se a "w ( lit]>y criticism at all2 t ,scalig]'s ,poetics 7#aefa7 is ! "w1 n ( a ,fr5* critic1 b ( an ,italian humani/2 & t ,vauquel9's ,art ,poetique 7n publi%$ until #afje71 s f> z any influ5ce x may h _h is conc]n$1 does n belong to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & c h>dly be call$ important4 ,at ! same "t ^! ?ree works are int]e/+ docum5ts 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ,france1 & repres5t ?ree di/9ct /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,fr5* criticism 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,du ,bellay's "w m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! introduction ( classical ideals into ,fr5* lit]ature2 ,scalig]'s "w1 :ile writt5 by an ,italian & 9 ,lat91 0 compos$ & publi%$ 9 ,france1 & m>ks ! introduction ( ! ,ari/otelian canons into ,fr5* criticism2 & ,vauquel9's "w indicates ! sum ( critical ideas :i* ,france _h ga!r$ & accept$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,) ,du ,bellay's ,def5se et ,illu/ration de la ,langue francaise 7#aedi7 mod]n lit]ature & mod]n criticism 9 ,france may be said to beg94 ,! ,def5se is a monum5t ( ! influ5ce ( ,italian ^u ,fr5* lit]>y & l+ui/ic criticism4 ,! purpose ( ! book1 z its title implies1 is to def5d ! ,fr5* language1 & to indicate ! means by :i* x c approa* m closely to dignity & p]fection4 ,! fundam5tal cont5tion ( ,du ,bellay is1 fir/1 t ! ,fr5* language is capable ( atta9+ p]fection2 &1 secondly1 t x c only hope to d s by imitat+ ,greek & ,lat94 ,?is !sis is prop\nd$ & prov$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,def5se2 & ! second book is devot$ to answ]+ ! "q3 ,by :at specific means is ?is p]fection1 bas$ on ! imitation ( ! p]fection ( ,greek & ,lat91 to be atta9$ by ! ,fr5* tongue8 ,du ,bellay cont5ds t z ! div]sity ( language among ! diff]5t nations is ascribable entirely to ! caprice ( m51 ! p]fection ( any tongue is due exclusively to ! dilig5ce & artifice ( ^? :o use x4 ,x is ! duty1 !re=e1 ( e "o to set ab\t consci\sly to improve 8 native spee*4 ,! ,lat9 tongue 0 n always z p]fect z x 0 9 ! days ( ,virgil & ,cic]o2 & if ^! writ]s _h reg>d$ language z incapable ( be+ poli%$ & enri*$1 or if !y _h imag9$ t _! language c\ld only be p]fect$ by ! imitation ( _! own national pr$ecessors1 ,lat9 w\ld nev] h arriv$ at a high] /ate ( p]fection ?an t ( ,ennius & ,crassus4 ,b z ,virgil & ,cic]o p]fect$ ,lat9 by imitat+ ,greek1 s ! ,fr5* tongue c only be made beautiful by imitat+ ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,italian1 all ( :i* h atta9$ a c]ta9 %>e ( p]fection4#cag ,at ! same "t1 two ?+s mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! ,fr5* tongue _c be improv$ by m]ely translat+ ! classic & ,italian tongues4 ,translation has its value 9 popul>iz+ ideas2 b by m]e translation no language or lit]ature c hope to atta9 p]fection4 ,nor is a m]e bald imitation suffici5t2 b1 9 ,du ,bellay's (t-cit$ phrase1 ! beauties ( ^! =eign tongues mu/ be conv]t$ into blood & n\ri%m5t4#cah ,! classics h blood1 n]ves1 & bones1 :ile ! old] ,fr5* writ]s h m]ely sk9 & color4#cai ,! mod]n ,fr5* writ] %\ld !re=e dismiss ) contempt ! old] poets ( ,france1 & set ab\t to imitate ! ,greeks1 ,lat9s1 & ,italians4 ,he %\ld leave (f compos+ rondeaux1 ballades1 virelays1 & su* epic]ies1 :i* corrupt ! ta/e ( ! ,fr5* language1 & s]ve only to %[ its ignorance & pov]ty2 & 9 _! /ead he %\ld employ ! epigram1 :i* m+les1 9 ,horace's words1 ! pr(itable ) ! pleasant1 ! te>ful elegy1 9 imitation ( ,ovid & ,tibullus1 ! ode1 "o ( ! sublime/ =ms ( poetry1 ! eclogue1 9 imitation ( ,!ocritus1 ,virgil1 & ,sannaz>o1 & ! beautiful sonnet1 an ,italian inv5tion no less le>n$ ?an pleas+4#cbj ,in/ead ( ! morality & ! f>ce1 ! poet %\ld write trag$ies & com$ies2 he %\ld attempt ano!r ,iliad or ,a,eneid = ! glory & honor ( ,france4 ,?is is ! gi/ ( ,du ,bellay's argum5t 9 s f> z x deals 9 g5]al t]ms ) ! ,fr5* language & lit]ature4 ,! six or sev5 conclud+ *apt]s treat ( m m9ute & detail$ que/ions ( language & v]sification4 ,du ,bellay advises ! adoption ( classical words z a means ( enri*+ ! ,fr5* tongue1 & speaks ) favor ( ! use ( rhymeless v]se 9 imitation ( ! classics4 ,! ,def5se ends ) an appeal to ! read] n to fe> to g & despoil ,greece & ,rome ( _! treasures = ! b5efit ( ,fr5* poetry4#cba ,f ?is analysis x w be se5 t ! ,def5se is really a philological polemic1 belong+ to ! same class z ! long s]ies ( ,italian discussions on ! vulg> tongue :i* beg9s ) ,dante1 & :i* includes ! works ( ,bembo1 ,ca/iglione1 ,v>*i1 & o!rs4 ,x is1 z a ,fr5* critic has said1 a comb9$ pamphlet1 def5ce1 & ars poetica2#cbb b x is only an ars poetica 9 s f> z x advises ! ,fr5* poet to employ c]ta9 poetic =ms1 & treats ( rhy?m & rhyme 9 a conclud+ *apt] or two4 ,b curi\sly en\gh1 ! s\rce & inspiration ( ,du ,bellay's "w h nev] be5 po9t$ out4 ,! actual model ( ! ,def5se 0 )\t d\bt ,dante's ,de ,vulg>i ,eloquio1 :i*1 9 ! ,italian v]sion ( ,triss9o1 _h be5 giv5 to ! _w = ! fir/ "t 9 #aebi1 exactly tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,def5se4 ,! two works1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce 9 "t & circum/ance1 resemble ea* o!r closely 9 _s & purpose z well z 9 cont5ts & design4 ,du ,bellay's "w1 l ,dante's1 is divid$ into two books1 ea* ( :i* is aga9 divid$ into ab\t ! same numb] ( *apt]s4 ,! fir/ book ( bo? works deals ) language 9 g5]al1 & ! relations ( ! vulg> tongue to ! anci5t & mod]n languages2 ! second book ( bo? works deals ) ! p>ticul> practices ( ! vulg> tongue conc]n+ :i* ea* au?or is argu+4 ,bo? works beg9 ) a some:at simil> !ory ( ! orig9 ( language2 bo? works close ) a discussion ( ! v]sification ( ! v]nacul>4 ,! purpose ( bo? books is ! ju/ification ( ! vulg> tongue1 & ! consid]ation ( ! means by :i* x c atta9 p]fection2 ! title ( ,de ,vulg>i ,eloquio might be appli$ ) equal =ce to ei!r treatise4 ,! ,def5se1 by ?is ju/ification ( ! ,fr5* language on rational if n entirely cog5t & consi/5t gr\nds1 prep>$ ! way = critical activity 9 ,france2 & x is no insignificant fact t ! fir/ critical "w ( mod]n ,france %\ld h be5 bas$ on ! fir/ critical "w ( mod]n ,italy4 ,?irty ye>s lat]1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 9 8 ,precell5ce du ,langage francois1 c\ld ass]t t ,fr5* is ! be/ language ( anci5t or mod]n times1 j z ,salviati 9 #aefd _h claim$ t preem95t position = ,italian4#cbc ,x is n to be expect$ t s radical a break ) ! national traditions ( ,france z 0 impli$ by ,du ,bellay's innovations w\ld be left unhe$$ by ! enemies ( ! ,pleiade4 ,! answ] came soon1 9 an anonym\s pamphlet1 entitl$ ,le ,qu9til ,horatian sur la ,def5se et ,illu/ration de la ,langue francoise4 ,until a v few ye>s ago1 ?is treatise 0 ascrib$ to a disciple ( ,m>ot1 ,*>les ,fonta9e4 ,b 9 #ahhc an autograph lett] ( ,fonta9e's 0 discov]$1 9 :i* he /r5u\sly d5ies ! au?or%ip ( ! ,qu9til ,horatian2 & m rec5t rese>*es h %[n pretty conclusively t ! real au?or 0 a fri5d ( ,fonta9e's1 ,b>!lemy ,aneau1 head ( ! ,college ( ,lyons4#cbd ,! ,qu9til ,horatian 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aeej1 ! ye> aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,def5se4#cbe ,! au?or in=ms u t he _h translat$ ! :ole ( ,horace's ,ars ,poetica into ,fr5* v]se ov] tw5ty ye>s ago1 be=e ,pelleti] or any "o else1 t is1 betwe5 #aebe & #aecj4cbf ,?is translation 0 nev] publi%$1 b fragm5ts ( x are cit$ 9 ! ,qu9til ,horatian4 ,! pamphlet itself takes up ! argum5ts ( ,du ,bellay /ep by /ep1 & refutes !m4 ,! au?or f9ds fault ) ! con/ructions1 ! metaphors1 & ! neologisms ( ,du ,bellay4 ,aneau's temp]am5t 0 dogmatic & p$agogic2 8 judgm5t 0 n always good2 & mod]n ,fr5* critics _c =give him = attack+ ,du ,bellay's use ( su* a ^w z patrie4 ,b x is n entirely j to speak ( ! ,qu9til ,horatian1 9 ! words ( a mod]n lit]>y hi/orian1 z full ( futile & valueless criticisms4 ,! au?or's m9ute l+ui/ic objections are (t5 hyp]critical1 b 8 "w repres5ts a natural reaction aga9/ ! ,pleiade4 ,8 *ief c5sure ( ! ,def5se 0 direct$ aga9/ ! introduction ( classical & ,italian words into ! ,fr5* language4 ,e/-ce la def5se et illu/ration1 he exclaims1 ou plus to/ (f5se et d5igration8 ,he *>ges ! ,pleiade ) hav+ contemn$ ! classics ( ,fr5* poetry2 ! new s*ool advocat$ ! disuse ( ! complicat$ metrical =ms m]ely because !y 7 too difficult4 ,! sonnet1 ! ode1 & ! elegy he dismisses z useless innovations4 ,! object ( poetry1 accord+ to ,horace1 is to gladd5 & please1 :ile ! elegy m]ely sadd5s & br+s te>s to ! eyes4 ,poetry1 he says1 is l pa9t+2 & z pa9t+ is int5d$ to fill u ) delight1 & n to sadd5 u1 s ! m\rnful elegy is "o ( ! meane/ =ms ( poetry4 ,aneau is unable to appreciate ! high & sublime conception ( ! poet's (fice :i* ! ,pleiade fir/ introduc$ into ,fr5* lit]ature2 = him ! poet is a m]e v]sifi] :o amuses 8 audi5ce4 ,he repres5ts ! g5]al reaction ( ! national _s aga9/ ! classical innovations ( ! ,pleiade2 & ! ,qu9til ,horatian may !re=e be call$ ! la/ repres5tative "w ( ! old] s*ool ( poetry4 ,x 0 at ab\t ?is p]iod t ,ari/otle's ,poetics fir/ influ5c$ ,fr5* criticism4 ,9 "o ( ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ! ,def5se ,du ,bellay rem>ks t ! virtues & vices ( a poem h be5 dilig5tly treat$ by ! anci5ts1 su* z ,ari/otle & ,horace1 & aft] !m by ,hi]onymus ,vida4#cbg ,horace is m5tion$ & cit$ 9 num]\s o!r places1 & ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al rhetorical portions ( ! ,ars ,poetica is v m>k$ ?r\gh\t ! ,def5se2 !re are also _m traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,vida4 ,b !re is no evid5ce :atsoev] ( any k ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,( its "n & importance ,du ,bellay _h probably read 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,italians1 b ( its cont5ts he knew little or no?+4 ,!re is inde$ no well-e/abli%$ allusion to ! ,poetics 9 ,france be=e ?is "t4 ,none ( ! ,fr5* humani/s seems to h kn[n x4 ,its title is cit$ by ,erasmus 9 a lett] dat$ ,febru>y #bg1 #aeca1 & x 0 publi%$ by him )\t any comm5t>y at ,basle 9 ! same ye>1 ?\gh ,simon ,grynaeus appe>s to h be5 ! real editor ( ?is "w4 ,an edition ( ! ,poetics 0 also publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aeda1 b does n seem to h _h any appreciable influ5ce on ! critical activity ( ,france4 ,sev]al ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,def5se1 9 ! satirical poem1 ,le ,poete ,c\rtisan1 writt5 %ortly aft] 8 return f ,italy 9 #aeee1 ,du ,bellay %[s a some:at m def9ite k ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,poetics3-- ,je ne veux po9t ici du mai/re d',alex&re i4e4 ,ari/otle1 ,t\*ant l'art poetic1 les preceptes t'appr5dre ,tu n'appr5dras de moy comm5t j\] il faut ,les mis]es des rois dessus un es*affaut3 ,je ne t'enseigne l'art de l'humble como$ie ,ni du ,meoni5 la muse plus h>die3 ,bref je ne mon/re ici d'un v]s horaci5 ,les vices et v]tus du poeme anci53 ,je ne depe9s aussi le poete du ,vide4#cbh ,9 #aeee ,guillaume ,morel1 ! disciple ( ,turnebus1 publi%$ an edition ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics at ,p>is4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 h[ev]1 t ! ref]5ce 9 ! ,def5se is ! fir/ allusion to ! ,poetics to be f\nd 9 ! critical lit]ature ( ,france2 by #aedi ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & ,italian criticism1 _h come into ,france = good4 ,9 #aefj1 ! ye> be=e ! publication ( ,scalig]'s ,poetics1 ,ari/otle's treatise _h acquir$ su* prom95ce t 9 a volume ( selections f ,ari/otle's works1 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 t ye>1 ,ari/otelis ,s5t5tiae1 ! selections f ! ,poetics are plac$ at ! head ( ! volume4#cbi ,9 #aegb ,jean de la ,taille ref]s 8 read]s to :at ! great ,ari/otle 9 8 ,poetics1 & aft] him ,horace ?\gh n ) ! same subtlety1 h said m amply & bett] ?an ,i4#ccj ,! influ5ce ( ,scalig]'s ,poetics on ! ,fr5* dramatic criticism ( ?is p]iod has g5]ally be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,scalig]'s influ5ce 9 ,france 0 n inconsid]able dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 b x 0 n until ! v end ( ! c5tury t he held ! dictatorial position aft]w>d accord$ to him4 ,no edition ( 8 ,poetics 0 ev] publi%$ at ,p>is4 ,! fir/ edition appe>$ at ,lyons1 & subsequ5t editions appe>$ at ,heidelb]g & ,leyd54 ,x 0 9 ,g]many1 9 ,spa91 & 9 ,engl& t 8 influ5ce 0 fir/ felt2 & x 0 l>gely ?r\gh ! ,dut* s*ol>s1 ,he9sius & ,vossius1 t 8 influ5ce 0 c>ri$ into ,france 9 ! next c5tury4 ,x is a mi/ake to say t he _h any prim>y influ5ce on ! =mulation & acceptance ( ! unities ( "t & place 9 ,fr5* lit]ature2 !re is 9 8 ,poetics1 z has be5 se51 no su* def9ite & =mal /atem5t ( ! unities z may be f\nd 9 ,ca/elvetro1 9 ,jean de la ,taille1 9 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 or 9 ,*apela94 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ,scalig]'s ,poetics did n assume dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! dictatorial supremacy x atta9$ dur+ ! sev5te5?1 & :ile ! p>ticul> views enunciat$ 9 its pages _h no direct influ5ce on ! curr5t ( sixte5?-c5tury ideas1 x c]ta9ly _h an indirect influ5ce on ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! critical activity ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,?is indirect influ5ce manife/s itself 9 ! gradual ,lat9ization ( culture dur+ ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 &1 z w be se5 lat]1 9 ! emphasis on ! ,ari/otelian canons 9 ,fr5* dramatic criticism4 ,scalig] 0 a p]sonal fri5d ( sev]al memb]s ( ! ,pleiade1 & !re is e reason to believe t he wield$ consid]able1 ev5 if m]ely indirect1 influ5ce on ! developm5t ( t great lit]>y movem5t4 ,! la/ expression ( ! poetic !ories ( ! ,pleiade is to be f\nd 9 ! didactic poem ( ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye1 ,l',art ,poetique francois1 ou l'on peut rem>qu] la p]fection et le defaut des anci5nes et des mod]nes poesies4 ,?is poem1 ?\gh n publi%$ until #afje1 0 begun 9 #aegd at ! comm& ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 &1 augm5t$ by successive additions1 0 n yet complete by #aeij4 ,vauquel9 makes ! foll[+ explicit ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 indebt$ness to ! critical writ]s t prec$$ him3-- ,p\r ce ensuivant les pas du fils de ,nicoma*e i4e4 ,ari/otle1 ,du h>peur de ,calabre i4e4 ,horace1 et t\t ce que rema*e ,vide et ,m9turne apres1 j'ay cet oeuvre apre/e4#cca ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,vida1 & ,m9turno are ?us 8 ackn[l$g$ models & s\rces4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ,horace's ,ars ,poetica he has translat$ & embodi$ 9 8 poem2 & he has borr[$ f ,vida a consid]able numb] ( images & metaphors4#ccb ,8 indebt$ness to ,ari/otle & to ,m9turno br+s up sev]al intricate que/ions4 ,x has be5 said t ,vauquel9 simply m5tion$ ,m9turno 9 ord] to put himself "u ! protection ( a respectable ,italian au?ority4#ccc ,on ! contr>y1 exclusive ( ,horace1 ,rons>d1 & ,du ,bellay1 ! :ole ( ^: critical discussions he has almo/ incorporat$ into 8 poem1 ,m9turno is 8 *ief au?ority1 8 model1 & 8 guide4 ,9 fact1 x 0 probably f ,m9turno t he d]iv$ 8 entire k ( ! ,ari/otelian canons2 x is n ,ari/otle1 b ,m9turno's conception ( ,ari/otle1 t ,vauquel9 has adh]$ to4 ,_m po9ts 9 8 poem are expla9$ by ?is fact2 "h only "o c be m5tion$4 ,vauquel9's acc\nt1 9 ! second canto ( 8 ,art ,poetique1 ( ! orig9 ( ! drama f ! songs at ! alt> ( ,bac*us at ! "t ( ! v9tage1 is und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ,m9turno4#ccd ,x may h be5 obs]v$ t dur+ ! ,r5aissance !re 7 two di/9ct conceptions ( ! orig9 ( poetry4 ,"o1 :i* might be call$ e?ical1 0 d]iv$ f ,horace1 accord+ to :om ! poet 0 orig9ally a lawgiv]1 or div9e prophet2 & ?is conception p]si/s 9 mod]n lit]ature f ,poliziano to ,%elley4 ,! o!r1 or sci5tific conception1 0 especially appli$ to ! drama1 & 0 bas$ on ,ari/otle's rem>ks on ! orig9 ( trag$y2 ?is attempt to discov] "s sci5tific explanation = poetic ph5om5a may be f\nd 9 ! m rationali/ic ( ,r5aissance critics1 su* z ,scalig] & ,vip]ano4 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye1 ! disciple ( ,rons>d & ! la/ expon5t ( ! critical doctr9es ( ! ,pleiade1 ?us repres5ts ! incorporation ( ! body ( ,italian ideas into ,fr5* criticism4 ,) ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye & ,de ,laudun ,daigali]s 7#aeih7 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* criticism dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury is at an end4 ,! critical activity ( ?is p]iod1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 is ( a f> m practical "* ?an t ( ,italy4 ,lit]>y criticism 9 ,france 0 creat$ by ! exig5cies ( a great lit]>y movem5t2 & ?r\gh\t ! c5tury x nev] lo/ its connection ) ?is movem5t1 or fail$ to s]ve x 9 "s practical way4 ,! poetic criticism 0 c>ri$ on by poets1 ^: desire x 0 to fur!r a cause1 to def5d _! own works1 or to ju/ify _! own views4 ,! dramatic criticism 0 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on by dramati/s1 sometimes ev5 9 ! prefaces ( _! plays4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z ev] s9ce1 ! int]relation ( ! creative & ! critical faculties 9 ,france 0 m>k$ & def9ite4 ,b !re 01 "o might almo/ say1 little critical !oriz+ 9 ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,except+1 ( c\rse1 ,scalig]1 !re 0 ev5 no?+ ( ! deification ( ,ari/otle f\nd 9 ,italian criticism4 ,to take notice ( a m9ute b significant detail1 !re 0 no attempt to expla9 ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( ka?>sis1 ! s\rce ( inf9ite controv]sy 9 ,italy4 ,!re 0 no detail$ & consi/5t discussion ( ! !ory ( ! epic poem4 ,all ^! ?+s may be f\nd 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,france2 b _! home 0 sixte5?-c5tury ,italy4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #caj ,essais1 i4 #cf4 #caa ,on ^! e>ly works1 see ,langlois1 ,de ,artibus ,rhetoricae ,rhy?micae1 ,p>isiis1 #ahij4 #cab ,tirabos*i1 vii4 #cej4 #cac ,ibid4 vii4 #adfe4 #cad ,morsol91 ,triss9o1 p4 #ceh4 #cae ,egg]1 ,hell5isme1 *4 vii4 #caf ,bruneti]e1 i4 #dc4 #cag ,cf4 ,horace1 ,ars ,poet4 #ec sq4 #cah ,def5se1 i4 #g4 #cai ,ibid4 ii4 #b4 #cbj ,ibid4 ii4 #d4 #cba ,cf4 ,vida1 9 ,pope1 i4 #afg4 #cbb ,lanson1 op4 cit41 p4 #bgd4 #cbc ,cf4 ,t4 ,tasso1 xxiii4 #ig4 #cbd ,h4 ,*am>d1 ,le ,date et l',auteur du ,qu9til ,horatian1 9 ! ,revue d',hi/oire litt]aire de la ,france1 #ahih1 v4 #ei sq4 #cbe ,ibid4 v4 #ed sq4 #cbf ,ibid4 v4 #fb2 #fc1 n4 #a4 #cbg ,def5se1 ii4 #i4 #cbh ,du ,bellay1 p4 #abj4 #cbi ,p>isiis1 apud ,hi]onymum de ,m>naf1 #aefj4 #ccj ,rob]t1 app5dix iii4 #cca ,art ,poet4 i4 #fc4 #ccb ,pellissi]1 pp4 #eg-fc4 #ccc ,lem]ci]1 ,etude sur ,vauquel91 #ahhg1 p4 #aag1 & ,pellissi]1 p4 #eg4 #ccd ,m9turno1 ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #gc2 ,de ,poeta1 p4 #beb4 ,cf4 ,vauquel91 ,pellissi]'s introduction1 p4 xliv4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,r5aissance ,,x is 9 keep+ ) ! practical "* ( ! lit]>y criticism ( ?is p]iod t ! memb]s ( ! ,pleiade did n conc]n !mselves ) ! g5]al !ory ( poetry4 ,until ! v end ( ! c5tury !re is n to be f\nd any sy/ematic poetic !ory 9 ,france4 ,x is 9 dramatic criticism t ?is p]iod has mo/ to (f]1 & ! dramatic criticism is peculi>ly int]e/+ because x =e%ad[s 9 _m ways ! doctr9es ^u :i* 7 bas$ ! dramas ( ,rac9e & ,corneille4 ,i4 ,! ,poetic ,art ,9 ,du ,bellay's ,def5se !re is no attempt to =mulate a consi/5t body ( critical doctr9e2 b ! book exhibits1 9 a m or less crude =m1 all ! t5d5cies = :i* ! ,pleiade /&s 9 ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,def5se is t ,fr5* poetry c only hope to rea* p]fection by imitat+ ! classics4 ,! imitation ( ! classics implies1 9 ! fir/ place1 erudition on ! "p ( ! poet2 &1 moreov]1 x requires intellectual labor & /udy4 ,! poet is born1 x is true2 b ?is only ref]s to ! ardor & joyfulness ( _s :i* naturally excite him1 b :i*1 )\t le>n+ & erudition1 are absolutely useless4 ,he :o wi%es poetic immortality1 says ,du ,bellay1 mu/ sp5d 8 "t 9 ! solitude ( 8 own *amb]2 in/ead ( eat+1 dr9k+1 & sleep+1 he mu/ endure hung]1 ?ir/1 & long vigils4#cce ,else:]e he speaks ( sil5ce & solitude z amy des ,muses4 ,f all ?is !re arises a natural contempt = ! ignorant p1 :o "k no?+ ( anci5t le>n+3 ,especially d ,i wi% to admoni% him :o aspires to a m ?an vulg> glory1 to sep>ate himself f su* inept admir]s1 to flee f ! ignorant p1--! p :o are ! enemies ( all r>e & antique le>n+1--& to cont5t himself ) few read]s1 foll[+ ! example ( him :o did n dem& = an audi5ce any "o beside ,plato himself4#ccf ,9 ! ,art ,poetique ( ,jacques ,pelleti] du ,mans1 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #aeee1 ! po9t ( view is t ( ! ,pleiade1 b m mell[ & mod]ate ?an t ( its mo/ advanc$ & radical memb]s4 ,! treatise beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! antiquity & excell5ce ( poetry2 & poets are spok5 ( z orig9ally ! maitres et re=mateurs de la vie4 ,poetry is !n comp>$ ) oratory & ) pa9t+1 aft] ! usual ,r5aissance fa%ion2 & ,pelleti] agrees ) ,horace 9 reg>d+ ! comb9$ p[] ( art & nature z necess>y to ! fa%ion+ ( a poet4 ,8 conception ( ! latt]'s (fice is n unlike t ( ,tasso & ,%elley1 ,x is ! (fice ( ! poet to give novelty to old ?+s1 au?ority to ! new1 beauty to ! rude1 light to ! obscure1 fai? to ! d\btful1 & to all ?+s _! true nature1 & to _! true nature all ?+s4 ,conc]n+ ! que/ions ( language1 v]sification1 & ! feel+ = natural sc5]y1 he agrees fundam5tally ) ! *ief writ]s ( ! ,pleiade4 ,! greate/ ( ^!1 ,rons>d1 has giv5 expression to 8 views on ! poetic art 9 8 ,abrege de l',art ,poetique francois 7#aefe71 & lat] 9 ! two prefaces ( 8 epic ( ! ,franciade4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! ,abrege 9 ! pres5t discussion is t x exp\nds & emphasizes ! high notion ( ! poet's (fice introduc$ into ,fr5* poetry by ! ,pleiade4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ! new s*ool1 m]e skill 9 ! complicat$ =ms ( v]se 0 reg>d$ z ! te/ ( poetry4 ,! poet 0 simply a rimeur2 & ! t]m poete1 ) all t x implies1 fir/ came into use ) ! ,pleiade4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! v]sifi] & ! poet1 z po9t$ out by ,ari/otle & insi/$ ^u by ! ,italians1 became ) ! ,pleiade almo/ vital4 ,b9et1 ! disciple & biograph] ( ,rons>d1 says ( 8 ma/] t he 0 ! mortal enemy ( v]sifi]s1 ^: conceptions are all debas$1 & :o ?9k !y h wr\ght a ma/]piece :5 !y h transpos$ some?+ f prose into v]se4#ccg ,rons>d's own acc\nt ( ! dignity & high function ( poetry mu/ ne$s be cit$ at l5g?3-- ,above all ?+s y w hold ! ,muses 9 rev]5ce1 yea1 9 s+ul> v5]ation1 & y w nev] let !m s]ve 9 matt]s t are di%one/1 or m]e je/s1 or injudici\s libels2 b y w hold !m de> & sacr$1 z ! daught]s ( ,jupit]1 t is1 ,god1 :o by ,8 holy grace has ?r\gh !m fir/ made kn[n to ignorant p ! excell5cies ( ,8 maje/y4 ,= poetry 9 e>ly times 0 only an allegorical !ology1 9 ord] to make /upid m51 by pleasant & wondr\sly color$ fables1 "k ! secrets !y c\ld n compreh5d1 7 ! tru? too op5ly made kn[n to !m4444 ,n[1 s9ce ! ,muses d n c>e to lodge 9 a s\l unless x is good1 holy1 & virtu\s1 y %\ld try to be ( a good disposition1 n wick$1 sc[l+1 & cross1 b animat$ by a g5tle _s2 & y %\ld n let any?+ ent] y\r m9d t is n sup]human & div9e4 ,y %\ld h1 9 ! fir/ place1 conceptions t are high1 gr&1 beautiful1 & n trail+ ^u ! gr\nd2 = ! pr9cipal "p ( poetry consi/s ( inv5tion1 :i* comes z mu* f a beautiful nature z f ! read+ ( good & anci5t au?ors4 ,if y und]take any great "w1 y w %[ y\rself dev\t & fe>+ ,god1 comm5c+ x ei!r ) ,8 "n or by any o!r :i* repres5ts "s effects ( ,8 maje/y1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,greek poets 444 = ! ,muses1 ,apollo1 ,m]cury1 ,pallas1 & o!r simil> deities1 m]ely repres5t ! p[]s ( ,god1 to :i* ! fir/ m5 gave sev]al names = ! div]se effects ( ,8 incompreh5sible maje/y4#cch ,9 ?is eloqu5t passage ! conception ( ! poet z an ess5tially moral be+1--a doctr9e fir/ enunciat$ by ,/rabo1 & repeat$ by ,m9turno & o!rs1--& ,boccaccio's notion ( poetry z orig9ally an allegorical !ology1 are bo? introduc$ into ,fr5* criticism4 ,else:]e ,rons>d repeats ! m$iaeval concept t poets d'un voile div]s ,p> fables ont ca*e le vray s5s de leurs v]s4#cci ,x w be se5 also t = ,rons>d1 poetry is ess5tially a matt] ( inspiration2 & 9 ! poem j quot$1 ! ,disc\rs a ,jacques ,grev91 he foll[s ! ,platonic conception ( div9e inspiration or madness4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,montaigne said ( poetry t x is an easi] matt] to frame x ?an to "k x2 be+ base & humble1 x may be judg$ by ! precepts & art ( x1 b ! good & l(ty1 ! supreme & div9e1 are beyond rules & above reason4 ,x ha? no community ) our judgm5t1 b ransacke? & ravi%e? ! same4#cdj ,9 8 v>i\s critical works ,rons>d %[s consid]able indebt$ness to ! ,italian !ori/s1 especially to ,m9turno4 ,he does n attempt any =mal def9ition ( poetry1 b its function is describ$ z foll[s3 ,z ! end ( ! orator is to p]suade1 s t ( ! poet is to imitate1 inv5t1 & repres5t ! ?+s t are1 t c be1 or t ! anci5ts reg>d$ z true4#cda ,! conclud+ clause ( ?is passage is int5d$ to ju/ify ! mod]n use ( ! anci5t my?ology2 b ! :ole passage seems prim>ily to foll[ ,scalig]#cdb & ,m9turno4#cdc ,x is to be obs]v$ t v]se is n m5tion$ 9 ?is def9ition z an ess5tial requirem5t ( poetry4 ,x 0 inde$ a favorite cont5tion ( 81 & "o = :i* he 0 indebt$ to ! ,italians1 t all :o write 9 v]se are n poets4 ,lucan & ,silius ,italicus h rob$ hi/ory ) ! raim5t ( v]se2 b accord+ to ,rons>d !y w\ld h done bett] 9 _m ways to h writt5 9 prose4 ,! poet1 unlike ! hi/orian1 deals ) ! v]isimil> & ! probable2 & :ile he _c be responsible = falsehoods :i* are 9 opposition to ! tru? ( ?+s1 any m ?an ! hi/orian c1 he is n int]e/$ to "k :e!r or n ! details ( 8 poems are actual hi/orical facts4 ,v]isimilitude1 & n fact1 is !re=e ! te/ ( poetry4 ,9 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye may be f\nd mo/ ( ! ,ari/otelian di/9ctions 9 reg>d to imitation1 h>mony1 rhy?m1 & poetic !ory 9 g5]al2 b ^! di/9ctions he d]iv$1 z has already be5 said1 n directly f ,ari/otle1 b 9 all probability f ,m9turno4 ,poetry is def9$ z an art ( imitation3-- ,c'e/ un art d'imit]1 un art de contrefaire ,que t\te poesie1 a9si que de p\rtraire4#cdd ,v]se is describ$ z a heav5-s5t in/rum5t1 ! language ( ! gods2 & its value 9 poetry consi/s 9 cl>ify+ & mak+ ! design compact4#cde ,b x is n an ess5tial ( poetry2 ,ari/otle p]mits u to poetize 9 prose2 & ! romances ( ,heliodorus & ,montemayor are examples ( ?is poetic prose4#cdf ,! object ( poetry is t x %all cause delight1 & unless x succe$s 9 ?is x is entirely futile3-- ,c'e/ le b1 c'e/ la f9 des v]s que resj\ir3 ,les ,muses autrem5t ne les veul5t ouir4 ,z x is ! function ( ! orator to p]suade & ! physician to cure1 & z !y fail 9 _! (fices unless !y effect ^! ends1 s ! poet fails unless he succe$s 9 pleas+4#cdg ,?is comp>ison is a favorite "o ) ! ,italian critics4 ,a simil> passage has already be5 cit$ f ,daniello2 & ! same notion is ?us express$ by ,lodovico ,dolce3 ,! aim ( ! physician is to cure diseases by means ( m$ic9e2 ! orator's to p]suade by =ce ( 8 argum5ts2 & if nei!r atta9s ?is end1 he is n call$ physician or orator4 ,s if ! poet does n delight1 he is n a poet1 = poetry delights all1 ev5 ! ignorant4#cdh ,b delight1 accord+ to ,vauquel91 is m]ely ! means ( direct+ u to high] ?+s2 poetry is a delightful means ( lead+ u to virtue3-- ,c'e/ p\rquoy des beaus v]s la joyeuse alegresse ,n\s conduit aux v]tus d'une plaisante addresse4#cdi ,vauquel91 l ,scalig]1 ,tasso1 ,sidney1 comp>es ! poet ) ,god1 ! great ,workman1 :o made ev]y?+ out ( no?+4#cej ,! poet is a div9ely inspir$ p]son1 :o1 sans art1 sans scavoir1 creates works ( div9e beauty4 ,vauquel9's contempor>y1 ,du ,b>tas1 has 9 8 ,uranie express$ ?is idea 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,ea* art is le>n$ by art2 b ,poesie ,is a m]e heav5ly gift1 & none c ta/e ,! dews we drop f ,p9dus pl5te\sly1 ,if sacr$ fire h n 8 he>t embrac$4 ,h5ce is't t _m great ,philosoph]s1 ,deep-le>n$ cl]ks1 9 prose mo/ eloqu5t1 ,labor 9 va9 to make a graceful v]se1 ,:i* _m a novice frames mo/ excell5t4#cea ,:ile ?is is ! accept$ ,r5aissance doctr9e ( inspiration1 ,vauquel91 9 common ) all o!r foll[]s ( ! ,pleiade1 0 fully alive to ! necessity ( artifice & /udy 9 poetry2 & he agrees ) ,horace 9 reg>d+ bo? art & nature z equally necess>y to ! mak+ ( a good poet4 ,x is usage t makes art1 b art p]fects & regulates usage3-- ,et ce bel ,art n\s s]t d'escali] p\r mont] ,a ,dieu4#ceb ,,ii4 ,! ,drama ,dramatic criticism 9 ,france beg9s z a reaction aga9/ ! drama ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! m$iaeval drama 0 =mless & inorganic1 )\t art or dignity4 ,! classical drama1 on ! o!r h&1 possess$ bo? =m & dignity2 & ! new s*ool1 p]ceiv+ ?is contra/1 look$ to ! ,ari/otelian canons1 z re/at$ by ! ,italians1 to furni% ! dignity & art :i* ! trag$y ( ,greece & ,rome possess$1 & :i* _! own moralities & f>ces fundam5tally lack$4 ,9 ! fir/ ref]5ce to dramatic lit]ature 9 ,fr5* criticism1 ! m$iaeval & classical dramas are comp>$ aft] ?is fa%ion2 b z ,sibilet 7#aedh71 9 ^: "w ?is passage appe>s1 wrote a ye> or s be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,pleiade1 ! comp>ison is n s unfavorable to ! morality & ! f>ce z x became 9 lat] critics4 ,! ,fr5* morality1 says ,sibilet1 repres5ts1 9 c]ta9 di/9ct traits1 ,greek & ,lat9 trag$y1 especially 9 t x treats ( grave & mom5t\s de$s 7faits graves et pr9cipaus72 & if ! ,fr5* _h always made ! end+ ( ! morality sad & dolor\s1 ! morality w\ld be a trag$y4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 all ?+s1 we h foll[$ our natural ta/e or incl9ation1 :i* is to take f =eign ?+s n all we see1 b only :at we ?9k w be useful to u & ( national advantage2 = 9 ! morality we treat1 z ! ,greeks & ,romans d 9 _! trag$ies1 ! n>ration ( de$s t are illu/ri\s1 magnanim\s1 & virtu\s1 or true1 or at lea/ v]isimil>2 b we d o!rwise 9 :at is useful to ! in=mation ( our mann]s & life1 )\t subject+ ourselves to any sorr[ or pleasure ( ! issue4#cec ,x w\ld seem t ,sibilet reg>ds ! morality z lack+ no?+ b ! unhappy end+ ( classical trag$y4 ,at ! same "t ?is passage exhibits p]haps ! fir/ trace ( ,ari/otelianism 9 ,fr5* critical lit]ature2 = ,sibilet specifies sev]al *>act]i/ic features ( ,greek & ,lat9 trag$y1 :i* he c\ld h f\nd only 9 ,ari/otle or 9 ! ,italians4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 trag$y deals only ) actions t are grave1 illu/ri\s1 & = ! mo/ "p magnanim\s or virtu\s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! actions ( trag$y are ei!r really true1 t is1 hi/orical1 or if n true1 h all ! appe>ance ( tru?1 t is1 !y are v]isimil>4 ,?irdly1 ! end ( trag$y is always sad & dolor\s4 ,f\r?ly1 trag$y p]=ms a useful function1 :i* is connect$ 9 "s way ) ! re=mation ( mann]s & life2 &1 la/ly1 ! effect ( trag$y is connect$ ) ! sorr[ or pleasure br\ght ab\t by ! cata/rophe4 ,^! di/9ctions anticipate _m ( ^? f\nd lat] 9 ,scalig] & 9 ! ,fr5* critics4 ,9 ,du ,bellay 7#aedi7 we f9d no traces ( dramatic !ory beyond ! injunction1 already not$1 t ! ,fr5* %\ld sub/itute classical trag$y & com$y = ! old morality & f>ce4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 9 ,pelleti] 7#aeee71 !re appe>s an almo/ complete sy/em ( dramatic criticism4 ,he urges ! ,fr5* to attempt ! composition ( trag$y & com$y4 ,?is species ( poetry1 he says1 w br+ honor to ! ,fr5* language1 if x is attempt$1--a rem>k :i* illu/rates ! innate pr$isposition ( ! ,fr5* = dramatic poetry4#ced ,he !n proce$s to di/+ui% trag$y f com$y mu* 9 ! same mann] z ,scalig] does six ye>s lat]4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,pelleti]'s ,art ,poetique 0 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #aeee1 :ile ,scalig]'s ,poetics 0 publi%$ at ! same place 9 #aefa4 ,pelleti] may h kn[n ,scalig] p]sonally2 b x is m probable t ,pelleti] d]iv$ 8 in=mation f ! same classical & traditional s\rces z did ,scalig]4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,pelleti] di/+ui%es trag$y f com$y 9 reg>d to /yle1 subject1 *>act]s1 & end+ 9 exact ,scalig]ian fa%ion4 ,com$y has no?+ 9 common ) trag$y except ! fact t nei!r c h m or less ?an five acts4 ,! /yle & diction ( com$y are popul> & colloquial1 :ile ^? ( trag$y are mo/ dignifi$ & sublime4 ,! comic *>act]s are m5 ( l[ condition1 :ile ^? ( trag$y are k+s1 pr9ces1 & great lords4 ,! conclusion ( com$y is always joy\s1 t ( trag$y is always sorr[ful & he>t-r5d+4 ,! !mes ( trag$y are dea?s1 exiles1 & unhappy *anges ( =tune2 ^? ( com$y are ! loves & passions ( "y m5 & "y wom51 ! indulg5ce ( mo!rs1 ! wiles ( slaves1 & ! dilig5ce ( nurses4#cee ,by ?is "t1 !n1 ,ari/otle's !ory ( trag$y1 z re/at$ by ! ,italians1 _h become "p ( ,fr5* criticism4 ,! actual practice ( ! ,fr5* drama _h be5 modifi$ by ! introduction ( ^! rules2 & !y _h play$ s important a "p t ,grev91 9 8 ,bref ,disc\rs p\r l',intellig5ce de ce ,!atre1 prefix$ to 8 ,mort de ,ces> 7#aefb71 c\ld say t ,fr5* trag$y _h already atta9$ p]fection1 ev5 :5 reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( ! ,ari/otelian canons4 ,our trag$ies1 says ,grev91 h be5 s well poli%$ t !re is no?+ left n[ to be desir$1--,i speak ( ^? :i* are compos$ accord+ to ! rules ( ,ari/otle & ,horace4 ,grev9's ,disc\rs 0 publi%$ ! ye> aft] ,scalig]'s ,poetics1 b %[s no indication ( ,scalig]ian influ5ce4 ,8 def9ition ( trag$y is bas$ on a mo/ vague & incomplete recollection ( ,ari/otle1 ,trag$y1 z ,ari/otle says 9 8 ,poetics1 is an imitation or repres5tation ( "s action t is illu/ri\s & great 9 itself1 su* z ! dea? ( ,caes>4 ,he %[s 8 indep5d5ce or 8 ignorance ( ,scalig] by insi/+ on ! inf]iority ( ,s5eca1 :om ,scalig] _h rat$ above all ! ,greeks2 & he %[s 8 indep5d5ce ( ! anci5ts by sub/itut+ a cr[d ( ,caes>'s soldi]s = ! s+]s ( ! old] *orus1 on ! gr\nd t !re ought n to be s++ 9 ! repres5tation ( trag$y any m ?an !re is 9 actual life itself1 = trag$y is a repres5tation ( tru? or ( :at has ! appe>ance ( tru?4 ,!re are 9 ,grev9's ,disc\rs sev]al indications t ! national feel+ _h n be5 entirely de/roy$ by ! imitation ( ! classics2 b a discussion ( ?is mu/ be left = a lat] *apt]4 ,9 ,jean de la ,taille's ,art de ,trag$ie1 prefix$ to 8 ,sauel le ,furieux 7#aegb71 a drama 9 :i* a biblical !me is fa%ion$ aft] ! mann] ( classical trag$y1 !re is to be f\nd ! mo/ explicit & di/9ct antagonism to ! old1 irregul> moralities1 :i* are n modell$ accord+ to ! true art & ! patt]n ( ! anci5ts4 ,!y are b am]es epic]ies--words t recall ,du ,bellay4 ,b curi\sly en\gh1 ,jean de la ,taille diff]s entirely f ,grev91 & ass]ts positively t ,france _h z yet no real trag$ies1 except possibly a few translat$ f ! classics4 ,wag+ w>1 z he is1 aga9/ ! crude =mlessness ( ! national drama1 p]fect con/ruction assumes = him a v high importance4 ,! pr9cipal po9t 9 trag$y1 he says1 is to "k h[ to dispose & fa%ion x well1 s t ! plot is well int]tw9$1 m+l$1 int]rupt$1 & resum$1 444 & t !re is no?+ useless1 )\t purpose1 or out ( place4 ,= ,jean de la ,taille1 z = mo/ ,r5aissance writ]s1 trag$y is ! lea/ popul> & ! mo/ elegant & elevat$ =m ( poetry1 exclusive ( ! epic4 ,x deals ) ! pitiful ru9 ( great lords1 ) ! incon/ancy ( =tune1 ) bani%m5t1 w>1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 captivity1 & ! execrable cruelty ( tyrants4#cef ,! end ( trag$y is 9 fact to move & to /+ ! feel+s & ! emotions ( m54 ,! *>act]s ( trag$y--& ?is is ! ,ari/otelian conception--%\ld be nei!r extremely bad1 su* m5 z by _! crimes m]it puni%m5t1 nor p]fectly good & holy1 l ,socrates1 :o 0 wrongfully put to dea?4 ,inv5t$ or allegorical *>act]s1 su* z ,dea?1 ,av>ice1 or ,tru?1 are n to be employ$4 ,at ! same "t1 ,jean de la ,taille1 l ,grev91 is n av]se to ! use ( scriptural subjects 9 trag$y1 al?\gh he cautions ! poet aga9/ long-w9d$ !ological discussions4 ,! ,s5ecan drama 0 8 model 9 treat+ ( trag$y1 z x 0 inde$ t ( ! ,r5aissance 9 g5]al2 & trag$y approa*$ m & m closely to ! oratorical & s5t5ti\s mann] ( ! ,lat9 poet4 ,rons>d1 = example1 ass]ts t trag$y & com$y are entirely didascaliques et enseignantes1 & %\ld be enri*$ by num]\s excell5t & r>e s5t5ces 7s5t5tiae71 = 9 a few words ! drama mu/ tea* mu*1 be+ ! mirror ( human life4#ceg ,simil>ly1 ,du ,bellay advises poets to embelli% _! poetry ) grave s5t5ces1 & ,pelleti] praises ,s5eca pr9cipally because he is s5t5cieux4 ,vauquel91 9 8 ,art ,poetique1 gives a metrical p>aphrase ( ,ari/otle's def9ition ( trag$y3-- ,mais le sujet tragic e/ un fait imite ,de *ose ju/e et grave1 en ses v]s limite2 ,auquel on y doit voir de l'affreux1 du t]rible1 ,un fait non att5du1 qui ti5ne de l'horrible1 ,du pitoyable aussi1 le coeur att5drissant ,d'un tigre furieux1 d'un lion rugissant4#ceh ,! subject ( trag$y %\ld be old1 & %\ld be connect$ ) ! fall ( great tyrants & pr9ces2#cei & 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( acts1 ! numb] ( int]locutors on ! /age1 ! deus ex ma*9a1 & ! *orus1#cfj ,vauquel9 m]ely p>aphrases ,horace4 ,com$y is def9$ z ! imitation ( an action :i* by common usage is acc\nt$ wick$1 b :i* is n s wick$ t !re is no rem$y = x2 ?us1 = example1 a man :o has s$uc$ a "y girl may recomp5se h] by tak+ h] 9 m>riage4#cfa ,h5ce :ile ! actions ( trag$y are virtu\s1 magnific5t1 & gr&1 royal1 & sumptu\s1 ! incid5ts ( com$y are actually & e?ically ( a l[] grade4#cfb ,= tragi-com$y ,vauquel9 has no?+ b contempt4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a ba/>d =m1 s9ce ! trag$y ) a happy end+ s]ves a simil> b m dignifi$ purpose4 ,vauquel91 l ,boileau & mo/ o!r ,fr5* critics aft] him1 foll[s ,ari/otle at l5g? 9 ! description ( dramatic recognitions & rev]sals ( =tune4#cfc ,mo/ ( ! o!r ,ari/otelian di/9ctions are also to be f\nd 9 8 "w4 ,9 ! ,art ,poetique francois ( ,pi]re de ,laudun1 ,sieur d',aigali]s1 publi%$ 9 #aeih1 ^! di/9ctions reappe> 9 a m or less mutilat$ =m4 ,9 ! fif? & la/ book ( ?is treatise1 ,de ,laudun foll[s ! ,italian s*ol>s1 especially ,scalig] & ,vip]ano4 ,he does n diff] ess5tially f ,scalig] 9 ! def9ition ( trag$y1 9 ! division into acts & ! place ( ! *orus1 9 ! discussion ( ! *>act]s & subjects ( trag$y1 & 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 trag$y & com$y4#cfd ,8 conception ( trag$y is 9 keep+ ) ! usual ,s5ecan ideal2 x %\ld be adorn$ by frequ5t s5t5ces1 allegories1 similitudes1 & o!r ornam5ts ( poetry4 ,! m cruel & sangu9>y ! tragic action is1 ! m excell5t x w be2 b at ! same "t1 mu* t makes ! action cruel is to be enact$ only beh9d ! /age4 ,l ,pelleti]1 he objects to ! introduction ( all allegorical & inv5t$ *>act]s1 or ev5 gods & goddesses1 on ! gr\nd t ^! are n actual be+s1 & h5ce are out ( keep+ ) ! !me ( trag$y1 :i* mu/ be real & hi/orical4 ,de ,laudun has also some?+ to say conc]n+ ! introduction ( gho/s 9 ! tragic action2 & 8 discussion is peculi>ly int]e/+ :5 we rememb] t x 0 almo/ at ?is v "t1 9 ,engl&1 t ! gho/ play$ s important a "p 9 ! ,%akespe>ian drama4 ,if ! gho/s appe> be=e ! action beg9s1 says ,de ,laudun1 !y are p]missible2 b if !y appe> dur+ ! c\rse ( ! action1 & speak to ! actors !mselves1 !y are entirely faulty & repreh5sible4 ,de ,laudun borr[$ f ,scalig] ! s*eme ( ! ideal trag$y3 ,! fir/ act conta9s ! compla9ts2 ! second1 ! suspicions2 ! ?ird1 ! c\nsels2 ! f\r?1 ! m5aces & prep>ations2 ! fif?1 ! fulfilm5t & effusion ( blood4#cfe ,b despite 8 subs]vi5ce to ,scalig]1 he is n afraid to express 8 indep5d5ce ( ! anci5ts4 ,we are n1 he says1 entirely b\nd to _! laws1 especially 9 ! numb] ( actors on ! /age1 :i* accord+ to classic usage nev] exce$$ ?ree2 = n[adays1 not)/&+ ! c\nsels ( ,ari/otle & ,horace1 an audi5ce has n ! pati5ce to be satisfi$ ) only two or ?ree p]sons at "o "t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! dramatic unities 9 ,france dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury dem&s "s att5tion4 ,t !y _h consid]able effect on ! actual practice ( dramatic composition f ! v adv5t ( ! ,pleiade is q obvi\s2 = 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! fir/ ,fr5* trag$y1 ! ,cleopatre ( ,jodelle 7#aeeb71 !re is an allusion to ! unity ( "t1 :i* ,corneille 0 aft]w>d to call ! regle des regles3-- ,avant que ce soleil1 qui vi5t ores de naitre1 ,ayant trace son j\r *ez sa tante se plonge1 ,cleopatre m\rra6 ,9 #aeec ,mell9 de ,sa9t-,gelais translat$ ,triss9o's ,s(onisba into ,fr5*1 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian drama became fix$ 9 ,france4 ,b ! fir/ di/9ct =mulation ( ! unities is to be f\nd 9 ,jean de la ,taille's ,art de ,trag$ie 7#aegb74 ,8 /atem5t ( ! unity is explicit1 ,il faut t\j\rs repres5t] l'hi/oire ou le jeu en un meme j\r1 en un meme temps1 et en un meme lieu4#cff ,jean de la ,taille 0 indebt$ = ?is to ,ca/elvetro1 :o two ye>s be=e _h /at$ !m ?us1 ,la mutatione tragica non puo tir> con esso seco se non una giornata e un luogo4#cfg ,! unity ( "t 0 adopt$ by ,rons>d ab\t ?is same "t 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,trag$y & com$y are circumscrib$ & limit$ to a %ort space ( "t1 t is1 to "o :ole day4 ,! mo/ excell5t ma/]s ( ?is craft comm5ce _! works f "o midnight to ano!r1 & n f sunrise to sunset1 9 ord] to h great] compass & l5g? ( "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h]oic poem1 :i* is entirely ( a m>tial "* 7t\t gu]ri]71 compreh5ds only ! actions ( "o :ole ye>4#cfh ,?is passage is )\t d\bt borr[$ f ,m9turno 7#aefd73-- ,:oev] reg>ds well ! works ( ! mo/ admir$ anci5t au?ors w f9d t ! mat]ials ( sc5ic poetry t]m9ate 9 "o day1 or d n pass beyond ! space ( two days2 j z ! action ( ! epic poem1 h[ev] great & h[ev] long x may be1 does n occupy m ?an "o ye>4#cfi ,m9turno1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! fir/ to limit ! action ( ! h]oic poem to "o ye>4 ,9 ano!r passage he d$uces ! rule f ! practice ( ,virgil & ,hom]2#cgj b ,rons>d seems to ?9k t ,virgil himself has n obey$ ?is law4 ,we h already allud$ to ! influ5ce ( ,m9turno on ! ,pleiade4 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye1 :o explicitly ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ,m9turno1 also foll[s him 9 limit+ ! action ( ! drama to "o day & t ( ! epic to "o ye>3-- ,or comme eux l'h]oic suivant le droit s5ti]1 ,doit son oeuvre compr5dre au c\rs d'un an enti]2 ,le tragic1 le comic1 d$ans une j\rnee ,compr5d ce que fait l'autre au c\rs de son annee3 ,le !atre jamais ne doit e/re rempli ,d'un argum5t plus long que d'un j\r accompli4#cga ,! two la/ l9es ( ?is passage be> consid]able resemblance to ,boileau's fam\s /atem5t ( ! unities ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury lat]4#cgb ,t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 !n1 ! unity ( "t1 & 9 a less degree ! unity ( place1 _h become almo/ inviolable laws ( ! drama4 ,b at ?is v p]iod /rong notes ( revolt aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! unities beg9 to be he>d4 ,up to ?is "t ! classical ,italian drama _h be5 ! patt]n = ,fr5* playwrights2 b ! irregul> ,spani% drama 0 n[ comm5c+ to ex]t consid]able influ5ce 9 ,france1 & ) ?is ,spani% influ5ce came ! ,spani% opposition to ! unities4 ,9 #aehb ,jean de ,beaubreuil1 9 ! preface ( 8 trag$y ( ,regulus1 _h spok5 ) contempt ( ! rule ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs z trop sup]/itieux4 ,b ,de ,laudun 0 probably ! fir/ ,european critic to argue =mally aga9/ x4 ,! conclud+ *apt] ( 8 ,art ,poetique 7#aeih7 gives five diff]5t reasons :y ! unity ( "t %\ld n be obs]v$ 9 ! drama4 ,! *apt] is entitl$1 ,conc]n+ ^? :o say t ! action ( trag$y mu/ conclude 9 a s+le day2 & ,de ,laudun beg9s by ass]t+ t ?is op9ion _h nev] be5 su/a9$ by any good au?or4 ,?is is fairly conclusive evid5ce t ,de ,laudun _h nev] directly consult$ ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 b 0 indebt$ = 8 k ( ,ari/otle to ! ,italians1 & especially to ,scalig]4 ,! five argum5ts :i* he =mulates aga9/ ! unity ( "t are z foll[s3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is law1 if x is obs]v$ by any ( ! anci5ts1 ne$ n =ce u to re/rict our trag$ies 9 any way1 s9ce we are n b\nd by _! mann] ( writ+ or by ! measure ( feet & syllables ) :i* !y compose _! v]ses4 ,9 ! second place1 if we 7 =c$ to obs]ve ?is rigor\s law1 we %\ld fall into "o ( ! greate/ ( absurdities1 by be+ oblig$ to introduce impossible & incr$ible ?+s 9 ord] to enhance ! beauty ( our trag$ies1 or else !y w\ld lack all grace2 = besides be+ depriv$ ( matt]1 we c\ld n embelli% our poems ) long disc\rses & v>i\s int]e/+ ev5ts4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! action ( ! ,troades1 an excell5t trag$y by ,s5eca1 c\ld n h occurr$ 9 "o day1 nor c\ld ev5 "s ( ! plays ( ,euripides or ,sophocles4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 accord+ to ! def9ition already giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 trag$y is ! recital ( ! lives ( h]oes1 ! =tune & gr&eur ( k+s1 pr9ces1 & o!rs2 & all ?is c\ld n be accompli%$ 9 "o day4 ,besides1 a trag$y mu/ conta9 five acts1 ( :i* ! fir/ is joy\s1 & ! succe$+ ones exhibit a gradual *ange1 z ,i h already indicat$ above2 & ?is *ange a s+le day w\ld n suffice to br+ ab\t4 ,9 ! fif? & la/ place1 ! trag$ies 9 :i* ?is rule is obs]v$ are n any bett] ?an ! trag$ies 9 :i* x is n obs]v$2 & ! tragic poets1 ,greek & ,lat91 or ev5 ,fr5*1 d n & ne$ n & _c obs]ve x1 s9ce v (t5 9 a trag$y ! :ole life ( a pr9ce1 k+1 emp]or1 noble1 or o!r p]son is repres5t$2--besides a ?\s& o!r reasons :i* ,i c\ld advance if "t p]mitt$1 b :i* mu/ be left = a second edition4#cgc ,! hi/ory ( ! unity ( "t dur+ ! next c5tury does n /rictly conc]n u "h2 b x may be well to po9t out t x 0 ?r\gh ! (fices ( ,*apela91 second$ by ! au?ority ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 t x became fix$ 9 ! dramatic !ory ( ,france4 ,9 a long lett]1 dat+ f ,novemb]1 #afcj1 & rec5tly publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 ,*apela9 sets out to answ] all ! objections made aga9/ ! rule ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is su/a9$1 he says1 by ! practice ( ! anci5ts & ! univ]sal cons5sus ( ! ,italians2 b 8 own pro( is bas$ on reason alone4 ,x is ! old argum5t ( vraisemblance1 z f\nd 9 ,maggi1 ,scalig]1 & especially ,ca/elvetro1 :om ,*apela9 seems 9 "p to foll[4 ,by #afce he _h =mulat$ ! :ole !ory ( ! ?ree unities & conv]t$ ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu to 8 views4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> ,mairet's ,sophonisbe1 ! fir/ regul> ,fr5* trag$y1 _h be5 produc$4 ,9 #afcf ! fam\s ,cid controv]sy _h begun4 ,by #afdj ! battle 0 ga9$1 & ! unities became a "p ( ! classic !ory ( ! drama ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,a few ye>s lat] _! practical application 0 mo/ ?or\ghly indicat$ by ! ,abbe d',aubignac1 9 8 ,pratique du ,!atre2 & !y 7 def9itely =mulat$ = all "t by ,boileau 9 ! celebrat$ c\plet3-- ,qu'en un lieu1 qu'en un j\r1 un seul fait accompli ,ti5ne jusqu'a la f9 le !atre rempli4#cgd ,,iii4 ,h]oic ,poetry ,x 0 ! supreme ambition ( ! ,pleiade to produce a great ,fr5* epic4 ,9 ! v fir/ manife/o ( ! new s*ool1 ,du ,bellay urges e ,fr5* poet to attempt ano!r ,iliad or ,a,eneid = ! honor & glory ( ,france4 ,= ,pelleti] 7#aeee7 ! h]oic poem is ! "o t really gives ! true title ( poet2 x may be comp>$ to ! ocean1 & all o!r =ms to riv]s4#cge ,he seems to be foll[+ ,giraldi ,c9tio's disc\rse on ! romanzi1 publi%$ ! ye> be=e 8 own "w1 :5 he says t ! ,fr5* poet %\ld write a ,h]acleid1 ! de$s ( ,h]cules furni%+ ! mightie/ & mo/ h]oic mat]ial he c ?9k (4#cgf ,at ! same "t ,virgil is = him ! model ( an epic poet2 & 8 p>allel betwe5 ,hom] & ,virgil be>s /rik+ resemblance to ! simil> p>allel 9 ,capriano's ,della ,v]a ,poetica1 publi%$ 9 ! v same ye> z 8 own treatise4#cgg ,l ,capriano1 ,pelleti] c5sures ! sup]flu\s exub]ance1 ! loquaci\sness1 ! occasional indecorum1 & ! inf]iority 9 eloqu5ce & dignity ( ,hom] :5 comp>$ ) ! ,lat9 poet4 ,x 0 ,rons>d's p]sonal ambition to be ! ,fr5* ,virgil1 z 9 lyric poetry he _h be5 proclaim$ ! ,fr5* ,p9d>4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he labor$ on ! ,franciade1 b nev] f9i%$ x4 ,9 ! two prefaces :i* he wrote = x1 ! fir/ 9 #aegb1 & ! second 7publi%$ po/hum\sly7 ab\t #aehd1 he attempts to give expression to 8 ideal ( ! h]oic poet4 ,9 nei!r ( !m does he succe$ 9 =mulat+ any v def9ite or consi/5t body ( epic !ory4 ,!y are *iefly int]e/+ 9 t !y indicate ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! ,pleiade1 & %[ ,rons>d's own rhetorical pr9ciples1 & 8 feel+ = nature & natural beauty4 ,! passage has already be5 cit$ 9 :i* he speaks ( ! h]oic poem z entirely ( a m>tial "*1 & limits its action to ! space ( "o ye>4 ,x has also be5 se5 t = him1 z = ! ,italians1 v]isimilitude1 & n fact1 is ! te/ ( poetry4 ,at ! same "t1 ! epic poet is to avoid ana*ronisms & mis/atem5ts ( fact4 ,su* faults d n di/urb ! read] s mu* :5 ! /ory is remote 9 po9t ( "t2 & ! poet %\ld !re=e always use an argum5t1 ! ev5ts ( :i* are at lea/ ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! basis ( ! "w %\ld re/ ^u "s old /ory ( pa/ times & ( long-e/abli%$ r5[n1 :i* has ga9$ ! cr$it ( m54#cgh ,?is notion ( ! antiquity ( ! epic fable _h be5 accept$ long ago by ! ,italians4 ,x is /at$1 = example1 9 ,tasso's ,discorsi dell' ,arte ,poetica1 writt5 ab\t #aefd1 ?\gh n publi%$ until #aehg1 fifte5 ye>s aft] ,tasso _h visit$ ,rons>d 9 ,p>is4 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye has ! ,pleiade v5]ation = h]oic poetry2 b he _c be said to exhibit any m def9ite conception ( its =m & function4 ,= him ! epic is a va/ & magnific5t n>ration1 a _w 9 itself1 :]e9 m51 ?+s1 & ?\ghts are wondr\sly mirror$3-- ,c'e/ un tableau du monde1 un miroir qui raporte ,les ge/es des mortels en diff]5te sorte4444 ,c> t\te poesie il conti5t en soymeme1 ,soit tragique ou comique1 ou soit autre poeme4#cgi ,) ?is we may comp>e :at ,muzio _h said 9 #aeea3-- ,il poema sovrano e una pittura ,de l' univ]so1 e p]o 9 se compr5de ,ogni /ilo1 ogni =ma1 ogni ritratto4 ,b despite ?is v vague conception ( ! epic 9 ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 !re 01 z has be5 said1 a high v5]ation = x z a =m1 & = its ma/]s1 ,hom] & especially ,virgil4 ,?is acc\nts = ! l>ge numb] ( attempts at epic composition 9 ,france dur+ ! next c5tury4 ,b beyond ! e>li] & indef9ite notion ( h]oic poetry ! ,fr5* did n get = a long "t to come4 ,ev5 = ,boileau ! epic poem 0 m]ely ! va/e recit d'une longue action4#chj ,,foot-,,notes3 #cce ,def5se1 ii4 #c4 #ccf ,ibid4 ii4 #aa4 #ccg ,rons>d1 vii4 #caj1 #cbe4 #cch ,rons>d1 vii4 #cg sq4 #cci ,rons>d1 vi4 #caa sq4 #cdj ,essais1 i4 #cf1 ,florio's translation4 #cda ,rons>d1 vii4 #cbb4 ,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,poet4 ix4 #a-d2 xxv4 #f1 #g4 #cdb ,poet4 iii4 #bd4 #cdc ,de ,poeta1 pp4 #dd1 #dg4 #cdd ,art ,poet4 i4 #ahg4 #cde ,ibid4 i4 #hg sq4 #cdf ,art ,poet4 ii4 #bfa4 #cdg ,ibid4 i4 #fig sq4 #cdh ,oss]vationi1 ,v9egia1 #aefj1 p4 #aij4 #cdi ,art ,poet4 i4 #gdd4 #cej ,art ,poet4 i4 #ai4 ,cf4 ,tasso1 cit$ by ,%elley1 ,def5ce1 p4 #db1 ,no "o m]its ! "n ( creator except ,god & ! poet4 #cea ,sylve/]'s ,du ,b>tas1 #afda1 p4 #bdb4 #ceb ,art ,poet4 i4 #adi4 #cec ,sibilet1 ,art ,poet4 ii4 #h4 #ced ,pelleti]1 ,art ,poet4 ii4 #g4 #cee ,ibid4 #cef ,rob]t1 app4 iii4 #ceg ,rons>d1 iii4 #ah sq4 #ceh ,art ,poet4 iii4 #aec4 #cei ,ibid4 ii4 #aaac1 #dda4 #cfj ,art ,poet4 ii4 #dei4 #cfa ,ibid4 iii4 #adc4 #cfb ,ibid4 iii4 #aha4 #cfc ,ibid4 iii4 #ahi sq4 #cfd ,rob]t1 app4 iv4 #cfe ,art ,poet4 v4 #f4 #cff ,rob]t1 app4 iii4 #cfg ,poetica1 p4 #ecd4 #cfh ,rons>d1 iii4 #ai4 #cfi ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #ga4 #cgj ,ibid4 p4 #ab2 ,de ,poeta1 p4 #adi4 #cga ,art ,poet4 ii4 #bec4 #cgb ,boileau1 ,art ,poet4 iii4 #de4 #cgc ,arnaud1 app4 iii4 #cgd ,art ,poet4 iii4 #de4 #cge ,art ,poet4 ii4 #h4 #cgf ,ibid4 i4 #c4 #cgg ,ibid4 i4 #e4 ,cf4 ,capriano1 cap4 v4 #cgh ,rons>d1 iii4 #bc1 #bi4 #cgi ,vauquel91 ,art ,poet4 i4 #dga1 #ejc4 #chj ,boileau1 ,art ,poet4 iii4 #afa4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,classic ,,& ,,romantic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,criticism ,,dur+ ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,! pr9ciple = :i* ! ,pleiade /ood 01 l t ( humanism1 ! imitation ( ! classics2 & ! ,pleiade 0 ! fir/ to introduce ?is z a lit]>y pr9ciple into ,france4 ,?is means1 z reg>ds ,fr5* lit]ature1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! sub/itution ( ! classical in/ead ( its own national tradition2 &1 secondly1 ! sub/itution ( ! imitation ( ! classics = ! imitation ( nature itself4 ,9 mak+ ^! vital sub/itutions1 ,du ,bellay & 8 s*ool h be5 accus$ ( creat+ once & = all ! gulf t sep>ates ,fr5* poetry f ! national life4#cha ,?is accusation is p]haps unfair to ! ,pleiade1 :i* insi/$ on ! poet's go+ directly to nature1 :i* emphasiz$ mo/ /rongly ! s5tim5t = natural sc5]y & beauty1 & :i* fir/ decl>$ ! importance ( ! artisan & ! peasant z subjects = poetry4 ,b !re c be b little d\bt t ! sep>ation ( poetry f ! national life 0 ! logical outcome ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,pleiade4 ,9 disreg>d+ ! old] ,fr5* poets & ! evolution ( indig5\s poetry1 9 =mulat+ an ideal ( ! poet z an unsociable & ascetic "*1 x sep>at$ itself f ! natural t5d5cies ( ,fr5* life & lett]s1 & help$ to effect ! f9al sep>ation betwe5 poetry & ! national developm5t4 ,i4 ,classical ,elem5ts ,x 0 to ,du ,bellay 7#aedi7 t ,france owes ! introduction ( classical ideas into ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to reg>d ! imitation ( ! classics z a lit]>y pr9ciple1 & to advise ! poet1 aft] ! mann] ( ,vida1 to purlo9 all ! treasures ( ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature = ! b5efit ( ,fr5* poetry4 ,moreov]1 he fir/ =mulat$ ! ari/ocratic conception ( ! poet held by ! ,pleiade4 ,! poet 0 advis$ to flee f ! ignorant p1 to bury himself 9 ! solitude ( 8 own *amb]1 to dream & to pond]1 & to cont5t himself ) few read]s4 ,beyond ev]y?+1 says ,du ,bellay1 ! poet %\ld h "o or m le>n$ fri5ds to :om he c %[ all 8 v]ses2 he %\ld conv]se n only ) le>n$ m51 b ) all sorts ( workm51 me*anics1 arti/s1 & o!rs1 9 ord] to le>n ! te*nical t]ms ( _! arts1 = use 9 beautiful descriptions4#chb ,?is 0 a favorite !ory ( ! ,pleiade1 :i* l "s ( our own contempor>y writ]s reg>d$ ! te*nical arts z important subjects ( inspiration4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t at ! bottom ( all ^! discussions is a high contempt = ! op9ion ( ! vulg> 9 matt]s ( art4 ,! ,qu9til ,horatian 7#aeej7 repres5ts1 z has already be5 se51 a natural reaction aga9/ ! =eign & classical innovations ( ! ,pleiade4 ,du ,bellay's advice1 ,pr5s g>de que ce poeme soit eslogne du vulgaire1--advice insi/$ ^u by _m ( ! rhetoricians ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1--receives consid]able c5sure2 on ! contr>y1 says ! au?or ( ! ,qu9til1 ! poet mu/ be und]/ood & appreciat$ by all1 unle>n$ z well z le>n$1 j z ,m>ot 04 ,! ,qu9til 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ "w to insi/ on def9it5ess & cle>ness 9 poetry1 z ^! 7 aft]w>d insi/$ on by ,malh]be & ,boileau4 ,l ,malh]be1 & 8 disciple ,deimi]1 ! au?or ( ! ,academie de l',art ,poetique 7#afaj71 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! ,qu9til is fully ackn[l$g$1 ! au?or ( ! ,qu9til objects to all =ms ( poetic lic5se1 to all useless metaphors t obscure ! s5se1 to all ,lat9isms & =eign t]ms & locutions4#chc ,du ,bellay _h dwelt on ! importance ( a k ( ! classical & ,italian tongues1 & _h /rongly advis$ ! ,fr5* poet to naturalize z _m ,lat91 ,greek1 & ev5 ,spani% & ,italian t]ms z he c\ld4 ,! ,qu9til is p>ticul>ly bitt] aga9/ all su* =eign innovations4 ,! poet ne$ n "k =eign tongues at all2 )\t ?is k he c be z good a poet z any ( ! graecaniseurs1 lat9iseurs1 et italianiseurs en francoys4 ,?is prote/ avail$ little1 & ,du ,bellay's advice 9 reg>d to ! use ( ,italian t]ms 0 s well foll[$ t sev]al ye>s lat]1 9 #aegh1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne vigor\sly prote/$ aga9/ ! practice 9 8 ,dialogues du ,n\veau ,langage francois italianise4 ,z ,rons>d & ,du ,bellay repres5t ! =eign elem5ts t w5t to make up classicism 9 ,france1 s ! au?or ( ! ,qu9til ,horatian may be said to repres5t 9 8 humble way c]ta9 endur+ elem5ts ( ! esprit gaulois4 ,he repres5ts ! national traditions1 & he prep>es ! way = ! two great b\rgeois poets ( ,france1--,boileau1 ) 8 ,t\t doit t5dre au bon s5s1 & ,moli]e1 ) 8 bluff cry1 ,je suis p\r le bon s5s4 ,accord+ to ,pelleti] 7#aeee71 ,fr5* poetry is too mu* l colloquial spee*2 9 ord] to equal classical lit]ature1 ! poets ( ,france mu/ be m d>+ & less popul>4#chd ,pelleti]'s po9t ( view is "h t ( ! ,pleiade1 :i* aim$ at a di/9ct poetic language1 div]se f ord9>y prose spee*4 ,b he is ?or\ghly ,fr5*1 & 9 complete accord ) ! au?or ( ! ,qu9til ,horatian1 9 8 insi/5ce on p]fect cle>ness 9 poetry4 ,cle>ness1 he says1 is ! fir/ & wor?ie/ virtue ( a poem4#che ,obscurity is ! *ief fault ( poetry1 = !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 n speak+ at all & n be+ und]/ood4#chf ,= ^! reasons he is aga9/ all unnecess>y & bomba/ic ornam5t2 ! true use ( metaphors & comp>isons ( all sorts is to expla9 & repres5t ?+s z !y really are4 ,simil>ly1 ,rons>d1 :ile recogniz+ ! value ( comp>isons1 rightfully us$1 z ! v n]ves & t5dons ( poetry1 decl>es t if in/ead ( p]fect+ & cl>ify+1 !y obscure or confuse ! idea1 !y are ridicul\s4#chg ,obscurity 0 ! *ief dang]1 & inde$ ! *ief fault1 ( ! ,pleiade2 & x is no small m]it t bo? ,rons>d & ,pelleti] p]ceiv$ ?is fact4 ,! ,pleiade exhibits ! classic temp] 9 its insi/5ce on /udy & art z ess5tial to poetry2 b x 0 n 9 keep+ ) ! doctr9es ( lat] ,fr5* classici/s 9 s f> z x reg>d$ ! poetic labors z ( an unsociable & ev5 ascetic "*4 ,9 ?is1 z has be5 se51 ,rons>d is a true expon5t ( ! doctr9es ( ! new s*ool4 ,b on ! :ole ! classic _s 0 /rong 9 him4 ,he decl>es t ! poet's ideas %\ld be high & noble1 b n fanta/ic4 ,!y %\ld be well ord]$ & dispos$2 & :ile !y seem to transc5d ^? ( ! vulg>1 !y %\ld always appe> to be easily conceiv$ & und]/ood by any "o4#chh ,"h ,du ,bellay's ari/ocratic conception ( poetry is modifi$ s z to become a v typical /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ,fr5* classicism4 ,aga91 ,rons>d po9ts out1 z ,vida & o!r ,italian critics _h done be=e1 t ! great classical poets seldom speak ( ?+s by _! b>e & nak$ names4 ,virgil does n1 = example1 say1 ,x 0 night1 or ,x 0 day1 b he uses "s su* circumlocution z ?is3-- ,po/]a ,phoebea lu/rabat lampade t]ras4 ,! un=tunate results ( ! excessive use ( su* circumlocutions are well exemplifi$ 9 ! lat] classici/s ( ,france4 ,rons>d p]haps =esaw ?is dang]1 & wisely says t circumlocution1 if n us$ judici\sly1 makes ! /yle inflat$ & bomba/ic4 ,9 ! fir/ preface to ! ,franciade1 he expresses a decid$ pref]5ce = ! naive facility ( ,hom] ov] ! artful dilig5ce ( ,virgil4#chi ,9 ! second preface1 h[ev]1 writt5 a doz5 ye>s lat]1 & publi%$ po/hum\sly z revis$ by 8 disciple ,b9et1 !re is int]e/+ evid5ce1 9 ! preem95ce giv5 to ,virgil1 ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,lat9ization ( culture 0 be+ effect$ at ?is p]iod4 ,our ,fr5* au?ors1 says ,rons>d1 "k ,virgil f> bett] ?an !y "k ,hom] or any o!r ,greek writ]4 ,& aga91 ,virgil is ! mo/ excell5t & ! mo/ r\nd$1 ! mo/ compact & ! mo/ p]fect ( all poets4#cij ,( ! naive facility ( ,hom] we he> absolutely no?+4 ,we are n[ beg9n+ to ent] ! era ( rules4 ,rons>d did n und]value ! rules & secrets ( poetry2 & ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye calls 8 own critical poem cet ,art de ,regles re*]*ees4#cia ,9 reg>d to ! imitation ( ! classics1 ,vauquel9 agrees he>t & s\l ) ! ,pleiade t ! anci5ts n\s ont desja trace ,un s5ti] qui de n\s ne doit e/re laisse4#cib ,no?+1 inde$1 c\ld be m classical ?an 8 comp>ison ( poetry to a g>d5 symmetrically laid out & trimm$4#cic ,moreov]1 l ! classici/s ( ! next c5tury1 he affirms1 z does ,rons>d also1 t art mu/ fundam5tally imitate & resemble nature4#cid ,! imitation ( ! classics _h also a decid$ effect on ! te*nique ( ,fr5* v]se & on ! l+ui/ic pr9ciples ( ! ,pleiade4 ,enjambem5t 7! c>ry+ ov] into ano!r l9e ( words requir$ to complete ! s5se7 & hiatus 7! cla% ( v[els 9 a l9e7 7 bo? employ$ 9 ,lat9 & ,greek v]se1 & 7 !re=e p]mitt$ 9 ,fr5* poetry by ! new s*ool4 ,rons>d1 h[ev]1 anticipat$ ! re=ms ( ,malh]be & ! practice ( ,fr5* classic v]se1 9 =bidd+ bo? hiatus & enjambem5t1 ?\gh 9 a lat] "w ( 8 ?is op9ion is rev]s$4 ,he 0 also probably ! fir/ to insi/ on ! regul> alt]nation ( mascul9e & fem99e rhymes 9 v]se4 ,?is _h nev] be5 /rictly adh]$ to 9 practice1 or requir$ by /r+5t rule1 be=e ,rons>d1 b has become ! inv>iable usage ( ,fr5* poetry ev] s9ce4 ,rons>d reg>ds ?is device z a means ( mak+ v]se keep tune m h>moni\sly ) ! music ( in/rum5ts4 ,x 0 "o ( ! favorite !ories ( ! ,pleiade t poetry is int5d$1 n to be read1 b to be recit$ or sung1 & t ! words & ! notes %\ld be c\pl$ lov+ly toge!r4 ,poetry )\t an accompanim5t ( vocal or in/rum5tal music exhibits b a small "p ( its h>mony or p]fection2 & :ile compos+ v]ses1 ! poet %\ld always pron\nce !m al\d1 or r s+ !m1 9 ord] to te/ _! melody4#cie ,?is conception ( music m>ri$ to immortal v]se d\btless came f ,italy1 & is connect$ ) ! rise ( op]atic music4 ,de ,laudun 7#aeih7 diff]s f ! memb]s ( ! ,pleiade 9 =bidd+ ! use ( words newly co9$ or tak5 f ! dialects ( ,france1 & 9 object+ to ! use ( enjambem5t & hiatus4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t :ile ! influ5ce ( ! ,pleiade is visible ?r\gh\t ,de ,laudun's treatise1 8 disagreem5t ) ,rons>d & ,du ,bellay on a consid]able numb] ( ess5tial po9ts %[s t by ! end ( ! c5tury ! supremacy ( ! ,pleiade _h begun to wane4 ,! new s*ool also attempt$ to introduce classical metres into ,fr5* poetry4 ,! simil> attempt at us+ ! anci5t v]sification 9 ,italy has already be5 incid5tally ref]r$ to4#cif ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 9 8 epi/le1 ,que/a p] e/rema mis]abile pi/ola m&o1 0 ! fir/ to attempt to r$uce ! v]nacul> v]sification to ! measure ( ! ,lat9s4#cig ,9 ,octob]1 #adda1 ! ,sc5a dell' ,amicizia ( ,leon>do ,dati 0 compos$ & recit$ be=e ! ,accademia ,coron>ia at ,flor5ce4#cih ,! fir/ two p>ts ( ?is piece are writt5 9 hexamet]s1 ! ?ird 9 ,sapphics1 ! f\r? 9 sonnet =m & rhym$4 ,! prologues ( ,ario/o's com$ies1 ! ,negromante & ! ,cass>ia1 are also 9 classical metres4 ,b ! rem>kable collection ( ,claudio ,tolomei1 ,v]si e ,regole de la ,nuova ,poesia ,toscana1 publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aeci1 m>k$ an epo* 9 sixte5?-c5tury lett]s4 ,9 ?is "w ! employm5t ( classical metres 9 ! vulg> tongue is def5d$1 & rules = _! use giv52 !n foll[s a collection ( ,italian v]se writt5 aft] ?is fa%ion by a l>ge numb] ( s*ol>s & poets1 among !m ,annibal ,c>o & ,tolomei himself4 ,?is gr\p ( s*ol>s _h =m$ itself into an esot]ic circle1 ! ,accademia della ,nuova ,poesia2 & f ! tone ( ! v]ses address$ to ,tolomei by ! memb]s ( ?is circle1 x w\ld seem t he reg>d$ himself1 & 0 reg>d$ by !m1 z ! f\nd] & expositor ( ?is poetic innovation4#cii ,luigi ,alamanni1 ^: life 0 *iefly sp5t at ! ,c\rt ( ,france1 publi%$ 9 #aeef a com$y1 ,la ,flora1 writt5 9 classical metres2 & two ye>s lat] ,francesco ,patrizzi publi%$ an h]oic poem1 ! ,eridano1 writt5 9 hexamet]s1 ) a def5ce ( ! =m ( v]sification employ$4#djj ,?is le>n$ innovation spread ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4#dja ,9 ,france1 t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,agrippa d',aubigne1 a c]ta9 ,m\sset _h translat$ ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey into ,fr5* hexamet]s2 b no?+ else is kn[n ei!r ( ,m\sset or ( 8 translations4 ,z e>ly z #aejj "o ,mi*el de ,b\teauville1 ! au?or ( an ,art de metrifi] francois1 wrote a poem 9 classical di/i*s on ! ,engli% w>4 ,sibilet 7#aedh7 accept$ ! use ( classical metres1 ?\gh ) "s di/ru/1 = to him rhyme seem$ z ess5tial to ,fr5* poetry z long & %ort syllables to ,greek & ,lat94 ,9 #aefb ,ramus1 9 8 ,gramm>1 recomm5d$ ! anci5t v]sification1 & express$ 8 regret t x _h n be5 accept$ ) favor by ! public4 ,9 ! same ye> ,jacques de la ,taille wrote 8 treatise1 ,la ,mani]e de faire des ,v]s en francois comme en grec et en lat91 b x 0 n publi%$ until #aegc1 elev5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 ma9 object 9 writ+ ! book 0 to %[ t x is n z difficult to employ quantity 9 ,fr5* v]se z "s p ?9k1 nor ev5 any m difficult ?an 9 ,greek & ,lat94#djb ,9 answ] to ! objection t ! vulg> tongues are by _! nature incapable ( quantity1 he argues1 aft] ! mann] ( ,du ,bellay1 t su* ?+s d n proce$ f ! nature ( a language1 b f ! labor & dilig5ce ( ^? :o employ x4 ,he is tir$ ( vulg> rhymes1 & is anxi\s to f9d a m +5i\s & m difficult pa? to ,p>nassus4 ,he !n proce$s to treat ( quantity & measure 9 ,fr5*1 ( feet & v]se1 & ( figures & poetic lic5se4#djc ,! "n mo/ insep>ably connect$ ) ! introduction ( classical metres into ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is t ( ,jean ,anto9e de ,baif4 ,?is "y memb] ( ! ,pleiade1 aft] publi%+ sev]al unsuccessful volumes ( v]se1 visit$ ,italy1 & 0 pres5t at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 #aefc4 ,9 ,italy he d\btless le>nt ( ! metrical innovations !n be+ employ$2 & ^u 8 return1 )\t any app>5t k ( ,jacques de la ,taille's z yet unpubli%$ treatise1 he set ab\t to make a sy/ematic re=m 9 ,fr5* v]sification4 ,8 purpose 0 to br+ ab\t a m p]fect unison betwe5 poetry & music2 & 9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 he adopt$ classical metres1 bas$ z !y 7 on a musical prosody1 & accept$ ! phonetic re=ms ( ,ramus4 ,he also e/abli%$1 no d\bt 9 imitation ( ! ,accademia della ,nuova ,poesia1 ! ,academie de ,poesie et de ,musique1 au?oriz$ by lett]s pat5t f ,*>les ,,ix4 9 ,novemb]1 #aegj4djd ,! purpose ( ?is academy 0 to enc\rage & e/abli% ! metrical & musical innovations advocat$ by ,baif & 8 fri5ds4 ,on ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,ix4 ! society's exi/5ce 0 m5ac$2 b x 0 re/or$1 ) a broad] purpose & function1 z ! ,academie du ,palais1 by ,guy du ,faur de ,pibrac 9 #aegf1 "u ! protection ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 & x cont9u$ to n\ri% until disp]s$ by ! turmoils ( ! ,league ab\t #aehe4 ,b ,baif's innovations 7 n entirely )\t fruit4 ,a simil> movem5t1 & a n dissimil> society1 w be f\nd some:at lat] 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&4 ,,ii4 ,romantic ,elem5ts ,"s ( ! romantic elem5ts 9 ! critical !ory ( ! ,pleiade h already be5 indicat$4 ,! new movem5t />t$1 9 ,du ,bellay's ,def5se1 ) a high conception ( ! poet's (fice4 ,x emphasiz$ ! necessity1 on ! "p ( ! poet1 ( pr(\nd & solit>y /udy1 ( a ref9$ & ascetic life1 & ( entire sep>ation f vulg> p & pleasures4 ,du ,bellay himself is romantic 9 t he decides aga9/ ! traditions de regles1#dje deem+ ! good judgm5t ( ! poet suffici5t 9 matt]s ( ta/e2 b ! reason ( ?is 0 t !re 7 no rules :i* he w\ld h be5 will+ to accept4 ,x took m ?an a c5tury = ! ,fr5* m9d to arrive at ! conclusion t reason & rules1 9 matt]s ( art1 proce$ f "o & ! same cause4 ,! feel+ = nature & = natural beauty is v m>k$ 9 all ! memb]s ( ! ,pleiade4 ,pelleti] speaks ( w>1 love1 agriculture1 & pa/oral life z ! *ief !mes ( poetry4#djf ,he w>ns ! poet to obs]ve nature & life itself1 & n dep5d on books alone2 & he dwells on ! value ( descriptions ( l&scapes1 tempe/s1 & sunrises1 & simil> natural sc5es4#djg ,! feel+ = nature is ev5 m int5se 9 ,rons>d2 & l ,pelleti]1 he urges ! poet to describe 9 v]se ! riv]s1 =e/s1 m\nta9s1 w9ds1 ! sea1 gods & goddesses1 sunrise1 night1 & noon4#djh ,9 ano!r place ! poet is advis$ to embelli% 8 "w ) acc\nts ( trees1 fl[]s1 & h]bs1 especially ^? dignifi$ by "s m$ic9al or magical virtues1 & ) descriptions ( riv]s1 t[ns1 =e/s1 m\nta9s1 cav]ns1 rocks1 h>bors1 & =ts4 ,"h ! appreciation ( natural beauty z introduc$ into mod]n ,europe by ! ,italian ,r5aissance--! feel+ = nature 9 its wid] aspects1 ! broad l&scape1 ! di/ant prospect--fir/ becomes visible 9 ,france4 ,9 ! pa9t+ or r imitation ( nature1 says ,rons>d1 consi/s ! v s\l ( h]oic poetry4 ,rons>d also gives w>n+ t ord9>y spee* is n to be bani%$ f poetry1 or too mu* evad$1 = by do+ s ! poet is deal+ a dea?-bl[ to naive & natural poetry4#dji ,?is sympa?y = ! simple & popul> =ms ( poetry z models = ! poetic arti/ is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pleiade4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ passage 9 ,montaigne1 9 :i* ! popul> ballads ( ! peasantry are prais$ 9 a mann] t recalls ! fam\s words ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney conc]n+ ! old song ( ,p]cy & ,d\glas1#daj & :i* seems to anticipate ! int]e/ 9 popul> poetry 9 ,engl& two c5turies lat]3-- ,popul> & purely natural & indig5\s poetry has a c]ta9 native simplicity & grace by :i* x may be favorably comp>$ ) ! pr9cipal beauty ( p]fect poetry compos$ accord+ to ! rules ( art2 z may be se5 9 ! villanelles ( ,gascony1 & 9 songs com+ f nations t h no k ( any sci5ce1 n ev5 ( writ+4 ,b m$iocre poetry1 :i* is nei!r p]fect nor popul>1 is held 9 disda9 by e "o1 & receives nei!r honor nor rew>d4#daa ,! ,pleiade1 z has already be5 intimat$1 accept$ )\t res]ve ! ,platonic doctr9e ( inspiration4 ,by #aefj a consid]able numb] ( ! ,platonic dialogues _h already be5 translat$ into ,fr5*4 ,dolet _h translat$ two ( ! spuri\s dialogues2 ,duval1 ! ,lysis 9 #aedg2 & ,le ,roy1 ! ,pha$o 9 #aeec & ! ,symposium 9 #aeei4 ,! !sis ( ,ramus 9 #aecf _h />t$ an anti-,ari/otelian t5d5cy 9 ,france1 & ! lit]ature ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance became impregnat$ ) ,platonism4#dab ,x receiv$ ! royal favor ( ,m>gu]ite de ,nav>re1 & its influ5ce became fix$ 9 #aeea1 by ! appo9tm5t ( ,ramus to a pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,college de ,france4 ,rons>d1 ,vauquel91 ,du ,b>tas1 all give expression to ! ,platonic !ory ( poetic inspiration4 ,! poet mu/ feel :at he writes1 z ,horace says1 or 8 read] w nev] be mov$ by 8 v]ses2 & = ! ,pleiade1 ! excitem5t ( high emotions 9 ! read] or he>] 0 ! te/ or t\*/one ( poetry4#dac ,! national & ,*ri/ian po9ts ( view nev] f\nd expression 9 ,france dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 9 s m>k$ a mann] z 9 ,italy4 ,!re are1 inde$1 traces ( bo? a national & a ,*ri/ian criticism1 b !y are h>dly m ?an sporadic4 ,?us1 x has be5 se5 t ,sibilet1 z e>ly z #aedh1 _h cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* g5ius4 ,he _h not$ t ! ,fr5* h only tak5 f =eign lit]ature :at !y h deem$ useful & ( national advantage2 & only ! o!r day a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* critic ass]t$ 9 l mann] t ! high importance ( ,fr5* lit]ature consi/s 9 ! fact t x has tak5 f ! o!r lit]atures ( ,europe ! ?+s ( univ]sal int]e/ & disreg>d$ ! accid5tal picturesque details4 ,di/9ct traces ( a national po9t ( view may be f\nd 9 ! dramatic criticism ( ?is p]iod4 ,?us ,grev91 9 8 ,bref ,disc\rs 7#aefb71 attempts to ju/ify ! sub/itution ( a cr[d ( ,caes>'s soldi]s = ! s+]s ( ! anci5t *orus1 9 "o ( 8 trag$ies1 on ! foll[+ gr\nds3-- ,if x be alleg$ t ?is practice 0 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t antiquity by ! ,greeks & ,lat9s1 ,i reply t x is p]mitt$ to u to attempt "s innovation ( our own1 especially :5 !re is occasion = x1 or :5 ! grace ( ! poem is n dim9i%$ !reby4 ,i "k well t x w be answ]$ t ! anci5ts employ$ ! *orus ( s+]s to div]t ! audi5ce1 made gloomy p]haps by ! cruelties repres5t$ 9 ! play4 ,to ?is ,i reply t div]se nations require div]se mann]s ( do+ ?+s1 & t among ! ,fr5* !re are o!r means ( do+ ?is )\t int]rupt+ ! cont9uity ( a /ory4#dad ,! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 on ! o!r h&1 is f\nd 9 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye1 :o diff]s f ,rons>d & ,du ,bellay 9 8 pref]5ce = scriptural !mes 9 poetry4 ,! ,pleiade 0 ess5tially pagan1 ,vauquel9 ess5tially ,*ri/ian4 ,! employm5t ( ! pagan div9ities 9 mod]n poetry seem$ to him (t5 odi\s1 = ! times _h *ang$1 & ! ,muses 7 gov]n$ by diff]5t laws4 ,! poet %\ld attempt ,*ri/ian !mes2 & inde$ ! ,greeks !mselves1 _h !y be5 ,*ri/ians1 w\ld h sung ! life & dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is passage ,vauquel9 is evid5tly foll[+ ,m9turno1 z ! latt] 0 aft]w>d foll[$ by ,corneille3-- ,si les ,grecs1 comme v\s1 ,*re/i5s euss5t escrit1 ,ils euss5t les hauts faits *ante de ,iesus ,*ri/4444 ,he6 quel plaisir s]oit-ce a cette heure de voir ,nos poetes ,*re/i5s1 les facons recevoir ,du tragique anci58 ,et voir a nos mi/]es ,les ,pay5s ass]vis s\s les loix salutaires ,de nos ,sa9ts et ,m>tyrs8 et du vieux te/am5t ,voir une trag$ie extraite proprem5t8#dae ,vauquel9's op9ion "h is out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al !ory ( ! ,pleiade1 especially 9 t 8 sugge/ions imply a return to ! m$iaeval my/]y & morality plays4 ,! ,uranie ( ,du ,b>tas is ano!r & m f]vid expression ( ?is same ideal ( ,*ri/ian poetry4 ,9 ! ,sema9es1 ,du ,b>tas himself compos$ ! typical biblical poem2 & trag$ies on ,*ri/ian or scriptural subjects 7 compos$ dur+ ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance f ! "t ( ,bu*anan & ,beza to t ( ,g>ni] & ,mont*re/i54 ,b ,vauquel9's ideal 0 n t ( ! lat] classicism2 & ,boileau1 z has be5 se51 di/9ctly rejects ,*ri/ian !mes f mod]n poetry4 ,al?\gh ! l+ui/ic & prosodic !ories ( ! ,pleiade p>tly anticipate bo? ! !ory & ! practice ( lat] classicism1 ! memb]s ( ! s*ool exhibit num]\s deviations f :at 0 aft]w>d accept$ z inviolable law 9 ,fr5* poetry4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! deviations conc]ns ! use ( words f ! v>i\s ,fr5* dialects1 f =eign tongues1 & f ! te*nical & me*anical arts4 ,a p>tial expression ( ?is !ory ( poetic language has already be5 se5 9 ,du ,bellay's ,def5se et ,illu/ration1 9 :i* ! poet is urg$ to use ! m elegant te*nical dialectic t]ms4 ,rons>d gives v mu* ! same advice4 ,! be/ words 9 all ! ,fr5* dialects are to be employ$ by ! poet2 = x is d\btless to ! numb] ( ! dialects ( ,greece t we may ascribe ! supreme beauty ( its language & lit]ature4 ,! poet is n to affect too mu* ! language ( ! c\rt1 s9ce x is (t5 v bad1 be+ ! language ( ladies & ( "y g5tlem5 :o make a pr(ession ( fight+ well r ?an ( speak+ well4#daf ,unlike ,malh]be & 8 s*ool1 ,rons>d all[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( poetic lic5se1 b only r>ely & judici\sly4 ,x is to poetic lic5se1 he says1 t we owe ne>ly all ! beautiful figures ) :i* poets1 9 _! div9e rapture1 enfran*is+ ! laws ( gramm>1 h enri*$ _! works4 ,?is is t bir?right1 said ,dryd51 a c5tury lat]1 9 ! preface ( 8 ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce & ! ,fall ( ,man1 :i* is d]iv$ to u f our great =efa!rs1 ev5 f ,hom] d[n to ,b52 & !y :o w\ld d5y x to u h1 9 pla9 t]ms1 ! fox's qu>rel to ! grapes--!y _c rea* x4 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye foll[s ,rons>d & ,du ,bellay 9 urg+ ! use ( new & dialect words1 ! employm5t ( t]ms & comp>isons f ! me*anic arts1 & ! v>i\s o!r doctr9es by :i* ! ,pleiade is di/+ui%$ f ! s*ool ( ,malh]be4 ,h[ ^! useless l+ui/ic innovations 7 *eck$ & bani%$ f ! ,fr5* language =ev] w be briefly allud$ to 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #cha ,bruneti]e1 i4 #de4 #chb ,def5se1 ii4 #aa4 #chc ,cf4 ,rucktaes*el1 p4 #aj sq4 #chd ,art ,poet4 i4 #c4 #che ,ibid4 i4 #i4 #chf ,ibid4 i4 #aj4 #chg ,rons>d1 iii4 #bf sq4 #chh ,ibid4 vii4 #cbc4 #chi ,rons>d1 iii4 #i sq4 #cij ,ibid4 iii4 #bc1 #bf4 #cia ,art ,poet4 iii4 #aaea4 #cib ,ibid4 i4 #fa4 #cic ,art ,poet4 i4 #bb sq4 #cid ,ibid4 i4 #hac4 ,cf4 ,rons>d1 ii4 #ab4 #cie ,rons>d1 vii4 #cbj1 #ccb4 #cif ,! e>ly ,italian poetry writt5 9 classical metres has be5 collect$ by ,c>ducci1 ,la ,poesia ,b>b>a nei ,secoli ,,xv e ,,xvi1 ,bologna1 #ahha4 #cig ,c>ducci1 p4 #b4 #cih ,ibid4 p4 #f sq4 #cii ,c>ducci1 pp4 #ee1 #hg1 etc4 #djj ,ibid4 pp4 #cbg1 #ddc4 ,cf4 ,du ,bellay1 ,def5se1 ii4 #g4 #dja ,= ! hi/ory ( classical metres 9 ,france1 cf4 ,egg]1 ,hell5isme en ,france1 p4 #bij sq41 & ,d>me/et] & ,hatzfeld1 ,seizieme ,siecle en ,france1 p4 #aac sq4 #djb ,e/i5ne ,pasqui]1 9 8 ,re*]*es de la ,france1 vii4 #aa1 attempts to prove t ! ,fr5* language is capable ( employ+ quantity 9 its v]se1 b does n decide :e!r quantity or rhym$ v]se is to be pref]r$4 #djc ,cf4 ,rucktaes*el1 p4 #bd sq41 & ,c>ducci1 p4 #dac sq4 #djd ,?is academy has be5 made ! subject ( an excell5t monograph by ,e4 ,fremy1 ,l',academie des ,d]ni]s ,valois1 ,p>is1 n4 d4 ,! /atutes ( ! academy w be f\nd on page #ci ( ?is "w1 & ! lett]s-pat5t grant$ to x by ,*>les ,,ix4 on page #dh4 #dje ,def5se1 ii4 #aa4 #djf ,art ,poet4 i4 #c4 #djg ,art ,poet4 ii4 #aj2 i4 #i4 #djh ,rons>d1 vii4 #cba1 #cbd4 #dji ,ibid4 iii4 #ag sq4 #daj ,sidney1 ,def5ce1 p4 #bi4 #daa ,essais1 i4 #ed4 #dab ,cf4 ! ,revue d',hi/4 litt4 de la ,france1 #ahif1 iii4 #a sq4 #dac ,rons>d1 iii4 #bh2 ,du ,bellay1 ,def5se1 ii4 #aa4 #dad ,arnaud1 app4 ii4 #dae ,vauquel91 ,art ,poet4 iii4 #hde2 cf4 iii4 #cc2 i4 #ija4 #daf ,rons>d1 vii4 #cbb4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,classic ,,ideal ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,i4 ,! ,romantic ,revolt ,,x is a well-kn[n fact t betwe5 #afjj & #afcj !re 0 a break 9 ! national evolution ( ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,?is 0 especially s 9 ! drama1 & 9 ,france ! drama is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 c5tury & c5tury4 ,! dramatic works ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h be5 fa%ion$ aft] ! regul> models borr[$ by ! ,italians f ,s5eca4 ,! *ange t came 0 a *ange f ,italian classical to ,spani% romantic models4 ,! note ( revolt 0 beg9n+ to be he>d 9 ,grev91 ,de ,laudun1 & o!rs4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury op5$ ) ! production ( ,h>dy's irregul> drama1 ,les ,am\rs de ,!ag5e et ,c>iclee 7#afja71 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,spani% romantic drama & ! ,italian pa/oral1 dom9ant = ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 0 inaugurat$ 9 ,france4 ,! logic ( ?is innovation 0 be/ exp\nd$ 9 ,spa91 & x 0 !re t argum5ts 9 favor ( ! romantic & irregul> drama 7 fir/ =mulat$4 ,! two mo/ int]e/+ def5ces ( ! ,spani% national drama are d\btless ! ,egempl> ,poetico ( ,juan de la ,cueva 7#afjf7 & ,lope de ,vega's ,arte ,nuevo de ,hac] ,com$ias 7#afji74 ,_! inspiration is at bottom ! same4 ,_! au?ors 7 bo? classici/s at he>t1 or r classici/s 9 !ory1 yet ) diff]5ces4 ,juan de la ,cueva's conception ( poetry is entirely bas$ on ! precepts ( ! ,italians1 except 9 :at reg>ds ! national drama1 = "h he is a p>tisan & a patriot4 ,he insi/s t ! diff]5ce ( "t & circum/ance frees ! ,spani% playwright f all necessity ( imitat+ ! anci5ts or obey+ _! rules4 ,?is *ange 9 ! drama1 he says1 0 effect$ by wise m51 :o appli$ to new conditions ! new ?+s !y f\nd mo/ suitable & exp$i5t2 = we mu/ consid] ! v>i\s op9ions1 ! times1 & ! mann]s1 :i* make x necess>y = u to *ange & v>y our op]ations4#dag ,8 !ory ( ! drama 0 entirely oppos$ to 8 conception ( ! o!r =ms ( poetry4 ,accord+ to ?is /&po9t1 z a rec5t writ] has put x1 ! !atre 0 to imitate nature1 & to please2 poetry 0 to imitate ! ,italians1 & satisfy ! or?odox b m9ute critic4#dah ,lope de ,vega1 writ+ ?ree ye>s lat]1 does n d5y ! univ]sal applicability ( ! ,ari/otelian canons1 & ev5 ackn[l$ges t !y are ! only true rules4 ,b ! p dem& romantic plays1 & ! p1 r ?an ! poet's lit]>y consci5ce1 mu/ be satisfi$ by ! playwright4 ,i myself1 he says1 write com$ies accord+ to ! art inv5t$ by ^? ^: sole object x is to obta9 ! applause ( ! cr[d4 ,aft] all1 s9ce x is ! public :o pays = ^! /upidities1 :y %\ld we n s]ve :at x wants8#dai ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! expositions ( ! !ory ( ! ,spani% national drama is a def5ce ( ,lope de ,vega's plays by "o ,alfonso ,san*ez1 publi%$ 9 #afah 9 ,france1 or possibly 9 ,spa9 ) a false ,fr5* impr9t4 ,! apology ( ,san*ez is compreh5d$ 9 six di/9ct propositions4 ,fir/1 ! arts h _! f\ndation 9 nature4 ,secondly1 a wise & le>n$ man may alt] _m ?+s 9 ! exi/+ arts4 ,?irdly1 nature does n obey laws1 b gives !m4 ,f\r?ly1 ,lope de ,vega has done well 9 creat+ a new art4 ,fif?ly1 9 8 writ+s ev]y?+ is adju/$ to art1 & t a real & liv+ art4 ,la/ly1 ,lope de ,vega has surpass$ all ! anci5t poets4#dbj ,! foll[+ passage may be extract$ f ?is treatise1 if only to %[ h[ little !re 0 ( novelty 9 ! t5ets ( ! ,fr5* romantici/s two c5turies lat]3-- ,is x said t we h no infallible art by :i* to adju/ our precepts8 ,b :o c d\bt x8 ,we h art1 we h precepts & rules :i* b9d u1 & ! pr9cipal precept is to imitate nature1 = ! works ( poets express ! nature1 ! mann]s1 & ! g5ius ( ! age 9 :i* !y write4444 ,lope de ,vega writes 9 con=mity ) art1 because he foll[s nature4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,spani% drama adju/$ itself to ! rules & laws ( ! anci5ts1 x w\ld proce$ aga9/ ! requirem5ts ( nature1 & aga9/ ! f\ndations ( poetry4444 ,! great ,lope has done ?+s ov] & above ! laws ( ! anci5ts1 b nev] aga9/ ^! laws4 ,ano!r ,spani% writ] def9es art z an att5tive obs]vation ( examples grad$ by exp]i5ce1 & r$uc$ to me?od & ! maje/y ( laws4#dba ,x 0 ?is naturali/ic conception ( ! poetic art1 & especially ( ! drama1 t obta9$ 9 ,france dur+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,fr5* playwrights imitat$ ! ,spani% drama 9 practice1 & f ! ,spani% !ori/s seem$ to h d]iv$ ! critical ju/ification ( _! plays4 ,h>dy himself1 l ,lope de ,vega1 argues t ev]y?+ :i* is approv$ by usage & ! public ta/e is legitimate & m ?an legitimate4 ,ano!r writ] ( ?is "t1 ,francois ,ogi]1 9 ! preface ( ! second edition ( ,jean de ,s*el&re's rem>kable drama ( ,tyr et ,sidon 7#afbh71 argues = intellectual indep5d5ce ( ! anci5ts mu* 9 ! same way z ,giraldi ,c9tio1 ,pigna1 & ! o!r p>tisans ( ! romanzi _h done ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury be=e4 ,! ta/e ( e nation1 he says1 is q diff]5t f any o!r4 ,! ,greeks wrote = ! ,greeks1 & 9 ! judgm5t ( ! be/ m5 ( _! "t !y succe$$4 ,b we %\ld imitate !m v mu* bett] by giv+ he$ to ! ta/es ( our own c\ntry1 & ! g5ius ( our own language1 ?an by =c+ ourselves to foll[ /ep by /ep bo? _! int5tion & _! expression4 ,?is w\ld seem to be at bottom ,goe!'s fam\s /atem5t t we c be/ imitate ! ,greeks by try+ to be z great m5 z !y 74 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 9 all ( ^! e>ly critics1 traces ( t hi/orical criticism :i* is usually reg>d$ z ! discov]y ( our own c5tury4 ,b aft] all1 ! ,fr5* l ! ,spani% playwrights 7 m]ely beg9n+ to practise :at ! ,italian dramati/s 9 _! prefaces1 & "s ( ! ,italian critics 9 _! treatises1 _h be5 prea*+ = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,! ,abbe d',aubignac speaks ( ,h>dy z arre/+ ! progress ( ! ,fr5* !atre2 & :atev] practical improvem5ts ! ,fr5* !atre owes to him1 !re c be little d\bt t = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s ! evolution ( ! classical drama 0 p>tly arre/$ by 8 ef=ts & ! ef=ts ( 8 s*ool4 ,b dur+ ?is v p]iod ! f\ndations ( ! great lit]ature t 0 to come 7 be+ built on classical l9es2 & ! cont9uance ( ! classical tradition aft] #afcj 0 due to ?ree di/9ct causes1 ea* ( :i* w be discuss$ by itself z briefly z possible4 ,^! ?ree causes 7 ! reaction aga9/ ! ,pleiade1 ! second influx ( ! critical ideas ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & ! influ5ce ( ! rationali/ic philosophy ( ! p]iod4 ,,ii4 ,! ,reaction aga9/ ! ,pleiade ,! reaction aga9/ ! ,pleiade 0 effect$1 or at lea/ begun1 by ,malh]be4 ,malh]be's p[] or message z a poet is ( no conc]n "h2 9 8 role ( gramm>ian & critic he accompli%$ c]ta9 important & widespread re=ms 9 ,fr5* poetry4 ,^! re=ms 7 connect$ *iefly1 if n entirely1 ) ! ext]nal or =mal side ( poetry4 ,8 "w 0 t ( a gramm>ian1 ( a prosodi/--9 a ^w1 t ( a puri/4 ,he did n1 inde$1 dur+ 8 lifetime1 publi% any critical "w1 or =mulate any critical sy/em4 ,b ! re=ms he execut$ 7 on ?is acc\nt no less influ5tial or endur+4 ,8 critical attitude is to be look$ = 9 ! memoirs ( 8 life writt5 by 8 disciple ,racan1 & 9 8 own ,comm5taire sur ,desportes1 :i* 0 n publi%$ 9 its entirety until v rec5tly4#dbb ,?is comm5t>y consi/s ( a s]ies ( manuscript notes writt5 by ,malh]be ab\t ! ye> #afjf 9 ! m>g9s ( a copy ( ,desportes4 ,^! notes are ( a mo/ fragm5t>y k9d2 !y seldom g beyond a ^w or two ( disapproval1 su* z faible1 mal concu1 sup]flu1 sans jugem5t1 sottise1 or mal imag9e2 & yet1 toge!r ) a few deta*$ utt]ances record$ 9 8 lett]s & 9 ! memoirs by ,racan1 !y indicate q cle>ly ! critical attitude ( ,malh]be & ! re=ms he 0 b5t on br++ ab\t4 ,^! re=ms 71 9 ! fir/ place1 l>gely l+ui/ic4 ,! ,pleiade _h attempt$ to wid5 ! sph]e ( poetic expression 9 ,fr5* lit]ature by ! introduction ( words f ! classics1 f ! ,italian & ev5 ! ,spani%1 f ! prov9cial dialects1 f ! old romances1 & f ! t]m9ology ( ! me*anic arts4 ,all ^! ar*aisms1 neologisms1 ,lat9isms1 comp\nd words1 & dialectic & te*nical expressions1 ,malh]be set ab\t to eradicate f ! ,fr5* language4 ,8 object 0 to purify ,fr5*1 &1 z x 71 to c5tralize x4 ,! te/ he set up 0 actual usage1 & ev5 ?is 0 n>r[$ d[n to ! usage ( ! c\rt4 ,rons>d _h c5sur$ ! exclusive use ( c\rtly spee* 9 poetry1 on ! gr\nd t ! c\rti] c>es m ab\t fight+ well ?an ab\t speak+ or writ+ well4 ,b ,malh]be's ideal 0 ! ideal ( ,fr5* classicism--! ideal ( ,boileau1 ,rac9e1 & ,bossuet4 ,fr5* 0 to be no long] a hodgepodge or a patois1 b ! pure & p]fect spee* ( ! k+ & 8 c\rt4 ,malh]be1 :ile ?us react+ aga9/ ! ,pleiade1 made no pret5sions ( return+ to ! l+ui/ic usages ( ,m>ot2 8 te/ 0 pres5t usage1 8 model ! liv+ language4#dbc ,at ! same "t 8 re=ms 9 language1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 repres5t a reaction aga9/ =eign innovations & a return to ! pure ,fr5* idiom4 ,!y 7 9 ! int]e/ ( ! national traditions2 & x is ?is national elem5t :i* is 8 %>e 9 ! body ( neo-classical !ory & practice4 ,8 re=ms 7 all 9 ! direction ( t v]bal & me*anical p]fection1 ! love ( :i* is innate 9 ! ,fr5* nature1 & :i* =ms ! indig5\s or racial elem5t 9 ,fr5* classicism4 ,he elim9at$ f ,fr5* v]se hiatus1 enjambem5t1 inv]sions1 false & imp]fect rhymes1 & lic5ses or cacophonies ( all k9ds4 ,he gave x1 z has be5 said1 me*anical p]fection1-- ,et r$uisit la ,muse aux regles du devoir4 ,= su* a man--tyran des mots et des syllabes1 z ,balzac call$ him--! high] qualities ( poetry c\ld h little or no mean+4 ,8 ideals 7 propriety1 cle>ness1 regul>ity1 & =ce4 ,^!1 z ,*apela9 p]ceiv$ at ! "t1 are oratorical r ?an purely poetic qualities2 yet = ^!1 all ! true qualities t g to make up a great poet 7 to be sacrific$4 ,( imag9ation & poetic s5sibility he takes no acc\nt :atsoev]4 ,aft] ! v]bal p]fection ( ! v]se1 ! logical unity ( ! poem 0 8 *ief int]e/4 ,logic & reason are )\t d\bt important ?+s1 b !y _c exi/ 9 poetry to ! exclusion ( imag9ation4 ,by elim9at+ inspiration1 z x 71 ,malh]be exclud$ ! possibility ( lyrical production 9 ,france ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism4 ,he hat$ poetic fictions1 s9ce = him1 z = ,boileau1 only actual reality is beautiful4 ,if he p]mitt$ ! employm5t ( my?ological figures1 x 0 because !y are reasonable & univ]sally intelligible symbols4 ,! ,fr5* m9d is ess5tially rational & logical1 & ,malh]be re9troduc$ ?is native rationality into ,fr5* poetry4 ,he set up common s5se z a poetic ideal1 & made poetry intelligible to ! av]age m9d4 ,! ,pleiade _h writt5 = a le>n$ lit]>y cot]ie2 ,malh]be wrote = le>n$ & unle>n$ alike4 ,= ! ,pleiade1 poetry _h be5 a div9e (fice1 a matt] ( prophetic inspiration2 = ,malh]be1 x 0 a trade1 a craft1 to be le>nt l any o!r4 ,du ,bellay _h said t x is a well-accept$ fact1 accord+ to ! mo/ le>n$ m51 t natural tal5ts )\t le>n+ c accompli% m 9 poetry ?an le>n+ )\t natural tal5ts4 ,malh]be1 x has be5 neatly said1 w\ld h upheld ! contr>y doctr9e t le>n+ )\t natural tal5ts c accompli% m ?an natural tal5ts )\t le>n+4#dbd ,aft] all1 eloqu5ce 0 ,malh]be's ideal2 & z ! ,fr5* are by nature an eloqu5t r ?an a poetic p1 he des]ves ! honor ( hav+ fir/ %[n !m h[ to rega9 _! true inh]itance4 ,9 a ^w1 he accompli%$ = classical poetry 9 ,france all t ! national in/9ct1 ! esprit gaulois1 c\ld accompli% by itself4 ,consi/5t /ructural laws = ! l>g] poetic =ms he c\ld n give2 ^! ,france owes to ,italy4 ,nor c\ld he appreciate ! high notion ( ab/ract p]fection1 or ! classical conception ( an absolute /&>d ( ta/e--t ( sev]al expressions or sev]al ways ( do+ some?+1 "o way & only "o is ! "r "o2 ?is ,france owes to rationali/ic philosophy4 ,malh]be seems almo/ to be e*o+ ,montaigne :5 he says 9 a lett] to ,balzac3-- ,d y n "k t ! div]sity ( op9ions is z natural z ! diff]5ce ( m5's faces1 & t to wi% t :at pleases or displeases u %\ld please or displease ev]ybody is to pass ! limits :]e x seems t ,god 9 ,8 omnipot5ce has comm&$ u to /op8#dbe ,) ?is individuali/ic expression ( ! que/ions ( op9ion & ta/e1 we h b to comp>e ! foll[+ passage f ,la ,bruy]e to indicate h[ f> ,malh]be is /ill f ! classic ideal3-- ,!re is a po9t ( p]fection 9 art1 z ( excell5ce or maturity 9 nature4 ,he :o is s5sible ( x & loves x has p]fect ta/e2 he :o is n s5sible ( x & loves ?is or t else on ei!r side ( x has a faulty ta/e4 ,!re is !n a good & a bad ta/e1 & m5 dispute ( ta/es n )\t reason4#dbf ,,iii4 ,! ,second ,influx ( ,italian ,ideas ,! second influx ( ,italian critical ideas into ,france came ?r\gh two *annels4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! direct lit]>y relations betwe5 ,italy & ,france dur+ ?is p]iod 7 v m>k$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,m>9o1 :o liv$ = a long "t at ,p>is & publi%$ a numb] ( 8 works !re1 0 n inconsid]able1 especially ^u ! ,fr5* concetti/s & precieux4 ,two ,italian ladies f\nd$ & presid$ ov] ! fam\s ,hotel de ,ramb\illet1--,julie ,savelli1 ,m>quise de ,pisani1 & ,ca!r9e de ,vivonne1 ,m>quise de ,ramb\illet4 ,x 0 p>tly to ! influ5ce ( ! ,accademia della ,crusca t ! f\ndation ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 0 due4 ,*apela9 & ,m5age 7 bo? memb]s ( ! ,italian society1 & submitt$ to x _! diff]5t op9ions on a v]se ( ,petr>*4 ,l ! ,accademia della ,crusca1 ! ,fr5* ,academy purpos$ ! prep>ation ( a great diction>y2 & ea* began its exi/5ce by attack+ a great "w ( lit]ature1 ! ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata 9 ! case ( ! ,italian society1 ,corneille's ,cid 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! reg5cy ( ,m>ie de ,m$ici1 ! supremacy ( ,maz>91 & o!r political ev5ts1 all conspir$ to br+ ,italy & ,france into ! close/ social & lit]>y relation%ip4 ,b ! two individuals :o fir/ br\ght into ,fr5* lit]ature & naturaliz$ ! primal critical concepts ( ,italy 7 ,*apela9 & ,balzac4 ,*apela9's private correspond5ce indicates h[ ?or\gh 0 8 acqua9tance ) ! critical lit]ature ( ,italy4 ,i h a p>ticul> affection = ! ,italian language1 he wrote 9 #afci to ,balzac4#dbg ,( ! ,cid1 he says t 9 ,italy x w\ld be consid]$ b>b>\s1 & !re is n an academy :i* w\ld n bani% x beyond ! conf9es ( its jurisdiction4#dbh ,speak+ ( ! greatness ( ,rons>d1 he says t 8 own op9ion 0 9 accord ) t ( two great savants beyond ! ,alps1 ,sp]oni & ,ca/elvetro2#dbi & he _h consid]able correspond5ce ) ,balzac on ! subject ( ! controv]sy betwe5 ,c>o & ,ca/elvetro 9 ! previ\s c5tury4 ,9 a ^w1 he knew & /udi$ ! critics & s*ol>s ( ,italy1 & 0 int]e/$ 9 discuss+ !m4 ,balzac's int]e/1 on ! o!r h&1 0 r t[>d ,spani% lit]ature2 b he 0 ! ag5t ( ! ,c>d9al de la ,valette at ,rome1 & x 0 on 8 return to ,france t he publi%$ ! fir/ collection ( 8 lett]s4 ,! influ5ce ( bo? ,*apela9 & ,balzac on ,fr5* classicism 0 consid]able4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 lit]>y criticism _h be5 entirely 9 ! h&s ( le>n$ m54 ,*apela9 & ,balzac vulg>iz$ ! critical ideas ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 & made !m popul>1 human1 b inviolable4 ,balzac introduc$ into ,france ! f9e critical s5se ( ! ,italians2 ,*apela9 introduc$ _! =mal rules1 & impos$ ! ?ree unities on ,fr5* trag$y4 ,toge!r !y effect$ a humaniz+ ( ! classical ideal1 ev5 :ile subject+ x to rules4 ,x 0 to ! same ,italian influ5ces t ,france ow$ ! l>ge numb] ( artificial epics t appe>$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,ab\t t5 epics 7 publi%$ 9 ! fifte5 ye>s betwe5 #afej & #affe4dcj ,! ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h =mulat$ a fix$ !ory ( ! artificial epic2 & ! nations ( we/]n ,europe rivall$ "o ano!r 9 attempt+ to make practical use ( ?is !ory4 ,x is to ?is t ! l>ge numb] ( ,spani% epics 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & ( ,fr5* epics 9 ! sev5te5? may be ascrib$4 ,among ! latt] we may m5tion ,scud]y's ,al>ic1 ,lemoyne's ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,sa9t-,amant's ,moyse ,sauve1 & ,*apela9's own epic1 ,la ,pucelle1 await$ by ! public = _m ye>s1 & publi%$ only to be damn$ =ev] by ,boileau4 ,! prefaces ( all ^! epics indicate cle>ly en\gh _! indebt$ness to ! ,italians4 ,!y 7 inde$ sc>cely m ?an attempts to put ! rules & precepts ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance into practice4 ,i !n consult$ ! ma/]s ( ?is art1 says ,scud]y1 9 ! preface ( ,al>ic1 t is to say1 ,ari/otle & ,horace1 & aft] !m ,macrobius1 ,scalig]1 ,tasso1 ,ca/elvetro1 ,piccolom9i1 ,vida1 ,vossius1 ,robortelli1 ,riccoboni1 ,paolo ,b5i1 ,mambrun1 & sev]al o!rs2 & pass+ f !ory to practice ,i r]ead v c>efully ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 ! ,a,eneid1 ! ,ph>salia1 ! ,!baid1 ! ,orl&o ,furioso1 & ! ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 & _m o!r epic poems 9 div]se languages4 ,simil>ly1 ,sa9t-,amant1 9 ! preface ( 8 ,moyse ,sauve1 says t he _h rigor\sly obs]v$ ! unities ( action & place1 :i* are ! pr9cipal requirem5ts ( ! epic2 & besides1 by an entirely new me?od1 ,i h re/rict$ my subject n only )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! limit ( ! dramatic poem1 b almo/ )9 half ( t "t4 ,?is is m ?an ev5 ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,scalig]1 ,ca/elvetro1 ,piccolom9i1 & all ! o!r mod]ns h ev] requir$4 ,x is obvi\s t = ^! epic-mak]s ! rules & precepts ( ! ,italians 7 ! f9al te/s ( h]oic poetry4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,abbe d',aubignac1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,pratique du ,!atre1 advises ! dramatic poet to /udy1 among o!r writ]s1 ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,ca/elvetro1 ,vida1 ,he9sius1 ,vossius1 & ,scalig]1 ( :om n a ^w %\ld be lo/4 ,f ! ,italians also came ! !ory ( poetry 9 g5]al z held ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( classicism1 & exp\nd$ by ! ,abbe d',aubignac1 ,la ,mesn>di]e1 ,corneille1 ,boileau1 & num]\s o!rs2 & x is h>dly necess>y to repeat t ,rap91 trac+ ! hi/ory ( criticism at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,reflexions sur la ,poetique1 deals ) sc>cely any critics b ! ,italians4 ,besides ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,italian critics1 ano!r influ5ce contribut$ its %>e to ! sum ( critical ideas :i* ,fr5* classicism owes to ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,?is 0 ! tradition ( ,scalig]1 c>ri$ on by ! ,dut* s*ol>s ,he9sius & ,vossius4 ,daniel ,he9sius 0 ! pupil ( ,joseph ,scalig]1 ! illu/ri\s son ( ! au?or ( ! ,poetics2 & ?r\gh ,he9sius ! dramatic !ories ( ! eld] ,scalig] influ5c$ classical trag$y 9 ,france4 ,! treatise ( ,he9sius1 ,de ,trago$iae ,con/itutione1 publi%$ at ,leyd5 9 #afaa1 0 call$ by ,*apela9 ! qu9tess5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics2 & ,*apela9 call$ ,he9sius himself a prophet or sibyl 9 matt]s ( criticism4#dca ,annot$ by ,rac9e1 cit$ z an infallible au?ority by ,corneille1 ,he9sius's "w ex]cis$ a m>k$ influ5ce on ,fr5* trag$y by fix+ ^u x ! laws ( ,scalig]2 & lat] ! works ( ,vossius coop]at$ ) ^? ( ,he9sius 9 wid5+ ! sph]e ( ! ,italian influ5ce4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t :ile ,fr5* lit]ature _h already dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury tak5 f ! ,italian ,r5aissance its respect = antiquity & its admiration = classical my?ology1 ! sev5te5? c5tury ow$ to ,italy its def9itive conception ( ! !ory ( poetry1 & especially c]ta9 rigid /ructural laws = trag$y & epic4 ,x may be said )\t exagg]ation t !re is n an ess5tial idea or precept 9 ! works ( ,corneille & ,d',aubignac on dramatic poetry1 or ( ,le ,bossu & ,mambrun on epic poetry1 t _c be f\nd 9 ! critical writ+s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,,iv4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,rationali/ic ,philosophy ,! influ5ce ( rationali/ic philosophy on ! g5]al attitude ( classicism manife/$ itself 9 :at may be call$ ! gradual rationalization ( all t ! ,r5aissance gave to ,france4 ,! process ?us effect$ is mo/ def9itely exhibit$ 9 ! evolution ( ! rules :i* ,france ow$ to ,italy4 ,x has already be5 %[n h[ ! rules & precepts ( ! ,italians _h orig9ally be5 bas$ on au?ority alone1 b _h gradually obta9$ a g5]al significance ( _! own1 reg>dless ( _! anci5t au?ority4 ,some:at lat]1 9 ,engl&1 ! ,ari/otelian canons 7 def5d$ by ,b5 ,jonson on ! gr\nd t ,ari/otle und]/ood ! causes ( ?+s1 & t :at o!rs _h done by *ance or cu/om1 ,ari/otle did by reason alone4#dcb ,by ?is "t1 !n1 ! reasonabl5ess ( ! ,ari/otelian canons 0 di/9ctly felt1 al?\gh !y 7 /ill reg>d$ z hav+ au?oritativ5ess 9 !mselves2 & x 0 fir/ 9 ! ,fr5* classici/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t reason & ! anci5t rules 7 reg>d$ z "o & insep>able4 ,rationalism1 inde$1 is to be f\nd at ! v outset ( ! critical activity ( ! ,r5aissance2 & ,vida's words1 already cit$1 ,semp] nutu rationis eant res1 repres5t 9 "p ! attitude ( ! ,r5aissance m9d t[>d lit]ature4 ,b ! reason ( ! e>li] !ori/s 0 m]ely empirical & individuali/ic2 x did n diff] ess5tially f ,horace's ideal ( good s5se4 ,9 fact1 rationalism & humanism1 :ile exi/+ toge!r ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance1 7 nev] to any ext5t h>moniz$2 & extreme rationalism g5]ally took ! =m ( an av[$ antagonism to ,ari/otle4 ,! complete rationalization ( ! laws ( lit]ature is fir/ evid5t t[>d ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! rules ( ! !atre1 says ! ,abbe d',aubignac1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,pratique du ,!atre1 are f\nd$1 n on au?ority1 b on reason1 & if !y are call$ ! rules ( ! anci5ts1 x is simply because ! anci5ts h admirably practis$ !m4 ,simil>ly1 ,corneille1 9 8 disc\rse ,des ,trois ,unites1 says t ! unity ( "t w\ld be arbitr>y & tyrannical if x 7 m]ely requir$ by ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 b t its real prop is ! natural reason2 & ,boileau sums up ! f9al attitude ( classicism 9 ^! words3-- ,aimez donc la raison2 que t\j\rs vos ecrits ,emprunt5t d'elle seule et leur lu/re et leur prix4#dcc ,"h ! rationaliz+ process is complete1 & ! actual requirem5ts ( au?ority become id5tical ) ! dictates ( ! reason4 ,! rules exp\nd$ by ,boileau1 :ile = ! mo/ "p ! same z ^? enunciat$ by ! ,italians1 are no long] m]e rules4 ,!y are laws dictat$ by ab/ract & univ]sal reason1 & h5ce inevitable & infallible2 !y are n tyrannical or arbitr>y1 b impos$ ^u u by ! v nature ( ! human m9d4 ,?is is n m]ely1 z we h said1 ! good nature & ! good s5se1 9 a ^w1 ! sweet reasonabl5ess1 ( su* a critic z ,horace4#dcd ,!re is m ?an ?is 9 ! classici/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,good s5se becomes univ]saliz$1 becomes1 9 fact1 z has be5 said1 n m]ely an empirical notion ( good s5se1 b ! ab/ract & univ]sal reason itself4 ,f ?is foll[s ! absolute /&>d ( ta/e at ! bottom ( classicism1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! passage already cit$ f ,la ,bruy]e1 & 9 su* a l9e z ?is f ,boileau3-- ,la raison p\r m>*] n'a s\v5t qu'une voie4#dce ,?is rationalization ( ! ,r5aissance rules ( poetry 0 effect$ by contempor>y philosophy2 if n by ! works & doctr9es ( ,desc>tes himself1 at lea/ by ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! human m9d at ?is p]iod1 ( :i* ^! works & doctr9es are ! mo/ p]fect expressions4 ,boileau's ,art ,poetique has be5 aptly call$ ! ,disc\rs de la ,me?ode ( ,fr5* poetry4 ,s t :ile ! contribution ( ,malh]be & 8 s*ool to classicism lay 9 ! insi/5ce on cle>ness1 propriety1 & v]bal & metrical p]fection1 & ! contribution ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance lay 9 ! infusion ( respect = classical antiquity & ! imposition ( a c]ta9 body ( fix$ rules1 ! contribution ( contempor>y philosophy lay 9 ! rationalization or univ]salization ( ^! rules1 & 9 ! imposition ( an ab/ract & absolute /&>d ( ta/e4 ,b ,c>tesianism br\ght ) x c]ta9 important limitations & defici5cies4 ,boileau himself is report$ to h said t ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes has cut ! ?roat ( poetry2#dcf & !re c be no d\bt t ?is is ! exagg]at$ expression ( a c]ta9 inevitable tru?4 ,! excessive insi/5ce on ! reason br\ght ) x a correspond+ und]valuation ( ! imag9ation4 ,! rational & rigidly sci5tific basis ( ,c>tesianism 0 =c$ on classicism2 & reality became its supreme object & its f9al te/3-- ,ri5 n'e/ beau que le vrai4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to v>i\s disadvantages impos$ on classicism by ! v nature ( its orig9 & gr[?2 b ! mo/ vital ( all ^! disadvantages 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy or philosophic temp]4 ,) ! sci5tific basis ?us impos$ on lit]ature1 its only safegu>d aga9/ ext9ction 0 ! va/ influ5ce ( a c]ta9 body ( fix$ rules1 :i* lit]ature d>$ n deviate f1 & :i* x attempt$ to ju/ify on ! wid] gr\nds ( philosophy4 ,^! rules1 !n1 ! contribution ( ,italy1 sav$ poetry 9 ,france f ext9ction dur+ ! classical p]iod2 & ( ?is a rem>kable confirmation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t n until ! rationalism ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 sup]s$$ 9 ,france1 did ,fr5* lit]ature rid itself ( ?is body ( ,r5aissance rules4 ,c>tesianism1 or at lea/ ! rationali/ic _s1 humaniz$ ^! rules1 & impos$ !m on ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,b ?\gh qu9tess5tializ$1 !y rema9$ artificial1 & circumscrib$ ! work+s ( ! ,fr5* imag9ation = ov] a c5tury4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #dag ,s$ano1 ,p>naso ,espanol1 viii4 #fa4 #dah ,hannay1 ,lat] ,r5aissance1 #ahih1 p4 #ci4 #dai ,m55dez y ,pelayo1 iii4 #dcd4 #dbj ,ibid4 iii4 #ddg sq4 #dba ,m55dez y ,pelayo1 iii4 #dfd4 #dbb ,! ,comm5taire is pr9t$ entire 9 ,lalanne's edition ( ,malh]be1 ,p>is1 #ahfb1 vol4 iv4 ,! critical doctr9e ( ,malh]be has be5 =mulat$ by ,brunot1 ,doctr9e de ,malh]be1 pp4 #aje-bcf4 #dbc ,cf4 ,horace1 ,ars ,poet4 #ga1 #gb4 #dbd ,brunot1 p4 #adi4 #dbe ,oeuvres1 ,lalanne's edition1 iv4 #ia4 #dbf ,c>act]es1 ,des ,ouvrages de l',esprit4 #dbg ,lettres1 i4 #dac4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! edition by ,tamizey de ,l>roque1 ,p>is1 #ahhj-ahhc4 #dbh ,ibid4 i4 #aef4 #dbi ,ibid4 i4 #fca sq4 #dcj ,^! epics h be5 treat$ at l5g? by ,du*esne1 ,hi/oire des ,poemes ,epiques francais du ,,xvii ,siecle1 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 #dca ,lettres1 i4 #bfi1 #dbd4 ,on ! !ories ( ,he9sius1 see ,z]b/1 ,e9 ,vorlaeuf] ,less+s 9 d] ,ari/oteles9t]pretation1 ,j5a1 #ahhg4 #dcb ,discov]ies1 p4 #hj4 #dcc ,art ,poet4 i4 #cg4 #dcd ,cf4 ,bruneti]e1 ,etudes ,critiques1 iv4 #acf2 & ,krantz1 p4 #ic sq4 #dce ,art ,poet4 i4 #dh4 #dcf ,report$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,r\sseau1 9 a lett] to ,brossette1 ,july #ba1 #agae4 ,,"p ,,?ird ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,engl& ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,9 ,,engl& ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,engli% ,,criticism ,,f ,,as*am ,,to ,,milton ,,lit]>y criticism 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,elizabe?an age 0 nei!r s influ5tial nor s ri* & v>i$ z ! contempor>y criticism ( ,italy & ,france4 ,?is fact might p]haps be ?\ght insuffici5t to affect ! int]e/ or patriotism ( ,engli%-speak+ p1 yet ! mo/ *>m+ critical monum5t ( ?is p]iod1 ,sidney's ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 has be5 slight+ly ref]r$ to by ! late/ hi/orian ( ,engli% poetry4 ,su* int]e/ & importance z ,elizabe?an criticism possesses mu/ !re=e be ( an hi/orical nature1 & lies 9 two di/9ct directions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /udy ( ! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod w %[1 n only t !re 0 a m or less complete body ( critical doctr9e dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 b also t ,engli%m5 %>$ 9 ?is creation1 or inh]itance1 ( ! ,r5aissance z truly z did _! cont95tal neighbors2 & on ! o!r h& ?is /udy may be said to possess an int]e/ 9 itself1 9 s f> z x w make ! gr[? ( classicism 9 ,engl& intelligible1 & w indicate t ! =mation ( ! classic ideal _h begun be=e ! introduction ( ! ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,9 nei!r case1 h[ev]1 c e>ly ,engli% criticism be consid]$ :olly ap>t f ! g5]al body ( ,r5aissance doctr9e2 & its /udy loses 9 importance & p]spicuity accord+ z x is kept di/9ct f ! consid]ation ( ! critical lit]ature ( ,france1 & especially ( ,italy4 ,engli% criticism1 dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 pass$ ?r\gh five m or less di/9ct /ages ( developm5t4 ,! fir/ /age1 *>act]iz$ by ! purely rhetorical /udy ( lit]ature1 may be said to beg9 ) ,leon>d ,coxe's ,arte or ,crafte ( ,rhetoryke1 a h&-book = "y /ud5ts1 compil$ ab\t #aebd1 *iefly f "o ( ! rhetorical treatises ( ,melan*?on4#dcg ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,wilson's ,arte ( ,rhetorike 7#aeec71 :i* is m ext5sive & c]ta9ly m orig9al ?an ,coxe's manual1 & :i* has be5 call$ by ,w>ton ! fir/ book or sy/em ( criticism 9 our language4 ,b ! mo/ important figure ( ?is p]iod is ,rog] ,as*am4 ,! educational sy/em exp\nd$ 9 8 ,s*olema/]1 writt5 betwe5 #aefc & #aefh1 he ow$ l>gely to 8 fri5d1 ,john ,/urm1 ! ,/rasburg humani/1 & to 8 tea*]1 ,sir ,john ,*eke1 :o _h be5 ,greek lectur] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua2 b = ! critical portions ( ?is "w he seems directly indebt$ to ! rhetorical treatises ( ! ,italians4#dch ,yet 8 obligations to ! ,italian humani/s did n prev5t ! expression ( 8 /]n & unyield+ antagonism to ! romantic ,italian _s z x influ5c$ ! imag9ative lit]ature ( 8 "t4 ,9 /udy+ e>ly ,engli% lit]ature x mu/ always be kept 9 m9d t ! ,italian ,r5aissance influ5c$ ! ,elizabe?an age 9 two diff]5t directions4 ,! ,italianization ( ,engli% poetry _h be5 effect$1 or at lea/ begun1 by ! publication ( ,tottel's ,miscellany 9 #aeeg2 on ?is1 ! creative side ( ,engli% lit]ature1 ! ,italian influ5ce 0 di/9ctly romantic4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,italian humani/s1 on ! o!r h&1 0 directly oppos$ to ?is romantic _s2 ev5 9 _! own c\ntry !y _h antagoniz$ all t 0 n classical 9 t5d5cy4 ,as*am1 !re=e1 z a result ( 8 humani/ic tra9+1 became n only ! fir/ ,engli% man ( lett]s1 b also ! fir/ ,engli% classici/4 ,! fir/ /age ( ,engli% criticism1 !n1 0 entirely giv5 up to rhetorical /udy4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,engli% writ]s fir/ atta9$ ! appreciation ( =m & /yle z di/+ui%+ features ( lit]ature2 & x 0 to ?is appreciation t ! =mation ( an ,engli% prose /yle 0 due4 ,?is p]iod may !re=e be comp>$ ) ! lat] /ages ( ,italian humanism 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 & ! lat] humani/s 7 ! ma/]s & models ( ^! e>ly ,engli% rhetoricians4 ,gabriel ,h>vey1 z a ,cic]onian ( ! s*ool ( ,bembo1 0 p]haps _! la/ repres5tative4 ,! second /age ( ,engli% criticism--a p]iod ( classification & especially ( metrical /udies--comm5ces ) ,gascoigne's ,notes ( ,in/ruction conc]n+ ! mak+ ( ,v]se1#dci publi%$ 9 #aege1 & modell$ app>5tly on ,rons>d's ,abrege de l',art ,poetique francois 7#aefe74 ,besides ?is brief pamphlet1 ! fir/ "w on ,engli% v]sification1 ?is /age also includes ,putt5ham's ,arte ( ,engli% ,poesie1 ! fir/ sy/ematic classification ( poetic =ms & subjects1 & ( rhetorical figures2 ,bullok>'s ,bref ,gramm>1 ! fir/ sy/ematic treatise on ,engli% gramm>2 & ,h>vey's ,lett]s & ,webbe's ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie1 ! fir/ sy/ematic attempts to introduce classical metres into ,engli% poetry4 ,?is p]iod 0 *>act]iz$ by ! /udy & classification ( ! practical que/ions ( language & v]sification2 & 9 ?is labor x 0 coop]at+ ) ! v t5d5cies :i* ,as*am _h be5 attempt+ to c\nt]act4 ,! /udy ( ! v]se-=ms introduc$ into ,engl& f ,italy help$ mat]ially to p]fect ! ext]nal side ( ,engli% poetry2 & a simil> result 0 obta9$ by ! crude attempts at quantitative v]se sugge/$ by ! s*ool ( ,tolomei4 ,! ,italian prosodi/s 7 ?us1 directly or indirectly1 ! ma/]s ( ! ,engli% /ud5ts ( ?is era4 ,! repres5tative "w ( ! ?ird /age--! p]iod ( philosophical & apologetic criticism--is ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #aeie1 ?\gh probably writt5 ab\t #aehc4 ,h>+ton's ,apologie ( ,poetrie1 ,daniel's ,def5ce ( ,ryme1 & a few o!rs1 are also contempor>y treatises4 ,^! works1 z _! titles indicate1 are all def5ces or apologies1 & 7 call$ =? by ! attacks ( ! ,puritans on poetry1 especially dramatic poetry1 & ! attacks ( ! classici/s on ,engli% v]sification & rhyme4 ,requir$ by ! exig5cies ( ! mom5t to def5d poetry 9 g5]al1 ^! au?ors did n attempt to d s on local or tempor>y gr\nds1 b set out to exam9e ! fundam5tal gr\nds ( criticism1 & to =mulate ! basic pr9ciples ( poetry4 ,9 ?is attempt !y consci\sly or unconsci\sly s\ght aid f ! critics ( ,italy1 & ?us comm5c$ 9 ,engl& ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian !ory ( poetry4 ,h[ great 0 _! indebt$ness to ! ,italians ! c\rse ( ! pres5t /udy w make some:at cle>2 b x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ?is indebt$ness has nev] be5 po9t$ out be=e4 ,speak+ ( ,sidney's ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,engli% au?orities on ! ,r5aissance says3 ,mu* z ! ,italians _h rec5tly writt5 ^u ! !ory ( poetry1 ,i d n rememb] any treatise :i* c be said to h suppli$ ! mat]ial or sugge/$ ! me?od ( ?is apology4#ddj ,on ! contr>y1 ! doctr9es discuss$ by ,sidney _h be5 receiv+ v simil> treatm5t f ! ,italians = ov] half a c5tury2 & x c be said )\t exagg]ation t !re is n an ess5tial pr9ciple 9 ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy :i* _c be trac$ back to "s ,italian treatise on ! poetic art4 ,! age ( :i* ,sidney is ! *ief repres5tative is !re=e ! fir/ p]iod ( ! influ5ce ( ,italian critics4 ,! f\r? /age ( ,engli% criticism1 ( :i* ,b5 ,jonson is1 z x 71 ! presid+ g5ius1 occupies ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! p]iod t prec$$ x 0 9 g5]al romantic 9 its t5d5cies2 t ( ,jonson lean$ t[>d a /rict ?\gh nev] s]vile classicism4 ,sidney's contempor>ies _h /udi$ ! g5]al !ory ( poetry1 n = ! purpose ( enunciat+ rules or dogmas ( criticism1 b *iefly 9 ord] to def5d ! poetic art1 & to und]/& its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,! _s ( ! age 0 ! _s1 let u say1 ( ,fraca/oro2 t ( ,jonson 01 9 a mod]ate =m1 ! _s ( ,scalig] or ,ca/elvetro4 ,) ,jonson ! /udy ( ! art ( poetry became an insep>able guide to creation2 & x is ?is elem5t ( self-consci\s art1 guid$ by ! rules ( criticism1 :i* di/+ui%es him f 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! age :i* he repres5ts is !re=e ! second p]iod ( ! influ5ce ( ,italian criticism2 & ! same influ5ce also is to be se5 9 su* critical poems z ,suckl+'s ,session ( ! ,poets1 & ! ,great ,assises hold5 9 ,p>nassus1 ascrib$ to ,)]1 bo? ( :i* may be trac$ back to ! class ( critical poetry ( :i* ,boccal9i's ,ragguagli di ,p>naso is ! type4#dda ,! fif? p]iod1 :i* cov]s ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is *>act]iz$ by ! introduction ( ,fr5* influ5ce1 & beg9s ) ,dav5ant's lett] to ,hobbes1 & ,hobbes's answ]1 bo? prefix$ to ! epic ( ,gondib]t 7#afea74 ,^! lett]s1 writt5 :ile ,dav5ant & ,hobbes 7 at ,p>is1 display _m ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! new influ5ce1--! rationali/ic _s1 ! /r+5t classicism1 ! re/riction ( art to ! imitation ( nature1 ) ! fur!r limitation ( nature to ! life ( ! city & ! c\rt1 & ! conf9em5t ( ! imag9ation to :at is call$ wit4 ,?is specializ$ s5se ( ! ^w wit is *>act]i/ic ( ! new age1 ( :i* ,dryd51 9 "p ! disciple ( ,dav5ant1 is ! lead+ figure4 ,! ,elizabe?ans us$ ! t]m 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! und]/&+1--wit1 ! m5tal faculty1 z oppos$ to w1 ! faculty ( volition4 ,) ! neo-classici/s x 0 us$ sometimes to repres5t1 9 a limit$ s5se1 ! imag9ation1#ddb m (t51 h[ev]1 to designate :at we %\ld call fancy1#ddc or ev5 m]e propriety ( poetic expression2#ddd b :atev] its p>ticul> use1 x 0 always reg>d$ z ( ! ess5ce ( poetic art4 ,) ! fif? /age ( ,engli% criticism ?is essay is n conc]n$4 ,! hi/ory ( lit]>y criticism 9 ,engl& w be trac$ no f>!r ?an #afej1 :5 ! influ5ce ( ,france 0 sub/itut$ = t ( ,italy4 ,?is section deals especially ) ! two great p]iods ( ,italian influ5ce1--t ( ,sidney & t ( ,b5 ,jonson4 ,^! two m5 are ! c5tral figures1 & _! names1 l ^? ( ,dryd51 ,pope1 & ,samuel ,johnson1 repres5t di/9ct & important epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]>y criticism4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #dcg ,cf4 ,mod4 ,lang4 ,notes1 #ahih1 xiii4 #bic4 #dch ,cf4 ,as*am1 ,works1 ii4 #agd-aia4 #dci ,! ,reulis & ,cautelis ( ,scottis ,poesie by ,james ,,vi4 ( ,scotl& is :olly bas$ on ,gascoigne's treatise4 #ddj ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 p4 #aeg4 ,cf4 also1 ,sidney1 ,def5ce1 ,cook's introduction1 p4 xxvii4 #dda ,cf4 ,f(fano1 p4 #agc sq4 ,9 ,spa91 ,lope de ,vega's ,laurel de ,apolo & ,c]vantes' ,viage del ,p>naso belong to ! same class ( poems4 #ddb ,cf4 ,dryd51 d$4 epi/4 to ! ,annus ,mirabilis4 #ddc ,addison1 ,spectator1 no4 #fb4 #ddd ,dryd51 preface to ! ,/ate ( ,innoc5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,g5]al ,,!ory ,,( ,,poetry ,,9 ,,! ,,elizabe?an ,,age ,,^? :o h "s acqua9tance1 h[ev] sup]ficial1 ) ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance w f9d an acc\nt ( ! ,elizabe?an !ory ( poetry a twice-told tale4 ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,france1 criticism dur+ ?is p]iod 0 ( a m practical "* ?an 9 ,italy2 b ev5 = ! te*nical que/ions discuss$ by ! ,elizabe?ans1 "s prototype1 or at lea/ "s equival5t1 may be f\nd among ! ,italians4 ,! fir/ f\r /ages ( ,engli% criticism h !re=e little novelty or orig9al value2 & _! /udy is *iefly important z evid5ce ( ! gradual application ( ! ideas ( ! ,r5aissance to ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! writ]s ( ! fir/ /age1 z might be expect$1 conc]n$ !mselves b little ) ! !ory ( poetry1 beyond repeat+ "h & !re ! commonplaces !y f\nd 9 ! ,italian rhetoricians4 ,yet x is int]e/+ to note t z e>ly z #aeec1 ,wilson1 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,rhetoric1 gives expression to ! allegorical conception ( poetry :i* 9 ,italy _h held sway f ! "t ( ,petr>* & ,boccaccio1 & :i*1 m ?an any?+ else1 color$ critical !ory 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&4 ,! anci5t poets1 accord+ to ,wilson1 did n sp5d _! "t inv5t+ mean+less fables1 b us$ ! /ory m]ely z a framework = cont5ts ( e?ical1 philosophic1 sci5tific1 or hi/orical import2 ! trials ( ,ulysses1 = example1 7 int5d$ to furni% a lively picture ( man's mis]y 9 ?is life4 ,! poets are1 9 fact1 wise m51 spiritual legislators1 re=m]s1 :o h at he>t ! r$ress+ ( wrongs2 & 9 accompli%+ ?is end1--ei!r because !y fe> to rebuke ^! wrongs op5ly1 or because !y d\bt ! exp$i5cy or efficacy ( su* frankness ) ignorant p1--!y hide _! true mean+ "u ! veil ( pleasant fables4 ,?is !ory ( poetic art1 "o ( ! commonplaces ( ! age1 may be describ$ z ! great legacy ( ! ,middle ,ages to ,r5aissance criticism4 ,! writ]s ( ! second /age 71 9 _m cases1 too busy ) que/ions ( v]sification & o!r practical matt]s to f9d "t = ab/ract !oriz+ on ! art ( poetry4 ,a long p]iod ( rhetorical & metrical /udy _h help$ to =mulate a rhetorical & te*nical conception ( ! poet's function1 aptly exemplifi$ 9 ! sonnet describ+ ! p]fect poet prefix$ to ,k+ ,james's brief treatise on ,scot* poetry4#dde ,! m>ks ( a p]fect poet are !re giv5 z skilfulness 9 ! rhetorical figures1 quick wit1 z %[n 9 ! use ( apt & pi?y words1 & a good memory2--a m]ely ext]nal view ( ! poet's gifts1 :i* takes no acc\nt ( su* ess5tials z imag9ation1 s5sibility1 & k ( nature & human life4 ,webbe's ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie 7#aehf7 gives expression to a conception ( ! object ( poetry :i* is ! logical consequ5ce ( ! allegorical !ory1 & :i* 0 !re=e almo/ univ]sally accept$ by ,r5aissance writ]s4 ,! poet tea*es by means ( ! allegorical tru? hidd5 "u ! pleas+ fables he inv5ts2 b 8 fir/ object mu/ be to make ^! fables really pleas+1 or ! read] is det]r$ at ! outset f any acqua9tance ) ! poet's works4 ,poetry is !re=e a delightful =m ( in/ruction2 x pleases & pr(its toge!r2 b fir/ ( all x mu/ delight1 = ! v sum & *iefe/ ess5ce ( poetry did always = ! mo/ "p consi/ 9 delight+ ! read]s or he>]s4#ddf ,! poet has ! highe/ welf>e ( man at he>t2 & by 8 sweet allurem5ts to virtue & effective caveats aga9/ vice1 he ga9s 8 end1 n r\ghly or tyrannically1 b1 z x 71 ) a lov+ au?ority4#ddg ,f ! v beg9n+s ( human society poetry has be5 ! means ( civiliz+ m51 ( draw+ !m f b>b>ity to civility & virtue4 ,if x be object$ t ?is art--or r1 f ! div9e orig9 ( its inspiration1 ?is m ?an art--has ev] be5 made ! excuse = ! entic+ expression ( obsc5ity & blasphemy1 ,webbe has ?ree answ]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 poetry is to be moraliz$1 t is1 to be read allegorically4 ,! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid1 = example1 w become1 :5 s und]/ood1 a f\nt ( e?ical tea*+2 & ,h>+ton1 a few ye>s lat]1 actually expla9s 9 detail ! allegorical significance ( ! f\r? book ( t poem4#ddh ,?is 0 a well-e/abli%$ tradition1 & inde$ a favorite occupation1 ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & ! ,ovide ,moralise1 a long poem by ,*reti5 ,le ,g\ais1 writt5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! equally long ,ovidian comm5t>y ( ,pi]re ,b]cuire1 are typical examples ( ?is practice4#ddi ,9 ! second place1 ! picture ( vices to be f\nd 9 poetry is int5d$1 n to entice ! read] to imitate !m1 b r to det] s5sible m5 f do+ likewise by %[+ ! mis=tune t inevitably results f evil4 ,moreov]1 obsc5ity is 9 no way ess5tially connect$ ) poetic art2 x is to ! abuse ( poetry1 & n to poetry itself1 t we mu/ lay all blame = ?is fault4 ,a /ill high] conception ( ! poet's function is to be f\nd 9 ,putt5ham's ,arte ( ,engli% ,poesie 7#aehi74 ,! au?or ( ?is treatise in=ms u t he _h liv$ at ! c\rts ( ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 & knew ! languages ( ^! & o!r l&s2 & ! results ( 8 travels & /udies are suffici5tly %[n 9 8 g5]al !ory ( poetry4 ,8 conception ( ! poet is directly bas$ on t ( ,scalig]4 ,poetry1 9 its highe/ =m1 is an art ( mak+1 or creation2 & 9 ?is s5se ! poet is a creator l ,god1 & =ms a _w out ( no?+4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 poetry is an art ( imitation1 9 t x pres5ts a true & lively picture ( ev]y?+ set be=e x4 ,9 ei!r case1 x c atta9 p]fection only by a div9e in/9ct1 or by a great excell5ce ( nature1 or by va/ obs]vation & exp]i5ce ( ! _w1 or inde$ by all ^! toge!r2 b :atev] ! s\rce ( its inspiration1 x is ev] wor?y ( /udy & praise1 & its creators des]ve preem95ce & dignity above all o!r artific]s1 sci5tific or me*anical4#dej ,! poets 7 ! fir/ prie/s1 prophets1 & legislators ( ! _w1 ! fir/ philosoph]s1 sci5ti/s1 orators1 hi/orians1 & musicians4 ,!y h be5 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem by ! greate/ m5 f ! v fir/2 & ! nobility1 antiquity1 & univ]sality ( _! art prove its preem95ce & wor?4 ,) su* a hi/ory & su* a nature1 x is sacrilege to debase poetry1 or to employ x ^u any unwor?y subject or = ignoble purpose4 ,its *ief !mes %\ld !re=e be su* z ^!3 ! honor & glory ( ! gods1 ! wor?y de$s ( noble pr9ces & great w>riors1 ! praise ( virtue & ! repro( ( vice1 in/ruction 9 moral doctr9e or sci5tific k1 & f9ally1 ! common solace ( mank9d 9 all ! travails & c>es ( ?is transitory life1 or ev5 = m]e recreation alone4#dea ,?is is ! sum ( poetic !oriz+ dur+ ! second /age ( ,engli% criticism4 ,yet x 0 at ?is v "t t ! ?ird1 or apologetic1 p]iod 0 prep>$ = by ! attacks :i* ! ,puritans direct$ aga9/ poetry1 & especially ! drama4 ,( ^! attacks1 ,gosson's1 z ! mo/ celebrat$1 may be tak5 z ! type4 ,und]ly+ ! rant & exagg]at$ vitup]ation ( 8 ,s*oole ( ,abuse 7#aegi71 !re is a basis ( "r pr9ciples1 & "s evid5ce at lea/ ( a _s n :olly vulg>4 ,he 0 a moral re=m]1 an ideali/1 :o look$ back ) regret t[>d ! old discipl9e ( ,engl&1 & contra/$ x ) ! _s ( 8 own day1 :5 ,engli%m5 seem$ to h robb$ ,greece ( gluttony1 ,italy ( wantonness1 ,spa9 ( pride1 ,france ( deceit1 & ,dut*l& ( quaff+4#deb ,! typical evid5ces ( ?is moral degradation & effem9acy he f\nd 9 poetry & ! drama2 & x is to ?is motive t 8 bitt] assault on bo? mu/ be ascrib$4 ,he specifically insi/s t 8 int5tion 0 n to bani% poetry1 or to condemn music1 or to =bid h>mless recreation to mank9d1 b m]ely to *a/ise ! abuse ( all ^!4#dec ,he praises plays :i* possess real moral purpose & effect1 & po9ts out ! true use & ! wor?y subjects ( poetry mu* 9 ! same mann] z ,putt5ham does a few ye>s lat]4#ded ,b he affirms1 z ,plato _h done hundr$s ( ye>s be=e1 & z a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* critic has done only ! o!r day1 t art conta9s )9 itself ! g]m ( its own dis9tegration2 & he %[s t 9 ! ,engli% poetry ( 8 own "t ?is dis9tegration _h already tak5 place4 ,! delights & ornam5ts ( v]se1 int5d$ really to make moral doctr9e m pleas+ & less ab/ruse & ?orny1 _h become1 ) 8 contempor>ies1 m]e allur+ disguises = obsc5ity & blasphemy4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! replies to ,gosson1 ,lodge's ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 ,musick1 & ,/age ,plays1 writt5 be=e ei!r ( ! treatises ( ,webbe & ,putt5ham1 are f\nd ! old pr9ciples ( allegorical & moral int]pretation1--pr9ciples :i* to u may seem well worn1 b :i* to ! ,engli% criticism ( t "t 7 novel en\gh4 ,lodge po9ts out ! efficacy ( poetry z a civiliz+ factor 9 primitive times1 & z a moral ag5cy ev] s9ce4 ,if ! poets h on occasion err$1 s h ! philosoph]s1 ev5 ,plato himself1 & griev\sly4#dee ,poetry is a heav5ly gift1 & is to be contemn$ only :5 abus$ & debas$4 ,lodge did n p]ceive t 8 po9t ( view 0 sub/antially ! same z 8 oppon5t's2 & inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! ,elizabe?an age1 !re 0 ?is simil>ity 9 ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o attack$ & ^? :o def5d$ poetry4 ,bo? sides admitt$ t n poetry1 b its abuse1 is to be disp>ag$2 & !y diff]$ *iefly 9 t "o side insi/$ almo/ entirely on ! ideal p]fection ( ! poetic art1 :ile ! o!r laid /ress on ! debas$ /ate into :i* x _h fall54 ,a dual po9t ( view 0 attempt$ 9 a "w1 lic5s$ 9 ,janu>y1 #afjj1 :i* pret5d$ to be a comm5dation ( true poetry1 & a discomm5dation ( all bawdy1 ribald1 & paganiz$ poets4#def ,?is ,puritan movem5t aga9/ ! paganization ( poetry corresponds to ! simil> movem5t />t$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! !ory ( poetry dur+ ! second /age ( ,engli% criticism 0 9 ! ma9 ,horatian1 ) su* additions & modifications z ! e>ly ,r5aissance _h d]iv$ f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,ari/otelian canons _h n yet become a "p ( ,engli% criticism4 ,webbe alludes to ,ari/otle's dictum t ,emp$ocles1 hav+ naught b metre 9 common ) ,hom]1 0 9 reality a natural philosoph] r ?an a poet2#deg b all su* allusions to ,ari/otle's ,poetics 7 m]ely incid5tal & sporadic4 ,! introduction ( ,ari/otelianism into ,engl& 0 ! direct result ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian critics2 & ! ag5t 9 br++ ?is new influ5ce into ,engli% lett]s 0 ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,8 ,def5ce ( ,poesy is a v]itable epitome ( ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance2 & s ?or\ghly is x imbu$ ) ?is _s1 t no o!r "w1 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 or ,engli%1 c be said to give s complete & s noble a conception ( ! temp] & ! pr9ciples ( ,r5aissance criticism4 ,= ! g5]al !ory ( poetry1 its s\rces 7 ! critical treatises ( ,m9turno#deh & ,scalig]4#dei ,yet )\t any decid$ novelty ( ideas1 or ev5 ( expression1 x c lay claim to di/9ct orig9ality 9 its unity ( feel+1 its ideal & noble temp]1 & its adaptation to circum/ance4 ,its eloqu5ce & dignity w h>dly appe> 9 a m]e analysis1 :i* pret5ds to give only ! m important & fundam5tal ( its pr9ciples2 b su* a summ>y--& ?is is q z important--w at lea/ indicate ! ext5t ( its indebt$ness to ,italian criticism4 ,9 all t relates to ! antiquity1 univ]sality1 & preem95ce ( poetry1 ,sidney app>5tly foll[s ,m9turno4 ,poetry1 z ! fir/ light-giv] to ignorance1 fl\ri%$ be=e any o!r art or sci5ce4 ,! fir/ philosoph]s & hi/orians 7 poets2 & su* supreme works z ! ,psalms ( ,david & ! ,dialogues ( ,plato are 9 reality poetical4 ,among ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 ! poet 0 reg>d$ z a sage or prophet2 & no nation1 h[ev] primitive or b>b>\s1 has be5 )\t poets1 or has fail$ to receive delight & in/ruction f poetry4#dfj ,b be=e proce$+ to def5d an art s anci5t & univ]sal1 x is necess>y to def9e x2 & ! def9ition :i* ,sidney gives agrees sub/antially ) :at might be designat$ ,r5aissance ,ari/otelianism4 ,poetry1 says ,sidney1#dfa is an art ( imitation1 = s ,ari/otle t]me? x 9 8 ^w ,greek3 mimesis1 t is to say1 a repres5t+1 c\nt]feit+1 or figur+ =?2 to speak metaphorically1 a speak+ picture1#dfb ) ?is end1--to tea* & delight4#dfc ,poetry is1 accord+ly1 an art ( imitation1 & n m]ely ! art ( v]sify+2 = al?\gh mo/ poets h se5 fit to app>el _! poetic inv5tions 9 v]se1 v]se is b ! raim5t & ornam5t ( poetry1 & n "o ( its causes or ess5tials4#dfd ,"o may be a poet )\t v]s+1 says ,sidney1 & a v]sifi] )\t poetry4#dfe ,spee* & reason are ! di/+ui%+ features betwe5 man & brute2 & :atev] helps to p]fect & poli% spee* des]ves high comm5dation4 ,besides its mnemonic value1 v]se is ! mo/ fitt+ raim5t ( poetry because x is mo/ dignifi$ & compact1 n colloquial & slip%od4 ,b ) all its m]its1 x is n an ess5tial ( poetry1 ( :i* ! true te/ is ?is1--feign+ notable images ( vices & virtues1 & tea*+ delightfully4 ,9 reg>d to ! object1 or function1 ( poetry1 ,sidney is at "o ) ,scalig]4 ,! aim ( poetry is accompli%$ by tea*+ mo/ delightfully a notable morality2 or1 9 a ^w1 by delightful in/ruction4#dff ,n in/ruction alone1 or delight alone1 z ,horace _h said1 b in/ruction made delightful2 & x is ?is dual function :i* s]ves n only z ! end b z ! v te/ ( poetry4 ,! object ( all arts & sci5ces is to lift human life to ! highe/ altitudes ( p]fection2 & 9 ?is respect !y are all s]vants ( ! sov]eign1 or ar*itectonic1 sci5ce1 ^: end is well-do+ & n well-kn[+ only4#dfg ,virtu\s action is !re=e ! end ( all le>n+2#dfh & ,sidney sets out to prove t ! poet1 m ?an any "o else1 conduces to ?is end4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! apologetic side ( ,sidney's argum5t4 ,! anci5t controv]sy--anci5t ev5 9 ,plato's days--betwe5 poetry & philosophy is once m reop5$2 & ! "q is ! "o s (t5 debat$ by ! ,italians1--%all ! palm be giv5 to ! poet1 to ! philosoph]1 or to ! hi/orian8 ,! gi/ ( ,sidney's argum5t is t :ile ! philosoph] tea*es by precept alone1 & ! hi/orian by example alone1 ! poet conduces mo/ to virtue because he employs bo? precept & example4 ,! philosoph] tea*es virtue by %[+ :at virtue is & :at vice is1 by sett+ d[n1 9 ?orny argum5t1 & )\t cl>ity or beauty ( /yle1 ! b>e rule4#dfi ,! hi/orian tea*es virtue by %[+ ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ ages2 b1 be+ ti$ d[n to :at actually happ5$1 t is1 to ! p>ticul> tru? ( ?+s & n to g5]al reason1 ! example he depicts draws no necess>y consequ5ce4 ,! poet alone accompli%es ?is dual task4 ,:at ! philosoph] says %\ld be done is by ! poet pictur$ mo/ p]fectly 9 "s "o by :om x has be5 done1 ?us c\pl+ ! g5]al notion ) ! p>ticul> in/ance4 ,! philosoph]1 moreov]1 tea*es ! le>n$ only2 ! poet tea*es all1 & is1 9 ,plut>*'s phrase1 ! "r popul> philosoph]1#dgj = he seems only to promise delight1 & moves m5 to virtue unaw>es4 ,b ev5 if ! philosoph] excel ! poet 9 tea*+1 he _c move 8 read]s z ! poet c1 & ?is is ( high] importance ?an tea*+2 = :at is ! use ( tea*+ virtue if ! pupil is n mov$ to act & accompli% :at he is taught8#dga ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hi/orian deals ) p>ticul> in/ances1 ) vices & virtues s comm+l$ t ! read] c f9d no patt]n to imitate4 ,! poet makes hi/ory reasonable2 he gives p]fect examples ( vices & virtues = human imitation2 he makes virtue succe$ & vice fail1 z hi/ory c b seldom d4 ,poetry1 !re=e1 conduces to virtue1 ! end ( all le>n+1 bett] ?an any o!r art or sci5ce1 & s des]ves ! palm z ! highe/ & ! noble/ =m ( human wisdom4#dgb ,! basis ( ,sidney's di/9ction betwe5 ! poet & ! hi/orian is ! fam\s passage 9 :i* ,ari/otle expla9s :y poetry is m philosophic & ( m s]i\s value ?an hi/ory4#dgc ,! poet deals1 n ) ! p>ticul>1 b ) ! univ]sal1--) :at might or %\ld be1 n ) :at is or has be54 ,b ,sidney1 9 ! ass]tion ( ?is pr9ciple1 foll[s ,m9turno#dgd & ,scalig]1#dge & goes f>!r ?an ,ari/otle w\ld probably h gone4 ,all arts h ! works ( nature z _! pr9cipal object1 & foll[ nature z actors foll[ ! l9es ( _! play4 ,only ! poet is n ti$ to su* subjects1 b creates ano!r nature bett] ?an ev] nature itself br\ght =?4 ,=1 go+ h& 9 h& ) nature1 & be+ enclos$ n )9 h] limits1 b only by ! zodiac ( 8 own imag9ation1 he creates a gold5 _w = nature's braz52 & 9 ?is s5se he may be comp>$ z a creator ) ,god4#dgf ,:]e %all y f9d 9 life su* a fri5d z ,pylades1 su* a h]o z ,orl&o1 su* an excell5t man z ,a,eneas8 ,sidney !n proce$s to answ] ! v>i\s objections t h be5 made aga9/ poetry4 ,^! objections1 p>tly foll[+ ,gosson & ,cornelius ,agrippa1#dgg & p>tly 8 own incl9ations1 he r$uces to f\r4#dgh ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is object$ t a man might sp5d 8 "t m pr(itably ?an by read+ ! figm5ts ( poets4 ,b s9ce tea*+ virtue is ! real aim ( all le>n+1 & s9ce poetry has be5 %[n to accompli% ?is bett] ?an all o!r arts or sci5ces1 ?is objection is easily answ]$4 ,9 ! second place1 poetry has be5 call$ ! "m ( lies2 b ,sidney %[s t x is less likely to mis/ate facts ?an o!r sci5ces1 = ! poet does n publi% 8 figm5ts z facts1 &1 s9ce he affirms no?+1 _c ev] be said to lie4#dgi ,?irdly1 poetry has be5 call$ ! nurse ( abuse1 t is to say1 poetry misuses & debases ! m9d ( man by turn+ x to wantonness & by mak+ x unm>tial & effem9ate4 ,b ,sidney argues t x is man's wit t abuses poetry1 & n poetry t abuses man's wit2 & z to mak+ m5 effem9ate1 ?is *>ge applies to all o!r sci5ces m ?an to poetry1 :i* 9 its description ( battles & praise ( valiant m5 notably /irs c\rage & en?usiasm4 ,la/ly1 x is po9t$ out by ! enemies ( poetry t ,plato1 "o ( ! greate/ ( philosoph]s1 bani%$ poets f 8 ideal commonweal?4 ,b ,plato's ,dialogues are 9 reality !mselves a =m ( poetry2 & x argues +ratitude 9 ! mo/ poetical ( philosoph]s1 t he %\ld defile ! f\nta9 :i* 0 8 s\rce4#dhj ,yet ?\gh ,sidney p]ceives h[ fundam5tal are ,plato's objections to poetry1 he is incl9$ to believe t x 0 r aga9/ ! abuse ( poetry by ! contempor>y ,greek poets t ,plato 0 *iefly cavill+2 = poets are prais$ 9 ! ,ion1 & ! greate/ m5 ( e age h be5 patrons & lov]s ( poetry4 ,9 ! doz5 ye>s or s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! composition & ! publication ( ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 dur+ :i* "t x seems to h circulat$ 9 manuscript1 a numb] ( critical works appe>$1 & ! indebt$ness ( sev]al ( !m to ,sidney's book is consid]able4 ,?is is especially s ( ! ,apologie ( ,poetrie :i* ,sir ,john ,h>+ton prefix$ to 8 translation ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso 9 #aeia4 ,?is brief treatise includes an apology = poetry 9 g5]al1 = ! ,orl&o ,furioso 9 p>ticul>1 & also = 8 own translation4 ,! fir/ section1 :i* alone conc]ns u "h1 is almo/ entirely bas$ on ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( poetry are imitation1 or fiction1 & v]se4#dha ,h>+ton disclaims all int5tion ( discuss+ :e!r writ]s ( fiction & dialogue 9 prose1 su* z ,plato & ,x5ophon1 are poets or n1 or :e!r ,lucan1 ?\gh writ+ 9 v]se1 is to be reg>d$ z an hi/oriograph] r ?an z a poet2#dhb s t 8 argum5t is conf9$ to ! elem5t ( imitation1 or fiction4 ,he treats poetry r z a propa$eutic to !ology & moral philosophy ?an z "o ( ! f9e arts4 ,all human le>n+ may be reg>d$ by ! or?odox ,*ri/ian z va9 & sup]flu\s2 b poetry is "o ( ! mo/ effective aids to ! high] le>n+ ( ,god's div9ity1 & poets !mselves are really popul> philosoph]s & popul> div9es4 ,h>+ton !n takes up1 "o by "o1 ! f\r specific *>ges ( ,cornelius ,agrippa1 t poetry is a nurse ( lies1 a pleas] ( fools1 a bre$] ( dang]\s errors1 & an entic] to wantonness2 & answ]s !m aft] ! mann] ( ,sidney4 ,he diff]s f ,sidney1 h[ev]1 9 lay+ p>ticul> /ress on ! allegorical int]pretation ( imag9ative lit]ature4 ,?is elem5t is m9imiz$ 9 ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy2 b ,h>+ton accepts1 & discusses 9 detail1 ! m$iaeval conception ( ! ?ree mean+s ( poetry1 ! lit]al1 ! moral1 & ! allegorical4#dhc ,! dea?-knell ( ?is mode ( int]pret+ lit]ature 0 s\nd$ by ,bacon1 :o1 :ile n ass]t+ t all ! fables ( poets are b mean+less fictions1 decl>$ )\t hesitation t ! fable _h be5 m (t5 writt5 fir/ & ! exposition devis$ aft]w>d1 ?an ! moral fir/ conceiv$ & ! fable m]ely fram$ to give expression to x4#dhd ,?is passage occurs 9 ! second book ( ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afje71 :]e ,bacon has briefly /at$ 8 !ory ( poetry4 ,8 po9t ( view does n diff] ess5tially f t ( ,sidney1 ?\gh ! expression is m compact & logical4 ,! human und]/&+1 accord+ to ,bacon1 includes ! ?ree faculties ( memory1 imag9ation1 & reason1 & ea* ( ^! faculties f9ds typical expression 9 "o ( ! ?ree great bran*es ( le>n+1 memory 9 hi/ory1 reason 9 philosophy1 & imag9ation 9 poetry4#dhe ,! imag9ation1 n be+ ti$ to ! laws ( matt]1 may jo9 :at nature has sev]$ & sev] :at nature has jo9$2 & poetry1 !re=e1 :ile re/ra9$ 9 ! measure ( words1 is 9 all ?+s else extremely lic5s$4 ,x may be def9$ z feign$ hi/ory1 & 9 s f> z its =m is conc]n$1 may be ei!r 9 prose or 9 v]se4 ,its s\rce is to be f\nd 9 ! dissatisfaction ( ! human m9d ) ! actual _w2 & its purpose is to satisfy man's natural long+ = m p]fect greatness1 goodness1 & v>iety ?an c be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,poetry !re=e inv5ts actions & incid5ts great] & m h]oic ?an ^? ( nature1 & h5ce conduces to magnanimity2 x inv5ts actions m agreeable to ! m]its ( virtue & vice1 m j 9 retribution1 m 9 accordance ) reveal$ provid5ce1 & h5ce conduces to morality2 x inv5ts actions m v>i$ & unexpect$1 & h5ce conduces to delectation4 ,& !re=e x 0 ev] ?\ght to h "s p>ticipation ( div95ess1 because x do? raise ! m9d1 by submitt+ ! %[s ( ?+s to ! desires ( ! m9d2 :]eas reason do? buckle & b[ ! m9d unto ! nature ( ?+s4#dhf ,= ! expression ( affections1 passions1 corruptions1 & cu/oms1 ! _w is m indebt$ to poets ?an to ! works ( philosoph]s1 & = wit & eloqu5ce no less ?an to orators & _! orations4 ,x is = ^! reasons t 9 rude times1 :5 all o!r le>n+ 0 exclud$1 poetry alone f\nd access & admiration4 ,?is is pure idealism ( a romantic type2 b 9 8 rem>ks on allegory ,bacon 0 =e%ad[+ ! developm5t ( classicism1 = f ! "t ( ,b5 ,jonson ! allegorical mode ( int]pret+ poetry ceas$ to h any effect on lit]>y criticism4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,! allegorical critics reg>d$ ! plot1 or fable1--to use a simile s (t5 f\nd 9 ,r5aissance criticism--z a m]e sweet & pleasant cov]+ = ! :olesome b bitt] pill ( moral doctr9e4 ,! neo-classici/s1 limit+ ! s5se & application ( ,ari/otle's def9ition ( poetry z an imitation ( life1 reg>d$ ! fable z ! m$ium ( ?is imitation1 & ! m p]fect accord+ z x became m truly & m m9utely an image ( human life4 ,9 criticism1 !re=e1 ! gr[? ( classicism is m or less coext5sive ) ! gr[? ( ! conception ( ! fable1 or plot1 z an end 9 itself4 ,?is vaguely def9es ! *ange :i* comes ov] ! _s ( criticism ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,b5 ,jonson4 ,8 def9ition ( poetry does n diff] sub/antially f t ( ,sidney1 b seems m directly ,ari/otelian3-- ,a poet1 poeta1 is 444 a mak]1 or feign]2 8 art1 an art ( imitation or feign+2 express+ ! life ( m5 9 fit measure1 numb]s1 & h>mony2 accord+ to ,ari/otle f ! ^w ,greek3 poie91 :i* signifies to make or feign4 ,h5ce he is call$ a poet1 n he :i* write? 9 measure only1 b t feigne? & =me? a fable1 & writes ?+s l ! tru?2 = ! fable & fiction is1 z x 71 ! =m & s\l ( any poetical "w or poem4#dhg ,poetry & pa9t+ agree 9 t bo? are arts ( imitation1 bo? accommodate all !y inv5t to ! use & s]vice ( nature1 & bo? h z _! common object pr(it & pleasure2 b poetry is a high] =m ( art ?an pa9t+1 s9ce x appeals to ! und]/&+1 :ile pa9t+ appeals prim>ily to ! s5ses4#dhh ,jonson's conception ( 8 art is ?us ess5tially noble2 ( all arts x ranks highe/ 9 dignity & e?ical importance4 ,x conta9s all t is be/ 9 philosophy1 div9ity1 & ! sci5ce ( politics1 & leads & p]suades m5 to virtue ) a ravi%+ delight1 :ile ! o!rs b ?reat5 & compel4#dhi ,x !re=e (f]s to mank9d a c]ta9 rule & patt]n ( liv+ well & happily 9 human society4 ,?is conception ( poetry ,jonson f9ds 9 ,ari/otle2#dij b x is to ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance1 & n to ! ,/agyrite1 t ^! doctr9es really belong4 ,jonson ascribes to ! poet himself a dignity no less ?an t ( 8 craft4 ,m]e excell5ce 9 /yle or v]sification does n make a poet1 b r ! exact k ( vices & virtues1 ) ability to make ! latt] lov$ & ! =m] hat$2#dia & ?is is s f> true1 t to be a good poet x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to be a really good man4#dib ,a simil> doctr9e has already be5 f\nd 9 _m critical writ]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b p]haps ! noble/ expression ( ?is conception ( ! poet's consecrat$ "* & (fice occurs 9 ! orig9al qu>to edition ( ,jonson's ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 9 :i* ! rev]5d "n ( poet is ?us exalt$3-- ,i c refell op9ion1 & approve ,! /ate ( poesy1 su* z x is1 ,bless$1 et]nal1 & mo/ true div9e3 ,inde$1 if y w look on poesy1 ,z %e appe>s 9 _m1 poor & lame1 ,pat*$ up 9 remnants & old worn-out rags1 ,half-/>v$ = want ( h] peculi> food1 ,sacr$ inv5tion2 !n ,i mu/ confirm ,bo? y\r conceit & c5sure ( h] m]it3 ,b view h] 9 h] glori\s ornam5ts1 ,attir$ 9 ! maje/y ( art1 ,set high 9 _s ) ! preci\s ta/e ,( sweet philosophy2 &1 :i* is mo/1 ,cr[n$ ) ! ri* traditions ( a s\l1 ,t hates to h h] dignity prophan$ ,) any reli% ( an e>?ly ?\ght1 ,oh !n h[ pr\d a pres5ce do? %e be>6 ,!n is %e l h]self1 fit to be se5 ,( none b grave & consecrat$ eyes4#dic ,milton also gives expression to ?is consecrat$ conception ( ! poet4 ,poetry is a gift grant$ by ,god only to a few 9 e nation2#did b he :o w\ld p>take ( ! gift ( eloqu5ce mu/ fir/ ( all be virtu\s4#die ,x is impossible = any "o to write well ( laudable ?+s )\t be+ himself a true poem1 )\t hav+ 9 himself ! exp]i5ce & practice ( all t is praisewor?y4#dif ,poets are ! *ampions ( lib]ty & ! /r5u\s enemies ( despotism2#dig & !y h p[] to imbre$ & *]i% 9 a p ! se$s ( virtue & public civility1 to set ! affections 9 "r tune1 & to allay ! p]turbations ( ! m9d4#dih ,poetry1 :i* at its be/ is simple1 s5su\s1 & passionate1 describes ev]y?+ t passes ?r\gh ! bra9 ( man1--all t is holy & sublime 9 religion1 all t 9 virtue is amiable & grave4 ,?us by means ( delight & ! =ce ( example1 ^? :o w\ld o!rwise flee f virtue are taught to love h]4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #dde ,haslewood1 ii4 #ajc4 #ddf ,haslewood1 ii4 #bh4 #ddg ,ibid4 ii4 #db4 #ddh ,haslewood1 ii4 #abh4 #ddi ,hi/4 ,litt4 de la ,france1 xxix4 #ejb-ebe4 #dej ,putt5ham1 p4 #ai sq4 #dea ,ibid4 p4 #ci4 #deb ,gosson1 p4 #cd4 #dec ,ibid4 p4 #fe4 #ded ,ibid4 pp4 #be1 #dj4 #dee ,lodge1 ,def5ce 7,%akespe>e ,soc4 ,publ471 p4 #f4 #def ,arb]1 ,transcript ( ! ,/at4 ,reg41 iii4 #aed4 #deg ,haslewood1 ii4 #bh4 #deh ,sidney's acqua9tance ) ,m9turno is prov$ beyond d\bt1 ev5 7 su* pro( necess>y1 by ! li/ ( poets 7,def5ce1 pp4 #b1 #c7 :i* he has copi$ f ,m9turno's ,de ,poeta1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 #dei ,scalig]'s ,poetics is specifically m5tion$ & cit$ by ,sidney f\r or five times2 b ^! citations are f> f exhau/+ 8 indebt$ness to ,scalig]4 #dfj ,def5ce1 p4 #b sq42 cf4 ,m9turno1 ,de ,poeta1 pp4 #i1 #ac4 #dfa ,def5ce1 p4 #i4 #dfb ,?is anci5t phrase _h become1 z has be5 se51 a commonplace dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,cf41 e4g41 ,dolce1 ,oss]vationi1 #aefj1 p4 #ahi2 ,vauquel91 ,art ,poet4 i4 #bbf2 ,camo5s1 ,lusiad4 vii4 #gf4 #dfc ,sidney's classification ( poets1 ,def5ce1 p4 #i1 is borr[$ f ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #c4 #dfd ,def5ce1 p4 #aa4 ,cf4 ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 pp4 #bc1 #aij4 #dfe ,def5ce1 p4 #cc4 ,cf4 ,rons>d1 ,oeuvres1 iii4 #ai1 vii4 #caj2 & ,%elley1 ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 p4 #i3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 poets & prose writ]s is a vulg> error4 #dff ,def5ce1 pp4 #dg1 #ea4 ,cf4 ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #a1 & vii4 i4 #b3 ,poetae f9em esse1 doc]e cum delectatione4 #dfg ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 i4 #a2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,(fic4 i4 #g4 #dfh ,?is 0 ! usual attitude ( ! humani/s2 cf4 ,woodw>d1 p4 #ahb sq4 #dfi ,cf4 ,daniello1 p4 #ai2 ,m9turno1 ,de ,poeta1 p4 #ci4 #dgj ,def5ce1 p4 #ah4 #dga ,ibid4 p4 #bb4 ,cf4 ,m9turno1 ,de ,poeta1 p4 #ajf2 ,v>*i1 ,lezzioni1 p4 #egf4 #dgb ,t is1 ! highe/ =m ( human wisdom1 = ,sidney1 z a ,*ri/ian philosoph]1 naturally leaves reveal$ religion out ( ! discussion4 #dgc ,poet4 ix4 #a-d4 #dgd ,de ,poeta1 p4 #hg sq4 #dge ,poet4 i4 #a4 #dgf ,def5ce1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #dgg ,de ,van4 et ,inc]t4 ,sci5t4 cap4 v4 #dgh ,def5ce1 p4 #cd sq4 #dgi ,cf4 ,boccaccio1 ,g54 degli ,dei1 p4 #beg sq42 & ,haslewood1 ii4 #abg4 #dhj ,def5ce1 pp4 #c1 #da2 cf4 ,daniello1 p4 #bb4 #dha ,haslewood1 ii4 #abi4 #dhb ,ibid4 ii4 #abc4 #dhc ,haslewood1 ii4 #abg4 #dhd ,bacon1 ,works1 vi4 #bjd-bjf4 #dhe ,cf4 ,anglia1 #ahii1 xxi4 #bgc4 #dhf ,works1 vi4 #bjc4 #dhg ,discov]ies1 p4 #gc4 ,jonson's di/9ction betwe5 poet 7poeta71 poem 7poema71 & poesy 7poesis71 0 d]iv$ f ,scalig] or ,maggi4 #dhh ,discov]ies1 p4 #di4 #dhi ,ibid4 p4 #cd4 #dij ,ibid4 p4 #gd4 #dia ,ibid4 p4 #cd4 #dib ,works1 i4 #ccc4 #dic ,works1 i4 #ei1 n4 #did ,milton1 ,prose ,works1 ii4 #dgi4 #die ,ibid4 iii4 #ajj4 #dif ,ibid4 iii4 #aah4 #dig ,prose ,works1 i4 #bda4 #dih ,ibid4 ii4 #dgi4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,dramatic ,,& ,,h]oic ,,poetry ,,dramatic criticism 9 ,engl& began ) ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,casual ref]5ces to ! drama c be f\nd 9 critical writ+s ant]ior to ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy2 b to ,sidney belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ =mulat$1 9 a m or less sy/ematic mann]1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( dramatic art4 ,^! pr9ciples1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 are ^? :i*1 = half a c5tury or m1 _h be5 und]go+ discussion & modification 9 ,italy & ,france1 & ( :i* ! ultimate s\rce 0 ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle4 ,dramatic criticism 9 ,engl& 0 ?us1 f its v bir?1 bo? ,ari/otelian & classical1 & x rema9$ s = two c5turies4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! ,elizabe?an drama 7 almo/ contempor>y ) ! composition ( ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 & ! decay ( ! drama ) ,jonson's ,discov]ies4 ,yet ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ! romantic drama nev] receiv$ lit]>y exposition4 ,! great ,spani% drama _h its critical *ampions & def5d]s1 ! ,elizabe?an drama _h none4 ,x 01 p]haps1 f\nd to be a simpl] task to e*o ! doctr9es ( o!rs1 ?an to =mulate ! pr9ciples ( a novel dramatic =m4 ,b ! true explanation has already be5 sugge/$4 ,! s\rces ( ! dramatic criticism 7 ! writ+s ( ! ,italian critics1 & ^! 7 entirely classical4 ,9 creative lit]ature1 h[ev]1 ! ,italian ,r5aissance influ5c$ ! ,elizabe?ans almo/ entirely on ! romantic side4 ,?is1 p]haps1 suffices to expla9 ! lack ( fundam5tal coord9ation betwe5 dramatic !ory & dramatic practice dur+ ! sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies4 ,as*am1 writ+ tw5ty ye>s be=e ,sidney1 indicat$ ,ari/otle's precepts & ,euripides' example z ! crit]ia ( dramatic art2#dii & 9 _s ^! rema9$ ! f9al te/s ?r\gh\t ! ,elizabe?an age4 ,i4 ,trag$y ,9 ,webbe's ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie we f9d ^? g5]al di/9ctions betwe5 trag$y & com$y :i* _h be5 common ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages f ! days ( ! po/-classic gramm>ians4 ,trag$ies express sorr[ful & lam5table hi/ories1 deal+ ) gods & goddesses1 k+s & que5s1 & m5 ( high e/ate1 & repres5t+ mis]able calamities1 :i* become worse & worse until !y end 9 ! mo/ w(ul plight t c be devis$4 ,com$ies1 on ! o!r h&1 beg9 d\btfully1 become tr\bl$ = a :ile1 b always1 by "s lucky *ance1 end ) ! joy & appeasem5t ( all conc]n$4#ejj ,?is di/9ction is said to be d]iv$ f imitation ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey2 & 9 ?is1 z well 9 8 fanciful acc\nt ( ! orig9s ( ! drama1 ,webbe seems to h _h a vague recollection ( ,ari/otle4 ,putt5ham's acc\nt ( dramatic developm5t is sc>cely m ,ari/otelian2#eja yet 9 its g5]al conclusions x agrees ) ^? 9 ! ,poetics4 ,8 conception ( trag$y & com$y is simil> to ,webbe's4 ,com$y expresses ! common behavior & mann] ( life ( private p]sons1 & su* z are ( ! mean] sort ( m54#ejb ,trag$y deals ) ! doleful falls ( un=tunate & afflict$ pr9ces1 = ! purpose ( rem9d+ m5 ( ! mutability ( =tune1 & ( ,god's j puni%m5t ( a vici\s life4#ejc ,! ,s5ecan drama & ! ,ari/otelian precepts 7 ! s\rces ( ,sidney's !ory ( trag$y4 ,! oratorical & s5t5ti\s trag$ies ( ,s5eca _h influ5c$ dramatic !ory & practice ?r\gh\t ,europe f ! v outset ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,as*am1 inde$1 pref]r$ ,sophocles & ,euripides to ,s5eca1 & cit$ ,pigna1 ! rival ( ,giraldi ,c9tio1 9 confirmation ( 8 op9ion2#ejd b ?is1 :ile an indication ( ,as*am's own good ta/e1 is an exceptional v]dict1 & 9 direct opposition to ! usual op9ion ( contempor>y critics4 ,sidney1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,engli% drama1 c\ld f9d b "o trag$y modell$ z x %\ld be on ! ,s5ecan drama4#eje ,! trag$y ( ,gorboduc1 h[ev]1 has "o defect t provokes ,sidney's c5sure1--x does n obs]ve ! unities ( "t & place4 ,9 all o!r respects1 x is an ideal model = ,engli% playwrights to imitate4 ,its /ately spee*es & well-s\nd+ phrases approa* almo/ to ! height ( ,s5eca's /yle2 & 9 tea*+ mo/ delightfully a notable morality1 x atta9s ! v end ( poetry4 ,! ideal trag$y--& 9 ?is ,sidney closely foll[s ! ,italians--is an imitation ( a noble action1 9 ! repres5tation ( :i* x /irs admiration & commis]ation1#ejf & tea*es ! unc]ta9ty ( ! _w & ! weak f\ndations ^u :i* gold5 ro(s are built4 ,x makes k+s fe> to be tyrants1 & tyrants manife/ _! tyrannical humors4 ,sidney's c5sure ( ! contempor>y drama is t x outrages ! grave & weighty "* ( trag$y1 its elevat$ /yle1 & ! dignity ( ! p]sonages repres5t$1 by m+l+ k+s & cl[ns1 & introduc+ ! mo/ inappropriate buffoon]y4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "o or two examples ( tragi-com$y 9 anci5t lit]ature1 su* z ,plautus's ,amphitryon2#ejg b nev] d ! anci5ts1 l ! ,engli%1 mat* hornpipes & fun]als4#ejh ,! ,engli% dramas are nei!r true com$ies nor true trag$ies1 & disreg>d bo? ! rules ( poetry & hone/ civility4 ,trag$y is n ti$ to ! laws ( hi/ory1 & may arrange & modify ev5ts z x pleases2 b x is c]ta9ly b\nd by ! rules ( poetry4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 z a ,fr5* writ] has obs]v$1 gives u an almo/ complete !ory ( neo-classic trag$y1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,art ,poetique ( ,boileau3 ! sev]e sep>ation ( poetic =ms1 ! su/a9$ dignity ( language1 ! unities1 ! tirade1 ! recit1 no?+ is lack+4#eji ,b5 ,jonson pays m att5tion to ! !ory ( com$y ?an to t ( trag$y2 b 8 conception ( ! latt] does n diff] f ,sidney's4 ,! p>ts1 or divisions1 ( com$y & trag$y are ! same1 & bo? h on ! :ole a common end1 to tea* & delight2 s t comic z well z tragic poets 7 call$ by ! ,greeks ,greek3 didaskaloi4#eaj ,! ext]nal conditions ( ! drama require t x %\ld h ! equal division into acts & sc5es1 ! true numb] ( actors1 ! *orus1 & ! unities4#eaa ,b ,jonson does n insi/ on ! /rict obs]vance ( ^! =mal requirem5ts1 = ! hi/ory ( ! drama %[s t ea* successive poet ( importance has gradually & mat]ially alt]$ ! dramatic /ructure1 & !re is no reason :y ! mod]n poet may n d likewise4 ,moreov]1 :ile ^! requirem5ts may h be5 regul>ly obs]v$ 9 ! anci5t /ate & spl5dor ( dramatic poetry1 x is impossible to reta9 !m n[ & pres]ve any measure ( popul> delight4 ,! outw>d =ms ( ! anci5ts1 !re=e1 may 9 "p be disreg>d$2 b !re are c]ta9 ess5tials :i* mu/ be obs]v$ by ! tragic poet 9 :atsoev] age he may fl\ri%4 ,^! are1 ,tru? ( argum5t1 dignity ( p]sons1 gravity & height ( elocution1 fulness & frequ5cy ( s5t5ce4#eab ,9 o!r words1 ,jonson's model is ! oratorical & s5t5ti\s trag$y ( ,s5eca1 ) its hi/orical plots & its p]sons ( high e/ate4 ,9 ! address1 ,( t ,sort ( ,dramatic ,poem :i* is call$ ,trag$y1 prefix$ to ,samson ,agoni/es1 ,milton has m9utely adh]$ to ! ,italian !ory ( trag$y4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! anci5t dignity & moral effect ( trag$y1#eac ,milton ackn[l$ges t1 9 ! modell+ ( 8 poem1 he has foll[$ ! anci5ts & ! ,italians z ( greate/ au?ority 9 su* matt]s4 ,he has avoid$ ! introduction ( trivial & vulg> p]sons & ! int]m+l+ ( comic & tragic elem5ts2 he has us$ ! *orus1 & has obs]v$ ! laws ( v]isimilitude & decorum4 ,8 explanation ( ! peculi> effect ( trag$y--! purgation ( pity & fe>--has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is essay4#ead ,,ii4 ,com$y ,! ,elizabe?an !ory ( com$y 0 bas$ on ! body ( rules & obs]vations :i* ! ,italian critics1 aid$ by a few h9ts f ,ari/otle1 _h d$uc$ f ! practice ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be unnecess>y to dwell at any great l5g? on ! doctr9es ( ,sidney & ,b5 ,jonson1 :o are ! ma9 comic !ori/s ( ?is p]iod4 ,sidney def9es com$y z an imitation ( ! common errors ( our life1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ ridicul\s & scornful mann]1 s t ! spectator is anxi\s to avoid su* errors himself4 ,com$y1 !re=e1 %[s ! fil?9ess ( evil1 b only 9 our private & dome/ical matt]s4#eae ,x %\ld aim at be+ :olly delightful1 j z trag$y %\ld be ma9ta9$ by a well-rais$ admiration4 ,delight is ?us ! fir/ requirem5t ( com$y2 b ! ,engli% comic writ]s err 9 ?9k+ t delight _c be obta9$ )\t laught]1 :]eas laught] is nei!r an ess5tial cause nor an ess5tial effect ( delight4 ,sidney !n di/+ui%es delight f laught] almo/ exactly aft] ! mann] ( ,triss9o4#eaf ,! great fault ( ,engli% com$y is t x /irs laught] conc]n+ ?+s t are s9ful1 i4e4 execrable r ?an m]ely ridicul\s--=bidd5 pla9ly1 accord+ to ,sidney1 by ,ari/otle himself--& conc]n+ ?+s t are mis]able1 & r to be piti$ ?an scorn$4 ,com$y %\ld n only produce delightful laught]1 b mix$ ) x t delightful tea*+ :i* is ! end ( all poetry4 ,b5 ,jonson1 l ,sidney1 makes human follies or errors ! !mes ( com$y1 :i* %\ld be an image ( ! times1 ,& sport ) human follies1 n ) crimes1 ,except we make !m su*1 by lov+ /ill ,our popul> errors1 :5 we "k !y're ill2 ,i mean su* errors z y'll all confess ,by laugh+ at !m1 !y des]ve no less4#eag ,9 depict+ ^! human follies1 x is ! (fice ( ! comic poet to imitate ju/ice1 to improve ! moral life & purify language1 & to /ir up g5tle affections4#eah ,! mov+ ( m]e laught] is n always ! end ( com$y2 9 fact1 ,jonson int]prets ,ari/otle z ass]t+ t ! mov+ ( laught] is a fault 9 com$y1 a k9d ( turpitude t depraves a "p ( man's nature4#eai ,?is conclusion is bas$ on an int]pretation ( ,ari/otle :i* has p]si/$ almo/ to ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! ,poetics1 ,greek3 to geloion1 ! ludicr\s1 is said to be ! subject ( com$y2#ebj & _m critics h ?\ght t ,ari/otle int5d$ by ?is to di/+ui% betwe5 ! risible & ! ridicul\s1 betwe5 m]e laught] & laught] mix$ ) contempt or disapprobation4#eba ,! nature & ! s\rce ( "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ,jonson's !ory ( com$y1 8 doctr9e ( hum\rs1 h be5 briefly discuss$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is essay4 ,x w suffice "h to def9e a hum\r z an absorb+ s+ul>ity ( "*1#ebb & to note t x grew out ( ! conception ( decorum :i* play$ s important a "p 9 poetic !ory dur+ ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,,iii4 ,! ,dramatic ,unities ,be=e leav+ ! !ory ( ! drama1 !re is "o fur!r po9t to be discuss$1--! doctr9e ( ! unities4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! unities ( "t & place 71 9 ,italy1 fir/ =mulat$ toge!r by ,ca/elvetro 9 #aegj1 & 9 ,france by ,jean de la ,taille 9 #aegb4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! unities 9 ,engl& is to be f\nd1 a doz5 ye>s lat]1 9 ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 & x _c be d\bt$ t ,sidney d]iv$ !m directly f ,ca/elvetro4 ,sidney1 9 discuss+ ! trag$y ( ,gorboduc1 f9ds x faulty 9 "t & place1 ! two necess>y companions ( all corporal actions2 = :]e ! /age %\ld always repres5t b "o place1 & ! utt]mo/ "t presuppos$ 9 x %\ld be1 bo? by ,ari/otle's precept & common reason1 b "o day1 !re i4e4 9 ,gorboduc is bo? _m days & _m places in>tificially imag9$4#ebc ,he also objects to ! confusions ( ! ,engli% /age1 :]e on "o side ,africa & on ! o!r ,asia may be repres5t$1 & :]e 9 an h\r a y\? may gr[ f boyhood to old age4#ebd ,h[ absurd ?is is1 common s5se1 art1 & anci5t examples ought to tea* ! ,engli% playwright2 & at ?is day1 says ,sidney1 ! ord9>y play]s 9 ,italy w n err 9 x4 ,if inde$ x be object$ t "o or two ( ! com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce d n obs]ve ! unity ( "t1 let u n foll[ !m :5 !y err b :5 !y are "r2 x is no excuse = u to d wrong because ,plautus on "o occasion has done likewise4 ,! law ( ! unities does n receive su* rigid application 9 ,engl& z is giv5 by ,sidney until ! introduction ( ! ,fr5* influ5ce ne>ly ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury lat]4 ,b5 ,jonson is consid]ably less /r+5t 9 ?is respect ?an ,sidney4 ,he lays p>ticul> /ress on ! unity ( action1 & 9 ! ,discov]ies expla9s at l5g? ! ,ari/otelian conception ( ! unity & magnitude ( ! fable4 ,! fable is call$ ! imitation ( "o entire & p]fect action1 ^: p>ts are s jo9$ & knit toge!r1 z no?+ 9 ! /ructure c be *ang$1 or tak5 away1 )\t impair+ or tr\bl+ ! :ole1 ( :i* !re is a proportionable magnitude 9 ! memb]s4#ebe ,simplicity1 !n1 %\ld be "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! action1 & no?+ receives s mu* ( ,jonson's c5sure z mon/r\s & =c$ action4#ebf ,z to ! unity ( "t1 ,jonson says t ! action %\ld be all[$ to gr[ until necessity dem&s a conclusion2 ! argum5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld n exce$ ! compass ( "o day1 b %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ place = digressions & episodes1 :i* are to ! fable :at furniture is to a h\se4#ebg ,jonson does n =mally require ! obs]vance ( ! unity ( place1 & ev5 ackn[l$ges hav+ disreg>d$ x 9 8 own plays2 b he does n favor mu* *ange ( sc5e on ! /age4 ,9 ! prologue ( ,volpone1 he boa/s t he has foll[$ all ! laws ( ref9$ com$y1 ,z be/ critics h design$2 ,! laws ( "t1 place1 p]sons he obs]ve?1 ,f no ne$ful rule he sw]ve?4 ,milton obs]ves ! unity ( "t 9 ! ,samson ,agoni/es3 ,! circumscription ( "t1 :]e9 ! :ole drama beg9s & ends is1 accord+ to anci5t rule & be/ example1 )9 ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,) ! introduction ( ! ,fr5* influ5ce1 ! unities became fix$ requirem5ts ( ! ,engli% drama1 & rema9$ s = ov] a c5tury4 ,sir ,rob]t ,h[>d1 9 ! preface ( 8 trag$y1 ,! ,duke ( ,l]ma1 impugn$ _! =ce & au?ority2 b ,dryd51 9 answ]+ him1 po9t$ out t to attack ! unities is really to cont5d aga9/ ,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,b5 ,jonson1 & ,corneille4#ebh ,f>quh>1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,disc\rse ^u ,com$y 7#agjb71 argu$ ) =ce & wit aga9/ ! unities ( "t & place1 & sc(f$ at all ! legislators ( ,p>nassus1 anci5t & mod]n1--,ari/otle1 ,horace1 ,scalig]1 ,vossius1 ,he9sius1 ,d',aubignac1 & ,rap94 ,,iv4 ,epic ,poetry ,! ,elizabe?an !ory ( h]oic poetry may be dismiss$ briefly4 ,webbe ref]s to ! epic z t pr9cely "p ( poetry1 :]e9 are display$ ! noble acts & valiant exploits ( puissant capta9s1 exp]t soldi]s1 wise m51 ) ! fam\s reports ( anci5t times2#ebi & ,putt5ham def9es h]oic poems z long hi/ories ( ! noble ge/s ( k+s & great pr9ces1 int]m$dl+ ! deal+s ( gods1 demi-gods1 & h]oes1 & weighty consequ5ces ( peace & w>4#ecj ,! importance ( ?is =m ( poetry1 accord+ to ,putt5ham1 is l>gely hi/orical1 9 t x sets =? an example ( ! valor & virtue ( our =efa!rs4#eca ,sidney is sc>cely m explicit4#ecb ,he ass]ts t h]oic poetry is ! be/ & noble/ ( all =ms2 he %[s t su* *>act]s z ,a*illes1 ,a,eneas1 & ,r9aldo are %9+ examples = all m5's imitation2 b ( ! nature or /ructure ( ! epic he says no?+4 ,! second "p ( ,h>+ton's ,apologie ( ,poetrie is giv5 up to a def5ce ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso1 & "h ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( ! epic appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engli% criticism4 ,h>+ton1 tak+ ! ,a,eneid z ! approv$ model ( all h]oic poetry1 fir/ %[s t ,ario/o has foll[$ closely 9 ,virgil's foot/eps1 b is to be pref]r$ ev5 to ,virgil 9 t ! latt] pays rev]5ce to false deities1 :ile ,ario/o has ! advantage ( ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,b s9ce "s critics1 r$uc+ all h]oical poems unto ! me?od ( ,hom] & c]ta9 precepts ( ,ari/otle1 insi/ t ,ario/o is want+ 9 art1 ,h>+ton sets out to prove t ! ,orl&o ,furioso may n only be def5d$ by ! example ( ,hom]1 b t x has ev5 foll[$ v /rictly ! rules & precepts ( ,ari/otle4#ecc ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,ari/otle says t ! epic %\ld be bas$ on "s hi/orical action1 only a %ort "p ( :i*1 9 po9t ( "t1 %\ld be treat$ by ! poet2 s ,ario/o takes ! /ory ( ,*>lemagne1 & does n exce$ a ye> or s 9 ! compass ( ! argum5t4#ecd ,secondly1 ,ari/otle holds t no?+ t is utt]ly incr$ible %\ld be inv5t$ by ! poet2 & no?+ 9 ! ,orl&o exce$s ! possibility ( belief4 ,?irdly1 epics1 z well z trag$ies1 %\ld be full ( ,greek3 p]ipeteia1 :i* ,h>+ton int]prets to mean an agnition ( "s unlook$ = =tune ei!r good or bad1 & a sudd5 *ange !re(2 & ( ?is1 z well z ( apt similitudes & passions well express$1 ! ,orl&o is really full4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be obs]v$ t epic poetry did n receive adequate critical treatm5t 9 ,engl& until aft] ! introduction ( ! ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,! rules & !ories ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 re/at$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,le ,bossu1 ,mambrun1 ,rap91 & ,vossius1 7 ?us br\ght into ,engli% criticism1 & f\nd p]haps _! be/ expression 9 ,addison's essays on ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,su* epics z ,dav5ant's ,gondib]t1 ,*amb]layne's ,ph>onnida1 ,dryd5's ,annus ,mirabilis1 & ,blackmore's ,pr9ce ,ar?ur1 l ! ,fr5* epics ( ! same p]iod1 d\btless ow$ _! inspiration to ! desire to put into practice ! classical rules ( h]oic poetry4#ece ,,foot-,,notes3 #dii ,s*olema/]1 p4 #aci4 #ejj ,haslewood1 ii4 #dj4 #eja ,putt5ham1 p4 #dg sq4 #ejb ,ibid4 p4 #da4 #ejc ,ibid4 p4 #di4 #ejd ,as*am1 ,works1 ii4 #ahi4 #eje ,def5ce1 p4 #dg sq4 #ejf ,def5ce1 p4 #bh4 ,?is is ! ,elizabe?an equival5t = ,ari/otle's ka?>sis ( pity & t]ror4 #ejg ,cf4 ,scalig]1 ,poet4 i4 #g4 #ejh ,def5ce1 p4 #ej4 #eji ,breit+]1 p4 #cg4 #eaj ,discov]ies1 p4 #ha4 #eaa ,works1 i4 #fi4 #eab ,works1 i4 #bgb4 #eac ,cf4 ,bacon1 ,de ,augm4 ,sci5t4 iii4 #ac2 & ,as*am1 ,s*olema/]1 p4 #acj4 #ead ,he seems also to allude to ! !ory ( ka?>sis 9 ! ,reason ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t2 ,prose ,works1 ii4 #dgi4 #eae ,def5ce1 p4 #bh4 #eaf ,ibid4 p4 #ej sq4 ,cf4 ,triss9o1 ,op]e1 ii4 #abg sq42 & ,cic]o1 ,de ,orat4 ii4 #eh sq4 #eag ,works1 i4 #b4 #eah ,ibid4 i4 #cce4 #eai ,discov]ies1 p4 #hb4 #ebj ,poet4 v4 #a4 #eba ,cf4 ,tw9+1 i4 #cbj sq41 & ,kames1 ,elem5ts ( ,criticism1 vol4 i4 *ap4 #g4 #ebb ,cf4 ,jonson1 ,works1 i4 #fg & #ca4 #ebc ,def5ce1 p4 #dh2 cf4 ,ca/elvetro1 ,poetica1 pp4 #afh1 #ecd4 #ebd ,cf4 ,:et/one1 ,promos & ,cass&ra 7#aegh71 cit$ 9 ,w>d1 ,dram4 ,lit4 i4 #aah2 also1 ,jonson1 ,works1 i4 #b1 #gj2 ,c]vantes1 ,don ,quix4 i4 #dh2 ,boileau1 ,art ,poet4 iii4 #ci4 ,9 ! !ory ( ! drama1 ,sidney's po9t ( view co9cides v closely ) t ( ,c]vantes4 #ebe ,discov]ies1 p4 #hc4 #ebf ,works1 i4 #ccg4 #ebg ,discov]ies1 p4 #he4 #ebh ,essay ( ,dram4 ,poesy1 p4 #aah4 #ebi ,haslewood1 ii4 #de4 #ecj ,putt5ham1 p4 #dj4 #eca ,ibid4 p4 #ed4 #ecb ,def5ce1 p4 #cj4 #ecc ,haslewood1 ii4 #adj sq4 #ecd ,cf4 ,m9turno1 ,arte ,poetica1 p4 #ga2 & ,rons>d1 ,oeuvres1 iii4 #ai4 #ece ,cf4 ,dryd51 ,disc\rse on ,satire1 9 ,works1 xiii4 #cg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,classical ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,elizabe?an ,,criticism ,i4 ,introductory3 ,romantic ,elem5ts ,,x 7 no less ?an sup]]ogation to adduce evid5ces ( ! romantic _s ( ! age ( ,%akespe>e4 ,no p]iod 9 ,engli% lit]ature is m di/9ctly romantic2 & al?\gh 9 ,engl& criticism is less affect$ by creative lit]ature1 & has _h less effect ^u x1 ?an 9 ,france1 x is only natural to suppose t ,elizabe?an criticism %\ld be z di/9ctly romantic z ! works ( imag9ation ( :i* x is presumably an exposition4 ,z e>ly z ,wilson's ,rhetoric we f9d evid5ces ( t indep5d5ce ( _s 9 que/ions ( art :i* seems typical ( ! ,elizabe?an age2 & none ( ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod exhibits any?+ l ! pr$isposition ( ! ,fr5* m9d to submit in/9ctively to any rule1 or set ( rules1 :i* be>s ! /amp ( au?ority4 ,f ! outset ! elem5t ( nationality colors ,engli% criticism1 & ?is is especially noticeable 9 ! l+ui/ic discussions ( ! age4 ,at ! v "t :5 ,sidney 0 writ+ ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 ,sp5s]'s old tea*]1 ,mulca/]1 wrote3 ,i love ,rome1 b ,london bett]2 ,i favor ,italy1 b ,engl& m2 ,i honor ! ,lat91 b ,i wor%ip ! ,engli%4#ecf ,x is ?is _s :i* p]vades :at may be call$ ! *ief expression ( ! romantic temp] 9 ,elizabe?an criticism1--,daniel's ,def5ce ( ,rhyme 7#afjc71 writt5 9 answ] to ,campion's attack on rhyme 9 ! ,obs]vations 9 ! ,art ( ,engli% ,poesy4 ,! c5tral argum5t ( ,daniel's def5ce is t ! use ( rhyme is sanction$ bo? by cu/om & by nature--cu/om t is be=e all law1 nature t is above all art4#ecg ,he rebels aga9/ t conception :i* w\ld limit ,)9 a little plot ( ,grecian gr\nd ,! sole ( mortal ?+s t c avail2 & he %[s t ea* age has its own p]fections & its own usages4 ,?is attempt at hi/orical criticism leads him into a def5ce ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & he does n hesitate to ass]t t ev5 classical v]se _h its imp]fections & defici5cies4 ,9 ! m9utiae ( metrical criticism1 also1 he is 9 opposition to ! neo-classic t5d5cies ( ! next age2 & 8 favorable op9ion ( enjambem5t & 8 unfavorable comm5ts on ! h]oic c\plet#ech drew f ,b5 ,jonson an answ]1 nev] publi%$1 9 :i* ! latt] attempt$ to prove t ! c\plet is ! be/ =m ( ,engli% v]se1 & t all o!r =ms are =c$ & dete/able4#eci ,,ii4 ,classical ,metres ,daniel's ,def5ce ( ,rhyme may be said to h dealt a dea?-bl[ to a movem5t :i* = ov] half a c5tury _h be5 a subject ( controv]sy among ,engli% m5 ( lett]s4 ,9 read+ ! critical works ( ?is p]iod1 x is impossible n to notice ! rem>kable am\nt ( att5tion paid by ! ,elizabe?ans to ! "q ( classical metres 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,! fir/ organiz$ attempt to introduce ! classical v]sification into a mod]n language 01 z ,daniel himself po9ts out1#edj t ( ,claudio ,tolomei 9 #aeci4 ,! movem5t !n pass$ into ,france2 & classical metres 7 adopt$ by ,baif 9 practice1 & def5d$ by ,jacques de la ,taille 9 !ory4 ,9 ,engl& ! fir/ record$ attempt at ! use ( quantity 9 ! v]nacul> 0 t ( ,?omas ,watson1 f ^: unpubli%$ translation ( ! ,odyssey 9 ! metre ( ! orig9al ,as*am has cit$ a s+le di/i*3-- ,all travell]s d gladly report great prayse ( ,ulysses1 ,= t he knew _m m5s man]s1 & saw _m cities4#eda ,?is 0 probably writt5 betwe5 #aedj & #aeej2 t[>d ! close ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 we are told1 a c]ta9 ,m\sset _h already translat$ ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey into ,fr5* hexamet]s4 ,as*am 0 ! fir/ critical *ampion ( ! use ( quantity 9 ,engli% v]se4#edb ,rhyme1 he says1 0 introduc$ by ! ,go?s & ,huns at a "t :5 poetry & le>n+ _h ceas$ to exi/ 9 ,europe2 & ,engli%m5 mu/ *oose ei!r to imitate ^! b>b>ians or to foll[ ! p]fect ,grecians4 ,he ackn[l$ges t ! monosyllabic "* ( ! ,engli% language r5d]s ! use ( ! dactyl v difficult1 = ! hexamet] do? r trot & hobble ?an run smoo?ly 9 our ,engli% tongue2 b he argues t ,engli% w receive ! c>m5 iambicum z naturally z ,greek or ,lat94 ,he praises ,surrey's blank v]se r5d]+ ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,a,eneid1 b regrets t1 9 disreg>d+ quantity1 x falls %ort ( ! p]fect & true v]sify+4 ,an attempt to put ,as*am's !ories into practice 0 made by ,?omas ,bl5]hasset 9 #aegg2 b ! v]se ( 8 ,complaynt ( ,cadwallad]1 ?\gh purport+ to be a new k9d ( poetry1 is m]ely an unrhym$ ,alex&r9e4#edc ,9 #aehj1 h[ev]1 five lett]s :i* _h pass$ betwe5 ,sp5s] & ,gabriel ,h>vey appe>$ 9 pr9t z ,?ree prop]1 & wittie1 famili> ,lett]s & ,two o!r v comm5dable ,lett]s2 & f ?is correspond5ce we le>n t an organiz$ movem5t to introduce classical metres into ,engli% _h be5 />t$4 ,x w\ld seem t = sev]al ye>s ,h>vey _h be5 advocat+ ! use ( quantitative v]se to sev]al ( 8 fri5ds2 b ! organiz$ movem5t to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made seems to h be5 />t$ indep5d5tly by ,?omas ,drant1 :o di$ 9 #aegh4 ,drant _h devis$ a set ( rules & precepts = ,engli% classical v]se2 & ^! rules1 ) c]ta9 additions & modifications1 7 adopt$ by a cot]ie ( s*ol>s & c\rti]s1 among !m be+ ,sidney1 ,dy]1 ,greville1 & ,sp5s]1 :o !reupon =m$ a society1 ! ,areopagus1#edd indep5d5t ( ,h>vey1 b correspond+ ) him regul>ly4 ,?is society appe>s to h be5 modell$ on ,baif's ,academie de ,poesie et de ,musique1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #aegj = a simil> purpose1 & :i* ,sidney d\btless became acqua9t$ ) :5 at ,p>is 9 #aegb4 ,f ! correspond5ce publi%$ 9 #aehj1 x becomes evid5t t ,h>vey's & ,drant's sy/ems ( v]sification 7 almo/ antipodal4 ,accord+ to ,drant's sy/em1 ! quantity ( ,engli% words 0 to be regulat$ entirely by ! laws ( ,lat9 prosody1--by position1 diph?ong1 & ! l4 ,?us1 = example1 ! p5ult ( ! ^w c>p5t] 0 reg>d$ z long by ,drant because foll[$ by two consonants4 ,h>vey1 :o 0 unacqua9t$ ) ,drant's rules be=e appris$ ( !m by ,sp5s] 9 ! publi%$ lett]s1 foll[s a m normal & logical sy/em4 ,to him1 acc5t alone is ! be/ ( quantity1 & ! law ( position _c make ! p5ult ( c>p5t] or maje/y long4 ,! ,lat9 is no rule = u1 says ,h>vey2#ede & (t5 :]e position & diph?ong fall toge!r1 z 9 ! p5ult ( m]*aundise1 we mu/ pron\nce ! syllable %ort4 ,9 all su* matt]s1 ! use1 cu/om1 propriety1 or maje/y ( our spee* mu/ be acc\nt$ ! only infallible & sov]eign rule ( rules4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 ,h>vey's purpose to ,lat9ize our tongue4 ,8 int5tion 0 app>5tly tw(old1--to aboli% rhyme1 & to introduce new metres into ,engli% poetry4 ,only a few ye>s be=e1 ,gascoigne _h lam5t$ t ,engli% v]se _h only "o =m ( metre1 ! iambic4#edf ,h>vey1 9 obs]v+ m]ely ! ,engli% acc5t1 c sc>cely be said to h introduc$ quantity into our v]se1 b 0 simply adapt+ new metres1 su* z dactyls1 tro*ees1 & spondees1 to ! requirem5ts ( ,engli% poetry4 ,drant's & ,h>vey's rules !re=e con/itute two oppos+ sy/ems4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 ,engli% v]se is to be regulat$ by ,lat9 prosody reg>dless ( acc5t2 accord+ to ! latt]1 by acc5t reg>dless ( ,lat9 prosody4 ,by nei!r sy/em c quantity be successfully attempt$ 9 ,engli%2 & a di/+ui%$ classical s*ol> ( our own day has indicat$ :at is p]haps ! only me?od by :i* ?is c be accompli%$4#edg ,?is me?od may be describ$ z ! h>moni\s obs]vance ( bo? acc5t & position2 all acc5t$ syllables be+ g5]ally acc\nt$ long1 & no syllable :i* violates ! ,lat9 law ( position be+ us$ :5 a %ort syllable is requir$ by ! scansion4 ,^! ?ree sy/ems1 ) m or less v>iation1 h be5 employ$ ?r\gh\t ,engli% lit]ature4 ,drant's sy/em is foll[$ 9 ! quantitative v]se ( ,sidney & ,sp5s]2 ,h>vey's me?od is t employ$ by ,longfell[ 9 ,evangel9e2 & ,t5nyson's beautiful classical exp]im5ts are practical illu/rations ( ! me?od ( ,pr(essor ,rob9son ,ellis4 ,9 #aehb1 ,ri*>d ,/anyhur/ publi%$ at ,leyd5 a translation ( ! fir/ f\r books ( ! ,a,eneid into ,engli% hexamet]s4 ,f ,as*am he seems to h d]iv$ 8 inspiration1 & f ,h>vey 8 metrical sy/em4 ,l ,h>vey he refuses to be b\nd by ! laws ( ,lat9 prosody1#edh & foll[s ! ,engli% acc5t z mu* z possible4 ,b 9 "o respect 8 translation is unique4 ,h>vey1 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,sp5s]1 _h sugge/$ t ! use ( quantitative v]se 9 ,engli% necessitat$ ! adoption ( a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 spell+2 & ! curi\s or?ography ( ,/anyhur/ 0 app>5tly int5d$ z a s]i\s attempt at phonetic re=m4 ,spell+ re=m _h be5 agitat$ 9 ,france = "s "t2 & 9 ,baif's ,etr5nes de ,poesie francoise 7#aegd71 we f9d ,fr5* quantitative v]se writt5 accord+ to ! phonetic sy/em ( ,ramus4 ,webbe's ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie is really a plea 9 favor ( quantitative v]se4 ,8 sy/em is bas$ prim>ily on ,lat9 prosody1 b reconcil$ ) ,engli% usage4 ,! ,lat9 rules are to be foll[$ :5 ! ,engli% & ,lat9 words agree2 b no ^w is to be us$ t notori\sly impugns ! laws ( ,lat9 prosody1 & ! spell+ ( ,engli% words %\ld1 :5 possible1 be alt]$ to con=m to ! anci5t rules4 ,! difficulty ( obs]v+ ! law ( position 9 ! middle ( ,engli% words may be obviat$ by *ange 9 spell+1 z 9 ! ^w m\rnfully1 :i* %\ld be spell$ m\rnfuly2 b :]e ?is is impossible1 ! law ( position is to be obs]v$1 despite ! ,engli% acc5t1 z 9 royalty4 ,unlike ,as*am1 ,webbe reg>ds ! hexamet] z ! easie/ ( all classical metres to use 9 ,engli%4#edi ,putt5ham is n av]se to ! use ( classical metres1 b z a cons]vative he consid]s all sudd5 innovations dang]\s4#eej ,! sy/em he adopts is n unlike ,h>vey's4 ,sidney's orig9al en?usiasm = quantitative v]se soon abat$2 & 9 ! ,def5ce ( ,poesy he po9ts out t al?\gh ! anci5t v]sification is bett] suit$ to musical accompanim5t ?an ! mod]n1 bo? sy/ems cause delight1 & are !re=e equally effective & valuable2 & ,engli% is m fitt$ ?an any o!r language to use bo?4#eea ,campion1 l ,as*am1 reg>ds ,engli% polysyllables z too heavy to be us$ z dactyls2 s t only tro*aic & iambic v]se c be suitably employ$ 9 ,engli% poetry4#eeb ,he sugge/s eight new =ms ( v]se4 ,! ,engli% acc5t is to be dilig5tly obs]v$1 & is to yield to no?+ save ! law ( position2 h5ce ! second syllable ( ,trump+ton is to be acc\nt$ long4#eec ,9 obs]v+ ! law ( position1 h[ev]1 ! s\nd1 & n ! spell+1 is to be ! te/ ( quantity2 ?us1 love-sick is pron\nc$ love-sik1 dang]\s is pron\nc$ dang]us1 & ! l4#eed ,,iii4 ,o!r ,evid5ces ( ,classicism ,) ,campion's ,obs]vations 7#afjb7 ! hi/ory ( classical metres 9 ,engl& may be said to close1 until ! resuscitation ( quantitative v]se 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,daniel's ,def5ce ( ,rhyme effectually put an end to ?is innovation2 b ! /rong hold :i* ! movem5t seems to h _h dur+ ! ,elizabe?an age is int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! classical t5d5cies ( ! p]iod4 ,b5 ,jonson has usually be5 reg>d$ z ! =]unn] ( neo-classicism 9 ,engl&2 b long be=e 8 influ5ce 0 felt1 classical t5d5cies may be obs]v$ 9 ,engli% criticism4 ,?us ,as*am's cons]vatism & av]sion to s+ul>ity 9 matt]s ( art are di/9ctly classical4 ,he t c nei!r l ,ari/otle 9 logic & philosophy1 nor ,tully 9 rhetoric & eloqu5ce1 says ,as*am1 w f ^! /eps likely en\gh presume by l pride to m\nt high] to ! mislik+ ( grav] matt]s2 t is1 ei!r 9 religion to h a diss5ti\s head1 or 9 ! commonweal? to h a facti\s he>t4#eee ,8 insi/5ce t x is no slav]y to be b\nd by ! laws ( art1 & ! /ress he lays on p]fection ( /yle1 are no less classical4#eef ,simil> t5d5cies may be obs]v$ 9 ! writ]s t foll[ ,as*am4 ,h>vey's /rictures on ! ,fa]ie ,que5e 7 inspir$ by two influ5ces4 ,z a humani/1 he look$ back ) contempt on m$iaeval lit]ature 9 g5]al1 its sup]/itions1 its fairy lore1 & ! l4 ,z a classici/ 9 art1 he pref]r$ ! regul>1 or classic1 =m ( ! epic to ! romantic1 or irregul> =m2 & 8 /rictures may be comp>$ 9 ?is respect ) ^? ( ,bembo on ! ,orl&o or ^? ( ,salviati on ! ,g]usalemme4 ,s ,h>+ton attempts to make ! ,orl&o *ime ) ! laws ( ,ari/otle1 & ,sidney attempts to =ce ^! laws on ! ,engli% drama4 ,s also ,sidney decl>es t g5ius1 )\t art1 imitation1 & ex]cise1 is z no?+1 & c5sures 8 contempor>ies = neglect+ artificial rules & imitative patt]ns4#eeg ,s ,webbe attempts to f9d a fix$ /&>d or crit]ion by :i* to judge good & bad poets1 & translates ,fabricius's summ>y ( ! rules ( ,horace z a guide = ,engli% poetry4#eeh ,engli% criticism1 !re=e1 may be said to exhibit classical t5d5cies f its v beg9n+4 ,b x is none ! less true t be=e ,b5 ,jonson !re 0 no sy/ematic attempt to =ce1 z x 71 ! classic ideal on ,engli% lit]ature4 ,9 ,spa91 z has be5 se51 ,juan de la ,cueva decl>$ t poetry %\ld be classical & imitative1 :ile ! drama %\ld be romantic & orig9al4 ,sidney1 on ! contr>y1 s\ght to make ! drama classical1 :ile all[+ fre$om ( imag9ation & orig9ality ( =m to ! non-dramatic poet4 ,b5 ,jonson 0 ! fir/ complete & consi/5t ,engli% classici/2 & 8 classicism diff]s f t ( ! succe$+ age r 9 degree ?an 9 k9d4 ,bacon's ass]tion t poetry is re/ra9$ 9 ! measure ( words1 b 9 all o!r po9ts extremely lic5s$1#eei is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,elizabe?an po9t ( view4 ,! e>ly critics all[$ extreme lic5se 9 ! *oice & treatm5t ( mat]ial1 :ile insi/+ on /rict regul>ity ( expression4 ,?us ,sidney may advocate ! use ( classical metres1 b ?is does n prev5t him f celebrat+ ! fre$om ( g5ius & ! so>+ heights ( ! imag9ation4 ,!re is no?+ ( ^! ?+s 9 ,b5 ,jonson4 ,he1 too1 celebrates ! nobility & p[] ( poetry1 & ! dignity ( ! poet's (fice2 b n[h]e does he speak ( ! fre$om ( ! imag9ation or ! =ce ( g5ius4 ,lit]ature = him 0 n an expression ( p]sonality1 n a creation ( ! imag9ation1 b an image ( life1 a picture ( ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 he effect$ :at may be call$ an objectification ( ! lit]>y ideal4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is image ( life c be creat$ only by consci\s ef=t on ! "p ( ! arti/4 ,= ! creation ( great poetry1 g5ius1 ex]cise1 imitation1 & /udy are all necess>y1 b to ^! art mu/ be add$ to make !m p]fect1 = only art c lead to p]fection4#efj ,x is ?is insi/5ce on art z a di/9ct elem5t1 almo/ z an end 9 itself1 t di/+ui%es ,jonson f 8 pr$ecessors2 & n[h]e is 8 ideal ( art express$ z pi?ily z 9 ! address to ! read] prefix$ to ! ,al*emi/ 7#afab73-- ,9 ,poetry1 especially 9 ,plays1 444 ! concupisc5ce ( dances & ( antics s reigne?1 z to run away f nature1 & be afraid ( h]1 is ! only po9t ( art t tickles ! spectators4 ,b h[ out ( purpose1 & place1 d ,i "n art8 ,:5 ! pr(essors are gr[n s ob/9ate contemn]s ( x1 & presum]s on _! own naturals1 z !y are d]id]s ( all dilig5ce t way1 &1 by simple mock+ at ! t]ms1 :5 !y und]/& n ! ?+s1 ?9k to get (f wittily ) _! ignorance4 ,nay1 !y are e/eem$ ! m le>n$1 & suffici5t = ?is1 by ! _m1 ?r\gh _! excell5t vice ( judgm5t4 ,= !y comm5d writ]s z !y d f5c]s or wre/l]s2 :o1 if !y come 9 robu/i\sly1 & put = x ) a great deal ( viol5ce1 are receiv$ = ! brav] fell[s2 :5 _m times _! own rud5ess is ! cause ( _! disgrace1 & a little t\* ( _! adv]s>y gives all t boi/]\s =ce ! foil4 ,i d5y n b t ^! m51 :o always seek to d m ?an en\gh1 may "s "t happ5 on "s ?+ t is good & great2 b v seldom2 & :5 x comes x do? n recomp5se ! re/ ( _! ill4444 ,b ,i give !e w>n+1 t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ^? t1 to ga9 ! op9ion ( copy i4e4 copi\sness1 utt] all !y c1 h[ev] unfitly2 & ^? t use election & a mean#efa i4e4 selection & mod]ation4 ,= x is only ! disease ( ! unskilful to ?9k rude ?+s great] ?an poli%$2 or scatt]$ m num]\s ?an compos$4#efb ,lit]ature1 !n1 aims at pres5t+ an image ( life ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art2 & ! guide to art1 accord+ to ,jonson1 is to be f\nd 9 ! rules ( criticism4 ,?us1 = example1 success 9 com$y is to be atta9$ ,by obs]vation ( ^? comic laws ,:i* ,i1 y\r ma/]1 fir/ did tea* ! age2#efc & else:]e1 x w be rememb]$1 ,jonson boa/s t he _h sw]v$ f no ne$ful law4 ,b ?\gh art c f9d a nev]-fail+ guide & monitor 9 ! rules ( criticism1 he does n believe 9 m]e s]vile adh]5ce to ! practice or !ory ( classical lit]ature4 ,! anci5ts are to be reg>d$ z guides1 n comm&]s4#efd ,9 %ort1 ! ,engli% m9d 0 n yet prep>$ to accept ! neo-classic ideal 9 all its consequ5ces2 & absolute subs]vi5ce to anci5t au?ority came only ) ! introduction ( ! ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 be/ indicat$ by ! hi/ory ( ,ari/otle's influ5ce 9 ,engli% criticism f ,as*am to ,milton4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ,poetics 9 ,engl& is to be f\nd 9 ,as*am's ,s*olema/]4#efe ,!re we are told t ,as*am1 ,*eke1 & ,watson _h _m pleasant talks toge!r at ,cambridge1 comp>+ ! poetic precepts ( ,ari/otle & ,horace ) ! examples ( ,euripides1 ,sophocles1 & ,s5eca4 ,9 ,sidney's ,def5ce ( ,poesy1 ,ari/otle is cit$ sev]al times2 & 9 ! drama1 8 au?ority is reg>d$ by ,sidney z almo/ on a p> ) t ( ! common reason4#eff ,h>+ton 0 n satisfi$ until he _h prov$ t ! ,orl&o agrees sub/antially ) ,ari/otle's requirem5ts4 ,jonson wrote a comm5t>y on ,horace's ,ars ,poetica1 ) elucidations f ,ari/otle1 9 :i* ,all ! old ,v5us9e i4e4 ,horace1 9 poetry1 ,& light$ by ! ,/agyrite i4e4 ,ari/otle1 c\ld spy1 ,0 !re made ,engli%2#efg b ! manuscript 0 un=tunately de/roy$ by fire 9 #afbc4 ,yet ,jonson 0 aw>e h[ ridicul\s x is to make any au?or a dictator4#efh ,8 admiration = ,ari/otle 0 great2 b he ackn[l$ges t ! ,ari/otelian rules are useless )\t natural tal5t1 & t a poet's lib]ty _c be b\nd )9 ! n>r[ limits prescrib$ by gramm>ians & philosoph]s4#efi ,at ! same "t1 he po9ts out t ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ critic1 & ! fir/ ( all m5 to tea* ! poet h[ to write4 ,! ,ari/otelian au?ority is n to be contemn$1 s9ce ,ari/otle did n inv5t 8 rules1 b1 tak+ ! be/ ?+s f nature & ! poets1 conv]t$ !m into a complete & consi/5t code ( art4 ,milton1 also1 _h a s9c]e admiration = t sublime art :i* is taught 9 ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 9 ,horace1 & ! ,italian comm5t>ies ( ,ca/elvetro1 ,tasso1 ,mazzoni1 & o!rs4#egj ,b despite all ?is1 ! ,engli% indep5d5ce ( _s nev] fail$2 & be=e ! ,fr5* influ5ce we c f9d no su* ?+ 9 ,engli% criticism z ! lit]>y dictator%ip ( ,ari/otle4#ega ,to conclude1 !n1 x w\ld seem t by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re _h gr[n up 9 ,italy an almo/ complete body ( poetic rules & !ories4 ,?is critical sy/em pass$ into ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 ,portugal1 & ,holl&2 s t by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 0 a common body ( ,r5aissance doctr9e ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,ea* c\ntry1 h[ev]1 gave ?is sy/em a national ca/ ( its own2 b ! =m :i* x receiv$ 9 ,france ultimately triumph$1 & mod]n classicism !re=e repres5ts ! supremacy ( ! ,fr5* phase1 or v]sion1 ( ,r5aissance ,ari/otelianism4 ,a numb] ( mod]n writ]s1 among !m ,less+ & ,%elley1 h return$ m or less to ! orig9al ,italian =m4 ,?is is repres5t$1 9 ,elizabe?an criticism1 by ,sidney2 ,b5 ,jonson repres5ts a transitional phase1 & ,dryd5 & ,pope ! f9al =m ( ,fr5* classicism4 ,,foot-,,notes3 #ecf ,morley1 ,engli% ,writ]s1 ix4 #ahg4 #ecg ,haslewood1 ii4 #aig4 #ech ,ibid4 ii4 #bag4 #eci ,jonson1 ,works1 iii4 #dgj4 ,cf4 ,gascoigne's comm5ts on enjambem5t1 9 ,haslewood1 ii4 #aa4 #edj ,haslewood1 ii4 #bje4 #eda ,s*olema/]1 p4 #gc4 #edb ,ibid4 p4 #ade sq4 #edc ,cf4 ,haslewood1 ii4 p4 xxii4 ,! treatises ( ,gascoigne 7#aege7 & ,k+ ,james ,,vi4 7#aehd7 conta9 no ref]5ce to quantitative v]se4 #edd ,cf4 ,pulci1 ,morgante ,maggiore1 xxv4 #aag4 #ede ,haslewood1 ii4 #bhj4 #edf ,haslewood1 ii4 #e4 #edg ,r4 ,ellis1 ,poems & ,fragm5ts ( ,catullus translat$ 9 ! orig9al metres1 ,london1 #ahga1 p4 xiv4 sq4 #edh ,/anyhur/1 p4 #aa sq4 #edi ,haslewood1 ii4 #fi4 #eej ,putt5ham1 p4 #abf sq4 #eea ,def5ce1 p4 #ee4 #eeb ,haslewood1 ii4 #afg4 #eec ,haslewood1 ii4 #ahf4 #eed ,cf4 ,ellis1 op4 cit41 p4 xvi4 #eee ,s*olema/]1 p4 #ic4 #eef ,ibid4 pp4 #aah1 #aba4 #eeg ,def5ce1 p4 #df4 #eeh ,haslewood1 ii4 #ai1 #he sq4 #eei ,works1 vi4 #bjb4 #efj ,discov]ies1 p4 #gh4 #efa ,cf4 ,scalig]1 ,poet4 v4 #c1 :]e ! highe/ virtue ( a poet is said to be electio et sui fa/idium2 & vi4 #d1 :]e x is said t ! life ( all excell5ce lies 9 measure4 #efb ,works1 ii4 #c2 cf4 ,discov]ies1 pp4 #bb-bg4 #efc ,works1 iii4 #big4 #efd ,discov]ies1 p4 #g4 #efe ,s*olema/]1 p4 #aci4 #eff ,def5ce1 p4 #dh4 #efg ,works1 iii4 #cba2 cf4 i4 #cce1 iii4 #dhg4 #efh ,discov]ies1 p4 #ff4 #efi ,ibid4 p4 #gh sq4 #egj ,works1 iii4 #dgc4 #ega ,! *apt] on poetry 9 ,pea*am's ,compleat ,g5tleman 7#afbb7 is int]e/+ *iefly because ( its indebt$ness to ,scalig]1 :o is call$ by ,pea*am 7p4 #ia7 ! pr9ce ( all le>n+ & ! judge ( judgm5ts1 ! div9e ,julius ,caes> ,scalig]4 ,?is con/itutes him a lit]>y arbit] if n dictator4 ,9 ! ,great ,assises hold5 9 ,p>nassus 7#afde71 ,scalig] is proclaim$ "o ( ! lords ( ,p>nassus1 9 company ) ,bacon1 ,sidney1 ,erasmus1 ,budaeus1 ,he9sius1 ,vossius1 ,casaubon1 ,masc>do1 ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ,seld51 ,grotius1 & o!rs4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,*ronological ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,critical ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,date ,,italy ,,date ,,france ,,date ,,engl& ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aebg ,vida3 ,de ,arte c4 #aebd ,cox3 ,poetica4 ,rhetoric4 #aebi ,triss9o3 ,poetica1 pts4 i4-iv4 #aece ,dolce3 trans4 ( ,horace's ,ars ,poetica4 #aecf ,pazzi3 transl4 ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 #aecf ,daniello3 ,poetica4 #aeci ,tolomei3 #aede ,pelleti]3 ,v]si e ,regole trans4 ( della ,nuova ,horace's ,ars ,poesia4 ,poetica4 #aedh ,robortelli3 #aedh ,sibilet3 ,art ed4 ( ,poetique4 ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 #aedi ,segni3 transl4 #aedi ,du ,bellay3 ( ,ari/otle's ,def5se et ,poetics4 ,illu/ration4 #aeej ,maggi3 ed4 ( #aeec ,wilson3 ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric4 ,poetics4 #aeea ,muzio3 ,arte ,poetica4 #aeed ,giraldi #aeed ,pelleti]3 ,c9tio3 ,art ,discorsi4 ,poetique4 #aeei ,m9turno3 ,de #aeee ,morel3 ed4 ( ,poeta4 ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 #aefj ,vettori3 ed4 #aefg ,drant3 ( ,ari/otle's #aefj ,pasqui]3 transl4 ( ,poetics4 ,re*]*es4 ,horace's ,ars ,poetica4 #aefa ,scalig]3 #aefa ,scalig]3 #aegj ,as*am3 ,poetics4 ,poetics4 ,s*olema/]4 #aefc ,triss9o3 #aege ,gascoigne3 ,poetica1 ,notes ( pts4 v41 vi4 ,in/ruction4 #aefd ,m9turno3 ,arte ,poetica4 #aegi ,gosson3 ,s*ool #aegj ,ca/elvetro3 #aefe ,rons>d3 ( ,abuse4 ed4 ( ,abrege ,ari/otle's de l',art #aegi ,lodge3 ,poetics4 ,poetique4 ,reply to ,gosson4 #aege ,piccolom9i3 #aegb ,jean de la #aehj ,h>vey & ed4 ( ,taille3 ,sp5s]3 ,ari/otle's preface ( ,lett]s4 ,poetics4 ,saul4 c4 #aehc ,sidney3 #aegi ,vip]ano3 #aegb ,rons>d3 ,def5ce ,de ,arte preface ( ( ,poesy ,poetica4 ,franciade4 7publ4 #aeie74 #aehf ,patrizzi3 #aehe ,james ,,vi43 ,della ,reulis & ,poetica4 ,cautelis4 #aehg ,t4 ,tasso3 #aegc ,jacques de la ,discorsi ,taille3 #aehf ,webbe3 dell' treatise ,disc\rse ,arte ,poetica4 on ,fr5* ( ,engli% classical ,poetrie4 #aehh ,d5ores3 metres4 ,poetica4 #aeig ,buonamici3 #aeih ,de ,laudun3 #aehi ,putt5ham3 ,discorsi ,art ,arte ( ,poetici4 ,poetique ,engli% francois4 ,poesie4 #aeih ,+egn]i3 ,poesia -- ,vauquel93 ,rappres5tativa4 ,art #aeia ,h>+ton3 ,poetique4 ,apologie #afjj ,summo3 ,discorsi ( ,poetici4 ,poetrie4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,salviati',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,comm5tators ,,on ,,ari/otle',s ,,poetics4 ,,! foll[+ is ,lion>do ,salviati's acc\nt ( ! comm5tators on ,ari/otle's ,poetics up to #aehf4 ,! passage is cit$ f an unpubli%$ ,ms4 at ,flor5ce 7,cod4 ,magliabe*4 ii4 ii4 ,,ii471 beg9n+ at fol4 #cga4 ,! title ( ! ,ms4 is ,p>afrasi e ,comm5to della ,poetica d',ari/otile2 & at fol4 #cgj x is dat$ ,janu>y #bh1 #aehf4 ,,delli ,,int]preti ,,di ,,que/o ,,libro ,,della ,,poetica ,sid5ote3 ,av]roes4 ,av]roe primo di tutti quelli int]preti della ,poetica *e a no/ri tempi sono p]v5uti1 fece intorno a esso una breve ,p>afrasi1 nella quale come *e pure alcune buone consid]ationi si ritrov9o1 tutta via p] la div]sita e lontananza de co/umi1 *e tra greco havea1 e tra gli arabi poca notizia hav5done1 po*issima ne pote d>e altrui4 ,sid5ote3 ,valla4 ,appresso hebbe voglia ,giorgio ,valla di tradur que/o libro 9 lat9o1 ma o *e la copia del te/o greco lo +annasse1 o *e v]so di se fusse l'op]a malagevole p] ogni guisa massimam5te 9 quei tempi1 egli di quella impresa picciola lode si guadagno4 ,sid5ote3 ,pazzi4 ,il *e consid]&o poi ,aless&ro de ,pazzi1 huomo delle l+ue int5d5te1 et +egnoso molto1 alla m$esima cura si di$e1 et ci lascio la lat9a traduzzione1 *e 9 tutti i lat9i com5ti fuor*'9 quello del ,vettorio si leggie4 ,e p] cio *e dotto huomo era1 et hebbe copia di ottimi te/i scritti a p5na1 di$e non poca luce a que/a op]a1 e piu an*e fatto havrebbe se da la morte /ato non fusse soprav5uto4 ,sid5ote3 ,robortelli4 ,ma ,francesco ,rub]tello a tempi no/ri1 nelli /udj delle l+ue es]citatissimo1 conosc5do *e di maggior aviso li faceva me/i]i1 non solam5te purgo il te/o di molte mac*ie *e accecato il t5evano1 ma il primo fu ancora1 *e con di/ese di*i>ationi1 et con innum]abili esempli di poeti greci e lat9i1 fece op]a di illu/r>lo4 ,sid5ote3 ,segni4 ,vulg>izzollo appresso ,b]n>do ,segni 9 que/o no/ro ,idioma1 et con alcune sue brevi annotationi lo di$e 9 luce4 ,e nella tradutione p] alcune proprie voci et ai greci vocaboli ottimam5te corrispos]o1 non se n' usci an*e egli s5za comm5dazione4 ,ma con molto maggior grido et applauso1 il com5to del ,sid5ote3 ,maggi4 ,maggio1 *i>issimo filosopho1 fu dal mondo ricevuto2 p]cio*e hav5do egli con somma gloria nella cont9ua lettura della ,philosophia i suoi anni trapassati1 con l' ord9e pr9cipalm5te giovo a que/o libro1 e col mo/r>ne la cont9uatione et 9 non po*i luoghi soccorse il ,rub]tello4 ,e se si fusse alquanto m5o ard5te contro di lui dimon/rato1 ne cosi vago /ato fusse di contrapporseli1 s>ebbe alcuna volta p] avv5tura uscito fuor piu lib]o il p>] suo1 e piu saldo4 ,sid5ote3 ,vettori4 ,a lato a quel del ,maggio fu la lat9a traduzione et com5to di ,pi] ,vettori pubblicato1 il quale ess5do oltre ad ogni altro1 delle anti*e scritture dilig5tissimo oss]vatore1 e nella cognitione delle l+ue hav5dosi si come io /imo a tempi no/ri1 il primo luogo guadagnato1 hauta commodita1 et 9 gran num]o di preziosi et anti*i esempl>j scritti a mano1 9 ogni p>te1 ma nella correzzione del te/o spetialm5te e nella traduzione1 ha fatto si *e poco piu avanti p>e *e di lume a que/o libro possa desid]>si4 ,sid5ote3 ,ca/elvetro4 ,pur non di manco a que/i anni di nuovo1 da un dotto huomo 9 que/a l+ua volg>izzato et espo/o1 et piu a lungo *e alcun altro *e cio habbia f9 qui adoprato ancor mai4 ,que/o s>a da me p] tutto ovunque mi conv5ga nom9>lo1 il com5to vulg>e appellato1 e p] piu brevita con quelle due prime lett]e ,c4 ,v4 9 que/a guisa lo not]o4 ,nel qual com5to hanno s5za alcun fallo di sottilissimi avv$im5ti1 ma potrebb' ess]e1 si come io cr$o1 piu s9c]o4 ,p]cio *e io /imo1 *e dove egli dal v]o si dip>te1 il faccia p] emulazione p] lo piu p] dimo/r>si di sottil s5tim5to e p] non dire come li altri4 ,e la co/ui tradutione1 fuor*e 9 alcune p>ti dove egli secondo *e io avviso volont>iam5te erra1 tra le toscane la migliore4 ,e sono le sue p>ole et 9 essa e nell' espositione molto pure1 et 9 puro volg>e fior5t9o1 quanto comporta la mat]ia l'una e l'altra e dettata4 ,ultimam5te la traduzzione1 e con essa l'annotazione di ,sid5ote3 ,piccolom9i4 ,mgr4 ,aless&ro ,piccolom9i sono uscite 9 /ampa1 il quale hav5dosi con molte altre sue op]e d' a/rologia e di filos(ia e di rettorica p>te compo/e1 p>te volg>izzate1 non picciol nome e molta riputazione acqui/ata1 cr$] si puo altrettanto dov]li della pres5te fati*a avv5ire4 ,dietro a si *i>i int]preti non p] emulatione1 la quale tra me e si fatti huom9i ,sid5ote3 ,salviati4 non potrebbe hav] luogo1 ma p] vaghezza *e io pure havrei di dov] ancor io1 se io potessi a que/a impresa1 alcun aiuto arrec>e dopo lo /udio di dieci anni *e io ci ho spesi1 sc5do1 quantunque timido1 9 que/o campo1 piu con accesa volonta1 *e con sp]anza1 o vigore desid]oso *e avanti *e v5irmi gloria p] false op9ioni1 si5o i miei difetti discretam5te da savio giudice ga/igati4 ,,bibliography ,,?is bibliography includes a li/ ( ! pr9cipal books & editions us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! essay1 & %\ld be consult$ = ! full titles ( works cit$ 9 ! text & 9 ! foot-notes4 ,i4 ,,s\rces ,as*am1 ,r4 ,! ,s*olema/]1 edit$ by ,e4 ,arb]4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ---- ,! ,:ole ,works1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles4 #c vols4 9 #d p>ts4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,aubignac1 ,abbe d'4 ,la ,pratique du ,!atre4 #b vols4 ,am/]dam1 #agae4 ,bacon1 ,f4 ,works1 edit$ by ,j4 ,sp$d+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,ellis1 & ,d4 ,d4 ,hea?4 #ae vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahfc4 ,batteux1 ,c4 ,les ,quatres ,poetiques d',ari/ote1 d',horace1 de ,vida1 de ,despreaux4 ,p>is1 #agga4 ,b]ni1 ,f4 ,rime1 ,poesie ,lat9e1 e ,lett]e1 p] cura di ,p4 ,virgili4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhe4 ,boccaccio1 ,g4 ,g5eologia degli ,dei1 trad4 p] ,g4 ,betussi4 ,v9egia1 #aedg4 ---- ,vita di ,dante1 p] cura di ,f4 ,macri-,leone4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhh4 ,bruno1 ,g4 ,op]e1 raccolte da ,a4 ,wagn]4 #b vols4 ,lipsia1 #ahcj4 ,but*]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art1 ) a ,critical ,text & a ,translation ( ! ,poetics4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,c>ducci1 ,g4 ,la ,poesia ,b>b>a nei ,secoli ,,xv e ,,xvi4 ,bologna1 #ahha4 ,c>o1 ,a4 ,apologia degli ,academici di ,bian*i di ,roma contra ,m4 ,lodovico ,ca/elvetro4 ,p>ma1 #aeeh4 ,ca/elvetro1 ,l4 ,poetica d' ,ari/otele vulg>izzata et spo/a4 ,basilea1 #aegf4 ---- ,op]e ,v>ie ,criti*e1 colla vita dell' autore scritta da ,l4 ,a4 ,muratori4 ,milano1 #agbg4 ,cook1 ,a4 ,s4 ,! ,art ( ,poetry3 ,! ,poetical ,treatises ( ,horace1 ,vida1 & ,boileau1 ) ! translations by ,h[es1 ,pitt1 & ,soame4 ,bo/on1 #ahib4 ,daci]1 ,a4 ,la ,poetique traduite en ,francois1 avec des ,rem>ques4 ,p>is1 #afib4 ,daniello1 ,b4 ,la ,poetica4 ,v9egia1 #aecf4 ,dante ,alighi]i4 ,tutte le ,op]e1 p] cura di ,e4 ,moore4 ,ox=d1 #ahid4 ,d5ores1 ,j4 ,discorso intorno a que' ,pr9cipii *e la ,com$ia1 la ,trag$ia1 et il ,poema ,h]oico ricevono dalla ,philosophia4 ,padova1 #aehg4 ---- ,9 ,epi/olam ,q4 ,horatij ,flacci de ,arte ,poetica1 ex quotidianis ,tryphonis ,gabrielij ,s]monibus ,int]pretatio4 ,v5etiis1 #aeec4 ---- ,poetica1 nel qual si tratta secondo l' op9ion d' ,ari/4 della 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#c p>ts4 ,greifswald1 #ahhh-ahij4 ,le ,bossu1 ,r4 ,treatise ( ! ,epic ,poem1 made ,engli% by ,w4 ,j4 ,second edition4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agai4 ,lion>di1 ,a4 ,dialogi della ,inv5tione ,poetica4 ,v5etia1 #aeed4 ,luis9o1 ,f4 ,9 ,librum ,q4 ,horatii ,flacci de ,arte ,poetica ,comm5t>ius4 ,v5etiis1 #aeed4 ,maggi1 ,v41 & ,lomb>di1 ,b4 ,9 ,ari/otelis ,librum de ,poetica ,explanationes4 ,v5etijs1 #aefj4 ,milton1 ,j4 ,prose ,works1 edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,/4 ,john4 7,bohn's ,libr>y47 #e vols4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,m9turno1 ,a4 ,s4 ,l' ,arte ,poetica4 ,v5etia1 #aefd4 ---- ,de ,poeta ,libri ,sex4 ,v5etiis1 #aeei4 ,muzio1 ,g4 ,rime ,div]se3 ,tre ,libri di ,arte ,poetica1 ,tre ,libri di ,lett]e 9 rime sciolti1 ecc4 ,v9egia1 #aeea4 ,p>t5io1 ,b4 ,della ,imitatione ,poetica4 ,v9egia1 #aefj4 ,patrizzi1 ,f4 ,della ,poetica3 ,la ,deca ,i/oriale1 ,la ,deca ,disputata4 ,f]r>a1 #aehf4 ,petr>ca1 ,f4 ,op]a quae extant ,omnia4 ,basileae1 #aeed4 ,piccolom9i1 ,a4 ,annotationi nel ,libro della ,poetica d' ,ari/otele4 ,v9egia1 #aege4 ,pope1 ,a4 ,selecta ,poemata ,italorum1 qui ,lat9e ,scrips]unt4 #b vols4 ,lond9i1 #agdj4 ,putt5ham1 ,g4 ,! ,arte ( ,engli% ,poesie1 edit$ by ,e4 ,arb]4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,rap91 ,r4 ,reflections on ,ari/otle's ,treatise ( ,poesie 7transl474 ,london1 #afgd4 ,robortelli1 ,f4 ,9 ,librum ,ari/otelis de ,arte ,poetica ,explicationes4 ,flor5tiae1 #aedh4 ,rons>d1 ,p4 de4 ,oeuvres ,completes1 publiees p> ,p4 ,blan*ema94 #h vols4 ,p>is1 #aheg-ahfg4 ,salviati1 ,l4 ,p>afrasi e ,comm5to della ,poetica di ,ari/otile1 #cgj folios1 ,cod4 ,magliabe*iano1 ii4 ii4 ,,ii4 ,ms4 ---- ,trattato della ,poetica1 ,lettura ,t]za1 #bb folios1 ,cod4 ,magliabe*iano1 vii4 #g1 #gae4 ,ms4 ,scalig]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,poetices ,libri ,septem4 ,editio ,qu9ta4 ,9 ,bibliopolio ,commeliano1 #afag4 ,segni1 ,a4 ,ragionam5to sopra le ,cose p]t95ti alla ,poetica4 ,fior5za1 #aeha4 ,segni1 ,b4 ,rettorica et ,poetica d' ,ari/otele tradotte 9 l+ua vulg>e ,fior5t9a4 ,v9egia1 #aeea4 ,sidney1 ,sir ,p4 ,! ,def5se ( ,poesy1 o!rwise kn[n z ,an ,apology = ,poetry1 edit$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,cook4 ,bo/on1 #ahij4 ,sp]oni1 ,sp]one4 ,op]e4 #e vols4 ,v5ezia1 #agdj4 ,/anyhur/1 ,r4 ,translation ( ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,books ( ! ,a,eneid ( ,p4 ,virgilius ,m>o1 edit$ by ,e4 ,arb]4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,summo1 ,f4 ,discorsi ,poetici4 ,padova1 #afjj4 ,tasso1 ,b4 ,delle ,lett]e3 aggiuntovi il ,ragionam5to della ,poesia4 #b vols4 ,padova1 #agcc4 ,tasso1 ,t4 ,op]e1 colle ,controv]sie sulla ,g]usalemme1 p] cura di ,g4 ,ros9i4 #cc vols4 ,pisa1 #ahba-ahcb4 ,triss9o1 ,g4 ,g4 ,tutte le ,op]e4 #b vols4 ,v]ona1 #agbi4 ,tw9+1 ,t4 ,ari/otle's ,treatise on ,poetry1 translat$ ) ,notes & two ,diss]tations on ,poetical & ,musical ,imitation4 ,second edition4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahab4 ,v>*i1 ,b4 ,lezzioni1 lette nell' ,accademia ,fior5t9a4 ,fior5za1 #aeij4 ,vauquel9 de la ,fresnaye1 ,j4 ,l',art ,poetique1 publie p> ,g4 ,pellissi]4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,vettori1 ,p4 ,comm5t>ii 9 primum ,librum ,ari/otelis de ,arte ,poet>um4 ,flor5tiae1 #aefj4 ,webbe1 ,w4 ,a ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie1 edit$ by ,e4 ,arb]4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,woodw>d1 ,w4 ,h4 ,vittor9o da ,feltre & o!r ,humani/ ,educators3 ,essays & ,v]sions4 ,cambridge1 #ahig4 ,,ii4 ,,second>y ,,works ,arnaud1 ,c4 ,etudes sur la ,vie et les ,oeuvres de l',abbe d',aubignac1 et sur les ,!ories ,dramatiques au ,,xviie ,siecle4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,aron/e91 ,p4 ,b5 ,jonson's ,!orie des ,lu/spiels1 9 ,anglia 7#ahie71 vol4 xvii4 ,baillet1 ,a4 ,jugem5s des ,savans sur les ,pr9cipaux ,ouvrages des ,auteurs1 revus p> ,m4 de la ,monnoye4 #h vols4 ,am/]dam1 #agbe4 ,bor9ski1 ,k4 ,die ,poetik d] ,r5aissance1 und die ,anfa5ge d] litt]>is*5 ,kritik 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 ,b\rgo91 ,a4 ,les ,maitres de la ,critique au ,,xviieme ,siecle4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,breit+]1 ,h4 ,les ,unites d',ari/ote avant le ,cid de ,corneille4 ,deuxieme edition4 ,g5eve et ,bale1 #ahie4 ,bruneti]e1 ,f4 ,l',evolution des ,g5res dans l',hi/oire de la ,litt]ature4 ,deuxieme edition4 ,vol4 i4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,brunot1 ,f4 ,la ,doctr9e de ,malh]be d'apres son ,comm5taire sur ,desportes4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,canello1 ,u4 ,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana nel ,secolo ,,xvi4 ,milano1 #ahhj4 ,cec*i1 ,p4 ,l4 ,t4 ,tasso1 il ,p5si]o e le ,belle ,lett]e ,italiane nel ,secolo ,,xvi4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgg4 ,cloetta1 ,w4 ,beitraege zur ,litt]aturges*i*te des ,mittelalt]s und d] ,r5aissance4 #b vols4 ,halle1 #ahij-ahib4 ,comp>etti1 ,d4 ,v]gil 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 translat$ by ,e4 ,f4 ,m4 ,b5ecke4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,crescimb5i1 ,g4 ,m4 de4 ,i/oria della ,volg> ,poesia4 ,roma1 #afih4 ,de ,sanctis1 ,f4 ,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana4 ,se/a edizione4 #b vols4 ,napoli1 #ahic4 ,di ,niscia1 ,g4 ,la ,g]usalemme ,conqui/ata e l' ,arte ,poetica di ,tasso1 9 ,il ,propugnatore 7#ahhi71 ,n4,s4 vol4 ii4 p>ts #a1 #b4 ,eb]t1 ,a4 ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te d] ,lit]atur des ,mittelalt]s im ,ab5dl&e4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgd-ahhg4 ,egg]1 ,e4 ,essai sur l',hi/oire de la ,critique *ez les ,grecs4 ,deuxieme edition4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ---- ,l',hell5isme en ,france4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,faguet1 ,e4 ,la ,trag$ie francaise au ,,xvie ,siecle4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,f(fano1 ,f4 ,ric]*e ,lett]>ie4 ,livorno1 #ahig4 ,gasp>y1 ,a4 ,ges*i*te d] ,itali5is*5 ,lit]atur4 #b vols4 ,/rassburg1 #ahhe-ahhh4 ,hamelius1 ,p4 ,die ,kritik 9 d] ,englis*5 ,lit]atur des #ag4 und #ah4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ,leipzig1 #ahig4 ,jacqu9et1 ,p4 ,francisci ,baconi de ,re ,litt]>ia ,judicia4 ,p>isiis1 #ahfc4 ,ko]t+1 ,g4 ,ges*i*te d] ,litt]atur ,itali5s im ,zeitalt] d] ,r5aissance4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh-ahhd4 ,krantz1 ,e4 ,l',e/hetique de ,desc>tes1 etudiee dans les ,rapports de la ,doctr9e c>tesi5ne avec la ,litt]ature classique francaise au ,,xviie ,siecle4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,langlois1 ,e4 ,de ,artibus ,rhetoricae ,rhy?micae4 ,p>isiis1 #ahij4 ,l9tilhac1 ,e4 ,de ,j4-,c4 ,scalig]i ,poetice4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ---- ,un ,c\p d',etat dans la ,republique des ,lettres1 9 ! ,n\velle ,revue 7#ahij71 vol4 lxiv4 ,m55dez y ,pelayo1 ,m4 ,hi/oria de las ,ideas ,e/eticas en ,espana4 ,segunda edicion4 #i vols4 ,madrid1 #ahij-ahif4 ,muell]1 ,e4 ,ges*i*te d] ,!orie d] ,kun/ bei d5 ,alt54 #b vols4 ,breslau1 #ahcd-ahcg4 ,natali1 ,g4 ,torquato ,tasso1 ,filos(o del ,bello1 dell' ,arte1 e dell' ,amore4 ,roma1 #ahie4 ,pellissi]1 ,g4 ,de ,sexti ,decimi ,saeculi 9 ,francia ,artibus ,poeticis4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,p]r5s1 ,f4 ,t4 ,j]ome ,savon>ole4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,quadrio1 ,f4 ,s4 ,della ,/oria e della ,ragione d' ogni ,poesia4 #e vols4 ,milano1 #agci-ageb4 ,quossek1 ,c4 ,sidney's ,def5se ( ,poesy und die ,poetik des ,ari/oteles4 ,krefeld1 #ahhd4 ,rob]t1 ,p4 ,la ,poetique de ,rac9e4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,ros5bau]1 ,a4 ,die ,poetis*5 ,!ori5 d] ,plejade na* ,rons>d und ,dubellay4 ,erlang51 #ahie4 ,rucktaes*el1 ,t4 ,e9ige ,arts ,poetiques aus d] ,zeit ,rons>d's und ,malh]be's4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,s*ell+1 ,f4 ,e4 ,poetic & ,v]se ,criticism ( ! ,reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,philadelphia1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,press1 #ahia4 ,sol]ti1 ,a4 ,vita di ,torquato ,tasso4 #c vols4 ,tor9o1 #ahie4 ,symonds1 ,j4 ,a4 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 #g vols4 ,new 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