,! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 a /udy ( magic & religion by ,sir ,james ,george ,fraz] ,,cont5ts ,preface ,subject ,index ,*apt] #a4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,wood #a4 ,diana & ,virbius #b4 ,artemis & ,hippolytus #c4 ,recapitulation ,*apt] #b4 ,prie/ly ,k+s ,*apt] #c4 ,sympa!tic ,magic #a4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,magic #b4 ,homoeopa?ic or ,imitative ,magic #c4 ,contagi\s ,magic #d4 ,! ,magician's ,progress ,*apt] #d4 ,magic & ,religion ,*apt] #e4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ! ,wea!r #a4 ,! ,public ,magician #b4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ,ra9 #c4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ! ,sun #d4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ! ,w9d ,*apt] #f4 ,magicians z ,k+s ,*apt] #g4 ,inc>nate ,human ,gods ,*apt] #h4 ,dep>tm5tal ,k+s ( ,nature ,*apt] #i4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,trees #a4 ,tree-spirits #b4 ,b5efic5t ,p[]s ( ,tree-,spirits ,*apt] #aj4 ,relics ( ,tree ,wor%ip 9 ,mod]n ,europe ,*apt] #aa4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,sexes on ,vegetation ,*apt] #ab4 ,! ,sacr$ ,m>riage #a4 ,diana z a ,goddess ( ,f]tility #b4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,gods ,*apt] #ac4 ,! ,k+s ( ,rome & ,alba #a4 ,numa & ,eg]ia #b4 ,! ,k+ z ,jupit] ,*apt] #ad4 ,succession to ! ,k+dom 9 ,anci5t ,latium ,*apt] #ae4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,oak ,*apt] #af4 ,dianus & ,diana ,*apt] #ag4 ,! ,burd5 ( ,royalty #a4 ,royal & ,prie/ly ,taboos #b4 ,divorce ( ! ,spiritual f ! ,temporal ,p[] ,*apt] #ah4 ,! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l #a4 ,! ,s\l z a ,mannik9 #b4 ,abs5ce & ,recall ( ! ,s\l #c4 ,! ,s\l z a ,%ad[ & a ,reflection ,*apt] #ai4 ,taboo$ ,acts #a4 ,taboos on ,int]c\rse ) ,/rang]s #b4 ,taboos on ,eat+ & ,dr9k+ #c4 ,taboos on ,%[+ ! ,face #d4 ,taboos on ,quitt+ ! ,h\se #e4 ,taboos on ,leav+ ,food ov] ,*apt] #bj4 ,taboo$ ,p]sons #a4 ,*iefs & ,k+s taboo$ #b4 ,m\rn]s taboo$ #c4 ,wom5 taboo$ at ,m5/ruation & ,*ildbir? #d4 ,w>riors taboo$ #e4 ,manslay]s taboo$ #f4 ,hunt]s & ,fi%]s taboo$ ,*apt] #ba4 ,taboo$ ,?+s #a4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,taboo #b4 ,iron taboo$ #c4 ,%>p ,weapons taboo$ #d4 ,blood taboo$ #e4 ,! ,head taboo$ #f4 ,hair taboo$ #g4 ,c]emonies at ,hair-cutt+ #h4 ,disposal ( ,cut ,hair & ,nails #i4 ,spittle taboo$ #aj4 ,foods taboo$ #aa4 ,knots & ,r+s taboo$ ,*apt] #bb4 ,taboo$ ,words #a4 ,p]sonal ,names taboo$ #b4 ,names ( ,relations taboo$ #c4 ,names ( ! ,dead taboo$ #d4 ,names ( ,k+s & o!r ,sacr$ ,p]sons taboo$ #e4 ,names ( ,gods taboo$ ,*apt] #bc4 ,our ,debt to ! ,savage ,*apt] #bd4 ,! ,kill+ ( ! ,div9e ,k+ #a4 ,! ,mortality ( ! ,gods #b4 ,k+s kill$ :5 _! ,/r5g? fails #c4 ,k+s kill$ at ! ,end ( a ,fix$ ,t]m ,*apt] #be4 ,tempor>y ,k+s ,*apt] #bf4 ,sacrifice ( ! ,k+s ,son ,*apt] #bg4 ,succession to ! ,s\l ,*apt] #bh4 ,! ,kill+ ( ! ,tree-,_s #a4 ,! ,:itsuntide ,mumm]s #b4 ,bury+ ! ,c>nival #c4 ,c>ry+ out ,dea? #d4 ,br++ 9 ,summ] #e4 ,battle ( ,summ] & ,w9t] #f4 ,dea? & ,resurrection ( ,ko/rubonko #g4 ,dea? & ,revival ( ,vegetation #h4 ,analog\s ,rites 9 ,india #i4 ,! ,magic ,spr+ ,*apt] #bi4 ,! ,my? ( ,adonis ,*apt] #cj4 ,adonis 9 ,syria ,*apt] #ca4 ,adonis 9 ,cyprus ,*apt] #cb4 ,! ,ritual ( ,adonis ,*apt] #cc4 ,! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis ,*apt] #cd4 ,! ,my? & ,ritual ( ,attis ,*apt] #ce4 ,attis z a ,god ( ,vegetation ,*apt] #cf4 ,human ,repres5tatives ( ,attis ,*apt] #cg4 ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ! ,we/ ,*apt] #ch4 ,! ,my? ( ,osiris ,*apt] #ci4 ,! ,ritual ( ,osiris #a4 ,! ,popul> ,rites #b4 ,! ,(ficial ,rites ,*apt] #dj4 ,! ,nature ( ,osiris #a4 ,osiris a ,corn-god #b4 ,osiris a ,tree-_s #c4 ,osiris a ,god ( ,f]tility #d4 ,osiris a ,god ( ! ,dead ,*apt] #da4 ,isis ,*apt] #db4 ,osiris & ! ,sun ,*apt] #dc4 ,dionysus ,*apt] #dd4 ,demet] & ,p]sephone ,*apt] #de4 ,corn-,"m & ,corn-,maid5 9 ,n4 ,europe ,*apt] #df4 ,corn-,"m 9 ,_m ,l&s #a4 ,! ,corn-"m 9 ,am]ica #b4 ,! ,rice-"m 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies #c4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,corn embodi$ 9 ,human ,be+s #d4 ,! ,d\ble ,p]sonification ( ! ,corn z ,"m & ,daught] ,*apt] #dg4 ,lity]ses #a4 ,songs ( ! ,corn ,reap]s #b4 ,kill+ ! ,corn-_s #c4 ,human ,sacrifices = ! ,crops #d4 ,! ,corn-_s sla9 9 8 ,human ,repres5tatives ,*apt] #dh4 ,! ,corn-,_s z an ,animal #a4 ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s #b4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,wolf or a ,dog #c4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cock #d4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,h>e #e4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cat #f4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,goat #g4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,bull1 ,c[1 or ,ox #h4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,horse or ,m>e #i4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,pig 7,bo> or ,s[7 #aj4 ,on ! ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s ,*apt] #di4 ,anci5t ,deities ( ,vegetation z ,animals #a4 ,dionysus1 ! ,goat & ! ,bull #b4 ,demet]1 ! ,pig & ! ,horse #c4 ,attis1 ,adonis1 & ! ,pig #d4 ,osiris1 ! ,pig & ! ,bull #e4 ,virbius & ! ,horse ,*apt] #ej4 ,eat+ ! ,god #a4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,fir/-,fruits #b4 ,eat+ ! ,god among ! ,aztecs #c4 ,_m ,manii at ,aricia ,*apt] #ea4 ,homeopa?ic ,magic ( a ,fle% ,diet ,*apt] #eb4 ,kill+ ! ,div9e ,animal #a4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,buzz>d #b4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,ram #c4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,s]p5t #d4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,turtles #e4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,be> ,*apt] #ec4 ,! ,propitiation ( ,wild ,animals ,by ,hunt]s ,*apt] #ed4 ,types ( ,animal ,sacram5t #a4 ,! ,egyptian & ! ,a9o ,types ( ,sacram5t #b4 ,processions ) ,sacr$ ,animals ,*apt] #ee4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil #a4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,inanimate ,objects #b4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,animals #c4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,m5 #d4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil 9 ,europe ,*apt] #ef4 ,! ,public ,expulsion ( ,evils #a4 ,! ,omnipres5ce ( ,demons #b4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils #c4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils ,*apt] #eg4 ,public ,scapegoats #a4 ,! ,expulsion ( ,embodi$ ,evils #b4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle #c4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle #d4 ,on ,scapegoats 9 ,g5]al ,*apt] #eh4 ,human ,scapegoats 9 ,classical ,antiquity #a4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,rome #b4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,greece #c4 ,! ,roman ,saturnalia ,*apt] #ei4 ,kill+ ! ,god 9 ,mexico ,*apt] #fj4 ,betwe5 ,heav5 & ,e>? #a4 ,n to t\* ! ,e>? #b4 ,n to see ! ,sun #c4 ,! ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty #d4 ,reasons = ! ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty ,*apt] #fa4 ,! ,my? ( ,bald] ,*apt] #fb4 ,! ,fire-,fe/ivals ( ,europe #a4 ,! ,fire-fe/ivals 9 g5]al #b4 ,! ,l5t5 ,fires #c4 ,! ,ea/] ,fires #d4 ,! ,beltane ,fires #e4 ,! ,midsumm] ,fires #f4 ,! ,hall[een ,fires #g4 ,! ,midw9t] ,fires #h4 ,! ,ne$-fire ,*apt] #fc4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ! ,fire-,fe/ivals #a4 ,on ! ,fire-fe/ivals 9 g5]al #b4 ,! ,sol> ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals #c4 ,! ,purificatory ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals ,*apt] #fd4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,human ,be+s 9 ! ,fires #a4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,effigies 9 ! ,fires #b4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,m5 & ,animals 9 ! ,fires ,*apt] #fe4 ,bald] & ! ,mi/letoe ,*apt] #ff4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,folk-,tales ,*apt] #fg4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,folk-,cu/om #a4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,inanimate ,?+s #b4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,plants #c4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,animals #d4 ,! ,ritual ( ,dea? & ,resurrection ,*apt] #fh4 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,*apt] #fi4 ,f>ewell to ,nemi ,preface ,,! ,,prim>y aim ( ?is book is to expla9 ! rem>kable rule :i* regulat$ ! succession to ! prie/hood ( ,diana at ,aricia4 ,:5 ,i fir/ set myself to solve ! problem m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 ,i ?\ght t ! solution c\ld be prop\nd$ v briefly1 b ,i soon f\nd t to r5d] x probable or ev5 intelligible x 0 necess>y to discuss c]ta9 m g5]al que/ions1 "s ( :i* _h h>dly be5 broa*$ be=e4 ,9 successive editions ! discussion ( ^! & k9dr$ topics has occupi$ m & m space1 ! enquiry has bran*$ out 9 m & m directions1 until ! two volumes ( ! orig9al "w h exp&$ into twelve4 ,meantime a wi% has (t5 be5 express$ t ! book %\ld be issu$ 9 a m comp5di\s =m4 ,?is abridgm5t is an attempt to meet ! wi% & !reby to br+ ! "w )9 ! range ( a wid] circle ( read]s4 ,:ile ! bulk ( ! book has be5 greatly r$uc$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to reta9 its lead+ pr9ciples1 toge!r ) an am\nt ( evid5ce suffici5t to illu/rate !m cle>ly4 ,! language ( ! orig9al has also = ! mo/ "p be5 pres]v$1 ?\gh "h & !re ! exposition has be5 some:at cond5s$4 ,9 ord] to keep z mu* ( ! text z possible ,i h sacrific$ all ! notes1 & ) !m all exact ref]5ces to my au?orities4 ,read]s :o desire to asc]ta9 ! s\rce ( any p>ticul> /atem5t mu/ !re=e consult ! l>g] "w1 :i* is fully docum5t$ & provid$ ) a complete bibliography4 ,9 ! abridgm5t ,i h nei!r add$ new matt] nor alt]$ ! views express$ 9 ! la/ edition2 = ! evid5ce :i* has come to my k 9 ! meantime has on ! :ole s]v$ ei!r to confirm my =m] conclusions or to furni% fre% illu/rations ( old pr9ciples4 ,?us1 = example1 on ! crucial "q ( ! practice ( putt+ k+s to dea? ei!r at ! end ( a fix$ p]iod or :5ev] _! heal? & /r5g? began to fail1 ! body ( evid5ce :i* po9ts to ! wide preval5ce ( su* a cu/om has be5 consid]ably augm5t$ 9 ! int]val4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( a limit$ mon>*y ( ?is sort is furni%$ by ! p[]ful m$iaeval k+dom ( ! ,khaz>s 9 ,s\!rn ,russia1 :]e ! k+s 7 liable to be put to dea? ei!r on ! expiry ( a set t]m or :5ev] "s public calamity1 su* z dr\ght1 de>?1 or defeat 9 w>1 seem$ to indicate a failure ( _! natural p[]s4 ,! evid5ce = ! sy/ematic kill+ ( ! ,khaz> k+s1 drawn f ! acc\nts ( old ,arab travell]s1 has be5 collect$ by me else:]e4#a ,africa1 aga91 has suppli$ sev]al fre% examples ( a simil> practice ( regicide4 ,among !m ! mo/ notable p]haps is ! cu/om =m]ly obs]v$ 9 ,bunyoro ( *oos+ e ye> f a p>ticul> clan a mock k+1 :o 0 suppos$ to inc>nate ! late k+1 cohabit$ ) 8 wid[s at 8 temple-tomb1 & aft] reign+ = a week 0 /rangl$4#b ,! cu/om pres5ts a close p>allel to ! anci5t ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea1 at :i* a mock k+ 0 dress$ 9 ! royal robes1 all[$ to enjoy ! real k+'s concub9es1 & aft] reign+ = five days 0 /ripp$1 sc\rg$1 & put to dea?4 ,t fe/ival 9 its turn has lately receiv$ fre% light f c]ta9 ,assyrian inscriptions1#c :i* seem to confirm ! int]pretation :i* ,i =m]ly gave ( ! fe/ival z a ,new ,ye> celebration & ! p>5t ( ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim4#d ,o!r rec5tly discov]$ p>allels to ! prie/ly k+s ( ,aricia are ,african prie/s & k+s :o us$ to be put to dea? at ! end ( sev5 or ( two ye>s1 aft] be+ liable 9 ! int]val to be attack$ & kill$ by a /rong man1 :o !reupon succe$$ to ! prie/hood or ! k+dom4#e #a ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,kill+ ( ! ,khaz> ,k+s1 ,folk-lore1 xxviii4 7#aiag71 pp4 #chb-djg4 #b ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,s\l ( ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #aibb71 p4 #bjj4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 #adg2,! ,mackie ,e?nological ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,africa1 ,man1 xx4 7#aibj71 p4 #aha4 #c ,h4 ,zimm]n1 ,zum babylonis*5 ,neujahrsfe/ 7,leipzig1 #aiah74 ,comp>e ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,july #aiba1 pp4 #ddj-ddb4 #d ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,"p ,,vi4 ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #ced sqq41 #dab sqq4 #e ,p4 ,amaury ,talbot 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,july #aiaf1 pp4 #cji sq42 id41 9 ,folk-lore1 xxvi4 7#aiaf71 pp4 #gi sq42 ,h4 ,r4 ,palm]1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,july #aiab1 pp4 #djc1 #djg sq4 ,) ^! & o!r in/ances ( l cu/oms be=e u x is no long] possible to reg>d ! rule ( succession to ! prie/hood ( ,diana at ,aricia z exceptional2 x cle>ly exemplifies a widespread in/itution1 ( :i* ! mo/ num]\s & ! mo/ simil> cases h ?us f> be5 f\nd 9 ,africa4 ,h[ f> ! facts po9t to an e>ly influ5ce ( ,africa on ,italy1 or ev5 to ! exi/5ce ( an ,african population 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,i d n presume to say4 ,! pre-hi/oric hi/oric relations betwe5 ! two cont95ts are /ill obscure & /ill "u inve/igation4 ,:e!r ! explanation :i* ,i h (f]$ ( ! in/itution is correct or n mu/ be left to ! future to det]m9e4 ,i %all always be ready to ab&on x if a bett] c be sugge/$4 ,meantime 9 committ+ ! book 9 its new =m to ! judgm5t ( ! public ,i desire to gu>d aga9/ a misappreh5sion ( its scope :i* appe>s to be /ill rife1 ?\gh ,i h s\ght to correct x be=e n[4 ,if 9 ! pres5t "w ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on ! wor%ip ( trees1 x is n1 ,i tru/1 because ,i exagg]ate its importance 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 /ill less because ,i w\ld d$uce f x a :ole sy/em ( my?ology2 x is simply because ,i c\ld n ignore ! subject 9 attempt+ to expla9 ! significance ( a prie/ :o bore ! title ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 & "o ( ^: titles to (fice 0 ! pluck+ ( a b\gh--! ,gold5 ,b\gh--f a tree 9 ! sacr$ grove4 ,b ,i am s f> f reg>d+ ! rev]5ce = trees z ( supreme importance = ! evolution ( religion t ,i consid] x to h be5 altoge!r subord9ate to o!r factors1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! fe> ( ! human dead1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 ,i believe to h be5 probably ! mo/ p[]ful =ce 9 ! mak+ ( primitive religion4 ,i hope t aft] ?is explicit disclaim] ,i %all no long] be tax$ ) embrac+ a sy/em ( my?ology :i* ,i look ^u n m]ely z false b z prepo/]\s & absurd4 ,b ,i am too famili> ) ! hydra ( error to expect t by lopp+ (f "o ( ! mon/]'s heads ,i c prev5t ano!r1 or ev5 ! same1 f spr\t+ aga94 ,i c only tru/ to ! c&\r & intellig5ce ( my read]s to rectify ?is s]i\s misconception ( my views by a comp>ison ) my own express decl>ation4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]4 #a ,,brick ,,c\rt1 ,,temple1 ,,london1 ,june #aibb4 ,i4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,wood #a4 ,diana & ,virbius ,,:o does n "k ,turn]'s picture ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8 ,! sc5e1 suffus$ ) ! gold5 gl[ ( imag9ation 9 :i* ! div9e m9d ( ,turn] /eep$ & transfigur$ ev5 ! faire/ natural l&scape1 is a dream-l vision ( ! little woodl& lake ( ,nemi-- ,diana's ,mirror1 z x 0 call$ by ! anci5ts4 ,no "o :o has se5 t calm wat]1 lapp$ 9 a gre5 holl[ ( ! ,alban hills1 c ev] =get x4 ,! two *>act]i/ic ,italian villages :i* slumb] on its banks1 & ! equally ,italian palace ^: t]rac$ g>d5s desc5d /eeply to ! lake1 h>dly break ! /illness & ev5 ! solit>9ess ( ! sc5e4 ,diana h]self might /ill l+] by ?is lonely %ore1 /ill haunt ^! woodl&s wild4 ,9 antiquity ?is sylvan l&scape 0 ! sc5e ( a /range & recurr+ trag$y4 ,on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! lake1 "r "u ! precipit\s cliffs on :i* ! mod]n village ( ,nemi is p]*$1 /ood ! sacr$ grove & sanctu>y ( ,diana ,nemor5sis1 or ,diana ( ! ,wood4 ,! lake & ! grove 7 sometimes kn[n z ! lake & grove ( ,aricia4 ,b ! t[n ( ,aricia 7! mod]n ,la ,riccia7 0 situat$ ab\t ?ree miles (f1 at ! foot ( ! ,alban ,m\nt1 & sep>at$ by a /eep desc5t f ! lake1 :i* lies 9 a small crat]-l holl[ on ! m\nta9 side4 ,9 ?is sacr$ grove !re grew a c]ta9 tree r\nd :i* at any "t ( ! day1 & probably f> into ! night1 a grim figure might be se5 to pr[l4 ,9 8 h& he c>ri$ a drawn sword1 & he kept pe]+ w>ily ab\t him z if at e in/ant he expect$ to be set ^u by an enemy4 ,he 0 a prie/ & a murd]]2 & ! man = :om he look$ 0 soon] or lat] to murd] him & hold ! prie/hood 9 8 /ead4 ,su* 0 ! rule ( ! sanctu>y4 ,a c&idate = ! prie/hood c\ld only succe$ to (fice by slay+ ! prie/1 & hav+ sla9 him1 he reta9$ (fice till he 0 himself sla9 by a /rong] or a crafti]4 ,! po/ :i* he held by ?is prec>i\s t5ure c>ri$ ) x ! title ( k+2 b surely no cr[n$ head ev] lay uneasi]1 or 0 visit$ by m evil dreams1 ?an 84 ,= ye> 91 ye> out1 9 summ] & w9t]1 9 fair wea!r & 9 f\l1 he _h to keep 8 lonely wat*1 & :5ev] he snat*$ a tr\bl$ slumb] x 0 at ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,! lea/ relaxation ( 8 vigilance1 ! smalle/ abatem5t ( 8 /r5g? ( limb or skill ( f5ce1 put him 9 jeop>dy2 grey hairs might seal 8 dea?-w>rant4 ,to g5tle & pi\s pilgrims at ! %r9e ! sight ( him might well seem to d>k5 ! fair l&scape1 z :5 a cl\d sudd5ly blots ! sun on a bright day4 ,! dreamy blue ( ,italian skies1 ! dappl$ %ade ( summ] woods1 & ! sp>kle ( waves 9 ! sun1 c h accord$ b ill ) t /]n & s9i/] figure4 ,r we picture to ourselves ! sc5e z x may h be5 witness$ by a belat$ wayf>] on "o ( ^? wild autumn nights :5 ! dead leaves are fall+ ?ick1 & ! w9ds seem to s+ ! dirge ( ! dy+ ye>4 ,x is a sombre picture1 set to melan*oly music--! backgr\nd ( =e/ %[+ black & jagg$ aga9/ a l[]+ & /ormy sky1 ! sigh+ ( ! w9d 9 ! bran*es1 ! ru/le ( ! )]$ leaves "u foot1 ! lapp+ ( ! cold wat] on ! %ore1 & 9 ! =egr\nd1 pac+ to & fro1 n[ 9 twilight & n[ 9 gloom1 a d>k figure ) a glitt] ( /eel at ! %\ld] :5ev] ! pale moon1 rid+ cle> ( ! cl\d-rack1 pe]s d[n at him ?r\gh ! matt$ b\ghs4 ,! /range rule ( ?is prie/hood has no p>allel 9 classical antiquity1 & _c be expla9$ f x4 ,to f9d an explanation we mu/ g f>!r afield4 ,no "o w probably d5y t su* a cu/om sav\rs ( a b>b>\s age1 &1 surviv+ into imp]ial times1 /&s out 9 /rik+ isolation f ! poli%$ ,italian society ( ! day1 l a primaeval rock ris+ f a smoo?-%av5 lawn4 ,x is ! v rud5ess & b>b>ity ( ! cu/om :i* all[ u a hope ( expla9+ x4 ,= rec5t rese>*es into ! e>ly hi/ory ( man h reveal$ ! ess5tial simil>ity ) :i*1 "u _m sup]ficial diff]5ces1 ! human m9d has elaborat$ its fir/ crude philosophy ( life4 ,accord+ly1 if we c %[ t a b>b>\s cu/om1 l t ( ! prie/hood ( ,nemi1 has exi/$ else:]e2 if we c detect ! motives :i* l$ to its in/itution2 if we c prove t ^! motives h op]at$ widely1 p]haps univ]sally1 9 human society1 produc+ 9 v>i$ circum/ances a v>iety ( in/itutions specifically diff]5t b g5]ically alike2 if we c %[1 la/ly1 t ^! v motives1 ) "s ( _! d]ivative in/itutions1 7 actually at "w 9 classical antiquity2 !n we may fairly inf] t at a remot] age ! same motives gave bir? to ! prie/hood ( ,nemi4 ,su* an inf]5ce1 9 default ( direct evid5ce z to h[ ! prie/hood did actually arise1 c nev] am\nt to demon/ration4 ,b x w be m or less probable accord+ to ! degree ( complet5ess ) :i* x fulfils ! conditions ,i h indicat$4 ,! object ( ?is book is1 by meet+ ^! conditions1 to (f] a fairly probable explanation ( ! prie/hood ( ,nemi4 ,i beg9 by sett+ =? ! few facts & leg5ds :i* h come d[n to u on ! subject4 ,accord+ to "o /ory ! wor%ip ( ,diana at ,nemi 0 in/itut$ by ,ore/es1 :o1 aft] kill+ ,?oas1 ,k+ ( ! ,tauric ,*]sonese 7! ,crimea71 fl$ ) 8 si/] to ,italy1 br++ ) him ! image ( ! ,tauric ,diana hidd5 9 a faggot ( /icks4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 bones 7 transport$ f ,aricia to ,rome & buri$ 9 front ( ! temple ( ,saturn1 on ! ,capitol9e slope1 beside ! temple ( ,concord4 ,! bloody ritual :i* leg5d ascrib$ to ! ,tauric ,diana is famili> to classical read]s2 x is said t e /rang] :o l&$ on ! %ore 0 sacrific$ on h] alt>4 ,b transport$ to ,italy1 ! rite assum$ a mild] =m4 ,)9 ! sanctu>y at ,nemi grew a c]ta9 tree ( :i* no bran* might be brok54 ,only a runaway slave 0 all[$ to break (f1 if he c\ld1 "o ( its b\ghs4 ,success 9 ! attempt entitl$ him to fight ! prie/ 9 s+le combat1 & if he slew him he reign$ 9 8 /ead ) ! title ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood 7,rex ,nemor5sis74 ,accord+ to ! public op9ion ( ! anci5ts ! fateful bran* 0 t ,gold5 ,b\gh :i*1 at ! ,sibyl's bidd+1 ,a5eas pluck$ be=e he essay$ ! p]il\s j\rney to ! _w ( ! dead4 ,! flight ( ! slave repres5t$1 x 0 said1 ! flight ( ,ore/es2 8 combat ) ! prie/ 0 a rem9isc5ce ( ! human sacrifices once (f]$ to ! ,tauric ,diana4 ,?is rule ( succession by ! sword 0 obs]v$ d[n to imp]ial times2 = among/ 8 o!r freaks ,caligula1 ?9k+ t ! prie/ ( ,nemi _h held (fice too long1 hir$ a m /alw>t ruffian to slay him2 & a ,greek travell]1 :o visit$ ,italy 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 rem>ks t d[n to 8 "t ! prie/hood 0 /ill ! prize ( victory 9 a s+le combat4 ,( ! wor%ip ( ,diana at ,nemi "s lead+ features c /ill be made out4 ,f ! votive (f]+s :i* h be5 f\nd on ! site1 x appe>s t %e 0 conceiv$ ( especially z a huntress1 & fur!r z bless+ m5 & wom5 ) (fspr+1 & grant+ expectant mo!rs an easy deliv]y4 ,aga91 fire seems to h play$ a =emo/ "p 9 h] ritual4 ,= dur+ h] annual fe/ival1 held on ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/1 at ! hotte/ "t ( ! ye>1 h] grove %one ) a multitude ( tor*es1 ^: ruddy gl>e 0 reflect$ by ! lake2 & ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy ! day 0 kept ) holy rites at e dome/ic he>?4 ,bronze /atuettes f\nd 9 h] prec9ct repres5t ! goddess h]self hold+ a tor* 9 h] rais$ "r h&2 & wom5 ^: pray]s _h be5 he>d by h] came cr[n$ ) wrea?s & be>+ light$ tor*es to ! sanctu>y 9 fulfilm5t ( _! v[s4 ,"s "o unkn[n d$icat$ a p]petually burn+ lamp 9 a little %r9e at ,nemi = ! safety ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius & 8 family4 ,! t]ra-cotta lamps :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! grove may p]haps h s]v$ a l purpose = humbl] p]sons4 ,if s1 ! analogy ( ! cu/om to ! ,ca?olic practice ( d$icat+ holy c&les 9 *ur*es w\ld be obvi\s4 ,fur!r1 ! title ( ,ve/a borne by ,diana at ,nemi po9ts cle>ly to ! ma9t5ance ( a p]petual holy fire 9 h] sanctu>y4 ,a l>ge circul> basem5t at ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! temple1 rais$ on ?ree /eps & be>+ traces ( a mosaic pavem5t1 probably support$ a r\nd temple ( ,diana 9 h] "* ( ,ve/a1 l ! r\nd temple ( ,ve/a 9 ! ,roman ,=um4 ,"h ! sacr$ fire w\ld seem to h be5 t5d$ by ,ve/al ,virg9s1 = ! head ( a ,ve/al 9 t]ra-cotta 0 f\nd on ! spot1 & ! wor%ip ( a p]petual fire1 c>$ = by holy maid5s1 appe>s to h be5 common 9 ,latium f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times4 ,fur!r1 at ! annual fe/ival ( ! goddess1 hunt+ dogs 7 cr[n$ & wild bea/s 7 n mole/$2 "y p w5t ?r\gh a purificatory c]emony 9 h] hon\r2 w9e 0 br\ght =?1 & ! fea/ consi/$ ( a kid cakes s]v$ pip+ hot on plates ( leaves1 & apples /ill hang+ 9 clu/]s on ! b\ghs4 ,b ,diana did n reign alone 9 h] grove at ,nemi4 ,two less] div9ities %>$ h] =e/ sanctu>y4 ,"o 0 ,eg]ia1 ! nymph ( ! cle> wat] :i*1 bubbl+ f ! basaltic rocks1 us$ to fall 9 graceful cascades into ! lake at ! place call$ ,le ,mole1 because "h 7 e/abli%$ ! mills ( ! mod]n village ( ,nemi4 ,! purl+ ( ! /ream z x ran ov] ! pebbles is m5tion$ by ,ovid1 :o tells u t he _h (t5 drunk ( its wat]4 ,wom5 ) *ild us$ to sacrifice to ,eg]ia1 because %e 0 believ$1 l ,diana1 to be able to grant !m an easy deliv]y4 ,tradition ran t ! nymph _h be5 ! wife or mi/ress ( ! wise k+ ,numa1 t he _h consort$ ) h] 9 ! secrecy ( ! sacr$ grove1 & t ! laws :i* he gave ! ,romans _h be5 inspir$ by communion ) h] div9ity4 ,plut>* comp>es ! leg5d ) o!r tales ( ! loves ( goddesses = mortal m51 su* z ! love ( ,cybele & ! ,moon = ! fair y\?s ,attis & ,endymion4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! try/+-place ( ! lov]s 0 n 9 ! woods ( ,nemi b 9 a grove outside ! dripp+ ,porta ,cap5a at ,rome1 :]e ano!r sacr$ spr+ ( ,eg]ia gu%$ f a d>k cav]n4 ,e day ! ,roman ,ve/als fet*$ wat] f ?is spr+ to wa% ! temple ( ,ve/a1 c>ry+ x 9 e>!nw>e pit*]s on _! heads4 ,9 ,juv5al's "t ! natural rock _h be5 encas$ 9 m>ble1 & ! hall[$ spot 0 pr(an$ by gangs ( poor ,jews1 :o 7 suff]$ to squat1 l gypsies1 9 ! grove4 ,we may suppose t ! spr+ :i* fell into ! lake ( ,nemi 0 ! true orig9al ,eg]ia1 & t :5 ! fir/ settl]s mov$ d[n f ! ,alban hills to ! banks ( ! ,tib] !y br\ght ! nymph ) !m & f\nd a new home = h] 9 a grove outside ! gates4 ,! rema9s ( ba?s :i* h be5 discov]$ )9 ! sacr$ prec9ct1 toge!r ) _m t]ra-cotta models ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! human body1 sugge/ t ! wat]s ( ,eg]ia 7 us$ to heal ! sick1 :o may h signifi$ _! hopes or te/ifi$ _! gratitude by d$icat+ lik5esses ( ! diseas$ memb]s to ! goddess1 9 accordance ) a cu/om :i* is /ill obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,to ?is day x w\ld seem t ! spr+ reta9s m$ic9al virtues4 ,! o!r ( ! m9or deities at ,nemi 0 ,virbius4 ,leg5d _h x t ,virbius 0 ! "y ,greek h]o ,hippolytus1 *a/e & fair1 :o le>n$ ! art ( v5]y f ! c5taur ,*iron1 & sp5t all 8 days 9 ! gre5wood *as+ wild bea/s ) ! virg9 huntress ,artemis 7! ,greek c\nt]p>t ( ,diana7 = 8 only comrade4 ,pr\d ( h] div9e society1 he spurn$ ! love ( wom51 & ?is prov$ 8 bane4 ,= ,aphrodite1 /ung by 8 scorn1 inspir$ 8 /epmo!r ,pha$ra ) love ( him2 & :5 he disda9$ h] wick$ advances %e falsely accus$ him to 8 fa!r ,!seus4 ,! sl&] 0 believ$1 & ,!seus pray$ to 8 sire ,poseidon to av5ge ! imag9$ wrong4 ,s :ile ,hippolytus drove 9 a *>iot by ! %ore ( ! ,s>onic ,gulf1 ! sea-god s5t a fi]ce bull =? f ! waves4 ,! t]rifi$ horses bolt$1 ?rew ,hippolytus f ! *>iot1 & dragg$ him at _! ho(s to dea?4 ,b ,diana1 = ! love %e bore ,hippolytus1 p]suad$ ! lee* ,aesculapius to br+ h] fair "y hunt] back to life by 8 simples4 ,jupit]1 indignant t a mortal man %\ld return f ! gates ( dea?1 ?ru/ d[n ! m$dl+ lee* himself to ,hades4 ,b ,diana hid h] fav\rite f ! angry god 9 a ?ick cl\d1 disguis$ 8 features by add+ ye>s to 8 life1 & !n bore him f> away to ! dells ( ,nemi1 :]e %e entru/$ him to ! nymph ,eg]ia1 to live !re1 unkn[n & solit>y1 "u ! "n ( ,virbius1 9 ! dep? ( ! ,italian =e/4 ,!re he reign$ a k+1 & !re he d$icat$ a prec9ct to ,diana4 ,he _h a comely son1 ,virbius1 :o1 undaunt$ by 8 fa!r's fate1 drove a team ( fi]y /e$s to jo9 ! ,lat9s 9 ! w> aga9/ ,a5eas & ! ,trojans4 ,virbius 0 wor%ipp$ z a god n only at ,nemi b else:]e2 = 9 ,campania we he> ( a special prie/ devot$ to 8 s]vice4 ,horses 7 exclud$ f ! ,arician grove & sanctu>y because horses _h kill$ ,hippolytus4 ,x 0 unlawful to t\* 8 image4 ,"s ?\ght t he 0 ! sun4 ,b ! tru? is1 says ,s]vius1 t he is a deity associat$ ) ,diana1 z ,attis is associat$ ) ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 & ,eri*?onius ) ,m9]va1 & ,adonis ) ,v5us4 ,:at ! nature ( t association 0 we %all enquire pres5tly4 ,"h x is wor? obs]v+ t 9 8 long & *equ]$ c>e] ?is my?ical p]sonage has display$ a rem>kable t5acity ( life4 ,= we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,sa9t ,hippolytus ( ! ,roman cal5d>1 :o 0 dragg$ by horses to dea? on ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/1 ,diana's own day1 is no o!r ?an ! ,greek h]o ( ! same "n1 :o1 aft] dy+ twice ov] z a hea!n s9n]1 has be5 happily resuscitat$ z a ,*ri/ian sa9t4 ,x ne$s no elaborate demon/ration to conv9ce u t ! /ories told to acc\nt = ,diana's wor%ip at ,nemi are unhi/orical4 ,cle>ly !y belong to t l>ge class ( my?s :i* are made up to expla9 ! orig9 ( a religi\s ritual & h no o!r f\ndation ?an ! resemblance1 real or imag9>y1 :i* may be trac$ betwe5 x & "s =eign ritual4 ,! incongruity ( ^! ,nemi my?s is inde$ transp>5t1 s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! wor%ip is trac$ n[ to ,ore/es & n[ to ,hippolytus1 accord+ z ?is or t feature ( ! ritual has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! real value ( su* tales is t !y s]ve to illu/rate ! nature ( ! wor%ip by provid+ a /&>d ) :i* to comp>e x2 & fur!r1 t !y be> witness indirectly to its v5]able age by %[+ t ! true orig9 0 lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( a fabul\s antiquity4 ,9 ! latt] respect ^! ,nemi leg5ds are probably m to be tru/$ ?an ! app>5tly hi/orical tradition1 v\*$ = by ,cato ! ,eld]1 t ! sacr$ grove 0 d$icat$ to ,diana by a c]ta9 ,eg]ius ,baebius or ,laevius ( ,tusculum1 a ,lat9 dictator1 on behalf ( ! peoples ( ,tusculum1 ,aricia1 ,lanuvium1 ,laur5tum1 ,cora1 ,tibur1 ,pometia1 & ,ardea4 ,?is tradition inde$ speaks = ! great age ( ! sanctu>y1 s9ce x seems to date its f\ndation sometime be=e #die ,b4,c41 ! ye> 9 :i* ,pometia 0 sack$ by ! ,romans & disappe>s f hi/ory4 ,b we _c suppose t s b>b>\s a rule z t ( ! ,arician prie/hood 0 delib]ately in/itut$ by a league ( civilis$ communities1 su* z ! ,lat9 cities und\bt$ly 74 ,x mu/ h be5 h&$ d[n f a "t beyond ! memory ( man1 :5 ,italy 0 /ill 9 a f> rud] /ate ?an any kn[n to u 9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,! cr$it ( ! tradition is r %ak5 ?an confirm$ by ano!r /ory :i* ascribes ! f\ndation ( ! sanctu>y to a c]ta9 ,manius ,eg]ius1 :o gave rise to ! say+1 ,!re are _m ,manii at ,aricia4 ,?is prov]b "s expla9$ by alleg+ t ,manius ,eg]ius 0 ! ance/or ( a long & di/+ui%$ l9e1 :]eas o!rs ?\ght x meant t !re 7 _m ugly & de=m$ p at ,aricia1 & !y d]iv$ ! "n ,manius f ,mania1 a bogey or bugbe> to fright5 *ildr54 ,a ,roman satiri/ uses ! "n ,manius z typical ( ! begg>s :o lay 9 wait = pilgrims on ! ,arician slopes4 ,^! diff]5ces ( op9ion1 toge!r ) ! discrepancy betwe5 ,manius ,eg]ius ( ,aricia & ,eg]ius ,laevius ( ,tusculum1 z well z ! resemblance ( bo? names to ! my?ical ,eg]ia1 excite our suspicion4 ,yet ! tradition record$ by ,cato seems too circum/antial1 & its sponsor too respectable1 to all[ u to dismiss x z an idle fiction4 ,r we may suppose t x ref]s to "s anci5t re/oration or recon/ruction ( ! sanctu>y1 :i* 0 actually c>ri$ out by ! conf$]ate /ates4 ,at any rate x te/ifies to a belief t ! grove _h be5 f e>ly times a common place ( wor%ip = _m ( ! olde/ cities ( ! c\ntry1 if n = ! :ole ,lat9 conf$]acy4 #b4 ,artemis & ,hippolytus ,i ,,h said t ! ,arician leg5ds ( ,ore/es & ,hippolytus1 ?\gh wor?less z hi/ory1 h a c]ta9 value 9 s f> z !y may help u to und]/& ! wor%ip at ,nemi bett] by comp>+ x ) ! ritual & my?s ( o!r sanctu>ies4 ,we mu/ ask ourselves1 ,:y did ! au?or ( ^! leg5ds pit* ^u ,ore/es & ,hippolytus 9 ord] to expla9 ,virbius & ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood8 ,9 reg>d to ,ore/es1 ! answ] is obvi\s4 ,he & ! image ( ! ,tauric ,diana1 :i* c\ld only be appeas$ ) human blood1 7 dragg$ 9 to r5d] intelligible ! murd]\s rule ( succession to ! ,arician prie/hood4 ,9 reg>d to ,hippolytus ! case is n s pla94 ,! mann] ( 8 dea? sugge/s readily en\gh a reason = ! exclusion ( horses f ! grove2 b ?is by itself seems h>dly en\gh to acc\nt = ! id5tification4 ,we mu/ try to probe deep] by exam9+ ! wor%ip z well z ! leg5d or my? ( ,hippolytus4 ,he _h a fam\s sanctu>y at 8 ance/ral home ( ,troez51 situat$ on t beautiful1 almo/ l&lock$ bay1 :]e groves ( oranges & lemons1 ) tall cypresses so>+ l d>k spires above ! g>d5 ( ,hesp]ides1 n[ clo! ! /rip ( f]tile %ore at ! foot ( ! rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,across ! blue wat] ( ! tranquil bay1 :i* x %elt]s f ! op5 sea1 rises ,poseidon's sacr$ isl&1 its peaks veil$ 9 ! sombre gre5 ( ! p9es4 ,on ?is fair coa/ ,hippolytus 0 wor%ipp$4 ,)9 8 sanctu>y /ood a temple ) an anci5t image4 ,8 s]vice 0 p]=m$ by a prie/ :o held (fice = life2 e ye> a sacrificial fe/ival 0 held 9 8 hon\r2 & 8 untimely fate 0 ye>ly m\rn$1 ) weep+ & doleful *ants1 by unw$d$ maids4 ,y\?s & maid5s d$icat$ locks ( _! hair 9 8 temple be=e m>riage4 ,8 grave exi/$ at ,troez51 ?\gh ! p w\ld n %[ x4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 ) great plausibility1 t 9 ! h&some ,hippolytus1 belov$ ( ,artemis1 cut (f 9 8 y\?ful prime1 & ye>ly m\rn$ by damsels1 we h "o ( ^? mortal lov]s ( a goddess :o appe> s (t5 9 anci5t religion1 & ( :om ,adonis is ! mo/ famili> type4 ,! rivalry ( ,artemis & ,pha$ra = ! affection ( ,hippolytus reproduces1 x is said1 "u diff]5t names1 ! rivalry ( ,aphrodite & ,pros]p9e = ! love ( ,adonis1 = ,pha$ra is m]ely a d\ble ( ,aphrodite4 ,! !ory probably does no inju/ice ei!r to ,hippolytus or to ,artemis4 ,= ,artemis 0 orig9ally a great goddess ( f]tility1 &1 on ! pr9ciples ( e>ly religion1 %e :o f]tilises nature mu/ h]self be f]tile1 & to be t %e mu/ necess>ily h a male consort4 ,on ?is view1 ,hippolytus 0 ! consort ( ,artemis at ,troez51 & ! %orn tresses (f]$ to him by ! ,troez5ian y\?s & maid5s be=e m>riage 7 design$ to /r5g!n 8 union ) ! goddess1 & s to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 ( cattle1 & ( mank9d4 ,x is "s confirmation ( ?is view t )9 ! prec9ct ( ,hippolytus at ,troez5 !re 7 wor%ipp$ two female p[]s nam$ ,damia & ,auxesia1 ^: connexion ) ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd is unque/ionable4 ,:5 ,epidaurus suff]$ f a de>?1 ! p1 9 ob$i5ce to an oracle1 c>v$ images ( ,damia & ,auxesia out ( sacr$ olive wood1 & no soon] _h !y done s & set !m up ?an ! e>? bore fruit aga94 ,moreov]1 at ,troez5 itself1 & app>5tly )9 ! prec9ct ( ,hippolytus1 a curi\s fe/ival ( /one-?r[+ 0 held 9 hon\r ( ^! maid5s1 z ! ,troez5ians call$ !m2 & x is easy to %[ t simil> cu/oms h be5 practis$ 9 _m l&s = ! express purpose ( ensur+ good crops4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! tragic dea? ( ! y\?ful ,hippolytus we may disc]n an analogy ) simil> tales ( o!r fair b mortal y\?s :o paid ) _! lives = ! brief rapture ( ! love ( an immortal goddess4 ,^! hapless lov]s 7 probably n always m]e my?s1 & ! leg5ds :i* trac$ _! spilt blood 9 ! purple bloom ( ! violet1 ! sc>let /a9 ( ! anemone1 or ! crimson flu% ( ! rose 7 no idle poetic emblems ( y\? & beauty fleet+ z ! summ] fl[]s4 ,su* fables conta9 a deep] philosophy ( ! relation ( ! life ( man to ! life ( nature--a sad philosophy :i* gave bir? to a tragic practice4 ,:at t philosophy & t practice 71 we %all le>n lat] on4 #c4 ,recapitulation ,,we c n[ p]haps und]/& :y ! anci5ts id5tifi$ ,hippolytus1 ! consort ( ,artemis1 ) ,virbius1 :o1 accord+ to ,s]vius1 /ood to ,diana z ,adonis to ,v5us1 or ,attis to ! ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,= ,diana1 l ,artemis1 0 a goddess ( f]tility 9 g5]al1 & ( *ildbir? 9 p>ticul>4 ,z su* %e1 l h] ,greek c\nt]p>t1 ne$$ a male p>tn]4 ,t p>tn]1 if ,s]vius is "r1 0 ,virbius4 ,9 8 "* ( ! f\nd] ( ! sacr$ grove & fir/ k+ ( ,nemi1 ,virbius is cle>ly ! my?ical pr$ecessor or ar*etype ( ! l9e ( prie/s :o s]v$ ,diana "u ! title ( ,k+s ( ! ,wood1 & :o came1 l him1 "o aft] ! o!r1 to a viol5t end4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to conjecture t !y /ood to ! goddess ( ! grove 9 ! same relation 9 :i* ,virbius /ood to h]2 9 %ort1 t ! mortal ,k+ ( ! ,wood _h = 8 que5 ! woodl& ,diana h]self4 ,if ! sacr$ tree :i* he gu>d$ ) 8 life 0 suppos$1 z seems probable1 to be h] special embodim5t1 h] prie/ may n only h wor%ipp$ x z 8 goddess b embrac$ x z 8 wife4 ,!re is at lea/ no?+ absurd 9 ! supposition1 s9ce ev5 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y a noble ,roman us$ ?us to treat a beautiful bee*-tree 9 ano!r sacr$ grove ( ,diana on ! ,alban hills4 ,he embrac$ x1 he kiss$ x1 he lay "u its %ad[1 he p\r$ w9e on its trunk4 ,app>5tly he took ! tree = ! goddess4 ,! cu/om ( physically m>ry+ m5 & wom5 to trees is /ill practis$ 9 ,india & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,:y %\ld x n h obta9$ 9 anci5t ,latium8 ,review+ ! evid5ce z a :ole1 we may conclude t ! wor%ip ( ,diana 9 h] sacr$ grove at ,nemi 0 ( great importance & immemorial antiquity2 t %e 0 rev]$ z ! goddess ( woodl&s & ( wild creatures1 probably also ( dome/ic cattle & ( ! fruits ( ! e>?2 t %e 0 believ$ to bless m5 & wom5 ) (fspr+ & to aid mo!rs 9 *ildb$2 t h] holy fire1 t5d$ by *a/e virg9s1 burn$ p]petually 9 a r\nd temple )9 ! prec9ct2 t associat$ ) h] 0 a wat]-nymph ,eg]ia :o dis*>g$ "o ( ,diana's own functions by succ\r+ wom5 9 travail1 & :o 0 popul>ly suppos$ to h mat$ ) an old ,roman k+ 9 ! sacr$ grove2 fur!r1 t ,diana ( ! ,wood h]self _h a male companion ,virbius by "n1 :o 0 to h] :at ,adonis 0 to ,v5us1 or ,attis to ,cybele2 &1 la/ly1 t ?is my?ical ,virbius 0 repres5t$ 9 hi/orical times by a l9e ( prie/s kn[n z ,k+s ( ! ,wood1 :o regul>ly p]i%$ by ! swords ( _! successors1 & ^: lives 7 9 a mann] b\nd up ) a c]ta9 tree 9 ! grove1 because s long z t tree 0 un9jur$ !y 7 safe f attack4 ,cle>ly ^! conclusions d n ( !mselves suffice to expla9 ! peculi> rule ( succession to ! prie/hood4 ,b p]haps ! survey ( a wid] field may lead u to ?9k t !y conta9 9 g]m ! solution ( ! problem4 ,to t wid] survey we mu/ n[ address ourselves4 ,x w be long & labori\s1 b may possess some?+ ( ! int]e/ & *>m ( a voyage ( discov]y1 9 :i* we %all visit _m /range =eign l&s1 ) /range =eign peoples1 & /ill /rang] cu/oms4 ,! w9d is 9 ! %r\ds3 we %ake out our sails to x1 & leave ! coa/ ( ,italy beh9d u = a "t4 ,,ii4 ,prie/ly ,k+s ,,! que/ions :i* we h set ourselves to answ] are ma9ly two3 fir/1 :y _h ,diana's prie/ at ,nemi1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 to slay 8 pr$ecessor8 second1 :y be=e do+ s _h he to pluck ! bran* ( a c]ta9 tree :i* ! public op9ion ( ! anci5ts id5tifi$ ) ,virgil's ,gold5 ,b\gh8 ,! fir/ po9t on :i* we fa/5 is ! prie/'s title4 ,:y 0 he call$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood8 ,:y 0 8 (fice spok5 ( z a k+dom8 ,! union ( a royal title ) prie/ly duties 0 common 9 anci5t ,italy & ,greece4 ,at ,rome & 9 o!r cities ( ,latium !re 0 a prie/ call$ ! ,sacrificial ,k+ or ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites1 & 8 wife bore ! title ( ,que5 ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites4 ,9 republican ,a!ns ! second annual magi/rate ( ! /ate 0 call$ ! ,k+1 & 8 wife ! ,que52 ! functions ( bo? 7 religi\s4 ,_m o!r ,greek democracies _h titul> k+s1 ^: duties1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 seem to h be5 prie/ly1 & to h c5t]$ r\nd ! ,common ,he>? ( ! /ate4 ,"s ,greek /ates _h sev]al ( ^! titul> k+s1 :o held (fice simultane\sly4 ,at ,rome ! tradition 0 t ! ,sacrificial ,k+ _h be5 appo9t$ aft] ! abolition ( ! mon>*y 9 ord] to (f] ! sacrifices :i* be=e _h be5 (f]$ by ! k+s4 ,a simil> view z to ! orig9 ( ! prie/ly k+s appe>s to h prevail$ 9 ,greece4 ,9 itself ! op9ion is n improbable1 & x is borne out by ! example ( ,sp>ta1 almo/ ! only purely ,greek /ate :i* reta9$ ! k+ly =m ( gov]nm5t 9 hi/orical times4 ,= 9 ,sp>ta all /ate sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! k+s z desc5dants ( ! god4 ,"o ( ! two ,sp>tan k+s held ! prie/hood ( ,zeus ,lac$aemon1 ! o!r ! prie/hood ( ,heav5ly ,zeus4 ,?is comb9ation ( prie/ly functions ) royal au?ority is famili> to e "o4 ,asia ,m9or1 = example1 0 ! seat ( v>i\s great religi\s capitals peopl$ by ?\s&s ( sacr$ slaves1 & rul$ by pontiffs :o wield$ at once temporal & spiritual au?ority1 l ! popes ( m$iaeval ,rome4 ,su* prie/-ridd5 cities 7 ,zela & ,pess9us4 ,teutonic k+s1 aga91 9 ! old hea!n days seem to h /ood 9 ! position1 & to h ex]cis$ ! p[]s1 ( high prie/s4 ,! ,emp]ors ( ,*9a (f]$ public sacrifices1 ! details ( :i* 7 regulat$ by ! ritual books4 ,! ,k+ ( ,madagasc> 0 high-prie/ ( ! realm4 ,at ! great fe/ival ( ! new ye>1 :5 a bullock 0 sacrific$ = ! good ( ! k+dom1 ! k+ /ood ov] ! sacrifice to (f] pray] & ?anksgiv+1 :ile 8 att5dants slaught]$ ! animal4 ,9 ! mon>*ical /ates :i* /ill ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce among ! ,gallas ( ,ea/]n ,africa1 ! k+ sacrifices on ! m\nta9 tops & regulates ! immolation ( human victims2 & ! dim light ( tradition reveals a simil> union ( temporal & spiritual p[]1 ( royal & prie/ly duties1 9 ! k+s ( t delightful region ( ,c5tral ,am]ica ^: anci5t capital1 n[ buri$ "u ! rank gr[? ( ! tropical =e/1 is m>k$ by ! /ately & my/]i\s ru9s ( ,pal5que4 ,:5 we h said t ! anci5t k+s 7 commonly prie/s also1 we are f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! religi\s aspect ( _! (fice4 ,9 ^? days ! div9ity t h$ges a k+ 0 no empty =m ( spee*1 b ! expression ( a sob] belief4 ,k+s 7 rev]$1 9 _m cases n m]ely z prie/s1 t is1 z int]cessors betwe5 man & god1 b z !mselves gods1 able to be/[ ^u _! subjects & wor%ipp]s ^? bless+s :i* are commonly suppos$ to be beyond ! rea* ( mortals1 & are s\ght1 if at all1 only by pray] & sacrifice (f]$ to sup]human & invisible be+s4 ,?us k+s are (t5 expect$ to give ra9 & sun%9e 9 due season1 to make ! crops gr[1 & s on4 ,/range z ?is expectation appe>s to u1 x is q ( a piece ) e>ly modes ( ?\ght4 ,a savage h>dly conceives ! di/9ction commonly drawn by m advanc$ peoples betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural4 ,to him ! _w is to a great ext5t work$ by sup]natural ag5ts1 t is1 by p]sonal be+s act+ on impulses & motives l 8 own1 liable l him to be mov$ by appeals to _! pity1 _! hopes1 & _! fe>s4 ,9 a _w s conceiv$ he sees no limit to 8 p[] ( influ5c+ ! c\rse ( nature to 8 own advantage4 ,pray]s1 promises1 or ?reats may secure him f9e wea!r & an abundant crop f ! gods2 & if a god %\ld happ51 z he sometimes believes1 to become inc>nate 9 8 own p]son1 !n he ne$ appeal to no high] be+2 he1 ! savage1 possesses 9 himself all ! p[]s necess>y to fur!r 8 own well-be+ & t ( 8 fell[-m54 ,?is is "o way 9 :i* ! idea ( a man-god is rea*$4 ,b !re is ano!r4 ,along ) ! view ( ! _w z p]vad$ by spiritual =ces1 savage man has a diff]5t1 & probably /ill old]1 conception 9 :i* we may detect a g]m ( ! mod]n notion ( natural law or ! view ( nature z a s]ies ( ev5ts occurr+ 9 an inv>iable ord] )\t ! int]v5tion ( p]sonal ag5cy4 ,! g]m ( :i* ,i speak is involv$ 9 t sympa!tic magic1 z x may be call$1 :i* plays a l>ge "p 9 mo/ sy/ems ( sup]/ition4 ,9 e>ly society ! k+ is frequ5tly a magician z well z a prie/2 inde$ he appe>s to h (t5 atta9$ to p[] by virtue ( 8 suppos$ pr(ici5cy 9 ! black or :ite art4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to und]/& ! evolution ( ! k+%ip & ! sacr$ "* ) :i* ! (fice has commonly be5 inve/$ 9 ! eyes ( savage or b>b>\s peoples1 x is ess5tial to h "s acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( magic & to =m "s conception ( ! extraord9>y hold :i* t anci5t sy/em ( sup]/ition has _h on ! human m9d 9 all ages & all c\ntries4 ,accord+ly ,i propose to consid] ! subject 9 "s detail4 ,,iii4 ,sympa!tic ,magic #a4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,magic ,,if we analyse ! pr9ciples ( ?\ght on :i* magic is bas$1 !y w probably be f\nd to resolve !mselves into two3 fir/1 t l produces l1 or t an effect resembles its cause2 &1 second1 t ?+s :i* h once be5 9 contact ) ea* o!r cont9ue to act on ea* o!r at a di/ance aft] ! physical contact has be5 sev]$4 ,! =m] pr9ciple may be call$ ! ,law ( ,simil>ity1 ! latt] ! ,law ( ,contact or ,contagion4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples1 namely ! ,law ( ,simil>ity1 ! magician inf]s t he c produce any effect he desires m]ely by imitat+ x3 f ! second he inf]s t :atev] he does to a mat]ial object w affect equally ! p]son ) :om ! object 0 once 9 contact1 :e!r x =m$ "p ( 8 body or n4 ,*>ms bas$ on ! ,law ( ,simil>ity may be call$ ,homoeopa?ic or ,imitative ,magic4 ,*>ms bas$ on ! ,law ( ,contact or ,contagion may be call$ ,contagi\s ,magic4 ,to d5ote ! fir/ ( ^! bran*es ( magic ! t]m ,homoeopa?ic is p]haps pref]able1 = ! alt]native t]m ,imitative or ,mimetic sugge/s1 if x does n imply1 a consci\s ag5t :o imitates1 !reby limit+ ! scope ( magic too n>r[ly4 ,= ! same pr9ciples :i* ! magician applies 9 ! practice ( 8 art are implicitly believ$ by him to regulate ! op]ations ( inanimate nature2 9 o!r words1 he tacitly assumes t ! ,laws ( ,simil>ity & ,contact are ( univ]sal application & are n limit$ to human actions4 ,9 %ort1 magic is a spuri\s sy/em ( natural law z well z a fallaci\s guide ( conduct2 x is a false sci5ce z well z an abortive art4 ,reg>d$ z a sy/em ( natural law1 t is1 z a /atem5t ( ! rules :i* det]m9e ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts ?r\gh\t ! _w1 x may be call$ ,!oretical ,magic3 reg>d$ z a set ( precepts :i* human be+s obs]ve 9 ord] to compass _! ends1 x may be call$ ,practical ,magic4 ,at ! same "t x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! primitive magician kn[s magic only on its practical side2 he nev] analyses ! m5tal processes on :i* 8 practice is bas$1 nev] reflects on ! ab/ract pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 actions4 ,) him1 z ) ! va/ majority ( m51 logic is implicit1 n explicit3 he reasons j z he dige/s 8 food 9 complete ignorance ( ! intellectual & physiological processes :i* are ess5tial to ! "o op]ation & to ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 to him magic is always an art1 nev] a sci5ce2 ! v idea ( sci5ce is lack+ 9 8 undevelop$ m9d4 ,x is = ! philosophic /ud5t to trace ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* und]lies ! magician's practice2 to draw out ! few simple ?reads ( :i* ! tangl$ ske9 is compos$2 to dis5gage ! ab/ract pr9ciples f _! concrete applications2 9 %ort1 to disc]n ! spuri\s sci5ce beh9d ! ba/>d art4 ,if my analysis ( ! magician's logic is correct1 its two great pr9ciples turn out to be m]ely two diff]5t misapplications ( ! association ( ideas4 ,homoeopa?ic magic is f\nd$ on ! association ( ideas by simil>ity3 contagi\s magic is f\nd$ on ! association ( ideas by contiguity4 ,homoeopa?ic magic commits ! mi/ake ( assum+ t ?+s :i* resemble ea* o!r are ! same3 contagi\s magic commits ! mi/ake ( assum+ t ?+s :i* h once be5 9 contact ) ea* o!r are always 9 contact4 ,b 9 practice ! two bran*es are (t5 comb9$2 or1 to be m exact1 :ile homoeopa?ic or imitative magic may be practis$ by itself1 contagi\s magic w g5]ally be f\nd to involve an application ( ! homoeopa?ic or imitative pr9ciple4 ,?us g5]ally /at$ ! two ?+s may be a little difficult to grasp1 b !y w readily become intelligible :5 !y are illu/rat$ by p>ticul> examples4 ,bo? tra9s ( ?\ght are 9 fact extremely simple & elem5t>y4 ,x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise1 s9ce !y are famili> 9 ! concrete1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n 9 ! ab/ract1 to ! crude intellig5ce n only ( ! savage1 b ( ignorant & dull-witt$ p ev]y:]e4 ,bo? bran*es ( magic1 ! homoeopa?ic & ! contagi\s1 may conv5i5tly be compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,sympa!tic ,magic1 s9ce bo? assume t ?+s act on ea* o!r at a di/ance ?r\gh a secret sympa?y1 ! impulse be+ transmitt$ f "o to ! o!r by means ( :at we may conceive z a k9d ( invisible e!r1 n unlike t :i* is po/ulat$ by mod]n sci5ce = a precisely simil> purpose1 namely1 to expla9 h[ ?+s c physically affect ea* o!r ?r\gh a space :i* appe>s to be empty4 ,x may be conv5i5t to tabulate z foll[s ! bran*es ( magic accord+ to ! laws ( ?\ght :i* und]lie !m3 ,sympa!tic ,magic 7,law ( ,sympa?y7 ------------------------------- ,homoeopa?ic ,magic ,contagi\s ,magic 7,law ( ,simil>ity7 7,law ( ,contact7 ,i w n[ illu/rate ^! two great bran*es ( sympa!tic magic by examples1 beg9n+ ) homoeopa?ic magic4 #b4 ,homoeopa?ic or ,imitative ,magic ,,p]haps ! mo/ famili> application ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l is ! attempt :i* has be5 made by _m peoples 9 _m ages to injure or de/roy an enemy by injur+ or de/roy+ an image ( him1 9 ! belief t1 j z ! image suff]s1 s does ! man1 & t :5 x p]i%es he mu/ die4 ,a few in/ances out ( _m may be giv5 to prove at once ! wide diffusion ( ! practice ov] ! _w & its rem>kable p]si/5ce ?r\gh ! ages4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ago x 0 kn[n to ! sorc]]s ( anci5t ,india1 ,babylon1 & ,egypt1 z well z ( ,greece & ,rome1 & at ?is day x is /ill resort$ to by cunn+ & malignant savages 9 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & ,scotl&4 ,?us ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 we are told1 believe t by draw+ ! figure ( a p]son 9 s&1 a%es1 or clay1 or by consid]+ any object z 8 body1 & !n prick+ x ) a %>p /ick or do+ x any o!r injury1 !y inflict a correspond+ injury on ! p]son repres5t$4 ,= example1 :5 an ,ojebway ,indian desires to "w evil on any "o1 he makes a little wood5 image ( 8 enemy & runs a ne$le into its head or he>t1 or he %oots an arr[ into x1 believ+ t :]ev] ! ne$le pi]ces or ! arr[ /rikes ! image1 8 foe w ! same in/ant be seiz$ ) a %>p pa9 9 ! correspond+ "p ( 8 body2 b if he int5ds to kill ! p]son outright1 he burns or buries ! puppet1 utt]+ c]ta9 magic words z he does s4 ,! ,p]uvian ,indians m\ld$ images ( fat mix$ ) gra9 to imitate ! p]sons :om !y dislik$ or fe>$1 & !n burn$ ! effigy on ! road :]e ! int5d$ victim 0 to pass4 ,?is !y call$ burn+ 8 s\l4 ,a ,malay *>m ( ! same sort is z foll[s4 ,take p>+s ( nails1 hair1 eyebr[s1 spittle1 & s =? ( y\r int5d$ victim1 en\gh to repres5t e "p ( 8 p]son1 & !n make !m up into 8 lik5ess ) wax f a des]t$ bees' comb4 ,scor* ! figure sl[ly by hold+ x ov] a lamp e night = sev5 nights1 & say3 ,x is n wax t ,i am scor*+1 ,x is ! liv]1 he>t1 & sple5 ( ,s-&-s t ,i scor*4 ,aft] ! sev5? "t burn ! figure1 & y\r victim w die4 ,?is *>m obvi\sly comb9es ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic & contagi\s magic2 s9ce ! image :i* is made 9 ! lik5ess ( an enemy conta9s ?+s :i* once 7 9 contact ) him1 namely1 8 nails1 hair1 & spittle4 ,ano!r =m ( ! ,malay *>m1 :i* resembles ! ,ojebway practice /ill m closely1 is to make a corpse ( wax f an empty bees' comb & ( ! l5g? ( a foot/ep2 !n pi]ce ! eye ( ! image1 & y\r enemy is bl9d2 pi]ce ! /oma*1 & he is sick2 pi]ce ! head1 & 8 head a*es2 pi]ce ! brea/1 & 8 brea/ w suff]4 ,if y w\ld kill him outright1 transfix ! image f ! head d[nw>ds2 en%r\d x z y w\ld a corpse2 pray ov] x z if y 7 pray+ ov] ! dead2 !n bury x 9 ! middle ( a pa? :]e y\r victim w be sure to /ep ov] x4 ,9 ord] t 8 blood may n be on y\r head1 y %\ld say3 ,x is n ,i :o am bury+ him1 ,x is ,gabriel :o is bury+ him4 ,?us ! guilt ( ! murd] w be laid on ! %\ld]s ( ! ar*angel ,gabriel1 :o is a great deal bett] able to be> x ?an y are4 ,if homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 work+ by means ( images1 has commonly be5 practis$ = ! spiteful purpose ( putt+ obnoxi\s p out ( ! _w1 x has also1 ?\gh f> m r>ely1 be5 employ$ ) ! b5evol5t int5tion ( help+ o!rs into x4 ,9 o!r words1 x has be5 us$ to facilitate *ildbir? & to procure (fspr+ = b>r5 wom54 ,?us among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra a b>r5 woman1 :o w\ld become a "m1 w make a wood5 image ( a *ild & hold x 9 h] lap1 believ+ t ?is w lead to ! fulfilm5t ( h] wi%4 ,9 ! ,bab> ,ar*ipelago1 :5 a woman desires to h a *ild1 %e invites a man :o is himself ! fa!r ( a l>ge family to pray on h] behalf to ,upul]o1 ! _s ( ! sun4 ,a doll is made ( r$ cotton1 :i* ! woman clasps 9 h] arms1 z if %e w\ld suckle x4 ,!n ! fa!r ( _m *ildr5 takes a f[l & holds x by ! legs to ! woman's head1 say+1 ,o ,upul]o1 make use ( ! f[l2 let fall1 let desc5d a *ild1 ,i besee* y1 ,i entreat y1 let a *ild fall & desc5d into my h&s & on my lap4 ,!n he asks ! woman1 ,has ! *ild come8 & %e answ]s1 ,yes1 x is suck+ already4 ,aft] t ! man holds ! f[l on ! husb&'s head1 & mumbles "s =m ( words4 ,la/ly1 ! bird is kill$ & laid1 toge!r ) "s betel1 on ! dome/ic place ( sacrifice4 ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 ^w goes ab\t 9 ! village t ! woman has be5 br\ght to b$1 & h] fri5ds come & congratulate h]4 ,"h ! pret5ce t a *ild has be5 born is a purely magical rite design$ to secure1 by means ( imitation or mimicry1 t a *ild really %all be born2 b an attempt is made to add to ! efficacy ( ! rite by means ( pray] & sacrifice4 ,to put x o!rwise1 magic is "h bl5t ) & re9=c$ by religion4 ,among "s ( ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 :5 a woman is 9 h>d lab\r1 a wiz>d is call$ 91 :o essays to facilitate ! deliv]y 9 a rational mann] by manipulat+ ! body ( ! suff]]4 ,meantime ano!r wiz>d outside ! room ex]ts himself to atta9 ! same end by means :i* we %\ld reg>d z :olly irrational4 ,he1 9 fact1 pret5ds to be ! expectant "m2 a l>ge /one atta*$ to 8 /oma* by a clo? wrapt r\nd 8 body repres5ts ! *ild 9 ! womb1 &1 foll[+ ! directions %\t$ to him by 8 colleague on ! real sc5e ( op]ations1 he moves ?is make-believe baby ab\t on 8 body 9 exact imitation ( ! movem5ts ( ! real baby till ! infant is born4 ,! same pr9ciple ( make-believe1 s de> to *ildr51 has l$ o!r peoples to employ a simulation ( bir? z a =m ( adoption1 & ev5 z a mode ( re/or+ a suppos$ dead p]son to life4 ,if y pret5d to give bir? to a boy1 or ev5 to a great be>d$ man :o has n a drop ( y\r blood 9 8 ve9s1 !n1 9 ! eyes ( primitive law & philosophy1 t boy or man is really y\r son to all int5ts & purposes4 ,?us ,diodorus tells u t :5 ,zeus p]suad$ 8 jeal\s wife ,h]a to adopt ,h]cules1 ! goddess got into b$1 & clasp+ ! burly h]o to h] bosom1 pu%$ him ?r\gh h] robes & let him fall to ! gr\nd 9 imitation ( a real bir?2 & ! hi/orian adds t 9 8 own day ! same mode ( adopt+ *ildr5 0 practis$ by ! b>b>ians4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is said to be /ill 9 use 9 ,bulg>ia & among ! ,bosnian ,turks4 ,a woman w take a boy :om %e int5ds to adopt & pu% or pull him ?r\gh h] clo!s2 ev] aft]w>ds he is reg>d$ z h] v son1 & inh]its ! :ole prop]ty ( 8 adoptive p>5ts4 ,among ! ,b]awans ( ,s>awak1 :5 a woman desires to adopt a gr[nup man or woman1 a great _m p assemble & h a fea/4 ,! adopt+ "m1 seat$ 9 public on a rais$ & cov]$ seat1 all[s ! adopt$ p]son to crawl f beh9d betwe5 h] legs4 ,z soon z he appe>s 9 front he is /rok$ ) ! sweet-sc5t$ blossoms ( ! areca palm & ti$ to a woman4 ,!n ! adopt+ "m & ! adopt$ son or daught]1 ?us b\nd toge!r1 waddle to ! end ( ! h\se & back aga9 9 front ( all ! spectators4 ,! tie e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two by ?is graphic imitation ( *ildbir? is v /rict2 an (f5ce committ$ aga9/ an adopt$ *ild is reckon$ m he9\s ?an "o committ$ aga9/ a real *ild4 ,9 anci5t ,greece any man :o _h be5 suppos$ errone\sly to be dead1 & = :om 9 8 abs5ce fun]al rites _h be5 p]=m$1 0 treat$ z dead to society till he _h gone ?r\gh ! =m ( be+ born aga94 ,he 0 pass$ ?r\gh a woman's lap1 !n wa%$1 dress$ 9 swaddl+-clo!s1 & put out to nurse4 ,n until ?is c]emony _h be5 punctually p]=m$ might he mix freely ) liv+ folk4 ,9 anci5t ,india1 "u simil> circum/ances1 ! suppos$ dead man _h to pass ! fir/ night aft] 8 return 9 a tub fill$ ) a mixture ( fat & wat]2 !re he sat ) d\bl$-up fi/s & )\t utt]+ a syllable1 l a *ild 9 ! womb1 :ile ov] him 7 p]=m$ all ! sacram5ts t 7 wont to be celebrat$ ov] a pregnant woman4 ,next morn+ he got out ( ! tub & w5t ?r\gh once m all ! o!r sacram5ts he _h =m]ly p>tak5 ( f 8 y\? up2 9 p>ticul>1 he m>ri$ a wife or esp\s$ 8 old "o ov] aga9 ) due solemnity4 ,ano!r b5efic5t use ( homoeopa?ic magic is to heal or prev5t sickness4 ,! anci5t ,h9doos p]=m$ an elaborate c]emony1 bas$ on homoeopa?ic magic1 = ! cure ( jaundice4 ,its ma9 drift 0 to bani% ! yell[ col\r to yell[ creatures & yell[ ?+s1 su* z ! sun1 to :i* x prop]ly belongs1 & to procure = ! pati5t a heal?y r$ col\r f a liv+1 vigor\s s\rce1 namely1 a r$ bull4 ,) ?is int5tion1 a prie/ recit$ ! foll[+ spell3 ,up to ! sun %all g ?y he>t-a*e & ?y jaundice3 9 ! col\r ( ! r$ bull d we envelop !e6 ,we envelop !e 9 r$ t9ts1 unto long life4 ,may ?is p]son g unsca!d & be free ( yell[ col\r6 ,! c[s ^: div9ity is ,roh9i1 !y :o1 moreov]1 are !mselves r$ 7roh9ih7--9 _! e =m & e /r5g? we d envelop !e4 ,into ! p>rots1 into ! ?ru%1 d we put ?y jaundice1 &1 fur!rmore1 into ! yell[ wagtail d we put ?y jaundice4 ,:ile he utt]$ ^! words1 ! prie/1 9 ord] to infuse ! rosy hue ( heal? into ! sall[ pati5t1 gave him wat] to sip :i* 0 mix$ ) ! hair ( a r$ bull2 he p\r$ wat] ov] ! animal's back & made ! sick man dr9k x2 he seat$ him on ! sk9 ( a r$ bull & ti$ a piece ( ! sk9 to him4 ,!n 9 ord] to improve 8 col\r by ?or\ghly eradicat+ ! yell[ ta9t1 he proce$$ ?us4 ,he fir/ daub$ him f head to foot ) a yell[ porridge made ( tum]ic or curcuma 7a yell[ plant71 set him on a b$1 ti$ ?ree yell[ birds1 to wit1 a p>rot1 a ?ru%1 & a yell[ wagtail1 by means ( a yell[ /r+ to ! foot ( ! b$2 !n p\r+ wat] ov] ! pati5t1 he wa%$ (f ! yell[ porridge1 & ) x no d\bt ! jaundice1 f him to ! birds4 ,aft] t1 by way ( giv+ a f9al bloom to 8 complexion1 he took "s hairs ( a r$ bull1 wrapt !m 9 gold leaf1 & glu$ !m to ! pati5t's sk94 ,! anci5ts held t if a p]son suff]+ f jaundice look$ %>ply at a /one-curlew1 & ! bird look$ /eadily at him1 he 0 cur$ ( ! disease4 ,su* is ! nature1 says ,plut>*1 & su* ! temp]am5t ( ! creature t x draws out & receives ! malady :i* issues1 l a /ream1 ?r\gh ! eyesight4 ,s well recognis$ among birdfanci]s 0 ?is valuable prop]ty ( ! /one-curlew t :5 !y _h "o ( ^! birds = sale !y kept x c>efully cov]$1 le/ a jaundic$ p]son %\ld look at x & be cur$ = no?+4 ,! virtue ( ! bird lay n 9 its col\r b 9 its l>ge gold5 eye1 :i* naturally drew out ! yell[ jaundice4 ,pl9y tells ( ano!r1 or p]haps ! same1 bird1 to :i* ! ,greeks gave _! "n = jaundice1 because if a jaundic$ man saw x1 ! disease left him & slew ! bird4 ,he m5tions also a /one :i* 0 suppos$ to cure jaundice because its hue resembl$ t ( a jaundic$ sk94 ,"o ( ! great m]its ( homoeopa?ic magic is t x enables ! cure to be p]=m$ on ! p]son ( ! doctor in/ead ( on t ( 8 victim1 :o is ?us reliev$ ( all tr\ble & inconv5i5ce1 :ile he sees 8 m$ical man wri! 9 angui% be=e him4 ,= example1 ! peasants ( ,p]*e1 9 ,france1 lab\r "u ! impression t a prolong$ fit ( vomit+ is br\ght ab\t by ! pati5t's /oma* becom+ unhook$1 z !y call x1 & s fall+ d[n4 ,accord+ly1 a practition] is call$ 9 to re/ore ! organ to its prop] place4 ,aft] he>+ ! symptoms he at once ?r[s himself into ! mo/ horrible contortions1 = ! purpose ( unhook+ 8 own /oma*4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 ! ef=t1 he next hooks x up aga9 9 ano!r s]ies ( contortions & grimaces1 :ile ! pati5t exp]i5ces a correspond+ relief4 ,fee five francs4 ,9 l mann] a ,dyak m$ic9e-man1 :o has be5 fet*$ 9 a case ( illness1 w lie d[n & pret5d to be dead4 ,he is accord+ly treat$ l a corpse1 is b\nd up 9 mats1 tak5 out ( ! h\se1 & deposit$ on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ab\t an h\r ! o!r m$ic9e-m5 loose ! pret5d$ dead man & br+ him to life2 & z he recov]s1 ! sick p]son is suppos$ to recov] too4 ,a cure = a tum\r1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic1 is prescrib$ by ,m>cellus ( ,bordeaux1 c\rt physician to ,!odosius ! ,fir/1 9 8 curi\s "w on m$ic9e4 ,x is z foll[s4 ,take a root ( v]va91 cut x across1 & hang "o end ( x r\nd ! pati5t's neck1 & ! o!r 9 ! smoke ( ! fire4 ,z ! v]va9 dries up 9 ! smoke1 s ! tum\r w also dry up & disappe>4 ,if ! pati5t %\ld aft]w>ds prove ungrateful to ! good physician1 ! man ( skill c av5ge himself v easily by ?r[+ ! v]va9 into wat]2 = z ! root absorbs ! moi/ure once m1 ! tum\r w return4 ,! same sapi5t writ] recomm5ds y1 if y are tr\bl$ ) pimples1 to wat* = a fall+ />1 & !n in/antly1 :ile ! /> is /ill %oot+ f ! sky1 to wipe ! pimples ) a clo? or any?+ t comes to h&4 ,j z ! /> falls f ! sky1 s ! pimples w fall f y\r body2 only y mu/ be v c>eful n to wipe !m ) y\r b>e h&1 or ! pimples w be transf]r$ to x4 ,fur!r1 homoeopa?ic & 9 g5]al sympa!tic magic plays a great "p 9 ! measures tak5 by ! rude hunt] or fi%]man to secure an abundant supply ( food4 ,on ! pr9ciple t l produces l1 _m ?+s are done by him & 8 fri5ds 9 delib]ate imitation ( ! result :i* he seeks to atta92 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ?+s are scrupul\sly avoid$ because !y be> "s m or less fanciful resemblance to o!rs :i* w\ld really be disa/r\s4 ,n[h]e is ! !ory ( sympa!tic magic m sy/ematically c>ri$ into practice = ! ma9t5ance ( ! food supply ?an 9 ! b>r5 regions ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,"h ! tribes are divid$ into a numb] ( totem clans1 ea* ( :i* is *>g$ ) ! duty ( multiply+ _! totem = ! good ( ! community by means ( magical c]emonies4 ,mo/ ( ! totems are edible animals & plants1 & ! g5]al result suppos$ to be accompli%$ by ^! c]emonies is t ( supply+ ! tribe ) food & o!r necess>ies4 ,(t5 ! rites consi/ ( an imitation ( ! effect :i* ! p desire to produce2 9 o!r words1 _! magic is homoeopa?ic or imitative4 ,?us among ! ,w>ramunga ! headman ( ! :ite cockatoo totem seeks to multiply :ite cockatoos by hold+ an effigy ( ! bird & mimick+ its h>% cry4 ,among ! ,arunta ! m5 ( ! wit*etty grub totem p]=m c]emonies = multiply+ ! grub :i* ! o!r memb]s ( ! tribe use z food4 ,"o ( ! c]emonies is a pantomime repres5t+ ! fully-develop$ insect 9 ! act ( em]g+ f ! *rysalis4 ,a long n>r[ /ructure ( bran*es is set up to imitate ! *rysalis case ( ! grub4 ,9 ?is /ructure a numb] ( m51 :o h ! grub = _! totem1 sit & s+ ( ! creature 9 its v>i\s /ages4 ,!n !y %uffle out ( x 9 a squatt+ po/ure1 & z !y d s !y s+ ( ! insect em]g+ f ! *rysalis4 ,?is is suppos$ to multiply ! numb]s ( ! grubs4 ,aga91 9 ord] to multiply emus1 :i* are an important article ( food1 ! m5 ( ! emu totem pa9t on ! gr\nd ! sacr$ design ( _! totem1 especially ! p>ts ( ! emu :i* !y l be/ to eat1 namely1 ! fat & ! eggs4 ,r\nd ?is pa9t+ ! m5 sit & s+4 ,aft]w>ds p]=m]s1 we>+ head-dresses to repres5t ! long neck & small head ( ! emu1 mimic ! appe>ance ( ! bird z x /&s aimlessly pe]+ ab\t 9 all directions4 ,! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia live l>gely ^u ! fi% :i* ab\nd 9 _! seas & riv]s4 ,if ! fi% d n come 9 due season1 & ! ,indians are hungry1 a ,nootka wiz>d w make an image ( a swimm+ fi% & put x into ! wat] 9 ! direction f :i* ! fi% g5]ally appe>4 ,?is c]emony1 accompani$ by a pray] to ! fi% to come1 w cause !m to arrive at once4 ,! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits use models ( dugong & turtles to *>m dugong & turtle to _! de/ruction4 ,! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes believe t ?+s ( ! same sort attract ea* o!r by means ( _! indwell+ spirits or vital e!r4 ,h5ce !y hang up ! jawbones ( de] & wild pigs 9 _! h\ses1 9 ord] t ! spirits :i* animate ^! bones may draw ! liv+ creatures ( ! same k9d into ! pa? ( ! hunt]4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,nias1 :5 a wild pig has fall5 into ! pit prep>$ = x1 ! animal is tak5 out & its back is rubb$ ) n9e fall5 leaves1 9 ! belief t ?is w make n9e m wild pigs fall into ! pit1 j z ! n9e leaves fell f ! tree4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isl&s ( ,sap>oea1 ,h>oekoe1 & ,noessa ,laut1 :5 a fi%]man is ab\t to set a trap = fi% 9 ! sea1 he looks out = a tree1 ( :i* ! fruit has be5 mu* peck$ at by birds4 ,f su* a tree he cuts a /\t bran* & makes ( x ! pr9cipal po/ 9 8 fi%-trap2 = he believes t1 j z ! tree lur$ _m birds to its fruit1 s ! bran* cut f t tree w lure _m fi% to ! trap4 ,! we/]n tribes ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea employ a *>m to aid ! hunt] 9 spe>+ dugong or turtle4 ,a small beetle1 :i* haunts coco-nut trees1 is plac$ 9 ! hole ( ! spe>-haft into :i* ! spe>-head fits4 ,?is is suppos$ to make ! spe>-head /ick fa/ 9 ! dugong or turtle1 j z ! beetle /icks fa/ to a man's sk9 :5 x bites him4 ,:5 a ,cambodian hunt] has set 8 nets & tak5 no?+1 he /rips himself nak$1 goes "s way (f1 !n /rolls up to ! net z if he did n see x1 lets himself be caught 9 x1 & cries1 ,hillo6 :at's ?is8 ,i'm afraid ,i'm caught4 ,aft] t ! net is sure to cat* game4 ,a pantomime ( ! same sort has be5 act$ )9 ! liv+ memory 9 our ,scotti% ,highl&s4 ,! ,rev4 ,james ,macdonald1 n[ ( ,reay 9 ,cai?ness1 tells u t 9 8 boyhood :5 he 0 fi%+ ) companions ab\t ,lo* ,al9e & !y _h _h no bites = a long "t1 !y us$ to make a pret5ce ( ?r[+ "o ( _! fell[s ov]bo>d & haul+ him out ( ! wat]1 z if he 7 a fi%2 aft] t ! tr\t or sillo* w\ld beg9 to nibble1 accord+ z ! boat 0 on fre% or salt wat]4 ,be=e a ,c>ri] ,indian goes out to sn>e m>t5s1 he sleeps by himself = ab\t t5 nights beside ! fire ) a little /ick press$ d[n on 8 neck4 ,?is naturally causes ! fall-/ick ( 8 trap to drop d[n on ! neck ( ! m>t54 ,among ! ,galel>eese1 :o inhabit a di/rict 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,halmah]a1 a l>ge isl& to ! we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 x is a maxim t :5 y are load+ y\r gun to g out %oot+1 y %\ld always put ! bullet 9 y\r m\? be=e y ins]t x 9 ! gun2 = by s do+ y practically eat ! game t is to be hit by ! bullet1 :i* !re=e _c possibly miss ! m>k4 ,a ,malay :o has bait$ a trap = crocodiles1 & is await+ results1 is c>eful 9 eat+ 8 curry always to beg9 by swall[+ ?ree lumps ( rice successively2 = ?is helps ! bait to slide m easily d[n ! crocodile's ?roat4 ,he is equally scrupul\s n to take any bones out ( 8 curry2 =1 if he did1 x seems cle> t ! %>p-po9t$ /ick on :i* ! bait is skew]$ w\ld simil>ly "w itself loose1 & ! crocodile w\ld get (f ) ! bait4 ,h5ce 9 ^! circum/ances x is prud5t = ! hunt]1 be=e he beg9s 8 meal1 to get somebody else to take ! bones out ( 8 curry1 o!rwise he may at any mom5t h to *oose betwe5 swall[+ a bone & los+ ! crocodile4 ,?is la/ rule is an in/ance ( ! ?+s :i* ! hunt] ab/a9s f do+ le/1 on ! pr9ciple t l produces l1 !y %\ld spoil 8 luck4 ,= x is to be obs]v$ t ! sy/em ( sympa!tic magic is n m]ely compos$ ( positive precepts2 x comprises a v l>ge numb] ( negative precepts1 t is1 prohibitions4 ,x tells y n m]ely :at to d1 b also :at to leave undone4 ,! positive precepts are *>ms3 ! negative precepts are taboos4 ,9 fact ! :ole doctr9e ( taboo1 or at all ev5ts a l>ge "p ( x1 w\ld seem to be only a special application ( sympa!tic magic1 ) its two great laws ( simil>ity & contact4 ,?\gh ^! laws are c]ta9ly n =mulat$ 9 s _m words nor ev5 conceiv$ 9 ! ab/ract by ! savage1 !y are nev]!less implicitly believ$ by him to regulate ! c\rse ( nature q indep5d5tly ( human w4 ,he ?9ks t if he acts 9 a c]ta9 way1 c]ta9 consequ5ces w inevitably foll[ 9 virtue ( "o or o!r ( ^! laws2 & if ! consequ5ces ( a p>ticul> act appe> to him likely to prove disagreeable or dang]\s1 he is naturally c>eful n to act 9 t way le/ he %\ld incur !m4 ,9 o!r words1 he ab/a9s f do+ t :i*1 9 accordance ) 8 mi/ak5 notions ( cause & effect1 he falsely believes w\ld injure him2 9 %ort1 he subjects himself to a taboo4 ,?us taboo is s f> a negative application ( practical magic4 ,positive magic or sorc]y says1 ,d ?is 9 ord] t s & s may happ54 ,negative magic or taboo says1 ,d n d ?is1 le/ s & s %\ld happ54 ,! aim ( positive magic or sorc]y is to produce a desir$ ev5t2 ! aim ( negative magic or taboo is to avoid an undesirable "o4 ,b bo? consequ5ces1 ! desirable & ! undesirable1 are suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t 9 accordance ) ! laws ( simil>ity & contact4 ,& j z ! desir$ consequ5ce is n really effect$ by ! obs]vance ( a magical c]emony1 s ! dread$ consequ5ce does n really result f ! violation ( a taboo4 ,if ! suppos$ evil necess>ily foll[$ a brea* ( taboo1 ! taboo w\ld n be a taboo b a precept ( morality or common s5se4 ,x is n a taboo to say1 ,d n put y\r h& 9 ! fire2 x is a rule ( common s5se1 because ! =bidd5 action entails a real1 n an imag9>y evil4 ,9 %ort1 ^? negative precepts :i* we call taboo are j z va9 & futile z ^? positive precepts :i* we call sorc]y4 ,! two ?+s are m]ely opposite sides or poles ( "o great disa/r\s fallacy1 a mi/ak5 conception ( ! association ( ideas4 ,( t fallacy1 sorc]y is ! positive1 & taboo ! negative pole4 ,if we give ! g5]al "n ( magic to ! :ole errone\s sy/em1 bo? !oretical & practical1 !n taboo may be def9$ z ! negative side ( practical magic4 ,to put ?is 9 tabul> =m3 ,magic ---------------------- ,!oretical ,practical 7,magic z a 7,magic z a pseudo-sci5ce7 pseudo-art7 ----------------- ,positive ,magic ,negative ,magic or ,sorc]y or ,taboo ,i h made ^! rem>ks on taboo & its relations to magic because ,i am ab\t to give "s in/ances ( taboos obs]v$ by hunt]s1 fi%]m51 & o!rs1 & ,i wi%$ to %[ t !y fall "u ! head ( ,sympa!tic ,magic1 be+ only p>ticul> applications ( t g5]al !ory4 ,?us1 among ! ,esquimaux boys are =bidd5 to play cat's cradle1 because if !y did s _! f+]s might 9 lat] life become entangl$ 9 ! h>poon-l9e4 ,"h ! taboo is obvi\sly an application ( ! law ( simil>ity1 :i* is ! basis ( homoeopa?ic magic3 z ! *ild's f+]s are entangl$ by ! /r+ 9 play+ cat's cradle1 s !y w be entangl$ by ! h>poonl9e :5 he is a man & hunts :ales4 ,aga91 among ! ,huzuls ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s ! wife ( a hunt] may n sp9 :ile h] husb& is eat+1 or ! game w turn & w9d l ! sp9dle1 & ! hunt] w be unable to hit x4 ,"h aga9 ! taboo is cle>ly d]iv$ f ! law ( simil>ity4 ,s1 too1 9 mo/ p>ts ( anci5t ,italy wom5 7 =bidd5 by law to sp9 on ! highroads z !y walk$1 or ev5 to c>ry _! sp9dles op5ly1 because any su* action 0 believ$ to injure ! crops4 ,probably ! notion 0 t ! twirl+ ( ! sp9dle w\ld twirl ! corn-/alks & prev5t !m f gr[+ /raight4 ,s1 too1 among ! ,a9os ( ,saghali5 a pregnant woman may n sp9 nor twi/ ropes = two mon?s be=e h] deliv]y1 because !y ?9k t if %e did s ! *ild's guts might be entangl$ l ! ?read4 ,= a l reason 9 ,bilaspore1 a di/rict ( ,india1 :5 ! *ief m5 ( a village meet 9 c\ncil1 no "o pres5t %\ld twirl a sp9dle2 = !y ?9k t if su* a ?+ 7 to happ51 ! discussion1 l ! sp9dle1 w\ld move 9 a circle & nev] be w\nd up4 ,9 "s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian isl&s any "o :o comes to ! h\se ( a hunt] mu/ walk /raight 92 he may n loit] at ! door1 = 7 he to d s1 ! game w\ld 9 l mann] /op 9 front ( ! hunt]'s sn>es & !n turn back1 in/ead ( be+ caught 9 ! trap4 ,= a simil> reason x is a rule ) ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes t no "o may /& or loit] on ! ladd] ( a h\se :]e !re is a pregnant woman1 = su* delay w\ld ret>d ! bir? ( ! *ild2 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,sumatra ! woman h]self 9 ^! circum/ances is =bidd5 to /& at ! door or on ! top rung ( ! h\se-ladd] "u pa9 ( suff]+ h>d lab\r = h] imprud5ce 9 neglect+ s elem5t>y a precaution4 ,malays engag$ 9 ! se>* = camphor eat _! food dry & take c>e n to p\nd _! salt f9e4 ,! reason is t ! camphor occurs 9 ! =m ( small gra9s deposit$ 9 ! cracks ( ! trunk ( ! camphor tree4 ,accord+ly x seems pla9 to ! ,malay t if1 :ile seek+ = camphor1 he 7 to eat 8 salt f9ely gr\nd1 ! camphor w\ld be f\nd also 9 f9e gra9s2 :]eas by eat+ 8 salt co>se he ensures t ! gra9s ( ! camphor w also be l>ge4 ,camphor hunt]s 9 ,borneo use ! lea!ry %ea? ( ! leaf-/alk ( ! ,p5ang palm z a plate = food1 & dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp$ition !y w nev] wa% ! plate1 = fe> t ! camphor might dissolve & disappe> f ! crevices ( ! tree4 ,app>5tly !y ?9k t to wa% _! plates w\ld be to wa% out ! camphor cry/als f ! trees 9 :i* !y are imb$d$4 ,! *ief product ( "s p>ts ( ,laos1 a prov9ce ( ,siam1 is lac4 ,?is is a res9\s gum exud$ by a r$ insect on ! "y bran*es ( trees1 to :i* ! little creatures h to be atta*$ by h&4 ,all :o engage 9 ! bus9ess ( ga!r+ ! gum ab/a9 f wa%+ !mselves & especially f cleans+ _! heads1 le/ by remov+ ! p>asites f _! hair !y %\ld deta* ! o!r insects f ! b\ghs4 ,aga91 a ,blackfoot ,indian :o has set a trap = eagles1 & is wat*+ x1 w\ld n eat rosebuds on any acc\nt2 = he argues t if he did s1 & an eagle alight$ ne> ! trap1 ! rosebuds 9 8 own /oma* w\ld make ! bird it*1 ) ! result t in/ead ( swall[+ ! bait ! eagle w\ld m]ely sit & scrat* himself4 ,foll[+ ?is tra9 ( ?\ght ! eagle hunt] also refra9s f us+ an awl :5 he is look+ aft] 8 sn>es2 = surely if he 7 to scrat* ) an awl1 ! eagles w\ld scrat* him4 ,! same disa/r\s consequ5ce w\ld foll[ if 8 wives & *ildr5 at home us$ an awl :ile he is out aft] eagles1 & accord+ly !y are =bidd5 to h&le ! tool 9 8 abs5ce = fe> ( putt+ him 9 bodily dang]4 ,among ! taboos obs]v$ by savages none p]haps are m num]\s or important ?an ! prohibitions to eat c]ta9 foods1 & ( su* prohibitions _m are demon/rably d]iv$ f ! law ( simil>ity & are accord+ly examples ( negative magic4 ,j z ! savage eats _m animals or plants 9 ord] to acquire c]ta9 desirable qualities ) :i* he believes !m to be end[$1 s he avoids eat+ _m o!r animals & plants le/ he %\ld acquire c]ta9 undesirable qualities ) :i* he believes !m to be infect$4 ,9 eat+ ! =m] he practises positive magic2 9 ab/a9+ f ! latt] he practises negative magic4 ,_m examples ( su* positive magic w meet u lat] on2 "h ,i w give a few in/ances ( su* negative magic or taboo4 ,= example1 9 ,madagasc> soldi]s are =bidd5 to eat a numb] ( foods le/ on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic !y %\ld be ta9t$ by c]ta9 dang]\s or undesirable prop]ties :i* are suppos$ to inh]e 9 ^! p>ticul> vi&s4 ,?us !y may n ta/e h$gehog1 z x is fe>$ t ?is animal1 f its prop5sity ( coil+ up into a ball :5 al>m$1 w imp>t a timid %r9k+ disposition to ^? :o p>take ( x4 ,aga91 no soldi] %\ld eat an ox's knee1 le/ l an ox he %\ld become weak 9 ! knees & unable to m>*4 ,fur!r1 ! w>rior %\ld be c>eful to avoid p>tak+ ( a cock t has di$ fight+ or any?+ t has be5 spe>$ to dea?2 & no male animal may on any acc\nt be kill$ 9 8 h\se :ile he is away at ! w>s4 ,= x seems obvi\s t if he 7 to eat a cock t _h di$ fight+1 he w\ld himself be sla9 on ! field ( battle2 if he 7 to p>take ( an animal t _h be5 spe>$1 he w\ld be spe>$ himself2 if a male animal 7 kill$ 9 8 h\se dur+ 8 abs5ce1 he w\ld himself be kill$ 9 l mann] & p]haps at ! same in/ant4 ,fur!r1 ! ,malagasy soldi] mu/ es*ew kidneys1 because 9 ! ,malagasy language ! ^w = kidney is ! same z t = %ot2 s %ot he w\ld c]ta9ly be if he ate a kidney4 ,! read] may h obs]v$ t 9 "s ( ! =ego+ examples ( taboos ! magical influ5ce is suppos$ to op]ate at consid]able di/ances2 ?us among ! ,blackfeet ,indians ! wives & *ildr5 ( an eagle hunt] are =bidd5 to use an awl dur+ 8 abs5ce1 le/ ! eagles %\ld scrat* ! di/ant husb& & fa!r2 & aga9 no male animal may be kill$ 9 ! h\se ( a ,malagasy soldi] :ile he is away at ! w>s1 le/ ! kill+ ( ! animal %\ld entail ! kill+ ( ! man4 ,?is belief 9 ! sympa!tic influ5ce ex]t$ on ea* o!r by p]sons or ?+s at a di/ance is ( ! ess5ce ( magic4 ,:atev] d\bts sci5ce may ent]ta9 z to ! possibility ( action at a di/ance1 magic has none2 fai? 9 telepa?y is "o ( its fir/ pr9ciples4 ,a mod]n advocate ( ! influ5ce ( m9d ^u m9d at a di/ance w\ld h no difficulty 9 conv9c+ a savage2 ! savage believ$ 9 x long ago1 & :at is m1 he act$ on 8 belief ) a logical consi/5cy su* z 8 civilis$ bro!r 9 ! fai? has n yet1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 exhibit$ 9 8 conduct4 ,= ! savage is conv9c$ n only t magical c]emonies affect p]sons & ?+s af> (f1 b t ! simple/ acts ( daily life may d s too4 ,h5ce on important occasions ! behavi\r ( fri5ds & relations at a di/ance is (t5 regulat$ by a m or less elaborate code ( rules1 ! neglect ( :i* by ! "o set ( p]sons w\ld1 x is suppos$1 entail mis=tune or ev5 dea? on ! abs5t ones4 ,9 p>ticul> :5 a p>ty ( m5 are out hunt+ or fight+1 _! k9sfolk at home are (t5 expect$ to d c]ta9 ?+s or to ab/a9 f do+ c]ta9 o!rs1 = ! sake ( ensur+ ! safety & success ( ! di/ant hunt]s or w>riors4 ,i w n[ give "s in/ances ( ?is magical telepa?y bo? 9 its positive & 9 its negative aspect4 ,9 ,laos :5 an elephant hunt] is />t+ = ! *ase1 he w>ns 8 wife n to cut h] hair or oil h] body 9 8 abs5ce2 = if %e cut h] hair ! elephant w\ld bur/ ! toils1 if %e oil$ h]self x w\ld slip ?r\gh !m4 ,:5 a ,dyak village has turn$ out to hunt wild pigs 9 ! jungle1 ! p :o /ay at home may n t\* oil or wat] ) _! h&s dur+ ! abs5ce ( _! fri5ds2 = if !y did s1 ! hunt]s w\ld all be butt]-f+]$ & ! prey w\ld slip ?r\gh _! h&s4 ,elephant-hunt]s 9 ,ea/ ,africa believe t1 if _! wives prove unfai?ful 9 _! abs5ce1 ?is gives ! elephant p[] ov] 8 pursu]1 :o w accord+ly be kill$ or sev]ely w\nd$4 ,h5ce if a hunt] he>s ( 8 wife's misconduct1 he ab&ons ! *ase & returns home4 ,if a ,wagogo hunt] is unsuccessful1 or is attack$ by a lion1 he attributes x to 8 wife's misbehavi\r at home1 & returns to h] 9 great wra?4 ,:ile he is away hunt+1 %e may n let any "o pass beh9d h] or /& 9 front ( h] z %e sits2 & %e mu/ lie on h] face 9 b$4 ,! ,moxos ,indians ( ,bolivia ?\ght t if a hunt]'s wife 0 unfai?ful to him 9 8 abs5ce he w\ld be bitt5 by a s]p5t or a jagu>4 ,accord+ly1 if su* an accid5t happ5$ to him1 x 0 sure to entail ! puni%m5t1 & (t5 ! dea?1 ( ! woman1 :e!r %e 0 innoc5t or guilty4 ,an ,aleutian hunt] ( sea-ott]s ?9ks t he _c kill a s+le animal if dur+ 8 abs5ce f home 8 wife %\ld be unfai?ful or 8 si/] un*a/e4 ,! ,hui*ol ,indians ( ,mexico treat z a demi-god a species ( cactus :i* ?r[s ! eat] into a /ate ( ec/asy4 ,! plant does n gr[ 9 _! c\ntry1 & has to be fet*$ e ye> by m5 :o make a j\rney ( =ty-?ree days = ! purpose4 ,mean:ile ! wives at home contribute to ! safety ( _! abs5t husb&s by nev] walk+ fa/1 mu* less runn+1 :ile ! m5 are on ! road4 ,!y also d _! be/ to ensure ! b5efits :i*1 9 ! %ape ( ra91 good crops1 & s =?1 are expect$ to fl[ f ! sacr$ mission4 ,) ?is int5tion !y subject !mselves to sev]e re/rictions l ^? impos$ ^u _! husb&s4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t :i* elapses till ! fe/ival ( ! cactus is held1 nei!r p>ty wa%es except on c]ta9 occasions1 & !n only ) wat] br\ght f ! di/ant c\ntry :]e ! holy plant gr[s4 ,!y also fa/ mu*1 eat no salt1 & are b\nd to /rict cont95ce4 ,any "o :o breaks ?is law is puni%$ ) illness1 &1 moreov]1 jeop>dises ! result :i* all are /riv+ =4 ,heal?1 luck1 & life are to be ga9$ by ga!r+ ! cactus1 ! g\rd ( ! ,god ( ,fire2 b inasmu* z ! pure fire _c b5efit ! impure1 m5 & wom5 mu/ n only rema9 *a/e = ! "t be+1 b mu/ also purge !mselves f ! ta9t ( pa/ s94 ,h5ce f\r days aft] ! m5 h />t$ ! wom5 ga!r & confess to ,gr&fa!r ,fire ) :at m5 !y h be5 9 love f *ildhood till n[4 ,!y may n omit a s+le "o1 = if !y did s ! m5 w\ld n f9d a s+le cactus4 ,s to refre% _! memories ea* "o prep>es a /r+ ) z _m knots z %e has _h lov]s4 ,?is %e br+s to ! temple1 &1 /&+ be=e ! fire1 %e m5tions al\d all ! m5 %e has scor$ on h] /r+1 "n aft] "n4 ,hav+ end$ h] confession1 %e ?r[s ! /r+ into ! fire1 & :5 ! god has consum$ x 9 8 pure flame1 h] s9s are =giv5 h] & %e dep>ts 9 peace4 ,f n[ on ! wom5 are av]se ev5 to lett+ m5 pass ne> !m4 ,! cactus-seek]s !mselves make 9 l mann] a clean brea/ ( all _! frailties4 ,= e peccadillo !y tie a knot on a /r+1 & aft] !y h talk$ to all ! five w9ds !y deliv] ! ros>y ( _! s9s to ! lead]1 :o burns x 9 ! fire4 ,_m ( ! indig5\s tribes ( ,s>awak are firmly p]suad$ t 7 ! wives to commit adult]y :ile _! husb&s are se>*+ = camphor 9 ! jungle1 ! camphor obta9$ by ! m5 w\ld evaporate4 ,husb&s c discov]1 by c]ta9 knots 9 ! tree1 :5 ! wives are unfai?ful2 & x is said t 9 =m] days _m wom5 7 kill$ by jeal\s husb&s on no bett] evid5ce ?an t ( ^! knots4 ,fur!r1 ! wives d>e n t\* a comb :ile _! husb&s are away collect+ ! camphor2 = if !y did s1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fibres ( ! tree1 in/ead ( be+ fill$ ) ! preci\s cry/als1 w\ld be empty l ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? ( a comb4 ,9 ! ,kei ,isl&s1 to ! s\?we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 z soon z a vessel t is ab\t to sail = a di/ant port has be5 laun*$1 ! "p ( ! bea* on :i* x lay is cov]$ z spe$ily z possible ) palm bran*es1 & becomes sacr$4 ,no "o may !nce=? cross t spot till ! %ip comes home4 ,to cross x soon] w\ld cause ! vessel to p]i%4 ,moreov]1 all ! "t t ! voyage la/s ?ree or f\r "y girls1 specially *os5 = ! duty1 are suppos$ to rema9 9 sympa!tic connexion ) ! m>9]s & to contribute by _! behavi\r to ! safety & success ( ! voyage4 ,on no acc\nt1 except = ! mo/ necess>y purpose1 may !y quit ! room t has be5 assign$ to !m4 ,m ?an t1 s long z ! vessel is believ$ to be at sea !y mu/ rema9 absolutely motionless1 cr\*$ on _! mats ) _! h&s clasp$ betwe5 _! knees4 ,!y may n turn _! heads to ! left or to ! "r or make any o!r movem5t :atsoev]4 ,if !y did1 x w\ld cause ! boat to pit* & toss2 & !y may n eat any /icky /uff1 su* z rice boil$ 9 coco-nut milk1 = ! /ick9ess ( ! food w\ld clog ! passage ( ! boat ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:5 ! sailors are suppos$ to h rea*$ _! de/9ation1 ! /rictness ( ^! rules is some:at relax$2 b dur+ ! :ole "t t ! voyage la/s ! girls are =bidd5 to eat fi% :i* h %>p bones or /+s1 su* z ! /+-ray1 le/ _! fri5ds at sea %\ld be involv$ 9 %>p1 /++ tr\ble4 ,:]e beliefs l ^! prevail z to ! sympa!tic connexion betwe5 fri5ds at a di/ance1 we ne$ n wond] t above ev]y?+ else w>1 ) its /]n yet /irr+ appeal to "s ( ! deepe/ & t5d]e/ ( human emotions1 %\ld quick5 9 ! anxi\s relations left beh9d a desire to turn ! sympa!tic bond to ! utmo/ acc\nt = ! b5efit ( ! de> ones :o may at any mom5t be fight+ & dy+ f> away4 ,h5ce1 to secure an end s natural & laudable1 fri5ds at home are apt to resort to devices :i* w /rike u z pa!tic or ludicr\s1 accord+ z we consid] _! object or ! means adopt$ to effect x4 ,?us 9 "s di/ricts ( ,borneo1 :5 a ,dyak is out head-hunt+1 8 wife or1 if he is unm>ri$1 8 si/] mu/ we> a sword day & night 9 ord] t he may always be ?9k+ ( 8 weapons2 & %e may n sleep dur+ ! day nor g to b$ be=e two 9 ! morn+1 le/ h] husb& or bro!r %\ld !reby be surpris$ 9 8 sleep by an enemy4 ,among ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,bant+ 9 ,s>awak ! wom5 /rictly obs]ve an elaborate code ( rules :ile ! m5 are away fight+4 ,"s ( ! rules are negative & "s are positive1 b all alike are bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( magical homoeopa?y & telepa?y4 ,among/ !m are ! foll[+4 ,! wom5 mu/ wake v e>ly 9 ! morn+ & op5 ! w9d[s z soon z x is light2 o!rwise _! abs5t husb&s w ov]sleep !mselves4 ,! wom5 may n oil _! hair1 or ! m5 w slip4 ,! wom5 may nei!r sleep nor doze by day1 or ! m5 w be dr[sy on ! m>*4 ,! wom5 mu/ cook & scatt] popcorn on ! v]&ah e morn+2 s w ! m5 be agile 9 _! movem5ts4 ,! rooms mu/ be kept v tidy1 all boxes be+ plac$ ne> ! walls2 = if any "o 7 to /umble ov] !m1 ! abs5t husb&s w\ld fall & be at ! m]cy ( ! foe4 ,at e meal a little rice mu/ be left 9 ! pot & put aside2 s w ! m5 f> away always h some?+ to eat & ne$ nev] g hungry4 ,on no acc\nt may ! wom5 sit at ! loom till _! legs gr[ cramp$1 o!rwise _! husb&s w likewise be /iff 9 _! jo9ts & unable to rise up quickly or to run away f ! foe4 ,s 9 ord] to keep _! husb&s' jo9ts supple ! wom5 (t5 v>y _! lab\rs at ! loom by walk+ up & d[n ! v]&ah4 ,fur!r1 !y may n cov] up _! faces1 or ! m5 w\ld n to be able to f9d _! way ?r\gh ! tall grass or jungle4 ,aga91 ! wom5 may n sew ) a ne$le1 or ! m5 w tread on ! %>p spikes set by ! enemy 9 ! pa?4 ,%\ld a wife prove unfai?ful :ile h] husb& is away1 he w lose 8 life 9 ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,"s ye>s ago all ^! rules & m 7 obs]v$ by ! wom5 ( ,bant+1 :ile _! husb&s 7 fight+ = ! ,engli% aga9/ rebels4 ,b alas6 ^! t5d] precautions avail$ !m little2 = _m a man1 ^: fai?ful wife 0 keep+ wat* & w>d = him at home1 f\nd a soldi]'s grave4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,timor1 :ile w> is be+ wag$1 ! high-prie/ nev] quits ! temple2 8 food is br\ght to him or cook$ inside2 day & night he mu/ keep ! fire burn+1 = if he 7 to let x die out1 disa/] w\ld be fall ! w>riors & w\ld cont9ue s long z ! he>? 0 cold4 ,moreov]1 he mu/ dr9k only hot wat] dur+ ! "t ! army is abs5t2 = e draught ( cold wat] w\ld damp ! spirits ( ! p1 s t !y c\ld n vanqui% ! enemy4 ,9 ! ,kei ,isl&s1 :5 ! w>riors h dep>t$1 ! wom5 return indoors & br+ out c]ta9 baskets conta9+ fruits & /ones4 ,^! fruits & /ones !y ano9t & place on a bo>d1 murmur+ z !y d s1 ,o "l sun1 moon1 let ! bullets reb\nd f our husb&s1 bro!rs1 betro!d1 & o!r relations1 j z ra9drops reb\nd f ^! objects :i* are sme>$ ) oil4 ,z soon z ! fir/ %ot is he>d1 ! baskets are put aside1 & ! wom51 seiz+ _! fans1 ru% out ( ! h\ses4 ,!n1 wav+ _! fans 9 ! direction ( ! enemy1 !y run ?r\gh ! village1 :ile !y s+1 ,o gold5 fans6 let our bullets hit1 & ^? ( ! enemy miss4 ,9 ?is cu/om ! c]emony ( ano9t+ /ones1 9 ord] t ! bullets may recoil f ! m5 l ra9drops f ! /ones1 is a piece ( pure homoeopa?ic or imitative magic2 b ! pray] to ! sun1 t he w be pleas$ to give effect to ! *>m1 is a religi\s & p]haps lat] addition4 ,! wav+ ( ! fans seems to be a *>m to direct ! bullets t[>ds or away f _! m>k1 accord+ z !y are dis*>g$ f ! guns ( fri5ds or foes4 ,an old hi/orian ( ,madagasc> in=ms u t :ile ! m5 are at ! w>s1 & until _! return1 ! wom5 & girls cease n day & night to dance1 & nei!r lie d[n nor take food 9 _! own h\ses4 ,& al?\gh !y are v voluptu\sly incl9$1 !y w\ld n = any?+ 9 ! _w h an intrigue ) ano!r man :ile _! husb& is at ! w>1 believ+ firmly t if t happ5$1 _! husb& w\ld be ei!r kill$ or w\nd$4 ,!y believe t by danc+ !y imp>t /r5g?1 c\rage1 & good =tune to _! husb&s2 accord+ly dur+ su* times !y give !mselves no re/1 & ?is cu/om !y obs]ve v religi\sly4 ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ! wives ( m5 :o are away ) ! army pa9t !mselves :ite1 & adorn _! p]sons ) beads & *>ms4 ,on ! day :5 a battle is expect$ to take place1 !y run ab\t arm$ ) guns1 or /icks c>v$ to look l guns1 & tak+ gre5 paw-paws 7fruits %ap$ some:at l a melon71 !y hack !m ) knives1 z if !y 7 *opp+ (f ! heads ( ! foe4 ,! pantomime is no d\bt m]ely an imitative *>m1 to enable ! m5 to d to ! enemy z ! wom5 d to ! paw-paws4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,african t[n ( ,fram91 :ile ! ,a%antee w> 0 rag+ "s ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,fitzg]ald ,m>riott saw a dance p]=m$ by wom5 ^: husb&s _h gone z c>ri]s to ! w>4 ,!y 7 pa9t$ :ite & wore no?+ b a %ort petticoat4 ,at _! head 0 a %rivell$ old sorc]ess 9 a v %ort :ite petticoat1 h] black hair arrang$ 9 a sort ( long project+ horn1 & h] black face1 brea/s1 arms1 & legs pr(usely adorn$ ) :ite circles & cresc5ts4 ,all c>ri$ long :ite bru%es made ( buffalo or horse tails1 & z !y danc$ !y sang1 ,our husb&s h gone to ,a%anteel&2 may !y sweep _! enemies (f ! face ( ! e>?6 ,among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :5 ! m5 7 on ! w>-pa?1 ! wom5 p]=m$ dances at frequ5t int]vals4 ,^! dances 7 believ$ to ensure ! success ( ! exp$ition4 ,! danc]s fl\ri%$ _! knives1 ?rew long %>p-po9t$ /icks =w>d1 or drew /icks ) hook$ ends repeat$ly backw>d & =w>d4 ,?r[+ ! /icks =w>d 0 symbolic ( pi]c+ or w>d+ (f ! enemy1 & draw+ !m back 0 symbolic ( draw+ _! own m5 f dang]4 ,! hook at ! end ( ! /ick 0 p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to s]ve ! purpose ( a life-sav+ app>atus4 ,! wom5 always po9t$ _! weapons t[>ds ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,!y pa9t$ _! faces r$ & sang z !y danc$1 & !y pray$ to ! weapons to pres]ve _! husb&s & help !m to kill _m foes4 ,"s _h eagle-d[n /uck on ! po9ts ( _! /icks4 ,:5 ! dance 0 ov]1 ^! weapons 7 hidd54 ,if a woman ^: husb& 0 at ! w> ?\ght %e saw hair or a piece ( a scalp on ! weapon :5 %e took x out1 %e knew t h] husb& _h kill$ an enemy4 ,b if %e saw a /a9 ( blood on x1 %e knew he 0 w\nd$ or dead4 ,:5 ! m5 ( ! ,yuki tribe 9 ,cali=nia 7 away fight+1 ! wom5 at home did n sleep2 !y danc$ cont9ually 9 a circle1 *ant+ & wav+ leafy w&s4 ,= !y said t if !y danc$ all ! "t1 _! husb&s w\ld n gr[ tir$4 ,among ! ,haida ,indians ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 :5 ! m5 _h gone to w>1 ! wom5 at home w\ld get up v e>ly 9 ! morn+ & pret5d to make w> by fall+ ^u _! *ildr5 & feign+ to take !m = slaves4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to help _! husb&s to g & d likewise4 ,if a wife 7 unfai?ful to h] husb& :ile he 0 away on ! w>-pa?1 he w\ld probably be kill$4 ,= t5 nights all ! wom5 at home lay ) _! heads t[>ds ! po9t ( ! compass to :i* ! w>-canoes _h paddl$ away4 ,!n !y *ang$ ab\t1 = ! w>riors 7 suppos$ to be com+ home across ! sea4 ,at ,masset ! ,haida wom5 danc$ & sang w>-songs all ! "t _! husb&s 7 away at ! w>s1 & !y _h to keep ev]y?+ ab\t !m 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,x 0 ?\ght t a wife might kill h] husb& by n obs]v+ ^! cu/oms4 ,:5 a b& ( ,c>ib ,indians ( ! ,or9oco _h gone on ! w>-pa?1 _! fri5ds left 9 ! village us$ to calculate z ne>ly z !y c\ld ! exact mom5t :5 ! abs5t w>riors w\ld be advanc+ to attack ! enemy4 ,!n !y took two lads1 laid !m d[n on a b5*1 & inflict$ a mo/ sev]e sc\rg+ on _! b>e backs4 ,?is ! y\?s submitt$ to )\t a murmur1 support$ 9 _! suff]+s by ! firm conviction1 9 :i* !y _h be5 br$ f *ildhood1 t on ! con/ancy & =titude ) :i* !y bore ! cruel ordeal dep5d$ ! val\r & success ( _! comrades 9 ! battle4 ,among ! _m b5efic5t uses to :i* a mi/ak5 +5uity has appli$ ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 is t ( caus+ trees & plants to be> fruit 9 due season4 ,9 ,?r+5 ! man :o s[s flax c>ries ! se$ 9 a long bag :i* rea*es f 8 %\ld]s to 8 knees1 & he walks ) long /rides1 s t ! bag sways to & fro on 8 back4 ,x is believ$ t ?is w cause ! flax to wave 9 ! w9d4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,sumatra rice is s[n by wom5 :o1 9 s[+1 let _! hair hang loose d[n _! back1 9 ord] t ! rice may gr[ luxuriantly & h long /alks4 ,simil>ly1 9 anci5t ,mexico a fe/ival 0 held 9 hon\r ( ! goddess ( maize1 or ! long-hair$ "m1 z %e 0 call$4 ,x began at ! "t :5 ! plant _h atta9$ its full gr[?1 & fibres %oot+ =? f ! top ( ! gre5 e> indicat$ t ! gra9 0 fully =m$4 ,dur+ ?is fe/ival ! wom5 wore _! long hair unb\nd1 %ak+ & toss+ x 9 ! dances :i* 7 ! *ief feature 9 ! c]emonial1 9 ord] t ! tassel ( ! maize might gr[ 9 l pr(usion1 t ! gra9 might be correspond+ly l>ge & flat1 & t ! p might h abundance4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe danc+ or leap+ high 9 ! air are approv$ homoeopa?ic modes ( mak+ ! crops gr[ high4 ,?us 9 ,fran*e-,comt !y say t y %\ld dance at ! ,c>nival 9 ord] to make ! hemp gr[ tall4 ,! notion t a p]son c influ5ce a plant homoeopa?ically by 8 act or condition comes out cle>ly 9 a rem>k made by a ,malay woman4 ,be+ ask$ :y %e /ripp$ ! upp] "p ( h] body nak$ 9 reap+ ! rice1 %e expla9$ t %e did x to make ! rice-husks ?9n]1 z %e 0 tir$ ( p\nd+ ?ick-husk$ rice4 ,cle>ly1 %e ?\ght t ! less clo?+ %e wore ! less husk !re w\ld be on ! rice4 ,! magic virtue ( a pregnant woman to communicate f]tility is kn[n to ,bav>ian & ,au/rian peasants1 :o ?9k t if y give ! fir/ fruit ( a tree to a woman ) *ild to eat1 ! tree w br+ =? abundantly next ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,bag&a believe t a b>r5 wife infects h] husb&'s g>d5 ) h] own /]ility & prev5ts ! trees f be>+ fruit2 h5ce a *ildless woman is g5]ally divorc$4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans sacrific$ pregnant victims to ! goddesses ( ! corn & ( ! e>?1 d\btless 9 ord] t ! e>? might teem & ! corn swell 9 ! e>4 ,:5 a ,ca?olic prie/ remon/rat$ ) ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco on all[+ _! wom5 to s[ ! fields 9 ! blaz+ sun1 ) infants at _! brea/s1 ! m5 answ]$1 ,fa!r1 y don't und]/& ^! ?+s1 & t is :y !y vex y4 ,y "k t wom5 are accu/om$ to be> *ildr51 & t we m5 are n4 ,:5 ! wom5 s[1 ! /alk ( ! maize be>s two or ?ree e>s1 ! root ( ! yucca yields two or ?ree basketfuls1 & ev]y?+ multiplies 9 proportion4 ,n[ :y is t8 ,simply because ! wom5 "k h[ to br+ =?1 & "k h[ to make ! se$ :i* !y s[ br+ =? also4 ,let !m s[1 !n2 we m5 don't "k z mu* ab\t x z !y d4 ,?us on ! !ory ( homoeopa?ic magic a p]son c influ5ce vegetation ei!r = good or = evil accord+ to ! good or ! bad "* ( 8 acts or /ates3 = example1 a fruitful woman makes plants fruitful1 a b>r5 woman makes !m b>r54 ,h5ce ?is belief 9 ! noxi\s & infecti\s nature ( c]ta9 p]sonal qualities or accid5ts has giv5 rise to a numb] ( prohibitions or rules ( avoidance3 p ab/a9 f do+ c]ta9 ?+s le/ !y %\ld homoeopa?ically infect ! fruits ( ! e>? ) _! own undesirable /ate or condition4 ,all su* cu/oms ( ab/5tion or rules ( avoidance are examples ( negative magic or taboo4 ,?us1 = example1 argu+ f :at may be call$ ! infecti\sness ( p]sonal acts or /ates1 ! ,galel>eese say t y ought n to %oot ) a b[ & arr[s "u a fruit-tree1 or ! tree w ca/ its fruit ev5 z ! arr[s fall to ! gr\nd2 & t :5 y are eat+ wat]-melon y ought n to mix ! pips :i* y spit out ( y\r m\? ) ! pips :i* y h put aside to s]ve z se$2 = if y d1 ?\gh ! pips y spat out may c]ta9ly spr+ up & blossom1 yet ! blossoms w keep fall+ (f j z ! pips fell f y\r m\?1 & ?us ^! pips w nev] be> fruit4 ,precisely ! same tra9 ( ?\ght leads ! ,bav>ian peasant to believe t if he all[s ! graft ( a fruit-tree to fall on ! gr\nd1 ! tree t spr+s f t graft w let its fruit fall untimely4 ,:5 ! ,*ams ( ,co*9*9a are s[+ _! dry rice fields & desire t no %[] %\ld fall1 !y eat _! rice dry 9 ord] to prev5t ra9 f spoil+ ! crop4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases a p]son is suppos$ to influ5ce vegetation homoeopa?ically4 ,he infects trees or plants ) qualities or accid5ts1 good or bad1 resembl+ & d]iv$ f 8 own4 ,b on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic ! influ5ce is mutual3 ! plant c infect ! man j z mu* z ! man c infect ! plant4 ,9 magic1 z ,i believe 9 physics1 action & reaction are equal & opposite4 ,! ,*]okee ,indians are adepts 9 practical botany ( ! homoeopa?ic sort4 ,?us wiry roots ( ! catgut plant are s t\gh t !y c almo/ /op a pl[%>e 9 ! furr[4 ,h5ce ,*]okee wom5 wa% _! heads ) a decoction ( ! roots to make ! hair /rong1 & ,*]okee ball-play]s wa% !mselves ) x to t\gh5 _! muscles4 ,x is a ,galel>eese belief t if y eat a fruit :i* has fall5 to ! gr\nd1 y w y\rself contract a disposition to /umble & fall2 & t if y p>take ( some?+ :i* has be5 =gott5 7su* z a sweet potato left 9 ! pot or a banana 9 ! fire71 y w become =getful4 ,! ,galel>eese are also ( op9ion t if a woman 7 to consume two bananas gr[+ f a s+le head %e w\ld give bir? to tw9s4 ,! ,gu>ani ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica ?\ght t a woman w\ld become a "m ( tw9s if %e ate a d\ble gra9 ( millet4 ,9 ,v$ic times a curi\s application ( ?is pr9ciple suppli$ a *>m by :i* a bani%$ pr9ce might be re/or$ to 8 k+dom4 ,he _h to eat food cook$ on a fire :i* 0 f$ ) wood :i* _h gr[n out ( ! /ump ( a tree :i* _h be5 cut d[n4 ,! recup]ative p[] manife/$ by su* a tree w\ld 9 due c\rse be communicat$ ?r\gh ! fire to ! food1 & s to ! pr9ce1 :o ate ! food :i* 0 cook$ on ! fire :i* 0 f$ ) ! wood :i* grew out ( ! tree4 ,! ,sudanese ?9k t if a h\se is built ( ! wood ( ?orny trees1 ! life ( ! p :o dwell 9 t h\se w likewise be ?orny & full ( tr\ble4 ,!re is a fruitful bran* ( homoeopa?ic magic :i* works by means ( ! dead2 = j z ! dead c nei!r see nor he> nor speak1 s y may on homoeopa?ic pr9ciples r5d] p bl9d1 deaf & dumb by ! use ( dead m5's bones or any?+ else t is ta9t$ by ! infection ( dea?4 ,?us among ! ,galel>eese1 :5 a "y man goes a-woo+ at night1 he takes a little e>? f a grave & /rews x on ! ro( ( 8 swee!>t's h\se j above ! place :]e h] p>5ts sleep4 ,?is1 he fancies1 w prev5t !m f wak+ :ile he conv]ses ) 8 belov$1 s9ce ! e>? f ! grave w make !m sleep z s\nd z ! dead4 ,burgl>s 9 all ages & _m l&s h be5 patrons ( ?is species ( magic1 :i* is v useful to !m 9 ! ex]cise ( _! pr(ession4 ,?us a ,s\? ,slavonian h\sebreak] sometimes beg9s op]ations by ?r[+ a dead man's bone ov] ! h\se1 say+1 ) pung5t s>casm1 ,z ?is bone may wak51 s may ^! p wak52 aft] t n a s\l 9 ! h\se c keep 8 or h] eyes op54 ,simil>ly1 9 ,java ! burgl> takes e>? f a grave & spr9kles x r\nd ! h\se :i* he int5ds to rob2 ?is ?r[s ! inmates into a deep sleep4 ,) ! same int5tion a ,h9doo w /rew a%es f a pyre at ! door ( ! h\se2 ,indians ( ,p]u scatt] ! du/ ( dead m5's bones2 & ,ru!nian burgl>s remove ! m>r[ f a human %9-bone1 p\r tall[ into x1 & hav+ k9dl$ ! tall[1 m>* ?rice r\nd ! h\se ) ?is c&le burn+1 :i* causes ! inmates to sleep a dea?-l sleep4 ,or ! ,ru!nian w make a flute out ( a human leg-bone & play ^u x2 :]eupon all p]sons )9 he>+ are ov]come ) dr[s9ess4 ,! ,indians ( ,mexico employ$ = ?is malefic5t purpose ! left =e-arm ( a woman :o _h di$ 9 giv+ bir? to h] fir/ *ild2 b ! arm _h to be /ol54 ,) x !y beat ! gr\nd be=e !y ent]$ ! h\se :i* !y design$ to plund]2 ?is caus$ e "o 9 ! h\se to lose all p[] ( spee* & motion2 !y 7 z dead1 he>+ & see+ ev]y?+1 b p]fectly p[]less2 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 really slept & ev5 snor$4 ,9 ,europe simil> prop]ties 7 ascrib$ to ! ,h& ( ,glory1 :i* 0 ! dri$ & pickl$ h& ( a man :o _h be5 hang$4 ,if a c&le made ( ! fat ( a malefactor :o _h also di$ on ! gall[s 0 light$ & plac$ 9 ! ,h& ( ,glory z 9 a c&le/ick1 x r5d]$ motionless all p]sons to :om x 0 pres5t$2 !y c\ld n /ir a f+] any m ?an if !y 7 dead4 ,sometimes ! dead man's h& is itself ! c&le1 or r bun* ( c&les1 all its )]$ f+]s be+ set on fire2 b %\ld any memb] ( ! h\sehold be awake1 "o ( ! f+]s w n k9dle4 ,su* nef>i\s lights c only be ext+ui%$ ) milk4 ,(t5 x is prescrib$ t ! ?ief's c&le %\ld be made ( ! f+] ( a new-born or1 /ill bett]1 unborn *ild2 sometimes x is ?\ght ne$ful t ! ?ief %\ld h "o su* c&le = e p]son 9 ! h\se1 = if he has "o c&le too little somebody 9 ! h\se w wake & cat* him4 ,once ^! tap]s beg9 to burn1 !re is no?+ b milk t w put !m out4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury robb]s us$ to murd] pregnant wom5 9 ord] ?us to extract c&les f _! wombs4 ,an anci5t ,greek robb] or burgl> ?\ght he c\ld sil5ce & put to flight ! fi]ce/ wat*dogs by c>ry+ ) him a br& pluck$ f a fun]al pyre4 ,aga91 ,s]vian & ,bulg>ian wom5 :o *afe at ! re/ra9ts ( dome/ic life w take ! copp] co9s f ! eyes ( a corpse1 wa% !m 9 w9e or wat]1 & give ! liquid to _! husb&s to dr9k4 ,aft] swall[+ x1 ! husb& w be z bl9d to 8 wife's peccadilloes z ! dead man 0 on ^: eyes ! co9s 7 laid4 ,fur!r1 animals are (t5 conceiv$ to possess qualities ( prop]ties :i* might be useful to man1 & homoeopa?ic or imitative magic seeks to communicate ^! prop]ties to human be+s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?us "s ,be*uanas we> a f]ret z a *>m1 because1 be+ v t5aci\s ( life1 x w make !m difficult to kill4 ,o!rs we> a c]ta9 insect1 mutilat$1 b liv+1 = a simil> purpose4 ,yet o!r ,be*uana w>riors we> ! hair ( a hornless ox among _! own hair1 & ! sk9 ( a frog on _! mantle1 because a frog is slipp]y1 & ! ox1 hav+ no horns1 is h>d to cat*2 s ! man :o is provid$ ) ^! *>ms believes t he w be z h>d to hold z ! ox & ! frog4 ,aga91 x seems pla9 t a ,s\? ,african w>rior :o twi/s tufts ( rat's hair among 8 own curly black locks w h j z _m *ances ( avoid+ ! enemy's spe> z ! nimble rat has ( avoid+ ?+s ?r[n at x2 h5ce 9 ^! regions rats' hair is 9 great dem& :5 w> is expect$4 ,"o ( ! anci5t books ( ,india prescribes t :5 a sacrifice is (f]$ = victory1 ! e>? out ( :i* ! alt> is to be made %\ld be tak5 f a place :]e a bo> has be5 wall[+1 s9ce ! /r5g? ( ! bo> w be 9 t e>?4 ,:5 y are play+ ! "o-/r+$ lute1 & y\r f+]s are /iff1 ! ?+ to d is to cat* "s long-legg$ field spid]s & roa/ !m1 & !n rub y\r f+]s ) ! a%es2 t w make y\r f+]s z li! & nimble z ! spid]s' legs--at lea/ s ?9k ! ,galel>eese4 ,to br+ back a runaway slave an ,arab w trace a magic circle on ! gr\nd1 /ick a nail 9 ! middle ( x1 & atta* a beetle by a ?read to ! nail1 tak+ c>e t ! sex ( ! beetle is t ( ! fugitive4 ,z ! beetle crawls r\nd & r\nd1 x w coil ! ?read ab\t ! nail1 ?us %ort5+ its te!r & draw+ ne>] to ! c5tre at e circuit4 ,s by virtue ( homoeopa?ic magic ! runaway slave w be drawn back to 8 ma/]4 ,among ! we/]n tribes ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 a man :o has kill$ a snake w burn x & sme> 8 legs ) ! a%es :5 he goes into ! =e/2 = no snake w bite him = "s days aft]w>ds4 ,if a ,s\? ,slavonian has a m9d to pilf] & /eal at m>ket1 he has no?+ to d b to burn a bl9d cat1 & !n ?r[ a p9* ( its a%es ov] ! p]son ) :om he is higgl+2 aft] t he c take :at he likes f ! boo?1 & ! own] w n be a bit ! wis]1 hav+ become z bl9d z ! deceas$ cat ) ^: a%es he has be5 spr9kl$4 ,! ?ief may ev5 ask boldly1 ,did ,i pay = x8 & ! delud$ huck/] w reply1 ,:y1 c]ta9ly4 ,equally simple & effectual is ! exp$i5t adopt$ by natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia :o desire to cultivate _! be>ds4 ,!y prick ! *9 all ov] ) a po9t$ bone1 & !n /roke x c>efully ) a magic /ick or /one1 :i* repres5ts a k9d ( rat t has v long :isk]s4 ,! virtue ( ^! :isk]s naturally passes into ! repres5tative /ick or /one1 & !nce by an easy transition to ! *91 :i*1 consequ5tly1 is soon adorn$ ) a ri* gr[? ( be>d4 ,! anci5t ,greeks ?\ght t to eat ! fle% ( ! wakeful night+ale w\ld prev5t a man f sleep+2 t to sme> ! eyes ( a ble>-sight$ p]son ) ! gall ( an eagle w\ld give him ! eagle's vision2 & t a rav5's eggs w\ld re/ore ! blackness ( ! rav5 to silv]y hair4 ,only ! p]son :o adopt$ ?is la/ mode ( conceal+ ! ravages ( "t _h to be mo/ c>eful to keep 8 m\? full ( oil all ! "t he appli$ ! eggs to 8 v5]able locks1 else 8 tee? z well z 8 hair w\ld be dy$ rav5 black1 & no am\nt ( scrubb+ & sc\r+ w\ld avail to :it5 !m aga94 ,! hair-re/or] 0 9 fact a %ade too p[]ful1 & 9 apply+ x y might get m ?an y b>ga9$ =4 ,! ,hui*ol ,indians admire ! beautiful m>k+s on ! backs ( s]p5ts4 ,h5ce :5 a ,hui*ol woman is ab\t to weave or embroid]1 h] husb& cat*es a l>ge s]p5t & holds x 9 a cleft /ick1 :ile ! woman /rokes ! reptile ) "o h& d[n ! :ole l5g? ( its back2 !n %e passes ! same h& ov] h] =ehead & eyes1 t %e may be able to "w z beautiful patt]ns 9 ! web z ! m>k+s on ! back ( ! s]p5t4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic1 inanimate ?+s1 z well z plants & animals1 may diffuse bless+ or bane ar\nd !m1 accord+ to _! own intr9sic nature & ! skill ( ! wiz>d to tap or dam1 z ! case may be1 ! /ream ( weal or woe4 ,9 ,sam>ac& wom5 give a baby sug> c&y to suck & put glue 9 ! palm ( its h&1 9 ord] t1 :5 ! *ild gr[s up1 8 words may be sweet & preci\s ?+s may /ick to 8 h&s z if !y 7 glu$4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght t a g>m5t made f ! fleece ( a %eep t _h be5 torn by a wolf w\ld hurt ! we>]1 sett+ up an it* or irritation 9 8 sk94 ,!y 7 also ( op9ion t if a /one :i* _h be5 bitt5 by a dog 7 dropp$ 9 w9e1 x w\ld make all :o drank ( t w9e to fall out among !mselves4 ,among ! ,arabs ( ,moab a *ildless woman (t5 borr[s ! robe ( a woman :o has _h _m *ildr51 hop+ ) ! robe to acquire ! fruitfulness ( its own]4 ,! ,caffres ( ,s(ala1 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 _h a great dread ( be+ /ruck ) any?+ holl[1 su* z a re$ or a /raw1 & greatly pref]r$ be+ ?ra%$ ) a good ?ick cudgel or an iron b>1 ev5 ?\gh x hurt v mu*4 ,= !y ?\ght t if a man 7 beat5 ) any?+ holl[1 8 inside w\ld wa/e away till he di$4 ,9 ea/]n seas !re is a l>ge %ell :i* ! ,bug9ese ( ,celebes call ! old man 7kadjwo74 ,on ,fridays !y turn ^! old m5 upside d[n & place !m on ! ?re%olds ( _! h\ses1 believ+ t :oev] !n /eps ov] ! ?re%old ( ! h\se w live to be old4 ,at initiation a ,brahman boy is made to tread ) 8 "r foot on a /one1 :ile ! words are repeat$1 ,tread on ?is /one2 l a /one be firm2 & ! same c]emony is p]=m$1 ) ! same words1 by a ,brahman bride at h] m>riage4 ,9 ,madagasc> a mode ( c\nt]act+ ! levity ( =tune is to bury a /one at ! foot ( ! heavy h\se-po/4 ,! common cu/om ( swe>+ ^u a /one may be bas$ p>tly on a belief t ! /r5g? & /ability ( ! /one l5d confirmation to an oa?4 ,?us ! old ,dani% hi/orian ,saxo ,grammaticus tells u t ! anci5ts1 :5 !y 7 to *oose a k+1 7 wont to /& on /ones plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & to proclaim _! votes1 9 ord] to =e%ad[ f ! /eadfa/ness ( ! /ones t ! de$ w\ld be la/+4 ,b :ile a g5]al magical efficacy may be suppos$ to reside 9 all /ones by reason ( _! common prop]ties ( weight & solidity1 special magical virtues are attribut$ to p>ticul> /ones1 or k9ds ( /one1 9 accordance ) _! individual or specific qualities ( %ape & col\r4 ,= example1 ! ,indians ( ,p]u employ$ c]ta9 /ones = ! increase ( maize1 o!rs = ! increase ( potatoes1 & o!rs aga9 = ! increase ( cattle4 ,! /ones us$ to make maize gr[ 7 fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess ( cobs ( maize1 & ! /ones de/9$ to multiply cattle _h ! %ape ( %eep4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,melanesia a l belief prevails t c]ta9 sacr$ /ones are end[$ ) miracul\s p[]s :i* correspond 9 _! nature to ! %ape ( ! /one4 ,?us a piece ( wat]-worn coral on ! bea* (t5 be>s a surpris+ lik5ess to a bread-fruit4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s a man :o f9ds su* a coral w lay x at ! root ( "o ( 8 bread-fruit trees 9 ! expectation t x w make ! tree be> well4 ,if ! result answ]s 8 expectation1 he w !n1 = a prop] remun]ation1 take /ones ( less-m>k$ "* f o!r m5 & let !m lie ne> 81 9 ord] to imbue !m ) ! magic virtue :i* resides 9 x4 ,simil>ly1 a /one ) little discs ^u x is good to br+ 9 money2 & if a man f\nd a l>ge /one ) a numb] ( small ones "u x1 l a s[ among h] litt]1 he 0 sure t to (f] money ^u x w\ld br+ him pigs4 ,9 ^! & simil> cases ! ,melanesians ascribe ! m>vell\s p[]1 n to ! /one itself1 b to its indwell+ _s2 & sometimes1 z we h j se51 a man endeav\rs to propitiate ! _s by lay+ d[n (f]+s on ! /one4 ,b ! conception ( spirits t mu/ be propitiat$ lies outside ! sph]e ( magic1 & )9 t ( religion4 ,:]e su* a conception is f\nd1 z "h1 9 conjunction ) purely magical ideas & practices1 ! latt] may g5]ally be assum$ to be ! orig9al /ock on :i* ! religi\s conception has be5 at "s lat] "t engraft$4 ,= !re are /rong gr\nds = ?9k+ t1 9 ! evolution ( ?\ght1 magic has prec$$ religion4 ,b to ?is po9t we %all return pres5tly4 ,! anci5ts set great /ore on ! magical qualities ( preci\s /ones2 inde$ x has be5 ma9ta9$1 ) great %[ ( reason1 t su* /ones 7 us$ z amulets long be=e !y 7 worn z m]e ornam5ts4 ,?us ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( tree-agate to a /one :i* exhibits tree-l m>k+s1 & !y ?\ght t if two ( ^! gems 7 ti$ to ! horns or necks ( ox5 at ! pl\gh1 ! crop w\ld be sure to be pl5tiful4 ,aga91 !y recognis$ a milk/one :i* produc$ an abundant supply ( milk 9 wom5 if only !y drank x dissolv$ 9 honey-mead4 ,milk-/ones are us$ = ! same purpose by ,greek wom5 9 ,crete & ,melos at ! pres5t day2 9 ,albania nurs+ mo!rs we> ! /ones 9 ord] to ensure an abundant fl[ ( milk4 ,aga91 ! ,greeks believ$ 9 a /one :i* cur$ snake-bites1 & h5ce 0 nam$ ! snake-/one2 to te/ its efficacy y _h only to gr9d ! /one to p[d] & spr9kle ! p[d] on ! w\nd4 ,! w9e-col\r$ ame?y/ receiv$ its "n1 :i* means n drunk51 because x 0 suppos$ to keep ! we>] ( x sob]2 & two bro!rs :o desir$ to live at unity 7 advis$ to c>ry magnets ab\t ) !m1 :i*1 by draw+ ! twa9 toge!r1 w\ld cle>ly prev5t !m f fall+ out4 ,! anci5t books ( ! ,h9doos lay d[n a rule t aft] sunset on 8 m>riage night a man %\ld sit sil5t ) 8 wife till ! />s beg9 to tw9kle 9 ! sky4 ,:5 ! pole-/> appe>s1 he %\ld po9t x out to h]1 &1 address+ ! />1 say1 ,firm art ?\2 ,i see !e1 ! firm "o4 ,firm be ?\ ) me1 ,o ?riv+ "o6 ,!n1 turn+ to 8 wife1 he %\ld say1 ,to me ,brihaspati has giv5 !e2 obta9+ (fspr+ ?r\gh me1 ?y husb&1 live ) me a hundr$ autumns4 ,! int5tion ( ! c]emony is pla9ly to gu>d aga9/ ! fickl5ess ( =tune & ! in/ability ( e>?ly bliss by ! /eadfa/ influ5ce ( ! con/ant />4 ,x is ! wi% express$ 9 ,keats's la/ sonnet3 ,bright />6 w\ld ,i 7 /eadfa/ z ?\ art-- ,n 9 lone spl5d\r hung al(t ! night4 ,dwell]s by ! sea _c fail to be impress$ by ! sight ( its ceaseless ebb & fl[1 & are apt1 on ! pr9ciples ( t rude philosophy ( sympa?y & resemblance :i* "h engages our att5tion1 to trace a subtle relation1 a secret h>mony1 betwe5 its tides & ! life ( man1 ( animals1 & ( plants4 ,9 ! fl[+ tide !y see n m]ely a symbol1 b a cause ( exub]ance1 ( prosp]ity1 & ( life1 :ile 9 ! ebb+ tide !y disc]n a real ag5t z well z a melan*oly emblem ( failure1 ( weakness1 & ( dea?4 ,! ,breton peasant fancies t clov] s[n :5 ! tide is com+ 9 w gr[ well1 b t if ! plant be s[n at l[ wat] or :5 ! tide is go+ out1 x w nev] rea* maturity1 & t ! c[s :i* fe$ on x w bur/4 ,8 wife believes t ! be/ butt] is made :5 ! tide has j turn$ & is beg9n+ to fl[1 t milk :i* foams 9 ! *urn w g on foam+ till ! h\r ( high wat] is pa/1 & t wat] drawn f ! well or milk extract$ f ! c[ :ile ! tide is ris+ w boil up 9 ! pot or saucepan & ov]fl[ into ! fire4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! anci5ts1 ! sk9s ( seals1 ev5 aft] !y _h be5 p>t$ f _! bodies1 rema9$ 9 secret sympa?y ) ! sea1 & 7 obs]v$ to ruffle :5 ! tide 0 on ! ebb4 ,ano!r anci5t belief1 attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 0 t no creature c die except at ebb tide4 ,! belief1 if we c tru/ ,pl9y1 0 confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 s f> z reg>ds human be+s1 on ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,philo/ratus also assures u t at ,cadiz dy+ p nev] yield$ up ! gho/ :ile ! wat] 0 high4 ,a l fancy /ill l+]s 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,on ! ,cantabrian coa/ !y ?9k t p]sons :o die ( *ronic or acute disease expire at ! mom5t :5 ! tide beg9s to rec$e4 ,9 ,portugal1 all along ! coa/ ( ,wales1 & on "s p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,brittany1 a belief is said to prevail t p are born :5 ! tide comes 91 & die :5 x goes out4 ,dick5s atte/s ! exi/5ce ( ! same sup]/ition 9 ,engl&4 ,p c't die1 along ! coa/1 said ,mr4 ,pegotty1 except :5 ! tide's pretty nigh out4 ,!y c't be born1 unless x's pretty nigh 9--n prop]ly born till flood4 ,! belief t mo/ dea?s happ5 at ebb tide is said to be held along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl& f ,nor?umb]l& to ,k5t4 ,%akespe>e mu/ h be5 famili> ) x1 = he makes ,fal/aff die ev5 j betwe5 twelve & "o1 e'en at ! turn+ o' ! tide4 ,we meet ! belief aga9 on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica among ! ,haidas4 ,:5ev] a good ,haida is ab\t to die he sees a canoe mann$ by "s ( 8 dead fri5ds1 :o come ) ! tide to bid him welcome to ! _s l&4 ,come ) u n[1 !y say1 = ! tide is ab\t to ebb & we mu/ dep>t4 ,at ,port ,/eph5s1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! natives always buri$ _! dead at flood tide1 nev] at ebb1 le/ ! retir+ wat] %\ld be> ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ to "s di/ant c\ntry4 ,to ensure a long life ! ,*9ese h rec\rse to c]ta9 complicat$ *>ms1 :i* conc5trate 9 !mselves ! magical ess5ce emanat+1 on homoeopa?ic pr9ciples1 f times & seasons1 f p]sons & f ?+s4 ,! vehicles employ$ to transmit ^! happy influ5ces are no o!r ?an grave-clo!s4 ,^! are provid$ by _m ,*9ese 9 _! lifetime1 & mo/ p h !m cut out & sewn by an unm>ri$ girl or a v "y woman1 wisely calculat+ t1 s9ce su* a p]son is likely to live a great _m ye>s to come1 a "p ( h] capacity to live long mu/ surely pass into ! clo!s1 & ?us /ave (f = _m ye>s ! "t :5 !y %all be put to _! prop] use4 ,fur!r1 ! g>m5ts are made by pref]5ce 9 a ye> :i* has an int]cal>y mon?2 = to ! ,*9ese m9d x seems pla9 t grave-clo!s made 9 a ye> :i* is unusually long w possess ! capacity ( prolong+ life 9 an unusually high degree4 ,among/ ! clo!s !re is "o robe 9 p>ticul> on :i* special pa9s h be5 lavi%$ to imbue x ) ?is priceless quality4 ,x is a long silk5 g[n ( ! deepe/ blue col\r1 ) ! ^w longevity embroid]$ all ov] x 9 ?read ( gold4 ,to pres5t an ag$ p>5t ) "o ( ^! co/ly & spl5did mantles1 kn[n z longevity g>m5ts1 is e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese an act ( filial piety & a delicate m>k ( att5tion4 ,z ! g>m5t purports to prolong ! life ( its own]1 he (t5 we>s x1 especially on fe/ive occasions1 9 ord] to all[ ! influ5ce ( longevity1 creat$ by ! _m gold5 lett]s ) :i* x is bespangl$1 to "w _! full effect ^u 8 p]son4 ,on 8 bir?day1 above all1 he h>dly ev] fails to don x1 = 9 ,*9a common s5se bids a man lay 9 a l>ge /ock ( vital en]gy on 8 bir?day1 to be exp5d$ 9 ! =m ( heal? & vig\r dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,attir$ 9 ! gorge\s pall1 & absorb+ its bless$ influ5ce at e pore1 ! happy own] receives complac5tly ! congratulations ( fri5ds & relations1 :o w>mly express _! admiration ( ^! magnific5t c]em5ts1 & ( ! filial piety :i* prompt$ ! *ildr5 to be/[ s beautiful & useful a pres5t on ! au?or ( _! be+4 ,ano!r application ( ! maxim t l produces l is se5 9 ! ,*9ese belief t ! =tunes ( a t[n are deeply affect$ by its %ape1 & t !y mu/ v>y accord+ to ! "* ( ! ?+ :i* t %ape mo/ ne>ly resembles4 ,?us x is relat$ t long ago ! t[n ( ,tsu5-*eu-fu1 ! outl9es ( :i* are l ^? ( a c>p1 frequ5tly fell a prey to ! depr$ations ( ! neighb\r+ city ( ,yung-*un1 :i* is %ap$ l a fi%+-net1 until ! inhabitants ( ! =m] t[n conceiv$ ! plan ( erect+ two tall pagodas 9 _! mid/4 ,^! pagodas1 :i* /ill t[] above ! city ( ,tsu5-*eu-fu1 h ev] s9ce ex]cis$ ! happie/ influ5ce ov] its de/9y by int]cept+ ! imag9>y net be=e x c\ld desc5d & entangle 9 its me%es ! imag9>y c>p4 ,"s =ty ye>s ago ! wise m5 ( ,%anghai 7 mu* ex]cis$ to discov] ! cause ( a local rebellion4 ,on c>eful enquiry !y asc]ta9$ t ! rebellion 0 due to ! %ape ( a l>ge new temple :i* _h mo/ un=tunately be5 built 9 ! %ape ( a tortoise1 an animal ( ! v wor/ "*4 ,! difficulty 0 s]i\s1 ! dang] 0 press+2 = to pull d[n ! temple w\ld h be5 impi\s1 & to let x /& z x 0 w\ld be to c\rt a succession ( simil> or worse disa/]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! g5ius ( ! local pr(essors ( geomancy1 ris+ to ! occasion1 triumphantly surm\nt$ ! difficulty & obviat$ ! dang]4 ,by fill+ up two wells1 :i* repres5t$ ! eyes ( ! tortoise1 !y at once bl9d$ t disreputable animal & r5d]$ him incapable ( do+ fur!r mis*ief4 ,sometimes homoeopa?ic or imitative magic is call$ 9 to annul an evil om5 by accompli%+ x 9 mimicry4 ,! effect is to circumv5t de/9y by sub/itut+ a mock calamity = a real "o4 ,9 ,madagasc> ?is mode ( *eat+ ! fates is r$uc$ to a regul> sy/em4 ,"h e man's =tune is det]m9$ by ! day or h\r ( 8 bir?1 & if t happ5s to be an unlucky "o 8 fate is seal$1 unless ! mis*ief c be extract$1 z ! phrase goes1 by means ( a sub/itute4 ,! ways ( extract+ ! mis*ief are v>i\s4 ,= example1 if a man is born on ! fir/ day ( ! second mon? 7,febru>y71 8 h\se w be burnt d[n :5 he comes ( age4 ,to take "t by ! =elock & avoid ?is cata/rophe1 ! fri5ds ( ! infant w set up a %$ 9 a field or 9 ! cattle-fold & burn x4 ,if ! c]emony is to be really effective1 ! *ild & 8 "m %\ld be plac$ 9 ! %$ & only pluck$1 l br&s1 f ! burn+ hut be=e x is too late4 ,aga91 dripp+ ,novemb] is ! mon? ( te>s1 & he :o is born 9 x is born to sorr[4 ,b 9 ord] to disp]se ! cl\ds t ?us ga!r ov] 8 future1 he has no?+ to d b to take ! lid (f a boil+ pot & wave x ab\t4 ,! drops t fall f x w accompli% 8 de/9y & s prev5t ! te>s f trickl+ f 8 eyes4 ,aga91 if fate has decre$ t a "y girl1 /ill unw$1 %\ld see h] *ildr51 /ill unborn1 desc5d be=e h] ) sorr[ to ! grave1 %e c av]t ! calamity z foll[s4 ,%e kills a gras%opp]1 wraps x 9 a rag to repres5t a %r\d1 & m\rns ov] x l ,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr5 & refus+ to be com=t$4 ,moreov]1 %e takes a doz5 or m o!r gras%opp]s1 & hav+ remov$ "s ( _! sup]flu\s legs & w+s %e lays !m ab\t _! dead & %r\d$ fell[4 ,! buzz ( ! tortur$ insects & ! agitat$ motions ( _! mutilat$ limbs repres5t ! %rieks & contortions ( ! m\rn]s at a fun]al4 ,aft] bury+ ! deceas$ gras%opp] %e leaves ! re/ to cont9ue _! m\rn+ till dea? releases !m f _! pa92 & hav+ b\nd up h] di%evell$ hair %e retires f ! grave ) ! /ep & c>riage ( a p]son plung$ 9 grief4 ,!nce=? %e looks *e]fully =w>d to see+ h] *ildr5 survive h]2 = x _c be t %e %\ld m\rn & bury !m twice ov]4 ,once m1 if =tune has fr[n$ on a man at 8 bir? & p5ury has m>k$ him = h] own1 he c easily erase ! m>k 9 "q by pur*as+ a c\ple ( *eap pe>ls1 price ?ree halfp5ce1 & bury+ !m4 ,= :o b ! ri* ( ?is _w c ?us af=d to fl+ pe>ls away8 #c4 ,contagi\s ,magic ,,?us f> we h be5 consid]+ *iefly t bran* ( sympa!tic magic :i* may be call$ homoeopa?ic or imitative4 ,its lead+ pr9ciple1 z we h se51 is t l produces l1 or1 9 o!r words1 t an effect resembles its cause4 ,! o!r great bran* ( sympa!tic magic1 :i* ,i h call$ ,contagi\s ,magic1 proce$s ^u ! notion t ?+s :i* h once be5 conjo9$ mu/ rema9 ev] aft]w>ds1 ev5 :5 q dissev]$ f ea* o!r1 9 su* a sympa!tic relation t :atev] is done to ! "o mu/ simil>ly affect ! o!r4 ,?us ! logical basis ( ,contagi\s ,magic1 l t ( ,homoeopa?ic ,magic1 is a mi/ak5 association ( ideas2 its physical basis1 if we may speak ( su* a ?+1 l ! physical basis ( ,homoeopa?ic ,magic1 is a mat]ial m$ium ( "s sort :i*1 l ! e!r ( mod]n physics1 is assum$ to unite di/ant objects & to convey impressions f "o to ! o!r4 ,! mo/ famili> example ( ,contagi\s ,magic is ! magical sympa?y :i* is suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a man & any sev]$ portion ( 8 p]son1 z 8 hair or nails2 s t :oev] gets possession ( human hair or nails may "w 8 w1 at any di/ance1 ^u ! p]son f :om !y 7 cut4 ,?is sup]/ition is _w-wide2 in/ances ( x 9 reg>d to hair & nails w be notic$ lat] on 9 ?is "w4 ,among ! ,au/ralian tribes x 0 a common practice to knock out "o or m ( a boy's front tee? at ^? c]emonies ( initiation to :i* e male memb] _h to submit be=e he c\ld enjoy ! rights & privileges ( a full-gr[n man4 ,! reason ( ! practice is obscure2 all t conc]ns u "h is ! belief t a sympa!tic relation cont9u$ to exi/ betwe5 ! lad & 8 tee? aft] ! latt] _h be5 extract$ f 8 gums4 ,?us among "s ( ! tribes ab\t ! riv] ,d>l+1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! extract$ too? 0 plac$ "u ! b>k ( a tree ne> a riv] or wat]-hole2 if ! b>k grew ov] ! too?1 or if ! too? fell into ! wat]1 all 0 well2 b if x 7 expos$ & ! ants ran ov] x1 ! natives believ$ t ! boy w\ld suff] f a disease ( ! m\?4 ,among ! ,murr+ & o!r tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! extract$ too? 0 at fir/ tak5 c>e ( by an old man1 & !n pass$ f "o headman to ano!r1 until x _h gone all r\nd ! community1 :5 x came back to ! lad's fa!r1 & f9ally to ! lad himself4 ,b h[ev] x 0 ?us convey$ f h& to h&1 x might on no acc\nt be plac$ 9 a bag conta9+ magical sub/ances1 = to d s w\ld1 !y believ$1 put ! own] ( ! too? 9 great dang]4 ,! late ,dr4 ,h[itt once act$ z cu/odian ( ! tee? :i* _h be5 extract$ f "s novices at a c]emony ( initiation1 & ! old m5 e>ne/ly bes\ght him n to c>ry !m 9 a bag 9 :i* !y knew t he _h "s qu>tz cry/als4 ,!y decl>$ t if he did s ! magic ( ! cry/als w\ld pass into ! tee?1 & s injure ! boys4 ,ne>ly a ye> aft] ,dr4 ,h[itt's return f ! c]emony he 0 visit$ by "o ( ! pr9cipal m5 ( ! ,murr+ tribe1 :o _h travell$ "s two hundr$ & fifty miles f 8 home to fet* back ! tee?4 ,?is man expla9$ t he _h be5 s5t = !m because "o ( ! boys _h fall5 into ill heal?1 & x 0 believ$ t ! tee? _h receiv$ "s injury :i* _h affect$ him4 ,he 0 assur$ t ! tee? _h be5 kept 9 a box ap>t f any sub/ances1 l qu>tz cry/als1 :i* c\ld influ5ce !m2 & he return$ home be>+ ! tee? ) him c>efully wrapt up & conceal$4 ,! ,basutos are c>eful to conceal _! extract$ tee?1 le/ ^! %\ld fall into ! h&s ( c]ta9 my?ical be+s :o haunt graves1 & :o c\ld h>m ! own] ( ! too? by work+ magic on x4 ,9 ,sussex "s fifty ye>s ago a maid-s]vant remon/rat$ /rongly aga9/ ! ?r[+ away ( *ildr5's ca/ tee?1 affirm+ t %\ld !y be f\nd & gnaw$ by any animal1 ! *ild's new too? w\ld be1 = all ! _w1 l ! tee? ( ! animal t _h bitt5 ! old "o4 ,9 pro( ( ?is %e nam$ old ,ma/] ,simmons1 :o _h a v l>ge pig's too? 9 8 upp] jaw1 a p]sonal defect t he always av]r$ 0 caus$ by 8 "m1 :o ?rew away "o ( 8 ca/ tee? by accid5t into ! hog's tr\gh4 ,a simil> belief has l$ to practices int5d$1 on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic magic1 to replace old tee? by new & bett] ones4 ,?us 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w x is cu/om>y to put extract$ tee? 9 "s place :]e !y w be f\nd by a m\se or a rat1 9 ! hope t1 ?r\gh ! sympa?y :i* cont9ues to subsi/ betwe5 !m & _! =m] own]1 8 o!r tee? may acquire ! same firmness & excell5ce z ! tee? ( ^! rod5ts4 ,= example1 9 ,g]many x is said to be an almo/ univ]sal maxim among ! p t :5 y h _h a too? tak5 out y %\ld ins]t x 9 a m\se's hole4 ,to d s ) a *ild's milk-too? :i* has fall5 out w prev5t ! *ild f hav+ too?a*e4 ,or y %\ld g beh9d ! /ove & ?r[ y\r too? backw>ds ov] y\r head1 say+ ,m\se1 give me y\r iron too?2 ,i w give y my bone too?4 ,aft] t y\r o!r tee? w rema9 good4 ,f> away f ,europe1 at ,r>atonga1 9 ! ,pacific1 :5 a *ild's too? 0 extract$1 ! foll[+ pray] us$ to be recit$3 ,big rat6 little rat6 ,"h is my old too?4 ,pray give me a new "o4 ,!n ! too? 0 ?r[n on ! ?at* ( ! h\se1 because rats make _! ne/s 9 ! decay$ ?at*4 ,! reason assign$ = invok+ ! rats on ^! occasions 0 t rats' tee? 7 ! /ronge/ kn[n to ! natives4 ,o!r p>ts :i* are commonly believ$ to rema9 9 a sympa!tic union ) ! body1 aft] ! physical connexion has be5 sev]$1 are ! navel-/r+ & ! aft]bir?1 includ+ ! plac5ta4 ,s intimate1 inde$1 is ! union conceiv$ to be1 t ! =tunes ( ! individual = good or evil ?r\gh\t life are (t5 suppos$ to be b\nd up ) "o or o!r ( ^! portions ( 8 p]son1 s t if 8 navel-/r+ or aft]bir? is pres]v$ & prop]ly treat$1 he w be prosp]\s2 :]eas if x be injur$ or lo/1 he w suff] accord+ly4 ,?us c]ta9 tribes ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia believe t a man swims well or ill1 accord+ z 8 "m at 8 bir? ?rew ! navel-/r+ into wat] or n4 ,among ! natives on ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv] 9 ,que5sl& x is believ$ t a "p ( ! *ild's _s 7*o-i7 /ays 9 ! aft]bir?4 ,h5ce ! gr&mo!r takes ! aft]bir? away & buries x 9 ! s&4 ,%e m>ks ! spot by a numb] ( twigs :i* %e /icks 9 ! gr\nd 9 a circle1 ty+ _! tops toge!r s t ! /ructure resembles a cone4 ,:5 ,anjea1 ! be+ :o causes conception 9 wom5 by putt+ mud babies into _! wombs1 comes along & sees ! place1 he takes out ! _s & c>ries x away to "o ( 8 haunts1 su* z a tree1 a hole 9 a rock1 or a lagoon :]e x may rema9 = ye>s4 ,b sometime or o!r he w put ! _s aga9 into a baby1 & x w be born once m into ! _w4 ,9 ,ponape1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 ! navel-/r+ is plac$ 9 a %ell & !n dispos$ ( 9 su* a way z %all be/ adapt ! *ild = ! c>e] :i* ! p>5ts h *os5 = him2 = example1 if !y wi% to make him a good climb]1 !y w hang ! navel-/r+ on a tree4 ,! ,kei isl&]s reg>d ! navel-/r+ z ! bro!r or si/] ( ! *ild1 accord+ to ! sex ( ! infant4 ,!y put x 9 a pot ) a%es1 & set x 9 ! bran*es ( a tree1 t x may keep a wat*ful eye on ! =tunes ( its comrade4 ,among ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra1 z among _m o!r peoples ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! plac5ta passes = ! *ild's y\ng] bro!r or si/]1 ! sex be+ det]m9$ by ! sex ( ! *ild1 & x is buri$ "u ! h\se4 ,accord+ to ! ,bataks x is b\nd up ) ! *ild's welf>e1 & seems1 9 fact1 to be ! seat ( ! transf]able s\l1 ( :i* we %all he> some?+ lat] on4 ,! ,k>o ,bataks ev5 affirm t ( a man's two s\ls x is ! true s\l t lives ) ! plac5ta "u ! h\se2 t is ! s\l1 !y say1 :i* begets *ildr54 ,! ,bag&a believe t e p]son is born ) a d\ble1 & ?is d\ble !y id5tify ) ! aft]bir?1 :i* !y reg>d z a second *ild4 ,! "m buries ! aft]bir? at ! root ( a planta9 tree1 :i* !n becomes sacr$ until ! fruit has rip5$1 :5 x is pluck$ to furni% a sacr$ fea/ = ! family4 ,among ! ,*]okees ! navel-/r+ ( a girl is buri$ "u a corn-mort>1 9 ord] t ! girl may gr[ up to be a good bak]2 b ! navel-/r+ ( a boy is hung up on a tree 9 ! woods1 9 ord] t he may be a hunt]4 ,! ,incas ( ,p]u pres]v$ ! navel-/r+ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & gave x to ! *ild to suck :5ev] x fell ill4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico !y us$ to give a boy's navel-/r+ to soldi]s1 to be buri$ by !m on a field ( battle1 9 ord] t ! boy might ?us acquire a passion = w>4 ,b ! navel-/r+ ( a girl 0 buri$ beside ! dome/ic he>?1 because ?is 0 believ$ to inspire h] ) a love ( home & ta/e = cook+ & bak+4 ,ev5 9 ,europe _m p /ill believe t a p]son's de/9y is m or less b\nd up ) t ( 8 navel-/r+ or aft]bir?4 ,?us 9 ,rh5i% ,bav>ia ! navel-/r+ is kept = a :ile wrapt up 9 a piece ( old l951 & !n cut or prick$ to pieces accord+ z ! *ild is a boy or a girl1 9 ord] t he or %e may gr[ up to be a skilful workman or a good semp/ress4 ,9 ,b]l9 ! midwife commonly deliv]s ! dri$ navel-/r+ to ! fa!r ) a /rict injunction to pres]ve x c>efully1 = s long z x is kept ! *ild w live & ?rive & be free f sickness4 ,9 ,beauce & ,p]*e ! p are c>eful to ?r[ ! navel-/r+ nei!r into wat] nor into fire1 believ+ t if t 7 done ! *ild w\ld be dr[n$ or burn$4 ,?us 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! navel-/r+1 or m commonly ! aft]bir?1 is reg>d$ z a liv+ be+1 ! bro!r or si/] ( ! infant1 or z ! mat]ial object 9 :i* ! gu>dian _s ( ! *ild or "p ( its s\l resides4 ,fur!r1 ! sympa!tic connexion suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a p]son & 8 aft]bir? or navel-/r+ comes out v cle>ly 9 ! widespread cu/om ( treat+ ! aft]bir? or navel-/r+ 9 ways :i* are suppos$ to influ5ce = life ! "* & c>e] ( ! p]son1 mak+ him1 if x is a man1 a nimble climb]1 a /rong swimm]1 a skilful hunt]1 or a brave soldi]1 & mak+ h]1 if x is a woman1 a cunn+ semp/ress1 a good bak]1 & s =?4 ,?us ! beliefs & usages conc]n$ ) ! aft]bir? or plac5ta1 & to a less ext5t ) ! navel-/r+1 pres5t a rem>kable p>allel to ! widespread doctr9e ( ! transf]able or ext]nal s\l & ! cu/oms f\nd$ on x4 ,h5ce x is h>dly ra% to conjecture t ! resemblance is no m]e *ance co9cid5ce1 b t 9 ! aft]bir? or plac5ta we h a physical basis 7n necess>ily ! only "o7 = ! !ory & practice ( ! ext]nal s\l4 ,! consid]ation ( t subject is res]v$ = a lat] "p ( ?is "w4 ,a curi\s application ( ! doctr9e ( contagi\s magic is ! relation commonly believ$ to exi/ betwe5 a w\nd$ man & ! ag5t ( ! w\nd1 s t :atev] is subsequ5tly done by or to ! ag5t mu/ correspond+ly affect ! pati5t ei!r = good or evil4 ,?us ,pl9y tells u t if y h w\nd$ a man & are sorry = x1 y h only to spit on ! h& t gave ! w\nd1 & ! pa9 ( ! suff]] w be in/antly alleviat$4 ,9 ,melanesia1 if a man's fri5ds get possession ( ! arr[ :i* w\nd$ him1 !y keep x 9 a damp place or 9 cool leaves1 = !n ! inflammation w be trifl+ & w soon subside4 ,meantime ! enemy :o %ot ! arr[ is h>d at "w to aggravate ! w\nd by all ! means 9 8 p[]4 ,= ?is purpose he & 8 fri5ds dr9k hot & burn+ juices & *ew irritat+ leaves1 = ?is w cle>ly inflame & irritate ! w\nd4 ,fur!r1 !y keep ! b[ ne> ! fire to make ! w\nd :i* x has inflict$ hot2 & = ! same reason !y put ! arr[-head1 if x has be5 recov]$1 into ! fire4 ,moreov]1 !y are c>eful to keep ! b[-/r+ taut & to twang x occasionally1 = ?is w cause ! w\nd$ man to suff] f t5sion ( ! n]ves & spasms ( tetanus4 ,x is con/antly receiv$ & av\*$1 says ,bacon1 t ! ano9t+ ( ! weapon t make? ! w\nd w heal ! w\nd itself4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ^u ! relation ( m5 ( cr$it 7?\gh myself1 z yet1 am n fully incl9$ to believe x71 y %all note ! po9ts foll[+3 fir/1 ! o9tm5t :]e) ?is is done is made ( div]s +r$i5ts1 :]e( ! /range/ & h>de/ to come by are ! moss ^u ! skull ( a dead man unburi$1 & ! fats ( a bo> & a be> kill$ 9 ! act ( g5]ation4 ,! preci\s o9tm5t comp\nd$ out ( ^! & o!r +r$i5ts 0 appli$1 z ! philosoph] expla9s1 n to ! w\nd b to ! weapon1 & t ev5 ?\gh ! injur$ man 0 at a great di/ance & knew no?+ ab\t x4 ,! exp]im5t1 he tells u1 _h be5 tri$ ( wip+ ! o9tm5t (f ! weapon )\t ! k ( ! p]son hurt1 ) ! result t he 0 pres5tly 9 a great rage ( pa9 until ! weapon 0 ano9t$ aga94 ,moreov]1 x is affirm$ t if y _c get ! weapon1 yet if y put an in/rum5t ( iron or wood resembl+ ! weapon into ! w\nd1 :]eby x ble$e?1 ! ano9t+ ( t in/rum5t w s]ve & "w ! effect4 ,rem$ies ( ! sort :i* ,bacon deem$ wor?y ( 8 att5tion are /ill 9 vogue 9 ! ea/]n c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,?us 9 ,suffolk if a man cuts himself ) a bill-hook or a scy! he always takes c>e to keep ! weapon bright1 & oils x to prev5t ! w\nd f fe/]+4 ,if he runs a ?orn or1 z he calls x1 a bu% into 8 h&1 he oils or greases ! extract$ ?orn4 ,a man came to a doctor ) an inflam$ h&1 hav+ run a ?orn into x :ile he 0 h$g+4 ,on be+ told t ! h& 0 fe/]+1 he rem>k$1 ,t didn't ought to1 = ,i greas$ ! bu% well aft] ,i pull$ x out4 ,if a horse w\nds its foot by tread+ on a nail1 a ,suffolk groom w inv>iably pres]ve ! nail1 clean x1 & grease x e day1 to prev5t ! foot f fe/]+4 ,simil>ly ,cambridge%ire lab\r]s ?9k t if a horse has run a nail into its foot1 x is necess>y to grease ! nail ) l>d or oil & put x away 9 "s safe place1 or ! horse w n recov]4 ,a few ye>s ago a vet]9>y surgeon 0 s5t = to att5d a horse :i* _h ripp$ its side op5 on ! h+e ( a f>m gatepo/4 ,on arriv+ at ! f>m he f\nd t no?+ _h be5 done = ! w\nd$ horse1 b t a man 0 busy try+ to pry ! h+e out ( ! gatepo/ 9 ord] t x might be greas$ & put away1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,cambridge wiseacres1 w\ld conduce to ! recov]y ( ! animal4 ,simil>ly ,essex ru/ics op9e t1 if a man has be5 /abb$ ) a knife1 x is ess5tial to 8 recov]y t ! knife %\ld be greas$ & laid across ! b$ on :i* ! suff]] is ly+4 ,s 9 ,bav>ia y are direct$ to ano9t a l95 rag ) grease & tie x on ! edge ( ! axe t cut y1 tak+ c>e to keep ! %>p edge upw>ds4 ,z ! grease on ! axe dries1 y\r w\nd heals4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s !y say t if y cut y\rself1 y ought to sme> ! knife or ! scissors ) fat & put ! in/rum5t away 9 a dry place 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,z ! knife dries1 ! w\nd heals4 ,o!r p1 h[ev]1 9 ,g]many say t y %\ld /ick ! knife 9 "s damp place 9 ! gr\nd1 & t y\r hurt w heal z ! knife ru/s4 ,o!rs aga91 9 ,bav>ia1 recomm5d y to sme> ! axe or :atev] x is ) blood & put x "u ! eaves4 ,! tra9 ( reason+ :i* ?us comm5ds itself to ,engli% & ,g]man ru/ics1 9 common ) ! savages ( ,melanesia & ,am]ica1 is c>ri$ a /ep fur!r by ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :o conceive t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! ne> relations ( a w\nd$ man mu/ grease !mselves1 re/rict _! diet1 & regulate _! behavi\r 9 o!r ways 9 ord] to ensure 8 recov]y4 ,?us :5 a lad has be5 circumcis$ & ! w\nd is n yet heal$1 8 "m may n eat opossum1 or a c]ta9 k9d ( liz>d1 or c>pet snake1 or any k9d ( fat1 = o!rwise %e w\ld ret>d ! heal+ ( ! boy's w\nd4 ,e day %e greases h] digg+-/icks & nev] lets !m out ( h] sight2 at night %e sleeps ) !m close to h] head4 ,no "o is all[$ to t\* !m4 ,e day also %e rubs h] body all ov] ) grease1 z 9 "s way ?is is believ$ to help h] son's recov]y4 ,ano!r ref9em5t ( ! same pr9ciple is due to ! +5uity ( ! ,g]man peasant4 ,x is said t :5 "o ( 8 pigs or %eep breaks its leg1 a f>m] ( ,rh5i% ,bav>ia or ,hesse w b9d up ! leg ( a *air ) b&ages & spl9ts 9 due =m4 ,= "s days !reaft] no "o may sit on t *air1 move x1 or knock up aga9/ x2 = to d s w\ld pa9 ! injur$ pig or %eep & h9d] ! cure4 ,9 ?is la/ case x is cle> t we h pass$ :olly out ( ! region ( contagi\s magic & into ! region ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic2 ! *air-leg1 :i* is treat$ in/ead ( ! bea/'s leg1 9 no s5se belongs to ! animal1 & ! application ( b&ages to x is a m]e simulation ( ! treatm5t :i* a m rational surg]y w\ld be/[ on ! real pati5t4 ,! sympa!tic connexion suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a man & ! weapon :i* has w\nd$ him is probably f\nd$ on ! notion t ! blood on ! weapon cont9ues to feel ) ! blood 9 8 body4 ,= a l reason ! ,papuans ( ,tumleo1 an isl& (f ,new ,gu9ea1 are c>eful to ?r[ into ! sea ! bloody b&ages ) :i* _! w\nds h be5 dress$1 = !y fe> t if ^! rags fell into ! h&s ( an enemy he might injure !m magically !reby4 ,once :5 a man ) a w\nd 9 8 m\?1 :i* bl$ con/antly1 came to ! mission>ies to be treat$1 8 fai?ful wife took great pa9s to collect all ! blood & ca/ x into ! sea4 ,/ra9$ & unnatural z ?is idea may seem to u1 x is p]haps less s ?an ! belief t magic sympa?y is ma9ta9$ betwe5 a p]son & 8 clo!s1 s t :atev] is done to ! clo!s w be felt by ! man himself1 ev5 ?\gh he may be f> away at ! "t4 ,9 ! ,wotjobaluk tribe ( ,victoria a wiz>d w\ld sometimes get hold ( a man's opossum rug & roa/ x sl[ly 9 ! fire1 & z he did s ! own] ( ! rug w\ld fall sick4 ,if ! wiz>d cons5t$ to undo ! *>m1 he w\ld give ! rug back to ! sick man's fri5ds1 bidd+ !m put x 9 wat]1 s z to wa% ! fire out4 ,:5 t happ5$1 ! suff]] w\ld feel a refre%+ coolness & probably recov]4 ,9 ,tanna1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 a man :o _h a grudge at ano!r & desir$ 8 dea? w\ld try to get possession ( a clo? :i* _h t\*$ ! sweat ( 8 enemy's body4 ,if he succe$$1 he rubb$ ! clo? c>efully ov] ) ! leaves & twigs ( a c]ta9 tree1 roll$ & b\nd clo?1 twigs1 & leaves into a long sausage-%ap$ bundle1 & burn$ x sl[ly 9 ! fire4 ,z ! bundle 0 consum$1 ! victim fell ill1 & :5 x 0 r$uc$ to a%es1 he di$4 ,9 ?is la/ =m ( en*antm5t1 h[ev]1 ! magical sympa?y may be suppos$ to exi/ n s mu* betwe5 ! man & ! clo? z betwe5 ! man & ! sweat :i* issu$ f 8 body4 ,b 9 o!r cases ( ! same sort x seems t ! g>m5t by itself is en\gh to give ! sorc]] a hold ^u 8 victim4 ,! wit* 9 ,!ocritus1 :ile %e melt$ an image or lump ( wax 9 ord] t h] fai?less lov] might melt ) love ( h]1 did n =get to ?r[ into ! fire a %r$ ( 8 cloak :i* he _h dropp$ 9 h] h\se4 ,9 ,prussia !y say t if y _c cat* a ?ief1 ! next be/ ?+ y c d is to get hold ( a g>m5t :i* he may h %$ 9 8 flight2 = if y beat x s\ndly1 ! ?ief w fall sick4 ,?is belief is firmly root$ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,"s eighty or n9ety ye>s ago1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]5d1 a man 0 detect$ try+ to /eal honey1 & fl$1 leav+ 8 coat beh9d him4 ,:5 he he>d t ! enrag$ own] ( ! honey 0 maul+ 8 lo/ coat1 he 0 s al>m$ t he took to 8 b$ & di$4 ,aga91 magic may be wr\ght on a man sympa!tically1 n only ?r\gh 8 clo!s & sev]$ p>ts ( himself1 b also ?r\gh ! impressions left by 8 body 9 s& or e>?4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is a _w-wide sup]/ition t by injur+ footpr9ts y injure ! feet t made !m4 ,?us ! natives ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia ?9k t !y c lame a man by plac+ %>p pieces ( qu>tz1 glass1 bone1 or *>coal 9 8 footpr9ts4 ,rheumatic pa9s are (t5 attribut$ by !m to ?is cause4 ,see+ a ,tatungolung man v lame1 ,mr4 ,h[itt ask$ him :at 0 ! matt]4 ,he said1 "s fell[ has put bottle 9 my foot4 ,he 0 suff]+ f rheumatism1 b believ$ t an enemy _h f\nd 8 foot-track & _h buri$ x 9 a piece ( brok5 bottle1 ! magical influ5ce ( :i* _h ent]$ 8 foot4 ,simil> practices prevail 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?us 9 ,meckl5burg x is ?\ght t if y drive a nail into a man's footpr9t he w fall lame2 sometimes x is requir$ t ! nail %\ld be tak5 f a c(f94 ,a l mode ( injur+ an enemy is resort$ to 9 "s p>ts ( ,france4 ,x is said t !re 0 an old woman :o us$ to frequ5t ,/[ 9 ,suffolk1 & %e 0 a wit*4 ,if1 :ile %e walk$1 any "o w5t aft] h] & /uck a nail or a knife into h] footpr9t 9 ! du/1 ! dame c\ld n /ir a /ep till x 0 )drawn4 ,among ! ,s\? ,slavs a girl w dig up ! e>? f ! footpr9ts ( ! man %e loves & put x 9 a fl[]-pot4 ,!n %e plants 9 ! pot a m>igold1 a fl[] t is ?\ght to be fadeless4 ,& z its gold5 blossom gr[s & blooms & nev] fades1 s %all h] swee!>t's love gr[ & bloom1 & nev]1 nev] fade4 ,?us ! love-spell acts on ! man ?r\gh ! e>? he trod on4 ,an old ,dani% mode ( conclud+ a treaty 0 bas$ on ! same idea ( ! sympa!tic connexion betwe5 a man & 8 footpr9ts3 ! cov5ant+ p>ties spr9kl$ ea* o!r's footpr9ts ) _! own blood1 ?us giv+ a pl$ge ( fidelity4 ,9 anci5t ,greece sup]/itions ( ! same sort seem to h be5 curr5t1 = x 0 ?\ght t if a horse /epp$ on ! track ( a wolf he 0 seiz$ ) numbness2 & a maxim ascrib$ to ,py?agoras =bade p to pi]ce a man's footpr9ts ) a nail or a knife4 ,! same sup]/ition is turn$ to acc\nt by hunt]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w = ! purpose ( runn+ d[n ! game4 ,?us a ,g]man huntsman w /ick a nail tak5 f a c(f9 into ! fre% spoor ( ! qu>ry1 believ+ t ?is w h9d] ! animal f escap+4 ,! aborig9es ( ,victoria put hot emb]s 9 ! tracks ( ! animals !y 7 pursu+4 ,hott5tot hunt]s ?r[ into ! air a h&ful ( s& tak5 f ! footpr9ts ( ! game1 believ+ t ?is w br+ ! animal d[n4 ,?ompson ,indians us$ to lay *>ms on ! tracks ( w\nd$ de]2 aft] t !y deem$ x sup]flu\s to pursue ! animal any fur!r t day1 = be+ ?us *>m$ x c\ld n travel f> & w\ld soon die4 ,simil>ly1 ,ojebway ,indians plac$ m$ic9e on ! track ( ! fir/ de] or be> !y met )1 suppos+ t ?is w\ld soon br+ ! animal into sight1 ev5 if x 7 two or ?ree days' j\rney (f2 = ?is *>m _h p[] to compress a j\rney ( sev]al days into a few h\rs4 ,ewe hunt]s ( ,we/ ,africa /ab ! footpr9ts ( game ) a %>p-po9t$ /ick 9 ord] to maim ! qu>ry & all[ !m to come up ) x4 ,b ?\gh ! footpr9t is ! mo/ obvi\s x is n ! only impression made by ! body ?r\gh :i* magic may be wr\ght on a man4 ,! aborig9es ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia believe t a man may be injur$ by bury+ %>p fragm5ts ( qu>tz1 glass1 & s =? 9 ! m>k made by 8 recl9+ body2 ! magical virtue ( ^! %>p ?+s ent]s 8 body & causes ^? acute pa9s :i* ! ignorant ,european puts d[n to rheumatism4 ,we c n[ und]/& :y x 0 a maxim ) ! ,py?agoreans t 9 ris+ f b$ y %\ld smoo? away ! impression left by y\r body on ! b$-clo!s4 ,! rule 0 simply an old precaution aga9/ magic1 =m+ "p ( a :ole code ( sup]/iti\s maxims :i* antiquity fa!r$ on ,py?agoras1 ?\gh d\btless !y 7 famili> to ! b>b>\s =efa!rs ( ! ,greeks long be=e ! "t ( t philosoph]4 #d4 ,! ,magician's ,progress ,,we h n[ conclud$ our exam9ation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic4 ,! examples by :i* ,i h illu/rat$ !m h be5 drawn = ! mo/ "p f :at may be call$ private magic1 t is f magical rites & incantations practis$ = ! b5efit or ! injury ( individuals4 ,b 9 savage society !re is commonly to be f\nd 9 addition :at we may call public magic1 t is1 sorc]y practis$ = ! b5efit ( ! :ole community4 ,:]ev] c]emonies ( ?is sort are obs]v$ = ! common good1 x is obvi\s t ! magician ceases to be m]ely a private practition] & becomes to "s ext5t a public function>y4 ,! developm5t ( su* a class ( function>ies is ( great importance = ! political z well z ! religi\s evolution ( society4 ,= :5 ! welf>e ( ! tribe is suppos$ to dep5d on ! p]=mance ( ^! magical rites1 ! magician rises into a position ( mu* influ5ce & repute1 & may readily acquire ! rank & au?ority ( a *ief or k+4 ,! pr(ession accord+ly draws into its ranks "s ( ! able/ & mo/ ambiti\s m5 ( ! tribe1 because x holds out to !m a prospect ( hon\r1 weal?1 & p[] su* z h>dly any o!r c>e] c\ld (f]4 ,! acut] m9ds p]ceive h[ easy x is to dupe _! weak] bro!r & to play on 8 sup]/ition = _! own advantage4 ,n t ! sorc]] is always a knave & impo/or2 he is (t5 s9c]ely conv9c$ t he really possesses ^? wond]ful p[]s :i* ! cr$ulity ( 8 fell[s ascribes to him4 ,b ! m sagaci\s he is1 ! m likely he is to see ?r\gh ! fallacies :i* impose on dull] wits4 ,?us ! able/ memb]s ( ! pr(ession mu/ t5d to be m or less consci\s deceiv]s2 & x is j ^! m5 :o 9 virtue ( _! sup]ior ability w g5]ally come to ! top & w9 = !mselves positions ( ! highe/ dignity & ! mo/ comm&+ au?ority4 ,! pitfalls :i* beset ! pa? ( ! pr(essional sorc]] are _m1 & z a rule only ! man ( coole/ head & %>pe/ wit w be able to /e] 8 way ?r\gh !m safely4 ,= x mu/ always be rememb]$ t e s+le pr(ession & claim put =w>d by ! magician z su* is false2 n "o ( !m c be ma9ta9$ )\t deception1 consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,accord+ly ! sorc]] :o s9c]ely believes 9 8 own extravagant pret5sions is 9 f> great] p]il & is mu* m likely to be cut %ort 9 8 c>e] ?an ! delib]ate impo/or4 ,! hone/ wiz>d always expects t 8 *>ms & incantations w produce _! suppos$ effect2 & :5 !y fail1 n only really1 z !y always d1 b conspicu\sly & disa/r\sly1 z !y (t5 d1 he is tak5 aback3 he is n1 l 8 knavi% colleague1 ready ) a plausible excuse to acc\nt = ! failure1 & be=e he c f9d "o he may be knock$ on ! head by 8 disappo9t$ & angry employ]s4 ,! g5]al result is t at ?is /age ( social evolution ! supreme p[] t5ds to fall into ! h&s ( m5 ( ! ke5e/ intellig5ce & ! mo/ unscrupul\s "*4 ,if we c\ld balance ! h>m !y d by _! knav]y aga9/ ! b5efits !y conf] by _! sup]ior sagacity1 x might well be f\nd t ! good greatly outweigh$ ! evil4 ,= m mis*ief has probably be5 wr\ght 9 ! _w by hone/ fools 9 high places ?an by intellig5t rascals4 ,once y\r %rewd rogue has atta9$ ! height ( 8 ambition1 & has no long] any selfi% end to fur!r1 he may1 & (t5 does1 turn 8 tal5ts1 8 exp]i5ce1 8 res\rces1 to ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,_m m5 :o h be5 lea/ scrupul\s 9 ! acquisition ( p[] h be5 mo/ b5efic5t 9 ! use ( x1 :e!r ! p[] !y aim$ at & won 0 t ( weal?1 political au?ority1 or :at n4 ,9 ! field ( politics ! wily intrigu]1 ! ru?less victor1 may end by be+ a wise & magnanim\s rul]1 bless$ 9 8 lifetime1 lam5t$ at 8 dea?1 admir$ & applaud$ by po/]ity4 ,su* m51 to take two ( ! mo/ conspicu\s in/ances1 7 ,julius ,caes> & ,augu/us4 ,b once a fool always a fool1 & ! great] ! p[] 9 8 h&s ! m disa/r\s is likely to be ! use he makes ( x4 ,! heavie/ calamity 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 ! brea* ) ,am]ica1 might nev] h occurr$ if ,george ! ,?ird _h n be5 an hone/ dull>d4 ,?us1 s f> z ! public pr(ession ( magic affect$ ! con/itution ( savage society1 x t5d$ to place ! control ( affairs 9 ! h&s ( ! able/ man3 x %ift$ ! balance ( p[] f ! _m to ! "o3 x sub/itut$ a mon>*y = a democracy1 or r = an olig>*y ( old m52 = 9 g5]al ! savage community is rul$1 n by ! :ole body ( adult males1 b by a c\ncil ( eld]s4 ,! *ange1 by :atev] causes produc$1 & :atev] ! "* ( ! e>ly rul]s1 0 on ! :ole v b5eficial4 ,= ! rise ( mon>*y appe>s to be an ess5tial condition ( ! em]g5ce ( mank9d f savag]y4 ,no human be+ is s hide-b\nd by cu/om & tradition z y\r democratic savage2 9 no /ate ( society consequ5tly is progress s sl[ & difficult4 ,! old notion t ! savage is ! free/ ( mank9d is ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,he is a slave1 n inde$ to a visible ma/]1 b to ! pa/1 to ! spirits ( 8 dead =efa!rs1 :o haunt 8 /eps f bir? to dea?1 & rule him ) a rod ( iron4 ,:at !y did is ! patt]n ( "r1 ! unwritt5 law to :i* he yields a bl9d unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,! lea/ possible scope is ?us af=d$ to sup]ior tal5t to *ange old cu/oms = ! bett]4 ,! able/ man is dragg$ d[n by ! weake/ & dulle/1 :o necess>ily sets ! /&>d1 s9ce he _c rise1 :ile ! o!r c fall4 ,! surface ( su* a society pres5ts a uni=m dead level1 s f> z x is humanly possible to r$uce ! natural inequalities1 ! immeasurable real diff]5ces ( inborn capacity & temp]1 to a false sup]ficial appe>ance ( equality4 ,f ?is l[ & /agnant condition ( affairs1 :i* demagogues & dream]s 9 lat] times h laud$ z ! ideal /ate1 ! ,gold5 ,age1 ( humanity1 ev]y?+ t helps to raise society by op5+ a c>e] to tal5t & proportion+ ! degrees ( au?ority to m5's natural abilities1 des]ves to be welcom$ by all :o h ! real good ( _! fell[s at he>t4 ,once ^! elevat+ influ5ces h begun to op]ate--& !y _c be = ev] suppress$--! progress ( civilisation becomes comp>atively rapid4 ,! rise ( "o man to supreme p[] enables him to c>ry ?r\gh *anges 9 a s+le lifetime :i* previ\sly _m g5]ations might n h suffic$ to effect2 & if1 z w (t5 happ51 he is a man ( intellect & en]gy above ! common1 he w readily avail himself ( ! opportunity4 ,ev5 ! :ims & caprices ( a tyrant may be ( s]vice 9 break+ ! *a9 ( cu/om :i* lies s heavy on ! savage4 ,& z soon z ! tribe ceases to be sway$ by ! timid & divid$ c\nsels ( ! eld]s1 & yields to ! direction ( a s+le /rong & resolute m9d1 x becomes =midable to its neighb\rs & ent]s on a c>e] ( aggr&isem5t1 :i* at an e>ly /age ( hi/ory is (t5 highly fav\rable to social1 indu/rial1 & intellectual progress4 ,= ext5d+ its sway1 p>tly by =ce ( arms1 p>tly by ! volunt>y submission ( weak] tribes1 ! community soon acquires weal? & slaves1 bo? ( :i*1 by reliev+ "s classes f ! p]petual /ruggle = a b>e subsi/5ce1 af=d !m an opportunity ( devot+ !mselves to t dis9t]e/$ pursuit ( k :i* is ! noble/ & mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t to ameliorate ! lot ( man4 ,intellectual progress1 :i* reveals itself 9 ! gr[? ( art & sci5ce & ! spread ( m lib]al views1 _c be dissociat$ f indu/rial or economic progress1 & t 9 its turn receives an imm5se impulse f conque/ & empire4 ,x is no m]e accid5t t ! mo/ vehem5t outbur/s ( activity ( ! human m9d h foll[$ close on ! heels ( victory1 & t ! great conqu]+ races ( ! _w h commonly done mo/ to advance & spread civilisation1 ?us heal+ 9 peace ! w\nds !y inflict$ 9 w>4 ,! ,babylonians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,arabs are our witnesses 9 ! pa/3 we may yet live to see a simil> outbur/ 9 ,japan4 ,nor1 to rem\nt ! /ream ( hi/ory to its s\rces1 is x an accid5t t all ! fir/ great /rides t[>ds civilisation h be5 made "u despotic & !ocratic gov]nm5ts1 l ^? ( ,egypt1 ,babylon1 & ,p]u1 :]e ! supreme rul] claim$ & receiv$ ! s]vile allegiance ( 8 subjects 9 ! d\ble "* ( a k+ & a god4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t at ?is e>ly epo* despotism is ! be/ fri5d ( humanity &1 p>adoxical z x may s\nd1 ( lib]ty4 ,= aft] all !re is m lib]ty 9 ! be/ s5se--lib]ty to ?9k our own ?\ghts & to fa%ion our own de/9ies--"u ! mo/ absolute despotism1 ! mo/ gr9d+ tyranny1 ?an "u ! app>5t fre$om ( savage life1 :]e ! individual's lot is ca/ f ! cradle to ! grave 9 ! iron m\ld ( h]$it>y cu/om4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! public pr(ession ( magic has be5 "o ( ! roads by :i* ! able/ m5 h pass$ to supreme p[]1 x has contribut$ to emancipate mank9d f ! ?raldom ( tradition & to elevate !m into a l>g]1 fre] life1 ) a broad] outlook on ! _w4 ,?is is no small s]vice r5d]$ to humanity4 ,& :5 we rememb] fur!r t 9 ano!r direction magic has pav$ ! way = sci5ce1 we are =c$ to admit t if ! black art has done mu* evil1 x has also be5 ! s\rce ( mu* good2 t if x is ! *ild ( error1 x has yet be5 ! "m ( fre$om & tru?4 ,,iv4 ,magic & ,religion ,,! examples collect$ 9 ! la/ *apt] may suffice to illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic 9 its two bran*es1 to :i* we h giv5 ! names ( ,homoeopa?ic & ,contagi\s respectively4 ,9 "s cases ( magic :i* h come be=e u we h se5 t ! op]ation ( spirits is assum$1 & t an attempt is made to w9 _! fav\r by pray] & sacrifice4 ,b ^! cases are on ! :ole exceptional2 !y exhibit magic t+$ & alloy$ ) religion4 ,:]ev] sympa!tic magic occurs 9 its pure unadult]at$ =m1 x assumes t 9 nature "o ev5t foll[s ano!r necess>ily & inv>iably )\t ! int]v5tion ( any spiritual or p]sonal ag5cy4 ,?us its fundam5tal conception is id5tical ) t ( mod]n sci5ce2 und]ly+ ! :ole sy/em is a fai?1 implicit b real & firm1 9 ! ord] & uni=mity ( nature4 ,! magician does n d\bt t ! same causes w always produce ! same effects1 t ! p]=mance ( ! prop] c]emony1 accompani$ by ! appropriate spell1 w inevitably be att5d$ by ! desir$ result1 unless1 inde$1 8 incantations %\ld *ance to be ?w>t$ & foil$ by ! m pot5t *>ms ( ano!r sorc]]4 ,he supplicates no high] p[]3 he sues ! fav\r ( no fickle & wayw>d be+3 he abases himself be=e no awful deity4 ,yet 8 p[]1 great z he believes x to be1 is by no means arbitr>y & unlimit$4 ,he c wield x only s long z he /rictly con=ms to ! rules ( 8 art1 or to :at may be call$ ! laws ( nature z conceiv$ by him4 ,to neglect ^! rules1 to break ^! laws 9 ! smalle/ p>ticul>1 is to incur failure1 & may ev5 expose ! unskilful practition] himself to ! utmo/ p]il4 ,if he claims a sov]eignty ov] nature1 x is a con/itutional sov]eignty rigor\sly limit$ 9 its scope & ex]cis$ 9 exact con=mity ) anci5t usage4 ,?us ! analogy betwe5 ! magical & ! sci5tific conceptions ( ! _w is close4 ,9 bo? ( !m ! succession ( ev5ts is assum$ to be p]fectly regul> & c]ta91 be+ det]m9$ by immutable laws1 ! op]ation ( :i* c be =ese5 & calculat$ precisely2 ! elem5ts ( caprice1 ( *ance1 & ( accid5t are bani%$ f ! c\rse ( nature4 ,bo? ( !m op5 up a seem+ly b\ndless vi/a ( possibilities to him :o kn[s ! causes ( ?+s & c t\* ! secret spr+s t set 9 motion ! va/ & intricate me*anism ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ! /rong attraction :i* magic & sci5ce alike h ex]cis$ on ! human m9d2 h5ce ! p[]ful /imulus t bo? h giv5 to ! pursuit ( k4 ,!y lure ! we>y enquir]1 ! footsore seek]1 on ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( disappo9tm5t 9 ! pres5t by _! endless promises ( ! future3 !y take him up to ! top ( an exce$+ high m\nta9 & %[ him1 beyond ! d>k cl\ds & roll+ mi/s at 8 feet1 a vision ( ! cele/ial city1 f> (f1 x may be1 b radiant ) une>?ly spl5d\r1 ba!d 9 ! light ( dreams4 ,! fatal flaw ( magic lies n 9 its g5]al assumption ( a sequ5ce ( ev5ts det]m9$ by law1 b 9 its total misconception ( ! nature ( ! p>ticul> laws :i* gov]n t sequ5ce4 ,if we analyse ! v>i\s cases ( sympa!tic magic :i* h be5 pass$ 9 review 9 ! prec$+ pages1 & :i* may be tak5 z fair samples ( ! bulk1 we %all f9d1 z ,i h already indicat$1 t !y are all mi/ak5 applications ( "o or o!r ( two great fundam5tal laws ( ?\ght1 namely1 ! association ( ideas by simil>ity & ! association ( ideas by contiguity 9 space or "t4 ,a mi/ak5 association ( simil> ideas produces homoeopa?ic or imitative magic3 a mi/ak5 association ( contigu\s ideas produces contagi\s magic4 ,! pr9ciples ( association are excell5t 9 !mselves1 & inde$ absolutely ess5tial to ! work+ ( ! human m9d4 ,legitimately appli$ !y yield sci5ce2 illegitimately appli$ !y yield magic1 ! ba/>d si/] ( sci5ce4 ,x is !re=e a truism1 almo/ a tautology1 to say t all magic is necess>ily false & b>r52 = 7 x ev] to become true & fruitful1 x w\ld no long] be magic b sci5ce4 ,f ! e>lie/ times man has be5 engag$ 9 a se>* = g5]al rules :]eby to turn ! ord] ( natural ph5om5a to 8 own advantage1 & 9 ! long se>* he has scrap$ toge!r a great ho>d ( su* maxims1 "s ( !m gold5 & "s ( !m m]e dross4 ,! true or gold5 rules con/itute ! body ( appli$ sci5ce :i* we call ! arts2 ! false are magic4 ,if magic is ?us next ( k9 to sci5ce1 we h /ill to enquire h[ x /&s relat$ to religion4 ,b ! view we take ( t relation w necess>ily be col\r$ by ! idea :i* we h =m$ ( ! nature ( religion itself2 h5ce a writ] may reasonably be expect$ to def9e 8 conception ( religion be=e he proce$s to inve/igate its relation to magic4 ,!re is probably no subject 9 ! _w ab\t :i* op9ions diff] s mu* z ! nature ( religion1 & to frame a def9ition ( x :i* w\ld satisfy e "o mu/ obvi\sly be impossible4 ,all t a writ] c d is1 fir/1 to say cle>ly :at he means by religion1 & aft]w>ds to employ ! ^w consi/5tly 9 t s5se ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,by religion1 !n1 ,i und]/& a propitiation or conciliation ( p[]s sup]ior to man :i* are believ$ to direct & control ! c\rse ( nature & ( human life4 ,?us def9$1 religion consi/s ( two elem5ts1 a !oretical & a practical1 namely1 a belief 9 p[]s high] ?an man & an attempt to propitiate or please !m4 ,( ! two1 belief cle>ly comes fir/1 s9ce we mu/ believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a div9e be+ be=e we c attempt to please him4 ,b unless ! belief leads to a correspond+ practice1 x is n a religion b m]ely a !ology2 9 ! language ( ,/4 ,james1 fai?1 if x ha? n works1 is dead1 be+ alone4 ,9 o!r words1 no man is religi\s :o does n gov]n 8 conduct 9 "s measure by ! fe> or love ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]e practice1 dive/$ ( all religi\s belief1 is also n religion4 ,two m5 may behave 9 exactly ! same way1 & yet "o ( !m may be religi\s & ! o!r n4 ,if ! "o acts f ! love or fe> ( ,god1 he is religi\s2 if ! o!r acts f ! love or fe> ( man1 he is moral or immoral accord+ z 8 behavi\r comports or conflicts ) ! g5]al good4 ,h5ce belief & practice or1 9 !ological language1 fai? & works are equally ess5tial to religion1 :i* _c exi/ )\t bo? ( !m4 ,b x is n necess>y t religi\s practice %\ld always take ! =m ( a ritual2 t is1 x ne$ n consi/ 9 ! (f]+ ( sacrifice1 ! recitation ( pray]s1 & o!r outw>d c]emonies4 ,its aim is to please ! deity1 & if ! deity is "o :o delights 9 *>ity & m]cy & purity m ?an 9 oblations ( blood1 ! *ant+ ( hymns1 & ! fumes ( inc5se1 8 wor%ipp]s w be/ please him1 n by pro/rat+ !mselves be=e him1 by inton+ 8 praises1 & by fill+ 8 temples ) co/ly gifts1 b by be+ pure & m]ciful & *>itable t[>ds m51 = 9 s do+ !y w imitate1 s f> z human infirmity all[s1 ! p]fections ( ! div9e nature4 ,x 0 ?is e?ical side ( religion :i* ! ,hebrew prophets1 inspir$ ) a noble ideal ( ,god's goodness & hol9ess1 7 nev] we>y ( inculcat+4 ,?us ,micah says3 ,he ha? %ew$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,& at a lat] "t mu* ( ! =ce by :i* ,*ri/ianity conqu]$ ! _w 0 drawn f ! same high conception ( ,god's moral nature & ! duty laid on m5 ( con=m+ !mselves to x4 ,pure religion & undefil$1 says ,/4 ,james1 be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r is ?is1 ,to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction1 & to keep himself unspott$ f ! _w4 ,b if religion involves1 fir/1 a belief 9 sup]human be+s :o rule ! _w1 &1 second1 an attempt to w9 _! fav\r1 x cle>ly assumes t ! c\rse ( nature is to "s ext5t ela/ic or v>iable1 & t we c p]suade or induce ! mighty be+s :o control x to deflect1 = our b5efit1 ! curr5t ( ev5ts f ! *annel 9 :i* !y w\ld o!rwise fl[4 ,n[ ?is impli$ ela/icity or v>iability ( nature is directly oppos$ to ! pr9ciples ( magic z well z ( sci5ce1 bo? ( :i* assume t ! processes ( nature are rigid & inv>iable 9 _! op]ation1 & t !y c z little be turn$ f _! c\rse by p]suasion & entreaty z by ?reats & intimidation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two conflict+ views ( ! univ]se turns on _! answ] to ! crucial "q1 ,are ! =ces :i* gov]n ! _w consci\s & p]sonal1 or unconsci\s & imp]sonal8 ,religion1 z a conciliation ( ! sup]human p[]s1 assumes ! =m] memb] ( ! alt]native4 ,= all conciliation implies t ! be+ conciliat$ is a consci\s or p]sonal ag5t1 t 8 conduct is 9 "s measure unc]ta91 & t he c be prevail$ ^u to v>y x 9 ! desir$ direction by a judici\s appeal to 8 int]e/s1 8 appetites1 or 8 emotions4 ,conciliation is nev] employ$ t[>ds ?+s :i* are reg>d$ z inanimate1 nor t[>ds p]sons ^: behavi\r 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances is kn[n to be det]m9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,?us 9 s f> z religion assumes ! _w to be direct$ by consci\s ag5ts :o may be turn$ f _! purpose by p]suasion1 x /&s 9 fundam5tal antagonism to magic z well z to sci5ce1 bo? ( :i* take = grant$ t ! c\rse ( nature is det]m9$1 n by ! passions or caprice ( p]sonal be+s1 b by ! op]ation ( immutable laws act+ me*anically4 ,9 magic1 inde$1 ! assumption is only implicit1 b 9 sci5ce x is explicit4 ,x is true t magic (t5 deals ) spirits1 :i* are p]sonal ag5ts ( ! k9d assum$ by religion2 b :5ev] x does s 9 its prop] =m1 x treats !m exactly 9 ! same fa%ion z x treats inanimate ag5ts1 t is1 x con/ra9s or co]ces in/ead ( conciliat+ or propitiat+ !m z religion w\ld d4 ,?us x assumes t all p]sonal be+s1 :e!r human or div9e1 are 9 ! la/ resort subject to ^? imp]sonal =ces :i* control all ?+s1 b :i* nev]!less c be turn$ to acc\nt by any "o :o kn[s h[ to manipulate !m by ! appropriate c]emonies & spells4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 = example1 ! magicians claim$ ! p[] ( compell+ ev5 ! highe/ gods to d _! bidd+1 & actually ?reat5$ !m ) de/ruction 9 case ( disob$i5ce4 ,sometimes1 )\t go+ q s f> z t1 ! wiz>d decl>$ t he w\ld scatt] ! bones ( ,osiris or reveal 8 sacr$ leg5d1 if ! god prov$ contumaci\s4 ,simil>ly 9 ,india at ! pres5t day ! great ,h9doo tr9ity itself ( ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva is subject to ! sorc]]s1 :o1 by means ( _! spells1 ex]cise su* an asc5d5cy ov] ! mightie/ deities1 t ^! are b\nd submissively to execute on e>? bel[1 or 9 heav5 above1 :atev] comm&s _! ma/]s ! magicians may please to issue4 ,!re is a say+ ev]y:]e curr5t 9 ,india3 ,! :ole univ]se is subject to ! gods2 ! gods are subject to ! spells 7mantras72 ! spells to ! ,brahmans2 !re=e ! ,brahmans are our gods4 ,?is radical conflict ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic & religion suffici5tly expla9s ! rel5tless ho/ility ) :i* 9 hi/ory ! prie/ has (t5 pursu$ ! magician4 ,! haughty self-suffici5cy ( ! magician1 8 arrogant demean\r t[>ds ! high] p[]s1 & 8 unaba%$ claim to ex]cise a sway l !irs c\ld n b revolt ! prie/1 to :om1 ) 8 awful s5se ( ! div9e maje/y1 & 8 humble pro/ration 9 pres5ce ( x1 su* claims & su* a demean\r mu/ h appe>$ an impi\s & blasphem\s usurpation ( pr]ogatives t belong to ,god alone4 ,& sometimes1 we may suspect1 l[] motives concurr$ to :et ! edge ( ! prie/'s ho/ility4 ,he pr(ess$ to be ! prop] m$ium1 ! true int]cessor betwe5 ,god & man1 & no d\bt 8 int]e/s z well z 8 feel+s 7 (t5 injur$ by a rival practition]1 :o prea*$ a sur] & smoo!r road to =tune ?an ! rugg$ & slipp]y pa? ( div9e fav\r4 ,yet ?is antagonism1 famili> z x is to u1 seems to h made its appe>ance comp>atively late 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,at an e>li] /age ! functions ( prie/ & sorc]] 7 (t5 comb9$ or1 to speak p]haps m correctly1 7 n yet diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r4 ,to s]ve 8 purpose man woo$ ! good-w ( gods or spirits by pray] & sacrifice1 :ile at ! same "t he _h rec\rse to c]emonies & =ms ( words :i* he hop$ w\ld ( !mselves br+ ab\t ! desir$ result )\t ! help ( god or devil4 ,9 %ort1 he p]=m$ religi\s & magical rites simultane\sly2 he utt]$ pray]s & incantations almo/ 9 ! same brea?1 kn[+ or reck+ little ( ! !oretical inconsi/5cy ( 8 behavi\r1 s long z by hook or crook he contriv$ to get :at he want$4 ,in/ances ( ?is fusion or confusion ( magic ) religion h already met u 9 ! practices ( ,melanesians & ( o!r peoples4 ,! same confusion ( magic & religion has surviv$ among peoples t h ris5 to high] levels ( culture4 ,x 0 rife 9 anci5t ,india & anci5t ,egypt2 x is by no means ext9ct among ,european peasantry at ! pres5t day4 ,) reg>d to anci5t ,india we are told by an em95t ,sanscrit s*ol> t ! sacrificial ritual at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h detail$ in=mation is p]vad$ ) practices t brea! ! _s ( ! mo/ primitive magic4 ,speak+ ( ! importance ( magic 9 ! ,ea/1 & especially 9 ,egypt1 ,pr(essor ,masp]o rem>ks t we ought n to atta* to ! ^w magic ! degrad+ idea :i* x almo/ inevitably calls up 9 ! m9d ( a mod]n4 ,anci5t magic 0 ! v f\ndation ( religion4 ,! fai?ful :o desir$ to obta9 "s fav\r f a god _h no *ance ( succe$+ except by lay+ h&s on ! deity1 & ?is arre/ c\ld only be effect$ by means ( a c]ta9 numb] ( rites1 sacrifices1 pray]s1 & *ants1 :i* ! god himself _h reveal$1 & :i* oblig$ him to d :at 0 dem&$ ( him4 ,among ! ignorant classes ( mod]n ,europe ! same confusion ( ideas1 ! same mixture ( religion & magic1 crops up 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,?us we are told t 9 ,france ! majority ( ! peasants /ill believe t ! prie/ possesses a secret & irresi/ible p[] ov] ! elem5ts4 ,by recit+ c]ta9 pray]s :i* he alone kn[s & has ! "r to utt]1 yet = ! utt]ance ( :i* he mu/ aft]w>ds dem& absolution1 he c1 on an occasion ( press+ dang]1 arre/ or rev]se = a mom5t ! action ( ! et]nal laws ( ! physical _w4 ,! w9ds1 ! /orms1 ! hail1 & ! ra9 are at 8 comm& & obey 8 w4 ,! fire also is subject to him1 & ! flames ( a conflagration are ext+ui%$ at 8 ^w4 ,= example1 ,fr5* peasants us$ to be1 p]haps are /ill1 p]suad$ t ! prie/s c\ld celebrate1 ) c]ta9 special rites1 a ,mass ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ( :i* ! efficacy 0 s miracul\s t x nev] met ) any opposition f ! div9e w2 ,god 0 =c$ to grant :atev] 0 ask$ ( ,him 9 ?is =m1 h[ev] ra% & importunate might be ! petition4 ,no idea ( impiety or irrev]5ce atta*$ to ! rite 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o1 9 "s ( ! great extremities ( life1 s\ght by ?is s+ul> means to take ! k+dom ( heav5 by /orm4 ,! secul> prie/s g5]ally refus$ to say ! ,mass ( ! ,holy ,_s2 b ! monks1 especially ! ,capu*9 fri>s1 _h ! reputation ( yield+ ) less scruple to ! entreaties ( ! anxi\s & di/ress$4 ,9 ! con/ra9t ?us suppos$ by ,ca?olic peasantry to be laid by ! prie/ ^u ! deity we seem to h an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! p[] :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians ascrib$ to _! magicians4 ,aga91 to take ano!r example1 9 _m villages ( ,prov5ce ! prie/ is /ill reput$ to possess ! faculty ( av]t+ /orms4 ,x is n e prie/ :o enjoys ?is reputation2 & 9 "s villages1 :5 a *ange ( pa/ors takes place1 ! p>i%ion]s are eag] to le>n :e!r ! new incumb5t has ! p[] 7p\d]71 z !y call x4 ,at ! fir/ sign ( a heavy /orm !y put him to ! pro( by invit+ him to exorcise ! ?reat5+ cl\ds2 & if ! result answ]s to _! hopes1 ! new %eph]d is assur$ ( ! sympa?y & respect ( 8 flock4 ,9 "s p>i%es1 :]e ! reputation ( ! curate 9 ?is respect /ood high] ?an t ( 8 rector1 ! relations betwe5 ! two h be5 s /ra9$ 9 consequ5ce t ! bi%op has _h to translate ! rector to ano!r b5efice4 ,aga91 ,gascon peasants believe t to rev5ge !mselves on _! enemies bad m5 w sometimes induce a prie/ to say a mass call$ ! ,mass ( ,sa9t ,scaire4 ,v few prie/s "k ?is mass1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( ^? :o d "k x w\ld n say x = love or money4 ,none b wick$ prie/s d>e to p]=m ! gruesome c]emony1 & y may be q sure t !y w h a v heavy acc\nt to r5d] = x at ! la/ day4 ,no curate or bi%op1 n ev5 ! ar*bi%op ( ,au*1 c p>don !m2 t "r belongs to ! pope ( ,rome alone4 ,! ,mass ( ,sa9t ,scaire may be said only 9 a ru9$ or des]t$ *ur*1 :]e owls mope & hoot1 :]e bats flit 9 ! gloam+1 :]e gypsies lodge ( nights1 & :]e toads squat "u ! desecrat$ alt>4 ,?i!r ! bad prie/ comes by night ) 8 light o' love1 & at ! fir/ /roke ( elev5 he beg9s to mumble ! mass backw>ds1 & ends j z ! clocks are knell+ ! midnight h\r4 ,8 leman acts z cl]k4 ,! ho/ he blesses is black & has ?ree po9ts2 he consecrates no w9e1 b in/ead he dr9ks ! wat] ( a well into :i* ! body ( an unbaptiz$ infant has be5 flung4 ,he makes ! sign ( ! cross1 b x is on ! gr\nd & ) 8 left foot4 ,& _m o!r ?+s he does :i* no good ,*ri/ian c\ld look ^u )\t be+ /ruck bl9d & deaf & dumb = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,b ! man = :om ! mass is said )]s away little by little1 & nobody c say :at is ! matt] ) him2 ev5 ! doctors c make no?+ ( x4 ,!y d n "k t he is sl[ly dy+ ( ! ,mass ( ,sa9t ,scaire4 ,yet ?\gh magic is ?us f\nd to fuse & amalgamate ) religion 9 _m ages & 9 _m l&s1 !re are "s gr\nds = ?9k+ t ?is fusion is n primitive1 & t !re 0 a "t :5 man tru/$ to magic alone = ! satisfaction ( su* wants z transc5d$ 8 imm$iate animal crav+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place a consid]ation ( ! fundam5tal notions ( magic & religion may incl9e u to surmise t magic is old] ?an religion 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,we h se5 t on ! "o h& magic is no?+ b a mi/ak5 application ( ! v simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y processes ( ! m9d1 namely ! association ( ideas by virtue ( resemblance or contiguity2 & t on ! o!r h& religion assumes ! op]ation ( consci\s or p]sonal ag5ts1 sup]ior to man1 beh9d ! visible scre5 ( nature4 ,obvi\sly ! conception ( p]sonal ag5ts is m complex ?an a simple recognition ( ! simil>ity or contiguity ( ideas2 & a !ory :i* assumes t ! c\rse ( nature is det]m9$ by consci\s ag5ts is m ab/ruse & recondite1 & requires = its appreh5sion a f> high] degree ( intellig5ce & reflection1 ?an ! view t ?+s succe$ ea* o!r simply by reason ( _! contiguity or resemblance4 ,! v bea/s associate ! ideas ( ?+s t are l ea* o!r or t h be5 f\nd toge!r 9 _! exp]i5ce2 & !y c\ld h>dly survive = a day if !y ceas$ to d s4 ,b :o attributes to ! animals a belief t ! ph5om5a ( nature are work$ by a multitude ( invisible animals or by "o enorm\s & prodigi\sly /rong animal beh9d ! sc5es8 ,x is probably no inju/ice to ! brutes to assume t ! hon\r ( devis+ a !ory ( ?is latt] sort mu/ be res]v$ = human reason4 ,?us1 if magic be d$uc$ imm$iately f elem5t>y processes ( reason+1 & be1 9 fact1 an error into :i* ! m9d falls almo/ spontane\sly1 :ile religion re/s on conceptions :i* ! m]ely animal intellig5ce c h>dly be suppos$ to h yet atta9$ to1 x becomes probable t magic arose be=e religion 9 ! evolution ( our race1 & t man essay$ to b5d nature to 8 wi%es by ! %e] =ce ( spells & en*antm5ts be=e he /rove to coax & mollify a coy1 caprici\s1 or irascible deity by ! s(t ins9uation ( pray] & sacrifice4 ,! conclusion :i* we h ?us rea*$ d$uctively f a consid]ation ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( magic & religion is confirm$ inductively by ! obs]vation t among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ! rude/ savages z to :om we possess accurate in=mation1 magic is univ]sally practis$1 :]eas religion 9 ! s5se ( a propitiation or conciliation ( ! high] p[]s seems to be ne>ly unkn[n4 ,r\ghly speak+1 all m5 9 ,au/ralia are magicians1 b n "o is a prie/2 ev]ybody fancies he c influ5ce 8 fell[s or ! c\rse ( nature by sympa!tic magic1 b nobody dreams ( propitiat+ gods by pray] & sacrifice4 ,b if 9 ! mo/ backw>d /ate ( human society n[ kn[n to u we f9d magic ?us conspicu\sly pres5t & religion conspicu\sly abs5t1 may we n reasonably conjecture t ! civilis$ races ( ! _w h also at "s p]iod ( _! hi/ory pass$ ?r\gh a simil> intellectual phase1 t !y attempt$ to =ce ! great p[]s ( nature to d _! pleasure be=e !y ?\ght ( c\rt+ _! fav\r by (f]+s & pray]--9 %ort t1 j z on ! mat]ial side ( human culture !re has ev]y:]e be5 an ,age ( ,/one1 s on ! intellectual side !re has ev]y:]e be5 an ,age ( ,magic8 ,!re are reasons = answ]+ ?is "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,:5 we survey ! exi/+ races ( mank9d f ,gre5l& to ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 or f ,scotl& to ,s+apore1 we obs]ve t !y are di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r by a great v>iety ( religions1 & t ^! di/9ctions are n1 s to speak1 m]ely cot]m9\s ) ! broad di/9ctions ( race1 b desc5d into ! m9ut] subdivisions ( /ates & commonweal?s1 nay1 t !y honeycomb ! t[n1 ! village1 & ev5 ! family1 s t ! surface ( society all ov] ! _w is crack$ & seam$1 sapp$ & m9$ ) r5ts & fissures & yawn+ crevasses op5$ up by ! dis9tegrat+ influ5ce ( religi\s diss5sion4 ,yet :5 we h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ^! diff]5ces1 :i* affect ma9ly ! intellig5t & ?\ghtful "p ( ! community1 we %all f9d und]ly+ !m all a solid /ratum ( intellectual agreem5t among ! dull1 ! weak1 ! ignorant1 & ! sup]/iti\s1 :o con/itute1 un=tunately1 ! va/ majority ( mank9d4 ,"o ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 to run %afts d[n into ?is l[ m5tal /ratum 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & ?us to discov] its sub/antial id5tity ev]y:]e4 ,x is b5ea? our feet--& n v f> b5ea? !m--"h 9 ,europe at ! pres5t day1 & x crops up on ! surface 9 ! he>t ( ! ,au/ralian wild]ness & :]ev] ! adv5t ( a high] civilisation has n cru%$ x "u gr\nd4 ,?is univ]sal fai?1 ?is truly ,ca?olic cre$1 is a belief 9 ! efficacy ( magic4 ,:ile religi\s sy/ems diff] n only 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b 9 ! same c\ntry 9 diff]5t ages1 ! sy/em ( sympa!tic magic rema9s ev]y:]e & at all times sub/antially alike 9 its pr9ciples & practice4 ,among ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s classes ( mod]n ,europe x is v mu* :at x 0 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 9 ,egypt & ,india1 & :at x n[ is among ! l[e/ savages surviv+ 9 ! remote/ corn]s ( ! _w4 ,if ! te/ ( tru? lay 9 a %[ ( h&s or a c\nt+ ( heads1 ! sy/em ( magic might appeal1 ) f> m reason ?an ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 to ! pr\d motto1 ,quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus1 z ! sure & c]ta9 cr$5tial ( its own infallibility4 ,x is n our bus9ess "h to consid] :at be>+ ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( su* a solid lay] ( savag]y b5ea? ! surface ( society1 & unaffect$ by ! sup]ficial *anges ( religion & culture1 has ^u ! future ( humanity4 ,! dispassionate obs]v]1 ^: /udies h l$ him to plumb its dep?s1 c h>dly reg>d x o!rwise ?an z a /&+ m5ace to civilisation4 ,we seem to move on a ?9 cru/ :i* may at any mom5t be r5t by ! subt]ranean =ces slumb]+ bel[4 ,f "t to "t a holl[ murmur und]gr\nd or a sudd5 spirt ( flame into ! air tells ( :at is go+ on b5ea? our feet4 ,n[ & !n ! polite _w is />tl$ by a p>agraph 9 a newspap] :i* tells h[ 9 ,scotl& an image has be5 f\nd /uck full ( p9s = ! purpose ( kill+ an obnoxi\s laird or m9i/]1 h[ a woman has be5 sl[ly roa/$ to dea? z a wit* 9 ,irel&1 or h[ a girl has be5 murd]$ & *opp$ up 9 ,russia to make ^? c&les ( human tall[ by ^: light ?ieves hope to pursue _! midnight trade unse54 ,b :e!r ! influ5ces t make = fur!r progress1 or ^? t ?reat5 to undo :at has already be5 accompli%$1 w ultimately prevail2 :e!r ! impulsive en]gy ( ! m9ority or ! dead weight ( ! majority ( mank9d w prove ! /rong] =ce to c>ry u up to high] heights or to s9k u into l[] dep?s1 are que/ions r = ! sage1 ! morali/1 & ! /atesman1 ^: eagle vision scans ! future1 ?an = ! humble /ud5t ( ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,"h we are only conc]n$ to ask h[ f> ! uni=mity1 ! univ]sality1 & ! p]man5ce ( a belief 9 magic1 comp>$ ) ! endless v>iety & ! %ift+ "* ( religi\s cre$s1 raises a presumption t ! =m] repres5ts a rud] & e>li] phase ( ! human m9d1 ?r\gh :i* all ! races ( mank9d h pass$ or are pass+ on _! way to religion & sci5ce4 ,if an ,age ( ,religion has ?us ev]y:]e1 z ,i v5ture to surmise1 be5 prec$$ by an ,age ( ,magic1 x is natural t we %\ld enquire :at causes h l$ mank9d1 or r a portion ( !m1 to ab&on magic z a pr9ciple ( fai? & practice & to betake !mselves to religion in/ead4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! multitude1 ! v>iety1 & ! complexity ( ! facts to be expla9$1 & ! scant9ess ( our in=mation reg>d+ !m1 we %all be ready to ackn[l$ge t a full & satisfactory solution ( s pr(\nd a problem is h>dly to be hop$ =1 & t ! mo/ we c d 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k is to haz>d a m or less plausible conjecture4 ,) all due diffid5ce1 !n1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t a t>dy recognition ( ! inh]5t falsehood & b>r5ness ( magic set ! m ?\ghtful "p ( mank9d to ca/ ab\t = a tru] !ory ( nature & a m fruitful me?od ( turn+ h] res\rces to acc\nt4 ,! %rewd] intellig5ces mu/ 9 "t h come to p]ceive t magical c]emonies & incantations did n really effect ! results :i* !y 7 design$ to produce1 & :i* ! majority ( _! simpl] fell[s /ill believ$ t !y did actually produce4 ,?is great discov]y ( ! inefficacy ( magic mu/ h wr\ght a radical ?\gh probably sl[ revolution 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o _h ! sagacity to make x4 ,! discov]y am\nt$ to ?is1 t m5 = ! fir/ "t recognis$ _! inability to manipulate at pleasure c]ta9 natural =ces :i* hi!rto !y _h believ$ to be completely )9 _! control4 ,x 0 a confession ( human ignorance & weakness4 ,man saw t he _h tak5 = causes :at 7 no causes1 & t all 8 ef=ts to "w by means ( ^! imag9>y causes _h be5 va94 ,8 pa9ful toil _h be5 wa/$1 8 curi\s +5uity _h be5 squ&]$ to no purpose4 ,he _h be5 pull+ at /r+s to :i* no?+ 0 atta*$2 he _h be5 m>*+1 z he ?\ght1 /raight to ! goal1 :ile 9 reality he _h only be5 tread+ 9 a n>r[ circle4 ,n t ! effects :i* he _h /riv5 s h>d to produce did n cont9ue to manife/ !mselves4 ,!y 7 /ill produc$1 b n by him4 ,! ra9 /ill fell on ! ?ir/y gr\nd3 ! sun /ill pursu$ 8 daily1 & ! moon h] nightly j\rney across ! sky3 ! sil5t procession ( ! seasons /ill mov$ 9 light & %ad[1 9 cl\d & sun%9e across ! e>?3 m5 7 /ill born to lab\r & sorr[1 & /ill1 aft] a brief soj\rn "h1 7 ga!r$ to _! fa!rs 9 ! long home h]eaft]4 ,all ?+s inde$ w5t on z be=e1 yet all seem$ diff]5t to him f ^: eyes ! old scales _h fall54 ,= he c\ld no long] *]i% ! pleas+ illusion t x 0 he :o guid$ ! e>? & ! heav5 9 _! c\rses1 & t !y w\ld cease to p]=m _! great revolutions 7 he to take 8 feeble h& f ! :eel4 ,9 ! dea? ( 8 enemies & 8 fri5ds he no long] saw a pro( ( ! resi/less pot5cy ( 8 own or ( ho/ile en*antm5ts2 he n[ knew t fri5ds & foes alike _h succumb$ to a =ce /rong] ?an any t he c\ld wield1 & 9 ob$i5ce to a de/9y :i* he 0 p[]less to control4 ,?us cut adrift f 8 anci5t moor+s & left to toss on a tr\bl$ sea ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty1 8 old happy confid5ce 9 himself & 8 p[]s rudely %ak51 our primitive philosoph] mu/ h be5 sadly p]plex$ & agitat$ till he came to re/1 z 9 a quiet hav5 aft] a tempe/u\s voyage1 9 a new sy/em ( fai? & practice1 :i* seem$ to (f] a solution ( 8 h>ass+ d\bts & a sub/itute1 h[ev] prec>i\s1 = t sov]eignty ov] nature :i* he _h reluctantly abdicat$4 ,if ! great _w w5t on its way )\t ! help ( him or 8 fell[s1 x mu/ surely be because !re 7 o!r be+s1 l himself1 b f> /rong]1 :o1 unse5 !mselves1 direct$ its c\rse & br\ght ab\t all ! v>i$ s]ies ( ev5ts :i* he _h hi!rto believ$ to be dep5d5t on 8 own magic4 ,x 0 !y1 z he n[ believ$1 & n he himself1 :o made ! /ormy w9d to bl[1 ! lightn+ to fla%1 & ! ?und] to roll2 :o _h laid ! f\ndations ( ! solid e>? & set b\nds to ! re/less sea t x might n pass2 :o caus$ all ! glori\s lights ( heav5 to %9e2 :o gave ! f[ls ( ! air _! meat & ! wild bea/s ( ! des]t _! prey2 :o bade ! fruitful l& to br+ =? 9 abundance1 ! high hills to be clo!d ) =e/s1 ! bubbl+ spr+s to rise "u ! rocks 9 ! valleys1 & gre5 pa/ures to gr[ by /ill wat]s2 :o brea!d into man's no/rils & made him live1 or turn$ him to de/ruction by fam9e & pe/il5ce & w>4 ,to ^! mighty be+s1 ^: h&iwork he trac$ 9 all ! gorge\s & v>i$ pageantry ( nature1 man n[ address$ himself1 humbly confess+ 8 dep5d5ce on _! invisible p[]1 & besee*+ !m ( _! m]cy to furni% him ) all good ?+s1 to def5d him f ! p]ils & dang]s by :i* our mortal life is compass$ ab\t on e h&1 & f9ally to br+ 8 immortal _s1 fre$ f ! burd5 ( ! body1 to "s happi] _w1 beyond ! rea* ( pa9 & sorr[1 :]e he might re/ ) !m & ) ! spirits ( good m5 9 joy & felicity = ev]4 ,9 ?is1 or "s su* way z ?is1 ! deep] m9ds may be conceiv$ to h made ! great transition f magic to religion4 ,b ev5 9 !m ! *ange c h>dly ev] h be5 sudd52 probably x proce$$ v sl[ly1 & requir$ long ages = its m or less p]fect accompli%m5t4 ,= ! recognition ( man's p[]lessness to influ5ce ! c\rse ( nature on a gr& scale mu/ h be5 gradual2 he _c h be5 %orn ( ! :ole ( 8 fanci$ dom9ion at a bl[4 ,/ep by /ep he mu/ h be5 driv5 back f 8 pr\d position2 foot by foot he mu/ h yield$1 ) a sigh1 ! gr\nd :i* he _h once view$ z 8 own4 ,n[ x w\ld be ! w9d1 n[ ! ra91 n[ ! sun%9e1 n[ ! ?und]1 t he confess$ himself unable to wield at w2 & z prov9ce aft] prov9ce ( nature ?us fell f 8 grasp1 till :at _h once seem$ a k+dom ?reat5$ to %r9k into a prison1 man mu/ h be5 m & m pr(\ndly impress$ ) a s5se ( 8 own helplessness & ! might ( ! invisible be+s by :om he believ$ himself to be surr\nd$4 ,?us religion1 beg9n+ z a slight & p>tial ackn[l$gm5t ( p[]s sup]ior to man1 t5ds ) ! gr[? ( k to deep5 into a confession ( man's entire & absolute dep5d5ce on ! div9e2 8 old free be>+ is ex*ang$ = an attitude ( l[lie/ pro/ration be=e ! my/]i\s p[]s ( ! unse51 & 8 highe/ virtue is to submit 8 w to !irs3 ,9 la sua volontade no/ra pace4 ,b ?is deep5+ s5se ( religion1 ?is m p]fect submission to ! div9e w 9 all ?+s1 affects only ^? high] intellig5ces :o h bread? ( view en\gh to compreh5d ! va/ness ( ! univ]se & ! littl5ess ( man4 ,small m9ds _c grasp great ideas2 to _! n>r[ compreh5sion1 _! purbl9d vision1 no?+ seems really great & important b !mselves4 ,su* m9ds h>dly rise into religion at all4 ,!y are1 inde$1 drill$ by _! bett]s into an outw>d con=mity ) its precepts & a v]bal pr(ession ( its t5ets2 b at he>t !y cl+ to _! old magical sup]/itions1 :i* may be disc\nt5anc$ & =bidd51 b _c be eradicat$ by religion1 s long z !y h _! roots deep d[n 9 ! m5tal framework & con/itution ( ! great majority ( mank9d4 ,! read] may well be tempt$ to ask1 ,h[ 0 x t intellig5t m5 did n soon] detect ! fallacy ( magic8 ,h[ c\ld !y cont9ue to *]i% expectations t 7 inv>iably doom$ to disappo9tm5t8 ,) :at he>t p]si/ 9 play+ v5]able antics t l$ to no?+1 & mumbl+ solemn bald]da% t rema9$ )\t effect8 ,:y cl+ to beliefs :i* 7 s flatly contradict$ by exp]i5ce8 ,h[ d>e to repeat exp]im5ts t _h fail$ s (t58 ,! answ] seems to be t ! fallacy 0 f> f easy to detect1 ! failure by no means obvi\s1 s9ce 9 _m1 p]haps 9 mo/ cases1 ! desir$ ev5t did actually foll[1 at a long] or %ort] int]val1 ! p]=mance ( ! rite :i* 0 design$ to br+ x ab\t2 & a m9d ( m ?an common acut5ess 0 ne$$ to p]ceive t1 ev5 9 ^! cases1 ! rite 0 n necess>ily ! cause ( ! ev5t4 ,a c]emony int5d$ to make ! w9d bl[ or ! ra9 fall1 or to "w ! dea? ( an enemy1 w always be foll[$1 soon] or lat]1 by ! occurr5ce x is meant to br+ to pass2 & primitive man may be excus$ = reg>d+ ! occurr5ce z a direct result ( ! c]emony1 & ! be/ possible pro( ( its efficacy4 ,simil>ly1 rites obs]v$ 9 ! morn+ to help ! sun to rise1 & 9 spr+ to wake ! dream+ e>? f h] w9t] sleep1 w inv>iably appe> to be cr[n$ ) success1 at lea/ )9 ! temp]ate zones2 = 9 ^! regions ! sun lights 8 gold5 lamp 9 ! ea/ e morn+1 & ye> by ye> ! v]nal e>? decks h]self afre% ) a ri* mantle ( gre54 ,h5ce ! practical savage1 ) 8 cons]vative in/9cts1 might well turn a deaf e> to ! subtleties ( ! !oretical d\bt]1 ! philosophic radical1 :o presum$ to h9t t sunrise & spr+ might n1 aft] all1 be direct consequ5ces ( ! punctual p]=mance ( c]ta9 daily or ye>ly c]emonies1 & t ! sun might p]haps cont9ue to rise & trees to blossom ?\gh ! c]emonies 7 occasionally int]mitt$1 or ev5 discont9u$ altoge!r4 ,^! sceptical d\bts w\ld naturally be repell$ by ! o!r ) scorn & indignation z airy rev]ies subv]sive ( ! fai? & manife/ly contradict$ by exp]i5ce4 ,c any?+ be pla9]1 he might say1 ?an t ,i light my twop5ny c&le on e>? & t ! sun !n k9dles 8 great fire 9 heav58 ,i %\ld be glad to "k :e!r1 :5 ,i h put on my gre5 robe 9 spr+1 ! trees d n aft]w>ds d ! same8 ,^! are facts pat5t to ev]ybody1 & on !m ,i take my /&4 ,i am a pla9 practical man1 n "o ( y\r !ori/s & splitt]s ( hairs & *opp]s ( logic4 ,!ories & speculation & all t may be v well 9 _! way1 & ,i h n ! lea/ objection to y\r indulg+ 9 !m1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 y d n put !m 9 practice4 ,b give me leave to /ick to facts2 !n ,i "k :]e ,i am4 ,! fallacy ( ?is reason+ is obvi\s to u1 because x happ5s to deal ) facts ab\t :i* we h long made up our m9ds4 ,b let an argum5t ( precisely ! same calibre be appli$ to matt]s :i* are /ill "u debate1 & x may be que/ion$ :e!r a ,briti% audi5ce w\ld n applaud x z s\nd1 & e/eem ! speak] :o us$ x a safe man--n brilliant or %[y1 p]haps1 b ?or\ghly s5sible & h>d-head$4 ,if su* reason+s c\ld pass mu/] among ourselves1 ne$ we wond] t !y long escap$ detection by ! savage8 ,v4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ! ,wea!r #a4 ,! ,public ,magician ,,! ,,read] may rememb] t we 7 l$ to plunge into ! labyr9? ( magic by a consid]ation ( two diff]5t types ( man-god4 ,?is is ! clue :i* has guid$ our devi\s /eps ?r\gh ! maze1 & br\ght u out at la/ on high] gr\nd1 :5ce1 re/+ a little by ! way1 we c look back ov] ! pa? we h already trav]s$ & =w>d to ! long] & /eep] road we h /ill to climb4 ,z a result ( ! =ego+ discussion1 ! two types ( human gods may conv5i5tly be di/+ui%$ z ! religi\s & ! magical man-god respectively4 ,9 ! =m]1 a be+ ( an ord] diff]5t f & sup]ior to man is suppos$ to become inc>nate1 = a long] or a %ort] "t1 9 a human body1 manife/+ 8 sup]-human p[] & k by miracles wr\ght & prophecies utt]$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! fle%ly tab]nacle 9 :i* he has deign$ to take up 8 abode4 ,?is may also appropriately be call$ ! inspir$ or inc>nate type ( man-god4 ,9 x ! human body is m]ely a frail e>?ly vessel fill$ ) a div9e & immortal _s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man-god ( ! magical sort is no?+ b a man :o possesses 9 an unusually high degree p[]s :i* mo/ ( 8 fell[s arrogate to !mselves on a small] scale2 = 9 rude society !re is h>dly a p]son :o does n dabble 9 magic4 ,?us1 :]eas a man-god ( ! =m] or inspir$ type d]ives 8 div9ity f a deity :o has /oop$ to hide 8 heav5ly radiance beh9d a dull mask ( e>?ly m\ld1 a man-god ( ! latt] type draws 8 extraord9>y p[] f a c]ta9 physical sympa?y ) nature4 ,he is n m]ely ! receptacle ( a div9e _s4 ,8 :ole be+1 body & s\l1 is s delicately attun$ to ! h>mony ( ! _w t a t\* ( 8 h& or a turn ( 8 head may s5d a ?rill vibrat+ ?r\gh ! univ]sal framework ( ?+s2 & conv]sely 8 div9e organism is acutely s5sitive to su* slight *anges ( environm5t z w\ld leave ord9>y mortals :olly unaffect$4 ,b ! l9e betwe5 ^! two types ( man-god1 h[ev] %>ply we may draw x 9 !ory1 is seldom to be trac$ ) precision 9 practice1 & 9 :at foll[s ,i %all n insi/ on x4 ,we h se5 t 9 practice ! magic art may be employ$ = ! b5efit ei!r ( individuals or ( ! :ole community1 & t accord+ z x is direct$ to "o or o!r ( ^! two objects x may be call$ private or public magic4 ,fur!r1 ,i po9t$ out t ! public magician occupies a position ( great influ5ce1 f :i*1 if he is a prud5t & able man1 he may advance /ep by /ep to ! rank ( a *ief or k+4 ,?us an exam9ation ( public magic conduces to an und]/&+ ( ! e>ly k+%ip1 s9ce 9 savage & b>b>\s society _m *iefs & k+s appe> to owe _! au?ority 9 great measure to _! reputation z magicians4 ,among ! objects ( public utility :i* magic may be employ$ to secure1 ! mo/ ess5tial is an adequate supply ( food4 ,! examples cit$ 9 prec$+ pages prove t ! purveyors ( food--! hunt]1 ! fi%]1 ! f>m]--all resort to magical practices 9 ! pursuit ( _! v>i\s call+s2 b !y d s z private individuals = ! b5efit ( !mselves & _! families1 r ?an z public function>ies act+ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! :ole p4 ,x is o!rwise :5 ! rites are p]=m$1 n by ! hunt]s1 ! fi%]s1 ! f>m]s !mselves1 b by pr(essional magicians on _! behalf4 ,9 primitive society1 :]e uni=mity ( occupation is ! rule1 & ! di/ribution ( ! community into v>i\s classes ( work]s has h>dly begun1 e man is m or less 8 own magician2 he practises *>ms & incantations = 8 own good & ! injury ( 8 enemies4 ,b a great /ep 9 advance has be5 tak5 :5 a special class ( magicians has be5 in/itut$2 :51 9 o!r words1 a numb] ( m5 h be5 set ap>t = ! express purpose ( b5efit+ ! :ole community by _! skill1 :e!r t skill be direct$ to ! heal+ ( diseases1 ! =eca/+ ( ! future1 ! regulation ( ! wea!r1 or any o!r object ( g5]al utility4 ,! impot5ce ( ! means adopt$ by mo/ ( ^! practition]s to accompli% _! ends ought n to bl9d u to ! imm5se importance ( ! in/itution itself4 ,"h is a body ( m5 reliev$1 at lea/ 9 ! high] /ages ( savag]y1 f ! ne$ ( e>n+ _! livelihood by h>d manual toil1 & all[$1 nay1 expect$ & enc\rag$1 to prosecute rese>*es into ! secret ways ( nature4 ,x 0 at once _! duty & _! int]e/ to "k m ?an _! fell[s1 to acqua9t !mselves ) ev]y?+ t c\ld aid man 9 8 ardu\s /ruggle ) nature1 ev]y?+ t c\ld mitigate 8 suff]+s & prolong 8 life4 ,! prop]ties ( drugs & m9]als1 ! causes ( ra9 & dr\ght1 ( ?und] & lightn+1 ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ! phases ( ! moon1 ! daily & ye>ly j\rneys ( ! sun1 ! motions ( ! />s1 ! my/]y ( life1 & ! my/]y ( dea?1 all ^! ?+s mu/ h excit$ ! wond] ( ^! e>ly philosoph]s1 & /imulat$ !m to f9d solutions ( problems t 7 d\btless (t5 ?ru/ on _! att5tion 9 ! mo/ practical =m by ! importunate dem&s ( _! cli5ts1 :o expect$ !m n m]ely to und]/& b to regulate ! great processes ( nature = ! good ( man4 ,t _! fir/ %ots fell v f> wide ( ! m>k c\ld h>dly be help$4 ,! sl[1 ! nev]-end+ approa* to tru? consi/s 9 p]petually =m+ & te/+ hypo!ses1 accept+ ^? :i* at ! "t seem to fit ! facts & reject+ ! o!rs4 ,! views ( natural causation embrac$ by ! savage magician no d\bt appe> to u manife/ly false & absurd2 yet 9 _! day !y 7 legitimate hypo!ses1 ?\gh !y h n /ood ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,ridicule & blame are ! j me$1 n ( ^? :o devis$ ^! crude !ories1 b ( ^? :o ob/9ately adh]$ to !m aft] bett] _h be5 prop\nd$4 ,c]ta9ly no m5 ev] _h /rong] inc5tives 9 ! pursuit ( tru? ?an ^! savage sorc]]s4 ,to ma9ta9 at lea/ a %[ ( k 0 absolutely necess>y2 a s+le mi/ake detect$ might co/ !m _! life4 ,?is no d\bt l$ !m to practise impo/ure = ! purpose ( conceal+ _! ignorance2 b x also suppli$ !m ) ! mo/ p[]ful motive = sub/itut+ a real = a %am k1 s9ce1 if y w\ld appe> to "k any?+1 by f> ! be/ way is actually to "k x4 ,?us1 h[ev] ju/ly we may reject ! extravagant pret5sions ( magicians & condemn ! deceptions :i* !y h practis$ on mank9d1 ! orig9al in/itution ( ?is class ( m5 has1 take x all 9 all1 be5 productive ( incalculable good to humanity4 ,!y 7 ! direct pr$ecessors1 n m]ely ( our physicians & surgeons1 b ( our inve/igators & discov]]s 9 e bran* ( natural sci5ce4 ,!y began ! "w :i* has s9ce be5 c>ri$ to su* glori\s & b5efic5t issues by _! successors 9 aft] ages2 & if ! beg9n+ 0 poor & feeble1 ?is is to be imput$ to ! inevitable difficulties :i* beset ! pa? ( k r ?an to ! natural incapacity or wilful fraud ( ! m5 !mselves4 #b4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ,ra9 ,,( ,,! ,,?+s :i* ! public magician sets himself to d = ! good ( ! tribe1 "o ( ! *ief is to control ! wea!r & especially to ensure an adequate fall ( ra94 ,wat] is an ess5tial ( life1 & 9 mo/ c\ntries ! supply ( x dep5ds ^u %[]s4 ,)\t ra9 vegetation )]s1 animals & m5 langui% & die4 ,h5ce 9 savage communities ! ra9-mak] is a v important p]sonage2 & (t5 a special class ( magicians exi/s = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! heav5ly wat]-supply4 ,! me?ods by :i* !y attempt to dis*>ge ! duties ( _! (fice are commonly1 ?\gh n always1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,if !y wi% to make ra9 !y simulate x by spr9kl+ wat] or mimick+ cl\ds3 if _! object is to /op ra9 & cause dr\ght1 !y avoid wat] & resort to w>m? & fire = ! sake ( dry+ up ! too abundant moi/ure4 ,su* attempts are by no means conf9$1 z ! cultivat$ read] might imag9e1 to ! nak$ inhabitants ( ^? sultry l&s l ,c5tral ,au/ralia & "s p>ts ( ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,africa1 :]e (t5 = mon?s toge!r ! pitiless sun beats d[n out ( a blue & cl\dless sky on ! p>*$ & gap+ e>?4 ,!y are1 or us$ to be1 common en\gh among outw>dly civilis$ folk 9 ! moi/] climate ( ,europe4 ,i w n[ illu/rate !m by in/ances drawn f ! practice bo? ( public & private magic4 ,?us1 = example1 9 a village ne> ,dorpat1 9 ,russia1 :5 ra9 0 mu* want$1 ?ree m5 us$ to climb up ! fir-trees ( an old sacr$ grove4 ,"o ( !m drumm$ ) a hamm] on a kettle or small cask to imitate ?und]2 ! second knock$ two fire-br&s toge!r & made ! sp>ks fly1 to imitate lightn+2 & ! ?ird1 :o 0 call$ ! ra9-mak]1 _h a bun* ( twigs ) :i* he spr9kl$ wat] f a vessel on all sides4 ,to put an end to dr\ght & br+ d[n ra91 wom5 & girls ( ! village ( ,ploska are wont to g nak$ by night to ! b\nd>ies ( ! village & !re p\r wat] on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,halmah]a1 or ,gilolo1 a l>ge isl& to ! we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 a wiz>d makes ra9 by dipp+ a bran* ( a p>ticul> k9d ( tree 9 wat] & !n scatt]+ ! moi/ure f ! dripp+ b\gh ov] ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,new ,brita9 ! ra9-mak] wraps "s leaves ( a r$ & gre5 /rip$ creep] 9 a banana-leaf1 moi/5s ! bundle ) wat]1 & buries x 9 ! gr\nd2 !n he imitates ) 8 m\? ! pla%+ ( ra94 ,among/ ! ,omaha ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 ! corn is )]+ = want ( ra91 ! memb]s ( ! sacr$ ,buffalo ,society fill a l>ge vessel ) wat] & dance f\r times r\nd x4 ,"o ( !m dr9ks "s ( ! wat] & spirts x into ! air1 mak+ a f9e spray 9 imitation ( a mi/ or drizzl+ ra94 ,!n he upsets ! vessel1 spill+ ! wat] on ! gr\nd2 :]eupon ! danc]s fall d[n & dr9k up ! wat]1 gett+ mud all ov] _! faces4 ,la/ly1 !y squirt ! wat] into ! air1 mak+ a f9e mi/4 ,?is saves ! corn4 ,9 spr+-"t ! ,nat*ez ( ,nor? ,am]ica us$ to club toge!r to pur*ase fav\rable wea!r = _! crops f ! wiz>ds4 ,if ra9 0 ne$$1 ! wiz>ds fa/$ & danc$ ) pipes full ( wat] 9 _! m\?s4 ,! pipes 7 p]=at$ l ! nozzle ( a wat]+-c1 & ?r\gh ! holes ! ra9-mak] blew ! wat] t[>ds t "p ( ! sky :]e ! cl\ds hung heavie/4 ,b if f9e wea!r 0 want$1 he m\nt$ ! ro( ( 8 hut1 & ) ext5d$ arms1 bl[+ ) all 8 might1 he beckon$ to ! cl\ds to pass by4 ,:5 ! ra9s d n come 9 due season ! p ( ,c5tral ,angonil& repair to :at is call$ ! ra9-temple4 ,"h !y cle> away ! grass1 & ! lead] p\rs be] into a pot :i* is buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :ile he says1 ,ma/] ,*auta1 y h h>d5$ y\r he>t t[>ds u1 :at w\ld y h u d8 ,we mu/ p]i% inde$4 ,give y\r *ildr5 ! ra9s1 !re is ! be] we h giv5 y4 ,!n !y all p>take ( ! be] t is left ov]1 ev5 ! *ildr5 be+ made to sip x4 ,next !y take bran*es ( trees & dance & s+ = ra94 ,:5 !y return to ! village !y f9d a vessel ( wat] set at ! doorway by an old woman2 s !y dip _! bran*es 9 x & wave !m al(t1 s z to scatt] ! drops4 ,aft] t ! ra9 is sure to come driv+ up 9 heavy cl\ds4 ,9 ^! practices we see a comb9ation ( religion ) magic2 = :ile ! scatt]+ ( ! wat]-drops by means ( bran*es is a purely magical c]emony1 ! pray] = ra9 & ! (f]+ ( be] are purely religi\s rites4 ,9 ! ,m>a tribe ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia ! ra9-mak] goes to a pool & s+s ov] x 8 magic song4 ,!n he takes "s ( ! wat] 9 8 h&s1 dr9ks x1 & spits x out 9 v>i\s directions4 ,aft] t he ?r[s wat] all ov] himself1 scatt]s x ab\t1 & returns quietly to ! camp4 ,ra9 is suppos$ to foll[4 ,! ,arab hi/orian ,makrizi describes a me?od ( /opp+ ra9 :i* is said to h be5 resort$ to by a tribe ( nomads call$ ,alqam> 9 ,hadramaut4 ,!y cut a bran* f a c]ta9 tree 9 ! des]t1 set x on fire1 & !n spr9kl$ ! burn+ br& ) wat]4 ,aft] t ! vehem5ce ( ! ra9 abat$1 j z ! wat] vani%$ :5 x fell on ! gl[+ br&4 ,"s ( ! ,ea/]n ,angamis ( ,manipur are said to p]=m a "s-:at simil> c]emony = ! opposite purpose1 9 ord]1 namely1 to produce ra94 ,! head ( ! village puts a burn+ br& on ! grave ( a man :o has di$ ( burns1 & qu5*es ! br& ) wat]1 :ile he prays t ra9 may fall4 ,"h ! putt+ out ! fire ) wat]1 :i* is an imitation ( ra91 is re9=c$ by ! influ5ce ( ! dead man1 :o1 hav+ be5 burnt to dea?1 w naturally be anxi\s = ! desc5t ( ra9 to cool 8 scor*$ body & assuage 8 pangs4 ,o!r p besides ! ,arabs h us$ fire z a means ( /opp+ ra94 ,?us ! ,sulka ( ,new ,brita9 heat /ones r$ hot 9 ! fire & !n put !m out 9 ! ra91 or !y ?r[ hot a%es 9 ! air4 ,!y ?9k t ! ra9 w soon cease to fall1 = x does n l to be burn$ by ! hot /ones or a%es4 ,! ,telugus s5d a little girl out nak$ into ! ra9 ) a burn+ piece ( wood 9 h] h&1 :i* %e has to %[ to ! ra94 ,t is suppos$ to /op ! d[np\r4 ,at ,port ,/ev5s 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ! m$ic9e-m5 us$ to drive away ra9 by ?r[+ fire-/icks into ! air1 :ile at ! same "t !y puff$ & %\t$4 ,any man ( ! ,anula tribe 9 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia c /op ra9 by simply w>m+ a gre5 /ick 9 ! fire1 & !n /rik+ x aga9/ ! w9d4 ,9 "t ( sev]e dr\ght ! ,di]i ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 l\dly lam5t+ ! impov]i%$ /ate ( ! c\ntry & _! own half-/>v$ condition1 call ^u ! spirits ( _! remote pr$ecessors1 :om !y call ,mura-muras1 to grant !m p[] to make a heavy ra9-fall4 ,= !y believe t ! cl\ds are bodies 9 :i* ra9 is g5]at$ by _! own c]emonies or ^? ( neighb\r+ tribes1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,mura-muras4 ,! way 9 :i* !y set ab\t draw+ ra9 f ! cl\ds is ?is4 ,a hole is dug ab\t twelve feet long & eight or t5 broad1 & ov] ?is hole a conical hut ( logs & bran*es is made4 ,two wiz>ds1 suppos$ to h receiv$ a special inspiration f ! ,mura-muras1 are bl$ by an old & influ5tial man ) a %>p fl9t2 & ! blood1 drawn f _! arms bel[ ! elb[1 is made to fl[ on ! o!r m5 ( ! tribe1 :o sit huddl$ toge!r 9 ! hut4 ,at ! same "t ! two ble$+ m5 ?r[ h&fuls ( d[n ab\t1 "s ( :i* adh]es to ! blood-/a9$ bodies ( _! comrades1 :ile ! re/ floats 9 ! air4 ,! blood is ?\ght to repres5t ! ra91 & ! d[n ! cl\ds4 ,dur+ ! c]emony two l>ge /ones are plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! hut2 !y /& = ga!r+ cl\ds & presage ra94 ,!n ! wiz>ds :o 7 bl$ c>ry away ! two /ones = ab\t t5 or fifte5 miles1 & place !m z high z !y c 9 ! talle/ tree4 ,mean:ile ! o!r m5 ga!r gypsum1 p\nd x f9e1 & ?r[ x into a wat]-hole4 ,?is ! ,mura-muras see1 & at once !y cause cl\ds to appe> 9 ! sky4 ,la/ly1 ! m51 "y & old1 surr\nd ! hut1 &1 /oop+ d[n1 butt at x ) _! heads1 l s _m rams4 ,?us !y =ce _! way ?r\gh x & reappe> on ! o!r side1 repeat+ ! process till ! hut is wreck$4 ,9 do+ ?is !y are =bidd5 to use _! h&s or arms2 b :5 ! heavy logs alone rema91 !y are all[$ to pull !m out ) _! h&s4 ,! pi]c+ ( ! hut ) _! heads symbolises ! pi]c+ ( ! cl\ds2 ! fall ( ! hut1 ! fall ( ! ra94 ,obvi\sly1 too1 ! act ( plac+ high up 9 trees ! two /ones1 :i* /& = cl\ds1 is a way ( mak+ ! real cl\ds to m\nt up 9 ! sky4 ,! ,di]i also imag9e t ! =esk9s tak5 f lads at circumcision h a great p[] ( produc+ ra94 ,h5ce ! ,great ,c\ncil ( ! tribe always keeps a small /ock ( =esk9s ready = use4 ,!y are c>efully conceal$1 be+ wrapt up 9 fea!rs ) ! fat ( ! wild dog & ( ! c>pet snake4 ,a woman may n see su* a p>cel op5$ on any acc\nt4 ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 ! =esk9 is buri$1 its virtue be+ exhau/$4 ,aft] ! ra9s h fall51 "s ( ! tribe always und]go a surgical op]ation1 :i* consi/s 9 cutt+ ! sk9 ( _! *e/ & arms ) a %>p fl9t4 ,! w\nd is !n tapp$ ) a flat /ick to increase ! fl[ ( blood1 & r$ o*re is rubb$ into x4 ,rais$ sc>s are ?us produc$4 ,! reason alleg$ by ! natives = ?is practice is t !y are pleas$ ) ! ra91 & t !re is a connexion betwe5 ! ra9 & ! sc>s4 ,app>5tly ! op]ation is n v pa9ful1 = ! pati5t laughs & jokes :ile x is go+ on4 ,inde$1 little *ildr5 h be5 se5 to cr[d r\nd ! op]ator & pati5tly take _! turn2 !n aft] be+ op]at$ on1 !y ran away1 exp&+ _! little *e/s & s++ = ! ra9 to beat ^u !m4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 n s well pleas$ next day1 :5 !y felt _! w\nds /iff & sore4 ,9 ,java1 :5 ra9 is want$1 two m5 w sometimes ?ra% ea* o!r ) supple rods till ! blood fl[s d[n _! backs2 ! /ream+ blood repres5ts ! ra91 & no d\bt is suppos$ to make x fall on ! gr\nd4 ,! p ( ,egghi\1 a di/rict ( ,abyss9ia1 us$ to engage 9 sangu9>y conflicts ) ea* o!r1 village aga9/ village1 = a week toge!r e ,janu>y = ! purpose ( procur+ ra94 ,"s ye>s ago ! emp]or ,m5elik =bade ! cu/om4 ,h[ev]1 ! foll[+ ye> ! ra9 0 defici5t1 & ! popul> outcry s great t ! emp]or yield$ to x1 & all[$ ! murd]\s fights to be resum$1 b = two days a ye> only4 ,! writ] :o m5tions ! cu/om reg>ds ! blood %$ on ^! occasions z a propitiatory sacrifice (f]$ to spirits :o control ! %[]s2 b p]haps1 z 9 ! ,au/ralian & ,javanese c]emonies1 x is an imitation ( ra94 ,! prophets ( ,baal1 :o s\ght to procure ra9 by cutt+ !mselves ) knives till ! blood gu%$ out1 may h act$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,!re is a widespread belief t tw9 *ildr5 possess magical p[]s ov] nature1 especially ov] ra9 & ! wea!r4 ,?is curi\s sup]/ition prevails among "s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,briti% ,columbia1 & has l$ !m (t5 to impose c]ta9 s+ul> re/rictions or taboos on ! p>5ts ( tw9s1 ?\gh ! exact mean+ ( ^! re/rictions is g5]ally obscure4 ,?us ! ,tsim%ian ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia believe t tw9s control ! wea!r2 !re=e !y pray to w9d & ra91 ,calm d[n1 brea? ( ! tw9s4 ,fur!r1 !y ?9k t ! wi%es ( tw9s are always fulfill$2 h5ce tw9s are fe>$1 because !y c h>m ! man !y hate4 ,!y c also call ! salmon & ! ola*5 or c&le-fi%1 & s !y are kn[n by a "n :i* means mak+ pl5tiful4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia tw9s are trans=m$ salmon2 h5ce !y may n g ne> wat]1 le/ !y %\ld be *ang$ back aga9 into ! fi%4 ,9 _! *ildhood !y c summon any w9d by motions ( _! h&s1 & !y c make fair or f\l wea!r1 & also cure diseases by sw++ a l>ge wood5 rattle4 ,! ,nootka ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia also believe t tw9s are someh[ relat$ to salmon4 ,h5ce among !m tw9s may n cat* salmon1 & !y may n eat or ev5 h&le ! fre% fi%4 ,!y c make fair or f\l wea!r1 & c cause ra9 to fall by pa9t+ _! faces black & !n wa%+ !m1 :i* may repres5t ! ra9 dripp+ f ! d>k cl\ds4 ,! ,%uswap ,indians1 l ! ,?ompson ,indians1 associate tw9s ) ! grizzly be>1 = !y call !m "y grizzly be>s4 ,accord+ to !m1 tw9s rema9 ?r\gh\t life end[$ ) sup]natural p[]s4 ,9 p>ticul> !y c make good or bad wea!r4 ,!y produce ra9 by spill+ wat] f a basket 9 ! air2 !y make f9e wea!r by %ak+ a small flat piece ( wood atta*$ to a /ick by a /r+2 !y raise /orms by /rew+ d[n on ! ends ( spruce bran*es4 ,! same p[] ( influ5c+ ! wea!r is attribut$ to tw9s by ! ,b>onga1 a tribe ( ,bantu negroes :o1 inhabit ! %ores ( ,delagoa ,bay 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,africa4 ,!y be/[ ! "n ( ,tilo--t is1 ! sky--on a woman :o has giv5 bir? to tw9s1 & ! infants !mselves are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ! sky4 ,n[ :5 ! /orms :i* g5]ally bur/ 9 ! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob] h be5 look$ = 9 va91 :5 a dr\ght ) its prospect ( fam9e is ?reat5+1 & all nature1 scor*$ & burnt up by a sun t has %one = six mon?s f a cl\dless sky1 is pant+ = ! b5efic5t %[]s ( ! ,s\? ,african spr+1 ! wom5 p]=m c]emonies to br+ d[n ! long$-= ra9 on ! p>*$ e>?4 ,/ripp+ !mselves ( all _! g>m5ts1 !y assume 9 _! /ead girdles & head-dresses ( grass1 or %ort petticoats made ( ! leaves ( a p>ticul> sort ( creep]4 ,?us attir$1 utt]+ peculi> cries & s++ ribald songs1 !y g ab\t f well to well1 cleans+ !m ( ! mud & impurities :i* h accumulat$ 9 !m4 ,! wells1 x may be said1 are m]ely holes 9 ! s& :]e a little turbid un:olesome wat] /agnates4 ,fur!r1 ! wom5 mu/ repair to ! h\se ( "o ( _! gossips :o has giv5 bir? to tw9s1 & mu/ dr5* h] ) wat]1 :i* !y c>ry 9 little pit*]s4 ,hav+ done s !y g on _! way1 %riek+ out _! loose songs & danc+ immode/ dances4 ,no man may see ^! leaf-clad wom5 go+ _! r\nds4 ,if !y meet a man1 !y maul him & ?ru/ him aside4 ,:5 !y h cleans$ ! wells1 !y mu/ g & p\r wat] on ! graves ( _! ance/ors 9 ! sacr$ grove4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 too1 t at ! bidd+ ( ! wiz>d !y g & p\r wat] on ! graves ( tw9s4 ,= !y ?9k t ! grave ( a tw9 ought always to be moi/1 = :i* reason tw9s are regul>ly buri$ ne> a lake4 ,if all _! ef=ts to procure ra9 prove abortive1 !y w rememb] t su* & su* a tw9 0 buri$ 9 a dry place on ! side ( a hill4 ,no wond]1 says ! wiz>d 9 su* a case1 t ! sky is fi]y4 ,take up 8 body & dig him a grave on ! %ore ( ! lake4 ,8 ord]s are at once obey$1 = ?is is suppos$ to be ! only means ( br++ d[n ! ra94 ,"s ( ! =ego+ facts /rongly support an int]pretation :i* ,pr(essor ,old5b]g has giv5 ( ! rules to be obs]v$ by a ,brahman :o w\ld le>n a p>ticul> hymn ( ! anci5t ,indian collection kn[n z ! ,samav$a4 ,! hymn1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ! ,sakv>i song1 0 believ$ to embody ! might ( ,indra's weapon1 ! ?und]bolt2 & h5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! dreadful & dang]\s pot5cy ) :i* x 0 ?us *>g$1 ! bold /ud5t :o essay$ to ma/] x _h to be isolat$ f 8 fell[-m51 & to retire f ! village into ! =e/4 ,"h = a space ( "t1 :i* might v>y1 accord+ to diff]5t doctors ( ! law1 f "o to twelve ye>s1 he _h to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( life1 among :i* 7 ! foll[+4 ,?rice a day he _h to t\* wat]2 he mu/ we> black g>m5ts & eat black food2 :5 x ra9$1 he might n seek ! %elt] ( a ro(1 b _h to sit 9 ! ra9 & say1 ,wat] is ! ,sakv>i song2 :5 ! lightn+ fla%$1 he said1 ,t is l ! ,sakv>i song2 :5 ! ?und] peal$1 he said1 ,! ,great ,"o is mak+ a great noise4 ,he might nev] cross a runn+ /ream )\t t\*+ wat]2 he might nev] set foot on a %ip unless 8 life 7 9 dang]1 & ev5 !n he mu/ be sure to t\* wat] :5 he w5t on bo>d2 = 9 wat]1 s ran ! say+1 lies ! virtue ( ! ,sakv>i song4 ,:5 at la/ he 0 all[$ to le>n ! song itself1 he _h to dip 8 h&s 9 a vessel ( wat] 9 :i* plants ( all sorts _h be5 plac$4 ,if a man walk$ 9 ! way ( all ^! precepts1 ! ra9-god ,p>janya1 x 0 said1 w\ld s5d ra9 at ! wi% ( t man4 ,x is cle>1 z ,pr(essor ,old5b]g well po9ts out1 t all ^! rules are int5d$ to br+ ! ,brahman into union ) wat]1 to make him1 z x 71 an ally ( ! wat] p[]s1 & to gu>d him aga9/ _! ho/ility4 ,! black g>m5ts & ! black food h ! same significance2 no "o w d\bt t !y ref] to ! ra9-cl\ds :5 he rememb]s t a black victim is sacrific$ to procure ra92 'x is black1 = su* is ! nature ( ra94' ,9 respect ( ano!r ra9-*>m x is said pla9ly1 ',he puts on a black g>m5t edg$ ) black1 = su* is ! nature ( ra94' ,we may !re=e assume t "h 9 ! circle ( ideas & ord9ances ( ! ,v$ic s*ools !re h be5 pres]v$ magical practices ( ! mo/ remote antiquity1 :i* 7 int5d$ to prep>e ! ra9-mak] = 8 (fice & d$icate him to x4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t :]e an opposite result is desir$1 primitive logic enjo9s ! wea!r-doctor to obs]ve precisely opposite rules ( conduct4 ,9 ! tropical isl& ( ,java1 :]e ! ri* vegetation atte/s ! abundance ( ! ra9fall1 c]emonies = ! mak+ ( ra9 are r>e1 b c]emonies = ! prev5tion ( x are n uncommon4 ,:5 a man is ab\t to give a great fea/ 9 ! ra9y season & has invit$ _m p1 he goes to a wea!r-doctor & asks him to prop up ! cl\ds t may be l[]+4 ,if ! doctor cons5ts to ex]t 8 pr(essional p[]s1 he beg9s to regulate 8 behavi\r by c]ta9 rules z soon z 8 cu/om] has dep>t$4 ,he mu/ obs]ve a fa/1 & may nei!r dr9k nor ba!2 :at little he eats mu/ be eat5 dry1 & 9 no case may he t\* wat]4 ,! ho/1 on 8 side1 & 8 s]vants1 bo? male & female1 mu/ nei!r wa% clo!s nor ba! s long z ! fea/ la/s1 & !y h all dur+ its cont9uance to obs]ve /rict *a/ity4 ,! doctor seats himself on a new mat 9 8 b$room1 & be=e a small oil-lamp he murmurs1 %ortly be=e ! fea/ takes place1 ! foll[+ pray] or incantation3 ,gr&fa!r & ,gr&mo!r ,sroekoel 7! "n seems to be tak5 at r&om2 o!rs are sometimes us$71 return to y\r c\ntry4 ,akkemat is y\r c\ntry4 ,put d[n y\r wat]-cask1 close x prop]ly1 t n a drop may fall out4 ,:ile he utt]s ?is pray] ! sorc]] looks upw>ds1 burn+ inc5se ! :ile4 ,s among ! ,toradjas ! ra9-doctor1 ^: special bus9ess x is to drive away ra91 takes c>e n to t\* wat] be=e1 dur+1 or aft] ! dis*>ge ( 8 pr(essional duties4 ,he does n ba!1 he eats ) unwa%$ h&s1 he dr9ks no?+ b palm w9e1 & if he has to cross a /ream he is c>eful n to /ep 9 ! wat]4 ,hav+ ?us prep>$ himself = 8 task he has a small hut built = himself outside ( ! village 9 a rice-field1 & 9 ?is hut he keeps up a little fire1 :i* on no acc\nt may be suff]$ to g out4 ,9 ! fire he burns v>i\s k9ds ( wood1 :i* are suppos$ to possess ! prop]ty ( driv+ (f ra92 & he puffs 9 ! direction f :i* ! ra9 ?reat5s to come1 hold+ 9 8 h& a packet ( leaves & b>k :i* d]ive a simil> cl\d-compell+ virtue1 n f _! *emical composition1 b f _! names1 :i* happ5 to signify some?+ dry or volatile4 ,if cl\ds %\ld appe> 9 ! sky :ile he is at "w1 he takes lime 9 ! holl[ ( 8 h& & bl[s x t[>ds !m4 ,! lime1 be+ s v dry1 is obvi\sly well adapt$ to disp]se ! damp cl\ds4 ,%\ld ra9 aft]w>ds be want$1 he has only to p\r wat] on 8 fire1 & imm$iately ! ra9 w desc5d 9 %eets4 ,! read] w obs]ve h[ exactly ! ,javanese & ,toradja obs]vances1 :i* are int5d$ to prev5t ra91 =m ! anti!sis ( ! ,indian obs]vances1 :i* aim at produc+ x4 ,! ,indian sage is comm&$ to t\* wat] ?rice a day regul>ly z well z on v>i\s special occasions2 ! ,javanese & ,toradja wiz>ds may n t\* x at all4 ,! ,indian lives out 9 ! =e/1 & ev5 :5 x ra9s he may n take %elt]2 ! ,javanese & ! ,toradja sit 9 a h\se or a hut4 ,! "o signifies 8 sympa?y ) wat] by receiv+ ! ra9 on 8 p]son & speak+ ( x respectfully2 ! o!rs light a lamp or a fire & d _! be/ to drive ! ra9 away4 ,yet ! pr9ciple on :i* all ?ree act is ! same2 ea* ( !m1 by a sort ( *ildi% make-believe1 id5tifies himself ) ! ph5om5on :i* he desires to produce4 ,x is ! old fallacy t ! effect resembles its cause3 if y w\ld make wet wea!r1 y mu/ be wet2 if y w\ld make dry wea!r1 y mu/ be dry4 ,9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,europe at ! pres5t day c]emonies are obs]v$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ra9 :i* n only re/ on ! same g5]al tra9 ( ?\ght z ! prec$+1 b ev5 9 _! details resemble ! c]emonies practis$ ) ! same int5tion by ! ,b>onga ( ,delagoa ,bay4 ,among ! ,greeks ( ,!ssaly & ,mac$onia1 :5 a dr\ght has la/$ a long "t1 x is cu/om>y to s5d a procession ( *ildr5 r\nd to all ! wells & spr+s ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,at ! head ( ! procession walks a girl adorn$ ) fl[]s1 :om h] companions dr5* ) wat] at e halt+-place1 :ile !y s+ an invocation1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is "p3 ,p]p]ia all fre% b$ew$1 ,fre%5 all ! neighb\rhood2 ,by ! woods1 on ! highway1 ,z ?\ goe/1 to ,god n[ pray3 ,o my ,god1 ^u ! pla91 ,s5d ?\ u a /ill1 small ra92 ,t ! fields may fruitful be1 ,& v9es 9 blossom we may see2 ,t ! gra9 be full & s\nd1 ,& weal?y gr[ ! folks ar\nd4 ,9 "t ( dr\ght ! ,s]bians /rip a girl to h] sk9 & clo! h] f head to foot 9 grass1 h]bs1 & fl[]s1 ev5 h] face be+ hidd5 beh9d a veil ( liv+ gre54 ,?us disguis$ %e is call$ ! ,dodola1 & goes ?r\gh ! village ) a troop ( girls4 ,!y /op be=e e h\se2 ! ,dodola keeps turn+ h]self r\nd & danc+1 :ile ! o!r girls =m a r+ ab\t h] s++ "o ( ! ,dodola songs1 & ! h\sewife p\rs a pail ( wat] ov] h]4 ,"o ( ! songs !y s+ runs ?us3 ,we g ?r\gh ! village2 ,! cl\ds g 9 ! sky2 ,we g fa/]1 ,fa/] g ! cl\ds2 ,!y h ov]tak5 u1 ,& wett$ ! corn & ! v9e4 ,at ,poona 9 ,india1 :5 ra9 is ne$$1 ! boys dress up "o ( _! numb] 9 no?+ b leaves & call him ,k+ ( ,ra94 ,!n !y g r\nd to e h\se 9 ! village1 :]e ! h\se-hold] or 8 wife spr9kles ! ,ra9 ,k+ ) wat]1 & gives ! p>ty food ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,:5 !y h ?us visit$ all ! h\ses1 !y /rip ! ,ra9 ,k+ ( 8 leafy robes & fea/ ^u :at !y h ga!r$4 ,ba?+ is practis$ z a ra9-*>m 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,russia4 ,sometimes aft] s]vice 9 *ur* ! prie/ 9 8 robes has be5 ?r[n d[n on ! gr\nd & dr5*$ ) wat] by 8 p>i%ion]s4 ,sometimes x is ! wom5 :o1 )\t /ripp+ (f _! clo!s1 ba! 9 cr[ds on ! day ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :ile !y dip 9 ! wat] a figure made ( bran*es1 grass1 & h]bs1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! sa9t4 ,9 ,kursk1 a prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,russia1 :5 ra9 is mu* want$1 ! wom5 seize a pass+ /rang] & ?r[ him into ! riv]1 or s\se him f head to foot4 ,lat] on we %all see t a pass+ /rang] is (t5 tak5 = a deity or ! p]sonification ( "s natural p[]4 ,x is record$ 9 (ficial docum5ts t dur+ a dr\ght 9 #agij ! peasants ( ,s*]\tz & ,w]b\tz collect$ all ! wom5 & compell$ !m to ba!1 9 ord] t ra9 might fall4 ,an ,arm5ian ra9-*>m is to ?r[ ! wife ( a prie/ into ! wat] & dr5* h]4 ,! ,arabs ( ,nor? ,africa fl+ a holy man1 willy-nilly1 into a spr+ z a rem$y = dr\ght4 ,9 ,m9ahassa1 a prov9ce ( ,nor? ,celebes1 ! prie/ ba!s z a ra9-*>m4 ,9 ,c5tral ,celebes :5 !re has be5 no ra9 = a long "t & ! rice-/alks beg9 to %rivel up1 _m ( ! villag]s1 especially ! "y folk1 g to a neighb\r+ brook & spla% ea* o!r ) wat]1 %\t+ noisily1 or squirt wat] on "o ano!r ?r\gh bamboo tubes4 ,sometimes !y imitate ! plump ( ra9 by smack+ ! surface ( ! wat] ) _! h&s1 or by plac+ an inv]t$ g\rd on x & drumm+ on ! g\rd ) _! f+]s4 ,wom5 are sometimes suppos$ to be able to make ra9 by pl\gh+1 or pret5d+ to pl\gh4 ,?us ! ,p%aws & ,*ewsurs ( ! ,caucasus h a c]emony call$ pl\gh+ ! ra91 :i* !y obs]ve 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,girls yoke !mselves to a pl\gh & drag x into a riv]1 wad+ 9 ! wat] up to _! girdles4 ,9 ! same circum/ances ,arm5ian girls & wom5 d ! same4 ,! olde/ woman1 or ! prie/'s wife1 we>s ! prie/'s dress1 :ile ! o!rs1 dress$ z m51 drag ! pl\gh ?r\gh ! wat] aga9/ ! /ream4 ,9 ! ,caucasian prov9ce ( ,georgia1 :5 a dr\ght has la/$ long1 m>riageable girls are yok$ 9 c\ples ) an ox-yoke on _! %\ld]s1 a prie/ holds ! re9s1 & ?us h>ness$ !y wade ?r\gh riv]s1 puddles1 & m>%es1 pray+1 scream+1 weep+1 & laugh+4 ,9 a di/rict ( ,transylvania :5 ! gr\nd is p>*$ ) dr\ght1 "s girls /rip !mselves nak$1 &1 l$ by an old] woman1 :o is also nak$1 !y /eal a h>r[ & c>ry x across ! fields to a brook1 :]e !y set x afloat4 ,next !y sit on ! h>r[ & keep a t9y flame burn+ on ea* corn] ( x = an h\r4 ,!n !y leave ! h>r[ 9 ! wat] & g home4 ,a simil> ra9-*>m is resort$ to 9 "s p>ts ( ,india2 nak$ wom5 drag a pl\gh across a field by night1 :ile ! m5 keep c>efully out ( ! way1 = _! pres5ce w\ld break ! spell4 ,sometimes ! ra9-*>m op]ates ?r\gh ! dead4 ,?us 9 ,new ,cal$onia ! ra9-mak]s black5$ !mselves all ov]1 dug up a dead body1 took ! bones to a cave1 jo9t$ !m1 & hung ! skeleton ov] "s t>o leaves4 ,wat] 0 p\r$ ov] ! skeleton to run d[n on ! leaves4 ,!y believ$ t ! s\l ( ! deceas$ took up ! wat]1 conv]t$ x into ra91 & %[]$ x d[n aga94 ,9 ,russia1 if common report may be believ$1 x is n long s9ce ! peasants ( any di/rict t *anc$ to be afflict$ ) dr\ght us$ to dig up ! corpse ( "s "o :o _h drunk himself to dea? & s9k x 9 ! ne>e/ swamp or lake1 fully p]suad$ t ?is w\ld ensure ! fall ( ! ne$$ ra94 ,9 #ahfh ! prospect ( a bad h>ve/1 caus$ by a prolong$ dr\ght1 induc$ ! inhabitants ( a village 9 ! ,t>a%*ansk di/rict to dig up ! body ( a ,raskolnik1 or ,diss5t]1 :o _h di$ 9 ! prec$+ ,decemb]4 ,"s ( ! p>ty beat ! corpse1 or :at 0 left ( x1 ab\t ! head1 exclaim+1 ,give u ra96 :ile o!rs p\r$ wat] on x ?r\gh a sieve4 ,"h ! p\r+ ( wat] ?r\gh a sieve seems pla9ly an imitation ( a %[]1 & rem9ds u ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,/repsiades 9 ,ari/ophanes imag9$ t ra9 0 made by ,zeus4 ,sometimes1 9 ord] to procure ra91 ! ,toradjas make an appeal to ! pity ( ! dead4 ,?us1 9 ! village ( ,kal+ooa1 !re is ! grave ( a fam\s *ief1 ! gr&fa!r ( ! pres5t rul]4 ,:5 ! l& suff]s f unseasonable dr\ght1 ! p g to ?is grave1 p\r wat] on x1 & say1 ,o gr&fa!r1 h pity on u2 if x is y\r w t ?is ye> we %\ld eat1 !n give ra94 ,aft] t !y hang a bamboo full ( wat] ov] ! grave2 !re is a small hole 9 ! l[] end ( ! bamboo1 s t ! wat] drips f x cont9ually4 ,! bamboo is always refill$ ) wat] until ra9 dr5*es ! gr\nd4 ,"h1 z 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 we f9d religion bl5t ) magic1 = ! pray] to ! dead *ief1 :i* is purely religi\s1 is ek$ out ) a magical imitation ( ra9 at 8 grave4 ,we h se5 t ! ,b>onga ( ,delagoa ,bay dr5* ! tombs ( _! ance/ors1 especially ! tombs ( tw9s1 z a ra9*>m4 ,among "s ( ! ,indian tribes 9 ! region ( ! ,or9oco x 0 cu/om>y = ! relations ( a deceas$ p]son to dis9t] 8 bones a ye> aft] burial1 burn !m1 & scatt] ! a%es to ! w9ds1 because !y believ$ t ! a%es 7 *ang$ into ra91 :i* ! dead man s5t 9 return = 8 obsequies4 ,! ,*9ese are conv9c$ t :5 human bodies rema9 unburi$1 ! s\ls ( _! late own]s feel ! discom=t ( ra91 j z liv+ m5 w\ld d if !y 7 expos$ )\t %elt] to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,^! wret*$ s\ls1 !re=e1 d all 9 _! p[] to prev5t ! ra9 f fall+1 & (t5 _! ef=ts are only too successful4 ,!n dr\ght ensues1 ! mo/ dread$ ( all calamities 9 ,*9a1 because bad h>ve/s1 de>?1 & fam9e foll[ 9 its tra94 ,h5ce x has be5 a common practice ( ! ,*9ese au?orities 9 "t ( dr\ght to int] ! dry bones ( ! unburi$ dead = ! purpose ( putt+ an end to ! sc\rge & conjur+ d[n ! ra94 ,animals1 aga91 (t5 play an important "p 9 ^! wea!r-*>ms4 ,! ,anula tribe ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia associate ! doll>-bird ) ra91 & call x ! ra9-bird4 ,a man :o has ! bird = 8 totem c make ra9 at a c]ta9 pool4 ,he cat*es a snake1 puts x alive into ! pool1 & aft] hold+ x "u wat] = a "t takes x out1 kills x1 & lays x d[n by ! side ( ! creek4 ,!n he makes an ar*$ bundle ( grass /alks 9 imitation ( a ra9b[1 & sets x up ov] ! snake4 ,aft] t all he does is to s+ ov] ! snake & ! mimic ra9b[2 soon] or lat] ! ra9 w fall4 ,!y expla9 ?is proc$ure by say+ t long ago ! doll>-bird _h z a mate at ?is spot a snake1 :o liv$ 9 ! pool & us$ to make ra9 by spitt+ up into ! sky till a ra9b[ & cl\ds appe>$ & ra9 fell4 ,a common way ( mak+ ra9 9 _m p>ts ( ,java is to ba! a cat or two cats1 a male & a female2 sometimes ! animals are c>ri$ 9 procession ) music4 ,ev5 9 ,batavia y may f "t to "t see *ildr5 go+ ab\t ) a cat = ?is purpose2 :5 !y h duck$ x 9 a pool1 !y let x g4 ,among ! ,wambugwe ( ,ea/ ,africa1 :5 ! sorc]] desires to make ra91 he takes a black %eep & a black calf 9 bright sun%9e1 & has !m plac$ on ! ro( ( ! common hut 9 :i* ! p live toge!r4 ,!n he slits ! /oma*s ( ! animals & scatt]s _! cont5ts 9 all directions4 ,aft] t he p\rs wat] & m$ic9e into a vessel2 if ! *>m has succe$$1 ! wat] boils up & ra9 foll[s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! sorc]] wi%es to prev5t ra9 f fall+1 he )draws into ! int]ior ( ! hut1 & !re heats a rock-cry/al 9 a calaba%4 ,9 ord] to procure ra9 ! ,wagogo sacrifice black f[ls1 black %eep1 & black cattle at ! graves ( dead ance/ors1 & ! ra9-mak] we>s black clo!s dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,among ! ,matabele ! ra9-*>m employ$ by sorc]]s 0 made f ! blood & gall ( a black ox4 ,9 a di/rict ( ,sumatra1 9 ord] to procure ra91 all ! wom5 ( ! village1 scantily clad1 g to ! riv]1 wade into x1 & spla% ea* o!r ) ! wat]4 ,a black cat is ?r[n into ! /ream & made to swim ab\t = a :ile1 !n all[$ to escape to ! bank1 pursu$ by ! spla%+ ( ! wom54 ,! ,g>os ( ,assam (f] a black goat on ! top ( a v high m\nta9 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,9 all ^! cases ! col\r ( ! animal is "p ( ! *>m2 be+ black1 x w d>k5 ! sky ) ra9-cl\ds4 ,s ! ,be*uanas burn ! /oma* ( an ox at ev5+1 because !y say1 ,! black smoke w ga!r ! cl\ds & cause ! ra9 to come4 ,! ,timorese sacrifice a black pig to ! ,e>?-goddess = ra91 a :ite or r$ "o to ! ,sun-god = sun%9e4 ,! ,angoni sacrifice a black ox = ra9 & a :ite "o = f9e wea!r4 ,among ! high m\nta9s ( ,japan !re is a di/rict 9 :i*1 if ra9 has n fall5 = a long "t1 a p>ty ( villag]s goes 9 procession to ! b$ ( a m\nta9 torr5t1 head$ by a prie/1 :o leads a black dog4 ,at ! *os5 spot !y te!r ! bea/ to a /one1 & make x a t>get = _! bullets & arr[s4 ,:5 its life-blood bespatt]s ! rocks1 ! peasants ?r[ d[n _! weapons & lift up _! voices 9 supplication to ! dragon div9ity ( ! /ream1 exhort+ him to s5d d[n =?) a %[] to cleanse ! spot f its defilem5t4 ,cu/om has prescrib$ t on ^! occasions ! col\r ( ! victim %all be black1 z an emblem ( ! wi%$-= ra9-cl\ds4 ,b if f9e wea!r is want$1 ! victim mu/ be :ite1 )\t a spot4 ,! intimate association ( frogs & toads ) wat] has e>n$ = ^! creatures a widespread reputation z cu/odians ( ra92 & h5ce !y (t5 play a "p 9 *>ms design$ to draw ne$$ %[]s f ! sky4 ,"s ( ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco held ! toad to be ! god or "l ( ! wat]s1 & = t reason fe>$ to kill ! creature4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to keep frogs "u a pot & to beat !m ) rods :5 !re 0 a dr\ght4 ,x is said t ! ,aym>a ,indians (t5 make little images ( frogs & o!r aquatic animals & place !m on ! tops ( ! hills z a means ( br++ d[n ra94 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia & "s p 9 ,europe ?9k t to kill a frog w cause ra9 to fall4 ,9 ord] to procure ra9 p ( l[ ca/e 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india w tie a frog to a rod cov]$ ) gre5 leaves & bran*es ( ! nm tree 7,azadira*ta ,indica7 & c>ry x f door to door s++3 ,s5d soon1 ,o frog1 ! jewel ( wat]6 ,& rip5 ! :eat & millet 9 ! field4 ,! ,kapus or ,r$dis are a l>ge ca/e ( cultivators & l&[n]s 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,:5 ra9 fails1 wom5 ( ! ca/e w cat* a frog & tie x alive to a new w9n[+ fan made ( bamboo4 ,on ?is fan !y spread a few m>gosa leaves & g f door to door s++1 ,lady frog mu/ h h] ba?4 ,oh6 ra9-god1 give a little wat] = h] at lea/4 ,:ile ! ,kapu wom5 s+ ?is song1 ! woman ( ! h\se p\rs wat] ov] ! frog & gives an alms1 conv9c$ t by s do+ %e w soon br+ ra9 d[n 9 torr5ts4 ,sometimes1 :5 a dr\ght has la/$ a long "t1 p drop ! usual hocus-pocus ( imitative magic altoge!r1 & be+ f> too angry to wa/e _! brea? 9 pray] !y seek by ?reats & curses or ev5 d[nright physical =ce to extort ! wat]s ( heav5 f ! sup]natural be+ :o has1 s to say1 cut !m (f at ! ma94 ,9 a ,japanese village1 :5 ! gu>dian div9ity _h long be5 deaf to ! peasants' pray]s = ra91 !y at la/ ?rew d[n 8 image &1 ) curses l\d & long1 hurl$ x head =emo/ into a /9k+ rice-field4 ,!re1 !y said1 y may /ay y\rself = a :ile1 to see h[ y w feel aft] a few days' scor*+ 9 ?is broil+ sun t is burn+ ! life f our crack+ fields4 ,9 ! l circum/ances ! ,fel\pes ( ,s5egambia ca/ d[n _! feti%es & drag !m ab\t ! fields1 curs+ !m till ra9 falls4 ,! ,*9ese are adepts 9 ! art ( tak+ ! k+dom ( heav5 by /orm4 ,?us1 :5 ra9 is want$ !y make a huge dragon ( pap] or wood to repres5t ! ra9-god1 & c>ry x ab\t 9 procession2 b if no ra9 foll[s1 ! mock-dragon is execrat$ & torn to pieces4 ,at o!r times !y ?reat5 & beat ! god if he does n give ra92 sometimes !y publicly depose him f ! rank ( deity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wi%$-= ra9 falls1 ! god is promot$ to a high] rank by an imp]ial decree4 ,9 ,april #ahhh ! m&>9s ( ,canton pray$ to ! god ,lung-wong to /op ! incessant d[np\r ( ra92 & :5 he turn$ a deaf e> to _! petitions !y put him 9 a lock-up = five days4 ,?is _h a salut>y effect4 ,! ra9 ceas$ & ! god 0 re/or$ to lib]ty4 ,"s ye>s be=e1 9 "t ( dr\ght1 ! same deity _h be5 *a9$ & expos$ to ! sun = days 9 ! c\rty>d ( 8 temple 9 ord] t he might feel = himself ! urg5t ne$ ( ra94 ,s :5 ! ,siamese ne$ ra91 !y set out _! idols 9 ! blaz+ sun2 b if !y want dry wea!r1 !y unro( ! temples & let ! ra9 p\r d[n on ! idols4 ,!y ?9k t ! inconv5i5ce to :i* ! gods are ?us subject$ w induce !m to grant ! wi%es ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,! read] may smile at ! meteorology ( ! ,f> ,ea/2 b precisely simil> modes ( procur+ ra9 h be5 resort$ to 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe )9 our own lifetime4 ,by ! end ( ,april #ahic !re 0 great di/ress 9 ,sicily = lack ( wat]4 ,! dr\ght _h la/$ six mon?s4 ,e day ! sun rose & set 9 a sky ( cl\dless blue4 ,! g>d5s ( ! ,conca d',oro1 :i* surr\nd ,pal]mo ) a magnific5t belt ( v]dure1 7 )]+4 ,food 0 becom+ sc>ce4 ,! p 7 9 great al>m4 ,all ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( procur+ ra9 _h be5 tri$ )\t effect4 ,processions _h trav]s$ ! /reets & ! fields4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr51 tell+ _! beads1 _h la9 :ole nights be=e ! holy images4 ,consecrat$ c&les _h burn$ day & night 9 ! *ur*es4 ,palm bran*es1 bless$ on ,palm ,sunday1 _h be5 hung on ! trees4 ,at ,solap>uta1 9 accordance ) a v old cu/om1 ! du/ swept f ! *ur*es on ,palm ,sunday _h be5 spread on ! fields4 ,9 ord9>y ye>s ^! holy sweep+s pres]ve ! crops2 b t ye>1 if y w believe me1 !y _h no effect :atev]4 ,at ,nicosia ! inhabitants1 b>e-head$ & b>e-foot1 c>ri$ ! crucifixes ?r\gh all ! w>ds ( ! t[n & sc\rg$ ea* o!r ) iron :ips4 ,x 0 all 9 va94 ,ev5 ! great ,/4 ,francis ( ,paolo himself1 :o annually p]=ms ! miracle ( ra9 & is c>ri$ e spr+ ?r\gh ! m>ket-g>d5s1 ei!r c\ld n or w\ld n help4 ,masses1 vesp]s1 conc]ts1 illum9ations1 fire-works--no?+ c\ld move him4 ,at la/ ! peasants began to lose pati5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! sa9ts 7 bani%$4 ,at ,pal]mo !y dump$ ,/4 ,joseph 9 a g>d5 to see ! /ate ( ?+s = himself1 & !y swore to leave him !re 9 ! sun till ra9 fell4 ,o!r sa9ts 7 turn$1 l naughty *ildr51 ) _! faces to ! wall4 ,o!rs aga91 /ripp$ ( _! beautiful robes1 7 exil$ f> f _! p>i%es1 ?reat5$1 grossly insult$1 duck$ 9 horse-ponds4 ,at ,caltanisetta ! gold5 w+s ( ,/4 ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel 7 torn f 8 %\ld]s & replac$ ) w+s ( pa/ebo>d2 8 purple mantle 0 tak5 away & a cl\t wrapt ab\t him in/ead4 ,at ,licata ! patron sa9t1 ,/4 ,angelo1 f>$ ev5 worse1 = he 0 left )\t any g>m5ts at all2 he 0 revil$1 he 0 put 9 irons1 he 0 ?reat5$ ) dr[n+ or hang+4 ,ra9 or ! rope6 ro>$ ! angry p at him1 z !y %ook _! fi/s 9 8 face4 ,sometimes an appeal is made to ! pity ( ! gods4 ,:5 _! corn is be+ burnt up by ! sun1 ! ,zulus look out = a heav5 bird1 kill x1 & ?r[ x into a pool4 ,!n ! heav5 melts ) t5d]ness = ! dea? ( ! bird2 x wails = x by ra9+1 wail+ a fun]al wail4 ,9 ,zulul& wom5 sometimes bury _! *ildr5 up to ! neck 9 ! gr\nd1 & !n retir+ to a di/ance keep up a dismal h[l = a long "t4 ,! sky is suppos$ to melt ) pity at ! sight4 ,!n ! wom5 dig ! *ildr5 out & feel sure t ra9 w soon foll[4 ,!y say t !y call to ! "l above & ask him to s5d ra94 ,if x comes !y decl>e t ,usondo ra9s4 ,9 times ( dr\ght ! ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe l$ _! %eep to sacr$ gr\nd1 & !re !y sep>at$ ! lambs f _! dams1 t _! pla9tive bleat+ might t\* ! he>t ( ! god4 ,9 ,kumaon a way ( /opp+ ra9 is to p\r hot oil 9 ! left e> ( a dog4 ,! animal h[ls ) pa91 8 h[ls are he>d by ,indra1 & out ( pity = ! bea/'s suff]+s ! god /ops ! ra94 ,sometimes ! ,toradjas attempt to procure ra9 z foll[s4 ,!y place ! /alks ( c]ta9 plants 9 wat]1 say+1 ,g & ask = ra91 & s long z no ra9 falls ,i w n plant y aga91 b !re %all y die4 ,also !y /r+ "s fre%-wat] snails on a cord1 & hang ! cord on a tree1 & say to ! snails1 ,g & ask = ra91 & s long z no ra9 comes1 ,i w n take y back to ! wat]4 ,!n ! snails g & weep1 & ! gods take pity & s5d ra94 ,h[ev]1 ! =ego+ c]emonies are religi\s r ?an magical1 s9ce !y involve an appeal to ! compassion ( high] p[]s4 ,/ones are (t5 suppos$ to possess ! prop]ty ( br++ on ra91 provid$ !y be dipp$ 9 wat] or spr9kl$ ) x1 or treat$ 9 "s o!r appropriate mann]4 ,9 a ,samoan village a c]ta9 /one 0 c>efully h\s$ z ! repres5tative ( ! ra9-mak+ god1 & 9 "t ( dr\ght 8 prie/s c>ri$ ! /one 9 procession & dipp$ x 9 a /ream4 ,among ! ,ta-ta-?i tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! ra9-mak] breaks (f a piece ( qu>tz-cry/al & spits x t[>ds ! sky2 ! re/ ( ! cry/al he wraps 9 emu fea!rs1 soaks bo? cry/al & fea!rs 9 wat]1 & c>efully hides !m4 ,9 ! ,k]am9 tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! wiz>d retires to ! b$ ( a creek1 drops wat] on a r\nd flat /one1 !n cov]s up & conceals x4 ,among "s tribes ( ,nor?-we/]n ,au/ralia ! ra9-mak] repairs to a piece ( gr\nd :i* is set ap>t = ! purpose ( ra9-mak+4 ,!re he builds a heap ( /ones or s&1 places on ! top ( x 8 magic /one1 & walks or dances r\nd ! pile *ant+ 8 incantations = h\rs1 till %e] exhau/ion obliges him to desi/1 :5 8 place is tak5 by 8 assi/ant4 ,wat] is spr9kl$ on ! /one & huge fires are k9dl$4 ,no layman may approa* ! sacr$ spot :ile ! my/ic c]emony is be+ p]=m$4 ,:5 ! ,sulka ( ,new ,brita9 wi% to procure ra9 !y black5 /ones ) ! a%es ( c]ta9 fruits & set !m out1 along ) c]ta9 o!r plants & buds1 9 ! sun4 ,!n a h&ful ( twigs is dipp$ 9 wat] & weight$ ) /ones1 :ile a spell is *ant$4 ,aft] t ra9 %\ld foll[4 ,9 ,manipur1 on a l(ty hill to ! ea/ ( ! capital1 !re is a /one :i* ! popul> imag9ation lik5s to an umbrella4 ,:5 ra9 is want$1 ! rajah fet*es wat] f a spr+ bel[ & spr9kles x on ! /one4 ,at ,sagami 9 ,japan !re is a /one :i* draws d[n ra9 :5ev] wat] is p\r$ on x4 ,:5 ! ,wakondyo1 a tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1 desire ra91 !y s5d to ! ,wawamba1 :o dwell at ! foot ( sn[y m\nta9s1 & are ! happy possessors ( a ra9-/one4 ,9 consid]ation ( a prop] paym5t1 ! ,wawamba wa% ! preci\s /one1 ano9t x ) oil1 & put x 9 a pot full ( wat]4 ,aft] t ! ra9 _c fail to come4 ,9 ! arid wa/es ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico ! ,apa*es s\ght to make ra9 by c>ry+ wat] f a c]ta9 spr+ & ?r[+ x on a p>ticul> po9t high up on a rock2 aft] t !y imag9$ t ! cl\ds w\ld soon ga!r1 & t ra9 w\ld beg9 to fall4 ,b cu/oms ( ?is sort are n conf9$ to ! wilds ( ,africa & ,asia or ! torrid des]ts ( ,au/ralia & ! ,new ,_w4 ,!y h be5 practis$ 9 ! cool air & "u ! grey skies ( ,europe4 ,!re is a f\nta9 call$ ,b>5ton1 ( romantic fame1 9 ^? wild woods ( ,broceli&e1 :]e1 if leg5d be true1 ! wiz>d ,m]l9 /ill sleeps 8 magic slumb] 9 ! haw?orn %ade4 ,?i!r ! ,breton peasants us$ to resort :5 !y ne$$ ra94 ,!y caught "s ( ! wat] 9 a tank>d & ?rew x on a slab ne> ! spr+4 ,on ,sn[don !re is a lonely t>n call$ ,dulyn1 or ! ,black ,lake1 ly+ 9 a dismal d+le surr\nd$ by high & dang]\s rocks4 ,a r[ ( /epp+-/ones runs out into ! lake1 & if any "o /eps on ! /ones & ?r[s wat] s z to wet ! f>!/ /one1 :i* is call$ ! ,r$ ,alt>1 x is b a *ance t y d n get ra9 be=e night1 ev5 :5 x is hot wea!r4 ,9 ^! cases x appe>s probable t1 z 9 ,samoa1 ! /one is reg>d$ z m or less div9e4 ,?is appe>s f ! cu/om sometimes obs]v$ ( dipp+ a cross 9 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,b>5ton to procure ra91 = ?is is pla9ly a ,*ri/ian sub/itute = ! old pagan way ( ?r[+ wat] on ! /one4 ,at v>i\s places 9 ,france x is1 or us$ till lately to be1 ! practice to dip ! image ( a sa9t 9 wat] z a means ( procur+ ra94 ,?us1 beside ! old priory ( ,commagny1 !re is a spr+ ( ,/4 ,g]vais1 :i!r ! inhabitants g 9 procession to obta9 ra9 or f9e wea!r accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! crops4 ,9 times ( great dr\ght !y ?r[ into ! bas9 ( ! f\nta9 an anci5t /one image ( ! sa9t t /&s 9 a sort ( ni*e f :i* ! f\nta9 fl[s4 ,at ,collobrires & ,c>p5tras a simil> practice 0 obs]v$ ) ! images ( ,/4 ,pons & ,/4 ,g5s respectively4 ,9 sev]al villages ( ,nav>re pray]s = ra9 us$ to be (f]$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 & by way ( en=c+ !m ! villag]s c>ri$ ! image ( ! sa9t 9 procession to ! riv]1 :]e !y ?rice invit$ him to reconsid] 8 resolution & to grant _! pray]s2 !n1 if he 0 /ill ob/9ate1 !y plung$ him 9 ! wat]1 despite ! remon/rances ( ! cl]gy1 :o plead$ ) z mu* tru? z piety t a simple caution or admonition adm9i/]$ to ! image w\ld produce an equally good effect4 ,aft] ?is ! ra9 0 sure to fall )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ca?olic c\ntries d n enjoy a monopoly ( mak+ ra9 by duck+ holy images 9 wat]4 ,9 ,m+relia1 :5 ! crops are suff]+ f want ( ra91 !y take a p>ticul>ly holy image & dip x 9 wat] e day till a %[] falls2 & 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ ! ,%ans dr5* ! images ( ,buddha ) wat] :5 ! rice is p]i%+ ( dr\ght4 ,9 all su* cases ! practice is probably at bottom a sympa!tic *>m1 h[ev] x may be disguis$ "u ! appe>ance ( a puni%m5t or a ?reat4 ,l o!r peoples1 ! ,greeks & ,romans s\ght to obta9 ra9 by magic1 :5 pray]s & processions _h prov$ ineffectual4 ,= example1 9 ,arcadia1 :5 ! corn & trees 7 p>*$ ) dr\ght1 ! prie/ ( ,zeus dipp$ an oak bran* into a c]ta9 spr+ on ,m\nt ,lycaeus4 ,?us tr\bl$1 ! wat] s5t up a mi/y cl\d1 f :i* ra9 soon fell ^u ! l&4 ,a simil> mode ( mak+ ra9 is /ill practis$1 z we h se51 9 ,halmah]a ne> ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! p ( ,crannon 9 ,!ssaly _h a bronze *>iot :i* !y kept 9 a temple4 ,:5 !y desir$ a %[] !y %ook ! *>iot & ! %[] fell4 ,probably ! rattl+ ( ! *>iot 0 meant to imitate ?und]2 we h already se5 t mock ?und] & lightn+ =m "p ( a ra9-*>m 9 ,russia & ,japan4 ,! leg5d>y ,salmoneus1 ,k+ ( ,elis1 made mock ?und] by dragg+ bronze kettles beh9d 8 *>iot1 or by driv+ ov] a bronze bridge1 :ile he hurl$ blaz+ tor*es 9 imitation ( lightn+4 ,x 0 8 impi\s wi% to mimic ! ?und]+ c> ( ,zeus z x roll$ across ! vault ( heav54 ,inde$ he decl>$ t he 0 actually ,zeus1 & caus$ sacrifices to be (f]$ to himself z su*4 ,ne> a temple ( ,m>s1 outside ! walls ( ,rome1 !re 0 kept a c]ta9 /one kn[n z ! lapis manalis4 ,9 "t ( dr\ght ! /one 0 dragg$ into ,rome1 & ?is 0 suppos$ to br+ d[n ra9 imm$iately4 #c4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ! ,sun ,,z ,,! ,,magician ?9ks he c make ra91 s he fancies he c cause ! sun to %9e1 & c ha/5 or /ay its go+ d[n4 ,at an eclipse ! ,ojebways us$ to imag9e t ! sun 0 be+ ext+ui%$4 ,s !y %ot fire-tipp$ arr[s 9 ! air1 hop+ ?us to rek9dle 8 expir+ light4 ,! ,s5cis ( ,p]u also %ot burn+ arr[s at ! sun dur+ an eclipse1 b app>5tly !y did ?is n s mu* to relight 8 lamp z to drive away a savage bea/ ) :i* !y suppos$ him to be /ruggl+4 ,conv]sely dur+ an eclipse ( ! moon "s tribes ( ! ,or9oco us$ to bury light$ br&s 9 ! gr\nd2 because1 said !y1 if ! moon 7 to be ext+ui%$1 all fire on e>? w\ld be ext+ui%$ ) h]1 except su* z 0 hidd5 f h] sight4 ,dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun ! ,kamt*atkans 7 wont to br+ out fire f _! huts & pray ! great lum9>y to %9e z be=e4 ,b ! pray] address$ to ! sun %[s t ?is c]emony 0 religi\s r ?an magical4 ,purely magical1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! c]emony obs]v$ on simil> occasions by ! ,*ilcot9 ,indians4 ,m5 & wom5 tuck$ up _! robes1 z !y d 9 travell+1 & !n lean+ on /aves1 z if !y 7 heavy lad51 !y cont9u$ to walk 9 a circle till ! eclipse 0 ov]4 ,app>5tly !y ?\ght ?us to support ! fail+ /eps ( ! sun z he trod 8 we>y r\nd 9 ! sky4 ,simil>ly 9 anci5t ,egypt ! k+1 z ! repres5tative ( ! sun1 walk$ solemnly r\nd ! walls ( a temple 9 ord] to ensure t ! sun %\ld p]=m 8 daily j\rney r\nd ! sky )\t ! int]ruption ( an eclipse or o!r mi%ap4 ,& aft] ! autumnal equ9ox ! anci5t ,egyptians held a fe/ival call$ ! nativity ( ! sun's walk+-/ick1 because1 z ! lum9>y decl9$ daily 9 ! sky1 & 8 light & heat dim9i%$1 he 0 suppos$ to ne$ a /aff on :i* to lean4 ,9 ,new ,cal$onia :5 a wiz>d desires to make sun%9e1 he takes "s plants & corals to ! burial-gr\nd1 & fa%ions !m into a bundle1 add+ two locks ( hair cut f a liv+ *ild ( 8 family1 also two tee? or an entire jawbone f ! skeleton ( an ance/or4 ,he !n climbs a m\nta9 ^: top cat*es ! fir/ rays ( ! morn+ sun4 ,"h he deposits ?ree sorts ( plants on a flat /one1 places a bran* ( dry coral beside !m1 & hangs ! bundle ( *>ms ov] ! /one4 ,next morn+ he returns to ! spot & sets fire to ! bundle at ! mom5t :5 ! sun rises f ! sea4 ,z ! smoke curls up1 he rubs ! /one ) ! dry coral1 invokes 8 ance/ors & says3 ,sun6 ,i d ?is t y may be burn+ hot1 & eat up all ! cl\ds 9 ! sky4 ,! same c]emony is repeat$ at sunset4 ,! ,new ,cal$onians also make a dr\ght by means ( a disc-%ap$ /one ) a hole 9 x4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! sun rises1 ! wiz>d holds ! /one 9 8 h& & passes a burn+ br& repeat$ly into ! hole1 :ile he says3 ,i k9dle ! sun1 9 ord] t he may eat up ! cl\ds & dry up our l&1 s t x may produce no?+4 ,! ,banks ,isl&]s make sun%9e by means ( a mock sun4 ,!y take a v r\nd /one1 call$ a vat loa or sun/one1 w9d r$ braid ab\t x1 & /ick x ) owls' fea!rs to repres5t rays1 s++ ! prop] spell 9 a l[ voice4 ,!n !y hang x on "s high tree1 su* z a banyan or a casu>9a1 9 a sacr$ place4 ,! (f]+ made by ! ,brahman 9 ! morn+ is suppos$ to produce ! sun1 & we are told t assur$ly x w\ld n rise1 7 he n to make t (f]+4 ,! anci5t ,mexicans conceiv$ ! sun z ! s\rce ( all vital =ce2 h5ce !y nam$ him ,ipalnemohuani1 ,he by :om m5 live4 ,b if he be/[$ life on ! _w1 he ne$$ also to receive life f x4 ,& z ! he>t is ! seat & symbol ( life1 ble$+ he>ts ( m5 & animals 7 pres5t$ to ! sun to ma9ta9 him 9 vig\r & enable him to run 8 c\rse across ! sky4 ,?us ! ,mexican sacrifices to ! sun 7 magical r ?an religi\s1 be+ design$1 n s mu* to please & propitiate him1 z physically to r5ew 8 en]gies ( heat1 light1 & motion4 ,! con/ant dem& = human victims to fe$ ! sol> fire 0 met by wag+ w> e ye> on ! neighb\r+ tribes & br++ back troops ( captives to be sacrific$ on ! alt>4 ,?us ! ceaseless w>s ( ! ,mexicans & _! cruel sy/em ( human sacrifices1 ! mo/ mon/r\s on record1 sprang 9 great measure f a mi/ak5 !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,no m /rik+ illu/ration c\ld be giv5 ( ! disa/r\s consequ5ces t may fl[ 9 practice f a purely speculative error4 ,! anci5t ,greeks believ$ t ! sun drove 9 a *>iot across ! sky2 h5ce ! ,rhodians1 :o wor%ipp$ ! sun z _! *ief deity1 annually d$icat$ a *>iot & f\r horses to him1 & flung !m into ! sea = 8 use4 ,d\btless !y ?\ght t aft] a ye>'s "w 8 old horses & *>iot w\ld be worn out4 ,f a l motive1 probably1 ! idolatr\s k+s ( ,judah d$icat$ *>iots & horses to ! sun1 & ! ,sp>tans1 ,p]sians1 & ,massagetae sacrific$ horses to him4 ,! ,sp>tans p]=m$ ! sacrifice on ! top ( ,m\nt ,taygetus1 ! beautiful range beh9d :i* !y saw ! great lum9>y set e night4 ,x 0 z natural = ! inhabitants ( ! valley ( ,sp>ta to d ?is z x 0 = ! isl&]s ( ,rhodes to ?r[ ! *>iot & horses into ! sea1 into :i* ! sun seem$ to !m to s9k at ev5+4 ,= ?us1 :e!r on ! m\nta9 or 9 ! sea1 ! fre% horses /ood ready = ! we>y god :]e !y w\ld be mo/ welcome1 at ! end ( 8 day's j\rney4 ,z "s p ?9k !y c light up ! sun or spe$ him on 8 way1 s o!rs fancy !y c ret>d or /op him4 ,9 a pass ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es /& two ru9$ t[]s on opposite hills4 ,iron hooks are clamp$ into _! walls = ! purpose ( /ret*+ a net f "o t[] to ! o!r4 ,! net is int5d$ to cat* ! sun4 ,/ories ( m5 :o h caught ! sun 9 a noose are widely spread4 ,:5 ! sun is go+ s\?w>d 9 ! autumn1 & s9k+ l[] & l[] 9 ! ,arctic sky1 ! ,esquimaux ( ,iglulik play ! game ( cat's cradle 9 ord] to cat* him 9 ! me%es ( ! /r+ & s prev5t 8 disappe>ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! sun is mov+ nor?w>d 9 ! spr+1 !y play ! game ( cup-&-ball to ha/5 8 return4 ,:5 an ,au/ralian blackfell[ wi%es to /ay ! sun f go+ d[n till he gets home1 he puts a sod 9 ! =k ( a tree1 exactly fac+ ! sett+ sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to make x g d[n fa/]1 ! ,au/ralians ?r[ s& into ! air & bl[ ) _! m\?s t[>ds ! sun1 p]haps to waft ! l+]+ orb we/w>d & bury x "u ! s&s into :i* x appe>s to s9k at night4 ,z "s p imag9e !y c ha/5 ! sun1 s o!rs fancy !y c jog ! t>dy moon4 ,! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea reckon mon?s by ! moon1 & "s ( !m h be5 kn[n to ?r[ /ones & spe>s at ! moon1 9 ord] to accel]ate its progress & s to ha/5 ! return ( _! fri5ds1 :o 7 away f home = twelve mon?s work+ on a tobacco plantation4 ,! ,malays ?9k t a bright gl[ at sunset may ?r[ a weak p]son into a fev]4 ,h5ce !y attempt to ext+ui% ! gl[ by spitt+ out wat] & ?r[+ a%es at x4 ,! ,%uswap ,indians believe t !y c br+ on cold wea!r by burn+ ! wood ( a tree t has be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! belief may be bas$ on ! obs]vation t 9 _! c\ntry cold foll[s a ?und]-/orm4 ,h5ce 9 spr+1 :5 ^! ,indians are travell+ ov] ! sn[ on high gr\nd1 !y burn spl9t]s ( su* wood 9 ! fire 9 ord] t ! cru/ ( ! sn[ may n melt4 #d4 ,! ,magical ,control ( ! ,w9d ,,once m1 ! savage ?9ks he c make ! w9d to bl[ or to be /ill4 ,:5 ! day is hot & a ,yakut has a long way to g1 he takes a /one :i* he has *anc$ to f9d 9 an animal or fi%1 w9ds a horse-hair sev]al times r\nd x1 & ties x to a /ick4 ,he !n waves ! /ick ab\t1 utt]+ a spell4 ,soon a cool breeze beg9s to bl[4 ,9 ord] to procure a cool w9d = n9e days ! /one %\ld fir/ be dipp$ 9 ! blood ( a bird or bea/ & !n pres5t$ to ! sun1 :ile ! sorc]] makes ?ree turns contr>y to ! c\rse ( ! lum9>y4 ,if a ,hott5tot desires ! w9d to drop1 he takes "o ( 8 fatte/ sk9s & hangs x on ! end ( a pole1 9 ! belief t by bl[+ ! sk9 d[n ! w9d w lose all its =ce & mu/ itself fall4 ,fuegian wiz>ds ?r[ %ells aga9/ ! w9d to make x drop4 ,! natives ( ! isl& ( ,bibili1 (f ,new ,gu9ea1 are reput$ to make w9d by bl[+ ) _! m\?s4 ,9 /ormy wea!r ! ,bogadjim p say1 ,! ,bibili folk are at x aga91 bl[+ away4 ,ano!r way ( mak+ w9d :i* is practis$ 9 ,new ,gu9ea is to /rike a w9d-/one lightly ) a /ick2 to /rike x h>d w\ld br+ on a hurricane4 ,s 9 ,scotl& wit*es us$ to raise ! w9d by dipp+ a rag 9 wat] & beat+ x ?rice on a /one1 say+3 ,i knok ?is rag upone ?is /ane ,to raise ! w9d 9 ! divellis "n1 ,x sall n lye till ,i please aga9e4 ,9 ,gre5l& a woman 9 *ild-b$ & = "s "t aft] deliv]y is suppos$ to possess ! p[] ( lay+ a /orm4 ,%e has only to g out ( doors1 fill h] m\? ) air1 & com+ back into ! h\se bl[ x out aga94 ,9 antiquity !re 0 a family at ,cor9? :i* enjoy$ ! reputation ( be+ able to /ill ! rag+ w9d2 b we d n "k 9 :at mann] its memb]s ex]cis$ a useful function1 :i* probably e>n$ = !m a m solid recomp5se ?an m]e repute among ! seaf>+ population ( ! i/hmus4 ,ev5 9 ,*ri/ian times1 "u ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 a c]ta9 ,sopat] suff]$ dea? at ,con/ant9ople on a *>ge ( b9d+ ! w9ds by magic1 because x happ5$ t ! corn-%ips ( ,egypt & ,syria 7 deta9$ af> (f by calms or head-w9ds1 to ! rage & disappo9tm5t ( ! hungry ,byzant9e rabble4 ,f9ni% wiz>ds us$ to sell w9d to /orm-/ay$ m>9]s4 ,! w9d 0 enclos$ 9 ?ree knots2 if !y undid ! fir/ knot1 a mod]ate w9d sprang up2 if ! second1 x blew half a gale2 if ! ?ird1 a hurricane4 ,inde$ ! ,e/honians1 ^: c\ntry is divid$ f ,f9l& only by an arm ( ! sea1 /ill believe 9 ! magical p[]s ( _! nor!rn neighb\rs4 ,! bitt] w9ds t bl[ 9 spr+ f ! nor? & nor?-ea/1 br++ ague & rheumatic inflammations 9 _! tra91 are set d[n by ! simple ,e/honian peasantry to ! ma*9ations ( ! ,f9ni% wiz>ds & wit*es4 ,9 p>ticul> !y reg>d ) special dread ?ree days 9 spr+ to :i* !y give ! "n ( ,days ( ! ,cross2 "o ( !m falls on ! ,eve ( ,asc5sion ,day4 ,! p 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,fell9 fe> to g out on ^! days le/ ! cruel w9ds f ,lappl& %\ld smite !m dead4 ,a popul> ,e/honian song runs3 ,w9d ( ! ,cross6 ru%+ & mighty6 ,heavy ! bl[ ( ?y w+s sweep+ pa/6 ,wild wail+ w9d ( mis=tune & sorr[1 ,wiz>ds ( ,f9l& ride by on ! bla/4 ,x is said1 too1 t sailors1 beat+ up aga9/ ! w9d 9 ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&1 sometimes see a /range sail heave 9 sight a/]n & ov]haul !m h& ov] h&4 ,on %e comes ) a cl\d ( canvas--all h] /udd+-sails out--"r 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d1 =g+ h] way ?r\gh ! foam+ bill[s1 da%+ back ! spray 9 %eets f h] cutwat]1 e sail swoll5 to bur/+1 e rope /ra9$ to crack+4 ,!n ! sailors "k t %e hails f ,f9l&4 ,! art ( ty+ up ! w9d 9 ?ree knots1 s t ! m knots are loos$ ! /rong] w bl[ ! w9d1 has be5 attribut$ to wiz>ds 9 ,lappl& & to wit*es 9 ,%etl&1 ,lewis1 & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,%etl& seam5 /ill buy w9ds 9 ! %ape ( knott$ h&k]*iefs or ?reads f old wom5 :o claim to rule ! /orms4 ,!re are said to be anci5t crones 9 ,l]wick n[ :o live by sell+ w9d4 ,ulysses receiv$ ! w9ds 9 a lea!rn bag f ,aeolus1 ,k+ ( ! ,w9ds4 ,! ,motumotu 9 ,new ,gu9ea ?9k t /orms are s5t by an ,oiabu sorc]]2 = ea* w9d he has a bamboo :i* he op5s at pleasure4 ,on ! top ( ,m\nt ,agu 9 ,togo1 a di/rict ( ,we/ ,africa1 resides a feti% call$ ,bagba1 :o is suppos$ to control ! w9d & ! ra94 ,8 prie/ is said to keep ! w9ds %ut up 9 great pots4 ,(t5 ! /ormy w9d is reg>d$ z an evil be+ :o may be intimidat$1 driv5 away1 or kill$4 ,:5 /orms & bad wea!r h la/$ long & food is sc>ce ) ! ,c5tral ,esquimaux1 !y endeav\r to conjure ! tempe/ by mak+ a long :ip ( seawe$1 arm$ ) :i* !y g d[n to ! bea* & /rike out 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 cry+ ,taba 7x is en\gh76 ,once :5 nor?-we/]ly w9ds _h kept ! ice long on ! coa/ & food 0 becom+ sc>ce1 ! ,esquimaux p]=m$ a c]emony to make a calm4 ,a fire 0 k9dl$ on ! %ore1 & ! m5 ga!r$ r\nd x & *ant$4 ,an old man !n /epp$ up to ! fire & 9 a coax+ voice invit$ ! demon ( ! w9d to come "u ! fire & w>m himself4 ,:5 he 0 suppos$ to h arriv$1 a vessel ( wat]1 to :i* ea* man pres5t _h contribut$1 0 ?r[n on ! flames by an old man1 & imm$iately a flight ( arr[s sp$ t[>ds ! spot :]e ! fire _h be54 ,!y ?\ght t ! demon w\ld n /ay :]e he _h be5 s badly treat$4 ,to complete ! effect1 guns 7 dis*>g$ 9 v>i\s directions1 & ! capta9 ( a ,european vessel 0 invit$ to fire on ! w9d ) cannon4 ,on ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,febru>y #ahhc a simil> c]emony 0 p]=m$ by ! ,esquimaux ( ,po9t ,b>r[1 ,alaska1 ) ! int5tion ( kill+ ! _s ( ! w9d4 ,wom5 drove ! demon f _! h\ses ) clubs & knives1 ) :i* !y made passes 9 ! air2 & ! m51 ga!r+ r\nd a fire1 %ot him ) _! rifles & cru%$ him "u a heavy /one ! mom5t t /eam rose 9 a cl\d f ! sm\ld]+ emb]s1 on :i* a tub ( wat] _h j be5 ?r[n4 ,! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco ascribe ! ru% ( a :irl-w9d to ! passage ( a _s & !y fl+ /icks at x to fright5 x away4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s d[n _! huts1 ! ,payaguas ( ,s\? ,am]ica snat* up firebr&s & run aga9/ ! w9d1 m5ac+ x ) ! blaz+ br&s1 :ile o!rs beat ! air ) _! fi/s to fright5 ! /orm4 ,:5 ! ,guaycurus are ?reat5$ by a sev]e /orm1 ! m5 g out arm$1 & ! wom5 & *ildr5 scream _! l\de/ to intimidate ! demon4 ,dur+ a tempe/ ! inhabitants ( a ,batak village 9 ,sumatra h be5 se5 to ru% f _! h\ses arm$ ) sword & lance4 ,! rajah plac$ himself at _! head1 & ) %\ts & yells !y hew$ & hack$ at ! invisible foe4 ,an old woman 0 obs]v$ to be specially active 9 ! def5ce ( h] h\se1 sla%+ ! air "r & left ) a long sabre4 ,9 a viol5t ?und]/orm1 ! peals s\nd+ v ne>1 ! ,kayans ( ,borneo h be5 se5 to draw _! swords ?reat5+ly half out ( _! scabb>ds1 z if to fright5 away ! demons ( ! /orm4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! huge columns ( r$ s& t move rapidly across a des]t tract are ?\ght by ! natives to be spirits pass+ along4 ,once an a?letic "y black ran aft] "o ( ^! mov+ columns to kill x ) boom]angs4 ,he 0 away two or ?ree h\rs1 & came back v we>y1 say+ he _h kill$ ,koo*ee 7! demon71 b t ,koo*ee _h gr[l$ at him & he mu/ die4 ,( ! ,b$\9s ( ,ea/]n ,africa x is said t no :irl-w9d ev] sweeps across ! pa? )\t be+ pursu$ by a doz5 savages ) drawn creeses1 :o /ab into ! c5tre ( ! du/y column 9 ord] to drive away ! evil _s t is believ$ to be rid+ on ! bla/4 ,9 ! light ( ^! examples a /ory told by ,h]odotus1 :i* 8 mod]n critics h treat$ z a fable1 is p]fectly cr$ible4 ,he says1 )\t h[ev] v\*+ = ! tru? ( ! tale1 t once 9 ! l& ( ! ,psylli1 ! mod]n ,tripoli1 ! w9d bl[+ f ! ,sah>a _h dri$ up all ! wat]-tanks4 ,s ! p took c\nsel & m>*$ 9 a body to make w> on ! s\? w9d4 ,b :5 !y ent]$ ! des]t ! simoon swept d[n on !m & buri$ !m to a man4 ,! /ory may well h be5 told by "o :o wat*$ !m disappe>+1 9 battle array1 ) drums & cymbals beat+1 into ! r$ cl\d ( :irl+ s&4 ,,vi4 ,magicians z ,k+s ,,! ,,=ego+ evid5ce may satisfy u t 9 _m l&s & _m races magic has claim$ to control ! great =ces ( nature = ! good ( man4 ,if t has be5 s1 ! practition]s ( ! art mu/ necess>ily be p]sonages ( importance & influ5ce 9 any society :i* puts fai? 9 _! extravagant pret5sions1 & x w\ld be no matt] = surprise if1 by virtue ( ! reputation :i* !y enjoy & ( ! awe :i* !y inspire1 "s ( !m %\ld atta9 to ! highe/ position ( au?ority ov] _! cr$ul\s fell[s4 ,9 po9t ( fact magicians appe> to h (t5 develop$ into *iefs & k+s4 ,let u beg9 by look+ at ! l[e/ race ( m5 z to :om we possess comp>atively full & accurate in=mation1 ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,^! savages are rul$ nei!r by *iefs nor k+s4 ,s f> z _! tribes c be said to h a political con/itution1 x is a democracy or r an olig>*y ( old & influ5tial m51 :o meet 9 c\ncil & decide on all measures ( importance to ! practical exclusion ( ! y\ng] m54 ,_! delib]ative assembly answ]s to ! s5ate ( lat] times3 if we _h to co9 a ^w = su* a gov]nm5t ( eld]s we might call x a g]ontocracy4 ,! eld]s :o 9 aborig9al ,au/ralia ?us meet & direct ! affairs ( _! tribe appe> to be = ! mo/ "p ! headm5 ( _! respective totem clans4 ,n[ 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :]e ! des]t nature ( ! c\ntry & ! almo/ complete isolation f =eign influ5ces h ret>d$ progress & pres]v$ ! natives on ! :ole 9 _! mo/ primitive /ate1 ! headm5 ( ! v>i\s totem clans are *>g$ ) ! important task ( p]=m+ magical c]emonies = ! multiplication ( ! totems1 & z ! great majority ( ! totems are edible animals or plants1 x foll[s t ^! m5 are commonly expect$ to provide ! p ) food by means ( magic4 ,o!rs h to make ! ra9 to fall or to r5d] o!r s]vices to ! community4 ,9 %ort1 among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia ! headm5 are public magicians4 ,fur!r1 _! mo/ important function is to take *>ge ( ! sacr$ /oreh\se1 usually a cleft 9 ! rocks or a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e are kept ! holy /ones & /icks 7*ur+a7 ) :i* ! s\ls ( all ! p1 bo? liv+ & dead1 are app>5tly suppos$ to be 9 a mann] b\nd up4 ,?us :ile ! headm5 h c]ta9ly to p]=m :at we %\ld call civil duties1 su* z to inflict puni%m5t = brea*es ( tribal cu/om1 _! pr9cipal functions are sacr$ or magical4 ,:5 we pass f ,au/ralia to ,new ,gu9ea we f9d t1 ?\gh ! natives /& at a f> high] level ( culture ?an ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 ! con/itution ( society among !m is /ill ess5tially democratic or olig>*ic1 & *iefta9%ip exi/s only 9 embryo4 ,?us ,sir ,william ,mac,gregor tells u t 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea no "o has ev] aris5 wise en\gh1 bold en\gh1 & /rong en\gh to become ! despot ev5 ( a s+le di/rict4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ?is has be5 ! v di/ant "o ( "s p]son becom+ a r5[n$ wiz>d2 b t has only result$ 9 levy+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( blackmail4 ,accord+ to a native acc\nt1 ! orig9 ( ! p[] ( ,melanesian *iefs lies entirely 9 ! belief t !y h communication ) mighty gho/s1 & wield t sup]natural p[] :]eby !y c br+ ! influ5ce ( ! gho/s to be>4 ,if a *ief impos$ a f9e1 x 0 paid because ! p univ]sally dread$ 8 gho/ly p[]1 & firmly believ$ t he c\ld inflict calamity & sickness ^u su* z resi/$ him4 ,z soon z any consid]able numb] ( 8 p began to disbelieve 9 8 influ5ce ) ! gho/s1 8 p[] to levy f9es 0 %ak54 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,george ,br[n tells u t 9 ,new ,brita9 a rul+ *ief 0 always suppos$ to ex]cise prie/ly functions1 t is1 he pr(ess$ to be 9 con/ant communication ) ! teb>ans 7spirits71 & ?r\gh _! influ5ce he 0 enabl$ to br+ ra9 or sun%9e1 fair w9ds or f\l ones1 sickness or heal?1 success or disa/] 9 w>1 & g5]ally to procure any bless+ or curse = :i* ! applicant 0 will+ to pay a suffici5t price4 ,/ill ris+ 9 ! scale ( culture we come to ,africa1 :]e bo? ! *iefta9%ip & ! k+%ip are fully develop$2 & "h ! evid5ce = ! evolution ( ! *ief out ( ! magician1 & especially out ( ! ra9-mak]1 is comp>atively pl5tiful4 ,?us among ! ,wambugwe1 a ,bantu p ( ,ea/ ,africa1 ! orig9al =m ( gov]nm5t 0 a family republic1 b ! enorm\s p[] ( ! sorc]]s1 transmitt$ by inh]itance1 soon rais$ !m to ! rank ( petty lords or *iefs4 ,( ! ?ree *iefs liv+ 9 ! c\ntry 9 #ahid two 7 mu* dread$ z magicians1 & ! weal? ( cattle !y possess$ came to !m almo/ :olly 9 ! %ape ( pres5ts be/[$ = _! s]vices 9 t capacity4 ,_! pr9cipal art 0 t ( ra9-mak+4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,wataturu1 ano!r p ( ,ea/ ,africa1 are said to be no?+ b sorc]]s de/itute ( any direct political influ5ce4 ,aga91 among ! ,wagogo ( ,ea/ ,africa ! ma9 p[] ( ! *iefs1 we are told1 is d]iv$ f _! art ( ra9-mak+4 ,if a *ief _c make ra9 himself1 he mu/ procure x f "s "o :o c4 ,aga91 among ! tribes ( ! ,upp] ,nile ! m$ic9e-m5 are g5]ally ! *iefs4 ,_! au?ority re/s above all ^u _! suppos$ p[] ( mak+ ra91 = ra9 is ! "o ?+ :i* matt]s to ! p 9 ^? di/ricts1 z if x does n come d[n at ! "r "t x means untold h>d%ips = ! community4 ,x is !re=e small wond] t m5 m cunn+ ?an _! fell[s %\ld arrogate to !mselves ! p[] ( produc+ x1 or t hav+ ga9$ su* a reputation1 !y %\ld trade on ! cr$ulity ( _! simpl] neighb\rs4 ,h5ce mo/ ( ! *iefs ( ^! tribes are ra9-mak]s1 & enjoy a popul>ity 9 proportion to _! p[]s to give ra9 to _! p at ! prop] season4 4 4 4 ,ra9-mak+ *iefs always build _! villages on ! slopes ( a fairly high hill1 z !y no d\bt "k t ! hills attract ! cl\ds1 & t !y are1 !re=e1 fairly safe 9 _! wea!r =eca/s4 ,ea* ( ^! ra9-mak]s has a numb] ( ra9-/ones1 su* z rock-cry/al1 av5tur9e1 & ame?y/1 :i* he keeps 9 a pot4 ,:5 he wi%es to produce ra9 he plunges ! /ones 9 wat]1 & tak+ 9 8 h& a peel$ cane1 :i* is split at ! top1 he beckons ) x to ! cl\ds to come or waves !m away 9 ! way !y %\ld g1 mutt]+ an incantation ! :ile4 ,or he p\rs wat] & ! entrails ( a %eep or goat into a holl[ 9 a /one & !n spr9kles ! wat] t[>ds ! sky4 ,?\gh ! *ief acquires weal? by ! ex]cise ( 8 suppos$ magical p[]s1 he (t51 p]haps g5]ally1 comes to a viol5t end2 = 9 "t ( dr\ght ! angry p assemble & kill him1 believ+ t x is he :o prev5ts ! ra9 f fall+4 ,yet ! (fice is usually h]$it>y & passes f fa!r to son4 ,among ! tribes :i* *]i% ^! beliefs & obs]ve ^! cu/oms are ! ,latuka1 ,b>i1 ,laluba1 & ,lokoiya4 ,9 ,c5tral ,africa1 aga91 ! ,l5du tribe1 to ! we/ ( ,lake ,alb]t1 firmly believe t c]ta9 p possess ! p[] ( mak+ ra94 ,among !m ! ra9-mak] ei!r is a *ief or almo/ inv>iably becomes "o4 ,! ,banyoro also h a great respect = ! disp5s]s ( ra91 :om !y load ) a pr(usion ( gifts4 ,! great disp5s]1 he :o has absolute & uncontrollable p[] ov] ! ra91 is ! k+2 b he c depute 8 p[] to o!r p]sons1 s t ! b5efit may be di/ribut$ & ! heav5ly wat] laid on ov] ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,9 ,we/]n z well z 9 ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,africa we meet ) ! same union ( *iefly ) magical functions4 ,?us 9 ! ,fan tribe ! /rict di/9ction betwe5 *ief & m$ic9e-man does n exi/4 ,! *ief is also a m$ic9e-man & a smi? to boot2 = ! ,fans e/eem ! smi?'s craft sacr$1 & none b *iefs may m$dle ) x4 ,z to ! relation betwe5 ! (fices ( *ief & ra9-mak] 9 ,s\? ,africa a well-in=m$ writ] obs]ves3 ,9 v old days ! *ief 0 ! great ,ra9-mak] ( ! tribe4 ,"s *iefs all[$ no "o else to compete ) !m1 le/ a successful ,ra9-mak] %\ld be *os5 z *ief4 ,!re 0 also ano!r reason3 ! ,ra9-mak] 0 sure to become a ri* man if he ga9$ a great reputation1 & x w\ld manife/ly nev] d = ! *ief to all[ any "o to be too ri*4 ,! ,ra9-mak] ex]ts trem5d\s control ov] ! p1 & s x w\ld be mo/ important to keep ?is function connect$ ) royalty4 ,tradition always places ! p[] ( mak+ ra9 z ! fundam5tal glory ( anci5t *iefs & h]oes1 & x seems probable t x may h be5 ! orig9 ( *iefta9%ip4 ,! man :o made ! ra9 w\ld naturally become ! *ief4 ,9 ! same way ,*aka ! fam\s ,zulu despot us$ to decl>e t he 0 ! only div9] 9 ! c\ntry1 = if he all[$ rivals 8 life w\ld be insecure4 ,simil>ly speak+ ( ! ,s\? ,african tribes 9 g5]al1 ,dr4 ,m(fat says t ! ra9-mak] is 9 ! e/imation ( ! p no mean p]sonage1 possess+ an influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( ! p sup]ior ev5 to t ( ! k+1 :o is likewise compell$ to yield to ! dictates ( ?is ar*-(ficial4 ,! =ego+ evid5ce r5d]s x probable t 9 ,africa ! k+ has (t5 be5 develop$ out ( ! public magician1 & especially out ( ! ra9-mak]4 ,! unb\nd$ fe> :i* ! magician inspires & ! weal? :i* he amasses 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession may bo? be suppos$ to h contribut$ to 8 promotion4 ,b if ! c>e] ( a magician & especially ( a ra9-mak] (f]s great rew>ds to ! successful practition] ( ! art1 x is beset ) _m pitfalls into :i* ! unskilful or unlucky arti/ may fall4 ,! position ( ! public sorc]] is inde$ a v prec>i\s "o2 = :]e ! p firmly believe t he has x 9 8 p[] to make ! ra9 to fall1 ! sun to %9e1 & ! fruits ( ! e>? to gr[1 !y naturally impute dr\ght & de>? to 8 culpable neglig5ce or wilful ob/9acy1 & !y puni% him accord+ly4 ,h5ce 9 ,africa ! *ief :o fails to procure ra9 is (t5 exil$ or kill$4 ,?us1 9 "s p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 :5 pray]s & (f]+s pres5t$ to ! k+ h fail$ to procure ra91 8 subjects b9d him ) ropes & take him by =ce to ! grave ( 8 =efa!rs t he may obta9 f !m ! ne$$ ra94 ,! ,banj>s 9 ,we/ ,africa ascribe to _! k+ ! p[] ( caus+ ra9 or f9e wea!r4 ,s long z ! wea!r is f9e !y load him ) pres5ts ( gra9 & cattle4 ,b if long dr\ght or ra9 ?reat5s to spoil ! crops1 !y insult & beat him till ! wea!r *anges4 ,:5 ! h>ve/ fails or ! surf on ! coa/ is too heavy to all[ ( fi%+1 ! p ( ,loango accuse _! k+ ( a bad he>t & depose him4 ,on ! ,gra9 ,coa/ ! high prie/ or feti% k+1 :o be>s ! title ( ,bodio1 is responsible = ! heal? ( ! community1 ! f]tility ( ! e>?1 & ! abundance ( fi% 9 ! sea & riv]s2 & if ! c\ntry suff]s 9 any ( ^! respects ! ,bodio is depos$ f 8 (fice4 ,9 ,ussukuma1 a great di/rict on ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,victoria ,nyanza1 ! ra9 & locu/ "q is "p & p>cel ( ! ,sultan's gov]nm5t4 ,he1 too1 mu/ "k h[ to make ra9 & drive away ! locu/s4 ,if he & 8 m$ic9e-m5 are unable to accompli% ?is1 8 :ole exi/5ce is at /ake 9 times ( di/ress4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion1 :5 ! ra9 s greatly desir$ by ! p did n come1 ! ,sultan 0 simply driv5 out 79 ,ututwa1 ne> ,nassa74 ,! p1 9 fact1 hold t rul]s mu/ h p[] ov] ,nature & h] ph5om5a4 ,aga91 we are told ( ! natives ( ! ,nyanaza region g5]ally t !y are p]suad$ t ra9 only falls z a result ( magic1 & ! important duty ( caus+ x to desc5d devolves on ! *ief ( ! tribe4 ,if ra9 does n come at ! prop] "t1 ev]ybody compla9s4 ,m ?an "o petty k+ has be5 bani%$ 8 c\ntry because ( dr\ght4 ,among ! ,latuka ( ! ,upp] ,nile1 :5 ! crops are )]+1 & all ! ef=ts ( ! *ief to draw d[n ra9 h prov$ fruitless1 ! p commonly attack him by night1 rob him ( all he possesses1 & drive him away4 ,b (t5 !y kill him4 ,9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w k+s h be5 expect$ to regulate ! c\rse ( nature = ! good ( _! p & h be5 puni%$ if !y fail$ to d s4 ,x appe>s t ! ,scy?ians1 :5 food 0 sc>ce1 us$ to put _! k+ 9 bonds4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt ! sacr$ k+s 7 blam$ = ! failure ( ! crops1 b ! sacr$ bea/s 7 also held responsible = ! c\rse ( nature4 ,:5 pe/il5ce & o!r calamities _h fall5 on ! l&1 9 consequ5ce ( a long & sev]e dr\ght1 ! prie/s took ! animals by night & ?reat5$ !m1 b if ! evil did n abate !y slew ! bea/s4 ,on ! coral isl& ( ,niue or ,savage ,isl&1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 !re =m]ly reign$ a l9e ( k+s4 ,b z ! k+s 7 also high prie/s1 & 7 suppos$ to make ! food gr[1 ! p became angry ) !m 9 times ( sc>city & kill$ !m2 till at la/1 z "o aft] ano!r 0 kill$1 no "o w\ld be k+1 & ! mon>*y came to an end4 ,anci5t ,*9ese writ]s in=m u t 9 ,corea ! blame 0 laid on ! k+ :5ev] too mu* or too little ra9 fell & ! crops did n rip54 ,"s said t he mu/ be depos$1 o!rs t he mu/ be sla94 ,among ! ,am]ican ,indians ! fur!/ advance t[>ds civilisation 0 made "u ! mon>*ical & !ocratic gov]nm5ts ( ,mexico & ,p]u2 b we "k too little ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ^! c\ntries to say :e!r ! pr$ecessors ( _! deifi$ k+s 7 m$ic9e-m5 or n4 ,p]haps a trace ( su* a succession may be detect$ 9 ! oa? :i* ! ,mexican k+s1 :5 !y m\nt$ ! ?rone1 swore t !y w\ld make ! sun to %9e1 ! cl\ds to give ra91 ! riv]s to fl[1 & ! e>? to br+ =? fruits 9 abundance4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 aborig9al ,am]ica ! sorc]] or m$ic9e-man1 surr\nd$ by a halo ( my/]y & an atmosph]e ( awe1 0 a p]sonage ( great influ5ce & importance1 & he may well h develop$ into a *ief or k+ 9 _m tribes1 ?\gh positive evid5ce ( su* a developm5t appe>s to be lack+4 ,?us ,catl9 tells u t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! m$ic9e-m5 are valu$ z dignit>ies 9 ! tribe1 & ! greate/ respect is paid to !m by ! :ole community2 n only = _! skill 9 _! mat]ia m$ica1 b m especially = _! tact 9 magic & my/]ies1 9 :i* !y all deal to a v great ext5t4 4 4 4 ,9 all tribes _! doctors are conjur]s--are magicians--are soo?-say]s1 & ,i _h l to h said high-prie/s1 inasmu* z !y sup]9t5d & conduct all _! religi\s c]emonies2 !y are look$ ^u by all z oracles ( ! nation4 ,9 all c\ncils ( w> & peace1 !y h a seat ) ! *iefs1 are regul>ly consult$ be=e any public /ep is tak51 & ! greate/ def]5ce & respect is paid to _! op9ions4 ,simil>ly 9 ,cali=nia ! %aman 01 & /ill is1 p]haps ! mo/ important individual among ! ,maidu4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any def9ite sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ! ^w ( a %aman has great weight3 z a class !y are reg>d$ ) mu* awe1 & z a rule are obey$ mu* m ?an ! *ief4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica also ! magicians or m$ic9e-m5 seem to h be5 on ! highroad to *iefta9%ip or k+%ip4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ settl]s on ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 ! ,fr5*man ,!vet1 reports t ! ,indians hold ^! pages 7or m$ic9e-m57 9 su* hon\r & rev]5ce t !y adore1 or r idolise !m4 ,y may see ! common folk g to meet !m1 pro/rate !mselves1 & pray to !m1 say+1 ',grant t ,i be n ill1 t ,i d n die1 nei!r ,i nor my *ildr51' or "s su* reque/4 ,& he answ]s1 ',y %all n die1 y %all n be ill1' & su* l replies4 ,b sometimes if x happ5s t ^! pages d n tell ! tru?1 & ?+s turn out o!rwise ?an !y pr$ict$1 ! p make no scruple ( kill+ !m z unwor?y ( ! title & dignity ( pages4 ,among ! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco e clan has its cazique or *ief1 b he possesses little au?ority4 ,9 virtue ( 8 (fice he has to make _m pres5ts1 s he seldom gr[s ri* & is g5]ally m %abbily clad ?an any ( 8 subjects4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! magician is ! man :o has mo/ p[] 9 8 h&s1 & he is accu/om$ to receive pres5ts in/ead ( to give !m4 ,x is ! magician's duty to br+ d[n mis=tune & plagues on ! enemies ( 8 tribe1 & to gu>d 8 own p aga9/ ho/ile magic4 ,= ^! s]vices he is well paid1 & by !m he acquires a position ( great influ5ce & au?ority4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,malay region ! rajah or k+ is commonly reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s v5]ation z ! possessor ( sup]natural p[]s1 & !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t he too1 l app>5tly s _m ,african *iefs1 has be5 develop$ out ( a simple magician4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,malays firmly believe t ! k+ possesses a p]sonal influ5ce ov] ! works ( nature1 su* z ! gr[? ( ! crops & ! be>+ ( fruit-trees4 ,! same prolific virtue is suppos$ to reside1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree1 9 8 delegates1 & ev5 9 ! p]sons ( ,europeans :o *ance to h *>ge ( di/ricts4 ,?us 9 ,selangor1 "o ( ! native /ates ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ! success or failure ( ! rice-crops is (t5 attribut$ to a *ange ( di/rict (fic]s4 ,! ,toorateyas ( ,s\!rn ,celebes hold t ! prosp]ity ( ! rice dep5ds on ! behavi\r ( _! pr9ces1 & t bad gov]nm5t1 by :i* !y mean a gov]nm5t :i* does n con=m to anci5t cu/om1 w result 9 a failure ( ! crops4 ,! ,dyaks ( ,s>awak believ$ t _! fam\s ,engli% rul]1 ,rajah ,brooke1 0 end[$ ) a c]ta9 magical virtue :i*1 if prop]ly appli$1 c\ld r5d] ! rice-crops abundant4 ,h5ce :5 he visit$ a tribe1 !y us$ to br+ him ! se$ :i* !y int5d$ to s[ next ye>1 & he f]tilis$ x by %ak+ ov] x ! wom5's necklaces1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly dipp$ 9 a special mixture4 ,& :5 he ent]$ a village1 ! wom5 w\ld wa% & ba! 8 feet1 fir/ ) wat]1 & !n ) ! milk ( a "y coco-nut1 & la/ly ) wat] aga91 & all ?is wat] :i* _h t\*$ 8 p]son !y pres]v$ = ! purpose ( di/ribut+ x on _! f>ms1 believ+ t x ensur$ an abundant h>ve/4 ,tribes :i* 7 too f> (f = him to visit us$ to s5d him a small piece ( :ite clo? & a little gold or silv]1 & :5 ^! ?+s _h be5 impregnat$ by 8 g5]ative virtue !y buri$ !m 9 _! fields1 & confid5tly expect$ a heavy crop4 ,once :5 a ,european rem>k$ t ! rice-crops ( ! ,samban tribe 7 ?91 ! *ief imm$iately repli$ t !y c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce ,rajah ,brooke _h nev] visit$ !m1 & he begg$ t ,mr4 ,brooke might be induc$ to visit 8 tribe & remove ! /]ility ( _! l&4 ,! belief t k+s possess magical or sup]natural p[]s by virtue ( :i* !y c f]tilise ! e>? & conf] o!r b5efits on _! subjects w\ld seem to h be5 %>$ by ! ance/ors ( all ! ,aryan races f ,india to ,irel&1 & x has left cle> traces ( itself 9 our own c\ntry d[n to mod]n times4 ,?us ! anci5t ,h9doo law-book call$ ,! ,laws ( ,manu describes z foll[s ! effects ( a good k+'s reign3 ,9 t c\ntry :]e ! k+ avoids tak+ ! prop]ty ( mortal s9n]s1 m5 are born 9 due "t & are long-liv$4 ,& ! crops ( ! husb&m5 spr+ up1 ea* z x 0 s[n1 & ! *ildr5 die n1 & no mis%ap$ (fspr+ is born4 ,9 ,hom]ic ,greece k+s & *iefs 7 spok5 ( z sacr$ or div9e2 _! h\ses1 too1 7 div9e & _! *>iots sacr$2 & x 0 ?\ght t ! reign ( a good k+ caus$ ! black e>? to br+ =? :eat & b>ley1 ! trees to be load$ ) fruit1 ! flocks to multiply1 & ! sea to yield fi%4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ,waldem> ,i41 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 travell$ 9 ,g]many1 mo!rs br\ght _! infants & husb&m5 _! se$ = him to lay 8 h&s on1 ?9k+ t *ildr5 w\ld bo? ?rive ! bett] = ! royal t\*1 & = a l reason f>m]s ask$ him to ?r[ ! se$ = !m4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ! anci5t ,iri% t :5 _! k+s obs]v$ ! cu/oms ( _! ance/ors1 ! seasons 7 mild1 ! crops pl5tiful1 ! cattle fruitful1 ! wat]s ab\nd$ ) fi%1 & ! fruit trees _h to be propp$ up on acc\nt ( ! weight ( _! produce4 ,a canon attribut$ to ,/4 ,patrick enum]ates among ! bless+s t att5d ! reign ( a j k+ f9e wea!r1 calm seas1 crops abundant1 & trees lad5 ) fruit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 de>?1 dryness ( c[s1 blight ( fruit1 & sc>city ( corn 7 reg>d$ z infallible pro(s t ! reign+ k+ 0 bad4 ,p]haps ! la/ relic ( su* sup]/itions :i* l+]$ ab\t our ,engli% k+s 0 ! notion t !y c\ld heal scr(ula by _! t\*4 ,! disease 0 accord+ly kn[n z ! ,k+'s ,evil4 ,que5 ,elizabe? (t5 ex]cis$ ?is miracul\s gift ( heal+4 ,on ,midsumm] ,day #afcc1 ,*>les ! ,fir/ cur$ a hundr$ pati5ts at "o swoop 9 ! *apel royal at ,holyrood4 ,b x 0 "u 8 son ,*>les ! ,second t ! practice seems to h atta9$ its highe/ vogue4 ,x is said t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign ,*>les ! ,second t\*$ ne> a hundr$ ?\s& p]sons = scr(ula4 ,! press to get ne> him 0 sometimes t]rific4 ,on "o occasion six or sev5 ( ^? :o came to be heal$ 7 trampl$ to dea?4 ,! cool-head$ ,william ! ,?ird contemptu\sly refus$ to l5d himself to ! hocuspocus2 & :5 8 palace 0 besieg$ by ! usual unsav\ry cr[d1 he ord]$ !m to be turn$ away ) a dole4 ,on ! only occasion :5 he 0 importun$ into lay+ 8 h& on a pati5t1 he said to him1 ,god give y bett] heal? & m s5se4 ,h[ev]1 ! practice 0 cont9u$1 z might h be5 expect$1 by ! dull bigot ,james ! ,second & 8 dull daught] ,que5 ,anne4 ,! k+s ( ,france also claim$ to possess ! same gift ( heal+ by t\*1 :i* !y are said to h d]iv$ f ,clovis or f ,/4 ,l\is1 :ile our ,engli% k+s inh]it$ x f ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,simil>ly ! savage *iefs ( ,tonga 7 believ$ to heal scr(ula & cases ( indurat$ liv] by ! t\* ( _! feet2 & ! cure 0 /rictly homoeopa?ic1 = ! disease z well z ! cure 0 ?\ght to be caus$ by contact ) ! royal p]son or ) any?+ t belong$ to x4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! k+ is ! l9eal successor ( ! old magician or m$ic9e-man4 ,:5 once a special class ( sorc]]s has be5 segregat$ f ! community & entru/$ by x ) ! dis*>ge ( duties on :i* ! public safety & welf>e are believ$ to dep5d1 ^! m5 gradually rise to weal? & p[]1 till _! lead]s blossom out into sacr$ k+s4 ,b ! great social revolution :i* ?us beg9s ) democracy & ends 9 despotism is att5d$ by an intellectual revolution :i* affects bo? ! conception & ! functions ( royalty4 ,= z "t goes on1 ! fallacy ( magic becomes m & m app>5t to ! acut] m9ds & is sl[ly displac$ by religion2 9 o!r words1 ! magician gives way to ! prie/1 :o1 r5\nc+ ! attempt to control directly ! processes ( nature = ! good ( man1 seeks to atta9 ! same end indirectly by appeal+ to ! gods to d = him :at he no long] fancies he c d = himself4 ,h5ce ! k+1 />t+ z a magician1 t5ds gradually to ex*ange ! practice ( magic = ! prie/ly functions ( pray] & sacrifice4 ,& :ile ! di/9ction betwe5 ! human & ! div9e is /ill imp]fectly drawn1 x is (t5 imag9$ t m5 may !mselves atta9 to godhead1 n m]ely aft] _! dea?1 b 9 _! lifetime1 ?r\gh ! tempor>y or p]man5t possession ( _! :ole nature by a great & p[]ful _s4 ,no class ( ! community has b5efit$ s mu* z k+s by ?is belief 9 ! possible inc>nation ( a god 9 human =m4 ,! doctr9e ( t inc>nation1 & ) x ! !ory ( ! div9ity ( k+s 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 w =m ! subject ( ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,vii4 ,inc>nate ,human ,gods ,,! ,,in/ances :i* 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h drawn f ! beliefs & practices ( rude peoples all ov] ! _w1 may suffice to prove t ! savage fails to recognise ^? limitations to 8 p[] ov] nature :i* seem s obvi\s to u4 ,9 a society :]e e man is suppos$ to be end[$ m or less ) p[]s :i* we %\ld call sup]natural1 x is pla9 t ! di/9ction betwe5 gods & m5 is some:at blurr$1 or r has sc>cely em]g$4 ,! conception ( gods z sup]human be+s end[$ ) p[]s to :i* man possesses no?+ comp>able 9 degree & h>dly ev5 9 k9d1 has be5 sl[ly evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,by primitive peoples ! sup]natural ag5ts are n reg>d$ z greatly1 if at all1 sup]ior to man2 = !y may be fright5$ & co]c$ by him into do+ 8 w4 ,at ?is /age ( ?\ght ! _w is view$ z a great democracy2 all be+s 9 x1 :e!r natural or sup]natural1 are suppos$ to /& on a foot+ ( tol]able equality4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( 8 k man le>ns to realise m cle>ly ! va/ness ( nature & 8 own littl5ess & feebl5ess 9 pres5ce ( x4 ,! recognition ( 8 helplessness does n1 h[ev]1 c>ry ) x a correspond+ belief 9 ! impot5ce ( ^? sup]natural be+s ) :i* 8 imag9ation peoples ! univ]se4 ,on ! contr>y1 x enhances 8 conception ( _! p[]4 ,= ! idea ( ! _w z a sy/em ( imp]sonal =ces act+ 9 accordance ) fix$ & inv>iable laws has n yet fully dawn$ or d>k5$ ^u him4 ,! g]m ( ! idea he c]ta9ly has1 & he acts ^u x1 n only 9 magic art1 b 9 mu* ( ! bus9ess ( daily life4 ,b ! idea rema9s undevelop$1 & s f> z he attempts to expla9 ! _w he lives 91 he pictures x z ! manife/ation ( consci\s w & p]sonal ag5cy4 ,if !n he feels himself to be s frail & slight1 h[ va/ & p[]ful mu/ he deem ! be+s :o control ! gigantic ma*9]y ( nature6 ,?us z 8 old s5se ( equality ) ! gods sl[ly vani%es1 he resigns at ! same "t ! hope ( direct+ ! c\rse ( nature by 8 own unaid$ res\rces1 t is1 by magic1 & looks m & m to ! gods z ! sole repositories ( ^? sup]natural p[]s :i* he once claim$ to %>e ) !m4 ,) ! advance ( k1 !re=e1 pray] & sacrifice assume ! lead+ place 9 religi\s ritual2 & magic1 :i* once rank$ ) !m z a legitimate equal1 is gradually relegat$ to ! backgr\nd & s9ks to ! level ( a black art4 ,x is n reg>d$ z an encroa*m5t1 at once va9 & impi\s1 on ! doma9 ( ! gods1 & z su* enc\nt]s ! /eady opposition ( ! prie/s1 ^: reputation & influ5ce rise or fall ) ^? ( _! gods4 ,h5ce1 :5 at a late p]iod ! di/9ction betwe5 religion & sup]/ition has em]g$1 we f9d t sacrifice & pray] are ! res\rce ( ! pi\s & enlight5$ portion ( ! community1 :ile magic is ! refuge ( ! sup]/iti\s & ignorant4 ,b :51 /ill lat]1 ! conception ( ! elem5tal =ces z p]sonal ag5ts is giv+ way to ! recognition ( natural law2 !n magic1 bas$ z x implicitly is on ! idea ( a necess>y & inv>iable sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal w1 reappe>s f ! obscurity & discr$it into :i* x _h fall51 & by inve/igat+ ! causal sequ5ces 9 nature1 directly prep>es ! way = sci5ce4 ,al*emy leads up to *emi/ry4 ,! notion ( a man-god1 or ( a human be+ end[$ ) div9e or sup]natural p[]s1 belongs ess5tially to t e>li] p]iod ( religi\s hi/ory 9 :i* gods & m5 are /ill view$ z be+s ( mu* ! same ord]1 & be=e !y are divid$ by ! impassable gulf :i*1 to lat] ?\ght1 op5s out betwe5 !m4 ,/range1 !re=e1 z may seem to u ! idea ( a god inc>nate 9 human =m1 x has no?+ v />tl+ = e>ly man1 :o sees 9 a man-god or a god-man only a high] degree ( ! same sup]natural p[]s :i* he arrogates 9 p]fect good fai? to himself4 ,nor does he draw any v %>p di/9ction betwe5 a god & a p[]ful sorc]]4 ,8 gods are (t5 m]ely invisible magicians :o beh9d ! veil ( nature "w ! same sort ( *>ms & incantations :i* ! human magician works 9 a visible & bodily =m among 8 fell[s4 ,& z ! gods are commonly believ$ to exhibit !mselves 9 ! lik5ess ( m5 to _! wor%ipp]s1 x is easy = ! magician1 ) 8 suppos$ miracul\s p[]s1 to acquire ! reputation ( be+ an inc>nate deity4 ,?us beg9n+ z little m ?an a simple conjur]1 ! m$ic9e-man or magician t5ds to blossom out into a full-bl[n god & k+ 9 "o4 ,only 9 speak+ ( him z a god we mu/ bew>e ( import+ into ! savage conception ( deity ^? v ab/ract & complex ideas :i* we atta* to ! t]m4 ,our ideas on ?is pr(\nd subject are ! fruit ( a long intellectual & moral evolution1 & !y are s f> f be+ %>$ by ! savage t he _c ev5 und]/& !m :5 !y are expla9$ to him4 ,mu* ( ! controv]sy :i* has rag$ z to ! religion ( ! l[] races has sprung m]ely f a mutual misund]/&+4 ,! savage does n und]/& ! ?\ghts ( ! civilis$ man1 & few civilis$ m5 und]/& ! ?\ghts ( ! savage4 ,:5 ! savage uses 8 ^w = god1 he has 9 8 m9d a be+ ( a c]ta9 sort3 :5 ! civilis$ man uses 8 ^w = god1 he has 9 8 m9d a be+ ( a v diff]5t sort2 & if1 z commonly happ5s1 ! two m5 are equally unable to place !mselves at ! o!r's po9t ( view1 no?+ b confusion & mi/akes c result f _! discussions4 ,if we civilis$ m5 insi/ on limit+ ! "n ( ,god to t p>ticul> conception ( ! div9e nature :i* we ourselves h =m$1 !n we mu/ confess t ! savage has no god at all4 ,b we %all adh]e m closely to ! facts ( hi/ory if we all[ mo/ ( ! high] savages at lea/ to possess a rudim5t>y notion ( c]ta9 sup]natural be+s :o may fitt+ly be call$ gods1 ?\gh n 9 ! full s5se 9 :i* we use ! ^w4 ,t rudim5t>y notion repres5ts 9 all probability ! g]m out ( :i* ! civilis$ peoples h gradually evolv$ _! own high conceptions ( deity2 & if we c\ld trace ! :ole c\rse ( religi\s developm5t1 we might f9d t ! *a9 :i* l9ks our idea ( ! ,godhead ) t ( ! savage is "o & unbrok54 ,) ^! explanations & cautions ,i w n[ adduce "s examples ( gods :o h be5 believ$ by _! wor%ipp]s to be inc>nate 9 liv+ human be+s1 :e!r m5 or wom54 ,! p]sons 9 :om a deity is ?\ght to reveal himself are by no means always k+s or desc5dants ( k+s2 ! suppos$ inc>nation may take place ev5 9 m5 ( ! humble/ rank4 ,9 ,india1 = example1 "o human god />t$ 9 life z a cotton-blea*] & ano!r z ! son ( a c>p5t]4 ,i %all !re=e n draw my examples exclusively f royal p]sonages1 z ,i wi% to illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! deification ( liv+ m51 9 o!r words1 ! inc>nation ( a deity 9 human =m4 ,su* inc>nate gods are common 9 rude society4 ,! inc>nation may be tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! inc>nation--commonly kn[n z inspiration or possession--reveals itself 9 sup]natural k r ?an 9 sup]natural p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 its usual manife/ations are div9ation & prophecy r ?an miracles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! inc>nation is n m]ely tempor>y1 :5 ! div9e _s has p]man5tly tak5 up its abode 9 a human body1 ! god-man is usually expect$ to v9dicate 8 "* by work+ miracles4 ,only we h to rememb] t by m5 at ?is /age ( ?\ght miracles are n consid]$ z brea*es ( natural law4 ,n conceiv+ ! exi/5ce ( natural law1 primitive man _c conceive a brea* ( x4 ,a miracle is to him m]ely an unusually /rik+ manife/ation ( a common p[]4 ,! belief 9 tempor>y inc>nation or inspiration is _w-wide4 ,c]ta9 p]sons are suppos$ to be possess$ f "t to "t by a _s or deity2 :ile ! possession la/s1 _! own p]sonality lies 9 abeyance1 ! pres5ce ( ! _s is reveal$ by convulsive %iv]+s & %ak+s ( ! man's :ole body1 by wild ge/ures & excit$ looks1 all ( :i* are ref]r$1 n to ! man himself1 b to ! _s :i* has ent]$ into him2 & 9 ?is abnormal /ate all 8 utt]ances are accept$ z ! voice ( ! god or _s dwell+ 9 him & speak+ ?r\gh him4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! k+1 p]sonat+ ! god1 utt]$ ! responses ( ! oracle f 8 concealm5t 9 a frame ( wick]-"w4 ,b 9 ! s\!rn isl&s ( ! ,pacific ! god frequ5tly ent]$ ! prie/1 :o1 inflat$ z x 7 ) ! div9ity1 ceas$ to act or speak z a volunt>y ag5t1 b mov$ & spoke z entirely "u sup]natural influ5ce4 ,9 ?is respect !re 0 a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! rude oracles ( ! ,polynesians1 & ^? ( ! celebrat$ nations ( anci5t ,greece4 ,z soon z ! god 0 suppos$ to h ent]$ ! prie/1 ! latt] became viol5tly agitat$1 & work$ himself up to ! highe/ pit* ( app>5t fr5zy1 ! muscles ( ! limbs seem$ convuls$1 ! body swell$1 ! c\nt5ance became t]rific1 ! features di/ort$1 & ! eyes wild & /ra9$4 ,9 ?is /ate he (t5 roll$ on ! e>?1 foam+ at ! m\?1 z if lab\r+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! div9ity by :om he 0 possess$1 &1 9 %rill cries1 & viol5t & (t5 indi/9ct s\nds1 reveal$ ! w ( ! god4 ,! prie/s1 :o 7 att5d+1 & v]s$ 9 ! my/]ies1 receiv$1 & report$ to ! p1 ! decl>ations :i* _h be5 ?us receiv$4 ,:5 ! prie/ _h utt]$ ! response ( ! oracle1 ! viol5t p>oxysm gradually subsid$1 & comp>ative composure ensu$4 ,! god did n1 h[ev]1 always leave him z soon z ! communication _h be5 made4 ,sometimes ! same taura1 or prie/1 cont9u$ = two or ?ree days possess$ by ! _s or deity2 a piece ( a native clo?1 ( a peculi> k9d1 worn r\nd "o arm1 0 an indication ( inspiration1 or ( ! indwell+ ( ! god ) ! individual :o wore x4 ,! acts ( ! man dur+ ?is p]iod 7 consid]$ z ^? ( ! god1 & h5ce ! greate/ att5tion 0 paid to 8 expressions1 & ! :ole ( 8 deportm5t4 4 4 4 ,:5 uruhia 7"u ! inspiration ( ! _s71 ! prie/ 0 always consid]$ z sacr$ z ! god1 & 0 call$1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 atua1 god1 ?\gh at o!r times only d5om9at$ taura or prie/4 ,b examples ( su* tempor>y inspiration are s common 9 e "p ( ! _w & are n[ s famili> ?r\gh books on e?nology t x is ne$less to multiply illu/rations ( ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to ref] to two p>ticul> modes ( produc+ tempor>y inspiration1 because !y are p]haps less kn[n ?an "s o!rs1 & because we %all h occasion to ref] to !m lat] on4 ,"o ( ^! modes ( produc+ inspiration is by suck+ ! fre% blood ( a sacrific$ victim4 ,9 ! temple ( ,apollo ,diradiotes at ,argos1 a lamb 0 sacrific$ by night once a mon?2 a woman1 :o _h to obs]ve a rule ( *a/ity1 ta/$ ! blood ( ! lamb1 & ?us be+ inspir$ by ! god %e prophesi$ or div9$4 ,at ,aegira 9 ,a*aia ! prie/ess ( ,e>? drank ! fre% blood ( a bull be=e %e desc5d$ into ! cave to prophesy4 ,simil>ly among ! ,kuruvikk>ans1 a class ( bird-cat*]s & begg>s 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! goddess ,kali is believ$ to desc5d ^u ! prie/1 & he gives oracul> replies aft] suck+ ! blood :i* /reams f ! cut ?roat ( a goat4 ,at a fe/ival ( ! ,alfoors ( ,m9ahassa1 9 ,nor!rn ,celebes1 aft] a pig has be5 kill$1 ! prie/ ru%es furi\sly at x1 ?ru/s 8 head into ! c>case1 & dr9ks ( ! blood4 ,!n he is dragg$ away f x by =ce & set on a *air1 :]eupon he beg9s to prophesy h[ ! rice-crop w turn out t ye>4 ,a second "t he runs at ! c>case & dr9ks ( ! blood2 a second "t he is =c$ into ! *air & cont9ues 8 pr$ictions4 ,x is ?\ght t !re is a _s 9 him :i* possesses ! p[] ( prophecy4 ,! o!r mode ( produc+ tempor>y inspiration1 to :i* ,i %all "h ref]1 consi/s 9 ! use ( a sacr$ tree or plant4 ,?us 9 ! ,h9doo ,koo% a fire is k9dl$ ) twigs ( ! sacr$ c$>2 & ! ,da9yal or sibyl1 ) a clo? ov] h] head1 inhales ! ?ick pung5t smoke till %e is seiz$ ) convulsions & falls s5seless to ! gr\nd4 ,soon %e rises & raises a %rill *ant1 :i* is caught up & l\dly repeat$ by h] audi5ce4 ,s ,apollo's prophetess ate ! sacr$ laurel & 0 fumigat$ ) x be=e %e prophesi$4 ,! ,bac*anals ate ivy1 & _! inspir$ fury 0 by "s believ$ to be due to ! excit+ & intoxicat+ prop]ties ( ! plant4 ,9 ,ug&a ! prie/1 9 ord] to be inspir$ by 8 god1 smokes a pipe ( tobacco fi]cely till he works himself into a fr5zy2 ! l\d excit$ tones 9 :i* he !n talks are recognis$ z ! voice ( ! god speak+ ?r\gh him4 ,9 ,madura1 an isl& (f ! nor? coa/ ( ,java1 ea* _s has its regul> m$ium1 :o is (t5] a woman ?an a man4 ,to prep>e h]self = ! reception ( ! _s %e inhales ! fumes ( inc5se1 sitt+ ) h] head ov] a smok+ c5s]4 ,gradually %e falls into a sort ( trance accompani$ by %rieks1 grimaces1 & viol5t spasms4 ,! _s is n[ suppos$ to h ent]$ into h]1 & :5 %e gr[s calm] h] words are reg>d$ z oracul>1 be+ ! utt]ances ( ! indwell+ _s1 :ile h] own s\l is tempor>ily abs5t4 ,! p]son tempor>ily inspir$ is believ$ to acquire1 n m]ely div9e k1 b also1 at lea/ occasionally1 div9e p[]4 ,9 ,cambodia1 :5 an epidemic breaks out1 ! inhabitants ( sev]al villages unite & g ) a b& ( music at _! head to look = ! man :om ! local god is suppos$ to h *os5 = 8 tempor>y inc>nation4 ,:5 f\nd1 ! man is conduct$ to ! alt> ( ! god1 :]e ! my/]y ( inc>nation takes place4 ,!n ! man becomes an object ( v5]ation to 8 fell[s1 :o implore him to protect ! village aga9/ ! plague4 ,a c]ta9 image ( ,apollo1 :i* /ood 9 a sacr$ cave at ,hylae ne> ,magnesia1 0 ?\ght to imp>t sup]human /r5g?4 ,sacr$ m51 inspir$ by x1 leap$ d[n precipices1 tore up huge trees by ! roots1 & c>ri$ !m on _! backs along ! n>r[e/ defiles4 ,! feats p]=m$ by inspir$ d]vi%es belong to ! same class4 ,?us f> we h se5 t ! savage1 fail+ to disc]n ! limits ( 8 ability to control nature1 ascribes to himself & to all m5 c]ta9 p[]s :i* we %\ld n[ call sup]natural4 ,fur!r1 we h se5 t1 ov] & above ?is g5]al sup]naturalism1 "s p]sons are suppos$ to be inspir$ = %ort p]iods by a div9e _s1 & ?us tempor>ily to enjoy ! k & p[] ( ! indwell+ deity4 ,f beliefs l ^! x is an easy /ep to ! conviction t c]ta9 m5 are p]man5tly possess$ by a deity1 or 9 "s o!r undef9$ way are endu$ ) s high a degree ( sup]natural p[] z to be rank$ z gods & to receive ! homage ( pray] & sacrifice4 ,sometimes ^! human gods are re/rict$ to purely sup]natural or spiritual functions4 ,sometimes !y ex]cise supreme political p[] 9 addition4 ,9 ! latt] case !y are k+s z well z gods1 & ! gov]nm5t is a !ocracy4 ,?us 9 ! ,m>quesas or ,wa%+ton ,isl&s !re 0 a class ( m5 :o 7 deifi$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to wield a sup]natural p[] ov] ! elem5ts3 !y c\ld give abundant h>ve/s or smite ! gr\nd ) b>r5ness2 & !y c\ld inflict disease or dea?4 ,human sacrifices 7 (f]$ to !m to av]t _! wra?4 ,!re 7 n _m ( !m1 at ! mo/ "o or two 9 ea* isl&4 ,!y liv$ 9 my/ic seclusion4 ,_! p[]s 7 sometimes1 b n always1 h]$it>y4 ,a mission>y has describ$ "o ( ^! human gods f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! god 0 a v old man :o liv$ 9 a l>ge h\se )9 an enclosure4 ,9 ! h\se 0 a k9d ( alt>1 & on ! beams ( ! h\se & on ! trees r\nd x 7 hung human skeletons1 head d[n4 ,no "o ent]$ ! enclosure except ! p]sons d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! god2 only on days :5 human victims 7 sacrific$ might ord9>y p p5etrate into ! prec9ct4 ,?is human god receiv$ m sacrifices ?an all ! o!r gods2 (t5 he w\ld sit on a sort ( scaffold 9 front ( 8 h\se & call = two or ?ree human victims at a "t4 ,!y 7 always br\ght1 = ! t]ror he inspir$ 0 extreme4 ,he 0 invok$ all ov] ! isl&1 & (f]+s 7 s5t to him f e side4 ,aga91 ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 9 g5]al we are told t ea* isl& _h a man :o repres5t$ or p]sonifi$ ! div9ity4 ,su* m5 7 call$ gods1 & _! sub/ance 0 conf\nd$ ) t ( ! deity4 ,! man-god 0 sometimes ! k+ himself2 (t5] he 0 a prie/ or subord9ate *ief4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 f> f re/rict+ _! adoration to cats & dogs & su* small de]1 v lib]ally ext5d$ x to m54 ,"o ( ^! human deities resid$ at ! village ( ,anabis1 & burnt sacrifices 7 (f]$ to him on ! alt>s2 aft] :i*1 says ,porphyry1 he w\ld eat 8 d9n] j z if he 7 an ord9>y mortal4 ,9 classical antiquity ! ,sicilian philosoph] ,emp$ocles gave himself out to be n m]ely a wiz>d b a god4 ,address+ 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 v]se he said3 ,o fri5ds1 9 ?is great city t climbs ! yell[ slope ,( ,agrig5tum's citadel1 :o make good works y\r scope1 ,:o (f] to ! /rang] a hav5 quiet & fair1 ,all hail6 ,among y hon\r$ ,i walk ) l(ty air4 ,) g>l&s1 bloom+ g>l&s y cr[n my noble br[1 ,a mortal man no long]1 a dea?less godhead n[4 ,:]e e'er ,i g1 ! p cr[d r\nd & wor%ip pay1 ,& ?\s&s foll[ seek+ to le>n ! bett] way4 ,"s crave prophetic visions1 "s smit ) angui% sore ,w\ld fa9 he> words ( com=t & suff] pa9 no m4 ,he ass]t$ t he c\ld tea* 8 disciples h[ to make ! w9d to bl[ or be /ill1 ! ra9 to fall & ! sun to %9e1 h[ to bani% sickness & old age & to raise ! dead4 ,:5 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes re/or$ ! ,a!nian democracy 9 #cjg ,b4,c41 ! ,a!nians decre$ div9e hon\rs to him & 8 fa!r ,antigonus1 bo? ( !m be+ !n alive1 "u ! title ( ! ,savi\r ,gods4 ,alt>s 7 set up to ! ,savi\rs1 & a prie/ appo9t$ to att5d to _! wor%ip4 ,! p w5t =? to meet _! deliv]] ) hymns & dances1 ) g>l&s & inc5se & libations2 !y l9$ ! /reets & sang t he 0 ! only true god1 = ! o!r gods slept1 or dwelt f> away1 or 7 n4 ,9 ! words ( a contempor>y poet1 :i* 7 *ant$ 9 public & sung 9 private3 ,( all ! gods ! greate/ & ! de>e/ ,to ! city are come4 ,= ,demet] & ,demetrius ,toge!r "t has br\ght4 ,%e comes to hold ! ,maid5's awful rites1 ,& he joy\s & fair & laugh+1 ,z befits a god4 ,a glori\s sight1 ) all 8 fri5ds ab\t him1 ,he 9 _! mid/1 ,!y l to />s1 & he ! sun4 ,son ( ,poseidon ! mighty1 ,aphrodite's son1 ,all hail6 ,! o!r gods dwell f> away1 ,or h no e>s1 ,or are n1 or pay u no he$4 ,b !e we pres5t see1 ,no god ( wood or /one1 b godhead true4 ,!re=e to !e we pray4 ,! anci5t ,g]mans believ$ t !re 0 some?+ holy 9 wom51 & accord+ly consult$ !m z oracles4 ,_! sacr$ wom51 we are told1 look$ on ! eddy+ riv]s & li/5$ to ! murmur or ! ro> ( ! wat]1 & f ! sight & s\nd =etold :at w\ld come to pass4 ,b (t5 ! v5]ation ( ! m5 w5t fur!r1 & !y wor%ipp$ wom5 z true & liv+ goddesses4 ,= example1 9 ! reign ( ,vespasian a c]ta9 ,vel$a1 ( ! tribe ( ! ,bruct]i1 0 commonly held to be a deity1 & 9 t "* reign$ ov] h] p1 h] sway be+ ackn[l$g$ f> & wide4 ,%e liv$ 9 a t[] on ! riv] ,lippe1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rh9e4 ,:5 ! p ( ,cologne s5t to make a treaty ) h]1 ! ambassadors 7 n admitt$ to h] pres5ce2 ! negotiations 7 conduct$ ?r\gh a m9i/]1 :o act$ z ! m\?piece ( h] div9ity & report$ h] oracul> utt]ances4 ,! example %[s h[ easily among our rude =efa!rs ! ideas ( div9ity & royalty coalesc$4 ,x is said t among ! ,getae d[n to ! beg9n+ ( our era !re 0 always a man :o p]sonifi$ a god & 0 call$ ,god by ! p4 ,he dwelt on a sacr$ m\nta9 & act$ z advis] to ! k+4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly ,portuguese hi/orian1 ,dos ,santos1 ! ,zimbas1 or ,muzimbas1 a p ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,africa1 d n adore idols or recognize any god1 b in/ead !y v5]ate & hon\r _! k+1 :om !y reg>d z a div9ity1 & !y say he is ! greate/ & be/ 9 ! _w4 ,& ! said k+ says ( himself t he alone is god ( ! e>?1 = :i* reason if x ra9s :5 he does n wi% x to d s1 or is too hot1 he %oots arr[s at ! sky = n obey+ him4 ,! ,ma%ona ( ,s\!rn ,africa in=m$ _! bi%op t !y _h once _h a god1 b t ! ,matabeles _h driv5 him away4 ,?is la/ 0 9 ref]5ce to a curi\s cu/om 9 "s villages ( keep+ a man !y call$ _! god4 ,he seem$ to be consult$ by ! p & _h pres5ts giv5 to him4 ,!re 0 "o at a village belong+ to a *ief ,magondi1 9 ! old days4 ,we 7 ask$ n to fire (f any guns ne> ! village1 or we %\ld fright5 him away4 ,?is ,ma%ona god 0 =m]ly b\nd to r5d] an annual tribute to ! k+ ( ! ,matabele 9 ! %ape ( f\r black ox5 & "o dance4 ,a mission>y has se5 & describ$ ! deity dis*>g+ ! latt] "p ( 8 duty 9 front ( ! royal hut4 ,= ?ree mortal h\rs1 )\t a break1 to ! bang+ ( a tamb\r9e1 ! click ( ca/anettes1 & ! drone ( a monoton\s song1 ! sw>?y god engag$ 9 a fr5zi$ dance1 cr\*+ on 8 hams l a tailor1 sweat+ l a pig1 & b\nd+ ab\t ) an agility :i* te/ifi$ to ! /r5g? & ela/icity ( 8 div9e legs4 ,! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa believ$ 9 a god ( ,lake ,nyanza1 :o sometimes took up 8 abode 9 a man or woman4 ,! inc>nate god 0 mu* fe>$ by all ! p1 includ+ ! k+ & ! *iefs4 ,:5 ! my/]y ( inc>nation _h tak5 place1 ! man1 or r ! god1 remov$ ab\t a mile & a half f ! m>g9 ( ! lake1 & !re await$ ! appe>ance ( ! new moon be=e he engag$ 9 8 sacr$ duties4 ,f ! mom5t t ! cresc5t moon appe>$ fa9tly 9 ! sky1 ! k+ & all 8 subjects 7 at ! comm& ( ! div9e man1 or ,lub>e 7god71 z he 0 call$1 :o reign$ supreme n only 9 matt]s ( fai? & ritual1 b also 9 que/ions ( w> & /ate policy4 ,he 0 consult$ z an oracle2 by 8 ^w he c\ld inflict or heal sickness1 )hold ra91 & cause fam9e4 ,l>ge pres5ts 7 made him :5 8 advice 0 s\ght4 ,! *ief ( ,urua1 a l>ge region to ! we/ ( ,lake ,tanganyika1 arrogates to himself div9e hon\rs & p[] & pret5ds to ab/a9 f food = days )\t feel+ its necessity2 &1 inde$1 decl>es t z a god he is altoge!r above requir+ food & only eats1 dr9ks1 & smokes = ! pleasure x af=ds him4 ,among ! ,gallas1 :5 a woman gr[s tir$ ( ! c>es ( h\sekeep+1 %e beg9s to talk incoh]5tly & to demean h]self extravagantly4 ,?is is a sign ( ! desc5t ( ! holy _s ,callo ^u h]4 ,imm$iately h] husb& pro/rates himself & adores h]2 %e ceases to be> ! humble title ( wife & is call$ ,"l2 dome/ic duties h no fur!r claim on h]1 & h] w is a div9e law4 ,! k+ ( ,loango is hon\r$ by 8 p z ?\gh he 7 a god2 & he is call$ ,sambee & ,pango1 :i* mean god4 ,!y believe t he c let !m h ra9 :5 he likes2 & once a ye>1 9 ,decemb]1 :i* is ! "t !y want ra91 ! p come to beg ( him to grant x to !m4 ,on ?is occasion ! k+1 /&+ on 8 ?rone1 %oots an arr[ into ! air1 :i* is suppos$ to br+ on ra94 ,mu* ! same is said ( ! k+ ( ,mombasa4 ,d[n to a few ye>s ago1 :5 8 spiritual reign on e>? 0 br\ght to an abrupt end by ! c>nal weapons ( ,engli% m>9es & bluejackets1 ! k+ ( ,b59 0 ! *ief object ( wor%ip 9 8 dom9ions4 ,he occupies a high] po/ "h ?an ! ,pope does 9 ,ca?olic ,europe2 = he is n only ,god's viceg]5t ^u e>?1 b a god himself1 ^: subjects bo? obey & adore him z su*1 al?\gh ,i believe _! adoration to arise r f fe> ?an love4 ,! k+ ( ,iddah told ! ,engli% (fic]s ( ! ,nig] ,exp$ition1 ,god made me aft] 8 own image2 ,i am all ! same z ,god2 & he appo9t$ me a k+4 ,a peculi>ly blood?ir/y mon>* ( ,burma1 by "n ,badonsa*51 ^: v c\nt5ance reflect$ ! inbr$ f]ocity ( 8 nature1 & "u ^: reign m victims p]i%$ by ! execution] ?an by ! common enemy1 conceiv$ ! notion t he 0 some?+ m ?an mortal1 & t ?is high di/9ction _h be5 grant$ him z a rew>d = 8 num]\s good works4 ,accord+ly he laid aside ! title ( k+ & aim$ at mak+ himself a god4 ,) ?is view1 & 9 imitation ( ,buddha1 :o1 be=e be+ advanc$ to ! rank ( a div9ity1 _h quitt$ 8 royal palace & s]aglio & retir$ f ! _w1 ,badonsa*5 )drew f 8 palace to an imm5se pagoda1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! empire1 :i* he _h be5 engag$ 9 con/ruct+ = _m ye>s4 ,"h he held conf]5ces ) ! mo/ le>n$ monks1 9 :i* he s\ght to p]suade !m t ! five ?\s& ye>s assign$ = ! obs]vance ( ! law ( ,buddha 7 n[ elaps$1 & t he himself 0 ! god :o 0 de/9$ to appe> aft] t p]iod1 & to aboli% ! old law by sub/itut+ 8 own4 ,b to 8 great mortification _m ( ! monks und]took to demon/rate ! contr>y2 & ?is disappo9tm5t1 comb9$ ) 8 love ( p[] & 8 impati5ce "u ! re/ra9ts ( an ascetic life1 quickly disabus$ him ( 8 imag9>y godhead1 & drove him back to 8 palace & 8 h>em4 ,! k+ ( ,siam is v5]at$ equally ) a div9ity4 ,8 subjects ought n to look him 9 ! face2 !y pro/rate !mselves be=e him :5 he passes1 & appe> be=e him on _! knees1 _! elb[s re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a special language devot$ to 8 sacr$ p]son & attributes1 & x mu/ be us$ by all :o speak to or ( him4 ,ev5 ! natives h difficulty 9 ma/]+ ?is peculi> vocabul>y4 ,! hairs ( ! mon>*'s head1 ! soles ( 8 feet1 ! brea? ( 8 body1 inde$ e s+le detail ( 8 p]son1 bo? outw>d & inw>d1 h p>ticul> names4 ,:5 he eats or dr9ks1 sleeps or walks1 a special ^w indicates t ^! acts are be+ p]=m$ by ! sov]eign1 & su* words _c possibly be appli$ to ! acts ( any o!r p]son :atev]4 ,!re is no ^w 9 ! ,siamese language by :i* any creature ( high] rank or great] dignity ?an a mon>* c be describ$2 & ! mission>ies1 :5 !y speak ( ,god1 are =c$ to use ! native ^w = k+4 ,b p]haps no c\ntry 9 ! _w has be5 s prolific ( human gods z ,india2 n[h]e has ! div9e grace be5 p\r$ out 9 a m lib]al measure on all classes ( society f k+s d[n to milkm54 ,?us among/ ! ,todas1 a pa/oral p ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills ( ,s\!rn ,india1 ! dairy is a sanctu>y1 & ! milkman :o att5ds to x has be5 describ$ z a god4 ,on be+ ask$ :e!r ! ,todas salute ! sun1 "o ( ^! div9e milkm5 repli$1 ,^? poor fell[s d s1 b ,i1 tapp+ 8 *e/1 ,i1 a god6 :y %\ld ,i salute ! sun8 ,e "o1 ev5 8 own fa!r1 pro/rates himself be=e ! milkman1 & no "o w\ld d>e to refuse him any?+4 ,no human be+1 except ano!r milkman1 may t\* him2 & he gives oracles to all :o consult him1 speak+ ) ! voice ( a god4 ,fur!r1 9 ,india e k+ is reg>d$ z little %ort ( a pres5t god4 ,! ,h9doo law-book ( ,manu goes f>!r & says t ev5 an infant k+ mu/ n be despis$ f an idea t he is a m]e mortal2 = he is a great deity 9 human =m4 ,!re is said to h be5 a sect 9 ,orissa "s ye>s ago :o wor%ipp$ ! late ,que5 ,victoria 9 h] lifetime z _! *ief div9ity4 ,& to ?is day 9 ,india all liv+ p]sons rem>kable = great /r5g? or val\r or = suppos$ miracul\s p[]s run ! risk ( be+ wor%ipp$ z gods4 ,?us1 a sect 9 ! ,punjaub wor%ipp$ a deity :om !y call$ ,nikkal ,s54 ,?is ,nikkal ,s5 0 no o!r ?an ! r$\bt$ ,g5]al ,ni*olson1 & no?+ t ! g5]al c\ld d or say damp$ ! ard\r ( 8 ador]s4 ,! m he puni%$ !m1 ! great] grew ! religi\s awe ) :i* !y wor%ipp$ him4 ,at ,b5>es n _m ye>s ago a celebrat$ deity 0 inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( a ,h9doo g5tleman :o rejoic$ 9 ! euphoni\s "n ( ,swami ,bhask>an&aji ,s>aswati1 & look$ uncommonly l ! late ,c>d9al ,mann+1 only m +5u\s4 ,8 eyes beam$ ) k9dly human int]e/1 & he took :at is describ$ z an innoc5t pleasure 9 ! div9e hon\rs paid him by 8 confid+ wor%ipp]s4 ,at ,*9*vad1 a small t[n ab\t t5 miles f ,poona 9 ,we/]n ,india1 !re lives a family ( :om "o 9 ea* g5]ation is believ$ by a l>ge proportion ( ! ,mahrattas to be an inc>nation ( ! elephant-head$ god ,gunputty4 ,t celebrat$ deity 0 fir/ made fle% ab\t ! ye> #afdj 9 ! p]son ( a ,brahman ( ,poona1 by "n ,mooraba ,gosseyn1 :o s\ght to "w out 8 salvation by ab/95ce1 mortification1 & pray]4 ,8 piety _h its rew>d4 ,! god himself appe>$ to him 9 a vision ( ! night & promis$ t a portion ( 81 t is1 ( ,gunputty's holy _s %\ld abide ) him & ) 8 se$ aft] him ev5 to ! sev5? g5]ation4 ,! div9e promise 0 fulfill$4 ,sev5 successive inc>nations1 transmitt$ f fa!r to son1 manife/$ ! light ( ,gunputty to a d>k _w4 ,! la/ ( ! direct l9e1 a heavy-look+ god ) v weak eyes1 di$ 9 ! ye> #ahaj4 ,b ! cause ( tru? 0 too sacr$1 & ! value ( ! *ur* prop]ty too consid]able1 to all[ ! ,brahmans to contemplate ) equanimity ! unspeakable loss t w\ld be su/a9$ by a _w :i* knew n ,gunputty4 ,accord+ly !y s\ght & f\nd a holy vessel 9 :om ! div9e _s ( ! ma/] _h reveal$ itself anew1 & ! revelation has be5 happily cont9u$ 9 an unbrok5 succession ( vessels f t "t to ?is4 ,b a my/]i\s law ( spiritual economy1 ^: op]ation 9 ! hi/ory ( religion we may deplore ?\gh we _c alt]1 has decre$ t ! miracles wr\ght by ! god-man 9 ^! deg5]ate days _c comp>e ) ^? :i* 7 wr\ght by 8 pr$ecessors 9 days gone by2 & x is ev5 report$ t ! only sign v\*saf$ by him to ! pres5t g5]ation ( vip]s is ! miracle ( fe$+ ! multitude :om he annually ent]ta9s to d9n] at ,*9*vad4 ,a ,h9doo sect1 :i* has _m repres5tatives 9 ,bombay & ,c5tral ,india1 holds t its spiritual *iefs or ,mah>ajas1 z !y are call$1 are repres5tatives or ev5 actual inc>nations on e>? ( ! god ,kri%na4 ,& z ,kri%na looks d[n f heav5 ) mo/ fav\r on su* z m9i/] to ! wants ( 8 successors & vic>s on e>?1 a peculi> rite call$ ,self-devotion has be5 in/itut$1 :]eby 8 fai?ful wor%ipp]s make ov] _! bodies1 _! s\ls1 &1 :at is p]haps /ill m important1 _! worldly sub/ance to 8 adorable inc>nations2 & wom5 are taught to believe t ! highe/ bliss = !mselves & _! families is to be atta9$ by yield+ !mselves to ! embraces ( ^? be+s 9 :om ! div9e nature my/]i\sly coexi/s ) ! =m & ev5 ! appetites ( true humanity4 ,*ri/ianity itself has n uni=mly escap$ ! ta9t ( ^! unhappy delusions2 inde$ x has (t5 be5 sulli$ by ! extravagances ( va9 pret5d]s to a div9ity equal to or ev5 surpass+ t ( its great ,f\nd]4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,montanus ! ,phrygian claim$ to be ! inc>nate ,tr9ity1 unit+ 9 8 s+le p]son ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,god ! ,son1 & ,god ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,nor is ?is an isolat$ case1 ! exorbitant pret5sion ( a s+le ill-balanc$ m9d4 ,f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day _m sects h believ$ t ,*ri/1 nay ,god himself1 is inc>nate 9 e fully initiat$ ,*ri/ian1 & !y h c>ri$ ?is belief to its logical conclusion by ador+ ea* o!r4 ,t]tullian records t ?is 0 done by 8 fell[-,*ri/ians at ,c>?age 9 ! second c5tury2 ! disciples ( ,/4 ,columba wor%ipp$ him z an embodim5t ( ,*ri/2 & 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,elip&us ( ,tol$o spoke ( ,*ri/ z a god among gods1 mean+ t all believ]s 7 gods j z truly z ,jesus himself4 ,! adoration ( ea* o!r 0 cu/om>y among ! ,albig5ses1 & is notic$ hundr$s ( times 9 ! records ( ! ,inquisition at ,t\l\se 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !re arose a sect call$ ! ,bre?r5 & ,si/]s ( ! ,free ,_s1 :o held t by long & assidu\s contemplation any man might be unit$ to ! deity 9 an ineffable mann] & become "o ) ! s\rce & p>5t ( all ?+s1 & t he :o _h ?us asc5d$ to ,god & be5 absorb$ 9 8 beatific ess5ce1 actually =m$ "p ( ! ,godhead1 0 ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! same s5se & mann] ) ,*ri/ himself1 & enjoy$ !reby a glori\s immunity f ! trammels ( all laws human & div9e4 ,inw>dly transport$ by ?is blissful p]suasion1 ?\gh outw>dly pres5t+ 9 _! aspect & mann]s a %ock+ air ( lunacy & di/raction1 ! sect>ies roam$ f place to place1 attir$ 9 ! mo/ fanta/ic app>el & begg+ _! bread ) wild %\ts & clam\r1 spurn+ indignantly e k9d ( hone/ lab\r & indu/ry z an ob/acle to div9e contemplation & to ! asc5t ( ! s\l t[>ds ! ,fa!r ( spirits4 ,9 all _! excursions !y 7 foll[$ by wom5 ) :om !y liv$ on t]ms ( ! close/ famili>ity4 ,^? ( !m :o conceiv$ !y _h made ! greate/ pr(ici5cy 9 ! high] spiritual life disp5s$ ) ! use ( clo!s altoge!r 9 _! assemblies1 look+ ^u dec5cy & mode/y z m>ks ( inw>d corruption1 *>act]i/ics ( a s\l t /ill grovell$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! fle% & _h n yet be5 elevat$ into communion ) ! div9e _s1 its c5tre & s\rce4 ,sometimes _! progress t[>ds ?is my/ic communion 0 accel]at$ by ! ,inquisition1 & !y expir$ 9 ! flames1 n m]ely ) uncl\d$ s]5ity1 b ) ! mo/ triumphant feel+s ( *e]fulness & joy4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahcj !re appe>$1 9 "o ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union bord]+ on ,k5tucky1 an impo/or :o decl>$ t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,savi\r ( mank9d1 & t he _h reappe>$ on e>? to recall ! impi\s1 ! unbeliev+1 & s9n]s to _! duty4 ,he prote/$ t if !y did n m5d _! ways )9 a c]ta9 "t1 he w\ld give ! signal1 & 9 a mom5t ! _w w\ld crumble to ru9s4 ,^! extravagant pret5sions 7 receiv$ ) fav\r ev5 by p]sons ( weal? & position 9 society4 ,at la/ a ,g]man humbly bes\ght ! new ,messiah to ann\nce ! dreadful cata/rophe to 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 9 ! ,g]man language1 z !y did n und]/& ,engli%1 & x seem$ a pity t !y %\ld be damn$ m]ely on t acc\nt4 ,! w\ld-be ,savi\r 9 reply confess$ ) great c&\r t he did n "k ,g]man4 ,:at6 retort$ ! ,g]man1 y ! ,son ( ,god1 & don't speak all languages1 & don't ev5 "k ,g]man8 ,come1 come1 y are a knave1 a hypocrite1 & a madman4 ,b$lam is ! place = y4 ,! spectators laugh$1 & w5t away a%am$ ( _! cr$ulity4 ,sometimes1 at ! dea? ( ! human inc>nation1 ! div9e _s transmigrates into ano!r man4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,t>t>s believe 9 a great numb] ( liv+ ,buddhas1 :o (ficiate z ,gr& ,lamas at ! head ( ! mo/ important mona/]ies4 ,:5 "o ( ^! ,gr& ,lamas dies 8 disciples d n sorr[1 = !y "k t he w soon reappe>1 be+ born 9 ! =m ( an infant4 ,_! only anxiety is to discov] ! place ( 8 bir?4 ,if at ?is "t !y see a ra9b[ !y take x z a sign s5t !m by ! dep>t$ ,lama to guide !m to 8 cradle4 ,sometimes ! div9e infant himself reveals 8 id5tity4 ,i am ! ,gr& ,lama1 he says1 ! liv+ ,buddha ( su* & su* a temple4 ,take me to my old mona/]y4 ,i am its immortal head4 ,9 :atev] way ! bir?place ( ! ,buddha is reveal$1 :e!r by ! ,buddha's own av[al or by ! sign 9 ! sky1 t5ts are /ruck1 & ! joyful pilgrims1 (t5 head$ by ! k+ or "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! royal family1 set =? to f9d & br+ home ! infant god4 ,g5]ally he is born 9 ,tibet1 ! holy l&1 & to rea* him ! c>avan has (t5 to trav]se ! mo/ frightful des]ts4 ,:5 at la/ !y f9d ! *ild !y fall d[n & wor%ip him4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 he is ackn[l$g$ z ! ,gr& ,lama :om !y seek he mu/ satisfy !m ( 8 id5tity4 ,he is ask$ ! "n ( ! mona/]y ( :i* he claims to be ! head1 h[ f> (f x is1 & h[ _m monks live 9 x2 he mu/ also describe ! habits ( ! deceas$ ,gr& ,lama & ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,!n v>i\s articles1 z pray]-books1 tea-pots1 & cups1 are plac$ be=e him1 & he has to po9t out ^? us$ by himself 9 8 previ\s life4 ,if he does s )\t a mi/ake 8 claims are admitt$1 & he is conduct$ 9 triumph to ! mona/]y4 ,at ! head ( all ! ,lamas is ! ,dalai ,lama ( ,lhasa1 ! ,rome ( ,tibet4 ,he is reg>d$ z a liv+ god1 & at dea? 8 div9e & immortal _s is born aga9 9 a *ild4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts ! mode ( discov]+ ! ,dalai ,lama is simil> to ! me?od1 already describ$1 ( discov]+ an ord9>y ,gr& ,lama4 ,o!r acc\nts speak ( an election by draw+ lots f a gold5 j>4 ,:]ev] he is born1 ! trees & plants put =? gre5 leaves2 at 8 bidd+ fl[]s bloom & spr+s ( wat] rise2 & 8 pres5ce diffuses heav5ly bless+s4 ,b he is by no means ! only man :o poses z a god 9 ^! regions4 ,a regi/] ( all ! inc>nate gods 9 ! ,*9ese empire is kept 9 ! ,li fan yiian or ,colonial ,(fice at ,pek+4 ,! numb] ( gods :o h ?us tak5 out a lic5se is "o hundr$ & sixty4 ,tibet is bless$ ) ?irty ( !m1 ,nor!rn ,mongolia rejoices 9 n9ete51 & ,s\!rn ,mongolia basks 9 ! sun%9e ( no less ?an fifty-sev54 ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 ) a pat]nal solicitude = ! welf>e ( its subjects1 =bids ! gods on ! regi/] to be reborn any:]e b 9 ,tibet4 ,!y fe> le/ ! bir? ( a god 9 ,mongolia %\ld h s]i\s political consequ5ces by /irr+ ! dormant patriotism & w>like _s ( ! ,mongols1 :o might rally r\nd an ambiti\s native deity ( royal l9eage & seek to w9 = him1 at ! po9t ( ! sword1 a temporal z well z a spiritual k+dom4 ,b besides ^! public or lic5s$ gods !re are a great _m little private gods1 or unlic5s$ practition]s ( div9ity1 :o "w miracles & bless _! p 9 holes & corn]s2 & ( late ye>s ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t has w9k$ at ! rebir? ( ^! pettifogg+ deities outside ( ,tibet4 ,h[ev]1 once !y are born1 ! gov]nm5t keeps its eye on !m z well z on ! regul> practition]s1 & if any ( !m misbehaves he is promptly degrad$1 bani%$ to a di/ant mona/]y1 & /rictly =bidd5 ev] to be born aga9 9 ! fle%4 ,f our survey ( ! religi\s position occupi$ by ! k+ 9 rude societies we may inf] t ! claim to div9e & sup]natural p[]s put =w>d by ! mon>*s ( great hi/orical empires l ^? ( ,egypt1 ,mexico1 & ,p]u1 0 n ! simple outcome ( inflat$ vanity or ! empty expression ( a grovell+ adulation2 x 0 m]ely a survival & ext5sion ( ! old savage apo!osis ( liv+ k+s4 ,?us1 = example1 z *ildr5 ( ! ,sun ! ,incas ( ,p]u 7 rev]$ l gods2 !y c\ld d no wrong1 & no "o dream$ ( (f5d+ aga9/ ! p]son1 hon\r1 or prop]ty ( ! mon>* or ( any ( ! royal race4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! ,incas did n1 l mo/ p1 look on sickness z an evil4 ,!y consid]$ x a mess5g] s5t f _! fa!r ! ,sun to call !m to come & re/ ) him 9 heav54 ,!re=e ! usual words 9 :i* an ,inca ann\nc$ 8 approa*+ end 7 ^!3 ,my fa!r calls me to come & re/ ) him4 ,!y w\ld n oppose _! fa!r's w by (f]+ sacrifice = recov]y1 b op5ly decl>$ t he _h call$ !m to 8 re/4 ,issu+ f ! sultry valleys ^u ! l(ty tablel& ( ! ,colombian ,&es1 ! ,spani% conqu]ors 7 a/oni%$ to f9d1 9 contra/ to ! savage hordes !y _h left 9 ! swelt]+ jungles bel[1 a p enjoy+ a fair degree ( civilisation1 practis+ agriculture1 & liv+ "u a gov]nm5t :i* ,humboldt has comp>$ to ! !ocracies ( ,tibet & ,japan4 ,^! 7 ! ,*ib*as1 ,muyscas1 or ,mozcas1 divid$ into two k+doms1 ) capitals at ,bogota & ,tunja1 b unit$ app>5tly 9 spiritual allegiance to ! high pontiff ( ,sogamozo or ,iraca4 ,by a long & ascetic novitiate1 ?is gho/ly rul] 0 reput$ to h acquir$ su* sanctity t ! wat]s & ! ra9 obey$ him1 & ! wea!r dep5d$ on 8 w4 ,! ,mexican k+s at _! accession1 z we h se51 took an oa? t !y w\ld make ! sun to %9e1 ! cl\ds to give ra91 ! riv]s to fl[1 & ! e>? to br+ =? fruits 9 abundance4 ,we are told t ,montezuma1 ! la/ k+ ( ,mexico1 0 wor%ipp$ by 8 p z a god4 ,! e>ly ,babylonian k+s1 f ! "t ( ,s>gon ,i4 till ! f\r? dyna/y ( ,ur or lat]1 claim$ to be gods 9 _! lifetime4 ,! mon>*s ( ! f\r? dyna/y ( ,ur 9 p>ticul> _h temples built 9 _! hon\r2 !y set up _! /atues 9 v>i\s sanctu>ies & comm&$ ! p to sacrifice to !m2 ! eigh? mon? 0 especially d$icat$ to ! k+s1 & sacrifices 7 (f]$ to !m at ! new moon & on ! fifte5? ( ea* mon?4 ,aga91 ! ,p>?ian mon>*s ( ! ,arsacid h\se /yl$ !mselves bro!rs ( ! sun & moon & 7 wor%ipp$ z deities4 ,x 0 e/eem$ sacrilege to /rike ev5 a private memb] ( ! ,arsacid family 9 a brawl4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt 7 deifi$ 9 _! lifetime1 sacrifices 7 (f]$ to !m1 & _! wor%ip 0 celebrat$ 9 special temples & by special prie/s4 ,inde$ ! wor%ip ( ! k+s sometimes ca/ t ( ! gods into ! %ade4 ,?us 9 ! reign ( ,m]5ra a high (ficial decl>$ t he _h built _m holy places 9 ord] t ! spirits ( ! k+1 ! ev]-liv+ ,m]5ra1 might be invok$ m ?an all ! gods4 ,x has nev] be5 d\bt$ t ! k+ claim$ actual div9ity2 he 0 ! 'great god1' !'gold5 ,horus1' & son ( ,ra4 ,he claim$ au?ority n only ov] ,egypt1 b ov]'all l&s & nations1''! :ole _w 9 its l5g? & its bread?1 ! ea/ & ! we/1''! entire compass ( ! great circuit ( ! sun1''! sky & :at is 9 x1 ! e>? & all t is ^u x1''e creature t walks ^u two or ^u f\r legs1 all t fly or flutt]1 ! :ole _w (f]s h] productions to him4' ,:atev] 9 fact might be ass]t$ ( ! ,sun-god1 0 dogmatically pr$icable ( ! k+ ( ,egypt4 ,8 titles 7 directly d]iv$ f ^? ( ! ,sun-god4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exi/5ce1 we are told1 ! k+ ( ,egypt exhau/$ all ! possible conceptions ( div9ity :i* ! ,egyptians _h fram$ = !mselves4 ,a sup]human god by 8 bir? & by 8 royal (fice1 he became ! deifi$ man aft] 8 dea?4 ,?us all t 0 kn[n ( ! div9e 0 summ$ up 9 him4 ,we h n[ complet$ our sket*1 = x is no m ?an a sket*1 ( ! evolution ( t sacr$ k+%ip :i* atta9$ its highe/ =m1 its mo/ absolute expression1 9 ! mon>*ies ( ,p]u & ,egypt4 ,hi/orically1 ! in/itution appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 ! ord] ( public magicians or m$ic9e-m52 logically x re/s on a mi/ak5 d$uction f ! association ( ideas4 ,m5 mi/ook ! ord] ( _! ideas = ! ord] ( nature1 & h5ce imag9$ t ! control :i* !y h1 or seem to h1 ov] _! ?\ghts1 p]mitt$ !m to ex]cise a correspond+ control ov] ?+s4 ,! m5 :o = "o reason or ano!r1 because ( ! /r5g? or ! weakness ( _! natural p>ts1 7 suppos$ to possess ^! magical p[]s 9 ! highe/ degree1 7 gradually m>k$ (f f _! fell[s & became a sep>ate class1 :o 7 de/9$ to ex]cise a mo/ f>-rea*+ influ5ce on ! political1 religi\s1 & intellectual evolution ( mank9d4 ,social progress1 z we "k1 consi/s ma9ly 9 a successive diff]5tiation ( functions1 or1 9 simpl] language1 a division ( lab\r4 ,! "w :i* 9 primitive society is done by all alike & by all equally ill1 or ne>ly s1 is gradually di/ribut$ among diff]5t classes ( work]s & execut$ m & m p]fectly2 & s f> z ! products1 mat]ial or immat]ial1 ( ?is specialis$ lab\r are %>$ by all1 ! :ole community b5efits by ! increas+ specialisation4 ,n[ magicians or m$ic9e-m5 appe> to con/itute ! olde/ artificial or pr(essional class 9 ! evolution ( society4 ,= sorc]]s are f\nd 9 e savage tribe kn[n to u2 & among ! l[e/ savages1 su* z ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 !y are ! only pr(essional class t exi/s4 ,z "t goes on1 & ! process ( diff]5tiation cont9ues1 ! ord] ( m$ic9e-m5 is itself subdivid$ into su* classes z ! heal]s ( disease1 ! mak]s ( ra91 & s =?2 :ile ! mo/ p[]ful memb] ( ! ord] w9s = himself a position z *ief & gradually develops into a sacr$ k+1 8 old magical functions fall+ m & m into ! backgr\nd & be+ ex*ang$ = prie/ly or ev5 div9e duties1 9 proportion z magic is sl[ly ou/$ by religion4 ,/ill lat]1 a p>tition is effect$ betwe5 ! civil & ! religi\s aspect ( ! k+%ip1 ! temporal p[] be+ committ$ to "o man & ! spiritual to ano!r4 ,mean:ile ! magicians1 :o may be repress$ b _c be extirpat$ by ! pr$om9ance ( religion1 /ill addict !mselves to _! old occult arts 9 pref]5ce to ! new] ritual ( sacrifice & pray]2 & 9 "t ! m sagaci\s ( _! numb] p]ceive ! fallacy ( magic & hit ^u a m effectual mode ( manipulat+ ! =ces ( nature = ! good ( man2 9 %ort1 !y ab&on sorc]y = sci5ce4 ,i am f> f affirm+ t ! c\rse ( developm5t has ev]y:]e rigidly foll[$ ^! l9es3 x has d\btless v>i$ greatly 9 diff]5t societies4 ,i m]ely mean to indicate 9 ! broade/ outl9e :at ,i conceive to h be5 its g5]al tr5d4 ,reg>d$ f ! indu/rial po9t ( view ! evolution has be5 f uni=mity to div]sity ( function3 reg>d$ f ! political po9t ( view1 x has be5 f democracy to despotism4 ,) ! lat] hi/ory ( mon>*y1 especially ) ! decay ( despotism & its displacem5t by =ms ( gov]nm5t bett] adapt$ to ! high] ne$s ( humanity1 we are n conc]n$ 9 ?is enquiry3 our !me is ! gr[?1 n ! decay1 ( a great &1 9 its "t1 b5efic5t in/itution4 ,,viii4 ,dep>tm5tal ,k+s ( ,nature ,,! ,,prec$+ inve/igation has prov$ t ! same union ( sacr$ functions ) a royal title :i* meets u 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 ! ,sacrificial ,k+ at ,rome1 & ! magi/rate call$ ! ,k+ at ,a!ns1 occurs frequ5tly outside ! limits ( classical antiquity & is a common feature ( societies at all /ages f b>b>ism to civilisation4 ,fur!r1 x appe>s t ! royal prie/ is (t5 a k+1 n only 9 "n b 9 fact1 sway+ ! sceptre z well z ! crosi]4 ,all ?is confirms ! traditional view ( ! orig9 ( ! titul> & prie/ly k+s 9 ! republics ( anci5t ,greece & ,italy4 ,at lea/ by %[+ t ! comb9ation ( spiritual & temporal p[]1 ( :i* ,graeco-,italian tradition pres]v$ ! memory1 has actually exi/$ 9 _m places1 we h obviat$ any suspicion ( improbability t might h atta*$ to ! tradition4 ,!re=e we may n[ fairly ask1 ,may n ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood h _h an orig9 l t :i* a probable tradition assigns to ! ,sacrificial ,k+ ( ,rome & ! titul> ,k+ ( ,a!ns8 ,9 o!r words1 may n 8 pr$ecessors 9 (fice h be5 a l9e ( k+s :om a republican revolution /ripp$ ( _! political p[]1 leav+ !m only _! religi\s functions & ! %ad[ ( a cr[n8 ,!re are at lea/ two reasons = answ]+ ?is "q 9 ! negative4 ,"o reason is drawn f ! abode ( ! prie/ ( ,nemi2 ! o!r f 8 title1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood4 ,if 8 pr$ecessors _h be5 k+s 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 he w\ld surely h be5 f\nd resid+1 l ! fall5 k+s ( ,rome & ,a!ns1 9 ! city ( :i* ! sceptre _h pass$ f him4 ,?is city mu/ h be5 ,aricia1 = !re 0 none ne>]4 ,b ,aricia 0 ?ree miles (f f 8 =e/ sanctu>y by ! lake %ore4 ,if he reign$1 x 0 n 9 ! city1 b 9 ! gre5wood4 ,aga9 8 title1 ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 h>dly all[s u to suppose t he _h ev] be5 a k+ 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w4 ,m likely he 0 a k+ ( nature1 & ( a special side ( nature1 namely1 ! woods f :i* he took 8 title4 ,if we c\ld f9d in/ances ( :at we may call dep>tm5tal k+s ( nature1 t is ( p]sons suppos$ to rule ov] p>ticul> elem5ts or aspects ( nature1 !y w\ld probably pres5t a clos] analogy to ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood ?an ! div9e k+s we h be5 hi!rto consid]+1 ^: control ( nature is g5]al r ?an special4 ,in/ances ( su* dep>tm5tal k+s are n want+4 ,on a hill at ,bomma ne> ! m\? ( ! ,congo dwells ,namvulu ,vumu1 ,k+ ( ! ,ra9 & ,/orm4 ,( "s ( ! tribes on ! ,upp] ,nile we are told t !y h no k+s 9 ! common s5se2 ! only p]sons :om !y ackn[l$ge z su* are ! ,k+s ( ! ,ra91 ,mata ,kod\1 :o are cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( giv+ ra9 at ! prop] "t1 t is1 ! ra9y season4 ,be=e ! ra9s beg9 to fall at ! end ( ,m>* ! c\ntry is a p>*$ & arid des]t2 & ! cattle1 :i* =m ! p's *ief weal?1 p]i% = lack ( grass4 ,s1 :5 ! end ( ,m>* draws on1 ea* h\sehold] betakes himself to ! ,k+ ( ! ,ra9 & (f]s him a c[ t he may make ! bless$ wat]s ( heav5 to drip on ! br[n & )]$ pa/ures4 ,if no %[] falls1 ! p assemble & dem& t ! k+ %all give !m ra92 & if ! sky /ill cont9ues cl\dless1 !y rip up 8 belly1 9 :i* he is believ$ to keep ! /orms4 ,among/ ! ,b>i tribe "o ( ^! ,ra9 ,k+s made ra9 by spr9kl+ wat] on ! gr\nd out ( a h&bell4 ,among tribes on ! outskirts ( ,abyss9ia a simil> (fice exi/s & has be5 ?us describ$ by an obs]v]3 ,! prie/hood ( ! ,alfai1 z he is call$ by ! ,b>ea & ,kunama1 is a rem>kable "o2 he is believ$ to be able to make ra94 ,?is (fice =m]ly exi/$ among ! ,alg$s & appe>s to be /ill common to ! ,nuba negroes4 ,! ,alfai ( ! ,b>ea1 :o is also consult$ by ! nor!rn ,kunama1 lives ne> ,tembad]e on a m\nta9 alone ) 8 family4 ,! p br+ him tribute 9 ! =m ( clo!s & fruits1 & cultivate = him a l>ge field ( 8 own4 ,he is a k9d ( k+1 & 8 (fice passes by inh]itance to 8 bro!r or si/]'s son4 ,he is suppos$ to conjure d[n ra9 & to drive away ! locu/s4 ,b if he disappo9ts ! p's expectation & a great dr\ght arises 9 ! l&1 ! ,alfai is /on$ to dea?1 & 8 ne>e/ relations are oblig$ to ca/ ! fir/ /one at him4 ,:5 we pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ! (fice ( ,alfai 0 /ill held by an old man2 b ,i he>d t ra9-mak+ _h prov$ too dang]\s = him & t he _h r5\nc$ 8 (fice4 ,9 ! backwoods ( ,cambodia live two my/]i\s sov]eigns kn[n z ! ,k+ ( ! ,fire & ! ,k+ ( ! ,wat]4 ,_! fame is spread all ov] ! s\? ( ! great ,indo-,*9ese p59sula2 b only a fa9t e*o ( x has rea*$ ! ,we/4 ,d[n to a few ye>s ago no ,european1 s f> z is kn[n1 _h ev] se5 ei!r ( !m2 & _! v exi/5ce might h pass$ = a fable1 7 x n t till lately communications 7 regul>ly ma9ta9$ betwe5 !m & ! ,k+ ( ,cambodia1 :o ye> by ye> ex*ang$ pres5ts ) !m4 ,_! royal functions are ( a purely my/ic or spiritual ord]2 !y h no political au?ority2 !y are simple peasants1 liv+ by ! sweat ( _! br[ & ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt !y live 9 absolute solitude1 nev] meet+ ea* o!r & nev] see+ a human face4 ,!y inhabit successively sev5 t[]s p]*$ ^u sev5 m\nta9s1 & e ye> !y pass f "o t[] to ano!r4 ,p come furtively & ca/ )9 _! rea* :at is ne$ful = _! subsi/5ce4 ,! k+%ip la/s sev5 ye>s1 ! "t necess>y to inhabit all ! t[]s successively2 b _m die be=e _! "t is out4 ,! (fices are h]$it>y 9 "o or 7accord+ to o!rs7 two royal families1 :o enjoy high consid]ation1 h rev5ues assign$ to !m1 & are exempt f ! necessity ( till+ ! gr\nd4 ,b naturally ! dignity is n covet$1 & :5 a vacancy occurs1 all eligible m5 7!y mu/ be /rong & h *ildr57 flee & hide !mselves4 ,ano!r acc\nt1 admitt+ ! reluctance ( ! h]$it>y c&idates to accept ! cr[n1 does n c\nt5ance ! report ( _! h]mit-l seclusion 9 ! sev5 t[]s4 ,= x repres5ts ! p z pro/rat+ !mselves be=e ! my/ic k+s :5ev] !y appe> 9 public1 x be+ ?\ght t a t]rible hurricane w\ld bur/ ov] ! c\ntry if ?is m>k ( homage 7 omitt$4 ,l _m o!r sacr$ k+s1 ( :om we %all read 9 ! sequel1 ! ,k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] are n all[$ to die a natural dea?1 = t w\ld l[] _! reputation4 ,accord+ly :5 "o ( !m is s]i\sly ill1 ! eld]s hold a consultation & if !y ?9k he _c recov] !y /ab him to dea?4 ,8 body is burn$ & ! a%es are pi\sly collect$ & publicly hon\r$ = five ye>s4 ,"p ( !m is giv5 to ! wid[1 & %e keeps !m 9 an urn1 :i* %e mu/ c>ry on h] back :5 %e goes to weep on h] husb&'s grave4 ,we are told t ! ,fire ,k+1 ! m important ( ! two1 ^: sup]natural p[]s h nev] be5 que/ion$1 (ficiates at m>riages1 fe/ivals1 & sacrifices 9 hon\r ( ! ,yan or _s4 ,on ^! occasions a special place is set ap>t = him2 & ! pa? by :i* he approa*es is spread ) :ite cotton clo?s4 ,a reason = conf9+ ! royal dignity to ! same family is t ?is family is 9 possession ( c]ta9 fam\s talismans :i* w\ld lose _! virtue or disappe> if !y pass$ out ( ! family4 ,^! talismans are ?ree3 ! fruit ( a creep] call$ ,cui1 ga!r$ ages ago at ! "t ( ! la/ deluge1 b /ill fre% & gre52 a rattan1 also v old b be>+ fl[]s t nev] fade2 & la/ly1 a sword conta9+ a ,yan or _s1 :o gu>ds x con/antly & works miracles ) x4 ,! _s is said to be t ( a slave1 ^: blood *anc$ to fall ^u ! blade :ile x 0 be+ =g$1 & :o di$ a volunt>y dea? to expiate 8 involunt>y (f5ce4 ,by means ( ! two =m] talismans ! ,wat] ,k+ c raise a flood t w\ld dr[n ! :ole e>?4 ,if ! ,fire ,k+ draws ! magic sword a few in*es f its %ea?1 ! sun is hidd5 & m5 & bea/s fall into a pr(\nd sleep2 7 he to draw x q out ( ! scabb>d1 ! _w w\ld come to an end4 ,to ?is wondr\s br& sacrifices ( buffaloes1 pigs1 f[ls1 & ducks are (f]$ = ra94 ,x is kept swa!d 9 cotton & silk2 & among/ ! annual pres5ts s5t by ! ,k+ ( ,cambodia 7 ri* /uffs to wrap ! sacr$ sword4 ,contr>y to ! common usage ( ! c\ntry1 :i* is to bury ! dead1 ! bodies ( bo? ^! my/ic mon>*s are burnt1 b _! nails & "s ( _! tee? & bones are religi\sly pres]v$ z amulets4 ,x is :ile ! corpse is be+ consum$ on ! pyre t ! k9sm5 ( ! deceas$ magician flee to ! =e/ & hide !mselves1 = fe> ( be+ elevat$ to ! invidi\s dignity :i* he has j vacat$4 ,! p g & se>* = !m1 & ! fir/ ^: lurk+ place !y discov] is made ,k+ ( ,fire or ,wat]4 ,^!1 !n1 are examples ( :at ,i h call$ dep>tm5tal k+s ( nature4 ,b x is a f> cry to ,italy f ! =e/s ( ,cambodia & ! s\rces ( ! ,nile4 ,& ?\gh ,k+s ( ,ra91 ,wat]1 & ,fire h be5 f\nd1 we h /ill to discov] a ,k+ ( ! ,wood to mat* ! ,arician prie/ :o bore t title4 ,p]haps we %all f9d him ne>] home4 ,,ix4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,trees #a4 ,tree-spirits ,,9 ,,! ,,religi\s hi/ory ( ! ,aryan race 9 ,europe ! wor%ip ( trees has play$ an important "p4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural4 ,= at ! dawn ( hi/ory ,europe 0 cov]$ ) imm5se primaeval =e/s1 9 :i* ! scatt]$ cle>+s mu/ h appe>$ l islets 9 an ocean ( gre54 ,d[n to ! fir/ c5tury be=e our era ! ,h]cynian =e/ /ret*$ ea/w>d f ! ,rh9e = a di/ance at once va/ & unkn[n2 ,g]mans :om ,caes> que/ion$ _h travell$ = two mon?s ?r\gh x )\t rea*+ ! end4 ,f\r c5turies lat] x 0 visit$ by ! ,emp]or ,julian1 & ! solitude1 ! gloom1 ! sil5ce ( ! =e/ appe> to h made a deep impression on 8 s5sitive nature4 ,he decl>$ t he knew no?+ l x 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! wealds ( ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex are remnants ( ! great =e/ ( ,&]ida1 :i* once clo!d ! :ole ( ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( ! isl&4 ,we/w>d x seems to h /ret*$ till x jo9$ ano!r =e/ t ext5d$ f ,hamp%ire to ,devon4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! citiz5s ( ,london /ill hunt$ ! wild bull & ! bo> 9 ! woods ( ,hamp/ead4 ,ev5 "u ! lat] ,plantag5ets ! royal =e/s 7 sixty-eight 9 numb]4 ,9 ! =e/ ( ,ard5 x 0 said t d[n to mod]n times a squirrel might leap f tree to tree = ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ,w>wick%ire4 ,! excavation ( anci5t pile-villages 9 ! valley ( ! ,po has %[n t long be=e ! rise & probably ! f\ndation ( ,rome ! nor? ( ,italy 0 cov]$ ) d5se woods ( elms1 *e/nuts1 & especially ( oaks4 ,ar*aeology is "h confirm$ by hi/ory2 = classical writ]s conta9 _m ref]5ces to ,italian =e/s :i* h n[ disappe>$4 ,z late z ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ,rome 0 divid$ f c5tral ,etruria by ! dread$ ,cim9ian =e/1 :i* ,livy comp>es to ! woods ( ,g]many4 ,no m]*ant1 if we may tru/ ! ,roman hi/orian1 _h ev] p5etrat$ its pa?less solitudes2 & x 0 deem$ a mo/ d>+ feat :5 a ,roman g5]al1 aft] s5d+ two sc\ts to explore its intricacies1 l$ 8 army into ! =e/ &1 mak+ 8 way to a ridge ( ! wood$ m\nta9s1 look$ d[n on ! ri* ,etrurian fields spread out bel[4 ,9 ,greece beautiful woods ( p9e1 oak1 & o!r trees /ill l+] on ! slopes ( ! high ,arcadian m\nta9s1 /ill adorn ) _! v]dure ! deep gorge ?r\gh :i* ! ,ladon hurries to jo9 ! sacr$ ,alpheus1 & 7 /ill1 d[n to a few ye>s ago1 mirror$ 9 ! d>k blue wat]s ( ! lonely lake ( ,ph5eus2 b !y are m]e fragm5ts ( ! =e/s :i* clo!d great tracts 9 antiquity1 & :i* at a m remote epo* may h spann$ ! ,greek p59sula f sea to sea4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! ,teutonic words = temple ,grimm has made x probable t among/ ! ,g]mans ! olde/ sanctu>ies 7 natural woods4 ,h[ev] t may be1 tree-wor%ip is well atte/$ = all ! great ,european families ( ! ,aryan /ock4 ,among/ ! ,celts ! oak-wor%ip ( ! ,druids is famili> to e "o1 & _! old ^w = sanctu>y seems to be id5tical 9 orig9 & mean+ ) ! ,lat9 nemus1 a grove or woodl& glade1 :i* /ill survives 9 ! "n ( ,nemi4 ,sacr$ groves 7 common among ! anci5t ,g]mans1 & tree-wor%ip is h>dly ext9ct among/ _! desc5dants at ! pres5t day4 ,h[ s]i\s t wor%ip 0 9 =m] times may be ga!r$ f ! f]oci\s p5alty appo9t$ by ! old ,g]man laws = su* z d>$ to peel ! b>k ( a /&+ tree4 ,! culprit's navel 0 to be cut out & nail$ to ! "p ( ! tree :i* he _h peel$1 & he 0 to be driv5 r\nd & r\nd ! tree till all 8 guts 7 w\nd ab\t its trunk4 ,! int5tion ( ! puni%m5t cle>ly 0 to replace ! dead b>k by a liv+ sub/itute tak5 f ! culprit2 x 0 a life = a life1 ! life ( a man = ! life ( a tree4 ,at ,upsala1 ! old religi\s capital ( ,sw$51 !re 0 a sacr$ grove 9 :i* e tree 0 reg>d$ z div9e4 ,! hea!n ,slavs wor%ipp$ trees & groves4 ,! ,li?uanians 7 n conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity till t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & among/ !m at ! date ( _! conv]sion ! wor%ip ( trees 0 prom95t4 ,"s ( !m rev]$ rem>kable oaks & o!r great %ady trees1 f :i* !y receiv$ oracul> responses4 ,"s ma9ta9$ holy groves ab\t _! villages or h\ses1 :]e ev5 to break a twig w\ld h be5 a s94 ,!y ?\ght t he :o cut a b\gh 9 su* a grove ei!r di$ sudd5ly or 0 crippl$ 9 "o ( 8 limbs4 ,pro(s ( ! preval5ce ( tree-wor%ip 9 anci5t ,greece & ,italy are abundant4 ,9 ! sanctu>y ( ,aesculapius at ,cos1 = example1 x 0 =bidd5 to cut d[n ! cypress-trees "u a p5alty ( a ?\s& dra*ms4 ,b n[h]e1 p]haps1 9 ! anci5t _w 0 ?is antique =m ( religion bett] pres]v$ ?an 9 ! he>t ( ! great metropolis itself4 ,9 ! ,=um1 ! busy c5tre ( ,roman life1 ! sacr$ fig-tree ( ,romulus 0 wor%ipp$ d[n to ! days ( ! empire1 & ! )]+ ( its trunk 0 en\gh to spread con/]nation ?r\gh ! city4 ,aga91 on ! slope ( ! ,palat9e ,hill grew a cornel-tree :i* 0 e/eem$ "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ objects 9 ,rome4 ,:5ev] ! tree appe>$ to a pass]-by to be droop+1 he set up a hue & cry :i* 0 e*o$ by ! p 9 ! /reet1 & soon a cr[d might be se5 runn+ helt]-skelt] f all sides ) buckets ( wat]1 z if 7says ,plut>*7 !y 7 ha/5+ to put out a fire4 ,among ! tribes ( ! ,f9ni%-,ugrian /ock 9 ,europe ! hea!n wor%ip 0 p]=m$ = ! mo/ "p 9 sacr$ groves1 :i* 7 always enclos$ ) a f5ce4 ,su* a grove (t5 consi/$ m]ely ( a glade or cle>+ ) a few trees dott$ ab\t1 ^u :i* 9 =m] times ! sk9s ( ! sacrificial victims 7 hung4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ! grove1 at lea/ among ! tribes ( ! ,volga1 0 ! sacr$ tree1 beside :i* ev]y?+ else sank into insignificance4 ,be=e x ! wor%ipp]s assembl$ & ! prie/ (f]$ 8 pray]s1 at its roots ! victim 0 sacrific$1 & its b\ghs sometimes s]v$ z a pulpit4 ,no wood might be hewn & no bran* brok5 9 ! grove1 & wom5 7 g5]ally =bidd5 to ent] x4 ,b x is necess>y to exam9e 9 "s detail ! notions on :i* ! wor%ip ( trees & plants is bas$4 ,to ! savage ! _w 9 g5]al is animate1 & trees & plants are no exception to ! rule4 ,he ?9ks t !y h s\ls l 8 own1 & he treats !m accord+ly4 ,!y say1 writes ! anci5t veget>ian ,porphyry1 t primitive m5 l$ an unhappy life1 = _! sup]/ition did n /op at animals b ext5d$ ev5 to plants4 ,= :y %\ld ! slaught] ( an ox or a %eep be a great] wrong ?an ! fell+ ( a fir or an oak1 see+ t a s\l is implant$ 9 ^! trees also8 ,simil>ly1 ! ,hidatsa ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica believe t e natural object has its _s1 or to speak m prop]ly1 its %ade4 ,to ^! %ades "s consid]ation or respect is due1 b n equally to all4 ,= example1 ! %ade ( ! cottonwood1 ! greate/ tree 9 ! valley ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri1 is suppos$ to possess an intellig5ce :i*1 if prop]ly approa*$1 may help ! ,indians 9 c]ta9 und]tak+s2 b ! %ades ( %rubs & grasses are ( little acc\nt4 ,:5 ! ,miss\ri1 swoll5 by a fre%et 9 spr+1 c>ries away "p ( its banks & sweeps "s tall tree into its curr5t1 x is said t ! _s ( ! tree cries1 :ile ! roots /ill cl+ to ! l& & until ! trunk falls ) a spla% into ! /ream4 ,=m]ly ! ,indians consid]$ x wrong to fell "o ( ^! giants1 & :5 l>ge logs 7 ne$$ !y made use only ( trees :i* _h fall5 ( !mselves4 ,till lately "s ( ! m cr$ul\s old m5 decl>$ t _m ( ! mis=tunes ( _! p 7 caus$ by ?is mod]n disreg>d = ! rights ( ! liv+ cottonwood4 ,! ,iroquois believ$ t ea* species ( tree1 %rub1 plant1 & h]b _h its own _s1 & to ^! spirits x 0 _! cu/om to return ?anks4 ,! ,wanika ( ,ea/]n ,africa fancy t e tree1 & especially e coco-nut tree1 has its _s2 ! de/ruction ( a cocoa-nut tree is reg>d$ z equival5t to matricide1 because t tree gives !m life & n\ri%m5t1 z a "m does h] *ild4 ,siamese monks1 believ+ t !re are s\ls ev]y:]e1 & t to de/roy any?+ :atev] is =cibly to dispossess a s\l1 w n break a bran* ( a tree1 z !y w n break ! arm ( an innoc5t p]son4 ,^! monks1 ( c\rse1 are ,buddhi/s4 ,b ,buddhi/ animism is n a philosophical !ory4 ,x is simply a common savage dogma incorporat$ 9 ! sy/em ( an hi/orical religion4 ,to suppose1 ) ,b5fey & o!rs1 t ! !ories ( animism & transmigration curr5t among rude peoples ( ,asia are d]iv$ f ,buddhism1 is to rev]se ! facts4 ,sometimes x is only p>ticul> sorts ( trees t are suppos$ to be t5ant$ by spirits4 ,at ,grbalj 9 ,dalmatia x is said t among great bee*es1 oaks1 & o!r trees !re are "s t are end[$ ) %ades or s\ls1 & :oev] fells "o ( !m mu/ die on ! spot1 or at lea/ live an invalid = ! re/ ( 8 days4 ,if a woodman fe>s t a tree :i* he has fell$ is "o ( ?is sort1 he mu/ cut (f ! head ( a live h5 on ! /ump ( ! tree ) ! v same axe ) :i* he cut d[n ! tree4 ,?is w protect him f all h>m1 ev5 if ! tree be "o ( ! animat$ k9d4 ,! silk-cotton trees1 :i* re> _! enorm\s trunks to a /up5d\s height1 f> out-topp+ all ! o!r trees ( ! =e/1 are reg>d$ ) rev]5ce ?r\gh\t ,we/ ,africa1 f ! ,s5egal to ! ,nig]1 & are believ$ to be ! abode ( a god or _s4 ,among ! ,ewespeak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ! indwell+ god ( ?is giant ( ! =e/ goes by ! "n ( ,hunt94 ,trees 9 :i* he specially dwells--= x is n e silk-cotton tree t he ?us hon\rs--are surr\nd$ by a girdle ( palm-leaves2 & sacrifices ( f[ls1 & occasionally ( human be+s1 are fa/5$ to ! trunk or laid aga9/ ! foot ( ! tree4 ,a tree di/+ui%$ by a girdle ( palm-leaves may n be cut d[n or injur$ 9 any way2 & ev5 silk-cotton trees :i* are n suppos$ to be animat$ by ,hunt9 may n be fell$ unless ! woodman fir/ (f]s a sacrifice ( f[ls & palm-oil to purge himself ( ! propos$ sacrilege4 ,to omit ! sacrifice is an (f5ce :i* may be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,among ! ,kangra m\nta9s ( ! ,punjaub a girl us$ to be annually sacrific$ to an old c$>-tree1 ! families ( ! village tak+ x 9 turn to supply ! victim4 ,! tree 0 cut d[n n v _m ye>s ago4 ,if trees are animate1 !y are necess>ily s5sitive & ! cutt+ ( !m d[n becomes a delicate surgical op]ation1 :i* mu/ be p]=m$ ) z t5d] a reg>d z possible = ! feel+s ( ! suff]]s1 :o o!rwise may turn & r5d ! c>eless or bungl+ op]ator4 ,:5 an oak is be+ fell$ x gives a k9d ( %riekes or groanes1 t may be he>d a mile (f1 z if x 7 ! g5ius ( ! oake lam5t+4 ,e4 ,wyld1 ,esq41 ha? he>d x sev]all times4 ,! ,ojebways v seldom cut d[n gre5 or liv+ trees1 f ! idea t x puts !m to pa91 & "s ( _! m$ic9e-m5 pr(ess to h he>d ! wail+ ( ! trees "u ! axe4 ,trees t ble$ & utt] cries ( pa9 or indignation :5 !y are hack$ or burn$ occur v (t5 9 ,*9ese books1 ev5 9 ,/&>d ,hi/ories4 ,old peasants 9 "s p>ts ( ,au/ria /ill believe t =e/-trees are animate1 & w n all[ an incision to be made 9 ! b>k )\t special cause2 !y h he>d f _! fa!rs t ! tree feels ! cut n less ?an a w\nd$ man 8 hurt4 ,9 fell+ a tree !y beg its p>don4 ,x is said t 9 ! ,upp] ,palat9ate also old woodm5 /ill secretly ask a f9e1 s\nd tree to =give !m be=e !y cut x d[n4 ,s 9 ,j>k9o ! woodman craves p>don ( ! tree he fells4 ,be=e ! ,ilocanes ( ,luzon cut d[n trees 9 ! virg9 =e/ or on ! m\nta9s1 !y recite "s v]ses to ! foll[+ effect3 ,be n uneasy1 my fri5d1 ?\gh we fell :at we h be5 ord]$ to fell4 ,?is !y d 9 ord] n to draw d[n on !mselves ! hatr$ ( ! spirits :o live 9 ! trees1 & :o are apt to av5ge !mselves by visit+ ) griev\s sickness su* z injure !m wantonly4 ,! ,basoga ( ,c5tral ,africa ?9k t1 :5 a tree is cut d[n1 ! angry _s :i* inhabits x may cause ! dea? ( ! *ief & 8 family4 ,to prev5t ?is disa/] !y consult a m$ic9e-man be=e !y fell a tree4 ,if ! man ( skill gives leave to proce$1 ! woodman fir/ (f]s a f[l & a goat to ! tree2 !n z soon z he has giv5 ! fir/ bl[ ) ! axe1 he applies 8 m\? to ! cut & sucks "s ( ! sap4 ,9 ?is way he =ms a bro!rhood ) ! tree1 j z two m5 become blood-bro!rs by suck+ ea* o!r's blood4 ,aft] t he c cut d[n 8 tree-bro!r ) impunity4 ,b ! spirits ( vegetation are n always treat$ ) def]5ce & respect4 ,if fair words & k9d treatm5t d n move !m1 /rong] measures are sometimes resort$ to4 ,! durian-tree ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ^: smoo? /em (t5 %oots up to a height ( eighty or n9ety feet )\t s5d+ out a bran*1 be>s a fruit ( ! mo/ delici\s flav\r & ! mo/ disgu/+ /5*4 ,! ,malays cultivate ! tree = ! sake ( its fruit1 & h be5 kn[n to resort to a peculi> c]emony = ! purpose ( /imulat+ its f]tility4 ,ne> ,jugra 9 ,selangor !re is a small grove ( durian-trees1 & on a specially *os5 day ! villag]s us$ to assemble 9 x4 ,!reupon "o ( ! local sorc]]s w\ld take a hat*et & deliv] sev]al %rewd bl[s on ! trunk ( ! mo/ b>r5 ( ! trees1 say+1 ,w y n[ be> fruit or n8 ,if y d n1 ,i %all fell y4 ,to ?is ! tree repli$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ano!r man :o _h climb$ a mango/9-tree h>d by 7! durian-tree be+ unclimbable71 ,yes1 ,i w n[ be> fruit2 ,i beg ( y n to fell me4 ,s 9 ,japan to make trees be> fruit two m5 g into an or*>d4 ,"o ( !m climbs up a tree & ! o!r /&s at ! foot ) an axe4 ,! man ) ! axe asks ! tree :e!r x w yield a good crop next ye> & ?reat5s to cut x d[n if x does n4 ,to ?is ! man among ! bran*es replies on behalf ( ! tree t x w be> abundantly4 ,odd z ?is mode ( horticulture may seem to u1 x has its exact p>allels 9 ,europe4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve _m a ,s\? ,slavonian & ,bulg>ian peasant sw+s an axe ?reat5+ly aga9/ a b>r5 fruit-tree1 :ile ano!r man /&+ by int]c$es = ! m5ac$ tree1 say+1 ,d n cut x d[n2 x w soon be> fruit4 ,?rice ! axe is swung1 & ?rice ! imp5d+ bl[ is arre/$ at ! entreaty ( ! int]cessor4 ,aft] t ! fright5$ tree w c]ta9ly be> fruit next ye>4 ,! conception ( trees & plants z animat$ be+s naturally results 9 treat+ !m z male & female1 :o c be m>ri$ to ea* o!r 9 a real1 & n m]ely a figurative or poetical1 s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! notion is n purely fanciful1 = plants l animals h _! sexes & reproduce _! k9d by ! union ( ! male & female elem5ts4 ,b :]eas 9 all ! high] animals ! organs ( ! two sexes are regul>ly sep>at$ betwe5 diff]5t individuals1 9 mo/ plants !y exi/ toge!r 9 e individual ( ! species4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is by no means univ]sal1 & 9 _m species ! male plant is di/9ct f ! female4 ,! di/9ction appe>s to h be5 obs]v$ by "s savages1 = we are told t ! ,maoris are acqua9t$ ) ! sex ( trees1 etc41 & h di/9ct names = ! male & female ( "s trees4 ,! anci5ts knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! male & ! female date-palm1 & f]tilis$ !m artificially by %ak+ ! poll5 ( ! male tree ov] ! fl[]s ( ! female4 ,! f]tilisation took place 9 spr+4 ,among ! hea!n ( ,h>ran ! mon? dur+ :i* ! palms 7 f]tilis$ bore ! "n ( ! ,date ,mon?1 & at ?is "t !y celebrat$ ! m>riage fe/ival ( all ! gods & goddesses4 ,diff]5t f ?is true & fruitful m>riage ( ! palm are ! false & b>r5 m>riages ( plants :i* play a "p 9 ,h9doo sup]/ition4 ,= example1 if a ,h9doo has plant$ a grove ( mangos1 nei!r he nor 8 wife may ta/e ( ! fruit until he has =mally m>ri$ "o ( ! trees1 z a bridegroom1 to a tree ( a diff]5t sort1 commonly a tam>9d-tree1 :i* gr[s ne> x 9 ! grove4 ,if !re is no tam>9d to act z bride1 a jasm9e w s]ve ! turn4 ,! exp5ses ( su* a m>riage are (t5 consid]able1 = ! m ,brahmans are fea/$ at x1 ! great] ! glory ( ! own] ( ! grove4 ,a family has be5 kn[n to sell its gold5 & silv] tr9kets1 & to borr[ all ! money !y c\ld 9 ord] to m>ry a mango-tree to a jasm9e ) due pomp & c]emony4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve ,g]man peasants us$ to tie fruit-trees toge!r ) /raw ropes to make !m be> fruit1 say+ t ! trees 7 ?us m>ri$4 ,9 ! ,moluccas1 :5 ! clove-trees are 9 blossom1 !y are treat$ l pregnant wom54 ,no noise may be made ne> !m2 no light or fire may be c>ri$ pa/ !m at night2 no "o may approa* !m ) 8 hat on1 all mu/ uncov] 9 _! pres5ce4 ,^! precautions are obs]v$ le/ ! tree %\ld be al>m$ & be> no fruit1 or %\ld drop its fruit too soon1 l ! untimely deliv]y ( a woman :o has be5 fright5$ 9 h] pregnancy4 ,s 9 ! ,ea/ ! gr[+ rice-crop is (t5 treat$ ) ! same consid]ate reg>d z a bre$+ woman4 ,?us 9 ,amboyna1 :5 ! rice is 9 bloom1 ! p say t x is pregnant & fire no guns & make no o!r noises ne> ! field1 = fe> le/1 if ! rice 7 ?us di/urb$1 x w\ld misc>ry1 & ! crop w\ld be all /raw & no gra94 ,sometimes x is ! s\ls ( ! dead :i* are believ$ to animate trees4 ,! ,di]i tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia reg>d z v sacr$ c]ta9 trees :i* are suppos$ to be _! fa!rs trans=m$2 h5ce !y speak ) rev]5ce ( ^! trees1 & are c>eful t !y %all n be cut d[n or burn$4 ,if ! settl]s require !m to hew d[n ! trees1 !y e>ne/ly prote/ aga9/ x1 ass]t+ t 7 !y to d s !y w\ld h no luck1 & might be puni%$ = n protect+ _! ance/ors4 ,"s ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s believe t ! s\ls ( _! ance/ors are 9 c]ta9 trees1 :i* !y !re=e sp>e4 ,if !y are oblig$ to fell "o ( ^! trees1 !y excuse !mselves to x by say+ t x 0 ! prie/ :o made !m d x4 ,! spirits take up _! abode1 by pref]5ce1 9 tall & /ately trees ) great spread+ bran*es4 ,:5 ! w9d ru/les ! leaves1 ! natives fancy x is ! voice ( ! _s2 & !y nev] pass ne> "o ( ^! trees )\t b[+ respectfully1 & ask+ p>don ( ! _s = di/urb+ 8 repose4 ,among ! ,ignorrotes1 e village has its sacr$ tree1 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead =efa!rs ( ! hamlet reside4 ,(f]+s are made to ! tree1 & any injury done to x is believ$ to entail "s mis=tune on ! village4 ,7 ! tree cut d[n1 ! village & all its inhabitants w\ld inevitably p]i%4 ,9 ,corea ! s\ls ( p :o die ( ! plague or by ! roadside1 & ( wom5 :o expire 9 *ildbir?1 inv>iably take up _! abode 9 trees4 ,to su* spirits (f]+s ( cake1 w9e1 & pork are made on heaps ( /ones pil$ "u ! trees4 ,9 ,*9a x has be5 cu/om>y f "t immemorial to plant trees on graves 9 ord] !reby to /r5g!n ! s\l ( ! deceas$ & ?us to save 8 body f corruption2 & z ! ev]gre5 cypress & p9e are deem$ to be full] ( vitality ?an o!r trees1 !y h be5 *os5 by pref]5ce = ?is purpose4 ,h5ce ! trees t gr[ on graves are sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,among ! ,miao-,kia1 an aborig9al race ( ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,*9a1 a sacr$ tree /&s at ! entrance ( e village1 & ! inhabitants believe t x is t5ant$ by ! s\l ( _! fir/ ance/or & t x rules _! de/9y4 ,sometimes !re is a sacr$ grove ne> a village1 :]e ! trees are suff]$ to rot & die on ! spot4 ,_! fall5 bran*es cumb] ! gr\nd1 & no "o may remove !m unless he has fir/ ask$ leave ( ! _s ( ! tree & (f]$ him a sacrifice4 ,among ! ,m>aves ( ,s\!rn ,africa ! burial-gr\nd is always reg>d$ z a holy place :]e nei!r a tree may be fell$ nor a bea/ kill$1 because ev]y?+ !re is suppos$ to be t5ant$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,9 mo/1 if n all1 ( ^! cases ! _s is view$ z incorporate 9 ! tree2 x animates ! tree & mu/ suff] & die ) x4 ,b1 accord+ to ano!r & probably lat] op9ion1 ! tree is n ! body1 b m]ely ! abode ( ! tree-_s1 :i* c quit x & return to x at pleasure4 ,! inhabitants ( ,siaoo1 an ,ea/ ,indian isl&1 believe 9 c]ta9 sylvan spirits :o dwell 9 =e/s or 9 great solit>y trees4 ,at full moon ! _s comes =? f 8 lurk+-place & roams ab\t4 ,he has a big head1 v long arms & legs1 & a pond]\s body4 ,9 ord] to propitiate ! wood-spirits p br+ (f]+s ( food1 f[ls1 goats1 & s =? to ! places :i* !y are suppos$ to haunt4 ,! p ( ,nias ?9k t1 :5 a tree dies1 its lib]at$ _s becomes a demon1 :i* c kill a coco-nut palm by m]ely light+ on its bran*es1 & c cause ! dea? ( all ! *ildr5 9 a h\se by p]*+ on "o ( ! po/s t support x4 ,fur!r1 !y are ( op9ion t c]ta9 trees are at all times inhabit$ by rov+ demons :o1 if ! trees 7 damag$1 w\ld be set free to g ab\t on err&s ( mis*ief4 ,h5ce ! p respect ^! trees1 & are c>eful n to cut !m d[n4 ,n a few c]emonies obs]v$ at cutt+ d[n haunt$ trees are bas$ on ! belief t ! spirits h x 9 _! p[] to quit ! trees at pleasure or 9 case ( ne$4 ,?us :5 ! ,pelew ,isl&]s are fell+ a tree1 !y conjure ! _s ( ! tree to leave x & settle on ano!r4 ,! wily negro ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 :o wi%es to fell an a%or9 tree1 b kn[s t he _c d x s long z ! _s rema9s 9 ! tree1 places a little palm-oil on ! gr\nd z a bait1 & !n1 :5 ! unsuspect+ _s has quitt$ ! tree to p>take ( ?is da9ty1 ha/5s to cut d[n its late abode4 ,:5 ! ,toboongkoos ( ,celebes are ab\t to cle> a piece ( =e/ 9 ord] to plant rice1 !y build a t9y h\se & furni% x ) t9y clo!s & "s food & gold4 ,!n !y call toge!r all ! spirits ( ! wood1 (f] !m ! little h\se ) its cont5ts1 & besee* !m to quit ! spot4 ,aft] t !y may safely cut d[n ! wood )\t fe>+ to w\nd !mselves 9 s do+4 ,be=e ! ,tomori1 ano!r tribe ( ,celebes1 fell a tall tree !y lay a quid ( betel at its foot1 & invite ! _s :o dwells 9 ! tree to *ange 8 lodg+2 moreov]1 !y set a little ladd] aga9/ ! trunk to enable him to desc5d ) safety & com=t4 ,! ,m&el+s ( ,sumatra endeav\r to lay ! blame ( all su* misde$s at ! door ( ! ,dut* au?orities4 ,?us :5 a man is cutt+ a road ?r\gh a =e/ & has to fell a tall tree :i* blocks ! way1 he w n beg9 to ply 8 axe until he has said3 ,_s :o lodge/ 9 ?is tree1 take x n ill t ,i cut d[n ?y dwell+1 = x is done at no wi% ( m9e b by ord] ( ! ,controll]4 ,& :5 he wi%es to cle> a piece ( =e/-l& = cultivation1 x is necess>y t he %\ld come to a satisfactory und]/&+ ) ! woodl& spirits :o live !re be=e he lays l[ _! leafy dwell+s4 ,= ?is purpose he goes to ! middle ( ! plot ( gr\nd1 /oops d[n1 & pret5ds to pick up a lett]4 ,!n unfold+ a bit ( pap] he reads al\d an imag9>y lett] f ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 9 :i* he is /rictly enjo9$ to set ab\t cle>+ ! l& )\t delay4 ,hav+ done s1 he says3 ,y he> t1 spirits4 ,i mu/ beg9 cle>+ at once1 or ,i %all be hang$4 ,ev5 :5 a tree has be5 fell$1 sawn into planks1 & us$ to build a h\se1 x is possible t ! woodl& _s may /ill be lurk+ 9 ! timb]1 & accord+ly "s p seek to propitiate him be=e or aft] !y occupy ! new h\se4 ,h5ce1 :5 a new dwell+ is ready ! ,toradjas ( ,celebes kill a goat1 a pig1 or a buffalo1 & sme> all ! woodwork ) its blood4 ,if ! build+ is a lobo or _s-h\se1 a f[l or a dog is kill$ on ! ridge ( ! ro(1 & its blood all[$ to fl[ d[n on bo? sides4 ,! rud] ,tonapoo 9 su* a case sacrifice a human be+ on ! ro(4 ,?is sacrifice on ! ro( ( a lobo or temple s]ves ! same purpose z ! sme>+ ( blood on ! woodwork ( an ord9>y h\se4 ,! int5tion is to propitiate ! =e/-spirits :o may /ill be 9 ! timb]2 !y are ?us put 9 good hum\r & w d ! inmates ( ! h\se no h>m4 ,= a l reason p 9 ,celebes & ! ,moluccas are mu* afraid ( plant+ a po/ upside d[n at ! build+ ( a h\se2 = ! =e/-_s1 :o might /ill be 9 ! timb]1 w\ld v naturally res5t ! indignity & visit ! inmates ) sickness4 ,! ,kayans ( ,borneo are ( op9ion t tree-spirits /& v /iffly on ! po9t ( hon\r & visit m5 ) _! displeasure = any injury done to !m4 ,h5ce aft] build+ a h\se1 :]eby !y h be5 =c$ to ill-treat _m trees1 ^! p obs]ve a p]iod ( p5ance = a ye> dur+ :i* !y mu/ ab/a9 f _m ?+s1 su* z ! kill+ ( be>s1 tig]-cats1 & s]p5ts4 #b4 ,b5efic5t ,p[]s ( ,tree-,spirits ,,:5 a tree comes to be view$1 no long] z ! body ( ! tree-_s1 b simply z its abode :i* x c quit at pleasure1 an important advance has be5 made 9 religi\s ?\ght4 ,animism is pass+ into poly!ism4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( reg>d+ ea* tree z a liv+ & consci\s be+1 man n[ sees 9 x m]ely a lifeless1 in]t mass1 t5ant$ = a long] or %ort] "t by a sup]natural be+ :o1 z he c pass freely f tree to tree1 !reby enjoys a c]ta9 "r ( possession or lord%ip ov] ! trees1 &1 ceas+ to be a tree-s\l1 becomes a =e/ god4 ,z soon z ! tree-_s is ?us 9 a measure dis5gag$ f ea* p>ticul> tree1 he beg9s to *ange 8 %ape & assume ! body ( a man1 9 virtue ( a g5]al t5d5cy ( e>ly ?\ght to clo! all ab/ract spiritual be+s 9 concrete human =m4 ,h5ce 9 classical art ! sylvan deities are depict$ 9 human %ape1 _! woodl& "* be+ d5ot$ by a bran* or "s equally obvi\s symbol4 ,b ?is *ange ( %ape does n affect ! ess5tial "* ( ! tree-_s4 ,! p[]s :i* he ex]cis$ z a tree-s\l incorporate 9 a tree1 he /ill cont9ues to wield z a god ( trees4 ,?is ,i %all n[ attempt to prove 9 detail4 ,i %all %[1 fir/1 t trees consid]$ z animate be+s are cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( mak+ ! ra9 to fall1 ! sun to %9e1 flocks & h]ds to multiply1 & wom5 to br+ =? easily2 &1 second1 t ! v same p[]s are attribut$ to tree-gods conceiv$ z an?ropomorphic be+s or z actually inc>nate 9 liv+ m54 ,fir/1 !n1 trees or tree-spirits are believ$ to give ra9 & sun%9e4 ,:5 ! mission>y ,j]ome ( ,prague 0 p]suad+ ! hea!n ,li?uanians to fell _! sacr$ groves1 a multitude ( wom5 bes\ght ! ,pr9ce ( ,li?uania to /op him1 say+ t ) ! woods he 0 de/roy+ ! h\se ( god f :i* !y _h be5 wont to get ra9 & sun%9e4 ,! ,mund>is 9 ,assam ?9k t if a tree 9 ! sacr$ grove is fell$ ! sylvan gods ev9ce _! displeasure by )hold+ ra94 ,9 ord] to procure ra9 ! inhabitants ( ,monyo1 a village 9 ! ,saga+ di/rict ( ,upp] ,burma1 *ose ! l>ge/ tam>9d-tree ne> ! village & nam$ x ! haunt ( ! _s 7nat7 :o controls ! ra94 ,!n !y (f]$ bread1 coco-nuts1 planta9s1 & f[ls to ! gu>dian _s ( ! village & to ! _s :o gives ra91 & !y pray$1 ,o ,"l nat h pity on u poor mortals1 & /ay n ! ra94 ,inasmu* z our (f]+ is giv5 ungrudg+ly1 let ! ra9 fall day & night4 ,aft]w>ds libations 7 made 9 hon\r ( ! _s ( ! tam>9d-tree2 & /ill lat] ?ree eld]ly wom51 dress$ 9 f9e clo!s & we>+ necklaces & e>r+s1 sang ! ,ra9 ,song4 ,aga91 tree-spirits make ! crops to gr[4 ,among/ ! ,mund>is e village has its sacr$ grove1 & ! grove deities are held responsible = ! crops1 & are especially hon\r$ at all ! great agricultural fe/ivals4 ,! negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ are 9 ! habit ( sacrific+ at ! foot ( c]ta9 tall trees1 & !y ?9k t if "o ( ^! 7 fell$ all ! fruits ( ! e>? w\ld p]i%4 ,! ,gallas dance 9 c\ples r\nd sacr$ trees1 pray+ = a good h>ve/4 ,e c\ple consi/s ( a man & woman1 :o are l9k$ toge!r by a /ick1 ( :i* ea* holds "o end4 ,"u _! arms !y c>ry gre5 corn or grass4 ,sw$i% peasants /ick a leafy bran* 9 ea* furr[ ( _! corn-fields1 believ+ t ?is w ensure an abundant crop4 ,! same idea comes out 9 ! ,g]man & ,fr5* cu/om ( ! ,h>ve/-,may4 ,?is is a l>ge bran* or a :ole tree1 :i* is deck$ ) e>s ( corn1 br\ght home on ! la/ waggon f ! h>ve/-field1 & fa/5$ on ! ro( ( ! f>mh\se or ( ! b>n1 :]e x rema9s = a ye>4 ,mannh>dt has prov$ t ?is bran* or tree embodies ! tree-_s conceiv$ z ! _s ( vegetation 9 g5]al1 ^: vivify+ & fructify+ influ5ce is ?us br\ght to be> ^u ! corn 9 p>ticul>4 ,h5ce 9 ,swabia ! ,h>ve/-,may is fa/5$ among/ ! la/ /alks ( corn left /&+ on ! field2 9 o!r places x is plant$ on ! corn-field & ! la/ %eaf cut is atta*$ to its trunk4 ,aga91 ! tree-_s makes ! h]ds to multiply & blesses wom5 ) (fspr+4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! ,emblica (fic9alis is a sacr$ tree4 ,on ! elev5? ( ! mon? ,phalgun 7,febru>y7 libations are p\r$ at ! foot ( ! tree1 a r$ or yell[ /r+ is b\nd ab\t ! trunk1 & pray]s are (f]$ to x = ! fruitfulness ( wom51 animals1 & crops4 ,aga91 9 ,nor!rn ,india ! coco-nut is e/eem$ "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ fruits1 & is call$ ,sriphala1 or ! fruit ( ,sri1 ! goddess ( prosp]ity4 ,x is ! symbol ( f]tility1 & all ?r\gh ,upp] ,india is kept 9 %r9es & pres5t$ by ! prie/s to wom5 :o desire to become mo!rs4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,qua1 ne> ,old ,calab>1 !re us$ to gr[ a palm-tree :i* ensur$ conception to any b>r5 woman :o ate a nut f its bran*es4 ,9 ,europe ! ,may-tree or ,may-pole is app>5tly suppos$ to possess simil> p[]s ov] bo? wom5 & cattle4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many on ! fir/ ( ,may ! peasants set up ,may-trees or ,may-bu%es at ! doors ( /ables & byres1 "o = ea* horse & c[2 ?is is ?\ght to make ! c[s yield mu* milk4 ,( ! ,iri% we are told t !y fancy a gre5 b\gh ( a tree1 fa/5$ on ,may-day aga9/ ! h\se1 w produce pl5ty ( milk t summ]4 ,on ! second ( ,july "s ( ! ,w5ds us$ to set up an oak-tree 9 ! middle ( ! village ) an iron cock fa/5$ to its top2 !n !y danc$ r\nd x1 & drove ! cattle r\nd x to make !m ?rive4 ,! ,circassians reg>d ! pe>-tree z ! protector ( cattle4 ,s !y cut d[n a "y pe>-tree 9 ! =e/1 bran* x1 & c>ry x home1 :]e x is ador$ z a div9ity4 ,almo/ e h\se has "o su* pe>-tree4 ,9 autumn1 on ! day ( ! fe/ival1 ! tree is c>ri$ into ! h\se ) great c]emony to ! s\nd ( music & amid ! joy\s cries ( all ! inmates1 :o complim5t x on its =tunate arrival4 ,x is cov]$ ) c&les1 & a *eese is fa/5$ to its top4 ,r\nd ab\t x !y eat1 dr9k1 & s+4 ,!n !y bid ! tree good-bye & take x back to ! c\rty>d1 :]e x rema9s = ! re/ ( ! ye>1 set up aga9/ ! wall1 )\t receiv+ any m>k ( respect4 ,9 ! ,tuhoe tribe ( ,maoris ! p[] ( mak+ wom5 fruitful is ascrib$ to trees4 ,^! trees are associat$ ) ! navel-/r+s ( def9ite my?ical ance/ors1 z inde$ ! navel-/r+s ( all *ildr5 us$ to be hung ^u !m d[n to q rec5t times4 ,a b>r5 woman _h to embrace su* a tree ) h] arms1 & %e receiv$ a male or a female *ild accord+ z %e embrac$ ! ea/ or ! we/ side4 ,! common ,european cu/om ( plac+ a gre5 bu% on ,may ,day be=e or on ! h\se ( a belov$ maid5 probably orig9at$ 9 ! belief ( ! f]tilis+ p[] ( ! tree-_s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia su* bu%es are set up also at ! h\ses ( newly-m>ri$ pairs1 & ! practice is only omitt$ if ! wife is ne> h] conf9em5t2 = 9 t case !y say t ! husb& has set up a ,may-bu% = himself4 ,among ! ,s\? ,slavonians a b>r5 woman1 :o desires to h a *ild1 places a new *emise ^u a fruitful tree on ! eve ( ,/4 ,george's ,day4 ,next morn+ be=e sunrise %e exam9es ! g>m5t1 & if %e f9ds t "s liv+ creature has crept on x1 %e hopes t h] wi% w be fulfill$ )9 ! ye>4 ,!n %e puts on ! *emise1 confid5t t %e w be z fruitful z ! tree on :i* ! g>m5t has pass$ ! night4 ,among ! ,k>a-,kirghiz b>r5 wom5 roll !mselves on ! gr\nd "u a solit>y apple-tree1 9 ord] to obta9 (fspr+4 ,la/ly1 ! p[] ( grant+ to wom5 an easy deliv]y at *ild-bir? is ascrib$ to trees bo? 9 ,sw$5 & ,africa4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,sw$5 !re 0 =m]ly a b>dtrd or gu>dian-tree 7lime1 a%1 or elm7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( e f>m4 ,no "o w\ld pluck a s+le leaf ( ! sacr$ tree1 any injury to :i* 0 puni%$ by ill-luck or sickness4 ,pregnant wom5 us$ to clasp ! tree 9 _! arms 9 ord] to ensure an easy deliv]y4 ,9 "s negro tribes ( ! ,congo region pregnant wom5 make !mselves g>m5ts out ( ! b>k ( a c]ta9 sacr$ tree1 because !y believe t ?is tree deliv]s !m f ! dang]s t att5d *ild-be>+4 ,! /ory t ,leto clasp$ a palm-tree & an olive-tree or two laurel-trees1 :5 %e 0 ab\t to give bir? to ! div9e tw9s ,apollo & ,artemis1 p]haps po9ts to a simil> ,greek belief 9 ! efficacy ( c]ta9 trees to facilitate deliv]y4 ,x4 ,relics ( ,tree ,wor%ip 9 ,mod]n ,europe ,,f ,,! ,,=ego+ review ( ! b5efic5t qualities commonly ascrib$ to tree-spirits1 x is easy to und]/& :y cu/oms l ! ,may-tree or ,may-pole h prevail$ s widely & figur$ s prom95tly 9 ! popul> fe/ivals ( ,european peasants4 ,9 spr+ or e>ly summ] or ev5 on ,midsumm] ,day1 x 0 & /ill is 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe ! cu/om to g out to ! woods1 cut d[n a tree & br+ x into ! village1 :]e x is set up amid g5]al rejoic+s2 or ! p cut bran*es 9 ! woods1 & fa/5 !m on e h\se4 ,! int5tion ( ^! cu/oms is to br+ home to ! village1 & to ea* h\se1 ! bless+s :i* ! tree-_s has 9 its p[] to be/[4 ,h5ce ! cu/om 9 "s places ( plant+ a ,may-tree be=e e h\se1 or ( c>ry+ ! village ,may-tree f door to door1 t e h\sehold may receive its %>e ( ! bless+4 ,out ( ! mass ( evid5ce on ?is subject a few examples may be select$4 ,sir ,h5ry ,pi]s1 9 8 ,description ( ,we/mea?1 writ+ 9 #afhb says3 ,on ,may-eve1 e family sets up be=e _! door a gre5 bu%1 /rew$ ov] ) yell[ fl[]s1 :i* ! mead[s yield pl5tifully4 ,9 c\ntries :]e timb] is pl5tiful1 !y erect tall sl5d] trees1 :i* /& high1 & !y cont9ue almo/ ! :ole ye>2 s z a /rang] w\ld g nigh to imag9e t !y 7 all signs ( ale-sell]s1 & t all h\ses 7 ale-h\ses4 ,9 ,nor?ampton%ire a "y tree t5 or twelve feet high us$ to be plant$ be=e ea* h\se on ,may ,day s z to appe> gr[+2 fl[]s 7 ?r[n ov] x & /rewn ab\t ! door4 ,among anci5t cu/oms /ill reta9$ by ! ,corni%1 may be reckon$ t ( deck+ _! doors & por*es on ! fir/ ( ,may ) gre5 b\ghs ( sycamore & haw?orn1 & ( plant+ trees1 or r /umps ( trees1 be=e _! h\ses4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om = "y p to rise a little aft] midnight on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ ( ,may1 & g out ) music & ! bl[+ ( horns into ! woods1 :]e !y broke bran*es & adorn$ !m ) nosegays & cr[ns ( fl[]s4 ,?is done1 !y return$ ab\t sunrise & fa/5$ ! fl[]-deck$ bran*es ov] ! doors & w9d[s ( _! h\ses4 ,at ,ab+don 9 ,b]k%ire "y p =m]ly w5t ab\t 9 gr\ps on ,may morn+1 s++ a c>ol ( :i* ! foll[+ are two ( ! v]ses3 ,we've be5 rambl+ all ! night1 ,& sometime ( ?is day2 ,& n[ return+ back aga91 ,we br+ a g>l& gay4 ,a g>l& gay we br+ y "h2 ,& at y\r door we /&2 ,x is a spr\t well budd$ out1 ,! "w ( our ,"l's h&4 ,at ! t[ns ( ,saffron ,wald5 & ,debd5 9 ,essex on ! fir/ ( ,may little girls g ab\t 9 p>ties f door to door s++ a song almo/ id5tical ) ! above & c>ry+ g>l&s2 a doll dress$ 9 :ite is usually plac$ 9 ! middle ( ea* g>l&4 ,simil> cu/oms h be5 & inde$ are /ill obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! g>l&s are g5]ally 9 ! =m ( hoops int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,x appe>s t a hoop wrea!d ) r[an & m>% m>igold1 & be>+ susp5d$ )9 x two balls1 is /ill c>ri$ on ,may ,day by villag]s 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,! balls1 :i* are sometimes cov]$ ) gold & silv] pap]1 are said to h orig9ally repres5t$ ! sun & moon4 ,9 "s villages ( ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,may "y girls g 9 b&s f h\se to h\se1 s++ a song 9 praise ( ,may1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! bread & meal t come 9 ,may4 ,if money is giv5 !m1 !y fa/5 a gre5 b\gh to ! door2 if x is refus$1 !y wi% ! family _m *ildr5 & no bread to fe$ !m4 ,9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ,may5ne1 boys :o bore ! "n ( ,maillot9s us$ to g ab\t f f>m to f>m on ! fir/ ( ,may s++ c>ols1 = :i* !y receiv$ money or a dr9k2 !y plant$ a small tree or a bran* ( a tree4 ,ne> ,sav]ne 9 ,alsace b&s ( p g ab\t c>ry+ ,may-trees4 ,among/ !m is a man dress$ 9 a :ite %irt ) 8 face black5$2 9 front ( him is c>ri$ a l>ge ,may-tree1 b ea* memb] ( ! b& also c>ries a small] "o4 ,"o ( ! company be>s a huge basket1 9 :i* he collects eggs1 bacon1 & s =?4 ,on ! ,?ursday be=e ,:itsunday ! ,russian villag]s g out into ! woods1 s+ songs1 weave g>l&s1 & cut d[n a "y bir*-tree1 :i* !y dress up 9 woman's clo!s1 or adorn ) _m-col\r$ %r$s & ribbons4 ,aft] t comes a fea/1 at ! end ( :i* !y take ! dress$-up bir*-tree1 c>ry x home to _! village ) joyful dance & song1 & set x up 9 "o ( ! h\ses1 :]e x rema9s z an hon\r$ gue/ till ,:itsunday4 ,on ! two int]v5+ days !y pay visits to ! h\se :]e _! 'gue/' is2 b on ! ?ird day1 ,:itsunday1 !y take h] to a /ream & fl+ h] into its wat]s1 ?r[+ _! g>l&s aft] h]4 ,9 ?is ,russian cu/om ! dress+ ( ! bir* 9 woman's clo!s %[s h[ cle>ly ! tree is p]sonifi$2 & ! ?r[+ x into a /ream is mo/ probably a ra9*>m4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sw$5 on ! eve ( ,may ,day lads g ab\t c>ry+ ea* a bun* ( fre% bir* twigs :olly or p>tly 9 leaf4 ,) ! village fiddl] at _! head1 !y make ! r\nd ( ! h\ses s++ ,may songs2 ! burd5 ( _! songs is a pray] = f9e wea!r1 a pl5tiful h>ve/1 & worldly & spiritual bless+s4 ,"o ( !m c>ries a basket 9 :i* he collects gifts ( eggs & ! l4 ,if !y are well receiv$1 !y /ick a leafy twig 9 ! ro( ov] ! cottage door4 ,b 9 ,sw$5 midsumm] is ! season :5 ^! c]emonies are *iefly obs]v$4 ,on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june7 ! h\ses are ?or\ghly cleans$ & g>ni%$ ) gre5 b\ghs & fl[]s4 ,"y fir-trees are rais$ at ! doorway & else:]e ab\t ! home/ead2 & v (t5 small umbrage\s arb\rs are con/ruct$ 9 ! g>d54 ,9 ,/ockholm on ?is day a leaf-m>ket is held at :i* ?\s&s ( ,may-poles 7,maj ,/ang]71 f six in*es to twelve feet high1 decorat$ ) leaves1 fl[]s1 slips ( col\r$ pap]1 gilt egg-%ells /rung on re$s1 & s on1 are expos$ = sale4 ,bonfires are lit on ! hills1 & ! p dance r\nd !m & jump ov] !m4 ,b ! *ief ev5t ( ! day is sett+ up ! ,may-pole4 ,?is consi/s ( a /raight & tall sprucep9e tree1 /ripp$ ( its bran*es4 ,at times hoops & at o!rs pieces ( wood1 plac$ crosswise1 are atta*$ to x at int]vals2 :il/ at o!rs x is provid$ ) b[s1 repres5t+1 s to say1 a man ) 8 arms akimbo4 ,f top to bottom n only ! ',maj ,/ang' 7,may-pole7 itself1 b ! hoops1 b[s1 etc41 are ornam5t$ ) leaves1 fl[]s1 slips ( v>i\s clo?1 gilt egg-%ells1 etc42 & on ! top ( x is a l>ge vane1 or x may be a flag4 ,! rais+ ( ! ,may-pole1 ! decoration ( :i* is done by ! village maid5s1 is an affair ( mu* c]emony2 ! p flock to x f all qu>t]s1 & dance r\nd x 9 a great r+4 ,midsumm] cu/oms ( ! same sort us$ to be obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,?us 9 ! t[ns ( ! ,upp] ,h>z ,m\nta9s tall fir-trees1 ) ! b>k peel$ (f _! l[] trunks1 7 set up 9 op5 places & deck$ ) fl[]s & eggs1 :i* 7 pa9t$ yell[ & r$4 ,r\nd ^! trees ! "y folk danc$ by day & ! old folk 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia also a ,may-pole or midsumm]-tree is erect$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,! lads fet* a tall fir or p9e f ! wood & set x up on a height1 :]e ! girls deck x ) nosegays1 g>l&s1 & r$ ribbons4 ,x is aft]w>ds burn$4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to illu/rate at l5g? ! cu/om1 :i* has prevail$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 su* z ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 ( sett+ up a village ,may-tree or ,may-pole on ,may ,day4 ,a few examples w suffice4 ,! puritanical writ] ,phillip ,/ubbes 9 8 ,anatomie ( ,abuses1 fir/ publi%$ at ,london 9 #aehc1 has describ$ ) manife/ disgu/ h[ !y us$ to br+ 9 ! ,may-pole 9 ! days ( good ,que5 ,bess4 ,8 description af=ds u a vivid glimpse ( m]ry ,engl& 9 ! old5 "t4 ,aga9/ ,may1 ,:itsonday1 or o!r "t1 all ! yung m5 & maides1 olde m5 & wives1 run gadd+ ov] night to ! woods1 groves1 hils1 & m\nta9s1 :]e !y sp5d all ! night 9 plesant pa/imes2 & 9 ! morn+ !y return1 br++ ) !m bir* & bran*es ( trees1 to deck _! assemblies )all4 ,& no m]vaile1 = !re is a great ,"l pres5t among/ !m1 z sup]9t5d5t & ,"l ov] _! pa/imes & sportes1 namely1 ,sa?an1 pr9ce ( hel4 ,b ! *iefe/ jewel !y br+ f !nce is _! ,may-pole1 :i* !y br+ home ) great v5]ation1 z ?us4 ,!y h tw5tie or =tie yoke ( ox51 e oxe hav+ a sweet nose-gay ( fl\]s plac$ on ! tip ( 8 hornes1 & ^! ox5 drawe home ?is ,may-pole 7?is /9kyng ydol1 r71 :i* is cov]$ all ov] ) fl\res & he>bs1 b\nd r\nd ab\t ) /r+s1 f ! top to ! bottome1 & sometime pa9t$ ) v>iable col\rs1 ) two or ?ree hundr$ m51 wom5 & *ildr5 foll[+ x ) great devotion4 ,& ?us bee+ re>$ up1 ) h&k]*eefs & flags hov]+ on ! top1 !y /raw ! gr\nd r\nde ab\t1 b9de gre5 b\ghes ab\t x1 set up somm] haules1 b[]s1 & arbors h>d by x4 ,& !n fall !y to daunce ab\t x1 l z ! hea!n p did at ! d$ication ( ! ,idols1 :]e( ?is is a p]fect patt]n1 or r ! ?+ itself4 ,i h he>d x cr$ibly report$ 7& t viva voce7 by m5 ( great gravitie & reputation1 t ( =tie1 ?reescore1 or a hundr$ maides go+ to ! wood ov] night1 !re h sc>esly ! ?ird "p ( !m return$ home aga9e undefil$4 ,9 ,swabia on ! fir/ ( ,may a tall fir-tree us$ to be fet*$ into ! village1 :]e x 0 deck$ ) ribbons & set up2 !n ! p danc$ r\nd x m]rily to music4 ,! tree /ood on ! village gre5 ! :ole ye> ?r\gh1 until a fre% tree 0 br\ght 9 next ,may ,day4 ,9 ,saxony p 7 n cont5t ) br++ ! summ] symbolically 7z k+ or que57 into ! village2 !y br\ght ! fre% gre5 itself f ! woods ev5 into ! h\ses3 t is ! ,may or ,:itsuntide trees1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 docum5ts f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! fet*+ 9 ( ! ,may-tree 0 also a fe/ival4 ,! p w5t out into ! woods to seek ! ,may 7majum qua]]e71 br\ght "y trees1 especially firs & bir*es1 to ! village & set !m up be=e ! doors ( ! h\ses or ( ! cattle-/alls or 9 ! rooms4 ,"y fell[s erect$ su* ,may-trees1 z we h already said1 be=e ! *amb]s ( _! swee!>ts4 ,besides ^! h\sehold ,mays1 a great ,may-tree or ,may-pole1 :i* _h also be5 br\ght 9 solemn procession to ! village1 0 set up 9 ! middle ( ! village or 9 ! m>ket-place ( ! t[n4 ,x _h be5 *os5 by ! :ole community1 :o wat*$ ov] x mo/ c>efully4 ,g5]ally ! tree 0 /ripp$ ( its bran*es & leaves1 no?+ b ! cr[n be+ left1 on :i* 7 display$1 9 addition to _m-col\r$ ribbons & clo?s1 a v>iety ( victuals su* z sausages1 cakes1 & eggs4 ,! "y folk ex]t$ !mselves to obta9 ^! prizes4 ,9 ! greasy poles :i* are /ill to be se5 at our fairs we h a relic ( ^! old ,may-poles4 ,n uncommonly !re 0 a race on foot or on horseback to ! ,may-tree--a ,:itsunday pa/ime :i* 9 c\rse ( "t has be5 dive/$ ( its goal & survives z a popul> cu/om to ?is day 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,at ,bordeaux on ! fir/ ( ,may ! boys ( ea* /reet us$ to erect 9 x a ,may-pole1 :i* !y adorn$ ) g>l&s & a great cr[n2 & e ev5+ dur+ ! :ole ( ! mon? ! "y p ( bo? sexes danc$ s++ ab\t ! pole4 ,d[n to ! pres5t day ,may-trees deck$ ) fl[]s & ribbons are set up on ,may ,day 9 e village & hamlet ( gay ,prov5ce4 ,"u !m ! "y folk make m]ry & ! old folk re/4 ,9 all ^! cases1 app>5tly1 ! cu/om is or 0 to br+ 9 a new ,may-tree ea* ye>4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,engl& ! village ,may-pole seems z a rule1 at lea/ 9 lat] times1 to h be5 p]man5t1 n r5ew$ annually4 ,villages ( ,upp] ,bav>ia r5ew _! ,may-pole once e ?ree1 f\r1 or five ye>s4 ,x is a fir-tree fet*$ f ! =e/1 & amid all ! wrea?s1 flags1 & inscriptions ) :i* x is b$eck$1 an ess5tial "p is ! bun* ( d>k gre5 foliage left at ! top z a mem5to t 9 x we h to d1 n ) a dead pole1 b ) a liv+ tree f ! gre5wood4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t orig9ally ! practice ev]y:]e 0 to set up a new ,may-tree e ye>4 ,z ! object ( ! cu/om 0 to br+ 9 ! fructify+ _s ( vegetation1 newly awak5$ 9 spr+1 ! end w\ld h be5 defeat$ if1 in/ead ( a liv+ tree1 gre5 & sappy1 an old )]$ "o _h be5 erect$ ye> aft] ye> or all[$ to /& p]man5tly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! mean+ ( ! cu/om _h be5 =gott51 & ! ,may-tree 0 reg>d$ simply z a c5tre = holiday m]ry-mak+1 p saw no reason = fell+ a fre% tree e ye>1 & pref]r$ to let ! same tree /& p]man5tly1 only deck+ x ) fre% fl[]s on ,may ,day4 ,b ev5 :5 ! ,may-pole _h ?us become a fixture1 ! ne$ ( giv+ x ! appe>ance ( be+ a gre5 tree1 n a dead pole1 0 sometimes felt4 ,?us at ,wev]ham 9 ,*e%ire are two ,may-poles1 :i* are decorat$ on ?is day 7,may ,day7 ) all due att5tion to ! anci5t solemnity2 ! sides are hung ) g>l&s1 & ! top t]m9at$ by a bir* or o!r tall sl5d] tree ) its leaves on2 ! b>k be+ peel$1 & ! /em splic$ to ! pole1 s z to give ! appe>ance ( "o tree f ! summit4 ,?us ! r5ewal ( ! ,may-tree is l ! r5ewal ( ! ,h>ve/-,may2 ea* is int5d$ to secure a fre% portion ( ! f]tilis+ _s ( vegetation1 & to pres]ve x ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,b :]eas ! efficacy ( ! ,h>ve/-,may is re/rict$ to promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops1 t ( ! ,may-tree or ,may-bran* ext5ds also1 z we h se51 to wom5 & cattle4 ,la/ly1 x is wor? not+ t ! old ,may-tree is sometimes burn$ at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,?us 9 ! di/rict ( ,prague "y p break pieces ( ! public ,may-tree & place !m beh9d ! holy pictures 9 _! rooms1 :]e !y rema9 till next ,may ,day1 & are !n burn$ on ! he>?4 ,9 ,wrtemb]g ! bu%es :i* are set up on ! h\ses on ,palm ,sunday are sometimes left !re = a ye> & !n burnt4 ,s mu* = ! tree-_s conceiv$ z incorporate or imman5t 9 ! tree4 ,we h n[ to %[ t ! tree-_s is (t5 conceiv$ & repres5t$ z deta*$ f ! tree & clo!d 9 human =m1 & ev5 z embodi$ 9 liv+ m5 or wom54 ,! evid5ce = ?is an?ropomorphic repres5tation ( ! tree-_s is l>gely to be f\nd 9 ! popul> cu/oms ( ,european peasantry4 ,!re is an in/ructive class ( cases 9 :i* ! tree-_s is repres5t$ simultane\sly 9 vegetable =m & 9 human =m1 :i* are set side by side z if = ! express purpose ( expla9+ ea* o!r4 ,9 ^! cases ! human repres5tative ( ! tree-_s is sometimes a doll or puppet1 sometimes a liv+ p]son1 b :e!r a puppet or a p]son1 x is plac$ beside a tree or b\gh2 s t toge!r ! p]son or puppet1 & ! tree or b\gh1 =m a sort ( bil+ual inscription1 ! "o be+1 s to speak1 a translation ( ! o!r4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !re is no room left = d\bt t ! _s ( ! tree is actually repres5t$ 9 human =m4 ,?us 9 ,bohemia1 on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 "y p ?r[ a puppet call$ ,dea? into ! wat]2 !n ! girls g into ! wood1 cut d[n a "y tree1 & fa/5 to x a puppet dress$ 9 :ite clo!s to look l a woman2 ) ?is tree & puppet !y g f h\se to h\se collect+ gratuities & s++ songs ) ! refra93 ,we c>ry ,dea? out ( ! village1 ,we br+ ,summ] into ! village4 ,"h1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! ,summ] is ! _s ( vegetation return+ or reviv+ 9 spr+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( our own c\ntry *ildr5 g ab\t ask+ = p5ce ) "s small imitations ( ,may-poles1 & ) a f9ely-dress$ doll :i* !y call ! ,lady ( ! ,may4 ,9 ^! cases ! tree & ! puppet are obvi\sly reg>d$ z equival5t4 ,at ,?ann1 9 ,alsace1 a girl call$ ! ,little ,may ,rose1 dress$ 9 :ite1 c>ries a small ,may-tree1 :i* is gay ) g>l&s & ribbons4 ,h] companions collect gifts f door to door1 s++ a song3 ,little ,may ,rose turn r\nd ?ree times1 ,let u look at y r\nd & r\nd6 ,rose ( ! ,may1 come to ! gre5wood away1 ,we w be m]ry all4 ,s we g f ! ,may to ! roses4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! song a wi% is express$ t ^? :o give no?+ may lose _! f[ls by ! m>t51 t _! v9e may be> no clu/]s1 _! tree no nuts1 _! field no corn2 ! produce ( ! ye> is suppos$ to dep5d on ! gifts (f]$ to ^! ,may s+]s4 ,"h & 9 ! cases m5tion$ above1 :]e *ildr5 g ab\t ) gre5 b\ghs or g>l&s on ,may ,day s++ & collect+ money1 ! mean+ is t ) ! _s ( vegetation !y br+ pl5ty & good luck to ! h\se1 & !y expect to be paid = ! s]vice4 ,9 ,russian ,li?uania1 on ! fir/ ( ,may1 !y us$ to set up a gre5 tree be=e ! village4 ,!n ! ru/ic swa9s *ose ! prettie/ girl1 cr[n$ h]1 swa!d h] 9 bir* bran*es & set h] beside ! ,may-tree1 :]e !y danc$1 sang1 & %\t$ ,o ,may6 ,o ,may6 ,9 ,brie 7,isle de ,france7 a ,may-tree is erect$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! village2 its top is cr[n$ ) fl[]s2 l[] d[n x is tw9$ ) leaves & twigs1 /ill l[] ) huge gre5 bran*es4 ,! girls dance r\nd x1 & at ! same "t a lad wrapt 9 leaves & call$ ,fa!r ,may is l$ ab\t4 ,9 ! small t[ns ( ! ,frank5 ,wald m\nta9s 9 ,nor!rn ,bav>ia1 on ! second ( ,may1 a ,walb] tree is erect$ be=e a tav]n1 & a man dances r\nd x1 envelop$ 9 /raw f head to foot 9 su* a way t ! e>s ( corn unite above 8 head to =m a cr[n4 ,he is call$ ! ,walb]1 & us$ to be l$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets1 :i* 7 adorn$ ) sprigs ( bir*4 ,among/ ! ,slavs ( ,c>9?ia1 on ,/4 ,george's ,day 7! tw5ty?ird ( ,april71 ! "y p deck ) fl[]s & g>l&s a tree :i* has be5 fell$ on ! eve ( ! fe/ival4 ,! tree is !n c>ri$ 9 procession1 accompani$ ) music & joyful acclamations1 ! *ief figure 9 ! procession be+ ! ,gre5 ,george1 a "y fell[ clad f head to foot 9 gre5 bir* bran*es4 ,at ! close ( ! c]emonies ! ,gre5 ,george1 t is an effigy ( him1 is ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,x is ! aim ( ! lad :o acts ,gre5 ,george to /ep out ( 8 leafy envelope & sub/itute ! effigy s adroitly t no "o %all p]ceive ! *ange4 ,9 _m places1 h[ev]1 ! lad himself :o plays ! "p ( ,gre5 ,george is duck$ 9 a riv] or pond1 ) ! express int5tion ( ?us ensur+ ra9 to make ! fields & mead[s gre5 9 summ]4 ,9 "s places ! cattle are cr[n$ & driv5 f _! /alls to ! accompanim5t ( a song3 ,gre5 ,george we br+1 ,gre5 ,george we accompany1 ,may he fe$ our h]ds well4 ,if n1 to ! wat] ) him4 ,"h we see t ! same p[]s ( mak+ ra9 & fo/]+ ! cattle1 :i* are ascrib$ to ! tree-_s reg>d$ z incorporate 9 ! tree1 are also attribut$ to ! tree-_s repres5t$ by a liv+ man4 ,among ! gypsies ( ,transylvania & ,r\mania ! fe/ival ( ,gre5 ,george is ! *ief celebration ( spr+4 ,"s ( !m keep x on ,ea/] ,monday1 o!rs on ,/4 ,george's ,day 7! tw5ty?ird ( ,april74 ,on ! eve ( ! fe/ival a "y will[ tree is cut d[n1 adorn$ ) g>l&s & leaves1 & set up 9 ! gr\nd4 ,wom5 ) *ild place "o ( _! g>m5ts "u ! tree1 & leave x !re ov] night2 if next morn+ !y f9d a leaf ( ! tree ly+ on ! g>m5t1 !y "k t _! deliv]y w be easy4 ,sick & old p g to ! tree 9 ! ev5+1 spit on x ?rice1 & say1 ,y w soon die1 b let u live4 ,next morn+ ! gypsies ga!r ab\t ! will[4 ,! *ief figure ( ! fe/ival is ,gre5 ,george1 a lad :o is conceal$ f top to toe 9 gre5 leaves & blossoms4 ,he ?r[s a few h&fuls ( grass to ! bea/s ( ! tribe1 9 ord] t !y may h no lack ( fodd] ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,!n he takes ?ree iron nails1 :i* h la9 = ?ree days & nights 9 wat]1 & knocks !m into ! will[2 aft] :i* he pulls !m out & fl+s !m into a runn+ /ream to propitiate ! wat]-spirits4 ,f9ally1 a pret5ce is made ( ?r[+ ,gre5 ,george into ! wat]1 b 9 fact x is only a puppet made ( bran*es & leaves :i* is duck$ 9 ! /ream4 ,9 ?is v]sion ( ! cu/om ! p[]s ( grant+ an easy deliv]y to wom5 & ( communicat+ vital en]gy to ! sick & old are cle>ly ascrib$ to ! will[2 :ile ,gre5 ,george1 ! human d\ble ( ! tree1 be/[s food on ! cattle1 & fur!r ensures ! fav\r ( ! wat]-spirits by putt+ !m 9 indirect communication ) ! tree4 ,)\t cit+ m examples to ! same effect1 we may sum up ! results ( ! prec$+ pages 9 ! words ( ,mannh>dt3 ,! cu/oms quot$ suffice to e/abli% ) c]ta9ty ! conclusion t 9 ^! spr+ processions ! _s ( vegetation is (t5 repres5t$ bo? by ! ,may-tree & 9 addition by a man dress$ 9 gre5 leaves or fl[]s or by a girl simil>ly adorn$4 ,x is ! same _s :i* animates ! tree & is active 9 ! inf]ior plants & :i* we h recognis$ 9 ! ,may-tree & ! ,h>ve/-,may4 ,q consi/5tly ! _s is also suppos$ to manife/ 8 pres5ce 9 ! fir/ fl[] ( spr+ & reveals himself bo? 9 a girl repres5t+ a ,may-rose1 & also1 z giv] ( h>ve/1 9 ! p]son ( ! ,walb]4 ,! procession ) ?is repres5tative ( ! div9ity 0 suppos$ to produce ! same b5eficial effects on ! f[ls1 ! fruit-trees1 & ! crops z ! pres5ce ( ! deity himself4 ,9 o!r words ! mumm] 0 reg>d$ n z an image b z an actual repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation2 h5ce ! wi% express$ by ! att5dants on ! ,may-rose & ! ,may-tree t ^? :o refuse !m gifts ( eggs1 bacon1 & s =?1 may h no %>e 9 ! bless+s :i* x is 9 ! p[] ( ! it9]ant _s to be/[4 ,we may conclude t ^! begg+ processions ) ,may-trees or ,may-b\ghs f door to door 7'br++ ! ,may or ! summ]'7 _h ev]y:]e orig9ally a s]i\s &1 s to speak1 sacram5tal significance2 p really believ$ t ! god ( gr[? 0 pres5t unse5 9 ! b\gh2 by ! procession he 0 br\ght to ea* h\se to be/[ 8 bless+4 ,! names ,may1 ,fa!r ,may1 ,may ,lady1 ,que5 ( ! ,may1 by :i* ! an?ropomorphic _s ( vegetation is (t5 d5ot$1 %[ t ! idea ( ! _s ( vegetation is bl5t ) a p]sonification ( ! season at :i* 8 p[]s are mo/ /rik+ly manife/$4 ,s f> we h se5 t ! tree-_s or ! _s ( vegetation 9 g5]al is repres5t$ ei!r 9 vegetable =m alone1 z by a tree1 b\gh1 or fl[]2 or 9 vegetable & human =m simultane\sly1 z by a tree1 b\gh1 or fl[] 9 comb9ation ) a puppet or a liv+ p]son4 ,x rema9s to %[ t ! repres5tation ( him by a tree1 b\gh1 or fl[] is sometimes entirely dropp$1 :ile ! repres5tation ( him by a liv+ p]son rema9s4 ,9 ?is case ! repres5tative "* ( ! p]son is g5]ally m>k$ by dress+ him or h] 9 leaves or fl[]s2 sometimes1 too1 x is indicat$ by ! "n he or %e be>s4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia on ,/4 ,george's ,day 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april7 a y\? is dress$ out1 l our ,jack-9-!-,gre51 ) leaves & fl[]s4 ,! ,slov5es call him ! ,gre5 ,george4 ,hold+ a light$ tor* 9 "o h& & a pie 9 ! o!r1 he goes out to ! corn-fields1 foll[$ by girls s++ appropriate songs4 ,a circle ( bru%wood is next light$1 9 ! middle ( :i* is set ! pie4 ,all :o take "p 9 ! c]emony !n sit d[n ar\nd ! fire & divide ! pie among !m4 ,9 ?is cu/om ! ,gre5 ,george dress$ 9 leaves & fl[]s is pla9ly id5tical ) ! simil>ly disguis$ ,gre5 ,george :o is associat$ ) a tree 9 ! ,c>9?ian1 ,transylvanian1 & ,r\manian cu/oms obs]v$ on ! same day4 ,aga91 we saw t 9 ,russia at ,:itsuntide a bir*-tree is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s & set up 9 ! h\se4 ,cle>ly equival5t to ?is is ! cu/om obs]v$ on ,:it-,monday by ,russian girls 9 ! di/rict ( ,p9sk4 ,!y *oose ! prettie/ ( _! numb]1 envelop h] 9 a mass ( foliage tak5 f ! bir*-trees & maples1 & c>ry h] ab\t ?r\gh ! village4 ,9 ,ruhla z soon z ! trees beg9 to gr[ gre5 9 spr+1 ! *ildr5 assemble on a ,sunday & g out into ! woods1 :]e !y *oose "o ( _! playmates to be ! ,little ,leaf ,man4 ,!y break bran*es f ! trees & tw9e !m ab\t ! *ild till only 8 %oes peep out f ! leafy mantle4 ,holes are made 9 x = him to see ?r\gh1 & two ( ! *ildr5 lead ! ,little ,leaf ,man t he may n /umble or fall4 ,s++ & danc+ !y take him f h\se to h\se1 ask+ = gifts ( food su* z eggs1 cream1 sausages1 & cakes4 ,la/ly1 !y spr9kle ! ,leaf ,man ) wat] & fea/ on ! food !y h collect$4 ,9 ! ,fricktal1 ,switz]l&1 at ,:itsuntide boys g out into a wood & swa! "o ( _! numb] 9 leafy b\ghs4 ,he is call$ ! ,:itsuntide-l\t1 & be+ m\nt$ on horseback ) a gre5 bran* 9 8 h& he is l$ back into ! village4 ,at ! village-well a halt is call$ & ! leaf-clad l\t is dism\nt$ & duck$ 9 ! tr\gh4 ,!reby he acquires ! "r ( spr9kl+ wat] on ev]ybody1 & he ex]cises ! "r specially on girls & /reet ur*9s4 ,! ur*9s m>* be=e him 9 b&s begg+ him to give !m a ,:itsuntide wett+4 ,9 ,engl& ! be/-kn[n example ( ^! leaf-clad mumm]s is ! ,jack-9-!-,gre51 a *imney-sweep] :o walks encas$ 9 a pyramidal framework ( wick]work1 :i* is cov]$ ) holly & ivy1 & surm\nt$ by a cr[n ( fl[]s & ribbons4 ,?us array$ he dances on ,may ,day at ! head ( a troop ( *imney-sweeps1 :o collect p5ce4 ,9 ,fricktal a simil> frame ( basketwork is call$ ! ,:itsuntide ,basket4 ,z soon z ! trees beg9 to bud1 a spot is *os5 9 ! wood1 & "h ! village lads make ! frame ) all secrecy1 le/ o!rs %\ld =e/all !m4 ,leafy bran*es are tw9$ r\nd two hoops1 "o ( :i* re/s on ! %\ld]s ( ! we>]1 ! o!r encircles 8 claves2 holes are made = 8 eyes & m\?2 & a l>ge nosegay cr[ns ! :ole4 ,9 ?is guise he appe>s sudd5ly 9 ! village at ! h\r ( vesp]s1 prec$$ by ?ree boys bl[+ on horns made ( will[ b>k4 ,! great object ( 8 support]s is to set up ! ,:itsuntide ,basket on ! village well1 & to keep x & him !re1 despite ! ef=ts ( ! lads f neighb\r+ villages1 :o seek to c>ry (f ! ,:itsuntide ,basket & set x up on _! own well4 ,9 ! class ( cases ( :i* ! =ego+ are specim5s x is obvi\s t ! leaf-clad p]son :o is l$ ab\t is equival5t to ! ,may-tree1 ,may-b\gh1 or ,may-doll1 :i* is c>ri$ f h\se to h\se by *ildr5 begg+4 ,bo? are repres5tatives ( ! b5efic5t _s ( vegetation1 ^: visit to ! h\se is recomp5s$ by a pres5t ( money or food4 ,(t5 ! leaf-clad p]son :o repres5ts ! _s ( vegetation is kn[n z ! k+ or ! que52 ?us1 = example1 he or %e is call$ ! ,may ,k+1 ,:itsuntide ,k+1 ,que5 ( ,may1 & s on4 ,^! titles1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 imply t ! _s incorporate 9 vegetation is a rul]1 ^: creative p[] ext5ds f> & wide4 ,9 a village ne> ,salzw$el a ,may-tree is set up at ,:itsuntide & ! boys race to x2 he :o rea*es x fir/ is k+2 a g>l& ( fl[]s is put r\nd 8 neck & 9 8 h& he c>ries a ,may-bu%1 ) :i*1 z ! procession moves along1 he sweeps away ! dew4 ,at ea* h\se !y s+ a song1 wi%+ ! inmates good luck1 ref]r+ to ! black c[ 9 ! /all milk+ :ite milk1 black h5 on ! ne/ lay+ :ite eggs1 & begg+ a gift ( eggs1 bacon1 & s on4 ,at ! village ( ,ellgo? 9 ,silesia a c]emony call$ ! ,k+'s ,race is obs]v$ at ,:itsuntide4 ,a pole ) a clo? ti$ to x is set up 9 a mead[1 & ! "y m5 ride pa/ x on horseback1 ea* try+ to snat* away ! clo? z he gallops by4 ,! "o :o succe$s 9 c>ry+ x (f & dipp+ x 9 ! neighb\r+ ,od] is proclaim$ ,k+4 ,"h ! pole is cle>ly a sub/itute = a ,may-tree4 ,9 "s villages ( ,brunswick at ,:itsuntide a ,may ,k+ is completely envelop$ 9 a ,may-bu%4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,?r+5 also !y h a ,may ,k+ at ,:itsuntide1 b he is dress$ up r diff]5tly4 ,a frame ( wood is made 9 :i* a man c /&2 x is completely cov]$ ) bir* b\ghs & is surm\nt$ by a cr[n ( bir* & fl[]s1 9 :i* a bell is fa/5$4 ,?is frame is plac$ 9 ! wood & ! ,may ,k+ gets into x4 ,! re/ g out & look = him1 & :5 !y h f\nd him !y lead him back into ! village to ! magi/rate1 ! cl]gyman1 & o!rs1 :o h to guess :o is 9 ! v]dur\s frame4 ,if !y guess wrong1 ! ,may ,k+ r+s 8 bell by %ak+ 8 head1 & a =feit ( be] or ! l mu/ be paid by ! unsuccessful guess]4 ,at ,wahr/$t ! boys at ,:itsuntide *oose by lot a k+ & a high-/ew>d4 ,! latt] is completely conceal$ 9 a ,may-bu%1 we>s a wood5 cr[n wrea!n ) fl[]s1 & c>ries a wood5 sword4 ,! k+1 on ! o!r h&1 is only di/+ui%$ by a nosegay 9 8 cap1 & a re$1 ) a r$ ribbon ti$ to x1 9 8 h&4 ,!y beg = eggs f h\se to h\se1 ?reat5+ t1 :]e none are giv51 none w be laid by ! h5s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 ?is cu/om ! high-/ew>d appe>s1 = "s reason1 to h usurp$ ! insignia ( ! k+4 ,at ,hilde%eim five or six "y fell[s g ab\t on ! aft]noon ( ,:it-,monday crack+ long :ips 9 measur$ "t & collect+ eggs f ! h\ses4 ,! *ief p]son ( ! b& is ! ,leaf ,k+1 a lad swa!d s completely 9 bir*5 twigs t no?+ ( him c be se5 b 8 feet4 ,a huge head-dress ( bir*5 twigs adds to 8 app>5t /ature4 ,9 8 h& he c>ries a long crook1 ) :i* he tries to cat* /ray dogs & *ildr54 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia on ,:it-,monday ! "y fell[s disguise !mselves 9 tall caps ( bir* b>k adorn$ ) fl[]s4 ,"o ( !m is dress$ z a k+ & dragg$ on a sl$ge to ! village gre51 & if on ! way !y pass a pool ! sl$ge is always ov]turn$ into x4 ,arriv$ at ! gre5 !y ga!r r\nd ! k+2 ! cri] jumps on a /one or climbs up a tree & recites lampoons ab\t ea* h\se & its inmates4 ,aft]w>ds ! disguises ( b>k are /ripp$ (f & !y g ab\t ! village 9 holiday attire1 c>ry+ a ,may-tree & begg+4 ,cakes1 eggs1 & corn are sometimes giv5 !m4 ,at ,grossv>gula1 ne> ,lang5salza1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury a ,grass ,k+ us$ to be l$ ab\t 9 procession at ,:itsuntide4 ,he 0 encas$ 9 a pyramid ( popl> bran*es1 ! top ( :i* 0 adorn$ ) a royal cr[n ( bran*es & fl[]s4 ,he rode on horseback ) ! leafy pyramid ov] him1 s t its l[] end t\*$ ! gr\nd1 & an op5+ 0 left 9 x only = 8 face4 ,surr\nd$ by a cavalcade ( "y fell[s1 he rode 9 procession to ! t[n hall1 ! p>sonage1 & s on1 :]e !y all got a dr9k ( be]4 ,!n "u ! sev5 l9d5s ( ! neighb\r+ ,somm]b]g1 ! ,grass ,k+ 0 /ripp$ ( 8 gre5 cas+2 ! cr[n 0 h&$ to ! ,mayor1 & ! bran*es 7 /uck 9 ! flax fields 9 ord] to make ! flax gr[ tall4 ,9 ?is la/ trait ! f]tilis+ influ5ce ascrib$ to ! repres5tative ( ! tree-_s comes out cle>ly4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pils5 7,bohemia7 a conical hut ( gre5 bran*es1 )\t any door1 is erect$ at ,:itsuntide 9 ! mid/ ( ! village4 ,to ?is hut rides a troop ( village lads ) a k+ at _! head4 ,he we>s a sword at 8 side & a sug>-loaf hat ( ru%es on 8 head4 ,9 8 tra9 are a judge1 a cri]1 & a p]sonage call$ ! ,frog-flay] or ,hangman4 ,?is la/ is a sort ( ragg$ m]ry&rew1 we>+ a ru/y old sword & be/rid+ a sorry hack4 ,on rea*+ ! hut ! cri] dism\nts & goes r\nd x look+ = a door4 ,f9d+ none1 he says1 ,ah1 ?is is p]haps an en*ant$ ca/le2 ! wit*es creep ?r\gh ! leaves & ne$ no door4 ,at la/ he draws 8 sword & hews 8 way into ! hut1 :]e !re is a *air1 on :i* he seats himself & proce$s to criticise 9 rhyme ! girls1 f>m]s1 & f>m-s]vants ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ?is is ov]1 ! ,frog-flay] /eps =w>d &1 aft] exhibit+ a cage ) frogs 9 x1 sets up a gall[s on :i* he hangs ! frogs 9 a r[4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,plas ! c]emony diff]s 9 "s po9ts4 ,! k+ & 8 soldi]s are completely clad 9 b>k1 adorn$ ) fl[]s & ribbons2 !y all c>ry swords & ride horses1 :i* are gay ) gre5 bran*es & fl[]s4 ,:ile ! village dames & girls are be+ criticis$ at ! arb\r1 a frog is secretly p9*$ & pok$ by ! cri] till x quacks4 ,s5t5ce ( dea? is pass$ on ! frog by ! k+2 ! hangman beheads x & fl+s ! ble$+ body among ! spectators4 ,la/ly1 ! k+ is driv5 f ! hut & pursu$ by ! soldi]s4 ,! p9*+ & behead+ ( ! frog are d\btless1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 a ra9-*>m4 ,we h se5 t "s ,indians ( ! ,or9oco beat frogs = ! express purpose ( produc+ ra91 & t kill+ a frog is a ,european ra9-*>m4 ,(t5 ! _s ( vegetation 9 spr+ is repres5t$ by a que5 in/ead ( a k+4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lib*[ic 7,bohemia71 on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 girls dress$ 9 :ite & we>+ ! fir/ spr+ fl[]s1 z violets & daisies1 9 _! hair1 lead ab\t ! village a girl :o is call$ ! ,que5 & is cr[n$ ) fl[]s4 ,dur+ ! procession1 :i* is conduct$ ) great solemnity1 none ( ! girls may /& /ill1 b mu/ keep :irl+ r\nd cont9ually & s++4 ,9 e h\se ! ,que5 ann\nces ! arrival ( spr+ & wi%es ! inmates good luck & bless+s1 = :i* %e receives pres5ts4 ,9 ,g]man ,hung>y ! girls *oose ! prettie/ girl to be _! ,:itsuntide ,que51 fa/5 a t[]+ wrea? on h] br[1 & c>ry h] s++ ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,at e h\se !y /op1 s+ old ballads1 & receive pres5ts4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,irel& on ,may ,day ! prettie/ girl us$ to be *os5 ,que5 ( ! di/rict = twelve mon?s4 ,%e 0 cr[n$ ) wild fl[]s2 fea/+1 danc+1 & ru/ic sports foll[$1 & 7 clos$ by a gr& procession 9 ! ev5+4 ,dur+ h] ye> ( (fice %e presid$ ov] rural ga!r+s ( "y p at dances & m]ry-mak+s4 ,if %e m>ri$ be=e next ,may ,day1 h] au?ority 0 at an end1 b h] successor 0 n elect$ till t day came r\nd4 ,! ,may ,que5 is common ,9 ,france & famili> 9 ,engl&4 ,aga9 ! _s ( vegetation is sometimes repres5t$ by a k+ & que51 a "l & lady1 or a bridegroom & bride4 ,"h aga9 ! p>allelism holds betwe5 ! an?ropomorphic & ! vegetable repres5tation ( ! tree-_s1 = we h se5 above t trees are sometimes m>ri$ to ea* o!r4 ,at ,hal=d 9 ,s\? ,w>wick%ire ! *ildr5 g f h\se to h\se on ,may ,day1 walk+ two & two 9 procession & head$ by a ,k+ & ,que54 ,two boys c>ry a ,may-pole "s six or sev5 feet high1 :i* is cov]$ ) fl[]s & gre5]y4 ,fa/5$ to x ne> ! top are two cross-b>s at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,^! are also deck$ ) fl[]s1 & f ! ends ( ! b>s hang hoops simil>ly adorn$4 ,at ! h\ses ! *ildr5 s+ ,may songs & receive money1 :i* is us$ to provide tea = !m at ! s*oolh\se 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 a ,bohemian village ne> ,kniggrtz on ,:it-,monday ! *ildr5 play ! k+'s game1 at :i* a k+ & que5 m>* ab\t "u a canopy1 ! que5 we>+ a g>l&1 & ! y\nge/ girl c>ry+ two wrea?s on a plate beh9d !m4 ,!y are att5d$ by boys & girls call$ groomsm5 & bridesmaids1 & !y g f h\se to h\se collect+ gifts4 ,a regul> feature 9 ! popul> celebration ( ,:itsuntide 9 ,silesia us$ to be1 & to "s ext5t /ill is1 ! conte/ = ! k+%ip4 ,?is conte/ took v>i\s =ms1 b ! m>k or goal 0 g5]ally ! ,may-tree or ,may-pole4 ,sometimes ! y\? :o succe$$ 9 climb+ ! smoo? pole & br++ d[n ! prize 0 proclaim$ ! ,:itsuntide ,k+ & 8 swee!>t ! ,:itsuntide ,bride4 ,aft]w>ds ! k+1 c>ry+ ! ,may-bu%1 repair$ ) ! re/ ( ! company to ! aleh\se1 :]e a dance & a fea/ end$ ! m]ry-mak+4 ,(t5 ! "y f>m]s & lab\r]s rac$ on horseback to ! ,may-pole1 :i* 0 adorn$ ) fl[]s1 ribbons1 & a cr[n4 ,he :o fir/ rea*$ ! pole 0 ! ,:itsuntide ,k+1 & ! re/ _h to obey 8 ord]s = t day4 ,! wor/ rid] became ! cl[n4 ,at ! ,may-tree all dism\nt$ & hoi/$ ! k+ on _! %\ld]s4 ,he nimbly sw>m$ up ! pole & br\ght d[n ! ,may-bu% & ! cr[n1 :i* _h be5 fa/5$ to ! top4 ,mean:ile ! cl[n hurri$ to ! aleh\se & proce$$ to bolt ?irty rolls ( bread & to swig f\r qu>t bottles ( br&y ) ! utmo/ possible despat*4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ! k+1 :o bore ! ,may-bu% & cr[n at ! head ( ! company4 ,if on _! arrival ! cl[n _h already dispos$ ( ! rolls & ! br&y1 & greet$ ! k+ ) a spee* & a glass ( be]1 8 score 0 paid by ! k+2 o!rwise he _h to settle x himself4 ,aft] *ur* "t ! /ately procession w\nd ?r\gh ! village4 ,at ! head ( x rode ! k+1 deck$ ) fl[]s & c>ry+ ! ,may-bu%4 ,next came ! cl[n ) 8 clo!s turn$ inside out1 a great flax5 be>d on 8 *a91 & ! ,:itsuntide cr[n on 8 head4 ,two rid]s disguis$ z gu>ds foll[$4 ,! procession drew up be=e e f>my>d2 ! two gu>ds dism\nt$1 %ut ! cl[n into ! h\se1 & claim$ a contribution f ! h\sewife to buy soap ) :i* to wa% ! cl[n's be>d4 ,cu/om all[$ !m to c>ry (f any victuals :i* 7 n "u lock & key4 ,la/ ( all !y came to ! h\se 9 :i* ! k+'s swee!>t liv$4 ,%e 0 greet$ z ,:itsuntide ,que5 & receiv$ suitable pres5ts--to wit1 a _m-col\r$ sa%1 a clo?1 & an apron4 ,! k+ got z a prize1 a ve/1 a neck-clo?1 & s =?1 & _h ! "r ( sett+ up ! ,may-bu% or ,:itsuntide-tree be=e 8 ma/]'s y>d1 :]e x rema9$ z an hon\rable tok5 till ! same day next ye>4 ,f9ally ! procession took its way to ! tav]n1 :]e ! k+ & que5 op5$ ! dance4 ,sometimes ! ,:itsuntide ,k+ & ,que5 succe$$ to (fice 9 a diff]5t way4 ,a man ( /raw1 z l>ge z life & cr[n$ ) a r$ cap1 0 convey$ 9 a c>t1 betwe5 two m5 arm$ & disguis$ z gu>ds1 to a place :]e a mock c\rt 0 wait+ to try him4 ,a great cr[d foll[$ ! c>t4 ,aft] a =mal trial ! /raw man 0 condemn$ to dea? & fa/5$ to a /ake on ! execution gr\nd4 ,! "y m5 ) b&ag$ eyes tri$ to /ab him ) a spe>4 ,he :o succe$$ became k+ & 8 swee!>t que54 ,! /raw man 0 kn[n z ! ,golia?4 ,9 a p>i% ( ,d5m>k x us$ to be ! cu/om at ,:itsuntide to dress up a little girl z ! ,:itsun-bride & a little boy z h] groom4 ,%e 0 deck$ 9 all ! f9]y ( a gr[n-up bride1 & wore a cr[n ( ! fre%e/ fl[]s ( spr+ on h] head4 ,h] groom 0 z gay z fl[]s1 ribbons1 & knots c\ld make him4 ,! o!r *ildr5 adorn$ !mselves z be/ !y c\ld ) ! yell[ fl[]s ( ! trollius & cal?a4 ,!n !y w5t 9 great /ate f f>mh\se to f>mh\se1 two little girls walk+ at ! head ( ! procession z bridesmaids1 & six or eight outrid]s gallop+ ahead on hobby-horses to ann\nce _! com+4 ,contributions ( eggs1 butt]1 loaves1 cream1 c(fee1 sug>1 & tall[-c&les 7 receiv$ & convey$ away 9 baskets4 ,:5 !y _h made ! r\nd ( ! f>ms1 "s ( ! f>m]s' wives help$ to arrange ! w$d+ fea/1 & ! *ildr5 danc$ m]rily 9 clogs on ! /amp$ clay floor till ! sun rose & ! birds began to s+4 ,all ?is is n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,only ! old folks /ill rememb] ! little ,:itsun-bride & h] mimic pomp4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,sw$5 ! c]emonies associat$ else:]e ) ,may ,day or ,:itsuntide commonly take place at ,midsumm]4 ,accord+ly we f9d t 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,sw$i% prov9ce ( ,blek+e !y /ill *oose a ,midsumm]'s ,bride1 to :om ! *ur* coronet is occasionally l5t4 ,! girl selects = h]self a ,bridegroom1 & a collection is made = ! pair1 :o = ! "t be+ are look$ on z man & wife4 ,! o!r y\?s also *oose ea* 8 bride4 ,a simil> c]emony seems to be /ill kept up 9 ,norway4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brianon 7,dauph97 on ,may ,day ! lads wrap up 9 gre5 leaves a "y fell[ ^: swee!>t has des]t$ him or m>ri$ ano!r4 ,he lies d[n on ! gr\nd & feigns to be asleep4 ,!n a girl :o likes him1 & w\ld m>ry him1 comes & wakes him1 & rais+ him up (f]s him h] arm & a flag4 ,s !y g to ! aleh\se1 :]e ! pair lead (f ! danc+4 ,b !y mu/ m>ry )9 ! ye>1 or !y are treat$ z old ba*elor & old maid1 & are deb>r$ ! company ( ! "y folks4 ,! lad is call$ ! ,bridegroom ( ! mon? ( ,may4 ,9 ! aleh\se he puts (f 8 g>m5t ( leaves1 out ( :i*1 mix$ ) fl[]s1 8 p>tn] 9 ! dance makes a nosegay1 & we>s x at h] brea/ next day1 :5 he leads h] aga9 to ! aleh\se4 ,l ?is is a ,russian cu/om obs]v$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,n]e*ta on ! ,?ursday be=e ,:itsunday4 ,! girls g out into a bir*-wood1 w9d a girdle or b& r\nd a /ately bir*1 twi/ its l[] bran*es into a wrea?1 & kiss ea* o!r 9 pairs ?r\gh ! wrea?4 ,! girls :o kiss ?r\gh ! wrea? call ea* o!r gossips4 ,!n "o ( ! girls /eps =w>d1 & mimick+ a drunk5 man1 fl+s h]self on ! gr\nd1 rolls on ! grass1 & feigns to fall fa/ asleep4 ,ano!r girl wak5s ! pret5d$ sleep] & kisses him2 !n ! :ole bevy trips s++ ?r\gh ! wood to tw9e g>l&s1 :i* !y ?r[ into ! wat]4 ,9 ! fate ( ! g>l&s float+ on ! /ream !y read _! own4 ,"h ! "p ( ! sleep] 0 probably at "o "t play$ by a lad4 ,9 ^! ,fr5* & ,russian cu/oms we h a =sak5 bridegroom1 9 ! foll[+ a =sak5 bride4 ,on ,%rove ,tuesday ! ,slov5es ( ,ob]kra9 drag a /raw puppet ) joy\s cries up & d[n ! village2 !n !y ?r[ x into ! wat] or burn x1 & f ! height ( ! flames !y judge ( ! abundance ( ! next h>ve/4 ,! noisy crew is foll[$ by a female mask]1 :o drags a great bo>d by a /r+ & gives out t %e is a =sak5 bride4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( :at has gone be=e1 ! awak5+ ( ! =sak5 sleep] 9 ^! c]emonies probably repres5ts ! revival ( vegetation 9 spr+4 ,b x is n easy to assign _! respective p>ts to ! =sak5 bridegroom & to ! girl :o wakes him f 8 slumb]4 ,is ! sleep] ! leafless =e/ or ! b>e e>? ( w9t]8 ,is ! girl :o awak5s him ! fre% v]dure or ! g5ial sun%9e ( spr+8 ,x is h>dly possible1 on ! evid5ce be=e u1 to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! revival ( vegetation 9 spr+ us$ to be graphically repres5t$ on ,/4 ,bride's ,day1 ! fir/ ( ,febru>y4 ,?us 9 ! ,hebrides ! mi/ress & s]vants ( ea* family take a %eaf ( oats1 & dress x up 9 wom5's app>el1 put x 9 a l>ge basket & lay a wood5 club by x1 & ?is !y call ,briid's b$2 & !n ! mi/ress & s]vants cry ?ree times1 ',briid is come1 ,briid is welcome4' ,?is !y d j be=e go+ to b$1 & :5 !y rise 9 ! morn+ !y look among ! a%es1 expect+ to see ! impression ( ,briid's club !re2 :i* if !y d1 !y reckon x a true presage ( a good crop & prosp]\s ye>1 & ! contr>y !y take z an ill om54 ,! same cu/om is describ$ by ano!r witness ?us3 ,^u ! night be=e ,c&lemas x is usual to make a b$ ) corn & hay1 ov] :i* "s blankets are laid1 9 a "p ( ! h\se1 ne> ! door4 ,:5 x is ready1 a p]son goes out & repeats ?ree times1 4 4 4 ',bridget1 ,bridget1 come 92 ?y b$ is ready4' ,"o or m c&les are left burn+ ne> x all night4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,isle ( ,man on ! eve ( ! fir/ ( ,febru>y1 a fe/ival 0 =m]ly kept1 call$1 9 ! ,manks language1 ,laa'l ,bree%ey1 9 hon\r ( ! ,iri% lady :o w5t ov] to ! ,isle ( ,man to receive ! veil f ,/4 ,maughold4 ,! cu/om 0 to ga!r a bundle ( gre5 ru%es1 & /&+ ) !m 9 ! h& on ! ?re%old ( ! door1 to invite ! holy ,sa9t ,bridget to come & lodge ) !m t night4 ,9 ! ,manks language1 ! invitation ran ?us3 ',br$e1 ,br$e1 t> gys my ?ie t> dyn ?ie ayms noght ,fo%il jee yn dorrys da ,br$e1 z lhig da ,br$e e heet /aigh4' ,9 ,engli%3 ',bridget1 ,bridget1 come to my h\se1 come to my h\se to-night4 ,op5 ! door = ,bridget1 & let ,bridget come 94' ,aft] ^! words 7 repeat$1 ! ru%es 7 /rewn on ! floor by way ( a c>pet or b$ = ,/4 ,bridget4 ,a cu/om v simil> to ?is 0 also obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! ,out-,isles ( ! anci5t ,k+dom ( ,man4 ,9 ^! ,manx & ,highl& c]emonies x is obvi\s t ,/4 ,bride1 or ,/4 ,bridget1 is an old hea!n goddess ( f]tility1 disguis$ 9 a ?readb>e ,*ri/ian cloak4 ,probably %e is no o!r ?an ,brigit1 ! ,celtic goddess ( fire & app>5tly ( ! crops4 ,(t5 ! m>riage ( ! _s ( vegetation 9 spr+1 ?\gh n directly repres5t$1 is impli$ by nam+ ! human repres5tative ( ! _s1 ! ,bride1 & dress+ h] 9 w$d+ attire4 ,?us 9 "s villages ( ,altm>k at ,:itsuntide1 :ile ! boys g ab\t c>ry+ a ,may-tree or lead+ a boy envelop$ 9 leaves & fl[]s1 ! girls lead ab\t ! ,may ,bride1 a girl dress$ z a bride ) a great nosegay 9 h] hair4 ,!y g f h\se to h\se1 ! ,may ,bride s++ a song 9 :i* %e asks = a pres5t & tells ! inmates ( ea* h\se t if !y give h] some?+ !y w !mselves h some?+ ! :ole ye> ?r\gh2 b if !y give h] no?+ !y w !mselves h no?+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/phalia two girls lead a fl[]-cr[n$ girl call$ ! ,:itsuntide ,bride f door to door1 s++ a song 9 :i* !y ask = eggs4 ,,xi4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,sexes on ,vegetation ,,f ,,! ,,prec$+ exam9ation ( ! spr+ & summ] fe/ivals ( ,europe we may inf] t our rude =efa!rs p]sonifi$ ! p[]s ( vegetation z male & female1 & attempt$1 on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 to quick5 ! gr[? ( trees & plants by repres5t+ ! m>riage ( ! sylvan deities 9 ! p]sons ( a ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may1 a ,:itsun ,bridegroom & ,bride1 & s =?4 ,su* repres5tations 7 accord+ly no m]e symbolic or allegorical dramas1 pa/oral plays design$ to amuse or in/ruct a ru/ic audi5ce4 ,!y 7 *>ms int5d$ to make ! woods to gr[ gre51 ! fre% grass to spr\t1 ! corn to %oot1 & ! fl[]s to bl[4 ,& x 0 natural to suppose t ! m closely ! mock m>riage ( ! leaf-clad or fl[]-deck$ mumm]s ap$ ! real m>riage ( ! woodl& sprites1 ! m effective w\ld be ! *>m4 ,accord+ly we may assume ) a high degree ( probability t ! pr(ligacy :i* notori\sly att5d$ ^! c]emonies 0 at "o "t n an accid5tal excess b an ess5tial "p ( ! rites1 & t 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o p]=m$ !m ! m>riage ( trees & plants c\ld n be f]tile )\t ! real union ( ! human sexes4 ,at ! pres5t day x might p]haps be va9 to look 9 civilis$ ,europe = cu/oms ( ?is sort obs]v$ = ! explicit purpose ( promot+ ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,b rud] races 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w h consci\sly employ$ ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes z a means to ensure ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?2 & "s rites :i* are /ill1 or 7 till lately1 kept up 9 ,europe c be reasonably expla9$ only z /unt$ relics ( a simil> practice4 ,! foll[+ facts w make ?is pla94 ,= f\r days be=e !y committ$ ! se$ to ! e>? ! ,pipiles ( ,c5tral ,am]ica kept ap>t f _! wives 9 ord] t on ! night be=e plant+ !y might indulge _! passions to ! fulle/ ext5t2 c]ta9 p]sons are ev5 said to h be5 appo9t$ to p]=m ! sexual act at ! v mom5t :5 ! fir/ se$s 7 deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! use ( _! wives at t "t 0 inde$ enjo9$ ^u ! p by ! prie/s z a religi\s duty1 9 default ( :i* x 0 n lawful to s[ ! se$4 ,! only possible explanation ( ?is cu/om seems to be t ! ,indians confus$ ! process by :i* human be+s reproduce _! k9d ) ! process by :i* plants dis*>ge ! same function1 & fanci$ t by resort+ to ! =m] !y 7 simultane\sly =w>d+ ! latt]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,java1 at ! season :5 ! bloom w soon be on ! rice1 ! husb&man & 8 wife visit _! fields by night & !re engage 9 sexual int]c\rse = ! purpose ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,9 ! ,leti1 ,s>mata1 & "s o!r gr\ps ( isl&s :i* lie betwe5 ! we/]n end ( ,new ,gu9ea & ! nor!rn "p ( ,au/ralia1 ! hea!n population reg>d ! sun z ! male pr9ciple by :om ! e>? or female prnciple is f]tilis$4 ,!y call him ,upu-l]a or ,mr4 ,sun1 & repres5t him "u ! =m ( a lamp made ( coco-nut leaves1 :i* may be se5 hang+ ev]y:]e 9 _! h\ses & 9 ! sacr$ fig-tree4 ,"u ! tree lies a l>ge flat /one1 :i* s]ves z a sacrificial table4 ,on x ! heads ( sla9 foes 7 & are /ill plac$ 9 "s ( ! isl&s4 ,once a ye>1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 ,mr4 ,sun comes d[n into ! holy fig-tree to f]tilise ! e>?1 & to facilitate 8 desc5t a ladd] ) sev5 rungs is consid]ately plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,x is set up "u ! tree & is adorn$ ) c>v$ figures ( ! birds ^: %rill cl>ion h]alds ! approa* ( ! sun 9 ! ea/4 ,on ?is occasion pigs & dogs are sacrific$ 9 pr(usion2 m5 & wom5 alike indulge 9 a saturnalia2 & ! my/ic union ( ! sun & ! e>? is dramatically repres5t$ 9 public1 amid song & dance1 by ! real union ( ! sexes "u ! tree4 ,! object ( ! fe/ival1 we are told1 is to procure ra91 pl5ty ( food & dr9k1 abundance ( cattle & *ildr5 & ri*es f ,gr&fa!r ,sun4 ,!y pray t he may make e %e-goat to ca/ two or ?ree "y1 ! p to multiply1 ! dead pigs to be replac$ by liv+ pigs1 ! empty rice-baskets to be fill$1 & s on4 ,& to induce him to grant _! reque/s !y (f] him pork & rice & liquor1 & invite him to fall to4 ,9 ! ,bab> ,isl&s a special flag is hoi/$ at ?is fe/ival z a symbol ( ! creative en]gy ( ! sun2 x is ( :ite cotton1 ab\t n9e feet high1 & consi/s ( ! figure ( a man 9 an appropriate attitude4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to treat ^! orgies z a m]e outbur/ ( unbridl$ passion2 no d\bt !y are delib]ately & solemnly organis$ z ess5tial to ! f]tility ( ! e>? & ! welf>e ( man4 ,! same means :i* are ?us adopt$ to /imulate ! gr[? ( ! crops are naturally employ$ to ensure ! fruitfulness ( trees4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,amboyna1 :5 ! /ate ( ! clove plantation indicates t ! crop is likely to be scanty1 ! m5 g nak$ to ! plantations by night1 & !re seek to f]tilise ! trees precisely z !y w\ld impregnate wom51 :ile at ! same "t !y call out = ,m cloves6 ,?is is suppos$ to make ! trees be> fruit m abundantly4 ,! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa believe s /rongly 9 ! intimate relation betwe5 ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes & ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd t among !m a b>r5 wife is g5]ally s5t away1 because %e is suppos$ to prev5t h] husb&'s g>d5 f be>+ fruit4 ,on ! contr>y1 a c\ple :o h giv5 pro( ( extraord9>y f]tility by becom+ ! p>5ts ( tw9s are believ$ by ! ,bag&a to be end[$ ) a correspond+ p[] ( increas+ ! fruitfulness ( ! planta9-trees1 :i* furni% !m ) _! /aple food4 ,"s little "t aft] ! bir? ( ! tw9s a c]emony is p]=m$1 ! object ( :i* cle>ly is to transmit ! reproductive virtue ( ! p>5ts to ! planta9s4 ,! "m lies d[n on h] back 9 ! ?ick grass ne> ! h\se & places a fl[] ( ! planta9 betwe5 h] legs2 !n h] husb& comes & knocks ! fl[] away ) 8 g5ital memb]4 ,fur!r1 ! p>5ts g ?r\gh ! c\ntry p]=m+ dances 9 ! g>d5s ( fav\r$ fri5ds1 app>5tly = ! purpose ( caus+ ! planta9-trees to be> fruit m abundantly4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe cu/oms h prevail$ bo? at spr+ & h>ve/ :i* are cle>ly bas$ on ! same crude notion t ! relation ( ! human sexes to ea* o!r c be s us$ z to quick5 ! gr[? ( plants4 ,= example1 9 ! ,ukra9e on ,/4 ,george's ,day 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april7 ! prie/ 9 8 robes1 att5d$ by 8 acolytes1 goes out to ! fields ( ! village1 :]e ! crops are beg9n+ to %[ gre5 above ! gr\nd1 & blesses !m4 ,aft] t ! "y m>ri$ p lie d[n 9 c\ples on ! s[n fields & roll sev]al times ov] on !m1 9 ! belief t ?is w promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,russia ! prie/ himself is roll$ by wom5 ov] ! spr\t+ crop1 & t )\t reg>d to ! mud & holes :i* he may enc\nt] 9 8 b5efic5t progress4 ,if ! %eph]d resi/s or remon/rates1 8 flock murmurs1 ,little ,fa!r1 y d n really wi% u well1 y d n wi% u to h corn1 al?\gh y d wi% to live on our corn4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many at h>ve/ ! m5 & wom51 :o h reap$ ! corn1 roll toge!r on ! field4 ,?is aga9 is probably a mitigation ( an old] & rud] cu/om design$ to imp>t f]tility to ! fields by me?ods l ^? resort$ to by ! ,pipiles ( ,c5tral ,am]ica long ago & by ! cultivators ( rice 9 ,java at ! pres5t "t4 ,to ! /ud5t :o c>es to track ! devi\s c\rse ( ! human m9d 9 its grop+s aft] tru?1 x is ( "s int]e/ to obs]ve t ! same !oretical belief 9 ! sympa!tic influ5ce ( ! sexes on vegetation1 :i* has l$ "s peoples to indulge _! passions z a means ( f]tilis+ ! e>?1 has l$ o!rs to seek ! same end by directly opposite means4 ,f ! mom5t t !y s[$ ! maize till ! "t t !y reap$ x1 ! ,indians ( ,nic>agua liv$ *a/ely1 keep+ ap>t f _! wives & sleep+ 9 a sep>ate place4 ,!y ate no salt1 & drank nei!r cocoa nor *i*a1 ! f]m5t$ liquor made f maize2 9 %ort ! season 0 = !m1 z ! ,spani% hi/orian obs]ves1 a "t ( ab/95ce4 ,to ?is day "s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,c5tral ,am]ica practise cont95ce = ! purpose ( !reby promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,?us we are told t be=e s[+ ! maize ! ,kek*i ,indians sleep ap>t f _! wives1 & eat no fle% = five days1 :ile among ! ,lanqu9]os & ,cajabon]os ! p]iod ( ab/95ce f ^! c>nal pleasures ext5ds to ?irte5 days4 ,s among/ "s ( ! ,g]mans ( ,transylvania x is a rule t no man may sleep ) 8 wife dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t t he is engag$ 9 s[+ 8 fields4 ,! same rule is obs]v$ at ,kalotaszeg 9 ,hung>y2 ! p ?9k t if ! cu/om 7 n obs]v$ ! corn w\ld be mildew$4 ,simil>ly a ,c5tral ,au/ralian headman ( ! ,kaiti% tribe /rictly ab/a9s f m>ital relations ) 8 wife all ! "t t he is p]=m+ magical c]emonies to make ! grass gr[2 = he believes t a brea* ( ?is rule w\ld prev5t ! grass se$ f spr\t+ prop]ly4 ,9 "s ( ! ,melanesian isl&s1 :5 ! yam v9es are be+ tra9$1 ! m5 sleep ne> ! g>d5s & nev] approa* _! wives2 %\ld !y ent] ! g>d5 aft] break+ ?is rule ( cont95ce ! fruits ( ! g>d5 w\ld be spoilt4 ,if we ask :y x is t simil> beliefs %\ld logically lead1 among diff]5t peoples1 to su* opposite modes ( conduct z /rict *a/ity & m or less op5 debau*]y1 ! reason1 z x pres5ts itself to ! primitive m9d1 is p]haps n v f> to seek4 ,if rude man id5tifies himself1 9 a mann]1 ) nature2 if he fails to di/+ui% ! impulses & processes 9 himself f ! me?ods :i* nature adopts to ensure ! reproduction ( plants & animals1 he may leap to "o ( two conclusions4 ,ei!r he may inf] t by yield+ to 8 appetites he w !reby assi/ 9 ! multiplication ( plants & animals2 or he may imag9e t ! vig\r :i* he refuses to exp5d 9 reproduc+ 8 own k9d1 w =m z x 7 a /ore ( en]gy :]eby o!r creatures1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 w someh[ b5efit 9 propagat+ _! species4 ,?us f ! same crude philosophy1 ! same primitive notions ( nature & life1 ! savage may d]ive by diff]5t *annels a rule ei!r ( pr(ligacy or ( asceticism4 ,to read]s br$ 9 religion :i* is saturat$ ) ! ascetic idealism ( ! ,ea/1 ! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! rule ( cont95ce obs]v$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances by rude or savage peoples may seem f>-fet*$ & improbable4 ,!y may ?9k t moral purity1 :i* is s intimately associat$ 9 _! m9ds ) ! obs]vance ( su* a rule1 furni%es a suffici5t explanation ( x2 !y may hold ) ,milton t *a/ity 9 itself is a noble virtue1 & t ! re/ra9t :i* x imposes on "o ( ! /ronge/ impulses ( our animal nature m>ks out ^? :o c submit to x z m5 rais$ above ! common h]d1 & !re=e wor?y to receive ! seal ( ! div9e approbation4 ,h[ev] natural ?is mode ( ?\ght may seem to u1 x is utt]ly =eign & inde$ incompreh5sible to ! savage4 ,if he resi/s on occasion ! sexual in/9ct1 x is f no high idealism1 no e!real aspiration aft] moral purity1 b = ! sake ( "s ult]ior yet p]fectly def9ite & concrete object1 to ga9 :i* he is prep>$ to sacrifice ! imm$iate gratification ( 8 s5ses4 ,t ?is is or may be s1 ! examples ,i h cit$ are amply suffici5t to prove4 ,!y %[ t :]e ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 :i* manife/s itself *iefly 9 ! se>* = food1 conflicts or appe>s to conflict ) ! in/9ct :i* conduces to ! propagation ( ! species1 ! =m] in/9ct1 z ! prim>y & m fundam5tal1 is capable ( ov]ma/]+ ! latt]4 ,9 %ort1 ! savage is will+ to re/ra9 8 sexual prop5sity = ! sake ( food4 ,ano!r object = ! sake ( :i* he cons5ts to ex]cise ! same self-re/ra9t is victory 9 w>4 ,n only ! w>rior 9 ! field b 8 fri5ds at home w (t5 bridle _! s5sual appetites f a belief t by s do+ !y w ! m easily ov]come _! enemies4 ,! fallacy ( su* a belief1 l ! belief t ! *a/ity ( ! s[] conduces to ! gr[? ( ! se$1 is pla9 en\gh to u2 yet p]haps ! self-re/ra9t :i* ^! & ! l beliefs1 va9 & false z !y are1 h impos$ on mank9d1 has n be5 )\t its utility 9 brac+ & /r5g!n+ ! bre$4 ,= /r5g? ( "* 9 ! race z 9 ! individual consi/s ma9ly 9 ! p[] ( sacrific+ ! pres5t to ! future1 ( disreg>d+ ! imm$iate temptations ( ephem]al pleasure = m di/ant & la/+ s\rces ( satisfaction4 ,! m ! p[] is ex]cis$ ! high] & /rong] becomes ! "*2 till ! height ( h]oism is rea*$ 9 m5 :o r5\nce ! pleasures ( life & ev5 life itself = ! sake ( keep+ or w9n+ = o!rs1 p]haps 9 di/ant ages1 ! bless+s ( fre$om & tru?4 ,,xii4 ,! ,sacr$ ,m>riage #a4 ,diana z a ,goddess ( ,f]tility ,,we h se5 t accord+ to a widespread belief1 :i* is n )\t a f\ndation 9 fact1 plants reproduce _! k9ds ?r\gh ! sexual union ( male & female elem5ts1 & t on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic ?is reproduction is suppos$ to be /imulat$ by ! real or mock m>riage ( m5 & wom51 :o masqu]ade = ! "t be+ z spirits ( vegetation4 ,su* magical dramas h play$ a great "p 9 ! popul> fe/ivals ( ,europe1 & bas$ z !y are on a v crude conception ( natural law1 x is cle> t !y mu/ h be5 h&$ d[n f a remote antiquity4 ,we %all h>dly1 !re=e1 err 9 assum+ t !y date f a "t :5 ! =efa!rs ( ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe 7 /ill b>b>ians1 h]d+ _! cattle & cultivat+ pat*es ( corn 9 ! cle>+s ( ! va/ =e/s1 :i* !n cov]$ ! great] "p ( ! cont95t1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,b if ^! old spells & en*antm5ts = ! gr[? ( leaves & blossoms1 ( grass & fl[]s & fruit1 h l+]$ d[n to our own "t 9 ! %ape ( pa/oral plays & popul> m]ry-mak+s1 is x n reasonable to suppose t !y surviv$ 9 less att5uat$ =ms "s two ?\s& ye>s ago among ! civilis$ peoples ( antiquity8 ,or1 to put x o!rwise1 is x n likely t 9 c]ta9 fe/ivals ( ! anci5ts we may be able to detect ! equival5ts ( our ,may ,day1 ,:itsuntide1 & ,midsumm] celebrations1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ^? days ! c]emonies _h n yet dw9dl$ into m]e %[s & pageants1 b 7 /ill religi\s or magical rites1 9 :i* ! actors consci\sly support$ ! high p>ts ( gods & goddesses8 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book we f\nd reason to believe t ! prie/ :o bore ! title ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi _h = 8 mate ! goddess ( ! grove1 ,diana h]self4 ,may n he & %e1 z ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,wood1 h be5 s]i\s c\nt]p>ts ( ! m]ry mumm]s :o play ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may1 ! ,:itsuntide ,bridegroom & ,bride 9 mod]n ,europe8 & may n _! union h be5 ye>ly celebrat$ 9 a !ogamy or div9e m>riage8 ,su* dramatic w$d+s ( gods & goddesses1 z we %all see pres5tly1 7 c>ri$ out z solemn religi\s rites 9 _m p>ts ( ! anci5t _w2 h5ce !re is no intr9sic improbability 9 ! supposition t ! sacr$ grove at ,nemi may h be5 ! sc5e ( an annual c]emony ( ?is sort4 ,direct evid5ce t x 0 s !re is none1 b analogy pleads 9 fav\r ( ! view1 z ,i %all n[ endeav\r to %[4 ,diana 0 ess5tially a goddess ( ! woodl&s1 z ,c]es 0 a goddess ( ! corn & ,bac*us a god ( ! v9e4 ,h] sanctu>ies 7 commonly 9 groves1 inde$ e grove 0 sacr$ to h]1 & %e is (t5 associat$ ) ! =e/ god ,silvanus 9 d$ications4 ,b :atev] h] orig9 may h be51 ,diana 0 n always a m]e goddess ( trees4 ,l h] ,greek si/] ,artemis1 %e appe>s to h develop$ into a p]sonification ( ! teem+ life ( nature1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,z mi/ress ( ! gre5wood %e w\ld naturally be ?\ght to own ! bea/s1 :e!r wild or tame1 t rang$ ?r\gh x1 lurk+ = _! prey 9 its gloomy dep?s1 mun*+ ! fre% leaves & %oots among ! b\ghs1 or cropp+ ! h]bage 9 ! op5 glades & dells4 ,?us %e might come to be ! patron goddess bo? ( hunt]s & h]dsm51 j z ,silvanus 0 ! god n only ( woods1 b ( cattle4 ,simil>ly 9 ,f9l& ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/ 7 reg>d$ z ! h]ds ( ! woodl& god ,tapio & ( 8 /ately & beautiful wife4 ,no man might slay "o ( ^! animals )\t ! graci\s p]mission ( _! div9e own]s4 ,h5ce ! hunt] pray$ to ! sylvan deities1 & v[$ ri* (f]+s to !m if !y w\ld drive ! game across 8 pa?4 ,& cattle also seem to h enjoy$ ! protection ( ^? spirits ( ! woods1 bo? :5 !y 7 9 _! /alls & :ile !y /ray$ 9 ! =e/4 ,be=e ! ,gayos ( ,sumatra hunt de]1 wild goats1 or wild pigs ) h\nds 9 ! woods1 !y deem x necess>y to obta9 ! leave ( ! unse5 ,"l ( ! =e/4 ,?is is done accord+ to a prescrib$ =m by a man :o has special skill 9 woodcraft4 ,he lays d[n a quid ( betel be=e a /ake :i* is cut 9 a p>ticul> way to repres5t ! ,"l ( ! ,wood1 & hav+ done s he prays to ! _s to signify 8 cons5t or refusal4 ,9 8 treatise on hunt+1 ,arrian tells u t ! ,celts us$ to (f] an annual sacrifice to ,artemis on h] bir?day1 pur*as+ ! sacrificial victim ) ! f9es :i* !y _h paid into h] treasury = e fox1 h>e1 & roe t !y _h kill$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,! cu/om cle>ly impli$ t ! wild bea/s belong$ to ! goddess1 & t %e mu/ be comp5sat$ = _! slaught]4 ,b ,diana 0 n m]ely a patroness ( wild bea/s1 a mi/ress ( woods & hills1 ( lonely glades & s\nd+ riv]s2 conceiv$ z ! moon1 & especially1 x w\ld seem1 z ! yell[ h>ve/ moon1 %e fill$ ! f>m]'s grange ) goodly fruits1 & he>d ! pray]s ( wom5 9 travail4 ,9 h] sacr$ grove at ,nemi1 z we h se51 %e 0 especially wor%ipp$ z a goddess ( *ildbir?1 :o be/[$ (fspr+ on m5 & wom54 ,?us ,diana1 l ! ,greek ,artemis1 ) :om %e 0 con/antly id5tifi$1 may be describ$ z a goddess ( nature 9 g5]al & ( f]tility 9 p>ticul>4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 h] sanctu>y on ! ,av5t9e %e 0 repres5t$ by an image copi$ f ! _m-brea/$ idol ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis1 ) all its cr[d$ emblems ( exub]ant fecundity4 ,h5ce too we c und]/& :y an anci5t ,roman law1 attribut$ to ,k+ ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 prescrib$ t1 :5 ince/ _h be5 committ$1 an expiatory sacrifice %\ld be (f]$ by ! pontiffs 9 ! grove ( ,diana4 ,= we "k t ! crime ( ince/ is commonly suppos$ to cause a de>?2 h5ce x w\ld be meet t atonem5t = ! (f5ce %\ld be made to ! goddess ( f]tility4 ,n[ on ! pr9ciple t ! goddess ( f]tility mu/ h]self be f]tile1 x behov$ ,diana to h a male p>tn]4 ,h] mate1 if ! te/imony ( ,s]vius may be tru/$1 0 t ,virbius :o _h 8 repres5tative1 or p]haps r 8 embodim5t1 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi4 ,! aim ( _! union w\ld be to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 ( animals1 & ( mank9d2 & x might naturally be ?\ght t ?is object w\ld be m surely atta9$ if ! sacr$ nuptials 7 celebrat$ e ye>1 ! p>ts ( ! div9e bride & bridegroom be+ play$ ei!r by _! images or by liv+ p]sons4 ,no anci5t writ] m5tions t ?is 0 done 9 ! grove at ,nemi2 b our k ( ! ,arician ritual is s scanty t ! want ( in=mation on ?is head c h>dly c\nt z a fatal objection to ! !ory4 ,t !ory1 9 ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce1 mu/ necess>ily be bas$ on ! analogy ( simil> cu/oms practis$ else:]e4 ,"s mod]n examples ( su* cu/oms1 m or less deg5]ate1 7 describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,"h we %all consid] _! anci5t c\nt]p>ts4 #b4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,gods ,,at ,,babylon ! impos+ sanctu>y ( ,bel rose l a pyramid above ! city 9 a s]ies ( eight t[]s or /ories1 plant$ "o on ! top ( ! o!r4 ,on ! highe/ t[]1 rea*$ by an asc5t :i* w\nd ab\t all ! re/1 !re /ood a spaci\s temple1 & 9 ! temple a great b$1 magnific5tly drap$ & cu%ion$1 ) a gold5 table beside x4 ,9 ! temple no image 0 to be se51 & no human be+ pass$ ! night !re1 save a s+le woman1 :om1 accord+ to ! ,*aldean prie/s1 ! god *ose f among all ! wom5 ( ,babylon4 ,!y said t ! deity himself came into ! temple at night & slept 9 ! great b$2 & ! woman1 z a consort ( ! god1 might h no int]c\rse ) mortal man4 ,at ,!bes 9 ,egypt a woman slept 9 ! temple ( ,ammon z ! consort ( ! god1 &1 l ! human wife ( ,bel at ,babylon1 %e 0 said to h no comm]ce ) a man4 ,9 ,egyptian texts %e is (t5 m5tion$ z ! div9e consort1 & usually %e 0 no less a p]sonage ?an ! ,que5 ( ,egypt h]self4 ,=1 accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 _! mon>*s 7 actually begott5 by ! god ,ammon1 :o assum$ = ! "t be+ ! =m ( ! reign+ k+1 & 9 t disguise _h int]c\rse ) ! que54 ,! div9e procreation is c>v$ & pa9t$ 9 great detail on ! walls ( two ( ! olde/ temples 9 ,egypt1 ^? ( ,deir el ,bah>i & ,luxor2 & ! inscriptions atta*$ to ! pa9t+s leave no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! sc5es4 ,at ,a!ns ! god ( ! v9e1 ,dionysus1 0 annually m>ri$ to ! ,que51 & x appe>s t ! consummation ( ! div9e union1 z well z ! esp\sals1 0 enact$ at ! c]emony2 b :e!r ! "p ( ! god 0 play$ by a man or an image we d n "k4 ,we le>n f ,ari/otle t ! c]emony took place 9 ! old (ficial resid5ce ( ! ,k+1 kn[n z ! ,cattle-/all1 :i* /ood ne> ! ,prytaneum or ,t[n-hall on ! nor?-ea/]n slope ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! object ( ! m>riage c h>dly h be5 any o!r ?an t ( ensur+ ! f]tility ( ! v9es & o!r fruit-trees ( :i* ,dionysus 0 ! god4 ,?us bo? 9 =m & 9 mean+ ! c]emony w\ld answ] to ! nuptials ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may4 ,9 ! great my/]ies solemnis$ at ,eleusis 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] ! union ( ! sky-god ,zeus ) ! corn-goddess ,demet] appe>s to h be5 repres5t$ by ! union ( ! hi]ophant ) ! prie/ess ( ,demet]1 :o act$ ! p>ts ( god & goddess4 ,b _! int]c\rse 0 only dramatic or symbolical1 = ! hi]ophant _h tempor>ily depriv$ himself ( 8 virility by an application ( hemlock4 ,! tor*es hav+ be5 ext+ui%$1 ! pair desc5d$ into a murky place1 :ile ! ?rong ( wor%ipp]s await$ 9 anxi\s susp5se ! result ( ! my/ic congress1 on :i* !y believ$ _! own salvation to dep5d4 ,aft] a "t ! hi]ophant reappe>$1 & 9 a blaze ( light sil5tly exhibit$ to ! assembly a reap$ e> ( corn1 ! fruit ( ! div9e m>riage4 ,!n 9 a l\d voice he proclaim$1 ,que5 ,brimo has br\ght =? a sacr$ boy ,brimos1 by :i* he meant1 ,! ,mighty ,"o has br\ght =? ! ,mighty4 ,! corn-"m 9 fact _h giv5 bir? to h] *ild1 ! corn1 & h] travail-pangs 7 enact$ 9 ! sacr$ drama4 ,?is revelation ( ! reap$ corn appe>s to h be5 ! cr[n+ act ( ! my/]ies4 ,?us ?r\gh ! glam\r %$ r\nd ^! rites by ! poetry & philosophy ( lat] ages !re /ill looms1 l a di/ant l&scape ?r\gh a sunlit haze1 a simple ru/ic fe/ival design$ to cov] ! wide ,eleus9ian pla9 ) a pl5te\s h>ve/ by w$d+ ! goddess ( ! corn to ! sky-god1 :o f]tilis$ ! b>e e>? ) g5ial %[]s4 ,e few ye>s ! p ( ,plataea1 9 ,boeotia1 held a fe/ival call$ ! ,little ,da$ala1 at :i* !y fell$ an oak-tree 9 an anci5t oak =e/4 ,out ( ! tree !y c>v$ an image1 & hav+ dress$ x z a bride1 !y set x on a bullock-c>t ) a bridesmaid beside x4 ,! image seems !n to h be5 drawn to ! bank ( ! riv] ,asopus & back to ! t[n1 att5d$ by a pip+ & danc+ cr[d4 ,e sixty ye>s ! fe/ival ( ! ,great ,da$ala 0 celebrat$ by all ! p ( ,boeotia2 & at x all ! images1 f\rte5 9 numb]1 :i* _h accumulat$ at ! less] fe/ivals1 7 dragg$ on wa9s 9 procession to ! riv] ,asopus & !n to ! top ( ,m\nt ,ci?a]on1 :]e !y 7 burnt on a great pyre4 ,! /ory told to expla9 ! fe/ivals sugge/s t !y celebrat$ ! m>riage ( ,zeus to ,h]a1 repres5t$ by ! oak5 image 9 bridal array4 ,9 ,sw$5 e ye> a life-size image ( ,frey1 ! god ( f]tility1 bo? animal & vegetable1 0 drawn ab\t ! c\ntry 9 a waggon att5d$ by a beautiful girl :o 0 call$ ! god's wife4 ,%e act$ also z 8 prie/ess 9 8 great temple at ,upsala4 ,:]ev] ! waggon came ) ! image ( ! god & 8 bloom+ "y bride1 ! p cr[d$ to meet !m & (f]$ sacrifices = a fruitful ye>4 ,?us ! cu/om ( m>ry+ gods ei!r to images or to human be+s 0 widespread among ! nations ( antiquity4 ,! ideas on :i* su* a cu/om is bas$ are too crude to all[ u to d\bt t ! civilis$ ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 & ,greeks inh]it$ x f _! b>b>\s or savage =efa!rs4 ,?is presumption is /r5g!n$ :5 we f9d rites ( a simil> k9d 9 vogue among ! l[] races4 ,?us1 = example1 we are told t once ^u a "t ! ,wotyaks ( ! ,malmyz di/rict 9 ,russia 7 di/ress$ by a s]ies ( bad h>ve/s4 ,!y did n "k :at to d1 b at la/ conclud$ t _! p[]ful b mis*ievi\s god ,k]emet mu/ be angry at be+ unm>ri$4 ,s a deputation ( eld]s visit$ ! ,wotyaks ( ,cura & came to an und]/&+ ) !m on ! subject4 ,!n !y return$ home1 laid 9 a l>ge /ock ( br&y1 & hav+ made ready a gaily deck$ waggon & horses1 !y drove 9 procession ) bells r++1 z !y d :5 !y are fet*+ home a bride1 to ! sacr$ grove at ,cura4 ,!re !y ate & drank m]rily all night1 & next morn+ !y cut a squ>e piece ( turf 9 ! grove & took x home ) !m4 ,aft] t1 ?\gh x f>$ well ) ! p ( ,malmyz1 x f>$ ill ) ! p ( ,cura2 = 9 ,malmyz ! bread 0 good1 b 9 ,cura x 0 bad4 ,h5ce ! m5 ( ,cura :o _h cons5t$ to ! m>riage 7 blam$ & r\ghly h&l$ by _! indignant fell[-villag]s4 ,:at !y meant by ?is m>riage c]emony1 says ! writ] :o reports x1 x is n easy to imag9e4 ,p]haps1 z ,be*t]ew ?9ks1 !y meant to m>ry ,k]emet to ! k9dly & fruitful ,mukylc91 ! ,e>?-wife1 9 ord] t %e might influ5ce him = good4 ,:5 wells are dug 9 ,b5gal1 a wood5 image ( a god is made & m>ri$ to ! goddess ( wat]4 ,(t5 ! bride de/9$ = ! god is n a log or a cl\d1 b a liv+ woman ( fle% & blood4 ,! ,indians ( a village 9 ,p]u h be5 kn[n to m>ry a beautiful girl1 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 to a /one %ap$ l a human be+1 :i* !y reg>d$ z a god 7huaca74 ,all ! villag]s took "p 9 ! m>riage c]emony1 :i* la/$ ?ree days1 & 0 att5d$ ) mu* revelry4 ,! girl !reaft] rema9$ a virg9 & sacrific$ to ! idol = ! p4 ,!y %[$ h] ! utmo/ rev]5ce & deem$ h] div9e4 ,e ye> ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 :5 ! season = fi%+ ) ! dragnet began1 ! ,algonqu9s & ,hurons m>ri$ _! nets to two "y girls1 ag$ six or sev54 ,at ! w$d+ fea/ ! net 0 plac$ betwe5 ! two maid5s1 & 0 exhort$ to take c\rage & cat* _m fi%4 ,! reason = *oos+ ! brides s "y 0 to make sure t !y 7 virg9s4 ,! orig9 ( ! cu/om is said to h be5 ?is4 ,"o ye>1 :5 ! fi%+ season came r\nd1 ! ,algonqu9s ca/ _! nets z usual1 b took no?+4 ,surpris$ at _! want ( success1 !y did n "k :at to make ( x1 till ! s\l or g5ius 7oki7 ( ! net appe>$ to !m 9 ! lik5ess ( a tall well-built man1 :o said to !m 9 a great passion1 ,i h lo/ my wife & ,i _c f9d "o :o has kn[n no o!r man b me2 t is :y y d n succe$1 & :y y nev] w succe$ till y give me satisfaction on ?is head4 ,s ! ,algonqu9s held a c\ncil & resolv$ to appease ! _s ( ! net by m>ry+ him to two su* v "y girls t he c\ld h no gr\nd ( compla9t on t score = ! future4 ,!y did s1 & ! fi%+ turn$ out all t c\ld be wi%$4 ,! ?+ got w9d among _! neighb\rs ! ,hurons1 & !y adopt$ ! cu/om4 ,a %>e ( ! cat* 0 always giv5 to ! families ( ! two girls :o act$ z brides ( ! net = ! ye>4 ,! ,oraons ( ,b5gal wor%ip ! ,e>? z a goddess1 & annually celebrate h] m>riage ) ! ,sun-god ,dh>me at ! "t :5 ! sal tree is 9 blossom4 ,! c]emony is z foll[s4 ,all ba!1 !n ! m5 repair to ! sacr$ grove 7s>na71 :ile ! wom5 assemble at ! h\se ( ! village prie/4 ,aft] sacrific+ "s f[ls to ! ,sun-god & ! demon ( ! grove1 ! m5 eat & dr9k4 ,! prie/ is !n c>ri$ back to ! village on ! %\ld]s ( a /rong man4 ,ne> ! village ! wom5 meet ! m5 & wa% _! feet4 ,) beat+ ( drums & s++1 danc+1 & jump+1 all proce$ to ! prie/'s h\se1 :i* has be5 decorat$ ) leaves & fl[]s4 ,!n ! usual =m ( m>riage is p]=m$ betwe5 ! prie/ & 8 wife1 symbolis+ ! suppos$ union betwe5 ,sun & ,e>?4 ,aft] ! c]emony all eat & dr9k & make m]ry2 !y dance & s+ obsc5e songs1 & f9ally indulge 9 ! vile/ orgies4 ,! object is to move ! "m e>? to become fruitful4 ,?us ! ,sacr$ ,m>riage ( ! ,sun & ,e>?1 p]sonat$ by ! prie/ & 8 wife1 is celebrat$ z a *>m to ensure ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd2 & = ! same purpose1 on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic1 ! p indulge 9 lic5ti\s orgy4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$ t ! sup]natural be+ to :om wom5 are m>ri$ is (t5 a god or _s ( wat]4 ,?us ,mukasa1 ! god ( ! ,victoria ,nyanza lake1 :o 0 propitiat$ by ! ,bag&a e "t !y und]took a long voyage1 _h virg9s provid$ = him to s]ve z 8 wives4 ,l ! ,ve/als !y 7 b\nd to *a/ity1 b unlike ! ,ve/als !y seem to h be5 (t5 unfai?ful4 ,! cu/om la/$ until ,mwanga 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa wor%ip ! snake ( a c]ta9 riv]1 & at int]vals ( sev]al ye>s !y m>ry ! snake-god to wom51 b especially to "y girls4 ,= ?is purpose huts are built by ord] ( ! m$ic9e-m51 :o !re consummate ! sacr$ m>riage ) ! cr$ul\s female devotees4 ,if ! girls d n repair to ! huts ( _! own accord 9 suffici5t numb]s1 !y are seiz$ & dragg$ ?i!r to ! embraces ( ! deity4 ,! (fspr+ ( ^! my/ic unions appe>s to be fa!r$ on ,god 7ngai72 c]ta9ly !re are *ildr5 among ! ,akikuyu :o pass = *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,x is said t once1 :5 ! inhabitants ( ,cayeli 9 ,buru--an ,ea/ ,indian isl&--7 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction by a sw>m ( crocodiles1 !y ascrib$ ! mis=tune to a passion :i* ! pr9ce ( ! crocodiles _h conceiv$ = a c]ta9 girl4 ,accord+ly1 !y compell$ ! damsel's fa!r to dress h] 9 bridal array & deliv] h] ov] to ! clut*es ( h] crocodile lov]4 ,a usage ( ! same sort is report$ to h prevail$ 9 ! ,maldive ,isl&s be=e ! conv]sion ( ! inhabitants to ,islam4 ,! fam\s ,arab travell] ,ibn ,batutah has describ$ ! cu/om & ! mann] 9 :i* x came to an end4 ,he 0 assur$ by sev]al tru/wor?y natives1 ^: names he gives1 t :5 ! p ( ! isl&s 7 idolat]s !re appe>$ to !m e mon? an evil _s among ! j9n1 :o came f across ! sea 9 ! lik5ess ( a %ip full ( burn+ lamps4 ,! wont ( ! inhabitants1 z soon z !y p]ceiv$ him1 0 to take a "y virg91 &1 hav+ adorn$ h]1 to lead h] to a hea!n temple t /ood on ! %ore1 ) a w9d[ look+ out to sea4 ,!re !y left ! damsel = ! night1 & :5 !y came back 9 ! morn+ !y f\nd h] a maid no m1 & dead4 ,e mon? !y drew lots1 & he ^u :om ! lot fell gave up 8 daught] to ! j9nee ( ! sea4 ,! la/ ( ! maid5s ?us (f]$ to ! demon 0 rescu$ by a pi\s ,b]b]1 :o by recit+ ! ,koran succe$$ 9 driv+ ! j9nee back into ! sea4 ,ibn ,batutah's n>rative ( ! demon lov] & 8 mortal brides closely resembles a well-kn[n type ( folk-tale1 ( :i* v]sions h be5 f\nd f ,japan & ,annam 9 ! ,ea/ to ,s5egambia1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,scotl& 9 ! ,we/4 ,! /ory v>ies 9 details f p to p1 b z commonly told x runs ?us4 ,a c]ta9 c\ntry is infe/$ by a _m-head$ s]p5t1 dragon1 or o!r mon/]1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! :ole p if a human victim1 g5]ally a virg91 7 n deliv]$ up to him p]iodically4 ,_m victims h p]i%$1 & at la/ x has fall5 to ! lot ( ! k+'s own daught] to be sacrific$4 ,%e is expos$ to ! mon/]1 b ! h]o ( ! tale1 g5]ally a "y man ( humble bir?1 int]poses 9 h] behalf1 slays ! mon/]1 & receives ! h& ( ! pr9cess z 8 rew>d4 ,9 _m ( ! tales ! mon/]1 :o is sometimes describ$ z a s]p5t1 inhabits ! wat] ( a sea1 a lake1 or a f\nta94 ,9 o!r v]sions he is a s]p5t or dragon :o takes possession ( ! spr+s ( wat]1 & only all[s ! wat] to fl[ or ! p to make use ( x on condition ( receiv+ a human victim4 ,x w\ld probably be a mi/ake to dismiss all ^! tales z pure inv5tions ( ! /ory-tell]4 ,r we may suppose t !y reflect a real cu/om ( sacrific+ girls or wom5 to be ! wives ( wat]spirits1 :o are v (t5 conceiv$ z great s]p5ts or dragons4 ,,xiii4 ,! ,k+s ( ,rome & ,alba #a4 ,numa & ,eg]ia ,,f ,,! ,,=ego+ survey ( cu/om & leg5d we may inf] t ! sacr$ m>riage ( ! p[]s bo? ( vegetation & ( wat] has be5 celebrat$ by _m peoples = ! sake ( promot+ ! f]tility ( ! e>?1 on :i* ! life ( animals & m5 ultimately dep5ds1 & t 9 su* rites ! "p ( ! div9e bridegroom or bride is (t5 su/a9$ by a man or woman4 ,! evid5ce may1 !re=e1 l5d "s c\nt5ance to ! conjecture t 9 ! sacr$ grove at ,nemi1 :]e ! p[]s ( vegetation & ( wat] manife/$ !mselves 9 ! fair =ms ( %ady woods1 tumbl+ cascades1 & glassy lake1 a m>riage l t ( our ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may 0 annually celebrat$ betwe5 ! mortal ,k+ ( ! ,wood & ! immortal ,que5 ( ! ,wood1 ,diana4 ,9 ?is connexion an important figure 9 ! grove 0 ! wat]-nymph ,eg]ia1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ by pregnant wom5 because %e1 l ,diana1 c\ld grant !m an easy deliv]y4 ,f ?is x seems fairly safe to conclude t1 l _m o!r spr+s1 ! wat] ( ,eg]ia 0 cr$it$ ) a p[] ( facilitat+ conception z well z deliv]y4 ,! votive (f]+s f\nd on ! spot1 :i* cle>ly ref] to ! begett+ ( *ildr51 may possibly h be5 d$icat$ to ,eg]ia r ?an to ,diana1 or p]haps we %\ld r say t ! wat]-nymph ,eg]ia is only ano!r =m ( ! great nature-goddess ,diana h]self1 ! mi/ress ( s\nd+ riv]s z well z ( umbrage\s woods1 :o _h h] home by ! lake & h] mirror 9 its calm wat]s1 & ^: ,greek c\nt]p>t ,artemis lov$ to haunt m]es & spr+s4 ,! id5tification ( ,eg]ia ) ,diana is confirm$ by a /atem5t ( ,plut>* t ,eg]ia 0 "o ( ! oak-nymphs :om ! ,romans believ$ to preside ov] e gre5 oak-grove2 =1 :ile ,diana 0 a goddess ( ! woodl&s 9 g5]al1 %e appe>s to h be5 intimately associat$ ) oaks 9 p>ticul>1 especially at h] sacr$ grove ( ,nemi4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ,eg]ia 0 ! fairy ( a spr+ t fl[$ f ! roots ( a sacr$ oak4 ,su* a spr+ is said to h gu%$ f ! foot ( ! great oak at ,dodona1 & f its murmur\s fl[ ! prie/ess drew oracles4 ,among ! ,greeks a draught ( wat] f c]ta9 sacr$ spr+s or wells 0 suppos$ to conf] prophetic p[]s4 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! m ?an mortal wisdom ) :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 ,eg]ia inspir$ h] royal husb& or lov] ,numa4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ v (t5 9 e>ly society ! k+ is held responsible = ! fall ( ra9 & ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 x seems h>dly ra% to conjecture t 9 ! leg5d ( ! nuptials ( ,numa & ,eg]ia we h a rem9isc5ce ( a sacr$ m>riage :i* ! old ,roman k+s regul>ly contract$ ) a goddess ( vegetation & wat] = ! purpose ( enabl+ him to dis*>ge 8 div9e or magical functions4 ,9 su* a rite ! "p ( ! goddess might be play$ ei!r by an image or a woman1 & if by a woman1 probably by ! ,que54 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjecture1 we may suppose t ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,rome masqu]ad$ z god & goddess at _! m>riage1 exactly z ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,egypt appe> to h done4 ,! leg5d ( ,numa & ,eg]ia po9ts to a sacr$ grove r ?an to a h\se z ! sc5e ( ! nuptial union1 :i*1 l ! m>riage ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may1 or ( ! v9e-god & ! ,que5 ( ,a!ns1 may h be5 annually celebrat$ z a *>m to ensure ! f]tility n only ( ! e>? b ( man & bea/4 ,n[1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ! sc5e ( ! m>riage 0 no o!r ?an ! sacr$ grove ( ,nemi1 & on q indep5d5t gr\nds we h be5 l$ to suppose t 9 t same grove ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood 0 w$d$ to ,diana4 ,! conv]g5ce ( ! two di/9ct l9es ( enquiry sugge/s t ! leg5d>y union ( ! ,roman k+ ) ,eg]ia may h be5 a reflection or duplicate ( ! union ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood ) ,eg]ia or h] d\ble ,diana4 ,?is does n imply t ! ,roman k+s ev] s]v$ z ,k+s ( ! ,wood 9 ! ,arician grove1 b only t !y may orig9ally h be5 inve/$ ) a sacr$ "* ( ! same g5]al k9d1 & may h held (fice on simil> t]ms4 ,to be m explicit1 x is possible t !y reign$1 n by "r ( bir?1 b 9 virtue ( _! suppos$ div9ity z repres5tatives or embodim5ts ( a god1 & t z su* !y mat$ ) a goddess1 & _h to prove _! fitness f "t to "t to dis*>ge _! div9e functions by engag+ 9 a sev]e bodily /ruggle1 :i* may (t5 h prov$ fatal to !m1 leav+ ! cr[n to _! victori\s adv]s>y4 ,our k ( ! ,roman k+%ip is f> too scanty to all[ u to affirm any "o ( ^! propositions ) confid5ce2 b at lea/ !re are "s scatt]$ h9ts or indications ( a simil>ity 9 all ^! respects betwe5 ! prie/s ( ,nemi & ! k+s ( ,rome1 or p]haps r betwe5 _! remote pr$ecessors 9 ! d>k ages :i* prec$$ ! dawn ( leg5d4 #b4 ,! ,k+ z ,jupit] ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ place1 !n1 x w\ld seem t ! ,roman k+ p]sonat$ no less a deity ?an ,jupit] himself4 ,= d[n to imp]ial times victori\s g5]als celebrat+ a triumph1 & magi/rates presid+ at ! games 9 ! ,circus1 wore ! co/ume ( ,jupit]1 :i* 0 borr[$ = ! occasion f 8 great temple on ! ,capitol2 & x has be5 held ) a high degree ( probability bo? by anci5ts & mod]ns t 9 s do+ !y copi$ ! tradition>y attire & insignia ( ! ,roman k+s4 ,!y rode a *>iot drawn by f\r laurel-cr[n$ horses ?r\gh ! city1 :]e e "o else w5t on foot3 !y wore purple robes embroid]$ or spangl$ ) gold3 9 ! "r h& !y bore a bran* ( laurel1 & 9 ! left h& an ivory sceptre topp$ ) an eagle3 a wrea? ( laurel cr[n$ _! br[s3 _! face 0 r$d5$ ) v]milion2 & ov] _! head a slave held a heavy cr[n ( massy gold fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess ( oak leaves4 ,9 ?is attire ! assimilation ( ! man to ! god comes out above all 9 ! eagle-topp$ sceptre1 ! oak5 cr[n1 & ! r$d5$ face4 ,= ! eagle 0 ! bird ( ,jove1 ! oak 0 8 sacr$ tree1 & ! face ( 8 image /&+ 9 8 f\r-horse *>iot on ! ,capitol 0 9 l mann] regul>ly dy$ r$ on fe/ivals2 inde$1 s important 0 x deem$ to keep ! div9e features prop]ly r\g$ t "o ( ! fir/ duties ( ! c5sors 0 to contract = hav+ ?is done4 ,z ! triumphal procession always end$ 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol1 x 0 peculi>ly appropriate t ! head ( ! victor %\ld be grac$ by a cr[n ( oak leaves1 = n only 0 e oak consecrat$ to ,jupit]1 b ! ,capitol9e temple ( ! god 0 said to h be5 built by ,romulus beside a sacr$ oak1 v5]at$ by %eph]ds1 to :i* ! k+ atta*$ ! spoils won by him f ! enemy's g5]al 9 battle4 ,we are expressly told t ! oak cr[n 0 sacr$ to ,capitol9e ,jupit]2 a passage ( ,ovid proves t x 0 reg>d$ z ! god's special emblem4 ,accord+ to a tradition :i* we h no reason to reject1 ,rome 0 f\nd$ by settl]s f ,alba ,longa1 a city situat$ on ! slope ( ! ,alban hills1 ov]look+ ! lake & ! ,campagna4 ,h5ce if ! ,roman k+s claim$ to be repres5tatives or embodim5ts ( ,jupit]1 ! god ( ! sky1 ( ! ?und]1 & ( ! oak1 x is natural to suppose t ! k+s ( ,alba1 f :om ! f\nd] ( ,rome trac$ 8 desc5t1 may h set up ! same claim be=e !m4 ,n[ ! ,alban dyna/y bore ! "n ( ,silvii or ,wood1 & x c h>dly be )\t significance t 9 ! vision ( ! hi/oric glories ( ,rome reveal$ to ,a5eas 9 ! und]world1 ,virgil1 an antiqu>y z well z a poet1 %\ld repres5t all ! l9e ( ,silvii z cr[n$ ) oak4 ,a *aplet ( oak leaves w\ld ?us seem to h be5 "p ( ! insignia ( ! old k+s ( ,alba ,longa z ( _! successors ! k+s ( ,rome2 9 bo? cases x m>k$ ! mon>* z ! human repres5tative ( ! oak-god4 ,! ,roman annals record t "o ( ! k+s ( ,alba1 ,romulus1 ,remulus1 or ,amulius ,silvius by "n1 set up = be+ a god 9 8 own p]son1 ! equal or sup]ior ( ,jupit]4 ,to support 8 pret5sions & ov]awe 8 subjects1 he con/ruct$ ma*9es :]eby he mimick$ ! clap ( ?und] & ! fla% ( lightn+4 ,diodorus relates t 9 ! season ( fruitage1 :5 ?und] is l\d & frequ5t1 ! k+ comm&$ 8 soldi]s to dr[n ! ro> ( heav5's artill]y by cla%+ _! swords aga9/ _! %ields4 ,b he paid ! p5alty ( 8 impiety1 = he p]i%$1 he & 8 h\se1 /ruck by a ?und]bolt 9 ! mid/ ( a dreadful /orm4 ,swoll5 by ! ra91 ! ,alban lake rose 9 flood & dr[n$ 8 palace4 ,b /ill1 says an anci5t hi/orian1 :5 ! wat] is l[ & ! surface unruffl$ by a breeze1 y may see ! ru9s ( ! palace at ! bottom ( ! cle> lake4 ,tak5 along ) ! simil> /ory ( ,salmoneus1 k+ ( ,elis1 ?is leg5d po9ts to a real cu/om obs]v$ by ! e>ly k+s ( ,greece & ,italy1 :o1 l _! fell[s 9 ,africa d[n to mod]n times1 may h be5 expect$ to produce ra9 & ?und] = ! good ( ! crops4 ,! prie/ly k+ ,numa pass$ = an adept 9 ! art ( draw+ d[n lightn+ f ! sky4 ,mock ?und]1 we "k1 has be5 made by v>i\s peoples z a ra9-*>m 9 mod]n times2 :y %\ld x n h be5 made by k+s 9 antiquity8 ,?us1 if ! k+s ( ,alba & ,rome imitat$ ,jupit] z god ( ! oak by we>+ a cr[n ( oak leaves1 !y seem also to h copi$ him 9 8 "* ( a wea!r-god by pret5d+ to make ?und] & lightn+4 ,& if !y did s1 x is probable t1 l ,jupit] 9 heav5 & _m k+s on e>?1 !y also act$ z public ra9-mak]s1 wr++ %[]s f ! d>k sky by _! en*antm5ts :5ev] ! p>*$ e>? cri$ out = ! refre%+ moi/ure4 ,at ,rome ! sluices ( heav5 7 op5$ by means ( a sacr$ /one1 & ! c]emony appe>s to h =m$ "p ( ! ritual ( ,jupit] ,elicius1 ! god :o elicits f ! cl\ds ! fla%+ lightn+ & ! dripp+ ra94 ,& :o s well fitt$ to p]=m ! c]emony z ! k+1 ! liv+ repres5tative ( ! sky-god8 ,if ! k+s ( ,rome ap$ ,capitol9e ,jove1 _! pr$ecessors ! k+s ( ,alba probably laid !mselves out to mimic ! great ,latian ,jupit]1 :o _h 8 seat above ! city on ! summit ( ! ,alban ,m\nta94 ,lat9us1 ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! dyna/y1 0 said to h be5 *ang$ into ,latian ,jupit] aft] vani%+ f ! _w 9 ! my/]i\s fa%ion *>act]i/ic ( ! old ,lat9 k+s4 ,! sanctu>y ( ! god on ! top ( ! m\nta9 0 ! religi\s c5tre ( ! ,lat9 ,league1 z ,alba 0 its political capital till ,rome wre/$ ! supremacy f its anci5t rival4 ,app>5tly no temple1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 0 ev] erect$ to ,jupit] on ?is 8 holy m\nta92 z god ( ! sky & ?und] he appropriately receiv$ ! homage ( 8 wor%ipp]s 9 ! op5 air4 ,! massive wall1 ( :i* "s rema9s /ill enclose ! old g>d5 ( ! ,passioni/ mona/]y1 seems to h be5 "p ( ! sacr$ prec9ct :i* ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d1 ! la/ k+ ( ,rome1 m>k$ out = ! solemn annual assembly ( ! ,lat9 ,league4 ,! god's olde/ sanctu>y on ?is airy m\nta9-top 0 a grove2 & be>+ 9 m9d n m]ely ! special consecration ( ! oak to ,jupit]1 b also ! traditional oak cr[n ( ! ,alban k+s & ! analogy ( ! ,capitol9e ,jupit] at ,rome1 we may suppose t ! trees 9 ! grove 7 oaks4 ,we "k t 9 antiquity ,m\nt ,algidus1 an outly+ gr\p ( ! ,alban hills1 0 cov]$ ) d>k =e/s ( oak2 & among ! tribes :o belong$ to ! ,lat9 ,league 9 ! e>lie/ days1 & 7 entitl$ to %>e ! fle% ( ! :ite bull sacrific$ on ! ,alban ,m\nt1 !re 0 "o ^: memb]s /yl$ !mselves ! ,m5 ( ! ,oak1 d\btless on acc\nt ( ! woods among :i* !y dwelt4 ,b we %\ld err if we pictur$ to ourselves ! c\ntry z cov]$ 9 hi/orical times ) an unbrok5 =e/ ( oaks4 ,!ophra/us has left u a description ( ! woods ( ,latium z !y 7 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,he says3 ,! l& ( ! ,lat9s is all moi/4 ,! pla9s produce laurels1 myrtles1 & wond]ful bee*es2 = !y fell trees ( su* a size t a s+le /em suffices = ! keel ( a ,tyrrh5ian %ip4 ,p9es & firs gr[ 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,:at !y call ! l& ( ,circe is a l(ty headl& ?ickly wood$ ) oak1 myrtle1 & luxuriant laurels4 ,! natives say t ,circe dwelt !re1 & !y %[ ! grave ( ,elp5or1 f :i* gr[ myrtles su* z wrea?s are made (1 :]eas ! o!r myrtle-trees are tall4 ,?us ! prospect f ! top ( ! ,alban ,m\nt 9 ! e>ly days ( ,rome mu/ h be5 v diff]5t 9 "s respects f :at x is to-day4 ,! purple ,ap5n9es1 inde$1 9 _! et]nal calm on ! "o h&1 & ! %9+ ,m$it]ranean 9 its et]nal unre/ on ! o!r1 no d\bt look$ !n mu* z !y look n[1 :e!r ba!d 9 sun%9e1 or *equ]$ by ! fleet+ %ad[s ( cl\ds2 b in/ead ( ! desolate br[n expanse ( ! fev]-/rick5 ,campagna1 spann$ by its long l9es ( ru9$ aqu$ucts1 l ! brok5 ar*es ( ! bridge 9 ! vision ( ,mirza1 ! eye mu/ h rang$ ov] woodl&s t /ret*$ away1 mile aft] mile1 on all sides1 till _! v>i$ hues ( gre5 or autumnal sc>let & gold melt$ ins5sibly into ! blue ( ! di/ant m\nta9s & sea4 ,b ,jupit] did n reign alone on ! top ( 8 holy m\nta94 ,he _h 8 consort ) him1 ! goddess ,juno1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ "h "u ! same title1 ,moneta1 z on ! ,capitol at ,rome4 ,z ! oak cr[n 0 sacr$ to ,jupit] & ,juno on ! ,capitol1 s we may suppose x 0 on ! ,alban ,m\nt1 f :i* ! ,capitol9e wor%ip 0 d]iv$4 ,?us ! oak-god w\ld h 8 oak-goddess 9 ! sacr$ oak grove4 ,s at ,dodona ! oak-god ,zeus 0 c\pl$ ) ,dione1 ^: v "n is only a dialectically diff]5t =m ( ,juno2 & s on ! top ( ,m\nt ,ci?a]on1 z we h se51 he appe>s to h be5 p]iodically w$d$ to an oak5 image ( ,h]a4 ,x is probable1 ?\gh x _c be positively prov$1 t ! sacr$ m>riage ( ,jupit] & ,juno 0 annually celebrat$ by all ! peoples ( ! ,lat9 /ock 9 ! mon? :i* !y nam$ aft] ! goddess1 ! midsumm] mon? ( ,june4 ,if at any "t ( ! ye> ! ,romans celebrat$ ! sacr$ m>riage ( ,jupit] & ,juno1 z ! ,greeks commonly celebrat$ ! correspond+ m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 we may suppose t "u ! ,republic ! c]emony 0 ei!r p]=m$ ov] images ( ! div9e pair or act$ by ! ,flam5 ,dialis & 8 wife ! ,flam9ica4 ,= ! ,flam5 ,dialis 0 ! prie/ ( ,jove2 inde$1 anci5t & mod]n writ]s h reg>d$ him1 ) mu* probability1 z a liv+ image ( ,jupit]1 a human embodim5t ( ! sky-god4 ,9 e>li] times ! ,roman k+1 z repres5tative ( ,jupit]1 w\ld naturally play ! "p ( ! heav5ly bridegroom at ! sacr$ m>riage1 :ile 8 que5 w\ld figure z ! heav5ly bride1 j z 9 ,egypt ! k+ & que5 masqu]ad$ 9 ! "* ( deities1 & z at ,a!ns ! que5 annually w$d$ ! v9e-god ,dionysus4 ,t ! ,roman k+ & que5 %\ld act ! p>ts ( ,jupit] & ,juno w\ld seem all ! m natural because ^! deities !mselves bore ! title ( ,k+ & ,que54 ,:e!r t 0 s or n1 ! leg5d ( ,numa & ,eg]ia appe>s to embody a rem9isc5ce ( a "t :5 ! prie/ly k+ himself play$ ! "p ( ! div9e bridegroom2 & z we h se5 reason to suppose t ! ,roman k+s p]sonat$ ! oak-god1 :ile ,eg]ia is expressly said to h be5 an oak-nymph1 ! /ory ( _! union 9 ! sacr$ grove raises a presumption t at ,rome 9 ! regal p]iod a c]emony 0 p]iodically p]=m$ exactly analog\s to t :i* 0 annually celebrat$ at ,a!ns d[n to ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,! m>riage ( ! ,k+ ( ,rome to ! oak-goddess1 l ! w$d+ ( ! v9e-god to ! ,que5 ( ,a!ns1 mu/ h be5 int5d$ to quick5 ! gr[? ( vegetation by homoeopa?ic magic4 ,( ! two =ms ( ! rite we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,roman 0 ! old]1 & t long be=e ! nor!rn invad]s met ) ! v9e on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean _! =efa!rs _h m>ri$ ! tree-god to ! tree-goddess 9 ! va/ oak =e/s ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 ! ,engl& ( our day ! =e/s h mo/ly disappe>$1 yet /ill on _m a village gre5 & 9 _m a c\ntry lane a fad$ image ( ! sacr$ m>riage l+]s 9 ! ru/ic pageantry ( ,may ,day4 ,,xiv4 ,! ,succession to ! ,k+dom 9 ,anci5t ,latium ,,9 ,,reg>d to ! ,roman k+1 ^: prie/ly functions 7 inh]it$ by 8 successor ! k+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites1 ! =ego+ discussion has l$ u to ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,he repres5t$ & inde$ p]sonat$ ,jupit]1 ! great god ( ! sky1 ! ?und]1 & ! oak1 & 9 t "* made ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+ = ! good ( 8 subjects1 l _m m k+s ( ! wea!r 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,fur!r1 he n only mimick$ ! oak-god by we>+ an oak wrea? & o!r insignia ( div9ity1 b he 0 m>ri$ to an oak-nymph ,eg]ia1 :o appe>s to h be5 m]ely a local =m ( ,diana 9 h] "* ( a goddess ( woods1 ( wat]s1 & ( *ild-bir?4 ,all ^! conclusions1 :i* we h rea*$ ma9ly by a consid]ation ( ! ,roman evid5ce1 may ) great probability be appli$ to ! o!r ,lat9 communities4 ,!y too probably _h ( old _! div9e or prie/ly k+s1 :o transmitt$ _! religi\s functions1 )\t _! civil p[]s1 to _! successors ! ,k+s ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites4 ,b we h /ill to ask1 ,:at 0 ! rule ( succession to ! k+dom among ! old ,lat9 tribes8 ,accord+ to tradition1 !re 7 9 all eight k+s ( ,rome1 & ) reg>d to ! five la/ ( !m1 at all ev5ts1 we c h>dly d\bt t !y actually sat on ! ?rone1 & t ! traditional hi/ory ( _! reigns is1 9 its ma9 outl9es1 correct4 ,n[ x is v rem>kable t ?\gh ! fir/ k+ ( ,rome1 ,romulus1 is said to h be5 desc5d$ f ! royal h\se ( ,alba1 9 :i* ! k+%ip is repres5t$ z h]$it>y 9 ! male l9e1 n "o ( ! ,roman k+s 0 imm$iately succe$$ by 8 son on ! ?rone4 ,yet sev]al left sons or gr&sons beh9d !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( !m 0 desc5d$ f a =m] k+ ?r\gh 8 "m1 n ?r\gh 8 fa!r1 & ?ree ( ! k+s1 namely ,tatius1 ! eld] ,t>qu91 & ,s]vius ,tullius1 7 succe$$ by _! sons-9-law1 :o 7 all ei!r =eign]s or ( =eign desc5t4 ,?is sugge/s t ! "r to ! k+%ip 0 transmitt$ 9 ! female l9e1 & 0 actually ex]cis$ by =eign]s :o m>ri$ ! royal pr9cesses4 ,to put x 9 te*nical language1 ! succession to ! k+%ip at ,rome & probably 9 ,latium g5]ally w\ld seem to h be5 det]m9$ by c]ta9 rules :i* h m\ld$ e>ly society 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 namely exogamy1 be5a m>riage1 & female k9%ip or "m-k94 ,exogamy is ! rule :i* obliges a man to m>ry a woman ( a diff]5t clan f 8 own3 be5a m>riage is ! rule t he mu/ leave ! home ( 8 bir? & live ) 8 wife's p2 & female k9%ip or "m-k9 is ! sy/em ( trac+ relation%ip & transmitt+ ! family "n ?r\gh wom5 in/ead ( ?r\gh m54 ,if ^! pr9ciples regulat$ desc5t ( ! k+%ip among ! anci5t ,lat9s1 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is respect w\ld be some:at z foll[s4 ,! political & religi\s c5tre ( ea* community w\ld be ! p]petual fire on ! k+'s he>? t5d$ by ,ve/al ,virg9s ( ! royal clan4 ,! k+ w\ld be a man ( ano!r clan1 p]haps ( ano!r t[n or ev5 ( ano!r race1 :o _h m>ri$ a daught] ( 8 pr$ecessor & receiv$ ! k+dom ) h]4 ,! *ildr5 :om he _h by h] w\ld inh]it _! "m's "n1 n 82 ! daught]s w\ld rema9 at home2 ! sons1 :5 !y grew up1 w\ld g away into ! _w1 m>ry1 & settle 9 _! wives' c\ntry1 :e!r z k+s or common]s4 ,( ! daught]s :o /ay$ at home1 "s or all w\ld be d$icat$ z ,ve/al ,virg9s = a long] or %ort] "t to ! s]vice ( ! fire on ! he>?1 & "o ( !m w\ld 9 "t become ! consort ( h] fa!r's successor4 ,?is hypo!sis has ! advantage ( expla9+ 9 a simple & natural way "s obscure features 9 ! traditional hi/ory ( ! ,lat9 k+%ip4 ,?us ! leg5ds :i* tell h[ ,lat9 k+s 7 born ( virg9 mo!rs & div9e fa!rs become at lea/ m intelligible4 ,=1 /ripp$ ( _! fabul\s elem5t1 tales ( ?is sort mean no m ?an t a woman has be5 gott5 ) *ild by a man unkn[n2 & ?is unc]ta9ty z to fa!rhood is m easily compatible ) a sy/em ( k9%ip :i* ignores pat]nity ?an ) "o :i* makes x all-important4 ,if at ! bir? ( ! ,lat9 k+s _! fa!rs 7 really unkn[n1 ! fact po9ts ei!r to a g5]al loos5ess ( life 9 ! royal family or to a special relaxation ( moral rules on c]ta9 occasions1 :5 m5 & wom5 rev]t$ = a season to ! lic5ce ( an e>li] age4 ,su* ,saturnalias are n uncommon at "s /ages ( social evolution4 ,9 our own c\ntry traces ( !m long surviv$ 9 ! practices ( ,may ,day & ,:itsuntide1 if n ( ,*ri/mas4 ,*ildr5 born ( m or less promiscu\s int]c\rse :i* *>act]ises fe/ivals ( ?is k9d w\ld naturally be fa!r$ on ! god to :om ! p>ticul> fe/ival 0 d$icat$4 ,9 ?is connexion x may be significant t a fe/ival ( jollity & drunk5ness 0 celebrat$ by ! plebeians & slaves at ,rome on ,midsumm] ,day1 & t ! fe/ival 0 specially associat$ ) ! fireborn ,k+ ,s]vius ,tullius1 be+ held 9 hon\r ( ,=tuna1 ! goddess :o lov$ ,s]vius z ,eg]ia lov$ ,numa4 ,! popul> m]rymak+s at ?is season includ$ foot-races & boat-races2 ! ,tib] 0 gay ) fl[]-wrea!d boats1 9 :i* "y folk sat quaff+ w9e4 ,! fe/ival appe>s to h be5 a sort ( ,midsumm] ,saturnalia answ]+ to ! real ,saturnalia :i* fell at ,midw9t]4 ,9 mod]n ,europe1 z we %all le>n lat] on1 ! great ,midsumm] fe/ival has be5 above all a fe/ival ( lov]s & ( fire2 "o ( its pr9cipal features is ! pair+ ( swee!>ts1 :o leap ov] ! bonfires h& 9 h& or ?r[ fl[]s across ! flames to ea* o!r4 ,& _m om5s ( love & m>riage are drawn f ! fl[]s :i* bloom at ?is my/ic season4 ,x is ! "t ( ! roses & ( love4 ,yet ! innoc5ce & beauty ( su* fe/ivals 9 mod]n times ought n to bl9d u to ! likelihood t 9 e>li] days !y 7 m>k$ by co>s] features1 :i* 7 probably ( ! ess5ce ( ! rites4 ,inde$1 among ! rude ,e/honian peasantry ^! features seem to h l+]$ d[n to our own g5]ation1 if n to ! pres5t day4 ,"o o!r feature 9 ! ,roman celebration ( ,midsumm] des]ves to be specially notic$4 ,! cu/om ( r[+ 9 fl[]-deck$ boats on ! riv] on ?is day proves t x 0 to "s ext5t a wat] fe/ival2 & wat] has always1 d[n to mod]n times1 play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! rites ( ,midsumm] ,day1 :i* expla9s :y ! ,*ur*1 9 ?r[+ its cloak ov] ! old hea!n fe/ival1 *ose to d$icate x to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! hypo!sis t ! ,lat9 k+s may h be5 begott5 at an annual fe/ival ( love is necess>ily a m]e conjecture1 ?\gh ! traditional bir? ( ,numa at ! fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia1 :5 %eph]ds leap$ across ! spr+ bonfires1 z lov]s leap across ! ,midsumm] fires1 may p]haps be ?\ght to l5d x a fa9t col\r ( probability4 ,b x is q possible t ! unc]ta9ty z to _! fa!rs may n h aris5 till long aft] ! dea? ( ! k+s1 :5 _! figures began to melt away into ! cl\dl& ( fable1 assum+ fanta/ic %apes & gorge\s col\r+ z !y pass$ f e>? to heav54 ,if !y 7 ali5 immigrants1 /rang]s & pilgrims 9 ! l& !y rul$ ov]1 x w\ld be natural en\gh t ! p %\ld =get _! l9eage1 & =gett+ x %\ld provide !m ) ano!r1 :i* made up 9 lu/re :at x lack$ 9 tru?4 ,! f9al apo!osis1 :i* repres5t$ ! k+s n m]ely z sprung f gods b z !mselves deities inc>nate1 w\ld be mu* facilitat$ if 9 _! lifetime1 z we h se5 reason to ?9k1 !y _h actually laid claim to div9ity4 ,if among ! ,lat9s ! wom5 ( royal blood always /ay$ at home & receiv$ z _! consorts m5 ( ano!r /ock1 & (t5 ( ano!r c\ntry1 :o reign$ z k+s 9 virtue ( _! m>riage ) a native pr9cess1 we c und]/& n only :y =eign]s wore ! cr[n at ,rome1 b also :y =eign names occur 9 ! li/ ( ! ,alban k+s4 ,9 a /ate ( society :]e nobility is reckon$ only ?r\gh wom5--9 o!r words1 :]e desc5t ?r\gh ! "m is ev]y?+1 & desc5t ?r\gh ! fa!r is no?+--no objection w be felt to unit+ girls ( ! highe/ rank to m5 ( humble bir?1 ev5 to ali5s or slaves1 provid$ t 9 !mselves ! m5 appe> to be suitable mates4 ,:at really matt]s is t ! royal /ock1 on :i* ! prosp]ity & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! p is suppos$ to dep5d1 %\ld be p]petuat$ 9 a vigor\s & effici5t =m1 & = ?is purpose x is necess>y t ! wom5 ( ! royal family %\ld be> *ildr5 to m5 :o are physically & m5tally fit1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( e>ly society1 to dis*>ge ! important duty ( procreation4 ,?us ! p]sonal qualities ( ! k+s at ?is /age ( social evolution are deem$ ( vital importance4 ,if !y1 l _! consorts1 are ( royal & div9e desc5t1 s mu* ! bett]2 b x is n ess5tial t !y %\ld be s4 ,at ,a!ns1 z at ,rome1 we f9d traces ( succession to ! ?rone by m>riage ) a royal pr9cess2 = two ( ! mo/ anci5t k+s ( ,a!ns1 namely ,cecrops & ,amphictyon1 are said to h m>ri$ ! daught]s ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,?is tradition is to a c]ta9 ext5t confirm$ by evid5ce1 po9t+ to ! conclusion t at ,a!ns male k9%ip 0 prec$$ by female k9%ip4 ,fur!r1 if ,i am "r 9 suppos+ t 9 anci5t ,latium ! royal families kept _! daught]s at home & s5t =? _! sons to m>ry pr9cesses & reign among _! wives' p1 x w foll[ t ! male desc5dants w\ld reign 9 successive g5]ations ov] diff]5t k+doms4 ,n[ ?is seems to h happ5$ bo? 9 anci5t ,greece & 9 anci5t ,sw$52 f :i* we may legitimately inf] t x 0 a cu/om practis$ by m ?an "o bran* ( ! ,aryan /ock 9 ,europe4 ,_m ,greek traditions relate h[ a pr9ce left 8 native l&1 & go+ to a f> c\ntry m>ri$ ! k+'s daught] & succe$$ to ! k+dom4 ,v>i\s reasons are assign$ by anci5t ,greek writ]s = ^! migrations ( ! pr9ces4 ,a common "o is t ! k+'s son _h be5 bani%$ = murd]4 ,?is w\ld expla9 v well :y he fl$ 8 own l&1 b x is no reason at all :y he %\ld become k+ ( ano!r4 ,we may suspect t su* reasons are aft]?\ghts devis$ by writ]s1 :o1 accu/om$ to ! rule t a son %\ld succe$ to 8 fa!r's prop]ty & k+dom1 7 h>d put to x to acc\nt = s _m traditions ( k+s' sons :o quitt$ ! l& ( _! bir? to reign ov] a =eign k+dom4 ,9 ,sc&9avian tradition we meet ) traces ( simil> cu/oms4 ,= we read ( daught]s' husb&s :o receiv$ a %>e ( ! k+doms ( _! royal fa!rs-9-law1 ev5 :5 ^! fa!rs-9-law _h sons ( _! own2 9 p>ticul>1 dur+ ! five g5]ations :i* prec$$ ,h>old ! ,fair-hair$1 male memb]s ( ! ,yngl+> family1 :i* is said to h come f ,sw$51 are report$ 9 ! ,heimskr+la or ,sagas ( ! ,norwegian ,k+s to h obta9$ at lea/ six prov9ces 9 ,norway by m>riage ) ! daught]s ( ! local k+s4 ,?us x w\ld seem t among "s ,aryan peoples1 at a c]ta9 /age ( _! social evolution1 x has be5 cu/om>y to reg>d wom5 & n m5 z ! *annels 9 :i* royal blood fl[s1 & to be/[ ! k+dom 9 ea* successive g5]ation on a man ( ano!r family1 & (t5 ( ano!r c\ntry1 :o m>ries "o ( ! pr9cesses & reigns ov] 8 wife's p4 ,a common type ( popul> tale1 :i* relates h[ an adv5tur]1 com+ to a /range l&1 w9s ! h& ( ! k+'s daught] & ) h] ! half or ! :ole ( ! k+dom1 may well be a rem9isc5ce ( a real cu/om4 ,:]e usages & ideas ( ?is sort prevail1 x is obvi\s t ! k+%ip is m]ely an appanage ( m>riage ) a woman ( ! blood royal4 ,! old ,dani% hi/orian ,saxo ,grammaticus puts ?is view ( ! k+%ip v cle>ly 9 ! m\? ( ,h]mutrude1 a leg5d>y que5 ( ,scotl&4 ,inde$ %e 0 a que51 says ,h]mutrude1 & b t h] sex ga9said x1 might be deem$ a k+2 nay 7& ?is is yet tru]71 :omsoev] %e ?\ght wor?y ( h] b$ 0 at once a k+1 & %e yield$ h] k+dom ) h]self4 ,?us h] sceptre & h] h& w5t toge!r4 ,! /atem5t is all ! m significant because x appe>s to reflect ! actual practice ( ! ,picti% k+s4 ,we "k f ! te/imony ( ,b$e t1 :5ev] a d\bt arose z to ! succession1 ! ,picts *ose _! k+s f ! female r ?an ! male l9e4 ,! p]sonal qualities :i* recomm5d$ a man = a royal alliance & succession to ! ?rone w\ld naturally v>y accord+ to ! popul> ideas ( ! "t & ! "* ( ! k+ or 8 sub/itute1 b x is reasonable to suppose t among !m 9 e>ly society physical /r5g? & beauty w\ld hold a prom95t place4 ,sometimes app>5tly ! "r to ! h& ( ! pr9cess & to ! ?rone has be5 det]m9$ by a race4 ,! ,alitemnian ,libyans aw>d$ ! k+dom to ! fleete/ runn]4 ,among/ ! old ,prussians1 c&idates = nobility rac$ on horseback to ! k+1 & ! "o :o rea*$ him fir/ 0 ennobl$4 ,accord+ to tradition ! e>lie/ games at ,olympia 7 held by ,endymion1 :o set 8 sons to run a race = ! k+dom4 ,8 tomb 0 said to be at ! po9t ( ! racec\rse f :i* ! runn]s />t$4 ,! fam\s /ory ( ,pelops & ,hippodamia is p]haps only ano!r v]sion ( ! leg5d t ! fir/ races at ,olympia 7 run = no less a prize ?an a k+dom4 ,^! traditions may v well reflect a real cu/om ( rac+ = a bride1 = su* a cu/om appe>s to h prevail$ among v>i\s peoples1 ?\gh 9 practice x has deg5]at$ into a m]e =m or pret5ce4 ,?us !re is "o race1 call$ ! ',love ,*ase1' :i* may be consid]$ a "p ( ! =m ( m>riage among ! ,kirghiz4 ,9 ?is ! bride1 arm$ ) a =midable :ip1 m\nts a fleet horse1 & is pursu$ by all ! "y m5 :o make any pret5sions to h] h&4 ,%e w be giv5 z a prize to ! "o :o cat*es h]1 b %e has ! "r1 besides urg+ on h] horse to ! utmo/1 to use h] :ip1 (t5 ) no mean =ce1 to keep (f ^? lov]s :o are unwelcome to h]1 & %e w probably fav\r ! "o :om %e has already *os5 9 h] he>t4 ,! race = ! bride is f\nd also among ! ,koryaks ( ,nor?-ea/]n ,asia4 ,x takes place 9 a l>ge t5t1 r\nd :i* _m sep>ate comp>tm5ts call$ pologs are arrang$ 9 a cont9u\s circle4 ,! girl gets a />t & is cle> ( ! m>riage if %e c run ?r\gh all ! comp>tm5ts )\t be+ caught by ! bridegroom4 ,! wom5 ( ! encampm5t place e ob/acle 9 ! man's way1 tripp+ him up1 belab\r+ him ) swit*es1 & s =?1 s t he has little *ance ( succe$+ unless ! girl wi%es x & waits = him4 ,simil> cu/oms appe> to h be5 practis$ by all ! ,teutonic peoples2 = ! ,g]man1 ,anglo-,saxon1 & ,norse languages possess 9 common a ^w = m>riage :i* means simply bride-race4 ,moreov]1 traces ( ! cu/om surviv$ into mod]n times4 ,?us x appe>s t ! "r to m>ry a girl1 & especially a pr9cess1 has (t5 be5 conf]r$ z a prize 9 an a?letic conte/4 ,!re w\ld be no reason1 !re=e1 = surprise if ! ,roman k+s1 be=e be/[+ _! daught]s 9 m>riage1 %\ld h resort$ to ?is anci5t mode ( te/+ ! p]sonal qualities ( _! future sons-9-law & successors4 ,if my !ory is correct1 ! ,roman k+ & que5 p]sonat$ ,jupit] & 8 div9e consort1 & 9 ! "* ( ^! div9ities w5t ?r\gh ! annual c]emony ( a sacr$ m>riage = ! purpose ( caus+ ! crops to gr[ & m5 & cattle to be fruitful & multiply4 ,?us !y did :at 9 m nor!rn l&s we may suppose ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may 7 believ$ to d 9 days ( old4 ,n[ we h se5 t ! "r to play ! "p ( ! ,k+ ( ,may & to w$ ! ,que5 ( ,may has sometimes be5 det]m9$ by an a?letic conte/1 p>ticul>ly by a race4 ,?is may h be5 a relic ( an old m>riage cu/om ( ! sort we h exam9$1 a cu/om design$ to te/ ! fitness ( a c&idate = matrimony4 ,su* a te/ might reasonably be appli$ ) peculi> rig\r to ! k+ 9 ord] to ensure t no p]sonal defect %\ld incapacitate him = ! p]=mance ( ^? sacr$ rites & c]emonies on :i*1 ev5 m ?an on ! despat* ( 8 civil & milit>y duties1 ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! community 7 believ$ to dep5d4 ,& x w\ld be natural to require ( him t f "t to "t he %\ld submit himself afre% to ! same ordeal = ! sake ( publicly demon/rat+ t he 0 /ill equal to ! dis*>ge ( 8 high call+4 ,a relic ( t te/ p]haps surviv$ 9 ! c]emony kn[n z ! ,flight ( ! ,k+ 7regifugium71 :i* cont9u$ to be annually obs]v$ at ,rome d[n to imp]ial times4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ,febru>y a sacrifice us$ to be (f]$ 9 ! ,comitium1 & :5 x 0 ov] ! ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites fl$ f ! ,=um4 ,we may conjecture t ! ,flight ( ! ,k+ 0 orig9ally a race = an annual k+%ip1 :i* may h be5 aw>d$ z a prize to ! fleete/ runn]4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> ! k+ might run aga9 = a second t]m ( (fice2 & s on1 until he 0 defeat$ & depos$ or p]haps sla94 ,9 ?is way :at _h once be5 a race w\ld t5d to assume ! "* ( a flight & a pursuit4 ,! k+ w\ld be giv5 a />t2 he ran & 8 competitors ran aft] him1 & if he 7 ov]tak5 he _h to yield ! cr[n & p]haps 8 life to ! lighte/ ( foot among !m4 ,9 "t a man ( ma/]ful "* might succe$ 9 seat+ himself p]man5tly on ! ?rone & r$uc+ ! annual race or flight to ! empty =m :i* x seems always to h be5 )9 hi/orical times4 ,! rite 0 sometimes int]pret$ z a commemoration ( ! expulsion ( ! k+s f ,rome2 b ?is appe>s to h be5 a m]e aft]?\ght devis$ to expla9 a c]emony ( :i* ! old mean+ 0 =gott54 ,x is f> m likely t 9 act+ ?us ! ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites 0 m]ely keep+ up an anci5t cu/om :i* 9 ! regal p]iod _h be5 annually obs]v$ by 8 pr$ecessors ! k+s4 ,:at ! orig9al int5tion ( ! rite may h be5 mu/ probably always rema9 m or less a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! pres5t explanation is sugge/$ ) a full s5se ( ! difficulty & obscurity 9 :i* ! subject is involv$4 ,?us if my !ory is correct1 ! ye>ly flight ( ! ,roman k+ 0 a relic ( a "t :5 ! k+%ip 0 an annual (fice aw>d$1 along ) ! h& ( a pr9cess1 to ! victori\s a?lete or gladiator1 :o !reaft] figur$ along ) 8 bride z a god & goddess at a sacr$ m>riage design$ to ensure ! f]tility ( ! e>? by homoeopa?ic magic4 ,if ,i am "r 9 suppos+ t 9 v e>ly times ! old ,lat9 k+s p]sonat$ a god & 7 regul>ly put to dea? 9 t "*1 we c bett] und]/& ! my/]i\s or viol5t ends to :i* s _m ( !m are said to h come4 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to tradition1 "o ( ! k+s ( ,alba 0 kill$ by a ?und]bolt = impi\sly mimick+ ! ?und] ( ,jupit]4 ,romulus is said to h vani%$ my/]i\sly l ,a5eas1 or to h be5 cut to pieces by ! patricians :om he _h (f5d$1 & ! sev5? ( ,july1 ! day on :i* he p]i%$1 0 a fe/ival :i* bore "s resemblance to ! ,saturnalia4 ,= on t day ! female slaves 7 all[$ to take c]ta9 rem>kable lib]ties4 ,!y dress$ up z free wom5 9 ! attire ( matrons & maids1 & 9 ?is guise !y w5t =? f ! city1 sc(f$ & je]$ at all :om !y met1 & engag$ among !mselves 9 a fight1 /rik+ & ?r[+ /ones at ea* o!r4 ,ano!r ,roman k+ :o p]i%$ by viol5ce 0 ,tatius1 ! ,sab9e colleague ( ,romulus4 ,x is said t he 0 at ,lav9ium (f]+ a public sacrifice to ! ance/ral gods1 :5 "s m51 to :om he _h giv5 umbrage1 despat*$ him ) ! sacrificial knives & spits :i* !y _h snat*$ f ! alt>4 ,! occasion & ! mann] ( 8 dea? sugge/ t ! slaught] may h be5 a sacrifice r ?an an assass9ation4 ,aga91 ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 ! successor ( ,numa1 0 commonly said to h be5 kill$ by lightn+1 b _m held t he 0 murd]$ at ! in/igation ( ,ancus ,m>cius1 :o reign$ aft] him4 ,speak+ ( ! m or less my?ical ,numa1 ! type ( ! prie/ly k+1 ,plut>* obs]ves t 8 fame 0 enhanc$ by ! =tunes ( ! lat] k+s4 ,= ( ! five :o reign$ aft] him ! la/ 0 depos$ & end$ 8 life 9 exile1 & ( ! rema9+ f\r n "o di$ a natural dea?2 = ?ree ( !m 7 assass9at$ & ,tullus ,ho/ilius 0 consum$ by ?und]bolts4 ,^! leg5ds ( ! viol5t ends ( ! ,roman k+s sugge/ t ! conte/ by :i* !y ga9$ ! ?rone may sometimes h be5 a mortal combat r ?an a race4 ,if t 7 s1 ! analogy :i* we h trac$ betwe5 ,rome & ,nemi w\ld be /ill clos]4 ,at bo? places ! sacr$ k+s1 ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! godhead1 w\ld ?us be liable to suff] deposition & dea? at ! h& ( any resolute man :o c\ld prove 8 div9e "r to ! holy (fice by ! /rong arm & ! %>p sword4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+ if among ! e>ly ,lat9s ! claim to ! k+dom %\ld (t5 h be5 settl$ by s+le combat2 = d[n to hi/orical times ! ,umbrians regul>ly submitt$ _! private disputes to ! ordeal ( battle1 & he :o cut 8 adv]s>y's ?roat 0 ?\ght !reby to h prov$ ! ju/ice ( 8 cause beyond ! rea* ( cavil4 ,,xv4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,oak ,,! ,,wor%ip ( ! oak tree or ( ! oak god appe>s to h be5 %>$ by all ! bran*es ( ! ,aryan /ock 9 ,europe4 ,bo? ,greeks & ,italians associat$ ! tree ) _! highe/ god1 ,zeus or ,jupit]1 ! div9ity ( ! sky1 ! ra91 & ! ?und]4 ,p]haps ! olde/ & c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ fam\s sanctu>ies 9 ,greece 0 t ( ,dodona1 :]e ,zeus 0 rev]$ 9 ! oracul> oak4 ,! ?und]-/orms :i* are said to rage at ,dodona m frequ5tly ?an any:]e else 9 ,europe1 w\ld r5d] ! spot a fitt+ home = ! god ^: voice 0 he>d alike 9 ! ru/l+ ( ! oak leaves & 9 ! cra% ( ?und]4 ,p]haps ! bronze gongs :i* kept up a humm+ 9 ! w9d r\nd ! sanctu>y 7 meant to mimick ! ?und] t might s (t5 be he>d roll+ & rumbl+ 9 ! coombs ( ! /]n & b>r5 m\nta9s :i* %ut 9 ! gloomy valley4 ,9 ,boeotia1 z we h se51 ! sacr$ m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 ! oak god & ! oak goddess1 appe>s to h be5 celebrat$ ) mu* pomp by a religi\s f$]ation ( /ates4 ,& on ,m\nt ,lycaeus 9 ,arcadia ! "* ( ,zeus z god bo? ( ! oak & ( ! ra9 comes out cle>ly 9 ! ra9 *>m practis$ by ! prie/ ( ,zeus1 :o dipp$ an oak bran* 9 a sacr$ spr+4 ,9 8 latt] capacity ,zeus 0 ! god to :om ! ,greeks regul>ly pray$ = ra94 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural2 = (t51 ?\gh n always1 he _h 8 seat on ! m\nta9s :]e ! cl\ds ga!r & ! oaks gr[4 ,on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns !re 0 an image ( ,e>? pray+ to ,zeus = ra94 ,& 9 "t ( dr\ght ! ,a!nians !mselves pray$1 ,ra91 ra91 ,o de> ,zeus1 on ! cornl& ( ! ,a!nians & on ! pla9s4 ,aga91 ,zeus wield$ ! ?und] & lightn+ z well z ! ra94 ,at ,olympia & else:]e he 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! surname ( ,?und]bolt2 & at ,a!ns !re 0 a sacrificial he>? ( ,lightn+ ,zeus on ! city wall1 :]e "s prie/ly (ficials wat*$ = lightn+ ov] ,m\nt ,p>nes at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,fur!r1 spots :i* _h be5 /ruck by lightn+ 7 regul>ly f5c$ 9 by ! ,greeks & consecrat$ to ,zeus ! ,desc5d]1 t is1 to ! god :o came d[n 9 ! fla% f heav54 ,alt>s 7 set up )9 ^! enclosures & sacrifices (f]$ on !m4 ,sev]al su* places are kn[n f inscriptions to h exi/$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,?us :5 anci5t ,greek k+s claim$ to be desc5d$ f ,zeus1 & ev5 to be> 8 "n1 we may reasonably suppose t !y also attempt$ to ex]cise 8 div9e functions by mak+ ?und] & ra9 = ! good ( _! p or ! t]ror & confusion ( _! foes4 ,9 ?is respect ! leg5d ( ,salmoneus probably reflects ! pret5sions ( a :ole class ( petty sov]eigns :o reign$ ( old1 ea* ov] 8 little canton1 9 ! oak-clad highl&s ( ,greece4 ,l _! k9sm5 ! ,iri% k+s1 !y 7 expect$ to be a s\rce ( f]tility to ! l& & ( fecundity to ! cattle2 & h[ c\ld !y fulfil ^! expectations bett] ?an by act+ ! "p ( _! k9sman ,zeus1 ! great god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & ! ra98 ,!y p]sonifi$ him1 app>5tly1 j z ! ,italian k+s p]sonifi$ ,jupit]4 ,9 anci5t ,italy e oak 0 sacr$ to ,jupit]1 ! ,italian c\nt]p>t ( ,zeus2 & on ! ,capitol at ,rome ! god 0 wor%ipp$ z ! deity n m]ely ( ! oak1 b ( ! ra9 & ! ?und]4 ,contra/+ ! piety ( ! good old times ) ! scepticism ( an age :5 nobody ?\ght t heav5 0 heav51 or c>$ a fig = ,jupit]1 a ,roman writ] tells u t 9 =m] days noble matrons us$ to g ) b>e feet1 /ream+ hair1 & pure m9ds1 up ! long ,capitol9e slope1 pray+ to ,jupit] = ra94 ,& /raightway1 he goes on1 x ra9$ bucketsful1 !n or nev]1 & ev]ybody return$ dripp+ l dr[n$ rats4 ,b n[adays1 says he1 we are no long] religi\s1 s ! fields lie bak+4 ,:5 we pass f ,s\!rn to ,c5tral ,europe we /ill meet ) ! great god ( ! oak & ! ?und] among ! b>b>\s ,aryans :o dwelt 9 ! va/ primaeval =e/s4 ,?us among ! ,celts ( ,gaul ! ,druids e/eem$ no?+ m sacr$ ?an ! mi/letoe & ! oak on :i* x grew2 !y *ose groves ( oaks = ! sc5e ( _! solemn s]vice1 & !y p]=m$ none ( _! rites )\t oak leaves4 ,! ,celts1 says a ,greek writ]1 wor%ip ,zeus1 & ! ,celtic image ( ,zeus is a tall oak4 ,! ,celtic conqu]ors1 :o settl$ 9 ,asia 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era1 appe> to h c>ri$ ! wor%ip ( ! oak ) !m to _! new home2 = 9 ! he>t ( ,asia ,m9or ! ,galatian s5ate met 9 a place :i* bore ! pure ,celtic "n ( ,drynemetum1 ! sacr$ oak grove or ! temple ( ! oak4 ,inde$ ! v "n ( ,druids is believ$ by good au?orities to mean no m ?an oak m54 ,9 ! religion ( ! anci5t ,g]mans ! v5]ation = sacr$ groves seems to h held ! =emo/ place1 & accord+ to ,grimm ! *ief ( _! holy trees 0 ! oak4 ,x appe>s to h be5 especially d$icat$ to ! god ( ?und]1 ,don> or ,?un>1 ! equival5t ( ! ,norse ,?or2 = a sacr$ oak ne> ,geism>1 9 ,hesse1 :i* ,boniface cut d[n 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 w5t among ! hea!n by ! "n ( ,jupit]'s oak 7robur ,jovis71 :i* 9 old ,g]man w\ld be ,don>es eih1 ! oak ( ,don>4 ,t ! ,teutonic ?und] god ,don>1 ,?un>1 ,?or 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,italian ?und] god ,jupit] appe>s f our ^w ,?ursday1 ,?un>'s day1 :i* is m]ely a r5d]+ ( ! ,lat9 dies ,jovis4 ,?us among ! anci5t ,teutons1 z among ! ,greeks & ,italians1 ! god ( ! oak 0 also ! god ( ! ?und]4 ,moreov]1 he 0 reg>d$ z ! great f]tilis+ p[]1 :o s5t ra9 & caus$ ! e>? to be> fruit2 = ,adam ( ,brem5 tells u t ,?or presides 9 ! air2 he x is :o rules ?und] & lightn+1 w9d & ra9s1 f9e wea!r & crops4 ,9 ^! respects1 !re=e1 ! ,teutonic ?und] god aga9 resembl$ 8 s\!rn c\nt]p>ts ,zeus & ,jupit]4 ,among/ ! ,slavs also ! oak appe>s to h be5 ! sacr$ tree ( ! ?und] god ,p]un1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ,zeus & ,jupit]4 ,x is said t at ,novgorod !re us$ to /& an image ( ,p]un 9 ! lik5ess ( a man ) a ?und]-/one 9 8 h&4 ,a fire ( oak wood burn$ day & night 9 8 hon\r2 & if ev] x w5t out ! att5dants paid = _! neglig5ce ) _! lives4 ,p]un seems1 l ,zeus & ,jupit]1 to h be5 ! *ief god ( 8 p2 = ,procopius tells u t ! ,slavs believe t "o god1 ! mak] ( lightn+1 is alone "l ( all ?+s1 & !y sacrifice to him ox5 & e victim4 ,! *ief deity ( ! ,li?uanians 0 ,p]kunas or ,p]kuns1 ! god ( ?und] & lightn+1 ^: resemblance to ,zeus & ,jupit] has (t5 be5 po9t$ out4 ,oaks 7 sacr$ to him1 & :5 !y 7 cut d[n by ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 ! p l\dly compla9$ t _! sylvan deities 7 de/roy$4 ,p]petual fires1 k9dl$ ) ! wood ( c]ta9 oak-trees1 7 kept up 9 hon\r ( ,p]kunas2 if su* a fire w5t out1 x 0 light$ aga9 by friction ( ! sacr$ wood4 ,m5 sacrific$ to oak-trees = good crops1 :ile wom5 did ! same to lime-trees2 f :i* we may inf] t !y reg>d$ oaks z male & lime-trees z female4 ,& 9 "t ( dr\ght1 :5 !y want$ ra91 !y us$ to sacrifice a black heif]1 a black he-goat1 & a black cock to ! ?und] god 9 ! dep?s ( ! woods4 ,on su* occasions ! p assembl$ 9 great numb]s f ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t1 ate & drank1 & call$ ^u ,p]kunas4 ,!y c>ri$ a b[l ( be] ?rice r\nd ! fire1 !n p\r$ ! liquor on ! flames1 :ile !y pray$ to ! god to s5d %[]s4 ,?us ! *ief ,li?uanian deity pres5ts a close resemblance to ,zeus & ,jupit]1 s9ce he 0 ! god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & ! ra94 ,f ! =ego+ survey x appe>s t a god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & ! ra9 0 wor%ipp$ ( old by all ! ma9 bran*es ( ! ,aryan /ock 9 ,europe1 & 0 inde$ ! *ief deity ( _! pan!on4 ,,xvi4 ,dianus & ,diana ,,9 ,,?is ,,*apt] ,i propose to recapitulate ! conclusions to :i* ! enquiry has ?us f> l$ u1 & draw+ toge!r ! scatt]$ rays ( light1 to turn !m on ! d>k figure ( ! prie/ ( ,nemi4 ,we h f\nd t at an e>ly /age ( society m51 ignorant ( ! secret processes ( nature & ( ! n>r[ limits )9 :i* x is 9 our p[] to control & direct !m1 h commonly arrogat$ to !mselves functions :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k we %\ld deem sup]human or div9e4 ,! illusion has be5 fo/]$ & ma9ta9$ by ! same causes :i* begot x1 namely1 ! m>vell\s ord] & uni=mity ) :i* nature conducts h] op]ations1 ! :eels ( h] great ma*9e revolv+ ) a smoo?ness & precision :i* enable ! pati5t obs]v] to anticipate 9 g5]al ! season1 if n ! v h\r1 :5 !y w br+ r\nd ! fulfilm5t ( 8 hopes or ! accompli%m5t ( 8 fe>s4 ,! regul>ly recurr+ ev5ts ( ?is great cycle1 or r s]ies ( cycles1 soon /amp !mselves ev5 on ! dull m9d ( ! savage4 ,he =esees !m1 & =esee+ !m mi/akes ! desir$ recurr5ce = an effect ( 8 own w1 & ! dread$ recurr5ce = an effect ( ! w ( 8 enemies4 ,?us ! spr+s :i* set ! va/ ma*9e 9 motion1 ?\gh !y lie f> beyond our k51 %r\d$ 9 a my/]y :i* we c nev] hope to p5etrate1 appe> to ignorant man to lie )9 8 rea*3 he fancies he c t\* !m & s "w by magic art all mann] ( good to himself & evil to 8 foes4 ,9 "t ! fallacy ( ?is belief becomes app>5t to him3 he discov]s t !re are ?+s he _c d1 pleasures :i* he is unable ( himself to procure1 pa9s :i* ev5 ! mo/ pot5t magician is p[]less to avoid4 ,! unatta9able good1 ! inevitable ill1 are n[ ascrib$ by him to ! action ( invisible p[]s1 ^: fav\r is joy & life1 ^: ang] is mis]y & dea?4 ,?us magic t5ds to be displac$ by religion1 & ! sorc]] by ! prie/4 ,at ?is /age ( ?\ght ! ultimate causes ( ?+s are conceiv$ to be p]sonal be+s1 _m 9 numb] & (t5 discordant 9 "*1 :o p>take ( ! nature & ev5 ( ! frailty ( man1 ?\gh _! might is great] ?an 81 & _! life f> exce$s ! span ( 8 ephem]al exi/5ce4 ,_! %>ply-m>k$ individualities1 _! cle>-cut outl9es h n yet begun1 "u ! p[]ful solv5t ( philosophy1 to melt & coalesce into t s+le unkn[n sub/ratum ( ph5om5a :i*1 accord+ to ! qualities ) :i* our imag9ation inve/s x1 goes by "o or o!r ( ! high-s\nd+ names :i* ! wit ( man has devis$ to hide 8 ignorance4 ,accord+ly1 s long z m5 look on _! gods z be+s ak9 to !mselves & n rais$ to an unapproa*able height above !m1 !y believe x to be possible = ^? ( _! own numb] :o surpass _! fell[s to atta9 to ! div9e rank aft] dea? or ev5 9 life4 ,inc>nate human deities ( ?is latt] sort may be said to halt midway betwe5 ! age ( magic & ! age ( religion4 ,if !y be> ! names & display ! pomp ( deities1 ! p[]s :i* !y are suppos$ to wield are commonly ^? ( _! pr$ecessor ! magician4 ,l him1 !y are expect$ to gu>d _! p aga9/ ho/ile en*antm5ts1 to heal !m 9 sickness1 to bless !m ) (fspr+1 & to provide !m ) an abundant supply ( food by regulat+ ! wea!r & p]=m+ ! o!r c]emonies :i* are deem$ necess>y to ensure ! f]tility ( ! e>? & ! multiplication ( animals4 ,m5 :o are cr$it$ ) p[]s s l(ty & f>-rea*+ naturally hold ! highe/ place 9 ! l&1 & :ile ! rift betwe5 ! spiritual & ! temporal sph]es has n yet wid5$ too f>1 !y are supreme 9 civil z well z religi\s matt]s3 9 a ^w1 !y are k+s z well z gods4 ,?us ! div9ity :i* h$ges a k+ has its roots deep d[n 9 human hi/ory1 & long ages pass be=e ^! are sapp$ by a pr(\nd] view ( nature & man4 ,9 ! classical p]iod ( ,greek & ,lat9 antiquity ! reign ( k+s 0 = ! mo/ "p a ?+ ( ! pa/2 yet ! /ories ( _! l9eage1 titles1 & pret5sions suffice to prove t !y too claim$ to rule by div9e "r & to ex]cise sup]human p[]s4 ,h5ce we may )\t undue tem]ity assume t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 ?\gh %orn 9 lat] times ( 8 glory & fall5 on evil days1 repres5t$ a long l9e ( sacr$ k+s :o _h once receiv$ n only ! homage b ! adoration ( _! subjects 9 return = ! manifold bless+s :i* !y 7 suppos$ to disp5se4 ,:at little we "k ( ! functions ( ,diana 9 ! ,arician grove seems to prove t %e 0 "h conceiv$ z a goddess ( f]tility1 & p>ticul>ly z a div9ity ( *ildbir?4 ,x is reasonable1 !re=e1 to suppose t 9 ! dis*>ge ( ^! important duties %e 0 assi/$ by h] prie/1 ! two figur+ z ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,wood 9 a solemn m>riage1 :i* 0 int5d$ to make ! e>? gay ) ! blossoms ( spr+ & ! fruits ( autumn1 & to gladd5 ! he>ts ( m5 & wom5 ) heal?ful (fspr+4 ,if ! prie/ ( ,nemi pos$ n m]ely z a k+1 b z a god ( ! grove1 we h /ill to ask1 ,:at deity 9 p>ticul> did he p]sonate8 ,! answ] ( antiquity is t he repres5t$ ,virbius1 ! consort or lov] ( ,diana4 ,b ?is does n help u mu*1 = ( ,virbius we "k little m ?an ! "n4 ,a clue to ! my/]y is p]haps suppli$ by ! ,ve/al fire :i* burn$ 9 ! grove4 ,= ! p]petual holy fires ( ! ,aryans 9 ,europe appe> to h be5 commonly k9dl$ & f$ ) oak-wood1 & 9 ,rome itself1 n _m miles f ,nemi1 ! fuel ( ! ,ve/al fire consi/$ ( oak5 /icks or logs1 z has be5 prov$ by a microscopic analysis ( ! *>r$ emb]s ( ! ,ve/al fire1 :i* 7 discov]$ by ,comm5datore ,g4 ,boni 9 ! c\rse ( ! memorable excavations :i* he conduct$ 9 ! ,roman =um at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! ritual ( ! v>i\s ,lat9 t[ns seems to h be5 m>k$ by great uni=mity2 h5ce x is reasonable to conclude t :]ev] 9 ,latium a ,ve/al fire 0 ma9ta9$1 x 0 f$1 z at ,rome1 ) wood ( ! sacr$ oak4 ,if ?is 0 s at ,nemi1 x becomes probable t ! hall[$ grove !re consi/$ ( a natural oak-wood1 & t !re=e ! tree :i* ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood _h to gu>d at ! p]il ( 8 life 0 itself an oak2 inde$1 x 0 f an ev]gre5 oak1 accord+ to ,virgil1 t ,a5eas pluck$ ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,n[ ! oak 0 ! sacr$ tree ( ,jupit]1 ! supreme god ( ! ,lat9s4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 ^: life 0 b\nd up 9 a fa%ion ) an oak1 p]sonat$ no less a deity ?an ,jupit] himself4 ,at lea/ ! evid5ce1 slight z x is1 seems to po9t to ?is conclusion4 ,! old ,alban dyna/y ( ! ,silvii or ,woods1 ) _! cr[n ( oak leaves1 app>5tly ap$ ! /yle & emulat$ ! p[]s ( ,latian ,jupit]1 :o dwelt on ! top ( ! ,alban ,m\nt4 ,x is n impossible t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 :o gu>d$ ! sacr$ oak a little l[] d[n ! m\nta91 0 ! lawful successor & repres5tative ( ?is anci5t l9e ( ! ,silvii or ,woods4 ,at all ev5ts1 if ,i am "r 9 suppos+ t he pass$ = a human ,jupit]1 x w\ld appe> t ,virbius1 ) :om leg5d id5tifi$ him1 0 no?+ b a local =m ( ,jupit]1 consid]$ p]haps 9 8 orig9al aspect z a god ( ! gre5wood4 ,! hypo!sis t 9 lat] times at all ev5ts ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood play$ ! "p ( ! oak god ,jupit]1 is confirm$ by an exam9ation ( 8 div9e p>tn] ,diana4 ,= two di/9ct l9es ( argum5t conv]ge to %[ t if ,diana 0 a que5 ( ! woods 9 g5]al1 %e 0 at ,nemi a goddess ( ! oak 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 %e bore ! title ( ,ve/a1 & z su* presid$ ov] a p]petual fire1 :i* we h se5 reason to believe 0 f$ ) oak wood4 ,b a goddess ( fire is n f> remov$ f a goddess ( ! fuel :i* burns 9 ! fire2 primitive ?\ght p]haps drew no %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! blaze & ! wood t blazes4 ,9 ! second place1 ! nymph ,eg]ia at ,nemi appe>s to h be5 m]ely a =m ( ,diana1 & ,eg]ia is def9itely said to h be5 a ,dryad1 a nymph ( ! oak4 ,else:]e 9 ,italy ! goddess _h h] home on oak-clad m\nta9s4 ,?us ,m\nt ,algidus1 a spur ( ! ,alban hills1 0 cov]$ 9 antiquity ) d>k =e/s ( oak1 bo? ( ! ev]gre5 & ! decidu\s sort4 ,9 w9t] ! sn[ lay long on ^! cold hills1 & _! gloomy oak-woods 7 believ$ to be a fav\rite haunt ( ,diana1 z !y h be5 ( brig&s 9 mod]n times4 ,aga91 ,m\nt ,tifata1 ! long abrupt ridge ( ! ,ap5n9es :i* looks d[n on ! ,campanian pla9 beh9d ,capua1 0 wood$ ( old ) ev]gre5 oaks1 among :i* ,diana _h a temple4 ,"h ,sulla ?ank$ ! goddess = 8 victory ov] ! ,m>ians 9 ! pla9 bel[1 atte/+ 8 gratitude by inscriptions :i* 7 long aft]w>ds to be se5 9 ! temple4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we conclude t at ,nemi ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood p]sonat$ ! oak-god ,jupit] & mat$ ) ! oak-goddess ,diana 9 ! sacr$ grove4 ,an e*o ( _! my/ic union has come d[n to u 9 ! leg5d ( ! loves ( ,numa & ,eg]ia1 :o accord+ to "s _h _! try/+-place 9 ^! holy woods4 ,to ?is !ory x may naturally be object$ t ! div9e consort ( ,jupit] 0 n ,diana b ,juno1 & t if ,diana _h a mate at all he might be expect$ to be> ! "n n ( ,jupit]1 b ( ,dianus or ,janus1 ! latt] ( ^! =ms be+ m]ely a corruption ( ! =m]4 ,all ?is is true1 b ! objection may be p>ri$ by obs]v+ t ! two pairs ( deities1 ,jupit] & ,juno on ! "o side1 & ,dianus & ,diana1 or ,janus & ,jana1 on ! o!r side1 are m]ely duplicates ( ea* o!r1 _! names & _! functions be+ 9 sub/ance & orig9 id5tical4 ,) reg>d to _! names1 all f\r ( !m come f ! same ,aryan root ,,di1 mean+ bright1 :i* occurs 9 ! names ( ! correspond+ ,greek deities1 ,zeus & 8 old female consort ,dione4 ,9 reg>d to _! functions1 ,juno & ,diana 7 bo? goddesses ( fecundity & *ildbir?1 & bo? 7 soon] or lat] id5tifi$ ) ! moon4 ,z to ! true nature & functions ( ,janus ! anci5ts !mselves 7 puzzl$2 & :]e !y hesitat$1 x is n = u confid5tly to decide4 ,b ! view m5tion$ by ,v>ro t ,janus 0 ! god ( ! sky is support$ n only by ! etymological id5tity ( 8 "n ) t ( ! sky-god ,jupit]1 b also by ! relation 9 :i* he appe>s to h /ood to ,jupit]'s two mates1 ,juno & ,juturna4 ,= ! epi!t ,junonian be/[$ on ,janus po9ts to a m>riage union betwe5 ! two deities2 & accord+ to "o acc\nt ,janus 0 ! husb& ( ! wat]-nymph ,juturna1 :o accord+ to o!rs 0 belov$ by ,jupit]4 ,moreov]1 ,janus1 l ,jove1 0 regul>ly invok$1 & commonly spok5 ( "u ! title ( ,fa!r4 ,inde$1 he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,jupit] n m]ely by ! logic ( ! le>n$ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 b by ! piety ( a pagan wor%ipp] :o d$icat$ an (f]+ to ,jupit] ,dianus4 ,a trace ( 8 relation to ! oak may be f\nd 9 ! oakwoods ( ! ,janiculum1 ! hill on ! "r bank ( ! ,tib]1 :]e ,janus is said to h reign$ z a k+ 9 ! remote/ ages ( ,italian hi/ory4 ,?us1 if ,i am "r1 ! same anci5t pair ( deities 0 v>i\sly kn[n among ! ,greek & ,italian peoples z ,zeus & ,dione1 ,jupit] & ,juno1 or ,dianus 7,janus7 & ,diana 7,jana71 ! names ( ! div9ities be+ id5tical 9 sub/ance1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 =m ) ! dialect ( ! p>ticul> tribe :i* wor%ipp$ !m4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! peoples dwelt ne> ea* o!r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! deities w\ld be h>dly m ?an "o ( "n2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld be almo/ purely dialectical4 ,b ! gradual disp]sion ( ! tribes1 & _! consequ5t isolation f ea* o!r1 w\ld fav\r ! gr[? ( div]g5t modes ( conceiv+ & wor%ipp+ ! gods :om !y _h c>ri$ ) !m f _! old home1 s t 9 "t discrepancies ( my? & ritual w\ld t5d to spr+ up & !reby to conv]t a nom9al into a real di/9ction betwe5 ! div9ities4 ,accord+ly :51 ) ! sl[ progress ( culture1 ! long p]iod ( b>b>ism & sep>ation 0 pass+ away1 & ! ris+ political p[] ( a s+le /rong community _h begun to draw or hamm] its weak] neighb\rs into a nation1 ! conflu5t peoples w\ld ?r[ _! gods1 l _! dialects1 into a common /ock2 & ?us x might come ab\t t ! same anci5t deities1 :i* _! =efa!rs _h wor%ipp$ toge!r be=e ! disp]sion1 w\ld n[ be s disguis$ by ! accumulat$ effect ( dialectical & religi\s div]g5cies t _! orig9al id5tity might fail to be recognis$1 & !y w\ld take _! places side by side z indep5d5t div9ities 9 ! national pan!on4 ,?is duplication ( deities1 ! result ( ! f9al fusion ( k9dr$ tribes :o _h long liv$ ap>t1 w\ld acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( ,janus beside ,jupit]1 & ( ,diana or ,jana beside ,juno 9 ! ,roman religion4 ,at lea/ ?is appe>s to be a m probable !ory ?an ! op9ion1 :i* has f\nd fav\r ) "s mod]n s*ol>s1 t ,janus 0 orig9ally no?+ b ! god ( doors4 ,t a deity ( 8 dignity & importance1 :om ! ,romans rev]$ z a god ( gods & ! fa!r ( 8 p1 %\ld h />t$ 9 life z a humble1 ?\gh d\btless respectable1 doorkeep] appe>s v unlikely4 ,s l(ty an end h>dly consorts ) s l[ly a beg9n+4 ,x is m probable t ! door 7janua7 got its "n f ,janus ?an t he got 8 "n f x4 ,?is view is /r5g!n$ by a consid]ation ( ! ^w janua itself4 ,! regul> ^w = door is ! same 9 all ! languages ( ! ,aryan family f ,india to ,irel&4 ,x is dur 9 ,sanscrit1 ?ura 9 ,greek1 tr 9 ,g]man1 door 9 ,engli%1 dorus 9 old ,iri%1 & =is 9 ,lat94 ,yet besides ?is ord9>y "n = door1 :i* ! ,lat9s %>$ ) all _! ,aryan bre?r51 !y _h also ! "n janua1 to :i* !re is no correspond+ t]m 9 any ,indo-,european spee*4 ,! ^w has ! appe>ance ( be+ an adjectival =m d]iv$ f ! n\n ,janus4 ,i conjecture t x may h be5 cu/om>y to set up an image or symbol ( ,janus at ! pr9cipal door ( ! h\se 9 ord] to place ! entrance "u ! protection ( ! great god4 ,a door ?us gu>d$ might be kn[n z a janua =is1 t is1 a ,januan door1 & ! phrase might 9 "t be abridg$ into janua1 ! n\n =is be+ und]/ood b n express$4 ,f ?is to ! use ( janua to designate a door 9 g5]al1 :e!r gu>d$ by an image ( ,janus or n1 w\ld be an easy & natural transition4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjecture1 x may expla9 v simply ! orig9 ( ! d\ble head ( ,janus1 :i* has s long ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( my?ologi/s4 ,:5 x _h become cu/om>y to gu>d ! entrance ( h\ses & t[ns by an image ( ,janus1 x might well be deem$ necess>y to make ! s5t9el god look bo? ways1 be=e & beh9d1 at ! same "t1 9 ord] t no?+ %\ld escape 8 vigilant eye4 ,= if ! div9e wat*man always fac$ 9 "o direction1 x is easy to imag9e :at mis*ief might h be5 wr\ght ) impunity beh9d 8 back4 ,?is explanation ( ! d\ble-head$ ,janus at ,rome is confirm$ by ! d\ble-head$ idol :i* ! ,bu% negroes 9 ! int]ior ( ,sur9am regul>ly set up z a gu>dian at ! entrance ( a village4 ,! idol consi/s ( a block ( wood ) a human face rudely c>v$ on ea* side2 x /&s "u a gateway compos$ ( two uprights & a cross-b>4 ,beside ! idol g5]ally lies a :ite rag int5d$ to keep (f ! devil2 & sometimes !re is also a /ick :i* seems to repres5t a bludgeon or weapon ( "s sort4 ,fur!r1 f ! cross-b> hangs a small log :i* s]ves ! useful purpose ( knock+ on ! head any evil _s :o might attempt to pass ?r\gh ! gateway4 ,cle>ly ?is d\ble-head$ feti% at ! gateway ( ! negro villages 9 ,sur9am be>s a close resemblance to ! d\ble-head$ images ( ,janus :i*1 grasp+ a /ick 9 "o h& & a key 9 ! o!r1 /ood s5t9el at ,roman gates & doorways2 & we c h>dly d\bt t 9 bo? cases ! heads fac+ two ways are to be simil>ly expla9$ z expressive ( ! vigilance ( ! gu>dian god1 :o kept 8 eye on spiritual foes beh9d & be=e1 & /ood ready to bludgeon !m on ! spot4 ,we may1 !re=e1 disp5se ) ! t$i\s & unsatisfactory explanations :i*1 if we may tru/ ,ovid1 ! wily ,janus himself fobb$ (f an anxi\s ,roman enquir]4 ,to apply ^! conclusions to ! prie/ ( ,nemi1 we may suppose t z ! mate ( ,diana he repres5t$ orig9ally ,dianus or ,janus r ?an ,jupit]1 b t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! deities 0 ( old m]ely sup]ficial1 go+ little deep] ?an ! names1 & leav+ practically unaffect$ ! ess5tial functions ( ! god z a p[] ( ! sky1 ! ?und]1 & ! oak4 ,x 0 fitt+1 !re=e1 t 8 human repres5tative at ,nemi %\ld dwell1 z we h se5 reason to believe he did1 9 an oak grove4 ,8 title ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood cle>ly indicates ! sylvan "* ( ! deity :om he s]v$2 & s9ce he c\ld only be assail$ by him :o _h pluck$ ! b\gh ( a c]ta9 tree 9 ! grove1 8 own life might be said to be b\nd up ) t ( ! sacr$ tree4 ,?us he n only s]v$ b embodi$ ! great ,aryan god ( ! oak2 & z an oak-god he w\ld mate ) ! oak-goddess1 :e!r %e w5t by ! "n ( ,eg]ia or ,diana4 ,_! union1 h[ev] consummat$1 w\ld be deem$ ess5tial to ! f]tility ( ! e>? & ! fecundity ( man & bea/4 ,fur!r1 z ! oak-god 0 also a god ( ! sky1 ! ?und]1 & ! ra91 s 8 human repres5tative w\ld be requir$1 l _m o!r div9e k+s1 to cause ! cl\ds to ga!r1 ! ?und] to peal1 & ! ra9 to desc5d 9 due season1 t ! fields & or*>ds might be> fruit & ! pa/ures be cov]$ ) luxuriant h]bage4 ,! reput$ possessor ( p[]s s exalt$ mu/ h be5 a v important p]sonage2 & ! rema9s ( build+s & ( votive (f]+s :i* h be5 f\nd on ! site ( ! sanctu>y comb9e ) ! te/imony ( classical writ]s to prove t 9 lat] times x 0 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ popul> %r9es 9 ,italy4 ,ev5 9 ! old days1 :5 ! *ampaign c\ntry ar\nd 0 /ill p>cell$ out among ! petty tribes :o compos$ ! ,lat9 ,league1 ! sacr$ grove is kn[n to h be5 an object ( _! common rev]5ce & c>e4 ,& j z ! k+s ( ,cambodia us$ to s5d (f]+s to ! my/ic k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] f> 9 ! dim dep?s ( ! tropical =e/1 s1 we may well believe1 f all sides ( ! broad ,latian pla9 ! eyes & foot/eps ( ,italian pilgrims turn$ to ! qu>t] :]e1 /&+ %>ply out aga9/ ! fa9t blue l9e ( ! ,ap5n9es or ! deep] blue ( ! di/ant sea1 ! ,alban ,m\nta9 rose be=e !m1 ! home ( ! my/]i\s prie/ ( ,nemi1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood4 ,!re1 among ! gre5 woods & beside ! /ill wat]s ( ! lonely hills1 ! anci5t ,aryan wor%ip ( ! god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & ! dripp+ sky l+]$ 9 its e>ly1 almo/ ,druidical =m1 long aft] a great political & intellectual revolution _h %ift$ ! capital ( ,lat9 religion f ! =e/ to ! city1 f ,nemi to ,rome4 ,,xvii4 ,! ,burd5 ( ,royalty #a4 ,royal & ,prie/ly ,taboos ,,at ,a ,,c]ta9 /age ( e>ly society ! k+ or prie/ is (t5 ?\ght to be end[$ ) sup]natural p[]s or to be an inc>nation ( a deity1 & consi/5tly ) ?is belief ! c\rse ( nature is suppos$ to be m or less "u 8 control1 & he is held responsible = bad wea!r1 failure ( ! crops1 & simil> calamities4 ,to "s ext5t x appe>s to be assum$ t ! k+'s p[] ov] nature1 l t ov] 8 subjects & slaves1 is ex]t$ ?r\gh def9ite acts ( w2 & !re=e if dr\ght1 fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 or /orms arise1 ! p attribute ! mis=tune to ! neglig5ce or guilt ( _! k+1 & puni% him accord+ly ) /ripes & bonds1 or1 if he rema9s obdurate1 ) deposition & dea?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! c\rse ( nature1 :ile reg>d$ z dep5d5t on ! k+1 is suppos$ to be p>tly indep5d5t ( 8 w4 ,8 p]son is consid]$1 if we may express x s1 z ! dynamical c5tre ( ! univ]se1 f :i* l9es ( =ce radiate to all qu>t]s ( ! heav52 s t any motion ( 8--! turn+ ( 8 head1 ! lift+ ( 8 h&--in/antane\sly affects & may s]i\sly di/urb "s "p ( nature4 ,he is ! po9t ( support on :i* hangs ! balance ( ! _w1 & ! slighte/ irregul>ity on 8 "p may ov]?r[ ! delicate equipoise4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 bo? by & ( him2 & 8 :ole life1 d[n to its m9ute/ details1 mu/ be s regulat$ t no act ( 81 volunt>y or involunt>y1 may dis>range or upset ! e/abli%$ ord] ( nature4 ,( ?is class ( mon>*s ! ,mikado or ,dairi1 ! spiritual emp]or ( ,japan1 is or r us$ to be a typical example4 ,he is an inc>nation ( ! sun goddess1 ! deity :o rules ! univ]se1 gods & m5 includ$2 once a ye> all ! gods wait ^u him & sp5d a mon? at 8 c\rt4 ,dur+ t mon?1 ! "n ( :i* means )\t gods1 no "o frequ5ts ! temples1 = !y are believ$ to be des]t$4 ,! ,mikado receives f 8 p & assumes 9 8 (ficial proclamations & decrees ! title ( manife/ or inc>nate deity1 & he claims a g5]al au?ority ov] ! gods ( ,japan4 ,= example1 9 an (ficial decree ( ! ye> #fdf ! emp]or is describ$ z ! inc>nate god :o gov]ns ! univ]se4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! ,mikado's mode ( life 0 writt5 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago3 ,ev5 to ?is day ! pr9ces desc5d$ ( ?is family1 m p>ticul>ly ^? :o sit on ! ?rone1 are look$ ^u z p]sons mo/ holy 9 !mselves1 & z ,popes by bir?4 ,&1 9 ord] to pres]ve ^! advantage\s notions 9 ! m9ds ( _! subjects1 !y are oblig$ to take an uncommon c>e ( _! sacr$ p]sons1 & to d su* ?+s1 :i*1 exam9$ accord+ to ! cu/oms ( o!r nations1 w\ld be ?\ght ridicul\s & imp]t95t4 ,x w n be improp] to give a few in/ances ( x4 ,he ?9ks t x w\ld be v prejudicial to 8 dignity & hol9ess to t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 feet2 = ?is reason1 :5 he int5ds to g any:]e1 he mu/ be c>ri$ ?i!r on m5's %\ld]s4 ,mu* less w !y suff] t he %\ld expose 8 sacr$ p]son to ! op5 air1 & ! sun is n ?\ght wor?y to %9e on 8 head4 ,!re is su* a hol9ess ascrib$ to all ! p>ts ( 8 body t he d>es to cut (f nei!r 8 hair1 nor 8 be>d1 nor 8 nails4 ,h[ev]1 le/ he %\ld gr[ too dirty1 !y may clean him 9 ! night :5 he is asleep2 because1 !y say1 t :i* is tak5 f 8 body at t "t1 ha? be5 /ol5 f him1 & t su* a !ft do? n prejudice 8 hol9ess or dignity4 ,9 anci5t times1 he 0 oblig$ to sit on ! ?rone = "s h\rs e morn+1 ) ! imp]ial cr[n on 8 head1 b to sit altoge!r l a /atue1 )\t /irr+ ei!r h&s or feet1 head or eyes1 nor inde$ any "p ( 8 body1 because1 by ?is means1 x 0 ?\ght t he c\ld pres]ve peace & tranquillity 9 8 empire2 = if1 un=tunately1 he turn$ himself on "o side or ! o!r1 or if he look$ a good :ile t[>ds any "p ( 8 dom9ions1 x 0 appreh5d$ t w>1 fam9e1 fire1 or "s o!r great mis=tune 0 ne> at h& to desolate ! c\ntry4 ,b x hav+ be5 aft]w>ds discov]$1 t ! imp]ial cr[n 0 ! palladium1 :i* by its immobility c\ld pres]ve peace 9 ! empire1 x 0 ?\ght exp$i5t to deliv] 8 imp]ial p]son1 consecrat$ only to idl5ess & pleasures1 f ?is bur!nsome duty1 & !re=e ! cr[n is at pres5t plac$ on ! ?rone = "s h\rs e morn+4 ,8 victuals mu/ be dress$ e "t 9 new pots1 & s]v$ at table 9 new di%es3 bo? are v clean & neat1 b made only ( common clay2 t )\t any consid]able exp5se !y may be laid aside1 or broke1 aft] !y h s]v$ once4 ,!y are g5]ally broke1 = fe> !y %\ld come into ! h&s ( laym51 = !y believe religi\sly1 t if any layman %\ld presume to eat 8 food out ( ^! sacr$ di%es1 x w\ld swell & inflame 8 m\? & ?roat4 ,! l ill effect is dread$ f ! ,dairi's sacr$ habits2 = !y believe t if a layman %\ld we> !m1 )\t ! ,emp]or's express leave or comm&1 !y w\ld occasion swell+s & pa9s 9 all p>ts ( 8 body4 ,to ! same effect an e>li] acc\nt ( ! ,mikado says3 ,x 0 consid]$ z a %ameful degradation = him ev5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4 ,! sun & moon 7 n ev5 p]mitt$ to %9e ^u 8 head4 ,none ( ! sup]fluities ( ! body 7 ev] tak5 f him1 nei!r 8 hair1 8 be>d1 nor 8 nails 7 cut4 ,:atev] he eat 0 dress$ 9 new vessels4 ,simil> prie/ly or r div9e k+s are f\nd1 at a l[] level ( b>b>ism1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,at ,%>k ,po9t ne> ,cape ,padron1 9 ,l[] ,gu9ea1 lives ! prie/ly k+ ,kukulu1 alone 9 a wood4 ,he may n t\* a woman nor leave 8 h\se2 inde$ he may n ev5 quit 8 *air1 9 :i* he is oblig$ to sleep sitt+1 = if he lay d[n no w9d w\ld arise & navigation w\ld be /opp$4 ,he regulates /orms1 & 9 g5]al ma9ta9s a :olesome & equable /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,on ,m\nt ,agu 9 ,togo !re lives a feti% or _s call$ ,bagba1 :o is ( great importance = ! :ole ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! p[] ( giv+ or )hold+ ra9 is ascrib$ to him1 & he is "l ( ! w9ds1 includ+ ! ,h>mattan1 ! dry1 hot w9d :i* bl[s f ! int]ior4 ,8 prie/ dwells 9 a h\se on ! highe/ peak ( ! m\nta91 :]e he keeps ! w9ds bottl$ up 9 huge j>s4 ,applications = ra91 too1 are made to him1 & he does a good bus9ess 9 amulets1 :i* consi/ ( ! tee? & claws ( leop>ds4 ,yet ?\gh 8 p[] is great & he is inde$ ! real *ief ( ! l&1 ! rule ( ! feti% =bids him ev] to leave ! m\nta91 & he mu/ sp5d ! :ole ( 8 life on its summit4 ,only once a ye> may he come d[n to make pur*ases 9 ! m>ket2 b ev5 !n he may n set foot 9 ! hut ( any mortal man1 & mu/ return to 8 place ( exile ! same day4 ,! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t 9 ! villages is conduct$ by subord9ate *iefs1 :o are appo9t$ by him4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,african k+dom ( ,congo !re 0 a supreme pontiff call$ ,*itom or ,*itomb1 :om ! negroes reg>d$ z a god on e>? & all-p[]ful 9 heav54 ,h5ce be=e !y w\ld ta/e ! new crops !y (f]$ him ! fir/-fruits1 fe>+ t manifold mis=tunes w\ld befall !m if !y broke ?is rule4 ,:5 he left 8 resid5ce to visit o!r places )9 8 jurisdiction1 all m>ri$ p _h to obs]ve /rict cont95ce ! :ole "t he 0 out2 = x 0 suppos$ t any act ( incont95ce w\ld prove fatal to him4 ,& if he 7 to die a natural dea?1 !y ?\ght t ! _w w\ld p]i%1 & ! e>?1 :i* he alone su/a9$ by 8 p[] & m]it1 w\ld imm$iately be annihilat$4 ,among/ ! semi-b>b>\s nations ( ! ,new ,_w1 at ! date ( ! ,spani% conque/1 !re 7 f\nd hi]>*ies or !ocracies l ^? ( ,japan2 9 p>ticul>1 ! high pontiff ( ! ,zapotecs appe>s to h pres5t$ a close p>allel to ! ,mikado4 ,a p[]ful rival to ! k+ himself1 ?is spiritual "l gov]n$ ,yopaa1 "o ( ! *ief cities ( ! k+dom1 ) absolute dom9ion4 ,x is impossible1 we are told1 to ov]rate ! rev]5ce 9 :i* he 0 held4 ,he 0 look$ on z a god :om ! e>? 0 n wor?y to hold nor ! sun to %9e ^u4 ,he pr(an$ 8 sanctity if he ev5 t\*$ ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4 ,! (fic]s :o bore 8 palanqu9 on _! %\ld]s 7 memb]s ( ! highe/ families3 he h>dly deign$ to look on any?+ ar\nd him2 & all :o met him fell ) _! faces to ! e>?1 fe>+ t dea? w\ld ov]take !m if !y saw ev5 8 %ad[4 ,a rule ( cont95ce 0 regul>ly impos$ on ! ,zapotec prie/s1 especially ^u ! high pontiff2 b on c]ta9 days 9 ea* ye>1 :i* 7 g5]ally celebrat$ ) fea/s & dances1 x 0 cu/om>y = ! high prie/ to become drunk4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate1 seem+ to belong nei!r to heav5 nor to e>?1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! virg9s consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! gods 0 br\ght to him4 ,if ! *ild %e bore him 0 a son1 he 0 br\ght up z a pr9ce ( ! blood1 & ! elde/ son succe$$ 8 fa!r on ! pontifical ?rone4 ,! sup]natural p[]s attribut$ to ?is pontiff are n specifi$1 b probably !y resembl$ ^? ( ! ,mikado & ,*itom4 ,:]ev]1 z 9 ,japan & ,we/ ,africa1 x is suppos$ t ! ord] ( nature1 & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 is b\nd up ) ! life ( ! k+ or prie/1 x is cle> t he mu/ be reg>d$ by 8 subjects z a s\rce bo? ( inf9ite bless+ & ( inf9ite dang]4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! p h to ?ank him = ! ra9 & sun%9e :i* fo/] ! fruits ( ! e>?1 = ! w9d :i* br+s %ips to _! coa/s1 & ev5 = ! solid gr\nd b5ea? _! feet4 ,b :at he gives he c refuse2 & s close is ! dep5d5ce ( nature on 8 p]son1 s delicate ! balance ( ! sy/em ( =ces :]e( he is ! c5tre1 t ! lea/ irregul>ity on 8 "p may set up a tremor :i* %all %ake ! e>? to its f\ndations4 ,& if nature may be di/urb$ by ! slighte/ involunt>y act ( ! k+1 x is easy to conceive ! convulsion :i* 8 dea? might provoke4 ,! natural dea? ( ! ,*itom1 z we h se51 0 ?\ght to entail ! de/ruction ( all ?+s4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 out ( a reg>d = _! own safety1 :i* might be imp]ill$ by any ra% act ( ! k+1 & /ill m by 8 dea?1 ! p w exact ( _! k+ or prie/ a /rict con=mity to ^? rules1 ! obs]vance ( :i* is deem$ necess>y = 8 own pres]vation1 & consequ5tly = ! pres]vation ( 8 p & ! _w4 ,! idea t e>ly k+doms are despotisms 9 :i* ! p exi/ only = ! sov]eign1 is :olly inapplicable to ! mon>*ies we are consid]+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sov]eign 9 !m exi/s only = 8 subjects2 8 life is only valuable s long z he dis*>ges ! duties ( 8 position by ord]+ ! c\rse ( nature = 8 p's b5efit4 ,s soon z he fails to d s1 ! c>e1 ! devotion1 ! religi\s homage :i* !y _h hi!rto lavi%$ on him cease & are *ang$ into hatr$ & contempt2 he is dismiss$ ignom9i\sly1 & may be ?ankful if he escapes ) 8 life4 ,wor%ipp$ z a god "o day1 he is kill$ z a crim9al ! next4 ,b 9 ?is *ang$ behavi\r ( ! p !re is no?+ caprici\s or inconsi/5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! conduct is entirely ( a piece4 ,if _! k+ is _! god1 he is or %\ld be also _! pres]v]2 & if he w n pres]ve !m1 he mu/ make room = ano!r :o w4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z he answ]s _! expectations1 !re is no limit to ! c>e :i* !y take ( him1 & :i* !y compel him to take ( himself4 ,a k+ ( ?is sort lives h$g$ 9 by a c]emoni\s etiquette1 a network ( prohibitions & obs]vances1 ( :i* ! int5tion is n to contribute to 8 dignity1 mu* less to 8 com=t1 b to re/ra9 him f conduct :i*1 by di/urb+ ! h>mony ( nature1 might involve himself1 8 p1 & ! univ]se 9 "o common cata/rophe4 ,f> f add+ to 8 com=t1 ^! obs]vances1 by trammell+ 8 e act1 annihilate 8 fre$om & (t5 r5d] ! v life1 :i* x is _! object to pres]ve1 a burd5 & sorr[ to him4 ,( ! sup]naturally end[$ k+s ( ,loango x is said t ! m p[]ful a k+ is1 ! m taboos is he b\nd to obs]ve2 !y regulate all 8 actions1 8 walk+ & 8 /&+1 8 eat+ & dr9k+1 8 sleep+ & wak+4 ,to ^! re/ra9ts ! heir to ! ?rone is subject f infancy2 b z he advances 9 life ! numb] ( ab/95ces & c]emonies :i* he mu/ obs]ve increases1 until at ! mom5t t he asc5ds ! ?rone he is lo/ 9 ! ocean ( rites & taboos4 ,9 ! crat] ( an ext9ct volcano1 enclos$ on all sides by grassy slopes1 lie ! scatt]$ huts & yam-fields ( ,riabba1 ! capital ( ! native k+ ( ,f]n&o ,po4 ,?is my/]i\s be+ lives 9 ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! crat]1 surr\nd$ by a h>em ( =ty wom51 & cov]$1 x is said1 ) old silv] co9s4 ,nak$ savage z he is1 he yet ex]cises f> m influ5ce 9 ! isl& ?an ! ,spani% gov]nor at ,santa ,isabel4 ,9 him ! cons]vative _s ( ! ,boobies or aborig9al inhabitants ( ! isl& is1 z x 71 incorporate4 ,he has nev] se5 a :ite man &1 accord+ to ! firm conviction ( all ! ,boobies1 ! sight ( a pale face w\ld cause 8 in/ant dea?4 ,he _c be> to look ^u ! sea2 inde$ x is said t he may nev] see x ev5 9 ! di/ance1 & t !re=e he we>s away 8 life ) %ackles on 8 legs 9 ! dim twilight ( 8 hut4 ,c]ta9 x is t he has nev] set foot on ! bea*4 ,) ! exception ( 8 musket & knife1 he uses no?+ t comes f ! :ites2 ,european clo? nev] t\*es 8 p]son1 & he scorns tobacco1 rum1 & ev5 salt4 ,among ! ,ewe-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ! k+ is at ! same "t high prie/4 ,9 ?is quality he 01 p>ticul>ly 9 =m] times1 unapproa*able by 8 subjects4 ,only by night 0 he all[$ to quit 8 dwell+ 9 ord] to ba! & s =?4 ,none b 8 repres5tative1 ! s-call$ 'visible k+1' ) ?ree *os5 eld]s might conv]se ) him1 & ev5 !y _h to sit on an ox-hide ) _! backs turn$ to him4 ,he might n see any ,european nor any horse1 nor might he look ^u ! sea1 = :i* reason he 0 n all[$ to quit 8 capital ev5 = a few mom5ts4 ,^! rules h be5 disreg>d$ 9 rec5t times4 ,! k+ ( ,dahomey himself is subject to ! prohibition ( behold+ ! sea1 & s are ! k+s ( ,loango & ,great ,ardra 9 ,gu9ea4 ,! sea is ! feti% ( ! ,eyeos1 to ! nor?-we/ ( ,dahomey1 & !y & _! k+ are ?reat5$ ) dea? by _! prie/s if ev] !y d>e to look on x4 ,x is believ$ t ! k+ ( ,cayor 9 ,s5egal w\ld infallibly die )9 ! ye> if he 7 to cross a riv] or an arm ( ! sea4 ,9 ,ma%onal& d[n to rec5t times ! *iefs w\ld n cross c]ta9 riv]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,rurikwi & ! ,nyadiri2 & ! cu/om 0 /ill /rictly obs]v$ by at lea/ "o *ief )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,on no acc\nt w ! *ief cross ! riv]4 ,if x is absolutely necess>y = him to d s1 he is bl9dfold$ & c>ri$ across ) %\t+ & s++4 ,%\ld he walk across1 he w g bl9d or die & c]ta9ly lose ! *iefta9%ip4 ,s among ! ,mahafalys & ,sakalavas 9 ! s\? ( ,madagasc> "s k+s are =bidd5 to sail on ! sea or to cross c]ta9 riv]s4 ,among ! ,sakalavas ! *ief is reg>d$ z a sacr$ be+1 b he is held 9 lea% by a cr[d ( re/rictions1 :i* regulate 8 behavi\r l t ( ! emp]or ( ,*9a4 ,he c und]take no?+ :atev] unless ! sorc]]s h decl>$ ! om5s fav\rable2 he may n eat w>m food3 on c]ta9 days he may n quit 8 hut2 & s on4 ,among "s ( ! hill tribes ( ,assam bo? ! headman & 8 wife h to obs]ve _m taboos 9 respect ( food2 ?us !y may n eat buffalo1 pork1 dog1 f[l1 or tomatoes4 ,! headman mu/ be *a/e1 ! husb& ( "o wife1 & he mu/ sep>ate himself f h] on ! eve ( a g5]al or public obs]vance ( taboo4 ,9 "o gr\p ( tribes ! headman is =bidd5 to eat 9 a /range village1 & "u no provocation :atev] may he utt] a ^w ( abuse4 ,app>5tly ! p imag9e t ! violation ( any ( ^! taboos by a headman w\ld br+ d[n mis=tune on ! :ole village4 ,! anci5t k+s ( ,irel&1 z well z ! k+s ( ! f\r prov9ces ( ,le9/]1 ,mun/]1 ,connaught1 & ,ul/]1 7 subject to c]ta9 qua9t prohibitions or taboos1 on ! due obs]vance ( :i* ! prosp]ity ( ! p ( ! c\ntry1 z well z _! own1 0 suppos$ to dep5d4 ,?us1 = example1 ! sun might n rise on ! k+ ( ,irel& 9 8 b$ at ,t>a1 ! old capital ( ,er92 he 0 =bidd5 to alight on ,w$nesday at ,magh ,breagh1 to trav]se ,magh ,cuill9n aft] sunset1 to incite 8 horse at ,fan-,*omair1 to g 9 a %ip ^u ! wat] ! ,monday aft] ,beallta9e 7,may day71 & to leave ! track ( 8 army ^u ,a? ,maighne ! ,tuesday aft] ,all-,hall[s4 ,! k+ ( ,le9/] might n g r\nd ,tua? ,laighean left-h&-wise on ,w$nesday1 nor sleep betwe5 ! ,do?air 7,dodd]7 & ! ,duibhl9n ) 8 head incl9+ to "o side1 nor encamp = n9e days on ! pla9s ( ,cualann1 nor travel ! road ( ,duibhl9n on ,monday1 nor ride a dirty black-heel$ horse across ,magh ,mai/ean4 ,! k+ ( ,mun/] 0 prohibit$ f enjoy+ ! fea/ ( ,lo* ,le9 f "o ,monday to ano!r2 f banquet+ by night 9 ! beg9n+ ( h>ve/ be=e ,geim at ,leitrea*a2 f encamp+ = n9e days ^u ! ,siuir2 & f hold+ a bord] meet+ at ,gabhran4 ,! k+ ( ,connaught might n conclude a treaty respect+ 8 anci5t palace ( ,crua*an aft] mak+ peace on ,all-,hall[s ,day1 nor g 9 a speckl$ g>m5t on a grey speckl$ /e$ to ! hea? ( ,dal ,*ais1 nor repair to an assembly ( wom5 at ,seaghais1 nor sit 9 autumn on ! sepul*ral m\nds ( ! wife ( ,ma9e1 nor cont5d 9 runn+ ) ! rid] ( a grey "o-ey$ horse at ,a? ,gallta betwe5 two po/s4 ,! k+ ( ,ul/] 0 =bidd5 to att5d ! horse fair at ,ra? ,l9e among ! y\?s ( ,dal ,araidhe1 to li/5 to ! flutt]+ ( ! flocks ( birds ( ,l9n ,sailea* aft] sunset1 to celebrate ! fea/ ( ! bull ( ,daire-mic-,daire1 to g into ,magh ,cobha 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 & to dr9k ( ! wat] ( ,bo ,neimhidh betwe5 two d>knesses4 ,if ! k+s ( ,irel& /rictly obs]v$ ^! & _m o!r cu/oms1 :i* 7 enjo9$ by immemorial usage1 x 0 believ$ t !y w\ld nev] meet ) mis*ance or mis=tune1 & w\ld live = n9ety ye>s )\t exp]i5c+ ! decay ( old age2 t no epidemic or mortality w\ld occur dur+ _! reigns2 & t ! seasons w\ld be fav\rable & ! e>? yield its fruit 9 abundance2 :]eas1 if !y set ! anci5t usages at naught1 ! c\ntry w\ld be visit$ ) plague1 fam9e1 & bad wea!r4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt 7 wor%ipp$ z gods1 & ! r\t9e ( _! daily life 0 regulat$ 9 e detail by precise & unv>y+ rules4 ,! life ( ! k+s ( ,egypt1 says ,diodorus1 0 n l t ( o!r mon>*s :o are irresponsible & may d j :at !y *oose2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ 0 fix$ = !m by law1 n only _! (ficial duties1 b ev5 ! details ( _! daily life4 4 4 4 ,! h\rs bo? ( day & night 7 arrang$ at :i* ! k+ _h to d1 n :at he pleas$1 b :at 0 prescrib$ = him4 4 4 4 ,= n only 7 ! times appo9t$ at :i* he %\ld transact public bus9ess or sit 9 judgm5t2 b ! v h\rs = 8 walk+ & ba?+ & sleep+ ) 8 wife1 &1 9 %ort1 p]=m+ e act ( life 7 all settl$4 ,cu/om enjo9$ a simple diet2 ! only fle% he might eat 0 veal & goose1 & he might only dr9k a prescrib$ quantity ( w9e4 ,h[ev]1 !re is reason to ?9k t ^! rules 7 obs]v$1 n by ! anci5t ,ph>aohs1 b by ! prie/ly k+s :o reign$ at ,!bes & ,e?iopia at ! close ( ! tw5tie? dyna/y4 ,( ! taboos impos$ on prie/s we may see a /rik+ example 9 ! rules ( life prescrib$ = ! ,flam5 ,dialis at ,rome1 :o has be5 int]pret$ z a liv+ image ( ,jupit]1 or a human embodim5t ( ! sky-_s4 ,!y 7 su* z ! foll[+3 ,! ,flam5 ,dialis might n ride or ev5 t\* a horse1 nor see an army "u arms1 nor we> a r+ :i* 0 n brok51 nor h a knot on any "p ( 8 g>m5ts2 no fire except a sacr$ fire might be tak5 out ( 8 h\se2 he might n t\* :eat5 fl\r or leav5$ bread2 he might n t\* or ev5 "n a goat1 a dog1 raw meat1 beans1 & ivy2 he might n walk "u a v9e2 ! feet ( 8 b$ _h to be daub$ ) mud2 8 hair c\ld be cut only by a free man & ) a bronze knife & 8 hair & nails :5 cut _h to be buri$ "u a lucky tree2 he might n t\* a dead body nor ent] a place :]e "o 0 burn$2 he might n see "w be+ done on holy days2 he might n be uncov]$ 9 ! op5 air2 if a man 9 bonds 7 tak5 into 8 h\se1 ! captive _h to be unb\nd & ! cords _h to be drawn up ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ro( & s let d[n into ! /reet4 ,8 wife1 ! ,flam9ica1 _h to obs]ve ne>ly ! same rules1 & o!rs ( h] own besides4 ,%e might n asc5d m ?an ?ree /eps ( ! k9d ( /aircase call$ ,greek2 at a c]ta9 fe/ival %e might n comb h] hair2 ! lea!r ( h] %oes might n be made f a bea/ t _h di$ a natural dea?1 b only f "o t _h be5 sla9 or sacrific$2 if %e he>d ?und] %e 0 taboo$ till %e _h (f]$ an expiatory sacrifice4 ,among ! ,grebo p ( ,si]ra ,leone !re is a pontiff :o be>s ! title ( ,bodia & has be5 comp>$1 on some:at sl5d] gr\nds1 to ! high prie/ ( ! ,jews4 ,he is appo9t$ 9 accordance ) ! behe/ ( an oracle4 ,at an elaborate c]emony ( in/allation he is ano9t$1 a r+ is put on 8 ankle z a badge ( (fice1 & ! door-po/s ( 8 h\se are spr9kl$ ) ! blood ( a sacrific$ goat4 ,he has *>ge ( ! public talismans & idols1 :i* he fe$s ) rice & oil e new moon2 & he sacrifices on behalf ( ! t[n to ! dead & to demons4 ,nom9ally 8 p[] is v great1 b 9 practice x is v limit$2 = he d>e n defy public op9ion1 & he is held responsible1 ev5 ) 8 life1 = any adv]sity t befalls ! c\ntry4 ,x is expect$ ( him t he %\ld cause ! e>? to br+ =? abundantly1 ! p to be heal?y1 w> to be driv5 f> away1 & wit*craft to be kept 9 abeyance4 ,8 life is trammell$ by ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 re/rictions or taboos4 ,?us he may n sleep 9 any h\se b 8 own (ficial resid5ce1 :i* is call$ ! ano9t$ h\se ) ref]5ce to ! c]emony ( ano9t+ him at inauguration4 ,he may n dr9k wat] on ! highway4 ,he may n eat :ile a corpse is 9 ! t[n1 & he may n m\rn = ! dead4 ,if he dies :ile 9 (fice1 he mu/ be buri$ at dead ( night2 few may he> ( 8 burial1 & none may m\rn = him :5 8 dea? is made public4 ,%\ld he h fall5 a victim to ! poison ordeal by dr9k+ a decoction ( sassywood1 z x is call$1 he mu/ be buri$ "u a runn+ /ream ( wat]4 ,among ! ,todas ( ,s\!rn ,india ! holy milkman1 :o acts z prie/ ( ! sacr$ dairy1 is subject to a v>iety ( irksome & burd5some re/rictions dur+ ! :ole "t ( 8 incumb5cy1 :i* may la/ _m ye>s4 ,?us he mu/ live at ! sacr$ dairy & may nev] visit 8 home or any ord9>y village4 ,he mu/ be celibate2 if he is m>ri$ he mu/ leave 8 wife4 ,on no acc\nt may any ord9>y p]son t\* ! holy milkman or ! holy dairy2 su* a t\* w\ld s defile 8 hol9ess t he w\ld =feit 8 (fice4 ,x is only on two days a week1 namely ,mondays & ,?ursdays1 t a m]e layman may ev5 approa* ! milkman2 on o!r days if he has any bus9ess ) him1 he mu/ /& at a di/ance 7"s say a qu>t] ( a mile7 & %\t 8 message across ! int]v5+ space4 ,fur!r1 ! holy milkman nev] cuts 8 hair or p>es 8 nails s long z he holds (fice2 he nev] crosses a riv] by a bridge1 b wades ?r\gh a =d & only c]ta9 =ds2 if a dea? occurs 9 8 clan1 he may n att5d any ( ! fun]al c]emonies1 unless he fir/ resigns 8 (fice & desc5ds f ! exalt$ rank ( milkman to t ( a m]e common mortal4 ,inde$ x appe>s t 9 old days he _h to resign ! seals1 or r ! pails1 ( (fice :5ev] any memb] ( 8 clan dep>t$ ?is life4 ,h[ev]1 ^! heavy re/ra9ts are laid 9 _! entirety only on milkm5 ( ! v highe/ class4 #b4 ,divorce ( ! ,spiritual f ! ,temporal ,p[] ,,! ,,burd5some obs]vances atta*$ to ! royal or prie/ly (fice produc$ _! natural effect4 ,ei!r m5 refus$ to accept ! (fice1 :i* h5ce t5d$ to fall into abeyance2 or accept+ x1 !y sank "u its weight into spiritless creatures1 cloi/]$ recluses1 f ^: n]veless f+]s ! re9s ( gov]nm5t slipp$ into ! firm] grasp ( m5 :o 7 (t5 cont5t to wield ! reality ( sov]eignty )\t its "n4 ,9 "s c\ntries ?is rift 9 ! supreme p[] deep5$ into a total & p]man5t sep>ation ( ! spiritual & temporal p[]s1 ! old royal h\se reta9+ _! purely religi\s functions1 :ile ! civil gov]nm5t pass$ into ! h&s ( a y\ng] & m vigor\s race4 ,to take examples4 ,9 a previ\s "p ( ?is "w we saw t 9 ,cambodia x is (t5 necess>y to =ce ! k+%ips ( ,fire & ,wat] ^u ! reluctant successors1 & t 9 ,savage ,isl& ! mon>*y actually came to an end because at la/ no "o c\ld be induc$ to accept ! dang]\s di/9ction4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 :5 ! k+ dies1 a family c\ncil is secretly held to det]m9e 8 successor4 ,he on :om ! *oice falls is sudd5ly seiz$1 b\nd1 & ?r[n into ! feti%-h\se1 :]e he is kept 9 durance till he cons5ts to accept ! cr[n4 ,sometimes ! heir f9ds means ( evad+ ! hon\r :i* x is s\ght to ?ru/ ^u him2 a f]oci\s *ief has be5 kn[n to g ab\t con/antly arm$1 resolute to resi/ by =ce any attempt to set him on ! ?rone4 ,! savage ,timmes ( ,si]ra ,leone1 :o elect _! k+1 res]ve to !mselves ! "r ( beat+ him on ! eve ( 8 coronation2 & !y avail !mselves ( ?is con/itutional privilege ) su* he>ty goodwill t sometimes ! unhappy mon>* does n long survive 8 elevation to ! ?rone4 ,h5ce :5 ! lead+ *iefs h a spite at a man & wi% to rid !mselves ( him1 !y elect him k+4 ,=m]ly1 be=e a man 0 proclaim$ k+ ( ,si]ra ,leone1 x us$ to be ! cu/om to load him ) *a9s & ?ra% him4 ,!n ! fett]s 7 knock$ (f1 ! k+ly robe 0 plac$ on him1 & he receiv$ 9 8 h&s ! symbol ( royal dignity1 :i* 0 no?+ b ! axe ( ! execution]4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+ to read t 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 :]e su* cu/oms h prevail$1 except among ! ,m&+oes & ,suzees1 few k+s are natives ( ! c\ntries !y gov]n4 ,s diff]5t are _! ideas f ours1 t v few are solicit\s ( ! hon\r1 & competition is v seldom he>d (4 ,! ,mikados ( ,japan seem e>ly to h resort$ to ! exp$i5t ( transf]r+ ! hon\rs & burd5s ( supreme p[] to _! infant *ildr52 & ! rise ( ! ,tycoons1 long ! temporal sov]eigns ( ! c\ntry1 is trac$ to ! abdication ( a c]ta9 ,mikado 9 fav\r ( 8 ?ree-ye>-old son4 ,! sov]eignty hav+ be5 wre/$ by a usurp] f ! infant pr9ce1 ! cause ( ! ,mikado 0 *ampion$ by ,yoritomo1 a man ( _s & conduct1 :o ov]?rew ! usurp] & re/or$ to ! ,mikado ! %ad[1 :ile he reta9$ = himself ! sub/ance1 ( p[]4 ,he bequea!d to 8 desc5dants ! dignity he _h won1 & ?us became ! f\nd] ( ! l9e ( ,tycoons4 ,d[n to ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,tycoons 7 active & effici5t rul]s2 b ! same fate ov]took !m :i* _h befall5 ! ,mikados4 ,imme%$ 9 ! same inextricable web ( cu/om & law1 !y deg5]at$ into m]e puppets1 h>dly /irr+ f _! palaces & occupi$ 9 a p]petual r\nd ( empty c]emonies1 :ile ! real bus9ess ( gov]nm5t 0 manag$ by ! c\ncil ( /ate4 ,9 ,tonqu9 ! mon>*y ran a simil> c\rse4 ,liv+ l 8 pr$ecessors 9 effem9acy & slo?1 ! k+ 0 driv5 f ! ?rone by an ambiti\s adv5tur] nam$ ,mack1 :o f a fi%]man _h ris5 to be ,gr& ,m&>94 ,b ! k+'s bro!r ,tr+ put d[n ! usurp] & re/or$ ! k+1 reta9+1 h[ev]1 = himself & 8 desc5dants ! dignity ( g5]al ( all ! =ces4 ,!nce=w>d ! k+s1 ?\gh inve/$ ) ! title & pomp ( sov]eignty1 ceas$ to gov]n4 ,:ile !y liv$ seclud$ 9 _! palaces1 all real political p[] 0 wield$ by ! h]$it>y g5]als4 ,9 ,mangaia1 a ,polynesian isl&1 religi\s & civil au?ority 7 lodg$ 9 sep>ate h&s1 spiritual functions be+ dis*>g$ by a l9e ( h]$it>y k+s1 :ile ! temporal gov]nm5t 0 entru/$ f "t to "t to a victori\s w>-*ief1 ^: inve/iture1 h[ev]1 _h to be complet$ by ! k+4 ,simil>ly 9 ,tonga1 besides ! civil k+ ^: "r to ! ?rone 0 p>tly h]$it>y & p>tly d]iv$ f 8 w>like reputation & ! numb] ( 8 fight+ m51 !re 0 a great div9e *ief :o rank$ above ! k+ & ! o!r *iefs 9 virtue ( 8 suppos$ desc5t f "o ( ! *ief gods4 ,once a ye> ! fir/-fruits ( ! gr\nd 7 (f]$ to him at a solemn c]emony1 & x 0 believ$ t if ^! (f]+s 7 n made ! v5geance ( ! gods w\ld fall 9 a signal mann] on ! p4 ,peculi> =ms ( spee*1 su* z 7 appli$ to no "o else1 7 us$ 9 speak+ ( him1 & ev]y?+ t he *anc$ to t\* became sacr$ or taboo$4 ,:5 he & ! k+ met1 ! mon>* _h to sit d[n on ! gr\nd 9 tok5 ( respect until 8 hol9ess _h pass$ by4 ,yet ?\gh he enjoy$ ! highe/ v5]ation by reason ( 8 div9e orig91 ?is sacr$ p]sonage possess$ no political au?ority1 & if he v5tur$ to m$dle ) affairs ( /ate x 0 at ! risk ( receiv+ a rebuff f ! k+1 to :om ! real p[] belong$1 & :o f9ally succe$$ 9 ridd+ himself ( 8 spiritual rival4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,africa two k+s reign side by side1 a feti% or religi\s k+ & a civil k+1 b ! feti% k+ is really supreme4 ,he controls ! wea!r & s =?1 & c put a /op to ev]y?+4 ,:5 he lays 8 r$ /aff on ! gr\nd1 no "o may pass t way4 ,?is division ( p[] betwe5 a sacr$ & a secul> rul] is to be met ) :]ev] ! true negro culture has be5 left unmole/$1 b :]e ! negro =m ( society has be5 di/urb$1 z 9 ,dahomey & ,a%antee1 !re is a t5d5cy to consolidate ! two p[]s 9 a s+le k+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& ( ,timor we meet ) a p>tition ( p[] l t :i* is repres5t$ by ! civil k+ & ! feti% k+ ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,"s ( ! ,timorese tribes recognise two rajahs1 ! ord9>y or civil rajah1 :o gov]ns ! p1 & ! feti% or taboo rajah1 :o is *>g$ ) ! control ( ev]y?+ t conc]ns ! e>? & its products4 ,?is latt] rul] has ! "r ( decl>+ any?+ taboo2 8 p]mission mu/ be obta9$ be=e new l& may be br\ght "u cultivation1 & he mu/ p]=m c]ta9 necess>y c]emonies :5 ! "w is be+ c>ri$ out4 ,if dr\ght or blight ?reat5s ! crops1 8 help is invok$ to save !m4 ,?\gh he ranks bel[ ! civil rajah1 he ex]cises a mom5t\s influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 = 8 secul> colleague is b\nd to consult him 9 all important matt]s4 ,9 "s ( ! neighb\r+ isl&s1 su* z ,rotti & ea/]n ,flores1 a spiritual rul] ( ! same sort is recognis$ "u v>i\s native names1 :i* all mean "l ( ! gr\nd4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,mekeo di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea !re is a d\ble *iefta9%ip4 ,! p are divid$ into two gr\ps accord+ to families1 & ea* ( ! gr\ps has its *ief4 ,"o ( ! two is ! w> *ief1 ! o!r is ! taboo *ief4 ,! (fice ( ! latt] is h]$it>y2 8 duty is to impose a taboo on any ( ! crops1 su* z ! coco-nuts & areca nuts1 :5ev] he ?9ks x desirable to prohibit _! use4 ,9 8 (fice we may p]haps detect ! beg9n+ ( a prie/ly dyna/y1 b z yet 8 functions appe> to be m magical ?an religi\s1 be+ conc]n$ ) ! control ( ! h>ve/s r ?an ) ! propitiation ( high] p[]s4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l #a4 ,! ,s\l z a ,mannik9 ,,! ,,=ego+ examples h taught u t ! (fice ( a sacr$ k+ or prie/ is (t5 h$g$ 9 by a s]ies ( burd5some re/rictions or taboos1 ( :i* a pr9cipal purpose appe>s to be to pres]ve ! life ( ! div9e man = ! good ( 8 p4 ,b if ! object ( ! taboos is to save 8 life1 ! "q arises1 ,h[ is _! obs]vance suppos$ to effect ?is end8 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ "k ! nature ( ! dang] :i* ?reat5s ! k+'s life1 & :i* x is ! int5tion ( ^! curi\s re/rictions to gu>d aga9/4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ask3 ,:at does e>ly man und]/& by dea?8 ,to :at causes does he attribute x8 ,& h[ does he ?9k x may be gu>d$ aga9/8 ,z ! savage commonly expla9s ! processes ( inanimate nature by suppos+ t !y are produc$ by liv+ be+s work+ 9 or beh9d ! ph5om5a1 s he expla9s ! ph5om5a ( life itself4 ,if an animal lives & moves1 x c only be1 he ?9ks1 because !re is a little animal inside :i* moves x3 if a man lives & moves1 x c only be because he has a little man or animal inside :o moves him4 ,! animal inside ! animal1 ! man inside ! man1 is ! s\l4 ,& z ! activity ( an animal or man is expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! s\l1 s ! repose ( sleep or dea? is expla9$ by its abs5ce2 sleep or trance be+ ! tempor>y1 dea? be+ ! p]man5t abs5ce ( ! s\l4 ,h5ce if dea? be ! p]man5t abs5ce ( ! s\l1 ! way to gu>d aga9/ x is ei!r to prev5t ! s\l f leav+ ! body1 or1 if x does dep>t1 to ensure t x %all return4 ,! precautions adopt$ by savages to secure "o or o!r ( ^! ends take ! =m ( c]ta9 prohibitions or taboos1 :i* are no?+ b rules int5d$ to ensure ei!r ! cont9u$ pres5ce or ! return ( ! s\l4 ,9 %ort1 !y are life-pres]v]s or life-gu>ds4 ,^! g5]al /atem5ts w n[ be illu/rat$ by examples4 ,address+ "s ,au/ralian blacks1 a ,european mission>y said1 ,i am n "o1 z y ?9k1 b two4 ,^u ?is !y laugh$4 ,y may laugh z mu* z y l1 cont9u$ ! mission>y1 ,i tell y t ,i am two 9 "o2 ?is great body t y see is "o2 )9 t !re is ano!r little "o :i* is n visible4 ,! great body dies1 & is buri$1 b ! little body flies away :5 ! great "o dies4 ,to ?is "s ( ! blacks repli$1 ,yes1 yes4 ,we also are two1 we also h a little body )9 ! brea/4 ,on be+ ask$ :]e ! little body w5t aft] dea?1 "s said x w5t beh9d ! bu%1 o!rs said x w5t into ! sea1 & "s said !y did n "k4 ,! ,hurons ?\ght t ! s\l _h a head & body1 arms & legs2 9 %ort1 t x 0 a complete little model ( ! man himself4 ,! ,esquimaux believe t ! s\l exhibits ! same %ape z ! body x belongs to1 b is ( a m subtle & e!real nature4 ,accord+ to ! ,nootkas ! s\l has ! %ape ( a t9y man2 its seat is ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,s long z x /&s erect1 its own] is hale & he>ty2 b :5 f any cause x loses its upright position1 he loses 8 s5ses4 ,among ! ,indian tribes ( ! ,l[] ,fras] ,riv]1 man is held to h f\r s\ls1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal "o has ! =m ( a mannik91 :ile ! o!r ?ree are %ad[s ( x4 ,! ,malays conceive ! human s\l z a little man1 mo/ly invisible & ( ! bigness ( a ?umb1 :o corresponds exactly 9 %ape1 proportion1 & ev5 9 complexion to ! man 9 ^: body he resides4 ,?is mannik9 is ( a ?91 unsub/antial nature1 ?\gh n s impalpable b t x may cause displacem5t on ent]+ a physical object1 & x c flit quickly f place to place2 x is tempor>ily abs5t f ! body 9 sleep1 trance1 & disease1 & p]man5tly abs5t aft] dea?4 ,s exact is ! resemblance ( ! mannik9 to ! man1 9 o!r words1 ( ! s\l to ! body1 t1 z !re are fat bodies & ?9 bodies1 s !re are fat s\ls & ?9 s\ls2 z !re are heavy bodies & light bodies1 long bodies & %ort bodies1 s !re are heavy s\ls & light s\ls1 long s\ls & %ort s\ls4 ,! p ( ,nias ?9k t e man1 be=e he is born1 is ask$ h[ long or h[ heavy a s\l he w\ld l1 & a s\l ( ! desir$ weight or l5g? is measur$ out to him4 ,! heavie/ s\l ev] giv5 out weighs ab\t t5 grammes4 ,! l5g? ( a man's life is proportion$ to ! l5g? ( 8 s\l2 *ildr5 :o die "y _h %ort s\ls4 ,! ,fijian conception ( ! s\l z a t9y human be+ comes cle>ly out 9 ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! dea? ( a *ief among ! ,nakelo tribe4 ,:5 a *ief dies1 c]ta9 m51 :o are ! h]$it>y und]tak]s1 call him1 z he lies1 oil$ & ornam5t$1 on f9e mats1 say+1 ,rise1 sir1 ! *ief1 & let u be go+4 ,! day has come ov] ! l&4 ,!n !y conduct him to ! riv] side1 :]e ! gho/ly f]ryman comes to f]ry ,nakelo gho/s across ! /ream4 ,z !y ?us att5d ! *ief on 8 la/ j\rney1 !y hold _! great fans close to ! gr\nd to %elt] him1 because1 z "o ( !m expla9$ to a mission>y1 ,8 s\l is only a little *ild4 ,p 9 ! ,punjaub :o tattoo !mselves believe t at dea? ! s\l1 ! little entire man or woman inside ! mortal frame1 w g to heav5 blazon$ ) ! same tattoo patt]ns :i* adorn$ ! body 9 life4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 z we %all see1 ! human s\l is conceiv$ n 9 human b 9 animal =m4 #b4 ,abs5ce & ,recall ( ! ,s\l ,,! ,,s\l is commonly suppos$ to escape by ! natural op5+s ( ! body1 especially ! m\? & no/rils4 ,h5ce 9 ,celebes !y sometimes fa/5 fi%-hooks to a sick man's nose1 navel1 & feet1 s t if 8 s\l %\ld try to escape x may be hook$ & held fa/4 ,a ,turik on ! ,b>am ,riv]1 9 ,borneo1 refus$ to "p ) "s hook-l /ones1 because !y1 z x 71 hook$ 8 s\l to 8 body1 & s prev5t$ ! spiritual portion ( him f becom+ deta*$ f ! mat]ial4 ,:5 a ,sea ,dyak sorc]] or m$ic9e-man is initiat$1 8 f+]s are suppos$ to be furni%$ ) fi%-hooks1 ) :i* he w !reaft] clut* ! human s\l 9 ! act ( fly+ away1 & re/ore x to ! body ( ! suff]]4 ,b hooks1 x is pla91 may be us$ to cat* ! s\ls ( enemies z well z ( fri5ds4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple head-hunt]s 9 ,borneo hang wood5 hooks beside ! skulls ( _! sla9 enemies 9 ! belief t ?is helps !m on _! =ays to hook 9 fre% heads4 ,"o ( ! implem5ts ( a ,haida m$ic9e-man is a holl[ bone1 9 :i* he bottles up dep>t+ s\ls1 & s re/ores !m to _! own]s4 ,:5 any "o yawns 9 _! pres5ce ! ,h9doos always snap _! ?umbs1 believ+ t ?is w h9d] ! s\l f issu+ ?r\gh ! op5 m\?4 ,! ,m>quesans us$ to hold ! m\? & nose ( a dy+ man1 9 ord] to keep him 9 life by prev5t+ 8 s\l f escap+2 ! same cu/om is report$ ( ! ,new ,cal$onians2 & ) ! l int5tion ! ,bagobos ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s put r+s ( brass wire on ! wri/s or ankles ( _! sick4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,itonamas ( ,s\? ,am]ica seal up ! eyes1 nose1 & m\? ( a dy+ p]son1 9 case 8 gho/ %\ld get out & c>ry (f o!rs2 & = a simil> reason ! p ( ,nias1 :o fe> ! spirits ( ! rec5tly deceas$ & id5tify !m ) ! brea?1 seek to conf9e ! vagrant s\l 9 its e>?ly tab]nacle by bung+ up ! nose or ty+ up ! jaws ( ! corpse4 ,be=e leav+ a corpse ! ,wakelbura ( ,au/ralia us$ to place hot coals 9 its e>s 9 ord] to keep ! gho/ 9 ! body1 until !y _h got su* a good />t t he c\ld n ov]take !m4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,celebes1 to h9d] ! escape ( a woman's s\l 9 *ildb$1 ! nurse ties a b& z tightly z possible r\nd ! body ( ! expectant "m4 ,! ,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra obs]ve a simil> cu/om2 a ske9 ( ?read or a /r+ is sometimes fa/5$ r\nd ! wri/ or lo9s ( a woman 9 *ildb$1 s t :5 h] s\l seeks to dep>t 9 h] h\r ( travail x may f9d ! egress b>r$4 ,& le/ ! s\l ( a babe %\ld escape & be lo/ z soon z x is born1 ! ,alfoors ( ,celebes1 :5 a bir? is ab\t to take place1 are c>eful to close e op5+ 9 ! h\se1 ev5 ! keyhole2 & !y /op up e *9k & cranny 9 ! walls4 ,also !y tie up ! m\?s ( all animals inside & outside ! h\se1 = fe> "o ( !m might swall[ ! *ild's s\l4 ,= a simil> reason all p]sons pres5t 9 ! h\se1 ev5 ! "m h]self1 are oblig$ to keep _! m\?s %ut ! :ole "t ! bir? is tak+ place4 ,:5 ! "q 0 put1 ,:y !y did n hold _! noses also1 le/ ! *ild's s\l %\ld get into "o ( !m8 ! answ] 0 t brea? be+ exhal$ z well z inhal$ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 ! s\l w\ld be expell$ be=e x c\ld h "t to settle d[n4 ,popul> expressions 9 ! language ( civilis$ peoples1 su* z to h "o's he>t 9 "o's m\?1 or ! s\l on ! lips or 9 ! nose1 %[ h[ natural is ! idea t ! life or s\l may escape by ! m\? or no/rils4 ,(t5 ! s\l is conceiv$ z a bird ready to take flight4 ,?is conception has probably left traces 9 mo/ languages1 & x l+]s z a metaphor 9 poetry4 ,! ,malays c>ry out ! conception ( ! bird-s\l 9 a numb] ( odd ways4 ,if ! s\l is a bird on ! w+1 x may be attract$ by rice1 & s ei!r prev5t$ f fly+ away or lur$ back aga9 f its p]il\s flight4 ,?us 9 ,java :5 a *ild is plac$ on ! gr\nd = ! fir/ "t 7a mom5t :i* uncultur$ p seem to reg>d z especially dang]\s71 x is put 9 a h5-coop & ! "m makes a cluck+ s\nd1 z if %e 7 call+ h5s4 ,& 9 ,s9tang1 a di/rict ( ,borneo1 :5 a p]son1 :e!r man1 woman1 or *ild1 has fall5 out ( a h\se or (f a tree1 & has be5 br\ght home1 8 wife or o!r k9swoman goes z spe$ily z possible to ! spot :]e ! accid5t happ5$1 & !re /rews rice1 :i* has be5 col\r$ yell[1 :ile %e utt]s ! words1 ,cluck6 cluck6 s\l6 ,s-&-s is 9 8 h\se aga94 ,cluck6 cluck6 s\l6 ,!n %e ga!rs up ! rice 9 a basket1 c>ries x to ! suff]]1 & drops ! gra9s f h] h& on 8 head1 say+ aga91 ,cluck6 cluck6 s\l6 ,"h ! int5tion cle>ly is to decoy back ! loit]+ bird-s\l & replace x 9 ! head ( its own]4 ,! s\l ( a sleep] is suppos$ to w&] away f 8 body & actually to visit ! places1 to see ! p]sons1 & to p]=m ! acts ( :i* he dreams4 ,= example1 :5 an ,indian ( ,brazil or ,guiana wakes up f a s\nd sleep1 he is firmly conv9c$ t 8 s\l has really be5 away hunt+1 fi%+1 fell+ trees1 or :atev] else he has dream$ ( do+1 :ile all ! "t 8 body has be5 ly+ motionless 9 8 hammock4 ,a :ole ,bororo village has be5 ?r[n into a panic & ne>ly des]t$ because somebody _h dream$ t he saw enemies /eal?ily approa*+ x4 ,a ,macusi ,indian 9 weak heal?1 :o dream$ t 8 employ] _h made him haul ! canoe up a s]ies ( difficult cat>acts1 bitt]ly reproa*$ 8 ma/] next morn+ = 8 want ( consid]ation 9 ?us mak+ a poor invalid g out & toil dur+ ! night4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco are (t5 he>d to relate ! mo/ incr$ible /ories z ?+s :i* !y h !mselves se5 & he>d2 h5ce /rang]s :o d n "k !m intimately say 9 _! ha/e t ^! ,indians are li>s4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,indians are firmly conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( :at !y relate2 = ^! wond]ful adv5tures are simply _! dreams1 :i* !y d n di/+ui% f wak+ realities4 ,n[ ! abs5ce ( ! s\l 9 sleep has its dang]s1 = if f any cause ! s\l %\ld be p]man5tly deta9$ away f ! body1 ! p]son ?us depriv$ ( ! vital pr9ciple mu/ die4 ,!re is a ,g]man belief t ! s\l escapes f a sleep]'s m\? 9 ! =m ( a :ite m\se or a little bird1 & t to prev5t ! return ( ! bird or animal w\ld be fatal to ! sleep]4 ,h5ce 9 ,transylvania !y say t y %\ld n let a *ild sleep ) its m\? op51 or its s\l w slip out 9 ! %ape ( a m\se1 & ! *ild w nev] wake4 ,_m causes may deta9 ! sleep]'s s\l4 ,?us1 8 s\l may meet ! s\l ( ano!r sleep] & ! two s\ls may fight2 if a ,gu9ea negro wak5s ) sore bones 9 ! morn+1 he ?9ks t 8 s\l has be5 ?ra%$ by ano!r s\l 9 sleep4 ,or x may meet ! s\l ( a p]son j deceas$ & be c>ri$ (f by x2 h5ce 9 ! ,aru ,isl&s ! inmates ( a h\se w n sleep ! night aft] a dea? has tak5 place 9 x1 because ! s\l ( ! deceas$ is suppos$ to be /ill 9 ! h\se & !y fe> to meet x 9 a dream4 ,aga91 ! s\l ( ! sleep] may be prev5t$ by an accid5t or by physical =ce f return+ to 8 body4 ,:5 a ,dyak dreams ( fall+ into ! wat]1 he supposes t ?is accid5t has really befall5 8 _s1 & he s5ds = a wiz>d1 :o fi%es = ! _s ) a h&-net 9 a bas9 ( wat] till he cat*es x & re/ores x to its own]4 ,! ,santals tell h[ a man fell asleep1 & gr[+ v ?ir/y1 8 s\l1 9 ! =m ( a liz>d1 left 8 body & ent]$ a pit*] ( wat] to dr9k4 ,j !n ! own] ( ! pit*] happ5$ to cov] x2 s ! s\l c\ld n return to ! body & ! man di$4 ,:ile 8 fri5ds 7 prep>+ to burn ! body "s "o uncov]$ ! pit*] to get wat]4 ,! liz>d ?us escap$ & return$ to ! body1 :i* imm$iately reviv$2 s ! man rose up & ask$ 8 fri5ds :y !y 7 weep+4 ,!y told him !y ?\ght he 0 dead & 7 ab\t to burn 8 body4 ,he said he _h be5 d[n a well to get wat]1 b _h f\nd x h>d to get out & _h j return$4 ,s !y saw x all4 ,x is a common rule ) primitive p n to wak5 a sleep]1 because 8 s\l is away & might n h "t to get back2 s if ! man wak5$ )\t 8 s\l1 he w\ld fall sick4 ,if x is absolutely necess>y to r\se a sleep]1 x mu/ be done v gradually1 to all[ ! s\l "t to return4 ,a ,fijian 9 ,matuku1 sudd5ly wak5$ f a nap by somebody tread+ on 8 foot1 has be5 he>d bawl+ aft] 8 s\l & implor+ x to return4 ,he _h j be5 dream+ t he 0 f> away 9 ,tonga1 & great 0 8 al>m on sudd5ly wak5+ to f9d 8 body 9 ,matuku4 ,dea? />$ him 9 ! face unless 8 s\l c\ld be induc$ to spe$ at once across ! sea & reanimate its des]t$ t5em5t4 ,! man w\ld probably h di$ ( fright if a mission>y _h n be5 at h& to allay 8 t]ror4 ,/ill m dang]\s is x 9 ! op9ion ( primitive man to move a sleep] or alt] 8 appe>ance1 = if ?is 7 done ! s\l on its return might n be able to f9d or recognise its body1 & s ! p]son w\ld die4 ,! ,m9angkabau]s deem x highly improp] to black5 or dirty ! face ( a sleep]1 le/ ! abs5t s\l %\ld %r9k f re-ent]+ a body ?us disfigur$4 ,patani ,malays fancy t if a p]son's face be pa9t$ :ile he sleeps1 ! s\l :i* has gone out ( him w n recognise him1 & he w sleep on till 8 face is wa%$4 ,9 ,bombay x is ?\ght equival5t to murd] to *ange ! aspect ( a sleep]1 z by pa9t+ 8 face 9 fanta/ic col\rs or giv+ m\/a*es to a sleep+ woman4 ,= :5 ! s\l returns x w n "k its own body1 & ! p]son w die4 ,b 9 ord] t a man's s\l %\ld quit 8 body1 x is n necess>y t he %\ld be asleep4 ,x may quit him 9 8 wak+ h\rs1 & !n sickness1 insanity1 or dea? w be ! result4 ,?us a man ( ! ,wurunj]i tribe 9 ,au/ralia lay at 8 la/ gasp because 8 _s _h dep>t$ f him4 ,a m$ic9e-man w5t 9 pursuit & caught ! _s by ! middle j z x 0 ab\t to plunge into ! sunset gl[1 :i* is ! light ca/ by ! s\ls ( ! dead z !y pass 9 & out ( ! "u-_w1 :]e ! sun goes to re/4 ,hav+ captur$ ! vagrant _s1 ! doctor br\ght x back "u 8 opossum rug1 laid himself d[n on ! dy+ man1 & put ! s\l back into him1 s t aft] a "t he reviv$4 ,! ,k>5s ( ,burma are p]petually anxi\s ab\t _! s\ls1 le/ ^! %\ld g rov+ f _! bodies1 leav+ ! own]s to die4 ,:5 a man has reason to fe> t 8 s\l is ab\t to take ?is fatal /ep1 a c]emony is p]=m$ to reta9 or recall x1 9 :i* ! :ole family mu/ take "p4 ,a meal is prep>$ consi/+ ( a cock & h51 a special k9d ( rice1 & a bun* ( bananas4 ,!n ! head ( ! family takes ! b[l :i* is us$ to skim rice1 & knock+ ) x ?rice on ! top ( ! h\seladd] says3 ,prrrroo6 ,come back1 s\l1 d n t>ry outside6 ,if x ra9s1 y w be wet4 ,if ! sun %9es1 y w be hot4 ,! gnats w /+ y1 ! lee*es w bite y1 ! tig]s w dev\r y1 ! ?und] w cru% y4 ,prrrroo6 ,come back1 s\l6 ,"h x w be well ) y4 ,y %all want = no?+4 ,come & eat "u %elt] f ! w9d & ! /orm4 ,aft] t ! family p>takes ( ! meal1 & ! c]emony ends ) ev]ybody ty+ _! "r wri/ ) a /r+ :i* has be5 *>m$ by a sorc]]4 ,simil>ly ! ,lolos ( ,s\?-we/]n ,*9a believe t ! s\l leaves ! body 9 *ronic illness4 ,9 t case !y read a sort ( elaborate litany1 call+ on ! s\l by "n & besee*+ x to return f ! hills1 ! vales1 ! riv]s1 ! =e/s1 ! fields1 or f :]ev] x may be /ray+4 ,at ! same "t cups ( wat]1 w9e1 & rice are set at ! door = ! refre%m5t ( ! we>y w&]+ _s4 ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 !y tie a r$ cord r\nd ! arm ( ! sick man to te!r ! s\l1 & ?is cord is worn by him until x decays & drops (f4 ,"s ( ! ,congo tribes believe t :5 a man is ill1 8 s\l has left 8 body & is w&]+ at l>ge4 ,! aid ( ! sorc]] is !n call$ 9 to capture ! vagrant _s & re/ore x to ! invalid4 ,g5]ally ! physician decl>es t he has successfully *as$ ! s\l into ! bran* ( a tree4 ,! :ole t[n !reupon turns out & accompanies ! doctor to ! tree1 :]e ! /ronge/ m5 are deput$ to break (f ! bran* 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! sick man is suppos$ to be lodg$4 ,?is !y d & c>ry ! bran* back to ! t[n1 ins9uat+ by _! ge/ures t ! burd5 is heavy & h>d to be>4 ,:5 ! bran* has be5 br\ght to ! sick man's hut1 he is plac$ 9 an upright position by its side1 & ! sorc]] p]=ms ! en*antm5ts by :i* ! s\l is believ$ to be re/or$ to its own]4 ,p9+1 sickness1 great fright1 & dea? are ascrib$ by ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra to ! abs5ce ( ! s\l f ! body4 ,at fir/ !y try to beckon ! w&]] back1 & to lure him1 l a f[l1 by /rew+ rice4 ,!n ! foll[+ =m ( words is commonly repeat$3 ,come back1 ,o s\l1 :e!r ?\ art l+]+ 9 ! wood1 or on ! hills1 or 9 ! dale4 ,see1 ,i call !e ) a toemba bras1 ) an egg ( ! f[l ,rajah moelija1 ) ! elev5 heal+ leaves4 ,deta9 x n1 let x come /raight "h1 deta9 x n1 nei!r 9 ! wood1 nor on ! hill1 nor 9 ! dale4 ,t may n be4 ,o come /raight home6 ,once :5 a popul> travell] 0 leav+ a ,kayan village1 ! mo!rs1 fe>+ t _! *ildr5's s\ls might foll[ him on 8 j\rney1 br\ght him ! bo>ds on :i* !y c>ry _! infants & begg$ him to pray t ! s\ls ( ! little ones w\ld return to ! famili> bo>ds & n g away ) him into ! f> c\ntry4 ,to ea* bo>d 0 fa/5$ a loop$ /r+ = ! purpose ( te!r+ ! vagrant spirits1 & ?r\gh ! loop ea* baby 0 made to pass a *ubby f+] to make sure t its t9y s\l w\ld n w&] away4 ,9 an ,indian /ory a k+ conveys 8 s\l into ! dead body ( a ,brahman1 & a hun*back conveys 8 s\l into ! des]t$ body ( ! k+4 ,! hun*back is n[ k+ & ! k+ is a ,brahman4 ,h[ev]1 ! hun*back is induc$ to %[ 8 skill by transf]r+ 8 s\l to ! dead body ( a p>rot1 & ! k+ seizes ! opportunity to rega9 possession ( 8 own body4 ,a tale ( ! same type1 ) v>iations ( detail1 reappe>s among ! ,malays4 ,a k+ has incauti\sly transf]r$ 8 s\l to an ape1 ^u :i* ! vizi] adroitly ins]ts 8 own s\l into ! k+'s body & s takes possession ( ! que5 & ! k+dom1 :ile ! true k+ langui%es at c\rt 9 ! outw>d semblance ( an ape4 ,b "o day ! false k+1 :o play$ = high /akes1 0 wat*+ a combat ( rams1 & x happ5$ t ! animal on :i* he _h laid 8 money fell d[n dead4 ,all ef=ts to re/ore animation prov$ unavail+ till ! false k+1 ) ! in/9ct ( a true sportsman1 transf]r$ 8 own s\l to ! body ( ! deceas$ ram1 & ?us r5ew$ ! fray4 ,! real k+ 9 ! body ( ! ape saw 8 *ance1 & ) great pres5ce ( m9d d>t$ back into 8 own body1 :i* ! vizi] _h ra%ly vacat$4 ,s he came to 8 own aga91 & ! usurp] 9 ! ram's body met ) ! fate he ri*ly des]v$4 ,simil>ly ! ,greeks told h[ ! s\l ( ,h]motimus ( ,clazom5ae us$ to quit 8 body & roam f> & wide1 br++ back intellig5ce ( :at he _h se5 on 8 rambles to 8 fri5ds at home2 until "o day1 :5 8 _s 0 abroad1 8 enemies contriv$ to seize 8 des]t$ body & committ$ x to ! flames4 ,! dep>ture ( ! s\l is n always volunt>y4 ,x may be extract$ f ! body aga9/ its w by gho/s1 demons1 or sorc]]s4 ,h5ce1 :5 a fun]al is pass+ ! h\se1 ! ,k>5s tie _! *ildr5 ) a special k9d ( /r+ to a p>ticul> "p ( ! h\se1 le/ ! s\ls ( ! *ildr5 %\ld leave _! bodies & g into ! corpse :i* is pass+4 ,! *ildr5 are kept ti$ 9 ?is way until ! corpse is out ( sight4 ,& aft] ! corpse has be5 laid 9 ! grave1 b be=e ! e>? has be5 %ovell$ 91 ! m\rn]s & fri5ds range !mselves r\nd ! grave1 ea* ) a bamboo split l5g?wise 9 "o h& & a little /ick 9 ! o!r2 ea* man ?ru/s 8 bamboo into ! grave1 & draw+ ! /ick along ! groove ( ! bamboo po9ts out to 8 s\l t 9 ?is way x may easily climb up out ( ! tomb4 ,:ile ! e>? is be+ %ovell$ 91 ! bamboos are kept out ( ! way1 le/ ! s\ls %\ld be 9 !m1 & s %\ld be inadv]t5tly buri$ ) ! e>? z x is be+ ?r[n into ! grave2 & :5 ! p leave ! spot !y c>ry away ! bamboos1 begg+ _! s\ls to come ) !m4 ,fur!r1 on return+ f ! grave ea* ,k>5 provides himself ) ?ree little hooks made ( bran*es ( trees1 & call+ 8 _s to foll[ him1 at %ort int]vals1 z he returns1 he makes a motion z if hook+ x1 & !n ?ru/s ! hook into ! gr\nd4 ,?is is done to prev5t ! s\l ( ! liv+ f /ay+ beh9d ) ! s\l ( ! dead4 ,:5 ! ,k>o-,bataks h buri$ somebody & are fill+ 9 ! grave1 a sorc]ess runs ab\t beat+ ! air ) a /ick4 ,?is %e does 9 ord] to drive away ! s\ls ( ! survivors1 = if "o ( ^! s\ls happ5$ to slip into ! grave & to be cov]$ up ) e>?1 its own] w\ld die4 ,9 ,uea1 "o ( ! ,loyalty ,isl&s1 ! s\ls ( ! dead seem to h be5 cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( /eal+ ! s\ls ( ! liv+4 ,= :5 a man 0 sick ! s\l-doctor w\ld g ) a l>ge troop ( m5 & wom5 to ! gravey>d4 ,"h ! m5 play$ on flutes & ! wom5 :i/l$ s(tly to lure ! s\l home4 ,aft] ?is _h gone on = "s "t !y =m$ 9 procession & mov$ homew>ds1 ! flutes play+ & ! wom5 :i/l+ all ! way1 :ile !y l$ back ! w&]+ s\l & drove x g5tly along ) op5 palms4 ,on ent]+ ! pati5t's dwell+ !y comm&$ ! s\l 9 a l\d voice to ent] 8 body4 ,(t5 ! abduction ( a man's s\l is set d[n to demons4 ,?us fits & convulsions are g5]ally ascrib$ by ! ,*9ese to ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 mis*iev\s spirits :o love to draw m5's s\ls out ( _! bodies4 ,at ,amoy ! spirits :o s]ve babies & *ildr5 9 ?is way rejoice 9 ! high-s\nd+ titles ( cele/ial ag5cies be/rid+ gallop+ horses & lit]>y graduates resid+ halfway up 9 ! sky4 ,:5 an infant is wri?+ 9 convulsions1 ! fright5$ "m ha/5s to ! ro( ( ! h\se1 &1 wav+ ab\t a bamboo pole to :i* "o ( ! *ild's g>m5ts is atta*$1 cries out sev]al times ,my *ild ,s-&-s1 come back1 return home6 ,meantime1 ano!r inmate ( ! h\se bangs away at a gong 9 ! hope ( attract+ ! att5tion ( ! /ray$ s\l1 :i* is suppos$ to recognise ! famili> g>m5t & to slip into x4 ,! g>m5t conta9+ ! s\l is !n plac$ on or beside ! *ild1 & if ! *ild does n die recov]y is sure to foll[1 soon] or lat]4 ,simil>ly "s ,indians cat* a man's lo/ s\l 9 8 boots & re/ore x to 8 body by putt+ 8 feet into !m4 ,9 ! ,moluccas :5 a man is unwell x is ?\ght t "s devil has c>ri$ away 8 s\l to ! tree1 m\nta91 or hill :]e he 7! devil7 resides4 ,a sorc]] hav+ po9t$ out ! devil's abode1 ! fri5ds ( ! pati5t c>ry ?i!r cook$ rice1 fruit1 fi%1 raw eggs1 a h51 a *ick51 a silk5 robe1 gold1 armlets1 & s =?4 ,hav+ set out ! food 9 ord] !y pray1 say+3 ,we come to (f] to y1 ,o devil1 ?is (f]+ ( food1 clo!s1 gold1 & s on2 take x & release ! s\l ( ! pati5t = :om we pray4 ,let x return to 8 body1 & he :o n[ is sick %all be made :ole4 ,!n !y eat a little & let ! h5 loose z a ransom = ! s\l ( ! pati5t2 also !y put d[n ! raw eggs2 b ! silk5 robe1 ! gold1 & ! armlets !y take home ) !m4 ,z soon z !y are come to ! h\se !y place a flat b[l conta9+ ! (f]+s :i* h be5 br\ght back at ! sick man's head1 & say to him3 ,n[ is y\r s\l releas$1 & y %all f>e well & live to grey hairs on ! e>?4 ,demons are especially fe>$ by p]sons :o h j ent]$ a new h\se4 ,h5ce at a h\se-w>m+ among ! ,alfoors ( ,m9ahassa 9 ,celebes ! prie/ p]=ms a c]emony = ! purpose ( re/or+ _! s\ls to ! inmates4 ,he hangs up a bag at ! place ( sacrifice & !n goes ?r\gh a li/ ( ! gods4 ,!re are s _m ( !m t ?is takes him ! :ole night ?r\gh )\t /opp+4 ,9 ! morn+ he (f]s ! gods an egg & "s rice4 ,by ?is "t ! s\ls ( ! h\sehold are suppos$ to be ga!r$ 9 ! bag4 ,s ! prie/ takes ! bag1 & hold+ x on ! head ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 says1 ,"h y h y\r s\l2 g 7s\l7 to-morr[ away aga94 ,he !n does ! same1 say+ ! same words1 to ! h\sewife & all ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,among/ ! same ,alfoors "o way ( recov]+ a sick man's s\l is to let d[n a b[l by a belt out ( a w9d[ & fi% = ! s\l till x is caught 9 ! b[l & haul$ up4 ,& among ! same p1 :5 a prie/ is br++ back a sick man's s\l :i* he has caught 9 a clo?1 he is prec$$ by a girl hold+ ! l>ge leaf ( a c]ta9 palm ov] 8 head z an umbrella to keep him & ! s\l f gett+ wet1 9 case x %\ld ra92 & he is foll[$ by a man br&i%+ a sword to det] o!r s\ls f any attempt at rescu+ ! captur$ _s4 ,sometimes ! lo/ s\l is br\ght back 9 a visible %ape4 ,! ,sali% or ,fla!ad ,indians ( ,oregon believe t a man's s\l may be sep>at$ = a "t f 8 body )\t caus+ dea? & )\t ! man be+ aw>e ( 8 loss4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! lo/ s\l %\ld be soon f\nd & re/or$ to its own] or he w die4 ,! "n ( ! man :o has lo/ 8 s\l is reveal$ 9 a dream to ! m$ic9e-man1 :o ha/5s to in=m ! suff]] ( 8 loss4 ,g5]ally a numb] ( m5 h su/a9$ a l loss at ! same "t2 all _! names are reveal$ to ! m$ic9e-man1 & all employ him to recov] _! s\ls4 ,! :ole night long ^! s\lless m5 g ab\t ! village f lodge to lodge1 danc+ & s++4 ,t[>ds daybreak !y g into a sep>ate lodge1 :i* is clos$ up s z to be totally d>k4 ,a small hole is !n made 9 ! ro(1 ?r\gh :i* ! m$ic9e-man1 ) a bun* ( fea!rs1 bru%es 9 ! s\ls1 9 ! %ape ( bits ( bone & ! l1 :i* he receives on a piece ( matt+4 ,a fire is next k9dl$1 by ! light ( :i* ! m$ic9e-man sorts out ! s\ls4 ,fir/ he puts aside ! s\ls ( dead p1 ( :i* !re are usually sev]al2 = if he 7 to give ! s\l ( a dead p]son to a liv+ man1 ! man w\ld die in/antly4 ,next he picks out ! s\ls ( all ! p]sons pres5t1 & mak+ !m all to sit d[n be=e him1 he takes ! s\l ( ea*1 9 ! %ape ( a spl9t] ( bone1 wood1 or %ell1 & plac+ x on ! own]'s head1 pats x ) _m pray]s & contortions till x desc5ds into ! he>t & s resumes its prop] place4 ,aga91 s\ls may be extract$ f _! bodies or deta9$ on _! w&]+s n only by gho/s & demons b also by m51 especially by sorc]]s4 ,9 ,fiji1 if a crim9al refus$ to confess1 ! *ief s5t = a sc>f ) :i* to cat* away ! s\l ( ! rogue4 ,at ! sight or ev5 at ! m5tion ( ! sc>f ! culprit g5]ally made a clean brea/4 ,= if he did n1 ! sc>f w\ld be wav$ ov] 8 head till 8 s\l 0 caught 9 x1 :5 x w\ld be c>efully fold$ up & nail$ to ! end ( a *ief's canoe2 & = want ( 8 s\l ! crim9al w\ld p9e & die4 ,! sorc]]s ( ,dang] ,isl& us$ to set sn>es = s\ls4 ,! sn>es 7 made ( /\t c9et1 ab\t fifte5 to ?irty feet long1 ) loops on ei!r side ( diff]5t sizes1 to suit ! diff]5t sizes ( s\ls2 = fat s\ls !re 7 l>ge loops1 = ?9 s\ls !re 7 small ones4 ,:5 a man 0 sick aga9/ :om ! sorc]]s _h a grudge1 !y set up ^! s\l-sn>es ne> 8 h\se & wat*$ = ! flight ( 8 s\l4 ,if 9 ! %ape ( a bird or an insect x 0 caught 9 ! sn>e1 ! man w\ld infallibly die4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/ ,africa1 inde$1 wiz>ds are cont9ually sett+ traps to cat* s\ls t w&] f _! bodies 9 sleep2 & :5 !y h caught "o1 !y tie x up ov] ! fire1 & z x %rivels 9 ! heat ! own] sick5s4 ,?is is done1 n out ( any grudge t[>ds ! suff]]1 b purely z a matt] ( bus9ess4 ,! wiz>d does n c>e ^: s\l he has captur$1 & w readily re/ore x to its own]1 if only he is paid = do+ s4 ,"s sorc]]s keep regul> asylums = /ray$ s\ls1 & anybody :o has lo/ or mislaid 8 own s\l c always h ano!r "o f ! asylum on paym5t ( ! usual fee4 ,no blame :atev] atta*es to m5 :o keep ^! private asylums or set traps = pass+ s\ls2 x is _! pr(ession1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( x !y are actuat$ by no h>% or unk9dly feel+s4 ,b !re are also wret*es :o f pure spite or = ! sake ( lucre set & bait traps ) ! delib]ate purpose ( cat*+ ! s\l ( a p>ticul> man2 & 9 ! bottom ( ! pot1 hidd5 by ! bait1 are knives & %>p hooks :i* te> & r5d ! poor s\l1 ei!r kill+ x outright or maul+ x s z to impair ! heal? ( its own] :5 x succe$s 9 escap+ & return+ to him4 ,miss ,k+sley knew a ,kruman :o became v anxi\s ab\t 8 s\l1 because = sev]al nights he _h smelt 9 8 dreams ! sav\ry smell ( smok$ crawfi% season$ ) r$ pepp]4 ,cle>ly "s ill-wi%] _h set a trap bait$ ) ?is da9ty = 8 dream-s\l1 int5d+ to d him griev\s bodily1 or r spiritual1 h>m2 & = ! next few nights great pa9s 7 tak5 to keep 8 s\l f /ray+ abroad 9 8 sleep4 ,9 ! swelt]+ heat ( ! tropical night he lay sweat+ & snort+ "u a blanket1 8 nose & m\? ti$ up ) a h&k]*ief to prev5t ! escape ( 8 preci\s s\l4 ,9 ,hawaii !re 7 sorc]]s :o caught s\ls ( liv+ p1 %ut !m up 9 calaba%es1 & gave !m to p to eat4 ,by squeez+ a captur$ s\l 9 _! h&s !y discov]$ ! place :]e p _h be5 secretly buri$4 ,n[h]e p]haps is ! art ( abduct+ human s\ls m c>efully cultivat$ or c>ri$ to high] p]fection ?an 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,"h ! me?ods by :i* ! wiz>d works 8 w are v>i\s1 & s too are 8 motives4 ,sometimes he desires to de/roy an enemy1 sometimes to w9 ! love ( a cold or ba%ful beauty4 ,?us1 to take an in/ance ( ! latt] sort ( *>m1 ! foll[+ are ! directions giv5 = secur+ ! s\l ( "o :om y wi% to r5d] di/raught4 ,:5 ! moon1 j ris51 looks r$ above ! ea/]n horizon1 g out1 & /&+ 9 ! moonlight1 ) ! big toe ( y\r "r foot on ! big toe ( y\r left1 make a speak+-trumpet ( y\r "r h& & recite ?r\gh x ! foll[+ words3 ,,om4 ,i loose my %aft1 ,i loose x & ! moon cl\ds ov]1 ,i loose x1 & ! sun is ext+ui%$4 ,i loose x1 & ! />s burn dim4 ,b x is n ! sun1 moon1 & />s t ,i %oot at1 ,x is ! /alk ( ! he>t ( t *ild ( ! congregation1 ,s-&-s4 ,cluck6 cluck6 s\l ( ,s-&-s1 come & walk ) me1 ,come & sit ) me1 ,come & sleep & %>e my pill[4 ,cluck6 cluck6 s\l4 ,repeat ?is ?rice & aft] e repetition bl[ ?r\gh y\r holl[ fi/4 ,or y may cat* ! s\l 9 y\r turban1 ?us4 ,g out on ! night ( ! full moon & ! two succe$+ nights2 sit d[n on an ant-hill fac+ ! moon1 burn inc5se1 & recite ! foll[+ incantation3 ,i br+ y a betel leaf to *ew1 ,dab ! lime on to x1 ,pr9ce ,f]oci\s1 ,= ,somebody1 ,pr9ce ,di/raction's daught]1 to *ew4 ,somebody at sunrise be di/raught = love ( me ,somebody at sunset be di/raught = love ( me4 ,z y rememb] y\r p>5ts1 rememb] me2 ,z y rememb] y\r h\se & h\seladd]1 rememb] me2 ,:5 ?und] rumbles1 rememb] me2 ,:5 w9d :i/les1 rememb] me2 ,:5 ! heav5s ra91 rememb] me2 ,:5 cocks cr[1 rememb] me2 ,:5 ! dial-bird tells its tales1 rememb] me2 ,:5 y look up at ! sun1 rememb] me2 ,:5 y look up at ! moon1 rememb] me1 ,= 9 t self-same moon ,i am !re4 ,cluck6 cluck6 s\l ( ,somebody come hi!r to me4 ,i d n mean to let y h my s\l1 ,let y\r s\l come hi!r to m9e4 ,n[ wave ! end ( y\r turban t[>ds ! moon sev5 times ea* night4 ,g home & put x "u y\r pill[1 & if y want to we> x 9 ! daytime1 burn inc5se & say1 ,x is n a turban t ,i c>ry 9 my girdle1 b ! s\l ( ,somebody4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,nass ,riv]1 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 are impress$ ) a belief t a physician may swall[ 8 pati5t's s\l by mi/ake4 ,a doctor :o is believ$ to h done s is made by ! o!r memb]s ( ! faculty to /& ov] ! pati5t1 :ile "o ( !m ?ru/s 8 f+]s d[n ! doctor's ?roat1 ano!r kneads him 9 ! /oma* ) 8 knuckles1 & a ?ird slaps him on ! back4 ,if ! s\l is n 9 him aft] all1 & if ! same process has be5 repeat$ ^u all ! m$ical m5 )\t success1 x is conclud$ t ! s\l mu/ be 9 ! head-doctor's box4 ,a p>ty ( doctors1 !re=e1 waits ^u him at 8 h\se & reque/s him to produce 8 box4 ,:5 he has done s & arrang$ its cont5ts on a new mat1 !y take ! vot>y ( ,aesculapius & hold him up by ! heels ) 8 head 9 a hole 9 ! floor4 ,9 ?is position !y wa% 8 head1 & any wat] rema9+ f ! ablution is tak5 & p\r$ ^u ! sick man's head4 ,no d\bt ! lo/ s\l is 9 ! wat]4 #c4 ,! ,s\l z a ,%ad[ & a ,reflection ,,b ! spiritual dang]s ,i h enum]at$ are n ! only ones :i* beset ! savage4 ,(t5 he reg>ds 8 %ad[ or reflection z 8 s\l1 or at all ev5ts z a vital "p ( himself1 & z su* x is necess>ily a s\rce ( dang] to him4 ,= if x is trampl$ ^u1 /ruck1 or /abb$1 he w feel ! injury z if x 7 done to 8 p]son2 & if x is deta*$ f him entirely 7z he believes t x may be7 he w die4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,wet> !re are magicians :o c make a man ill by /abb+ 8 %ad[ ) a pike or hack+ x ) a sword4 ,aft] ,sank>a _h de/roy$ ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,india1 x is said t he j\rney$ to ,nepaul1 :]e he _h "s diff]5ce ( op9ion ) ! ,gr& ,lama4 ,to prove 8 sup]natural p[]s1 he so>$ into ! air4 ,b z he m\nt$ up ! ,gr& ,lama1 p]ceiv+ 8 %ad[ sway+ & wav]+ on ! gr\nd1 /ruck 8 knife into x & d[n fell ,sank>a & broke 8 neck4 ,9 ! ,banks ,isl&s !re are "s /ones ( a rem>kably long %ape :i* g by ! "n ( eat+ gho/s1 because c]ta9 p[]ful & dang]\s gho/s are believ$ to lodge 9 !m4 ,if a man's %ad[ falls on "o ( ^! /ones1 ! gho/ w draw 8 s\l out f him1 s t he w die4 ,su* /ones1 !re=e1 are set 9 a h\se to gu>d x2 & a mess5g] s5t to a h\se by ! abs5t own] w call out ! "n ( ! s5d]1 le/ ! wat*ful gho/ 9 ! /one %\ld fancy t he came ) evil int5t & %\ld d him a mis*ief4 ,at a fun]al 9 ,*9a1 :5 ! lid is ab\t to be plac$ on ! c(f91 mo/ ( ! by/&]s1 ) ! exception ( ! ne>e/ k91 retire a few /eps or ev5 retreat to ano!r room1 = a p]son's heal? is believ$ to be endang]$ by all[+ 8 %ad[ to be enclos$ 9 a c(f94 ,& :5 ! c(f9 is ab\t to be l[]$ into ! grave mo/ ( ! spectators recoil to a little di/ance le/ _! %ad[s %\ld fall into ! grave & h>m %\ld ?us be done to _! p]sons4 ,! geomanc] & 8 assi/ants /& on ! side ( ! grave :i* is turn$ away f ! sun2 & ! grave-digg]s & c(f9-be>]s atta* _! %ad[s firmly to _! p]sons by ty+ a /rip ( clo? tightly r\nd _! wai/s4 ,nor is x human be+s alone :o are ?us liable to be injur$ by means ( _! %ad[s4 ,animals are to "s ext5t 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,a small snail1 :i* frequ5ts ! neighb\rhood ( ! lime/one hills 9 ,p]ak1 is believ$ to suck ! blood ( cattle ?r\gh _! %ad[s2 h5ce ! bea/s gr[ lean & sometimes die f loss ( blood4 ,! anci5ts suppos$ t 9 ,arabia1 if a hya5a trod on a man's %ad[1 x depriv$ him ( ! p[] ( spee* & motion2 & t if a dog1 /&+ on a ro( 9 ! moonlight1 ca/ a %ad[ on ! gr\nd & a hya5a trod on x1 ! dog w\ld fall d[n z if dragg$ ) a rope4 ,cle>ly 9 ^! cases ! %ad[1 if n equival5t to ! s\l1 is at lea/ reg>d$ z a liv+ "p ( ! man or ! animal1 s t injury done to ! %ad[ is felt by ! p]son or animal z if x 7 done to 8 body4 ,conv]sely1 if ! %ad[ is a vital "p ( a man or an animal1 x may "u c]ta9 circum/ances be z haz>d\s to be t\*$ by x z x w\ld be to come into contact ) ! p]son or animal4 ,h5ce ! savage makes x a rule to %un ! %ad[ ( c]ta9 p]sons :om = v>i\s reasons he reg>ds z s\rces ( dang]\s influ5ce4 ,among/ ! dang]\s classes he commonly ranks m\rn]s & wom5 9 g5]al1 b especially 8 "m-9-law4 ,! ,%uswap ,indians ?9k t ! %ad[ ( a m\rn] fall+ ^u a p]son w\ld make him sick4 ,among/ ! ,kurnai ( ,victoria novices at initiation 7 caution$ n to let a woman's %ad[ fall across !m1 z ?is w\ld make !m ?91 lazy1 & /upid4 ,an ,au/ralian native is said to h once ne>ly di$ ( fright because ! %ad[ ( 8 "m-9-law fell on 8 legs z he lay asleep "u a tree4 ,! awe & dread ) :i* ! untutor$ savage contemplates 8 "m-9-law are among/ ! mo/ famili> facts ( an?ropology4 ,9 ! ,yu9 tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! rule :i* =bade a man to hold any communication ) 8 wife's "m 0 v /rict4 ,he might n look at h] or ev5 9 h] direction4 ,x 0 a gr\nd ( divorce if 8 %ad[ happ5$ to fall on 8 "m-9-law3 9 t case he _h to leave 8 wife1 & %e return$ to h] p>5ts4 ,9 ,new ,brita9 ! native imag9ation fails to conceive ! ext5t & nature ( ! calamities :i* w\ld result f a man's accid5tally speak+ to 8 wife's "m2 suicide ( "o or bo? w\ld probably be ! only c\rse op5 to !m4 ,! mo/ solemn =m ( oa? a ,new ,briton c take is1 ,sir1 if ,i am n tell+ ! tru?1 ,i hope ,i may %ake h&s ) my "m-9-law4 ,:]e ! %ad[ is reg>d$ z s intimately b\nd up ) ! life ( ! man t its loss entails debility or dea?1 x is natural to expect t its dim9ution %\ld be reg>d$ ) solicitude & appreh5sion1 z betok5+ a correspond+ decrease 9 ! vital en]gy ( its own]4 ,9 ,amboyna & ,uliase1 two isl&s ne> ! equator1 :]e necess>ily !re is little or no %ad[ ca/ at noon1 ! p make x a rule n to g out ( ! h\se at mid-day1 because !y fancy t by do+ s a man may lose ! %ad[ ( 8 s\l4 ,! ,mangaians tell ( a mighty w>rior1 ,tukaitawa1 ^: /r5g? wax$ & wan$ ) ! l5g? ( 8 %ad[4 ,9 ! morn+1 :5 8 %ad[ fell longe/1 8 /r5g? 0 greate/2 b z ! %ad[ %ort5$ t[>ds noon 8 /r5g? ebb$ ) x1 till exactly at noon x rea*$ its l[e/ po9t2 !n1 z ! %ad[ /ret*$ out 9 ! aft]noon1 8 /r5g? return$4 ,a c]ta9 h]o discov]$ ! secret ( ,tukaitawa's /r5g? & slew him at noon4 ,! savage ,besisis ( ! ,malay ,p59sula fe> to bury _! dead at noon1 because !y fancy t ! %ortness ( _! %ad[s at t h\r w\ld sympa!tically %ort5 _! own lives4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 does ! equival5ce ( ! %ad[ to ! life or s\l come out m cle>ly ?an 9 "s cu/oms practis$ to ?is day 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 mod]n ,greece1 :5 ! f\ndation ( a new build+ is be+ laid1 x is ! cu/om to kill a cock1 a ram1 or a lamb1 & to let its blood fl[ on ! f\ndation-/one1 "u :i* ! animal is aft]w>ds buri$4 ,! object ( ! sacrifice is to give /r5g? & /ability to ! build+4 ,b sometimes1 in/ead ( kill+ an animal1 ! build] entices a man to ! f\ndation-/one1 secretly measures 8 body1 or a "p ( x1 or 8 %ad[1 & buries ! measure "u ! f\ndation-/one2 or he lays ! f\ndation-/one ^u ! man's %ad[4 ,x is believ$ t ! man w die )9 ! ye>4 ,! ,r\manians ( ,transylvania ?9k t he ^: %ad[ is ?us immur$ w die )9 =ty days2 s p]sons pass+ by a build+ :i* is 9 c\rse ( erection may he> a w>n+ cry1 ,bew>e le/ !y take ?y %ad[6 ,n long ago !re 7 /ill %ad[-trad]s ^: bus9ess x 0 to provide ar*itects ) ! %ad[s necess>y = secur+ _! walls4 ,9 ^! cases ! measure ( ! %ad[ is look$ on z equival5t to ! %ad[ itself1 & to bury x is to bury ! life or s\l ( ! man1 :o1 depriv$ ( x1 mu/ die4 ,?us ! cu/om is a sub/itute = ! old practice ( immur+ a liv+ p]son 9 ! walls1 or cru%+ him "u ! f\ndation-/one ( a new build+1 9 ord] to give /r5g? & durability to ! /ructure1 or m def9itely 9 ord] t ! angry gho/ may haunt ! place & gu>d x aga9/ ! intrusion ( enemies4 ,z "s peoples believe a man's s\l to be 9 8 %ad[1 s o!r 7or ! same7 peoples believe x to be 9 8 reflection 9 wat] or a mirror4 ,?us ! ,&amanese d n reg>d _! %ad[s b _! reflections 79 any mirror7 z _! s\ls4 ,:5 ! ,motumotu ( ,new ,gu9ea fir/ saw _! lik5esses 9 a look+-glass1 !y ?\ght t _! reflections 7 _! s\ls4 ,9 ,new ,cal$onia ! old m5 are ( op9ion t a p]son's reflection 9 wat] or a mirror is 8 s\l2 b ! y\ng] m51 taught by ! ,ca?olic prie/s1 ma9ta9 t x is a reflection & no?+ m1 j l ! reflection ( palm-trees 9 ! wat]4 ,! reflection-s\l1 be+ ext]nal to ! man1 is expos$ to mu* ! same dang]s z ! %ad[-s\l4 ,! ,zulus w n look into a d>k pool because !y ?9k !re is a bea/ 9 x :i* w take away _! reflections1 s t !y die4 ,! ,basutos say t crocodiles h ! p[] ( ?us kill+ a man by dragg+ 8 reflection "u wat]4 ,:5 "o ( !m dies sudd5ly & f no app>5t cause1 8 relatives w allege t a crocodile mu/ h tak5 8 %ad[ "s "t :5 he cross$ a /ream4 ,9 ,saddle ,isl&1 ,melanesia1 !re is a pool into :i* if any "o looks he dies2 ! malignant _s takes hold ^u 8 life by means ( 8 reflection on ! wat]4 ,we c n[ und]/& :y x 0 a maxim bo? 9 anci5t ,india & anci5t ,greece n to look at "o's reflection 9 wat]1 & :y ! ,greeks reg>d$ x z an om5 ( dea? if a man dream$ ( see+ himself s reflect$4 ,!y fe>$ t ! wat]-spirits w\ld drag ! p]son's reflection or s\l "u wat]1 leav+ him s\lless to p]i%4 ,?is 0 probably ! orig9 ( ! classical /ory ( ! beautiful ,n>cissus1 :o langui%$ & di$ ?r\gh see+ 8 reflection 9 ! wat]4 ,fur!r1 we c n[ expla9 ! widespread cu/om ( cov]+ up mirrors or turn+ !m to ! wall aft] a dea? has tak5 place 9 ! h\se4 ,x is fe>$ t ! s\l1 project$ out ( ! p]son 9 ! %ape ( 8 reflection 9 ! mirror1 may be c>ri$ (f by ! gho/ ( ! dep>t$1 :i* is commonly suppos$ to l+] ab\t ! h\se till ! burial4 ,! cu/om is ?us exactly p>allel to ! ,aru cu/om ( n sleep+ 9 a h\se aft] a dea? = fe> t ! s\l1 project$ out ( ! body 9 a dream1 may meet ! gho/ & be c>ri$ (f by x4 ,! reason :y sick p %\ld n see !mselves 9 a mirror1 & :y ! mirror 9 a sick-room is !re=e cov]$ up1 is also pla92 9 "t ( sickness1 :5 ! s\l might take flight s easily1 x is p>ticul>ly dang]\s to project x out ( ! body by means ( ! reflection 9 a mirror4 ,! rule is !re=e precisely p>allel to ! rule obs]v$ by "s peoples ( n all[+ sick p to sleep2 = 9 sleep ! s\l is project$ out ( ! body1 & !re is always a risk t x may n return4 ,z ) %ad[s & reflections1 s ) portraits2 !y are (t5 believ$ to conta9 ! s\l ( ! p]son portray$4 ,p :o hold ?is belief are naturally lo? to h _! lik5esses tak52 = if ! portrait is ! s\l1 or at lea/ a vital "p ( ! p]son portray$1 :oev] possesses ! portrait w be able to ex]cise a fatal influ5ce ov] ! orig9al ( x4 ,?us ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait believe t p]sons deal+ 9 wit*craft h ! p[] ( /eal+ a p]son's %ade1 s t )\t x he w p9e away & die4 ,once at a village on ! l[] ,yukon ,riv] an explor] _h set up 8 cam]a to get a picture ( ! p z !y 7 mov+ ab\t among _! h\ses4 ,:ile he 0 focus+ ! in/rum5t1 ! headman ( ! village came up & insi/$ on peep+ "u ! clo?4 ,be+ all[$ to d s1 he gaz$ int5tly = a m9ute at ! mov+ figures on ! gr\nd glass1 !n sudd5ly )drew 8 head & bawl$ at ! top ( 8 voice to ! p1 ,he has all ( y\r %ades 9 ?is box4 ,a panic ensu$ among ! gr\p1 & 9 an in/ant !y disappe>$ helt]skelt] into _! h\ses4 ,! ,tepehuanes ( ,mexico /ood 9 mortal t]ror ( ! cam]a1 & five days' p]suasion 0 necess>y to induce !m to pose = x4 ,:5 at la/ !y cons5t$1 !y look$ l crim9als ab\t to be execut$4 ,!y believ$ t by photograph+ p ! arti/ c\ld c>ry (f _! s\ls & dev\r !m at 8 leisure mom5ts4 ,!y said t1 :5 ! pictures rea*$ 8 c\ntry1 !y w\ld die or "s o!r evil w\ld befall !m4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,catat & "s companions 7 explor+ ! ,b>a c\ntry on ! we/ coa/ ( ,madagasc>1 ! p sudd5ly became ho/ile4 ,! day be=e ! travell]s1 n )\t difficulty1 _h photograph$ ! royal family1 & n[ f\nd !mselves accus$ ( tak+ ! s\ls ( ! natives = ! purpose ( sell+ !m :5 !y return$ to ,france4 ,d5ial 0 va92 9 compliance ) ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry !y 7 oblig$ to cat* ! s\ls1 :i* 7 !n put into a basket & ord]$ by ,dr4 ,catat to return to _! respective own]s4 ,"s villag]s 9 ,sikhim betray$ a lively horror & hid away :5ev] ! l5s ( a cam]a1 or ! evil eye ( ! box z !y call$ x1 0 turn$ on !m4 ,!y ?\ght x took away _! s\ls ) _! pictures1 & s put x 9 ! p[] ( ! own] ( ! pictures to ca/ spells on !m1 & !y alleg$ t a photograph ( ! sc5]y blight$ ! l&scape4 ,until ! reign ( ! late ,k+ ( ,siam no ,siamese co9s 7 ev] /amp$ ) ! image ( ! k+1 = at t "t !re 0 a /rong prejudice aga9/ ! mak+ ( portraits 9 any m$ium4 ,europeans :o travel into ! jungle h1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 only to po9t a cam]a at a cr[d to procure its in/ant disp]sion4 ,:5 a copy ( ! face ( a p]son is made & tak5 away f him1 a portion ( 8 life goes ) ! picture4 ,unless ! sov]eign _h be5 bless$ ) ! ye>s ( a ,me?usaleh he c\ld sc>cely h p]mitt$ 8 life to be di/ribut$ 9 small pieces toge!r ) ! co9s ( ! realm4 ,beliefs ( ! same sort /ill l+] 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,n v _m ye>s ago "s old wom5 9 ! ,greek isl& ( ,c>pa?us 7 v angry at hav+ _! lik5esses drawn1 ?9k+ t 9 consequ5ce !y w\ld p9e & die4 ,!re are p]sons 9 ! ,we/ ( ,scotl& :o refuse to h _! lik5esses tak5 le/ x prove unlucky2 & give z in/ances ! cases ( sev]al ( _! fri5ds :o nev] _h a day's heal? aft] be+ photograph$4 ,,xix4 ,taboo$ ,acts #a4 ,taboos on ,int]c\rse ) ,/rang]s ,,s mu* = ! primitive conceptions ( ! s\l & ! dang]s to :i* x is expos$4 ,^! conceptions are n limit$ to "o p or c\ntry2 ) v>iations ( detail !y are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 & survive1 z we h se51 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,beliefs s deep-seat$ & s widespread mu/ necess>ily h contribut$ to %ape ! m\ld 9 :i* ! e>ly k+%ip 0 ca/4 ,= if e p]son 0 at su* pa9s to save 8 own s\l f ! p]ils :i* ?reat5$ x on s _m sides1 h[ mu* m c>efully mu/ he h be5 gu>d$ ^u ^: life hung ! welf>e & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole p1 & :om !re=e x 0 ! common int]e/ ( all to pres]ve8 ,!re=e we %\ld expect to f9d ! k+'s life protect$ by a sy/em ( precautions or safegu>ds /ill m num]\s & m9ute ?an ^? :i* 9 primitive society e man adopts = ! safety ( 8 own s\l4 ,n[ 9 po9t ( fact ! life ( ! e>ly k+s is regulat$1 z we h se5 & %all see m fully pres5tly1 by a v exact code ( rules4 ,may we n !n conjecture t ^! rules are 9 fact ! v safegu>ds :i* we %\ld expect to f9d adopt$ = ! protection ( ! k+'s life8 ,an exam9ation ( ! rules !mselves confirms ?is conjecture4 ,= f ?is x appe>s t "s ( ! rules obs]v$ by ! k+s are id5tical ) ^? obs]v$ by private p]sons out ( reg>d = ! safety ( _! s\ls2 & ev5 ( ^? :i* seem peculi> to ! k+1 _m1 if n all1 are mo/ readily expla9$ on ! hypo!sis t !y are no?+ b safegu>ds or lifegu>ds ( ! k+4 ,i w n[ enum]ate "s ( ^! royal rules or taboos1 (f]+ on ea* ( !m su* comm5ts & explanations z may s]ve to set ! orig9al int5tion ( ! rule 9 its prop] light4 ,z ! object ( ! royal taboos is to isolate ! k+ f all s\rces ( dang]1 _! g5]al effect is to compel him to live 9 a /ate ( seclusion1 m or less complete1 accord+ to ! numb] & /r+5cy ( ! rules he obs]ves4 ,n[ ( all s\rces ( dang] none are m dread$ by ! savage ?an magic & wit*craft1 & he suspects all /rang]s ( practis+ ^! black arts4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! baneful influ5ce ex]t$ volunt>ily or involunt>ily by /rang]s is !re=e an elem5t>y dictate ( savage prud5ce4 ,h5ce be=e /rang]s are all[$ to ent] a di/rict1 or at lea/ be=e !y are p]mitt$ to m+le freely ) ! inhabitants1 c]ta9 c]emonies are (t5 p]=m$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry = ! purpose ( dis>m+ ! /rang]s ( _! magical p[]s1 ( c\nt]act+ ! baneful influ5ce :i* is believ$ to emanate f !m1 or ( dis9fect+1 s to speak1 ! ta9t$ atmosph]e by :i* !y are suppos$ to be surr\nd$4 ,?us1 :5 ! ambassadors s5t by ,ju/9 ,,ii41 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 to conclude a peace ) ! ,turks _h rea*$ _! de/9ation1 !y 7 receiv$ by %amans1 :o subject$ !m to a c]emonial purification = ! purpose ( exorcis+ all h>mful influ5ce4 ,hav+ deposit$ ! goods br\ght by ! ambassadors 9 an op5 place1 ^! wiz>ds c>ri$ burn+ bran*es ( inc5se r\nd !m1 :ile !y rang a bell & beat on a tamb\r9e1 snort+ & fall+ into a /ate ( fr5zy 9 _! ef=ts to dispel ! p[]s ( evil4 ,aft]w>ds !y purifi$ ! ambassadors !mselves by lead+ !m ?r\gh ! flames4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,nanumea 7,s\? ,pacific7 /rang]s f %ips or f o!r isl&s 7 n all[$ to communicate ) ! p until !y all1 or a few z repres5tatives ( ! re/1 _h be5 tak5 to ea* ( ! f\r temples 9 ! isl&1 & pray]s (f]$ t ! god w\ld av]t any disease or trea*]y :i* ^! /rang]s might h br\ght ) !m4 ,meat (f]+s 7 also laid ^u ! alt>s1 accompani$ by songs & dances 9 hon\r ( ! god4 ,:ile ^! c]emonies 7 go+ on1 all ! p except ! prie/s & _! att5dants kept out ( sight4 ,among/ ! ,ot ,danoms ( ,borneo x is ! cu/om t /rang]s ent]+ ! t]ritory %\ld pay to ! natives a c]ta9 sum1 :i* is sp5t 9 ! sacrifice ( buffaloes or pigs to ! spirits ( ! l& & wat]1 9 ord] to reconcile !m to ! pres5ce ( ! /rang]s1 & to induce !m n to )draw _! fav\r f ! p ( ! c\ntry1 b to bless ! rice-h>ve/1 & s =?4 ,! m5 ( a c]ta9 di/rict 9 ,borneo1 fe>+ to look ^u a ,european travell] le/ he %\ld make !m ill1 w>n$ _! wives & *ildr5 n to g ne> him4 ,^? :o c\ld n re/ra9 _! curiosity kill$ f[ls to appease ! evil spirits & sme>$ !mselves ) ! blood4 ,m dread$1 says a travell] 9 ,c5tral ,borneo1 ?an ! evil spirits ( ! neighb\rhood are ! evil spirits f a di/ance :i* accompany travell]s4 ,:5 a company f ! middle ,mahakam ,riv] visit$ me among ! ,blu-u ,kayans 9 ! ye> #ahig1 no woman %[$ h]self outside h] h\se )\t a burn+ bundle ( plehid+ b>k1 ! /9k+ smoke ( :i* drives away evil spirits4 ,:5 ,crevaux 0 travell+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica he ent]$ a village ( ! ,apalai ,indians4 ,a few mom5ts aft] 8 arrival "s ( ! ,indians br\ght him a numb] ( l>ge black ants1 ( a species ^: bite is pa9ful1 fa/5$ on palm leaves4 ,!n all ! p ( ! village1 )\t di/9ction ( age or sex1 pres5t$ !mselves to him1 & he _h to /+ !m all ) ! ants on _! faces1 ?ighs1 & o!r p>ts ( _! bodies4 ,sometimes1 :5 he appli$ ! ants too t5d]ly1 !y call$ out ,m6 m6 & 7 n satisfi$ till _! sk9 0 ?ickly /udd$ ) t9y swell+s l :at might h be5 produc$ by :ipp+ !m ) nettles4 ,! object ( ?is c]emony is made pla9 by ! cu/om obs]v$ 9 ,amboyna & ,uliase ( spr9kl+ sick p ) pung5t spices1 su* z g+] & cloves1 *ew$ f9e1 9 ord] by ! prickl+ s5sation to drive away ! demon ( disease :i* may be cl++ to _! p]sons4 ,9 ,java a popul> cure = g\t or rheumatism is to rub ,spani% pepp] into ! nails ( ! f+]s & toes ( ! suff]]2 ! pung5cy ( ! pepp] is suppos$ to be too mu* = ! g\t or rheumatism1 :o accord+ly dep>ts 9 ha/e4 ,s on ! ,slave ,coa/ ! "m ( a sick *ild sometimes believes t an evil _s has tak5 possession ( ! *ild's body1 & 9 ord] to drive him out1 %e makes small cuts 9 ! body ( ! little suff]] & ins]ts gre5 pepp]s or spices 9 ! w\nds1 believ+ t %e w !reby hurt ! evil _s & =ce him to be gone4 ,! poor *ild naturally screams ) pa91 b ! "m h>d5s h] he>t 9 ! belief t ! demon is suff]+ equally4 ,x is probable t ! same dread ( /rang]s1 r ?an any desire to d !m hon\r1 is ! motive ( c]ta9 c]emonies :i* are sometimes obs]v$ at _! reception1 b ( :i* ! int5tion is n directly /at$4 ,9 ! ,ongtong ,java ,isl&s1 :i* are inhabit$ by ,polynesians1 ! prie/s or sorc]]s seem to wield great influ5ce4 ,_! ma9 bus9ess is to summon or exorcise spirits = ! purpose ( av]t+ or dispell+ sickness1 & ( procur+ fav\rable w9ds1 a good cat* ( fi%1 & s on4 ,:5 /rang]s l& on ! isl&s1 !y are fir/ ( all receiv$ by ! sorc]]s1 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 ano9t$ ) oil1 & girt ) dri$ p&anus leaves4 ,at ! same "t s& & wat] are freely ?r[n ab\t 9 all directions1 & ! newcom] & 8 boat are wip$ ) gre5 leaves4 ,aft] ?is c]emony ! /rang]s are introduc$ by ! sorc]]s to ! *ief4 ,9 ,afghani/an & 9 "s p>ts ( ,p]sia ! travell]1 be=e he ent]s a village1 is frequ5tly receiv$ ) a sacrifice ( animal life or food1 or ( fire & inc5se4 ,! ,afghan ,b\nd>y ,mission1 9 pass+ by villages 9 ,afghani/an1 0 (t5 met ) fire & inc5se4 ,sometimes a tray ( light$ emb]s is ?r[n "u ! ho(s ( ! travell]'s horse1 ) ! words1 ,y are welcome4 ,on ent]+ a village 9 ,c5tral ,africa ,em9 ,pa%a 0 receiv$ ) ! sacrifice ( two goats2 _! blood 0 spr9kl$ on ! pa? & ! *ief /epp$ ov] ! blood to greet ,em94 ,sometimes ! dread ( /rang]s & _! magic is too great to all[ ( _! reception on any t]ms4 ,?us :5 ,speke arriv$ at a c]ta9 village1 ! natives %ut _! doors aga9/ him1 because !y _h nev] be=e se5 a :ite man nor ! t9 boxes t ! m5 7 c>ry+3 ',:o kn[s1' !y said1 'b t ^! v boxes are ! plund]+ ,watuta trans=m$ & come to kill u8 ,y _c be admitt$4' ,no p]suasion c\ld avail ) !m1 & ! p>ty _h to proce$ to ! next village4 ,! fe> ?us ent]ta9$ ( ali5 visitors is (t5 mutual4 ,ent]+ a /range l& ! savage feels t he is tread+ en*ant$ gr\nd1 & he takes /eps to gu>d aga9/ ! demons t haunt x & ! magical arts ( its inhabitants4 ,?us on go+ to a /range l& ! ,maoris p]=m$ c]ta9 c]emonies to make x common1 le/ x might h be5 previ\sly sacr$4 ,:5 ,b>on ,miklu*o-,maclay 0 approa*+ a village on ! ,maclay ,coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 "o ( ! natives :o accompani$ him broke a bran* f a tree & go+ aside :isp]$ to x = a :ile2 !n /epp+ up to ea* memb] ( ! p>ty1 "o aft] ano!r1 he spat some?+ ^u 8 back & gave him "s bl[s ) ! bran*4 ,la/ly1 he w5t into ! =e/ & buri$ ! bran* "u )]$ leaves 9 ! ?icke/ "p ( ! jungle4 ,?is c]emony 0 believ$ to protect ! p>ty aga9/ all trea*]y & dang] 9 ! village !y 7 approa*+4 ,! idea probably 0 t ! malignant influ5ces 7 drawn (f f ! p]sons into ! bran* & buri$ ) x 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 :5 a /range tribe has be5 invit$ into a di/rict & is approa*+ ! encampm5t ( ! tribe :i* owns ! l&1 ! /rang]s c>ry light$ b>k or burn+ /icks 9 _! h&s1 = ! purpose1 !y say1 ( cle>+ & purify+ ! air4 ,:5 ! ,toradjas are on a head-hunt+ exp$ition & h ent]$ ! enemy's c\ntry1 !y may n eat any fruits :i* ! foe has plant$ nor any animal :i* he has re>$ until !y h fir/ committ$ an act ( ho/ility1 z by burn+ a h\se or kill+ a man4 ,!y ?9k t if !y broke ?is rule !y w\ld receive some?+ ( ! s\l or spiritual ess5ce ( ! enemy into !mselves1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! my/ic virtue ( _! talismans4 ,aga91 x is believ$ t a man :o has be5 on a j\rney may h contract$ "s magic evil f ! /rang]s ) :om he has associat$4 ,h5ce1 on return+ home1 be=e he is readmitt$ to ! society ( 8 tribe & fri5ds1 he has to und]go c]ta9 purificatory c]emonies4 ,?us ! ,be*uanas cleanse or purify !mselves aft] j\rneys by %av+ _! heads1 etc41 le/ !y %\ld h contract$ f /rang]s "s evil by wit*craft or sorc]y4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,africa1 :5 a man returns home aft] a long abs5ce1 be=e he is all[$ to visit 8 wife1 he mu/ wa% 8 p]son ) a p>ticul> fluid1 & receive f ! sorc]] a c]ta9 m>k on 8 =ehead1 9 ord] to c\nt]act any magic spell :i* a /rang] woman may h ca/ on him 9 8 abs5ce1 & :i* might be communicat$ ?r\gh him to ! wom5 ( 8 village4 ,two ,h9doo ambassadors1 :o _h be5 s5t to ,engl& by a native pr9ce & _h return$ to ,india1 7 consid]$ to h s pollut$ !mselves by contact ) /rang]s t no?+ b be+ born aga9 c\ld re/ore !m to purity4 ,= ! purpose ( reg5]ation x is direct$ to make an image ( pure gold ( ! female p[] ( nature1 9 ! %ape ei!r ( a woman or ( a c[4 ,9 ?is /atue ! p]son to be reg5]at$ is enclos$1 & dragg$ ?r\gh ! usual *annel4 ,z a /atue ( pure gold & ( prop] dim5sions w\ld be too exp5sive1 x is suffici5t to make an image ( ! sacr$ ,yoni1 ?r\gh :i* ! p]son to be reg5]at$ is to pass4 ,su* an image ( pure gold 0 made at ! pr9ce's comm&1 & 8 ambassadors 7 born aga9 by be+ dragg$ ?r\gh x4 ,:5 precautions l ^! are tak5 on behalf ( ! p 9 g5]al aga9/ ! malignant influ5ce suppos$ to be ex]cis$ by /rang]s1 x is no wond] t special measures are adopt$ to protect ! k+ f ! same insidi\s dang]4 ,9 ! middle ages ! envoys :o visit$ a ,t>t> ,khan 7 oblig$ to pass betwe5 two fires be=e !y 7 admitt$ to 8 pres5ce1 & ! gifts !y br\ght 7 also c>ri$ betwe5 ! fires4 ,! reason assign$ = ! cu/om 0 t ! fire purg$ away any magic influ5ce :i* ! /rang]s might mean to ex]cise ov] ! ,khan4 ,:5 subject *iefs come ) _! ret9ues to visit ,kalamba 7! mo/ p[]ful *ief ( ! ,ba%ilange 9 ! ,congo ,bas97 = ! fir/ "t or aft] be+ rebelli\s1 !y h to ba!1 m5 & wom5 toge!r1 9 two brooks on two successive days1 pass+ ! nights "u ! op5 sky 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,aft] ! second ba? !y proce$1 entirely nak$1 to ! h\se ( ,kalamba1 :o makes a long :ite m>k on ! brea/ & =ehead ( ea* ( !m4 ,!n !y return to ! m>ket-place & dress1 aft] :i* !y und]go ! pepp] ordeal4 ,pepp] is dropp$ into ! eyes ( ea* ( !m1 & :ile ?is is be+ done ! suff]] has to make a confession ( all 8 s9s1 to answ] all que/ions t may be put to him1 & to take c]ta9 v[s4 ,?is ends ! c]emony1 & ! /rang]s are n[ free to take up _! qu>t]s 9 ! t[n = z long z !y *oose to rema94 #b4 ,taboos on ,eat+ & ,dr9k+ ,,9 ,,! ,,op9ion ( savages ! acts ( eat+ & dr9k+ are att5d$ ) special dang]2 = at ^! times ! s\l may escape f ! m\?1 or be extract$ by ! magic arts ( an enemy pres5t4 ,among ! ,ewe-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ! common belief seems to be t ! indwell+ _s leaves ! body & returns to x ?r\gh ! m\?2 h5ce1 %\ld x h gone out1 x behoves a man to be c>eful ab\t op5+ 8 m\?1 le/ a homeless _s %\ld take advantage ( ! opportunity & ent] 8 body4 ,?is1 x appe>s1 is consid]$ mo/ likely to take place :ile ! man is eat+4 ,precautions are !re=e adopt$ to gu>d aga9/ ^! dang]s4 ,?us ( ! ,bataks x is said t s9ce ! s\l c leave ! body1 !y always take c>e to prev5t _! s\l f /ray+ on occasions :5 !y h mo/ ne$ ( x4 ,b x is only possible to prev5t ! s\l f /ray+ :5 "o is 9 ! h\se4 ,at fea/s "o may f9d ! :ole h\se %ut up1 9 ord] t ! s\l may /ay & enjoy ! good ?+s set be=e x4 ,! ,zafimanelo 9 ,madagasc> lock _! doors :5 !y eat1 & h>dly any "o ev] sees !m eat+4 ,! ,w>ua w n all[ any "o to see !m eat+ & dr9k+1 be+ d\bly p>ticul> t no p]son ( ! opposite sex %all see !m do+ s4 ,i _h to pay a man to let me see him dr9k2 ,i c\ld n make a man let a woman see him dr9k4 ,:5 (f]$ a dr9k !y (t5 ask t a clo? may be held up to hide !m :il/ dr9k+4 ,if ^! are ! ord9>y precautions tak5 by common p1 ! precautions tak5 by k+s are extraord9>y4 ,! k+ ( ,loango may n be se5 eat+ or dr9k+ by man or bea/ "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,a fav\rite dog hav+ brok5 into ! room :]e ! k+ 0 d9+1 ! k+ ord]$ x to be kill$ on ! spot4 ,once ! k+'s own son1 a boy ( twelve ye>s old1 inadv]t5tly saw ! k+ dr9k4 ,imm$iately ! k+ ord]$ him to be f9ely app>ell$ & fea/$1 aft] :i* he comm&$ him to be cut 9 qu>t]s1 & c>ri$ ab\t ! city ) a proclamation t he _h se5 ! k+ dr9k4 ,:5 ! k+ has a m9d to dr9k1 he has a cup ( w9e br\ght2 he t br+s x has a bell 9 8 h&1 & z soon z he has deliv]$ ! cup to ! k+1 he turns 8 face f him & r+s ! bell1 on :i* all pres5t fall d[n ) _! faces to ! gr\nd1 & cont9ue s till ! k+ has drank4 4 4 4 ,8 eat+ is mu* 9 ! same /yle1 = :i* he has a h\se on purpose1 :]e 8 victuals are set ^u a b5sa or table3 :i* he goes to1 & %uts ! door3 :5 he has done1 he knocks & comes out4 ,s t none ev] see ! k+ eat or dr9k4 ,= x is believ$ t if any "o %\ld1 ! k+ %all imm$iately die4 ,! remnants ( 8 food are buri$1 d\btless to prev5t !m f fall+ into ! h&s ( sorc]]s1 :o by means ( ^! fragm5ts might ca/ a fatal spell ov] ! mon>*4 ,! rules obs]v$ by ! neighb\r+ k+ ( ,cacongo 7 simil>2 x 0 ?\ght t ! k+ w\ld die if any ( 8 subjects 7 to see him dr9k4 ,x is a capital (f5ce to see ! k+ ( ,dahomey at 8 meals4 ,:5 he dr9ks 9 public1 z he does on extraord9>y occasions1 he hides himself beh9d a curta91 or h&k]*iefs are held up r\nd 8 head1 & all ! p ?r[ !mselves ) _! faces to ! e>?4 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,bunyoro 9 ,c5tral ,africa w5t to dr9k milk 9 ! dairy1 e man mu/ leave ! royal enclosure & all ! wom5 _h to cov] _! heads till ! k+ return$4 ,no "o might see him dr9k4 ,"o wife accompani$ him to ! dairy & h&$ him ! milk-pot1 b %e turn$ away h] face :ile he dra9$ x4 #c4 ,taboos on ,%[+ ! ,face ,,9 ,,"s ( ! prec$+ cases ! int5tion ( eat+ & dr9k+ 9 /rict seclusion may p]haps be to h9d] evil influ5ces f ent]+ ! body r ?an to prev5t ! escape ( ! s\l4 ,?is c]ta9ly is ! motive ( "s dr9k+ cu/oms obs]v$ by natives ( ! ,congo region4 ,?us we are told ( ^! p t !re is h>dly a native :o w\ld d>e to swall[ a liquid )\t fir/ conjur+ ! spirits4 ,"o ( !m r+s a bell all ! "t he is dr9k+2 ano!r cr\*es d[n & places 8 left h& on ! e>?2 ano!r veils 8 head2 ano!r puts a /alk ( grass or a leaf 9 8 hair1 or m>ks 8 =ehead ) a l9e ( clay4 ,?is feti% cu/om assumes v v>i$ =ms4 ,to expla9 !m1 ! black is satisfi$ to say t !y are an en]getic mode ( conjur+ spirits4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! _w a *ief w commonly r+ a bell at ea* draught ( be] :i* he swall[s1 & at ! same mom5t a lad /ation$ 9 front ( him br&i%es a spe> to keep at bay ! spirits :i* might try to sneak into ! old *ief's body by ! same road z ! be]4 ,! same motive ( w>d+ (f evil spirits probably expla9s ! cu/om obs]v$ by "s ,african sultans ( veil+ _! faces4 ,! ,sultan ( ,d>fur wraps up 8 face ) a piece ( :ite musl91 :i* goes r\nd 8 head sev]al times1 cov]+ 8 m\? & nose fir/1 & !n 8 =ehead1 s t only 8 eyes are visible4 ,! same cu/om ( veil+ ! face z a m>k ( sov]eignty is said to be obs]v$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,! ,sultan ( ,wadai always speaks f beh9d a curta92 no "o sees 8 face except 8 intimates & a few fav\r$ p]sons4 #d4 ,taboos on ,quitt+ ! ,h\se ,,by ,,an ,,ext5sion ( ! l precaution k+s are sometimes =bidd5 ev] to leave _! palaces2 or1 if !y are all[$ to d s1 _! subjects are =bidd5 to see !m abroad4 ,! feti% k+ ( ,b591 :o 0 wor%ipp$ z a deity by 8 subjects1 might n quit 8 palace4 ,aft] 8 coronation ! k+ ( ,loango is conf9$ to 8 palace1 :i* he may n leave4 ,! k+ ( ,onit%a does n /ep out ( 8 h\se into ! t[n unless a human sacrifice is made to propitiate ! gods3 on ?is acc\nt he nev] goes out beyond ! prec9cts ( 8 premises4 ,inde$ we are told t he may n quit 8 palace "u pa9 ( dea? or ( giv+ up "o or m slaves to be execut$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,z ! weal? ( ! c\ntry is measur$ 9 slaves1 ! k+ takes good c>e n to infr+e ! law4 ,yet once a ye> at ! ,fea/ ( ,yams ! k+ is all[$1 & ev5 requir$ by cu/om1 to dance be=e 8 p outside ! high mud wall ( ! palace4 ,9 danc+ he c>ries a great weight1 g5]ally a sack ( e>?1 on 8 back to prove t he is /ill able to support ! burd5 & c>es ( /ate4 ,7 he unable to dis*>ge ?is duty1 he w\ld be imm$iately depos$ & p]haps /on$4 ,! k+s ( ,e?iopia 7 wor%ipp$ z gods1 b 7 mo/ly kept %ut up 9 _! palaces4 ,on ! m\nta9\s coa/ ( ,pontus !re dwelt 9 antiquity a rude & w>like p nam$ ! ,mosyni or ,mosynoeci1 ?r\gh ^: rugg$ c\ntry ! ,t5 ,?\s& m>*$ on _! fam\s retreat f ,asia to ,europe4 ,^! b>b>ians kept _! k+ 9 close cu/ody at ! top ( a high t[]1 f :i* aft] 8 election he 0 nev] m all[$ to desc5d4 ,"h he disp5s$ ju/ice to 8 p2 b if he (f5d$ !m1 !y puni%$ him by /opp+ 8 rations = a :ole day1 or ev5 />v+ him to dea?4 ,! k+s ( ,sabaea or ,%eba1 ! spice c\ntry ( ,arabia1 7 n all[$ to g out ( _! palaces2 if !y did s1 ! mob /on$ !m to dea?4 ,b at ! top ( ! palace !re 0 a w9d[ ) a *a9 atta*$ to x4 ,if any man deem$ he _h suff]$ wrong1 he pull$ ! *a91 & ! k+ p]ceiv$ him & call$ him 9 & gave judgm5t4 #e4 ,taboos on ,leav+ ,food ov] ,,aga91 magic mis*ief may be wr\ght ^u a man ?r\gh ! rema9s ( ! food he has p>tak5 (1 or ! di%es out ( :i* he has eat54 ,on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic a real connexion cont9ues to subsi/ betwe5 ! food :i* a man has 9 8 /oma* & ! refuse ( x :i* he has left unt\*$1 & h5ce by injur+ ! refuse y c simultane\sly injure ! eat]4 ,among ! ,n>r9y]i ( ,s\? ,au/ralia e adult is con/antly on ! look-out = bones ( bea/s1 birds1 or fi%1 ( :i* ! fle% has be5 eat5 by somebody1 9 ord] to con/ruct a deadly *>m out ( !m4 ,e "o is !re=e c>eful to burn ! bones ( ! animals :i* he has eat51 le/ !y %\ld fall into ! h&s ( a sorc]]4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 ! sorc]] succe$s 9 gett+ hold ( su* a bone1 & :5 he does s he believes t he has ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] ! man1 woman1 or *ild :o ate ! fle% ( ! animal4 ,to put ! *>m 9 op]ation he makes a pa/e ( r$ o*re & fi% oil1 ins]ts 9 x ! eye ( a cod & a small piece ( ! fle% ( a corpse1 & hav+ roll$ ! comp\nd into a ball /icks x on ! top ( ! bone4 ,aft] be+ left = "s "t 9 ! bosom ( a dead body1 9 ord] t x may d]ive a deadly pot5cy by contact ) corruption1 ! magical implem5t is set up 9 ! gr\nd ne> ! fire1 & z ! ball melts1 s ! p]son aga9/ :om ! *>m is direct$ wa/es ) disease2 if ! ball is melt$ q away1 ! victim w die4 ,:5 ! bewit*$ man le>ns ( ! spell t is be+ ca/ ^u him1 he endeav\rs to buy ! bone f ! sorc]]1 & if he obta9s x he breaks ! *>m by ?r[+ ! bone into a riv] or lake4 ,9 ,tana1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 p bury or ?r[ into ! sea ! leav+s ( _! food1 le/ ^! %\ld fall into ! h&s ( ! disease-mak]s4 ,= if a disease-mak] f9ds ! remnants ( a meal1 say ! sk9 ( a banana1 he picks x up & burns x sl[ly 9 ! fire4 ,z x burns1 ! p]son :o ate ! banana falls ill & s5ds to ! disease-mak]1 (f]+ him pres5ts if he w /op burn+ ! banana sk94 ,9 ,new ,gu9ea ! natives take ! utmo/ c>e to de/roy or conceal ! husks & o!r rema9s ( _! food1 le/ ^! %\ld be f\nd by _! enemies & us$ by !m = ! injury or de/ruction ( ! eat]s4 ,h5ce !y burn _! leav+s1 ?r[ !m into ! sea1 or o!rwise put !m out ( h>m's way4 ,f a l fe>1 no d\bt1 ( sorc]y1 no "o may t\* ! food :i* ! k+ ( ,loango leaves ^u 8 plate2 x is buri$ 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd4 ,& no "o may dr9k out ( ! k+'s vessel4 ,9 antiquity ! ,romans us$ imm$iately to break ! %ells ( eggs & ( snails :i* !y _h eat51 9 ord] to prev5t enemies f mak+ magic ) !m4 ,! common practice1 /ill obs]v$ among u1 ( break+ egg-%ells aft] ! eggs h be5 eat5 may v well h orig9at$ 9 ! same sup]/ition4 ,! sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! magic t may be wr\ght on a man ?r\gh ! leav+s ( 8 food has _h ! b5eficial effect ( induc+ _m savages to de/roy refuse :i*1 if left to rot1 might ?r\gh its corruption h prov$ a real1 n a m]ely imag9>y1 s\rce ( disease & dea?4 ,nor is x only ! sanit>y condition ( a tribe :i* has b5efit$ by ?is sup]/ition2 curi\sly en\gh ! same baseless dread1 ! same false notion ( causation1 has indirectly /r5g!n$ ! moral bonds ( hospitality1 hon\r1 & good fai? among m5 :o ent]ta9 x4 ,= x is obvi\s t no "o :o int5ds to h>m a man by work+ magic on ! refuse ( 8 food w himself p>take ( t food1 because if he did s he w\ld1 on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic1 suff] equally ) 8 enemy f any injury done to ! refuse4 ,?is is ! idea :i* 9 primitive society l5ds sanctity to ! bond produc$ by eat+ toge!r2 by p>ticipation 9 ! same food two m5 give1 z x 71 ho/ages = _! good behavi\r2 ea* gu>antees ! o!r t he w devise no mis*ief aga9/ him1 s9ce1 be+ physically unit$ ) him by ! common food 9 _! /oma*s1 any h>m he might d to 8 fell[ w\ld recoil on 8 own head ) precisely ! same =ce ) :i* x fell on ! head ( 8 victim4 ,9 /rict logic1 h[ev]1 ! sympa!tic bond la/s only s long z ! food is 9 ! /oma* ( ea* ( ! p>ties4 ,h5ce ! cov5ant =m$ by eat+ toge!r is less solemn & durable ?an ! cov5ant =m$ by transfus+ ! blood ( ! cov5ant+ p>ties into ea* o!r's ve9s1 = ?is transfusion seems to knit !m toge!r = life4 ,,xx4 ,taboo$ ,p]sons #a4 ,*iefs & ,k+s taboo$ ,,we h se5 t ! ,mikado's food 0 cook$ e day 9 new pots & s]v$ up 9 new di%es2 bo? pots & di%es 7 ( common clay1 9 ord] t !y might be brok5 or laid aside aft] !y _h be5 once us$4 ,!y 7 g5]ally brok51 = x 0 believ$ t if any "o else ate 8 food out ( ^! sacr$ di%es1 8 m\? & ?roat w\ld become swoll5 & inflam$4 ,! same ill effect 0 ?\ght to be exp]i5c$ by any "o :o %\ld we> ! ,mikado's clo!s )\t 8 leave2 he w\ld h swell+s & pa9s all ov] 8 body4 ,9 ,fiji !re is a special "n 7kana lama7 = ! disease suppos$ to be caus$ by eat+ out ( a *ief's di%es or we>+ 8 clo!s4 ,! ?roat & body swell1 & ! impi\s p]son dies4 ,i _h a f9e mat giv5 to me by a man :o dur/ n use x because ,?akombau's elde/ son _h sat ^u x4 ,!re 0 always a family or clan ( common]s :o 7 exempt f ?is dang]4 ,i 0 talk+ ab\t ?is once to ,?akombau4 ',oh yes1' said he4 ',"h1 ,s-&-s6 come & scrat* my back4' ,! man scrat*$2 he 0 "o ( ^? :o c\ld d x ) impunity4 ,! "n ( ! m5 ?us highly privileg$ 0 ,na nduka ni1 or ! dirt ( ! *ief4 ,9 ! evil effects ?us suppos$ to foll[ ^u ! use ( ! vessels or clo!s ( ! ,mikado & a ,fijian *ief we see t o!r side ( ! god-man's "* to :i* att5tion has be5 already call$4 ,! div9e p]son is a s\rce ( dang] z well z ( bless+2 he mu/ n only be gu>d$1 he mu/ also be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,8 sacr$ organism1 s delicate t a t\* may disord] x1 is also1 z x 71 electrically *>g$ ) a p[]ful magical or spiritual =ce :i* may dis*>ge itself ) fatal effect on :atev] comes 9 contact ) x4 ,accord+ly ! isolation ( ! man-god is q z necess>y = ! safety ( o!rs z = 8 own4 ,8 magical virtue is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w contagi\s3 8 div9ity is a fire1 :i*1 "u prop] re/ra9ts1 conf]s endless bless+s1 b1 if ra%ly t\*$ or all[$ to break b\nds1 burns & de/roys :at x t\*es4 ,h5ce ! disa/r\s effects suppos$ to att5d a brea* ( taboo2 ! (f5d] has ?ru/ 8 h& into ! div9e fire1 :i* %rivels up & consumes him on ! spot4 ,! ,nubas1 = example1 :o inhabit ! wood$ & f]tile range ( ,jebel ,nuba 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 believe t !y w\ld die if !y ent]$ ! h\se ( _! prie/ly k+2 h[ev]1 !y c evade ! p5alty ( _! intrusion by b>+ ! left %\ld] & gett+ ! k+ to lay 8 h& on x4 ,& 7 any man to sit on a /one :i* ! k+ has consecrat$ to 8 own use1 ! transgressor w\ld die )9 ! ye>4 ,! ,cazembes ( ,angola reg>d _! k+ z s holy t no "o c t\* him )\t be+ kill$ by ! magical p[] :i* p]vades 8 sacr$ p]son4 ,b s9ce contact ) him is sometimes unavoidable1 !y h devis$ a means :]eby ! s9n] c escape ) 8 life4 ,kneel+ d[n be=e ! k+ he t\*es ! back ( ! royal h& ) ! back ( 8 own1 !n snaps 8 f+]s2 aft]w>ds he lays ! palm ( 8 h& on ! palm ( ! k+'s h&1 !n snaps 8 f+]s aga94 ,?is c]emony is repeat$ f\r or five times1 & av]ts ! imm95t dang] ( dea?4 ,9 ,tonga x 0 believ$ t if any "o f$ himself ) 8 own h&s aft] t\*+ ! sacr$ p]son ( a sup]ior *ief or any?+ t belong$ to him1 he w\ld swell up & die2 ! sanctity ( ! *ief1 l a virul5t poison1 infect$ ! h&s ( 8 inf]ior1 &1 be+ communicat$ ?r\gh !m to ! food1 prov$ fatal to ! eat]4 ,a common] :o _h incurr$ ?is dang] c\ld dis9fect himself by p]=m+ a c]ta9 c]emony1 :i* consi/$ 9 t\*+ ! sole ( a *ief's foot ) ! palm & back ( ea* ( 8 h&s1 & aft]w>ds r9s+ 8 h&s 9 wat]4 ,if !re 0 no wat] ne>1 he rubb$ 8 h&s ) ! juicy /em ( a planta9 or banana4 ,aft] t he 0 free to fe$ himself ) 8 own h&s )\t dang] ( be+ attack$ by ! malady :i* w\ld o!rwise foll[ f eat+ ) taboo$ or sanctifi$ h&s4 ,b until ! c]emony ( expiation or dis9fection _h be5 p]=m$1 if he wi%$ to eat he _h ei!r to get "s "o to fe$ him1 or else to g d[n on 8 knees & pick up ! food f ! gr\nd ) 8 m\? l a bea/4 ,he might n ev5 use a too?pick himself1 b might guide ! h& ( ano!r p]son hold+ ! too?pick4 ,! ,tongans 7 subject to induration ( ! liv] & c]ta9 =ms ( scr(ula1 :i* !y (t5 attribut$ to a failure to p]=m ! requisite expiation aft] hav+ inadv]t5tly t\*$ a *ief or 8 belong+s4 ,h5ce !y (t5 w5t ?r\gh ! c]emony z a precaution1 )\t kn[+ t !y _h done any?+ to call = x4 ,! k+ ( ,tonga c\ld n refuse to play 8 "p 9 ! rite by pres5t+ 8 foot to su* z desir$ to t\* x1 ev5 :5 !y appli$ to him at an inconv5i5t "t4 ,a fat unwieldy k+1 :o p]ceiv$ 8 subjects approa*+ ) ?is int5tion1 :ile he *anc$ to be tak+ 8 walks abroad1 has be5 sometimes se5 to waddle z fa/ z 8 legs c\ld c>ry him out ( _! way1 9 ord] to escape ! importunate & n :olly dis9t]e/$ expression ( _! homage4 ,if any "o fanci$ he might h already unwitt+ly eat5 ) taboo$ h&s1 he sat d[n be=e ! *ief1 &1 tak+ ! *ief's foot1 press$ x aga9/ 8 own /oma*1 t ! food 9 8 belly might n injure him1 & t he might n swell up & die4 ,s9ce scr(ula 0 reg>d$ by ! ,tongans z a result ( eat+ ) taboo$ h&s1 we may conjecture t p]sons :o suff]$ f x among !m (t5 resort$ to ! t\* or pressure ( ! k+'s foot z a cure = _! malady4 ,! analogy ( ! cu/om ) ! old ,engli% practice ( br++ scr(ul\s pati5ts to ! k+ to be heal$ by 8 t\* is suffici5tly obvi\s1 & sugge/s1 z ,i h already po9t$ out else:]e1 t among our own remote ance/ors scr(ula may h obta9$ its "n ( ! ,k+'s ,evil1 f a belief1 l t ( ! ,tongans1 t x 0 caus$ z well z cur$ by contact ) ! div9e maje/y ( k+s4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! dread ( ! sanctity ( *iefs 0 at lea/ z great z 9 ,tonga4 ,_! gho/ly p[]1 d]iv$ f an ance/ral _s1 diffus$ itself by contagion ov] ev]y?+ !y t\*$1 & c\ld /rike dead all :o ra%ly or unwitt+ly m$dl$ ) x4 ,= in/ance1 x once happ5$ t a ,new ,zeal& *ief ( high rank & great sanctity _h left ! rema9s ( 8 d9n] by ! wayside4 ,a slave1 a /\t1 hungry fell[1 com+ up aft] ! *ief _h gone1 saw ! unf9i%$ d9n]1 & ate x up )\t ask+ que/ions4 ,h>dly _h he f9i%$ :5 he 0 in=m$ by a horror-/rick5 spectator t ! food ( :i* he _h eat5 0 ! *ief's4 ,i knew ! un=tunate del9qu5t well4 ,he 0 rem>kable = c\rage1 & _h signalis$ himself 9 ! w>s ( ! tribe1 b no soon] did he he> ! fatal news ?an he 0 seiz$ by ! mo/ extraord9>y convulsions & cramp 9 ! /oma*1 :i* nev] ceas$ till he di$1 ab\t sund[n ! same day4 ,he 0 a /rong man1 9 ! prime ( life1 & if any pakeha ,european free?9k] %\ld h said he 0 n kill$ by ! tapu ( ! *ief1 :i* _h be5 communicat$ to ! food by contact1 he w\ld h be5 li/5$ to ) feel+s ( contempt = 8 ignorance & inability to und]/& pla9 & direct evid5ce4 ,?is is n a solit>y case4 ,a ,maori woman hav+ eat5 ( "s fruit1 & be+ aft]w>ds told t ! fruit _h be5 tak5 f a taboo$ place1 exclaim$ t ! _s ( ! *ief1 ^: sanctity _h be5 ?us pr(an$1 w\ld kill h]4 ,?is 0 9 ! aft]noon1 & next day by twelve o'clock %e 0 dead4 ,a ,maori *ief's t9d]-box 0 once ! means ( kill+ sev]al p]sons2 =1 hav+ be5 lo/ by him1 & f\nd by "s m5 :o us$ x to light _! pipes1 !y di$ ( fright on le>n+ to :om x _h belong$4 ,s1 too1 ! g>m5ts ( a high ,new ,zeal& *ief w kill any "o else :o we>s !m4 ,a *ief 0 obs]v$ by a mission>y to ?r[ d[n a precipice a blanket :i* he f\nd too heavy to c>ry4 ,be+ ask$ by ! mission>y :y he did n leave x on a tree = ! use ( a future travell]1 ! *ief repli$ t x 0 ! fe> ( its be+ tak5 by ano!r :i* caus$ him to ?r[ x :]e he did1 = if x 7 worn1 8 tapu 7t is1 8 spiritual p[] communicat$ by contact to ! blanket & ?r\gh ! blanket to ! man7 w\ld kill ! p]son4 ,= a simil> reason a ,maori *ief w\ld n bl[ a fire ) 8 m\?2 = 8 sacr$ brea? w\ld communicate its sanctity to ! fire1 :i* w\ld pass x on to ! pot on ! fire1 :i* w\ld pass x on to ! meat 9 ! pot1 :i* w\ld pass x on to ! man :o ate ! meat1 :i* 0 9 ! pot1 :i* /ood on ! fire1 :i* 0 brea!d on by ! *ief2 s t ! eat]1 infect$ by ! *ief's brea? convey$ ?r\gh ^! int]m$i>ies1 w\ld surely die4 ,?us 9 ! ,polynesian race1 to :i* ! ,maoris belong1 sup]/ition erect$ r\nd ! p]sons ( sacr$ *iefs a real1 ?\gh at ! same "t purely imag9>y b>ri]1 to transgress :i* actually entail$ ! dea? ( ! transgressor :5ev] he became aw>e ( :at he _h done4 ,?is fatal p[] ( ! imag9ation work+ ?r\gh sup]/iti\s t]rors is by no means conf9$ to "o race2 x appe>s to be common among savages4 ,= example1 among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia a native w die aft] ! infliction ( ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial w\nd1 if only he believes t ! weapon :i* inflict$ ! w\nd _h be5 sung ov] & ?us end[$ ) magical virtue4 ,he simply lies d[n1 refuses food1 & p9es away4 ,simil>ly among "s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,brazil1 if ! m$ic9e-man pr$ict$ ! dea? ( any "o :o _h (f5d$ him1 ! wret* took to 8 hammock in/antly 9 su* full expectation ( dy+1 t he w\ld nei!r eat nor dr9k1 & ! pr$iction 0 a s5t5ce :i* fai? effectually execut$4 #b4 ,m\rn]s taboo$ ,,?us reg>d+ 8 sacr$ *iefs & k+s z *>g$ ) a my/]i\s spiritual =ce :i* s to say explodes at contact1 ! savage naturally ranks !m among ! dang]\s classes ( society1 & imposes ^u !m ! same sort ( re/ra9ts t he lays on manslay]s1 m5/ru\s wom51 & o!r p]sons :om he looks ^u ) a c]ta9 fe> & horror4 ,= example1 sacr$ k+s & prie/s 9 ,polynesia 7 n all[$ to t\* food ) _! h&s1 & _h !re=e to be f$ by o!rs2 & z we h j se51 _! vessels1 g>m5ts1 & o!r prop]ty might n be us$ by o!rs on pa9 ( disease & dea?4 ,n[ precisely ! same obs]vances are exact$ by "s savages f girls at _! fir/ m5/ruation1 wom5 aft] *ildbir?1 homicides1 m\rn]s1 & all p]sons :o h come into contact ) ! dead4 ,?us1 = example1 to beg9 ) ! la/ class ( p]sons1 among ! ,maoris any "o :o _h h&l$ a corpse1 help$ to convey x to ! grave1 or t\*$ a dead man's bones1 0 cut (f f all int]c\rse & almo/ all communication ) mank9d4 ,he c\ld n ent] any h\se1 or come into contact ) any p]son or ?+1 )\t utt]ly b$evill+ !m4 ,he might n ev5 t\* food ) 8 h&s1 :i* _h become s frightfully taboo$ or unclean z to be q useless4 ,food w\ld be set = him on ! gr\nd1 & he w\ld !n sit or kneel d[n1 &1 ) 8 h&s c>efully held beh9d 8 back1 w\ld gnaw at x z be/ he c\ld4 ,9 "s cases he w\ld be f$ by ano!r p]son1 :o ) out/ret*$ arm contriv$ to d x )\t t\*+ ! taboo$ man2 b ! fe$] 0 himself subject$ to _m sev]e re/rictions1 little less on]\s ?an ^? :i* 7 impos$ ^u ! o!r4 ,9 almo/ e popul\s village !re liv$ a degrad$ wret*1 ! l[e/ ( ! l[1 :o e>n$ a sorry pittance by ?us wait+ ^u ! defil$4 ,clad 9 rags1 daub$ f head to foot ) r$ o*re & /9k+ %>k oil1 always solit>y & sil5t1 g5]ally old1 hagg>d1 & wiz5$1 (t5 half craz$1 he might be se5 sitt+ motionless all day ap>t f ! common pa? or ?or\ghf>e ( ! village1 gaz+ ) lack-lu/re eyes on ! busy do+s 9 :i* he might nev] take a "p4 ,twice a day a dole ( food w\ld be ?r[n on ! gr\nd be=e him to mun* z well z he c\ld )\t ! use ( 8 h&s2 & at night1 huddl+ 8 greasy tatt]s ab\t him1 he w\ld crawl into "s mis]able lair ( leaves & refuse1 :]e1 dirty1 cold1 & hungry1 he pass$1 9 brok5 gho/-haunt$ slumb]s1 a wret*$ night z a prelude to ano!r wret*$ day4 ,su* 0 ! only human be+ deem$ fit to associate at arm's l5g? ) "o :o _h paid ! la/ (fices ( respect & fri5d%ip to ! dead4 ,& :51 ! dismal t]m ( 8 seclusion be+ ov]1 ! m\rn] 0 ab\t to mix ) 8 fell[s once m1 all ! di%es he _h us$ 9 8 seclusion 7 dilig5tly sma%$1 & all ! g>m5ts he _h worn 7 c>efully ?r[n away1 le/ !y %\ld spread ! contagion ( 8 defilem5t among o!rs1 j z ! vessels & clo!s ( sacr$ k+s & *iefs are de/roy$ or ca/ away = a simil> reason4 ,s complete 9 ^! respects is ! analogy :i* ! savage traces betwe5 ! spiritual influ5ces t emanate f div9ities & f ! dead1 betwe5 ! od\r ( sanctity & ! /5* ( corruption4 ,! rule :i* =bids p]sons :o h be5 9 contact ) ! dead to t\* food ) _! h&s w\ld seem to h be5 univ]sal 9 ,polynesia4 ,?us 9 ,samoa ^? :o att5d$ ! deceas$ 7 mo/ c>eful n to h&le food1 & = days 7 f$ by o!rs z if !y 7 helpless infants4 ,baldness & ! loss ( tee? 7 suppos$ to be ! puni%m5t inflict$ by ! h\sehold god if !y violat$ ! rule4 ,aga91 9 ,tonga1 no p]son c t\* a dead *ief )\t be+ taboo'd = t5 lun> mon?s1 except *iefs1 :o are only taboo'd = ?ree1 f\r1 or five mon?s1 accord+ to ! sup]iority ( ! dead *ief2 except aga9 x be ! body ( ,tooitonga ! great div9e *ief1 & !n ev5 ! greate/ *ief w\ld be taboo'd t5 mon?s4 4 4 4 ,dur+ ! "t a man is taboo'd he mu/ n fe$ himself ) 8 own h&s1 b mu/ be f$ by somebody else3 he mu/ n ev5 use a too?pick himself1 b mu/ guide ano!r p]son's h& hold+ ! too?pick4 ,if he is hungry & !re is no "o to fe$ him1 he mu/ g d[n ^u 8 h&s & knees1 & pick up 8 victuals ) 8 m\?3 & if he infr+es ^u any ( ^! rules1 x is firmly expect$ t he w swell up & die4 ,among ! ,%uswap ( ,briti% ,columbia wid[s & wid[]s 9 m\rn+ are seclud$ & =bidd5 to t\* _! own head or body2 ! cups & cook+-vessels :i* !y use may be us$ by no "o else4 ,!y mu/ build a sweat-h\se beside a creek1 sweat !re all night & ba! regul>ly1 aft] :i* !y mu/ rub _! bodies ) bran*es ( spruce4 ,! bran*es may n be us$ m ?an once1 & :5 !y h s]v$ _! purpose !y are /uck into ! gr\nd all r\nd ! hut4 ,no hunt] w\ld come ne> su* m\rn]s1 = _! pres5ce is unlucky4 ,if _! %ad[ 7 to fall on any "o1 he w\ld be tak5 ill at once4 ,!y employ ?orn bu%es = b$ & pill[1 9 ord] to keep away ! gho/ ( ! deceas$2 & ?orn bu%es are also laid all ar\nd _! b$s4 ,?is la/ precaution %[s cle>ly :at ! spiritual dang] is :i* leads to ! exclusion ( su* p]sons f ord9>y society2 x is simply a fe> ( ! gho/ :o is suppos$ to be hov]+ ne> !m4 ,9 ! ,mekeo di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea a wid[] loses all 8 civil rights & becomes a social outca/1 an object ( fe> & horror1 %unn$ by all4 ,he may n cultivate a g>d51 nor %[ himself 9 public1 nor trav]se ! village1 nor walk on ! roads & pa?s4 ,l a wild bea/ he mu/ skulk 9 ! long grass & ! bu%es2 & if he sees or he>s any "o com+1 especially a woman1 he mu/ hide beh9d a tree or a ?icket4 ,if he wi%es to fi% or hunt1 he mu/ d x alone & at night4 ,if he w\ld consult any "o1 ev5 ! mission>y1 he does s by /eal? & at night2 he seems to h lo/ 8 voice & speaks only 9 :isp]s4 ,7 he to jo9 a p>ty ( fi%]s or hunt]s1 8 pres5ce w\ld br+ mis=tune on !m2 ! gho/ ( 8 dead wife w\ld fright5 away ! fi% or ! game4 ,he goes ab\t ev]y:]e & at all times arm$ ) a tomahawk to def5d himself1 n only aga9/ wild bo>s 9 ! jungle1 b aga9/ ! dread$ _s ( 8 dep>t$ sp\se1 :o w\ld d him an ill turn if %e c\ld2 = all ! s\ls ( ! dead are malignant & _! only delight is to h>m ! liv+4 #c4 ,wom5 taboo$ at ,m5/ruation & ,*ildbir? ,,9 ,,g5]al1 we may say t ! prohibition to use ! vessels1 g>m5ts1 & s =? ( c]ta9 p]sons1 & ! effects suppos$ to foll[ an infraction ( ! rule1 are exactly ! same :e!r ! p]sons to :om ! ?+s belong are sacr$ or :at we might call unclean & pollut$4 ,z ! g>m5ts :i* h be5 t\*$ by a sacr$ *ief kill ^? :o h&le !m1 s d ! ?+s :i* h be5 t\*$ by a m5/ru\s wom54 ,an ,au/ralian blackfell[1 :o discov]$ t 8 wife _h la9 on 8 blanket at h] m5/rual p]iod1 kill$ h] & di$ ( t]ror himself )9 a =tnight4 ,h5ce ,au/ralian wom5 at ^! times are =bidd5 "u pa9 ( dea? to t\* any?+ t m5 use1 or ev5 to walk on a pa? t any man frequ5ts4 ,!y are also seclud$ at *ildbir?1 & all vessels us$ by !m dur+ _! seclusion are burn$4 ,9 ,ug&a ! pots :i* a woman t\*es1 :ile ! impurity ( *ildbir? or ( m5/ruation is on h]1 %\ld be de/roy$2 spe>s & %ields defil$ by h] t\* are n de/roy$1 b only purifi$4 ,among all ! ,dn & mo/ o!r ,am]ican tribes1 h>dly any o!r be+ 0 ! object ( s mu* dread z a m5/ruat+ woman4 ,z soon z signs ( t condition made !mselves app>5t 9 a "y girl %e 0 c>efully segregat$ f all b female company1 & _h to live by h]self 9 a small hut away f ! gaze ( ! villag]s or ( ! male memb]s ( ! rov+ b&4 ,:ile 9 t awful /ate1 %e _h to ab/a9 f t\*+ any?+ belong+ to man1 or ! spoils ( any v5ison or o!r animal1 le/ %e w\ld !reby pollute ! same1 & condemn ! hunt]s to failure1 ow+ to ! ang] ( ! game ?us slight$4 ,dri$ fi% =m$ h] diet1 & cold wat]1 absorb$ ?r\gh a dr9k+ tube1 0 h] only bev]age4 ,moreov]1 z ! v sight ( h] 0 dang]\s to society1 a special sk9 bonnet1 ) fr+es fall+ ov] h] face d[n to h] brea/1 hid h] f ! public gaze1 ev5 "s "t aft] %e _h recov]$ h] normal /ate4 ,among ! ,bribri ,indians ( ,co/a ,rica a m5/ru\s woman is reg>d$ z unclean4 ,! only plates %e may use = h] food are banana leaves1 :i*1 :5 %e has done ) !m1 %e ?r[s away 9 "s seque/]$ spot2 = 7 a c[ to f9d !m & eat !m1 ! animal w\ld wa/e away & p]i%4 ,& %e dr9ks out ( a special vessel = a l reason2 because if any "o drank out ( ! same cup aft] h]1 he w\ld surely die4 ,among _m peoples simil> re/rictions are impos$ on wom5 9 *ildb$ & app>5tly = simil> reasons2 at su* p]iods wom5 are suppos$ to be 9 a dang]\s condition :i* w\ld infect any p]son or ?+ !y might t\*2 h5ce !y are put into qu>ant9e until1 ) ! recov]y ( _! heal? & /r5g?1 ! imag9>y dang] has pass$ away4 ,?us1 9 ,tahiti a woman aft] *ildbir? 0 seclud$ = a =tnight or ?ree weeks 9 a tempor>y hut erect$ on sacr$ gr\nd2 dur+ ! "t ( h] seclusion %e 0 deb>r$ f t\*+ provisions1 & _h to be f$ by ano!r4 ,fur!r1 if any "o else t\*$ ! *ild at ?is p]iod1 he 0 subject$ to ! same re/rictions z ! "m until ! c]emony ( h] purification _h be5 p]=m$4 ,simil>ly 9 ! isl& ( ,kadiak1 (f ,alaska1 a woman ab\t to be deliv]$ retires to a mis]able l[ hovel built ( re$s1 :]e %e mu/ rema9 = tw5ty days aft] ! bir? ( h] *ild1 :atev] ! season may be1 & %e is consid]$ s unclean t no "o w t\* h]1 & food is rea*$ to h] on /icks4 ,! ,bribri ,indians reg>d ! pollution ( *ildb$ z mu* m dang]\s ev5 ?an t ( m5/ruation4 ,:5 a woman feels h] "t approa*+1 %e in=ms h] husb&1 :o makes ha/e to build a hut = h] 9 a lonely spot4 ,!re %e mu/ live alone1 hold+ no conv]se ) anybody save h] "m or ano!r woman4 ,aft] h] deliv]y ! m$ic9e-man purifies h] by brea?+ on h] & lay+ an animal1 x matt]s n :at1 ^u h]4 ,b ev5 ?is c]emony only mitigates h] uncleanness into a /ate consid]$ to be equival5t to t ( a m5/ru\s woman2 & = a full lun> mon? %e mu/ live ap>t f h] h\semates1 obs]v+ ! same rules ) reg>d to eat+ & dr9k+ z at h] mon?ly p]iods4 ,! case is /ill worse1 ! pollution is /ill m deadly1 if %e has _h a misc>riage or has be5 deliv]$ ( a /illborn *ild4 ,9 t case %e may n g ne> a liv+ s\l3 ! m]e contact ) ?+s %e has us$ is exce$+ly dang]\s3 h] food is h&$ to h] at ! end ( a long /ick4 ,?is la/s g5]ally = ?ree weeks1 aft] :i* %e may g home1 subject only to ! re/rictions incid5t to an ord9>y conf9em5t4 ,"s ,bantu tribes ent]ta9 ev5 m exagg]at$ notions ( ! virul5t infection spread by a woman :o has _h a misc>riage & has conceal$ x4 ,an exp]i5c$ obs]v] ( ^! p tells u t ! blood ( *ildbir? appe>s to ! eyes ( ! ,s\? ,africans to be ta9t$ ) a pollution /ill m dang]\s ?an t ( ! m5/rual fluid4 ,! husb& is exclud$ f ! hut = eight days ( ! ly+-9 p]iod1 *iefly f fe> t he might be contam9at$ by ?is secretion4 ,he d>e n take 8 *ild 9 8 arms = ! ?ree fir/ mon?s aft] ! bir?4 ,b ! secretion ( *ildb$ is p>ticul>ly t]rible :5 x is ! product ( a misc>riage1 especially a conceal$ misc>riage4 ,9 ?is case x is n m]ely ! man :o is ?reat5$ or kill$1 x is ! :ole c\ntry1 x is ! sky itself :i* suff]s4 ,by a curi\s association ( ideas a physiological fact causes cosmic tr\bles6 ,z = ! disa/r\s effect :i* a misc>riage may h on ! :ole c\ntry ,i w quote ! words ( a m$ic9e-man & ra9-mak] ( ! ,ba-,p$i tribe3 ,:5 a woman has _h a misc>riage1 :5 %e has all[$ h] blood to fl[1 & has hidd5 ! *ild1 x is en\gh to cause ! burn+ w9ds to bl[ & to p>* ! c\ntry ) heat4 ,! ra9 no long] falls1 = ! c\ntry is no long] 9 ord]4 ,:5 ! ra9 approa*es ! place :]e ! blood is1 x w n d>e to approa*4 ,x w fe> & rema9 at a di/ance4 ,t woman has committ$ a great fault4 ,%e has spoil$ ! c\ntry ( ! *ief1 = %e has hidd5 blood :i* _h n yet be5 well congeal$ to fa%ion a man4 ,t blood is taboo4 ,x %\ld nev] drip on ! road6 ,! *ief w assemble 8 m5 & say to !m1 ',are y 9 ord] 9 y\r villages8' ,"s "o w answ]1 ',su* & su* a woman 0 pregnant & we h n yet se5 ! *ild :i* %e has giv5 bir? to4' ,!n !y g & arre/ ! woman4 ,!y say to h]1 ',%[ u :]e y h hidd5 x4' ,!y g & dig at ! spot1 !y spr9kle ! hole ) a decoction ( two sorts ( roots prep>$ 9 a special pot4 ,!y take a little ( ! e>? ( ?is grave1 !y ?r[ x into ! riv]1 !n !y br+ back wat] f ! riv] & spr9kle x :]e %e %$ h] blood4 ,%e h]self mu/ wa% e day ) ! m$ic9e4 ,!n ! c\ntry w be moi/5$ aga9 7by ra974 ,fur!r1 we 7m$ic9e-m571 summon ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry2 we tell !m to prep>e a ball ( ! e>? :i* conta9s ! blood4 ,!y br+ x to u "o morn+4 ,if we wi% to prep>e m$ic9e ) :i* to spr9kle ! :ole c\ntry1 we crumble ?is e>? to p[d]2 at ! end ( five days we s5d little boys & little girls1 girls t yet "k no?+ ( wom5's affairs & h n yet _h relations ) m54 ,we put ! m$ic9e 9 ! horns ( ox51 & ^! *ildr5 g to all ! =ds1 to all ! entrances ( ! c\ntry4 ,a little girl turns up ! soil ) h] mattock1 ! o!rs dip a bran* 9 ! horn & spr9kle ! inside ( ! hole say+1 ',ra96 ra96' ,s we remove ! mis=tune :i* ! wom5 h br\ght on ! roads2 ! ra9 w be able to come4 ,! c\ntry is purifi$6 #d4 ,w>riors taboo$ ,,once m1 w>riors are conceiv$ by ! savage to move1 s to say1 9 an atmosph]e ( spiritual dang] :i* con/ra9s !m to practise a v>iety ( sup]/iti\s obs]vances q diff]5t 9 _! nature f ^? rational precautions :i*1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 !y adopt aga9/ foes ( fle% & blood4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! obs]vances is to place ! w>rior1 bo? be=e & aft] victory1 9 ! same /ate ( seclusion or spiritual qu>ant9e 9 :i*1 = 8 own safety1 primitive man puts 8 human gods & o!r dang]\s *>act]s4 ,?us :5 ! ,maoris w5t out on ! w>-pa? !y 7 sacr$ or taboo 9 ! highe/ degree1 & !y & _! fri5ds at home _h to obs]ve /rictly _m curi\s cu/oms ov] & above ! num]\s taboos ( ord9>y life4 ,!y became1 9 ! irrev]5t language ( ,europeans :o knew !m 9 ! old fight+ days1 taboo$ an in* ?ick2 & z = ! lead] ( ! exp$ition1 he 0 q unapproa*able4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! ,israelites m>*$ =? to w> !y 7 b\nd by c]ta9 rules ( c]emonial purity id5tical ) rules obs]v$ by ,maoris & ,au/ralian blackfell[s on ! w>-pa?4 ,! vessels !y us$ 7 sacr$1 & !y _h to practise cont95ce & a cu/om ( p]sonal cleanl9ess ( :i* ! orig9al motive1 if we may judge f ! av[$ motive ( savages :o con=m to ! same cu/om1 0 a fe> le/ ! enemy %\ld obta9 ! refuse ( _! p]sons1 & ?us be enabl$ to "w _! de/ruction by magic4 ,among "s ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica a "y w>rior 9 8 fir/ campaign _h to con=m to c]ta9 cu/oms1 ( :i* two 7 id5tical ) ! obs]vances impos$ by ! same ,indians on girls at _! fir/ m5/ruation3 ! vessels he ate & drank out ( might be t\*$ by no o!r p]son1 & he 0 =bidd5 to scrat* 8 head or any o!r "p ( 8 body ) 8 f+]s2 if he c\ld n help scrat*+ himself1 he _h to d x ) a /ick4 ,! latt] rule1 l ! "o :i* =bids a taboo$ p]son to fe$ himself ) 8 own f+]s1 seems to re/ on ! suppos$ sanctity or pollution1 :i*ev] we *oose to call x1 ( ! taboo$ h&s4 ,moreov] among ^! ,indian tribes ! m5 on ! w>-pa? _h always to sleep at night ) _! faces turn$ t[>ds _! own c\ntry2 h[ev] uneasy ! po/ure1 !y might n *ange x4 ,!y might n sit ^u ! b>e gr\nd1 nor wet _! feet1 nor walk on a beat5 pa? if !y c\ld help x2 :5 !y _h no *oice b to walk on a pa?1 !y s\ght to c\nt]act ! ill effect ( do+ s by doctor+ _! legs ) c]ta9 m$ic9es or *>ms :i* !y c>ri$ ) !m = ! purpose4 ,no memb] ( ! p>ty 0 p]mitt$ to /ep ov] ! legs1 h&s1 or body ( any o!r memb] :o *anc$ to be sitt+ or ly+ on ! gr\nd2 & x 0 equally =bidd5 to /ep ov] 8 blanket1 gun1 tomahawk1 or any?+ t belong$ to him4 ,if ?is rule 0 inadv]t5tly brok51 x became ! duty ( ! memb] ^: p]son or prop]ty _h be5 /epp$ ov] to knock ! o!r memb] d[n1 & x 0 simil>ly ! duty ( t o!r to be knock$ d[n peaceably & )\t resi/ance4 ,! vessels out ( :i* ! w>riors ate _! food 7 commonly small b[ls ( wood or bir* b>k1 ) m>ks to di/+ui% ! two sides2 9 m>*+ f home ! ,indians inv>iably drank out ( "o side ( ! b[l1 & 9 return+ !y drank out ( ! o!r4 ,:5 on _! way home !y came )9 a day's m>* ( ! village1 !y hung up all _! b[ls on trees1 or ?rew !m away on ! prairie1 d\btless to prev5t _! sanctity or defilem5t f be+ communicat$ ) disa/r\s effects to _! fri5ds1 j z we h se5 t ! vessels & clo!s ( ! sacr$ ,mikado1 ( wom5 at *ildbir? & m5/ruation1 & ( p]sons defil$ by contact ) ! dead are de/roy$ or laid aside = a simil> reason4 ,! fir/ f\r times t an ,apa*e ,indian goes out on ! w>-pa?1 he is b\nd to refra9 f scrat*+ 8 head ) 8 f+]s & f lett+ wat] t\* 8 lips4 ,h5ce he scrat*es 8 head ) a /ick1 & dr9ks ?r\gh a holl[ re$ or cane4 ,/ick & re$ are atta*$ to ! w>rior's belt & to ea* o!r by a lea!rn ?ong4 ,! rule n to scrat* _! heads ) _! f+]s1 b to use a /ick = ! purpose in/ead1 0 regul>ly obs]v$ by ,ojebways on ! w>-pa?4 ,) reg>d to ! ,creek ,indians & k9dr$ tribes we are told !y w n cohabit ) wom5 :ile !y are out at w>2 !y religi\sly ab/a9 f e k9d ( int]c\rse ev5 ) _! own wives1 = ! space ( ?ree days & nights be=e !y g to w>1 & s aft] !y return home1 because !y are to sanctify !mselves4 ,among ! ,ba-,p$i & ,ba-,?onga tribes ( ,s\? ,africa n only h ! w>riors to ab/a9 f wom51 b ! p left beh9d 9 ! villages are also b\nd to cont95ce2 !y ?9k t any incont95ce on _! "p w\ld cause ?orns to gr[ on ! gr\nd trav]s$ by ! w>riors1 & t success w\ld n att5d ! exp$ition4 ,:y exactly _m savages h made x a rule to refra9 f wom5 9 "t ( w>1 we _c say = c]ta91 b we may conjecture t _! motive 0 a sup]/iti\s fe> le/1 on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic1 close contact ) wom5 %\ld infect !m ) fem99e weakness & c[>dice4 ,simil>ly "s savages imag9e t contact ) a woman 9 *ildb$ en]vates w>riors & enfeebles _! weapons4 ,inde$ ! ,kayans ( ,c5tral ,borneo g s f> z to hold t to t\* a loom or wom5's clo!s w\ld s weak5 a man t he w\ld h no success 9 hunt+1 fi%+1 & w>4 ,h5ce x is n m]ely sexual int]c\rse ) wom5 t ! savage w>rior sometimes %uns2 he is c>eful to avoid ! sex altoge!r4 ,?us among ! hill tribes ( ,assam1 n only are m5 =bidd5 to cohabit ) _! wives dur+ or aft] a raid1 b !y may n eat food cook$ by a woman2 nay1 !y %\ld n address a ^w ev5 to _! own wives4 ,once a woman1 :o unwitt+ly broke ! rule by speak+ to h] husb& :ile he 0 "u ! w> taboo1 sick5$ & di$ :5 %e le>n$ ! awful crime %e _h committ$4 #e4 ,manslay]s taboo$ ,,if ,,! ,,read] /ill d\bts :e!r ! rules ( conduct :i* we h j be5 consid]+ are bas$ on sup]/iti\s fe>s or dictat$ by a rational prud5ce1 8 d\bts w probably be dissipat$ :5 he le>ns t rules ( ! same sort are (t5 impos$ ev5 m /r+5tly on w>riors aft] ! victory has be5 won & :5 all fe> ( ! liv+ corporeal foe is at an end4 ,9 su* cases "o motive = ! inconv5i5t re/rictions laid on ! victors 9 _! h\r ( triumph is probably a dread ( ! angry gho/s ( ! sla92 & t ! fe> ( ! v5geful gho/s does influ5ce ! behavi\r ( ! slay]s is (t5 expressly affirm$4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! taboos laid on sacr$ *iefs1 m\rn]s1 wom5 at *ildbir?1 m5 on ! w>-pa?1 & s on1 is to seclude or isolate ! taboo$ p]sons f ord9>y society1 ?is effect be+ atta9$ by a v>iety ( rules1 :i* oblige ! m5 or wom5 to live 9 sep>ate huts or 9 ! op5 air1 to %un ! comm]ce ( ! sexes1 to avoid ! use ( vessels employ$ by o!rs1 & s =?4 ,n[ ! same effect is produc$ by simil> means 9 ! case ( victori\s w>riors1 p>ticul>ly su* z h actually %$ ! blood ( _! enemies4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,timor1 :5 a w>like exp$ition has return$ 9 triumph br++ ! heads ( ! vanqui%$ foe1 ! lead] ( ! exp$ition is =bidd5 by religion & cu/om to return at once to 8 own h\se4 ,a special hut is prep>$ = him1 9 :i* he has to reside = two mon?s1 und]go+ bodily & spiritual purification4 ,dur+ ?is "t he may n g to 8 wife nor fe$ himself2 ! food mu/ be put into 8 m\? by ano!r p]son4 ,t ^! obs]vances are dictat$ by fe> ( ! gho/s ( ! sla9 seems c]ta92 = f ano!r acc\nt ( ! c]emonies p]=m$ on ! return ( a successful head-hunt] 9 ! same isl& we le>n t sacrifices are (f]$ on ?is occasion to appease ! s\l ( ! man ^: head has be5 tak52 ! p ?9k t "s mis=tune w\ld befall ! victor 7 su* (f]+s omitt$4 ,moreov]1 a "p ( ! c]emony consi/s ( a dance accompani$ by a song1 9 :i* ! dea? ( ! sla9 man is lam5t$ & 8 =giv5ess is entreat$4 ,be n angry1 !y say1 because y\r head is "h ) u2 _h we be5 less lucky1 our heads might n[ h be5 expos$ 9 y\r village4 ,we h (f]$ ! sacrifice to appease y4 ,y\r _s may n[ re/ & leave u at peace4 ,:y 7 y our enemy8 ,w\ld x n h be5 bett] t we %\ld rema9 fri5ds8 ,!n y\r blood w\ld n h be5 spilt & y\r head w\ld n h be5 cut (f4 ,! p ( ,paloo 9 ,c5tral ,celebes take ! heads ( _! enemies 9 w> & aft]w>ds propitiate ! s\ls ( ! sla9 9 ! temple4 ,among ! tribes at ! m\? ( ! ,wanigela ,riv]1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 a man :o has tak5 life is consid]$ to be impure until he has und]gone c]ta9 c]emonies3 z soon z possible aft] ! de$ he cleanses himself & 8 weapon4 ,?is satisfactorily accompli%$1 he repairs to 8 village & seats himself on ! logs ( sacrificial /ag+4 ,no "o approa*es him or takes any notice :atev] ( him4 ,a h\se is prep>$ = him :i* is put 9 *>ge ( two or ?ree small boys z s]vants4 ,he may eat only toa/$ bananas1 & only ! c5tre portion ( !m--! ends be+ ?r[n away4 ,on ! ?ird day ( 8 seclusion a small fea/ is prep>$ by 8 fri5ds1 :o also fa%ion "s new p]9eal b&s = him4 ,?is is call$ ivi poro4 ,! next day ! man dons all 8 be/ ornam5ts & badges = tak+ life1 & sallies =? fully arm$ & p>ades ! village4 ,! next day a hunt is organis$1 & a kang>oo select$ f ! game captur$4 ,x is cut op5 & ! sple5 & liv] rubb$ ov] ! back ( ! man4 ,he !n walks solemnly d[n to ! ne>e/ wat]1 & /&+ /raddle-legs 9 x wa%es himself4 ,all ! "y untri$ w>riors swim betwe5 8 legs4 ,?is is suppos$ to imp>t c\rage & /r5g? to !m4 ,! foll[+ day1 at e>ly dawn1 he da%es out ( 8 h\se1 fully arm$1 & calls al\d ! "n ( 8 victim4 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself t he has ?or\ghly sc>$ ! gho/ ( ! dead man1 he returns to 8 h\se4 ,! beat+ ( floor+-bo>ds & ! light+ ( fires is also a c]ta9 me?od ( sc>+ ! gho/4 ,a day lat] 8 purification is f9i%$4 ,he c !n ent] 8 wife's h\se4 ,9 ,w9dessi1 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 a p>ty ( head-hunt]s has be5 successful1 & !y are ne>+ home1 !y ann\nce _! approa* & success by bl[+ on triton %ells4 ,_! canoes are also deck$ ) bran*es4 ,! faces ( ! m5 :o h tak5 a head are black5$ ) *>coal4 ,if sev]al h tak5 "p 9 kill+ ! same victim1 8 head is divid$ among !m4 ,!y always "t _! arrival s z to rea* home 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,!y come r[+ to ! village ) a great noise1 & ! wom5 /& ready to dance 9 ! v]&ahs ( ! h\ses4 ,! canoes r[ pa/ ! room sram or h\se :]e ! "y m5 live2 & z !y pass1 ! murd]]s ?r[ z _m po9t$ /icks or bamboos at ! wall or ! ro( z !re 7 enemies kill$4 ,! day is sp5t v quietly4 ,n[ & !n !y drum or bl[ on ! con*2 at o!r times !y beat ! walls ( ! h\ses ) l\d %\ts to drive away ! gho/s ( ! sla94 ,s ! ,yabim ( ,new ,gu9ea believe t ! _s ( a murd]$ man pursues 8 murd]] & seeks to d him a mis*ief4 ,h5ce !y drive away ! _s ) %\ts & ! beat+ ( drums4 ,:5 ! ,fijians _h buri$ a man alive1 z !y (t5 did1 !y us$ at nightfall to make a great upro> by means ( bamboos1 trumpet-%ells1 & s =?1 = ! purpose ( fright5+ away 8 gho/1 le/ he %\ld attempt to return to 8 old home4 ,& to r5d] 8 h\se unattractive to him !y dismantl$ x & clo!d x ) ev]y?+ t to _! ideas seem$ mo/ repulsive4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! day on :i* !y _h tortur$ a prison] to dea?1 ! ,am]ican ,indians 7 wont to run ?r\gh ! village ) hide\s yells1 beat+ ) /icks on ! furniture1 ! walls1 & ! ro(s ( ! huts to prev5t ! angry gho/ ( _! victim f settl+ !re & tak+ v5geance = ! torm5ts t 8 body _h endur$ at _! h&s4 ,once1 says a travell]1 on approa*+ 9 ! night a village ( ,ottawas1 ,i f\nd all ! inhabitants 9 confusion3 !y 7 all busily engag$ 9 rais+ noises ( ! l\de/ & mo/ inh>moni\s k9d4 ,^u inquiry1 ,i f\nd t a battle _h be5 lately f\ght betwe5 ! ,ottawas & ! ,kickapoos1 & t ! object ( all ?is noise 0 to prev5t ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$ combatants f ent]+ ! village4 ,among ! ,basutos ablution is specially p]=m$ on return f battle4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! w>riors %\ld rid !mselves1 z soon z possible1 ( ! blood !y h %$1 or ! %ades ( _! victims w\ld pursue !m incessantly1 & di/urb _! slumb]s4 ,!y g 9 a procession1 & 9 full arm\r1 to ! ne>e/ /ream4 ,at ! mom5t !y ent] ! wat] a div9]1 plac$ high] up1 ?r[s "s purify+ sub/ances into ! curr5t4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n /rictly necess>y4 ,! javel9s & battle-axes also und]go ! process ( wa%+4 ,among ! ,bage%u ( ,ea/ ,africa a man :o has kill$ ano!r may n return to 8 own h\se on ! same day1 ?\gh he may ent] ! village & sp5d ! night 9 a fri5d's h\se4 ,he kills a %eep & sme>s 8 *e/1 8 "r arm1 & 8 head ) ! cont5ts ( ! animal's /oma*4 ,8 *ildr5 are br\ght to him & he sme>s !m 9 l mann]4 ,!n he sme>s ea* side ( ! doorway ) ! tripe & entrails1 & f9ally ?r[s ! re/ ( ! /oma* on ! ro( ( 8 h\se4 ,= a :ole day he may n t\* food ) 8 h&s1 b picks x up ) two /icks & s conveys x to 8 m\?4 ,8 wife is n "u any su* re/rictions4 ,%e may ev5 g to m\rn = ! man :om h] husb& has kill$1 if %e wi%es to d s4 ,among ! ,angoni1 to ! nor? ( ! ,zambesi1 w>riors :o h sla9 foes on an exp$ition sme> _! bodies & faces ) a%es1 hang g>m5ts ( _! victims on _! p]sons1 & tie b>k ropes r\nd _! necks1 s t ! ends hang d[n ov] _! %\ld]s or brea/s4 ,?is co/ume !y we> = ?ree days aft] _! return1 & ris+ at break ( day !y run ?r\gh ! village utt]+ frightful yells to drive away ! gho/s ( ! sla91 :i*1 if !y 7 n ?us bani%$ f ! h\ses1 might br+ sickness & mis=tune on ! inmates4 ,9 "s ( ^! acc\nts no?+ is said ( an en=c$ seclusion1 at lea/ aft] ! c]emonial cleans+1 b "s ,s\? ,african tribes c]ta9ly require ! slay] ( a v gallant foe 9 w> to keep ap>t f 8 wife & family = t5 days aft] he has wa%$ 8 body 9 runn+ wat]4 ,he also receives f ! tribal doctor a m$ic9e :i* he *ews ) 8 food4 ,:5 a ,n&i ( ,ea/ ,africa has kill$ a memb] ( ano!r tribe1 he pa9ts "o side ( 8 body1 spe>1 & sword r$1 & ! o!r side :ite4 ,= f\r days aft] ! slaught] he is consid]$ unclean & may n g home4 ,he has to build a small %elt] by a riv] & live !re2 he may n associate ) 8 wife or swee!>t1 & he may eat no?+ b porridge1 beef1 & goat's fle%4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? day he mu/ purify himself by tak+ a /rong purge made f ! b>k ( ! segetet tree & by dr9k+ goat's milk mix$ ) blood4 ,among ! ,bantu tribes ( ,kavirondo1 :5 a man has kill$ an enemy 9 w>f>e he %aves 8 head on 8 return home1 & 8 fri5ds rub a m$ic9e1 :i* g5]ally consi/s ( goat's dung1 ov] 8 body to prev5t ! _s ( ! sla9 man f tr\bl+ him4 ,exactly ! same cu/om is practis$ = ! same reason by ! ,wageia ( ,ea/ ,africa4 ,) ! ,ja-,luo ( ,kavirondo ! cu/om is some:at diff]5t4 ,?ree days aft] 8 return f ! fight ! w>rior %aves 8 head4 ,b be=e he may ent] 8 village he has to hang a live f[l1 head upp]mo/1 r\nd 8 neck2 !n ! bird is decapitat$ & its head left hang+ r\nd 8 neck4 ,soon aft] 8 return a fea/ is made = ! sla9 man1 9 ord] t 8 gho/ may n haunt 8 slay]4 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 :5 ! m5 return f a w>like exp$ition 9 :i* !y h tak5 a life1 ! "y w>riors :o h be5 out fight+ = ! fir/ "t1 & all :o h&l$ ! sla91 are %ut up 9 ! l>ge c\ncil-h\se & become taboo$4 ,!y may n quit ! edifice1 nor ba!1 nor t\* a woman1 nor eat fi%2 _! food is limit$ to coco-nuts & syrup4 ,!y rub !mselves ) *>m$ leaves & *ew *>m$ betel4 ,aft] ?ree days !y g toge!r to ba! z ne> z possible to ! spot :]e ! man 0 kill$4 ,among ! ,nat*ez ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica "y braves :o _h tak5 _! fir/ scalps 7 oblig$ to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( ab/95ce = six mon?s4 ,!y might n sleep ) _! wives nor eat fle%2 _! only food 0 fi% & ha/y-pudd+4 ,if !y broke ^! rules1 !y believ$ t ! s\l ( ! man !y _h kill$ w\ld "w _! dea? by magic1 t !y w\ld ga9 no m successes ov] ! enemy1 & t ! lea/ w\nd inflict$ on !m w\ld prove mortal4 ,:5 a ,*octaw _h kill$ an enemy & tak5 8 scalp1 he w5t into m\rn+ = a mon?1 dur+ :i* he might n comb 8 hair1 & if 8 head it*$ he might n scrat* x except ) a little /ick :i* he wore fa/5$ to 8 wri/ = ! purpose4 ,?is c]emonial m\rn+ = ! enemies !y _h sla9 0 n uncommon among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?us we see t w>riors :o h tak5 ! life ( a foe 9 battle are tempor>ily cut (f f free int]c\rse ) _! fell[s1 & especially ) _! wives1 & mu/ und]go c]ta9 rites ( purification be=e !y are readmitt$ to society4 ,n[ if ! purpose ( _! seclusion & ( ! expiatory rites :i* !y h to p]=m is1 z we h be5 l$ to believe1 no o!r ?an to %ake (f1 fright51 or appease ! angry _s ( ! sla9 man1 we may safely conjecture t ! simil> purification ( homicides & murd]]s1 :o h imbru$ _! h&s 9 ! blood ( a fell[-tribesman1 _h at fir/ ! same significance1 & t ! idea ( a moral or spiritual reg5]ation symbolis$ by ! wa%+1 ! fa/+1 & s on1 0 m]ely a lat] int]pretation put ^u ! old cu/om by m5 :o _h outgr[n ! primitive modes ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! cu/om orig9at$4 ,! conjecture w be confirm$ if we c %[ t savages h actually impos$ c]ta9 re/rictions on ! murd]] ( a fell[-tribesman f a def9ite fe> t he is haunt$ by ! gho/ ( 8 victim4 ,?is we c d ) reg>d to ! ,omahas ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,among ^! ,indians ! k9sm5 ( a murd]$ man _h ! "r to put ! murd]] to dea?1 b sometimes !y waiv$ _! "r 9 consid]ation ( pres5ts :i* !y cons5t$ to accept4 ,:5 ! life ( ! murd]] 0 sp>$1 he _h to obs]ve c]ta9 /r+5t rules = a p]iod :i* v>i$ f two to f\r ye>s4 ,he mu/ walk b>efoot1 & he might eat no w>m food1 nor raise 8 voice1 nor look ar\nd4 ,he 0 compell$ to pull 8 robe ab\t him & to h x ti$ at ! neck ev5 9 hot wea!r2 he might n let x hang loose or fly op54 ,he might n move 8 h&s ab\t1 b _h to keep !m close to 8 body4 ,he might n comb 8 hair1 & x might n be bl[n ab\t by ! w9d4 ,:5 ! tribe w5t out hunt+1 he 0 oblig$ to pit* 8 t5t ab\t a qu>t] ( mile f ! re/ ( ! p le/ ! gho/ ( 8 victim %\ld raise a high w9d1 :i* might cause damage4 ,only "o ( 8 k9dr$ 0 all[$ to rema9 ) him at 8 t5t4 ,no "o wi%$ to eat ) him1 = !y said1 ,if we eat ) him :om ,wak&a hates1 ,wak&a w hate u4 ,sometimes he w&]$ at night cry+ & lam5t+ 8 (f5ce4 ,at ! end ( 8 long isolation ! k9sm5 ( ! murd]$ man he>d 8 cry+ & said1 ,x is en\gh4 ,begone1 & walk among ! cr[d4 ,put on moccas9s & we> a good robe4 ,"h ! reason alleg$ = keep+ ! murd]] at a consid]able di/ance f ! hunt]s gives ! clue to all ! o!r re/rictions laid on him3 he 0 haunt$ & !re=e dang]\s4 ,! anci5t ,greeks believ$ t ! s\l ( a man :o _h j be5 kill$ 0 wro? ) 8 slay] & tr\bl$ him2 :]e=e x 0 ne$ful ev5 = ! involunt>y homicide to dep>t f 8 c\ntry = a ye> until ! ang] ( ! dead man _h cool$ d[n2 nor might ! slay] return until sacrifice _h be5 (f]$ & c]emonies ( purification p]=m$4 ,if 8 victim *anc$ to be a =eign]1 ! homicide _h to %un ! native c\ntry ( ! dead man z well z 8 own4 ,! leg5d ( ! matricide ,ore/es1 h[ he roam$ f place to place pursu$ by ! ,furies ( 8 murd]$ "m1 & none w\ld sit at meat ) him1 or take him 91 till he _h be5 purifi$1 reflects fai?fully ! real ,greek dread ( su* z 7 /ill haunt$ by an angry gho/4 #f4 ,hunt]s & ,fi%]s taboo$ ,,9 ,,savage society ! hunt] & ! fi%]man h (t5 to obs]ve rules ( ab/95ce & to submit to c]emonies ( purification ( ! same sort z ^? :i* are obligatory on ! w>rior & ! manslay]2 & ?\gh we _c 9 all cases p]ceive ! exact purpose :i* ^! rules & c]emonies are suppos$ to s]ve1 we may ) "s probability assume t1 j z ! dread ( ! spirits ( 8 enemies is ! ma9 motive = ! seclusion & purification ( ! w>rior :o hopes to take or has already tak5 _! lives1 s ! huntsman or fi%]man :o complies ) simil> cu/oms is pr9cipally actuat$ by a fe> ( ! spirits ( ! bea/s1 birds1 or fi% :i* he has kill$ or int5ds to kill4 ,= ! savage commonly conceives animals to be end[$ ) s\ls & intellig5ces l 8 own1 & h5ce he naturally treats !m ) simil> respect4 ,j z he attempts to appease ! gho/s ( ! m5 he has sla91 s he essays to propitiate ! spirits ( ! animals he has kill$4 ,^! c]emonies ( propitiation w be describ$ lat] on 9 ?is "w2 "h we h to deal1 fir/1 ) ! taboos obs]v$ by ! hunt] & ! fi%]man be=e or dur+ ! hunt+ & fi%+ seasons1 &1 second1 ) ! c]emonies ( purification :i* h to be practis$ by ^! m5 on return+ ) _! booty f a successful *ase4 ,:ile ! savage respects1 m or less1 ! s\ls ( all animals1 he treats ) p>ticul> def]5ce ! spirits ( su* z are ei!r especially useful to him or =midable on acc\nt ( _! size1 /r5g?1 or f]ocity4 ,accord+ly ! hunt+ & kill+ ( ^! valuable or dang]\s bea/s are subject to m elaborate rules & c]emonies ?an ! slaught] ( comp>atively useless & insignificant creatures4 ,?us ! ,indians ( ,nootka ,s\nd prep>$ !mselves = cat*+ :ales by obs]v+ a fa/ = a week1 dur+ :i* !y ate v little1 ba!d 9 ! wat] sev]al times a day1 sang1 & rubb$ _! bodies1 limbs1 & faces ) %ells & bu%es till !y look$ z if !y _h be5 sev]ely torn ) bri>s4 ,!y 7 likewise requir$ to ab/a9 f any comm]ce ) _! wom5 = ! l p]iod1 ?is la/ condition be+ consid]$ indisp5sable to _! success4 ,a *ief :o fail$ to cat* a :ale has be5 kn[n to attribute 8 failure to a brea* ( *a/ity on ! "p ( 8 m54 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! conduct ?us prescrib$ z a prep>ation = :al+ is precisely t :i* 9 ! same tribe ( ,indians 0 requir$ ( m5 ab\t to g on ! w>-pa?4 ,rules ( ! same sort are1 or 7 =m]ly1 obs]v$ by ,malagasy :al]s4 ,= eight days be=e !y w5t to sea ! crew ( a :al] us$ to fa/1 ab/a9+ f wom5 & liquor1 & confess+ _! mo/ secret faults to ea* o!r2 & if any man 0 f\nd to h s9n$ deeply1 he 0 =bidd5 to %>e 9 ! exp$ition4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mabuiag cont95ce 0 impos$ on ! p bo? be=e !y w5t to hunt ! dugong & :ile ! turtles 7 pair+4 ,! turtle-season la/s dur+ p>ts ( ,octob] & ,novemb]2 & if at t "t unm>ri$ p]sons _h sexual int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 x 0 believ$ t :5 ! canoe approa*$ ! float+ turtle1 ! male w\ld sep>ate f ! female & bo? w\ld dive d[n 9 diff]5t directions4 ,s at ,m[at 9 ,new ,gu9ea m5 h no relation ) wom5 :5 ! turtles are c\pl+1 ?\gh !re is consid]able laxity ( morals at o!r times4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,uap1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e gr\p1 e fi%]man ply+ 8 craft lies "u a mo/ /rict taboo dur+ ! :ole ( ! fi%+ season1 :i* la/s = six or eight weeks4 ,:5ev] he is on %ore he mu/ sp5d all 8 "t 9 ! m5's clubh\se1 & "u no pretext :atev] may he visit 8 own h\se or s mu* z look ^u ! faces ( 8 wife & wom5k9d4 ,7 he b to /eal a glance at !m1 !y ?9k t fly+ fi% mu/ inevitably bore out 8 eyes at night4 ,if 8 wife1 "m1 or daught] br+s any gift = him or wi%es to talk ) him1 %e mu/ /& d[n t[>ds ! %ore ) h] back turn$ to ! m5's clubh\se4 ,!n ! fi%]man may g out & speak to h]1 or ) 8 back turn$ to h] he may receive :at %e has br\ght him2 aft] :i* he mu/ return at once to 8 rigor\s conf9em5t4 ,inde$ ! fi%]m5 may n ev5 jo9 9 dance & song ) ! o!r m5 ( ! clubh\se 9 ! ev5+2 !y mu/ keep to !mselves & be sil5t4 ,9 ,mirzapur1 :5 ! se$ ( ! silkworm is br\ght into ! h\se1 ! ,kol or ,bhuiy> puts x 9 a place :i* has be5 c>efully pla/]$ ) holy c[dung to br+ good luck4 ,f t "t ! own] mu/ be c>eful to avoid c]emonial impurity4 ,he mu/ give up cohabitation ) 8 wife2 he may n sleep on a b$1 nor %ave himself1 nor cut 8 nails1 nor ano9t himself ) oil1 nor eat food cook$ ) butt]1 nor tell lies1 nor d any?+ else t he deems wrong4 ,he v[s to ,s+>mati ,devi t1 if ! worms are duly born1 he w make h] an (f]+4 ,:5 ! cocoons op5 & ! worms appe>1 he assembles ! wom5 ( ! h\se & !y s+ ! same song z at ! bir? ( a baby1 & r$ lead is sme>$ on ! p>t+ ( ! hair ( all ! m>ri$ wom5 ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ! worms pair1 rejoic+s are made z at a m>riage4 ,?us ! silkworms are treat$ z f> z possible l human be+s4 ,h5ce ! cu/om :i* prohibits ! comm]ce ( ! sexes :ile ! worms are hat*+ may be only an ext5sion1 by analogy1 ( ! rule :i* is obs]v$ by _m races1 t ! husb& may n cohabit ) 8 wife dur+ pregnancy & lactation4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,nias ! hunt]s sometimes dig pits1 cov] !m lightly ov] ) twigs1 grass1 & leaves1 & !n drive ! game into !m4 ,:ile !y are engag$ 9 digg+ ! pits1 !y h to obs]ve a numb] ( taboos4 ,!y may n spit1 or ! game w\ld turn back 9 disgu/ f ! pits4 ,!y may n laugh1 or ! sides ( ! pit w\ld fall 94 ,!y may eat no salt1 prep>e no fodd] = sw9e1 & 9 ! pit !y may n scrat* !mselves1 = if !y did1 ! e>? w\ld be loos5$ & w\ld collapse4 ,& ! night aft] digg+ ! pit !y may h no int]c\rse ) a woman1 or all _! lab\r w\ld be 9 va94 ,?is practice ( obs]v+ /rict *a/ity z a condition ( success 9 hunt+ & fi%+ is v common among rude races2 & ! in/ances ( x :i* h be5 cit$ r5d] x probable t ! rule is always bas$ on a sup]/ition r ?an on a consid]ation ( ! tempor>y weakness :i* a brea* ( ! cu/om may entail on ! hunt] or fi%]man4 ,9 g5]al x appe>s to be suppos$ t ! evil effect ( incont95ce is n s mu* t x weak5s him1 z t1 = "s reason or o!r1 x (f5ds ! animals1 :o 9 consequ5ce w n suff] !mselves to be caught4 ,a ,c>ri] ,indian ( ,briti% ,columbia us$ to sep>ate f 8 wife = a full mon? be=e he set traps = be>s1 & dur+ ?is "t he might n dr9k f ! same vessel z 8 wife1 b _h to use a special cup made ( bir* b>k4 ,! neglect ( ^! precautions w\ld cause ! game to escape aft] x _h be5 sn>$4 ,b :5 he 0 ab\t to sn>e m>t5s1 ! p]iod ( cont95ce 0 cut d[n to t5 days4 ,an exam9ation ( all ! _m cases 9 :i* ! savage bridles 8 passions & rema9s *a/e f motives ( sup]/ition1 w\ld be in/ructive1 b ,i _c attempt x n[4 ,i w only add a few miscellane\s examples ( ! cu/om be=e pass+ to ! c]emonies ( purification :i* are obs]v$ by ! hunt] & fi%]man aft] ! *ase & ! fi%+ are ov]4 ,! work]s 9 ! salt-pans ne> ,siph\m1 9 ,laos1 mu/ ab/a9 f all sexual relations at ! place :]e !y are at "w2 & !y may n cov] _! heads nor %elt] !mselves "u an umbrella f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun4 ,among ! ,ka*9s ( ,burma ! f]m5t us$ 9 mak+ be] is prep>$ by two wom51 *os5 by lot1 :o dur+ ! ?ree days t ! process la/s may eat no?+ acid & may h no conjugal relations ) _! husb&s2 o!rwise x is suppos$ t ! be] w\ld be s\r4 ,among ! ,masai honey-w9e is brew$ by a man & a woman :o live 9 a hut set ap>t = !m till ! w9e is ready = dr9k+4 ,b !y are /rictly =bidd5 to h sexual int]c\rse ) ea* o!r dur+ ?is "t2 x is deem$ ess5tial t !y %\ld be *a/e = two days be=e !y beg9 to brew & = ! :ole ( ! six days t ! brew+ la/s4 ,! ,masai believe t 7 ! c\ple to commit a brea* ( *a/ity1 n only w\ld ! w9e be undr9kable b ! bees :i* made ! honey w\ld fly away4 ,simil>ly !y require t a man :o is mak+ poison %\ld sleep alone & obs]ve o!r taboos :i* r5d] him almo/ an outca/4 ,! ,w&orobbo1 a tribe ( ! same region z ! ,masai1 believe t ! m]e pres5ce ( a woman 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a man :o is brew+ poison w\ld deprive ! poison ( its v5om1 & t ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 if ! wife ( ! poison-mak] 7 to commit adult]y :ile h] husb& 0 brew+ ! poison4 ,9 ?is la/ case x is obvi\s t a rationali/ic explanation ( ! taboo is impossible4 ,h[ c\ld ! loss ( virtue 9 ! poison be a physical consequ5ce ( ! loss ( virtue 9 ! poison-mak]'s wife8 ,cle>ly ! effect :i* ! wife's adult]y is suppos$ to h on ! poison is a case ( sympa!tic magic2 h] misconduct sympa!tically affects h] husb& & 8 "w at a di/ance4 ,we may1 accord+ly1 inf] ) "s confid5ce t ! rule ( cont95ce impos$ on ! poison-mak] himself is also a simple case ( sympa!tic magic1 & n1 z a civilis$ read] might be dispos$ to conjecture1 a wise precaution design$ to prev5t him f accid5tally poison+ 8 wife4 ,among ! ,ba-,p$i & ,ba-,?onga tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 :5 ! site ( a new village has be5 *os5 & ! h\ses are build+1 all ! m>ri$ p are =bidd5 to h conjugal relations ) ea* o!r4 ,if x 7 discov]$ t any c\ple _h brok5 ?is rule1 ! "w ( build+ w\ld imm$iately be /opp$1 & ano!r site *os5 = ! village4 ,= !y ?9k t a brea* ( *a/ity w\ld spoil ! village :i* 0 gr[+ up1 t ! *ief w\ld gr[ lean & p]haps die1 & t ! guilty woman w\ld nev] be> ano!r *ild4 ,among ! ,*ams ( ,co*9-,*9a1 :5 a dam is made or repair$ on a riv] = ! sake ( irrigation1 ! *ief :o (f]s ! traditional sacrifices & implores ! protection ( ! deities on ! "w has to /ay all ! "t 9 a wret*$ hovel ( /raw1 tak+ no "p 9 ! lab\r1 & obs]v+ ! /ricte/ cont95ce2 = ! p believe t a brea* ( 8 *a/ity w\ld entail a brea* ( ! dam4 ,"h1 x is pla91 !re c be no idea ( ma9ta9+ ! m]e bodily vig\r ( ! *ief = ! accompli%m5t ( a task 9 :i* he does n ev5 be> a h&4 ,if ! taboos or ab/95ces obs]v$ by hunt]s & fi%]m5 be=e & dur+ ! *ase are dictat$1 z we h se5 reason to believe1 by sup]/iti\s motives1 & *iefly by a dread ( (f5d+ or fright5+ ! spirits ( ! creatures :om x is propos$ to kill1 we may expect t ! re/ra9ts impos$ aft] ! slaught] has be5 p]petrat$ w be at lea/ z /r+5t1 ! slay] & 8 fri5ds hav+ n[ ! add$ fe> ( ! angry gho/s ( 8 victims be=e _! eyes4 ,:]eas on ! hypo!sis t ! ab/95ces 9 "q1 includ+ ^? f food1 dr9k1 & sleep1 are m]ely salut>y precautions = ma9ta9+ ! m5 9 heal? & /r5g? to d _! "w1 x is obvi\s t ! obs]vance ( ^! ab/95ces or taboos aft] ! "w is done1 t is1 :5 ! game is kill$ & ! fi% caught1 mu/ be :olly sup]flu\s1 absurd1 & inexplicable4 ,b z ,i %all n[ %[1 ^! taboos (t5 cont9ue to be en=c$ or ev5 increas$ 9 /r+5cy aft] ! dea? ( ! animals1 9 o!r words1 aft] ! hunt] or fi%] has accompli%$ 8 object by mak+ 8 bag or l&+ 8 fi%4 ,! rationali/ic !ory ( !m !re=e breaks d[n entirely2 ! hypo!sis ( sup]/ition is cle>ly ! only "o op5 to u4 ,among ! ,inuit or ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait ! dead bodies ( v>i\s animals mu/ be treat$ v c>efully by ! hunt] :o obta9s !m1 s t _! %ades may n be (f5d$ & br+ bad luck or ev5 dea? ^u him or 8 p4 ,h5ce ! ,unalit hunt] :o has _h a h& 9 ! kill+ ( a :ite :ale1 or ev5 has help$ to take "o f ! net1 is n all[$ to d any "w = ! next f\r days1 t be+ ! "t dur+ :i* ! %ade or gho/ ( ! :ale is suppos$ to /ay ) its body4 ,at ! same "t no "o 9 ! village may use any %>p or po9t$ in/rum5t = fe> ( w\nd+ ! :ale's %ade1 :i* is believ$ to be hov]+ invisible 9 ! neighb\rhood2 & no l\d noise may be made le/ x %\ld fright5 or (f5d ! gho/4 ,:oev] cuts a :ale's body ) an iron axe w die4 ,inde$ ! use ( all iron in/rum5ts is =bidd5 9 ! village dur+ ^! f\r days4 ,^! same ,esquimaux celebrate a great annual fe/ival 9 ,decemb] :5 ! bladd]s ( all ! seals1 :ales1 walrus1 & :ite be>s t h be5 kill$ 9 ! ye> are tak5 into ! assembly-h\se ( ! village4 ,!y rema9 !re = sev]al days1 & s long z !y d s ! hunt]s avoid all int]c\rse ) wom51 say+ t if !y fail$ 9 t respect ! %ades ( ! dead animals w\ld be (f5d$4 ,simil>ly among ! ,aleuts ( ,alaska ! hunt] :o _h /ruck a :ale ) a *>m$ spe> w\ld n ?r[ aga91 b return$ at once to 8 home & sep>at$ himself f 8 p 9 a hut specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 :]e he /ay$ = ?ree days )\t food or dr9k1 & )\t t\*+ or look+ ^u a woman4 ,dur+ ?is "t ( seclusion he snort$ occasionally 9 imitation ( ! w\nd$ & dy+ :ale1 9 ord] to prev5t ! :ale :i* he _h /ruck f leav+ ! coa/4 ,on ! f\r? day he em]g$ f 8 seclusion & ba!d 9 ! sea1 %riek+ 9 a ho>se voice & beat+ ! wat] ) 8 h&s4 ,!n1 tak+ ) him a companion1 he repair$ to t "p ( ! %ore :]e he expect$ to f9d ! :ale /r&$4 ,if ! bea/ 0 dead1 he at once cut out ! place :]e ! dea?-w\nd _h be5 inflict$4 ,if ! :ale 0 n dead1 he aga9 return$ to 8 home & cont9u$ wa%+ himself until ! :ale di$4 ,"h ! hunt]'s imitation ( ! w\nd$ :ale is probably int5d$ by means ( homoeopa?ic magic to make ! bea/ die 9 e>ne/4 ,once m ! s\l ( ! grim pol> be> is (f5d$ if ! taboos :i* conc]n him are n obs]v$4 ,8 s\l t>ries = ?ree days ne> ! spot :]e x left 8 body1 & dur+ ^! days ! ,esquimaux are p>ticul>ly c>eful to con=m rigidly to ! laws ( taboo1 because !y believe t puni%m5t ov]takes ! transgressor :o s9s aga9/ ! s\l ( a be> f> m spe$ily ?an him :o s9s aga9/ ! s\ls ( ! sea-bea/s4 ,:5 ! ,kayans h %ot "o ( ! dread$ ,bornean pan!rs1 !y are v anxi\s ab\t ! safety ( _! s\ls1 = !y ?9k t ! s\l ( a pan!r is almo/ m p[]ful ?an _! own4 ,h5ce !y /ep eight times ov] ! c>case ( ! dead bea/ recit+ ! spell1 ,pan!r1 ?y s\l "u my s\l4 ,on return+ home !y sme> !mselves1 _! dogs1 & _! weapons ) ! blood ( f[ls 9 ord] to calm _! s\ls & h9d] !m f flee+ away2 =1 be+ !mselves fond ( ! fle% ( f[ls1 !y ascribe ! same ta/e to _! s\ls4 ,= eight days aft]w>ds !y mu/ ba! by day & by night be=e go+ out aga9 to ! *ase4 ,among ! ,hott5tots1 :5 a man has kill$ a lion1 leop>d1 elephant1 or rh9oc]os1 he is e/eem$ a great h]o1 b he has to rema9 at home q idle = ?ree days1 dur+ :i* 8 wife may n come ne> him2 %e is also enjo9$ to re/rict h]self to a poor diet & to eat no m ?an is b>ely necess>y to keep h] 9 heal?4 ,simil>ly ! ,lapps deem x ! height ( glory to kill a be>1 :i* !y consid] ! k+ ( bea/s4 ,nev]!less1 all ! m5 :o take "p 9 ! slaught] are reg>d$ z unclean1 & mu/ live by !mselves = ?ree days 9 a hut or t5t made specially = !m1 :]e !y cut up & cook ! be>'s c>case4 ,! re9de] :i* br\ght 9 ! c>case on a sl$ge may n be driv5 by a woman = a :ole ye>2 inde$1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 x may n be us$ by anybody = t p]iod4 ,be=e ! m5 g into ! t5t :]e !y are to be seclud$1 !y /rip !mselves ( ! g>m5ts !y _h worn 9 kill+ ! be>1 & _! wives spit ! r$ juice ( ald] b>k 9 _! faces4 ,!y ent] ! t5t n by ! ord9>y door b by an op5+ at ! back4 ,:5 ! be>'s fle% has be5 cook$1 a portion ( x is s5t by ! h&s ( two m5 to ! wom51 :o may n approa* ! m5's t5t :ile ! cook+ is go+ on4 ,! m5 :o convey ! fle% to ! wom5 pret5d to be /rang]s br++ pres5ts f a =eign l&2 ! wom5 keep up ! pret5ce & promise to tie r$ ?reads r\nd ! legs ( ! /rang]s4 ,! be>'s fle% may n be pass$ 9 to ! wom5 ?r\gh ! door ( _! t5t1 b mu/ be ?ru/ 9 at a special op5+ made by lift+ up ! hem ( ! t5t-cov]4 ,:5 ! ?ree days' seclusion is ov] & ! m5 are at lib]ty to return to _! wives1 !y run1 "o aft] ! o!r1 r\nd ! fire1 hold+ ! *a9 by :i* pots are susp5d$ ov] x4 ,?is is reg>d$ z a =m ( purification2 !y may n[ leave ! t5t by ! ord9>y door & rejo9 ! wom54 ,b ! lead] ( ! p>ty mu/ /ill ab/a9 f cohabitation ) 8 wife = two days m4 ,aga91 ! ,caffres are said to dread greatly ! boa-con/rictor or an enorm\s s]p5t resembl+ x2 & be+ influ5c$ by c]ta9 sup]/iti\s notions !y ev5 fe> to kill x4 ,! man :o happ5$ to put x to dea?1 :e!r 9 self-def5ce or o!rwise1 0 =m]ly requir$ to lie 9 a runn+ /ream ( wat] dur+ ! day = sev]al weeks toge!r2 & no bea/ :atev] 0 all[$ to be slaught]$ at ! hamlet to :i* he belong$1 until ?is duty _h be5 fully p]=m$4 ,! body ( ! snake 0 !n tak5 & c>efully buri$ 9 a tr5*1 dug close to ! cattle-fold1 :]e its rema9s1 l ^? ( a *ief1 7 h5ce=w>d kept p]fectly undi/urb$4 ,! p]iod ( p5ance1 z 9 ! case ( m\rn+ = ! dead1 is n[ happily r$uc$ to a few days4 ,9 ,madras x is consid]$ a great s9 to kill a cobra4 ,:5 ?is has happ5$1 ! p g5]ally burn ! body ( ! s]p5t1 j z !y burn ! bodies ( human be+s4 ,! murd]] deems himself pollut$ = ?ree days4 ,on ! second day milk is p\r$ on ! rema9s ( ! cobra4 ,on ! ?ird day ! guilty wret* is free f pollution4 ,9 ^! la/ cases ! animal ^: slaught] has to be aton$ = is sacr$1 t is1 x is "o ^: life is commonly sp>$ f motives ( sup]/ition4 ,yet ! treatm5t ( ! sacrilegi\s slay] seems to resemble s closely ! treatm5t ( hunt]s & fi%]m5 :o h kill$ animals = food 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess1 t ! ideas on :i* bo? sets ( cu/oms are bas$ may be assum$ to be sub/antially ! same4 ,^? ideas1 if ,i am "r1 are ! respect :i* ! savage feels = ! s\ls ( bea/s1 especially valuable or =midable bea/s1 & ! dread :i* he ent]ta9s ( _! v5geful gho/s4 ,"s confirmation ( ?is view may be drawn f ! c]emonies obs]v$ by fi%]m5 ( ,annam :5 ! c>case ( a :ale is wa%$ a%ore4 ,^! fi%]folk1 we are told1 wor%ip ! :ale on acc\nt ( ! b5efits !y d]ive f x4 ,!re is h>dly a village on ! sea-%ore :i* has n its small pagoda1 conta9+ ! bones1 m or less au!ntic1 ( a :ale4 ,:5 a dead :ale is wa%$ a%ore1 ! p accord x a solemn burial4 ,! man :o fir/ caught sight ( x acts z *ief m\rn]1 p]=m+ ! rites :i* z *ief m\rn] & heir he w\ld p]=m = a human k9sman4 ,he puts on all ! g>b ( woe1 ! /raw hat1 ! :ite robe ) long sleeves turn$ inside out1 & ! o!r p>aph]nalia ( full m\rn+4 ,z next ( k9 to ! deceas$ he presides ov] ! fun]al rites4 ,p]fumes are burn$1 /icks ( inc5se k9dl$1 leaves ( gold & silv] scatt]$1 crack]s let (f4 ,:5 ! fle% has be5 cut (f & ! oil extract$1 ! rema9s ( ! c>case are buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,aft] w>ds a %$ is set up & (f]+s are made 9 x4 ,usually "s "t aft] ! burial ! _s ( ! dead :ale takes possession ( "s p]son 9 ! village & decl>es by 8 m\? :e!r he is a male or a female4 ,,xxi4 ,taboo$ ,?+s #a4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,taboo ,,?us 9 primitive society ! rules ( c]emonial purity obs]v$ by div9e k+s1 *iefs1 & prie/s agree 9 _m respects ) ! rules obs]v$ by homicides1 m\rn]s1 wom5 9 *ildb$1 girls at pub]ty1 hunt]s & fi%]m51 & s on4 ,to u ^! v>i\s classes ( p]sons appe> to diff] totally 9 "* & condition2 "s ( !m we %\ld call holy1 o!rs we might pron\nce unclean & pollut$4 ,b ! savage makes no su* moral di/9ction betwe5 !m2 ! conceptions ( hol9ess & pollution are n yet diff]5tiat$ 9 8 m9d4 ,to him ! common feature ( all ^! p]sons is t !y are dang]\s & 9 dang]1 & ! dang] 9 :i* !y /& & to :i* !y expose o!rs is :at we %\ld call spiritual or gho/ly1 & !re=e imag9>y4 ,! dang]1 h[ev]1 is n less real because x is imag9>y2 imag9ation acts ^u man z really z does gravitation1 & may kill him z c]ta9ly z a dose ( prussic acid4 ,to seclude ^! p]sons f ! re/ ( ! _w s t ! dread$ spiritual dang] %all nei!r rea* !m nor spread f !m1 is ! object ( ! taboos :i* !y h to obs]ve4 ,^! taboos act1 s to say1 z electrical insulators to pres]ve ! spiritual =ce ) :i* ^! p]sons are *>g$ f suff]+ or inflict+ h>m by contact ) ! out] _w4 ,to ! illu/rations ( ^! g5]al pr9ciples :i* h be5 already giv5 ,i %all n[ add "s m1 draw+ my examples1 fir/1 f ! class ( taboo$ ?+s1 &1 second1 f ! class ( taboo$ words2 = 9 ! op9ion ( ! savage bo? ?+s & words may1 l p]sons1 be *>g$ or electrifi$1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 ) ! my/]i\s virtue ( taboo1 & may !re=e require to be bani%$ = a long] or %ort] "t f ! famili> usage ( common life4 ,& ! examples w be *os5 ) special ref]5ce to ^? sacr$ *iefs1 k+s & prie/s1 :o1 m ?an anybody else1 live f5c$ ab\t by taboo z by a wall4 ,taboo$ ?+s w be illu/rat$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 & taboo$ words 9 ! next4 #b4 ,iron taboo$ ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ place we may obs]ve t ! awful sanctity ( k+s naturally leads to a prohibition to t\* _! sacr$ p]sons4 ,?us x 0 unlawful to lay h&s on ! p]son ( a ,sp>tan k+3 no "o might t\* ! body ( ! k+ or que5 ( ,tahiti3 x is =bidd5 to t\* ! p]son ( ! k+ ( ,siam "u pa9 ( dea?2 & no "o may t\* ! k+ ( ,cambodia1 = any purpose :atev]1 )\t 8 express comm&4 ,9 ,july #ahgd ! k+ 0 ?r[n f 8 c>riage & lay ins5sible on ! gr\nd1 b n "o ( 8 suite d>$ to t\* him2 a ,european com+ to ! spot c>ri$ ! injur$ mon>* to 8 palace4 ,=m]ly no "o might t\* ! k+ ( ,corea2 & if he deign$ to t\* a subject1 ! spot t\*$ became sacr$1 & ! p]son ?us hon\r$ _h to we> a visible m>k 7g5]ally a cord ( r$ silk7 = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,above all1 no iron might t\* ! k+'s body4 ,9 #ahjj ,k+ ,ti5g-tsong-tai-oang di$ ( a tum\r 9 ! back1 no "o dream+ ( employ+ ! lancet1 :i* w\ld probably h sav$ 8 life4 ,x is said t "o k+ suff]$ t]ribly f an abscess 9 ! lip1 till 8 physician call$ 9 a je/]1 ^: pranks made ! k+ laugh he>tily1 & s ! abscess bur/4 ,roman & ,sab9e prie/s might n be %av$ ) iron b only ) bronze razors or %e>s2 & :5ev] an iron grav+-tool 0 br\ght into ! sacr$ grove ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs at ,rome = ! purpose ( cutt+ an inscription 9 /one1 an expiatory sacrifice ( a lamb & a pig mu/ be (f]$1 :i* 0 repeat$ :5 ! grav+-tool 0 remov$ f ! grove4 ,z a g5]al rule iron might n be br\ght into ,greek sanctu>ies4 ,9 ,crete sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,m5$emus )\t ! use ( iron1 because ! leg5d ran t ,m5$emus _h be5 kill$ by an iron weapon 9 ! ,trojan w>4 ,! ,ar*on ( ,plataea might n t\* iron2 b once a ye>1 at ! annual commemoration ( ! m5 :o fell at ! battle ( ,plataea1 he 0 all[$ to c>ry a sword :]e) to sacrifice a bull4 ,to ?is day a ,hott5tot prie/ nev] uses an iron knife1 b always a %>p spl9t ( qu>tz1 9 sacrific+ an animal or circumcis+ a lad4 ,among ! ,ovambo ( ,s\?-we/ ,africa cu/om requires t lads %\ld be circumcis$ ) a %>p fl9t2 if none is to h&1 ! op]ation may be p]=m$ ) iron1 b ! iron mu/ aft]w>ds be buri$4 ,among/ ! ,moquis ( ,arizona /one knives1 hat*ets1 & s on h pass$ out ( common use1 b are reta9$ 9 religi\s c]emonies4 ,aft] ! ,pawnees _h ceas$ to use /one arr[-heads = ord9>y purposes1 !y /ill employ$ !m to slay ! sacrifices1 :e!r human captives or buffalo & de]4 ,among/ ! ,jews no iron tool 0 us$ 9 build+ ! ,temple at ,j]usalem or 9 mak+ an alt>4 ,! old wood5 bridge 7,pons ,sublicius7 at ,rome1 :i* 0 consid]$ sacr$1 0 made & _h to be kept 9 repair )\t ! use ( iron or bronze4 ,x 0 expressly provid$ by law t ! temple ( ,jupit] ,lib] at ,furfo might be repair$ ) iron tools4 ,! c\ncil *amb] at ,cyzicus 0 con/ruct$ ( wood )\t any iron nails1 ! beams be+ s arrang$ t !y c\ld be tak5 out & replac$4 ,?is sup]/iti\s objection to iron p]haps dates f t e>ly "t 9 ! hi/ory ( society :5 iron 0 /ill a novelty1 & z su* 0 view$ by _m ) suspicion & dislike4 ,= ev]y?+ new is apt to excite ! awe & dread ( ! savage4 ,x is a curi\s sup]/ition1 says a pione] 9 ,borneo1 ?is ( ! ,dusuns1 to attribute any?+--:e!r good or bad1 lucky or unlucky--t happ5s to !m to some?+ novel :i* has arriv$ 9 _! c\ntry4 ,= in/ance1 my liv+ 9 ,k9dram has caus$ ! int5sely hot wea!r we h exp]i5c$ ( late4 ,! unusually heavy ra9s :i* happ5$ to foll[ ! ,engli% survey ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhf-ahhg 7 imput$ by ! al>m$ natives to ! wra? ( ! spirits at ! !odolites1 dumpy-levell]s1 & o!r /range in/rum5ts :i* _h be5 set up 9 s _m ( _! fav\rite haunts2 & "s ( !m propos$ to soo! ! ang] ( ! spirits by sacrific+ a pig4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a succession ( bad seasons excit$ a revolt among ! ,e/honian peasantry1 :o trac$ ! orig9 ( ! evil to a wat]mill1 :i* put a /ream to "s inconv5i5ce by *eck+ its fl[4 ,! fir/ introduction ( iron pl\gh%>es into ,pol& hav+ be5 foll[$ by a succession ( bad h>ve/s1 ! f>m]s attribut$ ! badness ( ! crops to ! iron pl\gh%>es1 & disc>d$ !m = ! old wood5 ones4 ,to ?is day ! primitive ,baduwis ( ,java1 :o live *iefly by husb&ry1 w use no iron tools 9 till+ _! fields4 ,! g5]al dislike ( innovation1 :i* always makes itself /rongly felt 9 ! sph]e ( religion1 is suffici5t by itself to acc\nt = ! sup]/iti\s av]sion to iron ent]ta9$ by k+s & prie/s & attribut$ by !m to ! gods2 possibly ?is av]sion may h be5 int5sifi$ 9 places by "s su* accid5tal cause z ! s]ies ( bad seasons :i* ca/ discr$it on iron pl\gh%>es 9 ,pol&4 ,b ! disfav\r 9 :i* iron is held by ! gods & _! m9i/]s has ano!r side4 ,_! antipa?y to ! metal furni%es m5 ) a weapon :i* may be turn$ aga9/ ! spirits :5 occasion s]ves4 ,z _! dislike ( iron is suppos$ to be s great t !y w n approa* p]sons & ?+s protect$ by ! obnoxi\s metal1 iron may obvi\sly be employ$ z a *>m = bann+ gho/s & o!r dang]\s spirits4 ,& (t5 x is s us$4 ,?us 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! great safegu>d aga9/ ! elf9 race is iron1 or1 bett] yet1 /eel4 ,! metal 9 any =m1 :e!r z a sword1 a knife1 a gun-b>rel1 or :at n1 is all-p[]ful = ?is purpose4 ,:5ev] y ent] a fairy dwell+ y %\ld always rememb] to /ick a piece ( /eel1 su* z a knife1 a ne$le1 or a fi%-hook1 9 ! door2 = !n ! elves w n be able to %ut ! door till y come out aga94 ,s1 too1 :5 y h %ot a de] & are br++ x home at night1 be sure to ?ru/ a knife into ! c>case1 = t keeps ! fairies f lay+ _! weight on x4 ,a knife or nail 9 y\r pocket is q en\gh to prev5t ! fairies f lift+ y up at night4 ,nails 9 ! front ( a b$ w>d (f elves f wom5 9 ! /raw & f _! babes2 b to make q sure x is bett] to put ! smoo?+-iron "u ! b$1 & ! reap+-hook 9 ! w9d[4 ,if a bull has fall5 ov] a rock & be5 kill$1 a nail /uck into x w pres]ve ! fle% f ! fairies4 ,music disc\rs$ on a ,jew's h>p keeps ! elf9 wom5 away f ! hunt]1 because ! tongue ( ! in/rum5t is ( /eel4 ,9 ,morocco iron is consid]$ a great protection aga9/ demons2 h5ce x is usual to place a knife or dagg] "u a sick man's pill[4 ,! ,s+halese believe t !y are con/antly surr\nd$ by evil spirits1 :o lie 9 wait to d !m h>m4 ,a peasant w\ld n d>e to c>ry good food1 su* z cakes or roa/ meat1 f "o place to ano!r )\t putt+ an iron nail on x to prev5t a demon f tak+ possession ( ! vi&s & s mak+ ! eat] ill4 ,no sick p]son1 :e!r man or woman1 w\ld v5ture out ( ! h\se )\t a bun* ( keys or a knife 9 8 h&1 = )\t su* a talisman he w\ld fe> t "s devil might take advantage ( 8 weak /ate to slip into 8 body4 ,& if a man has a l>ge sore on 8 body he tries to keep a morsel ( iron on x z a protection aga9/ demons4 ,on ! ,slave ,coa/ :5 a "m sees h] *ild gradually wa/+ away1 %e concludes t a demon has ent]$ into ! *ild1 & takes h] measures accord+ly4 ,to lure ! demon out ( ! body ( h] (fspr+1 %e (f]s a sacrifice ( food2 & :ile ! devil is bolt+ x1 %e atta*es iron r+s & small bells to h] *ild's ankles & hangs iron *a9s r\nd 8 neck4 ,! j+l+ ( ! iron & ! t9kl+ ( ! bells are suppos$ to prev5t ! demon1 :5 he has conclud$ 8 repa/1 f ent]+ aga9 into ! body ( ! little suff]]4 ,h5ce _m *ildr5 may be se5 9 ?is "p ( ,africa weigh$ d[n ) iron ornam5ts4 #c4 ,%>p ,weapons taboo$ ,,!re is a prie/ly k+ to ! nor? ( ,z5gwih 9 ,burma1 rev]$ by ! ,sotih z ! highe/ spiritual & temporal au?ority1 into ^: h\se no weapon or cutt+ in/rum5t may be br\ght4 ,?is rule may p]haps be expla9$ by a cu/om obs]v$ by v>i\s peoples aft] a dea?2 !y refra9 f ! use ( %>p in/rum5ts s long z ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ is suppos$ to be ne>1 le/ !y %\ld w\nd x4 ,?us among ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait dur+ ! day on :i* a p]son dies 9 ! village no "o is p]mitt$ to "w1 & ! relatives mu/ p]=m no lab\r dur+ ! ?ree foll[+ days4 ,x is especially =bidd5 dur+ ?is p]iod to cut ) any edg$ in/rum5t1 su* z a knife or an axe2 & ! use ( po9t$ in/rum5ts1 l ne$les or bodk9s1 is also =bidd54 ,?is is said to be done to avoid cutt+ or injur+ ! %ade1 :i* may be pres5t at any "t dur+ ?is p]iod1 &1 if accid5tally injur$ by any ( ^! ?+s1 x w\ld become v angry & br+ sickness or dea? to ! p4 ,! relatives mu/ also be v c>eful at ?is "t n to make any l\d or h>% noises t may />tle or ang] ! %ade4 ,we h se5 t 9 l mann] aft] kill+ a :ite :ale ^! ,esquimaux ab/a9 f ! use ( cutt+ or po9t$ in/rum5ts = f\r days1 le/ !y %\ld unwitt+ly cut or /ab ! :ale's gho/4 ,! same taboo is sometimes obs]v$ by !m :5 !re is a sick p]son 9 ! village1 probably f a fe> ( injur+ 8 %ade :i* may be hov]+ outside ( 8 body4 ,aft] a dea? ! ,r\manians ( ,transylvania are c>eful n to leave a knife ly+ ) ! %>p edge upp]mo/ s long z ! corpse rema9s 9 ! h\se1 or else ! s\l w be =c$ to ride on ! blade4 ,= sev5 days aft] a dea?1 ! corpse be+ /ill 9 ! h\se1 ! ,*9ese ab/a9 f ! use ( knives & ne$les1 & ev5 ( *op/icks1 eat+ _! food ) _! f+]s4 ,on ! ?ird1 six?1 n9?1 & =tie? days aft] ! fun]al ! old ,prussians & ,li?uanians us$ to prep>e a meal1 to :i*1 /&+ at ! door1 !y invit$ ! s\l ( ! deceas$4 ,at ^! meals !y sat sil5t r\nd ! table & us$ no knives & ! wom5 :o s]v$ up ! food 7 also )\t knives4 ,if any morsels fell f ! table !y 7 left ly+ !re = ! lonely s\ls t _h no liv+ relations or fri5ds to fe$ !m4 ,:5 ! meal 0 ov] ! prie/ took a broom & swept ! s\ls out ( ! h\se1 say+1 ,de> s\ls1 ye h eat5 & drunk4 ,g =?1 g =?4 ,we c n[ und]/& :y no cutt+ in/rum5t may be tak5 into ! h\se ( ! ,burmese pontiff4 ,l s _m prie/ly k+s1 he is probably reg>d$ z div9e1 & x is !re=e "r t 8 sacr$ _s %\ld n be expos$ to ! risk ( be+ cut or w\nd$ :5ev] x quits 8 body to hov] invisible 9 ! air or to fly on "s di/ant mission4 #d4 ,blood taboo$ ,,we h se5 t ! ,flam5 ,dialis 0 =bidd5 to t\* or ev5 "n raw fle%4 ,at c]ta9 times a ,brahman tea*] is enjo9$ n to look on raw fle%1 blood1 or p]sons ^: h&s h be5 cut (f4 ,9 ,ug&a ! fa!r ( tw9s is 9 a /ate ( taboo = "s "t aft] bir?2 among o!r rules he is =bidd5 to kill any?+ or to see blood4 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s :5 a raid has be5 made on a village & a head c>ri$ (f1 ! relations ( ! sla9 man are taboo$ & h to submit to c]ta9 obs]vances 9 ord] to escape ! wra? ( 8 gho/4 ,!y are %ut up 9 ! h\se1 t\* no raw fle%1 & *ew betel ov] :i* an incantation has be5 utt]$ by ! exorci/4 ,aft] ?is ! gho/ ( ! slaught]$ man goes away to ! enemy's c\ntry 9 pursuit ( 8 murd]]4 ,! taboo is probably bas$ on ! common belief t ! s\l or _s ( ! animal is 9 ! blood4 ,z taboo$ p]sons are believ$ to be 9 a p]il\s /ate--= example1 ! relations ( ! sla9 man are liable to ! attacks ( 8 indignant gho/--x is especially necess>y to isolate !m f contact ) spirits2 h5ce ! prohibition to t\* raw meat4 ,b z usual ! taboo is only ! special en=cem5t ( a g5]al precept2 9 o!r words1 its obs]vance is p>ticul>ly enjo9$ 9 circum/ances :i* seem urg5tly to call = its application1 b ap>t f su* circum/ances ! prohibition is also obs]v$1 ?\gh less /rictly1 z a common rule ( life4 ,?us "s ( ! ,e/honians w n ta/e blood because !y believe t x conta9s ! animal's s\l1 :i* w\ld ent] ! body ( ! p]son :o ta/$ ! blood4 ,"s ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?r\gh a /rong pr9ciple ( religion1 ab/a9 9 ! /ricte/ mann] f eat+ ! blood ( any animal1 z x conta9s ! life & _s ( ! bea/4 ,jewi% hunt]s p\r$ out ! blood ( ! game !y _h kill$ & cov]$ x up ) du/4 ,!y w\ld n ta/e ! blood1 believ+ t ! s\l or life ( ! animal 0 9 ! blood1 or actually 0 ! blood4 ,x is a common rule t royal blood may n be %$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce :5 a k+ or "o ( 8 family is to be put to dea? a mode ( execution is devis$ by :i* ! royal blood %all n be spilt ^u ! e>?4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afhh ! g5]alissimo ( ! army rebell$ aga9/ ! k+ ( ,siam & put him to dea? aft] ! mann] ( royal crim9als1 or z pr9ces ( ! blood are treat$ :5 convict$ ( capital crimes1 :i* is by putt+ !m into a l>ge iron caldron1 & p\nd+ !m to pieces ) wood5 pe/les1 because none ( _! royal blood mu/ be spilt on ! gr\nd1 x be+1 by _! religion1 ?\ght great impiety to contam9ate ! div9e blood by mix+ x ) e>?4 ,:5 ,kublai ,khan defeat$ & took 8 uncle ,nayan1 :o _h rebell$ aga9/ him1 he caus$ ,nayan to be put to dea? by be+ wrapt 9 a c>pet & toss$ to & fro till he di$1 because he w\ld n h ! blood ( 8 ,l9e ,imp]ial spilt ^u ! gr\nd or expos$ 9 ! eye ( ,heav5 & be=e ! ,sun4 ,fri> ,ricold m5tions ! ,t>t> maxim3 ',"o ,khan w put ano!r to dea? to get possession ( ! ?rone1 b he takes great c>e t ! blood be n spilt4 ,= !y say t x is highly improp] t ! blood ( ! ,great ,khan %\ld be spilt ^u ! gr\nd2 s !y cause ! victim to be smo!r$ someh[ or o!r4' ,! l feel+ prevails at ! c\rt ( ,burma1 :]e a peculi> mode ( execution )\t blood%$ is res]v$ = pr9ces ( ! blood4 ,! reluctance to spill royal blood seems to be only a p>ticul> case ( a g5]al unwill+ness to %$ blood or at lea/ to all[ x to fall on ! gr\nd4 ,m>co ,polo tells u t 9 8 day p]sons caught 9 ! /reets ( ,cambaluc 7,pek+7 at unseasonable h\rs 7 arre/$1 & if f\nd guilty ( a misdemeanor 7 beat5 ) a /ick4 ,"u ?is puni%m5t p sometimes die1 b !y adopt x 9 ord] to es*ew blood%$1 = _! ,bacsis say t x is an evil ?+ to %$ man's blood4 ,9 ,we/ ,sussex p believe t ! gr\nd on :i* human blood has be5 %$ is accurs$ & w rema9 b>r5 = ev]4 ,among "s primitive peoples1 :5 ! blood ( a tribesman has to be spilt x is n suff]$ to fall ^u ! gr\nd1 b is receiv$ ^u ! bodies ( 8 fell[-tribesm54 ,?us 9 "s ,au/ralian tribes boys :o are be+ circumcis$ are laid on a plat=m1 =m$ by ! liv+ bodies ( ! tribesm52 & :5 a boy's too? is knock$ out z an initiatory c]emony1 he is seat$ on ! %\ld]s ( a man1 on ^: brea/ ! blood fl[s & may n be wip$ away4 ,also ! ,gauls us$ to dr9k _! enemies' blood & pa9t !mselves !re)4 ,s also !y write t ! old ,iri% 7 wont2 & s h ,i se5 "s ( ! ,iri% d1 b n _! enemies' b fri5ds' blood1 z1 namely1 at ! execution ( a notable traitor at ,lim]ick1 call$ ,murrogh ,o',bri51 ,i saw an old woman1 :i* 0 8 fo/]-"m1 take up 8 head :il/ he 0 qu>t]$ & suck up all ! blood t ran !re\t1 say+ t ! e>? 0 n wor?y to dr9k x1 & !re) also /eep$ h] face & brea/ & tore h] hair1 cry+ out & %riek+ mo/ t]ribly4 ,among ! ,latuka ( ,c5tral ,africa ! e>? on :i* a drop ( blood has fall5 at *ildbir? is c>efully scrap$ up ) an iron %ovel1 put into a pot along ) ! wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! "m1 & buri$ tol]ably deep outside ! h\se on ! left-h& side4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 if a drop ( y\r blood has fall5 on ! gr\nd1 y mu/ c>efully cov] x up1 rub & /amp x into ! soil2 if x has fall5 on ! side ( a canoe or a tree1 ! place is cut out & ! *ip de/roy$4 ,"o motive ( ^! ,african cu/oms may be a wi% to prev5t ! blood f fall+ into ! h&s ( magicians1 :o might make an evil use ( x4 ,t is admitt$ly ! reason :y p 9 ,we/ ,africa /amp out any blood ( !irs :i* has dropp$ on ! gr\nd or cut out any wood t has be5 soak$ ) x4 ,f a l dread ( sorc]y natives ( ,new ,gu9ea are c>eful to burn any /icks1 leaves1 or rags :i* are /a9$ ) _! blood2 & if ! blood has dripp$ on ! gr\nd !y turn up ! soil & if possible light a fire on ! spot4 ,! same fe> expla9s ! curi\s duties dis*>g$ by a class ( m5 call$ ramanga or blue blood among ! ,betsileo ( ,madagasc>4 ,x is _! bus9ess to eat all ! nail-p>+s & to lick up all ! spilt blood ( ! nobles4 ,:5 ! nobles p>e _! nails1 ! p>+s are collect$ to ! la/ scrap & swall[$ by ^! ramanga4 ,if ! p>+s are too l>ge1 !y are m9c$ small & s gulp$ d[n4 ,aga91 %\ld a nobleman w\nd himself1 say 9 cutt+ 8 nails or tread+ on some?+1 ! ramanga lick up ! blood z fa/ z possible4 ,nobles ( high rank h>dly g any:]e )\t ^! humble att5dants2 b if x %\ld happ5 t !re are none ( !m pres5t1 ! cut nails & ! spilt blood are c>efully collect$ to be aft]w>ds swall[$ by ! ramanga4 ,!re is sc>cely a nobleman ( any pret5sions :o does n /rictly obs]ve ?is cu/om1 ! int5tion ( :i* probably is to prev5t ^! p>ts ( 8 p]son f fall+ into ! h&s ( sorc]]s1 :o on ! pr9ciples ( contagi\s magic c\ld "w him h>m !reby4 ,! g5]al explanation ( ! reluctance to %$ blood on ! gr\nd is probably to be f\nd 9 ! belief t ! s\l is 9 ! blood1 & t !re=e any gr\nd on :i* x may fall necess>ily becomes taboo or sacr$4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& any?+ ^u :i* ev5 a drop ( a high *ief's blood *ances to fall becomes taboo or sacr$ to him4 ,= in/ance1 a p>ty ( natives hav+ come to visit a *ief 9 a f9e new canoe1 ! *ief got into x1 b 9 do+ s a spl9t] ent]$ 8 foot1 & ! blood trickl$ on ! canoe1 :i* at once became sacr$ to him4 ,! own] jump$ out1 dragg$ ! canoe a%ore opposite ! *ief's h\se1 & left x !re4 ,aga91 a *ief 9 ent]+ a mission>y's h\se knock$ 8 head aga9/ a beam1 & ! blood fl[$4 ,! natives said t 9 =m] times ! h\se w\ld h belong$ to ! *ief4 ,z usually happ5s ) taboos ( univ]sal application1 ! prohibition to spill ! blood ( a tribesman on ! gr\nd applies ) peculi> /r+5cy to *iefs & k+s1 & is obs]v$ 9 _! case long aft] x has ceas$ to be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( o!rs4 #e4 ,! ,head taboo$ ,,_m peoples reg>d ! head z peculi>ly sacr$2 ! special sanctity attribut$ to x is sometimes expla9$ by a belief t x conta9s a _s :i* is v s5sitive to injury or disrespect4 ,?us ! ,yorubas hold t e man has ?ree spiritual inmates1 ( :om ! fir/1 call$ ,olori1 dwells 9 ! head & is ! man's protector1 gu>dian1 & guide4 ,(f]+s are made to ?is _s1 *iefly ( f[ls1 & "s ( ! blood mix$ ) palmoil is rubb$ on ! =ehead4 ,! ,k>5s suppose t a be+ call$ ! tso resides 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head1 & :ile x reta9s its seat no h>m c befall ! p]son f ! ef=ts ( ! sev5 ,kelahs1 or p]sonifi$ passions4 ,b if ! tso becomes he$less or weak c]ta9 evil to ! p]son is ! result4 ,h5ce ! head is c>efully att5d$ to1 & all possible pa9s are tak5 to provide su* dress & attire z w be pleas+ to ! tso4 ,! ,siamese ?9k t a _s call$ khuan or kwun dwells 9 ! human head1 ( :i* x is ! gu>dian _s4 ,! _s mu/ be c>efully protect$ f injury ( e k9d2 h5ce ! act ( %av+ or cutt+ ! hair is accompani$ ) _m c]emonies4 ,! kwun is v s5sitive on po9ts ( hon\r1 & w\ld feel mortally insult$ if ! head 9 :i* he resides 7 t\*$ by ! h& ( a /rang]4 ,! ,cambodians e/eem x a grave (f5ce to t\* a man's head2 "s ( !m w n ent] a place :]e any?+ :atev] is susp5d$ ov] _! heads2 & ! meane/ ,cambodian w\ld nev] cons5t to live "u an inhabit$ room4 ,h5ce ! h\ses are built ( "o /ory only2 & ev5 ! ,gov]nm5t respects ! prejudice by nev] plac+ a prison] 9 ! /ocks "u ! floor ( a h\se1 ?\gh ! h\ses are rais$ high above ! gr\nd4 ,! same sup]/ition exi/s among/ ! ,malays2 = an e>ly travell] reports t 9 ,java p we> no?+ on _! heads1 & say t no?+ mu/ be on _! heads 4 4 4 & if any p]son 7 to put 8 h& ^u _! head !y w\ld kill him2 & !y d n build h\ses ) /oreys1 9 ord] t !y may n walk ov] ea* o!r's heads4 ,! same sup]/ition z to ! head is f\nd 9 full =ce ?r\gh\t ,polynesia4 ,?us ( ,gattanewa1 a ,m>quesan *ief1 x is said t to t\* ! top ( 8 head1 or any?+ :i* _h be5 on 8 head1 0 sacrilege4 ,to pass ov] 8 head 0 an indignity nev] to be =gott54 ,! son ( a ,m>quesan high prie/ has be5 se5 to roll on ! gr\nd 9 an agony ( rage & despair1 begg+ = dea?1 because "s "o _h desecrat$ 8 head & depriv$ him ( 8 div9ity by spr9kl+ a few drops ( wat] on 8 hair4 ,b x 0 n ! ,m>quesan *iefs only ^: heads 7 sacr$4 ,! head ( e ,m>quesan 0 taboo1 & might nei!r be t\*$ nor /epp$ ov] by ano!r2 ev5 a fa!r might n /ep ov] ! head ( 8 sleep+ *ild2 wom5 7 =bidd5 to c>ry or t\* any?+ t _h be5 9 contact )1 or _h m]ely hung ov]1 ! head ( _! husb& or fa!r4 ,no "o 0 all[$ to be ov] ! head ( ! k+ ( ,tonga4 ,9 ,tahiti any "o :o /ood ov] ! k+ or que51 or pass$ 8 h& ov] _! heads1 might be put to dea?4 ,until c]ta9 rites 7 p]=m$ ov] x1 a ,tahitian infant 0 especially taboo2 :atev] t\*$ ! *ild's head1 :ile x 0 9 ?is /ate1 became sacr$ & 0 deposit$ 9 a consecrat$ place rail$ 9 = ! purpose at ! *ild's h\se4 ,if a bran* ( a tree t\*$ ! *ild's head1 ! tree 0 cut d[n2 & if 9 its fall x injur$ ano!r tree s z to p5etrate ! b>k1 t tree also 0 cut d[n z unclean & unfit = use4 ,aft] ! rites 7 p]=m$ ^! special taboos ceas$2 b ! head ( a ,tahitian 0 always sacr$1 he nev] c>ri$ any?+ on x1 & to t\* x 0 an (f5ce4 ,s sacr$ 0 ! head ( a ,maori *ief t if he only t\*$ x ) 8 f+]s1 he 0 oblig$ imm$iately to apply !m to 8 nose1 & snuff up ! sanctity :i* !y _h acquir$ by ! t\*1 & ?us re/ore x to ! "p f :5ce x 0 tak54 ,on acc\nt ( ! sacr$ness ( 8 head a ,maori *ief c\ld n bl[ ! fire ) 8 m\?1 = ! brea? be+ sacr$1 communicat$ 8 sanctity to x1 & a br& might be tak5 by a slave1 or a man ( ano!r tribe1 or ! fire might be us$ = o!r purposes1 su* z cook+1 & s cause 8 dea?4 #f4 ,hair taboo$ ,,:5 ! head 0 consid]$ s sacr$ t x might n ev5 be t\*$ )\t grave (f5ce1 x is obvi\s t ! cutt+ ( ! hair mu/ h be5 a delicate & difficult op]ation4 ,! difficulties & dang]s :i*1 on ! primitive view1 beset ! op]ation are ( two k9ds4 ,!re is fir/ ! dang] ( di/urb+ ! _s ( ! head1 :i* may be injur$ 9 ! process & may rev5ge itself ^u ! p]son :o mole/s him4 ,secondly1 !re is ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( ! %orn locks4 ,= ! savage believes t ! sympa!tic connexion :i* exi/s betwe5 himself & e "p ( 8 body cont9ues to exi/ ev5 aft] ! physical connexion has be5 brok51 & t !re=e he w suff] f any h>m t may befall ! sev]al p>ts ( 8 body1 su* z ! clipp+s ( 8 hair or ! p>+s ( 8 nails4 ,accord+ly he takes c>e t ^! sev]$ portions ( himself %all n be left 9 places :]e !y might ei!r be expos$ to accid5tal injury or fall into ! h&s ( malici\s p]sons :o might "w magic on !m to 8 detrim5t or dea?4 ,su* dang]s are common to all1 b sacr$ p]sons h m to fe> f !m ?an ord9>y p1 s ! precautions tak5 by !m are proportionately /r+5t4 ,! simple/ way ( evad+ ! p]il is n to cut ! hair at all2 & ?is is ! exp$i5t adopt$ :]e ! risk is ?\ght to be m ?an usually great4 ,! ,franki% k+s 7 nev] all[$ to crop _! hair2 f _! *ildhood upw>ds !y _h to keep x un%orn4 ,to poll ! long locks t float$ on _! %\ld]s w\ld h be5 to r5\nce _! "r to ! ?rone4 ,:5 ! wick$ bro!rs ,clotaire & ,*ildeb]t covet$ ! k+dom ( _! dead bro!r ,clodomir1 !y inveigl$ into _! p[] _! little nephews1 ! two sons ( ,clodomir2 & hav+ done s1 !y s5t a mess5g] be>+ scissors & a nak$ sword to ! *ildr5's gr&mo!r1 ,que5 ,clotilde1 at ,p>is4 ,! envoy %[$ ! scissors & ! sword to ,clotilde1 & bade h] *oose :e!r ! *ildr5 %\ld be %orn & live or rema9 un%orn & die4 ,! pr\d que5 repli$ t if h] gr&*ildr5 7 n to come to ! ?rone %e w\ld r see !m dead ?an %orn4 ,& murd]$ !y 7 by _! ru?less uncle ,clotaire ) 8 own h&4 ,! k+ ( ,ponape1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 mu/ we> 8 hair long1 & s mu/ 8 gr&ees4 ,among ! ,hos1 a negro tribe ( ,we/ ,africa1 !re are prie/s on ^: head no razor may come dur+ ! :ole ( _! lives4 ,! god :o dwells 9 ! man =bids ! cutt+ ( 8 hair on pa9 ( dea?4 ,if ! hair is at la/ too long1 ! own] mu/ pray to 8 god to all[ him at lea/ to clip ! tips ( x4 ,! hair is 9 fact conceiv$ z ! seat & lodg+-place ( 8 god1 s t 7 x %orn ! god w\ld lose 8 abode 9 ! prie/4 ,! memb]s ( a ,masai clan1 :o are believ$ to possess ! art ( mak+ ra91 may n pluck out _! be>ds1 because ! loss ( _! be>ds w\ld1 x is suppos$1 entail ! loss ( _! ra9-mak+ p[]s4 ,! head *ief & ! sorc]]s ( ! ,masai obs]ve ! same rule = a l reason3 !y ?9k t 7 !y to pull out _! be>ds1 _! sup]natural gifts w\ld des]t !m4 ,aga91 m5 :o h tak5 a v[ ( v5geance sometimes keep _! hair un%orn till !y h fulfill$ _! v[4 ,?us ( ! ,m>quesans we are told t occasionally !y h _! head entirely %av$1 except "o lock on ! cr[n1 :i* is worn loose or put up 9 a knot4 ,b ! latt] mode ( we>+ ! hair is only adopt$ by !m :5 !y h a solemn v[1 z to rev5ge ! dea? ( "s ne> relation1 etc4 ,9 su* case ! lock is nev] cut (f until !y h fulfill$ _! promise4 ,a simil> cu/om 0 sometimes obs]v$ by ! anci5t ,g]mans2 among ! ,*atti ! "y w>riors nev] clipp$ _! hair or _! be>d till !y _h sla9 an enemy4 ,among ! ,toradjas1 :5 a *ild's hair is cut to rid x ( v]m91 "s locks are all[$ to rema9 on ! cr[n ( ! head z a refuge = "o ( ! *ild's s\ls4 ,o!rwise ! s\l w\ld h no place 9 :i* to settle1 & ! *ild w\ld sick54 ,! ,k>o-,bataks are mu* afraid ( fright5+ away ! s\l ( a *ild2 h5ce :5 !y cut its hair1 !y always leave a pat* un%orn1 to :i* ! s\l c retreat be=e ! %e>s4 ,usually ?is lock rema9s un%orn all ?r\gh life1 or at lea/ up till manhood4 #g4 ,c]emonies at ,hair-cutt+ ,,b :5 x becomes necess>y to crop ! hair1 measures are tak5 to less5 ! dang]s :i* are suppos$ to att5d ! op]ation4 ,! *ief ( ,namosi 9 ,fiji always ate a man by way ( precaution :5 he _h _h 8 hair cut4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 clan t _h to provide ! victim1 & !y us$ to sit 9 solemn c\ncil among !mselves to *oose him4 ,x 0 a sacrificial fea/ to av]t evil f ! *ief4 ,among/ ! ,maoris _m spells 7 utt]$ at hair-cutt+2 "o1 = example1 0 spok5 to consecrate ! obsidian knife ) :i* ! hair 0 cut2 ano!r 0 pron\nc$ to av]t ! ?und] & lightn+ :i* hair-cutt+ 0 believ$ to cause4 ,he :o has _h 8 hair cut is 9 imm$iate *>ge ( ! ,atua 7_s72 he is remov$ f ! contact & society ( 8 family & 8 tribe2 he d>e n t\* 8 food himself2 x is put into 8 m\? by ano!r p]son2 nor c he = "s days resume 8 accu/om$ occupations or associate ) 8 fell[-m54 ,! p]son :o cuts ! hair is also taboo$2 8 h&s hav+ be5 9 contact ) a sacr$ head1 he may n t\* food ) !m or engage 9 any o!r employm5t2 he is f$ by ano!r p]son ) food cook$ ov] a sacr$ fire4 ,he _c be releas$ f ! taboo be=e ! foll[+ day1 :5 he rubs 8 h&s ) potato or f]n root :i* has be5 cook$ on a sacr$ fire2 & ?is food hav+ be5 tak5 to ! head ( ! family 9 ! female l9e & eat5 by h]1 8 h&s are fre$ f ! taboo4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,zeal& ! mo/ sacr$ day ( ! ye> 0 t appo9t$ = hair-cutt+2 ! p assembl$ 9 l>ge numb]s on t day f all ! neighb\rhood4 #h4 ,disposal ( ,cut ,hair & ,nails ,,b ev5 :5 ! hair & nails h be5 safely cut1 !re rema9s ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( !m1 = _! own] believes himself liable to suff] f any h>m t may befall !m4 ,! notion t a man may be bewit*$ by means ( ! clipp+s ( 8 hair1 ! p>+s ( 8 nails1 or any o!r sev]$ portion ( 8 p]son is almo/ _w-wide1 & atte/$ by evid5ce too ample1 too famili>1 & too t$i\s 9 its uni=mity to be "h analys$ at l5g?4 ,! g5]al idea on :i* ! sup]/ition re/s is t ( ! sympa!tic connexion suppos$ to p]si/ betwe5 a p]son & ev]y?+ t has once be5 "p ( 8 body or 9 any way closely relat$ to him4 ,a v few examples mu/ suffice4 ,!y belong to t bran* ( sympa!tic magic :i* may be call$ contagi\s4 ,dread ( sorc]y1 we are told1 =m$ "o ( ! mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,m>quesan isl&]s 9 ! old days4 ,! sorc]] took "s ( ! hair1 spittle1 or o!r bodily refuse ( ! man he wi%$ to injure1 wrapp$ x up 9 a leaf1 & plac$ ! packet 9 a bag wov5 ( ?reads or fibres1 :i* 7 knott$ 9 an intricate way4 ,! :ole 0 !n buri$ ) c]ta9 rites1 & !reupon ! victim wa/$ away ( a langui%+ sickness :i* la/$ tw5ty days4 ,8 life1 h[ev]1 might be sav$ by discov]+ & digg+ up ! buri$ hair1 spittle1 or :at n2 = z soon z ?is 0 done ! p[] ( ! *>m ceas$4 ,a ,maori sorc]] int5t on bewit*+ somebody s\ght to get a tress ( 8 victim's hair1 ! p>+s ( 8 nails1 "s ( 8 spittle1 or a %r$ ( 8 g>m5t4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! object1 :atev] x 01 he *ant$ c]ta9 spells & curses ov] x 9 a falsetto voice & buri$ x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,z ! ?+ decay$1 ! p]son to :om x _h belong$ 0 suppos$ to wa/e away4 ,:5 an ,au/ralian blackfell[ wi%es to get rid ( 8 wife1 he cuts (f a lock ( h] hair 9 h] sleep1 ties x to 8 spe>-?r[]1 & goes ) x to a neighb\r+ tribe1 :]e he gives x to a fri5d4 ,8 fri5d /icks ! spe>-?r[] up e night be=e ! camp fire1 & :5 x falls d[n x is a sign t ! wife is dead4 ,! way 9 :i* ! *>m op]ates 0 expla9$ to ,dr4 ,h[itt by a ,wirajuri man4 ,y see1 he said1 :5 a blackfell[ doctor gets hold ( some?+ belong+ to a man & roa/s x ) ?+s1 & s+s ov] x1 ! fire cat*es hold ( ! smell ( ! man1 & t settles ! poor fell[4 ,! ,huzuls ( ! ,c>pa?ians imag9e t if mice get a p]son's %orn hair & make a ne/ ( x1 ! p]son w suff] f heada*e or ev5 become idiotic4 ,simil>ly 9 ,g]many x is a common notion t if birds f9d a p]son's cut hair1 & build _! ne/s ) x1 ! p]son w suff] f heada*e2 sometimes x is ?\ght t he w h an eruption on ! head4 ,! same sup]/ition prevails1 or us$ to prevail1 9 ,we/ ,sussex4 ,aga9 x is ?\ght t cut or comb$-out hair may di/urb ! wea!r by produc+ ra9 & hail1 ?und] & lightn+4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,new ,zeal& a spell 0 utt]$ at hair-cutt+ to av]t ?und] & lightn+4 ,9 ! ,tyrol1 wit*es are suppos$ to use cut or comb$-out hair to make hail/ones or ?und]/orms )4 ,?l9keet ,indians h be5 kn[n to attribute /ormy wea!r to ! ra% act ( a girl :o _h comb$ h] hair outside ( ! h\se4 ,! ,romans seem to h held simil> views1 = x 0 a maxim ) !m t no "o on %ipbo>d %\ld cut 8 hair or nails except 9 a /orm1 t is1 :5 ! mis*ief 0 already done4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& x is said t no si/] %\ld comb h] hair at night if %e h a bro!r at sea4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 :5 ! ,mani ( ,*itombe or ,jumba di$1 ! p us$ to run 9 cr[ds to ! corpse & te> out 8 hair1 tee?1 & nails1 :i* !y kept z a ra9-*>m1 believ+ t o!rwise no ra9 w\ld fall4 ,! ,makoko ( ! ,anzikos begg$ ! mission>ies to give him half _! be>ds z a ra9-*>m4 ,if cut hair & nails rema9 9 sympa!tic connexion ) ! p]son f ^: body !y h be5 sev]$1 x is cle> t !y c be us$ z ho/ages = 8 good behavi\r by any "o :o may *ance to possess !m2 = on ! pr9ciples ( contagi\s magic he has only to injure ! hair or nails 9 ord] to hurt simultane\sly _! orig9al own]4 ,h5ce :5 ! ,n&i h tak5 a prison] !y %ave 8 head & keep ! %orn hair z a surety t he w n attempt to escape2 b :5 ! captive is ransom$1 !y return 8 %orn hair ) him to 8 own p4 ,to pres]ve ! cut hair & nails f injury & f ! dang]\s uses to :i* !y may be put by sorc]]s1 x is necess>y to deposit !m 9 "s safe place4 ,! %orn locks ( a ,maori *ief 7 ga!r$ ) mu* c>e & plac$ 9 an adjo9+ cemet]y4 ,! ,tahitians buri$ ! cutt+s ( _! hair at ! temples4 ,9 ! /reets ( ,soku a mod]n travell] obs]v$ cairns ( l>ge /ones pil$ aga9/ walls ) tufts ( human hair ins]t$ 9 ! crevices4 ,on ask+ ! mean+ ( ?is1 he 0 told t :5 any native ( ! place poll$ 8 hair he c>efully ga!r$ up ! clipp+s & deposit$ !m 9 "o ( ^! cairns1 all ( :i* 7 sacr$ to ! feti% & !re=e inviolable4 ,^! cairns ( sacr$ /ones1 he fur!r le>n$1 7 simply a precaution aga9/ wit*craft1 = if a man 7 n ?us c>eful 9 dispos+ ( 8 hair1 "s ( x might fall into ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 :o w\ld1 by means ( x1 be able to ca/ spells ov] him & s compass 8 de/ruction4 ,:5 ! top-knot ( a ,siamese *ild has be5 cut ) great c]emony1 ! %ort hairs are put into a little vessel made ( planta9 leaves & set adrift on ! ne>e/ riv] or canal4 ,z !y float away1 all t 0 wrong or h>mful 9 ! *ild's disposition is believ$ to dep>t ) !m4 ,! long hairs are kept till ! *ild makes a pilgrimage to ! holy ,footpr9t ( ,buddha on ! sacr$ hill at ,prabat4 ,!y are !n pres5t$ to ! prie/s1 :o are suppos$ to make !m into bru%es ) :i* !y sweep ! ,footpr9t2 b 9 fact s mu* hair is ?us (f]$ e ye> t ! prie/s _c use x all1 s !y quietly burn ! sup]fluity z soon z ! pilgrims' backs are turn$4 ,! cut hair & nails ( ! ,flam5 ,dialis 7 buri$ "u a lucky tree4 ,! %orn tresses ( ! ,ve/al ,virg9s 7 hung on an anci5t lotus-tree4 ,(t5 ! clipp$ hair & nails are /[$ away 9 any secret place1 n necess>ily 9 a temple or cemet]y or at a tree1 z 9 ! cases already m5tion$4 ,?us 9 ,swabia y are recomm5d$ to deposit y\r clipp$ hair 9 "s spot :]e nei!r sun nor moon c %9e on x1 = example 9 ! e>? or "u a /one4 ,9 ,danzig x is buri$ 9 a bag "u ! ?re%old4 ,9 ,ugi1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 m5 bury _! hair le/ x %\ld fall into ! h&s ( an enemy1 :o w\ld make magic ) x & s br+ sickness or calamity on !m4 ,! same fe> seems to be g5]al 9 ,melanesia1 & has l$ to a regul> practice ( hid+ cut hair & nails4 ,! same practice prevails among _m tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 f a fe> le/ wiz>ds %\ld get hold ( ! sev]$ p>ticles & "w evil ) !m4 ,! ,caffres c>ry /ill fur!r ?is dread ( all[+ any portion ( !mselves to fall into ! h&s ( an enemy2 = n only d !y bury _! cut hair & nails 9 a secret spot1 b :5 "o ( !m cleans ! head ( ano!r he pres]ves ! v]m9 :i* he cat*es1 c>efully deliv]+ !m to ! p]son to :om !y orig9ally app]ta9$1 suppos+1 accord+ to _! !ory1 t z !y d]iv$ _! support f ! blood ( ! man f :om !y 7 tak51 %\ld !y be kill$ by ano!r1 ! blood ( 8 neighb\r w\ld be 9 8 possession1 ?us plac+ 9 8 h&s ! p[] ( "s sup]human influ5ce4 ,sometimes ! sev]$ hair & nails are pres]v$1 n to prev5t !m f fall+ into ! h&s ( a magician1 b t ! own] may h !m at ! resurrection ( ! body1 to :i* "s races look =w>d4 ,?us ! ,incas ( ,p]u took extreme c>e to pres]ve ! nail-p>+s & ! hairs t 7 %orn (f or torn out ) a comb2 plac+ !m 9 holes or ni*es 9 ! walls2 & if !y fell out1 any o!r ,indian t saw !m pick$ !m up & put !m 9 _! places aga94 ,i v (t5 ask$ diff]5t ,indians1 at v>i\s times1 :y !y did ?is1 9 ord] to see :at !y w\ld say1 & !y all repli$ 9 ! same words say+1 ',"k t all p]sons :o are born mu/ return to life' 7!y h no ^w to express resurrection71 '& ! s\ls mu/ rise out ( _! tombs ) all t belong$ to _! bodies4 ,we1 !re=e1 9 ord] t we may n h to se>* = our hair & nails at a "t :5 !re w be mu* hurry & confusion1 place !m 9 "o place1 t !y may be br\ght toge!r m conv5i5tly1 &1 :5ev] x is possible1 we are also c>eful to spit 9 "o place4' ,simil>ly ! ,turks nev] ?r[ away ! p>+s ( _! nails1 b c>efully /[ !m 9 cracks ( ! walls or ( ! bo>ds1 9 ! belief t !y w be ne$$ at ! resurrection4 ,! ,arm5ians d n ?r[ away _! cut hair & nails & extract$ tee?1 b hide !m 9 places t are e/eem$ holy1 su* z a crack 9 ! *ur* wall1 a pill> ( ! h\se1 or a holl[ tree4 ,!y ?9k t all ^! sev]$ portions ( !mselves w be want$ at ! resurrection1 & t he :o has n /[$ !m away 9 a safe place w h to hunt ab\t = !m on ! great day4 ,9 ! village ( ,drumconra? 9 ,irel& !re us$ to be "s old wom5 :o1 hav+ asc]ta9$ f ,scripture t ! hairs ( _! heads 7 all numb]$ by ! ,almighty1 expect$ to h to acc\nt = !m at ! day ( judgm5t4 ,9 ord] to be able to d s !y /uff$ ! sev]$ hair away 9 ! ?at* ( _! cottages4 ,"s p burn _! loose hair to save x f fall+ into ! h&s ( sorc]]s4 ,?is is done by ! ,patagonians & "s ( ! ,victorian tribes4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,vosges !y say t y %\ld nev] leave ! clipp+s ( y\r hair & nails ly+ ab\t1 b burn !m to h9d] ! sorc]]s f us+ !m aga9/ y4 ,= ! same reason ,italian wom5 ei!r burn _! loose hairs or ?r[ !m into a place :]e no "o is likely to look = !m4 ,! almo/ univ]sal dread ( wit*craft induces ! ,we/ ,african negroes1 ! ,makololo ( ,s\? ,africa1 & ! ,tahitians to burn or bury _! %orn hair4 ,9 ! ,tyrol _m p burn _! hair le/ ! wit*es %\ld use x to raise ?und]/orms2 o!rs burn or bury x to prev5t ! birds f l9+ _! ne/s ) x1 :i* w\ld cause ! heads f :i* ! hair came to a*e4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! hair & nails pla9ly involves an inconsi/5cy ( ?\ght4 ,! object ( ! de/ruction is av[$ly to prev5t ^! sev]$ portions ( ! body f be+ us$ by sorc]]s4 ,b ! possibility ( _! be+ s us$ dep5ds ^u ! suppos$ sympa!tic connexion betwe5 !m & ! man f :om !y 7 sev]$4 ,& if ?is sympa!tic connexion /ill exi/s1 cle>ly ^! sev]$ portions _c be de/roy$ )\t injury to ! man4 #i4 ,spittle taboo$ ,,! ,,same fe> ( wit*craft :i* has l$ s _m p to hide or de/roy _! loose hair & nails has induc$ o!r or ! same p to treat _! spittle 9 a l fa%ion4 ,= on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic ! spittle is "p ( ! man1 & :atev] is done to x w h a correspond+ effect on him4 ,a ,*ilote ,indian1 :o has ga!r$ up ! spittle ( an enemy1 w put x 9 a potato1 & hang ! potato 9 ! smoke1 utt]+ c]ta9 spells z he does s 9 ! belief t 8 foe w wa/e away z ! potato dries 9 ! smoke4 ,or he w put ! spittle 9 a frog & ?r[ ! animal into an inaccessible1 unnavigable riv]1 :i* w make ! victim quake & %ake ) ague4 ,! natives ( ,urew]a1 a di/rict ( ,new ,zeal&1 enjoy$ a high reputation = _! skill 9 magic4 ,x 0 said t !y made use ( p's spittle to bewit* !m4 ,h5ce visitors 7 c>eful to conceal _! spittle1 le/ !y %\ld furni% ^! wiz>ds ) a h&le = work+ !m h>m4 ,simil>ly among "s tribes ( ,s\? ,africa no man w spit :5 an enemy is ne>1 le/ 8 foe %\ld f9d ! spittle & give x to a wiz>d1 :o w\ld !n mix x ) magical +r$i5ts s z to injure ! p]son f :om x fell4 ,ev5 9 a man's own h\se 8 saliva is c>efully swept away & oblit]at$ = a simil> reason4 ,if common folk are ?us cauti\s1 x is natural t k+s & *iefs %\ld be d\bly s4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s *iefs 7 att5d$ by a confid5tial s]vant be>+ a portable spittoon1 & ! deposit 0 c>efully buri$ e morn+ to put x out ( ! rea* ( sorc]]s4 ,on ! ,slave ,coa/1 = ! same reason1 :5ev] a k+ or *ief expectorates1 ! saliva is scrupul\sly ga!r$ up & hidd5 or buri$4 ,! same precautions are tak5 = ! same reason ) ! spittle ( ! *ief ( ,tabali 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 ,! magical use to :i* spittle may be put m>ks x out1 l blood or nail-p>+s1 z a suitable mat]ial basis = a cov5ant1 s9ce by ex*ang+ _! saliva ! cov5ant+ p>ties give ea* o!r a gu>antee ( good fai?4 ,if ei!r ( !m aft]w>ds =eswe>s himself1 ! o!r c puni% 8 p]fidy by a magical treatm5t ( ! purjur]'s spittle :i* he has 9 8 cu/ody4 ,?us :5 ! ,wajagga ( ,ea/ ,africa desire to make a cov5ant1 ! two p>ties w sometimes sit d[n ) a b[l ( milk or be] betwe5 !m1 & aft] utt]+ an incantation ov] ! bev]age !y ea* take a m\?ful ( ! milk or be] & spit x into ! o!r's m\?4 ,9 urg5t cases1 :5 !re is no "t to sp5d on c]emony1 ! two w simply spit into ea* o!r's m\?1 :i* seals ! cov5ant j z well4 #aj4 ,foods taboo$ ,,z ,,might h be5 expect$1 ! sup]/itions ( ! savage clu/] ?ick ab\t ! subject ( food2 & he ab/a9s f eat+ _m animals & plants1 :olesome en\gh 9 !mselves1 :i* = "o reason or ano!r he fancies w\ld prove dang]\s or fatal to ! eat]4 ,examples ( su* ab/95ce are too famili> & f> too num]\s to quote4 ,b if ! ord9>y man is ?us det]r$ by sup]/iti\s fe> f p>tak+ ( v>i\s foods1 ! re/ra9ts ( ?is k9d :i* are laid ^u sacr$ or taboo$ p]sons1 su* z k+s & prie/s1 are /ill m num]\s & /r+5t4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,flam5 ,dialis 0 =bidd5 to eat or ev5 "n sev]al plants & animals1 & t ! fle% diet ( ,egyptian k+s 0 re/rict$ to veal & goose4 ,9 antiquity _m prie/s & _m k+s ( b>b>\s peoples ab/a9$ :olly f a fle% diet4 ,! ,gangas or feti% prie/s ( ! ,loango ,coa/ are =bidd5 to eat or ev5 see a v>iety ( animals & fi%1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* _! fle% diet is extremely limit$2 (t5 !y live only on h]bs & roots1 ?\gh !y may dr9k fre% blood4 ,! heir to ! ?rone ( ,loango is =bidd5 f infancy to eat pork2 f e>ly *ildhood he is int]dict$ ! use ( ! cola fruit 9 company2 at pub]ty he is taught by a prie/ n to p>take ( f[ls except su* z he has himself kill$ & cook$2 & s ! numb] ( taboos goes on increas+ ) 8 ye>s4 ,9 ,f]n&o ,po ! k+ aft] in/allation is =bidd5 to eat cocco 7arum acaule71 de]1 & porcup9e1 :i* are ! ord9>y foods ( ! p4 ,! head *ief ( ! ,masai may eat no?+ b milk1 honey1 & ! roa/$ liv]s ( goats2 = if he p>took ( any o!r food he w\ld lose 8 p[] ( soo?say+ & ( comp\nd+ *>ms4 #aa4 ,knots & ,r+s taboo$ ,,we h se5 t among ! _m taboos :i* ! ,flam5 ,dialis at ,rome _h to obs]ve1 !re 0 "o t =bade him to h a knot on any "p ( 8 g>m5ts1 & ano!r t oblig$ him to we> no r+ unless x 7 brok54 ,9 l mann] ,moslem pilgrims to ,mecca are 9 a /ate ( sanctity or taboo & may we> on _! p]sons nei!r knots nor r+s4 ,^! rules are probably ( k9dr$ significance1 & may conv5i5tly be consid]$ toge!r4 ,to beg9 ) knots1 _m p 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w ent]ta9 a /rong objection to hav+ any knot ab\t _! p]son at c]ta9 critical seasons1 p>ticul>ly *ildbir?1 m>riage1 & dea?4 ,?us among ! ,saxons ( ,transylvania1 :5 a woman is 9 travail all knots on h] g>m5ts are unti$1 because x is believ$ t ?is w facilitate h] deliv]y1 & ) ! same int5tion all ! locks 9 ! h\se1 :e!r on doors or boxes1 are unlock$4 ,! ,lapps ?9k t a ly+-9 woman %\ld h no knot on h] g>m5ts1 because a knot w\ld h ! effect ( mak+ ! deliv]y difficult & pa9ful4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies ?is sup]/ition is ext5d$ to ! :ole "t ( pregnancy2 ! p believe t if a pregnant woman 7 to tie knots1 or braid1 or make any?+ fa/1 ! *ild w\ld !reby be con/rict$ or ! woman w\ld h]self be ti$ up :5 h] "t came4 ,nay1 "s ( !m en=ce ! obs]vance ( ! rule on ! fa!r z well z ! "m ( ! unborn *ild4 ,among ! ,sea ,dyaks nei!r ( ! p>5ts may b9d up any?+ ) a /r+ or make any?+ fa/ dur+ ! wife's pregnancy4 ,9 ! ,t\mbuluh tribe ( ,nor? ,celebes a c]emony is p]=m$ 9 ! f\r? or fif? mon? ( a woman's pregnancy1 & aft] x h] husb& is =bidd51 among _m o!r ?+s1 to tie any fa/ knots & to sit ) 8 legs cross$ ov] ea* o!r4 ,9 all ^! cases ! idea seems to be t ! ty+ ( a knot w\ld1 z !y say 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 tie up ! woman1 9 o!r words1 imp$e & p]haps prev5t h] deliv]y1 or delay h] convalesc5ce aft] ! bir?4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic ! physical ob/acle or imp$im5t ( a knot on a cord w\ld create a correspond+ ob/acle or imp$im5t 9 ! body ( ! woman4 ,t ?is is really ! explanation ( ! rule appe>s f a cu/om obs]v$ by ! ,hos ( ,we/ ,africa at a difficult bir?4 ,:5 a woman is 9 h>d lab\r & _c br+ =?1 !y call 9 a magician to h] aid4 ,he looks at h] & says1 ,! *ild is b\nd 9 ! womb1 t is :y %e _c be deliv]$4 ,on ! entreaties ( h] female relations he !n promises to loos5 ! bond s t %e may br+ =?4 ,= t purpose he ord]s !m to fet* a t\gh creep] f ! =e/1 & ) x he b9ds ! h&s & feet ( ! suff]] on h] back4 ,!n he takes a knife & calls out ! woman's "n1 & :5 %e answ]s he cuts ?r\gh ! creep] ) a knife1 say+1 ,i cut ?r\gh to-day ?y bonds & ?y *ild's bonds4 ,aft] t he *ops up ! creep] small1 puts ! bits 9 a vessel ( wat]1 & ba!s ! woman ) ! wat]4 ,"h ! cutt+ ( ! creep] ) :i* ! woman's h&s & feet are b\nd is a simple piece ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic3 by releas+ h] limbs f _! bonds ! magician imag9es t he simultane\sly releases ! *ild 9 h] womb f ! trammels :i* imp$e its bir?4 ,! same tra9 ( ?\ght und]lies a practice obs]v$ by "s peoples ( op5+ all locks1 doors1 & s on1 :ile a bir? is tak+ place 9 ! h\se4 ,we h se5 t at su* a "t ! ,g]mans ( ,transylvania op5 all ! locks1 & ! same ?+ is done also 9 ,voigtl& & ,meckl5burg4 ,9 ,nor?-we/]n ,argyll%ire sup]/iti\s p us$ to op5 e lock 9 ! h\se at *ildbir?4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,salsette ne> ,bombay1 :5 a woman is 9 h>d lab\r1 all locks ( doors or draw]s are op5$ ) a key to facilitate h] deliv]y4 ,among ! ,m&el+s ( ,sumatra ! lids ( all *e/s1 boxes1 pans1 & s =? are op5$2 & if ?is does n produce ! desir$ effect1 ! anxi\s husb& has to /rike ! project+ ends ( "s ( ! h\se-beams 9 ord] to loos5 !m2 = !y ?9k t ev]y?+ mu/ be op5 & loose to facilitate ! deliv]y4 ,9 ,*ittagong1 :5 a woman _c br+ h] *ild to ! bir?1 ! midwife gives ord]s to ?r[ all doors & w9d[s wide op51 to uncork all bottles1 to remove ! bungs f all casks1 to unloose ! c[s 9 ! /all1 ! horses 9 ! /able1 ! wat*dog 9 8 k5nel1 to set free %eep1 f[ls1 ducks1 & s =?4 ,?is univ]sal lib]ty accord$ to ! animals & ev5 to inanimate ?+s is1 accord+ to ! p1 an infallible means ( ensur+ ! woman's deliv]y & all[+ ! babe to be born4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,saghali51 :5 a woman is 9 lab\r1 h] husb& undoes ev]y?+ t c be undone4 ,he loos5s ! plaits ( 8 hair & ! laces ( 8 %oes4 ,!n he unties :atev] is ti$ 9 ! h\se or its vic9ity4 ,9 ! c\rty>d he takes ! axe out ( ! log 9 :i* x is /uck2 he unfa/5s ! boat1 if x is moor$ to a tree1 he )draws ! c>tridges f 8 gun1 & ! arr[s f 8 crossb[4 ,aga91 we h se5 t a ,t\mbuluh man ab/a9s n only f ty+ knots1 b also f sitt+ ) cross$ legs dur+ 8 wife's pregnancy4 ,! tra9 ( ?\ght is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,:e!r y cross ?reads 9 ty+ a knot1 or only cross y\r legs 9 sitt+ at y\r ease1 y are equally1 on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic magic1 cross+ or ?w>t+ ! free c\rse ( ?+s1 & y\r action _c b *eck & imp$e :atev] may be go+ =w>d 9 y\r neighb\rhood4 ,( ?is important tru? ! ,romans 7 fully aw>e4 ,to sit beside a pregnant woman or a pati5t "u m$ical treatm5t ) clasp$ h&s1 says ! grave ,pl9y1 is to ca/ a malignant spell ov] ! p]son1 & x is worse /ill if y nurse y\r leg or legs ) y\r clasp$ h&s1 or lay "o leg ov] ! o!r4 ,su* po/ures 7 reg>d$ by ! old ,romans z a let & h9drance to bus9ess ( e sort1 & at a c\ncil ( w> or a meet+ ( magi/rates1 at pray]s & sacrifices1 no man 0 suff]$ to cross 8 legs or clasp 8 h&s4 ,! /ock in/ance ( ! dreadful consequ5ces t might fl[ f do+ "o or ! o!r 0 t ( ,alcm5a1 :o travail$ ) ,h]cules = sev5 days & sev5 nights1 because ! goddess ,luc9a sat 9 front ( ! h\se ) clasp$ h&s & cross$ legs1 & ! *ild c\ld n be born until ! goddess _h be5 beguil$ into *ang+ h] attitude4 ,x is a ,bulg>ian sup]/ition t if a pregnant woman is 9 ! habit ( sitt+ ) cross$ legs1 %e w suff] mu* 9 *ildb$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia1 :5 conv]sation comes to a /&/ill & sil5ce ensues1 !y say1 ,surely somebody has cross$ 8 legs4 ,! magical effect ( knots 9 trammell+ & ob/ruct+ human activity 0 believ$ to be manife/$ at m>riage n less ?an at bir?4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & d[n to ! eighte5? c5tury1 x seems to h be5 commonly held 9 ,europe t ! consummation ( m>riage c\ld be prev5t$ by any "o :o1 :ile ! w$d+ c]emony 0 tak+ place1 ei!r lock$ a lock or ti$ a knot 9 a cord1 & !n ?rew ! lock or ! cord away4 ,! lock or ! knott$ cord _h to be flung into wat]2 & until x _h be5 f\nd & unlock$1 or unti$1 no real union ( ! m>ri$ pair 0 possible4 ,h5ce x 0 a grave (f5ce1 n only to ca/ su* a spell1 b also to /eal or make away ) ! mat]ial in/rum5t ( x1 :e!r lock or knott$ cord4 ,9 ! ye> #agah ! p>liam5t ( ,bordeaux s5t5c$ "s "o to be burn$ alive = hav+ spread desolation ?r\gh a :ole family by means ( knott$ cords2 & 9 #agje two p]sons 7 condemn$ to dea? 9 ,scotl& = /eal+ c]ta9 *>m$ knots :i* a woman _h made1 9 ord] !reby to m> ! w$d$ happ9ess ( ,spald+ ( ,a%9tilly4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( ^! *>ms appe>s to h l+]$ 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,p]t%ire d[n to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 = at t "t x 0 /ill cu/om>y 9 ! beautiful p>i% ( ,logi]ait1 betwe5 ! riv] ,tummel & ! riv] ,tay1 to unloose c>efully e knot 9 ! clo!s ( ! bride & bridegroom be=e ! celebration ( ! m>riage c]emony4 ,we meet ) ! same sup]/ition & ! same cu/om at ! pres5t day 9 ,syria4 ,! p]sons :o help a ,syrian bridegroom to don 8 w$d+ g>m5ts take c>e t no knot is ti$ on !m & no button button$1 = !y believe t a button button$ or a knot ti$ w\ld put x )9 ! p[] ( 8 enemies to deprive him ( 8 nuptial rights by magical means4 ,! fe> ( su* *>ms is diffus$ all ov] ,nor? ,africa at ! pres5t day4 ,to r5d] a bridegroom impot5t ! en*ant] has only to tie a knot 9 a h&k]*ief :i* he _h previ\sly plac$ quietly on "s "p ( ! bridegroom's body :5 he 0 m\nt$ on horseback ready to fet* 8 bride3 s long z ! knot 9 ! h&k]*ief rema9s ti$1 s long w ! bridegroom rema9 p[]less to consummate ! m>riage4 ,! malefic5t p[] ( knots may also be manife/$ 9 ! infliction ( sickness1 disease1 & all k9ds ( mis=tune4 ,?us among ! ,hos ( ,we/ ,africa a sorc]] w sometimes curse 8 enemy & tie a knot 9 a /alk ( grass1 say+1 ,i h ti$ up ,s-&-s 9 ?is knot4 ,may all evil light ^u him6 ,:5 he goes into ! field1 may a snake /+ him6 ,:5 he goes to ! *ase1 may a rav5+ bea/ attack him6 ,& :5 he /eps into a riv]1 may ! wat] sweep him away6 ,:5 x ra9s1 may ! lightn+ /rike him6 ,may evil nights be 86 ,x is believ$ t 9 ! knot ! sorc]] has b\nd up ! life ( 8 enemy4 ,9 ! ,koran !re is an allusion to ! mis*ief ( ^? :o puff into ! knots1 & an ,arab comm5tator on ! passage expla9s t ! words ref] to wom5 :o practise magic by ty+ knots 9 cords1 & !n bl[+ & spitt+ ^u !m4 ,he goes on to relate h[1 once ^u a "t1 a wick$ ,jew bewit*$ ! prophet ,mohamm$ himself by ty+ n9e knots on a /r+1 :i* he !n hid 9 a well4 ,s ! prophet fell ill1 & nobody kn[s :at might h happ5$ if ! ar*angel ,gabriel _h n opportunely reveal$ to ! holy man ! place :]e ! knott$ cord 0 conceal$4 ,! tru/y ,ali soon fet*$ ! baleful ?+ f ! well2 & ! prophet recit$ ov] x c]ta9 *>ms1 :i* 7 specially reveal$ to him = ! purpose4 ,at e v]se ( ! *>ms a knot unti$ itself1 & ! prophet exp]i5c$ a c]ta9 relief4 ,if knots are suppos$ to kill1 !y are also suppos$ to cure4 ,?is foll[s f ! belief t to undo ! knots :i* are caus+ sickness w br+ ! suff]] relief4 ,b ap>t f ?is negative virtue ( malefic5t knots1 !re are c]ta9 b5efic5t knots to :i* a positive p[] ( heal+ is ascrib$4 ,pl9y tells u t "s folk cur$ diseases ( ! gro9 by tak+ a ?read f a web1 ty+ sev5 or n9e knots on x1 & !n fa/5+ x to ! pati5t's gro92 b to make ! cure effectual x 0 necess>y to "n "s wid[ z ea* knot 0 ti$4 ,o',donovan describes a rem$y = fev] employ$ among ! ,turcomans4 ,! en*ant] takes "s camel hair & sp9s x into a /\t ?read1 dron+ a spell ! :ile4 ,next he ties sev5 knots on ! ?read1 bl[+ on ea* knot be=e he pulls x tight4 ,?is knott$ ?read is !n worn z a bracelet on 8 wri/ by ! pati5t4 ,e day "o ( ! knots is unti$ & bl[n ^u1 & :5 ! sev5? knot is undone ! :ole ?read is roll$ up into a ball & ?r[n into a riv]1 be>+ away 7z !y imag9e7 ! fev] ) x4 ,aga9 knots may be us$ by an en*antress to w9 a lov] & atta* him firmly to h]self4 ,?us ! love-sick maid 9 ,virgil seeks to draw ,daphnis to h] f ! city by spells & by ty+ ?ree knots on ea* ( ?ree /r+s ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,s an ,arab maid51 :o _h lo/ h] he>t to a c]ta9 man1 tri$ to ga9 8 love & b9d him to h]self by ty+ knots 9 8 :ip2 b h] jeal\s rival undid ! knots4 ,on ! same pr9ciple magic knots may be employ$ to /op a runaway4 ,9 ,swaziel& y may (t5 see grass ti$ 9 knots at ! side ( ! footpa?s4 ,e "o ( ^! knots tells ( a dome/ic trag$y4 ,a wife has run away f h] husb&1 & he & 8 fri5ds h gone 9 pursuit1 b9d+ up ! pa?s1 z !y call x1 9 ?is fa%ion to prev5t ! fugitive f d\bl+ back ov] !m4 ,a net1 f its afflu5ce ( knots1 has always be5 consid]$ 9 ,russia v efficaci\s aga9/ sorc]]s2 h5ce 9 "s places1 :5 a bride is be+ dress$ 9 h] w$d+ attire1 a fi%+-net is flung ov] h] to keep h] out ( h>m's way4 ,= a simil> purpose ! bridegroom & 8 companions are (t5 girt ) pieces ( net1 or at lea/ ) tight-drawn girdles1 = be=e a wiz>d c beg9 to injure !m he mu/ undo all ! knots 9 ! net1 or take (f ! girdles4 ,b (t5 a ,russian amulet is m]ely a knott$ ?read4 ,a ske9 ( r$ wool w\nd ab\t ! arms & legs is ?\ght to w>d (f agues & fev]s2 & n9e ske9s1 fa/5$ r\nd a *ild's neck1 are deem$ a pres]vative aga9/ sc>lat9a4 ,9 ! ,tv] ,gov]nm5t a bag ( a special k9d is ti$ to ! neck ( ! c[ :i* walks be=e ! re/ ( a h]d1 9 ord] to keep (f wolves2 its =ce b9ds ! maw ( ! rav5+ bea/4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 a padlock is c>ri$ ?rice r\nd a h]d ( horses be=e !y g afield 9 ! spr+1 & ! be>] locks & unlocks x z he goes1 say+1 ,i lock f my h]d ! m\?s ( ! grey wolves ) ?is /eel lock4 ,knots & locks may s]ve to av]t n only wiz>ds & wolves b dea? itself4 ,:5 !y br\ght a woman to ! /ake at ,/4 ,&rews 9 #aegb to burn h] alive = a wit*1 !y f\nd on h] a :ite clo? l a coll>1 ) /r+s & _m knots on ! /r+s4 ,!y took x f h]1 sorely aga9/ h] w1 = %e seem$ to ?9k t %e c\ld n die 9 ! fire1 if only ! clo? ) ! knott$ /r+s 0 on h]4 ,:5 x 0 tak5 away1 %e said1 ,n[ ,i h no hope ( myself4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& x is ?\ght t a p]son _c die s long z any locks are lock$ or bolts %ot 9 ! h\se4 ,x is !re=e a v common practice to undo all locks & bolts :5 ! suff]] is pla9ly ne> 8 end1 9 ord] t 8 agony may n be unduly prolong$4 ,= example1 9 ! ye> #ahfc1 at ,taunton1 a *ild lay sick ( sc>lat9a & dea? seem$ inevitable4 ,a jury ( matrons 01 z x 71 empanell$1 & to prev5t ! *ild 'dy+ h>d' all ! doors 9 ! h\se1 all ! draw]s1 all ! boxes1 all ! cupbo>ds 7 ?r[n wide op51 ! keys tak5 out1 & ! body ( ! *ild plac$ "u a beam1 :]eby a sure1 c]ta91 & easy passage into et]nity c\ld be secur$4 ,/range to say1 ! *ild decl9$ to avail itself ( ! facilities = dy+ s oblig+ly plac$ at its disposal by ! sagacity & exp]i5ce ( ! ,briti% matrons ( ,taunton2 x pref]r$ to live r ?an give up ! gho/ j !n4 ,! rule :i* prescribes t at c]ta9 magical & religi\s c]emonies ! hair %\ld hang loose & ! feet %\ld be b>e is probably bas$ on ! same fe> ( trammell+ & imp$+ ! action 9 h&1 :atev] x may be1 by ! pres5ce ( any knot or con/riction1 :e!r on ! head or on ! feet ( ! p]=m]4 ,a simil> p[] to b9d & hamp] spiritual z well z bodily activities is ascrib$ by "s p to r+s4 ,?us 9 ! isl& ( ,c>pa?us p nev] button ! clo!s !y put ^u a dead body & !y are c>eful to remove all r+s f x2 = ! _s1 !y say1 c ev5 be deta9$ 9 ! little f+]1 & _c re/4 ,"h x is pla9 t ev5 if ! s\l is n def9itely suppos$ to issue at dea? f ! f+]-tips1 yet ! r+ is conceiv$ to ex]cise a c]ta9 con/rictive influ5ce :i* deta9s & imprisons ! immortal _s 9 spite ( its ef=ts to escape f ! tab]nacle ( clay2 9 %ort ! r+1 l ! knot1 acts z a spiritual fett]4 ,?is may h be5 ! reason ( an anci5t ,greek maxim1 attribut$ to ,py?agoras1 :i* =bade p to we> r+s4 ,nobody might ent] ! anci5t ,arcadian sanctu>y ( ! ,mi/ress at ,lycosura ) a r+ on 8 or h] f+]4 ,p]sons :o consult$ ! oracle ( ,faunus _h to be *a/e1 to eat no fle%1 & to we> no r+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same con/riction :i* h9d]s ! egress ( ! s\l may prev5t ! entrance ( evil spirits2 h5ce we f9d r+s us$ z amulets aga9/ demons1 wit*es1 & gho/s4 ,9 ! ,tyrol x is said t a woman 9 *ildb$ %\ld nev] take (f h] w$d+-r+1 or spirits & wit*es w h p[] ov] h]4 ,among ! ,lapps1 ! p]son :o is ab\t to place a corpse 9 ! c(f9 receives f ! husb&1 wife1 or *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ a brass r+1 :i* he mu/ we> fa/5$ to 8 "r arm until ! corpse is safely deposit$ 9 ! grave4 ,! r+ is believ$ to s]ve ! p]son z an amulet aga9/ any h>m :i* ! gho/ might d to him4 ,h[ f> ! cu/om ( we>+ f+]-r+s may h be5 influ5c$ by1 or ev5 h sprung f1 a belief 9 _! efficacy z amulets to keep ! s\l 9 ! body1 or demons out ( x1 is a "q :i* seems wor? consid]+4 ,"h we are only conc]n$ ) ! belief 9 s f> z x seems to ?r[ light on ! rule t ! ,flam5 ,dialis might n we> a r+ unless x 7 brok54 ,tak5 9 conjunction ) ! rule :i* =bade him to h a knot on 8 g>m5ts1 x po9ts to a fe> t ! p[]ful _s embodi$ 9 him might be trammell$ & hamp]$ 9 its go+s-out & com+s-9 by su* corporeal & spiritual fett]s z r+s & knots4 ,,xxii4 ,taboo$ ,words #a4 ,p]sonal ,names taboo$ ,,unable to discrim9ate cle>ly betwe5 words & ?+s1 ! savage commonly fancies t ! l9k betwe5 a "n & ! p]son or ?+ d5om9at$ by x is n a m]e arbitr>y & ideal association1 b a real & sub/antial bond :i* unites ! two 9 su* a way t magic may be wr\ght on a man j z easily ?r\gh 8 "n z ?r\gh 8 hair1 8 nails1 or any o!r mat]ial "p ( 8 p]son4 ,9 fact1 primitive man reg>ds 8 "n z a vital portion ( himself & takes c>e ( x accord+ly4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian reg>ds 8 "n1 n z a m]e label1 b z a di/9ct "p ( 8 p]sonality1 j z mu* z are 8 eyes or 8 tee?1 & believes t injury w result z surely f ! malici\s h&l+ ( 8 "n z f a w\nd inflict$ on any "p ( 8 physical organism4 ,?is belief 0 f\nd among ! v>i\s tribes f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & has occasion$ a numb] ( curi\s regulations 9 reg>d to ! concealm5t & *ange ( names4 ,"s ,esquimaux take new names :5 !y are old1 hop+ !reby to get a new lease ( life4 ,! ,tolampoos ( ,celebes believe t if y write a man's "n d[n y c c>ry (f 8 s\l along ) x4 ,_m savages at ! pres5t day reg>d _! names z vital p>ts ( !mselves1 & !re=e take great pa9s to conceal _! real names1 le/ ^! %\ld give to evil-dispos$ p]sons a h&le by :i* to injure _! own]s4 ,?us1 to beg9 ) ! savages :o rank at ! bottom ( ! social scale1 we are told t ! secrecy ) :i* among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es p]sonal names are (t5 kept f g5]al k arises 9 great measure f ! belief t an enemy1 :o kn[s y\r "n1 has 9 x some?+ :i* he c use magically to y\r detrim5t4 ,an ,au/ralian black1 says ano!r writ]1 is always v unwill+ to tell 8 real "n1 & !re is no d\bt t ?is reluctance is due to ! fe> t ?r\gh 8 "n he may be injur$ by sorc]]s4 ,among/ ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia e man1 woman1 & *ild has1 besides a p]sonal "n :i* is 9 common use1 a secret or sacr$ "n :i* is be/[$ by ! old] m5 ^u him or h] soon aft] bir?1 & :i* is kn[n to none b ! fully initiat$ memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,?is secret "n is nev] m5tion$ except ^u ! mo/ solemn occasions2 to utt] x 9 ! he>+ ( wom5 or ( m5 ( ano!r gr\p w\ld be a mo/ s]i\s brea* ( tribal cu/om1 z s]i\s z ! mo/ flagrant case ( sacrilege among ourselves4 ,:5 m5tion$ at all1 ! "n is spok5 only 9 a :isp]1 & n until ! mo/ elaborate precautions h be5 tak5 t x %all be he>d by no "o b memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,! native ?9ks t a /rang] kn[+ 8 secret "n w\ld h special p[] to "w him ill by means ( magic4 ,! same fe> seems to h l$ to a cu/om ( ! same sort among/ ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ^: comp>atively high civilisation 0 /rangely da%$ & *equ]$ ) relics ( ! l[e/ savag]y4 ,e ,egyptian receiv$ two names1 :i* 7 kn[n respectively z ! true "n & ! good "n1 or ! great "n & ! little "n2 & :ile ! good or little "n 0 made public1 ! true or great "n appe>s to h be5 c>efully conceal$4 ,a ,brahman *ild receives two names1 "o = common use1 ! o!r a secret "n :i* none b 8 fa!r & "m %\ld "k4 ,! latt] is only us$ at c]emonies su* z m>riage4 ,! cu/om is int5d$ to protect ! p]son aga9/ magic1 s9ce a *>m only becomes effectual 9 comb9ation ) ! real "n4 ,simil>ly1 ! natives ( ,nias believe t h>m may be done to a p]son by ! demons :o he> 8 "n pron\nc$4 ,h5ce ! names ( infants1 :o are especially expos$ to ! assaults ( evil sprits1 are nev] spok52 & (t5 9 haunt$ spots1 su* z ! gloomy dep?s ( ! =e/1 ! banks ( a riv]1 or beside a bubbl+ spr+1 m5 w ab/a9 f call+ ea* o!r by _! names = a l reason4 ,! ,indians ( ,*iloe keep _! names secret & d n l to h !m utt]$ al\d2 = !y say t !re are fairies or imps on ! ma9l& or neighb\r+ isl&s :o1 if !y knew folk's names1 w\ld d !m an injury2 b s long z !y d n "k ! names1 ^! mis*iev\s sprites are p[]less4 ,! ,araucanians w h>dly ev] tell a /rang] _! names because !y fe> t he w\ld !reby acquire "s sup]natural p[] ov] !mselves4 ,ask$ 8 "n by a /rang]1 :o is ignorant ( _! sup]/itions1 an ,araucanian w answ]1 ,i h none4 ,:5 an ,ojebway is ask$ 8 "n1 he w look at "s by/&] & ask him to answ]4 ,?is reluctance arises f an impression !y receive :5 "y1 t if !y repeat _! own names x w prev5t _! gr[?1 & !y w be small 9 /ature4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is unwill+ness to tell _! names1 _m /rang]s h fanci$ t !y ei!r h no names or h =gott5 !m4 ,9 ?is la/ case no scruple seems to be felt ab\t communicat+ a man's "n to /rang]s1 & no ill effects appe> to be dread$ z a consequ5ce ( divulg+ x2 h>m is only done :5 a "n is spok5 by its own]4 ,:y is ?is8 & :y 9 p>ticul> %\ld a man be ?\ght to /unt 8 gr[? by utt]+ 8 own "n8 ,we may conjecture t to savages :o act & ?9k ?us a p]son's "n only seems to be a "p ( himself :5 x is utt]$ ) 8 own brea?2 utt]$ by ! brea? ( o!rs x has no vital connexion ) him1 & no h>m c come to him ?r\gh x4 ,:]eas1 s ^! primitive philosoph]s may h argu$1 :5 a man lets 8 own "n pass 8 lips1 he is p>t+ ) a liv+ piece ( himself1 & if he p]si/s 9 s reckless a c\rse he mu/ c]ta9ly end by dissipat+ 8 en]gy & %att]+ 8 con/itution4 ,_m a brok5-d[n debau*ee1 _m a feeble frame wa/$ ) disease1 may h be5 po9t$ out by ^! simple morali/s to _! awe-/ruck disciples z a fe>ful example ( ! fate t mu/ soon] or lat] ov]take ! pr(ligate :o indulges immod]ately 9 ! s$uctive habit ( m5tion+ 8 own "n4 ,h[ev] we may expla9 x1 ! fact is c]ta9 t _m a savage ev9ces ! /ronge/ reluctance to pron\nce 8 own "n1 :ile at ! same "t he makes no objection at all to o!r p pron\nc+ x1 & w ev5 invite !m to d s = him 9 ord] to satisfy ! curiosity ( an inquisitive /rang]4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,madagasc> x is taboo = a p]son to tell 8 own "n1 b a slave or att5dant w answ] = him4 ,! same curi\s inconsi/5cy1 z x may seem to u1 is record$ ( "s tribes ( ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?us we are told t ! "n ( an ,am]ican ,indian is a sacr$ ?+1 n to be divulg$ by ! own] himself )\t due consid]ation4 ,"o may ask a w>rior ( any tribe to give 8 "n1 & ! "q w be met ) ei!r a po9t-blank refusal or ! m diplomatic evasion t he _c und]/& :at is want$ ( him4 ,! mom5t a fri5d approa*es1 ! w>rior fir/ int]rogat$ w :isp] :at is want$1 & ! fri5d c tell ! "n1 receiv+ a reciprocation ( ! c\rtesy f ! o!r4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t applies1 = example1 to ! ,indian tribes ( ,briti% ,columbia1 z to :om x is said t "o ( _! /range/ prejudices1 :i* appe>s to p]vade all tribes alike1 is a dislike to tell+ _! names--?us y nev] get a man's "r "n f himself2 b !y w tell ea* o!r's names )\t hesitation4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago ! etiquette is ! same4 ,z a g5]al rule no "o w utt] 8 own "n4 ,to enquire1 ,:at is y\r "n8 is a v indelicate "q 9 native society4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( adm9i/rative or judicial bus9ess a native is ask$ 8 "n1 in/ead ( reply+ he w look at 8 comrade to indicate t he is to answ] = him1 or he w say /raight out1 ,ask him4 ,! sup]/ition is curr5t all ov] ! ,ea/ ,indies )\t exception1 & x is f\nd also among ! ,motu & ,motumotu tribes1 ! ,papuans ( ,f9s* ,hav5 9 ,nor? ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,nufoors ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! ,melanesians ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago4 ,among _m tribes ( ,s\? ,africa m5 & wom5 nev] m5tion _! names if !y c get any "o else to d x = !m1 b !y d n absolutely refuse :5 x _c be avoid$4 ,sometimes ! emb>go laid on p]sonal names is n p]man5t2 x is conditional on circum/ances1 & :5 ^! *ange x ceases to op]ate4 ,?us :5 ! ,n&i m5 are away on a =ay1 nobody at home may pron\nce ! names ( ! abs5t w>riors2 !y mu/ be ref]r$ to z birds4 ,%\ld a *ild s f> =get itself z to m5tion "o ( ! di/ant ones by "n1 ! "m w\ld rebuke x1 say+1 ,don't talk ( ! birds :o are 9 ! heav5s4 ,among ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 :ile a man is fi%+ & :5 he returns ) 8 cat*1 8 prop] "n is 9 abeyance & nobody may m5tion x4 ,:atev] ! fi%]man's real "n may be1 he is call$ mwele )\t di/9ction4 ,! reason is t ! riv] is full ( spirits1 :o1 if !y he>d ! fi%]man's real "n1 might s "w aga9/ him t he w\ld cat* little or no?+4 ,ev5 :5 he has caught 8 fi% & l&$ ) !m1 ! buy] mu/ /ill n address him by 8 prop] "n1 b mu/ only call him mwele2 = ev5 !n1 if ! spirits 7 to he> 8 prop] "n1 !y w\ld ei!r be> x 9 m9d & s]ve him out ano!r day1 or !y might s m> ! fi% he _h caught t he w\ld get v little = !m4 ,h5ce ! fi%]man c extract heavy damages f anybody :o m5tions 8 "n1 or c compel ! ?\ghtless speak] to relieve him ( ! fi% at a good price s z to re/ore 8 luck4 ,:5 ! ,sulka ( ,new ,brita9 are ne> ! t]ritory ( _! enemies ! ,gaktei1 !y take c>e n to m5tion !m by _! prop] "n1 believ+ t 7 !y to d s1 _! foes w\ld attack & slay !m4 ,h5ce 9 ^! circum/ances !y speak ( ! ,gaktei z o lapsiek1 t is1 ! rott5 tree-trunks1 & !y imag9e t by call+ !m t !y make ! limbs ( _! dread$ enemies pond]\s & clumsy l logs4 ,?is example illu/rates ! extremely mat]iali/ic view :i* ^! savages take ( ! nature ( words2 !y suppose t ! m]e utt]ance ( an expression signify+ clums9ess w homoeopa?ically affect ) clums9ess ! limbs ( _! di/ant foem54 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ?is curi\s misconception is furni%$ by a ,caffre sup]/ition t ! "* ( a "y ?ief c be re=m$ by %\t+ 8 "n ov] a boil+ kettle ( m$icat$ wat]1 !n clapp+ a lid on ! kettle & leav+ ! "n to /eep 9 ! wat] = sev]al days4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y t ! ?ief %\ld be aw>e ( ! use t is be+ made ( 8 "n beh9d 8 back2 ! moral re=mation w be effect$ )\t 8 k4 ,:5 x is deem$ necess>y t a man's real "n %\ld be kept secret1 x is (t5 cu/om>y1 z we h se51 to call him by a surname or nickname4 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! real or prim>y names1 ^! second>y names are app>5tly held to be no "p ( ! man himself1 s t !y may be freely us$ & divulg$ to ev]ybody )\t endang]+ 8 safety !reby4 ,sometimes 9 ord] to avoid ! use ( 8 own "n a man w be call$ aft] 8 *ild4 ,?us we are in=m$ t ! ,gippsl& blacks object$ /rongly to let any "o outside ! tribe "k _! names1 le/ _! enemies1 le>n+ !m1 %\ld make !m vehicles ( incantation1 & s *>m _! lives away4 ,z *ildr5 7 n ?\ght to h enemies1 !y us$ to speak ( a man z '! fa!r1 uncle1 or c\s9 ( ,s-&-s1' nam+ a *ild2 b on all occasions ab/a9$ f m5tion+ ! "n ( a gr[n-up p]son4 ,! ,alfoors ( ,poso 9 ,celebes w n pron\nce _! own names4 ,among !m1 accord+ly1 if y wi% to asc]ta9 a p]son's "n1 y ought n to ask ! man himself1 b %\ld enquire ( o!rs4 ,b if ?is is impossible1 = example1 :5 !re is no "o else ne>1 y %\ld ask him 8 *ild's "n1 & !n address him z ! ,fa!r ( ,s-&-s4 ,nay1 ^! ,alfoors are %y ( utt]+ ! names ev5 ( *ildr52 s :5 a boy or girl has a nephew or niece1 he or %e is address$ z ,uncle ( ,s-&-s1 or ,aunt ( ,s-&-s4 ,9 pure ,malay society1 we are told1 a man is nev] ask$ 8 "n1 & ! cu/om ( nam+ p>5ts aft] _! *ildr5 is adopt$ only z a means ( avoid+ ! use ( ! p>5ts' own names4 ,! writ] :o makes ?is /atem5t adds 9 confirmation ( x t *ildless p]sons are nam$ aft] _! y\ng] bro!rs4 ,among ! ,l& ,dyaks *ildr5 z !y gr[ up are call$1 accord+ to _! sex1 ! fa!r or "m ( a *ild ( _! fa!r's or "m's y\ng] bro!r or si/]1 t is1 !y are call$ ! fa!r or "m ( :at we %\ld call _! fir/ c\s94 ,! ,caffres us$ to ?9k x disc\rte\s to call a bride by h] own "n1 s !y w\ld call h] ! ,"m ( ,s-&-s1 ev5 :5 %e 0 only betro!d1 f> less a wife & a "m4 ,among ! ,kukis & ,zemis or ,ka*a ,nagas ( ,assam p>5ts drop _! names aft] ! bir? ( a *ild & are nam$ ,fa!r & ,"m ( ,s-&-s4 ,*ildless c\ples g by ! "n ( ! *ildless fa!r1 ! *ildless "m1 ! fa!r ( no *ild1 ! "m ( no *ild4 ,! widespread cu/om ( nam+ a fa!r aft] 8 *ild has sometimes be5 suppos$ to spr+ f a desire on ! fa!r's "p to ass]t 8 pat]nity1 app>5tly z a means ( obta9+ ^? rights ov] 8 *ildr5 :i* _h previ\sly1 "u a sy/em ( "m-k91 be5 possess$ by ! "m4 ,b ?is explanation does n acc\nt = ! p>allel cu/om ( nam+ ! "m aft] h] *ild1 :i* seems commonly to co-exi/ ) ! practice ( nam+ ! fa!r aft] ! *ild4 ,/ill less1 if possible1 does x apply to ! cu/oms ( call+ *ildless c\ples ! fa!r & "m ( *ildr5 :i* d n exi/1 ( nam+ p aft] _! y\ng] bro!rs1 & ( designat+ *ildr5 z ! uncles & aunts ( ,s-&-s1 or z ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( _! fir/ c\s9s4 ,b all ^! practices are expla9$ 9 a simple & natural way if we suppose t !y orig9ate 9 a reluctance to utt] ! real names ( p]sons address$ or directly ref]r$ to4 ,t reluctance is probably bas$ p>tly on a fe> ( attract+ ! notice ( evil spirits1 p>tly on a dread ( reveal+ ! "n to sorc]]s1 :o w\ld !reby obta9 a h&le = injur+ ! own] ( ! "n4 #b4 ,names ( ,relations taboo$ ,,x might naturally be expect$ t ! res]ve s commonly ma9ta9$ ) reg>d to p]sonal names w\ld be dropp$ or at lea/ relax$ among relations & fri5ds4 ,b ! rev]se ( ?is is (t5 ! case4 ,x is precisely ! p]sons mo/ intimately connect$ by blood & especially by m>riage to :om ! rule applies ) ! greate/ /r+5cy4 ,su* p are (t5 =bidd51 n only to pron\nce ea* o!r's names1 b ev5 to utt] ord9>y words :i* resemble or h a s+le syllable 9 common ) ^! names4 ,! p]sons :o are ?us mutually deb>r$ f m5tion+ ea* o!r's names are especially husb&s & wives1 a man & 8 wife's p>5ts1 & a woman & h] husb&'s fa!r4 ,= example1 among ! ,caffres a woman may n publicly pron\nce ! bir?-"n ( h] husb& or ( any ( 8 bro!rs1 nor may %e use ! int]dict$ ^w 9 its ord9>y s5se4 ,if h] husb&1 = in/ance1 be call$ u-,mpaka1 f impaka1 a small fel9e animal1 %e mu/ speak ( t bea/ by "s o!r "n4 ,fur!r1 a ,caffre wife is =bidd5 to pron\nce ev5 m5tally ! names ( h] fa!r-9-law & ( all h] husb&'s male relations 9 ! asc5d+ l9e2 & :5ev] ! emphatic syllable ( any ( _! names occurs 9 ano!r ^w1 %e mu/ avoid x by sub/itut+ ei!r an entirely new ^w1 or1 at lea/1 ano!r syllable 9 its place4 ,h5ce ?is cu/om has giv5 rise to an almo/ di/9ct language among ! wom51 :i* ! ,caffres call wom5's spee*4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is wom5's spee* is naturally v difficult1 = no def9ite rules c be giv5 = ! =mation ( ^! sub/itut$ words1 nor is x possible to =m a diction>y ( !m1 _! numb] be+ s great--s9ce !re may be _m wom51 ev5 9 ! same tribe1 :o w\ld be no m at lib]ty to use ! sub/itutes employ$ by "s o!rs1 ?an !y are to use ! orig9al words !mselves4 ,a ,caffre man1 on 8 side1 may n m5tion ! "n ( 8 "m-9-law1 nor may %e pron\nce 82 b he is free to utt] words 9 :i* ! emphatic syllable ( h] "n occurs4 ,a ,kirghiz woman d>es n pron\nce ! names ( ! old] relations ( h] husb&1 nor ev5 use words :i* resemble !m 9 s\nd4 ,= example1 if "o ( ^! relations is call$ ,%eph]d1 %e may n speak ( %eep1 b mu/ call !m ! bleat+ ones2 if 8 "n is ,lamb1 %e mu/ ref] to lambs z ! "y bleat+ ones4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india wives believe t to tell _! husb&'s "n or to pron\nce x ev5 9 a dream w\ld br+ him to an untimely end4 ,among ! ,sea ,dyaks a man may n pron\nce ! "n ( 8 fa!r-9-law or "m-9-law )\t incurr+ ! wra? ( ! spirits4 ,& s9ce he reckons z 8 fa!r-9-law & "m-9-law n only ! fa!r & "m ( 8 own wife1 b also ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( 8 bro!rs' wives & si/]s' husb&s1 & likewise ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( all 8 c\s9s1 ! numb] ( taboo$ names may be v consid]able & ! opportunities ( error correspond+ly num]\s4 ,to make confusion worse conf\nd$1 ! names ( p]sons are (t5 ! names ( common ?+s1 su* z moon1 bridge1 b>ley1 cobra1 leop>d2 s t :5 any ( a man's _m fa!rs-9-law & mo!rs-9-law are call$ by su* names1 ^! common words may n pass 8 lips4 ,among ! ,alfoors ( ,m9ahassa1 9 ,celebes1 ! cu/om is c>ri$ /ill fur!r s z to =bid ! use ev5 ( words :i* m]ely resemble ! p]sonal names 9 s\nd4 ,x is especially ! "n ( a fa!r-9-law :i* is ?us laid "u an int]dict4 ,if he1 = example1 is call$ ,kalala1 8 son-9-law may n speak ( a horse by its common "n kawalo2 he mu/ call x a rid+-bea/ 7sasakajan74 ,s among ! ,alfoors ( ! isl& ( ,buru x is taboo to m5tion ! names ( p>5ts & p>5ts-9-law1 or ev5 to speak ( common objects by words :i* resemble ^! names 9 s\nd4 ,?us1 if y\r "m-9-law is call$ ,dalu1 :i* means betel1 y may n ask = betel by its ord9>y "n1 y mu/ ask = r$ m\?2 if y want betel-leaf1 y may n say betel-leaf 7dalu 'mun71 y mu/ say k>on f5na4 ,9 ! same isl& x is also taboo to m5tion ! "n ( an eld] bro!r 9 8 pres5ce4 ,transgressions ( ^! rules are puni%$ ) f9es4 ,9 ,sunda x is ?\ght t a p>ticul> crop w\ld be spoilt if a man 7 to m5tion ! names ( 8 fa!r & "m4 ,among ! ,nufoors ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea p]sons :o are relat$ to ea* o!r by m>riage are =bidd5 to m5tion ea* o!r's names4 ,among ! connexions ^: names are ?us taboo$ are wife1 "m-9-law1 fa!r-9-law1 y\r wife's uncles & aunts & also h] gr&-uncles & gr&-aunts1 & ! :ole ( y\r wife's or y\r husb&'s family 9 ! same g5]ation z y\rself1 except t m5 may m5tion ! names ( _! bro!rs-9-law1 ?\gh wom5 may n4 ,! taboo comes into op]ation z soon z ! betro?al has tak5 place & be=e ! m>riage has be5 celebrat$4 ,families ?us connect$ by ! betro?al ( two ( _! memb]s are n only =bidd5 to pron\nce ea* o!r's names2 !y may n ev5 look at ea* o!r1 & ! rule gives rise to ! mo/ comical sc5es :5 !y happ5 to meet unexpect$ly4 ,& n m]ely ! names !mselves1 b any words t s\nd l !m are scrupul\sly avoid$ & o!r words us$ 9 _! place4 ,if x %\ld *ance t a p]son has inadv]t5tly utt]$ a =bidd5 "n1 he mu/ at once ?r[ himself on ! floor & say1 ,i h m5tion$ a wrong "n4 ,i ?r[ x ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ! floor 9 ord] t ,i may eat well4 ,9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits a man nev] m5tion$ ! p]sonal names ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 "m-9-law1 bro!r-9-law1 & si/]-9-law2 & a woman 0 subject to ! same re/rictions4 ,a bro!r-9-law might be spok5 ( z ! husb& or bro!r ( "s "o ^: "n x 0 lawful to m5tion2 & simil>ly a si/]-9-law might be call$ ! wife ( ,s-&-s4 ,if a man by *ance us$ ! p]sonal "n ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 he 0 a%am$ & hung 8 head4 ,8 %ame 0 only reliev$ :5 he _h made a pres5t z comp5sation to ! man ^: "n he _h tak5 9 va94 ,! same comp5sation 0 made to a si/]-9-law1 a fa!r-9-law1 & a "m-9-law = ! accid5tal m5tion ( _! names4 ,among ! natives :o inhabit ! coa/ ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 to m5tion ! "n ( a bro!r-9-law is ! grosse/ possible affront y c (f] to him2 x is a crime puni%able ) dea?4 ,9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 ,melanesia1 ! taboos laid on ! names ( p]sons connect$ by m>riage are v /rict4 ,a man w n m5tion ! "n ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 mu* less ! "n ( 8 "m-9-law1 nor may he "n 8 wife's bro!r2 b he may "n 8 wife's si/]--%e is no?+ to him4 ,a woman may n "n h] fa!r-9-law1 nor on any acc\nt h] son-9-law4 ,two p ^: *ildr5 h int]m>ri$ are also deb>r$ f m5tion+ ea* o!r's names4 ,& n only are all ^! p]sons =bidd5 to utt] ea* o!r's names2 !y may n ev5 pron\nce ord9>y words :i* *ance to be ei!r id5tical ) ^! names or to h any syllables 9 common ) !m4 ,?us we he> ( a native ( ^! isl&s :o might n use ! common words = pig & to die1 because ^! words occurr$ 9 ! polysyllabic "n ( 8 son-9-law2 & we are told ( ano!r un=tunate :o might n pron\nce ! ev]yday words = h& & hot on acc\nt ( 8 wife's bro!r's "n1 & :o 0 ev5 deb>r$ f m5tion+ ! numb] "o1 because ! ^w = "o =m$ "p ( ! "n ( 8 wife's c\s94 ,! reluctance to m5tion ! names or ev5 syllables ( ! names ( p]sons connect$ ) ! speak] by m>riage c h>dly be sep>at$ f ! reluctance ev9c$ by s _m p to utt] _! own names or ! names ( ! dead or ( ! dead or ( *iefs & k+s2 & if ! retic5ce z to ^! latt] names spr+s ma9ly f sup]/ition1 we may inf] t ! retic5ce z to ! =m] has no bett] f\ndation4 ,t ! savage's unwill+ness to m5tion 8 own "n is bas$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 on a sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! ill use t might be made ( x by 8 foes1 :e!r human or spiritual1 has already be5 %[n4 ,x rema9s to exam9e ! simil> usage 9 reg>d to ! names ( ! dead & ( royal p]sonages4 #c4 ,names ( ! ,dead taboo$ ,,! ,,cu/om ( ab/a9+ f all m5tion ( ! names ( ! dead 0 obs]v$ 9 antiquity by ! ,albanians ( ! ,caucasus1 & at ! pres5t day x is 9 full =ce among _m savage tribes4 ,?us we are told t "o ( ! cu/oms mo/ rigidly obs]v$ & en=c$ among/ ! ,au/ralian aborig9es is nev] to m5tion ! "n ( a deceas$ p]son1 :e!r male or female2 to "n al\d "o :o has dep>t$ ?is life w\ld be a gross violation ( _! mo/ sacr$ prejudices1 & !y c>efully ab/a9 f x4 ,! *ief motive = ?is ab/95ce appe>s to be a fe> ( evok+ ! gho/1 al?\gh ! natural unwill+ness to revive pa/ sorr[s und\bt$ly op]ates also to draw ! veil ( oblivion ov] ! names ( ! dead4 ,once ,mr4 ,oldfield s t]rifi$ a native by %\t+ out ! "n ( a deceas$ p]son1 t ! man fairly took to 8 heels & did n v5ture to %[ himself aga9 = sev]al days4 ,at _! next meet+ he bitt]ly reproa*$ ! ra% :ite man = 8 indiscretion2 nor c\ld ,i1 adds ,mr4 ,oldfield1 induce him by any means to utt] ! awful s\nd ( a dead man's "n1 = by s do+ he w\ld h plac$ himself 9 ! p[] ( ! malign spirits4 ,among ! aborig9es ( ,victoria ! dead 7 v r>ely spok5 (1 & !n nev] by _! names2 !y 7 ref]r$ to 9 a subdu$ voice z ! lo/ "o or ! poor fell[ t is no m4 ,to speak ( !m by "n w\ld1 x 0 suppos$1 excite ! malignity ( ,c\it-gil1 ! _s ( ! dep>t$1 :i* hov]s on e>? = a "t be=e x dep>ts = ev] t[>ds ! sett+ sun4 ,( ! tribes on ! ,l[] ,murray ,riv] we are told t :5 a p]son dies !y c>efully avoid m5tion+ 8 "n2 b if compell$ to d s1 !y pron\nce x 9 a v l[ :isp]1 s fa9t t !y imag9e ! _s _c he> _! voice4 ,among/ ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia no "o may utt] ! "n ( ! deceas$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+1 unless x is absolutely necess>y to d s1 & !n x is only done 9 a :isp] = fe> ( di/urb+ & annoy+ ! man's _s :i* is walk+ ab\t 9 gho/ly =m4 ,if ! gho/ he>s 8 "n m5tion$ he concludes t 8 k9sfolk are n m\rn+ = him prop]ly2 if _! grief 7 g5u9e !y c\ld n be> to b&y 8 "n ab\t4 ,t\*$ to ! quick by _! h>d-he>t$ indiff]5ce ! indignant gho/ w come & tr\ble !m 9 dreams4 ,! same reluctance to utt] ! names ( ! dead appe>s to prevail among all ! ,indian tribes ( ,am]ica f ,hudson's ,bay ,t]ritory to ,patagonia4 ,among ! ,goajiros ( ,colombia to m5tion ! dead be=e 8 k9sm5 is a dreadful (f5ce1 :i* is (t5 puni%$ ) dea?2 = if x happ5s on ! ran*o ( ! deceas$1 9 pres5ce ( 8 nephew or uncle1 !y w assur$ly kill ! (f5d] on ! spot if !y c4 ,b if he escapes1 ! p5alty resolves itself into a heavy f9e1 usually ( two or m ox54 ,a simil> reluctance to m5tion ! names ( ! dead is report$ ( peoples s widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r z ! ,samoy$s ( ,sib]ia & ! ,todas ( ,s\!rn ,india2 ! ,mongols ( ,t>t>y & ! ,tu>egs ( ! ,sah>a2 ! ,a9os ( ,japan & ! ,akamba & ,n&i ( ,ea/]n ,africa2 ! ,t+uianes ( ! ,philipp9es & ! inhabitants ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 ( ,borneo1 ( ,madagasc>1 & ( ,tasmania4 ,9 all cases1 ev5 :]e x is n expressly /at$1 ! fundam5tal reason = ?is avoidance is probably ! fe> ( ! gho/4 ,t ?is is ! real motive ) ! ,tu>egs we are positively in=m$4 ,!y dread ! return ( ! dead man's _s1 & d all !y c to avoid x by %ift+ _! camp aft] a dea?1 ceas+ = ev] to pron\nce ! "n ( ! dep>t$1 & es*ew+ ev]y?+ t might be reg>d$ z an evocation or recall ( 8 s\l4 ,h5ce !y d n1 l ! ,arabs1 designate individuals by add+ to _! p]sonal names ! names ( _! fa!rs2 !y nev] speak ( ,s-&-s1 son ( ,s-&-s2 !y give to e man a "n :i* w live & die ) him4 ,s among "s ( ! ,victorian tribes 9 ,au/ralia p]sonal names 7 r>ely p]petuat$1 because ! natives believ$ t any "o :o adopt$ ! "n ( a deceas$ p]son w\ld n live long2 probably 8 gho/ly namesake 0 suppos$ to come & fet* him away to ! _s-l&4 ,! same fe> ( ! gho/1 :i* moves p to suppress 8 old "n1 naturally leads all p]sons :o be> a simil> "n to ex*ange x = ano!r1 le/ its utt]ance %\ld attract ! att5tion ( ! gho/1 :o _c reasonably be expect$ to discrim9ate betwe5 all ! diff]5t applications ( ! same "n4 ,?us we are told t 9 ! ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia ! repugnance to m5tion+ ! names ( ^? :o h di$ lately is c>ri$ s f>1 t p]sons :o be> ! same "n z ! deceas$ ab&on x1 & ei!r adopt tempor>y names or are kn[n by any o!rs t happ5 to belong to !m4 ,a simil> cu/om prevails among "s ( ! ,que5sl& tribes2 b ! prohibition to use ! names ( ! dead is n p]man5t1 ?\gh x may la/ = _m ye>s4 ,9 "s ,au/ralian tribes ! *ange ( "n ?us br\ght ab\t is p]man5t2 ! old "n is laid aside = ev]1 & ! man is kn[n by 8 new "n = ! re/ ( 8 life1 or at lea/ until he is oblig$ to *ange x aga9 = a l reason4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians all p]sons1 :e!r m5 or wom51 :o bore ! "n ( "o :o _h j di$ 7 oblig$ to ab&on x & to adopt o!r names1 :i* 0 =mally done at ! fir/ c]emony ( m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,9 "s tribes to ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ?is *ange ( "n la/$ only dur+ ! season ( m\rn+1 b 9 o!r tribes on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica x seems to h be5 p]man5t4 ,sometimes by an ext5sion ( ! same reason+ all ! ne> relations ( ! deceas$ *ange _! names1 :atev] !y may happ5 to be1 d\btless f a fe> t ! s\nd ( ! famili> names might lure back ! vagrant _s to its old home4 ,?us 9 "s ,victorian tribes ! ord9>y names ( all ! next ( k9 7 disus$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+1 & c]ta9 g5]al t]ms1 prescrib$ by cu/om1 7 sub/itut$ = !m4 ,to call a m\rn] by 8 own "n 0 consid]$ an insult to ! dep>t$1 & (t5 l$ to fight+ & blood%$4 ,among ,indian tribes ( ,nor?-we/]n ,am]ica ne> relations ( ! deceas$ (t5 *ange _! names "u an impression t spirits w be attract$ back to e>? if !y he> famili> names (t5 repeat$4 ,among ! ,ki[a ,indians ! "n ( ! dead is nev] spok5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! relatives1 & on ! dea? ( any memb] ( a family all ! o!rs take new names4 ,?is cu/om 0 not$ by ,raleigh's coloni/s on ,roanoke ,isl& m ?an ?ree c5turies ago4 ,among ! ,l5gua ,indians n only is a dead man's "n nev] m5tion$1 b all ! survivors *ange _! names also4 ,!y say t ,dea? has be5 among !m & has c>ri$ (f a li/ ( ! liv+1 & t he w soon come back = m victims2 h5ce 9 ord] to defeat 8 fell purpose !y *ange _! names1 believ+ t on 8 return ,dea?1 ?\gh he has got !m all on 8 li/1 w n be able to id5tify !m "u _! new names1 & w dep>t to pursue ! se>* else:]e4 ,nicob>ese m\rn]s take new names 9 ord] to escape ! unwelcome att5tions ( ! gho/2 & = ! same purpose !y disguise !mselves by %av+ _! heads s t ! gho/ is unable to recognise !m4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! "n ( ! deceas$ happ5s to be t ( "s common object1 su* z an animal1 or plant1 or fire1 or wat]1 x is sometimes consid]$ necess>y to drop t ^w 9 ord9>y spee* & replace x by ano!r4 ,a cu/om ( ?is sort1 x is pla91 may easily be a pot5t ag5t ( *ange 9 language2 = :]e x prevails to any consid]able ext5t _m words mu/ con/antly become obsolete & new ones spr+ up4 ,& ?is t5d5cy has be5 rem>k$ by obs]v]s :o h record$ ! cu/om 9 ,au/ralia1 ,am]ica1 & else:]e4 ,= example1 ) reg>d to ! ,au/ralian aborig9es x has be5 not$ t ! dialects *ange ) almo/ e tribe4 ,"s tribes "n _! *ildr5 aft] natural objects2 & :5 ! p]son s nam$ dies1 ! ^w is nev] aga9 m5tion$2 ano!r ^w has !re=e to be inv5t$ = ! object aft] :i* ! *ild 0 call$4 ,! writ] gives z an in/ance ! case ( a man ^: "n ,k>la signifi$ fire2 :5 ,k>la di$1 a new ^w = fire _h to be introduc$4 ,h5ce1 adds ! writ]1 ! language is always *ang+4 ,aga91 9 ! ,enc\nt] ,bay tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 if a man ( ! "n ( ,ngnke1 :i* means wat]1 7 to die1 ! :ole tribe w\ld be oblig$ to use "s o!r ^w to express wat] = a consid]able "t aft] 8 decease4 ,! writ] :o records ?is cu/om surmises t x may expla9 ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( synonyms 9 ! language ( ! tribe4 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by :at we "k ( "s ,victorian tribes ^: spee* compris$ a regul> set ( synonyms to be us$ in/ead ( ! common t]ms by all memb]s ( a tribe 9 times ( m\rn+4 ,= in/ance1 if a man call$ ,waa 7 cr[7 dep>t$ ?is life1 dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+ = him nobody might call a cr[ a waa2 ev]ybody _h to speak ( ! bird z a n>rap>t4 ,:5 a p]son :o rejoic$ 9 ! title ( ,r+tail ,opossum 7wee>n7 _h gone ! way ( all fle%1 8 sorr[+ relations & ! tribe at l>ge 7 b\nd = a "t to ref] to r+tail opossums by ! m sonor\s "n ( manuungkuurt4 ,if ! community 7 plung$ 9 grief = ! loss ( a respect$ female :o bore ! hon\rable "n ( ,turkey ,bu/>d1 ! prop] "n = turkey bu/>ds1 :i* 0 b>rim b>rim1 w5t out1 & tillit tilliit% came 94 ,& s mutatis mut&is ) ! names ( ,black ,cockatoo1 ,grey ,duck1 ,gigantic ,crane1 ,kang>oo1 ,eagle1 ,d+o1 & ! re/4 ,a simil> cu/om us$ to be con/antly trans=m+ ! language ( ! ,abipones ( ,p>aguay1 among/ :om1 h[ev]1 a ^w once aboli%$ seems nev] to h be5 reviv$4 ,new words1 says ! mission>y ,dobrizh(f]1 sprang up e ye> l mu%rooms 9 a night1 because all words t resembl$ ! names ( ! dead 7 aboli%$ by proclamation & o!rs co9$ 9 _! place4 ,! m9t ( words 0 9 ! h&s ( ! old wom5 ( ! tribe1 & :atev] t]m !y /amp$ ) _! approval & put 9 circulation 0 imm$iately accept$ )\t a murmur by high & l[ alike1 & spread l wildfire ?r\gh e camp & settlem5t ( ! tribe4 ,y w\ld be a/oni%$1 says ! same mission>y1 to see h[ meekly ! :ole nation acquiesces 9 ! decision ( a )]$ old hag1 & h[ completely ! old famili> words fall in/antly out ( use & are nev] repeat$ ei!r ?r\gh =ce ( habit or =getfulness4 ,9 ! sev5 ye>s t ,dobrizh(f] sp5t among ^! ,indians ! native ^w = jagu> 0 *ang$ ?rice1 & ! words = crocodile1 ?orn1 & ! slaught] ( cattle und]w5t simil> ?\gh less v>i$ vicissitudes4 ,z a result ( ?is habit1 ! vocabul>ies ( ! mission>ies teem$ ) erasures1 old words hav+ con/antly to be /ruck out z obsolete & new ones ins]t$ 9 _! place4 ,9 _m tribes ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea ! names ( p]sons are also ! names ( common ?+s4 ,! p believe t if ! "n ( a deceas$ p]son is pron\nc$1 8 _s w return1 & z !y h no wi% to see x back among !m ! m5tion ( 8 "n is taboo$ & a new ^w is creat$ to take its place1 :5ev] ! "n happ5s to be a common t]m ( ! language4 ,consequ5tly _m words are p]man5tly lo/ or reviv$ ) modifi$ or new mean+s4 ,9 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s a simil> practice has simil>ly affect$ ! spee* ( ! natives4 ,a mo/ s+ul> cu/om1 says ,mr4 de ,roep/orff1 prevails among !m :i* "o w\ld suppose mu/ mo/ effectually h9d] ! 'mak+ ( hi/ory1' or1 at any rate1 ! transmission ( hi/orical n>rative4 ,by a /rict rule1 :i* has all ! sanction ( ,nicob> sup]/ition1 no man's "n may be m5tion$ aft] 8 dea?6 ,to su* a l5g? is ?is c>ri$ t :51 z v frequ5tly happ5s1 ! man rejoic$ 9 ! "n ( ',f[l1' ',hat'1 ',fire1' ',road1' etc41 9 its ,nicob>ese equival5t1 ! use ( ^! words is c>efully es*ew$ = ! future1 n only z be+ ! p]sonal designation ( ! deceas$1 b ev5 z ! names ( ! common ?+s !y repres5t2 ! words die out ( ! language1 & ei!r new vocables are co9$ to express ! ?+ int5d$1 or a sub/itute = ! disus$ ^w is f\nd 9 o!r ,nicob>ese dialects or 9 "s =eign tongue4 ,?is extraord9>y cu/om n only adds an elem5t ( in/ability to ! language1 b de/roys ! cont9uity ( political life1 & r5d]s ! record ( pa/ ev5ts prec>i\s & vague1 if n impossible4 ,t a sup]/ition :i* suppresses ! names ( ! dead mu/ cut at ! v root ( hi/orical tradition has be5 rem>k$ by o!r work]s 9 ?is field4 ,! ,klama? p1 obs]ves ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et1 possess no hi/oric traditions go+ fur!r back 9 "t ?an a c5tury1 = ! simple reason t !re 0 a /rict law prohibit+ ! m5tion ( ! p]son or acts ( a deceas$ individual by us+ 8 "n4 ,?is law 0 rigidly obs]v$ among ! ,cali=nians no less ?an among ! ,oregonians1 & on its transgression ! dea? p5alty c\ld be inflict$4 ,?is is c]ta9ly en\gh to suppress all hi/orical k )9 a p4 ,h[ c hi/ory be writt5 )\t names8 ,9 _m tribes1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( ?is sup]/ition to blot out ! memory ( ! pa/ is to "s ext5t weak5$ & impair$ by a natural t5d5cy ( ! human m9d4 ,"t1 :i* we>s out ! deepe/ impressions1 inevitably dulls1 if x does n :olly efface1 ! pr9t left on ! savage m9d by ! my/]y & horror ( dea?4 ,soon] or lat]1 z ! memory ( 8 lov$ ones fades sl[ly away1 he becomes m will+ to speak ( !m1 & ?us _! rude names may sometimes be rescu$ by ! philosophic enquir] be=e !y h vani%$1 l autumn leaves or w9t] sn[s1 into ! va/ undi/+ui%$ limbo ( ! pa/4 ,9 "s ( ! ,victorian tribes ! prohibition to m5tion ! names ( ! dead rema9$ 9 =ce only dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+2 9 ! ,port ,l9coln tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia x la/$ _m ye>s4 ,among ! ,*9ook ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica cu/om =bids ! m5tion ( a dead man's "n1 at lea/ till _m ye>s h elaps$ aft] ! b]eavem5t4 ,among ! ,puyallup ,indians ! obs]vance ( ! taboo is relax$ aft] sev]al ye>s1 :5 ! m\rn]s h =gott5 _! grief2 & if ! deceas$ 0 a fam\s w>rior1 "o ( 8 desc5dants1 = in/ance a great-gr&son1 may be nam$ aft] him4 ,9 ?is tribe ! taboo is n mu* obs]v$ at any "t except by ! relations ( ! dead4 ,simil>ly ! ,jesuit mission>y ,lafitau tells u t ! "n ( ! dep>t$ & ! simil> names ( ! survivors 71 s to say1 buri$ ) ! corpse until1 ! poignancy ( _! grief be+ abat$1 x pleas$ ! relations to lift up ! tree & raise ! dead4 ,by rais+ ! dead !y meant be/[+ ! "n ( ! dep>t$ ^u "s "o else1 :o ?us became to all int5ts & purposes a re9c>nation ( ! deceas$1 s9ce on ! pr9ciples ( savage philosophy ! "n is a vital "p1 if n ! s\l1 ( ! man4 ,among ! ,lapps1 :5 a woman 0 ) *ild & ne> ! "t ( h] deliv]y1 a deceas$ ance/or or relation us$ to appe> to h] 9 a dream & in=m h] :at dead p]son 0 to be born aga9 9 h] infant1 & ^: "n ! *ild 0 !re=e to be>4 ,if ! woman _h no su* dream1 x fell to ! fa!r or ! relatives to det]m9e ! "n by div9ation or by consult+ a wiz>d4 ,among ! ,khonds a bir? is celebrat$ on ! sev5? day aft] ! ev5t by a fea/ giv5 to ! prie/ & to ! :ole village4 ,to det]m9e ! *ild's "n ! prie/ drops gra9s ( rice into a cup ( wat]1 nam+ ) ea* gra9 a deceas$ ance/or4 ,f ! movem5ts ( ! se$ 9 ! wat]1 & f obs]vations made on ! p]son ( ! infant1 he pron\nces :i* ( 8 prog5itors has reappe>$ 9 him1 & ! *ild g5]ally1 at lea/ among ! nor!rn tribes1 receives ! "n ( t ance/or4 ,among ! ,yorubas1 soon aft] a *ild has be5 born1 a prie/ ( ,ifa1 ! god ( div9ation1 appe>s on ! sc5e to asc]ta9 :at ance/ral s\l has be5 reborn 9 ! infant4 ,z soon z ?is has be5 decid$1 ! p>5ts are told t ! *ild mu/ con=m 9 all respects to ! mann] ( life ( ! ance/or :o n[ animates him or h]1 & if1 z (t5 happ5s1 !y pr(ess ignorance1 ! prie/ supplies ! necess>y in=mation4 ,! *ild usually receives ! "n ( ! ance/or :o has be5 born aga9 9 him4 #d4 ,names ( ,k+s & o!r ,sacr$ ,p]sons taboo$ ,,:5 we see t 9 primitive society ! names ( m]e common]s1 :e!r alive or dead1 are matt]s ( su* anxi\s c>e1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t great precautions %\ld be tak5 to gu>d f h>m ! names ( sacr$ k+s & prie/s4 ,?us ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,dahomey is always kept secret1 le/ ! k ( x %\ld enable "s evil-m9d$ p]son to d him a mis*ief4 ,! appellations by :i* ! diff]5t k+s ( ,dahomey h be5 kn[n to ,europeans are n _! true names1 b m]e titles1 or :at ! natives call /rong names4 ,! natives seem to ?9k t no h>m comes ( su* titles be+ kn[n1 s9ce !y are n1 l ! bir?-names1 vitally connect$ ) _! own]s4 ,9 ! ,galla k+dom ( ,gh]a ! bir?-"n ( ! sov]eign may n be pron\nc$ by a subject "u pa9 ( dea?1 & common words :i* resemble x 9 s\nd are *ang$ = o!rs4 ,among ! ,bahima ( ,c5tral ,africa1 :5 ! k+ dies1 8 "n is aboli%$ f ! language1 & if 8 "n 0 t ( an animal1 a new appellation mu/ be f\nd = ! creature at once4 ,= example1 ! k+ is (t5 call$ a lion2 h5ce at ! dea? ( a k+ nam$ ,lion a new "n = lions 9 g5]al has to be co9$4 ,9 ,siam x us$ to be difficult to asc]ta9 ! k+'s real "n1 s9ce x 0 c>efully kept secret f fe> ( sorc]y2 any "o :o m5tion$ x 0 clapp$ into gaol4 ,! k+ might only be ref]r$ to "u c]ta9 high-s\nd+ titles1 su* z ! augu/1 ! p]fect1 ! supreme1 ! great emp]or1 desc5dant ( ! angels1 & s on4 ,9 ,burma x 0 acc\nt$ an impiety ( ! deepe/ dye to m5tion ! "n ( ! reign+ sov]eign2 ,burmese subjects1 ev5 :5 !y 7 f> f _! c\ntry1 c\ld n be prevail$ ^u to d s2 aft] 8 accession to ! ?rone ! k+ 0 kn[n by 8 royal titles only4 ,among ! ,zulus no man w m5tion ! "n ( ! *ief ( 8 tribe or ! names ( ! prog5itors ( ! *ief1 s f> z he c rememb] !m2 nor w he utt] common words :i* co9cide ) or m]ely resemble 9 s\nd taboo$ names4 ,9 ! tribe ( ! ,dw&wes !re 0 a *ief call$ ,langa1 :i* means ! sun2 h5ce ! "n ( ! sun 0 *ang$ f langa to gala1 & s rema9s to ?is day1 ?\gh ,langa di$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,aga91 9 ! ,xnumayo tribe ! ^w mean+ to h]d cattle 0 *ang$ f alusa or ayusa to kagesa1 because u-,mayusi 0 ! "n ( ! *ief4 ,besides ^! taboos1 :i* 7 obs]v$ by ea* tribe sep>ately1 all ! ,zulu tribes unit$ 9 taboo+ ! "n ( ! k+ :o reign$ ov] ! :ole nation4 ,h5ce1 = example1 :5 ,p&a 0 k+ ( ,zulul&1 ! ^w = a root ( a tree1 :i* is imp&o1 0 *ang$ to nxabo4 ,aga91 ! ^w = lies or sl&] 0 alt]$ f amacebo to amakwata1 because amacebo conta9s a syllable ( ! "n ( ! fam\s ,k+ ,cet*wayo4 ,^! sub/itutions are n1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ s f> by ! m5 z by ! wom51 :o omit e s\nd ev5 remotely resembl+ "o t occurs 9 a taboo$ "n4 ,at ! k+'s kraal1 inde$1 x is sometimes difficult to und]/& ! spee* ( ! royal wives1 z !y treat 9 ?is fa%ion ! names n only ( ! k+ & 8 =efa!rs1 b ev5 ( 8 & _! bro!rs back = g5]ations4 ,:5 to ^! tribal & national taboos we add ^? family taboos on ! names ( connexions by m>riage :i* h be5 already describ$1 we c easily und]/& h[ x comes ab\t t 9 ,zulul& e tribe has words peculi> to itself1 & t ! wom5 h a consid]able vocabul>y ( _! own4 ,memb]s1 too1 ( "o family may be deb>r$ f us+ words employ$ by ^? ( ano!r4 ,! wom5 ( "o kraal1 = in/ance1 may call a hya5a by its ord9>y "n2 ^? ( ! next may use ! common sub/itute2 :ile 9 a ?ird ! sub/itute may also be unlawful & ano!r t]m may h to be inv5t$ to supply its place4 ,h5ce ! ,zulu language at ! pres5t day almo/ pres5ts ! appe>ance ( be+ a d\ble "o2 inde$1 = multitudes ( ?+s x possesses ?ree or f\r synonyms1 :i* ?r\gh ! bl5d+ ( tribes are kn[n all ov] ,zulul&4 ,9 ,madagasc> a simil> cu/om ev]y:]e prevails & has result$1 z among ! ,zulus1 9 produc+ c]ta9 dialectic diff]5ces 9 ! spee* ( ! v>i\s tribes4 ,!re are no family names 9 ,madagasc>1 & almo/ e p]sonal "n is drawn f ! language ( daily life & signifies "s common object or action or quality1 su* z a bird1 a bea/1 a tree1 a plant1 a col\r1 & s on4 ,n[1 :5ev] "o ( ^! common words =ms ! "n or "p ( ! "n ( ! *ief ( ! tribe1 x becomes sacr$ & may no long] be us$ 9 its ord9>y signification z ! "n ( a tree1 an insect1 or :at n4 ,h5ce a new "n = ! object mu/ be inv5t$ to replace ! "o :i* has be5 disc>d$4 ,x is easy to conceive :at confusion & unc]ta9ty may ?us be introduc$ into a language :5 x is spok5 by _m little local tribes ea* rul$ by a petty *ief ) 8 own sacr$ "n4 ,yet !re are tribes & p :o submit to ?is tyranny ( words z _! fa!rs did be=e !m f "t immemorial4 ,! inconv5i5t results ( ! cu/om are especially m>k$ on ! we/]n coa/ ( ! isl&1 :]e1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t *iefta9s1 ! names ( ?+s1 places1 & riv]s h suff]$ s _m *anges t confusion (t5 arises1 = :5 once common words h be5 bann$ by ! *iefs ! natives w n ackn[l$ge to h ev] kn[n !m 9 _! old s5se4 ,b x is n m]ely ! names ( liv+ k+s & *iefs :i* are taboo$ 9 ,madagasc>2 ! names ( dead sov]eigns are equally "u a ban1 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,?us among ! ,sakalavas1 :5 a k+ has di$1 ! nobles & p meet 9 c\ncil r\nd ! dead body & solemnly *oose a new "n by :i* ! deceas$ mon>* %all be h5ce=? kn[n4 ,aft] ! new "n has be5 adopt$1 ! old "n by :i* ! k+ 0 kn[n dur+ 8 life becomes sacr$ & may n be pron\nc$ "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,fur!r1 words 9 ! common language :i* be> any resemblance to ! =bidd5 "n also become sacr$ & h to be replac$ by o!rs4 ,p]sons :o utt]$ ^! =bidd5 words 7 look$ on n only z grossly rude1 b ev5 z felons2 !y _h committ$ a capital crime4 ,h[ev]1 ^! *anges ( vocabul>y are conf9$ to ! di/rict ov] :i* ! deceas$ k+ reign$2 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts ! old words cont9ue to be employ$ 9 ! old s5se4 ,! sanctity attribut$ to ! p]sons ( *iefs 9 ,polynesia naturally ext5d$ also to _! names1 :i* on ! primitive view are h>dly sep>able f ! p]sonality ( _! own]s4 ,h5ce 9 ,polynesia we f9d ! same sy/ematic prohibition to utt] ! names ( *iefs or ( common words resembl+ !m :i* we h already met ) 9 ,zulul& & ,madagasc>4 ,?us 9 ,new ,zeal& ! "n ( a *ief is held s sacr$ t1 :5 x happ5s to be a common ^w1 x may n be us$ 9 ! language1 & ano!r has to be f\nd to replace x4 ,= example1 a *ief ( ! s\?w>d ( ,ea/ ,cape bore ! "n ( ,m>ipi1 :i* signifi$ a knife1 h5ce a new ^w 7nekra7 = knife 0 introduc$1 & ! old "o became obsolete4 ,else:]e ! ^w = wat] 7wai7 _h to be *ang$1 because x *anc$ to be ! "n ( ! *ief1 & w\ld h be5 desecrat$ by be+ appli$ to ! vulg> fluid z well z to 8 sacr$ p]son4 ,?is taboo naturally produc$ a pl5tiful crop ( synonyms 9 ! ,maori language1 & travell]s newly arriv$ 9 ! c\ntry 7 sometimes puzzl$ at f9d+ ! same ?+s call$ by q diff]5t names 9 neighb\r+ tribes4 ,:5 a k+ comes to ! ?rone 9 ,tahiti1 any words 9 ! language t resemble 8 "n 9 s\nd mu/ be *ang$ = o!rs4 ,9 =m] times1 if any man 7 s ra% z to disreg>d ?is cu/om & to use ! =bidd5 words1 n only he b all 8 relations 7 imm$iately put to dea?4 ,b ! *anges ?us introduc$ 7 only tempor>y2 on ! dea? ( ! k+ ! new words fell into disuse1 & ! orig9al ones 7 reviv$4 ,9 anci5t ,greece ! names ( ! prie/s & o!r high (ficials :o _h to d ) ! p]=mance ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies might n be utt]$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,to pron\nce !m 0 a legal (f5ce ,! p$ant 9 ,lucian tells h[ he fell 9 ) ^! augu/ p]sonages hal+ along to ! police c\rt a ribald fell[ :o _h d>$ to "n !m1 ?\gh well he knew t ev] s9ce _! consecration x 0 unlawful to d s1 because !y _h become anonym\s1 hav+ lo/ _! old names & acquir$ new & sacr$ titles4 ,f two inscriptions f\nd at ,eleusis x appe>s t ! names ( ! prie/s 7 committ$ to ! dep?s ( ! sea2 probably !y 7 engrav$ on tablets ( bronze or lead1 :i* 7 !n ?r[n into deep wat] 9 ! ,gulf ( ,salamis4 ,! int5tion d\btless 0 to keep ! names a pr(\nd secret2 & h[ c\ld t be done m surely ?an by s9k+ !m 9 ! sea8 :at human vision c\ld spy !m glimm]+ f> d[n 9 ! dim dep?s ( ! gre5 wat]8 ,a cle>] illu/ration ( ! confusion betwe5 ! incorporeal & ! corporeal1 betwe5 ! "n & its mat]ial embodim5t1 c\ld h>dly be f\nd ?an 9 ?is practice ( civilis$ ,greece4 #e4 ,names ( ,gods taboo$ ,,primitive man creates 8 gods 9 8 own image4 ,x5ophanes rem>k$ long ago t ! complexion ( negro gods 0 black & _! noses flat2 t ,?racian gods 7 ruddy & blue-ey$2 & t if horses1 ox51 & lions only believ$ 9 gods & _h h&s :]e) to portray !m1 !y w\ld d\btless fa%ion _! deities 9 ! =m ( horses1 & ox51 & lions4 ,h5ce j z ! furtive savage conceals 8 real "n because he fe>s t sorc]]s might make an evil use ( x1 s he fancies t 8 gods mu/ likewise keep _! true "n secret1 le/ o!r gods or ev5 m5 %\ld le>n ! my/ic s\nds & ?us be able to conjure ) !m4 ,n[h]e 0 ?is crude conception ( ! secrecy & magical virtue ( ! div9e "n m firmly held or m fully develop$ ?an 9 anci5t ,egypt1 :]e ! sup]/itions ( a dateless pa/ 7 embalm$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p h>dly less effectually ?an ! bodies ( cats & crocodiles & ! re/ ( ! div9e m5ag]ie 9 _! rock-cut tombs4 ,! conception is well illu/rat$ by a /ory :i* tells h[ ! subtle ,isis worm$ 8 secret "n f ,ra1 ! great ,egyptian god ( ! sun4 ,isis1 s runs ! tale1 0 a woman mighty 9 words1 & %e 0 we>y ( ! _w ( m51 & ye>n$ aft] ! _w ( ! gods4 ,& %e m$itat$ 9 h] he>t1 say+1 ,_c ,i by virtue ( ! great "n ( ,ra make myself a goddess & reign l him 9 heav5 & e>?8 ,= ,ra _h _m names1 b ! great "n :i* gave him all p[] ov] gods & m5 0 kn[n to none b himself4 ,n[ ! god 0 by ?is "t gr[n old2 he slobb]$ at ! m\? & 8 spittle fell ^u ! gr\nd4 ,s ,isis ga!r$ up ! spittle & ! e>? ) x1 & knead$ !re( a s]p5t & laid x 9 ! pa? :]e ! great god pass$ e day to 8 d\ble k+dom aft] 8 he>t's desire4 ,& :5 he came =? accord+ to 8 wont1 att5d$ by all 8 company ( gods1 ! sacr$ s]p5t /ung him1 & ! god op5$ 8 m\? & cri$1 & 8 cry w5t up to heav54 ,& ! company ( gods cri$1 ,:at aile? !e8 & ! gods %\t$1 ,lo & behold6 ,b he c\ld n answ]2 8 jaws rattl$1 8 limbs %ook1 ! poison ran ?r\gh 8 fle% z ! ,nile fl[e? ov] ! l&4 ,:5 ! great god _h /ill$ 8 he>t1 he cri$ to 8 foll[]s1 ,come to me1 ,o my *ildr51 (fspr+ ( my body4 ,i am a pr9ce1 ! son ( a pr9ce1 ! div9e se$ ( a god4 ,my fa!r devis$ my "n2 my fa!r & my "m gave me my "n1 & x rema9$ hidd5 9 my body s9ce my bir?1 t no magician might h magic p[] ov] me4 ,i w5t out to behold t :i* ,i h made1 ,i walk$ 9 ! two l&s :i* ,i h creat$1 & lo6 some?+ /ung me4 ,:at x 01 ,i "k n4 ,0 x fire8 0 x wat]8 ,my he>t is on fire1 my fle% tremble?1 all my limbs d quake4 ,br+ me ! *ildr5 ( ! gods ) heal+ words & und]/&+ lips1 ^: p[] rea*e? to heav54 ,!n came to him ! *ildr5 ( ! gods1 & !y 7 v sorr[ful4 ,& ,isis came ) h] craft1 ^: m\? is full ( ! brea? ( life1 ^: spells *ase pa9 away1 ^: ^w make? ! dead to live4 ,%e said1 ,:at is x1 div9e ,fa!r8 :at is x8 ,! holy god op5$ 8 m\?1 he spake & said1 ,i w5t ^u my way1 ,i walk$ aft] my he>t's desire 9 ! two regions :i* ,i h made to behold t :i* ,i h creat$1 & lo6 a s]p5t t ,i saw n /ung me4 ,is x fire8 is x wat]8 ,i am cold] ?an wat]1 ,i am hott] ?an fire1 all my limbs sweat1 ,i tremble1 m9e eye is n /eadfa/1 ,i behold n ! sky1 ! moi/ure b$ewe? my face z 9 summ]-"t4 ,!n spake ,isis1 ,tell me ?y "n1 div9e ,fa!r1 = ! man %all live :o is call$ by 8 "n4 ,!n answ]$ ,ra1 ,i creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ,i ord]$ ! m\nta9s1 ,i made ! great & wide sea1 ,i /ret*$ out ! two horizons l a curta94 ,i am he :o op5e? 8 eyes & x is light1 & :o %utte? !m & x is d>k4 ,at 8 comm& ! ,nile rise?1 b ! gods "k n 8 "n4 ,i am ,khep]a 9 ! morn+1 ,i am ,ra at noon1 ,i am ,tum at eve4 ,b ! poison 0 n tak5 away f him2 x pi]c$ deep]1 & ! great god c\ld no long] walk4 ,!n said ,isis to him1 ,t 0 n ?y "n t ?\ spake/ unto me4 ,oh tell x me1 t ! poison may dep>t2 = he %all live ^: "n is nam$4 ,n[ ! poison burn$ l fire1 x 0 hott] ?an ! flame ( fire4 ,! god said1 ,i cons5t t ,isis %all se>* into me1 & t my "n %all pass f my brea/ into h]s4 ,!n ! god hid himself f ! gods1 & 8 place 9 ! %ip ( et]nity 0 empty4 ,?us 0 ! "n ( ! great god tak5 f him1 & ,isis1 ! wit*1 spake1 ,fl[ away1 poison1 dep>t f ,ra4 ,x is ,i1 ev5 ,i1 :o ov]come ! poison & ca/ x to ! e>?2 = ! "n ( ! great god ha? be5 tak5 away f him4 ,let ,ra live & let ! poison die4 ,?us spake great ,isis1 ! que5 ( ! gods1 %e :o kn[s ,ra & 8 true "n4 ,f ?is /ory x appe>s t ! real "n ( ! god1 ) :i* 8 p[] 0 inextricably b\nd up1 0 suppos$ to be lodg$1 9 an almo/ physical s5se1 some:]e 9 8 brea/1 f :i* ,isis extract$ x by a sort ( surgical op]ation & transf]r$ x ) all its sup]natural p[]s to h]self4 ,9 ,egypt attempts l t ( ,isis to appropriate ! p[] ( a high god by possess+ h]self ( 8 "n 7 n m]e leg5ds told ( ! my?ical be+s ( a remote pa/2 e ,egyptian magician aspir$ to wield l p[]s by simil> means4 ,= x 0 believ$ t he :o possess$ ! true "n possess$ ! v be+ ( god or man1 & c\ld =ce ev5 a deity to obey him z a slave obeys 8 ma/]4 ,?us ! art ( ! magician consi/$ 9 obta9+ f ! gods a revelation ( _! sacr$ names1 & he left no /one unturn$ to accompli% 8 end4 ,:5 once a god 9 a mom5t ( weakness or =getfulness _h imp>t$ to ! wiz>d ! wondr\s lore1 ! deity _h no *oice b to submit humbly to ! man or pay ! p5alty ( 8 contumacy4 ,! belief 9 ! magic virtue ( div9e names 0 %>$ by ! ,romans4 ,:5 !y sat d[n be=e a city1 ! prie/s address$ ! gu>dian deity ( ! place 9 a set =m ( pray] or incantation1 invit+ him to ab&on ! beleagu]$ city & come ov] to ! ,romans1 :o w\ld treat him z well z or bett] ?an he _h ev] be5 treat$ 9 8 old home4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ! gu>dian deity ( ,rome 0 kept a pr(\nd secret1 le/ ! enemies ( ! republic might lure him away1 ev5 z ! ,romans !mselves _h induc$ _m gods to des]t1 l rats1 ! fall+ =tunes ( cities t _h %elt]$ !m 9 happi] days4 ,nay1 ! real "n1 n m]ely ( its gu>dian deity1 b ( ! city itself1 0 wrapt 9 my/]y & might nev] be utt]$1 n ev5 9 ! sacr$ rites4 ,a c]ta9 ,val]ius ,soranus1 :o d>$ to divulge ! priceless secret1 0 put to dea? or came to a bad end4 ,9 l mann]1 x seems1 ! anci5t ,assyrians 7 =bidd5 to m5tion ! my/ic names ( _! cities2 & d[n to mod]n times ! ,*]emiss ( ! ,caucasus keep ! names ( _! communal villages secret f motives ( sup]/ition4 ,if ! read] has _h ! pati5ce to foll[ ?is exam9ation ( ! sup]/itions atta*+ to p]sonal names1 he w probably agree t ! my/]y 9 :i* ! names ( royal p]sonages are s (t5 %r\d$ is no isolat$ ph5om5on1 no arbitr>y expression ( c\rtly s]vility & adulation1 b m]ely ! p>ticul> application ( a g5]al law ( primitive ?\ght1 :i* includes )9 its scope common folk & gods z well z k+s & prie/s4 ,,xxiii4 ,our ,debt to ! ,savage ,,x w\ld be easy to ext5d ! li/ ( royal & prie/ly taboos1 b ! in/ances collect$ 9 ! prec$+ pages may suffice z specim5s4 ,to conclude ?is "p ( our subject x only rema9s to /ate summ>ily ! g5]al conclusions to :i* our enquiries h ?us f> conduct$ u4 ,we h se5 t 9 savage or b>b>\s society !re are (t5 f\nd m5 to :om ! sup]/ition ( _! fell[s ascribes a controll+ influ5ce ov] ! g5]al c\rse ( nature4 ,su* m5 are accord+ly ador$ & treat$ z gods4 ,:e!r ^! human div9ities also hold temporal sway ov] ! lives & =tunes ( _! ador]s1 or :e!r _! functions are purely spiritual & sup]natural1 9 o!r words1 :e!r !y are k+s z well z gods or only ! latt]1 is a di/9ction :i* h>dly conc]ns u "h4 ,_! suppos$ div9ity is ! ess5tial fact ) :i* we h to deal4 ,9 virtue ( x !y are a pl$ge & gu>antee to _! wor%ipp]s ( ! cont9uance & ord]ly succession ( ^? physical ph5om5a ^u :i* mank9d dep5ds = subsi/5ce4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ! life & heal? ( su* a god-man are matt]s ( anxi\s conc]n to ! p ^: welf>e & ev5 exi/5ce are b\nd up ) 82 naturally he is con/ra9$ by !m to con=m to su* rules z ! wit ( e>ly man has devis$ = av]t+ ! ills to :i* fle% is heir1 includ+ ! la/ ill1 dea?4 ,^! rules1 z an exam9ation ( !m has %[n1 are no?+ b ! maxims ) :i*1 on ! primitive view1 e man ( common prud5ce mu/ comply if he w\ld live long 9 ! l&4 ,b :ile 9 ! case ( ord9>y m5 ! obs]vance ( ! rules is left to ! *oice ( ! individual1 9 ! case ( ! god-man x is en=c$ "u p5alty ( dismissal f 8 high /ation1 or ev5 ( dea?4 ,= 8 wor%ipp]s h f> too great a /ake 9 8 life to all[ him to play fa/ & loose ) x4 ,!re=e all ! qua9t sup]/itions1 ! old-_w maxims1 ! v5]able saws :i* ! +5uity ( savage philosoph]s elaborat$ long ago1 & :i* old wom5 at *imney corn]s /ill imp>t z treasures ( great price to _! desc5dants ga!r$ r\nd ! cottage fire on w9t] ev5+s--all ^! antique fancies clu/]$1 all ^! cobwebs ( ! bra9 7 spun ab\t ! pa? ( ! old k+1 ! human god1 :o1 imme%$ 9 !m l a fly 9 ! toils ( a spid]1 c\ld h>dly /ir a limb = ! ?reads ( cu/om1 light z air b /rong z l9ks ( iron1 t cross+ & recross+ ea* o!r 9 an endless maze b\nd him fa/ )9 a network ( obs]vances f :i* dea? or deposition alone c\ld release him4 ,?us to /ud5ts ( ! pa/ ! life ( ! old k+s & prie/s teems ) in/ruction4 ,9 x 0 summ$ up all t pass$ = wisdom :5 ! _w 0 "y4 ,x 0 ! p]fect patt]n aft] :i* e man /rove to %ape 8 life2 a faultless model con/ruct$ ) rigor\s accuracy ^u ! l9es laid d[n by a b>b>\s philosophy4 ,crude & false z t philosophy may seem to u1 x w\ld be unju/ to d5y x ! m]it ( logical consi/5cy4 ,/>t+ f a conception ( ! vital pr9ciple z a t9y be+ or s\l exi/+ 91 b di/9ct & sep>able f1 ! liv+ be+1 x d$uces = ! practical guidance ( life a sy/em ( rules :i* 9 g5]al hangs well toge!r & =ms a fairly complete & h>moni\s :ole4 ,! flaw--& x is a fatal "o--( ! sy/em lies n 9 its reason+1 b 9 its premises2 9 its conception ( ! nature ( life1 n 9 any irrelevancy ( ! conclusions :i* x draws f t conception4 ,b to /igmatise ^! premises z ridicul\s because we c easily detect _! fals5ess1 w\ld be ungrateful z well z unphilosophical4 ,we /& ^u ! f\ndation re>$ by ! g5]ations t h gone be=e1 & we c b dimly realise ! pa9ful & prolong$ ef=ts :i* x has co/ humanity to /ruggle up to ! po9t1 no v exalt$ "o aft] all1 :i* we h rea*$4 ,our gratitude is due to ! nameless & =gott5 toil]s1 ^: pati5t ?\ght & active ex]tions h l>gely made u :at we are4 ,! am\nt ( new k :i* "o age1 c]ta9ly :i* "o man1 c add to ! common /ore is small1 & x argues /upidity or di%one/y1 besides +ratitude1 to ignore ! heap :ile vaunt+ ! few gra9s :i* x may h be5 our privilege to add to x4 ,!re is inde$ little dang] at pres5t ( und]valu+ ! contributions :i* mod]n times & ev5 classical antiquity h made to ! g5]al advancem5t ( our race4 ,b :5 we pass ^! limits1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,contempt & ridicule or abhorr5ce & d5unciation are too (t5 ! only recognition v\*saf$ to ! savage & 8 ways4 ,yet ( ! b5efactors :om we are b\nd ?ankfully to commemorate1 _m1 p]haps mo/1 7 savages4 ,= :5 all is said & done our resemblances to ! savage are /ill f> m num]\s ?an our diff]5ces f him2 & :at we h 9 common ) him1 & delib]ately reta9 z true & useful1 we owe to our savage =efa!rs :o sl[ly acquir$ by exp]i5ce & transmitt$ to u by inh]itance ^? seem+ly fundam5tal ideas :i* we are apt to reg>d z orig9al & intuitive4 ,we are l heirs to a =tune :i* has be5 h&$ d[n = s _m ages t ! memory ( ^? :o built x up is lo/1 & its possessors = ! "t be+ reg>d x z hav+ be5 an orig9al & unalt]able possession ( _! race s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,b reflection & enquiry %\ld satisfy u t to our pr$ecessors we are indebt$ = mu* ( :at we ?\ght mo/ our own1 & t _! errors 7 n wilful extravagances or ! rav+s ( insanity1 b simply hypo!ses1 ju/ifiable z su* at ! "t :5 !y 7 prop\nd$1 b :i* a full] exp]i5ce has prov$ to be inadequate4 ,x is only by ! successive te/+ ( hypo!ses & rejection ( ! false t tru? is at la/ elicit$4 ,aft] all1 :at we call tru? is only ! hypo!sis :i* is f\nd to "w be/4 ,!re=e 9 review+ ! op9ions & practices ( rud] ages & races we %all d well to look ) l5i5cy ^u _! errors z inevitable slips made 9 ! se>* = tru?1 & to give !m ! b5efit ( t indulg5ce :i* we ourselves may "o day /& 9 ne$ (3 cum excusatione itaque vet]es audi5di sunt4 ,,xxiv4 ,! ,kill+ ( ! ,div9e ,k+ #a4 ,! ,mortality ( ! ,gods ,,man has creat$ gods 9 8 own lik5ess & be+ himself mortal he has naturally suppos$ 8 creatures to be 9 ! same sad pr$icam5t4 ,?us ! ,gre5l&]s believ$ t a w9d c\ld kill _! mo/ p[]ful god1 & t he w\ld c]ta9ly die if he t\*$ a dog4 ,:5 !y he>d ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 !y kept ask+ if he nev] di$1 & be+ in=m$ t he did n1 !y 7 mu* surpris$1 & said t he mu/ be a v great god inde$4 ,9 answ] to ! enquiries ( ,colonel ,dodge1 a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian /at$ t ! _w 0 made by ! ,great ,_s4 ,be+ ask$ :i* ,great ,_s he meant1 ! good "o or ! bad "o1 ,oh1 nei!r ( !m1 repli$ he1 ! ,great ,_s t made ! _w is dead long ago4 ,he c\ld n possibly h liv$ z long z ?is4 ,a tribe 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s told ! ,spani% conqu]ors t ! grave ( ! ,creator 0 ^u ! top ( ,m\nt ,cabunian4 ,heitsi-eibib1 a god or div9e h]o ( ! ,hott5tots1 di$ sev]al times & came to life aga94 ,8 graves are g5]ally to be met ) 9 n>r[ defiles betwe5 m\nta9s4 ,:5 ! ,hott5tots pass "o ( !m1 !y ?r[ a /one on x = good luck1 sometimes mutt]+1 ,give u pl5ty ( cattle4 ,! grave ( ,zeus1 ! great god ( ,greece1 0 %[n to visitors 9 ,crete z late z ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! body ( ,dionysus 0 buri$ at ,delphi beside ! gold5 /atue ( ,apollo1 & 8 tomb bore ! inscription1 ,"h lies ,dionysus dead1 ! son ( ,semele4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ,apollo himself 0 buri$ at ,delphi2 = ,py?agoras is said to h c>v$ an inscription on 8 tomb1 sett+ =? h[ ! god _h be5 kill$ by ! py?on & buri$ "u ! tripod4 ,! great gods ( ,egypt !mselves 7 n exempt f ! common lot4 ,!y too grew old & di$4 ,b :5 at a lat] "t ! discov]y ( ! art ( embalm+ gave a new lease ( life to ! s\ls ( ! dead by pres]v+ _! bodies = an indef9ite "t f corruption1 ! deities 7 p]mitt$ to %>e ! b5efit ( an inv5tion :i* held out to gods z well z to m5 a reasonable hope ( immortality4 ,e prov9ce !n _h ! tomb & mummy ( its dead god4 ,! mummy ( ,osiris 0 to be se5 at ,m5des2 ,?9is boa/$ ( ! mummy ( ,anh\ri2 & ,heliopolis rejoic$ 9 ! possession ( t ( ,t\m\4 ,! high gods ( ,babylon also1 ?\gh !y appe>$ to _! wor%ipp]s only 9 dreams & visions1 7 conceiv$ to be human 9 _! bodily %ape1 human 9 _! passions1 & human 9 _! fate2 = l m5 !y 7 born into ! _w1 & l m5 !y lov$ & f\ght & di$4 #b4 ,k+s kill$ :5 _! ,/r5g? fails ,,if ,,! ,,high gods1 :o dwell remote f ! fret & fev] ( ?is e>?ly life1 are yet believ$ to die at la/1 x is n to be expect$ t a god :o lodges 9 a frail tab]nacle ( fle% %\ld escape ! same fate1 ?\gh we he> ( ,african k+s :o h imag9$ !mselves immortal by virtue ( _! sorc]ies4 ,n[ primitive peoples1 z we h se51 sometimes believe t _! safety & ev5 t ( ! _w is b\nd up ) ! life ( "o ( ^! god-m5 or human inc>nations ( ! div9ity4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 !y take ! utmo/ c>e ( 8 life1 out ( a reg>d = _! own4 ,b no am\nt ( c>e & precaution w prev5t ! man-god f gr[+ old & feeble & at la/ dy+4 ,8 wor%ipp]s h to lay _! acc\nt ) ?is sad necessity & to meet x z be/ !y c4 ,! dang] is a =midable "o2 = if ! c\rse ( nature is dep5d5t on ! man-god's life1 :at cata/rophes may n be expect$ f ! gradual enfeeblem5t ( 8 p[]s & _! f9al ext9ction 9 dea?8 ,!re is only "o way ( av]t+ ^! dang]s4 ,! man-god mu/ be kill$ z soon z he %[s symptoms t 8 p[]s are beg9n+ to fail1 & 8 s\l mu/ be transf]r$ to a vigor\s successor be=e x has be5 s]i\sly impair$ by ! ?reat5$ decay4 ,! advantages ( ?us putt+ ! man-god to dea? in/ead ( all[+ him to die ( old age & disease are1 to ! savage1 obvi\s en\gh4 ,= if ! man-god dies :at we call a natural dea?1 x means1 accord+ to ! savage1 t 8 s\l has ei!r volunt>ily dep>t$ f 8 body & refuses to return1 or m commonly t x has be5 extract$1 or at lea/ deta9$ 9 its w&]+s1 by a demon or sorc]]4 ,9 any ( ^! cases ! s\l ( ! man-god is lo/ to 8 wor%ipp]s1 & ) x _! prosp]ity is gone & _! v exi/5ce endang]$4 ,ev5 if !y c\ld arrange to cat* ! s\l ( ! dy+ god z x left 8 lips or 8 no/rils & s transf] x to a successor1 ?is w\ld n effect _! purpose2 =1 dy+ ( disease1 8 s\l w\ld necess>ily leave 8 body 9 ! la/ /age ( weakness & exhau/ion1 & s enfeebl$ x w\ld cont9ue to drag out a languid1 in]t exi/5ce 9 any body to :i* x might be transf]r$4 ,:]eas by slay+ him 8 wor%ipp]s c\ld1 9 ! fir/ place1 make sure ( cat*+ 8 s\l z x escap$ & transf]r+ x to a suitable successor2 &1 9 ! second place1 by putt+ him to dea? be=e 8 natural =ce 0 abat$1 !y w\ld secure t ! _w %\ld n fall into decay ) ! decay ( ! man-god4 ,e purpose1 !re=e1 0 answ]$1 & all dang]s av]t$ by ?us kill+ ! man-god & transf]r+ 8 s\l1 :ile yet at its prime1 to a vigor\s successor4 ,! my/ic k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] 9 ,cambodia are n all[$ to die a natural dea?4 ,h5ce :5 "o ( !m is s]i\sly ill & ! eld]s ?9k t he _c recov]1 !y /ab him to dea?4 ,! p ( ,congo believ$1 z we h se51 t if _! pontiff ! ,*itom 7 to die a natural dea?1 ! _w w\ld p]i%1 & ! e>?1 :i* he alone su/a9$ by 8 p[] & m]it1 w\ld imm$iately be annihilat$4 ,accord+ly :5 he fell ill & seem$ likely to die1 ! man :o 0 de/9$ to be 8 successor ent]$ ! pontiff's h\se ) a rope or a club & /rangl$ or clubb$ him to dea?4 ,! ,e?iopian k+s ( ,m]oe 7 wor%ipp$ z gods2 b :5ev] ! prie/s *ose1 !y s5t a mess5g] to ! k+1 ord]+ him to die1 & alleg+ an oracle ( ! gods z _! au?ority = ! comm&4 ,?is comm& ! k+s always obey$ d[n to ! reign ( ,ergam5es1 a contempor>y ( ,ptolemy ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,hav+ receiv$ a ,greek education :i* emancipat$ him f ! sup]/itions ( 8 c\ntrym51 ,ergam5es v5tur$ to disreg>d ! comm& ( ! prie/s1 &1 ent]+ ! ,gold5 ,temple ) a body ( soldi]s1 put ! prie/s to ! sword4 ,cu/oms ( ! same sort appe> to h prevail$ 9 ?is "p ( ,africa d[n to mod]n times4 ,9 "s tribes ( ,fazoql ! k+ _h to adm9i/] ju/ice daily "u a c]ta9 tree4 ,if f sickness or any o!r cause he 0 unable to dis*>ge ?is duty = ?ree :ole days1 he 0 hang$ on ! tree 9 a noose1 :i* conta9$ two razors s arrang$ t :5 ! noose 0 drawn tight by ! weight ( ! k+'s body !y cut 8 ?roat4 ,a cu/om ( putt+ _! div9e k+s to dea? at ! fir/ symptoms ( infirmity or old age prevail$ until lately1 if inde$ x is ev5 n[ ext9ct & n m]ely dormant1 among ! ,%illuk ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 & 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman4 ,! rev]5ce :i* ! ,%illuk pay to _! k+ appe>s to arise *iefly f ! conviction t he is a re9c>nation ( ! _s ( ,nyakang1 ! semi-div9e h]o :o f\nd$ ! dyna/y & settl$ ! tribe 9 _! pres5t t]ritory4 ,x is a fundam5tal article ( ! ,%illuk cre$ t ! _s ( ! div9e or semi-div9e ,nyakang is inc>nate 9 ! reign+ k+1 :o is accord+ly himself inve/$ to "s ext5t ) ! "* ( a div9ity4 ,b :ile ! ,%illuk hold _! k+s 9 high1 inde$ religi\s rev]5ce & take e precaution aga9/ _! accid5tal dea?1 nev]!less !y *]i% ! conviction t ! k+ mu/ n be all[$ to become ill or s5ile1 le/ ) 8 dim9i%+ vig\r ! cattle %\ld sick5 & fail to be> _! increase1 ! crops %\ld rot 9 ! fields1 & man1 /rick5 ) disease1 %\ld die 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s4 ,to prev5t ^! calamities x us$ to be ! regul> cu/om ) ! ,%illuk to put ! k+ to dea? :5ev] he %[$ signs ( ill-heal? or fail+ /r5g?4 ,"o ( ! fatal symptoms ( decay 0 tak5 to be an incapacity to satisfy ! sexual passions ( 8 wives1 ( :om he has v _m1 di/ribut$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( h\ses at ,fa%oda4 ,:5 ?is om9\s weakness manife/$ itself1 ! wives report$ x to ! *iefs1 :o are popul>ly said to h intimat$ to ! k+ 8 doom by spread+ a :ite clo? ov] 8 face & knees z he lay slumb]+ 9 ! heat ( ! sultry aft]noon4 ,execution soon foll[$ ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,a hut 0 specially built = ! occasion3 ! k+ 0 l$ into x & lay d[n ) 8 head re/+ on ! lap ( a nubile virg93 ! door ( ! hut 0 !n wall$ up2 & ! c\ple 7 left )\t food1 wat]1 or fire to die ( hung] & suffocation4 ,?is 0 ! old cu/om1 b x 0 aboli%$ "s five g5]ations ago on acc\nt ( ! excessive suff]+s ( "o ( ! k+s :o p]i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,x is said t ! *iefs ann\nce 8 fate to ! k+1 & t aft]w>ds he is /rangl$ 9 a hut :i* has be5 specially built = ! occasion4 ,f ,dr4 ,seligman's enquiries x appe>s t n only 0 ! ,%illuk k+ liable to be kill$ ) due c]emony at ! fir/ symptoms ( incipi5t decay1 b ev5 :ile he 0 yet 9 ! prime ( heal? & /r5g? he might be attack$ at any "t by a rival & h to def5d 8 cr[n 9 a combat to ! dea?4 ,accord+ to ! common ,%illuk tradition any son ( a k+ _h ! "r ?us to fight ! k+ 9 possession &1 if he succe$$ 9 kill+ him1 to reign 9 8 /ead4 ,z e k+ _h a l>ge h>em & _m sons1 ! numb] ( possible c&idates = ! ?rone at any "t may well h be5 n inconsid]able1 & ! reign+ mon>* mu/ h c>ri$ 8 life 9 8 h&4 ,b ! attack on him c\ld only take place ) any prospect ( success at night2 = dur+ ! day ! k+ surr\nd$ himself ) 8 fri5ds & bodygu>ds1 & an aspirant to ! ?rone c\ld h>dly hope to cut 8 way ?r\gh !m & /rike home4 ,x 0 o!rwise at night4 ,= !n ! gu>ds 7 dismiss$ & ! k+ 0 alone 9 8 enclosure ) 8 fav\rite wives1 & !re 0 no man ne> to def5d him except a few h]dsm51 ^: huts /ood a little way (f4 ,! h\rs ( d>kness 7 !re=e ! season ( p]il = ! k+4 ,x is said t he us$ to pass !m 9 con/ant wat*fulness1 pr[l+ r\nd 8 huts fully arm$1 pe]+ into ! blacke/ %ad[s1 or himself /&+ sil5t & al]t1 l a s5t9el on duty1 9 "s d>k corn]4 ,:5 at la/ 8 rival appe>$1 ! fight w\ld take place 9 grim sil5ce1 brok5 only by ! cla% ( spe>s & %ields1 = x 0 a po9t ( hon\r ) ! k+ n to call ! h]dsm5 to 8 assi/ance4 ,l ,nyakang himself1 _! f\nd]1 ea* ( ! ,%illuk k+s aft] dea? is wor%ipp$ at a %r9e1 :i* is erect$ ov] 8 grave1 & ! grave ( a k+ is always 9 ! village :]e he 0 born4 ,! tomb-%r9e ( a k+ resembles ! %r9e ( ,nyakang1 consi/+ ( a few huts enclos$ by a f5ce2 "o ( ! huts is built ov] ! k+'s grave1 ! o!rs are occupi$ by ! gu>dians ( ! %r9e4 ,inde$ ! %r9es ( ,nyakang & ! %r9es ( ! k+s are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & ! religi\s rituals obs]v$ at all ( !m are id5tical 9 =m & v>y only 9 matt]s ( detail1 ! v>iations be+ due app>5tly to ! f> great] sanctity attribut$ to ! %r9es ( ,nyakang4 ,! grave-%r9es ( ! k+s are t5d$ by c]ta9 old m5 or wom51 :o correspond to ! gu>dians ( ! %r9es ( ,nyakang4 ,!y are usually wid[s or old m5-s]vants ( ! deceas$ k+1 & :5 !y die !y are succe$$ 9 _! (fice by _! desc5dants4 ,moreov]1 cattle are d$icat$ to ! grave-%r9es ( ! k+s & sacrifices are (f]$ at !m j z at ! %r9es ( ,nyakang4 ,9 g5]al ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! religion ( ! ,%illuk w\ld seem to be ! wor%ip :i* !y pay to _! sacr$ or div9e k+s1 :e!r dead or alive4 ,^! are believ$ to be animat$ by a s+le div9e _s1 :i* has be5 transmitt$ f ! semi-my?ical1 b probably 9 sub/ance hi/orical1 f\nd] ( ! dyna/y ?r\gh all 8 successors to ! pres5t day4 ,h5ce1 reg>d+ _! k+s z inc>nate div9ities on :om ! welf>e ( m51 ( cattle1 & ( ! corn implicitly dep5ds1 ! ,%illuk naturally pay !m ! greate/ respect & take e c>e ( !m2 & h[ev] /range x may seem to u1 _! cu/om ( putt+ ! div9e k+ to dea? z soon z he %[s signs ( ill-heal? or fail+ /r5g? spr+s directly f _! pr(\nd v5]ation = him & f _! anxiety to pres]ve him1 or r ! div9e _s by :i* he is animat$1 9 ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( effici5cy3 nay1 we may g fur!r & say t _! practice ( regicide is ! be/ pro( !y c give ( ! high reg>d 9 :i* !y hold _! k+s4 ,= !y believe1 z we h se51 t ! k+'s life or _s is s sympa!tically b\nd up ) ! prosp]ity ( ! :ole c\ntry1 t if he fell ill or grew s5ile ! cattle w\ld sick5 & cease to multiply1 ! crops w\ld rot 9 ! fields1 & m5 w\ld p]i% ( widespread disease4 ,h5ce1 9 _! op9ion1 ! only way ( av]t+ ^! calamities is to put ! k+ to dea? :ile he is /ill hale & he>ty1 9 ord] t ! div9e _s :i* he has inh]it$ f 8 pr$ecessors may be transmitt$ 9 turn by him to 8 successor :ile x is /ill 9 full vig\r & has n yet be5 impair$ by ! weakness ( disease & old age4 ,9 ?is connexion ! p>ticul> symptom :i* is commonly said to seal ! k+'s dea?-w>rant is highly significant2 :5 he c no long] satisfy ! passions ( 8 num]\s wives1 9 o!r words1 :5 he has ceas$1 :e!r p>tially or :olly1 to be able to reproduce 8 k9d1 x is "t = him to die & to make room = a m vigor\s successor4 ,tak5 along ) ! o!r reasons :i* are alleg$ = putt+ ! k+ to dea?1 ?is "o sugge/s t ! f]tility ( m51 ( cattle1 & ( ! crops is believ$ to dep5d sympa!tically on ! g5]ative p[] ( ! k+1 s t ! complete failure ( t p[] 9 him w\ld involve a correspond+ failure 9 m51 animals1 & plants1 & w\ld !reby entail at no di/ant date ! entire ext9ction ( all life1 :e!r human1 animal1 or vegetable4 ,no wond]1 t ) su* a dang] be=e _! eyes ! ,%illuk %\ld be mo/ c>eful n to let ! k+ die :at we %\ld call a natural dea? ( sickness or old age4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( _! attitude t[>ds ! dea? ( ! k+s t !y refra9 f speak+ ( x z dea?3 !y d n say t a k+ has di$ b simply t he has gone away l 8 div9e ance/ors ,nyakang & ,dag1 ! two fir/ k+s ( ! dyna/y1 bo? ( :om are report$ n to h di$ b to h disappe>$4 ,! simil> leg5ds ( ! my/]i\s disappe>ance ( e>ly k+s 9 o!r l&s1 = example at ,rome & 9 ,ug&a1 may well po9t to a simil> cu/om ( putt+ !m to dea? = ! purpose ( pres]v+ _! life4 ,on ! :ole ! !ory & practice ( ! div9e k+s ( ! ,%illuk correspond v ne>ly to ! !ory & practice ( ! prie/s ( ,nemi1 ! ,k+s ( ! ,wood1 if my view ( ! latt] is correct4 ,9 bo? we see a s]ies ( div9e k+s on ^: life ! f]tility ( m51 ( cattle1 & ( vegetation is believ$ to dep5d1 & :o are put to dea?1 :e!r 9 s+le combat or o!rwise1 9 ord] t _! div9e _s may be transmitt$ to _! successors 9 full vig\r1 uncontam9at$ by ! weakness & decay ( sickness or old age1 because any su* deg5]ation on ! "p ( ! k+ w\ld1 9 ! op9ion ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 entail a correspond+ deg5]ation on mank+1 on cattle1 & on ! crops4 ,"s po9ts 9 ?is explanation ( ! cu/om ( putt+ div9e k+s to dea?1 p>ticul>ly ! me?od ( transmitt+ _! div9e s\ls to _! successors1 w be dealt ) m fully 9 ! sequel4 ,meantime we pass to o!r examples ( ! g5]al practice4 ,! ,d9ka are a cong]ies ( indep5d5t tribes 9 ! valley ( ! ,:ite ,nile4 ,!y are ess5tially a pa/oral p1 passionately devot$ to ! c>e ( _! num]\s h]ds ( ox51 ?\gh !y also keep %eep & goats1 & ! wom5 cultivate small quantities ( millet & sesame4 ,= _! crops & above all = _! pa/ures !y dep5d on ! regul>ity ( ! ra9s3 9 seasons ( prolong$ dr\ght !y are said to be r$uc$ to great extremities4 ,h5ce ! ra9-mak] is a v important p]sonage among !m to ?is day2 inde$ ! m5 9 au?ority :om travell]s dub *iefs or %eikhs are 9 fact ! actual or pot5tial ra9-mak]s ( ! tribe or community4 ,ea* ( !m is believ$ to be animat$ by ! _s ( a great ra9-mak]1 :i* has come d[n to him ?r\gh a succession ( ra9-mak]s2 & 9 virtue ( ?is inspiration a successful ra9-mak] enjoys v great p[] & is consult$ on all important matt]s4 ,yet 9 spite1 or r 9 virtue1 ( ! high hon\r 9 :i* he is held1 no ,d9ka ra9-mak] is all[$ to die a natural dea? ( sickness or old age2 = ! ,d9ka believe t if su* an unt[>d ev5t 7 to happ51 ! tribe w\ld suff] f disease & fam9e1 & ! h]ds w\ld n yield _! increase4 ,s :5 a ra9-mak] feels t he is gr[+ old & infirm1 he tells 8 *ildr5 t he wi%es to die4 ,among ! ,ag> ,d9ka a l>ge grave is dug & ! ra9-mak] lies d[n 9 x1 surr\nd$ by 8 fri5ds & relatives4 ,f "t to "t he speaks to ! p1 recall+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! tribe1 rem9d+ !m h[ he has rul$ & advis$ !m1 & in/ruct+ !m h[ !y are to act 9 ! future4 ,!n1 :5 he has conclud$ 8 admonition1 he bids !m cov] him up4 ,s ! e>? is ?r[n d[n on him z he lies 9 ! grave1 & he soon dies ( suffocation4 ,su*1 ) m9or v>iations1 appe>s to be ! regul> end ( ! hon\rable c>e] ( a ra9-mak] 9 all ! ,d9ka tribes4 ,! ,khor-,ad> ,d9ka told ,dr4 ,seligman t :5 !y h dug ! grave = _! ra9-mak] !y /rangle him 9 8 h\se4 ,! fa!r & pat]nal uncle ( "o ( ,dr4 ,seligman's in=mants _h bo? be5 ra9-mak]s & bo? _h be5 kill$ 9 ! mo/ regul> & or?odox fa%ion4 ,ev5 if a ra9-mak] is q "y he w be put to dea? %\ld he seem likely to p]i% ( disease4 ,fur!r1 e precaution is tak5 to prev5t a ra9-mak] f dy+ an accid5tal dea?1 = su* an end1 ?\gh n ne>ly s s]i\s a matt] z dea? f illness or old age1 w\ld be sure to entail sickness on ! tribe4 ,z soon z a ra9-mak] is kill$1 8 valuable _s is suppos$ to pass to a suitable successor1 :e!r a son or o!r ne> blood relation4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,african k+dom ( ,bunyoro d[n to rec5t ye>s cu/om requir$ t z soon z ! k+ fell s]i\sly ill or began to break up f age1 he %\ld die by 8 own h&2 =1 accord+ to an old prophecy1 ! ?rone w\ld pass away f ! dyna/y if ev] ! k+ 7 to die a natural dea?4 ,he kill$ himself by dra9+ a poison$ cup4 ,if he falt]$ or 7 too ill to ask = ! cup1 x 0 8 wife's duty to adm9i/] ! poison4 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,kibanga1 on ! ,upp] ,congo1 seems ne> 8 end1 ! sorc]]s put a rope r\nd 8 neck1 :i* !y draw gradually tight] till he dies4 ,if ! k+ ( ,g+iro happ5s to be w\nd$ 9 w>1 he is put to dea? by 8 comrades1 or1 if !y fail to kill him1 by 8 k9sfolk1 h[ev] h>d he may beg = m]cy4 ,!y say !y d x t he may n die by ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,! ,jukos are a hea!n tribe ( ! ,b5ue ,riv]1 a great tribut>y ( ! ,nig]4 ,9 _! c\ntry ! t[n ( ,gatri is rul$ by a k+ :o is elect$ by ! big m5 ( ! t[n z foll[s4 ,:5 9 ! op9ion ( ! big m5 ! k+ has reign$ long en\gh1 !y give out t '! k+ is sick'--a =mula und]/ood by all to mean t !y are go+ to kill him1 ?\gh ! int5tion is nev] put m pla9ly4 ,!y !n decide :o is to be ! next k+4 ,h[ long he is to reign is settl$ by ! influ5tial m5 at a meet+2 ! "q is put & answ]$ by ea* man ?r[+ on ! gr\nd a little piece ( /ick = ea* ye> he ?9ks ! new k+ %\ld rule4 ,! k+ is !n told1 & a great fea/ prep>$1 at :i* ! k+ gets drunk on gu9ea-corn be]4 ,aft] t he is spe>$1 & ! man :o 0 *os5 becomes k+4 ,?us ea* ,juko k+ kn[s t he _c h v _m m ye>s to live1 & t he is c]ta9 ( 8 pr$ecessor's fate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to fright5 c&idates4 ,! same cu/om ( k+-kill+ is said to prevail at ,quonde & ,wuk>i z well z at ,gatri4 ,9 ! ?ree ,hausa k+doms ( ,gobir1 ,kats9a1 & ,daura1 9 ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 z soon z a k+ %[$ signs ( fail+ heal? or gr[+ infirmity1 an (ficial :o bore ! title ( ,kill] ( ! ,elephant appe>$ & ?rottl$ him4 ,! ,matiamvo is a great k+ or emp]or 9 ! int]ior ( ,angola4 ,"o ( ! inf]ior k+s ( ! c\ntry1 by "n ,*alla1 gave to a ,portuguese exp$ition ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,matiamvo comes by 8 end4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y1 he said1 = our ,matiamvos to die ei!r 9 w> or by a viol5t dea?1 & ! pres5t ,matiamvo mu/ meet ?is la/ fate1 z1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 great exactions1 he has liv$ long en\gh4 ,:5 we come to ?is und]/&+1 & decide t he %\ld be kill$1 we invite him to make w> ) our enemies1 on :i* occasion we all accompany him & 8 family to ! w>1 :5 we lose "s ( our p4 ,if he escapes unhurt1 we return to ! w> aga9 & fight = ?ree or f\r days4 ,we !n sudd5ly ab&on him & 8 family to _! fate1 leav+ him 9 ! enemy's h&s4 ,see+ himself ?us des]t$1 he causes 8 ?rone to be erect$1 &1 sitt+ d[n1 calls 8 family ar\nd him4 ,he !n ord]s 8 "m to approa*2 %e kneels at 8 feet2 he fir/ cuts (f h] head1 !n decapitates 8 sons 9 succession1 next 8 wives & relatives1 &1 la/ ( all1 8 mo/ belov$ wife1 call$ ,anacullo4 ,?is slaught] be+ accompli%$1 ! ,matiamvo1 dress$ 9 all 8 pomp1 awaits 8 own dea?1 :i* imm$iately foll[s1 by an (fic] s5t by ! p[]ful neighb\r+ *iefs1 ,caniqu9ha & ,canica4 ,?is (fic] fir/ cuts (f 8 legs & arms at ! jo9ts1 & la/ly he cuts (f 8 head2 aft] :i* ! head ( ! (fic] is /ruck (f4 ,all ! pot5tates retire f ! encampm5t1 9 ord] n to witness 8 dea?4 ,x is my duty to rema9 & witness 8 dea?1 & to m>k ! place :]e ! head & arms h be5 deposit$ by ! two great *iefs1 ! enemies ( ! ,matiamvo4 ,!y also take possession ( all ! prop]ty belong+ to ! deceas$ mon>* & 8 family1 :i* !y convey to _! own resid5ce4 ,i !n provide = ! fun]al ( ! mutilat$ rema9s ( ! late ,matiamvo1 aft] :i* ,i retire to 8 capital & proclaim ! new gov]nm5t4 ,i !n return to :]e ! head1 legs1 & arms h be5 deposit$1 &1 = =ty slaves1 ,i ransom !m1 toge!r ) ! m]*&ise & o!r prop]ty belong+ to ! deceas$1 :i* ,i give up to ! new ,matiamvo1 :o has be5 proclaim$4 ,?is is :at has happ5$ to _m ,matiamvos1 & :at mu/ happ5 to ! pres5t "o4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a ,zulu cu/om to put ! k+ to dea? z soon z he began to h wr9kles or grey hairs4 ,at lea/ ?is seems impli$ 9 ! foll[+ passage writt5 by "o :o resid$ = "s "t at ! c\rt ( ! notori\s ,zulu tyrant ,*aka1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,! extraord9>y viol5ce ( ! k+'s rage ) me 0 ma9ly occasion$ by t absurd no/rum1 ! hair oil1 ) ! notion ( :i* ,mr4 ,f>ewell _h impress$ him z be+ a specific = remov+ all indications ( age4 ,f ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 hav+ he>d t su* a prep>ation 0 atta9able1 he ev9c$ a solicitude to procure x1 & on e occasion nev] =got to rem9d u ( 8 anxiety respect+ x2 m especially on our dep>ture on ! mission 8 injunctions 7 p>ticul>ly direct$ to ?is object4 ,x w be se5 t x is "o ( ! b>b>\s cu/oms ( ! ,zoolas 9 _! *oice or election ( _! k+s t he mu/ nei!r h wr9kles nor grey hairs1 z !y are bo? di/+ui%+ m>ks ( disqualification = becom+ a mon>* ( a w>like p4 ,x is also equally indisp5sable t _! k+ %\ld nev] exhibit ^? pro(s ( hav+ become unfit & incompet5t to reign2 x is !re=e important t !y %\ld conceal ^! indications s long z !y possibly c4 ,*aka _h become greatly appreh5sive ( ! approa* ( grey hairs2 :i* w\ld at once be ! signal = him to prep>e to make 8 exit f ?is sublun>y _w1 x be+ always foll[$ by ! dea? ( ! mon>*4 ,! writ] to :om we are indebt$ = ?is in/ructive anecdote ( ! hair oil omits to specify ! mode 9 :i* a grey-hair$ & wr9kl$ ,zulu *ief us$ to make 8 exit f ?is sublun>y _w2 b on analogy we may conjecture t he 0 kill$4 ,! cu/om ( putt+ k+s to dea? z soon z !y suff]$ f any p]sonal defect prevail$ two c5turies ago 9 ! ,caffre k+dom ( ,s(ala4 ,we h se5 t ^! k+s ( ,s(ala 7 reg>d$ z gods by _! p1 be+ entreat$ to give ra9 or sun%9e1 accord+ z ea* might be want$4 ,nev]!less a slight bodily blemi%1 su* z ! loss ( a too?1 0 consid]$ a suffici5t cause = putt+ "o ( ^! god-m5 to dea?1 z we le>n f ! foll[+ passage ( an old ,portuguese hi/orian3 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om ( ! k+s ( ?is l& to commit suicide by tak+ poison :5 any disa/] or natural physical defect fell ^u !m1 su* z impot5ce1 infecti\s disease1 ! loss ( _! front tee?1 by :i* !y 7 disfigur$1 or any o!r de=mity or affliction4 ,to put an end to su* defects !y kill$ !mselves1 say+ t ! k+ %\ld be free f any blemi%1 & if n1 x 0 bett] = 8 hon\r t he %\ld die & seek ano!r life :]e he w\ld be made :ole1 = !re ev]y?+ 0 p]fect4 ,b ! ,quiteve 7k+7 :o reign$ :5 ,i 0 9 ^? p>ts w\ld n imitate 8 pr$ecessors 9 ?is1 be+ discreet & dread$ z he 02 = hav+ lo/ a front too? he caus$ x to be proclaim$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom t all %\ld be aw>e t he _h lo/ a too? & %\ld recognise him :5 !y saw him )\t x1 & if 8 pr$ecessors kill$ !mselves = su* ?+s !y 7 v fooli%1 & he w\ld n d s2 on ! contr>y1 he w\ld be v sorry :5 ! "t came = him to die a natural dea?1 = 8 life 0 v necess>y to pres]ve 8 k+dom & def5d x f 8 enemies2 & he recomm5d$ 8 successors to foll[ 8 example4 ,! k+ ( ,s(ala :o d>$ to survive ! loss ( 8 front too? 0 ?us a bold re=m] l ,ergam5es1 k+ ( ,e?iopia4 ,we may conjecture t ! gr\nd = putt+ ! ,e?iopian k+s to dea? 01 z 9 ! case ( ! ,zulu & ,s(ala k+s1 ! appe>ance on _! p]son ( any bodily defect or sign ( decay2 & t ! oracle :i* ! prie/s alleg$ z ! au?ority = ! royal execution 0 to ! effect t great calamities w\ld result f ! reign ( a k+ :o _h any blemi% on 8 body2 j z an oracle w>n$ ,sp>ta aga9/ a lame reign1 t is1 ! reign ( a lame k+4 ,x is "s confirmation ( ?is conjecture t ! k+s ( ,e?iopia 7 *os5 = _! size1 /r5g?1 & beauty long be=e ! cu/om ( kill+ !m 0 aboli%$4 ,to ?is day ! ,sultan ( ,wadai mu/ h no obvi\s bodily defect1 & ! k+ ( ,angoy _c be cr[n$ if he has a s+le blemi%1 su* z a brok5 or a fil$ too? or ! sc> ( an old w\nd4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acaill & _m o!r au?orities no k+ :o 0 afflict$ ) a p]sonal blemi% might reign ov] ,irel& at ,t>a4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! great ,k+ ,cormac ,mac ,art lo/ "o eye by an accid5t1 he at once abdicat$4 ,_m days' j\rney to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,abomey1 ! old capital ( ,dahomey1 lies ! k+dom ( ,eyeo4 ,! ,eyeos are gov]n$ by a k+1 no less absolute ?an ! k+ ( ,dahomey1 yet subject to a regulation ( /ate1 at once humiliat+ & extraord9>y4 ,:5 ! p h conceiv$ an op9ion ( 8 ill-gov]nm5t1 :i* is sometimes insidi\sly infus$ into !m by ! artifice ( 8 discont5t$ m9i/]s1 !y s5d a deputation to him ) a pres5t ( p>rots' eggs1 z a m>k ( its au!nticity1 to repres5t to him t ! burd5 ( gov]nm5t mu/ h s f> fatigu$ him t !y consid] x full "t = him to repose f 8 c>es & indulge himself ) a little sleep4 ,he ?anks 8 subjects = _! att5tion to 8 ease1 retires to 8 own ap>tm5t z if to sleep1 & !re gives directions to 8 wom5 to /rangle him4 ,?is is imm$iately execut$1 & 8 son quietly asc5ds ! ?rone ^u ! usual t]ms ( hold+ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t no long] ?an :il/ he m]its ! approbation ( ! p4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aggd1 a k+ ( ,eyeo1 :om 8 m9i/]s attempt$ to remove 9 ! cu/om>y mann]1 positively refus$ to accept ! pr(f]$ p>rots' eggs at _! h&s1 tell+ !m t he _h no m9d to take a nap1 b on ! contr>y 0 resolv$ to wat* = ! b5efit ( 8 subjects4 ,! m9i/]s1 surpris$ & indignant at 8 recalcitrancy1 rais$ a rebellion1 b 7 defeat$ ) great slaught]1 & ?us by 8 spirit$ conduct ! k+ fre$ himself f ! tyranny ( 8 c\ncillors & e/abli%$ a new prec$5t = ! guidance ( 8 successors4 ,h[ev]1 ! old cu/om seems to h reviv$ & p]si/$ until late 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = a ,ca?olic mission>y1 writ+ 9 #ahhd1 speaks ( ! practice z if x 7 /ill 9 vogue4 ,ano!r mission>y1 writ+ 9 #ahha1 ?us describes ! usage ( ! ,egbas & ! ,yorubas ( ,we/ ,africa3 ,among ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry "o ( ! mo/ curi\s is unque/ionably t ( judg+1 & puni%+ ! k+4 ,%\ld he h e>n$ ! hatr$ ( 8 p by exce$+ 8 rights1 "o ( 8 c\ncillors1 on :om ! heavy duty is laid1 requires ( ! pr9ce t he %all 'g to sleep1' :i* means simply 'take poison & die4' ,if 8 c\rage fails him at ! supreme mom5t1 a fri5d r5d]s him ?is la/ s]vice1 & quietly1 )\t betray+ ! secret1 !y prep>e ! p = ! news ( ! k+'s dea?4 ,9 ,yoruba ! ?+ is manag$ a little diff]5tly4 ,:5 a son is born to ! k+ ( ,oyo1 !y make a model ( ! infant's "r foot 9 clay & keep x 9 ! h\se ( ! eld]s 7ogboni74 ,if ! k+ fails to obs]ve ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 a mess5g]1 )\t speak+ a ^w1 %[s him 8 *ild's foot4 ,! k+ kn[s :at t means4 ,he takes poison & goes to sleep4 ,! old ,prussians ackn[l$g$ z _! supreme "l a rul] :o gov]n$ !m 9 ! "n ( ! gods1 & 0 kn[n z ,god's ,m\?4 ,:5 he felt himself weak & ill1 if he wi%$ to leave a good "n beh9d him1 he _h a great heap made ( ?orn-bu%es & /raw1 on :i* he m\nt$ & deliv]$ a long s]mon to ! p1 exhort+ !m to s]ve ! gods & promis+ to g to ! gods & speak = ! p4 ,!n he took "s ( ! p]petual fire :i* burn$ 9 front ( ! holy oak-tree1 & light+ ! pile ) x burn$ himself to dea?4 #c4 ,k+s kill$ at ! ,end ( a ,fix$ ,t]m ,,9 ,,! ,,cases hi!rto describ$1 ! div9e k+ or prie/ is suff]$ by 8 p to reta9 (fice until "s outw>d defect1 "s visible symptom ( fail+ heal? or advanc+ age1 w>ns !m t he is no long] equal to ! dis*>ge ( 8 div9e duties2 b n until su* symptoms h made _! appe>ance is he put to dea?4 ,"s peoples1 h[ev]1 appe> to h ?\ght x unsafe to wait = ev5 ! slighte/ symptom ( decay & h pref]r$ to kill ! k+ :ile he 0 /ill 9 ! full vig\r ( life4 ,accord+ly1 !y h fix$ a t]m beyond :i* he might n reign1 & at ! close ( :i* he mu/ die1 ! t]m fix$ ^u be+ %ort en\gh to exclude ! probability ( 8 deg5]at+ physically 9 ! int]val4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,india ! p]iod fix$ 0 twelve ye>s4 ,?us1 accord+ to an old travell]1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quilac>e1 !re is a ,g5tile h\se ( pray]1 9 :i* !re is an idol :i* !y hold 9 great acc\nt1 & e twelve ye>s !y celebrate a great fea/ to x1 :i!r all ! ,g5tiles g z to a jubilee4 ,?is temple possesses _m l&s & mu* rev5ue3 x is a v great affair4 ,?is prov9ce has a k+ ov] x1 :o has n m ?an twelve ye>s to reign f jubilee to jubilee4 ,8 mann] ( liv+ is 9 ?is wise1 t is to say3 :5 ! twelve ye>s are complet$1 on ! day ( ?is fea/ !re assemble toge!r innum]able p1 & mu* money is sp5t 9 giv+ food to ,bramans4 ,! k+ has a wood5 scaffold+ made1 spread ov] ) silk5 hang+s3 & on t day he goes to ba! at a tank ) great c]emonies & s\nd ( music1 aft] t he comes to ! idol & prays to x1 & m\nts on to ! scaffold+1 & !re be=e all ! p he takes "s v %>p knives1 & beg9s to cut (f 8 nose1 & !n 8 e>s1 & 8 lips1 & all 8 memb]s1 & z mu* fle% (f himself z he c2 & he ?r[s x away v hurri$ly until s mu* ( 8 blood is spill$ t he beg9s to fa9t1 & !n he cuts 8 ?roat himself4 ,& he p]=ms ?is sacrifice to ! idol1 & :oev] desires to reign ano!r twelve ye>s & und]take ?is m>tyrdom = love ( ! idol1 has to be pres5t look+ on at ?is3 & f t place !y raise him up z k+4 ,! k+ ( ,calicut1 on ! ,malab> coa/1 be>s ! title ( ,samor9 or ,samory4 ,he pret5ds to be ( a high] rank ?an ! ,brahmans1 & to be inf]ior only to ! invisible gods2 a pret5tion t 0 ackn[l$g$ by 8 subjects1 b :i* is held z absurd & abom9able by ! ,brahmans1 by :om he is only treat$ z a ,sudra4 ,=m]ly ! ,samor9 _h to cut 8 ?roat 9 public at ! end ( a twelve ye>s' reign4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! rule _h be5 modifi$ z foll[s3 ,_m /range cu/oms 7 obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 =m] times1 & "s v odd ones are /ill cont9u$4 ,x 0 an anci5t cu/om = ! ,samor9 to reign b twelve ye>s1 & no long]4 ,if he di$ be=e 8 t]m 0 expir$1 x sav$ him a tr\blesome c]emony ( cutt+ 8 own ?roat1 on a publick scaffold erect$ = ! purpose4 ,he fir/ made a fea/ = all 8 nobility & g5try1 :o are v num]\s4 ,aft] ! fea/ he salut$ 8 gue/s1 & w5t on ! scaffold1 & v dec5tly cut 8 own ?roat 9 ! view ( ! assembly1 & 8 body 01 a little :ile aft]1 burn$ ) great pomp & c]emony1 & ! gr&ees elect$ a new ,samor94 ,:e!r t cu/om 0 a religi\s or a civil c]emony1 ,i "k n1 b x is n[ laid aside4 ,& a new cu/om is foll[$ by ! mod]n ,samor9s1 t jubilee is proclaim$ ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions1 at ! end ( twelve ye>s1 & a t5t is pit*$ = him 9 a spaci\s pla91 & a great fea/ is celebrat$ = t5 or twelve days1 ) mir? & jollity1 guns fir+ night & day1 s at ! end ( ! fea/ any f\r ( ! gue/s t h a m9d to ga9 a cr[n by a desp]ate action1 9 fight+ _! way ?r\gh #cj or #dj1jjj ( 8 gu>ds1 & kill ! ,samor9 9 8 t5t1 he t kills him succe$s him 9 8 empire4 ,9 anno #afie1 "o ( ^? jubilees happ5$1 & ! t5t pit*$ ne> ,p5nany1 a seaport ( 81 ab\t fifte5 leagues to ! s\?w>d ( ,calicut4 ,!re 7 b ?ree m5 t w\ld v5ture on t desp]ate action1 :o fell 91 ) sword & t>get1 among ! gu>d1 &1 aft] !y _h kill$ & w\nd$ _m1 7 !mselves kill$4 ,"o ( ! desp]ados _h a nephew ( fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s ( age1 t kept close by 8 uncle 9 ! attack on ! gu>ds1 &1 :5 he saw him fall1 ! y\? got ?r\gh ! gu>ds into ! t5t1 & made a /roke at 8 ,maje/y's head1 & _h c]ta9ly despat*$ him if a l>ge brass lamp :i* 0 burn+ ov] 8 head _h n m>r$ ! bl[2 b1 be=e he c\ld make ano!r1 he 0 kill$ by ! gu>ds2 &1 ,i believe1 ! same ,samor9 reigns yet4 ,i *anc$ to come t "t along ! coa/ & he>d ! guns = two or ?ree days & nights successively4 ,! ,engli% travell]1 ^: acc\nt ,i h quot$1 did n himself witness ! fe/ival he describes1 ?\gh he he>d ! s\nd ( ! fir+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,=tunately1 exact records ( ^! fe/ivals & ( ! numb] ( m5 :o p]i%$ at !m h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! royal family at ,calicut4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !y 7 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,logan1 ) ! p]sonal assi/ance ( ! reign+ k+1 & f 8 "w x is possible to ga9 an accurate conception bo? ( ! trag$y & ( ! sc5e :]e x 0 p]iodically enact$ d[n to #agdc1 :5 ! c]emony took place = ! la/ "t4 ,! fe/ival at :i* ! k+ ( ,calicut /ak$ 8 cr[n & 8 life on ! issue ( battle 0 kn[n z ! ,great ,sacrifice4 ,x fell e twelf? ye>1 :5 ! planet ,jupit] 0 9 retrograde motion 9 ! sign ( ! ,crab1 & x la/$ tw5ty-eight days1 culm9at+ at ! "t ( ! eigh? lun> a/]ism 9 ! mon? ( ,mak>am4 ,z ! date ( ! fe/ival 0 det]m9$ by ! position ( ,jupit] 9 ! sky1 & ! int]val betwe5 two fe/ivals 0 twelve ye>s1 :i* is r\ghly ,jupit]'s p]iod ( revolution r\nd ! sun1 we may conjecture t ! spl5did planet 0 suppos$ to be 9 a special s5se ! k+'s /> & to rule 8 de/9y1 ! p]iod ( its revolution 9 heav5 correspond+ to ! p]iod ( 8 reign on e>?4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! c]emony 0 obs]v$ ) great pomp at ! ,tirunavayi temple1 on ! nor? bank ( ! ,ponnani ,riv]4 ,! spot is close to ! pres5t railway l9e4 ,z ! tra9 ru%es by1 y c j cat* a glimpse ( ! temple1 almo/ hidd5 beh9d a clump ( trees on ! riv] bank4 ,f ! we/]n gateway ( ! temple a p]fectly /raight road1 h>dly rais$ above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ rice-fields & %ad$ by a f9e av5ue1 runs = half a mile to a high ridge ) a precipit\s bank1 on :i* ! outl9es ( ?ree or f\r t]races c /ill be trac$4 ,on ! topmo/ ( ^! t]races ! k+ took 8 /& on ! ev5tful day4 ,! view :i* x comm&s is a f9e "o4 ,across ! flat expanse ( ! rice-fields1 ) ! broad placid riv] w9d+ ?r\gh !m1 ! eye ranges ea/w>d to high tablel&s1 _! l[] slopes emb[]$ 9 woods1 :ile af> (f looms ! great *a9 ( ! we/]n ,ghauts1 & 9 ! fur!/ di/ance ! ,neilgh]ries or ,blue ,m\nta9s1 h>dly di/+ui%able f ! azure ( ! sky above4 ,b x 0 n to ! di/ant prospect t ! k+'s eyes naturally turn$ at ?is crisis ( 8 fate4 ,8 att5tion 0 arre/$ by a spectacle ne>] at h&4 ,= all ! pla9 bel[ 0 alive ) troops1 _! bann]s wav+ gaily 9 ! sun1 ! :ite t5ts ( _! _m camps /&+ %>ply out aga9/ ! gre5 & gold ( ! ricefields4 ,=ty ?\s& fight+ m5 or m 7 ga!r$ !re to def5d ! k+4 ,b if ! pla9 sw>m$ ) soldi]s1 ! road t cuts across x f ! temple to ! k+'s /& 0 cle> ( !m4 ,n a s\l 0 /irr+ on x4 ,ea* side ( ! way 0 b>r$ by palisades1 & f ! palisades on ei!r h& a long h$ge ( spe>s1 held by /rong arms1 project$ into ! empty road1 _! blades meet+ 9 ! middle & =m+ a glitt]+ ar* ( /eel4 ,all 0 n[ ready4 ,! k+ wav$ 8 sword4 ,at ! same mom5t a great *a9 ( massy gold1 enri*$ ) bosses1 0 plac$ on an elephant at 8 side4 ,t 0 ! signal4 ,on ! in/ant a /ir might be se5 half a mile away at ! gate ( ! temple4 ,a gr\p ( swordsm51 deck$ ) fl[]s & sme>$ ) a%es1 has /epp$ out f ! cr[d4 ,!y h j p>tak5 ( _! la/ meal on e>?1 & !y n[ receive ! la/ bless+s & f>ewells ( _! fri5ds4 ,a mom5t m & !y are com+ d[n ! lane ( spe>s1 hew+ & /abb+ "r & left at ! spe>m51 w9d+ & turn+ & wri?+ among ! blades z if !y _h no bones 9 _! bodies4 ,x is all 9 va94 ,"o aft] ! o!r !y fall1 "s ne>] ! k+1 "s f>!r (f1 cont5t to die1 n = ! %ad[ ( a cr[n1 b = ! m]e sake ( approv+ _! dauntless val\r & swordsman%ip to ! _w4 ,on ! la/ days ( ! fe/ival ! same magnific5t display ( gallantry1 ! same useless sacrifice ( life 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,yet p]haps no sacrifice is :olly useless :i* proves t !re are m5 :o pref] hon\r to life4 ,x is a s+ul> cu/om 9 ,b5gal1 says an old native hi/orian ( ,india1 t !re is little ( h]$it>y desc5t 9 succession to ! sov]eignty4 4 4 4 ,:oev] kills ! k+1 & succe$s 9 plac+ himself on t ?rone1 is imm$iately ackn[l$g$ z k+2 all ! amirs1 wazirs1 soldi]s1 & peasants in/antly obey & submit to him1 & consid] him z be+ z mu* _! sov]eign z !y did _! =m] pr9ce1 & obey 8 ord]s implicitly4 ,! p ( ,b5gal say1 ',we are fai?ful to ! ?rone2 :oev] fills ! ?rone we are ob$i5t & true to x4' ,a cu/om ( ! same sort =m]ly prevail$ 9 ! little k+dom ( ,passi]1 on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,sumatra4 ,! old ,portuguese hi/orian ,de ,b>ros1 :o in=ms u ( x1 rem>ks ) surprise t no wise man w\ld wi% to be k+ ( ,passi]1 s9ce ! mon>* 0 n all[$ by 8 subjects to live long4 ,f "t to "t a sort ( fury seiz$ ! p1 & !y m>*$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city *ant+ ) l\d voices ! fatal words1 ,! k+ mu/ die6 ,:5 ! k+ he>d t song ( dea? he knew t 8 h\r _h come4 ,! man :o /ruck ! fatal bl[ 0 ( ! royal l9eage1 & z soon z he _h done ! de$ ( blood & seat$ himself on ! ?rone he 0 reg>d$ z ! legitimate k+1 provid$ t he contriv$ to ma9ta9 8 seat peaceably = a s+le day4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! regicide did n always succe$ 9 do+4 ,:5 ,f]no ,p]es d',&rade1 on a voyage to ,*9a1 put 9 at ,passi] = a c>go ( spices1 two k+s 7 massacr$1 & t 9 ! mo/ peaceable & ord]ly mann]1 )\t ! smalle/ sign ( tumult or s$ition 9 ! city1 :]e ev]y?+ w5t on 9 its usual c\rse1 z if ! murd] or execution ( a k+ 7 a matt] ( ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,inde$1 on "o occasion ?ree k+s 7 rais$ to ! dang]\s elevation & foll[$ ea* o!r 9 ! du/y road ( dea? 9 a s+le day4 ,! p def5d$ ! cu/om1 :i* !y e/eem$ v laudable & ev5 ( div9e in/itution1 by say+ t ,god w\ld nev] all[ s high & mighty a be+ z a k+1 :o reign$ z 8 viceg]5t on e>?1 to p]i% by viol5ce unless = 8 s9s he ?or\ghly des]v$ x4 ,f> away f ! tropical isl& ( ,sumatra a rule ( ! same sort appe>s to h obta9$ among ! old ,slavs4 ,:5 ! captives ,gunn & ,j>m]ik contriv$ to slay ! k+ & que5 ( ! ,slavs & made _! escape1 !y 7 pursu$ by ! b>b>ians1 :o %\t$ aft] !m t if !y w\ld only come back !y w\ld reign in/ead ( ! murd]$ mon>*1 s9ce by a public /atute ( ! anci5ts ! succession to ! ?rone fell to ! k+'s assass94 ,b ! fly+ regicides turn$ a deaf e> to promises :i* !y reg>d$ z m]e baits to lure !m back to de/ruction2 !y cont9u$ _! flight1 & ! %\ts & clam\r ( ! b>b>ians gradually di$ away 9 ! di/ance4 ,:5 k+s 7 b\nd to suff] dea?1 :e!r at _! own h&s or at ! h&s ( o!rs1 on ! expiration ( a fix$ t]m ( ye>s1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld seek to delegate ! pa9ful duty1 along ) "s ( ! privileges ( sov]eignty1 to a sub/itute :o %\ld suff] vic>i\sly 9 _! /ead4 ,?is exp$i5t appe>s to h be5 resort$ to by "s ( ! pr9ces ( ,malab>4 ,?us we are in=m$ by a native au?ority on t c\ntry t 9 "s places all p[]s bo? executive & judicial 7 delegat$ = a fix$ p]iod to natives by ! sov]eign4 ,?is in/itution 0 /yl$ ,?alavettip>o?iam or au?ority obta9$ by decapitation4 4 4 4 ,x 0 an (fice t5able = five ye>s dur+ :i* its be>] 0 inve/$ ) supreme despotic p[]s )9 8 jurisdiction4 ,on ! expiry ( ! five ye>s ! man's head 0 cut (f & ?r[n up 9 ! air among/ a l>ge conc\rse ( villag]s1 ea* ( :om vi$ ) ! o!r 9 try+ to cat* x 9 its c\rse d[n4 ,he :o succe$$ 0 nom9at$ to ! po/ = ! next five ye>s4 ,:5 once k+s1 :o _h hi!rto be5 b\nd to die a viol5t dea? at ! end ( a t]m ( ye>s1 conceiv$ ! happy ?\ght ( dy+ by deputy 9 ! p]sons ( o!rs1 !y w\ld v naturally put x 9 practice2 & accord+ly we ne$ n wond] at f9d+ s popul> an exp$i5t1 or traces ( x1 9 _m l&s4 ,sc&9avian traditions conta9 "s h9ts t ( old ! ,sw$i% k+s reign$ only = p]iods ( n9e ye>s1 aft] :i* !y 7 put to dea? or _h to f9d a sub/itute to die 9 _! /ead4 ,?us ,aun or ,on1 k+ ( ,sw$51 is said to h sacrific$ to ,od9 = l5g? ( days & to h be5 answ]$ by ! god t he %\ld live s long z he sacrific$ "o ( 8 sons e n9? ye>4 ,he sacrific$ n9e ( !m 9 ?is mann]1 & w\ld h sacrific$ ! t5? & la/1 b ! ,sw$es w\ld n all[ him4 ,s he di$ & 0 buri$ 9 a m\nd at ,upsala4 ,ano!r indication ( a simil> t5ure ( ! cr[n occurs 9 a curi\s leg5d ( ! deposition & bani%m5t ( ,od94 ,(f5d$ at 8 misde$s1 ! o!r gods outlaw$ & exil$ him1 b set up 9 8 place a sub/itute1 ,oll] by "n1 a cunn+ wiz>d1 to :om !y accord$ ! symbols bo? ( royalty & ( godhead4 ,! deputy bore ! "n ( ,od91 & reign$ = ne>ly t5 ye>s1 :5 he 0 driv5 f ! ?rone1 :ile ! real ,od9 came to 8 own aga94 ,8 discomfit$ rival retir$ to ,sw$5 & 0 aft]w>ds sla9 9 an attempt to repair 8 %att]$ =tunes4 ,z gods are (t5 m]ely m5 :o loom l>ge ?r\gh ! mi/s ( tradition1 we may conjecture t ?is ,norse leg5d pres]ves a confus$ rem9isc5ce ( anci5t ,sw$i% k+s :o reign$ = n9e or t5 ye>s toge!r1 !n abdicat$1 delegat+ to o!rs ! privilege ( dy+ = _! c\ntry4 ,! great fe/ival :i* 0 held at ,upsala e n9e ye>s may h be5 ! occasion on :i* ! k+ or 8 deputy 0 put to dea?4 ,we "k t human sacrifices =m$ "p ( ! rites4 ,!re are "s gr\nds = believ+ t ! reign ( _m anci5t ,greek k+s 0 limit$ to eight ye>s1 or at lea/ t at ! end ( e p]iod ( eight ye>s a new consecration1 a fre% outp\r+ ( ! div9e grace1 0 reg>d$ z necess>y 9 ord] to enable !m to dis*>ge _! civil & religi\s duties4 ,?us x 0 a rule ( ! ,sp>tan con/itution t e eigh? ye> ! ephors %\ld *oose a cle> & moonless night & sitt+ d[n obs]ve ! sky 9 sil5ce4 ,if dur+ _! vigil !y saw a meteor or %oot+ />1 !y inf]r$ t ! k+ _h s9n$ aga9/ ! deity1 & !y susp5d$ him f 8 functions until ! ,delphic or ,olympic oracle %\ld re9/ate him 9 !m4 ,?is cu/om1 :i* has all ! air ( great antiquity1 0 n suff]$ to rema9 a dead lett] ev5 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! ,sp>tan mon>*y2 = 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era a k+1 :o _h r5d]$ himself obnoxi\s to ! re=m+ p>ty1 0 actually depos$ on v>i\s trump$-up *>ges1 among :i* ! allegation t ! om9\s sign _h be5 se5 9 ! sky took a prom95t place4 ,if ! t5ure ( ! regal (fice 0 =m]ly limit$ among ! ,sp>tans to eight ye>s1 we may naturally ask1 :y 0 t precise p]iod select$ z ! measure ( a k+'s reign8 ,! reason is probably to be f\nd 9 ^? a/ronomical consid]ations :i* det]m9$ ! e>ly ,greek cal5d>4 ,! difficulty ( reconcil+ lun> ) sol> "t is "o ( ! /&+ puzzles :i* has tax$ ! +5uity ( m5 :o are em]g+ f b>b>ism4 ,n[ an oct5nial cycle is ! %orte/ p]iod at ! end ( :i* sun & moon really m>k "t toge!r aft] ov]lapp+1 s to say1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! int]val4 ,?us1 = example1 x is only once 9 e eight ye>s t ! full moon co9cides ) ! longe/ or %orte/ day2 & z ?is co9cid5ce c be obs]v$ ) ! aid ( a simple dial1 ! obs]vation is naturally "o ( ! fir/ to furni% a base = a cal5d> :i* %all br+ lun> & sol> times into tol]able1 ?\gh n exact1 h>mony4 ,b 9 e>ly days ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! cal5d> is a matt] ( religi\s conc]n1 s9ce on x dep5ds a k ( ! "r seasons = propitiat+ ! deities ^: fav\r is indisp5sable to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! k+1 z ! *ief prie/ ( ! /ate1 or z himself a god1 %\ld be liable to deposition or dea? at ! end ( an a/ronomical p]iod4 ,:5 ! great lum9>ies _h run _! c\rse on high1 & 7 ab\t to r5ew ! heav5ly race1 x might well be ?\ght t ! k+ %\ld r5ew 8 div9e en]gies1 or prove !m unabat$1 "u pa9 ( mak+ room = a m vigor\s successor4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india1 z we h se51 ! k+'s reign & life t]m9at$ ) ! revolution ( ! planet ,jupit] r\nd ! sun4 ,9 ,greece1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k+'s fate seems to h hung 9 ! balance at ! end ( e eight ye>s1 ready to fly up & kick ! beam z soon z ! opposite scale 0 load$ ) a fall+ />4 ,:atev] its orig9 may h be51 ! cycle ( eight ye>s appe>s to h co9cid$ ) ! normal l5g? ( ! k+'s reign 9 o!r p>ts ( ,greece besides ,sp>ta4 ,?us ,m9os1 k+ ( ,cnossus 9 ,crete1 ^: great palace has be5 une>!d 9 rec5t ye>s1 is said to h held (fice = p]iods ( eight ye>s toge!r4 ,at ! end ( ea* p]iod he retir$ = a season to ! oracul> cave on ,m\nt ,ida1 & !re commun$ ) 8 div9e fa!r ,zeus1 giv+ him an acc\nt ( 8 k+%ip 9 ! ye>s t 7 pa/1 & receiv+ f him in/ructions = 8 guidance 9 ^? :i* 7 to come4 ,! tradition pla9ly implies t at ! end ( e eight ye>s ! k+'s sacr$ p[]s ne$$ to be r5ew$ by int]c\rse ) ! godhead1 & t )\t su* a r5ewal he w\ld h =feit$ 8 "r to ! ?rone4 ,)\t be+ unduly ra% we may surmise t ! tribute ( sev5 y\?s & sev5 maid5s :om ! ,a!nians 7 b\nd to s5d to ,m9os e eight ye>s _h "s connexion ) ! r5ewal ( ! k+'s p[] = ano!r oct5nial cycle4 ,traditions v>i$ z to ! fate :i* await$ ! lads & damsels on _! arrival 9 ,crete2 b ! common view appe>s to h be5 t !y 7 %ut up 9 ! labyr9?1 !re to be dev\r$ by ! ,m9otaur1 or at lea/ to be imprison$ = life4 ,p]haps !y 7 sacrific$ by be+ roa/$ alive 9 a bronze image ( a bull1 or ( a bull-head$ man1 9 ord] to r5ew ! /r5g? ( ! k+ & ( ! sun1 :om he p]sonat$4 ,?is at all ev5ts is sugge/$ by ! leg5d ( ,talos1 a bronze man :o clut*$ p to 8 brea/ & leap$ ) !m into ! fire1 s t !y 7 roa/$ alive4 ,he is said to h be5 giv5 by ,zeus to ,europa1 or by ,hephae/us to ,m9os1 to gu>d ! isl& ( ,crete1 :i* he patroll$ ?rice daily4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt he 0 a bull1 accord+ to ano!r he 0 ! sun4 ,probably he 0 id5tical ) ! ,m9otaur1 & /ripp$ ( 8 my?ical features 0 no?+ b a bronze image ( ! sun repres5t$ z a man ) a bull's head4 ,9 ord] to r5ew ! sol> fires1 human victims may h be5 sacrific$ to ! idol by be+ roa/$ 9 its holl[ body or plac$ on its slop+ h&s & all[$ to roll into a pit ( fire4 ,x 0 9 ! latt] fa%ion t ! ,c>?ag9ians sacrific$ _! (fspr+ to ,molo*4 ,! *ildr5 7 laid on ! h&s ( a calf-head$ image ( bronze1 f :i* !y slid into a fi]y ov51 :ile ! p danc$ to ! music ( flutes & timbrels to dr[n ! %rieks ( ! burn+ victims4 ,! resemblance :i* ! ,cretan traditions be> to ! ,c>?ag9ian practice sugge/s t ! wor%ip associat$ ) ! names ( ,m9os & ! ,m9otaur may h be5 p[]fully influ5c$ by t ( a ,semitic ,baal4 ,9 ! tradition ( ,phal>is1 tyrant ( ,agrig5tum1 & 8 braz5 bull we may h an e*o ( simil> rites 9 ,sicily1 :]e ! ,c>?ag9ian p[] /ruck deep roots4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,lagos1 ! ,ijebu tribe ( ! ,yoruba race is divid$ into two bran*es1 :i* are kn[n respectively z ! ,ijebu ,ode & ! ,ijebu ,remon4 ,! ,ode bran* ( ! tribe is rul$ by a *ief :o be>s ! title ( ,awujale & is surr\nd$ by a great deal ( my/]y4 ,d[n to rec5t times 8 face might n be se5 ev5 by 8 own subjects1 & if circum/ances oblig$ him to communicate ) !m he did s ?r\gh a scre5 :i* hid him f view4 ,! o!r or ,remon bran* ( ! ,ijebu tribe is gov]n$ by a *ief1 :o ranks bel[ ! ,awujale4 ,mr4 ,john ,p>k9son 0 in=m$ t 9 =m] times ?is subord9ate *ief us$ to be kill$ ) c]emony aft] a rule ( ?ree ye>s4 ,z ! c\ntry is n[ "u ,briti% protection ! cu/om ( putt+ ! *ief to dea? at ! end ( a ?ree ye>s' reign has long be5 aboli%$1 & ,mr4 ,p>k9son 0 unable to asc]ta9 any p>ticul>s on ! subject4 ,at ,babylon1 )9 hi/orical times1 ! t5ure ( ! k+ly (fice 0 9 practice lifelong1 yet 9 !ory x w\ld seem to h be5 m]ely annual4 ,= e ye> at ! fe/ival ( ,zagmuk ! k+ _h to r5ew 8 p[] by seiz+ ! h&s ( ! image ( ,m>duk 9 8 great temple ( ,esagil at ,babylon4 ,ev5 :5 ,babylon pass$ "u ! p[] ( ,assyria1 ! mon>*s ( t c\ntry 7 expect$ to legalise _! claim to ! ?rone e ye> by com+ to ,babylon & p]=m+ ! anci5t c]emony at ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 & "s ( !m f\nd ! obligation s burd5some t r ?an dis*>ge x !y r5\nc$ ! title ( k+ altoge!r & cont5t$ !mselves ) ! humbl] "o ( ,gov]nor4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld appe> t 9 remote times1 ?\gh n )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 ! k+s ( ,babylon or _! b>b>\s pr$ecessors =feit$ n m]ely _! cr[n b _! life at ! end ( a ye>'s t5ure ( (fice4 ,at lea/ ?is is ! conclusion to :i* ! foll[+ evid5ce seems to po9t4 ,accord+ to ! hi/orian ,b]osus1 :o z a ,babylonian prie/ spoke ) ample k1 !re 0 annually celebrat$ 9 ,babylon a fe/ival call$ ! ,sacaea4 ,x began on ! sixte5? day ( ! mon? ,l\s1 & la/$ = five days1 dur+ :i* ma/]s & s]vants *ang$ places1 ! s]vants giv+ ord]s & ! ma/]s obey+ !m4 ,a prison] condemn$ to dea? 0 dress$ 9 ! k+'s robes1 seat$ on ! k+'s ?rone1 all[$ to issue :atev] comm&s he pleas$1 to eat1 dr9k1 & enjoy himself1 & to lie ) ! k+'s concub9es4 ,b at ! end ( ! five days he 0 /ripp$ ( 8 royal robes1 sc\rg$1 & hang$ or impal$4 ,dur+ 8 brief t]m ( (fice he bore ! title ( ,zoganes4 ,?is cu/om might p]haps h be5 expla9$ z m]ely a grim je/ p]petrat$ 9 a season ( jollity at ! exp5se ( an unhappy crim9al4 ,b "o circum/ance--! leave giv5 to ! mock k+ to enjoy ! k+'s concub9es--is decisive aga9/ ?is int]pretation4 ,consid]+ ! jeal\s seclusion ( an ori5tal despot's h>em we may be q c]ta9 t p]mission to invade x w\ld nev] h be5 grant$ by ! despot1 lea/ ( all to a condemn$ crim9al1 except = ! v grave/ cause4 ,?is cause c\ld h>dly be o!r ?an t ! condemn$ man 0 ab\t to die 9 ! k+'s /ead1 & t to make ! sub/itution p]fect x 0 necess>y he %\ld enjoy ! full rights ( royalty dur+ 8 brief reign4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is sub/itution4 ,! rule t ! k+ mu/ be put to dea? ei!r on ! appe>ance ( any symptom ( bodily decay or at ! end ( a fix$ p]iod is c]ta9ly "o :i*1 soon] or lat]1 ! k+s w\ld seek to aboli% or modify4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,e?iopia1 ,s(ala1 & ,eyeo ! rule 0 boldly set aside by enlight5$ mon>*s2 & t 9 ,calicut ! old cu/om ( kill+ ! k+ at ! end ( twelve ye>s 0 *ang$ into a p]mission grant$ to any "o at ! end ( ! twelve ye>s' p]iod to attack ! k+1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( kill+ him1 to reign 9 8 /ead2 ?\gh1 z ! k+ took c>e at ^! times to be surr\nd$ by 8 gu>ds1 ! p]mission 0 little m ?an a =m4 ,ano!r way ( modify+ ! /]n old rule is se5 9 ! ,babylonian cu/om j describ$4 ,:5 ! "t drew ne> = ! k+ to be put to dea? 79 ,babylon ?is appe>s to h be5 at ! end ( a s+le ye>'s reign7 he abdicat$ = a few days1 dur+ :i* a tempor>y k+ reign$ & suff]$ 9 8 /ead4 ,at fir/ ! tempor>y k+ may h be5 an innoc5t p]son1 possibly a memb] ( ! k+'s own family2 b ) ! gr[? ( civilisation ! sacrifice ( an innoc5t p]son w\ld be revolt+ to ! public s5tim5t1 & accord+ly a condemn$ crim9al w\ld be inve/$ ) ! brief & fatal sov]eignty4 ,9 ! sequel we %all f9d o!r examples ( a dy+ crim9al repres5t+ a dy+ god4 ,= we mu/ n =get t1 z ! case ( ! ,%illuk k+s cle>ly %[s1 ! k+ is sla9 9 8 "* ( a god or a demigod1 8 dea? & resurrection1 z ! only means ( p]petuat+ ! div9e life unimpair$1 be+ deem$ necess>y = ! salvation ( 8 p & ! _w4 ,a ve/ige ( a practice ( putt+ ! k+ to dea? at ! end ( a ye>'s reign appe>s to h surviv$ 9 ! fe/ival call$ ,macahity1 :i* us$ to be celebrat$ 9 ,hawaii dur+ ! la/ mon? ( ! ye>4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago a ,russian voyag] describ$ ! cu/om z foll[s3 ,! taboo ,macahity is n unlike to our fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas4 ,x cont9ues a :ole mon?1 dur+ :i* ! p amuse !mselves ) dances1 plays1 & %am-fights ( e k9d4 ,! k+ mu/ op5 ?is fe/ival :]ev] he is4 ,on ?is occasion 8 maje/y dresses himself 9 8 ri*e/ cloak & helmet1 & is paddl$ 9 a canoe along ! %ore1 foll[$ sometimes by _m ( 8 subjects4 ,he emb>ks e>ly1 & mu/ f9i% 8 excursion at sunrise4 ,! /ronge/ & mo/ exp]t ( ! w>riors is *os5 to receive him on 8 l&+4 ,?is w>rior wat*es ! canoe along ! bea*2 & z soon z ! k+ l&s1 & has ?r[n (f 8 cloak1 he d>ts 8 spe> at him1 f a di/ance ( ab\t ?irty paces1 & ! k+ mu/ ei!r cat* ! spe> 9 8 h&1 or suff] f x3 !re is no je/+ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,hav+ caught x1 he c>ries x "u 8 arm1 ) ! %>p end d[nw>ds1 into ! temple or heavoo4 ,on 8 entrance1 ! assembl$ multitude beg9 _! %am-fights1 & imm$iately ! air is obscur$ by cl\ds ( spe>s1 made = ! occasion ) blunt$ ends4 ,hamamea ! k+ has be5 frequ5tly advis$ to aboli% ?is ridicul\s c]emony1 9 :i* he risks 8 life e ye>2 b to no effect4 ,8 answ] always is1 t he is z able to cat* a spe> z any "o on ! isl& is to ?r[ x at him4 ,dur+ ! ,macahity1 all puni%m5ts are remitt$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & no p]son c leave ! place 9 :i* he comm5ces ^! holidays1 let ! affair be ev] s important4 ,t a k+ %\ld regul>ly h be5 put to dea? at ! close ( a ye>'s reign w h>dly appe> improbable :5 we le>n t to ?is day !re is /ill a k+dom 9 :i* ! reign & ! life ( ! sov]eign are limit$ to a s+le day4 ,9 ,ngoio1 a prov9ce ( ! anci5t k+dom ( ,congo1 ! rule obta9s t ! *ief :o assumes ! cap ( sov]eignty is always kill$ on ! night aft] 8 coronation4 ,! "r ( succession lies ) ! *ief ( ! ,musurongo2 b we ne$ n wond] t he does n ex]cise x1 & t ! ?rone /&s vacant4 ,no "o likes to lose 8 life = a few h\rs' glory on ! ,ngoio ?rone4 ,,xxv4 ,tempor>y ,k+s ,,9 ,,"s places ! modifi$ =m ( ! old cu/om ( regicide :i* appe>s to h prevail$ at ,babylon has be5 fur!r s(t5$ d[n4 ,! k+ /ill abdicates annually = a %ort "t & 8 place is fill$ by a m or less nom9al sov]eign2 b at ! close ( 8 %ort reign ! latt] is no long] kill$1 ?\gh sometimes a mock execution /ill survives z a memorial ( ! "t :5 he 0 actually put to dea?4 ,to take examples4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,mac 7,febru>y7 ! k+ ( ,cambodia annually abdicat$ = ?ree days4 ,dur+ ?is "t he p]=m$ no act ( au?ority1 he did n t\* ! seals1 he did n ev5 receive ! rev5ues :i* fell due4 ,9 8 /ead !re reign$ a tempor>y k+ call$ ,sda* ,mac1 t is1 ,k+ ,febru>y4 ,! (fice ( tempor>y k+ 0 h]$it>y 9 a family di/antly connect$ ) ! royal h\se1 ! sons succe$+ ! fa!rs & ! y\ng] bro!rs ! eld] bro!rs j z 9 ! succession to ! real sov]eignty4 ,on a fav\rable day fix$ by ! a/rolog]s ! tempor>y k+ 0 conduct$ by ! m&>9s 9 triumphal procession4 ,he rode "o ( ! royal elephants1 seat$ 9 ! royal palanqu91 & escort$ by soldi]s :o1 dress$ 9 appropriate co/umes1 repres5t$ ! neighb\r+ peoples ( ,siam1 ,annam1 ,laos1 & s on4 ,9 place ( ! gold5 cr[n he wore a peak$ :ite cap1 & 8 regalia1 in/ead ( be+ ( gold encru/$ ) diamonds1 7 ( r\gh wood4 ,aft] pay+ homage to ! real k+1 f :om he receiv$ ! sov]eignty = ?ree days1 toge!r ) all ! rev5ues accru+ dur+ t "t 7?\gh ?is la/ cu/om has be5 omitt$ = "s "t71 he mov$ 9 procession r\nd ! palace & ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! capital4 ,on ! ?ird day1 aft] ! usual procession1 ! tempor>y k+ gave ord]s t ! elephants %\ld trample "u foot ! m\nta9 ( rice1 :i* 0 a scaffold ( bamboo surr\nd$ by %eaves ( rice4 ,! p ga!r$ up ! rice1 ea* man tak+ home a little ) him to secure a good h>ve/4 ,"s ( x 0 also tak5 to ! k+1 :o _h x cook$ & pres5t$ to ! monks4 ,9 ,siam on ! six? day ( ! moon 9 ! six? mon? 7! end ( ,april7 a tempor>y k+ is appo9t$1 :o = ?ree days enjoys ! royal pr]ogatives1 ! real k+ rema9+ %ut up 9 8 palace4 ,?is tempor>y k+ s5ds 8 num]\s satellites 9 all directions to seize & confiscate :atev] !y c f9d 9 ! baza> & op5 %ops2 ev5 ! %ips & junks :i* arrive 9 h>b\r dur+ ! ?ree days are =feit$ to him & mu/ be r$eem$4 ,he goes to a field 9 ! middle ( ! city1 :i!r !y br+ a gild$ pl\gh drawn by gaily-deck$ ox54 ,aft] ! pl\gh has be5 ano9t$ & ! ox5 rubb$ ) inc5se1 ! mock k+ traces n9e furr[s ) ! pl\gh1 foll[$ by ag$ dames ( ! palace scatt]+ ! fir/ se$ ( ! season4 ,z soon z ! n9e furr[s are drawn1 ! cr[d ( spectators ru%es 9 & scrambles = ! se$ :i* has j be5 s[n1 believ+ t1 mix$ ) ! se$-rice1 x w ensure a pl5tiful crop4 ,!n ! ox5 are unyok$1 & rice1 maize1 sesame1 sago1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 melons1 & s on1 are set be=e !m2 :atev] !y eat fir/ w1 x is ?\ght1 be de> 9 ! ye> foll[+1 ?\gh "s p int]pret ! om5 9 ! opposite s5se4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! tempor>y k+ /&s lean+ aga9/ a tree ) 8 "r foot re/+ on 8 left knee4 ,f /&+ ?us on "o foot he is popul>ly kn[n z ,k+ ,hop2 b 8 (ficial title is ,phaya ,pholla!p ,"l ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/s4 ,he is a sort ( ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture2 all disputes ab\t fields1 rice1 & s =?1 are ref]r$ to him4 ,!re is moreov] ano!r c]emony 9 :i* he p]sonates ! k+4 ,x takes place 9 ! second mon? 7:i* falls 9 ! cold season7 & la/s ?ree days4 ,he is conduct$ 9 procession to an op5 place opposite ! ,temple ( ! ,brahmans1 :]e !re are a numb] ( poles dress$ l ,may-poles1 ^u :i* ! ,brahmans sw+4 ,all ! :ile t !y sw+ & dance1 ! ,"l ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/s has to /& on "o foot ^u a seat :i* is made ( bricks pla/]$ ov]1 cov]$ ) a :ite clo?1 & hung ) tape/ry4 ,he is support$ by a wood5 frame ) a gilt canopy1 & two ,brahmans /& "o on ea* side ( him4 ,! danc+ ,brahmans c>ry buffalo horns ) :i* !y draw wat] f a l>ge copp] caldron & spr9kle x on ! spectators2 ?is is suppos$ to br+ good luck1 caus+ ! p to dwell 9 peace & quiet1 heal? & prosp]ity4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! ,"l ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/s has to /& on "o foot is ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,?is is ?\ght to prove ! dispositions ( ! ,devattas & spirits4 ,if he lets 8 foot d[n he is liable to =feit 8 prop]ty & h 8 family enslav$ by ! k+1 z x is believ$ to be a bad om51 port5d+ de/ruction to ! /ate1 & in/ability to ! ?rone4 ,b if he /& firm he is believ$ to h ga9$ a victory ov] evil spirits1 & he has moreov] ! privilege1 o/5sibly at lea/1 ( seiz+ any %ip :i* may ent] ! h>b\r dur+ ^! ?ree days1 & tak+ its cont5ts1 & also ( ent]+ any op5 %op 9 ! t[n & c>ry+ away :at he *ooses4 ,su* 7 ! duties & privileges ( ! ,siamese ,k+ ,hop d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury or lat]4 ,"u ! reign ( ! late enlight5$ mon>* ?is qua9t p]sonage 0 to "s ext5t bo? %orn ( ! glories & reliev$ ( ! burd5 ( 8 (fice4 ,he /ill wat*es1 z ( old1 ! ,brahmans ru%+ ?r\gh ! air 9 a sw+ susp5d$ betwe5 two tall ma/s1 ea* "s n9ety feet high2 b he is all[$ to sit in/ead ( /&1 &1 al?\gh public op9ion /ill expects him to keep 8 "r foot on 8 left knee dur+ ! :ole ( ! c]emony1 he w\ld incur no legal p5alty 7 he1 to ! great *agr9 ( ! p1 to put 8 we>y foot to ! gr\nd4 ,o!r signs1 too1 tell ( ! invasion ( ! ,ea/ by ! ideas & civilisation ( ! ,we/4 ,! ?or\ghf>es t lead to ! sc5e ( ! p]=mance are block$ ) c>riages3 lamp-po/s & telegraph po/s1 to :i* eag] spectators cl+ l monkeys1 rise above ! d5se cr[d2 &1 :ile a tatt]demalion b& ( ! old /yle1 9 gaudy g>b ( v]milion & yell[1 bangs & tootles away on drums & trumpets ( an antique patt]n1 ! procession ( b>efoot$ soldi]s 9 brilliant uni=ms /eps briskly along to ! lively /ra9s ( a mod]n milit>y b& play+ ,m>*+ ?r\gh ,georgia4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! six? mon?1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 ! k+ & p ( ,sam>c& us$ to put on new clo!s & cut _! hair & be>ds4 ,!n !y repair$ to a =e/ ne> ! capital :]e !y %ot arr[s on horseback = sev5 days4 ,on ! la/ day ! t>get 0 a gold co91 & he :o hit x _h ! "r to be k+ = "o day4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt on ! fir/ day ( ! sol> ye> by ,coptic reckon+1 t is1 on ! t5? ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! ,nile has g5]ally rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 ! regul> gov]nm5t is susp5d$ = ?ree days & e t[n *ooses its own rul]4 ,?is tempor>y "l we>s a sort ( tall fool's cap & a long flax5 be>d1 & is envelop$ 9 a /range mantle4 ,) a w& ( (fice 9 8 h& & att5d$ by m5 disguis$ z scribes1 execution]s1 & s =?1 he proce$s to ! ,gov]nor's h\se4 ,! latt] all[s himself to be depos$2 & ! mock k+1 m\nt+ ! ?rone1 holds a tribunal1 to ! decisions ( :i* ev5 ! gov]nor & 8 (ficials mu/ b[4 ,aft] ?ree days ! mock k+ is condemn$ to dea?2 ! envelope or %ell 9 :i* he 0 encas$ is committ$ to ! flames1 & f its a%es ! ,fellah creeps =?4 ,! cu/om p]haps po9ts to an old practice ( burn+ a real k+ 9 grim e>ne/4 ,9 ,ug&a ! bro!rs ( ! k+ us$ to be burn$1 because x 0 n lawful to %$ ! royal blood4 ,! ,mohamm$an /ud5ts ( ,fez1 9 ,morocco1 are all[$ to appo9t a sultan ( _! own1 :o reigns = a few weeks1 & is kn[n z ,sultan t-tulba1 ! ,sultan ( ! ,scribes4 ,?is brief au?ority is put up = auction & knock$ d[n to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,x br+s "s sub/antial privileges ) x1 = ! hold] is fre$ f taxes !nce=w>d1 & he has ! "r ( ask+ a fav\r f ! real sultan4 ,t fav\r is seldom refus$2 x usually consi/s 9 ! release ( a prison]4 ,moreov]1 ! ag5ts ( ! /ud5t-sultan levy f9es on ! %opkeep]s & h\sehold]s1 aga9/ :om !y trump up v>i\s humor\s *>ges4 ,! tempor>y sultan is surr\nd$ ) ! pomp ( a real c\rt1 & p>ades ! /reets 9 /ate ) music & %\t+1 :ile a royal umbrella is held ov] 8 head4 ,) ! s-call$ f9es & free-w (f]+s1 to :i* ! real sultan adds a lib]al supply ( provisions1 ! /ud5ts h en\gh to furni% =? a magnific5t banquet2 & altoge!r !y enjoy !mselves ?or\ghly1 indulg+ 9 all k9ds ( games & amusem5ts4 ,= ! fir/ sev5 days ! mock sultan rema9s 9 ! college2 !n he goes ab\t a mile out ( ! t[n & encamps on ! bank ( ! riv]1 att5d$ by ! /ud5ts & n a few ( ! citiz5s4 ,on ! sev5? day ( 8 /ay outside ! t[n he is visit$ by ! real sultan1 :o grants him 8 reque/ & gives him sev5 m days to reign1 s t ! reign ( ! ,sultan ( ! ,scribes nom9ally la/s ?ree weeks4 ,b :5 six days ( ! la/ week h pass$ ! mock sultan runs back to ! t[n by night4 ,?is tempor>y sultan%ip always falls 9 spr+1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,its orig9 is said to h be5 z foll[s4 ,:5 ,mulai ,ra%e$ ,,ii4 0 fight+ = ! ?rone 9 #affd or #affe1 a c]ta9 ,jew usurp$ ! royal au?ority at ,taza4 ,b ! rebellion 0 soon suppress$ ?r\gh ! loyalty & devotion ( ! /ud5ts4 ,to effect _! purpose !y resort$ to an +5i\s /ratagem4 ,=ty ( !m caus$ !mselves to be pack$ 9 *e/s :i* 7 s5t z a pres5t to ! usurp]4 ,9 ! dead ( night1 :ile ! unsuspect+ ,jew 0 slumb]+ peacefully among ! pack+-cases1 ! lids 7 /eal?ily rais$1 ! brave =ty crept =?1 slew ! usurp]1 & took possession ( ! city 9 ! "n ( ! real sultan1 :o1 to m>k 8 gratitude = ! help ?us r5d]$ him 9 "t ( ne$1 conf]r$ on ! /ud5ts ! "r ( annually appo9t+ a sultan ( _! own4 ,! n>rative has all ! air ( a fiction devis$ to expla9 an old cu/om1 ( :i* ! real mean+ & orig9 _h be5 =gott54 ,a cu/om ( annually appo9t+ a mock k+ = a s+le day 0 obs]v$ at ,lo/)iel 9 ,cornwall d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,on little ,ea/] ,sunday ! freehold]s ( ! t[n & manor assembl$ toge!r1 ei!r 9 p]son or by _! deputies1 & "o among !m1 z x fell to 8 lot by turn1 gaily attir$ & gallantly m\nt$1 ) a cr[n on 8 head1 a sceptre 9 8 h&1 & a sword borne be=e him1 rode ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reet to ! *ur*1 dutifully att5d$ by all ! re/ on horseback4 ,! cl]gyman 9 8 be/ robes receiv$ him at ! *ur*y>d /ile & conduct$ him to he> div9e s]vice4 ,on leav+ ! *ur* he repair$1 ) ! same pomp1 to a h\se provid$ = 8 reception4 ,"h a fea/ await$ him & 8 suite1 & be+ set at ! head ( ! table he 0 s]v$ on b5d$ knees1 ) all ! rites due to ! e/ate ( a pr9ce4 ,! c]emony end$ ) ! d9n]1 & e man return$ home4 ,sometimes ! tempor>y k+ occupies ! ?rone1 n annually1 b once = all at ! beg9n+ ( ea* reign4 ,?us 9 ! k+dom ( ,jambi 9 ,sumatra x is ! cu/om t at ! beg9n+ ( a new reign a man ( ! p %\ld occupy ! ?rone & ex]cise ! royal pr]ogatives = a s+le day4 ,! orig9 ( ! cu/om is expla9$ by a tradition t !re 7 once five royal bro!rs1 ! f\r eld] ( :om all decl9$ ! ?rone on ! gr\nd ( v>i\s bodily defects1 leav+ x to _! y\nge/ bro!r4 ,b ! elde/ occupi$ ! ?rone = "o day1 & res]v$ = 8 desc5dants a simil> privilege at ! beg9n+ ( e reign4 ,?us ! (fice ( tempor>y k+ is h]$it>y 9 a family ak9 to ! royal h\se4 ,9 ,bilaspur x seems to be ! cu/om1 aft] ! dea? ( a ,rajah1 = a ,brahman to eat rice out ( ! dead ,rajah's h&1 & !n to occupy ! ?rone = a ye>4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> ! ,brahman receives pres5ts & is dismiss$ f ! t]ritory1 be+ =bidd5 app>5tly to return4 ,! idea seems to be t ! _s ( ! ,rj ent]s into ! ,brhman :o eats ! khir 7rice & milk7 out ( 8 h& :5 he is dead1 z ! ,brahman is app>5tly c>efully wat*$ dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & n all[$ to g away4 ,! same or a simil> cu/om is believ$ to obta9 among ! hill /ates ab\t ,kangra4 ,! cu/om ( bani%+ ! ,brahman :o repres5ts ! k+ may be a sub/itute = putt+ him to dea?4 ,at ! in/allation ( a pr9ce ( ,c>9?ia a peasant1 9 ^: family ! (fice 0 h]$it>y1 asc5d$ a m>ble /one :i* /ood surr\nd$ by mead[s 9 a spaci\s valley2 on 8 "r /ood a black "m-c[1 on 8 left a lean ugly m>e4 ,a ru/ic cr[d ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,!n ! future pr9ce1 dress$ z a peasant & c>ry+ a %eph]d's /aff1 drew ne>1 att5d$ by c\rti]s & magi/rates4 ,on p]ceiv+ him ! peasant call$ out1 ,:o is ?is :om ,i see com+ s pr\dly along8 ,! p answ]$1 ,! pr9ce ( ! l&4 ,! peasant 0 !n prevail$ on to surr5d] ! m>ble seat to ! pr9ce on condition ( receiv+ sixty p5ce1 ! c[ & m>e1 & exemption f taxes4 ,b be=e yield+ 8 place he gave ! pr9ce a light bl[ on ! *eek4 ,"s po9ts ab\t ^! tempor>y k+s des]ve to be specially notic$ be=e we pass to ! next bran* ( ! evid5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,cambodian & ,siamese examples %[ cle>ly t x is especially ! div9e or magical functions ( ! k+ :i* are transf]r$ to 8 tempor>y sub/itute4 ,?is appe>s f ! belief t by keep+ up 8 foot ! tempor>y k+ ( ,siam ga9$ a victory ov] ! evil spirits1 :]eas by lett+ x d[n he imp]ill$ ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate4 ,aga91 ! ,cambodian c]emony ( trampl+ d[n ! m\nta9 ( rice1 & ! ,siamese c]emony ( op5+ ! pl\gh+ & s[+1 are *>ms to produce a pl5tiful h>ve/1 z appe>s f ! belief t ^? :o c>ry home "s ( ! trampl$ rice1 or ( ! se$ s[n1 w !reby secure a good crop4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! ,siamese repres5tative ( ! k+ is guid+ ! pl\gh1 ! p wat* him anxi\sly1 n to see :e!r he drives a /raight furr[1 b to m>k ! exact po9t on 8 leg to :i* ! skirt ( 8 silk5 robe rea*es2 = on t is suppos$ to hang ! /ate ( ! wea!r & ! crops dur+ ! ensu+ season4 ,if ! ,"l ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/s hit*es up 8 g>m5t above 8 knee1 ! wea!r w be wet & heavy ra9s w spoil ! h>ve/4 ,if he lets x trail to 8 ankle1 a dr\ght w be ! consequ5ce4 ,b f9e wea!r & heavy crops w foll[ if ! hem ( 8 robe hangs exactly half-way d[n ! calf ( 8 leg4 ,s closely is ! c\rse ( nature1 & ) x ! weal or woe ( ! p1 dep5d5t on ! m9ute/ act or ge/ure ( ! k+'s repres5tative4 ,b ! task ( mak+ ! crops gr[1 ?us deput$ to ! tempor>y k+s1 is "o ( ! magical functions regul>ly suppos$ to be dis*>g$ by k+s 9 primitive society4 ,! rule t ! mock k+ mu/ /& on "o foot ^u a rais$ seat 9 ! rice-field 0 p]haps orig9ally meant z a *>m to make ! crop gr[ high2 at lea/ ?is 0 ! object ( a simil> c]emony obs]v$ by ! old ,prussians4 ,! talle/ girl1 /&+ on "o foot ^u a seat1 ) h] lap full ( cakes1 a cup ( br&y 9 h] "r h& & a piece ( elm-b>k or l9d5-b>k 9 h] left1 pray$ to ! god ,waizgan?os t ! flax might gr[ z high z %e 0 /&+4 ,!n1 aft] dra9+ ! cup1 %e _h x refill$1 & p\r$ ! br&y on ! gr\nd z an (f]+ to ,waizgan?os1 & ?rew d[n ! cakes = 8 att5dant sprites4 ,if %e rema9$ /eady on "o foot ?r\gh\t ! c]emony1 x 0 an om5 t ! flax crop w\ld be good2 b if %e let h] foot d[n1 x 0 fe>$ t ! crop might fail4 ,! same significance p]haps atta*es to ! sw++ ( ! ,brahmans1 :i* ! ,"l ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/s _h =m]ly to witness /&+ on "o foot4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic x might be ?\ght t ! high] ! prie/s sw+ ! high] w gr[ ! rice4 ,= ! c]emony is describ$ z a h>ve/ fe/ival1 & sw++ is practis$ by ! ,letts ( ,russia ) ! av[$ int5tion ( influ5c+ ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 betwe5 ,ea/] & ,/4 ,john's ,day 7! summ] sol/ice71 e ,letti% peasant is said to devote 8 leisure h\rs to sw++ dilig5tly2 = ! high] he rises 9 ! air ! high] w 8 flax gr[ t season4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases ! tempor>y k+ is appo9t$ annually 9 accordance ) a regul> cu/om4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! appo9tm5t is made only to meet a special em]g5cy1 su* z to relieve ! real k+ f "s actual or ?reat5$ evil by div]t+ x to a sub/itute1 :o takes 8 place on ! ?rone = a %ort "t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,p]sia furni%es in/ances ( su* occasional sub/itutes = ! ,%ah4 ,?us ,%ah ,abbas ! ,great1 be+ w>n$ by 8 a/rolog]s 9 ! ye> #aeia t a s]i\s dang] imp5d$ ov] him1 attempt$ to av]t ! om5 by abdicat+ ! ?rone & appo9t+ a c]ta9 unbeliev] nam$ ,yuso(ee1 probably a ,*ri/ian1 to reign 9 8 /ead4 ,! sub/itute 0 accord+ly cr[n$1 & = ?ree days1 if we may tru/ ! ,p]sian hi/orians1 he enjoy$ n only ! "n & ! /ate b ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,at ! end ( 8 brief reign he 0 put to dea?3 ! decree ( ! />s 0 fulfill$ by ?is sacrifice2 & ,abbas1 :o reasc5d$ 8 ?rone 9 a mo/ propiti\s h\r1 0 promis$ by 8 a/rolog]s a long & glori\s reign4 ,,xxvi4 ,sacrifice ( ! ,k+'s ,son ,a ,,po9t to notice ab\t ! tempor>y k+s describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt] is t 9 two places 7,cambodia & ,jambi7 !y come ( a /ock :i* is believ$ to be ak9 to ! royal family4 ,if ! view "h tak5 ( ! orig9 ( ^! tempor>y k+%ips is correct1 we c easily und]/& :y ! k+'s sub/itute %\ld sometimes be ( ! same race z ! k+4 ,:5 ! k+ fir/ succe$$ 9 gett+ ! life ( ano!r accept$ z a sacrifice in/ead ( 8 own1 he w\ld h to %[ t ! dea? ( t o!r w\ld s]ve ! purpose q z well z 8 own w\ld h done4 ,n[ x 0 z a god or demigod t ! k+ _h to die2 !re=e ! sub/itute :o di$ = him _h to be inve/$1 at lea/ = ! occasion1 ) ! div9e attributes ( ! k+4 ,?is1 z we h j se51 0 c]ta9ly ! case ) ! tempor>y k+s ( ,siam & ,cambodia2 !y 7 inve/$ ) ! sup]natural functions1 :i* 9 an e>li] /age ( society 7 ! special attributes ( ! k+4 ,b no "o c\ld s well repres5t ! k+ 9 8 div9e "* z 8 son1 :o might be suppos$ to %>e ! div9e afflatus ( 8 fa!r4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 c\ld s appropriately die = ! k+ &1 ?r\gh him1 = ! :ole p1 z ! k+'s son4 ,we h se5 t accord+ to tradition1 ,aun or ,on1 ,k+ ( ,sw$51 sacrific$ n9e ( 8 sons to ,od9 at ,upsala 9 ord] t 8 own life might be sp>$4 ,aft] he _h sacrific$ 8 second son he receiv$ f ! god an answ] t he %\ld live s long z he gave him "o ( 8 sons e n9? ye>4 ,:5 he _h sacrific$ 8 sev5? son1 he /ill liv$1 b 0 s feeble t he c\ld n walk b _h to be c>ri$ 9 a *air4 ,!n he (f]$ up 8 eigh? son1 & liv$ n9e ye>s m1 ly+ 9 8 b$4 ,aft] t he sacrific$ 8 n9? son1 & liv$ ano!r n9e ye>s1 b s t he drank out ( a horn l a wean$ *ild4 ,he n[ wi%$ to sacrifice 8 only rema9+ son to ,od91 b ! ,sw$es w\ld n all[ him4 ,s he di$ & 0 buri$ 9 a m\nd at ,upsala4 ,9 anci5t ,greece !re seems to h be5 at lea/ "o k+ly h\se ( great antiquity ( :i* ! elde/ sons 7 always liable to be sacrific$ 9 room ( _! royal sires4 ,:5 ,x]xes 0 m>*+ ?r\gh ,!ssaly at ! head ( 8 mighty ho/ to attack ! ,sp>tans at ,!rmopylae1 he came to ! t[n ( ,alus4 ,"h he 0 %[n ! sanctu>y ( ,laphy/ian ,zeus1 ab\t :i* 8 guides told him a /range tale4 ,x ran some:at z foll[s4 ,once ^u a "t ! k+ ( ! c\ntry1 by "n ,a?amas1 m>ri$ a wife ,nephele1 & _h by h] a son call$ ,phrixus & a daught] nam$ ,helle4 ,aft]w>ds he took to himself a second wife call$ ,ino1 by :om he _h two sons1 ,le>*us & ,melic]tes4 ,b 8 second wife 0 jeal\s ( h] /ep*ildr51 ,phrixus & ,helle1 & plott$ _! dea?4 ,%e w5t ab\t v cunn+ly to compass h] bad end4 ,fir/ ( all %e p]suad$ ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry to roa/ ! se$ corn secretly be=e x 0 committ$ to ! gr\nd4 ,s next ye> no crops came up & ! p di$ ( fam9e4 ,!n ! k+ s5t mess5g]s to ! oracle at ,delphi to enquire ! cause ( ! de>?4 ,b ! wick$ /epmo!r brib$ ! mess5g] to give out z ! answ] ( ! god t ! de>? w\ld nev] cease till ! *ildr5 ( ,a?amas by 8 fir/ wife _h be5 sacrific$ to ,zeus4 ,:5 ,a?amas he>d t1 he s5t = ! *ildr51 :o 7 ) ! %eep4 ,b a ram ) a fleece ( gold op5$ 8 lips1 & speak+ ) ! voice ( a man w>n$ ! *ildr5 ( _! dang]4 ,s !y m\nt$ ! ram & fl$ ) him ov] l& & sea4 ,z !y flew ov] ! sea1 ! girl slipp$ f ! animal's back1 & fall+ into wat] 0 dr[n$4 ,b h] bro!r ,phrixus 0 br\ght safe to ! l& ( ,col*is1 :]e reign$ a *ild ( ! sun4 ,phrixus m>ri$ ! k+'s daught]1 & %e bore him a son ,cytisorus4 ,& !re he sacrific$ ! ram ) ! gold5 fleece to ,zeus ! ,god ( ,flight2 b "s w h x t he sacrific$ ! animal to ,laphy/ian ,zeus4 ,! gold5 fleece itself he gave to 8 wife's fa!r1 :o nail$ x to an oak tree1 gu>d$ by a sleepless dragon 9 a sacr$ grove ( ,ares4 ,mean:ile at home an oracle _h comm&$ t ,k+ ,a?amas himself %\ld be sacrific$ z an expiatory (f]+ = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,s ! p deck$ him ) g>l&s l a victim & l$ him to ! alt>1 :]e !y 7 j ab\t to sacrifice him :5 he 0 rescu$ ei!r by 8 gr&son ,cytisorus1 :o arriv$ 9 ! nick ( "t f ,col*is1 or by ,h]cules1 :o br\ght tid+s t ! k+'s son ,phrixus 0 yet alive4 ,?us ,a?amas 0 sav$1 b aft]w>d he w5t mad1 & mi/ak+ 8 son ,le>*us = a wild bea/1 %ot him dead4 ,next he attempt$ ! life ( 8 rema9+ son ,melic]tes1 b ! *ild 0 rescu$ by 8 "m ,ino1 :o ran & ?rew h]self & him f a high rock into ! sea4 ,"m & son 7 *ang$ into m>9e div9ities1 & ! son receiv$ special homage 9 ! isle ( ,t5$os1 :]e babes 7 sacrific$ to him4 ,?us b]eft ( wife & *ildr5 ! unhappy ,a?amas quitt$ 8 c\ntry1 & on enquir+ ( ! oracle :]e he %\ld dwell 0 told to take up 8 abode :]ev] he %\ld be ent]ta9$ by wild bea/s4 ,he fell 9 ) a pack ( wolves dev\r+ %eep1 & :5 !y saw him !y fl$ & left him ! ble$+ remnants ( _! prey4 ,9 ?is way ! oracle 0 fulfill$4 ,b because ,k+ ,a?amas _h n be5 sacrific$ z a s9-(f]+ = ! :ole c\ntry1 x 0 div9ely decre$ t ! elde/ male scion ( 8 family 9 ea* g5]ation %\ld be sacrific$ )\t fail1 if ev] he set foot 9 ! t[n-hall1 :]e ! (f]+s 7 made to ,laphy/ian ,zeus by "o ( ! h\se ( ,a?amas4 ,_m ( ! family1 ,x]xes 0 in=m$1 _h fl$ to =eign l&s to escape ?is doom2 b "s ( !m _h return$ long aft]w>ds1 & be+ caught by ! s5t9els 9 ! act ( ent]+ ! t[n-hall 7 wrea!d z victims1 l$ =? 9 procession1 & sacrific$4 ,^! in/ances appe> to h be5 notori\s1 if n frequ5t2 = ! writ] ( a dialogue attribut$ to ,plato1 aft] speak+ ( ! immolation ( human victims by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 adds t su* practices 7 n unkn[n among ! ,greeks1 & he ref]s ) horror to ! sacrifices (f]$ on ,m\nt ,lycaeus & by ! desc5dants ( ,a?amas4 ,! suspicion t ?is b>b>\s cu/om by no means fell into disuse ev5 9 lat] days is /r5g!n$ by a case ( human sacrifice :i* occurr$ 9 ,plut>*'s "t at ,or*om5us1 a v anci5t city ( ,boeotia1 di/ant only a few miles across ! pla9 f ! hi/orian's bir?place4 ,"h dwelt a family ( :i* ! m5 w5t by ! "n ( ,psoloeis or ,sooty1 & ! wom5 by ! "n ( ,oleae or ,de/ructive4 ,e ye> at ! fe/ival ( ! ,agrionia ! prie/ ( ,dionysus pursu$ ^! wom5 ) a drawn sword1 & if he ov]took "o ( !m he _h ! "r to slay h]4 ,9 ,plut>*'s lifetime ! "r 0 actually ex]cis$ by a prie/ ,zoilus4 ,! family ?us liable to furni% at lea/ "o human victim e ye> 0 ( royal desc5t1 = !y trac$ _! l9eage to ,m9yas1 ! fam\s old k+ ( ,or*om5us1 ! mon>* ( fabul\s weal?1 ^: /ately treasury1 z x is call$1 /ill /&s 9 ru9s at ! po9t :]e ! long rocky hill ( ,or*om5us melts into ! va/ level expanse ( ! ,copaic pla94 ,tradition ran t ! k+'s ?ree daught]s long despis$ ! o!r wom5 ( ! c\ntry = yield+ to ! ,bac*ic fr5zy1 & sat at home 9 ! k+'s h\se scornfully ply+ ! di/aff & ! loom1 :ile ! re/1 wrea!d ) fl[]s1 _! di%evell$ locks /ream+ to ! w9d1 roam$ 9 ec/asy ! b>r5 m\nta9s t rise above ,or*om5us1 mak+ ! solitude ( ! hills to e*o to ! wild music ( cymbals & tamb\r9es4 ,b 9 "t ! div9e fury infect$ ev5 ! royal damsels 9 _! quiet *amb]2 !y 7 seiz$ ) a fi]ce long+ to p>take ( human fle%1 & ca/ lots among !mselves :i* %\ld give up h] *ild to furni% a cannibal fea/4 ,! lot fell on ,leucippe1 & %e surr5d]$ h] son ,hippasus1 :o 0 torn limb f limb by ! ?ree4 ,f ^! misguid$ wom5 sprang ! ,oleae & ! ,psoloeis1 ( :om ! m5 7 said to be s call$ because !y wore sad-col\r$ raim5t 9 tok5 ( _! m\rn+ & grief4 ,n[ ?is practice ( tak+ human victims f a family ( royal desc5t at ,or*om5us is all ! m significant because ,a?amas himself is said to h reign$ 9 ! l& ( ,or*om5us ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,m9yas1 & because ov] aga9/ ! city !re rises ,m\nt ,laphy/ius1 on :i*1 z at ,alus 9 ,!ssaly1 !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ,laphy/ian ,zeus1 :]e1 accord+ to tradition1 ,a?amas purpos$ to sacrifice 8 two *ildr5 ,phrixus & ,helle4 ,on ! :ole1 comp>+ ! traditions ab\t ,a?amas ) ! cu/om t obta9$ ) reg>d to 8 desc5dants 9 hi/orical times1 we may fairly inf] t 9 ,!ssaly & probably 9 ,boeotia !re reign$ ( old a dyna/y ( :i* ! k+s 7 liable to be sacrific$ = ! good ( ! c\ntry to ! god call$ ,laphy/ian ,zeus1 b t !y contriv$ to %ift ! fatal responsibility to _! (fspr+1 ( :om ! elde/ son 0 regul>ly de/9$ to ! alt>4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! cruel cu/om 0 s f> mitigat$ t a ram 0 accept$ z a vic>i\s sacrifice 9 room ( ! royal victim1 provid$ always t ! pr9ce ab/a9$ f sett+ foot 9 ! t[n-hall :]e ! sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,laphy/ian ,zeus by "o ( 8 k9sm54 ,b if he 7 ra% en\gh to ent] ! place ( doom1 to ?ru/ himself wilfully1 z x 71 on ! notice ( ! god :o _h good-natur$ly w9k$ at ! sub/itution ( a ram1 ! anci5t obligation :i* _h be5 suff]$ to lie 9 abeyance recov]$ all its =ce1 & !re 0 no help = x b he mu/ die4 ,! tradition :i* associat$ ! sacrifice ( ! k+ or 8 *ildr5 ) a great de>? po9ts cle>ly to ! belief1 s common among primitive folk1 t ! k+ is responsible = ! wea!r & ! crops1 & t he may ju/ly pay ) 8 life = ! inclem5cy ( ! "o or ! failure ( ! o!r4 ,a?amas & 8 l9e1 9 %ort1 appe> to h unit$ div9e or magical ) royal functions2 & ?is view is /rongly support$ by ! claims to div9ity :i* ,salmoneus1 ! bro!r ( ,a?amas1 is said to h set up4 ,we h se5 t ?is presumptu\s mortal pr(ess$ to be no o!r ?an ,zeus himself1 & to wield ! ?und] & lightn+1 ( :i* he made a trump]y imitation by ! help ( t9kl+ kettles & blaz+ tor*es4 ,if we may judge f analogy1 8 mock ?und] & lightn+ 7 no m]e sc5ic exhibition design$ to deceive & impress ! behold]s2 !y 7 en*antm5ts practis$ by ! royal magician = ! purpose ( br++ ab\t ! cele/ial ph5om5a :i* !y feebly mimick$4 ,among ! ,semites ( ,we/]n ,asia ! k+1 9 a "t ( national dang]1 sometimes gave 8 own son to die z a sacrifice = ! p4 ,?us ,philo ( ,byblus1 9 8 "w on ! ,jews1 says3 ,x 0 an anci5t cu/om 9 a crisis ( great dang] t ! rul] ( a city or nation %\ld give 8 belov$ son to die = ! :ole p1 z a ransom (f]$ to ! av5g+ demons2 & ! *ildr5 ?us (f]$ 7 sla9 ) my/ic rites4 ,s ,cronus1 :om ! ,pho5icians call ,israel1 be+ k+ ( ! l& & hav+ an only-begott5 son call$ ,je\d 7= 9 ! ,pho5ician tongue ,je\d signifies 'only begott5'71 dress$ him 9 royal robes & sacrific$ him ^u an alt> 9 a "t ( w>1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 9 great dang] f ! enemy4 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,moab 0 besieg$ by ! ,israelites & h>d beset1 he took 8 elde/ son1 :o %\ld h reign$ 9 8 /ead1 & (f]$ him = a burnt (f]+ on ! wall4 ,,xxvii4 ,succession to ! ,s\l ,,to ,,! ,,view t 9 e>ly times1 & among b>b>\s races1 k+s h frequ5tly be5 put to dea? at ! end ( a %ort reign1 x may be object$ t su* a cu/om w\ld t5d to ! ext9ction ( ! royal family4 ,! objection may be met by obs]v+1 fir/1 t ! k+%ip is (t5 n conf9$ to "o family1 b may be %>$ 9 turn by sev]al2 second1 t ! (fice is frequ5tly n h]$it>y1 b is op5 to m5 ( any family1 ev5 to =eign]s1 :o may fulfil ! requisite conditions1 su* z m>ry+ a pr9cess or vanqui%+ ! k+ 9 battle2 &1 ?ird1 t ev5 if ! cu/om did t5d to ! ext9ction ( a dyna/y1 t is n a consid]ation :i* w\ld prev5t its obs]vance among p less provid5t ( ! future & less he$ful ( human life ?an ourselves4 ,_m races1 l _m individuals1 h indulg$ 9 practices :i* mu/ 9 ! end de/roy !m4 ,! ,polynesians seem regul>ly to h kill$ two-?irds ( _! *ildr54 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/ ,africa ! proportion ( infants massacr$ at bir? is said to be ! same4 ,only *ildr5 born 9 c]ta9 pres5tations are all[$ to live4 ,! ,jagas1 a conqu]+ tribe 9 ,angola1 are report$ to h put to dea? all _! *ildr51 )\t exception1 9 ord] t ! wom5 might n be cumb]$ ) babies on ! m>*4 ,!y recruit$ _! numb]s by adopt+ boys & girls ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 ^: p>5ts !y _h kill$ & eat54 ,among ! ,mbaya ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica ! wom5 us$ to murd] all _! *ildr5 except ! la/1 or ! "o !y believ$ to be ! la/4 ,if "o ( !m _h ano!r *ild aft]w>ds1 %e kill$ x4 ,we ne$ n wond] t ?is practice entirely de/roy$ a bran* ( ! ,mbaya nation1 :o _h be5 = _m ye>s ! mo/ =midable enemies ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,among ! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 ! mission>ies discov]$ :at !y describe z a c>efully plann$ sy/em ( racial suicide1 by ! practice ( infanticide by abortion1 & o!r me?ods4 ,nor is infanticide ! only mode 9 :i* a savage tribe commits suicide4 ,a lavi% use ( ! poison ordeal may be equally effective4 ,"s "t ago a small tribe nam$ ,uwet came d[n f ! hill c\ntry1 & settl$ on ! left bran* ( ! ,calab> ,riv] 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,:5 ! mission>ies fir/ visit$ ! place1 !y f\nd ! population consid]able1 di/ribut$ into ?ree villages4 ,s9ce !n ! con/ant use ( ! poison ordeal has almo/ ext+ui%$ ! tribe4 ,on "o occasion ! :ole population took poison to prove _! innoc5ce4 ,ab\t half p]i%$ on ! spot1 & ! remnant1 we are told1 /ill cont9u+ _! sup]/iti\s practice1 mu/ soon become ext9ct4 ,) su* examples be=e u we ne$ n hesitate to believe t _m tribes h felt no scruple or delicacy 9 obs]v+ a cu/om :i* t5ds to wipe out a s+le family4 ,to attribute su* scruples to !m is to commit ! common1 ! p]petually repeat$ mi/ake ( judg+ ! savage by ! /&>d ( ,european civilisation4 ,if any ( my read]s set out ) ! notion t all races ( m5 ?9k & act mu* 9 ! same way z educat$ ,engli%m51 ! evid5ce ( sup]/iti\s belief & cu/om collect$ 9 ?is "w %\ld suffice to disabuse him ( s errone\s a prepossession4 ,! explanation "h giv5 ( ! cu/om ( kill+ div9e p]sons assumes1 or at lea/ is readily comb9$ )1 ! idea t ! s\l ( ! sla9 div9ity is transmitt$ to 8 successor4 ,( ?is transmission ,i h no direct pro( except 9 ! case ( ! ,%illuk1 among :om ! practice ( kill+ ! div9e k+ prevails 9 a typical =m1 & ) :om x is a fundam5tal article ( fai? t ! s\l ( ! div9e f\nd] ( ! dyna/y is imman5t 9 e "o ( 8 sla9 successors4 ,b if ?is is ! only actual example ( su* a belief :i* ,i c adduce1 analogy seems to r5d] x probable t a simil> succession to ! s\l ( ! sla9 god has be5 suppos$ to take place 9 o!r in/ances1 ?\gh direct evid5ce ( x is want+4 ,= x has be5 already %[n t ! s\l ( ! inc>nate deity is (t5 suppos$ to transmigrate at dea? into ano!r inc>nation2 & if ?is takes place :5 ! dea? is a natural "o1 !re seems no reason :y x %\ld n take place :5 ! dea? has be5 br\ght ab\t by viol5ce4 ,c]ta9ly ! idea t ! s\l ( a dy+ p]son may be transmitt$ to 8 successor is p]fectly famili> to primitive peoples4 ,9 ,nias ! elde/ son usually succe$s 8 fa!r 9 ! *iefta9%ip4 ,b if f any bodily or m5tal defect ! elde/ son is disqualifi$ = rul+1 ! fa!r det]m9es 9 8 lifetime :i* ( 8 sons %all succe$ him4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to e/abli% 8 "r ( succession1 x is necess>y t ! son ^u :om 8 fa!r's *oice falls %all cat* 9 8 m\? or 9 a bag ! la/ brea?1 & ) x ! s\l1 ( ! dy+ *ief4 ,= :oev] cat*es 8 la/ brea? is *ief equally ) ! appo9t$ successor4 ,h5ce ! o!r bro!rs1 & sometimes also /rang]s1 cr[d r\nd ! dy+ man to cat* 8 s\l z x passes4 ,! h\ses 9 ,nias are rais$ above ! gr\nd on po/s1 & x has happ5$ t :5 ! dy+ man lay ) 8 face on ! floor1 "o ( ! c&idates has bor$ a hole 9 ! floor & suck$ 9 ! *ief's la/ brea? ?r\gh a bamboo tube4 ,:5 ! *ief has no son1 8 s\l is caught 9 a bag1 :i* is fa/5$ to an image made to repres5t ! deceas$2 ! s\l is !n believ$ to pass into ! image4 ,sometimes x w\ld appe> t ! spiritual l9k betwe5 a k+ & ! s\ls ( 8 pr$ecessors is =m$ by ! possession ( "s "p ( _! p]sons4 ,9 s\!rn ,celebes ! regalia (t5 consi/ ( corporeal portions ( deceas$ rajahs1 :i* are treasur$ z sacr$ relics & conf] ! "r to ! ?rone4 ,simil>ly among ! ,sakalavas ( s\!rn ,madagasc> a v]tebra ( ! neck1 a nail1 & a lock ( hair ( a deceas$ k+ are plac$ 9 a crocodile's too? & c>efully kept along ) ! simil> relics ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 a h\se set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,! possession ( ^! relics con/itutes ! "r to ! ?rone4 ,a legitimate heir :o %\ld be depriv$ ( !m w\ld lose all 8 au?ority ov] ! p1 & on ! contr>y a usurp] :o %\ld make himself ma/] ( ! relics w\ld be ackn[l$g$ k+ )\t dispute4 ,:5 ! ,alake or k+ ( ,abeokuta 9 ,we/ ,africa dies1 ! pr9cipal m5 decapitate 8 body1 & plac+ ! head 9 a l>ge e>!n vessel deliv] x to ! new sov]eign2 x becomes 8 feti% & he is b\nd to pay x hon\rs4 ,sometimes1 9 ord] app>5tly t ! new sov]eign may inh]it m surely ! magical & o!r virtues ( ! royal l9e1 he is requir$ to eat a piece ( 8 dead pr$ecessor4 ,?us at ,abeokuta n only 0 ! head ( ! late k+ pres5t$ to 8 successor1 b ! tongue 0 cut out & giv5 him to eat4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! natives wi% to signify t ! sov]eign reigns1 !y say1 ,he has eat5 ! k+4 ,a cu/om ( ! same sort is /ill practis$ at ,ibadan1 a l>ge t[n 9 ! int]ior ( ,lagos1 ,we/ ,africa4 ,:5 ! k+ dies 8 head is cut (f & s5t to 8 nom9al suz]a91 ! ,alaf9 ( ,oyo1 ! p>am\nt k+ ( ,yoruba l&2 b 8 he>t is eat5 by 8 successor4 ,?is c]emony 0 p]=m$ n v _m ye>s ago at ! accession ( a new k+ ( ,ibadan4 ,tak+ ! :ole ( ! prec$+ evid5ce into acc\nt1 we may fairly suppose t :5 ! div9e k+ or prie/ is put to dea? 8 _s is believ$ to pass into 8 successor4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 among ! ,%illuk ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 :o regul>ly kill _! div9e k+s1 e k+ on 8 accession has to p]=m a c]emony :i* appe>s design$ to convey to him ! same sacr$ & wor%ipful _s :i* animat$ all 8 pr$ecessors1 "o aft] ! o!r1 on ! ?rone4 ,,xxviii4 ,! ,kill+ ( ! ,tree-,_s #a4 ,! ,:itsuntide ,mumm]s ,,x rema9s to ask :at light ! cu/om ( kill+ ! div9e k+ or prie/ %$s ^u ! special subject to our enquiry4 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w we saw reason to suppose t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi 0 reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( a tree-_s or ( ! _s ( vegetation1 & t z su* he w\ld be end[$1 9 ! belief ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 ) a magical p[] ( mak+ ! trees to be> fruit1 ! crops to gr[1 & s on4 ,8 life mu/ !re=e h be5 held v preci\s by 8 wor%ipp]s1 & 0 probably h$g$ 9 by a sy/em ( elaborate precautions or taboos l ^? by :i*1 9 s _m places1 ! life ( ! man-god has be5 gu>d$ aga9/ ! malignant influ5ce ( demons & sorc]]s4 ,b we h se5 t ! v value atta*$ to ! life ( ! man-god necessitates 8 viol5t dea? z ! only means ( pres]v+ x f ! inevitable decay ( age4 ,! same reason+ w\ld apply to ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood2 he1 too1 _h to be kill$ 9 ord] t ! div9e _s1 inc>nate 9 him1 might be transf]r$ 9 its integrity to 8 successor4 ,! rule t he held (fice till a /rong] %\ld slay him might be suppos$ to secure bo? ! pres]vation ( 8 div9e life 9 full vig\r & its transf]5ce to a suitable successor z soon z t vig\r began to be impair$4 ,= s long z he c\ld ma9ta9 8 position by ! /rong h&1 x might be inf]r$ t 8 natural =ce 0 n abat$2 :]eas 8 defeat & dea? at ! h&s ( ano!r prov$ t 8 /r5g? 0 beg9n+ to fail & t x 0 "t 8 div9e life %\ld be lodg$ 9 a less dilapidat$ tab]nacle4 ,?is explanation ( ! rule t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood _h to be sla9 by 8 successor at lea/ r5d]s t rule p]fectly intelligible4 ,x is /rongly support$ by ! !ory & practice ( ! ,%illuk1 :o put _! div9e k+ to dea? at ! fir/ signs ( fail+ heal?1 le/ 8 decrepitude %\ld entail a correspond+ failure ( vital en]gy on ! corn1 ! cattle1 & m54 ,moreov]1 x is c\nt5anc$ by ! analogy ( ! ,*itom1 ^u ^: life ! exi/5ce ( ! _w 0 suppos$ to hang1 & :o 0 !re=e sla9 by 8 successor z soon z he %[$ signs ( break+ up4 ,aga91 ! t]ms on :i* 9 lat] times ! ,k+ ( ,calicut held (fice are id5tical ) ^? atta*$ to ! (fice ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 except t :]eas ! =m] might be assail$ by a c&idate at any "t1 ! ,k+ ( ,calicut might only be attack$ once e twelve ye>s4 ,b z ! leave grant$ to ! ,k+ ( ,calicut to reign s long z he c\ld def5d himself aga9/ all com]s 0 a mitigation ( ! old rule :i* set a fix$ t]m to 8 life1 s we may conjecture t ! simil> p]mission grant$ to ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood 0 a mitigation ( an old] cu/om ( putt+ him to dea? at ! end ( a def9ite p]iod4 ,9 bo? cases ! new rule gave to ! god-man at lea/ a *ance = 8 life1 :i* "u ! old rule 0 d5i$ him2 & p probably reconcil$ !mselves to ! *ange by reflect+ t s long z ! god-man c\ld ma9ta9 himself by ! sword aga9/ all assaults1 !re 0 no reason to appreh5d t ! fatal decay _h set 94 ,! conjecture t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood 0 =m]ly put to dea? at ! expiry ( a fix$ t]m1 )\t be+ all[$ a *ance = 8 life1 w be confirm$ if evid5ce c be adduc$ ( a cu/om ( p]iodically kill+ 8 c\nt]p>ts1 ! human repres5tatives ( ! tree-_s1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,n[ 9 po9t ( fact su* a cu/om has left unmi/akable traces ( itself 9 ! rural fe/ivals ( ! peasantry4 ,to take examples4 ,at ,ni$]pr+1 9 ,l[] ,bav>ia1 ! ,:itsuntide repres5tative ( ! tree-_s--! ,pf+/l z he 0 call$--0 clad f top to toe 9 leaves & fl[]s4 ,on 8 head he wore a high po9t$ cap1 ! ends ( :i* re/$ on 8 %\ld]s1 only two holes be+ left 9 x = 8 eyes4 ,! cap 0 cov]$ ) wat]-fl[]s & surm\nt$ ) a nosegay ( peonies4 ,! sleeves ( 8 coat 7 also made ( wat]-plants1 & ! re/ ( 8 body 0 envelop$ 9 ald] & hazel leaves4 ,on ea* side ( him m>*$ a boy hold+ up "o ( ! ,pf+/l's arms4 ,^! two boys c>ri$ drawn swords1 & s did mo/ ( ! o!rs :o =m$ ! procession4 ,!y /opp$ at e h\se :]e !y hop$ to receive a pres5t2 & ! p1 9 hid+1 s\s$ ! leaf-clad boy ) wat]4 ,all rejoic$ :5 he 0 well dr5*$4 ,f9ally he wad$ into ! brook up to 8 middle2 :]eupon "o ( ! boys1 /&+ on ! bridge1 pret5d$ to cut (f 8 head4 ,at ,wurml+51 9 ,swabia1 a score ( "y fell[s dress !mselves on ,:it-,monday 9 :ite %irts & :ite tr\s]s1 ) r$ sc>ves r\nd _! wai/s & swords hang+ f ! sc>ves4 ,!y ride on horseback into ! wood1 l$ by two trumpet]s bl[+ _! trumpets4 ,9 ! wood !y cut d[n leafy oak bran*es1 9 :i* !y envelop f head to foot him :o 0 ! la/ ( _! numb] to ride out ( ! village4 ,8 legs1 h[ev]1 are encas$ sep>ately1 s t he may be able to m\nt 8 horse aga94 ,fur!r1 !y give him a long artificial neck1 ) an artificial head & a false face on ! top ( x4 ,!n a ,may-tree is cut1 g5]ally an asp5 or bee* ab\t t5 feet high2 & be+ deck$ ) col\r$ h&k]*iefs & ribbons x is entru/$ to a special ,may-be>]4 ,! cavalcade !n returns ) music & song to ! village4 ,among/ ! p]sonages :o figure 9 ! procession are a ,moori% k+ ) a sooty face & a cr[n on 8 head1 a ,dr4 ,iron-,be>d1 a corporal1 & an execution]4 ,!y halt on ! village gre51 & ea* ( ! *>act]s makes a spee* 9 rhyme4 ,! execution] ann\nces t ! leaf-clad man has be5 condemn$ to dea?1 & cuts (f 8 false head4 ,!n ! rid]s race to ! ,may-tree1 :i* has be5 set up a little way (f4 ,! fir/ man :o succe$s 9 wr5*+ x f ! gr\nd z he gallops pa/ keeps x ) all its decorations4 ,! c]emony is obs]v$ e second or ?ird ye>4 ,9 ,saxony & ,?r+5 !re is a ,:itsuntide c]emony call$ *as+ ! ,wild ,man out ( ! bu%1 or fet*+ ! ,wild ,man out ( ! wood4 ,a "y fell[ is envelop$ 9 leaves or moss & call$ ! ,wild ,man4 ,he hides 9 ! wood & ! o!r lads ( ! village g out to seek him4 ,!y f9d him1 lead him captive out ( ! wood1 & fire at him ) blank muskets4 ,he falls l dead to ! gr\nd1 b a lad dress$ z a doctor ble$s him1 & he comes to life aga94 ,at ?is !y rejoice1 &1 b9d+ him fa/ on a waggon1 take him to ! village1 :]e !y tell all ! p h[ !y h caught ! ,wild ,man4 ,at e h\se !y receive a gift4 ,9 ! ,erzgebirge ! foll[+ cu/om 0 annually obs]v$ at ,%rovetide ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,two m5 disguis$ z ,wild ,m51 ! "o 9 bru%wood & moss1 ! o!r 9 /raw1 7 l$ ab\t ! /reets1 & at la/ tak5 to ! m>ket-place1 :]e !y 7 *as$ up & d[n1 %ot & /abb$4 ,be=e fall+ !y reel$ ab\t ) /range ge/ures & spirt$ blood on ! p f bladd]s :i* !y c>ri$4 ,:5 !y 7 d[n1 ! huntsm5 plac$ !m on bo>ds & c>ri$ !m to ! ale-h\se1 ! m9]s m>*+ beside !m & w9d+ bla/s on _! m9+ tools z if !y _h tak5 a noble head ( game4 ,a v simil> ,%rovetide cu/om is /ill obs]v$ ne> ,s*luck5au 9 ,bohemia4 ,a man dress$ up z a ,wild ,man is *as$ ?r\gh sev]al /reets till he comes to a n>r[ lane across :i* a cord is /ret*$4 ,he /umbles ov] ! cord &1 fall+ to ! gr\nd1 is ov]tak5 & caught by 8 pursu]s4 ,! execution] runs up & /abs ) 8 sword a bladd] fill$ ) blood :i* ! ,wild ,man we>s r\nd 8 body2 s ! ,wild ,man dies1 :ile a /ream ( blood r$d5s ! gr\nd4 ,next day a /raw-man1 made up to look l ! ,wild ,man1 is plac$ on a litt]1 &1 accompani$ by a great cr[d1 is tak5 to a pool into :i* x is ?r[n by ! execution]4 ,! c]emony is call$ bury+ ! ,c>nival4 ,9 ,semic 7,bohemia7 ! cu/om ( behead+ ! ,k+ is obs]v$ on ,:it-,monday4 ,a troop ( "y p disguise !mselves2 ea* is girt ) a girdle ( b>k & c>ries a wood5 sword & a trumpet ( will[-b>k4 ,! ,k+ we>s a robe ( tree-b>k adorn$ ) fl[]s1 on 8 head is a cr[n ( b>k deck$ ) fl[]s & bran*es1 8 feet are w\nd ab\t ) f]ns1 a mask hides 8 face1 & = a sceptre he has a haw?orn swit* 9 8 h&4 ,a lad leads him ?r\gh ! village by a rope fa/5$ to 8 foot1 :ile ! re/ dance ab\t1 bl[ _! trumpets1 & :i/le4 ,9 e f>mh\se ! ,k+ is *as$ r\nd ! room1 & "o ( ! troop1 amid mu* noise & outcry1 /rikes ) 8 sword a bl[ on ! ,k+'s robe ( b>k till x r+s aga94 ,!n a gratuity is dem&$4 ,! c]emony ( decapitation1 :i* is "h some:at slurr$ ov]1 is c>ri$ out ) a great] semblance ( reality 9 o!r p>ts ( ,bohemia4 ,?us 9 "s villages ( ! ,kniggrtz di/rict on ,:it-,monday ! girls assemble "u "o lime-tree & ! "y m5 "u ano!r1 all dress$ 9 _! be/ & trick$ out ) ribbons4 ,! "y m5 tw9e a g>l& = ! ,que51 & ! girls ano!r = ! ,k+4 ,:5 !y h *os5 ! ,k+ & ,que5 !y all g 9 procession two & two1 to ! ale-h\se1 f ! balcony ( :i* ! cri] proclaims ! names ( ! ,k+ & ,que54 ,bo? are !n inve/$ ) ! insignia ( _! (fice & are cr[n$ ) ! g>l&s1 :ile ! music plays up4 ,!n "s "o gets on a b5* & accuses ! ,k+ ( v>i\s (f5ces1 su* z ill-treat+ ! cattle4 ,! ,k+ appeals to witnesses & a trial ensues1 at ! close ( :i* ! judge1 :o c>ries a :ite w& z 8 badge ( (fice1 pron\nces a v]dict ( ,guilty1 or ,n guilty4 ,if ! v]dict is ,guilty1 ! judge breaks 8 w&1 ! ,k+ kneels on a :ite clo?1 all heads are b>$1 & a soldi] sets ?ree or f\r hats1 "o above ! o!r1 on 8 ,maje/y's head4 ,! judge !n pron\nces ! ^w ,guilty ?rice 9 a l\d voice1 & ord]s ! cri] to behead ! ,k+4 ,! cri] obeys by /rik+ (f ! ,k+'s hats ) ! wood5 sword4 ,b p]haps1 = our purpose1 ! mo/ in/ructive ( ^! mimic executions is ! foll[+ ,bohemian "o4 ,9 "s places ( ! ,pils5 di/rict 7,bohemia7 on ,:it-,monday ! ,k+ is dress$ 9 b>k1 ornam5t$ ) fl[]s & ribbons2 he we>s a cr[n ( gilt pap] & rides a horse1 :i* is also deck$ ) fl[]s4 ,att5d$ by a judge1 an execution]1 & o!r *>act]s1 & foll[$ by a tra9 ( soldi]s1 all m\nt$1 he rides to ! village squ>e1 :]e a hut or arb\r ( gre5 b\ghs has be5 erect$ "u ! ,may-trees1 :i* are firs1 fre%ly cut1 peel$ to ! top1 & dress$ ) fl[]s & ribbons4 ,aft] ! dames & maid5s ( ! village h be5 criticis$ & a frog behead$1 ! cavalcade rides to a place previ\sly det]m9$ ^u1 9 a /raight1 broad /reet4 ,"h !y draw up 9 two l9es & ! ,k+ takes to flight4 ,he is giv5 a %ort />t & rides (f at full spe$1 pursu$ by ! :ole troop4 ,if !y fail to cat* him he rema9s ,k+ = ano!r ye>1 & 8 companions mu/ pay 8 score at ! ale-h\se 9 ! ev5+4 ,b if !y ov]take & cat* him he is sc\rg$ ) hazel rods or beat5 ) ! wood5 swords & compell$ to dism\nt4 ,!n ! execution] asks1 ,%all ,i behead ?is ,k+8 ,! answ] is giv51 ,behead him2 ! execution] br&i%es 8 axe1 & ) ! words1 ,"o1 two1 ?ree1 let ! ,k+ headless be6 he /rikes (f ! ,k+'s cr[n4 ,amid ! l\d cries ( ! by/&]s ! ,k+ s9ks to ! gr\nd2 !n he is laid on a bi] & c>ri$ to ! ne>e/ f>mh\se4 ,9 mo/ ( ! p]sonages :o are ?us sla9 9 mimicry x is impossible n to recognise repres5tatives ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation1 z he is suppos$ to manife/ himself 9 spr+4 ,! b>k1 leaves1 & fl[]s 9 :i* ! actors are dress$1 & ! season ( ! ye> at :i* !y appe>1 %[ t !y belong to ! same class z ! ,grass ,k+1 ,k+ ( ! ,may1 ,jack-9-!-,gre51 & o!r repres5tatives ( ! v]nal _s ( vegetation :i* we exam9$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w4 ,z if to remove any possible d\bt on ?is head1 we f9d t 9 two cases ^! sla9 m5 are br\ght into direct connexion ) ,may-trees1 :i* are ! imp]sonal1 z ! ,may ,k+1 ,grass ,k+1 & s =?1 are ! p]sonal repres5tatives ( ! tree-_s4 ,! dr5*+ ( ! ,pf+/l ) wat] & 8 wad+ up to ! middle into ! brook are1 !re=e1 no d\bt ra9-*>ms l ^? :i* h be5 already describ$4 ,b if ^! p]sonages repres5t1 z !y c]ta9ly d1 ! _s ( vegetation 9 spr+1 ! "q arises1 ,:y kill !m8 ,:at is ! object ( slay+ ! _s ( vegetation at any "t & above all 9 spr+1 :5 8 s]vices are mo/ want$8 ,! only probable answ] to ?is "q seems to be giv5 9 ! explanation already propos$ ( ! cu/om ( kill+ ! div9e k+ or prie/4 ,! div9e life1 inc>nate 9 a mat]ial & mortal body1 is liable to be ta9t$ & corrupt$ by ! weakness ( ! frail m$ium 9 :i* x is = a "t en%r9$2 & if x is to be sav$ f ! increas+ enfeeblem5t :i* x mu/ necess>ily %>e ) its human inc>nation z he advances 9 ye>s1 x mu/ be deta*$ f him be=e1 or at lea/ z soon z1 he exhibits signs ( decay1 9 ord] to be transf]r$ to a vigor\s successor4 ,?is is done by kill+ ! old repres5tative ( ! god & convey+ ! div9e _s f him to a new inc>nation4 ,! kill+ ( ! god1 t is1 ( 8 human inc>nation1 is !re=e m]ely a necess>y /ep to 8 revival or resurrection 9 a bett] =m4 ,f> f be+ an ext9ction ( ! div9e _s1 x is only ! beg9n+ ( a pur] & /rong] manife/ation ( x4 ,if ?is explanation holds good ( ! cu/om ( kill+ div9e k+s & prie/s 9 g5]al1 x is /ill m obvi\sly applicable to ! cu/om ( annually kill+ ! repres5tative ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation 9 spr+4 ,= ! decay ( plant life 9 w9t] is readily int]pret$ by primitive man z an enfeeblem5t ( ! _s ( vegetation2 ! _s has1 he ?9ks1 gr[n old & weak & mu/ !re=e be r5ovat$ by be+ sla9 & br\ght to life 9 a y\ng] & fre%] =m4 ,?us ! kill+ ( ! repres5tative ( ! tree-_s 9 spr+ is reg>d$ z a means to promote & quick5 ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,= ! kill+ ( ! tree-_s is associat$ always 7we mu/ suppose7 implicitly1 & sometimes explicitly also1 ) a revival or resurrection ( him 9 a m y\?ful & vigor\s =m4 ,s 9 ! ,saxon & ,?r+5 cu/om1 aft] ! ,wild ,man has be5 %ot he is br\ght to life aga9 by a doctor2 & 9 ! ,wurml+5 c]emony !re figures a ,dr4 ,iron-,be>d1 :o probably once play$ a simil> "p2 c]ta9ly 9 ano!r spr+ c]emony1 :i* w be describ$ pres5tly1 ,dr4 ,iron-,be>d pret5ds to re/ore a dead man to life4 ,b ( ?is revival or resurrection ( ! god we %all h m to say anon4 ,! po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ^! ,nor? ,european p]sonages & ! subject ( our enquiry--! ,k+ ( ! ,wood or prie/ ( ,nemi--are suffici5tly /rik+4 ,9 ^! nor!rn mask]s we see k+s1 ^: dress ( b>k & leaves along ) ! hut ( gre5 b\ghs & ! fir-trees1 "u :i* !y hold _! c\rt1 proclaim !m unmi/akably z1 l _! ,italian c\nt]p>t1 ,k+s ( ! ,wood4 ,l him !y die a viol5t dea?1 b l him !y may escape f x = a "t by _! bodily /r5g? & agility2 = 9 sev]al ( ^! nor!rn cu/oms ! flight & pursuit ( ! k+ is a prom95t "p ( ! c]emony1 & 9 "o case at lea/ if ! k+ c outrun 8 pursu]s he reta9s 8 life & 8 (fice = ano!r ye>4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! k+ 9 fact holds (fice on condition ( runn+ = 8 life once a ye>1 j z ! ,k+ ( ,calicut 9 lat] times held (fice on condition ( def5d+ 8 life aga9/ all com]s once e twelve ye>s1 & j z ! prie/ ( ,nemi held (fice on condition ( def5d+ himself aga9/ any assault at any "t4 ,9 e "o ( ^! in/ances ! life ( ! god-man is prolong$ on condition ( 8 %[+1 9 a sev]e physical conte/ ( fight or flight1 t 8 bodily /r5g? is n decay$1 & t1 !re=e1 ! viol5t dea?1 :i* soon] or lat] is inevitable1 may = ! pres5t be po/pon$4 ,) reg>d to flight x is noticeable t flight figur$ conspicu\sly bo? 9 ! leg5d & 9 ! practice ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood4 ,he _h to be a runaway slave 9 memory ( ! flight ( ,ore/es1 ! traditional f\nd] ( ! wor%ip2 h5ce ! ,k+s ( ! ,wood are describ$ by an anci5t writ] z bo? /rong ( h& & fleet ( foot4 ,p]haps if we knew ! ritual ( ! ,arician grove fully we might f9d t ! k+ 0 all[$ a *ance = 8 life by flight1 l 8 ,bohemian bro!r4 ,i h already conjectur$ t ! annual flight ( ! prie/ly k+ at ,rome 7regifugium7 0 at fir/ a flight ( ! same k9d2 9 o!r words1 t he 0 orig9ally "o ( ^? div9e k+s :o are ei!r put to dea? aft] a fix$ p]iod or all[$ to prove by ! /rong h& or ! fleet foot t _! div9ity is vigor\s & unimpair$4 ,"o m po9t ( resemblance may be not$ betwe5 ! ,italian ,k+ ( ! ,wood & 8 nor!rn c\nt]p>ts4 ,9 ,saxony & ,?r+5 ! repres5tative ( ! tree-_s1 aft] be+ kill$1 is br\ght to life aga9 by a doctor4 ,?is is exactly :at leg5d affirm$ to h happ5$ to ! fir/ ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 ,hippolytus or ,virbius1 :o aft] he _h be5 kill$ by 8 horses 0 re/or$ to life by ! physician ,aesculapius4 ,su* a leg5d tallies well ) ! !ory t ! slay+ ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood 0 only a /ep to 8 revival or resurrection 9 8 successor4 #b4 ,bury+ ! ,c>nival ,,?us f> ,i h (f]$ an explanation ( ! rule :i* requir$ t ! prie/ ( ,nemi %\ld be sla9 by 8 successor4 ,! explanation claims to be no m ?an probable2 our scanty k ( ! cu/om & ( its hi/ory =bids x to be m4 ,b its probability w be augm5t$ 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* ! motives & modes ( ?\ght :i* x assumes c be prov$ to h op]at$ 9 primitive society4 ,hi!rto ! god ) ^: dea? & resurrection we h be5 *iefly conc]n$ has be5 ! tree-god4 ,b if ,i c %[ t ! cu/om ( kill+ ! god & ! belief 9 8 resurrection orig9at$1 or at lea/ exi/$1 9 ! hunt+ & pa/oral /age ( society1 :5 ! sla9 god 0 an animal1 & t x surviv$ into ! agricultural /age1 :5 ! sla9 god 0 ! corn or a human be+ repres5t+ ! corn1 ! probability ( my explanation w h be5 consid]ably increas$4 ,?is ,i %all attempt to d 9 ! sequel1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ,i hope to cle> up "s obscurities :i* /ill rema91 & to answ] "s objections :i* may h sugge/$ !mselves to ! read]4 ,we />t f ! po9t at :i* we left (f--! spr+ cu/oms ( ,european peasantry4 ,besides ! c]emonies already describ$ !re are two k9dr$ sets ( obs]vances 9 :i* ! simulat$ dea? ( a div9e or sup]natural be+ is a conspicu\s feature4 ,9 "o ( !m ! be+ ^: dea? is dramatically repres5t$ is a p]sonification ( ! ,c>nival2 9 ! o!r x is ,dea? himself4 ,! =m] c]emony falls naturally at ! end ( ! ,c>nival1 ei!r on ! la/ day ( t m]ry season1 namely ,%rove ,tuesday1 or on ! fir/ day ( ,l5t1 namely ,a% ,w$nesday4 ,! date ( ! o!r c]emony--! ,c>ry+ or ,driv+ out ( ,dea?1 z x is commonly call$--is n s uni=mly fix$4 ,g5]ally x is ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 :i* h5ce goes by ! "n ( ,dead ,sunday2 b 9 "s places ! celebration falls a week e>li]1 9 o!rs1 z among ! ,cze*s ( ,bohemia1 a week lat]1 :ile 9 c]ta9 ,g]man villages ( ,moravia x is held on ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,ea/]4 ,p]haps1 z has be5 sugge/$1 ! date may orig9ally h be5 v>iable1 dep5d+ on ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ swall[ or "s o!r h]ald ( ! spr+4 ,"s writ]s reg>d ! c]emony z ,slavonic 9 its orig94 ,grimm ?\ght x 0 a fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> ) ! old ,slavs1 :o began _! ye> 9 ,m>*4 ,we %all fir/ take examples1 ( ! mimic dea? ( ! ,c>nival1 :i* always falls be=e ! o!r 9 ! cal5d>4 ,at ,fros9one1 9 ,latium1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ,rome & ,naples1 ! dull monotony ( life 9 a prov9cial ,italian t[n is agreeably brok5 on ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival by ! anci5t fe/ival kn[n z ! ,radica4 ,ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! t[n b&1 play+ lively tunes & foll[$ by a great cr[d1 proce$s to ! ,piazza del ,plebiscito1 :]e is ! ,sub-,prefecture z well z ! re/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t build+s4 ,"h1 9 ! middle ( ! squ>e1 ! eyes ( ! expectant multitude are greet$ by ! sight ( an imm5se c> deck$ ) _m-col\r$ fe/oons & drawn by f\r horses4 ,m\nt$ on ! c> is a huge *air1 on :i* sits en?ron$ ! maje/ic figure ( ! ,c>nival1 a man ( /ucco ab\t n9e feet high ) a rubicund & smil+ c\nt5ance4 ,enorm\s boots1 a t9 helmet l ^? :i* grace ! heads ( (fic]s ( ! ,italian m>9e1 & a coat ( _m col\rs embelli%$ ) /range devices1 adorn ! outw>d man ( ?is /ately p]sonage4 ,8 left h& re/s on ! arm ( ! *air1 :ile ) 8 "r he gracefully salutes ! cr[d1 be+ mov$ to ?is act ( civility by a /r+ :i* is pull$ by a man :o mode/ly %r9ks f publicity "u ! m]cy-seat4 ,& n[ ! cr[d1 surg+ excit$ly r\nd ! c>1 gives v5t to its feel+s 9 wild cries ( joy1 g5tle & simple be+ mix$ up toge!r & all danc+ furi\sly ! ,salt>ello4 ,a special feature ( ! fe/ival is t e "o mu/ c>ry 9 8 h& :at is call$ a radica 7 root71 by :i* is meant a huge leaf ( ! aloe or r ! agave4 ,any "o :o v5tur$ into ! cr[d )\t su* a leaf w\ld be unc]emoni\sly hu/l$ out ( x1 unless inde$ he bore z a sub/itute a l>ge cabbage at ! end ( a long /ick or a bun* ( grass curi\sly plait$4 ,:5 ! multitude1 aft] a %ort turn1 has escort$ ! sl[-mov+ c> to ! gate ( ! ,sub-,prefecture1 !y halt1 & ! c>1 jolt+ ov] ! unev5 gr\nd1 rumbles into ! c\rty>d4 ,a hu% n[ falls on ! cr[d1 _! subdu$ voices s\nd+1 accord+ to ! description ( "o :o has he>d !m1 l ! murmur ( a tr\bl$ sea4 ,all eyes are turn$ anxi\sly to ! door f :i* ! ,sub-,prefect himself & ! o!r repres5tatives ( ! maje/y ( ! law are expect$ to issue & pay _! homage to ! h]o ( ! h\r4 ,a few mom5ts ( susp5se & !n a /orm ( *e]s & h&-clapp+ salutes ! appe>ance ( ! dignit>ies1 z !y file out &1 desc5d+ ! /aircase1 take _! place 9 ! procession4 ,! hymn ( ! ,c>nival is n[ ?und]$ out1 aft] :i*1 amid a deaf5+ ro>1 aloe leaves & cabbages are :irl$ al(t & desc5d imp>tially on ! heads ( ! j & ! unju/1 :o l5d fre% ze/ to ! proce$+s by engag+ 9 a free fight4 ,:5 ^! prelim9>ies h be5 conclud$ to ! satisfaction ( all conc]n$1 ! procession gets "u weigh4 ,! re> is br\ght up by a c>t lad5 ) b>rels ( w9e & policem51 ! latt] engag$ 9 ! cong5ial task ( s]v+ out w9e to all :o ask = x1 :ile a mo/ int]nec9e /ruggle1 accompani$ by a copi\s dis*>ge ( yells1 bl[s1 & blasphemy1 goes on among ! surg+ cr[d at ! c>t's tail 9 _! anxiety n to miss ! glori\s opportunity ( intoxicat+ !mselves at ! public exp5se4 ,f9ally1 aft] ! procession has p>ad$ ! pr9cipal /reets 9 ?is maje/ic mann]1 ! effigy ( ,c>nival is tak5 to ! middle ( a public squ>e1 /ripp$ ( 8 f9]y1 laid on a pile ( wood1 & burnt amid ! cries ( ! multitude1 :o ?und]+ out once m ! song ( ! ,c>nival fl+ _! s-call$ roots on ! pyre & give !mselves up )\t re/ra9t to ! pleasures ( ! dance4 ,9 ! ,abruzzi a pa/ebo>d figure ( ! ,c>nival is c>ri$ by f\r grave-digg]s ) pipes 9 _! m\?s & bottles ( w9e slung at _! %\ld]-belts4 ,9 front walks ! wife ( ! ,c>nival1 dress$ 9 m\rn+ & dissolv$ 9 te>s4 ,f "t to "t ! company halts1 & :ile ! wife addresses ! sympa?is+ public1 ! grave-digg]s refre% ! inn] man ) a pull at ! bottle4 ,9 ! op5 squ>e ! mimic corpse is laid on a pyre1 & to ! roll ( drums1 ! %rill screams ( ! wom51 & ! gruff] cries ( ! m5 a light is set to x4 ,:ile ! figure burns1 *e/nuts are ?r[n ab\t among ! cr[d4 ,sometimes ! ,c>nival is repres5t$ by a /raw-man at ! top ( a pole :i* is borne ?r\gh ! t[n by a troop ( mumm]s 9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon4 ,:5 ev5+ comes on1 f\r ( ! mumm]s hold out a quilt or %eet by ! corn]s1 & ! figure ( ! ,c>nival is made to tumble into x4 ,! procession is !n resum$1 ! p]=m]s weep+ crocodile te>s & emphasis+ ! poignancy ( _! grief by ! help ( saucepans & d9n] bells4 ,sometimes1 aga91 9 ! ,abruzzi ! dead ,c>nival is p]sonifi$ by a liv+ man :o lies 9 a c(f91 att5d$ by ano!r :o acts ! prie/ & disp5ses holy wat] 9 great pr(usion f a ba?+ tub4 ,at ,l]ida1 9 ,catalonia1 ! fun]al ( ! ,c>nival 0 witness$ by an ,engli% travell] 9 #ahgg4 ,on ! la/ ,sunday ( ! ,c>nival a gr& procession ( infantry1 cavalry1 & mask]s ( _m sorts1 "s on horseback & "s 9 c>riages1 escort$ ! gr& c> ( ,8 ,grace ,pau ,pi1 z ! effigy 0 call$1 9 triumph ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,= ?ree days ! revelry ran high1 & !n at midnight on ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival ! same procession aga9 w\nd ?r\gh ! /reets1 b "u a diff]5t aspect & = a diff]5t end4 ,! triumphal c> 0 ex*ang$ = a he>se1 9 :i* repos$ ! effigy ( 8 dead ,grace3 a troop ( mask]s1 :o 9 ! fir/ procession _h play$ ! "p ( ,/ud5ts ( ,folly ) _m a m]ry quip & je/1 n[1 rob$ z prie/s & bi%ops1 pac$ sl[ly along hold+ al(t huge light$ tap]s & s++ a dirge4 ,all ! mumm]s wore crape1 & all ! horsem5 c>ri$ blaz+ flambeaux4 ,d[n ! high /reet1 betwe5 ! l(ty1 _m-/orey$ & balconi$ h\ses1 :]e e w9d[1 e balcony1 e h\setop 0 cramm$ ) a d5se mass ( spectators1 all dress$ & mask$ 9 fanta/ic gorge\sness1 ! procession took its melan*oly way4 ,ov] ! sc5e fla%$ & play$ ! %ift+ cross-lights & %ad[s f ! mov+ tor*es3 r$ & blue ,b5gal lights fl>$ up & di$ out aga92 & above ! trampl+ ( ! horses & ! measur$ tread ( ! m>*+ multitude rose ! voices ( ! prie/s *ant+ ! requiem1 :ile ! milit>y b&s /ruck 9 ) ! solemn roll ( ! muffl$ drums4 ,on rea*+ ! pr9cipal squ>e ! procession halt$1 a burlesque fun]al oration 0 pron\nc$ ov] ! defunct ,pau ,pi1 & ! lights 7 ext+ui%$4 ,imm$iately ! devil & 8 angels d>t$ f ! cr[d1 seiz$ ! body & fl$ away ) x1 hotly pursu$ by ! :ole multitude1 yell+1 scream+1 & *e]+4 ,naturally ! fi5ds 7 ov]tak5 & disp]s$2 & ! %am corpse1 rescu$ f _! clut*es1 0 laid 9 a grave t _h be5 made ready = its reception4 ,?us ! ,c>nival ( #ahgg at ,l]ida di$ & 0 buri$4 ,a c]emony ( ! same sort is obs]v$ 9 ,prov5ce on ,a% ,w$nesday4 ,an effigy call$ ,c>amantran1 :imsically attir$1 is drawn 9 a *>iot or borne on a litt]1 accompani$ by ! populace 9 grotesque co/umes1 :o c>ry g\rds full ( w9e & dra9 !m ) all ! m>ks1 real or affect$1 ( intoxication4 ,at ! head ( ! procession are "s m5 disguis$ z judges & b>ri/]s1 & a tall gaunt p]sonage :o masqu]ades z ,l5t2 beh9d !m foll[ "y p m\nt$ on mis]able hacks & attir$ z m\rn]s :o pret5d to bewail ! fate t is 9 /ore = ,c>amantran4 ,9 ! pr9cipal squ>e ! procession halts1 ! tribunal is con/itut$1 & ,c>amantran plac$ at ! b>4 ,aft] a =mal trial he is s5t5c$ to dea? amid ! groans ( ! mob3 ! b>ri/] :o def5d$ him embraces 8 cli5t = ! la/ "t3 ! (fic]s ( ju/ice d _! duty3 ! condemn$ is set ) 8 back to a wall & hurri$ into et]nity "u a %[] ( /ones4 ,! sea or a riv] receives 8 mangl$ rema9s4 ,?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,ard5nes x 0 & /ill is cu/om>y on ,a% ,w$nesday to burn an effigy :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! ,c>nival1 :ile appropriate v]ses are sung r\nd ab\t ! blaz+ figure4 ,v (t5 an attempt is made to fa%ion ! effigy 9 ! lik5ess ( ! husb& :o is reput$ to be lea/ fai?ful to 8 wife ( any 9 ! village4 ,z might p]haps h be5 anticipat$1 ! di/9ction ( be+ select$ = portraiture "u ^! pa9ful circum/ances has a slight t5d5cy to bre$ dome/ic j>s1 especially :5 ! portrait is burnt 9 front ( ! h\se ( ! gay deceiv] :om x repres5ts1 :ile a p[]ful *orus ( cat]wauls1 groans1 & o!r melodi\s s\nds be>s public te/imony to ! op9ion :i* 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs ent]ta9 ( 8 private virtues4 ,9 "s villages ( ! ,ard5nes a "y man ( fle% & blood1 dress$ up 9 hay & /raw1 us$ to act ! "p ( ,%rove ,tuesday 7,m>di ,gras71 z ! p]sonification ( ! ,c>nival is (t5 call$ 9 ,france aft] ! la/ day ( ! p]iod :i* he p]sonates4 ,he 0 br\ght be=e a mock tribunal1 & be+ condemn$ to dea? 0 plac$ ) 8 back to a wall1 l a soldi] at a milit>y execution1 & fir$ at ) blank c>tridges4 ,at ,vrigne-aux-,bois "o ( ^! h>mless buffoons1 nam$ ,?i]ry1 0 accid5tally kill$ by a wad t _h be5 left 9 a musket ( ! fir+-p>ty4 ,:5 poor ,%rove ,tuesday dropp$ "u ! fire1 ! applause 0 l\d & long1 he did x s naturally2 b :5 he did n get up aga91 !y ran to him & f\nd him a corpse4 ,s9ce !n !re h be5 no m ( ^! mock executions 9 ! ,ard5nes4 ,9 ,norm&y on ! ev5+ ( ,a% ,w$nesday x us$ to be ! cu/om to hold a celebration call$ ! ,burial ( ,%rove ,tuesday4 ,a squalid effigy scantily clo!d 9 rags1 a batt]$ old hat cru%$ d[n on 8 dirty face1 8 great r\nd paun* /uff$ ) /raw1 repres5t$ ! disreputable old rake :o1 aft] a long c\rse ( dissipation1 0 n[ ab\t to suff] = 8 s9s4 ,hoi/$ on ! %\ld]s ( a /urdy fell[1 :o pret5d$ to /agg] "u ! burd51 ?is popul> p]sonification ( ! ,c>nival prom5ad$ ! /reets = ! la/ "t 9 a mann] ! rev]se ( triumphal4 ,prec$$ by a drumm] & accompani$ by a je]+ rabble1 among :om ! ur*9s & all ! tag-rag & bobtail ( ! t[n mu/]$ 9 great =ce1 ! figure 0 c>ri$ ab\t by ! flick]+ light ( tor*es to ! discordant d9 ( %ovels & tongs1 pots & pans1 horns & kettles1 m+l$ ) hoot+s1 groans1 & hisses4 ,f "t to "t ! procession halt$1 & a *ampion ( morality accus$ ! brok5-d[n old s9n] ( all ! excesses he _h committ$ & = :i* he 0 n[ ab\t to be burn$ alive4 ,! culprit1 hav+ no?+ to urge 9 8 own def5ce1 0 ?r[n on a heap ( /raw1 a tor* 0 put to x1 & a great blaze %ot up1 to ! delight ( ! *ildr5 :o frisk$ r\nd x scream+ out "s old popul> v]ses ab\t ! dea? ( ! ,c>nival4 ,sometimes ! effigy 0 roll$ d[n ! slope ( a hill be=e be+ burnt4 ,at ,sa9t-,l ! ragg$ effigy ( ,%rove ,tuesday 0 foll[$ by 8 wid[1 a big burly l\t dress$ z a woman ) a crape veil1 :o emitt$ s\nds ( lam5tation & woe 9 a /5torian voice4 ,aft] be+ c>ri$ ab\t ! /reets on a litt] att5d$ by a cr[d ( mask]s1 ! figure 0 ?r[n into ! ,riv] ,vire4 ,! f9al sc5e has be5 graphically describ$ by ,madame ,octave ,feuillet z %e witness$ x 9 h] *ildhood "s sixty ye>s ago4 ,my p>5ts invit$ fri5ds to see1 f ! top ( ! t[] ( ,jeanne ,c\ill>d1 ! fun]al procession pass+4 ,x 0 !re t1 quaff+ lemonade--! only refre%m5t all[$ because ( ! fa/--we witness$ at nightfall a spectacle ( :i* ,i %all always pres]ve a lively recollection4 ,at our feet fl[$ ! ,vire "u its old /one bridge4 ,on ! middle ( ! bridge lay ! figure ( ,%rove ,tuesday on a litt] ( leaves1 surr\nd$ by scores ( mask]s danc+1 s++1 & c>ry+ tor*es4 ,"s ( !m 9 _! motley co/umes ran along ! p>apet l fi5ds4 ,! re/1 worn out ) _! revels1 sat on ! po/s & doz$4 ,soon ! danc+ /opp$1 & "s ( ! troop1 seiz+ a tor*1 set fire to ! effigy1 aft] :i* !y flung x into ! riv] ) r$\bl$ %\ts & clam\r4 ,! man ( /raw1 soak$ ) res91 float$ away burn+ d[n ! /ream ( ! ,vire1 light+ up ) its fun]al fires ! woods on ! bank & ! battlem5ts ( ! old ca/le 9 :i* ,l\is ,,xi4 & ,francis ,i4 _h slept4 ,:5 ! la/ glimm] ( ! blaz+ phantom _h vani%$1 l a fall+ />1 at ! end ( ! valley1 e "o )drew1 cr[d & mask]s alike1 & we quitt$ ! ramp>ts ) our gue/s4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,tb+5 on ,%rove ,tuesday a /raw-man1 call$ ! ,%rovetide ,be>1 is made up2 he is dress$ 9 a pair ( old tr\s]s1 & a fre% black-pudd+ or two squirts fill$ ) blood are ins]t$ 9 8 neck4 ,aft] a =mal condemnation he is behead$1 laid 9 a c(f91 & on ,a% ,w$nesday is buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,?is is call$ ,bury+ ! ,c>nival4 ,among/ "s ( ! ,saxons ( ,transylvania ! ,c>nival is hang$4 ,?us at ,brall] on ,a% ,w$nesday or ,%rove ,tuesday two :ite & two *e/nut horses draw a sl$ge on :i* is plac$ a /raw-man swa!d 9 a :ite clo?2 beside him is a c>t-:eel :i* is kept turn+ r\nd4 ,two lads disguis$ z old m5 foll[ ! sl$ge lam5t+4 ,! re/ ( ! village lads1 m\nt$ on horseback & deck$ ) ribbons1 accompany ! procession1 :i* is head$ by two girls cr[n$ ) ev]gre5 & drawn 9 a waggon or sl$ge4 ,a trial is held "u a tree1 at :i* lads disguis$ z soldi]s pron\nce s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,! two old m5 try to rescue ! /raw-man & to fly ) him1 b to no purpose2 he is caught by ! two girls & h&$ ov] to ! execution]1 :o hangs him on a tree4 ,9 va9 ! old m5 try to climb up ! tree & take him d[n2 !y always tumble d[n1 & at la/ 9 despair !y ?r[ !mselves on ! gr\nd & weep & h[l = ! hang$ man4 ,an (ficial !n makes a spee* 9 :i* he decl>es t ! ,c>nival 0 condemn$ to dea? because he _h done !m h>m1 by we>+ out _! %oes & mak+ !m tir$ & sleepy4 ,at ! ,burial ( ,c>nival 9 ,le*ra91 a man dress$ z a woman 9 black clo!s is c>ri$ on a litt] or bi] by f\r m52 he is lam5t$ ov] by m5 disguis$ z wom5 9 black clo!s1 !n ?r[n d[n be=e ! village dung-heap1 dr5*$ ) wat]1 buri$ 9 ! dung-heap1 & cov]$ ) /raw4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,%rove ,tuesday ! ,e/honians make a /raw figure call$ metsik or wood-_s2 "o ye> x is dress$ ) a man's coat & hat1 next ye> ) a hood & a petticoat4 ,?is figure is /uck on a long pole1 c>ri$ across ! b\nd>y ( ! village ) l\d cries ( joy1 & fa/5$ to ! top ( a tree 9 ! wood4 ,! c]emony is believ$ to be a protection aga9/ all k9ds ( mis=tune4 ,sometimes at ^! ,%rovetide or ,l5t5 c]emonies ! resurrection ( ! pret5d$ dead p]son is enact$4 ,?us1 9 "s p>ts ( ,swabia on ,%rove ,tuesday ,dr4 ,iron-,be>d pr(esses to ble$ a sick man1 :o !reupon falls z dead to ! gr\nd2 b ! doctor at la/ re/ores him to life by bl[+ air into him ?r\gh a tube4 ,9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 :5 ,c>nival is ov]1 a man is laid on a bak+-tr\gh & c>ri$ ) dirges to ! grave2 b 9 ! grave a glass ( br&y is buri$ in/ead ( ! man4 ,a spee* is deliv]$ & !n ! p return to ! village-gre5 or meet+-place1 :]e !y smoke ! long clay pipes :i* are di/ribut$ at fun]als4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,%rove ,tuesday 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! br&y is dug up & ! fe/ival beg9s by e "o ta/+ ! _s :i*1 z ! phrase goes1 has come to life aga94 #c4 ,c>ry+ out ,dea? ,,! ,,c]emony ( ,c>ry+ out ,dea? pres5ts mu* ! same features z ,bury+ ! ,c>nival2 except t ! c>ry+ out ( ,dea? is g5]ally foll[$ by a c]emony1 or at lea/ accompani$ by a pr(ession1 ( br++ 9 ,summ]1 ,spr+1 or ,life4 ,?us 9 ,middle ,frank51 a prov9ce ( ,bav>ia1 on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 ! village ur*9s us$ to make a /raw effigy ( ,dea?1 :i* !y c>ri$ ab\t ) burlesque pomp ?r\gh ! /reets1 & aft]w>ds burn$ ) l\d cries beyond ! b\nds4 ,! ,franki% cu/om is ?us describ$ by a writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 ,at ,mid-,l5t1 ! season :5 ! *ur* bids u rejoice1 ! "y p ( my native c\ntry make a /raw image ( ,dea?1 & fa/5+ x to a pole c>ry x ) %\ts to ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,by "s !y are k9dly receiv$1 & aft] be+ refre%$ ) milk1 peas1 & dri$ pe>s1 ! usual food ( t season1 are s5t home aga94 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 treat !m ) any?+ b hospitality2 =1 look+ on !m z h>b+]s ( mis=tune1 to wit ( dea?1 !y drive !m f _! b\nd>ies ) weapons & insults4 ,9 ! villages ne> ,erlang51 :5 ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t came ar\nd1 ! peasant girls us$ to dress !mselves 9 all _! f9]y ) fl[]s 9 _! hair4 ,?us attir$ !y repair$ to ! neighb\r+ t[n1 c>ry+ puppets :i* 7 adorn$ ) leaves & cov]$ ) :ite clo?s4 ,^! !y took f h\se to h\se 9 pairs1 /opp+ at e door :]e !y expect$ to receive some?+1 & s++ a few l9es 9 :i* !y ann\nc$ t x 0 ,mid-,l5t & t !y 7 ab\t to ?r[ ,dea? into ! wat]4 ,:5 !y _h collect$ "s trifl+ gratuities !y w5t to ! riv] ,regnitz & flung ! puppets repres5t+ ,dea? into ! /ream4 ,?is 0 done to ensure a fruitful & prosp]\s ye>2 fur!r1 x 0 consid]$ a safegu>d aga9/ pe/il5ce & sudd5 dea?4 ,at ,nuremb]g girls ( sev5 to eighte5 ye>s ( age g ?r\gh ! /reets be>+ a little op5 c(f91 9 :i* is a doll hidd5 "u a %r\d4 ,o!rs c>ry a bee* bran*1 ) an apple fa/5$ to x = a head1 9 an op5 box4 ,!y s+1 ,we c>ry ,dea? into ! wat]1 x is well1 or ,we c>ry ,dea? into ! wat]1 c>ry him 9 & out aga94 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia d[n to #aghj x 0 believ$ t a fatal epidemic w\ld ensue if ! cu/om ( ,c>ry+ out ,dea? 7 n obs]v$4 ,9 "s villages ( ,?r+51 on ! f\r? ,sunday ( ,l5t1 ! *ildr5 us$ to c>ry a puppet ( bir*5 twigs ?r\gh ! village1 & !n ?rew x into a pool1 :ile !y sang1 ,we c>ry ! old ,dea? out beh9d ! h]dman's old h\se2 we h got ,summ]1 & ,krod5's 787 p[] is de/roy$4 ,at ,debs*witz or ,dobs*witz1 ne> ,g]a1 ! c]emony ( ,driv+ out ,dea? is or 0 annually obs]v$ on ! fir/ ( ,m>*4 ,! "y p make up a figure ( /raw or ! l mat]ials1 dress x 9 old clo!s1 :i* !y h begg$ f h\ses 9 ! village1 & c>ry x out & ?r[ x into ! riv]4 ,on return+ to ! village !y break ! good news to ! p1 & receive eggs & o!r victuals z a rew>d4 ,! c]emony is or 0 suppos$ to purify ! village & to protect ! inhabitants f sickness & plague4 ,9 o!r villages ( ,?r+51 9 :i* ! population 0 orig9ally ,slavonic1 ! c>ry+ out ( ! puppet is accompani$ ) ! s++ ( a song1 :i* beg9s1 ,n[ we c>ry ,dea? out ( ! village & ,spr+ into ! village4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? & beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! cu/om 0 obs]v$ 9 ,?r+5 z foll[s4 ,! boys & girls made an effigy ( /raw or ! l mat]ials1 b ! %ape ( ! figure v>i$ f ye> to ye>4 ,9 "o ye> x w\ld repres5t an old man1 9 ! next an old woman1 9 ! ?ird a "y man1 & 9 ! f\r? a maid51 & ! dress ( ! figure v>i$ ) ! "* x p]sonat$4 ,!re us$ to be a %>p conte/ z to :]e ! effigy 0 to be made1 = ! p ?\ght t ! h\se f :i* x 0 c>ri$ =? w\ld n be visit$ ) dea? t ye>4 ,hav+ be5 made1 ! puppet 0 fa/5$ to a pole & c>ri$ by a girl if x repres5t$ an old man1 b by a boy if x repres5t$ an old woman4 ,?us x 0 borne 9 procession1 ! "y p hold+ /icks 9 _! h&s & s++ t !y 7 driv+ out ,dea?4 ,:5 !y came to wat] !y ?rew ! effigy into x & ran ha/ily back1 fe>+ t x might jump on _! %\ld]s & wr+ _! necks4 ,!y also took c>e n to t\* x1 le/ x %\ld dry !m up4 ,on _! return !y beat ! cattle ) ! /icks1 believ+ t ?is w\ld make ! animals fat or fruitful4 ,aft]w>ds !y visit$ ! h\se or h\ses f :i* !y _h c>ri$ ! image ( ,dea?2 :]e !y receiv$ a dole ( half-boil$ peas4 ,! cu/om ( ,c>ry+ out ,dea? 0 practis$ also 9 ,saxony4 ,at ,leipsic ! ba/>ds & public wom5 us$ to make a /raw effigy ( ,dea? e ye> at ,mid-,l5t4 ,?is !y c>ri$ ?r\gh all ! /reets ) songs & %[$ x to ! "y m>ri$ wom54 ,f9ally !y ?rew x into ! riv] ,p>!4 ,by ?is c]emony !y pr(ess$ to make ! "y wives fruitful1 to purify ! city1 & to protect ! inhabitants = t ye> f plague & o!r epidemics4 ,c]emonies ( ! same sort are obs]v$ at ,mid-,l5t 9 ,silesia4 ,?us 9 _m places ! gr[n girls ) ! help ( ! "y m5 dress up a /raw figure ) wom5's clo!s & c>ry x out ( ! village t[>ds ! sett+ sun4 ,at ! b\nd>y !y /rip x ( its clo!s1 te> x 9 pieces1 & scatt] ! fragm5ts ab\t ! fields4 ,?is is call$ ,bury+ ,dea?4 ,z !y c>ry ! image out1 !y s+ t !y are ab\t to bury ,dea? "u an oak1 t he may dep>t f ! p4 ,sometimes ! song runs t !y are be>+ ,dea? ov] hill & dale to return no m4 ,9 ! ,poli% neighb\rhood ( ,gross-,/rehlitz ! puppet is call$ ,goik4 ,x is c>ri$ on horseback & ?r[n into ! ne>e/ wat]4 ,! p ?9k t ! c]emony protects !m f sickness ( e sort 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,9 ! di/ricts ( ,wohlau & ,guhrau ! image ( ,dea? us$ to be ?r[n ov] ! b\nd>y ( ! next village4 ,b z ! neighb\rs fe>$ to receive ! ill-om5$ figure1 !y 7 on ! look-out to repel x1 & h>d knocks 7 (t5 ex*ang$ betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,9 "s ,poli% p>ts ( ,upp] ,silesia ! effigy1 repres5t+ an old woman1 goes by ! "n ( ,m>zana1 ! goddess ( dea?4 ,x is made 9 ! h\se :]e ! la/ dea? occurr$1 & is c>ri$ on a pole to ! b\nd>y ( ! village1 :]e x is ?r[n into a pond or burnt4 ,at ,polkwitz ! cu/om ( ,c>ry+ out ,dea? fell into abeyance2 b an outbreak ( fatal sickness :i* foll[$ ! int]mission ( ! c]emony induc$ ! p to resume x4 ,9 ,bohemia ! *ildr5 g out ) a /raw-man1 repres5t+ ,dea?1 to ! end ( ! village1 :]e !y burn x1 s++-- ,n[ c>ry we ,dea? out ( ! village1 ,! new ,summ] into ! village1 ,welcome1 de> ,summ]1 ,gre5 little corn4 ,at ,tabor 9 ,bohemia ! figure ( ,dea? is c>ri$ out ( ! t[n & flung f a high rock into ! wat]1 :ile !y s+-- ,dea? swims on ! wat]1 ,summ] w soon be "h1 ,we c>ri$ ,dea? away = y ,we br\ght ! ,summ]4 ,& d ?\1 ,o holy ,m>keta1 ,give u a good ye> ,= :eat & = rye4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,bohemia !y c>ry ,dea? to ! end ( ! village1 s++-- ,we c>ry ,dea? out ( ! village1 ,& ! ,new ,ye> into ! village4 ,de> ,spr+1 we bid y welcome1 ,gre5 grass1 we bid y welcome4 ,beh9d ! village !y erect a pyre1 on :i* !y burn ! /raw figure1 revil+ & sc(f+ at x ! :ile4 ,!n !y return1 s++-- ,we h c>ri$ away ,dea?1 ,& br\ght ,life back4 ,he has tak5 up 8 qu>t]s 9 ! village1 ,!re=e s+ joy\s songs4 ,9 "s ,g]man villages ( ,moravia1 z 9 ,jassnitz & ,seit5dorf1 ! "y folk assemble on ! ?ird ,sunday 9 ,l5t & fa%ion a /raw-man1 :o is g5]ally adorn$ ) a fur cap & a pair ( old lea!rn hose1 if su* are to be _h4 ,! effigy is !n hoi/$ on a pole & c>ri$ by ! lads & lasses out into ! op5 fields4 ,on ! way !y s+ a song1 9 :i* x is said t !y are c>ry+ ,dea? away & br++ de> ,summ] into ! h\se1 & ) ,summ] ! ,may & ! fl[]s4 ,on rea*+ an appo9t$ place !y dance 9 a circle r\nd ! effigy ) l\d %\ts & screams1 !n sudd5ly ru% at x & te> x to pieces ) _! h&s4 ,la/ly1 ! pieces are ?r[n toge!r 9 a heap1 ! pole is brok51 & fire is set to ! :ole4 ,:ile x burns ! troop dances m]rily r\nd x1 rejoic+ at ! victory won by ,spr+2 & :5 ! fire has ne>ly di$ out !y g to ! h\sehold]s to beg = a pres5t ( eggs :]e) to hold a fea/1 tak+ c>e to give z a reason = ! reque/ t !y h c>ri$ ,dea? out & away4 ,! prec$+ evid5ce %[s t ! effigy ( ,dea? is (t5 reg>d$ ) fe> & treat$ ) m>ks ( hatr$ & abhorr5ce4 ,?us ! anxiety ( ! villag]s to transf] ! figure f _! own to _! neighb\rs' l&1 & ! reluctance ( ! latt] to receive ! om9\s gue/1 are pro( en\gh ( ! dread :i* x inspires4 ,fur!r1 9 ,lusatia & ,silesia ! puppet is sometimes made to look 9 at ! w9d[ ( a h\se1 & x is believ$ t "s "o 9 ! h\se w die )9 ! ye> unless 8 life is r$eem$ by ! paym5t ( money4 ,aga91 aft] ?r[+ ! effigy away1 ! be>]s sometimes run home le/ ,dea? %\ld foll[ !m1 & if "o ( !m falls 9 runn+1 x is believ$ t he w die )9 ! ye>4 ,at ,*rudim1 9 ,bohemia1 ! figure ( ,dea? is made out ( a cross1 ) a head & mask /uck at ! top1 & a %irt /ret*$ out on x4 ,on ! fif? ,sunday 9 ,l5t ! boys take ?is effigy to ! ne>e/ brook or pool1 & /&+ 9 a l9e ?r[ x into ! wat]4 ,!n !y all plunge 9 aft] x2 b z soon z x is caught no "o m may ent] ! wat]4 ,! boy :o did n ent] ! wat] or ent]$ x la/ w die )9 ! ye>1 & he is oblig$ to c>ry ! ,dea? back to ! village4 ,! effigy is !n burn$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is believ$ t no "o w die )9 ! ye> 9 ! h\se out ( :i* ! figure ( ,dea? has be5 c>ri$2 & ! village out ( :i* ,dea? has be5 driv5 is sometimes suppos$ to be protect$ aga9/ sickness & plague4 ,9 "s villages ( ,au/rian ,silesia on ! ,saturday be=e ,dead ,sunday an effigy is made ( old clo!s1 hay1 & /raw1 = ! purpose ( driv+ ,dea? out ( ! village4 ,on ,sunday ! p1 arm$ ) /icks & /raps1 assemble be=e ! h\se :]e ! figure is lodg$4 ,f\r lads !n draw ! effigy by cords ?r\gh ! village amid exultant %\ts1 :ile all ! o!rs beat x ) _! /icks & /raps4 ,on rea*+ a field :i* belongs to a neighb\r+ village !y lay d[n ! figure1 cudgel x s\ndly1 & scatt] ! fragm5ts ov] ! field4 ,! p believe t ! village f :i* ,dea? has be5 ?us c>ri$ out w be safe f any infecti\s disease = ! :ole ye>4 #d4 ,br++ 9 ,summ] ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ c]emonies ! return ( ,spr+1 ,summ]1 or ,life1 z a sequel to ! expulsion ( ,dea?1 is only impli$ or at mo/ ann\nc$4 ,9 ! foll[+ c]emonies x is pla9ly enact$4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia ! effigy ( ,dea? is dr[n$ by be+ ?r[n into ! wat] at sunset2 !n ! girls g out into ! wood & cut d[n a "y tree ) a gre5 cr[n1 hang a doll dress$ z a woman on x1 deck ! :ole ) gre51 r$1 & :ite ribbons1 & m>* 9 procession ) _! ,lto 7,summ]7 into ! village1 collect+ gifts & s++-- ,dea? swims 9 ! wat]1 ,spr+ comes to visit u1 ,) eggs t are r$1 ,) yell[ pancakes4 ,we c>ri$ ,dea? out ( ! village1 ,we are c>ry+ ,summ] into ! village4 ,9 _m ,silesian villages ! figure ( ,dea?1 aft] be+ treat$ ) respect1 is /ript ( its clo!s & flung ) curses into ! wat]1 or torn to pieces 9 a field4 ,!n ! "y folk repair to a wood1 cut d[n a small fir-tree1 peel ! trunk1 & deck x ) fe/oons ( ev]gre5s1 pap] roses1 pa9t$ egg-%ells1 motley bits ( clo?1 & s =?4 ,! tree ?us adorn$ is call$ ,summ] or ,may4 ,boys c>ry x f h\se to h\se s++ appropriate songs & begg+ = pres5ts4 ,among _! songs is ! foll[+3 ,we h c>ri$ ,dea? out1 ,we are br++ ! de> ,summ] back1 ,! ,summ] & ! ,may ,& all ! fl[]s gay4 ,sometimes !y also br+ back f ! wood a prettily adorn$ figure1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ,summ]1 ,may1 or ! ,bride2 9 ! ,poli% di/ricts x is call$ ,dziewanna1 ! goddess ( spr+4 ,at ,eis5a* on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t "y p us$ to fa/5 a /raw-man1 repres5t+ ,dea?1 to a :eel1 :i* !y trundl$ to ! top ( a hill4 ,!n sett+ fire to ! figure !y all[$ x & ! :eel to roll d[n ! slope4 ,next day !y cut a tall fir-tree1 trick$ x out ) ribbons1 & set x up 9 ! pla94 ,! m5 !n climb$ ! tree to fet* d[n ! ribbons4 ,9 ,upp] ,lusatia ! figure ( ,dea?1 made ( /raw & rags1 is dress$ 9 a veil furni%$ by ! la/ bride & a %irt provid$ by ! h\se 9 :i* ! la/ dea? took place4 ,?us array$ ! figure is /uck on ! end ( a long pole & c>ri$ at full spe$ by ! talle/ & /ronge/ girl1 :ile ! re/ pelt ! effigy ) /icks & /ones4 ,:oev] hits x w be sure to live ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,9 ?is way ,dea? is c>ri$ out ( ! village & ?r[n into ! wat] or ov] ! b\nd>y ( ! next village4 ,on _! way home ea* "o breaks a gre5 bran* & c>ries x gaily ) him till he rea*es ! village1 :5 he ?r[s x away4 ,sometimes ! "y p ( ! next village1 ^u ^: l& ! figure has be5 ?r[n1 run aft] !m & hurl x back1 n wi%+ to h ,dea? among !m4 ,h5ce ! two p>ties occasionally come to bl[s4 ,9 ^! cases ,dea? is repres5t$ by ! puppet :i* is ?r[n away1 ,summ] or ,life by ! bran*es or trees :i* are br\ght back4 ,b sometimes a new pot5cy ( life seems to be attribut$ to ! image ( ,dea? itself1 & by a k9d ( resurrection x becomes ! in/rum5t ( ! g5]al revival4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,lusatia wom5 alone are conc]n$ 9 c>ry+ out ,dea?1 & suff] no male to m$dle ) x4 ,attir$ 9 m\rn+1 :i* !y we> ! :ole day1 !y make a puppet ( /raw1 clo! x 9 a :ite %irt1 & give x a broom 9 "o h& & a scy! 9 ! o!r4 ,s++ songs & pursu$ by ur*9s ?r[+ /ones1 !y c>ry ! puppet to ! village b\nd>y1 :]e !y te> x 9 pieces4 ,!n !y cut d[n a f9e tree1 hang ! %irt on x1 & c>ry x home s++4 ,on ! ,fea/ ( ,asc5sion ! ,saxons ( ,brall]1 a village ( ,transylvania1 n f> f ,h]mann/adt1 obs]ve ! c]emony ( ,c>ry+ out ,dea? 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,aft] morn+ s]vice all ! s*ool-girls repair to ! h\se ( "o ( _! numb]1 & !re dress up ! ,dea?4 ,?is is done by ty+ a ?re%$-out %eaf ( corn into a r\gh semblance ( a head & body1 :ile ! arms are simulat$ by a broom/ick ?ru/ ?r\gh x horizontally4 ,! figure is dress$ 9 ! holiday attire ( a "y peasant woman1 ) a r$ hood1 silv] broo*es1 & a pr(usion ( ribbons at ! arms & brea/4 ,! girls bu/le at _! "w1 = soon ! bells w be r++ to vesp]s1 & ! ,dea? mu/ be ready 9 "t to be plac$ at ! op5 w9d[1 t all ! p may see x on _! way to *ur*4 ,:5 vesp]s are ov]1 ! long$-= mom5t has come = ! fir/ procession ) ! ,dea? to beg92 x is a privilege t belongs to ! s*ool-girls alone4 ,two ( ! old] girls seize ! figure by ! arms & walk 9 front3 all ! re/ foll[ two & two4 ,boys may take no "p 9 ! procession1 b !y troop aft] x gaz+ ) op5-m\!d admiration at ! beautiful ,dea?4 ,s ! procession goes ?r\gh all ! /reets ( ! village1 ! girls s++ ! old hymn t beg9s-- ,gott me9 ,vat]1 de9e ,liebe ,rei*t s weit d] ,himmel i/1 to a tune t diff]s f ! ord9>y "o4 ,:5 ! procession has w\nd its way ?r\gh e /reet1 ! girls g to ano!r h\se1 & hav+ %ut ! door aga9/ ! eag] pry+ cr[d ( boys :o foll[ at _! heels1 !y /rip ! ,dea? & pass ! nak$ truss ( /raw out ( ! w9d[ to ! boys1 :o p\nce on x1 run out ( ! village ) x )\t s++1 & fl+ ! dilapidat$ effigy into ! neighb\r+ brook4 ,?is done1 ! second sc5e ( ! little drama beg9s4 ,:ile ! boys 7 c>ry+ away ! ,dea? out ( ! village1 ! girls rema9$ 9 ! h\se1 & "o ( !m is n[ dress$ 9 all ! f9]y :i* _h be5 worn by ! effigy4 ,?us array$ %e is l$ 9 procession ?r\gh all ! /reets to ! s++ ( ! same hymn z be=e4 ,:5 ! procession is ov] !y all betake !mselves to ! h\se ( ! girl :o play$ ! lead+ "p4 ,"h a fea/ awaits !m f :i* also ! boys are exclud$4 ,x is a popul> belief t ! *ildr5 may safely beg9 to eat gooseb]ries & o!r fruit aft] ! day on :i* ,dea? has ?us be5 c>ri$ out2 = ,dea?1 :i* up to t "t lurk$ especially 9 gooseb]ries1 is n[ de/roy$4 ,fur!r1 !y may n[ ba! ) impunity out ( doors4 ,v simil> is ! c]emony :i*1 d[n to rec5t ye>s1 0 obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! ,g]man villages ( ,moravia4 ,boys & girls met on ! aft]noon ( ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 & toge!r fa%ion$ a puppet ( /raw to repres5t ,dea?4 ,deck$ ) bright-col\r$ ribbons & clo?s1 & fa/5$ to ! top ( a long pole1 ! effigy 0 !n borne ) s++ & clam\r to ! ne>e/ height1 :]e x 0 /ript ( its gay attire & ?r[n or roll$ d[n ! slope4 ,"o ( ! girls 0 next dress$ 9 ! gauds tak5 f ! effigy ( ,dea?1 & ) h] at its head ! procession mov$ back to ! village4 ,9 "s villages ! practice is to bury ! effigy 9 ! place t has ! mo/ evil reputation ( all ! c\ntry-side3 o!rs ?r[ x into runn+ wat]4 ,9 ! ,lusatian c]emony describ$ above1 ! tree :i* is br\ght home aft] ! de/ruction ( ! figure ( ,dea? is pla9ly equival5t to ! trees or bran*es :i*1 9 ! prec$+ cu/oms1 7 br\ght back z repres5tatives ( ,summ] or ,life1 aft] ,dea? _h be5 ?r[n away or de/roy$4 ,b ! transf]5ce ( ! %irt worn by ! effigy ( ,dea? to ! tree cle>ly indicates t ! tree is a k9d ( revivification1 9 a new =m1 ( ! de/roy$ effigy4 ,?is comes out also 9 ! ,transylvanian & ,moravian cu/oms3 ! dress+ ( a girl 9 ! clo!s worn by ! ,dea?1 & ! lead+ h] ab\t ! village to ! same song :i* _h be5 sung :5 ! ,dea? 0 be+ c>ri$ ab\t1 %[ t %e is int5d$ to be a k9d ( resuscitation ( ! be+ ^: effigy has j be5 de/roy$4 ,^! examples !re=e sugge/ t ! ,dea? ^: demolition is repres5t$ 9 ^! c]emonies _c be reg>d$ z ! purely de/ructive ag5t :i* we und]/& by ,dea?4 ,if ! tree :i* is br\ght back z an embodim5t ( ! reviv+ vegetation ( spr+ is clo!d 9 ! %irt worn by ! ,dea? :i* has j be5 de/roy$1 ! object c]ta9ly _c be to *eck & c\nt]act ! revival ( vegetation3 x c only be to fo/] & promote x4 ,!re=e ! be+ :i* has j be5 de/roy$--! s-call$ ,dea?--mu/ be suppos$ to be end[$ ) a vivify+ & quick5+ influ5ce1 :i* x c communicate to ! vegetable & ev5 ! animal _w4 ,?is ascription ( a life-giv+ virtue to ! figure ( ,dea? is put beyond a d\bt by ! cu/om1 obs]v$ 9 "s places1 ( tak+ pieces ( ! /raw effigy ( ,dea? & plac+ !m 9 ! fields to make ! crops gr[1 or 9 ! mang] to make ! cattle ?rive4 ,?us 9 ,spa*5dorf1 a village ( ,au/rian ,silesia1 ! figure ( ,dea?1 made ( /raw1 bru%wood1 & rags1 is c>ri$ ) wild songs to an op5 place outside ! village & !re burn$1 & :ile x is burn+ a g5]al /ruggle takes place = ! pieces1 :i* are pull$ out ( ! flames ) b>e h&s4 ,ea* "o :o secures a fragm5t ( ! effigy ties x to a bran* ( ! l>ge/ tree 9 8 g>d51 or buries x 9 8 field1 9 ! belief t ?is causes ! crops to gr[ bett]4 ,9 ! ,troppau di/rict ( ,au/rian ,silesia ! /raw figure :i* ! boys make on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t is dress$ by ! girls 9 woman's clo!s & hung ) ribbons1 necklace1 & g>l&s4 ,atta*$ to a long pole x is c>ri$ out ( ! village1 foll[$ by a troop ( "y p ( bo? sexes1 :o alt]nately frolic1 lam5t1 & s+ songs4 ,arriv$ at its de/9ation--a field outside ! village--! figure is /ripp$ ( its clo!s & ornam5ts2 !n ! cr[d ru%es at x & te>s x to bits1 scuffl+ = ! fragm5ts4 ,e "o tries to get a wisp ( ! /raw ( :i* ! effigy 0 made1 because su* a wisp1 plac$ 9 ! mang]1 is believ$ to make ! cattle ?rive4 ,or ! /raw is put 9 ! h5s' ne/1 x be+ suppos$ t ?is prev5ts ! h5s f c>ry+ away _! eggs1 & makes !m brood mu* bett]4 ,! same attribution ( a f]tilis+ p[] to ! figure ( ,dea? appe>s 9 ! belief t if ! be>]s ( ! figure1 aft] ?r[+ x away1 beat cattle ) _! /icks1 ?is w r5d] ! bea/s fat or prolific4 ,p]haps ! /icks _h be5 previ\sly us$ to beat ! ,dea?1 & s _h acquir$ ! f]tilis+ p[] ascrib$ to ! effigy4 ,we h se51 too1 t at ,leipsic a /raw effigy ( ,dea? 0 %[n to "y wives to make !m fruitful4 ,x seems h>dly possible to sep>ate f ! ,may-trees ! trees or bran*es :i* are br\ght into ! village aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,dea?4 ,! be>]s :o br+ !m 9 pr(ess to be br++ 9 ! ,summ]1 !re=e ! trees obvi\sly repres5t ! ,summ]2 inde$ 9 ,silesia !y are commonly call$ ! ,summ] or ! ,may1 & ! doll :i* is sometimes atta*$ to ! ,summ]-tree is a duplicate repres5tative ( ! ,summ]1 j z ! ,may is sometimes repres5t$ at ! same "t by a ,may-tree & a ,may ,lady4 ,fur!r1 ! ,summ]-trees are adorn$ l ,may-trees ) ribbons & s on2 l ,may-trees1 :5 l>ge1 !y are plant$ 9 ! gr\nd & climb$ up2 & l ,may-trees1 :5 small1 !y are c>ri$ f door to door by boys or girls s++ songs & collect+ money4 ,& z if to demon/rate ! id5tity ( ! two sets ( cu/oms ! be>]s ( ! ,summ]-tree sometimes ann\nce t !y are br++ 9 ! ,summ] & ! ,may4 ,! cu/oms1 !re=e1 ( br++ 9 ! ,may & br++ 9 ! ,summ] are ess5tially ! same2 & ! ,summ]-tree is m]ely ano!r =m ( ! ,may-tree1 ! only di/9ction 7besides t ( "n7 be+ 9 ! "t at :i* !y are respectively br\ght 92 = :ile ! ,may-tree is usually fet*$ 9 on ! fir/ ( ,may or at ,:itsuntide1 ! ,summ]-tree is fet*$ 9 on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,may-tree is an embodim5t ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation1 ! ,summ]-tree mu/ likewise be an embodim5t ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation4 ,b we h se5 t ! ,summ]-tree is 9 "s cases a revivification ( ! effigy ( ,dea?4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t 9 ^! cases ! effigy call$ ,dea? mu/ be an embodim5t ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation4 ,?is inf]5ce is confirm$1 fir/1 by ! vivify+ & f]tilis+ influ5ce :i* ! fragm5ts ( ! effigy ( ,dea? are believ$ to ex]cise bo? on vegetable & on animal life2 = ?is influ5ce1 z we saw 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w1 is suppos$ to be a special attribute ( ! tree-_s4 ,x is confirm$1 secondly1 by obs]v+ t ! effigy ( ,dea? is sometimes deck$ ) leaves or made ( twigs1 bran*es1 hemp1 or a ?re%$-out %eaf ( corn2 & t sometimes x is hung on a little tree & s c>ri$ ab\t by girls collect+ money1 j z is done ) ! ,may-tree & ! ,may ,lady1 & ) ! ,summ]-tree & ! doll atta*$ to x4 ,9 %ort we are driv5 to reg>d ! expulsion ( ,dea? & ! br++ 9 ( ,summ] z1 9 "s cases at lea/1 m]ely ano!r =m ( t dea? & revival ( ! _s ( vegetation 9 spr+ :i* we saw enact$ 9 ! kill+ & resurrection ( ! ,wild ,man4 ,! burial & resurrection ( ! ,c>nival is probably ano!r way ( express+ ! same idea4 ,! int]m5t ( ! repres5tative ( ! ,c>nival "u a dung-heap is natural1 if he is suppos$ to possess a quick5+ & f]tilis+ influ5ce l t ascrib$ to ! effigy ( ,dea?4 ,! ,e/honians1 inde$1 :o c>ry ! /raw figure out ( ! village 9 ! usual way on ,%rove ,tuesday1 d n call x ! ,c>nival1 b ! ,wood-_s 7,metsik71 & !y cle>ly indicate ! id5tity ( ! effigy ) ! wood-_s by fix+ x to ! top ( a tree 9 ! wood1 :]e x rema9s = a ye>1 & is bes\ght almo/ daily ) pray]s & (f]+s to protect ! h]ds2 = l a true wood-_s ! ,metsik is a patron ( cattle4 ,sometimes ! ,metsik is made ( %eaves ( corn4 ,?us we may fairly conjecture t ! names ,c>nival1 ,dea?1 & ,summ] are comp>atively late & inadequate expressions = ! be+s p]sonifi$ or embodi$ 9 ! cu/oms ) :i* we h be5 deal+4 ,! v ab/ractness ( ! names bespeaks a mod]n orig92 = ! p]sonification ( times & seasons l ! ,c>nival & ,summ]1 or ( an ab/ract notion l dea?1 is n primitive4 ,b ! c]emonies !mselves be> ! /amp ( a dateless antiquity2 !re=e we c h>dly help suppos+ t 9 _! orig9 ! ideas :i* !y embodi$ 7 ( a m simple & concrete ord]4 ,! notion ( a tree1 p]haps ( a p>ticul> k9d ( tree 7= "s savages h no ^w = tree 9 g5]al71 or ev5 ( an individual tree1 is suffici5tly concrete to supply a basis f :i* by a gradual process ( g5]alisation ! wid] idea ( a _s ( vegetation might be rea*$4 ,b ?is g5]al idea ( vegetation w\ld readily be conf\nd$ ) ! season 9 :i* x manife/s itself2 h5ce ! sub/itution ( ,spr+1 ,summ]1 or ,may = ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation w\ld be easy & natural4 ,aga91 ! concrete notion ( ! dy+ tree or dy+ vegetation w\ld by a simil> process ( g5]alisation glide into a notion ( dea? 9 g5]al2 s t ! practice ( c>ry+ out ! dy+ or dead vegetation 9 spr+1 z a prelim9>y to its revival1 w\ld 9 "t wid5 out into an attempt to bani% ,dea? 9 g5]al f ! village or di/rict4 ,! view t 9 ^! spr+ c]emonies ,dea? meant orig9ally ! dy+ or dead vegetation ( w9t] has ! high support ( ,w4 ,mannh>dt2 & he confirms x by ! analogy ( ! "n ,dea? z appli$ to ! _s ( ! ripe corn4 ,commonly ! _s ( ! ripe corn is conceiv$1 n z dead1 b z old1 & h5ce x goes by ! "n ( ! ,old ,man or ! ,old ,woman4 ,b 9 "s places ! la/ %eaf cut at h>ve/1 :i* is g5]ally believ$ to be ! seat ( ! corn _s1 is call$ ! ,dead ,"o3 *ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ ent]+ ! corn-fields because ,dea? sits 9 ! corn2 &1 9 a game play$ by ,saxon *ildr5 9 ,transylvania at ! maize h>ve/1 ,dea? is repres5t$ by a *ild completely cov]$ ) maize leaves4 #e4 ,battle ( ,summ] & ,w9t] ,,sometimes 9 ! popul> cu/oms ( ! peasantry ! contra/ betwe5 ! dormant p[]s ( vegetation 9 w9t] & _! awak5+ vitality 9 spr+ takes ! =m ( a dramatic conte/ betwe5 actors :o play ! p>ts respectively ( ,w9t] & ,summ]4 ,?us 9 ! t[ns ( ,sw$5 on ,may ,day two troops ( "y m5 on horseback us$ to meet z if = mortal combat4 ,"o ( !m 0 l$ by a repres5tative ( ,w9t] clad 9 furs1 :o ?rew sn[balls & ice 9 ord] to prolong ! cold wea!r4 ,! o!r troop 0 comm&$ by a repres5tative ( ,summ] cov]$ ) fre% leaves & fl[]s4 ,9 ! %am fight :i* foll[$ ! p>ty ( ,summ] came (f victori\s1 & ! c]emony end$ ) a fea/4 ,aga91 9 ! region ( ! middle ,rh9e1 a repres5tative ( ,summ] clad 9 ivy combats a repres5tative ( ,w9t] clad 9 /raw or moss & f9ally ga9s a victory ov] him4 ,! vanqui%$ foe is ?r[n to ! gr\nd & /ripp$ ( 8 cas+ ( /raw1 :i* is torn to pieces & scatt]$ ab\t1 :ile ! y\?ful comrades ( ! two *ampions s+ a song to commemorate ! defeat ( ,w9t] by ,summ]4 ,aft]w>ds !y c>ry ab\t a summ] g>l& or bran* & collect gifts ( eggs & bacon f h\se to h\se4 ,sometimes ! *ampion :o acts ! "p ( ,summ] is dress$ 9 leaves & fl[]s & we>s a *aplet ( fl[]s on 8 head4 ,9 ! ,palat9ate ?is mimic conflict takes place on ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,all ov] ,bav>ia ! same drama us$ to be act$ on ! same day1 & x 0 /ill kept up 9 "s places d[n to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury or lat]4 ,:ile ,summ] appe>$ clad all 9 gre51 deck$ ) flutt]+ ribbons1 & c>ry+ a bran* 9 blossom or a little tree hung ) apples & pe>s1 ,w9t] 0 muffl$ up 9 cap & mantle ( fur & bore 9 8 h& a sn[-%ovel or a flail4 ,accompani$ by _! respective ret9ues dress$ 9 correspond+ attire1 !y w5t ?r\gh all ! /reets ( ! village1 halt+ be=e ! h\ses & s++ /aves ( old songs1 = :i* !y receiv$ pres5ts ( bread1 eggs1 & fruit4 ,f9ally1 aft] a %ort /ruggle1 ,w9t] 0 beat5 by ,summ] & duck$ 9 ! village well or driv5 out ( ! village ) %\ts & laught] into ! =e/4 ,at ,goepfritz 9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 two m5 p]sonat+ ,summ] & ,w9t] us$ to g f h\se to h\se on ,%rove ,tuesday1 & 7 ev]y:]e welcom$ by ! *ildr5 ) great delight4 ,! repres5tative ( ,summ] 0 clad 9 :ite & bore a sickle2 8 comrade1 :o play$ ! "p ( ,w9t]1 _h a fur-cap on 8 head1 8 arms & legs 7 swa!d 9 /raw1 & he c>ri$ a flail4 ,9 e h\se !y sang v]ses alt]nately4 ,at ,drml+ 9 ,brunswick1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! conte/ betwe5 ,summ] & ,w9t] is act$ e ye> at ,:itsuntide by a troop ( boys & a troop ( girls4 ,! boys ru% s++1 %\t+1 & r++ bells f h\se to h\se to drive ,w9t] away2 aft] !m come ! girls s++ s(tly & l$ by a ,may ,bride1 all 9 bright dresses & deck$ ) fl[]s & g>l&s to repres5t ! g5ial adv5t ( spr+4 ,=m]ly ! "p ( ,w9t] 0 play$ by a /raw-man :i* ! boys c>ri$ ) !m2 n[ x is act$ by a real man 9 disguise4 ,among ! ,c5tral ,esquimaux ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! conte/ betwe5 repres5tatives ( summ] & w9t]1 :i* 9 ,europe has long deg5]at$ into a m]e dramatic p]=mance1 is /ill kept up z a magical c]emony ( :i* ! av[$ int5tion is to influ5ce ! wea!r4 ,9 autumn1 :5 /orms ann\nce ! approa* ( ! dismal ,arctic w9t]1 ! ,esquimaux divide !mselves into two p>ties call$ respectively ! pt>migans & ! ducks1 ! pt>migans compris+ all p]sons born 9 w9t]1 & ! ducks all p]sons born 9 summ]4 ,a long rope ( sealsk9 is !n /ret*$ out1 & ea* p>ty lay+ hold ( "o end ( x seeks by tugg+ ) might & ma9 to drag ! o!r p>ty ov] to its side4 ,if ! pt>migans get ! wor/ ( x1 !n summ] has won ! game & f9e wea!r may be expect$ to prevail ?r\gh ! w9t]4 #f4 ,dea? & ,resurrection ( ,ko/rubonko ,i ,,russia fun]al c]emonies l ^? ( ,bury+ ! ,c>nival & ,c>ry+ out ,dea? are celebrat$ "u ! names1 n ( ,dea? or ! ,c>nival1 b ( c]ta9 my?ic figures1 ,ko/rubonko1 ,ko/roma1 ,kupalo1 ,lada1 & ,y>ilo4 ,^! ,russian c]emonies are obs]v$ bo? 9 spr+ & at midsumm]4 ,?us 9 ,little ,russia x us$ to be ! cu/om at ,ea/]tide to celebrate ! fun]al ( a be+ call$ ,ko/rubonko1 ! deity ( ! spr+4 ,a circle 0 =m$ ( s+]s :o mov$ sl[ly ar\nd a girl :o lay on ! gr\nd z if dead1 & z !y w5t !y sang3 ',dead1 dead is our ,ko/rubonko6 ,dead1 dead is our de> "o6' until ! girl sudd5ly sprang up1 on :i* ! *orus joyfully exclaim$3 ',come to life1 come to life has our ,ko/rubonko6 ,come to life1 come to life has our de> "o6' ,on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john 7,midsumm] ,eve7 a figure ( ,kupalo is made ( /raw & is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s1 ) a necklace & a floral cr[n4 ,!n a tree is fell$1 &1 aft] be+ deck$ ) ribbons1 is set up on "s *os5 spot4 ,ne> ?is tree1 to :i* !y give ! "n ( ,m>5a ,w9t] or ,dea?1 ! /raw figure is plac$1 toge!r ) a table1 on :i* /& spirits & vi&s4 ,aft]w>ds a bonfire is lit1 & ! "y m5 & maid5s jump ov] x 9 c\ples1 c>ry+ ! figure ) !m4 ,on ! next day !y /rip ! tree & ! figure ( _! ornam5ts1 & ?r[ !m bo? into a /ream4 ,on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day1 ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june1 or on ! foll[+ ,sunday1 ! ,fun]al ( ,ko/roma or ( ,lada or ( ,y>ilo is celebrat$ 9 ,russia4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,p5za & ,simbirsk ! fun]al us$ to be repres5t$ z foll[s4 ,a bonfire 0 k9dl$ on ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,june1 & on ! next day ! maid5s *ose "o ( _! numb] to play ! "p ( ,ko/roma4 ,h] companions salut$ h] ) deep obeisances1 plac$ h] on a bo>d1 & c>ri$ h] to ! bank ( a /ream4 ,!re !y ba!d h] 9 ! wat]1 :ile ! olde/ girl made a basket ( lime-tree b>k & beat x l a drum4 ,!n !y return$ to ! village & end$ ! day ) processions1 games1 & dances4 ,9 ! ,murom di/rict ,ko/roma 0 repres5t$ by a /raw figure dress$ 9 woman's clo!s & fl[]s4 ,?is 0 laid 9 a tr\gh & c>ri$ ) songs to ! bank ( a lake or riv]4 ,"h ! cr[d divid$ into two sides1 ( :i* ! "o attack$ & ! o!r def5d$ ! figure4 ,at la/ ! assailants ga9$ ! day1 /ripp$ ! figure ( its dress & ornam5ts1 tore x 9 pieces1 trod ! /raw ( :i* x 0 made "u foot1 & flung x into ! /ream2 :ile ! def5d]s ( ! figure hid _! faces 9 _! h&s & pret5d$ to bewail ! dea? ( ,ko/roma4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,ko/roma ! burial ( ,y>ilo 0 celebrat$ on ! tw5ty-n9? or ?irtie? ( ,june4 ,! p *ose an old man & gave him a small c(f9 conta9+ a ,priapus-l figure repres5t+ ,y>ilo4 ,?is he c>ri$ out ( ! t[n1 foll[$ by wom5 *ant+ dirges & express+ by _! ge/ures grief & despair4 ,9 ! op5 fields a grave 0 dug1 & into x ! figure 0 l[]$ amid weep+ & wail+1 aft] :i* games & dances 7 begun1 call+ to m9d ! fun]al games celebrat$ 9 old times by ! pagan ,slavonians4 ,9 ,little ,russia ! figure ( ,y>ilo 0 laid 9 a c(f9 & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /reets aft] sunset surr\nd$ by drunk5 wom51 :o kept repeat+ m\rnfully1 ,he is dead6 he is dead6 ,! m5 lift$ & %ook ! figure z if !y 7 try+ to recall ! dead man to life4 ,!n !y said to ! wom51 ,wom51 weep n4 ,i "k :at is sweet] ?an honey4 ,b ! wom5 cont9u$ to lam5t & *ant1 z !y d at fun]als4 ,( :at 0 he guilty8 ,he 0 s good4 ,he w arise no m4 ,o h[ %all we "p f !e8 ,:at is life )\t !e8 ,arise1 if only = a brief h\r4 ,b he rises n1 he n4 ,at la/ ! ,y>ilo 0 buri$ 9 a grave4 #g4 ,dea? & ,revival ( ,vegetation ,,^! ,russian cu/oms are pla9ly ( ! same nature z ^? :i* 9 ,au/ria & ,g]many are kn[n z ,c>ry+ out ,dea?4 ,!re=e if ! int]pretation "h adopt$ ( ! latt] is "r1 ! ,russian ,ko/rubonko1 ,y>ilo1 & ! re/ mu/ also h be5 orig9ally embodim5ts ( ! _s ( vegetation1 & _! dea? mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z a necess>y prelim9>y to _! revival4 ,! revival z a sequel to ! dea? is enact$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! c]emonies describ$1 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,ko/rubonko4 ,! reason :y 9 "s ( ^! ,russian c]emonies ! dea? ( ! _s ( vegetation is celebrat$ at midsumm] may be t ! decl9e ( summ] is dat$ f ,midsumm] ,day1 aft] :i* ! days beg9 to %ort51 & ! sun sets out on 8 d[nw>d j\rney3 ,to ! d>ksome holl[s ,:]e ! fro/s ( w9t] lie4 ,su* a turn+-po9t ( ! ye>1 :5 vegetation might be ?\ght to %>e ! incipi5t ?\gh /ill almo/ imp]ceptible decay ( summ]1 might v well be *os5 by primitive man z a fit mom5t = resort+ to ^? magic rites by :i* he hopes to /ay ! decl9e1 or at lea/ to ensure ! revival1 ( plant life4 ,b :ile ! dea? ( vegetation appe>s to h be5 repres5t$ 9 all1 & its revival 9 "s1 ( ^! spr+ & midsumm] c]emonies1 !re are features 9 "s ( !m :i* c h>dly be expla9$ on ?is hypo!sis alone4 ,! solemn fun]al1 ! lam5tations1 & ! m\rn+ attire1 :i* (t5 *>act]ise ^! rites1 are inde$ appropriate at ! dea? ( ! b5efic5t _s ( vegetation4 ,b :at %all we say ( ! glee ) :i* ! effigy is (t5 c>ri$ out1 ( ! /icks & /ones ) :i* x is assail$1 & ! taunts & curses :i* are hurl$ at x8 ,:at %all we say ( ! dread ( ! effigy ev9c$ by ! ha/e ) :i* ! be>]s scamp] home z soon z !y h ?r[n x away1 & by ! belief t "s "o mu/ soon die 9 any h\se into :i* x has look$8 ,?is dread might p]haps be expla9$ by a belief t !re is a c]ta9 infecti\sness 9 ! dead _s ( vegetation :i* r5d]s its approa* dang]\s4 ,b ?is explanation1 besides be+ r /ra9$1 does n cov] ! rejoic+s :i* (t5 att5d ! c>ry+ out ( ,dea?4 ,we mu/ !re=e recognise two di/9ct & seem+ly opposite features 9 ^! c]emonies3 on ! "o h&1 sorr[ = ! dea?1 & affection & respect = ! dead2 on ! o!r h&1 fe> & hatr$ ( ! dead1 & rejoic+s at 8 dea?4 ,h[ ! =m] ( ^! features is to be expla9$ ,i h attempt$ to %[3 h[ ! latt] came to be s closely associat$ ) ! =m] is a "q :i* ,i %all try to answ] 9 ! sequel4 #h4 ,analog\s ,rites 9 ,india ,,9 ,,! ,,kanagra di/rict ( ,india !re is a cu/om obs]v$ by "y girls 9 spr+ :i* closely resembles "s ( ! ,european spr+ c]emonies j describ$4 ,x is call$ ! ,ral ,ka mel1 or fair ( ,ral1 ! ,ral be+ a small pa9t$ e>!n image ( ,siva or ,prvat4 ,! cu/om is 9 vogue all ov] ! ,kanagra di/rict1 & its celebration1 :i* is entirely conf9$ to "y girls1 la/s ?r\gh mo/ ( ,*et 7,m>*-,april7 up to ! ,sankrnt ( ,baiskh 7,april74 ,on a morn+ 9 ,m>* all ! "y girls ( ! village take small baskets ( db grass & fl[]s to an appo9t$ place1 :]e !y ?r[ !m 9 a heap4 ,r\nd ?is heap !y /& 9 a circle & s+4 ,?is goes on e day = t5 days1 till ! heap ( grass & fl[]s has rea*$ a fair height4 ,!n !y cut 9 ! jungle two bran*es1 ea* ) ?ree prongs at "o end1 & place !m1 prongs d[nw>ds1 ov] ! heap ( fl[]s1 s z to make two tripods or pyramids4 ,on ! s+le upp]mo/ po9ts ( ^! bran*es !y get an image-mak] to con/ruct two clay images1 "o to repres5t ,siva1 & ! o!r ,prvat4 ,! girls !n divide !mselves into two p>ties1 "o = ,siva & "o = ,prvat1 & m>ry ! images 9 ! usual way1 leav+ out no "p ( ! c]emony4 ,aft] ! m>riage !y h a fea/1 ! co/ ( :i* is defray$ by contributions solicit$ f _! p>5ts4 ,!n at ! next ,sankrnt 7,baiskh7 !y all g toge!r to ! riv]-side1 ?r[ ! images into a deep pool1 & weep ov] ! place1 z ?\gh !y 7 p]=m+ fun]al obsequies4 ,! boys ( ! neighb\rhood (t5 tease !m by div+ aft] ! images1 br++ !m up1 & wav+ !m ab\t :ile ! girls are cry+ ov] !m4 ,! object ( ! fair is said to be to secure a good husb&4 ,t 9 ?is ,indian c]emony ! deities ,siva & ,prvat are conceiv$ z spirits ( vegetation seems to be prov$ by ! plac+ ( _! images on bran*es ov] a heap ( grass & fl[]s4 ,"h1 z (t5 9 ,european folk-cu/om1 ! div9ities ( vegetation are repres5t$ 9 duplicate1 by plants & by puppets4 ,! m>riage ( ^! ,indian deities 9 spr+ corresponds to ! ,european c]emonies 9 :i* ! m>riage ( ! v]nal spirits ( vegetation is repres5t$ by ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may1 ! ,may ,bride1 ,bridegroom ( ! ,may1 & s =?4 ,! ?r[+ ( ! images into ! wat]1 & ! m\rn+ = !m1 are ! equival5ts ( ! ,european cu/oms ( ?r[+ ! dead _s ( vegetation "u ! "n ( ,dea?1 ,y>ilo1 ,ko/roma1 & ! re/1 into ! wat] & lam5t+ ov] x4 ,aga91 9 ,india1 z (t5 9 ,europe1 ! rite is p]=m$ exclusively by females4 ,! notion t ! c]emony helps to procure husb&s = ! girls c be expla9$ by ! quick5+ & f]tilis+ influ5ce :i* ! _s ( vegetation is believ$ to ex]t ^u ! life ( man z well z ( plants4 #i4 ,! ,magic ,spr+ ,,! ,,g5]al explanation :i* we h be5 l$ to adopt ( ^! & _m simil> c]emonies is t !y are1 or 7 9 _! orig91 magical rites int5d$ to ensure ! revival ( nature 9 spr+4 ,! means by :i* !y 7 suppos$ to effect ?is end 7 imitation & sympa?y4 ,l$ a/ray by 8 ignorance ( ! true causes ( ?+s1 primitive man believ$ t 9 ord] to produce ! great ph5om5a ( nature on :i* 8 life dep5d$ he _h only to imitate !m1 & t imm$iately by a secret sympa?y or my/ic influ5ce ! little drama :i* he act$ 9 =e/ glade or m\nta9 dell1 on des]t pla9 or w9d-swept %ore1 w\ld be tak5 up & repeat$ by mighti] actors on a va/] /age4 ,he fanci$ t by masqu]ad+ 9 leaves & fl[]s he help$ ! b>e e>? to clo! h]self ) v]dure1 & t by play+ ! dea? & burial ( w9t] he drove t gloomy season away1 & made smoo? ! pa? = ! foot/eps ( return+ spr+4 ,if we f9d x h>d to ?r[ ourselves ev5 9 fancy into a m5tal condition 9 :i* su* ?+s seem possible1 we c m easily picture to ourselves ! anxiety :i* ! savage1 :5 he fir/ began to lift 8 ?\ghts above ! satisfaction ( 8 m]ely animal wants1 & to m$itate on ! causes ( ?+s1 may h felt z to ! cont9u$ op]ation ( :at we n[ call ! laws ( nature4 ,to u1 famili> z we are ) ! conception ( ! uni=mity & regul>ity ) :i* ! great cosmic ph5om5a succe$ ea* o!r1 !re seems little gr\nd = appreh5sion t ! causes :i* produce ^! effects w cease to op]ate1 at lea/ )9 ! ne> future4 ,b ?is confid5ce 9 ! /ability ( nature is br$ only by ! exp]i5ce :i* comes ( wide obs]vation & long tradition2 & ! savage1 ) 8 n>r[ sph]e ( obs]vation & 8 %ort-liv$ tradition1 lacks ! v elem5ts ( t exp]i5ce :i* alone c\ld set 8 m9d at re/ 9 face ( ! ev]-*ang+ & (t5 m5ac+ aspects ( nature4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t he is ?r[n into a panic by an eclipse1 & ?9ks t ! sun or ! moon w\ld surely p]i%1 if he did n raise a clam\r & %oot 8 puny %afts into ! air to def5d ! lum9>ies f ! mon/] :o ?reat5s to dev\r !m4 ,no wond] he is t]rifi$ :5 9 ! d>kness ( night a /reak ( sky is sudd5ly illum9$ by ! fla% ( a meteor1 or ! :ole expanse ( ! cele/ial ar* gl[s ) ! fitful light ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ream]s4 ,ev5 ph5om5a :i* recur at fix$ & uni=m int]vals may be view$ by him ) appreh5sion1 be=e he has come to recognise ! ord]l9ess ( _! recurr5ce4 ,! spe$ or sl[ness ( 8 recognition ( su* p]iodic or cyclic *anges 9 nature w dep5d l>gely on ! l5g? ( ! p>ticul> cycle4 ,! cycle1 = example1 ( day & night is ev]y:]e1 except 9 ! pol> regions1 s %ort & h5ce s frequ5t t m5 probably soon ceas$ to discompose !mselves s]i\sly z to ! *ance ( its fail+ to recur1 ?\gh ! anci5t ,egyptians1 z we h se51 daily wr\ght en*antm5ts to br+ back to ! ea/ 9 ! morn+ ! fi]y orb :i* _h sunk at ev5+ 9 ! crimson we/4 ,b x 0 f> o!rwise ) ! annual cycle ( ! seasons4 ,to any man a ye> is a consid]able p]iod1 see+ t ! numb] ( our ye>s is b few at ! be/4 ,to ! primitive savage1 ) 8 %ort memory & imp]fect means ( m>k+ ! flight ( "t1 a ye> may well h be5 s long t he fail$ to recognise x z a cycle at all1 & wat*$ ! *ang+ aspects ( e>? & heav5 ) a p]petual wond]1 alt]nately delight$ & al>m$1 elat$ & ca/ d[n1 accord+ z ! vicissitudes ( light & heat1 ( plant & animal life1 m9i/]$ to 8 com=t or ?reat5$ 8 exi/5ce4 ,9 autumn :5 ! )]$ leaves 7 :irl$ ab\t ! =e/ by ! nipp+ bla/1 & he look$ up at ! b>e b\ghs1 c\ld he feel sure t !y w\ld ev] be gre5 aga98 ,z day by day ! sun sank l[] & l[] 9 ! sky1 c\ld he be c]ta9 t ! lum9>y w\ld ev] retrace 8 heav5ly road8 ,ev5 ! wan+ moon1 ^: pale sickle rose ?9n] & ?9n] e night ov] ! rim ( ! ea/]n horizon1 may h excit$ 9 8 m9d a fe> le/1 :5 x _h :olly vani%$1 !re %\ld be moons no m4 ,^! & a ?\s& su* misgiv+s may h ?rong$ ! fancy & tr\bl$ ! peace ( ! man :o fir/ began to reflect on ! my/]ies ( ! _w he liv$ 91 & to take ?\ght = a m di/ant future ?an ! morr[4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ) su* ?\ghts & fe>s he %\ld h done all t 9 him lay to br+ back ! fad$ blossom to ! b\gh1 to sw+ ! l[ sun ( w9t] up to 8 old place 9 ! summ] sky1 & to re/ore its orb$ fulness to ! silv] lamp ( ! wan+ moon4 ,we may smile at 8 va9 endeav\rs if we please1 b x 0 only by mak+ a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ( :i* "s 7 almo/ inevitably doom$ to failure1 t man le>n$ f exp]i5ce ! futility ( "s ( 8 attempt$ me?ods & ! fruitfulness ( o!rs4 ,aft] all1 magical c]emonies are no?+ b exp]im5ts :i* h fail$ & :i* cont9ue to be repeat$ m]ely because1 = reasons :i* h already be5 indicat$1 ! op]ator is unaw>e ( _! failure4 ,) ! advance ( k ^! c]emonies ei!r cease to be p]=m$ altoge!r or are kept up f =ce ( habit long aft] ! int5tion ) :i* !y 7 in/itut$ has be5 =gott54 ,?us fall5 f _! high e/ate1 no long] reg>d$ z solemn rites on ! punctual p]=mance ( :i* ! welf>e & ev5 ! life ( ! community dep5d1 !y s9k gradually to ! level ( simple pageants1 mumm]ies1 & pa/imes1 till 9 ! f9al /age ( deg5]ation !y are :olly ab&on$ by old] p1 &1 f hav+ once be5 ! mo/ s]i\s occupation ( ! sage1 become at la/ ! idle sport ( *ildr54 ,x is 9 ?is f9al /age ( decay t mo/ ( ! old magical rites ( our ,european =efa!rs l+] on at ! pres5t day1 & ev5 f ?is _! la/ retreat !y are fa/ be+ swept away by ! ris+ tide ( ^? multitud9\s =ces1 moral1 intellectual1 & social1 :i* are be>+ mank9d onw>d to a new & unkn[n goal4 ,we may feel "s natural regret at ! disappe>ance ( qua9t cu/oms & picturesque c]emonies1 :i* h pres]v$ to an age (t5 deem$ dull & prosaic some?+ ( ! flav\r & fre%ness ( ! old5 "t1 "s brea? ( ! spr+time ( ! _w2 yet our regret w be less5$ :5 we rememb] t ^! pretty pageants1 ^! n[ innoc5t div]sions1 _h _! orig9 9 ignorance & sup]/ition2 t if !y are a record ( human endeav\r1 !y are also a monum5t ( fruitless +5uity1 ( wa/$ lab\r1 & ( blight$ hopes2 & t = all _! gay trapp+s--_! fl[]s1 _! ribbons1 & _! music--!y p>take f> m ( trag$y ?an ( f>ce4 ,! int]pretation :i*1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,i h attempt$ to give ( ^! c]emonies has be5 n a little confirm$ by ! discov]y1 made s9ce ?is book 0 fir/ writt51 t ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia regul>ly practise magical c]emonies = ! purpose ( awak5+ ! dormant en]gies ( nature at ! approa* ( :at may be call$ ! ,au/ralian spr+4 ,n[h]e app>5tly are ! alt]nations ( ! seasons m sudd5 & ! contra/s betwe5 !m m /rik+ ?an 9 ! des]ts ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :]e at ! end ( a long p]iod ( dr\ght ! s&y & /ony wild]ness1 ov] :i* ! sil5ce & desolation ( dea? appe> to brood1 is sudd5ly1 aft] a few days ( torr5tial ra91 trans=m$ into a l&scape smil+ ) v]dure & peopl$ ) teem+ multitudes ( insects & liz>ds1 ( frogs & birds4 ,! m>vell\s *ange :i* passes ov] ! face ( nature at su* times has be5 comp>$ ev5 by ,european obs]v]s to ! effect ( magic2 no wond]1 !n1 t ! savage %\ld reg>d x z su* 9 v de$4 ,n[ x is j :5 !re is promise ( ! approa* ( a good season t ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia are wont especially to p]=m ^? magical c]emonies ( :i* ! av[$ int5tion is to multiply ! plants & animals !y use z food4 ,^! c]emonies1 !re=e1 pres5t a close analogy to ! spr+ cu/oms ( our ,european peasantry n only 9 ! "t ( _! celebration1 b also 9 _! aim2 = we c h>dly d\bt t 9 in/itut+ rites design$ to assi/ ! revival ( plant life 9 spr+ our primitive =efa!rs 7 mov$1 n by any s5tim5tal wi% to smell at e>ly violets1 or pluck ! ra! primrose1 or wat* yell[ daffodils danc+ 9 ! breeze1 b by ! v practical consid]ation1 c]ta9ly n =mulat$ 9 ab/ract t]ms1 t ! life ( man is inextricably b\nd up ) t ( plants1 & t if !y 7 to p]i% he c\ld n survive4 ,& z ! fai? ( ! ,au/ralian savage 9 ! efficacy ( 8 magic rites is confirm$ by obs]v+ t _! p]=mance is inv>iably foll[$1 soon] or lat]1 by t increase ( vegetable & animal life :i* x is _! object to produce1 s1 we may suppose1 x 0 ) ,european savages 9 ! old5 "t4 ,! sight ( ! fre% gre5 9 brake & ?icket1 ( v]nal fl[]s bl[+ on mossy banks1 ( swall[s arriv+ f ! s\?1 & ( ! sun m\nt+ daily high] 9 ! sky1 w\ld be welcom$ by !m z s _m visible signs t _! en*antm5ts 7 inde$ tak+ effect1 & w\ld inspire !m ) a *e]ful confid5ce t all 0 well ) a _w :i* !y c\ld ?us m\ld to suit _! wi%es4 ,only 9 autumn days1 z summ] sl[ly fad$1 w\ld _! confid5ce aga9 be da%$ by d\bts & misgiv+s at symptoms ( decay1 :i* told h[ va9 7 all _! ef=ts to /ave (f = ev] ! approa* ( w9t] & ( dea?4 ,,xxix4 ,! ,my? ( ,adonis ,,! ,,spectacle ( ! great *anges :i* annually pass ov] ! face ( ! e>? has p[]fully impress$ ! m9ds ( m5 9 all ages1 & /irr$ !m to m$itate on ! causes ( trans=mations s va/ & wond]ful4 ,_! curiosity has n be5 purely dis9t]e/$2 = ev5 ! savage _c fail to p]ceive h[ intimately 8 own life is b\nd up ) ! life ( nature1 & h[ ! same processes :i* freeze ! /ream & /rip ! e>? ( vegetation m5ace him ) ext9ction4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t m5 seem to h imag9$ t ! means ( av]t+ ! ?reat5$ calamity 7 9 _! own h&s1 & t !y c\ld ha/5 or ret>d ! flight ( ! seasons by magic art4 ,accord+ly !y p]=m$ c]emonies & recit$ spells to make ! ra9 to fall1 ! sun to %9e1 animals to multiply1 & ! fruits ( ! e>? to gr[4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! sl[ advance ( k1 :i* has dispell$ s _m *]i%$ illusions1 conv9c$ at lea/ ! m ?\ghtful portion ( mank9d t ! alt]nations ( summ] & w9t]1 ( spr+ & autumn1 7 n m]ely ! result ( _! own magical rites1 b t "s deep] cause1 "s mighti] p[]1 0 at "w beh9d ! %ift+ sc5es ( nature4 ,!y n[ pictur$ to !mselves ! gr[? & decay ( vegetation1 ! bir? & dea? ( liv+ creatures1 z effects ( ! wax+ or wan+ /r5g? ( div9e be+s1 ( gods & goddesses1 :o 7 born & di$1 :o m>ri$ & begot *ildr51 on ! patt]n ( human life4 ,?us ! old magical !ory ( ! seasons 0 displac$1 or r supplem5t$1 by a religi\s !ory4 ,= al?\gh m5 n[ attribut$ ! annual cycle ( *ange prim>ily to correspond+ *anges 9 _! deities1 !y /ill ?\ght t by p]=m+ c]ta9 magical rites !y c\ld aid ! god :o 0 ! pr9ciple ( life1 9 8 /ruggle ) ! oppos+ pr9ciple ( dea?4 ,!y imag9$ t !y c\ld recruit 8 fail+ en]gies & ev5 raise him f ! dead4 ,! c]emonies :i* !y obs]v$ = ?is purpose 7 9 sub/ance a dramatic repres5tation ( ! natural processes :i* !y wi%$ to facilitate2 = x is a famili> t5et ( magic t y c produce any desir$ effect by m]ely imitat+ x4 ,& z !y n[ expla9$ ! fluctuations ( gr[? & decay1 ( reproduction & dissolution1 by ! m>riage1 ! dea?1 & ! rebir? or revival ( ! gods1 _! religi\s or r magical dramas turn$ 9 great measure on ^! !mes4 ,!y set =? ! fruitful union ( ! p[]s ( f]tility1 ! sad dea? ( "o at lea/ ( ! div9e p>tn]s1 & 8 joyful resurrection4 ,?us a religi\s !ory 0 bl5d$ ) a magical practice4 ,! comb9ation is famili> 9 hi/ory4 ,inde$1 few religions h ev] succe$$ 9 :olly extricat+ !mselves f ! old trammels ( magic4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( act+ on two opposite pr9ciples1 h[ev] x may vex ! s\l ( ! philosoph]1 r>ely tr\bles ! common man2 inde$ he is seldom ev5 aw>e ( x4 ,8 affair is to act1 n to analyse ! motives ( 8 action4 ,if mank9d _h always be5 logical & wise1 hi/ory w\ld n be a long *ronicle ( folly & crime4 ,( ! *anges :i* ! seasons br+ ) !m1 ! mo/ /rik+ )9 ! temp]ate zone are ^? :i* affect vegetation4 ,! influ5ce ( ! seasons on animals1 ?\gh great1 is n ne>ly s manife/4 ,h5ce x is natural t 9 ! magical dramas design$ to dispel w9t] & br+ back spr+ ! emphasis %\ld be laid on vegetation1 & t trees & plants %\ld figure 9 !m m prom95tly ?an bea/s & birds4 ,yet ! two sides ( life1 ! vegetable & ! animal1 7 n dissociat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o obs]v$ ! c]emonies4 ,inde$ !y commonly believ$ t ! tie betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable _w 0 ev5 clos] ?an x really is2 h5ce !y (t5 comb9$ ! dramatic repres5tation ( reviv+ plants ) a real or a dramatic union ( ! sexes = ! purpose ( fur!r+ at ! same "t & by ! same act ! multiplication ( fruits1 ( animals1 & ( m54 ,to !m ! pr9ciple ( life & f]tility1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 0 "o & indivisible4 ,to live & to cause to live1 to eat food & to beget *ildr51 ^! 7 ! prim>y wants ( m5 9 ! pa/1 & !y w be ! prim>y wants ( m5 9 ! future s long z ! _w la/s4 ,o!r ?+s may be add$ to enri* & beautify human life1 b unless ^! wants are fir/ satisfi$1 humanity itself mu/ cease to exi/4 ,^! two ?+s1 !re=e1 food & *ildr51 7 :at m5 *iefly s\ght to procure by ! p]=mance ( magical rites = ! regulation ( ! seasons4 ,n[h]e1 app>5tly1 h ^! rites be5 m widely & solemnly celebrat$ ?an 9 ! l&s :i* bord] ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,"u ! names ( ,osiris1 ,tammuz1 ,adonis1 & ,attis1 ! peoples ( ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia repres5t$ ! ye>ly decay & revival ( life1 especially ( vegetable life1 :i* !y p]sonifi$ z a god :o annually di$ & rose aga9 f ! dead4 ,9 "n & detail ! rites v>i$ f place to place3 9 sub/ance !y 7 ! same4 ,! suppos$ dea? & resurrection ( ?is ori5tal deity1 a god ( _m names b ( ess5tially "o nature1 is n[ to be exam9$4 ,we beg9 ) ,tammuz or ,adonis4 ,! wor%ip ( ,adonis 0 practis$ by ! ,semitic peoples ( ,babylonia & ,syria1 & ! ,greeks borr[$ x f !m z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! true "n ( ! deity 0 ,tammuz3 ! appellation ( ,adonis is m]ely ! ,semitic ,adon1 "l1 a title ( hon\r by :i* 8 wor%ipp]s address$ him4 ,b ! ,greeks ?r\gh a misund]/&+ conv]t$ ! title ( hon\r into a prop] "n4 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia ,tammuz appe>s z ! y\?ful sp\se or lov] ( ,i%t>1 ! great "m goddess1 ! embodim5t ( ! reproductive en]gies ( nature4 ,! ref]5ces to _! connexion ) ea* o!r 9 my? & ritual are bo? fragm5t>y & obscure1 b we ga!r f !m t e ye> ,tammuz 0 believ$ to die1 pass+ away f ! *e]ful e>? to ! gloomy subt]ranean _w1 & t e ye> 8 div9e mi/ress j\rney$ 9 que/ ( him to ! l& f :i* !re is no return+1 to ! h\se ( d>kness1 :]e du/ lies on door & bolt4 ,dur+ h] abs5ce ! passion ( love ceas$ to op]ate3 m5 & bea/s alike =got to reproduce _! k9ds3 all life 0 ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,s intimately b\nd up ) ! goddess 7 ! sexual functions ( ! :ole animal k+dom t )\t h] pres5ce !y c\ld n be dis*>g$4 ,a mess5g] ( ! great god ,ea 0 accord+ly despat*$ to rescue ! goddess on :om s mu* dep5d$4 ,! /]n que5 ( ! inf]nal regions1 ,allatu or ,ere%-,kigal by "n1 reluctantly all[$ ,i%t> to be spr9kl$ ) ! ,wat] ( ,life & to dep>t1 9 company probably ) h] lov] ,tammuz1 t ! two might return toge!r to ! upp] _w1 & t ) _! return all nature might revive4 ,lam5ts = ! dep>t$ ,tammuz are conta9$ 9 sev]al ,babylonian hymns1 :i* lik5 him to plants t quickly fade4 ,he is ,a tam>isk t 9 ! g>d5 has drunk no wat]1 ,^: cr[n 9 ! field has br\ght =? no blossom4 ,a will[ t rejoic$ n by ! wat]c\rse1 ,a will[ ^: roots 7 torn up4 ,a h]b t 9 ! g>d5 _h drunk no wat]4 ,8 dea? appe>s to h be5 annually m\rn$1 to ! %rill music ( flutes1 by m5 & wom5 ab\t midsumm] 9 ! mon? nam$ aft] him1 ! mon? ( ,tammuz4 ,! dirges 7 seem+ly *ant$ ov] an effigy ( ! dead god1 :i* 0 wa%$ ) pure wat]1 ano9t$ ) oil1 & clad 9 a r$ robe1 :ile ! fumes ( inc5se rose into ! air1 z if to /ir 8 dormant s5ses by _! pung5t fragrance & wake him f ! sleep ( dea?4 ,9 "o ( ^! dirges1 inscrib$ ,lam5t ( ! ,flutes = ,tammuz1 we seem /ill to he> ! voices ( ! s+]s *ant+ ! sad refra9 & to cat*1 l f>-away music1 ! wail+ notes ( ! flutes3 ,at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t1 ',oh my *ild6' at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t2 ',my ,damu6' at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t4 ',my en*ant] & prie/6' at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t1 ,at ! %9+ c$>1 root$ 9 a spaci\s place1 ,9 ,eanna1 above & bel[1 %e lifts up a lam5t4 ,l ! lam5t t a h\se lifts up = its ma/]1 lifts %e up a lam5t1 ,l ! lam5t t a city lifts up = its "l1 lifts %e up a lam5t4 ,h] lam5t is ! lam5t = a h]b t gr[s n 9 ! b$1 ,h] lam5t is ! lam5t = ! corn t gr[s n 9 ! e>4 ,h] *amb] is a possession t br+s n =? a possession1 ,a we>y woman1 a we>y *ild1 =sp5t4 ,h] lam5t is = a great riv]1 :]e no will[s gr[1 ,h] lam5t is = a field1 :]e corn & h]bs gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = a pool1 :]e fi%es gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = a ?icke/ ( re$s1 :]e no re$s gr[4 ,h] lam5t is = woods1 :]e tam>isks gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = a wild]ness :]e no cypresses 787 gr[4 ,h] lam5t is = ! dep? ( a g>d5 ( trees1 :]e honey & w9e gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = mead[s1 :]e no plants gr[4 ,h] lam5t is = a palace1 :]e l5g? ( life gr[s n4 ,! tragical /ory & ! melan*oly rites ( ,adonis are bett] kn[n to u f ! descriptions ( ,greek writ]s ?an f ! fragm5ts ( ,babylonian lit]ature or ! brief ref]5ce ( ! prophet ,ezekiel1 :o saw ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem weep+ = ,tammuz at ! nor? gate ( ! temple4 ,mirror$ 9 ! glass ( ,greek my?ology1 ! ori5tal deity appe>s z a comely y\? belov$ by ,aphrodite4 ,9 8 infancy ! goddess hid him 9 a *e/1 :i* %e gave 9 *>ge to ,p]sephone1 que5 ( ! ne!r _w4 ,b :5 ,p]sephone op5$ ! *e/ & beheld ! beauty ( ! babe1 %e refus$ to give him back to ,aphrodite1 ?\gh ! goddess ( love w5t d[n h]self to hell to ransom h] de> "o f ! p[] ( ! grave4 ,! dispute betwe5 ! two goddesses ( love & dea? 0 settl$ by ,zeus1 :o decre$ t ,adonis %\ld abide ) ,p]sephone 9 ! "u _w = "o "p ( ! ye>1 & ) ,aphrodite 9 ! upp] _w = ano!r "p4 ,at la/ ! fair y\? 0 kill$ 9 hunt+ by a wild bo>1 or by ! jeal\s ,ares1 :o turn$ himself into ! lik5ess ( a bo> 9 ord] to compass ! dea? ( 8 rival4 ,bitt]ly did ,aphrodite lam5t h] lov$ & lo/ ,adonis4 ,9 ?is =m ( ! my?1 ! conte/ betwe5 ,aphrodite & ,p]sephone = ! possession ( ,adonis cle>ly reflects ! /ruggle betwe5 ,i%t> & ,allatu 9 ! l& ( ! dead1 :ile ! decision ( ,zeus t ,adonis is to sp5d "o "p ( ! ye> "u gr\nd & ano!r "p above gr\nd is m]ely a ,greek v]sion ( ! annual disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( ,tammuz4 ,,xxx4 ,adonis 9 ,syria ,,! ,,my? ( ,adonis 0 localis$ & 8 rites celebrat$ ) mu* solemnity at two places 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,byblus on ! coa/ ( ,syria1 ! o!r 0 ,paphos 9 ,cyprus4 ,bo? 7 great seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite1 or r ( h] ,semitic c\nt]p>t1 ,a/>te2 & ( bo?1 if we accept ! leg5ds1 ,c9yras1 ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 0 k+4 ,( ! two cities ,byblus 0 ! m anci5t2 inde$ x claim$ to be ! olde/ city 9 ,pho5icia1 & to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w by ! great god ,el1 :om ,greeks & ,romans id5tifi$ ) ,cronus & ,saturn respectively4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 9 hi/orical times x rank$ z a holy place1 ! religi\s capital ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,mecca or ,j]usalem ( ! ,pho5icians4 ,! city /ood on a height beside ! sea1 & conta9$ a great sanctu>y ( ,a/>te1 :]e 9 ! mid/ ( a spaci\s op5 c\rt1 surr\nd$ by cloi/]s & approa*$ f bel[ by /aircases1 rose a tall cone or obelisk1 ! holy image ( ! goddess4 ,9 ?is sanctu>y ! rites ( ,adonis 7 celebrat$4 ,inde$ ! :ole city 0 sacr$ to him1 & ! riv] ,nahr ,ibrahim1 :i* falls into ! sea a little to ! s\? ( ,byblus1 bore 9 antiquity ! "n ( ,adonis4 ,?is 0 ! k+dom ( ,c9yras4 ,f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times ! city appe>s to h be5 rul$ by k+s1 assi/$ p]haps by a s5ate or c\ncil ( eld]s4 ,! la/ k+ ( ,byblus bore ! anci5t "n ( ,c9yras1 & 0 behead$ by ,pompey ! ,great = 8 tyrann\s excesses4 ,8 leg5d>y namesake ,c9yras is said to h f\nd$ a sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite1 t is1 ( ,a/>te1 at a place on ,m\nt ,lebanon1 di/ant a day's j\rney f ! capital4 ,! spot 0 probably ,aphaca1 at ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,adonis1 half-way betwe5 ,byblus & ,baalbec2 = at ,aphaca !re 0 a fam\s grove & sanctu>y ( ,a/>te :i* ,con/ant9e de/roy$ on acc\nt ( ! flagiti\s "* ( ! wor%ip4 ,! site ( ! temple has be5 discov]$ by mod]n travell]s ne> ! mis]able village :i* /ill be>s ! "n ( ,afka at ! head ( ! wild1 romantic1 wood$ gorge ( ! ,adonis4 ,! hamlet /&s among groves ( noble walnut-trees on ! br9k ( ! lyn4 ,a little way (f ! riv] ru%es f a cav]n at ! foot ( a mighty amphi!atre ( t[]+ cliffs to plunge 9 a s]ies ( cascades into ! awful dep?s ( ! gl54 ,! deep] x desc5ds1 ! rank] & d5s] gr[s ! vegetation1 :i*1 spr\t+ f ! crannies & fissures ( ! rocks1 spreads a gre5 veil ov] ! ro>+ or murmur+ /ream 9 ! trem5d\s *asm bel[4 ,!re is some?+ delici\s1 almo/ intoxicat+1 9 ! fre%ness ( ^! tumbl+ wat]s1 9 ! sweetness & purity ( ! m\nta9 air1 9 ! vivid gre5 ( ! vegetation4 ,! temple1 ( :i* "s massive hewn blocks & a f9e column ( ,sy5ite granite /ill m>k ! site1 occupi$ a t]race fac+ ! s\rce ( ! riv] & comm&+ a magnific5t prospect4 ,across ! foam & ! ro> ( ! wat]falls y look up to ! cav]n & away to ! top ( ! sublime precipices above4 ,s l(ty is ! cliff t ! goats :i* creep along its l$ges to br[se on ! bu%es appe> l ants to ! spectator hundr$s ( feet bel[4 ,seaw>d ! view is especially impressive :5 ! sun floods ! pr(\nd gorge ) gold5 light1 reveal+ all ! fanta/ic buttresses & r\nd$ t[]s ( its m\nta9 ramp>t1 & fall+ s(tly on ! v>i$ gre5 ( ! woods :i* clo! its dep?s4 ,x 0 "h t1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,adonis met ,aphrodite = ! fir/ or ! la/ "t1 & "h 8 mangl$ body 0 buri$4 ,a fair] sc5e c\ld h>dly be imag9$ = a /ory ( tragic love & dea?4 ,yet1 seque/]$ z ! valley is & mu/ always h be51 x is n :olly des]t$4 ,a conv5t or a village may be obs]v$ "h & !re /&+ out aga9/ ! sky on ! top ( "s beetl+ crag1 or cl++ to ! face ( a ne>ly p]p5dicul> cliff high above ! foam & ! d9 ( ! riv]2 & at ev5+ ! lights t tw9kle ?r\gh ! gloom betray ! pres5ce ( human habitations on slopes :i* might seem inaccessible to man4 ,9 antiquity ! :ole ( ! lovely vale appe>s to h be5 d$icat$ to ,adonis1 & to ?is day x is haunt$ by 8 memory2 = ! heights :i* %ut x 9 are cre/$ at v>i\s po9ts by ru9$ monum5ts ( 8 wor%ip1 "s ( !m ov]hang+ dreadful abysses1 d[n :i* x turns ! head dizzy to look & see ! eagles :eel+ ab\t _! ne/s f> bel[4 ,"o su* monum5t exi/s at ,gh9eh4 ,! face ( a great rock1 above a r\ghly hewn recess1 is "h c>v$ ) figures ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite4 ,he is portray$ ) spe> 9 re/1 await+ ! attack ( a be>1 :ile %e is seat$ 9 an attitude ( sorr[4 ,h] grief-/rick5 figure may well be ! m\rn+ ,aphrodite ( ! ,lebanon describ$ by ,macrobius1 & ! recess 9 ! rock is p]haps h] lov]'s tomb4 ,e ye>1 9 ! belief ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 ,adonis 0 w\nd$ to dea? on ! m\nta9s1 & e ye> ! face ( nature itself 0 dy$ ) 8 sacr$ blood4 ,s ye> by ye> ! ,syrian damsels lam5t$ 8 untimely fate1 :ile ! r$ anemone1 8 fl[]1 bloom$ among ! c$>s ( ,lebanon1 & ! riv] ran r$ to ! sea1 fr++ ! w9d+ %ores ( ! blue ,m$it]ranean1 :5ev] ! w9d set in%ore1 ) a s9u\s b& ( crimson4 ,,xxxi4 ,adonis 9 ,cyprus ,,! ,,isl& ( ,cyprus lies b "o day's sail f ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,inde$1 on f9e summ] ev5+s its m\nta9s may be descri$ loom+ l[ & d>k aga9/ ! r$ fires ( sunset4 ,) its ri* m9es ( copp] & its =e/s ( firs & /ately c$>s1 ! isl& naturally attract$ a comm]cial & m>itime p l ! ,pho5icians2 :ile ! abundance ( its corn1 its w9e1 & its oil mu/ h r5d]$ x 9 _! eyes a ,l& ( ,promise by comp>ison ) ! nigg>dly nature ( _! own rugg$ coa/1 hemm$ 9 betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea4 ,accord+ly !y settl$ 9 ,cyprus at a v e>ly date & rema9$ !re long aft] ! ,greeks _h also e/abli%$ !mselves on its %ores2 = we "k f inscriptions & co9s t ,pho5ician k+s reign$ at ,citium1 ! ,*ittim ( ! ,hebrews1 d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,naturally ! ,semitic coloni/s br\ght _! gods ) !m f ! "m-l&4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ,baal ( ! ,lebanon1 :o may well h be5 ,adonis1 & at ,ama?us on ! s\? coa/ !y in/itut$ ! rites ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite1 or r ,a/>te4 ,"h1 z at ,byblus1 ^! rites resembl$ ! ,egyptian wor%ip ( ,osiris s closely t "s p ev5 id5tifi$ ! ,adonis ( ,ama?us ) ,osiris4 ,b ! great seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis 9 ,cyprus 0 ,paphos on ! s\?-we/]n side ( ! isl&4 ,among ! petty k+doms into :i* ,cyprus 0 divid$ f ! e>lie/ times until ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ,paphos mu/ h rank$ ) ! be/4 ,x is a l& ( hills & bill[y ridges1 div]sifi$ by fields & v9ey>ds & int]sect$ by riv]s1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ages h c>v$ = !mselves b$s ( su* trem5d\s dep? t travell+ 9 ! int]ior is difficult & t$i\s4 ,! l(ty range ( ,m\nt ,olympus 7! mod]n ,troodos71 capp$ ) sn[ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 scre5s ,paphos f ! nor!rly & ea/]ly w9ds & cuts x (f f ! re/ ( ! isl&4 ,on ! slopes ( ! range ! la/ p9e-woods ( ,cyprus l+]1 %elt]+ "h & !re mona/]ies 9 sc5]y n unwor?y ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! old city ( ,paphos occupi$ ! summit ( a hill ab\t a mile f ! sea2 ! new] city sprang up at ! h>b\r "s t5 miles (f4 ,! sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite at ,old ,paphos 7! mod]n ,kuklia7 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ %r9es 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 x 0 f\nd$ by ,pho5ician coloni/s f ,ascalon2 b x is possible t a native goddess ( f]tility 0 wor%ipp$ on ! spot be=e ! arrival ( ! ,pho5icians1 & t ! newcom]s id5tifi$ h] ) _! own ,baala? or ,a/>te1 :om %e may h closely resembl$4 ,if two deities 7 ?us fus$ 9 "o1 we may suppose t !y 7 bo? v>ieties ( t great goddess ( mo!rhood & f]tility ^: wor%ip appe>s to h be5 spread all ov] ,we/]n ,asia f a v e>ly "t4 ,! supposition is confirm$ z well by ! ar*aic %ape ( h] image z by ! lic5ti\s "* ( h] rites2 = bo? t %ape & ^? rites 7 %>$ by h] ) o!r ,asiatic deities4 ,h] image 0 simply a :ite cone or pyramid4 ,9 l mann]1 a cone 0 ! emblem ( ,a/>te at ,byblus1 ( ! native goddess :om ! ,greeks call$ ,artemis at ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia1 & ( ! sun-god ,heliogabalus at ,emesa 9 ,syria4 ,conical /ones1 :i* app>5tly s]v$ z idols1 h also be5 f\nd at ,golgi 9 ,cyprus1 & 9 ! ,pho5ician temples ( ,malta2 & cones ( s&/one came to light at ! %r9e ( ! ,mi/ress ( ,torquoise among ! b>r5 hills & fr[n+ precipices ( ,s9ai4 ,9 ,cyprus x appe>s t be=e m>riage all wom5 7 =m]ly oblig$ by cu/om to pro/itute !mselves to /rang]s at ! sanctu>y ( ! goddess1 :e!r %e w5t by ! "n ( ,aphrodite1 ,a/>te1 or :at n4 ,simil> cu/oms prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,:atev] its motive1 ! practice 0 cle>ly reg>d$1 n z an orgy ( lu/1 b z a solemn religi\s duty p]=m$ 9 ! s]vice ( t great ,"m ,goddess ( ,we/]n ,asia ^: "n v>i$1 :ile h] type rema9$ con/ant1 f place to place4 ,?us at ,babylon e woman1 :e!r ri* or poor1 _h once 9 h] life to submit to ! embraces ( a /rang] at ! temple ( ,mylitta1 t is1 ( ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 & to d$icate to ! goddess ! wages e>n$ by ?is sanctifi$ h>lotry4 ,! sacr$ prec9ct 0 cr[d$ ) wom5 wait+ to obs]ve ! cu/om4 ,"s ( !m _h to wait !re = ye>s4 ,at ,heliopolis or ,baalbec 9 ,syria1 fam\s = ! impos+ gr&eur ( its ru9$ temples1 ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry requir$ t e maid5 %\ld pro/itute h]self to a /rang] at ! temple ( ,a/>te1 & matrons z well z maids te/ifi$ _! devotion to ! goddess 9 ! same mann]4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e aboli%$ ! cu/om1 de/roy$ ! temple1 & built a *ur* 9 its /ead4 ,9 ,pho5ician temples wom5 pro/itut$ !mselves = hire 9 ! s]vice ( religion1 believ+ t by ?is conduct !y propitiat$ ! goddess & won h] fav\r4 ,x 0 a law ( ! ,amorites1 t %e :o 0 ab\t to m>ry %\ld sit 9 =nication sev5 days by ! gate4 ,at ,byblus ! p %av$ _! heads 9 ! annual m\rn+ = ,adonis4 ,wom5 :o refus$ to sacrifice _! hair _h to give !mselves up to /rang]s on a c]ta9 day ( ! fe/ival1 & ! money :i* !y ?us e>n$ 0 devot$ to ! goddess4 ,a ,greek inscription f\nd at ,tralles 9 ,lydia proves t ! practice ( religi\s pro/itution surviv$ 9 t c\ntry z late z ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,x records ( a c]ta9 woman1 ,aurelia ,aemilia by "n1 n only t %e h]self s]v$ ! god 9 ! capacity ( a h>lot at 8 express comm&1 b t h] "m & o!r female ance/ors _h done ! same be=e h]2 & ! publicity ( ! record1 engrav$ on a m>ble column :i* support$ a votive (f]+1 %[s t no /a9 atta*$ to su* a life & su* a p>5tage4 ,9 ,arm5ia ! noble/ families d$icat$ _! daught]s to ! s]vice ( ! goddess ,anaitis 9 h] temple ( ,acilis5a1 :]e ! damsels act$ z pro/itutes = a long "t be=e !y 7 giv5 9 m>riage4 ,nobody scrupl$ to take "o ( ^! girls to wife :5 h] p]iod ( s]vice 0 ov]4 ,aga91 ! goddess ,ma 0 s]v$ by a multitude ( sacr$ h>lots at ,comana 9 ,pontus1 & cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 flock$ to h] sanctu>y f ! neighb\r+ cities & c\ntry to att5d ! bi5nial fe/ivals or to pay _! v[s to ! goddess4 ,if we survey ! :ole ( ! evid5ce on ?is subject1 "s ( :i* has /ill to be laid be=e ! read]1 we may conclude t a great ,"m ,goddess1 ! p]sonification ( all ! reproductive en]gies ( nature1 0 wor%ipp$ "u diff]5t names b ) a sub/antial simil>ity ( my? & ritual by _m peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia2 t associat$ ) h] 0 a lov]1 or r s]ies ( lov]s1 div9e yet mortal1 ) :om %e mat$ ye> by ye>1 _! comm]ce be+ deem$ ess5tial to ! propagation ( animals & plants1 ea* 9 _! sev]al k9d2 & fur!r1 t ! fabul\s union ( ! div9e pair 0 simulat$ &1 z x 71 multipli$ on e>? by ! real1 ?\gh tempor>y1 union ( ! human sexes at ! sanctu>y ( ! goddess = ! sake ( !reby ensur+ ! fruitfulness ( ! gr\nd & ! increase ( man & bea/4 ,at ,paphos ! cu/om ( religi\s pro/itution is said to h be5 in/itut$ by ,k+ ,c9yras1 & to h be5 practis$ by 8 daught]s1 ! si/]s ( ,adonis1 :o1 hav+ incurr$ ! wra? ( ,aphrodite1 mat$ ) /rang]s & end$ _! days 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ?is =m ( ! tradition ! wra? ( ,aphrodite is probably a feature add$ by a lat] au?ority1 :o c\ld only reg>d conduct :i* %ock$ 8 own moral s5se z a puni%m5t inflict$ by ! goddess in/ead ( z a sacrifice regul>ly enjo9$ by h] on all h] devotees4 ,at all ev5ts ! /ory indicates t ! pr9cesses ( ,paphos _h to con=m to ! cu/om z well z wom5 ( humble bir?4 ,among ! /ories :i* 7 told ( ,c9yras1 ! ance/or ( ! prie/ly k+s ( ,paphos & ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 !re are "s t des]ve our att5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is said to h begott5 8 son ,adonis 9 ince/u\s int]c\rse ) 8 daught] ,myrrha at a fe/ival ( ! corn-goddess1 at :i* wom5 rob$ 9 :ite 7 wont to (f] corn-wrea?s z fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/ & to obs]ve /rict *a/ity = n9e days4 ,simil> cases ( ince/ ) a daught] are report$ ( _m anci5t k+s4 ,x seems unlikely t su* reports are )\t f\ndation1 & p]haps equally improbable t !y ref] to m]e =tuit\s outbur/s ( unnatural lu/4 ,we may suspect t !y are bas$ on a practice actually obs]v$ = a def9ite reason 9 c]ta9 special circum/ances4 ,n[ 9 c\ntries :]e ! royal blood 0 trac$ ?r\gh wom5 only1 & :]e consequ5tly ! k+ held (fice m]ely 9 virtue ( 8 m>riage ) an h]$it>y pr9cess1 :o 0 ! real sov]eign1 x appe>s to h (t5 happ5$ t a pr9ce m>ri$ 8 own si/]1 ! pr9cess royal1 9 ord] to obta9 ) h] h& ! cr[n :i* o!rwise w\ld h gone to ano!r man1 p]haps to a /rang]4 ,may n ! same rule ( desc5t h furni%$ a motive = ince/ ) a daught]8 ,= x seems a natural coroll>y f su* a rule t ! k+ 0 b\nd to vacate ! ?rone on ! dea? ( 8 wife1 ! que51 s9ce he occupi$ x only by virtue ( 8 m>riage ) h]4 ,:5 t m>riage t]m9at$1 8 "r to ! ?rone t]m9at$ ) x & pass$ at once to 8 daught]'s husb&4 ,h5ce if ! k+ desir$ to reign aft] 8 wife's dea?1 ! only way 9 :i* he c\ld legitimately cont9ue to d s 0 by m>ry+ 8 daught]1 & ?us prolong+ ?r\gh h] ! title :i* _h =m]ly be5 8 ?r\gh h] "m4 ,c9yras is said to h be5 fam$ = 8 exquisite beauty & to h be5 woo$ by ,aphrodite h]self4 ,?us x w\ld appe>1 z s*ol>s h already obs]v$1 t ,c9yras 0 9 a s5se a duplicate ( 8 h&some son ,adonis1 to :om ! inflammable goddess also lo/ h] he>t4 ,fur!r1 ^! /ories ( ! love ( ,aphrodite = two memb]s ( ! royal h\se ( ,paphos c h>dly be dissociat$ f ! correspond+ leg5d told ( ,pygmalion1 a ,pho5ician k+ ( ,cyprus1 :o is said to h fall5 9 love ) an image ( ,aphrodite & tak5 x to 8 b$4 ,:5 we consid] t ,pygmalion 0 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,c9yras1 t ! son ( ,c9yras 0 ,adonis1 & t all ?ree1 9 successive g5]ations1 are said to h be5 conc]n$ 9 a love-intrigue ) ,aphrodite1 we c h>dly help conclud+ t ! e>ly ,pho5ician k+s ( ,paphos1 or _! sons1 regul>ly claim$ to be n m]ely ! prie/s ( ! goddess b also h] lov]s1 9 o!r words1 t 9 _! (ficial capacity !y p]sonat$ ,adonis4 ,at all ev5ts ,adonis is said to h reign$ 9 ,cyprus1 & x appe>s to be c]ta9 t ! title ( ,adonis 0 regul>ly borne by ! sons ( all ! ,pho5ician k+s ( ! isl&4 ,x is true t ! title /rictly signifi$ no m ?an "l2 yet ! leg5ds :i* connect ^! ,cyprian pr9ces ) ! goddess ( love make x probable t !y claim$ ! div9e nature z well z ! human dignity ( ,adonis4 ,! /ory ( ,pygmalion po9ts to a c]emony ( a sacr$ m>riage 9 :i* ! k+ w$d$ ! image ( ,aphrodite1 or r ( ,a/>te4 ,if t 0 s1 ! tale 0 9 a s5se true1 n ( a s+le man only1 b ( a :ole s]ies ( m51 & x w\ld be all ! m likely to be told ( ,pygmalion1 if t 0 a common "n ( ,semitic k+s 9 g5]al1 & ( ,cyprian k+s 9 p>ticul>4 ,pygmalion1 at all ev5ts1 is kn[n z ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,tyre f :om 8 si/] ,dido fl$2 & a k+ ( ,citium & ,idalium 9 ,cyprus1 :o reign$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 0 also call$ ,pygmalion1 or r ,pumiya?on1 ! ,pho5ician "n :i* ! ,greeks corrupt$ into ,pygmalion4 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be not$ t ! names ,pygmalion & ,a/>te occur toge!r 9 a ,punic inscription on a gold m$allion :i* 0 f\nd 9 a grave at ,c>?age2 ! *>act]s ( ! inscription are ( ! e>lie/ type4 ,z ! cu/om ( religi\s pro/itution at ,paphos is said to h be5 f\nd$ by k+ ,c9yras & obs]v$ by 8 daught]s1 we may surmise t ! k+s ( ,paphos play$ ! "p ( ! div9e bridegroom 9 a less innoc5t rite ?an ! =m ( m>riage ) a /atue2 9 fact1 t at c]ta9 fe/ivals ea* ( !m _h to mate ) "o or m ( ! sacr$ h>lots ( ! temple1 :o play$ ,a/>te to 8 ,adonis4 ,if t 0 s1 !re is m tru? ?an has commonly be5 suppos$ 9 ! reproa* ca/ by ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs t ! ,aphrodite wor%ipp$ by ,c9yras 0 a common :ore4 ,! fruit ( _! union w\ld rank z sons & daught]s ( ! deity1 & w\ld 9 "t become ! p>5ts ( gods & goddesses1 l _! fa!rs & mo!rs be=e !m4 ,9 ?is mann] ,paphos1 & p]haps all sanctu>ies ( ! great ,asiatic goddess :]e sacr$ pro/itution 0 practis$1 might be well /ock$ ) human deities1 ! (fspr+ ( ! div9e k+ by 8 wives1 concub9es1 & temple h>lots4 ,any "o ( ^! might probably succe$ 8 fa!r on ! ?rone or be sacrific$ 9 8 /ead :5ev] /ress ( w> or o!r grave junctures call$1 z !y sometimes did1 = ! dea? ( a royal victim4 ,su* a tax1 levi$ occasionally on ! k+'s num]\s prog5y = ! good ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld nei!r ext+ui% ! div9e /ock nor break ! fa!r's he>t1 :o divid$ 8 pat]nal affection among s _m4 ,at all ev5ts1 if1 z !re seems reason to believe1 ,semitic k+s 7 (t5 reg>d$ at ! same "t z h]$it>y deities1 x is easy to und]/& ! frequ5cy ( ,semitic p]sonal names :i* imply t ! be>]s ( !m 7 ! sons or daught]s1 ! bro!rs or si/]s1 ! fa!rs or mo!rs ( a god1 & we ne$ n resort to ! %ifts employ$ by "s s*ol>s to evade ! pla9 s5se ( ! words4 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by a p>allel ,egyptian usage2 = 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! k+s 7 wor%ipp$ z div9e1 ! que5 0 call$ ! wife ( ! god or ! "m ( ! god1 & ! title fa!r ( ! god 0 borne n only by ! k+'s real fa!r b also by 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,simil>ly1 p]haps1 among ! ,semites any man :o s5t 8 daught] to swell ! royal h>em may h be5 all[$ to call himself ! fa!r ( ! god4 ,if we may judge by 8 "n1 ! ,semitic k+ :o bore ! "n ( ,c9yras 01 l ,k+ ,david1 a h>p]2 = ! "n ( ,c9yras is cle>ly connect$ ) ! ,greek c9yra1 a lyre1 :i* 9 its turn comes f ! ,semitic k9nor1 a lyre1 ! v ^w appli$ to ! in/rum5t on :i* ,david play$ be=e ,saul4 ,we %all probably n err 9 assum+ t at ,paphos z at ,j]usalem ! music ( ! lyre or h>p 0 n a m]e pa/ime design$ to :ile away an idle h\r1 b =m$ "p ( ! s]vice ( religion1 ! mov+ influ5ce ( its melodies be+ p]haps set d[n1 l ! effect ( w9e1 to ! direct inspiration ( a deity4 ,c]ta9ly at ,j]usalem ! regul> cl]gy ( ! temple prophesi$ to ! music ( h>ps1 ( psalt]ies1 & ( cymbals2 & x appe>s t ! irregul> cl]gy also1 z we may call ! prophets1 dep5d$ on "s su* /imulus = induc+ ! ec/atic /ate :i* !y took = imm$iate conv]se ) ! div9ity4 ,?us we read ( a b& ( prophets com+ d[n f a high place ) a psalt]y1 a timbrel1 a pipe1 & a h>p be=e !m1 & prophesy+ z !y w5t4 ,aga91 :5 ! unit$ =ces ( ,judah & ,ephraim 7 trav]s+ ! wild]ness ( ,moab 9 pursuit ( ! enemy1 !y c\ld f9d no wat] = ?ree days1 & 7 l to die ( ?ir/1 !y & ! bea/s ( burd54 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ! prophet ,eli%a1 :o 0 ) ! army1 call$ = a m9/rel & bade him play4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! music he ord]$ ! soldi]s to dig tr5*es 9 ! s&y b$ ( ! wat]less waddy ?r\gh :i* lay ! l9e ( m>*4 ,!y did s1 & next morn+ ! tr5*es 7 full ( ! wat] t _h dra9$ d[n into !m und]gr\nd f ! desolate1 =bidd+ m\nta9s on ei!r h&4 ,! prophet's success 9 /rik+ wat] 9 ! wild]ness resembles ! report$ success ( mod]n d[s]s1 ?\gh 8 mode ( proc$ure 0 diff]5t4 ,incid5tally he r5d]$ ano!r s]vice to 8 c\ntrym54 ,= ! skulk+ ,moabites f _! lairs among ! rocks saw ! r$ sun ( ! des]t reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 & tak+ x = ! blood1 or p]haps r = an om5 ( ! blood1 ( _! enemies1 !y pluck$ up he>t to attack ! camp & 7 defeat$ ) great slaught]4 ,aga91 j z ! cl\d ( melan*oly :i* f "t to "t d>k5$ ! moody m9d ( ,saul 0 view$ z an evil _s f ! ,"l vex+ him1 s on ! o!r h& ! solemn /ra9s ( ! h>p1 :i* soo!d & compos$ 8 tr\bl$ ?\ghts1 may well h seem$ to ! hag-ridd5 k+ ! v voice ( ,god or ( 8 good angel :isp]+ peace4 ,ev5 9 our own day a great religi\s writ]1 himself deeply s5sitive to ! wit*]y ( music1 has said t musical notes1 ) all _! p[] to fire ! blood & melt ! he>t1 _c be m]e empty s\nds & no?+ m2 no1 !y h escap$ f "s high] sph]e1 !y are outp\r+s ( et]nal h>mony1 ! voice ( angels1 ! ,magnificat ( sa9ts4 ,x is ?us t ! rude imag9+s ( primitive man are transfigur$ & 8 feeble lisp+s e*o$ ) a roll+ rev]b]ation 9 ! musical prose ( ,newman4 ,inde$ ! influ5ce ( music on ! developm5t ( religion is a subject :i* w\ld repay a sympa!tic /udy4 ,= we _c d\bt t ?is1 ! mo/ intimate & affect+ ( all ! arts1 has done mu* to create z well z to express ! religi\s emotions1 ?us modify+ m or less deeply ! fabric ( belief to :i* at fir/ sight x seems only to m9i/]4 ,! musician has done 8 "p z well z ! prophet & ! ?9k] 9 ! mak+ ( religion4 ,e fai? has its appropriate music1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cre$s might almo/ be express$ 9 musical notation4 ,! int]val1 = example1 :i* divides ! wild revels ( ,cybele f ! /ately ritual ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is measur$ by ! gulf :i* sev]s ! dissonant cla% ( cymbals & tamb\r9es f ! grave h>monies ( ,pale/r9a & ,h&el4 ,a diff]5t _s brea!s 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! music4 ,,xxxii4 ,! ,ritual ( ,adonis ,,at ,,! ,,fe/ivals ( ,adonis1 :i* 7 held 9 ,we/]n ,asia & 9 ,greek l&s1 ! dea? ( ! god 0 annually m\rn$1 ) a bitt] wail+1 *iefly by wom52 images ( him1 dress$ to resemble corpses1 7 c>ri$ out z to burial & !n ?r[n into ! sea or into spr+s2 & 9 "s places 8 revival 0 celebrat$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,b at diff]5t places ! c]emonies v>i$ some:at 9 ! mann] & app>5tly also 9 ! season ( _! celebration4 ,at ,alex&ria images ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis 7 display$ on two c\*es2 beside !m 7 set ripe fruits ( all k9ds1 cakes1 plants gr[+ 9 fl[]-pots1 & gre5 b[]s tw9$ ) anise4 ,! m>riage ( ! lov]s 0 celebrat$ "o day1 & on ! morr[ wom5 attir$ z m\rn]s1 ) /ream+ hair & b>$ brea/s1 bore ! image ( ! dead ,adonis to ! sea-%ore & committ$ x to ! waves4 ,yet !y sorr[$ n )\t hope1 = !y sang t ! lo/ "o w\ld come back aga94 ,! date at :i* ?is ,alex&rian c]emony 0 obs]v$ is n expressly /at$2 b f ! m5tion ( ! ripe fruits x has be5 inf]r$ t x took place 9 late summ]4 ,9 ! great ,pho5ician sanctu>y ( ,a/>te at ,byblus ! dea? ( ,adonis 0 annually m\rn$1 to ! %rill wail+ notes ( ! flute1 ) weep+1 lam5tation1 & beat+ ( ! brea/2 b next day he 0 believ$ to come to life aga9 & asc5d up to heav5 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! disconsolate believ]s1 left beh9d on e>?1 %av$ _! heads z ! ,egyptians did on ! dea? ( ! div9e bull ,apis2 wom5 :o c\ld n br+ !mselves to sacrifice _! beautiful tresses _h to give !mselves up to /rang]s on a c]ta9 day ( ! fe/ival1 & to d$icate to ,a/>te ! wages ( _! %ame4 ,?is ,pho5ician fe/ival appe>s to h be5 a v]nal "o1 = its date 0 det]m9$ by ! discoloration ( ! riv] ,adonis1 & ?is has be5 obs]v$ by mod]n travell]s to occur 9 spr+4 ,at t season ! r$ e>? wa%$ d[n f ! m\nta9s by ! ra9 t+es ! wat] ( ! riv]1 & ev5 ! sea1 = a great way ) a blood-r$ hue1 & ! crimson /a9 0 believ$ to be ! blood ( ,adonis1 annually w\nd$ to dea? by ! bo> on ,m\nt ,lebanon4 ,aga91 ! sc>let anemone is said to h sprung f ! blood ( ,adonis1 or to h be5 /a9$ by x2 & z ! anemone blooms 9 ,syria ab\t ,ea/]1 ?is may be ?\ght to %[ t ! fe/ival ( ,adonis1 or at lea/ "o ( 8 fe/ivals1 0 held 9 spr+4 ,! "n ( ! fl[] is probably d]iv$ f ,naaman 7d>l+71 :i* seems to h be5 an epi!t ( ,adonis4 ,! ,arabs /ill call ! anemone w\nds ( ! ,naaman4 ,! r$ rose also 0 said to owe its hue to ! same sad occasion2 = ,aphrodite1 ha/5+ to h] w\nd$ lov]1 trod on a bu% ( :ite roses2 ! cruel ?orns tore h] t5d] fle%1 & h] sacr$ blood dy$ ! :ite roses = ev] r$4 ,x w\ld be idle1 p]haps1 to lay mu* weight on evid5ce drawn f ! cal5d> ( fl[]s1 & 9 p>ticul> to press an argum5t s fragile z ! bloom ( ! rose4 ,yet s f> z x c\nts at all1 ! tale :i* l9ks ! damask rose ) ! dea? ( ,adonis po9ts to a summ] r ?an to a spr+ celebration ( 8 passion4 ,9 ,attica1 c]ta9ly1 ! fe/ival fell at ! height ( summ]4 ,= ! fleet :i* ,a!ns fitt$ out aga9/ ,syracuse1 & by ! de/ruction ( :i* h] p[] 0 p]man5tly crippl$1 sail$ at midsumm]1 & by an om9\s co9cid5ce ! sombre rites ( ,adonis 7 be+ celebrat$ at ! v "t4 ,z ! troops m>*$ d[n to ! h>b\r to emb>k1 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* !y pass$ 7 l9$ ) c(f9s & corpse-l effigies1 & ! air 0 r5t ) ! noise ( wom5 wail+ = ! dead ,adonis4 ,! circum/ance ca/ a gloom ov] ! sail+ ( ! mo/ spl5did armam5t t ,a!ns ev] s5t to sea4 ,_m ages aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,julian made 8 fir/ entry into ,antio*1 he f\nd 9 l mann] ! gay1 ! luxuri\s capital ( ! ,ea/ plung$ 9 mimic grief = ! annual dea? ( ,adonis2 & if he _h any pres5tim5t ( com+ evil1 ! voices ( lam5tation :i* /ruck ^u 8 e> mu/ h seem$ to s\nd 8 knell4 ,! resemblance ( ^! c]emonies to ! ,indian & ,european c]emonies :i* ,i h describ$ else:]e is obvi\s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ap>t f ! some:at d\btful date ( its celebration1 ! ,alex&rian c]emony is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,indian4 ,9 bo? ( !m ! m>riage ( two div9e be+s1 ^: aff9ity ) vegetation seems indicat$ by ! fre% plants ) :i* !y are surr\nd$1 is celebrat$ 9 effigy1 & ! effigies are aft]w>ds m\rn$ ov] & ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,f ! simil>ity ( ^! cu/oms to ea* o!r & to ! spr+ & midsumm] cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe we %\ld naturally expect t !y all admit ( a common explanation4 ,h5ce1 if ! explanation :i* ,i h adopt$ ( ! latt] is correct1 ! c]emony ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,adonis mu/ also h be5 a dramatic repres5tation ( ! decay & revival ( plant life4 ,! inf]5ce ?us bas$ on ! resemblance ( ! cu/oms is confirm$ by ! foll[+ features 9 ! leg5d & ritual ( ,adonis4 ,8 aff9ity ) vegetation comes out at once 9 ! common /ory ( 8 bir?4 ,he 0 said to h be5 born f a myrrh-tree1 ! b>k ( :i* bur/+1 aft] a t5 mon?s' ge/ation1 all[$ ! lovely infant to come =?4 ,accord+ to "s1 a bo> r5t ! b>k ) 8 tusk & s op5$ a passage = ! babe4 ,a fa9t rationali/ic col\r 0 giv5 to ! leg5d by say+ t 8 "m 0 a woman nam$ ,myrrh1 :o _h be5 turn$ into a myrrh-tree soon aft] %e _h conceiv$ ! *ild4 ,! use ( myrrh z inc5se at ! fe/ival ( ,adonis may h giv5 rise to ! fable4 ,we h se5 t inc5se 0 burnt at ! correspond+ ,babylonian rites1 j z x 0 burnt by ! idolatr\s ,hebrews 9 hon\r ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 :o 0 no o!r ?an ,a/>te4 ,aga91 ! /ory t ,adonis sp5t half1 or accord+ to o!rs a ?ird1 ( ! ye> 9 ! l[] _w & ! re/ ( x 9 ! upp] _w1 is expla9$ mo/ simply & naturally by suppos+ t he repres5t$ vegetation1 especially ! corn1 :i* lies buri$ 9 ! e>? half ! ye> & reappe>s above gr\nd ! o!r half4 ,c]ta9ly ( ! annual ph5om5a ( nature !re is none :i* sugge/s s obvi\sly ! idea ( dea? & resurrection z ! disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( vegetation 9 autumn & spr+4 ,adonis has be5 tak5 = ! sun2 b !re is no?+ 9 ! sun's annual c\rse )9 ! temp]ate & tropical zones to sugge/ t he is dead = half or a ?ird ( ! ye> & alive = ! o!r half or two-?irds4 ,he might1 inde$1 be conceiv$ z weak5$ 9 w9t]1 b dead he c\ld n be ?\ght to be2 8 daily reappe>ance contradicts ! supposition4 ,)9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 :]e ! sun annually disappe>s = a cont9u\s p]iod :i* v>ies f tw5ty-f\r h\rs to six mon?s accord+ to ! latitude1 8 ye>ly dea? & resurrection w\ld c]ta9ly be an obvi\s idea2 b no "o except ! un=tunate a/ronom] ,bailly has ma9ta9$ t ! ,adonis wor%ip came f ! ,arctic regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! annual dea? & revival ( vegetation is a conception :i* readily pres5ts itself to m5 9 e /age ( savag]y & civilisation2 & ! va/ness ( ! scale on :i* ?is ev]-recurr+ decay & reg5]ation takes place1 toge!r ) man's intimate dep5d5ce on x = subsi/5ce1 comb9e to r5d] x ! mo/ impressive annual occurr5ce 9 nature1 at lea/ )9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,x is no wond] t a ph5om5on s important1 s /rik+1 & s univ]sal %\ld1 by sugge/+ simil> ideas1 h giv5 rise to simil> rites 9 _m l&s4 ,we may1 !re=e1 accept z probable an explanation ( ! ,adonis wor%ip :i* accords s well ) ! facts ( nature & ) ! analogy ( simil> rites 9 o!r l&s4 ,moreov]1 ! explanation is c\nt5anc$ by a consid]able body ( op9ion among/ ! anci5ts !mselves1 :o aga9 & aga9 int]pret$ ! dy+ & reviv+ god z ! reap$ & spr\t+ gra94 ,! "* ( ,tammuz or ,adonis z a corn-_s comes out pla9ly 9 an acc\nt ( 8 fe/ival giv5 by an ,arabic writ] ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,9 describ+ ! rites & sacrifices obs]v$ at ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> by ! hea!n ,syrians ( ,h>ran1 he says3 ,tammuz 7,july74 ,9 ! middle ( ?is mon? is ! fe/ival ( el-,bgt1 t is1 ( ! weep+ wom51 & ?is is ! ,t-uz fe/ival1 :i* is celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! god ,t-uz4 ,! wom5 bewail him1 because 8 "l slew him s cruelly1 gr\nd 8 bones 9 a mill1 & !n scatt]$ !m to ! w9d4 ,! wom5 7dur+ ?is fe/ival7 eat no?+ :i* has be5 gr\nd 9 a mill1 b limit _! diet to /eep$ :eat1 sweet vet*es1 dates1 rais9s1 & ! l4 ,t-uz1 :o is no o!r ?an ,tammuz1 is "h l ,burns's ,john ,b>leycorn3 ,!y wa/$ o'er a scor*+ flame ,! m>r[ ( 8 bones2 ,b a mill] u'd him wor/ ( all-- ,= he cru%'d him betwe5 two /ones4 ,?is conc5tration1 s to say1 ( ! nature ( ,adonis ^u ! c]eal crops is *>act]i/ic ( ! /age ( culture rea*$ by 8 wor%ipp]s 9 hi/orical times4 ,!y _h left ! nomadic life ( ! w&]+ hunt] & h]dsman f> beh9d !m2 = ages !y _h be5 settl$ on ! l&1 & _h dep5d$ = _! subsi/5ce ma9ly on ! products ( tillage4 ,! b]ries & roots ( ! wild]ness1 ! grass ( ! pa/ures1 :i* _h be5 matt]s ( vital importance to _! rud] =efa!rs1 7 n[ ( little mom5t to !m3 m & m _! ?\ghts & en]gies 7 engross$ by ! /aple ( _! life1 ! corn2 m & m accord+ly ! propitiation ( ! deities ( f]tility 9 g5]al & ( ! corn-_s 9 p>ticul> t5d$ to become ! c5tral feature ( _! religion4 ,! aim !y set be=e !mselves 9 celebrat+ ! rites 0 ?or\ghly practical4 ,x 0 no vague poetical s5tim5t :i* prompt$ !m to hail ) joy ! rebir? ( vegetation & to m\rn its decl9e4 ,hung]1 felt or fe>$1 0 ! ma9spr+ ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,fa!r ,lagrange t ! m\rn+ = ,adonis 0 ess5tially a h>ve/ rite design$ to propitiate ! corngod1 :o 0 !n ei!r p]i%+ "u ! sickles ( ! reap]s1 or be+ trodd5 to dea? "u ! ho(s ( ! ox5 on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,:ile ! m5 slew him1 ! wom5 wept crocodile te>s at home to appease 8 natural indignation by a %[ ( grief = 8 dea?4 ,! !ory fits 9 well ) ! dates ( ! fe/ivals1 :i* fell 9 spr+ or summ]2 = spr+ & summ]1 n autumn1 are ! seasons ( ! b>ley & :eat h>ve/s 9 ! l&s :i* wor%ipp$ ,adonis4 ,fur!r1 ! hypo!sis is confirm$ by ! practice ( ! ,egyptian reap]s1 :o lam5t$1 call+ ^u ,isis1 :5 !y cut ! fir/ corn2 & x is recomm5d$ by ! analog\s cu/oms ( _m hunt+ tribes1 :o te/ify great respect = ! animals :i* !y kill & eat4 ,?us int]pret$ ! dea? ( ,adonis is n ! natural decay ( vegetation 9 g5]al "u ! summ] heat or ! w9t] cold2 x is ! viol5t de/ruction ( ! corn by man1 :o cuts x d[n on ! field1 /amps x to pieces on ! ?re%+-floor1 & gr9ds x to p[d] 9 ! mill4 ,t ?is 0 inde$ ! pr9cipal aspect 9 :i* ,adonis pres5t$ himself 9 lat] times to ! agricultural peoples ( ! ,levant1 may be admitt$2 b :e!r f ! beg9n+ he _h be5 ! corn & no?+ b ! corn1 may be d\bt$4 ,at an e>li] p]iod he may h be5 to ! h]dsman1 above all1 ! t5d] h]bage :i* spr\ts aft] ra91 (f]+ ri* pa/ure to ! lean & hungry cattle4 ,e>li] /ill he may h embodi$ ! _s ( ! nuts & b]ries :i* ! autumn woods yield to ! savage hunt] & 8 squaw4 ,& j z ! husb&-man mu/ propitiate ! _s ( ! corn :i* he consumes1 s ! h]dsman mu/ appease ! _s ( ! grass & leaves :i* 8 cattle mun*1 & ! hunt] mu/ soo! ! _s ( ! roots :i* he digs1 & ( ! fruits :i* he ga!rs f ! b\gh4 ,9 all cases ! propitiation ( ! injur$ & angry1 sprite w\ld naturally comprise elaborate excuses & apologies1 accompani$ by l\d lam5tations at 8 decease :5ev]1 ?r\gh "s deplorable accid5t or necessity1 he happ5$ to be murd]$ z well z robb$4 ,only we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! savage hunt] & h]dsman ( ^? e>ly days _h probably n yet atta9$ to ! ab/ract idea ( vegetation 9 g5]al2 & t accord+ly1 s f> z ,adonis exi/$ = !m at all1 he mu/ h be5 ! ,adon or "l ( ea* individual tree & plant r ?an a p]sonification ( vegetable life z a :ole4 ,?us !re w\ld be z _m ,adonises z !re 7 trees & %rubs1 & ea* ( !m might expect to receive satisfaction = any damage done to 8 p]son or prop]ty4 ,& ye> by ye>1 :5 ! trees 7 decidu\s1 e ,adonis w\ld seem to ble$ to dea? ) ! r$ leaves ( autumn & to come to life aga9 ) ! fre% gre5 ( spr+4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t 9 e>ly times ,adonis 0 sometimes p]sonat$ by a liv+ man :o di$ a viol5t dea? 9 ! "* ( ! god4 ,fur!r1 !re is evid5ce :i* goes to %[ t among ! agricultural peoples ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 ! corn-_s1 by :atev] "n he 0 kn[n1 0 (t5 repres5t$1 ye> by ye>1 by human victims sla9 on ! h>ve/-field4 ,if t 0 s1 x seems likely t ! propitiation ( ! corn-_s w\ld t5d to fuse to "s ext5t ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,= ! spirits ( ^! victims might be ?\ght to return to life 9 ! e>s :i* !y _h fatt5$ ) _! blood1 & to die a second dea? at ! reap+ ( ! corn4 ,n[ ! gho/s ( ^? :o h p]i%$ by viol5ce are surly & apt to wreak _! v5geance on _! slay]s :5ev] an opportunity (f]s4 ,h5ce ! attempt to appease ! s\ls ( ! slaught]$ victims w\ld naturally bl5d1 at lea/ 9 ! popul> conception1 ) ! attempt to pacify ! sla9 corn-_s4 ,& z ! dead came back 9 ! spr\t+ corn1 s !y might be ?\ght to return 9 ! spr+ fl[]s1 wak$ f _! long sleep by ! s(t v]nal airs4 ,!y _h be5 laid to _! re/ "u ! sod4 ,:at m natural ?an to imag9e t ! violets & ! hyac9?s1 ! roses & ! anemones1 sprang f _! du/1 7 empurpl$ or inc>nad9$ by _! blood1 & conta9$ "s portion ( _! _s8 ,i sometimes ?9k t nev] bl[s s r$ ,! ,rose z :]e "s buri$ ,caes> bl$2 ,t e ,hyac9? ! ,g>d5 we>s ,dropt 9 h] ,lap f "s once lovely ,head4 ,& ?is reviv+ ,h]b ^: t5d] ,gre5 ,fl$ges ! ,riv]-,lip on :i* we lean-- ,ah1 lean ^u x lightly1 = :o kn[s ,f :at once lovely ,lip x spr+s unse58 ,9 ! summ] aft] ! battle ( ,l&51 ! mo/ sangu9>y battle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,europe1 ! e>?1 saturat$ ) ! blood ( tw5ty ?\s& sla91 broke =? into millions ( poppies1 & ! travell] :o pass$ t va/ %eet ( sc>let might well fancy t ! e>? _h inde$ giv5 up h] dead4 ,at ,a!ns ! great ,commemoration ( ! ,dead fell 9 spr+ ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 :5 ! e>ly fl[]s are 9 bloom4 ,!n ! dead 7 believ$ to rise f _! graves & g ab\t ! /reets1 va9ly endeav\r+ to ent] ! temples & dwell+s1 :i* 7 b>r$ aga9/ ^! p]turb$ spirits ) ropes1 buck?orn1 & pit*4 ,! "n ( ! fe/ival1 accord+ to ! mo/ obvi\s & natural int]pretation1 means ! ,fe/ival ( ,fl[]s1 & ! title w\ld fit well ) ! sub/ance ( ! c]emonies if at t season ! poor gho/s 7 inde$ ?\ght to creep f ! n>r[ h\se ) ! op5+ fl[]s4 ,!re may !re=e be a measure ( tru? 9 ! !ory ( ,r5an1 :o saw 9 ! ,adonis wor%ip a dreamy voluptu\s cult ( dea?1 conceiv$ n z ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors1 b z an insidi\s en*ant] :o lures 8 victims to himself & lulls !m into an et]nal sleep4 ,! inf9ite *>m ( nature 9 ! ,lebanon1 he ?\ght1 l5ds itself to religi\s emotions ( ?is s5su\s1 vision>y sort1 hov]+ vaguely betwe5 pa9 & pleasure1 betwe5 slumb] & te>s4 ,x w\ld d\btless be a mi/ake to attribute to ,syrian peasants ! wor%ip ( a conception s purely ab/ract z t ( dea? 9 g5]al4 ,yet x may be true t 9 _! simple m9ds ! ?\ght ( ! reviv+ _s ( vegetation 0 bl5t ) ! v concrete notion ( ! gho/s ( ! dead1 :o come to life aga9 9 spr+ days ) ! e>ly fl[]s1 ) ! t5d] gre5 ( ! corn & ! _m-t9t$ blossoms ( ! trees4 ,?us _! views ( ! dea? & resurrection ( nature w\ld be col\r$ by _! views ( ! dea? & resurrection ( man1 by _! p]sonal sorr[s & hopes & fe>s4 ,9 l mann] we _c d\bt t ,r5an's !ory ( ,adonis 0 itself deeply t+$ by passionate memories1 memories ( ! slumb] ak9 to dea? :i* seal$ 8 own eyes on ! slopes ( ! ,lebanon1 memories ( ! si/] :o sleeps 9 ! l& ( ,adonis nev] aga9 to wake ) ! anemones & ! roses4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis ,,p]haps ! be/ pro( t ,adonis 0 a deity ( vegetation1 & especially ( ! corn1 is furni%$ by ! g>d5s ( ,adonis1 z !y 7 call$4 ,^! 7 baskets or pots fill$ ) e>?1 9 :i* :eat1 b>ley1 lettuces1 f5nel1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s 7 s[n & t5d$ = eight days1 *iefly or exclusively by wom54 ,fo/]$ by ! sun's heat1 ! plants %ot up rapidly1 b hav+ no root !y )]$ z rapidly away1 & at ! end ( eight days 7 c>ri$ out ) ! images ( ! dead ,adonis1 & flung ) !m into ! sea or into spr+s4 ,^! g>d5s ( ,adonis are mo/ naturally int]pret$ z repres5tatives ( ,adonis or manife/ations ( 8 p[]2 !y repres5t$ him1 true to 8 orig9al nature1 9 vegetable =m1 :ile ! images ( him1 ) :i* !y 7 c>ri$ out & ca/ into ! wat]1 portray$ him 9 8 lat] human %ape4 ,all ^! ,adonis c]emonies1 if ,i am "r1 7 orig9ally int5d$ z *>ms to promote ! gr[? or revival ( vegetation2 & ! pr9ciple by :i* !y 7 suppos$ to produce ?is effect 0 homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,= ignorant p suppose t by mimick+ ! effect :i* !y desire to produce !y actually help to produce x2 ?us by spr9kl+ wat] !y make ra91 by light+ a fire !y make sun%9e1 & s on4 ,simil>ly1 by mimick+ ! gr[? ( crops !y hope to ensure a good h>ve/4 ,! rapid gr[? ( ! :eat & b>ley 9 ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 0 int5d$ to make ! corn %oot up2 & ! ?r[+ ( ! g>d5s & ( ! images into ! wat] 0 a *>m to secure a due supply ( f]tilis+ ra94 ,! same1 ,i take x1 0 ! object ( ?r[+ ! effigies ( ,dea? & ! ,c>nival into wat] 9 ! correspond+ c]emonies ( mod]n ,europe4 ,c]ta9ly ! cu/om ( dr5*+ ) wat] a leaf-clad p]son1 :o und\bt$ly p]sonifies vegetation1 is /ill resort$ to 9 ,europe = ! express purpose ( produc+ ra94 ,simil>ly ! cu/om ( ?r[+ wat] on ! la/ corn cut at h>ve/1 or on ! p]son :o br+s x home 7a cu/om obs]v$ 9 ,g]many & ,france1 & till lately 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&71 is 9 "s places practis$ ) ! av[$ int5t to procure ra9 = ! next ye>'s crops4 ,?us 9 ,walla*ia & among/ ! ,r\manians 9 ,transylvania1 :5 a girl is br++ home a cr[n made ( ! la/ e>s ( corn cut at h>ve/1 all :o meet h] ha/5 to ?r[ wat] on h]1 & two f>m-s]vants are plac$ at ! door = ! purpose2 = !y believe t if ?is 7 n done1 ! crops next ye> w\ld p]i% f dr\ght4 ,at ! spr+ pl\gh+ 9 ,prussia1 :5 ! pl\ghm5 & s[]s return$ 9 ! ev5+ f _! "w 9 ! fields1 ! f>m]'s wife & ! s]vants us$ to spla% wat] ov] !m4 ,! pl\ghm5 & s[]s retort$ by seiz+ e "o1 ?r[+ !m into ! pond1 & duck+ !m "u ! wat]4 ,! f>m]'s wife might claim exemption on paym5t ( a =feit1 b e "o else _h to be duck$4 ,by obs]v+ ?is cu/om !y hop$ to ensure a due supply ( ra9 = ! se$4 ,! op9ion t ! g>d5s ( ,adonis are ess5tially *>ms to promote ! gr[? ( vegetation1 especially ( ! crops1 & t !y belong to ! same class ( cu/oms z ^? spr+ & mid-summ] folk-cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe :i* ,i h describ$ else-:]e1 does n re/ = its evid5ce m]ely on ! intr9sic probability ( ! case4 ,=tunately we are able to %[ t g>d5s ( ,adonis 7if we may use ! expression 9 a g5]al s5se7 are /ill plant$1 fir/1 by a primitive race at _! s[+ season1 &1 second1 by ,european peasants at midsumm]4 ,among/ ! ,oraons & ,mundas ( ,b5gal1 :5 ! "t comes = plant+ out ! rice :i* has be5 gr[n 9 se$-b$s1 a p>ty ( "y p ( bo? sexes g to ! =e/ & cut a "y ,k>ma-tree1 or ! bran* ( "o4 ,be>+ x 9 triumph !y return danc+1 s++1 & beat+ drums1 & plant x 9 ! middle ( ! village danc+-gr\nd4 ,a sacrifice is (f]$ to ! tree2 & next morn+ ! y\? ( bo? sexes1 l9k$ arm-9-arm1 dance 9 a great circle r\nd ! ,k>ma-tree1 :i* is deck$ ) /rips ( col\r$ clo? & %am bracelets & necklets ( plait$ /raw4 ,z a prep>ation = ! fe/ival1 ! daught]s ( ! headman ( ! village cultivate blades ( b>ley 9 a peculi> way4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 moi/1 s&y soil1 mix$ ) turm]ic1 & ! blades spr\t & unfold ( a pale-yell[ or primrose col\r4 ,on ! day ( ! fe/ival ! girls take up ^! blades & c>ry !m 9 baskets to ! danc+-gr\nd1 :]e1 pro/rat+ !mselves rev]5tially1 !y place "s ( ! plants be=e ! ,k>ma-tree4 ,f9ally1 ! ,k>ma-tree is tak5 away & ?r[n into a /ream or tank4 ,! mean+ ( plant+ ^! b>ley blades & !n pres5t+ !m to ! ,k>ma-tree is h>dly op5 to "q4 ,trees are suppos$ to ex]cise a quick5+ influ5ce ^u ! gr[? ( crops1 & among/ ! v p 9 "q--! ,mundas or ,mund>is--! grove deities are held responsible = ! crops4 ,!re=e1 :5 at ! season = plant+ out ! rice ! ,mundas br+ 9 a tree & treat x ) s mu* respect1 _! object c only be to fo/] !reby ! gr[? ( ! rice :i* is ab\t to be plant$ out2 & ! cu/om ( caus+ b>ley blades to spr\t rapidly & !n pres5t+ !m to ! tree mu/ be int5d$ to subs]ve ! same purpose1 p]haps by rem9d+ ! tree-_s ( 8 duty t[>ds ! crops1 & /imulat+ 8 activity by ?is visible example ( rapid vegetable gr[?4 ,! ?r[+ ( ! ,k>ma-tree into ! wat] is to be int]pret$ z a ra9-*>m4 ,:e!r ! b>ley blades are also ?r[n into ! wat] is n said2 b if my int]pretation ( ! cu/om is "r1 probably !y are s4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 ?is ,b5gal cu/om & ! ,greek rites ( ,adonis is t 9 ! =m] ! tree-_s appe>s 9 8 orig9al =m z a tree2 :]eas 9 ! ,adonis wor%ip he appe>s 9 human =m1 repres5t$ z a dead man1 ?\gh 8 vegetable nature is indicat$ by ! g>d5s ( ,adonis1 :i* are1 s to say1 a second>y manife/ation ( 8 orig9al p[] z a tree-_s4 ,g>d5s ( ,adonis are cultivat$ also by ! ,h9doos1 ) ! int5tion app>5tly ( ensur+ ! f]tility bo? ( ! e>? & ( mank9d4 ,?us at ,oodeypoor 9 ,rajputana a fe/ival is held 9 hon\r ( ,g\ri1 or ,isani1 ! goddess ( abundance4 ,! rites beg9 :5 ! sun ent]s ! sign ( ! ,ram1 ! op5+ ( ! ,h9doo ye>4 ,an image ( ! goddess ,g\ri is made ( e>?1 & a small] "o ( h] husb& ,isw>a1 & ! two are plac$ toge!r4 ,a small tr5* is next dug1 b>ley is s[n 9 x1 & ! gr\nd wat]$ & heat$ artificially till ! gra9 spr\ts1 :5 ! wom5 dance r\nd x h& 9 h&1 invok+ ! bless+ ( ,g\ri on _! husb&s4 ,aft] t ! "y corn is tak5 up & di/ribut$ by ! wom5 to ! m51 :o we> x 9 _! turbans4 ,9 ^! rites ! di/ribution ( ! b>ley %oots to ! m51 & ! invocation ( a bless+ on _! husb&s by ! wives1 po9t cle>ly to ! desire ( (fspr+ z "o motive = obs]v+ ! cu/om4 ,! same motive probably expla9s ! use ( g>d5s ( ,adonis at ! m>riage ( ,brahmans 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,se$s ( five or n9e sorts are mix$ & s[n 9 e>!n pots1 :i* are made specially = ! purpose & are fill$ ) e>?4 ,bride & bridegroom wat] ! se$s bo? morn+ & ev5+ = f\r days2 & on ! fif? day ! se$l+s are ?r[n1 l ! real g>d5s ( ,adonis1 into a tank or riv]4 ,9 ,s>d9ia ! g>d5s ( ,adonis are /ill plant$ 9 connexion ) ! great midsumm] fe/ival :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,john4 ,at ! end ( ,m>* or on ! fir/ ( ,april a "y man ( ! village pres5ts himself to a girl1 & asks h] to be 8 com>e 7gossip or swee!>t71 (f]+ to be h] comp>e4 ,! invitation is consid]$ z an hon\r by ! girl's family1 & is gladly accept$4 ,at ! end ( ,may ! girl makes a pot ( ! b>k ( ! cork-tree1 fills x ) e>?1 & s[s a h&ful ( :eat & b>ley 9 x4 ,! pot be+ plac$ 9 ! sun & (t5 wat]$1 ! corn spr\ts rapidly & has a good head by ,midsumm] ,eve 7,/4 ,john's ,eve1 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june74 ,! pot is !n call$ ,erme or ,n5n]i4 ,on ,/4 ,john's ,day ! "y man & ! girl1 dress$ 9 _! be/1 accompani$ by a long ret9ue & prec$$ by *ildr5 gamboll+ & frolick+1 move 9 procession to a *ur* outside ! village4 ,"h !y break ! pot by ?r[+ x aga9/ ! door ( ! *ur*4 ,!n !y sit d[n 9 a r+ on ! grass & eat eggs & h]bs to ! music ( flutes4 ,w9e is mix$ 9 a cup & pass$ r\nd1 ea* "o dr9k+ z x passes4 ,!n !y jo9 h&s & s+ ,swee!>ts ( ,/4 ,john 7,comp>e e com>e di ,san ,giovanni7 ov] & ov] aga91 ! flutes play+ ! :ile4 ,:5 !y tire ( s++ !y /& up & dance gaily 9 a r+ till ev5+4 ,?is is ! g5]al ,s>d9ian cu/om4 ,z practis$ at ,ozi]i x has "s special features4 ,9 ,may ! pots are made ( cork-b>k & plant$ ) corn1 z already describ$4 ,!n on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john ! w9d[-sills are drap$ ) ri* clo?s1 on :i* ! pots are plac$1 adorn$ ) crimson & blue silk & ribbons ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,on ea* ( ! pots !y us$ =m]ly to place a /atuette or clo? doll dress$ z a woman1 or a ,priapus-l figure made ( pa/e2 b ?is cu/om1 rigor\sly =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*1 has fall5 into disuse4 ,! village swa9s g ab\t 9 a troop to look at ! pots & _! decorations & to wait = ! girls1 :o assemble on ! public squ>e to celebrate ! fe/ival4 ,"h a great bonfire is k9dl$1 r\nd :i* !y dance & make m]ry4 ,^? :o wi% to be ,swee!>ts ( ,/4 ,john act z foll[s4 ,! "y man /&s on "o side ( ! bonfire & ! girl on ! o!r1 & !y1 9 a mann]1 jo9 h&s by ea* grasp+ "o end ( a long /ick1 :i* !y pass ?ree times backw>ds & =w>ds across ! fire1 ?us ?ru/+ _! h&s ?rice rapidly into ! flames4 ,?is seals _! relation%ip to ea* o!r4 ,danc+ & music g on till late at night4 ,! correspond5ce ( ^! ,s>d9ian pots ( gra9 to ! g>d5s ( ,adonis seems complete1 & ! images =m]ly plac$ 9 !m answ] to ! images ( ,adonis :i* accompani$ 8 g>d5s4 ,cu/oms ( ! same sort are obs]v$ at ! same season 9 ,sicily4 ,pairs ( boys & girls become gossips ( ,/4 ,john on ,/4 ,john's ,day by draw+ ea* a hair f 8 or h] head & p]=m+ v>i\s c]emonies ov] !m4 ,?us !y tie ! hairs toge!r & ?r[ !m up 9 ! air1 or ex*ange !m ov] a pot%]d1 :i* !y aft]w>ds break 9 two1 pres]v+ ea* a fragm5t ) pi\s c>e4 ,! tie =m$ 9 ! latt] way is suppos$ to la/ = life4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sicily ! gossips ( ,/4 ,john pres5t ea* o!r ) plates ( spr\t+ corn1 l5tils1 & can>y se$1 :i* h be5 plant$ =ty days be=e ! fe/ival4 ,! "o :o receives ! plate pulls a /alk ( ! "y plants1 b9ds x ) a ribbon1 & pres]ves x among 8 or h] greate/ treasures1 re/or+ ! platt] to ! giv]4 ,at ,catania ! gossips ex*ange pots ( basil & great cucumb]s2 ! girls t5d ! basil1 & ! ?ick] x gr[s ! m x is priz$4 ,9 ^! midsumm] cu/oms ( ,s>d9ia & ,sicily x is possible t1 z ,mr4 ,r4 ,wns* supposes1 ,/4 ,john has replac$ ,adonis4 ,we h se5 t ! rites ( ,tammuz or ,adonis 7 commonly celebrat$ ab\t midsumm]2 accord+ to ,j]ome1 _! date 0 ,june4 ,9 ,sicily g>d5s ( ,adonis are /ill s[n 9 spr+ z well z 9 summ]1 f :i* we may p]haps inf] t ,sicily z well z ,syria celebrat$ ( old a v]nal fe/ival ( ! dead & ris5 god4 ,at ! approa* ( ,ea/]1 ,sicilian wom5 s[ :eat1 l5tils1 & can>yse$ 9 plates1 :i* !y keep 9 ! d>k & wat] e two days4 ,! plants soon %oot up2 ! /alks are ti$ toge!r ) r$ ribbons1 & ! plates conta9+ !m are plac$ on ! sepul*res :i*1 ) ! effigies ( ! dead ,*ri/1 are made up 9 ,ca?olic & ,greek *ur*es on ,good ,friday1 j z ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 7 plac$ on ! grave ( ! dead ,adonis4 ,! practice is n conf9$ to ,sicily1 = x is obs]v$ also at ,cos5za 9 ,calabria1 & p]haps 9 o!r places4 ,! :ole cu/om--sepul*res z well z plates ( spr\t+ gra9--may be no?+ b a cont9uation1 "u a diff]5t "n1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis4 ,nor are ^! ,sicilian & ,calabrian cu/oms ! only ,ea/] c]emonies :i* resemble ! rites ( ,adonis4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ,good ,friday a wax5 effigy ( ! dead ,*ri/ is expos$ to view 9 ! middle ( ! ,greek *ur*es & is cov]$ ) f]v5t kisses by ! ?rong+ cr[d1 :ile ! :ole *ur* r+s ) melan*oly1 monoton\s dirges4 ,late 9 ! ev5+1 :5 x has gr[n q d>k1 ?is wax5 image is c>ri$ by ! prie/s into ! /reet on a bi] adorn$ ) lemons1 roses1 jessam9e1 & o!r fl[]s1 & !re beg9s a gr& procession ( ! multitude1 :o move 9 s]ri$ ranks1 ) sl[ & solemn /ep1 ?r\gh ! :ole t[n4 ,e man c>ries 8 tap] & breaks out into doleful lam5tation4 ,at all ! h\ses :i* ! procession passes !re are seat$ wom5 ) c5s]s to fumigate ! m>*+ ho/4 ,?us ! community solemnly buries its ,*ri/ z if he _h j di$4 ,at la/ ! wax5 image is aga9 deposit$ 9 ! *ur*1 & ! same lugubri\s *ants e*o anew4 ,^! lam5tations1 accompani$ by a /rict fa/1 cont9ue till midnight on ,saturday4 ,z ! clock /rikes twelve1 ! bi%op appe>s & ann\nces ! glad tid+s t ',*ri/ is ris51' to :i* ! cr[d replies1 ',he is ris5 inde$1' & at once ! :ole city bur/s into an upro> ( joy1 :i* f9ds v5t 9 %rieks & %\ts1 9 ! endless dis*>ge ( c>ronades & muskets1 & ! explosion ( fire-works ( e sort4 ,9 ! v same h\r p plunge f ! extremity ( ! fa/ into ! enjoym5t ( ! ,ea/] lamb & neat w9e4 ,9 l mann] ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 accu/om$ to br+ be=e its foll[]s 9 a visible =m ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,su* sacr$ dramas are well fitt$ to impress ! lively imag9ation & to /ir ! w>m feel+s ( a susceptible s\!rn race1 to :om ! pomp & pageantry ( ,ca?olicism are m cong5ial ?an to ! cold] temp]am5t ( ! ,teutonic peoples4 ,:5 we reflect h[ (t5 ! ,*ur* has skilfully contriv$ to plant ! se$s ( ! new fai? on ! old /ock ( paganism1 we may surmise t ! ,ea/] celebration ( ! dead & ris5 ,*ri/ 0 graft$ ^u a simil> celebration ( ! dead & ris5 ,adonis1 :i*1 z we h se5 reason to believe1 0 celebrat$ 9 ,syria at ! same season4 ,! type1 creat$ by ,greek arti/s1 ( ! sorr[ful goddess ) h] dy+ lov] 9 h] arms1 resembles & may h be5 ! model ( ! ,piet ( ,*ri/ian art1 ! ,virg9 ) ! dead body ( h] div9e ,son 9 h] lap1 ( :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ example is ! "o by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ,/4 ,pet]s4 ,t noble gr\p1 9 :i* ! liv+ sorr[ ( ! "m contra/s s wond]fully ) ! languor ( dea? 9 ! son1 is "o ( ! f9e/ compositions 9 m>ble4 ,anci5t ,greek art has bequea!d to u few works s beautiful1 & none s pa!tic4 ,9 ?is connexion a well-kn[n /atem5t ( ,j]ome may n be )\t significance4 ,he tells u t ,be?lehem1 ! tradition>y bir?place ( ! ,"l1 0 %ad$ by a grove ( t /ill old] ,syrian ,"l1 ,adonis1 & t :]e ! infant ,jesus _h wept1 ! lov] ( ,v5us 0 bewail$4 ,?\gh he does n expressly say s1 ,j]ome seems to h ?\ght t ! grove ( ,adonis _h be5 plant$ by ! hea!n aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/ = ! purpose ( defil+ ! sacr$ spot4 ,9 ?is he may h be5 mi/ak54 ,if ,adonis 0 inde$1 z ,i h argu$1 ! _s ( ! corn1 a m suitable "n = 8 dwell+-place c\ld h>dly be f\nd ?an ,be?lehem1 ! ,h\se ( ,bread1 & he may well h be5 wor%ipp$ !re at 8 ,h\se ( ,bread long ages be=e ! bir? ( ,him :o said1 ,i am ! bread ( life4 ,ev5 on ! hypo!sis t ,adonis foll[$ r ?an prec$$ ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem1 ! *oice ( 8 sad figure to div]t ! allegiance ( ,*ri/ians f _! ,"l _c b /rike u z em95tly appropriate :5 we rememb] ! simil>ity ( ! rites :i* commemorat$ ! dea? & resurrection ( ! two4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ seats ( ! wor%ip ( ! new god 0 ,antio*1 & at ,antio*1 z we h se51 ! dea? ( ! old god 0 annually celebrat$ ) great solemnity4 ,a circum/ance :i* att5d$ ! entrance ( ,julian into ! city at ! "t ( ! ,adonis fe/ival may p]haps ?r[ "s light on ! date ( its celebration4 ,:5 ! emp]or drew ne> to ! city he 0 receiv$ ) public pray]s z if he _h be5 a god1 & he m>vell$ at ! voices ( a great multitude :o cri$ t ! ,/> ( ,salvation _h dawn$ ^u !m 9 ! ,ea/4 ,?is may d\btless h be5 no m ?an a fulsome complim5t paid by an obsequi\s ,ori5tal cr[d to ! ,roman emp]or4 ,b x is also possible t ! ris+ ( a bright /> regul>ly gave ! signal = ! fe/ival1 & t z *ance w\ld h x ! /> em]g$ above ! rim ( ! ea/]n horizon at ! v mom5t ( ! emp]or's approa*4 ,! co9cid5ce1 if x happ5$1 c\ld h>dly fail to /rike ! imag9ation ( a sup]/iti\s & excit$ multitude1 :o might !reupon hail ! great man z ! deity ^: com+ 0 ann\nc$ by ! sign 9 ! heav5s4 ,or ! emp]or may h mi/ak5 = a greet+ to himself ! %\ts :i* 7 address$ to ! />4 ,n[ ,a/>te1 ! div9e mi/ress ( ,adonis1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,v5us1 & h] *anges f a morn+ to an ev5+ /> 7 c>efully not$ by ! ,babylonian a/ronom]s1 :o drew om5s f h] alt]nate appe>ance & disappe>ance4 ,h5ce we may conjecture t ! fe/ival ( ,adonis 0 regul>ly tim$ to co9cide ) ! appe>ance ( ,v5us z ! ,morn+ or ,ev5+ ,/>4 ,b ! /> :i* ! p ( ,antio* salut$ at ! fe/ival 0 se5 9 ! ,ea/2 !re=e1 if x 0 inde$ ,v5us1 x c only h be5 ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ,at ,aphaca 9 ,syria1 :]e !re 0 a fam\s temple ( ,a/>te1 ! signal = ! celebration ( ! rites 0 app>5tly giv5 by ! fla%+ ( a meteor1 :i* on a c]ta9 day fell l a /> f ! top ( ,m\nt ,lebanon into ! riv] ,adonis4 ,! meteor 0 ?\ght to be ,a/>te h]self1 & its flight ?r\gh ! air might naturally be int]pret$ z ! desc5t ( ! amor\s goddess to ! arms ( h] lov]4 ,at ,antio* & else:]e ! appe>ance ( ! ,morn+ ,/> on ! day ( ! fe/ival may 9 l mann] h be5 hail$ z ! com+ ( ! goddess ( love to wake h] dead leman f 8 e>?y b$4 ,if t 7 s1 we may surmise t x 0 ! ,morn+ ,/> :i* guid$ ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ to ,be?lehem1 ! hall[$ spot :i* he>d1 9 ! language ( ,j]ome1 ! weep+ ( ! infant ,*ri/ & ! lam5t = ,adonis4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! ,my? & ,ritual ( ,attis ,,ano!r ( ^? gods ^: suppos$ dea? & resurrection /ruck su* deep roots into ! fai? & ritual ( ,we/]n ,asia is ,attis4 ,he 0 to ,phrygia :at ,adonis 0 to ,syria4 ,l ,adonis1 he appe>s to h be5 a god ( vegetation1 & 8 dea? & resurrection 7 annually m\rn$ & rejoic$ ov] at a fe/ival 9 spr+4 ,! leg5ds & rites ( ! two gods 7 s mu* alike t ! anci5ts !mselves sometimes id5tifi$ !m4 ,attis 0 said to h be5 a fair "y %eph]d or h]dsman belov$ by ,cybele1 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 a great ,asiatic goddess ( f]tility1 :o _h h] *ief home 9 ,phrygia4 ,"s held t ,attis 0 h] son4 ,8 bir?1 l t ( _m o!r h]oes1 is said to h be5 miracul\s4 ,8 "m1 ,nana1 0 a virg91 :o conceiv$ by putt+ a ripe almond or a pomegranate 9 h] bosom4 ,inde$ 9 ! ,phrygian cosmogony an almond figur$ z ! fa!r ( all ?+s1 p]haps because its delicate lilac blossom is "o ( ! fir/ h]alds ( ! spr+1 appe>+ on ! b>e b\ghs be=e ! leaves h op5$4 ,su* tales ( virg9 mo!rs are relics ( an age ( *ildi% ignorance :5 m5 _h n yet recogniz$ ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes z ! true cause ( (fspr+4 ,two diff]5t acc\nts ( ! dea? ( ,attis 7 curr5t4 ,accord+ to ! "o he 0 kill$ by a bo>1 l ,adonis4 ,accord+ to ! o!r he unmann$ himself "u a p9e-tree1 & bl$ to dea? on ! spot4 ,! latt] is said to h be5 ! local /ory told by ! p ( ,pess9us1 a great seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,cybele1 & ! :ole leg5d ( :i* ! /ory =ms a "p is /amp$ ) a "* ( rud5ess & savag]y t speaks /rongly = its antiquity4 ,bo? tales might claim ! support ( cu/om1 or r bo? 7 probably inv5t$ to expla9 c]ta9 cu/oms obs]v$ by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! /ory ( ! self-mutilation ( ,attis is cle>ly an attempt to acc\nt = ! self-mutilation ( 8 prie/s1 :o regul>ly ca/rat$ !mselves on ent]+ ! s]vice ( ! goddess4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea? by ! bo> may h be5 told to expla9 :y 8 wor%ipp]s1 especially ! p ( ,pess9us1 ab/a9$ f eat+ sw9e4 ,9 l mann] ! wor%ipp]s ( ,adonis ab/a9$ f pork1 because a bo> _h kill$ _! god4 ,aft] 8 dea? ,attis is said to h be5 *ang$ into a p9e-tree4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,phrygian ,"m ( ! ,gods 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans 9 #bjd ,b4,c4 t[>ds ! close ( _! long /ruggle ) ,hannibal4 ,= _! droop+ spirits _h be5 opportunely *e]$ by a prophecy1 alleg$ to be drawn f t conv5i5t f>rago ( nons5se1 ! ,sibyll9e ,books1 t ! =eign invad] w\ld be driv5 f ,italy if ! great ,ori5tal goddess 7 br\ght to ,rome4 ,accord+ly ambassadors 7 despat*$ to h] sacr$ city ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia4 ,! small black /one :i* embodi$ ! mighty div9ity 0 entru/$ to !m & convey$ to ,rome1 :]e x 0 receiv$ ) great respect & in/all$ 9 ! temple ( ,victory on ! ,palat9e ,hill4 ,x 0 ! middle ( ,april :5 ! goddess arriv$1 & %e w5t to "w at once4 ,= ! h>ve/ t ye> 0 su* z _h n be5 se5 = _m a long day1 & 9 ! v next ye> ,hannibal & 8 vet]ans emb>k$ = ,africa4 ,z he look$ 8 la/ on ! coa/ ( ,italy1 fad+ beh9d him 9 ! di/ance1 he c\ld n =esee t ,europe1 :i* _h repell$ ! arms1 w\ld yet yield to ! gods1 ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! vangu>d ( ! conqu]ors _h already encamp$ 9 ! he>t ( ,italy be=e ! re>gu>d ( ! beat5 army fell sull5ly back f its %ores4 ,we may conjecture1 ?\gh we are n told1 t ! ,"m ( ! ,gods br\ght ) h] ! wor%ip ( h] y\?ful lov] or son to h] new home 9 ! ,we/4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,romans 7 famili> ) ! ,galli1 ! emasculat$ prie/s ( ,attis1 be=e ! close ( ! ,republic4 ,^! unsex$ be+s1 9 _! ,ori5tal co/ume1 ) little images susp5d$ on _! brea/s1 appe> to h be5 a famili> sight 9 ! /reets ( ,rome1 :i* !y trav]s$ 9 procession1 c>ry+ ! image ( ! goddess & *ant+ _! hymns to ! music ( cymbals & tamb\r9es1 flutes & horns1 :ile ! p1 impress$ by ! fanta/ic %[ & mov$ by ! wild /ra9s1 flung alms to !m 9 abundance1 & buri$ ! image & its be>]s "u %[]s ( roses4 ,a fur!r /ep 0 tak5 by ! ,emp]or ,claudius :5 he incorporat$ ! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ! sacr$ tree1 & ) x probably ! orgia/ic rites ( ,attis1 9 ! e/abli%$ religion ( ,rome4 ,! great spr+ fe/ival ( ,cybele & ,attis is be/ kn[n to u 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 celebrat$ at ,rome2 b z we are in=m$ t ! ,roman c]emonies 7 also ,phrygian1 we may assume t !y diff]$ h>dly1 if at all1 f _! ,asiatic orig9al4 ,! ord] ( ! fe/ival seems to h be5 z foll[s4 ,on ! tw5ty-second day ( ,m>*1 a p9e-tree 0 cut 9 ! woods & br\ght into ! sanctu>y ( ,cybele1 :]e x 0 treat$ z a great div9ity4 ,! duty ( c>ry+ ! sacr$ tree 0 entru/$ to a guild ( ,tree-be>]s4 ,! trunk 0 swa!d l a corpse ) wooll5 b&s & deck$ ) wrea?s ( violets1 = violets 7 said to h sprung f ! blood ( ,attis1 z roses & anemones f ! blood ( ,adonis2 & ! effigy ( a "y man1 d\btless ,attis himself1 0 ti$ to ! middle ( ! /em4 ,on ! second day ( ! fe/ival1 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,m>*1 ! *ief c]emony seems to h be5 a bl[+ ( trumpets4 ,! ?ird day1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,m>*1 0 kn[n z ! ,day ( ,blood3 ! ,ar*igallus or highprie/ drew blood f 8 arms & pres5t$ x z an (f]+4 ,nor 0 he alone 9 mak+ ?is bloody sacrifice4 ,/irr$ by ! wild b>b>ic music ( cla%+ cymbals1 rumbl+ drums1 dron+ horns1 & scream+ flutes1 ! inf]ior cl]gy :irl$ ab\t 9 ! dance ) waggl+ heads & /ream+ hair1 until1 rapt into a fr5zy ( excitem5t & ins5sible to pa91 !y ga%$ _! bodies ) pot%]ds or sla%$ !m ) knives 9 ord] to bespatt] ! alt> & ! sacr$ tree ) _! fl[+ blood4 ,! gha/ly rite probably =m$ "p ( ! m\rn+ = ,attis & may h be5 int5d$ to /r5g!n him = ! resurrection4 ,! ,au/ralian aborig9es cut !mselves 9 l mann] ov] ! graves ( _! fri5ds = ! purpose1 p]haps1 ( enabl+ !m to be born aga94 ,fur!r1 we may conjecture1 ?\gh we are n expressly told1 t x 0 on ! same ,day ( ,blood & = ! same purpose t ! novices sacrific$ _! virility4 ,wr\ght up to ! highe/ pit* ( religi\s excitem5t !y da%$ ! sev]$ portions ( !mselves aga9/ ! image ( ! cruel goddess4 ,^! brok5 in/rum5ts ( f]tility 7 aft]w>ds rev]5tly wrapt up & buri$ 9 ! e>? or 9 subt]ranean *amb]s sacr$ to ,cybele1 :]e1 l ! (f]+ ( blood1 !y may h be5 deem$ in/rum5tal 9 recall+ ,attis to life & ha/5+ ! g5]al resurrection ( nature1 :i* 0 !n bur/+ into leaf & blossom 9 ! v]nal sun%9e4 ,"s confirmation ( ?is conjecture is furni%$ by ! savage /ory t ! "m ( ,attis conceiv$ by putt+ 9 h] bosom a pomegranate sprung f ! sev]$ g5itals ( a man-mon/] nam$ ,agde/is1 a sort ( d\ble ( ,attis4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjectural explanation ( ! cu/om1 we c readily und]/& :y o!r ,asiatic goddesses ( f]tility 7 s]v$ 9 l mann] by eunu* prie/s4 ,^! fem99e deities requir$ to receive f _! male m9i/]s1 :o p]sonat$ ! div9e lov]s1 ! means ( dis*>g+ _! b5efic5t functions3 !y _h !mselves to be impregnat$ by ! life-giv+ en]gy be=e !y c\ld transmit x to ! _w4 ,goddesses ?us m9i/]$ to by eunu* prie/s 7 ! great ,artemis ( ,ephesus & ! great ,syrian ,a/>te ( ,hi]apolis1 ^: sanctu>y1 frequ5t$ by sw>ms ( pilgrims & enri*$ by ! (f]+s ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 ( ,arabia & ,pho5icia1 0 p]haps 9 ! days ( its glory ! mo/ popul> 9 ! ,ea/4 ,n[ ! unsex$ prie/s ( ?is ,syrian goddess resembl$ ^? ( ,cybele s closely t "s p took !m to be ! same4 ,& ! mode 9 :i* !y d$icat$ !mselves to ! religi\s life 0 simil>4 ,! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ye> at ,hi]apolis fell at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 :5 multitudes ?rong$ to ! sanctu>y f ,syria & ! regions r\nd ab\t4 ,:ile ! flutes play$1 ! drums beat1 & ! eunu* prie/s sla%$ !mselves ) knives1 ! religi\s excitem5t gradually spread l a wave among ! cr[d ( onlook]s1 & _m a "o did t :i* he little ?\ght to d :5 he came z a holiday spectator to ! fe/ival4 ,= man aft] man1 8 ve9s ?robb+ ) ! music1 8 eyes fasc9at$ by ! sight ( ! /ream+ blood1 flung 8 g>m5ts f him1 leap$ =? ) a %\t1 & seiz+ "o ( ! swords :i* /ood ready = ! purpose1 ca/rat$ himself on ! spot4 ,!n he ran ?r\gh ! city1 hold+ ! bloody pieces 9 8 h&1 till he ?rew !m into "o ( ! h\ses :i* he pass$ 9 8 mad c>e]4 ,! h\sehold ?us hon\r$ _h to furni% him ) a suit ( female attire & female ornam5ts1 :i* he wore = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,:5 ! tumult ( emotion _h subsid$1 & ! man _h come to himself aga91 ! irrevocable sacrifice mu/ (t5 h be5 foll[$ by passionate sorr[ & lifelong regret4 ,?is revulsion ( natural human feel+ aft] ! fr5zies ( a fanatical religion is p[]fully depict$ by ,catullus 9 a celebrat$ poem4 ,! p>allel ( ^! ,syrian devotees confirms ! view t 9 ! simil> wor%ip ( ,cybele ! sacrifice ( virility took place on ! ,day ( ,blood at ! v]nal rites ( ! goddess1 :5 ! violets1 suppos$ to spr+ f ! r$ drops ( h] w\nd$ lov]1 7 9 bloom among ! p9es4 ,inde$ ! /ory t ,attis unmann$ himself "u a p9e-tree 0 cle>ly devis$ to expla9 :y 8 prie/s did ! same beside ! sacr$ violet-wrea!d tree at 8 fe/ival4 ,at all ev5ts1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,day ( ,blood witness$ ! m\rn+ = ,attis ov] an effigy ( him :i* 0 aft]w>ds buri$4 ,! image ?us laid 9 ! sepul*re 0 probably ! same :i* _h hung ^u ! tree4 ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( m\rn+ ! wor%ipp]s fa/$ f bread1 nom9ally because ,cybele _h done s 9 h] grief = ! dea? ( ,attis1 b really p]haps = ! same reason :i* induc$ ! wom5 ( ,h>ran to ab/a9 f eat+ any?+ gr\nd 9 a mill :ile !y wept = ,tammuz4 ,to p>take ( bread or fl\r at su* a season might h be5 deem$ a wanton pr(anation ( ! bruis$ & brok5 body ( ! god4 ,or ! fa/ may possibly h be5 a prep>ation = a sacram5tal meal4 ,b :5 night _h fall51 ! sorr[ ( ! wor%ipp]s 0 turn$ to joy4 ,= sudd5ly a light %one 9 ! d>kness3 ! tomb 0 op5$3 ! god _h ris5 f ! dead2 & z ! prie/ t\*$ ! lips ( ! weep+ m\rn]s ) balm1 he s(tly :isp]$ 9 _! e>s ! glad tid+s ( salvation4 ,! resurrection ( ! god 0 hail$ by 8 disciples z a promise t !y too w\ld issue triumphant f ! corruption ( ! grave4 ,on ! morr[1 ! tw5ty-fif? day ( ,m>*1 :i* 0 reckon$ ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! div9e resurrection 0 celebrat$ ) a wild outbur/ ( glee4 ,at ,rome1 & probably else:]e1 ! celebration took ! =m ( a c>nival4 ,x 0 ! ,fe/ival ( ,joy 7,hil>ia74 ,a univ]sal lic5ce prevail$4 ,e man might say & d :at he pleas$4 ,p w5t ab\t ! /reets 9 disguise4 ,no dignity 0 too high or too sacr$ = ! humble/ citiz5 to assume ) impunity4 ,9 ! reign ( ,commodus a b& ( conspirators ?\ght to take advantage ( ! masqu]ade by dress+ 9 ! uni=m ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 & s1 m+l+ ) ! cr[d ( m]rymak]s1 to get )9 /abb+ di/ance ( ! emp]or4 ,b ! plot misc>ri$4 ,ev5 ! /]n ,alex&] ,sev]us us$ to relax s f> on ! joy\s day z to admit a pheasant to 8 frugal bo>d4 ,! next day1 ! tw5ty-six? ( ,m>*1 0 giv5 to repose1 :i* mu/ h be5 mu* ne$$ aft] ! v>i$ excitem5ts & fatigues ( ! prec$+ days4 ,f9ally1 ! ,roman fe/ival clos$ on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,m>* ) a procession to ! brook ,almo4 ,! silv] image ( ! goddess1 ) its face ( jagg$ black /one1 sat 9 a waggon drawn by ox54 ,prec$$ by ! nobles walk+ b>efoot1 x mov$ sl[ly1 to ! l\d music ( pipes & tamb\r9es1 out by ! ,porta ,cap5a1 & s d[n to ! banks ( ! ,almo1 :i* fl[s into ! ,tib] j bel[ ! walls ( ,rome4 ,!re ! high-prie/1 rob$ 9 purple1 wa%$ ! waggon1 ! image1 & ! o!r sacr$ objects 9 ! wat] ( ! /ream4 ,on return+ f _! ba?1 ! wa9 & ! ox5 7 /rewn ) fre% spr+ fl[]s4 ,all 0 mir? & gaiety4 ,no "o ?\ght ( ! blood t _h fl[$ s lately4 ,ev5 ! eunu* prie/s =got _! w\nds4 ,su*1 !n1 appe>s to h be5 ! annual solemnisation ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,attis 9 spr+4 ,b besides ^! public rites1 8 wor%ip is kn[n to h compris$ c]ta9 secret or my/ic c]emonies1 :i* probably aim$ at br++ ! wor%ipp]1 & especially ! novice1 into clos] communication ) 8 god4 ,our in=mation z to ! nature ( ^! my/]ies & ! date ( _! celebration is un=tunately v scanty1 b !y seem to h includ$ a sacram5tal meal & a baptism ( blood4 ,9 ! sacram5t ! novice became a p>tak] ( ! my/]ies by eat+ out ( a drum & dr9k+ out ( a cymbal1 two in/rum5ts ( music :i* figur$ prom95tly 9 ! ?rill+ or*e/ra ( ,attis4 ,! fa/ :i* accompani$ ! m\rn+ = ! dead god may p]haps h be5 design$ to prep>e ! body ( ! communicant = ! reception ( ! bless$ sacram5t by purg+ x ( all t c\ld defile by contact ! sacr$ elem5ts4 ,9 ! baptism ! devotee1 cr[n$ ) gold & wrea!d ) fillets1 desc5d$ into a pit1 ! m\? ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) a wood5 grat+4 ,a bull1 adorn$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s1 its =ehead glitt]+ ) gold leaf1 0 !n driv5 on to ! grat+ & !re /abb$ to dea? ) a consecrat$ spe>4 ,its hot reek+ blood p\r$ 9 torr5ts ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 & 0 receiv$ ) dev\t eag]ness by ! wor%ipp] on e "p ( 8 p]son & g>m5ts1 till he em]g$ f ! pit1 dr5*$1 dripp+1 & sc>let f head to foot1 to receive ! homage1 nay ! adoration1 ( 8 fell[s z "o :o _h be5 born aga9 to et]nal life & _h wa%$ away 8 s9s 9 ! blood ( ! bull4 ,= "s "t aft]w>ds ! fiction ( a new bir? 0 kept up by diet+ him on milk l a new-born babe4 ,! reg5]ation ( ! wor%ipp] took place at ! same "t z ! reg5]ation ( 8 god1 namely at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,at ,rome ! new bir? & ! remission ( s9s by ! %$d+ ( bull's blood appe> to h be5 c>ri$ out above all at ! sanctu>y ( ! ,phrygian goddess on ! ,vatican ,hill1 at or ne> ! spot :]e ! great basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]'s n[ /&s2 = _m inscriptions relat+ to ! rites 7 f\nd :5 ! *ur* 0 be+ enl>g$ 9 #afjh or #afji4 ,f ! ,vatican z a c5tre ?is b>b>\s sy/em ( sup]/ition seems to h spread to o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman empire4 ,inscriptions f\nd 9 ,gaul & ,g]many prove t prov9cial sanctu>ies modell$ _! ritual on t ( ! ,vatican4 ,f ! same s\rce we le>n t ! te/icles z well z ! blood ( ! bull play$ an important "p 9 ! c]emonies4 ,probably !y 7 reg>d$ z a p[]ful *>m to promote f]tility & ha/5 ! new bir?4 ,,xxxv4 ,attis z a ,god ( ,vegetation ,,! ,,orig9al "* ( ,attis z a tree-_s is br\ght out pla9ly by ! "p :i* ! p9e-tree plays 9 8 leg5d1 8 ritual1 & 8 monum5ts4 ,! /ory t he 0 a human be+ trans=m$ into a p9e-tree is only "o ( ^? transp>5t attempts at rationalis+ old beliefs :i* meet u s frequ5tly 9 my?ology4 ,! br++ 9 ( ! p9e-tree f ! woods1 deck$ ) violets & wooll5 b&s1 is l br++ 9 ! ,may-tree or ,summ]-tree 9 mod]n folk-cu/om2 & ! effigy :i* 0 atta*$ to ! p9e-tree 0 only a duplicate repres5tative ( ! tree-_s ,attis4 ,aft] be+ fa/5$ to ! tree1 ! effigy 0 kept = a ye> & !n burn$4 ,! same ?+ appe>s to h be5 sometimes done ) ! ,may-pole2 & 9 l mann] ! effigy ( ! corn-_s1 made at h>ve/1 is (t5 pres]v$ till x is replac$ by a new effigy at next ye>'s h>ve/4 ,! orig9al int5tion ( su* cu/oms 0 no d\bt to ma9ta9 ! _s ( vegetation 9 life ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:y ! ,phrygians %\ld h wor%ipp$ ! p9e above o!r trees we c only guess4 ,p]haps ! sight ( its *angeless1 ?\gh sombre1 gre5 cre/+ ! ridges ( ! high hills above ! fad+ spl5d\r ( ! autumn woods 9 ! valleys may h seem$ to _! eyes to m>k x out z ! seat ( a div9] life1 ( some?+ exempt f ! sad vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 con/ant & et]nal z ! sky :i* /oop$ to meet x4 ,= ! same reason1 p]haps1 ivy 0 sacr$ to ,attis2 at all ev5ts1 we read t 8 eunu* prie/s 7 tattoo$ ) a patt]n ( ivy leaves4 ,ano!r reason = ! sanctity ( ! p9e may h be5 its usefulness4 ,! cones ( ! /one-p9e conta9 edible nut-l se$s1 :i* h be5 us$ z food s9ce antiquity1 & are /ill eat51 = example1 by ! poor] classes 9 ,rome4 ,moreov]1 a w9e 0 brew$ f ^! se$s1 & ?is may p>tly acc\nt = ! orgia/ic nature ( ! rites ( ,cybele1 :i* ! anci5ts comp>$ to ^? ( ,dionysus4 ,fur!r1 p9e-cones 7 reg>d$ z symbols or r in/rum5ts ( f]tility4 ,h5ce at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria !y 7 ?r[n1 along ) pigs & o!r ag5ts or emblems ( fecundity1 into ! sacr$ vaults ( ,demet] = ! purpose ( quick5+ ! gr\nd & ! wombs ( wom54 ,l tree-spirits 9 g5]al1 ,attis 0 app>5tly ?\ght to wield p[] ov] ! fruits ( ! e>? or ev5 to be id5tical ) ! corn4 ,"o ( 8 epi!ts 0 v fruitful3 he 0 address$ z ! reap$ gre5 7or yell[7 e> ( corn2 & ! /ory ( 8 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection 0 int]pret$ z ! ripe gra9 w\nd$ by ! reap]1 buri$ 9 ! gran>y1 & com+ to life aga9 :5 x is s[n 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a /atue ( him 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum at ,rome cle>ly indicates 8 relation to ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & p>ticul>ly to ! corn2 = x repres5ts him ) a bun* ( e>s ( corn & fruit 9 8 h&1 & a wrea? ( p9e-cones1 pomegranates1 & o!r fruits on 8 head1 :ile f ! top ( 8 ,phrygian cap e>s ( corn are spr\t+4 ,on a /one urn1 :i* conta9$ ! a%es ( an ,ar*igallus or high-prie/ ( ,attis1 ! same idea is express$ 9 a slightly diff]5t way4 ,! top ( ! urn is adorn$ ) e>s ( corn c>v$ 9 relief1 & x is surm\nt$ by ! figure ( a cock1 ^: tail consi/s ( e>s ( corn4 ,cybele 9 l mann] 0 conceiv$ z a goddess ( f]tility :o c\ld make or m> ! fruits ( ! e>?2 = ! p ( ,augu/odunum 7,autun7 9 ,gaul us$ to c>t h] image ab\t 9 a waggon = ! good ( ! fields & v9ey>ds1 :ile !y danc$ & sang be=e x1 & we h se5 t 9 ,italy an unusually f9e h>ve/ 0 attribut$ to ! rec5t arrival ( ! ,great ,"m4 ,! ba?+ ( ! image ( ! goddess 9 a riv] may well h be5 a ra9-*>m to ensure an abundant supply ( moi/ure = ! crops4 ,,xxxvi4 ,human ,repres5tatives ( ,attis ,,f ,,inscriptions x appe>s t bo? at ,pess9us & ,rome ! high-prie/ ( ,cybele regul>ly bore ! "n ( ,attis4 ,x is !re=e a reasonable conjecture t he play$ ! "p ( 8 namesake1 ! leg5d>y ,attis1 at ! annual fe/ival4 ,we h se5 t on ! ,day ( ,blood he drew blood f 8 arms1 & ?is may h be5 an imitation ( ! self-inflict$ dea? ( ,attis "u ! p9e-tree4 ,x is n inconsi/5t ) ?is supposition t ,attis 0 also repres5t$ at ^! c]emonies by an effigy2 = in/ances c be %[n 9 :i* ! div9e be+ is fir/ repres5t$ by a liv+ p]son & aft]w>ds by an effigy1 :i* is !n burn$ or o!rwise de/roy$4 ,p]haps we may g a /ep f>!r & conjecture t ?is mimic kill+ ( ! prie/1 accompani$ by a real effusion ( 8 blood1 0 9 ,phrygia1 z x has be5 else:]e1 a sub/itute = a human sacrifice :i* 9 e>li] times 0 actually (f]$4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! old repres5tatives ( ! deity 7 put to dea? is p]haps pres]v$ 9 ! fam\s /ory ( ,m>syas4 ,he 0 said to be a ,phrygian satyr or ,sil5us1 accord+ to o!rs a %eph]d or h]dsman1 :o play$ sweetly on ! flute4 ,a fri5d ( ,cybele1 he roam$ ! c\ntry ) ! disconsolate goddess to soo! h] grief = ! dea? ( ,attis4 ,! composition ( ! ,"m's ,air1 a tune play$ on ! flute 9 hon\r ( ! ,great ,"m ,goddess1 0 attribut$ to him by ! p ( ,cela5ae 9 ,phrygia4 ,va9 ( 8 skill1 he *all5g$ ,apollo to a musical conte/1 he to play on ! flute & ,apollo on ! lyre4 ,be+ vanqui%$1 ,m>syas 0 ti$ up to a p9e-tree & flay$ or cut limb f limb ei!r by ! victori\s ,apollo or by a ,scy?ian slave4 ,8 sk9 0 %[n at ,cela5ae 9 hi/orical times4 ,x hung at ! foot ( ! citadel 9 a cave f :i* ! riv] ,m>syas ru%$ ) an impetu\s & noisy tide to jo9 ! ,mae&]4 ,s ! ,adonis bur/s full-born f ! precipices ( ! ,lebanon2 s ! blue riv] ( ,ibreez leaps 9 a cry/al jet f ! r$ rocks ( ! ,taurus2 s ! /ream1 :i* n[ rumbles deep und]gr\nd1 us$ to gleam = a mom5t on its passage f d>kness to d>kness 9 ! dim light ( ! ,corycian cave4 ,9 all ^! copi\s f\nta9s1 ) _! glad promise ( f]tility & life1 m5 ( old saw ! h& ( ,god & wor%ipp$ him beside ! ru%+ riv] ) ! music ( its tumbl+ wat]s 9 _! e>s4 ,at ,cela5ae1 if we c tru/ tradition1 ! pip] ,m>syas1 hang+ 9 8 cave1 _h a s\l = h>mony ev5 9 dea?2 = x is said t at ! s\nd ( 8 native ,phrygian melodies ! sk9 ( ! dead satyr us$ to ?rill1 b t if ! musician /ruck up an air 9 praise ( ,apollo x rema9$ deaf & motionless4 ,9 ?is ,phrygian satyr1 %eph]d1 or h]dsman :o enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,cybele1 practis$ ! music s *>act]i/ic ( h] rites1 & di$ a viol5t dea? on h] sacr$ tree1 ! p9e1 may we n detect a close resemblance to ,attis1 ! fav\rite %eph]d or h]dsman ( ! goddess1 :o is himself describ$ z a pip]1 is said to h p]i%$ "u a p9e-tree1 & 0 annually repres5t$ by an effigy hung1 l ,m>syas1 ^u a p9e8 ,we may conjecture t 9 old days ! prie/ :o bore ! "n & play$ ! "p ( ,attis at ! spr+ fe/ival ( ,cybele 0 regul>ly hang$ or o!rwise sla9 ^u ! sacr$ tree1 & t ?is b>b>\s cu/om 0 aft]w>ds mitigat$ into ! =m 9 :i* x is kn[n to u 9 lat] times1 :5 ! prie/ m]ely drew blood f 8 body "u ! tree & atta*$ an effigy in/ead ( himself to its trunk4 ,9 ! holy grove at ,upsala m5 & animals 7 sacrific$ by be+ hang$ ^u ! sacr$ trees4 ,! human victims d$icat$ to ,od9 7 regul>ly put to dea? by hang+ or by a comb9ation ( hang+ & /abb+1 ! man be+ /rung up to a tree or a gall[s & !n w\nd$ ) a spe>4 ,h5ce ,od9 0 call$ ! ,"l ( ! ,gall[s or ! ,god ( ! ,hang$1 & he is repres5t$ sitt+ "u a gall[s tree4 ,inde$ he is said to h be5 sacrific$ to himself 9 ! ord9>y way1 z we le>n f ! weird v]ses ( ! ,havamal1 9 :i* ! god describes h[ he acquir$ 8 div9e p[] by le>n+ ! magic runes3 ,i "k t ,i hung on ! w9dy tree ,= n9e :ole nights1 ,w\nd$ ) ! spe>1 d$icat$ to ,od91 ,myself to myself4 ,! ,bagobos ( ,m9danao1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 us$ annually to sacrifice human victims = ! good ( ! crops 9 a simil> way4 ,e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 :5 ! con/ellation ,orion appe>$ at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ! p knew t ! "t _h come to cle> _! fields = s[+ & to sacrifice a slave4 ,! sacrifice 0 pres5t$ to c]ta9 p[]ful spirits z paym5t = ! good ye> :i* ! p _h enjoy$1 & to ensure ! fav\r ( ! spirits = ! com+ season4 ,! victim 0 l$ to a great tree 9 ! =e/2 !re he 0 ti$ ) 8 back to ! tree & 8 arms /ret*$ high above 8 head1 9 ! attitude 9 :i* anci5t arti/s portray$ ,m>syas hang+ on ! fatal tree4 ,:ile he ?us hung by ! arms1 he 0 sla9 by a spe> ?ru/ ?r\gh 8 body at ! level ( ! armpits4 ,aft]w>ds ! body 0 cut clean ?r\gh ! middle at ! wai/1 & ! upp] "p 0 app>5tly all[$ to dangle = a little f ! tree1 :ile ! "u "p wall[$ 9 blood on ! gr\nd4 ,! two portions 7 f9ally ca/ into a %all[ tr5* beside ! tree4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 anybody :o wi%$ might cut (f a piece ( fle% or a lock ( hair f ! corpse & c>ry x to ! grave ( "s relation ^: body 0 be+ consum$ by a gh\l4 ,attract$ by ! fre% corpse1 ! gh\l w\ld leave ! m\ld]+ old body 9 peace4 ,^! sacrifices h be5 (f]$ by m5 n[ liv+4 ,9 ,greece ! great goddess ,artemis h]self appe>s to h be5 annually hang$ 9 effigy 9 h] sacr$ grove ( ,condylea among ! ,arcadian hills1 & !re accord+ly %e w5t by ! "n ( ! ,hang$ ,"o4 ,inde$ a trace ( a simil> rite may p]haps be detect$ ev5 at ,ephesus1 ! mo/ fam\s ( h] sanctu>ies1 9 ! leg5d ( a woman :o hang$ h]self & 0 !reupon dress$ by ! compassionate goddess 9 h] own div9e g>b & call$ by ! "n ( ,hecate4 ,simil>ly1 at ,melite 9 ,ph?ia1 a /ory 0 told ( a girl nam$ ,aspalis :o hang$ h]self1 b :o appe>s to h be5 m]ely a =m ( ,artemis4 ,= aft] h] dea? h] body c\ld n be f\nd1 b an image ( h] 0 discov]$ /&+ beside ! image ( ,artemis1 & ! p be/[$ on x ! title ( ,heca]ge or ,f>-%oot]1 "o ( ! regul> epi!ts ( ! goddess4 ,e ye> ! virg9s sacrific$ a "y goat to ! image by hang+ x1 because ,aspalis 0 said to h hang$ h]self4 ,! sacrifice may h be5 a sub/itute = hang+ an image or a human repres5tative ( ,artemis4 ,aga91 9 ,rhodes ! fair ,hel5 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! title ( ,hel5 ( ! ,tree1 because ! que5 ( ! isl& _h caus$ h] h&maids1 disguis$ z ,furies1 to /r+ h] up to a b\gh4 ,t ! ,asiatic ,greeks sacrific$ animals 9 ?is fa%ion is prov$ by co9s ( ,ilium1 :i* repres5t an ox or c[ hang+ on a tree & /abb$ ) a knife by a man1 :o sits among ! bran*es or on ! animal's back4 ,at ,hi]apolis also ! victims 7 hung on trees be=e !y 7 burnt4 ,) ^! ,greek & ,sc&9avian p>allels be=e u we c h>dly dismiss z :olly improbable ! conjecture t 9 ,phrygia a man-god may h hung ye> by ye> on ! sacr$ b fatal tree4 ,,xxxvii4 ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ! ,we/ ,,! ,,wor%ip ( ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods & h] lov] or son 0 v popul> "u ! ,roman ,empire4 ,inscriptions prove t ! two receiv$ div9e hon\rs1 sep>ately or conjo9tly1 n only 9 ,italy1 & especially at ,rome1 b also 9 ! prov9ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,africa1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,bulg>ia4 ,_! wor%ip surviv$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity by ,con/ant9e2 = ,symma*us records ! recurr5ce ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,great ,"m1 & 9 ! days ( ,augu/9e h] effem9ate prie/s /ill p>ad$ ! /reets & squ>es ( ,c>?age ) :it5$ faces1 sc5t$ hair1 & m9c+ gait1 :ile1 l ! m5dicant fri>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !y begg$ alms f ! pass]s-by4 ,9 ,greece1 on ! o!r h&1 ! bloody orgies ( ! ,asiatic goddess & h] consort appe> to h f\nd little fav\r4 ,! b>b>\s & cruel "* ( ! wor%ip1 ) its frantic excesses1 0 d\btless repugnant to ! good ta/e & humanity ( ! ,greeks1 :o seem to h pref]r$ ! k9dr$ b g5tl] rites ( ,adonis4 ,yet ! same features :i* %ock$ & repell$ ! ,greeks may h positively attract$ ! less ref9$ ,romans & b>b>ians ( ! ,we/4 ,! ec/atic fr5zies1 :i* 7 mi/ak5 = div9e inspiration1 ! mangl+ ( ! body1 ! !ory ( a new bir? & ! remission ( s9s ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( blood1 h all _! orig9 9 savag]y1 & !y naturally appeal$ to peoples 9 :om ! savage in/9cts 7 /ill /rong4 ,_! true "* 0 inde$ (t5 disguis$ "u a dec5t veil ( allegorical or philosophical int]pretation1 :i* probably suffic$ to impose ^u ! rapt & en?usia/ic wor%ipp]s1 reconcil+ ev5 ! m cultivat$ ( !m to ?+s :i* o!rwise mu/ h fill$ !m ) horror & disgu/4 ,! religion ( ! ,great ,"m1 ) its curi\s bl5d+ ( crude savag]y ) spiritual aspirations1 0 only "o ( a multitude ( simil> ,ori5tal fai?s :i* 9 ! lat] days ( paganism spread ov] ! ,roman ,empire1 & by saturat+ ! ,european peoples ) ali5 ideals ( life gradually und]m9$ ! :ole fabric ( anci5t civilisation4 ,greek & ,roman society 0 built on ! conception ( ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! community1 ( ! citiz5 to ! /ate2 x set ! safety ( ! commonweal?1 z ! supreme aim ( conduct1 above ! safety ( ! individual :e!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! _w to come4 ,tra9$ f infancy 9 ?is unselfi% ideal1 ! citiz5s devot$ _! lives to ! public s]vice & 7 ready to lay !m d[n = ! common good2 or if !y %rank f ! supreme sacrifice1 x nev] occurr$ to !m t !y act$ o!rwise ?an basely 9 pref]r+ _! p]sonal exi/5ce to ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry4 ,all ?is 0 *ang$ by ! spread ( ,ori5tal religions :i* inculcat$ ! communion ( ! s\l ) ,god & its et]nal salvation z ! only objects wor? liv+ =1 objects 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! prosp]ity & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate sank into insignificance4 ,! inevitable result ( ?is selfi% & immoral doctr9e 0 to )draw ! devotee m & m f ! public s]vice1 to conc5trate 8 ?\ghts on 8 own spiritual emotions1 & to bre$ 9 him a contempt = ! pres5t life :i* he reg>d$ m]ely z a probation = a bett] & an et]nal4 ,! sa9t & ! recluse1 disda9ful ( e>? & rapt 9 ec/atic contemplation ( heav51 became 9 popul> op9ion ! highe/ ideal ( humanity1 displac+ ! old ideal ( ! patriot & h]o :o1 =getful ( self1 lives & is ready to die = ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! e>?ly city seem$ poor & contemptible to m5 ^: eyes beheld ! ,city ( ,god com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,?us ! c5tre ( gravity1 s to say1 0 %ift$ f ! pres5t to a future life1 & h[ev] mu* ! o!r _w may h ga9$1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is "o lo/ heavily by ! *ange4 ,a g5]al dis9tegration ( ! body politic set 94 ,! ties ( ! /ate & ! family 7 loos5$3 ! /ructure ( society t5d$ to resolve itself into its individual elem5ts & !reby to relapse into b>b>ism2 = civilisation is only possible ?r\gh ! active co-op]ation ( ! citiz5s & _! will+ness to subord9ate _! private int]e/s to ! common good4 ,m5 refus$ to def5d _! c\ntry & ev5 to cont9ue _! k9d4 ,9 _! anxiety to save _! own s\ls & ! s\ls ( o!rs1 !y 7 cont5t to leave ! mat]ial _w1 :i* !y id5tifi$ ) ! pr9ciple ( evil1 to p]i% ar\nd !m4 ,?is obsession la/$ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! revival ( ,roman law1 ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 ( anci5t art & lit]ature at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m>k$ ! return ( ,europe to native ideals ( life & conduct1 to san]1 manli] views ( ! _w4 ,! long halt 9 ! m>* ( civilisation 0 ov]4 ,! tide ( ,ori5tal invasion _h turn$ at la/4 ,x is ebb+ /ill4 ,among ! gods ( ea/]n orig9 :o 9 ! decl9e ( ! anci5t _w compet$ aga9/ ea* o!r = ! allegiance ( ! ,we/ 0 ! old ,p]sian deity ,mi?ra4 ,! imm5se popul>ity ( 8 wor%ip is atte/$ by ! monum5ts illu/rative ( x :i* h be5 f\nd scatt]$ 9 pr(usion all ov] ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 respect bo? ( doctr9es & ( rites ! cult ( ,mi?ra appe>s to h pres5t$ _m po9ts ( resemblance n only to ! religion ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods b also to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! simil>ity /ruck ! ,*ri/ian doctors !mselves & 0 expla9$ by !m z a "w ( ! devil1 :o s\ght to s$uce ! s\ls ( m5 f ! true fai? by a false & insidi\s imitation ( x4 ,s to ! ,spani% conqu]ors ( ,mexico & ,p]u _m ( ! native hea!n rites appe>$ to be diabolical c\nt]feits ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts4 ,) m probability ! mod]n /ud5t ( comp>ative religion traces su* resemblances to ! simil> & indep5d5t work+s ( ! m9d ( man 9 8 s9c]e1 if crude1 attempts to fa?om ! secret ( ! univ]se1 & to adju/ 8 little life to its awful my/]ies4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,mi?raic religion prov$ a =midable rival to ,*ri/ianity1 comb9+ z x did a solemn ritual ) aspirations aft] moral purity & a hope ( immortality4 ,inde$ ! issue ( ! conflict betwe5 ! two fai?s appe>s = a "t to h hung 9 ! balance4 ,an in/ructive relic ( ! long /ruggle is pres]v$ 9 our fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas1 :i* ! ,*ur* seems to h borr[$ directly f its hea!n rival4 ,9 ! ,julian cal5d> ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 0 reckon$ ! w9t] sol/ice1 & x 0 reg>d$ z ! ,nativity ( ! ,sun1 because ! day beg9s to l5g!n & ! p[] ( ! sun to increase f t turn+-po9t ( ! ye>4 ,! ritual ( ! nativity1 z x appe>s to h be5 celebrat$ 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 0 rem>kable4 ,! celebrants retir$ into c]ta9 inn] %r9es1 f :i* at midnight !y issu$ ) a l\d cry1 ,! ,virg9 has br\ght =?6 ,! light is wax+6 ,! ,egyptians ev5 repres5t$ ! new-born sun by ! image ( an infant :i* on 8 bir?day1 ! w9t] sol/ice1 !y br\ght =? & exhibit$ to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,no d\bt ! ,virg9 :o ?us conceiv$ & bore a son on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 0 ! great ,ori5tal goddess :om ! ,semites call$ ! ,heav5ly ,virg9 or simply ! ,heav5ly ,goddess2 9 ,semitic l&s %e 0 a =m ( ,a/>te4 ,n[ ,mi?ra 0 regul>ly id5tifi$ by 8 wor%ipp]s ) ! ,sun1 ! ,unconqu]$ ,sun1 z !y call$ him2 h5ce 8 nativity also fell on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]4 ,! ,gospels say no?+ z to ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 & accord+ly ! e>ly ,*ur* did n celebrate x4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt came to reg>d ! six? ( ,janu>y z ! date ( ! ,nativity1 & ! cu/om ( commemorat+ ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r on t day gradually spread until by ! f\r? c5tury x 0 univ]sally e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b at ! end ( ! ?ird or ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 :i* _h nev] recognis$ ! six? ( ,janu>y z ! day ( ! ,nativity1 adopt$ ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] z ! true date1 & 9 "t its decision 0 accept$ also by ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,at ,antio* ! *ange 0 n introduc$ till ab\t ! ye> #cge ,a4,d4 ,:at consid]ations l$ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities to in/itute ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas8 ,! motives = ! innovation are /at$ ) great frankness by a ,syrian writ]1 himself a ,*ri/ian4 ,! reason1 he tells u1 :y ! fa!rs transf]r$ ! celebration ( ! six? ( ,janu>y to ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 0 ?is4 ,x 0 a cu/om ( ! hea!n to celebrate on ! same tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] ! bir?day ( ! ,sun1 at :i* !y k9dl$ lights 9 tok5 ( fe/ivity4 ,9 ^! solemnities & fe/ivities ! ,*ri/ians also took "p4 ,accord+ly :5 ! doctors ( ! ,*ur* p]ceiv$ t ! ,*ri/ians _h a lean+ to ?is fe/ival1 !y took c\nsel & resolv$ t ! true ,nativity %\ld be solemnis$ on t day & ! fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany on ! six? ( ,janu>y4 ,accord+ly1 along ) ?is cu/om1 ! practice has prevail$ ( k9dl+ fires till ! six?4 ,! hea!n orig9 ( ,*ri/mas is pla9ly h9t$ at1 if n tacitly admitt$1 by ,augu/9e :5 he exhorts 8 ,*ri/ian bre?r5 n to celebrate t solemn day l ! hea!n on acc\nt ( ! sun1 b on acc\nt ( him :o made ! sun4 ,9 l mann] ,leo ! ,great rebuk$ ! pe/il5t belief t ,*ri/mas 0 solemnis$ because ( ! bir? ( ! new sun1 z x 0 call$1 & n because ( ! nativity ( ,*ri/4 ,?us x appe>s t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* *ose to celebrate ! bir?day ( its ,f\nd] on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 9 ord] to transf] ! devotion ( ! hea!n f ! ,sun to him :o 0 call$ ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness4 ,if t 0 s1 !re c be no intr9sic improbability 9 ! conjecture t motives ( ! same sort may h l$ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities to assimilate ! ,ea/] fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( _! ,"l to ! fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ano!r ,asiatic god :i* fell at ! same season4 ,n[ ! ,ea/] rites /ill obs]v$ 9 ,greece1 ,sicily1 & ,s\!rn ,italy be> 9 "s respects a /rik+ resemblance to ! rites ( ,adonis1 & ,i h sugge/$ t ! ,*ur* may h consci\sly adapt$ ! new fe/ival to its hea!n pr$ecessor = ! sake ( w9n+ s\ls to ,*ri/4 ,b ?is adaptation probably took place 9 ! ,greek-speak+ r ?an 9 ! ,lat9-speak+ p>ts ( ! anci5t _w2 = ! wor%ip ( ,adonis1 :ile x fl\ri%$ among ! ,greeks1 appe>s to h made little impression on ,rome & ! ,we/4 ,c]ta9ly x nev] =m$ "p ( ! (ficial ,roman religion4 ,! place :i* x might h tak5 9 ! affections ( ! vulg> 0 already occupi$ by ! simil> b m b>b>\s wor%ip ( ,attis & ! ,great ,"m4 ,n[ ! dea? & resurrection ( ,attis 7 (ficially celebrat$ at ,rome on ! tw5ty-f\r? & tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*1 ! latt] be+ reg>d$ z ! spr+ equ9ox1 & !re=e z ! mo/ appropriate day = ! revival ( a god ( vegetation :o _h be5 dead or sleep+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,b accord+ to an anci5t & widespread tradition ,*ri/ suff]$ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*1 & accord+ly "s ,*ri/ians regul>ly celebrat$ ! ,crucifixion on t day )\t any reg>d to ! /ate ( ! moon4 ,?is cu/om 0 c]ta9ly obs]v$ 9 ,phrygia1 ,cappadocia1 & ,gaul1 & !re seem to be gr\nds = ?9k+ t at "o "t x 0 foll[$ also 9 ,rome4 ,?us ! tradition :i* plac$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* 0 anci5t & deeply root$4 ,x is all ! m rem>kable because a/ronomical consid]ations prove t x c h _h no hi/orical f\ndation4 ,! inf]5ce appe>s to be inevitable t ! passion ( ,*ri/ mu/ h be5 arbitr>ily ref]r$ to t date 9 ord] to h>monise ) an old] fe/ival ( ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,?is is ! view ( ! le>n$ ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,mgr4 ,du*esne1 :o po9ts out t ! dea? ( ! ,savi\r 0 ?us made to fall ^u ! v day on :i*1 accord+ to a widespread belief1 ! _w _h be5 creat$4 ,b ! resurrection ( ,attis1 :o comb9$ 9 himself ! *>act]s ( ! div9e ,fa!r & ! div9e ,son1 0 (ficially celebrat$ at ,rome on ! same day4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,george 9 ,april has replac$ ! anci5t pagan fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia2 t ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ,june has succe$$ to a hea!n midsumm] fe/ival ( wat]3 t ! fe/ival ( ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 9 ,augu/ has ou/$ ! fe/ival ( ,diana2 t ! fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls 9 ,novemb] is a cont9uation ( an old hea!n fea/ ( ! dead2 & t ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/ himself 0 assign$ to ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ,decemb] because t day 0 deem$ ! ,nativity ( ! ,sun2 we c h>dly be ?\ght ra% or unreasonable 9 conjectur+ t ! o!r c>d9al fe/ival ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*--! solemnisation ( ,ea/]--may h be5 9 l mann]1 & f l motives ( edification1 adapt$ to a simil> celebration ( ! ,phrygian god ,attis at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,at lea/ x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 if x is no?+ m1 t ! ,*ri/ian & ! hea!n fe/ivals ( ! div9e dea? & resurrection %\ld h be5 solemnis$ at ! same season & 9 ! same places4 ,= ! places :i* celebrat$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ at ! spr+ equ9ox 7 ,phrygia1 ,gaul1 & app>5tly ,rome1 t is1 ! v regions 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ,attis ei!r orig9at$ or /ruck deepe/ root4 ,x is difficult to reg>d ! co9cid5ce z purely accid5tal4 ,if ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! season at :i* 9 ! temp]ate regions ! :ole face ( nature te/ifies to a fre% outbur/ ( vital en]gy1 _h be5 view$ f ( old z ! "t :5 ! _w 0 annually creat$ afre% 9 ! resurrection ( a god1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an to place ! resurrection ( ! new deity at ! same c>d9al po9t ( ! ye>4 ,only x is to be obs]v$ t if ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 dat$ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*1 8 resurrection1 accord+ to ,*ri/ian tradition1 mu/ h happ5$ on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,m>*1 :i* is j two days lat] ?an ! v]nal equ9ox ( ! ,julian cal5d> & ! resurrection ( ,attis4 ,a simil> displacem5t ( two days 9 ! adju/m5t ( ,*ri/ian to hea!n celebrations occurs 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,/4 ,george & ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,h[ev]1 ano!r ,*ri/ian tradition1 foll[$ by ,lactantius & p]haps by ! practice ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,gaul1 plac$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ on ! tw5ty-?ird & 8 resurrection on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*4 ,if t 0 s1 8 resurrection co9cid$ exactly ) ! resurrection ( ,attis4 ,9 po9t ( fact x appe>s f ! te/imony ( an anonym\s ,*ri/ian1 :o wrote 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 t ,*ri/ians & pagans alike 7 /ruck by ! rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 ! dea? & resurrection ( _! respective deities1 & t ! co9cid5ce =m$ a !me ( bitt] controv]sy betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! rival religions1 ! pagans cont5d+ t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 a spuri\s imitation ( ! resurrection ( ,attis1 & ! ,*ri/ians ass]t+ ) equal w>m? t ! resurrection ( ,attis 0 a diabolical c\nt]feit ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ^! unseemly bick]+s ! hea!n took :at to a sup]ficial obs]v] might seem /rong gr\nd by argu+ t _! god 0 ! old] & !re=e presumably ! orig9al1 n ! c\nt]feit1 s9ce z a g5]al rule an orig9al is old] ?an its copy4 ,?is feeble argum5t ! ,*ri/ians easily rebutt$4 ,!y admitt$1 inde$1 t 9 po9t ( "t ,*ri/ 0 ! junior deity1 b !y triumphantly demon/rat$ 8 real s5iority by fall+ back on ! subtlety ( ,satan1 :o on s important an occasion _h surpass$ himself by inv]t+ ! usual ord] ( nature4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 ! co9cid5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian ) ! hea!n fe/ivals are too close & too num]\s to be accid5tal4 ,!y m>k ! compromise :i* ! ,*ur* 9 ! h\r ( its triumph 0 compell$ to make ) its vanqui%$ yet /ill dang]\s rivals4 ,! inflexible ,prote/antism ( ! primitive mission>ies1 ) _! fi]y d5unciations ( hea!ndom1 _h be5 ex*ang$ = ! supple policy1 ! easy tol]ance1 ! compreh5sive *>ity ( %rewd ecclesia/ics1 :o cle>ly p]ceiv$ t if ,*ri/ianity 0 to conqu] ! _w x c\ld d s only by relax+ ! too rigid pr9ciples ( its ,f\nd]1 by wid5+ a little ! n>r[ gate :i* leads to salvation4 ,9 ?is respect an in/ructive p>allel might be drawn betwe5 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity & ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism4 ,bo? sy/ems 7 9 _! orig9 ess5tially e?ical re=ms born ( ! g5]\s ard\r1 ! l(ty aspirations1 ! t5d] compassion ( _! noble ,f\nd]s1 two ( ^? beautiful spirits :o appe> at r>e int]vals on e>? l be+s come f a bett] _w to support & guide our weak & err+ nature4 ,bo? prea*$ moral virtue z ! means ( accompli%+ :at !y reg>d$ z ! supreme object ( life1 ! et]nal salvation ( ! individual s\l1 ?\gh by a curi\s anti!sis ! "o s\ght t salvation 9 a blissful et]nity1 ! o!r 9 a f9al release f suff]+1 9 annihilation4 ,b ! au/]e ideals ( sanctity :i* !y inculcat$ 7 too deeply oppos$ n only to ! frailties b to ! natural in/9cts ( humanity ev] to be c>ri$ out 9 practice by m ?an a small numb] ( disciples1 :o consi/5tly r5\nc$ ! ties ( ! family & ! /ate 9 ord] to "w out _! own salvation 9 ! /ill seclusion ( ! cloi/]4 ,if su* fai?s 7 to be nom9ally accept$ by :ole nations or ev5 by ! _w1 x 0 ess5tial t !y %\ld fir/ be modifi$ or trans=m$ s z to accord 9 "s measure ) ! prejudices1 ! passions1 ! sup]/itions ( ! vulg>4 ,?is process ( accommodation 0 c>ri$ out 9 aft] ages by foll[]s :o1 made ( less e!real /uff ?an _! ma/]s1 7 = t reason ! bett] fitt$ to m$iate betwe5 !m & ! common h]d4 ,?us z "t w5t on1 ! two religions1 9 exact proportion to _! gr[+ popul>ity1 absorb$ m & m ( ^? bas] elem5ts :i* !y _h be5 in/itut$ = ! v purpose ( suppress+4 ,su* spiritual decad5ces are inevitable4 ,! _w _c live at ! level ( its great m54 ,yet x w\ld be unfair to ! g5]ality ( our k9d to ascribe :olly to _! intellectual & moral weakness ! gradual div]g5ce ( ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity f _! primitive patt]ns4 ,= x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t by _! glorification ( pov]ty & celibacy bo? ^! religions /ruck /raight at ! root n m]ely ( civil society b ( human exi/5ce4 ,! bl[ 0 p>ri$ by ! wisdom or ! folly ( ! va/ majority ( mank9d1 :o refus$ to pur*ase a *ance ( sav+ _! s\ls ) ! c]ta9ty ( ext+ui%+ ! species4 ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,my? ( ,osiris ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,egypt ! god ^: dea? & resurrection 7 annually celebrat$ ) alt]nate sorr[ & joy 0 ,osiris1 ! mo/ popul> ( all ,egyptian deities2 & !re are good gr\nds = class+ him 9 "o ( 8 aspects ) ,adonis & ,attis z a p]sonification ( ! great ye>ly vicissitudes ( nature1 especially ( ! corn4 ,b ! imm5se vogue :i* he enjoy$ = _m ages induc$ 8 devot$ wor%ipp]s to heap ^u him ! attributes & p[]s ( _m o!r gods2 s t x is n always easy to /rip him1 s to say1 ( 8 borr[$ plumes & to re/ore !m to _! prop] own]s4 ,! /ory ( ,osiris is told 9 a connect$ =m only by ,plut>*1 ^: n>rative has be5 confirm$ & to "s ext5t amplifi$ 9 mod]n times by ! evid5ce ( ! monum5ts4 ,osiris 0 ! (fspr+ ( an intrigue betwe5 ! e>?-god ,seb 7,keb or ,geb1 z ! "n is sometimes translit]at$7 & ! sky-goddess ,nut4 ,! ,greeks id5tifi$ 8 p>5ts ) _! own deities ,cronus & ,rhea4 ,:5 ! sun-god ,ra p]ceiv$ t 8 wife ,nut _h be5 unfai?ful to him1 he decl>$ ) a curse t %e %\ld be deliv]$ ( ! *ild 9 no mon? & no ye>4 ,b ! goddess _h ano!r lov]1 ! god ,?o? or ,h]mes1 z ! ,greeks call$ him1 & he play+ at draughts ) ! moon won f h] a sev5ty-second "p ( e day1 & hav+ comp\nd$ five :ole days out ( ^! p>ts he add$ !m to ! ,egyptian ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days4 ,?is 0 ! my?ical orig9 ( ! five supplem5t>y days :i* ! ,egyptians annually ins]t$ at ! end ( e ye> 9 ord] to e/abli% a h>mony betwe5 lun> & sol> "t4 ,on ^! five days1 reg>d$ z outside ! ye> ( twelve mon?s1 ! curse ( ! sun-god did n re/1 & accord+ly ,osiris 0 born on ! fir/ ( !m4 ,at 8 nativity a voice rang out proclaim+ t ! ,"l ( ,all _h come into ! _w4 ,"s say t a c]ta9 ,pamyles he>d a voice f ! temple at ,!bes bidd+ him ann\nce ) a %\t t a great k+1 ! b5efic5t ,osiris1 0 born4 ,b ,osiris 0 n ! only *ild ( 8 "m4 ,on ! second ( ! supplem5t>y days %e gave bir? to ! eld] ,horus1 on ! ?ird to ! god ,set1 :om ! ,greeks call$ ,typhon1 on ! f\r? to ! goddess ,isis1 & on ! fif? to ! goddess ,neph?ys4 ,aft]w>ds ,set m>ri$ 8 si/] ,neph?ys1 & ,osiris m>ri$ 8 si/] ,isis4 ,reign+ z a k+ on e>?1 ,osiris reclaim$ ! ,egyptians f savag]y1 gave !m laws1 & taught !m to wor%ip ! gods4 ,be=e 8 "t ! ,egyptians _h be5 cannibals4 ,b ,isis1 ! si/] & wife ( ,osiris1 discov]$ :eat & b>ley gr[+ wild1 & ,osiris introduc$ ! cultivation ( ^! gra9s among/ 8 p1 :o =?) ab&on$ cannibalism & took k9dly to a corn diet4 ,moreov]1 ,osiris is said to h be5 ! fir/ to ga!r fruit f trees1 to tra9 ! v9e to poles1 & to tread ! grapes4 ,eag] to communicate ^! b5efic5t discov]ies to all mank9d1 he committ$ ! :ole gov]nm5t ( ,egypt to 8 wife ,isis1 & travell$ ov] ! _w1 diffus+ ! bless+s ( civilisation & agriculture :]ev] he w5t4 ,9 c\ntries :]e a h>% climate or nigg>dly soil =bade ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 he taught ! inhabitants to console !mselves = ! want ( w9e by brew+ be] f b>ley4 ,load$ ) ! weal? t _h be5 %[]$ ^u him by grateful nations1 he return$ to ,egypt1 & on acc\nt ( ! b5efits he _h conf]r$ on mank9d he 0 unanim\sly hail$ & wor%ipp$ z a deity4 ,b 8 bro!r ,set 7:om ! ,greeks call$ ,typhon7 ) sev5ty-two o!rs plott$ aga9/ him4 ,hav+ tak5 ! measure ( 8 good bro!r's body by /eal?1 ! bad bro!r ,typhon fa%ion$ & highly decorat$ a c(f] ( ! same size1 & once :5 !y 7 all dr9k+ & mak+ m]ry he br\ght 9 ! c(f] & je/+ly promis$ to give x to ! "o :om x %\ld fit exactly4 ,well1 !y all tri$ "o aft] ! o!r1 b x fitt$ none ( !m4 ,la/ ( all ,osiris /epp$ into x & lay d[n4 ,on t ! conspirators ran & slamm$ ! lid d[n on him1 nail$ x fa/1 sold]$ x ) molt5 lead1 & flung ! c(f] into ! ,nile4 ,?is happ5$ on ! sev5te5? day ( ! mon? ,a?yr1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! sign ( ! ,scorpion1 & 9 ! eight-&-tw5tie? ye> ( ! reign or ! life ( ,osiris4 ,:5 ,isis he>d ( x %e %e>$ (f a lock ( h] hair1 put on a m\rn+ attire1 & w&]$ disconsolately up & d[n1 seek+ ! body4 ,by ! advice ( ! god ( wisdom %e took refuge 9 ! papyrus swamps ( ! ,delta4 ,sev5 scorpions accompani$ h] 9 h] flight4 ,"o ev5+ :5 %e 0 we>y %e came to ! h\se ( a woman1 :o1 al>m$ at ! sight ( ! scorpions1 %ut ! door 9 h] face4 ,!n "o ( ! scorpions crept "u ! door & /ung ! *ild ( ! woman t he di$4 ,b :5 ,isis he>d ! "m's lam5tation1 h] he>t 0 t\*$1 & %e laid h] h&s on ! *ild & utt]$ h] p[]ful spells2 s ! poison 0 driv5 out ( ! *ild & he liv$4 ,aft]w>ds ,isis h]self gave bir? to a son 9 ! swamps4 ,%e _h conceiv$ him :ile %e flutt]$ 9 ! =m ( a hawk ov] ! corpse ( h] dead husb&4 ,! infant 0 ! y\ng] ,horus1 :o 9 8 y\? bore ! "n ( ,h>pocrates1 t is1 ! *ild ,horus4 ,him ,buto1 ! goddess ( ! nor?1 hid f ! wra? ( 8 wick$ uncle ,set4 ,yet %e c\ld n gu>d him f all mi%ap2 = "o day :5 ,isis came to h] little son's hid+-place %e f\nd him /ret*$ lifeless & rigid on ! gr\nd3 a scorpion _h /ung him4 ,!n ,isis pray$ to ! sun-god ,ra = help4 ,! god he>k5$ to h] & /aid 8 b>k 9 ! sky1 & s5t d[n ,?o? to tea* h] ! spell by :i* %e might re/ore h] son to life4 ,%e utt]$ ! words ( p[]1 & /raightway ! poison fl[$ f ! body ( ,horus1 air pass$ into him1 & he liv$4 ,!n ,?o? asc5d$ up into ! sky & took 8 place once m 9 ! b>k ( ! sun1 & ! bright pomp pass$ onw>d jubilant4 ,meantime ! c(f] conta9+ ! body ( ,osiris _h float$ d[n ! riv] & away out to sea1 till at la/ x drift$ a%ore at ,byblus1 on ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,"h a f9e erica-tree %ot up sudd5ly & enclos$ ! *e/ 9 its trunk4 ,! k+ ( ! c\ntry1 admir+ ! gr[? ( ! tree1 _h x cut d[n & made into a pill> ( 8 h\se2 b he did n "k t ! c(f] ) ! dead ,osiris 0 9 x4 ,^w ( ?is came to ,isis & %e j\rney$ to ,byblus1 & sat d[n by ! well1 9 humble guise1 h] face wet ) te>s4 ,to none w\ld %e speak till ! k+'s h&maid5s came1 & !m %e greet$ k9dly1 & braid$ _! hair1 & brea!d on !m f h] own div9e body a wondr\s p]fume4 ,b :5 ! que5 beheld ! braids ( h] h&maid5s' hair & smelt ! sweet smell t emanat$ f !m1 %e s5t = ! /rang] woman & took h] into h] h\se & made h] ! nurse ( h] *ild4 ,b ,isis gave ! babe h] f+] in/ead ( h] brea/ to suck1 & at night %e began to burn all t 0 mortal ( him away1 :ile %e h]self 9 ! lik5ess ( a swall[ flutt]$ r\nd ! pill> t conta9$ h] dead bro!r1 twitt]+ m\rnfully4 ,b ! que5 spi$ :at %e 0 do+ & %riek$ out :5 %e saw h] *ild 9 flames1 & !reby %e h9d]$ him f becom+ immortal4 ,!n ! goddess reveal$ h]self & begg$ = ! pill> ( ! ro(1 & !y gave x h]1 & %e cut ! c(f] out ( x1 & fell ^u x & embrac$ x & lam5t$ s l\d t ! y\ng] ( ! k+'s *ildr5 di$ ( fright on ! spot4 ,b ! trunk ( ! tree %e wrapp$ 9 f9e l951 & p\r$ o9tm5t on x1 & gave x to ! k+ & que51 & ! wood /&s 9 a temple ( ,isis & is wor%ipp$ by ! p ( ,byblus to ?is day4 ,& ,isis put ! c(f] 9 a boat & took ! elde/ ( ! k+'s *ildr5 ) h] & sail$ away4 ,z soon z !y 7 alone1 %e op5$ ! *e/1 & lay+ h] face on ! face ( h] bro!r %e kiss$ him & wept4 ,b ! *ild came beh9d h] s(tly & saw :at %e 0 ab\t1 & %e turn$ & look$ at him 9 ang]1 & ! *ild c\ld n be> h] look & di$2 b "s say t x 0 n s1 b t he fell into ! sea & 0 dr[n$4 ,x is he :om ! ,egyptians s+ ( at _! banquets "u ! "n ( ,man]os4 ,b ,isis put ! c(f] by & w5t to see h] son ,horus at ! city ( ,buto1 & ,typhon f\nd ! c(f] z he 0 hunt+ a bo> "o night by ! light ( a full moon4 ,& he knew ! body1 & r5t x into f\rte5 pieces1 & scatt]$ !m abroad4 ,b ,isis sail$ up & d[n ! m>%es 9 a %allop made ( papyrus1 look+ = ! pieces2 & t is :y :5 p sail 9 %allops made ( papyrus1 ! crocodiles d n hurt !m1 = !y fe> or respect ! goddess4 ,& t is ! reason1 too1 :y !re are _m graves ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt1 = %e buri$ ea* limb z %e f\nd x4 ,b o!rs w h x t %e buri$ an image ( him 9 e city1 pret5d+ x 0 8 body1 9 ord] t ,osiris might be wor%ipp$ 9 _m places1 & t if ,typhon se>*$ = ! real grave he might n be able to f9d x4 ,h[ev]1 ! g5ital memb] ( ,osiris _h be5 eat5 by ! fi%es1 s ,isis made an image ( x in/ead1 & ! image is us$ by ! ,egyptians at _! fe/ivals to ?is day4 ,isis1 writes ! hi/orian ,diodorus ,siculus1 recov]$ all ! p>ts ( ! body except ! g5itals2 & because %e wi%$ t h] husb&'s grave %\ld be unkn[n & hon\r$ by all :o dwell 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 %e resort$ to ! foll[+ device4 ,%e m\ld$ human images out ( wax & spices1 correspond+ to ! /ature ( ,osiris1 r\nd ea* "o ( ! p>ts ( 8 body4 ,!n %e call$ 9 ! prie/s accord+ to _! families & took an oa? ( !m all t !y w\ld reveal to no man ! tru/ %e 0 ab\t to repose 9 !m4 ,s to ea* ( !m privately %e said t to !m alone %e entru/$ ! burial ( ! body1 & rem9d+ !m ( ! b5efits !y _h receiv$ %e exhort$ !m to bury ! body 9 _! own l& & to hon\r ,osiris z a god4 ,%e also bes\ght !m to d$icate "o ( ! animals ( _! c\ntry1 :i*ev] !y *ose1 & to hon\r x 9 life z !y _h =m]ly hon\r$ ,osiris1 & :5 x di$ to grant x obsequies l 84 ,& because %e w\ld enc\rage ! prie/s 9 _! own int]e/ to be/[ ! a=esaid hon\rs1 %e gave !m a ?ird "p ( ! l& to be us$ by !m 9 ! s]vice & wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,accord+ly x is said t ! prie/s1 m9dful ( ! b5efits ( ,osiris1 desir\s ( gratify+ ! que51 & mov$ by ! prospect ( ga91 c>ri$ out all ! injunctions ( ,isis4 ,:]e=e to ?is day ea* ( ! prie/s imag9es t ,osiris is buri$ 9 8 c\ntry1 & !y hon\r ! bea/s t 7 consecrat$ 9 ! beg9n+1 & :5 ! animals die ! prie/s r5ew at _! burial ! m\rn+ = ,osiris4 ,b ! sacr$ bulls1 ! "o call$ ,apis & ! o!r ,mnevis1 7 d$icat$ to ,osiris1 & x 0 orda9$ t !y %\ld be wor%ipp$ z gods 9 common by all ! ,egyptians1 s9ce ^! animals above all o!rs _h help$ ! discov]]s ( corn 9 s[+ ! se$ & procur+ ! univ]sal b5efits ( agriculture4 ,su* is ! my? or leg5d ( ,osiris1 z told by ,greek writ]s & ek$ out by m or less fragm5t>y notices or allusions 9 native ,egyptian lit]ature4 ,a long inscription 9 ! temple at ,d5d]ah has pres]v$ a li/ ( ! god's graves1 & o!r texts m5tion ! p>ts ( 8 body :i* 7 treasur$ z holy relics 9 ea* ( ! sanctu>ies4 ,?us 8 he>t 0 at ,a?ribis1 8 backbone at ,busiris1 8 neck at ,letopolis1 & 8 head at ,memphis4 ,z (t5 happ5s 9 su* cases1 "s ( 8 div9e limbs 7 miracul\sly multipli$4 ,8 head1 = example1 0 at ,abydos z well z at ,memphis1 & 8 legs1 :i* 7 rem>kably num]\s1 w\ld h suffic$ = sev]al ord9>y mortals4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ,osiris 0 no?+ to ,/4 ,d5ys1 ( :om no less ?an sev5 heads1 all equally g5u9e1 are extant4 ,accord+ to native ,egyptian acc\nts1 :i* supplem5t t ( ,plut>*1 :5 ,isis _h f\nd ! corpse ( h] husb& ,osiris1 %e & h] si/] ,neph?ys sat d[n beside x & utt]$ a lam5t :i* 9 aft] ages became ! type ( all ,egyptian lam5tations = ! dead4 ,come to ?y h\se1 !y wail$4 ,come to ?y h\se4 ,o god ,on6 come to ?y h\se1 ?\ :o ha/ no foes4 ,o fair y\?1 come to ?y h\se1 t ?\ maye/ see me4 ,i am ?y si/]1 :om ?\ love/2 ?\ %alt n "p f me4 ,o fair boy1 come to ?y h\se4 4 4 4 ,i see !e n1 yet do? my he>t ye>n aft] !e & m9e eyes desire !e4 ,come to h] :o loves !e1 :o loves !e1 ,unnef]1 ?\ bless$ "o6 ,come to ?y si/]1 come to ?y wife1 to ?y wife1 ?\ ^: he>t /&s /ill4 ,come to ?y h\sewife4 ,i am ?y si/] by ! same "m1 ?\ %alt n be f> f me4 ,gods & m5 h turn$ _! faces t[>ds !e & weep = !e toge!r4 4 4 4 ,i call aft] !e & weep1 s t my cry is he>d to heav51 b ?\ he>e/ n my voice2 yet am ,i ?y si/]1 :om ?\ did/ love on e>?2 ?\ did/ love none b me1 my bro!r6 my bro!r6 ,?is lam5t = ! fair y\? cut (f 9 8 prime rem9ds u ( ! lam5ts = ,adonis4 ,! title ( ,unnef] or ! ,good ,be+ be/[$ on him m>ks ! b5efic5ce :i* tradition univ]sally ascrib$ to ,osiris2 x 0 at once 8 commone/ title & "o ( 8 names z k+4 ,! lam5tations ( ! two sad si/]s 7 n 9 va94 ,9 pity = h] sorr[ ! sun-god ,ra s5t d[n f heav5 ! jackal-head$ god ,anubis1 :o1 ) ! aid ( ,isis & ,neph?ys1 ( ,?o? & ,horus1 piec$ toge!r ! brok5 body ( ! murd]$ god1 swa!d x 9 l95 b&ages1 & obs]v$ all ! o!r rites :i* ! ,egyptians 7 wont to p]=m ov] ! bodies ( ! dep>t$4 ,!n ,isis fann$ ! cold clay ) h] w+s3 ,osiris reviv$1 & !nce=? reign$ z k+ ov] ! dead 9 ! o!r _w4 ,!re he bore ! titles ( ,"l ( ! ,und]world1 ,"l ( ,et]nity1 ,rul] ( ! ,dead4 ,!re1 too1 9 ! great ,hall ( ! ,two ,tru?s1 assi/$ by =ty-two assessors1 "o f ea* ( ! pr9cipal di/ricts ( ,egypt1 he presid$ z judge at ! trial ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 :o made _! solemn confession be=e him1 &1 _! he>t hav+ be5 weigh$ 9 ! balance ( ju/ice1 receiv$ ! rew>d ( virtue 9 a life et]nal or ! appropriate puni%m5t ( _! s9s4 ,9 ! resurrection ( ,osiris ! ,egyptians saw ! pl$ge ( a life ev]la/+ = !mselves beyond ! grave4 ,!y believ$ t e man w\ld live et]nally 9 ! o!r _w if only 8 surviv+ fri5ds did = 8 body :at ! gods _h done = ! body ( ,osiris4 ,h5ce ! c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,egyptians ov] ! human dead 7 an exact copy ( ^? :i* ,anubis1 ,horus1 & ! re/ _h p]=m$ ov] ! dead god4 ,at e burial !re 0 enact$ a repres5tation ( ! div9e my/]y :i* _h be5 p]=m$ ( old ov] ,osiris1 :5 8 son1 8 si/]s1 8 fri5ds 7 ga!r$ r\nd 8 mangl$ rema9s & succe$$ by _! spells & manipulations 9 conv]t+ 8 brok5 body into ! fir/ mummy1 :i* !y aft]w>ds reanimat$ & furni%$ ) ! means ( ent]+ on a new individual life beyond ! grave4 ,! mummy ( ! deceas$ 0 ,osiris2 ! pr(essional female m\rn]s 7 8 two si/]s ,isis & ,neph?ys2 ,anubis1 ,horus1 all ! gods ( ! ,osirian leg5d ga!r$ ab\t ! corpse4 ,9 ?is way e dead ,egyptian 0 id5tifi$ ) ,osiris & bore 8 "n4 ,f ! ,middle ,k+dom onw>ds x 0 ! regul> practice to address ! deceas$ z ,osiris ,s-&-,s1 z if he 7 ! god himself1 & to add ! /&+ epi!t true ( spee*1 because true spee* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,osiris4 ,! ?\s&s ( inscrib$ & pictur$ tombs t h be5 op5$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile prove t ! my/]y ( ! resurrection 0 p]=m$ = ! b5efit ( e dead ,egyptian2 z ,osiris di$ & rose aga9 f ! dead1 s all m5 hop$ to arise l him f dea? to life et]nal4 ,?us accord+ to :at seems to h be5 ! g5]al native tradition ,osiris 0 a good & belov$ k+ ( ,egypt1 :o suff]$ a viol5t dea? b rose f ! dead & 0 h5ce=? wor%ipp$ z a deity4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is tradition he 0 regul>ly repres5t$ by sculptors & pa9t]s 9 human & regal =m z a dead k+1 swa!d 9 ! wrapp+s ( a mummy1 b we>+ on 8 head a k+ly cr[n & grasp+ 9 "o ( 8 h&s1 :i* 7 left free f ! b&ages1 a k+ly sceptre4 ,two cities above all o!rs 7 associat$ ) 8 my? or memory4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,busiris 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 :i* claim$ to possess 8 backbone2 ! o!r 0 ,abydos 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 :i* glori$ 9 ! possession ( 8 head4 ,encircl$ by ! nimbus ( ! dead yet liv+ god1 ,abydos1 orig9ally an obscure place1 became f ! end ( ! ,old ,k+dom ! holie/ spot 9 ,egypt2 8 tomb !re w\ld seem to h be5 to ! ,egyptians :at ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem is to ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 ! wi% ( e pi\s man t 8 dead body %\ld re/ 9 hall[$ e>? ne> ! grave ( ! glorifi$ ,osiris4 ,few inde$ 7 ri* en\gh to enjoy ?is ine/imable privilege2 =1 ap>t f ! co/ ( a tomb 9 ! sacr$ city1 ! m]e transport ( mummies f great di/ances 0 bo? difficult & exp5sive4 ,yet s eag] 7 _m to absorb 9 dea? ! bless$ influ5ce :i* radiat$ f ! holy sepul*re t !y caus$ _! surviv+ fri5ds to convey _! mortal rema9s to ,abydos1 !re to t>ry = a %ort "t1 & !n to be br\ght back by riv] & int]r$ 9 ! tombs :i* _h be5 made ready = !m 9 _! native l&4 ,o!rs _h c5otaphs built or memorial tablets erect$ = !mselves ne> ! tomb ( _! dead & ris5 ,"l1 t !y might %>e ) him ! bliss ( a joyful resurrection4 ,,xxxix4 ,! ,ritual ( ,osiris #a4 ,! ,popul> ,rites ,a ,,useful clue to ! orig9al nature ( a god or goddess is (t5 furni%$ by ! season at :i* 8 or h] fe/ival is celebrat$4 ,?us1 if ! fe/ival falls at ! new or ! full moon1 !re is a c]ta9 presumption t ! deity ?us hon\r$ ei!r is ! moon or at lea/ has lun> aff9ities4 ,if ! fe/ival is held at ! w9t] or summ] sol/ice1 we naturally surmise t ! god is ! sun1 or at all ev5ts t he /&s 9 "s close relation to t lum9>y4 ,aga91 if ! fe/ival co9cides ) ! "t ( s[+ or h>ve/1 we are incl9$ to inf] t ! div9ity is an embodim5t ( ! e>? or ( ! corn4 ,^! presumptions or inf]5ces1 tak5 by !mselves1 are by no means conclusive2 b if !y happ5 to be confirm$ by o!r indications1 ! evid5ce may be reg>d$ z fairly /rong4 ,un=tunately1 9 deal+ ) ! ,egyptian gods we are 9 a great measure preclud$ f mak+ use ( ?is clue4 ,! reason is n t ! dates ( ! fe/ivals are always unkn[n1 b t !y %ift$ f ye> to ye>1 until aft] a long int]val !y _h revolv$ ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( ! seasons4 ,?is gradual revolution ( ! fe/al ,egyptian cycle result$ f ! employm5t ( a cal5d> ye> :i* nei!r correspond$ exactly to ! sol> ye> nor 0 p]iodically correct$ by int]calation4 ,if ! ,egyptian f>m] ( ! old5 "t c\ld get no help1 except at ! r>e/ int]vals1 f ! (ficial or sac]dotal cal5d>1 he mu/ h be5 compell$ to obs]ve = himself ^? natural signals :i* m>k$ ! times = ! v>i\s op]ations ( husb&ry4 ,9 all ages ( :i* we possess any records ! ,egyptians h be5 an agricultural p1 dep5d5t = _! subsi/5ce on ! gr[? ( ! corn4 ,! c]eals :i* !y cultivat$ 7 :eat1 b>ley1 & app>5tly sorghum 7,holcus sorghum1 ,l9naeus71 ! doora ( ! mod]n fellahe54 ,!n z n[ ! :ole c\ntry1 ) ! exception ( a fr+e on ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 almo/ ra9less1 & ow$ its imm5se f]tility entirely to ! annual inundation ( ! ,nile1 :i*1 regulat$ by an elaborate sy/em ( dams & canals1 0 di/ribut$ ov] ! fields1 r5ew+ ! soil ye> by ye> ) a fre% deposit ( mud wa%$ d[n f ! great equatorial lakes & ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia4 ,h5ce ! rise ( ! riv] has always be5 wat*$ by ! inhabitants ) ! utmo/ anxiety2 = if x ei!r falls %ort ( or exce$s a c]ta9 height1 de>? & fam9e are ! inevitable consequ5ces4 ,! wat] beg9s to rise e>ly 9 ,june1 b x is n until ! latt] half ( ,july t x swells to a mighty tide4 ,by ! end ( ,septemb] ! inundation is at its greate/ height4 ,! c\ntry is n[ subm]g$1 & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a sea ( turbid wat]1 f :i* ! t[ns & villages1 built on high] gr\nd1 rise l isl&s4 ,= ab\t a mon? ! flood rema9s ne>ly /ation>y1 !n s9ks m & m rapidly1 till by ,decemb] or ,janu>y ! riv] has return$ to its ord9>y b$4 ,) ! approa* ( summ] ! level ( ! wat] cont9ues to fall4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,june ! ,nile is r$uc$ to half its ord9>y bread?2 & ,egypt1 scor*$ by ! sun1 bla/$ by ! w9d t has bl[n f ! ,sah>a = _m days1 seems a m]e cont9uation ( ! des]t4 ,! trees are *ok$ ) a ?ick lay] ( grey du/4 ,a few meagre pat*es ( vegetables1 wat]$ ) difficulty1 /ruggle pa9fully = exi/5ce 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! villages4 ,"s appe>ance ( v]dure l+]s beside ! canals & 9 ! holl[s f :i* ! moi/ure has n :olly evaporat$4 ,! pla9 appe>s to pant 9 ! pitiless sun%9e1 b>e1 du/y1 a%-col\r$1 crack$ & seam$ z f> z ! eye c see ) a network ( fissures4 ,f ! middle ( ,april till ! middle ( ,june ! l& ( ,egypt is b half alive1 wait+ = ! new ,nile4 ,= c\ntless ages ?is cycle ( natural ev5ts has det]m9$ ! annual lab\rs ( ! ,egyptian husb&man4 ,! fir/ "w ( ! agricultural ye> is ! cutt+ ( ! dams :i* h hi!rto prev5t$ ! swoll5 riv] f flood+ ! canals & ! fields4 ,?is is done1 & ! p5t-up wat]s releas$ on _! b5efic5t mission1 9 ! fir/ half ( ,augu/4 ,9 ,novemb]1 :5 ! inundation has subsid$1 :eat1 b>ley1 & sorghum are s[n4 ,! "t ( h>ve/ v>ies ) ! di/rict1 fall+ ab\t a mon? lat] 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,9 ,upp] or ,s\!rn ,egypt b>ley is reap$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 :eat at ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 & sorghum ab\t ! end ( t mon?4 ,x is natural to suppose t ! v>i\s ev5ts ( ! agricultural ye> 7 celebrat$ by ! ,egyptian f>m] ) "s simple religi\s rites design$ to secure ! bless+ ( ! gods ^u 8 lab\rs4 ,^! ru/ic c]emonies he w\ld cont9ue to p]=m ye> aft] ye> at ! same season1 :ile ! solemn fe/ivals ( ! prie/s cont9u$ to %ift1 ) ! %ift+ cal5d>1 f summ] ?r\gh spr+ to w9t]1 & s backw>d ?r\gh autumn to summ]4 ,! rites ( ! husb&man 7 /able because !y re/$ on direct obs]vation ( nature3 ! rites ( ! prie/ 7 un/able because !y 7 bas$ on a false calculation4 ,yet _m ( ! prie/ly fe/ivals may h be5 no?+ b ! old rural fe/ivals disguis$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages by ! pomp ( sac]dotalism & sev]$1 by ! error ( ! cal5d>1 f _! roots 9 ! natural cycle ( ! seasons4 ,^! conjectures are confirm$ by ! little we "k bo? ( ! popul> & ( ! (ficial ,egyptian religion4 ,?us we are told t ! ,egyptians held a fe/ival ( ,isis at ! "t :5 ! ,nile began to rise4 ,!y believ$ t ! goddess 0 !n m\rn+ = ! lo/ ,osiris1 & t ! te>s :i* dropp$ f h] eyes swell$ ! impetu\s tide ( ! riv]4 ,n[ if ,osiris 0 9 "o ( 8 aspects a god ( ! corn1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t he %\ld be m\rn$ at midsumm]4 ,= by t "t ! h>ve/ 0 pa/1 ! fields 7 b>e1 ! riv] ran l[1 life seem$ to be susp5d$1 ! corn-god 0 dead4 ,at su* a mom5t p :o saw ! h&iwork ( div9e be+s 9 all ! op]ations ( nature might well trace ! swell+ ( ! sacr$ /ream to ! te>s %$ by ! goddess at ! dea? ( ! b5efic5t corn-god h] husb&4 ,& ! sign ( ! ris+ wat]s on e>? 0 accompani$ by a sign 9 heav54 ,= 9 ! e>ly days ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 "s ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era1 ! spl5did /> ( ,sirius1 ! brighte/ ( all ! fix$ />s1 appe>$ at dawn 9 ! ea/ j be=e sunrise ab\t ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 :5 ! ,nile beg9s to rise4 ,! ,egyptians call$ x ,so?is1 & reg>d$ x z ! /> ( ,isis1 j z ! ,babylonians deem$ ! planet ,v5us ! /> ( ,a/>te4 ,to bo? peoples app>5tly ! brilliant lum9>y 9 ! morn+ sky seem$ ! goddess ( life & love come to m\rn h] dep>t$ lov] or sp\se & to wake him f ! dead4 ,h5ce ! ris+ ( ,sirius m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! sacr$ ,egyptian ye>1 & 0 regul>ly celebrat$ by a fe/ival :i* did n %ift ) ! %ift+ (ficial ye>4 ,! cutt+ ( ! dams & ! admission ( ! wat] into ! canals & fields is a great ev5t 9 ! ,egyptian ye>4 ,at ,cairo ! op]ation g5]ally takes place betwe5 ! six? & ! sixte5? ( ,augu/1 & till lately 0 att5d$ by c]emonies :i* des]ve to be notic$1 because !y 7 probably h&$ d[n f antiquity4 ,an anci5t canal1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,khalj1 =m]ly pass$ ?r\gh ! native t[n ( ,cairo4 ,ne> its entrance ! canal 0 cross$ by a dam ( e>?1 v broad at ! bottom & dim9i%+ 9 bread? upw>ds1 :i* us$ to be con/ruct$ be=e or soon aft] ! ,nile began to rise4 ,9 front ( ! dam1 on ! side ( ! riv]1 0 re>$ a truncat$ cone ( e>? call$ ! 'arooseh or bride1 on ! top ( :i* a little maize or millet 0 g5]ally s[n4 ,?is bride 0 commonly wa%$ d[n by ! ris+ tide a week or a =tnight be=e ! cutt+ ( ! dam4 ,tradition runs t ! old cu/om 0 to deck a "y virg9 9 gay app>el & ?r[ h] into ! riv] z a sacrifice to obta9 a pl5tiful inundation4 ,:e!r t 0 s or n1 ! int5tion ( ! practice appe>s to h be5 to m>ry ! riv]1 conceiv$ z a male p[]1 to 8 bride ! cornl&1 :i* 0 s soon to be f]tilis$ by 8 wat]4 ,! c]emony 0 !re=e a *>m to ensure ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,9 mod]n times money us$ to be ?r[n into ! canal on ?is occasion1 & ! populace div$ into ! wat] aft] x4 ,?is practice also w\ld seem to h be5 anci5t1 = ,s5eca tells u t at a place call$ ! ,ve9s ( ! ,nile1 n f> f ,philae1 ! prie/s us$ to ca/ money & (f]+s ( gold into ! riv] at a fe/ival :i* app>5tly took place at ! ris+ ( ! wat]4 ,! next great op]ation ( ! agricultural ye> 9 ,egypt is ! s[+ ( ! se$ 9 ,novemb]1 :5 ! wat] ( ! inundation has retreat$ f ! fields4 ,) ! ,egyptians1 z ) _m peoples ( antiquity1 ! committ+ ( ! se$ to ! e>? assum$ ! "* ( a solemn & m\rnful rite4 ,on ?is subject ,i w let ,plut>* speak = himself4 ,:at1 he asks1 are we to make ( ! gloomy1 joyless1 & m\rnful sacrifices1 if x is wrong ei!r to omit ! e/abli%$ rites or to confuse & di/urb our conceptions ( ! gods by absurd suspicions8 ,= ! ,greeks also p]=m _m rites :i* resemble ^? ( ! ,egyptians & are obs]v$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,?us at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria 9 ,a!ns wom5 sit on ! gr\nd & fa/4 ,& ! ,boeotians op5 ! vaults ( ! ,sorr[ful ,"o1 nam+ t fe/ival sorr[ful because ,demet] is sorr[+ = ! desc5t ( ! ,maid54 ,! mon? is ! mon? ( s[+ ab\t ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,! ,egyptians call x ,a?yr1 ! ,a!nians ,pyanepsion1 ! ,boeotians ! mon? ( ,demet]4 4 4 4 ,= x 0 t "t ( ye> :5 !y saw "s ( ! fruits vani%+ & fail+ f ! trees1 :ile !y s[$ o!rs grudg+ly & ) difficulty1 scrap+ ! e>? ) _! h&s & huddl+ x up aga91 on ! unc]ta9 *ance t :at !y deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd w\ld ev] rip5 & come to maturity4 ,?us !y did 9 _m respects l ^? :o bury & m\rn _! dead4 ,! ,egyptian h>ve/1 z we h se51 falls n 9 autumn b 9 spr+1 9 ! mon?s ( ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may4 ,to ! husb&man ! "t ( h>ve/1 at lea/ 9 a good ye>1 mu/ necess>ily be a season ( joy3 9 br++ home 8 %eaves he is requit$ = 8 long & anxi\s lab\rs4 ,yet if ! old ,egyptian f>m] felt a secret joy at reap+ & g>n]+ ! gra91 x 0 ess5tial t he %\ld conceal ! natural emotion "u an air ( pr(\nd dejection4 ,= 0 he n sev]+ ! body ( ! corn-god ) 8 sickle & trampl+ x to pieces "u ! ho(s ( 8 cattle on ! ?re%+-floor8 ,accord+ly we are told t x 0 an anci5t cu/om ( ! ,egyptian corn-reap]s to beat _! brea/s & lam5t ov] ! fir/ %eaf cut1 :ile at ! same "t !y call$ ^u ,isis4 ,! invocation seems to h tak5 ! =m ( a melan*oly *ant1 to :i* ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( ,man]os4 ,simil> pla9tive /ra9s 7 *ant$ by corn-reap]s 9 ,pho5icia & o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,probably all ^! doleful ditties 7 lam5tations = ! corn-god kill$ by ! sickles ( ! reap]s4 ,9 ,egypt ! sla9 deity 0 ,osiris1 & ! "n ,man]os1 appli$ to ! dirge1 appe>s to be d]iv$ f c]ta9 words mean+ ,come to ?y h\se1 :i* (t5 occur 9 ! lam5tations = ! dead god4 ,c]emonies ( ! same sort h be5 obs]v$ by o!r peoples1 probably = ! same purpose4 ,?us we are told t among all vegetables corn1 by :i* is app>5tly meant maize1 holds ! fir/ place 9 ! h\sehold economy & ! c]emonial obs]vance ( ! ,*]okee ,indians1 :o invoke x "u ! "n ( ! ,old ,woman 9 allusion to a my? t x sprang f ! blood ( an old woman kill$ by h] disob$i5t sons4 ,aft] ! la/ work+ ( ! crop a prie/ & 8 assi/ant w5t into ! field & sang songs ( invocation to ! _s ( ! corn4 ,aft] t a l\d ru/l+ w\ld be he>d1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be caus$ by ! ,old ,woman br++ ! corn into ! field4 ,a clean trail 0 always kept f ! field to ! h\se1 s t ! corn might be enc\rag$ to /ay at home & n g w&]+ else:]e4 ,ano!r curi\s c]emony1 ( :i* ev5 ! memory is n[ almo/ =gott51 0 enact$ aft] ! fir/ work+ ( ! corn1 :5 ! own] or prie/ /ood 9 succession at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! field & wept & wail$ l\dly4 ,ev5 ! prie/s are n[ unable to give a reason = ?is p]=mance1 :i* may h be5 a lam5t = ! bloody dea? ( ,selu1 ! ,old ,woman ( ! ,corn4 ,9 ^! ,*]okee practices ! lam5tations & ! invocations ( ! ,old ,woman ( ! ,corn resemble ! anci5t ,egyptian cu/oms ( lam5t+ ov] ! fir/ corn cut & call+ ^u ,isis1 h]self probably 9 "o ( h] aspects an ,old ,woman ( ! ,corn4 ,fur!r1 ! ,*]okee precaution ( leav+ a cle> pa? f ! field to ! h\se resembles ! ,egyptian invitation to ,osiris1 ,come to ?y h\se4 ,s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies to ?is day p obs]ve elaborate c]emonies = ! purpose ( br++ back ! ,s\l ( ! ,rice f ! fields to ! b>n4 ,! ,n&i ( ,ea/ ,africa p]=m a c]emony 9 ,septemb] :5 ! eleus9e gra9 is rip5+4 ,e woman :o owns a plantation goes out ) h] daught]s into ! cornfields & makes a bonfire ( ! bran*es & leaves ( c]ta9 trees4 ,aft] t !y pluck "s ( ! eleus9e1 & ea* ( !m puts "o gra9 9 h] necklace1 *ews ano!r & rubs x on h] =ehead1 ?roat1 & brea/4 ,no joy is %[n by ! wom5folk on ?is occasion1 & !y sorr[fully cut a basketful ( ! corn :i* !y take home ) !m & place 9 ! l(t to dry4 ,! conception ( ! corn-_s z old & dead at h>ve/ is v cle>ly embodi$ 9 a cu/om obs]v$ by ! ,arabs ( ,moab4 ,:5 ! h>ve/]s h ne>ly f9i%$ _! task & only a small corn] ( ! field rema9s to be reap$1 ! own] takes a h&ful ( :eat ti$ up 9 a %eaf4 ,a hole is dug 9 ! =m ( a grave1 & two /ones are set upright1 "o at ! head & ! o!r at ! foot1 j z 9 an ord9>y burial4 ,!n ! %eaf ( :eat is laid at ! bottom ( ! grave1 & ! %eikh pron\nces ^! words1 ,! old man is dead4 ,e>? is aft]w>ds ?r[n 9 to cov] ! %eaf1 ) a pray]1 ,may ,allah br+ u back ! :eat ( ! dead4 #b4 ,! ,(ficial ,rites ,,su*1 !n1 7 ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( ! f>m]'s cal5d> 9 anci5t ,egypt1 & su* ! simple religi\s rites by :i* he celebrat$ !m4 ,b we h /ill to consid] ! ,osirian fe/ivals ( ! (ficial cal5d>1 s f> z ^! are describ$ by ,greek writ]s or record$ on ! monum5ts4 ,9 exam9+ !m x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t on acc\nt ( ! movable ye> ( ! old ,egyptian cal5d> ! true or a/ronomical dates ( ! (ficial fe/ivals mu/ h v>i$ f ye> to ye>1 at lea/ until ! adoption ( ! fix$ ,alex&rian ye> 9 #cj ,b4,c4 ,f t "t onw>d1 app>5tly1 ! dates ( ! fe/ivals 7 det]m9$ by ! new cal5d>1 & s ceas$ to rotate ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! sol> ye>4 ,at all ev5ts ,plut>*1 writ+ ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 implies t !y 7 !n fix$1 n movable2 = ?\gh he does n m5tion ! ,alex&rian cal5d>1 he cle>ly dates ! fe/ivals by x4 ,moreov]1 ! long fe/al cal5d> ( ,esne1 an important docum5t ( ! ,imp]ial age1 is obvi\sly bas$ on ! fix$ ,alex&rian ye>2 = x assigns ! m>k = ,new ,ye>'s ,day to ! day :i* corresponds to ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,augu/1 :i* 0 ! fir/ day ( ! ,alex&rian ye>1 & its ref]5ces to ! ris+ ( ! ,nile1 ! position ( ! sun1 & ! op]ations ( agriculture are all 9 h>mony ) ?is supposition4 ,?us we may take x z fairly c]ta9 t f #cj ,b4,c4 onw>ds ! ,egyptian fe/ivals 7 /ation>y 9 ! sol> ye>4 ,h]odotus tells u t ! grave ( ,osiris 0 at ,sais 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 & t !re 0 a lake !re ^u :i* ! suff]+s ( ! god 7 display$ z a my/]y by night4 ,?is commemoration ( ! div9e passion 0 held once a ye>3 ! p m\rn$ & beat _! brea/s at x to te/ify _! sorr[ = ! dea? ( ! god2 & an image ( a c[1 made ( gilt wood ) a gold5 sun betwe5 its horns1 0 c>ri$ out ( ! *amb] 9 :i* x /ood ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,! c[ no d\bt repres5t$ ,isis h]self1 = c[s 7 sacr$ to h]1 & %e 0 regul>ly depict$ ) ! horns ( a c[ on h] head1 or ev5 z a woman ) ! head ( a c[4 ,x is probable t ! c>ry+ out ( h] c[-%ap$ image symbolis$ ! goddess se>*+ = ! dead body ( ,osiris2 = ?is 0 ! native ,egyptian int]pretation ( a simil> c]emony obs]v$ 9 ,plut>*'s "t ab\t ! w9t] sol/ice1 :5 ! gilt c[ 0 c>ri$ sev5 times r\nd ! temple4 ,a great feature ( ! fe/ival 0 ! nocturnal illum9ation4 ,p fa/5$ r[s ( oil-lamps to ! outside ( _! h\ses1 & ! lamps burn$ all night long4 ,! cu/om 0 n conf9$ to ,sais1 b 0 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,egypt4 ,?is univ]sal illum9ation ( ! h\ses on "o night ( ! ye> sugge/s t ! fe/ival may h be5 a commemoration n m]ely ( ! dead ,osiris b ( ! dead 9 g5]al1 9 o!r words1 t x may h be5 a night ( ,all ,s\ls4 ,= x is a widespread belief t ! s\ls ( ! dead revisit _! old homes on "o night ( ! ye>2 & on t solemn occasion p prep>e = ! reception ( ! gho/s by lay+ out food = !m to eat1 & light+ lamps to guide !m on _! d>k road f & to ! grave4 ,h]odotus1 :o briefly describes ! fe/ival1 omits to m5tion its date1 b we c det]m9e x ) "s probability f o!r s\rces4 ,?us ,plut>* tells u t ,osiris 0 murd]$ on ! sev5te5? ( ! mon? ,a?yr1 & t ! ,egyptians accord+ly obs]v$ m\rnful rites = f\r days f ! sev5te5? ( ,a?yr4 ,n[ 9 ! ,alex&rian cal5d>1 :i* ,plut>* us$1 ^! f\r days correspond$ to ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? ( ,novemb]1 & ?is date answ]s exactly to ! o!r indications giv5 by ,plut>*1 :o says t at ! "t ( ! fe/ival ! ,nile 0 s9k+1 ! nor? w9ds dy+ away1 ! nights l5g!n+1 & ! leaves fall+ f ! trees4 ,dur+ ^! f\r days a gilt c[ swa!d 9 a black pall 0 exhibit$ z an image ( ,isis4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 0 ! image m5tion$ by ,h]odotus 9 8 acc\nt ( ! fe/ival4 ,on ! n9ete5? day ( ! mon? ! p w5t d[n to ! sea1 ! prie/s c>ry+ a %r9e :i* conta9$ a gold5 casket4 ,into ?is casket !y p\r$ fre% wat]1 & !reupon ! spectators rais$ a %\t t ,osiris 0 f\nd4 ,aft] t !y took "s vegetable m\ld1 moi/5$ x ) wat]1 mix$ x ) preci\s spices & inc5se1 & m\ld$ ! pa/e into a small moon-%ap$ image1 :i* 0 !n rob$ & ornam5t$4 ,?us x appe>s t ! purpose ( ! c]emonies describ$ by ,plut>* 0 to repres5t dramatically1 fir/1 ! se>* = ! dead body ( ,osiris1 &1 second1 its joyful discov]y1 foll[$ by ! resurrection ( ! dead god :o came to life aga9 9 ! new image ( vegetable m\ld & spices4 ,lactantius tells u h[ on ^! occasions ! prie/s1 ) _! %av5 bodies1 beat _! brea/s & lam5t$1 imitat+ ! sorr[ful se>* ( ,isis = h] lo/ son ,osiris1 & h[ aft]w>ds _! sorr[ 0 turn$ to joy :5 ! jackal-head$ god ,anubis1 or r a mumm] 9 8 /ead1 produc$ a small boy1 ! liv+ repres5tative ( ! god :o 0 lo/ & 0 f\nd4 ,?us ,lactantius reg>d$ ,osiris z ! son in/ead ( ! husb& ( ,isis1 & he makes no m5tion ( ! image ( vegetable m\ld4 ,x is probable t ! boy :o figur$ 9 ! sacr$ drama play$ ! "p1 n ( ,osiris1 b ( 8 son ,horus2 b z ! dea? & resurrection ( ! god 7 celebrat$ 9 _m cities ( ,egypt1 x is also possible t 9 "s places ! "p ( ! god come to life 0 play$ by a liv+ actor in/ead ( by an image4 ,ano!r ,*ri/ian writ] describes h[ ! ,egyptians1 ) %orn heads1 annually lam5t$ ov] a buri$ idol ( ,osiris1 smit+ _! brea/s1 sla%+ _! %\ld]s1 ripp+ op5 _! old w\nds1 until1 aft] sev]al days ( m\rn+1 !y pr(ess$ to f9d ! mangl$ rema9s ( ! god1 at :i* !y rejoic$4 ,h[ev] ! details ( ! c]emony may h v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 ! pret5ce ( f9d+ ! god's body1 & probably ( re/or+ x to life1 0 a great ev5t 9 ! fe/al ye> ( ! ,egyptians4 ,! %\ts ( joy :i* greet$ x are describ$ or allud$ to by _m anci5t writ]s4 ,! fun]al rites ( ,osiris1 z !y 7 obs]v$ at 8 great fe/ival 9 ! sixte5 prov9ces ( ,egypt1 are describ$ 9 a long inscription ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 :i* is engrav$ on ! walls ( ! god's temple at ,d5d]ah1 ! ,t5tyra ( ! ,greeks1 a t[n ( ,upp] ,egypt situat$ on ! we/]n bank ( ! ,nile ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ,!bes4 ,un=tunately1 :ile ! in=mation ?us furni%$ is rem>kably full & m9ute on _m po9ts1 ! arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ! inscription is s confus$ & ! expression (t5 s obscure t a cle> & consi/5t acc\nt ( ! c]emonies z a :ole c h>dly be extract$ f x4 ,moreov]1 we le>n f ! docum5t t ! c]emonies v>i$ some:at 9 ! sev]al cities1 ! ritual ( ,abydos1 = example1 diff]+ f t ( ,busiris4 ,)\t attempt+ to trace all ! p>ticul>ities ( local usage ,i %all briefly indicate :at seem to h be5 ! lead+ features ( ! fe/ival1 s f> z ^! c be asc]ta9$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,! rites la/$ eighte5 days1 f ! twelf? to ! ?irtie? ( ! mon? ,khoiak1 & set =? ! nature ( ,osiris 9 8 triple aspect z dead1 dismemb]$1 & f9ally recon/itut$ by ! union ( 8 scatt]$ limbs4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! aspects he 0 call$ ,*5t-,am5t 7,kh5ti-,am5ti71 9 ! second ,osiris-,sep1 & 9 ! ?ird ,sok>i 7,sek]74 ,small images ( ! god 7 m\ld$ ( s& or vegetable e>? & corn1 to :i* inc5se 0 sometimes add$2 8 face 0 pa9t$ yell[ & 8 *eek-bones gre54 ,^! images 7 ca/ 9 a m\ld ( pure gold1 :i* repres5t$ ! god 9 ! =m ( a mummy1 ) ! :ite cr[n ( ,egypt on 8 head4 ,! fe/ival op5$ on ! twelf? day ( ,khoiak ) a c]emony ( pl\gh+ & s[+4 ,two black c[s 7 yok$ to ! pl\gh1 :i* 0 made ( tam>isk wood1 :ile ! %>e 0 ( black copp]4 ,a boy scatt]$ ! se$4 ,"o end ( ! field 0 s[n ) b>ley1 ! o!r ) spelt1 & ! middle ) flax4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! *ief celebrant recit$ ! ritual *apt] ( ! s[+ ( ! fields4 ,at ,busiris on ! tw5tie? ( ,khoiak s& & b>ley 7 put 9 ! god's g>d51 :i* appe>s to h be5 a sort ( l>ge fl[]-pot4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! pres5ce ( ! c[-goddess ,%5ty1 repres5t$ seem+ly by ! image ( a c[ made ( gilt sycamore wood ) a headless human image 9 its inside4 ,!n fre% inundation wat] 0 p\r$ out ( a gold5 vase ov] bo? ! goddess & ! 'g>d51' & ! b>ley 0 all[$ to gr[ z ! emblem ( ! resurrection ( ! god aft] 8 burial 9 ! e>?1 '= ! gr[? ( ! g>d5 is ! gr[? ( ! div9e sub/ance4' ,on ! tw5ty-second ( ,khoiak1 at ! eigh? h\r1 ! images ( ,osiris1 att5d$ by ?irty-f\r images ( deities1 p]=m$ a my/]i\s voyage 9 ?irty-f\r t9y boats made ( papyrus1 :i* 7 illum9at$ by ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five lights4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,khoiak1 aft] sunset1 ! effigy ( ,osiris 9 a c(f9 ( mulb]ry wood 0 laid 9 ! grave1 & at ! n9? h\r ( ! night ! effigy :i* _h be5 made & deposit$ ! ye> be=e 0 remov$ & plac$ ^u b\ghs ( sycamore4 ,la/ly1 on ! ?irtie? day ( ,khoiak !y repair$ to ! holy sepul*re1 a subt]ranean *amb] ov] :i* appe>s to h gr[n a clump ( ,p]sea-trees4 ,ent]+ ! vault by ! we/]n door1 !y laid ! c(f9$ effigy ( ! dead god rev]5tly on a b$ ( s& 9 ! *amb]4 ,s !y left him to 8 re/1 & dep>t$ f ! sepul*re by ! ea/]n door4 ,?us end$ ! c]emonies 9 ! mon? ( ,khoiak4 ,9 ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! fe/ival1 drawn f ! great inscription ( ,d5d]ah1 ! burial ( ,osiris figures prom95tly1 :ile 8 resurrection is impli$ r ?an express$4 ,?is defect ( ! docum5t1 h[ev]1 is amply comp5sat$ by a rem>kable s]ies ( bas-reliefs :i* accompany & illu/rate ! inscription4 ,^! exhibit 9 a s]ies ( sc5es ! dead god ly+ swa!d z a mummy on 8 bi]1 !n gradually rais+ himself up high] & high]1 until at la/ he has entirely quitt$ ! bi] & is se5 erect betwe5 ! gu>dian w+s ( ! fai?ful ,isis1 :o /&s beh9d him1 :ile a male figure holds up be=e 8 eyes ! crux ansata1 ! ,egyptian symbol ( life4 ,! resurrection ( ! god c\ld h>dly be portray$ m graphically4 ,ev5 m in/ructive1 h[ev]1 is ano!r repres5tation ( ! same ev5t 9 a *amb] d$icat$ to ,osiris 9 ! great temple ( ,isis at ,philae4 ,"h we see ! dead body ( ,osiris ) /alks ( corn spr++ f x1 :ile a prie/ wat]s ! /alks f a pit*] :i* he holds 9 8 h&4 ,! accompany+ inscription sets =? t ?is is ! =m ( him :om "o may n "n1 ,osiris ( ! my/]ies1 :o spr+s f ! return+ wat]s4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ! picture & ! words seem to leave no d\bt t ,osiris 0 "h conceiv$ & repres5t$ z a p]sonification ( ! corn :i* spr+s f ! fields aft] !y h be5 f]tilis$ by ! inundation4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! inscription1 0 ! k]nel ( ! my/]ies1 ! inn]mo/ secret reveal$ to ! initiat$4 ,s 9 ! rites ( ,demet] at ,eleusis a reap$ e> ( corn 0 exhibit$ to ! wor%ipp]s z ! c5tral my/]y ( _! religion4 ,we c n[ fully und]/& :y at ! great fe/ival ( s[+ 9 ! mon? ( ,khoiak ! prie/s us$ to bury effigies ( ,osiris made ( e>? & corn4 ,:5 ^! effigies 7 tak5 up aga9 at ! end ( a ye> or ( a %ort] int]val1 ! corn w\ld be f\nd to h spr\t$ f ! body ( ,osiris1 & ?is spr\t+ ( ! gra9 w\ld be hail$ z an om51 or r z ! cause1 ( ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,! corn-god produc$ ! corn f himself3 he gave 8 own body to fe$ ! p3 he di$ t !y might live4 ,& f ! dea? & resurrection ( _! great god ! ,egyptians drew n only _! support & su/5ance 9 ?is life1 b also _! hope ( a life et]nal beyond ! grave4 ,?is hope is indicat$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann] by ! v rem>kable effigies ( ,osiris :i* h come to light 9 ,egyptian cemet]ies4 ,?us 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes !re 0 f\nd ! tomb ( a royal fan-be>] :o liv$ ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ,among ! ri* cont5ts ( ! tomb !re 0 a bi] on :i* re/$ a mattress ( re$s cov]$ ) ?ree lay]s ( l954 ,on ! upp] side ( ! l95 0 pa9t$ a life-size figure ( ,osiris2 & ! int]ior ( ! figure1 :i* 0 wat]pro(1 conta9$ a mixture ( vegetable m\ld1 b>ley1 & a /icky fluid4 ,! b>ley _h spr\t$ & s5t out %oots two or ?ree in*es long4 ,aga91 9 ! cemet]y at ,cynopolis 7 num]\s burials ( ,osiris figures4 ,^! 7 made ( gra9 wrapp$ up 9 clo? & r\ghly %ap$ l an ,osiris1 & plac$ inside a brick$-up recess at ! side ( ! tomb1 sometimes 9 small pott]y c(f9s1 sometimes 9 wood5 c(f9s 9 ! =m ( a hawkmummy1 sometimes )\t any c(f9s at all4 ,^! corn-/uff$ figures 7 b&ag$ l mummies ) pat*es ( gild+ "h & !re1 z if 9 imitation ( ! gold5 m\ld 9 :i* ! simil> figures ( ,osiris 7 ca/ at ! fe/ival ( s[+4 ,aga91 effigies ( ,osiris1 ) faces ( gre5 wax & _! int]ior full ( gra91 7 f\nd buri$ ne> ! necropolis ( ,!bes4 ,f9ally1 we are told by ,pr(essor ,erman t betwe5 ! legs ( mummies !re sometimes lies a figure ( ,osiris made ( slime2 x is fill$ ) gra9s ( corn1 ! spr\t+ ( :i* is int5d$ to signify ! resurrection ( ! god4 ,we _c d\bt t1 j z ! burial ( corn-/uff$ images ( ,osiris 9 ! e>? at ! fe/ival ( s[+ 0 design$ to quick5 ! se$1 s ! burial ( simil> images 9 ! grave 0 meant to quick5 ! dead1 9 o!r words1 to ensure _! spiritual immortality4 ,,xl4 ,! ,nature ( ,osiris #a4 ,osiris a ,corn-god ,,! ,,=ego+ survey ( ! my? & ritual ( ,osiris may suffice to prove t 9 "o ( 8 aspects ! god 0 a p]sonification ( ! corn1 :i* may be said to die & come to life aga9 e ye>4 ,?r\gh all ! pomp & glam\r ) :i* 9 lat] times ! prie/s _h inve/$ 8 wor%ip1 ! conception ( him z ! corn-god comes cle>ly out 9 ! fe/ival ( 8 dea? & resurrection1 :i* 0 celebrat$ 9 ! mon? ( ,khoiak & at a lat] p]iod 9 ! mon? ( ,a?yr4 ,t fe/ival appe>s to h be5 ess5tially a fe/ival ( s[+1 :i* prop]ly fell at ! "t :5 ! husb&man actually committ$ ! se$ to ! e>?4 ,on t occasion an effigy ( ! corn-god1 m\ld$ ( e>? & corn1 0 buri$ ) fun]al rites 9 ! gr\nd 9 ord] t1 dy+ !re1 he might come to life aga9 ) ! new crops4 ,! c]emony 01 9 fact1 a *>m to ensure ! gr[? ( ! corn by sympa!tic magic1 & we may conjecture t z su* x 0 practis$ 9 a simple =m by e ,egyptian f>m] on 8 fields long be=e x 0 adopt$ & transfigur$ by ! prie/s 9 ! /ately ritual ( ! temple4 ,9 ! mod]n1 b d\btless anci5t1 ,arab cu/om ( bury+ ! ,old ,man1 namely1 a %eaf ( :eat1 9 ! h>ve/-field & pray+ t he may return f ! dead1 we see ! g]m out ( :i* ! wor%ip ( ! corn-god ,osiris 0 probably develop$4 ,! details ( 8 my? fit 9 well ) ?is int]pretation ( ! god4 ,he 0 said to be ! (fspr+ ( ,sky & ,e>?4 ,:at m appropriate p>5tage c\ld be inv5t$ = ! corn :i* spr+s f ! gr\nd t has be5 f]tilis$ by ! wat] ( heav58 ,x is true t ! l& ( ,egypt ow$ its f]tility directly to ! ,nile & n to %[]s2 b ! inhabitants mu/ h kn[n or guess$ t ! great riv] 9 its turn 0 f$ by ! ra9s :i* fell 9 ! f> int]ior4 ,aga91 ! leg5d t ,osiris 0 ! fir/ to tea* m5 ! use ( corn w\ld be mo/ naturally told ( ! corn-god himself4 ,fur!r1 ! /ory t 8 mangl$ rema9s 7 scatt]$ up & d[n ! l& & buri$ 9 diff]5t places may be a my?ical way ( express+ ei!r ! s[+ or ! w9n[+ ( ! gra94 ,! latt] int]pretation is support$ by ! tale t ,isis plac$ ! sev]$ limbs ( ,osiris on a corn-sieve4 ,or m probably ! leg5d may be a rem9isc5ce ( a cu/om ( slay+ a human victim1 p]haps a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 & di/ribut+ 8 fle% or scatt]+ 8 a%es ov] ! fields to f]tilise !m4 ,9 mod]n ,europe ! figure ( ,dea? is sometimes torn 9 pieces1 & ! fragm5ts are !n buri$ 9 ! gr\nd to make ! crops gr[ well1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w human victims are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,) reg>d to ! anci5t ,egyptians we h x on ! au?ority ( ,mane?o t !y us$ to burn r$-hair$ m5 & scatt] _! a%es ) w9n[+ fans1 & x is highly significant t ?is b>b>\s sacrifice 0 (f]$ by ! k+s at ! grave ( ,osiris4 ,we may conjecture t ! victims repres5t$ ,osiris himself1 :o 0 annually sla91 dismemb]$1 & buri$ 9 _! p]sons t he might quick5 ! se$ 9 ! e>?4 ,possibly 9 prehi/oric times ! k+s !mselves play$ ! "p ( ! god & 7 sla9 & dismemb]$ 9 t "*4 ,set z well z ,osiris is said to h be5 torn 9 pieces aft] a reign ( eighte5 days1 :i* 0 commemorat$ by an annual fe/ival ( ! same l5g?4 ,accord+ to "o /ory ,romulus1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,rome1 0 cut 9 pieces by ! s5ators1 :o buri$ ! fragm5ts ( him 9 ! gr\nd2 & ! traditional day ( 8 dea?1 ! sev5? ( ,july1 0 celebrat$ ) c]ta9 curi\s rites1 :i* 7 app>5tly connect$ ) ! artificial f]tilisation ( ! fig4 ,aga91 ,greek leg5d told h[ ,p5!us1 k+ ( ,!bes1 & ,lycurgus1 k+ ( ! ,?racian ,edonians1 oppos$ ! v9e-god ,dionysus1 & h[ ! impi\s mon>*s 7 r5t 9 pieces1 ! "o by ! fr5zi$ ,bac*anals1 ! o!r by horses4 ,! ,greek traditions may well be di/ort$ rem9isc5ces ( a cu/om ( sacrific+ human be+s1 & especially div9e k+s1 9 ! "* ( ,dionysus1 a god :o resembl$ ,osiris 9 _m po9ts & 0 said l him to h be5 torn limb f limb4 ,we are told t 9 ,*ios m5 7 r5t 9 pieces z a sacrifice to ,dionysus2 & s9ce !y di$ ! same dea? z _! god1 x is reasonable to suppose t !y p]sonat$ him4 ,! /ory t ! ,?racian ,orpheus 0 simil>ly torn limb f limb by ! ,bac*anals seems to indicate t he too p]i%$ 9 ! "* ( ! god ^: dea? he di$4 ,x is significant t ! ,?racian ,lycurgus1 k+ ( ! ,edonians1 is said to h be5 put to dea? 9 ord] t ! gr\nd1 :i* _h ceas$ to be fruitful1 might rega9 its f]tility4 ,fur!r1 we read ( a ,norwegian k+1 ,halfdan ! ,black1 ^: body 0 cut up & buri$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 k+dom = ! sake ( ensur+ ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?4 ,he is said to h be5 dr[n$ at ! age ( =ty ?r\gh ! break+ ( ! ice 9 spr+4 ,:at foll[$ 8 dea? is ?us relat$ by ! old ,norse hi/orian ,snorri ,/urluson3 ,he _h be5 ! mo/ prosp]\s 7lit]ally1 bless$ ) abundance7 ( all k+s4 ,s greatly did m5 value him t :5 ! news came t he 0 dead & 8 body remov$ to ,hr+>iki & int5d$ = burial !re1 ! *ief m5 f ,raum>iki & ,we/fold & ,hei?mrk came & all reque/$ t !y might take 8 body ) !m & bury x 9 _! v>i\s prov9ces2 !y ?\ght t x w\ld br+ abundance to ^? :o obta9$ x4 ,ev5tually x 0 settl$ t ! body 0 di/ribut$ 9 f\r places4 ,! head 0 laid 9 a b>r[ at ,/e9n 9 ,hr+>iki1 & ea* p>ty took away _! own %>e & buri$ x4 ,all ^! b>r[s are call$ ,halfdan's b>r[s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is ,halfdan belong$ to ! family ( ! ,yngl+s1 :o trac$ _! desc5t f ,frey1 ! great ,sc&9avian god ( f]tility4 ,! natives ( ,kiwai1 an isl& ly+ (f ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv] 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 tell ( a c]ta9 magician nam$ ,seg]a1 :o _h sago = 8 totem4 ,:5 ,seg]a 0 old & ill1 he told ! p t he w\ld soon die1 b t1 nev]!less1 he w\ld cause _! g>d5s to ?rive4 ,accord+ly1 he in/ruct$ !m t :5 he 0 dead !y %\ld cut him up & place pieces ( 8 fle% 9 _! g>d5s1 b 8 head 0 to be buri$ 9 8 own g>d54 ,( him x is said t he outliv$ ! ord9>y age1 & t no man knew 8 fa!r1 b t he made ! sago good & no "o 0 hungry any m4 ,old m5 :o 7 alive "s ye>s ago affirm$ t !y _h kn[n ,seg]a 9 _! y\?1 & ! g5]al op9ion ( ! ,kiwai p seems to be t ,seg]a di$ n m ?an two g5]ations ago4 ,tak5 all toge!r1 ^! leg5ds po9t to a widespread practice ( dismemb]+ ! body ( a k+ or magician & bury+ ! pieces 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 ord] to ensure ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd & probably also ! fecundity ( man & bea/4 ,to return to ! human victims ^: a%es ! ,egyptians scatt]$ ) w9n[+-fans1 ! r$ hair ( ^! un=tunates 0 probably significant4 ,= 9 ,egypt ! ox5 :i* 7 sacrific$ _h also to be r$2 a s+le black or :ite hair f\nd on ! bea/ w\ld h disqualifi$ x = ! sacrifice4 ,if1 z ,i conjecture1 ^! human sacrifices 7 int5d$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops--& ! w9n[+ ( _! a%es seems to support ?is view--r$hair$ victims 7 p]haps select$ z be/ fitt$ to p]sonate ! _s ( ! ruddy gra94 ,= :5 a god is repres5t$ by a liv+ p]son1 x is natural t ! human repres5tative %\ld be *os5 on ! gr\nd ( 8 suppos$ resemblance to ! div9e orig9al4 ,h5ce ! anci5t ,mexicans1 conceiv+ ! maize z a p]sonal be+ :o w5t ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( life betwe5 se$-"t & h>ve/1 sacrific$ new-born babes :5 ! maize 0 s[n1 old] *ildr5 :5 x _h spr\t$1 & s on till x 0 fully ripe1 :5 !y sacrific$ old m54 ,a "n = ,osiris 0 ! crop or h>ve/2 & ! anci5ts sometimes expla9$ him z a p]sonification ( ! corn4 #b4 ,osiris a ,tree-_s ,,b ,osiris 0 m ?an a _s ( ! corn2 he 0 also a tree-_s1 & ?is may p]haps h be5 8 primitive "*1 s9ce ! wor%ip ( trees is naturally old] 9 ! hi/ory ( religion ?an ! wor%ip ( ! c]eals4 ,! "* ( ,osiris z a tree-_s 0 repres5t$ v graphically 9 a c]emony describ$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 ,a p9e-tree hav+ be5 cut d[n1 ! c5tre 0 holl[$ out1 & ) ! wood ?us excavat$ an image ( ,osiris 0 made1 :i* 0 !n buri$ l a corpse 9 ! holl[ ( ! tree4 ,x is h>d to imag9e h[ ! conception ( a tree z t5ant$ by a p]sonal be+ c\ld be m pla9ly express$4 ,! image ( ,osiris ?us made 0 kept = a ye> & !n burn$1 exactly z 0 done ) ! image ( ,attis :i* 0 atta*$ to ! p9e-tree4 ,! c]emony ( cutt+ ! tree1 z describ$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 appe>s to be allud$ to by ,plut>*4 ,x 0 probably ! ritual c\nt]p>t ( ! my?ical discov]y ( ! body ( ,osiris enclos$ 9 ! erica-tree4 ,9 ! hall ( ,osiris at ,d5d]ah ! c(f9 conta9+ ! hawk-head$ mummy ( ! god is cle>ly depict$ z enclos$ )9 a tree1 app>5tly a conif]1 ! trunk & bran*es ( :i* are se5 above & bel[ ! c(f94 ,! sc5e ?us corresponds closely bo? to ! my? & to ! c]emony describ$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 ,x accords ) ! "* ( ,osiris z a tree-_s t 8 wor%ipp]s 7 =bidd5 to injure fruit-trees1 & ) 8 "* z a god ( vegetation 9 g5]al t !y 7 n all[$ to /op up wells ( wat]1 :i* are s important = ! irrigation ( hot s\!rn l&s4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d1 he taught m5 to tra9 ! v9e to poles1 to prune its sup]flu\s foliage1 & to extract ! juice ( ! grape4 ,9 ! papyrus ( ,nebs5i1 writt5 ab\t #aeej ,b4,c41 ,osiris is depict$ sitt+ 9 a %r9e1 f ! ro( ( :i* hang clu/]s ( grapes2 & 9 ! papyrus ( ! royal scribe ,nekht we see ! god en?ron$ 9 front ( a pool1 f ! banks ( :i* a luxuriant v9e1 ) _m bun*es ( grapes1 gr[s t[>ds ! gre5 face ( ! seat$ deity4 ,! ivy 0 sacr$ to him1 & 0 call$ 8 plant because x is always gre54 #c4 ,osiris a ,god ( ,f]tility ,,z ,a ,,god ( vegetation ,osiris 0 naturally conceiv$ z a god ( creative en]gy 9 g5]al1 s9ce m5 at a c]ta9 /age ( evolution fail to di/+ui% betwe5 ! reproductive p[]s ( animals & ( plants4 ,h5ce a /rik+ feature 9 8 wor%ip 0 ! co>se b expressive symbolism by :i* ?is aspect ( 8 nature 0 pres5t$ to ! eye n m]ely ( ! initiat$ b ( ! multitude4 ,at 8 fe/ival wom5 us$ to g ab\t ! villages s++ songs 9 8 praise & c>ry+ obsc5e images ( him :i* !y set 9 motion by means ( /r+s4 ,! cu/om 0 probably a *>m to ensure ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,a simil> image ( him1 deck$ ) all ! fruits ( ! e>?1 is said to h /ood 9 a temple be=e a figure ( ,isis1 & 9 ! *amb]s d$icat$ to him at ,philae ! dead god is portray$ ly+ on 8 bi] 9 an attitude :i* indicates 9 ! pla9e/ way t ev5 9 dea? 8 g5]ative virtue 0 n ext9ct b only susp5d$1 ready to prove a s\rce ( life & f]tility to ! _w :5 ! opportunity %\ld (f]4 ,hymns address$ to ,osiris conta9 allusions to ?is important side ( 8 nature4 ,9 "o ( !m x is said t ! _w waxes gre5 9 triumph ?r\gh him2 & ano!r decl>es1 ,?\ art ! fa!r & "m ( mank9d1 !y live on ?y brea?1 !y subsi/ on ! fle% ( ?y body4 ,we may conjecture t 9 ?is pat]nal aspect he 0 suppos$1 l o!r gods ( f]tility1 to bless m5 & wom5 ) (fspr+1 & t ! processions at 8 fe/ival 7 int5d$ to promote ?is object z well z to quick5 ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be to misjudge anci5t religion to d5\nce z lewd & pr(ligate ! emblems & ! c]emonies :i* ! ,egyptians employ$ = ! purpose ( giv+ effect to ?is conception ( ! div9e p[]4 ,! ends :i* !y propos$ to !mselves 9 ^! rites 7 natural & laudable2 only ! means !y adopt$ to compass !m 7 mi/ak54 ,a simil> fallacy induc$ ! ,greeks to adopt a l symbolism 9 _! ,dionysiac fe/ivals1 & ! sup]ficial b /rik+ resemblance ?us produc$ betwe5 ! two religions has p]haps m ?an any?+ else misl$ enquir]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 into id5tify+ wor%ips :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ak9 9 nature1 are p]fectly di/9ct & indep5d5t 9 orig94 #d4 ,osiris a ,god ( ! ,dead ,,we h se5 t 9 "o ( 8 aspects ,osiris 0 ! rul] & judge ( ! dead4 ,to a p l ! ,egyptians1 :o n only believ$ 9 a life beyond ! grave b actually sp5t mu* ( _! "t1 lab\r1 & money 9 prep>+ = x1 ?is (fice ( ! god mu/ h appe>$ h>dly1 if at all1 less important ?an 8 function ( mak+ ! e>? to br+ =? its fruits 9 due season4 ,we may assume t 9 ! fai? ( 8 wor%ipp]s ! two prov9ces ( ! god 7 intimately connect$4 ,9 lay+ _! dead 9 ! grave !y committ$ !m to 8 keep+ :o c\ld raise !m f ! du/ to life et]nal1 ev5 z he caus$ ! se$ to spr+ f ! gr\nd4 ,( t fai? ! corn-/uff$ effigies ( ,osiris f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs furni% an eloqu5t & un-equivocal te/imony4 ,!y 7 at once an emblem & an in/rum5t ( resurrection4 ,?us f ! spr\t+ ( ! gra9 ! anci5t ,egyptians drew an augury ( human immortality4 ,!y are n ! only p :o h built ! same l(ty hopes on ! same sl5d] f\ndation4 ,a god :o ?us f$ 8 p ) 8 own brok5 body 9 ?is life1 & :o held out to !m a promise ( a blissful et]nity 9 a bett] _w h]eaft]1 naturally reign$ supreme 9 _! affections4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 ,egypt ! wor%ip ( ! o!r gods 0 ov]%ad[$ by t ( ,osiris1 & t :ile !y 7 rev]$ ea* 9 8 own di/rict1 he & 8 div9e p>tn] ,isis 7 ador$ 9 all4 ,,xli4 ,isis ,,! ,,orig9al mean+ ( ! goddess ,isis is /ill m difficult to det]m9e ?an t ( h] bro!r & husb& ,osiris4 ,h] attributes & epi!ts 7 s num]\s t 9 ! hi]oglyphics %e is call$ ! _m-nam$1 ! ?\s&-nam$1 & 9 ,greek inscriptions ! myriad-nam$4 ,yet 9 h] complex nature x is p]haps /ill possible to detect ! orig9al nucleus r\nd :i* by a sl[ process ( accretion ! o!r elem5ts ga!r$4 ,= if h] bro!r & husb& ,osiris 0 9 "o ( 8 aspects ! corn-god1 z we h se5 reason to believe1 %e mu/ surely h be5 ! corn-goddess4 ,!re are at lea/ "s gr\nds = ?9k+ s4 ,= if we may tru/ ,diodorus ,siculus1 ^: au?ority appe>s to h be5 ! ,egyptian hi/orian ,mane?o1 ! discov]y ( :eat & b>ley 0 attribut$ to ,isis1 & at h] fe/ivals /alks ( ^! gra9s 7 c>ri$ 9 procession to commemorate ! boon %e _h conf]r$ on m54 ,a fur!r detail is add$ by ,augu/9e4 ,he says t ,isis made ! discov]y ( b>ley at ! mom5t :5 %e 0 sacrific+ to ! common ance/ors ( h] husb& & h]self1 all ( :om _h be5 k+s1 & t %e %[$ ! newly discov]$ e>s ( b>ley to ,osiris & 8 c\ncillor ,?o? or ,m]cury1 z ,roman writ]s call$ him4 ,t is :y1 adds ,augu/9e1 !y id5tify ,isis ) ,c]es4 ,fur!r1 at h>ve/-"t1 :5 ! ,egyptian reap]s _h cut ! fir/ /alks1 !y laid !m d[n & beat _! brea/s1 wail+ & call+ ^u ,isis4 ,! cu/om has be5 already expla9$ z a lam5 = ! corn-_s sla9 "u ! sickle4 ,among/ ! epi!ts by :i* ,isis is designat$ 9 ! inscriptions are ,creatress ( gre5 ?+s1 ,gre5 goddess1 ^: gre5 col\r is l unto ! gre5ness ( ! e>?1 ,lady ( ,bread1 ,lady ( ,be]1 ,lady ( ,abundance4 ,accord+ to ,brugs* %e is n only ! creatress ( ! fre% v]dure ( vegetation :i* cov]s ! e>?1 b is actually ! gre5 corn-field itself1 :i* is p]sonifi$ z a goddess4 ,?is is confirm$ by h] epi!t ,so*it or ,so*et1 mean+ a corn-field1 a s5se :i* ! ^w /ill reta9s 9 ,coptic4 ,! ,greeks conceiv$ ( ,isis z a corn-goddess1 = !y id5tifi$ h] ) ,demet]4 ,9 a ,greek epigram %e is describ$ z %e :o has giv5 bir? to ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & ! "m ( ! e>s ( corn2 & 9 a hymn compos$ 9 h] hon\r %e speaks ( h]self z que5 ( ! :eat-field1 & is describ$ z *>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! fruitful furr['s :eat-ri* pa?4 ,accord+ly1 ,greek or ,roman arti/s (t5 repres5t$ h] ) e>s ( corn on h] head or 9 h] h&4 ,su*1 we may suppose1 0 ,isis 9 ! old5 "t1 a ru/ic ,corn-,"m ador$ ) unc\? rites by ,egyptian swa9s4 ,b ! homely features ( ! cl[ni% goddess c\ld h>dly be trac$ 9 ! ref9$1 ! sa9tly =m :i*1 spiritualis$ by ages ( religi\s evolution1 %e pres5t$ to h] wor%ipp]s ( aft] days z ! true wife1 ! t5d] "m1 ! b5efic5t que5 ( nature1 encircl$ ) ! nimbus ( moral purity1 ( immemorial & my/]i\s sanctity4 ,?us *a/5$ & transfigur$ %e won _m he>ts f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( h] native l&4 ,9 t welt] ( religions :i* accompani$ ! decl9e ( national life 9 antiquity h] wor%ip 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> at ,rome & ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,"s ( ! ,roman emp]ors !mselves 7 op5ly addict$ to x4 ,& h[ev] ! religion ( ,isis may1 l any o!r1 h be5 (t5 worn z a cloak by m5 & wom5 ( loose life1 h] rites appe> on ! :ole to h be5 hon\rably di/+ui%$ by a dignity & composure1 a solemnity & decorum1 well fitt$ to soo! ! tr\bl$ m9d1 to ease ! burd5$ he>t4 ,!y appeal$ !re=e to g5tle spirits1 & above all to wom51 :om ! bloody & lic5ti\s rites ( o!r ,ori5tal goddesses only %ock$ & repell$4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !n1 t 9 a p]iod ( decad5ce1 :5 traditional fai?s 7 %ak51 :5 sy/ems cla%$1 :5 m5's m9ds 7 disquiet$1 :5 ! fabric ( empire itself1 once deem$ et]nal1 began to %[ om9\s r5ts & fissures1 ! s]5e figure ( ,isis ) h] spiritual calm1 h] graci\s promise ( immortality1 %\ld h appe>$ to _m l a /> 9 a /ormy sky1 & %\ld h r\s$ 9 _! brea/s a rapture ( devotion n unlike t :i* 0 paid 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,inde$ h] /ately ritual1 ) its %av5 & tonsur$ prie/s1 its mat9s & vesp]s1 its t9kl+ music1 its baptism & asp]sions ( holy wat]1 its solemn processions1 its jewell$ images ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 pres5t$ _m po9ts ( simil>ity to ! pomps & c]emonies ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! resemblance ne$ n be purely accid5tal4 ,anci5t ,egypt may h contribut$ its %>e to ! gorge\s symbolism ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z well z to ! pale ab/ractions ( h] !ology4 ,c]ta9ly 9 art ! figure ( ,isis suckl+ ! infant ,horus is s l t ( ! ,madonna & *ild t x has sometimes receiv$ ! adoration ( ignorant ,*ri/ians4 ,& to ,isis 9 h] lat] "* ( patroness ( m>9]s ! ,virg9 ,m>y p]haps owes h] beautiful epi!t ( ,/ella ,m>is1 ,/> ( ! ,sea1 "u :i* %e is ador$ by tempe/-toss$ sailors4 ,! attributes ( a m>9e deity may h be5 be/[$ on ,isis by ! sea-f>+ ,greeks ( ,alex&ria4 ,!y are q =eign to h] orig9al "* & to ! habits ( ! ,egyptians1 :o _h no love ( ! sea4 ,on ?is hypo!sis ,sirius1 ! bright /> ( ,isis1 :i* on ,july morn+s rises f ! glassy waves ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 a h>b+] ( halcyon wea!r to m>9]s1 0 ! true ,/ella ,m>is1 ! ,/> ( ! ,sea4 ,,xlii4 ,osiris & ! ,sun ,,osiris has be5 sometimes int]pret$ z ! sun-god1 & 9 mod]n times ?is view has be5 held by s _m di/+ui%$ writ]s t x des]ves a brief exam9ation4 ,if we enquire on :at evid5ce ,osiris has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! sun or ! sun-god1 x w be f\nd on analysis to be m9ute 9 quantity & dubi\s1 :]e x is n absolutely wor?less1 9 quality4 ,! dilig5t ,jablonski1 ! fir/ mod]n s*ol> to collect & sift ! te/imony ( classical writ]s on ,egyptian religion1 says t x c be %[n 9 _m ways t ,osiris is ! sun1 & t he c\ld produce a cl\d ( witnesses to prove x1 b t x is ne$less to d s1 s9ce no le>n$ man is ignorant ( ! fact4 ,( ! anci5t writ]s :om he condesc5ds to quote1 ! only two :o expressly id5tify ,osiris ) ! sun are ,diodorus & ,macrobius4 ,b little weight c be atta*$ to _! evid5ce2 = ! /atem5t ( ,diodorus is vague & rhetorical1 & ! reasons :i* ,macrobius1 "o ( ! fa!rs ( sol> my?ology1 assigns = ! id5tification are exce$+ly slight4 ,! gr\nd ^u :i* "s mod]n writ]s seem *iefly to rely = ! id5tification ( ,osiris ) ! sun is t ! /ory ( 8 dea? fits bett] ) ! sol> ph5om5a ?an ) any o!r 9 nature4 ,x may readily be admitt$ t ! daily appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! sun might v naturally be express$ by a my? ( 8 dea? & resurrection2 & writ]s :o reg>d ,osiris z ! sun are c>eful to indicate t x is ! diurnal1 & n ! annual1 c\rse ( ! sun to :i* !y und]/& ! my? to apply4 ,?us ,r5\f1 :o id5tifi$ ,osiris ) ! sun1 admitt$ t ! ,egyptian sun c\ld n ) any %[ ( reason be describ$ z dead 9 w9t]4 ,b if 8 daily dea? 0 ! !me ( ! leg5d1 :y 0 x celebrat$ by an annual c]emony8 ,?is fact alone seems fatal to ! int]pretation ( ! my? z descriptive ( sunset & sunrise4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! sun may be said to die daily1 9 :at s5se c he be said to be torn 9 pieces8 ,9 ! c\rse ( our enquiry x has1 ,i tru/1 be5 made cle> t !re is ano!r natural ph5om5on to :i* ! conception ( dea? & resurrection is z applicable z to sunset & sunrise1 & :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 has be5 s conceiv$ & repres5t$ 9 folk-cu/om4 ,t ph5om5on is ! annual gr[? & decay ( vegetation4 ,a /rong reason = int]pret+ ! dea? ( ,osiris z ! decay ( vegetation r ?an z ! sunset is to be f\nd 9 ! g5]al1 ?\gh n unanim\s1 voice ( antiquity1 :i* class$ toge!r ! wor%ip & my?s ( ,osiris1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,dionysus1 & ,demet]1 z religions ( ess5tially ! same type4 ,! cons5sus ( anci5t op9ion on ?is subject seems too great to be reject$ z a m]e fancy4 ,s closely did ! rites ( ,osiris resemble ^? ( ,adonis at ,byblus t "s ( ! p ( ,byblus !mselves ma9ta9$ t x 0 ,osiris & n ,adonis ^: dea? 0 m\rn$ by !m4 ,su* a view c\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 held if ! rituals ( ! two gods _h n be5 s alike z to be almo/ indi/+ui%able4 ,h]odotus f\nd ! simil>ity betwe5 ! rites ( ,osiris & ,dionysus s great1 t he ?\ght x impossible ! latt] c\ld h aris5 indep5d5tly2 !y mu/1 he suppos$1 h be5 rec5tly borr[$1 ) slight alt]ations1 by ! ,greeks f ! ,egyptians4 ,aga91 ,plut>*1 a v ke5 /ud5t ( comp>ative religion1 insi/s ^u ! detail$ resemblance ( ! rites ( ,osiris to ^? ( ,dionysus4 ,we _c reject ! evid5ce ( su* intellig5t & tru/wor?y witnesses on pla9 matt]s ( fact :i* fell "u _! own cognizance4 ,_! explanations ( ! wor%ips x is inde$ possible to reject1 = ! mean+ ( religi\s cults is (t5 op5 to "q2 b resemblances ( ritual are matt]s ( obs]vation4 ,!re=e1 ^? :o expla9 ,osiris z ! sun are driv5 to ! alt]native ( ei!r dismiss+ z mi/ak5 ! te/imony ( antiquity to ! simil>ity ( ! rites ( ,osiris1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,dionysus1 & ,demet]1 or ( int]pret+ all ^! rites z sun-wor%ip4 ,no mod]n s*ol> has fairly fac$ & accept$ ei!r side ( ?is alt]native4 ,to accept ! =m] w\ld be to affirm t we "k ! rites ( ^! deities bett] ?an ! m5 :o practis$1 or at lea/ :o witness$ !m4 ,to accept ! latt] w\ld involve a wr5*+1 clipp+1 mangl+1 & di/ort+ ( my? & ritual f :i* ev5 ,macrobius %rank4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! view t ! ess5ce ( all ^! rites 0 ! mimic dea? & revival ( vegetation1 expla9s !m sep>ately & collectively 9 an easy & natural way1 & h>monises ) ! g5]al te/imony borne by ! anci5ts to _! sub/antial simil>ity4 ,,xliii4 ,dionysus ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ *apt]s we saw t 9 antiquity ! civilis$ nations ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt pictur$ to !mselves ! *anges ( ! seasons1 & p>ticul>ly ! annual gr[? & decay ( vegetation1 z episodes 9 ! life ( gods1 ^: m\rnful dea? & happy resurrection !y celebrat$ ) dramatic rites ( alt]nate lam5tation & rejoic+4 ,b if ! celebration 0 9 =m dramatic1 x 0 9 sub/ance magical2 t is to say1 x 0 int5d$1 on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic1 to ensure ! v]nal reg5]ation ( plants & ! multiplication ( animals1 :i* _h seem$ to be m5ac$ by ! inroads ( w9t]4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 h[ev]1 su* ideas & su* rites 7 by no means conf9$ to ! ,ori5tal peoples ( ,babylon & ,syria1 ( ,phrygia & ,egypt2 !y 7 n a product peculi> to ! religi\s my/icism ( ! dreamy ,ea/1 b 7 %>$ by ! races ( liveli] fancy & m m]curial temp]am5t :o inhabit$ ! %ores & isl&s ( ! ,aegean4 ,we ne$ n1 ) "s enquir]s 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 suppose t ^! ,we/]n peoples borr[$ f ! old] civilisation ( ! ,ori5t ! conception ( ! ,dy+ & ,reviv+ ,god1 toge!r ) ! solemn ritual1 9 :i* t conception 0 dramatically set =? be=e ! eyes ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,m probably ! resemblance :i* may be trac$ 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! religions ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ is no m ?an :at we commonly1 ?\gh incorrectly1 call a =tuit\s co9cid5ce1 ! effect ( simil> causes act+ alike on ! simil> con/itution ( ! human m9d 9 diff]5t c\ntries & "u diff]5t skies4 ,! ,greek _h no ne$ to j\rney into f> c\ntries to le>n ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 to m>k ! fleet+ beauty ( ! damask rose1 ! transi5t glory ( ! gold5 corn1 ! pass+ spl5d\r ( ! purple grapes4 ,ye> by ye> 9 8 own beautiful l& he beheld1 ) natural regret1 ! bright pomp ( summ] fad+ into ! gloom & /agnation ( w9t]1 & ye> by ye> he hail$ ) natural delight ! outbur/ ( fre% life 9 spr+4 ,accu/om$ to p]sonify ! =ces ( nature1 to t+e h] cold ab/ractions ) ! w>m hues ( imag9ation1 to clo! h] nak$ realities ) ! gorge\s drap]y ( a my?ic fancy1 he fa%ion$ = himself a tra9 ( gods & goddesses1 ( spirits & elves1 out ( ! %ift+ panorama ( ! seasons1 & foll[$ ! annual fluctuations ( _! =tunes ) alt]nate emotions ( *e]fulness & dejection1 ( gladness & sorr[1 :i* f\nd _! natural expression 9 alt]nate rites ( rejoic+ & lam5tation1 ( revelry & m\rn+4 ,a consid]ation ( "s ( ! ,greek div9ities :o ?us di$ & rose aga9 f ! dead may furni% u ) a s]ies ( companion pictures to set side by side ) ! sad figures ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris4 ,we beg9 ) ,dionysus4 ,! god ,dionysus or ,bac*us is be/ kn[n to u z a p]sonification ( ! v9e & ( ! exhil>ation produc$ by ! juice ( ! grape4 ,8 ec/atic wor%ip1 *>act]is$ by wild dances1 ?rill+ music1 & tipsy excess1 appe>s to h orig9at$ among ! rude tribes ( ,?race1 :o 7 notori\sly addict$ to drunk5ness4 ,its my/ic doctr9es & extravagant rites 7 ess5tially =eign to ! cle> intellig5ce & sob] temp]am5t ( ! ,greek race4 ,yet appeal+ z x did to t love ( my/]y & t pron5ess to rev]t to savag]y :i* seem to be innate 9 mo/ m51 ! religion spread l wildfire ?r\gh ,greece until ! god :om ,hom] h>dly deign$ to notice _h become ! mo/ popul> figure ( ! pan!on4 ,! resemblance :i* 8 /ory & 8 c]emonies pres5t to ^? ( ,osiris h l$ "s enquir]s bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times to hold t ,dionysus 0 m]ely a disguis$ ,osiris1 import$ directly f ,egypt into ,greece4 ,b ! great prepond]ance ( evid5ce po9ts to 8 ,?racian orig91 & ! simil>ity ( ! two wor%ips is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! simil>ity ( ! ideas & cu/oms on :i* !y 7 f\nd$4 ,:ile ! v9e ) its clu/]s 0 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic manife/ation ( ,dionysus1 he 0 also a god ( trees 9 g5]al4 ,?us we are told t almo/ all ! ,greeks sacrific$ to ,dionysus ( ! tree4 ,9 ,boeotia "o ( 8 titles 0 ,dionysus 9 ! tree4 ,8 image 0 (t5 m]ely an upright po/1 )\t arms1 b drap$ 9 a mantle1 ) a be>d$ mask to repres5t ! head1 & ) leafy b\ghs project+ f ! head or body to %[ ! nature ( ! deity4 ,on a vase 8 rude effigy is depict$ appe>+ out ( a l[ tree or bu%4 ,at ,magnesia on ! ,mae&] an image ( ,dionysus is said to h be5 f\nd 9 a plane-tree1 :i* _h be5 brok5 by ! w9d4 ,he 0 ! patron ( cultivat$ trees3 pray]s 7 (f]$ to him t he w\ld make ! trees gr[2 & he 0 especially hon\r$ by husb&m51 *iefly fruit-gr[]s1 :o set up an image ( him1 9 ! %ape ( a natural tree-/ump1 9 _! or*>ds4 ,he 0 said to h discov]$ all tree-fruits1 among/ :i* apples & figs are p>ticul>ly m5tion$2 & he 0 ref]r$ to z well-fruit$1 he ( ! gre5 fruit1 & mak+ ! fruit to gr[4 ,"o ( 8 titles 0 teem+ or bur/+ 7z ( sap or blossoms72 & !re 0 a ,fl[]y ,dionysus 9 ,attica & at ,patrae 9 ,a*aia4 ,! ,a!nians sacrific$ to him = ! prosp]ity ( ! fruits ( ! l&4 ,among/ ! trees p>ticul>ly sacr$ to him1 9 addition to ! v9e1 0 ! p9e-tree4 ,! ,delphic oracle comm&$ ! ,cor9?ians to wor%ip a p>ticul> p9e-tree equally ) ! god1 s !y made two images ( ,dionysus out ( x1 ) r$ faces & gilt bodies4 ,9 art a w&1 tipp$ ) a p9e-cone1 is commonly c>ri$ by ! god or 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,aga91 ! ivy & ! fig-tree 7 especially associat$ ) him4 ,9 ! ,attic t[n%ip ( ,a*>nae !re 0 a ,dionysus ,ivy2 at ,lac$aemon !re 0 a ,fig ,dionysus2 & 9 ,naxos1 :]e figs 7 call$ meili*a1 !re 0 a ,dionysus ,meili*ios1 ! face ( ^: image 0 made ( fig-wood4 ,fur!r1 !re are indications1 few b significant1 t ,dionysus 0 conceiv$ z a deity ( agriculture & ! corn4 ,he is spok5 ( z himself do+ ! "w ( a husb&man3 he is report$ to h be5 ! fir/ to yoke ox5 to ! pl\gh1 :i* be=e _h be5 dragg$ by h& alone2 & "s p f\nd 9 ?is tradition ! clue to ! bov9e %ape 9 :i*1 z we %all see1 ! god 0 (t5 suppos$ to pres5t himself to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,?us guid+ ! pl\gh%>e & scatt]+ ! se$ z he w5t1 ,dionysus is said to h eas$ ! lab\r ( ! husb&man4 ,fur!r1 we are told t 9 ! l& ( ! ,bisaltae1 a ,?racian tribe1 !re 0 a great & fair sanctu>y ( ,dionysus1 :]e at 8 fe/ival a bright light %one =? at night z a tok5 ( an abundant h>ve/ v\*saf$ by ! diety2 b if ! crops 7 to fail t ye>1 ! my/ic light 0 n se51 d>kness brood$ ov] ! sanctu>y z at o!r times4 ,moreov]1 among ! emblems ( ,dionysus 0 ! w9n[+-fan1 t is ! l>ge op5 %ovel-%ap$ basket1 :i* d[n to mod]n times has be5 us$ by f>m]s to sep>ate ! gra9 f ! *aff by toss+ ! corn 9 ! air4 ,?is simple agricultural in/rum5t figur$ 9 ! my/ic rites ( ,dionysus2 inde$ ! god is traditionally said to h be5 plac$ at bir? 9 a w9n[+-fan z 9 a cradle3 9 art he is repres5t$ z an infant s cradl$2 & f ^! traditions & repres5tations he d]iv$ ! epi!t ( ,liknites1 t is1 ,he ( ! ,w9n[+-fan4 ,l o!r gods ( vegetation ,dionysus 0 believ$ to h di$ a viol5t dea?1 b to h be5 br\ght to life aga92 & 8 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection 7 enact$ 9 8 sacr$ rites4 ,8 tragic /ory is ?us told by ! poet ,nonnus4 ,zeus 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t visit$ ,p]sephone1 & %e bore him ,zagreus1 t is1 ,dionysus1 a horn$ infant4 ,sc>cely 0 he born1 :5 ! babe m\nt$ ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,zeus & mimick$ ! great god by br&i%+ ! lightn+ 9 8 t9y h&4 ,b he did n occupy ! ?rone long2 = ! trea*]\s ,titans1 _! faces :it5$ ) *alk1 attack$ him ) knives :ile he 0 look+ at himself 9 a mirror4 ,= a "t he evad$ _! assaults by turn+ himself into v>i\s %apes1 assum+ ! lik5ess successively ( ,zeus & ,cronus1 ( a "y man1 ( a lion1 a horse1 & a s]p5t4 ,f9ally1 9 ! =m ( a bull1 he 0 cut to pieces by ! murd]\s knives ( 8 enemies4 ,8 ,cretan my?1 z relat$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ran ?us4 ,he 0 said to h be5 ! ba/>d son ( ,jupit]1 a ,cretan k+4 ,go+ abroad1 ,jupit] transf]r$ ! ?rone & sceptre to ! y\?ful ,dionysus1 b1 kn[+ t 8 wife ,juno *]i%$ a jeal\s dislike ( ! *ild1 he entru/$ ,dionysus to ! c>e ( gu>ds ^u ^: fidelity he believ$ he c\ld rely4 ,juno1 h[ev]1 brib$ ! gu>ds1 & amus+ ! *ild ) rattles & a cunn+ly-wr\ght look+ glass lur$ him into an ambu%1 :]e h] satellites1 ! ,titans1 ru%$ ^u him1 cut him limb f limb1 boil$ 8 body ) v>i\s h]bs1 & ate x4 ,b 8 si/] ,m9]va1 :o _h %>$ 9 ! de$1 kept 8 he>t & gave x to ,jupit] on 8 return1 reveal+ to him ! :ole hi/ory ( ! crime4 ,9 8 rage1 ,jupit] put ! ,titans to dea? by torture1 &1 to soo! 8 grief = ! loss ( 8 son1 made an image 9 :i* he enclos$ ! *ild's he>t1 & !n built a temple 9 8 hon\r4 ,9 ?is v]sion a ,euhem]i/ic turn has be5 giv5 to ! my? by repres5t+ ,jupit] & ,juno 7,zeus & ,h]a7 z a k+ & que5 ( ,crete4 ,! gu>ds ref]r$ to are ! my?ical ,curetes :o danc$ a w>-dance r\nd ! infant ,dionysus1 z !y are said to h done r\nd ! infant ,zeus4 ,v notewor?y is ! leg5d1 record$ bo? by ,nonnus & ,firmicus1 t 9 8 infancy ,dionysus occupi$ = a %ort "t ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,zeus4 ,s ,proclus tells u t ,dionysus 0 ! la/ k+ ( ! gods appo9t$ by ,zeus4 ,= 8 fa!r set him on ! k+ly ?rone1 & plac$ 9 8 h& ! sceptre1 & made him k+ ( all ! gods ( ! _w4 ,su* traditions po9t to a cu/om ( tempor>ily inve/+ ! k+'s son ) ! royal dignity z a prelim9>y to sacrific+ him in/ead ( 8 fa!r4 ,pomegranates 7 suppos$ to h sprung f ! blood ( ,dionysus1 z anemones f ! blood ( ,adonis & violets f ! blood ( ,attis3 h5ce wom5 refra9$ f eat+ se$s ( pomegranates at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! sev]$ limbs ( ,dionysus 7 piec$ toge!r1 at ! comm& ( ,zeus1 by ,apollo1 :o buri$ !m on ,p>nassus4 ,! grave ( ,dionysus 0 %[n 9 ! ,delphic temple beside a gold5 /atue ( ,apollo4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! grave ( ,dionysus 0 at ,!bes1 :]e he is said to h be5 torn 9 pieces4 ,?us f> ! resurrection ( ! sla9 god is n m5tion$1 b 9 o!r v]sions ( ! my? x is v>i\sly relat$4 ,accord+ to "o v]sion1 :i* repres5t$ ,dionysus z a son ( ,zeus & ,demet]1 8 "m piec$ toge!r 8 mangl$ limbs & made him "y aga94 ,9 o!rs x is simply said t %ortly aft] 8 burial he rose f ! dead & asc5d$ up to heav52 or t ,zeus rais$ him up z he lay mortally w\nd$2 or t ,zeus swall[$ ! he>t ( ,dionysus & !n begat him afre% by ,semele1 :o 9 ! common leg5d figures z "m ( ,dionysus4 ,or1 aga91 ! he>t 0 p\nd$ up & giv5 9 a potion to ,semele1 :o !reby conceiv$ him4 ,turn+ f ! my? to ! ritual1 we f9d t ! ,cretans celebrat$ a bi5nial fe/ival at :i* ! passion ( ,dionysus 0 repres5t$ 9 e detail4 ,all t he _h done or suff]$ 9 8 la/ mom5ts 0 enact$ be=e ! eyes ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 :o tore a live bull to pieces ) _! tee? & roam$ ! woods ) frantic %\ts4 ,9 front ( !m 0 c>ri$ a casket suppos$ to conta9 ! sacr$ he>t ( ,dionysus1 & to ! wild music ( flutes & cymbals !y mimick$ ! rattles by :i* ! infant god _h be5 lur$ to 8 doom4 ,:]e ! resurrection =m$ "p ( ! my?1 x also 0 act$ at ! rites1 & x ev5 appe>s t a g5]al doctr9e ( resurrection1 or at lea/ ( immortality1 0 inculcat$ on ! wor%ipp]s2 = ,plut>*1 writ+ to console 8 wife on ! dea? ( _! infant daught]1 com=ts h] ) ! ?\ght ( ! immortality ( ! s\l z taught by tradition & reveal$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ,dionysus4 ,a diff]5t =m ( ! my? ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus is t he desc5d$ into ,hades to br+ up 8 "m ,semele f ! dead4 ,! local ,argive tradition 0 t he w5t d[n ?r\gh ! ,alcyonian lake2 & 8 return f ! l[] _w1 9 o!r words 8 resurrection1 0 annually celebrat$ on ! spot by ! ,argives1 :o summon$ him f ! wat] by trumpet bla/s1 :ile !y ?rew a lamb into ! lake z an (f]+ to ! w>d] ( ! dead4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a spr+ fe/ival does n appe>1 b ! ,lydians c]ta9ly celebrat$ ! adv5t ( ,dionysus 9 spr+2 ! god 0 suppos$ to br+ ! season ) him4 ,deities ( vegetation1 :o are believ$ to pass a c]ta9 portion ( ea* ye> und]gr\nd1 naturally come to be reg>d$ z gods ( ! l[] _w or ( ! dead4 ,bo? ,dionysus & ,osiris 7 s conceiv$4 ,a feature 9 ! my?ical "* ( ,dionysus1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s inconsi/5t ) 8 nature z a deity ( vegetation1 is t he 0 (t5 conceiv$ & repres5t$ 9 animal %ape1 especially 9 ! =m1 or at lea/ ) ! horns1 ( a bull4 ,?us he is spok5 ( z c[-born1 bull1 bull-%ap$1 bull-fac$1 bull-br[$1 bull-horn$1 horn-be>+1 two-horn$1 horn$4 ,he 0 believ$ to appe>1 at lea/ occasionally1 z a bull4 ,8 images 7 (t51 z at ,cyzicus1 made 9 bull %ape1 or ) bull horns2 & he 0 pa9t$ ) horns4 ,types ( ! horn$ ,dionysus are f\nd among/ ! surviv+ monum5ts ( antiquity4 ,on "o /atuette he appe>s clad 9 a bull's hide1 ! head1 horns1 & ho(s hang+ d[n beh9d4 ,aga91 he is repres5t$ z a *ild ) clu/]s ( grapes r\nd 8 br[1 & a calf's head1 ) spr\t+ horns1 atta*$ to ! back ( 8 head4 ,on a r$-figur$ vase ! god is portray$ z a calf-head$ *ild seat$ on a woman's lap4 ,! p ( ,cynae?a held a fe/ival ( ,dionysus 9 w9t]1 :5 m51 :o _h greas$ _! bodies ) oil = ! occasion1 us$ to pick out a bull f ! h]d & c>ry x to ! sanctu>y ( ! god4 ,dionysus 0 suppos$ to inspire _! *oice ( ! p>ticul> bull1 :i* probably repres5t$ ! deity himself2 = at 8 fe/ivals he 0 believ$ to appe> 9 bull =m4 ,! wom5 ( ,elis hail$ him z a bull1 & pray$ him to come ) 8 bull's foot4 ,!y sang1 ,come hi!r1 ,dionysus1 to ?y holy temple by ! sea2 come ) ! ,graces to ?y temple1 ru%+ ) ?y bull's foot1 ,o goodly bull1 ,o goodly bull6 ,! ,bac*anals ( ,?race wore horns 9 imitation ( _! god4 ,accord+ to ! my?1 x 0 9 ! %ape ( a bull t he 0 torn to pieces by ! ,titans2 & ! ,cretans1 :5 !y act$ ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,dionysus1 tore a live bull to pieces ) _! tee?4 ,inde$1 ! r5d+ & dev\r+ ( live bulls & calves appe> to h be5 a regul> feature ( ! ,dionysiac rites4 ,:5 we consid] ! practice ( portray+ ! god z a bull or ) "s ( ! features ( ! animal1 ! belief t he appe>$ 9 bull =m to 8 wor%ipp]s at ! sacr$ rites1 & ! leg5d t 9 bull =m he _h be5 torn 9 pieces1 we _c d\bt t 9 r5d+ & dev\r+ a live bull at 8 fe/ival ! wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus believ$ !mselves to be kill+ ! god1 eat+ 8 fle%1 & dr9k+ 8 blood4 ,ano!r animal ^: =m ,dionysus assum$ 0 ! goat4 ,"o ( 8 names 0 ,kid4 ,at ,a!ns & at ,h]mion he 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! title ( ! "o ( ! ,black ,goatsk91 & a leg5d ran t on a c]ta9 occasion he _h appe>$ clad 9 ! sk9 f :i* he took ! title4 ,9 ! w9e-gr[+ di/rict ( ,phlius1 :]e 9 autumn ! pla9 is /ill ?ickly mantl$ ) ! r$ & gold5 foliage ( ! fad+ v9es1 !re /ood ( old a bronze image ( a goat1 :i* ! husb&m5 pla/]$ ) gold-leaf z a means ( protect+ _! v9es aga9/ blight4 ,! image probably repres5t$ ! v9e-god himself4 ,to save him f ! wra? ( ,h]a1 8 fa!r ,zeus *ang$ ! y\?ful ,dionysus into a kid2 & :5 ! gods fl$ to ,egypt to escape ! fury ( ,typhon1 ,dionysus 0 turn$ into a goat4 ,h5ce :5 8 wor%ipp]s r5t 9 pieces a live goat & dev\r$ x raw1 !y mu/ h believ$ t !y 7 eat+ ! body & blood ( ! god4 ,! cu/om ( te>+ 9 pieces ! bodies ( animals & ( m5 & !n dev\r+ !m raw has be5 practis$ z a religi\s rite by savages 9 mod]n times4 ,we ne$ n !re=e dismiss z a fable ! te/imony ( antiquity to ! obs]vance ( simil> rites among ! fr5zi$ wor%ipp]s ( ,bac*us4 ,! cu/om ( kill+ a god 9 animal =m1 :i* we %all exam9e m 9 detail fur!r on1 belongs to a v e>ly /age ( human culture1 & is apt 9 lat] times to be misund]/ood4 ,! advance ( ?\ght t5ds to /rip ! old animal & plant gods ( _! be/ial & vegetable husk1 & to leave _! human attributes 7:i* are always ! k]nel ( ! conception7 z ! f9al & sole residuum4 ,9 o!r words1 animal & plant gods t5d to become purely an?ropomorphic4 ,:5 !y h become :olly or ne>ly s1 ! animals & plants :i* 7 at fir/ ! deities !mselves1 /ill reta9 a vague & ill-und]/ood connexion ) ! an?ropomorphic gods :o h develop$ out ( !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! deity & ! animal or plant hav+ be5 =gott51 v>i\s /ories are inv5t$ to expla9 x4 ,^! explanations may foll[ "o ( two l9es accord+ z !y are bas$ on ! habitual or on ! exceptional treatm5t ( ! sacr$ animal or plant4 ,! sacr$ animal 0 habitually sp>$1 & only exceptionally sla92 & accord+ly ! my? might be devis$ to expla9 ei!r :y x 0 sp>$ or :y x 0 kill$4 ,devis$ = ! =m] purpose1 ! my? w\ld tell ( "s s]vice r5d]$ to ! deity by ! animal2 devis$ = ! latt] purpose1 ! my? w\ld tell ( "s injury inflict$ by ! animal on ! god4 ,! reason giv5 = sacrific+ goats to ,dionysus exemplifies a my? ( ! latt] sort4 ,!y 7 sacrific$ to him1 x 0 said1 because !y injur$ ! v9e4 ,n[ ! goat1 z we h se51 0 orig9ally an embodim5t ( ! god himself4 ,b :5 ! god _h dive/$ himself ( 8 animal "* & _h become ess5tially an?ropomorphic1 ! kill+ ( ! goat 9 8 wor%ip came to be reg>d$ no long] z a slay+ ( ! deity himself1 b z a sacrifice (f]$ to him2 & s9ce "s reason _h to be assign$ :y ! goat 9 p>ticul> %\ld be sacrific$1 x 0 alleg$ t ?is 0 a puni%m5t inflict$ on ! goat = injur+ ! v9e1 ! object ( ! god's especial c>e4 ,?us we h ! /range spectacle ( a god sacrific$ to himself on ! gr\nd t he is 8 own enemy4 ,& z ! deity is suppos$ to p>take ( ! victim (f]$ to him1 x foll[s t1 :5 ! victim is ! god's old self1 ! god eats ( 8 own fle%4 ,h5ce ! goat-god ,dionysus is repres5t$ z eat+ raw goat's blood2 & ! bull-god ,dionysus is call$ eat] ( bulls4 ,on ! analogy ( ^! in/ances we may conjecture t :]ev] a deity is describ$ z ! eat] ( a p>ticul> animal1 ! animal 9 "q 0 orig9ally no?+ b ! deity himself4 ,lat] on we %all f9d t "s savages propitiate dead be>s & :ales by (f]+ !m portions ( _! own bodies4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 does n expla9 :y a deity ( vegetation %\ld appe> 9 animal =m4 ,b ! consid]ation ( t po9t _h bett] be def]r$ till we h discuss$ ! "* & attributes ( ,demet]4 ,meantime x rema9s to m5tion t 9 "s places1 in/ead ( an animal1 a human be+ 0 torn 9 pieces at ! rites ( ,dionysus4 ,?is 0 ! practice 9 ,*ios & ,t5$os2 & at ,potniae 9 ,boeotia ! tradition ran t x _h be5 =m]ly ! cu/om to sacrifice to ! goat-smit+ ,dionysus a *ild1 = :om a goat 0 aft]w>ds sub/itut$4 ,at ,or*om5us1 z we h se51 ! human victim 0 tak5 f ! wom5 ( an old royal family4 ,z ! sla9 bull or goat repres5t$ ! sla9 god1 s1 we may suppose1 ! human victim also repres5t$ him4 ,! leg5ds ( ! dea?s ( ,p5!us & ,lycurgus1 two k+s :o are said to h be5 torn to pieces1 ! "o by ,bac*anals1 ! o!r by horses1 = _! opposition to ! rites ( ,dionysus1 may be1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 di/ort$ rem9isc5ces ( a cu/om ( sacrific+ div9e k+s 9 ! "* ( ,dionysus & ( disp]s+ ! fragm5ts ( _! brok5 bodies ov] ! fields = ! purpose ( f]tilis+ !m4 ,x is probably no m]e co9cid5ce t ,dionysus himself is said to h be5 torn 9 pieces at ,!bes1 ! v place :]e accord+ to leg5d ! same fate befell k+ ,p5!us at ! h&s ( ! fr5zi$ vot>ies ( ! v9e-god4 ,h[ev]1 a tradition ( human sacrifice may sometimes h be5 a m]e mis9t]pretation ( a sacrificial ritual 9 :i* an animal victim 0 treat$ z a human be+4 ,= example1 at ,t5$os ! new-born calf sacrific$ to ,dionysus 0 %od 9 busk9s1 & ! "m c[ 0 t5d$ l a woman 9 *ild-b$4 ,at ,rome a %egoat 0 sacrific$ to ,v$ijovis z if x 7 a human victim4 ,yet on ! o!r h& x is equally possible1 & p]haps m probable1 t ^! curi\s rites 7 !mselves mitigations ( an old] & rud] cu/om ( sacrific+ human be+s1 & t ! lat] pret5ce ( treat+ ! sacrificial victims z if !y 7 human be+s 0 m]ely "p ( a pi\s & m]ciful fraud1 :i* palm$ (f on ! deity less preci\s victims ?an liv+ m5 & wom54 ,?is int]pretation is support$ by _m und\bt$ cases 9 :i* animals h be5 sub/itut$ = human victims4 ,,xliv4 ,demet] & ,p]sephone ,,dionysus 0 n ! only ,greek deity ^: tragic /ory & ritual appe> to reflect ! decay & revival ( vegetation4 ,9 ano!r =m & ) a diff]5t application ! old tale reappe>s 9 ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,sub/antially _! my? is id5tical ) ! ,syrian "o ( ,aphrodite 7,a/>te7 & ,adonis1 ! ,phrygian "o ( ,cybele & ,attis1 & ! ,egyptian "o ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,9 ! ,greek fable1 z 9 its ,asiatic & ,egyptian c\nt]p>ts1 a goddess m\rns ! loss ( a lov$ "o1 :o p]sonifies ! vegetation1 m especially ! corn1 :i* dies 9 w9t] to revive 9 spr+2 only :]eas ! ,ori5tal imag9ation figur$ ! lov$ & lo/ "o z a dead lov] or a dead husb& lam5t$ by 8 leman or 8 wife1 ,greek fancy embodi$ ! same idea 9 ! t5d]] & pur] =m ( a dead daught] bewail$ by h] sorr[+ "m4 ,! olde/ lit]>y docum5t :i* n>rates ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone is ! beautiful ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]1 :i* critics assign to ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era4 ,! object ( ! poem is to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 & ! complete sil5ce ( ! poet z to ,a!ns & ! ,a!nians1 :o 9 aft] ages took conspicu\s "p 9 ! fe/ival1 r5d]s x probable t ! hymn 0 compos$ 9 ! f> (f "t :5 ,eleusis 0 /ill a petty indep5d5t /ate1 & be=e ! /ately procession ( ! ,my/]ies _h begun to defile1 9 bright ,septemb] days1 ov] ! l[ *a9 ( b>r5 rocky hills :i* divides ! flat ,eleus9ian cornl& f ! m spaci\s olive-clad expanse ( ! ,a!nian pla94 ,be t z x may1 ! hymn reveals to u ! conception :i* ! writ] ent]ta9$ ( ! "* & functions ( ! two goddesses2 _! natural %apes /& out %>ply en\gh "u ! ?9 veil ( poetical imag]y4 ,! y\?ful ,p]sephone1 s runs ! tale1 0 ga!r+ roses & lilies1 crocuses & violets1 hyac9?s & n>cissuses 9 a lu% mead[1 :5 ! e>? gap$ & ,pluto1 "l ( ! ,dead1 issu+ f ! abyss c>ri$ h] (f on 8 gold5 c> to be 8 bride & que5 9 ! gloomy subt]ranean _w4 ,h] sorr[+ "m ,demet]1 ) h] yell[ tresses veil$ 9 a d>k m\rn+ mantle1 s\ght h] ov] l& & sea1 & le>n+ f ! ,sun h] daught]'s fate %e )drew 9 high dudgeon f ! gods & took up h] abode at ,eleusis1 :]e %e pres5t$ h]self to ! k+'s daught]s 9 ! guise ( an old woman1 sitt+ sadly "u ! %ad[ ( an olive tree beside ! ,maid5's ,well1 to :i* ! damsels _h come to draw wat] 9 bronze pit*]s = _! fa!r's h\se4 ,9 h] wra? at h] b]eavem5t ! goddess suff]$ n ! se$ to gr[ 9 ! e>? b kept x hidd5 "u gr\nd1 & %e v[$ t nev] w\ld %e set foot on ,olympus & nev] w\ld %e let ! corn spr\t till h] lo/ daught] %\ld be re/or$ to h]4 ,va9ly ! ox5 dragg$ ! pl\ghs to & fro 9 ! fields2 va9ly ! s[] dropp$ ! b>ley se$ 9 ! br[n furr[s2 no?+ came up f ! p>*$ & crumbl+ soil4 ,ev5 ! ,r>ian pla9 ne> ,eleusis1 :i* 0 wont to wave ) yell[ h>ve/s1 lay b>e & fall[4 ,mank9d w\ld h p]i%$ ( hung] & ! gods w\ld h be5 robb$ ( ! sacrifices :i* 7 _! due1 if ,zeus 9 al>m _h n comm&$ ,pluto to disgorge 8 prey1 to re/ore 8 bride ,p]sephone to h] "m ,demet]4 ,! grim "l ( ! ,dead smil$ & obey$1 b be=e he s5t back 8 que5 to ! upp] air on a gold5 c>1 he gave h] ! se$ ( a pomegranate to eat1 :i* ensur$ t %e w\ld return to him4 ,b ,zeus /ipulat$ t h5ce=? ,p]sephone %\ld sp5d two ?irds ( e ye> ) h] "m & ! gods 9 ! upp] _w & "o ?ird ( ! ye> ) h] husb& 9 ! ne!r _w1 f :i* %e 0 to return ye> by ye> :5 ! e>? 0 gay ) spr+ fl[]s4 ,gladly ! daught] !n return$ to ! sun%9e1 gladly h] "m receiv$ h] & fell ^u h] neck2 & 9 h] joy at recov]+ ! lo/ "o ,demet] made ! corn to spr\t f ! clods ( ! pl\gh$ fields & all ! broad e>? to be heavy ) leaves & blossoms4 ,& /raightway %e w5t & %[$ ?is happy sight to ! pr9ces ( ,eleusis1 to ,triptolemus1 ,eumolpus1 ,diocles1 & to ! k+ ,celeus himself1 & moreov] %e reveal$ to !m h] sacr$ rites & my/]ies4 ,bless$1 says ! poet1 is ! mortal man :o has se5 ^! ?+s1 b he :o has _h no %>e ( !m 9 life w nev] be happy 9 dea? :5 he has desc5d$ into ! d>kness ( ! grave4 ,s ! two goddesses dep>t$ to dwell 9 bliss ) ! gods on ,olympus2 & ! b>d ends ! hymn ) a pi\s pray] to ,demet] & ,p]sephone t !y w\ld be pleas$ to grant him a livelihood 9 return = 8 song4 ,x has be5 g5]ally recognis$1 & inde$ x seems sc>cely op5 to d\bt1 t ! ma9 !me :i* ! poet set be=e himself 9 compos+ ?is hymn 0 to describe ! traditional f\ndation ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies by ! goddess ,demet]4 ,! :ole poem leads up to ! trans=mation sc5e 9 :i* ! b>e leafless expanse ( ! ,eleus9ian pla9 is sudd5ly turn$1 at ! w ( ! goddess1 into a va/ %eet ( ruddy corn2 ! b5efic5t deity takes ! pr9ces ( ,eleusis1 %[s !m :at %e has done1 tea*es !m h] my/ic rites1 & vani%es ) h] daught] to heav54 ,! revelation ( ! my/]ies is ! triumphal close ( ! piece4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by a m m9ute exam9ation ( ! poem1 :i* proves t ! poet has giv51 n m]ely a g5]al acc\nt ( ! f\ndation ( ! my/]ies1 b also 9 m or less veil$ language my?ical explanations ( ! orig9 ( p>ticul> rites :i* we h good reason to believe =m$ ess5tial features ( ! fe/ival4 ,among/ ! rites z to :i* ! poet ?us drops significant h9ts are ! prelim9>y fa/ ( ! c&idates = initiation1 ! tor*light procession1 ! all-night vigil1 ! sitt+ ( ! c&idates1 veil$ & 9 sil5ce1 on /ools cov]$ ) %eepsk9s1 ! use ( scurril\s language1 ! break+ ( ribald je/s1 & ! solemn communion ) ! div9ity by p>ticipation 9 a draught ( b>ley-wat] f a holy *alice4 ,b !re is yet ano!r & a deep] secret ( ! my/]ies :i* ! au?or ( ! poem appe>s to h divulg$ "u cov] ( 8 n>rative4 ,he tells u h[1 z soon z %e _h trans=m$ ! b>r5 br[n expanse ( ! ,eleus9ian pla9 into a field ( gold5 gra91 %e gladd5$ ! eyes ( ,triptolemus & ! o!r ,eleus9ian pr9ces by %[+ !m ! gr[+ or /&+ corn4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is "p ( ! /ory ) ! /atem5t ( a ,*ri/ian writ] ( ! second c5tury1 ,hippolytus1 t ! v he>t ( ! my/]ies consi/$ 9 %[+ to ! initiat$ a reap$ e> ( corn1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! poet ( ! hymn 0 well acqua9t$ ) ?is solemn rite1 & t he delib]ately int5d$ to expla9 its orig9 9 precisely ! same way z he expla9$ o!r rites ( ! my/]ies1 namely by repres5t+ ,demet] z hav+ set ! example ( p]=m+ ! c]emony 9 h] own p]son4 ,?us my? & ritual mutually expla9 & confirm ea* o!r4 ,! poet ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era gives u ! my?--he c\ld n )\t sacrilege h reveal$ ! ritual3 ! ,*ri/ian fa!r reveals ! ritual1 & 8 revelation accords p]fectly ) ! veil$ h9t ( ! old poet4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may1 ) _m mod]n s*ol>s1 confid5tly accept ! /atem5t ( ! le>n$ ,*ri/ian fa!r ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone 0 act$ z a sacr$ drama 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis4 ,b if ! my? 0 act$ z a "p1 p]haps z ! pr9cipal "p1 ( ! mo/ fam\s & solemn religi\s rites ( anci5t ,greece1 we h /ill to enquire1 ,:at 01 aft] all1 /ripp$ ( lat] accretions1 ! orig9al k]nel ( ! my? :i* appe>s to lat] ages surr\nd$ & transfigur$ by an aureole ( awe & my/]y1 lit up by "s ( ! mo/ brilliant rays ( ,grecian lit]ature & art8 ,if we foll[ ! indications giv5 by our olde/ lit]>y au?ority on ! subject1 ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]1 ! riddle is n h>d to read2 ! figures ( ! two goddesses1 ! "m & ! daught]1 resolve !mselves into p]sonifications ( ! corn4 ,at lea/ ?is appe>s to be fairly c]ta9 = ! daught] ,p]sephone4 ,! goddess :o sp5ds ?ree or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! my?1 six mon?s ( e ye> ) ! dead "u gr\nd & ! rema9d] ( ! ye> ) ! liv+ above gr\nd2 9 ^: abs5ce ! b>ley se$ is hidd5 9 ! e>? & ! fields lie b>e & fall[2 on ^: return 9 spr+ to ! upp] _w ! corn %oots up f ! clods & ! e>? is heavy ) leaves & blossoms--?is goddess c surely be no?+ else ?an a my?ical embodim5t ( ! vegetation1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! corn1 :i* is buri$ "u ! soil = "s mon?s ( e w9t] & comes to life aga91 z f ! grave1 9 ! spr\t+ corn/alks & ! op5+ fl[]s & foliage ( e spr+4 ,no o!r reasonable & probable explanation ( ,p]sephone seems possible4 ,& if ! daught] goddess 0 a p]sonification ( ! "y corn ( ! pres5t ye>1 may n ! "m goddess be a p]sonification ( ! old corn ( la/ ye>1 :i* has giv5 bir? to ! new crops8 ,! only alt]native to ?is view ( ,demet] w\ld seem to be to suppose t %e is a p]sonification ( ! e>?1 f ^: broad bosom ! corn & all o!r plants spr+ up1 & ( :i* accord+ly !y may appropriately en\gh be reg>d$ z ! daught]s4 ,?is view ( ! orig9al nature ( ,demet] has inde$ be5 tak5 by "s writ]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 & x is "o :i* c be reasonably ma9ta9$4 ,b x appe>s to h be5 reject$ by ! au?or ( ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]1 = he n only di/+ui%es ,demet] f ! p]sonifi$ ,e>? b places ! two 9 ! %>pe/ opposition to ea* o!r4 ,he tells u t x 0 ,e>? :o1 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,zeus & to please ,pluto1 lur$ ,p]sephone to h] doom by caus+ ! n>cissuses to gr[ :i* tempt$ ! "y goddess to /ray f> beyond ! rea* ( help 9 ! lu% mead[4 ,?us ,demet] ( ! hymn1 f> f be+ id5tical ) ! ,e>?-goddess1 mu/ h reg>d$ t div9ity z h] wor/ enemy1 s9ce x 0 to h] insidi\s wiles t %e ow$ ! loss ( h] daught]4 ,b if ! ,demet] ( ! hymn _c h be5 a p]sonification ( ! e>?1 ! only alt]native app>5tly is to conclude t %e 0 a p]sonification ( ! corn4 ,! conclusion is confirm$ by ! monum5ts2 = 9 anci5t art ,demet] & ,p]sephone are alike *>act]is$ z goddesses ( ! corn by ! cr[ns ( corn :i* !y we> on _! heads & by ! /alks ( corn :i* !y hold 9 _! h&s4 ,aga91 x 0 ,demet] :o fir/ reveal$ to ! ,a!nians ! secret ( ! corn & diffus$ ! b5efic5t discov]y f> & wide ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,triptolemus1 :om %e s5t =? z an it9]ant mission>y to communicate ! boon to all mank9d4 ,on monum5ts ( art1 especially 9 vase-pa9t+s1 he is con/antly repres5t$ along ) ,demet] 9 ?is capacity1 hold+ corn-/alks 9 8 h& & sitt+ 9 8 c>1 :i* is sometimes w+$ & sometimes drawn by dragons1 & f :i* he is said to h s[$ ! se$ d[n on ! :ole _w z he sp$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 gratitude = ! priceless boon _m ,greek cities long cont9u$ to s5d ! fir/-fruits ( _! b>ley & :eat h>ve/s z ?ank-(f]+s to ! ,two ,goddesses1 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 at ,eleusis1 :]e subt]ranean gran>ies 7 built to /ore ! ov]fl[+ contributions4 ,!ocritus tells h[ 9 ! isl& ( ,cos1 9 ! sweet-sc5t$ summ] "t1 ! f>m] br\ght ! fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/ to ,demet] :o _h fill$ 8 ?re%+floor ) b>ley1 & ^: ru/ic image held %eaves & poppies 9 h] h&s4 ,_m ( ! epi!ts be/[$ by ! anci5ts on ,demet] m>k h] intimate association ) ! corn 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,h[ deeply implant$ 9 ! m9d ( ! anci5t ,greeks 0 ?is fai? 9 ,demet] z goddess ( ! corn may be judg$ by ! circum/ance t ! fai? actually p]si/$ among _! ,*ri/ian desc5dants at h] old sanctu>y ( ,eleusis d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,= :5 ! ,engli% travell] ,dodwell revisit$ ,eleusis1 ! inhabitants lam5t$ to him ! loss ( a colossal image ( ,demet]1 :i* 0 c>ri$ (f by ,cl>ke 9 #ahjb & pres5t$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,9 my fir/ j\rney to ,greece1 says ,dodwell1 ?is protect+ deity 0 9 its full glory1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a ?re%+-floor1 among/ ! ru9s ( h] temple4 ,! villag]s 7 impress$ ) a p]suasion t _! ri* h>ve/s 7 ! effect ( h] b\nty1 & s9ce h] removal1 _! abundance1 z !y assur$ me1 has disappe>$4 ,?us we see ! ,corn ,goddess ,demet] /&+ on ! ?re%+-floor ( ,eleusis & disp5s+ corn to h] wor%ipp]s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 precisely z h] image /ood & disp5s$ corn to h] wor%ipp]s on ! ?re%+-floor ( ,cos 9 ! days ( ,!ocritus4 ,& j z ! p ( ,eleusis 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury attribut$ ! dim9ution ( _! h>ve/s to ! loss ( ! image ( ,demet]1 s 9 antiquity ! ,sicilians1 a corn-gr[+ p devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! two ,corn ,goddesses1 lam5t$ t ! crops ( _m t[ns _h p]i%$ because ! unscrupul\s ,roman gov]nor ,v]res _h impi\sly c>ri$ (f ! image ( ,demet] f h] fam\s temple at ,h5na4 ,c\ld we ask = a cle>] pro( t ,demet] 0 inde$ ! goddess ( ! corn ?an ?is belief1 held by ! ,greeks d[n to mod]n times1 t ! corn-crops dep5d$ on h] pres5ce & b\nty & p]i%$ :5 h] image 0 remov$8 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 if1 ignor+ !ories1 we adh]e to ! evid5ce ( ! anci5ts !mselves 9 reg>d to ! rites ( ,eleusis1 we %all probably incl9e to agree ) ! mo/ le>n$ ( anci5t antiqu>ies1 ! ,roman ,v>ro1 :o1 to quote ,augu/9e's report ( 8 op9ion1 int]pret$ ! :ole ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies z relat+ to ! corn :i* ,c]es 7,demet]7 _h discov]$1 & to ,pros]p9e 7,p]sephone71 :om ,pluto _h c>ri$ (f f h]4 ,& ,pros]p9e h]self he said1 signifies ! fecundity ( ! se$s1 ! failure ( :i* at a c]ta9 "t _h caus$ ! e>? to m\rn = b>r5ness1 & !re=e _h giv5 rise to ! op9ion t ! daught] ( ,c]es1 t is1 fecundity itself1 _h be5 ravi%$ by ,pluto & deta9$ 9 ! ne!r _w2 & :5 ! de>? _h be5 publicly m\rn$ & fecundity _h return$ once m1 !re 0 gladness at ! return ( ,pros]p9e & solemn rites 7 in/itut$ accord+ly4 ,aft] t he says1 cont9ues ,augu/9e1 report+ ,v>ro1 t _m ?+s 7 taught 9 h] my/]ies :i* _h no ref]5ce b to ! discov]y ( ! corn4 ,?us f> ,i h = ! mo/ "p assum$ an id5tity ( nature betwe5 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ! div9e "m & daught] p]sonify+ ! corn 9 its d\ble aspect ( ! se$-corn ( la/ ye> & ! ripe e>s ( ?is1 & ?is view ( ! sub/antial unity ( "m & daught] is borne out by _! portraits 9 ,greek art1 :i* are (t5 s alike z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,su* a close resemblance betwe5 ! arti/ic types ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone militates decid$ly aga9/ ! view t ! two goddesses are my?ical embodim5ts ( two ?+s s diff]5t & s easily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r z ! e>? & ! vegetation :i* spr+s f x4 ,_h ,greek arti/s accept$ t view ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 !y c\ld surely h devis$ types ( !m :i* w\ld h br\ght out ! deep di/9ction betwe5 ! goddesses4 ,& if ,demet] did n p]sonify ! e>?1 c !re be any reasonable d\bt t1 l h] daught]1 %e p]sonifi$ ! corn :i* 0 s commonly call$ by h] "n f ! "t ( ,hom] d[nw>ds8 ,! ess5tial id5tity ( "m & daught] is sugge/$1 n only by ! close resemblance ( _! arti/ic types1 b also by ! (ficial title ( ! ,two ,goddesses :i* 0 regul>ly appli$ to !m 9 ! great sanctu>y at ,eleusis )\t any specification ( _! individual attributes & titles1 z if _! sep>ate individualities _h almo/ m]g$ 9 a s+le div9e sub/ance4 ,survey+ ! evid5ce z a :ole1 we are fairly entitl$ to conclude t 9 ! m9d ( ! ord9>y ,greek ! two goddesses 7 ess5tially p]sonifications ( ! corn1 & t 9 ?is g]m ! :ole effloresc5ce ( _! religion f9ds implicitly its explanation4 ,b to ma9ta9 ?is is n to d5y t 9 ! long c\rse ( religi\s evolution high moral & spiritual conceptions 7 graft$ on ?is simple orig9al /ock & blossom$ out into fair] fl[]s ?an ! bloom ( ! b>ley & ! :eat4 ,above all1 ! ?\ght ( ! se$ buri$ 9 ! e>? 9 ord] to spr+ up to new & high] life readily sugge/$ a comp>ison ) human de/9y1 & /r5g!n$ ! hope t = man too ! grave may be b ! beg9n+ ( a bett] & happi] exi/5ce 9 "s bright] _w unkn[n4 ,?is simple & natural reflection seems p]fectly suffici5t to expla9 ! association ( ! ,corn ,goddess at ,eleusis ) ! my/]y ( dea? & ! hope ( a blissful immortality4 ,= t ! anci5ts reg>d$ initiation 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies z a key to unlock ! gates ( ,p>adise appe>s to be prov$ by ! allusions :i* well-in=m$ writ]s among !m drop to ! happ9ess 9 /ore = ! initiat$ h]eaft]4 ,no d\bt x is easy = u to disc]n ! flims9ess ( ! logical f\ndation on :i* su* high hopes 7 built4 ,b dr[n+ m5 clut* at /raws1 & we ne$ n wond] t ! ,greeks1 l ourselves1 ) dea? be=e !m & a great love ( life 9 _! he>ts1 %\ld n h /opp$ to weigh ) too nice a h& ! argum5ts t told = & aga9/ ! prospect ( human immortality4 ,! reason+ t satisfi$ ,sa9t ,paul & has br\ght com=t to untold ?\s&s ( sorr[+ ,*ri/ians1 /&+ by ! dea?b$ or ! op5 grave ( _! lov$ ones1 0 good en\gh to pass mu/] ) anci5t pagans1 :5 !y too b[$ _! heads "u ! burd5 ( grief1 &1 ) ! tap] ( life burn+ l[ 9 ! socket1 look$ =w>d into ! d>kness ( ! unkn[n4 ,!re=e we d no indignity to ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone--"o ( ! few my?s 9 :i* ! sun%9e & cl>ity ( ! ,greek g5ius are cross$ by ! %ad[ & my/]y ( dea?--:5 we trace its orig9 to "s ( ! mo/ famili>1 yet et]nally affect+ aspects ( nature1 to ! melan*oly gloom & decay ( autumn & to ! fre%ness1 ! brightness1 & ! v]dure ( spr+4 ,,xlv4 ,! ,corn-,"m & ! ,corn-,maid5 9 ,nor!rn ,europe ,,x has be5 argu$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt t ! fir/ "p ( ,demet]'s "n is d]iv$ f an alleg$ ,cretan ^w deai1 b>ley1 & t accord+ly ,demet] means nei!r m nor less ?an ,b>ley-"m or ,corn-"m2 = ! root ( ! ^w seems to h be5 appli$ to diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 by diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,aryans4 ,z ,crete appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,demet]1 x w\ld n be surpris+ if h] "n 7 ( ,cretan orig94 ,b ! etymology is op5 to s]i\s objections1 & x is saf] !re=e to lay no /ress on x4 ,be t z x may1 we h f\nd indep5d5t reasons = id5tify+ ,demet] z ! ,corn-"m1 & ( ! two species ( corn associat$ ) h] 9 ,greek religion1 namely b>ley & :eat1 ! b>ley has p]haps ! bett] claim to be h] orig9al elem5t2 = n only w\ld x seem to h be5 ! /aple food ( ! ,greeks 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 b !re are gr\nds = believ+ t x is "o ( ! olde/1 if n ! v olde/1 c]eal cultivat$ by ! ,aryan race4 ,c]ta9ly ! use ( b>ley 9 ! religi\s ritual ( ! anci5t ,h9doos z well z ( ! anci5t ,greeks furni%es a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! great antiquity ( its cultivation1 :i* is kn[n to h be5 practis$ by ! lake-dwell]s ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ,europe4 ,analogies to ! ,corn-"m or ,b>ley-"m ( anci5t ,greece h be5 collect$ 9 great abundance by ,w4 ,mannh>dt f ! folk-lore ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z specim5s4 ,9 ,g]many ! corn is v commonly p]sonifi$ "u ! "n ( ! ,corn-"m4 ,?us 9 spr+1 :5 ! corn waves 9 ! w9d1 ! peasants say1 ,!re comes ! ,corn-"m1 or ,! ,corn-"m is runn+ ov] ! field1 or ,! ,corn-"m is go+ ?r\gh ! corn4 ,:5 *ildr5 wi% to g into ! fields to pull ! blue corn-fl[]s or ! r$ poppies1 !y are told n to d s1 because ! ,corn-"m is sitt+ 9 ! corn & w cat* !m4 ,or aga9 %e is call$1 accord+ to ! crop1 ! ,rye-"m or ! ,pea-"m1 & *ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 ! rye or among ! peas by ?reats ( ! ,rye-"m or ! ,pea-"m4 ,aga9 ! ,corn-"m is believ$ to make ! crop gr[4 ,?us 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,magdeburg x is sometimes said1 ,x w be a good ye> = flax2 ! ,flax-"m has be5 se54 ,9 a village ( ,/yria x is said t ! ,corn-"m1 9 ! %ape ( a female puppet made out ( ! la/ %eaf ( corn & dress$ 9 :ite1 may be se5 at mid-night 9 ! corn-fields1 :i* %e f]tilises by pass+ ?r\gh !m2 b if %e is angry ) a f>m]1 %e )]s up all 8 corn4 ,fur!r1 ! ,corn-"m plays an important "p 9 h>ve/ cu/oms4 ,%e is believ$ to be pres5t 9 ! h&ful ( corn :i* is left /&+ la/ on ! field2 & ) ! cutt+ ( ?is la/ h&ful %e is caught1 or driv5 away1 or kill$4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases1 ! la/ %eaf is c>ri$ joyfully home & hon\r$ z a div9e be+4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! b>n1 & at ?re%+ ! corn-_s appe>s aga94 ,9 ! ,hanov]ian di/rict ( ,hadeln ! reap]s /& r\nd ! la/ %eaf & beat x ) /icks 9 ord] to drive ! ,corn-"m out ( x4 ,!y call to ea* o!r1 ,!re %e is6 hit h]6 ,take c>e %e doesn't cat* y6 ,! beat+ goes on till ! gra9 is completely ?re%$ out2 !n ! ,corn-"m is believ$ to be driv5 away4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,danzig ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn makes !m into a doll1 :i* is call$ ! ,corn-"m or ! ,old ,woman & is br\ght home on ! la/ waggon4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,hol/e9 ! la/ %eaf is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s & call$ ! ,corn-"m4 ,x is c>ri$ home on ! la/ waggon1 & !n ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,! dr5*+ ) wat] is d\btless a ra9-*>m4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,bruck 9 ,/yria ! la/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,corn-"m1 is made up into ! %ape ( a woman by ! olde/ m>ri$ woman 9 ! village1 ( an age f fifty to fifty-five ye>s4 ,! f9e/ e>s are pluck$ out ( x & made into a wrea?1 :i*1 tw9$ ) fl[]s1 is c>ri$ on h] head by ! prettie/ girl ( ! village to ! f>m] or squire1 :ile ! ,corn-"m is laid d[n 9 ! b>n to keep (f ! mice4 ,9 o!r villages ( ! same di/rict ! ,corn-"m1 at ! close ( h>ve/1 is c>ri$ by two lads at ! top ( a pole4 ,!y m>* beh9d ! girl :o we>s ! wrea? to ! squire's h\se1 & :ile he receives ! wrea? & hangs x up 9 ! hall1 ! ,corn-"m is plac$ on ! top ( a pile ( wood1 :]e %e is ! c5tre ( ! h>ve/ supp] & dance4 ,aft]w>ds %e is hung up 9 ! b>n & rema9s !re till ! ?re%+ is ov]4 ,! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! son ( ! ,corn-"m2 he is ti$ up 9 ! ,corn-"m1 beat51 & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! village4 ,! wrea? is d$icat$ 9 *ur* on ! foll[+ ,sunday2 & on ,ea/] ,eve ! gra9 is rubb$ out ( x by a sev5-ye>-old girl & scatt]$ among/ ! "y corn4 ,at ,*ri/mas ! /raw ( ! wrea? is plac$ 9 ! mang] to make ! cattle ?rive4 ,"h ! f]tilis+ p[] ( ! ,corn-"m is pla9ly br\ght out by scatt]+ ! se$ tak5 f h] body 7= ! wrea? is made out ( ! ,corn-"m7 among ! new corn2 & h] influ5ce ov] animal life is indicat$ by plac+ ! /raw 9 ! mang]4 ,among/ ! ,slavs also ! la/ %eaf is kn[n z ! ,rye-"m1 ! ,:eat-"m1 ! ,oats-"m1 ! ,b>ley-"m1 & s on1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,t>n[1 ,galicia1 ! wrea? made out ( ! la/ /alks is call$ ! ,:eat-"m1 ,rye-"m1 or ,pea-"m4 ,x is plac$ on a girl's head & kept till spr+1 :5 "s ( ! gra9 is mix$ ) ! se$-corn4 ,"h aga9 ! f]tilis+ p[] ( ! ,corn-"m is indicat$4 ,9 ,france1 also1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aux]re1 ! la/ %eaf goes by ! "n ( ! ,"m ( ! ,:eat1 ,"m ( ! ,b>ley1 ,"m ( ! ,rye1 or ,"m ( ! ,oats4 ,!y leave x /&+ 9 ! field till ! la/ waggon is ab\t to w5d homew>ds4 ,!n !y make a puppet out ( x1 dress x ) clo!s belong+ to ! f>m]1 & adorn x ) a cr[n & a blue or :ite sc>f4 ,a bran* ( a tree is /uck 9 ! brea/ ( ! puppet1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,c]es4 ,at ! dance 9 ! ev5+ ! ,c]es is set 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 & ! reap] :o reap$ fa/e/ dances r\nd x ) ! prettie/ girl = 8 p>tn]4 ,aft] ! dance a pyre is made4 ,all ! girls1 ea* we>+ a wrea?1 /rip ! puppet1 pull x to pieces1 & place x on ! pyre1 along ) ! fl[]s ) :i* x 0 adorn$4 ,!n ! girl :o 0 ! fir/ to f9i% reap+ sets fire to ! pile1 & all pray t ,c]es may give a fruitful ye>4 ,"h1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 ! old cu/om has rema9$ intact1 ?\gh ! "n ,c]es is a bit ( s*oolma/]'s le>n+4 ,9 ,upp] ,brittany ! la/ %eaf is always made into human %ape2 b if ! f>m] is a m>ri$ man1 x is made d\ble & consi/s ( a little corn-puppet plac$ inside ( a l>ge "o4 ,?is is call$ ! ,"m-%eaf4 ,x is deliv]$ to ! f>m]'s wife1 :o unties x & gives dr9k-money 9 return4 ,sometimes ! la/ %eaf is call$1 n ! ,corn-"m1 b ! ,h>ve/-"m or ! ,great ,"m4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,osnabrck1 ,hanov]1 x is call$ ! ,h>ve/-"m2 x is made up 9 female =m1 & !n ! reap]s dance ab\t ) x4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/phalia ! la/ %eaf at ! rye-h>ve/ is made especially heavy by fa/5+ /ones 9 x4 ,!y br+ x home on ! la/ waggon & call x ! ,great ,"m1 ?\gh !y d n fa%ion x into any special %ape4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,erfurt a v heavy %eaf1 n necess>ily ! la/1 is call$ ! ,great ,"m1 & is c>ri$ on ! la/ waggon to ! b>n1 :]e all h&s lift x d[n amid a fire ( jokes4 ,sometimes aga9 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,gr&mo!r1 & is adorn$ ) fl[]s1 ribbons1 & a woman's apron4 ,9 ,ea/ ,prussia1 at ! rye or :eat h>ve/1 ! reap]s call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 ,y are gett+ ! ,old ,gr&mo!r4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,magdeburg ! m5 & wom5 s]vants /rive :o %all get ! la/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,gr&mo!r4 ,:oev] gets x w be m>ri$ 9 ! next ye>1 b 8 or h] sp\se w be old2 if a girl gets x1 %e w m>ry a wid[]2 if a man gets x1 he w m>ry an old crone4 ,9 ,silesia ! ,gr&mo!r--a huge bundle made up ( ?ree or f\r %eaves by ! p]son :o ti$ ! la/ %eaf--0 =m]ly fa%ion$ into a rude lik5ess ( ! human =m4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,belfa/ ! la/ %eaf sometimes goes by ! "n ( ! ,granny4 ,x is n cut 9 ! usual way1 b all ! reap]s ?r[ _! sickles at x & try to br+ x d[n4 ,x is plait$ & kept till ! 7next87 autumn4 ,:oev] gets x w m>ry 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,(t5 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,man4 ,9 ,g]many x is frequ5tly %ap$ & dress$ z a woman1 & ! p]son :o cuts x or b9ds x is said to get ! ,old ,woman4 ,at ,alti%eim1 9 ,swabia1 :5 all ! corn ( a f>m has be5 cut except a s+le /rip1 all ! reap]s /& 9 a r[ be=e ! /rip2 ea* cuts 8 %>e rapidly1 & he :o gives ! la/ cut has ! ,old ,woman4 ,:5 ! %eaves are be+ set up 9 heaps1 ! p]son :o gets hold ( ! ,old ,woman1 :i* is ! l>ge/ & ?icke/ ( all ! %eaves1 is je]$ at by ! re/1 :o call out to him1 ,he has ! ,old ,woman & mu/ keep h]4 ,! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf is sometimes h]self call$ ! ,old ,woman1 & x is said t %e w be m>ri$ 9 ! next ye>4 ,9 ,neusaass1 ,we/ ,prussia1 bo? ! la/ %eaf--:i* is dress$ up 9 jacket1 hat1 & ribbons--& ! woman :o b9ds x are call$ ! ,old ,woman4 ,toge!r !y are br\ght home on ! la/ waggon & are dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,nor? ,g]many ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ is made up into a human effigy & call$ ! ,old ,man2 & ! woman :o b\nd x is said to h ! ,old ,man4 ,9 ,we/ ,prussia1 :5 ! la/ rye is be+ rak$ toge!r1 ! wom5 & girls hurry ) ! "w1 = none ( !m likes to be ! la/ & to get ! ,old ,man1 t is1 a puppet made out ( ! la/ %eaf1 :i* mu/ be c>ri$ be=e ! o!r reap]s by ! p]son :o 0 ! la/ to f9i%4 ,9 ,silesia ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,man & is ! !me ( _m je/s2 x is made unusually l>ge & is sometimes weight$ ) a /one4 ,among ! ,w5ds ! man or woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf at :eat h>ve/ is said to h ! ,old ,man4 ,a puppet is made out ( ! :eat5 /raw & e>s 9 ! lik5ess ( a man & deck$ ) fl[]s4 ,! p]son :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf mu/ c>ry ! ,old ,man home1 :ile ! re/ laugh & je] at him4 ,! puppet is hung up 9 ! f>mh\se & rema9s till a new ,old ,man is made at ! next h>ve/4 ,9 "s ( ^! cu/oms1 z ,mannh>dt has rem>k$1 ! p]son :o is call$ by ! same "n z ! la/ %eaf & sits beside x on ! la/ waggon is obvi\sly id5tifi$ ) x2 he or %e repres5ts ! corn-_s :i* has be5 caught 9 ! la/ %eaf2 9 o!r words1 ! corn-_s is repres5t$ 9 duplicate1 by a human be+ & by a %eaf4 ,! id5tification ( ! p]son ) ! %eaf is made /ill cle>] by ! cu/om ( wrapp+ up 9 ! la/ %eaf ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds x4 ,?us at ,h]msdorf 9 ,silesia x us$ to be ! regul> practice to tie up 9 ! la/ %eaf ! woman :o _h b\nd x4 ,at ,weid51 9 ,bav>ia1 x is ! cutt]1 n ! b9d]1 ( ! la/ %eaf :o is ti$ up 9 x4 ,"h ! p]son wrapt up 9 ! corn repres5ts ! corn-_s1 exactly z a p]son wrapt 9 bran*es or leaves repres5ts ! tree-_s4 ,! la/ %eaf1 designat$ z ! ,old ,woman1 is (t5 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r %eaves by its size & weight4 ,?us 9 "s villages ( ,we/ ,prussia ! ,old ,woman is made twice z long & ?ick z a common %eaf1 & a /one is fa/5$ 9 ! middle ( x4 ,sometimes x is made s heavy t a man c b>ely lift x4 ,at ,alt-,pillau1 9 ,saml&1 eight or n9e %eaves are (t5 ti$ toge!r to make ! ,old ,woman1 & ! man :o sets x up grumbles at its weight4 ,at ,itzgrund1 9 ,saxe-,coburg1 ! la/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,old ,woman1 is made l>ge ) ! express int5tion ( !reby secur+ a good crop next ye>4 ,?us ! cu/om ( mak+ ! la/ %eaf unusually l>ge or heavy is a *>m1 work+ by sympa!tic magic1 to ensure a l>ge & heavy crop at ! foll[+ h>ve/4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :5 ! la/ corn 0 cut aft] ,hall[mas1 ! female figure made out ( x 0 sometimes call$ ! ,c>l9 or ,c>l9e1 t is1 ! ,old ,woman4 ,b if cut be=e ,hall[mas1 x 0 call$ ! ,maid52 if cut aft] sunset1 x 0 call$ ! ,wit*1 be+ suppos$ to br+ bad luck4 ,among ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl& ! la/ corn cut at h>ve/ is kn[n ei!r z ! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 or z ! ,maid52 on ! :ole ! =m] "n seems to prevail 9 ! we/]n & ! latt] 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n di/ricts4 ,( ! ,maid5 we %all speak pres5tly2 "h we are deal+ ) ! ,old ,wife4 ,! foll[+ g5]al acc\nt ( ! cu/om is giv5 by a c>eful & well-in=m$ enquir]1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 m9i/] ( ! remote ,hebridean isl& ( ,tiree3 ,! ,h>ve/ ,old ,wife 7a ,caillea*74--,9 h>ve/1 !re 0 a /ruggle to escape f be+ ! la/ done ) ! %e>+1 & :5 tillage 9 common exi/$1 in/ances 7 kn[n ( a ridge be+ left un%orn 7no p]son w\ld claim x7 because ( x be+ beh9d ! re/4 ,! fe> ent]ta9$ 0 t ( hav+ ! 'fam9e ( ! f>m' 7gort a bhaile71 9 ! %ape ( an imag9>y old woman 7caillea*71 to fe$ till next h>ve/4 ,mu* emulation & amusem5t arose f ! fe> ( ?is old woman4 4 4 4 ,! fir/ done made a doll ( "s blades ( corn1 :i* 0 call$ ! 'old wife1' & s5t x to 8 ne>e/ neighb\r4 ,he 9 turn1 :5 ready1 pass$ x to ano!r /ill less exp$iti\s1 & ! p]son x la/ rema9$ ) _h '! old woman' to keep = t ye>4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,islay ! la/ corn cut goes by ! "n ( ! ,old ,wife 7,caillea*71 & :5 %e has done h] duty at h>ve/ %e is hung up on ! wall & /ays !re till ! "t comes to pl\gh ! fields = ! next ye>'s crop4 ,!n %e is tak5 d[n1 & on ! fir/ day :5 ! m5 g to pl\gh %e is divid$ among !m by ! mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,!y take h] 9 _! pockets & give h] to ! horses to eat :5 !y rea* ! field4 ,?is is suppos$ to secure good luck = ! next h>ve/1 & is und]/ood to be ! prop] end ( ! ,old ,wife4 ,usages ( ! same sort are report$ f ,wales4 ,?us 9 ,nor? ,pembroke%ire a tuft ( ! la/ corn cut1 f six to twelve in*es long1 is plait$ & goes by ! "n ( ! ,hag 7wra*72 & qua9t old cu/oms us$ to be practis$ ) x )9 ! memory ( _m p]sons /ill alive4 ,great 0 ! excitem5t among ! reap]s :5 ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn 0 rea*$4 ,all 9 turn ?rew _! sickles at x1 & ! "o :o succe$$ 9 cutt+ x receiv$ a jug ( home-brew$ ale4 ,! ,hag 7wra*7 0 !n hurri$ly made & tak5 to a neighb\r+ f>m1 :]e ! reap]s 7 /ill busy at _! "w4 ,?is 0 g5]ally done by ! pl\ghman2 b he _h to be v c>eful n to be obs]v$ by 8 neighb\rs1 = if !y saw him com+ & _h ! lea/ suspicion ( 8 err& !y w\ld soon make him retrace 8 /eps4 ,creep+ /eal?ily up beh9d a f5ce he wait$ till ! =eman ( 8 neighb\r's reap]s 0 j opposite him & )9 easy rea*4 ,!n he sudd5ly ?rew ! ,hag ov] ! f5ce &1 if possible1 ^u ! =eman's sickle4 ,on t he took to 8 heels & made (f z fa/ z he c\ld run1 & he 0 a lucky man if he escap$ )\t be+ caught or cut by ! fly+ sickles :i* ! infuriat$ reap]s hurl$ aft] him4 ,9 o!r cases ! ,hag 0 br\ght home to ! f>mh\se by "o ( ! reap]s4 ,he did 8 be/ to br+ x home dry & )\t be+ obs]v$2 b he 0 apt to be r\ghly h&l$ by ! p ( ! h\se1 if !y suspect$ 8 err&4 ,sometimes !y /ripp$ him ( mo/ ( 8 clo!s1 sometimes !y w\ld dr5* him ) wat] :i* _h be5 c>efully /or$ 9 buckets & pans = ! purpose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he succe$$ 9 br++ ! ,hag 9 dry & unobs]v$1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se _h to pay him a small f9e2 or sometimes a jug ( be] f ! cask next to ! wall1 :i* seems to h commonly held ! be/ be]1 w\ld be dem&$ by ! be>]4 ,! ,hag 0 !n c>efully hung on a nail 9 ! hall or else:]e & kept !re all ! ye>4 ,! cu/om ( br++ 9 ! ,hag 7wra*7 into ! h\se & hang+ x up /ill exi/s 9 "s f>ms ( ,nor? ,pembroke%ire1 b ! anci5t c]emonies :i* h j be5 describ$ are n[ discont9u$4 ,9 ,c\nty ,antrim1 d[n to "s ye>s ago1 :5 ! sickle 0 f9ally expell$ by ! reap+ ma*9e1 ! few /alks ( corn left /&+ la/ on ! field 7 plait$ toge!r2 !n ! reap]s1 bl9dfold$1 ?rew _! sickles at ! plait$ corn1 & :oev] happ5$ to cut x ?r\gh took x home ) him & put x ov] 8 door4 ,?is bun* ( corn 0 call$ ! ,c>ley--probably ! same ^w z ,c>l94 ,simil> cu/oms are obs]v$ by ,slavonic peoples4 ,?us 9 ,pol& ! la/ %eaf is commonly call$ ! ,baba1 t is1 ! ,old ,woman4 ,9 ! la/ %eaf1 x is said1 sits ! ,baba4 ,! %eaf itself is also call$ ! ,baba1 & is sometimes compos$ ( twelve small] %eaves la%$ toge!r4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia ! ,baba1 made out ( ! la/ %eaf1 has ! figure ( a woman ) a great /raw hat4 ,x is c>ri$ home on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon & deliv]$1 along ) a g>l&1 to ! f>m] by two girls4 ,9 b9d+ ! %eaves ! wom5 /rive n to be la/1 = %e :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf w h a *ild next ye>4 ,sometimes ! h>ve/]s call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 ,%e has ! ,baba1 or ,%e is ! ,baba4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,crac[1 :5 a man b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 !y say1 ,! ,gr&fa!r is sitt+ 9 x2 :5 a woman b9ds x1 !y say1 ,! ,baba is sitt+ 9 x1 & ! woman h]self is wrapt up 9 ! %eaf1 s t only h] head projects out ( x4 ,?us encas$ 9 ! %eaf1 %e is c>ri$ on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon to ! h\se1 :]e %e is dr5*$ ) wat] by ! :ole family4 ,%e rema9s 9 ! %eaf till ! dance is ov]1 & = a ye> %e reta9s ! "n ( ,baba4 ,9 ,li?uania ! "n = ! la/ %eaf is ,boba 7,old ,woman71 answ]+ to ! ,poli% "n ,baba4 ,! ,boba is said to sit 9 ! corn :i* is left /&+ la/4 ,! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf or digs ! la/ potato is ! subject ( mu* bant]1 & receives & long reta9s ! "n ( ! ,old ,rye-woman or ! ,old ,potato-woman4 ,! la/ %eaf--! ,boba--is made into ! =m ( a woman1 c>ri$ solemnly ?r\gh ! village on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon1 & dr5*$ ) wat] at ! f>m]'s h\se2 !n e "o dances ) x4 ,9 ,russia also ! la/ %eaf is (t5 %ap$ & dress$ z a woman1 & c>ri$ ) dance & song to ! f>mh\se4 ,out ( ! la/ %eaf ! ,bulg>ians make a doll :i* !y call ! ,corn-que5 or ,corn-"m2 x is dress$ 9 a woman's %irt1 c>ri$ r\nd ! village1 & !n ?r[n into ! riv] 9 ord] to secure pl5ty ( ra9 & dew = ! next ye>'s crop4 ,or x is burn$ & ! a%es /rew on ! fields1 d\btless to f]tilise !m4 ,! "n ,que51 z appli$ to ! la/ %eaf1 has its analogies 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,?us1 9 ! ,salzburg di/rict ( ,au/ria1 at ! end ( ! h>ve/ a great procession takes place1 9 :i* a ,que5 ( ! ,corn-e>s 7hr5knig97 is drawn along 9 a little c>riage by "y fell[s4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,h>ve/ ,que5 appe>s to h be5 common 9 ,engl&4 ,milton mu/ h be5 famili> ) x1 = 9 ,p>adise ,lo/ he says3 ,adam ! :ile ,wait+ desir\s h] return1 _h wove ,( *oice/ fl['rs a g>l& to adorn ,h] tresses1 & h] rural lab\rs cr[n1 ,z reap]s (t are wont _! h>ve/-que54 ,(t5 cu/oms ( ?is sort are practis$1 n on ! h>ve/-field b on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! _s ( ! corn1 flee+ be=e ! reap]s z !y cut d[n ! ripe gra91 quits ! reap$ corn & takes refuge 9 ! b>n1 :]e x appe>s 9 ! la/ %eaf ?re%$1 ei!r to p]i% "u ! bl[s ( ! flail or to flee !nce to ! /ill un?re%$ corn ( a neighb\r+ f>m4 ,?us ! la/ corn to be ?re%$ is call$ ! ,"m-,corn or ! ,old ,woman4 ,sometimes ! p]son :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is call$ ! ,old ,woman1 & is wrapt 9 ! /raw ( ! la/ %eaf1 or has a bundle ( /raw fa/5$ on 8 back4 ,:e!r wrapt 9 ! /raw or c>ry+ x on 8 back1 he is c>t$ ?r\gh ! village amid g5]al laught]4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,bav>ia1 ,?r+51 & else:]e1 ! man :o ?re%es ! la/ %eaf is said to h ! ,old ,woman or ! ,old ,corn-woman2 he is ti$ up 9 /raw1 c>ri$ or c>t$ ab\t ! village1 & set d[n at la/ on ! dunghill1 or tak5 to ! ?re%+-floor ( a neighb\r+ f>m] :o has n f9i%$ 8 ?re%+4 ,9 ,pol& ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ,baba 7,old ,woman72 he is wrapt 9 corn & :eel$ ?r\gh ! village4 ,sometimes 9 ,li?uania ! la/ %eaf is n ?re%$1 b is fa%ion$ into female %ape & c>ri$ to ! b>n ( a neighb\r :o has n f9i%$ 8 ?re%+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sw$51 :5 a /rang] woman appe>s on ! ?re%+-floor1 a flail is put r\nd h] body1 /alks ( corn are w\nd r\nd h] neck1 a cr[n ( e>s is plac$ on h] head1 & ! ?re%]s call out1 ,behold ! ,corn-woman4 ,"h ! /rang] woman1 ?us sudd5ly appe>+1 is tak5 to be ! corn-_s :o has j be5 expell$ by ! flails f ! corn-/alks4 ,9 o!r cases ! f>m]'s wife repres5ts ! corn-_s4 ,?us 9 ! ,commune ( ,salign 7,v5de71 ! f>m]'s wife1 along ) ! la/ %eaf1 is ti$ up 9 a %eet1 plac$ on a litt]1 & c>ri$ to ! ?re%+ ma*9e1 "u :i* %e is %ov$4 ,!n ! woman is drawn out & ! %eaf is ?re%$ by itself1 b ! woman is toss$ 9 ! %eet1 z if %e 7 be+ w9n[$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to express m cle>ly ! id5tification ( ! woman ) ! corn ?an by ?is graphic imitation ( ?re%+ & w9n[+ h]4 ,9 ^! cu/oms ! _s ( ! ripe corn is reg>d$ z old1 or at lea/ z ( mature age4 ,h5ce ! names ( ,"m1 ,gr&mo!r1 ,old ,woman1 & s =?4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z "y4 ,?us at ,sald]n1 ne> ,wolf5buttel1 :5 ! rye has be5 reap$1 ?ree %eaves are ti$ toge!r ) a rope s z to make a puppet ) ! corn e>s = a head4 ,?is puppet is call$ ! ,maid5 or ! ,corn-maid54 ,sometimes ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z a *ild :o is sep>at$ f its "m by ! /roke ( ! sickle4 ,?is la/ view appe>s 9 ! ,poli% cu/om ( call+ out to ! man :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( corn1 ,y h cut ! navel-/r+4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,we/ ,prussia ! figure made out ( ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,ba/>d1 & a boy is wrapt up 9 x4 ,! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf & repres5ts ! ,corn-"m is told t %e is ab\t to be br\ght to b$2 %e cries l a woman 9 travail1 & an old woman 9 ! "* ( gr&mo!r acts z midwife4 ,at la/ a cry is rais$ t ! *ild is born2 :]eupon ! boy :o is ti$ up 9 ! %eaf :imp]s & squalls l an infant4 ,! gr&mo!r wraps a sack1 9 imitation ( swaddl+ b&s1 r\nd ! pret5d$ baby1 :o is c>ri$ joyfully to ! b>n1 le/ he %\ld cat* cold 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,nor? ,g]many ! la/ %eaf1 or ! puppet made out ( x1 is call$ ! ,*ild1 ! ,h>ve/-,*ild1 & s on1 & !y call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 y are gett+ ! *ild4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 z well z 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn cut on ! h>ve/-field 0 call$ ! kirn1 & ! p]son :o c>ri$ x (f 0 said to w9 ! kirn4 ,x 0 !n dress$ up l a *ild's doll & w5t by ! "n ( ! kirn-baby1 ! kirn-doll1 or ! ,maid54 ,9 ,b]wick%ire d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 an eag] competition among ! reap]s to cut ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn4 ,!y ga!r$ r\nd x at a little di/ance & ?rew _! sickles 9 turn at x1 & ! man :o succe$$ 9 cutt+ x ?r\gh gave x to ! girl he pref]r$4 ,%e made ! corn s cut into a kirn-dolly & dress$ x1 & ! doll 0 !n tak5 to ! f>mh\se & hung up !re till ! next h>ve/1 :5 its place 0 tak5 by ! new kirn-dolly4 ,at ,spottiswoode 9 ,b]wick%ire ! reap+ ( ! la/ corn at h>ve/ 0 call$ cutt+ ! ,que5 almo/ z (t5 z cutt+ ! kirn4 ,! mode ( cutt+ x 0 n by ?r[+ sickles4 ,"o ( ! reap]s cons5t$ to be bl9dfold$1 & hav+ be5 giv5 a sickle 9 8 h& & turn$ twice or ?rice ab\t by 8 fell[s1 he 0 bidd5 to g & cut ! kirn4 ,8 grop+ ab\t & mak+ wild /rokes 9 ! air ) 8 sickle excit$ mu* hil>ity4 ,:5 he _h tir$ himself out 9 va9 & giv5 up ! task z hopeless1 ano!r reap] 0 bl9dfold$ & pursu$ ! que/1 & s on1 "o aft] ! o!r1 till at la/ ! kirn 0 cut4 ,! successful reap] 0 toss$ up 9 ! air ) ?ree *e]s by 8 bro!r h>ve/]s4 ,to decorate ! room 9 :i* ! kirn-supp] 0 held at ,spottiswoode z well z ! gran>y1 :]e ! danc+ took place1 two wom5 made kirn-dollies or ,que5s e ye>2 & _m ( ^! ru/ic effigies ( ! corn-_s might be se5 hang+ up toge!r4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! la/ h&ful ( corn t is cut by ! reap]s on any p>ticul> f>m is call$ ! ,maid51 or 9 ,gaelic ,maidhdeanbua91 lit]ally1 ! %orn ,maid54 ,sup]/itions atta* to ! w9n+ ( ! ,maid54 ,if x is got by a "y p]son1 !y ?9k x an om5 t he or %e w be m>ri$ be=e ano!r h>ve/4 ,= t or o!r reasons !re is a /rife betwe5 ! reap]s z to :o %all get ! ,maid51 & !y resort to v>i\s /ratagems = ! purpose ( secur+ x4 ,"o ( !m1 = example1 w (t5 leave a h&ful ( corn uncut & cov] x up ) e>? to hide x f ! o!r reap]s1 till all ! re/ ( ! corn on ! field is cut d[n4 ,sev]al may try to play ! same trick1 & ! "o :o is coole/ & holds out longe/ obta9s ! covet$ di/9ction4 ,:5 x has be5 cut1 ! ,maid5 is dress$ ) ribbons into a sort ( doll & affix$ to a wall ( ! f>mh\se4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& ! ,maid5 is c>efully pres]v$ till ,yule morn+1 :5 x is divid$ among ! cattle to make !m ?rive all ! ye> r\nd4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,balquhidd]1 ,p]?%ire1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn is cut by ! y\nge/ girl on ! field1 & is made into ! rude =m ( a female doll1 clad 9 a pap] dress1 & deck$ ) ribbons4 ,x is call$ ! ,maid51 & is kept 9 ! f>mh\se1 g5]ally above ! *imney1 = a good :ile1 sometimes till ! ,maid5 ( ! next ye> is br\ght 94 ,! writ] ( ?is book witness$ ! c]emony ( cutt+ ! ,maid5 at ,balquhidd] 9 ,septemb] #ahhh4 ,a lady fri5d in=m$ me t z a "y girl %e cut ! ,maid5 sev]al times at ! reque/ ( ! reap]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p]?4 ,! "n ( ! ,maid5 0 giv5 to ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn2 a reap] held ! top ( ! bun* :ile %e cut x4 ,aft]w>ds ! bun* 0 plait$1 deck$ ) ribbons1 & hung up 9 a conspicu\s place on ! wall ( ! kit*5 till ! next ,maid5 0 br\ght 94 ,! h>ve/-supp] 9 ?is neighb\rhood 0 also call$ ! ,maid52 ! reap]s danc$ at x4 ,on "s f>ms on ! ,g>elo*1 9 ,dumb>ton%ire1 ab\t ! ye> #ahcj1 ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn 0 call$ ! ,maid54 ,x 0 divid$ 9 two1 plait$1 & !n cut ) ! sickle by a girl1 :o1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld be lucky & w\ld soon be m>ri$4 ,:5 x 0 cut ! reap]s ga!r$ toge!r & ?rew _! sickles 9 ! air4 ,! ,maid5 0 dress$ ) ribbons & hung 9 ! kit*5 ne> ! ro(1 :]e x 0 kept = sev]al ye>s ) ! date atta*$4 ,sometimes five or six ,maid5s might be se5 hang+ at once on hooks4 ,! h>ve/-supp] 0 call$ ! ,kirn4 ,9 o!r f>ms on ! ,g>elo* ! la/ h&ful ( corn 0 call$ ! ,maid5head or ! ,head2 x 0 neatly plait$1 sometimes deck$ ) ribbons1 & hung 9 ! kit*5 = a ye>1 :5 ! gra9 0 giv5 to ! p\ltry4 ,9 ,ab]de5%ire ! la/ %eaf cut1 or ',maid51' is c>ri$ home 9 m]ry procession by ! h>ve/]s4 ,x is !n pres5t$ to ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 :o dresses x up to be pres]v$ till ! fir/ m>e foals4 ,! ,maid5 is !n tak5 d[n & pres5t$ to ! m>e z its fir/ food4 ,! neglect ( ?is w\ld h unt[>d effects ^u ! foal1 & disa/r\s consequ5ces ^u f>m op]ations g5]ally = ! season4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,ab]de5%ire ! la/ %eaf is commonly call$ ! clyack %eaf4 ,x us$ to be cut by ! y\nge/ girl pres5t & 0 dress$ z a woman4 ,be+ br\ght home 9 triumph1 x 0 kept till ,*ri/mas morn+1 & !n giv5 to a m>e 9 foal1 if !re 0 "o on ! f>m1 or1 if !re 0 n1 to ! olde/ c[ 9 calf4 ,else:]e ! %eaf 0 divid$ betwe5 all ! c[s & _! calves or betwe5 all ! horses & ! cattle ( ! f>m4 ,9 ,fife%ire ! la/ h&ful ( corn1 kn[n z ! ,maid51 is cut by a "y girl & made into ! rude figure ( a doll1 ti$ ) ribbons1 by :i* x is hung on ! wall ( ! f>m-kit*5 till ! next spr+4 ,! cu/om ( cutt+ ! ,maid5 at h>ve/ 0 also obs]v$ 9 ,inv]ness-%ire & ,su!rl&%ire4 ,a some:at matur] b /ill y\?ful age is assign$ to ! corn-_s by ! appellations ( ,bride1 ,oats-bride1 & ,:eat-bride1 :i* 9 ,g]many are sometimes be/[$ bo? on ! la/ %eaf & on ! woman :o b9ds x4 ,at :eat-h>ve/ ne> ,mglitz1 9 ,moravia1 a small portion ( ! :eat is left /&+ aft] all ! re/ has be5 reap$4 ,?is remnant is !n cut1 amid ! rejoic+ ( ! reap]s1 by a "y girl :o we>s a wrea? ( :eat5 e>s on h] head & goes by ! "n ( ! ,:eat-bride4 ,x is suppos$ t %e w be a real bride t same ye>4 ,ne> ,rosl9 & ,/onehav51 9 ,scotl&1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn cut got ! "n ( '! bride1' & %e 0 plac$ ov] ! bress or *imney-piece2 %e _h a ribbon ti$ bel[ h] num]\s e>s1 & ano!r r\nd h] wai/4 ,sometimes ! idea impli$ by ! "n ( ,bride is work$ out m fully by repres5t+ ! productive p[]s ( vegetation z bride & bridegroom4 ,?us 9 ! ,vorh>z an ,oats-man & an ,oats-woman1 swa!d 9 /raw1 dance at ! h>ve/ fea/4 ,9 ,s\? ,saxony an ,oats-bridegroom & an ,oats-bride figure toge!r at ! h>ve/ celebration4 ,! ,oats-bridegroom is a man completely wrapt 9 oats-/raw2 ! ,oats-bride is a man dress$ 9 woman's clo!s1 b n wrapt 9 /raw4 ,!y are drawn 9 a waggon to ! ale-h\se1 :]e ! dance takes place4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! dance ! danc]s pluck ! bun*es ( oats "o by "o f ! ,oats-bridegroom1 :ile he /ruggles to keep !m1 till at la/ he is completely /ript ( !m & /&s b>e1 expos$ to ! laught] & je/s ( ! company4 ,9 ,au/rian ,silesia ! c]emony ( ! ,:eat-bride is celebrat$ by ! "y p at ! end ( ! h>ve/4 ,! woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf plays ! "p ( ! ,:eat-bride1 we>+ ! h>ve/-cr[n ( :eat e>s & fl[]s on h] head4 ,?us adorn$1 /&+ beside h] ,bridegroom 9 a waggon & att5d$ by bridesmaids1 %e is drawn by a pair ( ox51 9 full imitation ( a m>riage procession1 to ! tav]n1 :]e ! danc+ is kept up till morn+4 ,some:at lat] 9 ! season ! w$d+ ( ! ,oats-bride is celebrat$ ) ! l ru/ic pomp4 ,ab\t ,neisse1 9 ,silesia1 an ,oats-k+ & an ,oats-que51 dress$ up qua9tly z a bridal pair1 are seat$ on a h>r[ & drawn by ox5 into ! village4 ,9 ^! la/ in/ances ! corn-_s is p]sonifi$ 9 d\ble =m z male & female4 ,b sometimes ! _s appe>s 9 a d\ble female =m z bo? old & "y1 correspond+ exactly to ! ,greek ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 if my int]pretation ( ^! goddesses is "r4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,scotl&1 especially among ! ,gaelic-speak+ population1 ! la/ corn cut is sometimes call$ ! ,old ,wife & sometimes ! ,maid54 ,n[ !re are p>ts ( ,scotl& 9 :i* bo? an ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 & a ,maid5 are cut at h>ve/4 ,! acc\nts ( ?is cu/om are n q cle> & consi/5t1 b ! g5]al rule seems to be t1 :]e bo? a ,maid5 & an ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 are fa%ion$ out ( ! reap$ corn at h>ve/1 ! ,maid5 is made out ( ! la/ /alks left /&+1 & is kept by ! f>m] on ^: l& x 0 cut2 :ile ! ,old ,wife is made out ( o!r /alks1 sometimes out ( ! fir/ /alks cut1 & is regul>ly pass$ on to a lagg>d f>m] :o happ5s to be /ill reap+ aft] 8 brisk] neighb\r has cut all 8 corn4 ,?us :ile ea* f>m] keeps 8 own ,maid51 z ! embodim5t ( ! "y & fruitful _s ( ! corn1 he passes on ! ,old ,wife z soon z he c to a neighb\r1 & s ! old lady may make ! r\nd ( all ! f>ms 9 ! di/rict be=e %e f9ds a place 9 :i* to lay h] v5]able head4 ,! f>m] ) :om %e f9ally takes up h] abode is ( c\rse ! "o :o has be5 ! la/ ( all ! c\ntryside to f9i% reap+ 8 crops1 & ?us ! di/9ction ( ent]ta9+ h] is r an invidi\s "o4 ,he is ?\ght to be doom$ to pov]ty or to be "u ! obligation ( provid+ = ! de>? ( ! t[n%ip 9 ! ensu+ season4 ,simil>ly we saw t 9 ,pembroke%ire1 :]e ! la/ corn cut is call$1 n ! ,maid51 b ! ,hag1 %e is pass$ on ha/ily to a neighb\r :o is /ill at "w 9 8 fields & :o receives 8 ag$ visitor ) any?+ b a transport ( joy4 ,if ! ,old ,wife repres5ts ! corn-_s ( ! pa/ ye>1 z %e probably does :]ev] %e is contra/$ ) & oppos$ to a ,maid51 x is natural en\gh t h] fad$ *>ms %\ld h less attractions = ! husb&man ?an ! buxom =m ( h] daught]1 :o may be expect$ to become 9 h] turn ! "m ( ! gold5 gra9 :5 ! revolv+ ye> has br\ght r\nd ano!r autumn4 ,! same desire to get rid ( ! effete ,"m ( ! ,corn by palm+ h] (f on o!r p comes out cle>ly 9 "s ( ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! close ( ?re%+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! practice ( pass+ on a hide\s /raw puppet to a neighb\r f>m] :o is /ill ?re%+ 8 corn4 ,! h>ve/ cu/oms j describ$ are /rik+ly analog\s to ! spr+ cu/oms :i* we review$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w4 7#a7 ,z 9 ! spr+ cu/oms ! tree-_s is repres5t$ bo? by a tree & by a p]son1 s 9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ! corn-_s is repres5t$ bo? by ! la/ %eaf & by ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds or ?re%es x4 ,! equival5ce ( ! p]son to ! %eaf is %[n by giv+ him or h] ! same "n z ! %eaf2 by wrapp+ him or h] 9 x2 & by ! rule obs]v$ 9 "s places1 t :5 ! %eaf is call$ ! ,"m1 x mu/ be made up into human %ape by ! olde/ m>ri$ woman1 b t :5 x is call$ ! ,maid51 x mu/ be cut by ! y\nge/ girl4 ,"h ! age ( ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s corresponds ) t ( ! suppos$ age ( ! corn-_s1 j z ! human victims (f]$ by ! ,mexicans to promote ! gr[? ( ! maize v>i$ ) ! age ( ! maize4 ,= 9 ! ,mexican1 z 9 ! ,european1 cu/om ! human be+s 7 probably repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s r ?an victims (f]$ to x4 7#b7 ,aga9 ! same f]tilis+ influ5ce :i* ! tree-_s is suppos$ to ex]t ov] vegetation1 cattle1 & ev5 wom5 is ascrib$ to ! corn-_s4 ,?us1 its suppos$ influ5ce on vegetation is %[n by ! practice ( tak+ "s ( ! gra9 ( ! la/ %eaf 79 :i* ! corn-_s is regul>ly suppos$ to be pres5t71 & scatt]+ x among ! "y corn 9 spr+ or mix+ x ) ! se$-corn4 ,its influ5ce on animals is %[n by giv+ ! la/ %eaf to a m>e 9 foal1 to a c[ 9 calf1 & to horses at ! fir/ pl\gh+4 ,la/ly1 its influ5ce on wom5 is indicat$ by ! cu/om ( deliv]+ ! ,"m-%eaf1 made into ! lik5ess ( a pregnant woman1 to ! f>m]'s wife2 by ! belief t ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf w h a *ild next ye>2 p]haps1 too1 by ! idea t ! p]son :o gets x w soon be m>ri$4 ,pla9ly1 !re=e1 ^! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms are bas$ on ! same anci5t modes ( ?\ght1 & =m p>ts ( ! same primitive hea!ndom1 :i* 0 d\btless practis$ by our =efa!rs long be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,among/ ! m>ks ( a primitive ritual we may note ! foll[+3 #a4 ,no special class ( p]sons is set ap>t = ! p]=mance ( ! rites2 9 o!r words1 !re are no prie/s4 ,! rites may be p]=m$ by any "o1 z occasion dem&s4 #b4 ,no special places are set ap>t = ! p]=mance ( ! rites2 9 o!r words1 !re are no temples4 ,! rites may be p]=m$ any:]e1 z occasion dem&s4 #c4 ,spirits1 n gods1 are recognis$4 7a7 ,z di/+ui%$ f gods1 spirits are re/rict$ 9 _! op]ations to def9ite dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,_! names are g5]al1 n prop]4 ,_! attributes are g5]ic1 r ?an individual2 9 o!r words1 !re is an indef9ite numb] ( spirits ( ea* class1 & ! individuals ( a class are all mu* alike2 !y h no def9itely m>k$ individuality2 no accept$ traditions are curr5t z to _! orig91 life1 adv5tures1 & "*4 7b7 ,on ! o!r h& gods1 z di/+ui%$ f spirits1 are n re/rict$ to def9ite dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,x is true t !re is g5]ally "s "o dep>tm5t ov] :i* !y preside z _! special prov9ce2 b !y are n rigor\sly conf9$ to x2 !y c ex]t _! p[] = good or evil 9 _m o!r sph]es ( nature & life4 ,aga91 !y be> individual or prop] names1 su* z ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 ,dionysus2 & _! individual *>act]s & hi/ories are fix$ by curr5t my?s & ! repres5tations ( art4 #d4 ,! rites are magical r ?an propitiatory4 ,9 o!r words1 ! desir$ objects are atta9$1 n by propitiat+ ! fav\r ( div9e be+s ?r\gh sacrifice1 pray]1 & praise1 b by c]emonies :i*1 z ,i h already expla9$1 are believ$ to influ5ce ! c\rse ( nature directly ?r\gh a physical sympa?y or resemblance betwe5 ! rite & ! effect :i* x is ! int5tion ( ! rite to produce4 ,judg$ by ^! te/s1 ! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms ( our ,european peasantry des]ve to rank z primitive4 ,= no special class ( p]sons & no special places are set exclusively ap>t = _! p]=mance2 !y may be p]=m$ by any "o1 ma/] or man1 mi/ress or maid1 boy or girl2 !y are practis$1 n 9 temples or *ur*es1 b 9 ! woods & mead[s1 beside brooks1 9 b>ns1 on h>ve/ fields & cottage floors4 ,! sup]natural be+s ^: exi/5ce is tak5 = grant$ 9 !m are spirits r ?an deities3 _! functions are limit$ to c]ta9 well-def9$ dep>tm5ts ( nature3 _! names are g5]al l ! ,b>ley-"m1 ! ,old ,woman1 ! ,maid51 n prop] names l ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 ,dionysus4 ,_! g5]ic attributes are kn[n1 b _! individual hi/ories & *>act]s are n ! subject ( my?s4 ,= !y exi/ 9 classes r ?an z individuals1 & ! memb]s ( ea* class are indi/+ui%able4 ,= example1 e f>m has its ,corn-"m1 or its ,old ,woman1 or its ,maid52 b e ,corn-"m is mu* l e o!r ,corn-"m1 & s ) ! ,old ,wom5 & ,maid5s4 ,la/ly1 9 ^! h>ve/s1 z 9 ! spr+ cu/oms1 ! ritual is magical r ?an propitiatory4 ,?is is %[n by ?r[+ ! ,corn-"m into ! riv] 9 ord] to secure ra9 & dew = ! crops2 by mak+ ! ,old ,woman heavy 9 ord] to get a heavy crop next ye>2 by /rew+ gra9 f ! la/ %eaf among/ ! "y crops 9 spr+2 & by giv+ ! la/ %eaf to ! cattle to make !m ?rive4 ,,xlvi4 ,! ,corn-,"m 9 ,_m ,l&s #a4 ,! ,corn-"m 9 ,am]ica ,,european peoples1 anci5t & mod]n1 h n be5 s+ul> 9 p]sonify+ ! corn z a "m goddess4 ,! same simple idea has sugge/$ itself to o!r agricultural races 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 & has be5 appli$ by !m to o!r indig5\s c]eals ?an b>ley & :eat4 ,if ,europe has its ,:eat-"m & its ,b>ley-"m1 ,am]ica has its ,maize-"m & ! ,ea/ ,indies _! ,rice-"m4 ,^! p]sonifications ,i w n[ illu/rate1 beg9n+ ) ! ,am]ican p]sonification ( ! maize4 ,we h se5 t among ,european peoples x is a common cu/om to keep ! plait$ corn-/alks ( ! la/ %eaf1 or ! puppet :i* is =m$ out ( !m1 9 ! f>m-h\se f h>ve/ to h>ve/4 ,! int5tion no d\bt is1 or r orig9ally 01 by pres]v+ ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s to ma9ta9 ! _s itself 9 life & activity ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 9 ord] t ! corn may gr[ & ! crops be good4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! cu/om is at all ev5ts r5d]$ highly probable by a simil> cu/om obs]v$ by ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 & ?us describ$ by ! old ,spani% hi/orian ,aco/a3 ,!y take a c]ta9 portion ( ! mo/ fruitful ( ! maize t gr[s 9 _! f>ms1 ! :i* !y put 9 a c]ta9 gran>y :i* !y d call ,pirua1 ) c]ta9 c]emonies1 wat*+ ?ree nights2 !y put ?is maize 9 ! ri*e/ g>m5ts !y h1 & be+ ?us wrapp$ & dress$1 !y wor%ip ?is ,pirua1 & hold x 9 great v5]ation1 say+ x is ! "m ( ! maize ( _! inh]itances1 & t by ?is means ! maize augm5ts & is pres]v$4 ,9 ?is mon? ! six? mon?1 answ]+ to ,may !y make a p>ticul> sacrifice1 & ! wit*es dem& ( ?is ,pirua if x ha? /r5g? suffici5t to cont9ue until ! next ye>2 & if x answ]s no1 !n !y c>ry ?is maize to ! f>m to burn1 :5ce !y br\ght x1 accord+ to e man's p[]2 !n !y make ano!r ,pirua1 ) ! same c]emonies1 say+ t !y r5ew x1 to ! end ! se$ ( maize may n p]i%1 & if x answ]s t x ha? =ce suffici5t to la/ long]1 !y leave x until ! next ye>4 ,?is fooli% vanity cont9ue? to ?is day1 & x is v common among/ ! ,indians to h ^! ,piruas4 ,9 ?is description ( ! cu/om !re seems to be "s error4 ,probably x 0 ! dress$-up bun* ( maize1 n ! gran>y 7,pirua71 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,p]uvians & reg>d$ z ! ,"m ( ! ,maize4 ,?is is confirm$ by :at we "k ( ! ,p]uvian cu/om f ano!r s\rce4 ,! ,p]uvians1 we are told1 believ$ all useful plants to be animat$ by a div9e be+ :o causes _! gr[?4 ,accord+ to ! p>ticul> plant1 ^! div9e be+s 7 call$ ! ,maize-"m 7,z>a-mama71 ! ,qu9oa-"m 7,qu9oa-mama71 ! ,coca-"m 7,coca-mama71 & ! ,potato-"m 7,axo-mama74 ,figures ( ^! div9e mo!rs 7 made respectively ( e>s ( maize & leaves ( ! qu9oa & coca plants2 !y 7 dress$ 9 wom5's clo!s & wor%ipp$4 ,?us ! ,maize-"m 0 repres5t$ by a puppet made ( /alks ( maize dress$ 9 full female attire2 & ! ,indians believ$ t z "m1 x _h ! p[] ( produc+ & giv+ bir? to mu* maize4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ,aco/a misund]/ood 8 in=mant1 & ! ,"m ( ! ,maize :i* he describes 0 n ! gran>y 7,pirua71 b ! bun* ( maize dress$ 9 ri* ve/m5ts4 ,! ,p]uvian ,"m ( ! ,maize1 l ! h>ve/-,maid5 at ,balquhidd]1 0 kept = a ye> 9 ord] t by h] means ! corn might gr[ & multiply4 ,b le/ h] /r5g? might n suffice to la/ till ! next h>ve/1 %e 0 ask$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> h[ %e felt1 & if %e answ]$ t %e felt weak1 %e 0 burn$ & a fre% ,"m ( ! ,maize made1 to ! end ! se$ ( maize may n p]i%4 ,"h1 x may be obs]v$1 we h a /rong confirmation ( ! explanation already giv5 ( ! cu/om ( kill+ ! god1 bo? p]iodically & occasionally4 ,! ,"m ( ! maize 0 all[$1 z a rule1 to live ?r\gh a ye>1 t be+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* h] /r5g? might reasonably be suppos$ to la/ unimpair$2 b on any symptom ( h] /r5g? fail+ %e 0 put to dea?1 & a fre% & vigor\s ,"m ( ! ,maize took h] place1 le/ ! maize :i* dep5d$ on h] = its exi/5ce %\ld langui% & decay4 #b4 ,! ,rice-"m 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies ,,if ,,! ,,read] /ill feels any d\bts z to ! mean+ ( ! h>ve/ cu/oms :i* h be5 practis$ )9 liv+ memory by ,european peasants1 ^! d\bts may p]haps be dispell$ by comp>+ ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! rice-h>ve/ by ! ,malays & ,dyaks ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,= ^! ,ea/]n peoples h n1 l our peasantry1 advanc$ beyond ! intellectual /age at :i* ! cu/oms orig9at$2 _! !ory & _! practice are /ill 9 unison2 = !m ! qua9t rites :i* 9 ,europe h long dw9dl$ into m]e fossils1 ! pa/ime ( cl[ns & ! puzzle ( ! le>n$1 are /ill liv+ realities ( :i* !y c r5d] an intelligible & tru?ful acc\nt4 ,h5ce a /udy ( _! beliefs & usages conc]n+ ! rice may ?r[ "s light on ! true mean+ ( ! ritual ( ! corn 9 anci5t ,greece & mod]n ,europe4 ,n[ ! :ole ( ! ritual :i* ! ,malays & ,dyaks obs]ve 9 connexion ) ! rice is f\nd$ on ! simple conception ( ! rice z animat$ by a s\l l t :i* ^! p attribute to mank9d4 ,!y expla9 ! ph5om5a ( reproduction1 gr[?1 decay1 & dea? 9 ! rice on ! same pr9ciples on :i* !y expla9 ! correspond+ ph5om5a 9 human be+s4 ,!y imag9e t 9 ! fibres ( ! plant1 z 9 ! body ( a man1 !re is a c]ta9 vital elem5t1 :i* is s f> indep5d5t ( ! plant t x may = a "t be completely sep>at$ f x )\t fatal effects1 ?\gh if its abs5ce be prolong$ beyond c]ta9 limits ! plant w )] & die4 ,?is vital yet sep>able elem5t is :at1 = ! want ( a bett] ^w1 we mu/ call ! s\l ( a plant1 j z a simil> vital & sep>able elem5t is commonly suppos$ to con/itute ! s\l ( man2 & on ?is !ory or my? ( ! plant-s\l is built ! :ole wor%ip ( ! c]eals1 j z on ! !ory or my? ( ! human s\l is built ! :ole wor%ip ( ! dead1--a t[]+ sup]/ructure re>$ on a sl5d] & prec>i\s f\ndation4 ,believ+ ! rice to be animat$ by a s\l l t ( a man1 ! ,indonesians naturally treat x ) ! def]5ce & ! consid]ation :i* !y %[ to _! fell[s4 ,?us !y behave t[>ds ! rice 9 bloom z !y behave t[>ds a pregnant woman2 !y ab/a9 f fir+ guns or mak+ l\d noises 9 ! field1 le/ !y %\ld s fright5 ! s\l ( ! rice t x w\ld misc>ry & be> no gra92 & = ! same reason !y w n talk ( corpses or demons 9 ! rice-fields4 ,moreov]1 !y fe$ ! bloom+ rice ) foods ( v>i\s k9ds :i* are believ$ to be :olesome = wom5 ) *ild2 b :5 ! rice-e>s are j beg9n+ to =m1 !y are look$ ^u z infants1 & wom5 g ?r\gh ! fields fe$+ !m ) rice-pap z if !y 7 human babes4 ,9 su* natural & obvi\s comp>isons ( ! bre$+ plant to a bre$+ woman1 & ( ! "y gra9 to a "y *ild1 is to be s\ght ! orig9 ( ! k9dr$ ,greek conception ( ! ,corn-"m & ! ,corn-daught]1 ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,b if ! timor\s fem99e s\l ( ! rice c be fright5$ into a misc>riage ev5 by l\d noises1 x is easy to imag9e :at h] feel+s mu/ be at h>ve/1 :5 p are "u ! sad necessity ( cutt+ d[n ! rice ) ! knife4 ,at s critical a season e precaution mu/ be us$ to r5d] ! necess>y surgical op]ation ( reap+ z inconspicu\s & z pa9less z possible4 ,= t reason ! reap+ ( ! se$-rice is done ) knives ( a peculi> patt]n1 su* t ! blades are hidd5 9 ! reap]s' h&s & d n fright5 ! rice-_s till ! v la/ mom5t1 :5 h] head is swept (f almo/ be=e %e is aw>e2 & f a l delicate motive ! reap]s at "w 9 ! fields employ a special =m ( spee*1 :i* ! rice-_s _c be expect$ to und]/&1 s t %e has no w>n+ or inkl+ ( :at is go+ =w>d till ! heads ( rice are safely deposit$ 9 ! basket4 ,among ! ,indonesian peoples :o ?us p]sonify ! rice we may take ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( ,c5tral ,borneo z typical4 ,9 ord] to secure & deta9 ! volatile s\l ( ! rice ! ,kayans resort to a numb] ( devices4 ,among ! in/rum5ts employ$ = ?is purpose are a m9iature ladd]1 a spatula1 & a basket conta9+ hooks1 ?orns1 & cords4 ,) ! spatula ! prie/ess /rokes ! s\l ( ! rice d[n ! little ladd] into ! basket1 :]e x is naturally held fa/ by ! hooks1 ! ?orn1 & ! cord2 & hav+ ?us captur$ & imprison$ ! s\l %e conveys x into ! rice-gran>y4 ,sometimes a bamboo box & a net are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,& 9 ord] to ensure a good h>ve/ = ! foll[+ ye> x is necess>y n only to deta9 ! s\l ( all ! gra9s ( rice :i* are safely /or$ 9 ! gran>y1 b also to attract & recov] ! s\l ( all ! rice t has be5 lo/ ?r\gh fall+ to ! e>? or be+ eat5 by de]1 apes1 & pigs4 ,= ?is purpose in/rum5ts ( v>i\s sorts h be5 inv5t$ by ! prie/s4 ,"o1 = example1 is a bamboo vessel provid$ ) f\r hooks made f ! wood ( a fruit-tree1 by means ( :i* ! abs5t rice-s\l may be hook$ & drawn back into ! vessel1 :i* is !n hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,sometimes two h&s c>v$ out ( ! wood ( a fruit-tree are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,& e "t t a ,kayan h\sewife fet*es rice f ! gran>y = ! use ( h] h\sehold1 %e mu/ propitiate ! s\ls ( ! rice 9 ! gran>y1 le/ !y %\ld be angry at be+ robb$ ( _! sub/ance4 ,! same ne$ ( secur+ ! s\l ( ! rice1 if ! crop is to ?rive1 is ke5ly felt by ! ,k>5s ( ,burma4 ,:5 a rice-field does n fl\ri%1 !y suppose t ! s\l 7kelah7 ( ! rice is 9 "s way deta9$ f ! rice4 ,if ! s\l _c be call$ back1 ! crop w fail4 ,! foll[+ =mula is us$ 9 recall+ ! kelah 7s\l7 ( ! rice3 ,o come1 rice-kelah1 come6 ,come to ! field4 ,come to ! rice4 ,) se$ ( ea* g5d]1 come4 ,come f ! riv] ,kho1 come f ! riv] ,kaw2 f ! place :]e !y meet1 come4 ,come f ! ,we/1 come f ! ,ea/4 ,f ! ?roat ( ! bird1 f ! maw ( ! ape1 f ! ?roat ( ! elephant4 ,come f ! s\rces ( riv]s & _! m\?s4 ,come f ! c\ntry ( ! ,%an & ,burman4 ,f ! di/ant k+doms come4 ,f all gran>ies come4 ,o rice-kelah1 come to ! rice4 ,! ,corn-"m ( our ,european peasants has h] mat* 9 ! ,rice-"m ( ! ,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra4 ,! ,m9angkabau]s def9itely attribute a s\l to rice1 & w sometimes ass]t t rice p\nd$ 9 ! usual way ta/es bett] ?an rice gr\nd 9 a mill1 because 9 ! mill ! body ( ! rice 0 s bruis$ & batt]$ t ! s\l has fl$ f x4 ,l ! ,javanese !y ?9k t ! rice is "u ! special gu>dian%ip ( a female _s call$ ,san+ ,s>i1 :o is conceiv$ z s closely knit up ) ! plant t ! rice (t5 goes by h] "n1 z ) ! ,romans ! corn might be call$ ,c]es4 ,9 p>ticul> ,san+ ,s>i is repres5t$ by c]ta9 /alks or gra9s call$ indoea padi1 t is1 lit]ally1 ,"m ( ,rice1 a "n t is (t5 giv5 to ! gu>dian _s h]self4 ,?is s-call$ ,"m ( ,rice is ! occasion ( a numb] ( c]emonies obs]v$ at ! plant+ & h>ve/+ ( ! rice z well z dur+ its pres]vation 9 ! b>n4 ,:5 ! se$ ( ! rice is ab\t to be s[n 9 ! nurs]y or b$d+-out gr\nd1 :]e "u ! wet sy/em ( cultivation x is regul>ly all[$ to spr\t be=e be+ transplant$ to ! fields1 ! be/ gra9s are pick$ out to =m ! ,rice-"m4 ,^! are !n s[n 9 ! middle ( ! b$1 & ! common se$ is plant$ r\nd ab\t !m4 ,! /ate ( ! ,rice-"m is suppos$ to ex]t ! greate/ influ5ce on ! gr[? ( ! rice2 if %e droops or p9es away1 ! h>ve/ w be bad 9 consequ5ce4 ,! woman :o s[s ! ,rice-"m 9 ! nurs]y lets h] hair hang loose & aft]w>ds ba!s1 z a means ( ensur+ an abundant h>ve/4 ,:5 ! "t comes to transplant ! rice f ! nurs]y to ! field1 ! ,rice-"m receives a special place ei!r 9 ! middle or 9 a corn] ( ! field1 & a pray] or *>m is utt]$ z foll[s3 ,san+ ,s>i1 may a measure ( rice come f a /alk ( rice & a basketful f a root2 may y be fright5$ nei!r by lightn+ nor by pass]s-by6 ,sun%9e make y glad2 ) ! /orm may y be at peace2 & may ra9 s]ve to wa% y\r face6 ,:ile ! rice is gr[+1 ! p>ticul> plant :i* 0 ?us treat$ z ! ,rice-"m is lo/ sight (2 b be=e h>ve/ ano!r ,rice-"m is f\nd4 ,:5 ! crop is ripe = cutt+1 ! olde/ woman ( ! family or a sorc]] goes out to look = h]4 ,! fir/ /alks se5 to b5d "u a pass+ breeze are ! ,rice-"m1 & !y are ti$ toge!r b n cut until ! fir/-fruits ( ! field h be5 c>ri$ home to s]ve z a fe/al meal = ! family & _! fri5ds1 nay ev5 = ! dome/ic animals2 s9ce x is ,san+ ,s>i's pleasure t ! bea/s also %\ld p>take ( h] good gifts4 ,aft] ! meal has be5 eat51 ! ,rice-"m is fet*$ home by p]sons 9 gay attire1 :o c>ry h] v c>efully "u an umbrella 9 a neatly work$ bag to ! b>n1 :]e a place 9 ! middle is assign$ to h]4 ,e "o believes t %e takes c>e ( ! rice 9 ! b>n & ev5 multiplies x n uncommonly4 ,:5 ! ,tomori ( ,c5tral ,celebes are ab\t to plant ! rice1 !y bury 9 ! field "s betel z an (f]+ to ! spirits :o cause ! rice to gr[4 ,! rice t is plant$ r\nd ?is spot is ! la/ to be reap$ at h>ve/4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reap+ ! /alks ( ?is pat* ( rice are ti$ toge!r into a %eaf1 :i* is call$ ! ,"m ( ! ,rice 7in5o pae71 & (f]+s 9 ! %ape ( rice1 f[l's liv]1 eggs1 & o!r ?+s are laid d[n be=e x4 ,:5 all ! re/ ( ! rice 9 ! field has be5 reap$1 ! ,"m ( ! ,rice is cut d[n & c>ri$ ) due hon\r to ! rice-b>n1 :]e x is laid on ! floor1 & all ! o!r %eaves are pil$ ^u x4 ,! ,tomori1 we are told1 reg>d ! ,"m ( ! ,rice z a special (f]+ made to ! rice-_s ,omonga1 :o dwells 9 ! moon4 ,if t _s is n treat$ ) prop] respect1 = example if ! p :o fet* rice f ! b>n are n dec5tly clad1 he is angry & puni%es ! (f5d]s by eat+ up twice z mu* rice 9 ! b>n z !y h tak5 out ( x2 "s p h he>d him smack+ 8 lips 9 ! b>n1 z he dev\r$ ! rice4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 :o also practice ! cu/om ( ! ,rice-"m at h>ve/1 reg>d h] z ! actual "m ( ! :ole h>ve/1 & !re=e keep h] c>efully1 le/ 9 h] abs5ce ! g>n]$ /ore ( rice %\ld all melt away & disappe>4 ,aga91 j z 9 ,scotl& ! old & ! "y _s ( ! corn are repres5t$ z an ,old ,wife 7,caillea*7 & a ,maid5 respectively1 s 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula we f9d bo? ! ,rice-"m & h] *ild repres5t$ by diff]5t %eaves or bundles ( e>s on ! h>ve/-field4 ,! c]emony ( cutt+ & br++ home ! ,s\l ( ! ,rice 0 witness$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat at ,*odoi 9 ,selangor on ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,janu>y #ahig4 ,! p>ticul> bun* or %eaf :i* 0 to s]ve z ! ,"m ( ! ,rice-s\l _h previ\sly be5 s\ght & id5tifi$ by means ( ! m>k+s or %ape ( ! e>s4 ,f ?is %eaf an ag$ sorc]ess1 ) mu* solemnity1 cut a little bundle ( sev5 e>s1 ano9t$ !m ) oil1 ti$ !m r\nd ) p>ti-col\r$ ?read1 fumigat$ !m ) inc5se1 & hav+ wrapt !m 9 a :ite clo? deposit$ !m 9 a little oval-%ap$ basket4 ,^! sev5 e>s 7 ! infant ,s\l ( ! ,rice & ! little basket 0 its cradle4 ,x 0 c>ri$ home to ! f>m]'s h\se by ano!r woman1 :o held up an umbrella to scre5 ! t5d] infant f ! hot rays ( ! sun4 ,arriv$ at ! h\se ! ,rice-*ild 0 welcom$ by ! wom5 ( ! family1 & laid1 cradle & all1 on a new sleep+mat ) pill[s at ! head4 ,aft] t ! f>m]'s wife 0 in/ruct$ to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( taboo = ?ree days1 ! rules be+ 9 _m respects id5tical ) ^? :i* h to be obs]v$ = ?ree days aft] ! bir? ( a real *ild4 ,some?+ ( ! same t5d] c>e :i* is ?us be/[$ on ! newly-born ,rice-*ild is naturally ext5d$ also to its p>5t1 ! %eaf f ^: body x 0 tak54 ,?is %eaf1 :i* rema9s /&+ 9 ! field aft] ! ,rice-s\l has be5 c>ri$ home & put to b$1 is treat$ z a newly-made "m2 t is to say1 "y %oots ( trees are p\nd$ toge!r & scatt]$ broadca/ e ev5+ = ?ree successive days1 & :5 ! ?ree days are up y take ! pulp ( a coco-nut & :at are call$ goat-fl[]s1 mix !m up1 eat !m ) a little sug>1 & spit "s ( ! mixture out among ! rice4 ,s aft] a real bir? ! "y %oots ( ! jack-fruit1 ! rose-apple1 c]ta9 k9ds ( banana1 & ! ?9 pulp ( "y coco-nuts are mix$ ) dri$ fi%1 salt1 acid1 prawn-condim5t1 & ! l da9ties to =m a sort ( salad1 :i* is adm9i/]$ to "m & *ild = ?ree successive days4 ,! la/ %eaf is reap$ by ! f>m]'s wife1 :o c>ries x back to ! h\se1 :]e x is ?re%$ & mix$ ) ! ,rice-s\l4 ,! f>m] !n takes ! ,rice-s\l & its basket & deposits x1 toge!r ) ! product ( ! la/ %eaf1 9 ! big circul> rice-b9 us$ by ! ,malays4 ,"s gra9s f ! ,rice-s\l are mix$ ) ! se$ :i* is to be s[n 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 ?is ,rice-"m & ,rice-*ild ( ! ,malay ,p59sula we may see ! c\nt]p>t & 9 a s5se ! prototype ( ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone ( anci5t ,greece4 ,once m1 ! ,european cu/om ( repres5t+ ! corn-_s 9 ! d\ble =m ( bride & bridegroom has its p>allel 9 a c]emony obs]v$ at ! rice-h>ve/ 9 ,java4 ,be=e ! reap]s beg9 to cut ! rice1 ! prie/ or sorc]] picks out a numb] ( e>s ( rice1 :i* are ti$ toge!r1 sme>$ ) o9tm5t1 & adorn$ ) fl[]s4 ,?us deck$ out1 ! e>s are call$ ! padi-pe5gantn1 t is1 ! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom2 _! w$d+ fea/ is celebrat$1 & ! cutt+ ( ! rice beg9s imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! rice is be+ got 91 a bridal *amb] is p>tition$ (f 9 ! b>n1 & furni%$ ) a new mat1 a lamp1 & all k9ds ( toilet articles4 ,%eaves ( rice1 to repres5t ! w$d+ gue/s1 are plac$ beside ! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom4 ,n till ?is has be5 done may ! :ole h>ve/ be h\s$ 9 ! b>n4 ,& = ! fir/ =ty days aft] ! rice has be5 h\s$1 no "o may ent] ! b>n1 = fe> ( di/urb+ ! newly-w$d$ pair4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ,bali & ,lombok1 :5 ! "t ( h>ve/ has come1 ! own] ( ! field himself makes a beg9n+ by cutt+ ! pr9cipal rice ) 8 own h&s & b9d+ x into two %eaves1 ea* compos$ ( "o hundr$ & eight /alks ) _! leaves atta*$ to !m4 ,"o ( ! %eaves repres5ts a man & ! o!r a woman1 & !y are call$ husb& & wife4 ,! male %eaf is w\nd ab\t ) ?read s t none ( ! leaves are visible1 :]eas ! female %eaf has its leaves b5t ov] & ti$ s z to resemble ! roll ( a woman's hair4 ,sometimes1 = fur!r di/9ction1 a necklace ( rice-/raw is ti$ r\nd ! female %eaf4 ,:5 ! rice is br\ght home f ! field1 ! two %eaves repres5t+ ! husb& & wife are c>ri$ by a woman on h] head1 & are ! la/ ( all to be deposit$ 9 ! b>n4 ,!re !y are laid to re/ on a small erection or on a cu%ion ( rice-/raw4 ,! :ole arrangem5t1 we are in=m$1 has = its object to induce ! rice to increase & multiply 9 ! gran>y1 s t ! own] may get m out ( x ?an he put 94 ,h5ce :5 ! p ( ,bali br+ ! two %eaves1 ! husb& & wife1 into ! b>n1 !y say1 ,increase ye & multiply )\t ceas+4 ,:5 all ! rice 9 ! b>n has be5 us$ up1 ! two %eaves repres5t+ ! husb& & wife rema9 9 ! empty build+ till !y h gradually disappe>$ or be5 dev\r$ by mice4 ,! p9* ( hung] sometimes drives individuals to eat up ! rice ( ^! two %eaves1 b ! wret*es :o d s are view$ ) disgu/ by _! fell[s & br&$ z pigs & dogs4 ,nobody w\ld ev] sell ^! holy %eaves ) ! re/ ( _! pr(ane bre?r54 ,! same notion ( ! propagation ( ! rice by a male & female p[] f9ds expression among/ ! ,szis ( ,upp] ,burma4 ,:5 ! paddy1 t is1 ! rice ) ! husks /ill on x1 has be5 dri$ & pil$ 9 a heap = ?re%+1 all ! fri5ds ( ! h\sehold are invit$ to ! ?re%+-floor1 & food & dr9k are br\ght out4 ,! heap ( paddy is divid$ & "o half spread out = ?re%+1 :ile ! o!r half is left pil$ up4 ,on ! pile food & spirits are set1 & "o ( ! eld]s1 address+ ! fa!r & "m ( ! paddy-plant1 prays = pl5te\s h>ve/s 9 future1 & begs t ! se$ may be> _m fold4 ,!n ! :ole p>ty eat1 dr9k1 & make m]ry4 ,?is c]emony at ! ?re%+-floor is ! only occasion :5 ^! p invoke ! fa!r & "m ( ! paddy4 #c4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,corn embodi$ 9 ,human ,be+s ,,?us ! !ory :i* recognises 9 ! ,european ,corn-"m1 ,corn-maid51 & s =?1 ! embodim5t 9 vegetable =m ( ! animat+ _s ( ! crops is amply confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( peoples 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 :o1 because !y h lagg$ beh9d ! ,european races 9 m5tal developm5t1 reta9 = t v reason a ke5] s5se ( ! orig9al motives = obs]v+ ^? ru/ic rites :i* among ourselves h sunk to ! level ( mean+less survivals4 ,! read] may1 h[ev]1 rememb] t accord+ to ,mannh>dt1 ^: !ory ,i am exp\nd+1 ! _s ( ! corn manife/s itself n m]ely 9 vegetable b also 9 human =m2 ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ %eaf or gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ passes = a tempor>y embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 j z mu* z ! bun* ( corn :i* he reaps or ?re%es4 ,n[ 9 ! p>allels :i* h be5 hi!rto adduc$ f ! cu/oms ( peoples outside ,europe ! _s ( ! crops appe>s only 9 vegetable =m4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to prove t o!r races besides our ,european peasantry h conceiv$ ! _s ( ! crops z incorporate 9 or repres5t$ by liv+ m5 & wom54 ,su* a pro(1 ,i may rem9d ! read]1 is g]mane to ! !me ( ?is book2 = ! m in/ances we discov] ( human be+s repres5t+ 9 !mselves ! life or animat+ _s ( plants1 ! less difficulty w be felt at class+ among/ !m ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi4 ,! ,m&ans & ,m9nit>ees ( ,nor? ,am]ica us$ to hold a fe/ival 9 spr+ :i* !y call$ ! corn-m$ic9e fe/ival ( ! wom54 ,!y ?\ght t a c]ta9 ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies made ! crops to gr[1 & t1 liv+ some:]e 9 ! s\?1 %e s5t ! migratory wat]f[l 9 spr+ z h] tok5s & repres5tatives4 ,ea* sort ( bird repres5t$ a special k9d ( crop cultivat$ by ! ,indians3 ! wild goose /ood = ! maize1 ! wild swan = ! g\rds1 & ! wild duck = ! beans4 ,s :5 ! fea!r$ mess5g]s ( ! ,old ,woman began to arrive 9 spr+ ! ,indians celebrat$ ! corn-m$ic9e fe/ival ( ! wom54 ,scaffolds 7 set up1 on :i* ! p hung dri$ meat & o!r ?+s by way ( (f]+s to ! ,old ,woman2 & on a c]ta9 day ! old wom5 ( ! tribe1 z repres5tatives ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies1 assembl$ at ! scaffolds ea* be>+ 9 h] h& an e> ( maize fa/5$ to a /ick4 ,!y fir/ plant$ ^! /icks 9 ! gr\nd1 !n danc$ r\nd ! scaffolds1 & f9ally took up ! /icks aga9 9 _! arms4 ,mean:ile old m5 beat drums & %ook rattles z a musical accompanim5t to ! p]=mance ( ! old wom54 ,fur!r1 "y wom5 came & put dri$ fle% into ! m\?s ( ! old wom51 = :i* !y receiv$ 9 return a gra9 ( ! consecrat$ maize to eat4 ,?ree or f\r gra9s ( ! holy corn 7 also plac$ 9 ! di%es ( ! "y wom51 to be aft]w>ds c>efully mix$ ) ! se$-corn1 :i* !y 7 suppos$ to f]tilise4 ,! dri$ fle% hung on ! scaffold belong$ to ! old wom51 because !y repres5t$ ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies4 ,a simil> corn-m$ic9e fe/ival 0 held 9 autumn = ! purpose ( attract+ ! h]ds ( buffaloes & secur+ a supply ( meat4 ,at t "t e woman c>ri$ 9 h] arms an uproot$ plant ( maize4 ,!y gave ! "n ( ! ,old ,woman :o ,nev] ,dies bo? to ! maize & to ^? birds :i* !y reg>d$ z symbols ( ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & !y pray$ to !m 9 autumn say+1 ,"m1 h pity on u6 s5d u n ! bitt] cold too soon1 le/ we h n meat en\gh6 let n all ! game dep>t1 t we may h some?+ = ! w9t]6 ,9 autumn1 :5 ! birds 7 fly+ s\?1 ! ,indians ?\ght t !y 7 go+ home to ! ,old ,woman & tak+ to h] ! (f]+s t _h be5 hung up on ! scaffolds1 especially ! dri$ meat1 :i* %e ate4 ,"h !n we h ! _s or div9ity ( ! corn conceiv$ z an ,old ,woman & repres5t$ 9 bodily =m by old wom51 :o 9 _! capacity ( repres5tatives receive "s at lea/ ( ! (f]+s :i* are int5d$ = h]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! h>ve/-goddess ,gauri is repres5t$ at once by an unm>ri$ girl & by a bundle ( wild balsam plants1 :i* is made up into ! figure ( a woman & dress$ z su* ) mask1 g>m5ts1 & ornam5ts4 ,bo? ! human & ! vegetable repres5tative ( ! goddess are wor%ipp$1 & ! int5tion ( ! :ole c]emony appe>s to be to ensure a good crop ( rice4 #d4 ,! ,d\ble ,p]sonification ( ! ,corn z ,"m & ,daught] ,,comp>$ ) ! ,corn-"m ( ,g]many & ! ,h>ve/-maid5 ( ,scotl&1 ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone ( ,greece are late products ( religi\s gr[?4 ,yet z memb]s ( ! ,aryan family ! ,greeks mu/ at "o "t or ano!r h obs]v$ h>ve/ cu/oms l ^? :i* are /ill practis$ by ,celts1 ,teutons1 & ,slavs1 & :i*1 f> beyond ! limits ( ! ,aryan _w1 h be5 practis$ by ! ,indians ( ,p]u & _m peoples ( ! ,ea/ ,indies--a suffici5t pro( t ! ideas on :i* ^! cu/oms re/ are n conf9$ to any "o race1 b naturally sugge/ !mselves to all untutor$ peoples engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ^? /ately & beautiful figures ( ,greek my?ology1 grew out ( ! same simple beliefs & practices :i* /ill prevail among our mod]n peasantry1 & t !y 7 repres5t$ by rude dolls made out ( ! yell[ %eaves on _m a h>ve/-field long be=e _! brea?+ images 7 wr\ght 9 bronze & m>ble by ! ma/] h&s ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( t old5 "t--a sc5t1 s to say1 ( ! h>ve/-field--l+]$ to ! la/ 9 ! title ( ! ,maid5 7,kore7 by :i* ,p]sephone 0 commonly kn[n4 ,?us if ! prototype ( ,demet] is ! ,corn-"m ( ,g]many1 ! prototype ( ,p]sephone is ! ,h>ve/-maid5 :i*1 autumn aft] autumn1 is /ill made f ! la/ %eaf on ! ,braes ( ,balquhidd]4 ,inde$1 if we knew m ab\t ! peasant-f>m]s ( anci5t ,greece1 we %\ld probably f9d t ev5 9 classical times !y cont9u$ annually to fa%ion _! ,corn-mo!rs 7,demet]s7 & ,maid5s 7,p]sephones7 out ( ! ripe corn on ! h>ve/-fields4 ,b un=tunately ! ,demet] & ,p]sephone :om we "k 7 ! d5iz5s ( t[ns1 ! maje/ic inhabitants ( lordly temples2 x 0 = su* div9ities alone t ! ref9$ writ]s ( antiquity _h eyes2 ! unc\? rites p]=m$ by ru/ics among/ ! corn 7 b5ea? _! notice4 ,ev5 if !y notic$ !m1 !y probably nev] dream$ ( any connexion betwe5 ! puppet ( corn-/alks on ! sunny /ubble-field & ! m>ble div9ity 9 ! %ady coolness ( ! temple4 ,/ill ! writ+s ev5 ( ^! t[n-br$ & cultur$ p]sons af=d u an occasional glimpse ( a ,demet] z rude z ! rude/ t a remote ,g]man village c %[4 ,?us ! /ory t ,iasion begat a *ild ,plutus 7 weal?1 abundance7 by ,demet] on a ?rice-pl\gh$ field1 may be comp>$ ) ! ,we/ ,prussian cu/om ( ! mock bir? ( a *ild on ! h>ve/-field4 ,9 ?is ,prussian cu/om ! pret5d$ "m repres5ts ! ,corn-"m 7,zytniamatka72 ! pret5d$ *ild repres5ts ! ,corn-baby1 & ! :ole c]emony is a *>m to ensure a crop next ye>4 ,! cu/om & ! leg5d alike po9t to an old] practice ( p]=m+1 among ! spr\t+ crops 9 spr+ or ! /ubble 9 autumn1 "o ( ^? real or mimic acts ( procreation by :i*1 z we h se51 primitive man (t5 seeks to infuse 8 own vigor\s life into ! languid or decay+ en]gies ( nature4 ,ano!r glimpse ( ! savage "u ! civilis$ ,demet] w be af=d$ f>!r on1 :5 we come to deal ) ano!r aspect ( ^? agricultural div9ities4 ,! read] may h obs]v$ t 9 mod]n folk-cu/oms ! corn-_s is g5]ally repres5t$ ei!r by a ,corn-"m 7,old ,woman1 etc47 or by a ,maid5 7,h>ve/-*ild1 etc471 n bo? by a ,corn-"m & by a ,maid54 ,:y !n did ! ,greeks repres5t ! corn bo? z a "m & a daught]8 ,9 ! ,breton cu/om ! "m-%eaf--a l>ge figure made out ( ! la/ %eaf ) a small corn-doll inside ( x--cle>ly repres5ts bo? ! ,corn-"m & ! ,corn-daught]1 ! latt] /ill unborn4 ,aga91 9 ! ,prussian cu/om j ref]r$ to1 ! woman :o plays ! "p ( ,corn-"m repres5ts ! ripe gra92 ! *ild appe>s to repres5t next ye>'s corn1 :i* may be reg>d$1 naturally en\gh1 z ! *ild ( ?is ye>'s corn1 s9ce x is f ! se$ ( ?is ye>'s h>ve/ t next ye>'s crop w spr+4 ,fur!r1 we h se5 t among ! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula & sometimes among ! ,highl&]s ( ,scotl& ! _s ( ! gra9 is repres5t$ 9 d\ble female =m1 bo? z old & "y1 by means ( e>s tak5 alike f ! ripe crop3 9 ,scotl& ! old _s ( ! corn appe>s z ! ,c>l9e or ,caillea*1 ! "y _s z ! ,maid52 :ile among ! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula ! two spirits ( ! rice are def9itely relat$ to ea* o!r z "m & *ild4 ,judg$ by ^! analogies ,demet] w\ld be ! ripe crop ( ?is ye>2 ,p]sephone w\ld be ! se$-corn tak5 f x & s[n 9 autumn1 to reappe> 9 spr+4 ,! desc5t ( ,p]sephone into ! l[] _w w\ld ?us be a my?ical expression = ! s[+ ( ! se$2 h] reappe>ance 9 spr+ w\ld signify ! spr\t+ ( ! "y corn4 ,9 ?is way ! ,p]sephone ( "o ye> becomes ! ,demet] ( ! next1 & ?is may v well h be5 ! orig9al =m ( ! my?4 ,b :5 ) ! advance ( religi\s ?\ght ! corn came to be p]sonifi$ no long] z a be+ t w5t ?r\gh ! :ole cycle ( bir?1 gr[?1 reproduction1 & dea? )9 a ye>1 b z an immortal goddess1 consi/5cy requir$ t "o ( ! two p]sonifications1 ! "m or ! daught]1 %\ld be sacrific$4 ,h[ev]1 ! d\ble conception ( ! corn z "m & daught] may h be5 too old & too deeply root$ 9 ! popul> m9d to be eradicat$ by logic1 & s room _h to be f\nd 9 ! re=m$ my? bo? = "m & daught]4 ,?is 0 done by assign+ to ,p]sephone ! "* ( ! corn s[n 9 autumn & spr\t+ 9 spr+1 :ile ,demet] 0 left to play ! some:at vague "p ( ! heavy "m ( ! corn1 :o lam5ts its annual disappe>ance und]gr\nd1 & rejoices ov] its reappe>ance 9 spr+4 ,?us in/ead ( a regul> succession ( div9e be+s1 ea* liv+ a ye> & !n giv+ bir? to h] successor1 ! re=m$ my? exhibits ! conception ( two div9e & immortal be+s1 "o ( :om annually disappe>s into & reappe>s f ! gr\nd1 :ile ! o!r has little to d b to weep & rejoice at ! appropriate seasons4 ,?is !ory ( ! d\ble p]sonification ( ! corn 9 ,greek my? assumes t bo? p]sonifications 7,demet] & ,p]sephone7 are orig9al4 ,b if we suppose t ! ,greek my? />t$ ) a s+le p]sonification1 ! aft]gr[? ( a second p]sonification may p]haps be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,on look+ ov] ! h>ve/ cu/oms :i* h be5 pass$ "u review1 x may be notic$ t !y involve two di/9ct conceptions ( ! corn-_s4 ,= :]eas 9 "s ( ! cu/oms ! corn-_s is treat$ z imman5t 9 ! corn1 9 o!rs x is reg>d$ z ext]nal to x4 ,?us :5 a p>ticul> %eaf is call$ by ! "n ( ! corn-_s1 & is dress$ 9 clo!s & h&l$ ) rev]5ce1 ! _s is cle>ly reg>d$ z imman5t 9 ! corn4 ,b :5 ! _s is said to make ! crops gr[ by pass+ ?r\gh !m1 or to blight ! gra9 ( ^? aga9/ :om %e has a grudge1 %e is app>5tly conceiv$ z di/9ct f1 ?\gh ex]cis+ p[] ov]1 ! corn4 ,conceiv$ 9 ! latt] mode ! corn-_s is 9 a fair way to become a deity ( ! corn1 if %e has n become s already4 ,( ^! two conceptions1 t ( ! cornspirit z imman5t 9 ! corn is d\btless ! old]1 s9ce ! view ( nature z animat$ by indwell+ spirits appe>s to h g5]ally prec$$ ! view ( x z controll$ by ext]nal deities2 to put x %ortly1 animism prec$es deism4 ,9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( our ,european peasantry ! corn-_s seems to be conceiv$ n[ z imman5t 9 ! corn & n[ z ext]nal to x4 ,9 ,greek my?ology1 on ! o!r h&1 ,demet] is view$ r z ! deity ( ! corn ?an z ! _s imman5t 9 x4 ,! process ( ?\ght :i* leads to ! *ange f ! "o mode ( conception to ! o!r is an?ropomorphism1 or ! gradual inve/m5t ( ! imman5t spirits ) m & m ( ! attributes ( humanity4 ,z m5 em]ge f savag]y ! t5d5cy to humanise _! div9ities ga9s /r5g?2 & ! m human ^! become ! wid] is ! brea* :i* sev]s !m f ! natural objects ( :i* !y 7 at fir/ m]ely ! animat+ spirits or s\ls4 ,b 9 ! progress upw>ds f savag]y m5 ( ! same g5]ation d n m>* abrea/2 & ?\gh ! new an?ropomorphic gods may satisfy ! religi\s wants ( ! m develop$ intellig5ces1 ! backw>d memb]s ( ! community w cl+ by pref]5ce to ! old animi/ic notions4 ,n[ :5 ! _s ( any natural object su* z ! corn has be5 inve/$ ) human qualities1 deta*$ f ! object1 & conv]t$ into a deity controll+ x1 ! object itself is1 by ! )drawal ( its _s1 left inanimate2 x becomes1 s to say1 a spiritual vacuum4 ,b ! popul> fancy1 intol]ant ( su* a vacuum1 9 o!r words1 unable to conceive any?+ z inanimate1 imm$iately creates a fre% my?ical be+1 ) :i* x peoples ! vacant object4 ,?us ! same natural object comes to be repres5t$ 9 my?ology by two di/9ct be+s3 fir/ by ! old _s n[ sep>at$ f x & rais$ to ! rank ( a deity2 second1 by ! new _s1 fre%ly creat$ by ! popul> fancy to supply ! place vacat$ by ! old _s on its elevation to a high] sph]e4 ,9 su* cases ! problem = my?ology is1 hav+ got two di/9ct p]sonifications ( ! same object1 :at to d ) !m8 ,h[ are _! relations to ea* o!r to be adju/$1 & room f\nd = bo? 9 ! my?ological sy/em8 ,:5 ! old _s or new deity is conceiv$ z creat+ or produc+ ! object 9 "q1 ! problem is easily solv$4 ,s9ce ! object is believ$ to be produc$ by ! old _s1 & animat$ by ! new "o1 ! latt]1 z ! s\l ( ! object1 mu/ also owe its exi/5ce to ! =m]2 ?us ! old _s w /& to ! new "o z produc] to produc$1 t is1 9 my?ology1 z p>5t to *ild1 & if bo? spirits are conceiv$ z female1 _! relation w be t ( "m & daught]4 ,9 ?is way1 />t+ f a s+le p]sonification ( ! corn z female1 my?ic fancy might 9 "t rea* a d\ble p]sonification ( x z "m & daught]4 ,x w\ld be v ra% to affirm t ?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! my? ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone actually took %ape2 b x seems a legitimate conjecture t ! r$uplication ( deities1 ( :i* ,demet] & ,p]sephone furni% an example1 may sometimes h aris5 9 ! way indicat$4 ,= example1 among ! pairs ( deities dealt ) 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w1 x has be5 %[n t !re are gr\nds = reg>d+ bo? ,isis & h] companion god ,osiris z p]sonifications ( ! corn4 ,on ! hypo!sis j sugge/$1 ,isis w\ld be ! old corn-_s1 & ,osiris w\ld be ! new] "o1 ^: relation%ip to ! old _s 0 v>i\sly expla9$ z t ( bro!r1 husb&1 & son2 = ( c\rse my?ology w\ld always be free to acc\nt = ! coexi/5ce ( ! two div9ities 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t ?is propos$ explanation ( su* pairs ( deities z ,demet] & ,p]sephone or ,isis & ,osiris is purely conjectural1 & is only giv5 = :at x is wor?4 ,,xlvii4 ,lity]ses #a4 ,songs ( ! ,corn ,reap]s ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ pages an attempt has be5 made to %[ t 9 ! ,corn-"m & ,h>ve/-maid5 ( ,nor!rn ,europe we h ! prototypes ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,b an ess5tial feature is /ill want+ to complete ! resemblance4 ,a lead+ incid5t 9 ! ,greek my? is ! dea? & resurrection ( ,p]sephone2 x is ?is incid5t :i*1 c\pl$ ) ! nature ( ! goddess z a deity ( vegetation1 l9ks ! my? ) ! cults ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 & ,dionysus2 & x is 9 virtue ( ?is incid5t t ! my? f9ds a place 9 our discussion ( ! ,dy+ ,god4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to see :e!r ! conception ( ! annual dea? & resurrection ( a god1 :i* figures s prom95tly 9 ^! great ,greek & ,ori5tal wor%ips1 has n also its orig9 or its analogy 9 ! ru/ic rites obs]v$ by reap]s & v9e-dress]s among/ ! corn-%ocks & ! v9es4 ,our g5]al ignorance ( ! popul> sup]/itions & cu/oms ( ! anci5ts has already be5 confess$4 ,b ! obscurity :i* ?us hangs ov] ! fir/ beg9n+s ( anci5t religion is =tunately dissipat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! wor%ips ( ,osiris1 ,adonis1 & ,attis _h _! respective seats1 z we h se51 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,phrygia2 & 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries c]ta9 h>ve/ & v9tage cu/oms are kn[n to h be5 obs]v$1 ! resemblance ( :i* to ea* o!r & to ! national rites /ruck ! anci5ts !mselves1 &1 comp>$ ) ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( mod]n peasants & b>b>ians1 seems to ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 ( ! rites 9 "q4 ,x has be5 already m5tion$1 on ! au?ority ( ,diodorus1 t 9 anci5t ,egypt ! reap]s 7 wont to lam5t ov] ! fir/ %eaf cut1 invok+ ,isis z ! goddess to :om !y ow$ ! discov]y ( corn4 ,to ! pla9tive song or cry sung or utt]$ by ,egyptian reap]s ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( ,man]os1 & expla9$ ! "n by a /ory t ,man]os1 ! only son ( ! fir/ ,egyptian k+1 inv5t$ agriculture1 &1 dy+ an untimely dea?1 0 ?us lam5t$ by ! p4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! "n ,man]os is due to a misund]/&+ ( ! =mula maa-ne-hra1 ,come to ! h\se1 :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s ,egyptian writ+s1 = example 9 ! dirge ( ,isis 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,h5ce we may suppose t ! cry maa-ne-hra 0 *ant$ by ! reap]s ov] ! cut corn z a dirge = ! dea? ( ! corn-_s 7,isis or ,osiris7 & a pray] = its return4 ,z ! cry 0 rais$ ov] ! fir/ e>s reap$1 x w\ld seem t ! corn-_s 0 believ$ by ! ,egyptians to be pres5t 9 ! fir/ corn cut & to die "u ! sickle4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula & ,java ! fir/ e>s ( rice are tak5 to repres5t ei!r ! ,s\l ( ! ,rice or ! ,rice-bride & ! ,rice-bridegroom4 ,9 p>ts ( ,russia ! fir/ %eaf is treat$ mu* 9 ! same way t ! la/ %eaf is treat$ else:]e4 ,x is reap$ by ! mi/ress h]self1 tak5 home & set 9 ! place ( hon\r ne> ! holy pictures2 aft]w>ds x is ?re%$ sep>ately1 & "s ( its gra9 is mix$ ) ! next ye>'s se$-corn4 ,9 ,ab]de5%ire1 :ile ! la/ corn cut 0 g5]ally us$ to make ! clyack %eaf1 x 0 sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ! fir/ corn cut t 0 dress$ up z a woman & c>ri$ home ) c]emony4 ,9 ,pho5icia & ,we/]n ,asia a pla9tive song1 l t *ant$ by ! ,egyptian corn-reap]s1 0 sung at ! v9tage & probably 7to judge by analogy7 also at h>ve/4 ,?is ,pho5ician song 0 call$ by ! ,greeks ,l9us or ,ail9us & expla9$1 l ,man]os1 z a lam5t = ! dea? ( a y\? nam$ ,l9us4 ,accord+ to "o /ory ,l9us 0 br\ght up by a %eph]d1 b torn to pieces by 8 dogs4 ,b1 l ,man]os1 ! "n ,l9us or ,ail9us appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 a v]bal misund]/&+1 & to be no?+ m ?an ! cry ai lanu1 t is ,woe to u1 :i* ! ,pho5icians probably utt]$ 9 m\rn+ = ,adonis2 at lea/ ,sappho seems to h reg>d$ ,adonis & ,l9us z equival5t4 ,9 ,bi?ynia a l m\rnful ditty1 call$ ,bormus or ,borimus1 0 *ant$ by ,m>i&ynian reap]s4 ,bormus 0 said to h be5 a h&some y\?1 ! son ( ,k+ ,upias or ( a weal?y & di/+ui%$ man4 ,"o summ] day1 wat*+ ! reap]s at "w 9 8 fields1 he w5t to fet* !m a dr9k ( wat] & 0 nev] he>d ( m4 ,s ! reap]s s\ght = him1 call+ him 9 pla9tive /ra9s1 :i* !y cont9u$ to *ant at h>ve/ ev] aft]w>ds4 #b4 ,kill+ ! ,corn-_s ,,9 ,,phrygia ! correspond+ song1 sung by h>ve/]s bo? at reap+ & at ?re%+1 0 call$ ,lity]ses4 ,accord+ to "o /ory1 ,lity]ses 0 a ba/>d son ( ,midas1 ,k+ ( ,phrygia1 & dwelt at ,cela5ae4 ,he us$ to reap ! corn1 & _h an enorm\s appetite4 ,:5 a /rang] happ5$ to ent] ! corn-field or to pass by x1 ,lity]ses gave him pl5ty to eat & dr9k1 !n took him to ! corn-fields on ! banks ( ! ,mae&] & compell$ him to reap along ) him4 ,la/ly1 x 0 8 cu/om to wrap ! /rang] 9 a %eaf1 cut (f 8 head ) a sickle1 & c>ry away 8 body1 swa!d 9 ! corn-/alks4 ,b at la/ ,h]cules und]took to reap ) him1 cut (f 8 head ) ! sickle1 & ?rew 8 body into ! riv]4 ,z ,h]cules is report$ to h sla9 ,lity]ses 9 ! same way t ,lity]ses slew o!rs1 we may inf] t ,lity]ses us$ to ?r[ ! bodies ( 8 victims into ! riv]4 ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 ,lity]ses1 a son ( ,midas1 0 wont to *all5ge p to a reap+ mat* ) him1 & if he vanqui%$ !m he us$ to ?ra% !m2 b "o day he met ) a /rong] reap]1 :o slew him4 ,!re are "s gr\nds = suppos+ t 9 ^! /ories ( ,lity]ses we h ! description ( a ,phrygian h>ve/ cu/om 9 accordance ) :i* c]ta9 p]sons1 especially /rang]s pass+ ! h>ve/ field1 7 regul>ly reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s1 & z su* 7 seiz$ by ! reap]s1 wrapt 9 %eaves1 & behead$1 _! bodies1 b\nd up 9 ! corn-/alks1 be+ aft]-w>ds ?r[n into wat] z a ra9-*>m4 ,! gr\nds = ?is supposition are1 fir/1 ! resemblance ( ! ,lity]ses /ory to ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,european peasantry1 &1 second1 ! frequ5cy ( human sacrifices (f]$ by savage races to promote ! f]tility ( ! fields4 ,we w exam9e ^! gr\nds successively1 beg9n+ ) ! =m]4 ,9 comp>+ ! /ory ) ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,europe1 ?ree po9ts des]ve special att5tion1 namely3 ,i4 ! reap+ mat* & ! b9d+ ( p]sons 9 ! %eaves2 ,,ii4 ! kill+ ( ! corn-_s or 8 repres5tatives2 ,,iii4 ! treatm5t ( visitors to ! h>ve/ field or ( /rang]s pass+ x4 ,i4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ head1 we h se5 t 9 mod]n ,europe ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds or ?re%es ! la/ %eaf is (t5 expos$ to r\gh treatm5t at ! h&s ( 8 fell[-lab\r]s4 ,= example1 he is b\nd up 9 ! la/ %eaf1 &1 ?us encas$1 is c>ri$ or c>t$ ab\t1 beat51 dr5*$ ) wat]1 ?r[n on a dunghill1 & s =?4 ,or1 if he is sp>$ ?is horse-play1 he is at lea/ ! subject ( ridicule or is ?\ght to be de/9$ to suff] "s mis=tune 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,h5ce ! h>ve/]s are naturally reluctant to give ! la/ cut at reap+ or ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ or to b9d ! la/ %eaf1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! "w ?is reluctance produces an emulation among ! lab\r]s1 ea* /riv+ to f9i% 8 task z fa/ z possible1 9 ord] t he may escape ! invidi\s di/9ction ( be+ la/4 ,= example1 9 ! ,mittelm>k di/rict ( ,prussia1 :5 ! rye has be5 reap$1 & ! la/ %eaves are ab\t to be ti$ up1 ! b9d]s /& 9 two r[s fac+ ea* o!r1 e woman ) h] %eaf & h] /raw rope be=e h]4 ,at a giv5 signal !y all tie up _! %eaves1 & ! "o :o is ! la/ to f9i% is ridicul$ by ! re/4 ,n only s1 b h] %eaf is made up into human %ape & call$ ! ,old ,man1 & %e mu/ c>ry x home to ! f>my>d1 :]e ! h>ve/]s dance 9 a circle r\nd h] & x4 ,!n !y take ! ,old ,man to ! f>m] & deliv] x to him ) ! words1 ,we br+ ! ,old ,man to ! ,ma/]4 ,he may keep him till he gets a new "o4 ,aft] t ! ,old ,man is set up aga9/ a tree1 :]e he rema9s = a long "t1 ! butt ( _m je/s4 ,at ,as*ba* 9 ,bav>ia1 :5 ! reap+ is ne>ly f9i%$1 ! reap]s say1 ,n[1 we w drive out ! ,old ,man4 ,ea* ( !m sets himself to reap a pat* ( corn z fa/ z he c2 he :o cuts ! la/ h&ful or ! la/ /alk is greet$ by ! re/ ) an exult+ cry1 ,y h ! ,old ,man4 ,sometimes a black mask is fa/5$ on ! reap]'s face & he is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s2 or if ! reap] is a woman1 %e is dress$ 9 man's clo!s4 ,a dance foll[s4 ,at ! supp] ! ,old ,man gets twice z l>ge a portion ( ! food z ! o!rs4 ,! proce$+s are simil> at ?re%+2 ! p]son :o gives ! la/ /roke is said to h ! ,old ,man4 ,at ! supp] giv5 to ! ?re%]s he has to eat out ( ! cream-ladle & to dr9k a great deal4 ,moreov]1 he is quizz$ & teas$ 9 all sorts ( ways till he frees himself f fur!r annoyance by treat+ ! o!rs to br&y or be]4 ,^! examples illu/rate ! conte/s 9 reap+1 ?re%+1 & b9d+ :i* take place among/ ! h>ve/]s1 f _! unwill+ness to suff] ! ridicule & discom=t incurr$ by ! "o :o happ5s to f9i% 8 "w la/4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! p]son :o is la/ at reap+1 b9d+1 or ?re%+1 is reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 & ?is idea is m fully express$ by b9d+ him or h] 9 corn-/alks4 ,! latt] cu/om has be5 already illu/rat$1 b a few m in/ances may be add$4 ,at ,klox91 ne> ,/ett91 ! h>ve/]s call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 ,y h ! ,old ,man1 & mu/ keep him4 ,z late z ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! cu/om 0 to tie up ! woman h]self 9 pease-/raw1 & br+ h] ) music to ! f>mh\se1 :]e ! h>ve/]s danc$ ) h] till ! pease-/raw fell (f4 ,9 o!r villages r\nd ,/ett91 :5 ! la/ h>ve/-waggon is be+ load$1 !re is a regul> race among/ ! wom51 ea* /riv+ n to be la/4 ,= %e :o places ! la/ %eaf on ! waggon is call$ ! ,old ,man1 & is completely swa!d 9 corn-/alks2 %e is also deck$ ) fl[]s1 & fl[]s & a helmet ( /raw are plac$ on h] head4 ,9 solemn procession %e c>ries ! h>ve/-cr[n to ! squire1 ov] ^: head %e holds x :ile %e utt]s a /r+ ( good wi%es4 ,at ! dance :i* foll[s1 ! ,old ,man has ! "r to *oose 81 or r h]1 p>tn]2 x is an hon\r to dance ) him4 ,at ,gomm]n1 ne> ,magdeburg1 ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn is (t5 wrapt up 9 corn-/alks s completely t x is h>d to see :e!r !re is a man 9 ! bundle or n4 ,?us wrapt up he is tak5 by ano!r /alw>t reap] on 8 back1 & c>ri$ r\nd ! field amid/ ! joy\s cries ( ! h>ve/]s4 ,at ,neuhaus51 ne> ,m]seburg1 ! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf is wrapt 9 e>s ( oats & salut$ z ! ,oatsman1 :]eupon ! o!rs dance r\nd him4 ,at ,brie1 ,isle de ,france1 ! f>m] himself is ti$ up 9 ! fir/ %eaf4 ,at ,d+el/$t1 9 ! di/rict ( ,erfurt1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 ! cu/om to tie up a man 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,he 0 call$ ! ,old ,man1 & 0 br\ght home on ! la/ waggon1 amid huzzas & music4 ,on rea*+ ! f>my>d he 0 roll$ r\nd ! b>n & dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,at ,nrdl+5 9 ,bav>ia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is wrapt 9 /raw & roll$ on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ob]pfalz1 ,bav>ia1 he is said to get ! ,old ,man1 is wrapt 9 /raw1 & c>ri$ to a neighb\r :o has n yet f9i%$ 8 ?re%+4 ,9 ,silesia ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf has to submit to a good deal ( horse-play4 ,%e is pu%$1 knock$ d[n1 & ti$ up 9 ! %eaf1 aft] :i* %e is call$ ! corn-puppet 7,kornpopel74 ,9 all ^! cases ! idea is t ! _s ( ! corn--! ,old ,man ( vegetation--is driv5 out ( ! corn la/ cut or la/ ?re%$1 & lives 9 ! b>n dur+ ! w9t]4 ,at s[+-"t he goes out aga9 to ! fields to resume 8 activity z animat+ =ce among ! spr\t+ corn4 ,,ii4 ,pass+ to ! second po9t ( comp>ison betwe5 ! ,lity]ses /ory & ,european h>ve/ cu/oms1 we h n[ to see t 9 ! latt] ! corn-_s is (t5 believ$ to be kill$ at reap+ or ?re%+4 ,9 ! ,romsdal & o!r p>ts ( ,norway1 :5 ! haymak+ is ov]1 ! p say t ! ,old ,hay-man has be5 kill$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is said to h kill$ ! ,corn-man1 ! ,oats-man1 or ! ,:eat-man1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,9 ! ,canton ( ,tillot1 9 ,lorra9e1 at ?re%+ ! la/ corn ! m5 keep "t ) _! flails1 call+ out z !y ?re%1 ,we are kill+ ! ,old ,woman6 ,we are kill+ ! ,old ,woman6 ,if !re is an old woman 9 ! h\se %e is w>n$ to save h]self1 or %e w be /ruck dead4 ,ne> ,ragnit1 9 ,li?uania1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn is left /&+ by itself1 ) ! words1 ,! ,old ,woman 7,boba7 is sitt+ 9 !re4 ,!n a "y reap] :ets 8 scy! &1 ) a /rong sweep1 cuts d[n ! h&ful4 ,x is n[ said ( him t he has cut (f ! ,boba's head2 & he receives a gratuity f ! f>m] & a jugful ( wat] ov] 8 head f ! f>m]'s wife4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 e ,li?uanian reap] makes ha/e to f9i% 8 task2 = ! ,old ,rye-woman lives 9 ! la/ /alks1 & :oev] cuts ! la/ /alks kills ! ,old ,rye-woman1 & by kill+ h] he br+s tr\ble on himself4 ,9 ,wilkis*k51 9 ! di/rict ( ,tilsit1 ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn goes by ! "n ( ! kill] ( ! ,rye-woman4 ,9 ,li?uania1 aga91 ! corn-_s is believ$ to be kill$ at ?re%+ z well z at reap+4 ,:5 only a s+le pile ( corn rema9s to be ?re%$1 all ! ?re%]s sudd5ly /ep back a few paces1 z if at ! ^w ( comm&4 ,!n !y fall to "w1 ply+ _! flails ) ! utmo/ rapidity & vehem5ce1 till !y come to ! la/ bundle4 ,^u ?is !y fl+ !mselves ) almo/ frantic fury1 /ra9+ e n]ve1 & ra9+ bl[s on x till ! ^w ,halt6 r+s out %>ply f ! lead]4 ,! man ^: flail is ! la/ to fall aft] ! comm& to /op has be5 giv5 is imm$iately surr\nd$ by all ! re/1 cry+ out t he has /ruck ! ,old ,rye-woman dead4 ,he has to expiate ! de$ by treat+ !m to br&y2 &1 l ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn1 he is kn[n z ! kill] ( ! ,old ,rye-woman4 ,sometimes 9 ,li?uania ! sla9 corn-_s 0 repres5t$ by a puppet4 ,?us a female figure 0 made out ( corn-/alks1 dress$ 9 clo!s1 & plac$ on ! ?re%+-floor1 "u ! heap ( corn :i* 0 to be ?re%$ la/4 ,:oev] !reaft] gave ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ /ruck ! ,old ,woman dead4 ,we h already met ) examples ( burn+ ! figure :i* repres5ts ! corn-_s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire a cu/om call$ burn+ ! ,old ,wit* is obs]v$ on ! la/ day ( h>ve/4 ,a small %eaf ( corn is burnt on ! field 9 a fire ( /ubble2 peas are p>*$ at ! fire & eat5 ) a lib]al all[ance ( ale2 & ! lads & lasses romp ab\t ! flames & amuse !mselves by black5+ ea* o!r's faces4 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! corn-_s is repres5t$ by a man1 :o lies d[n "u ! la/ corn2 x is ?re%$ ^u 8 body1 & ! p say t ! ,old ,man is be+ beat5 to dea?4 ,we saw t sometimes ! f>m]'s wife is ?ru/1 toge!r ) ! la/ %eaf1 "u ! ?re%+-ma*9e1 z if to ?re% h]1 & t aft]w>ds a pret5ce is made ( w9n[+ h]4 ,at ,vold]s1 9 ! ,tyrol1 husks ( corn are /uck beh9d ! neck ( ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+1 & he is ?rottl$ ) a /raw g>l&4 ,if he is tall1 x is believ$ t ! corn w be tall next ye>4 ,!n he is ti$ on a bundle & flung into ! riv]4 ,9 ,c>9?ia1 ! ?re%] :o gave ! la/ /roke1 & ! p]son :o unti$ ! la/ %eaf on ! ?re%+-floor1 are b\nd h& & foot ) /raw b&s1 & cr[ns ( /raw are plac$ on _! heads4 ,!n !y are ti$1 face to face1 on a sl$ge1 dragg$ ?r\gh ! village1 & flung into a brook4 ,! cu/om ( ?r[+ ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s into a /ream1 l t ( dr5*+ him ) wat]1 is1 z usual1 a ra9-*>m4 ,,iii4 ,?us f> ! repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s h g5]ally be5 ! man or woman :o cuts1 b9ds1 or ?re%es ! la/ corn4 ,we n[ come to ! cases 9 :i* ! corn-_s is repres5t$ ei!r by a /rang] pass+ ! h>ve/-field 7z 9 ! ,lity]ses tale71 or by a visitor ent]+ x = ! fir/ "t4 ,all ov] ,g]many x is cu/om>y = ! reap]s or ?re%]s to lay hold ( pass+ /rang]s & b9d !m ) a rope made ( corn-/alks1 till !y pay a =feit2 & :5 ! f>m] himself or "o ( 8 gue/s ent]s ! field or ! ?re%+-floor = ! fir/ "t1 he is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,sometimes ! rope is only ti$ r\nd 8 arm or 8 feet or 8 neck4 ,b sometimes he is regul>ly swa!d 9 corn4 ,?us at ,solr 9 ,norway1 :oev] ent]s ! field1 be he ! ma/] or a /rang]1 is ti$ up 9 a %eaf & mu/ pay a ransom4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,soe/1 :5 ! f>m] visits ! flax-pull]s = ! fir/ "t1 he is completely envelop$ 9 flax4 ,pass]s-by are also surr\nd$ by ! wom51 ti$ up 9 flax1 & compell$ to /& br&y4 ,at ,nrdl+5 /rang]s are caught ) /raw ropes & ti$ up 9 a %eaf till !y pay a =feit4 ,among ! ,g]mans ( ,haselb]g1 9 ,we/ ,bohemia1 z soon z a f>m] _h giv5 ! la/ corn to be ?re%$ on ! ?re%+-floor1 he 0 swa!d 9 x & _h to r$eem himself by a pres5t ( cakes4 ,9 ! canton ( ,putanges1 9 ,norm&y1 a pret5ce ( ty+ up ! own] ( ! l& 9 ! la/ %eaf ( :eat is /ill practis$1 or at lea/ 0 /ill practis$ "s qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,! task falls to ! wom5 alone4 ,!y ?r[ !mselves on ! proprietor1 seize him by ! arms1 ! legs1 & ! body1 ?r[ him to ! gr\nd1 & /ret* him on ! la/ %eaf4 ,!n a %[ is made ( b9d+ him1 & ! conditions to be obs]v$ at ! h>ve/-supp] are dictat$ to him4 ,:5 he has accept$ !m1 he is releas$ & all[$ to get up4 ,at ,brie1 ,isle de ,france1 :5 any "o :o does n belong to ! f>m passes by ! h>ve/-field1 ! reap]s give *ase4 ,if !y cat* him1 !y b9d him 9 a %eaf & bite him1 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 ! =ehead1 cry+1 ,y %all c>ry ! key ( ! field4 ,to h ! key is an expression us$ by h>ve/]s else:]e 9 ! s5se ( to cut or b9d or ?re% ! la/ %eaf2 h5ce1 x is equival5t to ! phrases ,y h ! ,old ,man1 ,y are ! ,old ,man1 :i* are address$ to ! cutt]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf4 ,!re=e1 :5 a /rang]1 z at ,brie1 is ti$ up 9 a %eaf & told t he w c>ry ! key ( ! field1 x is z mu* z to say t he is ! ,old ,man1 t is1 an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s4 ,9 hop-pick+1 if a well-dress$ /rang] passes ! hop-y>d1 he is seiz$ by ! wom51 tumbl$ into ! b91 cov]$ ) leaves1 & n releas$ till he has paid a f9e4 ,?us1 l ! anci5t ,lity]ses1 mod]n ,european reap]s h be5 wont to lay hold ( a pass+ /rang] & tie him up 9 a %eaf4 ,x is n to be expect$ t !y %\ld complete ! p>allel by cutt+ (f 8 head2 b if !y d n take su* a /rong /ep1 _! language & ge/ures are at lea/ indicative ( a desire to d s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,meckl5burg on ! fir/ day ( reap+1 if ! ma/] or mi/ress or a /rang] ent]s ! field1 or m]ely passes by x1 all ! m[]s face t[>ds him & %>p5 _! scy!s1 cla%+ _! :et-/ones aga9/ !m 9 unison1 z if !y 7 mak+ ready to m[4 ,!n ! woman :o leads ! m[]s /eps up to him & ties a b& r\nd 8 left arm4 ,he mu/ ransom himself by paym5t ( a =feit4 ,ne> ,ratzeburg1 :5 ! ma/] or o!r p]son ( m>k ent]s ! field or passes by x1 all ! h>ve/]s /op "w & m>* t[>ds him 9 a body1 ! m5 ) _! scy!s 9 front4 ,on meet+ him !y =m up 9 l9e1 m5 & wom54 ,! m5 /ick ! poles ( _! scy!s 9 ! gr\nd1 z !y d 9 :ett+ !m2 !n !y take (f _! caps & hang !m on ! scy!s1 :ile _! lead] /&s =w>d & makes a spee*4 ,:5 he has done1 !y all :et _! scy!s 9 measur$ "t v l\dly1 aft] :i* !y put on _! caps4 ,two ( ! wom5 b9d]s !n come =w>d2 "o ( !m ties ! ma/] or /rang] 7z ! case may be7 ) corn-e>s or ) a silk5 b&2 ! o!r deliv]s a rhym+ address4 ,! foll[+ are specim5s ( ! spee*es made by ! reap] on ^! occasions4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,pom]ania e pass]-by is /opp$1 8 way be+ b>r$ ) a corn-rope4 ,! reap]s =m a circle r\nd him & %>p5 _! scy!s1 :ile _! lead] says3 ,! m5 are ready1 ,! scy!s are b5t1 ,! corn is great & small1 ,! g5tleman mu/ be m[$4 ,!n ! process ( :ett+ ! scy!s is repeat$4 ,at ,ram91 9 ! di/rict ( ,/ett91 ! /rang]1 /&+ encircl$ by ! reap]s1 is ?us address$3 ,we'll /roke ! g5tleman ,) our nak$ sword1 ,:]e) we %e> mead[s & fields4 ,we %e> pr9ces & lords4 ,lab\r]s are (t5 a?ir/2 ,if ! g5tleman w /& be] & br&y ,! joke w soon be ov]4 ,b1 if our pray] he does n l1 ,! sword has a "r to /rike4 ,on ! ?re%+-floor /rang]s are also reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s1 & are treat$ accord+ly4 ,at ,wi$+h>de 9 ,s*leswig :5 a /rang] comes to ! ?re%+-floor he is ask$1 ,%all ,i tea* y ! flail-dance8 ,if he says yes1 !y put ! arms ( ! ?re%+-flail r\nd 8 neck z if he 7 a %eaf ( corn1 & press !m toge!r s tight t he is ne>ly *ok$4 ,9 "s p>i%es ( ,w]ml& 7,sw$571 :5 a /rang] ent]s ! ?re%+-floor :]e ! ?re%]s are at "w1 !y say t !y w tea* him ! ?re%+-song4 ,!n !y put a flail r\nd 8 neck & a /raw rope ab\t 8 body4 ,also1 z we h se51 if a /rang] woman ent]s ! ?re%+-floor1 ! ?re%]s put a flail r\nd h] body & a wrea? ( corn-/alks r\nd h] neck1 & call out1 ,see ! ,corn-woman6 ,see6 t is h[ ! ,corn-maid5 looks6 ,?us 9 ^! h>ve/-cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe ! p]son :o cuts1 b9ds1 or ?re%es ! la/ corn is treat$ z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s by be+ wrapt up 9 %eaves1 kill$ 9 mimicry by agricultural implem5ts1 & ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,^! co9cid5ces ) ! ,lity]ses /ory seem to prove t ! latt] is a g5u9e description ( an old ,phrygian h>ve/-cu/om4 ,b s9ce 9 ! mod]n p>allels ! kill+ ( ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s is necess>ily omitt$ or at mo/ enact$ only 9 mimicry1 x is desirable to %[ t 9 rude society human be+s h be5 commonly kill$ z an agricultural c]emony to promote ! f]tility ( ! fields4 ,! foll[+ examples w make ?is pla94 #c4 ,human ,sacrifices = ! ,crops ,,! ,,indians ( ,guayaquil1 9 ,ecuador1 us$ to sacrifice human blood & ! he>ts ( m5 :5 !y s[$ _! fields4 ,! p ( ,caar 7n[ ,cu5ca 9 ,ecuador7 us$ to sacrifice a hundr$ *ildr5 annually at h>ve/4 ,! k+s ( ,quito1 ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 & = a long "t ! ,spani>ds 7 unable to suppress ! bloody rite4 ,at a ,mexican h>ve/-fe/ival1 :5 ! fir/-fruits ( ! season 7 (f]$ to ! sun1 a crim9al 0 plac$ betwe5 two imm5se /ones1 balanc$ opposite ea* o!r1 & 0 cru%$ by !m z !y fell toge!r4 ,8 rema9s 7 buri$1 & a fea/ & dance foll[$4 ,?is sacrifice 0 kn[n z ! meet+ ( ! /ones4 ,we h se5 t ! anci5t ,mexicans also sacrific$ human be+s at all ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ! maize1 ! age ( ! victims correspond+ to ! age ( ! corn2 = !y sacrific$ new-born babes at s[+1 old] *ildr5 :5 ! gra9 _h spr\t$1 & s on till x 0 fully ripe1 :5 !y sacrific$ old m54 ,no d\bt ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ages ( ! victims & ! /ate ( ! corn 0 suppos$ to enhance ! efficacy ( ! sacrifice4 ,! ,pawnees annually sacrific$ a human victim 9 spr+ :5 !y s[$ _! fields4 ,! sacrifice 0 believ$ to h be5 enjo9$ on !m by ! ,morn+ ,/>1 or by a c]ta9 bird :i* ! ,morn+ ,/> _h s5t to !m z its mess5g]4 ,! bird 0 /uff$ & pres]v$ z a p[]ful talisman4 ,!y ?\ght t an omission ( ?is sacrifice w\ld be foll[$ by ! total failure ( ! crops ( maize1 beans1 & pumpk9s4 ,! victim 0 a captive ( ei!r sex4 ,he 0 clad 9 ! gaye/ & mo/ co/ly attire1 0 fatt5$ on ! *oice/ food1 & c>efully kept 9 ignorance ( 8 doom4 ,:5 he 0 fat en\gh1 !y b\nd him to a cross 9 ! pres5ce ( ! multitude1 danc$ a solemn dance1 !n cleft 8 head ) a tomahawk & %ot him ) arr[s4 ,accord+ to "o trad]1 ! squaws !n cut pieces ( fle% f ! victim's body1 ) :i* !y greas$ _! hoes2 b ?is 0 d5i$ by ano!r trad] :o _h be5 pres5t at ! c]emony4 ,imm$iately aft] ! sacrifice ! p proce$$ to plant _! fields4 ,a p>ticul> acc\nt has be5 pres]v$ ( ! sacrifice ( a ,si\x girl by ! ,pawnees 9 ,april #ahcg or #ahch4 ,! girl 0 f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old & _h be5 kept = six mon?s & well treat$4 ,two days be=e ! sacrifice %e 0 l$ f wigwam to wigwam1 accompani$ by ! :ole c\ncil ( *iefs & w>riors4 ,at ea* lodge %e receiv$ a small billet ( wood & a little pa9t1 :i* %e h&$ to ! w>rior next to h]4 ,9 ?is way %e call$ at e wigwam1 receiv+ at ea* ! same pres5t ( wood & pa9t4 ,on ! tw5ty-second ( ,april %e 0 tak5 out to be sacrific$1 att5d$ by ! w>riors1 ea* ( :om c>ri$ two pieces ( wood :i* he _h receiv$ f h] h&s4 ,h] body hav+ be5 pa9t$ half r$ & half black1 %e 0 atta*$ to a sort ( gibbet & roa/$ = "s "t ov] a sl[ fire1 !n %ot to dea? ) arr[s4 ,! *ief sacrific] next tore out h] he>t & dev\r$ x4 ,:ile h] fle% 0 /ill w>m x 0 cut 9 small pieces f ! bones1 put 9 little baskets1 & tak5 to a neighb\r+ corn-field4 ,!re ! head *ief took a piece ( ! fle% f a basket & squeez$ a drop ( blood ^u ! newly-deposit$ gra9s ( corn4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ by ! re/1 till all ! se$ _h be5 spr9kl$ ) ! blood2 x 0 !n cov]$ up ) e>?4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt ! body ( ! victim 0 r$uc$ to a k9d ( pa/e1 :i* 0 rubb$ or spr9kl$ n only on ! maize b also on ! potatoes1 ! beans1 & o!r se$s to f]tilise !m4 ,by ?is sacrifice !y hop$ to obta9 pl5tiful crops4 ,a ,we/ ,african que5 us$ to sacrifice a man & woman 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,!y 7 kill$ ) spades & hoes1 & _! bodies buri$ 9 ! middle ( a field :i* _h j be5 till$4 ,at ,lagos 9 ,gu9ea x 0 ! cu/om annually to impale a "y girl alive soon aft] ! spr+ equ9ox 9 ord] to secure good crops4 ,along ) h] 7 sacrific$ %eep & goats1 :i*1 ) yams1 heads ( maize1 & planta9s1 7 hung on /akes on ea* side ( h]4 ,! victims 7 br$ up = ! purpose 9 ! k+'s s]aglio1 & _! m9ds _h be5 s p[]fully wr\ght ^u by ! feti% m5 t !y w5t *e]fully to _! fate4 ,a simil> sacrifice us$ to be annually (f]$ at ,b591 9 ,gu9ea4 ,! ,m>imos1 a ,be*uana tribe1 sacrifice a human be+ = ! crops4 ,! victim *os5 is g5]ally a %ort1 /\t man4 ,he is seiz$ by viol5ce or intoxicat$ & tak5 to ! fields1 :]e he is kill$ among/ ! :eat to s]ve z se$ 7s !y phrase x74 ,aft] 8 blood has coagulat$ 9 ! sun1 x is burn$ along ) ! frontal bone1 ! fle% atta*$ to x1 & ! bra92 ! a%es are !n scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd to f]tilise x4 ,! re/ ( ! body is eat54 ,! ,bagobos ( ,m9danao1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 (f] a human sacrifice be=e !y s[ _! rice4 ,! victim is a slave1 :o is hewn to pieces 9 ! =e/4 ,! natives ( ,bontoc 9 ! int]ior ( ,luzon1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 are passionate head-hunt]s4 ,_! pr9cipal seasons = head-hunt+ are ! times ( plant+ & reap+ ! rice4 ,9 ord] t ! crop may turn out well1 e f>m mu/ get at lea/ "o human head at plant+ & "o at s[+4 ,! head-hunt]s g out 9 twos or ?rees1 lie 9 wait = ! victim1 :e!r man or woman1 cut (f 8 or h] head1 h&s1 & feet1 & br+ !m back 9 ha/e to ! village1 :]e !y are receiv$ ) great rejoic+s4 ,! skulls are at fir/ expos$ on ! bran*es ( two or ?ree dead trees :i* /& 9 an op5 space ( e village surr\nd$ by l>ge /ones :i* s]ve z seats4 ,! p !n dance r\nd !m & fea/ & get drunk4 ,:5 ! fle% has decay$ f ! head1 ! man :o cut x (f takes x home & pres]ves x z a relic1 :ile 8 companions d ! same ) ! h&s & ! feet4 ,simil> cu/oms are obs]v$ by ! ,apoyaos1 ano!r tribe 9 ! int]ior ( ,luzon4 ,among ! ,lhota ,naga1 "o ( ! _m savage tribes :o inhabit ! deep rugg$ labyr9?9e gl5s :i* w9d into ! m\nta9s f ! ri* valley ( ,brahmapootra1 x us$ to be a common cu/om to *op (f ! heads1 h&s1 & feet ( p !y met )1 & !n to /ick up ! sev]$ extremities 9 _! fields to ensure a good crop ( gra94 ,!y bore no ill-w :atev] to ! p]sons ^u :om !y op]at$ 9 ?is unc]emoni\s fa%ion4 ,once !y flay$ a boy alive1 c>v$ him 9 pieces1 & di/ribut$ ! fle% among all ! villag]s1 :o put x into _! corn-b9s to av]t bad luck & ensure pl5tiful crops ( gra94 ,! ,gonds ( ,india1 a ,dravidian race1 kidnapp$ ,brahman boys1 & kept !m z victims to be sacrific$ on v>i\s occasions4 ,at s[+ & reap+1 aft] a triumphal procession1 "o ( ! lads 0 sla9 by be+ punctur$ ) a poison$ arr[4 ,8 blood 0 !n spr9kl$ ov] ! pl\gh$ field or ! ripe crop1 & 8 fle% 0 dev\r$4 ,! ,oraons or ,uraons ( ,*ota ,nagpur wor%ip a goddess call$ ,anna ,ku>i1 :o c give good crops & make a man ri*1 b to induce h] to d s x is necess>y to (f] human sacrifices4 ,9 spite ( ! vigilance ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ^! sacrifices are said to be /ill secretly p]petrat$4 ,! victims are poor waifs & /rays ^: disappe>ance attracts no notice4 ,april & ,may are ! mon?s :5 ! cat*poles are out on ! pr[l4 ,at t "t /rang]s w n g ab\t ! c\ntry alone1 & p>5ts w n let _! *ildr5 ent] ! jungle or h]d ! cattle4 ,:5 a cat*pole has f\nd a victim1 he cuts 8 ?roat & c>ries away ! upp] "p ( ! r+ f+] & ! nose4 ,! goddess takes up h] abode 9 ! h\se ( any man :o has (f]$ h] a sacrifice1 & f t "t 8 fields yield a d\ble h>ve/4 ,! =m %e assumes 9 ! h\se is t ( a small *ild4 ,:5 ! h\sehold] br+s 9 8 unhusk$ rice1 he takes ! goddess & rolls h] ov] ! heap to d\ble its size4 ,b %e soon gr[s re/less & c only be pacifi$ ) ! blood ( fre% human victims4 ,b ! be/ kn[n case ( human sacrifices1 sy/ematically (f]$ to ensure good crops1 is suppli$ by ! ,khonds or ,k&hs1 ano!r ,dravidian race 9 ,b5gal4 ,our k ( !m is d]iv$ f ! acc\nts writt5 by ,briti% (fic]s :o1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 engag$ 9 putt+ !m d[n4 ,! sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess1 ,t>i ,p5nu or ,b]a ,p5nu1 & 7 believ$ to ensure good crops & immunity f all disease & accid5ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !y 7 consid]$ necess>y 9 ! cultivation ( turm]ic1 ! ,khonds argu+ t ! turm]ic c\ld n h a deep r$ col\r )\t ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,! victim or ,m]iah1 z he 0 call$1 0 acceptable to ! goddess only if he _h be5 pur*as$1 or _h be5 born a victim--t is1 ! son ( a victim fa!r1 or _h be5 devot$ z a *ild by 8 fa!r or gu>dian4 ,khonds 9 di/ress (t5 sold _! *ildr5 = victims1 consid]+ ! beatification ( _! s\ls c]ta91 & _! dea?1 = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 ! mo/ hon\rable possible4 ,a man ( ! ,panua tribe 0 once se5 to load a ,khond ) curses1 & f9ally to spit 9 8 face1 because ! ,khond _h sold = a victim 8 own *ild1 :om ! ,panua _h wi%$ to m>ry4 ,a p>ty ( ,khonds1 :o saw ?is1 imm$iately press$ =w>d to com=t ! sell] ( 8 *ild1 say+1 ,y\r *ild has di$ t all ! _w may live1 & ! ,e>? ,goddess h]self w wipe t spittle f y\r face4 ,! victims 7 (t5 kept = ye>s be=e !y 7 sacrific$4 ,be+ reg>d$ z consecrat$ be+s1 !y 7 treat$ ) extreme affection1 m+l$ ) def]5ce1 & 7 welcom$ :]ev] !y w5t4 ,a ,m]iah y\?1 on atta9+ maturity1 0 g5]ally giv5 a wife1 :o 0 h]self usually a ,m]iah or victim2 & ) h] he receiv$ a portion ( l& & f>m-/ock4 ,_! (fspr+ 7 also victims4 ,human sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess by tribes1 bran*es ( tribes1 or villages1 bo? at p]iodical fe/ivals & on extraord9>y occasions4 ,! p]iodical sacrifices 7 g5]ally s arrang$ by tribes & divisions ( tribes t ea* head ( a family 0 enabl$1 at lea/ once a ye>1 to procure a %r$ ( fle% = 8 fields1 g5]ally ab\t ! "t :5 8 *ief crop 0 laid d[n4 ,! mode ( p]=m+ ^! tribal sacrifices 0 z foll[s4 ,t5 or twelve days be=e ! sacrifice1 ! victim 0 devot$ by cutt+ (f 8 hair1 :i*1 until !n1 _h be5 kept un%orn4 ,cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 assembl$ to witness ! sacrifice2 none might be exclud$1 s9ce ! sacrifice 0 decl>$ to be = all mank9d4 ,x 0 prec$$ by sev]al days ( wild revelry & gross debau*]y4 ,on ! day be=e ! sacrifice ! victim1 dress$ 9 a new g>m5t1 0 l$ =? f ! village 9 solemn procession1 ) music & danc+1 to ! ,m]iah grove1 a clump ( high =e/ trees /&+ a little way f ! village & unt\*$ by ! axe4 ,!re !y ti$ him to a po/1 :i* 0 sometimes plac$ betwe5 two plants ( ! sankiss> %rub4 ,he 0 !n ano9t$ ) oil1 ghee1 & turm]ic1 & adorn$ ) fl[]s2 & a species ( rev]5ce1 :i* x is n easy to di/+ui% f adoration1 0 paid to him ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,a great /ruggle n[ arose to obta9 ! smalle/ relic f 8 p]son2 a p>ticle ( ! turm]ic pa/e ) :i* he 0 sme>$1 or a drop ( 8 spittle1 0 e/eem$ ( sov]eign virtue1 especially by ! wom54 ,! cr[d danc$ r\nd ! po/ to music1 & address+ ! e>?1 said1 ,o ,god1 we (f] ?is sacrifice to y2 give u good crops1 seasons1 & heal?2 !n speak+ to ! victim !y said1 ,we b\ght y ) a price1 & did n seize y2 n[ we sacrifice y accord+ to cu/om1 & no s9 re/s ) u4 ,on ! la/ morn+ ! orgies1 :i* _h be5 sc>cely int]rupt$ dur+ ! night1 7 resum$1 & cont9u$ till noon1 :5 !y ceas$1 & ! assembly proce$$ to consummate ! sacrifice4 ,! victim 0 aga9 ano9t$ ) oil1 & ea* p]son t\*$ ! ano9t$ "p1 & wip$ ! oil on 8 own head4 ,9 "s places !y took ! victim 9 procession r\nd ! village1 f door to door1 :]e "s pluck$ hair f 8 head1 & o!rs begg$ = a drop ( 8 spittle1 ) :i* !y ano9t$ _! heads4 ,z ! victim might n be b\nd nor make any %[ ( resi/ance1 ! bones ( 8 arms &1 if necess>y1 8 legs 7 brok52 b (t5 ?is precaution 0 r5d]$ unnecess>y by /upefy+ him ) opium4 ,! mode ( putt+ him to dea? v>i$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,"o ( ! commone/ modes seems to h be5 /rangulation1 or squeez+ to dea?4 ,! bran* ( a gre5 tree 0 cleft sev]al feet d[n ! middle2 ! victim's neck 79 o!r places1 8 *e/7 0 ins]t$ 9 ! cleft1 :i* ! prie/1 aid$ by 8 assi/ants1 /rove ) all 8 =ce to close4 ,!n he w\nd$ ! victim slightly ) 8 axe1 :]eupon ! cr[d ru%$ at ! wret* & hew$ ! fle% f ! bones1 leav+ ! head & b[els unt\*$4 ,sometimes he 0 cut up alive4 ,9 ,*9na ,kim$y he 0 dragg$ along ! fields1 surr\nd$ by ! cr[d1 :o1 avoid+ 8 head & inte/9es1 hack$ ! fle% f 8 body ) _! knives till he di$4 ,ano!r v common mode ( sacrifice 9 ! same di/rict 0 to fa/5 ! victim to ! proboscis ( a wood5 elephant1 :i* revolv$ on a /\t po/1 &1 z x :irl$ r\nd1 ! cr[d cut ! fle% f ! victim :ile life rema9$4 ,9 "s villages ,major ,campbell f\nd z _m z f\rte5 ( ^! wood5 elephants1 :i* _h be5 us$ at sacrifices4 ,9 "o di/rict ! victim 0 put to dea? sl[ly by fire4 ,a l[ /age 0 =m$1 slop+ on ei!r side l a ro(2 ^u x !y laid ! victim1 8 limbs w\nd r\nd ) cords to conf9e 8 /ruggles4 ,fires 7 !n light$ & hot br&s appli$1 to make him roll up & d[n ! slopes ( ! /age z long z possible2 = ! m te>s he %$ ! m abundant w\ld be ! supply ( ra94 ,next day ! body 0 cut to pieces4 ,! fle% cut f ! victim 0 in/antly tak5 home by ! p]sons :o _h be5 deput$ by ea* village to br+ x4 ,to secure its rapid arrival1 x 0 sometimes =w>d$ by relays ( m51 & convey$ ) po/al fleetness fifty or sixty miles4 ,9 ea* village all :o /ay$ at home fa/$ rigidly until ! fle% arriv$4 ,! be>] deposit$ x 9 ! place ( public assembly1 :]e x 0 receiv$ by ! prie/ & ! heads ( families4 ,! prie/ divid$ x into two portions1 "o ( :i* he (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess by bury+ x 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd ) 8 back turn$1 & )\t look+4 ,!n ea* man add$ a little e>? to bury x1 & ! prie/ p\r$ wat] on ! spot f a hill g\rd4 ,! o!r portion ( fle% he divid$ into z _m %>es z !re 7 heads ( h\ses pres5t4 ,ea* head ( a h\se roll$ 8 %r$ ( fle% 9 leaves1 & buri$ x 9 8 fav\rite field1 plac+ x 9 ! e>? beh9d 8 back )\t look+4 ,9 "s places ea* man c>ri$ 8 portion ( fle% to ! /ream :i* wat]$ 8 fields1 & !re hung x on a pole4 ,= ?ree days !reaft] no h\se 0 swept2 &1 9 "o di/rict1 /rict sil5ce 0 obs]v$1 no fire might be giv5 out1 no wood cut1 & no /rang]s receiv$4 ,! rema9s ( ! human victim 7namely1 ! head1 b[els1 & bones7 7 wat*$ by /rong p>ties ! night aft] ! sacrifice2 & next morn+ !y 7 burn$1 along ) a :ole %eep1 on a fun]al pile4 ,! a%es 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 laid z pa/e ov] ! h\ses & gran>ies1 or mix$ ) ! new corn to pres]ve x f insects4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! head & bones 7 buri$1 n burnt4 ,aft] ! suppression ( ! human sacrifices1 inf]ior victims 7 sub/itut$ 9 "s places2 = in/ance1 9 ! capital ( ,*9na ,kim$y a goat took ! place ( ! human victim4 ,o!rs sacrifice a buffalo4 ,!y tie x to a wood5 po/ 9 a sacr$ grove1 dance wildly r\nd x ) br&i%$ knives1 !n1 fall+ on ! liv+ animal1 hack x to %r$s & tatt]s 9 a few m9utes1 fight+ & /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r = e p>ticle ( fle%4 ,z soon z a man has secur$ a piece he makes (f ) x at full spe$ to bury x 9 8 fields1 accord+ to anci5t cu/om1 be=e ! sun has set1 & z "s ( !m h f> to g !y mu/ run v fa/4 ,all ! wom5 ?r[ clods ( e>? at ! rapidly retreat+ figures ( ! m51 "s ( !m tak+ v good aim4 ,soon ! sacr$ grove1 s lately a sc5e ( tumult1 is sil5t & des]t$ except = a few p :o rema9 to gu>d all t is left ( ! buffalo1 to wit1 ! head1 ! bones1 & ! /oma*1 :i* are burn$ ) c]emony at ! foot ( ! /ake4 ,9 ^! ,khond sacrifices ! ,m]iahs are repres5t$ by our au?orities z victims (f]$ to propitiate ! ,e>? ,goddess4 ,b f ! treatm5t ( ! victims bo? be=e & aft] dea? x appe>s t ! cu/om _c be expla9$ z m]ely a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,a "p ( ! fle% c]ta9ly 0 (f]$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess1 b ! re/ 0 buri$ by ea* h\sehold] 9 8 fields1 & ! a%es ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! body 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 laid z pa/e on ! gran>ies1 or mix$ ) ! new corn4 ,^! latt] cu/oms imply t to ! body ( ! ,m]iah !re 0 ascrib$ a direct or intr9sic p[] ( mak+ ! crops to gr[1 q indep5d5t ( ! indirect efficacy :i* x might h z an (f]+ to secure ! good-w ( ! deity4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fle% & a%es ( ! victim 7 believ$ to be end[$ ) a magical or physical p[] ( f]tilis+ ! l&4 ,! same intr9sic p[] 0 ascrib$ to ! blood & te>s ( ! ,m]iah1 8 blood caus+ ! r$ness ( ! turm]ic & 8 te>s produc+ ra92 = x c h>dly be d\bt$ t1 orig9ally at lea/1 ! te>s 7 suppos$ to br+ d[n ! ra91 n m]ely to progno/icate x4 ,simil>ly ! cu/om ( p\r+ wat] on ! buri$ fle% ( ! ,m]iah 0 no d\bt a ra9-*>m4 ,aga91 magical p[] z an attribute ( ! ,m]iah appe>s 9 ! sov]eign virtue believ$ to reside 9 any?+ t came f 8 p]son1 z 8 hair or spittle4 ,! ascription ( su* p[] to ! ,m]iah indicates t he 0 mu* m ?an a m]e man sacrific$ to propitiate a deity4 ,once m1 ! extreme rev]5ce paid him po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,major ,campbell speaks ( ! ,m]iah z be+ reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an mortal1 & ,major ,macph]son says1 ,a species ( rev]5ce1 :i* x is n easy to di/+ui% f adoration1 is paid to him4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,m]iah seems to h be5 reg>d$ z div9e4 ,z su*1 he may orig9ally h repres5t$ ! ,e>? ,goddess or1 p]haps1 a deity ( vegetation2 ?\gh 9 lat] times he came to be reg>d$ r z a victim (f]$ to a deity ?an z himself an inc>nate god4 ,?is lat] view ( ! ,m]iah z a victim r ?an a div9ity may p]haps h receiv$ undue emphasis f ! ,european writ]s :o h describ$ ! ,khond religion4 ,habituat$ to ! lat] idea ( sacrifice z an (f]+ made to a god = ! purpose ( conciliat+ 8 fav\r1 ,european obs]v]s are apt to int]pret all religi\s slaught] 9 ?is s5se1 & to suppose t :]ev] su* slaught] takes place1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a deity to :om ! c>nage is believ$ by ! slay]s to be acceptable4 ,?us _! preconceiv$ ideas may unconsci\sly col\r & w>p _! descriptions ( savage rites4 ,! same cu/om ( kill+ ! repres5tative ( a god1 ( :i* /rong traces appe> 9 ! ,khond sacrifices1 may p]haps be detect$ 9 "s ( ! o!r human sacrifices describ$ above4 ,?us ! a%es ( ! slaught]$ ,m>imo 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields2 ! blood ( ! ,brahman lad 0 put on ! crop & field2 ! fle% ( ! sla9 ,naga 0 /[$ 9 ! corn-b92 & ! blood ( ! ,si\x girl 0 all[$ to trickle on ! se$4 ,aga91 ! id5tification ( ! victim ) ! corn1 9 o!r words1 ! view t he is an embodim5t or _s ( ! corn1 is br\ght out 9 ! pa9s :i* seem to be tak5 to secure a physical correspond5ce betwe5 him & ! natural object :i* he embodies or repres5ts4 ,?us ! ,mexicans kill$ "y victims = ! "y corn & old ones = ! ripe corn2 ! ,m>imos sacrifice1 z se$1 a %ort1 fat man1 ! %ortness ( 8 /ature correspond+ to t ( ! "y corn1 8 fatness to ! condition :i* x is desir$ t ! crops may atta92 & ! ,pawnees fatt5$ _! victims probably ) ! same view4 ,aga91 ! id5tification ( ! victim ) ! corn comes out 9 ! ,african cu/om ( kill+ him ) spades & hoes1 & ! ,mexican cu/om ( gr9d+ him1 l corn1 betwe5 two /ones4 ,"o m po9t 9 ^! savage cu/oms des]ves to be not$4 ,! ,pawnee *ief dev\r$ ! he>t ( ! ,si\x girl1 & ! ,m>imos & ,gonds ate ! victim's fle%4 ,if1 z we suppose1 ! victim 0 reg>d$ z div9e1 x foll[s t 9 eat+ 8 fle% 8 wor%ipp]s believ$ !mselves to be p>tak+ ( ! body ( _! god4 #d4 ,! ,corn-_s sla9 9 8 ,human ,repres5tatives ,,! ,,b>b>\s rites j describ$ (f] analogies to ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( ,europe4 ,?us ! f]tilis+ virtue ascrib$ to ! corn-_s is %[n equally 9 ! savage cu/om ( mix+ ! victim's blood or a%es ) ! se$-corn & ! ,european cu/om ( mix+ ! gra9 f ! la/ %eaf ) ! "y corn 9 spr+4 ,aga91 ! id5tification ( ! p]son ) ! corn appe>s alike 9 ! savage cu/om ( adapt+ ! age & /ature ( ! victim to ! age & /ature1 :e!r actual or expect$1 ( ! crop2 9 ! ,scot* & ,/yrian rules t :5 ! corn-_s is conceiv$ z ! ,maid5 ! la/ corn %all be cut by a "y maid51 b :5 x is conceiv$ z ! ,corn-"m x %all be cut by an old woman2 9 ! w>n+ giv5 to old wom5 9 ,lorra9e to save !mselves :5 ! ,old ,woman is be+ kill$1 t is1 :5 ! la/ corn is be+ ?re%$2 & 9 ! ,tyrolese expectation t if ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is tall1 ! next ye>'s corn w be tall also4 ,fur!r1 ! same id5tification is impli$ 9 ! savage cu/om ( kill+ ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s ) hoes or spades or by gr9d+ him betwe5 /ones1 & 9 ! ,european cu/om ( pret5d+ to kill him ) ! scy! or ! flail4 ,once m ! ,khond cu/om ( p\r+ wat] on ! buri$ fle% ( ! victim is p>allel to ! ,european cu/oms ( p\r+ wat] on ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! corn-_s or plung+ him into a /ream4 ,bo? ! ,khond & ! ,european cu/oms are ra9-*>ms4 ,to return n[ to ! ,lity]ses /ory4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 rude society human be+s h be5 commonly kill$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,!re is !re=e no improbability 9 ! supposition t !y may once h be5 kill$ = a l purpose 9 ,phrygia & ,europe2 & :5 ,phrygian leg5d & ,european folk-cu/om1 closely agree+ ) ea* o!r1 po9t to ! conclusion t m5 7 s sla91 we are b\nd1 provisionally at lea/1 to accept ! conclusion4 ,fur!r1 bo? ! ,lity]ses /ory & ,european h>ve/-cu/oms agree 9 indicat+ t ! victim 0 put to dea? z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 & ?is indication is 9 h>mony ) ! view :i* "s savages appe> to take ( ! victim sla9 to make ! crops fl\ri%4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may fairly suppose t bo? 9 ,phrygia & 9 ,europe ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s 0 annually kill$ ^u ! h>ve/-field4 ,gr\nds h be5 already %[n = believ+ t simil>ly 9 ,europe ! repres5tative ( ! tree-_s 0 annually sla94 ,! pro(s ( ^! two rem>kable & closely analog\s cu/oms are entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,_! co9cid5ce seems to furni% fre% presumption 9 fav\r ( bo?4 ,to ! "q1 ,h[ 0 ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s *os58 "o answ] has be5 already giv54 ,bo? ! ,lity]ses /ory & ,european folk-cu/om %[ t pass+ /rang]s 7 reg>d$ z manife/ations ( ! corn-_s escap+ f ! cut or ?re%$ corn1 & z su* 7 seiz$ & sla94 ,b ?is is n ! only answ] :i* ! evid5ce sugge/s4 ,accord+ to ! ,phrygian leg5d ! victims ( ,lity]ses 7 n simply pass+ /rang]s1 b p]sons :om he _h vanqui%$ 9 a reap+ conte/ & aft]w>ds wrapt up 9 corn-%eaves & behead$4 ,?is sugge/s t ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s may h be5 select$ by means ( a competition on ! h>ve/-field1 9 :i* ! vanqui%$ competitor 0 compell$ to accept ! fatal hon\r4 ,! supposition is c\nt5anc$ by ,european h>ve/-cu/oms4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,europe !re is sometimes a conte/ among/ ! reap]s to avoid be+ la/1 & t ! p]son :o is vanqui%$ 9 ?is competition1 t is1 :o cuts ! la/ corn1 is (t5 r\ghly h&l$4 ,x is true we h n f\nd t a pret5ce is made ( kill+ him2 b on ! o!r h& we h f\nd t a pret5ce is made ( kill+ ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+1 t is1 :o is vanqui%$ 9 ! ?re%+ conte/4 ,n[1 s9ce x is 9 ! "* ( repres5tative ( ! corn-_s t ! ?re%] ( ! la/ corn is sla9 9 mimicry1 & s9ce ! same repres5tative "* atta*es 7z we h se57 to ! cutt] & b9d] z well z to ! ?re%] ( ! la/ corn1 & s9ce ! same repugnance is ev9c$ by h>ve/]s to be la/ 9 any "o ( ^! lab\rs1 we may conjecture t a pret5ce has be5 commonly made ( kill+ ! reap] & b9d] z well z ! ?re%] ( ! la/ corn1 & t 9 anci5t times ?is kill+ 0 actually c>ri$ out4 ,?is conjecture is corroborat$ by ! common sup]/ition t :oev] cuts ! la/ corn mu/ die soon4 ,sometimes x is ?\ght t ! p]son :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf on ! field w die 9 ! c\rse ( next ye>4 ,! reason = fix+ on ! reap]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ corn z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s may be ?is4 ,! corn-_s is suppos$ to lurk z long z he c 9 ! corn1 retreat+ be=e ! reap]s1 ! b9d]s1 & ! ?re%]s at _! "w4 ,b :5 he is =cibly expell$ f 8 refuge 9 ! la/ corn cut or ! la/ %eaf b\nd or ! la/ gra9 ?re%$1 he necess>ily assumes "s o!r =m ?an t ( ! corn-/alks1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 8 g>m5t or body4 ,& :at =m c ! expell$ corn-_s assume m naturally ?an t ( ! p]son :o /&s ne>e/ to ! corn f :i* he 7! corn-_s7 has j be5 expell$8 ,b ! p]son 9 "q is necess>ily ! reap]1 b9d]1 or ?re%] ( ! la/ corn4 ,he or %e1 !re=e1 is seiz$ & treat$ z ! corn-_s himself4 ,?us ! p]son :o 0 kill$ on ! h>ve/-field z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s may h be5 ei!r a pass+ /rang] or ! h>ve/] :o 0 la/ at reap+1 b9d+1 or ?re%+4 ,b !re is a ?ird possibility1 to :i* anci5t leg5d & mod]n folk-cu/om alike po9t4 ,lity]ses n only put /rang]s to dea?2 he 0 himself sla91 & app>5tly 9 ! same way z he _h sla9 o!rs1 namely1 by be+ wrapt 9 a corn-%eaf1 behead$1 & ca/ into ! riv]2 & x is impli$ t ?is happ5$ to ,lity]ses on 8 own l&4 ,simil>ly 9 mod]n h>ve/-cu/oms ! pret5ce ( kill+ appe>s to be c>ri$ out q z (t5 on ! p]son ( ! ma/] 7f>m] or squire7 z on t ( /rang]s4 ,n[ :5 we rememb] t ,lity]ses 0 said to h be5 a son ( ! ,k+ ( ,phrygia1 & t 9 "o acc\nt he is himself call$ a k+1 & :5 we comb9e ) ?is ! tradition t he 0 put to dea?1 app>5tly z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 we are l$ to conjecture t we h "h ano!r trace ( ! cu/om ( annually slay+ "o ( ^? div9e or prie/ly k+s :o are kn[n to h held gho/ly sway 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia & p>ticul>ly 9 ,phrygia4 ,! cu/om appe>s1 z we h se51 to h be5 s f> modifi$ 9 places t ! k+'s son 0 sla9 9 ! k+'s /ead4 ,( ! cu/om ?us modifi$ ! /ory ( ,lity]ses w\ld be1 9 "o v]sion at lea/1 a rem9isc5ce4 ,turn+ n[ to ! relation ( ! ,phrygian ,lity]ses to ! ,phrygian ,attis1 x may be rememb]$ t at ,pess9us--! seat ( a prie/ly k+%ip--! high-prie/ appe>s to h be5 annually sla9 9 ! "* ( ,attis1 a god ( vegetation1 & t ,attis 0 describ$ by an anci5t au?ority z a reap$ e> ( corn4 ,?us ,attis1 z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 annually sla9 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative1 might be ?\ght to be ultimately id5tical ) ,lity]ses1 ! latt] be+ simply ! ru/ic prototype out ( :i* ! /ate religion ( ,attis 0 develop$4 ,x may h be5 s2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! analogy ( ,european folk-cu/om w>ns u t among/ ! same p two di/9ct deities ( vegetation may h _! sep>ate p]sonal repres5tatives1 bo? ( :om are sla9 9 ! "* ( gods at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,= 9 ,europe1 z we h se51 x appe>s t "o man 0 commonly sla9 9 ! "* ( ! tree-_s 9 spr+1 & ano!r 9 ! "* ( ! corn-_s 9 autumn4 ,x may h be5 s 9 ,phrygia also4 ,attis 0 especially a tree-god1 & 8 connexion ) corn may h be5 only su* an ext5sion ( ! p[] ( a tree-_s z is indicat$ 9 cu/oms l ! ,h>ve/-,may4 ,aga91 ! repres5tative ( ,attis appe>s to h be5 sla9 9 spr+2 :]eas ,lity]ses mu/ h be5 sla9 9 summ] or autumn1 accord+ to ! "t ( ! h>ve/ 9 ,phrygia4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 :ile we are n ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ,lity]ses z ! prototype ( ,attis1 ! two may be reg>d$ z p>allel products ( ! same religi\s idea1 & may h /ood to ea* o!r z 9 ,europe ! ,old ,man ( h>ve/ /&s to ! ,wild ,man1 ! ,leaf ,man1 & s =?1 ( spr+4 ,bo? 7 spirits or deities ( vegetation1 & ! p]sonal repres5tatives ( bo? 7 annually sla94 ,b :]eas ! ,attis wor%ip became elevat$ into ! dignity ( a /ate religion & spread to ,italy1 ! rites ( ,lity]ses seem nev] to h pass$ ! limits ( _! native ,phrygia1 & always reta9$ _! "* ( ru/ic c]emonies p]=m$ by peasants on ! h>ve/-field4 ,at mo/ a few villages may h clubb$ toge!r1 z among/ ! ,khonds1 to procure a human victim to be sla9 z repres5tative ( ! corn-_s = _! common b5efit4 ,su* victims may h be5 drawn f ! families ( prie/ly k+s or k+lets1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! leg5d>y "* ( ,lity]ses z ! son ( a ,phrygian k+ or z himself a k+4 ,:5 villages did n s club toge!r1 ea* village or f>m may h procur$ its own repres5tative ( ! corn-_s by doom+ to dea? ei!r a pass+ /rang] or ! h>ve/] :o cut1 b\nd1 or ?re%$ ! la/ %eaf4 ,p]haps 9 ! old5 "t ! practice ( head-hunt+ z a means ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! corn may h be5 z common among ! rude inhabitants ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia z x /ill is1 or 0 till lately1 among ! primitive agricultural tribes ( ,assam1 ,burma1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t 9 ,phrygia1 z 9 ,europe1 ! old b>b>\s cu/om ( kill+ a man on ! h>ve/-field or ! ?re%+-floor _h d\btless pass$ into a m]e pret5ce long be=e ! classical era1 & 0 probably reg>d$ by ! reap]s & ?re%]s !mselves z no m ?an a r\gh je/ :i* ! lic5se ( a h>ve/-home p]mitt$ !m to play (f on a pass+ /rang]1 a comrade1 or ev5 on _! ma/] himself4 ,i h dwelt on ! ,lity]ses song at l5g? because x af=ds s _m po9ts ( comp>ison ) ,european & savage folk-cu/om4 ,! o!r h>ve/ songs ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ above1 may n[ be dismiss$ mu* m briefly4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,bi?ynian ,bormus to ! ,phrygian ,lity]ses helps to be> out ! int]pretation :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! latt]4 ,bormus1 ^: dea? or r disappe>ance 0 annually m\rn$ by ! reap]s 9 a pla9tive song1 01 l ,lity]ses1 a k+'s son or at lea/ ! son ( a weal?y & di/+ui%$ man4 ,! reap]s :om he wat*$ 7 at "w on 8 own fields1 & he disappe>$ 9 go+ to fet* wat] = !m2 accord+ to "o v]sion ( ! /ory he 0 c>ri$ (f by ! nymphs1 d\btless ! nymphs ( ! spr+ or pool or riv] :i!r he w5t to draw wat]4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( ! ,lity]ses /ory & ( ,european folk-cu/om1 ?is disappe>ance ( ,bormus may be a rem9isc5ce ( ! cu/om ( b9d+ ! f>m] himself 9 a corn-%eaf & ?r[+ him into ! wat]4 ,! m\rnful /ra9 :i* ! reap]s sang 0 probably a lam5tation ov] ! dea? ( ! corn-_s1 sla9 ei!r 9 ! cut corn or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative2 & ! call :i* !y address$ to him may h be5 a pray] t he might return 9 fre% vig\r next ye>4 ,! ,pho5ician ,l9us song 0 sung at ! v9tage1 at lea/ 9 ! we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 z we le>n f ,hom]2 & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! leg5d ( ,syleus1 sugge/s t 9 anci5t times pass+ /rang]s 7 h&l$ by v9tag]s & v9e-digg]s 9 mu* ! same way z !y are said to h be5 h&l$ by ! reap] ,lity]ses4 ,! ,lydian ,syleus1 s ran ! leg5d1 compell$ pass]s-by to dig = him 9 8 v9ey>d1 till ,h]cules came & kill$ him & dug up 8 v9es by ! roots4 ,?is seems to be ! outl9e ( a leg5d l t ( ,lity]ses2 b nei!r anci5t writ]s nor mod]n folk-cu/om enable u to fill 9 ! details4 ,b1 fur!r1 ! ,l9us song 0 probably sung also by ,pho5ician reap]s1 = ,h]odotus comp>es x to ! ,man]os song1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 a lam5t rais$ by ,egyptian reap]s ov] ! cut corn4 ,fur!r1 ,l9us 0 id5tifi$ ) ,adonis1 & ,adonis has "s claims to be reg>d$ z especially a corn-deity4 ,?us ! ,l9us lam5t1 z sung at h>ve/1 w\ld be id5tical ) ! ,adonis lam5t2 ea* w\ld be ! lam5tation rais$ by reap]s ov] ! dead _s ( ! corn4 ,b :]eas ,adonis1 l ,attis1 grew into a /ately figure ( my?ology1 ador$ & m\rn$ 9 spl5did cities f> beyond ! limits ( 8 ,pho5ician home1 ,l9us appe>s to h rema9$ a simple ditty sung by reap]s & v9tag]s among ! corn-%eaves & ! v9es4 ,! analogy ( ,lity]ses & ( folk-cu/om1 bo? ,european & savage1 sugge/s t 9 ,pho5icia ! sla9 corn-_s--! dead ,adonis--may =m]ly h be5 repres5t$ by a human victim2 & ?is sugge/ion is possibly support$ by ! ,h>ran leg5d t ,tammuz 7,adonis7 0 sla9 by 8 cruel "l1 :o gr\nd 8 bones 9 a mill & scatt]$ !m to ! w9d4 ,= 9 ,mexico1 z we h se51 ! human victim at h>ve/ 0 cru%$ betwe5 two /ones2 & bo? 9 ,africa & ,india ! a%es or o!r rema9s ( ! victim 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields4 ,b ! ,h>ran leg5d may be only a my?ical way ( express+ ! gr9d+ ( corn 9 ! mill & ! scatt]+ ( ! se$4 ,x seems wor? sugge/+ t ! mock k+ :o 0 annually kill$ at ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea on ! sixte5? day ( ! mon? ,l\s may h repres5t$ ,tammuz himself4 ,= ! hi/orian ,b]osus1 :o records ! fe/ival & its date1 probably us$ ! ,mac$onian cal5d>1 s9ce he d$icat$ 8 hi/ory to ,antio*us ,sot]2 & 9 8 day ! ,mac$onian mon? ,l\s appe>s to h correspond$ to ! ,babylonian mon? ,tammuz4 ,if ?is conjecture is "r1 ! view t ! mock k+ at ! ,sacaea 0 sla9 9 ! "* ( a god w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,!re is a good deal m evid5ce t 9 ,egypt ! sla9 corn-_s--! dead ,osiris--0 repres5t$ by a human victim1 :om ! reap]s slew on ! h>ve/-field1 m\rn+ 8 dea? 9 a dirge1 to :i* ! ,greeks1 ?r\gh a v]bal misund]/&+1 gave ! "n ( ,man]os4 ,= ! leg5d ( ,busiris seems to pres]ve a rem9isc5ce ( human sacrifices once (f]$ by ! ,egyptians 9 connexion ) ! wor%ip ( ,osiris4 ,busiris 0 said to h be5 an ,egyptian k+ :o sacrific$ all /rang]s on ! alt> ( ,zeus4 ,! orig9 ( ! cu/om 0 trac$ to a de>? :i* afflict$ ! l& ( ,egypt = n9e ye>s4 ,a ,cyprian se] in=m$ ,busiris t ! de>? w\ld cease if a man 7 annually sacrific$ to ,zeus4 ,s ,busiris in/itut$ ! sacrifice4 ,b :5 ,h]cules came to ,egypt1 & 0 be+ dragg$ to ! alt> to be sacrific$1 he bur/ 8 bonds & slew ,busiris & 8 son4 ,"h !n is a leg5d t 9 ,egypt a human victim 0 annually sacrific$ to prev5t ! failure ( ! crops1 & a belief is impli$ t an omission ( ! sacrifice w\ld h entail$ a recurr5ce ( t inf]tility :i* x 0 ! object ( ! sacrifice to prev5t4 ,s ! ,pawnees1 z we h se51 believ$ t an omission ( ! human sacrifice at plant+ w\ld h be5 foll[$ by a total failure ( _! crops4 ,! "n ,busiris 0 9 reality ! "n ( a city1 pe-,as>1 ! h\se ( ,osiris1 ! city be+ s call$ because x conta9$ ! grave ( ,osiris4 ,inde$ "s high mod]n au?orities believe t ,busiris 0 ! orig9al home ( ,osiris1 f :i* 8 wor%ip spread to o!r p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,! human sacrifices 7 said to h be5 (f]$ at 8 grave1 & ! victims 7 r$-hair$ m51 ^: a%es 7 scatt]$ abroad by means ( w9n[+-fans4 ,?is tradition ( human sacrifices (f]$ at ! tomb ( ,osiris is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( ! monum5ts4 ,9 ! light ( ! =ego+ discussion ! ,egyptian tradition ( ,busiris admits ( a consi/5t & fairly probable explanation4 ,osiris1 ! corn-_s1 0 annually repres5t$ at h>ve/ by a /rang]1 ^: r$ hair made him a suitable repres5tative ( ! ripe corn4 ,?is man1 9 8 repres5tative "*1 0 sla9 on ! h>ve/-field1 & m\rn$ by ! reap]s1 :o pray$ at ! same "t t ! corn-_s might revive & return 7m-ne-rha1 ,man]os7 ) r5ew$ vig\r 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,f9ally1 ! victim1 or "s "p ( him1 0 burn$1 & ! a%es scatt]$ by w9n[+-fans ov] ! fields to f]tilise !m4 ,"h ! *oice ( ! victim on ! gr\nd ( 8 resemblance to ! corn :i* he 0 to repres5t agrees ) ! ,mexican & ,african cu/oms already describ$4 ,simil>ly ! woman :o di$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,corn-"m at ! ,mexican midsumm] sacrifice _h h] face pa9t$ r$ & yell[ 9 tok5 ( ! col\rs ( ! corn1 & %e wore a pa/ebo>d mitre surm\nt$ by wav+ plumes 9 imitation ( ! tassel ( ! maize4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,goddess ( ! ,:ite ,maize ! ,mexicans sacrific$ lep]s4 ,! ,romans sacrific$ r$-hair$ puppies 9 spr+ to av]t ! suppos$ blight+ influ5ce ( ! ,dog-/>1 believ+ t ! crops w\ld ?us gr[ ripe & ruddy4 ,! hea!n ( ,h>ran (f]$ to ! sun1 moon1 & planets human victims :o 7 *os5 on ! gr\nd ( _! suppos$ resemblance to ! heav5ly bodies to :i* !y 7 sacrific$2 = example1 ! prie/s1 clo!d 9 r$ & sme>$ ) blood1 (f]$ a r$-hair$1 r$-*eek$ man to ! r$ planet ,m>s 9 a temple :i* 0 pa9t$ r$ & drap$ ) r$ hang+s4 ,^! & ! l cases ( assimilat+ ! victim to ! god1 or to ! natural ph5om5on :i* he repres5ts1 are bas$ ultimately on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 ! notion be+ t ! object aim$ at w be mo/ readily atta9$ by means ( a sacrifice :i* resembles ! effect t x is design$ to br+ ab\t4 ,! /ory t ! fragm5ts ( ,osiris's body 7 scatt]$ up & d[n ! l&1 & buri$ by ,isis on ! spots :]e !y lay1 may v well be a rem9isc5ce ( a cu/om1 l t obs]v$ by ! ,khonds1 ( divid+ ! human victim 9 pieces & bury+ ! pieces1 (t5 at int]vals ( _m miles f ea* o!r1 9 ! fields4 ,?us1 if ,i am "r1 ! key to ! my/]ies ( ,osiris is furni%$ by ! melan*oly cry ( ! ,egyptian reap]s1 :i* d[n to ,roman times c\ld be he>d ye> aft] ye> s\nd+ across ! fields1 ann\nc+ ! dea? ( ! corn-_s1 ! ru/ic prototype ( ,osiris4 ,simil> cries1 z we h se51 7 also he>d on all ! h>ve/-fields ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,by ! anci5ts !y are spok5 ( z songs2 b to judge f ! analysis ( ! names ,l9us & ,man]os1 !y probably consi/$ only ( a few words utt]$ 9 a prolong$ musical note :i* c\ld be he>d at a great di/ance4 ,su* sonor\s & long-drawn cries1 rais$ by a numb] ( /rong voices 9 conc]t1 mu/ h _h a /rik+ effect1 & c\ld h>dly fail to arre/ ! att5tion ( any wayf>] :o happ5$ to be )9 he>+4 ,! s\nds1 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 c\ld probably be di/+ui%$ ) tol]able ease ev5 at a di/ance2 b to a ,greek travell] 9 ,asia or ,egypt ! =eign words w\ld commonly convey no mean+1 & he might take !m1 n unnaturally1 = ! "n ( "s "o 7,man]os1 ,l9us1 ,lity]ses1 ,bormus7 ^u :om ! reap]s 7 call+4 ,& if 8 j\rney l$ him ?r\gh m c\ntries ?an "o1 z ,bi?ynia & ,phrygia1 or ,pho5icia & ,egypt1 :ile ! corn 0 be+ reap$1 he w\ld h an opportunity ( comp>+ ! v>i\s h>ve/ cries ( ! diff]5t peoples4 ,?us we c readily und]/& :y ^! h>ve/ cries 7 s (t5 not$ & comp>$ ) ea* o!r by ! ,greeks4 ,:]eas1 if !y _h be5 regul> songs1 !y c\ld n h be5 he>d at su* di/ances1 & !re=e c\ld n h attract$ ! att5tion ( s _m travell]s2 &1 moreov]1 ev5 if ! wayf>] 7 )9 he>+ ( !m1 he c\ld n s easily h pick$ out ! words4 ,d[n to rec5t times ,devon%ire reap]s utt]$ cries ( ! same sort1 & p]=m$ on ! field a c]emony exactly analog\s to t 9 :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! rites ( ,osiris orig9at$4 ,! cry & ! c]emony are ?us describ$ by an obs]v] :o wrote 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,aft] ! :eat is all cut1 on mo/ f>ms 9 ! nor? ( ,devon1 ! h>ve/ p h a cu/om ( 'cry+ ! neck4' ,i believe t ?is practice is seldom omitt$ on any l>ge f>m 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is done 9 ?is way4 ,an old man1 or "s "o else well acqua9t$ ) ! c]emonies us$ on ! occasion 7:5 ! lab\r]s are reap+ ! la/ field ( :eat71 goes r\nd to ! %ocks & %eaves1 & picks out a little bundle ( all ! be/ e>s he c f9d2 ?is bundle he ties up v neat & trim1 & plats & arranges ! /raws v ta/efully4 ,?is is call$ '! neck' ( :eat1 or :eat5-e>s4 ,aft] ! field is cut out1 & ! pit*] once m circulat$1 ! reap]s1 b9d]s1 & ! wom5 /& r\nd 9 a circle4 ,! p]son ) '! neck' /&s 9 ! c5tre1 grasp+ x ) bo? h&s4 ,he fir/ /oops & holds x ne> ! gr\nd1 & all ! m5 =m+ ! r+ take (f _! hats1 /oop+ & hold+ !m ) bo? h&s t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,!y !n all beg9 at once 9 a v prolong$ & h>moni\s tone to cry ',! neck6' at ! same "t sl[ly rais+ !mselves upright1 & elevat+ _! arms & hats above _! heads2 ! p]son ) '! neck' also rais+ x on high4 ,?is is done ?ree times4 ,!y !n *ange _! cry to ',wee y56'--',way y56'--:i* !y s\nd 9 ! same prolong$ & sl[ mann] z be=e1 ) s+ul> h>mony & effect1 ?ree times4 ,?is la/ cry is accompani$ by ! same movem5ts ( ! body & arms z 9 cry+ '! neck4' 4 4 4 ,aft] hav+ ?us repeat$ '! neck' ?ree times1 & 'wee y51' or 'way y5' z (t51 !y all bur/ out into a k9d ( l\d & joy\s laugh1 fl++ up _! hats & caps into ! air1 cap]+ ab\t & p]haps kiss+ ! girls4 ,"o ( !m !n gets '! neck' & runs z h>d z he c d[n to ! f>mh\se1 :]e ! dairymaid1 or "o ( ! "y female dome/ics1 /&s at ! door prep>$ ) a pail ( wat]4 ,if he :o holds '! neck' c manage to get into ! h\se1 9 any way unse51 or op5ly1 by any o!r way ?an ! door at :i* ! girl /&s ) ! pail ( wat]1 !n he may lawfully kiss h]2 b1 if o!rwise1 he is regul>ly s\s$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! bucket4 ,on a f9e /ill autumn ev5+ ! 'cry+ ( ! neck' has a wond]ful effect at a di/ance1 f> f9] ?an t ( ! ,turki% muezz91 :i* ,"l ,byron eulogises s mu*1 & :i* he says is pref]able to all ! bells ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,i h once or twice he>d upw>ds ( tw5ty m5 cry x1 & sometimes jo9$ by an equal numb] ( female voices4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s back1 on "s high gr\nds1 :]e our p 7 h>ve/+1 ,i he>d six or sev5 'necks' cri$ 9 "o night1 al?\gh ,i "k t "s ( !m 7 f\r miles (f4 ,!y are he>d ?r\gh ! quiet ev5+ air at a consid]able di/ance sometimes4 ,aga91 ,mrs4 ,bray tells h[1 travell+ 9 ,devon%ire1 %e saw a p>ty ( reap]s /&+ 9 a circle on a ris+ gr\nd1 hold+ _! sickles al(t4 ,"o 9 ! middle held up "s e>s ( corn ti$ toge!r ) fl[]s1 & ! p>ty %\t$ ?ree times 7:at %e writes z7 ',arnack1 arnack1 arnack1 we hav51 we hav51 we hav54' ,!y w5t home1 accompani$ by wom5 & *ildr5 c>ry+ b\ghs ( fl[]s1 %\t+ & s++4 ,! mans]vant :o att5d$ ,mrs4 ,bray said 'x 0 only ! p mak+ _! games1 z !y always did1 to ! _s ( h>ve/4' ,"h1 z ,miss ,burne rem>ks1 'arnack1 we hav56' is obvi\sly 9 ! ,devon dialect1 'a neck 7or nack76 we h un6' ,ano!r acc\nt ( ?is old cu/om1 writt5 at ,truro 9 #ahci1 runs ?us3 ,n[1 :5 all ! corn 0 cut at ,heligan1 ! f>m+ m5 & maid5s come 9 front ( ! h\se1 & br+ ) !m a small %eaf ( corn1 ! la/ t has be5 cut1 & ?is is adorn$ ) ribbons & fl[]s1 & "o "p is ti$ q tight1 s z to look l a neck4 ,!n !y cry out ',our 7my7 side1 my side1' z l\d z !y c2 !n ! dairymaid gives ! neck to ! head f>m+-man4 ,he takes x1 & says1 v l\dly ?ree times1 ',i h him1 ,i h him1 ,i h him4' ,!n ano!r f>m+-man %\ts v l\dly1 ',:at h ye8 :at h ye8 :at h ye8' ,!n ! fir/ says1 ',a neck1 a neck1 a neck4' ,& :5 he has said ?is1 all ! p make a v great %\t+4 ,?is !y d ?ree times1 & aft] "o fam\s %\t g away & eat supp]1 & dance1 & s+ songs4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 all w5t out to ! field :5 ! la/ corn 0 cut1 ! 'neck' 0 ti$ ) ribbons & plait$1 & !y danc$ r\nd x1 & c>ri$ x to ! great kit*51 :]e by-&-by ! supp] 04 ,! words 7 z giv5 9 ! previ\s acc\nt1 & ',hip1 hip1 hack1 heck1 ,i h 'ee1 ,i h 'ee1 ,i h 'ee4' ,x 0 hung up 9 ! hall4 ,ano!r acc\nt relates t "o ( ! m5 ru%$ f ! field ) ! la/ %eaf1 :ile ! re/ pursu$ him ) vessels ( wat]1 :i* !y tri$ to ?r[ ov] ! %eaf be=e x c\ld be br\ght into ! b>n4 ,9 ! =ego+ cu/oms a p>ticul> bun* ( e>s1 g5]ally ! la/ left /&+1 is conceiv$ z ! neck ( ! corn-_s1 :o is consequ5tly behead$ :5 ! bun* is cut d[n4 ,simil>ly 9 ,%rop%ire ! "n neck1 or ! g&]'s neck1 us$ to be commonly giv5 to ! la/ h&ful ( e>s left /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! field :5 all ! re/ ( ! corn 0 cut4 ,x 0 plait$ toge!r1 & ! reap]s1 /&+ t5 or tw5ty paces (f1 ?rew _! sickles at x4 ,:oev] cut x ?r\gh 0 said to h cut (f ! g&]'s neck4 ,! neck 0 tak5 to ! f>m]'s wife1 :o 0 suppos$ to keep x 9 ! h\se = good luck till ! next h>ve/ came r\nd4 ,ne> ,trves1 ! man :o reaps ! la/ /&+ corn cuts ! goat's neck (f4 ,at ,faslane1 on ! ,g>elo* 7,dumb>ton%ire71 ! la/ h&ful ( /&+ corn 0 sometimes call$ ! head4 ,at ,auri*1 9 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 ! man :o reaps ! la/ corn cuts ! h>e's tail (f4 ,9 m[+ d[n ! la/ corn] ( a field ,fr5* reap]s sometimes call out1 ,we h ! cat by ! tail4 ,9 ,bresse 7,b\rgogne7 ! la/ %eaf repres5t$ ! fox4 ,beside x a score ( e>s 7 left /&+ to =m ! tail1 & ea* reap]1 go+ back "s paces1 ?rew 8 sickle at x4 ,he :o succe$$ 9 sev]+ x cut (f ! fox's tail1 & a cry ( ,y c\ c\6 0 rais$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,^! examples leave no room to d\bt ! mean+ ( ! ,devon%ire & ,corni% expression ! neck1 z appli$ to ! la/ %eaf4 ,! corn-_s is conceiv$ 9 human or animal =m1 & ! la/ /&+ corn is "p ( its body--its neck1 its head1 or its tail4 ,sometimes1 z we h se51 ! la/ corn is reg>d$ z ! navel-/r+4 ,la/ly1 ! ,devon%ire cu/om ( dr5*+ ) wat] ! p]son :o br+s 9 ! neck is a ra9*>m1 su* z we h _h _m examples (4 ,its p>allel 9 ! my/]ies ( ,osiris 0 ! cu/om ( p\r+ wat] on ! image ( ,osiris or on ! p]son :o repres5t$ him4 ,,xlviii4 ,! ,corn-,_s z an ,animal #a4 ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s ,,9 ,,"s ( ! examples :i* ,i h cit$ to e/abli% ! mean+ ( ! t]m neck z appli$ to ! la/ %eaf1 ! corn-_s appe>s 9 animal =m z a g&]1 a goat1 a h>e1 a cat1 & a fox4 ,?is introduces u to a new aspect ( ! corn-_s1 :i* we mu/ n[ exam9e4 ,by do+ s we %all n only h fre% examples ( kill+ ! god1 b may hope also to cle> up "s po9ts :i* rema9 obscure 9 ! my?s & wor%ip ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,dionysus1 ,demet]1 & ,virbius4 ,among/ ! _m animals ^: =ms ! corn-_s is suppos$ to take are ! wolf1 dog1 h>e1 fox1 cock1 goose1 quail1 cat1 goat1 c[ 7ox1 bull71 pig1 & horse4 ,9 "o or o!r ( ^! %apes ! corn-_s is (t5 believ$ to be pres5t 9 ! corn1 & to be caught or kill$ 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,z ! corn is be+ cut ! animal flees be=e ! reap]s1 & if a reap] is tak5 ill on ! field1 he is suppos$ to h /umbl$ unwitt+ly on ! corn-_s1 :o has ?us puni%$ ! pr(ane intrud]4 ,x is said ! ,rye-wolf has got hold ( him1 ! ,h>ve/-goat has giv5 him a pu%4 ,! p]son :o cuts ! la/ corn or b9ds ! la/ %eaf gets ! "n ( ! animal1 z ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,rye-s[1 ! ,oats-goat1 & s =?1 & reta9s ! "n sometimes = a ye>4 ,also ! animal is frequ5tly repres5t$ by a puppet made out ( ! la/ %eaf or ( wood1 fl[]s1 & s on1 :i* is c>ri$ home amid rejoic+s on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon4 ,ev5 :]e ! la/ %eaf is n made up 9 animal %ape1 x is (t5 call$ ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,h>e1 ,goat1 & s =?4 ,g5]ally ea* k9d ( crop is suppos$ to h its special animal1 :i* is caught 9 ! la/ %eaf1 & call$ ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,b>ley-wolf1 ! ,oats-wolf1 ! ,pea-wolf1 or ! ,potato-wolf1 accord+ to ! crop2 b sometimes ! figure ( ! animal is only made up once = all at gett+ 9 ! la/ crop ( ! :ole h>ve/4 ,sometimes ! creature is believ$ to be kill$ by ! la/ /roke ( ! sickle or scy!4 ,b (t5] x is ?\ght to live s long z !re is corn /ill un?re%$1 & to be caught 9 ! la/ %eaf ?re%$4 ,h5ce ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is told t he has got ! ,corn-s[1 ! ,?re%+-dog1 or ! l4 ,:5 ! ?re%+ is f9i%$1 a puppet is made 9 ! =m ( ! animal1 & ?is is c>ri$ by ! ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf to a neighb\r+ f>m1 :]e ! ?re%+ is /ill go+ on4 ,?is aga9 %[s t ! corn-_s is believ$ to live :]ev] ! corn is /ill be+ ?re%$4 ,sometimes ! ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf himself repres5ts ! animal2 & if ! p ( ! next f>m1 :o are /ill ?re%+1 cat* him1 !y treat him l ! animal he repres5ts1 by %utt+ him up 9 ! pig-/y1 call+ him ) ! cries commonly address$ to pigs1 & s =?4 ,^! g5]al /atem5ts w n[ be illu/rat$ by examples4 #b4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,wolf or a ,dog ,,we beg9 ) ! corn-_s conceiv$ z a wolf or a dog4 ,?is conception is common 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,slavonic c\ntries4 ,?us1 :5 ! w9d sets ! corn 9 wave-l motion ! peasants (t5 say1 ,! ,wolf is go+ ov]1 or ?r\gh1 ! corn1 ! ,rye-wolf is ru%+ ov] ! field1 ! ,wolf is 9 ! corn1 ! mad ,dog is 9 ! corn1 ! big ,dog is !re4 ,:5 *ildr5 wi% to g into ! corn-fields to pluck e>s or ga!r ! blue corn-fl[]s1 !y are w>n$ n to d s1 = ! big ,dog sits 9 ! corn1 or ! ,wolf sits 9 ! corn1 & w te> y 9 pieces1 ! ,wolf w eat y4 ,! wolf aga9/ :om ! *ildr5 are w>n$ is n a common wolf1 = he is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,corn-wolf1 ,rye-wolf1 or ! l2 ?us !y say1 ,! ,rye-wolf w come & eat y up1 *ildr51 ! ,rye-wolf w c>ry y (f1 & s =?4 ,/ill he has all ! outw>d appe>ance ( a wolf4 ,= 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,feil5h( 7,ea/ ,prussia71 :5 a wolf 0 se5 runn+ ?r\gh a field1 ! peasants us$ to wat* :e!r he c>ri$ 8 tail 9 ! air or dragg$ x on ! gr\nd4 ,if he dragg$ x on ! gr\nd1 !y w5t aft] him1 & ?ank$ him = br++ !m a bless+1 & ev5 set tit-bits be=e him4 ,b if he c>ri$ 8 tail high1 !y curs$ him & tri$ to kill him4 ,"h ! wolf is ! corn-_s ^: f]tilis+ p[] is 9 8 tail4 ,bo? dog & wolf appe> z embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s 9 h>ve/-cu/oms4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,:eat-dog or ! ,peas-pug4 ,b x is 9 ! h>ve/-cu/oms ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,france t ! idea ( ! ,corn-dog comes out mo/ cle>ly4 ,?us :5 a h>ve/]1 ?r\gh sickness1 we>9ess1 or laz9ess1 _c or w n keep up ) ! reap] 9 front ( him1 !y say1 ,! ,:ite ,dog pass$ ne> him1 he has ! ,:ite ,bit*1 or ! ,:ite ,bit* has bitt5 him4 ,9 ! ,vosges ! ,h>ve/-,may is call$ ! ,dog ( ! h>ve/1 & ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( hay or :eat is said to kill ! ,dog4 ,ab\t ,lons-le-,saulni]1 9 ! ,jura1 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,bit*4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]dun ! regul> expression = f9i%+ ! reap+ is1 ,!y are go+ to kill ! ,dog2 & at ,ep9al !y say1 accord+ to ! crop1 ,we w kill ! ,:eat-dog1 or ! ,rye-dog1 or ! ,potato-dog4 ,9 ,lorra9e x is said ( ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn1 ,he is kill+ ! ,dog ( ! h>ve/4 ,at ,dux1 9 ! ,tyrol1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is said to /rike d[n ! ,dog2 & at ,ahneb]g51 ne> ,/ade1 he is call$1 accord+ to ! crop1 ,corn-pug1 ,rye-pug1 ,:eat-pug4 ,s ) ! wolf4 ,9 ,silesia1 :5 ! reap]s ga!r r\nd ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn to reap x !y are said to be ab\t to cat* ! ,wolf4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,meckl5burg1 :]e ! belief 9 ! ,corn-wolf is p>ticul>ly preval5t1 e "o fe>s to cut ! la/ corn1 because !y say t ! ,wolf is sitt+ 9 x2 h5ce e reap] ex]ts himself to ! utmo/ 9 ord] n to be ! la/1 & e woman simil>ly fe>s to b9d ! la/ %eaf because ! ,wolf is 9 x4 ,s bo? among ! reap]s & ! b9d]s !re is a competition n to be ! la/ to f9i%4 ,& 9 ,g]many g5]ally x appe>s to be a common say+ t ! ,wolf sits 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,9 "s places !y call out to ! reap]1 ,bew>e ( ! ,wolf2 or !y say1 ,he is *as+ ! ,wolf out ( ! corn4 ,9 ,meckl5burg ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn is itself commonly call$ ! ,wolf1 & ! man :o reaps x has ! ,wolf1 ! animal be+ describ$ z ! ,rye-wolf1 ! ,:eat-wolf1 ! ,b>ley-wolf1 & s on accord+ to ! p>ticul> crop4 ,! reap] ( ! la/ corn is himself call$ ,wolf or ! ,rye-wolf1 if ! crop is rye1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,meckl5burg he has to support ! "* by pret5d+ to bite ! o!r h>ve/]s or by h[l+ l a wolf4 ,! la/ %eaf ( corn is also call$ ! ,wolf or ! ,rye-wolf or ! ,oats-wolf accord+ to ! crop1 & ( ! woman :o b9ds x !y say1 ,! ,wolf is bit+ h]1 ,%e has ! ,wolf1 ,%e mu/ fet* ! ,wolf 7out ( ! corn74 ,moreov]1 %e h]self is call$ ,wolf2 !y cry out to h]1 ,?\ art ! ,wolf1 & %e has to be> ! "n = a :ole ye>2 sometimes1 accord+ to ! crop1 %e is call$ ! ,rye-wolf or ! ,potato-wolf4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,rg5 n only is ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf call$ ,wolf1 b :5 %e comes home %e bites ! lady ( ! h\se & ! /ew>dess1 = :i* %e receives a l>ge piece ( meat4 ,yet nobody likes to be ! ,wolf4 ,! same woman may be ,rye-wolf1 ,:eat-wolf1 & ,oats-wolf1 if %e happ5s to b9d ! la/ %eaf ( rye1 :eat1 & oats4 ,at ,buir1 9 ! di/rict ( ,cologne1 x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to give to ! la/ %eaf ! %ape ( a wolf4 ,x 0 kept 9 ! b>n till all ! corn 0 ?re%$4 ,!n x 0 br\ght to ! f>m] & he _h to spr9kle x ) be] or br&y4 ,at ,brun%aupt5 9 ,meckl5burg ! "y woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf ( :eat us$ to take a h&ful ( /alks out ( x & make ! ,:eat-wolf ) !m2 x 0 ! figure ( a wolf ab\t two feet long & half a foot high1 ! legs ( ! animal be+ repres5t$ by /iff /alks & its tail & mane by :eat-e>s4 ,?is ,:eat-wolf %e c>ri$ back at ! head ( ! h>ve/]s to ! village1 :]e x 0 set up on a high place 9 ! p>l\r ( ! f>m & rema9$ !re = a long "t4 ,9 _m places ! %eaf call$ ! ,wolf is made up 9 human =m & dress$ 9 clo!s4 ,?is indicates a confusion ( ideas betwe5 ! corn-_s conceiv$ 9 human & 9 animal =m4 ,g5]ally ! ,wolf is br\ght home on ! la/ waggon ) joyful cries4 ,h5ce ! la/ waggon-load itself receives ! "n ( ! ,wolf4 ,aga91 ! ,wolf is suppos$ to hide himself among/ ! cut corn 9 ! gran>y1 until he is driv5 out ( ! la/ bundle by ! /rokes ( ! flail4 ,h5ce at ,wanzleb51 ne> ,magdeburg1 aft] ! ?re%+ ! peasants g 9 procession1 lead+ by a *a9 a man :o is envelop$ 9 ! ?re%$-out /raw & is call$ ! ,wolf4 ,he repres5ts ! corn-_s :o has be5 caught escap+ f ! ?re%$ corn4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,treves x is believ$ t ! ,corn-wolf is kill$ at ?re%+4 ,! m5 ?re% ! la/ %eaf till x is r$uc$ to *opp$ /raw4 ,9 ?is way !y ?9k t ! ,corn-wolf1 :o 0 lurk+ 9 ! la/ %eaf1 has be5 c]ta9ly kill$4 ,9 ,france also ! ,corn-wolf appe>s at h>ve/4 ,?us !y call out to ! reap] ( ! la/ corn1 ,y w cat* ! ,wolf4 ,ne> ,*ambry !y =m a r+ r\nd ! la/ /&+ corn1 & cry1 ,! ,wolf is 9 !re4 ,9 ,f9i/]re1 :5 ! reap+ draws ne> an end1 ! h>ve/]s cry1 ,!re is ! ,wolf2 we w cat* him4 ,ea* takes a swa? to reap1 & he :o f9i%es fir/ calls out1 ,i've caught ! ,wolf4 ,9 ,guy5ne1 :5 ! la/ corn has be5 reap$1 !y lead a we!r all r\nd ! field4 ,x is call$ ! ,wolf ( ! field4 ,its horns are deck$ ) a wrea? ( fl[]s & corn-e>s1 & its neck & body are also encircl$ ) g>l&s & ribbons4 ,all ! reap]s m>*1 s++1 beh9d x4 ,!n x is kill$ on ! field4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,france ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! c\j\lage1 :i*1 9 ! patois1 means a we!r4 ,h5ce ! kill+ ( ! we!r repres5ts ! dea? ( ! corn-_s1 consid]$ z pres5t 9 ! la/ %eaf2 b two diff]5t conceptions ( ! corn-_s--z a wolf & z a we!r--are mix$ up toge!r4 ,sometimes x appe>s to be ?\ght t ! ,wolf1 caught 9 ! la/ corn1 lives dur+ ! w9t] 9 ! f>mh\se1 ready to r5ew 8 activity z corn-_s 9 ! spr+4 ,h5ce at midw9t]1 :5 ! l5g!n+ days beg9 to h]ald ! approa* ( spr+1 ! ,wolf makes 8 appe>ance once m4 ,9 ,pol& a man1 ) a wolf's sk9 ?r[n ov] 8 head1 is l$ ab\t at ,*ri/mas2 or a /uff$ wolf is c>ri$ ab\t by p]sons :o collect money4 ,!re are facts :i* po9t to an old cu/om ( lead+ ab\t a man envelop$ 9 leaves & call$ ! ,wolf1 :ile 8 conductors collect$ money4 #c4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cock ,,ano!r =m :i* ! corn-_s (t5 assumes is t ( a cock4 ,9 ,au/ria *ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 ! corn-fields1 because ! ,corn-cock sits !re1 & w peck _! eyes out4 ,9 ,nor? ,g]many !y say t ! ,cock sits 9 ! la/ %eaf2 & at cutt+ ! la/ corn ! reap]s cry1 ,n[ we w *ase out ! ,cock4 ,:5 x is cut !y say1 ,we h caught ! ,cock4 ,at ,brall]1 9 ,transylvania1 :5 ! reap]s come to ! la/ pat* ( corn1 !y cry1 ,"h we %all cat* ! ,cock4 ,at ,fr/5walde1 :5 ! la/ %eaf is ab\t to be b\nd1 ! ma/] releases a cock1 :i* he has br\ght 9 a basket1 & lets x run ov] ! field4 ,all ! h>ve/]s *ase x till !y cat* x4 ,else:]e ! h>ve/]s all try to seize ! la/ corn cut2 he :o succe$s 9 grasp+ x mu/ cr[1 & is call$ ,cock4 ,among ! ,w5ds x is or us$ to be cu/om>y = ! f>m] to hide a live cock "u ! la/ %eaf z x lay on ! field2 & :5 ! corn 0 be+ ga!r$ up1 ! h>ve/] :o light$ ^u ?is %eaf _h a "r to keep ! cock1 provid$ he c\ld cat* x4 ,?is =m$ ! close ( ! h>ve/-fe/ival & 0 kn[n z ! ,cock-cat*+1 & ! be] :i* 0 s]v$ out to ! reap]s at ?is "t w5t by ! "n ( ,cock-be]4 ,! la/ %eaf is call$ ,cock1 ,cock-%eaf1 ,h>ve/-cock1 ,h>ve/-h51 ,autumn-h54 ,a di/9ction is made betwe5 a ,:eat-cock1 ,bean-cock1 & s on1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,at ,wns*5suhl1 9 ,?r+51 ! la/ %eaf is made into ! %ape ( a cock1 & call$ ! ,h>ve/-cock4 ,a figure ( a cock1 made ( wood1 pa/ebo>d1 e>s ( corn1 or fl[]s1 is borne 9 front ( ! h>ve/-waggon1 especially 9 ,we/phalia1 :]e ! cock c>ries 9 8 beak fruits ( ! e>? ( all k9ds4 ,sometimes ! image ( ! cock is fa/5$ to ! top ( a ,may-tree on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon4 ,else:]e a live cock1 or a figure ( "o1 is atta*$ to a h>ve/-cr[n & c>ri$ on a pole4 ,9 ,galicia & else:]e ?is live cock is fa/5$ to ! g>l& ( corn-e>s or fl[]s1 :i* ! lead] ( ! wom5-reap]s c>ries on h] head z %e m>*es 9 front ( ! h>ve/ procession4 ,9 ,silesia a live cock is pres5t$ to ! ma/] on a plate4 ,! h>ve/-supp] is call$ ,h>ve/-cock1 ,/ubble-cock1 etc41 & a *ief di% at x1 at lea/ 9 "s places1 is a cock4 ,if a waggon] upsets a h>ve/-waggon1 x is said t he has spilt ! ,h>ve/-cock1 & he loses ! cock1 t is1 ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,! h>ve/-waggon1 ) ! figure ( ! cock on x1 is driv5 r\nd ! f>mh\se be=e x is tak5 to ! b>n4 ,!n ! cock is nail$ ov] or at ! side ( ! h\se-door1 or on ! gable1 & rema9s !re till next h>ve/4 ,9 ,ea/ ,friesl& ! p]son :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! ,cluck+-h51 & gra9 is /rew$ be=e him z if he 7 a h54 ,aga91 ! corn-_s is kill$ 9 ! =m ( a cock4 ,9 p>ts ( ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 & ,pic>dy ! reap]s place a live cock 9 ! corn :i* is to be cut la/1 & *ase x ov] ! field1 or bury x up to ! neck 9 ! gr\nd2 aft]w>ds !y /rike (f its head ) a sickle or scy!4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,we/phalia1 :5 ! h>ve/]s br+ ! wood5 cock to ! f>m]1 he gives !m a live cock1 :i* !y kill ) :ips or /icks1 or behead ) an old sword1 or ?r[ into ! b>n to ! girls1 or give to ! mi/ress to cook4 ,x ! ,h>ve/-cock has n be5 spilt--t is1 if no waggon has be5 upset--! h>ve/]s h ! "r to kill ! f>my>d cock by ?r[+ /ones at x or behead+ x4 ,:]e ?is cu/om has fall5 into disuse1 x is /ill common = ! f>m]'s wife to make cockie-leekie = ! h>ve/]s1 & to %[ !m ! head ( ! cock :i* has be5 kill$ = ! s\p4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,klaus5burg1 ,transylvania1 a cock is buri$ on ! h>ve/-field 9 ! e>?1 s t only its head appe>s4 ,a "y man !n takes a scy! & cuts (f ! cock's head at a s+le sweep4 ,if he fails to d ?is1 he is call$ ! ,r$ ,cock = a :ole ye>1 & p fe> t next ye>'s crop w be bad4 ,ne> ,udv>hely1 9 ,transylvania1 a live cock is b\nd up 9 ! la/ %eaf & kill$ ) a spit4 ,x is !n sk9n$4 ,! fle% is ?r[n away1 b ! sk9 & fea!rs are kept till next ye>2 & 9 spr+ ! gra9 f ! la/ %eaf is mix$ ) ! fea!rs ( ! cock & scatt]$ on ! field :i* is to be till$4 ,no?+ c\ld set 9 a cle>] light ! id5tification ( ! cock ) ! _s ( ! corn4 ,by be+ ti$ up 9 ! la/ %eaf & kill$1 ! cock is id5tifi$ ) ! corn1 & its dea? ) ! cutt+ ( ! corn4 ,by keep+ its fea!rs till spr+1 !n mix+ !m ) ! se$-corn tak5 f ! v %eaf 9 :i* ! bird _h be5 b\nd1 & scatt]+ ! fea!rs toge!r ) ! se$ ov] ! field1 ! id5tity ( ! bird ) ! corn is aga9 emphasis$1 & its quick5+ & f]tilis+ p[]1 z an embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 is intimat$ 9 ! pla9e/ mann]4 ,?us ! corn-_s1 9 ! =m ( a cock1 is kill$ at h>ve/1 b rises to fre% life & activity 9 spr+4 ,aga91 ! equival5ce ( ! cock to ! corn is express$1 h>dly less pla9ly1 9 ! cu/om ( bury+ ! bird 9 ! gr\nd1 & cutt+ (f its head 7l ! e>s ( corn7 ) ! scy!4 #d4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,h>e ,,ano!r common embodim5t ( ! corn-_s is ! h>e4 ,9 ,gall[ay ! reap+ ( ! la/ /&+ corn is call$ cutt+ ! ,h>e4 ,! mode ( cutt+ x is z foll[s4 ,:5 ! re/ ( ! corn has be5 reap$1 a h&ful is left /&+ to =m ! ,h>e4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts & plait$1 & ! e>s are ti$ 9 a knot4 ,! reap]s !n retire a few y>ds & ea* ?r[s 8 or h] sickle 9 turn at ! ,h>e to cut x d[n4 ,x mu/ be cut bel[ ! knot1 & ! reap]s cont9ue to ?r[ _! sickles at x1 "o aft] ! o!r1 until "o ( !m succe$s 9 sev]+ ! /alks bel[ ! knot4 ,! ,h>e is !n c>ri$ home & giv5 to a maids]vant 9 ! kit*51 :o places x ov] ! kit*5-door on ! inside4 ,sometimes ! ,h>e us$ to be ?us kept till ! next h>ve/4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,m9nigaff1 :5 ! ,h>e 0 cut1 ! unm>ri$ reap]s ran home ) all spe$1 & ! "o :o arriv$ fir/ 0 ! fir/ to be m>ri$4 ,9 ,g]many also "o ( ! names = ! la/ %eaf is ! ,h>e4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ,anhalt1 :5 ! corn has be5 reap$ & only a few /alks are left /&+1 !y say1 ,! ,h>e w soon come1 or ! reap]s cry to ea* o!r1 ,look h[ ! ,h>e comes jump+ out4 ,9 ,ea/ ,prussia !y say t ! ,h>e sits 9 ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn1 & mu/ be *as$ out by ! la/ reap]4 ,! reap]s hurry ) _! "w1 ea* be+ anxi\s n to h to *ase out ! ,h>e2 = ! man :o does s1 t is1 :o cuts ! la/ corn1 is mu* laugh$ at4 ,at ,auri*1 z we h se51 an expression = cutt+ ! la/ corn is to cut (f ! ,h>e's tail4 ,he is kill+ ! ,h>e is commonly said ( ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn 9 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,9 ,norway ! man :o is ?us said to kill ! ,h>e mu/ give h>e's blood1 9 ! =m ( br&y1 to 8 fell[s to dr9k4 ,9 ,lesbos1 :5 ! reap]s are at "w 9 two neighb\r+ fields1 ea* p>ty tries to f9i% fir/ 9 ord] to drive ! ,h>e into _! neighb\r's field2 ! reap]s :o succe$ 9 do+ s believe t next ye> ! crop w be bett]4 ,a small %eaf ( corn is made up & kept beside ! holy picture till next h>ve/4 #e4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,cat ,,aga91 ! corn-_s sometimes takes ! =m ( a cat4 ,ne> ,kiel *ildr5 are w>n$ n to g into ! corn-fields because ! ,cat sits !re4 ,9 ! ,eis5a* ,ob]l& !y are told ! ,corn-cat w come & fet* y1 ! ,corn-cat goes 9 ! corn4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia at m[+ ! la/ corn !y say1 ,! ,cat is caught2 & at ?re%+1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke is call$ ! ,cat4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lyons ! la/ %eaf & ! h>ve/-supp] are bo? call$ ! ,cat4 ,ab\t ,ves\l :5 !y cut ! la/ corn !y say1 ,we h ! ,cat by ! tail4 ,at ,brianon1 9 ,dauph91 at ! beg9n+ ( reap+1 a cat is deck$ out ) ribbons1 fl[]s1 & e>s ( corn4 ,x is call$ ! ,cat ( ! ball-sk9 7le *at de peau de balle74 ,if a reap] is w\nd$ at 8 "w1 !y make ! cat lick ! w\nd4 ,at ! close ( ! reap+ ! cat is aga9 deck$ out ) ribbons & e>s ( corn2 !n !y dance & make m]ry4 ,:5 ! dance is ov] ! girls solemnly /rip ! cat ( its f9]y4 ,at ,grneb]g1 9 ,silesia1 ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ corn goes by ! "n ( ! ,tom-cat4 ,he is envelop$ 9 rye-/alks & gre5 )es1 & is furni%$ ) a long plait$ tail4 ,sometimes z a companion he has a man simil>ly dress$1 :o is call$ ! 7female7 ,cat4 ,_! duty is to run aft] p :om !y see & to beat !m ) a long /ick4 ,ne> ,ami5s ! expression = f9i%+ ! h>ve/ is1 ,!y are go+ to kill ! ,cat2 & :5 ! la/ corn is cut !y kill a cat 9 ! f>my>d4 ,at ?re%+1 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 a live cat is plac$ "u ! la/ bundle ( corn to be ?re%$1 & is /ruck dead ) ! flails4 ,!n on ,sunday x is roa/$ & eat5 z a holiday di%4 ,9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s ! close ( haymak+ or h>ve/ is call$ cat*+ ! cat1 kill+ ! dog1 or m r>ely cat*+ ! h>e4 ,! cat1 ! dog1 or ! h>e is said to be fat or lean accord+ z ! crop is good or bad4 ,! man :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( hay or ( :eat is said to cat* ! cat or ! h>e or to kill ! dog4 #f4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,goat ,,fur!r1 ! corn-_s (t5 appe>s 9 ! =m ( a goat4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,prussia1 :5 ! corn b5ds be=e ! w9d1 !y say1 ,! ,goats are *as+ ea* o!r1 ! w9d is driv+ ! ,goats ?r\gh ! corn1 ! ,goats are br[s+ !re1 & !y expect a v good h>ve/4 ,aga9 !y say1 ,! ,oats-goat is sitt+ 9 ! oats-field1 ! ,corn-goat is sitt+ 9 ! rye-field4 ,*ildr5 are w>n$ n to g into ! corn-fields to pluck ! blue corn-fl[]s1 or among/ ! beans to pluck pods1 because ! ,rye-goat1 ! ,corn-goat1 ! ,oats-goat1 or ! ,bean-goat is sitt+ or ly+ !re1 & w c>ry !m away or kill !m4 ,:5 a h>ve/] is tak5 sick or lags beh9d 8 fell[s at _! "w1 !y call out1 ,! ,h>ve/-goat has pu%$ him1 he has be5 pu%$ by ! ,corn-goat4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,braunsb]g 7,ea/ ,prussia7 at b9d+ ! oats e h>ve/] makes ha/e le/ ! ,corn-goat pu% him4 ,at ,oefot51 9 ,norway1 ea* reap] has 8 allott$ pat* to reap4 ,:5 a reap] 9 ! middle has n f9i%$ reap+ 8 piece aft] 8 neighb\rs h f9i%$ !irs1 !y say ( him1 ,he rema9s on ! isl&4 ,& if ! lagg>d is a man1 !y imitate ! cry ) :i* !y call a he-goat2 if a woman1 ! cry ) :i* !y call a %e-goat4 ,ne> ,/raub+1 9 ,l[] ,bav>ia1 x is said ( ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn t he has ! ,corn-goat1 or ! ,:eat-goat1 or ! ,oats-goat1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,moreov]1 two horns are set up on ! la/ heap ( corn1 & x is call$ ! horn$ ,goat4 ,at ,kreutzburg1 ,ea/ ,prussia1 !y call out to ! woman :o is b9d+ ! la/ %eaf1 ,! ,goat is sitt+ 9 ! %eaf4 ,at ,gabl+51 9 ,swabia1 :5 ! la/ field ( oats ^u a f>m is be+ reap$1 ! reap]s c>ve a goat out ( wood4 ,e>s ( oats are ins]t$ 9 its no/rils & m\?1 & x is adorn$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s4 ,x is set up on ! field & call$ ! ,oats-goat4 ,:5 ! reap+ approa*es an end1 ea* reap] ha/5s to f9i% 8 piece fir/2 he :o is ! la/ to f9i% gets ! ,oats-goat4 ,aga91 ! la/ %eaf is itself call$ ! ,goat4 ,?us1 9 ! valley ( ! ,wies5t1 ,bav>ia1 ! la/ %eaf b\nd on ! field is call$ ! ,goat1 & !y h a prov]b1 ,! field mu/ be> a goat4 ,at ,spa*brck51 9 ,hesse1 ! la/ h&ful ( corn :i* is cut is call$ ! ,goat1 & ! man :o cuts x is mu* ridicul$4 ,at ,drr5b*ig & ab\t ,mosba* 9 ,bad5 ! la/ %eaf is also call$ ! ,goat4 ,sometimes ! la/ %eaf is made up 9 ! =m ( a goat1 & !y say1 ,! ,goat is sitt+ 9 x4 ,aga91 ! p]son :o cuts or b9ds ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,goat4 ,?us1 9 p>ts ( ,meckl5burg !y call out to ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ %eaf1 ,y are ! ,h>ve/-goat4 ,ne> ,uelz51 9 ,hanov]1 ! h>ve/ fe/ival beg9s ) ! br++ ( ! ,h>ve/-goat2 t is1 ! woman :o b\nd ! la/ %eaf is wrapt 9 /raw1 cr[n$ ) a h>ve/-wrea?1 & br\ght 9 a :eel-b>r[ to ! village1 :]e a r\nd dance takes place4 ,ab\t ,luneburg1 also1 ! woman :o b9ds ! la/ corn is deck$ ) a cr[n ( corn-e>s & is call$ ! ,corn-goat4 ,at ,mnze%eim 9 ,bad5 ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( corn or oats is call$ ! ,corn-goat or ! ,oats-goat4 ,9 ! ,canton ,/4 ,gall1 ,switz]l&1 ! p]son :o cuts ! la/ h&ful ( corn on ! field1 or drives ! la/ h>ve/-waggon to ! b>n1 is call$ ! ,corn-goat or ! ,rye-goat1 or simply ! ,goat4 ,9 ! ,canton ,?urgau he is call$ ,corn-goat2 l a goat he has a bell hung r\nd 8 neck1 is l$ 9 triumph1 & dr5*$ ) liquor4 ,9 p>ts ( ,/yria1 also1 ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn is call$ ,corn-goat1 ,oats-goat1 or ! l4 ,z a rule1 ! man :o ?us gets ! "n ( ,corn-goat has to be> x a :ole ye> till ! next h>ve/4 ,accord+ to "o view1 ! corn-_s1 :o has be5 caught 9 ! =m ( a goat or o!rwise1 lives 9 ! f>mh\se or b>n ov] w9t]4 ,?us1 ea* f>m has its own embodim5t ( ! corn-_s4 ,b1 accord+ to ano!r view1 ! corn-_s is ! g5ius or deity1 n ( ! corn ( "o f>m only1 b ( all ! corn4 ,h5ce :5 ! corn on "o f>m is all cut1 he flees to ano!r :]e !re is /ill corn left /&+4 ,?is idea is br\ght out 9 a h>ve/-cu/om :i* 0 =m]ly obs]v$ 9 ,skye4 ,! f>m] :o fir/ f9i%$ reap+ s5t a man or woman ) a %eaf to a neighb\r+ f>m] :o _h n f9i%$2 ! latt] 9 8 turn1 :5 he _h f9i%$1 s5t on ! %eaf to 8 neighb\r :o 0 /ill reap+2 & s ! %eaf made ! r\nd ( ! f>ms till all ! corn 0 cut4 ,! %eaf 0 call$ ! goabbir bhacagh1 t is1 ! ,cripple ,goat4 ,! cu/om appe>s n to be ext9ct at ! pres5t day1 = x 0 report$ f ,skye n v _m ye>s ago4 ,! corn-_s 0 probably ?us repres5t$ z lame because he _h be5 crippl$ by ! cutt+ ( ! corn4 ,sometimes ! old woman :o br+s home ! la/ %eaf mu/ limp on "o foot4 ,b sometimes ! corn-_s1 9 ! =m ( a goat1 is believ$ to be sla9 on ! h>ve/-field by ! sickle or scy!4 ,?us1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]nka/el1 on ! ,moselle1 ! reap]s det]m9e by lot ! ord] 9 :i* !y %all foll[ ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! =e-reap]1 ! la/ ! tail-be>]4 ,if a reap] ov]takes ! man 9 front he reaps pa/ him1 b5d+ r\nd s z to leave ! sl[] reap] 9 a pat* by himself4 ,?is pat* is call$ ! ,goat2 & ! man = :om ! ,goat is cut 9 ?is way1 is laugh$ & je]$ at by 8 fell[s = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,:5 ! tail-be>] cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn1 x is said1 ,he is cutt+ ! ,goat's neck (f4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gr5oble1 be=e ! end ( ! reap+1 a live goat is adorn$ ) fl[]s & ribbons & all[$ to run ab\t ! field4 ,! reap]s *ase x & try to cat* x4 ,:5 x is caught1 ! f>m]'s wife holds x fa/ :ile ! f>m] cuts (f its head4 ,! goat's fle% s]ves to furni% ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,a piece ( ! fle% is pickl$ & kept till ! next h>ve/1 :5 ano!r goat is kill$4 ,!n all ! h>ve/]s eat ( ! fle%4 ,on ! same day ! sk9 ( ! goat is made into a cloak1 :i* ! f>m]1 :o works ) 8 m51 mu/ always we> at h>ve/-"t if ra9 or bad wea!r sets 94 ,b if a reap] gets pa9s 9 8 back1 ! f>m] gives him ! goat-sk9 to we>4 ,! reason = ?is seems to be t ! pa9s 9 ! back1 be+ inflict$ by ! corn-_s1 c also be heal$ by x4 ,simil>ly1 we saw t else:]e1 :5 a reap] is w\nd$ at reap+1 a cat1 z ! repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 is made to lick ! w\nd4 ,e/honian reap]s ( ! isl& ( ,mon ?9k t ! man :o cuts ! fir/ e>s ( corn at h>ve/ w get pa9s 9 8 back1 probably because ! corn-_s is believ$ to res5t especially ! fir/ w\nd2 &1 9 ord] to escape pa9s 9 ! back1 ,saxon reap]s 9 ,transylvania gird _! lo9s ) ! fir/ h&ful ( e>s :i* !y cut4 ,"h1 aga91 ! corn-_s is appli$ to = heal+ or protection1 b 9 8 orig9al vegetable =m1 n 9 ! =m ( a goat or a cat4 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s "u ! =m ( a goat is sometimes conceiv$ z lurk+ among ! cut corn 9 ! b>n1 till he is driv5 f x by ! ?re%+-flail4 ,?us 9 ,bad5 ! la/ %eaf to be ?re%$ is call$ ! ,corn-goat1 ! ,spelt-goat1 or ! ,oats-goat accord+ to ! k9d ( gra94 ,aga91 ne> ,m>ktl1 9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 ! %eaves are call$ ,/raw-goats or simply ,goats4 ,!y are laid 9 a great heap on ! op5 field & ?re%$ by two r[s ( m5 /&+ opposite ea* o!r1 :o1 z !y ply _! flails1 s+ a song 9 :i* !y say t !y see ! ,/raw-goat among/ ! corn-/alks4 ,! la/ ,goat1 t is1 ! la/ %eaf1 is adorn$ ) a wrea? ( violets & o!r fl[]s & ) cakes /rung toge!r4 ,x is plac$ "r 9 ! middle ( ! heap4 ,"s ( ! ?re%]s ru% at x & te> ! be/ ( x out2 o!rs lay on ) _! flails s recklessly t heads are sometimes brok54 ,at ,ob]9ntal1 9 ! ,tyrol1 ! la/ ?re%] is call$ ,goat4 ,s at ,haselb]g1 9 ,we/ ,bohemia1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ oats is call$ ! ,oats-goat4 ,at ,tettnang1 9 ,wrtemburg1 ! ?re%] :o gives ! la/ /roke to ! la/ bundle ( corn be=e x is turn$ goes by ! "n ( ! ,he-goat1 & x is said1 ,he has driv5 ! ,he-goat away4 ,! p]son :o1 aft] ! bundle has be5 turn$1 gives ! la/ /roke ( all1 is call$ ! ,%e-goat4 ,9 ?is cu/om x is impli$ t ! corn is inhabit$ by a pair ( corn-spirits1 male & female4 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s1 captur$ 9 ! =m ( a goat at ?re%+1 is pass$ on to a neighb\r ^: ?re%+ is n yet f9i%$4 ,9 ,fran*e ,comt1 z soon z ! ?re%+ is ov]1 ! "y p set up a /raw figure ( a goat on ! f>my>d ( a neighb\r :o is /ill ?re%+4 ,he mu/ give !m w9e or money 9 return4 ,at ,ellwang51 9 ,wrtemburg1 ! effigy ( a goat is made out ( ! la/ bundle ( corn at ?re%+2 f\r /icks =m its legs1 & two its horns4 ,! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail mu/ c>ry ! ,goat to ! b>n ( a neighb\r :o is /ill ?re%+ & ?r[ x d[n on ! floor2 if he is caught 9 ! act1 !y tie ! ,goat on 8 back4 ,a simil> cu/om is obs]v$ at ,ind]sdorf1 9 ,upp] ,bav>ia2 ! man :o ?r[s ! /raw ,goat into ! neighb\r's b>n imitates ! bleat+ ( a goat2 if !y cat* him1 !y black5 8 face & tie ! ,goat on 8 back4 ,at ,sav]ne1 9 ,alsace1 :5 a f>m] is a week or m beh9d 8 neighb\rs ) 8 ?re%+1 !y set a real /uff$ goat or fox be=e 8 door4 ,sometimes ! _s ( ! corn 9 goat =m is believ$ to be kill$ at ?re%+4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,traun/e91 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 !y ?9k t ! ,oats-goat is 9 ! la/ %eaf ( oats4 ,he is repres5t$ by an old rake set up on end1 ) an old pot = a head4 ,! *ildr5 are !n told to kill ! ,oats-goat4 #g4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,bull1 ,c[1 or ,ox ,,ano!r =m :i* ! corn-_s (t5 assumes is t ( a bull1 c[1 or ox4 ,:5 ! w9d sweeps ov] ! corn !y say at ,conitz1 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 ,! ,/e] is runn+ 9 ! corn2 :5 ! corn is ?ick & /rong 9 "o spot1 !y say 9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/ ,prussia1 ,! ,bull is ly+ 9 ! corn4 ,:5 a h>ve/] has ov]/ra9$ & lam$ himself1 !y say 9 ! ,graud5z di/rict ( ,we/ ,prussia1 ,! ,bull pu%$ him2 9 ,lorra9e !y say1 ,he has ! ,bull4 ,! mean+ ( bo? expressions is t he has unwitt+ly light$ ^u ! div9e corn-_s1 :o has puni%$ ! pr(ane intrud] ) lam5ess4 ,s ne> ,*ambry :5 a reap] w\nds himself ) 8 sickle1 x is said t he has ! w\nd ( ! ,ox4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,bunzlau 7,silesia7 ! la/ %eaf is sometimes made into ! %ape ( a horn$ ox1 /uff$ ) t[ & wrapt 9 corn-e>s4 ,?is figure is call$ ! ,old ,man4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia ! la/ %eaf is made up 9 human =m & call$ ! ,buffalo-bull4 ,^! cases %[ a confusion ( ! human ) ! animal %ape ( ! corn-_s4 ,! confusion is l t ( kill+ a we!r "u ! "n ( a wolf4 ,all ov] ,swabia ! la/ bundle ( corn on ! field is call$ ! ,c[2 ! man :o cuts ! la/ e>s has ! ,c[1 & is himself call$ ,c[ or ,b>ley-c[ or ,oats-c[1 accord+ to ! crop2 at ! h>ve/-supp] he gets a nosegay ( fl[]s & corn-e>s & a m lib]al all[ance ( dr9k ?an ! re/4 ,b he is teas$ & laugh$ at2 s no "o likes to be ! ,c[4 ,! ,c[ 0 sometimes repres5t$ by ! figure ( a woman made out ( e>s ( corn & corn-fl[]s4 ,x 0 c>ri$ to ! f>mh\se by ! man :o _h cut ! la/ h&ful ( corn4 ,! *ildr5 ran aft] him & ! neighb\rs turn$ out to laugh at him1 till ! f>m] took ! ,c[ f him4 ,"h aga9 ! confusion betwe5 ! human & ! animal =m ( ! corn-_s is app>5t4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,switz]l& ! reap] :o cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn is call$ ,:eat-c[1 ,corn-c[1 ,oats-c[1 or ,corn-/e]1 & is ! butt ( _m a joke4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ros5heim1 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 :5 a f>m] is lat] ( gett+ 9 8 h>ve/ ?an 8 neighb\rs1 !y set up on 8 l& a ,/raw-bull1 z x is call$4 ,?is is a gigantic figure ( a bull made ( /ubble on a framework ( wood & adorn$ ) fl[]s & leaves4 ,atta*$ to x is a label on :i* are scrawl$ dogg]el v]ses 9 ridicule ( ! man on ^: l& ! ,/raw-bull is set up4 ,aga91 ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a bull or ox is kill$ on ! h>ve/-field at ! close ( ! reap+4 ,at ,p\illy1 ne> ,dijon1 :5 ! la/ e>s ( corn are ab\t to be cut1 an ox adorn$ ) ribbons1 fl[]s1 & e>s ( corn is l$ all r\nd ! field1 foll[$ by ! :ole troop ( reap]s danc+4 ,!n a man disguis$ z ! ,devil cuts ! la/ e>s ( corn & imm$iately slaught]s ! ox4 ,"p ( ! fle% ( ! animal is eat5 at ! h>ve/-supp]2 "p is pickl$ & kept till ! fir/ day ( s[+ 9 spr+4 ,at ,pont ,m\sson & else:]e on ! ev5+ ( ! la/ day ( reap+1 a calf adorn$ ) fl[]s & e>s ( corn is l$ ?rice r\nd ! f>my>d1 be+ allur$ by a bait or driv5 by m5 ) /icks1 or conduct$ by ! f>m]'s wife ) a rope4 ,! calf *os5 = ?is c]emony is ! calf :i* 0 born fir/ on ! f>m 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,x is foll[$ by all ! reap]s ) _! tools4 ,!n x is all[$ to run free2 ! reap]s *ase x1 & :oev] cat*es x is call$ ,k+ ( ! ,calf4 ,la/ly1 x is solemnly kill$2 at ,lunville ! man :o acts z but*] is ! ,jewi% m]*ant ( ! village4 ,sometimes aga9 ! corn-_s hides himself among/ ! cut corn 9 ! b>n to reappe> 9 bull or c[ =m at ?re%+4 ,?us at ,wurml+51 9 ,?r+51 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is call$ ! ,c[1 or r ! ,b>ley-c[1 ,oats-c[1 ,peas-c[1 or ! l1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,he is entirely envelop$ 9 /raw2 8 head is surm\nt$ by /icks 9 imitation ( horns1 & two lads lead him by ropes to ! well to dr9k4 ,on ! way ?i!r he mu/ l[ l a c[1 & = a long "t aft]w>ds he goes by ! "n ( ! ,c[4 ,at ,ob]m$l+51 9 ,swabia1 :5 ! ?re%+ draws ne> an end1 ea* man is c>eful to avoid giv+ ! la/ /roke4 ,he :o does give x gets ! ,c[1 :i* is a /raw figure dress$ 9 an old ragg$ petticoat1 hood1 & /ock+s4 ,x is ti$ on 8 back ) a /raw-rope2 8 face is black5$1 & be+ b\nd ) /raw-ropes to a :eelb>r[ he is :eel$ r\nd ! village4 ,"h1 aga91 we meet ) t confusion betwe5 ! human & animal %ape ( ! corn-_s :i* we h not$ 9 o!r cu/oms4 ,9 ,canton ,s*affhaus5 ! man :o ?re%es ! la/ corn is call$ ! ,c[2 9 ,canton ,?urgau1 ! ,corn-bull2 9 ,canton ,zuri*1 ! ,?re%]-c[4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ di/rict he is wrapt 9 /raw & b\nd to "o ( ! trees 9 ! or*>d4 ,at ,arad1 9 ,hung>y1 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ is envelop$ 9 /raw & a c['s hide ) ! horns atta*$ to x4 ,at ,pessnitz1 9 ! di/rict ( ,dresd51 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is call$ ,bull4 ,he mu/ make a /raw-man & set x up be=e a neighb\r's w9d[4 ,"h1 app>5tly1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! corn-_s is pass$ on to a neighb\r :o has n f9i%$ ?re%+4 ,s at ,h]bre*t+51 9 ,?r+51 ! effigy ( a ragg$ old woman is flung into ! b>n ( ! f>m] :o is la/ ) 8 ?re%+4 ,! man :o ?r[s x 9 cries1 ,!re is ! ,c[ = y4 ,if ! ?re%]s cat* him !y deta9 him ov] night & puni% him by keep+ him f ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,9 ^! latt] cu/oms ! confusion betwe5 ! human & ! animal %ape ( ! corn-_s meets u aga94 ,fur!r1 ! corn-_s 9 bull =m is sometimes believ$ to be kill$ at ?re%+4 ,at ,aux]re1 9 ?re%+ ! la/ bundle ( corn1 !y call out twelve times1 ,we are kill+ ! ,bull4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bordeaux1 :]e a but*] kills an ox on ! field imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! reap+1 x is said ( ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ t he has kill$ ! ,bull4 ,at ,*ambry ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! %eaf ( ! ,"y ,ox1 & a race takes place to x 9 :i* all ! reap]s jo94 ,:5 ! la/ /roke is giv5 at ?re%+ !y say t ! ,ox is kill$2 & imm$iately !reupon a real ox is slaught]$ by ! reap] :o cut ! la/ corn4 ,! fle% ( ! ox is eat5 by ! ?re%]s at supp]4 ,we h se5 t sometimes ! "y corn-_s1 ^: task x is to quick5 ! corn ( ! com+ ye>1 is believ$ to be born z a ,corn-baby on ! h>ve/-field4 ,simil>ly 9 ,b]ry ! "y corn-_s is sometimes suppos$ to be born on ! field 9 calf =m2 = :5 a b9d] has n rope en\gh to b9d all ! corn 9 %eaves1 he puts aside ! :eat t rema9s ov] & imitates ! l[+ ( a c[4 ,! mean+ is t ! %eaf has giv5 bir? to a calf4 ,9 ,puy-de-,dme :5 a b9d] _c keep up ) ! reap] :om he or %e foll[s1 !y say ,he 7or %e7 is giv+ bir? to ! ,calf4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,prussia1 9 simil> circum/ances1 !y call out to ! woman1 ,! ,bull is com+1 & imitate ! bell[+ ( a bull4 ,9 ^! cases ! woman is conceiv$ z ! ,corn-c[ or old corn-_s1 :ile ! suppos$ calf is ! ,corn-calf or "y corn-_s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,au/ria a my?ical calf 7,muhklb*57 is believ$ to be se5 among/ ! spr\t+ corn 9 spr+ & to pu% ! *ildr52 :5 ! corn waves 9 ! w9d !y say1 ,! ,calf is go+ ab\t4 ,cle>ly1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 ?is calf ( ! spr+-"t is ! same animal :i* is aft]w>ds believ$ to be kill$ at reap+4 #h4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,horse or ,m>e ,,sometimes ! corn-_s appe>s 9 ! %ape ( a horse or m>e4 ,betwe5 ,kalw & ,/uttg>t1 :5 ! corn b5ds be=e ! w9d1 !y say1 ,!re runs ! ,horse4 ,at ,bohl+51 ne> ,radolfzell 9 ,bad51 ! la/ %eaf ( oats is call$ ! ,oats-/allion4 ,9 ,h]t=d%ire1 at ! end ( ! reap+1 !re is or us$ to be obs]v$ a c]emony call$ cry+ ! ,m>e4 ,! la/ blades ( corn left /&+ on ! field are ti$ toge!r & call$ ! ,m>e4 ,! reap]s /& at a di/ance & ?r[ _! sickles at x2 he :o cuts x ?r\gh has ! prize1 ) acclamations & good *e]4 ,aft] x is cut ! reap]s cry ?rice ) a l\d voice1 ,i h h]6 ,o!rs answ] ?rice1 ,:at h y8--,a ,m>e6 a ,m>e6 a ,m>e6--,^: is %e8 is next ask$ ?rice4 ,a4 ,b4's1 nam+ ! own] ?rice4 ,:i!r w y s5d h]8--,to ,c4 ,d41 nam+ "s neighb\r :o has n reap$ all 8 corn4 ,9 ?is cu/om ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a m>e is pass$ on f a f>m :]e ! corn is all cut to ano!r f>m :]e x is /ill /&+1 & :]e !re=e ! corn-_s may be suppos$ naturally to take refuge4 ,9 ,%rop%ire ! cu/om is simil>4 ,! f>m] :o f9i%es 8 h>ve/ la/1 & :o !re=e _c s5d ! ,m>e to any "o else1 is said to keep h] all w9t]4 ,! mock+ (f] ( ! ,m>e to a lagg>d neighb\r 0 sometimes respond$ to by a mock+ acceptance ( h] help4 ,?us an old man told an inquir]1 ,:ile we wun at supp]1 a mon cumm'd wi' a aut> halt] to fat* h] away4 ,at "o place a real m>e us$ to be s5t1 b ! man :o rode h] 0 subject$ to "s r\gh treatm5t at ! f>mh\se to :i* he paid 8 unwelcome visit4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lille ! idea ( ! corn-_s 9 horse =m is cle>ly pres]v$4 ,:5 a h>ve/] gr[s we>y at 8 "w1 x is said1 ,he has ! fatigue ( ! ,horse4 ,! fir/ %eaf1 call$ ! ,cross ( ! ,horse1 is plac$ on a cross ( boxwood 9 ! b>n1 & ! y\nge/ horse on ! f>m mu/ tread on x4 ,! reap]s dance r\nd ! la/ blades ( corn1 cry+1 ,see ! rema9s ( ! ,horse4 ,! %eaf made out ( ^! la/ blades is giv5 to ! y\nge/ horse ( ! p>i% 7commune7 to eat4 ,?is y\nge/ horse ( ! p>i% cle>ly repres5ts1 z ,mannh>dt says1 ! corn-_s ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! ,corn-foal1 :i* absorbs ! _s ( ! old ,corn-horse by eat+ ! la/ corn cut2 =1 z usual1 ! old corn-_s takes 8 f9al refuge 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,! ?re%] ( ! la/ %eaf is said to beat ! ,horse4 #i4 ,! ,corn-_s z a ,pig 7,bo> or ,s[7 ,,! ,,la/ animal embodim5t ( ! corn-_s :i* we %all notice is ! pig 7bo> or s[74 ,9 ,?r+51 :5 ! w9d sets ! "y corn 9 motion1 !y sometimes say1 ,! ,bo> is ru%+ ?r\gh ! corn4 ,among/ ! ,e/honians ( ! isl& ( ,oesel ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,ryebo>1 & ! man :o gets x is salut$ ) a cry ( ,y h ! ,rye-bo> on y\r back6 ,9 reply he /rikes up a song1 9 :i* he prays = pl5ty4 ,at ,kohl]w9kel1 ne> ,augsburg1 at ! close ( ! h>ve/1 ! la/ bun* ( /&+ corn is cut d[n1 /alk by /alk1 by all ! reap]s 9 turn4 ,he :o cuts ! la/ /alk gets ! ,s[1 & is laugh$ at4 ,9 o!r ,swabian villages also ! man :o cuts ! la/ corn has ! ,s[1 or has ! ,rye-s[4 ,at ,bohl+51 ne> ,radolfzell 9 ,bad51 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,rye-s[ or ! ,:eat-s[1 accord+ to ! crop2 & at ,rhr5ba* 9 ,bad5 ! p]son :o br+s ! la/ armful = ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,corn-s[ or ! ,oats-s[4 ,at ,fri$+51 9 ,swabia1 ! ?re%] :o gives ! la/ /roke is call$ ,s[--,b>ley-s[1 ,corn-s[1 or ! l1 accord+ to ! crop4 ,at ,on/mett+5 ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ has ! ,s[2 he is (t5 b\nd up 9 a %eaf & dragg$ by a rope along ! gr\nd4 ,&1 g5]ally1 9 ,swabia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke ) ! flail is call$ ,s[4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 rid himself ( ?is invidi\s di/9ction by pass+ on to a neighb\r ! /raw-rope1 :i* is ! badge ( 8 position z ,s[4 ,s he goes to a h\se & ?r[s ! /raw-rope into x1 cry+1 ,!re1 ,i br+ y ! ,s[4 ,all ! inmates give *ase2 & if !y cat* him !y beat him1 %ut him up = sev]al h\rs 9 ! pig-/y1 & oblige him to take ! ,s[ away aga94 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,upp] ,bav>ia ! man :o gives ! la/ /roke at ?re%+ mu/ c>ry ! ,pig--t is1 ei!r a /raw effigy ( a pig or m]ely a bundle ( /raw-ropes4 ,?is he c>ries to a neighb\r+ f>m :]e ! ?re%+ is n f9i%$1 & ?r[s x into ! b>n4 ,if ! ?re%]s cat* him !y h&le him r\ghly1 beat+ him1 black5+ or dirty+ 8 face1 ?r[+ him into fil?1 b9d+ ! ,s[ on 8 back1 & s on2 if ! be>] ( ! ,s[ is a woman !y cut (f h] hair4 ,at ! h>ve/ supp] or d9n] ! man :o c>ri$ ! ,pig gets "o or m dumpl+s made 9 ! =m ( pigs4 ,:5 ! dumpl+s are s]v$ up by ! maids]vant1 all ! p at table cry ,sz1 sz1 sz 6 t be+ ! cry us$ 9 call+ pigs4 ,sometimes aft] d9n] ! man :o c>ri$ ! ,pig has 8 face black5$1 & is set on a c>t & drawn r\nd ! village by 8 fell[s1 foll[$ by a cr[d cry+ ,sz1 sz1 sz 6 z if !y 7 call+ sw9e4 ,sometimes1 aft] be+ :eel$ r\nd ! village1 he is flung on ! dunghill4 ,aga91 ! corn-_s 9 ! =m ( a pig plays 8 "p at s[+-"t z well z at h>ve/4 ,at ,neuautz1 9 ,c\rl&1 :5 b>ley is s[n = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ye>1 ! f>m]'s wife boils ! *9e ( a pig along ) ! tail1 & br+s x to ! s[] on ! field4 ,he eats ( x1 b cuts (f ! tail & /icks x 9 ! field2 x is believ$ t ! e>s ( corn w !n gr[ z long z ! tail4 ,"h ! pig is ! corn-_s1 ^: f]tilis+ p[] is sometimes suppos$ to lie especially 9 8 tail4 ,z a pig he is put 9 ! gr\nd at s[+-"t1 & z a pig he reappe>s among/ ! ripe corn at h>ve/4 ,= among/ ! neighb\r+ ,e/honians1 z we h se51 ! la/ %eaf is call$ ! ,rye-bo>4 ,some:at simil> cu/oms are obs]v$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,salza di/rict1 ne> ,me9+51 a c]ta9 bone 9 ! pig is call$ ! ,jew on ! w9n[+-fan4 ,! fle% ( ?is bone is boil$ on ,%rove ,tuesday1 b ! bone is put among/ ! a%es :i* ! neighb\rs ex*ange z pres5ts on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 7! tw5ty-second ( ,febru>y71 & !n mix ) ! se$corn4 ,9 ! :ole ( ,hesse1 ,me9+51 & o!r di/ricts1 p eat pea-s\p ) dri$ pig-ribs on ,a% ,w$nesday or ,c&lemas4 ,! ribs are !n collect$ & hung 9 ! room till s[+-"t1 :5 !y are ins]t$ 9 ! s[n field or 9 ! se$-bag among/ ! flax se$4 ,?is is ?\ght to be an infallible specific aga9/ e>?-fleas & moles1 & to cause ! flax to gr[ well & tall4 ,b ! idea ( ! corn-_s z embodi$ 9 pig =m is n[h]e m cle>ly express$ ?an 9 ! ,sc&9avian cu/om ( ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,9 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k at ,yule 7,*ri/mas7 x is ! cu/om to bake a loaf 9 ! =m ( a bo>-pig4 ,?is is call$ ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,! corn ( ! la/ %eaf is (t5 us$ to make x4 ,all ?r\gh ,yule ! ,yule ,bo> /&s on ! table4 ,(t5 x is kept till ! s[+-"t 9 spr+1 :5 "p ( x is mix$ ) ! se$-corn & "p giv5 to ! pl\ghman & pl\gh-horses or pl\ghox5 to eat1 9 ! expectation ( a good h>ve/4 ,9 ?is cu/om ! corn-_s1 imman5t 9 ! la/ %eaf1 appe>s at midw9t] 9 ! =m ( a bo> made f ! corn ( ! la/ %eaf2 & 8 quick5+ influ5ce on ! corn is %[n by mix+ "p ( ! ,yule ,bo> ) ! se$-corn1 & giv+ "p ( x to ! pl\ghman & 8 cattle to eat4 ,simil>ly we saw t ! ,corn-wolf makes 8 appe>ance at mid-w9t]1 ! "t :5 ! ye> beg9s to v]ge t[>ds spr+4 ,=m]ly a real bo> 0 sacrific$ at ,*ri/mas1 & app>5tly also a man 9 ! "* ( ! ,yule ,bo>4 ,?is1 at lea/1 may p]haps be inf]r$ f a ,*ri/mas cu/om /ill obs]v$ 9 ,sw$54 ,a man is wrapt up 9 a sk91 & c>ries a wisp ( /raw 9 8 m\?1 s t ! project+ /raws look l ! bri/les ( a bo>4 ,a knife is br\ght1 & an old woman1 ) h] face black5$1 pret5ds to sacrifice him4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,e/honian isl& ( ,oesel !y bake a long cake ) ! two ends turn$ up4 ,x is call$ ! ,*ri/mas ,bo>1 & /&s on ! table till ! morn+ ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 :5 x is di/ribut$ among ! cattle4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! isl& ! ,*ri/mas ,bo> is n a cake b a little pig born 9 ,m>*1 :i* ! h\sewife fatt5s secretly1 (t5 )\t ! k ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve ! little pig is secretly kill$1 !n roa/$ 9 ! ov51 & set on ! table /&+ on all f\rs1 :]e x rema9s 9 ?is po/ure = sev]al days4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! isl&1 aga91 ?\gh ! ,*ri/mas cake has nei!r ! "n nor ! %ape ( a bo>1 x is kept till ! ,new ,ye>1 :5 half ( x is divid$ among all ! memb]s & all ! quadrup$s ( ! family4 ,! o!r half ( ! cake is kept till s[+-"t comes r\nd1 :5 x is simil>ly di/ribut$ 9 ! morn+ among human be+s & bea/s4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,e/honia1 aga91 ! ,*ri/mas ,bo>1 z x is call$1 is bak$ ( ! fir/ rye cut at h>ve/2 x has a conical %ape & a cross is impress$ on x ) a pig's bone or a key1 or ?ree d9ts are made 9 x ) a buckle or a piece ( *>coal4 ,x /&s ) a light beside x on ! table all ?r\gh ! fe/al season4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day & ,epiphany1 be=e sunrise1 a little ( ! cake is crumbl$ ) salt & giv5 to ! cattle4 ,! re/ is kept till ! day :5 ! cattle are driv5 out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t 9 spr+4 ,x is !n put 9 ! h]dsman's bag1 & at ev5+ is divid$ among ! cattle to gu>d !m f magic & h>m4 ,9 "s places ! ,*ri/mas ,bo> is p>tak5 ( by f>m-s]vants & cattle at ! "t ( ! b>ley s[+1 = ! purpose ( !reby produc+ a heavi] crop4 #aj4 ,on ! ,animal ,embodim5ts ( ! ,corn-_s ,,s mu* = ! animal embodim5ts ( ! corn-_s z !y are pres5t$ to u 9 ! folk-cu/oms ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,^! cu/oms br+ out cle>ly ! sacram5tal "* ( ! h>ve/-supp]4 ,! corn-_s is conceiv$ z embodi$ 9 an animal2 ?is div9e animal is sla91 & its fle% & blood are p>tak5 ( by ! h>ve/]s4 ,?us ! cock1 ! h>e1 ! cat1 ! goat1 & ! ,,ox are eat5 sacram5tally by ! h>ve/]1 & ! pig is eat5 sacram5tally by pl\ghm5 9 spr+4 ,aga91 z a sub/itute = ! real fle% ( ! div9e be+1 bread or dumpl+s are made 9 8 image & eat5 sacram5tally2 ?us1 pig-%ap$ dumpl+s are eat5 by ! h>ve/]s1 & loaves made 9 bo>-%ape 7! ,yule ,bo>7 are eat5 9 spr+ by ! pl\ghman & 8 cattle4 ,! read] has probably rem>k$ ! complete p>allelism betwe5 ! conceptions ( ! corn-_s 9 human & 9 animal =m4 ,! p>allel may be "h briefly resum$4 ,:5 ! corn waves 9 ! w9d x is said ei!r t ! ,corn-"m or t ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 is pass+ ?r\gh ! corn4 ,*ildr5 are w>n$ aga9/ /ray+ 9 corn-fields ei!r because ! ,corn-"m or because ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 is !re4 ,9 ! la/ corn cut or ! la/ %eaf ?re%$ ei!r ! ,corn-"m or ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 is suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,! la/ %eaf is itself call$ ei!r ! ,corn-"m or ! ,corn-wolf1 etc41 & is made up 9 ! %ape ei!r ( a woman or ( a wolf1 etc4 ,! p]son :o cuts1 b9ds1 or ?re%es ! la/ %eaf is call$ ei!r ! ,old ,woman or ! ,wolf1 etc41 accord+ to ! "n be/[$ on ! %eaf itself4 ,z 9 "s places a %eaf made 9 human =m & call$ ! ,maid51 ! ,"m ( ! ,maize1 etc41 is kept f "o h>ve/ to ! next 9 ord] to secure a cont9uance ( ! corn-_s's bless+1 s 9 "s places ! ,h>ve/-cock & 9 o!rs ! fle% ( ! goat is kept = a simil> purpose f "o h>ve/ to ! next4 ,z 9 "s places ! gra9 tak5 f ! ,corn-"m is mix$ ) ! se$-corn 9 spr+ to make ! crop abundant1 s 9 "s places ! fea!rs ( ! cock1 & 9 ,sw$5 ! ,yule ,bo>1 are kept till spr+ & mix$ ) ! se$-corn = a l purpose4 ,z "p ( ! ,corn-"m or ,maid5 is giv5 to ! cattle at ,*ri/mas or to ! horses at ! fir/ pl\gh+1 s "p ( ! ,yule ,bo> is giv5 to ! pl\gh+ horses or ox5 9 spr+4 ,la/ly1 ! dea? ( ! corn-_s is repres5t$ by kill+ or pret5d+ to kill ei!r 8 human or 8 animal repres5tative2 & ! wor%ipp]s p>take sacram5tally ei!r ( ! actual body & blood ( ! repres5tative ( ! div9ity1 or ( bread made 9 8 lik5ess4 ,o!r animal =ms assum$ by ! corn-_s are ! fox1 /ag1 roe1 %eep1 be>1 ass1 m\se1 quail1 /ork1 swan1 & kite4 ,if x is ask$ :y ! corn-_s %\ld be ?\ght to appe> 9 ! =m ( an animal & ( s _m diff]5t animals1 we may reply t to primitive man ! simple appe>ance ( an animal or bird among ! corn is probably en\gh to sugge/ a my/]i\s l9k betwe5 ! creature & ! corn2 & :5 we rememb] t 9 ! old days1 be=e fields 7 f5c$ 91 all k9ds ( animals mu/ h be5 free to roam ov] !m1 we ne$ n wond] t ! corn-_s %\ld h be5 id5tifi$ ev5 ) l>ge animals l ! horse & c[1 :i* n[adays c\ld n1 except by a r>e accid5t1 be f\nd /ray+ 9 an ,engli% corn-field4 ,?is explanation applies ) peculi> =ce to ! v common case 9 :i* ! animal embodim5t ( ! corn-_s is believ$ to lurk 9 ! la/ /&+ corn4 ,= at h>ve/ a numb] ( wild animals1 su* z h>es1 rabbits1 & p>tridges1 are commonly driv5 by ! progress ( ! reap+ into ! la/ pat* ( /&+ corn1 & make _! escape f x z x is be+ cut d[n4 ,s regul>ly does ?is happ5 t reap]s & o!rs (t5 /& r\nd ! la/ pat* ( corn arm$ ) /icks or guns1 ) :i* !y kill ! animals z !y d>t out ( _! la/ refuge among ! /alks4 ,n[1 primitive man1 to :om magical *anges ( %ape seem p]fectly cr$ible1 f9ds x mo/ natural t ! _s ( ! corn1 driv5 f 8 home 9 ! ripe gra91 %\ld make 8 escape 9 ! =m ( ! animal :i* is se5 to ru% out ( ! la/ pat* ( corn z x falls "u ! scy! ( ! reap]4 ,?us ! id5tification ( ! corn-_s ) an animal is analog\s to ! id5tification ( him ) a pass+ /rang]4 ,z ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a /rang] ne> ! h>ve/-field or ?re%+-floor is1 to ! primitive m9d1 en\gh to id5tify him z ! _s ( ! corn escap+ f ! cut or ?re%$ corn1 s ! sudd5 appe>ance ( an animal issu+ f ! cut corn is en\gh to id5tify x ) ! corn-_s escap+ f 8 ru9$ home4 ,! two id5tifications are s analog\s t !y c h>dly be dissociat$ 9 any attempt to expla9 !m4 ,^? :o look to "s o!r pr9ciple ?an ! "o "h sugge/$ = ! explanation ( ! latt] id5tification are b\nd to %[ t _! !ory cov]s ! =m] id5tification also4 ,,xlix4 ,anci5t ,deities ( ,vegetation z ,animals #a4 ,dionysus1 ! ,goat & ! ,bull ,,h[ev] we may expla9 x1 ! fact rema9s t 9 peasant folk-lore ! corn-_s is v commonly conceiv$ & repres5t$ 9 animal =m4 ,may n ?is fact expla9 ! relation 9 :i* c]ta9 animals /ood to ! anci5t deities ( vegetation1 ,dionysus1 ,demet]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris8 ,to beg9 ) ,dionysus4 ,we h se5 t he 0 repres5t$ sometimes z a goat & sometimes z a bull4 ,z a goat he c h>dly be sep>at$ f ! m9or div9ities1 ! ,pans1 ,satyrs1 & ,sil5uses1 all ( :om are closely associat$ ) him & are repres5t$ m or less completely 9 ! =m ( goats4 ,?us1 ,pan 0 regul>ly portray$ 9 sculpture & pa9t+ ) ! face & legs ( a goat4 ,! ,satyrs 7 depict$ ) po9t$ goat-e>s1 & sometimes ) spr\t+ horns & %ort tails4 ,!y 7 sometimes spok5 ( simply z goats2 & 9 ! drama _! p>ts 7 play$ by m5 dress$ 9 goatsk9s4 ,sil5us is repres5t$ 9 art clad 9 a goatsk94 ,fur!r1 ! ,fauns1 ! ,italian c\nt]p>t ( ! ,greek ,pans & ,satyrs1 are describ$ z be+ half goats1 ) goat-feet & goat-horns4 ,aga91 all ^! m9or goat-=m$ div9ities p>take m or less cle>ly ( ! "* ( woodl& deities4 ,?us1 ,pan 0 call$ by ! ,arcadians ! ,"l ( ! ,wood4 ,! ,sil5uses kept company ) ! tree-nymphs4 ,! ,fauns are expressly designat$ z woodl& deities2 & _! "* z su* is /ill fur!r br\ght out by _! association1 or ev5 id5tification1 ) ,silvanus & ! ,silvanuses1 :o1 z _! "n ( itself indicates1 are spirits ( ! woods4 ,la/ly1 ! association ( ! ,satyrs ) ! ,sil5uses1 ,fauns1 & ,silvanuses1 proves t ! ,satyrs also 7 woodl& deities4 ,^! goat-=m$ spirits ( ! woods h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,?us1 ! ,russian wood-spirits1 call$ ,ljes*ie 7f ljes1 wood71 are believ$ to appe> p>tly 9 human %ape1 b ) ! horns1 e>s1 & legs ( goats4 ,! ,ljes*i c alt] 8 /ature at pleasure2 :5 he walks 9 ! wood he is z tall z ! trees2 :5 he walks 9 ! mead[s he is no high] ?an ! grass4 ,"s ( ! ,ljes*ie are spirits ( ! corn z well z ( ! wood2 be=e h>ve/ !y are z tall z ! corn-/alks1 b aft] x !y %r9k to ! height ( ! /ubble4 ,?is br+s out--:at we h rem>k$ be=e--! close connexion betwe5 tree-spirits & corn-spirits1 & %[s h[ easily ! =m] may melt into ! latt]4 ,simil>ly ! ,fauns1 ?\gh wood-spirits1 7 believ$ to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,we h already se5 h[ (t5 ! corn-_s is repres5t$ 9 folk-cu/om z a goat4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 z ,mannh>dt argues1 ! ,pans1 ,satyrs1 & ,fauns p]haps belong to a widely diffus$ class ( wood-spirits conceiv$ 9 goat-=m4 ,! fondness ( goats = /ray+ 9 woods & nibbl+ ! b>k ( trees1 to :i* inde$ !y are mo/ de/ructive1 is an obvi\s & p]haps suffici5t reason :y wood-spirits %\ld s (t5 be suppos$ to take ! =m ( goats4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( a god ( vegetation subsi/+ ^u ! vegetation :i* he p]sonifies is n "o to /rike ! primitive m9d4 ,su* inconsi/5cies arise :5 ! deity1 ceas+ to be imman5t 9 ! vegetation1 comes to be reg>d$ z its own] or "l2 = ! idea ( own+ ! vegetation naturally leads to t ( subsi/+ on x4 ,sometimes ! corn-_s1 orig9ally conceiv$ z imman5t 9 ! corn1 aft]w>ds comes to be reg>d$ z its own]1 :o lives on x & is r$uc$ to pov]ty & want by be+ depriv$ ( x4 ,h5ce he is (t5 kn[n z ! ,poor ,man or ! ,poor ,woman4 ,occasionally ! la/ %eaf is left /&+ on ! field = ! ,poor ,old ,woman or = ! ,old ,rye-woman4 ,?us ! repres5tation ( wood-spirits 9 ! =m ( goats appe>s to be bo? widespread &1 to ! primitive m9d1 natural4 ,!re=e :5 we f9d1 z we h done1 t ,dionysus--a tree-god--is sometimes repres5t$ 9 goat-=m1 we c h>dly avoid conclud+ t ?is repres5tation is simply a "p ( 8 prop] "* z a tree-god & is n to be expla9$ by ! fusion ( two di/9ct & indep5d5t wor%ips1 9 "o ( :i* he orig9ally appe>$ z a tree-god & 9 ! o!r z a goat4 ,dionysus 0 also figur$1 z we h se51 9 ! %ape ( a bull4 ,aft] :at has gone be=e we are naturally l$ to expect t 8 bull =m mu/ h be5 only ano!r expression = 8 "* z a deity ( vegetation1 especially z ! bull is a common embodim5t ( ! corn-_s 9 ,nor!rn ,europe2 & ! close association ( ,dionysus ) ,demet] & ,p]sephone 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis %[s t he _h at lea/ /rong agricultural aff9ities4 ,! probability ( ?is view w be some:at increas$ if x c be %[n t 9 o!r rites ?an ^? ( ,dionysus ! anci5ts slew an ,,ox z a repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation4 ,?is !y appe> to h done 9 ! ,a!nian sacrifice kn[n z ! murd] ( ! ,,ox 7b\phonia74 ,x took place ab\t ! end ( ,june or beg9n+ ( ,july1 t is1 ab\t ! "t :5 ! ?re%+ is ne>ly ov] 9 ,attica4 ,accord+ to tradition ! sacrifice 0 in/itut$ to procure a cessation ( dr\ght & de>? :i* _h afflict$ ! l&4 ,! ritual 0 z foll[s4 ,b>ley mix$ ) :eat1 or cakes made ( !m1 7 laid ^u ! bronze alt> ( ,zeus ,polieus on ! ,acropolis4 ,ox5 7 driv5 r\nd ! alt>1 & ! ,,ox :i* w5t up to ! alt> & ate ! (f]+ on x 0 sacrific$4 ,! axe & knife ) :i* ! bea/ 0 sla9 _h be5 previ\sly wett$ ) wat] br\ght by maid5s call$ wat]-c>ri]s4 ,! weapons 7 !n %>p5$ & h&$ to ! but*]s1 "o ( :om fell$ ! ,,ox ) ! axe & ano!r cut its ?roat ) ! knife4 ,z soon z he _h fell$ ! ,,ox1 ! =m] ?rew ! axe f him & fl$2 & ! man :o cut ! bea/'s ?roat app>5tly imitat$ 8 example4 ,meantime ! ,,ox 0 sk9n$ & all pres5t p>took ( its fle%4 ,!n ! hide 0 /uff$ ) /raw & sew$ up2 next ! /uff$ animal 0 set on its feet & yok$ to a pl\gh z if x 7 pl\gh+4 ,a trial !n took place 9 an anci5t law-c\rt presid$ ov] by ! ,k+ 7z he 0 call$7 to det]m9e :o _h murd]$ ! ,,ox4 ,! maid5s :o _h br\ght ! wat] accus$ ! m5 :o _h %>p5$ ! axe & knife2 ! m5 :o _h %>p5$ ! axe & knife blam$ ! m5 :o _h h&$ ^! implem5ts to ! but*]s2 ! m5 :o _h h&$ ! implem5ts to ! but*]s blam$ ! but*]s2 & ! but*]s laid ! blame on ! axe & knife1 :i* 7 accord+ly f\nd guilty1 condemn$1 & ca/ into ! sea4 ,! "n ( ?is sacrifice1-- ! murd] ( ! ,,ox1--! pa9s tak5 by ea* p]son :o _h a h& 9 ! slaught] to lay ! blame on "s "o else1 toge!r ) ! =mal trial & puni%m5t ( ! axe or knife or bo?1 prove t ! ,,ox 0 "h reg>d$ n m]ely z a victim (f]$ to a god1 b z itself a sacr$ creature1 ! slaught] ( :i* 0 sacrilege or murd]4 ,?is is borne out by a /atem5t ( ,v>ro t to kill an ,,ox 0 =m]ly a capital crime 9 ,attica4 ,! mode ( select+ ! victim sugge/s t ! ,,ox :i* ta/$ ! corn 0 view$ z ! corn-deity tak+ possession ( 8 own4 ,?is int]pretation is support$ by ! foll[+ cu/om4 ,9 ,beauce1 9 ! di/rict ( ,orleans1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? or tw5ty-fif? ( ,april !y make a /raw man call$ ! great mond>d4 ,= !y say t ! old mond>d is n[ dead & x is necess>y to make a new "o4 ,! /raw man is c>ri$ 9 solemn procession up & d[n ! village & at la/ is plac$ ^u ! olde/ apple-tree4 ,!re he rema9s till ! apples are ga!r$1 :5 he is tak5 d[n & ?r[n into ! wat]1 or he is burn$ & 8 a%es ca/ into wat]4 ,b ! p]son :o plucks ! fir/ fruit f ! tree succe$s to ! title ( ! great mond>d4 ,"h ! /raw figure1 call$ ! great mond>d & plac$ on ! olde/ apple-tree 9 spr+1 repres5ts ! _s ( ! tree1 :o1 dead 9 w9t]1 revives :5 ! apple-blossoms appe> on ! b\ghs4 ,?us ! p]son :o plucks ! fir/ fruit f ! tree & !reby receives ! "n ( ! great mond>d mu/ be reg>d$ z a repres5tative ( ! tree-_s4 ,primitive peoples are usually reluctant to ta/e ! annual fir/-fruits ( any crop1 until "s c]emony has be5 p]=m$ :i* makes x safe & pi\s = !m to d s4 ,! reason ( ?is reluctance appe>s to be a belief t ! fir/-fruits ei!r belong to or actually conta9 a div9ity4 ,!re=e :5 a man or animal is se5 boldly to appropriate ! sacr$ fir/-fruits1 he or x is naturally reg>d$ z ! div9ity himself 9 human or animal =m tak+ possession ( 8 own4 ,! "t ( ! ,a!nian sacrifice1 :i* fell ab\t ! close ( ! ?re%+1 sugge/s t ! :eat & b>ley laid ^u ! alt> 7 a h>ve/ (f]+2 & ! sacram5tal "* ( ! subsequ5t repa/--all p>tak+ ( ! fle% ( ! div9e animal--w\ld make x p>allel to ! h>ve/-supp]s ( mod]n ,europe1 9 :i*1 z we h se51 ! fle% ( ! animal :i* /&s = ! corn-_s is eat5 by ! h>ve/]s4 ,aga91 ! tradition t ! sacrifice 0 in/itut$ 9 ord] to put an end to dr\ght & fam9e is 9 fav\r ( tak+ x z a h>ve/ fe/ival4 ,! resurrection ( ! corn-_s1 enact$ by sett+ up ! /uff$ ,,ox & yok+ x to ! pl\gh1 may be comp>$ ) ! resurrection ( ! tree-_s 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative1 ! ,wild ,man4 ,! ,,ox appe>s z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at ,great ,bassam1 9 ,gu9ea1 two ox5 are sla9 annually to procure a good h>ve/4 ,if ! sacrifice is to be effectual1 x is necess>y t ! ox5 %\ld weep4 ,s all ! wom5 ( ! village sit 9 front ( ! bea/s1 *ant+1 ,! ,,ox w weep2 yes1 he w weep6 ,f "t to "t "o ( ! wom5 walks r\nd ! bea/s1 ?r[+ manioc meal or palm w9e ^u !m1 especially into _! eyes4 ,:5 te>s roll d[n f ! eyes ( ! ox51 ! p dance1 s++1 ,! ,,ox weeps6 ! ,,ox weeps6 ,!n two m5 seize ! tails ( ! bea/s & cut !m (f at "o bl[4 ,x is believ$ t a great mis=tune w happ5 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> if ! tails are n sev]$ at "o bl[4 ,! ox5 are aft]w>ds kill$1 & _! fle% is eat5 by ! *iefs4 ,"h ! te>s ( ! ox51 l ^? ( ! human victims among/ ! ,khonds & ! ,aztecs1 are probably a ra9-*>m4 ,we h already se5 t ! virtue ( ! corn-_s1 embodi$ 9 animal =m1 is sometimes suppos$ to reside 9 ! tail1 & t ! la/ h&ful ( corn is sometimes conceiv$ z ! tail ( ! corn-_s4 ,9 ! ,mi?raic religion ?is conception is graphically set =? 9 "s ( ! num]\s sculptures :i* repres5t ,mi?ras kneel+ on ! back ( a bull & plung+ a knife into its flank2 = on c]ta9 ( ^! monum5ts ! tail ( ! bull ends 9 ?ree /alks ( corn1 & 9 "o ( !m corn-/alks in/ead ( blood are se5 issu+ f ! w\nd inflict$ by ! knife4 ,su* repres5tations c]ta9ly sugge/ t ! bull1 ^: sacrifice appe>s to h =m$ a lead+ feature 9 ! ,mi?raic ritual1 0 conceiv$1 9 "o at lea/ ( its aspects1 z an inc>nation ( ! corn-_s4 ,/ill m cle>ly does ! ox appe> z a p]sonification ( ! corn-_s 9 a c]emony :i* is obs]v$ 9 all ! prov9ces & di/ricts ( ,*9a to welcome ! approa* ( spr+4 ,on ! fir/ day ( spr+1 usually on ! ?ird or f\r? ( ,febru>y1 :i* is also ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*9ese ,new ,ye>1 ! gov]nor or prefect ( ! city goes 9 procession to ! ea/ gate ( ! city1 & sacrifices to ! ,div9e ,husb&man1 :o is repres5t$ ) a bull's head on ! body ( a man4 ,a l>ge effigy ( an ox1 c[1 or buffalo has be5 prep>$ = ! occasion1 & /&s outside ( ! ea/ gate1 ) agricultural implem5ts beside x4 ,! figure is made ( diff]5tly-col\r$ pieces ( pap] pa/$ on a framework ei!r by a bl9d man or accord+ to ! directions ( a necromanc]4 ,! col\rs ( ! pap] progno/icate ! "* ( ! com+ ye>2 if r$ prevails1 !re w be _m fires2 if :ite1 !re w be floods & ra92 & s ) ! o!r col\rs4 ,! m&>9s walk sl[ly r\nd ! ox1 beat+ x sev]ely at ea* /ep ) rods ( v>i\s hues4 ,x is fill$ ) five k9ds ( gra91 :i* p\r =? :5 ! effigy is brok5 by ! bl[s ( ! rods4 ,! pap] fragm5ts are !n set on fire1 & a scramble takes place = ! burn+ fragm5ts1 because ! p believe t :oev] gets "o ( !m is sure to be =tunate ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,a live buffalo is next kill$1 & its fle% is divid$ among ! m&>9s4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! effigy ( ! ox is made ( clay1 &1 aft] be+ beat5 by ! gov]nor1 is /on$ by ! p till !y break x 9 pieces1 f :i* !y expect an abundant ye>4 ,"h ! corn-_s appe>s to be pla9ly repres5t$ by ! corn-fill$ ox1 ^: fragm5ts may !re=e be suppos$ to br+ f]tility ) !m4 ,on ! :ole we may p]haps conclude t bo? z a goat & z a bull ,dionysus 0 ess5tially a god ( vegetation4 ,! ,*9ese & ,european cu/oms :i* ,i h cit$ may p]haps %$ light on ! cu/om ( r5d+ a live bull or goat at ! rites ( ,dionysus4 ,! animal 0 torn 9 fragm5ts1 z ! ,khond victim 0 cut 9 pieces1 9 ord] t ! wor%ipp]s might ea* secure a portion ( ! life-giv+ & f]tilis+ influ5ce ( ! god4 ,! fle% 0 eat5 raw z a sacram5t1 & we may conjecture t "s ( x 0 tak5 home to be buri$ 9 ! fields1 or o!rwise employ$ s z to convey to ! fruits ( ! e>? ! quick5+ influ5ce ( ! god ( vegetation4 ,! resurrection ( ,dionysus1 relat$ 9 8 my?1 may h be5 enact$ 9 8 rites by /uff+ & sett+ up ! sla9 ox1 z 0 done at ! ,a!nian b\phonia4 #b4 ,demet]1 ! ,pig & ! ,horse ,,pass+ next to ! corn-goddess ,demet]1 & rememb]+ t 9 ,european folk-lore ! pig is a common embodim5t ( ! corn-_s1 we may n[ ask :e!r ! pig1 :i* 0 s closely associat$ ) ,demet]1 may n h be5 orig9ally ! goddess h]self 9 animal =m4 ,! pig 0 sacr$ to h]2 9 art %e 0 portray$ c>ry+ or accompani$ by a pig2 & ! pig 0 regul>ly sacrific$ 9 h] my/]ies1 ! reason assign$ be+ t ! pig injures ! corn & is !re=e an enemy ( ! goddess4 ,b aft] an animal has be5 conceiv$ z a god1 or a god z an animal1 x sometimes happ5s1 z we h se51 t ! god sl\ghs (f 8 animal =m & becomes purely an?ropomorphic2 & t !n ! animal1 :i* at fir/ _h be5 sla9 9 ! "* ( ! god1 comes to be view$ z a victim (f]$ to ! god on ! gr\nd ( its ho/ility to ! deity2 9 %ort1 ! god is sacrific$ to himself on ! gr\nd t he is 8 own enemy4 ,?is happ5$ to ,dionysus1 & x may h happ5$ to ,demet] also4 ,& 9 fact ! rites ( "o ( h] fe/ivals1 ! ,!smophoria1 be> out ! view t orig9ally ! pig 0 an embodim5t ( ! corn-goddess h]self1 ei!r ,demet] or h] daught] & d\ble ,p]sephone4 ,! ,attic ,!smophoria 0 an autumn fe/ival1 celebrat$ by wom5 alone 9 ,octob]1 & appe>s to h repres5t$ ) m\rn+ rites ! desc5t ( ,p]sephone 7or ,demet]7 into ! l[] _w1 & ) joy h] return f ! dead4 ,h5ce ! "n ,desc5t or ,asc5t v>i\sly appli$ to ! fir/1 & ! "n ,kallig5eia 7fair-born7 appli$ to ! ?ird day ( ! fe/ival4 ,n[ x 0 cu/om>y at ! ,!smophoria to ?r[ pigs1 cakes ( d\gh1 & bran*es ( p9e-trees into ! *asms ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 :i* appe> to h be5 sacr$ cav]ns or vaults4 ,9 ^! cav]ns or vaults !re 7 said to be s]p5ts1 :i* gu>d$ ! cav]ns & consum$ mo/ ( ! fle% ( ! pigs & d\gh-cakes :i* 7 ?r[n 94 ,aft]w>ds--app>5tly at ! next annual fe/ival--! decay$ rema9s ( ! pigs1 ! cakes1 & ! p9e-bran*es 7 fet*$ by wom5 call$ draw]s1 :o1 aft] obs]v+ rules ( c]emonial purity = ?ree days1 desc5d$ into ! cav]ns1 &1 fright5+ away ! s]p5ts by clapp+ _! h&s1 br\ght up ! rema9s & plac$ !m on ! alt>4 ,:oev] got a piece ( ! decay$ fle% & cakes1 & s[$ x ) ! se$-corn 9 8 field1 0 believ$ to be sure ( a good crop4 ,to expla9 ! rude & anci5t ritual ( ! ,!smophoria ! foll[+ leg5d 0 told4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,pluto c>ri$ (f ,p]sephone1 a sw9eh]d call$ ,eubuleus *anc$ to be h]d+ 8 sw9e on ! spot1 & 8 h]d 0 engulf$ 9 ! *asm d[n :i* ,pluto vani%$ ) ,p]sephone4 ,accord+ly at ! ,!smophoria pigs 7 annually ?r[n into cav]ns to commemorate ! disappe>ance ( ! sw9e ( ,eubuleus4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! ca/+ ( ! pigs into ! vaults at ! ,!smophoria =m$ "p ( ! dramatic repres5tation ( ,p]sephone's desc5t into ! l[] _w2 & z no image ( ,p]sephone appe>s to h be5 ?r[n 91 we may inf] t ! desc5t ( ! pigs 0 n s mu* an accompanim5t ( h] desc5t z ! desc5t itself1 9 %ort1 t ! pigs 7 ,p]sephone4 ,aft]w>ds :5 ,p]sephone or ,demet] 7= ! two are equival5t7 took on human =m1 a reason _h to be f\nd = ! cu/om ( ?r[+ pigs into cav]ns at h] fe/ival2 & ?is 0 done by say+ t :5 ,pluto c>ri$ (f ,p]sephone !re happ5$ to be "s sw9e br[s+ ne>1 :i* 7 swall[$ up along ) h]4 ,! /ory is obvi\sly a =c$ & awkw>d attempt to bridge ov] ! gulf betwe5 ! old conception ( ! corn-_s z a pig & ! new conception ( h] z an an?ropomorphic goddess4 ,a trace ( ! old] conception surviv$ 9 ! leg5d t :5 ! sad "m 0 se>*+ = traces ( ! vani%$ ,p]sephone1 ! footpr9ts ( ! lo/ "o 7 oblit]at$ by ! footpr9ts ( a pig2 orig9ally1 we may conjecture1 ! footpr9ts ( ! pig 7 ! footpr9ts ( ,p]sephone & ( ,demet] h]self4 ,a consci\sness ( ! intimate connexion ( ! pig ) ! corn lurks 9 ! leg5d t ! sw9eh]d ,eubuleus 0 a bro!r ( ,triptolemus1 to :om ,demet] fir/ imp>t$ ! secret ( ! corn4 ,inde$1 accord+ to "o v]sion ( ! /ory1 ,eubuleus himself receiv$1 jo9tly ) 8 bro!r ,triptolemus1 ! gift ( ! corn f ,demet] z a rew>d = reveal+ to h] ! fate ( ,p]sephone4 ,fur!r1 x is to be not$ t at ! ,!smophoria ! wom5 appe> to h eat5 sw9e's fle%4 ,! meal1 if ,i am "r1 mu/ h be5 a solemn sacram5t or communion1 ! wor%ipp]s p>tak+ ( ! body ( ! god4 ,z ?us expla9$1 ! ,!smophoria has its analogies 9 ! folk-cu/oms ( ,nor!rn ,europe :i* h be5 already describ$4 ,j z at ! ,!smophoria--an autumn fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! corn-goddess--sw9e's fle% 0 p>tly eat51 p>tly kept 9 cav]ns till ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 x 0 tak5 up to be s[n ) ! se$-corn 9 ! fields = ! purpose ( secur+ a good crop2 s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gr5oble ! goat kill$ on ! h>ve/-field is p>tly eat5 at ! h>ve/-supp]1 p>tly pickl$ & kept till ! next h>ve/2 s at ,p\illy ! ox kill$ on ! h>ve/-field is p>tly eat5 by ! h>ve/]s1 p>tly pickl$ & kept till ! fir/ day ( s[+ 9 spr+1 probably to be !n mix$ ) ! se$1 or eat5 by ! pl\ghm51 or bo?2 s at ,udv>hely ! fea!rs ( ! cock :i* is kill$ 9 ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ are kept till spr+1 & !n s[n ) ! se$ on ! field2 s 9 ,hesse & ,me9+5 ! fle% ( pigs is eat5 on ,a% ,w$nesday or ,c&lemas1 & ! bones are kept till s[+-"t1 :5 !y are put into ! field s[n or mix$ ) ! se$ 9 ! bag2 s1 la/ly1 ! corn f ! la/ %eaf is kept till ,*ri/mas1 made into ! ,yule ,bo>1 & aft]w>ds brok5 & mix$ ) ! se$-corn at s[+ 9 spr+4 ,?us1 to put x g5]ally1 ! corn-_s is kill$ 9 animal =m 9 autumn2 "p ( 8 fle% is eat5 z a sacram5t by 8 wor%ipp]s2 & "p ( x is kept till next s[+-"t or h>ve/ z a pl$ge & security = ! cont9uance or r5ewal ( ! corn-_s's en]gies4 ,if p]sons ( fa/idi\s ta/e %\ld object t ! ,greeks nev] c\ld h conceiv$ ,demet] & ,p]sephone to be embodi$ 9 ! =m ( pigs1 x may be answ]$ t 9 ! cave ( ,phigalia 9 ,arcadia ! ,black ,demet] 0 portray$ ) ! head & mane ( a horse on ! body ( a woman4 ,betwe5 ! portraits ( a goddess z a pig1 & ! portrait ( h] z a woman ) a horse's head1 !re is little to *oose 9 respect ( b>b>ism4 ,! leg5d told ( ! ,phigalian ,demet] indicates t ! horse 0 "o ( ! animal =ms assum$ 9 anci5t ,greece1 z 9 mod]n ,europe1 by ! cornspirit4 ,x 0 said t 9 h] se>* = h] daught]1 ,demet] assum$ ! =m ( a m>e to escape ! addresses ( ,poseidon1 & t1 (f5d$ at 8 importunity1 %e )drew 9 dudgeon to a cave n f> f ,phigalia 9 ! highl&s ( ,we/]n ,arcadia4 ,!re1 rob$ 9 black1 %e t>ri$ s long t ! fruits ( ! e>? 7 p]i%+1 & mank9d w\ld h di$ ( fam9e if ,pan _h n soo!d ! angry goddess & p]suad$ h] to quit ! cave4 ,9 memory ( ?is ev5t1 ! ,phigalians set up an image ( ! ,black ,demet] 9 ! cave2 x repres5t$ a woman dress$ 9 a long robe1 ) ! head & mane ( a horse4 ,! ,black ,demet]1 9 ^: abs5ce ! fruits ( ! e>? p]i%1 is pla9ly a my?ical expression = ! b>e w9try e>? /ripp$ ( its summ] mantle ( gre54 #c4 ,attis1 ,adonis1 & ! ,pig ,,pass+ n[ to ,attis & ,adonis1 we may note a few facts :i* seem to %[ t ^! deities ( vegetation _h also1 l o!r deities ( ! same class1 _! animal embodim5ts4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,attis ab/a9$ f eat+ ! fle% ( sw9e4 ,?is appe>s to indicate t ! pig 0 reg>d$ z an embodim5t ( ,attis4 ,& ! leg5d t ,attis 0 kill$ by a bo> po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,= aft] ! examples ( ! goat ,dionysus & ! pig ,demet] x may almo/ be laid d[n z a rule t an animal :i* is said to h injur$ a god 0 orig9ally ! god himself4 ,p]haps ! cry ( ,hyes ,attes6 ,hyes ,attes6 :i* 0 rais$ by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,attis1 may be nei!r m nor less ?an ,pig ,attis6 ,pig ,attis6--hyes be+ possibly a ,phrygian =m ( ! ,greek hys1 a pig4 ,9 reg>d to ,adonis1 8 connexion ) ! bo> 0 n always expla9$ by ! /ory t he _h be5 kill$ by ! animal4 ,accord+ to ano!r /ory1 a bo> r5t ) 8 tusk ! b>k ( ! tree 9 :i* ! infant ,adonis 0 born4 ,accord+ to yet ano!r /ory1 he p]i%$ at ! h&s ( ,hephae/us on ,m\nt ,lebanon :ile he 0 hunt+ wild bo>s4 ,^! v>iations 9 ! leg5d s]ve to %[ t1 :ile ! connexion ( ! bo> ) ,adonis 0 c]ta91 ! reason ( ! connexion 0 n und]/ood1 & t consequ5tly diff]5t /ories 7 devis$ to expla9 x4 ,c]ta9ly ! pig rank$ z a sacr$ animal among ! ,syrians4 ,at ! great religi\s metropolis ( ,hi]apolis on ! ,euphrates pigs 7 nei!r sacrific$ nor eat51 & if a man t\*$ a pig he 0 unclean = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,"s p said ?is 0 because ! pigs 7 unclean2 o!rs said x 0 because ! pigs 7 sacr$4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion po9ts to a hazy /ate ( religi\s ?\ght 9 :i* ! ideas ( sanctity & uncleanness are n yet %>ply di/+ui%$1 bo? be+ bl5t 9 a sort ( vapor\s solution to :i* we give ! "n ( taboo4 ,x is q consi/5t ) ?is t ! pig %\ld h be5 held to be an embodim5t ( ! div9e ,adonis1 & ! analogies ( ,dionysus & ,demet] make x probable t ! /ory ( ! ho/ility ( ! animal to ! god 0 only a late misappreh5sion ( ! old view ( ! god z embodi$ 9 a pig4 ,! rule t pigs 7 n sacrific$ or eat5 by wor%ipp]s ( ,attis & presumably ( ,adonis1 does n exclude ! possibility t 9 ^! rituals ! pig 0 sla9 on solemn occasions z a repres5tative ( ! god & consum$ sacram5tally by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,inde$1 ! sacram5tal kill+ & eat+ ( an animal implies t ! animal is sacr$1 & t1 z a g5]al rule1 x is sp>$4 ,! attitude ( ! ,jews to ! pig 0 z ambigu\s z t ( ! hea!n ,syrians t[>ds ! same animal4 ,! ,greeks c\ld n decide :e!r ! ,jews wor%ipp$ sw9e or abom9at$ !m4 ,on ! "o h& !y might n eat sw9e2 b on ! o!r h& !y might n kill !m4 ,& if ! =m] rule speaks = ! uncleanness1 ! latt] speaks /ill m /rongly = ! sanctity ( ! animal4 ,= :]eas bo? rules may1 & "o rule mu/1 be expla9$ on ! supposition t ! pig 0 sacr$2 nei!r rule mu/1 & "o rule _c1 be expla9$ on ! supposition t ! pig 0 unclean4 ,if1 !re=e1 we pref] ! =m] supposition1 we mu/ conclude t1 orig9ally at lea/1 ! pig 0 rev]$ r ?an abhorr$ by ! ,israelites4 ,we are confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion by obs]v+ t d[n to ! "t ( ,isaiah "s ( ! ,jews us$ to meet secretly 9 g>d5s to eat ! fle% ( sw9e & mice z a religi\s rite4 ,d\btless ?is 0 a v anci5t c]emony1 dat+ f a "t :5 bo? ! pig & ! m\se 7 v5]at$ z div9e1 & :5 _! fle% 0 p>tak5 ( sacram5tally on r>e & solemn occasions z ! body & blood ( gods4 ,& 9 g5]al x may p]haps be said t all s-call$ unclean animals 7 orig9ally sacr$2 ! reason = n eat+ !m 0 t !y 7 div9e4 #d4 ,osiris1 ! ,pig & ! ,bull ,,9 ,,anci5t ,egypt1 )9 hi/orical times1 ! pig occupi$ ! same dubi\s position z 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 ?\gh at fir/ sight its uncleanness is m prom95t ?an its sanctity4 ,! ,egyptians are g5]ally said by ,greek writ]s to h abhorr$ ! pig z a f\l & loa?some animal4 ,if a man s mu* z t\*$ a pig 9 pass+1 he /epp$ into ! riv] ) all 8 clo!s on1 to wa% (f ! ta9t4 ,to dr9k pig's milk 0 believ$ to cause leprosy to ! dr9k]4 ,sw9eh]ds1 ?\gh natives ( ,egypt1 7 =bidd5 to ent] any temple1 & !y 7 ! only m5 :o 7 ?us exclud$4 ,no "o w\ld give 8 daught] 9 m>riage to a sw9eh]d1 or m>ry a sw9eh]d's daught]2 ! sw9eh]ds m>ri$ among !mselves4 ,yet once a ye> ! ,egyptians sacrific$ pigs to ! moon & to ,osiris1 & n only sacrific$ !m1 b ate ( _! fle%1 ?\gh on any o!r day ( ! ye> !y w\ld nei!r sacrifice !m nor ta/e ( _! fle%4 ,^? :o 7 too poor to (f] a pig on ?is day bak$ cakes ( d\gh1 & (f]$ !m in/ead4 ,?is c h>dly be expla9$ except by ! supposition t ! pig 0 a sacr$ animal :i* 0 eat5 sacram5tally by 8 wor%ipp]s once a ye>4 ,! view t 9 ,egypt ! pig 0 sacr$ is borne out by ! v facts :i*1 to mod]ns1 might seem to prove ! contr>y4 ,?us ! ,egyptians ?\ght1 z we h se51 t to dr9k pig's milk produc$ leprosy4 ,b exactly analog\s views are held by savages ab\t ! animals & plants :i* !y deem mo/ sacr$4 ,?us 9 ! isl& ( ,wet> 7betwe5 ,new ,gu9ea & ,celebes7 p believe !mselves to be v>i\sly desc5d$ f wild pigs1 s]p5ts1 crocodiles1 turtles1 dogs1 & eels2 a man may n eat an animal ( ! k9d f :i* he is desc5d$2 if he does s1 he w become a lep]1 & g mad4 ,among/ ! ,omaha ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica m5 ^: totem is ! elk1 believe t if !y ate ! fle% ( ! male elk !y w\ld break out 9 boils & :ite spots 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies4 ,9 ! same tribe m5 ^: totem is ! r$ maize1 ?9k t if !y ate r$ maize !y w\ld h runn+ sores all r\nd _! m\?s4 ,! ,bu% negroes ( ,sur9am1 :o practise totemism1 believe t if !y ate ! capia 7an animal l a pig7 x w\ld give !m leprosy2 p]haps ! capia is "o ( _! totems4 ,! ,syrians1 9 antiquity1 :o e/eem$ fi% sacr$1 ?\ght t if !y ate fi% _! bodies w\ld break out 9 ulc]s1 & _! feet & /oma* w\ld swell up4 ,! ,*asas ( ,orissa believe t if !y 7 to injure _! totemic animal !y w\ld be attack$ by leprosy & _! l9e w\ld die out4 ,^! examples prove t ! eat+ ( a sacr$ animal is (t5 believ$ to produce leprosy or o!r sk9-diseases2 s f>1 !re=e1 !y support ! view t ! pig mu/ h be5 sacr$ 9 ,egypt1 s9ce ! effect ( dr9k+ its milk 0 believ$ to be leprosy4 ,aga91 ! rule t1 aft] t\*+ a pig1 a man _h to wa% himself & 8 clo!s1 also fav\rs ! view ( ! sanctity ( ! pig4 ,= x is a common belief t ! effect ( contact ) a sacr$ object mu/ be remov$1 by wa%+ or o!rwise1 be=e a man is free to m+le ) 8 fell[s4 ,?us ! ,jews wa% _! h&s aft] read+ ! sacr$ scriptures4 ,be=e com+ =? f ! tab]nacle aft] ! s9-(f]+1 ! high prie/ _h to wa% himself1 & put (f ! g>m5ts :i* he _h worn 9 ! holy place4 ,x 0 a rule ( ,greek ritual t1 9 (f]+ an expiatory sacrifice1 ! sacrific] %\ld n t\* ! sacrifice1 & t1 aft] ! (f]+ 0 made1 he mu/ wa% 8 body & 8 clo!s 9 a riv] or spr+ be=e he c\ld ent] a city or 8 own h\se4 ,! ,polynesians felt /rongly ! ne$ ( ridd+ !mselves ( ! sacr$ contagion1 if x may be s call$1 :i* !y caught by t\*+ sacr$ objects4 ,v>i\s c]emonies 7 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ?is contagion4 ,we h se51 = example1 h[ 9 ,tonga a man :o happ5$ to t\* a sacr$ *ief1 or any?+ p]sonally belong+ to him1 _h to p]=m a c]ta9 c]emony be=e he c\ld fe$ himself ) 8 h&s2 o!rwise x 0 believ$ t he w\ld swell up & die1 or at lea/ be afflict$ ) scr(ula or "s o!r disease4 ,we h se51 too1 :at fatal effects are suppos$ to foll[1 & d actually foll[1 f contact ) a sacr$ object 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 %ort1 primitive man believes t :at is sacr$ is dang]\s2 x is p]vad$ by a sort ( electrical sanctity :i* communicates a %ock to1 ev5 if x does n kill1 :atev] comes 9 contact ) x4 ,h5ce ! savage is unwill+ to t\* or ev5 to see t :i* he deems peculi>ly holy4 ,?us ,be*uanas1 ( ! ,crocodile clan1 ?9k x hateful & unlucky to meet or see a crocodile2 ! sight is ?\ght to cause inflammation ( ! eyes4 ,yet ! crocodile is _! mo/ sacr$ object2 !y call x _! fa!r1 swe> by x1 & celebrate x 9 _! fe/ivals4 ,! goat is ! sacr$ animal ( ! ,mad5assana ,bu%m52 yet to look ^u x w\ld be to r5d] ! man = ! "t impure1 z well z to cause him undef9$ uneas9ess4 ,! ,elk clan1 among ! ,omaha ,indians1 believe t ev5 to t\* ! male elk w\ld be foll[$ by an eruption ( boils & :ite spots on ! body4 ,memb]s ( ! ,reptile clan 9 ! same tribe ?9k t if "o ( !m t\*es or smells a snake1 x w make 8 hair :ite4 ,9 ,samoa p ^: god 0 a butt]fly believ$ t if !y caught a butt]fly x w\ld /rike !m dead4 ,aga91 9 ,samoa ! r$di%-se>$ leaves ( ! banana-tree 7 commonly us$ z plates = h&+ food2 b if any memb] ( ! ,wild ,pigeon family _h us$ banana leaves = ?is purpose1 x 0 suppos$ t he w\ld suff] f rheumatic swell+s or an eruption all ov] ! body l *ick5-pox4 ,! ,mori clan ( ! ,bhils 9 ,c5tral ,india wor%ip ! peacock z _! totem & make (f]+s ( gra9 to x2 yet memb]s ( ! clan believe t 7 !y ev5 to set foot on ! tracks ( a peacock !y w\ld aft]w>ds suff] f "s disease1 & if a woman sees a peacock %e mu/ veil h] face & look away4 ,?us ! primitive m9d seems to conceive ( hol9ess z a sort ( dang]\s virus1 :i* a prud5t man w %un z f> z possible1 & ( :i*1 if he %\ld *ance to be infect$ by x1 he w c>efully dis9fect himself by "s =m ( c]emonial purification4 ,9 ! light ( ^! p>allels ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,egyptians t\*+ ! pig are probably to be expla9$ z bas$ ^u an op9ion ( ! extreme sanctity r ?an ( ! extreme uncleanness ( ! animal2 or r1 to put x m correctly1 !y imply t ! animal 0 look$ on1 n simply z a fil?y & disgu/+ creature1 b z a be+ end[$ ) high sup]natural p[]s1 & t z su* x 0 reg>d$ ) t primitive s5tim5t ( religi\s awe & fe> 9 :i* ! feel+s ( rev]5ce & abhorr5ce are almo/ equally bl5d$4 ,! anci5ts !mselves seem to h be5 aw>e t !re 0 ano!r side to ! horror ) :i* sw9e seem$ to inspire ! ,egyptians4 ,= ! ,greek a/ronom] & ma!matician ,eudoxus1 :o resid$ f\rte5 mon?s 9 ,egypt & conv]s$ ) ! prie/s1 0 ( op9ion t ! ,egyptians sp>$ ! pig1 n out ( abhorr5ce1 b f a reg>d to its utility 9 agriculture2 =1 accord+ to him1 :5 ! ,nile _h subsid$1 h]ds ( sw9e 7 turn$ loose ov] ! fields to tread ! se$ d[n into ! moi/ e>?4 ,b :5 a be+ is ?us ! object ( mix$ & implicitly contradictory feel+s1 he may be said to occupy a position ( un/able equilibrium4 ,9 c\rse ( "t "o ( ! contradictory feel+s is likely to prevail ov] ! o!r1 & accord+ z ! feel+ :i* f9ally pr$om9ates is t ( rev]5ce or abhorr5ce1 ! be+ :o is ! object ( x w rise into a god or s9k into a devil4 ,! latt]1 on ! :ole1 0 ! fate ( ! pig 9 ,egypt4 ,= 9 hi/orical times ! fe> & horror ( ! pig seem c]ta9ly to h outweigh$ ! rev]5ce & wor%ip ( :i* he may once h be5 ! object1 & ( :i*1 ev5 9 8 fall5 /ate1 he nev] q lo/ trace4 ,he came to be look$ on z an embodim5t ( ,set or ,typhon1 ! ,egyptian devil & enemy ( ,osiris4 ,= x 0 9 ! %ape ( a black pig t ,typhon injur$ ! eye ( ! god ,horus1 :o burn$ him & in/itut$ ! sacrifice ( ! pig1 ! sun-god ,ra hav+ decl>$ ! bea/ abom9able4 ,aga91 ! /ory t ,typhon 0 hunt+ a bo> :5 he discov]$ & mangl$ ! body ( ,osiris1 & t ?is 0 ! reason :y pigs 7 sacrific$ once a ye>1 is cle>ly a mod]nis$ v]sion ( an old] /ory t ,osiris1 l ,adonis & ,attis1 0 sla9 or mangl$ by a bo>1 or by ,typhon 9 ! =m ( a bo>4 ,?us1 ! annual sacrifice ( a pig to ,osiris might naturally be int]pret$ z v5geance inflict$ on ! ho/ile animal t _h sla9 or mangl$ ! god4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 an animal is ?us kill$ z a solemn sacrifice once & once only 9 ! ye>1 x g5]ally or always means t ! animal is div9e1 t he is sp>$ & respect$ ! re/ ( ! ye> z a god & sla91 :5 he is sla91 also 9 ! "* ( a god4 ,9 ! second place1 ! examples ( ,dionysus & ,demet]1 if n ( ,attis & ,adonis1 h taught u t ! animal :i* is sacrific$ to a god on ! gr\nd t he is ! god's enemy may h be51 & probably 01 orig9ally ! god himself4 ,!re=e1 ! annual sacrifice ( a pig to ,osiris1 c\pl$ ) ! alleg$ ho/ility ( ! animal to ! god1 t5ds to %[1 fir/1 t orig9ally ! pig 0 a god1 &1 second1 t he 0 ,osiris4 ,at a lat] age1 :5 ,osiris became an?ropomorphic & 8 orig9al relation to ! pig _h be5 =gott51 ! animal 0 fir/ di/+ui%$ f him1 & aft]w>ds oppos$ z an enemy to him by my?ologi/s :o c\ld ?9k ( no reason = kill+ a bea/ 9 connexion ) ! wor%ip ( a god except t ! bea/ 0 ! god's enemy2 or1 z ,plut>* puts x1 n t :i* is de> to ! gods1 b t :i* is ! contr>y1 is fit to be sacrific$4 ,at ?is lat] /age ! havoc :i* a wild bo> notori\sly makes among/ ! corn w\ld supply a plausible reason = reg>d+ him z ! foe ( ! corn-_s1 ?\gh orig9ally1 if ,i am "r1 ! v fre$om ) :i* ! bo> rang$ at w ?r\gh ! corn l$ p to id5tify him ) ! corn-_s1 to :om he 0 aft]w>ds oppos$ z an enemy4 ,! view :i* id5tifies ! pig ) ,osiris d]ives n a little support f ! sacrifice ( pigs to him on ! v day on :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 ,osiris himself 0 kill$2 = ?us ! kill+ ( ! pig 0 ! annual repres5tation ( ! kill+ ( ,osiris1 j z ! ?r[+ ( ! pigs into ! cav]ns at ! ,!smophoria 0 an annual repres5tation ( ! desc5t ( ,p]sephone into ! l[] _w2 & bo? cu/oms are p>allel to ! ,european practice ( kill+ a goat1 cock1 & s =?1 at h>ve/ z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s4 ,aga91 ! !ory t ! pig1 orig9ally ,osiris himself1 aft]w>ds came to be reg>d$ z an embodim5t ( 8 enemy ,typhon1 is support$ by ! simil> relation ( r$-hair$ m5 & r$ ox5 to ,typhon4 ,= 9 reg>d to ! r$-hair$ m5 :o 7 burn$ & ^: a%es 7 scatt]$ ) w9n[+-fans1 we h se5 fair gr\nds = believ+ t orig9ally1 l ! r$-hair$ puppies kill$ at ,rome 9 spr+1 !y 7 repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s himself t is1 ( ,osiris1 & 7 sla9 = ! express purpose ( mak+ ! corn turn r$ or gold54 ,yet at a lat] "t ^! m5 7 expla9$ to be repres5tatives1 n ( ,osiris1 b ( 8 enemy ,typhon1 & ! kill+ ( !m 0 reg>d$ z an act ( v5geance inflict$ on ! enemy ( ! god4 ,simil>ly1 ! r$ ox5 sacrific$ by ! ,egyptians 7 said to be (f]$ on ! gr\nd ( _! resemblance to ,typhon2 ?\gh x is m likely t orig9ally !y 7 sla9 on ! gr\nd ( _! resemblance to ! corn-_s ,osiris4 ,we h se5 t ! ox is a common repres5tative ( ! corn-_s & is sla9 z su* on ! h>ve/-field4 ,osiris 0 regul>ly id5tifi$ ) ! bull ,apis ( ,memphis & ! bull ,mnevis ( ,heliopolis4 ,b x is h>d to say :e!r ^! bulls 7 embodim5ts ( him z ! corn-_s1 z ! r$ ox5 appe> to h be51 or :e!r !y 7 n 9 orig9 entirely di/9ct deities :o came to be fus$ ) ,osiris at a lat] "t4 ,! univ]sality ( ! wor%ip ( ^! two bulls seems to put !m on a diff]5t foot+ f ! ord9>y sacr$ animals ^: wor%ips 7 purely local4 ,b :atev] ! orig9al relation ( ,apis to ,osiris may h be51 !re is "o fact ab\t ! =m] :i* ought n to be pass$ ov] 9 a disquisition on ! cu/om ( kill+ a god4 ,al?\gh ! bull ,apis 0 wor%ipp$ z a god ) mu* pomp & pr(\nd rev]5ce1 he 0 n suff]$ to live beyond a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t :i* 0 prescrib$ by ! sacr$ books1 & on ! expiry ( :i* he 0 dr[n$ 9 a holy spr+4 ,! limit1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 0 tw5ty-five ye>s2 b x _c always h be5 en=c$1 = ! tombs ( ! ,apis bulls h be5 discov]$ 9 mod]n times1 & f ! inscriptions on !m x appe>s t 9 ! tw5ty-second dyna/y two ( ! holy /e]s liv$ m ?an tw5ty-six ye>s4 #e4 ,virbius & ! ,horse ,,we are n[ 9 a position to haz>d a conjecture z to ! mean+ ( ! tradition t ,virbius1 ! fir/ ( ! div9e ,k+s ( ! ,wood at ,aricia1 _h be5 kill$ 9 ! "* ( ,hippolytus by horses4 ,hav+ f\nd1 fir/1 t spirits ( ! corn are n infrequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( horses2 &1 second1 t ! animal :i* 9 lat] leg5ds is said to h injur$ ! god 0 sometimes orig9ally ! god himself1 we may conjecture t ! horses by :i* ,virbius or ,hippolytus 0 said to h be5 sla9 7 really embodim5ts ( him z a deity ( vegetation4 ,! my? t he _h be5 kill$ by horses 0 probably inv5t$ to expla9 c]ta9 features 9 8 wor%ip1 among/ o!rs ! cu/om ( exclud+ horses f 8 sacr$ grove4 ,= my? *anges :ile cu/om rema9s con/ant2 m5 cont9ue to d :at _! fa!rs did be=e !m1 ?\gh ! reasons on :i* _! fa!rs act$ h be5 long =gott54 ,! hi/ory ( religion is a long attempt to reconcile old cu/om ) new reason1 to f9d a s\nd !ory = an absurd practice4 ,9 ! case be=e u we may be sure t ! my? is m mod]n ?an ! cu/om & by no means repres5ts ! orig9al reason = exclud+ horses f ! grove4 ,f _! exclusion x might be inf]r$ t horses c\ld n be ! sacr$ animals or embodim5ts ( ! god ( ! grove4 ,b ! inf]5ce w\ld be ra%4 ,! goat 0 at "o "t a sacr$ animal or embodim5t ( ,a!na1 z may be inf]r$ f ! practice ( repres5t+ ! goddess clad 9 a goat-sk9 7aegis74 ,yet ! goat 0 nei!r sacrific$ to h] z a rule1 nor all[$ to ent] h] great sanctu>y1 ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 ,! reason alleg$ = ?is 0 t ! goat injur$ ! olive1 ! sacr$ tree ( ,a!na4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! relation ( ! goat to ,a!na is p>allel to ! relation ( ! horse to ,virbius1 bo? animals be+ exclud$ f ! sanctu>y on ! gr\nd ( injury done by !m to ! god4 ,b f ,v>ro we le>n t !re 0 an exception to ! rule :i* exclud$ ! goat f ! ,acropolis4 ,once a ye>1 he says1 ! goat 0 driv5 on to ! ,acropolis = a necess>y sacrifice4 ,n[1 z has be5 rem>k$ be=e1 :5 an animal is sacrific$ once & once only 9 ! ye>1 x is probably sla91 n z a victim (f]$ to ! god1 b z a repres5tative ( ! god himself4 ,!re=e we may inf] t if a goat 0 sacrific$ on ! ,acropolis once a ye>1 x 0 sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( ,a!na h]self2 & x may be conjectur$ t ! sk9 ( ! sacrific$ animal 0 plac$ on ! /atue ( ! goddess & =m$ ! aegis1 :i* w\ld ?us be r5ew$ annually4 ,simil>ly at ,!bes 9 ,egypt rams 7 sacr$ & 7 n sacrific$4 ,b on "o day 9 ! ye> a ram 0 kill$1 & its sk9 0 plac$ on ! /atue ( ! god ,ammon4 ,n[1 if we knew ! ritual ( ! ,arician grove bett]1 we might f9d t ! rule ( exclud+ horses f x1 l ! rule ( exclud+ goats f ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 0 subject to an annual exception1 a horse be+ once a ye> tak5 into ! grove & sacrific$ z an embodim5t ( ! god ,virbius4 ,by ! usual misund]/&+ ! horse ?us kill$ w\ld come 9 "t to be reg>d$ z an enemy (f]$ up 9 sacrifice to ! god :om he _h injur$1 l ! pig :i* 0 sacrific$ to ,demet] & ,osiris or ! goat :i* 0 sacrific$ to ,dionysus1 & possibly to ,a!na4 ,x is s easy = a writ] to record a rule )\t notic+ an exception t we ne$ n wond] at f9d+ ! rule ( ! ,arician grove record$ )\t any m5tion ( an exception su* z ,i suppose4 ,if we _h _h only ! /atem5ts ( ,a!naeus & ,pl9y1 we %\ld h kn[n only ! rule :i* =bade ! sacrifice ( goats to ,a!na & exclud$ !m f ! ,acropolis1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ! important exception :i* ! =tunate pres]vation ( ,v>ro's "w has reveal$ to u4 ,! conjecture t once a ye> a horse may h be5 sacrific$ 9 ! ,arician grove z a repres5tative ( ! deity ( ! grove d]ives "s support f ! simil> sacrifice ( a horse :i* took place once a ye> at ,rome4 ,on ! fifte5? ( ,octob] 9 ea* ye> a *>iot-race 0 run on ! ,field ( ,m>s4 ,/abb$ ) a spe>1 ! "r-h& horse ( ! victori\s team 0 !n sacrific$ to ,m>s = ! purpose ( ensur+ good crops1 & its head 0 cut (f & adorn$ ) a /r+ ( loaves4 ,!reupon ! inhabitants ( two w>ds--! ,sacr$ ,way & ! ,subura--cont5d$ ) ea* o!r :o %\ld get ! head4 ,if ! p ( ! ,sacr$ ,way got x1 !y fa/5$ x to a wall ( ! k+'s h\se2 if ! p ( ! ,subura got x1 !y fa/5$ x to ! ,mamilian t[]4 ,! horse's tail 0 cut (f & c>ri$ to ! k+'s h\se ) su* spe$ t ! blood dripp$ on ! he>? ( ! h\se4 ,fur!r1 x appe>s t ! blood ( ! horse 0 caught & pres]v$ till ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,april1 :5 ! ,ve/al ,virg9s mix$ x ) ! blood ( ! unborn calves :i* _h be5 sacrific$ six days be=e4 ,! mixture 0 !n di/ribut$ to %eph]ds1 & us$ by !m = fumigat+ _! flocks4 ,9 ?is c]emony ! decoration ( ! horse's head ) a /r+ ( loaves1 & ! alleg$ object ( ! sacrifice1 namely1 to procure a good h>ve/1 seem to indicate t ! horse 0 kill$ z "o ( ^? animal repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s ( :i* we h f\nd s _m examples4 ,! cu/om ( cutt+ (f ! horse's tail is l ! ,african cu/om ( cutt+ (f ! tails ( ! ox5 & sacrific+ !m to obta9 a good crop4 ,9 bo? ! ,roman & ! ,african cu/om ! animal app>5tly /&s = ! corn-_s1 & its fructify+ p[] is suppos$ to reside especially 9 its tail4 ,! latt] idea occurs1 z we h se51 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,aga91 ! practice ( fumigat+ ! cattle 9 spr+ ) ! blood ( ! horse may be comp>$ ) ! practice ( giv+ ! ,old ,wife1 ! ,maid51 or ! clyack %eaf z fodd] to ! horses 9 spr+ or ! cattle at ,*ri/mas1 & giv+ ! ,yule ,bo> to ! pl\gh+ ox5 or horses to eat 9 spr+4 ,all ^! usages aim at ensur+ ! bless+ ( ! corn-_s on ! home/ead & its inmates & /or+ x up = ano!r ye>4 ,! ,roman sacrifice ( ! ,octob] horse1 z x 0 call$1 c>ries u back to ! e>ly days :5 ! ,subura1 aft]w>ds a l[ & squalid qu>t] ( ! great metropolis1 0 /ill a sep>ate village1 ^: inhabitants engag$ 9 a fri5dly conte/ on ! h>ve/-field ) _! neighb\rs ( ,rome1 !n a little rural t[n4 ,! ,field ( ,m>s on :i* ! c]emony took place lay beside ! ,tib]1 & =m$ "p ( ! k+'s doma9 d[n to ! abolition ( ! mon>*y4 ,= tradition ran t at ! "t :5 ! la/ ( ! k+s 0 driv5 f ,rome1 ! corn /ood ripe = ! sickle on ! cr[n l&s beside ! riv]2 b no "o w\ld eat ! accurs$ gra9 & x 0 flung into ! riv] 9 su* heaps t1 ! wat] be+ l[ ) ! summ] heat1 x =m$ ! nucleus ( an isl&4 ,! horse sacrifice 0 ?us an old autumn cu/om obs]v$ ^u ! k+'s corn-fields at ! end ( ! h>ve/4 ,! tail & blood ( ! horse1 z ! *ief p>ts ( ! corn-_s's repres5tative1 7 tak5 to ! k+'s h\se & kept !re2 j z 9 ,g]many ! h>ve/-cock is nail$ on ! gable or ov] ! door ( ! f>mh\se2 & z ! la/ %eaf1 9 ! =m ( ! ,maid51 is c>ri$ home & kept ov] ! fireplace 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,?us ! bless+ ( ! corn-_s 0 br\ght to ! k+'s h\se & he>? &1 ?r\gh !m1 to ! community ( :i* he 0 ! head4 ,simil>ly 9 ! spr+ & autumn cu/oms ( ,nor!rn ,europe ! ,may-pole is sometimes set up 9 front ( ! h\se ( ! mayor or burgoma/]1 & ! la/ %eaf at h>ve/ is br\ght to him z ! head ( ! village4 ,b :ile ! tail & blood fell to ! k+1 ! neighb\r+ village ( ! ,subura1 :i* no d\bt once _h a simil> c]emony ( its own1 0 gratifi$ by be+ all[$ to compete = ! prize ( ! horse's head4 ,! ,mamilian t[]1 to :i* ! ,suburans nail$ ! horse's head :5 !y succe$$ 9 c>ry+ x (f1 appe>s to h be5 a peel-t[] or keep ( ! old ,mamilian family1 ! magnates ( ! village4 ,! c]emony ?us p]=m$ on ! k+'s fields & at 8 h\se on behalf ( ! :ole t[n & ( ! neighb\r+ village presupposes a "t :5 ea* t[n%ip p]=m$ a simil> c]emony on its own fields4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,latium ! villages may h cont9u$ to obs]ve ! cu/om1 ea* on its own l&1 long aft] ! ,roman hamlets _h m]g$ _! sep>ate h>ve/-homes 9 ! common celebration on ! k+'s l&s4 ,!re is no intr9sic improbability 9 ! supposition t ! sacr$ grove ( ,aricia1 l ! ,field ( ,m>s at ,rome1 may h be5 ! sc5e ( a common h>ve/ celebration1 at :i* a horse 0 sacrific$ ) ! same rude rites on behalf ( ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,! horse w\ld repres5t ! fructify+ _s bo? ( ! tree & ( ! corn1 = ! two ideas melt into ea* o!r1 z we see 9 cu/oms l ! ,h>ve/-,may4 ,l4 ,eat+ ! ,god #a4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,fir/-,fruits ,,we h n[ se5 t ! corn-_s is repres5t$ sometimes 9 human1 sometimes 9 animal =m1 & t 9 bo? cases he is kill$ 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative & eat5 sacram5tally4 ,to f9d examples ( actually kill+ ! human repres5tative ( ! corn-_s we _h naturally to g to savage races2 b ! h>ve/-supp]s ( our ,european peasants h furni%$ unmi/akable examples ( ! sacram5tal eat+ ( animals z repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s4 ,b fur!r1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 ! new corn is itself eat5 sacram5tally1 t is1 z ! body ( ! corn-_s4 ,9 ,w]ml&1 ,sw$51 ! f>m]'s wife uses ! gra9 ( ! la/ %eaf to bake a loaf 9 ! %ape ( a little girl2 ?is loaf is divid$ among/ ! :ole h\sehold & eat5 by !m4 ,"h ! loaf repres5ts ! corn-_s conceiv$ z a maid52 j z 9 ,scotl& ! corn-_s is simil>ly conceiv$ & repres5t$ by ! la/ %eaf made up 9 ! =m ( a woman & be>+ ! "n ( ! ,maid54 ,z usual1 ! corn-_s is believ$ to reside 9 ! la/ %eaf2 & to eat a loaf made f ! la/ %eaf is1 !re=e1 to eat ! corn-_s itself4 ,simil>ly at ,la ,palisse1 9 ,france1 a man made ( d\gh is hung ^u ! fir-tree :i* is c>ri$ on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon4 ,! tree & ! d\gh-man are tak5 to ! mayor's h\se & kept !re till ! v9tage is ov]4 ,!n ! close ( ! h>ve/ is celebrat$ by a fea/ at :i* ! mayor breaks ! d\gh-man 9 pieces & gives ! pieces to ! p to eat4 ,9 ^! examples ! corn-_s is repres5t$ & eat5 9 human %ape4 ,9 o!r cases1 ?\gh ! new corn is n bak$ 9 loaves ( human %ape1 /ill ! solemn c]emonies ) :i* x is eat5 suffice to indicate t x is p>tak5 ( sacram5tally1 t is1 z ! body ( ! corn-_s4 ,= example1 ! foll[+ c]emonies us$ to be obs]v$ by ,li?uanian peasants at eat+ ! new corn4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! autumn s[+1 :5 all ! corn _h be5 got 9 & ! ?re%+ _h begun1 ea* f>m] held a fe/ival call$ ,sab>ios1 t is1 ! mix+ or ?r[+ toge!r4 ,he took n9e good h&fuls ( ea* k9d ( crop--:eat1 b>ley1 oats1 flax1 beans1 l5tils1 & ! re/2 & ea* h&ful he divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! tw5tysev5 portions ( ea* gra9 7 !n ?r[n on a heap & all mix$ up toge!r4 ,! gra9 us$ _h to be t :i* 0 fir/ ?re%$ & w9n[$ & :i* _h be5 set aside & kept = ?is purpose4 ,a "p ( ! gra9 ?us mix$ 0 employ$ to bake little loaves1 "o = ea* ( ! h\sehold2 ! re/ 0 mix$ ) m b>ley or oats & made into be]4 ,! fir/ be] brew$ f ?is mixture 0 = ! dr9k+ ( ! f>m]1 8 wife1 & *ildr52 ! second brew 0 = ! s]vants4 ,! be] be+ ready1 ! f>m] *ose an ev5+ :5 no /rang] 0 expect$4 ,!n he knelt d[n be=e ! b>rel ( be]1 drew a jugful ( ! liquor & p\r$ x on ! bung ( ! b>rel1 say+1 ,o fruitful e>?1 make rye & b>ley & all k9ds ( corn to fl\ri%4 ,next he took ! jug to ! p>l\r1 :]e 8 wife & *ildr5 await$ him4 ,on ! floor ( ! p>l\r lay b\nd a black or :ite or speckl$ 7n a r$7 cock & a h5 ( ! same col\r & ( ! same brood1 :i* mu/ h be5 hat*$ )9 ! ye>4 ,!n ! f>m] knelt d[n1 ) ! jug 9 8 h&1 & ?ank$ ,god = ! h>ve/ & pray$ = a good crop next ye>4 ,next all lift$ up _! h&s & said1 ,o ,god1 & ?\1 ,o e>?1 we give y ?is cock & h5 z a free-w (f]+4 ,) t ! f>m] kill$ ! f[ls ) ! bl[s ( a wood5 spoon1 = he might n cut _! heads (f4 ,aft] ! fir/ pray] & aft] kill+ ea* ( ! birds he p\r$ out a ?ird ( ! be]4 ,!n 8 wife boil$ ! f[ls 9 a new pot :i* _h nev] be5 us$ be=e4 ,aft] t1 a bu%el 0 set1 bottom upw>ds1 on ! floor1 & on x 7 plac$ ! little loaves m5tion$ above & ! boil$ f[ls4 ,next ! new be] 0 fet*$1 toge!r ) a ladle & ?ree mugs1 none ( :i* 0 us$ except on ?is occasion4 ,:5 ! f>m] _h ladl$ ! be] into ! mugs1 ! family knelt d[n r\nd ! bu%el4 ,! fa!r !n utt]$ a pray] & drank (f ! ?ree mugs ( be]4 ,! re/ foll[$ 8 example4 ,!n ! loaves & ! fle% ( ! f[ls 7 eat51 aft] :i* ! be] w5t r\nd aga91 till e "o _h empti$ ea* ( ! ?ree mugs n9e times4 ,none ( ! food %\ld rema9 ov]2 b if any?+ did happ5 to be left1 x 0 consum$ next morn+ ) ! same c]emonies4 ,! bones 7 giv5 to ! dog to eat2 if he did n eat !m all up1 ! rema9s 7 buri$ "u ! dung 9 ! cattle-/all4 ,?is c]emony 0 obs]v$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]4 ,on ! day on :i* x took place no bad ^w might be spok54 ,su* 0 ! cu/om ab\t two hundr$ ye>s or m ago4 ,at ! pres5t day 9 ,li?uania1 :5 new potatoes or loaves made f ! new corn are be+ eat51 all ! p at table pull ea* o!r's hair4 ,! mean+ ( ?is la/ cu/om is obscure1 b a simil> cu/om 0 c]ta9ly obs]v$ by ! hea!n ,li?uanians at _! solemn sacrifices4 ,_m ( ! ,e/honians ( ! isl& ( ,oesel w n eat bread bak$ ( ! new corn till !y h fir/ tak5 a bite at a piece ( iron4 ,! iron is "h pla9ly a *>m1 int5d$ to r5d] h>mless ! _s t is 9 ! corn4 ,9 ,su!rl&%ire at ! pres5t day1 :5 ! new potatoes are dug all ! family mu/ ta/e !m1 o!rwise ! spirits 9 !m ! potatoes take (f5ce1 & ! potatoes w\ld n keep4 ,9 "o "p ( ,york%ire x is /ill cu/om>y = ! cl]gyman to cut ! fir/ corn2 & my in=mant believes t ! corn s cut is us$ to make ! communion bread4 ,if ! latt] "p ( ! cu/om is correctly report$ 7& analogy is all 9 its fav\r71 x %[s h[ ! ,*ri/ian communion has absorb$ )9 itself a sacram5t :i* is d\btless f> old] ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,a9o or ,a9u ( ,japan are said to di/+ui% v>i\s k9ds ( millet z male & female respectively1 & ^! k9ds1 tak5 toge!r1 are call$ ! div9e husb& & wife c]eal 7,umurek h>u kamui74 ,!re=e be=e millet is p\nd$ & made into cakes = g5]al eat+1 ! old m5 h a few made = !mselves fir/ to wor%ip4 ,:5 !y are ready !y pray to !m v e>ne/ly & say3 ',o ?\ c]eal deity1 we wor%ip !e4 ,?\ ha/ gr[n v well ?is ye>1 & ?y flav\r w be sweet4 ,?\ art good4 ,! goddess ( fire w be glad1 & we also %all rejoice greatly4 ,o ?\ god1 ,o ?\ div9e c]eal1 d ?\ n\ri% ! p4 ,i n[ p>take ( !e4 ,i wor%ip !e & give !e ?anks4' ,aft] hav+ ?us pray$1 !y1 ! wor%ipp]s1 take a cake & eat x1 & f ?is "t ! p may all p>take ( ! new millet4 ,& s ) _m ge/ures ( homage & words ( pray] ?is k9d ( food is d$icat$ to ! well-be+ ( ! ,a9u4 ,no d\bt ! c]eal (f]+ is reg>d$ z a tribute paid to a god1 b t god is no o!r ?an ! se$ itself2 & x is only a god 9 s f> z x is b5eficial to ! human body4 ,at ! close ( ! rice h>ve/ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& ( ,buru1 ea* clan meets at a common sacram5tal meal1 to :i* e memb] ( ! clan is b\nd to contribute a little ( ! new rice4 ,?is meal is call$ eat+ ! s\l ( ! rice1 a "n :i* cle>ly indicates ! sacram5tal "* ( ! repa/4 ,"s ( ! rice is also set ap>t & (f]$ to ! spirits4 ,among/ ! ,alfoors ( ,m9ahassa1 9 ,celebes1 ! prie/ s[s ! fir/ rice-se$ & plucks ! fir/ ripe rice 9 ea* field4 ,?is rice he roa/s & gr9ds into meal1 & gives "s ( x to ea* ( ! h\sehold4 ,%ortly be=e ! rice-h>ve/ 9 ,bol& ,mongondo1 ano!r di/rict ( ,celebes1 an (f]+ is made ( a small pig or a f[l4 ,!n ! prie/ plucks a little rice1 fir/ on 8 own field & next on ^? ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,all ! rice ?us pluck$ by him he dries along ) 8 own1 & !n gives x back to ! respective own]s1 :o h x gr\nd & boil$4 ,:5 x is boil$ ! wom5 take x back1 ) an egg1 to ! prie/1 :o (f]s ! egg 9 sacrifice & returns ! rice to ! wom54 ,( ?is rice e memb] ( ! family1 d[n to ! y\nge/ *ild1 mu/ p>take4 ,aft] ?is c]emony e "o is free to get 9 8 rice4 ,among/ ! ,burgh]s or ,badagas1 a tribe ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! fir/ h&ful ( se$ is s[n & ! fir/ %eaf reap$ by a ,curumb>1 a man ( a diff]5t tribe1 ! memb]s ( :i* ! ,burgh]s reg>d z sorc]]s4 ,! gra9 conta9$ 9 ! fir/ %eaf is t day r$uc$ to meal1 made into cakes1 &1 be+ (f]$ z a fir/-fruit oblation1 is1 toge!r ) ! rema9d] ( ! sacrific$ animal1 p>tak5 ( by ! ,burgh] & ! :ole ( 8 family1 z ! meat ( a f$]al (f]+ & sacrifice4 ,among ! ,h9doos ( ,s\!rn ,india ! eat+ ( ! new rice is ! occasion ( a family fe/ival call$ ,pongol4 ,! new rice is boil$ 9 a new pot on a fire :i* is k9dl$ at noon on ! day :51 accord+ to ,h9doo a/rolog]s1 ! sun ent]s ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,! boil+ ( ! pot is wat*$ ) great anxiety by ! :ole family1 = z ! milk boils1 s w ! com+ ye> be4 ,if ! milk boils rapidly1 ! ye> w be prosp]\s2 b x w be ! rev]se if ! milk boils sl[ly4 ,"s ( ! new boil$ rice is (f]$ to ! image ( ,ganesa2 !n e "o p>takes ( x4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,india ! fe/ival ( ! new crop is kn[n z ,navan1 t is1 new gra94 ,:5 ! crop is ripe1 ! own] takes ! om5s1 goes to ! field1 plucks five or six e>s ( b>ley 9 ! spr+ crop & "o ( ! millets 9 ! autumn h>ve/4 ,?is is br\ght home1 p>*$1 & mix$ ) co>se sug>1 butt]1 & curds4 ,"s ( x is ?r[n on ! fire 9 ! "n ( ! village gods & deceas$ ance/ors2 ! re/ is eat5 by ! family4 ,! c]emony ( eat+ ! new yams at ,onit%a1 on ! ,nig]1 is ?us describ$3 ,ea* headman br\ght out six yams1 & cut d[n "y bran*es ( palm-leaves & plac$ !m be=e 8 gate1 roa/$ ?ree ( ! yams1 & got "s kola-nuts & fi%4 ,aft] ! yam is roa/$1 ! ,libia1 or c\ntry doctor1 takes ! yam1 scrapes x into a sort ( meal1 & divides x into halves2 he !n takes "o piece1 & places x on ! lips ( ! p]son :o is go+ to eat ! new yam4 ,! eat] !n bl[s up ! /eam f ! hot yam1 & aft]w>ds pokes ! :ole into 8 m\?1 & says1 ',i ?ank ,god = be+ p]mitt$ to eat ! new yam'2 he !n beg9s to *ew x he>tily1 ) fi% likewise4 ,among ! ,n&i ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 :5 ! eleus9e gra9 is rip5+ 9 autumn1 e woman :o owns a corn-field goes out into x ) h] daught]s1 & !y all pluck "s ( ! ripe gra94 ,ea* ( ! wom5 !n fixes "o gra9 9 h] necklace & *ews ano!r1 :i* %e rubs on h] =ehead1 ?roat1 & brea/4 ,no m>k ( joy escapes !m2 sorr[fully !y cut a basketful ( ! new corn1 & c>ry+ x home place x 9 ! l(t to dry4 ,z ! ceil+ is ( wick]work1 a good deal ( ! gra9 drops ?r\gh ! crevices & falls into ! fire1 :]e x explodes ) a crackl+ noise4 ,! p make no attempt to prev5t ?is wa/e2 = !y reg>d ! crackl+ ( ! gra9 9 ! fire z a sign t ! s\ls ( ! dead are p>tak+ ( x4 ,a few days lat] porridge is made f ! new gra9 & s]v$ up ) milk at ! ev5+ meal4 ,all ! memb]s ( ! family take "s ( ! porridge & dab x on ! walls & ro(s ( ! huts2 also !y put a little 9 _! m\?s & spit x out t[>ds ! ea/ & on ! outside ( ! huts4 ,!n1 hold+ up "s ( ! gra9 9 8 h&1 ! head ( ! family prays to ,god = heal? & /r5g?1 & likewise = milk1 & ev]ybody pres5t repeats ! words ( ! pray] aft] him4 ,among/ ! ,caffres ( ,natal & ,zulul&1 no "o may eat ( ! new fruits till aft] a fe/ival :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! ,caffre ye> & falls at ! end ( ,decemb] or ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y4 ,all ! p assemble at ! k+'s kraal1 :]e !y fea/ & dance4 ,be=e !y sep>ate ! d$ication ( ! p takes place4 ,v>i\s fruits ( ! e>?1 z corn1 mealies1 & pumpk9s1 mix$ ) ! fle% ( a sacrific$ animal & ) m$ic9e1 are boil$ 9 great pots1 & a little ( ?is food is plac$ 9 ea* man's m\? by ! k+ himself4 ,aft] ?us p>tak+ ( ! sanctifi$ fruits1 a man is himself sanctifi$ = ! :ole ye>1 & may imm$iately get 9 8 crops4 ,x is believ$ t if any man 7 to p>take ( ! new fruits be=e ! fe/ival1 he w\ld die2 if he 7 detect$1 he w\ld be put to dea?1 or at lea/ all 8 cattle w\ld be tak5 f him4 ,! hol9ess ( ! new fruits is well m>k$ by ! rule t !y mu/ be cook$ 9 a special pot :i* is us$ only = ?is purpose1 & on a new fire k9dl$ by a magician ?r\gh ! friction ( two /icks :i* are call$ husb& & wife4 ,among ! ,be*uanas x is a rule t be=e !y p>take ( ! new crops !y mu/ purify !mselves4 ,! purification takes place at ! comm5cem5t ( ! new ye> on a day 9 ,janu>y :i* is fix$ by ! *ief4 ,x beg9s 9 ! great kraal ( ! tribe1 :]e all ! adult males assemble4 ,ea* ( !m takes 9 8 h& leaves ( a g\rd call$ by ! natives l]otse 7describ$ z some?+ betwe5 a pumpk9 & a vegetable m>r[72 & hav+ cru%$ ! leaves he ano9ts ) ! express$ juice 8 big toes & 8 navel2 _m p inde$ apply ! juice to all ! jo9ts ( _! body1 b ! bett]-in=m$ say t ?is is a vulg> dep>ture f anci5t cu/om4 ,aft] ?is c]emony 9 ! great kraal e man goes home to 8 own kraal1 assembles all ! memb]s ( 8 family1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 & sme>s !m all ) ! juice ( ! l]otse leaves4 ,"s ( ! leaves are also p\nd$1 mix$ ) milk 9 a l>ge wood5 di%1 & giv5 to ! dogs to lap up4 ,!n ! porridge plate ( ea* memb] ( ! family is rubb$ ) ! l]otse leaves4 ,:5 ?is purification has be5 complet$1 b n be=e1 ! p are free to eat ( ! new crops4 ,! ,bororo ,indians ( ,brazil ?9k t x w\ld be c]ta9 dea? to eat ! new maize be=e x has be5 bless$ by ! m$ic9e-man4 ,! c]emony ( bless+ x is z foll[s4 ,! half-ripe husk is wa%$ & plac$ be=e ! m$ic9e-man1 :o by danc+ & s++ = sev]al h\rs1 & by incessant smok+1 works himself up into a /ate ( ec/asy1 :]eupon he bites into ! husk1 trembl+ 9 e limb & utt]+ %rieks f "t to "t4 ,a simil> c]emony is p]=m$ :5ev] a l>ge animal or a l>ge fi% is kill$4 ,! ,bororo are firmly p]suad$ t 7 any man to t\* unconsecrat$ maize or meat1 be=e ! c]emony _h be5 complet$1 he & 8 :ole tribe w\ld p]i%4 ,among/ ! ,creek ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! busk or fe/ival ( fir/-fruits 0 ! *ief c]emony ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 held 9 ,july or ,augu/1 :5 ! corn 0 ripe1 & m>k$ ! end ( ! old ye> & ! beg9n+ ( ! new "o4 ,be=e x took place1 none ( ! ,indians w\ld eat or ev5 h&le any "p ( ! new h>ve/4 ,sometimes ea* t[n _h its own busk2 sometimes sev]al t[ns unit$ to hold "o 9 common4 ,be=e celebrat+ ! busk1 ! p provid$ !mselves ) new clo!s & new h\sehold ut5sils & furniture2 !y collect$ _! old clo!s & rubbi%1 toge!r ) all ! rema9+ gra9 & o!r old provisions1 ca/ !m toge!r 9 "o common heap1 & consum$ !m ) fire4 ,z a prep>ation = ! c]emony1 all ! fires 9 ! village 7 ext+ui%$1 & ! a%es swept clean away4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! he>? or alt> ( ! temple 0 dug up & ! a%es c>ri$ out4 ,!n ! *ief prie/ put "s roots ( ! button-snake plant1 ) "s gre5 tobacco leaves & a little ( ! new fruits1 at ! bottom ( ! fireplace1 :i* he aft]w>ds comm&$ to be cov]$ up ) :ite clay1 & wett$ ov] ) clean wat]4 ,a ?ick arb\r ( gre5 bran*es ( "y trees 0 !n made ov] ! alt>4 ,mean:ile ! wom5 at home 7 clean+ out _! h\ses1 r5ew+ ! old he>?s1 & sc\r+ all ! cook+ vessels t !y might be ready to receive ! new fire & ! new fruits4 ,! public or sacr$ squ>e 0 c>efully swept ( ev5 ! smalle/ crumbs ( previ\s fea/s1 = fe> ( pollut+ ! fir/-fruit (f]+s4 ,also e vessel t _h conta9$ or _h be5 us$ ab\t any food dur+ ! expir+ ye> 0 remov$ f ! temple be=e sunset4 ,!n all ! m5 :o 7 n kn[n to h violat$ ! law ( ! fir/-fruit (f]+ & t ( m>riage dur+ ! ye> 7 summon$ by a cri] to ent] ! holy squ>e & obs]ve a solemn fa/4 ,b ! wom5 7except six old ones71 ! *ildr51 & all :o _h n atta9$ ! rank ( w>riors 7 =bidd5 to ent] ! squ>e4 ,s5t9els 7 also po/$ at ! corn]s ( ! squ>e to keep out all p]sons deem$ impure & all animals4 ,a /rict fa/ 0 !n obs]v$ = two nights & a day1 ! devotees dr9k+ a bitt] decoction ( button-snake root 9 ord] to vomit & purge _! s9ful bodies4 ,t ! p outside ! squ>e might also be purifi$1 "o ( ! old m5 laid d[n a quantity ( gre5 tobacco at a corn] ( ! squ>e2 ?is 0 c>ri$ (f by an old woman & di/ribut$ to ! p )\t1 :o *ew$ & swall[$ x 9 ord] to afflict _! s\ls4 ,dur+ ?is g5]al fa/1 ! wom51 *ildr51 & m5 ( weak con/itution 7 all[$ to eat aft] mid-day1 b n be=e4 ,on ! morn+ :5 ! fa/ end$1 ! wom5 br\ght a quantity ( ! old ye>'s food to ! outside ( ! sacr$ squ>e4 ,^! provisions 7 !n fet*$ 9 & set be=e ! fami%$ multitude1 b all traces ( !m _h to be remov$ be=e noon4 ,:5 ! sun 0 decl9+ f ! m]idian1 all ! p 7 comm&$ by ! voice ( a cri] to /ay )9 doors1 to d no bad act1 & to be sure to ext+ui% & ?r[ away e sp>k ( ! old fire4 ,univ]sal sil5ce n[ reign$4 ,!n ! high prie/ made ! new fire by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood1 & plac$ x on ! alt> "u ! gre5 arb\r4 ,?is new fire 0 believ$ to atone = all pa/ crimes except murd]4 ,next a basket ( new fruits 0 br\ght2 ! high prie/ took out a little ( ea* sort ( fruit1 rubb$ x ) be>'s oil1 & (f]$ x1 toge!r ) "s fle%1 to ! b\ntiful holy _s ( fire1 z a fir/-fruit (f]+1 & an annual oblation = s94 ,he also consecrat$ ! sacr$ emetics 7! button-snake root & ! cass9a or black-dr9k7 by p\r+ a little ( !m into ! fire4 ,! p]sons :o _h rema9$ outside n[ approa*$1 )\t ent]+1 ! sacr$ squ>e2 & ! *ief prie/ !reupon made a spee*1 exhort+ ! p to obs]ve _! old rites & cu/oms1 ann\nc+ t ! new div9e fire _h purg$ away ! s9s ( ! pa/ ye>1 & e>ne/ly w>n+ ! wom5 t1 if any ( !m _h n ext+ui%$ ! old fire1 or _h contract$ any impurity1 !y mu/ =?) dep>t1 le/ ! div9e fire %\ld spoil bo? !m & ! p4 ,"s ( ! new fire 0 !n set d[n outside ! holy squ>e2 ! wom5 c>ri$ x home joyfully1 & laid x on _! unpollut$ he>?s4 ,:5 sev]al t[ns _h unit$ to celebrate ! fe/ival1 ! new fire might ?us be c>ri$ = sev]al miles4 ,! new fruits 7 !n dress$ on ! new fires & eat5 ) be>'s oil1 :i* 0 deem$ indisp5sable4 ,at "o po9t ( ! fe/ival ! m5 rubb$ ! new corn betwe5 _! h&s1 !n on _! faces & brea/s4 ,dur+ ! fe/ival :i* foll[$1 ! w>riors1 dress$ 9 _! wild m>tial array1 _! heads cov]$ ) :ite d[n & c>ry+ :ite fea!rs 9 _! h&s1 danc$ r\nd ! sacr$ arb\r1 "u :i* burn$ ! new fire4 ,! c]emonies la/$ eight days1 dur+ :i* ! /ricte/ cont95ce 0 practis$4 ,t[>ds ! conclusion ( ! fe/ival ! w>riors f\ght a mock battle2 !n ! m5 & wom5 toge!r1 9 ?ree circles1 danc$ r\nd ! sacr$ fire4 ,la/ly1 all ! p sme>$ !mselves ) :ite clay & ba!d 9 runn+ wat]4 ,!y came out ( ! wat] believ+ t no evil c\ld n[ befall !m = :at !y _h done amiss 9 ! pa/4 ,s !y dep>t$ 9 joy & peace4 ,to ?is day1 also1 ! remnant ( ! ,sem9ole ,indians ( ,florida1 a p ( ! same /ock z ! ,creeks1 hold an annual purification & fe/ival call$ ! ,gre5 ,corn ,dance1 at :i* ! new corn is eat54 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival !y quaff a nause\s ,black ,dr9k1 z x is call$1 :i* acts bo? z an emetic & a purgative2 !y believe t he :o does n dr9k ( ?is liquor _c safely eat ! new gre5 corn1 & besides t he w be sick at "s "t 9 ! ye>4 ,:ile ! liquor is be+ drunk1 ! danc+ beg9s1 & ! m$ic9e-m5 jo9 9 x4 ,next day !y eat ( ! gre5 corn2 ! foll[+ day !y fa/1 probably f fe> ( pollut+ ! sacr$ food 9 _! /oma*s by contact ) common food2 b ! ?ird day !y hold a great fea/4 ,ev5 tribes :i* d n till ! gr\nd sometimes obs]ve analog\s c]emonies :5 !y ga!r ! fir/ wild fruits or dig ! fir/ roots ( ! season4 ,?us among ! ,sali% & ,t9neh ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 be=e ! "y p eat ! fir/ b]ries or roots ( ! season1 !y always address$ ! fruit or plant1 & begg$ = its fav\r & aid4 ,9 "s tribes regul> ,fir/-fruit c]emonies 7 annually held at ! "t ( pick+ ! wild fruit or ga!r+ ! roots1 & also among ! salmon-eat+ tribes :5 ! run ( ! 'sockeye' salmon began4 ,^! c]emonies 7 n s mu* ?anksgiv+s1 z p]=mances to ensure a pl5tiful crop or supply ( ! p>ticul> object desir$1 = if !y 7 n prop]ly & rev]5tly c>ri$ out !re 0 dang] ( giv+ (f5ce to ! 'spirits' ( ! objects1 & be+ depriv$ ( !m4 ,= example1 ^! ,indians are fond ( ! "y %oots or suck]s ( ! wild raspb]ry1 & !y obs]ve a solemn c]emony at eat+ ! fir/ ( !m 9 season4 ,! %oots are cook$ 9 a new pot3 ! p assemble & /& 9 a great circle ) clos$ eyes1 :ile ! presid+ *ief or m$ic9e-man invokes ! _s ( ! plant1 begg+ t x w be propiti\s to !m & grant !m a good supply ( suck]s4 ,aft] ?is "p ( ! c]emony is ov] ! cook$ suck]s are h&$ to ! presid+ (fic] 9 a newly c>v$ di%1 & a small portion is giv5 to ea* p]son pres5t1 :o rev]5tly & decor\sly eats x4 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia cook & eat ! sunfl[] root 7,balsamorrhiza sagittata1 ,nutt471 b !y us$ to reg>d x z a my/]i\s be+1 & obs]v$ a numb] ( taboos 9 connexion ) x2 = example1 wom5 :o 7 engag$ 9 digg+ or cook+ ! root mu/ practice cont95ce1 & no man might come ne> ! ov5 :]e ! wom5 7 bak+ ! root4 ,:5 "y p ate ! fir/ b]ries1 roots1 or o!r products ( ! season1 !y address$ a pray] to ! ,sunfl[]-,root z foll[s3 ,i in=m !e t ,i int5d to eat !e4 ,maye/ ?\ always help me to asc5d1 s t ,i may always be able to rea* ! tops ( m\nta9s1 & may ,i nev] be clumsy6 ,i ask ?is f !e1 ,sunfl[]-,root4 ,?\ art ! greate/ ( all 9 my/]y4 ,to omit ?is pray] w\ld make ! eat] lazy & cause him to sleep long 9 ! morn+4 ,^! cu/oms ( ! ,?ompson & o!r ,indian tribes ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica are in/ructive1 because !y cle>ly indicate ! motive1 or at lea/ "o ( ! motives1 :i* und]lies ! c]emonies obs]v$ at eat+ ! fir/ fruits ( ! season4 ,t motive 9 ! case ( ^! ,indians is simply a belief t ! plant itself is animat$ by a consci\s & m or less p[]ful _s1 :o mu/ be propitiat$ be=e ! p c safely p>take ( ! fruits or roots :i* are suppos$ to be "p ( 8 body4 ,n[ if ?is is true ( wild fruits & roots1 we may inf] ) "s probability t x is also true ( cultivat$ fruits & roots1 su* z yams1 & 9 p>ticul> t x holds good ( ! c]eals1 su* z :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 rice1 & maize4 ,9 all cases x seems reasonable to inf] t ! scruples :i* savages manife/ at eat+ ! fir/ fruits ( any crop1 & ! c]emonies :i* !y obs]ve be=e !y ov]come _! scruples1 are due at lea/ 9 l>ge measure to a notion t ! plant or tree is animat$ by a _s or ev5 a deity1 ^: leave mu/ be obta9$1 or ^: fav\r mu/ be s\ght1 be=e x is possible to p>take ) safety ( ! new crop4 ,?is inde$ is pla9ly affirm$ ( ! ,a9o3 !y call ! millet ! div9e c]eal1 ! c]eal deity1 & !y pray to & wor%ip him be=e !y w eat ( ! cakes made f ! new millet4 ,& ev5 :]e ! indwell+ div9ity ( ! fir/ fruits is n expressly affirm$1 x appe>s to be impli$ bo? by ! solemn prep>ations made = eat+ !m & by ! dang] suppos$ to be incurr$ by p]sons :o v5ture to p>take ( !m )\t obs]v+ ! prescrib$ ritual4 ,9 all su* cases1 accord+ly1 we may n improp]ly describe ! eat+ ( ! new fruits z a sacram5t or communion ) a deity1 or at all ev5ts ) a p[]ful _s4 ,among ! usages :i* po9t to ?is conclusion are ! cu/om ( employ+ ei!r new or specially res]v$ vessels to hold ! new fruits1 & ! practice ( purify+ ! p]sons ( ! communicants be=e x is lawful to engage 9 ! solemn act ( communion ) ! div9ity4 ,( all ! modes ( purification adopt$ on ^! occasions none p]haps br+s out ! sacram5tal virtue ( ! rite s cle>ly z ! ,creek & ,sem9ole practice ( tak+ a purgative be=e swall[+ ! new corn4 ,! int5tion is !reby to prev5t ! sacr$ food f be+ pollut$ by contact ) common food 9 ! /oma* ( ! eat]4 ,= ! same reason ,ca?olics p>take ( ! ,eu*>i/ fa/+2 & among ! pa/oral ,masai ( ,ea/]n ,africa ! "y w>riors1 :o live on meat & milk exclusively1 are oblig$ to eat no?+ b milk = s _m days & !n no?+ b meat = s _m m1 & be=e !y pass f ! "o food to ! o!r !y mu/ make sure t none ( ! old food rema9s 9 _! /oma*s2 ?is !y d by swall[+ a v p[]ful purgative & emetic4 ,9 "s ( ! fe/ivals :i* we h exam9$1 ! sacram5t ( fir/-fruits is comb9$ ) a sacrifice or pres5tation ( !m to gods or spirits1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ! sacrifice ( fir/-fruits t5ds to ?r[ ! sacram5t into ! %ade1 if n to sup]s$e x4 ,! m]e fact ( (f]+ ! fir/-fruits to ! gods or spirits comes n[ to be ?\ght a suffici5t prep>ation = eat+ ! new corn2 ! high] p[]s hav+ receiv$ _! %>e1 man is free to enjoy ! re/4 ,?is mode ( view+ ! new fruits implies t !y are reg>d$ no long] z !mselves in/9ct ) div9e life1 b m]ely z a gift be/[$ by ! gods ^u man1 :o is b\nd to express 8 gratitude & homage to 8 div9e b5efactors by return+ to !m a portion ( _! b\nty4 #b4 ,eat+ ! ,god among ! ,aztecs ,,! ,,cu/om ( eat+ bread sacram5tally z ! body ( a god 0 practis$ by ! ,aztecs be=e ! discov]y & conque/ ( ,mexico by ! ,spani>ds4 ,twice a ye>1 9 ,may & ,decemb]1 an image ( ! great ,mexican god ,huitzilopo*tli or ,vitzilipuztli 0 made ( d\gh1 !n brok5 9 pieces1 & solemnly eat5 by 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,may c]emony is ?us describ$ by ! hi/orian ,aco/a3 ,! ,mexicans 9 ! mon? ( ,may made _! pr9cipal fea/ to _! god ,vitzilipuztli1 & two days be=e ?is fea/1 ! virg9s :]e( ,i h spok5 7! :i* 7 %ut up & seclud$ 9 ! same temple & 7 z x 7 religi\s wom57 did m+le a quantity ( ! se$ ( beets ) roa/$ maize1 & !n !y did m\ld x ) honey1 mak+ an idol ( t pa/e 9 bigness l to t ( wood1 putt+ in/ead ( eyes gra9s ( gre5 glass1 ( blue or :ite2 & = tee? gra9s ( maize set =? ) all ! ornam5t & furniture t ,i h said4 ,?is be+ f9i%$1 all ! noblem5 came & br\ght x an exquisite & ri* g>m5t1 l unto t ( ! idol1 :]e) !y did attire x4 ,be+ ?us clad & deckt1 !y did set x 9 an azur$ *air & 9 a litt] to c>ry x on _! %\ld]s4 ,! morn+ ( ?is fea/ be+ come1 an h\r be=e day all ! maid5s came =? attir$ 9 :ite1 ) new ornam5ts1 ! :i* t day 7 call$ ! ,si/]s ( _! god ,vitzilipuztli1 !y came cr[n$ ) g>l&s ( maize roa/$ & p>*$1 be+ l unto azah> or ! fl[] ( orange2 & ab\t _! necks !y _h great *a9s ( ! same1 :i* w5t bauldrick-wise "u _! left arm4 ,_! *eeks 7 dy$ ) v]milion1 _! arms f ! elb[ to ! wri/ 7 cov]$ ) r$ p>rots' fea!rs4 ,"y m51 dress$ 9 r$ robes & cr[n$ l ! virg9s ) maize1 !n c>ri$ ! idol 9 its litt] to ! foot ( ! great pyramid-%ap$ temple1 up ! /eep & n>r[ /eps ( :i* x 0 drawn to ! music ( flutes1 trumpets1 cornets1 & drums4 ,:ile !y m\nt$ up ! idol all ! p /ood 9 ! c\rt ) mu* rev]5ce & fe>4 ,be+ m\nt$ to ! top1 & t !y _h plac$ x 9 a little lodge ( roses :i* !y held ready1 pres5tly came ! "y m51 :i* /rew$ _m fl[]s ( sundry k9ds1 :]e) !y fill$ ! temple bo? )9 & )\t4 ,?is done1 all ! virg9s came out ( _! conv5t1 br++ pieces ( pa/e comp\nd$ ( beets & roa/$ maize1 :i* 0 ( ! same pa/e :]e( _! idol 0 made & comp\nd$1 & !y 7 ( ! fa%ion ( great bones4 ,!y deliv]$ !m to ! "y m51 :o c>ri$ !m up & laid !m at ! idol's feet1 :]e) !y fill$ ! :ole place t x c\ld receive no m4 ,!y call$ ^! morsels ( pa/e ! fle% & bones ( ,vitzilipuztli4 ,hav+ laid abroad ^! bones1 pres5tly came all ! anci5ts ( ! temple1 prie/s1 ,levites1 & all ! re/ ( ! m9i/]s1 accord+ to _! dignities & antiquities 7= h]e9 !re 0 a /rict ord] among/ !m7 "o aft] ano!r1 ) _! veils ( div]se col\rs & works1 e "o accord+ to 8 dignity & (fice1 hav+ g>l&s ^u _! heads & *a9s ( fl[]s ab\t _! necks2 aft] !m came _! gods & goddesses :om !y wor%ipp$1 ( div]se figures1 attir$ 9 ! same liv]y2 !n putt+ !mselves 9 ord] ab\t ^? morsels & pieces ( pa/e1 !y us$ c]ta9 c]emonies ) s++ & danc+4 ,by means :]e( !y 7 bless$ & consecrat$ = ! fle% & bones ( ?is idol4 ,?is c]emony & bless+ 7:]eby !y 7 tak5 = ! fle% & bones ( ! idol7 be+ end$1 !y hon\r$ ^? pieces 9 ! same sort z _! god4 4 4 4 ,all ! city came to ?is goodly spectacle1 & !re 0 a comm&m5t v /rictly obs]v$ ?r\gh\t all ! l&1 t ! day ( ! fea/ ( ! idol ( ,vitzilipuztli !y %\ld eat no o!r meat b ?is pa/e1 ) honey1 :]e( ! idol 0 made4 ,& ?is %\ld be eat5 at ! po9t ( day1 & !y %\ld dr9k no wat] nor any o!r ?+ till aft] noon3 !y held x = an ill sign1 yea1 = sacrilege to d ! contr>y3 b aft] ! c]emonies end$1 x 0 lawful = !m to eat any?+4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ?is c]emony !y hid ! wat] f _! little *ildr51 admoni%+ all su* z _h ! use ( reason n to dr9k any wat]2 :i*1 if !y did1 ! ang] ( ,god w\ld come ^u !m1 & !y %\ld die1 :i* !y did obs]ve v c>efully & /rictly4 ,! c]emonies1 danc+1 & sacrifice end$1 ! w5t to unclo! !mselves1 & ! prie/s & sup]iors ( ! temple took ! idol ( pa/e1 :i* !y spoil$ ( all ! ornam5ts x _h1 & made _m pieces1 z well ( ! idol itself z ( ! trun*eons :i* !y consecrat$1 & !n !y gave !m to ! p 9 mann] ( a communion1 beg9n+ ) ! great]1 & cont9u+ unto ! re/1 bo? m51 wom51 & little *ildr51 :o receiv$ x ) su* te>s1 fe>1 & rev]5ce z x 0 an admirable ?+1 say+ t !y did eat ! fle% & bones ( ,god1 :]e-) !y 7 griev$4 ,su* z _h any sick folks dem&$ !re( = !m1 & c>ri$ x ) great rev]5ce & v5]ation4 ,f ?is int]e/+ passage we le>n t ! anci5t ,mexicans1 ev5 be=e ! arrival ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 7 fully acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation & act$ ^u x 9 ! solemn rites ( _! religion4 ,!y believ$ t by consecrat+ bread _! prie/s c\ld turn x into ! v body ( _! god1 s t all :o !reupon p>took ( ! consecrat$ bread ent]$ into a my/ic communion ) ! deity by receiv+ a portion ( 8 div9e sub/ance into !mselves4 ,! doctr9e ( transub/antiation1 or ! magical conv]sion ( bread into fle%1 0 also famili> to ! ,aryans ( anci5t ,india long be=e ! spread & ev5 ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,brahmans taught t ! rice-cakes (f]$ 9 sacrifice 7 sub/itutes = human be+s1 & t !y 7 actually conv]t$ into ! real bodies ( m5 by ! manipulation ( ! prie/4 ,we read t :5 x 7! rice-cake7 /ill consi/s ( rice-meal1 x is ! hair4 ,:5 he p\rs wat] on x1 x becomes sk94 ,:5 he mixes x1 x becomes fle%3 = !n x becomes consi/5t2 & consi/5t also is ! fle%4 ,:5 x is bak$1 x becomes bone3 = !n x becomes some:at h>d2 & h>d is ! bone4 ,& :5 he is ab\t to take x (f 7! fire7 & spr9kles x ) butt]1 he *anges x into m>r[4 ,?is is ! complet5ess :i* !y call ! fivefold animal sacrifice4 ,n[1 too1 we c p]fectly und]/& :y on ! day ( _! solemn communion ) ! deity ! ,mexicans refus$ to eat any o!r food ?an ! consecrat$ bread :i* !y rev]$ z ! v fle% & bones ( _! ,god1 & :y up till noon !y might dr9k no?+ at all1 n ev5 wat]4 ,!y fe>$ no d\bt to defile ! portion ( ,god 9 _! /oma*s by contact ) common ?+s4 ,a simil> pi\s fe> l$ ! ,creek & ,sem9ole ,indians1 z we saw1 to adopt ! m ?or\ghgo+ exp$i5t ( r9s+ out _! bodies by a /rong purgative be=e !y d>$ to p>take ( ! sacram5t ( fir/-fruits4 ,at ! fe/ival ( ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ,decemb] ! ,aztecs kill$ _! god ,huitzilopo*tli 9 effigy fir/ & ate him aft]w>ds4 ,z a prep>ation = ?is solemn c]emony an image ( ! deity 9 ! lik5ess ( a man 0 fa%ion$ out ( se$s ( v>i\s sorts1 :i* 7 knead$ into a d\gh ) ! blood ( *ildr54 ,! bones ( ! god 7 repres5t$ by pieces ( acacia wood4 ,?is image 0 plac$ on ! *ief alt> ( ! temple1 & on ! day ( ! fe/ival ! k+ (f]$ inc5se to x4 ,e>ly next day x 0 tak5 d[n & set on its feet 9 a great hall4 ,!n a prie/1 :o bore ! "n & act$ ! "p ( ! god ,quetzalcoatl1 took a fl9t-tipp$ d>t & hurl$ x into ! brea/ ( ! d\gh-image1 pi]c+ x ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,?is 0 call$ kill+ ! god ,huitzilopo*tli s t 8 body might be eat54 ,"o ( ! prie/s cut out ! he>t ( ! image & gave x to ! k+ to eat4 ,! re/ ( ! image 0 divid$ into m9ute pieces1 ( :i* e man great & small1 d[n to ! male *ildr5 9 ! cradle1 receive "o to eat4 ,b no woman might ta/e a morsel4 ,! c]emony 0 call$ teoqualo1 t is1 god is eat54 ,at ano!r fe/ival ! ,mexicans made little images l m51 :i* /ood = ! cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s4 ,^! images 7 m\ld$ ( a pa/e ( v>i\s se$s & 7 dress$ 9 pap] ornam5ts4 ,"s p fa%ion$ five1 o!rs t51 o!rs z _m z fifte5 ( !m4 ,hav+ be5 made1 !y 7 plac$ 9 ! oratory ( ea* h\se & wor%ipp$4 ,f\r times 9 ! c\rse ( ! night (f]+s ( food 7 br\ght to !m 9 t9y vessels2 & p sang & play$ ! flute be=e !m ?r\gh all ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,at break ( day ! prie/s /abb$ ! images ) a weav]'s in/rum5t1 cut (f _! heads1 & tore out _! he>ts1 :i* !y pres5t$ to ! ma/] ( ! h\se on a gre5 sauc]4 ,! bodies ( ! images 7 !n eat5 by all ! family1 especially by ! s]vants1 9 ord] t by eat+ !m !y might be pres]v$ f c]ta9 di/emp]s1 to :i* ^? p]sons :o 7 neglig5t ( wor%ip to ^? deities conceiv$ !mselves to be subject4 #c4 ,_m ,manii at ,aricia ,,we are n[ able to sugge/ an explanation ( ! prov]b ,!re are _m ,manii at ,aricia4 ,c]ta9 loaves made 9 ! %ape ( m5 7 call$ by ! ,romans maniae1 & x appe>s t ?is k9d ( loaf 0 especially made at ,aricia4 ,n[1 ,mania1 ! "n ( "o ( ^! loaves1 0 also ! "n ( ! ,"m or ,gr&mo!r ( ,gho/s1 to :om wooll5 effigies ( m5 & wom5 7 d$icat$ at ! fe/ival ( ! ,compitalia4 ,^! effigies 7 hung at ! doors ( all ! h\ses 9 ,rome2 "o effigy 0 hung up = e free p]son 9 ! h\se1 & "o effigy1 ( a diff]5t k9d1 = e slave4 ,! reason 0 t on ?is day ! gho/s ( ! dead 7 believ$ to be go+ ab\t1 & x 0 hop$ t1 ei!r out ( good nature or ?r\gh simple inadv]t5ce1 !y w\ld c>ry (f ! effigies at ! door in/ead ( ! liv+ p 9 ! h\se4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ^! wooll5 figures 7 sub/itutes = a =m] cu/om ( sacrific+ human be+s4 ,^u data s fragm5t>y & unc]ta91 x is impossible to build ) confid5ce2 b x seems wor? sugge/+ t ! loaves 9 human =m1 :i* appe> to h be5 bak$ at ,aricia1 7 sacram5tal bread1 & t 9 ! old days1 :5 ! div9e ,k+ ( ! ,wood 0 annually sla91 loaves 7 made 9 8 image1 l ! pa/e figures ( ! gods 9 ,mexico1 & 7 eat5 sacram5tally by 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,mexican sacram5ts 9 hon\r ( ,huitzilopo*tli 7 also accompani$ by ! sacrifice ( human victims4 ,! tradition t ! f\nd] ( ! sacr$ grove at ,aricia 0 a man nam$ ,manius1 f :om _m ,manii 7 desc5d$1 w\ld ?us be an etymological my? inv5t$ to expla9 ! "n maniae z appli$ to ^! sacram5tal loaves4 ,a dim recollection ( ! orig9al connexion ( ! loaves ) human sacrifices may p]haps be trac$ 9 ! /ory t ! effigies d$icat$ to ,mania at ! ,compitalia 7 sub/itutes = human victims4 ,! /ory itself1 h[ev]1 is probably devoid ( f\ndation1 s9ce ! practice ( putt+ up dummies to div]t ! att5tion ( gho/s or demons f liv+ p is n uncommon4 ,= example1 ! ,tibetans /& 9 fe> ( innum]able e>?-demons1 all ( :om are "u ! au?ority ( ,old ,"m ,khn-ma4 ,?is goddess1 :o may be comp>$ to ! ,roman ,mania1 ! ,"m or ,gr&mo!r ( ,gho/s1 is dress$ 9 gold5-yell[ robes1 holds a gold5 noose 9 h] h&1 & rides on a ram4 ,9 ord] to b> ! dwell+-h\se aga9/ ! f\l fi5ds1 ( :om ,old ,"m ,khn-ma is mi/ress1 an elaborate /ructure some:at resembl+ a *&eli] is fix$ above ! door on ! outside ( ! h\se4 ,x conta9s a ram's skull1 a v>iety ( preci\s objects su* z gold-leaf1 silv]1 & turquoise1 also "s dry food1 su* z rice1 :eat1 & pulse1 & f9ally images or pictures ( a man1 a woman1 & a h\se4 ,! object ( ^! figures ( a man1 wife1 & h\se is to deceive ! demons %\ld !y /ill come 9 spite ( ?is (f]+1 & to mislead !m into ! belief t ! =ego+ pictures are ! inmates ( ! h\se1 s t !y may wreak _! wra? on ^! bits ( wood & to save ! real human occupants4 ,:5 all is ready1 a prie/ prays to ,old ,"m ,khn-ma t %e w\ld be pleas$ to accept ^! da9ty (f]+s & to close ! op5 doors ( ! e>?1 9 ord] t ! demons may n come =? to infe/ & injure ! h\sehold4 ,aga91 effigies are (t5 employ$ z a means ( prev5t+ or cur+ sickness2 ! demons ( disease ei!r mi/ake ! effigies = liv+ p or are p]suad$ or compell$ to ent] !m1 leav+ ! real m5 & wom5 well & :ole4 ,?us ! ,alfoors ( ,m9ahassa1 9 ,celebes1 w sometimes transport a sick man to ano!r h\se1 :ile !y leave on 8 b$ a dummy made up ( a pill[ & clo!s4 ,?is dummy ! demon is suppos$ to mi/ake = ! sick man1 :o consequ5tly recov]s4 ,cure or prev5tion ( ?is sort seems to f9d especial fav\r ) ! natives ( ,borneo4 ,?us1 :5 an epidemic is rag+ among !m1 ! ,dyaks ( ! ,kato5g\w ,riv] set up wood5 images at _! doors 9 ! hope t ! demons ( ! plague may be delud$ into c>ry+ (f ! effigies in/ead ( ! p4 ,among ! ,oloh ,ngadju ( ,borneo1 :5 a sick man is suppos$ to be suff]+ f ! assaults ( a gho/1 puppets ( d\gh or rice-meal are made & ?r[n "u ! h\se z sub/itutes = ! pati5t1 :o ?us rids himself ( ! gho/4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ! we/]n di/ricts ( ,borneo if a man is tak5 sudd5ly & viol5tly sick1 ! physician1 :o 9 ?is "p ( ! _w is g5]ally an old woman1 fa%ions a wood5 image & br+s x sev5 times into contact ) ! suff]]'s head1 :ile %e says3 ,?is image s]ves to take ! place ( ! sick man2 sickness1 pass ov] into ! image4 ,!n1 ) "s rice1 salt1 & tobacco 9 a little basket1 ! sub/itute is c>ri$ to ! spot :]e ! evil _s is suppos$ to h ent]$ into ! man4 ,!re x is set upright on ! gr\nd1 aft] ! physician has invok$ ! _s z foll[s3 ,o devil1 "h is an image :i* /&s in/ead ( ! sick man4 ,release ! s\l ( ! sick man & plague ! image1 = x is inde$ pretti] & bett] ?an he4 ,batak magicians c conjure ! demon ( disease out ( ! pati5t's body into an image made out ( a banana-tree ) a human face & wrapt up 9 magic h]bs2 ! image is !n hurri$ly remov$ & ?r[n away or buri$ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! village4 ,sometimes ! image1 dress$ z a man or a woman accord+ to ! sex ( ! pati5t1 is deposit$ at a cross-road or o!r ?or\ghf>e1 9 ! hope t "s pass]-by1 see+ x1 may />t & cry out1 ,ah6 ,s-&-,s is dead2 = su* an exclamation is suppos$ to delude ! demon ( disease into a belief t he has accompli%$ 8 fell purpose1 s he takes himself (f & leaves ! suff]] to get well4 ,! ,mai ,d>at1 a ,sakai tribe ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 attribute all k9ds ( diseases to ! ag5cy ( spirits :i* !y call nyani2 =tunately1 h[ev]1 ! magician c induce ^! malefic5t be+s to come out ( ! sick p]son & take up _! abode 9 rude figures ( grass1 :i* are hung up outside ! h\ses 9 little bell-%ap$ %r9es decorat$ ) peel$ /icks4 ,dur+ an epidemic ( small-pox ! ,ewe negroes w sometimes cle> a space outside ( ! t[n1 :]e !y erect a numb] ( l[ m\nds & cov] !m ) z _m little clay figures z !re are p 9 ! place4 ,pots ( food & wat] are also set out = ! refre%m5t ( ! _s ( small-pox :o1 x is hop$1 w take ! clay figures & sp>e ! liv+ folk2 & to make assurance d\bly sure ! road into ! t[n is b>ricad$ aga9/ him4 ,) ^! examples be=e u we may surmise t ! wooll5 effigies1 :i* at ! fe/ival ( ! ,compitalia might be se5 hang+ at ! doors ( all ! h\ses 9 anci5t ,rome1 7 n sub/itutes = human victims :o _h =m]ly be5 sacrific$ at ?is season1 b r vic>i\s (f]+s pres5t$ to ! ,"m or ,gr&mo!r ( ,gho/s1 9 ! hope t on h] r\nds ?r\gh ! city %e w\ld accept or mi/ake ! effigies = ! inmates ( ! h\se & s sp>e ! liv+ = ano!r ye>4 ,x is possible t ! puppets made ( ru%es1 :i* 9 ! mon? ( ,may ! pontiffs & ,ve/al ,virg9s annually ?rew into ! ,tib] f ! old ,sublician bridge at ,rome1 _h orig9ally ! same significance2 t is1 !y may h be5 design$ to purge ! city f demoniac influ5ce by div]t+ ! att5tion ( ! demons f human be+s to ! puppets & !n toppl+ ! :ole uncanny crew1 neck & crop1 into ! riv]1 :i* w\ld soon sweep !m f> out to sea4 ,9 precisely ! same way ! natives ( ,old ,calab> us$ p]iodically to rid _! t[n ( ! devils :i* infe/$ x by lur+ ! unw>y demons into a numb] ( lam5table sc>ecr[s1 :i* !y aft]w>ds flung into ! riv]4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! ,roman cu/om is support$ to "s ext5t by ! evid5ce ( ,plut>*1 :o speaks ( ! c]emony z ! greate/ ( purifications4 ,,li4 ,homeopa?ic ,magic ( a ,fle% ,diet ,,! ,,practice ( kill+ a god has n[ be5 trac$ among/ peoples :o h rea*$ ! agricultural /age ( society4 ,we h se5 t ! _s ( ! corn1 or ( o!r cultivat$ plants1 is commonly repres5t$ ei!r 9 human or 9 animal =m1 & t 9 "s places a cu/om has prevail$ ( kill+ annually ei!r ! human or ! animal repres5tative ( ! god4 ,"o reason = ?us kill+ ! corn-_s 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative has be5 giv5 implicitly 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w3 we may suppose t ! int5tion 0 to gu>d him or h] 7= ! corn-_s is (t5 fem99e7 f ! enfeeblem5t ( old age by transf]r+ ! _s1 :ile /ill hale & he>ty1 to ! p]son ( a y\?ful & vigor\s successor4 ,ap>t f ! desirability ( r5ew+ 8 div9e en]gies1 ! dea? ( ! corn-_s may h be5 deem$ inevitable "u ! sickles or ! knives ( ! reap]s1 & 8 wor%ipp]s may accord+ly h felt b\nd to acquiesce 9 ! sad necessity4 ,b1 fur!r1 we h f\nd a widespread cu/om ( eat+ ! god sacram5tally1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( ! man or animal :o repres5ts ! god1 or 9 ! %ape ( bread made 9 human or animal =m4 ,! reasons = ?us p>tak+ ( ! body ( ! god are1 f ! primitive /&po9t1 simple en\gh4 ,! savage commonly believes t by eat+ ! fle% ( an animal or man he acquires n only ! physical1 b ev5 ! moral & intellectual qualities :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( t animal or man2 s :5 ! creature is deem$ div9e1 our simple savage naturally expects to absorb a portion ( its div9ity along ) its mat]ial sub/ance4 ,x may be well to illu/rate by in/ances ?is common fai? 9 ! acquisition ( virtues or vices ( _m k9ds ?r\gh ! m$ium ( animal food1 ev5 :5 !re is no pret5ce t ! vi&s consi/ ( ! body or blood ( a god4 ,! doctr9e =ms "p ( ! widely ramifi$ sy/em ( sympa!tic or homoeopa?ic magic4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,creeks1 ,*]okee1 & k9dr$ tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians believe t nature is posse/ ( su* a prop]ty z to transfuse into m5 & animals ! qualities1 ei!r ( ! food !y use1 or ( ^? objects t are pres5t$ to _! s5ses2 he :o fe$s on v5ison is1 accord+ to _! physical sy/em1 swift] & m sagaci\s ?an ! man :o lives on ! fle% ( ! clumsy be>1 or helpless dunghill f[ls1 ! sl[-foot$ tame cattle1 or ! heavy wall[+ sw9e4 ,?is is ! reason t sev]al ( _! old m5 recomm5d1 & say1 t =m]ly _! greate/ *iefta9s obs]v$ a con/ant rule 9 _! diet1 & seldom ate ( any animal ( a gross quality1 or heavy motion ( body1 fancy+ x convey$ a dullness ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em1 & disabl$ !m f ex]t+ !mselves ) prop] vig\r 9 _! m>tial1 civil1 & religi\s duties4 ,! ,zap>o ,indians ( ,ecuador w1 unless f necessity1 9 mo/ cases n eat any heavy meats1 su* z tapir & pecc>y1 b conf9e !mselves to birds1 monkeys1 de]1 fi%1 etc41 pr9cipally because !y argue t ! heavi] meats make !m unwieldy1 l ! animals :o supply ! fle%1 imp$+ _! agility1 & unfitt+ !m = ! *ase4 ,simil>ly "s ( ! ,brazilian ,indians w\ld eat no bea/1 bird1 or fi% t ran1 flew1 or swam sl[ly1 le/ by p>tak+ ( its fle% !y %\ld lose _! ability & be unable to escape f _! enemies4 ,! ,c>ibs ab/a9$ f ! fle% ( pigs le/ x %\ld cause !m to h small eyes l pigs2 & !y refus$ to p>take ( tortoises f a fe> t if !y did s !y w\ld become heavy & /upid l ! animal4 ,among ! ,fans ( ,we/ ,africa m5 9 ! prime ( life nev] eat tortoises = a simil> reason2 !y imag9e t if !y did s1 _! vig\r & fleetness ( foot w\ld be gone4 ,b old m5 may eat tortoises freely1 because hav+ already lo/ ! p[] ( runn+ !y c take no h>m f ! fle% ( ! sl[-foot$ creature4 ,:ile _m savages ?us fe> to eat ! fle% ( sl[-foot$ animals le/ !y %\ld !mselves become sl[-foot$1 ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa purposely ate ! fle% ( su* creatures1 & ! reason :i* !y gave = do+ s exhibits a curi\s ref9em5t ( savage philosophy4 ,!y imag9$ t ! game :i* !y pursu$ w\ld be influ5c$ sympa!tically by ! food 9 ! body ( ! hunt]1 s t if he _h eat5 ( swift-foot$ animals1 ! qu>ry w\ld be swift-foot$ also & w\ld escape him2 :]eas if he _h eat5 ( sl[-foot$ animals1 ! qu>ry w\ld also be sl[-foot$1 & he w\ld be able to ov]take & kill x4 ,= t reason hunt]s ( gemsbok p>ticul>ly avoid$ eat+ ! fle% ( ! swift & agile spr+bok2 inde$ !y w\ld n ev5 t\* x ) _! h&s1 because !y believ$ ! spr+bok to be a v lively creature :i* did n g to sleep at night1 & !y ?\ght t if !y ate spr+bok1 ! gemsbok :i* !y hunt$ w\ld likewise n be will+ to g to sleep1 ev5 at night4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld !y cat* x8 ,! ,namaquas ab/a9 f eat+ ! fle% ( h>es1 because !y ?9k x w\ld make !m fa9t-he>t$ z a h>e4 ,b !y eat ! fle% ( ! lion1 or dr9k ! blood ( ! leop>d or lion1 to get ! c\rage & /r5g? ( ^! bea/s4 ,! ,bu%m5 w n give _! *ildr5 a jackal's he>t to eat1 le/ x %\ld make !m timid l ! jackal2 b !y give !m a leop>d's he>t to eat to make !m brave l ! leop>d4 ,:5 a ,wagogo man ( ,ea/ ,africa kills a lion1 he eats ! he>t 9 ord] to become brave l a lion2 b he ?9ks t to eat ! he>t ( a h5 w\ld make him timid4 ,:5 a s]i\s disease has attack$ a ,zulu kraal1 ! m$ic9e-man takes ! bone ( a v old dog1 or ! bone ( an old c[1 bull1 or o!r v old animal1 & adm9i/]s x to ! heal?y z well z to ! sick p1 9 ord] t !y may live to be z old z ! animal ( ^: bone !y h p>tak54 ,s to re/ore ! ag$ ,aeson to y\?1 ! wit* ,m$ea infus$ into 8 ve9s a decoction ( ! liv] ( ! long-liv$ de] & ! head ( a cr[ t _h outliv$ n9e g5]ations ( m54 ,among ! ,dyaks ( ,nor?-,we/ ,borneo "y m5 & w>riors may n eat v5ison1 because x w\ld make !m z timid z de]2 b ! wom5 & v old m5 are free to eat x4 ,h[ev]1 among ! ,kayans ( ! same region1 :o %>e ! same view z to ! ill effect ( eat+ v5ison1 m5 w p>take ( ! dang]\s vi& provid$ x is cook$ 9 ! op5 air1 = !n ! timid _s ( ! animal is suppos$ to escape at once into ! jungle & n to ent] into ! eat]4 ,! ,a9o believe t ! he>t ( ! wat]-ousel is exce$+ly wise1 & t 9 spee* ! bird is mo/ eloqu5t4 ,!re=e :5ev] he is kill$1 he %\ld be at once torn op5 & 8 he>t wr5*$ out & swall[$ be=e x has "t to gr[ cold or suff] damage ( any k9d4 ,if a man swall[s x ?us1 he w become v flu5t & wise1 & w be able to argue d[n all 8 adv]s>ies4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india p fancy t if y eat ! eyeballs ( an owl y w be able l an owl to see 9 ! d>k4 ,:5 ! ,kansas ,indians 7 go+ to w>1 a fea/ us$ to be held 9 ! *ief's hut1 & ! pr9cipal di% 0 dog's fle%1 because1 said ! ,indians1 ! animal :o is s brave t he w let himself be cut 9 pieces 9 def5ce ( 8 ma/]1 mu/ ne$s inspire val\r4 ,m5 ( ! ,buru & ,aru ,isl&s1 ,ea/ ,indies1 eat ! fle% ( dogs 9 ord] to be bold & nimble 9 w>4 ,among/ ! ,papuans ( ! ,port ,moresby & ,motumotu di/ricts1 ,new ,gu9ea1 "y lads eat /rong pig1 wallaby1 & l>ge fi%1 9 ord] to acquire ! /r5g? ( ! animal or fi%4 ,"s ( ! natives ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia fancy t by eat+ ! fle% ( ! kang>oo or emu !y are enabl$ to jump or run fa/] ?an be=e4 ,! ,miris ( ,assam prize tig]'s fle% z food = m52 x gives !m /r5g? & c\rage4 ,b x is n suit$ = wom52 x w\ld make !m too /rong-m9d$4 ,9 ,corea ! bones ( tig]s fet* a high] price ?an ^? ( leop>ds z a means ( inspir+ c\rage4 ,a ,*9aman 9 ,se\l b\ght & ate a :ole tig] to make himself brave & fi]ce4 ,9 ,norse leg5d1 ,+iald1 son ( ,k+ ,aunund1 0 timid 9 8 y\?1 b aft] eat+ ! he>t ( a wolf he became v bold2 ,hialto ga9$ /r5g? & c\rage by eat+ ! he>t ( a be> & dr9k+ its blood4 ,9 ,morocco le?>gic pati5ts are giv5 ants to swall[1 & to eat lion's fle% w make a c[>d brave2 b p ab/a9 f eat+ ! he>ts ( f[ls1 le/ !reby !y %\ld be r5d]$ timid4 ,:5 a *ild is late 9 le>n+ to speak1 ! ,turks ( ,c5tral ,asia w give x ! tongues ( c]ta9 birds to eat4 ,a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian ?\ght t br&y mu/ be a decoction ( he>ts & tongues1 because1 said he1 aft] dr9k+ x ,i fe> no?+1 & ,i talk wond]fully4 ,9 ,java !re is a t9y e>?worm :i* n[ & !n utt]s a %rill s\nd l t ( ! al>um ( a small clock4 ,h5ce :5 a public danc+ girl has scream$ h]self ho>se 9 ! ex]cise ( h] call+1 ! lead] ( ! troop makes h] eat "s ( ^! worms1 9 ! belief t ?us %e w rega9 h] voice & w1 aft] swall[+ !m1 be able to scream z %rilly z ev]4 ,! p ( ,d>fur1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ?9k t ! liv] is ! seat ( ! s\l1 & t a man may enl>ge 8 s\l by eat+ ! liv] ( an animal4 ,:5ev] an animal is kill$ its liv] is tak5 out & eat51 b ! p are mo/ c>eful n to t\* x ) _! h&s1 z x is consid]$ sacr$2 x is cut up 9 small pieces & eat5 raw1 ! bits be+ convey$ to ! m\? on ! po9t ( a knife1 or ! %>p po9t ( a /ick4 ,any "o :o may accid5tally t\* ! liv] is /rictly =bidd5 to p>take ( x1 :i* prohibition is reg>d$ z a great mis=tune = him4 ,wom5 are n all[$ to eat liv]1 because !y h no s\l4 ,aga91 ! fle% & blood ( dead m5 are commonly eat5 & drunk to inspire brav]y1 wisdom1 or o!r qualities = :i* ! m5 !mselves 7 rem>kable1 or :i* are suppos$ to h _! special seat 9 ! p>ticul> "p eat54 ,?us among ! m\nta9 tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa !re are c]emonies by :i* ! y\?s are =m$ into guilds or lodges1 & among ! rites ( initiation !re is "o :i* is int5d$ to infuse c\rage1 intellig5ce1 & o!r qualities into ! novices4 ,:5ev] an enemy :o has behav$ ) conspicu\s brav]y is kill$1 8 liv]1 :i* is consid]$ ! seat ( val\r2 8 e>s1 :i* are suppos$ to be ! seat ( intellig5ce2 ! sk9 ( 8 =ehead1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! seat ( p]sev]ance2 8 te/icles1 :i* are held to be ! seat ( /r5g?2 & o!r memb]s1 :i* are view$ z ! seat ( o!r virtues1 are cut f 8 body & bak$ to c9d]s4 ,! a%es are c>efully kept 9 ! horn ( a bull1 &1 dur+ ! c]emonies obs]v$ at circumcision1 are mix$ ) o!r +r$i5ts into a k9d ( pa/e1 :i* is adm9i/]$ by ! tribal prie/ to ! y\?s4 ,by ?is means ! /r5g?1 val\r1 intellig5ce1 & o!r virtues ( ! sla9 are believ$ to be imp>t$ to ! eat]s4 ,:5 ,basutos ( ! m\nta9s h kill$ a v brave foe1 !y imm$iately cut out 8 he>t & eat x1 because ?is is suppos$ to give !m 8 c\rage & /r5g? 9 battle4 ,:5 ,sir ,*>les ,m',c>?y 0 kill$ by ! ,a%antees 9 #ahbd1 x is said t 8 he>t 0 dev\r$ by ! *iefs ( ! ,a%antee army1 :o hop$ by ?is means to imbibe 8 c\rage4 ,8 fle% 0 dri$ & p>cell$ out among ! l[] (fic]s = ! same purpose1 & 8 bones 7 long kept at ,coomassie z national feti%es4 ,! ,nauras ,indians ( ,new ,granada ate ! he>ts ( ,spani>ds :5 !y _h ! opportunity1 hop+ !reby to make !mselves z dauntless z ! dread$ ,ca/ilian *ivalry4 ,! ,si\x ,indians us$ to r$uce to p[d] ! he>t ( a valiant enemy & swall[ ! p[d]1 hop+ ?us to appropriate ! dead man's val\r4 ,b :ile ! human he>t is ?us commonly eat5 = ! sake ( imbu+ ! eat] ) ! qualities ( its orig9al own]1 x is n1 z we h already se51 ! only "p ( ! body :i* is consum$ = ?is purpose4 ,?us w>riors ( ! ,!ddora & ,ng>igo tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia us$ to eat ! h&s & feet ( _! sla9 enemies1 believ+ t 9 ?is way !y acquir$ "s ( ! qualities & c\rage ( ! dead4 ,! ,kamil>oi ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ate ! liv] z well z ! he>t ( a brave man to get 8 c\rage4 ,9 ,tonqu9 also !re is a popul> sup]/ition t ! liv] ( a brave man makes brave any :o p>take ( x4 ,) a l int5t ! ,*9ese swall[ ! bile ( notori\s b&its :o h be5 execut$4 ,! ,dyaks ( ,s>awak us$ to eat ! palms ( ! h&s & ! fle% ( ! knees ( ! sla9 9 ord] to /eady _! own h&s & /r5g!n _! own knees4 ,! ,tolalaki1 notori\s head-hunt]s ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 dr9k ! blood & eat ! bra9s ( _! victims t !y may become brave4 ,! ,italones ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s dr9k ! blood ( _! sla9 enemies1 & eat "p ( ! back ( _! heads & ( _! entrails raw to acquire _! c\rage4 ,= ! same reason ! ,efugaos1 ano!r tribe ( ! ,philipp9es1 suck ! bra9s ( _! foes4 ,9 l mann] ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea eat ! bra9s ( ! enemies !y kill 9 ord] to acquire _! /r5g?4 ,among ! ,kimbunda ( ,we/]n ,africa1 :5 a new k+ succe$s to ! ?rone1 a brave prison] ( w> is kill$ 9 ord] t ! k+ & nobles may eat 8 fle%1 & s acquire 8 /r5g? & c\rage4 ,! notori\s ,zulu *ief ,matuana drank ! gall ( ?irty *iefs1 ^: p he _h de/roy$1 9 ! belief t x w\ld make him /rong4 ,x is a ,zulu fancy t by eat+ ! c5tre ( ! =ehead & ! eyebr[ ( an enemy !y acquire ! p[] ( look+ /eadfa/ly at a foe4 ,be=e e w>like exp$ition ! p ( ,m9ahassa 9 ,celebes us$ to take ! locks ( hair ( a sla9 foe & dabble !m 9 boil+ wat] to extract ! c\rage2 ?is infusion ( brav]y 0 !n drunk by ! w>riors4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! *ief 0 an atua god1 b !re 7 p[]ful & p[]less gods2 ea* naturally s\ght to make himself "o ( ! =m]2 ! plan !re=e adopt$ 0 to incorporate ! spirits ( o!rs ) _! own2 ?us1 :5 a w>rior slew a *ief1 he imm$iately g\g$ out 8 eyes & swall[$ !m1 ! atua tonga1 or div9ity1 be+ suppos$ to reside 9 t organ2 ?us he n only kill$ ! body1 b also possess$ himself ( ! s\l ( 8 enemy1 & consequ5tly ! m *iefs he slew ! great] did 8 div9ity become4 ,x is n[ easy to und]/& :y a savage %\ld desire to p>take ( ! fle% ( an animal or man :om he reg>ds z div9e4 ,by eat+ ! body ( ! god he %>es 9 ! god's attributes & p[]s4 ,& :5 ! god is a corn-god1 ! corn is 8 prop] body2 :5 he is a v9e-god1 ! juice ( ! grape is 8 blood2 & s by eat+ ! bread & dr9k+ ! w9e ! wor%ipp] p>takes ( ! real body & blood ( 8 god4 ,?us ! dr9k+ ( w9e 9 ! rites ( a v9e-god l ,dionysus is n an act ( revelry1 x is a solemn sacram5t4 ,yet a "t comes :5 reasonable m5 f9d x h>d to und]/& h[ any "o 9 8 s5ses c suppose t by eat+ bread or dr9k+ w9e he consumes ! body or blood ( a deity4 ,:5 we call corn ,c]es & w9e ,bac*us1 says ,cic]o1 we use a common figure ( spee*2 b d y imag9e t anybody is s insane z to believe t ! ?+ he fe$s ^u is a god8 ,,lii4 ,kill+ ! ,div9e ,animal #a4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,buzz>d ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ *apt]s we saw t _m communities :i* h progress$ s f> z to subsi/ ma9ly by agriculture h be5 9 ! habit ( kill+ & eat+ _! f>9ace\s deities ei!r 9 _! prop] =m ( corn1 rice1 & s =?1 or 9 ! borr[$ %apes ( animals & m54 ,x rema9s to %[ t hunt+ & pa/oral tribes1 z well z agricultural peoples1 h be5 9 ! habit ( kill+ ! be+s :om !y wor%ip4 ,among ! wor%ipful be+s or gods1 if inde$ !y des]ve to be dignifi$ by t "n1 :om hunt]s & %eph]ds adore & kill are animals pure & simple1 n animals reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( o!r sup]natural be+s4 ,our fir/ example is drawn f ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 :o liv+ 9 a f]tile c\ntry "u a s]5e & temp]ate sky1 nev]!less rank ne> ! bottom ( ! savage scale4 ,! ,acag*emem tribe ador$ ! great buzz>d1 & once a ye> !y celebrat$ a great fe/ival call$ ,panes or bird-fea/ 9 its hon\r4 ,! day select$ = ! fe/ival 0 made kn[n to ! public on ! ev5+ be=e its celebration & prep>ations 7 at once made = ! erection ( a special temple 7vanque*71 :i* seems to h be5 a circul> or oval enclosure ( /akes ) ! /uff$ sk9 ( a coyote or prairie-wolf set up on a hurdle to repres5t ! god ,*9ig*9i*4 ,:5 ! temple 0 ready1 ! bird 0 c>ri$ into x 9 solemn procession & laid on an alt> erect$ = ! purpose4 ,!n all ! "y wom51 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le1 began to run to & fro1 z if di/ract$1 "s 9 "o direction & "s 9 ano!r1 :ile ! eld]s ( bo? sexes rema9$ sil5t spectators ( ! sc5e1 & ! capta9s1 trick$ out 9 pa9t & fea!rs1 danc$ r\nd _! ador$ bird4 ,^! c]emonies be+ conclud$1 !y seiz$ ^u ! bird & c>ri$ x to ! pr9cipal temple1 all ! assembly unit+ 9 ! gr& display1 & ! capta9s danc+ & s++ at ! head ( ! procession4 ,arriv$ at ! temple1 !y kill$ ! bird )\t los+ a drop ( its blood4 ,! sk9 0 remov$ entire & pres]v$ ) ! fea!rs z a relic or = ! purpose ( mak+ ! fe/al g>m5t or paelt4 ,! c>case 0 buri$ 9 a hole 9 ! temple1 & ! old wom5 ga!r$ r\nd ! grave weep+ & moan+ bitt]ly1 :ile !y ?rew v>i\s k9ds ( se$s or pieces ( food on x1 cry+ out1 ,:y did y run away8 ,w\ld y n h be5 bett] ) u8 y w\ld h made p9ole 7a k9d ( gruel7 z we d1 & if y _h n run away1 y w\ld n h become a ,panes1 & s on4 ,:5 ?is c]emony 0 conclud$1 ! danc+ 0 resum$ & kept up = ?ree days & nights4 ,!y said t ! ,panes 0 a woman :o _h run (f to ! m\nta9s & !re be5 *ang$ into a bird by ! god ,*9ig*9i*4 ,!y believ$ t ?\gh !y sacrific$ ! bird annually1 %e came to life aga9 & return$ to h] home 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,moreov]1 !y ?\ght t z (t5 z ! bird 0 kill$1 x became multipli$2 because e ye> all ! diff]5t ,capitanes celebrat$ ! same fea/ ( ,panes1 & 7 firm 9 ! op9ion t ! birds sacrific$ 7 b "o & ! same female4 ,! unity 9 multiplicity ?us po/ulat$ by ! ,cali=nians is v noticeable & helps to expla9 _! motive = kill+ ! div9e bird4 ,! notion ( ! life ( a species z di/9ct f t ( an individual1 easy & obvi\s z x seems to u1 appe>s to be "o :i* ! ,cali=nian savage _c grasp4 ,he is unable to conceive ! life ( ! species o!rwise ?an z an individual life1 & !re=e z expos$ to ! same dang]s & calamities :i* m5ace & f9ally de/roy ! life ( ! individual4 ,app>5tly he imag9es t a species left to itself w gr[ old & die l an individual1 & t !re=e "s /ep mu/ be tak5 to save f ext9ction ! p>ticul> species :i* he reg>ds z div9e4 ,! only means he c ?9k ( to av]t ! cata/rophe is to kill a memb] ( ! species 9 ^: ve9s ! tide ( life is /ill runn+ /rong & has n yet /agnat$ among ! f5s ( old age4 ,! life ?us div]t$ f "o *annel w fl[1 he fancies1 m fre%ly & freely 9 a new "o2 9 o!r words1 ! sla9 animal w revive & ent] on a new t]m ( life ) all ! spr+ & en]gy ( y\?4 ,to u ?is reason+ is transp>5tly absurd1 b s too is ! cu/om4 ,a simil> confusion1 x may be not$1 betwe5 ! individual life & ! life ( ! species 0 made by ! ,samoans4 ,ea* family _h = its god a p>ticul> species ( animal2 yet ! dea? ( "o ( ^! animals1 = example an owl1 0 n ! dea? ( ! god1 he 0 suppos$ to be yet alive1 & inc>nate 9 all ! owls 9 exi/5ce4 #b4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,ram ,,! ,,rude ,cali=nian rite :i* we h j consid]$ has a close p>allel 9 ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,! ,!bans & all o!r ,egyptians :o wor%ipp$ ! ,!ban god ,ammon held rams to be sacr$1 & w\ld n sacrifice !m4 ,b once a ye> at ! fe/ival ( ,ammon !y kill$ a ram1 sk9n$ x1 & clo!d ! image ( ! god 9 ! sk94 ,!n !y m\rn$ ov] ! ram & buri$ x 9 a sacr$ tomb4 ,! cu/om 0 expla9$ by a /ory t ,zeus _h once exhibit$ himself to ,h]cules clad 9 ! fleece & we>+ ! head ( a ram4 ,( c\rse ! ram 9 ?is case 0 simply ! bea/-god ( ,!bes1 z ! wolf 0 ! bea/-god ( ,lycopolis1 & ! goat 0 ! bea/-god ( ,m5des4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ram 0 ,ammon himself4 ,on ! monum5ts1 x is true1 ,ammon appe>s 9 semi-human =m ) ! body ( a man & ! head ( a ram4 ,b ?is only %[s t he 0 9 ! usual *rysalis /ate ?r\gh :i* bea/-gods regul>ly pass be=e !y em]ge z full-bl[n an?ropomorphic gods4 ,! ram1 !re=e1 0 kill$1 n z a sacrifice to ,ammon1 b z ! god himself1 ^: id5tity ) ! bea/ is pla9ly %[n by ! cu/om ( clo?+ 8 image 9 ! sk9 ( ! sla9 ram4 ,! reason = ?us kill+ ! ram-god annually may h be5 t :i* ,i h assign$ = ! g5]al cu/om ( kill+ a god & = ! special ,cali=nian cu/om ( kill+ ! div9e buzz>d4 ,z appli$ to ,egypt1 ?is explanation is support$ by ! analogy ( ! bull-god ,apis1 :o 0 n suff]$ to outlive a c]ta9 t]m ( ye>s4 ,! int5tion ( ?us putt+ a limit to ! life ( ! human god 01 z ,i h argu$1 to secure him f ! weakness & frailty ( age4 ,! same reason+ w\ld expla9 ! cu/om--probably an old] "o--( putt+ ! bea/-god to dea? annually1 z 0 done ) ! ram ( ,!bes4 ,"o po9t 9 ! ,!ban ritual--! application ( ! sk9 to ! image ( ! god--des]ves p>ticul> att5tion4 ,if ! god 0 at fir/ ! liv+ ram1 8 repres5tation by an image mu/ h orig9at$ lat]4 ,b h[ did x orig9ate8 ,"o answ] to ?is "q is p]haps furni%$ by ! practice ( pres]v+ ! sk9 ( ! animal :i* is sla9 z div9e4 ,! ,cali=nians1 z we h se51 pres]v$ ! sk9 ( ! buzz>d2 & ! sk9 ( ! goat1 :i* is kill$ on ! h>ve/-field z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 is kept = v>i\s sup]/iti\s purposes4 ,! sk9 9 fact 0 kept z a tok5 or memorial ( ! god1 or r z conta9+ 9 x a "p ( ! div9e life1 & x _h only to be /uff$ or /ret*$ ^u a frame to become a regul> image ( him4 ,at fir/ an image ( ?is k9d w\ld be r5ew$ annually1 ! new image be+ provid$ by ! sk9 ( ! sla9 animal4 ,b f annual images to p]man5t images ! transition is easy4 ,we h se5 t ! old] cu/om ( cutt+ a new ,may-tree e ye> 0 sup]s$$ by ! practice ( ma9ta9+ a p]man5t ,may-pole1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 annually deck$ ) fre% leaves & fl[]s1 & ev5 surm\nt$ ea* ye> by a fre% "y tree4 ,simil>ly :5 ! /uff$ sk91 z a repres5tative ( ! god1 0 replac$ by a p]man5t image ( him 9 wood1 /one1 or metal1 ! p]man5t image 0 annually clad 9 ! fre% sk9 ( ! sla9 animal4 ,:5 ?is /age _h be5 rea*$1 ! cu/om ( kill+ ! ram came naturally to be int]pret$ z a sacrifice (f]$ to ! image1 & 0 expla9$ by a /ory l t ( ,ammon & ,h]cules4 #c4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,s]p5t ,,we/ ,,africa appe>s to furni% ano!r example ( ! annual kill+ ( a sacr$ animal & ! pres]vation ( its sk94 ,! negroes ( ,issapoo1 9 ! isl& ( ,f]n&o ,po1 reg>d ! cobra-capella z _! gu>dian deity1 :o c d !m good or ill1 be/[ ri*es or inflict disease & dea?4 ,! sk9 ( "o ( ^! reptiles is hung tail d[nw>ds f a bran* ( ! highe/ tree 9 ! public squ>e1 & ! plac+ ( x on ! tree is an annual c]emony4 ,z soon z ! c]emony is ov]1 all *ildr5 born )9 ! pa/ ye> are c>ri$ out & _! h&s made to t\* ! tail ( ! s]p5t's sk94 ,! latt] cu/om is cle>ly a way ( plac+ ! infants "u ! protection ( ! tribal god4 ,simil>ly 9 ,s5egambia a py?on is expect$ to visit e *ild ( ! ,py?on clan )9 eight days aft] bir?2 & ! ,psylli1 a ,snake clan ( anci5t ,africa1 us$ to expose _! infants to snakes 9 ! belief t ! snakes w\ld n h>m true-born *ildr5 ( ! clan4 #d4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,turtles ,,9 ,,! ,,cali=nian1 ,egyptian1 & ,f]n&o ,po cu/oms ! wor%ip ( ! animal seems to h no relation to agriculture1 & may !re=e be presum$ to date f ! hunt+ or pa/oral /age ( society4 ,! same may be said ( ! foll[+ cu/om1 ?\gh ! ,zuni ,indians ( ,new ,mexico1 :o practise x1 are n[ settl$ 9 wall$ villages or t[ns ( a peculi> type1 & practise agriculture & ! arts ( pott]y & weav+4 ,b ! ,zuni cu/om is m>k$ by c]ta9 features :i* appe> to place x 9 a some:at diff]5t class f ! prec$+ cases4 ,x may be well !re=e to describe x at full l5g? 9 ! words ( an eye-witness4 ,) midsumm] ! heat became int5se4 ,my bro!r i4e4 adopt$ ,indian bro!r & ,i sat1 day aft] day1 9 ! cool "u-rooms ( our h\se1--! latt] sic busy ) 8 qua9t =ge & crude appliances1 work+ ,mexican co9s ov] into bangles1 girdles1 e>-r+s1 buttons1 & :at n1 = savage ornam5t4 ,?\gh 8 tools 7 wond]fully rude1 ! "w he turn$ out by d9t ( comb9$ pati5ce & +5uity 0 rem>kably beautiful4 ,"o day z ,i sat wat*+ him1 a procession ( fifty m5 w5t ha/ily d[n ! hill1 & (f we/w>d ov] ! pla94 ,!y 7 solemnly l$ by a pa9t$ & %ell-b$eck$ prie/1 & foll[$ by ! tor*-be>+ ,%u-lu-wit-si or ,god ( ,fire4 ,aft] !y _h vani%$1 ,i ask$ old bro!r :at x all meant4 ',!y are go+1' said he1 'to ! city ( ,ka-ka & ! home ( our o!rs4' ,f\r days aft]1 t[>ds sunset1 co/um$ & mask$ 9 ! beautiful p>aph]nalia ( ! ,ka-k'ok-%i1 or ',good ,dance1' !y return$ 9 file up ! same pa?way1 ea* be>+ 9 8 arms a basket fill$ ) liv+1 squirm+ turtles1 :i* he reg>d$ & c>ri$ z t5d]ly z a "m w\ld h] infant4 ,"s ( ! wret*$ reptiles 7 c>efully wrapp$ 9 s(t blankets1 _! heads & =efeet protrud+1--&1 m\nt$ on ! backs ( ! plume-b$eck$ pilgrims1 made ludicr\s b solemn c>icatures ( little *ildr5 9 ! same position4 ,:ile ,i 0 at supp] up/airs t ev5+1 ! gov]nor's bro!r-9-law came 94 ,he 0 welcom$ by ! family z if a mess5g] f heav54 ,he bore 9 8 tremul\s f+]s "o ( ! mu* abus$ & rebelli\s turtles4 ,pa9t /ill adh]$ to 8 h&s & b>e feet1 :i* l$ me to inf] t he _h =m$ "o ( ! sacr$ embassy4 ',s y w5t to ,ka-?lu-el-lon1 did y8' ,i ask$4 ',e'e1' repli$ ! we>y man1 9 a voice husky ) long *ant+1 z he sank1 almo/ exhau/$1 on a roll ( sk9s :i* _h be5 plac$ = him1 & t5d]ly laid ! turtle on ! floor4 ,no soon] did ! creature f9d itself at lib]ty ?an x made (f z fa/ z its lame legs w\ld take x4 ,( "o accord1 ! family =sook di%1 spoon1 & dr9k+-cup1 & grabb+ f a sacr$ meal-b[l :ole h&fuls ( ! cont5ts1 hurri$ly foll[$ ! turtle ab\t ! room1 into d>k corn]s1 ar\nd wat]-j>s1 beh9d ! gr9d+-tr\ghs1 & out into ! middle ( ! floor aga91 pray+ & scatt]+ meal on its back z !y w5t4 ,at la/1 /range to say1 x approa*$ ! foot-sore man :o _h br\ght x4 ',ha6' he exclaim$ ) emotion2 'see x comes to me aga92 ah1 :at great fav\rs ! fa!rs ( all grant me ?is day1' &1 pass+ 8 h& g5tly ov] ! sprawl+ animal1 he inhal$ f 8 palm deeply & long1 at ! same "t invok+ ! fav\r ( ! gods4 ,!n he lean$ 8 *9 ^u 8 h&1 & ) l>ge1 wi/ful eyes reg>d$ 8 ugly captive z x sprawl$ ab\t1 bl9k+ its meal-b$imm$ eyes1 & claw+ ! smoo? floor 9 memory ( its native elem5t4 ,at ?is juncture ,i v5tur$ a "q3 ',:y d y n let him g1 or give him "s wat]8' ,sl[ly ! man turn$ 8 eyes t[>d me1 an odd mixture ( pa91 indignation1 & pity on 8 face1 :ile ! wor%ipful family />$ at me ) holy horror4 ',poor y\ng] bro!r6' he said at la/1 '"k y n h[ preci\s x is8 ,x die8 ,x w n die2 ,i tell y1 x _c die4' ',b x w die if y don't fe$ x & give x wat]4' ',i tell y x _c die2 x w only *ange h\ses to-morr[1 & g back to ! home ( its bro!rs4 ,ah1 well6 ,h[ %\ld y "k8' he mus$4 ,turn+ to ! bl9d$ turtle aga93 ',ah6 my poor de> lo/ *ild or p>5t1 my si/] or bro!r to h be56 ,:o kn[s :i*8 ,maybe my own great-gr&fa!r or "m6' ,& ) ?is he fell to weep+ mo/ pa!tically1 &1 tremul\s ) sobs1 :i* 7 e*o$ by ! wom5 & *ildr51 he buri$ 8 face 9 8 h&s4 ,fill$ ) sympa?y = 8 grief1 h[ev] mi/ak51 ,i rais$ ! turtle to my lips & kiss$ its cold %ell2 !n deposit+ x on ! floor1 ha/ily left ! grief-/rick5 family to _! sorr[s4 ,next day1 ) pray]s & t5d] besee*+s1 plumes1 & (f]+s1 ! poor turtle 0 kill$1 & its fle% & bones 7 remov$ & deposit$ 9 ! little riv]1 t x might 'return once m to et]nal life among its comrades 9 ! d>k wat]s ( ! lake ( ! dead4' ,! %ell1 c>efully scrap$ & dri$1 0 made into a dance-rattle1 &1 cov]$ by a piece ( bucksk91 x /ill hangs f ! smoke-/a9$ raft]s ( my bro!r's h\se4 ,once a ,navajo tri$ to buy x = a ladle2 load$ ) indignant reproa*es1 he 0 turn$ out ( ! h\se4 ,7 any "o to v5ture ! sugge/ion t ! turtle no long] liv$1 8 rem>k w\ld cause a flood ( te>s1 & he w\ld be rem9d$ t x _h only '*ang$ h\ses & gone to live = ev] 9 ! home ( our lo/ o!rs4' ,9 ?is cu/om we f9d express$ 9 ! cle>e/ way a belief 9 ! transmigration ( human s\ls into ! bodies ( turtles4 ,! !ory ( transmigration is held by ! ,moqui ,indians1 :o belong to ! same race z ! ,zunis4 ,! ,moquis are divid$ into totem clans--! ,be> clan1 ,de] clan1 ,wolf clan1 ,h>e clan1 & s on2 !y believe t ! ance/ors ( ! clans 7 be>s1 de]1 wolves1 h>es1 & s =?2 & t at dea? ! memb]s ( ea* clan become be>s1 de]1 & s on accord+ to ! p>ticul> clan to :i* !y belong$4 ,! ,zuni are also divid$ into clans1 ! totems ( :i* agree closely ) ^? ( ! ,moquis1 & "o ( _! totems is ! turtle4 ,?us _! belief 9 transmigration into ! turtle is probably "o ( ! regul> articles ( _! totem fai?4 ,:at !n is ! mean+ ( kill+ a turtle 9 :i* ! s\l ( a k9sman is believ$ to be pres5t8 ,app>5tly ! object is to keep up a communication ) ! o!r _w 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ are believ$ to be assembl$ 9 ! =m ( turtles4 ,x is a common belief t ! spirits ( ! dead return occasionally to _! old homes2 & accord+ly ! unse5 visitors are welcom$ & fea/$ by ! liv+1 & !n s5t ^u _! way4 ,9 ! ,zuni c]emony ! dead are fet*$ home 9 ! =m ( turtles1 & ! kill+ ( ! turtles is ! way ( s5d+ back ! s\ls to ! _s-l&4 ,?us ! g5]al explanation giv5 above ( ! cu/om ( kill+ a god seems inapplicable to ! ,zuni cu/om1 ! true mean+ ( :i* is some:at obscure4 ,nor is ! obscurity :i* hangs ov] ! subject entirely dissipat$ by a lat] & full] acc\nt :i* we possess ( ! c]emony4 ,f x we le>n t ! c]emony =ms "p ( ! elaborate ritual :i* ^! ,indians obs]ve at ! midsumm] sol/ice = ! purpose ( ensur+ an abundant supply ( ra9 = ! crops4 ,envoys are despat*$ to br+ _! o!rselves1 ! tortoises1 f ! sacr$ lake ,ko?luwalawa1 to :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead are believ$ to repair4 ,:5 ! creatures h ?us be5 solemnly br\ght to ,zuni1 !y are plac$ 9 a b[l ( wat] & dances are p]=m$ beside !m by m5 9 co/ume1 :o p]sonate gods & goddesses4 ,aft] ! c]emonial ! tortoises are tak5 home by ^? :o caught !m & are hung by _! necks to ! raft]s till morn+1 :5 !y are ?r[n into pots ( boil+ wat]4 ,! eggs are consid]$ a great delicacy4 ,! meat is seldom t\*$ except z a m$ic9e1 :i* is curative = cutane\s diseases4 ,"p ( ! meat is deposit$ 9 ! riv] ) khakwa 7:ite %ell beads7 & turquoise beads z (f]+s to ,c\ncil ( ! ,gods4 ,?is acc\nt at all ev5ts confirms ! inf]5ce t ! tortoises are suppos$ to be re9c>nations ( ! human dead1 = !y are call$ ! o!rselves ( ! ,zuni2 inde$1 :at else %\ld !y be ?an ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 ! bodies ( tortoises see+ t !y come f ! haunt$ lake8 ,z ! pr9cipal object ( ! pray]s utt]$ & ( ! dances p]=m$ at ^! midsumm] c]emonies appe>s to be to procure ra9 = ! crops1 x may be t ! int5tion ( br++ ! tortoises to ,zuni & danc+ be=e !m is to int]c$e ) ! ance/ral _s1 inc>nate 9 ! animals1 t !y may be pleas$ to ex]t _! p[] ov] ! wat]s ( heav5 = ! b5efit ( _! liv+ desc5dants4 #e4 ,kill+ ! ,sacr$ ,be> ,,d\bt also hangs at fir/ sight ov] ! mean+ ( ! be>-sacrifice (f]$ by ! ,a9o or ,a9u1 a primitive p :o are f\nd 9 ! ,japanese isl& ( ,yezo or ,yesso1 z well z 9 ,saghali5 & ! s\!rn ( ! ,kurile ,isl&s4 ,x is n q easy to def9e ! attitude ( ! ,a9o t[>ds ! be>4 ,on ! "o h& !y give x ! "n ( kamui or god2 b z !y apply ! same ^w to /rang]s1 x may mean no m ?an a be+ suppos$ to be end[$ ) sup]human1 or at all ev5ts extraord9>y1 p[]s4 ,aga91 x is said t ! be> is _! *ief div9ity2 9 ! religion ( ! ,a9o ! be> plays a *ief "p2 among/ ! animals x is especially ! be> :i* receives an idolatr\s v5]ation2 !y wor%ip x aft] _! fa%ion2 !re is no d\bt t ?is wild bea/ inspires m ( ! feel+ :i* prompts wor%ip ?an ! inanimate =ces ( nature1 & ! ,a9o may be di/+ui%$ z be>-wor%ipp]s4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 !y kill ! be> :5ev] !y c2 9 bygone ye>s ! ,a9u consid]$ be>-hunt+ ! mo/ manly & useful way 9 :i* a p]son c\ld possibly sp5d 8 "t2 ! m5 sp5d ! autumn1 w9t]1 & spr+ 9 hunt+ de] & be>s4 ,"p ( _! tribute or taxes is paid 9 sk9s1 & !y subsi/ on ! dri$ meat2 be>'s fle% is inde$ "o ( _! /aple foods2 !y eat x bo? fre% & salt$2 & ! sk9s ( be>s furni% !m ) clo?+4 ,9 fact1 ! wor%ip ( :i* writ]s on ?is subject speak appe>s to be paid *iefly to ! dead animal4 ,?us1 al?\gh !y kill a be> :5ev] !y c1 9 ! process ( dissect+ ! c>cass !y endeavor to conciliate ! deity1 ^: repres5tative !y h sla91 by mak+ elaborate obeisances & deprecatory salutations2 :5 a be> has be5 kill$ ! ,a9u sit d[n & admire x1 make _! salaams to x1 wor%ip x1 & (f] pres5ts ( inao2 :5 a be> is trapp$ or w\nd$ by an arr[1 ! hunt]s g ?r\gh an apologetic or propitiatory c]emony4 ,! skulls ( sla9 be>s receive a place ( hon\r 9 _! huts1 or are set up on sacr$ po/s outside ! huts1 & are treat$ ) mu* respect3 libations ( millet be]1 & ( sake1 an intoxicat+ liquor1 are (f]$ to !m2 & !y are address$ z div9e pres]v]s or preci\s div9ities4 ,! skulls ( foxes are also fa/5$ to ! sacr$ po/s outside ! huts2 !y are reg>d$ z *>ms aga9/ evil spirits1 & are consult$ z oracles4 ,yet x is expressly said1 ,! live fox is rev]$ j z little z ! be>2 r !y avoid x z mu* z possible1 consid]+ x a wily animal4 ,! be> c h>dly1 !re=e1 be describ$ z a sacr$ animal ( ! ,a9o1 nor yet z a totem2 = !y d n call !mselves be>s1 & !y kill & eat ! animal freely4 ,h[ev]1 !y h a leg5d ( a woman :o _h a son by a be>2 & _m ( !m :o dwell 9 ! m\nta9s pride !mselves on be+ desc5d$ f a be>4 ,su* p are call$ ,desc5dants ( ! be> 7,kimun ,kamui sanikiri71 & 9 ! pride ( _! he>t !y w say1 ,z = me1 ,i am a *ild ( ! god ( ! m\nta9s2 ,i am desc5d$ f ! div9e "o :o rules 9 ! m\nta9s1 mean+ by ! god ( ! m\nta9s no o!r ?an ! be>4 ,x is !re=e possible t1 z our pr9cipal au?ority1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,bat*elor1 believes1 ! be> may h be5 ! totem ( an ,a9o clan2 b ev5 if t 7 s x w\ld n expla9 ! respect %[n = ! animal by ! :ole ,a9o p4 ,b x is ! be>-fe/ival ( ! ,a9o :i* conc]ns u "h4 ,t[>ds ! end ( w9t] a be> cub is caught & br\ght into ! village4 ,if x is v small1 x is suckl$ by an ,a9o woman1 b %\ld !re be no woman able to suckle x1 ! little animal is f$ f ! h& or ! m\?4 ,dur+ ! day x plays ab\t 9 ! hut ) ! *ildr5 & is treat$ ) great affection4 ,b :5 ! cub gr[s big en\gh to pa9 p by hugg+ or scrat*+ !m1 he is %ut up 9 a /rong wood5 cage1 :]e he /ays g5]ally = two or ?ree ye>s1 f$ on fi% & millet porridge1 till x is "t = him to be kill$ & eat54 ,b x is a peculi>ly /rik+ fact t ! "y be> is n kept m]ely to furni% a good meal2 r he is reg>d$ & hon\r$ z a feti%1 or ev5 z a sort ( high] be+4 ,9 ,yezo ! fe/ival is g5]ally celebrat$ 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,be=e x takes place ! ,a9o apologise to _! gods1 alleg+ t !y h treat$ ! be> k9dly z long z !y c\ld1 n[ !y c fe$ him no long]1 & are oblig$ to kill him4 ,a man :o gives a be>-fea/ invites 8 relations & fri5ds2 9 a small village ne>ly ! :ole community takes "p 9 ! fea/2 inde$1 gue/s f di/ant villages are invit$ & g5]ally come1 allur$ by ! prospect ( gett+ drunk = no?+4 ,! =m ( invitation runs some:at z foll[s3 ,i1 s & s1 am ab\t to sacrifice ! de> little div9e ?+ :o resides among ! m\nta9s4 ,my fri5ds & ma/]s1 come ye to ! fea/2 we w !n unite 9 ! great pleasure ( s5d+ ! god away4 ,come4 ,:5 all ! p are assembl$ 9 front ( ! cage1 an orator *os5 = ! purpose addresses ! be> & tells x t !y are ab\t to s5d x =? to its ance/ors4 ,he craves p>don = :at !y are ab\t to d to x1 hopes x w n be angry1 & com=ts x by assur+ ! animal t _m ( ! sacr$ :ittl$ /icks 7inao7 & pl5ty ( cakes & w9e w be s5t ) x on ! long j\rney4 ,"o spee* ( ?is sort :i* ,mr4 ,bat*elor he>d ran z foll[s3 ,o ?\ div9e "o1 ?\ wa/ s5t into ! _w = u to hunt4 ,o ?\ preci\s little div9ity1 we wor%ip !e2 pray he> our pray]4 ,we h n\ri%$ !e & br\ght !e up ) a deal ( pa9s & tr\ble1 all because we love !e s4 ,n[1 z ?\ ha/ gr[n big1 we are ab\t to s5d !e to ?y fa!r & "m4 ,:5 ?\ come/ to !m please speak well ( u1 & tell !m h[ k9d we h be52 please come to u aga9 & we w sacrifice !e4 ,hav+ be5 secur$ ) ropes1 ! be> is !n let out ( ! cage & assail$ ) a %[] ( blunt arr[s 9 ord] to ar\se x to fury4 ,:5 x has sp5t itself 9 va9 /ruggles1 x is ti$ up to a /ake1 gagg$ & /rangl$1 its neck be+ plac$ betwe5 two poles1 :i* are !n viol5tly compress$1 all ! p eag]ly help+ to squeeze ! animal to dea?4 ,an arr[ is also dis*>g$ into ! bea/'s he>t by a good m>ksman1 b s z n to %$ blood1 = !y ?9k t x w\ld be v unlucky if any ( ! blood 7 to drip on ! gr\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ! m5 sometimes dr9k ! w>m blood ( ! be> t ! c\rage & o!r virtues x possesses may pass into !m2 & sometimes !y besme> !mselves & _! clo!s ) ! blood 9 ord] to ensure success 9 hunt+4 ,:5 ! animal has be5 /rangl$ to dea?1 x is sk9n$ & its head is cut (f & set 9 ! ea/ w9d[ ( ! h\se1 :]e a piece ( its own fle% is plac$ "u its sn\t1 toge!r ) a cup ( its own meat boil$1 "s millet dumpl+s1 & dri$ fi%4 ,pray]s are !n address$ to ! dead animal2 among/ o!r ?+s x is sometimes invit$1 aft] go+ away to its fa!r & "m1 to return into ! _w 9 ord] t x may aga9 be re>$ = sacrifice4 ,:5 ! be> is suppos$ to h f9i%$ eat+ its own fle%1 ! man :o presides at ! fea/ takes ! cup conta9+ ! boil$ meat1 salutes x1 & divides ! cont5ts betwe5 all ! company pres5t3 e p]son1 "y & old alike1 mu/ ta/e a little4 ,! cup is call$ ! cup ( (f]+ because x has j be5 (f]$ to ! dead be>4 ,:5 ! re/ ( ! fle% has be5 cook$1 x is %>$ out 9 l mann] among all ! p1 ev]ybody p>tak+ ( at lea/ a morsel2 n to p>take ( ! fea/ w\ld be equival5t to excommunication1 x w\ld be to place ! recreant outside ! pale ( ,a9o fell[%ip4 ,=m]ly e p>ticle ( ! be>1 except ! bones1 _h to be eat5 up at ! banquet1 b ?is rule is n[ relax$4 ,! head1 on be+ deta*$ f ! sk91 is set up on a long pole beside ! sacr$ w&s 7inao7 outside ( ! h\se1 :]e x rema9s till no?+ b ! b>e :ite skull is left4 ,skulls s set up are wor%ipp$ n only at ! "t ( ! fe/ival1 b v (t5 z long z !y la/4 ,! ,a9o assur$ ,mr4 ,bat*elor t !y really d believe ! spirits ( ! wor%ipful animals to reside 9 ! skulls2 t is :y !y address !m z div9e pres]v]s & preci\s div9ities4 ,! c]emony ( kill+ ! be> 0 witness$ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,s*eube on ! t5? ( ,augu/ at ,kunnui1 :i* is a village on ,volcano ,bay 9 ! isl& ( ,yezo or ,yesso4 ,z 8 description ( ! rite conta9s "s int]e/+ p>ticul>s n m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ acc\nt1 x may be wor? :ile to summ>ize x4 ,on ent]+ ! hut he f\nd ab\t ?irty ,a9o pres5t1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 all dress$ 9 _! be/4 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se fir/ (f]$ a libation on ! fireplace to ! god ( ! fire1 & ! gue/s foll[$ 8 example4 ,!n a libation 0 (f]$ to ! h\se-god 9 8 sacr$ corn] ( ! hut4 ,mean:ile ! h\sewife1 :o _h nurs$ ! be>1 sat by h]self1 sil5t & sad1 bur/+ n[ & !n into te>s4 ,h] grief 0 obvi\sly unaffect$1 & x deep5$ z ! fe/ival w5t on4 ,next1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se & "s ( ! gue/s w5t out ( ! hut & (f]$ libations be=e ! be>'s cage4 ,a few drops 7 pres5t$ to ! be> 9 a sauc]1 :i* he at once upset4 ,!n ! wom5 & girls danc$ r\nd ! cage1 _! faces turn$ t[>ds x1 _! knees slightly b5t1 ris+ & hopp+ on _! toes4 ,z !y danc$ !y clapp$ _! h&s & sang a monoton\s song4 ,! h\sewife & a few old wom51 :o might h nurs$ _m be>s1 danc$ te>fully1 /ret*+ out _! arms to ! be>1 & address+ x 9 t]ms ( ende>m5t4 ,! "y folks 7 less affect$2 !y laugh$ z well z sang4 ,di/urb$ by ! noise1 ! be> began to ru% ab\t 8 cage & h[l lam5tably4 ,next libations 7 (f]$ at ! inao 7inabos7 or sacr$ w&s :i* /& outside ( an ,a9o hut4 ,^! w&s are ab\t a c\ple ( feet high1 & are :ittl$ at ! top into spiral %av+s4 ,five new w&s ) bamboo leaves atta*$ to !m _h be5 set up = ! fe/ival4 ,?is is regul>ly done :5 a be> is kill$2 ! leaves mean t ! animal may come to life aga94 ,!n ! be> 0 let out ( 8 cage1 a rope 0 ?r[n r\nd 8 neck1 & he 0 l$ ab\t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! hut4 ,:ile ?is 0 be+ done ! m51 head$ by a *ief1 %ot at ! bea/ ) arr[s tipp$ ) wood5 buttons4 ,dr4 ,s*eube _h to d s also4 ,!n ! be> 0 tak5 be=e ! sacr$ w&s1 a /ick 0 put 9 8 m\?1 n9e m5 knelt on him & press$ 8 neck aga9/ a beam4 ,9 five m9utes ! animal _h expir$ )\t utt]+ a s\nd4 ,meantime ! wom5 & girls _h tak5 po/ beh9d ! m51 :]e !y danc$1 lam5t+1 & beat+ ! m5 :o 7 kill+ ! be>4 ,! be>'s c>case 0 next plac$ on ! mat be=e ! sacr$ w&s2 & a sword & quiv]1 tak5 f ! w&s1 7 hung r\nd ! bea/'s neck4 ,be+ a %e-be>1 x 0 also adorn$ ) a necklace & e>-r+s4 ,!n food & dr9k 7 (f]$ to x1 9 ! %ape ( millet-bro?1 millet-cakes1 & a pot ( sake4 ,! m5 n[ sat d[n on mats be=e ! dead be>1 (f]$ libations to x1 & drank deep4 ,mean:ile ! wom5 & girls _h laid aside all m>ks ( sorr[1 & danc$ m]rily1 none m m]rily ?an ! old wom54 ,:5 ! mir? 0 at its height two "y ,a9o1 :o _h let ! be> out ( 8 cage1 m\nt$ ! ro( ( ! hut & ?rew cakes ( millet among ! company1 :o all scrambl$ = !m )\t di/9ction ( age or sex4 ,! be> 0 next sk9n$ & disemb[ell$1 & ! trunk sev]$ f ! head1 to :i* ! sk9 0 left hang+4 ,! blood1 caught 9 cups1 0 eag]ly swall[$ by ! m54 ,none ( ! wom5 or *ildr5 appe>$ to dr9k ! blood1 ?\gh cu/om did n =bid !m to d s4 ,! liv] 0 cut 9 small pieces & eat5 raw1 ) salt1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 gett+ _! %>e4 ,! fle% & ! re/ ( ! vitals 7 tak5 into ! h\se to be kept till ! next day b "o1 & !n to be divid$ among ! p]sons :o _h be5 pres5t at ! fea/4 ,blood & liv] 7 (f]$ to ,dr4 ,s*eube4 ,:ile ! be> 0 be+ disemb[ell$1 ! wom5 & girls danc$ ! same dance :i* !y _h danc$ at ! beg9n+--n1 h[ev]1 r\nd ! cage1 b 9 front ( ! sacr$ w&s4 ,at ?is dance ! old wom51 :o _h be5 m]ry a mom5t be=e1 aga9 %$ te>s freely4 ,aft] ! bra9 _h be5 extract$ f ! be>'s head & swall[$ ) salt1 ! skull1 deta*$ f ! sk91 0 hung on a pole beside ! sacr$ w&s4 ,! /ick ) :i* ! be> _h be5 gagg$ 0 also fa/5$ to ! pole1 & s 7 ! sword & quiv] :i* _h be5 hung on ! c>case4 ,! latt] 7 remov$ 9 ab\t an h\r1 b ! re/ rema9$ /&+4 ,! :ole company1 m5 & wom51 danc$ noisily be=e ! pole2 & ano!r dr9k+-b\t1 9 :i* ! wom5 jo9$1 clos$ ! fe/ival4 ,p]haps ! fir/ publi%$ acc\nt ( ! be>-fea/ ( ! ,a9o is "o :i* 0 giv5 to ! _w by a ,japanese writ] 9 #afeb4 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* & runs ?us3 ,:5 !y f9d a "y be>1 !y br+ x home1 & ! wife suckles x4 ,:5 x is gr[n !y fe$ x ) fi% & f[l & kill x 9 w9t] = ! sake ( ! liv]1 :i* !y e/eem an antidote to poison1 ! worms1 colic1 & disord]s ( ! /oma*4 ,x is ( a v bitt] ta/e1 & is good = no?+ if ! be> has be5 kill$ 9 summ]4 ,?is but*]y beg9s 9 ! fir/ ,japanese mon?4 ,= ?is purpose !y put ! animal's head betwe5 two long poles1 :i* are squeez$ toge!r by fifty or sixty p1 bo? m5 & wom54 ,:5 ! be> is dead !y eat 8 fle%1 keep ! liv] z a m$ic9e1 & sell ! sk91 :i* is black & commonly six feet long1 b ! longe/ measure twelve feet4 ,z soon z he is sk9n$1 ! p]sons :o n\ri%$ ! bea/ beg9 to bewail him2 aft]w>ds !y make little cakes to regale ^? :o help$ !m4 ,! ,a9o ( ,saghali5 re> be> cubs & kill !m ) simil> c]emonies4 ,we are told t !y d n look ^u ! be> z a god b only z a mess5g] :om !y despat* ) v>i\s commissions to ! god ( ! =e/4 ,! animal is kept = ab\t two ye>s 9 a cage1 & !n kill$ at a fe/ival1 :i* always takes place 9 w9t] & at night4 ,! day be=e ! sacrifice is devot$ to lam5tation1 old wom5 reliev+ ea* o!r 9 ! duty ( weep+ & groan+ 9 front ( ! be>'s cage4 ,!n ab\t ! middle ( ! night or v e>ly 9 ! morn+ an orator makes a long spee* to ! bea/1 rem9d+ him h[ !y h tak5 c>e ( him1 & f$ him well1 & ba!d him 9 ! riv]1 & made him w>m & com=table4 ,n[1 he proce$s1 we are hold+ a great fe/ival 9 y\r hon\r4 ,be n afraid4 ,we w n hurt y4 ,we w only kill y & s5d y to ! god ( ! =e/ :o loves y4 ,we are ab\t to (f] y a good d9n]1 ! be/ y h ev] eat5 among u1 & we w all weep = y toge!r4 ,! ,a9o :o w kill y is ! be/ %ot among u4 ,!re he is1 he weeps & asks y\r =giv5ess2 y w feel almo/ no?+1 x w be done s quickly4 ,we _c fe$ y always1 z y w und]/&4 ,we h done en\gh = y2 x is n[ y\r turn to sacrifice y\rself = u4 ,y w ask ,god to s5d u1 = ! w9t]1 pl5ty ( ott]s & sables1 & = ! summ]1 seals & fi% 9 abundance4 ,d n =get our messages1 we love y mu*1 & our *ildr5 w nev] =get y4 ,:5 ! be> has p>tak5 ( 8 la/ meal amid ! g5]al emotion ( ! spectators1 ! old wom5 weep+ afre% & ! m5 utt]+ /ifl$ cries1 he is /rapp$1 n )\t difficulty & dang]1 & be+ let out ( ! cage is l$ on lea% or dragg$1 accord+ to ! /ate ( 8 temp]1 ?rice r\nd 8 cage1 !n r\nd 8 ma/]'s h\se1 & la/ly r\nd ! h\se ( ! orator4 ,!reupon he is ti$ up to a tree1 :i* is deck$ ) sacr$ :ittl$ /icks 7inao7 ( ! usual sort2 & ! orator aga9 addresses him 9 a long h>angue1 :i* sometimes la/s till ! day is beg9n+ to break4 ,rememb]1 he cries1 rememb]6 ,i rem9d y ( y\r :ole life & ( ! s]vices we h r5d]$ y4 ,x is n[ = y to d y\r duty4 ,d n =get :at ,i h ask$ ( y4 ,y w tell ! gods to give u ri*es1 t our hunt]s may return f ! =e/ lad5 ) r>e furs & animals good to eat2 t our fi%]s may f9d troops ( seals on ! %ore & 9 ! sea1 & t _! nets may crack "u ! weight ( ! fi%4 ,we h no hope b 9 y4 ,! evil spirits laugh at u1 & too (t5 !y are unfav\rable & malignant to u1 b !y w b[ be=e y4 ,we h giv5 y food & joy & heal?2 n[ we kill y 9 ord] t y may 9 return s5d ri*es to u & to our *ildr54 ,to ?is disc\rse ! be>1 m & m surly & agitat$1 li/5s )\t conviction2 r\nd & r\nd ! tree he paces & h[ls lam5tably1 till1 j z ! fir/ beams ( ! ris+ sun light up ! sc5e1 an ar*] spe$s an arr[ to 8 he>t4 ,no soon] has he done s1 ?an ! m>ksman ?r[s away 8 b[ & fl+s himself on ! gr\nd1 & ! old m5 & wom5 d ! same1 weep+ & sobb+4 ,!n !y (f] ! dead bea/ a repa/ ( rice & wild potatoes1 & hav+ spok5 to him 9 t]ms ( pity & ?ank$ him = :at he has done & suff]$1 !y cut (f 8 head & paws & keep !m z sacr$ ?+s4 ,a banquet on ! fle% & blood ( ! be> foll[s4 ,wom5 7 =m]ly exclud$ f x1 b n[ !y %>e ) ! m54 ,! blood is drunk w>m by all pres5t2 ! fle% is boil$1 cu/om =bids x to be roa/$4 ,& z ! relics ( ! be> may n ent] ! h\se by ! door1 & ,a9o h\ses 9 ,saghali5 h no w9d[s1 a man gets up on ! ro( & lets ! fle%1 ! head1 & ! sk9 d[n ?r\gh ! smoke-hole4 ,rice & wild potatoes are !n (f]$ to ! head1 & a pipe1 tobacco1 & mat*es are consid]ately plac$ beside x4 ,cu/om requires t ! gue/s %\ld eat up ! :ole animal be=e !y dep>t2 ! use ( salt & pepp] at ! meal is =bidd52 & no morsel ( ! fle% may be giv5 to ! dogs4 ,:5 ! banquet is ov]1 ! head is c>ri$ away into ! dep? ( ! =e/ & deposit$ on a heap ( be>s' skulls1 ! blea*$ & m\ld]+ relics ( simil> fe/ivals 9 ! pa/4 ,! ,gilyaks1 a ,tunguzian p ( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 hold a be>-fe/ival ( ! same sort once a ye> 9 ,janu>y4 ,! be> is ! object ( ! mo/ ref9$ solicitude ( an entire village & plays ! *ief "p 9 _! religi\s c]emonies4 ,an old %e-be> is %ot & h] cub is re>$1 b n suckl$1 9 ! village4 ,:5 ! be> is big en\gh he is tak5 f 8 cage & dragg$ ?r\gh ! village4 ,b fir/ !y lead him to ! bank ( ! riv]1 = ?is is believ$ to ensure abundance ( fi% to ea* family4 ,he is !n tak5 into e h\se 9 ! village1 :]e fi%1 br&y1 & s =? are (f]$ to him4 ,"s p pro/rate !mselves be=e ! bea/4 ,8 entrance into a h\se is suppos$ to br+ a bless+2 & if he snuffs at ! food (f]$ to him1 ?is also is a bless+4 ,nev]!less !y tease & worry1 poke & tickle ! animal cont9ually1 s t he is surly & snappi%4 ,aft] be+ ?us tak5 to e h\se1 he is ti$ to a peg & %ot dead ) arr[s4 ,8 head is !n cut (f1 deck$ ) %av+s1 & plac$ on ! table :]e ! fea/ is set out4 ,"h !y beg p>don ( ! bea/ & wor%ip him4 ,!n 8 fle% is roa/$ & eat5 9 special vessels ( wood f9ely c>v$4 ,!y d n eat ! fle% raw nor dr9k ! blood1 z ! ,a9o d4 ,! bra9 & entrails are eat5 la/2 & ! skull1 /ill deck$ ) %av+s1 is plac$ on a tree ne> ! h\se4 ,!n ! p s+ & bo? sexes dance 9 ranks1 z be>s4 ,"o ( ^! be>-fe/ivals 0 witness$ by ! ,russian travell] ,l4 von ,s*r5ck & 8 companions at ! ,gilyak village ( ,teba* 9 ,janu>y #ahef4 ,f 8 detail$ report ( ! c]emony we may ga!r "s p>ticul>s :i* are n notic$ 9 ! brief] acc\nts :i* ,i h j summ>is$4 ,! be>1 he tells u1 plays a great "p 9 ! life ( all ! peoples inhabit+ ! region ( ! ,amoor & ,sib]ia z f> z ,kamt*atka1 b among none ( !m is 8 importance great] ?an among ! ,gilyaks4 ,! imm5se size :i* ! animal atta9s 9 ! valley ( ! ,amoor1 8 f]ocity :ett$ by hung]1 & ! frequ5cy ( 8 appe>ance1 all comb9e to make him ! mo/ dread$ bea/ ( prey 9 ! c\ntry4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! fancy ( ! ,gilyaks is busi$ ) him & surr\nds him1 bo? 9 life & 9 dea?1 ) a sort ( halo ( sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,?us1 = example1 x is ?\ght t if a ,gilyak falls 9 combat ) a be>1 8 s\l transmigrates into ! body ( ! bea/4 ,nev]!less 8 fle% has an irresi/ible attraction = ! ,gilyak palate1 especially :5 ! animal has be5 kept 9 captivity = "s "t & fatt5$ on fi%1 :i* gives ! fle%1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,gilyaks1 a peculi>ly delici\s flav\r4 ,b 9 ord] to enjoy ?is da9ty ) impunity !y deem x ne$ful to p]=m a long s]ies ( c]emonies1 ( :i* ! int5tion is to delude ! liv+ be> by a %[ ( respect1 & to appease ! ang] ( ! dead animal by ! homage paid to 8 dep>t$ _s4 ,! m>ks ( respect beg9 z soon z ! bea/ is captur$4 ,he is br\ght home 9 triumph & kept 9 a cage1 :]e all ! villag]s take x 9 turns to fe$ him4 ,= al?\gh he may h be5 captur$ or pur*as$ by "o man1 he belongs 9 a mann] to ! :ole village4 ,8 fle% w furni% a common fea/1 & h5ce all mu/ contribute to support him 9 8 life4 ,! l5g? ( "t he is kept 9 captivity dep5ds on 8 age4 ,old be>s are kept only a few mon?s2 cubs are kept till !y are full-gr[n4 ,a ?ick lay] ( fat on ! captive be> gives ! signal = ! fe/ival1 :i* is always held 9 w9t]1 g5]ally 9 ,decemb] b sometimes 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,at ! fe/ival witness$ by ! ,russian travell]s1 :i* la/$ a good _m days1 ?ree be>s 7 kill$ & eat54 ,m ?an once ! animals 7 l$ ab\t 9 procession & compell$ to ent] e h\se 9 ! village1 :]e !y 7 f$ z a m>k ( hon\r1 & to %[ t !y 7 welcome gue/s4 ,b be=e ! bea/s set out on ?is r\nd ( visits1 ! ,gilyaks play$ at skipp+-rope 9 pres5ce1 & p]haps1 z ,l4 von ,s*r5ck incl9$ to believe1 9 hon\r ( ! animals4 ,! night be=e !y 7 kill$1 ! ?ree be>s 7 l$ by moonlight a long way on ! ice ( ! froz5 riv]4 ,t night no "o 9 ! village might sleep4 ,next day1 aft] ! animals _h be5 aga9 l$ d[n ! /eep bank to ! riv]1 & conduct$ ?rice r\nd ! hole 9 ! ice f :i* ! wom5 ( ! village drew _! wat]1 !y 7 tak5 to an appo9t$ place n f> f ! village1 & %ot to dea? ) arr[s4 ,! place ( sacrifice or execution 0 m>k$ z holy by be+ surr\nd$ ) :ittl$ /icks1 f ! tops ( :i* %av+s hung 9 curls4 ,su* /icks are ) ! ,gilyaks1 z ) ! ,a9o1 ! regul> symbols t accompany all religi\s c]emonies4 ,:5 ! h\se has be5 arrang$ & decorat$ = _! reception1 ! sk9s ( ! be>s1 ) _! heads atta*$ to !m1 are br\ght into x1 n1 h[ev]1 by ! door1 b ?r\gh a w9d[1 & !n hung on a sort ( scaffold opposite ! he>? on :i* ! fle% is to be cook$4 ,! boil+ ( ! be>s' fle% among ! ,gilyaks is done only by ! olde/ m51 ^: high privilege x is2 wom5 & *ildr51 "y m5 & boys h no "p 9 x4 ,! task is p]=m$ sl[ly & delib]ately1 ) a c]ta9 solemnity4 ,on ! occasion describ$ by ! ,russian travell]s ! kettle 0 fir/ ( all surr\nd$ ) a ?ick wrea? ( %av+s1 & !n fill$ ) sn[1 = ! use ( wat] to cook be>'s fle% is =bidd54 ,mean:ile a l>ge wood5 tr\gh1 ri*ly adorn$ ) arabesques & c>v+s ( all sorts1 0 hung imm$iately "u ! sn\ts ( ! be>s2 on "o side ( ! tr\gh 0 c>v$ 9 relief a be>1 on ! o!r side a toad4 ,:5 ! c>cases 7 be+ cut up1 ea* leg 0 laid on ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! be>s1 z if to ask _! leave1 be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! kettle2 & ! boil$ fle% 0 fi%$ out ( ! kettle ) an iron hook1 & set 9 ! tr\gh be=e ! be>s1 9 ord] t !y might be ! fir/ to ta/e ( _! own fle%4 ,z fa/1 too1 z ! fat 0 cut 9 /rips x 0 hung up 9 front ( ! be>s1 & aft]w>ds laid 9 a small wood5 tr\gh on ! gr\nd be=e !m4 ,la/ ( all ! inn] organs ( ! bea/s 7 cut up & plac$ 9 small vessels4 ,at ! same "t ! wom5 made b&ages out ( p>ti-col\r$ rags1 & aft] sunset ^! b&ages 7 ti$ r\nd ! be>s' sn\ts j bel[ ! eyes 9 ord] to dry ! te>s t fl[$ f !m4 ,z soon z ! c]emony ( wip+ away poor bru9's te>s _h be5 p]=m$1 ! assembl$ ,gilyaks set to "w 9 e>ne/ to dev\r 8 fle%4 ,! bro? obta9$ by boil+ ! meat _h already be5 p>tak5 (4 ,! wood5 b[ls1 platt]s1 & spoons out ( :i* ! ,gilyaks eat ! bro? & fle% ( ! be>s on ^! occasions are always made specially = ! purpose at ! fe/ival & only !n2 !y are elaborately ornam5t$ ) c>v$ figures ( be>s & o!r devices t ref] to ! animal or ! fe/ival1 & ! p h a /rong sup]/iti\s scruple aga9/ p>t+ ) !m4 ,aft] ! bones _h be5 pick$ clean !y 7 put back 9 ! kettle 9 :i* ! fle% _h be5 boil$4 ,& :5 ! fe/al meal 0 ov]1 an old man took 8 /& at ! door ( ! h\se ) a bran* ( fir 9 8 h&1 ) :i*1 z ! p pass$ out1 he gave a light bl[ to e "o :o _h eat5 ( ! be>'s fle% or fat1 p]haps z a puni%m5t = _! treatm5t ( ! wor%ipful animal4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! wom5 p]=m$ a /range dance4 ,only "o woman danc$ at a "t1 ?r[+ ! upp] "p ( h] body into ! odde/ po/ures1 :ile %e held 9 h] h&s a bran* ( fir or a k9d ( wood5 ca/anets4 ,! o!r wom5 mean:ile play$ an accompanim5t by drumm+ on ! beams ( ! h\se ) clubs4 ,von ,s*r5k believ$ t aft] ! fle% ( ! be> has be5 eat5 ! bones & ! skull are solemnly c>ri$ out by ! olde/ p to a place 9 ! =e/ n f> f ! village4 ,!re all ! bones except ! skull are buri$4 ,aft] t a "y tree is fell$ a few in*es above ! gr\nd1 its /ump cleft1 & ! skull w$g$ into ! cleft4 ,:5 ! grass gr[s ov] ! spot1 ! skull disappe>s f view1 & t is ! end ( ! be>4 ,ano!r description ( ! be>-fe/ivals ( ! ,gilyaks has be5 giv5 u by ,mr4 ,leo ,/]nb]g4 ,x agrees sub/antially ) ! =ego+ acc\nts1 b a few p>ticul>s 9 x may be not$4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,/]nb]g1 ! fe/ival is usually held 9 hon\r ( a deceas$ relation3 ! next ( k9 ei!r buys or cat*es a be> cub & nurtures x = two or ?ree ye>s till x is ready = ! sacrifice4 ,only c]ta9 di/+ui%$ gue/s 7,n>*-en7 are privileg$ to p>take ( ! be>'s fle%1 b ! ho/ & memb]s ( 8 clan eat a bro? made f ! fle%2 great quantities ( ?is bro? are prep>$ & consum$ on ! occasion4 ,! gue/s ( hon\r 7,n>*-en7 mu/ belong to ! clan into :i* ! ho/'s daught]s & ! o!r wom5 ( 8 clan are m>ri$3 "o ( ^! gue/s1 usually ! ho/'s son-9-law1 is entru/$ ) ! duty ( %oot+ ! be> dead ) an arr[4 ,! sk91 head1 & fle% ( ! sla9 be> are br\ght into ! h\se n ?r\gh ! door b ?r\gh ! smoke-hole2 a quiv] full ( arr[s is laid "u ! head & beside x are deposit$ tobacco1 sug>1 & o!r food4 ,! s\l ( ! be> is suppos$ to c>ry (f ! s\ls ( ^! ?+s ) x on ! f> j\rney4 ,a special vessel is us$ = cook+ ! be>'s fle%1 & ! fire mu/ be k9dl$ by a sacr$ app>atus ( fl9t & /eel1 :i* belongs to ! clan & is h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b :i* is nev] us$ to light fires except on ^! solemn occasions4 ,( all ! _m vi&s cook$ = ! consumption ( ! assembl$ p a portion is plac$ 9 a special vessel & set be=e ! be>'s head3 ?is is call$ fe$+ ! head4 ,aft] ! be> has be5 kill$1 dogs are sacrific$ 9 c\ples ( male & female4 ,be=e be+ ?rottl$1 !y are f$ & invit$ to g to _! "l on ! highe/ m\nta91 to *ange _! sk9s1 & to return next ye> 9 ! =m ( be>s4 ,! s\l ( ! dead be> dep>ts to ! same "l1 :o is also "l ( ! primaeval =e/2 x goes away lad5 ) ! (f]+s t h be5 made to x1 & att5d$ by ! s\ls ( ! dogs & also by ! s\ls ( ! sacr$ :ittl$ /icks1 :i* figure prom95tly at ! fe/ival4 ,! ,goldi1 neighb\rs ( ! ,gilyaks1 treat ! be> 9 mu* ! same way4 ,!y hunt & kill x2 b sometimes !y capture a live be> & keep him 9 a cage1 fe$+ him well & call+ him _! son & bro!r4 ,!n at a great fe/ival he is tak5 f 8 cage1 p>ad$ ab\t ) m>k$ consid]ation1 & aft]w>ds kill$ & eat54 ,! skull1 jaw-bones1 & e>s are !n susp5d$ on a tree1 z an antidote aga9/ evil spirits2 b ! fle% is eat5 & mu* reli%$1 = !y believe t all :o p>take ( x acquire a ze/ = ! *ase1 & become c\rage\s4 ,! ,orot*is1 ano!r ,tunguzian p ( ! region ( ! ,amoor1 hold be>-fe/ivals ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,any "o :o cat*es a be> cub consid]s x 8 b\nd5 duty to re> x 9 a cage = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 9 ord] at ! end ( t "t to kill x publicly & eat ! fle% ) 8 fri5ds4 ,! fea/s be+ public1 ?\gh organis$ by individuals1 ! p try to h "o 9 ea* ,orot*i village e ye> 9 turn4 ,:5 ! be> is tak5 out ( 8 cage1 he is l$ ab\t by means ( ropes to all ! huts1 accompani$ by p arm$ ) lances1 b[s1 & arr[s4 ,at ea* hut ! be> & be>-lead]s are treat$ to some?+ good to eat & dr9k4 ,?is goes on = sev]al days until all ! huts1 n only 9 t village b also 9 ! next1 h be5 visit$4 ,! days are giv5 up to sport & noisy jollity4 ,!n ! be> is ti$ to a tree or wood5 pill> & %ot to dea? by ! arr[s ( ! cr[d1 aft] :i* its fle% is roa/$ & eat54 ,among ! ,orot*is ( ! ,tundja ,riv] wom5 take "p 9 ! be>-fea/s1 :ile among ! ,orot*is ( ! ,riv] ,vi ! wom5 w n ev5 t\* be>'s fle%4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! captive be> by ^! tribes !re are features :i* c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f wor%ip4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! pray]s (f]$ to x bo? alive & dead2 ! (f]+s ( food1 includ+ portions ( its own fle%1 laid be=e ! animal's skull2 & ! ,gilyak cu/om ( lead+ ! liv+ bea/ to ! riv] 9 ord] to ensure a supply ( fi%1 & ( conduct+ him f h\se to h\se 9 ord] t e family may receive 8 bless+1 j z 9 ,europe a ,may-tree or a p]sonal repres5tative ( ! tree-_s us$ to be tak5 f door to door 9 spr+ = ! sake ( diffus+ among all & sundry ! fre% en]gies ( reviv+ nature4 ,aga91 ! solemn p>ticipation 9 8 fle% & blood1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,a9o cu/om ( %>+ ! cont5ts ( ! cup :i* _h be5 consecrat$ by be+ set be=e ! dead bea/1 are /rongly sugge/ive ( a sacram5t1 & ! sugge/ion is confirm$ by ! ,gilyak practice ( res]v+ special vessels to hold ! fle% & cook+ x on a fire k9dl$ by a sacr$ app>atus :i* is nev] employ$ except on ^! religi\s occasions4 ,inde$ our pr9cipal au?ority on ,a9o religion1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,bat*elor1 frankly describes z wor%ip ! c]emoni\s respect :i* ! ,a9o pay to ! be>1 & he affirms t ! animal is und\bt$ly "o ( _! gods4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,a9o appe> to apply _! "n = god 7kamui7 freely to ! be>2 b1 z ,mr4 ,bat*elor himself po9ts out1 t ^w is us$ ) _m diff]5t %ades ( mean+ & is appli$ to a great v>iety ( objects1 s t f its application to ! be> we _c safely argue t ! animal is actually reg>d$ z a deity4 ,inde$ we are expressly told t ! ,a9o ( ,saghali5 d n consid] ! be> to be a god b only a mess5g] to ! gods1 & ! message ) :i* !y *>ge ! animal at its dea? be>s out ! /atem5t4 ,app>5tly ! ,gilyaks also look on ! be> 9 ! light ( an envoy despat*$ ) pres5ts to ! ,"l ( ! ,m\nta91 on :om ! welf>e ( ! p dep5ds4 ,at ! same "t !y treat ! animal z a be+ ( a high] ord] ?an man1 9 fact z a m9or deity1 ^: pres5ce 9 ! village1 s long z he is kept & f$1 diffuses bless+s1 especially by keep+ at bay ! sw>ms ( evil spirits :o are con/antly ly+ 9 wait = p1 /eal+ _! goods & de/roy+ _! bodies by sickness & disease4 ,moreov]1 by p>tak+ ( ! fle%1 blood1 or bro? ( ! be>1 ! ,gilyaks1 ! ,a9o1 & ! ,goldi are all ( op9ion t !y acquire "s portion ( ! animal's mighty p[]s1 p>ticul>ly 8 c\rage & /r5g?4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld treat s great a b5efactor ) m>ks ( ! highe/ respect & affection4 ,"s light may be ?r[n on ! ambigu\s attitude ( ! ,a9o to be>s by comp>+ ! simil> treatm5t :i* !y accord to o!r creatures4 ,= example1 !y reg>d ! eagle-owl z a good deity :o by 8 hoot+ w>ns m5 ( ?reat5$ evil & def5ds !m aga9/ x2 h5ce he is lov$1 tru/$1 & dev\tly wor%ipp$ z a div9e m$iator betwe5 m5 & ! ,creator4 ,! v>i\s names appli$ to him are significant bo? ( 8 div9ity & ( 8 m$iator%ip4 ,:5ev] an opportunity (f]s1 "o ( ^! div9e birds is captur$ & kept 9 a cage1 :]e he is greet$ ) ! ende>+ titles ( ,belov$ god & ,de> little div9ity4 ,nev]!less ! "t comes :5 ! de> little div9ity is ?rottl$ & s5t away 9 8 capacity ( m$iator to take a message to ! sup]ior gods or to ! ,creator himself4 ,! foll[+ is ! =m ( pray] address$ to ! eagle-owl :5 x is ab\t to be sacrific$3 ,belov$ deity1 we h br\ght y up because we lov$ y1 & n[ we are ab\t to s5d y to y\r fa!r4 ,we h]e) (f] y food1 inao1 w9e1 & cakes2 take !m to y\r p>5t1 & he w be v pleas$4 ,:5 y come to him say1 ',i h liv$ a long "t among ! ,a9u1 :]e an ,a9u fa!r & an ,a9u "m re>$ me4 ,i n[ come to !e4 ,i h br\ght a v>iety ( good ?+s4 ,i saw :ile liv+ 9 ,a9ul& a great deal ( di/ress4 ,i obs]v$ t "s ( ! p 7 possess$ by demons1 "s 7 w\nd$ by wild animals1 "s 7 hurt by l&slides1 o!rs suff]$ %ipwreck1 & _m 7 attack$ by disease4 ,! p are 9 great /raits4 ,my fa!r1 he> me1 & ha/5 to look ^u ! ,a9u & help !m4' ,if y d ?is1 y\r fa!r w help u4 ,aga91 ! ,a9o keep eagles 9 cages1 wor%ip !m z div9ities1 & ask !m to def5d ! p f evil4 ,yet !y (f] ! bird 9 sacrifice1 & :5 !y are ab\t to d s !y pray to him1 say+3 ,o preci\s div9ity1 ,o ?\ div9e bird1 pray li/5 to my words4 ,?\ do/ n belong to ?is _w1 = ?y home is ) ! ,creator & 8 gold5 eagles4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i pres5t !e ) ^! inao & cakes & o!r preci\s ?+s4 ,d ?\ ride ^u ! inao & asc5d to ?y home 9 ! glori\s heav5s4 ,:5 ?\ arrive/1 assemble ! deities ( ?y own k9d toge!r & ?ank !m = u = hav+ gov]n$ ! _w4 ,d ?\ come aga91 ,i besee* !e1 & rule ov] u4 ,o my preci\s "o1 g ?\ quietly4 ,once m1 ! ,a9o rev]e hawks1 keep !m 9 cages1 & (f] !m 9 sacrifice4 ,at ! "t ( kill+ "o ( !m ! foll[+ pray] %\ld be address$ to ! bird3 ,o div9e hawk1 ?\ art an exp]t hunt]1 please cause ?y clev]ness to desc5d on me4 ,if a hawk is well treat$ 9 captivity & pray$ to aft] ?is fa%ion :5 he is ab\t to be kill$1 he w surely s5d help to ! hunt]4 ,?us ! ,a9o hopes to pr(it 9 v>i\s ways by slaught]+ ! creatures1 :i*1 nev]!less1 he treats z div9e4 ,he expects !m to c>ry messages = him to _! k9dr$ or to ! gods 9 ! upp] _w2 he hopes to p>take ( _! virtues by swall[+ p>ts ( _! bodies or 9 o!r ways2 & app>5tly he looks =w>d to _! bodily resurrection 9 ?is _w1 :i* w enable him aga9 to cat* & kill !m1 & aga9 to reap all ! b5efits :i* he has already d]iv$ f _! slaught]4 ,= 9 ! pray]s address$ to ! wor%ipful be> & ! wor%ipful eagle be=e !y are knock$ on ! head ! creatures are invit$ to come aga91 :i* seems cle>ly to po9t to a fai? 9 _! future resurrection4 ,if any d\bt c\ld exi/ on ?is head1 x w\ld be dispell$ by ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,bat*elor1 :o tells u t ! ,a9o are firmly conv9c$ t ! spirits ( birds & animals kill$ 9 hunt+ or (f]$ 9 sacrifice come & live aga9 ^u ! e>? clo!d ) a body2 & !y believe1 fur!r1 t !y appe> "h = ! special b5efit ( m51 p>ticul>ly ,a9u hunt]s4 ,! ,a9o1 ,mr4 ,bat*elor tells u1 confess$ly slays & eats ! bea/ t ano!r may come 9 its place & be treat$ 9 l mann]2 & at ! "t ( sacrific+ ! creatures pray]s are said to !m :i* =m a reque/ t !y w come aga9 & furni% vi&s = ano!r fea/1 z if x 7 an hon\r to !m to be ?us kill$ & eat51 & a pleasure z well4 ,inde$ su* is ! p's idea4 ,^! la/ obs]vations1 z ! context %[s1 ref] especially to ! sacrifice ( be>s4 ,?us among ! b5efits :i* ! ,a9o anticipates f ! slaught] ( ! wor%ipful animals n ! lea/ sub/antial is t ( gorg+ himself on _! fle% & blood1 bo? on ! pres5t & on _m a simil> occasion h]eaft]2 & t pleas+ prospect aga9 is d]iv$ f 8 firm fai? 9 ! spiritual immortality & bodily resurrection ( ! dead animals4 ,a l fai? is %>$ by _m savage hunt]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w & has giv5 rise to a v>iety ( qua9t cu/oms1 "s ( :i* w be describ$ pres5tly4 ,meantime x is n unimportant to obs]ve t ! solemn fe/ivals at :i* ! ,a9o1 ! ,gilyaks1 & o!r tribes slaught] ! tame cag$ be>s ) demon/rations ( respect & sorr[1 are probably no?+ b an ext5sion or glorification ( simil> rites :i* ! hunt] p]=ms ov] any wild be> :i* he *ances to kill 9 ! =e/4 ,inde$ ) reg>d to ! ,gilyaks we are expressly in=m$ t ?is is ! case4 ,if we w\ld und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ,gilyak ritual1 says ,mr4 ,/]nb]g1 we mu/ above all rememb] t ! be>-fe/ivals are n1 z is usually b falsely assum$1 celebrat$ only at ! kill+ ( a h\se-be> b are held on e occasion :5 a ,gilyak succe$s 9 slaught]+ a be> 9 ! *ase4 ,x is true t 9 su* cases ! fe/ival assumes less impos+ dim5sions1 b 9 its ess5ce x rema9s ! same4 ,:5 ! head & sk9 ( a be> kill$ 9 ! =e/ are br\ght into ! village1 !y are accord$ a triumphal reception ) music & solemn c]emonial4 ,! head is laid on a consecrat$ scaffold1 f$1 & treat$ ) (f]+s1 j z at ! kill+ ( a h\se-be>2 & ! gue/s ( hon\r 7,n>*-en7 are also assembl$4 ,s1 too1 dogs are sacrific$1 & ! bones ( ! be> are pres]v$ 9 ! same place & ) ! same m>ks ( respect z ! bones ( a h\se-be>4 ,h5ce ! great w9t] fe/ival is only an ext5sion ( ! rite :i* is obs]v$ at ! slaught] ( e be>4 ,?us ! app>5t contradiction 9 ! practice ( ^! tribes1 :o v5]ate & almo/ deify ! animals :i* !y habitually hunt1 kill1 & eat1 is n s flagrant z at fir/ sight x appe>s to u3 ! p h reasons1 & "s v practical reasons1 = act+ z !y d4 ,= ! savage is by no means s illogical & unpractical z to sup]ficial obs]v]s he is apt to seem2 he has ?\ght deeply on ! que/ions :i* imm$iately conc]n him1 he reasons ab\t !m1 & ?\gh 8 conclusions (t5 div]ge v widely f ours1 we ought n to d5y him ! cr$it ( pati5t & prolong$ m$itation on "s fundam5tal problems ( human exi/5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 if he treats be>s 9 g5]al z creatures :olly subs]vi5t to human ne$s & yet s+les out c]ta9 individuals ( ! species = homage :i* almo/ am\nts to deification1 we mu/ n ha/ily set him d[n z irrational & inconsi/5t1 b mu/ endeav\r to place ourselves at 8 po9t ( view1 to see ?+s z he sees !m1 & to dive/ ourselves ( ! prepossessions :i* t+e s deeply our own views ( ! _w4 ,if we d s1 we %all probably discov] t1 h[ev] absurd 8 conduct may appe> to u1 ! savage nev]!less g5]ally acts on a tra9 ( reason+ :i* seems to him 9 h>mony ) ! facts ( 8 limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,?is ,i propose to illu/rate 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :]e ,i %all attempt to %[ t ! solemn c]emonial ( ! be>-fe/ival among ! ,a9os & o!r tribes ( ,nor?-ea/]n ,asia is only a p>ticul>ly /rik+ example ( ! respect :i* on ! pr9ciples ( 8 rude philosophy ! savage habitually pays to ! animals :i* he kills & eats4 ,,liii4 ,! ,propitiation ( ,wild ,animals ,by ,hunt]s ,,! ,,explanation ( life by ! !ory ( an indwell+ & practically immortal s\l is "o :i* ! savage does n conf9e to human be+s b ext5ds to ! animate creation 9 g5]al4 ,9 s do+ he is m lib]al & p]haps m logical ?an ! civilis$ man1 :o commonly d5ies to animals t privilege ( immortality :i* he claims = himself4 ,! savage is n s pr\d2 he commonly believes t animals are end[$ ) feel+s & intellig5ce l ^? ( m51 & t1 l m51 !y possess s\ls :i* survive ! dea? ( _! bodies ei!r to w&] ab\t z disembodi$ spirits or to be born aga9 9 animal =m4 ,?us to ! savage1 :o reg>ds all liv+ creatures z practically on a foot+ ( equality ) man1 ! act ( kill+ & eat+ an animal mu/ we> a v diff]5t aspect f t :i* ! same act pres5ts to u1 :o reg>d ! intellig5ce ( animals z f> inf]ior to our own & d5y !m ! possession ( immortal s\ls4 ,h5ce on ! pr9ciples ( 8 rude philosophy ! primitive hunt] :o slays an animal believes himself expos$ to ! v5geance ei!r ( its disembodi$ _s or ( all ! o!r animals ( ! same species1 :om he consid]s z knit toge!r1 l m51 by ! ties ( k9 & ! obligations ( ! blood feud1 & !re=e z b\nd to res5t ! injury done to "o ( _! numb]4 ,accord+ly ! savage makes x a rule to sp>e ! life ( ^? animals :i* he has no press+ motive = kill+1 at lea/ su* fi]ce & dang]\s animals z are likely to exact a bloody v5geance = ! slaught] ( "o ( _! k9d4 ,crocodiles are animals ( ?is sort4 ,!y are only f\nd 9 hot c\ntries1 :]e1 z a rule1 food is abundant & primitive man has !re=e little reason to kill !m = ! sake ( _! t\gh & unpalatable fle%4 ,h5ce x is a cu/om ) "s savages to sp>e crocodiles1 or r only to kill !m 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( blood feud1 t is1 z a retaliation = ! slaught] ( m5 by crocodiles4 ,= example1 ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo w n kill a crocodile unless a crocodile has fir/ kill$ a man4 ,= :y1 say !y1 %\ld !y commit an act ( aggression1 :5 he & 8 k9dr$ c s easily repay !m8 ,b %\ld ! alligator take a human life1 rev5ge becomes a sacr$ duty ( ! liv+ relatives1 :o w trap ! man-eat] 9 ! _s ( an (fic] ( ju/ice pursu+ a crim9al4 ,o!rs1 ev5 !n1 hang back1 reluctant to embroil !mselves 9 a qu>rel :i* does n conc]n !m4 ,! man-eat+ alligator is suppos$ to be pursu$ by a righte\s ,nemesis2 & :5ev] "o is caught !y h a pr(\nd conviction t x mu/ be ! guilty "o1 or 8 accomplice4 ,l ! ,dyaks1 ! natives ( ,madagasc> nev] kill a crocodile except 9 retaliation = "o ( _! fri5ds :o has be5 de/roy$ by a crocodile4 ,!y believe t ! wanton de/ruction ( "o ( ^! reptiles w be foll[$ by ! loss ( human life1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( lex talionis4 ,! p :o live ne> ! lake ,itasy 9 ,madagasc> make a ye>ly proclamation to ! crocodiles1 ann\nc+ t !y w rev5ge ! dea? ( "s ( _! fri5ds by kill+ z _m crocodiles 9 return1 & w>n+ all well-dispos$ crocodiles to keep out ( ! way1 z !y h no qu>rel ) !m1 b only ) _! evil-m9d$ relations :o h tak5 human life4 ,v>i\s tribes ( ,madagasc> believe !mselves to be desc5d$ f crocodiles1 & accord+ly !y view ! scaly reptile z1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a man & a bro!r4 ,if "o ( ! animals %\ld s f> =get himself z to dev\r "o ( 8 human k9sfolk1 ! *ief ( ! tribe1 or 9 8 abs5ce an old man famili> ) ! tribal cu/oms1 repairs at ! head ( ! p to ! edge ( ! wat]1 & summons ! family ( ! culprit to deliv] him up to ! arm ( ju/ice4 ,a hook is !n bait$ & ca/ into ! riv] or lake4 ,next day ! guilty bro!r1 or "o ( 8 family1 is dragg$ a%ore1 & aft] 8 crime has be5 cle>ly br\ght home to him by a /rict int]rogation1 he is s5t5c$ to dea? & execut$4 ,! claims ( ju/ice be+ ?us satisfi$ & ! maje/y ( ! law fully v9dicat$1 ! deceas$ crocodile is lam5t$ & buri$ l a k9sman2 a m\nd is rais$ ov] 8 relics & a /one m>ks ! place ( 8 head4 ,aga91 ! tig] is ano!r ( ^? dang]\s bea/s :om ! savage pref]s to leave alone1 le/ by kill+ "o ( ! species he %\ld excite ! ho/ility ( ! re/4 ,no consid]ation w induce a ,sumatran to cat* or w\nd a tig] except 9 self-def5ce or imm$iately aft] a tig] has de/roy$ a fri5d or relation4 ,:5 a ,european has set traps = tig]s1 ! p ( ! neighb\rhood h be5 kn[n to g by night to ! place & expla9 to ! animals t ! traps are n set by !m nor ) _! cons5t4 ,! inhabitants ( ! hills ne> ,rajamahall1 9 ,b5gal1 are v av]se to kill+ a tig]1 unless "o ( _! k9sfolk has be5 c>ri$ (f by "o ( ! bea/s4 ,9 t case !y g out = ! purpose ( hunt+ & slay+ a tig]2 & :5 !y h succe$$ !y lay _! b[s & arr[s on ! c>case & invoke ,god1 decl>+ t !y slew ! animal 9 retaliation = ! loss ( a k9sman4 ,v5geance hav+ be5 ?us tak51 !y swe> n to attack ano!r tig] except "u simil> provocation4 ,! ,indians ( ,c>ol9a w\ld n mole/ snakes :5 !y came ^u !m1 b w\ld pass by on ! o!r side ( ! pa?1 believ+ t if !y 7 to kill a s]p5t1 ! reptile's k9dr$ w\ld de/roy "s ( _! bre?r51 fri5ds1 or relations 9 return4 ,s ! ,sem9ole ,indians sp>$ ! rattlesnake1 because !y fe>$ t ! s\l ( ! dead rattlesnake w\ld incite its k9sfolk to take v5geance4 ,! ,*]okee reg>d ! rattlesnake z ! *ief ( ! snake tribe & fe> & respect him accord+ly4 ,few ,*]okee w v5ture to kill a rattlesnake1 unless !y _c help x1 & ev5 !n !y mu/ atone = ! crime by crav+ p>don ( ! snake's gho/ ei!r 9 _! own p]son or ?r\gh ! m$iation ( a prie/1 accord+ to a set =mula4 ,if ^! precautions are neglect$1 ! k9sfolk ( ! dead snake w s5d "o ( _! numb] z an av5g] ( blood1 :o w track d[n ! murd]] & /+ him to dea?4 ,no ord9>y ,*]okee d>es to kill a wolf1 if he c possibly help x2 = he believes t ! k9dr$ ( ! sla9 bea/ w\ld surely av5ge its dea?1 & t ! weapon ) :i* ! de$ _h be5 done w\ld be q useless = ! future1 unless x 7 clean$ & exorcis$ by a m$ic9e-man4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 p]sons :o "k ! prop] rites ( atonem5t = su* a crime c kill wolves ) impunity1 & !y are sometimes hir$ to d s by p :o h suff]$ f ! raids ( ! wolves on _! cattle or fi%-traps4 ,9 ,jebel-,nuba1 a di/rict ( ! ,ea/]n ,sudan1 x is =bidd5 to t\* ! ne/s or remove ! "y ( a species ( black birds1 resembl+ our blackbirds1 because ! p believe t ! p>5t birds w\ld av5ge ! wrong by caus+ a /ormy w9d to bl[1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! h>ve/4 ,b ! savage cle>ly _c af=d to sp>e all animals4 ,he mu/ ei!r eat "s ( !m or />ve1 & :5 ! "q ?us comes to be :e!r he or ! animal mu/ p]i%1 he is =c$ to ov]come 8 sup]/iti\s scruples & take ! life ( ! bea/4 ,at ! same "t he does all he c to appease 8 victims & _! k9sfolk4 ,ev5 9 ! act ( kill+ !m he te/ifies 8 respect = !m1 endeav\rs to excuse or ev5 conceal 8 %>e 9 procur+ _! dea?1 & promises t _! rema9s w be hon\rably treat$4 ,by ?us robb+ dea? ( its t]rors1 he hopes to reconcile 8 victims to _! fate & to induce _! fell[s to come & be kill$ also4 ,= example1 x 0 a pr9ciple ) ! ,kamt*atkans nev] to kill a l& or sea animal )\t fir/ mak+ excuses to x & begg+ t ! animal w\ld n take x ill4 ,also !y (f]$ x c$>nuts & s =?1 to make x ?9k t x 0 n a victim b a gue/ at a fea/4 ,!y believ$ t ?is h9d]$ o!r animals ( ! same species f gr[+ %y4 ,= in/ance1 aft] !y _h kill$ a be> & fea/$ on its fle%1 ! ho/ w\ld br+ ! be>'s head be=e ! company1 wrap x 9 grass1 & pres5t x ) a v>iety ( trifles4 ,!n he w\ld lay ! blame ( ! be>'s dea? on ! ,russians1 & bid ! bea/ wreak 8 wra? ^u !m4 ,also he w\ld ask ! be> to in=m ! o!r be>s h[ well he _h be5 treat$1 t !y too might come )\t fe>4 ,seals1 sea-lions1 & o!r animals 7 treat$ by ! ,kamt*atkans ) ! same c]emoni\s respect4 ,moreov]1 !y us$ to ins]t sprigs ( a plant resembl+ be>'s wort 9 ! m\?s ( ! animals !y kill$2 aft] :i* !y w\ld exhort ! gr9n+ skulls to h no fe> b to g & tell x to _! fell[s1 t !y also might come & be caught & s p>take ( ?is spl5did hospitality4 ,:5 ! ,o/iaks h hunt$ & kill$ a be>1 !y cut (f its head & hang x on a tree4 ,!n !y ga!r r\nd 9 a circle & pay x div9e hon\rs4 ,next !y run t[>ds ! c>case utt]+ lam5tations & say+1 ,:o kill$ y8 ,x 0 ! ,russians4 ,:o cut (f y\r head8 ,x 0 a ,russian axe4 ,:o sk9n$ y8 ,x 0 a knife made by a ,russian4 ,!y expla91 too1 t ! fea!rs :i* sp$ ! arr[ on its flight came f ! w+ ( a /range bird1 & t !y did no?+ b let ! arr[ g4 ,!y d all ?is because !y believe t ! w&]+ gho/ ( ! sla9 be> w\ld attack !m on ! fir/ opportunity1 if !y did n ?us appease x4 ,or !y /uff ! sk9 ( ! sla9 be> ) hay2 & aft] celebrat+ _! victory ) songs ( mock]y & insult1 aft] spitt+ on & kick+ x1 !y set x up on its h9d legs1 & !n1 = a consid]able "t1 !y be/[ on x all ! v5]ation due to a gu>dian god4 ,:5 a p>ty ( ,koryak h kill$ a be> or a wolf1 !y sk9 ! bea/ & dress "o ( !mselves 9 ! sk94 ,!n !y dance r\nd ! sk9-clad man1 say+ t x 0 n !y :o kill$ ! animal1 b "s "o else1 g5]ally a ,russian4 ,:5 !y kill a fox !y sk9 x1 wrap ! body 9 grass1 & bid him g tell 8 companions h[ hospitably he has be5 receiv$1 & h[ he has receiv$ a new cloak in/ead ( 8 old "o4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ! ,koryak c]emonies is giv5 by a m rec5t writ]4 ,he tells u t :5 a dead be> is br\ght to ! h\se1 ! wom5 come out to meet x1 danc+ ) firebr&s4 ,! be>-sk9 is tak5 (f along ) ! head2 & "o ( ! wom5 puts on ! sk91 dances 9 x1 & entreats ! be> n to be angry1 b to be k9d to ! p4 ,at ! same "t !y (f] meat on a wood5 platt] to ! dead bea/1 say+1 ,eat1 fri5d4 ,aft]w>ds a c]emony is p]=m$ = ! purpose ( s5d+ ! dead be>1 or r 8 _s1 away back to 8 home4 ,he is provid$ ) provisions = ! j\rney 9 ! %ape ( pudd+s or re9de]-fle% pack$ 9 a grass bag4 ,8 sk9 is /uff$ ) grass & c>ri$ r\nd ! h\se1 aft] :i* he is suppos$ to dep>t t[>ds ! ris+ sun4 ,! int5tion ( ! c]emonies is to protect ! p f ! wra? ( ! sla9 be> & 8 k9sfolk1 & s to ensure success 9 future be>-hunts4 ,! ,f9ns us$ to try to p]suade a sla9 be> t he _h n be5 kill$ by !m1 b _h fall5 f a tree1 or met 8 dea? 9 "s o!r way2 moreov]1 !y held a fun]al fe/ival 9 8 hon\r1 at ! close ( :i* b>ds expatiat$ on ! homage t _h be5 paid to him1 urg+ him to report to ! o!r be>s ! high consid]ation ) :i* he _h be5 treat$1 9 ord] t !y also1 foll[+ 8 example1 might come & be sla94 ,:5 ! ,lapps _h succe$$ 9 kill+ a be> ) impunity1 !y ?ank$ him = n hurt+ !m & = n break+ ! clubs & spe>s :i* _h giv5 him 8 dea? w\nds2 & !y pray$ t he w\ld n visit 8 dea? ^u !m by s5d+ /orms or 9 any o!r way4 ,8 fle% !n furni%$ a fea/4 ,! rev]5ce ( hunt]s = ! be> :om !y regul>ly kill & eat may ?us be trac$ all along ! nor!rn region ( ! ,old ,_w f ,b]+'s ,/raits to ,lappl&4 ,x reappe>s 9 simil> =ms 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,) ! ,am]ican ,indians a be> hunt 0 an important ev5t = :i* !y prep>$ by long fa/s & purgations4 ,be=e sett+ out !y (f]$ expiatory sacrifices to ! s\ls ( be>s sla9 9 previ\s hunts1 & bes\ght !m to be fav\rable to ! hunt]s4 ,:5 a be> 0 kill$ ! hunt] lit 8 pipe1 & putt+ ! m\? ( x betwe5 ! be>'s lips1 blew into ! b[l1 fill+ ! bea/'s m\? ) smoke4 ,!n he begg$ ! be> n to be angry at hav+ be5 kill$1 & n to ?w>t him aft]w>ds 9 ! *ase4 ,! c>case 0 roa/$ :ole & eat52 n a morsel ( ! fle% might be left ov]4 ,! head1 pa9t$ r$ & blue1 0 hung on a po/ & address$ by orators1 :o heap$ praise on ! dead bea/4 ,:5 m5 ( ! ,be> clan 9 ! ,ottawa tribe kill$ a be>1 !y made him a fea/ ( 8 own fle%1 & address$ him ?us3 ,*]i% u no grudge because we h kill$ y4 ,y h s5se2 y see t our *ildr5 are hungry4 ,!y love y & wi% to take y into _! bodies4 ,is x n glori\s to be eat5 by ! *ildr5 ( a *ief8 ,among/ ! ,nootka ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :5 a be> _h be5 kill$1 x 0 br\ght 9 & seat$ be=e ! head *ief 9 an upright po/ure1 ) a *ief's bonnet1 wr\ght 9 figures1 on its head1 & its fur p[d]$ ov] ) :ite d[n4 ,a tray ( provisions 0 !n set be=e x1 & x 0 invit$ by words & ge/ures to eat4 ,aft] t ! animal 0 sk9n$1 boil$1 & eat54 ,a l respect is te/ifi$ = o!r dang]\s creatures by ! hunt]s :o regul>ly trap & kill !m4 ,:5 ,caffre hunt]s are 9 ! act ( %[]+ spe>s on an elephant1 !y call out1 ,don't kill u1 great capta92 don't /rike or tread ^u u1 mighty *ief4 ,:5 he is dead !y make _! excuses to him1 pret5d+ t 8 dea? 0 a pure accid5t4 ,z a m>k ( respect !y bury 8 trunk ) mu* solemn c]emony2 = !y say t ! elephant is a great "l2 8 trunk is 8 h&4 ,be=e ! ,amaxosa ,caffres attack an elephant !y %\t to ! animal & beg him to p>don !m = ! slaught] !y are ab\t to p]petrate1 pr(ess+ great submission to 8 p]son & expla9+ cle>ly ! ne$ !y h ( 8 tusks to enable !m to procure beads & supply _! wants4 ,:5 !y h kill$ him !y bury 9 ! gr\nd1 along ) ! end ( 8 trunk1 a few ( ! articles !y h obta9$ = ! ivory1 ?us hop+ to av]t "s mi%ap t w\ld o!rwise befall !m4 ,among/ "s tribes ( ,ea/]n ,africa1 :5 a lion is kill$1 ! c>case is br\ght be=e ! k+1 :o does homage to x by pro/rat+ himself on ! gr\nd & rubb+ 8 face on ! muzzle ( ! bea/4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,africa if a negro kills a leop>d he is b\nd fa/ & br\ght be=e ! *iefs = hav+ kill$ "o ( _! pe]s4 ,! man def5ds himself on ! plea t ! leop>d is *ief ( ! =e/ & !re=e a /rang]4 ,he is !n set at lib]ty & rew>d$4 ,b ! dead leop>d1 adorn$ ) a *ief's bonnet1 is set up 9 ! village1 :]e nightly dances are held 9 its hon\r4 ,! ,bag&a greatly fe> ! gho/s ( buffaloes :i* !y h kill$1 & !y always appease ^! dang]\s spirits4 ,on no acc\nt w !y br+ ! head ( a sla9 buffalo into a village or into a g>d5 ( planta9s3 !y always eat ! fle% ( ! head 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,aft]w>ds !y place ! skull 9 a small hut built = ! purpose1 :]e !y p\r out be] z an (f]+ & pray to ! gho/ to /ay :]e he is & n to h>m !m4 ,ano!r =midable bea/ ^: life ! savage hunt] takes ) joy1 yet ) fe> & trembl+1 is ! :ale4 ,aft] ! slaught] ( a :ale ! m>itime ,koryak ( ,nor?-ea/]n ,sib]ia hold a communal fe/ival1 ! ess5tial "p ( :i* is bas$ on ! conception t ! :ale kill$ has come on a visit to ! village2 t x is /ay+ = "s "t1 dur+ :i* x is treat$ ) great respect2 t x !n returns to ! sea to repeat its visit ! foll[+ ye>2 t x w induce its relatives to come along1 tell+ !m ( ! hospitable reception t has be5 accord$ to x4 ,accord+ to ! ,koryak ideas1 ! :ales1 l all o!r animals1 con/itute "o tribe1 or r family1 ( relat$ individuals1 :o live 9 villages l ! ,koryak4 ,!y av5ge ! murd] ( "o ( _! numb]1 & are grateful = k9dnesses t !y may h receiv$4 ,:5 ! inhabitants ( ! ,isle ( ,/4 ,m>y1 to ! nor? ( ,madagasc>1 g a-:al+1 !y s+le out ! "y :ales = attack & humbly beg ! "m's p>don1 /at+ ! necessity t drives !m to kill h] prog5y1 & reque/+ t %e w be pleas$ to g bel[ :ile ! de$ is do+1 t h] mat]nal feel+s may n be outrag$ by witness+ :at mu/ cause h] s mu* uneas9ess4 ,an ,ajumba hunt] hav+ kill$ a female hippopotamus on ,lake ,azy+o 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ! animal 0 decapitat$ & its qu>t]s & b[els remov$4 ,!n ! hunt]1 nak$1 /epp$ into ! holl[ ( ! ribs1 & kneel+ d[n 9 ! bloody pool wa%$ 8 :ole body ) ! blood & excretions ( ! animal1 :ile he pray$ to ! s\l ( ! hippopotamus n to be> him a grudge = hav+ kill$ h] & s blight$ h] hopes ( future mat]nity2 & he fur!r entreat$ ! gho/ n to /ir up o!r hippopotamuses to av5ge h] dea? by butt+ at & capsiz+ 8 canoe4 ,! ounce1 a leop>d-l creature1 is dread$ = its depr$ations by ! ,indians ( ,brazil4 ,:5 !y h caught "o ( ^! animals 9 a sn>e1 !y kill x & c>ry ! body home to ! village4 ,!re ! wom5 deck ! c>case ) fea!rs ( _m col\rs1 put bracelets on its legs1 & weep ov] x1 say+1 ,i pray !e n to take v5geance on our little ones = hav+ be5 caught & kill$ ?r\gh ?9e own ignorance4 ,= x 0 n we :o deceiv$ !e1 x 0 ?yself4 ,our husb&s only set ! trap to cat* animals t are good to eat2 !y nev] ?\ght to take !e 9 x4 ,!re=e1 let n ?y s\l c\nsel ?y fell[s to av5ge ?y dea? on our little ones6 ,:5 a ,blackfoot ,indian has caught eagles 9 a trap & kill$ !m1 he takes !m home to a special lodge1 call$ ! eagles' lodge1 :i* has be5 prep>$ = _! reception outside ( ! camp4 ,"h he sets ! birds 9 a r[ on ! gr\nd1 & propp+ up _! heads on a /ick1 puts a piece ( dri$ meat 9 ea* ( _! m\?s 9 ord] t ! spirits ( ! dead eagles may g & tell ! o!r eagles h[ well !y are be+ treat$ by ! ,indians4 ,s :5 ,indian hunt]s ( ! ,or9oco region h kill$ an animal1 !y op5 its m\? & p\r into x a few drops ( ! liquor !y g5]ally c>ry ) !m1 9 ord] t ! s\l ( ! dead bea/ may in=m its fell[s ( ! welcome x has met )1 & t !y too1 *e]$ by ! prospect ( ! same k9d reception1 may come ) alacrity to be kill$4 ,:5 a ,teton ,indian is on a j\rney1 & he meets a grey spid] or a spid] ) yell[ legs1 he kills x1 because "s evil w\ld befall him if he did n4 ,b he is v c>eful n to let ! spid] "k t he kills x1 = if ! spid] knew1 8 s\l w\ld g & tell ! o!r spid]s1 & "o ( !m w\ld be sure to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 relation4 ,s 9 cru%+ ! insect1 ! ,indian says1 ,o ,gr&fa!r ,spid]1 ! ,?und]-be+s kill y4 ,& ! spid] is cru%$ at once & believes :at is told him4 ,8 s\l probably runs & tells ! o!r spid]s t ! ,?und]-be+s h kill$ him2 b no h>m comes ( t4 ,= :at c grey or yell[-legg$ spid]s d to ! ,?und]-be+s8 ,b x is n m]ely dang]\s creatures ) :om ! savage desires to keep on good t]ms4 ,x is true t ! respect :i* he pays to wild bea/s is 9 "s measure proportion$ to _! /r5g? & f]ocity4 ,?us ! savage ,/i5s ( ,cambodia1 believ+ t all animals h s\ls :i* roam ab\t aft] _! dea?1 beg an animal's p>don :5 !y kill x1 le/ its s\l %\ld come & torm5t !m4 ,also !y (f] x sacrifices1 b ^! sacrifices are proportion$ to ! size & /r5g? ( ! animal4 ,! c]emonies :i* !y obs]ve at ! dea? ( an elephant are conduct$ ) mu* pomp & la/ sev5 days4 ,simil> di/9ctions are drawn by ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! be>1 ! buffalo1 & ! beav] are manidos div9ities :i* furni% food4 ,! be> is =midable1 & good to eat4 ,!y r5d] c]emonies to him1 begg+ him to all[ himself to be eat51 al?\gh !y "k he has no fancy = x4 ,we kill y1 b y are n annihilat$4 ,8 head & paws are objects ( homage4 4 4 4 ,o!r animals are treat$ simil>ly f simil> reasons4 4 4 4 ,_m ( ! animal manidos1 n be+ dang]\s1 are (t5 treat$ ) contempt--! t]rap91 ! weasel1 polecat1 etc4 ,! di/9ction is in/ructive4 ,animals :i* are fe>$1 or are good to eat1 or bo?1 are treat$ ) c]emoni\s respect2 ^? :i* are nei!r =midable nor good to eat are despis$4 ,we h _h examples ( rev]5ce paid to animals :i* are bo? fe>$ & eat54 ,x rema9s to prove t simil> respect is %[n to animals :i*1 )\t be+ fe>$1 are ei!r eat5 or valu$ = _! sk9s4 ,:5 ,sib]ian sable-hunt]s h caught a sable1 no "o is all[$ to see x1 & !y ?9k t if good or evil be spok5 ( ! captur$ sable no m sables w be caught4 ,a hunt] has be5 kn[n to express 8 belief t ! sables c\ld he> :at 0 said ( !m z f> (f z ,mosc[4 ,he said t ! *ief reason :y ! sable hunt 0 n[ s unproductive 0 t "s live sables _h be5 s5t to ,mosc[4 ,!re !y _h be5 view$ ) a/oni%m5t z /range animals1 & ! sables _c abide t4 ,ano!r1 ?\gh m9or1 cause ( ! dim9i%$ take ( sables 01 he alleg$1 t ! _w is n[ mu* worse ?an x us$ to be1 s t n[adays a hunt] w sometimes hide ! sable :i* he has got in/ead ( putt+ x into ! common /ock4 ,?is also1 said he1 ! sables _c abide4 ,alaskan hunt]s pres]ve ! bones ( sables & beav]s out ( rea* ( ! dogs = a ye> & !n bury !m c>efully1 le/ ! spirits :o look aft] ! beav]s & sables %\ld consid] t !y are reg>d$ ) contempt1 & h5ce no m %\ld be kill$ or trapp$4 ,! ,canadian ,indians 7 equally p>ticul> n to let _! dogs gnaw ! bones1 or at lea/ c]ta9 ( ! bones1 ( beav]s4 ,!y took ! greate/ pa9s to collect & pres]ve ^! bones1 &1 :5 ! beav] _h be5 caught 9 a net1 !y ?rew !m into ! riv]4 ,to a ,jesuit :o argu$ t ! beav]s c\ld n possibly "k :at became ( _! bones1 ! ,indians repli$1 ,y "k no?+ ab\t cat*+ beav]s & yet y w be prat+ ab\t x4 ,be=e ! beav] is /one dead1 8 s\l takes a turn 9 ! hut ( ! man :o is kill+ him & makes a c>eful note ( :at is done ) 8 bones4 ,if ! bones are giv5 to ! dogs1 ! o!r beav]s w\ld get ^w ( x & w\ld n let !mselves be caught4 ,:]eas1 if _! bones are ?r[n into ! fire or a riv]1 !y are q satisfi$2 & x is p>ticul>ly gratify+ to ! net :i* caught !m4 ,be=e hunt+ ! beav] !y (f]$ a solemn pray] to ! ,great ,beav]1 & pres5t$ him ) tobacco2 & :5 ! *ase 0 ov]1 an orator pron\nc$ a fun]al oration ov] ! dead beav]s4 ,he prais$ _! _s & wisdom4 ,y w he> no m1 said he1 ! voice ( ! *iefta9s :o comm&$ y & :om y *ose f among all ! w>rior beav]s to give y laws4 ,y\r language1 :i* ! m$ic9e-m5 und]/& p]fectly1 w be he>d no m at ! bottom ( ! lake4 ,y w fight no m battles ) ! ott]s1 y\r cruel foes4 ,no1 beav]s6 ,b y\r sk9s %all s]ve to buy arms2 we w c>ry y\r smok$ hams to our *ildr52 we w keep ! dogs f eat+ y\r bones1 :i* are s h>d4 ,! elan1 de]1 & elk 7 treat$ by ! ,am]ican ,indians ) ! same punctili\s respect1 & = ! same reason4 ,_! bones might n be giv5 to ! dogs nor ?r[n into ! fire1 nor might _! fat be dropp$ ^u ! fire1 because ! s\ls ( ! dead animals 7 believ$ to see :at 0 done to _! bodies & to tell x to ! o!r bea/s1 liv+ & dead4 ,h5ce1 if _! bodies 7 illus$1 ! animals ( t species w\ld n all[ !mselves to be tak51 nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 ! _w to come4 ,among ! ,*iquites ( ,p>aguay a sick man w\ld be ask$ by ! m$ic9e-man :e!r he _h n ?r[n away "s ( ! fle% ( ! de] or turtle1 & if he answ]$ yes1 ! m$ic9e-man w\ld say1 ,t is :at is kill+ y4 ,! s\l ( ! de] or turtle has ent]$ into y\r body to av5ge ! wrong y did x4 ,! ,canadian ,indians w\ld n eat ! embryos ( ! elk1 unless at ! close ( ! hunt+ season2 o!rwise ! "m-elks w\ld be %y & refuse to be caught4 ,9 ! ,timor-laut isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago ! skulls ( all ! turtles :i* a fi%]man has caught are hung up "u 8 h\se4 ,be=e he goes out to cat* ano!r1 he addresses himself to ! skull ( ! la/ turtle t he kill$1 & hav+ ins]t$ betel betwe5 its jaws1 he prays ! _s ( ! dead animal to entice its k9sfolk 9 ! sea to come & be caught4 ,9 ! ,poso di/rict ( ,c5tral ,celebes hunt]s keep ! jawbones ( de] & wild pigs :i* !y h kill$ & hang !m up 9 _! h\ses ne> ! fire4 ,!n !y say to ! jawbones1 ,ye cry aft] y\r comrades1 t y\r gr&fa!rs1 or nephews1 or *ildr5 may n g away4 ,_! notion is t ! s\ls ( ! dead de] & pigs t>ry ne> _! jawbones & attract ! s\ls ( liv+ de] & pigs1 :i* are ?us drawn into ! toils ( ! hunt]4 ,?us ! wily savage employs dead animals z decoys to lure liv+ animals to _! doom4 ,! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco love to hunt ! o/ri*1 b :5 !y h kill$ "o ( ^! birds & are br++ home ! c>case to ! village1 !y take /eps to outwit ! res5tful gho/ ( _! victim4 ,!y ?9k t :5 ! fir/ natural %ock ( dea? is pass$1 ! gho/ ( ! o/ri* pulls himself toge!r & makes aft] 8 body4 ,act+ on ?is sage calculation1 ! ,indians pluck fea!rs f ! brea/ ( ! bird & /rew !m at int]vals along ! track4 ,at e bun* ( fea!rs ! gho/ /ops to consid]1 ,is ?is ! :ole ( my body or only a "p ( x8 ,! d\bt gives him pause1 & :5 at la/ he has made up 8 m9d fully at all ! bun*es1 & has fur!r wa/$ valuable "t by ! zigzag c\rse :i* he inv>iably pursues 9 go+ f "o to ano!r1 ! hunt]s are safe at home1 & ! bilk$ gho/ may /alk 9 va9 r\nd ab\t ! village1 :i* he is too timid to ent]4 ,! ,esquimaux ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait believe t ! s\ls ( dead sea-bea/s1 su* z seals1 walrus1 & :ales1 rema9 atta*$ to _! bladd]s1 & t by return+ ! bladd]s to ! sea !y c cause ! s\ls to be re9c>nat$ 9 fre% bodies & s multiply ! game :i* ! hunt]s pursue & kill4 ,act+ on ?is belief e hunt] c>efully removes & pres]ves ! bladd]s ( all ! sea-bea/s t he kills2 & at a solemn fe/ival held once a ye> 9 w9t] ^! bladd]s1 conta9+ ! s\ls ( all ! sea-bea/s t h be5 kill$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 are hon\r$ ) dances & (f]+s ( food 9 ! public assembly-room1 aft] :i* !y are tak5 out on ! ice & ?ru/ ?r\gh holes into ! wat]2 = ! simple ,esquimaux imag9e t ! s\ls ( ! animals1 9 high good hum\r at ! k9d treatm5t !y h exp]i5c$1 w !reaft] be born aga9 z seals1 walrus1 & :ales1 & 9 t =m w flock will+ly to be aga9 spe>$1 h>poon$1 or o!rwise done to dea? by ! hunt]s4 ,= l reasons1 a tribe :i* dep5ds = its subsi/5ce1 *iefly or 9 "p1 ^u fi%+ is c>eful to treat ! fi% ) e m>k ( hon\r & respect4 ,! ,indians ( ,p]u ador$ ! fi% t !y caught 9 greate/ abundance2 = !y said t ! fir/ fi% t 0 made 9 ! _w above 7= s !y nam$ ,heav57 gave bir? to all o!r fi% ( t species1 & took c>e to s5d !m pl5ty ( its *ildr5 to su/a9 _! tribe4 ,= ?is reason !y wor%ipp$ s>d9es 9 "o region1 :]e !y kill$ m ( !m ?an ( any o!r fi%2 9 o!rs1 ! skate2 9 o!rs1 ! dogfi%2 9 o!rs1 ! gold5 fi% = its beauty2 9 o!rs1 ! crawfi%2 9 o!rs1 = want ( l>g] gods1 ! crabs1 :]e !y _h no o!r fi%1 or :]e !y knew n h[ to cat* & kill !m4 ,9 %ort1 !y _h :atev] fi% 0 mo/ s]viceable to !m z _! gods4 ,! ,kwakiutl ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia ?9k t :5 a salmon is kill$ its s\l returns to ! salmon c\ntry4 ,h5ce !y take c>e to ?r[ ! bones & (fal into ! sea1 9 ord] t ! s\l may reanimate !m at ! resurrection ( ! salmon4 ,:]eas if !y burn$ ! bones ! s\l w\ld be lo/1 & s x w\ld be q impossible = t salmon to rise f ! dead4 ,9 l mann] ! ,ottawa ,indians ( ,canada1 believ+ t ! s\ls ( dead fi% pass$ into o!r bodies ( fi%1 nev] burn$ fi% bones1 = fe> ( displeas+ ! s\ls ( ! fi%1 :o w\ld come no m to ! nets4 ,! ,hurons also refra9$ f ?r[+ fi% bones into ! fire1 le/ ! s\ls ( ! fi% %\ld g & w>n ! o!r fi% n to let !mselves be caught1 s9ce ! ,hurons w\ld burn _! bones4 ,moreov]1 !y _h m5 :o prea*$ to ! fi% & p]suad$ !m to come & be caught4 ,a good prea*] 0 mu* s\ght aft]1 = !y ?\ght t ! exhortations ( a clev] man _h a great effect 9 draw+ ! fi% to ! nets4 ,9 ! ,huron fi%+ village :]e ! ,fr5* mission>y ,sag>d /ay$1 ! prea*] to ! fi% prid$ himself v mu* on 8 eloqu5ce1 :i* 0 ( a florid ord]4 ,e ev5+ aft] supp]1 hav+ se5 t all ! p 7 9 _! places & t a /rict sil5ce 0 obs]v$1 he prea*$ to ! fi%4 ,8 text 0 t ! ,hurons did n burn fi% bones4 ,!n enl>g+ on ?is !me ) extraord9>y unction1 he exhort$ & conjur$ & invit$ & implor$ ! fi% to come & be caught & to be ( good c\rage & to fe> no?+1 = x 0 all to s]ve _! fri5ds :o hon\r$ !m & did n burn _! bones4 ,! natives ( ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl& annually decorate a canoe ) fl[]s & f]ns1 lade x1 or are suppos$ to lade x1 ) %ell-money1 & set x adrift to comp5sate ! fi% = _! fell[s :o h be5 caught & eat54 ,x is especially necess>y to treat ! fir/ fi% caught ) consid]ation 9 ord] to conciliate ! re/ ( ! fi%1 ^: conduct may be suppos$ to be influ5c$ by ! reception giv5 to ^? ( _! k9d :i* 7 ! fir/ to be tak54 ,accord+ly ! ,maoris always put back into ! sea ! fir/ fi% caught1 ) a pray] t x may tempt o!r fi% to come & be caught4 ,/ill m /r+5t are ! precautions tak5 :5 ! fi% are ! fir/ ( ! season4 ,on salmon riv]s1 :5 ! fi% beg9 to run up ! /ream 9 spr+1 !y are receiv$ ) mu* def]5ce by tribes :o1 l ! ,indians ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 subsi/ l>gely ^u a fi% diet4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia ! ,indians us$ to g out to meet ! fir/ fi% z !y came up ! riv]3 ,!y paid c\rt to !m1 & w\ld address !m ?us3 ',y fi%1 y fi%2 y are all *iefs1 y are2 y are all *iefs4' ,among/ ! ,tl+it ( ,alaska ! fir/ halibut ( ! season is c>efully h&l$ & address$ z a *ief1 & a fe/ival is giv5 9 8 hon\r1 aft] :i* ! fi%+ goes on4 ,9 spr+1 :5 ! w9ds bl[ s(t f ! s\? & ! salmon beg9 to run up ! ,klama? riv]1 ! ,k>oks ( ,cali=nia dance = salmon1 to ensure a good cat*4 ,"o ( ! ,indians1 call$ ! ,k>eya or ,god-man1 retires to ! m\nta9s & fa/s = t5 days4 ,on 8 return ! p flee1 :ile he goes to ! riv]1 takes ! fir/ salmon ( ! cat*1 eats "s ( x1 & ) ! re/ k9dles ! sacr$ fire 9 ! sweat+ h\se4 ,no ,indian may take a salmon be=e ?is dance is held1 nor = t5 days aft] x1 ev5 if 8 family are />v+4 ,! ,k>oks also believe t a fi%]man w take no salmon if ! poles ( :i* 8 spe>+-boo? is made 7 ga!r$ on ! riv]-side1 :]e ! salmon might h se5 !m4 ,! poles mu/ be br\ght f ! top ( ! highe/ m\nta94 ,! fi%]man w also lab\r 9 va9 if he uses ! same poles a second ye> 9 boo?s or weirs1 because ! old salmon w h told ! "y ones ab\t !m4 ,!re is a fav\rite fi% ( ! ,a9o :i* appe>s 9 _! riv]s ab\t ,may & ,june4 ,!y prep>e = ! fi%+ by obs]v+ rules ( c]emonial purity1 & :5 !y h gone out to fi%1 ! wom5 at home mu/ keep /rict sil5ce or ! fi% w\ld he> !m & disappe>4 ,:5 ! fir/ fi% is caught he is br\ght home & pass$ ?r\gh a small op5+ at ! end ( ! hut1 b n ?r\gh ! door2 = if he 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! door1 ! o!r fi% w\ld c]ta9ly see him & disappe>4 ,?is may p>tly expla9 ! cu/om obs]v$ by o!r savages ( br++ game 9 c]ta9 cases into _! huts1 n by ! door1 b by ! w9d[1 ! smoke-hole1 or by a special op5+ at ! back ( ! hut4 ,) "s savages a special reason = respect+ ! bones ( game1 & g5]ally ( ! animals :i* !y eat1 is a belief t1 if ! bones are pres]v$1 !y w 9 c\rse ( "t be reclo!d ) fle%1 & ?us ! animal w come to life aga94 ,x is1 !re=e1 cle>ly = ! int]e/ ( ! hunt] to leave ! bones intact s9ce to de/roy !m w\ld be to dim9i% ! future supply ( game4 ,_m ( ! ,m9net>ee ,indians believe t ! bones ( ^? bisons :i* !y h sla9 & dive/$ ( fle% rise aga9 clo!d ) r5ew$ fle%1 & quick5$ ) life1 & become fat1 & fit = slaught] ! succe$+ ,june4 ,h5ce on ! we/]n prairies ( ,am]ica1 ! skulls ( buffaloes may be se5 arrang$ 9 circles & symmetrical piles1 await+ ! resurrection4 ,aft] fea/+ on a dog1 ! ,dacotas c>efully collect ! bones1 scrape1 wa%1 & bury !m1 p>tly1 z x is said1 to te/ify to ! dog-species1 t 9 fea/+ ^u "o ( _! numb] no disrespect 0 meant to ! species itself1 & p>tly also f a belief t ! bones ( ! animal w rise & reproduce ano!r4 ,9 sacrific+ an animal ! ,lapps regul>ly put aside ! bones1 eyes1 e>s1 he>t1 lungs1 sexual p>ts 7if ! animal 0 a male71 & a morsel ( fle% f ea* limb4 ,!n1 aft] eat+ ! rema9d] ( ! fle%1 !y laid ! bones & ! re/ 9 anatomical ord] 9 a c(f9 & buri$ !m ) ! usual rites1 believ+ t ! god to :om ! animal 0 sacrific$ w\ld reclo! ! bones ) fle% & re/ore ! animal to life 9 ,jabme-,aimo1 ! subt]ranean _w ( ! dead4 ,sometimes1 z aft] fea/+ on a be>1 !y seem to h cont5t$ !mselves ) ?us bury+ ! bones4 ,?us ! ,lapps expect$ ! resurrection ( ! sla9 animal to take place 9 ano!r _w1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! ,kamt*atkans1 :o believ$ t e creature1 d[n to ! smalle/ fly1 w\ld rise f ! dead & live und]gr\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians look$ = ! resurrection ( ! animals 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,! habit1 obs]v$ especially by ,mongolian peoples1 ( /uff+ ! sk9 ( a sacrific$ animal1 or /ret*+ x on a framework1 po9ts r to a belief 9 a resurrection ( ! latt] sort4 ,! objection commonly ent]ta9$ by primitive peoples to break ! bones ( ! animals :i* !y h eat5 or sacrific$ may be bas$ ei!r on a belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! animals1 or on a fe> ( intimidat+ o!r creatures ( ! same species & (f5d+ ! gho/s ( ! sla9 animals4 ,! reluctance ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ,esquimaux to let dogs gnaw ! bones ( animals is p]haps only a precaution to prev5t ! bones f be+ brok54 ,b aft] all ! resurrection ( dead game may h its inconv5i5ces1 & accord+ly "s hunt]s take /eps to prev5t x by ham/r++ ! animal s z to prev5t x or its gho/ f gett+ up & runn+ away4 ,?is is ! motive alleg$ = ! practice by ,k\i hunt]s 9 ,laos2 !y ?9k t ! spells :i* !y utt] 9 ! *ase may lose _! magical virtue1 & t ! slaught]$ animal may consequ5tly come to life aga9 & escape4 ,to prev5t t cata/rophe !y !re=e ham/r+ ! bea/ z soon z !y h but*]$ x4 ,:5 an ,esquimau ( ,alaska has kill$ a fox1 he c>efully cuts ! t5dons ( all ! animal's legs 9 ord] to prev5t ! gho/ f reanimat+ ! body & walk+ ab\t4 ,b ham/r++ ! c>case is n ! only measure :i* ! prud5t savage adopts = ! sake ( disabl+ ! gho/ ( 8 victim4 ,9 old days1 :5 ! ,a9o w5t out hunt+ & kill$ a fox fir/1 !y took c>e to tie its m\? up tightly 9 ord] to prev5t ! gho/ ( ! animal f sally+ =? & w>n+ its fell[s aga9/ ! approa* ( ! hunt]4 ,! ,gilyaks ( ! ,amoor ,riv] put out ! eyes ( ! seals !y h kill$1 le/ ! gho/s ( ! sla9 animals %\ld "k _! slay]s & av5ge _! dea? by spoil+ ! seal-hunt4 ,besides ! animals :i* primitive man dreads = _! /r5g? & f]ocity1 & ^? :i* he rev]es on acc\nt ( ! b5efits :i* he expects f !m1 !re is ano!r class ( creatures :i* he sometimes deems x necess>y to conciliate by wor%ip & sacrifice4 ,^! are ! v]m9 t infe/ 8 crops & 8 cattle4 ,to rid himself ( ^! deadly foes ! f>m] has rec\rse to _m sup]/iti\s devices1 ( :i*1 ?\gh "s are meant to de/roy or intimidate ! v]m91 o!rs aim at propitiat+ !m & p]suad+ !m by fair means to sp>e ! fruits ( ! e>? & ! h]ds4 ,?us ,e/honian peasants1 9 ! isl& ( ,oesel1 /& 9 great awe ( ! weevil1 an insect :i* is exce$+ly de/ructive to ! gra94 ,!y give x a f9e "n1 & if a *ild is ab\t to kill a weevil !y say1 ,don't d x2 ! m we hurt him1 ! m he hurts u4 ,if !y f9d a weevil !y bury x 9 ! e>? in/ead ( kill+ x4 ,"s ev5 put ! weevil "u a /one 9 ! field & (f] corn to x4 ,!y ?9k t ?us x is appeas$ & does less h>m4 ,among/ ! ,saxons ( ,transylvania1 9 ord] to keep sp>r[s f ! corn1 ! s[] beg9s by ?r[+ ! fir/ h&ful ( se$ backw>ds ov] 8 head1 say+1 ,t is = y1 sp>r[s4 ,to gu>d ! corn aga9/ ! attacks ( leaf-flies he %uts 8 eyes & scatt]s ?ree h&fuls ( oats 9 diff]5t directions4 ,hav+ made ?is (f]+ to ! leaf-flies he feels sure t !y w sp>e ! corn4 ,a ,transylvanian way ( secur+ ! crops aga9/ all birds1 bea/s1 & insects1 is ?is3 aft] he has f9i%$ s[+1 ! s[] goes once m f end to end ( ! field imitat+ ! ge/ure ( s[+1 b ) an empty h&4 ,z he does s he says1 ,i s[ ?is = ! animals2 ,i s[ x = e ?+ t flies & creeps1 t walks & /&s1 t s+s & spr+s1 9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 etc4 ,! foll[+ is a ,g]man way ( free+ a g>d5 f cat]pill>s4 ,aft] sunset or at midnight ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 or ano!r female memb] ( ! family1 walks all r\nd ! g>d5 dragg+ a broom aft] h]4 ,%e may n look beh9d h]1 & mu/ keep murmur+1 ,good ev5+1 ,"m ,cat]pill>1 y %all come ) y\r husb& to *ur*4 ,! g>d5 gate is left op5 till ! foll[+ morn+4 ,sometimes 9 deal+ ) v]m9 ! f>m] aims at hitt+ a happy mean betwe5 excessive rig\r on ! "o h& & weak indulg5ce on ! o!r2 k9d b firm1 he temp]s sev]ity ) m]cy4 ,an anci5t ,greek treatise on f>m+ advises ! husb&man :o w\ld rid 8 l&s ( mice to act ?us3 ,take a %eet ( pap] & write on x z foll[s3 ',i adjure y1 ye mice "h pres5t1 t ye nei!r injure me nor suff] ano!r m\se to d s4 ,i give y yond] field' 7"h y specify ! field72 'b if ev] ,i cat* y "h aga91 by ! ,"m ( ! ,gods ,i w r5d y 9 sev5 pieces4' ,write ?is1 & /ick ! pap] on an unhewn /one 9 ! field be=e sunrise1 tak+ c>e to keep ! writt5 side up4 ,9 ! ,ard5nes !y say t to get rid ( rats y %\ld repeat ! foll[+ words3 ,erat v]bum1 apud ,deum ve/rum4 ,male rats & female rats1 ,i conjure y1 by ! great ,god1 to g out ( my h\se1 out ( all my habitations1 & to betake y\rselves to su* & su* a place1 !re to end y\r days4 ,decretis1 rev]sis et desemb>assis virgo pot5s1 clem5s1 ju/itiae4 ,!n write ! same words on pieces ( pap]1 fold !m up1 & place "o ( !m "u ! door by :i* ! rats are to g =?1 & ! o!r on ! road :i* !y are to take4 ,?is exorcism %\ld be p]=m$ at sunrise4 ,"s ye>s ago an ,am]ican f>m] 0 report$ to h writt5 a civil lett] to ! rats1 tell+ !m t 8 crops 7 %ort1 t he c\ld n af=d to keep !m ?r\gh ! w9t]1 t he _h be5 v k9d to !m1 & t = _! own good he ?\ght !y _h bett] leave him & g to "s ( 8 neighb\rs :o _h m gra94 ,?is docum5t he p9n$ to a po/ 9 8 b>n = ! rats to read4 ,sometimes ! desir$ object is suppos$ to be atta9$ by treat+ ) high di/9ction "o or two *os5 individuals ( ! obnoxi\s species1 :ile ! re/ are pursu$ ) rel5tless rig\r4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& ( ,bali1 ! mice :i* ravage ! rice-fields are caught 9 great numb]s1 & burn$ 9 ! same way t corpses are burn$4 ,b two ( ! captur$ mice are all[$ to live1 & receive a little packet ( :ite l954 ,!n ! p b[ d[n be=e !m1 z be=e gods1 & let !m g4 ,:5 ! f>ms ( ! ,sea ,dyaks or ,ibans ( ,s>awak are mu* pe/]$ by birds & insects1 !y cat* a specim5 ( ea* k9d ( v]m9 7"o sp>r[1 "o gras%opp]1 & s on71 put !m 9 a t9y boat ( b>k well-/ock$ ) provisions1 & !n all[ ! little vessel ) its obnoxi\s pass5g]s to float d[n ! riv]4 ,if t does n drive ! pe/s away1 ! ,dyaks resort to :at !y deem a m effectual mode ( accompli%+ ! same purpose4 ,!y make a clay crocodile z l>ge z life & set x up 9 ! fields1 :]e !y (f] x food1 rice-_s1 & clo?1 & sacrifice a f[l & a pig be=e x4 ,mollifi$ by ^! att5tions1 ! f]oci\s animal v soon gobbles up all ! creatures t dev\r ! crops4 ,9 ,albania1 if ! fields or v9ey>ds are ravag$ by locu/s or beetles1 "s ( ! wom5 w assemble ) di%evell$ hair1 cat* a few ( ! insects1 & m>* ) !m 9 a fun]al procession to a spr+ or /ream1 9 :i* !y dr[n ! creatures4 ,!n "o ( ! wom5 s+s1 ,o locu/s & beetles :o h left u b]eav$1 & ! dirge is tak5 up & repeat$ by all ! wom5 9 *orus4 ,?us by celebrat+ ! obsequies ( a few locu/s & beetles1 !y hope to br+ ab\t ! dea? ( !m all4 ,:5 cat]pill>s invad$ a v9ey>d or field 9 ,syria1 ! virg9s 7 ga!r$1 & "o ( ! cat]pill>s 0 tak5 & a girl made its "m4 ,!n !y bewail$ & buri$ x4 ,!reaft] !y conduct$ ! "m to ! place :]e ! cat]pill>s 71 consol+ h]1 9 ord] t all ! cat]pill>s might leave ! g>d54 ,,liv4 ,types ( ,animal ,sacram5t #a4 ,! ,egyptian & ! ,a9o ,types ( ,sacram5t ,,we are n[ p]haps 9 a position to und]/& ! ambigu\s behavi\r ( ! ,a9o & ,gilyaks t[>ds ! be>4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! %>p l9e ( dem>cation :i* we draw betwe5 mank9d & ! l[] animals does n exi/ = ! savage4 ,to him _m ( ! o!r animals appe> z 8 equals or ev5 8 sup]iors1 n m]ely 9 brute =ce b 9 intellig5ce2 & if *oice or necessity leads him to take _! lives1 he feels b\nd1 out ( reg>d to 8 own safety1 to d x 9 a way :i* w be z in(f5sive z possible n m]ely to ! liv+ animal1 b to its dep>t$ _s & to all ! o!r animals ( ! same species1 :i* w\ld res5t an affront put ^u "o ( _! k9d mu* z a tribe ( savages w\ld rev5ge an injury or insult (f]$ to a tribesman4 ,we h se5 t among ! _m devices by :i* ! savage seeks to atone = ! wrong done by him to 8 animal victims "o is to %[ m>k$ def]5ce to a few *os5 individuals ( ! species1 = su* behavi\r is app>5tly reg>d$ z entitl+ him to ext]m9ate ) impunity all ! re/ ( ! species ^u :i* he c lay h&s4 ,?is pr9ciple p]haps expla9s ! attitude1 at fir/ sight puzzl+ & contradictory1 ( ! ,a9o t[>ds ! be>4 ,! fle% & sk9 ( ! be> regul>ly af=d !m food & clo?+2 b s9ce ! be> is an intellig5t & p[]ful animal1 x is necess>y to (f] "s satisfaction or atonem5t to ! be> species = ! loss :i* x su/a9s 9 ! dea? ( s _m ( its memb]s4 ,?is satisfaction or atonem5t is made by re>+ "y be>s1 treat+ !m1 s long z !y live1 ) respect1 & kill+ !m ) extraord9>y m>ks ( sorr[ & devotion4 ,s ! o!r be>s are appeas$1 & d n res5t ! slaught] ( _! k9d by attack+ ! slay]s or des]t+ ! c\ntry1 :i* w\ld deprive ! ,a9o ( "o ( _! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,?us ! primitive wor%ip ( animals con=ms to two types1 :i* are 9 "s respects ! conv]se ( ea* o!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 animals are wor%ipp$1 & are !re=e nei!r kill$ nor eat54 ,on ! o!r h&1 animals are wor%ipp$ because !y are habitually kill$ & eat54 ,9 bo? types ( wor%ip ! animal is rev]$ on acc\nt ( "s b5efit1 positive or negative1 :i* ! savage hopes to receive f x4 ,9 ! =m] wor%ip ! b5efit comes ei!r 9 ! positive %ape ( protection1 advice1 & help :i* ! animal af=ds ! man1 or 9 ! negative %ape ( ab/95ce f injuries :i* x is 9 ! p[] ( ! animal to inflict4 ,9 ! latt] wor%ip ! b5efit takes ! mat]ial =m ( ! animal's fle% & sk94 ,! two types ( wor%ip are 9 "s measure anti!tical3 9 ! "o1 ! animal is n eat5 because x is rev]$2 9 ! o!r1 x is rev]$ because x is eat54 ,b bo? may be practis$ by ! same p1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o1 :ile !y app>5tly rev]e & sp>e _! totem animals1 also rev]e ! animals & fi% ^u :i* !y subsi/4 ,! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia h totemism 9 ! mo/ primitive =m kn[n to u2 b !re is no cle> evid5ce t !y attempt1 l ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 to conciliate ! animals :i* !y kill & eat4 ,! means :i* ! ,au/ralians adopt to secure a pl5tiful supply ( game appe> to be prim>ily bas$1 n on conciliation1 b on sympa!tic magic1 a pr9ciple to :i* ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians also resort = ! same purpose4 ,h5ce1 z ! ,au/ralians und\bt$ly repres5t a rud] & e>li] /age ( human progress ?an ! ,am]ican ,indians1 x w\ld seem t be=e hunt]s ?9k ( wor%ipp+ ! game z a means ( ensur+ an abundant supply ( x1 !y seek to atta9 ! same end by sympa!tic magic4 ,?is1 aga91 w\ld %[--:at !re is good reason = believ+--t sympa!tic magic is "o ( ! e>lie/ means by :i* man endeav\rs to adapt ! ag5cies ( nature to 8 ne$s4 ,correspond+ to ! two di/9ct types ( animal wor%ip1 !re are two di/9ct types ( ! cu/om ( kill+ ! animal god4 ,on ! "o h&1 :5 ! rev]$ animal is habitually sp>$1 x is nev]!less kill$--& sometimes eat5--on r>e & solemn occasions4 ,examples ( ?is cu/om h be5 already giv5 & an explanation ( !m (f]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! rev]$ animal is habitually kill$1 ! slaught] ( any "o ( ! species involves ! kill+ ( ! god1 & is aton$ = on ! spot by apologies & sacrifices1 especially :5 ! animal is a p[]ful & dang]\s "o2 &1 9 addition to ?is ord9>y & ev]yday atonem5t1 !re is a special annual atonem5t1 at :i* a select individual ( ! species is sla9 ) extraord9>y m>ks ( respect & devotion4 ,cle>ly ! two types ( sacram5tal kill+--! ,egyptian & ! ,a9o types1 z we may call !m = di/9ction--are liable to be conf\nd$ by an obs]v]2 &1 be=e we c say to :i* type any p>ticul> example belongs1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r ! animal sacram5tally sla9 belongs to a species :i* is habitually sp>$1 or to "o :i* is habitually kill$ by ! tribe4 ,9 ! =m] case ! example belongs to ! ,egyptian type ( sacram5t1 9 ! latt] to ! ,a9o type4 ,! practice ( pa/oral tribes appe>s to furni% examples ( bo? types ( sacram5t4 ,pa/oral tribes1 says ,adolf ,ba/ian1 be+ sometimes oblig$ to sell _! h]ds to /rang]s :o may h&le ! bones disrespectfully1 seek to av]t ! dang] :i* su* a sacrilege w\ld entail by consecrat+ "o ( ! h]d z an object ( wor%ip1 eat+ x sacram5tally 9 ! family circle ) clos$ doors1 & aft]w>ds treat+ ! bones ) all ! c]emoni\s respect :i*1 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be accord$ to e head ( cattle1 b :i*1 be+ punctually paid to ! repres5tative animal1 is deem$ to be paid to all4 ,su* family meals are f\nd among v>i\s peoples1 especially ^? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,:5 among/ ! ,ab*ases ! %eph]ds 9 spr+ eat _! common meal ) _! lo9s girt & _! /aves 9 _! h&s1 ?is may be look$ ^u bo? z a sacram5t & z an oa? ( mutual help & support4 ,= ! /ronge/ ( all oa?s is t :i* is accompani$ ) ! eat+ ( a sacr$ sub/ance1 s9ce ! p]jur$ p]son _c possibly escape ! av5g+ god :om he has tak5 into 8 body & assimilat$4 ,?is k9d ( sacram5t is ( ! ,a9o or expiatory type1 s9ce x is meant to atone to ! species = ! possible ill-usage ( individuals4 ,an expiation1 simil> 9 pr9ciple b diff]5t 9 details1 is (f]$ by ! ,kalmucks to ! %eep1 ^: fle% is "o ( _! /aple foods4 ,ri* ,kalmucks are 9 ! habit ( consecrat+ a :ite ram "u ! title ( ! ram ( heav5 or ! ram ( ! _s4 ,! animal is nev] %orn & nev] sold2 b :5 x gr[s old & its own] wi%es to consecrate a new "o1 ! old ram mu/ be kill$ & eat5 at a fea/ to :i* ! neighb\rs are invit$4 ,on a lucky day1 g5]ally 9 autumn :5 ! %eep are fat1 a sorc]] kills ! old ram1 aft] spr9kl+ x ) milk4 ,its fle% is eat52 ! skeleton1 ) a portion ( ! fat1 is burn$ on a turf alt>2 & ! sk91 ) ! head & feet1 is hung up4 ,an example ( a sacram5t ( ! ,egyptian type is furni%$ by ! ,todas1 a pa/oral p ( ,s\!rn ,india1 :o subsi/ l>gely ^u ! milk ( _! buffaloes4 ,among/ !m ! buffalo is to a c]ta9 degree held sacr$ & is treat$ ) great k9dness1 ev5 ) a degree ( adoration1 by ! p4 ,!y nev] eat ! fle% ( ! c[ buffalo1 & z a rule ab/a9 f ! fle% ( ! male4 ,b to ! latt] rule !re is a s+le exception4 ,once a ye> all ! adult males ( ! village jo9 9 ! c]emony ( kill+ & eat+ a v "y male calf--seem+ly "u a mon? old4 ,!y take ! animal into ! d>k recesses ( ! village wood1 :]e x is kill$ ) a club made f ! sacr$ tree ( ! ,todas 7! ,mill+tonia74 ,a sacr$ fire hav+ be5 made by ! rubb+ ( /icks1 ! fle% ( ! calf is roa/$ on ! emb]s ( c]ta9 trees1 & is eat5 by ! m5 alone1 wom5 be+ exclud$ f ! assembly4 ,?is is ! only occasion on :i* ! ,todas eat buffalo fle%4 ,! ,madi or ,moru tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ^: *ief weal? is _! cattle1 ?\gh !y also practise agriculture1 appe> to kill a lamb sacram5tally on c]ta9 solemn occasions4 ,! cu/om is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,felk93 ,a rem>kable cu/om is obs]v$ at /at$ times--once a ye>1 ,i am l$ to believe4 ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta9 :at exact mean+ is atta*$ to x4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to relieve ! p's m9ds1 = be=eh& !y ev9ce mu* sadness1 & seem v joyful :5 ! c]emony is duly accompli%$4 ,! foll[+ is :at takes place3 ,a l>ge conc\rse ( p ( all ages assemble1 & sit d[n r\nd a circle ( /ones1 :i* is erect$ by ! side ( a road 7really a n>r[ pa?74 ,a v *oice lamb is !n fet*$ by a boy1 :o leads x f\r times r\nd ! assembl$ p4 ,z x passes !y pluck (f little bits ( its fleece & place !m 9 _! hair1 or on to "s o!r "p ( _! body4 ,! lamb is !n l$ up to ! /ones1 & !re kill$ by a man belong+ to a k9d ( prie/ly ord]1 :o takes "s ( ! blood & spr9kles x f\r times ov] ! p4 ,he !n applies x individually4 ,on ! *ildr5 he makes a small r+ ( blood ov] ! l[] end ( ! brea/ bone1 on wom5 & girls he makes a m>k above ! brea/s1 & ! m5 he t\*es on ea* %\ld]4 ,he !n proce$s to expla9 ! c]emony1 & to exhort ! p to %[ k9dness4 4 4 4 ,:5 ?is disc\rse1 :i* is at times ( great l5g?1 is ov]1 ! p rise1 ea* places a leaf on or by ! circle ( /ones1 & !n !y dep>t ) signs ( great joy4 ,! lamb's skull is hung on a tree ne> ! /ones1 & its fle% is eat5 by ! poor4 ,?is c]emony is obs]v$ on a small scale at o!r times4 ,if a family is 9 any great tr\ble1 ?r\gh illness or b]eavem5t1 _! fri5ds & neighb\rs come toge!r & a lamb is kill$2 ?is is ?\ght to av]t fur!r evil4 ,! same cu/om prevails at ! grave ( dep>t$ fri5ds1 & also on joyful occasions1 su* z ! return ( a son home aft] a v prolong$ abs5ce4 ,! sorr[ ?us manife/$ by ! p at ! annual slaught] ( ! lamb seems to %[ t ! lamb sla9 is a sacr$ or div9e animal1 ^: dea? is m\rn$ by 8 wor%ipp]s1 j z ! dea? ( ! sacr$ buzz>d 0 m\rn$ by ! ,cali=nians & ! dea? ( ! ,!ban ram by ! ,egyptians4 ,! sme>+ ea* ( ! wor%ipp]s ) ! blood ( ! lamb is a =m ( communion ) ! div9ity2 ! vehicle ( ! div9e life is appli$ ext]nally in/ead ( be+ tak5 int]nally1 z :5 ! blood is drunk or ! fle% eat54 #b4 ,processions ) ,sacr$ ,animals ,,! ,,=m ( communion 9 :i* ! sacr$ animal is tak5 f h\se to h\se1 t all may enjoy a %>e ( its div9e influ5ce1 has be5 exemplifi$ by ! ,gilyak cu/om ( prom5ad+ ! be> ?r\gh ! village be=e x is sla94 ,a simil> =m ( communion ) ! sacr$ snake is obs]v$ by a ,snake tribe 9 ! ,punjaub4 ,once a ye> 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] ! snake is wor%ipp$ by all ca/es & religions = n9e days only4 ,at ! end ( ,augu/ ! ,mirasans1 especially ^? ( ! ,snake tribe1 make a snake ( d\gh :i* !y pa9t black & r$1 & place on a w9n[+ basket4 ,?is basket !y c>ry r\nd ! village1 & on ent]+ any h\se !y say3 ,god be ) y all6 ,may e ill be f>6 ,may our patron's 7,gugga's7 ^w ?rive6 ,!n !y pres5t ! basket ) ! snake1 say+3 ,a small cake ( fl\r3 a little bit ( butt]3 if y obey ! snake1 y & y\rs %all ?rive6 ,/rictly speak+1 a cake & butt] %\ld be giv51 b x is seldom done4 ,e "o1 h[ev]1 gives some?+1 g5]ally a h&ful ( d\gh or "s corn4 ,9 h\ses :]e !re is a new bride or :5ce a bride has gone1 or :]e a son has be5 born1 x is usual to give a rupee & a qu>t]1 or "s clo?4 ,sometimes ! be>]s ( ! snake also s+3 ,give ! snake a piece ( clo?1 & he w s5d a lively bride6 ,:5 e h\se has be5 ?us visit$1 ! d\gh snake is buri$ & a small grave is erect$ ov] x4 ,?i!r dur+ ! n9e days ( ,septemb] ! wom5 come to wor%ip4 ,!y br+ a bas9 ( curds1 a small portion ( :i* !y (f] at ! snake's grave1 kneel+ on ! gr\nd & t\*+ ! e>? ) _! =eheads4 ,!n !y g home & divide ! re/ ( ! curds among ! *ildr54 ,"h ! d\gh snake is cle>ly a sub/itute = a real snake4 ,inde$1 9 di/ricts :]e snakes ab\nd ! wor%ip is (f]$1 n at ! grave ( ! d\gh snake1 b 9 ! jungles :]e snakes are kn[n to be4 ,besides ?is ye>ly wor%ip1 p]=m$ by all ! p1 ! memb]s ( ! ,snake tribe wor%ip 9 ! same way e morn+ aft] a new moon4 ,! ,snake tribe is n uncommon 9 ! ,punjaub4 ,memb]s ( x w n kill a snake1 & !y say t its bite does n hurt !m4 ,if !y f9d a dead snake1 !y put clo!s on x & give x a regul> fun]al4 ,c]emonies closely analog\s to ?is ,indian wor%ip ( ! snake h surviv$ 9 ,europe into rec5t times1 & d\btless date f a v primitive paganism4 ,! be/-kn[n example is ! hunt+ ( ! wr54 ,by _m ,european peoples--! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 ! mod]n ,italians1 ,spani>ds1 ,fr5*1 ,g]mans1 ,dut*1 ,danes1 ,sw$es1 ,engli%1 & ,wel%--! wr5 has be5 designat$ ! k+1 ! little k+1 ! k+ ( birds1 ! h$ge k+1 & s =?1 & has be5 reckon$ among/ ^? birds :i* x is extremely unlucky to kill4 ,9 ,engl& x is suppos$ t if any "o kills a wr5 or h>ries its ne/1 he w infallibly break a bone or meet ) "s dreadful mis=tune )9 ! ye>2 sometimes x is ?\ght t ! c[s w give bloody milk4 ,9 ,scotl& ! wr5 is call$ ! ,lady ( ,heav5's h51 & boys say3 ,malisons1 malisons1 mair ?an t51 ,t h>ry ! ,ladye ( ,heav5's h56 ,at ,sa9t ,donan1 9 ,brittany1 p believe t if *ildr5 t\* ! "y wr5s 9 ! ne/1 !y w suff] f ! fire ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 t is1 f pimples on ! face1 legs1 & s on4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,france x is ?\ght t if a p]son kills a wr5 or h>ries its ne/1 8 h\se w be /ruck by lightn+1 or t ! f+]s ) :i* he did ! de$ w %rivel up & drop (f1 or at lea/ be maim$1 or t 8 cattle w suff] 9 _! feet4 ,not)/&+ su* beliefs1 ! cu/om ( annually kill+ ! wr5 has prevail$ widely bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,france4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man d[n to ! eighte5? c5tury ! cu/om 0 obs]v$ on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 or r ,*ri/mas morn+4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,decemb]1 t[>ds ev5+1 all ! s]vants got a holiday2 !y did n g to b$ all night1 b rambl$ ab\t till ! bells rang 9 all ! *ur*es at midnight4 ,:5 pray]s 7 ov]1 !y w5t to hunt ! wr51 & hav+ f\nd "o ( ^! birds !y kill$ x & fa/5$ x to ! top ( a long pole ) its w+s ext5d$4 ,?us !y c>ri$ x 9 procession to e h\se *ant+ ! foll[+ rhyme3 ,we hunt$ ! wr5 = ,rob9 ! ,bobb91 ,we hunt$ ! wr5 = ,jack ( ! ,c1 ,we hunt$ ! wr5 = ,rob9 ! ,bobb91 ,we hunt$ ! wr5 = e "o4 ,:5 !y _h gone f h\se to h\se & collect$ all ! money !y c\ld1 !y laid ! wr5 on a bi] & c>ri$ x 9 procession to ! p>i% *ur*y>d1 :]e !y made a grave & buri$ x ) ! utmo/ solemnity1 s++ dirges ov] h] 9 ! ,manks language1 :i* !y call h] knell2 aft] :i* ,*ri/mas beg9s4 ,! burial ov]1 ! company outside ! *ur*y>d =m$ a circle & danc$ to music4 ,a writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury says t 9 ,irel& ! wr5 is /ill hunt$ & kill$ by ! peasants on ,*ri/mas ,day1 & on ! foll[+ 7,/4 ,/eph5's ,day7 he is c>ri$ ab\t1 hung by ! leg1 9 ! c5tre ( two hoops1 cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 & a procession made 9 e village1 ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 s++ an ,iri% cat*1 import+ him to be ! k+ ( all birds4 ,d[n to ! pres5t "t ! hunt+ ( ! wr5 /ill takes place 9 p>ts ( ,le9/] & ,connaught4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day or ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day ! boys hunt & kill ! wr51 fa/5 x 9 ! middle ( a mass ( holly & ivy on ! top ( a broom/ick1 & on ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day g ab\t ) x f h\se to h\se1 s++3 ,! wr51 ! wr51 ! k+ ( all birds1 ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day 0 caught 9 ! furze2 ,al?\gh he is little1 8 family's great1 ,i pray y1 good l&lady1 give u a treat4 ,money or food 7bread1 butt]1 eggs1 etc47 7 giv5 !m1 ^u :i* !y fea/$ 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury simil> cu/oms 7 /ill obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,?us at ,c>cassone1 e ye> on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,decemb] ! "y p ( ! /reet ,sa9t ,jean us$ to g out ( ! t[n arm$ ) /icks1 ) :i* !y beat ! bu%es1 look+ = wr5s4 ,! fir/ to /rike d[n "o ( ^! birds 0 proclaim$ ,k+4 ,!n !y return$ to ! t[n 9 procession1 head$ by ! ,k+1 :o c>ri$ ! wr5 on a pole4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! la/ day ( ! ye> ! ,k+ & all :o _h hunt$ ! wr5 m>*$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! t[n to ! light ( tor*es1 ) drums beat+ & fifes play+ 9 front ( !m4 ,at ! door ( e h\se !y /opp$1 & "o ( !m wrote ) *alk on ! door vive le roi6 ) ! numb] ( ! ye> :i* 0 ab\t to beg94 ,on ! morn+ ( ,twelf? ,day ! ,k+ aga9 m>*$ 9 procession ) great pomp1 we>+ a cr[n & a blue mantle & c>ry+ a sceptre4 ,9 front ( him 0 borne ! wr5 fa/5$ to ! top ( a pole1 :i* 0 adorn$ ) a v]dant wrea? ( olive1 ( oak1 & sometimes ( mi/letoe gr[n on an oak4 ,aft] he>+ high mass 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 surr\nd$ by 8 (fic]s & gu>ds1 ! ,k+ visit$ ! bi%op1 ! mayor1 ! magi/rates1 & ! *ief inhabitants1 collect+ money to defray ! exp5ses ( ! royal banquet :i* took place 9 ! ev5+ & w\nd up ) a dance4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 ?is cu/om ( hunt+ ! wr5 & "s ( ^? :i* we h consid]$1 especially ! ,gilyak procession ) ! be>1 & ! ,indian "o ) ! snake1 seems too close to all[ u to d\bt t !y all belong to ! same circle ( ideas4 ,! wor%ipful animal is kill$ ) special solemnity once a ye>2 & be=e or imm$iately aft] dea? he is prom5ad$ f door to door1 t ea* ( 8 wor%ipp]s may receive a portion ( ! div9e virtues t are suppos$ to emanate f ! dead or dy+ god4 ,religi\s processions ( ?is sort mu/ h _h a great place 9 ! ritual ( ,european peoples 9 prehi/oric times1 if we may judge f ! num]\s traces ( !m :i* h surviv$ 9 folk-cu/om4 ,= example1 on ! la/ day ( ! ye>1 or ,hogmanay z x 0 call$1 x us$ to be cu/om>y 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& = a man to dress himself up 9 a c['s hide & ?us attir$ to g f h\se to h\se1 att5d$ by "y fell[s1 ea* ( !m arm$ ) a /aff1 to :i* a bit ( raw hide 0 ti$4 ,r\nd e h\se ! hide-clad man us$ to run ?rice deiseal1 t is1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( ! sun1 s z to keep ! h\se on 8 "r h&2 :ile ! o!rs pursu$ him1 beat+ ! hide ) _! /aves & !reby mak+ a l\d noise l ! beat+ ( a drum4 ,9 ?is disord]ly procession !y also /ruck ! walls ( ! h\se4 ,on be+ admitt$1 "o ( ! p>ty1 /&+ )9 ! ?re%old1 pron\nc$ a bless+ on ! family 9 ^! words3 ,may ,god bless ! h\se & all t belongs to x1 cattle1 /ones1 & timb]6 ,9 pl5ty ( meat1 ( b$ & body clo!s1 & heal? ( m5 may x ev] ab\nd6 ,!n ea* ( ! p>ty s+$ 9 ! fire a little bit ( ! hide :i* 0 ti$ to 8 /aff2 & hav+ done s he appli$ ! s+$ hide to ! nose ( e p]son & ( e dome/ic animal belong+ to ! h\se4 ,?is 0 imag9$ to secure !m f diseases & o!r mis=tunes1 p>ticul>ly f wit*craft1 ?r\gh\t ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! :ole c]emony 0 call$ callu9n because ( ! great noise made 9 beat+ ! hide4 ,x 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,hebrides1 includ+ ,/4 ,kilda1 d[n to ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury at lea/1 & x seems to h surviv$ well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,lv4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil #a4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,inanimate ,objects ,,we h n[ trac$ ! practice ( kill+ a god among peoples 9 ! hunt+1 pa/oral1 & agricultural /ages ( society2 & ,i h attempt$ to expla9 ! motives :i* l$ m5 to adopt s curi\s a cu/om4 ,"o aspect ( ! cu/om /ill rema9s to be notic$4 ,! accumulat$ mis=tunes & s9s ( ! :ole p are sometimes laid ^u ! dy+ god1 :o is suppos$ to be> !m away = ev]1 leav+ ! p innoc5t & happy4 ,! notion t we c transf] our guilt & suff]+s to "s o!r be+ :o w be> !m = u is famili> to ! savage m9d4 ,x arises f a v obvi\s confusion betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal1 betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial4 ,because x is possible to %ift a load ( wood1 /ones1 or :at n1 f our own back to ! back ( ano!r1 ! savage fancies t x is equally possible to %ift ! burd5 ( 8 pa9s & sorr[s to ano!r1 :o w suff] !m 9 8 /ead4 ,^u ?is idea he acts1 & ! result is an endless numb] ( v unamiable devices = palm+ (f ^u "s "o else ! tr\ble :i* a man %r9ks f be>+ himself4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s suff]+ is commonly und]/ood & practis$ by races :o /& on a l[ level ( social & intellectual culture4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i %all illu/rate ! !ory & ! practice z !y are f\nd among savages 9 all _! nak$ simplicity1 undisguis$ by ! ref9em5ts ( metaphysics & ! subtleties ( !ology4 ,! devices to :i* ! cunn+ & selfi% savage resorts = ! sake ( eas+ himself at ! exp5se ( 8 neighb\r are manifold2 only a few typical examples out ( a multitude c be cit$4 ,at ! outset x is to be obs]v$ t ! evil ( :i* a man seeks to rid himself ne$ n be transf]r$ to a p]son2 x may equally well be transf]r$ to an animal or a ?+1 ?\gh 9 ! la/ case ! ?+ is (t5 only a vehicle to convey ! tr\ble to ! fir/ p]son :o t\*es x4 ,9 "s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian isl&s !y ?9k t epilepsy c be cur$ by /rik+ ! pati5t on ! face ) ! leaves ( c]ta9 trees & !n ?r[+ !m away4 ,! disease is believ$ to h pass$ into ! leaves1 & to h be5 ?r[n away ) !m4 ,to cure too?a*e "s ( ! ,au/ralian blacks apply a heat$ spe>-?r[] to ! *eek4 ,! spe>-?r[] is !n ca/ away1 & ! too?a*e goes ) x 9 ! %ape ( a black /one call$ k>riit*4 ,/ones ( ?is k9d are f\nd 9 old m\nds & s&hills4 ,!y are c>efully collect$ & ?r[n 9 ! direction ( enemies 9 ord] to give !m too?a*e4 ,! ,bahima1 a pa/oral p ( ,ug&a1 (t5 suff] f deep-seat$ abscesses3 _! cure = ?is is to transf] ! disease to "s o!r p]son by obta9+ h]bs f ! m$ic9e-man1 rubb+ !m ov] ! place :]e ! swell+ is1 & bury+ !m 9 ! road :]e p cont9ually pass2 ! fir/ p]son :o /eps ov] ^! buri$ h]bs contracts ! disease1 & ! orig9al pati5t recov]s4 ,sometimes 9 case ( sickness ! malady is transf]r$ to an effigy z a prelim9>y to pass+ x on to a human be+4 ,?us among ! ,bag&a ! m$ic9e-man w\ld sometimes make a model ( 8 pati5t 9 clay2 !n a relative ( ! sick man w\ld rub ! image ov] ! suff]]'s body & ei!r bury x 9 ! road or hide x 9 ! grass by ! wayside4 ,! fir/ p]son :o /epp$ ov] ! image or pass$ by x w\ld cat* ! disease4 ,sometimes ! effigy 0 made out ( a planta9-fl[] ti$ up s z to look l a p]son2 x 0 us$ 9 ! same way z ! clay figure4 ,b ! use ( images = ?is malefic5t purpose 0 a capital crime2 any p]son caught 9 ! act ( bury+ "o ( !m 9 ! public road w\ld surely h be5 put to dea?4 ,9 ! we/]n di/rict ( ! isl& ( ,timor1 :5 m5 or wom5 are mak+ long & tir+ j\rneys1 !y fan !mselves ) leafy bran*es1 :i* !y aft]w>ds ?r[ away on p>ticul> spots :]e _! =efa!rs did ! same be=e !m4 ,! fatigue :i* !y felt is ?us suppos$ to h pass$ into ! leaves & to be left beh9d4 ,o!rs use /ones in/ead ( leaves4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,bab> ,ar*ipelago tir$ p w /rike !mselves ) /ones1 believ+ t !y ?us transf] to ! /ones ! we>9ess :i* !y felt 9 _! own bodies4 ,!y !n ?r[ away ! /ones 9 places :i* are specially set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,a l belief & practice 9 _m di/ant p>ts ( ! _w h giv5 rise to ^? cairns or heaps ( /icks & leaves :i* travell]s (t5 obs]ve beside ! pa?1 & to :i* e pass+ native adds 8 contribution 9 ! %ape ( a /one1 or /ick1 or leaf4 ,?us 9 ! ,solomon & ,banks' ,isl&s ! natives are wont to ?r[ /icks1 /ones1 or leaves ^u a heap at a place ( /eep desc5t1 or :]e a difficult pa? beg9s1 say+1 ,!re goes my fatigue4 ,! act is n a religi\s rite1 = ! ?+ ?r[n on ! heap is n an (f]+ to spiritual p[]s1 & ! words :i* accompany ! act are n a pray]4 ,x is no?+ b a magical c]emony = gett+ rid ( fatigue1 :i* ! simple savage fancies he c embody 9 a /ick1 leaf1 or /one1 & s ca/ x f him4 #b4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,animals ,,animals are (t5 employ$ z a vehicle = c>ry+ away or transf]r+ ! evil4 ,:5 a ,moor has a heada*e he w sometimes take a lamb or a goat & beat x till x falls d[n1 believ+ t ! heada*e w ?us be transf]r$ to ! animal4 ,9 ,morocco mo/ weal?y ,moors keep a wild bo> 9 _! /ables1 9 ord] t ! j9n & evil spirits may be div]t$ f ! horses & ent] into ! bo>4 ,among/ ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa1 :5 o!r rem$ies h fail$1 natives sometimes adopt ! cu/om ( tak+ a goat into ! pres5ce ( a sick man1 & confess ! s9s ( ! kraal ov] ! animal4 ,sometimes a few drops ( blood f ! sick man are all[$ to fall on ! head ( ! goat1 :i* is turn$ out into an un9habit$ "p ( ! veldt4 ,! sickness is suppos$ to be transf]r$ to ! animal1 & to become lo/ 9 ! des]t4 ,9 ,arabia1 :5 ! plague is rag+1 ! p w sometimes lead a camel ?r\gh all ! qu>t]s ( ! t[n 9 ord] t ! animal may take ! pe/il5ce on itself4 ,!n !y /rangle x 9 a sacr$ place & imag9e t !y h rid !mselves ( ! camel & ( ! plague at "o bl[4 ,x is said t :5 smallpox is rag+ ! savages ( ,=mosa w drive ! demon ( disease into a s[1 !n cut (f ! animal's e>s & burn !m or x1 believ+ t 9 ?is way !y rid !mselves ( ! plague4 ,among/ ! ,malagasy ! vehicle = c>ry+ away evils is call$ a faditra4 ,! faditra is any?+ select$ by ! sikidy div9+ bo>d = ! purpose ( tak+ away any hurtful evils or diseases t might prove injuri\s to an individual's happ9ess1 peace1 or prosp]ity4 ,! faditra may be ei!r a%es1 cut money1 a %eep1 a pumpk91 or any?+ else ! sikidy may *oose to direct4 ,aft] ! p>ticul> article is appo9t$1 ! prie/ c\nts ^u x all ! evils t may prove injuri\s to ! p]son = :om x is made1 & :i* he !n *>ges ! faditra to take away = ev]4 ,if ! faditra be a%es1 x is bl[n1 to be c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,if x be cut money1 x is ?r[n to ! bottom ( deep wat]1 or :]e x c nev] be f\nd4 ,if x be a %eep1 x is c>ri$ away to a di/ance on ! %\ld]s ( a man1 :o runs ) all 8 might1 mumbl+ z he goes1 z if 9 ! greate/ rage aga9/ ! faditra1 = ! evils x is be>+ away4 ,if x be a pumpk91 x is c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s to a little di/ance1 & !re da%$ ^u ! gr\nd ) e appe>ance ( fury & indignation4 ,a ,malagasy 0 in=m$ by a div9] t he 0 doom$ to a bloody dea?1 b t possibly he might av]t 8 fate by p]=m+ a c]ta9 rite4 ,c>ry+ a small vessel full ( blood ^u 8 head1 he 0 to m\nt ^u ! back ( a bullock2 :ile ?us m\nt$1 he 0 to spill ! blood ^u ! bullock's head1 & !n s5d ! animal away into ! wild]ness1 :5ce x might nev] return4 ,! ,bataks ( ,sumatra h a c]emony :i* !y call mak+ ! curse to fly away4 ,:5 a woman is *ildless1 a sacrifice is (f]$ to ! gods ( ?ree gras%opp]s1 repres5t+ a head ( cattle1 a buffalo1 & a horse4 ,!n a swall[ is set free1 ) a pray] t ! curse may fall ^u ! bird & fly away ) x4 ,! entrance into a h\se ( an animal :i* does n g5]ally seek to %>e ! abode ( man is reg>d$ by ! ,malays z om9\s ( mis=tune4 ,if a wild bird flies into a h\se1 x mu/ be c>efully caught & sme>$ ) oil1 & mu/ !n be releas$ 9 ! op5 air1 a =mula be+ recit$ 9 :i* x is bidd5 to fly away ) all ! ill-luck & mis=tunes ( ! occupi]4 ,9 antiquity ,greek wom5 seem to h done ! same ) swall[s :i* !y caught 9 ! h\se3 !y p\r$ oil on !m & let !m fly away1 app>5tly = ! purpose ( remov+ ill-luck f ! h\sehold4 ,! ,huzuls ( ! ,c>pa?ians imag9e t !y c transf] freckles to ! fir/ swall[ !y see 9 spr+ by wa%+ _! face 9 fl[+ wat] & say+1 ,swall[1 swall[1 take my freckles1 & give me rosy *eeks4 ,among ! ,badagas ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 :5 a dea? has tak5 place1 ! s9s ( ! deceas$ are laid ^u a buffalo calf4 ,= ?is purpose ! p ga!r r\nd ! corpse & c>ry x outside ( ! village4 ,!re an eld] ( ! tribe1 /&+ at ! head ( ! corpse1 recites or *ants a long li/ ( s9s su* z any ,badaga may commit1 & ! p repeat ! la/ ^w ( ea* l9e aft] him4 ,! confession ( s9s is ?rice repeat$4 ,by a conv5tional mode ( expression1 ! sum total ( s9s a man may d is said to be ?irte5 hundr$4 ,admitt+ t ! deceas$ has committ$ !m all1 ! p]=m] cries al\d1 ',/ay n _! flight to ,god's pure feet4' ,z he closes1 ! :ole assembly *ants al\d ',/ay n _! flight4' ,aga9 ! p]=m] ent]s into details1 & cries1 ',he kill$ ! crawl+ snake4 ,x is a s94' ,9 a mom5t ! la/ ^w is caught up1 & all ! p cry ',x is a s94' ,z !y %\t1 ! p]=m] lays 8 h& ^u ! calf4 ,! s9 is transf]r$ to ! calf4 ,?us ! :ole catalogue is gone ?r\gh 9 ?is impressive way4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,z ! la/ %\t ',let all be well' dies away1 ! p]=m] gives place to ano!r1 & aga9 confession is made1 & all ! p %\t ',x is a s94' ,a ?ird "t x is done4 ,!n1 /ill 9 solemn sil5ce1 ! calf is let loose4 ,l ! ,jewi% scapegoat1 x may nev] be us$ = secul> "w4 ,at a ,badaga fun]al witness$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,clayton ! buffalo calf 0 l$ ?rice r\nd ! bi]1 & ! dead man's h& 0 laid on its head4 ,by ?is act1 ! calf 0 suppos$ to receive all ! s9s ( ! deceas$4 ,x 0 !n driv5 away to a great di/ance1 t x might contam9ate no "o1 & x 0 said t x w\ld nev] be sold1 b look$ on z a d$icat$ sacr$ animal4 ,! idea ( ?is c]emony is1 t ! s9s ( ! deceas$ ent] ! calf1 or t ! task ( 8 absolution is laid on x4 ,!y say t ! calf v soon disappe>s1 & t x is nev] he>d (4 #c4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,m5 ,,aga91 m5 sometimes play ! "p ( scapegoat by div]t+ to !mselves ! evils t ?reat5 o!rs4 ,:5 a ,c+alese is dang]\sly ill1 & ! physicians c d no?+1 a devil-danc] is call$ 91 :o by mak+ (f]+s to ! devils1 & danc+ 9 ! masks appropriate to !m1 conjures ^! demons ( disease1 "o aft] ! o!r1 out ( ! sick man's body & into 8 own4 ,hav+ ?us successfully extract$ ! cause ( ! malady1 ! artful danc] lies d[n on a bi]1 & %amm+ dea? is c>ri$ to an op5 place outside ! village4 ,"h1 be+ left to himself1 he soon comes to life aga91 & ha/5s back to claim 8 rew>d4 ,9 #aeij a ,scot* :i* ( ! "n ( ,agnes ,sampson 0 convict$ ( cur+ a c]ta9 ,rob]t ,k]s ( a disease laid ^u him by a we/l& w>lock :5 he 0 at ,dumfries1 :ilk sickness %e took ^u h]self1 & kept ! same ) great groan+ & torm5t till ! morn1 at :ilk "t !re 0 a great d9 he>d 9 ! h\se4 ,! noise 0 made by ! wit* 9 h] ef=ts to %ift ! disease1 by means ( clo!s1 f h]self to a cat or dog4 ,un=tunately ! attempt p>tly misc>ri$4 ,! disease miss$ ! animal & hit ,alex&] ,d\glas ( ,dalkei?1 :o dw9$ & di$ ( x1 :ile ! orig9al pati5t1 ,rob]t ,k]s1 0 made :ole4 ,9 "o "p ( ,new ,zeal& an expiation = s9 0 felt to be necess>y2 a s]vice 0 p]=m$ ov] an individual1 by :i* all ! s9s ( ! tribe 7 suppos$ to be transf]r$ to him1 a f]n /alk 0 previ\sly ti$ to 8 p]son1 ) :i* he jump$ into ! riv]1 & !re unb9d+1 all[$ x to float away to ! sea1 be>+ _! s9s ) x4 ,9 great em]g5cies ! s9s ( ! ,rajah ( ,manipur us$ to be transf]r$ to somebody else1 usually to a crim9al1 :o e>n$ 8 p>don by 8 vic>i\s suff]+s4 ,to effect ! transf]5ce ! ,rajah & 8 wife1 clad 9 f9e robes1 ba!d on a scaffold erect$ 9 ! baza>1 :ile ! crim9al cr\*$ b5ea? x4 ,) ! wat] :i* dripp$ f !m on him _! s9s also 7 wa%$ away & fell on ! human scapegoat4 ,to complete ! transf]5ce ! ,rajah & 8 wife made ov] _! f9e robes to _! sub/itute1 :ile !y !mselves1 clad 9 new raim5t1 mix$ ) ! p till ev5+4 ,9 ,travancore1 :5 a ,rajah is ne> 8 end1 !y seek out a holy ,brahman1 :o cons5ts to take ^u himself ! s9s ( ! dy+ man 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( t5 ?\s& rupees4 ,?us prep>$ to immolate himself on ! alt> ( duty1 ! sa9t is introduc$ into ! *amb] ( dea?1 & closely embraces ! dy+ ,rajah1 say+ to him1 ,o ,k+1 ,i und]take to be> all y\r s9s & diseases4 ,may y\r ,highness live long & reign happily4 ,hav+ ?us tak5 to himself ! s9s ( ! suff]]1 he is s5t away f ! c\ntry & nev] m all[$ to return4 ,at ,ut* ,kurgan 9 ,turke/an ,mr4 ,s*uyl] saw an old man :o 0 said to get 8 liv+ by tak+ on himself ! s9s ( ! dead1 & !nce=? devot+ 8 life to pray] = _! s\ls4 ,9 ,ug&a1 :5 an army _h return$ f w>1 & ! gods w>n$ ! k+ by _! oracles t "s evil _h atta*$ itself to ! soldi]s1 x 0 cu/om>y to pick out a woman slave f ! captives1 toge!r ) a c[1 a goat1 a f[l1 & a dog f ! booty1 & to s5d !m back "u a /rong gu>d to ! bord]s ( ! c\ntry f :i* !y _h come4 ,!re _! limbs 7 brok5 & !y 7 left to die2 = !y 7 too crippl$ to crawl back to ,ug&a4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! transf]5ce ( ! evil to ^! sub/itutes1 bun*es ( grass 7 rubb$ ov] ! p & cattle & !n ti$ to ! victims4 ,aft] t ! army 0 pron\nc$ clean & 0 all[$ to return to ! capital4 ,s on 8 accession a new k+ ( ,ug&a us$ to w\nd a man & s5d him away z a scapegoat to ,bunyoro to c>ry away any uncleanl9ess t might atta* to ! k+ or que54 #d4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil 9 ,europe ,,! ,,examples ( ! transf]5ce ( evil hi!rto adduc$ h be5 mo/ly drawn f ! cu/oms ( savage or b>b>\s peoples4 ,b simil> attempts to %ift ! burd5 ( disease1 mis=tune1 & s9 f "o's self to ano!r p]son1 or to an animal or ?+1 h be5 common also among ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,a ,roman cure = fev] 0 to p>e ! pati5t's nails1 & /ick ! p>+s ) wax on a neighb\r's door be=e sunrise2 ! fev] !n pass$ f ! sick man to 8 neighb\r4 ,simil> devices mu/ h be5 resort$ to by ! ,greeks2 = 9 lay+ d[n laws = 8 ideal /ate1 ,plato ?9ks x too mu* to expect t m5 %\ld n be al>m$ at f9d+ c]ta9 wax figures adh]+ to _! doors or to ! tomb/ones ( _! p>5ts1 or ly+ at cross-roads4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era ,m>cellus ( ,bordeaux prescrib$ a cure = w>ts1 :i* has /ill a great vogue among ! sup]/iti\s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,y are to t\* y\r w>ts ) z _m little /ones z y h w>ts2 !n wrap ! /ones 9 an ivy leaf1 & ?r[ !m away 9 a ?or\ghf>e4 ,:oev] picks !m up w get ! w>ts1 & y w be rid ( !m4 ,p 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s w sometimes wa% a sick man1 & !n ?r[ ! wat] d[n at a gateway1 9 ! belief t ! sickness w leave ! pati5t & be transf]r$ to ! fir/ p]son :o passes ?r\gh ! gate4 ,a ,bav>ian cure = fev] is to write ^u a piece ( pap]1 ,fev]1 /ay away1 ,i am n at home1 & to put ! pap] 9 somebody's pocket4 ,! latt] !n cat*es ! fev]1 & ! pati5t is rid ( x4 ,a ,bohemian prescription = ! same malady is ?is4 ,take an empty pot1 g ) x to a cross-road1 ?r[ x d[n1 & run away4 ,! fir/ p]son :o kicks aga9/ ! pot w cat* y\r fev]1 & y w be cur$4 ,(t5 9 ,europe1 z among savages1 an attempt is made to transf] a pa9 or malady f a man to an animal4 ,grave writ]s ( antiquity recomm5d$ t1 if a man be /ung by a scorpion1 he %\ld sit ^u an ass ) 8 face to ! tail1 or :isp] 9 ! animal's e>1 ,a scorpion has /ung me2 9 ei!r case1 !y ?\ght1 ! pa9 w\ld be transf]r$ f ! man to ! ass4 ,_m cures ( ?is sort are record$ by ,m>cellus4 ,= example1 he tells u t ! foll[+ is a rem$y = too?a*e4 ,/&+ boot$ "u ! op5 sky on ! gr\nd1 y cat* a frog by ! head1 spit into its m\?1 ask x to c>ry away ! a*e1 & !n let x g4 ,b ! c]emony mu/ be p]=m$ on a lucky day & at a lucky h\r4 ,9 ,*e%ire ! ailm5t kn[n z aph?a or ?ru%1 :i* affects ! m\? or ?roat ( infants1 is n uncommonly treat$ 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,a "y frog is held = a few mom5ts ) its head inside ! m\? ( ! suff]]1 :om x is suppos$ to relieve by tak+ ! malady to itself4 ,i assure y1 said an old woman :o _h (t5 sup]9t5d$ su* a cure1 we us$ to he> ! poor frog :oop+ & c\gh+1 mortal bad1 = days aft]2 x w\ld h made y\r he>t a*e to he> ! poor creature c\gh+ z x did ab\t ! g>d54 ,a ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,devon%ire1 & ,wel% cure = a c\gh is to put a hair ( ! pati5t's head betwe5 two slices ( butt]$ bread & give ! s&wi* to a dog4 ,! animal w !reupon cat* ! c\gh & ! pati5t w lose x4 ,sometimes an ailm5t is transf]r$ to an animal by %>+ food ) x4 ,?us 9 ,old5burg1 if y are sick ( a fev] y set a b[l ( sweet milk be=e a dog & say1 ,good luck1 y h\nd6 may y be sick & ,i be s\nd6 ,!n :5 ! dog has lapp$ "s ( ! milk1 y take a swig at ! b[l2 & !n ! dog mu/ lap aga91 & !n y mu/ swig aga92 & :5 y & ! dog h done x ! ?ird "t1 he w h ! fev] & y w be quit ( x4 ,a ,bohemian cure = fev] is to g out into ! =e/ be=e ! sun is up & look = a snipe's ne/4 ,:5 y h f\nd x1 take out "o ( ! "y birds & keep x beside y = ?ree days4 ,!n g back into ! wood & set ! snipe free4 ,! fev] w leave y at once4 ,! snipe has tak5 x away4 ,s 9 ,v$ic times ! ,h9doos ( old s5t consumption away ) a blue jay4 ,!y said1 ,o consumption1 fly away1 fly away ) ! blue jay6 ,) ! wild ru% ( ! /orm & ! :irlw9d1 oh1 vani% away6 ,9 ! village ( ,ll&egla 9 ,wales !re is a *ur* d$icat$ to ! virg9 m>tyr ,/4 ,tecla1 :]e ! fall+ sickness is1 or us$ to be1 cur$ by be+ transf]r$ to a f[l4 ,! pati5t fir/ wa%$ 8 limbs 9 a sacr$ well h>d by1 dropp$ f\rp5ce into x z an (f]+1 walk$ ?rice r\nd ! well1 & ?rice repeat$ ! ,"l's pray]4 ,!n ! f[l1 :i* 0 a cock or a h5 accord+ z ! pati5t 0 a man or a woman1 0 put into a basket & c>ri$ r\nd fir/ ! well & aft]w>ds ! *ur*4 ,next ! suff]] ent]$ ! *ur* & lay d[n "u ! communion table till break ( day4 ,aft] t he (f]$ sixp5ce & dep>t$1 leav+ ! f[l 9 ! *ur*4 ,if ! bird di$1 ! sickness 0 suppos$ to h be5 transf]r$ to x f ! man or woman1 :o 0 n[ rid ( ! disord]4 ,z late z #ahee ! old p>i% cl]k ( ! village rememb]$ q well to h se5 ! birds /agg]+ ab\t f ! effects ( ! fits :i* _h be5 transf]r$ to !m4 ,(t5 ! suff]] seeks to %ift 8 burd5 ( sickness or ill-luck to "s inanimate object4 ,9 ,a!ns !re is a little *apel ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ built aga9/ an anci5t column4 ,fev] pati5ts resort ?i!r1 & by atta*+ a wax$ ?read to ! inn] side ( ! column believe t !y transf] ! fev] f !mselves to ! pill>4 ,9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg !y say t if y suff] f gidd9ess y %\ld /rip y\rself nak$ & run ?rice r\nd a flax-field aft] sunset2 9 t way ! flax w get ! gidd9ess & y w be rid ( x4 ,b p]haps ! ?+ mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ,europe z a receptacle = sickness & tr\ble ( all sorts is a tree or bu%4 ,a ,bulg>ian cure = fev] is to run ?rice ar\nd a will[-tree at sunrise1 cry+1 ,! fev] %all %ake !e1 & ! sun %all w>m me4 ,9 ! ,greek isl& ( ,k>pa?os ! prie/ ties a r$ ?read r\nd ! neck ( a sick p]son4 ,next morn+ ! fri5ds ( ! pati5t remove ! ?read & g out to ! hillside1 :]e !y tie ! ?read to a tree1 ?9k+ t !y ?us transf] ! sickness to ! tree4 ,italians attempt to cure fev] 9 l mann] by te!r+ x to a tree ,! suff]] ties a ?read r\nd 8 left wri/ at night1 & hangs ! ?read on a tree next morn+4 ,! fev] is ?us believ$ to be ti$ up to ! tree1 & ! pati5t to be rid ( x2 b he mu/ be c>eful n to pass by t tree aga91 o!rwise ! fev] w\ld break loose f its bonds & attack him afre%4 ,a ,flemi% cure = ! ague is to g e>ly 9 ! morn+ to an old will[1 tie ?ree knots 9 "o ( its bran*es1 say1 ,good-morr[1 ,old ,"o1 ,i give !e ! cold2 good-morr[1 ,old ,"o1 !n turn & run away )\t look+ r\nd4 ,9 ,sonn5b]g1 if y w\ld rid y\rself ( g\t y %\ld g to a "y fir-tree & tie a knot 9 "o ( its twigs1 say+1 ,god greet !e1 noble fir4 ,i br+ !e my g\t4 ,"h w ,i tie a knot & b9d my g\t into x4 ,9 ! "n1 etc4 ,ano!r way ( transf]r+ g\t f a man to a tree is ?is4 ,p>e ! nails ( ! suff]]'s f+]s & clip "s hairs f 8 legs4 ,bore a hole 9 an oak1 /uff ! nails & hair 9 ! hole1 /op up ! hole aga91 & sme> x ) c['s dung4 ,if1 = ?ree mon?s !reaft]1 ! pati5t is free ( g\t1 y may be sure ! oak has x 9 8 /ead4 ,9 ,*e%ire if y w\ld be rid ( w>ts1 y h only to rub !m ) a piece ( bacon1 cut a slit 9 ! b>k ( an a%-tree1 & slip ! bacon "u ! b>k4 ,soon ! w>ts w disappe> f y\r h&1 only h[ev] to reappe> 9 ! %ape ( r\gh excresc5ces or knobs on ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,at ,b]khamp/ead1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 !re us$ to be c]ta9 oak-trees :i* 7 long celebrat$ = ! cure ( ague4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! malady to ! tree 0 simple b pa9ful4 ,a lock ( ! suff]]'s hair 0 pegg$ into an oak2 !n by a sudd5 wr5* he left 8 hair & 8 ague beh9d him 9 ! tree4 ,,lvi4 ,! ,public ,expulsion ( ,evils #a4 ,! ,omnipres5ce ( ,demons ,,9 ,,! ,,=ego+ *apt] ! primitive pr9ciple ( ! transf]5ce ( ills to ano!r p]son1 animal1 or ?+ 0 expla9$ & illu/rat$4 ,b simil> means h be5 adopt$ to free a :ole community f div]se evils t afflict x4 ,su* attempts to dismiss at once ! accumulat$ sorr[s ( a p are by no means r>e or exceptional2 on ! contr>y !y h be5 made 9 _m l&s1 & f be+ occasional !y t5d to become p]iodic & annual4 ,x ne$s "s ef=t on our "p to realise ! frame ( m9d :i* prompts ^! attempts4 ,br$ 9 a philosophy :i* /rips nature ( p]sonality & r$uces x to ! unkn[n cause ( an ord]ly s]ies ( impressions on our s5ses1 we f9d x h>d to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ! savage1 to :om ! same impressions appe> 9 ! guise ( spirits or ! h&iwork ( spirits4 ,= ages ! army ( spirits1 once s ne>1 has be5 rec$+ f>!r & f>!r f u1 bani%$ by ! magic w& ( sci5ce f he>? & home1 f ru9$ cell & ivi$ t[]1 f haunt$ glade & lonely m]e1 f ! riv5 murky cl\d t bel*es =? ! lightn+1 & f ^? fair] cl\ds t pill[ ! silv]y moon or fret ) flakes ( burn+ r$ ! gold5 eve4 ,! spirits are gone ev5 f _! la/ /ronghold 9 ! sky1 ^: blue ar* no long] passes1 except ) *ildr51 = ! scre5 t hides f mortal eyes ! glories ( ! cele/ial _w4 ,only 9 poets' dreams or impassion$ flights ( oratory is x giv5 to cat* a glimpse ( ! la/ flutt] ( ! /&>ds ( ! retreat+ ho/1 to he> ! beat ( _! invisible w+s1 ! s\nd ( _! mock+ laught]1 or ! swell ( angel music dy+ away 9 ! di/ance4 ,f> o!rwise is x ) ! savage4 ,to 8 imag9ation ! _w /ill teems ) ^? motley be+s :om a m sob] philosophy has disc>d$4 ,fairies & gobl9s1 gho/s & demons1 /ill hov] ab\t him bo? wak+ & sleep+4 ,!y dog 8 foot/eps1 dazzle 8 s5ses1 ent] into him1 h>ass & deceive & torm5t him 9 a ?\s& freaki% & mis*iev\s ways4 ,! mi%aps t befall him1 ! losses he su/a9s1 ! pa9s he has to endure1 he commonly sets d[n1 if n to ! magic ( 8 enemies1 to ! spite or ang] or caprice ( ! spirits4 ,_! con/ant pres5ce we>ies him1 _! sleepless malignity exasp]ates him2 he longs ) an unspeakable long+ to be rid ( !m altoge!r1 & f "t to "t1 driv5 to bay1 8 pati5ce utt]ly exhau/$1 he turns fi]cely on 8 p]secutors & makes a desp]ate ef=t to *ase ! :ole pack ( !m f ! l&1 to cle> ! air ( _! sw>m+ multitudes1 t he may brea! m freely & g on 8 way unmole/$1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ! endeav\r ( primitive p to make a clean sweep ( all _! tr\bles g5]ally takes ! =m ( a gr& hunt+ out & expulsion ( devils or gho/s4 ,!y ?9k t if !y c only %ake (f ^! _! accurs$ torm5tors1 !y w make a fre% />t 9 life1 happy & innoc5t2 ! tales ( ,ed5 & ! old poetic gold5 age w come true aga94 #b4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils ,,we c !re=e und]/& :y ^? g5]al cle>ances ( evil1 to :i* f "t to "t ! savage resorts1 %\ld commonly take ! =m ( a =cible expulsion ( devils4 ,9 ^! evil spirits primitive man sees ! cause ( _m if n ( mo/ ( 8 tr\bles1 & he fancies t if he c only deliv] himself f !m1 ?+s w g bett] ) him4 ,! public attempts to expel ! accumulat$ ills ( a :ole community may be divid$ into two classes1 accord+ z ! expell$ evils are immat]ial & invisible or are embodi$ 9 a mat]ial vehicle or scape-goat4 ,! =m] may be call$ ! direct or imm$iate expulsion ( evils2 ! latt] ! indirect or m$iate expulsion1 or ! expulsion by scapegoat4 ,we beg9 ) examples ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,rook1 betwe5 ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,brita91 :5 any mis=tune has happ5$1 all ! p run toge!r1 scream1 curse1 h[l1 & beat ! air ) /icks to drive away ! devil1 :o is suppos$ to be ! au?or ( ! mi%ap4 ,f ! spot :]e ! mi%ap took place !y drive him /ep by /ep to ! sea1 & on rea*+ ! %ore !y r$\ble _! %\ts & bl[s 9 ord] to expel him f ! isl&4 ,he g5]ally retires to ! sea or to ! isl& ( ,lott94 ,! natives ( ,new ,brita9 ascribe sickness1 dr\ght1 ! failure ( crops1 & 9 %ort all mis=tunes1 to ! influ5ce ( wick$ spirits4 ,s at times :5 _m p sick5 & die1 z at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 all ! inhabitants ( a di/rict1 arm$ ) bran*es & clubs1 g out by moonlight to ! fields1 :]e !y beat & /amp on ! gr\nd ) wild h[ls till morn+1 believ+ t ?is drives away ! devils2 & = ! same purpose !y ru% ?r\gh ! village ) burn+ tor*es4 ,! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia are said to believe t all evils are caus$ by a p[]ful & malignant _s2 h5ce 9 ord] to rid !mselves ( him !y w f "t to "t dig a great pit1 r\nd :i* ! :ole tribe ga!rs4 ,aft] curs+ ! demon1 !y fill up ! pit ) e>?1 & trample on ! top ) l\d %\ts4 ,?is !y call bury+ ! evil _s4 ,among ! ,di]i tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :5 a s]i\s illness occurs1 ! m$ic9e-m5 expel ,coot*ie or ! devil by beat+ ! gr\nd 9 & outside ( ! camp ) ! /uff$ tail ( a kang>oo1 until !y h *as$ ! demon away to "s di/ance f ! camp4 ,:5 a village has be5 visit$ by a s]ies ( disa/]s or a sev]e epidemic1 ! inhabitants ( ,m9ahassa 9 ,celebes lay ! blame ^u ! devils :o are infe/+ ! village & :o mu/ be expell$ f x4 ,accord+ly1 e>ly "o morn+ all ! p1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 quit _! homes1 c>ry+ _! h\sehold goods ) !m1 & take up _! qu>t]s 9 tempor>y huts :i* h be5 erect$ outside ! village4 ,"h !y sp5d sev]al days1 (f]+ sacrifices & prep>+ = ! f9al c]emony4 ,at la/ ! m51 "s we>+ masks1 o!rs ) _! faces black5$1 & s on1 b all arm$ ) swords1 guns1 pikes1 or brooms1 /eal cauti\sly & sil5tly back to ! des]t$ village4 ,!n1 at a signal f ! prie/1 !y ru% furi\sly up & d[n ! /reets & into & "u ! h\ses 7:i* are rais$ on piles above ! gr\nd71 yell+ & /rik+ on walls1 doors1 & w9d[s1 to drive away ! devils4 ,next1 ! prie/s & ! re/ ( ! p come ) ! holy fire & m>* n9e times r\nd ea* h\se & ?rice r\nd ! ladd] t leads up to x1 c>ry+ ! fire ) !m4 ,!n !y take ! fire into ! kit*51 :]e x mu/ burn = ?ree days cont9u\sly4 ,! devils are n[ driv5 away1 & great & g5]al is ! joy4 ,! ,alfoors ( ,halmah]a attribute epidemics to ! devil :o comes f o!r villages to c>ry !m (f4 ,s1 9 ord] to rid ! village ( ! disease1 ! sorc]] drives away ! devil4 ,f all ! villag]s he receives a co/ly g>m5t & places x on f\r vessels1 :i* he takes to ! =e/ & leaves at ! spot :]e ! devil is suppos$ to be4 ,!n ) mock+ words he bids ! demon ab&on ! place4 ,9 ! ,kei ,isl&s to ! s\?-we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! evil spirits1 :o are q di/9ct f ! s\ls ( ! dead1 =m a mighty ho/4 ,almo/ e tree & e cave is ! lodg+-place ( "o ( ^! fi5ds1 :o are moreov] extremely irascible & apt to fly out on ! smalle/ provocation4 ,!y manife/ _! displeasure by s5d+ sickness & o!r calamities4 ,h5ce 9 times ( public mis=tune1 z :5 an epidemic is rag+1 & all o!r rem$ies h fail$1 ! :ole population g =? ) ! prie/ at _! head to a place at "s di/ance f ! village4 ,"h at sunset !y erect a c\ple ( poles ) a cross-b> betwe5 !m1 to :i* !y atta* bags ( rice1 wood5 models ( pivot-guns1 gongs1 bracelets1 & s on4 ,!n1 :5 ev]ybody has tak5 8 place at ! poles & a dea?-l sil5ce reigns1 ! prie/ lifts up 8 voice & addresses ! spirits 9 _! own language z foll[s3 ,ho6 ho6 ho6 ye evil spirits :o dwell 9 ! trees1 ye evil spirits :o live 9 ! grottoes1 ye evil spirits :o lodge 9 ! e>?1 we give y ^! pivot-guns1 ^! gongs1 etc4 ,let ! sickness cease & n s _m p die ( x4 ,!n ev]ybody runs home z fa/ z _! legs c c>ry !m4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,nias1 :5 a man is s]i\sly ill & o!r rem$ies h be5 tri$ 9 va91 ! sorc]] proce$s to exorcise ! devil :o is caus+ ! illness4 ,a pole is set up 9 front ( ! h\se1 & f ! top ( ! pole a rope ( palm-leaves is /ret*$ to ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,!n ! sorc]] m\nts ! ro( ) a pig1 :i* he kills & all[s to roll f ! ro( to ! gr\nd4 ,! devil1 anxi\s to get ! pig1 lets himself d[n ha/ily f ! ro( by ! rope ( palm-leaves1 & a good _s1 invok$ by ! sorc]]1 prev5ts him f climb+ up aga94 ,if ?is rem$y fails1 x is believ$ t o!r devils mu/ /ill be lurk+ 9 ! h\se4 ,s a g5]al hunt is made aft] !m4 ,all ! doors & w9d[s 9 ! h\se are clos$1 except a s+le dorm]-w9d[ 9 ! ro(4 ,! m51 %ut up 9 ! h\se1 hew & sla% ) _! swords "r & left to ! cla% ( gongs & ! rub-a-dub ( drums4 ,t]rifi$ at ?is onslaught1 ! devils escape by ! dorm]-w9d[1 & slid+ d[n ! rope ( palm-leaves take !mselves (f4 ,z all ! doors & w9d[s1 except ! "o 9 ! ro(1 are %ut1 ! devils _c get into ! h\se aga94 ,9 ! case ( an epidemic1 ! proce$+s are simil>4 ,all ! gates ( ! village1 except "o1 are clos$2 e voice is rais$1 e gong & drum beat51 e sword br&i%$4 ,?us ! devils are driv5 out & ! la/ gate is %ut beh9d !m4 ,= eight days !reaft] ! village is 9 a /ate ( siege1 no "o be+ all[$ to ent] x4 ,:5 *ol]a has brok5 out 9 a ,burmese village ! able-bodi$ m5 scramble on ! ro(s & lay ab\t !m ) bamboos & billets ( wood1 :ile all ! re/ ( ! population1 old & "y1 /& bel[ & ?ump drums1 bl[ trumpets1 yell1 scream1 beat floors1 walls1 t9 pans1 ev]y?+ to make a d94 ,?is upro>1 repeat$ on ?ree successive nights1 is ?\ght to be v effective 9 driv+ away ! *ol]a demons4 ,:5 smallpox fir/ appe>$ among/ ! ,kumis ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 !y ?\ght x 0 a devil come f ,aracan4 ,! villages 7 plac$ 9 a /ate ( siege1 no "o be+ all[$ to leave or ent] !m4 ,a monkey 0 kill$ by be+ da%$ on ! gr\nd1 & its body 0 hung at ! village gate4 ,its blood1 mix$ ) small riv] pebbles1 0 spr9kl$ on ! h\ses1 ! ?re%old ( e h\se 0 swept ) ! monkey's tail1 & ! fi5d 0 adjur$ to dep>t4 ,:5 an epidemic is rag+ on ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa1 ! p w sometimes turn out1 arm$ ) clubs & tor*es1 to drive ! evil spirits away4 ,at a giv5 signal ! :ole population beg9 ) frightful yells to beat 9 e corn] ( ! h\ses1 !n ru% l mad into ! /reets wav+ tor*es & /rik+ frantically 9 ! empty air4 ,! upro> goes on till somebody reports t ! c[$ & daunt$ demons h made good _! escape by a gate ( ! t[n or village2 ! p /ream out aft] !m1 pursue !m = "s di/ance into ! =e/1 & w>n !m nev] to return4 ,! expulsion ( ! devils is foll[$ by a g5]al massacre ( all ! cocks 9 ! village or t[n1 le/ by _! unseasonable cr[+ !y %\ld betray to ! bani%$ demons ! direction !y mu/ take to return to _! old homes4 ,:5 sickness 0 preval5t 9 a ,huron village1 & all o!r rem$ies _h be5 tri$ 9 va91 ! ,indians _h rec\rse to ! c]emony call$ ,lon\yroya1 :i* is ! pr9cipal inv5tion & mo/ prop] means1 s !y say1 to expel f ! t[n or village ! devils & evil spirits :i* cause1 induce1 & import all ! maladies & infirmities :i* !y suff] 9 body & m9d4 ,accord+ly1 "o ev5+ ! m5 w\ld beg9 to ru% l madm5 ab\t ! village1 break+ & upsett+ :atev] !y came across 9 ! wigwams4 ,!y ?rew fire & burn+ br&s ab\t ! /reets1 & all night long !y ran h[l+ & s++ )\t cessation4 ,!n !y all dream$ ( some?+1 a knife1 dog1 sk91 or :atev] x might be1 & :5 morn+ came !y w5t f wigwam to wigwam ask+ = pres5ts4 ,^! !y receiv$ sil5tly1 till ! p>ticul> ?+ 0 giv5 !m :i* !y _h dream$ ab\t4 ,on receiv+ x !y utt]$ a cry ( joy & ru%$ f ! hut1 amid ! congratulations ( all pres5t4 ,! heal? ( ^? :o receiv$ :at !y _h dream$ ( 0 believ$ to be assur$2 :]eas ^? :o did n get :at !y _h set _! he>ts ^u reg>d$ _! fate z seal$4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( *as+ ! demon ( disease f _! homes1 savages pref] to leave him 9 peaceable possession1 :ile !y !mselves take to flight & attempt to prev5t him f foll[+ 9 _! tracks4 ,?us :5 ! ,patagonians 7 attack$ by small-pox1 :i* !y attribut$ to ! ma*9ations ( an evil _s1 !y us$ to ab&on _! sick & flee1 sla%+ ! air ) _! weapons & ?r[+ wat] ab\t 9 ord] to keep (f ! dreadful pursu]2 & :5 aft] sev]al days' m>* !y rea*$ a place :]e !y hop$ to be beyond 8 rea*1 !y us$ by way ( precaution to plant all _! cutt+ weapons ) ! %>p edges turn$ t[>ds ! qu>t] f :i* !y _h come1 z if !y 7 repell+ a *>ge ( cavalry4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! ,lules or ,tonocotes ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco 7 attack$ by an epidemic1 !y regul>ly s\ght to evade x by flight1 b 9 s do+ !y always foll[$ a s9u\s1 n a /raight1 c\rse2 because !y said t :5 ! disease made aft] !m he w\ld be s exhau/$ by ! turn+s & w9d+s ( ! r\te t he w\ld nev] be able to come up ) !m4 ,:5 ! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico 7 decimat$ by smallpox or o!r infecti\s disease1 !y us$ to %ift _! qu>t]s e day1 retreat+ into ! mo/ seque/]$ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s & *oos+ ! ?ornie/ ?ickets !y c\ld f9d1 9 ! hope t ! smallpox w\ld be too afraid ( scrat*+ himself on ! ?orns to foll[ !m4 ,:5 "s ,*9s on a visit to ,rangoon 7 attack$ by *ol]a1 !y w5t ab\t ) drawn swords to sc>e away ! demon1 & !y sp5t ! day hid+ "u bu%es s t he might n be able to f9d !m4 #c4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils ,,! ,,expulsion ( evils1 f be+ occasional1 t5ds to become p]iodic4 ,x comes to be ?\ght desirable to h a g5]al riddance ( evil spirits at fix$ times1 usually once a ye>1 9 ord] t ! p may make a fre% />t 9 life1 fre$ f all ! malignant influ5ces :i* h be5 long accumulat+ ab\t !m4 ,"s ( ! ,au/ralian blacks annually expell$ ! gho/s ( ! dead f _! t]ritory4 ,! c]emony 0 witness$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley on ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,b>wan4 ,a *orus ( tw5ty1 old & "y1 7 s++ & beat+ "t ) boom]angs4 4 4 4 ,sudd5ly1 f "u a %eet ( b>k d>t$ a man ) 8 body :it5$ by pipeclay1 8 head & face col\r$ ) l9es ( r$ & yell[1 & a tuft ( fea!rs fix$ by means ( a /ick two feet above ! cr[n ( 8 head4 ,he /ood tw5ty m9utes p]fectly /ill1 gaz+ upw>ds4 ,an aborig9al :o /ood by told me he 0 look+ = ! gho/s ( dead m54 ,at la/ he began to move v sl[ly1 & soon ru%$ to & fro at full spe$1 fl\ri%+ a bran* z if to drive away "s foes invisible to u4 ,:5 ,i ?\ght ?is pantomime mu/ be almo/ ov]1 t5 m1 simil>ly adorn$1 sudd5ly appe>$ f beh9d ! trees1 & ! :ole p>ty jo9$ 9 a brisk conflict ) _! my/]i\s assailants4 4 4 4 ,at la/1 aft] "s rapid evolutions 9 :i* !y put =? all _! /r5g?1 !y re/$ f ! excit+ toil :i* !y _h kept up all night & = "s h\rs aft] sunrise2 !y seem$ satisfi$ t ! gho/s 7 driv5 away = twelve mon?s4 ,!y 7 p]=m+ ! same c]emony at e /ation along ! riv]1 & ,i am told x is an annual cu/om4 ,c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> m>k !mselves naturally out z appropriate mom5ts = a g5]al expulsion ( devils4 ,su* a mom5t occurs t[>ds ! close ( an ,arctic w9t]1 :5 ! sun reappe>s on ! horizon aft] an abs5ce ( weeks or mon?s4 ,accord+ly1 at ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! mo/ nor!rly extremity ( ,alaska1 & ne>ly ( ,am]ica1 ! ,esquimaux *oose ! mom5t ( ! sun's reappe>ance to hunt ! mis*iev\s _s ,tua f e h\se4 ,! c]emony 0 witness$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pol> ,exp$ition1 :o w9t]$ at ,po9t ,b>r[4 ,a fire 0 built 9 front ( ! c\ncil-h\se1 & an old woman 0 po/$ at ! entrance to e h\se4 ,! m5 ga!r$ r\nd ! c\ncil-h\se :ile ! "y wom5 & girls drove ! _s out ( e h\se ) _! knives1 /abb+ vici\sly "u ! bunk & de]-sk9s1 & call+ ^u ,tua to be gone4 ,:5 !y ?\ght he _h be5 driv5 out ( e hole & corn]1 !y ?ru/ him d[n ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! floor & *as$ him into ! op5 air ) l\d cries & frantic ge/ures4 ,mean:ile ! old woman at ! entrance ( ! h\se made passes ) a long knife 9 ! air to keep him f return+4 ,ea* p>ty drove ! _s t[>ds ! fire & invit$ him to g into x4 ,all 7 by ?is "t drawn up 9 a semicircle r\nd ! fire1 :5 sev]al ( ! lead+ m5 made specific *>ges aga9/ ! _s2 & ea* aft] 8 spee* bru%$ 8 clo!s viol5tly1 call+ on ! _s to leave him & g into ! fire4 ,two m5 n[ /epp$ =w>d ) rifles load$ ) blank c>tridges1 :ile a ?ird br\ght a vessel ( ur9e & flung x on ! flames4 ,at ! same "t "o ( ! m5 fir$ a %ot into ! fire2 & z ! cl\d ( /eam rose x receiv$ ! o!r %ot1 :i* 0 suppos$ to f9i% ,tuna = ! "t be+4 ,9 late autumn1 :5 /orms rage ov] ! l& & break ! icy fett]s by :i* ! froz5 sea is z yet b slightly b\nd1 :5 ! loos5$ floes are driv5 aga9/ ea* o!r & break ) l\d cra%es1 & :5 ! cakes ( ice are pil$ 9 wild disord] "o ^u ano!r1 ! ,esquimaux ( ,baff9 ,l& fancy !y he> ! voices ( ! spirits :o p ! mis*ief-lad5 air4 ,!n ! gho/s ( ! dead knock wildly at ! huts1 :i* !y _c ent]1 & woe to ! hapless wight :om !y cat*2 he soon sick5s & dies4 ,!n ! phantom ( a huge hairless dog pursues ! real dogs1 :i* expire 9 convulsions & cramps at sight ( him4 ,all ! c\ntless spirits ( evil are abroad /riv+ to br+ sickness & dea?1 f\l wea!r & failure 9 hunt+ on ! ,esquimaux4 ,mo/ dread$ ( all ^! spectral visitants are ,s$na1 mi/ress ( ! ne!r _w1 & h] fa!r1 to ^: %>e dead ,esquimaux fall4 ,:ile ! o!r spirits fill ! air & ! wat]1 %e rises f "u gr\nd4 ,x is !n a busy season = ! wiz>ds4 ,9 e h\se y may he> !m s++ & pray+1 :ile !y conjure ! spirits1 seat$ 9 a my/ic gloom at ! back ( ! hut1 :i* is dimly lit by a lamp burn+ l[4 ,! h>de/ task ( all is to drive away ,s$na1 & ?is is res]v$ = ! mo/ p[]ful en*ant]4 ,a rope is coil$ on ! floor ( a l>ge hut 9 su* a way z to leave a small op5+ at ! top1 :i* repres5ts ! brea?+ hole ( a seal4 ,two en*ant]s /& beside x1 "o ( !m grasp+ a spe> z if he 7 wat*+ a seal-hole 9 w9t]1 ! o!r hold+ ! h>poon-l9e4 ,a ?ird sorc]] sits at ! back ( ! hut *ant+ a magic song to lure ,s$na to ! spot4 ,n[ %e is he>d approa*+ "u ! floor ( ! hut1 brea?+ heavily2 n[ %e em]ges at ! hole2 n[ %e is h>poon$ & s9ks away 9 angry ha/e1 dragg+ ! h>poon ) h]1 :ile ! two m5 hold on to ! l9e ) all _! might4 ,! /ruggle is sev]e1 b at la/ by a desp]ate wr5* %e te>s h]self away & returns to h] dwell+ 9 ,adlivun4 ,:5 ! h>poon is drawn up out ( ! hole x is f\nd to be spla%$ ) blood1 :i* ! en*ant]s pr\dly exhibit z a pro( ( _! pr[ess4 ,?us ,s$na & ! o!r evil spirits are at la/ driv5 away1 & next day a great fe/ival is celebrat$ by old & "y 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t4 ,b !y mu/ /ill be cauti\s1 = ! w\nd$ ,s$na is furi\s & w seize any "o %e may f9d outside ( 8 hut2 s !y all we> amulets on ! top ( _! hoods to protect !mselves aga9/ h]4 ,^! amulets consi/ ( pieces ( ! fir/ g>m5ts t !y wore aft] bir?4 ,! ,iroquois inaugurat$ ! new ye> 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 or ,m>* 7! "t v>i$7 ) a fe/ival ( dreams l t :i* ! ,hurons obs]v$ on special occasions4 ,! :ole c]emonies la/$ sev]al days1 or ev5 weeks1 & =m$ a k9d ( saturnalia4 ,m5 & wom51 v>i\sly disguis$1 w5t f wigwam to wigwam sma%+ & ?r[+ d[n :atev] !y came across4 ,x 0 a "t ( g5]al lic5se2 ! p 7 suppos$ to be out ( _! s5ses1 & !re=e n to be responsible = :at !y did4 ,accord+ly1 _m seiz$ ! opportunity ( pay+ (f old scores by belab\r+ obnoxi\s p]sons1 dr5*+ !m ) ice-cold wat]1 & cov]+ !m ) fil? or hot a%es4 ,o!rs seiz$ burn+ br&s or coals & flung !m at ! heads ( ! fir/ p]sons !y met4 ,! only way ( escap+ f ^! p]secutors 0 to guess :at !y _h dream$ (4 ,on "o day ( ! fe/ival ! c]emony ( driv+ away evil spirits f ! village took place4 ,m5 clo!d 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 _! faces cov]$ ) hide\s masks1 & _! h&s ) ! %ell ( ! tortoise1 w5t f hut to hut mak+ frightful noises2 9 e hut !y took ! fuel f ! fire & scatt]$ ! emb]s & a%es ab\t ! floor ) _! h&s4 ,! g5]al confession ( s9s :i* prec$$ ! fe/ival 0 probably a prep>ation = ! public expulsion ( evil influ5ces2 x 0 a way ( /ripp+ ! p ( _! moral burd5s1 t ^! might be collect$ & ca/ out4 ,9 ,septemb] ! ,incas ( ,p]u celebrat$ a fe/ival call$ ,situa1 ! object ( :i* 0 to bani% f ! capital & its vic9ity all disease & tr\ble4 ,! fe/ival fell 9 ,septemb] because ! ra9s beg9 ab\t ?is "t1 & ) ! fir/ ra9s !re 0 g5]ally mu* sickness4 ,z a prep>ation = ! fe/ival ! p fa/$ on ! fir/ day ( ! moon aft] ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,hav+ fa/$ dur+ ! day1 & ! night be+ come1 !y bak$ a co>se pa/e ( maize4 ,?is pa/e 0 made ( two sorts4 ,"o 0 knead$ ) ! blood ( *ildr5 ag$ f five to t5 ye>s1 ! blood be+ obta9$ by ble$+ ! *ildr5 betwe5 ! eyebr[s4 ,^! two k9ds ( pa/e 7 bak$ sep>ately1 because !y 7 = diff]5t uses4 ,ea* family assembl$ at ! h\se ( ! elde/ bro!r to celebrate ! fea/2 & ^? :o _h no eld] bro!r w5t to ! h\se ( _! next relation ( great] age4 ,on ! same night all :o _h fa/$ dur+ ! day wa%$ _! bodies1 & tak+ a little ( ! blood-knead$ pa/e1 rubb$ x ov] _! head1 face1 brea/1 %\ld]s1 arms & legs4 ,!y did ?is 9 ord] t ! pa/e might take away all _! infirmities4 ,aft] ?is ! head ( ! family ano9t$ ! ?re%old ) ! same pa/e1 & left x !re z a tok5 t ! inmates ( ! h\se _h p]=m$ _! ablutions & cleans$ _! bodies4 ,meantime ! ,high ,prie/ p]=m$ ! same c]emonies 9 ! temple ( ! ,sun4 ,z soon z ! ,sun rose1 all ! p wor%ipp$ & bes\ght him to drive all evils out ( ! city1 & !n !y broke _! fa/ ) ! pa/e t _h be5 knead$ )\t blood4 ,:5 !y _h paid _! wor%ip & brok5 _! fa/1 :i* !y did at a /at$ h\r1 9 ord] t all might adore ! ,sun z "o man1 an ,inca ( ! blood royal came =? f ! =tress1 z a mess5g] ( ! ,sun1 ri*ly dress$1 ) 8 mantle gird$ r\nd 8 body1 & a lance 9 8 h&4 ,! lance 0 deck$ ) fea!rs ( _m hues1 ext5d+ f ! blade to ! socket1 & fa/5$ ) r+s ( gold4 ,he ran d[n ! hill f ! =tress br&i%+ 8 lance1 till he rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! great squ>e1 :]e /ood ! gold5 urn1 l a f\nta91 t 0 us$ = ! sacrifice ( ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! maize4 ,"h f\r o!r ,incas ( ! blood royal await$ him1 ea* ) a lance 9 8 h&1 & 8 mantle gird$ up to run4 ,! mess5g] t\*$ _! f\r lances ) 8 lance1 & told !m t ! ,sun bade !m1 z 8 mess5g]s1 drive ! evils out ( ! city4 ,! f\r ,incas !n sep>at$ & ran d[n ! f\r royal roads :i* l$ out ( ! city to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,:ile !y ran1 all ! p1 great & small1 came to ! doors ( _! h\ses1 & ) great %\ts ( joy & gladness %ook _! clo!s1 z if !y 7 %ak+ (f du/1 :ile !y cri$1 ,let ! evils be gone4 ,h[ greatly desir$ has ?is fe/ival be5 by u4 ,o ,creator ( all ?+s1 p]mit u to rea* ano!r ye>1 t we may see ano!r fea/ l ?is4 ,aft] !y _h %ak5 _! clo!s1 !y pass$ _! h&s ov] _! heads1 faces1 arms1 & legs1 z if 9 ! act ( wa%+4 ,all ?is 0 done to drive ! evils out ( _! h\ses1 t ! mess5g]s ( ! ,sun might bani% !m f ! city2 & x 0 done n only 9 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* ! ,incas ran1 b g5]ally 9 all qu>t]s ( ! city4 ,moreov]1 !y all danc$1 ! ,inca himself among/ !m1 & ba!d 9 ! riv]s & f\nta9s1 say+ t _! maladies w\ld come out ( !m4 ,!n !y took great tor*es ( /raw1 b\nd r\nd ) cords4 ,^! !y light$1 & pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 /rik+ ea* o!r ) !m1 & say+1 ,let all h>m g away4 ,mean:ile ! runn]s ran ) _! lances = a qu>t] ( a league outside ! city1 :]e !y f\nd f\r o!r ,incas ready1 :o receiv$ ! lances f _! h&s & ran ) !m4 ,?us ! lances 7 c>ri$ by relays ( runn]s = a di/ance ( five or six leagues1 at ! end ( :i* ! runn]s wa%$ !mselves & _! weapons 9 riv]s1 & set up ! lances1 9 sign ( a b\nd>y )9 :i* ! bani%$ evils might n return4 ,! negroes ( ,gu9ea annually bani% ! devil f all _! t[ns ) mu* c]emony at a "t set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,at ,axim1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ?is annual expulsion is prec$$ by a fea/ ( eight days1 dur+ :i* mir? & jollity1 skipp+1 danc+1 & s++ prevail1 & a p]fect lampoon+ lib]ty is all[$1 & sc&al s highly exalt$1 t !y may freely s+ ( all ! faults1 villanies1 & frauds ( _! sup]iors z well z inf]iors1 )\t puni%m5t1 or s mu* z ! lea/ int]ruption4 ,on ! eigh? day !y hunt out ! devil ) a dismal cry1 runn+ aft] him & pelt+ him ) /icks1 /ones1 & :atev] comes to h&4 ,:5 !y h driv5 him f> en\gh out ( ! t[n1 !y all return4 ,9 ?is way he is expell$ f m ?an a hundr$ t[ns at ! same "t4 ,to make sure t he does n return to _! h\ses1 ! wom5 wa% & sc\r all _! wood5 & e>!n vessels1 to free !m f all uncleanness & ! devil4 ,at ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ! c]emony 0 witness$ on ! n9? ( ,octob]1 #ahdd1 by an ,engli%man1 :o has describ$ x z foll[s3 ,to-night ! annual cu/om ( driv+ ! evil _s1 ,abonsam1 out ( ! t[n has tak5 place4 ,z soon z ! eight o'clock gun fir$ 9 ! =t ! p began fir+ muskets 9 _! h\ses1 turn+ all _! furniture out ( doors1 beat+ ab\t 9 e corn] ( ! rooms ) /icks1 etc41 & scream+ z l\dly z possible1 9 ord] to fright5 ! devil4 ,be+ driv5 out ( ! h\ses1 z !y imag9e1 !y salli$ =? into ! /reets1 ?r[+ light$ tor*es ab\t1 %\t+1 scream+1 beat+ /icks toge!r1 rattl+ old pans1 mak+ ! mo/ horrid noise1 9 ord] to drive him out ( ! t[n into ! sea4 ,! cu/om is prec$$ by f\r weeks' dead sil5ce2 no gun is all[$ to be fir$1 no drum to be beat51 no palav] to be made betwe5 man & man4 ,if1 dur+ ^! weeks1 two natives %\ld disagree & make a noise 9 ! t[n1 !y are imm$iately tak5 be=e ! k+ & f9$ heavily4 ,if a dog or pig1 %eep or goat be f\nd at l>ge 9 ! /reet1 x may be kill$1 or tak5 by anyone1 ! =m] own] n be+ all[$ to dem& any comp5sation4 ,?is sil5ce is design$ to deceive ,abonsam1 t1 be+ (f 8 gu>d1 he may be tak5 by surprise1 & fright5$ out ( ! place4 ,if anyone die dur+ ! sil5ce1 8 relatives are n all[$ to weep until ! f\r weeks h be5 complet$4 ,sometimes ! date ( ! annual expulsion ( devils is fix$ ) ref]5ce to ! agricultural seasons4 ,?us among ! ,hos ( ,togol&1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ! expulsion is p]=m$ annually be=e ! p p>take ( ! new yams4 ,! *iefs summon ! prie/s & magicians & tell !m t ! p are n[ to eat ! new yams & be m]ry1 !re=e !y mu/ cleanse ! t[n & remove ! evils4 ,accord+ly ! evil spirits1 wit*es1 & all ! ills t infe/ ! p are conjur$ into bundles ( leaves & creep]s1 fa/5$ to poles1 :i* are c>ri$ away & set up 9 ! e>? on v>i\s roads outside ! t[n4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ night no fire may be lit & no food eat54 ,next morn+ ! wom5 sweep out _! he>?s & h\ses1 & deposit ! sweep+s on brok5 wood5 plates4 ,!n ! p pray1 say+1 ,all ye sicknesses t are 9 our body & plague u1 we are come to-day to ?r[ y out4 ,!reupon !y run z fa/ z !y c 9 ! direction ( ,m\nt ,adaklu1 smit+ _! m\?s & scream+1 ,out to-day6 ,out to-day6 ,t :i* kills anybody1 out to-day6 ,ye evil spirits1 out to-day6 & all t causes our heads to a*e1 out to-day6 ,anlo & ,adaklu are ! places :i!r all ill %all betake itself6 ,:5 !y h come to a c]ta9 tree on ,m\nt ,adaklu1 !y ?r[ ev]y?+ away & return home4 ,at ,kiriw9a1 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 ! new yams _h be5 h>ve/$1 ! p fea/$ & danc$ = _m days1 & a great deal ( prop]ty1 su* z armlets1 native money1 & s =?1 0 display$ conspicu\sly on a plat=m erect$ = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! fe/ivities 7 ov]1 all ! p ga!r$ toge!r & expell$ ! spirits f ! village by %\t+1 beat+ ! po/s ( ! h\ses1 & ov]turn+ ev]y?+ "u :i* a wily _s might be suppos$ to lurk4 ,! explanation :i* ! p gave to a mission>y 0 t !y _h ent]ta9$ & fea/$ ! spirits & provid$ !m ) ri*es1 & x 0 n[ "t = !m to take _! dep>ture4 ,_h !y n se5 ! dances1 & he>d ! songs1 & gorg$ !mselves on ! s\ls ( ! yams1 & appropriat$ ! s\ls ( ! money & all ! o!r f9e ?+s set out on ! plat=m8 ,:at m c\ld ! spirits want8 ,s out !y mu/ g4 ,among ! ,hos ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india ! great fe/ival ( ! ye> is ! h>ve/ home1 held 9 ,janu>y1 :5 ! gran>ies are full ( gra91 & ! p1 to use _! own expression1 are full ( devilry4 ,!y h a /range notion t at ?is p]iod1 m5 & wom5 are s ov]*>g$ ) vici\s prop5sities1 t x is absolutely necess>y = ! safety ( ! p]son to let (f /eam by all[+ = a "t full v5t to ! passions4 ,! c]emonies op5 ) a sacrifice to ! village god ( ?ree f[ls1 a cock & two h5s1 "o ( :i* mu/ be black4 ,along ) !m are (f]$ fl[]s ( ! palas tree 7,butea frondosa71 bread made f rice-fl\r1 & sesamum se$s4 ,^! (f]+s are pres5t$ by ! village prie/1 :o prays t dur+ ! ye> ab\t to beg9 !y & _! *ildr5 may be pres]v$ f all mis=tune & sickness1 & t !y may h seasonable ra9 & good crops4 ,pray] is also made 9 "s places = ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,at ?is "t an evil _s is suppos$ to infe/ ! place1 & to get rid ( x m51 wom51 & *ildr5 g 9 procession r\nd & ?r\gh e "p ( ! village ) /icks 9 _! h&s1 z if beat+ = game1 s++ a wild *ant1 & %\t+ vocif]\sly1 till !y feel assur$ t ! evil _s mu/ h fl$4 ,!n !y give !mselves up to fea/+ & dr9k+ rice-be]1 till !y are 9 a fit /ate = ! wild debau* :i* foll[s4 ,! fe/ival n[ becomes a saturnale1 dur+ :i* s]vants =get _! duty to _! ma/]s1 *ildr5 _! rev]5ce = p>5ts1 m5 _! respect = wom51 & wom5 all notions ( mode/y1 delicacy1 & g5tl5ess2 !y become rag+ bac*antes4 ,usually ! ,hos are quiet & res]v$ 9 mann]1 decor\s & g5tle to wom54 ,b dur+ ?is fe/ival _! natures appe> to und]go a tempor>y *ange4 ,sons & daught]s revile _! p>5ts 9 gross language1 & p>5ts _! *ildr52 m5 & wom5 become almo/ l animals 9 ! indulg5ce ( _! amor\s prop5sities4 ,! ,mund>is1 k9sm5 & neighb\rs ( ! ,hos1 keep ! fe/ival 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,! resemblance to a ,saturnale is v complete1 z at ?is fe/ival ! f>m lab\r]s are fea/$ by _! ma/]s1 & all[$ ! utmo/ fre$om ( spee* 9 address+ !m4 ,x is ! fe/ival ( ! h>ve/ home2 ! t]m9ation ( "o ye>'s toil1 & a slight respite f x be=e !y comm5ce aga94 ,among/ "s ( ! ,h9doo ,koo% tribes1 z among ! ,hos & ,mund>is1 ! expulsion ( devils takes place aft] h>ve/4 ,:5 ! la/ crop ( autumn has be5 got 91 x is ?\ght necess>y to drive away evil spirits f ! gran>ies4 ,a k9d ( porridge is eat51 & ! head ( ! family takes 8 mat*lock & fires x into ! floor4 ,!n1 go+ outside1 he sets to "w load+ & fir+ till 8 p[d]-horn is exhau/$1 :ile all 8 neighb\rs are simil>ly employ$4 ,! next day is sp5t 9 rejoic+s4 ,9 ,*itral ?is fe/ival is call$ devil-driv+4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,khonds ( ,india expel ! devils at se$-"t in/ead ( at h>ve/4 ,at ?is "t !y wor%ip ,pitt]i ,p5nu1 ! god ( increase & ( ga9 9 e %ape4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival a rude c> is made ( a basket set ^u a few /icks1 ti$ ^u ! bamboo roll]s = :eels4 ,! prie/ takes ?is c> fir/ to ! h\se ( ! l9eal head ( ! tribe1 to :om prec$5ce is giv5 9 all c]emonies connect$ ) agriculture4 ,"h he receives a little ( ea* k9d ( se$ & "s fea!rs4 ,he !n takes ! c> to all ! o!r h\ses 9 ! village1 ea* ( :i* contributes ! same ?+s4 ,la/ly1 ! c> is conduct$ to a field )\t ! village1 att5d$ by all ! "y m51 :o beat ea* o!r & /rike ! air viol5tly ) long /icks4 ,! se$ ?us c>ri$ out is call$ ! %>e ( ! evil spirits1 spoil]s ( ! se$4 ,^! are consid]$ to be driv5 out ) ! c>2 & :5 x & its cont5ts are ab&on$ to !m1 !y are held to h no excuse = int]f]+ ) ! re/ ( ! se$-corn4 ,! p ( ,bali1 an isl& to ! ea/ ( ,java1 h p]iodical expulsions ( devils ^u a great scale4 ,g5]ally ! "t *os5 = ! expulsion is ! day ( ! d>k moon 9 ! n9? mon?4 ,:5 ! demons h be5 long unmole/$ ! c\ntry is said to be w>m1 & ! prie/ issues ord]s to expel !m by =ce1 le/ ! :ole ( ,bali %\ld be r5d]$ un9habitable4 ,on ! day appo9t$ ! p ( ! village or di/rict assemble at ! pr9cipal temple4 ,"h at a cross-road (f]+s are set out = ! devils4 ,aft] pray]s h be5 recit$ by ! prie/s1 ! bla/ ( a horn summons ! devils to p>take ( ! meal :i* has be5 prep>$ = !m4 ,at ! same "t a numb] ( m5 /ep =w>d & light _! tor*es at ! holy lamp :i* burns be=e ! *ief prie/4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 foll[$ by ! by/&]s1 !y spread 9 all directions & m>* ?r\gh ! /reets & lanes cry+1 ,dep>t6 g away6 ,:]ev] !y pass1 ! p :o h /ay$ at home ha/51 by a deaf5+ clatt] on doors1 beams1 rice-blocks1 & s =?1 to take _! %>e 9 ! expulsion ( devils4 ,?us *as$ f ! h\ses1 ! fi5ds flee to ! banquet :i* has be5 set out = !m2 b "h ! prie/ receives !m ) curses :i* f9ally drive !m f ! di/rict4 ,:5 ! la/ devil has tak5 8 dep>ture1 ! upro> is succe$$ by a dead sil5ce1 :i* la/s dur+ ! next day also4 ,! devils1 x is ?\ght1 are anxi\s to return to _! old homes1 & 9 ord] to make !m ?9k t ,bali is n ,bali b "s des]t isl&1 no "o may /ir f 8 own abode = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ev5 ord9>y h\sehold "w1 includ+ cook+1 is discont9u$4 ,only ! wat*m5 may %[ !mselves 9 ! /reets4 ,wrea?s ( ?orns & leaves are hung at all ! entrances to w>n /rang]s f ent]+4 ,n till ! ?ird day is ?is /ate ( siege rais$1 & ev5 !n x is =bidd5 to "w at ! rice-fields or to buy & sell 9 ! m>ket4 ,mo/ p /ill /ay at home1 :il+ away ! "t ) c>ds & dice4 ,9 ,tonqu9 a !ckydaw or g5]al expulsion ( malevol5t spirits commonly took place once a ye>1 especially if !re 0 a great mortality among/ m51 ! elephants or horses ( ! g5]al's /able1 or ! cattle ( ! c\ntry1 ! cause ( :i* !y attribute to ! malici\s spirits ( su* m5 z h be5 put to dea? = treason1 rebellion1 & conspir+ ! dea? ( ! k+1 g5]al1 or pr9ces1 & t 9 rev5ge ( ! puni%m5t !y h suff]$1 !y are b5t to de/roy ev]y?+ & commit horrible viol5ce4 ,to prev5t :i* _! sup]/ition has sugge/$ to !m ! in/itution ( ?is !ckydaw1 z a prop] means to drive ! devil away1 & purge ! c\ntry ( evil spirits4 ,! day appo9t$ = ! c]emony 0 g5]ally ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,febru>y1 "o mon? aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>1 :i* fell on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,janu>y4 ,! int]m$iate mon? 0 a season ( fea/+1 m]ry-mak+ ( all k9ds1 & g5]al lic5ce4 ,dur+ ! :ole mon? ! great seal 0 kept %ut up 9 a box1 face d[nw>ds1 & ! law 01 z x 71 laid asleep4 ,all c\rts ( ju/ice 7 clos$2 debtors c\ld n be seiz$2 small crimes1 su* z petty l>c5y1 fight+1 & assault1 escap$ ) impunity2 only treason & murd] 7 tak5 acc\nt ( & ! malefactors deta9$ till ! great seal %\ld come into op]ation aga94 ,at ! close ( ! saturnalia ! wick$ spirits 7 driv5 away4 ,great masses ( troops & artill]y hav+ be5 drawn up ) fly+ col\rs & all ! pomp ( w>1 ! g5]al beg9ne? !n to (f] meat (f]+s to ! crim9al devils & malevol5t spirits 7= x is usual & cu/om>y likewise among/ !m to fea/ ! condemn$ be=e _! execution71 invit+ !m to eat & dr9k1 :5 pres5tly he accuses !m 9 a /range language1 by *>act]s & figures1 etc41 ( _m (f5ces & crimes committ$ by !m1 z to _! hav+ disquiet$ ! l&1 kill$ 8 elephants & horses1 etc41 = all :i* !y ju/ly des]ve to be *a/is$ & bani%$ ! c\ntry4 ,:]eupon ?ree great guns are fir$ z ! la/ signal2 ^u :i* all ! artill]y & musquets are dis*>g$1 t1 by _! mo/ t]rible noise ! devils may be driv5 away2 & !y are s bl9d z to believe = c]ta91 t !y really & effectually put !m to flight4 ,9 ,cambodia ! expulsion ( evil spirits took place 9 ,m>*4 ,bits ( brok5 /atues & /ones1 consid]$ z ! abode ( ! demons1 7 collect$ & br\ght to ! capital4 ,"h z _m elephants 7 collect$ z c\ld be got toge!r4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! full moon volleys ( musketry 7 fir$ & ! elephants *>g$ furi\sly to put ! devils to flight4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ?ree successive days4 ,9 ,siam ! bani%m5t ( demons is annually c>ri$ into effect on ! la/ day ( ! old ye>4 ,a signal gun is fir$ f ! palace2 x is answ]$ f ! next /ation1 & s on f /ation to /ation1 till ! fir+ has rea*$ ! out] gate ( ! city4 ,?us ! demons are driv5 out /ep by /ep4 ,z soon z ?is is done a consecrat$ rope is fa/5$ r\nd ! circuit ( ! city walls to prev5t ! bani%$ demons f return+4 ,! rope is made ( t\gh c\*-grass & is pa9t$ 9 alt]nate /ripes ( r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,annual expulsions ( demons1 wit*es1 or evil influ5ces appe> to h be5 common among ! hea!n ( ,europe1 if we may judge f ! relics ( su* cu/oms among _! desc5dants at ! pres5t day4 ,?us among ! hea!n ,wotyaks1 a ,f9ni% p ( ,ea/]n ,russia1 all ! "y girls ( ! village assemble on ! la/ day ( ! ye> or on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 arm$ ) /icks1 ! ends ( :i* are split 9 n9e places4 ,) ^! !y beat e corn] ( ! h\se & y>d1 say+1 ,we are driv+ ,satan out ( ! village4 ,aft]w>ds ! /icks are ?r[n into ! riv] bel[ ! village1 & z !y float d[n /ream ,satan goes ) !m to ! next village1 f :i* he mu/ be driv5 out 9 turn4 ,9 "s villages ! expulsion is manag$ o!rwise4 ,! unm>ri$ m5 receive f e h\se 9 ! village groats1 fle%1 & br&y4 ,^! !y take to ! fields1 light a fire "u a fir-tree1 boil ! groats1 & eat ( ! food !y h br\ght ) !m1 aft] pron\nc+ ! words1 ,g away into ! wild]ness1 come n into ! h\se4 ,!n !y return to ! village & ent] e h\se :]e !re are "y wom54 ,!y take hold ( ! "y wom5 & ?r[ !m into ! sn[1 say+1 ,may ! spirits ( disease leave y4 ,! rema9s ( ! groats & ! o!r food are !n di/ribut$ among all ! h\ses 9 proportion to ! am\nt t ea* contribut$1 & ea* family consumes its %>e4 ,accord+ to a ,wotyak ( ! ,malmyz di/rict ! "y m5 ?r[ into ! sn[ :omev] !y f9d 9 ! h\ses1 & ?is is call$ driv+ out ,satan2 moreov]1 "s ( ! boil$ groats are ca/ into ! fire ) ! words1 ,o god1 afflict u n ) sickness & pe/il5ce1 give u n up z a prey to ! spirits ( ! wood4 ,b ! mo/ antique =m ( ! c]emony is t obs]v$ by ! ,wotyaks ( ! ,kasan ,gov]nm5t4 ,fir/ ( all a sacrifice is (f]$ to ! ,devil at noon4 ,!n all ! m5 assemble on horseback 9 ! c5tre ( ! village1 & decide ) :i* h\se !y %all beg94 ,:5 ?is "q1 :i* (t5 gives rise to hot disputes1 is settl$1 !y te!r _! horses to ! pal+1 & arm !mselves ) :ips1 clubs ( lime-wood & bundles ( light$ twigs4 ,! light$ twigs are believ$ to h ! greate/ t]rors = ,satan4 ,?us arm$1 !y proce$ ) frightful cries to beat e corn] ( ! h\se & y>d1 !n %ut ! door1 & spit at ! eject$ fi5d4 ,s !y g f h\se to h\se1 till ! ,devil has be5 driv5 f e "o4 ,!n !y m\nt _! horses & ride out ( ! village1 yell+ wildly & br&i%+ _! clubs 9 e direction4 ,outside ( ! village !y fl+ away ! clubs & spit once m at ! ,devil4 ,! ,*]emiss1 ano!r ,f9ni% p ( ,ea/]n ,russia1 *ase ,satan f _! dwell+s by beat+ ! walls ) cudgels ( lime-wood4 ,= ! same purpose !y fire guns1 /ab ! gr\nd ) knives1 & ins]t burn+ *ips ( wood 9 ! crevices4 ,also !y leap ov] bonfires1 %ak+ out _! g>m5ts z !y d s2 & 9 "s di/ricts !y bl[ on long trumpets ( lime-tree b>k to fright5 him away4 ,:5 he has fl$ to ! wood1 !y pelt ! trees ) "s ( ! *eese-cakes & eggs :i* furni%$ ! fea/4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,europe ! old hea!n cu/om ( expell+ ! p[]s ( evil at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> has surviv$ to mod]n times4 ,?us 9 "s villages ( ,calabria ! mon? ( ,m>* is inaugurat$ ) ! expulsion ( ! wit*es4 ,x takes place at night to ! s\nd ( ! *ur* bells1 ! p runn+ ab\t ! /reets & cry+1 ,m>* is come4 ,!y say t ! wit*es roam ab\t 9 ,m>*1 & ! c]emony is repeat$ e ,friday ev5+ dur+ ! mon?4 ,(t51 z might h be5 anticipat$1 ! anci5t pagan rite has atta*$ itself to *ur* fe/ivals4 ,9 ,albania on ,ea/] ,eve ! "y p light tor*es ( res9\s wood & m>* 9 procession1 sw++ !m1 ?r\gh ! village4 ,at la/ !y ?r[ ! tor*es into ! riv]1 cry+1 ,ha1 ,kore6 we ?r[ y into ! riv]1 l ^! tor*es1 t y may nev] return4 ,silesian peasants believe t on ,good ,friday ! wit*es g _! r\nds & h great p[] = mis*ief4 ,h5ce ab\t ,oels1 ne> ,/rehlitz1 ! p on t day arm !mselves ) old brooms & drive ! wit*es f h\se & home1 f f>my>d & cattle-/all1 mak+ a great upro> & clatt] z !y d s4 ,9 ,c5tral ,europe ! fav\rite "t = expell+ ! wit*es is1 or 01 ,walpurgis ,night1 ! ,eve ( ,may ,day1 :5 ! baleful p[]s ( ^! mis*iev\s be+s 7 suppos$ to be at _! height4 ,9 ! ,tyrol1 = example1 z 9 o!r places1 ! expulsion ( ! p[]s ( evil at ?is season goes by ! "n ( ,burn+ out ! ,wit*es4 ,x takes place on ,may ,day1 b p h be5 busy ) _! prep>ations = days be=e4 ,on a ,?ursday at midnight bundles are made up ( res9\s spl9t]s1 black & r$ spott$ hemlock1 cap]spurge1 rosem>y1 & twigs ( ! sloe4 ,^! are kept & burn$ on ,may ,day by m5 :o mu/ fir/ h receiv$ pl5>y absolution f ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! la/ ?ree days ( ,april all ! h\ses are cleans$ & fumigat$ ) junip] b]ries & rue4 ,on ,may ,day1 :5 ! ev5+ bell has rung & ! twilight is fall+1 ! c]emony ( ,burn+ out ! ,wit*es beg9s4 ,m5 & boys make a racket ) :ips1 bells1 pots1 & pans2 ! wom5 c>ry c5s]s2 ! dogs are un*a9$ & run b>k+ & yelp+ ab\t4 ,z soon z ! *ur* bells beg9 to r+1 ! bundles ( twigs1 fa/5$ on poles1 are set on fire & ! inc5se is ignit$4 ,!n all ! h\se-bells & d9n]-bells are rung1 pots & pans are cla%$1 dogs b>k1 e "o mu/ make a noise4 ,& amid ?is hubbub all scream at ! pit* ( _! voices3 ,wit* flee1 flee f "h1 or x w g ill ) !e4 ,!n !y run sev5 times r\nd ! h\ses1 ! y>ds1 & ! village4 ,s ! wit*es are smok$ out ( _! lurk+-places & driv5 away4 ,! cu/om ( expell+ ! wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night is /ill1 or 0 d[n to rec5t ye>s1 obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,bav>ia & among ! ,g]mans ( ,bohemia4 ,?us 9 ! ,bhm]-wald ,m\nta9s all ! "y fell[s ( ! village assemble aft] sunset on "s height1 especially at a cross-road1 & crack :ips = a :ile 9 unison ) all _! /r5g?4 ,?is drives away ! wit*es2 = s f> z ! s\nd ( ! :ips is he>d1 ^! malefic5t be+s c d no h>m4 ,9 "s places1 :ile ! "y m5 are crack+ _! :ips1 ! h]dsm5 w9d _! horns1 & ! long-drawn notes1 he>d f> (f 9 ! sil5ce ( night1 are v effectual = bann+ ! wit*es4 ,ano!r wit*+ "t is ! p]iod ( twelve days betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany4 ,h5ce 9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia ! p burn p9e-res9 all night long betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ! ,new ,ye> 9 ord] t ! pung5t smoke may drive wit*es & evil spirits f> away f h\se & home/ead2 & on ,*ri/mas ,eve & ,new ,ye>'s ,eve !y fire %ots ov] fields & mead[s1 into %rubs & trees1 & wrap /raw r\nd ! fruit-trees1 to prev5t ! spirits f do+ !m h>m4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 :i* is ,sa9t ,sylve/]'s ,day1 ,bohemian lads1 arm$ ) guns1 =m !mselves into circles & fire ?rice into ! air4 ,?is is call$ ,%oot+ ! ,wit*es & is suppos$ to fright5 ! wit*es away4 ,! la/ ( ! my/ic twelve days is ,epiphany or ,twelf? ,night1 & x has be5 select$ z a prop] season = ! expulsion ( ! p[]s ( evil 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?us at ,brunn51 on ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 boys g ab\t 9 procession on ,twelf? ,night c>ry+ tor*es & mak+ a great noise ) horns1 bells1 :ips1 & s =? to fright5 away two female spirits ( ! wood1 ,/rudeli & ,/rtteli4 ,! p ?9k t if !y d n make en\gh noise1 !re w be little fruit t ye>4 ,aga91 9 ,labruguire1 a canton ( ,s\!rn ,france1 on ! eve ( ,twelf? ,day ! p run ?r\gh ! /reets1 jangl+ bells1 clatt]+ kettles1 & do+ ev]y?+ to make a discordant noise4 ,!n by ! light ( tor*es & blaz+ faggots !y set up a prodigi\s hue & cry1 an e>-splitt+ upro>1 hop+ !reby to *ase all ! w&]+ gho/s & devils f ! t[n4 ,,lvii4 ,public ,scapegoats #a4 ,! ,expulsion ( ,embodi$ ,evils ,,?us f> we h dealt ) t class ( ! g5]al expulsion ( evils :i* ,i h call$ direct or imm$iate4 ,9 ?is class ! evils are invisible1 at lea/ to common eyes1 & ! mode ( deliv]ance consi/s = ! mo/ "p 9 beat+ ! empty air & rais+ su* a hubbub z may sc>e ! mis*iev\s spirits & put !m to flight4 ,x rema9s to illu/rate ! second class ( expulsions1 9 :i* ! evil influ5ces are embodi$ 9 a visible =m or are at lea/ suppos$ to be load$ ^u a mat]ial m$ium1 :i* acts z a vehicle to draw !m (f f ! p1 village1 or t[n4 ,! ,pomos ( ,cali=nia celebrate an expulsion ( devils e sev5 ye>s1 at :i* ! devils are repres5t$ by disguis$ m54 ,tw5ty or ?irty m5 array !mselves 9 h>lequ9 rig & b>b>ic pa9t1 & put vessels ( pit* on _! heads2 !n !y secretly g out into ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,^! are to p]sonify ! devils4 ,a h]ald goes up to ! top ( ! assembly-h\se1 & makes a spee* to ! multitude4 ,at a signal agre$ ^u 9 ! ev5+ ! masqu]ad]s come 9 f ! m\nta9s1 ) ! vessels ( pit* flam+ on _! heads1 & ) all ! frightful accessories ( noise1 motion1 & co/ume :i* ! savage m9d c devise 9 repres5tation ( demons4 ,! t]rifi$ wom5 & *ildr5 flee = life1 ! m5 huddle !m inside a circle1 &1 on ! pr9ciple ( fight+ ! devil ) fire1 !y sw+ blaz+ firebr&s 9 ! air1 yell1 :oop1 & make frantic da%es at ! m>aud+ & blood?ir/y devils1 s creat+ a t]rific spectacle1 & /rik+ great fe> into ! he>ts ( ! assembl$ hundr$s ( wom51 :o are scream+ & fa9t+ & cl++ to _! valor\s protectors4 ,f9ally ! devils succe$ 9 gett+ into ! assembly-h\se1 & ! brave/ ( ! m5 ent] & hold a p>ley ) !m4 ,z a conclusion ( ! :ole f>ce1 ! m5 summon c\rage1 ! devils are expell$ f ! assembly-h\se1 & ) a prodigi\s r[ & racket ( %am fight+ are *as$ away into ! m\nta9s4 ,9 spr+1 z soon z ! will[-leaves 7 full gr[n on ! banks ( ! riv]1 ! ,m&an ,indians celebrat$ _! great annual fe/ival1 "o ( ! features ( :i* 0 ! expulsion ( ! devil4 ,a man1 pa9t$ black to repres5t ! devil1 ent]$ ! village f ! prairie1 *as$ & fright5$ ! wom51 & act$ ! "p ( a buffalo bull 9 ! buffalo dance1 ! object ( :i* 0 to ensure a pl5tiful supply ( buffaloes dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,f9ally he 0 *as$ f ! village1 ! wom5 pursu+ him ) hisses & gibes1 beat+ him ) /icks1 & pelt+ him ) dirt4 ,"s ( ! native tribes ( ,c5tral ,que5sl& believe 9 a noxi\s be+ call$ ,molonga1 :o pr[ls unse5 & w\ld kill m5 & violate wom5 if c]ta9 c]emonies 7 n p]=m$4 ,^! c]emonies la/ = five nights & consi/ ( dances1 9 :i* only m51 fanta/ically pa9t$ & adorn$1 take "p4 ,on ! fif? night ,molonga himself1 p]sonifi$ by a man trick$ out ) r$ o*re & fea!rs & c>ry+ a long fea!r-tipp$ spe>1 ru%es =? f ! d>kness at ! spectators & makes z if he w\ld run !m ?r\gh4 ,great is ! excitem5t1 l\d are ! %rieks & %\ts1 b aft] ano!r feign$ attack ! demon vani%es 9 ! gloom4 ,on ! la/ night ( ! ye> ! palace ( ! ,k+s ( ,cambodia is purg$ ( devils4 ,m5 pa9t$ z fi5ds are *as$ by elephants ab\t ! palace c\rts4 ,:5 !y h be5 expell$1 a consecrat$ ?read ( cotton is /ret*$ r\nd ! palace to keep !m out4 ,9 ,munz]abad1 a di/rict ( ,mysore 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 :5 *ol]a or smallpox has brok5 out 9 a p>i%1 ! inhabitants assemble & conjure ! demon ( ! disease into a wood5 image1 :i* !y c>ry1 g5]ally at midnight1 into ! next p>i%4 ,! inhabitants ( t p>i% 9 l mann] pass ! image on to _! neighb\rs1 & ?us ! demon is expell$ f "o village aft] ano!r1 until he comes to ! bank ( a riv] into :i* he is f9ally ?r[n4 ,(t5]1 h[ev]1 ! expell$ demons are n repres5t$ at all1 b are und]/ood to be pres5t invisibly 9 ! mat]ial & visible vehicle :i* conveys !m away4 ,"h1 aga91 x w be conv5i5t to di/+ui% betwe5 occasional & p]iodical expulsions4 ,we beg9 ) ! =m]4 #b4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle ,,! ,,vehicle :i* conveys away ! demons may be ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,a common "o is a little %ip or boat4 ,?us1 9 ! s\!rn di/rict ( ! isl& ( ,c]am1 :5 a :ole village suff]s f sickness1 a small %ip is made & fill$ ) rice1 tobacco1 eggs1 & s =?1 :i* h be5 contribut$ by all ! p4 ,a little sail is hoi/$ on ! %ip4 ,:5 all is ready1 a man calls out 9 a v l\d voice1 ,o all ye sicknesses1 ye smallpoxes1 agues1 measles1 etc41 :o h visit$ u s long & wa/$ u s sorely1 b :o n[ cease to plague u1 we h made ready ?is %ip = y1 & we h furni%$ y ) prov5d] suffici5t = ! voyage4 ,ye %all h no lack ( food nor ( betel-leaves nor ( areca nuts nor ( tobacco4 ,dep>t1 & sail away f u directly2 nev] come ne> u aga92 b g to a l& :i* is f> f "h4 ,let all ! tides & w9ds waft y spe$ily ?i!r1 & s convey y ?i!r t = ! "t to come we may live s\nd & well1 & t we may nev] see ! sun rise on y aga94 ,!n t5 or twelve m5 c>ry ! vessel to ! %ore1 & let x drift away ) ! l&-breeze1 feel+ conv9c$ t !y are free f sickness = ev]1 or at lea/ till ! next "t4 ,if sickness attacks !m aga91 !y are sure x is n ! same sickness1 b a diff]5t "o1 :i* 9 due "t !y dismiss 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! demon-lad5 b>k is lo/ to sight1 ! be>]s return to ! village1 :]eupon a man cries out1 ,! sicknesses are n[ gone1 vani%$1 expell$1 & sail$ away4 ,at ?is all ! p come runn+ out ( _! h\ses1 pass+ ! ^w f "o to ! o!r ) great joy1 beat+ on gongs & on t9kl+ in/rum5ts4 ,simil> c]emonies are commonly resort$ to 9 o!r ,ea/ ,indian isl&s4 ,?us 9 ,timor-laut1 to mislead ! demons :o are caus+ sickness1 a small proa1 conta9+ ! image ( a man & provision$ = a long voyage1 is all[$ to drift away ) w9d & tide4 ,z x is be+ laun*$1 ! p cry1 ,o sickness1 g f "h2 turn back2 :at d y "h 9 ?is poor l&8 ,?ree days aft] ?is c]emony a pig is kill$1 & "p ( ! fle% is (f]$ to ,dudilaa1 :o lives 9 ! sun4 ,"o ( ! olde/ m5 says1 ,old sir1 ,i besee* y make well ! gr&-*ildr51 *ildr51 wom51 & m51 t we may be able to eat pork & rice & to dr9k palmw9e4 ,i w keep my promise4 ,eat y\r %>e1 & make all ! p 9 ! village well4 ,if ! proa is /r&$ at any inhabit$ spot1 ! sickness w break out !re4 ,h5ce a /r&$ proa excites mu* al>m among/ ! coa/ population1 & !y imm$iately burn x1 because demons fly f fire4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,buru ! proa :i* c>ries away ! demons ( disease is ab\t tw5ty feet long1 rigg$ out ) sails1 o>s1 an*or1 & s on1 & well /ock$ ) provisions4 ,= a day & a night ! p beat gongs & drums1 & ru% ab\t to fright5 ! demons4 ,next morn+ t5 /alw>t "y m5 /rike ! p ) bran*es1 :i* h be5 previ\sly dipp$ 9 an e>!n pot ( wat]4 ,z soon z !y h done s1 !y run d[n to ! bea*1 put ! bran*es on bo>d ! proa1 laun* ano!r boat 9 great ha/e1 & t[ ! disease-burd5$ b>k f> out to sea4 ,!re !y ca/ x (f1 & "o ( !m calls out1 ,gr&fa!r ,smallpox1 g away--g will+ly away--g visit ano!r l&2 we h made y food ready = ! voyage1 we h n[ no?+ m to give4 ,:5 !y h l&$1 all ! p ba! toge!r 9 ! sea4 ,9 ?is c]emony ! reason = /rik+ ! p ) ! bran*es is cle>ly to rid !m ( ! disease-demons1 :i* are !n suppos$ to be transf]r$ to ! bran*es4 ,h5ce ! ha/e ) :i* ! bran*es are deposit$ 9 ! proa & t[$ away to sea4 ,s 9 ! inl& di/ricts ( ,c]am1 :5 smallpox or o!r sickness is rag+1 ! prie/ /rikes all ! h\ses ) consecrat$ bran*es1 :i* are !n ?r[n into ! riv]1 to be c>ri$ d[n to ! sea2 exactly z among/ ! ,wotyaks ( ,russia ! /icks :i* h be5 us$ = expell+ ! devils f ! village are ?r[n into ! riv]1 t ! curr5t may sweep ! baleful burd5 away4 ,! plan ( putt+ puppets 9 ! boat to repres5t sick p]sons1 9 ord] to lure ! demons aft] !m1 is n uncommon4 ,= example1 mo/ ( ! pagan tribes on ! coa/ ( ,borneo seek to drive away epidemic disease z foll[s4 ,!y c>ve "o or m r\gh human images f ! pi? ( ! sago palm & place !m on a small raft or boat or full-rigg$ ,malay %ip toge!r ) rice & o!r food4 ,! boat is deck$ ) blossoms ( ! areca palm & ) ribbons made f its leaves1 & ?us adorn$ ! little craft is all[$ to float out to sea ) ! ebb-tide1 be>+1 z ! p fondly ?9k or hope1 ! sickness away ) x4 ,(t5 ! vehicle :i* c>ries away ! collect$ demons or ills ( a :ole community is an animal or scapegoat4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india1 :5 *ol]a breaks out 9 a village1 e "o retires aft] sunset to 8 h\se4 ,! prie/s !n p>ade ! /reets1 tak+ f ! ro( ( ea* h\se a /raw1 :i* is burnt ) an (f]+ ( rice1 ghee1 & turm]ic1 at "s %r9e to ! ea/ ( ! village4 ,*ick5s daub$ ) v]milion are driv5 away 9 ! direction ( ! smoke1 & are believ$ to c>ry ! disease ) !m4 ,if !y fail1 goats are tri$1 & la/ ( all pigs4 ,:5 *ol]a rages among ! ,bh>s1 ,mallans1 & ,kurmis ( ,india1 !y take a goat or a buffalo--9 ei!r case ! animal mu/ be a female1 & z black z possible--!n hav+ ti$ "s gra91 cloves1 & r$ lead 9 a yell[ clo? on its back !y turn x out ( ! village4 ,! animal is conduct$ beyond ! b\nd>y & n all[$ to return4 ,sometimes ! buffalo is m>k$ ) a r$ pigm5t & driv5 to ! next village1 :]e he c>ries ! plague ) him4 ,among/ ! ,d9kas1 a pa/oral p ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 ea* family possesses a sacr$ c[4 ,:5 ! c\ntry is ?reat5$ ) w>1 fam9e1 or any o!r public calamity1 ! *iefs ( ! village require a p>ticul> family to surr5d] _! sacr$ c[ to s]ve z a scapegoat4 ,! animal is driv5 by ! wom5 to ! br9k ( ! riv] & across x to ! o!r bank1 !re to w&] 9 ! wild]ness & fall a prey to rav5+ bea/s4 ,!n ! wom5 return 9 sil5ce & )\t look+ beh9d !m2 7 !y to ca/ a backw>d glance1 !y imag9e t ! c]emony w\ld h no effect4 ,9 #aheg1 :5 ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u 7 suff]+ f a plague1 !y load$ a black llama ) ! clo!s ( ! plague-/rick5 p1 spr9kl$ br&y on ! clo!s1 & !n turn$ ! animal loose on ! m\nta9s1 hop+ t x w\ld c>ry ! pe/ away ) x4 ,occasionally ! scapegoat is a man4 ,= example1 f "t to "t ! gods us$ to w>n ! ,k+ ( ,ug&a t 8 foes ! ,banyoro 7 work+ magic aga9/ him & 8 p to make !m die ( disease4 ,to av]t su* a cata/rophe ! k+ w\ld s5d a scapegoat to ! fronti] ( ,bunyoro1 ! l& ( ! enemy4 ,! scapegoat consi/$ ( ei!r a man & a boy or a woman & h] *ild1 *os5 because ( "s m>k or bodily defect1 :i* ! gods _h not$ & by :i* ! victims 7 to be recognis$4 ,) ! human victims 7 s5t a c[1 a goat1 a f[l1 & a dog2 & a /rong gu>d escort$ !m to ! l& :i* ! god _h indicat$4 ,!re ! limbs ( ! victims 7 brok5 & !y 7 left to die a l+]+ dea? 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 be+ too crippl$ to crawl back to ,ug&a4 ,! disease or plague 0 ?\ght to h be5 ?us transf]r$ to ! victims & to h be5 convey$ back 9 _! p]sons to ! l& f :i* x came4 ,"s ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,*9a1 z a protection aga9/ pe/il5ce1 select a man ( great muscul> /r5g? to act ! "p ( scapegoat4 ,hav+ besme>$ 8 face ) pa9t1 he p]=ms _m antics ) ! view ( entic+ all pe/il5tial & noxi\s influ5ces to atta* !mselves to him only4 ,he is assi/$ by a prie/4 ,f9ally ! scapegoat1 hotly pursu$ by m5 & wom5 beat+ gongs & tom-toms1 is driv5 ) great ha/e out ( ! t[n or village4 ,9 ! ,punjaub a cure = ! murra9 is to hire a man ( ! ,*am> ca/e1 turn 8 face away f ! village1 br& him ) a r$-hot sickle1 & let him g out into ! jungle tak+ ! murra9 ) him4 ,he mu/ n look back4 #c4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle ,,! ,,m$iate expulsion ( evils by means ( a scapegoat or o!r mat]ial vehicle1 l ! imm$iate expulsion ( !m 9 invisible =m1 t5ds to become p]iodic1 & = a l reason4 ,?us e ye>1 g5]ally 9 ,m>*1 ! p ( ,leti1 ,moa1 & ,lakor1 isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 s5d away all _! diseases to sea4 ,!y make a proa ab\t six feet long1 rig x ) sails1 o>s1 rudd]1 & o!r ge>1 & e family deposits 9 its "s rice1 fruit1 a f[l1 two eggs1 insects t ravage ! fields1 & s on4 ,!n !y let x drift away to sea1 say+1 ,take away f "h all k9ds ( sickness1 take !m to o!r isl&s1 to o!r l&s1 di/ribute !m 9 places t lie ea/w>d1 :]e ! sun rises4 ,! ,biajas ( ,borneo annually s5d to sea a little b>k lad5 ) ! s9s & mis=tunes ( ! p4 ,! crew ( any %ip t falls 9 ) ! ill-om5$ b>k at sea w suff] all ! sorr[s ) :i* x is lad54 ,a l cu/om is annually obs]v$ by ! ,dusuns ( ! ,tu>an di/rict 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo4 ,! c]emony is ! mo/ important ( ! :ole ye>4 ,its aim is to br+ good luck to ! village dur+ ! ensu+ ye> by solemnly expell+ all ! evil spirits t may h collect$ 9 or ab\t ! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! la/ twelve mon?s4 ,! task ( r\t+ out ! demons & bani%+ !m devolves *iefly on wom54 ,dress$ 9 _! f9e/ array1 !y g 9 procession ?r\gh ! village4 ,"o ( !m c>ries a small suck+ pig 9 a basket on h] back2 & all ( !m be> w&s1 ) :i* !y belab\r ! little pig at ! appropriate mom5t2 its squeals help to attract ! vagrant spirits4 ,at e h\se ! wom5 dance & s+1 cla%+ ca/anets or cymbals ( brass & j+l+ bun*es ( little brass bells 9 bo? h&s4 ,:5 ! p]=mance has be5 repeat$ at e h\se 9 ! village1 ! procession defiles d[n to ! riv]1 & all ! evil spirits1 :i* ! p]=m]s h *as$ f ! h\ses1 foll[ !m to ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,!re a raft has be5 made ready & moor$ to ! bank4 ,x conta9s (f]+s ( food1 clo?1 cook+-pots1 & swords2 & ! deck is cr[d$ ) figures ( m51 wom51 animals1 & birds1 all made out ( ! leaves ( ! sago palm4 ,! evil spirits n[ emb>k on ! raft1 & :5 !y are all abo>d1 x is pu%$ (f & all[$ to float d[n ) ! curr5t1 c>ry+ ! demons ) x4 ,%\ld ! raft run agr\nd ne> ! village1 x is %ov$ (f ) all spe$1 le/ ! invisible pass5g]s %\ld seize ! opportunity ( l&+ & return+ to ! village4 ,f9ally1 ! suff]+s ( ! little pig1 ^: squeals s]v$ to decoy ! demons f _! lurk+-places1 are t]m9at$ by dea?1 = x is kill$ & its c>case ?r[n away4 ,e ye>1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! dry season1 ! ,nicob> ,isl&]s c>ry ! model ( a %ip ?r\gh _! villages4 ,! devils are *as$ out ( ! huts1 & driv5 on bo>d ! little %ip1 :i* is !n laun*$ & suff]$ to sail away ) ! w9d4 ,! c]emony has be5 describ$ by a cate*i/1 :o witness$ x at ,c> ,nicob> 9 ,july #ahig4 ,= ?ree days ! p 7 busy prep>+ two v l>ge float+ c>s1 %ap$ l canoes1 fitt$ ) sails1 & load$ ) c]ta9 leaves1 :i* possess$ ! valuable prop]ty ( expell+ devils4 ,:ile ! "y p 7 ?us engag$1 ! exorci/s & ! eld]s sat 9 a h\se s++ songs by turns2 b (t5 !y w\ld come =?1 pace ! bea* arm$ ) rods1 & =bid ! devil to ent] ! village4 ,! f\r? day ( ! solemnity bore a "n :i* means ,expell+ ! ,devil by ,sails4 ,9 ! ev5+ all ! villag]s assembl$1 ! wom5 br++ baskets ( a%es & bun*es ( devil-expell+ leaves4 ,^! leaves 7 !n di/ribut$ to ev]ybody1 old & "y4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 a b& ( robu/ m51 att5d$ by a gu>d ( exorci/s1 c>ri$ "o ( ! c>s d[n to ! sea on ! "r side ( ! village gravey>d1 & set x float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,z soon z !y _h return$1 ano!r b& ( m5 c>ri$ ! o!r c> to ! bea* & float$ x simil>ly 9 ! sea to ! left ( ! gravey>d4 ,! demon-lad5 b>ks be+ n[ laun*$1 ! wom5 ?rew a%es f ! %ore1 & ! :ole cr[d %\t$1 say+1 ,fly away1 devil1 fly away1 nev] come aga96 ,! w9d & ! tide be+ fav\rable1 ! canoes sail$ quickly away2 & t night all ! p fea/$ toge!r ) great joy1 because ! devil _h dep>t$ 9 ! direction ( ,*[ra4 ,a simil> expulsion ( devils takes place once a ye> 9 o!r ,nicob> villages2 b ! c]emonies are held at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t places4 ,among/ _m ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,*9a1 a great fe/ival is celebrat$ 9 ! ?ird mon? ( e ye>4 ,x is held by way ( a g5]al rejoic+ ov] :at ! p believe to be a total annihilation ( ! ills ( ! pa/ twelve mon?s4 ,! de/ruction is suppos$ to be effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,a l>ge e>!nw>e j> fill$ ) gunp[d]1 /ones1 & bits ( iron is buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,a tra9 ( gunp[d]1 communicat+ ) ! j>1 is !n laid2 & a mat* be+ appli$1 ! j> & its cont5ts are bl[n up4 ,! /ones & bits ( iron repres5t ! ills & disa/]s ( ! pa/ ye>1 & ! disp]sion ( !m by ! explosion is believ$ to remove ! ills & disa/]s !mselves4 ,! fe/ival is att5d$ ) mu* revell+ & drunk5ness4 ,at ,old ,calab> on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 ! devils & gho/s are1 or us$ to be1 publicly expell$ once 9 two ye>s4 ,among ! spirits ?us driv5 f _! haunts are ! s\ls ( all ! p :o di$ s9ce ! la/ lu/ration ( ! t[n4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks or a mon? be=e ! expulsion1 :i* accord+ to "o acc\nt takes place 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 rude effigies repres5t+ m5 & animals1 su* z crocodiles1 leop>ds1 elephants1 bullocks1 & birds1 are made ( wick]-"w or wood1 & be+ hung ) /rips ( clo? & b$iz5$ ) gew-gaws1 are set be=e ! door ( e h\se4 ,ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! day appo9t$ = ! c]emony ! :ole population turns out into ! /reets1 & proce$s ) a deaf5+ upro> & 9 a /ate ( ! wilde/ excitem5t to drive all lurk+ devils & gho/s into ! effigies1 9 ord] t !y may be bani%$ ) !m f ! abodes ( m54 ,= ?is purpose b&s ( p roam ?r\gh ! /reets knock+ on doors1 fir+ guns1 beat+ drums1 bl[+ on horns1 r++ bells1 clatt]+ pots & pans1 %\t+ & halloo+ ) might & ma91 9 %ort mak+ all ! noise x is possible = !m to raise4 ,! hubbub goes on till ! approa* ( dawn1 :5 x gradually subsides & ceases altoge!r at sunrise4 ,by ?is "t ! h\ses h be5 ?or\ghly swept1 & all ! fright5$ spirits are suppos$ to h huddl$ into ! effigies or _! flutt]+ drap]y4 ,9 ^! wick] figures are also deposit$ ! sweep+s ( ! h\ses & ! a%es ( ye/]day's fires4 ,!n ! demon-lad5 images are ha/ily snat*$ up1 c>ri$ 9 tumultu\s procession d[n to ! br9k ( ! riv]1 & ?r[n into ! wat] to ! tuck ( drums4 ,! ebb-tide be>s !m away seaw>d1 & ?us ! t[n is swept clean ( gho/s & devils = ano!r two ye>s4 ,simil> annual expulsions ( embodi$ evils are n unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,ea/] ,sunday ! gypsies ( ,s\!rn ,europe take a wood5 vessel l a b&-box1 :i* re/s cradle-wise on two cross pieces ( wood4 ,9 ?is !y place h]bs & simples1 toge!r ) ! dri$ c>case ( a snake1 or liz>d1 :i* e p]son pres5t mu/ fir/ h t\*$ ) 8 f+]s4 ,! vessel is !n wrapt 9 :ite & r$ wool1 c>ri$ by ! olde/ man f t5t to t5t1 & f9ally ?r[n into runn+ wat]1 n1 h[ev]1 be=e e memb] ( ! b& has spat into x once1 & ! sorc]ess has utt]$ "s spells ov] x4 ,!y believe t by p]=m+ ?is c]emony !y dispel all ! illnesses t w\ld o!rwise h afflict$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>2 & t if any "o f9ds ! vessel & op5s x out ( curiosity1 he & 8 w be visit$ by all ! maladies :i* ! o!rs h escap$4 ,! scapegoat by means ( :i* ! accumulat$ ills ( a :ole ye> are publicly expell$ is sometimes an animal4 ,= example1 among ! ,g>os ( ,assam1 besides ! sacrifices = individual cases ( illness1 !re are c]ta9 c]emonies :i* are obs]v$ once a ye> by a :ole community or village1 & are int5d$ to safegu>d its memb]s f dang]s ( ! =e/1 & f sickness & mi%ap dur+ ! com+ twelve mon?s4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is ! ,asongtata c]emony4 ,close to ! outskirts ( e big village a numb] ( /ones may be notic$ /uck into ! gr\nd1 app>5tly )\t ord] or me?od4 ,^! are kn[n by ! "n ( asong1 & on !m is (f]$ ! sacrifice :i* ! ,asongtata dem&s4 ,! sacrifice ( a goat takes place1 & a mon? lat]1 t ( a langur 7,entellus monkey7 or a bamboo-rat is consid]$ necess>y4 ,! animal *os5 has a rope fa/5$ r\nd its neck & is l$ by two m51 "o on ea* side ( x1 to e h\se 9 ! village4 ,x is tak5 inside ea* h\se 9 turn1 ! assembl$ villag]s1 mean:ile1 beat+ ! walls f ! outside1 to fright5 & drive out any evil spirits :i* may h tak5 up _! resid5ce )94 ,! r\nd ( ! village hav+ be5 made 9 ?is mann]1 ! monkey or rat is l$ to ! outskirts ( ! village1 kill$ by a bl[ ( a dao1 :i* disemb[els x1 & !n crucifi$ on bamboos set up 9 ! gr\nd4 ,r\nd ! crucifi$ animal long1 %>p bamboo /akes are plac$1 :i* =m *evaux de frise r\nd ab\t x4 ,^! commemorate ! days :5 su* def5ces surr\nd$ ! villages on all sides to keep (f human enemies1 & !y are n[ a symbol to w>d (f sickness & dang]s to life f ! wild animals ( ! =e/4 ,! langur requir$ = ! purpose is hunt$ d[n "s days be=e1 b %\ld x be f\nd impossible to cat* "o1 a br[n monkey may take its place2 a hulock may n be us$4 ,"h ! crucifi$ ape or rat is ! public scapegoat1 :i* by its vic>i\s suff]+s & dea? relieves ! p f all sickness & mi%ap 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,aga91 on "o day ( ! ye> ! ,bhotiyas ( ,juh>1 9 ! ,we/]n ,himalayas1 take a dog1 intoxicate him ) spirits & bhang or hemp1 & hav+ f$ him ) sweetmeats1 lead him r\nd ! village & let him loose4 ,!y !n *ase & kill him ) /icks & /ones1 & believe t1 :5 !y h done s1 no disease or mis=tune w visit ! village dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,breadalbane x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om on ,new ,ye>'s ,day to take a dog to ! door1 give him a bit ( bread1 & drive him out1 say+1 ,get away1 y dog6 ,:atev] dea? ( m5 or loss ( cattle w\ld happ5 9 ?is h\se to ! end ( ! pres5t ye>1 may x all light on y\r head6 ,on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 :i* 0 ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 ! ,jewi% high-prie/ laid bo? 8 h&s on ! head ( a live goat1 confess$ ov] x all ! iniquities ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 &1 hav+ !reby transf]r$ ! s9s ( ! p to ! bea/1 s5t x away into ! wild]ness4 ,! scapegoat ^u :om ! s9s ( ! p are p]iodically laid1 may also be a human be+4 ,at ,onit%a1 on ! ,nig]1 two human be+s us$ to be annually sacrific$ to take away ! s9s ( ! l&4 ,! victims 7 pur*as$ by public subscription4 ,all p]sons :o1 dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 _h fall5 into gross s9s1 su* z inc5di>ism1 !ft1 adult]y1 wit*craft1 & s =?1 7 expect$ to contribute #bh ngugas1 or a little ov] #b4 ,! money ?us collect$ 0 tak5 into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry & exp5d$ 9 ! pur*ase ( two sickly p]sons to be (f]$ z a sacrifice = all ^! abom9able crimes--"o = ! l& & "o = ! riv]4 ,a man f a neighb\r+ t[n 0 hir$ to put !m to dea?4 ,on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,febru>y #aheh ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,taylor witness$ ! sacrifice ( "o ( ^! victims4 ,! suff]] 0 a woman1 ab\t n9ete5 or tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,!y dragg$ h] alive along ! gr\nd1 face d[nw>ds1 f ! k+'s h\se to ! riv]1 a di/ance ( two miles1 ! cr[ds :o accompani$ h] cry+1 ,wick$ness6 wick$ness6 ,! int5tion 0 to take away ! iniquities ( ! l&4 ,! body 0 dragg$ along 9 a m]ciless mann]1 z if ! weight ( all _! wick$ness 0 ?us c>ri$ away4 ,simil> cu/oms are said to be /ill secretly practis$ e ye> by _m tribes 9 ! delta ( ! ,nig] 9 spite ( ! vigilance ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,among ! ,yoruba negroes ( ,we/ ,africa ! human victim *os5 = sacrifice1 & :o may be ei!r a freeborn or a slave1 a p]son ( noble or weal?y p>5tage1 or "o ( humble bir?1 is1 aft] he has be5 *os5 & m>k$ out = ! purpose1 call$ an ,oluwo4 ,he is always well f$ & n\ri%$ & suppli$ ) :atev] he %\ld desire dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 conf9em5t4 ,:5 ! occasion arrives = him to be sacrific$ & (f]$ up1 he is commonly l$ ab\t & p>ad$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! t[n or city ( ! ,sov]eign :o w\ld sacrifice him = ! well-be+ ( 8 gov]nm5t & ( e family & individual "u x1 9 ord] t he might c>ry (f ! s91 guilt1 mis=tune & dea? ( all )\t exception4 ,a%es & *alk w\ld be employ$ to hide 8 id5tity by ! "o be+ freely ?r[n ov] 8 head1 & 8 face pa9t$ ) ! latt]1 :il/ individuals w\ld (t5 ru% out ( _! h\ses to lay _! h&s ^u him t !y might ?us transf] to him _! s91 guilt1 tr\ble1 & dea?4 ,?is p>ade ov]1 he is tak5 to an inn] sanctu>y & behead$4 ,8 la/ words or dy+ groans are ! signal = an outbur/ ( joy among ! p assembl$ outside1 :o believe t ! sacrifice has be5 accept$ & ! div9e wra? appeas$4 ,9 ,siam x us$ to be ! cu/om on "o day ( ! ye> to s+le out a woman brok5 d[n by debau*]y1 & c>ry h] on a litt] ?r\gh all ! /reets to ! music ( drums & hautboys4 ,! mob insult$ h] & pelt$ h] ) dirt2 & aft] hav+ c>ri$ h] ?r\gh ! :ole city1 !y ?rew h] on a dunghill or a h$ge ( ?orns outside ! ramp>ts1 =bidd+ h] ev] to ent] ! walls aga94 ,!y believ$ t ! woman ?us drew ^u h]self all ! malign influ5ces ( ! air & ( evil spirits4 ,! ,bataks ( ,sumatra (f] ei!r a r$ horse or a buffalo z a public sacrifice to purify ! l& & obta9 ! fav\r ( ! gods4 ,=m]ly1 x is said1 a man 0 b\nd to ! same /ake z ! buffalo1 & :5 !y kill$ ! animal1 ! man 0 driv5 away2 no "o might receive him1 conv]se ) him1 or give him food4 ,d\btless he 0 suppos$ to c>ry away ! s9s & mis=tunes ( ! p4 ,sometimes ! scapegoat is a div9e animal4 ,! p ( ,malab> %>e ! ,h9doo rev]5ce = ! c[1 to kill & eat :i* !y e/eem to be a crime z he9\s z homicide or wilful murd]4 ,nev]!less ! ,bramans transf] ! s9s ( ! p into "o or m ,c[s1 :i* are !n c>ry'd away1 bo? ! ,c[s & ! ,s9s :]e) ^! ,bea/s are *>g$1 to :at place ! ,braman %all appo9t4 ,:5 ! anci5t ,egyptians sacrific$ a bull1 !y invok$ ^u its head all ! evils t might o!rwise befall !mselves & ! l& ( ,egypt1 & !reupon !y ei!r sold ! bull's head to ! ,greeks or ca/ x into ! riv]4 ,n[1 x _c be said t 9 ! times kn[n to u ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ bulls 9 g5]al1 = !y seem to h commonly kill$ & eat5 !m4 ,b a good _m circum/ances po9t to ! conclusion t orig9ally all cattle1 bulls z well z c[s1 7 held sacr$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,= n only 7 all c[s e/eem$ holy by !m & nev] sacrific$1 b ev5 bulls might n be sacrific$ unless !y _h c]ta9 natural m>ks2 a prie/ exam9$ e bull be=e x 0 sacrific$2 if x _h ! prop] m>ks1 he put 8 seal on ! animal 9 tok5 t x might be sacrific$2 & if a man sacrific$ a bull :i* _h n be5 seal$1 he 0 put to dea?4 ,moreov]1 ! wor%ip ( ! black bulls ,apis & ,mnevis1 especially ! =m]1 play$ an important "p 9 ,egyptian religion2 all bulls t di$ a natural dea? 7 c>efully buri$ 9 ! suburbs ( ! cities1 & _! bones 7 aft]w>ds collect$ f all p>ts ( ,egypt & int]r$ 9 a s+le spot2 & at ! sacrifice ( a bull 9 ! great rites ( ,isis all ! wor%ipp]s beat _! brea/s & m\rn$4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we are p]haps entitl$ to inf] t bulls 7 orig9ally1 z c[s 7 always1 e/eem$ sacr$ by ! ,egyptians1 & t ! sla9 bull ^u ^: head !y laid ! mis=tunes ( ! p 0 once a div9e scapegoat4 ,x seems n improbable t ! lamb annually sla9 by ! ,madis ( ,c5tral ,africa is a div9e scapegoat1 & ! same supposition may p>tly expla9 ! ,zuni sacrifice ( ! turtle4 ,la/ly1 ! scapegoat may be a div9e man4 ,?us1 9 ,novemb] ! ,gonds ( ,india wor%ip ,ghansyam ,deo1 ! protector ( ! crops1 & at ! fe/ival ! god himself is said to desc5d on ! head ( "o ( ! wor%ipp]s1 :o is sudd5ly seiz$ ) a k9d ( fit &1 aft] /agg]+ ab\t1 ru%es (f into ! jungle1 :]e x is believ$ t1 if left to himself1 he w\ld die mad4 ,h[ev]1 !y br+ him back1 b he does n recov] 8 s5ses = "o or two days4 ,! p ?9k t "o man is ?us s+l$ out z a scapegoat = ! s9s ( ! re/ ( ! village4 ,9 ! temple ( ! ,moon ! ,albanians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caucasus kept a numb] ( sacr$ slaves1 ( :om _m 7 inspir$ & prophesi$4 ,:5 "o ( ^! m5 exhibit$ m ?an usual symptoms ( inspiration or insanity1 & w&]$ solit>y up & d[n ! woods1 l ! ,gond 9 ! jungle1 ! high prie/ _h him b\nd ) a sacr$ *a9 & ma9ta9$ him 9 luxury = a ye>4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> he 0 ano9t$ ) ungu5ts & l$ =? to be sacrific$4 ,a man ^: bus9ess x 0 to slay ^! human victims & to :om practice _h giv5 dext]ity1 advanc$ f ! cr[d & ?ru/ a sacr$ spe> into ! victim's side1 pi]c+ 8 he>t4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! sla9 man fell1 om5s 7 drawn z to ! welf>e ( ! commonweal?4 ,!n ! body 0 c>ri$ to a c]ta9 spot :]e all ! p /ood ^u x z a purificatory c]emony4 ,?is la/ circum/ance cle>ly indicates t ! s9s ( ! p 7 transf]r$ to ! victim1 j z ! ,jewi% prie/ transf]r$ ! s9s ( ! p to ! scapegoat by lay+ 8 h&s on ! animal's head2 & s9ce ! man 0 believ$ to be possess$ by ! div9e _s1 we h "h an und\bt$ example ( a man-god sla9 to take away ! s9s & mis=tunes ( ! p4 ,9 ,tibet ! c]emony ( ! scapegoat pres5ts "s rem>kable features4 ,! ,tibetan new ye> beg9s ) ! new moon :i* appe>s ab\t ! fifte5? ( ,febru>y4 ,= tw5ty-?ree days aft]w>ds ! gov]nm5t ( ,lhasa1 ! capital1 is tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! ord9>y rul]s & entru/$ to ! monk ( ! ,debang mona/]y :o (f]s to pay ! highe/ sum = ! privilege4 ,! successful bidd] is call$ ! ,jalno1 & he ann\nces 8 accession to p[] 9 p]son1 go+ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,lhasa ) a silv] /ick 9 8 h&4 ,monks f all ! neighb\r+ mona/]ies & temples assemble to pay him homage4 ,! ,jalno ex]cises 8 au?ority 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann] = 8 own b5efit1 z all ! f9es :i* he exacts are 8 by pur*ase4 ,! pr(it he makes is ab\t t5 times ! am\nt ( ! pur*ase money4 ,8 m5 g ab\t ! /reets 9 ord] to discov] any conduct on ! "p ( ! inhabitants t c be f\nd fault )4 ,e h\se 9 ,lhasa is tax$ at ?is "t1 & ! slighte/ (f5ce is puni%$ ) unsp>+ rig\r by f9es4 ,?is sev]ity ( ! ,jalno drives all work+ classes out ( ! city till ! tw5ty-?ree days are ov]4 ,b if ! laity g out1 ! cl]gy come 94 ,all ! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies ( ! c\ntry = miles r\nd ab\t op5 _! gates & disgorge _! inmates4 ,all ! roads t lead d[n into ,lhasa f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s are full ( monks hurry+ to ! capital1 "s on foot1 "s on horseback1 "s rid+ asses or l[+ ox51 all c>ry+ _! pray]-books & cul9>y ut5sils4 ,9 su* multitudes d !y come t ! /reets & squ>es ( ! city are encumb]$ ) _! sw>ms1 & inc>nad9$ ) _! r$ cloaks4 ,! disord] & confusion are indescribable4 ,b&s ( ! holy m5 trav]se ! /reets *ant+ pray]s1 or utt]+ wild cries4 ,!y meet1 !y jo/le1 !y qu>rel1 !y fight2 bloody noses1 black eyes1 & brok5 heads are freely giv5 & receiv$4 ,all day long1 too1 f be=e ! peep ( dawn till aft] d>kness has fall51 ^! r$-cloak$ monks hold s]vices 9 ! dim inc5se-lad5 air ( ! great ,ma*9drana? temple1 ! ca!dral ( ,lhasa2 & ?i!r !y cr[d ?rice a day to receive _! doles ( tea & s\p & money4 ,! ca!dral is a va/ build+1 /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! city1 & surr\nd$ by baza>s & %ops4 ,! idols 9 x are ri*ly inlaid ) gold & preci\s /ones4 ,tw5ty-f\r days aft] ! ,jalno has ceas$ to h au?ority1 he assumes x aga91 & = t5 days acts 9 ! same arbitr>y mann] z be=e4 ,on ! fir/ ( ! t5 days ! prie/s aga9 assemble at ! ca!dral1 pray to ! gods to prev5t sickness & o!r evils among ! p1 &1 z a peace-(f]+1 sacrifice "o man4 ,! man is n kill$ purposely1 b ! c]emony he und]goes (t5 proves fatal4 ,gra9 is ?r[n aga9/ 8 head1 & 8 face is pa9t$ half :ite1 half black4 ,?us grotesquely disguis$1 & c>ry+ a coat ( sk9 on 8 arm1 he is call$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s1 & sits daily 9 ! m>ket-place1 :]e he helps himself to :atev] he likes & goes ab\t %ak+ a black yak's tail ov] ! p1 :o ?us transf] _! bad luck to him4 ,on ! t5? day1 all ! troops 9 ,lhasa m>* to ! great temple & =m 9 l9e be=e x4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s is br\ght =? f ! temple & receives small donations f ! assembl$ multitude4 ,he !n ridicules ! ,jalno1 say+ to him1 ,:at we p]ceive ?r\gh ! five s5ses is no illusion4 ,all y tea* is untrue1 & ! l4 ,! ,jalno1 :o repres5ts ! ,gr& ,lama = ! "t be+1 conte/s ^! h]etical op9ions2 ! dispute waxes w>m1 & at la/ bo? agree to decide ! que/ions at issue by a ca/ ( ! dice1 ! ,jalno (f]+ to *ange places ) ! scapegoat %\ld ! ?r[ be aga9/ him4 ,if ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s w9s1 mu* evil is progno/icat$2 b if ! ,jalno w9s1 !re is great rejoic+1 = x proves t 8 adv]s>y has be5 accept$ by ! gods z a victim to be> all ! s9s ( ! p ( ,lhasa4 ,=tune1 h[ev]1 always fav\rs ! ,jalno1 :o ?r[s sixes ) unv>y+ success1 :ile 8 oppon5t turns up only ones4 ,nor is ?is s extraord9>y z at fir/ sight x might appe>2 = ! ,jalno's dice are m>k$ ) no?+ b sixes & 8 adv]s>y's ) no?+ b ones4 ,:5 he sees ! f+] ( ,provid5ce ?us pla9ly po9t$ aga9/ him1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s is t]rifi$ & flees away ^u a :ite horse1 ) a :ite dog1 a :ite bird1 salt1 & s =?1 :i* h all be5 provid$ = him by ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 face is /ill pa9t$ half :ite & half black1 & he /ill we>s 8 lea!rn coat4 ,! :ole populace pursues him1 hoot+1 yell+1 & fir+ blank %ots 9 volleys aft] him4 ,?us driv5 out ( ! city1 he is deta9$ = sev5 days 9 ! great *amb] ( horrors at ! ,samyas mona/]y1 surr\nd$ by mon/r\s & t]rific images ( devils & sk9s ( huge s]p5ts & wild bea/s4 ,!nce he goes away into ! m\nta9s ( ,*etang1 :]e he has to rema9 an outca/ = sev]al mon?s or a ye> 9 a n>r[ d54 ,if he dies be=e ! "t is out1 ! p say x is an auspici\s om52 b if he survives1 he may return to ,lhasa & play ! "p ( scapegoat ov] aga9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is qua9t c]emonial1 /ill annually obs]v$ 9 ! seclud$ capital ( ,buddhism--! ,rome ( ,asia--is int]e/+ because x exhibits1 9 a cle>ly m>k$ religi\s /ratification1 a s]ies ( div9e r$eem]s !mselves r$eem$1 ( vic>i\s sacrifices vic>i\sly aton$ =1 ( gods und]go+ a process ( fossilisation1 :o1 :ile !y reta9 ! privileges1 h disburd5$ !mselves ( ! pa9s & p5alties ( div9ity4 ,9 ! ,jalno we may )\t undue /ra9+ disc]n a successor ( ^? tempor>y k+s1 ^? mortal gods1 :o pur*ase a %ort lease ( p[] & glory at ! price ( _! lives4 ,t he is ! tempor>y sub/itute ( ! ,gr& ,lama is c]ta92 t he is1 or 0 once1 liable to act z scapegoat = ! p is made ne>ly c]ta9 by 8 (f] to *ange places ) ! real scapegoat--! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s--if ! arbitram5t ( ! dice %\ld g aga9/ him4 ,x is true t ! conditions "u :i* ! "q is n[ put to ! haz>d h r$uc$ ! (f] to an idle =m4 ,b su* =ms are no m]e mu%room gr[?s1 spr++ up ( !mselves 9 a night4 ,if !y are n[ lifeless =malities1 empty husks devoid ( significance1 we may be sure t !y once _h a life & a mean+2 if at ! pres5t day !y are bl9d alleys lead+ n[h]e1 we may be c]ta9 t 9 =m] days !y 7 pa?s t l$ some:]e1 if only to dea?4 ,t dea? 0 ! goal to :i* ( old ! ,tibetan scapegoat pass$ aft] 8 brief p]iod ( lic5ce 9 ! m>ket-place1 is a conjecture t has mu* to comm5d x4 ,analogy sugge/s x2 ! blank %ots fir$ aft] him1 ! /atem5t t ! c]emony (t5 proves fatal1 ! belief t 8 dea? is a happy om51 all confirm x4 ,we ne$ n wond] !n t ! ,jalno1 aft] pay+ s de> to act z deputy-deity = a few weeks1 %\ld h pref]r$ to die by deputy r ?an 9 8 own p]son :5 8 "t 0 up4 ,! pa9ful b necess>y duty 0 accord+ly laid on "s poor devil1 "s social outca/1 "s wret* ) :om ! _w _h gone h>d1 :o readily agre$ to ?r[ away 8 life at ! end ( a few days if only he might h 8 fl+ 9 ! meantime4 ,= obs]ve t :ile ! "t all[$ to ! orig9al deputy--! ,jalno--0 measur$ by weeks1 ! "t all[$ to ! deputy's deputy 0 cut d[n to days1 t5 days accord+ to "o au?ority1 sev5 days accord+ to ano!r4 ,s %ort a rope 0 d\btless ?\ght a long en\gh te!r = s black or sickly a %eep2 s few s&s 9 ! h\r-glass1 slipp+ s fa/ away1 suffic$ = "o :o _h wa/$ s _m preci\s ye>s4 ,h5ce 9 ! jack-pudd+ :o n[ masqu]ades ) motley c\nt5ance 9 ! m>ket-place ( ,lhasa1 sweep+ up mis=tune ) a black yak's tail1 we may fairly see ! sub/itute ( a sub/itute1 ! vic> ( a vic>1 ! proxy on ^: back ! heavy burd5 0 laid :5 x _h be5 lift$ f nobl] %\ld]s4 ,b ! clue1 if we h foll[$ x aright1 does n /op at ! ,jalno2 x leads /raight back to ! pope ( ,lhasa himself1 ! ,gr& ,lama1 ( :om ! ,jalno is m]ely ! tempor>y vic>4 ,! analogy ( _m cu/oms 9 _m l&s po9ts to ! conclusion t1 if ?is human div9ity /oops to resign 8 gho/ly p[] = a "t into ! h&s ( a sub/itute1 x is1 or r 0 once1 = no o!r reason ?an t ! sub/itute might die 9 8 /ead4 ,?us ?r\gh ! mi/ ( ages unillum9$ by ! lamp ( hi/ory1 ! tragic figure ( ! pope ( ,buddhism--,god's vic> on e>? = ,asia--looms dim & sad z ! man-god :o bore 8 p's sorr[s1 ! ,good ,%eph]d :o laid d[n 8 life = ! %eep4 #d4 ,on ,scapegoats 9 ,g5]al ,,! ,,=ego+ survey ( ! cu/om ( publicly expell+ ! accumulat$ evils ( a village or t[n or c\ntry sugge/s a few g5]al obs]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w n be disput$ t :at ,i h call$ ! imm$iate & ! m$iate expulsions ( evil are id5tical 9 int5tion2 9 o!r words1 t :e!r ! evils are conceiv$ ( z invisible or z embodi$ 9 a mat]ial =m1 is a circum/ance entirely subord9ate to ! ma9 object ( ! c]emony1 :i* is simply to effect a total cle>ance ( all ! ills t h be5 infe/+ a p4 ,if any l9k 7 want+ to connect ! two k9ds ( expulsion1 x w\ld be furni%$ by su* a practice z t ( s5d+ ! evils away 9 a litt] or a boat4 ,= "h1 on ! "o h&1 ! evils are invisible & intangible2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a visible & tangible vehicle to convey !m away4 ,& a scapegoat is no?+ m ?an su* a vehicle4 ,9 ! second place1 :5 a g5]al cle>ance ( evils is resort$ to p]iodically1 ! int]val betwe5 ! celebrations ( ! c]emony is commonly a ye>1 & ! "t ( ye> :5 ! c]emony takes place usually co9cides ) "s well-m>k$ *ange ( season1 su* z ! beg9n+ or end ( w9t] 9 ! arctic & temp]ate zones1 & ! beg9n+ or end ( ! ra9y season 9 ! tropics4 ,! increas$ mortality :i* su* climatic *anges are apt to produce1 especially among/ ill-f$1 ill-clo!d1 & ill-h\s$ savages1 is set d[n by primitive man to ! ag5cy ( demons1 :o mu/ accord+ly be expell$4 ,h5ce1 9 ! tropical regions ( ,new ,brita9 & ,p]u1 ! devils are or 7 driv5 out at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season2 h5ce1 on ! dre>y coa/s ( ,baff9 ,l&1 !y are bani%$ at ! approa* ( ! bitt] ,arctic w9t]4 ,:5 a tribe has tak5 to husb&ry1 ! "t = ! g5]al expulsion ( devils is naturally made to agree ) "o ( ! great epo*s ( ! agricultural ye>1 z s[+1 or h>ve/2 b1 z ^! epo*s !mselves naturally co9cide ) *anges ( season1 x does n foll[ t ! transition f ! hunt+ or pa/oral to ! agricultural life involves any alt]ation 9 ! "t ( celebrat+ ?is great annual rite4 ,"s ( ! agricultural communities ( ,india & ! ,h9doo ,koo%1 z we h se51 hold _! g5]al cle>ance ( demons at h>ve/1 o!rs at s[+-"t4 ,b1 at :atev] season ( ! ye> x is held1 ! g5]al expulsion ( devils commonly m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>4 ,=1 be=e ent]+ on a new ye>1 p are anxi\s to rid !mselves ( ! tr\bles t h h>ass$ !m 9 ! pa/2 h5ce x comes ab\t t 9 s _m communities ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye> is inaugurat$ ) a solemn & public bani%m5t ( evil spirits4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is to be obs]v$ t ?is public & p]iodic expulsion ( devils is commonly prec$$ or foll[$ by a p]iod ( g5]al lic5se1 dur+ :i* ! ord9>y re/ra9ts ( society are ?r[n aside1 & all (f5ces1 %ort ( ! grave/1 are all[$ to pass unpuni%$4 ,9 ,gu9ea & ,tonqu9 ! p]iod ( lic5se prec$es ! public expulsion ( demons2 & ! susp5sion ( ! ord9>y gov]nm5t 9 ,lhasa previ\s to ! expulsion ( ! scapegoat is p]haps a relic ( a simil> p]iod ( univ]sal lic5se4 ,among/ ! ,hos ( ,india ! p]iod ( lic5se foll[s ! expulsion ( ! devil4 ,among/ ! ,iroquois x h>dly appe>s :e!r x prec$$ or foll[$ ! bani%m5t ( evils4 ,9 any case1 ! extraord9>y relaxation ( all ord9>y rules ( conduct on su* occasions is d\btless to be expla9$ by ! g5]al cle>ance ( evils :i* prec$es or foll[s x4 ,on ! "o h&1 :5 a g5]al riddance ( evil & absolution f all s9 is 9 imm$iate prospect1 m5 are enc\rag$ to give ! re9 to _! passions1 tru/+ t ! com+ c]emony w wipe out ! score :i* !y are runn+ up s fa/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! c]emony has j tak5 place1 m5's m9ds are fre$ f ! oppressive s5se1 "u :i* !y g5]ally lab\r1 ( an atmosph]e sur*>g$ ) devils2 & 9 ! fir/ revulsion ( joy !y ov]leap ! limits commonly impos$ by cu/om & morality4 ,:5 ! c]emony takes place at h>ve/-"t1 ! elation ( feel+ :i* x excites is fur!r /imulat$ by ! /ate ( physical wellbe+ produc$ by an abundant supply ( food4 ,f\r?ly1 ! employm5t ( a div9e man or animal z a scapegoat is especially to be not$2 inde$1 we are "h directly conc]n$ ) ! cu/om ( bani%+ evils only 9 s f> z ^! evils are believ$ to be transf]r$ to a god :o is aft]w>ds sla94 ,x may be suspect$ t ! cu/om ( employ+ a div9e man or animal z a public scapegoat is mu* m widely diffus$ ?an appe>s f ! examples cit$4 ,=1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! cu/om ( kill+ a god dates f s e>ly a p]iod ( human hi/ory t 9 lat] ages1 ev5 :5 ! cu/om cont9ues to be practis$1 x is liable to be mis9t]pret$4 ,! div9e "* ( ! animal or man is =gott51 & he comes to be reg>d$ m]ely z an ord9>y victim4 ,?is is especially likely to be ! case :5 x is a div9e man :o is kill$4 ,= :5 a nation becomes civilis$1 if x does n drop human sacrifices altoge!r1 x at lea/ selects z victims only su* wret*es z w\ld be put to dea? at any rate4 ,?us ! kill+ ( a god may sometimes come to be conf\nd$ ) ! execution ( a crim9al4 ,if we ask :y a dy+ god %\ld be *os5 to take ^u himself & c>ry away ! s9s & sorr[s ( ! p1 x may be sugge/$ t 9 ! practice ( us+ ! div9ity z a scapegoat we h a comb9ation ( two cu/oms :i* 7 at "o "t di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,on ! "o h& we h se5 t x has be5 cu/om>y to kill ! human or animal god 9 ord] to save 8 div9e life f be+ weak5$ by ! inroads ( age4 ,on ! o!r h& we h se5 t x has be5 cu/om>y to h a g5]al expulsion ( evils & s9s once a ye>4 ,n[1 if x occurr$ to p to comb9e ^! two cu/oms1 ! result w\ld be ! employm5t ( ! dy+ god z a scapegoat4 ,he 0 kill$1 n orig9ally to take away s91 b to save ! div9e life f ! deg5]acy ( old age2 b1 s9ce he _h to be kill$ at any rate1 p may h ?\ght t !y might z well seize ! opportunity to lay ^u him ! burd5 ( _! suff]+s & s9s1 9 ord] t he might be> x away ) him to ! unkn[n _w beyond ! grave4 ,! use ( ! div9ity z a scapegoat cle>s up ! ambiguity :i*1 z we saw1 appe>s to hang ab\t ! ,european folk-cu/om ( c>ry+ out ,dea?4 ,gr\nds h be5 %[n = believ+ t 9 ?is c]emony ! s-call$ ,dea? 0 orig9ally ! _s ( vegetation1 :o 0 annually sla9 9 spr+1 9 ord] t he might come to life aga9 ) all ! vig\r ( y\?4 ,b1 z ,i po9t$ out1 !re are c]ta9 features 9 ! c]emony :i* are n explicable on ?is hypo!sis alone4 ,su* are ! m>ks ( joy ) :i* ! effigy ( ,dea? is c>ri$ out to be buri$ or burnt1 & ! fe> & abhorr5ce ( x manife/$ by ! be>]s4 ,b ^! features become at once intelligible if we suppose t ! ,dea? 0 n m]ely ! dy+ god ( vegetation1 b also a public scapegoat1 ^u :om 7 laid all ! evils t _h afflict$ ! p dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,joy on su* an occasion is natural & appropriate2 & if ! dy+ god appe>s to be ! object ( t fe> & abhorr5ce :i* are prop]ly due n to himself1 b to ! s9s & mis=tunes ) :i* he is lad51 ?is arises m]ely f ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+1 or at lea/ ( m>k+ ! di/9ction1 betwe5 ! be>] & ! burd54 ,:5 ! burd5 is ( a baleful "*1 ! be>] ( x w be fe>$ & %unn$ j z mu* z if he 7 himself in/9ct ) ^? dang]\s prop]ties ( :i*1 z x happ5s1 he is only ! vehicle4 ,simil>ly we h se5 t disease-lad5 & s9-lad5 boats are dread$ & %unn$ by ,ea/ ,indian peoples4 ,aga91 ! view t 9 ^! popul> cu/oms ! ,dea? is a scapegoat z well z a repres5tative ( ! div9e _s ( vegetation d]ives "s support f ! circum/ance t its expulsion is always celebrat$ 9 spr+ & *iefly by ,slavonic peoples4 ,= ! ,slavonic ye> began 9 spr+2 & ?us1 9 "o ( its aspects1 ! c]emony ( c>ry+ out ,dea? w\ld be an example ( ! widespread cu/om ( expell+ ! accumulat$ evils ( ! old ye> be=e ent]+ on a new "o4 ,,lviii4 ,human ,scapegoats 9 ,classical ,antiquity #a4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,rome ,,we are n[ prep>$ to notice ! use ( ! human scapegoat 9 classical antiquity4 ,e ye> on ! f\rte5? ( ,m>* a man clad 9 sk9s 0 l$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome1 beat5 ) long :ite rods1 & driv5 out ( ! city4 ,he 0 call$ ,mamurius ,veturius1 t is1 ! old ,m>s1 & z ! c]emony took place on ! day prec$+ ! fir/ full moon ( ! old ,roman ye> 7:i* began on ! fir/ ( ,m>*71 ! sk9-clad man mu/ h repres5t$ ! ,m>s ( ! pa/ ye>1 :o 0 driv5 out at ! beg9n+ ( a new "o4 ,n[ ,m>s 0 orig9ally n a god ( w> b ( vegetation4 ,= x 0 to ,m>s t ! ,roman husb&man pray$ = ! prosp]ity ( 8 corn & 8 v9es1 8 fruit-trees & 8 copses2 x 0 to ,m>s t ! prie/ly college ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to sacrifice = ! gr[? ( ! crops1 address$ _! petitions almo/ exclusively2 & x 0 to ,m>s1 z we saw1 t a horse 0 sacrific$ 9 ,octob] to secure an abundant h>ve/4 ,moreov]1 x 0 to ,m>s1 "u 8 title ( ,m>s ( ! woods 7,m>s ,silvanus71 t f>m]s (f]$ sacrifice = ! welf>e ( _! cattle4 ,we h already se5 t cattle are commonly suppos$ to be "u ! special patronage ( tree-gods4 ,once m1 ! consecration ( ! v]nal mon? ( ,m>* to ,m>s seems to po9t him out z ! deity ( ! spr\t+ vegetation4 ,?us ! ,roman cu/om ( expell+ ! old ,m>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye> 9 spr+ is id5tical ) ! ,slavonic cu/om ( c>ry+ out ,dea?1 if ! view "h tak5 ( ! latt] cu/om is correct4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,roman & ,slavonic cu/oms has be5 already rem>k$ by s*ol>s1 :o appe>1 h[ev]1 to h tak5 ,mamurius ,veturius & ! correspond+ figures 9 ! ,slavonic c]emonies to be repres5tatives ( ! old ye> r ?an ( ! old god ( vegetation4 ,x is possible t c]emonies ( ?is k9d may h come to be ?us int]pret$ 9 lat] times ev5 by ! p :o practis$ !m4 ,b ! p]sonification ( a p]iod ( "t is too ab/ract an idea to be primitive4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,roman1 z 9 ! ,slavonic1 c]emony1 ! repres5tative ( ! god appe>s to h be5 treat$ n only z a deity ( vegetation b also z a scapegoat4 ,8 expulsion implies ?is2 = !re is no reason :y ! god ( vegetation1 z su*1 %\ld be expell$ f ! city4 ,b x is o!rwise if he is also a scapegoat2 x !n becomes necess>y to drive him beyond ! b\nd>ies1 t he may c>ry 8 sorr[ful burd5 away to o!r l&s4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,mamurius ,veturius appe>s to h be5 driv5 away to ! l& ( ! ,oscans1 ! enemies ( ,rome4 #b4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,greece ,,! ,,anci5t ,greeks 7 also famili> ) ! use ( a human scapegoat4 ,9 ,plut>*'s native t[n ( ,*a]onea a c]emony ( ?is k9d 0 p]=m$ by ! *ief magi/rate at ! ,t[n ,hall1 & by ea* h\sehold] at 8 own home4 ,x 0 call$ ! expulsion ( hung]4 ,a slave 0 beat5 ) rods ( ! agnus ca/us1 & turn$ out ( doors ) ! words1 ,out ) hung]1 & 9 ) weal? & heal?4 ,:5 ,plut>* held ! (fice ( *ief magi/rate ( 8 native t[n he p]=m$ ?is c]emony at ! ,t[n ,hall1 & he has record$ ! discussion to :i* ! cu/om aft]w>ds gave rise4 ,b 9 civilis$ ,greece ! cu/om ( ! scapegoat took d>k] =ms ?an ! innoc5t rite ov] :i* ! amiable & pi\s ,plut>* presid$4 ,:5ev] ,m>seilles1 "o ( ! busie/ & mo/ brilliant ( ,greek colonies1 0 ravag$ by a plague1 a man ( ! poor] classes us$ to (f] himself z a scapegoat4 ,= a :ole ye> he 0 ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se1 be+ f$ on *oice & pure food4 ,at ! expiry ( ! ye> he 0 dress$ 9 sacr$ g>m5ts1 deck$ ) holy bran*es1 & l$ ?r\gh ! :ole city1 :ile pray]s 7 utt]$ t all ! evils ( ! p might fall on 8 head4 ,he 0 !n ca/ out ( ! city or /on$ to dea? by ! p outside ( ! walls4 ,! ,a!nians regul>ly ma9ta9$ a numb] ( degrad$ & useless be+s at ! public exp5se2 & :5 any calamity1 su* z plague1 dr\ght1 or fam9e1 befell ! city1 !y sacrific$ two ( ^! outca/ scapegoats4 ,"o ( ! victims 0 sacrific$ = ! m5 & ! o!r = ! wom54 ,! =m] wore r\nd 8 neck a /r+ ( black1 ! latt] a /r+ ( :ite figs4 ,sometimes1 x seems1 ! victim sla9 on behalf ( ! wom5 0 a woman4 ,!y 7 l$ ab\t ! city & !n sacrific$1 app>5tly by be+ /on$ to dea? outside ! city4 ,b su* sacrifices 7 n conf9$ to extraord9>y occasions ( public calamity2 x appe>s t e ye>1 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia 9 ,may1 two victims1 "o = ! m5 & "o = ! wom51 7 l$ out ( ,a!ns & /on$ to dea?4 ,! city ( ,abd]a 9 ,?race 0 publicly purifi$ once a ye>1 & "o ( ! burgh]s1 set ap>t = ! purpose1 0 /on$ to dea? z a scapegoat or vic>i\s sacrifice = ! life ( all ! o!rs2 six days be=e 8 execution he 0 excommunicat$1 9 ord] t he alone might be> ! s9s ( all ! p4 ,f ! ,lov]'s ,leap1 a :ite bluff at ! s\!rn end ( _! isl&1 ! ,leucadians us$ annually to hurl a crim9al into ! sea z a scapegoat4 ,b to light5 8 fall !y fa/5$ live birds & fea!rs to him1 & a flotilla ( small boats wait$ bel[ to cat* him & convey him beyond ! b\nd>y4 ,probably ^! humane precautions 7 a mitigation ( an e>li] cu/om ( fl++ ! scapegoat into ! sea to dr[n4 ,! ,leucadian c]emony took place at ! "t ( a sacrifice to ,apollo1 :o _h a temple or sanctu>y on ! spot4 ,else:]e x 0 cu/om>y to ca/ a "y man e ye> into ! sea1 ) ! pray]1 ,be ?\ our (fsc\r+4 ,?is c]emony 0 suppos$ to rid ! p ( ! evils by :i* !y 7 beset1 or accord+ to a some:at diff]5t int]pretation x r$eem$ !m by pay+ ! debt !y ow$ to ! sea-god4 ,z practis$ by ! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! six? c5tury be=e our era1 ! cu/om ( ! scapegoat 0 z foll[s4 ,:5 a city suff]$ f plague1 fam9e1 or o!r public calamity1 an ugly or de=m$ p]son 0 *os5 to take ^u himself all ! evils :i* afflict$ ! community4 ,he 0 br\ght to a suitable place1 :]e dri$ figs1 a b>ley loaf1 & *eese 7 put into 8 h&4 ,^! he ate4 ,!n he 0 beat5 sev5 times ^u 8 g5ital organs ) squills & bran*es ( ! wild fig & o!r wild trees1 :ile ! flutes play$ a p>ticul> tune4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 burn$ on a pyre built ( ! wood ( =e/ trees2 & 8 a%es 7 ca/ into ! sea4 ,a simil> cu/om appe>s to h be5 annually celebrat$ by ! ,asiatic ,greeks at ! h>ve/ fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia4 ,9 ! ritual j describ$ ! sc\rg+ ( ! victim ) squills1 bran*es ( ! wild fig1 & s =?1 _c h be5 int5d$ to aggravate 8 suff]+s1 o!rwise any /ick w\ld h be5 good en\gh to beat him )4 ,! true mean+ ( ?is "p ( ! c]emony has be5 expla9$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt4 ,he po9ts out t ! anci5ts attribut$ to squills a magical p[] ( av]t+ evil influ5ces1 & t accord+ly !y hung !m up at ! doors ( _! h\ses & made use ( !m 9 purificatory rites4 ,h5ce ! ,arcadian cu/om ( :ipp+ ! image ( ,pan ) squills at a fe/ival1 or :5ev] ! hunt]s return$ empty-h&$1 mu/ h be5 meant1 n to puni% ! god1 b to purify him f ! h>mful influ5ces :i* 7 imp$+ him 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 div9e functions z a god :o %\ld supply ! hunt] ) game4 ,simil>ly ! object ( beat+ ! human scapegoat on ! g5ital organs ) squills & s on1 mu/ h be5 to release 8 reproductive en]gies f any re/ra9t or spell "u :i* !y might be laid by demoniacal or o!r malignant ag5cy2 & z ! ,?>gelia at :i* he 0 annually sacrific$ 0 an e>ly h>ve/ fe/ival celebrat$ 9 ,may1 we mu/ recognise 9 him a repres5tative ( ! creative & f]tilis+ god ( vegetation4 ,! repres5tative ( ! god 0 annually sla9 = ! purpose ,i h indicat$1 t ( ma9ta9+ ! div9e life 9 p]petual vig\r1 unta9t$ by ! weakness ( age2 & be=e he 0 put to dea? x 0 n unnatural to /imulate 8 reproductive p[]s 9 ord] t ^! might be transmitt$ 9 full activity to 8 successor1 ! new god or new embodim5t ( ! old god1 :o 0 d\btless suppos$ imm$iately to take ! place ( ! "o sla94 ,simil> reason+ w\ld lead to a simil> treatm5t ( ! scapegoat on special occasions1 su* z dr\ght or fam9e4 ,if ! crops did n answ] to ! expectation ( ! husb&man1 ?is w\ld be attribut$ to "s failure 9 ! g5]ative p[]s ( ! god ^: function x 0 to produce ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,x might be ?\ght t he 0 "u a spell or 0 gr[+ old & feeble4 ,accord+ly he 0 sla9 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative1 ) all ! c]emonies already describ$1 9 ord] t1 born "y aga91 he might infuse 8 own y\?ful vig\r into ! /agnant en]gies ( nature4 ,on ! same pr9ciple we c und]/& :y ,mamurius ,veturius 0 beat5 ) rods1 :y ! slave at ! ,*a]onean c]emony 0 beat5 ) ! agnus ca/us 7a tree to :i* magical prop]ties 7 ascrib$71 :y ! effigy ( ,dea? 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe is assail$ ) /icks & /ones1 & :y at ,babylon ! crim9al :o play$ ! god sc\rg$ be=e he 0 crucifi$4 ,! purpose ( ! sc\rg+ 0 n to int5sify ! agony ( ! div9e suff]]1 b on ! contr>y to dispel any malignant influ5ces by :i* at ! supreme mom5t he might conceivably be beset4 ,?us f> ,i h assum$ t ! human victims at ! ,?>gelia repres5t$ ! spirits ( vegetation 9 g5]al1 b x has be5 well rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton t ^! poor wret*es seem to h masqu]ad$ z ! spirits ( fig-trees 9 p>ticul>4 ,he po9ts out t ! process ( caprification1 z x is call$1 t is1 ! artificial f]tilisation ( ! cultivat$ fig-trees by hang+ /r+s ( wild figs among ! b\ghs1 takes place 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or 9 ,june ab\t a mon? aft] ! date ( ! ,?>gelia1 & he sugge/s t ! hang+ ( ! black & :ite figs r\nd ! necks ( ! two human victims1 "o ( :om repres5t$ ! m5 & ! o!r ! wom51 may h be5 a direct imitation ( ! process ( caprification design$1 on ! pr9ciple ( imitative magic1 to assi/ ! f]tilisation ( ! fig-trees4 ,& s9ce caprification is 9 fact a m>riage ( ! male fig-tree ) ! female fig-tree1 ,mr4 ,paton fur!r supposes t ! loves ( ! trees may1 on ! same pr9ciple ( imitative magic1 h be5 simulat$ by a mock or ev5 a real m>riage betwe5 ! two human victims1 "o ( :om appe>s sometimes to h be5 a woman4 ,on ?is view ! practice ( beat+ ! human victims on _! g5itals ) bran*es ( wild fig-trees & ) squills 0 a *>m int5d$ to /imulate ! g5]ative p[]s ( ! man & woman :o = ! "t be+ p]sonat$ ! male & ! female fig-trees respectively1 & :o by _! union 9 m>riage1 :e!r real or pret5d$1 7 believ$ to help ! trees to be> fruit4 ,! int]pretation :i* ,i h adopt$ ( ! cu/om ( beat+ ! human scapegoat ) c]ta9 plants is support$ by _m analogies4 ,?us among ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 a man wi%es to make 8 banana %oots be> fruit quickly1 he beats !m ) a /ick cut f a banana-tree :i* has already borne fruit4 ,"h x is obvi\s t fruitfulness is believ$ to inh]e 9 a /ick cut f a fruitful tree & to be imp>t$ by contact to ! "y banana plants4 ,simil>ly 9 ,new ,cal$onia a man w beat 8 t>o plants lightly ) a bran*1 say+ z he does s1 ,i beat ?is t>o t x may gr[1 aft] :i* he plants ! bran* 9 ! gr\nd at ! end ( ! field4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,brazil at ! m\? ( ! ,amazon1 :5 a man wi%es to increase ! size ( 8 g5]ative organ1 he /rikes x ) ! fruit ( a :ite aquatic plant call$ an+a1 :i* gr[s luxuriantly on ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,! fruit1 :i* is in$ible1 resembles a banana1 & is cle>ly *os5 = ?is purpose on acc\nt ( its %ape4 ,! c]emony %\ld be p]=m$ ?ree days be=e or aft] ! new moon4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,bekes1 9 ,hung>y1 b>r5 wom5 are f]tilis$ by be+ /ruck ) a /ick :i* has fir/ be5 us$ to sep>ate pair+ dogs4 ,"h a f]tilis+ virtue is cle>ly suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 ! /ick & to be convey$ by contact to ! wom54 ,! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes ?9k t ! plant ,draca5a t]m9alis has a /rong s\l1 because :5 x is lopp$1 x soon gr[s up aga94 ,h5ce :5 a man is ill1 8 fri5ds w sometimes beat him on ! cr[n ( ! head ) ,draca5a leaves 9 ord] to /r5g!n 8 weak s\l ) ! /rong s\l ( ! plant4 ,^! analogies1 accord+ly1 support ! int]pretation :i*1 foll[+ my pr$ecessors ,w4 ,mannh>dt & ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 ,i h giv5 ( ! beat+ inflict$ on ! human victims at ! ,greek h>ve/ fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia4 ,t beat+1 be+ adm9i/]$ to ! g5]ative organs ( ! victims by fre% gre5 plants & bran*es1 is mo/ naturally expla9$ z a *>m to increase ! reproductive en]gies ( ! m5 or wom5 ei!r by communicat+ to !m ! fruitfulness ( ! plants & bran*es1 or by ridd+ !m ( ! malefic5t influ5ces2 & ?is int]pretation is confirm$ by ! obs]vation t ! two victims repres5t$ ! two sexes1 "o ( !m /&+ = ! m5 9 g5]al & ! o!r = ! wom54 ,! season ( ! ye> :5 ! c]emony 0 p]=m$1 namely ! "t ( ! corn h>ve/1 tallies well ) ! !ory t ! rite _h an agricultural significance4 ,fur!r1 t x 0 above all int5d$ to f]tilise ! fig-trees is /rongly sugge/$ by ! /r+s ( black & :ite figs :i* 7 hung r\nd ! necks ( ! victims1 z well z by ! bl[s :i* 7 giv5 _! g5ital organs ) ! bran*es ( a wild fig-tree2 s9ce ?is proc$ure closely resembles ! proc$ure :i* anci5t & mod]n husb&m5 9 ,greek l&s h regul>ly resort$ to = ! purpose ( actually f]tilis+ _! fig-trees4 ,:5 we rememb] :at an important "p ! artificial f]tilisation ( ! date palm-tree appe>s to h play$ ( old n only 9 ! husb&ry b 9 ! religion ( ,mesopotamia1 !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! artificial f]tilisation ( ! fig-tree may 9 l mann] h v9dicat$ = itself a place 9 ! solemn ritual ( ,greek religion4 ,if ^! consid]ations are j1 we mu/ app>5tly conclude t :ile ! human victims at ! ,?>gelia c]ta9ly appe> 9 lat] classical times to h figur$ *iefly z public scapegoats1 :o c>ri$ away ) !m ! s9s1 mis=tunes1 & sorr[s ( ! :ole p1 at an e>li] "t !y may h be5 look$ on z embodim5ts ( vegetation1 p]haps ( ! corn b p>ticul>ly ( ! fig-trees2 & t ! beat+ :i* !y receiv$ & ! dea? :i* !y di$ 7 int5d$ prim>ily to brace & refre% ! p[]s ( vegetation !n beg9n+ to droop & langui% "u ! torrid heat ( ! ,greek summ]4 ,! view "h tak5 ( ! ,greek scapegoat1 if x is correct1 obviates an objection :i* might o!rwise be br\ght aga9/ ! ma9 argum5t ( ?is book4 ,to ! !ory t ! prie/ ( ,aricia 0 sla9 z a repres5tative ( ! _s ( ! grove1 x might h be5 object$ t su* a cu/om has no analogy 9 classical antiquity4 ,b reasons h n[ be5 giv5 = believ+ t ! human be+ p]iodically & occasionally sla9 by ! ,asiatic ,greeks 0 regul>ly treat$ z an embodim5t ( a div9ity ( vegetation4 ,probably ! p]sons :om ! ,a!nians kept to be sacrific$ 7 simil>ly treat$ z div9e4 ,t !y 7 social outca/s did n matt]4 ,on ! primitive view a man is n *os5 to be ! m\?-piece or embodim5t ( a god on acc\nt ( 8 high moral qualities or social rank4 ,! div9e afflatus desc5ds equally on ! good & ! bad1 ! l(ty & ! l[ly4 ,if !n ! civilis$ ,greeks ( ,asia & ,a!ns habitually sacrific$ m5 :om !y reg>d$ z inc>nate gods1 !re c be no inh]5t improbability 9 ! supposition t at ! dawn ( hi/ory a simil> cu/om 0 obs]v$ by ! semib>b>\s ,lat9s 9 ! ,arician ,grove4 ,b to cl9* ! argum5t1 x is cle>ly desirable to prove t ! cu/om ( putt+ to dea? a human repres5tative ( a god 0 kn[n & practis$ 9 anci5t ,italy else:]e ?an 9 ! ,arician ,grove4 ,?is pro( ,i n[ propose to adduce4 #c4 ,! ,roman ,saturnalia ,,we h se5 t _m peoples h be5 us$ to obs]ve an annual p]iod ( lic5se1 :5 ! cu/om>y re/ra9ts ( law & morality are ?r[n aside1 :5 ! :ole population give !mselves up to extravagant mir? & jollity1 & :5 ! d>k] passions f9d a v5t :i* w\ld nev] be all[$ !m 9 ! m /aid & sob] c\rse ( ord9>y life4 ,su* outbur/s ( ! p5t-up =ces ( human nature1 too (t5 deg5]at+ into wild orgies ( lu/ & crime1 occur mo/ commonly at ! end ( ! ye>1 & are frequ5tly associat$1 z ,i h _h occasion to po9t out1 ) "o or o!r ( ! agricultural seasons1 especially ) ! "t ( s[+ or ( h>ve/4 ,n[1 ( all ^! p]iods ( lic5se ! "o :i* is be/ kn[n & :i* 9 mod]n language has giv5 its "n to ! re/1 is ! ,saturnalia4 ,?is fam\s fe/ival fell 9 ,decemb]1 ! la/ mon? ( ! ,roman ye>1 & 0 popul>ly suppos$ to commemorate ! m]ry reign ( ,saturn1 ! god ( s[+ & ( husb&ry1 :o liv$ on e>? long ago z a righte\s & b5efic5t k+ ( ,italy1 drew ! rude & scatt]$ dwell]s on ! m\nta9s toge!r1 taught !m to till ! gr\nd1 gave !m laws1 & rul$ 9 peace4 ,8 reign 0 ! fabl$ ,gold5 ,age3 ! e>? br\ght =? abundantly3 no s\nd ( w> or discord tr\bl$ ! happy _w3 no baleful love ( lucre work$ l poison 9 ! blood ( ! indu/ri\s & cont5t$ peasantry4 ,slav]y & private prop]ty 7 alike unkn[n3 all m5 _h all ?+s 9 common4 ,at la/ ! good god1 ! k9dly k+1 vani%$ sudd5ly2 b 8 memory 0 *]i%$ to di/ant ages1 %r9es 7 re>$ 9 8 hon\r1 & _m hills & high places 9 ,italy bore 8 "n4 ,yet ! bright tradition ( 8 reign 0 cross$ by a d>k %ad[3 8 alt>s are said to h be5 /a9$ ) ! blood ( human victims1 = :om a m m]ciful age aft]w>ds sub/itut$ effigies4 ,( ?is gloomy side ( ! god's religion !re is little or no trace 9 ! descriptions :i* anci5t writ]s h left u ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,fea/+ & revelry & all ! mad pursuit ( pleasure are ! features t seem to h especially m>k$ ?is c>nival ( antiquity1 z x w5t on = sev5 days 9 ! /reets & public squ>es & h\ses ( anci5t ,rome f ! sev5te5? to ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,decemb]4 ,b no feature ( ! fe/ival is m rem>kable1 no?+ 9 x seems to h /ruck ! anci5ts !mselves m ?an ! lic5se grant$ to slaves at ?is "t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! free & ! s]vile classes 0 tempor>ily aboli%$4 ,! slave might rail at 8 ma/]1 intoxicate himself l 8 bett]s1 sit d[n at table ) !m1 & n ev5 a ^w ( repro( w\ld be adm9i/]$ to him = conduct :i* at any o!r season might h be5 puni%$ ) /ripes1 imprisonm5t1 or dea?4 ,nay1 m1 ma/]s actually *ang$ places ) _! slaves & wait$ on !m at table2 & n till ! s]f _h done eat+ & dr9k+ 0 ! bo>d cle>$ & d9n] set = 8 ma/]4 ,s f> 0 ?is inv]sion ( ranks c>ri$1 t ea* h\sehold became = a "t a mimic republic 9 :i* ! high (fices ( /ate 7 dis*>g$ by ! slaves1 :o gave _! ord]s & laid d[n ! law z if !y 7 inde$ inve/$ ) all ! dignity ( ! consul%ip1 ! praetor%ip1 & ! b5*4 ,l ! pale reflection ( p[] ?us accord$ to bondsm5 at ! ,saturnalia 0 ! mock k+%ip = :i* freem5 ca/ lots at ! same season4 ,! p]son on :om ! lot fell enjoy$ ! title ( k+1 & issu$ comm&s ( a playful & ludicr\s nature to 8 tempor>y subjects4 ,"o ( !m he might ord] to mix ! w9e1 ano!r to dr9k1 ano!r to s+1 ano!r to dance1 ano!r to speak 9 8 own dispraise1 ano!r to c>ry a flute-girl on 8 back r\nd ! h\se4 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t ! lib]ty all[$ to slaves at ?is fe/ive season 0 suppos$ to be an imitation ( ! /ate ( society 9 ,saturn's "t1 & t 9 g5]al ! ,saturnalia pass$ = no?+ m or less ?an a tempor>y revival or re/oration ( ! reign ( t m]ry mon>*1 we are tempt$ to surmise t ! mock k+ :o presid$ ov] ! revels may h orig9ally repres5t$ ,saturn himself4 ,! conjecture is /rongly confirm$1 if n e/abli%$1 by a v curi\s & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,saturnalia 0 celebrat$ by ! ,roman soldi]s /ation$ on ! ,danube 9 ! reign ( ,maximian & ,diocletian4 ,! acc\nt is pres]v$ 9 a n>rative ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius1 :i* 0 une>!d f a ,greek manuscript 9 ! ,p>is libr>y1 & publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,franz ,cumont ( ,gh5t4 ,two brief] descriptions ( ! ev5t & ( ! cu/om are conta9$ 9 manuscripts at ,milan & ,b]l92 "o ( !m _h already se5 ! light 9 an obscure volume pr9t$ at ,urb9o 9 #agbg1 b its importance = ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 appe>s to h be5 ov]look$ until ,pr(essor ,cumont drew ! att5tion ( s*ol>s to all ?ree n>ratives by publi%+ !m toge!r "s ye>s ago4 ,accord+ to ^! n>ratives1 :i* h all ! appe>ance ( be+ au!ntic1 & ( :i* ! longe/ is probably bas$ on (ficial docum5ts1 ! ,roman soldi]s at ,duro/orum 9 ,l[] ,moesia celebrat$ ! ,saturnalia ye> by ye> 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,?irty days be=e ! fe/ival !y *ose by lot f among/ !mselves a "y & h&some man1 :o 0 !n clo!d 9 royal attire to resemble ,saturn4 ,?us array$ & att5d$ by a multitude ( soldi]s he w5t ab\t 9 public ) full lic5se to indulge 8 passions & to ta/e ( e pleasure1 h[ev] base & %ameful4 ,b if 8 reign 0 m]ry1 x 0 %ort & end$ tragically2 = :5 ! ?irty days 7 up & ! fe/ival ( ,saturn _h come1 he cut 8 own ?roat on ! alt> ( ! god :om he p]sonat$4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #cjc ! lot fell ^u ! ,*ri/ian soldi] ,dasius1 b he refus$ to play ! "p ( ! hea!n god & soil 8 la/ days by debau*]y4 ,! ?reats & argum5ts ( 8 comm&+ (fic] ,bassus fail$ to %ake 8 con/ancy1 & accord+ly he 0 behead$1 z ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrologi/ records ) m9ute accuracy1 at ,duro/orum by ! soldi] ,john on ,friday ! tw5tie? day ( ,novemb]1 be+ ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! moon1 at ! f\r? h\r4 ,s9ce ?is n>rative 0 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,cumont1 its hi/orical "*1 :i* _h be5 d\bt$ or d5i$1 has receiv$ /rong confirmation f an int]e/+ discov]y4 ,9 ! crypt ( ! ca!dral :i* cr[ns ! promontory ( ,ancona !re is pres]v$1 among o!r rem>kable antiquities1 a :ite m>ble s>cophagus be>+ a ,greek inscription1 9 *>act]s ( ! age ( ,ju/9ian1 to ! foll[+ effect3 ,"h lies ! holy m>tyr ,dasius1 br\ght f ,duro/orum4 ,! s>cophagus 0 transf]r$ to ! crypt ( ! ca!dral 9 #ahdh f ! *ur* ( ,san ,pellegr9o1 "u ! high alt> ( :i*1 z we le>n f a ,lat9 inscription let into ! masonry1 ! m>tyr's bones /ill repose ) ^? ( two o!r sa9ts4 ,h[ long ! s>cophagus 0 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,pellegr9o1 we d n "k2 b x is record$ to h be5 !re 9 ! ye> #afej4 ,we may suppose t ! sa9t's relics 7 transf]r$ = safety to ,ancona at "s "t 9 ! tr\bl$ c5turies :i* foll[$ 8 m>tyrdom1 :5 ,moesia 0 occupi$ & ravag$ by successive hordes ( b>b>ian invad]s4 ,at all ev5ts x appe>s c]ta9 f ! indep5d5t & mutually confirmatory evid5ce ( ! m>tyrology & ! monum5ts t ,dasius 0 no my?ical sa9t1 b a real man1 :o suff]$ dea? = 8 fai? at ,duro/orum 9 "o ( ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,f9d+ ! n>rative ( ! nameless m>tyrologi/ ?us e/abli%$ z to ! pr9cipal fact record$1 namely1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius1 we may reasonably accept 8 te/imony z to ! mann] & cause ( ! m>tyrdom1 all ! m because 8 n>rative is precise1 circum/antial1 & entirely free f ! miracul\s elem5t4 ,accord+ly ,i conclude t ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ! celebration ( ! ,saturnalia among ! ,roman soldi]s is tru/wor?y4 ,?is acc\nt sets 9 a new & lurid light ! (fice ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 ! anci5t ,"l ( ,misrule1 :o presid$ ov] ! w9t] revels at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,horace & ,tacitus4 ,x seems to prove t 8 bus9ess _h n always be5 t ( a m]e h>lequ9 or m]ry-&rew ^: only c>e 0 t ! revelry %\ld run high & ! fun gr[ fa/ & furi\s1 :ile ! fire blaz$ & crackl$ on ! he>?1 :ile ! /reets sw>m$ ) fe/ive cr[ds1 & ?r\gh ! cle> fro/y air1 f> away to ! nor?1 ,soracte %[$ 8 coronal ( sn[4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is comic mon>* ( ! gay1 ! civilis$ metropolis ) 8 grim c\nt]p>t ( ! rude camp on ! ,danube1 & :5 we rememb] ! long array ( simil> figures1 ludicr\s yet tragic1 :o 9 o!r ages & 9 o!r l&s1 we>+ mock cr[ns & wrapp$ 9 sceptr$ palls1 h play$ _! little pranks = a few brief h\rs or days1 !n pass$ be=e _! "t to a viol5t dea?1 we c h>dly d\bt t 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia at ,rome1 z he is depict$ by classical writ]s1 we see only a feeble emasculat$ copy ( t orig9al1 ^: /rong features h be5 =tunately pres]v$ = u by ! obscure au?or ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m>tyrologi/'s acc\nt ( ! ,saturnalia agrees s closely ) ! acc\nts ( simil> rites else:]e :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 kn[n to him1 t ! sub/antial accuracy ( 8 description may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$2 & fur!r1 s9ce ! cu/om ( putt+ a mock k+ to dea? z a repres5tative ( a god _c h gr[n out ( a practice ( appo9t+ him to preside ov] a holiday revel1 :]eas ! rev]se may v well h happ5$1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t 9 an e>li] & m b>b>\s age x 0 ! univ]sal practice 9 anci5t ,italy1 :]ev] ! wor%ip ( ,saturn prevail$1 to *oose a man :o play$ ! "p & enjoy$ all ! tradition>y privileges ( ,saturn = a season1 & !n di$1 :e!r by 8 own or ano!r's h&1 :e!r by ! knife or ! fire or on ! gall[s-tree1 9 ! "* ( ! good god :o gave 8 life = ! _w4 ,9 ,rome itself & o!r great t[ns ! gr[? ( civilisation _h probably mitigat$ ?is cruel cu/om long be=e ! ,augu/an age1 & trans=m$ x into ! innoc5t %ape x we>s 9 ! writ+s ( ! few classical writ]s :o be/[ a pass+ notice on ! holiday ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,b 9 remot] di/ricts ! old] & /]n] practice may long h surviv$2 & ev5 if aft] ! unification ( ,italy ! b>b>\s usage 0 suppress$ by ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 ! memory ( x w\ld be h&$ d[n by ! peasants & w\ld t5d f "t to "t1 z /ill happ5s ) ! l[e/ =ms ( sup]/ition among ourselves1 to lead to a recrudesc5ce ( ! practice1 especially among ! rude soldi]y on ! outskirts ( ! empire ov] :om ! once iron h& ( ,rome 0 beg9n+ to relax its grasp4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,saturnalia ( anci5t & ! ,c>nival ( mod]n ,italy has (t5 be5 rem>k$2 b 9 ! light ( all ! facts t h come be=e u1 we may well ask :e!r ! resemblance does n am\nt to id5tity4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,france1 t is1 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! influ5ce ( ,rome has be5 deepe/ & mo/ la/+1 a conspicu\s feature ( ! ,c>nival is a burlesque figure p]sonify+ ! fe/ive season1 :i* aft] a %ort c>e] ( glory & dissipation is publicly %ot1 burnt1 or o!rwise de/roy$1 to ! feign$ grief or g5u9e delight ( ! populace4 ,if ! view "h sugge/$ ( ! ,c>nival is correct1 ?is grotesque p]sonage is no o!r ?an a direct successor ( ! old ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 ! ma/] ( ! revels1 ! real man :o p]sonat$ ,saturn &1 :5 ! revels 7 ov]1 suff]$ a real dea? 9 8 assum$ "*4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,night & ! m$iaeval ,bi%op ( ,fools1 ,abbot ( ,unreason1 or ,"l ( ,misrule are figures ( ! same sort & may p]haps h _h a simil> orig94 ,:e!r t 0 s or n1 we may conclude ) a fair degree ( probability t if ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,aricia liv$ & di$ z an inc>nation ( a sylvan deity1 he _h ( old a p>allel at ,rome 9 ! m5 :o1 ye> by ye>1 7 sla9 9 ! "* ( ,k+ ,saturn1 ! god ( ! s[n & spr\t+ se$4 ,,lix4 ,kill+ ! ,god 9 ,mexico ,,by ,,no ,,p does ! cu/om ( sacrific+ ! human repres5tative ( a god appe> to h be5 obs]v$ s commonly & ) s mu* solemnity z by ! ,aztecs ( anci5t ,mexico4 ,) ! ritual ( ^! rem>kable sacrifices we are well acqua9t$1 = x has be5 fully describ$ by ! ,spani>ds :o conqu]$ ,mexico 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ^: curiosity 0 naturally excit$ by ! discov]y 9 ?is di/ant region ( a b>b>\s & cruel religion :i* pres5t$ _m curi\s po9ts ( analogy to ! doctr9e & ritual ( _! own *ur*4 ,!y took a captive1 says ! ,jesuit ,aco/a1 su* z !y ?\ght good2 & a=e !y did sacrifice him unto _! idols1 !y gave him ! "n ( ! idol1 to :om he %\ld be sacrific$1 & app>ell$ him ) ! same ornam5ts l _! idol1 say+1 t he did repres5t ! same idol4 ,& dur+ ! "t t ?is repres5tation la/$1 :i* 0 = a ye> 9 "s fea/s1 9 o!rs six mon?s1 & 9 o!rs less1 !y rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$ him 9 ! same mann] z ! prop] idol2 & 9 ! meantime he did eat1 dr9k1 & 0 m]ry4 ,:5 he w5t ?r\gh ! /reets1 ! p came =? to wor%ip him1 & e "o br\ght him an alms1 ) *ildr5 & sick folks1 t he might cure !m1 & bless !m1 suff]+ him to d all ?+s at 8 pleasure1 only he 0 accompani$ ) t5 or twelve m5 le/ he %\ld fly4 ,& he 7to ! end he might be rev]5c$ z he pass$7 sometimes s\nd$ ^u a small flute1 t ! p might prep>e to wor%ip him4 ,! fea/ be+ come1 & he gr[n fat1 !y kill$ him1 op5$ him1 & ate him1 mak+ a solemn sacrifice ( him4 ,?is g5]al description ( ! cu/om may n[ be illu/rat$ by p>ticul> examples4 ,?us at ! fe/ival call$ ,toxcatl1 ! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ,mexican ye>1 a "y man 0 annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( ,tezcatlipoca1 ! god ( gods1 aft] hav+ be5 ma9ta9$ & wor%ipp$ z t great deity 9 p]son = a :ole ye>4 ,accord+ to ! old ,franciscan monk ,sahagun1 our be/ au?ority on ! ,aztec religion1 ! sacrifice ( ! human god fell at ,ea/] or a few days lat]1 s t1 if he is "r1 x w\ld correspond 9 date z well z 9 "* to ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,m exactly he tells u t ! sacrifice took place on ! fir/ day ( ! fif? ,aztec mon?1 :i* accord+ to him began on ! tw5ty-?ird or tw5ty-sev5? day ( ,april4 ,at ?is fe/ival ! great god di$ 9 ! p]son ( "o human repres5tative & came to life aga9 9 ! p]son ( ano!r1 :o 0 de/9$ to enjoy ! fatal hon\r ( div9ity = a ye> & to p]i%1 l all 8 pr$ecessors1 at ! end ( x4 ,! "y man s+l$ out = ?is high dignity 0 c>efully *os5 f among ! captives on ! gr\nd ( 8 p]sonal beauty4 ,he _h to be ( unblemi%$ body1 slim z a re$ & /raight z a pill>1 nei!r too tall nor too %ort4 ,if ?r\gh high liv+ he grew too fat1 he 0 oblig$ to r$uce himself by dr9k+ salt wat]4 ,& 9 ord] t he might behave 9 8 l(ty /ation ) becom+ grace & dignity he 0 c>efully tra9$ to comport himself l a g5tleman ( ! fir/ quality1 to speak correctly & elegantly1 to play ! flute1 to smoke cig>s & to snuff at fl[]s ) a d&ifi$ air4 ,he 0 hon\rably lodg$ 9 ! temple1 :]e ! nobles wait$ on him & paid him homage1 br++ him meat & s]v+ him l a pr9ce4 ,! k+ himself saw to x t he 0 app>ell$ 9 gorge\s attire1 = already he e/eem$ him z a god4 ,eagle d[n 0 gumm$ to 8 head & :ite cock's fea!rs 7 /uck 9 8 hair1 :i* droop$ to 8 girdle4 ,a wrea? ( fl[]s l roa/$ maize cr[n$ 8 br[s1 & a g>l& ( ! same fl[]s pass$ ov] 8 %\ld]s & "u 8 armpits4 ,gold5 ornam5ts hung f 8 nose1 gold5 armlets adorn$ 8 arms1 gold5 bells j+l$ on 8 legs at e /ep he took2 e>r+s ( turquoise dangl$ f 8 e>s1 bracelets ( turquoise b$eck$ 8 wri/s2 necklaces ( %ells encircl$ 8 neck & dep5d$ on 8 brea/2 he wore a mantle ( network1 & r\nd 8 middle a ri* wai/clo?4 ,:5 ?is bejewell$ exquisite l\ng$ ?r\gh ! /reets play+ on 8 flute1 puff+ at a cig>1 & smell+ at a nosegay1 ! p :om he met ?rew !mselves on ! e>? be=e him & pray$ to him ) sighs & te>s1 tak+ up ! du/ 9 _! h&s & putt+ x 9 _! m\?s 9 tok5 ( ! deepe/ humiliation & subjection4 ,wom5 came =? ) *ildr5 9 _! arms & pres5t$ !m to him1 salut+ him z a god4 ,= he pass$ = our ,"l ,god2 ! p ackn[l$g$ him z ! ,"l4 ,all :o ?us wor%ipp$ him on 8 passage he salut$ gravely & c\rte\sly4 ,le/ he %\ld flee1 he 0 ev]y:]e att5d$ by a gu>d ( eight pages 9 ! royal liv]y1 f\r ( !m ) %av5 cr[ns l ! palace-slaves1 & f\r ( !m ) ! fl[+ locks ( w>riors2 & if he contriv$ to escape1 ! capta9 ( ! gu>d _h to take 8 place z ! repres5tative ( ! god & to die 9 8 /ead4 ,tw5ty days be=e he 0 to die1 8 co/ume 0 *ang$1 & f\r damsels delicately nurtur$ & be>+ ! names ( f\r goddesses--! ,goddess ( ,fl[]s1 ! ,goddess ( ! ,"y ,maize1 ! ,goddess ,our ,"m among ! ,wat]1 & ! ,goddess ( ,salt--7 giv5 him to be 8 brides1 & ) !m he consort$4 ,dur+ ! la/ five days div9e hon\rs 7 %[]$ on ! de/9$ victim4 ,! k+ rema9$ 9 8 palace :ile ! :ole c\rt w5t aft] ! human god4 ,solemn banquets & dances foll[$ ea* o!r 9 regul> succession & at appo9t$ places4 ,on ! la/ day ! "y man1 att5d$ by 8 wives & pages1 emb>k$ 9 a canoe cov]$ ) a royal canopy & 0 f]ri$ across ! lake to a spot :]e a little hill rose f ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,m\nta9 ( ,p>t+1 because !re 8 wives bade him a la/ f>ewell4 ,!n1 accompani$ only by 8 pages1 he repair$ to a small & lonely temple by ! wayside4 ,l ! ,mexican temples 9 g5]al1 x 0 built 9 ! =m ( a pyramid2 & z ! "y man asc5d$ ! /airs he broke at e /ep "o ( ! flutes on :i* he _h play$ 9 ! days ( 8 glory4 ,on rea*+ ! summit he 0 seiz$ & held d[n by ! prie/s on 8 back ^u a block ( /one1 :ile "o ( !m cut op5 8 brea/1 ?ru/ 8 h& into ! w\nd1 & wr5*+ out 8 he>t held x up 9 sacrifice to ! sun4 ,! body ( ! dead god 0 n1 l ! bodies ( common victims1 s5t roll+ d[n ! /eps ( ! temple1 b 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! foot1 :]e ! head 0 cut (f & spitt$ on a pike4 ,su* 0 ! regul> end ( ! man :o p]sonat$ ! greate/ god ( ! ,mexican pan!on4 ,! hon\r ( liv+ = a %ort "t 9 ! "* ( a god & dy+ a viol5t dea? 9 ! same capacity 0 n re/rict$ to m5 9 ,mexico2 wom5 7 all[$1 or r compell$1 to enjoy ! glory & to %>e ! doom z repres5tatives ( goddesses4 ,?us at a great fe/ival 9 ,septemb]1 :i* 0 prec$$ by a /rict fa/ ( sev5 days1 !y sanctifi$ a "y slave girl ( twelve or ?irte5 ye>s1 ! prettie/ !y c\ld f9d1 to repres5t ! ,maize ,goddess ,*icomecohuatl4 ,!y inve/$ h] ) ! ornam5ts ( ! goddess1 putt+ a mitre on h] head & maize-cobs r\nd h] neck & 9 h] h&s1 & fa/5+ a gre5 fea!r upright on ! cr[n ( h] head to imitate an e> ( maize4 ,?is !y did1 we are told1 9 ord] to signify t ! maize 0 almo/ ripe at ! "t ( ! fe/ival1 b because x 0 /ill t5d] !y *ose a girl ( t5d] ye>s to play ! "p ( ! ,maize ,goddess4 ,! :ole long day !y l$ ! poor *ild 9 all h] f9]y1 ) ! gre5 plume nodd+ on h] head1 f h\se to h\se danc+ m]rily to *e] p aft] ! dulness & privations ( ! fa/4 ,9 ! ev5+ all ! p assembl$ at ! temple1 ! c\rts ( :i* !y lit up by a multitude ( lant]ns & c&les4 ,!re !y pass$ ! night )\t sleep+1 & at midnight1 :ile ! trumpets1 flutes1 & horns disc\rs$ solemn music1 a portable framework or palanqu9 0 br\ght =?1 b$eck$ ) fe/oons ( maize-cobs & pepp]s & fill$ ) se$s ( all sorts4 ,?is ! be>]s set d[n at ! door ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! wood5 image ( ! goddess /ood4 ,n[ ! *amb] 0 adorn$ & wrea!d1 bo? outside & inside1 ) wrea?s ( maize-cobs1 pepp]s1 pumpk9s1 roses1 & se$s ( e k9d1 a wond] to behold2 ! :ole floor 0 cov]$ deep ) ^! v]dant (f]+s ( ! pi\s4 ,:5 ! music ceas$1 a solemn procession came =? ( prie/s & dignit>ies1 ) fl>+ lights & smok+ c5s]s1 lead+ 9 _! mid/ ! girl :o play$ ! "p ( ! goddess4 ,!n !y made h] m\nt ! framework1 :]e %e /ood upright on ! maize & pepp]s & pumpk9s ) :i* x 0 /rew$1 h] h&s re/+ on two banni/]s to keep h] f fall+4 ,!n ! prie/s swung ! smok+ c5s]s r\nd h]2 ! music /ruck up aga91 & :ile x play$1 a great dignit>y ( ! temple sudd5ly /epp$ up to h] ) a razor 9 8 h& & adroitly %ore (f ! gre5 fea!r %e wore on h] head1 toge!r ) ! hair 9 :i* x 0 fa/5$1 snipp+ ! lock (f by ! root4 ,! fea!r & ! hair he !n pres5t$ to ! wood5 image ( ! goddess ) great solemnity & elaborate c]emonies1 weep+ & giv+ h] ?anks = ! fruits ( ! e>? & ! abundant crops :i* %e _h be/[$ on ! p t ye>2 & z he wept & pray$1 all ! p1 /&+ 9 ! c\rts ( ! temple1 wept & pray$ ) him4 ,:5 t c]emony 0 ov]1 ! girl desc5d$ f ! framework & 0 escort$ to ! place :]e %e 0 to sp5d ! re/ ( ! night4 ,b all ! p kept wat* 9 ! c\rts ( ! temple by ! light ( tor*es till break ( day4 ,! morn+ be+ come1 & ! c\rts ( ! temple be+ /ill cr[d$ by ! multitude1 :o w\ld h deem$ x sacrilege to quit ! prec9cts1 ! prie/s aga9 br\ght =? ! damsel attir$ 9 ! co/ume ( ! goddess1 ) ! mitre on h] head & ! cobs ( maize ab\t h] neck4 ,aga9 %e m\nt$ ! portable framework or palanqu9 & /ood on x1 support+ h]self by h] h&s on ! banni/]s4 ,!n ! eld]s ( ! temple lift$ x on _! %\ld]s1 & :ile "s swung burn+ c5s]s & o!rs play$ on in/rum5ts or sang1 !y c>ri$ x 9 procession ?r\gh ! great c\rty>d to ! hall ( ! god ,huitzilopo*tli & !n back to ! *amb]1 :]e /ood ! wood5 image ( ! ,maize ,goddess1 :om ! girl p]sonat$4 ,!re !y caus$ ! damsel to desc5d f ! palanqu9 & to /& on ! heaps ( corn & vegetables t _h be5 spread 9 pr(usion on ! floor ( ! sacr$ *amb]4 ,:ile %e /ood !re all ! eld]s & nobles came 9 a l9e1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 c>ry+ sauc]s full ( dry & clott$ blood :i* !y _h drawn f _! e>s by way ( p5ance dur+ ! sev5 days' fa/4 ,"o by "o !y squatt$ on _! haun*es be=e h]1 :i* 0 ! equival5t ( fall+ on _! knees ) u1 & scrap+ ! cru/ ( blood f ! sauc] ca/ x d[n be=e h] z an (f]+ 9 return = ! b5efits :i* %e1 z ! embodim5t ( ! ,maize ,goddess1 _h conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,:5 ! m5 _h ?us humbly (f]$ _! blood to ! human repres5tative ( ! goddess1 ! wom51 =m+ a long l9e1 did s likewise1 ea* ( !m dropp+ on h] hams be=e ! girl & scrap+ h] blood f ! sauc]4 ,! c]emony la/$ a long "t1 = great & small1 "y & old1 all )\t exception _h to pass be=e ! inc>nate deity & make _! (f]+4 ,:5 x 0 ov]1 ! p return$ home ) glad he>ts to fea/ on fle% & vi&s ( e sort z m]rily1 we are told1 z good ,*ri/ians at ,ea/] p>take ( meat & o!r c>nal m]cies aft] ! long ab/95ce ( ,l5t4 ,& :5 !y _h eat5 & drunk _! fill & re/$ aft] ! night wat*1 !y return$ q refre%$ to ! temple to see ! end ( ! fe/ival4 ,& ! end ( ! fe/ival 0 ?is4 ,! multitude be+ assembl$1 ! prie/s solemnly inc5s$ ! girl :o p]sonat$ ! goddess2 !n !y ?rew h] on h] back on ! heap ( corn & se$s1 cut (f h] head1 caught ! gu%+ blood 9 a tub1 & spr9kl$ ! blood on ! wood5 image ( ! goddess1 ! walls ( ! *amb]1 & ! (f]+s ( corn1 pepp]s1 pumpk9s1 se$s1 & vegetables :i* cumb]$ ! floor4 ,aft] t !y flay$ ! headless trunk1 & "o ( ! prie/s made %ift to squeeze himself into ! bloody sk94 ,hav+ done s !y clad him 9 all ! robes :i* ! girl _h worn2 !y put ! mitre on 8 head1 ! necklace ( gold5 maize-cobs ab\t 8 neck1 ! maize-cobs ( fea!rs & gold 9 8 h&s2 & ?us array$ !y l$ him =? 9 public1 all ( !m danc+ to ! tuck ( drum1 :ile he act$ z fugleman1 skipp+ & po/ur+ at ! head ( ! procession z briskly z he c\ld be expect$ to d1 incommod$ z he 0 by ! tight & clammy sk9 ( ! girl & by h] clo!s1 :i* mu/ h be5 mu* too small = a gr[n man4 ,9 ! =ego+ cu/om ! id5tification ( ! "y girl ) ! ,maize ,goddess appe>s to be complete4 ,! gold5 maize-cobs :i* %e wore r\nd h] neck1 ! artificial maize-cobs :i* %e c>ri$ 9 h] h&s1 ! gre5 fea!r :i* 0 /uck 9 h] hair 9 imitation 7we are told7 ( a gre5 e> ( maize1 all set h] =? z a p]sonification ( ! corn-_s2 & we are expressly in=m$ t %e 0 specially *os5 z a "y girl to repres5t ! "y maize1 :i* at ! "t ( ! fe/ival _h n yet fully rip5$4 ,fur!r1 h] id5tification ) ! corn & ! corn-goddess 0 cle>ly ann\nc$ by mak+ h] /& on ! heaps ( maize & !re receive ! homage & blood-(f]+s ( ! :ole p1 :o !reby return$ h] ?anks = ! b5efits :i* 9 h] "* ( a div9ity %e 0 suppos$ to h conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,once m1 ! practice ( behead+ h] on a heap ( corn & se$s & spr9kl+ h] blood1 n only on ! image ( ! ,maize ,goddess1 b on ! piles ( maize1 pepp]s1 pumpk9s1 se$s1 & vegetables1 c seem+ly h _h no o!r object b to quick5 & /r5g!n ! crops ( corn & ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 g5]al by infus+ into _! repres5tatives ! blood ( ! ,corn ,goddess h]self4 ,! analogy ( ?is ,mexican sacrifice1 ! mean+ ( :i* appe>s to be indisputable1 may be all[$ to /r5g!n ! int]pretation :i* ,i h giv5 ( o!r human sacrifices (f]$ = ! crops4 ,if ! ,mexican girl1 ^: blood 0 spr9kl$ on ! maize1 inde$ p]sonat$ ! ,maize ,goddess1 x becomes m ?an ev] probable t ! girl ^: blood ! ,pawnees simil>ly spr9kl$ on ! se$ corn p]sonat$ 9 l mann] ! female ,_s ( ! ,corn2 & s ) ! o!r human be+s :om o!r races h slaught]$ = ! sake ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,la/ly1 ! conclud+ act ( ! sacr$ drama1 9 :i* ! body ( ! dead ,maize ,goddess 0 flay$ & h] sk9 worn1 toge!r ) all h] sacr$ insignia1 by a man :o danc$ be=e ! p 9 ?is grim attire1 seems to be be/ expla9$ on ! hypo!sis t x 0 int5d$ to ensure t ! div9e dea? %\ld be imm$iately foll[$ by ! div9e resurrection4 ,if t 0 s1 we may inf] ) "s degree ( probability t ! practice ( kill+ a human repres5tative ( a deity has commonly1 p]haps always1 be5 reg>d$ m]ely z a means ( p]petuat+ ! div9e en]gies 9 ! fulness ( y\?ful vig\r1 unta9t$ by ! weakness & frailty ( age1 f :i* !y mu/ h suff]$ if ! deity _h be5 all[$ to die a natural dea?4 ,^! ,mexican rites suffice to prove t human sacrifices ( ! sort ,i suppose to h prevail$ at ,aricia 71 z a matt] ( fact1 regul>ly (f]$ by a p ^: level ( culture 0 probably n inf]ior1 if inde$ x 0 n di/9ctly sup]ior1 to t occupi$ by ! ,italian races at ! e>ly p]iod to :i* ! orig9 ( ! ,arician prie/hood mu/ be ref]r$4 ,! positive & indubitable evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( su* sacrifices 9 "o "p ( ! _w may reasonably be all[$ to /r5g!n ! probability ( _! preval5ce 9 places = :i* ! evid5ce is less full & tru/wor?y4 ,tak5 all toge!r1 ! facts :i* we h pass$ 9 review seem to %[ t ! cu/om ( kill+ m5 :om _! wor%ipp]s reg>d z div9e has prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,lx4 ,betwe5 ,heav5 & ,e>? #a4 ,n to t\* ! ,e>? ,,at ,,! ,,outset ( ?is book two que/ions 7 propos$ = answ]3 ,:y _h ! prie/ ( ,aricia to slay 8 pr$ecessor8 ,& :y1 be=e do+ s1 _h he to pluck ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8 ,( ^! two que/ions ! fir/ has n[ be5 answ]$4 ,! prie/ ( ,aricia1 if ,i am "r1 0 "o ( ^? sacr$ k+s or human div9ities on ^: life ! welf>e ( ! community & ev5 ! c\rse ( nature 9 g5]al are believ$ to be intimately dep5d5t4 ,x does n appe> t ! subjects or wor%ipp]s ( su* a spiritual pot5tate =m to !mselves any v cle> notion ( ! exact relation%ip 9 :i* !y /& to him2 probably _! ideas on ! po9t are vague & fluctuat+1 & we %\ld err if we attempt$ to def9e ! relation%ip ) logical precision4 ,all t ! p "k1 or r imag9e1 is t someh[ !y !mselves1 _! cattle1 & _! crops are my/]i\sly b\nd up ) _! div9e k+1 s t accord+ z he is well or ill ! community is heal?y or sickly1 ! flocks & h]ds ?rive or langui% ) disease1 & ! fields yield an abundant or a scanty h>ve/4 ,! wor/ evil :i* !y c conceive ( is ! natural dea? ( _! rul]1 :e!r he succumb to sickness or old age1 = 9 ! op9ion ( 8 foll[]s su* a dea? w\ld entail ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces on !mselves & _! possessions2 fatal epidemics w\ld sweep away man & bea/1 ! e>? w\ld refuse h] increase1 nay1 ! v frame ( nature itself might be dissolv$4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! cata/rophes x is necess>y to put ! k+ to dea? :ile he is /ill 9 ! full bloom ( 8 div9e manhood1 9 ord] t 8 sacr$ life1 transmitt$ 9 unabat$ =ce to 8 successor1 may r5ew its y\?1 & ?us by successive transmissions ?r\gh a p]petual l9e ( vigor\s inc>nations may rema9 et]nally fre% & "y1 a pl$ge & security t m5 & animals %all 9 l mann] r5ew _! y\? by a p]petual succession ( g5]ations1 & t se$time & h>ve/1 & summ] & w9t]1 & ra9 & sun%9e %all nev] fail4 ,t1 if my conjecture is "r1 0 :y ! prie/ ( ,aricia1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 _h regul>ly to p]i% by ! sword ( 8 successor4 ,b we h /ill to ask1 ,:at 0 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8 & :y _h ea* c&idate = ! ,arician prie/hood to pluck x be=e he c\ld slay ! prie/8 ,^! que/ions ,i w n[ try to answ]4 ,x w be well to beg9 by notic+ two ( ^? rules or taboos by :i*1 z we h se51 ! life ( div9e k+s or prie/s is regulat$4 ,! fir/ ( ! rules to :i* ,i w\ld call ! read]'s att5tion is t ! div9e p]sonage may n t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4 ,?is rule 0 obs]v$ by ! supreme pontiff ( ! ,zapotecs 9 ,mexico2 he pr(an$ 8 sanctity if he s mu* z t\*$ ! gr\nd ) 8 foot4 ,montezuma1 emp]or ( ,mexico1 nev] set foot on ! gr\nd2 he 0 always c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( noblem51 & if he light$ any:]e !y laid ri* tape/ry = him to walk ^u4 ,= ! ,mikado ( ,japan to t\* ! gr\nd ) 8 foot 0 a %ameful degradation2 inde$1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 en\gh to deprive him ( 8 (fice4 ,outside 8 palace he 0 c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s2 )9 x he walk$ on exquisitely wr\ght mats4 ,! k+ & que5 ( ,tahiti might n t\* ! gr\nd any:]e b )9 _! h]$it>y doma9s2 = ! gr\nd on :i* !y trod became sacr$4 ,9 travell+ f place to place !y 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( sacr$ m54 ,!y 7 always accompani$ by sev]al pairs ( ^! sanctifi$ att5dants2 & :5 x became necess>y to *ange _! be>]s1 ! k+ & que5 vault$ on to ! %\ld]s ( _! new be>]s )\t lett+ _! feet t\* ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 an evil om5 if ! k+ ( ,dosuma t\*$ ! gr\nd1 & he _h to p]=m an expiatory c]emony4 ,)9 8 palace ! k+ ( ,p]sia walk$ on c>pets on :i* no "o else might tread2 outside ( x he 0 nev] se5 on foot b only 9 a *>iot or on horseback4 ,9 old days ! k+ ( ,siam nev] set foot ^u ! e>?1 b 0 c>ri$ on a ?rone ( gold f place to place4 ,=m]ly nei!r ! k+s ( ,ug&a1 nor _! mo!rs1 nor _! que5s might walk on foot outside ( ! spaci\s enclosures 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,:5ev] !y w5t =? !y 7 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( m5 ( ! ,buffalo clan1 sev]al ( :om accompani$ any ( ^! royal p]sonages on a j\rney & took x 9 turn to be> ! burd54 ,! k+ sat a/ride ! be>]'s neck ) a leg ov] ea* %\ld] & 8 feet tuck$ "u ! be>]'s arms4 ,:5 "o ( ^! royal c>ri]s grew tir$ he %ot ! k+ onto ! %\ld]s ( a second man )\t all[+ ! royal feet to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way !y w5t at a great pace & travell$ long di/ances 9 a day1 :5 ! k+ 0 on a j\rney4 ,! be>]s _h a special hut 9 ! k+'s enclosure 9 ord] to be at h& ! mom5t !y 7 want$4 ,among ! ,bakuba1 or r ,bu%ongo1 a nation 9 ! s\!rn region ( ! ,congo1 d[n to a few ye>s ago p]sons ( ! royal blood 7 =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd2 !y mu/ sit on a hide1 a *air1 or ! back ( a slave1 :o cr\*$ on h&s & feet2 _! feet re/$ on ! feet ( o!rs4 ,:5 !y travell$ !y 7 c>ri$ on ! backs ( m52 b ! k+ j\rney$ 9 a litt] support$ on %afts4 ,among ! ,ibo p ab\t ,awka1 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 ! prie/ ( ! ,e>? has to obs]ve _m taboos2 = example1 he may n see a corpse1 & if he meets "o on ! road he mu/ hide 8 eyes ) 8 wri/let4 ,he mu/ ab/a9 f _m foods1 su* z eggs1 birds ( all sorts1 mutton1 dog1 bu%-buck1 & s =?4 ,he may nei!r we> nor t\* a mask1 & no mask$ man may ent] 8 h\se4 ,if a dog ent]s 8 h\se1 x is kill$ & ?r[n out4 ,z prie/ ( ! ,e>? he may n sit on ! b>e gr\nd1 nor eat ?+s t h fall5 on ! gr\nd1 nor may e>? be ?r[n at him4 ,accord+ to anci5t ,brahmanic ritual a k+ at 8 inauguration trod on a tig]'s sk9 & a gold5 plate2 he 0 %od ) %oes ( bo>'s sk91 & s long z he liv$ !reaft] he might n /& on ! e>? ) 8 b>e feet4 ,b besides p]sons :o are p]man5tly sacr$ or taboo$ & are !re=e p]man5tly =bidd5 to t\* ! gr\nd ) _! feet1 !re are o!rs :o enjoy ! "* ( sanctity or taboo only on c]ta9 occasions1 & to :om accord+ly ! prohibition 9 "q only applies at ! def9ite seasons dur+ :i* !y exhale ! od\r ( sanctity4 ,?us among ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( ,c5tral ,borneo1 :ile ! prie/esses are engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites !y may n /ep on ! gr\nd1 & bo>ds are laid = !m to tread on4 ,w>riors1 aga91 on ! w>-pa? are surr\nd$1 s to say1 by an atmosph]e ( taboo2 h5ce "s ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica might n sit on ! b>e gr\nd ! :ole "t !y 7 out on a w>like exp$ition4 ,9 ,laos ! hunt+ ( elephants gives rise to _m taboos2 "o ( !m is t ! *ief hunt] may n t\* ! e>? ) 8 foot4 ,accord+ly1 :5 he alights f 8 elephant1 ! o!rs spread a c>pet ( leaves = him to /ep ^u4 ,app>5tly hol9ess1 magical virtue1 taboo1 or :atev] we may call t my/]i\s quality :i* is suppos$ to p]vade sacr$ or taboo$ p]sons1 is conceiv$ by ! primitive philosoph] z a physical sub/ance or fluid1 ) :i* ! sacr$ man is *>g$ j z a ,leyd5 j> is *>g$ ) electricity2 & exactly z ! electricity 9 ! j> c be dis*>g$ by contact ) a good conductor1 s ! hol9ess or magical virtue 9 ! man c be dis*>g$ & dra9$ away by contact ) ! e>?1 :i* on ?is !ory s]ves z an excell5t conductor = ! magical fluid4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to pres]ve ! *>ge f runn+ to wa/e1 ! sacr$ or taboo$ p]sonage mu/ be c>efully prev5t$ f t\*+ ! gr\nd2 9 electrical language he mu/ be insulat$1 if he is n to be empti$ ( ! preci\s sub/ance or fluid ) :i* he1 z a vial1 is fill$ to ! brim4 ,& 9 _m cases app>5tly ! insulation ( ! taboo$ p]son is recomm5d$ z a precaution n m]ely = 8 own sake b = ! sake ( o!rs2 = s9ce ! virtue ( hol9ess or taboo is1 s to say1 a p[]ful explosive :i* ! smalle/ t\* may detonate1 x is necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al safety to keep x )9 n>r[ b\nds1 le/ break+ out x %\ld bla/1 blight1 & de/roy :atev] x comes into contact )4 #b4 ,n to see ! ,sun ,,! ,,second rule to be "h not$ is t ! sun may n %9e ^u ! div9e p]son4 ,?is rule 0 obs]v$ bo? by ! ,mikado & by ! pontiff ( ! ,zapotecs4 ,! latt] 0 look$ ^u z a god :om ! e>? 0 n wor?y to hold1 nor ! sun to %9e ^u4 ,! ,japanese w\ld n all[ t ! ,mikado %\ld expose 8 sacr$ p]son to ! op5 air1 & ! sun 0 n ?\ght wor?y to %9e on 8 head4 ,! ,indians ( ,granada1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 kept ^? :o 7 to be rul]s or comm&]s1 :e!r m5 or wom51 lock$ up = sev]al ye>s :5 !y 7 *ildr51 "s ( !m sev5 ye>s1 & ?is s close t !y 7 n to see ! sun1 = if !y %\ld happ5 to see x !y =feit$ _! lord%ip1 eat+ c]ta9 sorts ( food appo9t$2 & ^? :o 7 _! keep]s at c]ta9 times w5t into _! retreat or prison & sc\rg$ !m sev]ely4 ,?us1 = example1 ! heir to ! ?rone ( ,bogota1 :o 0 n ! son b ! si/]'s son ( ! k+1 _h to und]go a rigor\s tra9+ f 8 infancy2 he liv$ 9 complete retirem5t 9 a temple1 :]e he might n see ! sun nor eat salt nor conv]se ) a woman2 he 0 surr\nd$ by gu>ds :o obs]v$ 8 conduct & not$ all 8 actions2 if he broke a s+le "o ( ! rules laid d[n = him1 he 0 deem$ infam\s & =feit$ all 8 rights to ! ?rone4 ,s1 too1 ! heir to ! k+dom ( ,sogamoso1 be=e succe$+ to ! cr[n1 _h to fa/ = sev5 ye>s 9 ! temple1 be+ %ut up 9 ! d>k & n all[$ to see ! sun or light4 ,! pr9ce :o 0 to become ,inca ( ,p]u _h to fa/ = a mon? )\t see+ light4 #c4 ,! ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty ,,n[ x is rem>kable t ! =ego+ two rules--n to t\* ! gr\nd & n to see ! sun--are obs]v$ ei!r sep>ately or conjo9tly by girls at pub]ty 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?us among/ ! negroes ( ,loango girls at pub]ty are conf9$ 9 sep>ate huts1 & !y may n t\* ! gr\nd ) any "p ( _! b>e body4 ,among ! ,zulus & k9dr$ tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 :5 ! fir/ signs ( pub]ty %[ !mselves :ile a girl is walk+1 ga!r+ wood1 or work+ 9 ! field1 %e runs to ! riv] & hides h]self among ! re$s = ! day1 s z n to be se5 by m54 ,%e cov]s h] head c>efully ) h] blanket t ! sun may n %9e on x & %rivel h] up into a )]$ skeleton1 z w\ld result f exposure to ! sun's beams4 ,aft] d>k %e returns to h] home & is seclud$ 9 a hut = "s "t4 ,) ! ,awa-nkonde1 a tribe at ! nor!rn end ( ,lake ,nyassa1 x is a rule t aft] h] fir/ m5/ruation a girl mu/ be kept ap>t1 ) a few companions ( h] own sex1 9 a d>k5$ h\se4 ,! floor is cov]$ ) dry banana leaves1 b no fire may be lit 9 ! h\se1 :i* is call$ ! h\se ( ! ,awasungu1 t is1 ( maid5s :o h no he>ts4 ,9 ,new ,irel& girls are conf9$ = f\r or five ye>s 9 small cages1 be+ kept 9 ! d>k & n all[$ to set foot on ! gr\nd4 ,! cu/om has be5 ?us describ$ by an eye-witness4 ,i he>d f a tea*] ab\t "s /range cu/om connect$ ) "s ( ! "y girls "h1 s ,i ask$ ! *ief to take me to ! h\se :]e !y 74 ,! h\se 0 ab\t tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 & /ood 9 a re$ & bamboo enclosure1 across ! entrance to :i* a bundle ( dri$ grass 0 susp5d$ to %[ t x 0 /rictly 'tabu4' ,inside ! h\se 7 ?ree conical /ructures ab\t sev5 or eight feet 9 height1 & ab\t t5 or twelve feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! bottom1 & = ab\t f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 at :i* po9t !y tap]$ (f to a po9t at ! top4 ,^! cages 7 made ( ! broad leaves ( ! p&anus-tree1 sewn q close toge!r s t no light & little or no air c\ld ent]4 ,on "o side ( ea* is an op5+ :i* is clos$ by a d\ble door ( plait$ cocoa-nut tree & p&anus-tree leaves4 ,ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd !re is a /age ( bamboos :i* =ms ! floor4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cages we 7 told !re 0 a "y woman conf9$1 ea* ( :om _h to rema9 = at lea/ f\r or five ye>s1 )\t ev] be+ all[$ to g outside ! h\se4 ,i c\ld sc>cely cr$it ! /ory :5 ,i he>d x2 ! :ole ?+ seem$ too horrible to be true4 ,i spoke to ! *ief1 & told him t ,i wi%$ to see ! inside ( ! cages1 & also to see ! girls t ,i might make !m a pres5t ( a few beads4 ,he told me t x 0 'tabu1' =bidd5 = any m5 b _! own relations to look at !m2 b ,i suppose ! promis$ beads act$ z an inducem5t1 & s he s5t away = "s old lady :o _h *>ge1 & :o alone is all[$ to op5 ! doors4 ,:ile we 7 wait+ we c\ld he> ! girls talk+ to ! *ief 9 a qu]ul\s way z if object+ to some?+ or express+ _! fe>s4 ,! old woman came at l5g? & c]ta9ly %e did n seem a v pleasant jailor or gu>dian2 nor did %e seem to fav\r ! reque/ ( ! *ief to all[ u to see ! girls1 z %e reg>d$ u ) any?+ b pleasant looks4 ,h[ev]1 %e _h to undo ! door :5 ! *ief told h] to d s1 & !n ! girls peep$ out at u1 &1 :5 told to d s1 !y held out _! h&s = ! beads4 ,i1 h[ev]1 purposely sat at "s di/ance away & m]ely held out ! beads to !m1 z ,i wi%$ to draw !m q outside1 t ,i might inspect ! inside ( ! cages4 ,?is desire ( m9e gave rise to ano!r difficulty1 z ^! girls 7 n all[$ to put _! feet to ! gr\nd all ! "t !y 7 conf9$ 9 ^! places4 ,h[ev]1 !y wi%$ to get ! beads1 & s ! old lady _h to g outside & collect a lot ( pieces ( wood & bamboo1 :i* %e plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & !n go+ to "o ( ! girls1 %e help$ h] d[n & held h] h& z %e /epp$ f "o piece ( wood to ano!r until %e came ne> en\gh to get ! beads ,i held out to h]4 ,i !n w5t to inspect ! inside ( ! cage out ( :i* %e _h come1 b c\ld sc>ely put my head inside ( x1 ! atmosph]e 0 s hot & /ifl+4 ,x 0 clean & conta9$ no?+ b a few %ort l5g?s ( bamboo = hold+ wat]4 ,!re 0 only room = ! girl to sit or lie d[n 9 a cr\*$ position on ! bamboo plat=m1 & :5 ! doors are %ut x mu/ be ne>ly or q d>k inside4 ,! girls are nev] all[$ to come out except once a day to ba! 9 a di% or wood5 b[l plac$ close to ea* cage4 ,!y say t !y p]spire pr(usely4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ^! /ifl+ cages :5 q "y1 & mu/ rema9 !re until !y are "y wom51 :5 !y are tak5 out & h ea* a great m>riage fea/ provid$ = !m4 ,"o ( !m 0 ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old1 & ! *ief told u t %e _h be5 !re = five ye>s1 b w\ld soon be tak5 out n[4 ,! o!r two 7 ab\t eight & t5 ye>s old1 & !y h to /ay !re = sev]al ye>s long]4 ,9 ,kabadi1 a di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 daught]s ( *iefs1 :5 !y are ab\t twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 are kept indoors = two or ?ree ye>s1 nev] be+ all[$1 "u any pret5ce1 to desc5d f ! h\se1 & ! h\se is s %ad$ t ! sun _c %9e on !m4 ,among ! ,yabim & ,bukaua1 two neighb\r+ & k9dr$ tribes on ! coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,new ,gu9ea1 a girl at pub]ty is seclud$ = "s five or six weeks 9 an inn] "p ( ! h\se2 b %e may n sit on ! floor1 le/ h] uncleanl9ess %\ld cleave to x1 s a log ( wood is plac$ = h] to squat on4 ,moreov]1 %e may n t\* ! gr\nd ) h] feet2 h5ce if %e is oblig$ to quit ! h\se = a %ort "t1 %e is muffl$ up 9 mats & walks on two halves ( a coco-nut %ell1 :i* are fa/5$ l s&als to h] feet by creep+ plants4 ,among ! ,ot ,danoms ( ,borneo girls at ! age ( eight or t5 ye>s are %ut up 9 a little room or cell ( ! h\se1 & cut (f f all int]c\rse ) ! _w = a long "t4 ,! cell1 l ! re/ ( ! h\se1 is rais$ on piles above ! gr\nd1 & is lit by a s+le small w9d[ op5+ on a lonely place1 s t ! girl is 9 almo/ total d>kness4 ,%e may n leave ! room on any pretext :atev]1 n ev5 = ! mo/ necess>y purposes4 ,none ( h] family may see h] all ! "t %e is %ut up1 b a s+le slave woman is appo9t$ to wait on h]4 ,dur+ h] lonely conf9em5t1 :i* (t5 la/s sev5 ye>s1 ! girl occupies h]self 9 weav+ mats or ) o!r h&iwork4 ,h] bodily gr[? is /unt$ by ! long want ( ex]cise1 & :51 on atta9+ womanhood1 %e is br\ght out1 h] complexion is pale & wax-l4 ,%e is n[ %[n ! sun1 ! e>?1 ! wat]1 ! trees1 & ! fl[]s1 z if %e 7 newly born4 ,!n a great fea/ is made1 a slave is kill$1 & ! girl is sme>$ ) 8 blood4 ,9 ,c]am girls at pub]ty 7 =m]ly %ut up by !mselves 9 a hut :i* 0 kept d>k4 ,9 ,yap1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 %\ld a girl be ov]tak5 by h] fir/ m5/ruation on ! public road1 %e may n sit d[n on ! e>?1 b mu/ beg = a coco-nut %ell to put "u h]4 ,%e is %ut up = sev]al days 9 a small hut at a di/ance f h] p>5ts' h\se1 & aft]w>ds %e is b\nd to sleep = a hundr$ days 9 "o ( ! special h\ses :i* are provid$ = ! use ( m5/ru\s wom54 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mabuiag1 ,torres ,/raits1 :5 ! signs ( pub]ty appe> on a girl1 a circle ( bu%es is made 9 a d>k corn] ( ! h\se4 ,"h1 deck$ ) %\ld]-belts1 armlets1 leglets j bel[ ! knees1 & anklets1 we>+ a *aplet on h] head1 & %ell ornam5ts 9 h] e>s1 on h] *e/1 & on h] back1 %e squats 9 ! mid/ ( ! bu%es1 :i* are pil$ s high r\nd ab\t h] t only h] head is visible4 ,9 ?is /ate ( seclusion %e mu/ rema9 = ?ree mon?s4 ,all ?is "t ! sun may n %9e ^u h]1 b at night %e is all[$ to slip out ( ! hut1 & ! bu%es t h$ge h] 9 are !n *ang$4 ,%e may n fe$ h]self or h&le food1 b is f$ by "o or two old wom51 h] mat]nal aunts1 :o are especially appo9t$ to look aft] h]4 ,"o ( ^! wom5 cooks food = h] at a special fire 9 ! =e/4 ,! girl is =bidd5 to eat turtle or turtle eggs dur+ ! season :5 ! turtles are bre$+2 b no vegetable food is refus$ h]4 ,no man1 n ev5 h] own fa!r1 may come into ! h\se :ile h] seclusion la/s2 = if h] fa!r saw h] at ?is "t he w\ld c]ta9ly h bad luck 9 8 fi%+1 & w\ld probably sma% 8 canoe ! v next "t he w5t out 9 x4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ree mon?s %e is c>ri$ d[n to a fre%wat] creek by h] att5dants1 hang+ on to _! %\ld]s 9 su* a way t h] feet d n t\* ! gr\nd1 :ile ! wom5 ( ! tribe =m a r+ r\nd h]1 & ?us escort h] to ! bea*4 ,arriv$ at ! %ore1 %e is /ripp$ ( h] ornam5ts1 & ! be>]s /agg] ) h] into ! creek1 :]e !y imm]se h]1 & all ! o!r wom5 jo9 9 spla%+ wat] ov] bo? ! girl & h] be>]s4 ,:5 !y come out ( ! wat] "o ( ! two att5dants makes a heap ( grass = h] *>ge to squat ^u4 ,! o!r runs to ! reef1 cat*es a small crab1 te>s (f its claws1 & ha/5s back ) !m to ! creek4 ,"h 9 ! meantime a fire has be5 k9dl$1 & ! claws are roa/$ at x4 ,! girl is !n f$ by h] att5dants ) ! roa/$ claws4 ,aft] t %e is fre%ly decorat$1 & ! :ole p>ty m>*es back to ! village 9 a s+le rank1 ! girl walk+ 9 ! c5tre betwe5 h] two old aunts1 :o hold h] by ! wri/s4 ,! husb&s ( h] aunts n[ receive h] & lead h] into ! h\se ( "o ( !m1 :]e all p>take ( food1 & ! girl is all[$ once m to fe$ h]self 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a dance foll[s1 9 :i* ! girl takes a prom95t "p1 danc+ betwe5 ! husb&s ( ! two aunts :o _h *>ge ( h] 9 h] retirem5t4 ,among ! ,y>aikanna tribe ( ,cape ,york ,p59sula1 9 ,nor!rn ,que5sl&1 a girl at pub]ty is said to live by h]self = a mon? or six weeks2 no man may see h]1 ?\gh any woman may4 ,%e /ays 9 a hut or %elt] specially made = h]1 on ! floor ( :i* %e lies sup9e4 ,%e may n see ! sun1 & t[>ds sunset %e mu/ keep h] eyes %ut until ! sun has gone d[n1 o!rwise x is ?\ght t h] nose w be diseas$4 ,dur+ h] seclusion %e may eat no?+ t lives 9 salt wat]1 or a snake w\ld kill h]4 ,an old woman waits ^u h] & supplies h] ) roots1 yams1 & wat]4 ,"s ,au/ralian tribes are wont to bury _! girls at su* seasons m or less deeply 9 ! gr\nd1 p]haps 9 ord] to hide !m f ! light ( ! sun4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia a girl at h] fir/ m5/ruation 0 ?\ght to be possess$ ( a p>ticul> degree ( sup]natural p[]1 & ?is 0 n always reg>d$ z entirely defil+ or malevol5t4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !re 0 a /rong feel+ ( ! p[] ( evil inh]5t 9 h] condition4 ,n only 0 %e seclud$ f h] family & ! community1 b an attempt 0 made to seclude ! _w f h]4 ,"o ( ! injunctions mo/ /rongly laid ^u h] 0 n to look ab\t h]4 ,%e kept h] head b[$ & 0 =bidd5 to see ! _w & ! sun4 ,"s tribes cov]$ h] ) a blanket4 ,_m ( ! cu/oms 9 ?is connection resembl$ ^? ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,coa/ mo/ /rongly1 su* z ! prohibition to ! girl to t\* or scrat* h] head ) h] h&1 a special implem5t be+ furni%$ h] = ! purpose4 ,sometimes %e c\ld eat only :5 f$ & 9 o!r cases fa/$ altoge!r4 ,among ! ,*9ook ,indians :o inhabit$ ! coa/ ( ,wa%+ton ,/ate1 :5 a *ief's daught] atta9$ to pub]ty1 %e 0 hidd5 = five days f ! view ( ! p2 %e might n look at !m nor at ! sky1 nor might %e pick b]ries4 ,x 0 believ$ t if %e 7 to look at ! sky1 ! wea!r w\ld be bad2 t if %e pick$ b]ries1 x w\ld ra92 & t :5 %e hung h] t[el ( c$>-b>k on a spruce-tree1 ! tree )]$ up at once4 ,%e w5t out ( ! h\se by a sep>ate door & ba!d 9 a creek f> f ! village4 ,%e fa/$ = "s days1 & = _m days m %e might n eat fre% food4 ,among/ ! ,aht or ,nootka ,indians ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 :5 girls rea* pub]ty !y are plac$ 9 a sort ( gall]y 9 ! h\se & are !re surr\nd$ completely ) mats1 s t nei!r ! sun nor any fire c be se54 ,9 ?is cage !y rema9 = sev]al days4 ,wat] is giv5 !m1 b no food4 ,! long] a girl rema9s 9 ?is retirem5t ! great] hon\r is x to ! p>5ts2 b %e is disgrac$ = life if x is kn[n t %e has se5 fire or ! sun dur+ ?is initiatory ordeal4 ,pictures ( ! my?ical ?und]-bird are pa9t$ on ! scre5s beh9d :i* %e hides4 ,dur+ h] seclusion %e may nei!r move nor lie d[n1 b mu/ always sit 9 a squatt+ po/ure4 ,%e may n t\* h] hair ) h] h&s1 b is all[$ to scrat* h] head ) a comb or a piece ( bone provid$ = ! purpose4 ,to scrat* h] body is also =bidd51 z x is believ$ t e scrat* w\ld leave a sc>4 ,= eight mon?s aft] rea*+ maturity %e may n eat any fre% food1 p>ticul>ly salmon2 moreov]1 %e mu/ eat by h]self1 & use a cup & di% ( h] own4 ,9 ! ,tsetsaut tribe ( ,briti% ,columbia a girl at pub]ty we>s a l>ge hat ( sk9 :i* comes d[n ov] h] face & scre5s x f ! sun4 ,x is believ$ t if %e 7 to expose h] face to ! sun or to ! sky1 ra9 w\ld fall4 ,! hat protects h] face also aga9/ ! fire1 :i* ought n to /rike h] sk92 to %ield h] h&s %e we>s mitt5s4 ,9 h] m\? %e c>ries ! too? ( an animal to prev5t h] own tee? f becom+ holl[4 ,= a :ole ye> %e may n see blood unless h] face is black5$2 o!rwise %e w\ld gr[ bl9d4 ,= two ye>s %e we>s ! hat & lives 9 a hut by h]self1 al?\gh %e is all[$ to see o!r p4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s a man takes ! hat f h] head & ?r[s x away4 ,9 ! ,bilqula or ,bella ,coola tribe ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :5 a girl atta9s pub]ty %e mu/ /ay 9 ! %$ :i* s]ves z h] b$room1 :]e %e has a sep>ate fireplace4 ,%e is n all[$ to desc5d to ! ma9 "p ( ! h\se1 & may n sit by ! fire ( ! family4 ,= f\r days %e is b\nd to rema9 motionless 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,%e fa/s dur+ ! day1 b is all[$ a little food & dr9k v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,aft] ! f\r days' seclusion %e may leave h] room1 b only ?r\gh a sep>ate op5+ cut 9 ! floor1 = ! h\ses are rais$ on piles4 ,%e may n yet come into ! *ief room4 ,9 leav+ ! h\se %e we>s a l>ge hat :i* protects h] face aga9/ ! rays ( ! sun4 ,x is believ$ t if ! sun 7 to %9e on h] face h] eyes w\ld suff]4 ,%e may pick b]ries on ! hills1 b may n come ne> ! riv] or sea = a :ole ye>4 ,7 %e to eat fre% salmon %e w\ld lose h] s5ses1 or h] m\? w\ld be *ang$ into a long beak4 ,among/ ! ,tl+it 7,?l9keet7 or ,kolo% ,indians ( ,alaska1 :5 a girl %[$ signs ( womanhood %e us$ to be conf9$ to a little hut or cage1 :i* 0 completely block$ up ) ! exception ( a small air-hole4 ,9 ?is d>k & fil?y abode %e _h to rema9 a ye>1 )\t fire1 ex]cise1 or associates4 ,only h] "m & a female slave might supply h] ) n\ri%m5t4 ,h] food 0 put 9 at ! little w9d[2 %e _h to dr9k out ( ! w+-bone ( a :ite-head$ eagle4 ,! "t ( h] seclusion 0 aft]w>ds r$uc$ 9 "s places to six or ?ree mon?s or ev5 less4 ,%e _h to we> a sort ( hat ) long flaps1 t h] gaze might n pollute ! sky2 = %e 0 ?\ght unfit = ! sun to %9e ^u1 & x 0 imag9$ t h] look w\ld de/roy ! luck ( a hunt]1 fi%]1 or gambl]1 turn ?+s to /one1 & d o!r mis*ief4 ,at ! end ( h] conf9em5t h] old clo!s 7 burnt1 new ones 7 made1 & a fea/ 0 giv51 at :i* a slit 0 cut 9 h] "u lip p>allel to ! m\?1 & a piece ( wood or %ell 0 ins]t$ to keep ! ap]ture op54 ,among ! ,koniags1 an ,esquimau p ( ,alaska1 a girl at pub]ty 0 plac$ 9 a small hut 9 :i* %e _h to rema9 on h] h&s & feet = six mon?s2 !n ! hut 0 enl>g$ a little s z to all[ h] to /raight5 h] back1 b 9 ?is po/ure %e _h to rema9 = six mon?s m4 ,all ?is "t %e 0 reg>d$ z an unclean be+ ) :om no "o might hold int]c\rse4 ,:5 symptoms ( pub]ty appe>$ on a girl = ! fir/ "t1 ! ,gu>anis ( ,s\!rn ,brazil1 on ! bord]s ( ,p>aguay1 us$ to sew h] up 9 h] hammock1 leav+ only a small op5+ 9 x to all[ h] to brea!4 ,9 ?is condition1 wrapt up & %r\d$ l a corpse1 %e 0 kept = two or ?ree days or s long z ! symptoms la/$1 & dur+ ?is "t %e _h to obs]ve a mo/ rigor\s fa/4 ,aft] t %e 0 entru/$ to a matron1 :o cut ! girl's hair & enjo9$ h] to ab/a9 mo/ /rictly f eat+ fle% ( any k9d until h] hair %\ld be gr[n long en\gh to hide h] e>s4 ,9 simil> circum/ances ! ,*iriguanos ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,bolivia hoi/$ ! girl 9 h] hammock to ! ro(1 :]e %e /ay$ = a mon?3 ! second mon? ! hammock 0 let half-way d[n f ! ro(2 & 9 ! ?ird mon? old wom51 arm$ ) /icks1 ent]$ ! hut & ran ab\t /rik+ ev]y?+ !y met1 say+ !y 7 hunt+ ! snake t _h w\nd$ ! girl4 ,among ! ,matacos or ,mataguayos1 an ,indian tribe ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 a girl at pub]ty has to rema9 9 seclusion = "s "t4 ,%e lies cov]$ up ) bran*es or o!r ?+s 9 a corn] ( ! hut1 see+ no "o & speak+ to no "o1 & dur+ ?is "t %e may eat nei!r fle% nor fi%4 ,meantime a man beats a drum 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,among ! ,yurac>es1 an ,indian tribe ( ,ea/]n ,bolivia1 :5 a girl p]ceives ! signs ( pub]ty1 h] fa!r con/ructs a little hut ( palm leaves ne> ! h\se4 ,9 ?is cab9 he %uts up 8 daught] s t %e _c see ! light1 & !re %e rema9s fa/+ rigor\sly = f\r days4 ,among/ ! ,macusis ( ,briti% ,guiana1 :5 a girl %[s ! fir/ signs ( pub]ty1 %e is hung 9 a hammock at ! highe/ po9t ( ! hut4 ,= ! fir/ few days %e may n leave ! hammock by day1 b at night %e mu/ come d[n1 light a fire1 & sp5d ! night beside x1 else %e w\ld break out 9 sores on h] neck1 ?roat1 & o!r p>ts ( h] body4 ,s long z ! symptoms are at _! height1 %e mu/ fa/ rigor\sly4 ,:5 !y h abat$1 %e may come d[n & take up h] abode 9 a little comp>tm5t t is made = h] 9 ! d>ke/ corn] ( ! hut4 ,9 ! morn+ %e may cook h] food1 b x mu/ be at a sep>ate fire & 9 a vessel ( h] own4 ,aft] ab\t t5 days ! magician comes & undoes ! spell by mutt]+ *>ms & brea?+ on h] & on ! m valuable ( ! ?+s ) :i* %e has come 9 contact4 ,! pots & dr9k+-vessels :i* %e us$ are brok5 & ! fragm5ts buri$4 ,aft] h] fir/ ba?1 ! girl mu/ submit to be beat5 by h] "m ) ?9 rods )\t utt]+ a cry4 ,at ! end ( ! second p]iod %e is aga9 beat51 b n aft]w>ds4 ,%e is n[ clean1 & c mix aga9 ) p4 ,o!r ,indians ( ,guiana1 aft] keep+ ! girl 9 h] hammock at ! top ( ! hut = a mon?1 expose h] to c]ta9 l>ge ants1 ^: bite is v pa9ful4 ,sometimes1 9 addition to be+ /ung ) ants1 ! suff]] has to fa/ day & night s long z %e rema9s slung up on high 9 h] hammock1 s t :5 %e comes d[n %e is r$uc$ to a skeleton4 ,:5 a ,h9doo maid5 rea*es maturity %e is kept 9 a d>k room = f\r days1 & is =bidd5 to see ! sun4 ,%e is reg>d$ z unclean2 no "o may t\* h]4 ,h] diet is re/rict$ to boil$ rice1 milk1 sug>1 curd1 & tam>9d )\t salt4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fif? day %e goes to a neighb\r+ tank1 accompani$ by five wom5 ^: husb&s are alive4 ,sme>$ ) turm]ic wat]1 !y all ba! & return home1 ?r[+ away ! mat & o!r ?+s t 7 9 ! room4 ,! ,r>hi ,brahmans ( ,b5gal compel a girl at pub]ty to live alone1 & d n all[ h] to see ! face ( any male4 ,= ?ree days %e rema9s %ut up 9 a d>k room1 & has to und]go c]ta9 p5ances4 ,fi%1 fle%1 & sweetmeats are =bidd5 h]2 %e mu/ live ^u rice & ghee4 ,among ! ,tiyans ( ,malab> a girl is ?\ght to be pollut$ = f\r days f ! beg9n+ ( h] fir/ m5/ruation4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e mu/ keep to ! nor? side ( ! h\se1 :]e %e sleeps on a grass mat ( a p>ticul> k9d1 9 a room fe/oon$ ) g>l&s ( "y coco-nut leaves4 ,ano!r girl keeps h] company & sleeps ) h]1 b %e may n t\* any o!r p]son1 tree or plant4 ,fur!r1 %e may n see ! sky1 & woe betide h] if %e cat*es sight ( a cr[ or a cat6 ,h] diet mu/ be /rictly veget>ian1 )\t salt1 tam>9ds1 or *illies4 ,%e is arm$ aga9/ evil spirits by a knife1 :i* is plac$ on ! mat or c>ri$ on h] p]son4 ,9 ,cambodia a girl at pub]ty is put to b$ "u a mosquito curta91 :]e %e %\ld /ay a hundr$ days4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 f\r1 five1 t51 or tw5ty days are ?\ght en\gh2 & ev5 ?is1 9 a hot climate & "u ! close me%es ( ! curta91 is suffici5tly try+4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 a ,cambodian maid5 at pub]ty is said to ent] into ! %ade4 ,dur+ h] retirem5t1 :i*1 accord+ to ! rank & position ( h] family1 may la/ any "t f a few days to sev]al ye>s1 %e has to obs]ve a numb] ( rules1 su* z n to be se5 by a /range man1 n to eat fle% or fi%1 & s on4 ,%e goes n[h]e1 n ev5 to ! pagoda4 ,b ?is /ate ( seclusion is discont9u$ dur+ eclipses2 at su* times %e goes =? & pays h] devotions to ! mon/] :o is suppos$ to cause eclipses by cat*+ ! heav5ly bodies betwe5 8 tee?4 ,?is p]mission to break h] rule ( retirem5t & appe> abroad dur+ an eclipse seems to %[ h[ lit]ally ! injunction is int]pret$ :i* =bids maid5s ent]+ on womanhood to look ^u ! sun4 ,a sup]/ition s widely diffus$ z ?is might be expect$ to leave traces 9 leg5ds & folk-tales4 ,& x has done s4 ,! old ,greek /ory ( ,danae1 :o 0 conf9$ by h] fa!r 9 a subt]ranean *amb] or a braz5 t[]1 b impregnat$ by ,zeus1 :o rea*$ h] 9 ! %ape ( a %[] ( gold1 p]haps belongs to ?is class ( tales4 ,x has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! leg5d :i* ! ,kirghiz ( ,sib]ia tell ( _! ance/ry4 ,a c]ta9 ,khan _h a fair daught]1 :om he kept 9 a d>k iron h\se1 t no man might see h]4 ,an old woman t5d$ h]2 & :5 ! girl 0 gr[n to maid5hood %e ask$ ! old woman1 ,:]e d y g s (t58 ,my *ild1 said ! old dame1 !re is a bright _w4 ,9 t bright _w y\r fa!r & "m live1 & all sorts ( p live !re4 ,t is :]e ,i g4 ,! maid5 said1 ,good "m1 ,i w tell nobody1 b %[ me t bright _w4 ,s ! old woman took ! girl out ( ! iron h\se4 ,b :5 %e saw ! bright _w1 ! girl tott]$ & fa9t$2 & ! eye ( ,god fell ^u h]1 & %e conceiv$4 ,h] angry fa!r put h] 9 a gold5 *e/ & s5t h] float+ away 7fairy gold c float 9 fairyl&7 ov] ! wide sea4 ,! %[] ( gold 9 ! ,greek /ory1 & ! eye ( ,god 9 ! ,kirghiz leg5d1 probably /& = sunlight & ! sun4 ,! idea t wom5 may be impregnat$ by ! sun is n uncommon 9 leg5ds1 & !re are ev5 traces ( x 9 m>riage cu/oms4 #d4 ,reasons = ! ,seclusion ( ,girls at ,pub]ty ,,! ,,motive = ! re/ra9ts s commonly impos$ on girls at pub]ty is ! deeply engra9$ dread :i* primitive man univ]sally ent]ta9s ( m5/ru\s blood4 ,he fe>s x at all times b especially on its fir/ appe>ance2 h5ce ! re/rictions "u :i* wom5 lie at _! fir/ m5/ruation are usually m /r+5t ?an ^? :i* !y h to obs]ve at any subsequ5t recurr5ce ( ! my/]i\s fl[4 ,"s evid5ce ( ! fe> & ( ! cu/oms bas$ on x has be5 cit$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w2 b z ! t]ror1 = x is no?+ less1 :i* ! ph5om5on p]iodically /rikes into ! m9d ( ! savage has deeply influ5c$ 8 life & in/itutions1 x may be well to illu/rate ! subject ) "s fur!r examples4 ,?us 9 ! ,enc\nt] ,bay tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia !re is1 or us$ to be1 a sup]/ition :i* obliges a woman to sep>ate h]self f ! camp at ! "t ( h] mon?ly illness1 :5 if a "y man or boy %\ld approa*1 %e calls out1 & he imm$iately makes a circuit to avoid h]4 ,if %e is neglectful ^u ?is po9t1 %e exposes h]self to scold+1 & sometimes to sev]e beat+ by h] husb& or ne>e/ relation1 because ! boys are told f _! infancy1 t if !y see ! blood !y w e>ly become grey-head$1 & _! /r5g? w fail prematurely4 ,! ,di]i ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia believe t if wom5 at ^! times 7 to eat fi% or ba! 9 a riv]1 ! fi% w\ld all die & ! wat] w\ld dry up4 ,! ,arunta ( ! same region =bid m5/ru\s wom5 to ga!r ! irriakura bulbs1 :i* =m a /aple article ( diet = bo? m5 & wom54 ,!y ?9k t 7 a woman to break ?is rule1 ! supply ( bulbs w\ld fail4 ,9 "s ,au/ralian tribes ! seclusion ( m5/ru\s wom5 0 ev5 m rigid1 & 0 en=c$ by sev]] p5alties ?an a scold+ or a beat+4 ,?us !re is a regulation relat+ to camps 9 ! ,wakelbura tribe :i* =bids ! wom5 com+ into ! encampm5t by ! same pa? z ! m54 ,any violation ( ?is rule w\ld 9 a l>ge camp be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,! reason = ?is is ! dread ) :i* !y reg>d ! m5/rual p]iod ( wom54 ,dur+ su* a "t1 a woman is kept entirely away f ! camp1 half a mile at lea/4 ,a woman 9 su* a condition has b\ghs ( "s tree ( h] totem ti$ r\nd h] lo9s1 & is con/antly wat*$ & gu>d$1 = x is ?\ght t %\ld any male be s un=tunate z to see a woman 9 su* a condition1 he w\ld die4 ,if su* a woman 7 to let h]self be se5 by a man1 %e w\ld probably be put to dea?4 ,:5 ! woman has recov]$1 %e is pa9t$ r$ & :ite1 h] head cov]$ ) fea!rs1 & returns to ! camp4 ,9 ,muralug1 "o ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 a m5/ru\s woman may n eat any?+ t lives 9 ! sea1 else ! natives believe t ! fi%]ies w\ld fail4 ,9 ,galela1 to ! we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 wom5 at _! mon?ly p]iods may n ent] a tobacco-field1 or ! plants w\ld be attack$ by disease4 ,! ,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra are p]suad$ t if a woman 9 h] unclean /ate 7 to g ne> a rice-field1 ! crop w\ld be spoil$4 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa ?9k t1 by a glance ( a girl's eye at ! "t :5 %e ought to be kept 9 /rict retirem5t1 m5 become fix$ 9 :atev] positions !y happ5 to occupy1 ) :atev] !y 7 hold+ 9 _! h&s1 & are *ang$ into trees t talk4 ,cattle-re>+ tribes ( ,s\? ,africa hold t _! cattle w\ld die if ! milk 7 drunk by a m5/ru\s woman2 & !y fe> ! same disa/] if a drop ( h] blood 7 to fall on ! gr\nd & ! ox5 7 to pass ov] x4 ,to prev5t su* a calamity wom5 9 g5]al1 n m5/ru\s wom5 only1 are =bidd5 to ent] ! cattle enclosure2 & m ?an t1 !y may n use ! ord9>y pa?s 9 ent]+ ! village or 9 pass+ f "o hut to ano!r4 ,!y are oblig$ to make circuit\s tracks at ! back ( ! huts 9 ord] to avoid ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( ! village :]e ! cattle /& or lie d[n4 ,^! wom5's tracks may be se5 at e ,caffre village4 ,among ! ,bag&a1 9 l mann]1 no m5/ru\s woman might dr9k milk or come into contact ) any milk-vessel2 & %e might n t\* any?+ t belong$ to h] husb&1 nor sit on 8 mat1 nor cook 8 food4 ,if %e t\*$ any?+ ( 8 at su* a "t x 0 deem$ equival5t to wi%+ him dead or to actually work+ magic = 8 de/ruction4 ,7 %e to h&le any article ( 81 he w\ld surely fall ill2 7 %e to t\* 8 weapons1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be kill$ 9 ! next battle4 ,fur!r1 ! ,bag&a w\ld n suff] a m5/ru\s woman to visit a well2 if %e did s1 !y fe>$ t ! wat] w\ld dry up1 & t %e h]self w\ld fall sick & die1 unless %e confess$ h] fault & ! m$ic9e-man made atonem5t = h]4 ,among ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 if a new hut is built 9 a village & ! wife *ances to m5/ruate 9 x on ! day %e lights ! fir/ fire !re1 ! hut mu/ be brok5 d[n & demoli%$ ! v next day4 ,! woman may on no acc\nt sleep a second night 9 x2 !re is a curse bo? on h] & on x4 ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 if a woman at ! beg9n+ ( h] p]iod passes betwe5 two m51 %e !reby kills "o ( !m4 ,peasants ( ! ,lebanon ?9k t m5/ru\s wom5 are ! cause ( _m mis=tunes2 _! %ad[ causes fl[]s to )] & trees to p]i%1 x ev5 arre/s ! movem5ts ( s]p5ts2 if "o ( !m m\nts a horse1 ! animal might die or at lea/ be disabl$ = a long "t4 ,! ,guayquiries ( ! ,or9oco believe t :5 a woman has h] c\rses1 ev]y?+ ^u :i* %e /eps w die1 & t if a man treads on ! place :]e %e has pass$1 8 legs w imm$iately swell up4 ,among ! ,bri-bri ,indians ( ,co/a ,rica a m>ri$ woman at h] p]iods uses = plates only banana leaves1 :i*1 :5 %e has done ) !m1 %e ?r[s away 9 a seque/]$ spot2 = %\ld a c[ f9d & eat !m1 ! animal w\ld wa/e away & p]i%4 ,also %e dr9ks only out ( a special vessel1 because any p]son :o %\ld aft]w>ds dr9k out ( ! same vessel w\ld infallibly p9e away & die4 ,among mo/ tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! cu/om 0 t wom5 9 _! c\rses retir$ f ! camp or ! village & liv$ dur+ ! "t ( _! uncleanness 9 special huts or %elt]s :i* 7 appropriat$ to _! use4 ,!re !y dwelt ap>t1 eat+ & sleep+ by !mselves1 w>m+ !mselves at _! own fires1 & /rictly ab/a9+ f all communications ) m51 :o %unn$ !m j z if !y 7 /rick5 ) ! plague4 ,?us1 to take examples1 ! ,creek & k9dr$ ,indians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates compell$ wom5 at m5/ruation to live 9 sep>ate huts at "s di/ance f ! village4 ,!re ! wom5 _h to /ay1 at ! risk ( be+ surpris$ & cut (f by enemies4 ,x 0 ?\ght a mo/ horrid & dang]\s pollution to g ne> ! wom5 at su* times2 & ! dang] ext5d$ to enemies :o1 if !y slew ! wom51 _h to cleanse !mselves f ! pollution by means ( c]ta9 sacr$ h]bs & roots4 ,! ,/seelis ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia imag9$ t if a m5/ru\s woman 7 to /ep ov] a bundle ( arr[s1 ! arr[s w\ld !reby be r5d]$ useless & might ev5 cause ! dea? ( _! own]2 & simil>ly t if %e pass$ 9 front ( a hunt] :o c>ri$ a gun1 ! weapon w\ld nev] %oot /raight aga94 ,among ! ,*ippeways & o!r ,indians ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory1 m5/ru\s wom5 are exclud$ f ! camp1 & take up _! abode 9 huts ( bran*es4 ,!y we> long hoods1 :i* effectually conceal ! head & brea/4 ,!y may n t\* ! h\sehold furniture nor any objects us$ by m52 = _! t\* is suppos$ to defile !m1 s t _! subsequ5t use w\ld be foll[$ by c]ta9 mis*ief or mis=tune1 su* z disease or dea?4 ,!y mu/ dr9k out ( a swan's bone4 ,!y may n walk on ! common pa?s nor cross ! tracks ( animals4 ,!y are nev] p]mitt$ to walk on ! ice ( riv]s or lakes1 or ne> ! "p :]e ! m5 are hunt+ beav]1 or :]e a fi%+-net is set1 = fe> ( av]t+ _! success4 ,!y are also prohibit$ at ^? times f p>tak+ ( ! head ( any animal1 & ev5 f walk+ 9 or cross+ ! track :]e ! head ( a de]1 moose1 beav]1 & _m o!r animals h lately be5 c>ri$1 ei!r on a sl$ge or on ! back4 ,to be guilty ( a violation ( ?is cu/om is consid]$ z ( ! greate/ importance2 because !y firmly believe t x w\ld be a means ( prev5t+ ! hunt] f hav+ an equal success 9 8 future excursions4 ,s ! ,lapps =bid wom5 at m5/ruation to walk on t "p ( ! %ore :]e ! fi%]s are 9 ! habit ( sett+ out _! fi%2 & ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait believe t if hunt]s 7 to come ne> wom5 9 _! c\rses !y w\ld cat* no game4 ,= a l reason ! ,c>ri] ,indians w n suff] a m5/ru\s woman to cross ! tracks ( animals2 if ne$ be1 %e is c>ri$ ov] !m4 ,!y ?9k t if %e wad$ 9 a /ream or a lake1 ! fi% w\ld die4 ,among/ ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe ! sup]/itions :i* clu/] r\nd ?is my/]i\s aspect ( woman's nature are n less extravagant ?an ^? :i* prevail among savages4 ,9 ! olde/ exi/+ cyclopa$ia--! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y--! li/ ( dang]s appreh5d$ f m5/ruation is long] ?an any furni%$ by m]e b>b>ians4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! t\* ( a m5/ru\s woman turn$ w9e to v9eg>1 blight$ crops1 kill$ se$l+s1 bla/$ g>d5s1 br\ght d[n ! fruit f trees1 dimm$ mirrors1 blunt$ razors1 ru/$ iron & brass 7especially at ! wan+ ( ! moon71 kill$ bees1 or at lea/ drove !m f _! hives1 caus$ m>es to misc>ry1 & s =?4 ,simil>ly1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 x is /ill believ$ t if a woman 9 h] c\rses ent]s a brew]y ! be] w turn s\r2 if %e t\*es be]1 w9e1 v9eg>1 or milk1 x w g bad2 if %e makes jam1 x w n keep2 if %e m\nts a m>e1 x w misc>ry2 if %e t\*es buds1 !y w )]2 if %e climbs a *]ry tree1 x w die4 ,9 ,brunswick p ?9k t if a m5/ru\s woman assi/s at ! kill+ ( a pig1 ! pork w putrefy4 ,9 ! ,greek isl& ( ,calymnos a woman at su* times may n g to ! well to draw wat]1 nor cross a runn+ /ream1 nor ent] ! sea4 ,h] pres5ce 9 a boat is said to raise /orms4 ,?us ! object ( seclud+ wom5 at m5/ruation is to neutralise ! dang]\s influ5ces :i* are suppos$ to emanate f !m at su* times4 ,t ! dang] is believ$ to be especially great at ! fir/ m5/ruation appe>s f ! unusual precautions tak5 to isolate girls at ?is crisis4 ,two ( ^! precautions h be5 illu/rat$ above1 namely1 ! rules t ! girls may n t\* ! gr\nd nor see ! sun4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! rules is to keep h] susp5d$1 s to say1 betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,:e!r envelop$ 9 h] hammock & slung up to ! ro(1 z 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or rais$ above ! gr\nd 9 a d>k & n>r[ cage1 z 9 ,new ,irel&1 %e may be consid]$ to be out ( ! way ( do+ mis*ief1 s9ce1 be+ %ut (f bo? f ! e>? & f ! sun1 %e c poison nei!r ( ^! great s\rces ( life by h] deadly contagion4 ,9 %ort1 %e is r5d]$ h>mless by be+1 9 electrical language1 insulat$4 ,b ! precautions ?us tak5 to isolate or insulate ! girl are dictat$ by a reg>d = h] own safety z well z = ! safety ( o!rs4 ,= x is ?\ght t %e h]self w\ld suff] if %e 7 to neglect ! prescrib$ regim54 ,?us ,zulu girls1 z we h se51 believe t !y w\ld %rivel to skeletons if ! sun 7 to %9e on !m at pub]ty1 & ! ,macusis imag9e t1 if a "y woman 7 to transgress ! rules1 %e w\ld suff] f sores on v>i\s p>ts ( h] body4 ,9 %ort1 ! girl is view$ z *>g$ ) a p[]ful =ce :i*1 if n kept )9 b\nds1 may prove de/ructive bo? to h]self & to all ) :om %e comes 9 contact4 ,to repress ?is =ce )9 ! limits necess>y = ! safety ( all conc]n$ is ! object ( ! taboos 9 "q4 ,! same explanation applies to ! obs]vance ( ! same rules by div9e k+s & prie/s4 ,! uncleanness1 z x is call$1 ( girls at pub]ty & ! sanctity ( holy m5 d n1 to ! primitive m9d1 diff] mat]ially f ea* o!r4 ,!y are only diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same my/]i\s en]gy :i*1 l en]gy 9 g5]al1 is 9 itself nei!r good nor bad1 b becomes b5efic5t or malefic5t accord+ to its application4 ,accord+ly1 if1 l girls at pub]ty1 div9e p]sonages may nei!r t\* ! gr\nd nor see ! sun1 ! reason is1 on ! "o h&1 a fe> le/ _! div9ity might1 at contact ) e>? or heav51 dis*>ge itself ) fatal viol5ce on ei!r2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an appreh5sion t ! div9e be+1 ?us dra9$ ( 8 e!real virtue1 might !reby be incapacitat$ = ! future p]=mance ( ^? magical functions1 ^u ! prop] dis*>ge ( :i* ! safety ( ! p & ev5 ( ! _w is believ$ to hang4 ,?us ! rules 9 "q fall "u ! head ( ! taboos :i* we exam9$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is book2 !y are int5d$ to pres]ve ! life ( ! div9e p]son & ) x ! life ( 8 subjects & wor%ipp]s4 ,n[h]e1 x is ?\ght1 c 8 preci\s yet dang]\s life be at once s safe & s h>mless z :5 x is nei!r 9 heav5 nor 9 e>?1 b1 z f> z possible1 susp5d$ betwe5 ! two4 ,,lxi4 ,! ,my? ( ,bald] ,a ,,deity ^: life might 9 a s5se be said to be nei!r 9 heav5 nor on e>? b betwe5 ! two1 0 ! ,norse ,bald]1 ! good & beautiful god1 ! son ( ! great god ,od91 & himself ! wise/1 milde/1 be/ belov$ ( all ! immortals4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea?1 z x is told 9 ! y\ng] or prose ,edda1 runs ?us4 ,once on a "t ,bald] dream$ heavy dreams :i* seem$ to =ebode 8 dea?4 ,!reupon ! gods held a c\ncil & resolv$ to make him secure aga9/ e dang]4 ,s ! goddess ,frigg took an oa? f fire & wat]1 iron & all metals1 /ones & e>?1 f trees1 sicknesses & poisons1 & f all f\r-foot$ bea/s1 birds1 & creep+ ?+s1 t !y w\ld n hurt ,bald]4 ,:5 ?is 0 done ,bald] 0 deem$ invuln]able2 s ! gods amus$ !mselves by sett+ him 9 _! mid/1 :ile "s %ot at him1 o!rs hew$ at him1 & o!rs ?rew /ones at him4 ,b :atev] !y did1 no?+ c\ld hurt him2 & at ?is !y 7 all glad4 ,only ,loki1 ! mis*ief-mak]1 0 displeas$1 & he w5t 9 ! guise ( an old woman to ,frigg1 :o told him t ! weapons ( ! gods c\ld n w\nd ,bald]1 s9ce %e _h made !m all swe> n to hurt him4 ,!n ,loki ask$1 ,h all ?+s sworn to sp>e ,bald]8 ,%e answ]$1 ,ea/ ( ,walhalla gr[s a plant call$ mi/letoe2 x seem$ to me too "y to swe>4 ,s ,loki w5t & pull$ ! mi/letoe & took x to ! assembly ( ! gods4 ,!re he f\nd ! bl9d god ,ho!r /&+ at ! outside ( ! circle4 ,loki ask$ him1 ,:y d y n %oot at ,bald]8 ,ho!r answ]$1 ,because ,i d n see :]e he /&s2 besides ,i h no weapon4 ,!n said ,loki1 ,d l ! re/ & %[ ,bald] hon\r1 z !y all d4 ,i w %[ y :]e he /&s1 & d y %oot at him ) ?is twig4 ,ho!r took ! mi/letoe & ?rew x at ,bald]1 z ,loki direct$ him4 ,! mi/letoe /ruck ,bald] & pi]c$ him ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & he fell d[n dead4 ,& t 0 ! greate/ mis=tune t ev] befell gods & m54 ,= a :ile ! gods /ood spee*less1 !n !y lift$ up _! voices & wept bitt]ly4 ,!y took ,bald]'s body & br\ght x to ! sea-%ore4 ,!re /ood ,bald]'s %ip2 x 0 call$ ,r+horn1 & 0 ! huge/ ( all %ips4 ,! gods wi%$ to laun* ! %ip & to burn ,bald]'s body on x1 b ! %ip w\ld n /ir4 ,s !y s5t = a giantess call$ ,hyrrock94 ,%e came rid+ on a wolf & gave ! %ip su* a pu% t fire fla%$ f ! roll]s & all ! e>? %ook4 ,!n ,bald]'s body 0 tak5 & plac$ on ! fun]al pile ^u 8 %ip4 ,:5 8 wife ,nanna saw t1 h] he>t bur/ = sorr[ & %e di$4 ,s %e 0 laid on ! fun]al pile ) h] husb&1 & fire 0 put to x4 ,bald]'s horse1 too1 ) all its trapp+s1 0 burn$ on ! pile4 ,:e!r he 0 a real or m]ely a my?ical p]sonage1 ,bald] 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,norway4 ,on "o ( ! bays ( ! beautiful ,sogne ,fiord1 :i* p5etrates f> into ! dep?s ( ! solemn ,norwegian m\nta9s1 ) _! sombre p9e-=e/s & _! l(ty cascades dissolv+ into spray be=e !y rea* ! d>k wat] ( ! fiord f> bel[1 ,bald] _h a great sanctu>y4 ,x 0 call$ ,bald]'s ,grove4 ,a palisade enclos$ ! hall[$ gr\nd1 & )9 x /ood a spaci\s temple ) ! images ( _m gods1 b none ( !m 0 wor%ipp$ ) su* devotion z ,bald]4 ,s great 0 ! awe ) :i* ! hea!n reg>d$ ! place t no man might h>m ano!r !re1 nor /eal 8 cattle1 nor defile himself ) wom54 ,b wom5 c>$ = ! images ( ! gods 9 ! temple2 !y w>m$ !m at ! fire1 ano9t$ !m ) oil1 & dri$ !m ) clo?s4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( an hi/orical k]nel und]ly+ a my?ical husk 9 ! leg5d ( ,bald]1 ! details ( ! /ory sugge/ t x belongs to t class ( my?s :i* h be5 dramatis$ z ritual1 or1 to put x o!rwise1 :i* h be5 p]=m$ z magical c]emonies = ! sake ( produc+ ^? natural effects :i* !y describe 9 figurative language4 ,a my? is nev] s graphic & precise 9 its details z :5 x is1 s to speak1 ! book ( ! words :i* are spok5 & act$ by ! p]=m]s ( ! sacr$ rite4 ,t ! ,norse /ory ( ,bald] 0 a my? ( ?is sort w become probable if we c prove t c]emonies resembl+ ! incid5ts 9 ! tale h be5 p]=m$ by ,norsem5 & o!r ,european peoples4 ,n[ ! ma9 incid5ts 9 ! tale are two--fir/1 ! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe1 & second1 ! dea? & burn+ ( ! god2 & bo? ( !m may p]haps be f\nd to h _h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ye>ly rites obs]v$1 :e!r sep>ately or conjo9tly1 by p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,^! rites w be describ$ & discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! annual fe/ivals ( fire & %all res]ve ! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe = consid]ation lat] on4 ,,lxii4 ,! ,fire-,fe/ivals ( ,europe #a4 ,! ,fire-fe/ivals 9 g5]al ,,all ov] ,europe ! peasants h be5 accu/om$ f "t immemorial to k9dle bonfires on c]ta9 days ( ! ye>1 & to dance r\nd or leap ov] !m4 ,cu/oms ( ?is k9d c be trac$ back on hi/orical evid5ce to ! ,middle ,ages1 & _! analogy to simil> cu/oms obs]v$ 9 antiquity goes ) /rong int]nal evid5ce to prove t _! orig9 mu/ be s\ght 9 a p]iod long prior to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,inde$ ! e>lie/ pro( ( _! obs]vance 9 ,nor!rn ,europe is furni%$ by ! attempts made by ,*ri/ian synods 9 ! eigh? c5tury to put !m d[n z hea!ni% rites4 ,n uncommonly effigies are burn$ 9 ^! fires1 or a pret5ce is made ( burn+ a liv+ p]son 9 !m2 & !re are gr\nds = believ+ t anci5tly human be+s 7 actually burn$ on ^! occasions4 ,a brief view ( ! cu/oms 9 "q w br+ out ! traces ( human sacrifice1 & w s]ve at ! same "t to ?r[ light on _! mean+4 ,! seasons ( ! ye> :5 ^! bonfires are mo/ commonly lit are spr+ & midsumm]2 b 9 "s places !y are k9dl$ also at ! end ( autumn or dur+ ! c\rse ( ! w9t]1 p>ticul>ly on ,hall[ ,e'en 7! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob]71 ,*ri/mas ,day1 & ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day4 ,space =bids me to describe all ^! fe/ivals at l5g?2 a few specim5s mu/ s]ve to illu/rate _! g5]al "*4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! fire-fe/ivals ( spr+1 :i* usually fall on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t 7,quadragesima or ,invocavit71 ,ea/] ,eve1 & ,may ,day4 #b4 ,! ,l5t5 ,fires ,,! ,,cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t has prevail$ 9 ,belgium1 ! nor? ( ,france1 & _m p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,?us 9 ! ,belgian ,ard5nes = a week or a =tnight be=e ! day ( ! great fire1 z x is call$1 *ildr5 g ab\t f f>m to f>m collect+ fuel4 ,at ,gr& ,halleux any "o :o refuses _! reque/ is pursu$ next day by ! *ildr51 :o try to black5 8 face ) ! a%es ( ! ext9ct fire4 ,:5 ! day has come1 !y cut d[n bu%es1 especially junip] & broom1 & 9 ! ev5+ great bonfires blaze on all ! heights4 ,x is a common say+ t sev5 bonfires %\ld be se5 if ! village is to be safe f conflagrations4 ,if ! ,meuse happ5s to be froz5 h>d at ! "t1 bonfires are lit also on ! ice4 ,at ,gr& ,halleux !y set up a pole call$ makral1 or ! wit*1 9 ! mid/ ( ! pile1 & ! fire is k9dl$ by ! man :o 0 la/ m>ri$ 9 ! village4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,morlanwelz a /raw man is burnt 9 ! fire4 ,"y p & *ildr5 dance & s+ r\nd ! bonfires1 & leap ov] ! emb]s to secure good crops or a happy m>riage )9 ! ye>1 or z a means ( gu>d+ !mselves aga9/ colic4 ,9 ,brabant on ! same ,sunday1 d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wom5 & m5 disguis$ 9 female attire us$ to g ) burn+ tor*es to ! fields1 :]e !y danc$ & sang comic songs = ! purpose1 z !y alleg$1 ( driv+ away ! wick$ s[]1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel = ! day4 ,at ,pturages1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ha9aut1 d[n to ab\t #ahdj ! cu/om 0 obs]v$ "u ! "n ( ,esc\vion or ,sc\vion4 ,e ye> on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,day ( ! ,little ,sc\vion1 "y folks & *ildr5 us$ to run ) light$ tor*es ?r\gh ! g>d5s & or*>ds4 ,z !y ran !y cri$ at ! pit* ( _! voices3 ,be> apples1 be> pe>s1 & *]ries all black ,to ,sc\vion6 ,at ^! words ! tor*-be>] :irl$ 8 blaz+ br& & hurl$ x among ! bran*es ( ! apple-trees1 ! pe>-trees1 & ! *]ry-trees4 ,! next ,sunday 0 call$ ! ,day ( ! ,great ,sc\vion1 & ! same race ) light$ tor*es among ! trees ( ! or*>ds 0 repeat$ 9 ! aft]noon till d>kness fell4 ,9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ! ,ard5nes ! :ole village us$ to dance & s+ ar\nd ! bonfires :i* 7 light$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,"h1 too1 x 0 ! p]son la/ m>ri$1 sometimes a man & sometimes a woman1 :o put ! mat* to ! fire4 ,! cu/om is /ill kept up v commonly 9 ! di/rict4 ,cats us$ to be burnt 9 ! fire or roa/$ to dea? by be+ held ov] x2 & :ile !y 7 burn+ ! %eph]ds drove _! flocks ?r\gh ! smoke & flames z a sure means ( gu>d+ !m aga9/ sickness & wit*craft4 ,9 "s communes x 0 believ$ t ! liveli] ! dance r\nd ! fire1 ! bett] w\ld be ! crops t ye>4 ,9 ! ,fr5* prov9ce ( ,fran*e-,comt1 to ! we/ ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s1 ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t is kn[n z ! ,sunday ( ! ,firebr&s 7,br&ons71 on acc\nt ( ! fires :i* x is cu/om>y to k9dle on t day4 ,on ! ,saturday or ! ,sunday ! village lads h>ness !mselves to a c>t & drag x ab\t ! /reets1 /opp+ at ! doors ( ! h\ses :]e !re are girls & begg+ = a faggot4 ,:5 !y h got en\gh1 !y c>t ! fuel to a spot at "s little di/ance f ! village1 pile x up1 & set x on fire4 ,all ! p ( ! p>i% come out to see ! bonfire4 ,9 "s villages1 :5 ! bells h rung ! ,angelus1 ! signal = ! obs]vance is giv5 by cries (1 ,to ! fire6 to ! fire6 ,lads1 lasses1 & *ildr5 dance r\nd ! blaze1 & :5 ! flames h di$ d[n !y vie ) ea* o!r 9 leap+ ov] ! r$ emb]s4 ,he or %e :o does s )\t s+e+ 8 or h] g>m5ts w be m>ri$ )9 ! ye>4 ,"y folk also c>ry light$ tor*es ab\t ! /reets or ! fields1 & :5 !y pass an or*>d !y cry out1 ,m fruit ?an leaves6 ,d[n to rec5t ye>s at ,laviron1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,d\bs1 x 0 ! "y m>ri$ c\ples ( ! ye> :o _h *>ge ( ! bonfires4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! bonfire a pole 0 plant$ ) a wood5 figure ( a cock fa/5$ to ! top4 ,!n !re 7 races1 & ! w9n] receiv$ ! cock z a prize4 ,9 ,auv]gne fires are ev]y:]e k9dl$ on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,e village1 e hamlet1 ev5 e w>d1 e isolat$ f>m has its bonfire or figo1 z x is call$1 :i* blazes up z ! %ades ( night are fall+4 ,! fires may be se5 fl>+ on ! heights & 9 ! pla9s2 ! p dance & s+ r\nd ab\t !m & leap ?r\gh ! flames4 ,!n !y proce$ to ! c]emony ( ! ,grannas-mias4 ,a granno-mio is a tor* ( /raw fa/5$ to ! top ( a pole4 ,:5 ! pyre is half consum$1 ! by/&]s k9dle ! tor*es at ! expir+ flames & c>ry !m into ! neighb\r+ or*>ds1 fields1 & g>d5s1 :]ev] !re are fruit-trees4 ,z !y m>* !y s+ at ! top ( _! voices1 ,granno my fri5d1 ,granno my fa!r1 ,granno my "m4 ,!n !y pass ! burn+ tor*es "u ! bran*es ( e tree1 s++4 ,br&o1 br&\nci tsaque brantso1 9 plan panei6 t is1 ,firebr& burn2 e bran* a basketful6 ,9 "s villages ! p also run across ! s[n fields & %ake ! a%es ( ! tor*es on ! gr\nd2 also !y put "s ( ! a%es 9 ! f[ls' ne/s1 9 ord] t ! h5s may lay pl5ty ( eggs ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:5 all ^! c]emonies h be5 p]=m$1 ev]ybody goes home & fea/s2 ! special di%es ( ! ev5+ are fritt]s & pancakes4 ,"h ! application ( ! fire to ! fruit-trees1 to ! s[n fields1 & to ! ne/s ( ! p\ltry is cle>ly a *>m int5d$ to ensure f]tility2 & ! ,granno to :om ! invocations are address$1 & :o gives 8 "n to ! tor*es1 may possibly be1 z ,dr4 ,pomm]ol sugge/s1 no o!r ?an ! anci5t ,celtic god ,grannus1 :om ! ,romans id5tifi$ ) ,apollo1 & ^: wor%ip is atte/$ by inscriptions f\nd n only 9 ,france b 9 ,scotl& & on ! ,danube4 ,! cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es ( /raw 7br&ons7 ab\t ! or*>ds & fields to f]tilise !m on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t seems to h be5 common 9 ,france1 :e!r x 0 accompani$ ) ! practice ( k9dl+ bonfires or n4 ,?us 9 ! prov9ce ( ,pic>dy on ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t p c>ri$ tor*es ?r\gh ! fields1 exorcis+ ! field-mice1 ! d>nel1 & ! smut4 ,!y imag9$ t !y did mu* good to ! g>d5s & caus$ ! onions to gr[ l>ge4 ,*ildr5 ran ab\t ! fields1 tor* 9 h&1 to make ! l& m f]tile4 ,at ,v]ges1 a village betwe5 ! ,jura & ! ,combe d',a91 ! tor*es at ?is season 7 k9dl$ on ! top ( a m\nta91 & ! be>]s w5t to e h\se 9 ! village1 dem&+ roa/$ peas & oblig+ all c\ples :o _h be5 m>ri$ )9 ! ye> to dance4 ,9 ,b]ry1 a di/rict ( ,c5tral ,france1 x appe>s t bonfires are n light$ on ?is day1 b :5 ! sun has set ! :ole population ( ! villages1 arm$ ) blaz+ tor*es ( /raw1 disp]se ov] ! c\ntry & sc\r ! fields1 ! v9ey>ds1 & ! or*>ds4 ,se5 f af>1 ! multitude ( mov+ lights1 tw9kl+ 9 ! d>kness1 appe> l w-o'-!-wisps *as+ ea* o!r across ! pla9s1 along ! hillsides1 & d[n ! valleys4 ,:ile ! m5 wave _! flambeaus ab\t ! bran*es ( ! fruit-trees1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 tie b&s ( :eat5-/raw r\nd ! tree-trunks4 ,! effect ( ! c]emony is suppos$ to be to av]t ! v>i\s plagues f :i* ! fruits ( ! e>? are apt to suff]2 & ! b&s ( /raw fa/5$ r\nd ! /ems ( ! trees are believ$ to r5d] !m fruitful4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l& at ! same season simil> cu/oms h prevail$4 ,?us 9 ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s1 ,rh5i% ,prussia1 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t "y p us$ to collect /raw & bru%wood f h\se to h\se4 ,^! !y c>ri$ to an em95ce & pil$ up r\nd a tall1 slim bee*-tree1 to :i* a piece ( wood 0 fa/5$ at "r angles to =m a cross4 ,! /ructure 0 kn[n z ! hut or ca/le4 ,fire 0 set to x & ! "y p m>*$ r\nd ! blaz+ ca/le b>ehead$1 ea* c>ry+ a light$ tor* & pray+ al\d4 ,sometimes a /raw-man 0 burn$ 9 ! hut4 ,p obs]v$ ! direction 9 :i* ! smoke blew f ! fire4 ,if x blew t[>ds ! corn-fields1 x 0 a sign t ! h>ve/ w\ld be abundant4 ,on ! same day1 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,eifel1 a great :eel 0 made ( /raw & dragg$ by ?ree horses to ! top ( ! hill4 ,?i!r ! village boys m>*$ at nightfall1 set fire to ! :eel1 & s5t x roll+ d[n ! slope4 ,at ,ob]/attfeld ! :eel _h to be provid$ by ! "y man :o 0 la/ m>ri$4 ,ab\t ,e*t]na* 9 ,luxemburg ! same c]emony is call$ burn+ ! wit*4 ,at ,voralb]g 9 ! ,tyrol1 on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 a sl5d] "y fir-tree is surr\nd$ ) a pile ( /raw & firewood4 ,to ! top ( ! tree is fa/5$ a human figure call$ ! wit*1 made ( old clo!s & /uff$ ) gunp[d]4 ,at night ! :ole is set on fire & boys & girls dance r\nd x1 sw++ tor*es & s++ rhymes 9 :i* ! words corn 9 ! w9n[+-basket1 ! pl\gh 9 ! e>? may be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ,swabia on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t a figure call$ ! wit* or ! old wife or w9t]'s gr&mo!r is made up ( clo!s & fa/5$ to a pole4 ,?is is /uck 9 ! middle ( a pile ( wood1 to :i* fire is appli$4 ,:ile ! wit* is burn+1 ! "y p ?r[ blaz+ discs into ! air4 ,! discs are ?9 r\nd pieces ( wood1 a few in*es 9 diamet]1 ) not*$ edges to imitate ! rays ( ! sun or />s4 ,!y h a hole 9 ! middle1 by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! end ( a w&4 ,be=e ! disc is ?r[n x is set on fire1 ! w& is swung to & fro1 & ! impetus ?us communicat$ to ! disc is augm5t$ by da%+ ! rod %>ply aga9/ a slop+ bo>d4 ,! burn+ disc is ?us ?r[n (f1 & m\nt+ high into ! air1 describes a long fi]y curve be=e x rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,! *>r$ emb]s ( ! burn$ wit* & discs are tak5 home & plant$ 9 ! flax-fields ! same night1 9 ! belief t !y w keep v]m9 f ! fields4 ,9 ! ,rhn ,m\nta9s1 situat$ on ! bord]s ( ,hesse & ,bav>ia1 ! p us$ to m>* to ! top ( a hill or em95ce on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t4 ,*ildr5 & lads c>ri$ tor*es1 brooms daub$ ) t>1 & poles swa!d 9 /raw4 ,a :eel1 wrapt 9 combu/ibles1 0 k9dl$ & roll$ d[n ! hill2 & ! "y p ru%$ ab\t ! fields ) _! burn+ tor*es & brooms1 till at la/ !y flung !m 9 a heap1 & /&+ r\nd !m1 /ruck up a hymn or a popul> song4 ,! object ( runn+ ab\t ! fields ) ! blaz+ tor*es 0 to drive away ! wick$ s[]4 ,or x 0 done 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg91 t %e might pres]ve ! fruits ( ! e>? ?r\gh\t ! ye> & bless !m4 ,9 neighb\r+ villages ( ,hesse1 betwe5 ! ,rhn & ! ,vogel ,m\nta9s1 x is ?\ght t :]ev] ! burn+ :eels roll1 ! fields w be safe f hail & /orm4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 also1 x is or us$ to be cu/om>y to k9dle bonfires on high places on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 & ! day is !re=e popul>ly kn[n z ,sp>k ,sunday4 ,! cu/om prevail$1 = example1 ?r\gh\t ! canton ( ,luc]ne4 ,boys w5t ab\t f h\se to h\se begg+ = wood & /raw1 !n pil$ ! fuel on a conspicu\s m\nta9 or hill r\nd ab\t a pole1 :i* bore a /raw effigy call$ ! wit*4 ,at nightfall ! pile 0 set on fire1 & ! "y folks danc$ wildly r\nd x1 "s ( !m crack+ :ips or r++ bells2 & :5 ! fire burn$ l[ en\gh1 !y leap$ ov] x4 ,?is 0 call$ burn+ ! wit*4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! canton also !y us$ to wrap old :eels 9 /raw & ?orns1 put a light to !m1 & s5d !m roll+ & blaz+ d[n hill4 ,! m bonfires c\ld be se5 sp>kl+ & fl>+ 9 ! d>kness1 ! m fruitful 0 ! ye> expect$ to be2 & ! high] ! danc]s leap$ beside or ov] ! fire1 ! high]1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld gr[ ! flax4 ,9 "s di/ricts x 0 ! la/ m>ri$ man or woman :o mu/ k9dle ! bonfire4 ,x seems h>dly possible to sep>ate f ^! bonfires1 k9dl$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 ! fires 9 :i*1 ab\t ! same season1 ! effigy call$ ,dea? is burn$ z "p ( ! c]emony ( c>ry+ out ,dea?4 ,we h se5 t at ,spa*5dorf1 9 ,au/rian ,silesia1 on ! morn+ ( ,rup]t's ,day 7,%rove ,tuesday871 a /raw-man1 dress$ 9 a fur coat & a fur cap1 is laid 9 a hole outside ! village & !re burn$1 & t :ile x is blaz+ e "o seeks to snat* a fragm5t ( x1 :i* he fa/5s to a bran* ( ! highe/ tree 9 8 g>d5 or buries 9 8 field1 believ+ t ?is w make ! crops to gr[ bett]4 ,! c]emony is kn[n z ! bury+ ( ,dea?4 ,ev5 :5 ! /raw-man is n designat$ z ,dea?1 ! mean+ ( ! obs]vance is probably ! same2 = ! "n ,dea?1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 does n express ! orig9al int5tion ( ! c]emony4 ,at ,cob]n 9 ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s ! lads make up a /raw-man on ,%rove ,tuesday4 ,! effigy is =mally tri$ & accus$ ( hav+ p]petrat$ all ! !fts t h be5 committ$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,be+ condemn$ to dea?1 ! /raw-man is l$ ?r\gh ! village1 %ot1 & burn$ ^u a pyre4 ,!y dance r\nd ! blaz+ pile1 & ! la/ bride mu/ leap ov] x4 ,9 ,old5burg on ! ev5+ ( ,%rove ,tuesday p us$ to make long bundles ( /raw1 :i* !y set on fire1 & !n ran ab\t ! fields wav+ !m1 %riek+1 & s++ wild songs4 ,f9ally !y burn$ a /raw-man on ! field4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,dsseldorf ! /raw-man burn$ on ,%rove ,tuesday 0 made ( an un?re%$ %eaf ( corn4 ,on ! fir/ ,monday aft] ! spr+ equ9ox ! ur*9s ( ,zuri* drag a /raw-man on a little c>t ?r\gh ! /reets1 :ile at ! same "t ! girls c>ry ab\t a ,may-tree4 ,:5 vesp]s r+1 ! /raw-man is burn$4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,aa*5 on ,a% ,w$nesday1 a man us$ to be encas$ 9 peas-/raw & tak5 to an appo9t$ place4 ,"h he slipp$ quietly out ( 8 /raw cas+1 :i* 0 !n burn$1 ! *ildr5 ?9k+ t x 0 ! man :o 0 be+ burn$4 ,9 ! ,val di ,l$ro 7,tyrol7 on ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival a figure is made up ( /raw & bru%wood & !n burn$4 ,! figure is call$ ! ,old ,woman1 & ! c]emony burn+ ! ,old ,woman4 #c4 ,! ,ea/] ,fires ,,ano!r occasion on :i* ^! fire-fe/ivals are held is ,ea/] ,eve1 ! ,saturday be=e ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,on t day x has be5 cu/om>y 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries to ext+ui% all ! lights 9 ! *ur*es1 & !n to make a new fire1 sometimes ) fl9t & /eel1 sometimes ) a burn+-glass4 ,at ?is fire is lit ! great ,pas*al or ,ea/] c&le1 :i* is !n us$ to rek9dle all ! ext+ui%$ lights 9 ! *ur*4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many a bonfire is also k9dl$1 by means ( ! new fire1 on "s op5 space ne> ! *ur*4 ,x is consecrat$1 & ! p br+ /icks ( oak1 walnut1 & bee*1 :i* !y *> 9 ! fire1 & !n take home ) !m4 ,"s ( ^! *>r$ /icks are !reupon burn$ at home 9 a newly-k9dl$ fire1 ) a pray] t ,god w pres]ve ! home/ead f fire1 lightn+1 & hail4 ,?us e h\se receives new fire4 ,"s ( ! /icks are kept ?r\gh\t ! ye> & laid on ! he>?-fire dur+ heavy ?und]-/orms to prev5t ! h\se f be+ /ruck by lightn+1 or !y are ins]t$ 9 ! ro( ) ! l int5tion4 ,o!rs are plac$ 9 ! fields1 g>d5s1 & mead[s1 ) a pray] t ,god w keep !m f blight & hail4 ,su* fields & g>d5s are ?\ght to ?rive m ?an o!rs2 ! corn & ! plants t gr[ 9 !m are n beat5 d[n by hail1 nor dev\r$ by mice1 v]m91 & beetles2 no wit* h>ms !m1 & ! e>s ( corn /& close & full4 ,! *>r$ /icks are also appli$ to ! pl\gh4 ,! a%es ( ! ,ea/] bonfire1 toge!r ) ! a%es ( ! consecrat$ palm-bran*es1 are mix$ ) ! se$ at s[+4 ,a wood5 figure call$ ,judas is sometimes burn$ 9 ! consecrat$ bonfire1 & ev5 :]e ?is cu/om has be5 aboli%$ ! bonfire itself 9 "s places goes by ! "n ( ! burn+ ( ,judas4 ,! ess5tially pagan "* ( ! ,ea/] fire fe/ival appe>s pla9ly bo? f ! mode 9 :i* x is celebrat$ by ! peasants & f ! sup]/iti\s beliefs :i* !y associate ) x4 ,all ov] ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,g]many1 f ,altm>k & ,anhalt on ! ea/1 ?r\gh ,brunswick1 ,hanov]1 ,old5burg1 ! ,h>z di/rict1 & ,hesse to ,we/phalia ! ,ea/] bonfires /ill blaze simultane\sly on ! hill-tops4 ,z _m z =ty may sometimes be c\nt$ )9 sight at once4 ,long be=e ,ea/] ! "y p h be5 busy collect+ firewood2 e f>m] contributes1 & t>-b>rels1 petroleum cases1 & s =? g to swell ! pile4 ,neighb\r+ villages vie ) ea* o!r z to :i* %all s5d up ! greate/ blaze4 ,! fires are always k9dl$1 ye> aft] ye>1 on ! same hill1 :i* accord+ly (t5 takes ! "n ( ,ea/] ,m\nta94 ,x is a f9e spectacle to wat* f "s em95ce ! bonfires fl>+ up "o aft] ano!r on ! neighb\r+ heights4 ,z f> z _! light rea*es1 s f>1 9 ! belief ( ! peasants1 ! fields w be fruitful1 & ! h\ses on :i* !y %9e w be safe f conflagration or sickness4 ,at ,volkm>s5 & o!r places 9 ,hesse ! p us$ to obs]ve :i* way ! w9d blew ! flames1 & !n !y s[$ flax se$ 9 t direction1 confid5t t x w\ld gr[ well4 ,br&s tak5 f ! bonfires pres]ve h\ses f be+ /ruck by lightn+2 & ! a%es increase ! f]tility ( ! fields1 protect !m f mice1 & mix$ ) ! dr9k+-wat] ( cattle make ! animals ?rive & ensure !m aga9/ plague4 ,z ! flames die d[n1 "y & old leap ov] !m1 & cattle are sometimes driv5 ?r\gh ! sm\ld]+ emb]s4 ,9 "s places t>-b>rels or :eels wrapt 9 /raw us$ to be set on fire1 & !n s5t roll+ d[n ! hillside4 ,9 o!rs ! boys light tor*es & wisps ( /raw at ! bonfires & ru% ab\t br&i%+ !m 9 _! h&s4 ,9 ,mn/]l& ^! ,ea/] fires are always k9dl$ ^u c]ta9 def9ite hills1 :i* are h5ce kn[n z ,ea/] or ,pas*al ,m\nta9s4 ,! :ole community assembles ab\t ! fire4 ,! "y m5 & maid5s1 s++ ,ea/] hymns1 m>* r\nd & r\nd ! fire1 till ! blaze dies d[n4 ,!n ! girls jump ov] ! fire 9 a l9e1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ea* support$ by two "y m5 :o hold h] h&s & run beside h]4 ,9 ! twilight boys ) blaz+ bundles ( /raw run ov] ! fields to make !m fruitful4 ,at ,delm5hor/1 9 ,old5burg1 x us$ to be ! cu/om to cut d[n two trees1 plant !m 9 ! gr\nd side by side1 & pile twelve t>-b>rels aga9/ ea*4 ,bru%-wood 0 !n heap$ ab\t ! trees1 & on ! ev5+ ( ,ea/] ,saturday ! boys1 aft] ru%+ ab\t ) blaz+ bean-poles 9 _! h&s1 set fire to ! :ole4 ,at ! end ( ! c]emony ! ur*9s tri$ to black5 ea* o!r & ! clo!s ( gr[n-up p4 ,9 ! ,altm>k x is believ$ t z f> z ! blaze ( ! ,ea/] bonfire is visible1 ! corn w gr[ well ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & no conflagration w break out4 ,at ,braunrde1 9 ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 x 0 ! cu/om to burn squirrels 9 ! ,ea/] bonfire4 ,9 ! ,altm>k1 bones 7 burn$ 9 x4 ,ne> ,=*heim1 9 ,upp] ,frank51 a /raw-man call$ ! ,judas us$ to be burn$ 9 ! *ur*y>ds on ,ea/] ,saturday4 ,! :ole village contribut$ wood to ! pyre on :i* he p]i%$1 & ! *>r$ /icks 7 aft]w>ds kept & plant$ 9 ! fields on ,walpurgis ,day 7! fir/ ( ,may7 to pres]ve ! :eat f blight & mildew4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago or m ! cu/om at ,al!nneb]g1 9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 us$ to be z foll[s4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,ea/] ,saturday ! lads collect$ wood1 :i* !y pil$ 9 a cornfield1 :ile 9 ! middle ( ! pile !y set up a tall wood5 cross all swa!d 9 /raw4 ,aft] ! ev5+ s]vice !y light$ _! lant]ns at ! consecrat$ c&le 9 ! *ur*1 & ran ) !m at full spe$ to ! pyre1 ea* /riv+ to get !re fir/4 ,! fir/ to arrive set fire to ! heap4 ,no woman or girl might come ne> ! bonfire1 b !y 7 all[$ to wat* x f a di/ance4 ,z ! flames rose ! m5 & lads rejoic$ & made m]ry1 %\t+1 ,we are burn+ ! ,judas6 ,! man :o _h be5 ! fir/ to rea* ! pyre & to k9dle x 0 rew>d$ on ,ea/] ,sunday by ! wom51 :o gave him col\r$ eggs at ! *ur* door4 ,! object ( ! :ole c]emony 0 to keep (f ! hail4 ,at o!r villages ( ,upp] ,bav>ia ! c]emony1 :i* took place betwe5 n9e & t5 at night on ,ea/] ,saturday1 0 call$ burn+ ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,on a height ab\t a mile f ! village ! "y fell[s set up a tall cross envelop$ 9 /raw1 s t x look$ l a man ) 8 arms /ret*$ out4 ,?is 0 ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,no lad "u eighte5 ye>s ( age might take "p 9 ! c]emony4 ,"o ( ! "y m5 /ation$ himself beside ! ,ea/] ,man1 hold+ 9 8 h& a consecrat$ tap] :i* he _h br\ght f ! *ur* & light$4 ,! re/ /ood at equal int]vals 9 a great circle r\nd ! cross4 ,at a giv5 signal !y rac$ ?rice r\nd ! circle1 & !n at a second signal ran /raight at ! cross & at ! lad ) ! light$ tap] beside x2 ! "o :o rea*$ ! goal fir/ _h ! "r ( sett+ fire to ! ,ea/] ,man4 ,great 0 ! jubilation :ile he 0 burn+4 ,:5 he _h be5 consum$ 9 ! flames1 ?ree lads 7 *os5 f among ! re/1 & ea* ( ! ?ree drew a circle on ! gr\nd ) a /ick ?rice r\nd ! a%es4 ,!n !y all left ! spot4 ,on ,ea/] ,monday ! villag]s ga!r$ ! a%es & /rew$ !m on _! fields2 also !y plant$ 9 ! fields palmbran*es :i* _h be5 consecrat$ on ,palm ,sunday1 & /icks :i* _h be5 *>r$ & hall[$ on ,good ,friday1 all = ! purpose ( protect+ _! fields aga9/ %[]s ( hail4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,swabia ! ,ea/] fires might n be k9dl$ ) iron or /eel or fl9t1 b only by ! friction ( wood4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,ea/] fires appe>s to h prevail$ all ov] ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,g]many f nor? to s\?4 ,we f9d x also 9 ,holl&1 :]e ! fires 7 k9dl$ on ! highe/ em95ces1 & ! p danc$ r\nd !m & leap$ ?r\gh ! flames or ov] ! gl[+ emb]s4 ,"h too1 z (t5 9 ,g]many1 ! mat]ials = ! bonfire 7 collect$ by ! "y folk f door to door4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,sw$5 fire>ms are dis*>g$ 9 all directions on ,ea/] ,eve1 & huge bonfires are light$ on hills & em95ces4 ,"s p ?9k t ! int5tion is to keep (f ! ,troll & o!r evil spirits :o are especially active at ?is season4 #d4 ,! ,beltane ,fires ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tral ,highl&s ( ,scotl& bonfires1 kn[n z ! ,beltane fires1 7 =m]ly k9dl$ ) great c]emony on ! fir/ ( ,may1 & ! traces ( human sacrifices at !m 7 p>ticul>ly cle> & unequivocal4 ,! cu/om ( light+ ! bonfires la/$ 9 v>i\s places f> into ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! descriptions ( ! c]emony by writ]s ( t p]iod pres5t su* a curi\s & int]e/+ picture ( anci5t hea!ndom surviv+ 9 our own c\ntry t ,i w reproduce !m 9 ! words ( _! au?ors4 ,! fulle/ ( ! descriptions is ! "o bequea!d to u by ,john ,ramsay1 laird ( ,o*t]tyre1 ne> ,crieff1 ! patron ( ,burns & ! fri5d ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,he says3 ,b ! mo/ consid]able ( ! ,druidical fe/ivals is t ( ,beltane1 or ,may-day1 :i* 0 lately obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ) extraord9>y c]emonies4 4 4 4 ,l ! o!r public wor%ip ( ! ,druids1 ! ,beltane fea/ seems to h be5 p]=m$ on hills or em95ces4 ,!y ?\ght x degrad+ to him ^: temple is ! univ]se1 to suppose t he w\ld dwell 9 any h\se made ) h&s4 ,_! sacrifices 7 !re=e (f]$ 9 ! op5 air1 frequ5tly ^u ! tops ( hills1 :]e !y 7 pres5t$ ) ! gr&e/ views ( nature1 & 7 ne>e/ ! seat ( w>m? & ord]4 ,&1 accord+ to tradition1 su* 0 ! mann] ( celebrat+ ?is fe/ival 9 ! ,highl&s )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,b s9ce ! decl9e ( sup]/ition1 x has be5 celebrat$ by ! p ( ea* hamlet on "s hill or ris+ gr\nd ar\nd :i* _! cattle 7 pa/ur+4 ,?i!r ! "y folks repair$ 9 ! morn+1 & cut a tr5*1 on ! summit ( :i* a seat ( turf 0 =m$ = ! company4 ,& 9 ! middle a pile ( wood or o!r fuel 0 plac$1 :i* ( old !y k9dl$ ) te9-eig9--i4e41 =c$-fire or ne$-fire4 ,al?\gh1 = _m ye>s pa/1 !y h be5 cont5t$ ) common fire1 yet we %all n[ describe ! process1 because x w h]eaft] appe> t rec\rse is /ill _h to ! te9-eig9 ^u extraord9>y em]g5cies4 ,! night be=e1 all ! fires 9 ! c\ntry 7 c>efully ext+ui%$1 & next morn+ ! mat]ials = excit+ ?is sacr$ fire 7 prep>$4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od seems to be t :i* 0 us$ 9 ! isl&s ( ,skye1 ,mull1 & ,tiree4 ,a well-season$ plank ( oak 0 procur$1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* a hole 0 bor$4 ,a wimble ( ! same timb] 0 !n appli$1 ! end ( :i* !y fitt$ to ! hole4 ,b 9 "s p>ts ( ! ma9l& ! ma*9]y 0 diff]5t4 ,!y us$ a frame ( gre5 wood1 ( a squ>e =m1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 an axle-tree4 ,9 "s places ?ree times ?ree p]sons1 9 o!rs ?ree times n9e1 7 requir$ = turn+ r\nd by turns ! axle-tree or wimble4 ,if any ( !m _h be5 guilty ( murd]1 adult]y1 !ft1 or o!r atroci\s crime1 x 0 imag9$ ei!r t ! fire w\ld n k9dle1 or t x w\ld be devoid ( its usual virtue4 ,s soon z any sp>ks 7 emitt$ by means ( ! viol5t friction1 !y appli$ a species ( ag>ic :i* gr[s on old bir*-trees1 & is v combu/ible4 ,?is fire _h ! appe>ance ( be+ imm$iately d]iv$ f heav51 & manifold 7 ! virtues ascrib$ to x4 ,!y e/eem$ x a pres]vative aga9/ wit*-craft1 & a sov]eign rem$y aga9/ malignant diseases1 bo? 9 ! human species & 9 cattle2 & by x ! /ronge/ poisons 7 suppos$ to h _! nature *ang$4 ,aft] k9dl+ ! bonfire ) ! te9-eig9 ! company prep>$ _! victuals4 ,& z soon z !y _h f9i%$ _! meal1 !y amus$ !mselves a :ile 9 s++ & danc+ r\nd ! fire4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 ! p]son :o (ficiat$ z ma/] ( ! fea/ produc$ a l>ge cake bak$ ) eggs & scallop$ r\nd ! edge1 call$ am bonna* bea-t9e--i4e41 ! ,beltane cake4 ,x 0 divid$ into a numb] ( pieces1 & di/ribut$ 9 great =m to ! company4 ,!re 0 "o p>ticul> piece :i* :oev] got 0 call$ caillea* beal-t9e--i4e41 ! ,beltane c>l9e1 a t]m ( great reproa*4 ,^u 8 be+ kn[n1 "p ( ! company laid hold ( him & made a %[ ( putt+ him into ! fire2 b ! majority int]pos+1 he 0 rescu$4 ,& 9 "s places !y laid him flat on ! gr\nd1 mak+ z if !y w\ld qu>t] him4 ,aft]w>ds1 he 0 pelt$ ) egg-%ells1 & reta9$ ! odi\s appellation dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,& :ile ! fea/ 0 fre% 9 p's memory1 !y affect$ to speak ( ! caillea* beal-t9e z dead4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,call&]1 a beautiful di/rict ( ,we/]n ,p]?%ire1 ! ,beltane cu/om 0 /ill 9 vogue t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 describ$ z foll[s by ! p>i% m9i/] ( ! "t3 ,^u ! fir/ day ( ,may1 :i* is call$ ,beltan1 or ,balte9 day1 all ! boys 9 a t[n%ip or hamlet1 meet 9 ! moors4 ,!y cut a table 9 ! gre5 sod1 ( a r\nd figure1 by ca/+ a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd1 ( su* circumf]5ce z to hold ! :ole company4 ,!y k9dle a fire1 & dress a repa/ ( eggs & milk 9 ! consi/5ce ( a cu/>d4 ,!y knead a cake ( oatmeal1 :i* is toa/$ at ! emb]s aga9/ a /one4 ,aft] ! cu/>d is eat5 up1 !y divide ! cake into s _m portions1 z simil> z possible to "o ano!r 9 size & %ape1 z !re are p]sons 9 ! company4 ,!y daub "o ( ^! portions all ov] ) *>coal1 until x be p]fectly black4 ,!y put all ! bits ( ! cake into a bonnet4 ,e "o1 bl9dfold1 draws out a portion4 ,he :o holds ! bonnet1 is entitl$ to ! la/ bit4 ,:oev] draws ! black bit1 is ! devot$ p]son :o is to be sacrific$ to ,baal1 ^: fav\r !y mean to implore1 9 r5d]+ ! ye> productive ( ! su/5ance ( man & bea/4 ,!re is little d\bt ( ^! inhuman sacrifices hav+ be5 once (f]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 ! ea/1 al?\gh !y n[ pass f ! act ( sacrific+1 & only compel ! devot$ p]son to leap ?ree times ?r\gh ! flames2 ) :i* ! c]emonies ( ?is fe/ival are clos$4 ,?omas ,p5nant1 :o travell$ 9 ,p]?%ire 9 ! ye> #agfi1 tells u t on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ! h]dsm5 ( e village hold _! ,bel-ti51 a rural sacrifice4 ,!y cut a squ>e tr5* on ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! turf 9 ! middle2 on t !y make a fire ( wood1 on :i* !y dress a l>ge caudle ( eggs1 butt]1 oatmeal & milk2 & br+ besides ! +r$i5ts ( ! caudle1 pl5ty ( be] & :isky2 = ea* ( ! company mu/ contribute some?+4 ,! rites beg9 ) spill+ "s ( ! caudle on ! gr\nd1 by way ( libation3 on t e "o takes a cake ( oatmeal1 ^u :i* are rais$ n9e squ>e knobs1 ea* d$icat$ to "s p>ticul> be+1 ! suppos$ pres]v] ( _! flocks & h]ds1 or to "s p>ticul> animal1 ! real de/roy] ( !m3 ea* p]son !n turns 8 face to ! fire1 breaks (f a knob1 & fl++ x ov] 8 %\ld]s1 says1 ',?is ,i give to !e1 pres]ve ?\ my horses2 ?is to !e1 pres]ve ?\ my %eep2 & s on4' ,aft] t1 !y use ! same c]emony to ! noxi\s animals3 ',?is ,i give to !e1 ,o fox6 sp>e ?\ my lambs2 ?is to !e1 ,o hood$ cr[6 ?is to !e1 ,o eagle6' ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 !y d9e on ! caudle2 & aft] ! fea/ is f9i%$1 :at is left is hid by two p]sons deput$ = t purpose2 b on ! next ,sunday !y reassemble1 & f9i% ! reliques ( ! fir/ ent]ta9m5t4 ,ano!r writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury has describ$ ! ,beltane fe/ival z x 0 held 9 ! p>i% ( ,logi]ait 9 ,p]?%ire4 ,he says3 ,on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ,o4,s41 a fe/ival call$ ,beltan is annually held "h4 ,x is *iefly celebrat$ by ! c[-h]ds1 :o assemble by scores 9 ! fields1 to dress a d9n] = !mselves1 ( boil$ milk & eggs4 ,^! di%es !y eat ) a sort ( cakes bak$ = ! occasion1 & hav+ small lumps 9 ! =m ( nipples1 rais$ all ov] ! surface4 ,9 ?is la/ acc\nt no m5tion is made ( bonfires1 b !y 7 probably light$1 = a contempor>y writ] in=ms u t 9 ! p>i% ( ,kirkmi*ael1 :i* adjo9s ! p>i% ( ,logi]ait on ! ea/1 ! cu/om ( light+ a fire 9 ! fields & bak+ a consecrat$ cake on ! fir/ ( ,may 0 n q obsolete 9 8 "t4 ,we may conjecture t ! cake ) knobs 0 =m]ly us$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :o %\ld be ! ,beltane c>l9e or victim doom$ to ! flames4 ,a trace ( ?is cu/om surviv$1 p]haps1 9 ! cu/om ( bak+ oatmeal cakes ( a special k9d & roll+ !m d[n hill ab\t noon on ! fir/ ( ,may2 = x 0 ?\ght t ! p]son ^: cake broke z x roll$ w\ld die or be un=tunate )9 ! ye>4 ,^! cakes1 or bannocks z we call !m 9 ,scotl&1 7 bak$ 9 ! usual way1 b !y 7 wa%$ ov] ) a ?9 batt] compos$ ( :ipp$ egg1 milk or cream1 & a little oatmeal4 ,?is cu/om appe>s to h prevail$ at or ne> ,k+ussie 9 ,inv]ness-%ire4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& ! ,beltane fires 7 /ill k9dl$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! h]dsm5 ( sev]al f>ms us$ to ga!r dry wood1 k9dle x1 & dance ?ree times s\?ways ab\t ! burn+ pile4 ,b 9 ?is region1 accord+ to a lat] au?ority1 ! ,beltane fires 7 lit n on ! fir/ b on ! second ( ,may1 ,old ,/yle4 ,!y 7 call$ bone-fires4 ,! p believ$ t on t ev5+ & night ! wit*es 7 abroad & busy ca/+ spells on cattle & /eal+ c[s' milk4 ,to c\nt]act _! ma*9ations1 pieces ( r[an-tree & woodb9e1 b especially ( r[an-tree1 7 plac$ ov] ! doors ( ! c[-h\ses1 & fires 7 k9dl$ by e f>m] & cott>4 ,old ?at*1 /raw1 furze1 or broom 0 pil$ 9 a heap & set on fire a little aft] sunset4 ,:ile "s ( ! by/&]s kept toss+ ! blaz+ mass1 o!rs hoi/$ portions ( x on pit*=ks or poles & ran hi!r & ?i!r1 hold+ !m z high z !y c\ld4 ,meantime ! "y p danc$ r\nd ! fire or ran ?r\gh ! smoke %\t+1 ,fire6 blaze & burn ! wit*es2 fire6 fire6 burn ! wit*es4 ,9 "s di/ricts a l>ge r\nd cake ( oat or b>ley meal 0 roll$ ?r\gh ! a%es4 ,:5 all ! fuel 0 consum$1 ! p scatt]$ ! a%es f> & wide1 & till ! night grew q d>k !y cont9u$ to run ?r\gh !m1 cry+1 ,fire6 burn ! wit*es4 ,9 ! ,hebrides ! ,beltane bannock is small] ?an t made at ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 b is made 9 ! same way2 x is no long] made 9 ,ui/1 b ,fa!r ,allan rememb]s see+ 8 gr&mo!r make "o ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,!re 0 also a *eese made1 g5]ally on ! fir/ ( ,may1 :i* 0 kept to ! next ,beltane z a sort ( *>m aga9/ ! bewit*+ ( milk-produce4 ,! ,beltane cu/oms seem to h be5 ! same z else:]e4 ,e fire 0 put out & a l>ge "o lit on ! top ( ! hill1 & ! cattle driv5 r\nd x sunw>ds 7dessil71 to keep (f murra9 all ! ye>4 ,ea* man w\ld take home fire :]e) to k9dle 8 own4 ,9 ,wales also ! cu/om ( light+ ,beltane fires at ! beg9n+ ( ,may us$ to be obs]v$1 b ! day on :i* !y 7 k9dl$ v>i$ f ! eve ( ,may ,day to ! ?ird ( ,may4 ,! flame 0 sometimes elicit$ by ! friction ( two pieces ( oak1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ description4 ,! fire 0 done 9 ?is way4 ,n9e m5 w\ld turn _! pockets inside out1 & see t e piece ( money & all metals 7 (f _! p]sons4 ,!n ! m5 w5t into ! ne>e/ woods1 & collect$ /icks ( n9e diff]5t k9ds ( trees4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ to ! spot :]e ! fire _h to be built4 ,!re a circle 0 cut 9 ! sod1 & ! /icks 7 set crosswise4 ,all ar\nd ! circle ! p /ood & wat*$ ! proce$+s4 ,"o ( ! m5 w\ld !n take two bits ( oak1 & rub !m toge!r until a flame 0 k9dl$4 ,?is 0 appli$ to ! /icks1 & soon a l>ge fire 0 made4 ,sometimes two fires 7 set up side by side4 ,^! fires1 :e!r "o or two1 7 call$ coelc]? or bonfire4 ,r\nd cakes ( oatmeal & br[n meal 7 split 9 f\r1 & plac$ 9 a small fl\r-bag1 & ev]ybody pres5t _h to pick out a portion4 ,! la/ bit 9 ! bag fell to ! lot ( ! bag-hold]4 ,ea* p]son :o *anc$ to pick up a piece ( br[n-meal cake 0 compell$ to leap ?ree times ov] ! flames1 or to run ?rice betwe5 ! two fires1 by :i* means ! p ?\ght !y 7 sure ( a pl5tiful h>ve/4 ,%\ts & screams ( ^? :o _h to face ! ordeal c\ld be he>d ev] s f>1 & ^? :o *anc$ to pick ! oatmeal portions sang & danc$ & clapp$ _! h&s 9 approval1 z ! hold]s ( ! br[n bits leap$ ?ree times ov] ! flames1 or ran ?ree times betwe5 ! two fires4 ,! belief ( ! p t by leap+ ?rice ov] ! bonfires or runn+ ?rice betwe5 !m !y ensur$ a pl5tiful h>ve/ is wor?y ( note4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is result 0 suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t is indicat$ by ano!r writ] on ,wel% folk-lore1 accord+ to :om x us$ to be held t ! bonfires light$ 9 ,may or ,midsumm] protect$ ! l&s f sorc]y1 s t good crops w\ld foll[4 ,! a%es 7 also consid]$ valuable z *>ms4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! heat ( ! fires 0 ?\ght to f]tilise ! fields1 n directly by quick5+ ! se$s 9 ! gr\nd1 b indirectly by c\nt]act+ ! baleful influ5ce ( wit*craft or p]haps by burn+ up ! p]sons ( ! wit*es4 ,! ,beltane fires seem to h be5 k9dl$ also 9 ,irel&1 = ,cormac1 or somebody 9 8 "n1 says t bellta9e1 ,may-day1 0 s call$ f ! 'lucky fire1' or ! 'two fires1' :i* ! druids ( ,er9 us$ to make on t day ) great incantations2 & cattle1 he adds1 us$ to be br\ght to ^? fires1 or to be driv5 betwe5 !m1 z a safegu>d aga9/ ! diseases ( ! ye>4 ,! cu/om ( driv+ cattle ?r\gh or betwe5 fires on ,may ,day or ! eve ( ,may ,day p]si/$ 9 ,irel& d[n to a "t )9 liv+ memory4 ,! fir/ ( ,may is a great popul> fe/ival 9 ! m midl& & s\!rn p>ts ( ,sw$54 ,on ! eve ( ! fe/ival huge bonfires1 :i* %\ld be light$ by /rik+ two fl9ts toge!r1 blaze on all ! hills & knolls4 ,e l>ge hamlet has its own fire1 r\nd :i* ! "y p dance 9 a r+4 ,! old folk notice :e!r ! flames incl9e to ! nor? or to ! s\?4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! spr+ w be cold & backw>d2 9 ! latt]1 x w be mild & g5ial4 ,9 ,bohemia1 on ! eve ( ,may ,day1 "y p k9dle fires on hills & em95ces1 at crossways1 & 9 pa/ures1 & dance r\nd !m4 ,!y leap ov] ! gl[+ emb]s or ev5 ?r\gh ! flames4 ,! c]emony is call$ burn+ ! wit*es4 ,9 "s places an effigy repres5t+ a wit* us$ to be burnt 9 ! bonfire4 ,we h to rememb] t ! eve ( ,may ,day is ! notori\s ,walpurgis ,night1 :5 ! wit*es are ev]y:]e spe$+ unse5 ?r\gh ! air on _! helli% err&s4 ,on ?is wit*+ night *ildr5 9 ,voigtl& also light bonfires on ! heights & leap ov] !m4 ,moreov]1 !y wave burn+ brooms or toss !m into ! air4 ,s f> z ! light ( ! bonfire rea*es1 s f> w a bless+ re/ on ! fields4 ,! k9dl+ ( ! fires on ,walpurgis ,night is call$ driv+ away ! wit*es4 ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ fires on ! eve ( ,may ,day 7,walpurgis ,night7 = ! purpose ( burn+ ! wit*es is1 or us$ to be1 widespread 9 ! ,tyrol1 ,moravia1 ,saxony & ,silesia4 #e4 ,! ,midsumm] ,fires ,,b ,,! ,,season at :i* ^! firefe/ivals h be5 mo/ g5]ally held all ov] ,europe is ! summ] sol/ice1 t is ,midsumm] ,eve 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june7 or ,midsumm] day 7! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june74 ,a fa9t t+e ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 giv5 to !m by nam+ ,midsumm] ,day aft] ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 b we _c d\bt t ! celebration dates f a "t long be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! summ] sol/ice1 or ,midsumm] ,day1 is ! great turn+-po9t 9 ! sun's c>e]1 :51 aft] climb+ high] & high] day by day 9 ! sky1 ! lum9>y /ops & !nce=? retraces 8 /eps d[n ! heav5ly road4 ,su* a mom5t c\ld n b be reg>d$ ) anxiety by primitive man s soon z he began to obs]ve & pond] ! c\rses ( ! great lights across ! cele/ial vault2 & hav+ /ill to le>n 8 own p[]lessness 9 face ( ! va/ cyclic *anges ( nature1 he may h fanci$ t he c\ld help ! sun 9 8 seem+ decl9e--c\ld prop 8 fail+ /eps & rek9dle ! s9k+ flame ( ! r$ lamp 9 8 feeble h&4 ,9 "s su* ?\ghts z ^! ! midsumm] fe/ivals ( our ,european peasantry may p]haps h tak5 _! rise4 ,:atev] _! orig91 !y h prevail$ all ov] ?is qu>t] ( ! globe1 f ,irel& on ! we/ to ,russia on ! ea/1 & f ,norway & ,sw$5 on ! nor? to ,spa9 & ,greece on ! s\?4 ,accord+ to a m$iaeval writ]1 ! ?ree great features ( ! midsumm] celebration 7 ! bonfires1 ! procession ) tor*es r\nd ! fields1 & ! cu/om ( roll+ a :eel4 ,he tells u t boys burn$ bones & fil? ( v>i\s k9ds to make a f\l smoke1 & t ! smoke drove away c]ta9 noxi\s dragons :i* at ?is "t1 excit$ by ! summ] heat1 copulat$ 9 ! air & poison$ ! wells & riv]s by dropp+ _! se$ into !m2 & he expla9s ! cu/om ( trundl+ a :eel to mean t ! sun1 hav+ n[ rea*$ ! highe/ po9t 9 ! ecliptic1 beg9s !nce=w>d to desc5d4 ,! ma9 features ( ! midsumm] fire-fe/ival resemble ^? :i* we h f\nd to *>act]ise ! v]nal fe/ivals ( fire4 ,! simil>ity ( ! two sets ( c]emonies w pla9ly appe> f ! foll[+ examples4 ,a writ] ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury in=ms u t 9 almo/ e village & t[n ( ,g]many public bonfires 7 k9dl$ on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 & "y & old1 ( bo? sexes1 ga!r$ ab\t !m & pass$ ! "t 9 danc+ & s++4 ,p on ?is occasion wore *aplets ( mugwort & v]va91 & !y look$ at ! fire ?r\gh bun*es ( l>kspur :i* !y held 9 _! h&s1 believ+ t ?is w\ld pres]ve _! eyes 9 a heal?y /ate ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,z ea* dep>t$1 he ?rew ! mugwort & v]va9 into ! fire1 say+1 ,may all my ill-luck dep>t & be burnt up ) ^!4 ,at ,l[] ,konz1 a village situat$ on a hillside ov]look+ ! ,moselle1 ! midsumm] fe/ival us$ to be celebrat$ z foll[s4 ,a quantity ( /raw 0 collect$ on ! top ( ! /eep ,/romb]g ,hill4 ,e inhabitant1 or at lea/ e h\sehold]1 _h to contribute 8 %>e ( /raw to ! pile4 ,at nightfall ! :ole male population1 m5 & boys1 mu/]$ on ! top ( ! hill2 ! wom5 & girls 7 n all[$ to jo9 !m1 b _h to take up _! position at a c]ta9 spr+ half-way d[n ! slope4 ,on ! summit /ood a huge :eel completely encas$ 9 "s ( ! /raw :i* _h be5 jo9tly contribut$ by ! villag]s2 ! re/ ( ! /raw 0 made into tor*es4 ,f ea* side ( ! :eel ! axle-tree project$ ab\t ?ree feet1 ?us furni%+ h&les to ! lads :o 7 to guide x 9 its desc5t4 ,! mayor ( ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,si]ck1 :o always receiv$ a basket ( *]ries = 8 s]vices1 gave ! signal2 a light$ tor* 0 appli$ to ! :eel1 & z x bur/ into flame1 two "y fell[s1 /rong-limb$ & swift ( foot1 seiz$ ! h&les & began runn+ ) x d[n ! slope4 ,a great %\t w5t up4 ,e man & boy wav$ a blaz+ tor* 9 ! air1 & took c>e to keep x alight s long z ! :eel 0 trundl+ d[n ! hill4 ,! great object ( ! "y m5 :o guid$ ! :eel 0 to plunge x blaz+ into ! wat] ( ! ,moselle2 b !y r>ely succe$$ 9 _! ef=ts1 = ! v9ey>ds :i* cov] ! great] "p ( ! declivity imp$$ _! progress1 & ! :eel 0 (t5 burn$ out be=e x rea*$ ! riv]4 ,z x roll$ pa/ ! wom5 & girls at ! spr+1 !y rais$ cries ( joy :i* 7 answ]$ by ! m5 on ! top ( ! m\nta92 & ! %\ts 7 e*o$ by ! inhabitants ( neighb\r+ villages :o wat*$ ! spectacle f _! hills on ! opposite bank ( ! ,moselle4 ,if ! fi]y :eel 0 successfully convey$ to ! bank ( ! riv] & ext+ui%$ 9 ! wat]1 ! p look$ = an abundant v9tage t ye>1 & ! inhabitants ( ,konz _h ! "r to exact a waggon-load ( :ite w9e f ! surr\nd+ v9ey>ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y believ$ t1 if !y neglect$ to p]=m ! c]emony1 ! cattle w\ld be attack$ by gidd9ess & convulsions & w\ld dance 9 _! /alls4 ,d[n at lea/ to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! midsumm] fires us$ to blaze all ov] ,upp] ,bav>ia4 ,!y 7 k9dl$ especially on ! m\nta9s1 b also f> & wide 9 ! l[l&s1 & we are told t 9 ! d>kness & /illness ( night ! mov+ gr\ps1 lit up by ! flick]+ gl[ ( ! flames1 pres5t$ an impressive spectacle4 ,cattle 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! fire to cure ! sick animals & to gu>d su* z 7 s\nd aga9/ plague & h>m ( e k9d ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,_m a h\sehold] on t day put out ! fire on ! dome/ic he>? & rek9dl$ x by means ( a br& tak5 f ! midsumm] bonfire4 ,! p judg$ ( ! height to :i* ! flax w\ld gr[ 9 ! ye> by ! height to :i* ! flames ( ! bonfire rose2 & :oev] leap$ ov] ! burn+ pile 0 sure n to suff] f backa*e 9 reap+ ! corn at h>ve/4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,bav>ia x 0 believ$ t ! flax w\ld gr[ z high z ! "y p leap$ ov] ! fire4 ,9 o!rs ! old folk us$ to plant ?ree *>r$ /icks f ! bonfire 9 ! fields1 believ+ t ?is w\ld make ! flax gr[ tall4 ,else:]e an ext+ui%$ br& 0 put 9 ! ro( ( ! h\se to protect x aga9/ fire4 ,9 ! t[ns ab\t ,wrzburg ! bonfires us$ to be k9dl$ 9 ! m>ket-places1 & ! "y p :o jump$ ov] !m wore g>l&s ( fl[]s1 especially ( mugwort & v]va91 & c>ri$ sprigs ( l>kspur 9 _! h&s4 ,!y ?\ght t su* z look$ at ! fire hold+ a bit ( l>kspur be=e _! face w\ld be tr\bl$ by no malady ( ! eyes ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,fur!r1 x 0 cu/om>y at ,wrzburg1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 = ! bi%op's foll[]s to ?r[ burn+ discs ( wood into ! air f a m\nta9 :i* ov]hangs ! t[n4 ,! discs 7 dis*>g$ by means ( flexible rods1 & 9 _! flight ?r\gh ! d>kness pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( fi]y dragons4 ,simil>ly 9 ,swabia1 lads & lasses1 h& 9 h&1 leap ov] ! midsumm] bonfire1 pray+ t ! hemp may gr[ ?ree ells high1 & !y set fire to :eels ( /raw & s5d !m roll+ d[n ! hill4 ,sometimes1 z ! p sprang ov] ! midsumm] bonfire !y cri$ out1 ,flax1 flax6 may ! flax ?is ye> gr[ sev5 ells high6 ,at ,rott5burg a rude effigy 9 human =m1 call$ ! ,angelman1 us$ to be envelop$ 9 fl[]s & !n burnt 9 ! midsumm] fire by boys1 :o aft]w>ds leap$ ov] ! gl[+ emb]s4 ,s 9 ,bad5 ! *ildr5 collect$ fuel f h\se to h\se = ! midsumm] bonfire on ,/4 ,john's ,day2 & lads & lasses leap$ ov] ! fire 9 c\ples4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 a close connexion 0 trac$ betwe5 ^! bonfires & ! h>ve/4 ,9 "s places x 0 ?\ght t ^? :o leap$ ov] ! fires w\ld n suff] f backa*e at reap+4 ,sometimes1 z ! "y folk sprang ov] ! flames1 !y cri$1 ,gr[1 t ! hemp may be ?ree ells high6 ,?is notion t ! hemp or ! corn w\ld gr[ z high z ! flames blaz$ or z ! p jump$ ov] !m1 seems to h be5 widespread 9 ,bad54 ,x 0 held t ! p>5ts ( ! "y p :o b\nd$ highe/ ov] ! fire w\ld h ! mo/ abundant h>ve/2 & on ! o!r h&1 if a man contribut$ no?+ to ! bonfire1 x 0 imag9$ t !re w\ld be no bless+ on 8 crops1 & t 8 hemp 9 p>ticul> w\ld nev] gr[4 ,at ,ed]sleb51 ne> ,sang]haus51 a high pole 0 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd & a t>b>rel 0 hung f x by a *a9 :i* rea*$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! b>rel 0 !n set on fire & swung r\nd ! pole amid %\ts ( joy4 ,9 ,d5m>k & ,norway also midsumm] fires 7 k9dl$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve on roads1 op5 spaces1 & hills4 ,p 9 ,norway ?\ght t ! fires bani%$ sickness f among ! cattle4 ,ev5 yet ! fires are said to be light$ all ov] ,norway on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,!y are k9dl$ 9 ord] to keep (f ! wit*es1 :o are said to be fly+ f all p>ts t night to ! ,blocksb]g1 :]e ! big wit* lives4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john 7,/4 ,hans7 is ! mo/ joy\s night ( ! :ole ye>4 ,?r\gh\t "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 especially 9 ! prov9ces ( ,bohus & ,scania & 9 di/ricts bord]+ on ,norway1 x is celebrat$ by ! frequ5t dis*>ge ( fire>ms & by huge bonfires1 =m]ly call$ ,bald]'s ,balefires 7,bald]'s ,bal>71 :i* are k9dl$ at dusk on hills & em95ces & ?r[ a gl>e ( light ov] ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,! p dance r\nd ! fires & leap ov] or ?r\gh !m4 ,9 p>ts ( ,norrl& on ,/4 ,john's ,eve ! bonfires are lit at ! cross-roads4 ,! fuel consi/s ( n9e diff]5t sorts ( wood1 & ! spectators ca/ into ! flames a k9d ( toad-/ool 7,bran7 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! p[] ( ! ,trolls & o!r evil spirits1 :o are believ$ to be abroad t night2 = at t my/ic season ! m\nta9s op5 & f _! cav]n\s dep?s ! uncanny crew p\rs =? to dance & disport !mselves = a "t4 ,! peasants believe t %\ld any ( ! ,trolls be 9 ! vic9ity !y w %[ !mselves2 & if an animal1 = example a he or %e goat1 happ5s to be se5 ne> ! blaz+1 crackl+ pile1 ! peasants are firmly p]suad$ t x is no o!r ?an ! ,evil ,"o 9 p]son4 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be rem>k$ t 9 ,sw$5 ,/4 ,john's ,eve is a fe/ival ( wat] z well z ( fire2 = c]ta9 holy spr+s are !n suppos$ to be end[$ ) wond]ful m$ic9al virtues1 & _m sick p resort to !m = ! heal+ ( _! infirmities4 ,9 ,au/ria ! midsumm] cu/oms & sup]/itions resemble ^? ( ,g]many4 ,?us 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,tyrol bonfires are k9dl$ & burn+ discs hurl$ into ! air4 ,9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,inn a tatt]demalion effigy is c>t$ ab\t ! village on ,midsumm] ,day & !n burn$4 ,he is call$ ! ,lott]1 :i* has be5 corrupt$ into ,lu!r4 ,at ,ambras1 "o ( ! villages :]e ,m>t9 ,lu!r is ?us burn$ 9 effigy1 !y say t if y g ?r\gh ! village betwe5 elev5 & twelve on ,/4 ,john's ,night & wa% y\rself 9 ?ree wells1 y w see all :o are to die 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,at ,gratz on ,/4 ,john's ,eve 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june7 ! common p us$ to make a puppet call$ ! ,tat]mann1 :i* !y dragg$ to ! blea*+ gr\nd1 & pelt$ ) burn+ besoms till x took fire4 ,at ,reutte1 9 ! ,tyrol1 p believ$ t ! flax w\ld gr[ z high z !y leap$ ov] ! midsumm] bonfire1 & !y took pieces ( *>r$ wood f ! fire & /uck !m 9 _! flax-fields ! same night1 leav+ !m !re till ! flax h>ve/ _h be5 got 94 ,9 ,l[] ,au/ria bonfires are k9dl$ on ! heights1 & ! boys cap] r\nd !m1 br&i%+ light$ tor*es dr5*$ 9 pit*4 ,:oev] jumps ?rice across ! fire w n suff] f fev] )9 ! ye>4 ,c>t-:eels are (t5 sme>$ ) pit*1 ignit$1 & s5t roll+ & blaz+ d[n ! hillsides4 ,all ov] ,bohemia bonfires /ill burn on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,9 ! aft]noon boys g ab\t ) h&c>ts f h\se to h\se collect+ fuel & ?reat5+ ) evil consequ5ces ! curmudgeons :o refuse !m a dole4 ,sometimes ! "y m5 fell a tall /raight fir 9 ! woods & set x up on a height1 :]e ! girls deck x ) nosegays1 wrea?s ( leaves1 & r$ ribbons4 ,!n bru%wood is pil$ ab\t x1 & at nightfall ! :ole is set on fire4 ,:ile ! flames break out1 ! "y m5 climb ! tree & fet* d[n ! wrea?s :i* ! girls _h plac$ on x4 ,aft] t lads & lasses /& on opposite sides ( ! fire & look at "o ano!r ?r\gh ! wrea?s to see :e!r !y w be true to ea* o!r & m>ry )9 ! ye>4 ,also ! girls ?r[ ! wrea?s across ! flames to ! m51 & woe to ! awkw>d swa9 :o fails to cat* ! wrea? ?r[n him by 8 swee!>t4 ,:5 ! blaze has di$ d[n1 ea* c\ple takes h&s & leaps ?rice across ! fire4 ,he or %e :o does s w be free f ague ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ! flax w gr[ z high z ! "y folks leap4 ,a girl :o sees n9e bonfires on ,midsumm] ,eve w m>ry be=e ! ye> is out4 ,! s+$ wrea?s are c>ri$ home & c>efully pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,dur+ ?und]/orms a bit ( ! wrea? is burn$ on ! he>? ) a pray]2 "s ( x is giv5 to k9e t are sick or calv+1 & "s ( x s]ves to fumigate h\se & cattle-/all1 t man & bea/ may keep hale & well4 ,sometimes an old c>t-:eel is sme>$ ) res91 ignit$1 & s5t roll+ d[n ! hill4 ,(t5 ! boys collect all ! worn-out besoms !y c get hold (1 dip !m 9 pit*1 & hav+ set !m on fire wave !m ab\t or ?r[ !m high into ! air4 ,or !y ru% d[n ! hillside 9 troops1 br&i%+ ! flam+ brooms & %\t+4 ,! /umps ( ! brooms & emb]s f ! fire are pres]v$ & /uck 9 cabbage g>d5s to protect ! cabbages f cat]pill>s & gnats4 ,"s p ins]t *>r$ /icks & a%es f ! midsumm] bonfire 9 _! s[n fields & mead[s1 9 _! g>d5s & ! ro(s ( _! h\ses1 z a talisman aga9/ lightn+ & f\l wea!r2 or !y fancy t ! a%es plac$ 9 ! ro( w prev5t any fire f break+ out 9 ! h\se4 ,9 "s di/ricts !y cr[n or gird !mselves ) mugwort :ile ! midsumm] fire is burn+1 = ?is is suppos$ to be a protection aga9/ gho/s1 wit*es1 & sickness2 9 p>ticul>1 a wrea? ( mugwort is a sure prev5tive ( sore eyes4 ,sometimes ! girls look at ! bonfires ?r\gh g>l&s ( wild fl[]s1 pray+ ! fire to /r5g!n _! eyes & eyelids4 ,%e :o does ?is ?rice w h no sore eyes all t ye>4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bohemia !y us$ to drive ! c[s ?r\gh ! midsumm] fire to gu>d !m aga9/ wit*craft4 ,9 ,slavonic c\ntries1 also1 ! midsumm] fe/ival is celebrat$ ) simil> rites4 ,we h already se5 t 9 ,russia on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john "y m5 & maid5s jump ov] a bonfire 9 c\ples c>ry+ a /raw effigy ( ,kupalo 9 _! arms4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,russia an image ( ,kupalo is burnt or ?r[n into a /ream on ,/4 ,john's ,night4 ,aga91 9 "s di/ricts ( ,russia ! "y folk we> g>l&s ( fl[]s & girdles ( holy h]bs :5 !y spr+ ?r\gh ! smoke or flames2 & sometimes !y drive ! cattle also ?r\gh ! fire 9 ord] to protect ! animals aga9/ wiz>ds & wit*es1 :o are !n rav5\s aft] milk4 ,9 ,little ,russia a /ake is driv5 into ! gr\nd on ,/4 ,john's ,night1 wrapt 9 /raw1 & set on fire4 ,z ! flames rise ! peasant wom5 ?r[ bir*5 b\ghs into !m1 say+1 ,may my flax be z tall z ?is b\gh6 ,9 ,ru!nia ! bonfires are light$ by a flame procur$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,:ile ! eld]s ( ! p>ty are engag$ 9 ?us *urn+ ! fire1 ! re/ ma9ta9 a respectful sil5ce2 b :5 ! flame bur/s f ! wood1 !y break =? into joy\s songs4 ,z soon z ! bonfires are k9dl$1 ! "y p take h&s & leap 9 pairs ?r\gh ! smoke1 if n ?r\gh ! flames2 & aft] t ! cattle 9 _! turn are driv5 ?r\gh ! fire4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,prussia & ,li?uania great fires are k9dl$ on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,all ! heights are ablaze ) !m1 z f> z ! eye c see4 ,! fires are suppos$ to be a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 ?und]1 hail1 & cattle disease1 especially if next morn+ ! cattle are driv5 ov] ! places :]e ! fires burn$4 ,above all1 ! bonfires ensure ! f>m] aga9/ ! arts ( wit*es1 :o try to /eal ! milk f 8 c[s by *>ms & spells4 ,t is :y next morn+ y may see ! "y fell[s :o lit ! bonfire go+ f h\se to h\se & receiv+ jugfuls ( milk4 ,& = ! same reason !y /ick burs & mugwort on ! gate or ! h$ge ?r\gh :i* ! c[s g to pa/ure1 because t is suppos$ to be a pres]vative aga9/ wit*craft4 ,9 ,masur51 a di/rict ( ,ea/]n ,prussia inhabit$ by a bran* ( ! ,poli% family1 x is ! cu/om on ! ev5+ ( ,midsumm] ,day to put out all ! fires 9 ! village4 ,!n an oak5 /ake is driv5 into ! gr\nd & a :eel is fix$ on x z on an axle4 ,?is :eel ! villag]s1 work+ by relays1 cause to revolve ) great rapidity till fire is produc$ by friction4 ,e "o takes home a light$ br& f ! new fire & ) x rek9dles ! fire on ! dome/ic he>?4 ,9 ,s]bia on ,midsumm] ,eve h]dsm5 light tor*es ( bir* b>k & m>* r\nd ! %eepfolds & cattle-/alls2 !n !y climb ! hills & !re all[ ! tor*es to burn out4 ,among ! ,magy>s 9 ,hung>y ! midsumm] fire-fe/ival is m>k$ by ! same features t meet u 9 s _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 _m places x is cu/om>y to k9dle bonfires on heights & to leap ov] !m1 & f ! mann] 9 :i* ! "y p leap ! by/&]s pr$ict :e!r !y w m>ry soon4 ,on ?is day also _m ,hung>ian sw9eh]ds make fire by rotat+ a :eel r\nd a wood5 axle wrapt 9 hemp1 & ?r\gh ! fire ?us made !y drive _! pigs to pres]ve !m f sickness4 ,! ,e/honians ( ,russia1 :o1 l ! ,magy>s1 belong to ! great ,turanian family ( mank9d1 also celebrate ! summ] sol/ice 9 ! usual way4 ,!y ?9k t ! ,/4 ,john's fire keeps wit*es f ! cattle1 & !y say t he :o does n come to x w h 8 b>ley full ( ?i/les & 8 oats full ( we$s4 ,9 ! ,e/honian isl& ( ,oesel1 :ile !y ?r[ fuel into ! midsumm] fire1 !y call out1 ,we$s to ! fire1 flax to ! field1 or !y fl+ ?ree billets into ! flames1 say+1 ,flax gr[ long6 ,& !y take *>r$ /icks f ! bonfire home ) !m & keep !m to make ! cattle ?rive4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! isl& ! bonfire is =m$ by pil+ bru%wood & o!r combu/ibles r\nd a tree1 at ! top ( :i* a flag flies4 ,:oev] succe$s 9 knock+ d[n ! flag ) a pole be=e x beg9s to burn w h good luck4 ,=m]ly ! fe/ivities la/$ till daybreak1 & end$ 9 sc5es ( debau*]y :i* look$ d\bly hide\s by ! gr[+ light ( a summ] morn+4 ,:5 we pass f ! ea/ to ! we/ ( ,europe we /ill f9d ! summ] sol/ice celebrat$ ) rites ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! cu/om ( light+ bonfires at midsumm] prevail$ s commonly 9 ,france t !re 0 h>dly a t[n or a village1 we are told1 :]e !y 7 n k9dl$4 ,p danc$ r\nd & leap$ ov] !m1 & took *>r$ /icks f ! bonfire home ) !m to protect ! h\ses aga9/ lightn+1 conflagrations1 & spells4 ,9 ,brittany1 app>5tly1 ! cu/om ( ! midsumm] bonfires is kept up to ?is day4 ,:5 ! flames h di$ d[n1 ! :ole assembly kneels r\nd ab\t ! bonfire & an old man prays al\d4 ,!n !y all rise & m>* ?rice r\nd ! fire2 at ! ?ird turn !y /op & e "o picks up a pebble & ?r[s x on ! burn+ pile4 ,aft] t !y disp]se4 ,9 ,brittany & ,b]ry x is believ$ t a girl :o dances r\nd n9e midsumm] bonfires w m>ry )9 ! ye>4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,orne ! cu/om 0 to k9dle ! bonfire j at ! mom5t :5 ! sun 0 ab\t to dip bel[ ! horizon2 & ! peasants drove _! cattle ?r\gh ! fires to protect !m aga9/ wit*craft1 especially aga9/ ! spells ( wit*es & wiz>ds :o attempt$ to /eal ! milk & butt]4 ,at ,jumiges 9 ,norm&y1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! midsumm] fe/ival 0 m>k$ by c]ta9 s+ul> features :i* bore ! /amp ( a v high antiquity4 ,e ye>1 on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june1 ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf *ose a new *ief or ma/]1 :o _h always to be tak5 f ! hamlet ( ,conih\t4 ,on be+ elect$1 ! new head ( ! bro!rhood assum$ ! title ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 & donn$ a peculi> co/ume consi/+ ( a long gre5 mantle & a v tall gre5 hat ( a conical %ape & )\t a brim4 ,?us array$ he /alk$ solemnly at ! head ( ! bro!rs1 *ant+ ! hymn ( ,/4 ,john1 ! crucifix & holy bann] lead+ ! way1 to a place call$ ,*\quet4 ,"h ! procession 0 met by ! prie/1 prec5tors1 & *oir1 :o conduct$ ! bro!rhood to ! p>i% *ur*4 ,aft] he>+ mass ! company adj\rn$ to ! h\se ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 :]e a simple repa/ 0 s]v$ up to !m4 ,at night a bonfire 0 k9dl$ to ! s\nd ( h&-bells by a "y man & a "y woman1 bo? deck$ ) fl[]s4 ,!n ! ,gre5 ,wolf & 8 bro!rs1 ) _! hoods d[n on _! %\ld]s & hold+ ea* o!r by ! h&1 ran r\nd ! fire aft] ! man :o _h be5 *os5 to be ! ,gre5 ,wolf ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?\gh only ! fir/ & ! la/ man ( ! *a9 _h a h& free1 _! bus9ess 0 to surr\nd & seize ?rice ! future ,gre5 ,wolf1 :o 9 8 ef=ts to escape belab\r$ ! bro!rs ) a long w& :i* he c>ri$4 ,:5 at la/ !y succe$$ 9 cat*+ him !y c>ri$ him to ! burn+ pile & made z if !y w\ld ?r[ him on x4 ,?is c]emony ov]1 !y return$ to ! h\se ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 :]e a supp]1 /ill ( ! mo/ meagre f>e1 0 set be=e !m4 ,up till midnight a sort ( religi\s solemnity prevail$4 ,b at ! /roke ( twelve all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,con/ra9t gave way to lic5se2 pi\s hymns 7 replac$ by ,bac*analian ditties1 & ! %rill quav]+ notes ( ! village fiddle h>dly rose above ! ro> ( voices t w5t up f ! m]ry bro!rhood ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf4 ,next day1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june or ,midsumm] ,day1 0 celebrat$ by ! same p]sonages ) ! same noisy gaiety4 ,"o ( ! c]emonies consi/$ 9 p>ad+1 to ! s\nd ( musketry1 an enorm\s loaf ( consecrat$ bread1 :i*1 ris+ 9 ti]s1 0 surm\nt$ by a pyramid ( v]dure adorn$ ) ribbons4 ,aft] t ! holy h&-bells1 deposit$ on ! /ep ( ! alt>1 7 entru/$ z insignia ( (fice to ! man :o 0 to be ! ,gre5 ,wolf next ye>4 ,at ,*teau-,?i]ry1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aisne1 ! cu/om ( light+ bonfires & danc+ r\nd !m at ! midsumm] fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john la/$ d[n to ab\t #ahej2 ! fires 7 k9dl$ especially :5 ,june _h be5 ra9y1 & ! p ?\ght t ! light+ ( ! bonfires w\ld cause ! ra9 to cease4 ,9 ! ,vosges x is /ill cu/om>y to k9dle bonfires ^u ! hill-tops on ,midsumm] ,eve2 ! p believe t ! fires help to pres]ve ! fruits ( ! e>? & ensure good crops4 ,bonfires 7 lit 9 almo/ all ! hamlets ( ,poit\ on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john4 ,p m>*$ r\nd !m ?rice1 c>ry+ a bran* ( walnut 9 _! h&4 ,%eph]desses & *ildr5 pass$ sprigs ( mulle9 7v]bascum7 & nuts across ! flames2 ! nuts 7 suppos$ to cure too?a*e1 & ! mulle9 to protect ! cattle f sickness & sorc]y4 ,:5 ! fire di$ d[n p took "s ( ! a%es home ) !m1 ei!r to keep !m 9 ! h\se z a pres]vative aga9/ ?und] or to scatt] !m on ! fields = ! purpose ( de/roy+ corn-cockles & d>nel4 ,9 ,poit\ also x us$ to be cu/om>y on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john to trundle a blaz+ :eel wrapt 9 /raw ov] ! fields to f]tilise !m4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s "p ( ,comm+es1 a prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,france1 ! midsumm] fire is made by splitt+ op5 ! trunk ( a tall tree1 /uff+ ! crevice ) %av+s1 & ignit+ ! :ole4 ,a g>l& ( fl[]s is fa/5$ to ! top ( ! tree1 & at ! mom5t :5 ! fire is light$ ! man :o 0 la/ m>ri$ has to climb up a ladd] & br+ ! fl[]s d[n4 ,9 ! flat p>ts ( ! same di/rict ! mat]ials ( ! midsumm] bonfires consi/ ( fuel pil$ 9 ! usual way2 b !y mu/ be put toge!r by m5 :o h be5 m>ri$ s9ce ! la/ midsumm] fe/ival1 & ea* ( ^! b5$icts is oblig$ to lay a wrea? ( fl[]s on ! top ( ! pile4 ,9 ,prov5ce ! midsumm] fires are /ill popul>4 ,*ildr5 g f door to door begg+ = fuel1 & !y are seldom s5t empty away4 ,=m]ly ! prie/1 ! mayor1 & ! ald]m5 us$ to walk 9 procession to ! bonfire1 & ev5 deign$ to light x2 aft] :i* ! assembly m>*$ ?rice r\nd ! burn+ pile4 ,at ,aix a nom9al k+1 *os5 f among ! y\? = 8 skill 9 %oot+ at a pop9jay1 presid$ ov] ! midsumm] fe/ival4 ,he select$ 8 own (fic]s1 & escort$ by a brilliant tra9 m>*$ to ! bonfire1 k9dl$ x1 & 0 ! fir/ to dance r\nd x4 ,next day he di/ribut$ l>gesse to 8 foll[]s4 ,8 reign la/$ a ye>1 dur+ :i* he enjoy$ c]ta9 privileges4 ,he 0 all[$ to att5d ! mass celebrat$ by ! comm&] ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john on ,/4 ,john's ,day2 ! "r ( hunt+ 0 accord$ to him1 & soldi]s might n be qu>t]$ 9 8 h\se4 ,at ,m>seilles also on ?is day "o ( ! guilds *ose a k+ ( ! bada*e or d\ble axe2 b x does n appe> t he k9dl$ ! bonfire1 :i* is said to h be5 light$ ) great c]emony by ! prfet & o!r au?orities4 ,9 ,belgium ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ! midsumm] bonfires has long disappe>$ f ! great cities1 b x is /ill kept up 9 rural di/ricts & small t[ns4 ,9 t c\ntry ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 7! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june7 is celebrat$ by bonfires & dances exactly l ^? :i* commemorate ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,"s p say t ! fires ( ,/4 ,pet]1 l ^? ( ,/4 ,john1 are light$ 9 ord] to drive away dragons4 ,9 ,fr5* ,fl&]s d[n to #aghi a /raw figure repres5t+ a man 0 always burn$ 9 ! midsumm] bonfire1 & ! figure ( a woman 0 burn$ on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day1 ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june4 ,9 ,belgium p jump ov] ! midsumm] bonfires z a prev5tive ( colic1 & !y keep ! a%es at home to h9d] fire f break+ out4 ,! cu/om ( light+ bonfires at midsumm] has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( our own c\ntry1 & z usual p danc$ r\nd & leap$ ov] !m4 ,9 ,wales ?ree or n9e diff]5t k9ds ( wood & *>r$ faggots c>efully pres]v$ f ! la/ midsumm] 7 deem$ necess>y to build ! bonfire1 :i* 0 g5]ally done on ris+ gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,vale ( ,glamorgan a c>t-:eel swa!d 9 /raw us$ to be ignit$ & s5t roll+ d[n ! hill4 ,if x kept alight all ! way d[n & blaz$ = a long "t1 an abundant h>ve/ 0 expect$4 ,on ,midsumm] ,eve p 9 ! ,isle ( ,man 7 wont to light fires to ! w9dw>d ( e field1 s t ! smoke might pass ov] ! corn2 & !y fold$ _! cattle & c>ri$ blaz+ furze or gorse r\nd !m sev]al times4 ,9 ,irel& cattle1 especially b>r5 cattle1 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! midsumm] fires1 & ! a%es 7 ?r[n on ! fields to f]tilise !m1 or live coals 7 c>ri$ into !m to prev5t blight4 ,9 ,scotl& ! traces ( midsumm] fires are few2 b at t season 9 ! highl&s ( ,p]?%ire c[h]ds us$ to g r\nd _! folds ?rice1 9 ! direction ( ! sun1 ) light$ tor*es4 ,?is !y did to purify ! flocks & h]ds & to keep !m f fall+ sick4 ,! practice ( light+ bonfires on ,midsumm] ,eve & danc+ or leap+ ov] !m is1 or 0 till rec5tly1 common all ov] ,spa9 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy & ,sicily4 ,9 ,malta great fires are k9dl$ 9 ! /reets & squ>es ( ! t[ns & villages on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john 7,midsumm] ,eve72 =m]ly ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,john us$ on t ev5+ to set fire to a heap ( pit* b>rels plac$ 9 front ( ! sacr$ ,hospital4 ,9 ,greece1 too1 ! cu/om ( k9dl+ fires on ,/4 ,john's ,eve & jump+ ov] !m is said to be /ill univ]sal4 ,"o reason assign$ = x is a wi% to escape f ! fleas4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! wom5 cry out1 z !y leap ov] ! fire1 ,i leave my s9s beh9d me4 ,9 ,lesbos ! fires on ,/4 ,john's ,eve are usually light$ by ?rees1 & ! p spr+ ?rice ov] !m1 ea* ) a /one on 8 head1 say+1 ,i jump ! h>e's fire1 my head a /one6 ,9 ,calymnos ! midsumm] fire is suppos$ to ensure abundance 9 ! com+ ye> z well z deliv]ance f fleas4 ,! p dance r\nd ! fires s++1 ) /ones on _! heads1 & !n jump ov] ! blaze or ! gl[+ emb]s4 ,:5 ! fire is burn+ l[1 !y ?r[ ! /ones into x2 & :5 x is ne>ly out1 !y make crosses on _! legs & !n g /raightway & ba! 9 ! sea4 ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires on ,midsumm] ,day or on ,midsumm] ,eve is widely spread among ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( ,nor? ,africa1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,morocco & ,alg]ia2 x is common bo? to ! ,b]b]s & to _m ( ! ,arabs or ,arabic-speak+ tribes4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ,midsumm] ,day 7! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june1 ,old ,/yle7 is call$ l'ns>a4 ,! fires are lit 9 ! c\rty>ds1 at cross-roads1 9 ! fields1 & sometimes on ! ?re%+-floors4 ,plants :i* 9 burn+ give out a ?ick smoke & an aromatic smell are mu* s\ght aft] = fuel on ^! occasions2 among ! plants us$ = ! purpose are giant-f5nel1 ?yme1 rue1 *]vil-se$1 camomile1 g]anium1 & p5ny-royal4 ,p expose !mselves1 & especially _! *ildr51 to ! smoke1 & drive x t[>ds ! or*>ds & ! crops4 ,also !y leap across ! fires2 9 "s places ev]ybody ought to repeat ! leap sev5 times4 ,moreov] !y take burn+ br&s f ! fires & c>ry !m ?r\gh ! h\ses 9 ord] to fumigate !m4 ,!y pass ?+s ?r\gh ! fire1 & br+ ! sick into contact ) x1 :ile !y utt] pray]s = _! recov]y4 ,! a%es ( ! bonfires are also reput$ to possess b5eficial prop]ties2 h5ce 9 "s places p rub _! hair or _! bodies ) !m4 ,9 "s places !y ?9k t by leap+ ov] ! fires !y rid !mselves ( all mis=tune1 & t *ildless c\ples !reby obta9 (fspr+4 ,b]b]s ( ! ,rif prov9ce1 9 ,nor!rn ,morocco1 make great use ( fires at midsumm] = ! good ( !mselves1 _! cattle1 & _! fruit-trees4 ,!y jump ov] ! bonfires 9 ! belief t ?is w pres]ve !m 9 good heal?1 & !y light fires "u fruit-trees to keep ! fruit f fall+ untimely4 ,& !y imag9e t by rubb+ a pa/e ( ! a%es on _! hair !y prev5t ! hair f fall+ (f _! heads4 ,9 all ^! ,moroccan cu/oms1 we are told1 ! b5eficial effect is attribut$ :olly to ! smoke1 :i* is suppos$ to be endu$ ) a magical quality t removes mis=tune f m51 animals1 fruit-trees & crops4 ,! celebration ( a midsumm] fe/ival by ,mohamm$an peoples is p>ticul>ly rem>kable1 because ! ,mohamm$an cal5d>1 be+ purely lun> & uncorrect$ by int]calation1 necess>ily takes no note ( fe/ivals :i* occupy fix$ po9ts 9 ! sol> ye>2 all /rictly ,mohamm$an fea/s1 be+ p9n$ to ! moon1 slide gradually ) t lum9>y ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ! e>?'s revolution ab\t ! sun4 ,?is fact ( itself seems to prove t among ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 z among ! ,*ri/ian peoples ( ,europe1 ! midsumm] fe/ival is q indep5d5t ( ! religion :i* ! p publicly pr(ess1 & is a relic ( a f> old] paganism4 #f4 ,! ,hall[e'en ,fires ,,f ,,! ,,=ego+ survey we may inf] t among ! hea!n =efa!rs ( ! ,european peoples ! mo/ popul> & widespread fire-fe/ival ( ! ye> 0 ! great celebration ( ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! fe/ival ) ! summ] sol/ice c h>dly be accid5tal4 ,r we mu/ suppose t our pagan ance/ors purposely tim$ ! c]emony ( fire on e>? to co9cide ) ! arrival ( ! sun at ! highe/ po9t ( 8 c\rse 9 ! sky4 ,if t 0 s1 x foll[s t ! old f\nd]s ( ! midsumm] rites _h obs]v$ ! sol/ices or turn+-po9ts ( ! sun's app>5t pa? 9 ! sky1 & t !y accord+ly regulat$ _! fe/al cal5d> to "s ext5t by a/ronomical consid]ations4 ,b :ile ?is may be reg>d$ z fairly c]ta9 = :at we may call ! aborig9es ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! cont95t1 x appe>s n to h be5 true ( ! ,celtic peoples :o inhabit$ ! ,l&'s ,end ( ,europe1 ! isl&s & promontories t /ret* out into ! ,atlantic ,ocean on ! ,nor?-,we/4 ,! pr9cipal fire-fe/ivals ( ! ,celts1 :i* h surviv$1 ?\gh 9 a re/rict$ area & ) dim9i%$ pomp1 to mod]n times & ev5 to our own day1 7 seem+ly tim$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! position ( ! sun 9 ! heav54 ,!y 7 two 9 numb]1 & fell at an int]val ( six mon?s1 "o be+ celebrat$ on ! eve ( ,may ,day & ! o!r on ,allhall[ ,ev5 or ,hall[e'en1 z x is n[ commonly call$1 t is1 on ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob]1 ! day prec$+ ,all ,sa9ts' or ,allhall[s' ,day4 ,^! dates co9cide ) none ( ! f\r great h+es on :i* ! sol> ye> revolves1 to wit1 ! sol/ices & ! equ9oxes4 ,nor d !y agree ) ! pr9cipal seasons ( ! agricultural ye>1 ! s[+ 9 spr+ & ! reap+ 9 autumn4 ,= :5 ,may ,day comes1 ! se$ has long be5 committ$ to ! e>?2 & :5 ,novemb] op5s1 ! h>ve/ has long be5 reap$ & g>n]$1 ! fields lie b>e1 ! fruit-trees are /ripp$1 & ev5 ! yell[ leaves are fa/ flutt]+ to ! gr\nd4 ,yet ! fir/ ( ,may & ! fir/ ( ,novemb] m>k turn+-po9ts ( ! ye> 9 ,europe2 ! "o u%]s 9 ! g5ial heat & ! ri* vegetation ( summ]1 ! o!r h]alds1 if x does n %>e1 ! cold & b>r5ness ( w9t]4 ,n[ ^! p>ticul> po9ts ( ! ye>1 z has be5 well po9t$ out by a le>n$ & +5i\s writ]1 :ile !y are ( comp>atively little mom5t to ! ,european husb&man1 d deeply conc]n ! ,european h]dsman2 = x is on ! approa* ( summ] t he drives 8 cattle out into ! op5 to crop ! fre% grass1 & x is on ! approa* ( w9t] t he leads !m back to ! safety & %elt] ( ! /all4 ,accord+ly x seems n improbable t ! ,celtic bisection ( ! ye> into two halves at ! beg9n+ ( ,may & ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] dates f a "t :5 ! ,celts 7 ma9ly a pa/oral p1 dep5d5t = _! subsi/5ce on _! h]ds1 & :5 accord+ly ! great epo*s ( ! ye> = !m 7 ! days on :i* ! cattle w5t =? f ! home/ead 9 e>ly summ] & return$ to x aga9 9 e>ly w9t]4 ,ev5 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 remote f ! region n[ occupi$ by ! ,celts1 a simil> bisection ( ! ye> may be cle>ly trac$ 9 ! great popul>ity1 on ! "o h&1 ( ,may ,day & its ,eve 7,walpurgis ,night71 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! ,fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 :i* "u a ?9 ,*ri/ian cloak conceals an anci5t pagan fe/ival ( ! dead4 ,h5ce we may conjecture t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,europe ! cele/ial division ( ! ye> accord+ to ! sol/ices 0 prec$$ by :at we may call a t]re/rial division ( ! ye> accord+ to ! beg9n+ ( summ] & ! beg9n+ ( w9t]4 ,be t z x may1 ! two great ,celtic fe/ivals ( ,may ,day & ! fir/ ( ,novemb] or1 to be m accurate1 ! ,eves ( ^! two days1 closely resemble ea* o!r 9 ! mann] ( _! celebration & 9 ! sup]/itions associat$ ) !m1 & alike1 by ! antique "* impress$ ^u bo?1 betray a remote & purely pagan orig94 ,! fe/ival ( ,may ,day or ,beltane1 z ! ,celts call$ x1 :i* u%]$ 9 summ]1 has already be5 describ$2 x rema9s to give "s acc\nt ( ! correspond+ fe/ival ( ,hall[e'en1 :i* ann\nc$ ! arrival ( w9t]4 ,( ! two fea/s ,hall[e'en 0 p]haps ( old ! m important1 s9ce ! ,celts w\ld seem to h dat$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> f x r ?an f ,beltane4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 "o ( ! =tresses 9 :i* ! ,celtic language & lore longe/ held out aga9/ ! siege ( ! ,saxon invad]s1 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 ,old ,/yle1 has be5 reg>d$ z ,new ,ye>'s day d[n to rec5t times4 ,?us ,manx mumm]s us$ to g r\nd on ,hall[e'en 7,old ,/yle71 s++1 9 ! ,manx language1 a sort ( ,hogmanay song :i* began ,to-night is ,new ,ye>'s ,night1 ,hogunnaa6 ,9 anci5t ,irel&1 a new fire us$ to be k9dl$ e ye> on ,hall[e'en or ! ,eve ( ,samha91 & f ?is sacr$ flame all ! fires 9 ,irel& 7 rek9dl$4 ,su* a cu/om po9ts /rongly to ,samha9 or ,all ,sa9ts' ,day 7! fir/ ( ,novemb]7 z ,new ,ye>'s ,day2 s9ce ! annual k9dl+ ( a new fire takes place mo/ naturally at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 9 ord] t ! bless$ influ5ce ( ! fre% fire may la/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( twelve mon?s4 ,ano!r confirmation ( ! view t ! ,celts dat$ _! ye> f ! fir/ ( ,novemb] is furni%$ by ! manifold modes ( div9ation :i* 7 commonly resort$ to by ,celtic peoples on ,hall[e'en = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! de/9y1 especially _! =tune 9 ! com+ ye>2 = :5 c\ld ^! devices = pry+ into ! future be m reasonably put 9 practice ?an at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>8 ,z a season ( om5s & auguries ,hall[e'en seems to h f> surpass$ ,beltane 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ,celts2 f :i* we may ) "s probability inf] t !y reckon$ _! ye> f ,hall[e'en r ?an ,beltane4 ,ano!r circum/ance ( great mom5t :i* po9ts to ! same conclusion is ! association ( ! dead ) ,hall[e'en4 ,n only among ! ,celts b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,hall[e'en1 ! night :i* m>ks ! transition f autumn to w9t]1 seems to h be5 ( old ! "t ( ye> :5 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 7 suppos$ to revisit _! old homes 9 ord] to w>m !mselves by ! fire & to com=t !mselves ) ! good *e] provid$ = !m 9 ! kit*5 or ! p>l\r by _! affectionate k9sfolk4 ,x 01 p]haps1 a natural ?\ght t ! approa* ( w9t] %\ld drive ! poor %iv]+ hungry gho/s f ! b>e fields & ! leafless woodl&s to ! %elt] ( ! cottage ) its famili> fireside4 ,did n ! l[+ k9e !n troop back f ! summ] pa/ures 9 ! =e/s & on ! hills to be f$ & c>$ = 9 ! /alls1 :ile ! bleak w9ds :i/l$ among ! sway+ b\ghs & ! sn[-drifts deep5$ 9 ! holl[s8 & c\ld ! good-man & ! good-wife d5y to ! spirits ( _! dead ! welcome :i* !y gave to ! c[s8 ,b x is n only ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ :o are suppos$ to be hov]+ unse5 on ! day :5 autumn to w9t] resigns ! pale ye>4 ,wit*es !n spe$ on _! err&s ( mis*ief1 "s sweep+ ?r\gh ! air on besoms1 o!rs gallop+ along ! roads on tabby-cats1 :i* = t ev5+ are turn$ into coal-black /e$s4 ,! fairies1 too1 are all let loose1 & hobgobl9s ( e sort roam freely ab\t4 ,yet :ile a glam\r ( my/]y & awe has always clung to ,hall[e'en 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,celtic peasantry1 ! popul> celebration ( ! fe/ival has be51 at lea/ 9 mod]n times1 by no means ( a prevail+ gloomy ca/2 on ! contr>y x has be5 att5d$ by picturesque features & m]ry pa/imes1 :i* r5d]$ x ! gaye/ night ( all ! ye>4 ,among/ ! ?+s :i* 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& contribut$ to inve/ ! fe/ival ) a romantic beauty 7 ! bonfires :i* us$ to blaze at frequ5t int]vals on ! heights4 ,on ! la/ day ( autumn *ildr5 ga!r$ f]ns1 t>-b>rels1 ! long ?9 /alks call$ ginisg1 & ev]y?+ suitable = a bonfire4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 a heap on "s em95ce ne> ! h\se1 & 9 ! ev5+ set fire to4 ,! fires 7 call$ ,samhnagan4 ,!re 0 "o = ea* h\se1 & x 0 an object ( ambition :o %\ld h ! bigge/4 ,:ole di/ricts 7 brilliant ) bonfires1 & _! gl>e across a ,highl& lo*1 & f _m em95ces1 =m$ an exce$+ly picturesque sc5e4 ,l ! ,beltane fires on ! fir/ ( ,may1 ! ,hall[e'en bonfires seem to h be5 k9dl$ mo/ commonly 9 ! ,p]?%ire ,highl&s4 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,call&] !y /ill blaz$ d[n to ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,:5 ! fire _h di$ d[n1 ! a%es 7 c>efully collect$ 9 ! =m ( a circle1 & a /one 0 put 91 ne> ! circumf]5ce1 = e p]son ( ! sev]al families int]e/$ 9 ! bonfire4 ,next morn+1 if any ( ^! /ones 0 f\nd to be displac$ or injur$1 ! p made sure t ! p]son repres5t$ by x 0 fey or devot$1 & t he c\ld n live twelve mon?s f t day4 ,at ,balquhidd] d[n to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ea* h\sehold k9dl$ its bonfire at ,hall[e'en1 b ! cu/om 0 *iefly obs]v$ by *ildr54 ,! fires 7 light$ on any high knoll ne> ! h\se2 !re 0 no danc+ r\nd !m4 ,hall[e'en fires 7 also light$ 9 "s di/ricts ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl&1 su* z ,bu*an4 ,villag]s & f>m]s alike mu/ h _! fire4 ,9 ! villages ! boys w5t f h\se to h\se & begg$ a peat f ea* h\sehold]1 usually ) ! words1 ,ge's a peat t' burn ! wit*es4 ,:5 !y _h collect$ en\gh peats1 !y pil$ !m 9 a heap1 toge!r ) /raw1 furze1 & o!r combu/ible mat]ials1 & set ! :ole on fire4 ,!n ea* ( ! y\?s1 "o aft] ano!r1 laid himself d[n on ! gr\nd z ne> to ! fire z he c\ld )\t be+ scor*$1 & ?us ly+ all[$ ! smoke to roll ov] him4 ,! o!rs ran ?r\gh ! smoke & jump$ ov] _! pro/rate comrade4 ,:5 ! heap 0 burn$ d[n1 !y scatt]$ ! a%es1 vy+ ) ea* o!r :o %\ld scatt] !m mo/4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,wales x us$ to be cu/om>y = e family to make a great bonfire call$ ,coel ,coe? on ,hall[e'en4 ,! fire 0 k9dl$ on ! mo/ conspicu\s spot ne> ! h\se2 & :5 x _h ne>ly gone out e "o ?rew into ! a%es a :ite /one1 :i* he _h fir/ m>k$4 ,!n hav+ said _! pray]s r\nd ! fire1 !y w5t to b$4 ,next morn+1 z soon z !y 7 up1 !y came to se>* out ! /ones1 & if any "o ( !m 0 f\nd to be miss+1 !y _h a notion t ! p]son :o ?rew x w\ld die be=e he saw ano!r ,hall[e'en4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ! habit ( celebrat+ ,hall[e'en by light+ bonfires on ! hills is p]haps n yet ext9ct 9 ,wales1 & m5 /ill liv+ c rememb] h[ ! p :o assi/$ at ! bonfires w\ld wait till ! la/ sp>k 0 out & !n w\ld sudd5ly take to _! heels1 %\t+ at ! top ( _! voices1 ,! cropp$ black s[ seize ! h9dmo/6 ,! say+1 z ,sir ,john ,rhys ju/ly rem>ks1 implies t orig9ally "o ( ! company became a victim 9 dead e>ne/4 ,d[n to ! pres5t "t ! say+ is curr5t 9 ,c>n>von%ire1 :]e allusions to ! cutty black s[ are /ill occasionally made to fright5 *ildr54 ,we c n[ und]/& :y 9 ,l[] ,brittany e p]son ?r[s a pebble into ! midsumm] bonfire4 ,d\btless !re1 z 9 ,wales & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 om5s ( life & dea? h at "o "t or o!r be5 drawn f ! position & /ate ( ! pebbles on ! morn+ ( ,all ,sa9ts' ,day4 ,! cu/om1 ?us f\nd among ?ree sep>ate bran*es ( ! ,celtic /ock1 probably dates f a p]iod be=e _! disp]sion1 or at lea/ f a "t :5 ali5 races _h n yet driv5 home ! w$ges ( sep>ation betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man also1 ano!r ,celtic c\ntry1 ,hall[e'en 0 celebrat$ d[n to mod]n times by ! k9dl+ ( fires1 accompani$ ) all ! usual c]emonies design$ to prev5t ! baneful influ5ce ( fairies & wit*es4 #g4 ,! ,midw9t] ,fires ,,if ,,! ,,hea!n ( anci5t ,europe celebrat$1 z we h good reason to believe1 ! season ( ,midsumm] ) a great fe/ival ( fire1 ( :i* ! traces h surviv$ 9 _m places d[n to our own "t1 x is natural to suppose t !y %\ld h obs]v$ ) simil> rites ! correspond+ season ( ,midw9t]2 = ,midsumm] & ,midw9t]1 or1 9 m te*nical language1 ! summ] sol/ice & ! w9t] sol/ice1 are ! two great turn+po9ts 9 ! sun's app>5t c\rse ?r\gh ! sky1 & f ! /&po9t ( primitive man no?+ might seem m appropriate ?an to k9dle fires on e>? at ! two mom5ts :5 ! fire & heat ( ! great lum9>y 9 heav5 beg9 to wane or to wax4 ,9 mod]n ,*ri/5dom ! anci5t fire-fe/ival ( ! w9t] sol/ice appe>s to survive1 or to h surviv$ d[n to rec5t ye>s1 9 ! old cu/om ( ! ,yule log1 clog1 or block1 z x 0 v>i\sly call$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! cu/om 0 widespread 9 ,europe1 b seems to h fl\ri%$ especially 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & among ! ,s\? ,slavs2 at lea/ ! fulle/ acc\nts ( ! cu/om come f ^! qu>t]s4 ,t ! ,yule log 0 only ! w9t] c\nt]p>t ( ! midsumm] bonfire1 k9dl$ )9 doors in/ead ( 9 ! op5 air on acc\nt ( ! cold & inclem5t wea!r ( ! season1 0 po9t$ out long ago by our ,engli% antiqu>y ,john ,br&2 & ! view is support$ by ! _m qua9t sup]/itions atta*+ to ! ,yule log1 sup]/itions :i* h no app>5t connexion ) ,*ri/ianity b c>ry _! hea!n orig9 pla9ly /amp$ ^u !m4 ,b :ile ! two sol/itial celebrations 7 bo? fe/ivals ( fire1 ! necessity or desirability ( hold+ ! w9t] celebration )9 doors l5t x ! "* ( a private or dome/ic fe/ivity1 :i* contra/s /rongly ) ! publicity ( ! summ] celebration1 at :i* ! p ga!r$ on "s op5 space or conspicu\s height1 k9dl$ a huge bonfire 9 common1 & danc$ & made m]ry r\nd x toge!r4 ,d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! old rite ( ! ,yule log 0 kept up 9 "s p>ts ( ,c5tral ,g]many4 ,?us 9 ! valleys ( ! ,sieg & ,lahn ! ,yule log1 a heavy block ( oak1 0 fitt$ into ! floor ( ! he>?1 :]e1 ?\gh x gl[$ "u ! fire1 x 0 h>dly r$uc$ to a%es )9 a ye>4 ,:5 ! new log 0 laid next ye>1 ! rema9s ( ! old "o 7 gr\nd to p[d] & /rew$ ov] ! fields dur+ ! ,twelve ,nights1 :i* 0 suppos$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,9 "s villages ( ,we/phalia1 ! practice 0 to )draw ! ,yule log 7,*ri/br&7 f ! fire s soon z x 0 slightly *>r$2 x 0 !n kept c>efully to be replac$ on ! fire :5ev] a ?und]/orm broke1 because ! p believ$ t lightn+ w\ld n /rike a h\se 9 :i* ! ,yule log 0 sm\ld]+4 ,9 o!r villages ( ,we/phalia ! old cu/om 0 to tie up ! ,yule log 9 ! la/ %eaf cut at h>ve/4 ,9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,france1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,prov5ce1 ! cu/om ( ! ,yule log or trfoir1 z x 0 call$ 9 _m places1 0 long obs]v$4 ,a ,fr5* writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury d5\nces z sup]/iti\s ! belief t a log call$ ! trfoir or ,*ri/mas br&1 :i* y put on ! fire = ! fir/ "t on ,*ri/mas ,eve & cont9ue to put on ! fire = a little :ile e day till ,twelf? ,night1 c1 if kept "u ! b$1 protect ! h\se = a :ole ye> f fire & ?und]2 t x c prev5t ! inmates f hav+ *ilbla9s on _! heels 9 w9t]2 t x c cure ! cattle ( _m maladies2 t if a piece ( x be /eep$ 9 ! wat] :i* c[s dr9k x helps !m to calve2 & la/ly t if ! a%es ( ! log be /rewn on ! fields x c save ! :eat f mildew4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,fl&]s & ,france ! rema9s ( ! ,yule log 7 regul>ly kept 9 ! h\se "u a b$ z a protection aga9/ ?und] & lightn+2 9 ,b]ry1 :5 ?und] 0 he>d1 a memb] ( ! family us$ to take a piece ( ! log & ?r[ x on ! fire1 :i* 0 believ$ to av]t ! lightn+4 ,aga91 9 ,p]igord1 ! *>coal & a%es are c>efully collect$ & kept = heal+ swoll5 gl&s2 ! "p ( ! trunk :i* has n be5 burnt 9 ! fire is us$ by pl\ghm5 to make ! w$ge = _! pl\gh1 because !y allege t x causes ! se$s to ?rive bett]2 & ! wom5 keep pieces ( x till ,twelf? ,night = ! sake ( _! *ick5s4 ,"s p imag9e t !y w h z _m *ick5s z !re are sp>ks t fly out ( ! br&s ( ! log :5 !y %ake !m2 & o!rs place ! ext9ct br&s "u ! b$ to drive away v]m94 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france ! *>r$ log is ?\ght to gu>d ! h\se aga9/ sorc]y z well z aga9/ lightn+4 ,9 ,engl& ! cu/oms & beliefs conc]n+ ! ,yule log us$ to be simil>4 ,on ! night ( ,*ri/mas ,eve1 says ! antiqu>y ,john ,br&1 our ance/ors 7 wont to light up c&les ( an uncommon size1 call$ ,*ri/mas ,c&les1 & lay a log ( wood ^u ! fire1 call$ a ,yule-clog or ,*ri/mas-block1 to illum9ate ! h\se1 &1 z x 71 to turn night into day4 ,! old cu/om 0 to light ! ,yule log ) a fragm5t ( its pr$ecessor1 :i* _h be5 kept ?r\gh\t ! ye> = ! purpose2 :]e x 0 s kept1 ! fi5d c\ld d no mis*ief4 ,! rema9s ( ! log 7 also suppos$ to gu>d ! h\se aga9/ fire & lightn+4 ,to ?is day ! ritual ( br++ 9 ! ,yule log is obs]v$ ) mu* solemnity among ! ,s\!rn ,slavs1 especially ! ,s]bians4 ,! log is usually a block ( oak1 b sometimes ( olive or bee*4 ,!y seem to ?9k t !y w h z _m calves1 lambs1 pigs1 & kids z !y /rike sp>ks out ( ! burn+ log4 ,"s p c>ry a piece ( ! log out to ! fields to protect !m aga9/ hail4 ,9 ,albania d[n to rec5t ye>s x 0 a common cu/om to burn a ,yule log at ,*ri/mas1 & ! a%es ( ! fire 7 scatt]$ on ! fields to make !m f]tile4 ,! ,huzuls1 a ,slavonic p ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 k9dle fire by ! friction ( wood on ,*ri/mas ,eve 7,old ,/yle1 ! fif? ( ,janu>y7 & keep x burn+ till ,twelf? ,night4 ,x is rem>kable h[ common ! belief appe>s to h be5 t ! rema9s ( ! ,yule log1 if kept ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 _h p[] to protect ! h\se aga9/ fire & especially aga9/ lightn+4 ,z ! ,yule log 0 frequ5tly ( oak1 x seems possible t ?is belief may be a relic ( ! old ,aryan cre$ :i* associat$ ! oak-tree ) ! god ( ?und]4 ,:e!r ! curative & f]tilis+ virtues ascrib$ to ! a%es ( ! ,yule log1 :i* are suppos$ to heal cattle z well z m51 to enable c[s to calve1 & to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 may n be d]iv$ f ! same anci5t s\rce1 is a "q :i* des]ves to be consid]$4 #h4 ,! ,ne$-fire ,,! ,,fire-,,fe/ivals hi!rto describ$ are all celebrat$ p]iodically at c]ta9 /at$ times ( ! ye>4 ,b besides ^! regul>ly recurr+ celebrations ! peasants 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe h be5 wont f "t immemorial to resort to a ritual ( fire at irregul> int]vals 9 seasons ( di/ress & calamity1 above all :5 _! cattle 7 attack$ by epidemic disease4 ,no acc\nt ( ! popul> ,european fire-fe/ivals w\ld be complete )\t "s notice ( ^! rem>kable rites1 :i* h all ! great] claim on our att5tion because !y may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! s\rce & orig9 ( all ! o!r fire-fe/ivals2 c]ta9ly !y mu/ date f a v remote antiquity4 ,! g5]al "n by :i* !y are kn[n among ! ,teutonic peoples is ne$-fire4 ,sometimes ! ne$-fire 0 kn[n z wild fire1 to di/+ui% x no d\bt f ! tame fire produc$ by m ord9>y me?ods4 ,among ,slavonic peoples x is call$ liv+ fire4 ,! hi/ory ( ! cu/om c be trac$ f ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 :5 x 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,*ur* z a hea!n sup]/ition1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 /ill occasionally practis$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 ,among ,slavonic peoples x appe>s to h l+]$ ev5 long]4 ,! usual occasion = p]=m+ ! rite 0 an outbreak ( plague or cattle-disease1 = :i* ! ne$-fire 0 believ$ to be an infallible rem$y4 ,! animals :i* 7 subject$ to x includ$ c[s1 pigs1 horses1 & sometimes geese4 ,z a necess>y prelim9>y to ! k9dl+ ( ! ne$-fire all o!r fires & lights 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 ext+ui%$1 s t n s mu* z a sp>k rema9$ alight2 = s long z ev5 a night-light burn$ 9 a h\se1 x 0 imag9$ t ! ne$-fire c\ld n k9dle4 ,sometimes x 0 deem$ en\gh to put out all ! fires 9 ! village2 b sometimes ! ext9ction ext5d$ to neighb\r+ villages or to a :ole p>i%4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! rule 0 t all h\sehold]s :o dwelt )9 ! two ne>e/ runn+ /reams %\ld put out _! lights & fires on ! day appo9t$4 ,usually ! ne$-fire 0 made 9 ! op5 air1 b 9 "s p>ts ( ,s]bia x 0 k9dl$ 9 a d>k room2 sometimes ! place 0 a cross-way or a holl[ 9 a road4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! prop] places = p]=m+ ! rite seem to h be5 knolls or small isl&s 9 riv]s4 ,! regul> me?od ( produc+ ! ne$-fire 0 by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood2 x might n be /ruck by fl9t & /eel4 ,v exceptionally among "s ,s\? ,slavs we read ( a practice ( k9dl+ a ne$-fire by /rik+ a piece ( iron on an anvil4 ,:]e ! wood to be employ$ is specifi$1 x is g5]ally said to be oak2 b on ! ,l[] ,rh9e ! fire 0 k9dl$ by ! friction ( oak-wood or fir-wood4 ,9 ,slavonic c\ntries we he> ( popl>1 pe>1 & cornel wood be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,(t5 ! mat]ial is simply describ$ z two pieces ( dry wood4 ,sometimes n9e diff]5t k9ds ( wood 7 deem$ necess>y1 b r p]haps to be burn$ 9 ! bonfire ?an to be rubb$ toge!r = ! production ( ! ne$-fire4 ,! p>ticul> mode ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire v>i$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts2 a v common "o 0 ?is4 ,two poles 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd ab\t a foot & a half f ea* o!r4 ,ea* pole _h 9 ! side fac+ ! o!r a socket into :i* a smoo? cross-piece or roll] 0 fitt$4 ,! sockets 7 /uff$ ) l951 & ! two ends ( ! roll] 7 ramm$ tightly into ! sockets4 ,to make x m inflammable ! roll] 0 (t5 coat$ ) t>4 ,a rope 0 !n w\nd r\nd ! roll]1 & ! free ends at bo? sides 7 gripp$ by two or m p]sons1 :o by pull+ ! rope to & fro caus$ ! roll] to revolve rapidly1 till ?r\gh ! friction ! l95 9 ! sockets took fire4 ,! sp>ks 7 imm$iately caught 9 t[ or oakum & wav$ ab\t 9 a circle until !y bur/ into a bright gl[1 :5 /raw 0 appli$ to x1 & ! blaz+ /raw us$ to k9dle ! fuel t _h be5 /ack$ to make ! bonfire4 ,(t5 a :eel1 sometimes a c>t-:eel or ev5 a sp9n+-:eel1 =m$ "p ( ! me*anism2 9 ,ab]de5%ire x 0 call$ ! muckle :eel2 9 ! isl& ( ,mull ! :eel 0 turn$ f ea/ to we/ ov] n9e sp9dles ( oak-wood4 ,sometimes we are m]ely told t two wood5 planks 7 rubb$ toge!r4 ,sometimes x 0 prescrib$ t ! c>t-:eel us$ = fire-mak+ & ! axle on :i* x turn$ %\ld bo? be new4 ,simil>ly x 0 said t ! rope :i* turn$ ! roll] %\ld be new2 if possible x %\ld be wov5 ( /r&s tak5 f a gall[s rope ) :i* p _h be5 hang$1 b ?is 0 a c\nsel ( p]fection r ?an a /rict necessity4 ,v>i\s rules 7 also laid d[n z to ! k9d ( p]sons :o might or %\ld make ! ne$-fire4 ,sometimes x 0 said t ! two p]sons :o pull$ ! rope :i* twirl$ ! roll] %\ld always be bro!rs or at lea/ be> ! same baptismal "n2 sometimes x 0 deem$ suffici5t if !y 7 bo? *a/e "y m54 ,9 "s villages ( ,brunswick p ?\ght t if ev]ybody :o l5t a h& 9 k9dl+ ! ne$-fire did n be> ! same ,*ri/ian "n1 !y w\ld lab\r 9 va94 ,9 ,silesia ! tree employ$ to produce ! ne$-fire us$ to be fell$ by a pair ( tw9 bro!rs4 ,9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,scotl& ! fire 0 k9dl$ by eighty-"o m>ri$ m51 :o rubb$ two great planks aga9/ ea* o!r1 work+ 9 relays ( n9e2 9 ,nor? ,ui/ ! n9e times n9e :o made ! fire 7 all fir/-begott5 sons1 b we are n told :e!r !y 7 m>ri$ or s+le4 ,among ! ,s]bians ! ne$-fire is sometimes k9dl$ by a boy & girl betwe5 elev5 & f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 :o "w />k nak$ 9 a d>k room2 sometimes x is made by an old man & an old woman also 9 ! d>k4 ,9 ,bulg>ia1 too1 ! mak]s ( ne$-fire /rip !mselves ( _! clo!s2 9 ,cai?ness !y dive/$ !mselves ( all k9ds ( metal4 ,if aft] long rubb+ ( ! wood no fire 0 elicit$ !y conclud$ t "s fire mu/ /ill be burn+ 9 ! village2 s a /rict se>* 0 made f h\se to h\se1 any fire t might be f\nd 0 put out1 & ! neglig5t h\sehold] puni%$ or upbraid$2 inde$ a heavy f9e might be inflict$ on him4 ,:5 ! ne$-fire 0 at la/ k9dl$1 ! bonfire 0 lit f x1 & z soon z ! blaze _h some:at di$ d[n1 ! sick animals 7 driv5 ov] ! gl[+ emb]s1 sometimes 9 a regul> ord] ( prec$5ce1 fir/ ! pigs1 next ! c[s1 & la/ ( all ! horses4 ,sometimes !y 7 driv5 twice or ?rice ?r\gh ! smoke & flames1 s t occasionally "s ( !m 7 scor*$ to dea?4 ,z soon z all ! bea/s 7 ?r\gh1 ! "y folk w\ld ru% wildly at ! a%es & c9d]s1 spr9kl+ & black5+ ea* o!r ) !m2 ^? :o 7 mo/ black5$ w\ld m>* 9 triumph beh9d ! cattle into ! village & w\ld n wa% !mselves = a long "t4 ,f ! bonfire p c>ri$ live emb]s home & us$ !m to rek9dle ! fires 9 _! h\ses4 ,^! br&s1 aft] be+ ext+ui%$ 9 wat]1 !y sometimes put 9 ! mang]s at :i* ! cattle f$1 & kept !m !re = a :ile4 ,a%es f ! ne$-fire 7 also /rew$ on ! fields to protect ! crops aga9/ v]m92 sometimes !y 7 tak5 home to be employ$ z rem$ies 9 sickness1 be+ spr9kl$ on ! ail+ "p or mix$ 9 wat] & drunk by ! pati5t4 ,9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,scotl& & on ! adjo9+ ma9l&1 z soon z ! fire on ! dome/ic he>? _h be5 rek9dl$ f ! ne$-fire a pot full ( wat] 0 set on x1 & ! wat] ?us heat$ 0 aft]w>ds spr9kl$ ^u ! p infect$ ) ! plague or ^u ! cattle t 7 ta9t$ by ! murra94 ,special virtue 0 attribut$ to ! smoke ( ! bonfire2 9 ,sw$5 fruit-trees & nets 7 fumigat$ ) x1 9 ord] t ! trees might be> fruit & ! nets cat* fi%4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! ne$-fire 0 acc\nt$ a sov]eign rem$y = wit*craft4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mull1 :5 ! fire 0 k9dl$ z a cure = ! murra91 we he> ( ! rite be+ accompani$ by ! sacrifice ( a sick heif]1 :i* 0 cut 9 pieces & burnt4 ,slavonian & ,bulg>ian peasants conceive cattle-plague z a f\l fi5d or vampyre :i* c be kept at bay by int]pos+ a b>ri] ( fire betwe5 x & ! h]ds4 ,a simil> conception may p]haps h orig9ally ev]y:]e und]la9 ! use ( ! ne$-fire z a rem$y = ! murra94 ,x appe>s t 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many ! p did n wait = an outbreak ( cattleplague1 b1 tak+ "t by ! =elock1 k9dl$ a ne$-fire annually to prev5t ! calamity4 ,simil>ly 9 ,pol& ! peasants are said to k9dle fires 9 ! village /reets e ye> on ,/4 ,ro*us's day & to drive ! cattle ?rice ?r\gh !m 9 ord] to protect ! bea/s aga9/ ! murra94 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,hebrides ! cattle 7 9 l mann] driv5 annually r\nd ! ,beltane fires = ! same purpose4 ,9 "s cantons ( ,switz]l& *ildr5 /ill k9dle a ne$-fire by ! friction ( wood = ! sake ( dispell+ a mi/4 ,,lxiii4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ! ,fire-,fe/ivals #a4 ,on ! ,fire-fe/ivals 9 g5]al ,,! ,,=ego+ survey ( ! popul> fire-fe/ivals ( ,europe sugge/s "s g5]al obs]vations4 ,9 ! fir/ place we c h>dly help be+ /ruck by ! resemblance :i* ! c]emonies be> to ea* o!r1 at :atev] "t ( ! ye> & 9 :atev] "p ( ,europe !y are celebrat$4 ,! cu/om ( k9dl+ great bonfires1 leap+ ov] !m1 & driv+ cattle ?r\gh or r\nd !m w\ld seem to h be5 practically univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ! same may be said ( ! processions or races ) blaz+ tor*es r\nd fields1 or*>ds1 pa/ures1 or cattle-/alls4 ,less widespread are ! cu/oms ( hurl+ light$ discs into ! air & trundl+ a burn+ :eel d[n hill4 ,! c]emonial ( ! ,yule log is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! o!r fire-fe/ivals by ! privacy & dome/icity :i* *>act]ise x2 b ?is di/9ction may well be due simply to ! r\gh wea!r ( midw9t]1 :i* is apt n only to r5d] a public assembly 9 ! op5 air disagreeable1 b also at any mom5t to defeat ! object ( ! assembly by ext+ui%+ ! all-important fire "u a d[np\r ( ra9 or a fall ( sn[4 ,ap>t f ^! local or seasonal diff]5ces1 ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! fire-fe/ivals at all times ( ! ye> & 9 all places is tol]ably close4 ,& z ! c]emonies !mselves resemble ea* o!r1 s d ! b5efits :i* ! p expect to reap f !m4 ,:e!r appli$ 9 ! =m ( bonfires blaz+ at fix$ po9ts1 or ( tor*es c>ri$ ab\t f place to place1 or ( emb]s & a%es tak5 f ! sm\ld]+ heap ( fuel1 ! fire is believ$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops & ! welf>e ( man & bea/1 ei!r positively by /imulat+ !m1 or negatively by av]t+ ! dang]s & calamities :i* ?reat5 !m f su* causes z ?und] & lightn+1 conflagration1 blight1 mildew1 v]m91 /]ility1 disease1 & n lea/ ( all wit*craft4 ,b we naturally ask1 ,h[ did x come ab\t t b5efits s great & manifold 7 suppos$ to be atta9$ by means s simple8 ,9 :at way did p imag9e t !y c\ld procure s _m goods or avoid s _m ills by ! application ( fire & smoke1 ( emb]s & a%es8 ,two diff]5t explanations ( ! fire-fe/ivals h be5 giv5 by mod]n enquir]s4 ,on ! "o h& x has be5 held t !y are sun-*>ms or magical c]emonies int5d$1 on ! pr9ciple ( imitative magic1 to ensure a ne$ful supply ( sun%9e = m51 animals1 & plants by k9dl+ fires :i* mimic on e>? ! great s\rce ( light & heat 9 ! sky4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,wilhelm ,mannh>dt4 ,x may be call$ ! sol> !ory4 ,on ! o!r h& x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! c]emonial fires h no necess>y ref]5ce to ! sun b are simply purificatory 9 int5tion1 be+ design$ to burn up & de/roy all h>mful influ5ces1 :e!r ^! are conceiv$ 9 a p]sonal =m z wit*es1 demons1 & mon/]s1 or 9 an imp]sonal =m z a sort ( p]vad+ ta9t or corruption ( ! air4 ,?is is ! view ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck & app>5tly ( ,pr(essor ,eug5 ,mogk4 ,x may be call$ ! purificatory !ory4 ,obvi\sly ! two !ories po/ulate two v diff]5t conceptions ( ! fire :i* plays ! pr9cipal "p 9 ! rites4 ,on ! "o view1 ! fire1 l sun%9e 9 our latitude1 is a g5ial creative p[] :i* fo/]s ! gr[? ( plants & ! developm5t ( all t makes = heal? & happ9ess2 on ! o!r view1 ! fire is a fi]ce de/ructive p[] :i* bla/s & consumes all ! noxi\s elem5ts1 :e!r spiritual or mat]ial1 t m5ace ! life ( m51 ( animals1 & ( plants4 ,accord+ to ! "o !ory ! fire is a /imulant1 accord+ to ! o!r x is a dis9fectant2 on ! "o view its virtue is positive1 on ! o!r x is negative4 ,yet ! two explanations1 diff]5t z !y are 9 ! "* :i* !y attribute to ! fire1 are p]haps n :olly irreconcilable4 ,if we assume t ! fires k9dl$ at ^! fe/ivals 7 prim>ily int5d$ to imitate ! sun's light & heat1 may we n reg>d ! purificatory & dis9fect+ qualities1 :i* popul> op9ion c]ta9ly appe>s to h ascrib$ to !m1 z attributes d]iv$ directly f ! purificatory & dis9fect+ qualities ( sun%9e8 ,9 ?is way we might conclude t1 :ile ! imitation ( sun%9e 9 ^! c]emonies 0 prim>y & orig9al1 ! purification attribut$ to !m 0 second>y & d]ivative4 ,su* a conclusion1 occupy+ an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! two oppos+ !ories & recognis+ an elem5t ( tru? 9 bo? ( !m1 0 adopt$ by me 9 e>li] editions ( ?is "w2 b 9 ! meantime ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has argu$ p[]fully 9 fav\r ( ! purificatory !ory alone1 & ,i am b\nd to say t 8 argum5ts c>ry great weight1 & t on a full] review ( ! facts ! balance ( evid5ce seems to me to incl9e decid$ly 9 8 fav\r4 ,h[ev]1 ! case is n s cle> z to ju/ify u 9 dismiss+ ! sol> !ory )\t discussion1 & accord+ly ,i propose to adduce ! consid]ations :i* tell = x be=e proce$+ to notice ^? :i* tell aga9/ x4 ,a !ory :i* _h ! support ( s le>n$ & sagaci\s an inve/igator z ,w4 ,mannh>dt is entitl$ to a respectful he>+4 #b4 ,! ,sol> ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals ,,9 ,,an ,,e>li] "p ( ?is "w we saw t savages resort to *>ms = mak+ sun%9e1 & x w\ld be no wond] if primitive man 9 ,europe did ! same4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] ! cold & cl\dy climate ( ,europe dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>1 we %all f9d x natural t sun-*>ms %\ld h play$ a mu* m prom95t "p among ! sup]/iti\s practices ( ,european peoples ?an among ^? ( savages :o live ne>] ! equator & :o consequ5tly are apt to get 9 ! c\rse ( nature m sun%9e ?an !y want4 ,?is view ( ! fe/ivals may be support$ by v>i\s argum5ts drawn p>tly f _! dates1 p>tly f ! nature ( ! rites1 & p>tly f ! influ5ce :i* !y are believ$ to ex]t ^u ! wea!r & on vegetation4 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to ! dates ( ! fe/ivals x c be no m]e accid5t t two ( ! mo/ important & widely spread ( ! fe/ivals are tim$ to co9cide m or less exactly ) ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices1 t is1 ) ! two turn+-po9ts 9 ! sun's app>5t c\rse 9 ! sky :5 he rea*es respectively 8 highe/ & 8 l[e/ elevation at noon4 ,inde$ ) respect to ! midw9t] celebration ( ,*ri/mas we are n left to conjecture2 we "k f ! express te/imony ( ! anci5ts t x 0 in/itut$ by ! *ur* to sup]s$e an old hea!n fe/ival ( ! bir? ( ! sun1 :i* 0 app>5tly conceiv$ to be born aga9 on ! %orte/ day ( ! ye>1 aft] :i* 8 light & heat 7 se5 to gr[ till !y atta9$ _! full maturity at midsumm]4 ,!re=e x is no v f>-fet*$ conjecture to suppose t ! ,yule log1 :i* figures s prom95tly 9 ! popul> celebration ( ,*ri/mas1 0 orig9ally design$ to help ! lab\r+ sun ( midw9t] to rek9dle 8 seem+ly expir+ light4 ,n only ! date ( "s ( ! fe/ivals b ! mann] ( _! celebration sugge/s a consci\s imitation ( ! sun4 ,! cu/om ( roll+ a burn+ :eel d[n a hill1 :i* is (t5 obs]v$ at ^! c]emonies1 might well pass = an imitation ( ! sun's c\rse 9 ! sky1 & ! imitation w\ld be especially appropriate on ,midsumm] ,day :5 ! sun's annual decl5sion beg9s4 ,inde$ ! cu/om has be5 ?us int]pret$ by "s ( ^? :o h record$ x4 ,n less graphic1 x may be said1 is ! mimicry ( 8 app>5t revolution by sw++ a burn+ t>-b>rel r\nd a pole4 ,aga91 ! common practice ( ?r[+ fi]y discs1 sometimes expressly said to be %ap$ l suns1 into ! air at ! fe/ivals may well be a piece ( imitative magic4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! magic =ce may be suppos$ to take effect ?r\gh mimicry or sympa?y3 by imitat+ ! desir$ result y actually produce x3 by c\nt]feit+ ! sun's progress ?r\gh ! heav5s y really help ! lum9>y to pursue 8 cele/ial j\rney ) punctuality & despat*4 ,! "n fire ( heav51 by :i* ! midsumm] fire is sometimes popul>ly kn[n1 cle>ly implies a consci\sness ( a connexion betwe5 ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly flame4 ,aga91 ! mann] 9 :i* ! fire appe>s to h be5 orig9ally k9dl$ on ^! occasions has be5 alleg$ 9 support ( ! view t x 0 int5d$ to be a mock-sun4 ,z "s s*ol>s h p]ceiv$1 x is highly probable t at ! p]iodic fe/ivals 9 =m] times fire 0 univ]sally obta9$ by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood4 ,x is /ill s procur$ 9 "s places bo? at ! ,ea/] & ! ,midsumm] fe/ivals1 & x is expressly said to h be5 =m]ly s procur$ at ! ,beltane celebration bo? 9 ,scotl& & ,wales4 ,b :at makes x ne>ly c]ta9 t ?is 0 once ! inv>iable mode ( k9dl+ ! fire at ^! p]iodic fe/ivals is ! analogy ( ! ne$fire1 :i* has almo/ always be5 produc$ by ! friction ( wood1 & sometimes by ! revolution ( a :eel4 ,x is a plausible conjecture t ! :eel employ$ = ?is purpose repres5ts ! sun1 & if ! fires at ! regul>ly recurr+ celebrations 7 =m]ly produc$ 9 ! same way1 x might be reg>d$ z a confirmation ( ! view t !y 7 orig9ally sun-*>ms4 ,9 po9t ( fact !re is1 z ,kuhn has indicat$1 "s evid5ce to %[ t ! midsumm] fire 0 orig9ally ?us produc$4 ,we h se5 t _m ,hung>ian sw9e-h]ds make fire on ,midsumm] ,eve by rotat+ a :eel r\nd a wood5 axle wrapt 9 hemp1 & t !y drive _! pigs ?r\gh ! fire ?us made4 ,at ,ob]m$l+51 9 ,swabia1 ! fire ( heav51 z x 0 call$1 0 made on ,/4 ,vitus's ,day 7! fifte5? ( ,june7 by ignit+ a c>t-:eel1 :i*1 sme>$ ) pit* & plait$ ) /raw1 0 fa/5$ on a pole twelve feet high1 ! top ( ! pole be+ ins]t$ 9 ! nave ( ! :eel4 ,?is fire 0 made on ! summit ( a m\nta91 & z ! flame asc5d$1 ! p utt]$ a set =m ( words1 ) eyes & arms direct$ heav5w>d4 ,"h ! fix+ ( a :eel on a pole & ignit+ x sugge/s t orig9ally ! fire 0 produc$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ne$-fire1 by ! revolution ( a :eel4 ,! day on :i* ! c]emony takes place 7! fifte5? ( ,june7 is ne> midsumm]2 & we h se5 t 9 ,masur5 fire is1 or us$ to be1 actually made on ,midsumm] ,day by turn+ a :eel rapidly ab\t an oak5 pole1 ?\gh x is n said t ! new fire s obta9$ is us$ to light a bonfire4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 all su* cases ! use ( a :eel may be m]ely a me*anical device to facilitate ! op]ation ( fire-mak+ by increas+ ! friction2 x ne$ n h any symbolical significance4 ,fur!r1 ! influ5ce :i* ^! fires1 :e!r p]iodic or occasional1 are suppos$ to ex]t on ! wea!r & vegetation may be cit$ 9 support ( ! view t !y are sun-*>ms1 s9ce ! effects ascrib$ to !m resemble ^? ( sun%9e4 ,?us1 ! ,fr5* belief t 9 a ra9y ,june ! light+ ( ! midsumm] bonfires w cause ! ra9 to cease appe>s to assume t !y c disp]se ! d>k cl\ds & make ! sun to break out 9 radiant glory1 dry+ ! wet e>? & dripp+ trees4 ,simil>ly ! use ( ! ne$-fire by ,swiss *ildr5 on foggy days = ! purpose ( cle>+ away ! mi/ may v naturally be int]pret$ z a sun-*>m4 ,9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s ! p believe t ! midsumm] fires help to pres]ve ! fruits ( ! e>? & ensure good crops4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! w>m? or cold ( ! com+ season is inf]r$ f ! direction 9 :i* ! flames ( ! ,may ,day bonfire are bl[n2 if !y bl[ to ! s\?1 x w be w>m1 if to ! nor?1 cold4 ,no d\bt at pres5t ! direction ( ! flames is reg>d$ m]ely z an augury ( ! wea!r1 n z a mode ( influ5c+ x4 ,b we may be pretty sure t ?is is "o ( ! cases 9 :i* magic has dw9dl$ into div9ation4 ,s 9 ! ,eifel ,m\nta9s1 :5 ! smoke bl[s t[>ds ! corn-fields1 ?is is an om5 t ! h>ve/ w be abundant4 ,b ! old] view may h be5 n m]ely t ! smoke & flames progno/icat$1 b t !y actually produc$ an abundant h>ve/1 ! heat ( ! flames act+ l sun%9e on ! corn4 ,p]haps x 0 ) ?is view t p 9 ! ,isle ( ,man lit fires to w9dw>d ( _! fields 9 ord] t ! smoke might bl[ ov] !m4 ,s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ab\t ! mon? ( ,april1 ! ,matabeles light huge fires to ! w9dw>d ( _! g>d5s1 _! idea be+ t ! smoke1 by pass+ ov] ! crops1 w assi/ ! rip5+ ( !m4 ,among ! ,zulus also m$ic9e is burn$ on a fire plac$ to w9dw>d ( ! g>d51 ! fumigation :i* ! plants 9 consequ5ce receive be+ held to improve ! crop4 ,aga91 ! idea ( our ,european peasants t ! corn w gr[ well z f> z ! blaze ( ! bonfire is visible1 may be int]pret$ z a remnant ( ! belief 9 ! quick5+ & f]tilis+ p[] ( ! bonfires4 ,! same belief1 x may be argu$1 reappe>s 9 ! notion t emb]s tak5 f ! bonfires & ins]t$ 9 ! fields w promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 & x may be ?\ght to und]lie ! cu/oms ( s[+ flax-se$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! flames bl[1 ( mix+ ! a%es ( ! bonfire ) ! se$-corn at s[+1 ( scatt]+ ! a%es by !mselves ov] ! field to f]tilise x1 & ( incorporat+ a piece ( ! ,yule log 9 ! pl\gh to make ! se$s ?rive4 ,! op9ion t ! flax or hemp w gr[ z high z ! flames rise or ! p leap ov] !m belongs cle>ly to ! same class ( ideas4 ,aga91 at ,konz1 on ! banks ( ! ,moselle1 if ! blaz+ :eel :i* 0 trundl$ d[n ! hillside rea*$ ! riv] )\t be+ ext+ui%$1 ?is 0 hail$ z a pro( t ! v9tage w\ld be abundant4 ,s firmly 0 ?is belief held t ! successful p]=mance ( ! c]emony entitl$ ! villag]s to levy a tax ^u ! own]s ( ! neighb\r+ v9ey>ds4 ,"h ! unext+ui%$ :eel might be tak5 to repres5t an uncl\d$ sun1 :i* 9 turn w\ld port5d an abundant v9tage4 ,s ! waggon-load ( :ite w9e :i* ! villag]s receiv$ f ! v9ey>ds r\nd ab\t might pass = a paym5t = ! sun%9e :i* !y _h procur$ = ! grapes4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,vale ( ,glamorgan a blaz+ :eel us$ to be trundl$ d[n hill on ,midsumm] ,day1 & if ! fire 7 ext+ui%$ be=e ! :eel rea*$ ! foot ( ! hill1 ! p expect$ a bad h>ve/2 :]eas if ! :eel kept alight all ! way d[n & cont9u$ to blaze = a long "t1 ! f>m]s look$ =w>d to heavy crops t summ]4 ,"h1 aga91 x is natural to suppose t ! ru/ic m9d trac$ a direct connexion betwe5 ! fire ( ! :eel & ! fire ( ! sun1 on :i* ! crops are dep5d5t4 ,b 9 popul> belief ! quick5+ & f]tilis+ influ5ce ( ! bonfires is n limit$ to ! vegetable _w2 x ext5ds also to animals4 ,?is pla9ly appe>s f ! ,iri% cu/om ( driv+ b>r5 cattle ?r\gh ! midsumm] fires1 f ! ,fr5* belief t ! ,yule log /eep$ 9 wat] helps c[s to calve1 f ! ,fr5* & ,s]bian notion t !re w be z _m *ick5s1 calves1 lambs1 & kids z !re are sp>ks /ruck out ( ! ,yule log1 f ! ,fr5* cu/om ( putt+ ! a%es ( ! bonfires 9 ! f[ls' ne/s to make ! h5s lay eggs1 & f ! ,g]man practice ( mix+ ! a%es ( ! bonfires ) ! dr9k ( cattle 9 ord] to make ! animals ?rive4 ,fur!r1 !re are cle> indications t ev5 human fecundity is suppos$ to be promot$ by ! g5ial heat ( ! fires4 ,9 ,morocco ! p ?9k t *ildless c\ples c obta9 (fspr+ by leap+ ov] ! midsumm] bonfire4 ,x is an ,iri% belief t a girl :o jumps ?rice ov] ! midsumm] bonfire w soon m>ry & become ! "m ( _m *ildr52 9 ,fl&]s wom5 leap ov] ! midsumm] fires to ensure an easy deliv]y2 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france !y ?9k t if a girl dances r\nd n9e fires %e w be sure to m>ry )9 ! ye>1 & 9 ,bohemia !y fancy t %e w d s if %e m]ely sees n9e ( ! bonfires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,le*ra9 p say t if a "y man & woman1 leap+ ov] ! midsumm] fire toge!r1 escape unsmir*$1 ! "y woman w n become a "m )9 twelve mon?s2 ! flames h n t\*$ & f]tilis$ h]4 ,9 p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ,france ! light+ ( ! ,yule log is accompani$ by a pray] t ! wom5 may be> *ildr51 ! %e-goats br+ =? kids1 & ! ewes drop lambs4 ,! rule obs]v$ 9 "s places t ! bonfires %\ld be k9dl$ by ! p]son :o 0 la/ m>ri$ seems to belong to ! same class ( ideas1 :e!r x be t su* a p]son is suppos$ to receive f1 or to imp>t to1 ! fire a g5]ative & f]tilis+ influ5ce4 ,! common practice ( lov]s leap+ ov] ! fires h& 9 h& may v well h orig9at$ 9 a notion t !reby _! m>riage w\ld be bless$ ) (fspr+2 & ! l motive w\ld expla9 ! cu/om :i* obliges c\ples m>ri$ )9 ! ye> to dance to ! light ( tor*es4 ,& ! sc5es ( pr(ligacy :i* appe> to h m>k$ ! midsumm] celebration among ! ,e/honians1 z !y once m>k$ ! celebration ( ,may ,day among ourselves1 may h sprung1 n f ! m]e lic5ce ( holiday-mak]s1 b f a crude notion t su* orgies 7 ju/ifi$1 if n requir$1 by "s my/]i\s bond :i* l9k$ ! life ( man to ! c\rses ( ! heav5s at ?is turn+-po9t ( ! ye>4 ,at ! fe/ivals :i* we are consid]+ ! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires is commonly associat$ ) a cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ tor*es ab\t ! fields1 ! or*>ds1 ! pa/ures1 ! flocks & ! h]ds2 & we c h>dly d\bt t ! two cu/oms are only two diff]5t ways ( atta9+ ! same object1 namely1 ! b5efits :i* are believ$ to fl[ f ! fire1 :e!r x be /ation>y or portable4 ,accord+ly if we accept ! sol> !ory ( ! bonfires1 we seem b\nd to apply x also to ! tor*es2 we mu/ suppose t ! practice ( m>*+ or runn+ ) blaz+ tor*es ab\t ! c\ntry is simply a means ( diffus+ f> & wide ! g5ial influ5ce ( ! sun%9e ( :i* ^! flick]+ flames are a feeble imitation4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view x may be said t sometimes ! tor*es are c>ri$ ab\t ! fields = ! express purpose ( f]tilis+ !m1 & ) ! same int5tion live coals f ! bonfires are sometimes plac$ 9 ! fields to prev5t blight4 ,on ! eve ( ,twelf? ,day 9 ,norm&y m51 wom51 & *ildr5 run wildly ?r\gh ! fields & or*>ds ) light$ tor*es1 :i* !y wave ab\t ! bran*es & da% aga9/ ! trunks ( ! fruit-trees = ! sake ( burn+ ! moss & driv+ away ! moles & field-mice4 ,!y believe t ! c]emony fulfills ! d\ble object ( exorcis+ ! v]m9 ^: multiplication w\ld be a real calamity1 & ( imp>t+ fecundity to ! trees1 ! fields1 & ev5 ! cattle2 & !y imag9e t ! m ! c]emony is prolong$1 ! great] w be ! crop ( fruit next autumn4 ,9 ,bohemia !y say t ! corn w gr[ z high z !y fl+ ! blaz+ besoms into ! air4 ,nor are su* notions conf9$ to ,europe4 ,9 ,corea1 a few days be=e ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 ! eunu*s ( ! palace sw+ burn+ tor*es1 *ant+ invocations ! :ile1 & ?is is suppos$ to ensure b\ntiful crops = ! next season4 ,! cu/om ( trundl+ a burn+ :eel ov] ! fields1 :i* us$ to be obs]v$ 9 ,poit\ = ! express purpose ( f]tilis+ !m1 may be ?\ght to embody ! same idea 9 a /ill m graphic =m2 s9ce 9 ?is way ! mock-sun itself1 n m]ely its light & heat repres5t$ by tor*es1 is made actually to pass ov] ! gr\nd :i* is to receive its quick5+ & k9dly influ5ce4 ,once m1 ! cu/om ( c>ry+ light$ br&s r\nd cattle is pla9ly equival5t to driv+ ! animals ?r\gh ! bonfire2 & if ! bonfire is a sun*>m1 ! tor*es mu/ be s also4 #c4 ,! ,purificatory ,!ory ( ! ,fire-fe/ivals ,,?us f> we h consid]$ :at may be said = ! !ory t at ! ,european fire-fe/ivals ! fire is k9dl$ z a *>m to ensure an abundant supply ( sun%9e = man & bea/1 = corn & fruits4 ,x rema9s to consid] :at may be said aga9/ ?is !ory & 9 fav\r ( ! view t 9 ^! rites fire is employ$ n z a creative b z a cleans+ ag5t1 :i* purifies m51 animals1 & plants by burn+ up & consum+ ! noxi\s elem5ts1 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 :i* m5ace all liv+ ?+s ) disease & dea?4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! p :o practise ! fire-cu/oms appe> nev] to allege ! sol> !ory 9 explanation ( !m1 :ile on ! contr>y !y d frequ5tly & emphatically put =w>d ! purificatory !ory4 ,?is is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! purificatory & aga9/ ! sol> !ory2 = ! popul> explanation ( a popul> cu/om is nev] to be reject$ except = grave cause4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case !re seems to be no adequate reason = reject+ x4 ,! conception ( fire z a de/ructive ag5t1 :i* c be turn$ to acc\nt = ! consumption ( evil ?+s1 is s simple & obvi\s t x c\ld h>dly escape ! m9ds ev5 ( ! rude peasantry ) :om ^! fe/ivals orig9at$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! conception ( fire z an emanation ( ! sun1 or at all ev5ts z l9k$ to x by a bond ( physical sympa?y1 is f> less simple & obvi\s2 & ?\gh ! use ( fire z a *>m to produce sun%9e appe>s to be und5iable1 nev]!less 9 attempt+ to expla9 popul> cu/oms we %\ld nev] h rec\rse to a m recondite idea :5 a simpl] "o lies to h& & is support$ by ! explicit te/imony ( ! p !mselves4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ! fire-fe/ivals ! de/ructive aspect ( fire is "o ^u :i* ! p dwell aga9 & aga92 & x is highly significant t ! great evil aga9/ :i* ! fire is direct$ appe>s to be wit*craft4 ,aga9 & aga9 we are told t ! fires are int5d$ to burn or repel ! wit*es2 & ! int5tion is sometimes graphically express$ by burn+ an effigy ( a wit* 9 ! fire4 ,h5ce1 :5 we rememb] ! great hold :i* ! dread ( wit*craft has _h on ! popul> ,european m9d 9 all ages1 we may suspect t ! prim>y int5tion ( all ^! fire-fe/ivals 0 simply to de/roy or at all ev5ts get rid ( ! wit*es1 :o 7 reg>d$ z ! causes ( ne>ly all ! mis=tunes & calamities t befall m51 _! cattle1 & _! crops4 ,?is suspicion is confirm$ :5 we exam9e ! evils = :i* ! bonfires & tor*es 7 suppos$ to provide a rem$y4 ,=emo/1 p]haps1 among ^! evils we may reckon ! diseases ( cattle2 & ( all ! ills t wit*es are believ$ to "w !re is probably none :i* is s con/antly insi/$ on z ! h>m !y d to ! h]ds1 p>ticul>ly by /eal+ ! milk f ! c[s4 ,n[ x is significant t ! ne$-fire1 :i* may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! p>5t ( ! p]iodic fire-fe/ivals1 is k9dl$ above all z a rem$y = a murra9 or o!r disease ( cattle2 & ! circum/ance sugge/s1 :at on g5]al gr\nds seems probable1 t ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ! ne$-fire goes back to a "t :5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,european peoples subsi/$ *iefly on ! products ( _! h]ds1 & :5 agriculture z yet play$ a subord9ate "p 9 _! lives4 ,wit*es & wolves are ! two great foes /ill dread$ by ! h]dsman 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe2 & we ne$ n wond] t he %\ld resort to fire z a p[]ful means ( bann+ !m bo?4 ,among ,slavonic peoples x appe>s t ! foes :om ! ne$-fire is design$ to combat are n s mu* liv+ wit*es z vampyres & o!r evil spirits1 & ! c]emony aims r at repell+ ^! baleful be+s ?an at actually consum+ !m 9 ! flames4 ,b = our pres5t purpose ^! di/9ctions are immat]ial4 ,! important ?+ to obs]ve is t among ! ,slavs ! ne$-fire1 :i* is probably ! orig9al ( all ! c]emonial fires n[ "u consid]ation1 is n a sun-*>m1 b cle>ly & unmi/akably no?+ b a means ( protect+ man & bea/ aga9/ ! attacks ( malefic5t creatures1 :om ! peasant ?9ks to burn or sc>e by ! heat ( ! fire1 j z he might burn or sc>e wild animals4 ,aga91 ! bonfires are (t5 suppos$ to protect ! fields aga9/ hail & ! home/ead aga9/ ?und] & lightn+4 ,b bo? hail & ?und]/orms are frequ5tly ?\ght to be caus$ by wit*es2 h5ce ! fire :i* bans ! wit*es necess>ily s]ves at ! same "t z a talisman aga9/ hail1 ?und]1 & lightn+4 ,fur!r1 br&s tak5 f ! bonfires are commonly kept 9 ! h\ses to gu>d !m aga9/ conflagration2 & ?\gh ?is may p]haps be done on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic1 "o fire be+ ?\ght to act z a prev5tive ( ano!r1 x is also possible t ! int5tion may be to keep wit*-inc5di>ies at bay4 ,aga91 p leap ov] ! bonfires z a prev5tive ( colic1 & look at ! flames /eadily 9 ord] to pres]ve _! eyes 9 good heal?2 & bo? colic & sore eyes are 9 ,g]many1 & probably else:]e1 set d[n to ! ma*9ations ( wit*es4 ,once m1 to leap ov] ! midsumm] fires or to circumambulate !m is ?\ght to prev5t a p]son f feel+ pa9s 9 8 back at reap+2 & 9 ,g]many su* pa9s are call$ wit*-%ots & ascrib$ to wit*craft4 ,b if ! bonfires & tor*es ( ! fire-fe/ivals are to be reg>d$ prim>ily z weapons direct$ aga9/ wit*es & wiz>ds1 x becomes probable t ! same explanation applies n only to ! flam+ discs :i* are hurl$ into ! air1 b also to ! burn+ :eels :i* are roll$ d[n hill on ^! occasions2 discs & :eels1 we may suppose1 are alike int5d$ to burn ! wit*es :o hov] invisible 9 ! air or haunt unse5 ! fields1 ! or*>ds1 & ! v9ey>ds on ! hillside4 ,c]ta9ly wit*es are con/antly ?\ght to ride ?r\gh ! air on broom/icks or o!r equally conv5i5t vehicles2 & if !y d s1 h[ c y get at !m s effectually z by hurl+ light$ missiles1 :e!r discs1 tor*es1 or besoms1 aft] !m z !y flit pa/ ov]head 9 ! gloom8 ,! ,s\? ,slavonian peasant believes t wit*es ride 9 ! d>k hail-cl\ds2 s he %oots at ! cl\ds to br+ d[n ! hags1 :ile he curses !m1 say+1 ,curse1 curse ,h]odias1 ?y "m is a hea!n1 damn$ ( ,god & fett]$ ?r\gh ! ,r$eem]'s blood4 ,also he br+s out a pot ( gl[+ *>coal on :i* he has ?r[n holy oil1 laurel leaves1 & wormwood to make a smoke4 ,! fumes are suppos$ to asc5d to ! cl\ds & /upefy ! wit*es1 s t !y tumble d[n to e>?4 ,& 9 ord] t !y may n fall s(t1 b may hurt !mselves v mu*1 ! yokel ha/ily br+s out a *air & tilts x bottom up s t ! wit* 9 fall+ may break h] legs on ! legs ( ! *air4 ,worse ?an t1 he cruelly lays scy!s1 bill-hooks1 & o!r =midable weapons edge upw>ds s z to cut & mangle ! poor wret*es :5 !y drop plump ^u !m f ! cl\ds4 ,on ?is view ! f]tility suppos$ to foll[ ! application ( fire 9 ! =m ( bonfires1 tor*es1 discs1 roll+ :eels1 & s =?1 is n conceiv$ z result+ directly f an increase ( sol> heat :i* ! fire has magically g5]at$2 x is m]ely an indirect result obta9$ by free+ ! reproductive p[]s ( plants & animals f ! fatal ob/ruction ( wit*craft4 ,& :at is true ( ! reproduction ( plants & animals may hold good also ( ! f]tility ( ! human sexes4 ,! bonfires are suppos$ to promote m>riage & to procure (fspr+ = *ildless c\ples4 ,?is happy effect ne$ n fl[ directly f any quick5+ or f]tilis+ en]gy 9 ! fire2 x may foll[ indirectly f ! p[] ( ! fire to remove ^? ob/acles :i* ! spells ( wit*es & wiz>ds notori\sly pres5t to ! union ( man & wife4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! !ory ( ! purificatory virtue ( ! c]emonial fires appe>s m probable & m 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce ?an ! oppos+ !ory ( _! connexion ) ! sun4 ,,lxiv4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,human ,be+s 9 ! ,fires #a4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,effigies 9 ! ,fires ,,we h /ill to ask1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( burn+ effigies 9 ! fire at ^! fe/ivals8 ,aft] ! prec$+ inve/igation ! answ] to ! "q seems obvi\s4 ,z ! fires are (t5 alleg$ to be k9dl$ = ! purpose ( burn+ ! wit*es1 & z ! effigy burnt 9 !m is sometimes call$ ! ,wit*1 we might naturally be dispos$ to conclude t all ! effigies consum$ 9 ! flames on ^! occasions repres5t wit*es or w>locks1 & t ! cu/om ( burn+ !m is m]ely a sub/itute = burn+ ! wick$ m5 & wom5 !mselves1 s9ce on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic y practically de/roy ! wit* h]self 9 de/roy+ h] effigy4 ,on ! :ole ?is explanation ( ! burn+ ( /raw figures 9 human %ape at ! fe/ivals is p]haps ! mo/ probable4 ,yet x may be t ?is explanation does n apply to all ! cases1 & t c]ta9 ( !m may admit & ev5 require ano!r int]pretation4 ,= ! effigies s burn$1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 c h>dly be sep>at$ f ! effigies ( ,dea? :i* are burn$ or o!rwise de/roy$ 9 spr+2 & gr\nds h be5 already giv5 = reg>d+ ! s-call$ effigies ( ,dea? z really repres5tatives ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation4 ,are ! o!r effigies1 :i* are burn$ 9 ! spr+ & midsumm] bonfires1 susceptible ( ! same explanation8 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,= j z ! fragm5ts ( ! s-call$ ,dea? are /uck 9 ! fields to make ! crops gr[1 s ! *>r$ emb]s ( ! figure burn$ 9 ! spr+ bonfires are sometimes laid on ! fields 9 ! belief t !y w keep v]m9 f ! crop4 ,aga91 ! rule t ! la/ m>ri$ bride mu/ leap ov] ! fire 9 :i* ! /raw-man is burn$ on ,%rove ,tuesday1 is probably int5d$ to make h] fruitful4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! p[] ( bless+ wom5 ) (fspr+ is a special attribute ( tree-spirits2 x is !re=e a fair presumption t ! burn+ effigy ov] :i* ! bride mu/ leap is a repres5tative ( ! f]tilis+ tree-_s or _s ( vegetation4 ,?is "* ( ! effigy1 z repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation1 is almo/ unmi/akable :5 ! figure is compos$ ( an un?re%$ %eaf ( corn or is cov]$ f head to foot ) fl[]s4 ,aga91 x is to be not$ t1 in/ead ( a puppet1 trees1 ei!r liv+ or fell$1 are sometimes burn$ bo? 9 ! spr+ & midsumm] bonfires4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! tree-_s is repres5t$ 9 human %ape1 x is h>dly ra% to suppose t :5 sometimes a tree & sometimes an effigy is burn$ 9 ^! fires1 ! effigy & ! tree are reg>d$ z equival5t to ea* o!r1 ea* be+ a repres5tative ( ! tree-_s4 ,?is1 aga91 is confirm$ by obs]v+1 fir/1 t sometimes ! effigy :i* is to be burn$ is c>ri$ ab\t simultane\sly ) a ,may-tree1 ! =m] be+ c>ri$ by ! boys1 ! latt] by ! girls2 &1 second1 t ! effigy is sometimes ti$ to a liv+ tree & burn$ ) x4 ,9 ^! cases1 we c sc>cely d\bt1 ! tree-_s is repres5t$1 z we h f\nd x repres5t$ be=e1 9 duplicate1 bo? by ! tree & by ! effigy4 ,t ! true "* ( ! effigy z a repres5tative ( ! b5efic5t _s ( vegetation %\ld sometimes be =gott51 is natural4 ,! cu/om ( burn+ a b5efic5t god is too =eign to lat] modes ( ?\ght to escape mis9t]pretation4 ,naturally en\gh ! p :o cont9u$ to burn 8 image came 9 "t to id5tify x z ! effigy ( p]sons1 :om1 on v>i\s gr\nds1 !y reg>d$ ) av]sion1 su* z ,judas ,isc>iot1 ,lu!r1 & a wit*4 ,! g5]al reasons = kill+ a god or 8 repres5tative h be5 exam9$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,b :5 ! god happ5s to be a deity ( vegetation1 !re are special reasons :y he %\ld die by fire4 ,= light & heat are necess>y to vegetable gr[?2 &1 on ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic1 by subject+ ! p]sonal repres5tative ( vegetation to _! influ5ce1 y secure a supply ( ^! necess>ies = trees & crops4 ,9 o!r words1 by burn+ ! _s ( vegetation 9 a fire :i* repres5ts ! sun1 y make sure t1 = a "t at lea/1 vegetation %all h pl5ty ( sun4 ,x may be object$ t1 if ! int5tion is simply to secure en\gh sun%9e = vegetation1 ?is end w\ld be bett] atta9$1 on ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic1 by m]ely pass+ ! repres5tative ( vegetation ?r\gh ! fire in/ead ( burn+ him4 ,9 po9t ( fact ?is is sometimes done4 ,9 ,russia1 z we h se51 ! /raw figure ( ,kupalo is n burn$ 9 ! midsumm] fire1 b m]ely c>ri$ backw>ds & =w>ds across x4 ,b1 = ! reasons already giv51 x is necess>y t ! god %\ld die2 s next day ,kupalo is /ripp$ ( h] ornam5ts & ?r[n into a /ream4 ,9 ?is ,russian cu/om ! passage ( ! image ?r\gh ! fire1 if x is n simply a purification1 may possibly be a sun-*>m2 ! kill+ ( ! god is a sep>ate act1 & ! mode ( kill+ him--by dr[n+--is probably a ra9-*>m4 ,b usually p h n ?\ght x necess>y to draw ?is f9e di/9ction2 = ! v>i\s reasons already assign$1 x is advantage\s1 !y ?9k1 to expose ! god ( vegetation to a consid]able degree ( heat1 & x is also advantage\s to kill him1 & !y comb9e ^! advantages 9 a r\gh-&-ready way by burn+ him4 #b4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,m5 & ,animals 9 ! ,fires ,,9 ,,! ,,popul> cu/oms connect$ ) ! fire-fe/ivals ( ,europe !re are c]ta9 features :i* appe> to po9t to a =m] practice ( human sacrifice4 ,we h se5 reasons = believ+ t 9 ,europe liv+ p]sons h (t5 act$ z repres5tatives ( ! tree-_s & corn-_s & h suff]$ dea? z su*4 ,!re is no reason1 !re=e1 :y !y %\ld n h be5 burn$1 if any special advantages 7 likely to be atta9$ by putt+ !m to dea? 9 t way4 ,! consid]ation ( human suff]+ is n "o :i* ent]s into ! calculations ( primitive man4 ,n[1 9 ! fire-fe/ivals :i* we are discuss+1 ! pret5ce ( burn+ p is sometimes c>ri$ s f> t x seems reasonable to reg>d x z a mitigat$ survival ( an old] cu/om ( actually burn+ !m4 ,?us 9 ,aa*51 z we saw1 ! man clad 9 peas-/raw acts s clev]ly t ! *ildr5 really believe he is be+ burn$4 ,at ,jumiges 9 ,norm&y ! man clad all 9 gre51 :o bore ! title ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 0 pursu$ by 8 comrades1 & :5 !y caught him !y feign$ to fl+ him ^u ! midsumm] bonfire4 ,simil>ly at ! ,beltane fires 9 ,scotl& ! pret5d$ victim 0 seiz$1 & a %[ made ( ?r[+ him into ! flames1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds p affect$ to speak ( him z dead4 ,aga91 9 ! ,hall[e'en bonfires ( ,nor!a/]n ,scotl& we may p]haps detect a simil> pret5ce 9 ! cu/om obs]v$ by a lad ( ly+ d[n z close to ! fire z possible & all[+ ! o!r lads to leap ov] him4 ,! titul> k+ at ,aix1 :o reign$ = a ye> & danc$ ! fir/ dance r\nd ! midsumm] bonfire1 may p]haps 9 days ( old h dis*>g$ ! less agreeable duty ( s]v+ z fuel = t fire :i* 9 lat] times he only k9dl$4 ,9 ! foll[+ cu/oms ,mannh>dt is probably "r 9 recognis+ traces ( an old cu/om ( burn+ a leaf-clad repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation4 ,at ,wolfeck1 9 ,au/ria1 on ,midsumm] ,day1 a boy completely clad 9 gre5 fir bran*es goes f h\se to h\se1 accompani$ by a noisy crew1 collect+ wood = ! bonfire4 ,z he gets ! wood he s+s3 ,=e/ trees ,i want1 ,no s\r milk = me1 ,b be] & w9e1 ,s c ! wood-man be jolly & gay4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia1 also1 ! boys :o g f h\se to h\se collect+ fuel = ! midsumm] bonfire envelop "o ( _! numb] f head to foot 9 gre5 bran*es ( firs1 & lead him by a rope ?r\gh ! :ole village4 ,at ,moo%eim1 9 ,wurtemb]g1 ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john's ,fire usually la/$ = f\rte5 days1 end+ on ! second ,sunday aft] ,midsumm] ,day4 ,on ?is la/ day ! bonfire 0 left 9 *>ge ( ! *ildr51 :ile ! old] p retir$ to a wood4 ,"h !y encas$ a "y fell[ 9 leaves & twigs1 :o1 ?us disguis$1 w5t to ! fire1 scatt]$ x1 & trod x out4 ,all ! p pres5t fl$ at ! sight ( him4 ,b x seems possible to g f>!r ?an ?is4 ,( human sacrifices (f]$ on ^! occasions ! mo/ unequivocal traces1 z we h se51 are ^? :i*1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 /ill l+]$ at ! ,beltane fires 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 t is1 among a ,celtic p :o1 situat$ 9 a remote corn] ( ,europe & almo/ completely isolat$ f =eign influ5ce1 _h till !n cons]v$ _! old hea!nism bett] p]haps ?an any o!r p 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe4 ,x is significant1 !re=e1 t human sacrifices by fire are kn[n1 on unque/ionable evid5ce1 to h be5 sy/ematically practis$ by ! ,celts4 ,! e>lie/ description ( ^! sacrifices has be5 bequea!d to u by ,julius ,caes>4 ,z conqu]or ( ! hi!rto indep5d5t ,celts ( ,gaul1 ,caes> _h ample opportunity ( obs]v+ ! national ,celtic religion & mann]s1 :ile ^! 7 /ill fre% & crisp f ! native m9t & _h n yet be5 fus$ 9 ! melt+-pot ( ,roman civilisation4 ,) 8 own notes ,caes> appe>s to h incorporat$ ! obs]vations ( a ,greek explor]1 by "n ,posidonius1 :o travell$ 9 ,gaul ab\t fifty ye>s be=e ,caes> c>ri$ ! ,roman arms to ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,! ,greek geograph] ,/rabo & ! hi/orian ,diodorus seem also to h d]iv$ _! descriptions ( ! ,celtic sacrifices f ! "w ( ,posidonius1 b indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & ( ,caes>1 = ea* ( ! ?ree d]ivative acc\nts conta9 "s details :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,by comb9+ !m1 !re=e1 we c re/ore ! orig9al acc\nt ( ,posidonius ) "s probability1 & ?us obta9 a picture ( ! sacrifices (f]$ by ! ,celts ( ,gaul at ! close ( ! second c5tury be=e our era4 ,! foll[+ seem to h be5 ! ma9 outl9es ( ! cu/om4 ,condemn$ crim9als 7 res]v$ by ! ,celts 9 ord] to be sacrific$ to ! gods at a great fe/ival :i* took place once 9 e five ye>s4 ,! m !re 7 ( su* victims1 ! great] 0 believ$ to be ! f]tility ( ! l&4 ,if !re 7 n en\gh crim9als to furni% victims1 captives tak5 9 w> 7 immolat$ to supply ! defici5cy4 ,:5 ! "t came ! victims 7 sacrific$ by ! ,druids or prie/s4 ,"s !y %ot d[n ) arr[s1 "s !y impal$1 & "s !y burn$ alive 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,colossal images ( wick]-"w or ( wood & grass 7 con/ruct$2 ^! 7 fill$ ) live m51 cattle1 & animals ( o!r k9ds2 fire 0 !n appli$ to ! images1 & !y 7 burn$ ) _! liv+ cont5ts4 ,su* 7 ! great fe/ivals held once e five ye>s4 ,b besides ^! qu9qu5nial fe/ivals1 celebrat$ on s gr& a scale1 & )1 app>5tly1 s l>ge an exp5diture ( human life1 x seems reasonable to suppose t fe/ivals ( ! same sort1 only on a less] scale1 7 held annually1 & t f ^! annual fe/ivals are l9eally desc5d$ "s at lea/ ( ! fire-fe/ivals :i*1 ) _! traces ( human sacrifices1 are /ill celebrat$ ye> by ye> 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! gigantic images con/ruct$ ( osi]s or cov]$ ) grass 9 :i* ! ,druids enclos$ _! victims rem9d u ( ! leafy framework 9 :i* ! human repres5tative ( ! tree-_s is /ill s (t5 encas$4 ,h5ce1 see+ t ! f]tility ( ! l& 0 app>5tly suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! due p]=mance ( ^! sacrifices1 ,mannh>dt int]pret$ ! ,celtic victims1 cas$ 9 osi]s & grass1 z repres5tatives ( ! tree-_s or _s ( vegetation4 ,^! wick] giants ( ! ,druids seem to h _h till lately1 if n d[n to ! pres5t "t1 _! repres5tatives at ! spr+ & midsumm] fe/ivals ( mod]n ,europe4 ,at ,d\ay1 d[n at lea/ to ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a procession took place annually on ! ,sunday ne>e/ to ! sev5? ( ,july4 ,! great feature ( ! procession 0 a colossal figure1 "s tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 made ( osi]s1 & call$ ! giant1 :i* 0 mov$ ?r\gh ! /reets by means ( roll]s & ropes work$ by m5 :o 7 enclos$ )9 ! effigy4 ,! figure 0 arm$ z a knight ) lance & sword1 helmet & %ield4 ,beh9d him m>*$ 8 wife & 8 ?ree *ildr51 all con/ruct$ ( osi]s on ! same pr9ciple1 b on a small] scale4 ,at ,dunkirk ! procession ( ! giants took place on ,midsumm] ,day1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,june4 ,! fe/ival1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! ,follies ( ,dunkirk1 attract$ multitudes ( spectators4 ,! giant 0 a huge figure ( wick]-"w1 occasionally z mu* z =ty-five feet high1 dress$ 9 a long blue robe ) gold /ripes1 :i* rea*$ to 8 feet1 conceal+ ! doz5 or m m5 :o made x dance & bob its head to ! spectators4 ,?is colossal effigy w5t by ! "n ( ,papa ,reuss1 & c>ri$ 9 its pocket a b\nc+ infant ( ,brobd+nagian proportions4 ,! re> 0 br\ght up by ! daught] ( ! giant1 con/ruct$1 l h] sire1 ( wick]-"w1 & little1 if at all1 inf]ior to him 9 size4 ,mo/ t[ns & ev5 villages ( ,brabant & ,fl&]s h1 or us$ to h1 simil> wick] giants :i* 7 annually l$ ab\t to ! delight ( ! populace1 :o lov$ ^! grotesque figures1 spoke ( !m ) patriotic en?usiasm1 & nev] we>i$ ( gaz+ at !m4 ,at ,antw]p ! giant 0 s big t no gate 9 ! city 0 l>ge en\gh to let him g ?r\gh2 h5ce he c\ld n visit 8 bro!r giants 9 neighb\r+ t[ns1 z ! o!r ,belgian giants us$ to d on solemn occasions4 ,9 ,engl& artificial giants seem to h be5 a /&+ feature ( ! midsumm] fe/ival4 ,a writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury speaks ( ,midsomm] pageants 9 ,london1 :]e to make ! p wond]1 are set =? great & uglie gyants m>*+ z if !y 7 alive1 & arm$ at all po9ts1 b )9 !y are /uff$ full ( br[ne pap] & t[1 :i* ! %rewd boyes1 und]pe]+1 d guilefully discov]1 & turne to a greate d]ision4 ,at ,*e/] ! annual pageant on ,midsumm] ,eve includ$ ! effigies ( f\r giants1 ) animals1 hobby-horses1 & o!r figures4 ,at ,cov5try x appe>s t ! giant's wife figur$ beside ! giant4 ,at ,bur=d1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,midsumm] ,eve us$ to be celebrat$ ) great jollity by ! c>ry+ ( a giant & a dragon up & d[n ! t[n4 ,! la/ survivor ( ^! p]ambulat+ ,engli% giants l+]$ at ,salisbury1 :]e an antiqu>y f\nd him m\ld]+ to decay 9 ! neglect$ hall ( ! ,tailors' ,company ab\t ! ye> #ahdd4 ,8 bodily framework 0 a la? & hoop1 l ! "o :i* us$ to be worn by ,jack-9-!-,gre5 on ,may ,day4 ,9 ^! cases ! giants m]ely figur$ 9 ! processions4 ,b sometimes !y 7 burn$ 9 ! summ] bonfires4 ,?us ! p ( ! ,rue aux ,ours 9 ,p>is us$ annually to make a great wick]-"w figure1 dress$ z a soldi]1 :i* !y prom5ad$ up & d[n ! /reets = sev]al days1 & solemnly burn$ on ! ?ird ( ,july1 ! cr[d ( spectators s++ ,salve ,reg9a4 ,a p]sonage :o bore ! title ( k+ presid$ ov] ! c]emony ) a light$ tor* 9 8 h&4 ,! burn+ fragm5ts ( ! image 7 scatt]$ among ! p1 :o eag]ly scrambl$ = !m4 ,! cu/om 0 aboli%$ 9 #agdc4 ,9 ,brie1 ,isle de ,france1 a wick]-"w giant1 eighte5 feet high1 0 annually burn$ on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,aga91 ! ,druidical cu/om ( burn+ live animals1 enclos$ 9 wick]-"w1 has its c\nt]p>t at ! spr+ & midsumm] fe/ivals4 ,at ,lu*on 9 ! ,pyr5ees on ,midsumm] ,eve a holl[ column1 compos$ ( /rong wick]-"w1 is rais$ to ! height ( ab\t sixty feet 9 ! c5tre ( ! pr9cipal suburb1 & int]lac$ ) gre5 foliage up to ! v top2 :ile ! mo/ beautiful fl[]s & %rubs procurable are arti/ically arrang$ 9 gr\ps bel[1 s z to =m a sort ( backgr\nd to ! sc5e4 ,! column is !n fill$ ) combu/ible mat]ials1 ready = ignition4 ,at an appo9t$ h\r--ab\t #h ,p4,m4--a gr& procession1 compos$ ( ! cl]gy1 foll[$ by "y m5 & maid5s 9 holiday attire1 p\r =? f ! t[n *ant+ hymns1 & take up _! position ar\nd ! column4 ,mean:ile1 bonfires are lit1 ) beautiful effect1 9 ! surr\nd+ hills4 ,z _m liv+ s]p5ts z c\ld be collect$ are n[ ?r[n into ! column1 :i* is set on fire at ! base by means ( tor*es1 arm$ ) :i* ab\t fifty boys & m5 dance ar\nd ) frantic ge/ures4 ,! s]p5ts1 to avoid ! flames1 wriggle _! way to ! top1 :5ce !y are se5 la%+ out lat]ally until f9ally oblig$ to drop1 _! /ruggles = life giv+ rise to en?usia/ic delight among ! surr\nd+ spectators4 ,?is is a fav\rite annual c]emony = ! inhabitants ( ,lu*on & its neighb\rhood1 & local tradition assigns x to a hea!n orig94 ,9 ! midsumm] fires =m]ly k9dl$ on ! ,place de ,grve at ,p>is x 0 ! cu/om to burn a basket1 b>rel1 or sack full ( live cats1 :i* 0 hung f a tall ma/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! bonfire2 sometimes a fox 0 burn$4 ,! p collect$ ! emb]s & a%es ( ! fire & took !m home1 believ+ t !y br\ght good luck4 ,! ,fr5* k+s (t5 witness$ ^! spectacles & ev5 lit ! bonfire ) _! own h&s4 ,9 #afdh ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?1 cr[n$ ) a wrea? ( roses & c>ry+ a bun* ( roses 9 8 h&1 k9dl$ ! fire1 danc$ at x & p>took ( ! banquet aft]w>ds 9 ! t[n hall4 ,b ?is 0 ! la/ occasion :5 a mon>* presid$ at ! midsumm] bonfire 9 ,p>is4 ,at ,metz midsumm] fires 7 light$ ) great pomp on ! esplanade1 & a doz5 cats1 enclos$ 9 wick] cages1 7 burn$ alive 9 !m1 to ! amusem5t ( ! p4 ,simil>ly at ,gap1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,high ,alps1 cats us$ to be roa/$ ov] ! midsumm] bonfire4 ,9 ,russia a :ite cock 0 sometimes burn$ 9 ! midsumm] bonfire2 9 ,meiss5 or ,?ur+ia a horse's head us$ to be ?r[n into x4 ,sometimes animals are burn$ 9 ! spr+ bonfires4 ,9 ! ,vosges cats 7 burn$ on ,%rove ,tuesday2 9 ,alsace !y 7 ?r[n into ! ,ea/] bonfire4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,ard5nes cats 7 flung into ! bonfires k9dl$ on ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t2 sometimes1 by a ref9em5t ( cruelty1 !y 7 hung ov] ! fire f ! end ( a pole & roa/$ alive4 ,! cat1 :i* repres5t$ ! devil1 c\ld nev] suff] en\gh4 ,:ile ! creatures 7 p]i%+ 9 ! flames1 ! %eph]ds gu>d$ _! flocks & =c$ !m to leap ov] ! fire1 e/eem+ ?is an infallible means ( pres]v+ !m f disease & wit*craft4 ,we h se5 t squirrels 7 sometimes burn$ 9 ! ,ea/] fire4 ,?us x appe>s t ! sacrificial rites ( ! ,celts ( anci5t ,gaul c be trac$ 9 ! popul> fe/ivals ( mod]n ,europe4 ,naturally x is 9 ,france1 or r 9 ! wid] area compris$ )9 ! limits ( anci5t ,gaul1 t ^! rites h left ! cle>e/ traces 9 ! cu/oms ( burn+ giants ( wick]-"w & animals enclos$ 9 wick]-"w or baskets4 ,^! cu/oms1 x w h be5 rem>k$1 are g5]ally obs]v$ at or ab\t midsumm]4 ,f ?is we may inf] t ! orig9al rites ( :i* ^! are ! deg5]ate successors 7 solemnis$ at midsumm]4 ,?is inf]5ce h>monises ) ! conclusion sugge/$ by a g5]al survey ( ,european folk-cu/om1 t ! midsumm] fe/ival mu/ on ! :ole h be5 ! mo/ widely diffus$ & ! mo/ solemn ( all ! ye>ly fe/ivals celebrat$ by ! primitive ,aryans 9 ,europe4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ be> 9 m9d t among ! ,briti% ,celts ! *ief fire-fe/ivals ( ! ye> appe> c]ta9ly to h be5 ^? ( ,beltane 7,may ,day7 & ,hall[e'en 7! la/ day ( ,octob]72 & ?is sugge/s a d\bt :e!r ! ,celts ( ,gaul also may n h celebrat$ _! pr9cipal rites ( fire1 includ+ _! burnt sacrifices ( m5 & animals1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,may or ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] r ?an at ,midsumm]4 ,we h /ill to ask1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( su* sacrifices8 ,:y 7 m5 & animals burnt to dea? at ^! fe/ivals8 ,if we are "r 9 int]pret+ ! mod]n ,european fire-fe/ivals z attempts to break ! p[] ( wit*craft by burn+ or bann+ ! wit*es & w>locks1 x seems to foll[ t we mu/ expla9 ! human sacrifices ( ! ,celts 9 ! same mann]2 t is1 we mu/ suppose t ! m5 :om ! ,druids burnt 9 wick]-"w images 7 condemn$ to dea? on ! gr\nd t !y 7 wit*es or wiz>ds1 & t ! mode ( execution by fire 0 *os5 because burn+ alive is deem$ ! sure/ mode ( gett+ rid ( ^! noxi\s & dang]\s be+s4 ,! same explanation w\ld apply to ! cattle & wild animals ( _m k9ds :i* ! ,celts burn$ along ) ! m54 ,!y1 too1 we may conjecture1 7 suppos$ to be ei!r "u ! spell ( wit*craft or actually to be ! wit*es & wiz>ds1 :o _h trans=m$ !mselves into animals = ! purpose ( prosecut+ _! inf]nal plots aga9/ ! welf>e ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by ! obs]vation t ! victims mo/ commonly burn$ 9 mod]n bonfires h be5 cats1 & t cats are precisely ! animals into :i*1 ) ! possible exception ( h>es1 wit*es 7 mo/ usually suppos$ to trans=m !mselves4 ,aga91 we h se5 t s]p5ts & foxes us$ sometimes to be burnt 9 ! midsumm] fires2 & ,wel% & ,g]man wit*es are report$ to h assum$ ! =m bo? ( foxes & s]p5ts4 ,9 %ort1 :5 we rememb] ! great v>iety ( animals ^: =ms wit*es c assume at pleasure1 x seems easy on ?is hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! v>iety ( liv+ creatures t h be5 burnt at fe/ivals bo? 9 anci5t ,gaul & mod]n ,europe2 all ^! victims1 we may surmise1 7 doom$ to ! flames1 n because !y 7 animals1 b because !y 7 believ$ to be wit*es :o _h tak5 ! %ape ( animals = _! nef>i\s purposes4 ,"o advantage ( expla9+ ! anci5t ,celtic sacrifices 9 ?is way is t x introduces1 z x 71 a h>mony & consi/5cy into ! treatm5t :i* ,europe has met$ out to wit*es f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ab\t two c5turies ago1 :5 ! gr[+ influ5ce ( rationalism discr$it$ ! belief 9 wit*craft & put a /op to ! cu/om ( burn+ wit*es4 ,be t z x may1 we c n[ p]haps und]/& :y ! ,druids believ$ t ! m p]sons !y s5t5c$ to dea?1 ! great] w\ld be ! f]tility ( ! l&4 ,to a mod]n read] ! connexion at fir/ sight may n be obvi\s betwe5 ! activity ( ! hangman & ! productivity ( ! e>?4 ,b a little reflection may satisfy him t :5 ! crim9als :o p]i% at ! /ake or on ! gall[s are wit*es1 ^: delight x is to blight ! crops ( ! f>m] or to lay !m l[ "u /orms ( hail1 ! execution ( ^! wret*es is really calculat$ to ensure an abundant h>ve/ by remov+ "o ( ! pr9cipal causes :i* p>alyse ! ef=ts & bla/ ! hopes ( ! husb&man4 ,! ,druidical sacrifices :i* we are consid]+ 7 expla9$ 9 a diff]5t way by ,w4 ,mannh>dt4 ,he suppos$ t ! m5 :om ! ,druids burn$ 9 wick]-"w images repres5t$ ! spirits ( vegetation1 & accord+ly t ! cu/om ( burn+ !m 0 a magical c]emony int5d$ to secure ! necess>y sun%9e = ! crops4 ,simil>ly1 he seems to h incl9$ to ! view t ! animals :i* us$ to be burnt 9 ! bonfires repres5t$ ! cornspirit1 :i*1 z we saw 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w1 is (t5 suppos$ to assume ! %ape ( an animal4 ,?is !ory is no d\bt t5able1 & ! great au?ority ( ,w4 ,mannh>dt entitles x to c>eful consid]ation4 ,i adopt$ x 9 =m] editions ( ?is book2 b on reconsid]ation x seems to me on ! :ole to be less probable ?an ! !ory t ! m5 & animals burnt 9 ! fires p]i%$ 9 ! "* ( wit*es4 ,?is latt] view is /rongly support$ by ! te/imony ( ! p :o celebrate ! fire-fe/ivals1 s9ce a popul> "n = ! cu/om ( k9dl+ ! fires is burn+ ! wit*es1 effigies ( wit*es are sometimes consum$ 9 ! flames1 & ! fires1 _! emb]s1 or _! a%es are suppos$ to furni% protection aga9/ wit*craft4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is little to %[ t ! effigies or ! animals burnt 9 ! fires are reg>d$ by ! p z repres5tatives ( ! vegetation-_s1 & t ! bonfires are sun-*>ms4 ,) reg>d to s]p5ts 9 p>ticul>1 :i* us$ to be burnt 9 ! midsumm] fire at ,lu*on1 ,i am n aw>e ( any c]ta9 evid5ce t 9 ,europe snakes h be5 reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ! tree-_s or corn-_s1 ?\gh 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w ! conception appe>s to be n unkn[n4 ,:]eas ! popul> fai? 9 ! trans=mation ( wit*es into animals is s g5]al & deeply root$1 & ! fe> ( ^! uncanny be+s is s /rong1 t x seems saf] to suppose t ! cats & o!r animals :i* 7 burnt 9 ! fire suff]$ dea? z embodim5ts ( wit*es ?an t !y p]i%$ z repres5tatives ( vegetation-spirits4 ,,lxv4 ,bald] & ! ,mi/letoe ,,! ,,read] may rememb] t ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! popul> fire-fe/ivals ( ,europe 0 sugge/$ by ! my? ( ! ,norse god ,bald]1 :o is said to h be5 sla9 by a bran* ( mi/letoe & burnt 9 a great fire4 ,we h n[ to enquire h[ f> ! cu/oms :i* h be5 pass$ 9 review help to %$ light on ! my?4 ,9 ?is enquiry x may be conv5i5t to beg9 ) ! mi/letoe1 ! in/rum5t ( ,bald]'s dea?4 ,f "t immemorial ! mi/letoe has be5 ! object ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,druids1 z we le>n f a fam\s passage ( ,pl9y4 ,aft] enum]at+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( mi/letoe1 he proce$s3 ,9 treat+ ( ?is subject1 ! admiration 9 :i* ! mi/letoe is held ?r\gh\t ,gaul ought n to pass unnotic$4 ,! ,druids1 = s !y call _! wiz>ds1 e/eem no?+ m sacr$ ?an ! mi/letoe & ! tree on :i* x gr[s1 provid$ only t ! tree is an oak4 ,b ap>t f ?is !y *oose oak-woods = _! sacr$ groves & p]=m no sacr$ rites )\t oak-leaves2 s t ! v "n ( ,druids may be reg>d$ z a ,greek appellation d]iv$ f _! wor%ip ( ! oak4 ,= !y believe t :atev] gr[s on ^! trees is s5t f heav51 & is a sign t ! tree has be5 *os5 by ! god himself4 ,! mi/letoe is v r>ely to be met )2 b :5 x is f\nd1 !y ga!r x ) solemn c]emony4 ,?is !y d above all on ! six? day ( ! moon1 f :5ce !y date ! beg9n+s ( _! mon?s1 ( _! ye>s1 & ( _! ?irty ye>s' cycle1 because by ! six? day ! moon has pl5ty ( vig\r & has n run half its c\rse4 ,aft] due prep>ations h be5 made = a sacrifice & a fea/ "u ! tree1 !y hail x z ! univ]sal heal] & br+ to ! spot two :ite bulls1 ^: horns h nev] be5 b\nd be=e4 ,a prie/ clad 9 a :ite robe climbs ! tree & ) a gold5 sickle cuts ! mi/letoe1 :i* is caught 9 a :ite clo?4 ,!n !y sacrifice ! victims1 pray+ t ,god may make 8 own gift to prosp] ) ^? ^u :om he has be/[$ x4 ,!y believe t a potion prep>$ f mi/letoe w make b>r5 animals to br+ =?1 & t ! plant is a rem$y aga9/ all poison4 ,9 ano!r passage ,pl9y tells u t 9 m$ic9e ! mi/letoe :i* gr[s on an oak 0 e/eem$ ! mo/ efficaci\s1 & t its efficacy 0 by "s sup]/iti\s p suppos$ to be increas$ if ! plant 0 ga!r$ on ! fir/ day ( ! moon )\t ! use ( iron1 & if :5 ga!r$ x 0 n all[$ to t\* ! e>?2 oak-mi/letoe ?us obta9$ 0 deem$ a cure = epilepsy2 c>ri$ ab\t by wom5 x assi/$ !m to conceive2 & x heal$ ulc]s mo/ effectually1 if only ! suff]] *ew$ a piece ( ! plant & laid ano!r piece on ! sore4 ,yet1 aga91 he says t mi/letoe 0 suppos$1 l v9eg> & an egg1 to be an excell5t means ( ext+ui%+ a fire4 ,if 9 ^! latt] passages ,pl9y ref]s1 z he app>5tly does1 to ! beliefs curr5t among 8 contempor>ies 9 ,italy1 x w foll[ t ! ,druids & ! ,italians 7 to "s ext5t agre$ z to ! valuable prop]ties possess$ by mi/letoe :i* gr[s on an oak2 bo? ( !m deem$ x an effectual rem$y = a numb] ( ailm5ts1 & bo? ( !m ascrib$ to x a quick5+ virtue1 ! ,druids believ+ t a potion prep>$ f mi/letoe w\ld f]tilise b>r5 cattle1 & ! ,italians hold+ t a piece ( mi/letoe c>ri$ ab\t by a woman w\ld help h] to conceive a *ild4 ,fur!r1 bo? peoples ?\ght t if ! plant 7 to ex]t its m$ic9al prop]ties x mu/ be ga!r$ 9 a c]ta9 way & at a c]ta9 "t4 ,x might n be cut ) iron1 h5ce ! ,druids cut x ) gold2 & x might n t\* ! e>?1 h5ce ! ,druids caught x 9 a :ite clo?4 ,9 *oos+ ! "t = ga!r+ ! plant1 bo? peoples 7 det]m9$ by obs]vation ( ! moon2 only !y diff]$ z to ! p>ticul> day ( ! moon1 ! ,italians pref]r+ ! fir/1 & ! ,druids ! six?4 ,) ^! beliefs ( ! anci5t ,gauls & ,italians z to ! wond]ful m$ic9al prop]ties ( mi/letoe we may comp>e ! simil> beliefs ( ! mod]n ,a9o ( ,japan4 ,we read t !y1 l _m nations ( ! ,nor!rn orig91 hold ! mi/letoe 9 peculi> v5]ation4 ,!y look ^u x z a m$ic9e1 good 9 almo/ e disease1 & x is sometimes tak5 9 food & at o!rs sep>ately z a decoction4 ,! leaves are us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! b]ries1 ! latt] be+ ( too /icky a nature = g5]al purposes4 4 4 4 ,b _m1 too1 suppose ?is plant to h ! p[] ( mak+ ! g>d5s be> pl5tifully4 ,:5 us$ = ?is purpose1 ! leaves are cut up into f9e pieces1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 pray$ ov]1 are s[n ) ! millet & o!r se$s1 a little also be+ eat5 ) ! food4 ,b>r5 wom5 h also be5 kn[n to eat ! mi/letoe1 9 ord] to be made to be> *ildr54 ,t mi/letoe :i* gr[s ^u ! will[ is suppos$ to h ! greate/ efficacy4 ,?is is because ! will[ is look$ ^u by !m z be+ an especially sacr$ tree4 ,?us ! ,a9o agree ) ! ,druids 9 reg>d+ mi/letoe z a cure = almo/ e disease1 & !y agree ) ! anci5t ,italians t appli$ to wom5 x helps !m to be> *ildr54 ,aga91 ! ,druidical notion t ! mi/letoe 0 an all-heal] or panacea may be comp>$ ) a notion ent]ta9$ by ! ,walos ( ,s5egambia4 ,^! p h mu* v5]ation = a sort ( mi/letoe1 :i* !y call tob2 !y c>ry leaves ( x on _! p]sons :5 !y g to w> z a pres]vative aga9/ w\nds1 j z if ! leaves 7 real talismans 7gris-gris74 ,! ,fr5* writ] :o records ?is practice adds3 ,is x n v curi\s t ! mi/letoe %\ld be 9 ?is "p ( ,africa :at x 0 9 ! sup]/itions ( ! ,gauls8 ,?is prejudice1 common to ! two c\ntries1 may h ! same orig92 blacks & :ites w d\btless h se51 ea* ( !m = !mselves1 some?+ sup]natural 9 a plant :i* gr[s & fl\ri%es )\t hav+ roots 9 ! e>?4 ,may !y n h believ$1 9 fact1 t x 0 a plant fall5 f ! sky1 a gift ( ! div9ity8 ,?is sugge/ion z to ! orig9 ( ! sup]/ition is /rongly confirm$ by ! ,druidical belief1 report$ by ,pl9y1 t :atev] grew on an oak 0 s5t f heav5 & 0 a sign t ! tree _h be5 *os5 by ! god himself4 ,su* a belief expla9s :y ! ,druids cut ! mi/letoe1 n ) a common knife1 b ) a gold5 sickle1 & :y1 :5 cut1 x 0 n suff]$ to t\* ! e>?2 probably !y ?\ght t ! cele/ial plant w\ld h be5 pr(an$ & its m>vell\s virtue lo/ by contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,) ! ritual obs]v$ by ! ,druids 9 cutt+ ! mi/letoe we may comp>e ! ritual :i* 9 ,cambodia is prescrib$ 9 a simil> case4 ,!y say t :5 y see an or*id gr[+ z a p>asite on a tam>9d tree1 y %\ld dress 9 :ite1 take a new e>!nw>e pot1 !n climb ! tree at noon1 break (f ! plant1 put x 9 ! pot & let ! pot fall to ! gr\nd4 ,aft] t y make 9 ! pot a decoction :i* conf]s ! gift ( invuln]ability4 ,?us j z 9 ,africa ! leaves ( "o p>asitic plant are suppos$ to r5d] ! we>] invuln]able1 s 9 ,cambodia a decoction made f ano!r p>asitic plant is consid]$ to r5d] ! same s]vice to su* z make use ( x1 :e!r by dr9k+ or wa%+4 ,we may conjecture t 9 bo? places ! notion ( invuln]ability is sugge/$ by ! position ( ! plant1 :i*1 occupy+ a place ( comp>ative security above ! gr\nd1 appe>s to promise to its =tunate possessor a simil> security f "s ( ! ills t beset ! life ( man on e>?4 ,we h already met ) examples ( ! /ore :i* ! primitive m9d sets on su* vantage gr\nds4 ,:atev] may be ! orig9 ( ^! beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! mi/letoe1 c]ta9 x is t "s ( !m h _! analogies 9 ! folk-lore ( mod]n ,european peasants4 ,= example1 x is laid d[n z a rule 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe t mi/letoe may n be cut 9 ! ord9>y way b mu/ be %ot or knock$ d[n ) /ones f ! tree on :i* x is gr[+4 ,?us1 9 ! ,swiss canton ( ,a>gau all p>asitic plants are e/eem$ 9 a c]ta9 s5se holy by ! c\ntry folk1 b mo/ p>ticul>ly s ! mi/letoe gr[+ on an oak4 ,!y ascribe great p[]s to x1 b %r9k f cutt+ x (f 9 ! usual mann]4 ,in/ead ( t !y procure x 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ,sagitt>ius & ! moon is on ! wane1 on ! fir/1 ?ird1 or f\r? day be=e ! new moon1 "o ought to %oot d[n ) an arr[ ! mi/letoe ( an oak & to cat* x ) ! left h& z x falls4 ,su* mi/letoe is a rem$y = e ailm5t ( *ildr54 ,"h among ! ,swiss peasants1 z among ! ,druids ( old1 special virtue is ascrib$ to mi/letoe :i* gr[s on an oak3 x may n be cut 9 ! usual way3 x mu/ be caught z x falls to ! gr\nd2 & x is e/eem$ a panacea = all diseases1 at lea/ ( *ildr54 ,9 ,sw$51 also1 x is a popul> sup]/ition t if mi/letoe is to possess its peculi> virtue1 x mu/ ei!r be %ot d[n out ( ! oak or knock$ d[n ) /ones4 ,simil>ly1 s late z ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 p 9 ,wales believ$ t = ! mi/letoe to h any p[]1 x mu/ be %ot or /ruck d[n ) /ones (f ! tree :]e x grew4 ,aga91 9 respect ( ! heal+ virtues ( mi/letoe ! op9ion ( mod]n peasants1 & ev5 ( ! le>n$1 has to "s ext5t agre$ ) t ( ! anci5ts4 ,! ,druids appe> to h call$ ! plant1 or p]haps ! oak on :i* x grew1 ! all-heal]2 & all-heal] is said to be /ill a "n ( ! mi/letoe 9 ! mod]n ,celtic spee* ( ,brittany1 ,wales1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&4 ,on ,/4 ,john's morn+ 7,midsumm] morn+7 peasants ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy g out to se>* ! oak-leaves = ! oil ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* is suppos$ to heal all w\nds made ) cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,orig9ally1 p]haps1 ! oil ( ,/4 ,john 0 simply ! mi/letoe1 or a decoction made f x4 ,= 9 ,hol/e9 ! mi/letoe1 especially oak-mi/letoe1 is /ill reg>d$ z a panacea = gre5 w\nds & z a sure *>m to secure success 9 hunt+2 & at ,lacaune1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ! old ,druidical belief 9 ! mi/letoe z an antidote to all poisons /ill survives among ! peasantry2 !y apply ! plant to ! /oma* ( ! suff]] or give him a decoction ( x to dr9k4 ,aga91 ! anci5t belief t mi/letoe is a cure = epilepsy has surviv$ 9 mod]n times n only among ! ignorant b among ! le>n$4 ,?us 9 ,sw$5 p]sons afflict$ ) ! fall+ sickness ?9k !y c w>d (f attacks ( ! malady by c>ry+ ab\t ) !m a knife :i* has a h&le ( oak mi/letoe2 & 9 ,g]many = a simil> purpose pieces ( mi/letoe us$ to be hung r\nd ! necks ( *ildr54 ,9 ! ,fr5* prov9ce ( ,b\rbonnais a popul> rem$y = epilepsy is a decoction ( mi/letoe :i* has be5 ga!r$ on an oak on ,/4 ,john's ,day & boil$ ) rye-fl\r4 ,s at ,bottes=d 9 ,l9coln%ire a decoction ( mi/letoe is suppos$ to be a palliative = ?is t]rible disease4 ,inde$ mi/letoe 0 recomm5d$ z a rem$y = ! fall+ sickness by high m$ical au?orities 9 ,engl& & ,holl& d[n to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( ! m$ical pr(ession z to ! curative virtues ( mi/letoe has und]gone a radical alt]ation4 ,:]eas ! ,druids ?\ght t mi/letoe cur$ ev]y?+1 mod]n doctors appe> to ?9k t x cures no?+4 ,if !y are "r1 we mu/ conclude t ! anci5t & widespread fai? 9 ! m$ic9al virtue ( mi/letoe is a pure sup]/ition bas$ on no?+ bett] ?an ! fanciful inf]5ces :i* ignorance has drawn f ! p>asitic nature ( ! plant1 its position high up on ! bran* ( a tree seem+ to protect x f ! dang]s to :i* plants & animals are subject on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we c p]haps und]/& :y mi/letoe has s long & s p]si/5tly be5 prescrib$ z a cure = ! fall+ sickness4 ,z mi/letoe _c fall to ! gr\nd because x is root$ on ! bran* ( a tree high above ! e>?1 x seems to foll[ z a necess>y consequ5ce t an epileptic pati5t _c possibly fall d[n 9 a fit s long z he c>ries a piece ( mi/letoe 9 8 pocket or a decoction ( mi/letoe 9 8 /oma*4 ,su* a tra9 ( reason+ w\ld probably be reg>d$ ev5 n[ z cog5t by a l>ge portion ( ! human species4 ,aga9 ! anci5t ,italian op9ion t mi/letoe ext+ui%es fire appe>s to be %>$ by ,sw$i% peasants1 :o hang up bun*es ( oak-mi/letoe on ! ceil+s ( _! rooms z a protection aga9/ h>m 9 g5]al & conflagration 9 p>ticul>4 ,a h9t z to ! way 9 :i* mi/letoe comes to be possess$ ( ?is prop]ty is furni%$ by ! epi!t ?und]-bosom1 :i* p ( ! ,a>gau canton 9 ,switz]l& apply to ! plant4 ,= a ?und]-besom is a %aggy1 bu%y excresc5ce on bran*es ( trees1 :i* is popul>ly believ$ to be produc$ by a fla% ( lightn+2 h5ce 9 ,bohemia a ?und]-besom burnt 9 ! fire protects ! h\se aga9/ be+ /ruck by a ?und]-bolt4 ,be+ itself a product ( lightn+ x naturally s]ves1 on homoeopa?ic pr9ciples1 z a protection aga9/ lightn+1 9 fact z a k9d ( lightn+-conductor4 ,h5ce ! fire :i* mi/letoe 9 ,sw$5 is design$ especially to av]t f h\ses may be fire k9dl$ by lightn+2 ?\gh no d\bt ! plant is equally effective aga9/ conflagration 9 g5]al4 ,aga91 mi/letoe acts z a ma/]-key z well z a lightn+-conductor2 = x is said to op5 all locks4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ preci\s ( all ! virtues ( mi/letoe is t x af=ds effici5t protection aga9/ sorc]y & wit*craft4 ,t1 no d\bt1 is ! reason :y 9 ,au/ria a twig ( mi/letoe is laid on ! ?re%old z a prev5tive ( nightm>e2 & x may be ! reason :y 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& !y say t if y wi% y\r dairy to ?rive y %\ld give y\r bun* ( mi/letoe to ! fir/ c[ t calves aft] ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 = x is well kn[n t no?+ is s fatal to milk & butt] z wit*craft4 ,simil>ly 9 ,wales1 = ! sake ( ensur+ good luck to ! dairy1 p us$ to give a bran* ( mi/letoe to ! fir/ c[ t gave bir? to a calf aft] ! fir/ h\r ( ! ,new ,ye>2 & 9 rural di/ricts ( ,wales1 :]e mi/letoe ab\nd$1 !re 0 always a pr(usion ( x 9 ! f>mh\ses4 ,:5 mi/letoe 0 sc>ce1 ,wel% f>m]s us$ to say1 ,no mi/letoe1 no luck2 b if !re 0 a f9e crop ( mi/letoe1 !y expect$ a f9e crop ( corn4 ,9 ,sw$5 mi/letoe is dilig5tly s\ght aft] on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 ! p believ+ x to be1 9 a high degree1 possess$ ( my/ic qualities2 & t if a sprig ( x be atta*$ to ! ceil+ ( ! dwell+-h\se1 ! horse's /all1 or ! c['s crib1 ! ,troll w !n be p[]less to injure ei!r man or bea/4 ,) reg>d to ! "t :5 ! mi/letoe %\ld be ga!r$ op9ions h v>i$4 ,! ,druids ga!r$ x above all on ! six? day ( ! moon1 ! anci5t ,italians app>5tly on ! fir/ day ( ! moon4 ,9 mod]n times "s h pref]r$ ! full moon ( ,m>* & o!rs ! wan+ moon ( w9t] :5 ! sun is 9 ,sagitt>ius4 ,b ! fav\rite "t w\ld seem to be ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day4 ,we h se5 t bo? 9 ,france & ,sw$5 special virtues are ascrib$ to mi/letoe ga!r$ at ,midsumm]4 ,! rule 9 ,sw$5 is t mi/letoe mu/ be cut on ! night ( ,midsumm] ,eve :5 sun & moon /& 9 ! sign ( _! might4 ,aga91 9 ,wales x 0 believ$ t a sprig ( mi/letoe ga!r$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve 7,midsumm] ,eve71 or at any "t be=e ! b]ries appe>$1 w\ld induce dreams ( om51 bo? good & bad1 if x 7 plac$ "u ! pill[ ( ! sleep]4 ,?us mi/letoe is "o ( ! _m plants ^: magical or m$ic9al virtues are believ$ to culm9ate ) ! culm9ation ( ! sun on ! longe/ day ( ! ye>4 ,h5ce x seems reasonable to conjecture t 9 ! eyes ( ! ,druids1 also1 :o rev]$ ! plant s highly1 ! sacr$ mi/letoe may h acquir$ a d\ble portion ( its my/ic qualities at ! sol/ice 9 ,june1 & t accord+ly !y may h regul>ly cut x ) solemn c]emony on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,be t z x may1 c]ta9 x is t ! mi/letoe1 ! in/rum5t ( ,bald]'s dea?1 has be5 regul>ly ga!r$ = ! sake ( its my/ic qualities on ,midsumm] ,eve 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,bald]'s home4 ,! plant is f\nd commonly gr[+ on pe>-trees1 oaks1 & o!r trees 9 ?ick damp woods ?r\gh\t ! m temp]ate p>ts ( ,sw$54 ,?us "o ( ! two ma9 incid5ts ( ,bald]'s my? is reproduc$ 9 ! great midsumm] fe/ival ( ,sc&9avia4 ,b ! o!r ma9 incid5t ( ! my?1 ! burn+ ( ,bald]'s body on a pyre1 has also its c\nt]p>t 9 ! bonfires :i* /ill blaze1 or blaz$ till lately1 9 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$5 on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,x does n appe>1 inde$1 t any effigy is burn$ 9 ^! bonfires2 b ! burn+ ( an effigy is a feature :i* might easily drop out aft] its mean+ 0 =gott54 ,& ! "n ( ,bald]'s balefires 7,bald]'s ,bal>71 by :i* ^! midsumm] fires 7 =m]ly kn[n 9 ,sw$51 puts _! connexion ) ,bald] beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1 & makes x probable t 9 =m] times ei!r a liv+ repres5tative or an effigy ( ,bald] 0 annually burn$ 9 !m4 ,midsumm] 0 ! season sacr$ to ,bald]1 & ! ,sw$i% poet ,tegn]1 9 plac+ ! burn+ ( ,bald] at midsumm]1 may v well h foll[$ an old tradition t ! summ] sol/ice 0 ! "t :5 ! good god came to 8 untimely end4 ,?us x has be5 %[n t ! lead+ incid5ts ( ! ,bald] my? h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ^? fire-fe/ivals ( our ,european peasantry :i* und\bt$ly date f a "t long prior to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! pret5ce ( ?r[+ ! victim *os5 by lot into ! ,beltane fire1 & ! simil> treatm5t ( ! man1 ! future ,gre5 ,wolf1 at ! midsumm] bonfire 9 ,norm&y1 may naturally be int]pret$ z traces ( an old] cu/om ( actually burn+ human be+s on ^! occasions2 & ! gre5 dress ( ! ,gre5 ,wolf1 c\pl$ ) ! leafy envelope ( ! "y fell[ :o trod out ! midsumm] fire at ,moo%eim1 seems to h9t t ! p]sons :o p]i%$ at ^! fe/ivals did s 9 ! "* ( tree-spirits or deities ( vegetation4 ,f all ?is we may reasonably inf] t 9 ! ,bald] my? on ! "o h&1 & ! fire-fe/ivals & cu/om ( ga!r+ mi/letoe on ! o!r h&1 we h1 z x 71 ! two brok5 & dissev]$ halves ( an orig9al :ole4 ,9 o!r words1 we may assume ) "s degree ( probability t ! my? ( ,bald]'s dea? 0 n m]ely a my?1 t is1 a description ( physical ph5om5a 9 imag]y borr[$ f human life1 b t x 0 at ! same "t ! /ory :i* p told to expla9 :y !y annually burn$ a human repres5tative ( ! god & cut ! mi/letoe ) solemn c]emony4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! /ory ( ,bald]'s tragic end =m$1 s to say1 ! text ( ! sacr$ drama :i* 0 act$ ye> by ye> z a magical rite to cause ! sun to %9e1 trees to gr[1 crops to ?rive1 & to gu>d man & bea/ f ! baleful arts ( fairies & trolls1 ( wit*es & w>locks4 ,! tale belong$1 9 %ort1 to t class ( nature my?s :i* are meant to be supplem5t$ by ritual2 "h1 z s (t51 my? /ood to magic 9 ! relation ( !ory to practice4 ,b if ! victims--! human ,bald]s--:o di$ by fire1 :e!r 9 spr+ or at midsumm]1 7 put to dea? z liv+ embodim5ts ( tree-spirits or deities ( vegetation1 x w\ld seem t ,bald] himself mu/ h be5 a tree-_s or deity ( vegetation4 ,x becomes desirable1 !re=e1 to det]m9e1 if we c1 ! p>ticul> k9d ( tree or trees1 ( :i* a p]sonal repres5tative 0 burn$ at ! fire-fe/ivals4 ,= we may be q sure t x 0 n z a repres5tative ( vegetation 9 g5]al t ! victim suff]$ dea?4 ,! idea ( vegetation 9 g5]al is too ab/ract to be primitive4 ,mo/ probably ! victim at fir/ repres5t$ a p>ticul> k9d ( sacr$ tree4 ,b ( all ,european trees none has su* claims z ! oak to be consid]$ z pre-em95tly ! sacr$ tree ( ! ,aryans4 ,we h se5 t its wor%ip is atte/$ = all ! great bran*es ( ! ,aryan /ock 9 ,europe2 h5ce we may c]ta9ly conclude t ! tree 0 v5]at$ by ! ,aryans 9 common be=e ! disp]sion1 & t _! primitive home mu/ h la9 9 a l& :i* 0 clo!d ) =e/s ( oak4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! primitive "* & rem>kable simil>ity ( ! fire-fe/ivals obs]v$ by all ! bran*es ( ! ,aryan race 9 ,europe1 we may inf] t ^! fe/ivals =m "p ( ! common /ock ( religi\s obs]vances :i* ! v>i\s peoples c>ri$ ) !m 9 _! w&]+s f _! old home4 ,b1 if ,i am "r1 an ess5tial feature ( ^? primitive fire-fe/ivals 0 ! burn+ ( a man :o repres5t$ ! tree-_s4 ,9 view1 !n1 ( ! place occupi$ by ! oak 9 ! religion ( ! ,aryans1 ! presumption is t ! tree s repres5t$ at ! fire-fe/ivals mu/ orig9ally h be5 ! oak4 ,s f> z ! ,celts & ,li?uanians are conc]n$1 ?is conclusion w p]haps h>dly be conte/$4 ,b bo? = !m & = ! ,g]mans x is confirm$ by a rem>kable piece ( religi\s cons]vatism4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od kn[n to man ( produc+ fire is by rubb+ two pieces ( wood aga9/ ea* o!r till !y ignite2 & we h se5 t ?is me?od is /ill us$ 9 ,europe = k9dl+ sacr$ fires su* z ! ne$-fire1 & t mo/ probably x 0 =m]ly resort$ to at all ! fire-fe/ivals "u discussion4 ,n[ x is sometimes requir$ t ! ne$-fire1 or o!r sacr$ fire1 %\ld be made by ! friction ( a p>ticul> k9d ( wood2 & :5 ! k9d ( wood is prescrib$1 :e!r among ,celts1 ,g]mans1 or ,slavs1 t wood appe>s to be g5]ally ! oak4 ,b if ! sacr$ fire 0 regul>ly k9dl$ by ! friction ( oak-wood1 we may inf] t orig9ally ! fire 0 also f$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x appe>s t ! p]petual fire ( ,ve/a at ,rome 0 f$ ) oak-wood1 & t oak-wood 0 ! fuel consum$ 9 ! p]petual fire :i* burn$ "u ! sacr$ oak at ! great ,li?uanian sanctu>y ( ,romove4 ,fur!r1 t oak-wood 0 =m]ly ! fuel burn$ 9 ! midsumm] fires may p]haps be inf]r$ f ! cu/om1 said to be /ill obs]v$ by peasants 9 _m m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,g]many1 ( mak+ up ! cottage fire on ,midsumm] ,day ) a heavy block ( oak-wood4 ,! block is s arrang$ t x sm\ld]s sl[ly & is n f9ally r$uc$ to *>coal till ! expiry ( a ye>4 ,!n ^u next ,midsumm] ,day ! *>r$ emb]s ( ! old log are remov$ to make room = ! new "o1 & are mix$ ) ! se$-corn or scatt]$ ab\t ! g>d54 ,?is is believ$ to gu>d ! food cook$ on ! he>? f wit*craft1 to pres]ve ! luck ( ! h\se1 to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 & to keep !m f blight & v]m94 ,?us ! cu/om is almo/ exactly p>allel to t ( ! ,yule-log1 :i* 9 p>ts ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,s]bia1 & o!r ,slavonic l&s 0 commonly ( oak-wood4 ,! g5]al conclusion is1 t at ^? p]iodic or occasional c]emonies ! anci5t ,aryans bo? k9dl$ & f$ ! fire ) ! sacr$ oak-wood4 ,b if at ^! solemn rites ! fire 0 regul>ly made ( oakwood1 x foll[s t any man :o 0 burn$ 9 x z a p]sonification ( ! tree-_s c\ld h repres5t$ no tree b ! oak4 ,! sacr$ oak 0 ?us burn$ 9 duplicate2 ! wood ( ! tree 0 consum$ 9 ! fire1 & along ) x 0 consum$ a liv+ man z a p]sonification ( ! oak-_s4 ,! conclusion ?us drawn = ! ,european ,aryans 9 g5]al is confirm$ 9 its special application to ! ,sc&9avians by ! relation 9 :i* among/ !m ! mi/letoe appe>s to h /ood to ! burn+ ( ! victim 9 ! midsumm] fire4 ,we h se5 t among ,sc&9avians x has be5 cu/om>y to ga!r ! mi/letoe at midsumm]4 ,b s f> z appe>s on ! face ( ?is cu/om1 !re is no?+ to connect x ) ! midsumm] fires 9 :i* human victims or effigies ( !m 7 burn$4 ,ev5 if ! fire1 z seems probable1 0 orig9ally always made ) oak-wood1 :y %\ld x h be5 necess>y to pull ! mi/letoe8 ,! la/ l9k betwe5 ! midsumm] cu/oms ( ga!r+ ! mi/letoe & light+ ! bonfires is suppli$ by ,bald]'s my?1 :i* c h>dly be disjo9$ f ! cu/oms 9 "q4 ,! my? sugge/s t a vital connexion may once h be5 believ$ to subsi/ betwe5 ! mi/letoe & ! human repres5tative ( ! oak :o 0 burn$ 9 ! fire4 ,accord+ to ! my?1 ,bald] c\ld be kill$ by no?+ 9 heav5 or e>? except ! mi/letoe2 & s long z ! mi/letoe rema9$ on ! oak1 he 0 n only immortal b invuln]able4 ,n[1 if we suppose t ,bald] 0 ! oak1 ! orig9 ( ! my? becomes intelligible4 ,! mi/letoe 0 view$ z ! seat ( life ( ! oak1 & s long z x 0 un9jur$ no?+ c\ld kill or ev5 w\nd ! oak4 ,! conception ( ! mi/letoe z ! seat ( life ( ! oak w\ld naturally be sugge/$ to primitive p by ! obs]vation t :ile ! oak is decidu\s1 ! mi/letoe :i* gr[s on x is ev]gre54 ,9 w9t] ! sight ( its fre% foliage among ! b>e bran*es mu/ h be5 hail$ by ! wor%ipp]s ( ! tree z a sign t ! div9e life :i* _h ceas$ to animate ! bran*es yet surviv$ 9 ! mi/letoe1 z ! he>t ( a sleep] /ill beats :5 8 body is motionless4 ,h5ce :5 ! god _h to be kill$--:5 ! sacr$ tree _h to be burnt--x 0 necess>y to beg9 by break+ (f ! mi/letoe4 ,= s long z ! mi/letoe rema9$ intact1 ! oak 7s p might ?9k7 0 invuln]able2 all ! bl[s ( _! knives & axes w\ld glance h>mless f its surface4 ,b once te> f ! oak its sacr$ he>t--! mi/letoe--& ! tree nodd$ to its fall4 ,& :5 9 lat] times ! _s ( ! oak came to be repres5t$ by a liv+ man1 x 0 logically necess>y to suppose t1 l ! tree he p]sonat$1 he c\ld nei!r be kill$ nor w\nd$ s long z ! mi/letoe rema9$ un9jur$4 ,! pull+ ( ! mi/letoe 0 ?us at once ! signal & ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,on ?is view ! invuln]able ,bald] is nei!r m nor less ?an a p]sonification ( a mi/letoe-be>+ oak4 ,! int]pretation is confirm$ by :at seems to h be5 an anci5t ,italian belief1 t ! mi/letoe c be de/roy$ nei!r by fire nor wat]2 = if ! p>asite is ?us deem$ inde/ructible1 x might easily be suppos$ to communicate its own inde/ructibility to ! tree on :i* x gr[s1 s long z ! two rema9 9 conjunction4 ,or1 to put ! same idea 9 my?ical =m1 we might tell h[ ! k9dly god ( ! oak _h 8 life securely deposit$ 9 ! imp]i%able mi/letoe :i* grew among ! bran*es2 h[ accord+ly s long z ! mi/letoe kept its place !re1 ! deity himself rema9$ invuln]able2 & h[ at la/ a cunn+ foe1 let into ! secret ( ! god's invuln]ability1 tore ! mi/letoe f ! oak1 !reby kill+ ! oak-god & aft]w>ds burn+ 8 body 9 a fire :i* c\ld h made no impression on him s long z ! incombu/ible p>asite reta9$ its seat among ! b\ghs4 ,b s9ce ! idea ( a be+ ^: life is ?us1 9 a s5se1 outside himself1 mu/ be /range to _m read]s1 & has1 inde$1 n yet be5 recognis$ 9 its full be>+ on primitive sup]/ition1 x w be wor? :ile to illu/rate x by examples drawn bo? f /ory & cu/om4 ,! result w be to %[ t1 9 assum+ ?is idea z ! explanation ( ,bald]'s relation to ! mi/letoe1 ,i assume a pr9ciple :i* is deeply engrav$ on ! m9d ( primitive man4 ,,lxvi4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,folk-,tales ,,9 ,a ,,=m] "p ( ?is "w we saw t1 9 ! op9ion ( primitive p1 ! s\l may tempor>ily abs5t itself f ! body )\t caus+ dea?4 ,su* tempor>y abs5ces ( ! s\l are (t5 believ$ to involve consid]able risk1 s9ce ! w&]+ s\l is liable to a v>iety ( mi%aps at ! h&s ( enemies1 & s =?4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect to ?is p[] ( dis5gag+ ! s\l f ! body4 ,if only ! safety ( ! s\l c be ensur$ dur+ its abs5ce1 !re is no reason :y ! s\l %\ld n cont9ue abs5t = an indef9ite "t2 inde$ a man may1 on a pure calculation ( p]sonal safety1 desire t 8 s\l %\ld nev] return to 8 body4 ,unable to conceive ( life ab/ractly z a p]man5t possibility ( s5sation or a cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal arrangem5ts to ext]nal relations1 ! savage ?9ks ( x z a concrete mat]ial ?+ ( a def9ite bulk1 capable ( be+ se5 & h&l$1 kept 9 a box or j>1 & liable to be bruis$1 fractur$1 or sma%$ 9 pieces4 ,x is n ne$ful t ! life1 s conceiv$1 %\ld be 9 ! man2 x may be abs5t f 8 body & /ill cont9ue to animate him by virtue ( a sort ( sympa?y or action at a di/ance4 ,s long z ?is object :i* he calls 8 life or s\l rema9s unh>m$1 ! man is well2 if x is injur$1 he suff]s2 if x is de/roy$1 he dies4 ,or1 to put x o!rwise1 :5 a man is ill or dies1 ! fact is expla9$ by say+ t ! mat]ial object call$ 8 life or s\l1 :e!r x be 9 8 body or out ( x1 has ei!r su/a9$ injury or be5 de/roy$4 ,b !re may be circum/ances 9 :i*1 if ! life or s\l rema9s 9 ! man1 x /&s a great] *ance ( su/a9+ injury ?an if x 7 /[$ away 9 "s safe & secret place4 ,accord+ly1 9 su* circum/ances1 primitive man takes 8 s\l out ( 8 body & deposits x = security 9 "s snug spot1 int5d+ to replace x 9 8 body :5 ! dang] is pa/4 ,or if he %\ld discov] "s place ( absolute security1 he may be cont5t to leave 8 s\l !re p]man5tly4 ,! advantage ( ?is is t1 s long z ! s\l rema9s unh>m$ 9 ! place :]e he has deposit$ x1 ! man himself is immortal2 no?+ c kill 8 body1 s9ce 8 life is n 9 x4 ,evid5ce ( ?is primitive belief is furni%$ by a class ( folk-tales ( :i* ! ,norse /ory ( ,! giant :o _h no he>t 9 8 body is p]haps ! be/-kn[n example4 ,/ories ( ?is k9d are widely diffus$ ov] ! _w1 & f _! numb] & ! v>iety ( incid5t & ( details 9 :i* ! lead+ idea is embodi$1 we may inf] t ! conception ( an ext]nal s\l is "o :i* has _h a p[]ful hold on ! m9ds ( m5 at an e>ly /age ( hi/ory4 ,= folk-tales are a fai?ful reflection ( ! _w z x appe>$ to ! primitive m9d2 & we may be sure t any idea :i* commonly occurs 9 !m1 h[ev] absurd x may seem to u1 mu/ once h be5 an ord9>y article ( belief4 ,?is assurance1 s f> z x conc]ns ! suppos$ p[] ( dis5gag+ ! s\l f ! body = a long] or %ort] "t1 is amply corroborat$ by a comp>ison ( ! folk-tales 9 "q ) ! actual beliefs & practices ( savages4 ,to ?is we %all return aft] "s specim5s ( ! tales h be5 giv54 ,! specim5s w be select$ ) a view ( illu/rat+ bo? ! *>act]i/ic features & ! wide diffusion ( ?is class ( tales4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /ory ( ! ext]nal s\l is told1 9 v>i\s =ms1 by all ,aryan peoples f ,h9doo/an to ! ,hebrides4 ,a v common =m ( x is ?is3 ,a w>lock1 giant1 or o!r fairyl& be+ is invuln]able & immortal because he keeps 8 s\l hidd5 f> away 9 "s secret place2 b a fair pr9cess1 :om he holds en?rall$ 9 8 en*ant$ ca/le1 wiles 8 secret f him & reveals x to ! h]o1 :o seeks out ! w>lock's s\l1 he>t1 life1 or dea? 7z x is v>i\sly call$71 & by de/roy+ x1 simultane\sly kills ! w>lock4 ,?us a ,h9doo /ory tells h[ a magician call$ ,pun*k9 held a que5 captive = twelve ye>s1 & w\ld fa9 m>ry h]1 b %e w\ld n h him4 ,at la/ ! que5's son came to rescue h]1 & ! two plott$ toge!r to kill ,pun*k94 ,s ! que5 spoke ! magician fair1 & pret5d$ t %e _h at la/ made up h] m9d to m>ry him4 ,& d tell me1 %e said1 are y q immortal8 ,c dea? nev] t\* y8 ,& are y too great an en*ant] ev] to feel human suff]+8 ,x is true1 he said1 t ,i am n z o!rs4 ,f>1 f> away1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles f ?is1 !re lies a desolate c\ntry cov]$ ) ?ick jungle4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! jungle gr[s a circle ( palm trees1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle /& six *attees full ( wat]1 pil$ "o above ano!r3 bel[ ! six? *attee is a small cage1 :i* conta9s a little gre5 p>rot2--on ! life ( ! p>rot dep5ds my life2--& if ! p>rot is kill$ ,i mu/ die4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 he add$1 impossible t ! p>rot %\ld su/a9 any injury1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! inaccessibility ( ! c\ntry1 & because1 by my appo9tm5t1 _m ?\s& g5ii surr\nd ! palm trees1 & kill all :o approa* ! place4 ,b ! que5's "y son ov]came all difficulties1 & got possession ( ! p>rot4 ,he br\ght x to ! door ( ! magician's palace1 & began play+ ) x4 ,pun*k91 ! magician1 saw him1 &1 com+ out1 tri$ to p]suade ! boy to give him ! p>rot4 ,give me my p>rot6 cri$ ,pun*k94 ,!n ! boy took hold ( ! p>rot & tore (f "o ( 8 w+s2 & z he did s ! magician's "r arm fell (f4 ,pun*k9 !n /ret*$ out 8 left arm1 cry+1 ,give me my p>rot6 ,! pr9ce pull$ (f ! p>rot's second w+1 & ! magician's left arm tumbl$ (f4 ,give me my p>rot6 cri$ he1 & fell on 8 knees4 ,! pr9ce pull$ (f ! p>rot's "r leg1 ! magician's "r leg fell (f2 ! pr9ce pull$ (f ! p>rot's left leg1 d[n fell ! magician's left4 ,no?+ rema9$ ( him except ! trunk & ! head2 b /ill he roll$ 8 eyes1 & cri$1 ,give me my p>rot6 ,take y\r p>rot1 !n1 cri$ ! boy2 & ) t he wrung ! bird's neck1 & ?rew x at ! magician2 &1 z he did s1 ,pun*k9's head twi/$ r\nd1 &1 ) a fe>ful groan1 he di$6 ,9 ano!r ,h9doo tale an ogre is ask$ by 8 daught]1 ,papa1 :]e d y keep y\r s\l8 ,sixte5 miles away f ?is place1 he said1 is a tree4 ,r\nd ! tree are tig]s1 & be>s1 & scorpions1 & snakes2 on ! top ( ! tree is a v great fat snake2 on 8 head is a little cage2 9 ! cage is a bird2 & my s\l is 9 t bird4 ,! end ( ! ogre is l t ( ! magician 9 ! previ\s tale4 ,z ! bird's w+s & legs are torn (f1 ! ogre's arms & legs drop (f2 & :5 its neck is wrung he falls d[n dead4 ,9 a ,b5galee /ory x is said t all ! ogres dwell 9 ,ceylon1 & t all _! lives are 9 a s+le lemon4 ,a boy cuts ! lemon 9 pieces1 & all ! ogres die4 ,9 a ,siamese or ,cambodian /ory1 probably d]iv$ f ,india1 we are told t ,?ossakan or ,ravana1 ! ,k+ ( ,ceylon1 0 able by magic art to take 8 s\l out ( 8 body & leave x 9 a box at home1 :ile he w5t to ! w>s4 ,?us he 0 invuln]able 9 battle4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t to give battle to ,rama1 he deposit$ 8 s\l ) a h]mit call$ ,fire-eye1 :o 0 to keep x safe = him4 ,s 9 ! fight ,rama 0 a/\nd$ to see t 8 arr[s /ruck ! k+ )\t w\nd+ him4 ,b "o ( ,rama's allies1 kn[+ ! secret ( ! k+'s invuln]ability1 trans=m$ himself by magic into ! lik5ess ( ! k+1 & go+ to ! h]mit ask$ back 8 s\l4 ,on receiv+ x he so>$ up into ! air & flew to ,rama1 br&i%+ ! box & squeez+ x s h>d t all ! brea? left ! ,k+ ( ,ceylon's body1 & he di$4 ,9 a ,b5galee /ory a pr9ce go+ into a f> c\ntry plant$ ) 8 own h&s a tree 9 ! c\rty>d ( 8 fa!r's palace1 & said to 8 p>5ts1 ,?is tree is my life4 ,:5 y see ! tree gre5 & fre%1 !n "k t x is well ) me2 :5 y see ! tree fade 9 "s p>ts1 !n "k t ,i am 9 an ill case2 & :5 y see ! :ole tree fade1 !n "k t ,i am dead & gone4 ,9 ano!r ,indian tale a pr9ce1 sett+ =? on 8 travels1 left beh9d him a b>ley plant1 ) in/ructions t x %\ld be c>efully t5d$ & wat*$2 = if x fl\ri%$1 he w\ld be alive & well1 b if x droop$1 !n "s mis*ance 0 ab\t to happ5 to him4 ,& s x fell out4 ,= ! pr9ce 0 behead$1 & z 8 head roll$ (f1 ! b>ley plant snapp$ 9 two & ! e> ( b>ley fell to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,greek tales1 anci5t & mod]n1 ! idea ( an ext]nal s\l is n uncommon4 ,:5 ,meleag] 0 sev5 days old1 ! ,fates appe>$ to 8 "m & told h] t ,meleag] w\ld die :5 ! br& :i* 0 blaz+ on ! he>? _h burnt d[n4 ,s 8 "m snat*$ ! br& f ! fire & kept x 9 a box4 ,b 9 aft]-ye>s1 be+ enrag$ at h] son = slay+ h] bro!rs1 %e burnt ! br& 9 ! fire & ,meleag] expir$ 9 agonies1 z if flames 7 prey+ on 8 vitals4 ,aga91 ,nisus ,k+ ( ,meg>a _h a purple or gold5 hair on ! middle ( 8 head1 & x 0 fat$ t :5ev] ! hair 0 pull$ out ! k+ %\ld die4 ,:5 ,meg>a 0 besieg$ by ! ,cretans1 ! k+'s daught] ,scylla fell 9 love ) ,m9os1 _! k+1 & pull$ out ! fatal hair f h] fa!r's head4 ,s he di$4 ,9 a mod]n ,greek folk-tale a man's /r5g? lies 9 ?ree gold5 hairs on 8 head4 ,:5 8 "m pulls !m out1 he gr[s weak & timid & is sla9 by 8 enemies4 ,9 ano!r mod]n ,greek /ory ! life ( an en*ant] is b\nd up ) ?ree doves :i* are 9 ! belly ( a wild bo>4 ,:5 ! fir/ dove is kill$1 ! magician gr[s sick2 :5 ! second is kill$1 he gr[s v sick2 & :5 ! ?ird is kill$1 he dies4 ,9 ano!r ,greek /ory ( ! same sort an ogre's /r5g? is 9 ?ree s++ birds :i* are 9 a wild bo>4 ,! h]o kills two ( ! birds1 & !n com+ to ! ogre's h\se f9ds him ly+ on ! gr\nd 9 great pa94 ,he %[s ! ?ird bird to ! ogre1 :o begs t ! h]o w ei!r let x fly away or give x to him to eat4 ,b ! h]o wr+s ! bird's neck1 & ! ogre dies on ! spot4 ,9 a mod]n ,roman v]sion ( ,aladd9 & ! ,wond]ful ,lamp1 ! magician tells ! pr9cess1 :om he holds captive 9 a float+ rock 9 mid-ocean1 t he w nev] die4 ,! pr9cess reports ?is to ! pr9ce h] husb&1 :o has come to rescue h]4 ,! pr9ce replies1 ,x is impossible b t !re %\ld be "s "o ?+ or o!r t is fatal to him2 ask him :at t "o fatal ?+ is4 ,s ! pr9cess ask$ ! magician1 & he told h] t 9 ! wood 0 a hydra ) sev5 heads2 9 ! middle head ( ! hydra 0 a lev]et1 9 ! head ( ! lev]et 0 a bird1 9 ! bird's head 0 a preci\s /one1 & if ?is /one 7 put "u 8 pill[ he w\ld die4 ,! pr9ce procur$ ! /one1 & ! pr9cess laid x "u ! magician's pill[4 ,no soon] did ! en*ant] lay 8 head on ! pill[ ?an he gave ?ree t]rible yells1 turn$ himself r\nd & r\nd ?ree times1 & di$4 ,/ories ( ! same sort are curr5t among ,slavonic peoples4 ,?us a ,russian /ory tells h[ a w>lock call$ ,ko%*ei ! ,dea?less c>ri$ (f a pr9cess & kept h] prison] 9 8 gold5 ca/le4 ,h[ev]1 a pr9ce made up to h] "o day z %e 0 walk+ alone & disconsolate 9 ! ca/le g>d51 & *e]$ by ! prospect ( escap+ ) him %e w5t to ! w>lock & coax$ him ) false & flatt]+ words1 say+1 ,my de>e/ fri5d1 tell me1 ,i pray y1 w y nev] die8 ,c]ta9ly n1 says he4 ,well1 says %e1 & :]e is y\r dea?8 is x 9 y\r dwell+8 ,to be sure x is1 says he1 x is 9 ! broom "u ! ?re%old4 ,!reupon ! pr9cess seiz$ ! broom & ?rew x on ! fire1 b al?\gh ! broom burn$1 ! dea?less ,ko%*ei rema9$ alive2 inde$ n s mu* z a hair ( him 0 s+$4 ,balk$ 9 h] fir/ attempt1 ! artful hussy p\t$ & said1 ,y d n love me true1 = y h n told me :]e y\r dea? is2 yet ,i am n angry1 b love y ) all my he>t4 ,) ^! fawn+ words %e bes\ght ! w>lock to tell h] truly :]e 8 dea? 04 ,s he laugh$ & said1 ,:y d y wi% to "k8 ,well !n1 out ( love ,i w tell y :]e x lies4 ,9 a c]ta9 field !re /& ?ree gre5 oaks1 & "u ! roots ( ! l>ge/ oak is a worm1 & if ev] ?is worm is f\nd & cru%$1 t in/ant ,i %all die4 ,:5 ! pr9cess he>d ^! words1 %e w5t /raight to h] lov] & told him all2 & he se>*$ till he f\nd ! oaks & dug up ! worm & cru%$ x4 ,!n he hurri$ to ! w>lock's ca/le1 b only to le>n f ! pr9cess t ! w>lock 0 /ill alive4 ,!n %e fell to :e$l+ & coax+ ,ko%*ei once m1 & ?is "t1 ov]come by h] wiles1 he op5$ 8 he>t to h] & told h] ! tru?4 ,my dea?1 said he1 is f> f "h & h>d to f9d1 on ! wide ocean4 ,9 t sea is an isl&1 & on ! isl& !re gr[s a gre5 oak1 & b5ea? ! oak is an iron *e/1 & 9 ! *e/ is a small basket1 & 9 ! basket is a h>e1 & 9 ! h>e is a duck1 & 9 ! duck is an egg2 & he :o f9ds ! egg & breaks x1 kills me at ! same "t4 ,! pr9ce naturally procur$ ! fateful egg & ) x 9 8 h&s he confront$ ! dea?less w>lock4 ,! mon/] w\ld h kill$ him1 b ! pr9ce began to squeeze ! egg4 ,at t ! w>lock %riek$ ) pa91 & turn+ to ! false pr9cess1 :o /ood by smirk+ & smil+1 ,0 x n out ( love = y1 said he1 t ,i told y :]e my dea? 08 ,& is ?is ! return y make to me8 ,) t he grabb$ at 8 sword1 :i* hung f a peg on ! wall2 b be=e he c\ld rea* x1 ! pr9ce _h cru%$ ! egg1 & sure en\gh ! dea?less w>lock f\nd 8 dea? at ! same mom5t4 ,9 "o ( ! descriptions ( ,ko%*ei's dea?1 he is said to be kill$ by a bl[ on ! =ehead inflict$ by ! my/]i\s egg--t la/ l9k 9 ! magic *a9 by :i* 8 life is d>kly b\nd4 ,9 ano!r v]sion ( ! same /ory1 b told ( a snake1 ! fatal bl[ is /ruck by a small /one f\nd 9 ! yolk ( an egg1 :i* is inside a duck1 :i* is inside a h>e1 :i* is inside a /one1 :i* is on an isl&4 ,among/ peoples ( ! ,teutonic /ock /ories ( ! ext]nal s\l are n want+4 ,9 a tale told by ! ,saxons ( ,transylvania x is said t a "y man %ot at a wit* aga9 & aga94 ,! bullets w5t clean ?r\gh h] b did h] no h>m1 & %e only laugh$ & mock$ at him4 ,silly e>?worm1 %e cri$1 %oot z mu* z y l4 ,x does me no h>m4 ,= "k t my life resides n 9 me b f>1 f> away4 ,9 a m\nta9 is a pond1 on ! pond swims a duck1 9 ! duck is an egg1 9 ! egg burns a light1 t light is my life4 ,if y c\ld put out t light1 my life w\ld be at an end4 ,b t c nev]1 nev] be4 ,h[ev]1 ! "y man got hold ( ! egg1 sma%$ x1 & put out ! light1 & ) x ! wit*'s life w5t out also4 ,9 a ,g]man /ory a cannibal call$ ,body )\t ,s\l or ,s\lless keeps 8 s\l 9 a box1 :i* /&s on a rock 9 ! middle ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,a soldi] gets possession ( ! box & goes ) x to ,s\lless1 :o begs ! soldi] to give him back 8 s\l4 ,b ! soldi] op5s ! box1 takes out ! s\l1 & fl+s x backw>d ov] 8 head4 ,at ! same mom5t ! cannibal drops dead to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ano!r ,g]man /ory & old w>lock lives ) a damsel all alone 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ & gloomy wood4 ,%e fe>s t be+ old he may die & leave h] alone 9 ! =e/4 ,b he reassures h]4 ,de> *ild1 he said1 ,i _c die1 & ,i h no he>t 9 my brea/4 ,b %e importun$ him to tell h] :]e 8 he>t 04 ,s he said1 ,f>1 f> f "h 9 an unkn[n & lonesome l& /&s a great *ur*4 ,! *ur* is well secur$ ) iron doors1 & r\nd ab\t x fl[s a broad deep moat4 ,9 ! *ur* flies a bird & 9 ! bird is my he>t4 ,s long z ! bird lives1 ,i live4 ,x _c die ( itself1 & no "o c cat* x2 !re=e ,i _c die1 & y ne$ h no anxiety4 ,h[ev] ! "y man1 ^: bride ! damsel 0 to h be5 be=e ! w>lock spirit$ h] away1 contriv$ to rea* ! *ur* & cat* ! bird4 ,he br\ght x to ! damsel1 :o /[$ him & x away "u ! w>lock's b$4 ,soon ! old w>lock came home4 ,he 0 ail+1 & said s4 ,! girl wept & said1 ,alas1 daddy is dy+2 he has a he>t 9 8 brea/ aft] all4 ,*ild1 repli$ ! w>lock1 hold y\r tongue4 ,i c't die4 ,x w soon pass ov]4 ,at t ! "y man "u ! b$ gave ! bird a g5tle squeeze2 & z he did s1 ! old w>lock felt v unwell & sat d[n4 ,!n ! "y man gripp$ ! bird tight]1 & ! w>lock fell s5seless f 8 *air4 ,n[ squeeze him dead1 cri$ ! damsel4 ,h] lov] obey$1 & :5 ! bird 0 dead1 ! old w>lock also lay dead on ! floor4 ,9 ! ,norse tale ( ! giant :o _h no he>t 9 8 body1 ! giant tells ! captive pr9cess1 ,f>1 f> away 9 a lake lies an isl&1 on t isl& /&s a *ur*1 9 t *ur* is a well1 9 t well swims a duck1 9 t duck !re is an egg1 & 9 t egg !re lies my he>t4 ,! h]o ( ! tale1 ) ! help ( "s animals to :om he _h be5 k9d1 obta9s ! egg & squeezes x1 at :i* ! giant screams pite\sly & begs = 8 life4 ,b ! h]o breaks ! egg 9 pieces & ! giant at once bur/s4 ,9 ano!r ,norse /ory a hill-ogre tells ! captive pr9cess t %e w nev] be able to return home unless %e f9ds ! gra9 ( s& :i* lies "u ! n9? tongue ( ! n9? head ( a c]ta9 dragon2 b if t gra9 ( s& 7 to come ov] ! rock 9 :i* ! ogres live1 !y w\ld all bur/ & ! rock itself w\ld become a gild$ palace1 & ! lake gre5 mead[s4 ,! h]o f9ds ! gra9 ( s& & takes x to ! top ( ! high rock 9 :i* ! ogres live4 ,s all ! ogres bur/ & ! re/ falls out z "o ( ! ogres _h =etold4 ,9 a ,celtic tale1 record$ 9 ! ,we/ ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 a giant is que/ion$ by a captive que5 z to :]e he keeps 8 s\l4 ,at la/1 aft] deceiv+ h] sev]al times1 he confides to h] ! fatal secret3 ,!re is a great flag/one "u ! ?re%old4 ,!re is a we!r "u ! flag4 ,!re is a duck 9 ! we!r's belly1 & an egg 9 ! belly ( ! duck1 & x is 9 ! egg t my s\l is4 ,on ! morr[ :5 ! giant 0 gone1 ! que5 contriv$ to get possession ( ! egg & cru%$ x 9 h] h&s1 & at t v mom5t ! giant1 :o 0 com+ home 9 ! dusk1 fell d[n dead4 ,9 ano!r ,celtic tale1 a sea bea/ has c>ri$ (f a k+'s daught]1 & an old smi? decl>es t !re is no way ( kill+ ! bea/ b "o4 ,9 ! isl& t is 9 ! mid/ ( ! lo* is ,eillid ,*aisfhion--! :ite-foot$ h9d1 ( ! sl5d]e/ legs1 & ! swifte/ /ep1 & ?\gh %e %\ld be caught1 !re w\ld spr+ a hoodie out ( h]1 & ?\gh ! hoodie %\ld be caught1 !re w\ld spr+ a tr\t out ( h]1 b !re is an egg 9 ! m\? ( ! tr\t1 & ! s\l ( ! bea/ is 9 ! egg1 & if ! egg breaks1 ! bea/ is dead4 ,z usual ! egg is brok5 & ! bea/ dies4 ,9 an ,iri% /ory we read h[ a giant kept a beautiful damsel a prison] 9 8 ca/le on ! top ( a hill1 :i* 0 :ite ) ! bones ( ! *ampions :o _h tri$ 9 va9 to rescue ! fair captive4 ,at la/ ! h]o1 aft] hew+ & sla%+ at ! giant all to no purpose1 discov]$ t ! only way to kill him 0 to rub a mole on ! giant's "r brea/ ) a c]ta9 egg1 :i* 0 9 a duck1 :i* 0 9 a *e/1 :i* lay lock$ & b\nd at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,) ! help ( "s oblig+ animals1 ! h]o made himself ma/] ( ! preci\s egg & slew ! giant by m]ely /rik+ x aga9/ ! mole on 8 "r brea/4 ,simil>ly 9 a ,breton /ory !re figures a giant :om nei!r fire nor wat] nor /eel c h>m4 ,he tells 8 sev5? wife1 :om he has j m>ri$ aft] murd]+ all h] pr$ecessors1 ,i am immortal1 & no "o c hurt me unless he cru%es on my brea/ an egg1 :i* is 9 a pigeon1 :i* is 9 ! belly ( a h>e2 ?is h>e is 9 ! belly ( a wolf1 & ?is wolf is 9 ! belly ( my bro!r1 :o dwells a ?\s& leagues f "h4 ,s ,i am q easy on t score4 ,a soldi] contriv$ to obta9 ! egg & cru% x on ! brea/ ( ! giant1 :o imm$iately expir$4 ,9 ano!r ,breton tale ! life ( a giant resides 9 an old box-tree :i* gr[s 9 8 ca/le g>d52 & to kill him x is necess>y to sev] ! tap-root ( ! tree at a s+le bl[ ( an axe )\t injur+ any ( ! less] roots4 ,?is task ! h]o1 z usual1 successfully accompli%es1 & at ! same mom5t ! giant drops dead4 ,! notion ( an ext]nal s\l has n[ be5 trac$ 9 folk-tales told by ,aryan peoples f ,india to ,irel&4 ,we h /ill to %[ t ! same idea occurs commonly 9 ! popul> /ories ( peoples :o d n belong to ! ,aryan /ock4 ,9 ! anci5t ,egyptian tale ( ,! ,two ,bro!rs1 :i* 0 writt5 d[n 9 ! reign ( ,rameses ,,ii41 ab\t #acjj ,b4,c41 we read h[ "o ( ! bro!rs en*ant$ 8 he>t & plac$ x 9 ! fl[] ( an acacia tree1 & h[1 :5 ! fl[] 0 cut at ! in/igation ( 8 wife1 he imm$iately fell d[n dead1 b reviv$ :5 8 bro!r f\nd ! lo/ he>t 9 ! b]ry ( ! acacia & ?rew x into a cup ( fre% wat]4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,seyf el-,mulook 9 ! ,arabian ,nights ! j9nee tells ! captive daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,india1 ,:5 ,i 0 born1 ! a/rolog]s decl>$ t ! de/ruction ( my s\l w\ld be effect$ by ! h& ( "o ( ! sons ( ! human k+s4 ,i !re=e took my s\l1 & put x into ! crop ( a sp>r[1 & ,i imprison$ ! sp>r[ 9 a little box1 & put ?is into ano!r small box1 & ?is ,i put )9 sev5 o!r small boxes1 & ,i put ^! )9 sev5 *e/s1 & ! *e/s ,i put into a c(f] ( m>ble )9 ! v]ge ( ?is circumambi5t ocean2 = ?is "p is remote f ! c\ntries ( mank9d1 & none ( mank9d c ga9 access to x4 ,b ,seyf el-,mulook got possession ( ! sp>r[ & /rangl$ x1 & ! j9nee fell ^u ! gr\nd a heap ( black a%es4 ,9 a ,kabyle /ory an ogre decl>es t 8 fate is f> away 9 an egg1 :i* is 9 a pigeon1 :i* is 9 a camel1 :i* is 9 ! sea4 ,! h]o procures ! egg & cru%es x betwe5 8 h&s1 & ! ogre dies4 ,9 a ,magy> folk-tale1 an old wit* deta9s a "y pr9ce call$ ,ambrose 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,at la/ %e confid$ to him t %e kept a wild bo> 9 a silk5 mead[1 & if x 7 kill$1 !y w\ld f9d a h>e inside1 & inside ! h>e a pigeon1 & inside ! pigeon a small box1 & inside ! box "o black & "o %9+ beetle3 ! %9+ beetle held h] life1 & ! black "o held h] p[]2 if ^! two beetles di$1 !n h] life w\ld come to an end also4 ,:5 ! old hag w5t out1 ,ambrose kill$ ! wild bo>1 & took out ! h>e2 f ! h>e he took ! pigeon1 f ! pigeon ! box1 & f ! box ! two beetles2 he kill$ ! black beetle1 b kept ! %9+ "o alive4 ,s ! wit*'s p[] left h] imm$iately1 & :5 %e came home1 %e _h to take to h] b$4 ,hav+ le>n$ f h] h[ to escape f 8 prison to ! upp] air1 ,ambrose kill$ ! %9+ beetle1 & ! old hag's _s left h] at once4 ,9 a ,kalmuck tale we read h[ a c]ta9 khan *all5g$ a wise man to %[ 8 skill by /eal+ a preci\s /one on :i* ! khan's life dep5d$4 ,! sage contriv$ to purlo9 ! talisman :ile ! khan & 8 gu>ds slept2 b n cont5t ) ?is he gave a fur!r pro( ( 8 dext]ity by bonnet+ ! slumb]+ pot5tate ) a bladd]4 ,?is 0 too mu* = ! khan4 ,next morn+ he in=m$ ! sage t he c\ld ov]look ev]y?+ else1 b t ! indignity ( be+ bonnet$ ) a bladd] 0 m ?an he c\ld be>2 & he ord]$ 8 faceti\s fri5d to in/ant execution4 ,pa9$ at ?is exhibition ( royal +ratitude1 ! sage da%$ to ! gr\nd ! talisman :i* he /ill held 9 8 h&2 & at ! same in/ant blood fl[$ f ! no/rils ( ! khan1 & he gave up ! gho/4 ,9 a ,t>t> poem two h]oes nam$ ,ak ,molot & ,bulat engage 9 mortal combat4 ,ak ,molot pi]ces 8 foe ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) an arr[1 grapples ) him1 & da%es him to ! gr\nd1 b all 9 va91 ,bulat c\ld n die4 ,at la/ :5 ! combat has la/$ ?ree ye>s1 a fri5d ( ,ak ,molot sees a gold5 casket hang+ by a :ite ?read f ! sky1 & be?9ks him t p]haps ?is casket conta9s ,bulat's s\l4 ,s he %ot ?r\gh ! :ite ?read ) an arr[1 & d[n fell ! casket4 ,he op5$ x1 & 9 ! casket sat t5 :ite birds1 & "o ( ! birds 0 ,bulat's s\l4 ,bulat wept :5 he saw t 8 s\l 0 f\nd 9 ! casket4 ,b "o aft] ! o!r ! birds 7 kill$1 & !n ,ak ,molot easily slew 8 foe4 ,9 ano!r ,t>t> poem1 two bro!rs go+ to fight two o!r bro!rs take out _! s\ls & hide !m 9 ! =m ( a :ite h]b ) six /alks 9 a deep pit4 ,b "o ( _! foes sees !m do+ s & digs up _! s\ls1 :i* he puts into a gold5 ram's horn1 & !n /icks ! ram's horn 9 8 quiv]4 ,! two w>riors ^: s\ls h ?us be5 /ol5 "k t !y h no *ance ( victory1 & accord+ly make peace ) _! enemies4 ,9 ano!r ,t>t> poem a t]rible demon sets all ! gods & h]oes at defiance4 ,at la/ a valiant y\? fights ! demon1 b9ds him h& & foot1 & slices him ) 8 sword4 ,b /ill ! demon is n sla94 ,s ! y\? ask$ him1 ,tell me1 :]e is y\r s\l hidd58 ,= if y\r s\l _h be5 hidd5 9 y\r body1 y mu/ h be5 dead long ago4 ,! demon repli$1 ,on ! saddle ( my horse is a bag4 ,9 ! bag is a s]p5t ) twelve heads4 ,9 ! s]p5t is my s\l4 ,:5 y h kill$ ! s]p5t1 y h kill$ me also4 ,s ! y\? took ! saddle-bag f ! horse & kill$ ! twelve-head$ s]p5t1 :]eupon ! demon expir$4 ,9 ano!r ,t>t> poem a h]o call$ ,kk ,*an deposits ) a maid5 a gold5 r+1 9 :i* is half 8 /r5g?4 ,aft]w>ds :5 ,kk ,*an is wre/l+ long ) a h]o & _c kill him1 a woman drops into 8 m\? ! r+ :i* conta9s half 8 /r5g?4 ,?us inspir$ ) fre% =ce he slays 8 enemy4 ,9 a ,mongolian /ory ! h]o ,joro gets ! bett] ( 8 enemy ! lama ,ts*oridong 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! lama1 :o is an en*ant]1 s5ds out 8 s\l 9 ! =m ( a wasp to /+ ,joro's eyes4 ,b ,joro cat*es ! wasp 9 8 h&1 & by alt]nately %utt+ & op5+ 8 h& he causes ! lama alt]nately to lose & recov] consci\sness4 ,9 a ,t>t> poem two y\?s cut op5 ! body ( an old wit* & te> out h] b[els1 b all to no purpose1 %e /ill lives4 ,on be+ ask$ :]e h] s\l is1 %e answ]s t x is 9 ! middle ( h] %oe-sole 9 ! =m ( a sev5-head$ speckl$ snake4 ,s "o ( ! y\?s slices h] %oe-sole ) 8 sword1 takes out ! speckl$ snake1 & cuts (f its sev5 heads4 ,!n ! wit* dies4 ,ano!r ,t>t> poem describes h[ ! h]o ,k>taga grappl$ ) ! ,swan-woman4 ,long !y wre/l$4 ,moons wax$ & wan$ & /ill !y wre/l$2 ye>s came & w5t1 & /ill ! /ruggle w5t on4 ,b ! piebald horse & ! black horse knew t ! ,swan-woman's s\l 0 n 9 h]4 ,"u ! black e>? fl[ n9e seas2 :]e ! seas meet & =m "o1 ! sea comes to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,at ! m\? ( ! n9e seas rises a rock ( copp]2 x rises to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 x rises up betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 ?is rock ( copp]4 ,at ! foot ( ! copp] rock is a black *e/1 9 ! black *e/ is a gold5 casket1 & 9 ! gold5 casket is ! s\l ( ! ,swan-woman4 ,sev5 little birds are ! s\l ( ! ,swan-woman2 if ! birds are kill$ ! ,swan-woman w die /raightway4 ,s ! horses ran to ! foot ( ! copp] rock1 op5$ ! black *e/1 & br\ght back ! gold5 casket4 ,!n ! piebald horse turn$ himself into a bald-head$ man1 op5$ ! gold5 casket1 & cut (f ! heads ( ! sev5 birds4 ,s ! ,swan-woman di$4 ,9 ano!r ,t>t> poem ! h]o1 pursu+ 8 si/] :o has driv5 away 8 cattle1 is w>n$ to desi/ f ! pursuit because 8 si/] has c>ri$ away 8 s\l 9 a gold5 sword & a gold5 arr[1 & if he pursues h] %e w kill him by ?r[+ ! gold5 sword or %oot+ ! gold5 arr[ at him4 ,a ,malay poem relates h[ once ^u a "t 9 ! city ( ,indrapoora !re 0 a c]ta9 m]*ant :o 0 ri* & prosp]\s1 b he _h no *ildr54 ,"o day z he walk$ ) 8 wife by ! riv] !y f\nd a baby girl1 fair z an angel4 ,s !y adopt$ ! *ild & call$ h] ,bidas>i4 ,! m]*ant caus$ a gold5 fi% to be made1 & into ?is fi% he transf]r$ ! s\l ( 8 adopt$ daught]4 ,!n he put ! gold5 fi% 9 a gold5 box full ( wat]1 & hid x 9 a pond 9 ! mid/ ( 8 g>d54 ,9 "t ! girl grew to be a lovely woman4 ,n[ ! ,k+ ( ,indrapoora _h a fair "y que51 :o liv$ 9 fe> t ! k+ might take to himself a second wife4 ,s1 he>+ ( ! *>ms ( ,bidas>i1 ! que5 resolv$ to put h] out ( ! way4 ,%e lur$ ! girl to ! palace & tortur$ h] cruelly2 b ,bidas>i c\ld n die1 because h] s\l 0 n 9 h]4 ,at la/ %e c\ld /& ! torture no long] & said to ! que51 ,if y wi% me to die1 y mu/ br+ ! box :i* is 9 ! pond 9 my fa!r's g>d54 ,s ! box 0 br\ght & op5$1 & !re 0 ! gold5 fi% 9 ! wat]4 ,! girl said1 ,my s\l is 9 t fi%4 ,9 ! morn+ y mu/ take ! fi% out ( ! wat]1 & 9 ! ev5+ y mu/ put x back into ! wat]4 ,d n let ! fi% lie ab\t1 b b9d x r\nd y\r neck4 ,if y d ?is1 ,i %all soon die4 ,s ! que5 took ! fi% out ( ! box & fa/5$ x r\nd h] neck2 & no soon] _h %e done s ?an ,bidas>i fell into a swoon4 ,b 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! fi% 0 put back into ! wat]1 ,bidas>i came to h]self aga94 ,see+ t %e ?us _h ! girl 9 h] p[]1 ! que5 s5t h] home to h] adopt$ p>5ts4 ,to save h] f fur!r p]secution h] p>5ts resolv$ to remove _! daught] f ! city4 ,s 9 a lonely & desolate spot !y built a h\se & br\ght ,bidas>i ?i!r4 ,!re %e dwelt alone1 und]go+ vicissitudes t correspond$ ) ! vicissitudes ( ! gold5 fi% 9 :i* 0 h] s\l4 ,all day long1 :ile ! fi% 0 out ( ! wat]1 %e rema9$ unconsci\s2 b 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! fi% 0 put into ! wat]1 %e reviv$4 ,"o day ! k+ 0 out hunt+1 & com+ to ! h\se :]e ,bidas>i lay unconsci\s1 0 smitt5 ) h] beauty4 ,he tri$ to wak5 h]1 b 9 va94 ,next day1 t[>ds ev5+1 he repeat$ 8 visit1 b /ill f\nd h] unconsci\s4 ,h[ev]1 :5 d>kness fell1 %e came to h]self & told ! k+ ! secret ( h] life4 ,s ! k+ return$ to ! palace1 took ! fi% f ! que51 & put x 9 wat]4 ,imm$iately ,bidas>i reviv$1 & ! k+ took h] to wife4 ,ano!r /ory ( an ext]nal s\l comes f ,nias1 an isl& to ! we/ ( ,sumatra4 ,once on a "t a *ief 0 captur$ by 8 enemies1 :o tri$ to put him to dea? b fail$4 ,wat] w\ld n dr[n him nor fire burn him nor /eel pi]ce him4 ,at la/ 8 wife reveal$ ! secret4 ,on 8 head he _h a hair z h>d z a copp] wire2 & ) ?is wire 8 life 0 b\nd up4 ,s ! hair 0 pluck$ out1 & ) x 8 _s fl$4 ,a ,we/ ,african /ory f ,s\!rn ,nig]ia relates h[ a k+ kept 8 s\l 9 a little br[n bird1 :i* p]*$ on a tall tree beside ! gate ( ! palace4 ,! k+'s life 0 s b\nd up ) t ( ! bird t :oev] %\ld kill ! bird w\ld simultane\sly kill ! k+ & succe$ to ! k+dom4 ,! secret 0 betray$ by ! que5 to h] lov]1 :o %ot ! bird ) an arr[ & !reby slew ! k+ & asc5d$ ! vacant ?rone4 ,a tale told by ! ,ba-,ronga ( ,s\? ,africa sets =? h[ ! lives ( a :ole family 7 conta9$ 9 "o cat4 ,:5 a girl ( ! family1 nam$ ,titi%an1 m>ri$ a husb&1 %e begg$ h] p>5ts to let h] take ! preci\s cat ) h] to h] new home4 ,b !y refus$1 say+1 ,y "k t our life is atta*$ to x2 & !y (f]$ to give h] an antelope or ev5 an elephant in/ead ( x4 ,b no?+ w\ld satisfy h] b ! cat4 ,s at la/ %e c>ri$ x (f ) h] & %ut x up 9 a place :]e nobody saw x2 ev5 h] husb& knew no?+ ab\t x4 ,"o day1 :5 %e w5t to "w 9 ! fields1 ! cat escap$ f its place ( concealm5t1 ent]$ ! hut1 put on ! w>like trapp+s ( ! husb&1 & danc$ & sang4 ,"s *ildr51 attract$ by ! noise1 discov]$ ! cat at its antics1 & :5 !y express$ _! a/oni%m5t1 ! animal only cap]$ ! m & insult$ !m besides4 ,s !y w5t to ! own] & said1 ,!re is somebody danc+ 9 y\r h\se1 & he insult$ u4 ,hold y\r tongues1 said he1 ,i'll soon put a /op to y\r lies4 ,s he w5t & hid beh9d ! door & peep$ 91 & !re sure en\gh 0 ! cat pranc+ ab\t & s++4 ,he fir$ at x1 & ! animal dropp$ d[n dead4 ,at ! same mom5t 8 wife fell to ! gr\nd 9 ! field :]e %e 0 at "w2 said %e1 ,i h be5 kill$ at home4 ,b %e _h /r5g? en\gh left to ask h] husb& to g ) h] to h] p>5ts' village1 tak+ ) him ! dead cat wrapt up 9 a mat4 ,all h] relatives assembl$1 & bitt]ly !y reproa*$ h] = hav+ insi/$ on tak+ ! animal ) h] to h] husb&'s village4 ,z soon z ! mat 0 unroll$ & !y saw ! dead cat1 !y all fell d[n lifeless "o aft] ! o!r4 ,s ! ,clan ( ! ,cat 0 de/roy$2 & ! b]eav$ husb& clos$ ! gate ( ! village ) a bran*1 & return$ home1 & told 8 fri5ds h[ 9 kill+ ! cat he _h kill$ ! :ole clan1 because _! lives dep5d$ on ! life ( ! cat4 ,ideas ( ! same sort meet u 9 /ories told by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?us ! ,navajoes tell ( a c]ta9 my?ical be+ call$ ! ,maid5 t becomes a ,be>1 :o le>n$ ! art ( turn+ h]self into a be> f ! prairie wolf4 ,%e 0 a great w>rior & q invuln]able2 = :5 %e w5t to w> %e took out h] vital organs & hid !m1 s t no "o c\ld kill h]2 & :5 ! battle 0 ov] %e put ! organs back 9 _! places aga94 ,! ,kwakiutl ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia tell ( an ogress1 :o c\ld n be kill$ because h] life 0 9 a hemlock bran*4 ,a brave boy met h] 9 ! woods1 sma%$ h] head ) a /one1 scatt]$ h] bra9s1 broke h] bones1 & ?rew !m into ! wat]4 ,!n1 ?9k+ he _h dispos$ ( ! ogress1 he w5t into h] h\se4 ,!re he saw a woman root$ to ! floor1 :o w>n$ him1 say+1 ,n[ d n /ay long4 ,i "k t y h tri$ to kill ! ogress4 ,x is ! f\r? "t t somebody has tri$ to kill h]4 ,%e nev] dies2 %e has ne>ly come to life4 ,!re 9 t cov]$ hemlock bran* is h] life4 ,g !re1 & z soon z y see h] ent]1 %oot h] life4 ,!n %e w be dead4 ,h>dly _h %e f9i%$ speak+ :5 sure en\gh 9 came ! ogress1 s++ z %e walk$4 ,b ! boy %ot at h] life1 & %e fell dead to ! floor4 ,,lxvii4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,folk-,cu/om #a4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,inanimate ,?+s ,,?us ! idea t ! s\l may be deposit$ = a long] or %ort] "t 9 "s place ( security outside ! body1 or at all ev5ts 9 ! hair1 is f\nd 9 ! popul> tales ( _m races4 ,x rema9s to %[ t ! idea is n a m]e figm5t devis$ to adorn a tale1 b is a real article ( primitive fai?1 :i* has giv5 rise to a correspond+ set ( cu/oms4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! tales ! h]o1 z a prep>ation = battle1 sometimes removes 8 s\l f 8 body1 9 ord] t 8 body may be invuln]able & immortal 9 ! combat4 ,) a l int5tion ! savage removes 8 s\l f 8 body on v>i\s occasions ( real or imag9>y p]il4 ,?us among ! p ( ,m9ahassa 9 ,celebes1 :5 a family moves into a new h\se1 a prie/ collects ! s\ls ( ! :ole family 9 a bag1 & aft]w>ds re/ores !m to _! own]s1 because ! mom5t ( ent]+ a new h\se is suppos$ to be fraught ) sup]natural dang]4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,celebes1 :5 a woman is br\ght to b$1 ! mess5g] :o fet*es ! doctor or ! midwife always c>ries ) him some?+ made ( iron1 su* z a *opp+-knife1 :i* he deliv]s to ! doctor4 ,! doctor mu/ keep ! ?+ 9 8 h\se till ! conf9em5t is ov]1 :5 he gives x back1 receiv+ a fix$ sum ( money = do+ s4 ,! *opp+-knife1 or :atev] x is1 repres5ts ! woman's s\l1 :i* at ?is critical "t is believ$ to be saf] out ( h] body ?an 9 x4 ,h5ce ! doctor mu/ take great c>e ( ! object2 = 7 x lo/1 ! woman's s\l w\ld assur$ly1 !y ?9k1 be lo/ ) x4 ,among ! ,dyaks ( ,p9oeh1 a di/rict ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,borneo1 :5 a *ild is born1 a m$ic9e-man is s5t =1 :o conjures ! s\l ( ! infant into half a coco-nut1 :i* he !reupon cov]s ) a clo? & places on a squ>e platt] or *>g] susp5d$ by cords f ! ro(4 ,?is c]emony he repeats at e new moon = a ye>4 ,! int5tion ( ! c]emony is n expla9$ by ! writ] :o describes x1 b we may conjecture t x is to place ! s\l ( ! *ild 9 a saf] place ?an its own frail little body4 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by ! reason assign$ = a simil> cu/om obs]v$ else:]e 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ! ,kei ,isl&s1 :5 !re is a newly-born *ild 9 a h\se1 an empty coco-nut1 split & splic$ toge!r aga91 may sometimes be se5 hang+ beside a r\gh wood5 image ( an ance/or4 ,! s\l ( ! infant is believ$ to be tempor>ily deposit$ 9 ! coco-nut 9 ord] t x may be safe f ! attacks ( evil spirits2 b :5 ! *ild gr[s bigg] & /rong]1 ! s\l w take up its p]man5t abode 9 its own body4 ,simil>ly among ! ,esquimaux ( ,alaska1 :5 a *ild is sick1 ! m$ic9e-man w sometimes extract its s\l f its body & place x = safe-keep+ 9 an amulet1 :i* = fur!r security he deposits 9 8 own m$ic9e-bag4 ,x seems probable t _m amulets h be5 simil>ly reg>d$ z s\l-boxes1 t is1 z safes 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! own]s are kept = great] security4 ,an old ,mang'anje woman 9 ! ,we/ ,%ire di/rict ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa us$ to we> r\nd h] neck an ivory ornam5t1 holl[1 & ab\t ?ree in*es long1 :i* %e call$ h] life or s\l4 ,naturally1 %e w\ld n "p ) x2 a plant] tri$ to buy x ( h]1 b 9 va94 ,:5 ,mr4 ,james ,macdonald 0 "o day sitt+ 9 ! h\se ( a ,hlubi *ief1 await+ ! appe>ance ( t great man1 :o 0 busy decorat+ 8 p]son1 a native po9t$ to a pair ( magnific5t ox-horns1 & said1 ,ntame has 8 s\l 9 ^! horns4 ,! horns 7 ^? ( an animal :i* _h be5 sacrific$1 & !y 7 held sacr$4 ,a magician _h fa/5$ !m to ! ro( to protect ! h\se & its inmates f ! ?und]-bolt4 ,! idea1 adds ,mr4 ,macdonald1 is 9 no way =eign to ,s\? ,african ?\ght4 ,a man's s\l !re may dwell 9 ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 9 a tree1 by a spr+ ( wat]1 or on "s m\nta9 scaur4 ,among ! natives ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 !re is a secret society :i* goes by ! "n ( ,+niet or ,+iet4 ,on 8 entrance into x e man receives a /one 9 ! %ape ei!r ( a human be+ or ( an animal1 & h5ce=? 8 s\l is believ$ to be knit up 9 a mann] ) ! /one4 ,if x breaks1 x is an evil om5 = him2 !y say t ! ?und] has /ruck ! /one & t he :o owns x w soon die4 ,if nev]!less ! man survives ! break+ ( 8 s\l-/one1 !y say t x 0 n a prop] s\l-/one & he gets a new "o in/ead4 ,! emp]or ,romanus ,lecap5us 0 once in=m$ by an a/ronom] t ! life ( ,simeon1 pr9ce ( ,bulg>ia1 0 b\nd up ) a c]ta9 column 9 ,con/ant9ople1 s t if ! capital ( ! column 7 remov$1 ,simeon w\ld imm$iately die4 ,! emp]or took ! h9t & remov$ ! capital1 & at ! same h\r1 z ! emp]or le>n$ by enquiry1 ,simeon di$ ( he>t disease 9 ,bulg>ia4 ,aga91 we h se5 t 9 folk-tales a man's s\l or /r5g? is sometimes repres5t$ z b\nd up ) 8 hair1 & t :5 8 hair is cut (f he dies or gr[s weak4 ,s ! natives ( ,amboyna us$ to ?9k t _! /r5g? 0 9 _! hair & w\ld des]t !m if x 7 %orn4 ,a crim9al "u torture 9 a ,dut* ,c\rt ( t isl& p]si/$ 9 d5y+ 8 guilt till 8 hair 0 cut (f1 :5 he imm$iately confess$4 ,"o man1 :o 0 tri$ = murd]1 endur$ )\t fl9*+ ! utmo/ +5uity ( 8 tortur]s till he saw ! surgeon /&+ ) a pair ( %e>s4 ,on ask+ :at ?is 0 =1 & be+ told t x 0 to cut 8 hair1 he begg$ !y w\ld n d x1 & made a clean brea/4 ,9 subsequ5t cases1 :5 torture fail$ to wr+ a confession f a prison]1 ! ,dut* au?orities made a practice ( cutt+ (f 8 hair4 ,"h 9 ,europe x us$ to be ?\ght t ! malefic5t p[]s ( wit*es & wiz>ds resid$ 9 _! hair1 & t no?+ c\ld make any impression on ! miscreants s long z !y kept _! hair on4 ,h5ce 9 ,france x 0 cu/om>y to %ave ! :ole bodies ( p]sons *>g$ ) sorc]y be=e h&+ !m ov] to ! tortur]4 ,millaeus witness$ ! torture ( "s p]sons at ,t\l\se1 f :om no confession c\ld be wrung until !y 7 /ripp$ & completely %av51 :5 !y readily ackn[l$g$ ! tru? ( ! *>ge4 ,a woman also1 :o app>5tly l$ a pi\s life1 0 put to ! torture on suspicion ( wit*craft1 & bore h] agonies ) incr$ible con/ancy1 until complete depilation drove h] to admit h] guilt4 ,! not$ inquisitor ,spr5g] cont5t$ himself ) %av+ ! head ( ! suspect$ wit* or wiz>d2 b 8 m ?or\ghgo+ colleague ,cumanus %av$ ! :ole bodies ( =ty-sev5 wom5 be=e committ+ !m all to ! flames4 ,he _h high au?ority = ?is rigor\s scrut9y1 s9ce ,satan himself1 9 a s]mon prea*$ f ! pulpit ( ,nor? ,b]wick *ur*1 com=t$ 8 _m s]vants by assur+ !m t no h>m c\ld befall !m sa lang z _! hair wes on1 & s\ld newir latt ane teir fall fra ?air ene4 ,simil>ly 9 ,ba/>1 a prov9ce ( ,india1 if a man is adjudg$ guilty ( wit*craft1 he is beat5 by ! cr[d1 8 hair is %av$1 ! hair be+ suppos$ to con/itute 8 p[] ( mis*ief1 8 front tee? are knock$ out1 9 ord]1 x is said1 to prev5t him f mutt]+ incantations4 4 4 4 ,wom5 suspect$ ( sorc]y h to und]go ! same ordeal2 if f\nd guilty1 ! same puni%m5t is aw>d$1 & aft] be+ %av$1 _! hair is atta*$ to a tree 9 "s public place4 ,s among ! ,bhils ( ,india1 :5 a woman 0 convict$ ( wit*craft & _h be5 subject$ to v>i\s =ms ( p]suasion1 su* z hang+ head d[nw>ds f a tree & hav+ pepp] put into h] eyes1 a lock ( hair 0 cut f h] head & buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 t ! la/ l9k betwe5 h] & h] =m] p[]s ( mis*ief might be brok54 ,9 l mann] among ! ,aztecs ( ,mexico1 :5 wiz>ds & wit*es _h done _! evil de$s1 & ! "t came to put an end to _! dete/able life1 "s "o laid hold ( !m & cropp$ ! hair on ! cr[n ( _! heads1 :i* took f !m all _! p[] ( sorc]y & en*antm5t1 & !n x 0 t by dea? !y put an end to _! odi\s exi/5ce4 #b4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,plants ,,fur!r x has be5 %[n t 9 folk-tales ! life ( a p]son is sometimes s b\nd up ) ! life ( a plant t ! )]+ ( ! plant w imm$iately foll[ or be foll[$ by ! dea? ( ! p]son4 ,among ! ,m',b5gas 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 ab\t ! ,gaboon1 :5 two *ildr5 are born on ! same day1 ! p plant two trees ( ! same k9d & dance r\nd !m4 ,! life ( ea* ( ! *ildr5 is believ$ to be b\nd up ) ! life ( "o ( ! trees2 & if ! tree dies or is ?r[n d[n1 !y are sure t ! *ild w soon die4 ,9 ! ,cam]oons1 also1 ! life ( a p]son is believ$ to be sympa!tically b\nd up ) t ( a tree4 ,! *ief ( ,old ,t[n 9 ,calab> kept 8 s\l 9 a sacr$ grove ne> a spr+ ( wat]4 ,:5 "s ,europeans1 9 frolic or ignorance1 cut d[n "p ( ! grove1 ! _s 0 mo/ indignant & ?reat5$ ! p]petrators ( ! de$1 accord+ to ! k+1 ) all mann] ( evil4 ,"s ( ! ,papuans unite ! life ( a new-born babe sympa!tically ) t ( a tree by driv+ a pebble into ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,?is is suppos$ to give !m complete ma/]y ov] ! *ild's life2 if ! tree is cut d[n1 ! *ild w die4 ,aft] a bir? ! ,maoris us$ to bury ! navel-/r+ 9 a sacr$ place & plant a "y sapl+ ov] x4 ,z ! tree grew1 x 0 a tohu oranga or sign ( life = ! *ild2 if x fl\ri%$1 ! *ild w\ld prosp]2 if x )]$ & di$1 ! p>5ts augur$ ! wor/ = ! little "o4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,fiji ! navel-/r+ ( a male infant is plant$ toge!r ) a coco-nut or ! slip ( a breadfruit-tree1 & ! *ild's life is suppos$ to be intimately connect$ ) t ( ! tree4 ,among/ ! ,dyaks ( ,l&ak & ,tajan1 di/ricts ( ,dut* ,borneo1 x is cu/om>y to plant a fruit-tree = a baby1 & h5ce=? 9 ! popul> belief ! fate ( ! *ild is b\nd up ) t ( ! tree4 ,if ! tree %oots up rapidly1 x w g well ) ! *ild2 b if ! tree is dw>f$ or %rivell$1 no?+ b mis=tune c be expect$ = its human c\nt]p>t4 ,x is said t !re are /ill families 9 ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy :o are accu/om$ to plant a tree at ! bir? ( a *ild4 ,! tree1 x is hop$1 w gr[ ) ! *ild1 & x is t5d$ ) special c>e4 ,! cu/om is /ill pretty g5]al 9 ! canton ( ,a>gau 9 ,switz]l&2 an apple-tree is plant$ = a boy & a pe>-tree = a girl1 & ! p ?9k t ! *ild w fl\ri% or dw9dle ) ! tree4 ,9 ,meckl5burg ! aft]bir? is ?r[n out at ! foot ( a "y tree1 & ! *ild is !n believ$ to gr[ ) ! tree4 ,ne> ! ,ca/le ( ,dalh\sie1 n f> f ,ed9burgh1 !re gr[s an oak-tree1 call$ ! ,edgewell ,tree1 :i* is popul>ly believ$ to be l9k$ to ! fate ( ! family by a my/]i\s tie2 = !y say t :5 "o ( ! family dies1 or is ab\t to die1 a bran* falls f ! ,edgewell ,tree4 ,?us1 on see+ a great b\gh drop f ! tree on a quiet1 /ill day 9 ,july #ahgd1 an old =e/] exclaim$1 ,! laird's deid noo6 & soon aft] news came t ,fox ,maule1 elev5? ,e>l ( ,dalh\sie1 0 dead4 ,9 ,engl& *ildr5 are sometimes pass$ ?r\gh a cleft a%-tree z a cure = rupture or rickets1 & !nce=w>d a sympa!tic connexion is suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 !m & ! tree4 ,an a%-tree :i* _h be5 us$ = ?is purpose grew at ! edge ( ,%irley ,hea?1 on ! road f ,hockly ,h\se to ,birm+ham4 ,?omas ,*ill+wor?1 son ( ! own] ( an adjo9+ f>m1 n[ ab\t ?irty-f\r1 01 :5 an infant ( a ye> old1 pass$ ?r\gh a simil> tree1 n[ p]fectly s\nd1 :i* he pres]ves ) s mu* c>e t he w n suff] a s+le bran* to be t\*$1 = x is believ$ ! life ( ! pati5t dep5ds on ! life ( ! tree1 & ! mom5t t is cut d[n1 be ! pati5t ev] s di/ant1 ! rupture returns1 & a mortification ensues1 & t]m9ates 9 dea?1 z 0 ! case 9 a man driv+ a waggon on ! v road 9 "q4 ,x is n uncommon1 h[ev]1 adds ! writ]1 = p]sons to survive = a "t ! fell+ ( ! tree4 ,! ord9>y mode ( effect+ ! cure is to split a "y a%-sapl+ longitud9ally = a few feet & pass ! *ild1 nak$1 ei!r ?ree times or ?ree times ?ree ?r\gh ! fissure at sunrise4 ,9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl& x is said t ! passage %\ld be aga9/ ! sun4 ,z soon z ! c]emony has be5 p]=m$1 ! tree is b\nd tightly up & ! fissure pla/]$ ov] ) mud or clay4 ,! belief is t j z ! cleft 9 ! tree closes up1 s ! rupture 9 ! *ild's body w be heal$2 b t if ! rift 9 ! tree rema9s op51 ! rupture 9 ! *ild w rema9 too1 & if ! tree 7 to die1 ! dea? ( ! *ild w\ld surely foll[4 ,a simil> cure = v>i\s diseases1 b especially = rupture & rickets1 has be5 commonly practis$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 z ,g]many1 ,france1 ,d5m>k1 & ,sw$52 b 9 ^! c\ntries ! tree employ$ = ! purpose is usually n an a% b an oak2 sometimes a will[-tree is all[$ or ev5 prescrib$ in/ead4 ,9 ,meckl5burg1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! sympa!tic relation ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! tree & ! *ild is believ$ to be s close t if ! tree is cut d[n ! *ild w die4 #c4 ,! ,ext]nal ,s\l 9 ,animals ,,b 9 practice1 z 9 folk-tales1 x is n m]ely ) inanimate objects & plants t a p]son is occasionally believ$ to be unit$ by a bond ( physical sympa?y4 ,! same bond1 x is suppos$1 may exi/ betwe5 a man & an animal1 s t ! welf>e ( ! "o dep5ds on ! welf>e ( ! o!r1 & :5 ! animal dies ! man dies also4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! cu/om & ! tales is all ! clos] because 9 bo? ( !m ! p[] ( ?us remov+ ! s\l f ! body & /[+ x away 9 an animal is (t5 a special privilege ( wiz>ds & wit*es4 ,?us ! ,yakuts ( ,sib]ia believe t e %aman or wiz>d keeps 8 s\l1 or "o ( 8 s\ls1 inc>nate 9 an animal :i* is c>efully conceal$ f all ! _w4 ,nobody c f9d my ext]nal s\l1 said "o fam\s wiz>d1 x lies hidd5 f> away 9 ! /ony m\nta9s ( ,edzhigansk4 ,only once a ye>1 :5 ! la/ sn[s melt & ! e>? turns black1 d ^! ext]nal s\ls ( wiz>ds appe> 9 ! %ape ( animals among ! dwell+s ( m54 ,!y w&] ev]y:]e1 yet none b wiz>ds c see !m4 ,! /rong ones sweep ro>+ & noisily along1 ! weak /eal ab\t quietly & furtively4 ,(t5 !y fight1 & !n ! wiz>d ^: ext]nal s\l is beat51 falls ill or dies4 ,! weake/ & mo/ c[>dly wiz>ds are !y ^: s\ls are inc>nate 9 ! %ape ( dogs1 = ! dog gives 8 human d\ble no peace1 b gnaws 8 he>t & te>s 8 body4 ,! mo/ p[]ful wiz>ds are !y ^: ext]nal s\ls h ! %ape ( /allions1 elks1 black be>s1 eagles1 or bo>s4 ,aga91 ! ,samoy$s ( ! ,turukh9sk region hold t e %aman has a famili> _s 9 ! %ape ( a bo>1 :i* he leads ab\t by a magic belt4 ,on ! dea? ( ! bo> ! %aman himself dies2 & /ories are told ( battles betwe5 wiz>ds1 :o s5d _! spirits to fight be=e !y enc\nt] ea* o!r 9 p]son4 ,! ,malays believe t ! s\l ( a p]son may pass into ano!r p]son or into an animal1 or r t su* a my/]i\s relation c arise betwe5 ! two t ! fate ( ! "o is :olly dep5d5t on t ( ! o!r4 ,among ! ,melanesians ( ,mota1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides isl&s1 ! conception ( an ext]nal s\l is c>ri$ out 9 ! practice ( daily life4 ,9 ! ,mota language ! ^w tamaniu signifies some?+ animate or inanimate :i* a man has come to believe to h an exi/5ce intimately connect$ ) 8 own4 4 4 4 ,x 0 n e "o 9 ,mota :o _h 8 tamaniu2 only "s m5 fanci$ t !y _h ?is relation to a liz>d1 a snake1 or x might be a /one2 sometimes ! ?+ 0 s\ght = & f\nd by dr9k+ ! infusion ( c]ta9 leaves & heap+ toge!r ! dregs2 !n :atev] liv+ ?+ 0 fir/ se5 9 or ^u ! heap 0 ! tamaniu4 ,x 0 wat*$ b n f$ or wor%ipp$2 ! natives believ$ t x came at call1 & t ! life ( ! man 0 b\nd up ) ! life ( 8 tamaniu1 if a liv+ ?+1 or ) its safety2 %\ld x die1 or if n liv+ get brok5 or be lo/1 ! man w\ld die4 ,h5ce 9 case ( sickness !y w\ld s5d to see if ! tamaniu 0 safe & well4 ,! !ory ( an ext]nal s\l deposit$ 9 an animal appe>s to be v preval5t 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,nig]ia1 ! ,cam]oons1 & ! ,gaboon4 ,among ! ,fans ( ! ,gaboon e wiz>d is believ$ at initiation to unite 8 life ) t ( "s p>ticul> wild animal by a rite ( blood-bro!rhood2 he draws blood f ! e> ( ! animal & f 8 own arm1 & inoculates ! animal ) 8 own blood1 & himself ) ! blood ( ! bea/4 ,h5ce=? su* an intimate union is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two t ! dea? ( ! "o entails ! dea? ( ! o!r4 ,! alliance is ?\ght to br+ to ! wiz>d or sorc]] a great accession ( p[]1 :i* he c turn to 8 advantage 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 l ! w>lock 9 ! fairy tales :o has deposit$ 8 life outside ( himself 9 "s safe place1 ! ,fan wiz>d n[ deems himself invuln]able4 ,moreov]1 ! animal ) :i* he has ex*ang$ blood has become 8 famili>1 & w obey any ord]s he may *oose to give x2 s he makes use ( x to injure & kill 8 enemies4 ,= t reason ! creature ) :om he e/abli%es ! relation ( blood-bro!rhood is nev] a tame or dome/ic animal1 b always a f]oci\s & dang]\s wild bea/1 su* z a leop>d1 a black s]p5t1 a crocodile1 a hippopotamus1 a wild bo>1 or a vulture4 ,( all ^! creatures ! leop>d is by f> ! commone/ famili> ( ,fan wiz>ds1 & next to x comes ! black s]p5t2 ! vulture is ! r>e/4 ,wit*es z well z wiz>ds h _! famili>s2 b ! animals ) :i* ! lives ( wom5 are ?us b\nd up g5]ally diff] f ^? to :i* m5 commit _! ext]nal s\ls4 ,a wit* nev] has a pan!r = h] famili>1 b (t5 a v5om\s species ( s]p5t1 sometimes a horn$ vip]1 sometimes a black s]p5t1 sometimes a gre5 "o t lives 9 banana-trees2 or x may be a vulture1 an owl1 or o!r bird ( night4 ,9 e case ! bea/ or bird ) :i* ! wit* or wiz>d has contract$ ?is my/ic alliance is an individual1 nev] a species2 & :5 ! individual animal dies ! alliance is naturally at an end1 s9ce ! dea? ( ! animal is suppos$ to entail ! dea? ( ! man4 ,simil> beliefs are held by ! natives ( ! ,cross ,riv] valley )9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,cam]oons4 ,gr\ps ( p1 g5]ally ! inhabitants ( a village1 h *os5 v>i\s animals1 ) :i* !y believe !mselves to /& on a foot+ ( intimate fri5d%ip or relation%ip4 ,among/ su* animals are hippopotamuses1 elephants1 leop>ds1 crocodiles1 gorillas1 fi%1 & s]p5ts1 all ( !m creatures :i* are ei!r v /rong or c easily hide !mselves 9 ! wat] or a ?icket4 ,?is p[] ( conceal+ !mselves is said to be an indisp5sable condition ( ! *oice ( animal famili>s1 s9ce ! animal fri5d or help] is expect$ to injure 8 own]'s enemy by /eal?2 = example1 if he is a hippopotamus1 he w bob up sudd5ly out ( ! wat] & capsize ! enemy's canoe4 ,betwe5 ! animals & _! human fri5ds or k9sfolk su* a sympa!tic relation is suppos$ to exi/ t ! mom5t ! animal dies ! man dies also1 & simil>ly ! in/ant ! man p]i%es s does ! bea/4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! animal k9sfolk may nev] be %ot at or mole/$ = fe> ( injur+ or kill+ ! p]sons ^: lives are knit up ) ! lives ( ! brutes4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 prev5t ! p ( a village1 :o h elephants = _! animal fri5ds1 f hunt+ elephants4 ,= !y d n respect ! :ole species b m]ely c]ta9 individuals ( x1 :i* /& 9 an intimate relation to c]ta9 individual m5 & wom52 & !y imag9e t !y c always di/+ui% ^! bro!r elephants f ! common h]d ( elephants :i* are m]e elephants & no?+ m4 ,! recognition inde$ is said to be mutual4 ,:5 a hunt]1 :o has an elephant = 8 fri5d1 meets a human elephant1 z we may call x1 ! noble animal lifts up a paw & holds x be=e 8 face1 z mu* z to say1 ,don't %oot4 ,7 ! hunt] s inhuman z to fire on & w\nd su* an elephant1 ! p]son ^: life 0 b\nd up ) ! elephant w\ld fall ill4 ,! ,balong ( ! ,cam]oons ?9k t e man has sev]al s\ls1 ( :i* "o is 9 8 body & ano!r 9 an animal1 su* z an elephant1 a wild pig1 a leop>d1 & s =?4 ,:5 a man comes home1 feel+ ill1 & says1 ,i %all soon die1 & dies accord+ly1 ! p av] t "o ( 8 s\ls has be5 kill$ 9 a wild pig or a leop>d & t ! dea? ( ! ext]nal s\l has caus$ ! dea? ( ! s\l 9 8 body4 ,a simil> belief 9 ! ext]nal s\ls ( liv+ p is ent]ta9$ by ! ,ibos1 an important tribe ( ! ,nig] delta4 ,!y ?9k t a man's _s c quit 8 body = a "t dur+ life & take up its abode 9 an animal4 ,a man :o wi%es to acquire ?is p[] procures a c]ta9 drug f a wise man & mixes x ) 8 food4 ,aft] t 8 s\l goes out & ent]s into an animal4 ,if x %\ld happ5 t ! animal is kill$ :ile ! man's s\l is lodg$ 9 x1 ! man dies2 & if ! animal be w\nd$1 ! man's body w pres5tly be cov]$ ) boils4 ,?is belief in/igates to _m de$s ( d>kness2 = a sly rogue w sometimes surreptiti\sly adm9i/] ! magical drug to 8 enemy 9 8 food1 & hav+ ?us smuggl$ ! o!r's s\l into an animal w de/roy ! creature1 & ) x ! man ^: s\l is lodg$ 9 x4 ,! negroes ( ,calab>1 at ! m\? ( ! ,nig]1 believe t e p]son has f\r s\ls1 "o ( :i* always lives outside ( 8 or h] body 9 ! =m ( a wild bea/ 9 ! =e/4 ,?is ext]nal s\l1 or bu% s\l1 z ,miss ,k+sley calls x1 may be almo/ any animal1 = example1 a leop>d1 a fi%1 or a tortoise2 b x is nev] a dome/ic animal & nev] a plant4 ,unless he is gift$ ) second sight1 a man _c see 8 own bu% s\l1 b a div9] w (t5 tell him :at sort ( creature 8 bu% s\l is1 & aft] t ! man w be c>eful n to kill any animal ( t species1 & w /rongly object to any "o else do+ s4 ,a man & 8 sons h usually ! same sort ( animals = _! bu% s\ls1 & s ) a "m & h] daught]s4 ,b sometimes all ! *ildr5 ( a family take aft] ! bu% s\l ( _! fa!r2 = example1 if 8 ext]nal s\l is a leop>d1 all 8 sons & daught]s w h leop>ds = _! ext]nal s\ls4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 sometimes !y all take aft] _! "m2 = in/ance1 if h] ext]nal s\l is a tortoise1 all ! ext]nal s\ls ( h] sons & daught]s w be tortoises too4 ,s intimately b\nd up is ! life ( ! man ) t ( ! animal :i* he reg>ds z 8 ext]nal or bu% s\l1 t ! dea? or injury ( ! animal necess>ily entails ! dea? or injury ( ! man4 ,&1 conv]sely1 :5 ! man dies1 8 bu% s\l c no long] f9d a place ( re/1 b goes mad & ru%es into ! fire or *>ges p & is knock$ on ! head1 & t is an end ( x4 ,ne> ,eket 9 ,nor? ,calab> !re is a sacr$ lake1 ! fi% ( :i* are c>efully pres]v$ because ! p believe t _! own s\ls are lodg$ 9 ! fi%1 & t ) e fi% kill$ a human life w\ld be simultane\sly ext+ui%$4 ,9 ! ,calab> ,riv] n v _m ye>s ago !re us$ to be a huge old crocodile1 popul>ly suppos$ to conta9 ! ext]nal s\l ( a *ief :o resid$ 9 ! fle% at ,duke ,t[n4 ,sport+ vice-consuls us$ f "t to "t to hunt ! animal1 & once an (fic] contriv$ to hit x4 ,=?) ! *ief 0 laid up ) a w\nd 9 8 leg4 ,he gave out t a dog _h bitt5 him1 b no d\bt ! wise %ook _! heads & refus$ to be put (f ) s flimsy a pretext4 ,aga91 among sev]al tribes on ! banks ( ! ,nig] betwe5 ,lokoja & ! delta !re prevails a belief 9 ! possibility ( a man possess+ an alt] ego 9 ! =m ( "s animal su* z a crocodile or a hippopotamus4 ,x is believ$ t su* a p]son's life is b\nd up ) t ( ! animal to su* an ext5t t1 :atev] affects ! "o produces a correspond+ impression ^u ! o!r1 & t if "o dies ! o!r mu/ spe$ily d s too4 ,x happ5$ n v long ago t an ,engli%man %ot a hippopotamus close to a native village2 ! fri5ds ( a woman :o di$ ! same night 9 ! village dem&$ & ev5tually obta9$ five p\nds z comp5sation = ! murd] ( ! woman4 ,among/ ! ,zapotecs ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :5 a woman 0 ab\t to be conf9$1 h] relations assembl$ 9 ! hut1 & began to draw on ! floor figures ( diff]5t animals1 rubb+ ea* "o out z soon z x 0 complet$4 ,?is w5t on till ! mom5t ( bir?1 & ! figure t !n rema9$ sket*$ ^u ! gr\nd 0 call$ ! *ild's tona or second self4 ,:5 ! *ild grew old en\gh1 he procur$ ! animal t repres5t$ him & took c>e ( x1 z x 0 believ$ t heal? & exi/5ce 7 b\nd up ) t ( ! animal's1 9 fact t ! dea? ( bo? w\ld occur simultane\sly1 or r t :5 ! animal di$ ! man w\ld die too4 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guatemala & ,honduras ! nagual or naual is t animate or inanimate object1 g5]ally an animal1 :i* /&s 9 a p>allel relation to a p>ticul> man1 s t ! weal & woe ( ! man dep5d on ! fate ( ! nagual4 ,accord+ to an old writ]1 _m ,indians ( ,guatemala are delud$ by ! devil to believe t _! life dep5de? ^u ! life ( su* & su* a bea/ 7:i* !y take unto !m z _! famili> _s71 & ?9k t :5 t bea/ die? !y mu/ die2 :5 he is *as$1 _! he>ts pant2 :5 he is fa9t1 !y are fa9t2 nay1 x happ5e? t by ! devil's delusion !y appe> 9 ! %ape ( t bea/ 7:i* commonly by _! *oice is a buck1 or doe1 a lion1 or tigre1 or dog1 or eagle7 & 9 t %ape h be5 %ot at & w\nd$4 ,! ,indians 7 p]suad$ t ! dea? ( _! nagual w\ld entail _! own4 ,leg5d affirms t 9 ! fir/ battles ) ! ,spani>ds on ! plateau ( ,quetzalt5ango ! naguals ( ! ,indian *iefs f\ght 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts4 ,! nagual ( ! highe/ *ief 0 especially conspicu\s1 because x _h ! =m ( a great bird1 respl5d5t 9 gre5 plumage4 ,! ,spani% g5]al ,p$ro de ,alv>ado kill$ ! bird ) 8 lance1 & at ! same mom5t ! ,indian *ief fell dead to ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia ea* sex us$ to reg>d a p>ticul> species ( animals 9 ! same way t a ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indian reg>d$ 8 nagual1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :]eas ! ,indian app>5tly knew ! individual animal ) :i* 8 life 0 b\nd up1 ! ,au/ralians only knew t ea* ( _! lives 0 b\nd up ) "s "o animal ( ! species1 b !y c\ld n say ) :i*4 ,! result naturally 0 t e man sp>$ & protect$ all ! animals ( ! species ) :i* ! lives ( ! m5 7 b\nd up2 & e woman sp>$ & protect$ all ! animals ( ! species ) :i* ! lives ( ! wom5 7 b\nd up2 because no "o knew b t ! dea? ( any animal ( ! respective species might entail 8 or h] own2 j z ! kill+ ( ! gre5 bird 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! dea? ( ! ,indian *ief1 & ! kill+ ( ! p>rot by ! dea? ( ,pun*k9 9 ! fairy tale4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,wotjobaluk tribe ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia held t '! life ( ,ngunungunut 7! ,bat7 is ! life ( a man1 & ! life ( ,yrtatgurk 7! ,nightj>7 is ! life ( a woman1' & t :5 ei!r ( ^! creatures is kill$ ! life ( "s man or ( "s woman is %ort5$4 ,9 su* a case e man or e woman 9 ! camp fe>$ t he or %e might be ! victim1 & f ?is cause great fights arose 9 ?is tribe4 ,i le>n t 9 ^! fights1 m5 on "o side & wom5 on ! o!r1 x 0 n at all c]ta9 :i* w\ld be victori\s1 = at times ! wom5 gave ! m5 a sev]e drubb+ ) _! yam/icks1 :ile (t5 wom5 7 injur$ or kill$ by spe>s4 ,! ,wotjobaluk said t ! bat 0 ! man's bro!r & t ! nightj> 0 8 wife4 ,! p>ticul> species ( animals ) :i* ! lives ( ! sexes 7 believ$ to be respectively b\nd up v>i$ some:at f tribe to tribe4 ,?us :]eas among ! ,wotjobaluk ! bat 0 ! animal ( ! m51 at ,gunb[] ,creek on ! ,l[] ,murray ! bat seems to h be5 ! animal ( ! wom51 = ! natives w\ld n kill x = ! reason t if x 0 kill$1 "o ( _! lubras wom5 w\ld be sure to die 9 consequ5ce4 ,b :atev] ! p>ticul> sorts ( creature ) :i* ! lives ( m5 & wom5 7 believ$ to be b\nd up1 ! belief itself & ! fights to :i* x gave rise are kn[n to h prevail$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 & probably !y ext5d$ mu* f>!r4 ,! belief 0 a v s]i\s "o1 & s consequ5tly 7 ! fights :i* sprang f x4 ,?us among "s tribes ( ,victoria ! common bat belongs to ! m51 :o protect x aga9/ injury1 ev5 to ! half-kill+ ( _! wives = its sake4 ,! f]n owl1 or l>ge goatsuck]1 belongs to ! wom51 &1 al?\gh a bird ( evil om51 creat+ t]ror at night by its cry1 x is jeal\sly protect$ by !m4 ,if a man kills "o1 !y are z mu* enrag$ z if x 0 "o ( _! *ildr51 & w /rike him ) _! long poles4 ,! jeal\s protection ?us af=d$ by ,au/ralian m5 & wom5 to bats & owls respectively 7= bats & owls seem to be ! creatures usually allott$ to ! two sexes7 is n bas$ ^u purely selfi% consid]ations4 ,= ea* man believes t n only 8 own life b ! lives ( 8 fa!r1 bro!rs1 sons1 & s on are b\nd up ) ! lives ( p>ticul> bats1 & t !re=e 9 protect+ ! bat species he is protect+ ! lives ( all 8 male relations z well z 8 own4 ,simil>ly1 ea* woman believes t ! lives ( h] "m1 si/]s1 daught]s1 & s =?1 equally ) h] own1 are b\nd up ) ! lives ( p>ticul> owls1 & t 9 gu>d+ ! owl species %e is gu>d+ ! lives ( all h] female relations besides h] own4 ,n[1 :5 m5's lives are ?us suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 c]ta9 animals1 x is obvi\s t ! animals c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ! m51 or ! m5 f ! animals4 ,if my bro!r ,john's life is 9 a bat1 !n1 on ! "o h&1 ! bat is my bro!r z well z ,john2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,john is 9 a s5se a bat1 s9ce 8 life is 9 a bat4 ,simil>ly1 if my si/] ,m>y's life is 9 an owl1 !n ! owl is my si/] & ,m>y is an owl4 ,?is is a natural en\gh conclusion1 & ! ,au/ralians h n fail$ to draw x4 ,:5 ! bat is ! man's animal1 x is call$ 8 bro!r2 & :5 ! owl is ! woman's animal1 x is call$ h] si/]4 ,& conv]sely a man addresses a woman z an owl1 & %e addresses him z a bat4 ,s ) ! o!r animals allott$ to ! sexes respectively 9 o!r tribes4 ,= example1 among ! ,kurnai all emu-wr5s 7 bro!rs ( ! m51 & all ! m5 7 emu-wr5s2 all sup]b w>bl]s 7 si/]s ( ! wom51 & all ! wom5 7 sup]b w>bl]s4 ,b :5 a savage names himself aft] an animal1 calls x 8 bro!r1 & refuses to kill x1 ! animal is said to be 8 totem4 ,accord+ly 9 ! tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia :i* we h be5 consid]+ ! bat & ! owl1 ! emu-wr5 & ! sup]b w>bl]1 may prop]ly be describ$ z totems ( ! sexes4 ,b ! assignation ( a totem to a sex is comp>atively r>e1 & has hi!rto be5 discov]$ n[h]e b 9 ,au/ralia4 ,f> m commonly ! totem is appropriat$ n to a sex1 b to a clan1 & is h]$it>y ei!r 9 ! male or female l9e4 ,! relation ( an individual to ! clan totem does n diff] 9 k9d f 8 relation to ! sex totem2 he w n kill x1 he speaks ( x z 8 bro!r1 & he calls himself by its "n4 ,n[ if ! relations are simil>1 ! explanation :i* holds good ( ! "o ought equally to hold good ( ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 ! reason :y a clan rev]e a p>ticul> species ( animals or plants 7= ! clan totem may be a plant7 & call !mselves aft] x1 w\ld seem to be a belief t ! life ( ea* individual ( ! clan is b\nd up ) "s "o animal or plant ( ! species1 & t 8 or h] dea? w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( kill+ t p>ticul> animal1 or de/roy+ t p>ticul> plant4 ,?is explanation ( totemism squ>es v well ) ,sir ,george ,grey's def9ition ( a totem or kobong 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,he says3 ,a c]ta9 my/]i\s connexion exi/s betwe5 a family & its kobong1 s t a memb] ( ! family w nev] kill an animal ( ! species to :i* 8 kobong belongs1 %\ld he f9d x asleep2 inde$ he always kills x reluctantly1 & nev] )\t af=d+ x a *ance to escape4 ,?is arises f ! family belief t "s "o individual ( ! species is _! ne>e/ fri5d1 to kill :om w\ld be a great crime1 & to be c>efully avoid$4 ,simil>ly1 a native :o has a vegetable = 8 kobong may n ga!r x "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & at a p>ticul> p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,"h x w be obs]v$ t ?\gh ea* man sp>es all ! animals or plants ( ! species1 !y are n all equally preci\s to him2 f> f x1 out ( ! :ole species !re is only "o :i* is specially de> to him2 b z he does n "k :i* ! de> "o is1 he is oblig$ to sp>e !m all f fe> ( injur+ ! "o4 ,aga91 ?is explanation ( ! clan totem h>monises ) ! suppos$ effect ( kill+ "o ( ! totem species4 ,"o day "o ( ! blacks kill$ a cr[4 ,?ree or f\r days aft]w>ds a ,boortwa 7cr[7 i4e4 a man ( ! ,cr[ clan nam$ ,l>ry di$4 ,he _h be5 ail+ = "s days1 b ! kill+ ( 8 w+ong totem ha/5$ 8 dea?4 ,"h ! kill+ ( ! cr[ caus$ ! dea? ( a man ( ! ,cr[ clan1 exactly z1 9 ! case ( ! sex-totems1 ! kill+ ( a bat causes ! dea? ( a ,bat-man or ! kill+ ( an owl causes ! dea? ( an ,owl-woman4 ,simil>ly1 ! kill+ ( 8 nagual causes ! dea? ( a ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indian1 ! kill+ ( 8 bu% s\l causes ! dea? ( a ,calab> negro1 ! kill+ ( 8 tamaniu causes ! dea? ( a ,banks ,isl&]1 & ! kill+ ( ! animal 9 :i* 8 life is /[$ away causes ! dea? ( ! giant or w>lock 9 ! fairy tale4 ,?us x appe>s t ! /ory ( ,! giant :o _h no he>t 9 8 body may p]haps furni% ! key to ! relation :i* is suppos$ to subsi/ betwe5 a man & 8 totem4 ,! totem1 on ?is !ory1 is simply ! receptacle 9 :i* a man keeps 8 life1 z ,pun*k9 kept 8 life 9 a p>rot1 & ,bidas>i kept h] s\l 9 a gold5 fi%4 ,x is no valid objection to ?is view t :5 a savage has bo? a sex totem & a clan totem 8 life mu/ be b\nd up ) two diff]5t animals1 ! dea? ( ei!r ( :i* w\ld entail 8 own4 ,if a man has m vital places ?an "o 9 8 body1 :y1 ! savage may ?9k1 %\ld he n h m vital places ?an "o outside x8 ,:y1 s9ce he c put 8 life outside himself1 %\ld he n transf] "o portion ( x to "o animal & ano!r to ano!r8 ,! divisibility ( life1 or1 to put x o!rwise1 ! plurality ( s\ls1 is an idea sugge/$ by _m famili> facts1 & has comm5d$ itself to philosoph]s l ,plato1 z well z to savages4 ,x is only :5 ! notion ( a s\l1 f be+ a quasi-sci5tific hypo!sis1 becomes a !ological dogma t its unity & indivisibility are insi/$ ^u z ess5tial4 ,! savage1 un%ackl$ by dogma1 is free to expla9 ! facts ( life by ! assumption ( z _m s\ls z he ?9ks necess>y4 ,h5ce1 = example1 ! ,c>ibs suppos$ t !re 0 "o s\l 9 ! head1 ano!r 9 ! he>t1 & o!r s\ls at all ! places :]e an art]y is felt pulsat+4 ,"s ( ! ,hidatsa ,indians expla9 ! ph5om5a ( gradual dea?1 :5 ! extremities appe> dead fir/1 by suppos+ t man has f\r s\ls1 & t !y quit ! body1 n simultane\sly1 b "o aft] ! o!r1 dissolution be+ only complete :5 all f\r h dep>t$4 ,"s ( ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo & ! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula believe t e man has sev5 s\ls4 ,! ,alfoors ( ,poso 9 ,celebes are ( op9ion t he has ?ree4 ,! natives ( ,laos suppose t ! body is ! seat ( ?irty spirits1 :i* reside 9 ! h&s1 ! feet1 ! m\?1 ! eyes1 & s on4 ,h5ce1 f ! primitive po9t ( view1 x is p]fectly possible t a savage %\ld h "o s\l 9 8 sex totem & ano!r 9 8 clan totem4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i h obs]v$1 sex totems h be5 f\nd n[h]e b 9 ,au/ralia2 s t z a rule ! savage :o practises totemism ne$ n h m ?an "o s\l out ( 8 body at a "t4 ,if ?is explanation ( ! totem z a receptacle 9 :i* a man keeps 8 s\l or "o ( 8 s\ls is correct1 we %\ld expect to f9d "s totemic p ( :om x is expressly said t e man among/ !m is believ$ to keep at lea/ "o s\l p]man5tly out ( 8 body1 & t ! de/ruction ( ?is ext]nal s\l is suppos$ to entail ! dea? ( its own]4 ,su* a p are ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra4 ,! ,bataks are divid$ into exogam\s clans 7m>gas7 ) desc5t 9 ! male l9e2 & ea* clan is =bidd5 to eat ! fle% ( a p>ticul> animal4 ,"o clan may n eat ! tig]1 ano!r ! ape1 ano!r ! crocodile1 ano!r ! dog1 ano!r ! cat1 ano!r ! dove1 ano!r ! :ite buffalo1 & ano!r ! locu/4 ,! reason giv5 by memb]s ( a clan = ab/a9+ f ! fle% ( ! p>ticul> animal is ei!r t !y are desc5d$ f animals ( t species1 & t _! s\ls aft] dea? may transmigrate into ! animals1 or t !y or _! =efa!rs h be5 "u c]ta9 obligations to ! creatures4 ,sometimes1 b n always1 ! clan be>s ! "n ( ! animal4 ,?us ! ,bataks h totemism 9 full4 ,b1 fur!r1 ea* ,batak believes t he has sev5 or1 on a m mod]ate computation1 ?ree s\ls4 ,"o ( ^! s\ls is always outside ! body1 b nev]!less :5ev] x dies1 h[ev] f> away x may be at ! "t1 t same mom5t ! man dies also4 ,! writ] :o m5tions ?is belief says no?+ ab\t ! ,batak totems2 b on ! analogy ( ! ,au/ralian1 ,c5tral ,am]ican1 & ,african evid5ce we may conjecture t ! ext]nal s\l1 ^: dea? entails ! dea? ( ! man1 is h\s$ 9 ! totemic animal or plant4 ,aga9/ ?is view x c h>dly be ?\ght to militate t ! ,batak does n 9 set t]ms affirm 8 ext]nal s\l to be 9 8 totem1 b alleges o!r gr\nds = respect+ ! sacr$ animal or plant ( 8 clan4 ,= if a savage s]i\sly believes t 8 life is b\nd up ) an ext]nal object1 x is 9 ! la/ degree unlikely t he w let any /rang] into ! secret4 ,9 all t t\*es 8 inmo/ life & beliefs ! savage is exce$+ly suspici\s & res]v$2 ,europeans h resid$ among savages = ye>s )\t discov]+ "s ( _! capital articles ( fai?1 & 9 ! end ! discov]y has (t5 be5 ! result ( accid5t4 ,above all1 ! savage lives 9 an int5se & p]petual dread ( assass9ation by sorc]y2 ! mo/ trifl+ relics ( 8 p]son--! clipp+s ( 8 hair & nails1 8 spittle1 ! remnants ( 8 food1 8 v "n--all ^! may1 he fancies1 be turn$ by ! sorc]] to 8 de/ruction1 & he is !re=e anxi\sly c>eful to conceal or de/roy !m4 ,b if 9 matt]s su* z ^!1 :i* are b ! outpo/s & outworks ( 8 life1 he is s %y & secretive1 h[ close mu/ be ! concealm5t1 h[ imp5etrable ! res]ve 9 :i* he en%r\ds ! inn] keep & citadel ( 8 be+6 ,:5 ! pr9cess 9 ! fairy tale asks ! giant :]e he keeps 8 s\l1 he (t5 gives false or evasive answ]s1 & x is only aft] mu* coax+ & :e$l+ t ! secret is at la/ wrung f him4 ,9 8 jeal\s retic5ce ! giant resembles ! timid & furtive savage2 b :]eas ! exig5cies ( ! /ory dem& t ! giant %\ld at la/ reveal 8 secret1 no su* obligation is laid on ! savage2 & no inducem5t t c be (f]$ is likely to tempt him to imp]il 8 s\l by reveal+ its hid+-place to a /rang]4 ,x is !re=e no matt] = surprise t ! c5tral my/]y ( ! savage's life %\ld s long h rema9$ a secret1 & t we %\ld be left to piece x toge!r f scatt]$ h9ts & fragm5ts & f ! recollections ( x :i* l+] 9 fairy tales4 #d4 ,! ,ritual ( ,dea? & ,resurrection ,,?is view ( totemism ?r[s light on a class ( religi\s rites ( :i* no adequate explanation1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has yet be5 (f]$4 ,among/ _m savage tribes1 especially su* z are kn[n to practice totemism1 x is cu/om>y = lads at pub]ty to und]go c]ta9 initiatory rites1 ( :i* "o ( ! commone/ is a pret5ce ( kill+ ! lad & br++ him to life aga94 ,su* rites become intelligible if we suppose t _! sub/ance consi/s 9 extract+ ! y\?'s s\l 9 ord] to transf] x to 8 totem4 ,= ! extraction ( 8 s\l w\ld naturally be suppos$ to kill ! y\? or at lea/ to ?r[ him into a dea?-l trance1 :i* ! savage h>dly di/+ui%es f dea?4 ,8 recov]y w\ld !n be attribut$ ei!r to ! gradual recov]y ( 8 sy/em f ! viol5t %ock :i* x _h receiv$1 or1 m probably1 to ! infusion into him ( fre% life drawn f ! totem4 ,?us ! ess5ce ( ^! initiatory rites1 s f> z !y consi/ 9 a simulation ( dea? & resurrection1 w\ld be an ex*ange ( life or s\ls betwe5 ! man & 8 totem4 ,! primitive belief 9 ! possibility ( su* an ex*ange ( s\ls comes cle>ly out 9 a /ory ( a ,basque hunt] :o affirm$ t he _h be5 kill$ by a be>1 b t ! be> _h1 aft] kill+ him1 brea!d its own s\l into him1 s t ! be>'s body 0 n[ dead1 b he himself 0 a be>1 be+ animat$ by ! be>'s s\l4 ,?is revival ( ! dead hunt] z a be> is exactly analog\s to :at1 on ! !ory "h sugge/$1 is suppos$ to take place 9 ! c]emony ( kill+ a lad at pub]ty & br++ him to life aga94 ,! lad dies z a man & comes to life aga9 z an animal2 ! animal's s\l is n[ 9 him1 & 8 human s\l is 9 ! animal4 ,) good "r1 !re=e1 does he call himself a ,be> or a ,wolf1 etc41 accord+ to 8 totem2 & ) good "r does he treat ! be>s or ! wolves1 etc41 z 8 bre?r51 s9ce 9 ^! animals are lodg$ ! s\ls ( himself & 8 k9dr$4 ,examples ( ?is suppos$ dea? & resurrection at initiation are z foll[s4 ,9 ! ,wonghi or ,wonghibon tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! y\?s on approa*+ manhood are initiat$ at a secret c]emony1 :i* none b initiat$ m5 may witness4 ,"p ( ! proce$+s consi/s 9 knock+ out a too? & giv+ a new "n to ! novice1 indicative ( ! *ange f y\? to manhood4 ,:ile ! tee? are be+ knock$ out an in/rum5t kn[n z a bull-ro>]1 :i* consi/s ( a flat piece ( wood ) s]rat$ edges ti$ to ! end ( a /r+1 is swung r\nd s z to produce a l\d humm+ noise4 ,! un9itiat$ are n all[$ to see ?is in/rum5t4 ,wom5 are =bidd5 to witness ! c]emonies "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,x is giv5 out t ! y\?s are ea* met 9 turn by a my?ical be+1 call$ ,?ureml9 7m commonly kn[n z ,d>amulun7 :o takes ! y\? to a di/ance1 kills him1 & 9 "s in/ances cuts him up1 aft] :i* he re/ores him to life & knocks out a too?4 ,_! belief 9 ! p[] ( ,?ureml9 is said to be und\bt$4 ,! ,ual>oi ( ! ,upp] ,d>l+ ,riv] said t at initiation ! boy met a gho/1 :o kill$ him & br\ght him to life aga9 z a "y man4 ,among ! natives on ! ,l[] ,la*lan & ,murray ,riv]s x 0 ,?rumalun 7,d>amulun7 :o 0 ?\ght to slay & resuscitate ! novices4 ,9 ! ,unmatj]a tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia wom5 & *ildr5 believe t a _s call$ ,twanyirika kills ! y\? & aft]w>ds br+s him to life aga9 dur+ ! p]iod ( initiation4 ,! rites ( initiation 9 ?is tribe1 z 9 ! o!r ,c5tral tribes1 comprise ! op]ations ( circumcision & sub9cision2 & z soon z ! second ( ^! has be5 p]=m$ on him1 ! "y man receives f 8 fa!r a sacr$ /ick 7*ur+a71 ) :i*1 he is told1 8 _s 0 associat$ 9 ! remote/ pa/4 ,:ile he is out 9 ! bu% recov]+ f 8 w\nds1 he mu/ sw+ ! bull-ro>]1 or a be+ :o lives up 9 ! sky w swoop d[n & c>ry him (f4 ,9 ! ,b9b+a tribe1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 believe t ! noise ( ! bull-ro>] at initiation is made by a _s nam$ ,katajal9a1 :o lives 9 an ant-hill & comes out & eats up ! boy1 aft]w>ds re/or+ him to life4 ,simil>ly among _! neighb\rs ! ,anula ! wom5 imag9e t ! dron+ s\nd ( ! bull-ro>] is produc$ by a _s call$ ,gnabaia1 :o swall[s ! lads at initiation & aft]w>ds disgorges !m 9 ! =m ( initiat$ m54 ,among ! tribes settl$ on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ( :i* ! ,coa/ ,murr+ tribe may be reg>d$ z typical1 ! drama ( resurrection f ! dead 0 exhibit$ 9 a graphic =m to ! novices at initiation4 ,! c]emony has be5 describ$ = u by an eye-witness4 ,a man1 disguis$ ) /r+y b>k fibre1 lay d[n 9 a grave & 0 lightly cov]$ up ) /icks & e>?4 ,9 8 h& he held a small bu%1 :i* appe>$ to be gr[+ 9 ! soil1 & o!r bu%es 7 /uck 9 ! gr\nd to height5 ! effect4 ,!n ! novices 7 br\ght & plac$ beside ! grave4 ,next1 a procession ( m51 disguis$ 9 /r+y b>k fibre1 drew ne>4 ,!y repres5t$ a p>ty ( m$ic9e-m51 guid$ by two rev]5d s5iors1 :o _h come on pilgrimage to ! grave ( a bro!r m$ic9e-man1 :o lay buri$ !re4 ,:5 ! little procession1 *ant+ an invocation to ,d>amulun1 _h defil$ f among ! rocks & trees into ! op51 x drew up on ! side ( ! grave opposite to ! novices1 ! two old m5 tak+ up a position 9 ! re> ( ! danc]s4 ,= "s "t ! dance & song w5t on till ! tree t seem$ to gr[ f ! grave began to quiv]4 ,look !re6 cri$ ! m5 to ! novices1 po9t+ to ! trembl+ leaves4 ,z !y look$1 ! tree quiv]$ m & m1 !n 0 viol5tly agitat$ & fell to ! gr\nd1 :ile amid ! excit$ danc+ ( ! danc]s & ! *ant+ ( ! *oir ! suppos$ dead man spurn$ f him ! sup]9cumb5t mass ( /icks & leaves1 & spr++ to 8 feet danc$ 8 magic dance 9 ! grave itself1 & exhibit$ 9 8 m\? ! magic sub/ances :i* he 0 suppos$ to h receiv$ f ,d>amulun 9 p]son4 ,"s tribes ( ,nor!rn ,new ,gu9ea--! ,yabim1 ,bukaua1 ,kai1 & ,tami--l _m ,au/ralian tribes1 require e male memb] ( ! tribe to be circumcis$ be=e he ranks z a full-gr[n man2 & ! tribal initiation1 ( :i* circumcision is ! c5tral feature1 is conceiv$ by !m1 z by "s ,au/ralian tribes1 z a process ( be+ swall[$ & disgorg$ by a my?ical mon/]1 ^: voice is he>d 9 ! humm+ s\nd ( ! bull-ro>]4 ,inde$ ! ,new ,gu9ea tribes n only impress ?is belief on ! m9ds ( wom5 & *ildr51 b enact x 9 a dramatic =m at ! actual rites ( initiation1 at :i* no woman or un9itiat$ p]son may be pres5t4 ,= ?is purpose a hut ab\t a hundr$ feet long is erect$ ei!r 9 ! village or 9 a lonely "p ( ! =e/4 ,x is modell$ 9 ! %ape ( ! my?ical mon/]2 at ! end :i* repres5ts 8 head x is high1 & x tap]s away at ! o!r end4 ,a betel-palm1 grubb$ up ) ! roots1 /&s = ! backbone ( ! great be+ & its clu/]+ fibres = 8 hair2 & to complete ! resemblance ! butt end ( ! build+ is adorn$ by a native arti/ ) a pair ( goggle eyes & a gap+ m\?4 ,:5 aft] a te>ful p>t+ f _! mo!rs & wom5 folk1 :o believe or pret5d to believe 9 ! mon/] t swall[s _! de> ones1 ! awe-/ruck novices are br\ght face to face ) ?is impos+ /ructure1 ! huge creature emits a sull5 gr[l1 :i* is 9 fact no o!r ?an ! humm+ note ( bull-ro>]s swung by m5 conceal$ 9 ! mon/]'s belly4 ,! actual process ( deglutition is v>i\sly enact$4 ,among ! ,tami x is repres5t$ by caus+ ! c&idates to defile pa/ a r[ ( m5 :o hold bull-ro>]s ov] _! heads2 among ! ,kai x is m graphically set =? by mak+ !m pass "u a scaffold on :i* /&s a man1 :o makes a ge/ure ( swall[+ & takes 9 fact a gulp ( wat] z ea* trembl+ novice passes b5ea? him4 ,b ! pres5t ( a pig1 opportunely (f]$ = ! r$emption ( ! y\?1 induces ! mon/] to rel5t & disgorge 8 victim2 ! man :o repres5ts ! mon/] accepts ! gift vic>i\sly1 a gurgl+ s\nd is he>d1 & ! wat] :i* _h j be5 swall[$ desc5ds 9 a jet on ! novice4 ,?is signifies t ! "y man has be5 releas$ f ! mon/]'s belly4 ,h[ev]1 he has n[ to und]go ! m pa9ful & dang]\s op]ation ( circumcision4 ,x foll[s imm$iately1 & ! cut made by ! knife ( ! op]ator is expla9$ to be a bite or scrat* :i* ! mon/] inflict$ on ! novice 9 spew+ him out ( 8 capaci\s maw4 ,:ile ! op]ation is proce$+1 a prodigi\s noise is made by ! sw++ ( bull-ro>]s to repres5t ! ro> ( ! dreadful be+ :o is 9 ! act ( swall[+ ! "y man4 ,:51 z sometimes happ5s1 a lad dies f ! effect ( ! op]ation1 he is buri$ secretly 9 ! =e/1 & 8 sorr[+ "m is told t ! mon/] has a pig's /oma* z well z a human /oma*1 & t un=tunately h] son slipp$ into ! wrong /oma*1 f :i* x 0 impossible to extricate him4 ,aft] !y h be5 circumcis$ ! lads mu/ rema9 = "s mon?s 9 seclusion1 %unn+ all contact ) wom5 & ev5 ! sight ( !m4 ,!y live 9 ! long hut :i* repres5ts ! mon/]'s belly4 ,:5 at la/ ! lads1 n[ rank+ z initiat$ m51 are br\ght back ) great pomp & c]emony to ! village1 !y are receiv$ ) sobs & te>s ( joy by ! wom51 z if ! grave _h giv5 up its dead4 ,at fir/ ! "y m5 keep _! eyes rigidly clos$ or ev5 seal$ ) a pla/] ( *alk1 & !y appe> n to und]/& ! words ( comm& :i* are giv5 !m by an eld]4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 !y come to !mselves z if awak5+ f a /upor1 & next day !y ba! & wa% (f ! cru/ ( :ite *alk ) :i* _! bodies _h be5 coat$4 ,x is highly significant t all ^! tribes ( ,new ,gu9ea apply ! same ^w to ! bull-ro>] & to ! mon/]1 :o is suppos$ to swall[ ! novices at circumcision1 & ^: fe>ful ro> is repres5t$ by ! hum ( ! h>mless wood5 in/rum5ts4 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be not$ t 9 ?ree languages out ( ! f\r ! same ^w :i* is appli$ to ! bull-ro>] & to ! mon/] means also a gho/ or _s ( ! dead1 :ile 9 ! f\r? language 7! ,kai7 x signifies gr&fa!r4 ,f ?is x seems to foll[ t ! be+ :o swall[s & disgorges ! novices at initiation is believ$ to be a p[]ful gho/ or ance/ral _s1 & t ! bull-ro>]1 :i* be>s 8 "n1 is 8 mat]ial repres5tative4 ,t w\ld expla9 ! jeal\s secrecy ) :i* ! sacr$ implem5t is kept f ! sight ( wom54 ,:ile !y are n 9 use1 ! bull-ro>]s are /[$ away 9 ! m5's club-h\ses1 :i* no woman may ent]2 inde$ no woman or un9itiat$ p]son may set eyes on a bull-ro>] "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,simil>ly among ! ,tug]i or ,kaya-,kaya1 a l>ge ,papuan tribe on ! s\? coa/ ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 ! "n ( ! bull-ro>]1 :i* !y call sosom1 is giv5 to a my?ical giant1 :o is suppos$ to appe> e ye> ) ! s\?-ea/ monsoon4 ,:5 he comes1 a fe/ival is held 9 8 hon\r & bull-ro>]s are swung4 ,boys are pres5t$ to ! giant1 & he kills !m1 b consid]ately br+s !m to life aga94 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,viti ,levu1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s1 ! drama ( dea? & resurrection us$ to be act$ ) mu* solemnity be=e ! eyes ( "y m5 at initiation4 ,9 a sacr$ enclosure !y 7 %[n a r[ ( dead or seem+ly dead m5 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 _! bodies cut op5 & cov]$ ) blood1 _! entrails protrud+4 ,b at a yell f ! high prie/ ! c\nt]feit dead m5 />t$ to _! feet & ran d[n to ! riv] to cleanse !mselves f ! blood & guts ( pigs ) :i* !y 7 beslobb]$4 ,soon !y m>*$ back to ! sacr$ enclosure z if come to life1 clean1 fre%1 & g>l&$1 sway+ _! bodies 9 "t to ! music ( a solemn hymn1 & took _! places 9 front ( ! novices4 ,su* 0 ! drama ( dea? & resurrection4 ,! p ( ,rook1 an isl& betwe5 ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,brita91 hold fe/ivals at :i* "o or two disguis$ m51 _! heads cov]$ ) wood5 masks1 g danc+ ?r\gh ! village1 foll[$ by all ! o!r m54 ,!y dem& t ! circumcis$ boys :o h n yet be5 swall[$ by ,m>saba 7! devil7 %all be giv5 up to !m4 ,! boys1 trembl+ & %riek+1 are deliv]$ to !m1 & mu/ creep betwe5 ! legs ( ! disguis$ m54 ,!n ! procession moves ?r\gh ! village aga91 & ann\nces t ,m>saba has eat5 up ! boys1 & w n disgorge !m till he receives a pres5t ( pigs1 t>o1 & s =?4 ,s all ! villag]s1 accord+ to _! means1 contribute provisions1 :i* are !n consum$ 9 ! "n ( ,m>saba4 ,9 ! we/ ( ,c]am boys at pub]ty are admitt$ to ! ,kakian association4 ,mod]n writ]s h commonly reg>d$ ?is association z prim>ily a political league in/itut$ to resi/ =eign dom9ation4 ,9 reality its objects are purely religi\s & social1 ?\gh x is possible t ! prie/s may h occasionally us$ _! p[]ful influ5ce = political ends4 ,! society is 9 fact m]ely "o ( ^? widely-diffus$ primitive in/itutions1 ( :i* a *ief object is ! initiation ( "y m54 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! true nature ( ! association has be5 duly recognis$ by ! di/+ui%$ ,dut* e?nologi/1 ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el4 ,! ,kakian h\se is an oblong wood5 %$1 situat$ "u ! d>ke/ trees 9 ! dep? ( ! =e/1 & is built to admit s little light t x is impossible to see :at goes on 9 x4 ,e village has su* a h\se4 ,?i!r ! boys :o are to be initiat$ are conduct$ bl9dfold1 foll[$ by _! p>5ts & relations4 ,ea* boy is l$ by ! h& ( two m51 :o act z 8 sponsors or gu>dians1 look+ aft] him dur+ ! p]iod ( initiation4 ,:5 all are assembl$ be=e ! %$1 ! high prie/ calls al\d ^u ! devils4 ,imm$iately a hide\s upro> is he>d to proce$ f ! %$4 ,x is made by m5 ) bamboo trumpets1 :o h be5 secretly introduc$ into ! build+ by a back door1 b ! wom5 & *ildr5 ?9k x is made by ! devils1 & are mu* t]rifi$4 ,!n ! prie/s ent] ! %$1 foll[$ by ! boys1 "o at a "t4 ,z soon z ea* boy has disappe>$ )9 ! prec9cts1 a dull *opp+ s\nd is he>d1 a fe>ful cry r+s out1 & a sword or spe>1 dripp+ ) blood1 is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! %$4 ,?is is a tok5 t ! boy's head has be5 cut (f1 & t ! devil has c>ri$ him away to ! o!r _w1 !re to reg5]ate & trans=m him4 ,s at sight ( ! bloody sword ! mo!rs weep & wail1 cry+ t ! devil has murd]$ _! *ildr54 ,9 "s places1 x w\ld seem1 ! boys are pu%$ ?r\gh an op5+ made 9 ! %ape ( a crocodile's jaws or a cass[>y's beak1 & x is !n said t ! devil has swall[$ !m4 ,! boys rema9 9 ! %$ = five or n9e days4 ,sitt+ 9 ! d>k1 !y he> ! bla/ ( ! bamboo trumpets1 & f "t to "t ! s\nd ( musket %ots & ! cla% ( swords4 ,e day !y ba!1 & _! faces & bodies are sme>$ ) a yell[ dye1 to give !m ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 swall[$ by ! devil4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ! ,kakian h\se ea* boy has "o or two crosses tattoo$ ) ?orns on 8 brea/ or arm4 ,:5 !y are n sleep+1 ! lads mu/ sit 9 a cr\*+ po/ure )\t mov+ a muscle4 ,z !y sit 9 a r[ cross-legg$1 ) _! h&s /ret*$ out1 ! *ief takes 8 trumpet1 & plac+ ! m\? ( x on ! h&s ( ea* lad1 speaks ?r\gh x 9 /range tones1 imitat+ ! voice ( ! spirits4 ,he w>ns ! lads1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 to obs]ve ! rules ( ! ,kakian society1 & nev] to reveal :at has pass$ 9 ! ,kakian h\se4 ,! novices are also told by ! prie/s to behave well to _! blood relations1 & are taught ! traditions & secrets ( ! tribe4 ,meantime ! mo!rs & si/]s ( ! lads h gone home to weep & m\rn4 ,b 9 a day or two ! m5 :o act$ z gu>dians or sponsors to ! novices return to ! village ) ! glad tid+s t ! devil1 at ! int]cession ( ! prie/s1 has re/or$ ! lads to life4 ,! m5 :o br+ ?is news come 9 a fa9t+ /ate & daub$ ) mud1 l mess5g]s fre%ly arriv$ f ! ne!r _w4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,kakian h\se1 ea* lad receives f ! prie/ a /ick adorn$ at bo? ends ) a cock's or cass[>y's fea!rs4 ,! /icks are suppos$ to h be5 giv5 to ! lads by ! devil at ! "t :5 he re/or$ !m to life1 & !y s]ve z a tok5 t ! y\?s h be5 9 ! _s l&4 ,:5 !y return to _! homes !y tott] 9 _! walk1 & ent] ! h\se backw>d1 z if !y _h =gott5 h[ to walk prop]ly2 or !y ent] ! h\se by ! back door4 ,if a plate ( food is giv5 to !m1 !y hold x upside d[n4 ,!y rema9 dumb1 indicat+ _! wants by signs only4 ,all ?is is to %[ t !y are /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! devil or ! spirits4 ,_! sponsors h to tea* !m all ! common acts ( life1 z if !y 7 newborn *ildr54 ,fur!r1 ^u leav+ ! ,kakian h\se ! boys are /rictly =bidd5 to eat ( c]ta9 fruits until ! next celebration ( ! rites has tak5 place4 ,& = tw5ty or ?irty days _! hair may n be comb$ by _! mo!rs or si/]s4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! high prie/ takes !m to a lonely place 9 ! =e/1 & cuts (f a lock ( hair f ! cr[n ( ea* ( _! heads4 ,aft] ^! initiatory rites ! lads are deem$ m51 & may m>ry2 x w\ld be a sc&al if !y m>ri$ be=e4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,l[] ,congo a simulation ( dea? & resurrection is1 or r us$ to be1 practis$ by ! memb]s ( a guild or secret society call$ ndembo4 ,9 ! practice ( ,ndembo ! initiat+ doctors get "s "o to fall d[n 9 a pret5d$ fit1 & 9 t /ate he is c>ri$ away to an enclos$ place outside ! t[n4 ,?is is call$ 'dy+ ,ndembo4' ,o!rs foll[ suit1 g5]ally boys & girls1 b (t5 "y m5 & wom54 4 4 4 ,!y are suppos$ to h di$4 ,b ! p>5ts & fri5ds supply food1 & aft] a p]iod v>y+1 accord+ to cu/om1 f ?ree mon?s to ?ree ye>s1 x is arrang$ t ! doctor %all br+ !m to life aga94 4 4 4 ,:5 ! doctor's fee has be5 paid1 & money 7goods7 sav$ = a fea/1 ! ,ndembo p are br\ght to life4 ,at fir/ !y pret5d to "k no "o & no?+2 !y d n ev5 "k h[ to ma/icate food1 & fri5ds h to p]=m t (fice = !m4 ,!y want ev]y?+ nice t any "o un9itiat$ may h1 & beat !m if x is n grant$1 or ev5 /rangle & kill p4 ,!y d n get into tr\ble = ?is1 because x is ?\ght t !y d n "k bett]4 ,sometimes !y c>ry on ! pret5ce ( talk+ gibb]i%1 & behav+ z if !y _h return$ f ! _s-_w4 ,aft] ?is !y are kn[n by ano!r "n1 peculi> to ^? :o h 'di$ ,ndembo4' 4 4 4 ,we he> ( ! cu/om f> along on ! upp] riv]1 z well z 9 ! cat>act region4 ,among "s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re exi/ c]ta9 religi\s associations :i* are only op5 to c&idates :o h gone ?r\gh a pret5ce ( be+ kill$ & br\ght to life aga94 ,9 #agff or #agfg ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v] witness$ ! admission ( a c&idate to an association call$ ! fri5dly society ( ! ,_s 7,wakon-,kit*ewah7 among ! ,naud[essies1 a ,si\an or ,dacotan tribe 9 ! region ( ! great lakes4 ,! c&idate knelt be=e ! *ief1 :o told him t he himself 0 n[ agitat$ by ! same _s :i* he %\ld 9 a few mom5ts communicate to him2 t x w\ld /rike him dead1 b t he w\ld in/antly be re/or$ aga9 to life2 to ?is he add$1 t ! communication1 h[ev] t]rify+1 0 a necess>y introduction to ! advantages enjoy$ by ! community into :i* he 0 on ! po9t ( be+ admitt$4 ,z he spoke ?is1 he appe>$ to be greatly agitat$2 till at la/ 8 emotions became s viol5t1 t 8 c\nt5ance 0 di/ort$1 & 8 :ole frame convuls$4 ,at ?is juncture he ?rew some?+ t appe>$ bo? 9 %ape & col\r l a small bean1 at ! "y man1 :i* seem$ to ent] 8 m\?1 & he in/antly fell z motionless z if he _h be5 %ot4 ,= a "t ! man lay l dead1 b "u a %[] ( bl[s he %[$ signs ( consci\sness1 & f9ally1 dis*>g+ f 8 m\? ! bean1 or :atev] x 0 t ! *ief _h ?r[n at him1 he came to life4 ,9 o!r tribes1 = example1 ! ,ojebways1 ,w9nebagoes1 & ,dacotas or ,si\x1 ! in/rum5t by :i* ! c&idate is app>5tly sla9 is ! m$ic9e-bag4 ,! bag is made ( ! sk9 ( an animal 7su* z ! ott]1 wild cat1 s]p5t1 be>1 raccoon1 wolf1 owl1 weasel71 ( :i* x r\ghly pres]ves ! %ape4 ,ea* memb] ( ! society has "o ( ^! bags1 9 :i* he keeps ! odds & ends t make up 8 m$ic9e or *>ms4 ,!y believe t f ! miscellane\s cont5ts 9 ! belly ( ! sk9 bag or animal !re issues a _s or brea?1 :i* has ! p[]1 n only to knock d[n & kill a man1 b also to set him up & re/ore him to life4 ,! mode ( kill+ a man ) "o ( ^! m$ic9e-bags is to ?ru/ x at him2 he falls l dead1 b a second ?ru/ ( ! bag re/ores him to life4 ,a c]emony witness$ by ! ca/away ,john ,r4 ,jewitt dur+ 8 captivity among ! ,indians ( ,nootka ,s\nd d\btless belongs to ?is class ( cu/oms4 ,! ,indian k+ or *ief dis*>g$ a pi/ol close to 8 son's e>1 :o imm$iately fell d[n z if kill$1 ^u :i* all ! wom5 ( ! h\se set up a mo/ lam5table cry1 te>+ h&fuls ( hair f _! heads1 & exclaim+ t ! pr9ce 0 dead2 at ! same "t a great numb] ( ! inhabitants ru%$ into ! h\se arm$ ) _! dagg]s1 muskets1 etc41 enquir+ ! cause ( _! outcry4 ,^! 7 imm$iately foll[$ by two o!rs dress$ 9 wolf-sk9s1 ) masks ov] _! faces repres5t+ ! head ( t animal4 ,! latt] came 9 on _! h&s & feet 9 ! mann] ( a bea/1 & tak+ up ! pr9ce1 c>ri$ him (f ^u _! backs1 retir+ 9 ! same mann] !y ent]$4 ,9 ano!r place ,jewitt m5tions t ! "y pr9ce--a lad ( ab\t elev5 ye>s ( age--wore a mask 9 imitation ( a wolf's head4 ,n[1 z ! ,indians ( ?is "p ( ,am]ica are divid$ into totem clans1 ( :i* ! ,wolf clan is "o ( ! pr9cipal1 & z ! memb]s ( ea* clan are 9 ! habit ( we>+ "s portion ( ! totem animal ab\t _! p]son1 x is probable t ! pr9ce belong$ to ! ,wolf clan1 & t ! c]emony describ$ by ,jewitt repres5t$ ! kill+ ( ! lad 9 ord] t he might be born anew z a wolf1 mu* 9 ! same way t ! ,basque hunt] suppos$ himself to h be5 kill$ & to h come to life aga9 z a be>4 ,?is conjectural explanation ( ! c]emony has1 s9ce x 0 fir/ put =w>d1 be5 to "s ext5t confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,franz ,boas among ^! ,indians2 ?\gh x w\ld seem t ! community to :i* ! *ief's son ?us obta9$ admission 0 n s mu* a totem clan z a secret society call$ ,tlokoala1 ^: memb]s imitat$ wolves4 ,e new memb] ( ! society mu/ be initiat$ by ! wolves4 ,at night a pack ( wolves1 p]sonat$ by ,indians dress$ 9 wolf-sk9s & we>+ wolf-masks1 make _! appe>ance1 seize ! novice1 & c>ry him into ! woods4 ,:5 ! wolves are he>d outside ! village1 com+ to fet* away ! novice1 all ! memb]s ( ! society black5 _! faces & s+1 ,among all ! tribes is great excitem5t1 because ,i am ,tlokoala4 ,next day ! wolves br+ back ! novice dead1 & ! memb]s ( ! society h to revive him4 ,! wolves are suppos$ to h put a magic /one into 8 body1 :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e he c come to life4 ,till ?is is done ! pret5d$ corpse is left ly+ outside ! h\se4 ,two wiz>ds g & remove ! /one1 :i* appe>s to be qu>tz1 & !n ! novice is resuscitat$4 ,among ! ,niska ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :o are divid$ into f\r pr9cipal clans ) ! rav51 ! wolf1 ! eagle1 & ! be> = _! respective totems1 ! novice at initiation is always br\ght back by an artificial totem animal4 ,?us :5 a man 0 ab\t to be initiat$ into a secret society call$ ,olala1 8 fri5ds drew _! knives & pret5d$ to kill him4 ,9 reality !y let him slip away1 :ile !y cut (f ! head ( a dummy :i* _h be5 adroitly sub/itut$ = him4 ,!n !y laid ! decapitat$ dummy d[n & cov]$ x ov]1 & ! wom5 began to m\rn & wail4 ,8 relations gave a fun]al banquet & solemnly burnt ! effigy4 ,9 %ort1 !y held a regul> fun]al4 ,= a :ole ye> ! novice rema9$ abs5t & 0 se5 by none b memb]s ( ! secret society4 ,b at ! end ( t "t he came back alive1 c>ri$ by an artificial animal :i* repres5t$ 8 totem4 ,9 ^! c]emonies ! ess5ce ( ! rite appe>s to be ! kill+ ( ! novice 9 8 "* ( a man & 8 re/oration to life 9 ! =m ( ! animal :i* is !nce=w>d to be1 if n 8 gu>dian _s1 at lea/ l9k$ to him 9 a peculi>ly intimate relation4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! ,indians ( ,guatemala1 ^: life 0 b\nd up ) an animal1 7 suppos$ to h ! p[] ( appe>+ 9 ! %ape ( ! p>ticul> creature ) :i* !y 7 ?us sympa!tically unit$4 ,h5ce x seems n unreasonable to conjecture t 9 l mann] ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia may imag9e t _! life dep5ds on ! life ( "s "o ( t species ( creature to :i* !y assimilate !mselves by _! co/ume4 ,at lea/ if t is n an article ( belief ) ! ,columbian ,indians ( ! pres5t day1 x may v well h be5 s ) _! ance/ors 9 ! pa/1 & ?us may h help$ to m\ld ! rites & c]emonies bo? ( ! totem clans & ( ! secret societies4 ,= ?\gh ^! two sorts ( communities diff] 9 respect ( ! mode 9 :i* memb]%ip ( !m is obta9$--a man be+ born into 8 totem clan b admitt$ into a secret society lat] 9 life--we c h>dly d\bt t !y are ne> ak9 & h _! root 9 ! same mode ( ?\ght4 ,t ?\ght1 if ,i am "r1 is ! possibility ( e/abli%+ a sympa!tic relation ) an animal1 a _s1 or o!r mighty be+1 ) :om a man deposits = safe-keep+ 8 s\l or "s "p ( x1 & f :om he receives 9 return a gift ( magical p[]s4 ,?us1 on ! !ory "h sugge/$1 :]ev] totemism is f\nd1 & :]ev] a pret5ce is made ( kill+ & br++ to life aga9 ! novice at initiation1 !re may exi/ or h exi/$ n only a belief 9 ! possibility ( p]man5tly deposit+ ! s\l 9 "s ext]nal object--animal1 plant1 or :at n--b an actual int5tion ( s do+4 ,if ! "q is put1 :y d m5 desire to deposit _! life outside _! bodies8 ! answ] c only be t1 l ! giant 9 ! fairy tale1 !y ?9k x saf] to d s ?an to c>ry x ab\t ) !m1 j z p deposit _! money ) a bank] r ?an c>ry x on _! p]sons4 ,we h se5 t at critical p]iods ! life or s\l is sometimes tempor>ily /[$ away 9 a safe place till ! dang] is pa/4 ,b in/itutions l totemism are n resort$ to m]ely on special occasions ( dang]2 !y are sy/ems into :i* e "o1 or at lea/ e male1 is oblig$ to be initiat$ at a c]ta9 p]iod ( life4 ,n[ ! p]iod ( life at :i* initiation takes place is regul>ly pub]ty2 & ?is fact sugge/s t ! special dang] :i* totemism & sy/ems l x are int5d$ to obviate is suppos$ n to arise till sexual maturity has be5 atta9$1 9 fact1 t ! dang] appreh5d$ is believ$ to att5d ! relation ( ! sexes to ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be easy to prove by a long array ( facts t ! sexual relation is associat$ 9 ! primitive m9d ) _m s]i\s p]ils2 b ! exact nature ( ! dang] appreh5d$ is /ill obscure4 ,we may hope t a m exact acqua9tance ) savage modes ( ?\ght w 9 "t disclose ?is c5tral my/]y ( primitive society1 & w !reby furni% ! clue1 n only to totemism1 b to ! orig9 ( ! m>riage sy/em4 ,,lxviii4 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,,?us ! view t ,bald]'s life 0 9 ! mi/letoe is entirely 9 h>mony ) primitive modes ( ?\ght4 ,x may inde$ s\nd l a contradiction t1 if 8 life 0 9 ! mi/letoe1 he %\ld nev]!less h be5 kill$ by a bl[ f ! plant4 ,b :5 a p]son's life is conceiv$ z embodi$ 9 a p>ticul> object1 ) ! exi/5ce ( :i* 8 own exi/5ce is insep>ably b\nd up1 & ! de/ruction ( :i* involves 8 own1 ! object 9 "q may be reg>d$ & spok5 ( indiff]5tly z 8 life or 8 dea?1 z happ5s 9 ! fairy tales4 ,h5ce if a man's dea? is 9 an object1 x is p]fectly natural t he %\ld be kill$ by a bl[ f x4 ,9 ! fairy tales ,ko%*ei ! ,dea?less is kill$ by a bl[ f ! egg or ! /one 9 :i* 8 life or dea? is secret$2 ! ogres bur/ :5 a c]ta9 gra9 ( s&--d\btless conta9+ _! life or dea?--is c>ri$ ov] _! heads2 ! magician dies :5 ! /one 9 :i* 8 life or dea? is conta9$ is put "u 8 pill[2 & ! ,t>t> h]o is w>n$ t he may be kill$ by ! gold5 arr[ or gold5 sword 9 :i* 8 s\l has be5 /[$ away4 ,! idea t ! life ( ! oak 0 9 ! mi/letoe 0 probably sugge/$1 z ,i h said1 by ! obs]vation t 9 w9t] ! mi/letoe gr[+ on ! oak rema9s gre5 :ile ! oak itself is leafless4 ,b ! position ( ! plant--gr[+ n f ! gr\nd b f ! trunk or bran*es ( ! tree--might confirm ?is idea4 ,primitive man might ?9k t1 l himself1 ! oak-_s _h s\ght to deposit 8 life 9 "s safe place1 & = ?is purpose _h pit*$ on ! mi/letoe1 :i*1 be+ 9 a s5se nei!r on e>? nor 9 heav51 might be suppos$ to be fairly out ( h>m's way4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we saw t primitive man seeks to pres]ve ! life ( 8 human div9ities by keep+ !m pois$ betwe5 e>? & heav51 z ! place :]e !y are lea/ likely to be assail$ by ! dang]s t encompass ! life ( man on e>?4 ,we c !re=e und]/& :y x has be5 a rule bo? ( anci5t & ( mod]n folk-m$ic9e t ! mi/letoe %\ld n be all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd2 7 x to t\* ! gr\nd1 its heal+ virtue w\ld be gone4 ,?is may be a survival ( ! old sup]/ition t ! plant 9 :i* ! life ( ! sacr$ tree 0 conc5trat$ %\ld n be expos$ to ! risk incurr$ by contact ) ! e>?4 ,9 an ,indian leg5d1 :i* (f]s a p>allel to ! ,bald] my?1 ,indra swore to ! demon ,namuci t he w\ld slay him nei!r by day nor by night1 nei!r ) /aff nor ) b[1 nei!r ) ! palm ( ! h& nor ) ! fi/1 nei!r ) ! wet nor ) ! dry4 ,b he kill$ him 9 ! morn+ twilight by spr9kl+ ov] him ! foam ( ! sea4 ,! foam ( ! sea is j su* an object z a savage might *oose to put 8 life 91 because x occupies t sort ( int]m$iate or nondescript position betwe5 e>? & sky or sea & sky 9 :i* primitive man sees safety4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ! foam ( ! riv] %\ld be ! totem ( a clan 9 ,india4 ,aga91 ! view t ! mi/letoe owes its my/ic "* p>tly to its n gr[+ on ! gr\nd is confirm$ by a p>allel sup]/ition ab\t ! m\nta9-a% or r[an-tree4 ,9 ,jutl& a r[an t is f\nd gr[+ out ( ! top ( ano!r tree is e/eem$ exce$+ly effective aga9/ wit*craft3 s9ce x does n gr[ on ! gr\nd wit*es h no p[] ov] x2 if x is to h its full effect x mu/ be cut on ,asc5sion ,day4 ,h5ce x is plac$ ov] doors to prev5t ! +ress ( wit*es4 ,9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 also1 magical prop]ties are ascrib$ to a fly+-r[an 7flgrnn71 t is to a r[an :i* is f\nd gr[+ n 9 ! ord9>y fa%ion on ! gr\nd b on ano!r tree1 or on a ro(1 or 9 a cleft ( ! rock1 :]e x has spr\t$ f se$ scatt]$ by birds4 ,!y say t a man :o is out 9 ! d>k %\ld h a bit ( fly+-r[an ) him to *ew2 else he runs a risk ( be+ bewit*$ & ( be+ unable to /ir f ! spot4 ,j z 9 ,sc&9avia ! p>asitic r[an is deem$ a c\nt]*>m to sorc]y1 s 9 ,g]many ! p>asitic mi/letoe is /ill commonly consid]$ a protection aga9/ wit*-craft1 & 9 ,sw$51 z we saw1 ! mi/letoe :i* is ga!r$ on ,midsumm] ,eve is atta*$ to ! ceil+ ( ! h\se1 ! horse's /all or ! c['s crib1 9 ! belief t ?is r5d]s ! ,troll p[]less to injure man or bea/4 ,! view t ! mi/letoe 0 n m]ely ! in/rum5t ( ,bald]'s dea?1 b t x conta9$ 8 life1 is c\nt5anc$ by ! analogy ( a ,scotti% sup]/ition4 ,tradition ran t ! fate ( ! ,hays ( ,errol1 an e/ate 9 ,p]?%ire1 ne> ! ,fir? ( ,tay1 0 b\nd up ) ! mi/letoe t grew on a c]ta9 great oak4 ,a memb] ( ! ,hay family has record$ ! old belief z foll[s3 ,among ! l[ c\ntry families ! badges are n[ almo/ g5]ally =gott52 b x appe>s by an anci5t ,,ms41 & ! tradition ( a few old p 9 ,p]?%ire1 t ! badge ( ! ,hays 0 ! mi/letoe4 ,!re 0 =m]ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,errol1 & n f> f ! ,falcon /one1 a va/ oak ( an unkn[n age1 & ^u :i* grew a pr(usion ( ! plant3 _m *>ms & leg5ds 7 consid]$ to be connect$ ) ! tree1 & ! duration ( ! family ( ,hay 0 said to be unit$ ) its exi/5ce4 ,x 0 believ$ t a sprig ( ! mi/letoe cut by a ,hay on ,allhall[mas eve1 ) a new dirk1 & aft] surr\nd+ ! tree ?ree times sunwise1 & pron\nc+ a c]ta9 spell1 0 a sure *>m aga9/ all glam\r or wit*]y1 & an infallible gu>d 9 ! day ( battle4 ,a spray ga!r$ 9 ! same mann] 0 plac$ 9 ! cradle ( infants1 & ?\ght to def5d !m f be+ *ang$ = elfbairns by ! fairies4 ,f9ally1 x 0 affirm$1 t :5 ! root ( ! oak _h p]i%$1 '! grass %\ld gr[ 9 ! he>? ( ,errol1 & a rav5 %\ld sit 9 ! falcon's ne/4' ,! two mo/ unlucky de$s :i* c\ld be done by "o ( ! "n ( ,hay 01 to kill a :ite falcon1 & to cut d[n a limb f ! oak ( ,errol4 ,:5 ! old tree 0 de/roy$ ,i c\ld nev] le>n4 ,! e/ate has be5 sold out ( ! family ( ,hay1 & ( c\rse x is said t ! fatal oak 0 cut d[n a %ort "t be=e4 ,! old sup]/ition is record$ 9 v]ses :i* are traditionally ascrib$ to ,?omas ! ,rhym]3 ,:ile ! mi/letoe bats on ,errol's aik1 ,& t aik /&s fa/1 ,! ,hays %all fl\ri%1 & _! good grey hawk ,%all no*t fl9* be=e ! bla/4 ,b :5 ! root ( ! aik decays1 ,& ! mi/letoe dw9es on its )]$ brea/1 ,! grass %all gr[ on ,errol's he>?/ane1 ,& ! corbie r\p 9 ! falcon's ne/4 ,x is n a new op9ion t ! ,gold5 ,b\gh 0 ! mi/letoe4 ,true1 ,virgil does n id5tify b only comp>es x ) mi/letoe4 ,b ?is may be only a poetical device to ca/ a my/ic glam\r ov] ! humble plant4 ,or1 m probably1 8 description 0 bas$ on a popul> sup]/ition t at c]ta9 times ! mi/letoe blaz$ out into a sup]natural gold5 glory4 ,! poet tells h[ two doves1 guid+ ,a5eas to ! gloomy vale 9 ^: dep? grew ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 alight$ ^u a tree1 :5ce %one a flick]+ gleam ( gold4 ,z 9 ! woods 9 w9t] cold ! mi/letoe--a plant n native to its tree--is gre5 ) fre% leaves & tw9es its yell[ b]ries ab\t ! boles2 su* seem$ ^u ! %ady holm-oak ! leafy gold1 s ru/l$ 9 ! g5tle breeze ! gold5 leaf4 ,"h ,virgil def9itely describes ! ,gold5 ,b\gh z gr[+ on a holm-oak1 & comp>es x ) ! mi/letoe4 ,! inf]5ce is almo/ inevitable t ! ,gold5 ,b\gh 0 no?+ b ! mi/letoe se5 ?r\gh ! haze ( poetry or ( popul> sup]/ition4 ,n[ gr\nds h be5 %[n = believ+ t ! prie/ ( ! ,arician grove--! ,k+ ( ! ,wood--p]sonifi$ ! tree on :i* grew ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,h5ce if t tree 0 ! oak1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood mu/ h be5 a p]sonification ( ! oakspirit4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easy to und]/& :y1 be=e he c\ld be sla91 x 0 necess>y to break ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,z an oak-_s1 8 life or dea? 0 9 ! mi/letoe on ! oak1 & s long z ! mi/letoe rema9$ intact1 he1 l ,bald]1 c\ld n die4 ,to slay him1 !re=e1 x 0 necess>y to break ! mi/letoe1 & probably1 z 9 ! case ( ,bald]1 to ?r[ x at him4 ,& to complete ! p>allel1 x is only necess>y to suppose t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood 0 =m]ly burn$1 dead or alive1 at ! midsumm] fire fe/ival :i*1 z we h se51 0 annually celebrat$ 9 ! ,arician grove4 ,! p]petual fire :i* burn$ 9 ! grove1 l ! p]petual fire :i* burn$ 9 ! temple ( ,ve/a at ,rome & "u ! oak at ,romove1 0 probably f$ ) ! sacr$ oak-wood2 & ?us x w\ld be 9 a great fire ( oak t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood =m]ly met 8 end4 ,at a lat] "t1 z ,i h sugge/$1 8 annual t5ure ( (fice 0 l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 z ! case might be1 by ! rule :i* all[$ him to live s long z he c\ld prove 8 div9e "r by ! /rong h&4 ,b he only escap$ ! fire to fall by ! sword4 ,?us x seems t at a remote age 9 ! he>t ( ,italy1 beside ! sweet ,lake ( ,nemi1 ! same fi]y trag$y 0 annually enact$ :i* ,italian m]*ants & soldi]s 7 aft]w>ds to witness among _! rude k9dr$1 ! ,celts ( ,gaul1 & :i*1 if ! ,roman eagles _h ev] swoop$ on ,norway1 might h be5 f\nd repeat$ ) little diff]5ce among ! b>b>\s ,aryans ( ! ,nor?4 ,! rite 0 probably an ess5tial feature 9 ! anci5t ,aryan wor%ip ( ! oak4 ,x only rema9s to ask1 ,:y 0 ! mi/letoe call$ ! ,gold5 ,b\gh8 ,! :iti%-yell[ ( ! mi/letoe b]ries is h>dly en\gh to acc\nt = ! "n1 = ,virgil says t ! b\gh 0 altoge!r gold51 /ems z well z leaves4 ,p]haps ! "n may be d]iv$ f ! ri* gold5 yell[ :i* a b\gh ( mi/letoe assumes :5 x has be5 cut & kept = "s mon?s2 ! bright t9t is n conf9$ to ! leaves1 b spreads to ! /alks z well1 s t ! :ole bran* appe>s to be inde$ a ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,breton peasants hang up great bun*es ( mi/letoe 9 front ( _! cottages1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,june ^! bun*es are conspicu\s = ! bright gold5 t+e ( _! foliage4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,brittany1 especially ab\t ,morbihan1 bran*es ( mi/letoe are hung ov] ! doors ( /ables & byres to protect ! horses & cattle1 probably aga9/ wit*craft4 ,! yell[ col\r ( ! )]$ b\gh may p>tly expla9 :y ! mi/letoe has be5 sometimes suppos$ to possess ! prop]ty ( disclos+ treasures 9 ! e>?2 = on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic magic !re is a natural aff9ity betwe5 a yell[ b\gh & yell[ gold4 ,?is sugge/ion is confirm$ by ! analogy ( ! m>vell\s prop]ties popul>ly ascrib$ to ! my?ical f]n-se$1 :i* is popul>ly suppos$ to bloom l gold or fire on ,midsumm] ,eve4 ,?us 9 ,bohemia x is said t on ,/4 ,john's ,day f]n-se$ blooms ) gold5 blossoms t gleam l fire4 ,n[ x is a prop]ty ( ?is my?ical f]n-se$ t :oev] has x1 or w asc5d a m\nta9 hold+ x 9 8 h& on ,midsumm] ,eve1 w discov] a ve9 ( gold or w see ! treasures ( ! e>? %9+ ) a blui% flame4 ,9 ,russia !y say t if y succe$ 9 cat*+ ! wondr\s bloom ( ! f]n at midnight on ,midsumm] ,eve1 y h only to ?r[ x up into ! air1 & x w fall l a /> on ! v spot :]e a treasure lies hidd54 ,9 ,brittany treasure-seek]s ga!r f]n-se$ at midnight on ,midsumm] ,eve1 & keep x till ,palm ,sunday ( ! foll[+ ye>2 !n !y /rew ! se$ on ! gr\nd :]e !y ?9k a treasure is conceal$4 ,tyrolese peasants imag9e t hidd5 treasures c be se5 gl[+ l flame on ,midsumm] ,eve1 & t f]n-se$1 ga!r$ at ?is my/ic season1 ) ! usual precautions1 w help to br+ ! buri$ gold to ! surface4 ,9 ! ,swiss canton ( ,freiburg p us$ to wat* beside a f]n on ,/4 ,john's night 9 ! hope ( w9n+ a treasure1 :i* ! devil himself sometimes br\ght to !m4 ,9 ,bohemia !y say t he :o procures ! gold5 bloom ( ! f]n at ?is season has !reby ! key to all hidd5 treasures2 & t if maid5s w spread a clo? "u ! fa/-fad+ bloom1 r$ gold w drop into x4 ,& 9 ! ,tryol & ,bohemia if y place f]n-se$ among money1 ! money w nev] decrease1 h[ev] mu* ( x y sp5d4 ,sometimes ! f]n-se$ is suppos$ to bloom on ,*ri/mas night1 & :oev] cat*es x w become v ri*4 ,9 ,/yria !y say t by ga!r+ f]n-se$ on ,*ri/mas night y c =ce ! devil to br+ y a bag ( money4 ,?us1 on ! pr9ciple ( l by l1 f]n-se$ is suppos$ to discov] gold because x is itself gold52 & = a simil> reason x enri*es its possessor ) an unfail+ supply ( gold4 ,b :ile ! f]n-se$ is describ$ z gold51 x is equally describ$ z gl[+ & fi]y4 ,h5ce1 :5 we consid] t two great days = ga!r+ ! fabul\s se$ are ,midsumm] ,eve & ,*ri/mas--t is1 ! two sol/ices 7= ,*ri/mas is no?+ b an old hea!n celebration ( ! w9t] sol/ice7--we are l$ to reg>d ! fi]y aspect ( ! f]n-se$ z prim>y1 & its gold5 aspect z second>y & d]ivative4 ,f]n-se$1 9 fact1 w\ld seem to be an emanation ( ! sun's fire at ! two turn+-po9ts ( its c\rse1 ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices4 ,?is view is confirm$ by a ,g]man /ory 9 :i* a hunt] is said to h procur$ f]n-se$ by %oot+ at ! sun on ,midsumm] ,day at noon2 ?ree drops ( blood fell d[n1 :i* he caught 9 a :ite clo?1 & ^! blood-drops 7 ! f]n-se$4 ,"h ! blood is cle>ly ! blood ( ! sun1 f :i* ! f]n-se$ is ?us directly d]iv$4 ,?us x may be tak5 z probable t f]n-se$ is gold51 because x is believ$ to be an emanation ( ! sun's gold5 fire4 ,n[1 l f]n-se$1 ! mi/letoe is ga!r$ ei!r at ,midsumm] or at ,*ri/mas--t is1 ei!r at ! summ] or at ! w9t] sol/ice--&1 l f]n-se$1 x is suppos$ to possess ! p[] ( reveal+ treasures 9 ! e>?4 ,on ,midsumm] ,eve p 9 ,sw$5 make div9+-rods ( mi/letoe1 or ( f\r diff]5t k9ds ( wood "o ( :i* mu/ be mi/letoe4 ,! treasure-seek] places ! rod on ! gr\nd aft] sund[n1 & :5 x re/s directly ov] treasure1 ! rod beg9s to move z if x 7 alive4 ,n[1 if ! mi/letoe discov]s gold1 x mu/ be 9 its "* ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh2 & if x is ga!r$ at ! sol/ices1 mu/ n ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 l ! gold5 f]n-se$1 be an emanation ( ! sun's fire8 ,! "q _c be answ]$ ) a simple affirmative4 ,we h se5 t ! old ,aryans p]haps k9dl$ ! sol/itial & o!r c]emonial fires 9 "p z sun-*>ms1 t is1 ) ! int5tion ( supply+ ! sun ) fre% fire2 & z ^! fires 7 usually made by ! friction or combu/ion ( oak-wood1 x may h appe>$ to ! anci5t ,aryan t ! sun 0 p]iodically recruit$ f ! fire :i* resid$ 9 ! sacr$ oak4 ,9 o!r words1 ! oak may h seem$ to him ! orig9al /oreh\se or res]voir ( ! fire :i* 0 f "t to "t drawn out to fe$ ! sun4 ,b if ! life ( ! oak 0 conceiv$ to be 9 ! mi/letoe1 ! mi/letoe mu/ on t view h conta9$ ! se$ or g]m ( ! fire :i* 0 elicit$ by friction f ! wood ( ! oak4 ,?us1 in/ead ( say+ t ! mi/letoe 0 an emanation ( ! sun's fire1 x might be m correct to say t ! sun's fire 0 reg>d$ z an emanation ( ! mi/letoe4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! mi/letoe %one ) a gold5 spl5d\r1 & 0 call$ ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 l f]n-se$1 x 0 ?\ght to assume its gold5 aspect only at ^? /at$ times1 especially midsumm]1 :5 fire 0 drawn f ! oak to light up ! sun4 ,at ,pulv]bat*1 9 ,%rop%ire1 x 0 believ$ )9 liv+ memory t ! oak-tree blooms on ,midsumm] ,eve & ! blossom )]s be=e daylight4 ,a maid5 :o wi%es to "k h] lot 9 m>riage %\ld spread a :ite clo? "u ! tree at night1 & 9 ! morn+ %e w f9d a little du/1 :i* is all t rema9s ( ! fl[]4 ,%e %\ld place ! p9* ( du/ "u h] pill[1 & !n h] future husb& w appe> to h] 9 h] dreams4 ,?is fleet+ bloom ( ! oak1 if ,i am "r1 0 probably ! mi/letoe 9 its "* ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,! conjecture is confirm$ by ! obs]vation t 9 ,wales a real sprig ( mi/letoe ga!r$ on ,midsumm] ,eve is simil>ly plac$ "u ! pill[ to induce prophetic dreams2 & fur!r ! mode ( cat*+ ! imag9>y bloom ( ! oak 9 a :ite clo? is exactly t :i* 0 employ$ by ! ,druids to cat* ! real mi/letoe :5 x dropp$ f ! b\gh ( ! oak1 sev]$ by ! gold5 sickle4 ,z ,%rop%ire bord]s on ,wales1 ! belief t ! oak blooms on ,midsumm] ,eve may be ,wel% 9 its imm$iate orig91 ?\gh probably ! belief is a fragm5t ( ! primitive ,aryan cre$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 z we saw1 peasants /ill g out on ,midsumm] morn+ to se>* ! oak-trees = ! oil ( ,/4 ,john1 :i*1 l ! mi/letoe1 heals all w\nds1 & is1 p]haps1 ! mi/letoe itself 9 its glorifi$ aspect4 ,?us x is easy to und]/& h[ a title l ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 s little descriptive ( its usual appe>ance on ! tree1 %\ld h be5 appli$ to ! seem+ly insignificant p>asite4 ,fur!r1 we c p]haps see :y 9 antiquity mi/letoe 0 believ$ to possess ! rem>kable prop]ty ( ext+ui%+ fire1 & :y 9 ,sw$5 x is /ill kept 9 h\ses z a safegu>d aga9/ conflagration4 ,its fi]y nature m>ks x out1 on homoeopa?ic pr9ciples1 z ! be/ possible cure or prev5tive ( injury by fire4 ,^! consid]ations may p>tially expla9 :y ,virgil makes ,a5eas c>ry a glorifi$ b\gh ( mi/letoe ) him on 8 desc5t into ! gloomy subt]ranean _w4 ,! poet describes h[ at ! v gates ( hell !re /ret*$ a va/ & gloomy wood1 & h[ ! h]o1 foll[+ ! flight ( two doves t lur$ him on1 w&]$ into ! dep?s ( ! immemorial =e/ till he saw af> (f ?r\gh ! %ad[s ( ! trees ! flick]+ light ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh illum9at+ ! matt$ b\ghs ov]head4 ,if ! mi/letoe1 z a yell[ )]$ b\gh 9 ! sad autumn woods1 0 conceiv$ to conta9 ! se$ ( fire1 :at bett] companion c\ld a =lorn w&]] 9 ! ne!r %ades take ) him ?an a b\gh t w\ld be a lamp to 8 feet z well z a rod & /aff to 8 h&s8 ,arm$ ) x he might boldly confront ! dreadful spectres t w\ld cross 8 pa? on 8 adv5tur\s j\rney4 ,h5ce :5 ,a5eas1 em]g+ f ! =e/1 comes to ! banks ( ,/yx1 w9d+ sl[ ) sluggi% /ream ?r\gh ! inf]nal m>%1 & ! surly f]ryman refuses him passage 9 8 boat1 he has b to draw ! ,gold5 ,b\gh f 8 bosom & hold x up1 & /raightway ! blu/]] quails at ! sight & meekly receives ! h]o into 8 crazy b>k1 :i* s9ks deep 9 ! wat] "u ! unusual weight ( ! liv+ man4 ,ev5 9 rec5t times1 z we h se51 mi/letoe has be5 deem$ a protection aga9/ wit*es & trolls1 & ! anci5ts may well h cr$it$ x ) ! same magical virtue4 ,& if ! p>asite c1 z "s ( our peasants believe1 op5 all locks1 :y %\ld x n h s]v$ z an op5 ,sesame 9 ! h&s ( ,a5eas to unlock ! gates ( dea?8 ,n[1 too1 we c conjecture :y ,virbius at ,nemi came to be conf\nd$ ) ! sun4 ,if ,virbius 01 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 a tree-_s1 he mu/ h be5 ! _s ( ! oak on :i* grew ! ,gold5 ,b\gh2 = tradition repres5t$ him z ! fir/ ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,wood4 ,z an oak-_s he mu/ h be5 suppos$ p]iodically to rek9dle ! sun's fire1 & might !re=e easily be conf\nd$ ) ! sun itself4 ,simil>ly we c expla9 :y ,bald]1 an oak-_s1 0 describ$ z s fair ( face & s %9+ t a light w5t =? f him1 & :y he %\ld h be5 s (t5 tak5 to be ! sun4 ,& 9 g5]al we may say t 9 primitive society1 :5 ! only kn[n way ( mak+ fire is by ! friction ( wood1 ! savage mu/ necess>ily conceive ( fire z a prop]ty /or$ away1 l sap or juice1 9 trees1 f :i* he has labori\sly to extract x4 ,! ,s5al ,indians ( ,cali=nia pr(ess to believe t ! :ole _w 0 once a globe ( fire1 :5ce t elem5t pass$ up into ! trees1 & n[ comes out :5ev] two pieces ( wood are rubb$ toge!r4 ,simil>ly ! ,maidu ,indians ( ,cali=nia hold t ! e>? 0 prim>ily a globe ( molt5 matt]1 & f t ! pr9ciple ( fire asc5d$ ?r\gh ! roots into ! trunk & bran*es ( trees1 :5ce ! ,indians c extract x by means ( _! drill4 ,9 ,namoluk1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 !y say t ! art ( mak+ fire 0 taught m5 by ! gods4 ,ol(aet1 ! cunn+ ma/] ( flames1 gave fire to ! bird mwi & bade him c>ry x to e>? 9 8 bill4 ,s ! bird flew f tree to tree & /or$ away ! slumb]+ =ce ( ! fire 9 ! wood1 f :i* m5 c elicit x by friction4 ,9 ! anci5t ,v$ic hymns ( ,india ! fire-god ,agni is spok5 ( z born 9 wood1 z ! embryo ( plants1 or z di/ribut$ 9 plants4 ,he is also said to h ent]$ into all plants or to /rive aft] !m4 ,:5 he is call$ ! embryo ( trees or ( trees z well z plants1 !re may be a side-glance at ! fire produc$ 9 =e/s by ! friction ( ! b\ghs ( trees4 ,a tree :i* has be5 /ruck by lightn+ is naturally reg>d$ by ! savage z *>g$ ) a d\ble or triple portion ( fire2 = has he n se5 ! mighty fla% ent] into ! trunk ) 8 own eyes8 ,h5ce p]haps we may expla9 "s ( ! _m sup]/iti\s beliefs conc]n+ trees t h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,:5 ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia wi%$ to set fire to ! h\ses ( _! enemies1 !y %ot at !m arr[s :i* 7 ei!r made f a tree t _h be5 /ruck by lightn+ or _h spl9t]s ( su* wood atta*$ to !m4 ,w5di% peasants ( ,saxony refuse to burn 9 _! /oves ! wood ( trees t h be5 /ruck by lightn+2 !y say t ) su* fuel ! h\se w\ld be burnt d[n4 ,9 l mann] ! ,?onga ( ,s\? ,africa w n use su* wood z fuel nor w>m !mselves at a fire :i* has be5 k9dl$ ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 lightn+ sets fire to a tree1 ! ,w9amwanga ( ,nor!rn ,rhodesia put out all ! fires 9 ! village & pla/] ! fireplaces afre%1 :ile ! head m5 convey ! lightn+-k9dl$ fire to ! *ief1 :o prays ov] x4 ,! *ief !n s5ds out ! new fire to all 8 villages1 & ! villag]s rew>d 8 mess5g]s = ! boon4 ,?is %[s t !y look ^u fire k9dl$ by lightn+ ) rev]5ce1 & ! rev]5ce is intelligible1 = !y speak ( ?und] & lightn+ z ,god himself com+ d[n to e>?4 ,simil>ly ! ,maidu ,indians ( ,cali=nia believe t a ,great ,man creat$ ! _w & all its inhabitants1 & t lightn+ is no?+ b ! ,great ,man himself desc5d+ swiftly out ( heav5 & r5d+ ! trees ) 8 flam+ arms4 ,x is a plausible !ory t ! rev]5ce :i* ! anci5t peoples ( ,europe paid to ! oak1 & ! connexion :i* !y trac$ betwe5 ! tree & _! sky-god1 7 d]iv$ f ! mu* great] frequ5cy ) :i* ! oak appe>s to be /ruck by lightn+ ?an any o!r tree ( our ,european =e/s4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! tree has seem+ly be5 e/abli%$ by a s]ies ( obs]vations in/itut$ )9 rec5t ye>s by sci5tific enquir]s :o h no my?ological !ory to ma9ta94 ,h[ev] we may expla9 x1 :e!r by ! easi] passage ( electricity ?r\gh oak-wood ?an ?r\gh any o!r timb]1 or 9 "s o!r way1 ! fact itself may well h attract$ ! notice ( our rude =efa!rs1 :o dwelt 9 ! va/ =e/s :i* !n cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ,europe2 & !y might naturally acc\nt = x 9 _! simple religi\s way by suppos+ t ! great sky-god1 :om !y wor%ipp$ & ^: awful voice !y he>d 9 ! roll ( ?und]1 lov$ ! oak above all ! trees ( ! wood & (t5 desc5d$ into x f ! murky cl\d 9 a fla% ( lightn+1 leav+ a tok5 ( 8 pres5ce or ( 8 passage 9 ! riv5 & black5$ trunk & ! bla/$ foliage4 ,su* trees w\ld !nce=? be encircl$ by a nimbus ( glory z ! visible seats ( ! ?und]+ sky-god4 ,c]ta9 x is t1 l "s savages1 bo? ,greeks & ,romans id5tifi$ _! great god ( ! sky & ( ! oak ) ! lightn+ fla% :i* /ruck ! gr\nd2 & !y regul>ly enclos$ su* a /rick5 spot & treat$ x !reaft] z sacr$4 ,x is n ra% to suppose t ! ance/ors ( ! ,celts & ,g]mans 9 ! =e/s ( ,c5tral ,europe paid a l respect = l reasons to a bla/$ oak4 ,?is explanation ( ! ,aryan rev]5ce = ! oak & ( ! association ( ! tree ) ! great god ( ! ?und] & ! sky1 0 sugge/$ or impli$ long ago by ,jacob ,grimm1 & has be5 9 rec5t ye>s p[]fully re9=c$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]4 ,x appe>s to be simpl] & m probable ?an ! explanation :i* ,i =m]ly adopt$1 namely1 t ! oak 0 wor%ipp$ prim>ily = ! _m b5efits :i* our rude =efa!rs d]iv$ f ! tree1 p>ticul>ly = ! fire :i* !y drew by friction f its wood2 & t ! connexion ( ! oak ) ! sky 0 an aft]-?\ght bas$ on ! belief t ! fla% ( lightn+ 0 no?+ b ! sp>k :i* ! sky-god up al(t elicit$ by rubb+ two pieces ( oak-wood aga9/ ea* o!r1 j z 8 savage wor%ipp] k9dl$ fire 9 ! =e/ on e>?4 ,on t !ory ! god ( ! ?und] & ! sky 0 d]iv$ f ! orig9al god ( ! oak2 on ! pres5t !ory1 :i* ,i n[ pref]1 ! god ( ! sky & ! ?und] 0 ! great orig9al deity ( our ,aryan ance/ors1 & 8 association ) ! oak 0 m]ely an inf]5ce bas$ on ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! oak 0 se5 to be /ruck by lightn+4 ,if ! ,aryans1 z "s ?9k1 roam$ ! wide /eppes ( ,russia or ,c5tral ,asia ) _! flocks & h]ds be=e !y plung$ into ! gloom ( ! ,european =e/s1 !y may h wor%ipp$ ! god ( ! blue or cl\dy firmam5t & ! fla%+ ?und]bolt long be=e !y ?\ght ( associat+ him ) ! bla/$ oaks 9 _! new home4 ,p]haps ! new !ory has ! fur!r advantage ( ?r[+ light on ! special sanctity ascrib$ to mi/letoe :i* gr[s on an oak4 ,! m]e r>ity ( su* a gr[? on an oak h>dly suffices to expla9 ! ext5t & ! p]si/5ce ( ! sup]/ition4 ,a h9t ( its real orig9 is possibly furni%$ by ! /atem5t ( ,pl9y t ! ,druids wor%ipp$ ! plant because !y believ$ x to h fall5 f heav5 & to be a tok5 t ! tree on :i* x grew 0 *os5 by ! god himself4 ,c !y h ?\ght t ! mi/letoe dropp$ on ! oak 9 a fla% ( lightn+8 ,! conjecture is confirm$ by ! "n ?und]-besom :i* is appli$ to mi/letoe 9 ! ,swiss canton ( ,a>gau1 = ! epi!t cle>ly implies a close connexion betwe5 ! p>asite & ! ?und]2 inde$ ?und]-besom is a popul> "n 9 ,g]many = any bu%y ne/-l excresc5ce gr[+ on a bran*1 because su* a p>asitic gr[? is actually believ$ by ! ignorant to be a product ( lightn+4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjecture1 ! real reason :y ! ,druids wor%ipp$ a mi/letoe-be>+ oak above all o!r trees ( ! =e/ 0 a belief t e su* oak _h n only be5 /ruck by lightn+ b bore among its bran*es a visible emanation ( ! cele/ial fire2 s t 9 cutt+ ! mi/letoe ) my/ic rites !y 7 secur+ = !mselves all ! magical prop]ties ( a ?und]-bolt4 ,if t 0 s1 we mu/ app>5tly conclude t ! mi/letoe 0 deem$ an emanation ( ! lightn+ r ?an1 z ,i h ?us f> argu$1 ( ! midsumm] sun4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 we might comb9e ! two seem+ly div]g5t views by suppos+ t 9 ! old ,aryan cre$ ! mi/letoe desc5d$ f ! sun on ,midsumm] ,day 9 a fla% ( lightn+4 ,b su* a comb9ation is artificial & unsupport$1 s f> z ,i "k1 by any positive evid5ce4 ,:e!r on my?ical pr9ciples ! two int]pretations c really be reconcil$ ) ea* o!r or n1 ,i w n presume to say2 b ev5 %\ld !y prove to be discrepant1 ! inconsi/5cy ne$ n h prev5t$ our rude =efa!rs f embrac+ bo? ( !m at ! same "t ) an equal f]v\r ( conviction2 = l ! great majority ( mank9d ! savage is above be+ hideb\nd by ! trammels ( a p$antic logic4 ,9 attempt+ to track 8 devi\s ?\ght ?r\gh ! jungle ( crass ignorance & bl9d fe>1 we mu/ always rememb] t we are tread+ en*ant$ gr\nd1 & mu/ bew>e ( tak+ = solid realities ! cl\dy %apes t cross our pa? or hov] & gibb] at u ?r\gh ! gloom4 ,we c nev] completely replace ourselves at ! /&po9t ( primitive man1 see ?+s ) 8 eyes1 & feel our he>ts beat ) ! emotions t /irr$ 84 ,all our !ories conc]n+ him & 8 ways mu/ !re=e fall f> %ort ( c]ta9ty2 ! utmo/ we c aspire to 9 su* matt]s is a reasonable degree ( probability4 ,to conclude ^! enquiries we may say t if ,bald] 0 inde$1 z ,i h conjectur$1 a p]sonification ( a mi/letoe-be>+ oak1 8 dea? by a bl[ ( ! mi/letoe might on ! new !ory be expla9$ z a dea? by a /roke ( lightn+4 ,s long z ! mi/letoe1 9 :i* ! flame ( ! lightn+ sm\ld]$1 0 suff]$ to rema9 among ! b\ghs1 s long no h>m c\ld befall ! good & k9dly god ( ! oak1 :o kept 8 life /[$ away = safety betwe5 e>? & heav5 9 ! my/]i\s p>asite2 b :5 once t seat ( 8 life1 or ( 8 dea?1 0 torn f ! bran* & hurl$ at ! trunk1 ! tree fell--! god di$--smitt5 by a ?und]bolt4 ,& :at we h said ( ,bald] 9 ! oak =e/s ( ,sc&9avia may p]haps1 ) all due diffid5ce 9 a "q s obscure & unc]ta91 be appli$ to ! prie/ ( ,diana1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 at ,aricia 9 ! oak =e/s ( ,italy4 ,he may h p]sonat$ 9 fle% & blood ! great ,italian god ( ! sky1 ,jupit]1 :o _h k9dly come d[n f heav5 9 ! lightn+ fla% to dwell among m5 9 ! mi/letoe--! ?und]-besom--! ,gold5 ,b\gh--gr[+ on ! sacr$ oak 9 ! dells ( ,nemi4 ,if t 0 s1 we ne$ n wond] t ! prie/ gu>d$ ) drawn sword ! my/ic b\gh :i* conta9$ ! god's life & 8 own4 ,! goddess :om he s]v$ & m>ri$ 0 h]self1 if ,i am "r1 no o!r ?an ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 ! true wife ( ! sky-god4 ,= %e1 too1 lov$ ! solitude ( ! woods & ! lonely hills1 & sail+ ov]head on cle> nights 9 ! lik5ess ( ! silv] moon look$ d[n ) pleasure on h] own fair image reflect$ on ! calm1 ! burni%$ surface ( ! lake1 ,diana's ,mirror4 ,,lxix4 ,f>ewell to ,nemi ,,we are at ! end ( our enquiry1 b z (t5 happ5s 9 ! se>* aft] tru?1 if we h answ]$ "o "q1 we h rais$ _m m2 if we h foll[$ "o track home1 we h _h to pass by o!rs t op5$ (f x & l$1 or seem$ to lead1 to f> o!r goals ?an ! sacr$ grove at ,nemi4 ,"s ( ^! pa?s we h foll[$ a little way2 o!rs1 if =tune %\ld be k9d1 ! writ] & ! read] may "o day pursue toge!r4 ,= ! pres5t we h j\rney$ f> en\gh toge!r1 & x is "t to "p4 ,yet be=e we d s1 we may well ask ourselves :e!r !re is n "s m g5]al conclusion1 "s lesson1 if possible1 ( hope & enc\ragem5t1 to be drawn f ! melan*oly record ( human error & folly :i* has engag$ our att5tion 9 ?is book4 ,if !n we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! ess5tial simil>ity ( man's *ief wants ev]y:]e & at all times1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! means he has adopt$ to satisfy !m 9 diff]5t ages1 we %all p]haps be dispos$ to conclude t ! movem5t ( ! high] ?\ght1 s f> z we c trace x1 has on ! :ole be5 f magic ?r\gh religion to sci5ce4 ,9 magic man dep5ds on 8 own /r5g? to meet ! difficulties & dang]s t beset him on e side4 ,he believes 9 a c]ta9 e/abli%$ ord] ( nature on :i* he c surely c\nt1 & :i* he c manipulate = 8 own ends4 ,:5 he discov]s 8 mi/ake1 :5 he recognises sadly t bo? ! ord] ( nature :i* he _h assum$ & ! control :i* he _h believ$ himself to ex]cise ov] x 7 purely imag9>y1 he ceases to rely on 8 own intellig5ce & 8 own unaid$ ef=ts1 & ?r[s himself humbly on ! m]cy ( c]ta9 great invisible be+s beh9d ! veil ( nature1 to :om he n[ ascribes all ^? f>-rea*+ p[]s :i* he once arrogat$ to himself4 ,?us 9 ! acut] m9ds magic is gradually sup]s$$ by religion1 :i* expla9s ! succession ( natural ph5om5a z regulat$ by ! w1 ! passion1 or ! caprice ( spiritual be+s l man 9 k9d1 ?\gh va/ly sup]ior to him 9 p[]4 ,b z "t goes on ?is explanation 9 its turn proves to be unsatisfactory4 ,= x assumes t ! succession ( natural ev5ts is n det]m9$ by immutable laws1 b is to "s ext5t v>iable & irregul>1 & ?is assumption is n borne out by clos] obs]vation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m we scrut9ise t succession ! m we are /ruck by ! rigid uni=mity1 ! punctual precision ) :i*1 :]ev] we c foll[ !m1 ! op]ations ( nature are c>ri$ on4 ,e great advance 9 k has ext5d$ ! sph]e ( ord] & correspond+ly re/rict$ ! sph]e ( app>5t disord] 9 ! _w1 till n[ we are ready to anticipate t ev5 9 regions :]e *ance & confusion appe> /ill to reign1 a full] k w\ld ev]y:]e r$uce ! seem+ *aos to cosmos4 ,?us ! ke5] m9ds1 /ill press+ =w>d to a deep] solution ( ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 come to reject ! religi\s !ory ( nature z inadequate1 & to rev]t 9 a measure to ! old] /&po9t ( magic by po/ulat+ explicitly1 :at 9 magic _h only be5 implicitly assum$1 to wit1 an inflexible regul>ity 9 ! ord] ( natural ev5ts1 :i*1 if c>efully obs]v$1 enables u to =esee _! c\rse ) c]ta9ty & to act accord+ly4 ,9 %ort1 religion1 reg>d$ z an explanation ( nature1 is displac$ by sci5ce4 ,b :ile sci5ce has ?is mu* 9 common ) magic t bo? re/ on a fai? 9 ord] z ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 read]s ( ?is "w w h>dly ne$ to be rem9d$ t ! ord] presuppos$ by magic diff]s widely f t :i* =ms ! basis ( sci5ce4 ,! diff]5ce fl[s naturally f ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* ! two ord]s h be5 rea*$4 ,= :]eas ! ord] on :i* magic reckons is m]ely an ext5sion1 by false analogy1 ( ! ord] 9 :i* ideas pres5t !mselves to our m9ds1 ! ord] laid d[n by sci5ce is d]iv$ f pati5t & exact obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,! abundance1 ! solidity1 & ! spl5d\r ( ! results already a*iev$ by sci5ce are well fitt$ to inspire u ) a *e]ful confid5ce 9 ! s\ndness ( its me?od4 ,"h at la/1 aft] grop+ ab\t 9 ! d>k = c\ntless ages1 man has hit ^u a clue to ! labyr9?1 a gold5 key t op5s _m locks 9 ! treasury ( nature4 ,x is probably n too mu* to say t ! hope ( progress--moral & intellectual z well z mat]ial--9 ! future is b\nd up ) ! =tunes ( sci5ce1 & t e ob/acle plac$ 9 ! way ( sci5tific discov]y is a wrong to humanity4 ,yet ! hi/ory ( ?\ght %\ld w>n u aga9/ conclud+ t because ! sci5tific !ory ( ! _w is ! be/ t has yet be5 =mulat$1 x is necess>ily complete & f9al4 ,we mu/ rememb] t at bottom ! g5]alisations ( sci5ce or1 9 common p>lance1 ! laws ( nature are m]ely hypo!ses devis$ to expla9 t ev]-%ift+ phantasmagoria ( ?\ght :i* we dignify ) ! high-s\nd+ names ( ! _w & ! univ]se4 ,9 ! la/ analysis magic1 religion1 & sci5ce are no?+ b !ories ( ?\ght2 & z sci5ce has supplant$ its pr$ecessors1 s x may h]eaft] be itself sup]s$$ by "s m p]fect hypo!sis1 p]haps by "s totally diff]5t way ( look+ at ! ph5om5a--( regi/]+ ! %ad[s on ! scre5--( :i* we 9 ?is g5]ation c =m no idea4 ,! advance ( k is an inf9ite progression t[>ds a goal t = ev] rec$es4 ,we ne$ n murmur at ! endless pursuit3 ,fatti non fo/e a viv] come bruti ,ma p] seguir virtute e conosc5za4 ,great ?+s w come ( t pursuit1 ?\gh we may n enjoy !m4 ,bright] />s w rise on "s voyag] ( ! future--"s great ,ulysses ( ! realms ( ?\ght--?an %9e on u4 ,! dreams ( magic may "o day be ! wak+ realities ( sci5ce4 ,b a d>k %ad[ lies a?w>t ! f> end ( ?is fair prospect4 ,= h[ev] va/ ! increase ( k & ( p[] :i* ! future may h 9 /ore = man1 he c sc>cely hope to /ay ! sweep ( ^? great =ces :i* seem to be mak+ sil5tly b rel5tlessly = ! de/ruction ( all ?is />ry univ]se 9 :i* our e>? swims z a speck or mote4 ,9 ! ages to come man may be able to pr$ict1 p]haps ev5 to control1 ! wayw>d c\rses ( ! w9ds & cl\ds1 b h>dly w 8 puny h&s h /r5g? to spe$ afre% our slack5+ planet 9 its orbit or rek9dle ! dy+ fire ( ! sun4 ,yet ! philosoph] :o trembles at ! idea ( su* di/ant cata/rophes may console himself by reflect+ t ^! gloomy appreh5sions1 l ! e>? & ! sun !mselves1 are only p>ts ( t unsub/antial _w :i* ?\ght has conjur$ up out ( ! void1 & t ! phantoms :i* ! subtle en*antress has evok$ to-day %e may ban to-morr[4 ,!y too1 l s mu* t to common eyes seems solid1 may melt into air1 into ?9 air4 ,)\t dipp+ s f> into ! future1 we may illu/rate ! c\rse :i* ?\ght has hi!rto run by lik5+ x to a web wov5 ( ?ree diff]5t ?reads--! black ?read ( magic1 ! r$ ?read ( religion1 & ! :ite ?read ( sci5ce1 if "u sci5ce we may include ^? simple tru?s1 drawn f obs]vation ( nature1 ( :i* m5 9 all ages h possess$ a /ore4 ,c\ld we !n survey ! web ( ?\ght f ! beg9n+1 we %\ld probably p]ceive x to be at fir/ a *equ] ( black & :ite1 a pat*work ( true & false notions1 h>dly t+$ z yet by ! r$ ?read ( religion4 ,b c>ry y\r eye f>!r along ! fabric & y w rem>k t1 :ile ! black & :ite *equ] /ill runs ?r\gh x1 !re re/s on ! middle portion ( ! web1 :]e religion has ent]$ mo/ deeply into its texture1 a d>k crimson /a91 :i* %ades (f ins5sibly into a light] t9t z ! :ite ?read ( sci5ce is wov5 m & m into ! tissue4 ,to a web ?us *equ]$ & /a9$1 ?us %ot ) ?reads ( div]se hues1 b gradually *ang+ col\r ! f>!r x is unroll$1 ! /ate ( mod]n ?\ght1 ) all its div]g5t aims & conflict+ t5d5cies1 may be comp>$4 ,w ! great movem5t :i* = c5turies has be5 sl[ly alt]+ ! complexion ( ?\ght be cont9u$ 9 ! ne> future8 or w a reaction set 9 :i* may arre/ progress & ev5 undo mu* t has be5 done8 ,to keep up our p>able1 :at w be ! col\r ( ! web :i* ! ,fates are n[ weav+ on ! humm+ loom ( "t8 w x be :ite or r$8 ,we _c tell4 ,a fa9t glimm]+ light illum9es ! backw>d portion ( ! web4 ,cl\ds & ?ick d>kness hide ! o!r end4 ,our long voyage ( discov]y is ov] & our b>k has droop$ h] we>y sails 9 port at la/4 ,once m we take ! road to ,nemi4 ,x is ev5+1 & z we climb ! long slope ( ! ,appian ,way up to ! ,alban ,hills1 we look back & see ! sky aflame ) sunset1 its gold5 glory re/+ l ! aureole ( a dy+ sa9t ov] ,rome & t\*+ ) a cre/ ( fire ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! sight once se5 c nev] be =gott51 b we turn f x & pursue our way d>kl+ along ! m\nta9 side1 till we come to ,nemi & look d[n on ! lake 9 its deep holl[1 n[ fa/ disappe>+ 9 ! ev5+ %ad[s4 ,! place has *ang$ b little s9ce ,diana receiv$ ! homage ( h] wor%ipp]s 9 ! sacr$ grove4 ,! temple ( ! sylvan goddess1 inde$1 has vani%$ & ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood no long] /&s s5t9el ov] ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,b ,nemi's woods are /ill gre51 & z ! sunset fades above !m 9 ! we/1 !re comes to u1 borne on ! swell ( ! w9d1 ! s\nd ( ! *ur* bells ( ,aricia r++ ! ,angelus4 ,ave ,m>ia6 ,sweet & solemn !y *ime out f ! di/ant t[n & die l+]+ly away across ! wide ,campagnan m>%es4 ,le roi e/ mort1 vive le roi6 ,ave ,m>ia6