,geological ,obs]vations on ,s\? ,am]ica ,by ,*>les ,d>w9 ,,cont5ts ,,editorial ,,note4 ,,detail$ ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,geological ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,,critical ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,pla9s ,,& ,,valleys ,,( ,,*ile3--,,salif]\s ,,sup]ficial ,,deposits4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,=mations ,,( ,,! ,,pampas4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,old] ,,t]ti>y ,,=mations ,,( ,,patagonia ,,& ,,*ile4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,plutonic ,,& ,,metamorphic ,,rocks3--,,cleavage ,,& ,,foliation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,c5tral ,,*ile3--,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,cordill]a4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nor!rn ,,*ile4--,,conclusion4 ,,index ,,editorial ,,note4 ,al?\gh 9 "s respects m te*nical 9 _! subjects & /yle ?an ,d>w9's 8,j\rnal10 ! books "h repr9t$ w nev] lose _! value & int]e/ = ! orig9ality ( ! obs]vations !y conta94 ,_m p>ts ( !m are admirably adapt$ = giv+ an insight into problems reg>d+ ! /ructure & *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 & 9 fact !y =m a *>m+ introduction to physical geology & physiography 9 _! application to special doma9s4 ,! books !mselves _c be obta9$ = _m times ! price ( ! pres5t volume1 & bo? ! g5]al read]1 :o desires to "k m ( ,d>w9's "w1 & ! /ud5t ( geology1 :o naturally wi%es to "k h[ a ma/] m9d reason$ on mo/ important geological subjects1 w be glad ( ! opportunity ( possess+ !m 9 a conv5i5t & *eap =m4 ,! ?ree introductions1 :i* my fri5d ,pr(essor ,judd has k9dly furni%$1 give critical & hi/orical in=mation :i* makes ?is edition ( special value4 ,g4,t4,b4 ,,detail$ ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,critical ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,uprais$ %ells ( ,la ,plata4--,bahia ,blanca1 ,s&-dunes & ,pumice-pebbles4--,/ep-=m$ pla9s ( ,patagonia1 ) uprais$ %ells4--,t]race-b\nd$ valley ( ,santa ,cruz1 =m]ly a sea-/rait4--,uprais$ %ells ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4--,l5g? & bread? ( ! elevat$ area4--,equability ( ! movem5ts1 z %[n by ! simil> heights ( ! pla9s4--,sl[ness ( ! elevatory process4--,mode ( =mation ( ! /ep-=m$ pla9s4--,summ>y4- -,great %+le =mation ( ,patagonia2 its ext5t1 orig91 & di/ribution4--,=mation ( sea-cliffs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,*onos ,ar*ipelago4--,*iloe1 rec5t & gradual elevation (1 traditions ( ! inhabitants on ?is subject4--,concepcion1 e>?quake & elevation (4--,,valp>aiso1 great elevation (1 uprais$ %ells1 e>? or m>9e orig91 gradual rise ( ! l& )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4--,,coquimbo1 elevation (1 9 rec5t times2 t]races ( m>9e orig91 _! incl9ation1 _! esc>pm5ts n horizontal4--,guasco1 gravel t]races (4--,copiapo4--,,p]u4-- ,uprais$ %ells ( ,cobija1 ,iquique1 & ,arica4--,lima1 %ell-b$s & sea- bea* on ,san ,lor5zo4--,human rema9s1 fossil e>!nw>e1 e>?quake debacle1 rec5t subsid5ce4--,on ! decay ( uprais$ %ells4--,g5]al summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,pla9s ,,& ,,valleys ,,( ,,*ile3--,,salif]\s ,,sup]ficial ,,deposits4 ,bas9-l pla9s ( ,*ile2 _! dra9age1 _! m>9e orig94--,m>ks ( sea-action on ! ea/]n flanks ( ! ,cordill]a4--,slop+ t]race-l fr+es ( /ratifi$ %+le )9 ! valleys ( ! ,cordill]a2 _! m>9e orig94--,b\ld]s 9 ! valley ( ,ca*apual4--,horizontal elevation ( ! ,cordill]a4--,=mation ( valleys4--,b\ld]s mov$ by e>?quake- waves4--,sal9e sup]ficial deposits4--,b$ ( nitrate ( soda at ,iquique4-- ,sal9e incru/ations4--,salt-lakes ( ,la ,plata & ,patagonia2 purity ( ! salt2 its orig94 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,=mations ,,( ,,! ,,pampas4 ,m9]alogical con/itution4--,microscopical /ructure4--,bu5os ,ayres1 %ells emb$d$ 9 tosca-rock4--,bu5os ,ayres to ! ,colorado4--,s4 ,v5tana4--,bahia ,blanca2 ,m4 ,h]moso1 bones & infusoria (2 ,p4 ,alta1 %ells1 bones1 & infusoria (2 co-exi/5ce ( ! rec5t %ells & ext9ct mammif]s4-- ,bu5os ,ayres to ,/4 ,fe4--,skeletons ( ,ma/odon4--,infusoria4--,inf]ior m>9e t]ti>y /rata1 _! age4--,horse's too?4 ,,b&a ,,ori5tal4-- ,sup]ficial ,pampean =mation4--,inf]ior t]ti>y /rata1 v>iation (1 connect$ ) volcanic action2 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica at ,s4 ,julian 9 ,patagonia1 age (1 subsequ5t to liv+ mollusca & to ! erratic block p]iod4 ,,summ>y4--,area ( ,pampean =mation4--,!ories ( orig94--,s\rce ( s$im5t4--,e/u>y orig94--,contemporane\s ) exi/+ mollusca4-- ,relations to und]ly+ t]ti>y /rata4 ,anci5t deposit ( e/u>y orig94--,elevation & successive deposition ( ! ,pampean =mation4-- ,numb] & /ate ( ! rema9s ( mammif]s2 _! habitation1 food1 ext9ction1 & range4--,conclusion4--,supplem5t on ! ?ickness ( ! ,pampean =mation4--,localities 9 ,pampas at :i* mammif]\s rema9s h be5 f\nd4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,old] ,,t]ti>y ,,=mations ,,( ,,patagonia ,,& ,,*ile4 ,rio ,negro4--,s4 ,josef4--,port ,desire1 :ite pumice\s mud/one ) infusoria4--,port ,s4 ,julian4--,santa ,cruz1 basaltic lava (4--,p4 ,gallegos4-- ,ea/]n ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 leaves ( ext9ct bee*-trees4--,summ>y on ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mations4--,t]ti>y =mations ( ! ,we/]n ,coa/4--,*onos & ,*iloe gr\ps1 volcanic rocks (4--,concepcion4--,navidad4-- ,coquimbo4--,summ>y4--,age ( ! t]ti>y =mations4--,l9es ( elevation4-- ,silicifi$ wood4--,comp>ative ranges ( ! ext9ct & liv+ mollusca on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,s4 ,am]ica4--,climate ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4--,on ! causes ( ! abs5ce ( rec5t con*if]\s deposits on ! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4--,on ! contemporane\s deposition & pres]vation ( s$im5t>y =mations4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,plutonic ,,& ,,metamorphic ,,rocks3--,,cleavage ,,& ,,foliation4 ,brazil1 ,bahia1 gneiss ) disjo9t$ metamorphos$ dikes4--,/rike ( foliation4--,rio de ,janeiro1 gneiss-granite1 emb$d$ fragm5t 91 decomposition (4--,la ,plata1 metamorphic & old volcanic rocks (4--,s4 ,v5tana4--,clay/one porphyry =mation ( ,patagonia2 s+ul> metamorphic rocks2 pseudo-dikes4--,falkl& ,isl&s1 palaeozoic fossils (4--,ti]ra del ,fuego1 clay-slate =mation1 cretace\s fossils (2 cleavage & foliation2 =m ( l&4--,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 mica-s*i/s1 foliation di/urb$ by granitic axis2 dikes4--,*iloe4--,concepcion1 dikes1 successive =mation (4--,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,*ile4--,conclud+ rem>ks on cleavage & foliation4--,_! close analogy & simil> orig94--,/ratification ( metamorphic s*i/s4--,foliation ( intrusive rocks4--,relation ( cleavage & foliation to ! l9es ( t5sion dur+ metamorphosis4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,c5tral ,,*ile3--,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,cordill]a4 ,c5tral ,*ile4--,basal =mations ( ! ,cordill]a4--,orig9 ( ! porphyritic clay-/one conglom]ate4--,&esite4--,volcanic rocks4--,section ( ! ,cordill]a by ! ,peuqu5es or ,portillo ,pass4--,great gypse\s =mation4--,peuqu5es l9e2 ?ickness ( /rata1 fossils (4--,portillo l9e4--,conglom]ate1 or?itic granite1 mica-s*i/1 volcanic rocks (4-- ,conclud+ rem>ks on ! d5udation & elevation ( ! ,portillo l9e4-- ,section by ! ,cumbre1 or ,uspallata ,pass4--,porphyries4--,gypse\s /rata4-- ,section ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca2 fossils (4--,great subsid5ce4--,intrusive porphyries4--,pla9 ( ,uspallata4--,section ( ! ,uspallata *a94-- ,/ructure & nature ( ! /rata4--,silicifi$ v]tical trees4--,great subsid5ce4--,granitic rocks ( axis4--,conclud+ rem>ks on ! ,uspallata range2 orig9 subsequ5t to t ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a2 two p]iods ( subsid5ce2 comp>ison ) ! ,portillo *a94 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nor!rn ,,*ile4--,,conclusion4 ,a ,section f ,illapel to ,comb>bala2 gypse\s =mation ) silicifi$ wood4--,panuncillo4--,coquimbo2 m9es ( ,arqu]os2 section up valley2 fossils4--,guasco1 fossils (4--,copiapo1 section up valley2 ,las ,amolanas1 silicifi$ wood4--,conglom]ates1 nature ( =m] l&1 fossils1 ?ickness ( /rata1 great subsid5ce4--,valley ( ,despoblado1 fossils1 tuface\s deposit1 complicat$ dislocations (4--,relations betwe5 anci5t orifices ( eruption & subsequ5t axes ( injection4--,iquique1 ,p]u1 fossils (1 salt-deposits4--,metallif]\s ve9s4--,summ>y on ! porphyritic conglom]ate & gypse\s =mations4--,great subsid5ce ) p>tial elevations dur+ ! cretaceo-oolitic p]iod4--,on ! elevation & /ructure ( ! ,cordill]a4--,recapitulation on ! t]ti>y s]ies4-- ,relation betwe5 movem5ts ( subsid5ce & volcanic action4--,pampean =mation4--,rec5t elevatory movem5ts4--,long-cont9u$ volcanic action 9 ! ,cordill]a4--,conclusion4 ,,geological ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,,critical ,,introduction4 ,( ! rem>kable 8trilogy0 con/itut$ by ,d>w9's writ+s :i* deal ) ! geology ( ! 8,beagle10 ! memb] :i* has p]haps attract$ lea/ att5tion1 up to ! pres5t "t is t :i* treats ( ! geology ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! actual writ+ ( ?is book appe>s to h occupi$ ,d>w9 a %ort] p]iod ?an ei!r ( ! o!r volumes ( ! s]ies2 8 di>y records t ! "w 0 accompli%$ )9 t5 mon?s1 namely1 betwe5 ,july #ahdd & ,april #ahde2 b ! book 0 n actually issu$ till late 9 ! ye> foll[+1 ! preface be>+ ! date 8,septemb] #ahdf40 ,altoge!r1 z ,d>w9 in=ms u 9 8 8,autobiography10 ! geological books 8consum$ f\r & a half ye>s' /eady "w10 mo/ ( ! rema9d] ( ! t5 ye>s t elaps$ betwe5 ! return ( ! 8,beagle10 & ! completion ( 8 geological books be+1 x is sad to relate1 8lo/ ?r\gh illness60 ,conc]n+ ! 8,geological ,obs]vations on ,s\? ,am]ica10 ,d>w9 wrote to 8 fri5d ,lyell1 z foll[s3--8,my volume w be ab\t #bdj pages1 dreadfully dull1 yet mu* cond5s$4 ,i ?9k :5ev] y h "t to look ?r\gh x1 y w ?9k ! collection ( facts on ! elevation ( ! l& & on ! =mation ( t]races pretty good40 8,mu* cond5s$0 is ! v]dict t ev]yone mu/ endorse1 on ris+ f ! p]usal ( ?is rem>kable book2 b by no means 8dull40 ,! ?ree & a half ye>s f ,april #ahcb to ,septemb] #ahce1 7 sp5t by ,d>w9 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 7 devot$ to cont9u\s sci5tific "w2 ! problems he dealt ) 7 ei!r purely geological or ^? :i* con/itute ! bord]l& betwe5 ! geological & biological sci5ces4 ,x is impossible to read ! j\rnal :i* he kept dur+ ?is "t )\t be+ impress$ by ! conviction t x conta9s all ! g]ms ( ?\ght :i* aft]w>ds develop$ into ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,b x is equally evid5t t aft] 8 return to ,engl&1 biological speculations gradually began to ex]cise a m exclusive sway ov] ,d>w9's m9d1 & t5d$ to dispossess geology1 :i* dur+ ! actual p]iod ( ! voyage c]ta9ly engross$ mo/ ( 8 "t & att5tion4 ,! wond]ful s]ies ( obs]vations made dur+ ^? ?ree & a half ye>s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica c\ld sc>cely be done ju/ice to1 9 ! #bdj pages devot$ to _! exposition4 ,t he execut$ ! "w ( prep>+ ! book on ,s\? ,am]ica 9 some:at ! mann] ( a task1 is %[n by _m ref]5ces 9 8 lett]s4 ,writ+ to ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 9 #ahde1 he says1 8,i hope ?is next summ] to f9i% my ,s\? ,am]ican ,geology1 !n to get out a little ,zoology1 & ,,hurrah ,,= ,,my ,,species ,,"w60 ,x w\ld seem t ! feel+ ( disappo9tm5t1 :i* ,d>w9 s (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 comp>+ a book :5 complet$1 ) ! obs]vations & speculations :i* _h inspir$ x1 0 m ke5ly felt 9 ! case ( 8 volume on ,s\? ,am]ica ?an any o!r4 ,to "o fri5d he writes1 8,i h ( late be5 slav+ extra h>d1 to ! great discomfiture ( wret*$ dige/ive organs1 at ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ?ank all ! fates1 ,i h done ?ree-f\r?s ( x4 ,writ+ pla9 ,engli% gr[s ) me m & m difficult1 & nev] atta9able4 ,z = y\r pret5d+ t y w read any?+ s dull z my pure geological descriptions1 lay n su* a flatt]+ unction on my s\l1 = x is incr$ible40 ,to ano!r fri5d he writes1 8,y d n "k :at y ?reat5 :5 y propose to read x--x is purely geological4 ,i said to my bro!r1 #8,y w ( c\rse read x1' & 8 answ] 01 #8,^u my life1 ,i w\ld soon] ev5 buy x4'0 ,9 spite ( ^! disp>ag+ rem>ks1 h[ev]1 we are /rongly incl9$ to believe t ?is book1 despis$ by its au?or1 & neglect$ by 8 contempor>ies1 w 9 ! end be admitt$ to be "o ( ,d>w9's *ief titles to fame4 ,x is1 p]haps1 an un=tunate circum/ance t ! great success :i* he atta9$ 9 biology by ! publication ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 has1 to "s ext5t1 ov]%ad[$ ! fact t ,d>w9's claims z a geologi/1 are ( ! v highe/ ord]4 ,x is n too mu* to say t1 _h ,d>w9 n be5 a geologi/1 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 c\ld nev] h be5 writt5 by him4 ,b ap>t f ^? geological que/ions1 :i* h an important be>+ on biological ?\ght & speculation1 su* z ! pro(s ( imp]fection 9 ! geological record1 ! relations ( ! lat] t]ti>y faunas to ! rec5t ones 9 ! same areas1 & ! app>5t int]m+l+ ( types belong+ to di/ant geological epo*s1 :5 we /udy ! palaeontology ( remote di/ricts1--!re are o!r purely geological problems1 ^u :i* ! contributions made by ,d>w9 are ( ! v highe/ value4 ,i believe t ! v]dict ( ! hi/orians ( sci5ce w be t if ,d>w9 _h n tak5 a =emo/ place among ! biologi/s ( ?is c5tury1 8 position z a geologi/ w\ld h be5 an almo/ equally comm&+ "o4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,d>w9's pr9cipal geological "w--t relat+ to ! orig9 ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s1--geologi/s 7 n at ! "t prep>$ to receive 8 revolution>y tea*+s4 ,! influ5ce ( p[]ful au?ority 0 long ex]cis$1 inde$1 to /ifle 8 tea*+1 & only n[1 :5 ?is un=tunate opposition has disappe>$1 is ! true nature & importance ( ,d>w9's purely geological "w beg9n+ to be recognis$4 ,! two fir/ *apt]s ( ! 8,geological ,obs]vations on ,s\? ,am]ica10 deal ) ! pro(s :i* exi/ ( great1 b frequ5tly int]rupt$1 movem5ts ( elevation dur+ v rec5t geological times4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 ,d>w9's p>ticul> att5tion 0 direct$ to ! relations betwe5 ! great e>?quakes ( ,s\? ,am]ica--( "s ( :i* he _h impressive exp]i5ce--& ! p]man5t *anges ( elevation :i* 7 tak+ place4 ,he 0 mu* /ruck by ! rapidity ) :i* ! evid5ce ( su* great e>? movem5ts is frequ5tly oblit]at$2 & especially ) ! rem>kable way 9 :i* ! action ( ra9-wat]1 p]colat+ ?r\gh deposits on ! e>?'s surface1 removes all traces ( %ells & o!r calc>e\s organisms4 ,x 0 ^! consid]ations :i* 7 ! p>5ts ( ! g5]alisation t a palaeontological record c only be pres]v$ dur+ ^? p]iods 9 :i* long-cont9u$ sl[ subsid5ce is go+ on4 ,?is 9 turn1 l$ to ! /ill wid] & m sugge/ive conclusion t ! geological record z a :ole is1 & nev] c be m ?an1 a s]ies ( m or less isolat$ fragm5ts4 ,! recognition ( ?is important fact con/itutes ! key/one to any !ory ( evolution :i* seeks to f9d a basis 9 ! actual /udy ( ! types ( life t h =m]ly inhabit$ our globe4 ,9 8 ?ird *apt]1 ,d>w9 gives a numb] ( int]e/+ facts1 collect$ dur+ 8 visits to ! pla9s & valleys ( ,*ili1 :i* be> on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( salif]\s deposits--! accumulation ( salt1 gypsum1 & nitrate ( soda4 ,?is is a problem t has excit$ mu* discussion among geologi/s1 & :i*1 9 spite ( _m valuable obs]vations1 /ill rema9s to a great ext5t v obscure4 ,among ! important consid]ations insi/$ ^u by ,d>w9 is t relat+ to ! abs5ce ( m>9e %ells 9 b$s associat$ ) su* deposits4 ,he ju/ly argues t if ! /rata 7 =m$ 9 %all[ wat]s1 & !n expos$ by upheaval to suba]ial action1 all %ells & o!r calc>e\s organisms w\ld be remov$ by solution4 ,foll[+ ,lyell's me?od1 ,d>w9 proce$s f ! /udy ( deposits n[ be+ accumulat$ on ! e>?'s surface1 to ^? :i* h be5 =m$ dur+ ! m rec5t p]iods ( ! geological hi/ory4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! great ,pampean =mation1 ) its wond]ful mammalian rema9s--,ma/odon1 ,toxodon1 ,scelido!rium1 ,macrau*5ia1 ,mega!rium1 ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 & ,glyptodon--?is full ( int]e/4 ,8 discov]y ( ! rema9s ( a true ,equus af=d$ a rem>kable confirmation ( ! fact- -already made out 9 ,nor? ,am]ica--t species ( horse _h exi/$ & become ext9ct 9 ! ,new ,_w1 be=e _! introduction by ! ,spani>ds 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fully p]ceiv+ ! importance ( ! microscope 9 /udy+ ! nature & orig9 ( su* deposits z ^? ( ! ,pampas1 ,d>w9 submitt$ _m ( 8 specim5s bo? to ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 9 ?is c\ntry1 & to ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g 9 ,b]l94 ,_m v important notes on ! microscopic organisms conta9$ 9 ! =mation w be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! *apt]4 ,d>w9's /udy ( ! old] t]ti>y =mations1 ) _! abundant %ells1 & _! relics ( vegetable life buri$ "u great %eets ( basalt1 l$ him to consid] c>efully ! "q ( climate dur+ ^! e>li] p]iods4 ,9 opposition to preval5t views on ?is subject1 ,d>w9 po9ts out t 8 obs]vations are oppos$ to ! conclusion t a high] temp]ature prevail$ univ]sally ov] ! globe dur+ e>ly geological p]iods4 ,he argues t 8! causes :i* gave to ! old] t]ti>y productions ( ! q temp]ate zones ( ,europe a tropical "*1 ,,7 ,,( ,a ,,local ,,"* ,,& ,,did ,,n ,,affect ,,! ,,:ole ,,globe40 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m simil> in/ances1 we see ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ext5sive travel 9 free+ ,d>w9's m9d f prevail+ prejudices4 ,x 0 ?is wid5+ ( exp]i5ce :i* r5d]$ him s especially qualifi$ to deal ) ! great problem ( ! orig9 ( species1 & 9 do+ s to emancipate himself f ideas :i* 7 receiv$ ) unque/ion+ fai? by geologi/s ^: /udies _h be5 circumscrib$ )9 ! limits ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,*ili1 ,d>w91 :5 /udy+ /ill old] =mations1 cle>ly recognis$ t !y conta9 an admixture ( ! =ms ( life1 :i* 9 ,europe are di/9ctive ( ! ,cretace\s & ,jurassic p]iods respectively4 ,he 0 ?us l$ to conclude t ! classification ( geological p]iods1 :i* fairly well expresses ! facts t _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! areas :]e ! sci5ce 0 fir/ /udi$1 is no long] capable ( be+ appli$ :5 we come to ! /udy ( widely di/ant regions4 ,?is important conclusion l$ up to ! fur!r g5]alisation t ea* great geological p]iod has exhibit$ a geographical di/ribution ( ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 comp>able to t :i* prevails 9 ! exi/+ fauna & flora4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! ext5t to :i* ! doctr9e ( univ]sal =mations has affect$ geological ?\ght & speculation1 bo? long be=e & s9ce ! "t t ,d>w9 wrote1 ! importance ( ?is new /&po9t to :i* he 0 able to atta9 w be suffici5tly app>5t4 ,l ! idea ( ! extreme imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record1 ! doctr9e ( ,,local geological =mations is f\nd p]meat+ & m\ld+ all ! palaeontological reason+s ( 8 great "w4 ,9 "o ( ,d>w9's lett]s1 writt5 :ile he 0 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 !re is a passage we h already quot$1 9 :i* he expresses 8 inability to decide betwe5 ! rival claims ^u 8 att5tion ( 8! old cry/all9e gr\p ( rocks10 & 8! s(t] fossilif]\s b$s0 respectively4 ,! six? *apt] ( ! "w be=e u1 entitl$ 8,plutonic & ,metamorphic ,rocks--,cleavage & ,foliation10 conta9s a brief summ>y ( a s]ies ( obs]vations & reason+s ^u ^! cry/all9e rocks1 :i* are1 we believe1 calculat$ to effect a revolution 9 geological sci5ce1 &-- ?\gh _! value & importance h long be5 ov]look$--are likely to entitle ,d>w9 9 ! future to a position among geologi/s1 sc>cely1 if at all1 inf]ior to t :i* he already occupies among biologi/s4 ,d>w9's /udies ( ! great rock-masses ( ! ,&es conv9c$ him ( ! close relations betwe5 ! granitic or ,plutonic rocks1 & ^? :i* 7 und\bt$ly p\r$ =? z lavas4 ,^u 8 return1 he set to "w1 ) ! aid ( ,pr(essor ,mill]1 to make a c>eful /udy ( ! m9]als compos+ ! granites & ^? :i* occur 9 ! lavas1 & he 0 able to %[ t 9 all ess5tial respects !y are id5tical4 ,he 0 fur!r able to prove t !re is a complete gradation betwe5 ! highly cry/all9e or granitic rock-masses1 & ^? conta9+ m or less glassy matt] betwe5 _! cry/als1 :i* con/itute ord9>y lavas4 ,! importance ( ?is conclusion w be realis$ :5 we rememb] t x 0 !n ! common cre$ ( geologi/s--& /ill cont9ues to be s on ! ,cont95t--t all highly cry/all9e rocks are ( great geological antiquity1 & t ! igne\s ejections :i* h tak5 place s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y p]iods diff] ess5tially1 9 _! composition1 _! /ructure1 & _! mode ( occurr5ce1 f ^? :i* h made _! appe>ance at e>li] p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,v completely h ! conclusions ( ,d>w9 ^u ^! subjects be5 ju/ifi$ by rec5t rese>*es4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,italy1 examples ( ! gradual passage ( rocks ( truly granitic /ructure into ord9>y lavas h be5 describ$1 & ! reality ( ! transition has be5 demon/rat$ by ! mo/ c>eful /udies ) ! microscope4 ,rec5t rese>*es c>ri$ on 9 ,s\? ,am]ica by ,pr(essor ,/elzn]1 h also %[n ! exi/5ce ( a class ( highly cry/all9e rocks--! 8,&5granites0--:i* comb9e 9 !mselves _m ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* 7 once ?\ght to be di/9ctive ( ! s-call$ ,plutonic & volcanic rocks4 ,no "o famili> ) rec5t geological lit]ature--ev5 9 ,g]many & ,france1 :]e ! old views conc]n+ ! di/9ction ( igne\s products ( diff]5t ages h be5 mo/ /\tly ma9ta9$--c fail to recognise ! fact t ! pr9ciples cont5d$ = by ,d>w9 bid fair at no di/ant p]iod to w9 univ]sal acceptance among geologi/s all ov] ! globe4 ,/ill m important are ! conclusions at :i* ,d>w9 arriv$ ) respect to ! orig9 ( ! s*i/s & gneisses :i* cov] s l>ge an area 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,c>efully not+1 by ! aid ( 8 compass & cl9omet]1 at e po9t :i* he visit$1 ! direction & am\nt ( incl9ation ( ! p>allel divisions 9 ^! rocks1 he 0 l$ to a v important g5]alisation-- namely1 t ov] v wide areas ! direction 7/rike7 ( ! planes ( cleavage 9 slates1 & ( foliation 9 s*i/s & gneisses1 rema9$ con/ant1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( _! incl9ation 7dip7 (t5 v>i$ )9 wide limits4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x appe>$ t !re 0 always a close correspond5ce betwe5 ! /rike ( ! cleavage & foliation & ! direction ( ! great axes along :i* elevation _h tak5 place 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ,d>w9 f\nd /rik+ evid5ce t ! cleavage int]sect+ great masses ( slate-rocks 0 q indep5d5t ( _! orig9al /ratification1 & c\ld (t51 inde$1 be se5 cutt+ across x at "r angles4 ,he 0 also able to v]ify ,s$gwick's obs]vation t1 9 "s slates1 glossy surfaces on ! planes ( cleavage arise f ! developm5t ( new m9]als1 *lorite1 epidote or mica1 & t 9 ?is way a complete graduation f slates to true s*i/s may be trac$4 ,d>w9 fur!r %[$ t 9 highly s*i/ose rocks1 ! folia b5d ar\nd & encircle any =eign bodies 9 ! mass1 & t 9 "s cases !y exhibit ! mo/ tortu\s =ms & complicat$ puck]+s4 ,he cle>ly saw t 9 all cases ! =ces by :i* ^! /rik+ ph5om5a mu/ h be5 produc$ 7 p]si/5t ov] wide areas1 & 7 connect$ ) ! great movem5ts by :i* ! rocks _h be5 upheav$ & fold$4 ,t ! di/9ct folia ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 mica1 & o!r m9]als compos+ ! metamorphic s*i/s c\ld n h be5 sep>ately deposit$ z s$im5t 0 /rongly insi/$ ^u by ,d>w92 & 9 do+ s he oppos$ ! view g5]ally preval5t among geologi/s at t "t4 ,he 0 ?us driv5 to ! conclusion t foliation1 l cleavage1 is n an orig9al1 b a sup]9duc$ /ructure 9 rock-masses1 & t x is ! result ( re-cry/allisation1 "u ! controll+ influ5ce ( great pressure1 ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! rock 0 compos$4 ,9 /udy+ ! lavas ( ,asc5sion1 z we h already se51 ,d>w9 0 l$ to recognise ! circum/ance t1 :5 igne\s rocks are subject$ to great diff]5tial movem5ts dur+ ! p]iod ( _! consolidation1 !y acquire a foliat$ /ructure1 closely analog\s to t ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,l 8 pr$ecessor 9 ?is field ( inquiry1 ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 ,*>les ,d>w9 seems to h be5 greatly impress$ by ^! facts1 & he argu$ f !m t ! rocks exhibit+ ! foliat$ /ructure mu/ h be5 9 a /ate ( pla/icity1 l t ( a cool+ mass ( lava4 ,at t "t ! sugge/ive exp]im5ts ( ,tresca1 ,daubree1 & o!rs1 %[+ t solid masses "u ! influ5ce ( enorm\s pressure become actually pla/ic1 _h n be5 publi%$4 ,_h ,d>w9 be5 aw>e ( ^! facts he w\ld h se5 t x 0 n necess>y to assume a /ate ( imp]fect solidity 9 rock-masses 9 ord] to acc\nt = _! hav+ yield$ to pressure & t5sion1 &1 9 do+ s1 acquir+ ! new *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ! cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,! views put =w>d by ,d>w9 on ! orig9 ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s f\nd an able advocate 9 ,mr4 ,daniel ,%>pe1 :o 9 #aheb & #ahed publi%$ two pap]s1 deal+ ) ! geology ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s & ( ! ,alps respectively1 9 :i* he %[$ t ! pr9ciples arriv$ at by ,d>w9 :5 /udy+ ! ,s\? ,am]ican rocks af=d a complete explanation ( ! /ructure ( ! two di/ricts 9 "q4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! conclusions ( ,d>w9 & ,%>pe 7 met ) ! /ronge/ opposition by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & ,dr4 ,a4 ,geikie1 :o 9 #ahfa read a pap] be=e ! ,geological ,society 8,on ! ,co9cid5ce betwe5 ,/ratification & ,foliation 9 ! ,cry/all9e ,rocks ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s10 9 :i* !y insi/$ t _! obs]vations 9 ,scotl& t5d$ to entirely disprove ! conclusions ( ,d>w9 t foliation 9 rocks is a second>y /ructure1 & entirely indep5d5t ( ! orig9al /ratification ( ! rock-masses4 ,n[ x is a mo/ significant circum/ance t1 no soon] did ! (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey comm5ce ! c>eful & detail$ /udy ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s ?an !y f\nd !mselves compell$ to make a =mal retraction ( ! views :i* _h be5 put =w>d by ,mur*ison & ,geikie 9 opposition to ! conclusions ( ,d>w94 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey h completely ab&on$ ! view t ! foliation ( ! ,highl& rocks has be5 det]m9$ by _! orig9al /ratification1 & admit t ! /ructure is ! result ( ! pr(\nd movem5ts to :i* ! rocks h be5 subject$4 ,! same conclusions h rec5tly be5 support$ by obs]vations made 9 _m diff]5t di/ricts--among :i* we may especially ref] to ^? ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,reus* 9 ,norway1 & ^? ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,lehmann 9 ,saxony4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! argum5ts s cle>ly /at$ by ,d>w9 9 ! "w be=e u1 h1 aft] endur+ opposition or neglect = a :ole g5]ation1 begun to 8triumph all along ! l9e10 & we may look =w>d confid5tly to ! ne> future1 :5 8 claim to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ ( geological discov]]s %all be fully v9dicat$4 ,,john ,w4 ,,judd4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,uprais$ %ells ( ,la ,plata4--,bahia ,blanca1 ,s&-dunes & ,pumice-pebbles4--,/ep-=m$ pla9s ( ,patagonia1 ) uprais$ ,%ells4--,t]race-b\nd$ ,valley ( ,santa ,cruz1 =m]ly a ,sea-/rait4--,uprais$ %ells ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4--,l5g? & bread? ( ! elevat$ area4--,equability ( ! movem5ts1 z %[n by ! simil> heights ( ! pla9s4--,sl[ness ( ! elevatory process4--,mode ( =mation ( ! /ep-=m$ pla9s4--,summ>y4--,great ,%+le ,=mation ( ,patagonia2 its ext5t1 orig91 & di/ribution4--,=mation ( sea-cliffs4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,volume1 :i* treats ( ! geology ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & almo/ exclusively ( ! p>ts s\?w>d ( ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn1 ,i h arrang$ ! *apt]s accord+ to ! age ( ! deposits1 occasionally dep>t+ f ?is ord]1 = ! sake ( geographical simplicity4 ,! elevation ( ! l& )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 & ! modifications ( its surface ?r\gh ! action ( ! sea 7to :i* subjects ,i paid p>ticul> att5tion7 w be fir/ discuss$2 ,i w !n pass on to ! t]ti>y deposits1 & aft]w>ds to ! old] rocks4 ,only ^? di/ricts & sections w be describ$ 9 detail :i* appe> to me to des]ve "s p>ticul> att5tion2 & ,i w1 at ! end ( ea* *apt]1 give a summ>y ( ! results4 ,we w comm5ce ) ! pro(s ( ! upheaval ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! cont95t1 f ! ,rio ,plata s\?w>d2 &1 9 ! ,second ,*apt]1 foll[ up ! same subject along ! %ores ( ,*ile & ,p]u4 ,on ! nor!rn bank ( ! great e/u>y ( ! ,rio ,plata1 ne> ,maldonado1 ,i f\nd at ! head ( a lake1 sometimes bracki% b g5]ally conta9+ fre% wat]1 a b$ ( muddy clay1 six feet 9 ?ickness1 ) num]\s %ells ( species /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,plata1 namely1 ! ,az>a labiata1 d',orbigny1 fragm5ts ( ,mytilus eduli=mis1 d',orbigny1 ,palude/r9a ,isabellei1 d',orbigny1 & ! ,sol5 ,c>ibaeus1 ,lam41 :i* la/ 0 emb$d$ v]tically 9 ! position 9 :i* x _h liv$4 ,^! %ells lie at ! height ( only two feet above ! lake1 nor w\ld !y h be5 wor? m5tion+1 except 9 connection ) analog\s facts4 ,at ,monte ,video1 ,i notic$ ne> ! t[n1 & along ! base ( ! m\nt1 b$s ( a liv+ ,mytilus1 rais$ "s feet above ! surface ( ! ,plata3 9 a simil> b$1 at a height f ?irte5 to sixte5 feet1 ,m4 ,isabelle collect$ eight species1 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 n[ live at ! m\? ( ! e/u>y4 78,voyage dans l',am]ique ,m]id43 ,"p4 ,geolog40 page #ba47 ,at ,colonia del ,sacrami5to1 fur!r we/w>d1 ,i obs]v$ at ! height ( ab\t fifte5 feet above ! riv]1 !re ( q fre% wat]1 a small b$ ( ! same ,mytilus1 :i* lives 9 bracki% wat] at ,monte ,video4 ,ne> ! m\? ( ,uruguay1 & = at lea/ ?irty-five miles nor?w>d1 !re are at int]vals l>ge s&y tracts1 ext5d+ sev]al miles f ! banks ( ! riv]1 b n rais$ mu* above its level1 ab\nd+ ) small bivalves1 :i* occur 9 su* numb]s t at ! ,agraciado !y are sift$ & burnt = lime4 ,^? :i* ,i exam9$ ne> ! ,a4 ,s4 ,juan 7 mu* worn3 !y consi/$ ( ,mactra ,isabellei1 d',orbigny1 m+l$ ) few ( ,v5us s9uosa1 ,lam41 bo? inhabit+1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,m4 d',orbigny1 bracki% wat] at ! m\? ( ! ,plata1 ne>ly or q z salt z ! op5 sea4 ,! loose s&1 9 :i* ^! %ells are pack$1 is heap$ into l[1 /raight1 long l9es ( dunes1 l ^? left by ! sea at ! head ( _m bays4 ,m4 d',orbigny has describ$ an analog\s ph5om5on on a great] scale1 ne> ,san ,p$ro on ! riv] ,p>ana1 :]e he f\nd widely ext5d$ b$s & hillocks ( s&1 ) va/ numb]s ( ! ,az>a labiata1 at ! height ( ne>ly #ajj feet 7,engli%7 above ! surface ( t riv]4 7,ibid page #dc47 ,! ,az>a inhabits bracki% wat]1 & is n kn[n to be f\nd ne>] to ,san ,p$ro ?an ,bu5os ,ayres1 di/ant above a hundr$ miles 9 a /raight l9e4 ,ne>] ,bu5os ,ayres1 on ! road f t place to ,san ,isidro1 !re are ext5sive b$s1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 ( ! ,az>a labiata1 ly+ at ab\t =ty feet above ! level ( ! riv]1 & di/ant betwe5 two & ?ree miles f x4 78,bu5os ,ayres0 etc4 by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i% page #afh47 ,^! %ells are always f\nd on ! highe/ banks 9 ! di/rict3 !y are emb$d$ 9 a /ratifi$ e>?y mass1 precisely l t ( ! great ,pampean deposit h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,9 "o collection ( ^! %ells1 !re 7 "s valves ( ! ,v5us s9uosa1 ,lam41 ! same species f\nd ) ! ,mactra on ! banks ( ! ,uruguay4 ,s\? ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 ne> ,ens5ada1 !re are o!r b$s ( ! ,az>a1 "s ( :i* seem to h be5 emb$d$ 9 yell[i%1 calc>e\s1 semi-cry/all9e matt]2 & ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% has giv5 me f ! banks ( ! ,arroyo del ,tri/an1 situat$ 9 ?is same neighb\rhood1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t a league f ! ,plata1 a specim5 ( a pale- r$di%1 calc]eo-argillace\s /one 7precisely l p>ts ( ! ,pampean deposit ! importance ( :i* fact w be ref]r$ to 9 a succe$+ *apt]71 ab\nd+ ) %ells ( an ,az>a1 mu* worn1 b :i* 9 g5]al =m & appe>ance closely resemble1 & are probably id5tical )1 ! ,a4 labiata4 ,besides ^! %ells1 cellul>1 highly cry/all9e rock1 =m$ ( ! ca/s ( small bivalves1 is f\nd ne> ,ens5ada2 & likewise b$s ( sea-%ells1 :i* f _! appe>ance appe> to h la9 on ! surface4 ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% has giv5 me "s ( ^! %ells1 & ,m4 d',orbigny pron\nces !m to be3-- #a4 ,bucc9anops globulosum1 d',orbigny4 #b4 ,olivancill>ia auricul>ia1 d',orbigny4 #c4 ,v5us flexuosa1 ,lam4 #d4 ,cy!raea 7imp]fect74 #e4 ,mactra ,isabellei1 d',orbigny4 #f4 ,o/rea pul*ella1 d',orbigny4 ,besides ^!1 ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% procur$ 78,bu5os ,ayres0 etc4 by ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% page #afh47 7z nam$ by ,mr4 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by7 ! foll[+ %ells3-- #g4 ,voluta colocyn?is4 #h4 ,voluta angulata4 #i4 ,bucc9um 7n spec4874 ,all ^! species 7)1 p]haps1 ! exception ( ! la/7 are rec5t1 & live on ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/4 ,^! %ell-b$s ext5d f "o league to six leagues f ! ,plata1 & mu/ lie _m feet above its level4 ,i he>d1 also1 ( b$s ( %ells on ! ,somborombon1 & on ! ,rio ,salado1 at :i* latt] place1 z ,m4 d',orbigny in=ms me1 ! ,mactra ,isabellei & ,v5us s9uosa are f\nd4 ,dur+ ! elevation ( ! ,prov9ces ( ,la ,plata1 ! wat]s ( ! anci5t e/u>y h b little affect$ 7) ! exception ( ! s&- hills on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana & ,uruguay7 ! outl9e ( ! l&4 ,m4 ,p>*appe1 h[ev]1 has describ$ gr\ps ( s& dunes scatt]$ ov] ! wide ext5t ( ! ,pampas s\?w>d ( ,bu5os ,ayres 7,d',orbigny 8,voyage ,geolog40 page #dd471 :i* ,m4 d',orbigny attributes ) mu* probability to ! action ( ! sea1 be=e ! pla9s 7 rais$ above its level4 7,be=e proce$+ to ! di/ricts s\?w>d ( ,la ,plata1 x may be wor? :ile j to /ate1 t !re is "s evid5ce t ! coa/ ( ,brazil has p>ticipat$ 9 a small am\nt ( elevation4 ,mr4 ,bur*ell in=ms me1 t he collect$ at ,santos 7latitude #bd degrees ,s47 oy/]-%ells1 app>5tly rec5t1 "s miles f ! %ore1 & q above ! tidal action4 ,we/w>d ( ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,capta9 ,elliot is ass]t$ 7see ,h>lan 8,m$4 & ,phys4 ,res40 page #ce & ,dr4 ,meigs 9 8,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society071 to h f\nd human bones1 encru/$ ) sea-%ells1 betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,betwe5 ,rio de ,janeiro & ,cape ,frio ,i cross$ s&y tracts ab\nd+ ) sea-%ells1 at a di/ance ( a league f ! coa/2 b :e!r ^! tracts h be5 =m$ by upheaval1 or ?r\gh ! m]e accumulation ( drift s&1 ,i am n prep>$ to ass]t4 ,at ,bahia 7latitude #ac degrees ,s471 9 "s p>ts ne> ! coa/1 !re are traces ( sea-action at ! height ( ab\t tw5ty feet above its pres5t level2 !re are also1 9 _m p>ts1 remnants ( b$s ( s&/one & conglom]ate ) num]\s rec5t %ells1 rais$ a little above ! sea-level4 ,i may add1 t at ! head ( ,bahia ,bay !re is a =mation1 ab\t =ty feet 9 ?ickness1 conta9+ t]ti>y %ells app>5tly ( fre%-wat] orig91 n[ wa%$ by ! sea & encru/$ ) ,bal9i2 ?is appe>s to indicate a small am\nt ( subsid5ce subsequ5t to its deposition4 ,at ,p]nambuco 7latitude #h degrees ,s471 9 ! alluvial or t]ti>y cliffs1 surr\nd+ ! l[ l& on :i* ! city /&s1 ,i look$ 9 va9 = organic rema9s1 or o!r evid5ce ( *anges 9 level47 ,,s\?w>d ,,( ,,! ,,plata4 ,! coa/ z f> z ,bahia ,blanca 79 latitude #ci degrees ,s47 is =m$ ei!r ( a horizontal range ( cliffs1 or ( imm5se accumulations ( s&-dunes4 ,)9 ,bahia ,blanca1 a small piece ( tablel&1 ab\t tw5ty feet above high-wat] m>k1 call$ ,punta ,alta1 is =m$ ( /rata ( cem5t$ gravel & ( r$ e>?y mud1 ab\nd+ ) %ells 7) o!rs ly+ loose on ! surface71 & ! bones ( ext9ct mammif]s4 ,^! %ells1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 toge!r ) a ,balanus & two corals1 are all rec5t species1 /ill inhabit+ ! neighb\r+ seas4 ,!y w be enum]at$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,*apt]1 :5 describ+ ! ,pampean =mation2 five ( !m are id5tical ) ! uprais$ ones f ne> ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! nor!rn %ore ( ,bahia ,blanca is1 9 ma9 "p1 =m$ ( imm5se s&-dunes1 re/+ on gravel ) rec5t %ells1 & rang+ 9 l9es p>allel to ! %ore4 ,^! ranges are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by flat spaces1 compos$ ( /iff impure r$ clay1 9 :i*1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t two miles f ! coa/1 ,i f\nd by digg+ a few m9ute fragm5ts ( sea-%ells4 ,! s&-dunes ext5d sev]al miles inl&1 & /& on a pla91 :i* slopes up to a height ( betwe5 "o hundr$ & two hundr$ feet4 ,num]\s1 small1 well-r\nd$ pebbles ( pumice lie scatt]$ bo? on ! pla9 & s&-hillocks3 at ,monte ,h]moso1 on ! flat summit ( a cliff1 ,i f\nd _m ( !m at a height ( #abj feet 7angul> measurem5t7 above ! level ( ! sea4 ,^! pumice pebbles1 no d\bt1 7 orig9ally br\ght d[n f ! ,cordill]a by ! riv]s :i* cross ! cont95t1 9 ! same way z ! riv] ,negro anci5tly br\ght d[n1 & /ill br+s d[n1 pumice1 & z ! riv] ,*upat br+s d[n scoriae3 :5 once deliv]$ at ! m\? ( a riv]1 !y w\ld naturally h travell$ along ! coa/s1 & be5 ca/ up dur+ ! elevation ( ! l&1 at diff]5t heights4 ,! orig9 ( ! argillace\s flats1 :i* sep>ate ! p>allel ranges ( s&-dunes1 seems due to ! tides "h hav+ a t5d5cy 7z ,i believe !y h on mo/ %oal1 protect$ coa/s7 to ?r[ up a b> p>allel to ! %ore1 & at "s di/ance f x2 ?is b> gradually becomes l>g]1 af=d+ a base = ! accumulation ( s&- dunes1 & ! %all[ space )9 !n becomes silt$ up ) mud4 ,! repetition ( ?is process1 )\t any elevation ( ! l&1 w\ld =m a level pla9 trav]s$ by p>allel l9es ( s&-hillocks2 dur+ a sl[ elevation ( ! l&1 ! hillocks w\ld re/ on a g5tly incl9$ surface1 l t on ! nor!rn %ore ( ,bahia ,blanca4 ,i did n obs]ve any %ells 9 ?is neighb\rhood at a great] height ?an tw5ty feet2 & !re=e ! age ( ! sea-drift$ pebbles ( pumice1 n[ /&+ at ! height ( #abj feet1 mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,! ma9 pla9 surr\nd+ ,bahia ,blanca ,i e/imat$ at f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet2 x ins5sibly rises t[>ds ! di/ant ,si]ra ,v5tana4 ,!re are 9 ?is neighb\rhood "s o!r & l[] pla9s1 b !y d n abut "o at ! foot ( ! o!r1 9 ! mann] h]eaft] to be describ$1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,patagonia4 ,! pla9 on :i* ! settlem5t /&s is cross$ by _m l[ s&-dunes1 ab\nd+ ) ! m9ute %ells ( ! ,palude/r9a au/ralis1 d',orbigny1 :i* n[ lives 9 ! bay4 ,?is l[ pla9 is b\nd$ to ! s\?1 at ! ,cabeza del ,buey1 by ! cliff-=m$ m>g9 ( a wide pla9 ( ! ,pampean =mation1 :i* ,i e/imat$ at sixty feet 9 height4 ,on ! summit ( ?is cliff !re is a range ( high s&-dunes ext5d+ sev]al miles 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e4 ,s\?w>d ( ,bahia ,blanca1 ! riv] ,colorado fl[s betwe5 two pla9s1 app>5tly f ?irty to =ty feet 9 height4 ,( ^! pla9s1 ! s\!rn "o slopes up to ! foot ( ! great s&/one plateau ( ! ,rio ,negro2 & ! nor!rn "o aga9/ an esc>pm5t ( ! ,pampean deposit2 s t ! ,colorado fl[s 9 a valley fifty miles 9 wid?1 betwe5 ! upp] esc>pm5ts4 ,i /ate ?is1 because on ! l[ pla9 at ! foot ( ! nor!rn esc>pm5t1 ,i cross$ an imm5se accumulation ( high s&-dunes1 e/imat$ by ! ,gau*os at no less ?an eight miles 9 bread?4 ,^! dunes range we/w>d f ! coa/1 :i* is tw5ty miles di/ant1 to f> inl&1 9 l9es p>allel to ! valley2 !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by argillace\s flats1 precisely l ^? on ! nor!rn %ore ( ,bahia ,blanca4 ,at pres5t !re is no s\rce :5ce ?is imm5se accumulation ( s& c\ld proce$2 b if1 z ,i believe1 ! upp] esc>pm5ts once =m$ ! %ores ( an e/u>y1 9 t case ! s&/one =mation ( ! riv] ,negro w\ld h af=d$ an inexhau/ible supply ( s&1 :i* w\ld naturally h accumulat$ on ! nor!rn %ore1 z on e "p ( ! coa/ op5 to ! s\? w9ds betwe5 ,bahia ,blanca & ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,at ,san ,blas 7#dj degrees #dj ,s47 a little s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,colorado1 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd f\rte5 species ( exi/+ %ells 7six ( !m id5tical ) ^? f ,bahia ,blanca71 emb$d$ 9 _! natural positions4 78,voyage0 etc4 page #ed47 ,f ! zone ( dep? :i* ^! %ells are kn[n to inhabit1 !y mu/ h be5 uplift$ ?irty-two feet4 ,he also f\nd1 at f fifte5 to tw5ty feet above ?is b$1 ! rema9s ( an anci5t bea*4 ,t5 miles s\?w>d1 b #abj miles to ! we/1 at ,port ,s4 ,antonio1 ! ,(fic]s employ$ on ! ,survey assur$ me t !y saw _m old sea- %ells /rew$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 simil> to ^? f\nd on o!r p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,patagonia4 ,at ,san ,josef1 n9ety miles s\? 9 ne>ly ! same longitude1 ,i f\nd1 above ! gravel1 :i* caps an old t]ti>y =mation1 an irregul> b$ & hillock ( s&1 sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 ab\nd+ ) %ells ( ,patella deaurita1 ,mytilus ,magellanicus1 ! latt] reta9+ mu* ( its col\r2 ,fusus ,magellanicus 7& a v>iety ( ! same71 & a l>ge ,balanus 7probably ,b4 ,tulipa71 all n[ f\nd on ?is coa/3 ,i e/imat$ ?is b$ at f eighty to "o hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,to ! we/w>d ( ?is bay1 !re is a pla9 e/imat$ at betwe5 two hundr$ & ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height3 ?is pla9 seems1 f _m measurem5ts1 to be a cont9uation ( ! s&/one plat=m ( ! riv] ,negro4 ,! next place s\?w>d1 :]e ,i l&$1 0 at ,port ,desire1 #cdj miles di/ant2 b f ! int]m$iate di/ricts ,i receiv$1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey1 especially f ,lieut5ant ,/okes & ,mr4 ,k+1 _m specim5s & sket*es1 q suffici5t to %[ ! g5]al uni=mity ( ! :ole l9e ( coa/4 ,i may "h /ate1 t ! :ole ( ,patagonia consi/s ( a t]ti>y =mation1 re/+ on & sometimes surr\nd+ hills ( porphyry & qu>tz3 ! surface is worn into _m wide valleys & into level /ep-=m$ pla9s1 ris+ "o above ano!r1 all capp$ by irregul> b$s ( gravel1 *iefly compos$ ( porphyritic rocks4 ,?is gravel =mation w be sep>ately describ$ at ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,my object 9 giv+ ! foll[+ measurem5ts ( ! pla9s1 z tak5 by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey1 is1 z w h]eaft] be se51 to %[ ! rem>kable equability ( ! rec5t elevatory movem5ts4 ,r\nd ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,nuevo ,gulf1 z f> z ! ,riv] ,*upat 7sev5ty miles s\?w>d ( ,san ,josef71 !re appe> to be sev]al pla9s1 ( :i* ! be/ def9$ are "h repres5t$4 7,9 ! foll[+ ,diagrams3 #a4 ,basel9e is ,level ( sea4 #b4 ,scale is #a_/bj ( in* to #ajj feet v]tical4 #c4 ,height is %[n 9 feet ?us3 ,an4 ,m4 always /&s = angul> or trigonometrical measurem5t4 ,ba4 ,m4 always /&s = b>ometrical measurem5t4 ,e/4 always /&s = e/imation by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey4 ,,diagram #a4 ,,section ,,( ,,/ep-,,=m$ ,,pla9s ,,s\? ,,( ,,nuevo ,,gulf4 ,f ,ea/ 7sea level7 to ,we/ 7high73 ,t]race #a4 #hj ,e/4 ,t]race #b4 #bjj-bbj ,an4 ,m4 ,t]race #c4 #cej ,an4 ,m47 ,! upp] pla9 is "h well def9$ 7call$ ,table ,hills72 its edge =ms a cliff or l9e ( esc>pm5t _m miles 9 l5g?1 project+ ov] a l[] pla94 ,! l[e/ pla9 corresponds ) t at ,san ,josef ) ! rec5t %ells on its surface4 ,betwe5 ?is l[e/ & ! upp]mo/ pla91 !re is probably m ?an "o /ep-=m$ t]race3 sev]al measurem5ts %[ ! exi/5ce ( ! int]m$iate "o ( ! height giv5 9 ,diagram #a4 7,,diagram #b4 ,,section ,,( ,,pla9s ,,9 ,,! ,,bay ,,( ,,/4 ,,george4 ,f ,ea/ 7sea level7 to ,we/ 7high73 ,t]race #a4 #bej ,an4 ,m4 ,t]race #b4 #ccj ,an4 ,m4 ,t]race #c4 #ehj ,an4 ,m4 ,t]races #d1 #e & #f n measur$4 ,t]race #g4 #a1bjj ,e/47 ,ne> ! nor? headl& ( ! great ,bay ( ,/4 ,george 7#ajj miles s\? ( ! ,*upat71 two well-m>k$ pla9s ( #bej & #ccj feet 7 measur$3 ^! are said to sweep r\nd a great "p ( ! ,bay4 ,at its s\? headl&1 #abj miles di/ant f ! nor? headl&1 ! #bej feet pla9 0 aga9 measur$4 ,9 ! middle ( ! bay1 a high] pla9 0 f\nd at two neighb\r+ places 7,tilli ,roads & ,c4 ,m>ques7 to be #ehj feet 9 height4 ,above ?is pla91 t[>ds ! int]ior1 ,mr4 ,/okes in=ms me t !re 7 sev]al o!r /ep-=m$ pla9s1 ! highe/ ( :i* 0 e/imat$ at #a1bjj feet1 & 0 se5 rang+ at app>5tly ! same height = #aej miles nor?w>d4 ,all ^! pla9s h be5 worn into great valleys & mu* d5ud$4 ,! section 9 ,diagram #c is illu/rative ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! great ,bay ( ,/4 ,george4 ,at ! s\? headl& ( ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,george 7ne> ,c4 ,?ree ,po9ts7 ! #bej pla9 is v ext5sive4 7,,diagram #c4 ,,section ,,( ,,pla9s ,,at ,,port ,,desire4 ,f ,ea/ 7sea level7 to ,we/ 7high73 ,t]race #a4 #ajj ,e/4 ,t]race #b4 #bde-bee ,ba4 ,m4 ,%ells on surface4 ,t]race #c4 #ccj ,ba4 ,m4 ,%ells on surface4 ,t]race #d4 ,n measur$47 ,at ,port ,desire 7=ty miles s\?w>d7 ,i made sev]al measurem5ts ) ! b>omet] ( a pla91 :i* ext5ds along ! nor? side ( ! port & along ! op5 coa/1 & :i* v>ies f #bde to #bee feet 9 height3 ?is pla9 abuts aga9/ ! foot ( a high] pla9 ( #ccj feet1 :i* ext5ds also f> nor?w>d along ! coa/1 & likewise into ! int]ior4 ,9 ! di/ance a high] inl& plat=m 0 se51 ( :i* ,i d n "k ! height4 ,9 ?ree sep>ate places1 ,i obs]v$ ! cliff ( ! #bde-bee feet pla91 fr+$ by a t]race or n>r[ pla9 e/imat$ at ab\t "o hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,^! pla9s are repres5t$ 9 ! section ,diagram #c4 ,9 _m places1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( ?ree & f\r miles f ! coa/1 ,i f\nd on ! gravel-capp$ surface ( ! #bde-bee feet1 & ( ! #ccj feet pla91 %ells ( ,mytilus ,magellanicus1 ,m4 edulis1 ,patella deaurita1 & ano!r ,patella1 too mu* worn to be id5tifi$1 b app>5tly simil> to "o f\nd abundantly adh]+ to ! leaves ( ! kelp4 ,^! species are ! commone/ n[ liv+ on ?is coa/4 ,! %ells all appe>$ v old2 ! blue ( ! mussels 0 mu* fad$2 & only traces ( col\r c\ld be p]ceiv$ 9 ! ,patellas1 ( :i* ! out] surfaces 7 scal+ (f4 ,!y lay scatt]$ on ! smoo? surface ( ! gravel1 b ab\nd$ mo/ 9 c]ta9 pat*es1 especially at ! heads ( ! small] valleys3 !y g5]ally conta9$ s& 9 _! insides2 & ,i presume t !y h be5 wa%$ by alluvial action out ( ?9 s&y lay]s1 traces ( :i* may sometimes be se5 cov]+ ! gravel4 ,! sev]al pla9s h v level surfaces2 b all are scoop$ out by num]\s broad1 w9d+1 flat-bottom$ valleys1 9 :i*1 judg+ f ! bu%es1 /reams nev] fl[4 ,^! rem>ks on ! /ate ( ! %ells1 & on ! nature ( ! pla9s1 apply to ! foll[+ cases1 s ne$ n be repeat$4 7,,diagram #d4 ,,section ,,( ,,pla9s ,,at ,,port ,s4 ,,julian4 ,f ,ea/ 7sea level7 to ,we/ 7high73 ,t]race #a4 ,%ells on surface4 #ij ,e/4 ,t]race #b4 #dcj ,an4 ,m4 ,t]race #c4 #efj ,an4 ,m4 ,t]race #d4 #iej ,an4 ,m47 ,s\?w>d ( ,port ,desire1 ! pla9s h be5 greatly d5ud$1 ) only small pieces ( tablel& m>k+ _! =m] ext5sion4 ,b opposite ,bird ,isl&1 two consid]able /ep-=m$ pla9s 7 measur$1 & f\nd respectively to be #cej & #eij feet 9 height4 ,?is latt] pla9 ext5ds along ! coa/ close to ,port ,/4 ,julian 7#aaj miles s\? ( ,port ,desire72 see ,diagram #d4 ,! l[e/ pla9 0 e/imat$ at n9ety feet3 x is rem>kable f ! usual gravel-b$ be+ deeply worn into holl[s1 :i* are fill$ up )1 z well z ! g5]al surface cov]$ by1 s&y & r$di% e>?y matt]3 9 "o ( ! holl[s ?us fill$ up1 ! skeleton ( ! ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica1 z w h]eaft] be describ$1 0 emb$d$4 ,on ! surface & 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ?is e>?y mass1 !re 7 num]\s %ells ( ,mytilus ,magellanicus & ,m4 edulis1 ,patella deaurita1 & fragm5ts ( o!r species4 ,?is pla9 is tol]ably level1 b n ext5sive2 x =ms a promontory sev5 or eight miles long1 & ?ree or f\r wide4 ,! upp] pla9s 9 ,diagram #d 7 measur$ by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey2 !y 7 all capp$ by ?ick b$s ( gravel1 & 7 all m or less d5ud$2 ! #iej pla9 consi/s m]ely ( sep>ate1 truncat$1 gravel-capp$ hills1 two ( :i*1 by measurem5t1 7 f\nd to diff] only ?ree feet4 ,! #dcj feet pla9 ext5ds1 app>5tly ) h>dly a break1 to ne> ! nor!rn entrance ( ! ,rio ,santa ,cruz 7fifty miles to ! s\?72 b x 0 !re f\nd to be only #ccj feet 9 height4 7,,diagram #e4 ,,section ,,( ,,pla9s ,,at ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,rio ,,santa ,,cruz4 ,f ,ea/ 7sea level7 to ,we/ 7high73 ,t]race #a4 7slop+7 #cee ,ba4 ,m4 ,%ells on surface4 #dfc ,ba4 ,m4 ,t]race #b4 #gaj ,an4 ,m4 ,t]race #c4 #hdj ,an4 ,m47 ,on ! s\!rn side ( ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz we h ,diagram #e1 :i* ,i am able to give ) m detail ?an 9 ! =ego+ cases4 ,! pla9 m>k$ #cee feet 7z asc]ta9$ by ! b>omet] & by angul> measurem5t7 is a cont9uation ( ! above-m5tion$ #ccj feet pla93 x ext5ds 9 a ,n4,w4 direction along ! s\!rn %ores ( ! e/u>y4 ,x is capp$ by gravel1 :i* 9 mo/ p>ts is cov]$ by a ?9 b$ ( s&y e>?1 & is scoop$ out by _m flat-bottom$ valleys4 ,x appe>s to ! eye q level1 b 9 proce$+ 9 a ,s4,s4,w4 c\rse1 t[>ds an esc>pm5t di/ant ab\t six miles1 & likewise rang+ across ! c\ntry 9 a ,n4,w4 l9e1 x 0 f\nd to rise at fir/ ins5sibly1 & !n = ! la/ half-mile1 s5sibly1 close up to ! base ( ! esc>pm5t3 at ?is po9t x 0 #dfc feet 9 height1 %[+ a rise ( #ajh feet 9 ! six miles4 ,on ?is #cee-dfc feet pla91 ,i f\nd sev]al %ells ( ,mytilus ,magellanicus & ( a ,mytilus1 :i* ,mr4 ,s[]by in=ms me is yet unnam$1 ?\gh well-kn[n z rec5t on ?is coa/2 ,patella deaurita2 ,fusus1 ,i believe1 ,magellanicus1 b ! specim5 has be5 lo/2 & at ! di/ance ( f\r miles f ! coa/1 at ! height ( ab\t f\r hundr$ feet1 !re 7 fragm5ts ( ! same ,patella & ( a ,voluta 7app>5tly ,v4 ancilla7 p>tially emb$d$ 9 ! sup]ficial s&y e>?4 ,all ^! %ells _h ! same anci5t appe>ance ) ^? f ! =ego+ localities4 ,z ! tides along ?is "p ( ! coa/ rise at ! ,syzygal p]iod =ty feet1 & !re=e =m a well-m>k$ bea*-l9e1 ,i p>ticul>ly look$ out = ridges 9 cross+ ?is pla91 :i*1 z we h se51 rises #ajh feet 9 ab\t six miles1 b ,i c\ld n see any traces ( su*4 ,! next highe/ pla9 is #gaj feet above ! sea2 x is v n>r[1 b level1 & is capp$ ) gravel2 x abuts to ! foot ( ! #hdj feet pla94 ,?is summit-pla9 ext5ds z f> z ! eye c range1 bo? inl& along ! s\!rn side ( ! valley ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 & s\?w>d along ! ,atlantic4 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,r4 ,,santa ,,cruz4 ,?is valley runs 9 an ea/ & we/ direction to ! ,cordill]a1 a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty miles4 ,x cuts ?r\gh ! great ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation1 includ+1 9 ! upp] half ( ! valley1 imm5se /reams ( basaltic lava1 :i* z well z ! s(t] b$s1 are capp$ by gravel2 & ?is gravel1 high up ! riv]1 is associat$ ) a va/ b\ld] =mation4 7,i h describ$ ?is =mation 9 a pap] 9 ! 8,geological ,transactions0 volume #f page #dae47 ,9 asc5d+ ! valley1 ! pla9 :i* at ! m\? on ! s\!rn side is #cee feet high1 is se5 to tr5d t[>ds ! correspond+ pla9 on ! nor!rn side1 s t _! esc>pm5ts appe> l ! %ores ( a =m] e/u>y1 l>g] ?an ! exi/+ "o3 ! esc>pm5ts1 also1 ( ! #hdj feet summit-pla9 7) a correspond+ nor!rn "o1 :i* is met ) "s way up ! valley71 appe> l ! %ores ( a /ill l>g] e/u>y4 ,f>!r up ! valley1 ! sides are b\nd$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? by level1 gravel-capp$ t]races1 ris+ above ea* o!r 9 /eps4 ,! wid? betwe5 ! upp] esc>pm5ts is on an av]age betwe5 sev5 & t5 miles2 9 "o spot1 h[ev]1 :]e cutt+ ?r\gh ! basaltic lava1 x 0 only "o mile & a half4 ,betwe5 ! esc>pm5ts ( ! second highe/ t]race ! av]age wid? is ab\t f\r or five miles4 ,! bottom ( ! valley1 at ! di/ance ( #aaj miles f its m\?1 beg9s s5sibly to exp&1 & soon =ms a consid]able pla91 #ddj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s 9 a gut f tw5ty to =ty feet 9 dep?4 ,i "h f\nd1 at a po9t #adj miles f ! ,atlantic1 & sev5ty miles f ! ne>e/ creek ( ! ,pacific1 at ! height ( #daj feet1 a v old & worn %ell ( ,patella deaurita4 ,l[] d[n ! valley1 #aje miles f ! ,atlantic 7longitude #ga degrees ,w471 & at an elevation ( ab\t #cjj feet1 ,i also f\nd1 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 two mu* worn & brok5 %ells ( ! ,voluta ancilla1 /ill reta9+ traces ( _! col\rs2 & "o ( ! ,patella deaurita4 ,x appe>$ t ^! %ells _h be5 wa%$ f ! banks into ! riv]2 consid]+ ! di/ance f ! sea1 ! des]t & absolutely unfrequ5t$ "* ( ! c\ntry1 & ! v anci5t appe>ance ( ! %ells 7exactly l ^? f\nd on ! pla9s ne>] ! coa/71 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 no cause to suspect t !y c\ld h be5 br\ght "h by ,indians4 ,! pla9 at ! head ( ! valley is tol]ably level1 b wat]-worn1 & ) _m s&-dunes on x l ^? on a sea-coa/4 ,at ! highe/ po9t to :i* we asc5d$1 x 0 sixte5 miles wide 9 a nor? & s\? l9e2 & =ty-five miles 9 l5g? 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e4 ,x is bord]$ by ! esc>pm5ts1 "o above ! o!r1 ( two pla9s1 :i* div]ge z !y approa* ! ,cordill]a1 & consequ5tly resemble1 at two levels1 ! %ores ( great bays fac+ ! m\nta9s2 & ^! m\nta9s are brea*$ 9 front ( ! l[] pla9 by a rem>kable gap4 ,! valley1 !re=e1 ( ! ,santa ,cruz consi/s ( a /raight broad cut1 ab\t n9ety miles 9 l5g?1 bord]$ by gravel-capp$ t]races & pla9s1 ! esc>pm5ts ( :i* at bo? ends div]ge or exp&1 "o ov] ! o!r1 aft] ! mann] ( ! %ores ( great bays4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is peculi> =m ( ! l&--! s&-dunes on ! pla9 at ! head ( ! valley--! gap 9 ! ,cordill]a1 9 front ( x--! pres5ce 9 two places ( v anci5t %ells ( exi/+ species--& la/ly1 ! circum/ance ( ! #cee-dec feet pla91 ) ! num]\s m>9e rema9s on its surface1 sweep+ f ! ,atlantic coa/1 f> up ! valley1 ,i ?9k we mu/ admit1 t )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 ! c\rse ( ! ,santa ,cruz =m$ a sea-/rait int]sect+ ! cont95t4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica consi/$ ( an ar*ipelago ( isl&s #cfj miles 9 a nor? & s\? l9e4 ,we %all pres5tly see1 t two o!r /raits also1 s9ce clos$1 !n cut ?r\gh ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 ,i may add1 t "o ( !m mu/ at t "t h exp&$ at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a into a great bay 7n[ ,otway ,wat]7 l t :i* =m]ly cov]$ ! #ddj feet pla9 at ! head ( ! ,santa ,cruz4 7,,diagram #f4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,t]races ,,b\nd+ ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,riv] ,,santa ,,cruz1 ,,high ,,up ,,its ,,c\rse4 ,! height ( ea* t]race1 above ! level ( ! riv] 7fur!/ to ne>e/ to ! riv]7 9 feet3 ,a1 nor? & s\?3 #a1abb ,b1 nor? & s\?3 #hfi ,c1 nor? & s\?3 #fci ,d1 nor?3 n measur$4 ,d1 nor?8 7sugge/ s\?73 #ahe ,e3 #bj ,b$ ( ,riv]4 ,v]tical scale #a_/bj ( in* to #ajj feet2 b t]race ,e1 be+ only tw5ty feet above ! riv]1 has necess>ily be5 rais$4 ,! horizontal di/ances mu* contract$2 ! di/ance f ! edge ( ,a ,nor? to ,a ,s\? be+ on an av]age f sev5 to t5 miles47 ,i h said t ! valley 9 its :ole c\rse is bord]$ by gravel- capp$ pla9s4 ,! section 7,diagram #f71 suppos$ to be drawn 9 a nor? & s\? l9e across ! valley1 c sc>cely be consid]$ z m ?an illu/rative2 = dur+ our hurri$ asc5t x 0 impossible to measure all ! pla9s at any "o place4 ,at a po9t ne>ly midway betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! ,atlantic1 ,i f\nd ! pla9 7,a nor?7 #a1abb feet above ! riv]2 all ! l[] pla9s on ?is side 7 "h unit$ into "o great brok5 cliff3 at a po9t sixte5 miles l[] d[n ! /ream1 ,i f\nd by measurem5t & e/imation t ,b 7nor?7 0 #hfi above ! riv]3 v ne> to :]e ,a 7nor?7 0 measur$1 ,c 7nor?7 0 #fci above ! same level3 ! t]race ,d 7nor?7 0 n[h]e measur$3 ! l[e/ ,e 7nor?7 0 9 _m places ab\t tw5ty feet above ! riv]4 ,^! pla9s or t]races 7 be/ develop$ :]e ! valley 0 wide/2 ! :ole five1 l gigantic /eps1 occurr$ toge!r only at a few po9ts4 ,! l[] t]races are less cont9u\s ?an ! high] ones1 & appe> to be entirely lo/ 9 ! upp] ?ird ( ! valley4 ,t]race ,c 7s\?71 h[ev] 0 trac$ cont9u\sly = a great di/ance4 ,! t]race ,b 7nor?71 at a po9t fifty- five miles f ! m\? ( ! riv]1 0 f\r miles 9 wid?2 high] up ! valley ?is t]race 7or at lea/ ! second highe/ "o1 = ,i c\ld n always trace x cont9u\sly7 0 ab\t eight miles wide4 ,?is second pla9 0 g5]ally wid] ?an ! l[] ones--z inde$ foll[s f ! valley f ,a 7nor?7 to ,a 7s\?7 be+ g5]ally ne>ly d\ble ! wid? ( f ,b 7nor?7 to ,b 7s\?74 ,l[ d[n ! valley1 ! summit-pla9 ,a 7s\?7 is cont9u\s ) ! #hdj feet pla9 on ! coa/1 b x is soon lo/ or unites ) ! esc>pm5t ( ,b 7s\?74 ,! correspond+ pla9 ,a 7nor?71 on ! nor? side ( ! valley1 appe>s to range cont9u\sly f ! ,cordill]a to ! head ( ! pres5t e/u>y ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 :]e x tr5ds nor?w>d t[>ds ,port ,/4 ,julian4 ,ne> ! ,cordill]a ! summit-pla9 on bo? sides ( ! valley is betwe5 #c1bjj & #c1cjj feet 9 height2 at #ajj miles f ! ,atlantic1 x is #a1daf feet1 & on ! coa/ #hdj feet1 all above ! sea-bea*2 s t 9 a di/ance ( #ajj miles ! pla9 rises #egf feet1 & mu* m rapidly ne> to ! ,cordill]a4 ,! l[] t]races ,b & ,c also appe> to rise z !y run up ! valley2 ?us ,d 7nor?71 measur$ at two po9ts tw5ty-f\r miles ap>t1 0 f\nd to h ris5 #ahe feet4 ,f sev]al reasons ,i suspect1 t ?is gradual incl9ation ( ! pla9s up ! valley1 has be5 *iefly caus$ by ! elevation ( ! cont95t 9 mass1 hav+ be5 ! great] ! ne>] to ! ,cordill]a4 ,all ! t]races are capp$ ) well-r\nd$ gravel1 :i* re/s ei!r on ! d5ud$ & sometimes furr[$ surface ( ! s(t t]ti>y deposits1 or on ! basaltic lava4 ,! diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 "s ( ! l[] /eps or t]races seems to be entirely ow+ to a diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! capp+ gravel4 ,furr[s & inequalities 9 ! gravel1 :]e su* occur1 are fill$ up & smoo!d ov] ) s&y e>?4 ,! pebbles1 especially on ! high] pla9s1 are (t5 :itewa%$1 & ev5 cem5t$ toge!r by a :ite alum9\s sub/ance1 & ,i occasionally f\nd ?is to be ! case ) ! gravel on ! t]race ,d4 ,i c\ld n p]ceive any trace ( a simil> deposition on ! pebbles n[ ?r[n up by ! riv]1 & !re=e ,i d n ?9k t t]race ,d 0 riv]-=m$4 ,z ! t]race ,e g5]ally /&s ab\t tw5ty feet above ! b$ ( ! riv]1 my fir/ impression 0 to d\bt :e!r ev5 ?is l[e/ "o c\ld h be5 s =m$2 b x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d1 t ! horizontal upheaval ( a di/rict1 by increas+ ! total desc5t ( ! /reams1 w always t5d to increase1 fir/ ne> ! sea-coa/ & !n fur!r & fur!r up ! valley1 _! corrod+ & deep5+ p[]s3 s t an alluvial pla91 =m$ almo/ on a level ) a /ream1 w1 aft] an elevation ( ?is k9d1 9 "t be cut ?r\gh1 & left /&+ at a height nev] aga9 to be rea*$ by ! wat]4 ,) respect to ! ?ree upp] t]races ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt1 t !y 7 modell$ by ! sea1 :5 ! valley 0 occupi$ by a /rait1 9 ! same mann] 7h]eaft] to be discuss$7 z ! great] /ep-=m$1 %ell- /rew$ pla9s along ! coa/ ( ,patagonia4 ,to return to ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic3 ! #hdj feet pla91 at ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 is se5 ext5d+ horizontally f> to ! s\?2 & ,i am in=m$ by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey1 t b5d+ r\nd ! head ( ,coy ,inlet 7sixty-five miles s\?w>d71 x tr5ds inl&4 ,outli]s ( app>5tly ! same height are se5 =ty miles f>!r s\?1 inl& ( ! riv] ,gallegos2 & a pla9 comes d[n to ,cape ,gregory 7?irty-five miles s\?w>d71 9 ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 :i* 0 e/imat$ at betwe5 eight hundr$ & "o ?\s& feet 9 height1 & :i*1 ris+ t[>ds ! int]ior1 is capp$ by ! b\ld] =mation4 ,s\? ( ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 !re are l>ge outly+ masses ( app>5tly ! same great tablel&1 ext5d+ at int]vals along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego3 at two places "h1 #aaj miles a "p1 ?is pla9 0 f\nd to be #iej & #igj feet 9 height4 ,f ,coy ,inlet1 :]e ! high summit-pla9 tr5ds inl&1 a pla9 e/imat$ at #cej feet 9 height1 ext5ds = =ty miles to ! riv] ,gallegos4 ,f ?is po9t to ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 & on ea* side ( t ,/rait1 ! c\ntry has be5 mu* d5ud$ & is less level4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( ! b\ld] =mation1 :i* rises to a height ( betwe5 "o hundr$ & fifty & two hundr$ & fifty feet1 & is (t5 capp$ by b$s ( gravel4 ,at ,n4,s4 ,gracia1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,inn] ,n>r[s ( ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 ,i f\nd on ! summit ( a cliff1 #afj feet 9 height1 %ells ( exi/+ ,patellae & ,mytili1 scatt]$ on ! surface & p>tially emb$d$ 9 e>?4 ,on ! ea/]n coa/1 also1 ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 9 latitude #ec degrees #bj s\?1 ,i f\nd _m ,mytili on "s level l&1 e/imat$ at #bjj feet 9 height4 ,ant]ior to ! elevation atte/$ by ^! %ells1 x is evid5t by ! pres5t =m ( ! l&1 & by ! di/ribution ( ! great erratic b\ld]s on ! surface1 t two sea-*annels connect$ ! ,/rait ( ,magellan bo? ) ,seba/ian ,bay & ) ,otway ,wat]4 78,geological ,transactions0 volume #f page #dai47 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,rec5t ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/]n ,,coa/s ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,on ,,! ,,l&4 ,uprais$ %ells ( species1 /ill exi/+ z ! commone/ k9ds 9 ! adjo9+ sea1 occur1 z we h se51 at heights ( betwe5 a few feet & #daj feet1 at int]vals f latitude #cc degrees #dj to #ec degrees #bj s\?4 ,?is is a di/ance ( #a1ahj geographical miles--ab\t equal f ,london to ! ,nor? ,cape ( ,sw$54 ,z ! b\ld] =mation ext5ds ) ne>ly ! same height #aej miles s\? ( #ec degrees #bj1 ! mo/ s\!rn po9t :]e ,i l&$ & f\nd uprais$ %ells2 & z ! level ,pampas ranges _m hundr$ miles nor?w>d ( ! po9t1 :]e ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd at ! height ( #ajj feet b$s ( ! ,az>a1 ! space 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 :i* has be5 uplift$ )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 mu/ h be5 mu* above ! #a1ahj miles4 ,by ! t]m 8rec5t10 ,i ref] only to t p]iod )9 :i* ! n[ liv+ mollusca 7 call$ into exi/5ce2 = x w be se5 9 ! ,f\r? ,*apt]1 t bo? at ,bahia ,blanca & ,p4 ,s4 ,julian1 ! mammif]\s quadrup$s :i* co-exi/$ ) ^! %ells belong to ext9ct species4 ,i h said t ! uprais$ %ells 7 f\nd only at int]vals on ?is l9e ( coa/1 b ?is 9 all probability may be attribut$ to my n hav+ l&$ at ! int]m$iate po9ts2 = :]ev] ,i did l&1 ) ! exception ( ! riv] ,negro1 %ells 7 f\nd3 moreov]1 ! %ells are /rew$ on pla9s or t]races1 :i*1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ext5d = great di/ances ) a uni=m height4 ,i asc5d$ ! high] pla9s only 9 a few places1 ow+ to ! di/ance at :i* _! esc>pm5ts g5]ally range f ! coa/1 s t ,i am f> f kn[+ t #daj feet is ! maximum ( elevation ( ^! uprais$ rema9s4 ,! %ells are ^? n[ mo/ abundant 9 a liv+ /ate 9 ! adjo9+ sea4 7,capta9 ,k+ 8,voyages ( #8,adv5ture' & #8,beagle'0 volume #a pages #f & #acc47 ,all ( !m h an anci5t appe>ance2 b "s1 especially ! mussels1 al?\gh ly+ fully expos$ to ! wea!r1 reta9 to a consid]able ext5t _! col\rs3 ?is circum/ance appe>s at fir/ surpris+1 b x is n[ kn[n t ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( ! ,mytilus is s endur+1 t x is pres]v$ :5 ! %ell itself is completely dis9tegrat$4 7,see ,mr4 ,lyell 8,pro(s ( a ,gradual ,ris+ 9 ,sw$50 9 ! 8,philosophical ,transactions0 #ahce page #a4 ,see also ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordan ,hill 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #be page #cic47 ,mo/ ( ! %ells are brok52 ,i n[h]e f\nd two valves unit$2 ! fragm5ts are n r\nd$1 at lea/ 9 none ( ! specim5s :i* ,i br\ght home4 ,) respect to ! bread? ( ! uprais$ area 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e1 we "k f ! %ells f\nd at ! ,inn] ,n>r[s ( ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 t ! entire wid? ( ! pla91 al?\gh !re v n>r[1 has be5 elevat$4 ,x is probable t 9 ?is s\!rnmo/ "p ( ! cont95t1 ! movem5t has ext5d$ "u ! sea f> ea/w>d2 = at ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n f9d any %ells1 ! bones ( :ales h be5 notic$ by sev]al compet5t obs]v]s1 ly+ on ! l& at a consid]able di/ance f ! sea1 & at ! height ( "s hundr$ feet above x4 78,voyages ( ! #8,adv5ture' & #8,beagle'0 volume #b page #bbg4 ,& ,b\ga9ville's 8,voyage0 tome #a page #aab47 ,moreov]1 we "k t 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego ! b\ld] =mation has be5 uplift$ )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 & a simil> =mation occurs on ! nor?-we/]n %ores 7,byron ,s\nd7 ( ^! isl&s4 7,i owe ?is fact to ! k9dness ( ,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 a highly compet5t obs]v]4 ,i m5tion x m especially1 z 9 my ,pap] 7page #dbg7 on ! ,b\ld] ,=mation1 ,i h1 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! nor!rn & middle p>ts ( ! ea/]n isl&1 said t ! =mation 0 "h :olly abs5t47 ,! di/ance f ?is po9t to ! ,cordill]a ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 is #cfj miles1 :i* we may take z ! probable wid? ( ! rec5tly uprais$ area4 ,9 ! latitude ( ! ,r4 ,santa ,cruz1 we "k f ! %ells f\nd at ! m\? & head1 & 9 ! middle ( ! valley1 t ! entire wid? 7ab\t #afj miles7 ( ! surface ea/w>d ( ! ,cordill]a has be5 uprais$4 ,f ! slope ( ! pla9s1 z %[n by ! c\rse ( ! riv]s1 = sev]al degrees nor?w>d ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 x is probable t ! elevation atte/$ by ! %ells on ! coa/ has likewise ext5d$ to ! ,cordill]a4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we look z f> nor?w>d z ! prov9ces ( ,la ,plata1 ?is conclusion w\ld be v haz>d\s2 n only is ! di/ance f ,maldonado 7:]e ,i f\nd uprais$ %ells7 to ! ,cordill]a great1 namely1 #gfj miles1 b at ! head ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,plata1 a ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 range ( t]ti>y volcanic rocks has be5 obs]v$ 7,?is volcanic =mation w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,x is n improbable t ! height ( ! uprais$ %ells at ! head ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,plata1 be+ great] ?an at ,bahia ,blanca or at ,san ,blas1 may be ow+ to ! upheaval ( ^! latt] places hav+ be5 connect$ ) ! di/ant l9e ( ! ,cordill]a1 :il/ t ( ! prov9ces ( ,la ,plata 0 9 connection ) ! adjo9+ t]ti>y volcanic axis471 :i* may well indicate an axis ( elevation q di/9ct f t ( ! ,&es4 ,moreov]1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,pampas 9 ! *a9 ( ,cordova1 sev]e e>?quakes h be5 felt 7,see ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%'s "w on 8,la ,plata0 page #bdb4 ,= a notice ( an e>?quake :i* dra9$ a lake ne> ,cordova1 see also ,temple's 8,travels 9 ,p]u40 ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% in=ms me1 t a t[n betwe5 ,salta & ,tucuman 7nor? ( ,cordova7 0 =m]ly utt]ly ov]?r[n by an e>?quake472 :]eas at ,m5doza1 at ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 only g5tle oscillations1 transmitt$ f ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 h ev] be5 exp]i5c$4 ,h5ce ! elevation ( ! ,pampas may be due to sev]al di/9ct axes ( movem5t2 & we _c judge1 f ! uprais$ %ells r\nd ! e/u>y ( ! ,plata1 ( ! bread? ( ! area uplift$ )9 ! rec5t p]iod4 ,n only has ! above specifi$ long range ( coa/ be5 elevat$ )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 b ,i ?9k x may be safely inf]r$ f ! simil>ity 9 height ( ! gravel-capp$ pla9s at di/ant po9ts1 t !re has be5 a rem>kable degree ( equability 9 ! elevatory process4 ,i may premise1 t :5 ,i measur$ ! pla9s1 x 0 simply to asc]ta9 ! heights at :i* %ells occurr$2 aft]w>ds1 comp>+ ^! measurem5ts ) "s ( ^? made dur+ ! ,survey1 ,i 0 /ruck ) _! uni=mity1 & accord+ly tabulat$ all ^? :i* repres5t$ ! summit-edges ( pla9s4 ,! ext5sion ( ! #ccj to #cee feet pla9 is v /rik+1 be+ f\nd ov] a space ( #ejj geographical miles 9 a nor? & s\? l9e4 ,a table 7,table #a7 ( ! measurem5ts is giv5 bel[4 ,! angul> measurem5ts & all ! e/imations 79 feet7 are by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey2 ! b>ometrical ones by myself3-- ,,table #a4 ,gallegos ,riv] to ,coy ,inlet 7p>tly angul> p>tly e/imation7 #cej ,s\? ,side ( ,santa ,cruz 7angul> & b>ometric7 #cee ,nor? ,side ( ,santa ,cruz 7angul> & b>ometric7 #ccj ,bird ,isl&1 pla9 opposite to 7angul>7 #cej ,port ,desire1 pla9 ext5d+ f> along coa/ 7b>ometric7 #ccj ,/4 ,george's ,bay1 nor? promontory 7angul>7 #ccj ,table ,l&1 s\? ( ,new ,bay 7angul>7 #cej ,a pla91 v>y+ f #bde to #bee feet1 seems to ext5d ) mu* uni=mity f ,port ,desire to ! nor? ( ,/4 ,george's ,bay1 a di/ance ( #agj miles2 & "s approximate measurem5ts 79 feet71 also giv5 9 ,table #b bel[1 indicate ! mu* great] ext5sion ( #ghj miles3-- ,,table #b4 ,coy ,inlet1 s\? ( 7p>tly angul> & p>tly e/imation7 #bjj to #cjj ,port ,desire 7b>ometric7 #bde to #bee ,c4 ,blanco 7angul>7 #bej ,nor? ,promontory ( ,/4 ,george's ,bay 7angul>7 #bej ,s\? ( ,new ,bay 7angul>7 #bjj to #bbj ,nor? ( ,s4 ,josef 7e/imation7 #bjj to #cjj ,pla9 ( ,rio ,negro 7angul>7 #bjj to #bbj ,bahia ,blanca 7e/imation7 #bjj to #cjj ,! ext5sion1 moreov]1 ( ! #efj to #ehj1 & ( ! #hj to #ajj feet1 pla9s is rem>kable1 ?\gh some:at less obvi\s ?an 9 ! =m] cases4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t ,i h n pick$ ^! measurem5ts out ( a s]ies1 b h us$ all ^? :i* repres5t$ ! edges ( pla9s1 ,i ?9k x sc>cely possible t ^! co9cid5ces 9 height %\ld be accid5tal4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! action1 :atev] x may h be51 by :i* ^! pla9s h be5 modell$ into _! pres5t =ms1 has be5 s+ul>ly uni=m4 ,^! pla9s or great t]races1 ( :i* ?ree & f\r (t5 rise l /eps "o beh9d ! o!r1 are =m$ by ! d5udation ( ! old ,patagonian t]ti>y b$s1 & by ! deposition on _! surfaces ( a mass ( well-r\nd$ gravel1 v>y+1 ne> ! coa/1 f t5 to ?irty-five feet 9 ?ickness1 b increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! int]ior4 ,! gravel is (t5 capp$ by a ?9 irregul> b$ ( s&y e>?4 ,! pla9s slope up1 ?\gh seldom s5sibly to ! eye1 f ! summit edge ( "o esc>pm5t to ! foot ( ! next highe/ "o4 ,)9 a di/ance ( #aej miles1 betwe5 ,santa ,cruz to ,port ,desire1 :]e ! pla9s are p>ticul>ly well develop$1 !re are at lea/ sev5 /ages or /eps1 "o above ! o!r4 ,on ! ?ree l[] ones1 namely1 ^? ( #ajj feet1 #bej feet1 & #cej feet 9 height1 exi/+ littoral %ells are abundantly /rew$1 ei!r on ! surface1 or p>tially emb$d$ 9 ! sup]ficial s&y e>?4 ,by :atev] action ^! ?ree l[] pla9s h be5 modell$1 s und\bt$ly h all ! high] ones1 up to a height ( #iej feet at ,s4 ,julian1 & ( #a1bjj feet 7by e/imation7 along ,/4 ,george's ,bay4 ,i ?9k x w n be disput$1 consid]+ ! pres5ce ( ! uprais$ m>9e %ells1 t ! sea has be5 ! active p[] dur+ /ages ( "s k9d 9 ! elevatory process4 ,we w n[ briefly consid] ?is subject3 if we look at ! exi/+ coa/-l9e1 ! evid5ce ( ! great d5ud+ p[] ( ! sea is v di/9ct2 =1 f ,cape ,/4 ,diego1 9 latitude #ed degrees #cj to ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,negro1 9 latitude #ca degrees 7a l5g? ( m ?an eight hundr$ miles71 ! %ore is =m$1 ) s+ul>ly few exceptions1 ( bold & nak$ cliffs3 9 _m places ! cliffs are high2 ?us1 s\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 !y are betwe5 eight & n9e hundr$ feet 9 height1 ) _! horizontal /rata abruptly cut (f1 %[+ ! imm5se mass ( matt] :i* has be5 remov$4 ,ne>ly ?is :ole l9e ( coa/ consi/s ( a s]ies ( great] or less] curves1 ! horns ( :i*1 & likewise c]ta9 /raight project+ portions1 are =m$ ( h>d rocks2 h5ce ! concave p>ts are evid5tly ! effect & ! measure ( ! d5ud+ action on ! s(t] /rata4 ,at ! foot ( all ! cliffs1 ! sea %oals v gradually f> outw>ds2 & ! bottom1 = a space ( "s miles1 ev]y:]e consi/s ( gravel4 ,i c>efully exam9$ ! b$ ( ! sea (f ! ,santa ,cruz1 & f\nd t its incl9ation 0 exactly ! same1 bo? 9 am\nt & 9 its peculi> curvature1 ) t ( ! #cee feet pla9 at ?is same place4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! coa/1 ) ! b$ ( ! adjo9+ sea1 7 n[ sudd5ly elevat$ "o or two hundr$ feet1 an inl& l9e ( cliffs1 t is an esc>pm5t1 w\ld be =m$1 ) a gravel-capp$ pla9 at its foot g5tly slop+ to ! sea1 & hav+ an incl9ation l t ( ! exi/+ #cee feet pla94 ,f ! d5ud+ t5d5cy ( ! sea1 ?is newly =m$ pla9 w\ld 9 "t be eat5 back into a cliff3 & repetitions ( ?is elevatory & d5ud+ process w\ld produce a s]ies ( gravel-capp$ slop+ t]races1 ris+ "o above ano!r1 l ^? front+ ! %ores ( ,patagonia4 ,! *ief difficulty 7= !re are o!r inconsid]able ones7 on ?is view1 is ! fact1--z f> z ,i c tru/ two cont9u\s l9es ( s\nd+s c>efully tak5 betwe5 ,santa ,cruz & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & sev]al scatt]$ obs]vations on ?is & o!r coa/s1--t ! pebbles at ! bottom ( ! sea ,,quickly & ,,regul>ly decrease 9 size ) ! increas+ dep? & di/ance f ! %ore1 :]eas 9 ! gravel on ! slop+ pla9s1 no su* decrease 9 size 0 p]ceptible4 ,table #c bel[ gives ! av]age result ( _m s\nd+s (f ! ,santa ,cruz3-- ,,table #c4 ,"u two miles f ! %ore1 _m ( ! pebbles 7 ( l>ge size1 m+l$ ) "s small ones4 ,column #a4 ,di/ance 9 miles f ! %ore4 ,column #b4 ,dep? 9 fa?oms4 ,column #c4 ,size ( ,pebbles4 ,i p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! size ( ! pebbles on ! #cee feet ,santa ,cruz pla91 & ,i notic$ t on ! summit-edge ( ! pres5t sea cliffs _m 7 z l>ge z half a man's head2 & 9 cross+ f ^! cliffs to ! foot ( ! next highe/ esc>pm5t1 a di/ance ( six miles1 ,i c\ld n obs]ve any increase 9 _! size4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ! !ory ( a sl[ & almo/ ins5sible rise ( ! l&1 w expla9 all ! facts connect$ ) ! gravel-capp$ t]races1 bett] ?an ! !ory ( sudd5 elevations ( f "o to two hundr$ feet4 ,m4 d',orbigny has argu$1 f ! uprais$ %ells at ,san ,blas be+ emb$d$ 9 ! positions 9 :i* !y liv$1 & f ! valves ( ! ,az>a labiata high on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana be+ unit$ & unroll$1 t ! elevation ( ,nor!rn ,patagonia & ( ,la ,plata mu/ h be5 sudd52 = he ?9ks1 if x _h be5 gradual1 ^! %ells w\ld all h be5 roll$ on successive bea*-l9es4 ,b 9 ,,protect$ bays1 su* z 9 t ( ,bahia ,blanca1 :]ev] ! sea is accumulat+ ext5sive mud-banks1 or :]e ! w9ds quietly heap up s&-dunes1 b$s ( %ells might assur$ly be pres]v$ buri$ 9 ! positions 9 :i* !y _h liv$1 ev5 :il/ ! l& reta9$ ! same level2 any1 ! smalle/1 am\nt ( elevation w\ld directly aid 9 _! pres]vation4 ,i saw a multitude ( spots 9 ,bahia ,blanca :]e ?is might h be5 effect$2 & at ,maldonado x almo/ c]ta9ly has be5 effect$4 ,9 speak+ ( ! elevation ( ! l& hav+ be5 sl[1 ,i d n wi% to exclude ! small />ts :i* accompany e>?quakes1 z on ! coa/ ( ,*ile2 & by su* movem5ts b$s ( %ells might easily be uplift$1 ev5 9 positions expos$ to a heavy surf1 )\t und]go+ any attrition3 = in/ance1 9 #ahce1 a rocky flat (f ! isl& ( ,santa ,m>ia 0 at "o bl[ upheav$ above high-wat] m>k1 & 0 left cov]$ ) gap+ & putrefy+ mussel-%ells1 /ill atta*$ to ! b$ on :i* !y _h liv$4 ,if ,m4 d',orbigny _h be5 aw>e ( ! _m long p>allel l9es ( s&-hillocks1 ) inf9itely num]\s %ells ( ! ,mactra & ,v5us1 at a l[ level ne> ! ,uruguay2 if he _h se5 at ,bahia ,blanca ! imm5se s&-dunes1 ) wat]-worn pebbles ( pumice1 rang+ 9 p>allel l9es1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 up a height ( at lea/ #abj feet2 if he _h se5 ! s&-dunes1 ) ! c\ntless ,palude/r9as1 on ! l[ pla9 ne> ! ,=t at ?is place1 & t long l9e on ! edge ( ! cliff1 sixty feet high] up2 if he _h cross$ t long & great belt ( p>allel s&-dunes1 eight miles 9 wid?1 /&+ at ! height ( f =ty to fifty feet above ! ,colorado1 :]e s& c\ld n n[ collect1--,i _c believe he w\ld h ?\ght t ! elevation ( ?is great di/rict _h be5 sudd54 ,c]ta9ly ! s&-dunes 7especially :5 ab\nd+ ) %ells71 :i* /& 9 ranges at s _m diff]5t levels1 mu/ all h requir$ long "t = _! accumulation2 & h5ce ,i d n d\bt t ! la/ #ajj feet ( elevation ( ,la ,plata & ,nor!rn ,patagonia has be5 exce$+ly sl[4 ,if we ext5d ?is conclusion to ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,patagonia1 ! incl9ation ( ! successively ris+ gravel-capp$ pla9s c be expla9$ q z well1 z by ! m obvi\s view already giv5 ( a few comp>atively great & sudd5 elevations2 9 ei!r case we mu/ admit long p]iods ( re/1 dur+ :i* ! sea ate deeply into ! l&4 ,let u suppose ! pres5t coa/ to rise at a ne>ly equable1 sl[ rate1 yet suffici5tly quick to prev5t ! waves q remov+ ea* "p z soon z br\ght up2 9 ?is case e portion ( ! pres5t b$ ( ! sea w successively =m a bea*-l9e1 & f be+ expos$ to a l action w be simil>ly affect$4 ,x _c matt] to :at height ! tides rise1 ev5 if to =ty feet z at ,santa ,cruz1 = !y w act ) equal =ce & 9 l mann] on ea* successive l9e4 ,h5ce !re is no difficulty 9 ! fact ( ! #cee feet pla9 at ,santa ,cruz slop+ up #ajh feet to ! foot ( ! next highe/ esc>pm5t1 & yet hav+ no m>ks ( any "o p>ticul> bea*-l9e on x2 = ! :ole surface on ?is view has be5 a bea*4 ,i _c pret5d to foll[ out ! precise action ( ! tidal-waves dur+ a rise ( ! l&1 sl[1 yet suffici5tly quick to prev5t or *eck d5udation3 b if x be analog\s to :at takes place on protect$ p>ts ( ! pres5t coa/1 :]e gravel is n[ accumulat+ 9 l>ge quantities1 an incl9$ surface1 ?ickly capp$ by well-r\nd$ pebbles ( ab\t ! same size1 w\ld be ultimately left4 7,on ! ea/]n side ( ,*iloe1 :i* isl& we %all see 9 ! next *apt] is n[ ris+1 ,i obs]v$ t all ! bea*es & ext5sive tidal-flats 7 =m$ ( %+le47 ,on ! gravel n[ accumulat+1 ! waves1 aid$ by ! w9d1 sometimes ?r[ up a ?9 cov]+ ( s&1 toge!r ) ! common coa/-%ells4 ,%ells ?us ca/ up by gales1 w\ld1 dur+ an elevatory p]iod1 nev] aga9 be t\*$ by ! sea4 ,h5ce1 on ?is view ( a sl[ & gradual ris+ ( ! l&1 int]rupt$ by p]iods ( re/ & d5udation1 we c und]/& ! pebbles be+ ( ab\t ! same size ov] ! entire wid? ( ! /ep-l pla9s1--! occasional ?9 cov]+ ( s&y e>?1--& ! pres5ce ( brok51 unroll$ fragm5ts ( ^? %ells1 :i* n[ live exclusively ne> ! coa/4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,results4 ,x may be conclud$ t ! coa/ on ?is side ( ! cont95t1 = a space ( at lea/ #a1ahj miles1 has be5 elevat$ to a height ( #ajj feet 9 ,la ,plata1 & ( #djj feet 9 ,s\!rn ,patagonia1 )9 ! p]iod ( exi/+ %ells1 b n ( exi/+ mammif]s4 ,t 9 ,la ,plata ! elevation has be5 v sl[ly effect$3 t 9 ,patagonia ! movem5t may h be5 by consid]able />ts1 b mu* m probably sl[ & quiet4 ,9 ei!r case1 !re h be5 long int]v5+ p]iods ( comp>ative re/1 dur+ :i* ! sea corrod$ deeply1 z x is /ill corrod+1 into ! l&4 7,i say ,,comp>ative & n ,,absolute re/1 because ! sea acts1 z we h se51 ) great d5ud+ p[] on ?is :ole l9e ( coa/2 & !re=e1 dur+ an elevation ( ! l&1 if excessively sl[ 7& ( c\rse dur+ a subsid5ce ( ! l&71 x is q possible t l9es ( cliff might be =m$47 ,t ! p]iods ( d5udation & elevation 7 contemporane\s & equable ov] great spaces ( coa/1 z %[n by ! equable heights ( ! pla9s2 t !re h be5 at lea/ eight p]iods ( d5udation1 & t ! l&1 up to a height ( f #iej to #a1bjj feet1 has be5 simil>ly modell$ & affect$3 t ! area elevat$1 9 ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ! cont95t1 ext5d$ 9 bread? to ! ,cordill]a1 & probably seaw>d to ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 t nor?w>d1 9 ,la ,plata1 ! bread? is unkn[n1 !re hav+ be5 probably m ?an "o axis ( elevation2 & f9ally1 t1 ant]ior to ! elevation atte/$ by ^! uprais$ %ells1 ! l& 0 divid$ by a ,/rait :]e ! ,riv] ,santa ,cruz n[ fl[s1 & t fur!r s\?w>d !re 7 o!r sea-/raits1 s9ce clos$4 ,i may add1 t at ,santa ,cruz1 9 latitude #ej degrees ,s41 ! pla9s h be5 uplift$ at lea/ #a1djj feet1 s9ce ! p]iod :5 gigantic b\ld]s 7 transport$ betwe5 sixty & sev5ty miles f _! p>5t rock1 on float+ iceb]gs4 ,la/ly1 consid]+ ! great upw>d movem5ts :i* ?is long l9e ( coa/ has und]gone1 & ! proximity ( its s\!rn half to ! volcanic axis ( ! ,cordill]a1 x is highly rem>kable t 9 ! _m f9e sections expos$ 9 ! ,pampean1 ,patagonian t]ti>y1 & ,b\ld] =mations1 ,i n[h]e obs]v$ ! smalle/ fault or abrupt curvature 9 ! /rata4 ,,gravel ,,=mation ,,( ,,patagonia4 ,i w "h describe 9 m detail ?an has be5 z yet incid5tally done1 ! nature1 orig91 & ext5t ( ! great %+le cov]+ ( ,patagonia3 b ,i d n mean to affirm t all ( ?is %+le1 especially t on ! high] pla9s1 belongs to ! rec5t p]iod4 ,a ?9 b$ ( s&y e>?1 ) small pebbles ( v>i\s porphyries & ( qu>tz1 cov]+ a l[ pla9 on ! nor? side ( ! ,rio ,colorado1 is ! extreme nor!rn limit ( ?is =mation4 ,^! little pebbles h probably be5 d]iv$ f ! d5udation ( a m regul> b$ ( gravel1 capp+ ! old t]ti>y s&/one plateau ( ! ,rio ,negro4 ,! gravel-b$ ne> ! ,rio ,negro is1 on an av]age1 ab\t t5 or twelve feet 9 ?ickness2 & ! pebbles are l>g] ?an on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,colorado1 be+ f "o or two in*es 9 diamet]1 & compos$ *iefly ( r d>k-t9t$ porphyries4 ,among/ !m ,i "h fir/ notic$ a v>iety (t5 to be ref]r$ to1 namely1 a peculi> gall/one-yell[ silice\s porphyry1 frequ5tly1 b n inv>iably1 conta9+ gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,! pebbles are emb$d$ 9 a :ite1 gritty1 calc>e\s matrix1 v l mort>1 sometimes m]ely coat+ ) a :itewa% ! sep>ate /ones1 & sometimes =m+ ! great] "p ( ! mass4 ,9 "o place ,i saw 9 ! gravel concretion>y nodules 7n r\nd$7 ( cry/allis$ gypsum1 "s z l>ge z a man's head4 ,i trac$ ?is b$ = =ty-five miles inl&1 & 0 assur$ t x ext5d$ f> into ! int]ior4 ,z ! surface ( ! calc>eo- argillace\s pla9 ( ,pampean =mation1 on ! nor!rn side ( ! wide valley ( ! ,colorado1 /&s at ab\t ! same height ) ! mort>- l cem5t$ gravel capp+ ! s&/one on ! s\!rn side1 x is probable1 consid]+ ! app>5t equability ( ! subt]ranean movem5ts along ?is side ( ,am]ica1 t ?is gravel ( ! ,rio ,negro & ! upp] b$s ( ! ,pampean =mation nor?w>d ( ! ,colorado1 are ( ne>ly contemporane\s orig91 & t ! calc>e\s matt] has be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,s\?w>d ( ! ,rio ,negro1 ! cliffs along ! great bay ( ,s4 ,antonio are capp$ ) gravel3 at ,san ,josef1 ,i f\nd t ! pebbles closely resembl$ ^? on ! pla9 ( ! ,rio ,negro1 b t !y 7 n cem5t$ by calc>e\s matt]4 ,betwe5 ,san ,josef & ,port ,desire1 ,i 0 assur$ by ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,survey t ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry is coat$ ) gravel4 ,at ,port ,desire & ov] a space ( tw5ty-five miles inl&1 on ! ?ree /ep-=m$ pla9s & 9 ! valleys1 ,i ev]y:]e pass$ ov] gravel :i*1 :]e ?icke/1 0 betwe5 ?irty & =ty feet4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,patagonia1 ! gravel1 or its s&y cov]+1 01 z we h se51 (t5 /rew$ ) rec5t m>9e %ells4 ,! s&y cov]+ sometimes fills up furr[s 9 ! gravel1 z does ! gravel 9 ! und]ly+ t]ti>y =mations4 ,! pebbles are frequ5tly :itewa%$ & ev5 cem5t$ toge!r by a peculi>1 :ite1 friable1 alum9\s1 fusible sub/ance1 :i* ,i believe is decompos$ feldsp>4 ,at ,port ,desire1 ! gravel re/$ sometimes on ! basal =mation ( porphyry1 & sometimes on ! upp] or ! l[] d5ud$ t]ti>y /rata4 ,x is rem>kable t mo/ ( ! porphyritic pebbles diff] f ^? v>ieties ( porphyry :i* occur "h abundantly 9 situ4 ,! peculi> gall/one-yell[ v>iety 0 common1 b less num]\s ?an at ,port ,s4 ,julian1 :]e x =m$ ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! mass ( ! gravel2 ! rema9+ "p !re consi/+ ( pale grey & gre5i% porphyries ) _m cry/als ( feldsp>4 ,at ,port ,s4 ,julian1 ,i asc5d$ "o ( ! flat- topp$ hills1 ! d5ud$ remnant ( ! highe/ pla91 & f\nd x1 at ! height ( #iej feet1 capp$ ) ! usual b$ ( gravel4 ,ne> ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 ! b$ ( gravel on ! #cee feet pla9 is f tw5ty to ab\t ?irty-five feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! pebbles v>y f m9ute ones to ! size ( a h5's egg1 & ev5 to t ( half a man's head2 !y consi/ ( pal] v>ieties ( porphyry ?an ^? f\nd fur!r nor?w>d1 & !re are few] ( ! gall/one-yell[ k9d2 pebbles ( compact black clay-slate 7 "h fir/ obs]v$4 ,! gravel1 z we h se51 cov]s ! /ep-=m$ pla9s at ! m\?1 head1 & on ! sides ( ! great valley ( ! ,santa ,cruz4 ,at a di/ance ( #aaj miles f ! coa/1 ! pla9 has ris5 to ! height ( #a1daf feet above ! sea2 & ! gravel1 ) ! associat$ great b\ld] =mation1 has atta9$ a ?ickness ( #bab feet4 ,! pla91 app>5tly ) its usual gravel cov]+1 slopes up to ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a to ! height ( betwe5 #c1bjj & #c1cjj feet4 ,9 asc5d+ ! valley1 ! gravel gradually becomes entirely alt]$ 9 "*3 high up1 we h pebbles ( cry/all9e feldspa?ic rocks1 compact clay-slate1 qu>tzose s*i/s1 & pale-col\r$ porphyries2 ^! rocks1 judg+ bo? f ! gigantic b\ld]s 9 ! surface & f "s small pebbles emb$d$ b5ea? #gjj feet 9 ?ickness ( ! old t]ti>y /rata1 are ! prevail+ k9ds 9 ?is "p ( ! ,cordill]a2 pebbles ( basalt f ! neighb\r+ /reams ( basaltic lava are also num]\s2 !re are few or none ( ! r$di% or ( ! gall/one-yell[ porphyries s common ne> ! coa/4 ,h5ce ! pebbles on ! #cej feet pla9 at ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz _c h be5 d]iv$ 7) ! exception ( ^? ( compact clay- slate1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may equally well h come f ! s\?7 f ! ,cordill]a 9 ?is latitude2 b probably1 9 *ief "p1 f f>!r nor?4 ,s\?w>d ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 ! gravel may be se5 cont9u\sly capp+ ! great #hdj feet pla93 at ! ,rio ,gallegos1 :]e ?is pla9 is succe$$ by a l[] "o1 !re is1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,capta9 ,sulivan1 an irregul> cov]+ ( gravel f t5 to twelve feet 9 ?ickness ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! di/rict on ea* side ( ! ,/rait ( ,magellan is cov]$ up ei!r ) gravel or ! b\ld] =mation3 x 0 int]e/+ to obs]ve ! m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]fectly r\nd$ /ate ( ! pebbles 9 ! great %+le =mation ( ,patagonia1 & ! m or less angul> fragm5ts 9 ! b\ld] =mation4 ,! pebbles & fragm5ts ne> ! ,/rait ( ,magellan ne>ly all belong to rocks kn[n to occur 9 ,fuegia4 ,i 0 !re=e mu* surpris$ 9 dr$g+ s\? ( ! ,/rait to f9d1 9 latitude #ed degrees #aj s\?1 _m pebbles ( ! gall/one-yell[ silice\s porphyry2 ,i procur$ o!rs f a great dep? (f ,/at5 ,isl&1 & o!rs 7 br\ght me f ! we/]n extremity ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 7,at my reque/1 ,mr4 ,k5t collect$ = me a bag ( pebbles f ! bea* ( ,:ite ,rock h>b\r1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! s\nd1 betwe5 ! two ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,out ( ^! well-r\nd$ pebbles1 v>y+ 9 size f a walnut to a h5's egg1 ) "s l>g]1 ?irty-eight evid5tly belong$ to ! rocks ( ^! isl&s2 tw5ty-six 7 simil> to ! pebbles ( porphyry f\nd on ! ,patagonian pla9s1 :i* rocks d n exi/ 9 situ 9 ! ,falkl&s2 "o pebble belong$ to ! peculi> yell[ silice\s porphyry2 ?irty 7 ( d\btful orig947 ,! di/ribution ( ! pebbles ( ?is peculi> porphyry1 :i* ,i v5ture to affirm is n f\nd 9 situ ei!r 9 ,fuegia1 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 or on ! coa/ ( ,patagonia1 is v rem>kable1 = !y are f\nd ov] a space ( #hdj miles 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 & at ! ,falkl&s1 #cjj miles ea/w>d ( ! coa/ ( ,patagonia4 ,_! occurr5ce 9 ,fuegia & ! ,falkl&s may1 h[ev]1 p]haps be due to ! same ice-ag5cy by :i* ! b\ld]s h be5 !re transport$4 ,we h se5 t porphyritic pebbles ( a small size are fir/ met ) on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,rio ,colorado1 ! b$ becom+ well develop$ ne> ! ,rio ,negro3 f ?is latt] po9t ,i h e reason to believe t ! gravel ext5ds un9t]rupt$ly ov] ! pla9s & valleys ( ,patagonia = at lea/ #fcj nautical miles s\?w>d to ! ,rio ,gallegos4 ,f ! slope ( ! pla9s1 f ! nature ( ! pebbles1 f _! ext5sion at ! ,rio ,negro f> into ! int]ior1 & at ! ,santa ,cruz close up to ! ,cordill]a1 ,i ?9k x highly probable t ! :ole bread? ( ,patagonia is ?us cov]$4 ,if s1 ! av]age wid? ( ! b$ mu/ be ab\t two hundr$ miles4 ,ne> ! coa/ ! gravel is g5]ally f t5 to ?irty feet 9 ?ickness2 & z 9 ! valley ( ,santa ,cruz x atta9s1 at "s di/ance f ! ,cordill]a1 a ?ickness ( #bad feet1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 safely assume its av]age ?ickness ov] ! :ole area ( #fcj by #bjj miles1 at fifty feet6 ,! transportal & orig9 ( ?is va/ b$ ( pebbles is an int]e/+ problem4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* !y cap ! /ep-=m$ pla9s1 worn by ! sea )9 ! p]iod ( exi/+ %ells1 _! deposition1 at lea/ on ! pla9s up to a height ( #djj feet1 mu/ h be5 a rec5t geological ev5t4 ,f ! =m ( ! cont95t1 we may feel sure t !y h come f ! we/w>d1 probably1 9 *ief "p f ! ,cordill]a1 b1 p]haps1 p>tly f unkn[n rocky ridges 9 ! c5tral di/ricts ( ,patagonia4 ,t ! pebbles h n be5 transport$ by riv]s1 f ! int]ior t[>ds ! coa/1 we may conclude f ! fewness & smallness ( ! /reams ( ,patagonia3 moreov]1 9 ! case ( ! "o great & rapid riv] ( ,santa ,cruz1 we h good evid5ce t its transport+ p[] is v trifl+4 ,?is riv] is f two to ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 ab\t sev5te5 feet deep 9 its middle1 & runs ) a s+ul> degree ( uni=mity five knots an h\r1 ) no lakes & sc>cely any /ill rea*es3 nev]!less1 to give "o in/ance ( its small transport+ p[]1 ^u c>eful exam9ation1 pebbles ( compact basalt c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] at a great] di/ance ?an t5 miles bel[ ! po9t :]e ! /ream ru%es ov] ! debris ( ! great basaltic cliffs =m+ its %ore3 fragm5ts ( ! ,,cellul> v>ieties h be5 wa%$ d[n twice or ?rice z f>4 ,t ! pebbles 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,patagonia h n be5 transport$ by ice-ag5cy1 z seems to h be5 ! case to a consid]able ext5t f>!r s\?1 & likewise 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 we may conclude1 f ! abs5ce ( all angul> fragm5ts 9 ! gravel1 & f ! complete contra/ 9 _m o!r respects betwe5 ! %+le & neighb\r+ b\ld] =mation4 ,look+ to ! gravel on any "o ( ! /ep-=m$ pla9s1 ,i _c d\bt1 f ! sev]al reasons assign$ 9 ?is *apt]1 t x has be5 spread out & level$ by ! long-cont9u$ action ( ! sea1 probably dur+ ! sl[ rise ( ! l&4 ,! smoo? & p]fectly r\nd$ condition ( ! innum]able pebbles alone w\ld prove long-cont9u$ action4 ,b h[ ! :ole mass ( %+le on ! coa/-pla9s has be5 transport$ f ! m\nta9s ( ! int]ior1 is ano!r & m difficult "q4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! sea by its ord9>y action has consid]able p[] 9 di/ribut+ pebbles4 ,table #c above %[s h[ v uni=mly & gradually ! pebbles decrease 9 size ) ! gradually seaw>d increas+ dep? & di/ance4 7,i may m5tion1 t at ! di/ance ( #aej miles f ! ,patagonian %ore ,i c>efully exam9$ ! m9ute r\nd$ p>ticles 9 ! s&1 & f\nd !m to be fusible l ! porphyries ( ! great %+le b$4 ,i c\ld ev5 di/+ui% p>ticles ( ! gall/one-yell[ porphyry4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to notice h[ gradually ! p>ticles ( :ite qu>tz increas$1 z we approa*$ ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :i* are ?us con/itut$4 ,9 ! :ole l9e ( s\nd+s betwe5 ^! isl&s & ! coa/ ( ,patagonia dead or liv+ organic rema9s 7 mo/ r>e4 ,on ! relations betwe5 ! dep? ( wat] & ! nature ( ! bottom1 see ,m>t9 ,:ite on 8,s\nd+s 9 ! ,*annel0 pages #d1 #f1 #age2 also ,capta9 ,bee*ey's 8,voyage to ! ,pacific0 *apt] #ah47 ,a s]ies ( ?is k9d irresi/ibly leads to ! conclusion1 t ! sea has ! p[] ( sift+ & di/ribut+ ! loose matt] on its bottom4 ,accord+ to ,m>t9 ,:ite1 ! b$ ( ! ,briti% ,*annel is di/urb$ dur+ gales at dep?s ( sixty-?ree & sixty-sev5 fa?oms1 & at ?irty fa?oms1 %+le & fragm5ts ( %ells are (t5 deposit$1 aft]w>ds to be c>ri$ away aga94 78,s\nd+s 9 ! ,*annel0 pages #d1 #aff4 ,m4 ,siau /ates 78,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #ca page #bdf71 t he f\nd ! s$im5t1 at a dep? ( #ahh metres1 arrang$ 9 ripples ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,!re are "s excell5t discussions on ?is & alli$ subjects 9 ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e's 8,!oretical ,rese>*es407 ,gr\ndswells1 :i* are believ$ to be caus$ by di/ant gales1 seem especially to affect ! bottom3 at su* times1 accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ! sea to a great di/ance r\nd ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 at dep?s f five to fifte5 fa?oms1 becomes discol\r$1 & ev5 ! an*ors ( vessels h be5 mov$4 78,j\rnal ( ,royal ,geographical ,society0 volume #e page #be4 ,x appe>s f ,mr4 ,scott ,russell's inve/igations 7see ,mr4 ,mur*ison's 8,anniv]s>y ,address ,geological ,society0 #ahdc page #dj71 t 9 waves ( translation ! motion ( ! p>ticles ( wat] is ne>ly z great at ! bottom z at ! top47 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s difficulties 9 und]/&+ h[ ! sea c transport pebbles ly+ at ! bottom1 =1 f exp]im5ts in/itut$ on ! p[] ( runn+ wat]1 x w\ld appe> t ! curr5ts ( ! sea h n suffici5t velocity to move /ones ( ev5 mod]ate size3 moreov]1 ,i h repeat$ly f\nd 9 ! mo/ expos$ situations t ! pebbles :i* lie at ! bottom are encru/$ ) full-gr[n liv+ corall9es1 furni%$ ) ! mo/ delicate1 yet unbrok5 sp9es3 = in/ance1 9 t5 fa?oms wat] (f ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 _m pebbles1 "u half an in* 9 diamet]1 7 ?us coat$ ) ,flu/racean zoophytes4 7,a pebble1 "o & a half in* squ>e & half an in* ?ick1 0 giv5 me1 dr$g$ up f tw5ty-sev5 fa?oms dep? (f ! we/]n end ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :]e ! sea is rem>kably /ormy1 & subject to viol5t tides4 ,?is pebble 0 encru/$ on all sides by a delicate liv+ corall9e4 ,i h se5 _m pebbles f dep?s betwe5 =ty & sev5ty fa?oms ?us encru/$2 "o f ! latt] dep? (f ,cape ,horn47 ,h5ce we mu/ conclude t ^! pebbles are n (t5 viol5tly di/urb$3 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! gr[? ( corall9es is rapid4 ,! view1 prop\nd$ by ,pr(essor ,playfair1 w1 ,i believe1 expla9 ?is app>5t difficulty1--namely1 t f ! undulations ( ! sea ,,t5d+ to lift up & d[n pebbles or o!r loose bodies at ! bottom1 su* are liable1 :5 ?us q or p>tially rais$1 to be mov$ ev5 by a v small =ce1 a little onw>ds4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ oceanic or tidal curr5ts ( no great /r5g?1 or t recoil movem5t ( ! bottom-wat] ne> ! l&1 call$ by sailors ! 8und]t[0 7:i* ,i presume mu/ ext5d out seaw>d z f> z ! ,,break+ waves impel ! surface-wat] t[>ds ! bea*71 may ga9 ! p[] dur+ /orms ( sift+ & di/ribut+ pebbles ev5 ( consid]able size1 & yet )\t s viol5tly di/urb+ !m z to injure ! encru/+ corall9es4 7,i may take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+ on a s+ul>1 b v common "* 9 ! =m ( ! bottom1 9 ! creeks :i* deeply p5etrate ! we/]n %ores ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 namely1 t !y are almo/ inv>iably mu* %all[] close to ! op5 sea at _! m\?s ?an inl&4 ,?us1 ,cook1 9 ent]+ ,*ri/mas ,s\nd1 fir/ _h s\nd+s 9 ?irty-sev5 fa?oms1 !n 9 fifty1 !n 9 sixty1 & a little f>!r 9 no bottom ) #agj fa?oms4 ,! seal]s are s famili> ) ?is fact1 t !y always look out = an*orage ne> ! entrances ( ! creeks4 ,see1 also1 on ?is subject1 ! 8,voyages ( ! #8,adv5ture' & #8,beagle'0 volume #a page #cge & 8,app5dix0 page #cac4 ,?is ,%oalness ( ! sea- *annels ne> _! entrances probably results f ! quantity ( s$im5t =m$ by ! we> & te> ( ! out] rocks expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! op5 sea4 ,i h no d\bt t _m lakes1 = in/ance 9 ,scotl&1 :i* are v deep )91 & are sep>at$ f ! sea app>5tly only by a tract ( detritus1 7 orig9ally sea-*annels ) banks ( ?is nature ne> _! m\?s1 :i* h s9ce be5 upheav$47 ,! sea acts 9 ano!r & di/9ct mann] 9 ! di/ribution ( pebbles1 namely by ! waves on ! bea*4 ,mr4 ,palm]1 9 8 excell5t memoir on ?is subject1 has %[n t va/ masses ( %+le travel ) surpris+ quickness along l9es ( coa/1 accord+ to ! direction ) :i* ! waves break on ! bea* & t ?is is det]m9$ by ! prevail+ direction ( ! w9ds4 78,philosophical ,transactions0 #ahcd page #egf47 ,?is ag5cy mu/ be p[]ful 9 m+l+ toge!r & dissem9at+ pebbles d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces3 we may1 p]haps1 ?us und]/& ! wide di/ribution ( ! gall/one-yell[ porphyry2 & likewise1 p]haps1 ! great diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! pebbles at ! m\? ( ! ,santa ,cruz f ^? 9 ! same latitude at ! head ( ! valley4 ,i w n pret5d to assign to ^! sev]al & complicat$ ag5cies _! %>es 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ,patagonian %+le3 b f ! sev]al consid]ations giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 & ,i may add1 f ! frequ5cy ( a capp+ ( gravel on t]ti>y deposits 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z ,i h myself obs]v$ & se5 /at$ 9 ! works ( v>i\s au?ors1 ,i _c d\bt t ! p[] ( widely disp]s+ gravel is an ord9>y cont+5t on ! action ( ! sea2 & t ev5 9 ! case ( ! great ,patagonian %+le-b$ we h no occasion to call 9 ! aid ( debacles4 ,i at "o "t imag9$ t p]haps an imm5se accumulation ( %+le _h orig9ally be5 collect$ at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a2 & t ?is accumulation1 :5 uprais$ above ! level ( ! sea1 _h be5 eat5 into & p>tially spread out 7z (f ! pres5t l9e ( coa/72 & t ! newly-spread out b$ _h 9 its turn be5 uprais$1 eat5 into1 & re-spread out2 & s onw>ds1 until ! %+le1 :i* 0 fir/ accumulat$ 9 great ?ickness at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 _h rea*$ 9 ?9n] b$s its pres5t ext5sion4 ,by :atev] means ! gravel =mation ( ,patagonia may h be5 di/ribut$1 ! va/ness ( its area1 its ?ickness1 its sup]ficial position1 its rec5t orig91 & ! great degree ( simil>ity 9 ! nature ( its pebbles1 all appe> to me well des]v+ ! att5tion ( geologi/s1 9 relation to ! orig9 ( ! widely-spread b$s ( conglom]ate belong+ to pa/ epo*s4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,cliffs4 7,,diagram #g4--,,section ,,( ,,coa/-,,cliffs ,,& ,,bottom ,,( ,,sea1 ,,(f ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,/4 ,,hel5a4 ,height 9 feet above sea level4 ,dep?s 9 fa?oms4 ,v]tical & horizontal scale1 two in*es to a nautical mile4 ,! po9t m>k$ #a1fjj feet is at ! foot ( ,high ,knoll2 po9t m>k$ #eaj feet is on ! edge ( ,ladd] ,hill4 ,! /rata consi/ ( basaltic /reams4 ,a ,section left to "r3 ,height at ! foot ( ,high ,knoll3 #a1fjj at top ( /rata4 ,height on ! edge ( ,ladd] ,hill3 #eaj at top ( /rata4 ,bottom at coa/ rocky only to a dep? ( five or six fa?oms4 #cj fa?oms3 bottom mud & s&4 #ajj fa?oms slop+ m %>ply to #bej fa?oms47 ,:5 view+ ! sea-worn cliffs ( ,patagonia1 9 "s p>ts betwe5 eight hundr$ & n9e hundr$ feet 9 height1 & =m$ ( horizontal t]ti>y /rata1 :i* mu/ once h ext5d$ f> seaw>d--or aga91 :5 view+ ! l(ty cliffs r\nd _m volcanic isl&s1 9 :i* ! g5tle incl9ation ( ! lava-/reams indicates ! =m] ext5sion ( ! l&1 a difficulty (t5 occurr$ to me1 namely1 h[ ! /rata c\ld possibly h be5 remov$ by ! action ( ! sea at a consid]able dep? b5ea? its surface4 ,! section 9 ,diagram #g1 :i* repres5ts ! g5]al =m ( ! l& on ! nor!rn & leew>d side ( ,/4 ,hel5a 7tak5 f ,mr4 ,seale's l>ge model & v>i\s measurem5ts71 & ( ! bottom ( ! adjo9+ sea 7tak5 *iefly f ,capta9 ,au/9's survey & "s old *>ts71 w %[ ! nature ( ?is difficulty4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! basaltic /reams 7 orig9ally prolong$ ) ne>ly _! pres5t incl9ation1 !y mu/1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ! section1 once h ext5d$ at lea/ to a po9t1 n[ cov]$ by ! sea to a dep? ( ne>ly ?irty fa?oms3 b ,i h e reason to believe !y ext5d$ consid]ably fur!r1 = ! incl9ation ( ! /reams is less ne> ! coa/ ?an fur!r inl&4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$1 t o!r sections on ! coa/ ( ?is isl& w\ld h giv5 f> m /rik+ results1 b ,i _h n ! exact measurem5ts2 ?us1 on ! w9dw>d side1 ! cliffs are ab\t two ?\s& feet 9 height & ! cut-(f lava /reams v g5tly incl9$1 & ! bottom ( ! sea has ne>ly a simil> slope all r\nd ! isl&4 ,h[1 !n1 has all ! h>d basaltic rock1 :i* once ext5d$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea1 be5 worn away8 ,accord+ to ,capta9 ,au/91 ! bottom is unev5 & rocky only to t v small di/ance f ! bea* )9 :i* ! dep? is f five to six fa?oms2 outside ?is l9e1 to a dep? ( ab\t "o hundr$ fa?oms1 ! bottom is smoo?1 g5tly incl9$1 & =m$ ( mud & s&2 outside ! "o hundr$ fa?oms1 x plunges sudd5ly into unfa?omable dep?s1 z is s v commonly ! case on all coa/s :]e s$im5t is accumulat+4 ,at great] dep?s ?an ! five or six fa?oms1 x seems impossible1 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 t ! sea c bo? h worn away h>d rock1 9 p>ts to a ?ickness ( at lea/ #aej feet1 & h deposit$ a smoo? b$ ( f9e s$im5t4 ,n[1 if we _h any reason to suppose t ,/4 ,hel5a _h1 dur+ a long p]iod1 gone on sl[ly subsid+1 e difficulty w\ld be remov$3 = look+ at ! diagram1 & imag9+ a fre% am\nt ( subsid5ce1 we c see t ! waves w\ld !n act on ! coa/-cliffs ) fre% & unimpair$ vig\r1 :il/ ! rocky l$ge ne> ! bea* w\ld be c>ri$ d[n to t dep?1 at :i* s& & mud w\ld be deposit$ on its b>e & unev5 surface3 aft] ! =mation ne> ! %ore ( a new rocky %oal1 fre% subsid5ce w\ld c>ry x d[n & all[ x to be smoo?ly cov]$ up4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! _m cliff-b\nd$ isl&s1 = in/ance 9 "s ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s & ( ,madeira1 r\nd :i* ! incl9ation ( ! /rata %[s t ! l& once ext5d$ f> into ! dep?s ( ! sea1 :]e !re is no app>5t means ( h>d rock be+ worn away--are we to suppose t all ^! isl&s h sl[ly subsid$8 ,madeira1 ,i may rem>k1 has1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordan ,hill1 subsid$4 ,are we to ext5d ?is conclusion to ! high1 cliff- b\nd1 horizontally /ratifi$ %ores ( ,patagonia1 (f :i*1 ?\gh ! wat] is n deep ev5 at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles1 yet ! smoo? bottom ( pebbles gradually decreas+ 9 size ) ! increas+ dep?1 & d]iv$ f a =eign s\rce1 seem to decl>e t ! sea is n[ a deposit+ & n a corrod+ ag5t8 ,i am mu* incl9$ to suspect1 t we %all h]eaft] f9d 9 all su* cases1 t ! l& ) ! adjo9+ b$ ( ! sea has 9 tru? subsid$3 ! "t w1 ,i believe1 come1 :5 geologi/s w consid] x z improbable1 t ! l& %\ld h reta9$ ! same level dur+ a :ole geological p]iod1 z t ! atmosph]e %\ld h rema9$ absolutely calm dur+ an entire season4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,*onos ,ar*ipelago4--,*iloe1 rec5t & gradual elevation (1 traditions ( ! inhabitants on ?is subject4--,concepcion1 e>?quake & elevation (4--,,valp>aiso1 great elevation (1 uprais$ %ells1 e>? ( m>9e orig91 gradual rise ( ! l& )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4--,,coquimbo1 elevation (1 9 rec5t times2 t]races ( m>9e orig91 _! incl9ation1 _! esc>pm5ts n horizontal4--,guasco1 gravel t]races (4--,copiapo4--,,p]u4--,uprais$ %ells ( ,cobija1 ,iquique1 & ,arica4--,lima1 %ell-b$s & sea-bea* on ,san ,lor5zo1 human rema9s1 fossil e>!nw>e1 e>?quake debacle1 rec5t subsid5ce4--,on ! decay ( uprais$ %ells4--,g5]al summ>y4 ,comm5c+ at ! s\? & proce$+ nor?w>d1 ! fir/ place at :i* ,i l&$1 0 at ,cape ,tres ,montes1 9 latitude #df degrees #ce4 ,"h1 on ! %ores ( ,*ri/mas ,cove1 ,i obs]v$ 9 sev]al places a bea* ( pebbles ) rec5t %ells1 ab\t tw5ty feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,s\?w>d ( ,tres ,montes 7betwe5 latitude #dg & #dh degrees71 ,byron rem>ks1 8,we ?\ght x v /range1 t ^u ! summits ( ! highe/ hills 7 f\nd b$s ( %ells1 a foot or two ?ick40 78,n>rative ( ! ,loss ( ! #8,wag]'407 ,9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 ! isl& ( ,lemus 7latitude #dd degrees #cj7 01 accord+ to ,m4 ,co/e1 sudd5ly elevat$ eight feet1 dur+ ! e>?quake ( #ahbi3 he adds1 8,des ro*es jadis t\j\rs c\v]tes p> la m]1 re/ant auj\rd'hui con/amm5t dec\v]tes40 78,comptes ,r5dus0 ,octob] #ahch page #gjf47 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ?is ar*ipelago1 ,i obs]v$ two t]races ( gravel1 abutt+ to ! foot ( ea* o!r3 at ,l[e's ,h>b\r 7#dc degrees #dh71 "u a great mass ( ! b\ld] =mation1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 ,i f\nd a lay] ( s&1 ) num]\s comm9ut$ fragm5ts ( sea-%ells1 hav+ a fre% aspect1 b too small to be id5tifi$4 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,*iloe4 ,! evid5ce ( rec5t elevation is "h m satisfactory4 ,! bay ( ,san ,c>los is 9 mo/ p>ts b\nd$ by precipit\s cliffs f ab\t t5 to =ty feet 9 height1 _! bases be+ sep>at$ f ! pres5t l9e ( tidal action by a talus1 a few feet 9 height1 cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,9 "o %elt]$ creek 7we/ ( ,p4 ,ar5a71 in/ead ( a loose talus1 !re 0 a b>e slop+ bank ( t]ti>y mud/one1 p]=at$1 above ! l9e ( ! highe/ tides1 by num]\s %ells ( a ,pholas n[ common 9 ! h>b\r4 ,! upp] extremities ( ^! %ells1 /&+ upright 9 _! holes ) grass gr[+ out ( !m1 7 abrad$ ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*1 to ! same level ) ! surr\nd+ worn /rata4 ,9 o!r p>ts1 ,i obs]v$ 7z at ,pudeto7 a great bea*1 =m$ ( comm9ut$ %ells1 tw5ty feet above ! pres5t %ore4 ,9 o!r p>ts aga91 !re 7 small caves worn into ! foot ( ! l[ cliffs1 & protect$ f ! waves by ! talus ) its vegetation3 "o su* cave1 :i* ,i exam9$1 _h its m\? ab\t tw5ty feet1 & its bottom1 :i* 0 fill$ ) s& conta9+ fragm5ts ( %ells & legs ( crabs1 f eight to t5 feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,f ^! sev]al facts1 & f ! appe>ance ( ! uprais$ %ells1 ,i inf]r$ t ! elevation _h be5 q rec5t2 & on inquir+ f ,mr4 ,williams1 ! ,portma/]1 he told me he 0 conv9c$ t ! l& _h ris51 or ! sea fall51 f\r feet )9 ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 !re _h be5 "o sev]e e>?quake1 b no p>ticul> *ange ( level 0 !n obs]v$2 f ! habits ( ! p :o all keep boats 9 ! protect$ creeks1 x is absolutely impossible t a rise ( f\r feet c\ld h tak5 place sudd5ly & be5 unp]ceiv$4 ,mr4 ,williams believes t ! *ange has be5 q gradual4 ,)\t ! elevatory movem5t cont9ues at a quick rate1 !re c be no d\bt t ! sea w soon de/roy ! talus ( e>? at ! foot ( ! cliffs r\nd ! bay1 & w !n rea* its =m] lat]al ext5sion1 b n ( c\rse its =m] level3 "s ( ! inhabitants assur$ me t "o su* talus1 ) a footpa? on x1 0 ev5 already s5sibly decreas+ 9 wid?4 ,i receiv$ sev]al acc\nts ( b$s ( %ells1 exi/+ at consid]able heights 9 ! inl& p>ts ( ,*iloe2 & to "o ( ^!1 ne> ,catiman1 ,i 0 guid$ by a c\ntryman4 ,"h1 on ! s\? side ( ! p59sula ( ,lacuy1 !re 0 an imm5se b$ ( ! ,v5us co/ellata & ( an oy/]1 ly+ on ! summit-edge ( a piece ( tablel&1 #cej feet 7by ! b>omet]7 above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! %ells 7 closely pack$ toge!r1 emb$d$ 9 & cov]$ by a v black1 damp1 peaty m\ld1 two or ?ree feet 9 ?ickness1 out ( :i* a =e/ ( great trees 0 gr[+4 ,consid]+ ! nature & dampness ( ?is peaty soil1 x is surpris+ t ! f9e ridges on ! outside ( ! ,v5us are p]fectly pres]v$1 ?\gh all ! %ells h a black5$ appe>ance4 ,i did n d\bt t ! black soil1 :i* :5 dry1 cakes h>d1 0 entirely ( t]re/rial orig91 b on exam9+ x "u ! microscope1 ,i f\nd _m v m9ute r\nd$ fragm5ts ( %ells1 among/ :i* ,i c\ld di/+ui% bits ( ,s]pulae & mussels4 ,! ,v5us co/ellata1 & ! ,o/rea 7,o4 edulis1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,k+7 are n[ ! commone/ %ells 9 ! adjo9+ bays4 ,9 a b$ ( %ells1 a few feet bel[ ! #cej feet b$1 ,i f\nd a horn ( ! little ,c]vus humilis1 :i* n[ inhabits ,*iloe4 ,! ea/]n or inl& side ( ,*iloe1 ) its _m adjac5t islets1 consi/s ( t]ti>y & b\ld] deposits1 worn into irregul> pla9s capp$ by gravel4 ,ne> ,ca/ro1 & = t5 miles s\?w>d1 & on ! islet ( ,lemuy1 ,i f\nd ! surface ( ! gr\nd to a height ( betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet above high-wat] m>k1 & 9 sev]al places app>5tly up to fifty feet1 ?ickly coat$ by mu* comm9ut$ %ells1 *iefly ( ! ,v5us co/ellata & ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis2 ! species n[ mo/ abundant on ?is l9e ( coa/4 ,z ! inhabitants c>ry imm5se numb]s ( ^! %ells inl&1 ! cont9uity ( ! b$ at ! same height 0 (t5 ! only means ( recognis+ its natural orig94 ,ne> ,ca/ro1 on ea* side ( ! creek & rivulet ( ! ,gamboa1 ?ree di/9ct t]races are se53 ! l[e/ 0 e/imat$ at ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 & ! highe/ at ab\t five hundr$ feet1 ) ! c\ntry irregul>ly ris+ beh9d x2 obscure traces1 also1 ( ^! same t]races c\ld be se5 along o!r p>ts ( ! coa/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t _! ?ree esc>pm5ts record pauses 9 ! elevation ( ! isl&4 ,i may rem>k t sev]al promontories h ! ^w ,huapi1 :i* signifies 9 ! ,indian tongue1 isl&1 app5d$ to !m1 su* z ,huapil9ao1 ,huapilacuy1 ,caucahuapi1 etc42 & ^!1 accord+ to ,indian traditions1 once exi/$ z isl&s4 ,9 ! same mann] ! t]m ,pulo 9 ,sumatra is app5d$ to ! names ( promontories1 traditionally said to h be5 isl&s 7,m>sd5's 8,sumatra0 page #ca472 9 ,sumatra1 z 9 ,*iloe1 !re are uprais$ rec5t %ells4 ,! ,bay ( ,c>elmapu1 on ! ma9l& nor? ( ,*iloe1 accord+ to ,agu]ros1 0 9 #afdc a good h>b\r 78,descripcion ,hi/4 de la ,prov9cia de ,*iloe0 page #gh4 ,f ! acc\nt giv5 by ! old ,spani% writ]s1 x w\ld appe> t sev]al o!r h>b\rs1 betwe5 ?is po9t & ,concepcion1 7 =m]ly mu* deep] ?an !y n[ are472 x is n[ q useless1 except = boats4 ,,valdivia4 ,i did n obs]ve "h any di/9ct pro(s ( rec5t elevation2 b 9 a b$ ( v s(t s&/one1 =m+ a fr+e-l pla91 ab\t sixty feet 9 height1 r\nd ! hills ( mica-slate1 !re are %ells ( ,mytilus1 ,crepidula1 ,sol51 ,novacul9a1 & ,cy!raea1 too imp]fect to be specifically recognis$4 ,at ,imp]ial1 sev5ty miles nor? ( ,valdivia1 ,agu]ros /ates t !re are l>ge b$s ( %ells1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! coa/1 :i* are burnt = lime4 7,ibid page #be47 ,! isl& ( ,mo*a1 ly+ a little nor? ( ,imp]ial1 0 uplift$ two feet1 dur+ ! e>?quake ( #ahce4 78,voyages ( #8,adv5ture' & #8,beagle'0 volume #b page #dae47 ,,concepcion4 ,i _c add any?+ to ! excell5t acc\nt by ,capta9 ,fitzroy ( ! elevation ( ! l& at ?is place1 :i* accompani$ ! e>?quake ( #ahce4 7,ibid volume #b page #dab et seq4 ,9 volume #e page #fja ( ! 8,geological ,transactions0 ,i h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! rem>kable volcanic ph5om5a1 :i* accompani$ ?is e>?quake4 ,^! ph5om5a appe> to me to prove t ! action1 by :i* l>ge tracts ( l& are uplift$1 & by :i* volcanic eruptions are produc$1 is 9 e respect id5tical47 ,i w only recall to ! recollection ( geologi/s1 t ! s\!rn end ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,m>y 0 uplift$ eight feet1 ! c5tral "p n9e1 & ! nor!rn end t5 feet2 & ! :ole isl& m ?an ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,great b$s ( mussels1 patellae1 & *itons /ill adh]+ to ! rocks 7 uprais$ above high-wat] m>k2 & "s acres ( a rocky flat1 :i* 0 =m]ly always cov]$ by ! sea1 0 left /&+ dry1 & exhal$ an (f5sive smell1 f ! _m atta*$ & putrefy+ %ells4 ,x appe>s f ! rese>*es ( ,capta9 ,fitzroy t bo? ! isl& ( ,/4 ,m>y & ,concepcion 7:i* 0 uplift$ only f\r or five feet7 9 ! c\rse ( "s weeks subsid$1 & lo/ "p ( _! fir/ elevation4 ,i w only add z a lesson ( caution1 t r\nd ! s&y %ores ( ! great ,bay ( ,concepcion1 x 0 mo/ difficult1 ow+ to ! oblit]at+ effects ( ! great accompany+ wave1 to recognise any di/9ct evid5ce ( ?is consid]able upheaval2 "o spot mu/ be except$1 :]e !re 0 a deta*$ rock :i* be=e ! e>?quake _h always be5 cov]$ by ! sea1 b aft]w>ds 0 left uncov]$4 ,on ! isl& ( ,quiriqu9a 79 ! ,bay ( ,concepcion71 ,i f\nd1 at an e/imat$ height ( f\r hundr$ feet1 ext5sive lay]s ( %ells1 mo/ly comm9ut$1 b "s p]fectly pres]v$ & closely pack$ 9 black vegetable m\ld2 !y consi/$ ( ,con*olepas1 ,fissurella1 ,mytilus1 ,tro*us1 & ,balanus4 ,"s ( ^! lay]s ( %ells re/$ on a ?ick b$ ( bright-r$1 dry1 friable e>?1 capp+ ! surface ( ! t]ti>y s&/one1 & ext5d+1 z ,i obs]v$ :il/ sail+ along ! coa/1 = #aej miles s\?w>d3 at ,valp>aiso1 we %all pres5tly see t a simil> r$ e>?y mass1 ?\gh q l t]re/rial m\ld1 is really 9 *ief "p ( rec5t m>9e orig94 ,on ! flanks ( ?is isl& ( ,quiriqu9a1 at a less height ?an ! #djj feet1 !re 7 spaces sev]al feet squ>e1 ?ickly /rew$ ) fragm5ts ( simil> %ells4 ,dur+ a subsequ5t visit ( ! 8,beagle0 to ,concepcion1 ,mr4 ,k5t1 ! assi/ant-surgeon1 0 s k9d z to make = me "s measurem5ts ) ! b>omet]3 he f\nd _m m>9e rema9s along ! %ores ( ! :ole bay1 at a height ( ab\t tw5ty feet2 & f ! hill ( ,s5t9ella beh9d ,talcahuano1 at ! height ( #afj feet1 he collect$ num]\s %ells1 pack$ toge!r close b5ea? ! surface 9 black e>?1 consi/+ ( two species ( ,mytilus1 two ( ,crepidula1 "o ( ,con*olepas1 ( ,fissurella1 ,v5us1 ,mactra1 ,turbo1 ,monoc]os1 & ! ,balanus psittacus4 ,^! %ells 7 blea*$1 & )9 "s ( ! ,balani o!r ,balani 7 gr[+1 %[+ t !y mu/ h long la9 dead 9 ! sea4 ,! above species ,i comp>$ ) liv+ ones f ! bay1 & f\nd !m id5tical2 b hav+ s9ce lo/ ! specim5s1 ,i _c give _! names3 ?is is ( little importance1 z ,mr4 ,brod]ip has exam9$ a simil> collection1 made dur+ ,capta9 ,bee*ey's exp$ition1 & asc]ta9$ t !y consi/$ ( t5 rec5t species1 associat$ ) fragm5ts ( ,e*9i1 crabs1 & ,flu/rae2 "s ( ^! rema9s 7 e/imat$ by ,lieut5ant ,bel*] to lie at ! height ( ne>ly a ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 78,zoology ( ,capta9 ,bee*ey's ,voyage0 page #afb47 ,9 "s places r\nd ! bay1 ,mr4 ,k5t obs]v$ t !re 7 b$s =m$ exclusively ( ! ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis3 ?is species n[ lives 9 p>ts nev] uncov]$ by ! tides4 ,at consid]able heights1 ,mr4 ,k5t f\nd only a few %ells2 b f ! summit ( "o hill1 #fbe feet high1 he br\ght me specim5s ( ! ,con*olepas1 ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis1 & a ,turbo4 ,^! %ells 7 s(t] & m brittle ?an ^? f ! height ( #afd feet2 & ^! latt] _h obvi\sly a mu* m anci5t appe>ance ?an ! same species f ! height ( only tw5ty feet4 ,,coa/ ,,nor? ,,( ,,concepcion4 ,! fir/ po9t exam9$ 0 at ! m\? ( ! ,rapel 7#afj miles nor? ( ,concepcion & sixty miles s\? ( ,valp>aiso71 :]e ,i obs]v$ a few %ells at ! height ( #ajj feet1 & "s b>nacles adh]+ to ! rocks ?ree or f\r feet above ! highe/ tides3 ,m4 ,gay f\nd "h rec5t %ells at ! di/ance ( two leagues f ! %ore4 78,annales des ,sci5c4 ,nat40 ,avril #ahcc47 ,inl& !re are "s wide1 gravel-capp$ pla9s1 int]sect$ by _m broad1 flat-bottom$ valleys 7n[ c>ry+ insignificant /reamlets71 ) _! sides cut into successive wall-l esc>pm5ts1 ris+ "o above ano!r1 & 9 _m places1 accord+ to ,m4 ,gay1 worn into caves4 ,! "o cave 7,c4 del ,obispo7 :i* ,i exam9$1 resembl$ ^? =m$ on _m sea-coa/s1 ) its bottom fill$ ) %+le4 ,^! inl& pla9s1 in/ead ( slop+ t[>ds ! coa/1 are incl9$ 9 an opposite direction t[>ds ! ,cordill]a1 l ! successively ris+ t]races on ! inl& or ea/]n side ( ,*iloe3 "s po9ts ( granite1 :i* project ?r\gh ! pla9s ne> ! coa/1 no d\bt once =m$ a *a9 ( outly+ isl&s1 on ! inl& %ores ( :i* ! pla9s 7 accumulat$4 ,at ,bucalemu1 a few miles nor?w>d ( ! ,rapel1 ,i obs]v$ at ! foot1 & on ! summit-edge ( a pla91 t5 miles f ! coa/1 _m rec5t %ells1 mo/ly comm9ut$1 b "s p]fect4 ,!re 71 also1 _m at ! bottom ( ! great valley ( ! ,maypu4 ,at ,san ,antonio1 %ells are said to be collect$ & burnt = lime4 ,at ! bottom ( a great rav9e 7,quebrada ,onda1 on ! road to ,casa ,blanca71 at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles f ! coa/1 ,i notic$ a consid]able b$1 compos$ exclusively ( ,mesodesma donaci=me1 ,de%41 ly+ on a b$ ( muddy s&3 ?is %ell n[ lives associat$ toge!r 9 great numb]s1 on tidal-flats on ! coa/ ( ,*ile4 ,,valp>aiso4 ,dur+ two successive ye>s ,i c>efully exam9$1 "p ( ! "t 9 company ) ,mr4 ,alison1 into all ! facts connect$ ) ! rec5t elevation ( ?is neighb\rhood4 ,9 v _m p>ts a bea* ( brok5 %ells1 ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 feet above high-wat] m>k1 may be obs]v$2 & at ?is level ! coa/-rocks1 :]e precipit\s1 are corrod$ 9 a b&4 ,at "o spot1 ,mr4 ,alison1 by remov+ "s birds' dung1 f\nd at ?is same level b>nacles adh]+ to ! rocks4 ,= sev]al miles s\?w>d ( ! bay1 almo/ e flat little headl&1 betwe5 ! heights ( #fj & #bcj feet 7measur$ by ! b>omet]71 is smoo?ly coat$ by a ?ick mass ( comm9ut$ %ells1 ( ! same species1 & app>5tly 9 ! same proportional numb]s ) ^? exi/+ 9 ! adjo9+ sea4 ,! ,con*olepas is mu* ! mo/ abundant1 & ! be/ pres]v$ %ell2 b ,i extract$ p]fectly pres]v$ specim5s ( ! ,fissurella biradiata1 a ,tro*us & ,balanus 7bo? well-kn[n1 b accord+ to ,mr4 ,s[]by yet unnam$7 & p>ts ( ! ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis4 ,mo/ ( ^! %ells1 z well z an encru/+ ,nullipora1 p>tially reta9 _! col\r2 b !y are brittle1 & (t5 /a9$ r$ f ! und]ly+ brecciat$ mass ( prim>y rocks2 "s are pack$ toge!r1 ei!r 9 black or r$di% m\lds2 "s lie loose on ! b>e rocky surfaces4 ,! total numb] ( ^! %ells is imm5se2 !y are less num]\s1 ?\gh /ill f> f r>e1 up a height ( #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,on ! summit ( a hill1 measur$ #eeg feet1 !re 0 a small horizontal b& ( comm9ut$ %ells1 ( :i* ,,_m consi/$ 7& likewise f less] heights7 ( v "y & small specim5s ( ! /ill liv+ ,con*olepas1 ,tro*us1 ,patellae1 ,crepidulae1 & ( ,mytilus ,magellanicus 787 7,mr4 ,cum+ in=ms me t he does n ?9k ?is species id5tical )1 ?\gh closely resembl+1 ! true ,m4 ,magellanicus ( ! s\!rn & ea/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 x lives abundantly on ! coa/ ( ,*ile473 sev]al ( ^! %ells 7 "u a qu>t] ( an in* 9 _! greate/ diamet]4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ?is circum/ance by a native fi%]man1 :om ,i took to look at ^! %ell-b$s2 & he ridicul$ ! notion ( su* small %ells hav+ be5 br\ght up = food2 nor c\ld "s ( ! species h adh]$ :5 alive to o!r l>g] %ells4 ,on ano!r hill1 "s miles di/ant1 & #fdh feet high1 ,i f\nd %ells ( ! ,con*olepas & ,tro*us1 p]fect1 ?\gh v old1 ) fragm5ts ( ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis1 all emb$d$ 9 r$di%-br[n m\ld3 ,i also f\nd ^! same species1 ) fragm5ts ( an ,e*9us & ( ,balanus psittacus1 on a hill #a1jjj feet high4 ,above ?is height1 %ells became v r>e1 ?\gh on a hill #a1cjj feet high 7,measur$ by ! b>omet]3 ! highe/ po9t 9 ! range beh9d ,valp>aiso ,i f\nd to be #a1fbf feet above ! level ( ! sea471 ,i collect$ ! ,con*olepas1 ,tro*us1 ,fissurella1 & a ,patella4 ,at ^! great] heights ! %ells are almo/ inv>iably emb$d$ 9 m\ld1 & sometimes are expos$ only by te>+ up bu%es4 ,^! %ells obvi\sly _h a v mu* m anci5t appe>ance ?an ^? f ! less] heights2 ! apices ( ! ,tro*i 7 (t5 worn d[n2 ! little holes made by burr[+ animals 7 greatly enl>g$2 & ! ,con*olepas 0 (t5 p]=at$ q ?r\gh1 ow+ to ! inn] plates ( %ell hav+ scal$ (f4 ,_m ( ^! %ells1 z ,i h said1 7 pack$ 91 & 7 q fill$ )1 blacki% or r$di%-br[n e>?1 re/+ on ! granitic detritus4 ,i did n d\bt until lately t ?is m\ld 0 ( purely t]re/rial orig91 :5 ) a microscope exam9+ "s ( x f ! inside ( a ,con*olepas f ! height ( ab\t "o hundr$ feet1 ,i f\nd t x 0 9 consid]able "p compos$ ( m9ute fragm5ts ( ! sp9es1 m\?- bones1 & %ells ( ,e*9i1 & ( m9ute fragm5ts1 ( *iefly v "y ,patellae1 ,mytili1 & o!r species4 ,i f\nd simil> microscopical fragm5ts 9 e>? fill+ up ! c5tral orifices ( "s l>ge ,fissurellae4 ,?is e>? :5 cru%$ emits a sickly smell1 precisely l t f g>d5-m\ld mix$ ) guano4 ,! e>? accid5tally pres]v$ )9 ! %ells1 f ! great] heights1 has ! same g5]al appe>ance1 b x is a little r$d]2 x emits ! same smell :5 rubb$1 b ,i 0 unable to detect ) c]ta9ty any m>9e rema9s 9 x4 ,?is e>? resembles 9 g5]al appe>ance1 z be=e rem>k$1 t capp+ ! rocks ( ,quiriqu9a 9 ! ,bay ( ,concepcion1 on :i* b$s ( sea-%ells lay4 ,i h1 also1 %[n t ! black1 peaty soil1 9 :i* ! %ells at ! height ( #cej feet at ,*iloe 7 pack$1 conta9$ _m m9ute fragm5ts ( m>9e animals4 ,^! facts appe> to me int]e/+1 z !y %[ t soils1 :i* w\ld naturally be consid]$ ( purely t]re/rial nature1 may owe _! orig9 9 *ief "p to ! sea4 ,be+ well aw>e f :at ,i h se5 at ,*iloe & 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 t va/ quantities ( %ells are c>ri$1 dur+ successive ages1 f> inl&1 :]e ! inhabitants *iefly subsi/ on ^! productions1 ,i am b\nd to /ate t at great] heights ?an #eeg feet1 :]e ! numb] ( v "y & small %ells prov$ t !y _h n be5 c>ri$ up = food1 ! only evid5ce ( ! %ells hav+ be5 naturally left by ! sea1 consi/s 9 _! inv>iable & uni=m appe>ance ( extreme antiquity--9 ! di/ance ( "s ( ! places f ! coa/1 9 o!rs be+ inaccessible f ! ne>e/ "p ( ! bea*1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( fre% wat] = m5 to dr9k--9 ! %ells ,,n ,,ly+ ,,9 ,,heaps1--&1 la/ly1 9 ! close simil>ity ( ! soil 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 to t :i* l[] d[n c be unequivocally %[n to be 9 great "p =m$ f ! debris ( ! sea animals4 7,9 ! 8,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society0 volume #b page #ddf1 ,i h giv5 a brief acc\nt ( ! uprais$ %ells on ! coa/ ( ,*ile1 & h !re /at$ t ! pro(s ( elevation are n satisfactory above ! height ( #bcj feet4 ,i _h at t "t un=tunately ov]look$ a sep>ate page writt5 dur+ my second visit to ,valp>aiso1 describ+ ! %ells n[ 9 my possession f ! #eeg feet hill2 ,i _h n !n unpack$ my collections1 & _h n reconsid]$ ! obvi\s appe>ance ( great] antiquity ( ! %ells f ! great] heights1 nor _h ,i at t "t discov]$ ! m>9e orig9 ( ! e>? 9 :i* _m ( ! %ells are pack$4 ,consid]+ ^! facts1 ,i d n n[ feel a %ad[ ( d\bt t ! %ells1 at ! height ( #a1cjj feet1 h be5 uprais$ by natural causes into _! pres5t position47 ,) respect to ! position 9 :i* ! %ells lie1 ,i 0 repeat$ly /ruck "h1 at ,concepcion1 & at o!r places1 ) ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce on ! summits & edges ei!r ( sep>ate hills1 or ( little flat headl&s (t5 t]m9at+ precipit\sly ov] ! sea4 ,! sev]al above-enum]at$ species ( mollusca1 :i* are f\nd /rew$ on ! surface ( ! l& f a few feet above ! level ( ! sea up to ! height ( #a1cjj feet1 all n[ live ei!r on ! bea*1 or at only a few fa?oms' dep?3 ,mr4 ,edmond/on1 9 a lett] to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 /ates t 9 dr$g+ 9 ! ,bay ( ,valp>aiso1 he f\nd ! common species ( ,con*olepas1 ,fissurella1 ,tro*us1 ,monoc]os1 ,*itons1 etc41 liv+ 9 abundance f ! bea* to a dep? ( sev5 fa?oms2 & dead %ells occurr$ only a few fa?oms deep]4 ,! common ,turritella c+ulata 0 dr$g$ up liv+ at ev5 f t5 to fifte5 fa?oms2 b ?is is a species :i* ,i did n f9d "h among/ ! uprais$ %ells4 ,consid]+ ?is fact ( ! species be+ all littoral or sub-littoral1 consid]+ _! occurr5ce at v>i\s heights1 _! va/ numb]s1 & _! g5]ally comm9ut$ /ate1 !re c be little d\bt t !y 7 left on successive bea*-l9es dur+ a gradual elevation ( ! l&4 ,! pres5ce1 h[ev]1 ( s _m :ole & p]fectly pres]v$ %ells appe>s at fir/ a difficulty on ?is view1 consid]+ t ! coa/ is expos$ to ! full =ce ( an op5 ocean3 b we may suppose1 ei!r t ^! %ells 7 ?r[n dur+ gales on flat l$ges ( rock j above ! level ( high-wat] m>k1 & t dur+ ! elevation ( ! l& !y are nev] aga9 t\*$ by ! waves1 or1 t dur+ e>?quakes1 su* z ^? ( #ahbb1 #ahce1 & #ahcg1 rocky reefs cov]$ ) m>9e-animals 7 x "o bl[ uplift$ above ! future rea* ( ! sea4 ,?is latt] explanation is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ probable "o ) respect to ! b$s at ,concepcion entirely compos$ ( ! ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis1 a species :i* lives bel[ ! l[e/ tides2 & likewise ) respect to ! great b$s occurr+ bo? nor? & s\? ( ,valp>aiso1 ( ! ,mesodesma donaci=me1--a %ell :i*1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,cum+1 inhabits s&banks at ! level ( ! l[e/ tides4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( %ells hav+ ! habits ( ?is ,mytilus & ,mesodesma1 b$s ( !m1 :]ev] ! sea g5tly ?r[s up s& or mud1 & ?us protects its own accumulations1 might be uprais$ by ! sl[e/ movem5t1 & yet rema9 undi/urb$ by ! waves ( ea* new bea*-l9e4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t n[h]e ne> ,valp>aiso above ! height ( tw5ty feet1 or r>ely ( fifty feet1 ,i saw any l9es ( erosion on ! solid rocks1 or any b$s ( pebbles2 ?is1 ,i believe1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! dis9tegrat+ t5d5cy ( mo/ ( ! rocks 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,nor is ! l& "h modell$ into t]races3 ,mr4 ,alison1 h[ev]1 in=ms me1 t on bo? sides ( "o n>r[ rav9e1 at ! height ( #cjj feet above ! sea1 he f\nd a succession ( r indi/9ct /ep-=m$ bea*es1 compos$ ( brok5 %ells1 :i* toge!r cov]$ a space ( ab\t eighty feet v]tical4 ,i c add no?+ to ! acc\nts already publi%$ ( ! elevation ( ! l& at ,valp>aiso1 :i* accompani$ ! e>?quake ( #ahbb 7,dr4 ,mey5 8,reise um ,erde0 ,?4 #a s4 #bba1 f\nd 9 #ahca seawe$ & o!r bodies /ill adh]+ to "s rocks :i* dur+ ! %ock ( #ahbb 7 lift$ above ! sea473 b ,i he>d x confid5tly ass]t$1 t a s5t9el on duty1 imm$iately aft] ! %ock1 saw a "p ( a =t1 :i* previ\sly 0 n )9 ! l9e ( 8 vision1 & ?is w\ld indicate t ! uplift+ 0 n horizontal3 x w\ld ev5 appe> f "s facts collect$ by ,mr4 ,alison1 t only ! ea/]n half ( ! bay 0 !n elevat$4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ?is same g5tleman1 ,i am able to give an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! *anges ( level1 :i* h sup]v5$ "h )9 hi/orical p]iods3 ab\t ! ye> #afhj a long sea-wall 7or ,prefil7 0 built1 ( :i* only a few fragm5ts n[ rema92 up to ! ye> #ahag1 ! sea (t5 broke ov] x1 & wa%$ ! h\ses on ! opposite side ( ! road 7:]e ! prison n[ /&s72 & ev5 9 #ahai1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m>t9 rememb]s walk+ at ! foot ( ?is wall1 & be+ (t5 oblig$ to climb ov] x to escape ! waves4 ,!re n[ /&s 7#ahcd7 on ! seaw>d side ( ?is wall1 & betwe5 x & ! bea*1 9 "o "p a s+le r[ ( h\ses1 & 9 ano!r "p two r[s ) a /reet betwe5 !m4 ,?is great ext5sion ( ! bea* 9 s %ort a "t _c be attribut$ simply to ! accumulation ( detritus2 = a resid5t eng9e] measur$ = me ! height betwe5 ! l[e/ "p ( ! wall visible1 & ! pres5t bea*-l9e at spr+-tides1 & ! diff]5ce 0 elev5 feet six in*es4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,augu/9 is believ$ to h be5 built 9 #afad1 & !re is a tradition t ! sea =m]ly fl[$ v ne> x2 by levell+1 its f\ndations 7 f\nd to /& n9ete5 feet six in*es above ! highe/ bea*-l9e2 s t we see 9 a p]iod ( #bbj ye>s1 ! elevation _c h be5 z mu* z n9ete5 feet six in*es4 ,f ! facts giv5 ) respect to ! sea-wall1 & f ! te/imony ( ! eld] inhabitants1 x appe>s c]ta9 t ! *ange 9 level began to be manife/ ab\t ! ye> #ahag4 ,! only sudd5 elevation ( :i* !re is any record occurr$ 9 #ahbb1 & ?is seems to h be5 less ?an ?ree feet4 ,s9ce t ye>1 ,i 0 assur$ by sev]al compet5t obs]v]s1 t "p ( an old wreck1 :i* is firmly emb$d$ ne> ! bea*1 has s5sibly em]g$2 h5ce "h1 z at ,*iloe1 a sl[ rise ( ! l& appe>s to be n[ 9 progress4 ,x seems highly probable t ! rocks :i* are corrod$ 9 a b& at ! height ( f\rte5 feet above ! sea 7 act$ on dur+ ! p]iod1 :5 by tradition ! base ( ,s4 ,augu/9 *ur*1 n[ n9ete5 feet six in*es above ! highe/ wat]-m>k1 0 occasionally wa%$ by ! waves4 ,,valp>aiso ,,to ,,coquimbo4 ,= ! fir/ sev5ty-five miles nor? ( ,valp>aiso ,i foll[$ ! coa/- road1 & ?r\gh\t ?is space ,i obs]v$ innum]able masses ( uprais$ %ells4 ,ab\t ,qu9t]o !re are imm5se accumulations 7work$ = lime7 ( ! ,mesodesma donaci=me1 pack$ 9 s&y e>?2 !y ab\nd *iefly ab\t fifte5 feet above high-wat]1 b %ells are "h f\nd1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mi]s1 to a height ( #ejj feet1 & at a di/ance ( ?ree leagues f ! coa/ 78,travels 9 ,*ile0 volume #a pages #cie1 #deh4 ,i receiv$ sev]al simil> acc\nts f ! inhabitants1 & 0 assur$ t !re are _m %ells on ! pla9 ( ,casa ,blanca1 betwe5 ,valp>aiso & ,santiago1 at ! height ( #hjj feet473 ,i "h notic$ b>nacles adh]+ to ! rocks ?ree or f\r feet above ! highe/ tides4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,plazilla & ,catapilco1 at heights ( betwe5 two hundr$ & ?ree hundr$ feet1 ! numb] ( comm9ut$ %ells1 ) "s p]fect ones1 especially ( ! ,mesodesma1 pack$ 9 lay]s1 0 truly imm5se3 ! l& at ,plazilla _h evid5tly exi/$ z a bay1 ) abrupt rocky masses ris+ out ( x1 precisely l ! islets 9 ! brok5 bays n[ ind5t+ ?is coa/4 ,on bo? sides ( ! riv]s ,ligua1 ,longotomo1 ,gua*51 & ,quilim>i1 !re are pla9s ( gravel ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 height1 9 _m p>ts absolutely cov]$ ) %ells4 ,close to ,con*alee1 a gravel-pla9 is front$ by a l[] & simil> pla9 ab\t sixty feet 9 height1 & ?is aga9 is sep>at$ f ! bea* by a wide tract ( l[ l&3 ! surfaces ( all ?ree pla9s or t]races 7 /rew$ ) va/ numb]s ( ! ,con*olepas1 ,mesodesma1 an exi/+ ,v5us1 & o!r /ill exi/+ littoral %ells4 ,! two upp] t]races closely resemble 9 m9iature ! pla9s ( ,patagonia2 & l !m are furr[$ by dry1 flat-bottom$1 w9d+ valleys4 ,nor?w>d ( ?is place ,i turn$ inw>d2 & !re=e f\nd no m %ells3 b ! valleys ( ,*uapa1 ,illapel1 & ,lim>i1 are b\nd$ by gravel-capp$ pla9s1 (t5 includ+ a l[] t]race )94 ,^! pla9s s5d bay-l arms betwe5 & into ! surr\nd+ hills2 & !y are cont9u\sly unit$ ) o!r ext5sive gravel-capp$ pla9s1 sep>at+ ! coa/ m\nta9-ranges f ! ,cordill]a4 ,,coquimbo4 ,a n>r[ fr+e-l pla91 g5tly incl9$ t[>ds ! sea1 "h ext5ds = elev5 miles along ! coa/1 ) arms /ret*+ up betwe5 ! coa/-m\nta9s1 & likewise up ! valley ( ,coquimbo3 at its s\!rn extremity x is directly connect$ ) ! pla9 ( ,lim>i1 out ( :i* hills abruptly rise l islets1 & o!r hills project l headl&s on a coa/4 ,! surface ( ! fr+e-l pla9 appe>s level1 b diff]s ins5sibly 9 height1 & greatly 9 composition1 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,at ! m\? ( ! valley ( ,coquimbo1 ! surface consi/s :olly ( gravel1 & /&s f #cjj to #cej feet above ! level ( ! sea1 be+ ab\t "o hundr$ feet high] ?an 9 o!r p>ts4 ,9 ^! o!r & l[] p>ts ! sup]ficial b$s consi/ ( calc>e\s matt]1 & re/ on anci5t t]ti>y deposits h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,! upp]mo/ calc>e\s lay] is cream-col\r$1 compact1 smoo?-fractur$1 sub- /alacti=m1 & conta9s "s s&1 e>?y matt]1 & rec5t %ells4 ,x lies on1 & s5ds w$ge-l ve9s into1 a mu* m friable1 calc>e\s1 tuff-l v>iety2 & bo? re/ on a mass ab\t tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness1 =m$ ( fragm5ts ( rec5t %ells1 ) a few :ole ones1 & ) small pebbles firmly cem5t$ toge!r4 7,9 _m respects ?is upp] h>d1 & ! und]ly+ m friable1 v>ieties1 resemble ! great sup]ficial b$s at ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 my 8,geological ,obs]vations on ,volcanic ,isl&s40 ,!re c\ld be little d\bt t ! upp] lay]s !re h be5 h>d5$ by ! action ( ra9 on ! friable1 calc>e\s matt]1 & t ! :ole mass has orig9at$ 9 ! decay ( m9utely comm9ut$ sea-%ells & corals47 ,?is latt] rock is call$ by ! inhabitants losa1 & is us$ = build+3 9 _m p>ts x is divid$ into /rata1 :i* dip at an angle ( t5 degrees seaw>d1 & appe> z if !y _h orig9ally be5 heap$ 9 successive lay]s 7z may be se5 on coral-reefs7 on a /eep bea*4 ,?is /one is rem>kable f be+ 9 p>ts entirely =m$ ( empty1 pellucid capsules or cells ( calc>e\s matt]1 ( ! size ( small se$s3 a s]ies ( specim5s unequivocally %[$ t all ^! capsules once conta9$ m9ute r\nd$ fragm5ts ( %ells :i* h s9ce be5 gradually dissolv$ by wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! mass4 7,i h incid5tally describ$ ?is rock 9 ! above "w on ,volcanic ,isl&s47 ,! %ells emb$d$ 9 ! calc>e\s b$s =m+ ! surface ( ?is fr+e-l pla91 at ! height ( f #bjj to #bej feet above ! sea1 consi/ (3-- #a4 ,v5us opaca4 #b4 ,mul9ia ,byron5sis4 #c4 ,pect5 purpuratus4 #d4 ,mesodesma donaci=me4 #e4 ,turritella c+ulata4 #f4 ,monoc]os co/atum4 #g4 ,con*olepas ,p]uviana4 #h4 ,tro*us 7common ,valp>aiso species74 #i4 ,calyptraea ,byron5sis4 ,al?\gh ^! species are all rec5t1 & are all f\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ sea1 yet ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! proportional numb]s ( ! sev]al species1 & ( ^? n[ ca/ up on ! pres5t bea*4 ,i f\nd only "o specim5 ( ! ,con*olepas1 & ! ,pect5 0 v r>e1 ?\gh bo? ^! %ells are n[ ! commone/ k9ds1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,calyptraea radians1 ( :i* ,i did n f9d "o 9 ! calc>e\s b$s4 ,i w n pret5d to det]m9e h[ f> ?is diff]5ce 9 ! proportional numb]s dep5ds on ! age ( ! deposit1 & h[ f> on ! diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 ! pres5t s&y bea*es & ! calc>e\s bottom1 on :i* ! emb$d$ %ells mu/ h liv$4 7,,diagram #h4--,,section ,,( ,,pla9 ,,( ,,coquimbo4 ,a ,section ?r\gh ,pla9 ,b-,b & ,rav9e ,a4 ,surface ( pla9 #beb feet above sea4 ,a4 ,/ratifi$ s&1 ) rec5t %ells 9 same proportions z on ! bea*1 half fill+ up a rav9e4 ,b4 ,surface ( pla91 ) scatt]$ %ells 9 ne>ly same proportions z on ! bea*4 ,c4 ,upp] calc>e\s b$1 & ,d4 ,l[] calc>e\s s&y b$ 7,losa71 bo? ) rec5t %ells1 b n 9 same proportions z on ! bea*4 ,e4 ,upp] f]rug9o-s&y old t]ti>y /ratum1 & ,f4 ,l[] old t]ti>y /ratum1 bo? ) all1 or ne>ly all1 ext9ct %ells47 ,on ! b>e surface ( ! calc>e\s pla91 or 9 a ?9 cov]+ ( s&1 !re 7 ly+1 at a height f #bjj to #beb feet1 _m rec5t %ells1 :i* _h a mu* fre%] appe>ance ?an ! emb$d$ ones3 fragm5ts ( ! ,con*olepas1 & ( ! common ,mytilus1 /ill reta9+ a t+e ( its col\r1 7 num]\s1 & altoge!r !re 0 manife/ly a clos] approa* 9 proportional numb]s to ^? n[ ly+ on ! bea*4 ,9 a mass ( /ratifi$1 slightly agglut9at$ s&1 :i* 9 "s places cov]s up ! l[] half ( ! seaw>d esc>pm5t ( ! pla91 ! includ$ %ells appe>$ to be 9 exactly ! same proportional numb]s ) ^? on ! bea*4 ,on "o side ( a /eep-sid$ rav9e1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! pla9 beh9d ,h]radura ,bay1 ,i obs]v$ a n>r[ /rip ( /ratifi$ s&1 conta9+ simil> %ells 9 simil> proportional numb]s2 a section ( ! rav9e is repres5t$ 9 ,diagram #h1 :i* s]ves also to %[ ! g5]al composition ( ! pla94 ,i m5tion ?is case ( ! rav9e *iefly because )\t ! evid5ce ( ! m>9e %ells 9 ! s&1 any "o w\ld h suppos$ t x _h be5 holl[$ out by simple alluvial action4 ,! esc>pm5t ( ! fr+e-l pla91 :i* /ret*es = elev5 miles along ! coa/1 is 9 "s p>ts front$ by two or ?ree n>r[1 /ep- =m$ t]races1 "o ( :i* at ,h]radura ,bay exp&s into a small pla94 ,its surface 0 !re =m$ ( gravel1 cem5t$ toge!r by calc>e\s matt]2 & out ( x ,i extract$ ! foll[+ rec5t %ells1 :i* are 9 a m p]fect condition ?an ^? f ! upp] pla93-- #a4 ,calyptraea radians4 #b4 ,turritella c+ulata4 #c4 ,oliva ,p]uviana4 #d4 ,murex labiosus1 v>4 #e4 ,nassa 7id5tical ) a liv+ species74 #f4 ,sol5 ,dombeiana4 #g4 ,pect5 purpuratus4 #h4 ,v5us ,*il5sis4 #i4 ,amphidesma rugulosum4 ,! small irregul> wr9kles ( ! po/]ior "p ( ?is %ell are r /rong] ?an 9 ! rec5t specim5s ( ?is species f ,coquimbo4 7,g4,b4 ,s[]by47 #aj4 ,balanus 7id5tical ) liv+ species74 ,on ! sy5itic ridge1 :i* =ms ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,h]radura ,bay & ,pla91 ,i f\nd ! ,con*olepas & ,turritella c+ulata 7mo/ly 9 fragm5ts71 at ! height ( #bdb feet above ! sea4 ,i c\ld n h told t ^! %ells _h n =m]ly be5 br\ght up by man1 if ,i _h n f\nd "o v small mass ( !m cem5t$ toge!r 9 a friable calc>e\s tuff4 ,i m5tion ?is fact m p>ticul>ly1 because ,i c>efully look$1 9 _m app>5tly fav\rable spots1 at less] heights on ! side ( ?is ridge1 & c\ld n f9d ev5 ! smalle/ fragm5t ( a %ell4 ,?is is only "o in/ance out ( _m1 prov+ t ! abs5ce ( sea-%ells on ! surface1 ?\gh 9 _m respects inexplicable1 is an argum5t ( v little weight 9 opposition to o!r evid5ce on ! rec5t elevation ( ! l&4 ,! highe/ po9t 9 ?is neighb\rhood at :i* ,i f\nd uprais$ %ells ( exi/+ species 0 on an inl& calc>e\s pla91 at ! height ( #beb feet above ! sea4 ,x w\ld appe> f ,mr4 ,caldcleugh's rese>*es1 t a rise has tak5 place "h )9 ! la/ c5tury & a half 78,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society0 volume #b page #ddf472 & z no sudd5 *ange ( level has be5 obs]v$ dur+ ! n v sev]e e>?quakes1 :i* h occasionally occurr$ "h1 ! ris+ has probably be5 sl[1 l t n[1 or q lately1 9 progress at ,*iloe & at ,valp>aiso3 !re are ?ree well-kn[n rocks1 call$ ! ,pelicans1 :i* 9 #agaj1 accord+ to ,feuillee1 7 a fleur d'eau1 b n[ are said to /& twelve feet above l[-wat] m>k3 ! spr+-tides rise "h only five feet4 ,!re is ano!r rock1 n[ n9e feet above high-wat] m>k1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,frezi] & ,feuillee rose only five or six feet out ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,caldcleugh1 ,i may add1 also %[s 7& ,i receiv$ simil> acc\nts7 t !re has be5 a consid]able decrease 9 ! s\nd+s dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s 9 ! ,bays ( ,coquimbo1 ,concepcion1 ,valp>aiso1 & ,guasco2 b z 9 ^! cases x is ne>ly impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! accumulation ( s$im5t & ! upheavem5t ( ! bottom1 ,i h n ent]$ into any details4 ,,valley ,,( ,,coquimbo4 7,,figure #i4 ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,t]races ,,at ,,coquimbo1 ,,:]e ,,!y ,,deb\* ,,f ,,! ,,valley1 ,,& ,,front ,,! ,,sea4 ,v]tical scale #a_/aj ( in* to #ajj feet3 horizontal scale mu* contract$4 ,height ( t]race 9 feet f ea/ 7high7 to we/ 7l[73 ,t]race ,f4 #cfd ,t]race ,e4 #cjb ,t]race ,d4 %[n dott$1 height n giv54 ,t]race ,c4 #abj ,t]race ,b4 #gj ,t]race ,a4 #be slop+ d[n to level ( sea at ,t[n ( ,coquimbo47 ,! n>r[ coa/-pla9 s5ds1 z be=e /at$1 an arm1 or m correctly a fr+e1 on bo? sides1 b *iefly on ! s\!rn side1 sev]al miles up ! valley4 ,^! fr+es are worn into /eps or t]races1 :i* pres5t a mo/ rem>kable appe>ance1 & h be5 comp>$ 7?\gh n v correctly7 by ,capta9 ,basil ,hall1 to ! p>allel roads ( ,gl5 ,roy 9 ,scotl&3 _! orig9 has be5 ably discuss$ by ,mr4 ,lyell4 78,pr9ciples ( ,geology0 #a/ edition volume #c page #aca47 ,! fir/ section :i* ,i w give 7,figure #i71 is n drawn across ! valley1 b 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e at its m\?1 :]e ! /ep-=m$ t]races deb\* & pres5t _! v g5tly incl9$ surfaces t[>ds ! ,pacific4 ,! bottom pla9 7,a7 is ab\t a mile 9 wid?1 & rises q ins5sibly f ! bea* to a height ( tw5ty-five feet at ! foot ( ! next pla92 x is s&y1 & abundantly /rew$ ) %ells4 ,pla9 or t]race ,b is ( small ext5t1 & is almo/ conceal$ by ! h\ses ( ! t[n1 z is likewise ! esc>pm5t ( t]race ,c4 ,on bo? sides ( a rav9e1 two miles s\? ( ! t[n1 !re are two little t]races1 "o above ! o!r1 evid5tly correspond+ ) ,b & ,c2 & on !m m>9e rema9s ( ! species already enum]at$ 7 pl5tiful4 ,t]race ,e is v n>r[1 b q di/9ct & level2 a little s\?w>d ( ! t[n !re 7 traces ( a t]race ,d int]m$iate betwe5 ,e & ,c4 ,t]race ,f is "p ( ! fr+e-l pla91 :i* /ret*es = ! elev5 miles along ! coa/2 x is "h compos$ ( %+le1 & is #ajj feet high] ?an :]e compos$ ( calc>e\s matt]4 ,?is great] height is obvi\sly due to ! quantity ( %+le1 :i* at "s =m] p]iod has be5 br\ght d[n ! great valley ( ,coquimbo4 ,consid]+ ! _m %ells /rew$ ov] ! t]races ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 & a few miles s\?w>d on ! calc>e\s pla91 :i* is cont9u\sly unit$ ) ! upp] /ep-l pla9 ,f1 !re _c1 ,i appreh5d1 be any d\bt1 t ^! six t]races h be5 =m$ by ! action ( ! sea2 & t _! five esc>pm5ts m>k s _m p]iods ( comp>ative re/ 9 ! elevatory movem5t1 dur+ :i* ! sea wore into ! l&4 ,! elevation betwe5 ^! p]iods may h be5 sudd5 & on ,,an ,,av]age n m ?an sev5ty-two feet ea* "t1 or x may h be5 gradual & ins5sibly sl[4 ,f ! %ells on ! ?ree l[] t]races1 & on ! upp] "o1 & ,i may add on ! ?ree gravel-capp$ t]races at ,con*alee1 be+ all littoral & sub-littoral species1 & f ! analogical facts giv5 at ,valp>aiso1 & la/ly f ! evid5ce ( a sl[ ris+ lately or /ill 9 progress "h1 x appe>s to me f> m probable t ! movem5t has be5 sl[4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! successive esc>pm5ts1 or old cliff- l9es1 is 9 ano!r respect highly in/ructive1 = !y %[ p]iods ( comp>ative re/ 9 ! elevatory movem5t1 & ( d5udation1 :i* w\ld nev] ev5 h be5 suspect$ f a close exam9ation ( _m miles ( coa/ s\?w>d ( ,coquimbo4 7,,figure #aj4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,coquimbo4 ,f nor? ,f 7high7 ?r\gh ,e81 ,d1 ,c1 ,b1 ,a 7l[71 ,b81 ,c1 ,d81 ,e1 ,f 7high74 ,v]tical scale #a_/aj ( in* to #ajj feet3 horizontal scale mu* contract$4 ,t]races m>k$ ) 8 d n occur on t side ( ! valley1 & are introduc$ only to make ! diagram m intelligible4 ,a riv] & bottom- pla9 ( valley ,c1 ,e1 & ,f1 on ! s\? side ( valley1 are respectively1 #aig1 #cgg1 & #dbj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,,aa4 ,! bottom ( ! valley1 believ$ to be #ajj feet above ! sea3 x is cont9u\sly unit$ ) ! l[e/ pla9 ,a ( ,figure #i4 ,b4 ,?is t]race high] up ! valley exp&s consid]ably2 seaw>d x is soon lo/1 its esc>pm5t be+ unit$ ) t ( ,c3 x is n develop$ at all on ! s\? side ( ! valley4 ,c4 ,?is t]race1 l ! la/1 is consid]ably exp&$ high] up ! valley4 ,^! two t]races app>5tly correspond ) ,b & ,c ( ,figure #i4 ,d is n well develop$ 9 ! l9e ( ?is section2 b seaw>d x exp&s into a pla93 x is n pres5t on ! s\? side ( ! valley2 b x is met )1 z /at$ "u ! =m] section1 a little s\? ( ! t[n4 ,e is well develop$ on ! s\? side1 b abs5t on ! nor? side ( ! valley3 ?\gh n cont9u\sly unit$ ) ,e ( ,figure #i1 x app>5tly corresponds ) x4 ,f4 ,?is is ! surface-pla91 & is cont9u\sly unit$ ) t :i* /ret*es l a fr+e along ! coa/4 ,9 asc5d+ ! valley x gradually becomes n>r[]1 & is at la/1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t t5 miles f ! sea1 r$uc$ to a r[ ( flat-topp$ pat*es on ! sides ( ! m\nta9s4 ,none ( ! l[] t]races ext5d s f> up ! valley47 ,we come n[ to ! t]races on ! opposite sides ( ! ea/ & we/ valley ( ,coquimbo3 ! section 9 ,figure #aj is tak5 9 a nor? & s\? l9e across ! valley at a po9t ab\t ?ree miles f ! sea4 ,! valley measur$ f ! edges ( ! esc>pm5ts ( ! upp] pla9 ,,ff is ab\t a mile 9 wid?2 b f ! bases ( ! b\nd+ m\nta9s x is f ?ree to f\r miles wide4 ,! t]races m>k$ ) an int]rogative d n exi/ on t side ( ! valley1 b are introduc$ m]ely to r5d] ! diagram m intelligible4 ,^! five t]races are =m$ ( %+le & s&2 ?ree ( !m1 z m>k$ by ,capta9 ,b4 ,hall 7namely1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,f71 are mu* m conspicu\s ?an ! o!rs4 ,f ! m>9e rema9s copi\sly /rew$ at ! m\? ( ! valley on ! l[] t]races1 & s\?w>d ( ! t[n on ! upp] "o1 !y are1 z be=e rem>k$1 und\bt$ly ( m>9e orig92 b )9 ! valley1 & ?is fact well des]ves notice1 at a di/ance ( f only a mile & a half to ?ree or f\r miles f ! sea1 ,i c\ld n f9d ev5 a fragm5t ( a %ell4 ,,on ,,! ,,incl9ation ,,( ,,! ,,t]races ,,( ,,coquimbo1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,upp] ,,& ,,basal ,,edges ,,( ,,_! ,,esc>pm5ts ,,n ,,be+ ,,horizontal4 ,! surfaces ( ^! t]races slope 9 a slight degree1 z %[n by ! sections 9 ,figures #i & #aj tak5 conjo9tly1 bo? t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! valley1 & seaw>ds t[>ds its m\?4 ,?is d\ble or diagonal incl9ation1 :i* is n ! same 9 ! sev]al t]races1 is1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ( simple explanation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s o!r po9ts :i* at fir/ appe> by no means obvi\s1--namely1 fir/1 t ea* t]race1 tak5 9 its :ole bread? f ! summit-edge ( "o esc>pm5t to ! base ( t above x1 & foll[$ up ! valley1 is n horizontal2 nor h ! sev]al t]races1 :5 foll[$ up ! valley1 all ! same incl9ation2 ?us ,i f\nd ! t]races ,c1 ,e1 & ,f1 measur$ at a po9t ab\t two miles f ! m\? ( ! valley1 /ood sev]ally betwe5 fifty-six to sev5ty-sev5 feet high] ?an at ! m\?4 ,aga91 if we look to any "o l9e ( cliff or esc>pm5t1 nei!r its summit-edge nor its base is horizontal4 ,on ! !ory ( ! t]races hav+ be5 =m$ dur+ a sl[ & equable rise ( ! l&1 ) z _m int]vals ( re/ z !re are esc>pm5ts1 x appe>s at fir/ v surpris+ t horizontal l9es ( "s k9d %\ld n h be5 left on ! l&4 ,! direction ( ! diagonal incl9ation 9 ! diff]5t t]races be+ diff]5t1--9 "s be+ direct$ m t[>ds ! middle ( ! valley1 9 o!rs m t[>ds its m\?1--naturally foll[s on ! view ( ea* t]race1 be+ an accumulation ( successive bea*-l9es r\nd bays1 :i* mu/ h be5 ( diff]5t =ms & sizes :5 ! l& /ood at diff]5t levels3 = if we look to ! actual bea* ( a n>r[ creek1 its slope is direct$ t[>ds ! middle2 :]eas1 9 an op5 bay1 or slight concavity on a coa/1 ! slope is t[>ds ! m\?1 t is1 almo/ directly seaw>d2 h5ce z a bay alt]s 9 =m & size1 s w ! direction ( ! incl9ation ( its successive bea*es become *ang$4 7,,figure #aa4 ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,bay ,,9 ,a ,,di/rict ,,:i* ,,has ,,begun ,,sl[ly ,,ris+7 ,if x 7 possible to trace any "o ( ! _m bea*-l9es1 compos+ ea* slop+ t]race1 x w\ld ( c\rse be horizontal2 b ! only l9es ( dem>cation are ! summit & basal edges ( ! esc>pm5ts4 ,n[ ! summit-edge ( "o ( ^! esc>pm5ts m>ks ! fur!/ l9e or po9t to :i* ! sea has cut into a mass ( gravel slop+ seaw>d2 & z ! sea w g5]ally h great] p[] at ! m\? ?an at ! protect$ head ( ! bay1 s w ! esc>pm5t at ! m\? be cut deep] into ! l&1 & its summit-edge be high]2 consequ5tly x w n be horizontal4 ,) respect to ! basal or l[] edges ( ! esc>pm5ts1 f pictur+ 9 "o's m9d anci5t bays ,,entirely surr\nd$ at successive p]iods by cliff-=m$ %ores1 "o's fir/ impression is t !y at lea/ necess>ily mu/ be horizontal1 if ! elevation has be5 horizontal4 ,b "h is a fallacy3 = aft] ! sea has1 dur+ a cessation ( ! elevation1 worn cliffs all r\nd ! %ores ( a bay1 :5 ! movem5t recomm5ces1 & especially if x recomm5ces sl[ly1 x might well happ5 t1 at ! expos$ m\? ( ! bay1 ! waves might cont9ue = "s "t we>+ into ! l&1 :il/ 9 ! protect$ & upp] p>ts successive bea*-l9es might be accumulat+ 9 a slop+ surface or t]race at ! foot ( ! cliffs :i* _h be5 lately rea*$3 h5ce1 suppos+ ! :ole l9e ( esc>pm5t to be f9ally uplift$ above ! rea* ( ! sea1 its basal l9e or foot ne> ! m\? w run at a l[] level ?an 9 ! upp] & protect$ p>ts ( ! bay2 consequ5tly ?is basal l9e w n be horizontal4 ,& x has already be5 %[n t ! summit-edges ( ea* esc>pm5t w g5]ally be high] ne> ! m\? 7f ! seaw>d slop+ l& be+ !re mo/ expos$ & cut into7 ?an ne> ! head ( ! bay2 !re=e ! total height ( ! esc>pm5ts w be greate/ ne> ! m\?2 & fur!r up ! old bay or valley !y w on bo? sides g5]ally ?9 out & die away3 ,i h obs]v$ ?is ?9n+ out ( ! successive esc>pm5t at o!r places besides ,coquimbo2 & = a long "t ,i 0 q unable to und]/& its mean+4 ,! rude diagram 9 ,figure #aa w p]haps r5d] :at ,i mean m intelligible2 x repres5ts a bay 9 a di/rict :i* has begun sl[ly ris+4 ,be=e ! movem5t comm5c$1 x is suppos$ t ! waves _h be5 enabl$ to eat into ! l& & =m cliffs1 z f> up1 b ) gradually dim9i%+ p[]1 z ! po9ts ,,aa3 aft] ! movem5t _h comm5c$ & gone on = a little "t1 ! sea is suppos$ /ill to h reta9$ ! p[]1 at ! expos$ m\? ( ! bay1 ( cutt+ d[n & into ! l& z x sl[ly em]g$2 b 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! bay x is suppos$ soon to h lo/ ?is p[]1 ow+ to ! m protect$ situation & to ! quantity ( detritus br\ght d[n by ! riv]2 consequ5tly l[ l& 0 !re accumulat$4 ,z ?is l[ l& 0 =m$ dur+ a sl[ elevatory movem5t1 its surface w g5tly slope upw>ds f ! bea* on all sides4 ,n[1 let u imag9e ! bay1 n to make ! diagram m complicat$1 sudd5ly conv]t$ into a valley3 ! basal l9e ( ! cliffs w ( c\rse be horizontal1 z f> z ! bea* is n[ se5 ext5d+ 9 ! diagram2 b 9 ! upp] "p ( ! valley1 ?is l9e w be high]1 ! level ( ! di/rict hav+ be5 rais$ :il/ ! l[ l& 0 accumulat+ at ! foot ( ! inl& cliffs4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! bay 9 ! diagram be+ sudd5ly conv]t$ into a valley1 we suppose ) mu* m probability x to be uprais$ sl[ly1 !n ! waves 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! bay w cont9ue v gradually to fail to rea* ! cliffs1 :i* are n[ 9 ! diagram repres5t$ z wa%$ by ! sea1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 w be left /&+ high] & high] above its level2 :il/ at ! /ill expos$ m\?1 x might well happ5 t ! waves might be enabl$ to cut deep] & deep]1 bo? d[n & into ! cliffs1 z ! l& sl[ly rose4 ,! great] or less] de/roy+ p[] ( ! waves at ! m\?s ( successive bays1 comp>atively ) ?is same p[] 9 _! upp] & protect$ p>ts1 w v>y z ! bays become *ang$ 9 =m & size1 & !re=e at diff]5t levels1 at _! m\?s & heads1 m or less ( ! surfaces betwe5 ! esc>pm5ts 7t is1 ! accumulat$ bea*-l9es or t]races7 w be left unde/roy$3 f :at has gone be=e we c see t1 accord+ z ! elevatory movem5ts aft] ea* cessation recomm5ce m or less sl[ly1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( detritus deliv]$ by ! riv] at ! heads ( ! successive bays1 & accord+ to ! degree ( protection af=d$ by _! alt]$ =ms1 s w a great] or less ext5t ( t]race be accumulat$ 9 ! upp] "p1 to :i* !re w be no surface at a correspond+ level at ! m\?3 h5ce we c p]ceive :y no "o t]race1 tak5 9 its :ole bread? & foll[$ up ! valley1 is horizontal1 ?\gh ea* sep>ate bea*-l9e mu/ h be5 s2 & :y ! incl9ation ( ! sev]al t]races1 bo? transv]sely1 & longitud9ally up ! valley1 is n alike4 ,i h ent]$ into ?is case 9 "s detail1 = ,i 0 long p]plex$ 7& o!rs h felt ! same difficulty7 9 und]/&+ h[1 on ! idea ( an equable elevation ) ! sea at int]vals eat+ into ! l&1 x came t nei!r ! t]races nor ! upp] nor l[] edges ( ! esc>pm5ts 7 horizontal4 ,along l9es ( coa/1 ev5 ( great l5g?s1 su* z t ( ,patagonia1 if !y are ne>ly uni=mly expos$1 ! corrod+ p[] ( ! waves w be *eck$ & conqu]$ by ! elevatory movem5t1 z (t5 z x recomm5ces1 at ab\t ! same p]iod2 & h5ce ! t]races1 or accumulat$ bea*-l9es1 w comm5ce be+ =m$ at ne>ly ! same levels3 at ea* succe$+ p]iod ( re/1 !y w1 also1 be eat5 into at ne>ly ! same rate1 & consequ5tly !re w be a mu* clos] co9cid5ce 9 _! levels & incl9ations1 ?an 9 ! t]races & esc>pm5ts =m$ r\nd bays ) _! diff]5t p>ts v diff]5tly expos$ to ! action ( ! sea4 ,x is only :]e ! waves are enabl$1 aft] a long lapse ( "t1 sl[ly to corrode h>d rocks1 or to ?r[ up1 ow+ to ! supply ( s$im5t be+ small & to ! surface be+ /eeply incl9$1 a n>r[ bea* or m\nd1 t we c expect1 z at ,gl5 ,roy 9 ,scotl& 78,philosophical ,transactions0 #ahci page #ci471 a di/9ct l9e m>k+ an old sea-level1 & :i* w be /rictly horizontal1 if ! subsequ5t elevatory movem5ts h be5 s3 = 9 ^! cases no disc]nible effects w be produc$1 except dur+ ! long int]v5+ p]iods ( re/2 :]eas 9 ! case ( /ep-=m$ coa/s1 su* z ^? describ$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! t]races !mselves are accumulat$ dur+ ! sl[ elevatory process1 ! accumulation comm5c+ soon] 9 protect$ ?an 9 expos$ situations1 & soon] :]e !re is copi\s supply ( detritus ?an :]e !re is little2 on ! o!r h&1 ! /eps or esc>pm5ts are =m$ dur+ ! /ation>y p]iods1 & are m deeply cut d[n & into ! coa/-l& 9 expos$ ?an 9 protect$ situations2--! cutt+ action1 moreov]1 be+ prolong$ 9 ! mo/ expos$ p>ts1 bo? dur+ ! beg9n+ & end+1 if sl[1 ( ! upw>d movem5t4 ,al?\gh 9 ! =ego+ discussion ,i h assum$ ! elevation to h be5 horizontal1 x may be suspect$1 f ! consid]able seaw>d slope ( ! t]races1 bo? up ! valley ( ,s4 ,cruz & up t ( ,coquimbo1 t ! ris+ has be5 great] inl& ?an ne>] ! coa/4 ,!re is reason to believe 7,mr4 ,place 9 ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce0 #ahbd volume #ag page #db471 f ! effects produc$ on ! wat]-c\rse ( a mill dur+ ! e>?quake ( #ahbb 9 ,*ile1 t ! upheaval "o mile inl& 0 ne>ly d\ble1 namely1 betwe5 five & sev5 feet1 to :at x 0 on ! ,pacific4 ,we "k1 also1 f ! admirable rese>*es ( ,m4 ,bravais1 t 9 ,sc&9avia ! anci5t sea-bea*es g5tly slope f ! int]ior m\nta9-ranges t[>ds ! coa/1 & t !y are n p>allel "o to ! o!r 78,voyages de la ,comm4 du ,nord0 etc4 also 8,comptes ,r5dus0 ,octob] #ahdb471 %[+ t ! proportional diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( elevation on ! coa/ & 9 ! int]ior1 v>i$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,,coquimbo ,,to ,,guasco4 ,9 ?is di/ance ( n9ety miles1 ,i f\nd 9 almo/ e "p m>9e %ells up to a height ( app>5tly f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! des]t pla9 ne> ,*oros is ?us cov]$2 x is b\nd$ by ! esc>pm5t ( a high] pla91 consi/+ ( pale-col\r$1 e>?y1 calc>e\s /one1 l t ( ,coquimbo1 ) ! same rec5t %ells emb$d$ 9 x4 ,9 ! valley ( ,*an]al1 a simil> b$ occurs 9 :i*1 diff]5tly f t ( ,coquimbo1 ,i obs]v$ _m %ells ( ! ,con*olepas3 ne> ,guasco ! same calc>e\s b$ is likewise met )4 ,9 ! valley ( ,guasco1 ! /ep-=m$ t]races ( gravel are displac$ 9 a m /rik+ mann] ?an at any o!r po9t4 ,i foll[$ ! valley = ?irty-sev5 miles 7z reckon$ by ! inhabitants7 f ! coa/ to ,ball5>2 9 ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is di/ance1 five gr& t]races1 runn+ at correspond+ heights on bo? sides ( ! broad valley1 are m conspicu\s ?an ! ?ree be/-develop$ ones at ,coquimbo4 ,!y give to ! l&scape ! mo/ s+ul> & =mal aspect2 & :5 ! cl\ds hung l[1 hid+ ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 ! valley resembl$ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] t ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,! :ole ?ickness ( ^! t]races or pla9s seems compos$ ( gravel1 r firmly aggregat$ toge!r1 ) occasional p>t+ seams ( clay3 ! pebbles on ! upp] pla9 are (t5 :itewa%$ ) an alum9\s sub/ance1 z 9 ,patagonia4 ,ne> ! coa/ ,i obs]v$ _m sea-%ells on ! l[] pla9s4 ,at ,freyr9a 7twelve miles up ! valley71 !re are six t]races beside ! bottom- surface ( ! valley3 ! two l[] ones are "h only f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 b high] up ! valley !y exp& into pla9s2 ! ?ird t]race is g5]ally n>r[2 ! f\r? ,i saw only 9 "o place1 b !re x 0 di/9ct = ! l5g? ( a mile2 ! fif? is v broad2 ! six? is ! summit-pla91 :i* exp&s inl& into a great bas94 ,n hav+ a b>omet] ) me1 ,i did n asc]ta9 ! height ( ^! pla9s1 b !y appe>$ consid]ably high] ?an ^? at ,coquimbo4 ,_! wid? v>ies mu*1 sometimes be+ v broad1 & sometimes contract+ into m]e fr+es ( sep>ate flat-topp$ projections1 & !n q disappe>+3 at ! "o spot1 :]e ! f\r? t]race 0 visible1 ! :ole six t]races 7 cut (f = a %ort space by "o s+le bold esc>pm5t4 ,ne> ,ball5> 7?irty-sev5 miles f ! m\? ( ! riv]71 ! valley betwe5 ! summit-edges ( ! highe/ esc>pm5ts is sev]al miles 9 wid?1 & ! five t]races on bo? sides are broadly develop$3 ! highe/ _c be less ?an six hundr$ feet above ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* itself mu/1 ,i conceive1 be "s hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,a nor? & s\? section across ! valley 9 ?is "p is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ab4 7,,figure #ab4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,guasco1 ,,& ,,( ,a ,,pla9 ,,nor? ,,( ,,x4 ,f left 7nor?1 high7 to "r 7s\?1 high7 ?r\gh pla9s ,b & ,a & ! ,riv] ( ,guasco at ! ,t[n ( ,ball5>47 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! valley ! summit-pla9 ( gravel1 ,a1 has two esc>pm5ts1 "o fac+ ! valley1 & ! o!r a great bas9-l pla91 ,b1 :i* /ret*es = sev]al leagues nor?w>d4 ,?is n>r[ pla91 ,a1 ) ! d\ble esc>pm5t1 evid5tly once =m$ a spit or promontory ( gravel1 project+ into & divid+ two great bays1 & subsequ5tly 0 worn on bo? sides into /eep cliffs4 ,:e!r ! sev]al esc>pm5ts 9 ?is valley 7 =m$ dur+ ! same /ation>y p]iods ) ^? ( ,coquimbo1 ,i w n pret5d to conjecture2 b if s ! int]v5+ & subsequ5t elevatory movem5ts mu/ h be5 "h mu* m en]getic1 = ^! pla9s c]ta9ly /& at a mu* high] level ?an d ^? ( ,coquimbo4 ,,copiapo4 ,f ,guasco to ,copiapo1 ,i foll[$ ! road ne> ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 & !re=e saw no uprais$ rema9s4 ,at ! m\?1 h[ev]1 ( ! valley ( ,copiapo !re is a pla91 e/imat$ by ,mey5 78,reise um die ,erde0 ?4 #a s4 #cgb et seq47 betwe5 fifty & sev5ty feet 9 height1 ( :i* ! upp] "p consi/s *iefly ( gravel1 ab\nd+ ) rec5t %ells1 *iefly ( ! ,con*olepas1 ,v5us ,dombeyi1 & ,calyptraea tro*i=mis4 ,a little inl&1 on a pla9 e/imat$ by myself at ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feet1 ! upp] /ratum 0 =m$ ( brok5 %ells & s& cem5t$ by :ite calc>e\s matt]1 & ab\nd+ ) emb$d$ rec5t %ells1 ( :i* ! ,mul9ia ,byron5sis & ,pect5 purpuratus 7 ! mo/ num]\s4 ,! l[] pla9 /ret*es = "s miles s\?w>d1 & = an unkn[n di/ance nor?w>d1 b n f> up ! valley2 its seaw>d face1 accord+ to ,mey51 is worn into caves above ! level ( ! pres5t bea*4 ,! valley ( ,copiapo is mu* less /eeply incl9$ & less direct 9 its c\rse ?an any o!r valley :i* ,i saw 9 ,*ile2 & its bottom does n g5]ally consi/ ( gravel3 !re are no /ep-=m$ t]races 9 x1 except at "o spot ne> ! m\? ( ! great lat]al valley ( ! ,despoblado :]e !re are only two1 "o above ! o!r3 l[] d[n ! valley1 9 "o place ,i obs]v$ t ! solid rock _h be5 cut into ! %ape ( a bea*1 & 0 smoo!d ov] ) %+le4 ,nor?w>d ( ,copiapo1 9 latitude #bf degrees ,s41 ! old voyag] ,waf] f\nd imm5se numb]s ( sea-%ells "s miles f ! coa/4 7,burnett's 8,collection ( ,voyages0 volume #d page #aic47 ,at ,cobija 7latitude #bb degrees #cd7 ,m4 d',orbigny obs]v$ b$s ( gravel & brok5 %ells1 conta9+ t5 species ( rec5t %ells2 he also f\nd1 on project+ po9ts ( porphyry1 at a height ( #cjj feet1 %ells ( ,con*olepas1 ,*iton1 ,calyptraea1 ,fissurella1 & ,patella1 /ill atta*$ to ! spots on :i* !y _h liv$4 ,m4 d',orbigny argues f ?is fact1 t ! elevation mu/ h be5 great & sudd5 78,voyage1 ,"p ,geolog40 page #id4 ,m4 d',orbigny 7page #ih71 9 summ+ up1 says3 8,s'il e/ c]ta9 7z he believes7 que t\s les t]ra9s en p5te1 compris entre la m] et les montagnes sont l'anci5 rivage de la m]1 on doit suppos]1 p\r l'ensemble1 un exhaussem5t que ce ne s]ait pas mo9dre de deux c5t metres2 il faudrait suppos] encore que ce s\levem5t n'a po9t ete graduel2444mais qu'il result]ait d'une seule et meme cause =tuite10 etc4 ,n[1 on ?is view1 :5 ! sea 0 =m+ ! bea* at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 _m %ells ( ,con*olepas1 ,*iton1 ,calyptraea1 ,fissurella1 & ,patella 7:i* are kn[n to live close to ! bea*71 7 atta*$ to rocks at a dep? ( #cjj feet1 & at a dep? ( #fjj feet sev]al ( ^! same %ells 7 accumulat+ 9 great numb]s 9 horizontal b$s4 ,f :at ,i h myself se5 9 dr$g+1 ,i believe ?is to be improbable 9 ! highe/ degree1 if n impossible2 & ,i ?9k ev]yone :o has read ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes's excell5t rese>*es on ! subject1 w )\t hesitation agree 9 ?is conclusion473 to me x appe>s f> m probable t ! movem5t 0 gradual1 ) small />ts z dur+ ! e>?quakes ( #ahbb & #ahce1 by :i* :ole b$s ( %ells atta*$ to ! rocks 7 lift$ above ! subsequ5t rea* ( ! waves4 ,m4 d',orbigny also f\nd roll$ pebbles ext5d+ up ! m\nta9 to a height ( at lea/ six hundr$ feet4 ,at ,iquique 7latitude #bj degrees #ab ,s471 9 a great accumulation ( s&1 at a height e/imat$ betwe5 "o hundr$ & fifty & two hundr$ feet1 ,i obs]v$ _m l>ge sea-%ells :i* ,i ?\ght c\ld n h be5 bl[n up by ! w9d to t height4 ,mr4 ,j4,h4 ,blake has lately describ$ ^! %ells3 he /ates t 8inl& t[>d ! m\nta9s !y =m a compact uni=m b$1 sc>cely a trace ( ! orig9al %ells be+ disc]nible2 b z we approa* ! %ore1 ! =ms become gradually m di/9ct till we meet ) ! liv+ %ells on ! coa/40 78,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce0 volume #dd page #b47 ,?is int]e/+ obs]vation1 %[+ by ! gradual decay ( ! %ells h[ sl[ly & gradually ! coa/ mu/ h be5 uplift$1 we %all pres5tly see fully confirm$ at ,lima4 ,at ,arica 7latitude #ah degrees #bh71 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd a great range ( s&-dunes1 f\rte5 leagues 9 l5g?1 /ret*+ t[>ds ,tacna1 includ+ rec5t %ells & bones ( ,cetacea1 & rea*+ up to a height ( #cjj feet above ! sea4 78,voyage0 etc4 page #aja47 ,lieut5ant ,frey] has giv5 "s m precise facts3 he /ates 7,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,lyell 8,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #b page #agi47 t ! ,morro ( ,arica is ab\t f\r hundr$ feet high2 x is worn into obscure t]races1 on ! b>e rock ( :i* he f\nd ,bal9i & ,milleporae adh]+4 ,at ! height ( betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet ! %ells & corals 7 9 a q fre% /ate1 b at fifty feet !y 7 mu* abrad$2 !re 71 h[ev]1 traces ( organic rema9s at great] heights4 ,on ! road f ,tacna to ,arequipa1 betwe5 ,loquimbo & ,moquegua1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,hamilton f\nd num]\s rec5t sea %ells 9 s&1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! sea4 78,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #cj page #aee47 ,,lima4 ,nor?w>d ( ,arica1 ,i "k no?+ ( ! coa/ = ab\t a space ( five degrees ( latitude2 b ne> ,callao1 ! port ( ,lima1 !re is abundant & v curi\s evid5ce ( ! elevation ( ! l&4 ,! isl& ( ,san ,lor5zo is upw>ds ( "o ?\s& feet high2 ! basset edges ( ! /rata compos+ ! l[] "p are worn into ?ree obscure1 n>r[1 slop+ /eps or l$ges1 :i* c be se5 only :5 /&+ on !m3 !y probably resemble ^? describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,frey] at ,arica4 ,! surface ( ! l[] l$ge1 :i* ext5ds f a l[ cliff ov]hang+ ! sea to ! foot ( ! next upp] esc>pm5t1 is cov]$ by an enorm\s accumulation ( rec5t %ells4 7,m4 ,*evali]1 9 ! 8,voyage ( ! #8,bonite'0 obs]v$ ^! %ells2 b 8 specim5s 7 lo/4--8,l',in/itut0 #ahch page #aea47 ,! b$ is level1 & 9 "s p>ts m ?an two feet 9 ?ickness2 ,i trac$ x ov] a space ( "o mile 9 l5g?1 & he>d ( x 9 o!r places3 ! upp]mo/ "p is eighty-five feet by ! b>omet] above high-wat] m>k4 ,! %ells are pack$ toge!r1 b n /ratifi$3 !y are m+l$ ) e>? & /ones1 & are g5]ally cov]$ by a few in*es ( detritus2 !y re/ on a mass ( ne>ly angul> fragm5ts ( ! und]ly+ s&/one1 sometimes cem5t$ toge!r by common salt4 ,i collect$ eighte5 species ( %ells ( all ages & sizes4 ,sev]al ( ! univalves _h evid5tly long la9 dead at ! bottom ( ! sea1 = _! ,,insides 7 incru/$ ) ,balani & ,s]pulae4 ,all1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by1 are rec5t species3 !y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,mytilus ,magellanicus3 same z t f\nd at ,valp>aiso1 & !re /at$ to be probably di/9ct f ! true ,m4 ,magellanicus ( ! ea/ coa/4 #b4 ,v5us co/ellata1 ,s[]by 8,zoological ,proce$+s40 #c4 ,pect5 purpuratus1 ,lam4 #d4 ,*ama1 probably e*9ulata1 ,brod4 #e4 ,calyptraea ,byron5sis1 ,gray4 #f4 ,calyptraea radians 7,tro*us1 ,lam47 #g4 ,fissurella aff9is1 ,gray4 #h4 ,fissurella biradiata1 ,trembly4 #i4 ,purpura *ocolatta1 ,duclos4 #aj4 ,purpura ,p]uviana1 ,gray4 #aa4 ,purpura labiata1 ,gray4 #ab4 ,purpura buxea 7,murex1 ,brod474 #ac4 ,con*olepas ,p]uviana4 #ad4 ,nassa1 relat$ to reticulata4 #ae4 ,triton rudis1 ,brod4 #af4 ,tro*us1 n yet describ$1 b well-kn[n & v common4 #ag & #ah4 ,balanus1 two species1 bo? common on ! coa/4 ,^! uprais$ %ells appe> to be ne>ly 9 ! same proportional numb]s- -) ! exception ( ! ,crepidulae be+ m num]\s--) ^? on ! exi/+ bea*4 ,! /ate ( pres]vation ( ! diff]5t species diff]$ mu*2 b mo/ ( !m 7 mu* corrod$1 brittle1 & blea*$3 ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( ! ,con*olepas _h g5]ally q scal$ (f3 "s ( ! ,tro*i & ,fissurellae /ill p>tially reta9 _! col\rs4 ,x is rem>kable t ^! %ells1 tak5 all toge!r1 h fully z anci5t an appe>ance1 al?\gh ! extremely arid climate appe>s highly fav\rable = _! pres]vation1 z ^? f #a1cjj feet at ,valp>aiso1 & c]ta9ly a m anci5t appe>ance ?an ^? f five to six hundr$ feet f ,valp>aiso & ,concepcion2 at :i* places ,i h se5 grass & o!r vegetables actually gr[+ out ( ! %ells4 ,_m ( ! univalves "h at ,san ,lor5zo 7 fill$ )1 & unit$ toge!r by1 pure salt1 probably left by ! evaporation ( ! sea-spray1 z ! l& sl[ly em]g$4 7,! und]ly+ s&/one conta9s true lay]s ( salt2 s t ! salt may possibly h come f ! b$s 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! isl&2 b ,i ?9k m probably f ! sea-spray4 ,x is g5]ally ass]t$ t ra9 nev] falls on ! coa/ ( ,p]u2 b ?is is n q accurate2 =1 on sev]al days1 dur+ our visit1 ! s-call$ ,p]uvian dew fell 9 suffici5t quantity to make ! /reets muddy1 & x w\ld c]ta9ly h wa%$ s deliquesc5t a sub/ance z salt into ! soil4 ,i /ate ?is because ,m4 d',orbigny1 9 discuss+ an analog\s subject1 supposes t ,i _h =gott5 t x nev] ra9s on ?is :ole l9e ( coa/4 ,see ,ulloa's 8,voyage0 volume #b ,engli% ,translation page #fg = an acc\nt ( ! muddy /reets ( ,lima1 & on ! cont9uance ( ! mi/s dur+ ! :ole w9t]4 ,ra91 also1 falls at r>e int]vals ev5 9 ! drie/ di/ricts1 z1 = in/ance1 dur+ =ty days1 9 #agbf1 at ,*ocope 7#g degrees #df72 ?is ra9 entirely ru9$ 78,ulloa0 etc4 page #ah7 ! mud h\ses ( ! inhabitants47 ,on ! highe/ p>ts ( ! l$ge1 small fragm5ts ( ! %ells 7 m+l$ )1 & evid5tly 9 process ( r$uction into1 a yell[i%-:ite1 s(t1 calc>e\s p[d]1 ta/+ /rongly ( salt1 & 9 "s places z f9e z prep>$ m$ic9al *alk4 ,,fossil-,,rema9s ,,( ,,human ,,art4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! %ells on ,san ,lor5zo1 ,i f\nd light corall9es1 ! horny ovule-cases ( ,mollusca1 roots ( seawe$ 7,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordan ,hill f\nd pieces ( seawe$ 9 an uprais$ plei/oc5e deposit 9 ,scotl&4 ,see 8 admirable ,pap] 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #be page #chd471 bones ( birds1 ! heads ( ,indian corn & o!r vegetable matt]1 a piece ( wov5 ru%es1 & ano!r ( ne>ly decay$ ,,cotton /r+4 ,i extract$ ^! rema9s by digg+ a hole1 on a level spot2 & !y _h all indisputably be5 emb$d$ ) ! %ells4 ,i comp>$ ! plait$ ru%1 ! ,,cotton /r+1 & ,indian corn1 at ! h\se ( an antiqu>y1 ) simil> objects1 tak5 f ! ,huacas or burial-gr\nds ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 & !y 7 undi/+ui%able2 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! ,p]uvians us$ /r+ only ( cotton4 ,! small quantity ( s& or gravel ) ! %ells1 ! abs5ce ( l>ge /ones1 ! wid? & ?ickness ( ! b$1 & ! "t requisite = a l$ge to be cut into ! s&/one1 all %[ t ^! rema9s 7 n ?r[n high up by an e>?quake-wave3 on ! o!r h&1 ^! facts1 toge!r ) ! numb] ( dead %ells1 & ( float+ objects1 bo? m>9e & t]re/rial1 bo? natural & human1 r5d] x almo/ c]ta9 t !y 7 accumulat$ on a true bea*1 s9ce uprais$ eighty-five feet1 & uprais$ ?is mu* s9ce ,,indian ,,man ,,inhabit$ ,,p]u4 ,! elevation may h be51 ei!r by sev]al small sudd5 />ts1 or q gradual2 9 ?is latt] case ! unroll$ %ells hav+ be5 ?r[n up dur+ gales beyond ! rea* ( ! waves :i* aft]w>ds broke on ! sl[ly em]g+ l&4 ,i h made ^! rem>ks1 *iefly because ,i 0 at fir/ surpris$ at ! complete diff]5ce 9 nature1 betwe5 ?is broad1 smoo?1 uprais$ b$ ( %ells1 & ! pres5t %+le-bea* at ! foot ( ! l[ s&/one-cliffs2 b a bea* =m$1 :5 ! sea is cutt+ into ! l&1 z is %[n n[ to be ! case by ! l[ b>e s&/one-cliffs1 ought n to be comp>$ ) a bea* accumulat$ on a g5tly incl9$ rocky surface1 at a p]iod :5 ! sea 7probably ow+ to ! elevatory movem5t 9 process7 0 n able to eat into ! l&4 ,) respect to ! mass ( ne>ly angul>1 salt- cem5t$ fragm5ts ( s&/one1 :i* lie "u ! %ells1 & :i* are s unlike ! mat]ials ( an ord9>y sea-bea*2 ,i ?9k x probable aft] hav+ se5 ! rem>kable effects ( ! e>?quake ( #ahce 7,i h describ$ ?is 9 my 8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es0 page #cjc #bnd edition471 9 absolutely %att]+ z if by gunp[d] ! ,,surface ( ! prim>y rocks ne> ,concepcion1 t a smoo? b>e surface ( /one 0 left by ! sea cov]$ by ! %elly mass1 & t aft]w>ds :5 uprais$1 x 0 sup]ficially %att]$ by ! sev]e %ocks s (t5 exp]i5c$ "h4 ,! v l[ l& surr\nd+ ! t[n ( ,callao1 is to ! s\? jo9$ by an obscure esc>pm5t to a high] pla9 7s\? ( ,bella ,vi/a71 :i* /ret*es along ! coa/ = a l5g? ( ab\t eight miles4 ,?is pla9 appe>s to ! eye q level2 b ! sea-cliffs %[ t its height v>ies 7z f> z ,i c\ld e/imate7 f sev5ty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,x is compos$ ( ?91 sometimes wav+1 b$s ( clay1 (t5 ( bright r$ & yell[ col\rs1 ( lay]s ( impure s&1 & 9 "o "p ) a great /ratifi$ mass ( granitic pebbles4 ,^! b$s are capp$ by a rem>kable mass1 v>y+ f two to six feet 9 ?ickness1 ( r$di% loam or mud1 conta9+ _m scatt]$ & brok5 fragm5ts ( rec5t m>9e %ells1 sometimes ?\gh r>ely s+le l>ge r\nd pebble1 m frequ5tly %ort irregul> lay]s ( f9e gravel1 & v _m pieces ( r$ co>se e>!nw>e1 :i* f _! curvatures mu/ once h =m$ p>ts ( l>ge vessels4 ,! e>!nw>e is ( ,indian manufacture2 & ,i f\nd exactly simil> pieces accid5tally includ$ )9 ! bricks1 ( :i* ! neighb\r+ anci5t ,p]uvian burial-m\nds are built4 ,^! fragm5ts ab\nd$ 9 su* numb]s 9 c]ta9 spots1 t x appe>$ z if waggon-loads ( e>!nw>e _h be5 sma%$ to pieces4 ,! brok5 sea- %ells & pott]y are /rew$ bo? on ! surface1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ?ickness ( ?is upp] loamy mass4 ,i f\nd !m :]ev] ,i exam9$ ! cliffs1 = a space ( betwe5 two & ?ree miles1 & = half a mile inl&2 & !re c be little d\bt t ?is same b$ ext5ds ) a smoo? surface sev]al miles fur!r ov] ! entire pla94 ,besides ! little includ$ irregul> lay]s ( small pebbles1 !re are occasionally v obscure traces ( /ratification4 ,at "o ( ! highe/ p>ts ( ! cliff1 e/imat$ #abj feet above ! sea1 :]e a little rav9e came d[n1 !re 7 two sections1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ( ! floor ( a %$ or build+4 ,9 bo? sections or faces1 two r[s1 "o ov] ! o!r1 ( l>ge r\nd /ones c\ld be di/9ctly se52 !y 7 pack$ close toge!r on an artificial lay] ( s& two in*es ?ick1 :i* _h be5 plac$ on ! natural clay-b$s2 ! r\nd /ones 7 cov]$ by ?ree feet 9 ?ickness ( ! loam ) brok5 sea-%ells & pott]y4 ,h5ce1 be=e ?is widely spread-out b$ ( loam 0 deposit$1 x is c]ta9 t ! pla9 0 inhabit$2 & x is probable1 f ! brok5 vessels be+ s mu* m abundant 9 c]ta9 spots ?an 9 o!rs1 & f ! und]ly+ clay be+ fitt$ = _! manufacture1 t ! kilns /ood "h4 ,! smoo?ness & wide ext5t ( ! pla91 ! bulk ( matt] deposit$1 & ! obscure traces ( /ratification seem to indicate t ! loam 0 deposit$ "u wat]2 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( sea-%ells1 _! brok5 /ate1 ! pebbles ( v>i\s sizes1 & ! artificial floor ( r\nd /ones1 almo/ prove t x mu/ h orig9at$ 9 a ru% ( wat] f ! sea ov] ! l&4 ,! height ( ! pla91 namely1 #abj feet1 r5d]s x improbable t an e>?quake-wave1 va/ z "s h "h be51 c\ld h brok5 ov] ! surface at its pres5t level2 b :5 ! l& /ood eighty-five feet l[]1 at ! p]iod :5 ! %ells 7 ?r[n up on ! l$ge at ,s4 ,lor5zo1 & :5 z we "k man inhabit$ ?is di/rict1 su* an ev5t might well h occurr$2 & if we may fur!r suppose1 t ! pla9 0 at t "t conv]t$ into a tempor>y lake1 z actually occurr$1 dur+ ! e>?quakes ( #agac & #agdf1 9 ! case ( ! l[ l& r\nd ,callao ow+ to its be+ encircl$ by a high %+le-bea*1 all ! appe>ances above describ$ w be p]fectly expla9$4 ,i mu/ add1 t at a l[] level ne> ! po9t :]e ! pres5t l[ l& r\nd ,callao jo9s ! high] pla91 !re are appe>ances ( two di/9ct deposits bo? app>5tly =m$ by debacles3 9 ! upp] "o1 a horse's too? & a dog's jaw 7 emb$d$2 s t bo? mu/ h be5 =m$ aft] ! settlem5t ( ! ,spani>ds3 accord+ to ,aco/a1 ! e>?quake-wave ( #aehf rose eighty-f\r feet4 ,! inhabitants ( ,callao d n believe1 z f> z ,i c\ld asc]ta91 t any *ange 9 level is n[ 9 progress4 ,! great fragm5ts ( brickwork1 :i* x is ass]t$ c be se5 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :i* h be5 adduc$ z a pro( ( a late subsid5ce1 are1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,gill1 a resid5t eng9e]1 loose fragm5ts2 ?is is probable1 = ,i f\nd on ! bea*1 & n ne> ! rema9s ( any build+1 masses ( brickwork1 ?ree & f\r feet squ>e1 :i* _h be5 wa%$ into _! pres5t places1 & smoo!d ov] ) %+le dur+ ! e>?quake ( #agdf4 ,! spit ( l&1 on :i* ! ru9s ( ,,old ,callao /&1 is s extremely l[ & n>r[1 t x is improbable 9 ! highe/ degree t a t[n %\ld h be5 f\nd$ on x 9 its pres5t /ate2 & ,i h lately he>d t ,m4 ,ts*udi has come to ! conclusion1 f a comp>ison ( old ) mod]n *>ts1 t ! coa/ bo? s\? & nor? ( ,callao has subsid$4 7,i am indebt$ = ?is fact to ,dr4 ,e4 ,dieff5ba*4 ,i may add t !re is a tradition1 t ! isl&s ( ,san ,lor5zo & ,fronton 7 once jo9$1 & t ! *annel betwe5 ,san ,lor5zo & ! ma9l&1 n[ above two miles 9 wid?1 0 s n>r[ t cattle us$ to swim ov]47 ,i h %[n t ! isl& ( ,san ,lor5zo has be5 uprais$ eighty-five feet s9ce ! ,p]uvians inhabit$ ?is c\ntry2 & :atev] may h be5 ! am\nt ( rec5t subsid5ce1 by s mu* m mu/ ! elevation h exce$$ ! eighty-five feet4 ,9 sev]al places 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 m>ks ( sea-action h be5 obs]v$3 ,ulloa gives a detail$ acc\nt ( su* appe>ances at a po9t five leagues nor?w>d ( ,callao3 ,mr4 ,cruik%ank f\nd ne> ,lima successive l9es ( sea-cliffs1 ) r\nd$ blocks at _! bases1 at a height ( #gjj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! sea4 78,obs]vaciones sobre el ,clima del ,lima0 p> ,dr4 ,h4 ,unanue page #d4--,ulloa's 8,voyage0 volume #b ,engli% ,translation page #ig4--;,= ,mr4 ,cruik%ank's obs]vations1 see ,mr4 ,lyell's 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology0 #a/ edition volume #c page #acj47 ,,on ,,! ,,decay ,,( ,,uprais$ ,,sea-,,%ells4 ,i h /at$ t _m ( ! %ells on ! l[] incl9$ l$ge or t]race ( ,san ,lor5zo are corrod$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & t !y h a mu* m anci5t appe>ance ?an ! same species at consid]ably great] heights on ! coa/ ( ,*ile4 ,i h1 also1 /at$ t ^! %ells 9 ! upp] "p ( ! l$ge1 at ! height ( eighty-five feet above ! sea1 are fall+1 & 9 "s p>ts are q *ang$ into a f9e1 s(t1 sal9e1 calc>e\s p[d]4 ,! f9e/ "p ( ?is p[d] has be5 analys$ = me1 at ! reque/ ( ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e1 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,tr5ham ,reeks ( ! ,museum ( ,economic ,geology2 x consi/s ( c>bonate ( lime 9 abundance1 ( sulphate & muriate ( lime1 & ( muriate & sulphate ( soda4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is obvi\sly d]iv$ f ! %ells2 & common salt is s abundant 9 p>ts ( ! b$1 t1 z be=e rem>k$1 ! univalves are (t5 fill$ ) x4 ,! sulphate ( lime may h be5 d]iv$1 z has probably ! common salt1 f ! evaporation ( ! sea-spray1 dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ! l&2 = sulphate ( lime is n[ copi\sly deposit$ f ! spray on ! %ores ( ,asc5sion4 7,see 8,volcanic ,isl&s0 etc4 by ! ,au?or47 ,! o!r sal9e bodies may p]haps h be5 p>tially ?us d]iv$1 b *iefly1 z ,i conclude f ! foll[+ facts1 ?r\gh a diff]5t means4 ,on mo/ p>ts ( ! second l$ge or old sea-bea*1 at a height ( #agj feet1 !re is a lay] ( :ite p[d] ( v>iable ?ickness1 z mu* 9 "s p>ts z two in*es1 ly+ on ! angul>1 salt-cem5t$ fragm5ts ( s&/one & "u ab\t f\r in*es ( e>?1 :i* p[d]1 f its close resemblance 9 nature to ! upp] & mo/ decay$ p>ts ( ! %elly mass1 ,i c h>dly d\bt orig9ally exi/$ z a b$ ( %ells1 n[ mu* collaps$ & q dis9tegrat$4 ,i c\ld n discov] ) ! microscope a trace ( organic /ructure 9 x2 b its *emical con/itu5ts1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,reeks1 are ! same z 9 ! p[d] extract$ f among/ ! decay+ %ells on ! l[] l$ge1 ) ! m>k$ exception t ! c>bonate ( lime is pres5t 9 only v small quantity4 ,on ! ?ird & highe/ l$ge1 ,i obs]v$ "s ( ?is p[d] 9 a simil> position1 & likewise occasionally 9 small pat*es at consid]ably great] heights ne> ! summit ( ! isl&4 ,at ,iquique1 :]e ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry is cov]$ by a highly salif]\s alluvium1 & :]e ! climate is extremely dry1 we h se5 t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blake1 ! %ells :i* are p]fect ne> ! bea* become1 9 asc5d+1 gradually less & less p]fect1 until sc>cely a trace ( _! orig9al /ructure c be discov]$4 ,x is kn[n t c>bonate ( lime & common salt left 9 a mass toge!r1 & slightly moi/5$1 p>tially decompose ea* o!r 7,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,kane1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,reeks1 t a manufactory 0 e/abli%$ on ?is pr9ciple 9 ,france1 b fail$ f ! small quantity ( c>bonate ( soda produc$4 ,spr5gel 8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle0 #ahde page #aeg1 /ates1 t salt & c>bonate ( lime are liable to mutual decomposition 9 ! soil4 ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e in=ms me1 t calc>e\s rocks wa%$ by ! spray ( ! sea1 are (t5 corrod$ 9 a peculi> mann]2 see also on ?is latt] subject 8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle0 page #fge #ahdd473 n[ we h at ,san ,lor5zo & at ,iquique1 9 ! %ells & salt pack$ toge!r1 & occasionally moi/5$ by ! s- call$ ,p]uvian dew1 ! prop] elem5ts = ?is action4 ,we c ?us und]/& ! peculi> corrod$ appe>ance ( ! %ells on ,san ,lor5zo1 & ! great decrease ( quantity 9 ! c>bonate ( lime 9 ! p[d] on ! upp] l$ge4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great difficulty on ?is view1 = ! resultant salts %\ld be c>bonate ( soda & muriate ( lime2 ! latt] is pres5t1 b n ! c>bonate ( soda4 ,h5ce ,i am l$ to ! p]haps unau?oris$ conjecture 7:i* ,i %all h]eaft] h to ref] to7 t ! c>bonate ( soda1 by "s unexpla9$ means1 becomes conv]t$ into a sulphate4 ,if ! above rem>ks be j1 we are l$ to ! v unexpect$ conclusion1 t a dry climate1 by leav+ ! salt f ! sea-spray undissolv$1 is mu* less fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( uprais$ %ells ?an a humid climate4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is int]e/+ to "k ! mann] 9 :i* masses ( %ells1 gradually uprais$ above ! sea-level1 decay & f9ally disappe>4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,rec5t ,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,coa/ ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,we h se5 t uprais$ m>9e rema9s occur at int]vals1 & 9 "s p>ts almo/ cont9u\sly1 f latitude #de degrees #ce to #ab degrees ,s41 along ! %ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is is a di/ance1 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 ( #b1jge geographical miles4 ,f ,byron's obs]vations1 ! elevation has no d\bt ext5d$ sixty miles fur!r s\?2 & f ! simil>ity 9 ! =m ( ! c\ntry ne> ,lima1 x has probably ext5d$ _m leagues fur!r nor?4 7,i may take ?is opportunity ( /at+ t 9 a ,,ms4 9 ! ,geological ,society by ,mr4 ,weav]1 x is /at$ t b$s ( oy/]s & o!r rec5t %ells are f\nd ?irty feet above ! level ( ! sea1 9 _m p>ts ( ,tampico1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico47 ,along ?is great l9e ( coa/1 besides ! organic rema9s1 !re are 9 v _m p>ts1 m>ks ( erosion1 caves1 anci5t bea*es1 s&-dunes1 & successive t]races ( gravel1 all above ! pres5t level ( ! sea4 ,f ! /eepness ( ! l& on ?is side ( ! cont95t1 %ells h r>ely be5 f\nd at great] di/ances inl& ?an f two to ?ree leagues2 b ! m>ks ( sea-action are evid5t f>!r f ! coa/2 = in/ance1 9 ! valley ( ,guasco1 at a di/ance ( betwe5 ?irty & =ty miles4 ,judg+ f ! uprais$ %ells alone1 ! elevation 9 ,*iloe has be5 #cej feet1 at ,concepcion c]ta9ly #fbe feet2 & by e/imation #a1jjj feet2 at ,valp>aiso #a1cjj feet2 at ,coquimbo #beb feet2 nor?w>d ( ?is place1 sea-%ells h n1 ,i believe1 be5 f\nd above #cjj feet2 & at ,lima !y 7 fall+ into decay 7ha/5$ probably by ! salt7 at #he feet4 ,n only has ?is am\nt ( elevation tak5 place )9 ! p]iod ( exi/+ ,mollusca & ,cirrip$es2 b _! proportional numb]s 9 ! neighb\r+ sea h 9 mo/ cases rema9$ ! same4 ,ne> ,lima1 h[ev]1 a small *ange 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! liv+ & ! uprais$ 0 obs]v$3 at ,coquimbo ?is 0 m evid5t1 all ! %ells be+ exi/+ species1 b ) ^? emb$d$ 9 ! upp]mo/ calc>e\s pla9 n approximat+ s closely 9 proportional numb]s1 z d ^? t lie loose on its surface at ! height ( #beb feet1 & /ill less closely ?an ^? :i* are /rew$ on ! l[] pla9s1 :i* latt] are id5tical 9 proportional numb]s ) ^? n[ ca/ up on ! bea*4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 & f n f9d+1 ^u c>eful exam9ation1 ne> ,coquimbo any %ells at a great] height ?an #beb feet1 ,i believe t ! rec5t elevation !re has be5 mu* less ?an at ,valp>aiso1 :]e x has be5 #a1cjj feet1 & ,i may add1 ?an at ,concepcion4 ,?is consid]able inequality 9 ! am\nt ( elevation at ,coquimbo & ,valp>aiso1 places only #bjj miles ap>t1 is n improbable1 consid]+1 fir/1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ce & numb] ( ! %ocks n[ ye>ly affect+ diff]5t p>ts ( ?is coa/2 &1 secondly1 ! fact ( s+le areas1 su* z t ( ! prov9ce ( ,concepcion1 hav+ be5 uplift$ v unequally dur+ ! same e>?quake4 ,x w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 be v haz>d\s to inf] an inequality ( elevation1 f %ells be+ f\nd on ! surface or 9 sup]ficial b$s at diff]5t heights2 = we d n "k on :at _! rate ( decay dep5ds2 & at ,coquimbo "o in/ance out ( _m has be5 giv51 ( a promontory1 :i*1 f ! occurr5ce ( "o v small collection ( lime-cem5t$ %ells1 has indisputably be5 elevat$ #bdb feet1 & yet on :i*1 n ev5 a fragm5t ( %ell c\ld be f\nd on c>eful exam9ation betwe5 ?is height & ! bea*1 al?\gh _m sites appe>$ v fav\rable = ! pres]vation ( organic rema9s3 ! abs5ce1 also1 ( %ells on ! gravel-t]races a %ort di/ance up ! valley ( ,coquimbo1 ?\gh abundant on ! correspond+ t]races at its m\?1 %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,!re are o!r epo*s1 besides t ( ! exi/5ce ( rec5t ,mollusca1 by :i* to judge ( ! *anges ( level on ?is coa/4 ,at ,lima1 z we h j se51 ! elevation has be5 at lea/ eighty-five feet1 )9 ! ,indo-human p]iod2 & s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds 9 #aecj1 !re has app>5tly be5 a s9k+ ( ! surface4 ,at ,valp>aiso1 9 ! c\rse ( #bbj ye>s1 ! rise mu/ h be5 less ?an n9ete5 feet2 b x has be5 z mu* z f t5 to elev5 feet 9 ! sev5te5 ye>s subsequ5tly to #ahag1 & ( ?is rise only a "p c be attribut$ to ! e>?quake ( #ahbb1 ! rema9d] hav+ be5 ins5sible & app>5tly /ill1 9 #ahcd1 9 progress4 ,at ,*iloe ! elevation has be5 gradual1 & ab\t f\r feet dur+ f\r ye>s4 ,at ,coquimbo1 also1 x has be5 gradual1 & 9 ! c\rse ( #aej ye>s has am\nt$ to sev]al feet4 ,! sudd5 small upheavals1 accompani$ by e>?quakes1 z 9 #ahbb at ,valp>aiso1 9 #ahce at ,concepcion1 & 9 #ahcg 9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 are famili> to mo/ geologi/s1 b ! gradual ris+ ( ! coa/ ( ,*ile has be5 h>dly notic$2 x is1 h[ev]1 v important1 z connect+ toge!r ^! two ord]s ( ev5ts4 ,! rise ( ,lima1 hav+ be5 eighty-five feet )9 ! p]iod ( man1 is ! m surpris+ if we ref] to ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! cont95t1 = at ,port ,s4 ,julian1 9 ,patagonia1 !re is good evid5ce 7z we %all h]eaft] see7 t :5 ! l& /ood n9ety feet l[]1 ! ,macrau*5ia1 a mammif]\s bea/1 0 alive2 & at ,bahia ,blanca1 :5 x /ood only a few feet l[] ?an x n[ does1 _m gigantic quadrup$s rang$ ov] ! adjo9+ c\ntry4 ,b ! coa/ ( ,patagonia is "s way di/ant f ! ,cordill]a1 & ! movem5t at ,bahia ,blanca is p]haps n[ays connect$ ) ?is great range1 b r ) ! t]ti>y volcanic rocks ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 & !re=e ! elevation at ^! places may h be5 inf9itely sl[] ?an on ! coa/ ( ,p]u4 ,all su* speculations1 h[ev]1 mu/ be vague1 = z we "k ) c]ta9ty t ! elevation ( ! :ole coa/ ( ,patagonia has be5 int]rupt$ by _m & long pauses1 :o w pret5d to say t1 9 su* cases1 _m & long p]iods ( subsid5ce may n also h be5 int]calat$8 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,*ile & ,p]u !re are m>ks ( ! action ( ! sea at successive heights on ! l&1 %[+ t ! elevation has be5 int]rupt$ by p]iods ( comp>ative re/ 9 ! upw>d movem5t1 & ( d5udation 9 ! action ( ! sea4 ,^! are pla9e/ at ,*iloe1 :]e1 9 a height ( ab\t five hundr$ feet1 !re are ?ree esc>pm5ts1--at ,coquimbo1 :]e 9 a height ( #cfd feet1 !re are five1-- at ,guasco1 :]e !re are six1 ( :i* five may p]haps correspond ) ^? at ,coquimbo1 b if s1 ! subsequ5t & int]v5+ elevatory movem5ts h be5 "h mu* m en]getic1--at ,lima1 :]e1 9 a height ( ab\t #bej feet !re are ?ree t]races1 & o!rs1 z x is ass]t$1 at consid]ably great] heights4 ,! almo/ entire abs5ce ( anci5t m>ks ( sea-action at def9$ levels along consid]able spaces ( coa/1 z ne> ,valp>aiso & ,concepcion1 is highly in/ructive1 = z x is improbable t ! elevation at ^! places alone %\ld h be5 cont9u\s1 we mu/ attribute ! abs5ce ( su* m>ks to ! nature & =m ( ! coa/-rocks4 ,see+ ov] h[ _m hundr$ miles ( ! coa/ ( ,patagonia1 & on h[ _m places on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ! elevatory process has be5 int]rupt$ by p]iods ( comp>ative re/1 we may conclude1 conjo9tly ) ! evid5ce drawn f o!r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 t ! elevation ( ! l& is g5]ally an int]mitt5t action4 ,f ! quantity ( matt] remov$ 9 ! =mation ( ! esc>pm5ts1 especially ( ^? ( ,patagonia1 x appe>s t ! p]iods ( re/ 9 ! movem5t1 & ( d5udation ( ! l&1 h g5]ally be5 v long4 ,9 ,patagonia1 we h se5 t ! elevation has be5 equable1 & ! p]iods ( d5udation syn*ron\s ov] v wide spaces ( coa/2 on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ow+ to ! t]races *iefly occurr+ 9 ! valleys1 we h n equal means ( judg+ on ?is po9t2 & ! v diff]5t heights ( ! uprais$ %ells at ,coquimbo1 ,valp>aiso1 & ,concepcion seem directly oppos$ to su* a conclusion4 ,:e!r on ?is side ( ! cont95t ! elevation1 betwe5 ! p]iods ( comp>ative re/ :5 ! esc>pm5ts 7 =m$1 has be5 by small sudd5 />ts1 su* z ^? accompany+ rec5t e>?quakes1 or1 z is mo/ probable1 by su* />ts conjo9tly ) a gradual upw>d movem5t1 or by great & sudd5 upheavals1 ,i h no direct evid5ce4 ,b z on ! ea/]n coa/1 ,i 0 l$ to ?9k1 f ! analogy ( ! la/ hundr$ feet ( elevation 9 ,la ,plata1 & f ! ne>ly equal size ( ! pebbles ov] ! entire wid? ( ! t]races1 & f ! uprais$ %ells be+ all littoral species1 t ! elevation _h be5 gradual2 s d ,i on ?is we/]n coa/1 f ! analogy ( ! movem5ts n[ 9 progress1 & f ! va/ numb]s ( %ells n[ liv+ exclusively on or close to ! bea*1 :i* are /rew$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! l& up to v consid]able heights1 conclude1 t ! movem5t "h also has be5 sl[ & gradual1 aid$ probably by small occasional />ts4 ,we "k at lea/ t at ,coquimbo1 :]e five esc>pm5ts occur 9 a height ( #cfd feet1 ! successive elevations1 if !y h be5 sudd51 _c h be5 v great4 ,x has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 %[n t ! occasional pres]vation ( %ells1 unroll$ & unbrok51 is n improbable ev5 dur+ a q gradual ris+ ( ! l&2 & _! pres]vation1 if ! movem5t has be5 aid$ by small />ts1 is q con=mable ) :at actually takes place dur+ rec5t e>?quakes4 ,judg+ f ! pres5t action ( ! sea1 along ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 on ! deposits ( its own accumulation1 ! pres5t "t seems 9 mo/ places to be "o ( comp>ative re/ 9 ! elevatory movem5t1 & ( d5udation ( ! l&4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is ! case along ! :ole great l5g? ( ,patagonia4 ,at ,*iloe1 h[ev]1 we h se5 t a n>r[ slop+ fr+e1 cov]$ ) vegetation1 sep>ates ! pres5t sea-bea* f a l9e ( l[ cliffs1 :i* ! waves lately rea*$2 "h1 !n1 ! l& is ga9+ 9 bread? & height1 & ! pres5t p]iod is n "o ( re/ 9 ! elevation & ( cont+5t d5udation2 b if ! ris+ be n prolong$ at a quick rate1 !re is e probability t ! sea w soon rega9 its =m] horizontal limits4 ,i obs]v$ simil> l[ slop+ fr+es on sev]al p>ts ( ! coa/1 bo? nor?w>d ( ,valp>aiso & ne> ,coquimbo2 b at ?is latt] place1 f ! *ange 9 =m :i* ! coa/ has und]gone s9ce ! old esc>pm5ts 7 worn1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! sea1 act+ = any l5g? ( "t at its pres5t level1 w\ld eat into ! l&2 = x n[ r t5ds to ?r[ up great masses ( s&4 ,x is f facts su* z ^! t ,i h g5]ally us$ ! t]m ,,comp>ative re/1 z appli$ to ! elevation ( ! l&2 ! re/ or cessation 9 ! movem5t be+ comp>ative bo? ) :at has prec$$ x & foll[$ x1 & ) ! sea's p[] ( corrosion at ea* spot & at ea* level4 ,ne> ,lima1 ! cliff-=m$ %ores ( ,san ,lor5zo1 & on ! ma9l& s\? ( ,callao1 %[ t ! sea is ga9+ on ! l&2 & z we h "h "s evid5ce t its surface has lately subsid$ or is /ill s9k+1 ! p]iods ( comp>ative re/ 9 ! elevation & ( cont+5t d5udation1 may probably 9 _m cases include p]iods ( subsid5ce4 ,x is only1 z 0 %[n 9 detail :5 discuss+ ! t]races ( ,coquimbo1 :5 ! sea ) difficulty & aft] a long lapse ( "t has ei!r corrod$ a n>r[ l$ge into solid rock1 or has heap$ up on a /eep surface a ,,n>r[ m\nd ( detritus1 t we c confid5tly ass]t t ! l& at t level & at t p]iod long rema9$ absolutely /ation>y4 ,9 ! case ( t]races =m$ ( gravel or s&1 al?\gh ! elevation may h be5 /rictly horizontal1 x may well happ5 t no "o level bea*-l9e may be traceable1 & t nei!r ! t]races !mselves nor ! summit nor basal edges ( _! esc>pm5ts may be horizontal4 ,f9ally1 comp>+ ! ext5t ( ! elevat$ area1 z d$uc$ f ! uprais$ rec5t organic rema9s1 on ! two sides ( ! cont95t1 we h se5 t on ! ,atlantic1 %ells h be5 f\nd at int]vals f ,ea/]n ,ti]ra del ,fuego = #a1ahj miles nor?w>d1 & on ! ,pacific = a space ( #b1jge miles4 ,= a l5g? ( #gge miles1 !y occur 9 ! same latitudes on bo? sides ( ! cont95t4 ,)\t tak+ ?is circum/ance into consid]ation1 x is probable f ! reasons assign$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 t ! entire bread? ( ! cont95t 9 ,c5tral ,patagonia has be5 uplift$ 9 mass2 b f o!r reasons !re giv51 x w\ld be haz>d\s to ext5d ?is conclusion to ,la ,plata4 ,f ! cont95t be+ n>r[ 9 ! s\!rn-mo/ p>ts ( ,patagonia1 & f ! %ells f\nd at ! ,inn] ,n>r[s ( ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 & likewise f> up ! valley ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 x is probable t ! s\!rn "p ( ! we/]n coa/1 :i* 0 n visit$ by me1 has be5 elevat$ )9 ! p]iod ( rec5t ,mollusca3 if s1 ! %ores ( ! ,pacific h be5 cont9u\sly1 rec5tly1 & 9 a geological s5se syn*ron\sly uprais$1 f ,lima = a l5g? ( #b1dhj nautical miles s\?w>d1--a di/ance equal to t f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,nor? ,cape ( ,sc&9avia6 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,pla9s ,,& ,,valleys ,,( ,,*ile3--,,salif]\s ,,sup]ficial ,,deposits4 ,bas9-l pla9s ( ,*ile2 _! dra9age1 _! m>9e orig94--,m>ks ( sea-action on ! ea/]n flanks ( ! ,cordill]a4--,slop+ t]race-l fr+es ( /ratifi$ %+le )9 ! valleys ( ! ,cordill]a2 _! m>9e orig94--,b\ld]s 9 ! valley ( ,ca*apual4--,horizontal elevation ( ! ,cordill]a4--,=mation ( valleys4--,b\ld]s mov$ by e>?quake-waves4--,sal9e sup]ficial deposits4--,b$ ( nitrate ( soda at ,iquique4--,sal9e incru/ations4--,salt-lakes ( ,la ,plata & ,patagonia2 purity ( ! salt2 its orig94 ,! space betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! coa/ ( ,*ile is on a rude av]age f eighty to above "o hundr$ miles 9 wid?2 x is =m$1 ei!r ( an almo/ cont9u\s mass ( m\nta9s1 or m commonly ( sev]al ne>ly p>allel ranges1 sep>at$ by pla9s2 9 ! m s\!rn p>ts ( ?is prov9ce ! m\nta9s are q subord9ate to ! pla9s2 9 ! nor!rn "p ! m\nta9s pr$om9ate4 ,! bas9-l pla9s at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a are 9 sev]al respects rem>kable2 t on :i* ! capital ( ,*ile /&s is fifte5 miles 9 wid?1 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e1 & ( mu* great] l5g? 9 a nor? & s\? l9e2 x /&s #a1gej feet above ! sea2 its surface appe>s smoo?1 b really falls & rises 9 wide g5tle undulations1 ! holl[s correspond+ ) ! ma9 valleys ( ! ,cordill]a3 ! /rik+ mann] 9 :i* x abruptly comes up to ! foot ( ?is great range has be5 rem>k$ by e au?or s9ce ! "t ( ,mol9a4 7,?is pla9 is p>tially sep>at$ into two bas9s by a range ( hills2 ! s\!rn half1 accord+ to ,mey5 78,reise um ,erde0 ,?4 #a s4 #bgd71 falls 9 height1 by an abrupt /ep1 ( betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty feet47 ,ne> ! ,cordill]a x is compos$ ( a /ratifi$ mass ( pebbles ( all sizes1 occasionally includ+ r\nd$ b\ld]s3 ne> its we/]n b\nd>y1 x consi/s ( r$di% s&y clay1 conta9+ "s pebbles & num]\s fragm5ts ( pumice1 & sometimes passes into pure s& or into volcanic a%es4 ,at ,podaguel1 on ?is we/]n side ( ! pla91 b$s ( s& are capp$ by a calc>e\s tuff1 ! upp]mo/ lay]s be+ g5]ally h>d & sub/alagmitic1 & ! l[] ones :ite & friable1 bo? toge!r precisely resembl+ ! b$s at ,coquimbo1 :i* conta9 rec5t m>9e %ells4 ,abrupt1 b r\nd$1 hummocks ( rock rise out ( ?is pla93 ^? ( ,/a4 ,lucia & ,s4 ,cri/oval are =m$ ( gre5/one-porphyry almo/ entirely d5ud$ ( its orig9al cov]+ ( porphyritic clay/one breccia2 on _! summits1 _m fragm5ts ( rock 7"s ( !m k9ds n f\nd 9 situ7 are coat$ & unit$ toge!r by a :ite1 friable1 calc>e\s tuff1 l t f\nd at ,podaguel4 ,:5 ?is matt] 0 deposit$ on ! summit ( ,s4 ,cri/oval1 ! wat] mu/ h /ood #idf feet above ! surface ( ! surr\nd+ pla94 7,or #b1fij feet above ! sea1 z measur$ b>ometrically by ,mr4 ,eck4 ,?is tuff appe>s to ! eye ne>ly pure2 b :5 plac$ 9 acid x leaves a consid]able residue ( s& & brok5 cry/als1 app>5tly ( feldsp>4 ,dr4 ,mey5 78,reise0 ,?4 #a s4 #bfi7 says he f\nd a simil> sub/ance on ! neighb\r+ hill ( ,dom9ico 7& ,i f\nd x also on ! ,c]ro ,blanco71 & he attributes x to ! wea!r+ ( ! /one4 ,9 "s places :i* ,i exam9$1 its bulk put ?is view ( its orig9 q out ( ! "q2 & ,i %\ld mu* d\bt :e!r ! decomposition ( a porphyry w\ld1 9 any case1 leave a cru/ *iefly compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! :ite cru/1 :i* is commonly se5 on wea!r$ feldspa?ic rocks1 does n appe> to conta9 any free c>bonate ( lime47 ,to ! s\? ?is bas9-l pla9 contracts1 & ris+ sc>cely p]ceptibly ) a smoo? surface1 passes ?r\gh a rem>kable level gap 9 ! m\nta9s1 =m+ a true l&-/rait1 & call$ ! ,ango/ura4 ,x !n imm$iately exp&s into a second bas9-=m$ pla93 ?is aga9 to ! s\? contracts into ano!r l&-/rait1 & exp&s into a ?ird bas91 :i*1 h[ev]1 falls sudd5ly 9 level ab\t =ty feet4 ,?is ?ird bas91 to ! s\?1 likewise contracts into a /rait1 & !n aga9 op5s into ! great pla9 ( ,san ,f]n&o1 /ret*+ s f> s\? t ! sn[y peaks ( ! di/ant ,cordill]a are se5 ris+ above its horizon z above ! sea4 ,^! pla9s1 ne> ! ,cordill]a1 are g5]ally =m$ ( a ?ick /ratifi$ mass ( %+le 7,! pla9 ( ,san ,f]n&o has1 accord+ to ,,mm4 ,mey5 & ,gay 8,reise0 etc4 ,?4 #a ss4 #bie & #bih1 ne> ! ,cordill]a1 an upp] /ep-=m$ pla9 ( clay1 on ! surface ( :i* !y f\nd num]\s blocks ( rocks1 f two to ?ree feet long1 ei!r ly+ s+le or pil$ 9 heaps1 b all arrang$ 9 ne>ly /raight l9es472 9 o!r p>ts1 ( a r$ s&y clay1 (t5 ) an admixture ( pumice\s matt]4 ,al?\gh ^! bas9s are connect$ toge!r l a necklace1 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 by smoo? l&-/raits1 ! /reams :i* dra9 !m d n all fl[ nor? & s\?1 b mo/ly we/w>d1 ?r\gh brea*es worn 9 ! b\nd+ m\nta9s2 & 9 ! case ( ! second bas91 or t ( ,rancagua1 !re are two di/9ct brea*es4 ,ea* bas91 moreov]1 is n dra9$ s+ly2 ?us1 to give ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance1 b n ! only "o1 9 proce$+ s\?w>d ov] ! pla9 ( ,rancagua1 we fir/ f9d ! wat] fl[+ nor?w>d to & ?r\gh ! nor!rn l&-/rait2 !n1 )\t cross+ any m>k$ ridge or wat]%$1 we see x fl[+ s\?-we/w>d t[>ds ! nor!rn "o ( ! two brea*es 9 ! we/]n m\nta9\s b\nd>y2 & la/ly1 aga9 )\t any ridge1 x fl[s t[>ds ! s\!rn brea* 9 ^! same m\nta9s4 ,h5ce ! surface ( ?is "o bas9-l pla91 appe>+ to ! eye s level1 has be5 modell$ ) great nicety1 s t ! dra9age1 )\t any conspicu\s wat]%$s1 is direct$ t[>ds ?ree op5+s 9 ! encircl+ m\nta9s4 77,x appe>s f ,capta9 ,h]b]t's acc\nt ( ! ,diluvium ( ! ,himalaya1 8,glean+s ( ,sci5ce0 ,calcutta volume #b page #afd1 t precisely simil> rem>ks apply to ! dra9age ( ! pla9s or valleys betwe5 ^? great m\nta9s47 ,! /reams fl[+ f ! s\!rn bas9-l pla9s1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! brea*es to ! we/1 unite & =m ! riv] ,rapel1 :i* ent]s ! ,pacific ne> ,navidad4 ,i foll[$ ! s\!rnmo/ bran* ( ?is riv]1 & f\nd t ! bas9 or pla9 ( ,san ,f]n&o is cont9u\sly & smoo?ly unit$ ) ^? pla9s1 :i* 7 describ$ 9 ! ,second ,*apt]1 z be+ worn ne> ! coa/ into successive cave-eat5 esc>pm5ts1 & /ill ne>] to ! coa/1 z be+ /rew$ ) uprais$ rec5t m>9e rema9s4 ,i might h giv5 descriptions ( num]\s o!r pla9s ( ! same g5]al =m1 "s at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 "s ne> ! coa/1 & "s halfway betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,i w allude only to "o o!r1 namely1 ! pla9 ( ,uspallata1 ly+ on ! ea/]n or opposite side ( ! ,cordill]a1 betwe5 t great range & ! p>allel l[] range ( ,uspallata4 ,accord+ to ,mi]s1 its surface is #f1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea3 x is f t5 to fifte5 miles 9 wid?1 & is said to ext5d ) an unbrok5 surface = #ahj miles nor?w>ds3 x is dra9$ by two riv]s pass+ ?r\gh brea*es 9 ! m\nta9s to ! ea/4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,m5doza x is se5 to be compos$ ( a great accumulation ( /ratifi$ %+le1 e/imat$ at #djj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance1 & 9 num]\s po9ts ( /ructure1 ?is pla9 closely resembles ^? ( ,*ile4 ,! orig9 & mann] ( =mation ( ! ?ick b$s ( gravel1 s&y clay1 volcanic detritus1 & calc>e\s tuff1 compos+ ^! bas9-l pla9s1 is v important2 because1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 !y s5d arms or fr+es f> up ! ma9 valleys ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants believe t ^! pla9s 7 once occupi$ by lakes1 sudd5ly dra9$2 b ,i conceive t ! numb] ( ! sep>ate brea*es at ne>ly ! same level 9 ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ !m q precludes ?is idea4 ,_h n su* di/+ui%$ naturali/s z ,,mm4 ,mey5 & ,gay /at$ _! belief t ^! deposits 7 left by great debacles ru%+ d[n f ! ,cordill]a1 ,i %\ld n h notic$ a view1 :i* appe>s to me f _m reasons improbable 9 ! highe/ degree--namely1 f ! va/ accumulation ( ,,well-,,r\nd$ ,,pebbles--_! frequ5t /ratification ) lay]s ( s&--! ov]ly+ b$s ( calc>e\s tuff--?is same sub/ance coat+ & unit+ ! fragm5ts ( rock on ! hummocks 9 ! pla9 ( ,santiago--& la/ly ev5 f ! worn1 r\nd$1 & mu* d5ud$ /ate ( ^! hummocks1 & ( ! headl&s :i* project f ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! sev]al circum/ances1 z well z ! cont9u\s union ( ! bas9s at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 ) ! great pla9 ( ! ,rio ,rapel :i* /ill reta9s ! m>ks ( sea-action at v>i\s levels1 & _! g5]al simil>ity 9 =m & composition ) ! _m pla9s ne> ! coa/1 :i* are ei!r simil>ly m>k$ or are /rew$ ) uprais$ m>9e rema9s1 fully conv9ce me t ! m\nta9s b\nd+ ^! bas9-pla9s 7 brea*$1 _! islet-l project+ rocks worn1 & ! loose /ratifi$ detritus =m+ _! n[ level surfaces deposit$1 by ! sea1 z ! l& sl[ly em]g$4 ,x is h>dly possible to /ate too /rongly ! p]fect resemblance 9 outl9e betwe5 ^! bas9-l1 long1 & n>r[ pla9s ( ,*ile 7especially :5 9 ! e>ly morn+ ! mi/s hang+ l[ repres5t$ wat]71 & ! creeks & fiords n[ int]sect+ ! s\!rn & we/]n %ores ( ! cont95t4 ,we c on ?is view ( ! sea1 :5 ! l& /ood l[]1 hav+ long & tranquilly occupi$ ! spaces betwe5 ! m\nta9-ranges1 und]/& h[ ! b\nd>ies ( ! sep>ate bas9s 7 brea*$ 9 m ?an "o place2 = we see t ?is is ! g5]al "* ( ! inl& bays & *annels ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 we !re1 also1 see 9 ! saw+ action ( ! tides1 :i* fl[ ) great =ce 9 ! cross *annels1 a p[] suffici5t to keep ! brea*es op5 z ! l& em]g$4 ,we c fur!r see t ! waves w\ld naturally leave ! smoo? bottom ( ea* great bay or *annel1 z x became sl[ly conv]t$ into l&1 g5tly incl9$ to z _m po9ts z !re 7 m\?s1 ?r\gh :i* ! sea f9ally retreat$1 ?us =m+ s _m wat]%$s1 )\t any m>k$ ridges1 on a ne>ly level surface4 ,! abs5ce ( m>9e rema9s 9 ^! high inl& pla9s _c be prop]ly adduc$ z an objection to _! m>9e orig93 = we may conclude1 f %ells n be+ f\nd 9 ! great %+le b$s ( ,patagonia1 ?\gh copi\sly /rew$ on _! surfaces1 & f _m o!r analog\s facts1 t su* deposits are em95tly unfav\rable = ! emb$m5t ( su* rema9s2 & ) respect to %ells n be+ f\nd /rew$ on ! surface ( ^! bas9-l pla9s1 x 0 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt] t rema9s ?us expos$ 9 "t decay & disappe>4 7,,figure #ac4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,pla9 ,,at ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,*ilean ,,cordill]a4 ,f ,cordill]a 7left7 ?r\gh ,talus-pla9 & ,level surface1 #b1gjj feet above sea1 to ,gravel t]races 7"r747 ,i obs]v$ "s appe>ances on ! pla9s at ! ea/]n & opposite foot ( ! ,cordill]a :i* are wor? notice1 z %[+ t ! sea !re long act$ at ne>ly ! same level z on ! bas9-pla9s ( ,*ile4 ,! m\nta9s on ?is ea/]n side are exce$+ly abrupt2 !y rise out ( a smoo?1 talus-l1 v g5tle1 slope1 f five to t5 miles 9 wid? 7z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ac71 entirely compos$ ( p]fectly r\nd$ pebbles1 (t5 :ite-wa%$ ) an alum9\s sub/ance l decompos$ feldsp>4 ,?is slop+ pla9 or talus bl5ds into a p]fectly flat space a few miles 9 wid?1 compos$ ( r$di% impure clay1 ) small calc>e\s concretions z 9 ! ,pampean deposit1--( f9e :ite s& ) small pebbles 9 lay]s1--& ( ! above-m5tion$ :ite alum9\s e>?1 all int]/ratifi$ toge!r4 ,?is flat space runs z f> z ,m5doza1 ?irty miles nor?w>d1 & /&s probably at ab\t ! same height1 namely1 #b1gjj feet 7,p5tl& & ,mi]s7 above ! sea4 ,to ! ea/ x is b\nd$ by an esc>pm5t1 eighty feet 9 height1 runn+ = _m miles nor? & s\?1 & compos$ ( p]fectly r\nd pebbles1 & loose1 :ite-wa%$1 or emb$d$ 9 ! alum9\s e>?3 beh9d ?is esc>pm5t !re is a second & simil> "o ( gravel4 ,nor?w>d ( ,m5doza1 ^! esc>pm5ts become brok5 & q oblit]at$2 & x does n appe> t !y ev] enclos$ a lake-l area3 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t !y 7 =m$ by ! sea1 :5 x rea*$ ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 l ! simil> esc>pm5ts occurr+ at s _m po9ts on ! coa/s ( ,*ile & ,patagonia4 ,! talus-l pla9 slopes up ) a smoo? surface into ! great dry valleys ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,on ea* h& ( ! ,portillo valley1 ! m\nta9s are =m$ ( r$ granite1 mica-slate1 & basalt1 :i* all h suff]$ a truly a/oni%+ am\nt ( d5udation2 ! gravel 9 ! valley1 z well z on ! talus-l pla9 9 front ( x1 is compos$ ( ^! rocks2 b at ! m\? ( ! valley1 9 ! middle 7height probably ab\t ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ feet above ! sea71 a few small isolat$ hillocks ( sev]al v>ieties ( porphyry project1 r\nd :i*1 on all sides1 smoo? & (t5 :ite-wa%$ pebbles ( ^! same porphyries1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 ext5d to a circumscrib$ di/ance4 ,n[1 x is difficult to conceive any o!r ag5cy1 except ! quiet & long-cont9u$ action ( ! sea on ^! hillocks1 :i* c\ld h r\nd$ & :itewa%$ ! fragm5ts ( porphyry1 & caus$ !m to radiate f su* small & q insignificant c5tres1 9 ! mid/ ( t va/ /ream ( /ones :i* has desc5d$ f ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,,slop+ ,,t]races ,,( ,,gravel ,,9 ,,! ,,valleys ,,( ,,! ,,cordill]a4 7,,figure #ad4 ,,gr\nd-,,plan ,,( ,a ,,bifurcat+ ,,valley ,,9 ,,! ,,cordill]a1 bord]$ by smoo?1 slop+ gravel-fr+es 7,,aa71 worn along ! c\rse ( ! riv] into cliffs47 ,all ! ma9 valleys on bo? flanks ( ! ,*ilean ,cordill]a h =m]ly _h1 or /ill h1 _! bottoms fill$ up to a consid]able ?ickness by a mass ( rudely /ratifi$ %+le4 ,9 ,c5tral ,*ile ! great] "p ( ?is mass has be5 remov$ by ! torr5ts2 cliff-b\nd$ fr+es1 m or less cont9u\s1 be+ left at correspond+ heights on bo? sides ( ! valleys4 ,^! fr+es1 or z !y may be call$ t]races1 h a smoo? surface1 & z ! valleys rise1 !y g5tly rise ) !m3 h5ce !y are easily irrigat$1 & af=d great facilities = ! con/ruction ( ! roads4 ,f _! uni=mity1 !y give a rem>kable "* to ! sc5]y ( ^! gr&1 wild1 brok5 valleys4 ,9 wid?1 ! fr+es v>y mu*1 sometimes be+ only broad en\gh = ! roads1 & sometimes exp&+ into n>r[ pla9s4 ,_! surfaces1 besides g5tly ris+ up ! valley1 are slightly incl9$ t[>ds its c5tre 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t ! :ole bottom mu/ once h be5 fill$ up ) a smoo? & slightly concave mass1 z /ill are ! dry unfurr[$ valleys ( ,nor!rn ,*ile4 ,:]e two valleys unite into "o1 ^! t]races are p>ticul>ly well exhibit$1 z is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ad4 ,! ?ickness ( ! gravel =m+ ^! fr+es1 on a rude av]age1 may be said to v>y f ?irty to sixty or eighty feet2 b ne> ! m\?s ( ! valleys x 0 9 sev]al places f two to ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! am\nt ( matt] remov$ by ! torr5ts has be5 imm5se2 yet 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! valleys ! t]races h seldom be5 entirely worn away on ei!r side1 nor has ! solid und]ly+ rock be5 rea*$3 high] up ! valleys1 ! t]races h frequ5tly be5 remov$ on "o or ! o!r side1 & sometimes on bo? sides2 b 9 ?is latt] case !y reappe> aft] a %ort int]val on ! l9e1 :i* !y w\ld h held _h !y be5 unbrok54 ,:]e ! solid rock has be5 rea*$1 x has be5 cut into deep & n>r[ gorges4 ,/ill high] up ! valleys1 ! t]races gradually become m & m brok51 n>r[]1 & less ?ick1 until1 at a height ( f sev5 to n9e ?\s& feet1 !y become lo/1 & bl5d$ ) ! piles ( fall5 detritus4 ,i c>efully exam9$ 9 _m places ! /ate ( ! gravel1 & almo/ ev]y:]e f\nd ! pebbles equally & p]fectly r\nd$1 occasionally ) great blocks ( rock1 & g5]ally di/9ctly /ratifi$1 (t5 ) p>t+ seams ( s&4 ,! pebbles 7 sometimes coat$ ) a :ite alum9\s1 & less frequ5tly ) a calc>e\s1 cru/4 ,at great heights up ! valleys ! pebbles become less r\nd$2 & z ! t]races become oblit]at$1 ! :ole mass passes into ! nature ( ord9>y detritus4 ,i 0 repeat$ly /ruck ) ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ?is detritus high up ! valleys1 & ! gravel ( ! t]races l[ d[n1 namely1 9 ! great] numb] ( ! q angul> fragm5ts 9 ! detritus1--9 ! unequal degree to :i* ! o!r fragm5ts h be5 r\nd$1--9 ! quantity ( associat$ e>?1--9 ! abs5ce ( /ratification1--& 9 ! irregul>ity ( ! upp] surfaces4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 likewise well %[n at po9ts l[ d[n ! valleys1 :]e precipit\s rav9es1 cutt+ ?r\gh m\nta9s ( highly col\r$ rock1 h ?r[n d[n wide1 fan- %ap$ accumulations ( detritus on ! t]races3 9 su* cases1 ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! detritus & ! t]race c\ld be po9t$ out to )9 an in* or two2 ! detritus consi/+ entirely ( angul> & only p>tially r\nd$ fragm5ts ( ! adjo9+ col\r$ rocks2 ! /ratifi$ %+le 7z ,i asc]ta9$ by close inspection1 especially 9 "o case1 9 ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,m5doza7 conta9+ only a small proportion ( ^! fragm5ts1 & ^? few well r\nd$4 ,i p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! appe>ance ( ! t]races :]e ! valleys made abrupt & consid]able b5ds1 b ,i c\ld p]ceive no diff]5ce 9 _! /ructure3 !y foll[$ ! b5ds ) _! usual ne>ly equable incl9ation4 ,i obs]v$1 also1 9 sev]al valleys1 t :]ev] l>ge blocks ( any rock became num]\s1 ei!r on ! surface ( ! t]race or emb$d$ 9 x1 ?is rock soon appe>$ high] up 9 situ3 ?us ,i h notic$ blocks ( porphyry1 ( &esitic sy5ite1 ( porphyry & ( sy5ite1 alt]nately becom+ num]\s1 & 9 ea* case succe$$ by m\nta9s ?us con/itut$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o rem>kable exception to ?is rule2 = along ! valley ( ! ,ca*apual1 ,m4 ,gay f\nd num]\s l>ge blocks ( :ite granite1 :i* does n occur 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,i obs]v$ ^! blocks1 z well z o!rs ( &esitic sy5ite 7n occurr+ "h 9 situ71 ne> ! ba?s ( ,cauqu5es at a height ( betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 & !re=e q above ! t]race or fr+e :i* bord]s t riv]2 "s miles up ! valleys !re 7 o!r blocks at ab\t ! same height4 ,i also notic$1 at a less height1 j above ! t]race1 blocks ( porphyries 7app>5tly n f\nd 9 ! imm$iately imp5d+ m\nta9s71 arrang$ 9 rude l9es1 z on a sea-bea*4 ,all ^! blocks 7 r\nd$1 & ?\gh l>ge1 n gigantic1 l ! true erratic b\ld]s ( ,patagonia & ,fuegia4 ,m4 ,gay /ates t ! granite does n occur 9 situ )9 a di/ance ( tw5ty leagues 78,annales des ,sci5ce ,nat4 8 #a s]ies tome #bh4 ,m4 ,gay1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 p5etrat$ ! ,cordill]a by ! great oblique valley ( ,los ,cupressos1 & n by ! mo/ direct l9e472 ,i suspect1 = sev]al reasons1 t x w ultimately be f\nd at a mu* less di/ance1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,! b\ld]s f\nd by ,,mm4 ,mey5 & ,gay on ! upp] pla9 ( ,san ,f]n&o 7m5tion$ 9 a previ\s note7 probably belong to ?is same class ( ph5om5a4 ,^! fr+es ( /ratifi$ gravel occur along all ! great valleys ( ! ,cordill]a1 z well z along _! ma9 bran*es2 !y are /rik+ly develop$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,maypu1 ,m5doza1 ,aconcagua1 ,ca*apual1 & accord+ to ,mey51 9 ! ,t+uirica4 78,reise0 etc4 ,?4 #a s4 #cjb47 ,9 ! valleys1 h[ev]1 ( ,nor!rn ,*ile1 & 9 "s on ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,cordill]a1 z 9 ! ,portillo ,valley1 :]e /reams h nev] fl[$1 or are q insignificant 9 volume1 ! pres5ce ( a mass ( /ratifi$ gravel c be inf]r$ only f ! smoo? slightly concave =m ( ! bottom4 ,"o naturally seeks = "s explanation ( s g5]al & /rik+ a ph5om5on2 t ! matt] =m+ ! fr+es along ! valleys1 or /ill fill+ up _! entire b$s1 has n fall5 f ! adjo9+ m\nta9s l common detritus1 is evid5t f ! complete contra/ 9 e respect betwe5 ! gravel & ! piles ( detritus1 :e!r se5 high up ! valleys on _! sides1 or l[ d[n 9 front ( ! m precipit\s rav9es2 t ! matt] has n be5 deposit$ by debacles1 ev5 if we c\ld believe 9 debacles hav+ ru%$ d[n ,,e valley1 & all _! bran*es1 ea/w>d & we/w>d f ! c5tral p9nacles ( ! ,cordill]a1 we mu/ admit f ! foll[+ reasons1--f ! di/9ct /ratification ( ! mass1--its smoo? upp] surface1--! well-r\nd$ & sometimes encru/$ /ate ( ! pebbles1 s diff]5t f ! loose debris on ! m\nta9s1--& especially f ! t]races pres]v+ _! uni=m incl9ation r\nd ! mo/ abrupt b5ds4 ,to suppose t z ! l& n[ /&s1 ! riv]s deposit$ ! %+le along ! c\rse ( e valley1 & all _! ma9 bran*es1 appe>s to me prepo/]\s1 see+ t ^! same riv]s n only are n[ remov+ & h remov$ mu* ( ?is deposit1 b are ev]y:]e t5d+ to cut deep & n>r[ gorges 9 ! h>d und]ly+ rocks4 ,i h /at$ t ^! fr+es ( gravel1 ! orig9 ( :i* are inexplicable on ! notion ( debacles or ( ord9>y alluvial action1 are directly cont9u\s ) ! simil>ly-compos$ bas9-l pla9s at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 :i*1 f ! sev]al reasons be=e assign$1 ,i _c d\bt 7 modell$ by ! ag5cy ( ! sea4 ,n[ if we suppose t ! sea =m]ly occupi$ ! valleys ( ! ,*ilean ,cordill]a1 9 precisely ! same mann] z x n[ does 9 ! m s\!rn p>ts ( ! cont95t1 :]e deep w9d+ creeks p5etrate into ! v he>t (1 & 9 ! case ( ,ob/ruction ,s\nd q ?r\gh1 ?is great range2 & if we suppose t ! m\nta9s 7 uprais$ 9 ! same sl[ mann] z ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s h be5 uprais$ )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 !n ! orig9 & =mation ( ^! slop+1 t]race-l fr+es ( gravel c be simply expla9$4 ,= e "p ( ! bottom ( ea* valley w1 on ?is view1 h long /ood at ! head ( a sea creek1 into :i* ! !n exi/+ torr5ts w h deliv]$ fragm5ts ( rocks1 :]e1 by ! action ( ! tides1 !y w h be5 roll$1 sometimes encru/$1 rudely /ratifi$1 & ! :ole surface levell$ by ! bl5d+ toge!r ( ! successive bea* l9es4 7,slop+ t]races ( precisely simil> /ructure h be5 describ$ by me 8,philosophical ,transactions0 #ahci page #eh1 9 ! valleys ( ,lo*ab] 9 ,scotl&1 :]e1 at high] levels1 ! p>allel roads ( ,gl5 ,roy %[ ! m>ks ( ! long & quiet resid5ce ( ! sea4 ,i h no d\bt t ^! slop+ t]races w\ld h be5 pres5t 9 ! valleys ( mo/ ( ! ,european ranges1 _h n e trace ( !m1 & all wrecks ( sea-action1 be5 swept away by ! glaci]s :i* h s9ce occupi$ !m4 ,i h %[n t ?is is ! case ) ! m\nta9s 78,london & ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #ba page #ahg7 ( ,nor? ,wales47 ,z ! l& rose1 ! torr5ts 9 e valley w h t5d$ to h remov$ ! matt] :i* j be=e _h be5 arre/$ on1 or ne>1 ! bea*-l9es2 ! torr5ts1 also1 hav+ cont9u$ to ga9 9 =ce by ! cont9u$ elevation increas+ _! total desc5t f _! s\rces to ! sea4 ,?is sl[ ris+ ( ! ,cordill]a1 :i* expla9s s well ! o!rwise inexplicable orig9 & /ructure ( ! t]races1 judg+ f all kn[n analogies1 w probably h be5 int]rupt$ by _m p]iods ( re/2 b we ought n to expect to f9d any evid5ce ( ^! p]iods 9 ! /ructure ( ! gravel- t]races3 =1 z ! waves at ! heads ( deep creeks h little erosive p[]1 s ! only effect ( ! sea hav+ long rema9$ at ! same level w be t ! upp] p>ts ( ! creeks w h become fill$ up at su* p]iods to ! level ( ! wat] ) gravel & s&2 & t aft]w>ds ! riv]s w h ?r[n d[n on ! fill$-up p>ts a talus ( simil> matt]1 ( :i* ! incl9ation 7z at ! head ( a p>tially fill$-up lake7 w h be5 det]m9$ by ! supply ( detritus1 & ! =ce ( ! /ream4 7,i h attempt$ to expla9 ?is process 9 a m detail$ mann]1 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,macl>51 publi%$ 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #ce page #bhh47 ,h5ce1 aft] ! f9al conv]sion ( ! creeks into valleys1 almo/ ! only diff]5ce 9 ! t]races at ^? po9ts at :i* ! sea /ood long1 w be a some:at m g5tle incl9ation1 ) riv]-worn in/ead ( sea-worn detritus on ! surface4 ,i "k ( only "o difficulty on ! =ego+ view1 namely1 ! f>- transport$ blocks ( rock high on ! sides ( ! valley ( ! ,ca*apual3 ,i w n attempt any explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 b ,i may /ate my belief t a m\nta9-ridge ne> ! ,ba?s ( ,cauqu5es has be5 uprais$ long subsequ5tly to all ! o!r ranges 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & t :5 ?is 0 effect$ ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry mu/ h be5 greatly alt]$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 moreov]1 9 ?is & o!r valleys1 ev5ts may h occurr$ l1 b ev5 on a gr&] scale ?an1 t describ$ by ,mol9a1 :5 a slip dur+ ! e>?quake ( #agfb bank$ up = t5 days ! great ,riv] ,lontue1 :i* !n bur/+ its b>ri] 8inundat$ ! :ole c\ntry10 & d\btless transport$ _m great fragm5ts ( rock4 78,comp5dio de la ,hi/40 etc4 etc4 tome #a page #cj4 ,m4 ,brongni>t1 9 8 report on ,m4 ,gay's lab\rs 8,annales des ,sci5ces0 #ahcc1 consid]s t ! b\ld]s 9 ! ,ca*apual belong to ! same class ) ! erratic b\ld]s ( ,europe4 ,z ! blocks :i* ,i saw are n gigantic1 & especially z !y are n angul>1 & z !y h n be5 transport$ fairly across l[ spaces or wide valleys1 ,i am unwill+ to class !m ) ^? :i*1 bo? 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]e 8,geological ,transactions0 volume #f page #dae1 h be5 transport$ by ice4 ,x is to be hop$ t :5 ,m4 ,gay's long-cont9u$ & admirable lab\rs 9 ,*ile are publi%$1 m light w be ?r[n on ?is subject4 ,h[ev]1 ! b\ld]s may h be5 prim>ily transport$2 ! f9al position ( ^? ( porphyry1 :i* h be5 describ$ z arrang$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 9 rude l9es1 ,i _c d\bt1 has be5 due to ! action ( waves on a bea*4 ,! valley ( ! ,ca*apual1 9 ! "p :]e ! b\ld]s occur1 bur/s ?r\gh ! high ridge ( ,cauqu5es1 :i* runs p>allel to1 b at "s di/ance f1 ! ,cordill]a4 ,?is ridge has be5 subject$ to excessive viol5ce2 tra*ytic lava has bur/ f x1 & hot spr+s yet fl[ at its base4 ,see+ ! enorm\s am\nt ( d5udation ( solid rock 9 ! upp] & mu* broad] p>ts ( ?is valley :]e x ent]s ! ,cordill]a1 & see+ to :at ext5t ! ridge ( ,cauqu5es n[ protects ! great range1 ,i c\ld n help believ+ 7z allud$ to 9 ! text7 t ?is ridge ) its tra*ytic eruptions _h be5 ?r[n up at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! ,cordill]a4 ,if ?is has be5 ! case1 ! b\ld]s1 aft] hav+ be5 transport$ to a l[ level by ! torr5ts 7:i* exhibit 9 e valley pro(s ( _! p[] ( mov+ great fragm5ts71 may h be5 rais$ up to _! pres5t height1 ) ! l& on :i* !y re/$47 ,f9ally1 not)/&+ ?is "o case ( difficulty1 ,i _c ent]ta9 any d\bt1 t ^! t]race-l fr+es1 :i* are cont9u\sly unit$ ) ! bas9-%ap$ pla9s at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 h be5 =m$ by ! arre/m5t ( riv]-borne detritus at successive levels1 9 ! same mann] z we see n[ tak+ place at ! heads ( all ^? _m1 deep1 w9d+ fiords int]sect+ ! s\!rn coa/s4 ,to my m9d1 ?is has be5 "o ( ! mo/ important conclusions to :i* my obs]vations on ! geology ( ,s\? ,am]ica h l$ me2 = we ?us le>n t "o ( ! gr&e/ & mo/ symmetrical m\nta9-*a9s 9 ! _w1 ) its sev]al p>allel l9es1 has be5 toge!r uplift$ 9 mass betwe5 sev5 & n9e ?\s& feet1 9 ! same gradual mann] z h ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s )9 ! rec5t p]iod4 7,i d n wi% to affirm t all ! l9es h be5 uplift$ q equally2 slight diff]5ces 9 ! elevation w\ld leave no p]ceptible effect on ! t]races4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$1 p]haps ) "o exception1 t s9ce ! p]iod :5 ! sea occupi$ ^! valleys1 ! sev]al ranges h n be5 dislocat$ by ,,great & ,,abrupt faults or upheavals2 = if su* _h occurr$1 ! t]races ( gravel at ^! po9ts w\ld n h be5 cont9u\s4 ,! "o exception is at ! l[] end ( a pla9 9 ! ,valle del ,yeso 7a bran* ( ! ,maypu71 :]e1 at a great height1 ! t]races & valley appe> to h be5 brok5 ?r\gh by a l9e ( upheaval1 ( :i* ! evid5ce is pla9 9 ! adjo9+ m\nta9s2 ?is dislocation1 p]haps1 occurr$ ,,aft] ,,! ,,elevation ( ?is "p ( ! valley above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! valley "h is almo/ block$ up by a pile ab\t "o ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 =m$1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 f ?ree sides1 entirely1 or at lea/ 9 *ief "p1 ( gravel & detritus4 ,on ! s\? side1 ! riv] has cut q ?r\gh ?is mass2 on ! nor!rn side1 & on ! v summit1 deep rav9es1 p>allel to ! l9e ( ! valley1 are worn1 z if ! dra9age f ! valley above _h pass$ by ^! two l9es be=e foll[+ its pres5t c\rse47 ,,=mation ,,( ,,valleys4 ,! bulk ( solid rock :i* has be5 remov$ 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! valleys ( ! ,cordill]a has be5 enorm\s4 ,x is only by reflect+ on su* cases z t ( ! gravel b$s ( ,patagonia1 cov]+ s _m ?\s& squ>e leagues ( surface1 & :i*1 if heap$ into a ridge1 w\ld =m a m\nta9-range almo/ equal to ! ,cordill]a1 t ! am\nt ( d5udation becomes cr$ible4 ,! valleys )9 ?is range (t5 foll[ anticl9al b r>ely syncl9al l9es2 t is1 ! /rata on ! two sides m (t5 dip f ! l9e ( valley ?an t[>ds x4 ,on ! flanks ( ! range1 ! valleys mo/ frequ5tly run nei!r along anticl9al nor syncl9al axes1 b along l9es ( flexure or faults3 t is1 ! /rata on bo? sides dip 9 ! same direction1 b ) diff]5t1 ?\gh (t5 only slightly diff]5t1 incl9ations4 ,z mo/ ( ! ne>ly p>allel ridges :i* toge!r =m ! ,cordill]a run approximately nor? & s\?1 ! ea/ & we/ valleys cross !m 9 zig-zag l9es1 bur/+ ?r\gh ! po9ts :]e ! /rata h be5 lea/ incl9$4 ,no d\bt ! great] "p ( ! d5udation 0 affect$ at ! p]iods :5 tidal- creeks occupi$ ! valleys1 & :5 ! out] flanks ( ! m\nta9s 7 expos$ to ! full =ce ( an op5 ocean4 ,i h already allud$ to ! p[] ( ! tidal action 9 ! *annels connect+ great bays2 & ,i may "h m5tion t "o ( ! survey+ vessels 9 a *annel ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh "u sail1 0 :irl$ r\nd & r\nd by ! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,we %all h]eaft] see1 t ( ! two ma9 ridges =m+ ! ,*ilean ,cordill]a1 ! ea/]n & l(tie/ "o owes ! great] "p ( its ,,angul> upheaval to a p]iod subsequ5t to ! elevation ( ! we/]n ridge2 & x is likewise probable t _m ( ! o!r p>allel ridges h be5 angul>ly upheav$ at diff]5t p]iods2 consequ5tly _m p>ts ( ! surfaces ( ^! m\nta9s mu/ =m]ly h be5 expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! waves1 :i*1 if ! ,cordill]a 7 n[ sunk into ! sea1 w\ld be protect$ by p>allel *a9s ( isl&s4 ,! torr5ts 9 ! valleys c]ta9ly h great p[] 9 we>+ ! rocks2 z c\ld be told by ! dull rattl+ s\nd ( ! _m fragm5ts night & day hurry+ d[nw>ds2 & z 0 atte/$ by ! va/ size ( c]ta9 fragm5ts1 :i* ,i 0 assur$ _h be5 c>ri$ onw>ds dur+ floods2 yet we h se5 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! valleys1 t ! torr5ts h seldom remov$ all ! sea-*eck$ %+le =m+ ! t]races1 & h _h "t s9ce ! la/ elevation 9 mass only to cut 9 ! und]ly+ rocks1 gorges1 deep & n>r[1 b q insignificant 9 dim5sions comp>$ ) ! entire wid? & dep? ( ! valleys4 ,along ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 ,i nev] ceas$ dur+ my _m & long excursions to feel a/oni%$ at see+ e valley1 rav9e1 & ev5 little inequality ( surface1 bo? 9 ! h>d granitic & s(t t]ti>y di/ricts1 reta9+ ! exact outl9e1 :i* !y _h :5 ! sea left _! surfaces coat$ ) organic rema9s4 ,:5 ^! rema9s %all h decay$1 !re w be sc>cely any diff]5ce 9 appe>ance betwe5 ?is l9e ( coa/-l& & mo/ o!r c\ntries1 :i* we are accu/om$ to believe h assum$ _! pres5t features *iefly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! wea!r & fre%-wat] /reams4 ,9 ! old granitic di/ricts1 no d\bt x w\ld be ra% to attribute all ! modifications ( outl9e exclusively to ! sea-action2 = :o c say h[ (t5 ?is lately subm]g$ coa/ may n previ\sly h exi/$ z l&1 worn by runn+ /reams & wa%$ by ra98 ,?is s\rce ( d\bt1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ! di/ricts sup]ficially =m$ ( ! mod]n t]ti>y deposits4 ,! valleys worn by ! sea1 ?r\gh ! s(t] =mations1 bo? on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific sides ( ! cont95t1 are g5]ally broad1 w9d+1 & flat-bottom$3 ! only di/rict ( ?is nature n[ p5etrat$ by arms ( ! sea1 is ! isl& ( ,*iloe4 ,f9ally1 ! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$1 ) respect to ! relative p[]s ( ra9 & sea wat] on ! l&1 is1 t ! latt] is f> ! mo/ effici5t ag5t1 & t its *ief t5d5cy is to wid5 ! valleys2 :il/ torr5ts & riv]s t5d to deep5 !m1 & to remove ! wreck ( ! sea's de/roy+ action4 ,z ! waves h m p[]1 ! m op5 & expos$ ! space may be1 s w !y always t5d to wid5 m & m ! m\?s ( valleys comp>$ ) _! upp] p>ts3 h5ce1 d\btless1 x is1 t mo/ valleys exp& at _! m\?s1--t "p1 at :i* ! riv]s fl[+ 9 !m1 g5]ally h ! lea/ we>+ p[]4 ,:5 reflect+ on ! action ( ! sea on ! l& at =m] levels1 ! effect ( ! great waves1 :i* g5]ally accompany e>?quakes1 mu/ n be ov]look$3 few ye>s pass )\t a sev]e e>?quake occurr+ on "s "p ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ! waves ?us caus$ h great p[]4 ,at ,concepcion1 aft] ! %ock ( #ahce1 ,i saw l>ge slabs ( s&/one1 "o ( :i* 0 six feet long1 ?ree 9 bread?1 & two 9 ?ickness1 ?r[n high up on ! bea*2 & f ! nature ( ! m>9e animals /ill adh]+ to x1 x mu/ h be5 torn up f a consid]able dep?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ,callao1 ! recoil-wave ( ! e>?quake ( #agdf c>ri$ great masses ( brickwork1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet squ>e1 "s way out seaw>d4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ages1 ! effect ?us produc$ at ea* successive level1 _c h be5 small2 & 9 "s ( ! t]ti>y deposits on ?is l9e ( coa/1 ,i obs]v$ great b\ld]s ( granite & o!r neighb\r+ rocks1 emb$d$ 9 f9e s$im5t>y lay]s1 ! transportal ( :i*1 except by ! means ( e>?quake-waves1 always appe>$ to me inexplicable4 ,,sup]ficial ,,sal9e ,,deposits4 ,?is subject may be "h conv5i5tly treat$ (3 ,i w beg9 ) ! mo/ int]e/+ case1 namely1 ! sup]ficial sal9e b$s ne> ,iquique 9 ,p]u4 ,! porphyritic m\nta9s on ! coa/ rise abruptly to a height ( betwe5 "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & ?ree ?\s& feet3 betwe5 _! summits & an inl& pla91 on :i* ! celebrat$ deposit ( nitrate ( soda lies1 !re is a high undulatory di/rict1 cov]$ by a rem>kable sup]ficial salif]\s cru/1 *iefly compos$ ( common salt1 ei!r 9 :ite1 h>d1 opaque nodules1 or m+l$ ) s&1 9 ?is latt] case =m+ a compact s&/one4 ,?is salif]\s sup]ficial cru/ ext5ds f ! edge ( ! coa/-esc>pm5t1 ov] ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry2 b nev] atta9s1 z ,i am assur$ by ,mr4 ,bolla]t 7long resid5t "h7 any great ?ickness4 ,al?\gh a v slight %[] falls only at int]vals ( _m ye>s1 yet small funnel-%ap$ cavities %[ t ! salt has be5 9 "s p>ts dissolv$4 7,x is s+ul> h[ sl[ly1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,cordi] on ! salt-m\nta9 ( ,c>dona 9 ,spa9 8,ann4 des ,m9es1 ,translation ( ,geolog4 ,mem40 by ,de la ,be*e page #fj1 salt is dissolv$1 :]e ! am\nt ( ra9 is suppos$ to be z mu* z #ca4d ( an in* 9 ! ye>4 ,x is calculat$ t only five feet 9 ?ickness is dissolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury47 ,9 sev]al places ,i saw l>ge pat*es ( s&1 q moi/1 ow+ to ! quantity ( muriate ( lime 7z asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,reeks7 conta9$ 9 !m4 ,f ! compact salt- cem5t$ s& be+ ei!r r$1 purpli%1 or yell[1 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! rocky /rata on :i* x re/$1 ,i imag9$ t ?is sub/ance _h probably be5 d]iv$ ?r\gh common alluvial action f ! lay]s ( salt :i* occur int]/ratifi$ 9 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s 78,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es0 page #ddd fir/ edition473 b f ! int]e/+ details giv5 by ,m4 d',orbigny1 & f f9d+ on a fre% exam9ation ( ?is agglom]at$ s&1 t x is n irregul>ly cem5t$1 b consi/s ( ?9 lay]s ( s& ( diff]5t t9ts ( col\r1 alt]nat+ ) excessively f9e p>allel lay]s ( salt1 ,i conclude t x is n ( alluvial orig94 ,m4 d',orbigny obs]v$ analog\s sal9e b$s ext5d+ f ,cobija = five degrees ( latitude nor?w>d1 & at heights v>y+ f six hundr$ to n9e hundr$ feet 78,voyage0 etc4 page #ajb4 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd ?is deposit int]sect$1 9 _m places1 by deep rav9es1 9 :i* !re 0 no salt4 ,/reams mu/ once1 ?\gh hi/orically unkn[n1 h fl[$ 9 !m2 & ,m4 d',orbigny argues f ! pres5ce ( undissolv$ salt ov] ! :ole surr\nd+ c\ntry1 t ! /reams mu/ h aris5 f ra9 or sn[ hav+ fall51 n 9 ! adjo9+ c\ntry1 b on ! n[ arid ,cordill]a4 ,i may rem>k1 t f hav+ obs]v$ ru9s ( ,indian build+s 9 absolutely /]ile p>ts ( ! ,*ilian ,cordill]a 78,j\rnal0 #bnd edition page #ceg71 ,i am l$ to believe t ! climate1 at a "t :5 ,indian man inhabit$ ?is "p ( ! cont95t1 0 9 "s slight degree m humid ?an x is at pres5t473 f f9d+ rec5t sea- %ells /rew$ on ^! salif]\s b$s1 & "u !m1 great well-r\nd$ blocks1 exactly l ^? on ! exi/+ bea*1 he believes t ! salt1 :i* is inv>iably sup]ficial1 has be5 left by ! evaporation ( ! sea-wat]4 ,?is same conclusion mu/1 ,i n[ believe1 be ext5d$ to ! sup]ficial salif]\s b$s ( ,iquique1 ?\gh !y /& ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,associat$ ) ! salt 9 ! sup]ficial b$s1 !re are num]\s1 ?91 horizontal lay]s ( impure1 dirty-:ite1 friable1 gypse\s & calc>e\s tuffs4 ,! gypse\s b$s are v rem>kable1 f ab\nd+ )1 s z sometimes to be almo/ compos$ (1 irregul> concretions1 f ! size ( an egg to t ( a man's head1 ( v h>d1 compact1 heavy gypsum1 9 ! =m ( anhydrite4 ,?is gypsum conta9s "s =eign p>ticles ( /one2 x is /a9$1 judg+ f its action ) borax1 ) iron1 & x exhales a /rong alum9\s od\r4 ,! surfaces ( ! concretions are m>k$ by %>p1 radiat+1 or bifurcat+ ridges1 z if !y _h be5 7b n really7 corrod$3 int]nally !y are p5etrat$ by bran*+ ve9s 7l ^? ( calc>e\s sp> 9 ! sept>ia ( ! ,london clay7 ( pure :ite anhydrite4 ,^! ve9s might naturally h be5 ?\ght to h be5 =m$ by subsequ5t infiltration1 _h n ea* little emb$d$ fragm5t ( rock be5 likewise edg$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] by a n>r[ bord] ( ! same :ite anhydrite3 ?is %[s t ! ve9s mu/ h be5 =m$ by a process ( segregation1 & n ( infiltration4 ,"s ( ! little includ$ & ,,crack$ fragm5ts ( =eign rock are p5etrat$ by ! anhydrite1 & portions h evid5tly be5 ?us me*anically displac$3 at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,i obs]v$ t calc>e\s matt]1 deposit$ by ra9 wat]1 also _h ! p[] to sep>ate small fragm5ts ( rock f ! l>g] masses4 78,volcanic ,isl&s0 etc4 page #hg47 ,i believe ! sup]ficial gypse\s deposit is widely ext5d$3 ,i receiv$ specim5s ( x f ,pisagua1 =ty miles nor? ( ,iquique1 & likewise f ,arica1 :]e x coats a lay] ( pure salt4 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd at ,cobija a b$ ( clay1 ly+ above a mass ( uprais$ rec5t %ells1 :i* 0 saturat$ ) sulphate ( soda1 & includ$ ?9 lay]s ( fibr\s gypsum4 78,voyage ,geolog40 etc4 page #ie47 ,^! widely ext5d$1 sup]ficial1 b$s ( salt & gypsum1 appe> to me an int]e/+ geological ph5om5on1 :i* c\ld be pres5t$ only "u a v dry climate4 ,! pla9 or bas91 on ! bord]s ( :i* ! fam\s b$ ( nitrate ( soda lies1 is situat$ at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?irty miles f ! sea1 be+ sep>at$ f x by ! salif]\s di/rict j describ$4 ,x /&s at a height ( #c1cjj feet2 its surface is level1 & "s leagues 9 wid?2 x ext5ds =ty miles nor?w>d1 & has a total l5g? 7z ,i 0 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bel=d ,wilson1 ! ,consul-,g5]al at ,lima7 ( #dbj miles4 ,9 a well ne> ! works1 ?irty-six y>ds 9 dep?1 s&1 e>?1 & a little gravel 7 f\nd3 9 ano!r well1 ne> ,almonte1 fifty y>ds deep1 ! :ole consi/$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blake1 ( clay1 includ+ a lay] ( s& two feet ?ick1 :i* re/$ on f9e gravel1 & ?is on co>se gravel1 ) l>ge r\nd$ fragm5ts ( rock4 7,see an admirable pap] 8,geological & ,miscellane\s ,notices ( ,t>apaca0 9 8,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal0 volume #dd page #a47 ,9 _m p>ts ( ?is n[ utt]ly des]t pla91 ru%es & l>ge pro/rate trees 9 a h>d5$ /ate1 app>5tly ,mimosas1 are f\nd buri$1 at a dep? f ?ree to six feet2 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blake1 !y h all fall5 to ! s\?-we/4 ,! b$ ( nitrate ( soda is said to ext5d = =ty to fifty leagues along ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! pla91 b is n f\nd 9 its c5tral p>ts3 x is f two to ?ree feet 9 ?ickness1 & is s h>d t x is g5]ally bla/$ ) gunp[d]2 x slopes g5tly upw>ds f ! edge ( ! pla9 to betwe5 t5 & ?irty feet above its level4 ,x re/s on s& 9 :i*1 x is said1 vegetable rema9s & brok5 %ells h be5 f\nd2 %ells h also be5 f\nd1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blake1 bo? on & 9 ! nitrate ( soda4 ,x is cov]$ by a sup]ficial mass ( s&1 conta9+ nodules ( common salt1 &1 z ,i 0 assur$ by a m9]1 mu* s(t gypse\s matt]1 precisely l t 9 ! sup]ficial cru/ already describ$3 c]ta9ly ?is cru/1 ) its *>act]i/ic concretions ( anhydrite1 comes close d[n to ! edge ( ! pla94 ,! nitrate ( soda v>ies 9 purity 9 diff]5t p>ts1 & (t5 conta9s nodules ( common salt4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,blake1 ! proportion ( nitrate ( soda v>ies f #bj to #ge p] c5t4 ,an analysis by ,mr4 ,a4 ,hayes1 ( an av]age specim51 gave3-- ,nitrate ( ,soda4444 #fd4ih ,sulphate ( ,soda4444 #c4jj ,*loride ( ,soda444 #bh4fi ,iodic ,salts444444444 #j4fc ,%ells & ,m>l44444 #b4fj #ii4ij ,! 8"m-wat]0 at "s ( ! ref9]ies is v ri* 9 iodic salts1 & is suppos$ to conta9 mu* muriate ( lime4 78,lit]>y ,gazette0 #ahda page #dge47 ,9 an unref9$ specim5 br\ght home by myself1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,reeks has asc]ta9$ t ! muriate ( lime is v abundant4 ,) respect to ! orig9 ( ?is sal9e mass1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! g5tly incl9$1 compact b$ foll[s = s _m miles ! s9u\s m>g9 ( ! pla91 !re c be no d\bt t x 0 deposit$ f a %eet ( wat]3 f ! fragm5ts ( emb$d$ %ells1 f ! abundant iodic salts1 f ! sup]ficial salif]\s cru/ occurr+ at a high] level & be+ probably ( m>9e orig91 & f ! pla9 resembl+ 9 =m ^? ( ,*ile & t ( ,uspallata1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is %eet ( wat] 01 at lea/ orig9ally1 connect$ ) ! sea4 7,f an (ficial docum5t1 %[n me by ,mr4 ,bel=d ,wilson1 x appe>s t ! fir/ export ( nitrate ( soda to ,europe 0 9 ,july #ahcj1 on ,fr5* acc\nt1 9 a ,briti% %ip3-- ,9 ye>1 ! entire export 0 9 ,qu9tals4 #ahcj4444444444444444444444444444 #ag1cjj #ahca4444444444444444444444444444 #dj1hhe #ahcb4444444444444444444444444444 #ea1djj #ahcc4444444444444444444444444444 #ia1cce #ahcd444444444444444444444444444 #adi1ech ,! ,spani% qu9tal ne>ly equals #ajj ,engli% p\nds47 ,,?91 ,,sup]ficial1 ,,sal9e ,,incru/ations4 ,^! sal9e incru/ations are common 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica3 ,humboldt met ) !m on ! tablel& ( ,mexico1 & ! ,jesuit ,falkn] & o!r au?ors /ate t !y occur at int]vals ov] ! va/ pla9s ext5d+ f ! m\? ( ! ,plata to ,rioja & ,catam>ca4 7,az>a 8,travels0 volume #a page #ee1 consid]s t ! ,p>ana is ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! salif]\s region2 b ,i he>d ( 8salitrales0 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios47 ,h5ce x is t dur+ dr\ghts1 mo/ ( ! /reams 9 ! ,pampas are sal9e4 ,i n[h]e met ) ^! incru/ations s abundantly z ne> ,bahia ,blanca3 squ>e miles ( ! mud-flats1 :i* ne> t place are rais$ only a few feet above ! sea1 j en\gh to protect !m f be+ ov]fl[$1 appe>1 aft] dry wea!r1 :it] ?an ! gr\nd aft] ! ?icke/ ho>-fro/4 ,aft] ra9 ! salts disappe>1 & e puddle ( wat] becomes highly sal9e2 z ! surface dries1 ! capill>y action draws ! moi/ure up pieces ( brok5 e>?1 dead /icks1 & tufts ( grass1 :]e ! salt effloresces4 ,! incru/ation1 :]e ?icke/1 does n exce$ a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,m4 ,p>*appe has analys$ x 7,m4 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 etc4 ,"p4 ,hi/4 tome #a page #ffd472 & f9ds t ! specim5s collect$ at ! extreme head ( ! l[ pla91 ne> ! ,riv] ,manuello1 consi/ ( #ic p] c5t ( sulphate ( soda1 & #g ( common salt2 :il/ ! specim5s tak5 close to ! coa/ conta9 only #fc p] c5t ( ! sulphate1 & #cg ( ! muriate ( soda4 ,?is rem>kable fact1 toge!r ) our k t ! :ole ( ?is l[ muddy pla9 has be5 cov]$ by ! sea )9 ! rec5t p]iod1 mu/ lead to ! suspicion t ! common salt1 by "s unkn[n process1 becomes 9 "t *ang$ into ! sulphate4 ,friable1 calc>e\s matt] is "h abundant1 & ! case ( ! app>5t d\ble decomposition ( ! %ells & salt on ,san ,lor5zo1 %\ld n be =gott54 ,! sal9e incru/ations1 ne> ,bahia ,blanca1 are n conf9$ to1 ?\gh mo/ abundant on1 ! l[ muddy flats2 = ,i notic$ "s on a calc>e\s pla9 betwe5 ?irty & =ty feet above ! sea1 & ev5 a little occurs 9 /ill high] valleys4 ,l[ alluvial tracts 9 ! valleys ( ! ,riv]s ,negro & ,colorado are also encru/$1 & 9 ! latt] valley su* spaces appe>$ to be occasionally ov]fl[$ by ! riv]4 ,i obs]v$ sal9e incru/ations 9 "s ( ! valleys ( ,s\!rn ,patagonia4 ,at ,port ,desire a l[1 flat1 muddy valley 0 ?ickly incru/$ by salts1 :i* on analysis by ,mr4 ,t4 ,reeks1 are f\nd to consi/ ( a mixture ( sulphate & muriate ( soda1 ) c>bonate ( lime & e>?y matt]4 ,on ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t1 ! s\!rn coa/s are mu* too humid = ?is ph5om5on2 b 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile ,i aga9 met ) simil> incru/ations4 ,on ! h>d5$ mud1 9 p>ts ( ! broad1 flat-bottom$ valley ( ,copiapo1 ! sal9e matt] encru/s ! gr\nd to ! ?ickness ( "s in*es3 specim5s1 s5t by ,mr4 ,b+ley to ,apo!c>ies' ,hall = analysis1 7 said to consi/ ( c>bonate & sulphate ( soda4 ,mu* sulphate ( soda is f\nd 9 ! des]t ( ,atacama4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! sal9e incru/ations occur mo/ frequ5tly on l[ damp surfaces ( mud1 :]e ! climate is r dry2 & ^! l[ surfaces h1 9 almo/ e case1 be5 uprais$ above ! level ( ! sea1 )9 ! rec5t p]iod4 ,,salt-,,lakes ,,( ,,patagonia ,,& ,,la ,,plata4 ,sal9as1 or natural salt-lakes1 occur 9 v>i\s =mations on ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t1--9 ! argillaceo-calc>e\s deposit ( ! ,pampas1 9 ! s&/one ( ! ,rio ,negro1 :]e !y are v num]\s1 9 ! pumice\s & o!r b$s ( ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation1 & 9 small prim>y di/ricts 9 ! mid/ ( ?is latt] =mation4 ,port ,s4 ,julian is ! mo/ s\!rly po9t 7latitude #di degrees to #ej degrees7 at :i* sal9as are kn[n to occur4 7,accord+ to ,az>a 8,travels0 volume #a page #ef1 !re are salt-lakes z f> nor? z ,*aco 7latitude #be degrees71 on ! banks ( ! ,v]mejo4 ,! salt-lakes ( ,sib]ia appe> 7,pallas 8,travels0 ,engli% ,translation volume #a page #bhd7 to occur 9 v simil> depressions to ^? ( ,patagonia47 ,! depressions1 9 :i* ^! salt-lakes lie1 are f a few feet to sixty metres1 z ass]t$ by ,m4 d',orbigny1 bel[ ! surface ( ! surr\nd+ pla9s 78,voyage ,geolog40 page #fc472 &1 accord+ to ?is same au?or1 ne> ! ,rio ,negro !y all tr5d1 ei!r 9 ! ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 or 9 ,e4 & ,w4 l9es1 co9cid5t ) ! g5]al slope ( ! pla94 ,^! depressions 9 ! pla9 g5]ally h "o side l[] ?an ! o!rs1 b !re are no outlets = dra9age4 ,"u a less dry climate1 an outlet w\ld soon h be5 =m$1 & ! salt wa%$ away4 ,! sal9as occur at diff]5t elevations above ! sea2 !y are (t5 sev]al leagues 9 diamet]2 !y are g5]ally v %all[1 b !re is a deep "o 9 a qu>tz-rock =mation ne> ,c4 ,blanco4 ,9 ! wet season1 ! :ole1 or a "p1 ( ! salt is dissolv$1 be+ r$eposit$ dur+ ! succe$+ dry season4 ,at ?is p]iod ! appe>ance ( ! sn[-:ite expanse ( salt cry/allis$ 9 great cubes1 is v /rik+4 ,9 a l>ge sal9a1 nor?w>d ( ! ,rio ,negro1 ! salt at ! bottom1 dur+ ! :ole ye>1 is betwe5 two & ?ree feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! salt re/s almo/ always on a ?ick b$ ( black muddy s&1 :i* is fetid1 probably f ! decay ( ! burr[+ worms inhabit+ x4 7,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g exam9$ "s ( ?is muddy s&1 b 0 unable to f9d 9 x any infusoria47 ,9 a sal9a1 situat$ ab\t fifte5 miles above ! t[n ( ,el ,c>m5 on ! ,rio ,negro1 & ?ree or f\r miles f ! banks ( t riv]1 ,i obs]v$ t ?is black mud re/$ on gravel ) a calc>e\s matrix1 simil> to t spread ov] ! :ole surr\nd+ pla9s3 at ,port ,s4 ,julian ! mud1 also1 re/$ on ! gravel3 h5ce ! depressions mu/ h be5 =m$ ant]iorly to1 or contemporane\sly )1 ! spread+ out ( ! gravel4 ,i 0 in=m$ t "o small sal9a occurs 9 an alluvial pla9 )9 ! valley ( ! ,rio ,negro1 & !re=e its orig9 mu/ be subsequ5t to ! excavation ( t valley4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! sal9a1 fifte5 miles above ! t[n1 ! salt 0 beg9n+ to cry/allise1 & on ! muddy bottom !re 7 ly+ _m cry/als1 g5]ally plac$ crossways ( sulphate ( soda 7z asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,reeks71 & emb$d$ 9 ! mud1 num]\s cry/als ( sulphate ( lime1 f "o to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?3 ,m4 d',orbigny /ates t "s ( ^! cry/als are acicul> & m ?an ev5 n9e in*es 9 l5g? 78,voyage ,geolog40 page #fd472 o!rs are macl$ & ( great purity3 ^? ,i f\nd all conta9$ "s s& 9 _! c5tres4 ,z ! black & fetid s& ov]lies ! gravel1 & t ov]lies ! regul> t]ti>y /rata1 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t ^! rem>kable cry/als ( sulphate ( lime h be5 deposit$ f ! wat]s ( ! lake4 ,! inhabitants call ! cry/als ( sel5ite1 ! padre del sal1 & ^? ( ! sulphate ( soda1 ! madre del sal2 !y assur$ me t bo? are f\nd "u ! same circum/ances 9 sev]al ( ! neighb\r+ sal9as2 & t ! sulphate ( soda is annually dissolv$1 & is always cry/allis$ be=e ! common salt on ! muddy bottom4 7,?is is :at might h be5 expect$2 = ,m4 ,ball>d ass]ts 8,acad4 des ,sci5ces0 ,octob] #g1 #ahdd1 t sulphate ( soda is precipitat$ f solution m readily f wat] conta9+ muriate ( soda 9 excess1 ?an f pure wat]47 ,! association ( gypsum & salt 9 ?is case1 z well z 9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( ,iquique1 appe>s to me int]e/+1 consid]+ h[ g5]ally ^! sub/ances are associat$ 9 ! old] /ratifi$ =mations4 ,mr4 ,reeks has analys$ = me "s ( ! salt f ! sal9a ne> ! ,rio ,negro2 he f9ds x compos$ entirely ( *loride ( sodium1 ) ! exception ( #j4bf ( sulphate ( lime & ( #j4bb ( e>?y matt]3 !re are no traces ( iodic salts4 ,"s salt f ! sal9a ,*iquitos1 9 ! ,pampean =mation1 is equally pure4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 t ! salt f ^! sal9as does n s]ve s well = pres]v+ meat1 z sea-salt f ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s2 & a m]*ant at ,bu5os ,ayres told me t he consid]$ x z #ej p] c5t less valuable4 ,! purity ( ! ,patagonian salt1 or abs5ce f x ( ^? o!r sal9e bodies f\nd 9 all sea- wat]1 is ! only assignable cause = ?is inf]iority2 a conclusion :i* is support$ by ! fact lately asc]ta9$1 t ^? salts answ] be/ = pres]v+ *eese :i* conta9 mo/ ( ! deliquesc5t *lorides4 78,horticultural & ,agricultural ,gazette0 #ahde page #ic47 7,x w\ld probably well answ] = ! m]*ants ( ,bu5os ,ayres 7consid]+ ! great consumption !re ( salt = pres]v+ meat7 to import ! deliquesc5t *lorides to mix ) ! salt f ! sal9as3 ,i may call att5tion to ! fact1 t at ,iquique1 a l>ge quantity ( muriate ( lime1 left 9 ! ,,"m-,,wat] dur+ ! ref9em5t ( ! nitrate ( soda1 is annually ?r[n away47 ,) respect to ! orig9 ( ! salt 9 ! sal9as1 ! =ego+ analysis seems oppos$ to ! view ent]ta9$ by ,m4 d',orbigny & o!rs1 & :i* seems s probable consid]+ ! rec5t elevation ( ?is l9e ( coa/1 namely1 t x is due to ! evaporation ( sea-wat] & to ! dra9age f ! surr\nd+ /rata impregnat$ ) sea-salt4 ,i 0 in=m$ 7,i "k n :e!r accurately7 t on ! nor!rn side ( ! sal9a on ! ,rio ,negro1 !re is a small br9e spr+ :i* fl[s at all times ( ! ye>3 if ?is be s1 ! salt 9 ?is case at lea/1 probably is ( subt]ranean orig94 ,x at fir/ appe>s v s+ul> t fre% wat] c (t5 be procur$ 9 wells1 & is sometimes f\nd 9 small lakes1 q close to ^! sal9as4 7,sir ,w4 ,p>i% /ates 8,bu5os ,ayres0 etc4 pages #abb & #agj1 t ?is is ! case ne> ! great sal9as we/w>d ( ! ,s4 ,v5tana4 ,i h se5 simil> /atem5ts 9 an anci5t ,,ms4 ,j\rnal lately publi%$ by ,s4 ,angelis4 ,at ,iquique1 :]e ! surface is s ?ickly encru/$ ) sal9e matt]1 ,i ta/$ wat] only slightly bracki%1 procur$ 9 a well ?irty-six y>ds deep2 b "h "o feels less surprise at its pres5ce1 z pure wat] might p]colate "u gr\nd f ! n v di/ant ,cordill]a47 ,i am n aw>e t ?is fact be>s p>ticul>ly on ! orig9 ( ! salt2 b p]haps x is r oppos$ to ! view ( ! salt hav+ be5 wa%$ out ( ! surr\nd+ sup]ficial /rata1 b n to its hav+ be5 ! residue ( sea-wat]1 left 9 depressions z ! l& 0 sl[ly elevat$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,=mations ,,( ,,! ,,pampas4 ,m9]alogical con/itution4--,microscopical /ructure4--,bu5os ,ayres1 %ells emb$d$ 9 tosca-rock4--,bu5os ,ayres to ! ,colorado4--,san ,v5tana4--,bahia ,blanca2 ,m4 ,h]moso1 bones & infusoria (2 ,p4 ,alta1 %ells1 bones & infusoria (2 co-exi/5ce ( ! rec5t %ells & ext9ct mammif]s4--,bu5os ,ayres to ,santa ,f4--,skeletons ( ,ma/odon4--,infusoria4--,inf]ior m>9e t]ti>y /rata1 _! age4--,horse's too?4--,,b&a ,,ori5tal4--,sup]ficial ,pampean =mation4--,inf]ior t]ti>y /rata1 v>iation (1 connect$ ) volcanic action2 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica at ,san ,julian 9 ,patagonia1 age (1 subsequ5t to liv+ mollusca & to ! erratic block p]iod4 ,,summ>y4--,area ( ,pampean =mation4--,!ories ( orig94--,s\rce ( s$im5t4--,e/u>y orig94--,contemporane\s ) exi/+ mollusca4--,relations to und]ly+ t]ti>y /rata4--,anci5t deposit ( e/u>y orig94--,elevation & successive deposition ( ! ,pampean =mation4--,numb] & /ate ( ! rema9s ( mammif]s2 _! habitation1 food1 ext9ction1 & range4--,conclusion4--,localities 9 ,pampas at :i* mammif]\s rema9s h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,pampean =mation is highly int]e/+ f its va/ ext5t1 its disput$ orig91 & f ! numb] ( ext9ct gigantic mammif]s emb$d$ 9 x4 ,x has ^u ! :ole a v uni=m "*3 consi/+ ( a m or less dull r$di%1 slightly indurat$1 argillace\s e>? or mud1 (t51 b n always1 includ+ 9 horizontal l9es concretions ( m>l1 & frequ5tly pass+ into a compact m>ly rock4 ,! mud1 :]ev] ,i exam9$ x1 ev5 close to ! concretions1 did n conta9 any c>bonate ( lime4 ,! concretions are g5]ally nodul>1 sometimes r\gh ext]nally1 sometimes /alacti=m$2 !y are ( a compact /ructure1 b (t5 p5etrat$ 7z well z ! mud7 by hair-l s]p5t9e cavities1 & occasionally ) irregul> fissures 9 _! c5tres1 l9$ ) m9ute cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime2 !y are ( :ite1 br[n1 or pale p9ki% t9ts1 (t5 m>k$ by black d5dritic manganese or iron2 !y are ei!r d>k] or light] t9t$ ?an ! surr\nd+ mass2 !y conta9 mu* c>bonate ( lime1 b exhale a /rong alum9\s od\r1 & leave1 :5 dissolv$ 9 acids1 a l>ge b v>y+ residue1 ( :i* ! great] "p consi/s ( s&4 ,^! concretions (t5 unite into irregul> /rata2 & ov] v l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 ! entire mass consi/s ( a h>d1 b g5]ally cav]n\s m>ly rock3 "s ( ! v>ieties might be call$ calc>e\s tuffs4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] has k9dly exam9$ "u ! microscope1 slic$ & poli%$ specim5s ( ^! concretions1 & ( ! solid m>l-rock1 collect$ 9 v>i\s places betwe5 ! ,colorado & ,santa ,fe ,bajada4 ,9 ! great] numb]1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] f9ds t ! :ole sub/ance pres5ts a tol]ably uni=m amorph\s "*1 b ) traces ( incipi5t cry/all9e metamorphosis2 9 o!r specim5s he f9ds microscopically m9ute r\nd$ concretions ( an amorph\s sub/ance 7resembl+ 9 size ^? 9 oolitic rocks1 b n hav+ a conc5tric /ructure71 unit$ by a cem5t :i* is (t5 cry/all9e4 ,9 "s1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] c p]ceive di/9ct traces ( %ells1 corals1 ,poly?alamia1 & r>ely ( spongoid bodies4 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison1 ,i s5t ,dr4 ,c>p5t] specim5s ( ! calc>e\s rock1 =m$ *iefly ( fragm5ts ( rec5t %ells1 f ,coquimbo 9 ,*ile3 9 "o ( ^! specim5s1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] f9ds1 besides ! l>g] fragm5ts1 microscopical p>ticles ( %ells1 & a v>y+ quantity ( opaque amorph\s matt]2 9 ano!r specim5 f ! same b$1 he f9ds ! :ole compos$ ( ! amorph\s matt]1 ) lay]s %[+ indications ( an incipi5t cry/all9e metamorphosis3 h5ce ^! latt] specim5s1 bo? 9 ext]nal appe>ance & 9 microscopical /ructure1 closely resemble ^? ( ! ,pampas4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] in=ms me t x is well kn[n t *emical precipitation ?r[s d[n c>bonate ( lime 9 ! opaque amorph\s /ate2 & he is incl9$ to believe t ! long-cont9u$ attrition ( a calc>e\s body 9 a /ate ( cry/all9e or semi-cry/all9e aggregation 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ord9>y %ells ( ,mollusca1 :i*1 :5 slic$1 are transp>5t7 may yield ! same result4 ,f ! intimate relations betwe5 all ! ,coquimbo specim5s1 ,i c h>dly d\bt t ! amorph\s c>bonate ( lime 9 !m has result$ f ! attrition & decay ( ! l>g] fragm5ts ( %ell3 :e!r ! amorph\s matt] 9 ! m>ly rocks ( ! ,pampas has likewise ?us orig9at$1 x w\ld be haz>d\s to conjecture4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake1 ,i w call ! m>ly rock by ! "n giv5 to x by ! inhabitants1 namely1 ,tosca-rock2 & ! r$di% argillace\s e>?1 ,pampean mud4 ,?is latt] sub/ance1 ,i may m5tion1 has be5 exam9$ = me by ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g1 & ! result ( 8 exam9ation w be giv5 "u ! prop] localities4 ,i w comm5ce my descriptions at a c5tral spot1 namely1 at ,bu5os ,ayres1 & !nce proce$ fir/ s\?w>d to ! extreme limit ( ! deposit1 & aft]w>ds nor?w>d4 ,! pla9 on :i* ,bu5os ,ayres /&s is f ?irty to =ty feet 9 height4 ,! ,pampean mud is "h ( a r pale col\r1 & includes small ne>ly :ite nodules1 & o!r irregul> /rata ( an unusually ar5ace\s v>iety ( tosca-rock4 ,9 a well at ! dep? ( sev5ty feet1 accord+ to ,ignatio ,nunez1 mu* tosca-rock 0 met )1 & at sev]al po9ts1 at "o hundr$ feet deep1 b$s ( s& h be5 f\nd4 ,i h already giv5 a li/ ( ! rec5t m>9e & e/u>y %ells f\nd 9 _m p>ts on ! surface ne> ,bu5os ,ayres1 z f> z ?ree or f\r leagues f ! ,plata4 ,specim5s f ne> ,ens5ada1 giv5 me by ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%1 :]e ! rock is qu>ri$ j b5ea? ! surface ( ! pla91 consi/ ( brok5 bivalves1 cem5t$ by & conv]t$ into :ite cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime4 ,i h already allud$1 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 to a specim5 7also giv5 me by ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%7 f ! ,a4 del ,tri/an1 9 :i* %ells1 resembl+ 9 e respect ! ,az>a labiata1 d',orbigny1 z f> z _! worn condition p]mits ( comp>ison1 are emb$d$ 9 a r$di%1 s(ti%1 some:at ar5ace\s m>ly rock3 aft] c>eful comp>ison1 ) ! aid ( a microscope & acids1 ,i c p]ceive no diff]5ce betwe5 ! basis ( ?is rock & ! specim5s collect$ by me 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,pampas4 ,i h also /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%1 t nor?w>d ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 on ! highe/ p>ts ( ! pla91 ab\t =ty feet above ! ,plata1 & two or ?ree miles f x1 num]\s %ells ( ! ,az>a labiata 7& ,i believe ( ,v5us s9uosa7 occur emb$d$ 9 a /ratifi$ e>?y mass1 includ+ small m>ly concretions1 & said to be precisely l ! great ,pampean deposit4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! mud ( ! ,pampas cont9u$ to be deposit$ to )9 ! p]iod ( ?is exi/+ e/u>y %ell4 ,al?\gh ?is =mation is ( su* imm5se ext5t1 ,i "k ( no o!r in/ance ( ! pres5ce ( %ells 9 x4 ,,bu5os ,,ayres ,,to ,,! ,,rio ,,colorado4 ,) ! exception ( a few metamorphic ridges1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 a di/ance ( #djj geographical miles1 belongs to ! ,pampean =mation1 & 9 ! s\!rn "p is g5]ally =m$ ( ! h>d] & m calc>e\s v>ieties4 ,i w briefly describe my r\te3 ab\t tw5ty- five miles ,s4,s4,w4 ( ! capital1 9 a well =ty y>ds 9 dep?1 ! upp] "p1 &1 z ,i 0 assur$1 ! entire ?ickness1 0 =m$ ( d>k r$ ,pampean mud )\t concretions4 ,nor? ( ! ,riv] ,salado1 !re are _m lakes2 & on ! banks ( "o 7ne> ! ,gu>dia7 !re 0 a little cliff simil>ly compos$1 b includ+ _m nodul> & /alacti=m concretions3 ,i f\nd "h a l>ge piece ( tessellat$ arm\r1 l t ( ! ,glyptodon1 & _m fragm5ts ( bones4 ,! cliffs on ! ,salado consi/ ( pale-col\r$ ,pampean mud1 includ+ & pass+ into great masses ( tosca-rock3 "h a skeleton ( ! ,mega!rium & ! bones ( o!r ext9ct quadrup$s 7see ! li/ at ! end ( ?is *apt]7 7 f\nd4 ,l>ge quantities ( cry/allis$ gypsum 7( :i* specim5s 7 giv5 me7 occur 9 ! cliffs ( ?is riv]2 & likewise 7z ,i 0 assur$ by ,mr4 ,lumb7 9 ! ,pampean mud on ! ,riv] ,*uelo1 sev5 leagues f ,bu5os ,ayres3 ,i m5tion ?is because ,m4 d',orbigny lays "s /ress on ! suppos$ abs5ce ( ?is m9]al 9 ! ,pampean =mation4 ,s\?w>d ( ! ,salado ! c\ntry is l[ & swampy1 ) tosca-rock appe>+ at long int]vals at ! surface4 ,on ! banks1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,tapalgu5 7sixty miles s\? ( ! ,salado7 !re is a l>ge ext5t ( tosca-rock1 "s highly compact & ev5 semi-cry/all9e1 ov]ly+ pale ,pampean mud ) ! usual concretions4 ,?irty miles fur!r s\?1 ! small qu>tz-ridge ( ,tapalgu5 is fr+$ on its nor!rn & s\!rn flank1 by little1 n>r[1 flat-topp$ hills ( tosca-rock1 :i* /& high] ?an ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,betwe5 ?is ridge & ! ,si]ra ( ,guitru-gueyu1 a di/ance ( sixty miles1 ! c\ntry is swampy1 ) ! tosca-rock appe>+ only 9 f\r or five spots3 ?is si]ra1 precisely l t ( ,tapalgu51 is bord]$ by horizontal1 (t5 cliff-b\nd$1 little hills ( tosca-rock1 high] ?an ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,"h1 also1 a new appe>ance 0 pres5t$ 9 "s ext5sive & level banks ( alluvium or detritus ( ! neighb\r+ metamorphic rocks2 b ,i neglect$ to obs]ve :e!r x 0 /ratifi$ or n4 ,betwe5 ,guitru-gueyu & ! ,si]ra ,v5tana1 ,i cross$ a dry pla9 ( tosca-rock high] ?an ! c\ntry hi!rto pass$ ov]1 & ) small pieces ( d5ud$ tablel& ( ! same =mation1 /&+ /ill high]4 ,! m>ly or calc>e\s b$s n only come up ne>ly horizontally to ! nor!rn & s\!rn foot ( ! great qu>tzose m\nta9s ( ! ,si]ra ,v5tana1 b int]fold betwe5 ! p>allel ranges4 ,! sup]ficial b$s 7= ,i n[h]e obta9$ sections m ?an tw5ty feet deep7 reta91 ev5 close to ! m\nta9s1 _! usual "*3 ! upp]mo/ lay]1 h[ev]1 9 "o place includ$ pebbles ( qu>tz1 & re/$ on a mass ( detritus ( ! same rock4 ,at ! v foot ( ! m\nta9s1 !re 7 "s few piles ( qu>tz & tosca-rock detritus1 includ+ l&-%ells2 b at ! di/ance ( only half a mile f ^! l(ty1 jagg$1 & batt]$ m\nta9s1 ,i c\ld n1 to my great surprise1 f9d on ! b\ndless surface ( ! calc>e\s pla9 ev5 a s+le pebble4 ,qu>tz- pebbles1 h[ev]1 ( consid]able size h at "s p]iod be5 transport$ to a di/ance ( betwe5 =ty & fifty miles to ! %ores ( ,bahia ,blanca4 7,s*midtmey] 8,travels 9 ,*ile0 page #aej1 /ates t he fir/ notic$ on ! ,pampas1 v small bits ( r$ granite1 :5 fifty miles di/ant f ! s\!rn extremity ( ! m\nta9s ( ,cordova1 :i* project on ! pla91 l a reef into ! sea47 ,! highe/ peak ( ! ,/4 ,v5tana is1 by ,capta9 ,fitzroy's measurem5t1 #c1cdj feet1 & ! calc>e\s pla9 at its foot 7f obs]vations tak5 by "s ,spani% (fic]s7 #hdj feet above ! sea-level4 78,la ,plata0 etc4 by ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% page #adf47 ,on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 at a height ( ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ feet above ! pla91 !re 7 a few small pat*es ( conglom]ate & breccia1 firmly cem5t$ by f]rug9\s matt] to ! abrupt & batt]$ face ( ! qu>tz--traces be+ ?us exhibit$ ( anci5t sea-action4 ,! high pla9 r\nd ?is range s9ks q ins5sibly to ! eye on all sides1 except to ! nor?1 :]e its surface is brok5 into l[ cliffs4 ,r\nd ! ,si]ras ,tapalgu51 ,guitru-gueyu1 & betwe5 ! latt] & ! ,v5tana we h se5 7& %all h]eaft] see r\nd "s hills 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal71 t ! tosca-rock =ms l[1 flat- topp$1 cliff-b\nd$ hills1 high] ?an ! surr\nd+ pla9s ( simil> composition4 ,f ! horizontal /ratification & f ! appe>ance ( ! brok5 cliffs1 ! great] height ( ! ,pampean =mation r\nd ^! prim>y hills ought n to be altoge!r or 9 *ief "p attribut$ to ^! sev]al po9ts hav+ be5 uplift$ m en]getically ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 b to ! argillaceo-calc>e\s mud hav+ collect$ r\nd !m1 :5 !y exi/$ z islets or subm>9e rocks1 at a great] height1 ?an at ! bottom ( ! adjo9+ op5 sea2--! cliffs hav+ be5 subsequ5tly worn dur+ ! elevation ( ! :ole c\ntry 9 mass4 ,s\?w>d ( ! ,v5tana1 ! pla9 ext5ds f>!r ?an ! eye c range2 its surface is n v level1 hav+ slight depressions ) no dra9age exits2 x is g5]ally cov]$ by a few feet 9 ?ickness ( s&y e>?2 & 9 "s places1 accord+ to ,m4 ,p>*appe1 by b$s ( clay two y>ds ?ick4 7,m4 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,"p ,geolog4 pages #dg1 #dh47 ,on ! banks ( ! ,sauce1 f\r leagues ,s4,e4 ( ! ,v5tana1 !re is an imp]fect section ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 height1 display+ 9 ! upp] "p tosca-rock & 9 ! l[] "p r$ ,pampean mud4 ,at ! settlem5t ( ,bahia ,blanca1 ! upp]mo/ pla9 is compos$ ( v compact1 /ratifi$ tosca-rock1 conta9+ r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz di/+ui%able by ! nak$ eye3 ! l[] pla91 on :i* ! =tress /&s1 is describ$ by ,m4 ,p>*appe z compos$ ( solid tosca-rock 7,ibid472 b ! sections :i* ,i exam9$ appe>$ m l a r$eposit$ mass ( ?is rock1 ) small pebbles & fragm5ts ( qu>tz4 ,i %all imm$iately return to ! important sections on ! %ores ( ,bahia ,blanca4 ,tw5ty miles s\?w>d ( ?is place1 !re is a rem>kable ridge ext5d+ ,w4 by ,n4 & ,e4 by ,s41 =m$ ( small1 sep>ate1 flat-topp$1 /eep-sid$ hills1 ris+ betwe5 "o hundr$ & two hundr$ feet above ! ,pampean pla9 at its s\!rn base1 :i* pla9 is a little l[] ?an t to ! nor?4 ,! upp]mo/ /ratum 9 ?is ridge consi/s ( pale1 highly calc>e\s1 compact tosca-rock1 re/+ 7z se5 9 "o place7 on r$di% ,pampean mud1 & ?is aga9 on a pal] k9d3 at ! foot ( ! ridge1 !re is a well 9 r$di% clay or mud4 ,i h se5 no o!r in/ance ( a *a9 ( hills belong+ to ! ,pampean =mation2 & z ! /rata %[ no signs ( di/urbance1 & z ! direction ( ! ridge is ! same ) t common to all ! metamorphic l9es 9 ?is :ole area1 ,i suspect t ! ,pampean s$im5t has 9 ?is in/ance be5 accumulat$ on & ov] a ridge ( h>d rocks1 in/ead (1 z 9 ! case ( ! above-m5tion$ ,si]ras1 r\nd _! subm>9e flanks4 ,s\? ( ?is little *a9 ( tosca-rock1 a pla9 ( ,pampean mud decl9es t[>ds ! banks ( ! ,colorado3 9 ! middle a well has be5 dug 9 r$ ,pampean mud1 cov]$ by two feet ( :ite1 s(ti%1 highly calc>e\s tosca-rock1 ov] :i* lies s& ) small pebbles ?ree feet 9 ?ickness--! fir/ appe>ance ( t va/ %+le =mation describ$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]4 ,9 ! fir/ section aft] cross+ ! ,colorado1 an old t]ti>y =mation1 namely1 ! ,rio ,negro s&/one 7to be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]71 is met )3 b f ! acc\nts giv5 me by ! ,gau*os1 ,i believe t at ! m\? ( ! ,colorado ! ,pampean =mation ext5ds a little fur!r s\?w>ds4 ,,bahia ,,blanca4 ,to return to ! %ores ( ?is bay4 ,at ,monte ,h]moso !re is a good section1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 ( f\r di/9ct /rata1 appe>+ to ! eye horizontal1 b ?ick5+ a little t[>ds ! ,n4,w4 ,! upp]mo/ b$1 ab\t tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness1 consi/s ( obliquely lam9at$1 s(t s&/one1 includ+ _m pebbles ( qu>tz1 & fall+ at ! surface into loose s&4 ,! second b$1 only six in*es ?ick1 is a h>d1 d>k-col\r$ s&/one4 ,! ?ird b$ is pale-col\r$ ,pampean mud2 & ! f\r? is ( ! same nature1 b d>k] col\r$1 includ+ 9 its l[] "p horizontal lay]s & l9es ( concretions ( n v compact p9ki% tosca-rock4 ,! bottom ( ! sea1 ,i may rem>k1 to a di/ance ( sev]al miles f ! %ore1 & to a dep? ( betwe5 sixty & "o hundr$ feet1 0 f\nd by ! an*ors to be compos$ ( tosca-rock & r$di% ,pampean mud4 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g has exam9$ = me specim5s ( ! two l[] b$s1 & f9ds 9 !m ?ree ,polyga/rica & six ,phytoli?>ia4 7,! foll[+ li/ is giv5 9 ! 8,monatsb]i*t5 d] konig4 ,akad4 zu ,b]l90 ,april #ahde3-- ,,polyga/rica4 ,fragil>ia rhabdosoma4 ,gallionella di/ans4 ,p9nul>ia8 ,,phytoli?>ia4 ,li?odontium ,bursa4 ,li?odontium furcatum4 ,li?o/ylidium exesum4 ,li?o/ylidium rude4 ,li?o/ylidium ,s]ra4 ,spongoli?is ,fu/is87 ,( ^!1 only "o 7,spongoli?is ,fu/is87 is a m>9e =m2 five ( !m are id5tical ) microscopical /ructures ( bracki%-wat] orig91 h]eaft] to be m5tion$1 :i* =m a c5tral po9t 9 ! ,pampean =mation4 ,9 ^! two b$s1 especially 9 ! l[] "o1 bones ( ext9ct mammif]s1 "s emb$d$ 9 _! prop] relative positions & o!rs s+le1 are v num]\s 9 a small ext5t ( ! cliffs4 ,^! rema9s consi/ (1 fir/1 ! head ( ,ct5omys antiquus1 alli$ to ! liv+ ,ct5omys ,brazili5sis2 secondly1 a fragm5t ( ! rema9s ( a rod5t2 ?irdly1 mol> tee? & o!r bones ( a l>ge rod5t1 closely alli$ to1 b di/9ct f1 ! exi/+ species ( ,hydro*o]us1 & !re=e probably an inhabitant ( fre% wat]2 f\r? & fif?ly1 portions ( v]tebrae1 limbs1 ribs1 & o!r bones ( two rod5ts2 six?ly1 bones ( ! extremities ( "s great mega!roid quadrup$4 7,see 8,fossil ,mammalia0 page #aji by ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 ! 8,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! #8,beagle'20 & ,catalogue page #cf ( ,fossil ,rema9s 9 ,museum ( ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons47 ,! numb] ( ! rema9s ( rod5ts gives to ?is collection a peculi> "*1 comp>$ ) ^? f\nd 9 any o!r locality4 ,all ^! bones are compact & heavy2 _m ( !m are /a9$ r$1 ) _! surfaces poli%$2 "s ( ! small] ones are z black z jet4 ,monte ,h]moso is betwe5 fifty & sixty miles di/ant 9 a ,s4,e4 l9e f ! ,v5tana1 ) ! int]m$iate c\ntry g5tly ris+ t[>ds x1 & all consi/+ ( ! ,pampean =mation4 ,:at relation1 !n1 d ^! b$s1 at ! level ( ! sea & "u x1 be> to ^? on ! flanks ( ! ,v5tana1 at ! height ( #hdj feet1 & on ! flanks ( ! o!r neighb\r+ si]ras1 :i*1 f ! reasons already assign$1 d n appe> to owe _! great] height to unequal elevation8 ,:5 ! tosca- rock 0 accumulat+ r\nd ! ,v5tana1 & :51 ) ! exception ( a few small rugg$ prim>y isl&s1 ! :ole wide surr\nd+ pla9s mu/ h be5 "u wat]1 7 ! /rata at ,monte ,h]moso deposit+ at ! bottom ( a great op5 sea1 betwe5 eight hundr$ & "o ?\s& feet 9 dep?8 ,i mu* d\bt ?is2 = if s1 ! almo/ p]fect c>casses ( ! sev]al small rod5ts1 ! rema9s ( :i* are s v num]\s 9 s limit$ a space1 mu/ h be5 drift$ to ?is spot f ! di/ance ( _m hundr$ miles4 ,x appe>s to me f> m probable1 t dur+ ! ,pampean p]iod ?is :ole area _h comm5c$ sl[ly ris+ 7& 9 ! cliffs1 at sev]al diff]5t heights we h pro(s ( ! l& hav+ be5 expos$ to sea-action at sev]al levels71 & t tracts ( l& _h ?us be5 =m$ ( ,pampean s$im5t r\nd ! ,v5tana & ! o!r prim>y ranges1 on :i* ! sev]al rod5ts & o!r quadrup$s liv$1 & t a /ream 79 :i* p]haps ! ext9ct aquatic ,hydro*o]us liv$7 drift$ _! bodies into ! adjo9+ sea1 into :i* ! ,pampean mud cont9u$ to be p\r$ f ! nor?4 ,z ! l& cont9u$ to rise1 x appe>s t ?is s\rce ( s$im5t 0 cut (f2 & 9 its place s& & pebbles 7 borne d[n by /rong] curr5ts1 & con=mably deposit$ ov] ! ,pampean /rata4 7,,figure #ae4 ,,section ,,( ,,b$s ,,) ,,rec5t ,,%ells ,,& ,,ext9ct ,,mammif]s1 ,,at ,,punta ,,alta ,,9 ,,bahia ,,blanca4 7,%[+ b$s f bottom to top3 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d477 ,punta ,alta is situat$ ab\t ?irty miles high] up on ! nor!rn side ( ?is same bay3 x consi/s ( a small pla91 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet 9 height1 cut (f on ! %ore by a l9e ( l[ cliffs ab\t a mile 9 l5g?1 repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ae ) its v]tical scale necess>ily exagg]at$4 ,! l[] b$ 7,a7 is m ext5sive ?an ! upp] ones2 x consi/s ( /ratifi$ gravel or conglom]ate1 cem5t$ by calc>eo- ar5ace\s matt]1 & is divid$ by curvil9e> lay]s ( p9ki% m>l1 ( :i* "s are precisely l tosca-rock1 & "s m s&y4 ,! b$s are curvil9e>1 ow+ to ! action ( curr5ts1 & dip 9 diff]5t directions2 !y include an extraord9>y numb] ( bones ( gigantic mammif]s & _m %ells4 ,! pebbles are ( consid]able size1 & are ( h>d s&/one1 & ( qu>tz1 l t ( ! ,v5tana3 !re are also a few well-r\nd$ masses ( tosca-rock4 ,! second b$ ,b is ab\t fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness1 b t[>ds bo? extremities ( ! cliff 7n includ$ 9 ! diagram7 x ei!r ?9s out & dies away1 or passes ins5sibly into an ov]ly+ b$ ( gravel4 ,x consi/s ( r$1 t\gh clayey mud1 ) m9ute l9e> cavities2 x is m>k$ ) fa9t horizontal %ades ( col\r2 x includes a few pebbles1 & r>ely a m9ute p>ticle ( %ell3 9 "o spot1 ! d]mal arm\r & a few bones ( a ,dasypoid quadrup$ 7 emb$d$ 9 x3 x fills up furr[s 9 ! und]ly+ gravel4 ,) ! exception ( ! few pebbles & p>ticles ( %ells1 ?is b$ resembles ! true ,pampean mud2 b x /ill m closely resembles ! clayey flats 7m5tion$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]7 sep>at+ ! successively ris+ p>allel ranges ( s&-dunes4 ,! b$ ,c is ( /ratifi$ gravel1 l ! l[e/ "o2 x fills up furr[s 9 ! und]ly+ r$ mud1 & is sometimes int]/ratifi$ ) x1 & sometimes ins5sibly passes into x2 z ! r$ mud ?9s out1 ?is upp] gravel ?ick5s4 ,%ells are m num]\s 9 x ?an 9 ! l[] gravel2 b ! bones1 ?\gh "s are /ill pres5t1 are less num]\s4 ,9 "o "p1 h[ev]1 :]e ?is gravel & ! r$ mud pass$ into ea* o!r1 ,i f\nd sev]al bones & a tol]ably p]fect head ( ! ,mega!rium4 ,"s ( ! l>ge ,volutas1 ?\gh emb$d$ 9 ! gravel-b$ ,c1 7 fill$ ) ! r$ mud1 includ+ great numb]s ( ! little rec5t ,palude/r9a au/ralis4 ,^! ?ree l[] b$s are cov]$ by an uncon=mable mantle ,d ( /ratifi$ s&y e>?1 includ+ _m pebbles ( qu>tz1 pumice & phonolite1 l& & sea-%ells4 ,m4 d',orbigny has be5 s oblig+ z to "n = me ! tw5ty species ( ,mollusca emb$d$ 9 ! two gravel b$s3 !y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,volutella angulata1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,mollusq4 & ,pal4 #b4 ,voluta ,braziliana1 ,sol #c4 ,olicancill]ia ,brazili5sis d',orbigny4 #d4 ,olicancill]ia auricul>ia1 d',orbigny4 #e4 ,oliv9a puel*ana1 d',orbigny4 #f4 ,bucc9anops co*lidium1 d',orbigny4 #g4 ,bucc9anops globulosum1 d',orbigny4 #h4 ,colombella s]tul>i>um1 d',orbigny4 #i4 ,tro*us ,patagonicus1 & v>4 ( ditto1 d',orbigny4 #aj4 ,palude/r9a ,au/ralis1 d',orbigny4 #aa4 ,fissurella ,patagonica1 d',orbigny4 #ab4 ,crepidula muricata1 ,lam4 #ac4 ,v5us purpurata1 ,lam4 #ad4 ,v5us ro/rata1 ,phillippi4 #ae4 ,mytilus ,d>w9ianus1 d',orbigny4 #af4 ,nucula semiornata1 d',orbigny4 #ag4 ,c>dita ,patagonica1 d',orbigny4 #ah4 ,corbula ,patagonica 7871 d',orbigny4 #ai4 ,pect5 te?uel*us1 d',orbigny4 #bj4 ,o/rea puel*ana1 d',orbigny4 #ba4 ,a liv+ species ( ,balanus4 #bb & #bc4 ,an ,a/rae & encru/+ ,flu/ra1 app>5tly id5tical ) species n[ liv+ 9 ! bay4 ,all ^! %ells n[ live on ?is coa/1 & mo/ ( !m 9 ?is same bay4 ,i 0 also /ruck ) ! fact1 t ! proportional numb]s ( ! diff]5t k9ds appe>$ to be ! same ) ^? n[ ca/ up on ! bea*3 9 bo? cases specim5s ( ,voluta1 ,crepidula1 ,v5us1 & ,tro*us are ! mo/ abundant4 ,f\r or five ( ! species are ! same ) ! uprais$ %ells on ! ,pampas ne> ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,all ! specim5s h a v anci5t & blea*$ appe>ance1 & d n emit1 :5 heat$1 an animal od\r3 "s ( !m are *ang$ ?r\gh\t into a :ite1 s(t1 fibr\s sub/ance2 o!rs h ! space betwe5 ! ext]nal walls1 ei!r holl[1 or fill$ up ) cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime4 7,a ,bul9us1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! 8,fossil ,mammalia0 9 ! 8,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! #8,beagle'0 has s mu* fre%] an appe>ance1 ?an ! m>9e species1 t ,i suspect x mu/ h fall5 among/ ! o!rs1 & be5 collect$ by mi/ake47 ,! rema9s ( ! ext9ct mammif]\s animals1 f ! two gravel b$s h be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! 8,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! #8,beagle'30 !y consi/ (1 #a/1 "o ne>ly p]fect head & ?ree fragm5ts ( heads ( ! ,mega!rium ,cuvi]ii2 #bnd1 a l[] jaw ( ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii2 #crd1 l[] jaw ( ,mylodon ,d>w9ii2 #d?1 fragm5ts ( a head ( "s gigantic ,ed5tal quadrup$2 #e?1 an almo/ entire skeleton ( ! great ,scelido!rium leptocephalum1 ) mo/ ( ! bones1 includ+ ! head1 v]tebrae1 ribs1 "s ( ! extremities to ! claw- bone1 & ev51 z rem>k$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 ! knee-cap1 all ne>ly 9 _! prop] relative positions2 #f?1 fragm5ts ( ! jaw & a sep>ate too? ( a ,toxodon1 belong+ ei!r to ,t4 ,plat5sis1 or to a second species lately discov]$ ne> ,bu5os ,ayres2 #g?1 a too? ( ,equus curvid5s2 #h?1 too? ( a ,pa*yd]m1 closely alli$ to ,palaeo!rium1 ( :i* p>ts ( ! head h be5 lately s5t f ,bu5os ,ayres to ! ,briti% ,museum2 9 all probability ?is pa*yd]m is id5tical ) ! ,macrau*5ia ,patagonica f ,port ,s4 ,julian1 h]eaft] to be ref]r$ to4 ,la/ly1 & #i?ly1 9 a cliff ( ! r$ clayey b$ ,b1 !re 0 a d\ble piece1 ab\t ?ree feet long & two wide1 ( ! bony arm\r ( a l>ge ,dasypoid quadrup$1 ) ! two sides press$ ne>ly close toge!r3 z ! cliff is n[ rapidly wa%+ away1 ?is fossil probably 0 lately mu* m p]fect2 f betwe5 its d\bl$-up sides1 ,i extract$ ! middle & ungual phalanges1 unit$ toge!r1 ( "o ( ! feet1 & likewise a sep>ate phalanx3 h5ce "o or m ( ! limbs mu/ h be5 atta*$ to ! d]mal case1 :5 x 0 emb$d$4 ,besides ^! sev]al rema9s 9 a di/+ui%able condition1 !re 7 v _m s+le bones3 ! great] numb] 7 emb$d$ 9 a space #bjj y>ds squ>e4 ,! prepond]ance ( ! ,ed5tal quadrup$s is rem>kable2 z is1 9 contra/ ) ! b$s ( ,monte ,h]moso1 ! abs5ce ( ,rod5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! bones are n[ 9 a s(t & friable condition1 &1 l ! %ells1 d n emit :5 burnt an animal od\r4 ,! decay$ /ate ( ! bones may be p>tly ow+ to _! late exposure to ! air & tidal-waves4 ,b>nacles1 ,s]pulae1 & corall9es are atta*$ to _m ( ! bones1 b ,i neglect$ to obs]ve :e!r ^! might n h gr[n on !m s9ce be+ expos$ to ! pres5t tidal action 7,aft] hav+ pack$ up my specim5s at ,bahia ,blanca1 ?is po9t occurr$ to me1 & ,i not$ x2 b =got x on my return1 until ! rema9s _h be5 clean$ & oil$3 my att5tion has be5 lately call$ to ! subject by "s rem>ks by ,m4 d',orbigny472 b ,i believe t "s ( ! b>nacles mu/ h gr[n on ! ,scelido!rium1 soon aft] be+ deposit$1 & be=e be+ ,,:olly cov]$ up by ! gravel4 ,besides ! rema9s 9 ! condition "h describ$1 ,i f\nd "o s+le fragm5t ( bone v mu* roll$1 & z black z jet1 s z p]fectly to resemble "s ( ! rema9s f ,monte ,h]moso4 ,v _m ( ! bones _h be5 brok51 abrad$1 & roll$1 be=e be+ emb$d$4 ,o!rs1 ev5 "s ( ^? includ$ 9 ! co>se/ p>ts ( ! ! n[ h>d conglom]ate1 /ill reta9 all _! m9ute/ prom95ces p]fectly pres]v$2 s t ,i conclude t !y probably 7 protect$ by sk91 fle%1 or ligam5ts1 :il/ be+ cov]$ up4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,scelido!rium1 x is q c]ta9 t ! :ole skeleton 0 held toge!r by its ligam5ts1 :5 deposit$ 9 ! gravel 9 :i* ,i f\nd x4 ,"s c]vical v]tebrae & a hum]us ( correspond+ size lay s close toge!r1 z did "s ribs & ! bones ( a leg1 t ,i ?\ght t !y mu/ orig9ally h belong$ to two skeletons1 & n h be5 wa%$ 9 s+le2 b z rema9s 7 "h v num]\s1 ,i w n lay mu* /ress on ^! two cases4 ,we h j se5 t ! arm\r ( ! ,dasypoid quadrup$ 0 c]ta9ly emb$d$ toge!r ) "s ( ! bones ( ! feet4 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g has exam9$ = me specim5s ( ! f9] matt] f 9 contact ) ^! mammif]\s rema9s3 he f9ds 9 !m two ,polyga/rica1 decid$ly m>9e =ms2 & six ,phytoli?>ia1 ( :i* "o is probably m>9e1 & ! o!rs ei!r ( fre%-wat] or t]re/rial orig94 78,monatsb]i*t5 d] ,akad4 zu ,b]l90 ,april #ahde4 ,! li/ consi/s (3-- ,,polyga/rica4 ,gallionella sulcata4 ,/auropt]a asp]a8 fragm4 ,,phytoli?>ia4 ,li?a/]iscus tub]culatus4 ,li?o/ylidium ,clepsammidium4 ,li?o/ylidium quadratum4 ,li?o/ylidium rude4 ,li?o/ylidium unid5tatum4 ,spongoli?is acicul>is47 ,only "o ( ^! eight microscopical bodies is common to ! n9e f ,monte ,h]moso3 b five ( !m are 9 common ) ^? f ! ,pampean mud on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana4 ,! pres5ce ( any fre%-wat] infusoria1 consid]+ ! aridity ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 is "h rem>kable3 ! mo/ probable explanation appe>s to be1 t ^! microscopical organisms 7 wa%$ out ( ! adjo9+ great ,pampean =mation dur+ its d5udation1 & aft]w>ds r$eposit$4 ,we w n[ see :at conclusions may be drawn f ! facts above detail$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! gravel-b$s & int]m$iate r$ mud 7 deposit$ )9 ! p]iod1 :5 exi/+ species ( ,mollusca held to ea* o!r ne>ly ! same relative proportions z !y d on ! pres5t coa/4 ,^! b$s1 f ! numb] ( littoral species1 mu/ h be5 accumulat$ 9 %all[ wat]2 b n1 judg+ f ! /ratification ( ! gravel & ! lay]s ( m>l1 on a bea*4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! r$ clay fills up furr[s 9 ! und]ly+ gravel1 & is 9 "s p>ts itself furr[$ by ! ov]ly+ gravel1 :il/ 9 o!r p>ts x ei!r ins5sibly passes into1 or alt]nates )1 ?is upp] gravel1 we may inf] sev]al local *anges 9 ! curr5ts1 p]haps caus$ by slight *anges1 up or d[n1 9 ! level ( ! l&4 ,by ! elevation ( ^! b$s1 to :i* p]iod ! alluvial mantle ) pumice-pebbles1 l& & sea-%ells belongs1 ! pla9 ( ,punta ,alta1 f tw5ty to ?irty feet 9 height1 0 =m$4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood !re are o!r & high] sea-=m$ pla9s & l9es ( cliffs 9 ! ,pampean =mation worn by ! d5ud+ action ( ! waves at diff]5t levels4 ,h5ce we c easily und]/& ! pres5ce ( r\nd$ masses ( tosca-rock 9 ?is l[e/ pla92 & likewise1 z ! cliffs at ,monte ,h]moso ) _! mammif]\s rema9s /& at a high] level1 ! pres5ce ( ! "o mu*-roll$ fragm5t ( bone :i* 0 z black z jet3 possibly "s few ( ! o!r mu*-roll$ bones may h be5 simil>ly d]iv$1 ?\gh ,i saw only ! "o fragm5t1 9 ! same condition ) ^? f ,monte ,h]moso4 ,m4 d',orbigny has sugge/$ t all ^! mammif]\s rema9s may h be5 wa%$ out ( ! ,pampean =mation1 & aft]w>ds r$eposit$ toge!r ) ! rec5t %ells4 78,voyage0 ,"p4 ,geolog4 page #di47 ,und\bt$ly x is a m>vell\s fact t ^! num]\s gigantic quadrup$s1 belong+1 ) ! exception ( ! ,equus curvid5s1 to sev5 ext9ct g5]a1 & "o1 namely1 ! ,toxodon1 n fall+ into any exi/+ family1 %\ld h co-exi/$ ) ,mollusca1 all ( :i* are /ill liv+ species2 b analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld n be ov]look$1 t mo/ ( ! co-emb$d$ %ells h a m anci5t & alt]$ appe>ance ?an ! bones4 ,9 ! second place1 is x probable t num]\s bones n h>d5$ by silex or any o!r m9]al1 c\ld h reta9$ _! delicate prom95ces & surfaces p]fect if !y _h be5 wa%$ out ( "o deposit1 & re-emb$d$ 9 ano!r3--?is lat] deposit be+ =m$ ( l>ge1 h>d pebbles1 arrang$ by ! action ( curr5ts or break]s 9 %all[ wat] into v>i\sly curv$ & incl9$ lay]s8 ,! bones :i* are n[ 9 s p]fect a /ate ( pres]vation1 mu/1 ,i conceive1 h be5 fre% & s\nd :5 emb$d$1 & probably 7 protect$ by sk91 fle%1 or ligam5ts4 ,! skeleton ( ! ,scelido!rium indisputably 0 deposit$ entire3 %all we say t :5 held toge!r by its matrix x 0 wa%$ out ( an old gravel-b$ 7totally unlike 9 "* to ! ,pampean =mation71 & re-emb$d$ 9 ano!r gravel-b$1 compos$ 7,i speak aft] c>eful comp>ison7 ( exactly ! same k9d ( pebbles1 9 ! same k9d ( cem5t8 ,i w lay no /ress on ! two cases ( sev]al ribs & bones ( ! extremities hav+ ,,app>5tly be5 emb$d$ 9 _! prop] relative position3 b w any "o be s bold z to affirm t x is possible1 t a piece ( ! ?9 tessellat$ arm\r ( a ,dasypoid quadrup$1 at lea/ ?ree feet long & two 9 wid?1 & n[ s t5d] t ,i 0 unable ) ! utmo/ c>e to extract a fragm5t m ?an two or ?ree in*es squ>e1 c\ld h be5 wa%$ out ( "o b$1 & re-emb$d$ 9 ano!r1 toge!r ) "s ( ! small bones ( ! feet1 )\t hav+ be5 da%$ into atoms8 ,we mu/ !n :olly reject ,m4 d',orbigny's supposition1 & admit z c]ta91 t ! ,scelido!rium & ! l>ge ,dasypoid quadrup$1 & z highly probable1 t ! ,toxodon1 ,mega!rium1 etc41 "s ( ! bones ( :i* are p]fectly pres]v$1 7 emb$d$ = ! fir/ "t1 & 9 a fre% condition1 9 ! /rata 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd entomb$4 ,^! gigantic quadrup$s1 !re=e1 ?\gh belong+ to ext9ct g5]a & families1 coexi/$ ) ! tw5ty above-enum]at$ ,mollusca1 ! b>nacle & two corals1 /ill liv+ on ?is coa/4 ,f ! roll$ fragm5t ( black bone1 & f ! pla9 ( ,punta ,alta be+ l[] ?an t ( ,monte ,h]moso1 ,i conclude t ! co>se sub-littoral deposits ( ,punta ,alta1 are ( subsequ5t orig9 to ! ,pampean mud ( ,monte ,h]moso2 & ! b$s at ?is latt] place1 z we h se51 are probably ( subsequ5t orig9 to ! high tosca-pla9 r\nd ! ,si]ra ,v5tana3 we %all1 h[ev]1 return1 at ! end ( ?is *apt]1 to ! consid]ation ( ^! sev]al /ages 9 ! great ,pampean =mation4 ,,bu5os ,,ayres ,,to ,,/4 ,,fe ,,bajada1 ,,9 ,,entre ,,rios4 ,= "s di/ance nor?w>d ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! esc>pm5t ( ! ,pampean =mation does n approa* v ne> to ! ,plata1 & x is conceal$ by vegetation3 b 9 sections on ! banks ( ! ,rios ,luxan1 ,areco1 & ,arrecifes1 ,i obs]v$ bo? pale & d>k r$di% ,pampean mud1 ) small1 :iti% concretions ( tosca2 at all ^! places mammif]\s rema9s h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! cliffs on ! ,p>ana1 at ,san ,nicolas1 ! ,pampean mud conta9s b little tosca2 "h ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd ! rema9s ( two rod5ts 7,ct5omys ,bon>i5sis & ,k]odon antiquus7 & ! jaw ( a ,canis3 :5 on ! riv] ,i c\ld cle>ly di/+ui% 9 ?is f9e l9e ( cliffs1 8horizontal l9es ( v>iation bo? 9 t9t & compactness40 7,i quote ^! words f my note-book1 z writt5 d[n on ! spot1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al abs5ce ( /ratification 9 ! ,pampean =mation hav+ be5 insi/$ on by ,m4 d',orbigny z a pro( ( ! diluvial orig9 ( ?is great deposit47 ,! pla9 nor?w>d ( ?is po9t is v level1 b ) "s depressions & lakes2 ,i e/imat$ its height at f =ty to sixty feet above ! ,p>ana4 ,at ! ,a4 ,m$io ! bright r$ ,pampean mud conta9s sc>cely any tosca-rock2 :il/ at a %ort di/ance ! /ream ( ! ,pabon1 =ms a cascade1 ab\t tw5ty feet 9 height1 ov] a cav]n\s mass ( two v>ieties ( tosca-rock2 ( :i* "o is v compact & semi- cry/all9e1 ) seams ( cry/allis$ c>bonate ( lime3 simil> compact v>ieties are met ) on ! ,salidillo & ,seco4 ,! absolute id5tity 7,i speak aft] a comp>ison ( my specim5s7 betwe5 "s ( ^! v>ieties1 & ^? f ,tapalgu51 & f ! ridge s\? ( ,bahia ,blanca1 a di/ance ( #djj miles ( latitude1 is v /rik+4 ,at ,ros>io !re is b little tosca-rock3 ne> ?is place ,i fir/ notic$ at ! edge ( ! riv] traces ( an und]ly+ =mation1 :i*1 tw5ty- five miles high] up 9 ! e/ancia ( ,gorodona1 consi/s ( a pale yell[i% clay1 ab\nd+ ) concretion>y cyl9d]s ( a f]rug9\s s&/one4 ,?is b$1 :i* is probably ! equival5t ( ! old] t]ti>y m>9e /rata1 imm$iately to be describ$ 9 ,entre ,rios1 only j rises above ! level ( ! ,p>ana :5 l[4 ,! re/ ( ! cliff at ,gorodona1 is =m$ ( r$ ,pampean mud1 )1 9 ! l[] "p1 _m concretions ( tosca1 "s /alacti-=m$1 & ) only a few 9 ! upp] "p3 at ! height ( six feet above ! riv]1 two gigantic skeletons ( ! ,ma/odon ,&ium 7 "h emb$d$2 _! bones 7 scatt]$ a few feet ap>t1 b _m ( !m /ill held _! prop] relative positions3 !y 7 mu* decay$ & z s(t z *eese1 s t ev5 "o ( ! great mol> tee? fell into pieces 9 my h&4 ,we "h see t ! ,pampean deposit conta9s mammif]\s rema9s close to its base4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,c>c>ana1 a few miles di/ant1 ! l[e/ b$ visible 0 pale ,pampean mud1 ) masses ( tosca-rock1 9 "o ( :i* ,i f\nd a mu* decay$ too? ( ! ,ma/odon3 above ?is b$1 !re 0 a ?9 lay] almo/ compos$ ( small concretions ( :ite tosca1 out ( :i* ,i extract$ a well pres]v$1 b slightly brok5 too? ( ,toxodon ,plat5sis3 above ?is !re 0 an unusual b$ ( v s(t impure s&/one4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood ,i notic$ _m s+le emb$d$ bones1 & ,i he>d ( o!rs hav+ be5 f\nd 9 s p]fect a /ate t !y 7 long us$ z gate-po/s3 ! ,jesuit ,falkn] f\nd "h ! d]mal arm\r ( "s gigantic ,ed5tal quadrup$4 ,9 "s ( ! r$ mud scrap$ f a too? ( "o ( ! ,ma/odons at ,gorodona1 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g f9ds sev5 ,polyga/rica & ?irte5 ,phytoli?>ia1 all ( !m1 ,i believe1 ) two exceptions1 already kn[n species4 78,monatsb]i*t5 d] konig4 ,akad4 zu ,b]l90 ,april #ahde4 ,! li/ consi/s (3-- ,,polyga/rica4 ,campylodiscus clypeus4 ,cosc9odiscus subtilis4 ,cosc9odiscus al4 sp4 ,eunotia4 ,gallionella granulata4 ,himantidium gracile4 ,p9nul>ia borealis47 ,( ^! tw5ty1 ! prepond]at+ numb] are ( fre%-wat] orig92 only two species ( ,cosc9odiscus & a ,spongoli?is %[ ! direct influ5ce ( ! sea2 !re=e ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g arrives at ! important conclusion t ! deposit mu/ h be5 ( bracki%-wat] orig94 ,( ! ?irte5 ,phytoli?>ia1 n9e are met ) 9 ! two deposits 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 :]e !re is evid5ce f two o!r species ( ,polyga/rica t ! b$s 7 accumulat$ 9 bracki% wat]4 ,! traces ( coral1 sponges1 & ,poly?alamia1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 9 ! tosca-rock 7( :i* ,i mu/ obs]ve ! great] numb] ( specim5s 7 f ! upp] b$s 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! =mation71 app>5tly %[ a m purely m>9e orig94 ,at ,,/4 ,,fe ,,bajada1 9 ,entre ,rios1 ! cliffs1 e/imat$ at betwe5 sixty & sev5ty feet 9 height1 expose an int]e/+ section3 ! l[] half consi/s ( t]ti>y /rata ) m>9e %ells1 & ! upp] half ( ! ,pampean =mation4 ,! l[e/ b$ is an obliquely lam9at$1 blacki%1 indurat$ mud1 ) di/9ct traces ( vegetable rema9s4 7,m4 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,geolog4 page #cg1 has giv5 a detail$ description ( ?is section1 b z he does n m5tion ?is l[e/ b$1 x may h be5 conceal$ :5 he 0 !re by ! riv]4 ,!re is a consid]able discrepancy betwe5 8 description & m9e1 :i* ,i c only acc\nt = by ! b$s !mselves v>y+ consid]ably 9 %ort di/ances47 ,above ?is !re is a ?ick b$ ( yell[i% s&y clay1 ) mu* cry/allis$ gypsum & _m %ells ( ,o/reae1 ,pect5s1 & ,arcae3 above ?is !re g5]ally comes an ar5ace\s cry/all9e lime/one1 b !re is sometimes int]pos$ a b$1 ab\t twelve feet ?ick1 ( d>k gre51 soapy clay1 wea!r+ into small angul> fragm5ts4 ,! lime/one1 :]e pure/1 is :ite1 highly cry/all9e1 & full ( cavities3 x includes small pebbles ( qu>tz1 brok5 %ells1 tee? ( %>ks1 & sometimes1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 l>ge bones3 x (t5 conta9s s mu* s& z to pass into a calc>e\s s&/one1 & 9 su* p>ts ! great ,o/rea ,patagonica *iefly ab\nds4 7,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 has giv5 me a specim5 ( ?is %ell1 :i* he f\nd 9 ! cliffs at ,po9t ,c]rito1 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty miles above ! ,bajada47 ,9 ! upp] "p1 ! lime/one alt]nates ) lay]s ( f9e :ite s&4 ,! %ells includ$ 9 ^! b$s h be5 nam$ = me by ,m4 d',orbigny3 !y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,o/rea ,patagonica1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,pal4 #b4 ,o/rea ,alv>ezii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,pal4 #c4 ,pect5 ,p>an5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,pal4 #d4 ,pect5 ,d>w9ianus1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,pal4 #e4 ,v5us ,mun/]ii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #f4 ,arca ,bonpl&iana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #g4 ,c>dium ,plat5se1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #h4 ,tell9a1 probably nov4 species1 b too imp]fect = description4 ,,phytoli?>ia4 ,li?a/]iscus tub]culatus4 ,li?odontium bursa4 ,li?odontium furcatum4 ,li?odontium ro/ratum4 ,li?o/ylidium ,amphiodon4 ,li?o/ylidium ,clepsammidium4 ,li?o/ylidium ,hamus4 ,li?o/ylidium poly$rum4 ,li?o/ylidium quadratum4 ,li?o/ylidium rude4 ,li?o/ylidium ,s]ra4 ,li?o/ylidium unid5tatum4 ,spongoli?is ,fu/is4 ,^! species are all ext9ct3 ! six fir/ 7 f\nd by ,m4 d',orbigny & myself 9 ! =mations ( ! ,rio ,negro1 ,s4 ,josef1 & o!r p>ts ( ,patagonia2 & !re=e1 z fir/ obs]v$ by ,m4 d',orbigny1 ^! b$s c]ta9ly belong to ! great ,patagonian =mation1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! ensu+ *apt]1 & :i* we %all see mu/ be consid]$ z a v anci5t t]ti>y "o4 ,nor? ( ! ,bajada1 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd1 9 b$s :i* he consid]s z ly+ b5ea? ! /rata "h describ$1 rema9s ( a ,toxodon1 :i* he has nam$ z a di/9ct species f ! ,t4 ,plat5sis ( ! ,pampean =mation4 ,mu* silicifi$ wood is f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana 7& likewise on ! ,uruguay71 & ,i 0 in=m$ t !y come out ( ^! l[] b$s2 f\r specim5s collect$ by myself are dicotyl$on\s4 ,! upp] half ( ! cliff1 to a ?ickness ( ab\t ?irty feet1 consi/s ( ,pampean mud1 ( :i* ! l[] "p is pale-col\r$1 & ! upp] "p ( a bright] r$1 ) "s irregul> lay]s ( an ar5ace\s v>iety ( tosca1 & a few small concretions ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,close above ! m>9e lime/one1 !re is a ?9 /ratum ) a concretion>y outl9e ( :ite h>d tosca-rock or m>l1 :i* may be consid]$ ei!r z ! upp]mo/ b$ ( ! inf]ior deposits1 or ! l[e/ ( ! ,pampean =mation2 at "o "t ,i consid]$ ?is b$ z m>k+ a passage betwe5 ! two =mations3 b ,i h s9ce become conv9c$ t ,i 0 deceiv$ on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! section on ! ,p>ana1 ,i did n f9d any mammif]\s rema9s2 b at two miles di/ance on ! ,a4 ,tapas 7a tribut>y ( ! ,con*itas71 !y 7 extremely num]\s 9 a l[ cliff ( r$ ,pampean mud ) small concretions1 precisely l ! upp] b$ on ! ,p>ana4 ,mo/ ( ! bones 7 solit>y & mu* decay$2 b ,i saw ! d]mal arm\r ( a gigantic ,ed5tal quadrup$1 =m+ a caldron-l holl[1 f\r or five feet 9 diamet]1 out ( :i*1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 ! almo/ entire skeleton _h be5 lately remov$4 ,i f\nd s+le tee? ( ! ,ma/odon ,&ium1 ,toxodon ,plat5sis1 & ,equus curvid5s1 ne> to ea* o!r4 ,z ?is latt] too? approa*es closely to t ( ! common horse1 ,i paid p>ticul> att5tion to its true emb$m5t1 = ,i did n at t "t "k t !re 0 a simil> too? hidd5 9 ! matrix ) ! o!r mammif]\s rema9s f ,punta ,alta4 ,x is an int]e/+ circum/ance1 t ,pr(essor ,ow5 f9ds t ! tee? ( ?is horse approa* m closely 9 _! peculi> curvature to a fossil specim5 br\ght by ,mr4 ,lyell f ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?an to ^? ( any o!r species ( ,equus4 7,lyell 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica0 volume #a page #afd & 8,proce$+s ( ,geological ,society0 volume #d page #ci47 ,! und]ly+ m>9e t]ti>y /rata ext5d ov] a wide area3 ,i 0 assur$ t !y c be trac$ 9 rav9es 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e across ,entre ,rios to ! ,uruguay1 a di/ance ( ab\t #ace miles4 ,9 a ,s4,e4 direction ,i he>d ( _! exi/5ce at ! head ( ! ,r4 ,nankay2 & at ,p4 ,gorda 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal1 a di/ance ( #agj miles1 ,i f\nd ! same lime/one1 conta9+ ! same fossil %ells1 ly+ at ab\t ! same level above ! riv] z at ,/4 ,fe4 ,9 a s\!rly direction1 ^! b$s s9k 9 height1 = at ano!r ,p4 ,gorda 9 ,entre ,rios1 ! lime/one is se5 at a mu* less height2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! yell[i% s&y clay1 on a level ) ! riv]1 betwe5 ! ,c>c>ana & ,s4 ,ni*olas1 belongs to ?is same =mation2 z p]haps d ! b$s ( s& at ,bu5os ,ayres1 :i* lie at ! bottom ( ! ,pampean =mation1 ab\t sixty feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! ,plata4 ,! s\!rly decl9ation ( ^! b$s may p]haps be due1 n to unequal elevation1 b to ! orig9al =m ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 slop+ f l& situat$ to ! nor?2 = t l& exi/$ at no great di/ance1 we h evid5ce 9 ! vegetable rema9s 9 ! l[e/ b$ at ,/4 ,fe2 & 9 ! silicifi$ wood & 9 ! bones ( ,toxodon ,p>an5sis1 f\nd 7accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny7 9 /ill l[] /rata4 ,,b&a ,,ori5tal4 ,?is prov9ce lies on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,plata1 & ea/w>d ( ! ,uruguay3 x has a g5tle undulatory surface1 ) a basis ( prim>y rocks2 & is 9 mo/ p>ts cov]$ up ) an un/ratifi$ mass1 ( no great ?ickness1 ( r$di% ,pampean mud4 ,9 ! ea/]n half1 ne> ,maldonado1 ?is deposit is m ar5ace\s ?an 9 ! ,pampas1 x conta9s _m ?\gh small concretions ( m>l or tosca-rock1 & o!rs ( highly f]rug9\s s&/one2 9 "o section1 only a few y>ds 9 dep?1 x re/$ on /ratifi$ s&4 ,ne> ,monte ,video ?is deposit 9 "s spots appe>s to be ( great] ?ickness2 & ! rema9s ( ! ,glyptodon & o!r ext9ct mammif]s h be5 f\nd 9 x4 ,9 ! long l9e ( cliffs1 betwe5 fifty & sixty feet 9 height1 call$ ! ,b>rancas de ,s4 ,gregorio1 :i* ext5d we/w>d ( ! ,rio ,s4 ,lucia1 ! l[] half is =m$ ( co>se s& ( qu>tz & feldsp> )\t mica1 l t n[ ca/ up on ! bea* ne> ,maldonado2 & ! upp] half ( ,pampean mud1 v>y+ 9 col\r & conta9+ honeycomb$ ve9s ( s(t calc>e\s matt] & small concretions ( tosca-rock arrang$ 9 l9es1 & likewise a few pebbles ( qu>tz4 ,?is deposit fills up holl[s & furr[s 9 ! und]ly+ s&2 appe>+ z if wat] *>g$ ) mud _h invad$ a s&y bea*4 ,^! cliffs ext5d f> we/w>d1 & at a di/ance ( sixty miles1 ne> ,colonia del ,sacrami5to1 ,i f\nd ! ,pampean deposit re/+ 9 "s places on ?is s&1 & 9 o!rs on ! prim>y rocks3 betwe5 ! s& & ! r$di% mud1 !re appe>$ to be int]pos$1 b ! section 0 n a v good "o1 a ?9 b$ ( %ells ( an exi/+ ,mytilus1 /ill p>tially reta9+ _! col\r4 ,! ,pampean =mation 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal might readily be mi/ak5 = an alluvial deposit3 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,pampas1 x is (t5 m s&y1 & conta9s small fragm5ts ( qu>tz2 ! concretions are mu* small]1 & !re are no ext5sive masses ( tosca-rock4 ,9 ! extreme we/]n p>ts ( ?is prov9ce1 betwe5 ! ,uruguay & a l9e drawn f ,colonia to ! ,r4 ,p]dido 7a tribut>y ( ! ,r4 ,negro71 ! =mations are f> m complicat$4 ,besides prim>y rocks1 we meet ) ext5sive tracts & _m flat-topp$1 horizontally /ratifi$1 cliff- b\nd$1 isolat$ hills ( t]ti>y /rata1 v>y+ extraord9>ily 9 m9]alogical nature1 "s id5tical ) ! old m>9e b$s ( ,/4 ,fe ,bajada1 & "s ) ^? ( ! mu* m rec5t ,pampean =mation4 ,!re are1 also1 ext5sive ,,l[ tracts ( c\ntry cov]$ ) a deposit conta9+ mammif]\s rema9s1 precisely l t j describ$ 9 ! m ea/]n p>ts ( ! prov9ce4 ,al?\gh f ! smoo? & unbrok5 /ate ( ! c\ntry1 ,i nev] obta9$ a section ( ?is latt] deposit close to ! foot ( ! high] t]ti>y hills1 yet ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt t x is ( q subsequ5t orig92 hav+ be5 deposit$ aft] ! sea _h worn ! t]ti>y /rata into ! cliff-b\nd$ hills4 ,?is lat] =mation1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! equival5t ( t ( ! ,pampas1 is well se5 9 ! valleys 9 ! e/ancia ( ,b]quelo1 ne> ,m]c$es2 x "h consi/s ( r$di% e>?1 full ( r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 & ) "s small concretions ( tosca-rock arrang$ 9 horizontal l9es1 s z p]fectly to resemble1 except 9 conta9+ a little calc>e\s matt]1 ! =mation 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 9 ,entre ,rios1 & at o!r places3 9 ?is e/ancia ! skeleton ( a great ,ed5tal quadrup$ 0 f\nd4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,s>&is1 at ! di/ance ( only a few miles1 ?is deposit has a some:at diff]5t "*1 be+ :it]1 s(t]1 f9]-gra9$1 & full ( little cavities1 & consequ5tly ( little specific gravity2 nor does x conta9 any concretions or calc>e\s matt]3 ,i "h procur$ a head1 :i* :5 fir/ discov]$ mu/ h be5 q p]fect1 ( ! ,toxodon ,plat5sis1 ano!r ( a ,mylodon 7,?is head 0 at fir/ consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 79 ! 8,zoology ( ! #8,beagle's' ,voyage07 z belong+ to a di/9ct g5us1 namely1 ,glosso!rium471 p]haps ,m4 ,d>w9ii1 & a l>ge piece ( d]mal arm\r1 diff]+ f t ( ! ,glyptodon clavipes4 ,^! bones are rem>kable f _! extraord9>ily fre% appe>ance2 :5 held ov] a lamp ( spirits ( w9e1 !y give out a /rong od\r & burn ) a small flame2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,reeks has be5 s k9d z to analyse "s ( ! fragm5ts1 & he f9ds t !y conta9 ab\t #g p] c5t ( animal matt]1 & #h p] c5t ( wat]4 7,liebig 8,*emi/ry ( ,agriculture0 page #aid /ates t fre% dry bones conta9 f #cb to #cc p] c5t ( dry gelat9e4 ,see also ,dr4 ,daub5y1 9 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #cg page #bic47 ,! old] t]ti>y /rata1 =m+ ! high] isolat$ hills & ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry1 v>y1 z ,i h said1 extraord9>ily 9 composition3 )9 ! di/ance ( a few miles1 ,i sometimes pass$ ov] cry/all9e lime/one ) agate1 calc>e\s tuffs1 & m>ly rocks1 all pass+ into ea* o!r1--r$ & pale mud ) concretions ( tosca-rock1 q l ! ,pampean =mation1--calc>e\s conglom]ates & s&/ones1--bright r$ s&/ones pass+ ei!r into r$ conglom]ate1 or into :ite s&/one1--h>d silice\s s&/ones1 jasp]y & *alc$onic rocks1 & num]\s o!r subord9ate v>ieties4 ,i 0 unable to m>k out ! relations ( all ^! /rata1 & w describe only a few di/9ct sections3--9 ! cliffs betwe5 ,p4 ,gorda on ! ,uruguay & ! ,a4 de ,vivoras1 ! upp] b$ is cry/all9e cellul> lime/one (t5 pass+ into calc>e\s s&/one1 ) impressions ( "s ( ! same %ells z at ,/4 ,fe ,bajada2 at ,p4 ,gorda1 ?is lime/one is int]/ratifi$ ) & re/s on1 :ite s&1 :i* cov]s a b$ ab\t ?irty feet ?ick ( pale-col\r$ clay1 ) _m %ells ( ! great ,o/rea ,patagonica 7,9 my 8,j\rnal0 page #aga #a/ edition1 ,i h ha/ily & inaccurately /at$ t ! ,pampean mud1 :i* is f\nd ov] ! ea/]n "p ( ,b4 ,ori5tal1 lies ,,ov] ! lime/one at ,p4 ,gorda2 ,i %\ld h said t !re 0 reason to inf] t x 0 a subsequ5t or sup]ior deposit473 b5ea? ?is1 9 ! v]tical cliff1 ne>ly on a level ) ! riv]1 !re is a b$ ( r$ mud absolutely l ! ,pampean deposit1 ) num]\s (t5 l>ge concretions ( p]fectly *>act]is$ :ite1 compact tosca-rock4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,vivoras1 ! riv] fl[s ov] a pale cav]n\s tosca-rock1 q l t 9 ! ,pampas1 & ?is ,,appe>$ to und]lie ! cry/all9e lime/one2 b ! section 0 n unequivocal l t at ,p4 ,gorda4 ,^! b$s n[ =m only a n>r[ & mu* d5ud$ /rip ( l&2 b !y mu/ once h ext5d$ mu* fur!r2 = on ! next /ream1 s\? ( ! ,s4 ,juan1 ,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 f\nd a little cliff1 only j above ! surface ( ! riv]1 ) num]\s %ells ( ! ,v5us ,mun/]ii1 ,d',orbigny1--"o ( ! species occurr+ at ,/4 ,fe1 & ( :i* !re are ca/s at ,p4 ,gorda3 ! l9e ( cliffs ( ! subsequ5tly deposit$ true ,pampean mud1 ext5d f ,colonia to )9 half a mile ( ?is spot1 & no d\bt once cov]$ up ?is d5ud$ m>9e /ratum4 ,aga9 at ,colonia1 a ,fr5*man f\nd1 9 digg+ ! f\ndations ( a h\se1 a great mass ( ! ,o/rea ,patagonica 7( :i* ,i saw _m fragm5ts71 pack$ toge!r j b5ea? ! surface1 & directly sup]impos$ on ! gneiss4 ,^! sections are important3 ,m4 d',orbigny is unwill+ to believe t b$s ( ! same nature ) ! ,pampean =mation ev] und]lie ! anci5t m>9e t]ti>y /rata2 & ,i 0 z mu* surpris$ at x z he c\ld h be52 b ! v]tical cliff at ,p4 ,gorda all[$ ( no mi/ake1 & ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to affirm1 t aft] hav+ exam9$ ! c\ntry f ! ,colorado to ,/4 ,fe ,bajada1 ,i c\ld n be deceiv$ 9 ! m9]alogical "* ( ! ,pampean deposit4 ,moreov]1 9 a precipit\s "p ( ! rav9e ( ,las ,bocas1 a r$ s&/one is di/9ctly se5 to ov]lie a ?ick b$ ( pale mud1 also q l ! ,pampean =mation1 ab\nd+ ) concretions ( true tosca-rock4 ,?is s&/one ext5ds ov] _m miles ( c\ntry3 x is z r$ z ! brighte/ volcanic scoriae2 x sometimes passes into a co>se r$ conglom]ate compos$ ( ! und]ly+ prim>y rocks2 & (t5 passes into a s(t :ite s&/one ) r$ /reaks4 ,at ! ,cal]a de los ,hu]fanos1 only a qu>t] ( a mile s\? ( :]e ,i fir/ met ) ! r$ s&/one1 ! cry/all9e :ite lime/one is qu>ri$3 z ?is b$ is ! upp]mo/1 & z x (t5 passes into calc>e\s s&/one1 int]/ratifi$ ) pure s&2 & z ! r$ s&/one likewise passes into s(t :ite s&/one1 & is also ! upp]mo/ b$1 ,i believe t ^! two b$s1 ?\gh s diff]5t1 are equival5ts4 ,a few leagues s\?w>d ( ^! two places1 on ea* side ( ! l[ prim>y range ( ,s4 ,juan1 !re are "s flat-topp$1 cliff-b\nd$1 sep>ate little hills1 v simil> to ^? fr++ ! prim>y ranges 9 ! great pla9 s\? ( ,bu5os ,ayres3 !y are compos$--#a/1 ( calc>e\s tuff ) _m p>ticles ( qu>tz1 sometimes pass+ into a co>se conglom]ate2 #bnd1 ( a /one undi/+ui%able on ! close/ inspection f ! compact] v>ieties ( tosca-rock2 & #crd1 ( semi-cry/all9e lime/one1 includ+ nodules ( agate3 ^! ?ree v>ieties pass ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & z !y =m ! upp]mo/ /ratum 9 ?is di/rict1 ,i believe t !y1 also1 are ! equival5ts ( ! pure cry/all9e lime/one1 & ( ! r$ & :ite s&/ones & conglom]ates4 ,betwe5 ^! po9ts & ,m]c$es on ! ,rio ,negro1 !re are sc>cely any good sections1 ! road pass+ ov] lime/one1 tosca-rock1 calc>e\s & bright r$ s&/ones1 & ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,san ,salvador ov] a wide ext5t ( jasp]y rocks1 ) mu* milky agate1 l t 9 ! lime/one ne> ,san ,juan4 ,9 ! e/ancia ( ,b]quelo1 ! sep>ate1 flat-topp$1 cliff-b\nd$ hills are r high] ?an 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 !y range 9 a ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 direction2 _! upp]mo/ b$s consi/ ( ! same bright r$ s&/one1 pass+ sometimes into a conglom]ate1 & 9 ! l[] "p into s(t :ite s&/one1 & ev5 into loose s&3 b5ea? ?is s&/one1 ,i saw 9 two places lay]s ( calc>e\s & m>ly rocks1 & 9 "o place r$ ,pampean-l e>?2 at ! base ( ^! sections1 !re 0 a h>d1 /ratifi$1 :ite s&/one1 ) *alc$onic lay]s4 ,ne> ,m]c$es1 b$s ( ! same nature & app>5tly ( ! same age1 are associat$ ) compact1 :ite1 cry/all9e lime/one1 includ+ mu* botryoidal agate1 & s+ul> masses1 l porcela91 b really compos$ ( a calc>eo-silice\s pa/e4 ,9 s9k+ wells 9 ?is di/rict ! *alc$onic /rata seem to be ! l[e/4 ,b$s1 su* z !re describ$1 occur ov] ! :ole ( ?is neighb\rhood2 b tw5ty miles fur!r up ! ,r4 ,negro1 9 ! cliffs ( ,p]ika1 :i* are ab\t fifty feet 9 height1 ! upp] b$ is a prettily v>iegat$ *alc$ony1 m+l$ ) a pure :ite tall[y lime/one2 b5ea? ?is !re is a conglom]ate ( qu>tz & granite2 b5ea? ?is _m s&/ones1 "s highly calc>e\s2 & ! :ole l[] two-?irds ( ! cliff consi/s ( e>?y calc>e\s b$s ( v>i\s degrees ( purity1 ) "o lay] ( r$di% ,pampean-l mud4 ,:5 exam9+ ! agates1 ! *alc$onic & jasp]y rocks1 "s ( ! lime/ones1 & ev5 ! bright r$ s&/ones1 ,i 0 =cibly /ruck ) _! resemblance to deposits =m$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( volcanic action4 ,i n[ f9d t ,m4 ,isabelle1 9 8 8,voyage a ,bu5os ,ayres10 has describ$ closely simil> b$s on ,itaquy & ,ibicuy 7:i* ent] ! ,uruguay "s way nor? ( ! ,r4 ,negro7 & ^! b$s include fragm5ts ( r$ decompos$ true scoriae h>d5$ by zeolite1 & ( black ret9ite3 we h !n "h good evid5ce ( volcanic action dur+ our t]ti>y p]iod4 ,/ill fur!r nor?1 ne> ,s4 ,anna1 :]e ! ,p>ana makes a rem>kable b5d1 ,m4 ,bonpl& f\nd "s s+ul> amygdaloidal rocks1 :i* p]haps may belong to ?is same epo*4 7,m4 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,geolog4 page #bi7 ,i may rem>k t1 judg+ f ! size & well-r\nd$ condition ( ! blocks ( rock 9 ! above-describ$ conglom]ates1 masses ( prim>y =mation probably exi/$ at ?is t]ti>y p]iod above wat]3 !re is1 also1 accord+ to ,m4 ,isabelle1 mu* conglom]ate fur!r nor?1 at ,salto4 ,f :atev] s\rce & ?r\gh :atev] means ! great ,pampean =mation orig9at$1 we "h h1 ,i mu/ repeat1 unequivocal evid5ce ( a simil> action at a p]iod be=e t ( ! deposition ( ! m>9e t]ti>y /rata ) ext9ct %ells1 at ,santa ,fe & ,p4 ,gorda4 ,dur+ also ! deposition ( ^! /rata1 we h 9 ! int]calat$ lay]s ( r$ ,pampean-l mud & tosca-rock1 & 9 ! passage ne> ,s4 ,juan ( ! semi-cry/all9e lime/ones ) agate into tosca undi/+ui%able f t ( ! ,pampas1 evid5ce ( ! same action1 ?\gh cont9u$ only at int]vals & 9 a feeble mann]4 ,we h fur!r se5 t 9 ?is di/rict1 at a p]iod n only subsequ5t to ! deposition ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 b to _! upheavem5t & mo/ ext5sive d5udation1 true ,pampean mud ) its usual *>act]s & includ+ mammif]\s rema9s1 0 deposit$ r\nd & betwe5 ! hills or islets =m$ ( ^! t]ti>y /rata1 & ov] ! :ole ea/]n & l[ prim>y di/ricts ( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,,e>?y ,,mass1 ,,) ,,ext9ct ,,mammif]\s ,,rema9s1 ,,ov] ,,! ,,porphyritic ,,gravel ,,at ,s4 ,,julian1 ,,latitude #di ,,degrees #ad ,s41 ,,9 ,,patagonia4 7,,figure #af4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,l[e/ ,,pla9 ,,at ,,port ,s4 ,,julian4 7,section ?r\gh b$s f top to bottom3 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f47 ,,aa4 ,sup]ficial b$ ( r$di% e>?1 ) ! rema9s ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 & ) rec5t sea-%ells on ! surface4 ,b4 ,gravel ( porphyritic rocks4 ,c4 & ,d4 ,pumice\s mud/one4--,anci5t t]ti>y =mation4 ,e4 & ,f4 ,s&/one & argillace\s b$s4--,anci5t t]ti>y =mation47 ,?is case1 ?\gh n com+ /rictly "u ! ,pampean =mation1 may be conv5i5tly giv5 "h4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! h>b\r1 !re is a ne>ly level pla9 7m5tion$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]7 ab\t sev5 miles long1 & ?ree or f\r miles wide1 e/imat$ at n9ety feet 9 height1 & bord]$ by p]p5dicul> cliffs1 ( :i* a section is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #af4 ,! l[] old t]ti>y /rata 7to be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]7 are cov]$ by ! usual gravel b$2 & ?is by an irregul> e>?y1 sometimes s&y mass1 seldom m ?an two or ?ree feet 9 ?ickness1 except :]e x fills up furr[s or gullies worn n only ?r\gh ! und]ly+ gravel1 b ev5 ?r\gh ! upp] t]ti>y b$s4 ,?is e>?y mass is ( a pale r$di% col\r1 l ! less pure v>ieties ( ,pampean mud 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal2 x includes small calc>e\s concretions1 l ^? ( tosca- rock b m ar5ace\s1 & o!r concretions ( a gre5i%1 indurat$ argillace\s sub/ance3 a few pebbles1 also1 f ! und]ly+ gravel-b$ are also includ$ 9 x1 & ^! be+ occasionally arrang$ 9 horizontal l9es1 %[ t ! mass is ( sub-aque\s orig94 ,on ! surface & emb$d$ 9 ! sup]ficial p>ts1 !re are num]\s %ells1 p>tially reta9+ _! col\rs1 ( ?ree or f\r ( ! n[ commone/ littoral species4 ,ne> ! bottom ( "o deep furr[ 7repres5t$ 9 ,figure #af71 fill$ up ) ?is e>?y deposit1 ,i f\nd a l>ge "p ( ! skeleton ( ! ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica--a gigantic & mo/ extraord9>y pa*yd]m1 alli$1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ow51 to ! ,palaeo!rium1 b ) aff9ities to ! ,rum9ants1 especially to ! ,am]ican division ( ! ,camelidae4 ,sev]al ( ! v]tebrae 9 a *a91 & ne>ly all ! bones ( "o ( ! limbs1 ev5 to ! smalle/ bones ( ! foot1 7 emb$d$ 9 _! prop] relative positions3 h5ce ! skeleton 0 c]ta9ly unit$ by its fle% or ligam5ts1 :5 envelop$ 9 ! mud4 ,?is e>?y mass1 ) its concretions & mammif]\s rema9s1 fill+ up furr[s 9 ! und]ly+ gravel1 c]ta9ly pres5ts a v /rik+ resemblance to "s ( ! sections 7= in/ance1 at ,p4 ,alta 9 ,b4 ,blanca1 or at ! ,b>rancas de ,s4 ,gregorio7 9 ! ,pampean =mation2 b ,i mu/ believe t ?is resemblance is only accid5tal4 ,i suspect t ! mud :i* at ! pres5t day is accumulat+ 9 deep & n>r[ gullies at ! head ( ! h>b\r1 w\ld1 aft] elevation1 pres5t a v simil> appe>ance4 ,! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ! true ,pampean =mation1 namely1 on ! ,colorado1 lies #efj miles ( latitude nor? ( ?is po9t4 7,9 ! succe$+ *apt] ,i %all h to ref] to a great deposit ( ext9ct mammif]\s rema9s1 lately discov]$ by ,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 at a po9t /ill fur!r s\?1 namely1 at ! ,r4 ,gallegos2 _! age mu/ at pres5t rema9 d\btful47 ,) respect to ! age ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 ! %ells on ! surface prove t ! mass 9 :i* ! skeleton 0 envelop$ has be5 elevat$ above ! sea )9 ! rec5t p]iod3 ,i did n see any ( ! %ells emb$d$ at a suffici5t dep? to assure me 7?\gh x be highly probable7 t ! :ole ?ickness ( ! mass 0 contemporane\s ) ^! ,,individual ,,specim5s4 ,t ! ,macrau*5ia liv$ subsequ5tly to ! spread+ out ( ! gravel on ?is pla9 is c]ta92 & t ?is gravel1 at ! height ( n9ety feet1 0 spread out long aft] ! exi/5ce ( rec5t %ells1 is sc>cely less c]ta94 ,=1 x 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]1 t ?is l9e ( coa/ has be5 upheav$ ) rem>kable equability1 & t ov] a va/ space bo? nor? & s\? ( ,s4 ,julian1 rec5t species ( %ells are /rew$ on 7or emb$d$ 97 ! surface ( ! #bej feet pla91 & ( ! #cej feet pla9 up to a height ( #djj feet4 ,^! wide /ep-=m$ pla9s h be5 =m$ by ! d5ud+ action ( ! coa/-waves on ! old t]ti>y /rata2 & !re=e1 :5 ! surface ( ! #cej feet pla91 ) ! %ells on x1 fir/ rose above ! level ( ! sea1 ! #bej feet pla9 did n exi/1 & its =mation1 z well z ! spread+ out ( ! gravel on its summit1 mu/ h tak5 place subsequ5tly4 ,s also ! d5udation & ! gravel-cov]+ ( ! #ij feet pla9 mu/ h tak5 place subsequ5tly to ! elevation ( ! #bej feet pla91 on :i* rec5t %ells are also /rew$4 ,h5ce !re _c be any d\bt t ! ,macrau*5ia1 :i* c]ta9ly 0 entomb$ 9 a fre% /ate1 & :i* mu/ h be5 alive aft] ! spread+ out ( ! gravel on ! #ij feet pla91 exi/$1 n only subsequ5tly to ! uprais$ %ells on ! surface ( ! #bej feet pla91 b also to ^? on ! #cej to #djj feet pla93 ^! %ells1 eight 9 numb] 7namely1 ?ree species ( ,mytilus1 two ( ,patella1 "o ,fusus1 ,voluta1 & ,balanus71 are und\bt$ly rec5t species1 & are ! commone/ k9ds n[ liv+ on ?is coa/4 ,at ,punta ,alta 9 ,b4 ,blanca1 ,i rem>k$ h[ m>vell\s x 01 t ! ,toxodon1 a mammif] s unlike to all kn[n g5]a1 %\ld h co-exi/$ ) tw5ty- ?ree /ill liv+ m>9e animals2 & n[ we f9d t ! ,macrau*5ia1 a quadrup$ only a little less anomal\s ?an ! ,toxodon1 also co-exi/$ ) eight o!r /ill exi/+ ,mollusca3 x %\ld1 moreov]1 be borne 9 m9d1 t a too? ( a pa*yd]mat\s animal 0 f\nd ) ! o!r rema9s at ,punta ,alta1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 ?9ks almo/ c]ta9ly belong$ to ! ,macrau*5ia4 ,mr4 ,lyell has arriv$ at a highly important conclusion ) respect to ! age ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ext9ct mammif]s 7_m ( :i* are closely alli$ to1 & ev5 id5tical )1 ^? ( ! ,pampean =mation71 namely1 t !y liv$ subsequ5tly to ! p]iod :5 erratic b\ld]s 7 transport$ by ! ag5cy ( float+ ice 9 temp]ate latitudes4 78,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #d page #cf47 ,n[ 9 ! valley ( ! ,santa ,cruz1 only fifty miles ( latitude s\? ( ! spot :]e ! ,macrau*5ia 0 entomb$1 va/ numb]s ( gigantic1 angul> b\ld]s1 :i* mu/ h be5 transport$ f ! ,cordill]a on iceb]gs1 lie /rew$ on ! pla91 at ! height ( #a1djj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 asc5d+ to ?is level1 sev]al /ep-=m$ pla9s mu/ be cross$1 all ( :i* h necess>ily requir$ long "t = _! =mation2 h5ce ! l[e/ or n9ety feet pla91 ) its sup]ficial b$ conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 mu/ h be5 =m$ v long subsequ5tly to ! p]iod :5 ! #a1djj feet pla9 0 b5ea? ! sea1 & b\ld]s 7 dropp$ on x f float+ masses ( ice4 7,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ^! rem>ks1 t ! ice-action ceas$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica at ?is comp>atively anci5t p]iod2 = 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego b\ld]s 7 probably transport$ contemporane\sly )1 if n subsequ5tly to1 ! =mation ( ! n9ety feet pla9 at ,s4 ,julian1 & at o!r p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,patagonia47 ,mr4 ,lyell's conclusion1 !re=e1 is ?us f> confirm$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 & x is ! m important1 z "o is naturally tempt$ to admit s simple an explanation1 t x 0 ! ice-p]iod t caus$ ! ext9ction ( ! num]\s great mammif]s :i* s lately sw>m$ ov] ! two ,am]icas4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,pampean ,,=mation4 ,"o ( its mo/ /rik+ features is its great ext5t2 ,i pass$ cont9u\sly ov] x f ! ,colorado to ,/4 ,fe ,bajada1 a di/ance ( #ejj geographical miles2 & ,m4 d',orbigny trac$ x = #bej miles fur!r nor?4 ,9 ! latitude ( ! ,plata1 ,i exam9$ ?is =mation at int]vals ov] an ea/ & we/ l9e ( #cjj miles f ,maldonado to ! ,r4 ,c>c>ana2 & ,m4 d',orbigny believes x ext5ds #ajj miles fur!r inl&3 f ,mr4 ,caldcleugh's travels1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t x _h ext5d$1 s\? ( ! ,cordovese range1 to ne> ,m5doza1 & ,i may add t ,i he>d ( great bones hav+ be5 f\nd high up ! ,r4 ,qu9to4 ,h5ce ! area ( ! ,pampean =mation1 z rem>k$ by ,m4 d',orbigny1 is probably at lea/ equal to t ( ,france1 & p]haps twice or ?rice z great4 ,9 a bas91 surr\nd$ by gravel-cliff 7at a height ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& feet71 s\? ( ,m5doza1 !re is1 z describ$ 9 ! ,?ird ,*apt]1 a deposit v l ! ,pampean1 int]/ratifi$ ) o!r matt]2 & aga9 at ,s4 ,julian's1 9 ,patagonia1 #efj miles s\? ( ! ,colorado1 a small irregul> b$ ( a ne>ly simil> nature conta9s1 z we h j se51 mammif]\s rema9s4 ,9 ! prov9ces ( ,moxos & ,*iquitos 7#a1jjj miles nor?w>d ( ! ,pampas71 & 9 ,bolivia1 at a height ( #d1jjj metres1 ,m4 d',orbigny has describ$ simil> deposits1 :i* he believes to h be5 =m$ by ! same ag5cy contemporane\sly ) ! ,pampean =mation4 ,consid]+ ! imm5se di/ances betwe5 ^! sev]al po9ts1 & _! diff]5t heights1 x appe>s to me inf9itely m probable1 t ?is simil>ity has result$ n f contemporane\sness ( orig91 b f ! simil>ity ( ! rocky framework ( ! cont95t3 x is kn[n t 9 ,brazil an imm5se area consi/s ( gneissic rocks1 & we %all h]eaft] see1 ov] h[ great a l5g? ! plutonic rocks ( ! ,cordill]a1 ! ov]ly+ purple porphyries1 & ! tra*ytic ejections1 are almo/ id5tical 9 nature4 ,?ree !ories on ! orig9 ( ! ,pampean =mation h be5 prop\nd$3--,fir/1 t ( a great debacle by ,m4 d',orbigny2 ?is seems f\nd$ *iefly on ! abs5ce ( /ratification1 & on ! numb] ( emb$d$ rema9s ( t]re/rial quadrup$s4 ,al?\gh ! ,pampean =mation 7l s _m argillace\s deposits7 is n divid$ into di/9ct & sep>ate /rata1 yet we h se5 t 9 "o good section x 0 /rip$ ) horizontal zones ( col\r1 & t 9 sev]al specifi$ places ! upp] & l[] p>ts diff]$1 n only consid]ably 9 col\r1 b greatly 9 con/itution4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,pampas ! upp] mass 7to a c]ta9 ext5t /ratifi$7 g5]ally consi/s ( h>d tosca-rock1 & ! l[] "p ( r$ ,pampean mud1 (t5 itself divid$ into two or m masses1 v>y+ 9 col\r & 9 ! quantity ( includ$ calc>e\s matt]4 ,9 ,we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal1 b$s ( a simil> nature1 b ( a great] age1 con=mably und]lie & are int]calat$ ) ! regul>ly /ratifi$ t]ti>y =mation4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! m>ly concretions are arrang$ 9 horizontal l9es1 sometimes unit$ into irregul> /rata3 surely1 if ! mud _h be5 tumultu\sly deposit$ 9 mass1 ! includ$ calc>e\s matt] w\ld h segregat$ itself irregul>ly1 & n into nodules arrang$ 9 horizontal l9es1 "o above ! o!r & (t5 f> ap>t3 ?is arrangem5t appe>s to me to prove t mud1 diff]+ slightly 9 composition1 0 successively & quietly deposit$4 ,on ! !ory ( a debacle1 a prodigi\s am\nt ( mud1 )\t a s+le pebble1 is suppos$ to h be5 borne ov] ! wide surface ( ! ,pampas1 :5 "u wat]3 on ! o!r h&1 ov] ! :ole ( ,patagonia1 ! same or ano!r debacle is suppos$ to h borne no?+ b gravel1--! gravel & ! f9e mud 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,rios ,negro & ,colorado hav+ be5 borne to an equal di/ance f ! ,cordill]a1 or imag9$ l9e ( di/urbance3 assur$ly directly opposite effects ought n to be attribut$ to ! same ag5cy4 ,:]e1 aga91 c\ld a mass ( f9e s$im5t1 *>g$ ) calc>e\s matt] 9 a fit /ate = *emical segregation1 & 9 quantity suffici5t to cov] an area at lea/ #gej miles long1 & #djj miles broad1 to a dep? ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet to a hundr$ feet1 h be5 accumulat$1 ready to be transport$ by ! suppos$ debacle8 ,to my m9d x is little %ort ( demon/ration1 t a great lapse ( "t 0 necess>y = ! production & deposition ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( mudlike matt] =m+ ! ,pampas2 nor %\ld ,i h notic$ ! !ory ( a debacle1 _h x n be5 adduc$ by a naturali/ s em95t z ,m4 d',orbigny4 ,a second !ory1 fir/ sugge/$1 ,i believe1 by ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%1 is t ! ,pampean =mation 0 ?r[n d[n on l[ & m>%y pla9s by ! riv]s ( ?is c\ntry be=e !y assum$ _! pres5t c\rses4 ,! appe>ance & composition ( ! deposit1 ! mann] 9 :i* x slopes up & r\nd ! prim>y ranges1 ! nature ( ! und]ly+ m>9e b$s1 ! e/u>y & sea-%ells on ! surface1 ! ov]ly+ s&/one b$s at ,m4 ,h]moso1 are all q oppos$ to ?is view4 ,nor d ,i believe t !re is a s+le in/ance ( a skeleton ( "o ( ! ext9ct mammif]s hav+ be5 f\nd 9 an upright position1 z if x _h be5 mir$4 ,! ?ird !ory1 ( ! tru? ( :i* ,i _c ent]ta9 ! smalle/ d\bt1 is t ! ,pampean =mation 0 sl[ly accumulat$ at ! m\? ( ! =m] e/u>y ( ! ,plata & 9 ! sea adjo9+ x4 ,i h come to ?is conclusion f ! reasons assign$ aga9/ ! two =ego+ !ories1 & f simple geographical consid]ations4 ,f ! num]\s %ells ( ! ,az>a labiata ly+ loose on ! surface ( ! pla9s1 & ne> ,bu5os ,ayres emb$d$ 9 ! tosca-rock1 we "k t ?is =mation n only 0 =m]ly cov]$ by1 b t ! upp]mo/ p>ts 7 deposit$ 91 ! bracki% wat] ( ! anci5t ,la ,plata4 ,s\?w>d & seaw>d ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! pla9s 7 upheav$ f "u wat] inhabit$ by true m>9e %ells4 ,we fur!r "k f ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g's exam9ation ( ! tw5ty microscopical organisms 9 ! mud r\nd ! too? ( ! ,ma/odon high up ! c\rse ( ! ,p>ana1 t ! bottom- mo/ "p ( ?is =mation 0 ( bracki%-wat] orig94 ,a simil> conclusion mu/ be ext5d$ to ! b$s ( l composition1 at ! level ( ! sea & "u x1 at ,m4 ,h]moso 9 ,bahia ,blanca4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] f9ds t ! h>d] v>ieties ( tosca-rock1 collect$ *iefly to ! s\?1 conta9 m>9e spongoid bodies1 m9ute fragm5ts ( %ells1 corals1 & ,poly?alamia2 ^! p]haps may h be5 drift$ inw>ds by ! tides1 f ! m op5 p>ts ( ! sea4 ,! abs5ce ( %ells1 ?r\gh\t ?is deposit1 ) ! exception ( ! upp]mo/ lay]s ne> ,bu5os ,ayres1 is a rem>kable fact3 c x be expla9$ by ! bracki% condition ( ! wat]1 or by ! deep mud at ! bottom8 ,i h /at$ t bo? ! r$di% mud & ! concretions ( tosca-rock are (t5 p5etrat$ by m9ute1 l9e> cavities1 su* z frequ5tly may be obs]v$ 9 fre%-wat] calc>e\s deposits3--7 !y produc$ by ! burr[+ ( small worms8 ,only on ?is view ( ! ,pampean =mation hav+ be5 ( e/u>y orig91 c ! extraord9>y numb]s 7pres5tly to be allud$ to7 ( ! emb$d$ mammif]\s rema9s be expla9$4 7,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to give ! num]\s cases 7= in/ance1 9 ,sumatra2 ,lyell 8,pr9ciples0 volume #c page #cbe six? edition1 ( ! c>casses ( animals hav+ be5 wa%$ out to sea by swoll5 riv]s2 b ,i may ref] to a rec5t acc\nt by ,mr4 ,bett+ton 8,asiatic ,society0 #ahde ,june #ba/1 ( ox51 de]1 & be>s be+ c>ri$ into ! ,gulf ( ,cambray2 see also ! acc\nt 9 my 8,j\rnal0 #bnd edition page #acc1 ( ! numb]s ( animals dr[n$ 9 ! ,plata dur+ ! great1 (t5 recurr5t1 dr\ghts47 ,) respect to ! fir/ orig9 ( ! r$di% mud1 ,i w only rem>k1 t ! enorm\s area ( ,brazil consi/s 9 *ief "p ( gneissic & o!r granitic rocks1 :i* h suff]$ decomposition1 & be5 conv]t$ into a r$1 gritty1 argillace\s mass1 to a great] dep? ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry :i* ,i h se54 ,! mixture ( r\nd$ gra9s1 & ev5 ( small fragm5ts & pebbles ( qu>tz1 9 ! ,pampean mud ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 is evid5tly due to ! neighb\r+ & und]ly+ prim>y rocks4 ,! e/u>y mud 0 drift$ dur+ ! ,pampean p]iod 9 a mu* m s\!rly c\rse1 ow+ probably to ! ea/ & we/ prim>y ridges s\? ( ! ,plata n hav+ be5 !n elevat$1 ?an ! mud ( ! ,plata at pres5t is2 = x 0 =m]ly deposit$ z f> s\? z ! ,colorado4 ,! quantity ( calc>e\s matt] 9 ?is =mation1 especially 9 ^? l>ge di/ricts :]e ! :ole mass passes into tosca-rock1 is v great3 ,i h already rem>k$ on ! close resemblance 9 ext]nal & microscopical appe>ance1 betwe5 ?is tosca-rock & ! /rata at ,coquimbo1 :i* h c]ta9ly result$ f ! decay & attrition ( rec5t %ells3 ,i d>e n1 h[ev]1 ext5d ?is conclusion to ! calc>e\s rocks ( ! ,pampas1 m especially z ! und]ly+ t]ti>y /rata 9 we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal %[ t at t p]iod !re 0 a copi\s emission ( c>bonate ( lime1 9 connection ) volcanic action4 7,i may add1 t !re are ne>ly simil> sup]ficial calc>e\s b$s at ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd 9 ,au/ralia2 & ^! und\bt$ly h be5 =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( m>9e rema9s see 8,volcanic ,isl&s0 etc4 page #add4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ v rem>kable 9 ! frequ5cy ( sup]ficial1 ?9 b$s ( e>?y calc>e\s matt]1 9 di/ricts :]e ! surr\nd+ rocks are n calc>e\s4 ,major ,*>t]s1 9 a ,pap] read be=e ! ,geographical ,society ,april #ac1 #ahdj & ab/ract$ 9 ! 8,a!naeum0 page #cag1 /ates t ?is is ! case 9 p>ts ( ,mexico1 & t he has obs]v$ simil> appe>ances 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! circum/ance ( ! upp]mo/ /ratum r\nd ! ragg$ ,si]ra ,v5tana1 consi/+ ( calc>e\s or m>ly matt]1 )\t any cov]+ ( alluvial matt]1 /rikes me z v s+ul>1 9 :atev] mann] we view ! deposition & elevation ( ! ,pampean =mation47 ,! ,pampean =mation1 judg+ f its simil> composition1 & f ! app>5t absolute specific id5tity ( "s ( its mammif]\s rema9s1 & f ! g5]ic resemblance ( o!rs1 belongs ov] its va/ area-- ?r\gh\t ,b&a ,ori5tal1 ,entre ,rios1 & ! wide ext5t ( ! ,pampas z f> s\? z ! ,colorado1--to ! same geological epo*4 ,! mammif]\s rema9s occur at all dep?s f ! top to ! bottom ( ! deposit2 & ,i may add t n[h]e 9 ! ,pampas is !re any appe>ance ( mu* sup]ficial d5udation3 "s bones :i* ,i f\nd ne> ! ,gu>dia del ,monte 7 emb$d$ close to ! surface2 & ?is appe>s to h be5 ! case ) _m ( ^? discov]$ 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal3 on ! ,matanzas1 tw5ty miles s\? ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 a ,glyptodon 0 emb$d$ five feet b5ea? ! surface2 num]\s rema9s 7 f\nd by ,s4 ,muniz1 ne> ,luxan1 at an av]age dep? ( eighte5 feet2 9 ,bu5os ,ayres a skeleton 0 dis9t]r$ at sixty feet dep?1 & on ! ,p>ana ,i h describ$ two skeletons ( ! ,ma/odon only five or six feet above ! v base ( ! deposit4 ,) respect to ! age ( ?is =mation1 z judg$ ( by ! ord9>y /&>d ( ! exi/5ce ( ,mollusca1 ! only evid5ce )9 ! limits ( ! true ,pampas :i* is at all tru/wor?y1 is af=d$ by ! /ill liv+ ,az>a labiata be+ emb$d$ 9 tosca-rock ne> ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,at ,punta ,alta1 h[ev]1 we h se5 t sev]al ( ! ext9ct mammif]s1 mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pampean =mation1 co-exi/$ ) tw5ty species ( ,mollusca1 a b>nacle & two corals1 all /ill liv+ on ?is same coa/2-- = :5 we rememb] t ! %ells h a m anci5t appe>ance ?an ! bones2 t _m ( ! bones1 ?\gh emb$d$ 9 a co>se conglom]ate1 are p]fectly pres]v$2 t almo/ all ! p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ! ,scelido!rium1 ev5 to ! knee-cap1 7 ly+ 9 _! prop] relative positions2 & t a l>ge piece ( ! fragile d]mal arm\r ( a ,dasypoid quadrup$1 connect$ ) "s ( ! bones ( ! foot1 _h be5 entomb$ 9 a condition all[+ ! two sides to be d\bl$ toge!r1 x mu/ assur$ly be admitt$ t ^! mammif]\s rema9s 7 emb$d$ 9 a fre% /ate1 & !re=e t ! liv+ animals co-exi/$ ) ! co-emb$d$ %ells4 ,moreov]1 ! ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica 7( :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ow51 rema9s also occur 9 ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 & at ,punta ,alta7 has be5 %[n by satisfactory evid5ce ( ano!r k9d1 to h liv$ on ! pla9s ( ,patagonia long aft] ! p]iod :5 ! adjo9+ sea 0 fir/ t5ant$ by its pres5t commone/ mollusc\s animals4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 conclude t ! ,pampean =mation belongs1 9 ! ord9>y geological s5se ( ! ^w1 to ! ,rec5t ,p]iod4 7,m4 d',orbigny believes 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,geolog4 page #ha1 t ?is =mation1 ?\gh 8tres vois9e de la notre1 e/ neanmo9s de beauc\p ant]ieure a notre creation407 ,at ,/4 ,fe ,bajada1 ! ,pampean e/u>y =mation1 ) its mammif]\s rema9s1 con=mably ov]lies ! m>9e t]ti>y /rata1 :i* 7z fir/ %[n by ,m4 d',orbigny7 are contemporane\s ) ^? ( ,patagonia1 & :i*1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 belong to a v anci5t t]ti>y /age4 ,:5 exam9+ ! junction betwe5 ^! two =mations1 ,i ?\ght t ! concretion>y lay] ( m>l m>k$ a passage betwe5 ! m>9e & e/u>y /ages4 ,m4 d',orbigny disputes ?is view 7z giv5 9 my 8,j\rnal071 & ,i admit t x is errone\s1 ?\gh 9 "s degree excusable1 f _! con=mability & f bo? ab\nd+ ) calc>e\s matt]4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 a great anomaly if !re _h be5 a true passage betwe5 a deposit contemporane\s ) exi/+ species ( mollusca1 & "o 9 :i* all ! mollusca appe> to be ext9ct4 ,nor?w>d ( ,santa ,fe1 ,m4 d',orbigny met ) f]rug9\s s&/ones1 m>ly rocks1 & o!r b$s1 :i* he consid]s z a di/9ct & l[] =mation2 b ! evid5ce t !y are n p>ts ( ! same ) an alt]$ m9]alogical "*1 does n appe> to me q satisfactory4 ,9 ,we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal1 :ile ! m>9e t]ti>y /rata 7 accumulat+1 !re 7 volcanic eruptions1 mu* silex & lime 7 precipitat$ f solution1 co>se conglom]ates 7 =m$1 be+ d]iv$ probably f adjo9+ l&1 & lay]s ( r$ mud & m>ly rocks1 l ^? ( ! ,pampean =mation1 7 occasionally deposit$4 ,! true ,pampean deposit1 ) mammif]\s rema9s1 in/ead ( z at ,santa ,fe ov]ly+ con=mably ! t]ti>y /rata1 is "h se5 at a l[] level fold+ r\nd & betwe5 ! flat-topp$1 cliff-b\nd$ hills1 =m$ by a upheaval & d5udation ( ^! same t]ti>y /rata4 ,! upheaval1 hav+ occurr$ "h e>li] ?an at ,santa ,fe1 may be naturally acc\nt$ = by ! contemporane\s volcanic action4 ,at ! ,b>rancas de ,s4 ,gregorio1 ! ,pampean deposit1 z we h se51 ov]lies & fills up furr[s 9 co>se s&1 precisely l t n[ accumulat+ on ! %ores ne> ! m\? ( ! ,plata4 ,i c h>dly believe t ?is loose & co>se s& is contemporane\s ) ! old t]ti>y & (t5 cry/all9e /rata ( ! m we/]n p>ts ( ! prov9ce2 & am induc$ to suspect t x is ( subsequ5t orig94 ,if t section ne> ,colonia c\ld be implicitly tru/$1 9 :i*1 at a height ( only fifte5 feet above ! ,plata1 a b$ ( fre%-look+ mussels1 ( an exi/+ littoral species1 appe>$ to lie betwe5 ! s& & ! ,pampean mud1 ,i %\ld conclude t ,b&a ,ori5tal mu/ h /ood1 :5 ! co>se s& 0 accumulat+1 at only a little bel[ its pres5t level1 & _h !n subsid$1 all[+ ! e/u>y ,pampean mud to cov] f> & wide its surface up to a height ( "s hundr$ feet2 & t aft] ?is subsid5ce ! prov9ce _h be5 uplift$ to its pres5t level4 ,9 ,we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal1 we "k1 f two unequivocal sections t !re is a mass1 absolutely undi/+ui%able f ! true ,pampean deposit1 b5ea? ! old t]ti>y /rata4 ,?is inf]ior mass mu/ be v mu* m anci5t ?an ! upp] deposit ) its mammif]\s rema9s1 = x lies b5ea? ! t]ti>y /rata 9 :i* all ! %ells are ext9ct4 ,nev]!less1 ! l[] & upp] masses1 z well z "s int]m$iate lay]s1 are s simil> 9 m9]alogical "*1 t ,i _c d\bt t !y are all ( e/u>y orig91 & h be5 d]iv$ f ! same great s\rce4 ,at fir/ x appe>$ to me extremely improbable1 t mud ( ! same nature %\ld h be5 deposit$ on ne>ly ! same spot1 dur+ an imm5se lapse ( "t1 namely1 f a p]iod equival5t p]haps to ! ,eoc5e ( ,europe to t ( ! ,pampean =mation4 ,b z1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! ,pampean p]iod1 if n at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ! ,si]ra ,v5tana =m$ a b\nd>y to ! s\?1--! ,cordill]a or ! pla9s 9 front ( !m to ! we/1--! :ole prov9ce ( ,corri5tes probably to ! nor?1 =1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 x is n cov]$ by ! ,pampean deposit1--& ,brazil1 z kn[n by ! rema9s 9 ! caves1 to ! nor?-ea/2 & z aga91 dur+ ! old] t]ti>y p]iod1 l& already exi/$ 9 ,we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal & ne> ,/4 ,fe ,bajada1 z may be inf]r$ f ! vegetable debris1 f ! quantities ( silicifi$ wood1 & f ! rema9s ( a ,toxodon f\nd1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 9 /ill l[] /rata1 we may conclude1 t at ?is anci5t p]iod a great expanse ( wat] 0 surr\nd$ by ! same rocky framework :i* n[ b\nds ! pla9s ( ,pampean =mation4 ,?is hav+ be5 ! case1 ! circum/ance ( s$im5t ( ! same nature hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 ! same area dur+ an imm5se lapse ( "t1 ?\gh highly rem>kable1 does n appe> incr$ible4 ,! elevation ( ! ,pampas1 at lea/ ( ! s\!rn p>ts1 has be5 sl[ & int]rupt$ by sev]al p]iods ( re/1 z may be inf]r$ f ! pla9s1 cliffs1 & l9es ( s&-dunes 7) %ells & pumice-pebbles7 /&+ at diff]5t heights4 ,i believe1 also1 t ! ,pampean mud cont9u$ to be deposit$1 aft] p>ts ( ?is =mation _h already be5 elevat$1 9 ! same mann] z mud w\ld cont9ue to be deposit$ 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,plata1 if ! mud-banks on its %ores 7 n[ uplift$ & *ang$ into pla9s3 ,i believe 9 ?is f ! improbability ( s _m skeletons & bones hav+ be5 accumulat$ at "o spot1 :]e ,m4 ,h]moso n[ /&s1 at a dep? ( betwe5 eight hundr$ & "o ?\s& feet1 & at a va/ di/ance f any l& except small rocky islets1--z mu/ h be5 ! case1 if ! high tosca-pla9 r\nd ! ,v5tana & adjo9+ ,si]ras1 _h n be5 already uplift$ & conv]t$ into l&1 support+ mammif]\s animals4 ,at ,punta ,alta we h good evid5ce t ! gravel- /rata1 :i* c]ta9ly belong to ! true ,pampean p]iod1 7 accumulat$ aft] ! elevation 9 t neighb\rhood ( ! ma9 "p ( ! ,pampean deposit1 :5ce ! r\nd$ masses ( tosca-rock 7 d]iv$1 & t roll$ fragm5t ( black bone 9 ! same peculi> condition ) ! rema9s at ,monte ,h]moso4 ,! numb] ( ! mammif]\s rema9s emb$d$ 9 ! ,pampas is1 z ,i h rem>k$1 wond]ful3 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !y h almo/ exclusively be5 f\nd 9 ! cliffs & /eep banks ( riv]s1 & t1 until lately1 !y excit$ no att5tion among/ ! inhabitants3 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t a deep tr5* c\ld n be cut 9 any l9e across ! ,pampas1 )\t int]sect+ ! rema9s ( "s quadrup$4 ,x is difficult to =m an op9ion 9 :at "p ( ! ,pampas !y are mo/ num]\s2 9 a limit$ spot !y c\ld n well h be5 m num]\s ?an !y 7 at ,p4 ,alta2 ! numb]1 h[ev]1 lately f\nd by ,s5or ,f4 ,muniz1 ne> ,luxan1 9 a c5tral spot 9 ! ,pampas1 is extraord9>ily great3 at ! end ( ?is *apt] ,i w give a li/ ( all ! localities at :i* ,i h he>d ( rema9s hav+ be5 discov]$4 ,v frequ5tly ! rema9s consi/ ( almo/ p]fect skeletons2 b !re are1 also1 num]\s s+le bones1 z = in/ance at ,/4 ,fe4 ,_! /ate ( pres]vation v>ies mu*1 ev5 :5 emb$d$ ne> ea* o!r3 ,i saw none o!rs s p]fectly pres]v$ z ! heads ( ! ,toxodon & ,mylodon f ! :ite s(t e>?y b$ on ! ,s>&is 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 two limit$ sections ,i f\nd no less ?an five tee? sep>ately emb$d$1 & ,i he>d ( tee? hav+ be5 simil>ly f\nd 9 o!r p>ts3 may we suppose t ! skeletons or heads 7 = a long "t g5tly drift$ by curr5ts ov] ! s(t muddy bottom1 & t ! tee? occasionally1 "h & !re1 dropp$ out8 ,x may be naturally ask$1 :]e did ^! num]\s animals live8 ,f ! rem>kable discov]ies ( ,,mm4 ,lund & ,claus51 x appe>s t "s ( ! species f\nd 9 ! ,pampas inhabit$ ! highl&s ( ,brazil3 ! ,ma/odon ,&ium is emb$d$ at great heights 9 ! ,cordill]a f nor? ( ! equator to at lea/ z f> s\? z ,t>ija 7,humboldt /ates t ! ,ma/odon has be5 discov]$ 9 ,new ,granada3 x has be5 f\nd 9 ,quito4 ,:5 at ,lima1 ,i saw a too? ( a ,ma/odon 9 ! possession ( ,don ,m4 ,riv]o1 f\nd at ,playa ,*ica on ! ,m>anon1 ne> ! ,guallaga4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! num]\s rema9s ( ,ma/odon 9 ,bolivia472 & z !re is no high] l&1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is ,ma/odon mu/ h liv$ on ! pla9s & valleys ( t great range4 ,^! c\ntries1 h[ev]1 appe> too f> di/ant = ! habitation ( ! individuals entomb$ 9 ! ,pampas3 we mu/ probably look to ne>] po9ts1 = in/ance to ! prov9ce ( ,corri5tes1 :i*1 z already rem>k$1 is said n to be cov]$ by ! ,pampean =mation1 & may !re=e1 at ! p]iod ( its deposition1 h exi/$ z dry l&4 ,i h already giv5 my reasons = believ+ t ! animals emb$d$ at ,m4 ,h]moso & at ,p4 ,alta 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 liv$ on adjo9+ l&1 =m$ ( p>ts ( ! already elevat$ ,pampean deposit4 ,) respect to ! food ( ^! _m great ext9ct quadrup$s1 ,i w n repeat ! facts giv5 9 my 8,j\rnal0 7second edition page #he71 %[+ t !re is no correlation betwe5 ! luxuriance ( ! vegetation ( a c\ntry & ! size ( its mammif]\s inhabitants4 ,i d n d\bt t l>ge animals c\ld n[ exi/1 z f> z ! am\nt1 n k9d1 ( vegetation is conc]n$1 on ! /]ile pla9s ( ,bahia ,blanca & ( ! ,r4 ,negro1 z well z on ! equally1 if n m /]ile pla9s ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,! climate1 h[ev]1 may p]haps h some:at det]iorat$ s9ce ! mammif]s emb$d$ at ,bahia ,blanca liv$ !re2 = we mu/ n inf]1 f ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! same %ells on ! pres5t coa/s1 t !re has be5 no *ange 9 climate2 = sev]al ( ^! %ells n[ range nor?w>d along ! %ores ( ,brazil1 :]e ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation fl\ri%es "u a tropical temp]ature4 ,) respect to ! ext9ction1 :i* at fir/ fills ! m9d ) a/oni%m5t1 ( ! _m great & small mammif]s ( ?is p]iod1 ,i may also ref] to ! "w above cit$ 7second edition page #agc71 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 t h[ev] unable we may be to expla9 ! precise cause1 we ought n prop]ly to feel m surpris$ at a species becom+ ext9ct ?an at "o be+ r>e2 & yet we are accu/om$ to view ! r>ity ( any p>ticul> species z an ord9>y ev5t1 n requir+ any extraord9>y ag5cy4 ,! sev]al mammif]s emb$d$ 9 ! ,pampean =mation1 :i* mo/ly belong to ext9ct g5]a1 & "s ev5 to ext9ct families or ord]s1 & :i* diff] ne>ly1 if n q1 z mu* z d ! ,eoc5e mammif]s ( ,europe f liv+ quadrup$s hav+ exi/$ contemporane\sly ) mollusca1 all /ill inhabit+ ! adjo9+ sea1 is c]ta9ly a mo/ /rik+ fact4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f> f be+ an isolat$ "o2 =1 dur+ ! late t]ti>y deposits ( ,brita91 an elephant1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus co-exi/$ ) _m rec5t l& & fre%-wat] %ells2 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 we h ! be/ evid5ce t a ma/odon1 elephant1 mega!rium1 megalonyx1 mylodon1 an ext9ct horse & ox1 likewise co- exi/$ ) num]\s l&1 fre%-wat]1 & m>9e rec5t %ells4 7,_m orig9al obs]vations1 & a summ>y on ?is subject1 are giv5 9 ,mr4 ,lyell's pap] 9 ! 8,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #d page #c & 9 8 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica0 volume #a page #afd & volume #b page #fj4 ,= ! ,european analog\s cases see ,mr4 ,lyell's 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology0 #f? edition volume #a page #cg47 ,! enum]ation ( ^! ext9ct ,nor? ,am]ican animals naturally leads me to ref] to ! =m] clos] relation ( ! mammif]\s inhabitants ( ! two ,am]icas1 :i* ,i h discuss$ 9 my 8,j\rnal10 & likewise to ! va/ ext5t ( c\ntry ov] :i* "s ( !m rang$3 ?us ! same species ( ! ,mega!rium1 ,megalonyx1 ,equus 7z f> z ! /ate ( _! rema9s p]mits ( id5tification71 ext5d$ f ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ,bahia ,blanca1 9 latitude #ci degrees ,s41 on ! coa/ ( ,patagonia4 ,! fact ( ^! animals hav+ inhabit$ tropical & temp]ate regions1 does n appe> to me any great difficulty1 see+ t at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope sev]al quadrup$s1 su* z ! elephant & hippopotamus1 range f ! equator to latitude #ce degrees s\?4 ,! case ( ! ,ma/odon ,&ium is "o ( m difficulty1 = x is f\nd f latitude #cf degrees ,s41 ov]1 z ,i h reason to believe1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ,brazil1 & up ! ,cordill]a to regions :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 bord] on p]petual sn[1 & :i* are almo/ de/itute ( vegetation3 und\bt$ly ! climate ( ! ,cordill]a mu/ h be5 diff]5t :5 ! ma/odon inhabit$ x2 b we %\ld n =get ! case ( ! ,sib]ian mammo? & rh9oc]os1 z %[+ h[ sev]e a climate ! l>g] pa*yd]mata c endure2 nor ov]look ! fact ( ! guanaco rang+ at ! pres5t day ov] ! hot l[ des]ts ( ,p]u1 ! l(ty p9nacles ( ! ,cordill]a1 & ! damp =e/-clad l& ( ,s\!rn ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 ! puma1 also1 is f\nd f ! equator to ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 & ,i h se5 its foot/eps only a little bel[ ! limits ( p]petual sn[ 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile4 ,at ! p]iod1 s rec5t 9 a geological s5se1 :5 ^! ext9ct mammif]s exi/$1 ! two ,am]icas mu/ h sw>m$ ) quadrup$s1 _m ( !m ( gigantic size2 =1 besides ^? m p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]1 we mu/ include 9 ?is same p]iod ^? wond]fully num]\s rema9s1 "s few ( !m specifically1 & o!rs g5]ically relat$ to ^? ( ! ,pampas1 discov]$ by ,,mm4 ,lund & ,claus5 9 ! caves ( ,brazil4 ,f9ally1 ! facts "h giv5 %[ h[ cauti\s we ought to be 9 judg+ ( ! antiquity ( a =mation f ev5 a great am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext9ct & liv+ species 9 any "o class ( animals2--we ought ev5 to be cauti\s 9 accept+ ! g5]al proposition1 t *ange 9 organic =ms & lapse ( "t are at all1 necess>ily1 correlatives4 ,,localities ,,)9 ,,! ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,pampas ,,:]e ,,great ,,bones ,,h ,,be5 ,,f\nd4 ,! foll[+ li/1 :i* includes e acc\nt :i* ,i h hi!rto met ) ( ! discov]y ( fossil mammif]\s rema9s 9 ! ,pampas1 may be h]eaft] useful to a geologi/ inve/igat+ ?is region1 & x t5ds to %[ _! extraord9>y abundance4 ,i he>d ( & saw _m fossils1 ! orig9al position ( :i* ,i c\ld n asc]ta92 & ,i receiv$ _m /atem5ts too vague to be "h ins]t$4 ,beg9n+ to ! s\?3--we h ! two /ations 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 :]e at ,p4 ,alta1 ! ,mega!rium1 ,megalonyx1 ,scelido!rium1 ,mylodon1 ,holophractus 7or an alli$ g5us71 ,toxodon1 ,macrau*5ia1 & an ,equus 7 collect$2 & at ,m4 ,h]moso a ,ct5omys1 ,hydro*a]us1 "s o!r rod5ts & ! bones ( a great mega!roid quadrup$4 ,close nor?-ea/ ( ! ,s4 ,tapalgu51 we h ! ,rios #8,huesos' 7i4e4 8bones071 :i* probably takes its "n f l>ge fossil bones4 ,ne> ,villa ,nuevo1 & at ,las ,av]ias1 n f> f ! ,salado1 ?ree ne>ly p]fect skeletons1 "o ( ! ,mega!rium1 "o ( ! ,glyptodon clavipes1 & "o ( "s great ,dasypoid quadrup$1 7 f\nd by ! ag5t ( ,sir ,w4 ,p>i% 7see 8 "w 8,bu5os ,ayres0 etc4 page #aga74 ,i h se5 ! too? ( a ,ma/odon f ! ,salado2 a little nor?w>d ( ?is riv]1 on ! bord]s ( a lake ne> ! ,g4 del ,monte1 ,i saw _m bones1 & "o l>ge piece ( d]mal arm\r2 high] up ! ,salado1 !re is a place call$ ,monte 8,huesos40 ,on ! ,matanzas1 ab\t tw5ty miles s\? ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! skeleton 7vide page #agh ( 8,bu5os ,ayres0 etc4 by ,sir ,w4 ,p>i%7 ( a ,glyptodon 0 f\nd ab\t five feet b5ea? ! surface2 "h also 7see ,catalogue ( ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons7 rema9s ( ,glyptodon clavipes1 ,g4 ornatus1 & ,g4 reticulatus 7 f\nd4 ,signor ,angelis1 9 a lett] :i* ,i h se51 ref]s to "s great rema9s f\nd 9 ,bu5os ,ayres1 at a dep? ( tw5ty v>as f ! surface4 ,sev5 leagues nor? ( ?is city ! same au?or f\nd ! skeletons ( ,mylodon robu/us & ,glyptodon ornatus4 ,f ?is neighb\rhood he has lately s5t to ! ,briti% ,museum ! foll[+ fossils3--,rema9s ( ?ree or f\r individuals ( ,mega!rium2 ( ?ree species ( ,glyptodon2 ( ?ree individuals ( ! ,ma/odon ,&ium2 ( ,macrau*5ia2 ( a second species ( ,toxodon1 diff]5t f ,t4 ,plat5sis2 & la/ly1 ( ! ,ma*airodus1 a wond]ful l>ge c>nivor\s animal4 ,m4 d',orbigny has lately receiv$ f ! ,recolate 8,voyage0 ,pal4 page #add71 ne> ,bu5os ,ayres1 a too? ( ,toxodon ,plat5sis4 ,proce$+ nor?w>d1 along ! we/ bank ( ! ,p>ana1 we come to ! ,rio ,luxan1 :]e two skeletons ( ! ,mega!rium h be5 f\nd2 & lately1 )9 eight leagues ( ! t[n ( ,luxan1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,x4 ,muniz has collect$ 78,briti% ,packet0 ,bu5os ,ayres ,septemb] #be1 #ahda71 f an av]age dep? ( eighte5 feet1 v num]\s rema9s1 ( no less ?an1 z he believes1 n9e di/9ct species ( mammif]s4 ,at ,areco1 l>ge bones h be5 f\nd1 :i* are believ$1 by ! inhabitants1 to h be5 *ang$ f small bones1 by ! wat] ( ! riv]6 ,at ,arrecifes1 ! ,glyptodon1 s5t to ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 0 f\nd2 & ,i h se5 two tee? ( a ,ma/odon f ?is qu>t]4 ,at ,s4 ,nicolas1 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd rema9s ( a ,canis1 ,ct5omys1 & ,k]odon2 & ,m4 ,isabelle 78,voyage0 page #ccb7 ref]s to a gigantic ,armadillo f\nd !re4 ,at ,s4 ,c>los1 ,i he>d ( great bones4 ,a little bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,c>c>ana1 ! two skeletons ( ,ma/odon 7 f\nd2 on ! banks ( ?is riv]1 ne> ,s4 ,miguel1 ,i f\nd tee? ( ! ,ma/odon & ,toxodon2 & 8,falkn]0 7page #ee7 describes ! osse\s arm\r ( "s great animal2 ,i he>d ( _m o!r bones 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,i h se51 ,i may add1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,caldcleugh1 ! too? ( a ,ma/odon ,&ium1 said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,p>aguay2 ,i may "h also ref] to a /atem5t 9 ?is g5tleman's travels 7volume #a page #dh71 ( a great skeleton hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bolivia 9 ,brazil1 on ! ,r4 de las ,contas4 ,! fur!/ po9t we/w>d 9 ! ,pampas1 at :i* ,i h ,,he>d ( fossil bones1 0 high up on ! banks ( ,r4 ,qu9to4 ,9 ,entre ,rios1 besides ! rema9s ( ! ,ma/odon1 ,toxodon1 ,equus1 & a great ,dasypoid quadrup$ ne> ,/4 ,fe ,bajada1 ,i receiv$ an acc\nt ( bones hav+ be5 f\nd a little ,s4,e4 ( ,p4 ,gorda 7on ! ,p>ana71 & ( an entire skeleton at ,matanzas1 on ! ,arroyo del ,animal4 ,9 ,b&a ,ori5tal1 besides ! rema9s ( ! ,toxodon1 ,mylodon1 & two skeletons ( great animals ) osse\s arm\r 7di/9ct f t ( ! ,glyptodon71 f\nd on ! ,arroyos ,s>&is & ,b]quelo1 ,m4 ,isabelle 78,voyage0 page #cbb7 says1 _m bones h be5 f\nd ne> ! ,r4 ,negro1 & on ! ,r4 ,arapey1 an afflu5t ( ! ,p>aguay1 9 latitude #cj degrees #dj m9utes s\?4 ,i he>d ( bones ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,a4 ,vivoras4 ,i saw ! rema9s ( a ,dasypoid quadrup$ f ! ,arroyo ,seco1 close to ,m4 ,video2 & ,m4 d',orbigny ref]s 78,voyage0 ,geolog4 page #bd71 to ano!r f\nd on ! ,p$]nal1 an afflu5t ( ! ,/4 ,lucia2 & ,signor ,angelis1 9 a lett]1 /ates t a ?ird skeleton ( ?is family has be5 f\nd1 ne> ,canelones4 ,i saw a too? ( ! ,ma/odon f ,talas1 ano!r afflu5t ( ! ,/4 ,lucia4 ,! mo/ ea/]n po9t at :i* ,i he>d ( great bones hav+ be5 f\nd1 0 at ,solis ,gr&e1 betwe5 ,m4 ,video & ,maldonado4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,old] ,,t]ti>y ,,=mations ,,( ,,patagonia ,,& ,,*ile4 ,rio ,negro4--,s4 ,josef4--,port ,desire1 :ite pumice\s mud/one ) ,infusoria4--,port ,s4 ,julian4--,santa ,cruz1 basaltic lava (4--,p4 ,gallegos4--,ea/]n ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 leaves ( ext9ct bee*-trees4--,summ>y on ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mations4--,t]ti>y =mations ( ! ,we/]n ,coa/4--,*onos & ,*iloe gr\ps1 volcanic rocks (4--,concepcion4--,navidad4--,coquimbo4- -,summ>y4--,age ( ! t]ti>y =mations4--,l9es ( elevation4--,silicifi$ wood4--,comp>ative ranges ( ! ext9ct & liv+ mollusca on ! ,we/ ,coa/ (--,s4 ,am]ica4--,climate ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4--,on ! causes ( ! abs5ce ( rec5t con*if]\s deposits on ! coa/ ( ,s4 ,am]ica4--,on ! contemporane\s deposition & pres]vation ( s$im5t>y =mations4 ,,rio ,,negro4 ,i c add little to ! details giv5 by ,m4 d',orbigny on ! s&/one =mation ( ?is di/rict4 78,voyage0 ,"p ,geolog4 pages #eg-fe47 ,! cliffs to ! s\? ( ! riv] are ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 height1 & are compos$ ( s&/one ( v>i\s t9ts & degrees ( h>dness4 ,"o lay]1 :i* ?9n$ out at bo? ends1 consi/$ ( e>?y matt]1 ( a pale r$di% col\r1 ) "s gypsum1 & v l 7,i speak aft] comp>ison ( ! specim5s br\ght home7 ,pampean mud3 above ?is 0 a lay] ( compact m>ly rock ) d5dritic manganese4 ,_m blocks ( a conglom]ate ( pumice-pebbles emb$d$ 9 h>d s&/one 7 /rew$ at ! foot ( ! cliff1 & _h evid5tly fall5 f above4 ,a few miles ,n4,e4 ( ! t[n1 ,i f\nd1 l[ d[n 9 ! s&/one1 a b$1 a few in*es 9 ?ickness1 ( a :ite1 friable1 h>%-feel+ s$im5t1 :i* adh]es to ! tongue1 is ( easy fusibility1 & ( little specific gravity2 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 x is se5 to be pumice\s tuff1 =m$ ( brok5 transp>5t cry/als4 ,9 ! cliffs s\? ( ! riv]1 !re is1 also1 a ?9 lay] ( ne>ly simil> nature1 b f9] gra9$1 & n s :ite2 x might easily h be5 mi/ak5 = a calc>e\s tuff1 b x conta9s no lime3 ?is sub/ance precisely resembles a mo/ widely ext5d$ & ?ick =mation 9 ,s\!rn ,patagonia1 h]eaft] to be describ$1 & :i* is rem>kable = be+ p>tially =m$ ( infusoria4 ,^! b$s1 conjo9tly ) ! conglom]ate ( pumice1 are int]e/+1 z %[+ ! nature ( ! volcanic action 9 ! ,cordill]a dur+ ?is old t]ti>y p]iod4 ,9 a b$ at ! base ( ! s\!rn cliffs1 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd two ext9ct fre%-wat] %ells1 namely1 a ,unio & ,*il9a4 ,?is b$ re/$ on "o ) bones ( an ext9ct rod5t1 namely1 ! ,megamys ,patagoni5sis2 & ?is aga9 on ano!r ) ext9ct m>9e %ells4 ,! species f\nd by ,m4 d',orbigny 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is =mation consi/ (3-- #a4 ,o/rea ,patagonica1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe1 & :ole coa/ ( ,patagonia74 #b4 ,o/rea ,f]r>isi1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 #c4 ,o/rea ,alv>ezii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe1 & ,s4 ,josef74 #d4 ,pect5 ,patagoni5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 #e4 ,v5us ,mun/]ii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe74 #f4 ,arca ,bonpl&iana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe74 ,accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 ! s&/one ext5ds we/w>d along ! coa/ z f> z ,port ,s4 ,antonio1 & up ! ,r4 ,negro f> into ! int]ior3 nor?w>d ,i trac$ x to ! s\!rn side ( ! ,rio ,colorado1 :]e x =ms a l[ d5ud$ pla94 ,?is =mation1 ?\gh contemporane\s ) t ( ! re/ ( ,patagonia1 is q diff]5t 9 m9]alogical composition1 be+ connect$ ) x only by ! "o ?9 :ite lay]3 ?is diff]5ce may be reasonably attribut$ to ! s$im5t br\ght d[n 9 anci5t times by ! ,rio ,negro2 by :i* ag5cy1 also1 we c und]/& ! pres5ce ( ! fre%-wat] %ells1 & ( ! bones ( l& animals4 ,judg+ f ! id5tity ( f\r ( ! above %ells1 ?is =mation is contemporane\s 7z rem>k$ by ,m4 d',orbigny7 ) t "u ! ,pampean deposit 9 ,entre ,rios & 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,! gravel capp+ ! s&/one pla91 ) its calc>e\s cem5t & nodules ( gypsum1 is probably1 f ! reasons giv5 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]1 contemporane\s ) ! upp]mo/ b$s ( ! ,pampean =mation on ! upp] pla9 nor? ( ! ,colorado4 ,,san ,,josef4 ,my exam9ation "h 0 v %ort3 ! cliffs are ab\t a hundr$ feet high2 ! l[] ?ird consi/s ( yell[i%-br[n1 s(t1 slightly calc>e\s1 muddy s&/one1 p>ts ( :i* :5 /ruck emit a fetid smell4 ,9 ?is b$ ! great ,o/raea ,patagonica1 (t5 m>k$ ) d5dritic manganese & small coral-l9es1 7 extraord9>ily num]\s4 ,i f\nd "h ! foll[+ %ells3-- #a4 ,o/rea ,patagonica1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe & :ole coa/ ( ,patagonia74 #b4 ,o/rea ,alv>ezii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe & ,r4 ,negro74 #c4 ,pect5 ,p>an5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe1 ,s4 ,julian1 & ,port ,desire74 #d4 ,pect5 ,d>w9ianus1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe74 #e4 ,pect5 act9odes1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #f4 ,t]ebratula ,patagonica1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,s4 ,julian74 #g4 ,ca/s ( a ,turritella4 ,! f\r fir/ ( ^! species occur at ,/4 ,fe 9 ,entre ,rios1 & ! two fir/ 9 ! s&/one ( ! ,rio ,negro4 ,above ?is fossilif]\s mass1 !re is a /ratum ( v f9e-gra9$1 pale br[n mud/one1 includ+ num]\s lam9ae ( sel5ite4 ,all ! /rata appe> horizontal1 b :5 foll[$ by ! eye = a long di/ance1 !y are se5 to h a small ea/]ly dip4 ,on ! surface we h ! porphyritic gravel1 & on x s& ) rec5t %ells4 ,,nuevo ,,gulf4 ,f specim5s & notes giv5 me by ,lieut5ant ,/okes1 x appe>s t ! l[] b$ consi/s ( s(t muddy s&/one1 l t ( ,s4 ,josef1 ) _m imp]fect %ells1 includ+ ! ,pect5 ,p>an5sis1 d',orbigny1 ca/s ( a ,turritella & ,scutella4 ,on ?is !re are two /rata ( ! pale br[n mud/one1 also l t ( ,s4 ,josef1 sep>at$ by a d>k]-col\r$1 m argillace\s v>iety1 includ+ ! ,o/rea ,patagonica4 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g has exam9$ ?is mud/one = me3 he f9ds 9 x ?ree already kn[n microscopic organisms1 envelop$ 9 a f9e-gra9$ pumice\s tuff1 :i* ,i %all h imm$iately to describe 9 detail4 ,specim5s br\ght to me f ! upp]mo/ b$1 nor? ( ! ,rio ,*upat1 consi/ ( ?is same sub/ance1 b ( a :it] col\r4 ,t]ti>y /rata1 su* z "h describ$1 appe> to ext5d along ! :ole coa/ betwe5 ,rio ,*upat & ,port ,desire1 except :]e int]rupt$ by ! und]ly+ clay/one porphyry1 & by "s metamorphic rocks2 ^! h>d rocks1 ,i may add1 are f\nd at int]vals ov] a space ( ab\t five degrees ( latitude1 f ,po9t ,union to a po9t betwe5 ,port ,s4 ,julian & ,s4 ,cruz1 & w be describ$ 9 ! ensu+ *apt]4 ,_m gigantic specim5s ( ! ,o/raea ,patagonica 7 collect$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,george4 ,,port ,,desire4 ,a good section ( ! l[e/ fossilif]\s mass1 ab\t =ty feet 9 ?ickness1 re/+ on clay/one porphyry1 is exhibit$ a few miles s\? ( ! h>b\r4 ,! %ells suffici5tly p]fect to be recognis$ consi/ (3-- #a4 ,o/rea ,patagonica1 d',orbigny1 7also at ,/4 ,fe1 & :ole coa/ ( ,patagonia74 #b4 ,pect5 ,p>an5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe1 ,s4 ,josef1 ,s4 ,julian74 #c4 ,pect5 c5tralis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also at ,s4 ,julian & ,s4 ,cruz74 #d4 ,cucullaea alta1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also at ,s4 ,cruz74 #e4 ,nucula ornata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #f4 ,turritella ,patagonica1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 ,! fossilif]\s /rata1 :5 n d5ud$1 are con=mably cov]$ by a consid]able ?ickness ( ! f9e-gra9$ pumice\s mud/one1 divid$ into two masses3 ! l[] half is v f9e-gra9$1 slightly unctu\s1 & s compact z to break ) a semi-con*oidal fracture1 ?\gh yield+ to ! nail2 x includes lam9ae ( sel5ite3 ! upp] half precisely resembles ! "o lay] at ! ,rio ,negro1 & ) ! exception ( be+ :it]1 ! upp] b$s at ,san ,josef & ,nuevo ,gulf4 ,9 nei!r mass is !re any trace to ! nak$ eye ( organic =ms4 ,tak+ ! entire deposit1 x is g5]ally q :ite1 or yell[i%1 or feebly t9t$ ) gre52 x is ei!r almo/ friable "u ! f+]1 or z h>d z *alk2 x is ( easy fusibility1 ( little specific gravity1 is n h>% to ! t\*1 adh]es to ! tongue1 & :5 brea!d on exhales a /rong alum9\s od\r2 x sometimes conta9s a v little calc>e\s matt]1 & traces 7besides ! includ$ lam9ae7 ( gypsum4 ,"u ! microscope1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g1 x consi/s ( m9ute1 triturat$1 cellul>1 glassy fragm5ts ( pumice1 ) "s brok5 cry/als4 78,monatsb]i*t5 de konig4 ,akad4 zu ,b]l90 vom ,april #ahde47 ,9 ! m9ute glassy fragm5ts1 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g recognises organic /ructures1 :i* h be5 affect$ by volcanic heat3 9 ! specim5s f ?is place1 & f ,port ,s4 ,julian1 he f9ds sixte5 ,polyga/rica & twelve ,phytoli?>ia4 ,( ^! organisms1 sev5 are new =ms1 ! o!rs be+ previ\sly kn[n3 all are ( m>9e1 & *iefly ( oceanic1 orig94 ,?is deposit to ! nak$ eye resembles ! cru/ :i* (t5 appe>s on wea!r$ surfaces ( feldspa?ic rocks2 x likewise resembles ^? b$s ( e>?y feldspa?ic matt]1 sometimes int]/ratifi$ ) porphyritic rocks1 z is ! case 9 ?is v di/rict ) ! und]ly+ purple clay/one porphyry4 ,f exam9+ specim5s "u a common microscope1 & comp>+ !m ) o!r specim5s und\bt$ly ( volcanic orig91 ,i _h come to ! same conclusion ) ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g1 namely1 t ?is great deposit1 9 its fir/ orig91 is ( volcanic nature4 ,,port ,s4 ,,julian4 7,,figure #ag4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,/rata ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,cliffs ,,( ,,! ,,n9ety ,,feet ,,pla9 ,,at ,,port ,s4 ,,julian4 7,section ?r\gh b$s f top to bottom3 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f477 ,on ! s\? side ( ! h>b\r1 ,figure #ag gives ! nature ( ! b$s se5 9 ! cliffs ( ! n9ety feet pla94 ,beg9n+ at ! top3-- #a/1 ! e>?y mass 7,,aa71 includ+ ! rema9s ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 ) rec5t %ells on ! surface4 ,second1 ! porphyritic %+le 7,b71 :i* 9 its l[] "p is int]/ratifi$ 7ow+1 ,i believe1 to r$isposition dur+ d5udation7 ) ! :ite pumice\s mud/one4 ,?ird1 ?is :ite mud/one1 ab\t tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness1 & divid$ into two v>ieties 7,c & ,d71 bo? closely resembl+ ! l[]1 f9e- gra9$1 m unctu\s & compact k9d at ,port ,desire2 &1 z at t place1 includ+ mu* sel5ite4 ,f\r?1 a fossilif]\s mass1 divid$ into ?ree ma9 b$s1 ( :i* ! upp]mo/ is ?91 & consi/s ( f]rug9\s s&/one1 ) _m %ells ( ! great oy/] & ,pect5 ,p>an5sis2 ! middle b$ 7,e7 is a yell[i% e>?y s&/one ab\nd+ ) ,scutellae2 & ! l[e/ b$ 7,f7 is an indurat$1 gre5i%1 s&y clay1 includ+ l>ge concretions ( calc>e\s s&/one1 _m %ells ( ! great oy/]1 & 9 p>ts almo/ made up ( fragm5ts ( ,balanidae4 ,out ( ^! ?ree b$s1 ,i procur$ ! foll[+ twelve species1 ( :i* ! two fir/ 7 exce$+ly num]\s 9 individuals1 z 7 ! ,t]ebratulae & ,turritellae 9 c]ta9 lay]s3-- #a4 ,o/rea ,patagonica1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe1 & :ole coa/ ( ,patagonia74 #b4 ,pect5 ,p>an5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,pal40 7,/4 ,fe1 ,s4 ,josef1 ,port ,desire74 #c4 ,pect5 c5tralis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also at ,port ,desire & ,s4 ,cruz74 #d4 ,pect5 gem9atus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #e4 ,t]ebratula ,patagonica1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,s4 ,josef74 #f4 ,/ru?iol>ia ornata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,s4 ,cruz74 #g4 ,fusus ,patagonicus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #h4 ,fusus ,noa*9us1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #i4 ,scal>ia rugulosa1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #aj4 ,turritella ambulacrum1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,s4 ,cruz74 #aa4 ,pyrula1 ca/ (1 l ,p4 v5tricosa ( ,s[]by1 ,tank ,cat4 #ab4 ,balanus v>ians1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ac4 ,scutella1 diff]+ f ! species f ,nuevo ,gulf4 ,at ! head ( ! inn] h>b\r ( ,port ,s4 ,julian1 ! fossilif]\s mass is n display$1 & ! sea-cliffs f ! wat]'s edge to a height ( betwe5 "o & two hundr$ feet are =m$ ( ! :ite pumice\s mud/one1 :i* "h includes innum]able1 f>-ext5d$1 sometimes horizontal1 sometimes incl9$ or v]tical lam9ae ( transp>5t gypsum1 (t5 ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,fur!r inl&1 ) ! exception ( ! sup]ficial gravel1 ! :ole ?ickness ( ! truncat$ hills1 :i* repres5t a =m]ly cont9u\s pla9 #iej feet 9 height1 appe>s to be =m$ ( ?is :ite mud/one3 "h & !re1 h[ev]1 at v>i\s heights1 ?9 e>?y lay]s1 conta9+ ! great oy/]1 ,pect5 ,p>an5sis & ,turritella ambulacrum1 are int]/ratifi$2 ?us %[+ t ! :ole mass belongs to ! same epo*4 ,i n[h]e f\nd ev5 a fragm5t ( a %ell actually 9 ! :ite deposit1 & only a s+le ca/ ( a ,turritella4 ,out ( ! eighte5 microscopic organisms discov]$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 ! specim5s f ?is place1 t5 are common to ! same deposit at ,port ,desire4 ,i may add t specim5s ( ?is :ite mud/one1 ) ! same id5tical *>act]s 7 br\ght me f two po9ts1--"o tw5ty miles nor? ( ,s4 ,julian1 :]e a wide gravel-capp$ pla91 #cej feet 9 height1 is ?us compos$2 & ! o!r =ty miles s\? ( ,s4 ,julian1 :]e1 on ! old *>ts1 ! cliffs are m>k$ z 8,*alk ,hills40 ,,santa ,,cruz4 ,! gravel-capp$ cliffs at ! m\? ( ! riv] are #cee feet 9 height3 ! l[] "p1 to a ?ickness ( fifty or sixty feet1 consi/s ( a m or less h>d5$1 d>ki%1 muddy1 or argillace\s s&/one 7l ! l[e/ b$ ( ,port ,desire71 conta9+ v _m %ells1 "s silicifi$ & "s conv]t$ into yell[ calc>e\s sp>4 ,! great oy/] is "h num]\s 9 lay]s2 ! ,trigonocelia & ,turritella are also v num]\s3 x is rem>kable t ! ,pect5 ,p>an5sis1 s common 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! coa/1 is "h abs5t3 ! %ells consi/ (3-- #a4 ,o/rea ,patagonica1 d',orbigny2 8,voyage ,pal40 7also at ,/4 ,fe & :ole coa/ ( ,patagonia74 #b4 ,pect5 c5tralis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,p4 ,desire & ,s4 ,julian74 #c4 ,v5us m]idionalis ( ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #d4 ,crassatella ,lyellii1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #e4 ,c>dium puel*um1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #f4 ,c>dita ,patagonica1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #g4 ,mactra rugata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #h4 ,mactra ,d>w9ii1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #i4 ,cucullaea alta1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,p4 ,desire74 #aj4 ,trigonocelia insolita1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #aa4 ,nucula 787 glabra1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ab4 ,crepidula greg>ia1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ac4 ,voluta alta1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ad4 ,tro*us coll>is1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ae4 ,natica solida 7871 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by #af4 ,/ru?iol>ia ornata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,p4 ,desire74 #ag4 ,turritella ambulacrum1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,p4 ,s4 ,julian74 ,imp]fect fragm5ts ( ! g5]a ,bysso>ca1 ,artemis1 & ,fusus4 ,! upp] "p ( ! cliff is g5]ally divid$ into ?ree great /rata1 diff]+ slightly 9 composition1 b ess5tially resembl+ ! pumice\s mud/one ( ! places f>!r nor?2 ! deposit1 h[ev]1 "h is m ar5ace\s1 ( great] specific gravity1 & n s :ite3 x is int]lac$ ) num]\s ?9 ve9s1 p>tially or q fill$ ) transv]se fibres ( gypsum2 ^! fibres 7 too %ort to rea* across ! ve91 h _! extremities curv$ or b5t3 9 ! same ve9s ) ! gypsum1 & likewise 9 sep>ate ve9s z well z 9 little ne/s1 !re is mu* p[d]y sulphate ( magnesia 7z asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,reeks7 9 an uncompress$ =m3 ,i believe t ?is salt has n h]et(ore be5 f\nd 9 ve9s4 ,( ! ?ree b$s1 ! c5tral "o is ! mo/ compact1 & m l ord9>y s&/one3 x includes num]\s flatt5$ sph]ical concretions1 (t5 unit$ l a necklace1 compos$ ( h>d calc>e\s s&/one1 conta9+ a few %ells3 "s ( ^! concretions 7 f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & 9 a horizontal l9e n9e feet ap>t1 %[+ t ! calc>e\s matt] mu/ h be5 drawn to ! c5tres ( attraction1 f a di/ance ( f\r feet & a half on bo? sides4 ,9 ! upp] & l[] f9]-gra9$ /rata1 !re 7 o!r concretions ( a grey col\r1 conta9+ calc>e\s matt]1 & s f9e-gra9$ & compact1 z almo/ to resemble porcela9- rock3 ,i h se5 exactly simil> concretions 9 a volcanic tuface\s b$ 9 ,*iloe4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is upp] f9e-gra9$ /rata1 organic rema9s 7 v r>e1 yet ,i notic$ a few ( ! great oy/]2 & 9 "o includ$ s(t f]rug9\s lay]1 !re 7 "s specim5s ( ! ,cucullaea alta 7f\nd at ,port ,desire 9 ! l[] fossilif]\s mass7 & ( ! ,mactra rugata1 :i* latt] %ell has be5 p>tially conv]t$ into gypsum4 7,,figure #ah4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,pla9s ,,( ,,patagonia1 ,,on ,,! ,,banks ,,( ,,! ,s4 ,,cruz4 7,section ?r\gh /rata 7f top to bottom773 ,surface ( pla9 ) erratic b\ld]s2 #a1adf feet above ! sea4 a4 ,gravel & b\ld]s1 #bab feet ?ick4 b4 ,basaltic lava1 #cbb feet ?ick4 c1 d & e4 ,s$im5t>y lay]s1 b$ ( small pebbles & talus respectively1 total #eib feet ?ick4 ,riv] ( ,s4 ,cruz2 "h #bhj feet above sea47 ,9 asc5d+ ! valley ( ! ,s4 ,cruz1 ! upp] /rata ( ! coa/- cliffs are prolong$1 ) ne>ly ! same *>act]s1 = fifty miles3 at ab\t ?is po9t1 !y beg9 9 ! mo/ gradual & sc>cely p]ceptible mann]1 to be b&$ ) :ite l9es2 & aft] asc5d+ t5 miles f>!r1 we meet ) di/9ct ?9 lay]s ( :iti%1 gre5i%1 & yell[i% f9e-gra9$1 fusible s$im5ts4 ,at eighty miles f ! coa/1 9 a cliff ?us compos$1 !re 7 a few lay]s ( f]rug9\s s&/one1 & ( an argillace\s s&/one ) concretions ( m>l l ^? 9 ! ,pampas4 7,at ?is spot1 = a space ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile along ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 & = a wid? ( half a mile1 !re has be5 a great slip1 :i* has =m$ hills betwe5 sixty & sev5ty feet 9 height1 & has tilt$ ! /rata into highly incl9$ & ev5 v]tical positions4 ,! /rata g5]ally dipp$ at an angle ( #de degrees t[>ds ! cliff f :i* !y _h slid$4 ,i h obs]v$ 9 slips1 bo? on a small & l>ge scale1 t ?is inw>d dip is v g5]al4 ,is x due to ! hydro/atic pressure ( wat] p]colat+ ) difficulty ?r\gh ! /rata act+ ) great] =ce at ! base ( ! mass ?an aga9/ ! upp] "p87 ,at "o hundr$ miles f ! coa/1 t is at a c5tral po9t betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,cordill]a1 we h ! section 9 ,figure #ah4 ,! upp] half ( ! s$im5t>y mass1 "u ! basaltic lava1 consi/s ( innum]able zones ( p]fectly :ite bright gre51 yell[i% & br[ni%1 f9e-gra9$1 sometimes incoh]5t1 s$im5t>y matt]4 ,! :ite1 pumice\s1 tra*ytic tuff-l v>ieties are ( r great] specific gravity ?an ! pumice\s mud/one on ! coa/ to ! nor?2 "s ( ! lay]s1 especially ! br[n] ones1 are co>s]1 s t ! brok5 cry/als are di/+ui%able ) a weak l5s4 ,! lay]s v>y 9 "* 9 %ort di/ances4 ,) ! exception ( a few ( ! ,o/rea ,patagonica1 :i* appe>$ to h roll$ d[n f ! cliff above1 no organic rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ^! lay]s tak5 z a :ole1 & ! upp] b$s bo? at ! m\? ( ! riv] & on ! coa/ nor?w>d1 seems to lie 9 ! occasional pres5ce ( m col\r+ matt]1 & 9 ! supply hav+ be5 int]mitt5t2 ^! *>act]s1 z we h se51 v gradually disappe> 9 desc5d+ ! valley1 & ?is fact may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by ! curr5ts ( a m op5 sea hav+ bl5d$ toge!r ! s$im5t f a di/ant & int]mitt5t s\rce4 ,! col\r$ lay]s 9 ! =ego+ section re/ on a mass1 app>5tly ( great ?ickness 7b mu* hidd5 by ! talus71 ( s(t s&/one1 almo/ compos$ ( m9ute pebbles1 f "o-t5? to two-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ( ! rocks 7) ! entire exception ( ! basaltic lava7 compos+ ! great b\ld]s on ! surface ( ! pla91 & probably compos+ ! neighb\r+ ,cordill]a4 ,five miles high] up ! valley1 & aga9 ?irty miles high] up 7t is tw5ty miles f ! ne>e/ range ( ! ,cordill]a71 ! l[] pla9 includ$ )9 ! upp] esc>pm5ts1 is =m$1 z se5 on ! banks ( ! riv]1 ( a ne>ly simil> b f9]-gra9$1 m e>?y1 lam9at$ s&/one1 alt]nat+ ) argillace\s b$s1 & conta9+ num]\s mod]ately siz$ pebbles ( ! same rocks1 & "s %ells ( ! great ,o/rea ,patagonica4 7,i f\nd at bo? places1 b n 9 situ1 quantities ( conif]\s & ord9>y dicotyl$on\s silicifi$ wood1 :i* 0 exam9$ = me by ,mr4 ,r4 ,br[n47 ,z mo/ ( ^! %ells _h be5 roll$ be=e be+ "h emb$d$1 _! pres5ce does n prove t ! s&/one belongs to ! great ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation1 = !y might h be5 r$eposit$ 9 x1 :5 ! valley exi/$ z a sea-/rait2 b z among/ ! pebbles !re 7 none ( basalt1 al?\gh ! cliffs on bo? sides ( ! valley are compos$ ( ?is rock1 ,i believe t ! s&/one does belong to ?is =mation4 ,at ! highe/ po9t to :i* we asc5d$1 tw5ty miles di/ant f ! ne>e/ slope ( ! ,cordill]a1 ,i c\ld see ! horizontally zon$ :ite b$s1 /ret*+ "u ! black basaltic lava1 close up to ! m\nta9s2 s t ! valley ( ! ,s4 ,cruz gives a fair idea ( ! con/itution ( ! :ole wid? ( ,patagonia4 ,,basaltic ,,lava ,,( ,,! ,s4 ,,cruz4 ,?is =mation is fir/ met ) sixty-sev5 miles f ! m\? ( ! riv]2 !nce x ext5ds un9t]rupt$ly1 g5]ally b n exclusively on ! nor!rn side ( ! valley1 close up to ! ,cordill]a4 ,! basalt is g5]ally black & f9e-gra9$1 b sometimes grey & lam9at$2 x conta9s "s oliv9e1 & high up ! valley mu* glassy feldsp>1 :]e1 also1 x is (t5 amygdaloidal2 x is nev] highly vesicul>1 except on ! sides ( r5ts & on ! upp] & l[]1 sph]ically lam9at$ surfaces4 ,x is (t5 column>2 & 9 "o place ,i saw magnific5t columns1 ea* face twelve feet 9 wid?1 ) _! int]/ices fill$ up ) calc>e\s tuff4 ,! /reams re/ con=mably on ! :ite s$im5t>y b$s1 b ,i n[h]e saw ! actual junction2 nor did ,i any:]e see ! :ite b$s actually sup]impos$ on ! lava2 b "s way up ! valley at ! foot ( ! upp]mo/ esc>pm5ts1 !y mu/ be ?us sup]impos$4 ,moreov]1 at ! l[e/ po9t d[n ! valley1 :]e ! /reams ?9 out & t]m9ate 9 irregul> projections1 ! spaces or int]vals betwe5 ^! projections are fill$ up to ! level ( ! n[ d5ud$ & gravel-capp$ surfaces ( ! pla9s1 ) ! :ite-zon$ s$im5t>y b$s2 prov+ t ?is matt] cont9u$ to be deposit$ aft] ! /reams _h fl[$4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! basalt is contemporane\s ) ! upp] p>ts ( ! great t]ti>y =mation4 ,! lava :]e fir/ met ) is #acj feet 9 ?ickness3 x !re consi/s ( two1 ?ree1 or p]haps m /reams1 divid$ f ea* o!r by vesicul> sph]oids l ^? on ! surface4 ,f ! /reams hav+1 z x appe>s1 ext5d$ to diff]5t di/ances1 ! t]m9al po9ts are ( unequal heights4 ,g5]ally ! surface ( ! basalt is smoo? !m 9 "o "p high up ! valley1 x 0 s unev5 & hummocky1 t until ,i aft]w>ds saw ! /reams ext5d+ cont9u\sly on bo? sides ( ! valley up to a height ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet close to ! ,cordill]a1 ,i ?\ght t ! crat]s ( eruption 7 probably close at h&4 ,?is hummocky surface ,i believe to h be5 caus$ by ! cross+ & heap+ up ( diff]5t /reams4 ,9 "o place1 !re 7 sev]al r\nd$ ridges ab\t tw5ty feet 9 height1 "s ( !m z broad z high1 & "s broad]1 :i* c]ta9ly _h be5 =m$ :il/ ! lava 0 fluid1 = 9 transv]se sections ea* ridge 0 se5 to be conc5trically lam9at$1 & to be compos$ ( imp]fect columns radiat+ f common c5tres1 l ! spokes ( :eels4 ,! basaltic mass :]e fir/ met ) is1 z ,i h said1 #acj feet 9 ?ickness1 &1 ?irty-five miles high] up ! valley1 x increases to #cbb feet4 ,9 ! fir/ f\rte5 & a half miles ( ?is di/ance1 ! upp] surface ( ! lava1 judg+ f ?ree measurem5ts tak5 above ! level ( ! riv] 7( :i* ! app>5tly v uni=m incl9ation has be5 calculat$ f its total height at a po9t #ace miles f ! m\?71 slopes t[>ds ! ,atlantic at an angle ( only #j degrees #g m9utes tw5ty seconds3 ?is mu/ be consid]$ only z an approximate measurem5t1 b x _c be f> wrong4 ,tak+ ! :ole ?irty-five miles1 ! upp] surface slopes at an angle ( #j degrees #aj m9utes #ec seconds2 b ?is result is ( no value 9 %[+ ! incl9ation ( any "o /ream1 = halfway betwe5 ! two po9ts ( measurem5t1 ! surface sudd5ly rises betwe5 "o hundr$ & two hundr$ feet1 app>5tly caus$ by "s ( ! upp]mo/ /reams hav+ ext5d$ ?us f> & no f>!r4 ,f ! measurem5t made at ^! two po9ts1 ?irty-five miles ap>t1 ! mean incl9ation ( ! s$im5t>y b$s1 ov] :i* ! lava has fl[$1 is ,,n[ 7aft] elevation f "u ! sea7 only #j degrees #g m9utes #eb seconds3 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 x may be m5tion$ t ! bottom ( ! pres5t sea 9 a l9e f ! m\? ( ! ,s4 ,cruz to ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 f a dep? ( sev5te5 fa?oms to a dep? ( eighty-five fa?oms1 decl9es at an angle ( #j degrees #a m9ute #bb seconds2 betwe5 ! bea* & ! dep? ( sev5te5 fa?oms1 ! slope is great]4 ,f a po9t ab\t half-way up ! valley1 ! basaltic mass rises m abruptly t[>ds ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 namely1 f a height ( #a1bjd feet1 to ab\t #c1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,?is great deluge ( lava is wor?y1 9 its dim5sions1 ( ! great cont95t to :i* x belongs4 ,! aggregate /reams h fl[$ f ! ,cordill]a to a di/ance 7unp>allel$1 ,i believe1 9 any case yet kn[n7 ( ab\t "o hundr$ geographical miles4 ,ne> _! fur!/ extremity _! total ?ickness is #acj feet1 :i* increase ?irty-five miles f>!r inl&1 z we h j se51 to #cbb feet4 ,! lea/ incl9ation giv5 by ,m4 ,e4 de ,beaumont ( ! upp] surface ( a lava-/ream1 namely #j degrees #cj m9utes1 is t ( ! great suba]ial eruption 9 #aghc f ,skapt> ,jukul 9 ,icel&2 & ,m4 ,e4 de ,beaumont %[s t x mu/ h fl[$ d[n a mean incl9ation ( less ?an #j degrees #bj m9utes4 78,memoires p\r s]vir0 etc4 pages #agh & #bag47 ,b we n[ see t "u ! pressure ( ! sea1 successive /reams h fl[$ ov] a smoo? bottom ) a mean incl9ation ( n m ?an #j degrees #g m9utes #eb seconds2 & t ! upp] surface ( ! t]m9al portion 7ov] a space ( f\rte5 & a half miles7 has an incl9ation ( n m ?an #j degrees #g m9utes #bj seconds4 ,if ! elevation ( ,patagonia has be5 great] ne>] ! ,cordill]a ?an ne> ! ,atlantic 7z is probable71 !n ^! angles are n[ all too l>ge4 ,i mu/ repeat1 t al?\gh ! =ego+ measurem5ts1 :i* 7 all c>efully tak5 ) ! b>omet]1 may n be absolutely correct1 !y _c be widely errone\s4 ,s\?w>d ( ! ,s4 ,cruz1 ! cliffs ( ! #hdj feet pla9 ext5d to ,coy ,inlet1 & ow+ to ! nak$ pat*es ( ! :ite s$im5t1 !y are said on ! *>ts to be 8l ! coa/ ( ,k5t40 ,at ,coy ,inlet ! high pla9 tr5ds inl&1 leav+ flat-topp$ outli]s4 ,at ,port ,gallegos 7latitude #ea degrees #ce m9utes1 & n9ety miles s\? ( ,s4 ,cruz71 ,i am in=m$ by ,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 t !re is a gravel-capp$ pla9 f two to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 =m$ ( num]\s /rata1 "s f9e-gra9$ & pale-col\r$1 l ! upp] b$s at ! m\? ( ! ,s4 ,cruz1 o!rs r d>k & co>s]1 s z to resemble grit/ones or tuffs2 ^! latt] include r l>ge fragm5ts ( app>5tly decompos$ volcanic rocks2 !re are1 also1 includ$ lay]s ( gravel4 ,?is =mation is highly rem>kable1 f ab\nd+ ) mammif]\s rema9s1 :i* h n z yet be5 exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 b :i* include "s l>ge1 b mo/ly small1 species ( ,pa*yd]mata1 ,ed5tata1 & ,rod5tia4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ! pale-col\r$1 f9e-gra9$ b$s1 ,i 0 incl9$ to believe t !y correspond$ ) ! upp] b$s ( ! ,s4 ,cruz2 b ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g1 :o has exam9$ "s ( ! specim5s1 in=ms me t ! includ$ microscopical organisms are :olly diff]5t1 be+ fre% & bracki%-wat] =ms4 ,h5ce ! two to ?ree hundr$ feet pla9 at ,port ,gallegos is ( unkn[n age1 b probably ( subsequ5t orig9 to ! great ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation4 ,,ea/]n ,,ti]ra ,,del ,,fuego4 ,judg+ f ! height1 ! g5]al appe>ance1 & ! :ite col\r ( ! pat*es visible on ! hill sides1 ! upp]mo/ pla91 bo? on ! nor? & we/]n side ( ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 & along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego z f> s\? z ne> ,port ,/4 ,polyc>p1 probably belongs to ! great ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation1 ,^! high] table- ranges are fr+$ by l[1 irregul>1 ext5sive pla9s1 belong+ to ! b\ld] =mation 7,describ$ 9 ! 8,geological ,transactions0 volume #f page #dae471 & compos$ ( co>se un/ratifi$ masses1 sometimes associat$ 7z nor? ( ,c4 ,virg9's7 ) f9e1 lam9at$1 muddy s&/ones4 ,! cliffs 9 ,seba/ian ,bay are #bjj feet 9 height1 & are compos$ ( f9e s&/ones1 (t5 9 curvil9e> lay]s1 includ+ h>d concretions ( calc>e\s s&/one1 & lay]s ( gravel4 ,9 ^! b$s !re are fragm5ts ( wood1 legs ( crabs1 b>nacles encru/$ ) corall9es /ill p>tially reta9+ _! col\r1 imp]fect fragm5ts ( a ,pholas di/9ct f any kn[n species1 & ( a ,v5us1 approa*+ v closely to1 b slightly diff]5t 9 =m f1 ! ,v4 l5ticul>is1 a species liv+ on ! coa/ ( ,*ile4 ,leaves ( trees are num]\s betwe5 ! lam9ae ( ! muddy s&/one2 !y belong1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,j4,d4 ,hook]1 to ?ree species ( decidu\s bee*1 diff]5t f ! two species :i* compose ! great proportion ( trees 9 ?is =e/-clad l&4 78,botany ( ! ,ant>ctic ,voyage0 page #bab47 ,f ^! facts x is difficult to conjecture1 :e!r we "h see ! basal "p ( ! great ,patagonian =mation1 or "s lat] deposit4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,patagonian ,,t]ti>y ,,=mation4 ,f\r out ( ! sev5 fossil %ells1 f ,/4 ,fe 9 ,entre ,rios1 7 f\nd by ,m4 d',orbigny 9 ! s&/one ( ! ,rio ,negro1 & by me at ,san ,josef4 ,?ree out ( ! six f ,san ,josef are id5tical ) ^? f ,port ,desire & ,s4 ,julian1 :i* two places h toge!r fifte5 species1 out ( :i* ?ree are common to bo?4 ,santa ,cruz has sev5te5 species1 out ( :i* five are common to ,port ,desire & ,s4 ,julian4 ,consid]+ ! diff]5ce 9 latitude betwe5 ^! sev]al places1 & ! small numb] ( species altoge!r collect$1 namely ?irty-six1 ,i conceive ! above proportional numb] ( species 9 common1 is suffici5t to %[ t ! l[] fossilif]\s mass belongs ne>ly1 ,i d n say absolutely1 to ! same epo*4 ,:at ?is epo* may be1 comp>$ ) ! ,european t]ti>y /ages1 ,m4 d',orbigny w n pret5d to det]m9e4 ,! ?irty-six species 7includ+ ^? collect$ by myself & by ,m4 d',orbigny7 are all ext9ct1 or at lea/ unkn[n2 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t ! pres5t coa/ consi/s ( %+le1 & t no "o1 ,i believe1 has dr$g$ "h = %ells2 h5ce x is n improbable t "s ( ! species may h]eaft] be f\nd liv+4 ,"s few ( ! species are closely relat$ ) exi/+ ones2 ?is is especially ! case1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny & ,mr4 ,s[]by1 ) ! ,fusus ,patagonicus2 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,s[]by1 ) ! ,pyrula1 ! ,v5us m]idionalis1 ! ,crepidula greg>ia1 & ! ,turritella ambulacrum1 & ,t4 ,patagonica4 ,at lea/ ?ree ( ! g5]a1 namely1 ,cucullaea1 ,crassatella1 & 7z det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,s[]by7 ,/ru?iol>ia1 are n f\nd 9 ?is qu>t] ( ! _w2 & ,trigonocelia is ext9ct4 ,! evid5ce tak5 altoge!r indicates t ?is great t]ti>y =mation is ( consid]able antiquity2 b :5 treat+ ( ! ,*ilean b$s1 ,i %all h to ref] aga9 to ?is subject4 ,! :ite pumice\s mud/one1 ) its abundant gypsum1 belongs to ! same g5]al epo* ) ! und]ly+ fossilif]\s mass1 z may be inf]r$ f ! %ells includ$ 9 ! int]calat$ lay]s at ,nuevo ,gulf1 ,s4 ,julian1 & ,s4 ,cruz4 ,out ( ! tw5ty-sev5 m>9e microscopic /ructures f\nd by ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g 9 ! specim5s f ,s4 ,julian & ,port ,desire1 t5 are common to ^! two places3 ! ?ree f\nd at ,nuevo ,gulf are di/9ct4 ,i h m9utely describ$ ?is deposit1 f its rem>kable *>act]s & its wide ext5sion4 ,f ,coy ,inlet to ,port ,desire1 a di/ance ( #bcj miles1 x is c]ta9ly cont9u\s2 & ,i h reason to believe t x likewise ext5ds to ! ,rio ,*upat1 ,nuevo ,gulf1 & ,san ,josef1 a di/ance ( #egj miles3 we h1 also1 se5 t a s+le lay] occurs at ! ,rio ,negro4 ,at ,port ,s4 ,julian x is f eight to n9e hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness2 & at ,s4 ,cruz x ext5ds1 ) a slightly alt]$ "*1 up to ! ,cordill]a4 ,f its microscopic /ructure1 & f its analogy ) o!r =mations 9 volcanic di/ricts1 x mu/ be consid]$ z orig9ally ( volcanic orig93 x may h be5 =m$ by ! long-cont9u$ attrition ( va/ quantities ( pumice1 or judg+ f ! mann] 9 :i* ! mass becomes1 9 asc5d+ ! valley ( ,s4 ,cruz1 divid$ into v>i\sly col\r$ lay]s1 f ! long-cont9u$ eruption ( cl\ds ( f9e a%es4 ,9 ei!r case1 we mu/ conclude1 t ! s\!rn volcanic orifices ( ! ,cordill]a1 n[ 9 a dormant /ate1 7 at ab\t ?is p]iod ov] a wide space1 & = a great l5g? ( "t1 9 action4 ,we h evid5ce ( ?is fact1 9 ! latitude ( ! ,rio ,negro1 9 ! s&/one-conglom]ate ) pumice1 & demon/rative pro( ( x1 at ,s4 ,cruz1 9 ! va/ deluges ( basaltic lava3 at ?is same t]ti>y p]iod1 also1 !re is di/9ct evid5ce ( volcanic action 9 ,we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation ext5ds cont9u\sly1 judg+ f fossils alone1 f ,s4 ,cruz to ne> ! ,rio ,colorado1 a di/ance ( above six hundr$ miles1 & reappe>s ov] a wide area 9 ,entre ,rios & ,b&a ,ori5tal1 mak+ a total di/ance ( #a1ajj miles2 b ?is =mation und\bt$ly ext5ds 7?\gh no fossils 7 collect$7 f> s\? ( ! ,s4 ,cruz1 &1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 #abj miles nor? ( ,/4 ,fe4 ,at ,s4 ,cruz we h se5 t x ext5ds across ! cont95t2 be+ on ! coa/ ab\t eight hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness 7& r m at ,s4 ,julian71 & ris+ ) ! contemporane\s lava-/reams to a height ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet at ! base ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,x re/s1 :]ev] any und]ly+ =mation c be se51 on plutonic & metamorphic rocks4 ,includ+ ! new] ,pampean deposit1 & ^? /rata 9 ,ea/]n ,ti]ra del ,fuego ( d\btful age1 z well z ! b\ld] =mation1 we h a l9e ( m ?an tw5ty-sev5 degrees ( latitude1 equal to t f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> to ! s\? ( ,icel&1 cont9u\sly compos$ ( t]ti>y =mations4 ,?r\gh\t ?is great space ! l& has be5 uprais$1 )\t ! /rata hav+ be5 9 a s+le in/ance1 z f> z my means ( obs]vation w5t1 unequally tilt$ or dislocat$ by a fault4 ,,t]ti>y ,,=mations ,,on ,,! ,,we/ ,,coa/4 ,,*onos ,,ar*ipelago4 ,! num]\s isl&s ( ?is gr\p1 ) ! exception ( ,lemus1 ,ypun1 consi/ ( metamorphic s*i/s2 ^! two isl&s are =m$ ( s(ti% grey & br[n1 fusible1 (t5 lam9at$ s&/ones1 conta9+ a few pebbles1 fragm5ts ( black lignite1 & num]\s mammillat$ concretions ( h>d calc>e\s s&/one4 ,out ( ^! concretions at ,ypun 7latitude #dj degrees #cj m9utes ,s471 ,i extract$ ! f\r foll[+ ext9ct species ( %ells3-- #a4 ,turritella suturalis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,navidad74 #b4 ,sig>etus subglobosus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,navidad74 #c4 ,cy!raea 787 sulculosa 7871 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,*iloe & ,huafo874 #d4 ,voluta1 fragm5ts (4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ?is gr\p !re are "s cliffs ( gravel & ( ! b\ld] =mation4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p 7at ,p4 ,&res 9 ,tres ,montes71 !re is a volcanic =mation1 probably ( t]ti>y orig94 ,! lavas atta9 a ?ickness ( f two to ?ree hundr$ feet2 !y are extremely v>iable 9 col\r & nature1 be+ compact1 or brecciat$1 or cellul>1 or amygdaloidal ) zeolite1 agate & bole1 or porphyritic ) glassy albitic feldsp>4 ,!re is also mu* imp]fect rubbly pit*/one1 ) ! int]/ices *>g$ ) p[d]y c>bonate ( lime app>5tly ( contemporane\s orig94 ,^! lavas are con=mably associat$ ) /rata ( breccia & ( br[n tuff conta9+ lignite4 ,! :ole mass has be5 brok5 up & tilt$ at an angle ( #de degrees1 by a s]ies ( great volcanic dikes1 "o ( :i* 0 ?irty y>ds 9 bread?4 ,?is volcanic =mation resembles "o1 pres5tly to be describ$1 9 ,*iloe4 ,,huafo4 ,?is isl& lies betwe5 ! ,*onos & ,*iloe gr\ps3 x is ab\t eight hundr$ feet high1 & p]haps has a nucleus ( metamorphic rocks4 ,! /rata :i* ,i exam9$ consi/$ ( f9e-gra9$ muddy s&/ones1 ) fragm5ts ( lignite & concretions ( calc>e\s s&/one4 ,i collect$ ! foll[+ ext9ct %ells1 ( :i* ! ,turritella 0 9 great numb]s3-- #a4 ,bulla cosmophila1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #b4 ,pleurotoma subaequalis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #c4 ,fusus cl]yanus1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage ,pal40 7also at ,coquimbo74 #d4 ,triton leuco/omoides1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #e4 ,turritella ,*il5sis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,mo*a74 #f4 ,v5us1 probably a di/9ct species1 b v imp]fect4 #g4 ,cy!raea 787 sulculosa 7871 probably a di/9ct species1 b v imp]fect4 #h4 ,d5talium majus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 ,,*iloe4 ,?is f9e isl& is ab\t "o hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,! entire s\!rn "p1 & ! :ole we/]n coa/1 consi/s ( mica-s*i/1 :i* likewise is se5 9 ! rav9es ( ! int]ior4 ,! c5tral m\nta9s rise to a height ( #c1jjj feet1 & are said to be p>tly =m$ ( granite & gre5/one3 !re are two small volcanic di/ricts4 ,! ea/]n coa/1 & l>ge p>ts ( ! nor!rn extremity ( ! isl& are compos$ ( gravel1 ! b\ld] =mation1 & und]ly+ horizontal /rata4 ,! latt] are well display$ = tw5ty miles nor? & s\? ( ,ca/ro2 !y v>y 9 "* f common s&/one to f9e-gra9$1 lam9at$ mud/ones3 all ! specim5s :i* ,i exam9$ are easily fusible1 & "s ( ! b$s might be call$ volcanic grit-/ones4 ,^! latt] /rata are p]haps relat$ to a mass ( column> tra*yte :i* occurs beh9d ,ca/ro4 ,! s&/one occasionally includes pebbles1 & _m fragm5ts & lay]s ( lignite2 ( ! latt]1 "s are app>5tly =m$ ( wood & o!rs ( leaves3 "o lay] on ! ,n4,w4 side ( ,lemuy is ne>ly two feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!re is also mu* silicifi$ wood1 bo? common dicotyl$on\s & conif]\s3 a section ( "o specim5 9 ! direction ( ! m$ull>y rays has1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,br[n1 ! discs 9 a d\ble r[ plac$ alt]nately1 & n opposite z 9 ! true ,arauc>ia4 ,i f\nd m>9e rema9s only 9 "o spot1 9 "s concretions ( h>d calc>e\s s&/one3 9 sev]al o!r di/ricts ,i h obs]v$ t organic rema9s 7 exclusively conf9$ to su* concretions2 are we to acc\nt = ?is fact1 by ! supposition t ! %ells liv$ only at ^! po9ts1 or is x n m probable t _! rema9s 7 pres]v$ only :]e concretions 7 =m$8 ,! %ells "h are 9 a bad /ate1 !y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,tell9ides 787 oblonga1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7a sol5ella 9 ,m4 d',orbigny's op9ion74 #b4 ,natica /riolata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #c4 ,natica 787 pumila1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #d4 ,cy!raea 787 sulculosa1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also ,ypun & ,huafo874 ,at ! nor!rn extremity ( ! isl&1 ne> ,s4 ,c>los1 !re is a l>ge volcanic =mation1 betwe5 five & sev5 hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! commone/ lava is blacki%-grey or br[n1 ei!r vesicul>1 or amygdaloidal ) calc>e\s sp> & bole3 mo/ ev5 ( ! d>ke/ v>ieties fuse into a pale-col\r$ glass4 ,! next commone/ v>iety is a rubbly1 r>ely well *>act]is$ pit*/one 7fus+ into a :ite glass7 :i* passes 9 ! mo/ irregul> mann] into /ony grey lavas4 ,?is pit*/one1 z well z "s purple clay/one porphyry1 c]ta9ly fl[$ 9 ! =m ( /reams4 ,^! v>i\s lavas (t5 pass1 at a consid]able dep? f ! surface1 9 ! mo/ abrupt & s+ul> mann] into wacke4 ,great masses ( ! solid rock are brecciat$1 & x 0 g5]ally impossible to discov] :e!r ! recem5t+ process _h be5 an igne\s or aque\s action4 7,9 a cliff ( ! h>de/ fragm5t>y mass1 ,i f\nd sev]al tortu\s1 v]tical ve9s1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few t5?s ( an in* to "o in* & a half1 ( a sub/ance :i* ,i h n se5 describ$4 ,x is glossy1 & ( a br[n col\r2 x is ?9ly lam9at$1 ) ! lam9ae transp>5t & ela/ic2 x is a little h>d] ?an calc>e\s sp>2 x is infusible "u ! bl[pipe1 sometimes decrepitates1 gives out wat]1 curls up1 black5s1 & becomes magnetic4 ,borax easily dissolves a consid]able quantity ( x1 & gives a glass t+$ ) gre54 ,i h no idea :at its true nature is4 ,on fir/ see+ x1 ,i mi/ook x = lignite67 ,! b$s are obscurely sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 !y are sometimes p>t$ by seams ( tuff & lay]s ( pebbles4 ,9 "o place !y re/$ on1 & 9 ano!r place 7 capp$ by1 tuffs & girt-/ones1 app>5tly ( subm>9e orig94 ,! neighb\r+ p59sula ( ,lacuy is almo/ :olly =m$ ( tuface\s deposits1 connect$ probably 9 _! orig9 ) ! volcanic hills j describ$4 ,! tuffs are pale-col\r$1 alt]nat+ ) lam9at$ mud/ones & s&/ones 7all easily fusible71 & pass+ sometimes into f9e-gra9$ :ite b$s /rik+ly resembl+ ! great upp] infusorial deposit ( ,patagonia1 & sometimes into brecciolas ) pieces ( pumice 9 ! la/ /age ( decay2 ^! aga9 pass into ord9>y co>se breccias & conglom]ates ( h>d rocks4 ,)9 v %ort di/ances1 "s ( ! f9] tuffs (t5 pass$ into ea* o!r 9 a peculi> mann]1 namely1 by irregul> polygonal concretions ( "o v>iety increas+ s mu* & s sudd5ly 9 size1 t ! second v>iety1 in/ead ( any long] =m+ ! entire mass1 0 left m]ely 9 ?9 ve9s betwe5 ! concretions4 ,9 a /raight l9e ( cliffs1 at ,po9t ,t5uy1 ,i exam9$ ! foll[+ rem>kable section 7,figure #ai73-- 7,,figure #ai47 ,on ! left h&1 ! l[] "p 7,,aa7 consi/s ( regul>1 alt]nat+ /rata ( br[n tuffs & gre5i% lam9at$ mud/one1 g5tly incl9$ to ! "r1 & con=mably cov]$ by a mass 7,b left7 ( a :ite1 tuface\s & brecciolat$ deposit4 ,on ! "r h&1 ! :ole cliff 7,,bb "r7 consi/s ( ! same :ite tuface\s matt]1 :i* on ?is side pres5ts sc>cely a trace ( /ratification1 b to ! left becomes v gradually & r indi/9ctly divid$ into /rata q con=mable ) ! und]ly+ b$s 7,,aa73 moreov]1 a few hundr$ y>ds fur!r to ! left1 :]e ! surface has be5 less d5ud$1 ! tuface\s /rata 7,b left7 are con=mably cov]$ by ano!r set ( /rata1 l ! und]ly+ ones 7,,aa7 ( ?is section4 ,9 ! middle ( ! diagram1 ! b$s 7,,aa7 are se5 to be abruptly cut (f1 & to abut aga9/ ! tuface\s non-/ratifi$ mass2 b ! l9e ( junction has be5 accid5tally n repres5t$ /eep en\gh1 = ,i p>ticul>ly notic$ t be=e ! b$s _h be5 tilt$ to ! "r1 ?is l9e mu/ h be5 ne>ly v]tical4 ,x appe>s t a curr5t ( wat] cut = itself a deep & /eep subm>9e *annel1 & at ! same "t or aft]w>ds fill$ x up ) ! tuface\s & brecciolat$ matt]1 & spread ! same ov] ! surr\nd+ subm>9e b$s2 ! matt] becom+ /ratifi$ 9 ^! m di/ant & less tr\bl$ p>ts1 & be+ moreov] subsequ5tly cov]$ up by o!r /rata 7l ,,aa7 n %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,x is s+ul> t ?ree ( ! b$s 7( ,,aa7 are prolong$ 9 _! prop] direction1 z repres5t$1 beyond ! l9e ( junction into ! :ite tuface\s matt]3 ! prolong$ portions ( two ( ! b$s are r\nd$2 9 ! ?ird1 ! t]m9al fragm5t has be5 pu%$ upw>ds3 h[ ^! b$s c\ld h be5 left ?us prolong$1 ,i w n pret5d to expla94 ,9 ano!r section on ! opposite side ( a promontory1 !re 0 at ! foot ( ?is same l9e ( junction1 t is at ! bottom ( ! old subm>9e *annel1 a pile ( fragm5ts ( ! /rata 7,,aa71 ) _! int]/ices fill$ up ) :ite tuface\s matt]3 ?is is exactly :at might h be5 anticipat$ "u su* circum/ances4 7,,figure #bj4 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,ve9s ,,& ,,concretion>y ,,zones ,,9 ,a ,,mass ,,( ,,tuff47 ,! v>i\s tuface\s & o!r b$s at ?is nor!rn end ( ,*iloe probably belong to ab\t ! same age ) ^? ne> ,ca/ro1 & !y conta91 z !re1 _m fragm5ts ( black lignite & ( silicifi$ & pyrit\s wood1 (t5 emb$d$ close toge!r4 ,!y also conta9 _m & s+ul> concretions3 "s are ( h>d calc>e\s s&/one1 9 :i* x w\ld appe> t brok5 volcanic cry/als & scales ( mica h be5 bett] pres]v$ 7z 9 ! case ( ! organic rema9s ne> ,ca/ro7 ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ mass4 ,o!r concretions 9 ! :ite brecciola are ( a h>d1 f]rug9\s1 yet fusible1 nature2 !y are z r\nd z cannon-balls1 & v>y f two or ?ree in*es to two feet 9 diamet]2 _! insides g5]ally consi/ ei!r ( f9e1 sc>cely coh]5t volcanic s& 7,! frequ5t t5d5cy 9 iron to =m holl[ concretions or %ell conta9+ incoh]5t matt] is s+ul>2 ,d',aubuisson 78,traite de ,geogn40 tome #a page #cah7 rem>ks on ?is circum/ance471 or ( an argillace\s tuff2 9 ?is latt] case1 ! ext]nal cru/ 0 q ?9 & h>d4 ,"s ( ^! sph]ical balls 7 encircl$ 9 ! l9e ( _! equators1 by a necklace-l r[ ( small] concretions4 ,aga9 !re 7 o!r concretions1 irregul>ly =m$1 & compos$ ( a h>d1 compact1 a%- col\r$ /one1 ) an almo/ porcela9\s fracture1 adhesive to ! tongue1 & )\t any calc>e\s matt]4 ,^! b$s are1 also1 int]lac$ by _m ve9s1 conta9+ gypsum1 f]rug9\s matt]1 calc>e\s sp>1 & agate4 ,x 0 "h se5 ) rem>kable di/9ctness1 h[ intimately concretion>y action & ! production ( fissures & ve9s are relat$ toge!r4 ,figure #bj is an accurate repres5tation ( a horizontal space ( tuff1 ab\t f\r feet long by two & a half 9 wid?3 ! d\ble l9es repres5t ! fissures p>tially fill$ ) oxide ( iron & agate3 ! curvil9e> l9es %[ ! c\rse ( ! innum]able1 conc5tric1 concretion>y zones ( diff]5t %ades ( col\r & ( co>s5ess 9 ! p>ticles ( tuff4 ,! symmetry & complexity ( ! arrangem5t gave ! surface an elegant appe>ance4 ,x may be se5 h[ obvi\sly ! fissures det]m9e 7or h be5 det]m9$ by7 ! %ape1 sometimes ( ! :ole concretion1 & sometimes only ( its c5tral p>ts4 ,! fissures also det]m9e ! curvatures ( ! long undulat+ zones ( concretion>y action4 ,f ! v>y+ composition ( ! ve9s & concretions1 ! am\nt ( *emical action :i* ! mass has und]gone is surpris+ly great2 & x w\ld likewise appe> f ! diff]5ce 9 size 9 ! p>ticles ( ! concretion>y zones1 t ! mass1 also1 has be5 subject$ to int]nal me*anical movem5ts4 ,9 ! p59sula ( ,lacuy1 ! /rata ov] a wid? ( f\r miles h be5 upheav$ by ?ree di/9ct1 & "s o!r indi/9ct1 l9es ( elevation1 rang+ )9 a po9t ( nor? & s\?4 ,"o l9e1 ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 height1 is regul>ly anticl9al1 ) ! /rata dipp+ away on bo? sides1 at an angle ( #ae degrees1 f a c5tral 8valley ( elevation10 ab\t ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?4 ,a second n>r[ /eep ridge1 only sixty feet high1 is unicl9al1 ! /rata ?r\gh\t dipp+ we/w>d2 ^? on bo? flanks be+ incl9$ at an angle ( f t5 to fifte5 degrees2 :il/ ^? on ! ridge dip 9 ! same direction at an angle ( betwe5 ?irty & =ty degrees4 ,?is ridge1 trac$ nor?w>ds1 dies away2 & ! b$s at its t]m9al po9t1 in/ead ( dipp+ we/w>d1 are incl9$ #ab degrees to ! nor?4 ,?is case int]e/$ me1 z be+ ! fir/ 9 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 =mations p]haps ( t]ti>y orig91 brok5 by l9es ( elevation4 ,,valdivia3 ,,isl& ,,( ,,mo*a4 ,! =mations ( ,*iloe seem to ext5d ) ne>ly ! same "* to ,valdivia1 & = "s leagues nor?w>d ( x3 ! und]ly+ rocks are micace\s s*i/s1 & are cov]$ up ) s&/one & o!r s$im5t>y b$s1 includ+1 z ,i 0 assur$1 9 _m places lay]s ( lignite4 ,i did n l& on ,mo*a 7latitude #ch degrees #bj m9utes71 b ,mr4 ,/okes br\ght me specim5s ( ! grey1 f9e-gra9$1 slightly calc>e\s s&/one1 precisely l t ( ,huafo1 conta9+ lignite & num]\s ,turritellae4 ,! isl& is flat topp$1 #a1bdj feet 9 height1 & appe>s l an outli] ( ! s$im5t>y b$s on ! ma9l&4 ,! few %ells collect$ consi/ (3-- #a4 ,turritella ,*il5sis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7also at ,huafo74 #b4 ,fusus1 v imp]fect1 some:at resembl+ ,f4 subreflexus ( ,navidad1 b probably diff]5t4 #c4 ,v5us1 fragm5ts (4 ,,concepcion4 ,sail+ nor?w>d f ,valdivia1 ! coa/-cliffs are se51 fir/ to assume ne> ! ,r4 ,tolt51 & !nce = #aej miles nor?w>d1 to be cont9u$ ) ! same m9]alogical *>act]s1 imm$iately to be describ$ at ,concepcion4 ,i he>d 9 _m places ( b$s ( lignite1 "s ( x f9e & glossy1 & likewise ( silicifi$ wood2 ne> ! ,tolt5 ! cliffs are l[1 b !y soon rise 9 height2 & ! horizontal /rata are prolong$1 ) a ne>ly level surface1 until com+ to a m l(ty tract betwe5 po9ts ,rum5a & ,lavapie4 ,"h ! b$s h be5 brok5 up by at lea/ eight or n9e p>allel l9es ( elevation1 rang+ ,e4 or ,e4,n4,e4 & ,w4 or ,w4,s4,w4 ,^! l9es c be foll[$ ) ! eye _m miles into ! int]ior2 !y are all unicl9al1 ! /rata 9 ea* dipp+ to a po9t betwe5 ,s4 & ,s4,s4,e4 ) an incl9ation 9 ! c5tral l9es ( ab\t =ty degrees1 & 9 ! out] ones ( "u tw5ty degrees4 ,?is b& ( symmetrically tr\bl$ c\ntry is ab\t eight miles 9 wid?4 ,! isl& ( ,quiriqu9a1 9 ! ,bay ( ,concepcion1 is =m$ ( v>i\s s(t & (t5 f]rug9\s s&/ones1 ) b&s ( pebbles1 & ) ! l[] /rata sometimes pass+ into a conglom]ate re/+ on ! und]ly+ metamorphic s*i/s4 ,^! b$s include subord9ate lay]s ( gre5i% impure clay1 s(t micace\s & calc>e\s s&/ones1 & r$di% friable e>?y matt] ) :ite specks l decompos$ cry/als ( feldsp>2 !y include1 also1 h>d concretions1 fragm5ts ( %ells1 lignite1 & silicifi$ wood4 ,9 ! upp] "p !y pass into :ite1 s(t s$im5ts & brecciolas1 v l ^? describ$ at ,*iloe2 z inde$ is ! :ole =mation4 ,at ,lirgu5 & o!r places on ! ea/]n side ( ! bay1 !re are good sections ( ! l[] s&/ones1 :i* are g5]ally f]rug9\s1 b :i* v>y 9 "*1 & ev5 pass into an argillace\s nature2 !y conta9 h>d concretions1 fragm5ts ( lignite1 silicifi$ wood1 & pebbles 7( ! same rocks ) ! pebbles 9 ! s&/ones ( ,quiriqu9a71 & !y alt]nate ) num]\s1 (t5 v ?9 lay]s ( imp]fect coal1 g5]ally ( little specific gravity4 ,! ma9 b$ "h is ?ree feet ?ick2 & only ! coal ( ?is "o b$ has a glossy fracture4 ,ano!r irregul>1 curvil9e> b$ ( br[n1 compact lignite1 is rem>kable = be+ includ$ 9 a mass ( co>se gravel4 ,^! imp]fect coals1 :5 plac$ 9 a heap1 ignite spontane\sly4 ,! cliffs on ?is side ( ! bay1 z well z on ! isl& ( ,quiriqu9a1 are capp$ ) r$ friable e>?1 :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! ,second ,*apt]1 is ( rec5t =mation4 ,! /ratification 9 ?is neighb\rhood is g5]ally horizontal2 b ne> ,lirgu5 ! b$s dip ,n4,w4 at an angle ( #bc degrees2 ne> ,concepcion !y are also incl9$3 at ! nor!rn end ( ,quiriqu9a !y h be5 tilt$ at an angle ( #cj degrees1 & at ! s\!rn end at angles v>y+ f #ae degrees to #dj degrees3 ^! dislocations mu/ h tak5 place "u ! sea4 ,a collection ( %ells1 f ! isl& ( ,quiriqu9a1 has be5 describ$ by ,m4 d',orbigny3 !y are all ext9ct1 & f _! g5]ic "*1 ,m4 d',orbigny inf]r$ t !y 7 ( t]ti>y orig93 !y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,scal>ia ,*il5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #b4 ,natica ,araucana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #c4 ,natica au/ralis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #d4 ,fusus difficilis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #e4 ,pyrula longiro/ra1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #f4 ,pleurotoma ,araucana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #g4 ,c>dium auca1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #h4 ,c>dium acutico/atum1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #i4 ,v5us auca1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #aj4 ,mactra cecileana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #aa4 ,mactra ,araucana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #ab4 ,arca ,araucana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #ac4 ,nucula ,l>gilli]ti1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #ad4 ,trigonia ,hanetiana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 ,dur+ a second visit ( ! 8,beagle0 to ,concepcion1 ,mr4 ,k5t collect$ = me "s silicifi$ wood & %ells out ( ! concretions 9 ! s&/one f ,tome1 situat$ a %ort di/ance nor? ( ,lirgu54 ,!y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,natica au/ralis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #b4 ,mactra ,araucana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #c4 ,trigonia ,hanetiana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 #d4 ,pect51 fragm5ts (1 probably two species1 b too imp]fect = description4 #e4 ,baculites vag9a1 ,e4 ,=bes4 #f4 ,nautilus d',orbignyanus1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,besides ^! %ells1 ,capta9 ,bel*] f\nd "h an ,ammonite1 ne>ly ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & s heavy t he c\ld n br+ x away2 fragm5ts are deposit$ at ,hasl> ,hospital3 he also f\nd ! silicifi$ v]tebrae ( "s v l>ge animal4 78,zoology ( ,capta9 ,bee*ey's ,voyage0 page #afc47 ,f ! id5tity 9 m9]alogical nature ( ! rocks1 & f ,capta9 ,bel*]'s m9ute description ( ! coa/ betwe5 ,lirgu5 & ,tome1 ! fossilif]\s concretions at ?is latt] place c]ta9ly belong to ! same =mation ) ! b$s exam9$ by myself at ,lirgu52 & ^! aga9 are und\bt$ly ! same ) ! /rata ( ,quiriqu9a2 moreov]2 ! ?ree fir/ ( ! %ells f ,tome1 ?\gh associat$ 9 ! same concretions ) ! ,baculite1 are id5tical ) ! species f ,quiriqu9a4 ,h5ce all ! s&/one & lignitif]\s b$s 9 ?is neighb\rhood c]ta9ly belong to ! same =mation4 ,al?\gh ! g5]ic "* ( ! ,quiriqu9a fossils naturally l$ ,m4 d',orbigny to conceive t !y 7 ( t]ti>y orig91 yet z we n[ f9d !m associat$ ) ! ,baculites vag9a & ) an ,ammonite1 we mu/1 9 ! op9ion ( ,m4 d',orbigny1 & if we are guid$ by ! analogy ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 rank !m 9 ! ,cretace\s sy/em4 ,moreov]1 ! ,baculites vag9a1 :i* is 9 a tol]able /ate ( pres]vation1 appe>s to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes c]ta9ly to be id5tical ) a species1 s nam$ by him1 f ,pondi*]ry 9 ,india2 :]e x is associat$ ) num]\s decid$ly cretace\s species1 :i* approa* mo/ ne>ly to ,l[] ,gre5s& or ,neocomian =ms3 ?is fact1 consid]+ ! va/ di/ance betwe5 ,*ile & ,india1 is truly surpris+4 ,aga91 ! ,nautilus d',orbignyanus1 z f> z its imp]fect /ate all[s ( comp>ison1 resembles1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 bo? 9 its g5]al =m & 9 t ( its *amb]s1 two species f ! ,upp] ,gre5s&4 ,x may be add$ t e "o ( ! above-nam$ g5]a f ,quiriqu9a1 :i* h an app>5tly t]ti>y "*1 are f\nd 9 ! ,pondi*]ry /rata4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s difficulties on ?is view ( ! =mations at ,concepcion be+ cretace\s1 :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds allude to2 & ,i w "h only /ate t ! ,c>dium auca is f\nd also at ,coquimbo1 ! b$s at :i* place1 !re c be no d\bt1 are t]ti>y4 ,,navidad4 7,i 0 guid$ to ?is locality by ! ,report on ,m4 ,gay's 8,geological ,rese>*es0 9 ! 8,annales des ,sci5c4 ,nat40 #a/ s]ies tome #bh47 ,! ,concepcion =mation ext5ds "s di/ance nor?w>d1 b h[ f> ,i "k n2 = ! next po9t at :i* ,i l&$ 0 at ,navidad1 #afj miles nor? ( ,concepcion1 & #fj miles s\? ( ,valp>aiso4 ,! cliffs "h are ab\t eight hundr$ feet 9 height3 !y consi/1 :]ev] ,i c\ld exam9e !m1 ( f9e-gra9$1 yell[i%1 e>?y s&/ones1 ) f]rug9\s ve9s1 & ) concretions ( h>d calc>e\s s&/one4 ,9 "o "p1 !re 7 _m pebbles ( ! common metamorphic porphyries ( ! ,cordill]a3 & ne> ! base ( ! cliff1 ,i obs]v$ a s+le r\nd$ b\ld] ( gre5/one1 ne>ly a y>d 9 diamet]4 ,i trac$ ?is s&/one =mation b5ea? ! sup]ficial cov]+ ( gravel1 = "s di/ance inl&3 ! /rata are slightly incl9$ f ! sea t[>ds ! ,cordill]a1 :i* app>5tly has be5 caus$ by _! hav+ be5 accumulat$ aga9/ or r\nd outly+ masses ( granite1 ( :i* "s po9ts project ne> ! coa/4 ,! s&/one conta9s fragm5ts ( wood1 ei!r 9 ! /ate ( lignite or p>tially silicifi$1 %>ks' tee?1 & %ells 9 great abundance1 bo? high up & l[ d[n ! sea-cliffs4 ,pectunculus & ,oliva 7 mo/ num]\s 9 individuals1 & next to !m ,turritella & ,fusus4 ,i collect$ 9 a %ort "t1 ?\gh suff]+ f illness1 ! foll[+ ?irty-"o species1 all ( :i* are ext9ct1 & sev]al ( ! g5]a d n n[ range 7z we %all h]eaft] %[7 ne>ly s f> s\?3-- #a4 ,ga/ridium cepa1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #b4 ,monoc]os1 fragm5ts (1 consid]$ by ,m4 d',orbigny z a new species4 #c4 ,voluta alta1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7consid]$ by ,m4 d',orbigny z di/9ct f ! ,v4 alta ( ,santa ,cruz74 #d4 ,voluta triplicata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #e4 ,oliva dimidiata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #f4 ,pleurotoma discors1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #g4 ,pleurotoma turb9elloides1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #h4 ,fusus subreflexus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #i4 ,fusus pyruli=mis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #aj4 ,fusus1 alli$ to ,f4 regul>is 7consid]$ by ,m4 d',orbigny z a di/9ct species74 #aa4 ,turritella suturalis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ab4 ,turritella ,patagonica1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7fragm5ts (74 #ac4 ,tro*us laevis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ad4 ,tro*us coll>is1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by 7consid]$ by ,m4 d',orbigny z ! "y ( ! ,t4 laevis74 #ae4 ,cassis monilif]1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #af4 ,pyrula di/ans1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ag4 ,triton v]ruculosus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ah4 ,sig>etus subglobosus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ai4 ,natica solida1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 7,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,natica solida ( ,s4 ,cruz is ! same species ) ?is47 #bj4 ,t]ebra undulif]a1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #ba4 ,t]ebra co/ellata1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #bb4 ,bulla 7fragm5ts (74 #bc4 ,d5talium giganteum1 d4 #bd4 ,d5talium sulcosum1 d4 #be4 ,corbis 787 laevigata1 d4 #bf4 ,c>dium multiradiatum1 d4 #bg4 ,v5us m]idionalis1 d4 #bh4 ,pectunculus disp>1 787 ,de%4 7consid]$ by ,m4 d',orbigny z a di/9ct species74 #bi1 #cj4 ,cy!raea & ,mactra1 fragm5ts ( 7consid]$ by ,m4 d',orbigny z new species74 #ca4 ,pect51 fragm5ts (4 ,,coquimbo4 7,,figure #ba4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,=mation ,,at ,,coquimbo4 ,f ,level ( ,sea to ,surface ( pla91 #beb feet above sea1 ?r\gh levels ,f1 ,e1 ,d & ,c3 ,f4--,l[] s&/one1 ) concretions & silicifi$ bones1 ) fossil %ells1 all1 or ne>ly all1 ext9ct4 ,e4--,upp] f]rug9\s s&/one1 ) num]\s ,balani1 ) fossil %ells1 all1 or ne>ly all1 ext9ct4 ,c & ,d4--,calc>e\s b$s ) rec5t %ells4 ,a4--,/ratifi$ s& 9 a rav9e1 also ) rec5t %ells47 ,= m ?an two hundr$ miles nor?w>d ( ,navidad1 ! coa/ consi/s ( plutonic & metamorphic rocks1 ) ! exception ( "s q insignificant sup]ficial b$s ( rec5t orig94 ,at ,tonguay1 tw5ty-five miles s\? ( ,coquimbo1 t]ti>y b$s recomm5ce4 ,i h already m9utely describ$ 9 ! ,second ,*apt]1 ! /ep-=m$ pla9s ( ,coquimbo1 & ! upp] calc>e\s b$s 7f tw5ty to ?irty feet 9 ?ickness7 conta9+ %ells ( rec5t species1 b 9 diff]5t proportions f ^? on ! bea*4 ,!re rema9s to be describ$ only ! und]ly+ anci5t t]ti>y b$s1 repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ba by ! lett]s ,f & ,e3-- ,i obta9$ good sections ( b$ ,f only 9 ,h]radura ,bay3 x consi/s ( s(t :iti% s&/one1 ) f]rug9\s ve9s1 "s pebbles ( granite1 & concretion>y lay]s ( h>d calc>e\s s&/one4 ,^! concretions are rem>kable f ! great numb] ( l>ge silicifi$ bones1 app>5tly ( cetace\s animals1 :i* !y conta92 & likewise ( a %>k's tee?1 closely resembl+ ^? ( ! ,c>*>ias megalodon4 ,%ells ( ! foll[+ species1 ( :i* ! gigantic ,oy/] & ,p]na are ! mo/ conspicu\s1 are num]\sly emb$d$ 9 ! concretions3-- #a4 ,bulla ambigua1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #b4 ,monoc]os ,bla9villii1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #c4 ,c>dium auca1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #d4 ,panopaea ,coquimb5sis1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #e4 ,p]na ,gaudi*audi1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #f4 ,artemis pond]osa2 ,mr4 ,s[]by c f9d no di/+ui%+ "* betwe5 ?is fossil & ! rec5t ,a4 pond]osa2 x is c]ta9ly an ,artemis1 z %[n by ! pallial impression4 #g4 ,o/rea ,patagonica 7872 ,mr4 ,s[]by c po9t out no di/+ui%+ "* betwe5 ?is species & t s em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! great ,patagonian =mation2 b he w n pret5d to affirm t !y are id5tical4 #h4 ,fragm5ts ( a ,v5us & ,natica4 ,! cliffs on "o side ( ,h]radura ,bay are capp$ by a mass ( /ratifi$ %+le1 conta9+ a little calc>e\s matt]1 & ,i did n d\bt t x belong$ to ! same rec5t =mation ) ! gravel on ! surr\nd+ pla9s1 also cem5t$ by calc>e\s matt]1 until to my surprise1 ,i f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( x1 a s+le ?9 lay] almo/ entirely compos$ ( ! above gigantic oy/]4 ,at a little di/ance inl&1 ,i obta9$ sev]al sections ( ! b$ ,e1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! l[] b$ ,f1 belongs to ! same =mation3 x consi/s ( a highly f]rug9\s s&y mass1 almo/ compos$1 l ! l[e/ b$ at ,port ,s4 ,julian1 ( fragm5ts ( ,balanidae2 x includes "s pebbles1 & lay]s ( yell[i%-br[n mud/one4 ,! emb$d$ %ells consi/ (3-- #a4 ,monoc]os ,bla9villii1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #b4 ,monoc]os ambiguus1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #c4 ,anomia alt]nans1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #d4 ,pect5 rudis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #e4 ,p]na ,gaudi*audi1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #f4 ,o/rea ,patagonica 7871 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #g4 ,o/rea1 small species1 9 imp]fect /ate2 x appe>$ to me l a small k9d n[ liv+ 91 b v r>e 9 ! bay4 #h4 ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis2 ,mr4 ,s[]by c f9d no di/+ui%+ "* betwe5 ?is fossil1 z f> z its n v p]fect condition all[s ( comp>ison1 & ! rec5t species4 #i4 ,balanus ,coquimb5sis1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by4 #aj4 ,balanus psittacus8 ,k+4 ,?is appe>s to ,mr4 ,s[]by & myself id5tical ) a v l>ge & common species n[ liv+ on ! coa/4 ,! upp]mo/ lay]s ( ?is f]rug9o-s&y mass are con=mably cov]$ by1 & impregnat$ to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es )1 ! calc>e\s matt] ( ! b$ ,d call$ losa3 h5ce ,i at "o "t imag9$ t !re 0 a gradual passage betwe5 !m2 b z all ! species are rec5t 9 ! b$ ,d1 :il/ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic %ells ( ! upp]mo/ lay]s ( ,e are ! ext9ct ,p]na1 ,pect51 & ,monoc]os1 ,i agree ) ,m4 d',orbigny1 t ?is view is errone\s1 & t !re is only a m9]alogical passage betwe5 !m1 & no gradual transition 9 ! nature ( _! organic rema9s4 ,besides ! f\rte5 species enum]at$ f ^! two l[] b$s1 ,m4 d',orbigny has describ$ t5 o!r species giv5 to him f ?is locality2 namely3-- #a4 ,fusus ,cl]yanus1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #b4 ,fusus petitianus1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #c4 ,v5us hanetiana1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #d4 ,v5us inc]ta 787 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #e4 ,v5us ,cl]yana1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #f4 ,v5us petitiana1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #g4 ,v5us ,*il5sis1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #h4 ,solecurtus hanetianus1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #i4 ,mactra auca1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #aj4 ,oliva s]5a1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 ,( ^! tw5ty-f\r %ells1 all are ext9ct1 except1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,s[]by1 ! ,artemis pond]osa1 ,mytilus ,*ilo5sis1 & probably ! great ,balanus4 ,,coquimbo ,,to ,,copiapo4 ,a few miles nor? ( ,coquimbo1 ,i met ) ! f]rug9\s1 balanif]\s mass ,e ) _m silicifi$ bones2 ,i 0 in=m$ t ^! silicifi$ bones occur also at ,tonguay1 s\? ( ,coquimbo3 _! numb] is c]ta9ly rem>kable1 & !y seem to take ! place ( ! silicifi$ wood1 s common on ! coa/-=mations ( ,s\!rn ,*ile4 ,9 ! valley ( ,*an]al1 ,i aga9 saw ?is same =mation1 capp$ ) ! rec5t calc>e\s b$s4 ,i "h left ! coa/1 & did n see any m ( ! t]ti>y =mations1 until desc5d+ to ! sea at ,copiapo3 "h 9 "o place ,i f\nd v>i\sly col\r$ lay]s ( s& & s(t s&/one1 ) seams ( gypsum1 & 9 ano!r place1 a comm9ut$ %elly mass1 ) lay]s ( rott5-/one & seams ( gypsum1 includ+ _m ( ! ext9ct gigantic oy/]3 b$s ) ^! oy/]s are said to occur at ,engli% ,h>b\r1 a few miles nor? ( ,copiapo4 ,,coa/ ,,( ,,p]u4 ,) ! exception ( deposits conta9+ rec5t %ells & ( q insignificant dim5sions1 no t]ti>y =mations h be5 obs]v$ on ?is coa/1 = a space ( tw5ty-two degrees ( latitude nor? ( ,copiapo1 until com+ to ,payta1 :]e !re is said to be a consid]able calc>e\s deposit3 a few fossils h be5 describ$ by ,m4 d',orbigny f ?is place1 namely3-- #a4 ,ro/ell>ia ,gaudi*audi1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #b4 ,pectunculus ,payt5sis1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #c4 ,v5us petitiana1 d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,pal4 #d4 ,o/rea ,patagonica8 ,?is great oy/] 7( :i* specim5s h be5 giv5 me7 _c be di/+ui%$ by ,mr4 ,s[]by f "s ( ! v>ieties f ,patagonia2 ?\gh x w\ld be haz>d\s to ass]t x is ! same ) t species1 or ) t f ,coquimbo4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,! =mations describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 h1 9 ! case ( ,*iloe & probably 9 t ( ,concepcion & ,navidad1 app>5tly be5 accumulat$ 9 tr\ghs =m$ by subm>9e ridges ext5d+ p>allel to ! anci5t %ores ( ! cont95t2 9 ! case ( ! isl&s ( ,mo*a & ,huafo x is highly probable1 & 9 t ( ,ypun & ,lemus almo/ c]ta91 t !y 7 accumulat$ r\nd isolat$ rocky c5tres or nuclei1 9 ! same mann] z mud & s& are n[ collect+ r\nd ! outly+ islets & reefs 9 ! ,we/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,h5ce1 ,i may rem>k1 x does n foll[ t ! outly+ t]ti>y masses ( ,mo*a & ,huafo 7 ev] cont9u\sly unit$ at ! same level ) ! =mations on ! ma9l&1 ?\gh !y may h be5 ( contemporane\s orig91 & be5 subsequ5tly uprais$ to ! same height4 ,9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,*ile1 ! t]ti>y /rata seem to h be5 sep>ately accumulat$ 9 bays1 n[ =m+ ! m\?s ( valleys4 ,! relation betwe5 ^! sev]al deposits on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 is n ne>ly s cle> z 9 ! case ( ! t]ti>y =mations on ! ,atlantic4 ,judg+ f ! =m & height ( ! l& 7evid5ce :i* ,i feel sure is "h mu* m tru/wor?y ?an x c ev] be 9 su* brok5 cont95ts z t ( ,europe71 f ! id5tity ( m9]alogical composition1 f ! pres5ce ( fragm5ts ( lignite & ( silicifi$ wood1 & f ! int]calat$ lay]s ( imp]fect coal1 ,i mu/ believe t ! coa/-=mations f ,c5tral ,*iloe to ,concepcion1 a di/ance ( #djj miles1 are ( ! same age3 f ne>ly simil> reasons1 ,i suspect t ! b$s ( ,mo*a1 ,huafo1 & ,ypun1 belong also to ! same p]iod4 ,! commone/ %ell 9 ,mo*a & ,huafo is ! same species ( ,turritella2 & ,i believe ! same ,cy!raea is f\nd on ! isl&s ( ,huafo1 ,*iloe1 & ,ypun2 b ) ^! trifl+ exceptions1 ! few organic rema9s f\nd at ^! places are di/9ct4 ,! num]\s %ells f ,navidad1 ) ! exception ( two1 namely1 ! ,sig>etus & ,turritella f\nd at ,ypun1 are likewise di/9ct f ^? f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ?is coa/4 ,coquimbo has ,c>dium auca 9 common ) ,concepcion1 & ,fusus ,cl]yanus ) ,huafo2 ,i may add1 t ,coquimbo has ,v5us petitiana1 & a gigantic oy/] 7said by ,m4 d',orbigny also to be f\nd a little s\? ( ,concepcion7 9 common ) ,payta1 ?\gh ?is latt] place is situat$ tw5ty-two degrees nor?w>d ( latitude #bg degrees1 to :i* po9t ! ,coquimbo =mation ext5ds4 ,f ^! facts1 & f ! g5]ic resemblance ( ! fossils f ! diff]5t localities1 ,i _c avoid ! suspicion t !y all belong to ne>ly ! same epo*1 :i* epo*1 z we %all imm$iately see1 mu/ be a v anci5t t]ti>y "o4 ,b z ! ,baculite1 especially consid]+ its app>5t id5tity ) ! ,cretace\s ,pondi*]ry species1 & ! pres5ce ( an ,ammonite1 & ! resemblance ( ! ,nautilus to two upp] gre5s& species1 toge!r af=d v /rong evid5ce t ! =mation ( ,concepcion is a ,second>y "o2 ,i w1 9 my rem>ks on ! fossils f ! o!r localities1 put on "o side ^? f ,concepcion & f ,ea/]n ,*iloe1 :i*1 :atev] _! age may be1 appe> to me to belong to "o gr\p4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 aga9 call att5tion to ! fact t ! ,c>dium auca is f\nd bo? at ,concepcion & 9 ! und\bt$ly t]ti>y /rata ( ,coquimbo3 nor %\ld ! possibility be ov]look$1 t z ,trigonia1 ?\gh kn[n 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e only z a ,second>y g5us1 has liv+ repres5tatives 9 ! ,au/ralian seas1 s a ,baculite1 ,ammonite1 & ,trigonia may h surviv$ 9 ?is remote "p ( ! s\!rn ocean to a some:at lat] p]iod ?an to ! nor? ( ! equator4 ,be=e pass+ 9 review ! fossils f ! o!r localities1 !re are two po9ts1 ) respect to ! =mations betwe5 ,concepcion & ,*iloe1 :i* des]ve "s notice4 ,fir/1 t ?\gh ! /rata are g5]ally horizontal1 !y h be5 upheav$ 9 ,*iloe 9 a set ( p>allel anticl9al & unicl9al l9es rang+ nor? & s\?1--9 ! di/rict ne> ,p4 ,rum5a by eight or n9e f>-ext5d$1 mo/ symmetrical1 unicl9al l9es rang+ ne>ly ea/ & we/1--& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,concepcion by less regul> s+le l9es1 direct$ bo? ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 & ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 ,?is fact is ( "s int]e/1 z %[+ t )9 a p]iod :i* _c be consid]$ z v anci5t 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( ! cont95t1 ! /rata betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! ,pacific h be5 brok5 up 9 ! same v>i\sly direct$ mann] z h ! old plutonic & metamorphic rocks 9 ?is same di/rict4 ,! second po9t is1 t ! s&/one betwe5 ,concepcion & ,s\!rn ,*iloe is ev]y:]e lignitif]\s1 & includes mu* silicifi$ wood2 :]eas ! =mations 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile d n include b$s ( lignite or coal1 & 9 place ( ! fragm5ts ( silicifi$ wood !re are silicifi$ bones4 ,n[1 at ! pres5t day1 f ,cape ,horn to ne> ,concepcion1 ! l& is entirely conceal$ by =e/s1 :i* ?9 out at ,concepcion1 & 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,*ile entirely disappe>4 ,?is co9cid5ce 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fossil wood & ! liv+ =e/s may be q accid5tal2 b ,i incl9e to take a diff]5t view ( x2 =1 z ! diff]5ce 9 climate1 on :i* ! pres5ce ( =e/s dep5ds1 is "h obvi\sly 9 *ief "p due to ! =m ( ! l&1 & z ! ,cordill]a und\bt$ly exi/$ :5 ! lignitif]\s b$s 7 accumulat+1 ,i conceive x is n improbable t ! climate1 dur+ ! lignitif]\s p]iod1 v>i$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/ 9 a some:at simil> mann] z x n[ does4 ,look+ to an e>li] epo*1 :5 ! /rata ( ! ,cordill]a 7 deposit+1 !re 7 isl&s :i* ev5 9 ! latitude ( ,nor!rn ,*ile1 :]e n[ all is irreclaimably des]t1 support$ l>ge conif]\s =e/s4 ,,table #d4 ,column #a4 ,g5]a1 ) liv+ & t]ti>y species on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 7,m4 d',orbigny /ates t ! g5us ,natica is n f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,*ile2 b ,mr4 ,cum+ f\nd x at ,valp>aiso4 ,scal>ia 0 f\nd at ,valp>aiso2 ,arca1 at ,iquique1 9 latitude #bj1 by ,mr4 ,cum+2 ,arca1 also1 0 f\nd by ,capta9 ,k+1 at ,juan ,f]n&ez1 9 latitude #cc degrees #cj,s47 ,column #b4 ,latitudes1 9 :i* f\nd fossil on ! coa/s ( ,*ile & ,p]u4 7,9 degrees & m9utes47 ,column #c4 ,s\!rnmo/ latitude1 9 :i* f\nd liv+ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 7,9 degrees & m9utes47 ,bulla 3 #cj to #dc #cj 3 #ab ne> ,lima4 ,cassis 3 #cd 3 #a #cg4 ,pyrula 3 #cd 7& #cf #cj at ,concepcion7 3 #e ,payta4 ,fusus 3 #cj & #dc #cj 3 #bc ,mexillones2 reappe>s at ! ,/4 ( ,magellan4 ,pleurotoma 3 #cd to #dc #cj 3 #b #ah ,/4 ,el5a4 ,t]ebra 3 #cd 3 #e ,payta4 ,sig>etus 3 #cd to #dd #cj 3 #ab ,lima4 ,anomia 3 #cj 3 #g #dh4 ,p]na 3 #cj 3 #a #bc ,xixappa4 ,c>dium 3 #cj to #cd 7& #cf #cj at ,concepcion7 3 #e ,payta4 ,artemis 3 #cj 3 #e ,payta4 ,voluta 3 #cd to #dd #cj 3 ,mr4 ,cum+ does n "k ( any species liv+ on ! we/ coa/1 betwe5 ! equator & latitude #dc s\?2 f ?is latitude a species is f\nd z f> s\? z ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,sev5ty-n9e species ( fossil %ells1 9 a tol]ably recognisable condition1 f ! coa/ ( ,*ile & ,p]u1 are describ$ 9 ?is volume1 & 9 ! ,palaeontological "p ( ,m4 d',orbigny's 8,voyage03 if we put on "o side ! tw5ty species exclusively f\nd at ,concepcion & ,*iloe1 fifty-n9e species f ,navidad & ! o!r specifi$ localities rema94 ,( ^! fifty-n9e species only an ,artemis1 a ,mytilus & ,balanus1 all f ,coquimbo1 are 79 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,s[]by1 b n 9 t ( ,m4 d',orbigny7 id5tical ) liv+ %ells2 & x w\ld c]ta9ly require a bett] s]ies ( specim5s to r5d] ?is conclusion c]ta94 ,only ! ,turritella ,*il5sis f ,huafo & ,mo*a1 ! ,t4 ,patagonica & ,v5us m]idionalis f ,navidad1 come v ne> to rec5t ,s\? ,am]ican %ells1 namely1 ! two ,turritellas to ,t4 c+ulata1 & ! ,v5us to ,v4 exalbida3 "s few o!r species come r less ne>2 & "s few resemble =ms 9 ! old] ,european t]ti>y deposits3 none ( ! species resemble second>y =ms4 ,h5ce ,i conceive !re c be no d\bt t ^! =mations are t]ti>y1--a po9t necess>y to consid]1 aft] ! case ( ,concepcion4 ,! fifty-n9e species belong to ?irty-two g5]a2 ( ^!1 ,ga/ridium is ext9ct1 & ?ree or f\r ( ! g5]a 7viz4 ,panopaea1 ,ro/ell>ia1 ,corbis 7871 & ,i believe ,solecurtus7 are n n[ f\nd on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,fifte5 ( ! g5]a h on ?is coa/ liv+ repres5tatives 9 ab\t ! same latitudes ) ! fossil species2 b twelve g5]a n[ range v diff]5tly to :at !y =m]ly did4 ,! idea ( ,table #d1 9 :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext5sion 9 latitude ( ! fossil & exi/+ species is %[n1 is tak5 f ,m4 d',orbigny's "w2 b ! range ( ! liv+ %ells is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,cum+1 ^: long-cont9u$ rese>*es on ! con*ology ( ,s\? ,am]ica are well-kn[n4 ,:5 we consid] t v few1 if any1 ( ! fifty-n9e fossil %ells are id5tical )1 or make any close approa* to1 liv+ species2 :5 we consid] t "s ( ! g5]a d n n[ exi/ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & t no less ?an twelve g5]a out ( ! ?irty-two =m]ly rang$ v diff]5tly f ! exi/+ species ( ! same g5]a1 we mu/ admit t ^! deposits are ( consid]able antiquity1 & t !y probably v]ge on ! comm5cem5t ( ! t]ti>y era4 ,may we n v5ture to believe1 t !y are ( ne>ly contemporane\s orig9 ) ! ,eoc5e =mations ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e8 ,comp>+ ! fossil rema9s f ! coa/ ( ,*ile 7leav+ out1 z be=e1 ,concepcion & ,*iloe7 ) ^? f ,patagonia1 we may conclude1 f _! g5]ic resemblance1 & f ! small numb] ( ! species :i* f ei!r coa/ approa* closely to liv+ =ms1 t ! =mations ( bo? belong to ne>ly ! same epo*2 & ?is is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,d',orbigny4 ,_h n a s+le fossil %ell be5 common to ! two coa/s1 x c\ld n h be5 argu$ t ! =mations belong$ to diff]5t ages2 = ,messrs4 ,cum+ & ,h9ds h f\nd1 on ! comp>ison ( ne>ly two ?\s& liv+ species f ! opposite sides ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 only "o 9 common1 namely1 ! ,purpura lapillus f bo? sides ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama3 ev5 ! %ells collect$ by myself among/ ! ,*onos ,isl&s & on ! coa/ ( ,patagonia1 are dissimil>1 & we mu/ desc5d to ! apex ( ! cont95t1 to ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 to f9d ^! two great con*ological prov9ces unit$ into "o4 ,h5ce x is rem>kable t f\r or five ( ! fossil %ells f ,navidad1 namely1 ,voluta alta1 ,turritella ,patagonica1 ,tro*us coll>is1 ,v5us m]idionalis1 p]haps ,natica solida1 & p]haps ! l>ge oy/] f ,coquimbo1 are consid]$ by ,mr4 ,s[]by z id5tical ) species f ,santa ,cruz & ,p4 ,desire4 ,m4 d',orbigny1 h[ev]1 admits ! p]fect id5tity only ( ! ,tro*us4 ,,on ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,p]iod4 ,z ! numb] ( ! fossil species & g5]a f ! we/]n & ea/]n coa/s is consid]able1 x w be int]e/+ to consid] ! probable nature ( ! climate "u :i* !y liv$4 ,we w fir/ take ! case ( ,navidad1 9 latitude #cd degrees1 :]e ?irty-"o species 7 collect$1 & :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 mu/ h inhabit$ %all[ wat]1 & !re=e w necess>ily well exhibit ! effects ( temp]ature4 ,ref]r+ to ,table #d we f9d t ! exi/+ species ( ! g5]a ,cassis1 ,pyrula1 ,pleurotoma1 ,t]ebra1 & ,sig>etus1 :i* are g5]ally 7?\gh by no means inv>iably7 *>act]i/ic ( w>m] latitudes1 d n at ! pres5t day range ne>ly s f> s\? on ?is l9e ( coa/ z ! fossil species =m]ly did4 ,includ+ ,coquimbo1 we h ,p]na 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,! fir/ impression f ?is fact is1 t ! climate mu/ =m]ly h be5 w>m] ?an x n[ is2 b we mu/ be v cauti\s 9 admitt+ ?is1 = ,c>dium1 ,bulla1 & ,fusus 7&1 if we include ,coquimbo1 ,anomia & ,artemis7 likewise =m]ly rang$ f>!r s\? ?an !y n[ d2 & z ^! g5]a are f> f be+ *>act]i/ic ( hot climates1 _! =m] great] s\!rn range may well h be5 ow+ to causes q di/9ct f climate3 ,voluta1 aga91 ?\gh g5]ally s tropical a g5us1 is at pres5t conf9$ on ! we/ coa/ to cold] or m s\!rn latitudes ?an x 0 dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! ,tro*us coll>is1 moreov]1 &1 z we h j se5 accord+ to ,mr4 ,s[]by1 two or ?ree o!r species1 =m]ly rang$ f ,navidad z f> s\? z ,santa ,cruz 9 latitude #ej degrees4 ,if1 in/ead ( comp>+ ! fossils ( ,navidad1 z we h hi!rto done1 ) ! %ells n[ liv+ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 we comp>e !m ) ^? f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 "u ne>ly simil> latitudes2 = in/ance1 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean or ( ,au/ralia1 !re is no evid5ce t ! sea (f ,navidad 0 =m]ly hott] ?an :at might h be5 expect$ f its latitude1 ev5 if x 0 some:at w>m] ?an x n[ is :5 cool$ by ! great s\!rn pol> curr5t4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ tropical g5]a h no repres5tative fossils at ,navidad2 & !re are only s+le species ( ,cassis1 ,pyrula1 & ,sig>etus1 two ( ,pleurotoma & two ( ,t]ebra1 b none ( ^! species are ( conspicu\s size4 ,9 ,patagonia1 !re is ev5 /ill less evid5ce 9 ! "* ( ! fossils1 ( ! climate hav+ be5 =m]ly w>m]4 7,x may be wor? :ile to m5tion t ! %ells liv+ at ! pres5t day on ?is ea/]n side ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 latitude #dj degrees1 h p]haps a m tropical "* ?an ^? 9 correspond+ latitudes on ! %ores ( ,europe3 = at ,bahia ,blanca & ,s4 ,blas1 !re are two f9e species ( ,voluta & f\r ( ,oliva47 ,z f ! v>i\s reasons already assign$1 !re c be little d\bt t ! =mations ( ,patagonia & at lea/ ( ,navidad & ,coquimbo 9 ,*ile1 are ! equival5ts ( an anci5t /age 9 ! t]ti>y =mations ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! conclusion t ! climate ( ! s\!rn seas at ?is p]iod 0 n hott] ?an :at might h be5 expect$ f ! latitude ( ea* place1 appe>s to me highly important2 = we mu/ believe1 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,mr4 ,lyell1 t ! causes :i* gave to ! old] t]ti>y productions ( ! q temp]ate zones ( ,europe a tropical "*1 ,,7 ,,( ,a ,,local ,,"* ,,& ,,did ,,n ,,affect ,,! ,,entire ,,globe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 9 ! 8,geological ,transactions10 t1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ,europe & ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica 7 ne>ly contemporane\sly subject$ to ice- action1 & consequ5tly to a cold]1 or at lea/ m equable1 climate ?an t n[ *>act]i/ic ( ! same latitudes4 ,,on ,,! ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,ext5sive ,,mod]n ,,con*if]\s ,,deposits ,,9 ,,s\? ,,am]ica2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,contemporane\sness ,,( ,,! ,,old] ,,t]ti>y ,,deposits ,,at ,,di/ant ,,po9ts ,,be+ ,,due ,,to ,,contemporane\s ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,subsid5ce4 ,kn[+ f ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 t mollusc\s animals *iefly ab\nd )9 a dep? ( #ajj fa?oms & "u1 & be>+ 9 m9d h[ _m ?\s& miles ( bo? coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica h be5 uprais$ )9 ! rec5t p]iod by a sl[1 long-cont9u$1 int]mitt5t movem5t1--see+ ! div]sity 9 nature ( ! %ores & ! numb] ( %ells n[ liv+ on !m1--see+ also t ! sea (f ,patagonia & (f _m p>ts ( ,*ile1 0 dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod highly fav\rable to ! accumulation ( s$im5t1--! abs5ce ( ext5sive deposits includ+ rec5t %ells ov] ^! va/ spaces ( coa/ is highly rem>kable4 ,! con*if]\s calc>e\s b$s at ,coquimbo1 & at a few isolat$ po9ts nor?w>d1 (f] ! mo/ m>k$ exception to ?is /atem5t2 = ^! b$s are f tw5ty to ?irty feet 9 ?ickness1 & !y /ret* = "s miles along %ore1 atta9+1 h[ev]1 only a v trifl+ bread?4 ,at ,valdivia !re is "s s&/one ) imp]fect ca/s ( %ells1 :i* ,,possibly may belong to ! rec5t p]iod3 p>ts ( ! b\ld] =mation & ! %+le-b$s on ! l[] pla9s ( ,patagonia probably belong to ?is same p]iod1 b nei!r are fossilif]\s3 x also s happ5s t ! great ,pampean =mation does n include1 ) ! exception ( ! ,az>a1 any mollusca4 ,!re _c be ! smalle/ d\bt t ! uprais$ %ells along ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific1 :e!r ly+ on ! b>e surface1 or emb$d$ 9 m\ld or 9 s&-hillocks1 w 9 ! c\rse ( ages be de/roy$ by alluvial action3 ?is probably w be ! case ev5 ) ! calc>e\s b$s ( ,coquimbo1 s liable to dissolution by ra9-wat]4 ,if we take into consid]ation ! probability ( oscillations ( level & ! consequ5t action ( ! tidal-waves at diff]5t heights1 _! de/ruction w appe> almo/ c]ta94 ,look+ to an epo* z f> di/ant 9 futurity z we n[ are f ! pa/ ,mioc5e p]iod1 !re seems to me sc>cely a *ance1 "u exi/+ conditions1 ( ! num]\s %ells n[ liv+ 9 ^? zones ( dep?s mo/ f]tile 9 life1 & f\nd exclusively on ! we/]n & s\?-ea/]n coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 be+ pres]v$ to ?is imag9>y di/ant epo*4 ,a :ole con*ological s]ies w 9 "t be swept away1 ) no memorials ( _! exi/5ce pres]v$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,c any light be ?r[n on ?is rem>kable abs5ce ( rec5t con*if]\s deposits on ^! coa/s1 on :i*1 at an anci5t t]ti>y epo*1 /rata ab\nd+ ) organic rema9s 7 ext5sively accumulat$8 ,i ?9k !re c1 namely1 by consid]+ ! conditions necess>y = ! pres]vation ( a =mation to a di/ant age4 ,look+ to ! enorm\s am\nt ( d5udation :i* on all sides ( u has be5 effect$1--z evid5c$ by ! l(ty cliffs cutt+ (f on s _m coa/s horizontal & once f>-ext5d$ /rata ( no great antiquity 7z 9 ! case ( ,patagonia71--z evid5c$ by ! level surface ( ! gr\nd on bo? sides ( great faults & dislocations1--by inl& l9es ( esc>pm5ts1 by outli]s1 & numb]less o!r facts1 & by t argum5t ( high g5]ality advanc$ by ,mr4 ,lyell1 namely1 t e ,,s$im5t>y =mation1 :atev] its ?ickness may be1 & ov] h[ev] _m hundr$ squ>e miles x may ext5d1 is ! result & ! measure ( an equal am\nt ( we> & te> ( pre-exi/+ =mations2 consid]+ ^! facts1 we mu/ conclude t1 z an ord9>y rule1 a =mation to resi/ su* va/ de/roy+ p[]s1 & to la/ to a di/ant epo*1 mu/ be ( wide ext5t1 & ei!r 9 itself1 or toge!r ) sup]9cumb5t /rata1 be ( great ?ickness4 ,9 ?is discussion1 we are consid]+ only =mations conta9+ ! rema9s ( m>9e animals1 :i*1 z be=e m5tion$1 live1 ) "s exceptions )9 7mo/ ( !m mu* )97 dep?s ( #ajj fa?oms4 ,h[1 !n1 c a ?ick & widely ext5d$ =mation be accumulat$1 :i* %all include su* organic rema9s8 ,fir/1 let u take ! case ( ! b$ ( ! sea long rema9+ at a /ation>y level3 "u ^! circum/ances x is evid5t t ,,con*if]\s /rata c accumulate only to ! same ?ickness ) ! dep? at :i* ! %ells c live2 on g5tly incl9$ coa/s alone c !y accumulate to any consid]able wid?2 & f ! want ( sup]9cumb5t pressure1 x is probable t ! s$im5t>y matt] w seldom be mu* consolidat$3 su* =mations h no v good *ance1 :5 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y are uprais$1 ( long resi/+ ! p[]s ( d5udation4 ,! *ance w be less if ! subm>9e surface1 in/ead ( hav+ rema9$ /ation>y1 %all h gone on sl[ly ris+ dur+ ! deposition ( ! /rata1 = 9 ?is case _! total ?ickness mu/ be less1 & ea* "p1 be=e be+ consolidat$ or ?ickly cov]$ up by sup]9cumb5t matt]1 w h _h successively to pass ?r\gh ! ordeal ( ! bea*2 & on mo/ coa/s1 ! waves on ! bea* t5d to we> d[n & disp]se e object expos$ to _! action4 ,n[1 bo? on ! s\?-ea/]n & we/]n %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 we h _h cle> pro(s t ! l& has be5 sl[ly ris+1 & 9 ! long l9es ( l(ty cliffs1 we h se5 t ! t5d5cy ( ! sea is almo/ ev]y:]e to eat into ! l&4 ,consid]+ ^! facts1 x ceases1 ,i ?9k1 to be surpris+1 t ext5sive rec5t con*if]\s deposits are entirely abs5t on ! s\!rn & we/]n %ores ( ,am]ica4 ,let u take ! "o rema9+ case1 ( ! b$ ( ! sea sl[ly subsid+ dur+ a l5g? ( "t1 :il/ s$im5t has gone on be+ deposit$4 ,x is evid5t t /rata might ?us accumulate to any ?ickness1 ea* /ratum be+ deposit$ 9 %all[ wat]1 & consequ5tly ab\nd+ ) ^? %ells :i* _c live at great dep?s3 ! pressure1 also1 ,i may obs]ve1 ( ea* fre% b$ w\ld aid 9 consolidat+ all ! l[] ones4 ,ev5 on a r /eep coa/1 ?\gh su* mu/ ev] be unfav\rable to widely ext5d$ deposits1 ! =mations w\ld always t5d to increase 9 bread? f ! wat] encroa*+ on ! l&4 ,h5ce we may admit t p]iods ( sl[ subsid5ce w commonly be mo/ fav\rable to ! accumulation ( ,,con*if]\s deposits1 ( suffici5t ?ickness1 ext5sion1 & h>dness1 to resi/ ! av]age p[]s ( d5udation4 ,we h se5 t at an anci5t t]ti>y epo*1 fossilif]\s deposits 7 ext5sively deposit$ on ! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & x is a v int]e/+ fact1 t !re is evid5ce t ^! anci5t t]ti>y b$s 7 deposit$ dur+ a p]iod ( subsid5ce4 ,?us1 at ,navidad1 ! /rata are ab\t eight hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & ! fossil %ells are abundant bo? at ! level ( ! sea & "s way up ! cliffs2 hav+ s5t a li/ ( ^! fossils to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 he ?9ks !y mu/ h liv$ 9 wat] betwe5 "o & t5 fa?oms 9 dep?3 h5ce ! bottom ( ! sea on :i* ^! %ells once liv$ mu/ h subsid$ at lea/ #gjj feet to all[ ( ! sup]9cumb5t matt] be+ deposit$4 ,i mu/ "h rem>k1 t1 z all ^! & ! foll[+ fossil %ells are ext9ct species1 ,pr(essor ,=bes necess>ily judges ( ! dep?s at :i* !y liv$ only f _! g5]ic "*1 & f ! analogical di/ribution ( %ells 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 b !re is no j cause f ?is to d\bt ! g5]al results4 ,at ,huafo ! /rata are ab\t ! same ?ickness1 namely1 #hjj feet1 & ,pr(essor ,=bes ?9ks ! fossils f\nd !re _c h liv$ at a great] dep? ?an fifty fa?oms1 or #cjj feet4 ,^! two po9ts1 namely1 ,navidad & ,huafo1 are #egj miles ap>t1 b ne>ly halfway betwe5 !m lies ,mo*a1 an isl& #a1bjj feet 9 height1 app>5tly =m$ ( t]ti>y /rata up to its level summit1 & ) _m %ells1 includ+ ! same ,turritella ) t f\nd at ,huafo1 emb$d$ close to ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ,patagonia1 %ells are num]\s at ,santa ,cruz1 at ! foot ( ! #cej feet pla91 :i* has c]ta9ly be5 =m$ by ! d5udation ( ! #hdj feet pla91 & !re=e 0 orig9ally cov]$ by /rata t numb] ( feet 9 ?ickness1 & ^! %ells1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,=bes1 probably liv$ at a dep? ( betwe5 sev5 & fifte5 fa?oms3 at ,port ,s4 ,julian1 sixty miles to ! nor?1 %ells are num]\s at ! foot ( ! n9ety feet pla9 7=m$ by ! d5udation ( ! #iej feet pla971 & likewise occasionally at ! height ( sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ! upp] /rata2 ^! %ells mu/ h liv$ 9 wat] some:]e betwe5 five & fifty fa?oms 9 dep?4 ,al?\gh 9 o!r p>ts ( ,patagonia ,i h no direct evid5ce ( %oal-wat] %ells hav+ be5 buri$ "u a great ?ickness ( sup]9cumb5t subm>9e /rata1 yet x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! l[] fossilif]\s /rata ) sev]al ( ! same species ( ,mollusca1 ! upp] tuface\s b$s1 & ! high summit-pla91 /ret* = a consid]able di/ance s\?w>d1 & = hundr$s ( miles nor?w>d2 see+ ?is uni=mity ( /ructure1 ,i conceive x may be fairly conclud$ t ! subsid5ce by :i* ! %ells at ,santa ,cruz & ,s4 ,julian 7 c>ri$ d[n & cov]$ up1 0 n conf9$ to ^! two po9ts1 b 0 co-ext5sive ) a consid]able portion ( ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation4 ,9 a succe$+ *apt] x w be se51 t we are l$ to a simil> conclusion ) respect to ! second>y fossilif]\s /rata ( ! ,cordill]a1 namely1 t !y also 7 deposit$ dur+ a long- cont9u$ & great p]iod ( subsid5ce4 ,f ! =ego+ reason+1 & f ! facts j giv51 ,i ?9k we mu/ admit ! probability ( ! foll[+ proposition3 namely1 t :5 ! b$ ( ! sea is ei!r /ation>y or ris+1 circum/ances are f> less fav\rable1 ?an :5 ! level is s9k+1 to ! accumulation ( ,,con*if]\s deposits ( suffici5t ?ickness & ext5sion to resi/1 :5 upheav$1 ! av]age va/ am\nt ( d5udation4 ,?is result appe>s to me1 9 sev]al respects1 v int]e/+3 e "o is at fir/ incl9$ to believe t at innum]able po9ts1 :]ev] !re is a supply ( s$im5t1 fossilif]\s /rata are n[ =m+1 :i* at "s future di/ant epo* w be upheav$ & pres]v$2 b on ! views above giv51 we mu/ conclude t ?is is f> f be+ ! case2 on ! contr>y1 we require 7#a/71 a long-cont9u$ supply ( s$im5t2 7#bnd71 an ext5sive %all[ area2 & 7#crd71 t ?is area %all sl[ly subside to a great dep?1 s z to admit ! accumulation ( a widely ext5d$ ?ick mass ( sup]9cumb5t /rata4 ,9 h[ few p>ts ( ! _w1 probably1 d ^! conditions at ! pres5t day concur6 ,we c ?us1 also1 und]/& ! g5]al want ( t close sequ5ce 9 fossilif]\s =mations :i* we might !oretically h anticipat$2 =1 )\t we suppose a subsid+ movem5t to g on at ! same spot dur+ an enorm\s p]iod1 f "o geological era to ano!r1 & dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod s$im5t to accumulate at ! prop] rate1 s t ! dep? %\ld n become too great = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( mollusc\s animals1 x is sc>cely possible t !re %\ld be a p]fect sequ5ce at ! same spot 9 ! fossil %ells ( ! two geological =mations4 7,pr(essor ,h4,d4 ,rog]s1 9 8 excell5t address to ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s 78,silliman's ,j\rnal0 volume #dg page #bgg7 makes ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,i "q if we are at all aw>e h[ ,,completely ! :ole hi/ory ( all dep>t$ "t lies indelibly record$ ) ! ample/ m9ut5ess ( detail 9 ! successive s$im5ts ( ! globe1 h[ effectually1 9 o!r words1 e p]iod ( "t ,,has ,,writt5 ,,its ,,own ,,hi/ory1 c>efully pres]v+ e creat$ =m & e trace ( action40 ,i ?9k ! correctness ( su* rem>ks is m ?an d\btful1 ev5 if we except 7z ,i suppose he w\ld7 all ^? num]\s organic =ms :i* conta9 no h>d p>ts47 ,s f> f a v long-cont9u$ subsid5ce be+ probable1 _m facts lead to ! belief t ! e>?'s surface oscillates up & d[n2 & we h se5 t dur+ ! elevatory movem5ts !re is b a small *ance ( ,,durable fossilif]\s deposits accumulat+4 ,la/ly1 ^! same consid]ations appe> to ?r[ "s light on ! fact t c]ta9 p]iods appe> to h be5 fav\rable to ! deposition1 or at lea/ to ! pres]vation1 ( contemporane\s =mations at v di/ant po9ts4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica an enorm\s area has be5 ris+ )9 ! rec5t p]iod2 & 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe imm5se spaces appe> to h ris5 contemporane\sly4 ,f my exam9ation ( ! coral- reefs ( ! great oceans1 ,i h be5 l$ to conclude t ! b$ ( ! sea has gone on sl[ly s9k+ )9 ! pres5t era1 ov] truly va/ areas3 ?is1 inde$1 is 9 itself probable1 f ! simple fact ( ! ris+ areas hav+ be5 s l>ge4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica we h di/9ct evid5ce t at ne>ly ! same t]ti>y p]iod1 ! b$ ( ! sea (f p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,*ile & (f ,patagonia 0 s9k+1 ?\gh ^! regions are v remote f ea* o!r4 ,if1 !n1 x holds good1 z a g5]al rule1 t 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! globe ! e>?'s cru/ t5ds to s9k & rise contemporane\sly ov] va/ spaces1 we c at once see1 t we h at di/ant po9ts1 at ! same p]iod1 ^? v conditions :i* appe> to be requisite = ! accumulation ( fossilif]\s masses ( suffici5t ext5sion1 ?ickness1 & h>dness1 to resi/ d5udation1 & consequ5tly to la/ unto an epo* di/ant 9 futurity4 7,pr(essor ,=bes has "s admirable rem>ks on ?is subject1 9 8 8,report on ! ,%ells ( ! ,aegean ,sea40 ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,macl>5 78,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 ,janu>y #ahdc71 ,i p>tially ent]$ into ?is discussion1 & endeav\r$ to %[ t x 0 highly improbable1 t uprais$ atolls or b>ri]-reefs1 ?\gh ( great ?ickness1 %\ld1 ow+ to _! small ext5sion or bread?1 be pres]v$ to a di/ant future p]iod47 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,plutonic ,,& ,,metamorphic ,,rocks3--,,cleavage ,,& ,,foliation4 ,brazil1 ,bahia1 gneiss ) disjo9t$ metamorphos$ dikes4--,/rike ( foliation4--,rio de ,janeiro1 gneiss-granite1 emb$d$ fragm5t 91 decomposition (4--,la ,plata1 metamorphic & old volcanic rocks (4--,s4 ,v5tana4--,clay/one porphyry =mation ( ,patagonia2 s+ul> metamorphic rocks2 pseudo-dikes4--,falkl& ,isl&s1 ,palaeozoic fossils (4--,ti]ra del ,fuego1 clay-slate =mation1 cretace\s fossils (2 cleavage & foliation2 =m ( l&4--,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 mica-s*i/s1 foliation di/urb$ by granitic axis2 dikes4--,*iloe4--,concepcion1 dikes1 successive =mation (4--,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,*ile4--,conclud+ rem>ks on cleavage & foliation4--,_! close analogy & simil> orig94--,/ratification ( metamorphic s*i/s4--,foliation ( intrusive rocks4--,relation ( cleavage & foliation to ! l9es ( t5sion dur+ metamorphosis4 ,! metamorphic & plutonic =mations ( ! sev]al di/ricts visit$ by ! 8,beagle0 w be "h *iefly treat$ (1 b only su* cases z appe> to me new1 or ( "s special int]e/1 w be describ$ 9 detail2 at ! end ( ! *apt] ,i w sum up all ! facts on cleavage & foliation1-- to :i* ,i p>ticul>ly att5d$4 ,,bahia1 ,,brazil3 latitude #ac degrees s\?4 ,! prevail+ rock is gneiss1 (t5 pass+1 by ! disappe>ance ( ! qu>tz & mica1 & by ! feldsp> los+ its r$ col\r1 into a brilliantly grey primitive gre5/one4 ,n unfrequ5tly qu>tz & hornbl5de are arrang$ 9 lay]s 9 almo/ amorph\s feldsp>4 ,!re is "s f9e-gra9$ sy5itic granite1 orbicul>ly m>k$ by f]rug9\s l9es1 & wea!r+ into v]tical1 cyl9drical holes1 almo/ t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,9 ! gneiss1 concretions ( granul> feldsp> & o!rs ( g>nets ) mica occur4 ,! gneiss is trav]s$ by num]\s dikes compos$ ( black1 f9ely cry/allis$1 hornbl5dic rock1 conta9+ a little glassy feldsp> & sometimes mica1 & v>y+ 9 ?ickness f m]e ?reads to t5 feet3 ^! ?reads1 :i* are (t5 curvil9e>1 c\ld sometimes be trac$ runn+ into ! l>g] dikes4 ,"o ( ^! dikes 0 rem>kable f hav+ be5 9 two or ?ree places lat]ally disjo9t$1 ) unbrok5 gneiss int]pos$ betwe5 ! brok5 ends1 & 9 "o "p ) a portion ( ! gneiss driv51 app>5tly :il/ 9 a s(t5$ /ate1 into its side or wall4 ,9 sev]al neighb\r+ places1 ! gneiss includ$ angul>1 well- def9$1 sometimes b5t1 masses ( hornbl5de rock1 q l1 except 9 be+ m p]fectly cry/allis$1 t =m+ ! dikes1 &1 at lea/ 9 "o in/ance1 conta9+ 7z det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,mill]7 augite z well z hornbl5de4 ,9 "o or two cases ^! angul> masses1 ?\gh n[ q sep>ate f ea* o!r by ! solid gneiss1 _h1 f _! exact correspond5ce 9 size & %ape1 evid5tly once be5 unit$2 h5ce ,i _c d\bt t mo/ or all ( ! fragm5ts h be5 d]iv$ f ! break+ up ( ! dikes1 ( :i* we see ! fir/ /age 9 ! above- m5tion$ lat]ally disjo9t$ "o4 ,! gneiss close to ! fragm5ts g5]ally conta9$ _m l>ge cry/als ( hornbl5de1 :i* are entirely abs5t or r>e 9 o!r p>ts3 its folia or lam9ae 7 g5tly b5t r\nd ! fragm5ts1 9 ! same mann] z !y sometimes are r\nd concretions4 ,h5ce ! gneiss has c]ta9ly be5 s(t5$1 its composition modifi$1 & its folia arrang$1 subsequ5tly to ! break+ up ( ! dikes1 ^! latt] also hav+ be5 at ! same "t b5t & s(t5$4 7,pr(essor ,hit*cock 8,geology ( ,massa*usetts0 volume #b page #fgc1 gives a closely simil> case ( a gre5/one dike 9 sy5ite47 ,i mu/ "h take ! opportunity ( premis+1 t by ! t]m ,,cleavage ,i imply ^? planes ( division :i* r5d] a rock1 appe>+ to ! eye q or ne>ly homog5e\s1 fissile4 ,by ! t]m ,,foliation1 ,i ref] to ! lay]s or plates ( diff]5t m9]alogical nature ( :i* mo/ metamorphic s*i/s are compos$2 !re are1 also1 (t5 includ$ 9 su* masses1 alt]nat+1 homog5e\s1 fissile lay]s or folia1 & 9 ?is case ! rock is bo? foliat$ & has a cleavage4 ,by ,,/ratification1 z appli$ to ^! =mations1 ,i mean ^? alt]nate1 p>allel1 l>ge masses ( diff]5t composition1 :i* are !mselves frequ5tly ei!r foliat$ or fissile1--su* z ! alt]nat+ s-call$ /rata ( mica-slate1 gneiss1 glossy clay-slate1 & m>ble4 ,! folia ( ! gneiss )9 a few miles r\nd ,bahia g5]ally /rike irregul>ly1 & are (t5 curvil9e>1 dipp+ 9 all directions at v>i\s angles3 b :]e be/ def9$1 !y ext5d$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 a ,n4,e4 by ,n4 7or ,ea/ #ej degrees ,n47 & ,s4,w4 by ,s4 l9e1 correspond+ ne>ly ) ! coa/-l9e nor?w>ds ( ! bay4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,g>dn] f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! prov9ce ( ,ce>a1 :i* lies betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ miles nor? ( ,bahia1 gneiss ) ! folia ext5d+ ,e4 #de degrees ,n42 & 9 ,guyana accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ! same rock /rikes ,e4 #eg degrees ,n4 ,aga91 ,humboldt describes ! gneiss-granite ov] an imm5se area 9 ,v5ezuela & ev5 9 ,colombia1 z /rik+ ,e4 #ej degrees ,n41 & dipp+ to ! ,n4,w4 at an angle ( fifty degrees4 7,g>dn] 8,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association0 #ahdj4 ,= ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk's obs]vations see 8,geographical ,j\rnal0 #ahdb page #aij4 ,see also ,humboldt's discussion on ,loxodrism 9 ! 8,p]sonal ,n>rative407 ,h5ce all ! obs]vations hi!rto made t5d to %[ t ! gneissic rocks ov] ! :ole ( ?is "p ( ! cont95t h _! folia ext5d+ g5]ally )9 almo/ a po9t ( ! compass ( ! same direction4 7,i l&$ at only "o place nor? ( ,bahia1 namely1 at ,p]nambuco4 ,i f\nd !re only s(t1 horizontally /ratifi$ matt]1 =m$ f dis9tegrat$ granitic rocks1 & "s yell[i% impure lime/one1 probably ( a t]ti>y epo*4 ,i h describ$ a mo/ s+ul> natural b> ( h>d s&/one1 :i* protects ! h>b\r1 9 ! #ai? volume #ahda page #beh ( ! 8,london & ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,magaz9e40 ,,abrolhos ,,islets1 ,latitude #ah degrees ,s4 (f ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,al?\gh n /rictly 9 place1 ,i d n "k :]e ,i c m conv5i5tly describe ?is little gr\p ( small isl&s4 ,! l[e/ b$ is a s&/one ) f]rug9\s ve9s2 x wea!rs into an extraord9>y honeycomb$ mass2 above x !re is a d>k-col\r$ argillace\s %ale2 above ?is a co>s] s&/one--mak+ a total ?ickness ( ab\t sixty feet2 & la/ly1 above ^! s$im5t>y b$s1 !re is a f9e con=mable mass ( gre5/one1 9 "s p>ts hav+ a column> /ructure4 ,all ! /rata1 z well z ! surface ( ! l&1 dip at an angle ( ab\t #ab degrees to ,n4 by ,w4 ,"s ( ! islets are compos$ entirely ( ! s$im5t>y1 o!rs ( ! trappean rocks1 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ) ! s&/one1 cropp+ out on ! s\!rn %ores47 ,,rio ,,de ,,janeiro4 ,?is :ole di/rict is almo/ exclusively =m$ ( gneiss1 ab\nd+ ) g>nets1 & porphyritic ) l>ge cry/als1 ev5 ?ree & f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 ( or?oclase feldsp>3 9 ^! cry/als mica & g>nets are (t5 enclos$4 ,at ! we/]n base ( ! ,corcovado1 !re is "s f]rug9\s c>i\s qu>tz-rock2 & 9 ! ,tijeuka range1 mu* f9e- gra9$ granite4 ,i obs]v$ b\ld]s ( gre5/one 9 sev]al places2 & on ! islet ( ,villegagnon1 & likewise on ! coa/ "s miles nor?w>d1 two l>ge trappean dikes4 ,! porphyritic gneiss1 or gneiss- granite z x has be5 call$ by ,humboldt1 is only s f> foliat$ t ! con/itu5t m9]als are arrang$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( regul>ity1 & may be said to h a 8,,gra910 b !y are n sep>at$ into di/9ct folia or lam9ae4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al o!r v>ieties ( gneiss regul>ly foliat$1 & alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r 9 s-call$ /rata4 ,! /ratification & foliation ( ! ord9>y gneisses1 & ! foliation or 8gra90 ( ! gneiss-granite1 are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & g5]ally /rike )9 a po9t ( ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 dipp+ at a high angle 7betwe5 #ej & #fj degrees7 g5]ally to ,s4,e43 s t "h aga9 we meet ) ! /rike s preval5t ov] ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ?is cont95t4 ,! m\nta9s ( gneiss-granite are to a rem>kable degree abruptly conical1 :i* seems caus$ by ! rock t5d+ to exfoliate 9 ?ick1 conically conc5tric lay]s3 ^! peaks resemble 9 %ape ^? ( phonolite & o!r inject$ rocks on volcanic isl&s2 nor is ! gra9 or foliation 7z we %all aft]w>ds see7 any difficulty on ! idea ( ! gneiss-granite hav+ be5 an intrusive r ?an a metamorphic =mation4 ,! l9es ( m\nta9s1 b n always ea* sep>ate hill1 range ne>ly 9 ! same direction ) ! foliation & s-call$ /ratification1 b r m ea/]ly4 7,,figure #bb4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,gneiss ,,emb$d$ ,,9 ,,ano!r ,,v>iety ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,rock47 ,on a b>e g5tly incl9$ surface ( ! porphyritic gneiss 9 ,bot(ogo ,bay1 ,i obs]v$ ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ,figure #bb4 ,a fragm5t sev5 y>ds long & two 9 wid?1 ) angul> & di/9ctly def9$ edges1 compos$ ( a peculi> v>iety ( gneiss ) d>k lay]s ( mica & g>nets1 is surr\nd$ on all sides by ! ord9>y gneiss- granite2 bo? hav+ be5 dislocat$ by a granitic ve94 ,! folia 9 ! fragm5t & 9 ! surr\nd+ rock /rike 9 ! same ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 l9e2 b 9 ! fragm5t !y are v]tical1 :]eas 9 ! gneiss-granite !y dip at a small angle1 z %[n by ! arr[s1 to ,s4,s4,e4 ,?is fragm5t1 consid]+ its great size1 its solit>y position1 & its foliat$ /ructure p>allel to t ( ! surr\nd+ rock1 is1 z f> z ,i "k1 a unique case3 & ,i w n attempt any explanation ( its orig94 ,! num]\s travell]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 h all be5 greatly surpris$ at ! dep? to :i* ! gneiss & o!r granitic rocks1 z well z ! talcose slates ( ! int]ior1 h be5 decompos$4 7,spix & ,m>tius h collect$ 9 an ,app5dix to _! 8,travels10 ! l>ge/ body ( facts on ?is subject4 ,see also "s rem>ks by ,m4 ,lund 9 8 communications to ! ,academy at ,cop5hag52 & o!rs by ,m4 ,gaudi*aud 9 ,freyc9et 8,voyage407 ,ne> ,rio1 e m9]al except ! qu>tz has be5 completely s(t5$1 9 "s places to a dep? little less ?an "o hundr$ feet4 7,dr4 ,b5za describes granitic rock1 8,madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit]ature0 etc4 ,octob] #ahc8 page #bdf71 9 ! ,neelgh]ries1 decompos$ to a dep? ( =ty feet47 ,! m9]als reta9 _! positions 9 folia rang+ 9 ! usual direction2 & fractur$ qu>tz ve9s may be trac$ f ! solid rock1 runn+ = "s di/ance into ! s(t5$1 mottl$1 highly col\r$1 argillace\s mass4 ,x is said t ^! decompos$ rocks ab\nd ) gems ( v>i\s k9ds1 (t5 9 a fractur$ /ate1 ow+1 z "s h suppos$1 to ! collapse ( geodes1 & t !y conta9 gold & diamonds4 ,at ,rio1 x appe>$ to me t ! gneiss _h be5 s(t5$ be=e ! excavation 7no d\bt by ! sea7 ( ! exi/+1 broad1 flat-bottom$ valleys2 = ! dep? ( decomposition did n appe> at all con=mable ) ! pres5t undulations ( ! surface4 ,! porphyritic gneiss1 :]e n[ expos$ to ! air1 seems to )/& decomposition rem>kably well2 & ,i c\ld see no signs ( any t5d5cy to ! production ( argillace\s masses l ^? "h describ$4 ,i 0 also /ruck ) ! fact1 t :]e a b>e surface ( ?is rock slop$ into "o ( ! quiet bays1 !re 7 no m>ks ( erosion at ! level ( ! wat]1 & ! p>ts bo? b5ea? & above x pres]v$ a uni=m curve4 ,at ,bahia1 ! gneiss rocks are simil>ly decompos$1 ) ! upp] p>ts ins5sibly los+ _! foliation1 & pass+1 )\t any di/9ct l9e ( sep>ation1 into a bright r$ argillace\s e>?1 includ+ p>tially r\nd$ fragm5ts ( qu>tz & granite4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 & f ! rocks appe>+ to h suff]$ decomposition be=e ! excavation ( ! valleys1 ,i suspect t "h1 z at ,rio1 ! decomposition took place "u ! sea4 ,! subject appe>$ to me a curi\s "o1 & w\ld probably well repay c>eful exam9ation by an able m9]alogi/4 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,prov9ces ,,( ,,la ,,plata4 ,accord+ to "s obs]vations communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,fox1 ! coa/ f ,rio de ,janeiro to ! m\? ( ! ,plata seems ev]y:]e to be granitic1 ) a few trappean dikes4 ,at ,port ,alegre1 ne> ! b\nd>y ( ,brazil1 !re are porphyries & diorites4 7,m4 ,isabelle 8,voyage a ,bu5os ,ayres0 page #dgi47 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,plata1 ,i exam9$ ! c\ntry = tw5ty-five miles we/1 & = ab\t sev5ty miles nor? ( ,maldonado3 ne> ?is t[n1 !re is "s common gneiss1 & mu*1 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ( a co>se-gra9$ mixture ( qu>tz & r$di% feldsp>1 (t51 h[ev]1 assum+ a little d>k-gre5 imp]fect hornbl5de1 & !n imm$iately becom+ foliat$4 ,! abrupt hillocks ?us compos$1 z well z ! highly incl9$ folia ( ! common v>ieties ( gneiss1 /rike ,n4,n4,e4 or a little m ea/]ly1 & ,s4,s4,w4 ,clay-slate is occasionally met )1 & ne> ! ,l4 del ,potr]o1 !re is :ite m>ble1 r5d]$ fissile f ! pres5ce ( hornbl5de1 mica1 & asbe/us2 ! cleavage ( ^! rocks & _! /ratification1 t is ! alt]nat+ masses ?us compos$1 /rike ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 l ! foliat$ gneisses1 & h an almo/ v]tical dip4 ,! ,si]ra ,l>ga1 a l[ range five miles we/ ( ,maldonado1 consi/s ( qu>tzite1 (t5 f]rug9\s1 hav+ an ar5ace\s feel1 & divid$ into excessively ?91 almo/ v]tical lam9ae or folia by microscopically m9ute scales1 app>5tly ( mica1 & /rik+ 9 ! usual ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 direction4 ,! range itself is =m$ ( "o pr9cipal l9e ) "s subord9ate ones2 & x ext5ds ) rem>kable uni=mity f> nor?w>d 7x is said ev5 to ! conf9es ( ,brazil71 9 ! same l9e ) ! v]tically ribbon$ qu>tz rock ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! ,s4 de ,las ,animas is ! highe/ range 9 ! c\ntry2 ,i e/imat$ x at #a1jjj feet2 x runs nor? & s\?1 & is =m$ ( feldspa?ic porphyry2 ne> its base !re is a ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e4 ridge ( a conglom]ate 9 a highly porphyritic basis4 ,nor?w>d ( ,maldonado1 & s\? ( ,las ,m9as1 !re is an ,e4 & ,w4 hilly b& ( c\ntry1 "s miles 9 wid?1 =m$ ( silice\s clay-slate1 ) "s qu>tz1 rock1 & lime/one1 hav+ a tortu\s irregul> cleavage1 g5]ally rang+ ea/ & we/4 ,e4 & ,s4,e4 ( ,las ,m9as !re is a confus$ di/rict ( imp]fect gneiss & lam9at$ qu>tz1 ) ! hills rang+ 9 v>i\s directions1 b ) ea* sep>ate hill g5]ally runn+ 9 ! same l9e ) ! folia ( ! rocks ( :i* x is compos$3 ?is confusion appe>s to h be5 caus$ by ! int]section ( ! ,e4 & ,w4 & ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 /rikes4 ,nor?w>d ( ,las ,m9as1 ! m regul> nor!rly ranges pr$om9ate3 f ?is place to ne> ,polanco1 we meet ) ! co>se-gra9$ mixture ( qu>tz & feldsp>1 (t5 ) ! imp]fect hornbl5de1 & !n becom+ foliat$ 9 a ,n4 & ,s4 l9e--) imp]fect clay-slate1 includ+ lam9ae ( r$ cry/allis$ feldsp>--) :ite or black m>ble1 sometimes conta9+ asbe/us & cry/als ( gypsum--) qu>tz-rock--) sy5ite--& la/ly1 ) mu* granite4 ,! m>ble & granite alt]nate repeat$ly 9 app>5tly v]tical masses3 "s miles nor?w>d ( ! ,polanco1 a wide di/rict is said to be entirely compos$ ( m>ble4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ r>e mica is 9 ! :ole range ( c\ntry nor? & we/w>d ( ,maldonado4 ,?r\gh\t ?is di/rict1 ! cleavage ( ! clay-slate & m>ble--! foliation ( ! gneiss & ! qu>tz--! /ratification or alt]nat+ masses ( ^! sev]al rocks--& ! range ( ! hills1 all co9cide 9 direction2 & al?\gh ! c\ntry is only hilly1 ! planes ( division are almo/ ev]y:]e v highly incl9$ or v]tical4 ,"s anci5t subm>9e volcanic rocks are wor? m5tion+1 f _! r>ity on ?is ea/]n side ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,tapas 7fifty or sixty miles ,n4 ( ,maldonado7 !re is a tract ?ree or f\r miles 9 l5g?1 compos$ ( v>i\s trappean rocks ) glassy feldsp>--( app>5tly metamorphos$ grit-/ones--( purpli% amygdaloids ) l>ge k]nels ( c>bonate ( lime 7,ne> ! ,pan de ,azuc> !re is "s gre5i% porphyry1 9 "o place amygdaloidal ) agate47--& mu* ( a h>%i% rock ) glassy feldsp> int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 clay/one porphyry & tra*yte4 ,?is latt] rock 0 9 "o spot rem>kable f be+ full ( drusy cavities1 l9$ ) qu>tz cry/als1 & arrang$ 9 planes1 dipp+ at an angle ( #ej degrees to ! ea/1 & /rik+ p>allel to ! foliation ( an adjo9+ hill compos$ ( ! common mixture ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & imp]fect hornbl5de3 ?is fact p]haps indicates t ^! volcanic rocks h be5 metamorphos$1 & _! con/itu5t p>ts re>rang$1 at ! same "t & accord+ to ! same laws1 ) ! granitic & metamorphic =mations ( ?is :ole region4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,m>m>aya1 a few miles s\? ( ! ,tapas1 a b& ( trappean & amygdaloidal rock is int]pos$ betwe5 a hill ( granite & an ext5sive surr\nd+ =mation ( r$ conglom]ate1 :i* 7l t at ! foot ( ! ,s4 ,animas7 has its basis porphyritic ) cry/als ( feldsp>1 & :i* h5ce has c]ta9ly suff]$ metamorphosis4 ,,monte ,,video4 ,! rocks "h consi/ ( sev]al v>ieties ( gneiss1 ) ! feldsp> (t5 yell[i%1 granul> & imp]fectly cry/allis$1 alt]nat+ )1 & pass+ ins5sibly into1 b$s1 f a few y>ds to ne>ly a mile 9 ?ickness1 ( f9e or co>se gra9$1 d>k-gre5 hornbl5dic slate2 ?is aga9 (t5 pass+ into *loritic s*i/4 ,^! passages seem *iefly due to *anges 9 ! mica1 & its replacem5t by o!r m9]als4 ,at ,rat ,isl& ,i exam9$ a mass ( *loritic s*i/1 only a few y>ds squ>e1 irregul>ly surr\nd$ on all sides by ! gneiss1 & intricately p5etrat$ by _m curvil9e> ve9s ( qu>tz1 :i* gradually ,,bl5d into ! gneiss3 ! cleavage ( ! *loritic s*i/ & ! foliation ( ! gneiss 7 exactly p>allel4 ,ea/w>d ( ! city !re is mu* f9e- gra9$1 d>k-col\r$ gneiss1 almo/ assum+ ! "* ( hornbl5de- slate1 :i* alt]nates 9 ?9 lam9ae ) lam9ae ( qu>tz1 ! :ole mass be+ transv]sely int]sect$ by num]\s l>ge ve9s ( qu>tz3 ,i p>ticul>ly obs]v$ t ^! ve9s 7 absolutely cont9u\s ) ! alt]nat+ lam9ae ( qu>tz4 ,9 ?is case & at ,rat ,isl&1 ! passage ( ! gneiss into imp]fect hornbl5dic or into *loritic slate1 seem$ to be connect$ ) ! segregation ( ! ve9s ( qu>tz4 7,mr4 ,gre5\gh page #gh 8,critical ,exam9ation0 etc41 obs]ves t qu>tz 9 mica-slate sometimes appe>s 9 b$s & sometimes 9 ve9s4 ,von ,bu* also 9 8 8,travels 9 ,norway0 page #bcf1 rem>ks on alt]nat+ lam9ae ( qu>tz & hornbl5de-slate replac+ mica-s*i/47 ,! ,m\nt1 a hill believ$ to be #dej feet 9 height1 f :i* ! place takes its "n1 is mu* ! highe/ l& 9 ?is neighb\rhood3 x consi/s ( hornbl5dic slate1 :i* 7except on ! ea/]n & di/urb$ base7 has an ea/ & we/ ne>ly v]tical cleavage2 ! long] axis ( ! hill also ranges 9 ?is same l9e4 ,ne> ! summit ! hornbl5de-slate gradually becomes m & m co>sely cry/allis$1 & less pla9ly lam9at$1 until x passes into a heavy1 sonor\s gre5/one1 ) a slaty con*oidal fracture2 ! lam9ae on ! nor? & s\? sides ne> ! summit dip inw>ds1 z if ?is upp] "p _h exp&$ or bulg$ outw>ds4 ,?is gre5/one mu/1 ,i conceive1 be consid]$ z metamorphos$ hornbl5de- slate4 ,! ,c]rito1 ! next highe/1 b mu* less elevat$ po9t1 is almo/ simil>ly compos$4 ,9 ! m we/]n p>ts ( ! prov9ce1 besides gneiss1 !re is qu>tz-rock1 sy5ite1 & granite2 & at ,colla1 ,i he>d ( m>ble4 ,ne> ,m4 ,video1 ! space :i* ,i m accurately exam9$ 0 ab\t fifte5 miles 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e1 & "h ,i f\nd ! foliation ( ! gneiss & ! cleavage ( ! slates g5]ally well develop$1 & ext5d+ p>allel to ! alt]nat+ /rata compos$ ( ! gneiss1 hornbl5dic & *loritic s*i/s4 ,^! planes ( division all range )9 "o po9t ( ea/ & we/1 frequ5tly ea/ by s\? & we/ by nor?2 _! dip is g5]ally almo/ v]tical1 & sc>cely any:]e "u #de degrees3 ?is fact1 consid]+ h[ slightly undulatory ! surface ( ! c\ntry is1 des]ves att5tion4 ,we/w>d ( ,m4 ,video1 t[>ds ! ,uruguay1 :]ev] ! gneiss is expos$1 ! highly incl9$ folia are se5 /rik+ 9 ! same direction2 ,i mu/ except "o spot :]e ! /rike 0 ,n4,w4 by ,w4 ,! little ,si]ra de ,s4 ,juan1 =m$ ( gneiss & lam9at$ qu>tz1 mu/ also be except$1 = x ranges betwe5 ,n4 to ,n4,e4 & ,s4 to ,s4,w4 & seems to belong to ! same sy/em ) ! hills 9 ! ,maldonado di/rict4 ,f9ally1 we h se5 t1 = _m miles nor?w>d ( ,maldonado & = tw5ty-five miles we/w>d ( x1 z f> z ! ,s4 de las ,animas1 ! foliation1 cleavage1 s-call$ /ratification & l9es ( hills1 all range ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w41 :i* is ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! adjo9+ coa/ ( ! ,atlantic4 ,we/w>d ( ! ,s4 de las ,animas1 z f> z ev5 ! ,uruguay1 ! foliation1 cleavage1 & /ratification 7b n l9es ( hills1 = !re are no def9$ ones7 all range ab\t ,e4 by ,s4 & ,w4 by ,n41 :i* is ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! direction ( ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,plata2 9 ! confus$ c\ntry ne> ,las ,m9as1 :]e ^! two great sy/ems appe> to int]sect ea* o!r1 ! cleavage1 foliation1 & /ratification run 9 v>i\s directions1 b g5]ally co9cide ) ! l9e ( ea* sep>ate hill4 ,,s\!rn ,,la ,,plata4 ,! fir/ ridge1 s\? ( ! ,plata1 :i* projects ?r\gh ! ,pampean =mation1 is ! ,si]ra ,tapalgu5 & ,vulcan1 situat$ #bjj miles s\?w>d ( ! di/rict j describ$4 ,?is ridge is only a few hundr$ feet 9 height1 & runs f ,c4 ,corri5tes 9 a ,w4,n4,w4 l9e = at lea/ #aej miles into ! int]ior3 at ,tapalgu51 x is compos$ ( un/ratifi$ granul> qu>tz1 rem>kable f =m+ tabul> masses & small pla9s1 surr\nd$ by precipit\s cliffs3 o!r p>ts ( ! range are said to consi/ ( granite3 & m>ble is f\nd at ! ,s4 ,t9ta4 ,x appe>s f ,m4 ,p>*appe's obs]vations1 t at ,t&il !re is a range ( qu>tzose gneiss1 v l ! rocks ( ! ,s4 ,l>ga ne> ,maldonado1 runn+ 9 ! same ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 direction2 s t ! framework ( ! c\ntry "h is v simil> to t on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,plata4 7,m4 d',orbigny's 8,voyage0 ,"p4 ,geolog4 page #df4 ,i h giv5 a %ort acc\nt ( ! peculi> =ms ( ! qu>tz hills ( ,tapalgu51 s unusual 9 a metamorphic =mation1 9 my 8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es0 #bnd edition page #aaf47 ,! ,si]ra ,guitru-gueyu is situat$ sixty miles s\? ( ! ,s4 ,tapalgu53 x consi/s ( num]\s p>allel1 sometimes bl5d$ toge!r ridges1 ab\t tw5ty-?ree miles 9 wid?1 & five hundr$ feet 9 height above ! pla91 & ext5d+ 9 a ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 direction4 ,skirt+ r\nd ! extreme ,s4,e4 t]m9ation1 ,i asc5d$ only a few po9ts1 :i* 7 compos$ ( a f9e-gra9$ gneiss1 almo/ compos$ ( feldsp> ) a little mica1 & pass+ 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! hills into a r compact purpli% clay-slate4 ,! cleavage 0 ne>ly v]tical1 /rik+ 9 a ,n4,w4 by ,w4 & ,s4,e4 by ,e4 l9e1 ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 co9cid5t ) ! direction ( ! p>allel ridges4 ,! ,si]ra ,v5tana lies close s\? ( t ( ,guitru-gueyu2 x is rem>kable f atta9+ a height1 v unusual on ?is side ( ! cont95t1 ( #c1cdj feet4 ,x consi/s up to its summit1 ( qu>tz1 g5]ally pure & :ite1 b sometimes r$di%1 & divid$ into ?ick lam9ae or /rata3 9 "o "p !re is a little glossy clay-slate ) a tortu\s cleavage4 ,! ?ick lay]s ( qu>tz /rike 9 a ,w4 #cj degrees ,n4 l9e1 dipp+ s\!rly at an angle ( #de degrees & upw>ds4 ,! pr9cipal l9e ( m\nta9s1 ) "s q subord9ate p>allel ridges1 range ab\t ,w4 #de degrees ,n43 b at _! ,s4,e4 t]m9ation1 only ,w4 #be degrees ,n4 ,?is ,si]ra is said to ext5d betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty leagues into ! int]ior4 ,,patagonia4 ,) ! exception p]haps ( ! hill ( ,s4 ,antonio 7#fjj feet high7 9 ! ,gulf ( ,s4 ,matias1 :i* has nev] be5 visit$ by a geologi/1 cry/all9e rocks are n met ) on ! coa/ ( ,patagonia = a space ( #chj miles s\? ( ! ,s4 ,v5tana4 ,at ?is po9t 7latitude #dc degrees #ej m9utes71 at ,po9ts ,union & ,tombo1 plutonic rocks are said to appe>1 & are f\nd1 at r wide int]vals1 b5ea? ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation = a space ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles s\?w>d1 to ne> ,bird ,isl&1 9 latitude #dh degrees #ef m9utes4 ,judg+ f specim5s k9dly collect$ = me by ,mr4 ,/okes1 ! prevail+ rock at ,ports ,/4 ,el5a1 ,cam]ones1 ,malasp9a1 & z f> s\? z ! ,paps ( ,p9$a1 is a purpli%-p9k or br[ni% clay/one porphyry1 sometimes lam9at$1 sometimes slightly vesicul>1 ) cry/als ( opaque feldsp> & ) a few gra9s ( qu>tz2 h5ce ^! porphyries resemble ^? imm$iately to be describ$ at ,port ,desire1 & likewise a s]ies :i* ,i h se5 f ,p4 ,alegre on ! s\!rn conf9es ( ,brazil4 ,?is porphyritic =mation fur!r resembles 9 a s+ul>ly close mann] ! l[e/ /ratifi$ =mation ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile1 :i*1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 has a va/ range1 & atta9s a great ?ickness4 ,at ! bottom ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,george1 only t]ti>y deposits appe> to be pres5t4 ,at ,cape ,blanco1 !re is qu>tz rock1 v l t ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & "s h>d1 blue silice\s clay-slate4 ,at ,port ,desire !re is an ext5sive =mation ( ! clay/one porphyry1 /ret*+ at lea/ tw5ty-five miles into ! int]ior3 x has be5 d5ud$ & deeply worn into gullies be=e be+ cov]$ up by ! t]ti>y deposits1 ?r\gh :i* x "h & !re projects 9 hills2 ^? nor? ( ! bay be+ #ddj feet 9 height4 ,! /rata h 9 sev]al places be5 tilt$ at small angles1 g5]ally ei!r to ,n4,n4,w4 or ,s4,s4,e4 ,by gradual passages & alt]nations1 ! porphyries *ange incessantly 9 nature4 ,i w describe only "s ( ! pr9cipal m9]alogical *anges1 :i* are highly in/ructive1 & :i* ,i c>efully exam9$4 ,! prevail+ rock has a compact purpli% base1 ) cry/als ( e>?y or opaque feldsp>1 & (t5 ) gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,!re are o!r v>ieties1 ) an almo/ truly tra*ytic base1 full ( little angul> vesicles & cry/als ( glassy feldsp>2 & !re are b$s ( black p]fect pit*/one1 z well z ( a concretion>y imp]fect v>iety4 ,on a casual inspection1 ! :ole s]ies w\ld be ?\ght to be ( ! same plutonic or volcanic nature ) ! tra*ytic v>ieties & pit*/one2 b ?is is f> f be+ ! case1 z mu* ( ! porphyry is c]ta9ly ( metamorphic orig94 ,besides ! true porphyries1 !re are _m b$s ( e>?y1 q :ite or yell[i%1 friable1 easily fusible matt]1 resembl+ *alk1 :i* "u ! microscope is se5 to consi/ ( m9ute brok5 cry/als1 & :i*1 z rem>k$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 s+ul>ly resembles ! upp] tuface\s b$s ( ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation4 ,?is e>?y sub/ance (t5 becomes co>s]1 & conta9s m9ute r\nd$ fragm5ts ( porphyries & r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 & 9 "o case s _m ( ! latt] z to resemble a common s&/one4 ,^! b$s are sometimes m>k$ ) true l9es ( aque\s deposition1 sep>at+ p>ticles ( diff]5t degrees ( co>s5ess2 9 o!r cases !re are p>allel f]rug9\s l9es n ( true deposition1 z %[n by ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles1 ?\gh s+ul>ly resembl+ !m4 ,! m indurat$ v>ieties (t5 include _m small & "s l>g] angul> cavities1 :i* appe> due to ! removal ( e>?y matt]3 "s v>ieties conta9 mica4 ,all ^! e>?y & g5]ally :ite /ones ins5sibly pass into m indurat$ sonor\s v>ieties1 break+ ) a con*oidal fracture1 yet ( small specific gravity2 _m ( ^! latt] v>ieties assume a pale purple t9t1 be+ s+ul>ly b&$ & ve9$ ) diff]5t %ades1 & (t5 become pla9ly porphyritic ) cry/als ( feldsp>4 ,! =mation ( ^! cry/als c\ld be mo/ cle>ly trac$ by m9ute angul> & (t5 p>tially holl[ pat*es ( e>?y matt]1 fir/ assum+ a ,,fibr\s ,,/ructure1 !n pass+ into opaque imp]fectly %ap$ cry/als1 & la/ly1 into p]fect glassy cry/als4 ,:5 ^! cry/als h appe>$1 & :5 ! basis has become compact1 ! rock 9 _m places c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f a true clay/one porphyry )\t a trace ( me*anical /ructure4 ,9 "s p>ts1 ^! e>?y or tuface\s b$s pass into jasp]y & into beautifully mottl$ & b&$ porcela9 rocks1 :i* break into spl9t]s1 transluc5t at _! edges1 h>d en\gh to scrat* glass1 & fusible into :ite transp>5t beads3 gra9s ( qu>tz includ$ 9 ! porcela9\s v>ieties c be se5 melt+ into ! surr\nd+ pa/e4 ,9 o!r p>ts1 ! e>?y or tuface\s b$s ei!r ins5sibly pass into1 or alt]nate )1 breccias compos$ ( l>ge & small fragm5ts ( v>i\s purpli% porphyries1 ) ! matrix g5]ally porphyritic3 ^! breccias1 ?\gh _! subaque\s orig9 is 9 _m places %[n bo? by ! arrangem5t ( _! small] p>ticles & by an oblique or curr5t lam9ation1 also pass into porphyries1 9 :i* e trace ( me*anical orig9 & /ratification has be5 oblit]at$4 ,"s highly porphyritic ?\gh co>se-gra9$ masses1 evid5tly ( s$im5t>y orig91 & divid$ into ?9 lay]s1 diff]+ f ea* o!r *iefly 9 ! numb] ( emb$d$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 int]e/$ me mu* f ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* "h & !re "s ( ! lay]s t]m9at$ 9 abrupt po9ts1 q unlike ^? produc$ by a lay] ( s$im5t naturally ?9n+ out1 & app>5tly ! result ( a subsequ5t process ( metamorphic aggregation4 ,9 ano!r common v>iety ( a f9] texture1 ! aggregat+ process _h gone fur!r1 = ! :ole mass consi/$ ( q %ort1 p>allel1 (t5 slightly curv$ lay]s or pat*es1 ( :iti% or r$di% f9ely granulo-cry/all9e feldspa?ic matt]1 g5]ally t]m9at+ at bo? ends 9 blunt po9ts2 ^! lay]s or pat*es fur!r t5d$ to pass into w$ge or almond-%ap$ little masses1 & ^! f9ally into true cry/als ( feldsp>1 ) _! c5tres (t5 slightly drusy4 ,! s]ies 0 s p]fect t ,i c\ld n d\bt t ^! l>ge cry/als1 :i* _h _! long] axes plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 _h prim>ily orig9at$ 9 ! metamorphosis & aggregation ( alt]nat+ lay]s ( tuff2 & h5ce _! p>allel position mu/ be attribut$ 7unexpect$ ?\gh ! conclusion may be71 n to laws ( *emical action1 b to ! orig9al planes ( deposition4 ,i am tempt$ briefly to describe ?ree o!r s+ul> alli$ v>ieties ( rock2 ! fir/ )\t exam9ation w\ld h pass$ = a /ratifi$ porphyritic breccia1 b all ! includ$ angul> fragm5ts consi/$ ( a bord] ( p9ki% cry/all9e feldspa?ic matt]1 surr\nd+ a d>k transluc5t silice\s c5tre1 9 :i* gra9s ( qu>tz n q bl5d$ into ! pa/e c\ld be di/+ui%$3 ?is uni=mity 9 ! nature ( ! fragm5ts %[s t !y are n ( me*anical1 b ( concretion>y orig91 hav+ result$ p]haps f ! self-break+ up & aggregation ( lay]s ( indurat$ tuff conta9+ num]\s gra9s ( qu>tz1--into :i*1 inde$1 ! :ole mass 9 "o "p pass$4 ,! second v>iety is a r$di% non-porphyritic clay/one1 q full ( sph]ical cavities1 ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 ea* l9$ ) a collaps$ cru/ =m$ ( cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,! ?ird v>iety also consi/s ( a pale purple non-porphyritic clay/one1 almo/ :olly =m$ ( concretion>y balls1 obscurely arrang$ 9 lay]s1 ( a less compact & pal] col\r$ clay/one2 ea* ball be+ on "o side p>tly holl[ & l9$ ) cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,,pseudo-,,dikes4 ,"s miles up ! h>b\r1 9 a l9e ( cliffs =m$ ( slightly metamorphos$ tuface\s & porphyritic clay/one b$s1 ,i obs]v$ ?ree v]tical dikes1 s closely resembl+ 9 g5]al appe>ance ord9>y volcanic dikes1 t ,i did n d\bt1 until closely exam9+ _! composition1 t !y _h be5 inject$ f bel[4 ,! fir/ is /raight1 ) p>allel sides1 & ab\t f\r feet wide2 x consi/s ( :iti%1 indurat$ tuface\s matt]1 precisely l "s ( ! b$s int]sect$ by x4 ,! second dike is m rem>kable2 x is slightly tortu\s1 ab\t eighte5 in*es ?ick1 & c be trac$ = a consid]able di/ance along ! bea*2 x is ( a purpli%-r$ or br[n col\r1 & is =m$ *iefly ( ,,r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 ) brok5 cry/als ( e>?y feldsp>1 scales ( black mica1 & m9ute fragm5ts ( clay/one porphyry1 all firmly unit$ toge!r 9 a h>d sp>+ base4 ,! /ructure ( ?is dike %[s obvi\sly t x is ( me*anical & s$im5t>y orig92 yet x ?9n$ out upw>ds1 & did n cut ?r\gh ! upp]mo/ /rata 9 ! cliffs4 ,?is fact at fir/ appe>s to indicate t ! matt] c\ld n h be5 wa%$ 9 f above 7,upfill$ fissures are kn[n to occur bo? 9 volcanic & 9 ord9>y s$im5t>y =mations4 ,at ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago 8,volcanic ,isl&s0 etc41 !re are "s /rik+ examples ( pseudo-dikes compos$ ( h>d tuff472 b if we reflect on ! suction :i* w\ld result f a deep-seat$ fissure be+ =m$1 we may admit t if ! fissure 7 9 any "p op5 to ! surface1 mud & wat] might well be drawn into x along its :ole c\rse4 ,! ?ird dike consi/$ ( a h>d1 r\gh1 :ite rock1 almo/ compos$ ( brok5 cry/als ( glassy feldsp>1 ) num]\s scales ( black mica1 cem5t$ 9 a scanty base2 !re 0 little 9 ! appe>ance ( ?is rock1 to preclude ! idea ( its hav+ be5 a true inject$ feldspa?ic dike4 ,! matt] compos+ ^! ?ree pseudo-dikes1 especially ! second "o1 appe>s to h suff]$1 l ! surr\nd+ /rata1 a c]ta9 degree ( metamorphic action2 & ?is has mu* aid$ ! deceptive appe>ance4 ,at ,bahia1 9 ,brazil1 we h se5 t a true inject$ hornbl5dic dike1 n only has suff]$ metamorphosis1 b has be5 dislocat$ & ev5 diffus$ 9 ! surr\nd+ gneiss1 "u ! =m ( sep>ate cry/als & ( fragm5ts4 ,,falkl& ,,isl&s4 ,i h describ$ ^! isl&s 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! 8,geological ,j\rnal40 ,! m\nta9-ridges consi/ ( qu>tz1 & ! l[] c\ntry ( clay-slate & s&/one1 ! latt] conta9+ ,palaeozoic fossils4 ,^! fossils h be5 sep>ately describ$ by ,messrs4 ,morris & ,%>pe3 "s ( !m resemble ,silurian1 & o!rs ,devonian =ms4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! gr\p ! sev]al p>allel ridges ( qu>tz ext5d 9 a we/ & ea/ l9e2 b fur!r we/w>d ! l9e becomes ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e41 & ev5 /ill m nor!rly4 ,! cleavage-planes ( ! clay- slate are highly incl9$1 g5]ally at an angle ( above #ej degrees1 & (t5 v]tical2 !y /rike almo/ inv>iably 9 ! same direction ) ! qu>tz ranges4 ,! outl9e ( ! ind5t$ %ores ( ! two ma9 isl&s1 & ! relative positions ( ! small] islets1 accord ) ! /rike bo? ( ! ma9 axes ( elevation & ( ! cleavage ( ! clay- slate4 ,,ti]ra ,,del ,,fuego4 ,my notes on ! geology ( ?is c\ntry are copi\s1 b z !y are unimportant1 & z fossils 7 f\nd only 9 "o di/rict1 a brief sket* w be "h suffici5t4 ,! ea/ coa/ f ! ,s4 ( ,magellan 7:]e ! b\ld] =mation is l>gely develop$7 to ,/4 ,polyc>p's ,bay is =m$ ( horizontal t]ti>y /rata1 b\nd$ "s way t[>ds ! int]ior by a broad m\nta9\s b& ( clay-slate4 ,?is great clay-slate =mation ext5ds f ,/4 ,le ,maire we/w>d = #adj miles1 along bo? sides ( ! ,beagle ,*annel to ne> its bifurcation4 ,s\? ( ?is *annel1 x =ms all ,nav>9 ,isl&1 & ! ea/]n half ( ,ho/e ,isl& & ( ,h>dy ,p59sula2 nor? ( ! ,beagle ,*annel x ext5ds 9 a nor?-we/ l9e on bo? sides ( ,admiralty ,s\nd to ,brunswick ,p59sula 9 ! ,/4 ( ,magellan1 & ,i h reason to believe1 /ret*es f> up ! ea/]n side ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,! we/]n & brok5 side ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego t[>ds ! ,pacific is =m$ ( metamorphic s*i/s1 granite & v>i\s trappean rocks3 ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! cry/all9e & clay-slate =mations c g5]ally be di/+ui%$1 z rem>k$ by ,capta9 ,k+1 by ! p>allelism 9 ! clay-slate di/ricts ( ! %ores & *annels1 rang+ 9 a l9e betwe5 ,w4 #bj degrees to #dj degrees ,n4 & ,e4 #bj degrees to #dj degrees ,s44 78,geographical ,j\rnal0 volume #a page #aee47 ,! clay-slate is g5]ally fissile1 sometimes silice\s or f]rug9\s1 ) ve9s ( qu>tz & calc>e\s sp>2 x (t5 assumes1 especially on ! l(ti] m\nta9s1 an alt]$ feldspa?ic "*1 pass+ into feldspa?ic porphyry3 occasionally x is associat$ ) breccia & grauwacke4 ,at ,good ,success ,bay1 !re is a little int]calat$ black cry/all9e lime/one4 ,at ,port ,fam9e mu* ( ! clay-slate is calc>e\s1 & passes ei!r into a mud/one or into grauwacke1 includ+ odd-%ap$ concretions ( d>k argillace\s lime/one4 ,"h alone1 on ! %ore a few miles nor? ( ,port ,fam9e1 & on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,t>n 7#b1fjj feet high71 ,i f\nd organic rema9s2 !y consi/ (3-- #a4 ,ancyloc]as simplex1 d',orbigny 8,pal ,franc0 ,m\nt ,t>n4 #b4 ,fusus 79 imp]fect /ate71 d',orbigny 8,pal ,franc0 ,m\nt ,t>n4 #c4 ,natica1 d',orbigny 8,pal ,franc0 ,m\nt ,t>n4 #d4 ,p5tacrimus1 d',orbigny 8,pal ,franc0 ,m\nt ,t>n4 #e4 ,luc9a exc5trica1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by1 ,port ,fam9e4 #f4 ,v5us 79 imp]fect /ate71 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by1 ,port ,fam9e4 #g4 ,turb9olia 7871 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by1 ,port ,fam9e4 #h4 ,hamites elatior1 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by1 ,port ,fam9e4 ,m4 d',orbigny /ates t ,,mm4 ,hombron & ,grange f\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood an ,ancyloc]as1 p]haps ,a4 simplex1 an ,ammonite1 a ,plicatula & ,modiola4 78,voyage0 ,"p ,geolog4 page #bdb47 ,m4 d',orbigny believes f ! g5]al "* ( ^! fossils1 & f ! ,ancyloc]as be+ id5tical 7z f> z its imp]fect condition all[s ( comp>ison7 ) ! ,a4 simplex ( ,europe1 t ! =mation belongs to an e>ly /age ( ! ,cretace\s sy/em4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 judg+ only f my specim5s1 concurs 9 ! probability ( ?is conclusion4 ,! ,hamites elatior ( ! above li/1 ( :i* a description has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,s[]by1 & :i* is rem>kable f its l>ge size1 has n be5 se5 ei!r by ,m4 d',orbigny or ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 z1 s9ce my return to ,engl&1 ! specim5s h be5 lo/4 ,! great clay-slate =mation ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego be+ cretace\s1 is c]ta9ly a v int]e/+ fact1--:e!r we consid] ! appe>ance ( ! c\ntry1 :i*1 )\t ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! fossils1 w\ld =m ! analogy ( mo/ kn[n di/ricts1 probably h be5 consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,palaeozoic s]ies1--or :e!r we view x z %[+ t ! age ( ?is t]m9al portion ( ! great axis ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 is ! same 7z w h]eaft] be se57 ) ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile & ,p]u4 ,! clay-slate 9 _m p>ts ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 is brok5 by dikes & by great masses ( gre5/one1 (t5 highly hornbl5dic 7,9 a gre5/one-dike 9 ! ,magdal5 ,*annel1 ! feldsp> cleav$ ) ! angle ( albite4 ,?is dike 0 cross$1 z well z ! surr\nd+ slate1 by a l>ge ve9 ( qu>tz1 a circum/ance ( unusual occurr5ce473 almo/ all ! small islets )9 ! clay-slate di/ricts are ?us compos$4 ,! slate ne> ! dikes g5]ally becomes pal]-col\r$1 h>d]1 less fissile1 ( a feldspa?ic nature1 & passes into a porphyry or gre5/one3 9 "o case1 h[ev]1 x became m fissile1 ( a r$ col\r1 & conta9$ m9ute scales ( mica1 :i* 7 abs5t 9 ! unalt]$ rock4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,ponsonby ,s\nd "s dikes compos$ ( a pale sonor\s feldspa?ic rock1 porphyritic ) a little feldsp>1 7 rem>kable f _! numb]1--!re be+ )9 ! space ( a mile at lea/ "o hundr$1--f _! ne>ly equall+ 9 bulk ! int]m$iate slate1--& m especially f ! excessive f95ess 7l ! f9e/ inlaid c>p5try7 & p]fect p>allelism ( _! junctions ) ! almo/ v]tical lam9ae ( clay-slate4 ,i 0 unable to p]suade myself t ^! great p>allel masses _h be5 inject$1 until ,i f\nd "o dike :i* abruptly ?9n$ out to half its ?ickness1 & _h "o ( its walls jagg$1 ) fragm5ts ( ! slate emb$d$ 9 x4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ! clay-slate t[>ds its ,s4,w4 b\nd>y1 becomes mu* alt]$ & feldspa?ic4 ,?us on ,wolla/on ,isl& slate & grauwacke c be di/9ctly trac$ pass+ into feldspa?ic rocks & gre5/ones1 includ+ iron pyrites & epidote1 b /ill reta9+ traces ( cleavage ) ! usual /rike & dip4 ,"o su* metamorphos$ mass 0 trav]s$ by l>ge ve9-l masses ( a beautiful mixture 7z asc]ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,mill]7 ( gre5 epidote1 g>nets1 & :ite calc>e\s sp>4 ,on ! nor!rn po9t ( ?is same isl&1 !re 7 v>i\s anci5t subm>9e volcanic rocks1 consi/+ ( amygdaloids ) d>k bole & agate1--( basalt ) decompos$ oliv9e--( compact lava ) glassy feldsp>1--& ( a co>se conglom]ate ( r$ scoriae1 p>ts be+ amygdaloidal ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ,wolla/on ,isl& & ! :ole ( ,h]mite & ,horn ,isl&s1 seem =m$ ( cones ( gre5/one2 ! outly+ islets ( ,il ,def5so & ,d4 ,ram9ez are said to consi/ ( porphyritic lava4 7,det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,jameson4 ,w$dell's 8,voyage0 page #afi47 ,9 cross+ ,h>dy ,p59sula1 ! slate /ill reta9+ traces ( its usual cleavage1 passes into column> feldspa?ic rocks1 :i* are succe$$ by an irregul> tract ( trappean & basaltic rocks1 conta9+ glassy feldsp> & mu* iron pyrites3 !re is1 also1 "s h>% r$ clay/one porphyry1 & an almo/ true tra*yte1 ) ne$les ( hornbl5de1 & 9 "o spot a curi\s slaty rock divid$ into quadrangul> columns1 hav+ a base almo/ l tra*yte1 ) drusy cavities l9$ by cry/als1 too imp]fect1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,mill]1 to be measur$1 b resembl+ ,zeagonite4 7,see ,mr4 ,brooke's ,pap] 9 ! 8,london ,philosophical ,magaz9e0 volume #aj4 ,?is m9]al occurs 9 an anci5t volcanic rock ne> ,rome47 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! s+ul> rocks1 no d\bt ( anci5t subm>9e volcanic orig91 a high hill ( feldspa?ic clay-slate project$1 reta9+ its usual cleavage4 ,ne> ?is po9t1 !re 0 a small hillock1 hav+ ! aspect ( granite1 b =m$ ( :ite albite1 brilliant cry/als ( hornbl5de 7bo? asc]ta9$ by ! reflect+ goniomet]7 & mica2 b ) no qu>tz4 ,no rec5t volcanic di/rict has be5 obs]v$ 9 any "p ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,five miles we/ ( ! bifurcation ( ! ,beagle ,*annel1 ! slate- =mation1 in/ead ( becom+1 z 9 ! m s\!rn p>ts ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 feldspa?ic1 & associat$ ) trappean or old volcanic rocks1 passes by alt]nations into a great und]ly+ mass ( f9e gneiss & glossy clay-slate1 :i* at no great di/ance is succe$$ by a gr& =mation ( mica-slate conta9+ g>nets4 ,! folia ( ^! metamorphic s*i/s /rike p>allel to ! cleavage-planes ( ! clay-slate1 :i* h a v uni=m direction ov] ! :ole ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry3 ! folia1 h[ev]1 are undulatory & tortu\s1 :il/ ! cleavage- lam9ae ( ! slate are /raight4 ,^! s*i/s compose ! *ief m\nta9-*a9 ( ,s\!rn ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 rang+ along ! nor? side ( ! nor!rn arm ( ! ,beagle ,*annel1 9 a %ort ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e4 l9e1 ) two po9ts 7,m\nts ,s>mi5to & ,d>w97 ris+ to heights ( #f1hjj & #f1ijj feet4 ,on ! s\?-we/]n side ( ?is nor!rn arm ( ! ,beagle ,*annel1 ! clay-slate is se5 ) its ,,/rata dipp+ f ! great *a91 s t ! metamorphic s*i/s "h =m a ridge bord]$ on ea* side by clay-slate4 ,fur!r nor?1 h[ev]1 to ! we/ ( ?is great range1 !re is no clay-slate1 b only gneiss1 mica1 & hornbl5dic slates1 re/+ on great b>r5 hills ( true granite1 & =m+ a tract ab\t sixty miles 9 wid?4 ,aga91 we/w>d ( ^! rocks1 ! out]mo/ isl&s are ( trappean =mation1 :i*1 f in=mation obta9$ dur+ ! voyages ( ! 8,adv5ture0 & 8,beagle10 seem1 toge!r ) granite1 *iefly to prevail along ! we/]n coa/ z f> nor? z ! entrance ( ! ,/4 ( ,magellan 7,see ! ,pap] by ,capta9 ,k+ 9 ! 8,geographical ,j\rnal02 also a ,lett] to ,dr4 ,fitton 9 8,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #a page #bi2 also "s obs]vations by ,capta9 ,fitzroy 8,voyages0 volume #a page #cge4 ,i am indebt$ also to ,mr4 ,lyell = a s]ies ( specim5s collect$ by ,lieut5ant ,graves473 a little m inl&1 on ! ea/]n side ( ,cl>5ce ,isl& & ,s4 ,desolation1 granite1 gre5/one1 mica-slate1 & gneiss appe> to pr$om9ate4 ,i am tempt$ to believe1 t :]e ! clay-slate has be5 metamorphos$ at great dep?s b5ea? ! surface1 gneiss1 mica- slate1 & o!r alli$ rocks h be5 =m$1 b :]e ! action has tak5 place ne>] ! surface1 feldspa?ic porphyries1 gre5/ones1 etc41 h result$1 (t5 accompani$ by subm>9e volcanic eruptions4 ,only "o o!r rock1 met ) 9 bo? arms ( ! ,beagle ,*annel1 des]ves any notice1 namely a granulo-cry/all9e mixture ( :ite albite1 black hornbl5de 7asc]ta9$ by measurem5t ( ! cry/als1 & confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,mill]71 & m or less ( br[n mica1 b )\t any qu>tz4 ,?is rock occurs 9 l>ge masses1 closely resembl+ 9 ext]nal =m granite or sy5ite3 9 ! s\!rn arm ( ! ,*annel1 "o su* mass und]lies ! mica-slate1 on :i* clay-slate 0 sup]impos$3 ?is peculi> plutonic rock :i*1 z we h se51 occurs also 9 ,h>dy ,p59sula1 is int]e/+1 f its p]fect simil>ity ) t 7h]eaft] (t5 to be ref]r$ to "u ! "n ( &esite7 =m+ ! great inject$ axes ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile4 ,! /ratification ( ! clay-slate is g5]ally v obscure1 :]eas ! cleavage is rem>kably well def9$3 to beg9 ) ! extreme ea/]n p>ts ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 ! cleavage-planes ne> ! ,/4 ( ,le ,maire /rike ei!r ,w4 & ,e4 or ,w4,s4,w4 & ,e4,n4,e41 & are highly incl9$2 ! =m ( ! l&1 includ+ ,/at5 ,isl&1 indicates t ! axes ( elevation h run 9 ?is same l9e1 ?\gh ,i 0 unable to di/+ui% ! planes ( /ratification4 ,proce$+ we/w>d1 ,i accurately exam9$ ! cleavage ( ! clay-slate on ! nor!rn1 ea/]n1 & we/]n sides 7?irty-five miles ap>t7 ( ,nav>9 ,isl&1 & ev]y:]e f\nd ! lam9ae rang+ ) extreme regul>ity1 ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e41 seldom v>y+ m ?an "o po9t ( ! compass f ?is direction4 7,! clay-slate 9 ?is isl& 0 9 _m places cross$ by p>allel smoo? jo9ts4 ,out ( five cases1 ! angle ( int]section betwe5 ! /rike ( ^! jo9ts & t ( ! cleavage-lam9ae 0 9 two cases #de degrees & 9 two o!rs #gi degrees47 ,bo? on ! ea/ & we/ coa/s1 ,i cross$ at "r angles ! cleavage-planes = a space ( ab\t eight miles1 & f\nd !m dipp+ at an angle ( betwe5 #de degrees & #ij degrees1 g5]ally to ,s4,s4,w41 sometimes to ,n4,n4,e41 & (t5 q v]tically4 ,! ,s4,s4,w4 dip 0 occasionally succe$$ abruptly by a ,n4,n4,e4 dip1 & ?is by a v]tical cleavage1 or aga9 by ! ,s4,s4,w4 dip2 z 9 a l(ty cliff on ! ea/]n end ( ! isl& ! lam9ae ( slate 7 se5 to be fold$ into v l>ge /eep curves1 rang+ 9 ! usual ,w4,n4,w4 l9e1 ,i suspect t ! v>y+ & opposite dips may possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! cleavage- lam9ae1 ?\gh to ! eye appe>+ /raight1 be+ p>ts ( l>ge abrupt curves1 ) _! summits cut (f & worn d[n4 ,9 sev]al places ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! fact1 t ! f9e lam9ae ( ! clay-slate1 :]e cutt+ /raight ?r\gh ! b&s ( /ratification1 & !re=e indisputably true cleavage-planes1 diff]$ slightly 9 _! greyi% & gre5i% t9ts ( col\r1 9 compactness1 & 9 "s ( ! lam9ae hav+ a r m jasp]y appe>ance ?an o!rs4 ,i h n se5 ?is fact record$1 & x appe>s to me important1 = x %[s t ! same cause :i* has produc$ ! highly fissile /ructure1 has alt]$ 9 a slight degree ! m9]alogical "* ( ! rock 9 ! same planes4 ,! b&s ( /ratification1 j allud$ to1 c be di/+ui%$ 9 _m places1 especially 9 ,nav>9 ,isl&1 b only on ! wea!r$ surfaces ( ! slate2 !y consi/ ( slightly undulatory zones ( diff]5t %ades ( col\r & ( ?icknesses1 & resemble ! m>ks 7m closely ?an any?+ else to :i* ,i c comp>e !m7 left on ! inside ( a vessel by ! dra9+ away ( "s dirty slightly agitat$ liquid3 no diff]5ce 9 composition1 correspond+ ) ^! zones1 c\ld be se5 9 fre%ly fractur$ surfaces4 ,9 ! m level p>ts ( ,nav>9 ,isl&1 ^! b&s ( /ratification 7 ne>ly horizontal2 b on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s !y 7 incl9$ f !m1 b 9 no in/ance t ,i saw at a v high angle4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt t ^! zones1 :i* appe> only on ! wea!r$ surfaces1 are ! la/ ve/iges ( ! orig9al planes ( /ratification1 n[ almo/ oblit]at$ by ! highly fissile & alt]$ /ructure :i* ! mass has assum$4 ,! clay-slate cleaves 9 ! same ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e4 direction1 z on ,nav>9 ,isl&1 on bo? sides ( ! ,beagle ,*annel1 on ! ea/]n side ( ,ho/e ,isl&1 on ! ,n4,e4 side ( ,h>dy ,p59sula1 & on ! nor!rn po9t ( ,wolla/on ,isl&2 al?\gh 9 ^! two latt] localities ! cleavage has be5 mu* obscur$ by ! metamorphos$ & feldspa?ic condition ( ! slate4 ,)9 ! area ( ^! sev]al isl&s1 includ+ ,nav>9 ,isl&1 ! direction ( ! /ratification & ( ! m\nta9- *a9s is v obscure2 ?\gh ! m\nta9s 9 sev]al places appe>$ to range 9 ! same ,w4,n4,w4 l9e ) ! cleavage3 ! outl9e ( ! coa/1 h[ev]1 does n correspond ) ?is l9e4 ,ne> ! bifurcation ( ! ,beagle ,*annel1 :]e ! und]ly+ metamorphic s*i/s are fir/ se51 !y are foliat$ 7) "s irregul>ities71 9 ?is same ,w4,n4,w4 l9e1 & p>allel1 z be=e /at$1 to ! ma9 m\nta9-axis ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,we/w>d ( ?is ma9 range1 ! metamorphic s*i/s are foliat$1 ?\gh less pla9ly1 9 ! same direction1 :i* is likewise common to ! zone ( old erupt$ trappean rocks1 =m+ ! out]mo/ islets4 ,h5ce ! area1 ov] :i* ! cleavage ( ! slate & ! foliation ( ! metamorphic s*i/s ext5ds ) an av]age ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e4 /rike1 is ab\t =ty miles 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 & n9ety miles 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e4 ,fur!r nor?w>d1 ne> ,port ,fam9e1 ! /ratification ( ! clay-slate & ( ! associat$ rocks1 is well def9$1 & !re alone ! cleavage & /rata-planes are p>allel4 ,a little nor? ( ?is port !re is an anticl9al axis rang+ ,n4,w4 7or a little m we/]ly7 & ,s4,e43 s\? ( ! port1 z f> z ,admiralty ,s\nd & ,gabriel ,*annel1 ! outl9e ( ! l& cle>ly indicates ! exi/5ce ( sev]al l9es ( elevation 9 ?is same ,n4,w4 direction1 :i*1 ,i may add1 is s uni=m 9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,/4 ( ,magellan1 t1 z ,capta9 ,k+ has rem>k$1 8a p>allel rul] plac$ on ! map ^u ! project+ po9ts ( ! s\? %ore1 & ext5d$ across ! /rait1 w also t\* ! headl&s on ! opposite coa/40 78,geographical ,j\rnal0 volume #a page #agj47 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ,capta9 ,k+'s obs]vations1 t ov] all ?is area ! cleavage ext5ds 9 ! same l9e4 ,deep-wat] *annels1 h[ev]1 9 all p>ts ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego h bur/ ?r\gh ! trammels bo? ( /ratification & cleavage2 mo/ ( !m may h be5 =m$ dur+ ! elevation ( ! l& by long- cont9u$ erosion1 b o!rs1 = in/ance ! ,beagle ,*annel1 :i* /ret*es l a n>r[ canal = #abj miles obliquely ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 c h>dly h ?us orig9at$4 ,f9ally1 we h se5 t 9 ! extreme ea/]n po9t ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ! cleavage & coa/-l9es ext5d ,w4 & ,e4 & ev5 ,w4,s4,w4 & ,e4,n4,e43 ov] a l>ge area we/w>d1 ! cleavage1 ! ma9 range ( m\nta9s1 & "s subord9ate ranges1 b n ! outl9es ( ! coa/1 /rike ,w4,n4,w41 & ,e4,s4,e43 9 ! c5tral & we/]n p>ts ( ! ,/4 ( ,magellan1 ! /ratification1 ! m\nta9-ranges1 ! outl9es ( ! coa/1 & ! cleavage all /rike ne>ly ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 ,nor? ( ! /rait1 ! outl9e ( ! coa/1 & ! m\nta9s on ! ma9l&1 run ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,h5ce we see1 at ?is s\!rn po9t ( ! cont95t1 h[ gradually ! ,cordill]a b5d1 f _! nor? & s\? c\rse ( s _m ?\s& miles 9 l5g?1 into an ,e4 & ev5 ,e4,n4,e4 direction4 ,,we/ ,,coa/1 ,,f ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,*onos ,,isl&s ,,to ,,nor!rn ,,*ile4 ,! fir/ place at :i* we l&$ nor? ( ! ,/4 ( ,magellan 0 ne> ,cape ,tres ,montes1 9 latitude #dg degrees ,s4 ,betwe5 ?is po9t & ! ,nor!rn ,*onos ,isl&s1 a di/ance ( #bjj miles1 ! 8,beagle0 visit$ sev]al po9ts1 & specim5s 7 collect$ = me f ! int]m$iate spaces by ,lieut5ant ,/okes4 ,! pr$om9ant rock is mica-slate1 ) ?ick folia ( qu>tz1 v frequ5tly alt]nat+ ) & pass+ into a *loritic1 or into a black1 glossy1 (t5 /riat$1 slightly an?racitic s*i/1 :i* soils pap]1 & becomes :ite "u a great heat1 & !n fuses4 ,?9 lay]s ( feldsp>1 swell+ at int]vals into well cry/allis$ k]nels1 are sometimes includ$ 9 ^! black s*i/s2 & ,i obs]v$ "o mass ( ! ord9>y black v>iety ins5sibly lose its fissile /ructure1 & pass into a s+ul> mixture ( *lorite1 epidote1 feldsp>1 & mica4 ,great ve9s ( qu>tz are num]\s 9 ! mica-s*i/s2 :]ev] ^! occur ! folia are mu* convolut$4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,p59sula ( ,tres ,montes1 a compact alt]$ feldspa?ic rock ) cry/als ( feldsp> & gra9s ( qu>tz is ! commone/ v>iety2 ?is rock exhibits occasionally traces ( an orig9al brecciat$ /ructure1 & (t5 pres5ts 7l ! alt]$ /ate ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego7 traces ( cleavage- planes1 :i* /rike 9 ! same direction ) ! folia ( mica-s*i/ fur!r nor?w>d4 7,! peculi>1 abruptly conical =m ( ! hills 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 w\ld h l$ any "o at fir/ to h suppos$ t !y _h be5 =m$ ( inject$ or intrusive rocks4 ,at ,in*emo ,isl&1 a simil> rock gradually becomes granulo-cry/all9e & acquires scales ( mica2 & ?is v>iety at ,s4 ,e/evan becomes highly lam9at$1 & ?\gh /ill exhibit+ "s r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 passes into ! black1 glossy1 slightly an?racitic s*i/1 :i*1 z we h se51 repeat$ly alt]nates ) & passes into ! micace\s & *loritic s*i/s4 ,h5ce all ! rocks on ?is l9e ( coa/ belong to "o s]ies1 & ins5sibly v>y f an alt]$ feldspa?ic clay-slate into l>gely foliat$1 true mica-s*i/4 ,! cleavage ( ! homog5e\s s*i/s1 ! foliation ( ^? compos$ ( m or less di/9ct m9]als 9 lay]s1 & ! planes ( alt]nation ( ! diff]5t v>ieties or s-call$ /ratification1 are all p>allel1 & pres]ve ov] ?is #bjj miles ( coa/ a rem>kable degree ( uni=mity 9 direction4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ! gr\p1 at ,l['s ,h>b\r1 ! well- def9$ folia ( mica-s*i/ ev]y:]e rang$ )9 eight degrees 7or less ?an "o po9t ( ! compass7 ( ,n4 #ai degrees ,w4 & ,s4 #ai degrees ,e42 & ev5 ! po9t ( dip v>i$ v little1 be+ always direct$ to ! we/ & g5]ally at an angle ( =ty degrees2 ,i %\ld m5tion t ,i _h "h good opportunities ( obs]vation1 = ,i foll[$ ! nak$ rock on ! bea*1 transv]sely to ! /rike1 = a di/ance ( f\r miles & a half1 & all ! way att5d$ to ! dip4 ,along ! out] isl&s = #ajj miles s\? ( ,l['s ,h>b\r1 ,lieut5ant ,/okes1 dur+ 8 boat- survey1 k9dly obs]v$ = me ! /rike ( ! foliation1 & he assures me t x 0 inv>iably nor!rly1 & ! dip ) "o s+le exception to ! we/4 ,fur!r s\? at ,vall5> ,bay1 ! /rike 0 almo/ univ]sally ,n4 #be degrees ,w4 & ! dip1 g5]ally at an angle ( ab\t #dj degrees to ,w4 #be degrees ,s41 b 9 "s places almo/ v]tical4 ,/ill f>!r s\?1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! h>b\rs ( ,anna ,p9k1 ,s4 ,e/evan & ,s4 ,&res1 & 7judg+ f a di/ance7 along ! s\!rn "p ( ,tres ,montes1 ! foliation & cleavage ext5d$ 9 a l9e betwe5 ,n4 #aa degrees to #bb degrees ,w4 & ,s4 #aa degrees to #bb degrees ,e42 & ! planes dipp$ g5]ally we/]ly1 b (t5 ea/]ly1 at angles v>y+ f a g5tle incl9ation to v]tical4 ,at ,a4 ,p9k's ,h>b\r1 :]e ! s*i/s g5]ally dipp$ ea/]ly1 :]ev] ! angle became v high1 ! /rike *ang$ f ,n4 #aa degrees ,w4 to ev5 z mu* z ,n4 #de degrees ,w43 9 an analog\s mann] at ,vall5> ,bay1 :]e ! dip 0 we/]ly 7viz4 on an av]age direct$ to ,w4 #be degrees ,s471 z soon z ! angle became v high1 ! planes /ruck 9 a l9e m ?an #be degrees we/ ( nor?4 ,! av]age result f all ! obs]vations on ?is #bjj miles ( coa/1 is a /rike ( ,n4 #ai degrees ,w4 & ,s4 #ai degrees ,e43 consid]+ t 9 ea* specifi$ place my exam9ation ext5d$ ov] an area ( sev]al miles1 & t ,lieut5ant ,/okes' obs]vations apply to a l5g? ( #ajj miles1 ,i ?9k ?is rem>kable uni=mity is pretty well e/abli%$4 ,! preval5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn half ( ?is l9e ( coa/1 ( a dip 9 "o direction1 t is to ! we/1 in/ead ( be+ sometimes we/ & sometimes ea/1 is1 judg+ f :at ,i h else:]e se51 an unusual circum/ance4 ,9 ,brazil1 ,la ,plata1 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 !re is g5]ally an obvi\s relation betwe5 ! axis ( elevation1 ! outl9e ( ! coa/1 & ! /rike ( ! cleavage or foliation3 9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 h[ev]1 nei!r ! m9or details ( ! coa/-l9e1 nor ! *a9 ( ! ,cordill]a1 nor ! subord9ate transv]se m\nta9-axes1 accord ) ! /rike ( ! foliation & cleavage3 ! seaw>d face ( ! num]\s isl&s compos+ ?is ,ar*ipelago1 & app>5tly ! l9e ( ! ,cordill]a1 range ,n4 #aa degrees ,e41 :]eas1 z we h j se51 ! av]age /rike ( ! foliation is ,n4 #ai degrees ,w4 ,!re is "o int]e/+ exception to ! uni=mity 9 ! /rike ( ! foliation4 ,at ! nor!rn po9t ( ,tres ,montes 7latitude #de degrees #eb m9utes7 a bold *a9 ( granite1 betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& feet 9 height1 runs f ! coa/ f> into ! int]ior1 9 an ,e4,s4,e4 l9e1 or m /rictly ,e4 #bh degrees ,s4 & ,w4 #bh degrees ,n4 7,9 ! di/ance1 o!r m\nta9s c\ld be se5 app>5tly rang+ ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 at "r angles to ?is "o4 ,i may add1 t n f> f ,vall5> ,bay !re is a f9e range1 app>5tly ( granite1 :i* has bur/ ?r\gh ! mica-slate 9 a ,n4,e4 by ,e4 & ,s4,w4 by ,s4 l9e47 ,9 a bay1 at ! nor!rn foot ( ?is range1 !re are a few islets ( mica-slate1 ) ! folia 9 "s p>ts horizontal1 b mo/ly incl9$ at an av]age angle ( #bj degrees to ! nor?4 ,on ! nor!rn /eep flank ( ! range1 !re are a few pat*es 7"s q isolat$1 & n l>g] ?an half a-cr[n67 ( ! mica-s*i/1 foliat$ ) ! same nor!rly dip4 ,on ! broad summit1 z f> z ! s\!rn cre/1 !re is mu* mica-slate1 9 "s places ev5 #djj feet 9 ?ickness1 ) ! folia all dipp+ nor?1 at angles v>y+ f #e degrees to #bj degrees1 b sometimes m\nt+ up to #cj degrees4 ,! s\!rn flank consi/s ( b>e granite4 ,! mica-slate is p5etrat$ by small ve9s ( granite1 bran*+ f ! ma9 body4 7,! granite )9 ^! ve9s1 z well z g5]ally at ! junction ) ! mica-slate1 is m qu>tzose ?an else:]e4 ,! granite1 ,i may add1 is trav]s$ by dikes runn+ = a v great l5g? 9 ! l9e ( ! m\nta9s2 !y are compos$ ( a some:at lam9at$ eurite1 conta9+ cry/als ( feldsp>1 hornbl5de1 & octagons ( qu>tz47 ,leav+ out ( view ! preval5t /rike ( ! folia 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is ,ar*ipelago1 x might h be5 expect$ t !y w\ld h dipp$ ,n4 #bh degrees ,e41 t is directly f ! ridge1 &1 consid]+ its abruptness1 at a high incl9ation2 b ! real dip1 z we h j se51 bo? at ! foot & on ! nor!rn flank1 & ov] ! entire summit1 is at a small angle1 & direct$ ne>ly due nor?4 ,f ^! consid]ations x occurr$ to me1 t p]haps we "h _h ! novel & curi\s case ( already incl9$ lam9ae obliquely tilt$ at a subsequ5t p]iod by ! granitic axis4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 s well kn[n f 8 ma!matical inve/igations1 has mo/ k9dly calculat$ ! problem3 ! proposition s5t 01--,take a di/rict compos$ ( lam9ae1 dipp+ at an angle ( #dj degrees to ,w4 #ai degrees ,s41 & let an axis ( elevation trav]se x 9 an ,e4 #bh degrees ,s4 l9e1 :at w ! position ( ! lam9ae be on ! nor!rn flank aft] a tilt1 we w fir/ suppose1 ( #de degrees8 ,mr4 ,hopk9s in=ms me1 t ! angle ( ! dip w be #bh degrees #ca m9utes1 & its direction to nor? #cj degrees #cc m9utes we/4 7,on ! s\? side ( ! axis 7:]e1 h[ev]1 ,i did n see any mica-slate7 ! dip ( ! folia w\ld be at an angle ( #gg degrees #ee m9utes1 direct$ to we/ #ce degrees #cc m9utes s\?4 ,h5ce ! two po9ts ( dip on ! opposite sides ( ! range1 in/ead ( be+ z 9 ord9>y cases directly oppos$ to ea* o!r at an angle ( #ahj degrees1 w\ld "h be only #hf degrees #ej m9utes ap>t47 ,by v>y+ ! suppos$ angle ( ! tilt1 our previ\sly incl9$ folia c be ?r[n into any angle betwe5 #bf degrees1 :i* is ! lea/ possible angle1 & #ij degrees2 b if a small incl9ation be ?us giv5 to !m1 _! po9t ( dip w dep>t f> f ! nor?1 & !re=e n accord ) ! actual position ( ! folia ( mica-s*i/ on our granitic range4 ,h5ce x appe>s v difficult1 )\t v>y+ consid]ably ! elem5ts ( ! problem1 ?us to expla9 ! anomal\s /rike & dip ( ! foliat$ mica- s*i/1 especially 9 ^? p>ts1 namely1 at ! base ( ! range1 :]e ! folia are almo/ horizontal4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 h[ev]1 adds1 t great irregul>ities & lat]al ?ru/s might be expect$ 9 e great l9e ( elevation1 & t ^! w\ld acc\nt = consid]able deviations f ! calculat$ results3 consid]+ t ! granitic axis1 z %[n by ! ve9s1 has indisputably be5 inject$ aft] ! p]fect =mation ( ! mica-slate1 & consid]+ ! uni=mity ( ! /rike ( ! folia ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 ,i _c b /ill ?9k t _! anomal\s position at ?is "o po9t is someway directly & me*anically relat$ to ! intrusion ( ?is ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e4 m\nta9-*a9 ( granite4 ,dikes are frequ5t 9 ! metamorphic s*i/s ( ! ,*onos ,isl&s1 & seem feebly to repres5t t great b& ( trappean & anci5t volcanic rocks on ! s\?-we/]n coa/ ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,at ,s4 ,&res ,i obs]v$ 9 ! space ( half-a-mile1 sev5 broad1 p>allel dikes1 compos$ ( ?ree v>ieties ( trap1 runn+ 9 a ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 l9e1 p>allel to ! neighb\r+ m\nta9-ranges ( alt]$ clay-slate2 b !y mu/ be ( long subsequ5t orig9 to ^! m\nta9s2 = !y int]sect$ ! volcanic =mation describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,nor? ( ,tres ,montes1 ,i notic$ ?ree dikes diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 composition1 "o ( !m hav+ a euritic base includ+ l>ge octagons ( qu>tz2 ^! dikes1 z well z sev]al ( porphyritic gre5/one at ,vall5> ,bay1 ext5d$ ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 ne>ly at "r angles to ! foliation ( ! s*i/s1 b 9 ! l9e ( _! jo9ts4 ,at ,l['s ,h>b\r1 h[ev]1 a set ( great p>allel dikes1 "o n9ety y>ds & ano!r sixty y>ds 9 wid?1 h be5 guid$ by ! foliation ( ! mica-s*i/1 & h5ce are incl9$ we/w>d at an angle ( #de degrees3 ^! dikes are =m$ ( v>i\s porphyritic traps1 "s ( :i* are rem>kable f conta9+ num]\s r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,a porphyritic trap ( ?is latt] k9d1 pass$ 9 "o ( ! dikes into a mo/ curi\s horn/one1 p]fectly :ite1 ) a waxy fracture & pellucid edges1 fusible1 & conta9+ _m gra9s ( qu>tz & specks ( iron pyrites4 ,9 ! n9ety-y>d dike sev]al l>ge1 app>5tly n[ q isolat$1 fragm5ts ( mica-slate 7 emb$d$3 b z _! foliation 0 exactly p>allel to t ( ! surr\nd+ solid rock1 no d\bt ^! new sep>ate fragm5ts orig9ally =m$ w$ge-%ap$ dep5d+ portions ( a cont9u\s vault or cru/1 once ext5d+ ov] ! dike1 b s9ce worn d[n & d5ud$4 ,,*iloe1 ,,valdivia1 ,,concepcion4 ,9 ,*iloe1 a great =mation ( mica-s*i/ /rik+ly resembles t ( ! ,*onos ,isl&s4 ,= a space ( elev5 miles on ! ,s4,e4 coa/1 ! folia 7 v di/9ct1 ?\gh slightly convolut$1 & rang$ )9 a po9t ( ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e41 dipp+ ei!r ,e4,n4,e4 or m commonly ,w4,s4,w41 at an av]age angle ( #bb degrees 79 "o spot1 h[ev]1 at #fj degrees71 & !re=e decid$ly at a less] incl9ation ?an among/ ! ,*onos ,isl&s4 ,on ! we/ & nor?-we/]n %ores1 ! foliation 0 (t5 obscure1 ?\gh1 :]e be/ def9$1 x rang$ )9 a po9t ( ,n4 by ,w4 & ,s4 by ,e41 dipp+ ei!r ea/]ly or we/]ly1 at v>y+ & g5]ally v small angles4 ,h5ce1 f ! s\!rn "p ( ,tres ,montes to ! nor!rn end ( ,*iloe1 a di/ance ( #cjj miles1 we h closely alli$ rocks ) _! folia /rik+ on an av]age 9 ! same direction1 namely betwe5 ,n4 #aa degrees & #bb degrees ,w4 ,aga91 at ,valdivia1 we meet ) ! same mica-s*i/1 exhibit+ ne>ly ! same m9]alogical passages z 9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 (t51 h[ev]1 becom+ m f]rug9\s1 & conta9+ s mu* feldsp> z to pass into gneiss4 ,! folia 7 g5]ally well def9$2 b n[h]e else 9 ,s\? ,am]ica did ,i see !m v>y+ s mu* 9 direction3 ?is seem$ *iefly caus$ by _! =m+ p>ts1 z ,i c\ld sometimes di/9ctly trace1 ( l>ge flat curves3 nev]!less1 bo? ne> ! settlem5t & t[>ds ! int]ior1 a ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 /rike seem$ m frequ5t ?an any o!r direction2 ! angle ( ! dip 0 g5]ally small4 ,at ,concepcion1 a highly glossy clay-slate _h its cleavage (t5 slightly curvil9e>1 & incl9$1 seldom at a high angle1 t[>ds v>i\s po9ts ( ! compass3 b "h1 z at ,valdivia1 a ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 /rike seem$ to be ! mo/ frequ5t "o4 77,,figure #bc47 ,i obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts t ! tops ( ! lam9ae ( ! clay-slate 7b 9 ,figure #bc7 "u ! sup]ficial detritus & soil 7a7 7 b5t1 sometimes )\t be+ brok51 z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #bc1 :i* is copi$ f "o giv5 by ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e 7page #db 8,geological ,manual07 ( an exactly simil> ph5om5on 9 ,devon%ire4 ,mr4 ,r4,a4,c4 ,au/51 also1 9 8 excell5t pap] on ,s4,e4 ,devon 78,geological ,transactions0 volume #f page #dcg71 has describ$ ?is ph5om5on2 he attributes x to ! action ( fro/s1 b at ! same "t d\bts :e!r ! fro/s ( ! pres5t day p5etrate to a suffici5t dep?4 ,z x is kn[n t e>?quakes p>ticul>ly affect ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 x occurr$ to me t ?is appe>ance might p]haps be due1 at lea/ at ,concepcion1 to _! frequ5t occurr5ce2 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( detritus be+ ei!r j]k$ 9 "o direction1 or1 :]e ! surface 0 incl9$1 pu%$ a little d[nw>ds dur+ ea* /rong vibration4 ,9 ,nor? ,wales ,i h se5 a some:at analog\s b less regul> appe>ance1 ?\gh on a great] scale 78,london ,philosophical ,magaz9e0 volume #ba page #ahd71 & produc$ by a q diff]5t cause1 namely1 by ! /r&+ ( great iceb]gs2 ?is latt] appe>ance has also be5 obs]v$ 9 ,n4 ,am]ica47 ,9 c]ta9 spots l>ge qu>tz ve9s 7 num]\s1 & ne> !m1 ! cleavage1 z 0 ! case ) ! foliation ( ! s*i/s 9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 became extremely tortu\s4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ,quiriqu9a ,isl&1 9 ! ,bay ( ,concepcion1 at lea/ eight rudely p>allel dikes1 :i* h be5 guid$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! cleavage ( ! slate1 occur )9 ! space ( a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,!y v>y mu* 9 composition1 resembl+ 9 _m respects ! dikes at ,l['s ,h>b\r3 ! great] numb] consi/ ( feldspa?ic porphyries1 sometimes conta9+ gra9s ( qu>tz3 "o1 h[ev]1 0 black & brilliant1 l an augitic rock1 b really =m$ ( feldsp>2 o!rs ( a feldspa?ic nature 7 p]fectly :ite1 ) ei!r an e>?y or cry/all9e fracture1 & includ+ gra9s & regul> octagons ( qu>tz2 ^! :ite v>ieties pass$ into ord9>y gre5/ones4 ,al?\gh1 bo? "h & at ,l['s ,h>b\r1 ! nature ( ! rock v>i$ consid]ably 9 ! same dike1 yet ,i _c b ?9k t at ^! two places & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,*onos gr\p1 :]e ! dikes1 ?\gh close to ea* o!r & runn+ p>allel1 are ( diff]5t composition1 t !y mu/ h be5 =m$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 ! case ( ,quiriqu9a ?is is a r int]e/+ conclusion1 = ^! eight p>allel dikes cut ?r\gh ! metamorphic s*i/s 9 a ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 l9e1 & s9ce _! injection ! ov]ly+ cretace\s or t]ti>y /rata h be5 tilt$ 7:il/ /ill "u ! sea7 f a ,n4,w4 by ,n4 & ,s4,e4 by ,s4 l9e2 & aga91 dur+ ! great e>?quake ( ,febru>y #ahce1 ! gr\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood 0 fissur$ 9 ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 l9es2 & f ! mann] 9 :i* build+s 7 ?r[n d[n1 x 0 evid5t t ! surface undulat$ 9 ?is same direction4 78,geological ,transactions0 volume #f pages #fjb & #fag4 8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es0 #bnd edition page #cjg47 ,,c5tral ,,& ,,nor!rn ,,*ile4 ,nor?w>d ( ,concepcion1 z f> z ,copiapo1 ! %ores ( ! ,pacific consi/1 ) ! exception ( "s small t]ti>y bas9s1 ( gneiss1 mica- s*i/1 alt]$ clay-slate1 granite1 gre5/one & sy5ite3 h5ce ! coa/ f ,tres ,montes to ,copiapo1 a di/ance ( #a1bjj miles1 & ,i h reason to believe = a mu* great] space1 is almo/ simil>ly con/itut$4 ,ne> ,valp>aiso ! prevail+ rock is gneiss1 g5]ally includ+ mu* hornbl5de3 concretion>y balls =m$ ( feldsp>1 hornbl5de & mica1 f two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 are 9 v _m places con=mably enfold$ by ! foliat$ gneiss3 ve9s ( qu>tz & feldsp>1 includ+ black s*orl & well-cry/allis$ epidote1 are num]\s4 ,epidote likewise occurs 9 ! gneiss 9 ?9 lay]s1 p>allel to ! foliation ( ! mass4 ,"o l>ge ve9 ( a co>se granitic "* 0 rem>kable f 9 "o "p q *ang+ its "*1 & ins5sibly pass+ into a blacki% porphyry1 includ+ acicul> cry/als ( glassy feldsp> & ( hornbl5de3 ,i h nev] se5 any o!r su* case4 7,humboldt 8,p]sonal ,n>rative0 volume #d page #fj1 has describ$ ) mu* surprise1 concretion>y balls1 ) conc5tric divisions1 compos$ ( p>tially vitre\s feldsp>1 hornbl5de1 & g>nets1 includ$ )9 great ve9s ( gneiss1 :i* cut across ! mica-slate ne> ,v5ezuela47 ,i %all 9 ! few foll[+ rem>ks on ! rocks ( ,*ile allude exclusively to _! foliation & cleavage4 ,9 ! gneiss r\nd ,valp>aiso ! /rike ( ! foliation is v v>iable1 b ,i ?9k ab\t ,n4 by ,w4 & ,s4 by ,e4 is ! commone/ direction2 ?is likewise holds good ) ! cleavage ( ! alt]$ feldspa?ic clay-slates1 occasionally met ) on ! coa/ = n9ety miles nor? ( ,valp>aiso4 ,"s feldspa?ic slate1 alt]nat+ ) /rata ( clay/one porphyry 9 ! ,bell ( ,quillota & at ,jajuel1 & !re=e1 p]haps1 belong+ to a lat] p]iod ?an ! metamorphic s*i/s on ! coa/1 cleav$ 9 ?is same direction4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,cordill]a1 9 ! ,portillo ,pass1 !re is a gr& mass ( mica- slate1 foliat$ 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 & ) a high we/]ly dip3 9 ! ,uspallata range1 clay-slate & grauwacke h a highly incl9$1 ne>ly nor? & s\? cleavage1 ?\gh 9 "s p>ts ! /rike is irregul>3 9 ! ma9 or ,cumbre range1 ! direction ( ! cleavage 9 ! feldspa?ic clay-slate is ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 ,betwe5 ,coquimbo & ,guasco !re are two consid]able =mations ( mica- slate1 9 "o ( :i* ! rock pass$ sometimes into common clay-slate & sometimes into a glossy black v>iety1 v l t 9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago4 ,! folia & cleavage ( ^! rocks rang$ betwe5 ,n4 & ,n4,w4 by ,n4 & ,s4 & ,s4,w4 by ,s44 ,ne> ! ,port ( ,guasco sev]al v>ieties ( alt]$ clay-slate h a q irregul> cleavage4 ,betwe5 ,guasco & ,copiapo1 !re are "s silice\s & talcace\s slates cleav+ 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 ) an ea/]ly dip ( betwe5 #fj & #gj degrees3 high up1 also1 ! ma9 valley ( ,copiapo1 !re is mica-slate ) a high ea/]ly dip4 ,9 ! :ole space betwe5 ,valp>aiso & ,copiapo an ea/]ly dip is mu* m common ?an an opposite or we/]ly "o4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,cleavage ,,& ,,foliation4 ,9 ?is s\!rn "p ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 we h se5 t ! cleavage-lam9ae range ov] wide areas ) rem>kable uni=mity1 cutt+ /raight ?r\gh ! planes ( /ratification1 b yet be+ p>allel 9 /rike to ! ma9 axes ( elevation1 & g5]ally to ! outl9es ( ! coa/4 7,9 my pap] on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s 8,geological ,j\rnal0 volume #c page #bfg1 ,i h giv5 a curi\s case on ! au?ority ( ,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 ( mu* fold$ b$s ( clay-slate1 9 "s ( :i* ! cleavage is p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 & 9 o!rs x is p]p5dicul> to ea* curvature or fold ( ! b$3 ?is appe>s a new case47 ,! dip1 h[ev]1 is z v>iable1 bo? 9 angle & 9 direction 7t is1 sometimes be+ incl9$ to ! "o side & sometimes to ! directly opposite side71 z ! /rike is uni=m4 ,9 all ^! respects !re is a close agreem5t ) ! facts giv5 by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick 9 8 celebrat$ memoir 9 ! 8,geological ,transactions10 & by ,sir ,r4,i4 ,mur*ison 9 8 v>i\s excell5t discussions on ?is subject4 ,! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & m especially ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 (f] /rik+ in/ances ( ! l9es ( cleavage1 ! pr9ciple axes ( elevation1 & ! outl9es ( ! coa/1 gradually *ang+ toge!r _! c\rses4 ,! direction :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 namely1 f we/ ) "s nor?+ to ea/ ) "s s\?+1 is also common to ! sev]al ridges 9 ,nor!rn ,patagonia & 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ,b&a ,ori5tal3 9 ?is latt] prov9ce1 9 ! ,si]ra ,tapalgu51 & 9 ! ,we/]n ,falkl& ,isl&1 ! ,w4 by ,n41 or ,w4,n4,w4 & ,e4,s4,e41 ridges1 are cross$ at "r angles by o!rs rang+ ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 ,! fact ( ! cleavage-lam9ae 9 ! clay-slate ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 :]e se5 cutt+ /raight ?r\gh ! planes ( /ratification1 & :]e consequ5tly !re c\ld be no d\bt ab\t _! nature1 diff]+ slightly 9 col\r1 texture1 & h>dness1 appe>s to me v int]e/+4 ,9 a ?ick mass ( lam9at$1 feldspa?ic & alt]$ clay-slate1 int]pos$ betwe5 two great /rata ( porphyritic conglom]ate 9 ,c5tral ,*ile1 & :]e !re c\ld be b little d\bt ab\t ! b$d+1 ,i obs]v$ simil> slight diff]5ces 9 composition1 & likewise "s di/9ct ?9 lay]s ( epidote1 p>allel to ! highly incl9$ cleavage ( ! mass4 ,aga91 ,i incid5tally notic$ 9 ,nor? ,wales1 :]e glaci]s _h pass$ ov] ! truncat$ edges ( ! highly incl9$ lam9ae ( clay-slate1 t ! surface1 ?\gh smoo?1 0 worn into small p>allel undulations1 caus$ by ! compet5t lam9ae be+ ( slightly diff]5t degrees ( h>dness4 78,london ,philosophical ,magaz9e0 volume #ba page #ahb47 ,) ref]5ce to ! slates ( ,nor? ,wales1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick describes ! planes ( cleavage1 z 8coat$ ov] ) *lorite & semi-cry/all9e matt]1 :i* n only m]ely def9e ! planes 9 "q1 b /rike 9 p>allel flakes ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! rock40 78,geological ,transactions0 volume #c page #dga47 ,9 "s ( ^? glossy & h>d v>ieties ( clay-slate1 :i* may (t5 be se5 pass+ into mica-s*i/1 x has appe>$ to me t ! cleavage- planes 7 =m$ ( excessively ?91 g5]ally slight$ convolut$1 folia1 compos$ ( microscopically m9ute scales ( mica4 ,f ^! sev]al facts1 & m especially f ! case ( ! clay-slate 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be conclud$1 t ! same p[] :i* has impress$ on ! slate its fissile /ructure or cleavage has t5d$ to modify its m9]alogical "* 9 p>allel planes4 ,let u n[ turn to ! foliation ( ! metamorphic s*i/s1 a subject :i* has be5 mu* less att5d$ to4 ,z 9 ! case ( cleavage-lam9ae1 ! folia pres]ve ov] v l>ge areas a uni=m /rike3 ?us ,humboldt f\nd = a di/ance ( #cjj miles 9 ,v5ezuela1 & inde$ ov] a mu* l>g] space1 gneiss1 granite1 mica1 & clay-slate1 /rik+ v uni=mly ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 & dipp+ at an angle ( betwe5 #fj & #gj degrees to ,n4,w4 78,p]sonal ,n>rative0 volume #f page #ei et seq472 x w\ld ev5 appe> f ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 t ! metamorphic rocks ?r\gh\t ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica are g5]ally foliat$ )9 two po9ts ( ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 ,ov] ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 ! foliation /rikes ) a high incl9ation1 v uni=mly ,n4,n4,e4 to ,s4,s4,w41 & ov] ! we/]n p>ts1 9 a ,w4 by ,n4 & ,e4 by ,s4 l9e4 ,= a space ( #cjj miles on ! %ores ( ! ,*onos & ,*iloe ,isl&s1 we h se5 t ! foliation seldom deviates m ?an a po9t ( ! compass f a ,n4 #ai degrees ,w4 & ,s4 #ai degrees ,e4 /rike4 ,z 9 ! case ( cleavage1 ! angle ( ! dip 9 foliat$ rocks is g5]ally high b v>iable1 & alt]nates f "o side ( ! l9e ( /rike to ! o!r side1 sometimes be+ v]tical3 9 ! ,nor!rn ,*onos ,isl&s1 h[ev]1 ! folia are incl9$ almo/ always to ! we/2 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 ! cleavage-lam9ae 9 ,s\!rn ,ti]ra del ,fuego c]ta9ly dip mu* m frequ5tly to ,s4,s4,w4 ?an to ! opposite po9t4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal1 9 p>ts ( ,brazil1 & 9 "s o!r di/ricts1 ! foliation runs 9 ! same direction ) ! m\nta9-ranges & adjo9+ coa/-l9es3 among/ ! ,*onos ,isl&s1 h[ev]1 ?is co9cid5ce fails1 & ,i h giv5 my reasons = suspect+ t "o granitic axis has bur/ ?r\gh & tilt$ ! already incl9$ folia ( mica-s*i/3 9 ! case ( cleavage1 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 its /rike & t ( ! ma9 /ratification seems sometimes to fail4 7,cases are giv5 by ,mr4 ,jukes 9 8 8,geology ( ,newf\ndl&0 page #acj47 ,foliation & cleavage resemble ea* o!r 9 ! planes w9d+ r\nd concretions1 & 9 becom+ tortu\s :]e ve9s ( qu>tz ab\nd4 7,i h se5 9 ,brazil & ,*ile concretions ?us enfold$ by foliat$ gneiss2 & ,maccullo* 8,highl&s0 volume #a page #fd1 has describ$ a simil> case4 ,= analog\s cases 9 clay-slate1 see ,pr(essor ,h5sl['s ,memoir 9 8,cambridge ,philosophical ,transactions0 volume #a page #cgi1 & ,maccullo*'s 8,classification ( ,rocks0 page #cea4 ,) respect to bo? foliation & cleavage becom+ tortu\s :]e qu>tz-ve9s ab\nd1 ,i h se5 in/ances ne> ,monte ,video1 at ,concepcion1 & 9 ! ,*onos ,isl&s4 ,see also ,mr4 ,gre5\gh's 8,critical ,exam9ation0 page #gh47 ,on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s bo? 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego & 9 o!r c\ntries1 ,i h obs]v$ t ! cleavage-planes frequ5tly dip at a high angle inw>ds2 & ?is 0 long ago obs]v$ by ,von ,bu* to be ! case 9 ,norway3 ?is fact is p]haps analog\s to ! fold$1 fan-l or radiat+ /ructure 9 ! metamorphic s*i/s ( ! ,alps1 9 :i* ! folia 9 ! c5tral cre/s are v]tical & on ! two flanks incl9$ inw>ds4 7,/ud] 9 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #bc page #add47 ,:]e masses ( fissile & foliat$ rocks alt]nate toge!r1 ! cleavage & foliation1 9 all cases :i* ,i h se51 are p>allel4 ,:]e 9 "o di/rict ! rocks are fissile1 & 9 ano!r adjo9+ di/rict !y are foliat$1 ! planes ( cleavage & foliation are likewise g5]ally p>allel3 ?is is ! case ) ! feldspa?ic homog5e\s slates 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,*onos gr\p1 comp>$ ) ! f9e foliat$ mica-s*i/s ( ! nor!rn "p2 s aga9 ! clay- slate ( ! :ole ea/]n side ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego cleaves 9 exactly ! same l9e ) ! foliat$ gneiss & mica-slate ( ! we/]n coa/2 o!r analog\s in/ances might h be5 adduc$4 7,i h giv5 a case 9 ,au/ralia4 ,see my 8,volcanic ,isl&s407 ,) respect to ! orig9 ( ! folia ( qu>tz1 mica1 feldsp>1 & o!r m9]als compos+ ! metamorphic s*i/s1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 ,mr4 ,lyell1 & mo/ au?ors believe1 t ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ea* lay] 7 sep>ately deposit$ z s$im5t1 & !n metamorphos$4 ,?is view1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ,i believe to be q unt5able4 ,9 ^? n uncommon in/ances1 :]e a mass ( clay-slate1 9 approa*+ granite1 gradually passes into gneiss1 we cle>ly see t folia ( di/9ct m9]als c orig9ate ?r\gh ! metamorphosis ( a homog5e\s fissile rock4 7,i h describ$ 9 8,volcanic ,isl&s0 a good in/ance ( su* a passage at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope47 ,! deposition1 x may be rem>k$1 ( numb]less alt]nations ( pure qu>tz1 & ( ! elem5ts ( mica or feldsp> does n appe> a probable ev5t4 7,see "s excell5t rem>ks on ?is subject1 9 ,d',aubuisson's 8,traite de ,geog40 tome #a page #big4 ,also "s rem>ks by ,mr4 ,dana 9 8,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal0 volume #de page #ajh47 ,9 ^? di/ricts 9 :i* ! metamorphic s*i/s are foliat$ 9 planes p>allel to ! cleavage ( ! rocks 9 an adjo9+ di/rict1 are we to believe t ! folia are due to s$im5t>y lay]s1 :il/ ! cleavage- lam9ae1 ?\gh p>allel1 h no relation :atev] to su* planes ( deposition8 ,on ?is view1 h[ c we reconcile ! va/ness ( ! areas ov] :i* ! /rike ( ! foliation is uni=m1 ) :at we see 9 di/urb$ di/ricts compos$ ( true /rata3 & especially1 h[ c we und]/& ! high & ev5 v]tical dip ?r\gh\t _m wide di/ricts1 :i* are n m\nta9\s1 & ?r\gh\t "s1 z 9 ,we/]n ,b&a ,ori5tal1 :i* are n ev5 hilly8 ,are we to admit t 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 mica-slate 0 fir/ accumulat$ 9 p>allel horizontal folia to a ?ickness ( ab\t f\r geographical miles1 & !n upturn$ at an angle ( =ty degrees2 :il/1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is same ,ar*ipelago1 ! cleavage-lam9ae ( closely alli$ rocks1 :i* none w\ld imag9e _h ev] be5 horizontal1 dip at ne>ly ! same angle1 to ne>ly ! same po9t8 ,see+1 !n1 t foliat$ s*i/s indisputably are sometimes produc$ by ! metamorphosis ( homog5e\s fissile rocks2 see+ t foliation & cleavage are s closely analog\s 9 ! sev]al above-enum]at$ respects2 see+ t "s fissile & almo/ homog5e\s rocks %[ incipi5t m9]alogical *anges along ! planes ( _! cleavage1 & t o!r rocks ) a fissile /ructure alt]nate )1 & pass into v>ieties ) a foliat$ /ructure1 ,i _c d\bt t 9 mo/ cases foliation & cleavage are p>ts ( ! same process3 9 cleavage !re be+ only an incipi5t sep>ation ( ! con/itu5t m9]als2 9 foliation a mu* m complete sep>ation & cry/allisation4 ,! fact (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]1 ( ! foliation & ! s- call$ /rata 9 ! metamorphic s]ies1--t is1 ! alt]nat+ masses ( diff]5t v>ieties ( gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 & hornbl5de-slate1 etc41--be+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 at fir/ appe>s q oppos$ to ! view1 t ! folia h no relation to ! planes ( orig9al deposition4 ,:]e ! s-call$ b$s are n v ?ick & ( widely diff]5t m9]alogical composition f ea* o!r1 ,i d n ?9k t !re is any difficulty 9 suppos+ t !y h orig9at$ 9 an analog\s mann] ) ! sep>ate folia4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d :at ?ick /rata1 9 ord9>y s$im5t>y masses1 h obvi\sly be5 =m$ by a concretion>y process4 ,9 a pile ( volcanic rocks on ! ,isl& ( ,asc5sion1 !re are /rata1 diff]+ q z mu* 9 appe>ance z ! ord9>y v>ieties ( ! metamorphic s*i/s1 :i* und\bt$ly h be5 produc$1 n by successive fl[+s ( lava1 b by int]nal molecul> *anges4 ,ne> ,monte ,video1 :]e ! /ratification1 z x w\ld be call$1 ( ! metamorphic s]ies is1 9 mo/ p>ts1 p>ticul>ly well develop$1 be+ z usual1 p>allel to ! foliation1 we h se5 t a mass ( *loritic s*i/1 nett$ ) qu>tz-ve9s1 is entangl$ 9 gneiss1 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t x _h c]ta9ly orig9at$ 9 "s process ( segregation3 aga91 9 ano!r spot1 ! gneiss t5d$ to pass into hornbl5dic s*i/ by alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( qu>tz2 b ^! lay]s ( qu>tz almo/ c]ta9ly _h nev] be5 sep>ately deposit$1 = !y 7 absolutely cont9u\s ) ! num]\s int]sect+ ve9s ( qu>tz4 ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( trac+ = any di/ance1 along ! l9e bo? ( /rike & ( dip1 ! s-call$ b$s 9 ! metamorphic s*i/s1 b ,i /rongly suspect t !y w\ld n be f\nd to ext5d ) ! same "*1 v f> 9 ! l9e ei!r ( _! dip or /rike4 ,h5ce ,i am l$ to believe1 t mo/ ( ! s-call$ b$s are ( ! nature ( complex folia1 & h n be5 sep>ately deposit$4 ,( c\rse1 ?is view _c be ext5d$ to ,,?ick masses includ$ 9 ! metamorphic s]ies1 :i* are ( totally diff]5t composition f ! adjo9+ s*i/s1 & :i* are f> ext5d$1 z is sometimes ! case ) qu>tz & m>ble2 ^! mu/ g5]ally be ( ! nature ( true /rata4 7,maccullo* 8,classification ( ,rocks0 page #cfd1 /ates t prim>y lime/ones are (t5 f\nd 9 irregul> masses or great nodules1 8:i* c sc>cely be said to possess a /ratifi$ %ape607 ,su* /rata1 h[ev]1 w almo/ always /rike 9 ! same direction ) ! folia1 ow+ to ! axes ( elevation be+ 9 mo/ c\ntries p>allel to ! /rike ( ! foliation2 b !y w g5]ally dip at a diff]5t angle f t ( ! foliation2 & ! angle ( ! foliation 9 itself almo/ always v>ies mu*3 h5ce1 9 cross+ a metamorphos$ s*i/ose di/rict1 x w\ld require especial att5tion to discrim9ate betwe5 true /rata ( deposition & complex foliat$ masses4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( true /rata 9 ! mid/ ( a set ( metamorphic s*i/s1 is no argum5t t ! foliation is ( s$im5t>y orig91 )\t x be fur!r %[n 9 ea* case1 t ! folia n only /rike1 b dip ?r\gh\t 9 p>allel planes ) ^? ( ! true /ratification4 ,z 9 "s cases x appe>s t :]e a fissile rock has be5 expos$ to p>tial metamorphic action1 = in/ance f ! irruption ( granite1 ! foliation has sup]v5$ on ! already exi/+ cleavage-planes2 s p]haps 9 "s in/ances1 ! foliation ( a rock may h be5 det]m9$ by ! orig9al planes ( deposition or ( oblique curr5t-lam9ae3 ,i h1 h[ev]1 myself1 nev] se5 su* a case1 & ,i mu/ ma9ta9 t 9 mo/ ext5sive metamorphic areas1 ! foliation is ! extreme result ( t process1 ( :i* cleavage is ! fir/ effect4 ,t foliation may arise )\t any previ\s /ructural arrangem5t 9 ! mass1 we may inf] f inject$1 & !re=e once liquifi$1 rocks1 bo? ( volcanic & plutonic orig91 sometimes hav+ a 8gra90 7z express$ by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick71 & sometimes be+ compos$ ( di/9ct folia or lam9ae ( diff]5t compositions4 ,9 my "w on 8,volcanic ,isl&s10 ,i h giv5 sev]al in/ances ( ?is /ructure 9 volcanic rocks1 & x is n uncommonly se5 9 plutonic masses--?us1 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile1 !re are gigantic m\nta9-l masses ( r$ granite1 :i* h be5 inject$ :il/ liquifi$1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 display 9 p>ts a decid$ly lam9> /ructure4 7,z rem>k$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is *apt]1 ,i suspect t ! boldly conical m\nta9s ( gneiss-granite1 ne> ,rio de ,janeiro1 9 :i* ! con/itu5t m9]als are arrang$ 9 p>allel planes1 are ( intrusive orig94 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get ! lesson ( caution taught by ! curi\s clay/one porphyries ( ,port ,desire1 9 :i* we h se5 t ! break+ up & aggregation ( a ?9ly /ratifi$ tuface\s mass1 has yield$ a rock semi-porphyritic ) cry/als ( feldsp>1 arrang$ 9 ! planes ( orig9al deposition47 ,f9ally1 we h se5 t ! planes ( cleavage & ( foliation1 t is1 ( ! incipi5t process & ( ! f9al result1 g5]ally /rike p>allel to ! pr9cipal axes ( elevation1 & to ! outl9e ( ! l&3 ! /rike ( ! axes ( elevation 7t is1 ( ! l9es ( fissures ) ! /rata on _! edges upturn$71 accord+ to ! reason+ ( ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 is det]m9$ by ! =m ( ! area und]go+ *anges ( level1 & ! consequ5t direction ( ! l9es ( t5sion & fissure4 ,n[1 9 t rem>kable pile ( volcanic rocks at ,asc5sion1 :i* has sev]al times be5 allud$ to 7& 9 "s o!r cases71 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 t ! lam9ation ( ! sev]al v>ieties1 & _! alt]nations1 h be5 caus$ by ! mov+ mass1 j be=e its f9al consolidation1 hav+ be5 subject$ 7z 9 a glaci]7 to planes ( diff]5t t5sion2 ?is diff]5ce 9 ! t5sion affect+ ! cry/all9e & concretion>y processes4 7,9 8,volcanic ,isl&s407 ,"o ( ! v>ieties ( rock ?us produc$ at ,asc5sion1 at fir/ sight1 s+ul>ly resembles a f9e-gra9$ gneiss2 x consi/s ( q /raight & p>allel zones ( excessive t5uity1 ( m or less col\r$ cry/allis$ feldsp>1 ( di/9ct cry/als ( qu>tz1 diopside1 & oxide ( iron4 ,^! consid]ations1 not)/&+ ! exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,fox1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( electrical curr5ts 9 produc+ a /ructure l t ( cleavage1 & not)/&+ ! app>5tly inexplicable v>iation1 bo? 9 ! incl9ation ( ! cleavage-lam9ae & 9 _! dipp+ fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r side ( ! l9e ( /rike1 lead me to suspect t ! planes ( cleavage & foliation are intimately connect$ ) ! planes ( diff]5t t5sion1 to :i* ! area 0 long subject$1 ,,aft] ! ma9 fissures or axes ( upheavem5t _h be5 =m$1 b ,,be=e ! f9al consolidation ( ! mass & ! total cessation ( all molecul> movem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,c5tral ,,*ile3--,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,cordill]a4 ,c5tral ,*ile4--,basal =mations ( ! ,cordill]a4--,orig9 ( ! porphyritic clay-/one conglom]ate4--,&esite4--,volcanic rocks4--,section ( ! ,cordill]a by ! ,peuqu5es are ,portillo ,pass4--,great gypse\s =mation4--,peuqu5es l9e2 ?ickness ( /rata1 fossils (4--,portillo l9e4--,conglom]ate1 or?itic granite1 mica-s*i/1 volcanic rocks (4--,conclud+ rem>ks on ! d5udation & elevation ( ! ,portillo l9e4--,section by ! ,cumbre1 or ,uspallata ,pass4--,porphyries4--,gypse\s /rata4--,section ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca2 fossils (4--,great subsid5ce4--,intrusive porphyries4--,pla9 ( ,uspallata4--,section ( ! ,uspallata *a94--,/ructure & nature ( ! /rata4--,silicifi$ v]tical trees4--,great subsid5ce4--,granitic rocks ( axis4--,conclud+ rem>ks on ! ,uspallata range2 orig9 subsequ5t to t ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a2 two p]iods ( subsid5ce2 comp>ison ) ! ,portillo *a94-- ,! di/rict betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! ,pacific1 on a rude av]age1 is f ab\t eighty to "o hundr$ miles 9 wid?4 ,x is cross$ by _m *a9s ( m\nta9s1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal ones1 9 ! latitude ( ,valp>aiso & s\?w>d ( x1 range ne>ly nor? & s\?2 b 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ! prov9ce1 !y run 9 almo/ e possible direction4 ,ne> ! ,pacific1 ! m\nta9-ranges are g5]ally =m$ ( sy5ite or granite1 & or ( an alli$ euritic porphyry2 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 besides ^! granitic rocks & gre5/one1 & mu* gneiss1 !re are1 especially nor?w>d ( ,valp>aiso1 "s consid]able di/ricts ( true clay-slate ) qu>tz ve9s1 pass+ into a feldspa?ic & porphyritic slate2 !re is also "s grauwacke & qu>tzose & jasp]y rocks1 ! latt] occasionally assum+ ! "* ( ! basis ( clay/one porphyry3 trap-dikes are num]\s4 ,ne>] ! ,cordill]a ! ranges 7su* z ^? ( ,s4 ,f]n&o1 ! ,prado 7,mey5 8,reise um ,erde0 ?4 #a s4 #bce471 & ,aconcagua7 are =m$ p>tly ( granitic rocks1 & p>tly ( purple porphyritic conglom]ates1 clay/one porphyry1 gre5/one porphyry1 & o!r rocks1 su* z we %all imm$iately see1 =m ! basal /rata ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,*ile1 ?is porphyritic s]ies ext5ds ov] l>ge tracts ( c\ntry f> f ! ,cordill]a2 & ev5 9 ,c5tral ,*ile su* occasionally occur 9 outly+ positions4 ,i w describe ! ,campana ( ,quillota1 :i* /&s only fifte5 miles f ! ,pacific1 z an in/ance ( "o ( ^! outly+ masses4 ,?is hill is conspicu\s f ris+ to ! height ( #f1djj feet3 its summit %[s a nucleus1 uncov]$ = a height ( #hjj feet1 ( f9e gre5/one1 includ+ epidote & octah$ral magnetic iron ore2 its flanks are =m$ ( great /rata ( porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate associat$ ) v>i\s true porphyries & amygdaloids1 alt]nat+ ) ?ick masses ( a highly feldspa?ic1 sometimes porphyritic1 pale-col\r$ slaty rock1 ) its cleavage-lam9ae dipp+ inw>ds at a high angle4 ,at ! base ( ! hill !re are sy5ites1 a granul> mixture ( qu>tz & feldsp>1 & h>% qu>tzose rocks1 all belong+ to ! basal metamorphic s]ies4 ,i may obs]ve t at ! foot ( sev]al hills ( ?is class1 :]e ! porphyries are fir/ se5 7z ne> ,s4 ,f]n&o1 ! ,prado1 ,las ,vacas1 etc471 simil> h>% qu>tzose rocks & granul> mixtures ( qu>tz & feldsp> occur1 z if ! m fusible con/itu5t p>ts ( ! granitic s]ies _h be5 drawn (f to =m ! ov]ly+ porphyries4 ,9 ,c5tral ,*ile1 ! flanks ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a1 into :i* ,i p5etrat$ by f\r diff]5t valleys1 g5]ally consi/ ( di/9ctly /ratifi$ rocks4 ,! /rata are incl9$ at angles v>y+ f sometimes ev5 "u t51 to tw5ty degrees1 v r>ely exce$+ =ty degrees3 9 "s1 h[ev]1 ( ! q small1 ext]ior1 spur-l ridges1 ! incl9ation 0 n unfrequ5tly great]4 ,! dip ( ! /rata 9 ! ma9 out] l9es 0 usually outw>ds or f ! ,cordill]a1 b 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile frequ5tly inw>ds1--t is1 _! basset-edges front$ ! ,pacific4 ,dikes occur 9 extraord9>y numb]s4 ,9 ! great1 c5tral1 l(tie/ ridges1 ! /rata1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are almo/ always highly incl9$ & (t5 v]tical4 ,be=e giv+ a detail$ acc\nt ( my two sections across ! ,cordill]a1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be conv5i5t to describe ! basal /rata z se51 (t5 to a ?ickness ( f\r or five ?\s& feet1 on ! flanks ( ! out] l9es4 ,,basal ,,/rata ,,( ,,! ,,cordill]a4 ,! prevail+ rock is a purpli% or gre5i%1 porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate4 ,! emb$d$ fragm5ts v>y 9 size f m]e p>ticles to blocks z mu* z six or eight in*es 7r>ely m7 9 diamet]2 9 _m places1 :]e ! fragm5ts 7 m9ute1 ! signs ( aque\s deposition 7 unequivocally di/9ct2 :]e !y 7 l>ge1 su* evid5ce c\ld r>ely be detect$4 ,! basis is g5]ally porphyritic ) p]fect cry/als ( feldsp>1 & resembles t ( a true inject$ clay/one porphyry3 (t51 h[ev]1 x has a me*anical or s$im5t>y aspect1 & sometimes 7z at ,jajuel7 is jasp]y4 ,! includ$ fragm5ts are ei!r angul>1 or p>tially or q r\nd$ 7,"s ( ! r\nd$ fragm5ts 9 ! porphyritic conglom]ate ne> ! ,ba?s ( ,cauqu5es1 7 m>k$ ) radii & conc5tric zones ( diff]5t %ades ( col\r3 any "o :o did n "k t pebbles1 = in/ance fl9t pebbles f ! *alk1 are sometimes zon$ conc5trically ) _! worn & r\nd$ surfaces1 might h be5 l$ to inf]1 t ^! balls ( porphyry 7 n true pebbles1 b _h orig9at$ 9 concretion>y action472 9 "s p>ts ! r\nd$1 9 o!rs ! angul> fragm5ts prevail1 & usually bo? k9ds are mix$ toge!r3 h5ce ! ^w ,,breccia ought /rictly to be app5d$ to ! t]m ,,porphyritic ,,conglom]ate4 ,! fragm5ts consi/ ( _m v>ieties ( clay/one porphyry1 usually ( ne>ly ! same col\r ) ! surr\nd+ basis1 namely1 purpli%-r$di%1 br[ni%1 mottl$ or bright gre52 occasionally fragm5ts ( a lam9at$1 pale-col\r$1 feldspa?ic rock1 l alt]$ clay-slate are includ$2 z are sometimes gra9s ( qu>tz1 b only 9 "o in/ance 9 ,c5tral ,*ile 7namely1 at ! m9es ( ,jajuel7 a few pebbles ( qu>tz4 ,i n[h]e obs]v$ mica 9 ?is =mation1 & r>ely hornbl5de2 :]e ! latt] m9]al did occur1 ,i 0 g5]ally 9 d\bt :e!r ! mass really belong$ to ?is =mation1 or 0 ( intrusive orig94 ,calc>e\s sp> occasionally occurs 9 small cavities2 & ne/s & lay]s ( epidote are common4 ,9 "s few places 9 ! f9]-gra9$ v>ieties 7= in/ance1 at ,quillota71 !re 7 %ort1 int]rupt$ lay]s ( e>?y feldsp>1 :i* c\ld be trac$1 exactly z at ,port ,desire1 pass+ into l>ge cry/als ( feldsp>3 ,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r 9 ?is in/ance ! lay]s _h ev] be5 sep>ately deposit$ z tuface\s s$im5t4 ,all ! v>ieties ( porphyritic conglom]ates & breccias pass into ea* o!r1 & by innum]able gradations into porphyries no long] reta9+ ! lea/ trace ( me*anical orig93 ! transition appe>s to h be5 effect$ mu* m easily 9 ! f9]-gra9$1 ?an 9 ! co>s]-gra9$ v>ieties4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ne> ,cauqu5es1 ,i notic$ t a porphyritic conglom]ate assum$ a sph]oidal /ructure1 & t5d$ to become column>4 ,besides ! porphyritic conglom]ates & ! p]fectly *>act]is$ porphyries1 ( metamorphic orig91 !re are o!r porphyries1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]+ n at all or only slightly 9 composition1 c]ta9ly h _h a diff]5t orig93 ^! consi/ ( p9k or purple clay/one porphyries1 sometimes includ+ gra9s ( qu>tz1--( gre5/one porphyry1 & ( o!r dusky rocks1 all g5]ally porphyritic ) f9e1 l>ge1 tabul>1 opaque cry/als1 (t5 plac$ crosswise1 ( feldsp> cleav+ l albite 7judg+ f sev]al measurem5ts71 & (t5 amygdaloidal ) silex1 agate1 c>bonate ( lime1 gre5 & br[n bole4 7,?is bole is a v common m9]al 9 ! amygdaloidal rocks2 x is g5]ally ( a gre5i%- br[n col\r1 ) a radiat+ /ructure2 ext]nally x is black ) an almo/ metallic lu/re1 b (t5 coat$ by a bright gre5 film4 ,x is s(t & c be scrat*$ by a quill2 "u ! bl[pipe swells greatly & becomes scaly1 !n fuses easily into a black magnetic bead4 ,?is sub/ance is evid5tly simil> to t :i* (t5 occurs 9 subm>9e volcanic rocks4 ,an exam9ation ( "s v curi\s specim5s ( a f9e porphyry 7f ,jajuel7 leads me to suspect t "s ( ^! amygdaloidal balls1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 pre-exi/+ air-vesicles1 are ( concretion>y orig92 = 9 ^! specim5s1 "s ( ! pea-%ap$ little masses 7(t5 ext]nally m>k$ ) m9ute pits7 are =m$ ( a mixture ( gre5 e>? ) /ony matt]1 l ! basis ( ! porphyry1 includ+ m9ute imp]fect cry/als ( feldsp>2 & ^! pea-%ap$ little masses are !mselves amygdaloidal ) m9ute sph]es ( ! gre5 e>?1 ea* envelop$ by a film ( :ite1 app>5tly feldspa?ic1 e>?y matt]3 s t ! porphyry is d\bly amygdaloidal4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$1 t all ! /rata "h h und]gone metamorphic action1 :i* may h caus$ cry/als ( feldsp> to appe>1 & o!r *anges to be effect$1 9 ! orig9ally simple amygdaloidal balls4 ,mr4 ,j4,d4 ,dana1 9 an excell5t pap] on ,trap-rocks 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #da page #aih1 has argu$ ) great =ce1 t all amygdaloidal m9]als h be5 deposit$ by aque\s infiltration4 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( allud+ to a curi\s case1 describ$ 9 my "w on 8,volcanic ,isl&s10 ( an amygdaloid ) _m ( its cells only half fill$ up ) a mesotypic m9]al4 ,m4 ,rose has describ$ an amygdaloid1 br\ght by ,dr4 ,mey5 8,reise um ,erde0 ,?4 #a4 s4 #caf1 f ,*ile1 z consi/+ ( cry/allis$ qu>tz1 ) cry/als ( /ilbite )91 & l9$ ext]nally by gre5 e>?47 ,^! sev]al porphyritic & amygdaloidal v>ieties nev] %[ any signs ( pass+ into masses ( s$im5t>y orig93 !y occur bo? 9 great & small intrusive masses1 & likewise 9 /rata alt]nat+ ) ^? ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & ) ! planes ( junction (t5 q di/9ct1 yet n seldom bl5d$ toge!r4 ,9 "s ( ^! intrusive masses1 ! porphyries exhibit1 m or less pla9ly1 a brecciat$ /ructure1 l t (t5 se5 9 volcanic masses4 ,^! brecciat$ porphyries c\ld g5]ally be di/+ui%$ at once f ! metamorphos$1 porphyritic breccia- conglom]ates1 by all ! fragm5ts be+ angul> & be+ =m$ ( ! same v>iety1 & by ! abs5ce ( e trace ( aque\s deposition4 ,"o ( ! porphyries above specifi$1 namely1 ! gre5/one porphyry ) l>ge tabul> cry/als ( albite1 is p>ticul>ly abundant1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cordill]a 7z ne> ,/4 ,jago7 seem$ m common ev5 ?an ! purpli% porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,num]\s dikes likewise consi/ ( ?is gre5/one porphyry2 o!rs are =m$ ( v>i\s f9e-gra9$ trappean rocks2 b v few ( clay/one porphyry3 ,i saw no true basaltic dikes4 ,9 sev]al places 9 ! l[] "p ( ! s]ies1 b n ev]y:]e1 ?ick masses ( a highly feldspa?ic1 (t5 porphyritic1 slaty rock occur int]/ratifi$ ) ! porphyritic conglom]ate2 ,i believe 9 "o or two cases blacki% lime/one has be5 f\nd 9 a simil> position4 ,! feldspa?ic rock is ( a pale grey or gre5i% col\r2 x is easily fusible2 :]e porphyritic1 ! cry/als ( feldsp> are g5]ally small & vitre\s3 x is di/9ctly lam9at$1 & sometimes includes p>allel lay]s ( epidote 7,?is m9]al is extremely common 9 all ! =mations ( ,*ile2 9 ! gneiss ne> ,valp>aiso & 9 ! granitic ve9s cross+ x1 9 ! inject$ gre5/one cr[n+ ! ,c4 ( ,quillota1 9 "s granitic porphyries1 9 ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & 9 ! feldspa?ic clay-slates472 ! lam9ation appe>s to be di/9ct f /ratification4 ,occasionally ?is rock is some:at curi\s2 & at "o spot1 namely1 at ! ,c4 ( ,quillota1 x _h a brecciat$ /ructure4 ,ne> ! m9es ( ,jajuel1 9 a ?ick /ratum ( ?is feldspa?ic1 porphyritic slate1 !re 0 a lay] ( h>d1 blacki%1 silice\s1 infusible1 compact clay-slate1 su* z ,i saw n[h]e else2 at ! same place ,i 0 able to foll[ = a consid]able di/ance ! junction betwe5 ! slate & ! con=mably und]ly+ porphyritic conglom]ate1 & !y c]ta9ly pass$ gradually into ea* o!r4 ,:]ev] ^! slaty feldspa?ic rocks ab\nd1 gre5/one seems common2 at ! ,c4 ( ,quillota a b$ ( well-cry/allis$ gre5/one lay con=mably 9 ! mid/ ( ! feldspa?ic slate1 ) ! upp] & l[] junctions pass+ ins5sibly into x4 ,f ?is po9t1 & f ! frequ5tly porphyritic condition ( ! slate1 ,i %\ld p]haps h consid]$ ?is rock z an erupt$ "o 7l c]ta9 lam9at$ feldspa?ic lavas 9 ! tra*ytic s]ies71 _h ,i n se5 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego h[ readily true clay-slate becomes feldspa?ic & porphyritic1 & _h ,i n se5 at ,jajuel ! includ$ lay] ( black1 silice\s clay-slate1 :i* no "o c\ld h ?\ght ( igne\s orig94 ,! g5tle passage ( ! feldspa?ic slate1 at ,jajuel1 into ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 :i* is c]ta9ly ( aque\s orig91 %\ld also be tak5 9 acc\nt4 ,! alt]nat+ /rata ( porphyries & porphyritic conglom]ate1 & ) ! occasionally includ$ b$s ( feldspa?ic slate1 toge!r make a gr& =mation2 9 sev]al places )9 ! ,cordill]a1 ,i e/imat$ its ?ickness at f six to sev5 ?\s& feet4 ,x ext5ds = _m hundr$ miles1 =m+ ! we/]n flank ( ! ,*ilean ,cordill]a2 & ev5 at ,iquique 9 ,p]u1 #hej miles nor? ( ! s\!rnmo/ po9t exam9$ by me 9 ,*ile1 ! coa/-esc>pm5t :i* rises to a height ( betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& feet is ?us compos$4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,*ile ?is =mation ext5ds mu* fur!r t[>ds ! ,pacific1 ov] ! granitic & metamorphic l[] rocks1 ?an x does 9 ,c5tral ,*ile2 b ! ma9 ,cordill]a may be consid]$ z its c5tral l9e1 & its bread? 9 an ea/ & we/ direction is nev] great4 ,at fir/ ! orig9 ( ?is ?ick1 massive1 long b n>r[ =mation1 appe>$ to me v anomal\s3 :5ce 7 d]iv$1 & h[ 7 disp]s$ ! innum]able fragm5ts1 (t5 ( l>ge size1 sometimes angul> & sometimes r\nd$1 & almo/ inv>iably compos$ ( porphyritic rocks8 ,see+ t ! int]/ratifi$ porphyries are nev] vesicul> & (t5 n ev5 amygdaloidal1 we mu/ conclude t ! pile 0 =m$ 9 deep wat]2 h[ !n came s _m fragm5ts to be well r\nd$ & s _m to rema9 angul>1 sometimes ! two k9ds be+ equally m+l$1 sometimes "o & sometimes ! o!r prepond]at+8 ,t ! clay/one1 gre5/one1 & o!r porphyries & amygdaloids1 :i* lie ,,con=mably betwe5 ! b$s ( conglom]ate1 are anci5t subm>9e lavas1 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt2 & ,i believe we mu/ look to ! crat]s :5ce ^! /reams 7 erupt$1 z ! s\rce ( ! breccia- conglom]ate2 aft] ! great explosion1 we may fairly imag9e t ! wat] 9 ! heat$ & sc>cely quiesc5t crat] w\ld rema9 = a consid]able "t suffici5tly agitat$ to triturate & r\nd ! loose fragm5ts1 few or _m 9 numb]1 w\ld be %ot =? at ! next eruption1 associat$ ) few or _m angul> fragm5ts1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! explosion4 7,?is c]ta9ly seems to h tak5 place 9 "s rec5t volcanic ar*ipelagos1 z at ! ,galapagos1 :]e num]\s crat]s are exclusively =m$ ( tuff & fragm5ts ( lava47 ,! porphyritic conglom]ate be+ purple or r$di%1 ev5 :5 alt]nat+ ) du/y- col\r$ or bright gre5 porphyries & amygdaloids1 is probably an analog\s circum/ance to ! scoriae ( ! blacki% basalts be+ (t5 bright r$4 ,! anci5t subm>9e orifices :5ce ! porphyries & _! fragm5ts 7 eject$ hav+ be5 arrang$ 9 a b&1 l mo/ /ill active volcanoes1 acc\nts = ! ?ickness1 ! n>r[ness1 & l9e> ext5sion ( ?is =mation4 ,?is :ole great pile ( rock has suff]$ mu* metamorphic action1 z is v obvi\s 9 ! gradual =mation & appe>ance ( ! cry/als ( albitic feldsp> & ( epidote--9 ! b5d+ toge!r ( ! fragm5ts-- 9 ! appe>ance ( a lam9at$ /ructure 9 ! feldspa?ic slate--&1 la/ly1 9 ! disappe>ance ( ! planes ( /ratification1 :i* c\ld sometimes be se5 on ! same m\nta9 q di/9ct 9 ! upp] "p1 less & less pla9 on ! flanks1 & q oblit]at$ at ! base4 ,p>tly ow+ to ?is metamorphic action1 & p>tly to ! close relation%ip 9 orig91 ,i h se5 fragm5ts ( porphyries--tak5 f a metamorphos$ conglom]ate--f a neighb\r+ /ream ( lava--f ! nucleus or c5tre 7z x appe>$ to me7 ( ! :ole subm>9e volcano-- & la/ly f an intrusive mass ( q subsequ5t orig91 all ( :i* 7 absolutely undi/+ui%able 9 ext]nal *>act]s4 ,"o o!r rock1 ( plutonic orig91 & highly important 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,cordill]a1 f hav+ be5 inject$ 9 mo/ ( ! great axes ( elevation1 & f hav+ app>5tly be5 in/rum5tal 9 metamorphos+ ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 may be conv5i5tly describ$ 9 ?is prelim9>y discussion4 ,x has be5 call$ by "s au?ors ,,&esite3 x ma9ly consi/s ( well-cry/allis$ :ite albite 7z det]m9$ ) ! goniomet] 9 num]\s specim5s bo? by ,pr(essor ,mill] & myself71 ( less p]fectly cry/allis$ gre5 hornbl5de1 (t5 associat$ ) mu* mica1 ) *lorite & epidote1 & occasionally ) a few gra9s ( qu>tz3 9 "o in/ance 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile1 ,i f\nd cry/als ( or?itic or pota% feldsp>1 m+l$ ) ^? ( albite4 7,i "h1 & else:]e1 call by ?is "n1 ^? feldspa?ic m9]als :i* cleave l albite3 b x n[ appe>s 78,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #bd page #aha7 t ,abi* has analys$ a m9]al f ! ,cordill]a1 associat$ ) hornbl5de & qu>tz 7probably ! same rock ) t "h "u discussion71 :i* cleaves l albite1 b :i* is a new & di/9ct k9d1 call$ by him ,,&es9e4 ,x is alli$ to leucite1 ) ! great] proportion ( its pota% replac$ by lime & soda4 ,?is m9]al seems sc>cely di/+ui%able f albite1 except by analysis47 ,:]e ! mica & qu>tz are abundant1 ! rock _c be di/+ui%$ f granite2 & x may be call$ &esitic granite4 ,:]e ^! two m9]als are q abs5t1 & :51 z (t5 !n happ5s1 ! cry/als ( albite are imp]fect & bl5d toge!r1 ! rock may be call$ &esitic porphyry1 :i* be>s ne>ly ! same relation to &esitic granite t euritic porphyry does to common granite4 ,^! &esitic rocks =m m\nta9 masses ( a :ite col\r1 :i*1 9 _! g5]al outl9e & appe>ance--9 _! jo9ts--9 _! occasionally includ+ d>k-col\r$1 angul> fragm5ts1 app>5tly ( "s pre-exi/+ rock--& 9 ! great dikes bran*+ f !m into ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 manife/ a close & /rik+ resemblance to masses ( common granite & sy5ite3 ,i nev]1 h[ev]1 saw 9 ^! &esitic rocks1 ^? granitic ve9s ( segregation :i* are s common 9 true granites4 ,we h se5 t &esite occurs 9 ?ree places 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 9 ,*ile1 f ,s4 ,f]n&o to ,copiapo1 a di/ance ( #dej miles1 ,i f\nd x "u mo/ ( ! axes ( elevation2 9 a collection ( specim5s f ! ,cordill]a ( ,lima 9 ,p]u1 ,i imm$iately recognis$ x2 & ,erman /ates t x occurs 9 ,ea/]n ,kamts*atka4 78,geographical ,j\rnal0 volume #i page #eaj47 ,f its wide range1 & f ! important "p x has play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,cordill]a1 ,i ?9k ?is rock has well des]v$ its di/9ct "n ( ,&esite4 ,! few /ill active volcanoes 9 ,*ile are conf9$ to ! c5tral & l(tie/ ranges ( ! ,cordill]a2 & volcanic matt]1 su* z appe>s to h be5 ( suba]ial eruption1 is ev]y:]e r>e4 ,accord+ to ,mey51 !re is a hill ( pumice high up ! valley ( ! ,maypu1 & likewise a tra*ytic =mation at ,col9a1 a village situat$ nor? ( ,/4 ,jago4 78,reise um ,erde0 ,?4 #a ss4 #cch & #cfb47 ,close to ?is latt] city1 !re are two hills =m$ ( a pale feldspa?ic porphyry1 rem>kable f be+ d\bly column>1 great cyl9drical columns be+ subdivid$ into small] f\r- or five-sid$ ones2 & a ?ird hillock 7,c]ro ,blanco7 is =m$ ( a fragm5t>y mass ( rock1 :i* ,i believ$ to be ( volcanic orig91 int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! above feldspa?ic porphyry & common tra*yte1 & conta9+ ne$les ( hornbl5de & granul> oxide ( iron4 ,ne> ! ,ba?s ( ,cauqu5es1 betwe5 two %ort p>allel l9es ( elevation1 :]e !y are int]sect$ by ! valley1 !re is a small1 ?\gh di/9ct volcanic di/rict2 ! rock is a d>k grey 7&esitic7 tra*yte1 :i* fuses into a gre5i%-grey bead1 & is =m$ ( long cry/als ( fractur$ glassy albite 7judg+ f "o measurem5t7 m+l$ ) well- =m$ cry/als1 (t5 tw91 ( augite4 ,! :ole mass is vesicul>1 b ! surface is d>k] col\r$ & mu* m vesicul> ?an any o!r "p4 ,?is tra*yte =ms a cliff-b\nd$1 horizontal1 n>r[ /rip on ! /eep s\!rn side ( ! valley1 at ! height ( f\r or five hundr$ feet above ! riv]-b$2 judg+ f an app>5tly correspond+ l9e ( cliff on ! nor!rn side1 ! valley mu/ once h be5 fill$ up to ?is height by a field ( lava4 ,on ! summit ( a l(ty m\nta9 "s leagues high] up ?is same valley ( ! ,ca*apual1 ,i f\nd column> pit*/one porphyritic ) feldsp>2 ,i d n suppose ?is rock to be ( volcanic orig91 & only m5tion x "h1 f its be+ int]sect$ by masses & dikes ( a ,,vesicul> rock1 approa*+ 9 "* to tra*yte2 9 no o!r "p ( ,*ile did ,i obs]ve vesicul> or amygdaloidal dikes1 ?\gh ^! are s common 9 ord9>y volcanic di/ricts4 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,&es ,,by ,,! ,,portillo ,,or ,,pequ5es ,,pass4 ,al?\gh ,i cross$ ! ,cordill]a only once by ?is pass1 & only once by t ( ! ,cumbre or ,uspallata 7pres5tly to be describ$71 rid+ sl[ly & halt+ occasionally to asc5d ! m\nta9s1 !re are _m circum/ances fav\rable to obta9+ a m fai?ful sket* ( _! /ructure ?an w\ld at fir/ be ?\ght possible f s %ort an exam9ation4 ,! m\nta9s are /eep & absolutely b>e ( vegetation2 ! atmosph]e is respl5d5tly cle>2 ! /ratification di/9ct2 & ! rocks brightly & v>i\sly col\r$3 "s ( ! natural sections might be truly comp>$ = di/9ctness to ^? col\r$ ones 9 geological works4 ,consid]+ h[ little is kn[n ( ! /ructure ( ?is gigantic range1 to :i* ,i p>ticul>ly att5d$1 mo/ travell]s hav+ collect$ only specim5s ( ! rocks1 ,i ?9k my sket*-sections1 ?\gh necess>ily imp]fect1 possess "s int]e/4 ,section #a_/a 9 ,plate #a :i* ,i w n[ describe 9 detail1 is on a horizontal scale ( a ?ird ( an in* to a nautical mile1 & on a v]tical scale ( "o in* to a mile 7or #f1jjj feet74 ,! wid? ( ! range 7exclud+ a few outly+ hillocks71 f ! pla9 on :i* ,/4 ,jago ! capital ( ,*ile /&s1 to ! ,pampas1 is sixty miles1 z f> z ,i c judge f ! maps1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r & are all ,,exce$+ly imp]fect4 ,! ,/4 ,jago pla9 at ! m\? ( ! ,maypu1 ,i e/imate f adjo9+ kn[n po9ts at #b1cjj feet1 & ! ,pampas at #c1ejj feet1 bo? above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! height ( ! ,pequ5es l9e1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,gillies1 is #ac1baj feet 78,j\rnal ( ,natural & ,geographical ,sci5ce0 ,augu/ #ahcj472 & t ( ! ,portillo l9e 7bo? 9 ! gaps :]e ! road crosses !m7 is #ad1cde feet2 ! l[e/ "p ( ! int]m$iate valley ( ,t5uyan is #g1ecj feet--all above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ,cordill]a "h1 & inde$ ,i believe ?r\gh\t ,*ile1 consi/ ( sev]al p>allel1 anticl9al & unicl9al m\nta9-l9es1 rang+ nor?1 or nor? ) a little we/+1 & s\?4 ,"s ext]ior & mu* l[] ridges (t5 v>y consid]ably f ?is c\rse1 project+ l oblique spurs f ! ma9 ranges3 9 ! di/rict t[>ds ! ,pacific1 ! m\nta9s1 z be=e rem>k$1 ext5d 9 v>i\s directions1 ev5 ea/ & we/4 ,9 ! ma9 ext]ior l9es1 ! /rata1 z also be=e rem>k$1 are seldom incl9$ at a high angle2 b 9 ! c5tral l(ty ridges !y are almo/ always highly incl9$1 brok5 by _m great faults1 & (t5 v]tical4 ,z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 few ( ! ranges are ( great l5g?3 & 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! ,cordill]a1 ,i 0 frequ5tly able to foll[ ) my eye a ridge gradually becom+ high] & high]1 z ! /ratification increas$ 9 incl9ation1 f "o end :]e its height 0 trifl+ & its /rata g5tly incl9$ to ! o!r end :]e v]tical /rata =m$ sn[-clad p9nacles4 ,ev5 outside ! ma9 ,cordill]a1 ne> ! ba?s ( ,cauqu5es1 ,i obs]v$ "o su* case1 :]e a nor? & s\? ridge _h its /rata 9 ! valley incl9$ at #cg degrees1 & less ?an a mile s\? ( x at #fg degrees3 ano!r p>allel & simil>ly incl9$ ridge rose at ! di/ance ( ab\t five miles1 into a l(ty m\nta9 ) absolutely v]tical /rata4 ,)9 ! ,cordill]a1 ! height ( ! ridges & ! incl9ation ( ! /rata (t5 became d\bl$ & trebl$ 9 mu* %ort] di/ances ?an five miles2 ?is peculi> =m ( upheaval probably indicates t ! /ratifi$ cru/ 0 ?91 & h5ce yield$ to ! und]ly+ intrusive masses unequally1 at c]ta9 po9ts on ! l9es ( fissure4 ,! valleys1 by :i* ! ,cordill]a are dra9$1 foll[ ! anticl9al or r>ely syncl9al tr\ghs1 :i* deviate mo/ f ! usual nor? & s\? c\rse2 or /ill m commonly ^? l9es ( faults or ( unequal curvature 7t is1 l9es ) ! /rata on bo? h&s dipp+ 9 ! same direction1 b at a some:at diff]5t angle7 :i* deviate mo/ f a nor!rly c\rse4 ,occasionally ! torr5ts run = "s di/ance 9 ! nor? & s\? valleys1 & !n recov] _! ea/]n or we/]n c\rse by bur/+ ?r\gh ! ranges at ^? po9ts :]e ! /rata h be5 lea/ incl9$ & ! height consequ5tly is less4 ,h5ce ! valleys1 along :i* ! roads run1 are g5]ally zigzag2 &1 9 draw+ an ea/ & we/ section1 x is necess>y to contract greatly t :i* is actually se5 on ! road4 ,comm5c+ at ! we/]n end ( ,section #a_/a :]e ! ,r4 ,maypu deb\*es on ! pla9 ( ,/4 ,jago1 we imm$iately ent] on ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 & 9 ! mid/ ( x f9d "s hummocks ,a ( granite & sy5ite1 :i* probably 7= ,i neglect$ to collect specim5s7 belong to ! &esitic class4 ,^! are succe$$ by "s rugg$ hills ,b ( d>k-gre51 cry/all9e1 feldspa?ic & 9 "s p>ts slaty rocks1 :i* ,i believe belong to ! alt]$ clay-slate =mation4 ,f ?is po9t1 great m\nta9s ( purpli% & gre5i%1 g5]ally ?9ly /ratifi$1 highly porphyritic conglom]ates1 includ+ _m /rata ( amygdaloidal & gre5/one porphyries1 ext5d up ! valley to ! junction ( ! riv]s ,yeso & ,volcan4 ,z ! valley "h runs 9 a v s\!rly c\rse1 ! wid? ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation is q conjectural2 & f ! same cause1 ,i 0 unable to make out mu* ab\t ! /ratification4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ext]ior m\nta9s ! dip 0 g5tle & direct$ inw>ds2 & at only "o spot ,i obs]v$ an incl9ation z high z #ej degrees4 ,ne> ! junction ( ! ,r4 ,colorado ) ! ma9 /ream1 !re is a hill ( :iti%1 brecciat$1 p>tially decompos$ feldspa?ic porphyry1 hav+ a volcanic aspect b n be+ really ( t nature3 at ,tolla1 h[ev]1 9 ?is valley1 ,dr4 ,mey5 met ) a hill ( pumice conta9+ mica4 78,reise um ,erde0 ,?4#a ss4 #cch1 #cda47 ,at ! junction ( ! ,yeso & ,volcan ,d !re is an ext5sive mass1 9 :ite conical hillocks1 ( &esite1 conta9+ "s mica1 & pass+ ei!r into &esitic granite1 or into a spott$1 semi-granul> mixture ( albitic 787 feldsp> & hornbl5de3 9 ! mid/ ( ?is =mation ,dr4 ,mey5 f\nd true tra*yte4 ,! &esite is cov]$ by /rata ( d>k-col\r$1 cry/all9e1 obscurely porphyritic rocks1 & above !m by ! ord9>y porphyritic conglom]ates1--! /rata all dipp+ away at a small angle f ! und]ly+ mass4 ,! surr\nd+ l(ty m\nta9s appe> to be entirely compos$ ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & ,i e/imat$ its ?ickness "h at betwe5 six & sev5 ?\s& feet4 ,beyond ! junction ( ! ,yeso & ,volcan1 ! porphyritic /rata appe> to dip t[>ds ! hillocks ( &esite at an angle ( #dj degrees2 b at "s di/ant po9ts on ! same ridge !y are b5t up & v]tical4 ,foll[+ ! valley ( ! ,yeso1 tr5d+ ,n4,e4 7& !re=e /ill unfav\rable = our transv]se section71 ! same porphyritic conglom]ate =mation is prolong$ to ne> ! ,cue/adel ,indio1 situat$ at ! we/]n end ( ! bas9 7l a dra9$ lake7 ( ,yeso4 ,"s way be=e arriv+ at ?is po9t1 di/ant l(ty p9nacles capp$ by col\r$ /rata belong+ to ! great gypse\s =mation c\ld fir/ be se54 ,f ! summit ( ! ,cue/a1 look+ s\?w>d1 !re is a magnific5t sectional view ( a m\nta9-mass1 at lea/ #b1jjj feet 9 ?ickness ,e1 ( f9e &esite granite 7conta9+ mu* black mica1 a little *lorite & qu>tz71 :i* s5ds great :ite dikes f> into ! sup]9cumb5t1 d>k-col\r$1 porphyritic conglom]ates4 ,at ! l9e ( junction ! two =mations are wond]fully int]lac$ toge!r3 9 ! l[] "p ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 ! /ratification has be5 q oblit]at$1 :il/ 9 ! upp] "p x is v di/9ct1 ! b$s compos+ ! cre/s ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s be+ incl9$ at angles ( betwe5 #gj & #hj degrees1 & "s be+ ev5 v]tical4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! valley1 !re is a great correspond+ mass ( &esitic granite1 :i* is encas$ by porphyritic conglom]ate1 dipp+ bo? on ! we/]n & ea/]n sides1 at ab\t #hj degrees to we/1 b on ! ea/]n side ) ! tips ( ! /rata b5t 9 su* a mann]1 z to r5d] x probable t ! :ole mass has be5 on t side ?r[n ov] & inv]t$4 ,9 ! valley bas9 ( ! ,yeso1 :i* ,i e/imat$ at #g1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 we fir/ rea* at ,f ! gypse\s =mation4 ,its ?ickness is v great4 ,x consi/s 9 mo/ p>ts ( sn[-:ite1 h>d1 compact gypsum1 :i* breaks ) a sac*>9e fracture1 hav+ transluc5t edges2 "u ! bl[pipe gives out mu* vap\r2 x frequ5tly includes ne/s & exce$+ly ?9 lay]s ( cry/allis$1 blacki% c>bonate ( lime4 ,l>ge1 irregul>ly %ap$ concretions 7ext]nally /ill exhibit+ l9es ( aque\s deposition7 ( blacki%-grey1 b sometimes :ite1 co>sely & brilliantly cry/allis$1 h>d anhydrite1 ab\nd )9 ! common gypsum4 ,hillocks1 =m$ ( ! h>de/ & pure/ v>ieties ( ! :ite gypsum1 /& up above ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 & h _! surfaces crack$ & m>k$1 j l newly bak$ bread4 ,!re is mu* pale br[n1 s(t argillace\s gypsum2 & !re 7 "s int]calat$ gre5 b$s :i* ,i _h n "t to rea*4 ,i saw only "o fragm5t ( sel5ite or transp>5t gypsum1 & t p]haps may h come f "s subsequ5tly =m$ ve94 ,f ! m9]alogical *>act]s "h giv51 x is probable t ^! gypse\s b$s h und]gone "s metamorphic action4 ,! /rata are mu* hidd5 by detritus1 b !y appe>$ 9 mo/ p>ts to be highly incl9$2 & 9 an adjo9+ l(ty p9nacle !y c\ld be di/9ctly se5 b5d+ up1 & becom+ v]tical1 con=mably ) ! und]ly+ porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,9 v _m p>ts ( ! great m\nta9-face ,f1 compos$ ( ?9 gypse\s b$s1 !re 7 innum]able masses1 irregul>ly %ap$ & n l dikes1 yet ) well-def9$ edges1 ( an imp]fectly granul>1 pale gre5i%1 or yell[i%-:ite rock1 ess5tially compos$ ( feldsp>1 ) a little *lorite or hornbl5de1 epidote1 iron-pyrites1 & f]rug9\s p[d]3 ,i believe t ^! curi\s trappean masses h be5 inject$ f ! n f> di/ant m\nta9-mass ,e ( &esite :il/ /ill fluid1 & t ow+ to ! s(tness ( ! gypse\s /rata !y h n acquir$ ! ord9>y =ms ( dikes4 ,subsequ5tly to ! injection ( ^! feldspa?ic rocks1 a great dislocation has tak5 place2 & ! mu* %att]$ gypse\s /rata "h ov]lie a hillock ,g1 compos$ ( v]tical /rata ( impure lime/one & ( black highly calc>e\s %ale includ+ ?reads ( gypsum3 ^! rocks1 z we %all pres5tly see1 belong to ! upp] p>ts ( ! gypse\s s]ies1 & h5ce mu/ "h h be5 ?r[n d[n by a va/ fault4 ,proce$+ up ! valley-bas9 ( ! ,yeso1 & tak+ our section sometimes on "o h& & sometimes on ! o!r1 we come to a great hill ( /ratifi$ porphyritic conglom]ate ,h dipp+ at #de degrees to ! we/2 & a few hundr$ y>ds f>!r on1 we h a b$ betwe5 ?ree or f\r hundr$ feet ?ick ( gypsum ,i dipp+ ea/w>d at a v high angle3 "h !n we h a fault & anticl9al axis4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! valley1 a v]tical mass ( r$ conglom]ate1 con=mably und]ly+ ! gypsum1 appe>s gradually to lose its /ratification & passes into a m\nta9 ( porphyry4 ,! gypsum ,i is cov]$ by a b$ ,k1 at lea/ #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 ( a purpli%-r$1 compact1 heavy1 f9e-gra9$ s&/one or mud/one1 :i* fuses easily into a :ite enamel1 & is se5 "u a l5s to conta9 triturat$ cry/als4 ,?is is succe$$ by a b$ ,l1 #a1jjj feet ?ick 7,i believe ,i und]/ate ! ?ickness7 ( gypsum1 exactly l ! b$s be=e describ$2 & ?is aga9 is capp$ by ano!r great b$ ,m ( purpli%-r$ s&/one4 ,all ^! /rata dip ea/w>d2 b ! incl9ation becomes less & less1 z we leave ! fir/ & almo/ v]tical b$ ,i ( gypsum4 ,leav+ ! bas9-pla9 ( ,yeso1 ! road rapidly asc5ds1 pass+ by m\nta9s compos$ ( ! gypse\s & associat$ b$s1 ) _! /ratification greatly di/urb$ & !re=e n easily intelligible3 h5ce ?is "p ( ! section has be5 left uncol\r$4 ,%ortly be=e rea*+ ! great ,pequ5es ridge1 ! l[e/ /ratum visible ,n is a r$ s&/one or mud/one1 capp$ by a va/ ?ickness ( black1 compact1 calc>e\s1 %aly rock ,o1 :i* has be5 ?r[n into f\r l(ty1 ?\gh small ridges3 look+ nor?w>d1 ! /rata 9 ^! ridges are se5 gradually to rise 9 incl9ation1 becom+ 9 "s di/ant p9nacles absolutely v]tical4 ,! ridge ( ,pequ5es1 :i* divides ! wat]s fl[+ into ! ,pacific & ,atlantic ,oceans1 ext5ds 9 a ne>ly ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e4 l9e2 its /rata dip ea/w>d at an angle ( betwe5 #cj & #de degrees1 b 9 ! high] peaks b5d+ up & becom+ almo/ v]tical4 ,:]e ! road crosses ?is range1 ! height is #ac1baj feet above ! sea-level1 & ,i e/imat$ ! neighb\r+ p9nacles at f f\rte5 to fifte5 ?\s& feet4 ,! l[e/ /ratum visible 9 ?is ridge is a r$ /ratifi$ s&/one ,p2 on x are sup]impos$ two great masses ,q & ,s ( black1 h>d1 compact1 ev5 hav+ a con*oidal fracture1 calc>e\s1 m or less lam9at$ %ale1 pass+ into lime/one3 ?is rock conta9s organic rema9s1 pres5tly to be enum]at$4 ,! compact] v>ieties fuse easily 9 a :ite glass2 & ?is ,i may add is a v g5]al "* ) all ! s$im5t>y b$s 9 ! ,cordill]a3 al?\gh ?is rock :5 brok5 is g5]ally q black1 x ev]y:]e wea!rs into an a%-grey t9t4 ,betwe5 ^! two great masses ,q & ,s1 a b$ ,r ( gypsum is int]pos$1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & hav+ ! same *>act]s z h]et(ore describ$4 ,i e/imat$ ! total ?ickness ( ^! ?ree b$s ,q1 ,r1 ,s at ne>ly ?ree ?\s& feet2 & to ?is mu/ be add$1 z w be imm$iately se51 a great ov]ly+ mass ( r$ s&/one4 ,9 desc5d+ ! ea/]n slope ( ?is great c5tral range1 ! /rata1 :i* 9 ! upp] "p dip ea/w>d at ab\t an angle ( #dj degrees1 become m & m curv$1 till !y are ne>ly v]tical2 & a little fur!r onw>ds !re is se5 on ! fur!r side ( a rav9e1 a ?ick mass ( /rata ( bright r$ s&/one ,t1 ) _! upp] extremities slightly curv$1 %[+ t !y 7 once con=mably prolong$ ov] ! b$s ,s3 on ! s\!rn & opposite side ( ! road1 ?is r$ s&/one & ! und]ly+ black %aly rocks /& v]tical1 & 9 actual juxtaposition4 ,cont9u+ to desc5d1 we come to a syncl9al valley fill$ ) rubbi%1 beyond :i* we h ! r$ s&/one ,t#b correspond+ ) ,t1 & n[ dipp+1 z is se5 bo? nor? & s\? ( ! road1 at #de degrees to ! we/2 & "u x1 ! b$s ,s#b1 ,r#b1 ,q#b1 & ,i believe ,p#b 9 correspond+ ord] & ( simil> composition1 ) ^? on ! we/]n flank ( ! ,pequ5es range1 b dipp+ we/w>d4 ,close to ! syncl9al valley ! dip ( ^! /rata is #de degrees1 b at ! ea/]n or f>!r end ( ! s]ies x increases to #fj degrees4 ,"h ! great gypse\s =mation abruptly t]m9ates1 & is succe$$ ea/w>d by a pile ( m mod]n /rata4 ,consid]+ h[ viol5tly ^! c5tral ranges h be5 dislocat$1 & h[ v num]\s dikes are 9 ! ext]ior & l[] p>ts ( ! ,cordill]a1 x is rem>kable t ,i did n "h notice a s+le dike4 ,! prevail+ rock 9 ?is neighb\rhood is ! black1 calc>e\s1 compact %ale1 :il/ 9 ! valley-bas9 ( ! ,yeso ! purpli% r$ s&/one or mud/one pr$om9ates1--bo? be+ associat$ ) gypse\s /rata ( exactly ! same nature4 ,x w\ld be v difficult to asc]ta9 ! relative sup]position ( ^! sev]al masses1 = we %all aft]w>ds see 9 ! ,cumbre ,pass t ! gypse\s & int]calat$ b$s are l5s-%ap$1 & t !y ?9 out1 ev5 :]e v ?ick1 & disappe> 9 %ort horizontal di/ances3 x is q possible t ! black %ales & r$ s&/ones may be contemporane\s1 b x is m probable t ! =m] compose ! upp]mo/ p>ts ( ! s]ies4 ,! fossils above allud$ to 9 ! black calc>e\s %ales are few 9 numb]1 & are 9 an imp]fect condition2 !y consi/1 z nam$ = me by ,m4 d',orbigny1 (3-- #a4 ,ammonite1 indet]m9able1 ne> to ,a4 rectico/atus1 d',orbigny1 8,pal4 ,franc40 7,neocomian =mation74 #b4 ,gryphaea1 ne> to ,g4 ,c\loni 7,neocomian =mations ( ,france & ,neuf*atel74 #c4 ,natica1 indet]m9able4 #d4 ,cypr9a ro/rata1 d',orbigny1 8,pal4 ,franc40 7,neocomian =mation74 #e4 ,ro/ell>ia angulosa 7871 d',orbigny1 8,pal4 de l',am]4 ,m]40 #f4 ,t]ebratula 7874 ,"s ( ! fragm5ts ( ,ammonites 7 z ?ick z a man's arm3 ! ,gryphaea is mu* ! mo/ abundant %ell4 ,^! fossils ,m4 d',orbigny consid]s z belong+ to ! ,neocomian /age ( ! ,cretace\s sy/em4 ,dr4 ,mey51 :o asc5d$ ! valley ( ! ,rio ,volcan1 a bran* ( ! ,yeso1 f\nd a ne>ly simil>1 b app>5tly m calc>e\s =mation1 ) mu* gypsum1 & no d\bt ! equival5t ( t "h describ$ 78,reise um ,erde0 etc4 ,?4 #a s4 #cee473 ! b$s 7 v]tical1 & 7 prolong$ up to ! limits ( p]petual sn[2 at ! height ( #i1jjj feet above ! sea1 !y ab\nd$ ) fossils1 consi/+1 accord+ to ,von ,bu* 78,descript4 ,phys4 des ,iles ,can>ies0 page #dga471 (3-- #a4 ,exogyra 7,gryphaea7 ,c\loni1 absolutely id5tical ) specim5s f ! ,jura & ,s\? ( ,france4 #b4 ,trigonia co/ata1 id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! upp] ,jurassic b$s at ,hilde%eim4 #c4 ,pect5 /riatus1 id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! upp] ,jurassic b$s at ,hilde%eim4 #d4 ,cucullaea1 correspond+ 9 =m to ,c4 longiro/ris1 s frequ5t 9 ! upp] ,jurassic b$s ( ,we/phalia4 #e4 ,ammonites resembl+ ,a4 biplex4 ,von ,bu* concludes t ?is =mation is int]m$iate betwe5 ! lime/one ( ! ,jura & ! *alk1 & t x is analog\s ) ! upp]mo/ ,jurassic b$s =m+ ! pla9s ( ,switz]l&4 ,h5ce ,m4 ,d',orbigny & ,von ,bu*1 "u diff]5t t]ms1 comp>e ^! fossils to ^? f ! same late /age 9 ! second>y =mations ( ,europe4 ,"s ( ! fossils :i* ,i collect$ 7 f\nd a good way d[n ! we/]n slope ( ! ma9 ridge1 & h5ce mu/ orig9ally h be5 cov]$ up by a great ?ickness ( ! black %aly rock1 indep5d5tly ( ! n[ d5ud$1 ?ick1 ov]ly+ masses ( r$ s&/one4 ,i neglect$ at ! "t to e/imate h[ _m hundr$ or r ?\s& feet ?ick ! sup]9cumb5t /rata mu/ h be53 & ,i w n n[ attempt to d s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld h be5 a highly int]e/+ po9t1 z indicative ( a great am\nt ( subsid5ce1 ( :i* we %all h]eaft] f9d 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,cordill]a analog\s evid5ce dur+ ?is same p]iod4 ,! altitude ( ! ,peuqu5es ,range1 consid]+ its n great antiquity1 is v rem>kable2 _m ( ! fossils 7 emb$d$ at ! height ( #ac1baj feet1 & ! same b$s are prolong$ up to at lea/ f f\rte5 to fifte5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,,! ,,portillo ,,or ,,ea/]n ,,*a94 ,! valley ( ,t5uyan1 sep>at+ ! ,peuqu5es & ,portillo l9es1 is1 z e/imat$ by ,dr4 ,gillies & myself1 ab\t tw5ty miles 9 wid?2 ! l[e/ "p1 :]e ! road crosses ! riv]1 be+ #g1ejj feet above ! sea-level4 ,! pass on ! ,portillo l9e is #ad1cfe feet high 7#a1ajj feet high] ?an t on ! ,peuqu5es71 & ! neighb\r+ p9nacles mu/1 ,i conceive1 rise to ne>ly #af1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! riv] dra9+ ! int]m$iate valley ( ,t5uyan1 passes ?r\gh ! ,portillo l9e4 ,to return to our section3--%ortly aft] leav+ ! l[] b$s ,p#b ( ! gypse\s =mation1 we come to gr& masses ( a co>se1 r$ conglom]ate ,v1 totally unlike any /rata hi!rto se5 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,?is conglom]ate is di/9ctly /ratifi$1 "s ( ! b$s be+ well def9$ by ! great] size ( ! pebbles3 ! cem5t is calc>e\s & sometimes cry/all9e1 ?\gh ! mass %[s no signs ( hav+ be5 metamorphos$4 ,! includ$ pebbles are ei!r p]fectly or only p>tially r\nd$3 !y consi/ ( purpli% s&/ones1 ( v>i\s porphyries1 ( br[ni% lime/one1 ( black calc>e\s1 compact %ale precisely l t 9 situ 9 ! ,peuqu5es range1 & ,,conta9+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,fossil ,,%ells2 also v _m pebbles ( qu>tz1 "s ( micace\s s*i/1 & num]\s1 brok51 r\nd$ cry/als ( a r$di% or?itic or pota% feldsp> 7z det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,mill]71 & ^! f _! size mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f a co>se-gra9$ rock1 probably granite4 ,f ?is feldsp> be+ or?itic1 & ev5 f its ext]nal appe>ance1 ,i v5ture positively to affirm t x has n be5 d]iv$ f ! rocks ( ! we/]n ranges2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may well h come1 toge!r ) ! qu>tz & metamorphic s*i/s1 f ! ea/]n or ,portillo l9e1 = ?is l9e ma9ly consi/s ( co>se or?itic granite4 ,! pebbles ( ! fossilif]\s slate & ( ! purple s&/one1 c]ta9ly h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,peuqu5es or we/]n ranges4 ,! road crosses ! valley ( ,t5uyan 9 a ne>ly ea/ & we/ l9e1 & = sev]al miles we h on bo? h&s ! conglom]ate1 ev]y:]e dipp+ we/ & =m+ sep>ate great m\nta9s4 ,! /rata1 :]e fir/ met )1 aft] leav+ ! gypse\s =mation1 are incl9$ we/w>d at an angle ( only #bj degrees1 :i* fur!r on increases to ab\t #de degrees4 ,! gypse\s /rata1 z we h se51 are also incl9$ we/w>d3 h5ce1 :5 look+ f ! ea/]n side ( ! valley t[>ds ! ,peuqu5es range1 a mo/ deceptive appe>ance is pres5t$1 z if ! new] b$s ( conglom]ate dipp$ directly "u ! mu* old] b$s ( ! gypse\s =mation4 ,9 ! middle ( ! valley1 a bold m\nta9 ( un/ratifi$ lilac-col\r$ porphyry 7) cry/als ( hornbl5de7 projects2 & fur!r on1 a little s\? ( ! road1 !re is ano!r m\nta91 ) its /rata incl9$ at a small angle ea/w>ds1 :i* 9 its g5]al aspect & col\r1 resembles ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 s r>e on ?is side ( ! ,peuqu5es l9e & s gr&ly develop$ ?r\gh\t ! we/]n ranges4 ,! conglom]ate is ( great ?ickness3 ,i d n suppose t ! /rata =m+ ! sep>ate m\nta9-masses ,v1,v1,v h ev] be5 prolong$ ov] ea* o!r1 b t "o mass has be5 brok5 up by sev]al1 di/9ct1 p>allel1 unicl9al l9es ( elevation4 ,judg+ !re=e ( ! ?ickness ( ! conglom]ate1 z se5 9 ! sep>ate m\nta9-masses1 ,i e/imat$ x at lea/ f "o ?\s& five hundr$ to two ?\s& feet4 ,! l[] b$s re/ con=mably on "s s+ul>ly col\r$1 s(t /rata ,w1 :i* ,i c\ld n rea* to exam9e2 & ^! aga9 re/ con=mably on a ?ick mass ( micace\s1 ?9ly lam9at$1 silice\s s&/one ,x1 associat$ ) a little black clay-slate4 ,^! l[] b$s are trav]s$ by sev]al dikes ( decompos+ porphyry4 ,! lam9at$ s&/one is directly sup]impos$ on ! va/ masses ( granite ,y1,y :i* ma9ly compose ! ,portillo range4 ,! l9e ( junction betwe5 ?is latt] rock1 :i* is ( a bright r$ col\r1 & ! :iti% s&/one 0 beautifully di/9ct2 ! s&/one be+ p5etrat$ by num]\s1 great1 tortu\s dikes bran*+ f ! granite1 & hav+ be5 conv]t$ into a granul> qu>tz rock 7s+ul>ly l t ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s71 conta9+ specks ( an o*rey p[d]1 & black cry/all9e atoms1 app>5tly ( imp]fect mica4 ,! qu>tzose /rata 9 "o spot 7 fold$ into a regul> dome4 ,! granite :i* composes ! magnific5t b>e p9nacles & ! /eep we/]n flank ( ! ,portillo *a91 is ( a brick-r$ col\r1 co>sely cry/allis$1 & compos$ ( or?itic or pota% feldsp>1 qu>tz1 & imp]fect mica 9 small quantity1 sometimes pass+ into *lorite4 ,^! m9]als occasionally assume a lam9> or foliat$ arrangem5t4 ,! fact ( ! feldsp> be+ or?itic 9 ?is range1 is v rem>kable1 consid]+ h[ r>e1 or r1 z ,i believe1 entirely abs5t1 ?is m9]al is ?r\gh\t ! we/]n ranges1 9 :i* soda-feldsp>1 or at lea/ a v>iety cleav+ l albite1 is s extremely abundant4 ,9 "o spot on ! we/]n flank1 & on ! ea/]n flank ne> ,los ,manantiales & ne> ! cre/1 ,i notic$ "s great masses ( a :iti% granite1 p>ts ( x f9e- gra9$1 & p>ts conta9+ l>ge cry/als ( feldsp>2 ,i neglect$ to collect specim5s1 s ,i d n "k :e!r ?is feldsp> is also or?itic1 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to ?9k s f its g5]al appe>ance4 ,i saw also "s sy5ite & "o mass :i* resembl$ &esite1 b ( :i* ,i likewise neglect$ to collect specim5s4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! :iti% granites =m$ sep>ate m\nta9-masses 9 ! mid/ ( ! brick-r$ v>iety1 & f "o su* mass ne> ! cre/ be+ trav]s$ by num]\s ve9s ( fle%-col\r$ & gre5i% eurite 7into :i* ,i occasionally obs]v$ ! brick-r$ granite ins5sibly pass+71 ,i conclude t ! :ite granites probably belong to an old] =mation1 almo/ ov]:elm$ & p5etrat$ by ! r$ granite4 ,on ! cre/ ,i saw also1 at a %ort di/ance1 "s col\r$ /ratifi$ b$s1 app>5tly l ^? ,w at ! we/]n base1 b 0 prev5t$ exam9+ !m by a sn[/orm3 ,mr4 ,caldcleugh1 h[ev]1 collect$ "h specim5s ( ribbon$ jasp]1 magnesian lime/one1 & o!r m9]als4 78,travels0 etc4 volume #a page #cjh47 ,a little way d[n ! ea/]n slope a few fragm5ts ( qu>tz & mica-slate are met )2 b ! great =mation ( ?is latt] rock ,z1 :i* cov]s up mu* ( ! ea/]n flank & base ( ! ,portillo range1 _c be conv5i5tly exam9$ until mu* l[] d[n at a place call$ ,mal ,paso4 ,! mica-s*i/ "h consi/s ( ?ick lay]s ( qu>tz1 ) int]v5+ folia ( f9ely-scaly mica1 (t5 pass+ into a sub/ance l black glossy clay-slate3 9 "o spot1 ! lay]s ( ! qu>tz hav+ disappe>$1 ! :ole mass became conv]t$ into glossy clay-slate4 ,:]e ! folia 7 be/ def9$1 !y 7 incl9$ at a high angle we/w>d1 t is1 t[>ds ! range4 ,! l9e ( junction betwe5 ! d>k mica-slate & ! co>se r$ granite 0 mo/ cle>ly di/+ui%able f a va/ di/ance3 ! granite s5t _m small ve9s into ! mica-slate1 & includ$ "s angul> fragm5ts ( x4 ,z ! s&/one on ! we/]n base has be5 conv]t$ by ! r$ granite into a granul> qu>tz-rock1 s ?is great =mation ( mica-s*i/ may possibly h be5 metamorphos$ at ! same "t & by ! same means2 b ,i ?9k x m probable1 consid]+ its m p]fect metamorphic "* & its well-pron\nc$ foliation1 t x belongs to an ant]ior epo*1 connect$ ) ! :ite granites3 ,i am ! m incl9$ to ?is view1 f hav+ f\nd at ! foot ( ! range ! mica-s*i/ surr\nd+ a hummock ,y#b1 exclusively compos$ ( :ite granite4 ,ne> ,los ,ar5ales1 ! m\nta9s on all sides are compos$ ( ! mica-slate2 & look+ backw>ds f ?is po9t up to ! b>e gigantic peaks above1 ! view 0 em95tly int]e/+4 ,! col\rs ( ! r$ granite & ! black mica-slate are s di/9ct1 t ) a bright light ^! rocks c\ld be readily di/+ui%$ ev5 f ! ,pampas1 at a level ( at lea/ #i1jjj feet bel[4 ,! r$ granite1 f be+ divid$ by p>allel jo9ts1 has wea!r$ into %>p p9nacles1 on "s ( :i*1 ev5 on "s ( ! l(tie/1 little caps ( mica-s*i/ c\ld be cle>ly se53 "h & !re isolat$ pat*es ( ?is rock adh]$ to ! m\nta9-flanks1 & ^! (t5 correspond$ 9 height & position on ! opposite sides ( ! imm5se valleys4 ,l[] d[n ! s*i/ prevail$ m & m1 ) only a few q small po9ts ( granite project+ ?r\gh4 ,look+ at ! entire ea/]n face ( ! ,portillo range1 ! r$ col\r f> exce$s 9 area ! black2 yet x 0 sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! granite _h once be5 almo/ :olly encas$ by ! mica-s*i/4 ,at ,los ,ar5ales1 l[ d[n on ! ea/]n flank1 ! mica-slate is trav]s$ by sev]al closely adjo9+1 broad dikes1 p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! foliation ( ! s*i/4 ,! dikes are =m$ ( ?ree diff]5t v>ieties ( rock1 ( :i* a pale br[n feldspa?ic porphyry ) gra9s ( qu>tz 0 mu* ! mo/ abundant4 ,^! dikes ) _! granules ( qu>tz1 z well z ! mica-s*i/ itself1 /rik+ly resemble ! rocks ( ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago4 ,at a height ( ab\t twelve hundr$ feet above ! dikes1 & p]haps connect$ ) !m1 !re is a range ( cliffs =m$ ( successive lava-/reams ,,aa1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & 9 places f9ely column>4 ,! lava consi/s ( d>k- greyi%1 h>% rocks1 int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 tra*yte & basalt1 conta9+ glassy feldsp>1 oliv9e1 & a little mica1 & sometimes amygdaloidal ) zeolite3 ! basis is ei!r q compact1 or cr5ulat$ ) air-vesicles arrang$ 9 lam9ae4 ,! /reams are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by b$s ( fragm5t>y br[n scoriae1 firmly cem5t$ toge!r1 & includ+ a few well-r\nd$ pebbles ( lava4 ,f _! g5]al appe>ance1 ,i suspect t ^! lava-/reams fl[$ at an anci5t p]iod "u ! pressure ( ! sea1 :5 ! ,atlantic cov]$ ! ,pampas & wa%$ ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,cordill]a4 7,?is conclusion might1 p]haps1 ev5 h be5 anticipat$1 f ! g5]al r>ity ( volcanic action1 except ne> ! sea or l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,con=mably ) ?is rule1 at ! pres5t day1 !re are no active volcanoes on ?is ea/]n side ( ! ,cordill]a2 nor are sev]e e>?quakes exp]i5c$ "h47 ,on ! opposite & nor!rn side ( ! valley !re is ano!r l9e ( lava- cliffs at a correspond+ height2 ! valley betwe5 be+ ( consid]able bread?1 & z ne>ly z ,i c\ld e/imate #a1ejj feet 9 dep?4 ,?is field ( lava is conf9$ on bo? sides by ! m\nta9s ( mica-s*i/1 & slopes d[n rapidly b irregul>ly to ! edge ( ! ,pampas1 :]e1 hav+ a ?ickness ( ab\t two hundr$ feet1 x t]m9ates aga9/ a little range ( clay/one porphyry4 ,! valley 9 ?is l[] "p exp&s into a bay-l1 g5tle slope1 bord]$ by ! cliffs ( lava1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly once h ext5d$ across ?is wide expanse4 ,! incl9ation ( ! /reams f ,los ,ar5ales to ! m\? ( ! valley is s great1 t at ! "t 7?\gh ignorant ( ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont's rese>*es on ! extremely small slope ov] :i* lava c fl[1 & yet reta9 a compact /ructure & consid]able ?ickness7 ,i conclud$ t !y mu/ subsequ5tly to _! fl[+ h be5 upheav$ & tilt$ f ! m\nta9s2 ( ?is conclusion ,i c n[ ent]ta9 n ! smalle/ d\bt4 ,at ! m\? ( ! valley1 )9 ! cliffs ( ! above lava-field1 !re are remnants1 9 ! =m ( sep>ate small hillocks & ( l9es ( l[ cliffs1 ( a consid]able deposit ( compact :ite tuff 7qu>ri$ = filt]+-/ones71 compos$ ( brok5 pumice1 volcanic cry/als1 scales ( mica1 & fragm5ts ( lava4 ,?is mass has suff]$ mu* d5udation2 & ! h>d mica-s*i/ has be5 deeply worn1 s9ce ! p]iod ( its deposition2 & ?is p]iod mu/ h be5 subsequ5t to ! d5udation ( ! basaltic lava-/reams1 z atte/$ by _! encircl+ cliffs /&+ at a high] level4 ,at ! pres5t day1 "u ! exi/+ arid climate1 ages might roll pa/ )\t a squ>e y>d ( rock ( any k9d be+ d5ud$1 except p]haps 9 ! r>ely moi/5$ dra9age-*annel ( ! valley4 ,mu/ we !n look back to t anci5t p]iod1 :5 ! waves ( ! sea beat aga9/ ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 = a p[] suffici5t to d5ude ext5sively1 ?\gh sup]ficially1 ?is tuface\s deposit1 s(t al?\gh x be8 ,!re rema9s only to m5tion "s little wat]-worn hillocks ,,bb1 a few hundr$ feet 9 height1 & m]e mole-hills comp>$ ) ! gigantic m\nta9s beh9d !m1 :i* rise out ( ! slop+1 %+le-cov]$ m>g9 ( ! ,pampas4 ,! fir/ little range is compos$ ( a brecciat$ purple porphyritic clay/one1 ) obscurely m>k$ /rata dipp+ at #gj degrees to ! ,s4,w42 ! o!r ranges consi/ (--a pale-col\r$ feldspa?ic porphyry1--a purple clay/one porphyry ) gra9s ( qu>tz1-- & a rock almo/ exclusively compos$ ( brick-r$ cry/als ( feldsp>4 ,^! out]mo/ small l9es ( elevation ext5d 9 a ,n4,w4 by ,w4 & ,s4,e4 by ,s4 direction4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,portillo ,,range4 ,:5 on ! ,pampas & look+ s\?w>d1 & :il/ travell+ nor?w>d1 ,i c\ld see = v _m leagues ! r$ granite & d>k mica-s*i/ =m+ ! cre/ & ea/]n flank ( ! ,portillo l9e4 ,?is great range1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,gillies1 c be trac$ ) little int]ruption = #adj miles s\?w>d to ! ,r4 ,diamante1 :]e x unites ) ! we/]n ranges3 nor?w>d1 accord+ to ?is same au?or1 x t]m9ates :]e ! ,r4 ,m5doza deb\*es f ! m\nta9s2 b a little fur!r nor? 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,cumbre section1 !re are1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 "s m\nta9-masses ( a brick-r$ porphyry1 ! la/ inject$ amid/ _m o!r porphyries1 & hav+ s close an analogy ) ! co>se r$ granite ( ! ,portillo l9e1 t ,i am tempt$ to believe t !y belong to ! same axis ( injection2 if s1 ! ,portillo l9e is at lea/ #bjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,its height1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ gap 9 ! road1 is #ad1cfe feet1 & "s ( ! p9nacles app>5tly atta9 an elevation ( ab\t #af1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! geological hi/ory ( ?is gr& *a9 appe>s to me em95tly int]e/+4 ,we may safely conclude1 t at a =m] p]iod ! valley ( ,t5uyan exi/$ z an arm ( ! sea1 ab\t tw5ty-miles 9 wid?1 bord]$ on "o h& by a ridge or *a9 ( islets ( ! black calc>e\s %ales & purple s&/ones ( ! gypse\s =mation2 & on ! o!r h&1 by a ridge or *a9 ( islets compos$ ( mica-slate1 :ite granite1 & p]haps to a p>tial ext5t ( r$ granite4 ,^! two *a9s1 :il/ ?us bord]+ ! old sea-*annel1 mu/ h be5 expos$ = a va/ lapse ( "t to alluvial & littoral action1 dur+ :i* ! rocks 7 %att]$1 ! fragm5ts r\nd$1 & ! /rata ( conglom]ate accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( at lea/ fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s& feet4 ,! r$ or?itic granite n[ =ms1 z we h se51 ! ma9 "p ( ! ,portillo *a93 x is inject$ 9 dikes n only into ! mica-s*i/ & :ite granites1 b into ! lam9at$ s&/one1 :i* x has metamorphos$1 & :i* x has ?r[n (f1 toge!r ) ! con=mably ov]ly+ col\r$ b$s & /ratifi$ conglom]ate1 at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,to h ?r[n (f s va/ a pile ( /rata at ?is angle1 is a pro( t ! ma9 "p ( ! r$ granite 7:e!r or n portions1 z p]haps is probable1 previ\sly exi/$7 0 inject$ 9 a liquifi$ /ate aft] ! accumulation bo? ( ! lam9at$ s&/one & ( ! conglom]ate2 ?is conglom]ate1 we "k1 0 accumulat$1 n only aft] ! deposition ( ! fossilif]\s /rata ( ! ,peuqu5es l9e1 b aft] _! elevation & long-cont9u$ d5udation3 & ^! fossilif]\s /rata belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,cretace\s sy/em4 ,late1 !re=e1 9 a geological s5se1 z mu/ be ! age ( ! ma9 "p ( ! r$ granite1 ,i c conceive no?+ m impressive ?an ! ea/]n view ( ?is great range1 z =c+ ! m9d to grapple ) ! idea ( ! ?\s&s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s requisite = ! d5udation ( ! /rata :i* orig9ally encas$ x1--= t ! fluidifi$ granite 0 once encas$1 its m9]alogical composition & /ructure1 & ! bold conical %ape ( ! m\nta9-masses1 yield suffici5t evid5ce4 ,( ! encas+ /rata we see ! la/ ve/iges 9 ! col\r$ b$s on ! cre/1 9 ! little caps ( mica-s*i/ on "s ( ! l(tie/ p9nacles1 & 9 ! isolat$ pat*es ( ?is same rock at correspond+ heights on ! n[ b>e & /eep flanks4 ,! lava-/reams at ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,portillo are int]e/+1 n s mu* f ! great d5udation :i* !y h suff]$ at a comp>atively late p]iod z f ! evid5ce !y af=d by _! incl9ation tak5 conjo9tly ) _! ?ickness & compactness1 t aft] ! great range _h assum$ its pres5t g5]al outl9e1 x cont9u$ to rise z an axis ( elevation4 ,! pla9s ext5d+ f ! base ( ! ,cordill]a to ! ,atlantic %[ t ! cont95t has be5 uprais$ 9 mass to a height ( #c1ejj feet1 & probably to a mu* great] height1 = ! smoo? %+le-cov]$ m>g9 ( ! ,pampas is prolong$ 9 a g5tle unbrok5 slope f> up _m ( ! great valleys4 ,nor let x be assum$ t ! ,peuqu5es & ,portillo ranges h und]gone only movem5ts ( elevation2 = we %all h]eaft] see1 t ! bottom ( ! sea subsid$ sev]al ?\s& feet dur+ ! deposition ( /rata1 occupy+ ! same relative place 9 ! ,cordill]a1 ) ^? ( ! ,peuqu5es ridge2 moreov]1 we %all see f ! unequivocal evid5ce ( buri$ upright trees1 t at a some:at lat] p]iod1 dur+ ! =mation ( ! ,uspallata *a91 :i* corresponds geographically ) t ( ! ,portillo1 !re 0 ano!r subsid5ce ( _m ?\s& feet3 "h1 inde$1 9 ! valley ( ,t5uyan1 ! accumulation ( ! co>se /ratifi$ conglom]ate to a ?ickness ( fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s& feet1 (f]s /rong presumptive evid5ce ( subsid5ce2 = all exi/+ analogies lead to ! belief t l>ge pebbles c be transport$ only 9 %all[ wat]1 liable to be affect$ by curr5ts & movem5ts ( undulation--& if s1 ! %all[ b$ ( ! sea on :i* ! pebbles 7 fir/ deposit$ mu/ necess>ily h sunk to all[ ( ! accumulation ( ! sup]9cumb5t /rata4 ,:at a hi/ory ( *anges ( level1 & ( we> & te>1 all s9ce ! age ( ! latt] second>y =mations ( ,europe1 does ! /ructure ( ?is "o great m\nta9-*a9 reveal6 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,&es ,,by ,,! ,,cumbre ,,or ,,uspallata ,,pass4 ,?is ,pass crosses ! ,&es ab\t sixty miles nor? ( t j describ$3 ! section giv5 9 ,plate #a1 ,section #a_/b1 is on ! same scale z be=e1 namely1 at "o-?ird ( an in* to a mile 9 di/ance1 & "o in* to a mile 7or #f1jjj feet7 9 height4 ,l ! la/ section1 x is a m]e sket*1 & _c pret5d to accuracy1 ?\gh made "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,we w comm5ce z be=e1 ) ! we/]n half1 ( :i* ! ma9 range be>s ! "n ( ! ,cumbre 7t is ! ,ridge71 & corresponds to ! ,peuqu5es l9e 9 ! =m] section2 z does ! ,uspallata range1 ?\gh on a mu* small] scale1 to t ( ! ,portillo4 ,ne> ! po9t :]e ! riv] ,aconcagua deb\*es on ! bas9 pla9 ( ! same "n1 at a height ( ab\t two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ feet above ! sea1 we meet ) ! usual purple & gre5i% porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate4 ,b$s ( ?is nature1 alt]nat+ ) num]\s compact & amygdaloidal porphyries1 :i* h fl[$ z subm>9e lavas1 & associat$ ) great m\nta9- masses ( v>i\s1 inject$1 non-/ratifi$ porphyries1 are prolong$ ! :ole di/ance up to ! ,cumbre or c5tral ridge4 ,"o ( ! commone/ /ratifi$ porphyries is ( a gre5 col\r1 highly amygdaloidal ) ! v>i\s m9]als describ$ 9 ! prelim9>y discussion1 & includ+ f9e tabul> cry/als ( albite4 ,! m\nta9-range nor? 7(t5 ) a little we/+7 & s\?4 ,! /ratification1 :]ev] ,i c\ld cle>ly di/+ui% x1 0 incl9$ we/w>d or t[>ds ! ,pacific1 &1 except ne> ! ,cumbre1 seldom at angles above #be degrees4 ,only at "o spot on ?is we/]n side1 on a l(ty p9nacle n f> f ! ,cumbre1 ,i saw /rata app>5tly belong+ to ! gypse\s =mation1 & con=mably capp+ a pile ( /ratifi$ porphyries4 ,h5ce1 bo? 9 composition & 9 /ratification1 ! /ructure ( ! m\nta9s on ?is we/]n side ( ! divortium aqu>um1 is f> m simple ?an 9 ! correspond+ "p ( ! ,peuqu5es section4 ,9 ! porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate1 ! me*anical /ructure & ! planes ( /ratification h g5]ally be5 mu* obscur$ & ev5 q oblit]at$ t[>ds ! base ( ! s]ies1 :il/ 9 ! upp] p>ts1 ne> ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 bo? are di/9ctly display$4 ,9 ^! upp] portions ! porphyries are g5]ally light] col\r$4 ,9 ?ree places ,x1 ,y1 ,z masses ( &esite are expos$3 at ,y1 ?is rock conta9$ "s qu>tz1 b ! great] "p consi/$ ( &esitic porphyry1 ) only a few well-develop$ cry/als ( albite1 & =m+ a great :ite mass1 hav+ ! ext]nal aspect ( granite1 capp$ by mu* d>k un/ratifi$ porphyry4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 !re are dikes ( a gre5 col\r1 & o!r :ite ones1 :i* latt] probably spr+ f und]ly+ masses ( &esite4 ,! ,cumbre1 :]e ! road crosses x1 is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5tl&1 #ab1ded feet above ! sea2 & ! neighb\r+ peaks1 compos$ ( d>k purple & :iti% porphyries1 "s obscurely /ratifi$ ) a we/]ly dip1 & o!rs )\t a trace ( /ratification1 mu/ exce$ #ac1jjj feet 9 height4 ,desc5d+ ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,cumbre1 ! /ructure becomes v complicat$1 & g5]ally diff]s on ! two sides ( ! ea/ & we/ l9e ( road & section4 ,fir/ we come to a great mass ,a ( ne>ly v]tical1 s+ul>ly contort$ /rata1 compos$ ( highly compact r$ s&/ones1 & ( (t5 calc>e\s conglom]ates1 & p5etrat$ by gre51 yell[1 & r$di% dikes2 b ,i %all pres5tly h an opportunity ( describ+ 9 "s detail an analog\s pile ( /rata4 ,^! v]tical b$s are abruptly succe$$ by o!rs ,b1 ( app>5tly ne>ly ! same nature b m metamorphos$1 alt]nat+ ) porphyries & lime/ones2 ^! dip = a %ort space we/w>d1 b !re has be5 "h an extraord9>y dislocation1 :i*1 on ! nor? side ( ! road1 appe>s to h det]m9$ ! excavation ( ! nor? & s\? valley ( ! ,r4 de las ,cuevas4 ,on ?is nor!rn side ( ! road1 ! /rata ,b are prolong$ till !y come 9 close contact ) a jagg$ l(ty m\nta9 ,d ( d>k- col\r$1 un/ratifi$1 intrusive porphyry1 :]e ! b$s h be5 m highly incl9$ & /ill m metamorphos$4 ,?is m\nta9 ( porphyry seems to =m a %ort axis ( elevation1 = s\? ( ! road 9 its l9e !re is a hill ,c ( porphyritic conglom]ate ) absolutely v]tical /rata4 ,we n[ come to ! gypse\s =mation3 ,i w fir/ describe ! /ructure ( ! sev]al m\nta9s1 & !n give 9 "o section a detail$ acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! rocks4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! road1 :i* "h runs 9 an ea/ & we/ valley1 ! m\nta9 ( porphyry ,d is succe$$ by a hill ,e =m$ ( ! upp] gypse\s /rata tilt$1 at an angle ( betwe5 #gj & #hj degrees to ! we/1 by a unicl9al axis ( elevation :i* does n run p>allel to ! o!r neighb\r+ ranges1 & :i* is ( %ort l5g?2 = on ! s\? side ( ! valley its prolongation is m>k$ only by a small flexure 9 a pile ( /rata incl9$ by a q sep>ate axis4 ,a little fur!r on ! nor? & s\? valley ( ,horcones ent]s at "r angles our l9e ( section2 its we/]n side is b\nd$ by a hill ( gypse\s /rata ,f dipp+ we/w>d at ab\t #de degrees1 & its ea/]n side by a m\nta9 ( simil> /rata ,g incl9$ we/w>d at #gj degrees1 & sup]impos$ by an oblique fault on ano!r mass ( ! same /rata ,h1 also incl9$ we/w>d1 b at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees3 ! complicat$ relation ( ^! ?ree masses ,f1 ,g1 ,h is expla9$ by ! /ructure ( a great m\nta9-range ly+ "s way to ! nor?1 9 :i* a regul> anticl9al axis 7repres5t$ 9 ! section by dott$ l9es7 is se51 ) ! /rata on its ea/]n side aga9 b5d+ up & =m+ a di/9ct unicl9al axis1 ( :i* ! b$s m>k$ ,h =m ! l[] "p4 ,?is great unicl9al l9e is int]sect$1 ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 by ! valley along :i* ! road runs1 & ! /rata compos+ x w be imm$iately describ$4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! road1 9 ! space correspond+ ) ! m\nta9s ,e1 ,f1 & ,g1 ! /rata ev]y:]e dip we/w>d g5]ally at an angle ( #cj degrees1 occasionally m\nt+ up to #de degrees1 b n 9 an unbrok5 l9e1 = !re are sev]al v]tical faults1 =m+ sep>ate unicl9al masses1 all dipp+ 9 ! same direction1--a =m ( elevation common 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,we ?us see t )9 a n>r[ space1 ! gypse\s /rata h be5 upheav$ & cru%$ toge!r by a great unicl9al1 anticl9al1 & "o less] unicl9al l9e ,e ( elevation2 & t betwe5 ^! ?ree l9es & ! ,cumbre1 9 ! s&/ones1 conglom]ates & porphyritic =mation1 !re h be5 at lea/ two or ?ree o!r great elevatory axes4 ,! unicl9al axis ,i int]sect$ ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca 7( :i* ! /rata at ,h =m a "p7 ranges ,n4 by ,w4 & ,s4 by ,e41 =m+ a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 app>5tly little inf]ior 9 height to ! ,cumbre3 ! /rata1 z we h se51 dip at an av]age angle ( #cj degrees to ! we/4 7,at ?is place1 !re are "s hot & cold spr+s1 ! w>me/ hav+ a temp]ature1 accord+ to ,lieut5ant ,br& 8,travels10 page #bdj1 ( #ia degrees2 !y emit mu* gas4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,br&e1 ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 t5 cubical in*es conta9 =ty-five gra9s ( solid matt]1 consi/+ *iefly ( salt1 gypsum1 c>bonate ( lime1 & oxide ( iron4 ,! wat] is *>g$ ) c>bonic acid & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,^! spr+s deposit mu* tufa 9 ! =m ( sph]ical balls4 ,!y bur/ =?1 z d ^? ( ,cauqu5es1 & probably ^? ( ,villa ,vic5cio1 on a l9e ( elevation47 ,! flanks ( ! m\nta9s are "h q b>e & /eep1 af=d+ an excell5t section2 s t ,i 0 able to inspect ! /rata to a ?ickness ( ab\t #d1jjj feet1 & c\ld cle>ly di/+ui% _! g5]al nature = #a1jjj feet high]1 mak+ a total ?ickness ( #e1jjj feet1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ab\t #a1jjj feet ( ! inf]ior /rata se5 a little l[] d[n ! valley1 ,i w describe ?is "o section 9 detail1 beg9n+ at ! bottom4 #a/4 ,! l[e/ mass is ! alt]$ clay-slate describ$ 9 ! prelim9>y discussion1 & :i* 9 ?is l9e ( section 0 "h fir/ met )4 ,l[] d[n ! valley1 at ! ,r4 de las ,vacas1 ,i _h a bett] opportunity ( exam9+ x2 x is !re 9 "s p>ts well *>act]is$1 hav+ a di/9ct1 ne>ly v]tical1 tortu\s cleavage1 rang+ ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 & int]sect$ by qu>tz ve9s3 9 mo/ p>ts1 h[ev]1 x is cry/all9e & feldspa?ic1 & passes into a true gre5/one (t5 includ+ gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,! clay-slate1 9 its upp] half1 is frequ5tly brecciat$1 ! emb$d$ angul> fragm5ts be+ ( ne>ly ! same nature ) ! pa/e4 #bnd4 ,sev]al /rata ( purpli% porphyritic conglom]ate1 ( no v great ?ickness1 re/ con=mably ^u ! feldspa?ic slate4 ,a ?ick b$ ( f9e1 purple1 clay/one porphyry1 obscurely brecciat$ 7b n ( metamorphos$ s$im5t>y orig971 & capp$ by porphyritic conglom]ate1 0 ! l[e/ b$ actually exam9$ 9 ?is section at ! ,pu5te del ,inca4 #crd4 ,a /ratum1 eighty feet ?ick1 ( h>d & v compact impure :iti% lime/one1 wea!r+ bright r$1 ) includ$ lay]s brecciat$ & re- cem5t$4 ,obscure m>ks ( %ell are di/+ui%able 9 x4 #d?4 ,a r$1 qu>tzose1 f9e-gra9$ conglom]ate1 ) gra9s ( qu>tz1 & ) pat*es ( :ite e>?y feldsp>1 app>5tly due to "s process ( concretion>y cry/all9e action2 ?is b$ is m compact & metamorphos$ ?an any ( ! ov]ly+ conglom]ates4 #e?4 ,a :iti% *]ty lime/one1 ) nodules ( blui% argillace\s lime/one4 #f?4 ,a :ite conglom]ate1 ) _m p>ticles ( qu>tz1 almo/ bl5d+ into ! pa/e4 #g?4 ,highly silice\s1 f9e-gra9$ :ite s&/one4 #h? & #i?4 ,r$ & :ite b$s n exam9$4 #aj?4 ,yell[1 f9e-gra9$1 ?9ly /ratifi$1 magnesian 7judg+ f its sl[ dissolution 9 acids7 lime/one3 x includes "s :ite qu>tz pebbles1 & little cavities1 l9$ ) calc>e\s sp>1 "s reta9+ ! =m ( %ells4 #aa?4 ,a b$ betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet ?ick1 q con=mable ) ! und]ly+ ones1 compos$ ( a h>d basis1 t+$ lilac-grey porphyritic ) ,,num]\s cry/als ( :iti% feldsp>1 ) black mica & little spots ( s(t f]rug9\s matt]3 evid5tly a subm>9e lava4 #ab?4 ,yell[ magnesian lime/one1 z be=e1 "p-/a9$ purple4 #ac?4 ,a mo/ s+ul> rock2 basis purpli% grey1 obscurely cry/all9e1 easily fusible into a d>k gre5 glass1 n h>d1 ?ickly speckl$ ) cry/als m or less p]fect ( :ite c>bonate ( lime1 ( r$ hydr\s oxide ( iron1 ( a :ite & transp>5t m9]al l analcime1 & ( a gre5 opaque m9]al l soap-/one2 ! basis is moreov] amygdaloidal ) _m sph]ical balls ( :ite cry/allis$ c>bonate ( lime1 ( :i* "s are coat$ ) ! r$ oxide ( iron4 ,i h no d\bt1 f ! exam9ation ( a sup]9cumb5t /ratum 7#ai71 t ?is is a subm>9e lava2 ?\gh 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile1 "s ( ! metamorphos$ s$im5t>y b$s are almo/ z cry/all9e1 & ( z v>i$ composition4 #ad?4 ,r$ s&/one1 pass+ 9 ! upp] "p into a co>se1 h>d1 r$ conglom]ate1 #cjj feet ?ick1 hav+ a calc>e\s cem5t1 & includ+ gra9s ( qu>tz & brok5 cry/als ( feldsp>2 basis infusible2 ! pebbles consi/ ( dull purpli% porphyries1 ) "s ( qu>tz1 f ! size ( a nut to a man's head4 ,?is is ! co>se/ conglom]ate 9 ?is "p ( ! ,cordill]a3 9 ! middle !re 0 a :ite lay] n exam9$4 #ae?4 ,gr& ?ick b$1 ( a v h>d1 yell[i%-:ite rock1 ) a cry/all9e feldspa?ic base1 includ+ l>ge cry/als ( :ite feldsp>1 _m little cavities mo/ly full ( s(t f]rug9\s matt]1 & num]\s hexagonal plates ( black mica4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is great b$ is slightly cellul>2 ! l[] "p compact3 ! ?ickness v>i$ a little 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,manife/ly a subm>9e lava2 & is alli$ to b$ #aa4 #af? & #ag?4 ,dull purpli%1 calc>e\s1 f9e-gra9$1 compact s&/ones1 :i* pass into co>se :ite conglom]ates ) num]\s p>ticles ( qu>tz4 #ah?4 ,sev]al alt]nations ( r$ conglom]ate1 purpli% s&/one1 & subm>9e lava1 l t s+ul> rock =m+ b$ #ac4 #ai?4 ,a v heavy1 compact1 gre5i%-black /one1 ) a f9e-gra9$ obvi\sly cry/all9e basis1 conta9+ a few specks ( :ite calc>e\s sp>1 _m specks ( ! cry/allis$ hydr\s r$ oxide ( iron1 & "s specks ( a gre5 m9]al2 !re are ve9s & ne/s fill$ ) epidote3 c]ta9ly a subm>9e lava4 #bj?4 ,_m ?9 /rata ( compact1 f9e-gra9$1 pale purple s&/one4 #ba/4 ,gypsum 9 a ne>ly pure /ate1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness3 ?is b$1 9 its concretions ( anhydrite & lay]s ( small blacki% cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime1 exactly resembles ! great gypse\s b$s 9 ! ,peuqu5es range4 #bbnd4 ,pale purple & r$di% s&/one1 z 9 b$ #bj3 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 #bcrd4 ,a ?ick mass compos$ ( lay]s1 (t5 z ?9 z pap] & convolut$1 ( pure gypsum ) o!rs v impure1 ( a purpli% col\r4 #bd?4 ,pure gypsum1 ?ick mass4 #be?4 ,r$ s&/ones1 ( great ?ickness4 #bf?4 ,pure gypsum1 ( great ?ickness4 #bg?4 ,alt]nat+ lay]s ( pure & impure gypsum1 ( great ?ickness4 ,i 0 n able to asc5d to ^! few la/ great /rata1 :i* compose ! neighb\r+ l(tie/ p9nacles4 ,! ?ickness1 f ! l[e/ to ! upp]mo/ b$ ( gypsum1 _c be less ?an #b1jjj feet3 ! b$s b5ea? ,i e/imat$ at #c1jjj feet1 & ?is does n include ei!r ! l[] p>ts ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 or ! alt]$ clay-slate2 ,i conceive ! total ?ickness mu/ be ab\t six ?\s& feet4 ,i di/9ctly obs]v$ t n only ! gypsum1 b ! alt]nat+ s&/ones & conglom]ates 7 l5s-%ap$1 & repeat$ly ?9n$ out & replac$ ea* o!r3 ?us 9 ! di/ance ( ab\t a mile1 a b$ #cjj feet ?ick ( s&/one betwe5 two b$s ( gypsum1 ?9n$ out to no?+ & disappe>$4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is section diff]s rem>kably1--9 ! mu* great] div]sity ( its m9]alogical composition1--9 ! abundance ( calc>e\s matt]1--9 ! great] co>s5ess ( "s ( ! conglom]ates1--& 9 ! num]\s p>ticles & well-r\nd$ pebbles1 sometimes ( l>ge size1 ( qu>tz1-- f any o!r section hi!rto describ$ 9 ,*ile4 ,f ^! peculi>ities & f ! l5s-=m ( ! /rata1 x is probable t ?is great pile ( /rata 0 accumulat$ on a %all[ & v unev5 bottom1 ne> "s pre-exi/+ l& =m$ ( v>i\s porphyries & qu>tz-rock4 ,! =mation ( porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate does n 9 ?is section atta9 ne>ly its ord9>y ?ickness2 ?is may be ,,p>tly attribut$ to ! metamorphic action hav+ be5 "h mu* less en]getic ?an usual1 ?\gh ! l[] b$s h be5 affect$ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,if x _h be5 z en]getic z 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,*ile1 _m ( ! b$s ( s&/one & conglom]ate1 conta9+ r\nd$ masses ( porphyry1 w\ld d\btless h be5 conv]t$ into porphyritic conglom]ate2 & ^! w\ld h alt]nat$ )1 & ev5 bl5d$ into1 cry/all9e & porphyritic /rata )\t a trace ( me*anical /ructure1--namely1 into ^? :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! section1 we see are unque/ionably subm>9e lavas4 ,! b$s ( gypsum1 toge!r ) ! r$ alt]nat+ s&/ones & conglom]ates1 pres5t s p]fect & curi\s a resemblance ) ^? se5 9 our =m] section 9 ! bas9-valley ( ,yeso1 t ,i _c d\bt ! id5tity ( ! two =mations3 ,i may add1 t a little we/w>d ( ! ,p4 del ,inca1 a mass ( gypsum pass$ into a f9e-gra9$1 h>d1 br[n s&/one1 :i* conta9$ "s lay]s ( black1 calc>e\s1 compact1 %aly rock1 precisely l t se5 9 su* va/ masses on ! ,peuqu5es range4 ,ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 num]\s fragm5ts ( lime/one1 conta9+ "s fossil rema9s1 7 scatt]$ on ! gr\nd3 ^! fragm5ts s p]fectly resemble ! lime/one ( b$ ,no4 #c1 9 :i* ,i saw impressions ( %ells1 t ,i h no d\bt !y h fall5 f x4 ,! yell[ magnesian lime/one ( b$ ,no4 #aj1 :i* also includes traces ( %ells1 has a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,^! fossils 7z nam$ by ,m4 d',orbigny7 consi/ (3-- ,gryphaea1 ne> to ,g4 ,c\loni 7,neocomian =mation74 ,arca1 p]haps ,a4 ,gabrielis1 d',orbigny1 8,pal4 ,franc40 7,neocomian =mation74 ,mr4 ,p5tl& made a collection ( %ells f ?is same spot1 & ,von ,bu* consid]s !m z consi/+ (3-- ,trigonia1 resembl+ 9 =m ,t4 co/ata4 ,pholadomya1 l "o f\nd by ,m4 ,dufresnoy ne> ,al5con4 ,isoc>di exc5trica1 ,voltz41 id5tical ) t f ! ,jura4 78,description ,phys4 des ,iles ,c40 page #dgb47 ,two ( ^! %ells1 namely1 ! ,gryphaea & ,trigonia1 appe> to be id5tical ) species collect$ by ,mey5 & myself on ! ,peuqu5es range2 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,von ,bu* & ,m4 d',orbigny1 ! two =mations belong to ! same age4 ,i mu/ "h add1 t ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 :o has exam9$ my specim5s f ?is place & f ! ,peuqu5es range1 has likewise a /rong impression t !y indicate ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 & probably an e>ly epo* 9 x3 s t all ! palaeontologi/s :o h se5 ^! fossils ne>ly co9cide 9 op9ion reg>d+ _! age4 ,! lime/one1 h[ev]1 ) ^! fossils "h lies at ! v base ( ! =mation1 j above ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & c]ta9ly sev]al ?\s& feet l[] 9 ! s]ies1 ?an ! equival5t1 fossilif]\s1 black1 %aly rocks high up on ! ,peuqu5es range4 ,x is well wor?y ( rem>k t ^! %ells1 or at lea/ ^? ( :i* ,i saw impressions 9 ! lime/one 7b$ ,no4 #c71 mu/ h be5 cov]$ up1 on ! ,,lea/ computation1 by #d1jjj feet ( /rata3 n[ we "k f ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes's rese>*es1 t ! sea at great] dep?s ?an #fjj feet becomes exce$+ly b>r5 ( organic be+s1--a result q 9 accordance ) :at little ,i h se5 ( deep-sea s\nd+s4 ,h5ce1 aft] ?is lime/one ) its %ells 0 deposit$1 ! bottom ( ! sea :]e ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,cordill]a n[ /&s1 mu/ h subsid$ "s ?\s& feet to all[ ( ! deposition ( ! sup]9cumb5t subm>9e /rata4 ,)\t suppos+ a movem5t ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld1 moreov]1 be impossible to und]/& ! accumulation ( ! sev]al l[] /rata ( ,,co>se1 well-r\nd$ conglom]ates1 :i* x is sc>cely possible to believe 7 spread out 9 pr(\ndly deep wat]1 & :i*1 especially ^? conta9+ pebbles ( qu>tz1 c\ld h>dly h be5 r\nd$ 9 subm>9e crat]s & aft]w>ds eject$ f !m1 z ,i believe to h be5 ! case ) mu* ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation4 ,i may add t1 9 ,pr(essor ,=bes's op9ion1 ! above-enum]at$ species ( mollusca probably did n live at a mu* great] dep? ?an tw5ty fa?oms1 t is only #abj feet4 ,to return to our section d[n ! valley2 /&+ on ! great ,n4 by ,w4 & ,s4 by ,e4 unicl9al axis ( ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 ( :i* a section has j be5 giv51 & look+ nor?-ea/1 great] tabul> masses ( gypse\s =mation 7,,kk7 c\ld be se5 9 ! di/ance1 v slightly incl9$ t[>ds ! ea/4 ,l[] d[n ! valley1 ! m\nta9s are almo/ exclusively compos$ ( porphyries1 _m ( !m ( intrusive orig9 & non-/ratifi$1 o!rs /ratifi$1 b ) ! /ratification seldom di/+ui%able except 9 ! upp] p>ts4 ,disreg>d+ local di/urbances1 ! b$s are ei!r horizontal or incl9$ at a small angle ea/w>ds3 h5ce1 :5 /&+ on ! pla9 ( ,uspallata & look+ to ! we/ or backw>ds1 ! ,cordill]a appe> compos$ ( huge1 squ>e1 ne>ly horizontal1 tabul> masses3 s wide a space1 ) su* l(ty m\nta9s s equably elevat$1 is r>ely met ) )9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,9 ?is l9e ( section1 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,pu5te del ,inca & ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,cumbre1 includes all ! *ief axes ( dislocation4 ,! alt]$ clay-slate =mation1 already describ$1 is se5 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! valley z f> d[n z ,las ,vacas1 und]ly+ ! porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,at ! ,casa de ,pujios ,l1 !re is a hummock ( 7&esitic87 granite2 & ! /ratification ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s "h *anges f ,w4 by ,s4 to ,s4,w4 ,aga91 ne> ! ,r4 ,vacas !re is a l>g] =mation ( 7&esitic87 granite ,m1 :i* s5ds a me%work ( ve9s into ! sup]9cumb5t clay-slate1 & :i* locally ?r[s (f ! /rata1 on "o side to ,n4,w4 & on ! o!r to ,s4,e4 b n at a high angle3 at ! junction1 ! clay-slate is alt]$ into f9e-gra9$ gre5/one4 ,?is granitic axis is int]sect$ by a gre5 dike1 :i* ,i m5tion1 because ,i d n rememb] hav+ else:]e se5 dikes 9 ?is l[e/ & late/ intrusive rock4 ,f ! ,r4 ,vacas to ! pla9 ( ,uspallata1 ! valley runs ,n4,e41 s t ,i h _h to contract my section2 x runs exclusively ?r\gh porphyritic rocks4 ,z f> z ! ,pass ( ,jaula1 ! clay/one conglom]ate =mation1 9 mo/ p>ts highly porphyritic1 & cross$ by num]\s dikes ( gre5/one porphyry1 atta9s a great ?ickness3 !re is also mu* intrusive porphyry4 ,f ! ,jaula to ! pla91 ! /ratification has be5 9 mo/ places oblit]at$1 except ne> ! tops ( "s ( ! m\nta9s2 & ! metamorphic action has be5 extremely great4 ,9 ?is space1 ! numb] & bulk ( ! intrusive masses ( diff]5tly col\r$ porphyries1 inject$ "o into ano!r & int]sect$ by dikes1 is truly extraord9>y4 ,i saw "o m\nta9 ( :iti% porphyry1 f :i* two huge dikes1 ?9n+ out1 bran*$ ,,d[nw>ds into an adjo9+ blacki% porphyry4 ,ano!r hill ( :ite porphyry1 :i* _h bur/ ?r\gh d>k- col\r$ /rata1 0 itself inject$ by a purple1 brecciat$1 & recem5t$ porphyry1 bo? be+ cross$ by a gre5 dike1 & bo? hav+ be5 upheav$ & inject$ by a granitic dome4 ,"o brick-r$ porphyry1 :i* above ! ,jaula =ms an isolat$ mass 9 ! mid/ ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 & l[] d[n ! valley a magnific5t gr\p ( peak$ m\nta9s1 diff]s rem>kably f all ! o!r porphyries4 ,x consi/s ( a r$ feldspa?ic base1 includ+ "s r l>ge cry/als ( r$ feldsp>1 num]\s l>ge angul> gra9s ( qu>tz1 & little bits ( a s(t gre5 m9]al answ]+ 9 mo/ ( its *>act]s to soap/one4 ,! cry/als ( r$ feldsp> resemble 9 ext]nal appe>ance ^? ( or?ite1 ?\gh1 f be+ p>tially decompos$1 ,i 0 unable to measure !m2 & !y c]ta9ly are q unlike ! v>iety1 s abundantly met ) 9 almo/ all ! o!r rocks ( ?is l9e ( section1 & :i*1 :]ev] ,i tri$ x1 cleav$ l albite4 ,?is brick-r$ porphyry appe>s to h bur/ ?r\gh all ! o!r porphyries1 & num]\s r$ dikes trav]s+ ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s h proce$$ f x3 9 "s few places1 h[ev]1 x 0 int]sect$ by :ite dikes4 ,f ?is po/]iority ( intrusive orig91--f ! close g5]al resemblance betwe5 ?is r$ porphyry & ! r$ granite ( ! ,portillo l9e1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! feldsp> "h is less p]fectly granul>1 & t soap/one replaces ! mica1 :i* is !re imp]fect & passes into *lorite1--& f ! ,portillo l9e a little s\?w>d ( ?is po9t appe>+ to bl5d 7accord+ to ,dr4 ,gillies7 into ! we/]n ranges1--,i am /rongly urg$ to believe 7z =m]ly rem>k$7 t ! gr& m\nta9-masses compos$ ( ?is brick-r$ porphyry belong to ! same axis ( injection ) ! granite ( ! ,portillo l9e2 if s1 ! injection ( ?is porphyry probably took place1 z long subsequ5tly to ! sev]al axes ( elevation 9 ! gypse\s =mation ne> ! ,cumbre1 z ! injection ( ! ,portillo granite has be5 %[n to h be5 subsequ5t to ! elevation ( ! gypse\s /rata compos+ ! ,peuqu5es range2 & ?is int]val1 we h se51 mu/ h be5 a v long "o4 ,! ,pla9 ( ,uspallata has be5 briefly describ$ 9 ,*apt] #c2 x resembles ! bas9-pla9s ( ,*ile2 x is t5 or fifte5 miles wide1 & is said to ext5d = #ahj miles nor?w>d2 its surface is ne>ly six ?\s& feet above ! sea2 x is compos$1 to a ?ickness ( "s hundr$ feet ( loosely aggregat$1 /ratifi$ %+le1 :i* is prolong$ ) a g5tly slop+ surface up ! valleys 9 ! m\nta9s on bo? sides4 ,"o section 9 ?is pla9 ,z is int]e/+1 f ! unusual circum/ance ( alt]nat+ lay]s ( almo/ loose r$ & :ite s& ) l9es ( pebbles 7f ! size ( a nut to t ( an apple71 & b$s ( gravel1 be+ incl9$ at an angle ( #de degrees1 & 9 "s spots ev5 at a high] angle4 7,i f9d t ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordan ,hill has describ$ 78,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #be page #cib7 b$s ( s& & gravel1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 tilt$ at an angle ( #fj degrees1 & dislocat$ by m9iature faults47 ,^! b$s are dislocat$ by small faults3 & are capp$ by a ?ick mass ( horizontally /ratifi$ gravel1 evid5tly ( subaque\s orig94 ,hav+ be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve ! irregul>ities ( b$s accumulat$ "u curr5ts1 ,i feel sure t ! incl9ation "h has n be5 ?us produc$4 ,! pebbles consi/ *iefly ( ! brick-r$ porphyry j describ$ & ( :ite granite1 bo? probably d]iv$ f ! ranges to ! we/1 & ( alt]$ clay-slate & ( c]ta9 porphyries1 app>5tly belong+ to ! rocks ( ! ,uspallata *a94 ,?is pla9 corresponds geographically ) ! valley ( ,t5uyan betwe5 ! ,portillo & ,peuqu5es ranges2 b 9 t valley ! %+le1 :i* likewise has be5 d]iv$ bo? f ! ea/]n & we/]n ranges1 has be5 cem5t$ into a h>d conglom]ate1 & has be5 ?r\gh\t tilt$ at a consid]able incl9ation2 ! gravel !re app>5tly atta9s a mu* great] ?ickness1 & is probably ( high] antiquity4 ,,! ,,uspallata ,,range4 ,! road by ! ,villa ,vic5cio ,pass does n /rike directly across ! range1 b runs = "s leagues nor?w>d along its we/]n base3 & ,i mu/ briefly describe ! rocks "h se51 be=e cont9u+ ) ! col\r$ ea/ & we/ section4 ,at ! m\? ( ! valley ( ,canota1 & at sev]al po9ts nor?w>ds1 !re is an ext5sive =mation ( a glossy & h>%1 & ( a feldspa?ic clay-slate1 includ+ /rata ( grauwacke1 & hav+ a tortu\s1 ne>ly v]tical cleavage1 trav]s$ by num]\s metallif]\s ve9s & o!rs ( qu>tz4 ,! clay-slate is 9 _m p>ts capp$ by a ?ick mass ( fragm5ts ( ! same rock1 firmly recem5t$2 & bo? toge!r h be5 inject$ & brok5 up by v num]\s hillocks1 rang+ nor? & s\?1 ( lilac1 :ite1 d>k & salmon- col\r$ porphyries3 "o /eep1 n[ d5ud$1 hillock ( porphyry _h its face z di/9ctly impress$ ) ! angles ( a fragm5t>y mass ( ! slate1 ) "s ( ! po9ts /ill rema9+ emb$d$1 z seal+-wax c\ld be by a seal4 ,at ! m\? ( ?is same valley ( ,canota1 9 a f9e esc>pm5t hav+ ! /rata dipp+ f #ej to #fj degrees to ! ,n4,e4 7,ne>ly opposite to ?is esc>pm5t1 !re is ano!r correspond+ "o1 ) ! /rata dipp+ n to ! exactly opposite po9t1 or ,s4,w41 b to ,s4,s4,w43 consequ5tly ! two esc>pm5ts tr5d t[>ds ea* o!r1 & "s miles s\?w>d !y become actually unit$3 ?is is a =m ( elevation :i* ,i h n else:]e se5471 ! clay-slate =mation is se5 to be cov]$ by--7#a/7 a purple1 clay/one porphyry re/+ uncon=mably 9 "s p>ts on ! solid slate1 & 9 o!rs on a ?ick fragm5t>y mass2 7#bnd71 a con=mable /ratum ( compact blacki% rock1 hav+ a sph]oidal /ructure1 full ( m9ute acicul> cry/als ( glassy feldsp>1 ) r$ spots ( oxide ( iron2 7#crd71 a great /ratum ( purpli%-r$ clay/one porphyry1 ab\nd+ ) cry/als ( opaque feldsp>1 & lam9at$ ) ?91 p>allel1 (t5 %ort1 lay]s1 & likewise ) great irregul> pat*es ( :ite1 e>?y1 semi-cry/all9e feldsp>2 ?is rock 7:i* ,i notic$ 9 o!r neighb\r+ places7 p]fectly resembles a curi\s v>iety describ$ at ,port ,desire1 & occasionally occurs 9 ! great porphyritic conglom]ate =mation ( ,*ile2 7#d?71 a ?9 /ratum ( gre5i% :ite1 indurat$ tuff1 fusible & conta9+ brok5 cry/als & p>ticles ( porphyries2 7#e?71 a gr& mass1 imp]fectly column> & divid$ into ?ree p>allel & closely jo9$ /rata1 ( cream-col\r$ clay/one porphyry2 7#f?71 a ?ick /ratum ( lilac-col\r$ porphyry1 :i* ,i c\ld see 0 capp$ by ano!r b$ ( ! cream-col\r$ v>iety2 ,i 0 unable to exam9e ! /ill high] p>ts ( ! esc>pm5t4 ,^! con=mably /ratifi$ porphyries1 ?\gh none are ei!r vesicul> are amygdaloidal1 h evid5tly fl[$ z subm>9e lavas3 "s ( !m are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by seams ( indurat$ tuff1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are q insignificant 9 ?ickness comp>$ ) ! porphyries4 ,?is :ole pile resembles1 b n v closely1 "s ( ! less brecciat$ p>ts ( ! great porphyritic conglom]ate =mation ( ,*ile2 b x does n probably belong to ! same age1 z ! porphyries "h re/ uncon=mably on ! alt]$ feldspa?ic clay-slate1 :]eas ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation alt]nates ) & re/s con=mably on x4 ,^! porphyries1 moreov]1 ) ! exception ( ! "o blacki% /ratum1 & ( ! "o indurat$1 :ite tuface\s b$1 diff] f ! b$s compos+ ! ,uspallata range 9 ! l9e ( ! ,villa ,vic5cio ,pass4 ,i w n[ give1 fir/1 a sket* ( ! /ructure ( ! range1 z repres5t$ 9 ! section1 & w !n describe its composition & int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,at its we/]n foot1 a hillock ,n is se5 to rise out ( ! pla91 ) its /rata dipp+ at #gj degrees to ! we/1 front$ by /rata ,o incl9$ at #de degrees to ! ea/1 ?us =m+ a little nor? & s\? anticl9al axis4 ,"s o!r little hillocks ( simil> composition1 ) _! /rata highly incl9$1 range ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 obliquely to ! ma9 ,uspallata l9e4 ,! cause ( ^! dislocations1 :i*1 ?\gh on a small scale1 h be5 viol5t & complicat$1 is se5 to lie 9 hummocks ( lilac1 purple & r$ porphyries1 :i* h be5 inject$ 9 a liquifi$ /ate ?r\gh & into ! und]ly+ clay-slate =mation4 ,sev]al dykes 7 expos$ "h1 b 9 no o!r "p1 t ,i saw ( ?is range4 ,z ! /rata consi/ ( black1 :ite1 gre5i% & br[n-col\r$ rocks1 & z ! intrusive porphyries are s brightly t9t$1 a mo/ extraord9>y view 0 pres5t$1 l a col\r$ geological draw+4 ,on ! g5tly incl9$ ma9 we/]n slope ,,pp1 above ! little anticl9al ridges j m5tion$1 ! /rata dip at an av]age angle ( #be degrees to ! we/2 ! incl9ation 9 "s places be+ only #ai degrees1 9 "s few o!rs z mu* z #de degrees4 ,! masses hav+ ^! diff]5t incl9ations1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by p>allel v]tical faults z repres5t$ at ,pa1 (t5 giv+ rise to sep>ate1 p>allel1 unicl9al ridges4 ,! summit ( ! ma9 range is broad & undulatory1 ) ! /ratification undulatory & irregul>3 9 a few places granitic & porphyritic masses ,q protrude1 :i*1 f ! small effect !y h locally produc$ 9 d]ang+ ! /rata1 probably =m ! upp] po9ts ( a regul>1 great und]ly+ dome4 ,^! d5ud$ granitic po9ts1 ,i e/imat$ at ab\t n9e ?\s& feet 9 height above ! sea4 ,on ! ea/]n slope1 ! /rata 9 ! upp] "p are regul>ly incl9$ at ab\t #be degrees to ! ea/1 s t ! summit ( ?is *a91 neglect+ small irregul>ities1 =ms a broad anticl9al axis4 ,l[] d[n1 h[ev]1 ne> ,los ,hornillos ,r1 !re is a well-m>k$ syncl9al axis1 beyond :i* ! /rata are incl9$ at ne>ly ! same angle1 namely f #bj to #cj degrees1 inw>ds or we/w>d4 ,ow+ to ! am\nt ( d5udation :i* ?is *a9 has suff]$1 ! outl9e ( ! g5tly incl9$ ea/]n flank sc>cely (f]s ! slighte/ indication ( ?is syncl9al axis4 ,! /ratifi$ b$s1 :i* we h hi!rto foll[$ across ! range1 a little fur!r d[n are se5 to lie1 ,i believe uncon=mably1 on a broad m\nta9\s b& ( clay-slate & grauwacke4 ,! /rata & lam9ae ( ?is latt] =mation1 on ! extreme ea/]n flank1 are g5]ally ne>ly v]tical2 fur!r inw>ds !y become incl9$ f #de to #hj degrees to ! we/3 ne> ,villa ,vic5cio ,s !re is app>5tly an anticl9al axis1 b ! /ructure ( ?is out] "p ( ! clay-slate =mation is s obscure1 t ,i h n m>k$ ! planes ( /ratification 9 ! section4 ,on ! m>g9 ( ! ,pampas1 "s l[1 mu* dislocat$ spurs ( ?is same =mation1 project 9 a nor?- ea/]ly l9e1 9 ! same oblique mann] z d ! ridges on ! we/]n foot1 & z is s frequ5tly ! case ) ^? at ! base ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,i w n[ describe ! nature ( ! b$s1 beg9n+ at ! base on ! ea/]n side4 ,fir/1 = ! clay-slate =mation3 ! slate is g5]ally h>d & blui%1 ) ! lam9ae coat$ by m9ute micace\s scales2 x alt]nates _m times ) a co>se-gra9$1 gre5i% grauwacke1 conta9+ r\nd$ fragm5ts ( qu>tz & bits ( slate 9 a slightly calc>e\s basis4 ,! slate 9 ! upp] "p g5]ally becomes purpli%1 & ! cleavage s irregul> t ! :ole consi/s ( m]e spl9t]s4 ,transv]se ve9s ( qu>tz are num]\s4 ,at ! ,cal]a1 "s leagues di/ant1 !re is a d>k cry/all9e lime/one1 app>5tly includ$ 9 ?is =mation4 ,) ! exception ( ! grauwacke be+ "h m abundant1 & ! clay-slate less alt]$1 ?is =mation closely resembles t uncon=mably und]ly+ ! porphyries at ! we/]n foot ( ?is same range2 & likewise t alt]nat+ ) ! porphyritic conglom]ate 9 ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,?is =mation is a consid]able "o1 & ext5ds sev]al leagues s\?w>d to ne> ,m5doza3 ! m\nta9s compos$ ( x rise to a height ( ab\t two ?\s& feet above ! edge ( ! ,pampas1 or ab\t sev5 ?\s& feet above ! sea4 7,i inf] ?is f ! height ( ,v4 ,vic5cio1 :i* 0 asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,mi]s to be #e1cbh feet above ! sea47 ,secondly3 ! mo/ usual b$ on ! clay-slate is a co>se1 :ite1 slightly calc>e\s conglom]ate1 ( no great ?ickness1 includ+ brok5 cry/als ( feldsp>1 gra9s ( qu>tz1 & num]\s pebbles ( brecciat$ clay/one porphyry1 b )\t any pebbles ( ! und]ly+ clay-slate4 ,i n[h]e saw ! actual junction betwe5 ?is b$ & ! clay-slate1 ?\gh ,i sp5t a :ole day 9 endeav\r+ to discov] _! relations4 ,9 "s places ,i di/9ctly saw ! :ite conglom]ate & ov]ly+ b$s incl9$ at f #be to #cj degrees to ! we/1 & at ! bottom ( ! same m\nta91 ! clay-slate & grauwacke incl9$ to ! same po9t1 b at an angle f #gj to #hj degrees3 9 "o in/ance1 ! clay-slate dipp$ n only at a diff]5t angle1 b to a diff]5t po9t f ! ov]ly+ =mation4 ,9 ^! cases ! two =mations c]ta9ly appe>$ q uncon=mable3 moreov]1 ,i f\nd 9 ! clay-slate "o great1 v]tical1 dike-l fissure1 fill$ up ) an indurat$ :iti% tuff1 q simil> to "s ( ! upp] b$s pres5tly to be describ$2 & ?is %[s t ! clay-slate mu/ h be5 consolidat$ & dislocat$ be=e _! deposition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ratification ( ! slate & grauwacke1 9 "s cases gradually & entirely disappe>$ 9 approa*+ ! ov]ly+ :ite conglom]ate2 9 o!r cases ! /ratification ( ! two =mations became /rictly con=mable2 & aga9 9 o!r cases1 !re 0 "s tol]ably well *>act]is$ clay-slate ly+ above ! conglom]ate4 7,! co>se1 me*anical /ructure ( _m grauwackes has always appe>$ to me a difficulty2 = ! texture ( ! associat$ clay-slate & ! nature ( ! emb$d$ organic rema9s :]e pres5t1 indicate t ! :ole has be5 a deep-wat] deposit4 ,:5ce h ! sometimes includ$ angul> fragm5ts ( clay-slate1 & ! r\nd$ masses ( qu>tz & o!r rocks1 be5 d]iv$8 ,_m deep-wat] lime/ones1 x is well kn[n1 h be5 brecciat$1 & !n firmly recem5t$47 ,! mo/ probable conclusion appe>s to be1 t aft] ! clay-slate =mation _h be5 dislocat$ & tilt$1 b :il/ "u ! sea1 a fre% & m rec5t deposition ( clay-slate took place1 on :i* ! :ite conglom]ate 0 con=mably deposit$1 ) "h & !re a ?9 int]calat$ b$ ( clay-slate4 ,on ?is view ! :ite conglom]ates & ! pres5tly to be describ$ tuffs & lavas are really uncon=mable to ! ma9 "p ( ! clay-slate2 & ?is1 z we h se51 c]ta9ly is ! case ) ! clay-/one lavas 9 ! valley ( ,canota1 at ! we/]n & opposite base ( ! range4 ,?irdly3 on ! :ite conglom]ate1 /rata sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness are sup]impos$1 v>y+ mu* 9 nature 9 %ort di/ances3 ! commone/ v>iety is a :ite1 mu* indurat$ tuff1 sometimes slightly calc>e\s1 ) f]rug9\s spots & wat]-l9es1 (t5 pass+ into :iti% or purpli% compact1 f9e-gra9$ grit or s&/ones2 o!r v>ieties become semi-porcellanic1 & t9t$ fa9t gre5 or blue2 o!rs pass into an indurat$ %ale3 mo/ ( ^! v>ieties are easily fusible4 ,f\r?ly3 a b$1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet ?ick ( a compact1 p>tially column>1 pale-grey1 feldspa?ic lava1 /a9$ ) iron1 includ+ v num]\s cry/als ( opaque feldsp>1 & ) "s cry/allis$ & dissem9at$ calc>e\s matt]4 ,! tuface\s /ratum on :i* ?is feldspa?ic lava re/s is mu* h>d5$1 /a9$ purple1 & has a sph]ico-concretion>y /ructure2 x "h conta9s a good _m pebbles ( clay/one porphyry4 ,fif?ly3 ?9 b$s1 #djj feet 9 ?ickness1 v>y+ mu* 9 nature1 consi/+ ( :ite & f]rug9\s tuffs1 9 "s p>ts hav+ a concretion>y /ructure1 9 o!rs conta9+ r\nd$ gra9s & a few pebbles ( qu>tz2 also pass+ into h>d grit/ones & into gre5i% mud/ones3 !re is1 also1 mu* ( a blui%-grey & gre5 semi-porcellanic /one4 ,six?ly3 a volcanic /ratum1 #bej feet 9 ?ickness1 ( s v>y+ a nature t ,i d n believe a score ( specim5s w\ld %[ all ! v>ieties2 mu* is highly amygdaloidal1 mu* compact2 !re are gre5i%1 blacki%1 purpli%1 & grey v>ieties1 r>ely includ+ cry/als ( gre5 augite & m9ute acicul> ones ( feldsp>1 b (t5 cry/als & amygdaloidal masses ( :ite1 r$1 & black c>bonate ( lime4 ,"s ( ! blacki% v>ieties ( ?is rock h a con*oidal fracture & resemble basalt2 o!rs h an irregul> fracture4 ,"s ( ! grey & purpli% v>ieties are ?ickly speckl$ ) gre5 e>? & ) :ite cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime2 o!rs are l>gely amygdaloidal ) gre5 e>? & calc>e\s sp>4 ,aga91 o!r e>?y v>ieties1 ( gre5i%1 purpli% & grey t9ts1 conta9 mu* iron1 & are almo/ half compos$ ( amygdaloidal balls ( d>k br[n bole1 ( a :iti% indurat$ feldspa?ic matt]1 ( bright gre5 e>?1 ( agate1 & ( black & :ite cry/allis$ c>bonate ( lime4 ,all ^! v>ieties are easily fusible4 ,view$ f a di/ance1 ! l9e ( junction ) ! und]ly+ semi-porcellanic /rata 0 di/9ct2 b :5 exam9$ closely1 x 0 impossible to po9t out )9 a foot :]e ! lava end$ & :]e ! s$im5t>y mass began3 ! rock at ! "t ( junction 0 9 mo/ places h>d1 ( a bright gre5 col\r1 & ab\nd$ ) irregul> amygdaloidal masses ( f]rug9\s & pure calc>e\s sp>1 & ( agate4 ,sev5?ly3 /rata1 eighty feet 9 ?ickness1 ( v>i\s indurat$ tuffs1 z be=e2 _m ( ! v>ieties h a f9e basis includ+ r co>se extrane\s p>ticles2 "s ( !m are compact & semi-porcellanic1 & include vegetable impressions4 ,eigh?ly3 a b$1 ab\t fifty feet ?ick1 ( gre5i%-grey1 compact1 feldspa?ic lava1 ) num]\s small cry/als ( opaque feldsp>1 black augite1 & oxide ( iron4 ,! junction ) ! b$ on :i* x re/$1 0 ill def9$2 balls & masses ( ! feldspa?ic rock be+ enclos$ 9 mu* alt]$ tuff4 ,n9?ly3 indurat$ tuffs1 z be=e4 ,t5?ly3 a con=mable lay]1 less ?an two feet 9 ?ickness1 ( pit*/one1 g5]ally brecciat$1 & trav]s$ by ve9s ( agate & ( c>bonate ( lime3 p>ts are compos$ ( app>5tly concretion>y fragm5ts ( a m p]fect v>iety1 arrang$ 9 horizontal l9es 9 a less p]fectly *>act]is$ v>iety4 ,i h mu* difficulty 9 believ+ t ?is ?9 lay] ( pit*/one fl[$ z lava4 ,elev5?ly3 s$im5t>y & tuface\s b$s z be=e1 pass+ into s&/one1 includ+ "s conglom]ate3 ! pebbles 9 ! latt] are ( clay/one porphyry1 well r\nd$1 & "s z l>ge z cricket-balls4 ,twelf?ly3 a b$ ( compact1 sonor\s1 feldspa?ic lava1 l t ( b$ ,no4 #h1 divid$ by num]\s jo9ts into l>ge angul> blocks4 ,?irte5?ly3 s$im5t>y b$s z be=e4 ,f\rte5?ly3 a ?ick b$ ( gre5i% or greyi% black1 compact basalt 7fus+ into a black enamel71 ) small cry/als1 occasionally di/+ui%able1 ( feldsp> & augite3 ! junction ) ! und]ly+ s$im5t>y b$1 diff]5tly f t 9 mo/ ( ! =ego+ /reams1 "h 0 q di/9ct3--! lava & tuface\s matt] pres]v+ _! p]fect *>act]s )9 two in*es ( ea* o!r4 ,?is rock closely resembles c]ta9 p>ts ( t v>i$ & s+ul> lava-/ream ,no4 #f2 x likewise resembles1 z we %all imm$iately see1 _m ( ! great upp] b$s on ! we/]n flank & on ! summit ( ?is range4 ,! pile ( /rata "h describ$ atta9s a great ?ickness2 & above ! la/-m5tion$ volcanic /ratum1 !re 7 sev]al o!r great tuface\s b$s alt]nat+ ) subm>9e lavas1 :i* ,i _h n "t to exam9e2 b a correspond+ s]ies1 sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 is well exhibit$ on ! cre/ & we/]n flank ( ! range4 ,mo/ ( ! lava- /reams on ! we/]n side are ( a jet-black col\r & basaltic nature2 !y are ei!r compact & f9e-gra9$1 includ+ m9ute cry/als ( augite & feldsp>1 or !y are co>se-gra9$ & ab\nd ) r l>ge copp]y-br[n cry/als ( an augitic m9]al4 7,v easily fusible into a jet-black bead1 attract$ by ! magnet3 ! cry/als are too mu* t>ni%$ to be measur$ by ! goniomet]47 ,ano!r v>iety 0 ( a dull- r$ col\r1 hav+ a clay/one brecciat$ basis1 includ+ specks ( oxide ( iron & ( calc>e\s sp>1 & amygdaloidal ) gre5 e>?3 !re 7 app>5tly sev]al o!r v>ieties4 ,^! subm>9e lavas (t5 exhibit a sph]oidal1 & sometimes an imp]fect column> /ructure3 _! upp] junctions are mu* m cle>ly def9$ ?an _! l[] junctions2 b ! latt] are n s mu* bl5d$ into ! und]ly+ s$im5t>y b$s z is ! case 9 ! ea/]n flank4 ,on ! cre/ & we/]n flank ( ! range1 ! /reams1 view$ z a :ole1 are mo/ly basaltic2 :il/ ^? on ! ea/]n side1 :i* /& l[] 9 ! s]ies1 are1 z we h se51 mo/ly feldspa?ic4 ,! s$im5t>y /rata alt]nat+ ) ! lavas on ! cre/ & we/]n side1 are ( an almo/ inf9itely v>y+ nature2 b a l>ge proportion ( !m closely resemble ^? already describ$ on ! ea/]n flank3 !re are :ite & br[n1 indurat$1 easily fusible tuffs1--"s pass+ into pale blue & gre5 semi-porcellanic rocks1--o!rs into br[ni% & purpli% s&/ones & grit/ones1 (t5 includ+ gra9s ( qu>tz1-- o!rs into mud/one conta9+ brok5 cry/als & p>ticles ( rock1 & occasionally s+le l>ge pebbles4 ,!re 0 "o /ratum ( a bright r$1 co>se1 volcanic grit/one2 ano!r ( conglom]ate2 ano!r ( a black1 indurat$1 c>bonace\s %ale m>k$ ) imp]fect vegetable impressions2 ?is latt] b$1 :i* 0 ?91 re/$ on a subm>9e lava1 & foll[$ all ! consid]able inequalities ( its upp] surface4 ,mr4 ,mi]s /ates t coal has be5 f\nd 9 ?is range4 ,la/ly1 !re 0 a b$ 7l ,no4 #aj on ! ea/]n flank7 evid5tly ( s$im5t>y orig91 & rem>kable f closely approa*+ 9 "* to an imp]fect pit*/one1 & f includ+ extremely ?9 lay]s ( p]fect pit*/one1 z well z nodules & irregul> fragm5ts 7b n resembl+ extrane\s fragm5ts7 ( ?is same rock arrang$ 9 horizontal l9es3 ,i conceive t ?is b$1 :i* is only a few feet 9 ?ickness1 mu/ h assum$ its pres5t /ate ?r\gh metamorphic & concretion>y action4 ,mo/ ( ^! s$im5t>y /rata are mu* indurat$1 & no d\bt h be5 p>tially metamorphos$3 _m ( !m are extraord9>ily heavy & compact2 o!rs h agate & cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t !m4 ,"s ( ! b$s exhibit a s+ul> concretion>y arrangem5t1 ) ! curves det]m9$ by ! l9es ( fissure4 ,!re are _m ve9s ( agate & calc>e\s sp>1 & innum]able ones ( iron & o!r metals1 :i* h black5$ & curi\sly affect$ ! /rata to consid]able di/ances on bo? sides4 ,_m ( ^! tuface\s b$s resemble1 ) ! exception ( be+ m indurat$1 ! upp] b$s ( ! ,great ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation1 especially ^? v>i\sly col\r$ lay]s high up ! ,riv] ,santa ,cruz1 & 9 a rem>kable degree ! tuface\s =mation at ! nor!rn end ( ,*iloe4 ,i 0 s mu* /ruck ) ?is resemblance1 t ,i p>ticul>ly look$ out = silicifi$ wood1 & f\nd x "u ! foll[+ extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,high up on ?is we/]n flank1 at a height e/imat$ at #g1jjj feet above ! sea1 9 a brok5 esc>pm5t ( ?9 /rata1 compos$ ( compact gre5 grit/one pass+ into a f9e mud/one1 & alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( co>s]1 br[ni%1 v heavy mud/one1 includ+ brok5 cry/als & p>ticles ( rock almo/ bl5d$ toge!r1 ,i c\nt$ ! /umps ( fifty-two trees4 7,= ! in=mation ( any future travell]1 ,i w describe ! spot 9 detail4 ,proce$+ ea/w>d f ! ,agua del ,zorro1 & aft]w>ds leav+ on ! nor? side ( ! road a ran*o atta*$ to "s old goldm9es1 y pass ?r\gh a gully ) l[ b /eep rocks on ea* h&3 ! road !n b5ds1 & ! asc5t becomes /eep]4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds f>!r on1 a /one's ?r[ on ! s\? side ( ! road1 ! :ite calc>e\s /umps may be se54 ,! spot is ab\t half a mile ea/ ( ! ,agua del ,zorro47 ,!y project$ betwe5 two & five feet above ! gr\nd1 & /ood at exactly "r angles to ! /rata1 :i* 7 "h incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #be degrees to ! we/4 ,elev5 ( ^! trees 7 silicifi$ & well pres]v$2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,br[n has be5 s k9d z to exam9e ! wood :5 slic$ & poli%$2 he says x is conif]\s1 p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,arauc>ian tribe1 ) "s curi\s po9ts ( aff9ity ) ! ,yew4 ,! b>k r\nd ! trunks mu/ h be5 circul>ly furr[$ ) irregul> l9es1 = ! mud/one r\nd !m is ?us pla9ly m>k$4 ,"o ca/ consi/$ ( d>k argillace\s lime/one2 & =ty ( !m ( co>sely cry/allis$ c>bonate ( lime1 ) cavities l9$ by qu>tz cry/als3 ^! latt] :ite calc>e\s columns d n reta9 any int]nal /ructure1 b _! ext]nal =m pla9ly %[s _! orig94 ,all ! /umps h ne>ly ! same diamet]1 v>y+ f "o foot to eighte5 in*es2 "s ( !m /& )9 a y>d ( ea* o!r2 !y are gr\p$ 9 a clump )9 a space ( ab\t sixty y>ds across1 ) a few scatt]$ r\nd at ! di/ance ( #aej y>ds4 ,!y all /& at ab\t ! same level4 ,! longe/ /ump /ood sev5 feet out ( ! gr\nd3 ! roots1 if !y are /ill pres]v$1 are buri$ & conceal$4 ,no "o lay] ( ! mud/one appe>$ mu* d>k] ?an ! o!rs1 z if x _h =m]ly exi/$ z soil1 nor c\ld ?is be expect$1 = ! same ag5ts :i* replac$ ) silex & lime ! wood ( ! trees1 w\ld naturally h remov$ all vegetable matt] f ! soil4 ,besides ! fifty-two upright trees1 !re 7 a few fragm5ts1 l brok5 bran*es1 horizontally emb$d$4 ,! surr\nd+ /rata are cross$ by ve9s ( c>bonate ( lime1 agate1 & oxide ( iron2 & a poor gold ve9 has be5 work$ n f> f ! trees4 ,! gre5 & br[n mud/one b$s includ+ ! trees1 are con=mably cov]$ by mu* indurat$1 compact1 :ite or f]rug9\s tuffs1 :i* pass upw>ds into a f9e-gra9$1 purpli% s$im5t>y rock3 ^! /rata1 :i*1 toge!r1 are f f\r to five hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 re/ on a ?ick b$ ( subm>9e lava1 & are con=mably cov]$ by ano!r great mass ( f9e-gra9$ basalt1 :i* ,i e/imat$ at #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & :i* probably has be5 =m$ by m ?an "o /ream4 7,?is rock is q black1 & fuses into a black bead1 attract$ /rongly by ! magnet2 x breaks ) a con*oidal fracture2 ! includ$ cry/als ( augite are di/+ui%able by ! nak$ eye1 b are n p]fect en\gh to be measur$3 !re are _m m9ute acicul> cry/als ( glassy feldsp>47 ,above ?is mass ,i c\ld cle>ly di/+ui% five con=mable alt]nations1 ea* sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 ( /ratifi$ s$im5t>y rocks & lavas1 su* z h be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,c]ta9ly ! upright trees h be5 buri$ "u sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness ( matt]1 accumulat$ "u ! sea4 ,z ! trees obvi\sly mu/ once h gr[n on dry l&1 :at an enorm\s am\nt ( subsid5ce is ?us indicat$6 ,nev]!less1 _h x n be5 = ! trees !re 0 no appe>ance :i* w\ld h l$ any "o ev5 to h conjectur$ t ^! /rata _h subsid$4 ,z ! l&1 moreov]1 on :i* ! trees grew1 is =m$ ( subaque\s deposits1 ( ne>ly if n q equal ?ickness ) ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 & z ^! deposits are regul>ly /ratifi$ & f9e-gra9$1 n l ! matt] ?r[n up on a sea-bea*1 a previ\s upw>d movem5t1 aid$ no d\bt by ! great accumulation ( lavas & s$im5t1 is also indicat$4 7,at fir/ ,i imag9$1 t ! /rata ) ! trees might h be5 accumulat$ 9 a lake3 b ?is seems highly improbable2 =1 fir/1 a v deep lake 0 necess>y to receive ! matt] bel[ ! trees1 !n x mu/ h be5 dra9$ = _! gr[?1 & aft]w>ds re-=m$ & made pr(\ndly deep1 s z to receive a subsequ5t accumulation ( matt] ,,sev]al ,,?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,& all ?is mu/ h tak5 place necess>ily be=e ! =mation ( ! ,uspallata range1 & !re=e on ! m>g9 ( ! wide level expanse ( ! ,pampas6 ,h5ce ,i conclude1 t x is inf9itely m probable t ! /rata 7 accumulat$ "u ! sea3 ! va/ am\nt ( d5udation1 moreov]1 :i* ?is range has suff]$1 z %[n by ! wide valleys1 by ! exposure ( ! v trees & by o!r appe>ances1 c\ld h be5 effect$1 ,i conceive1 only by ! long-cont9u$ action ( ! sea2 & ?is %[s t ! range 0 ei!r upheav$ f "u ! sea1 or subsequ5tly let d[n into x4 ,f ! natural mann] 9 :i* ! /umps 7fifty-two 9 numb]7 are ,,gr\p$ ,,9 ,a ,,clump1 & f _! all /&+ v]tically to ! /rata1 x is sup]flu\s to speculate on ! *ance ( ! trees hav+ be5 drift$ f adjo9+ l&1 & deposit$ upright3 ,i may1 h[ev]1 m5tion t ! late ,dr4 ,malcolmson assur$ me1 t he once met 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 fifty miles f l&1 sev]al cocoa-nut trees float+ upright1 ow+ to _! roots be+ load$ ) e>?47 ,9 ne>ly ! middle ( ! range1 !re are "s hills ,q1 be=e allud$ to1 =m$ ( a k9d ( granite ext]nally resembl+ &esite1 & consi/+ ( a :ite1 imp]fectly granul>1 feldspa?ic basis1 includ+ "s p]fect cry/als app>5tly ( albite 7b ,i 0 unable to measure !m71 mu* black mica1 epidote 9 ve9s1 & v little or no qu>tz4 ,num]\s small ve9s bran* f ?is rock into ! surr\nd+ /rata2 & x is a s+ul> fact t ^! ve9s1 ?\gh compos$ ( ! same k9d ( feldsp> & small scales ( mica z 9 ! solid rock1 ab\nd ) innum]able m9ute ,,r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz3 9 ! ve9s or dikes also1 bran*+ f ! great granitic axis 9 ! p59sula ( ,tres ,montes1 ,i obs]v$ t qu>tz 0 m abundant 9 !m ?an 9 ! ma9 rock3 ,i h he>d ( o!r analog\s cases3 c we acc\nt = ?is fact1 by ! long-cont9u$ vic9ity ( qu>tz :5 cool+1 & by its hav+ be5 ?us m easily suck$ into fissures ?an ! o!r con/itu5t m9]als ( granite8 7,see a pap] by ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 8,soc4 ,philoma?40 ,may #ahci 8,l',in/itut40 #ahci page #afa47 ,! /rata encas+ ! flanks ( ^! granitic or &esite masses1 & =m+ a ?ick cap on "o ( _! summits1 appe> orig9ally to h be5 ( ! same tuface\s nature ) ! b$s already describ$1 b !y are n[ *ang$ into porcellanic1 jasp]y1 & cry/all9e rocks1 & into o!rs ( a :ite col\r ) a h>% texture1 & hav+ a silice\s aspect1 ?\gh really ( a feldspa?ic nature & fusible4 ,bo? ! granitic intrusive masses & ! encas+ /rata are p5etrat$ by innum]able metallic ve9s1 mo/ly f]rug9\s & aurif]\s1 b "s conta9+ copp]-pyrites & a few silv]3 ne> ! ve9s1 ! rocks are black5$ z if bla/$ by gunp[d]4 ,! /rata are only slightly dislocat$ close r\nd ^! hills1 & h5ce1 p]haps1 x may be inf]r$ t ! granitic masses =m only ! project+ po9ts ( a broad cont9u\s axis-dome1 :i* has giv5 to ! upp] p>ts ( ?is range its anticl9al /ructure4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,uspallata ,,range4 ,i w n attempt to e/imate ! total ?ickness ( ! pile ( /rata =m+ ?is range1 b x mu/ am\nt to _m ?\s& feet4 ,! s$im5t>y & tuface\s b$s h ?r\gh\t a g5]al simil>ity1 ?\gh ) inf9ite v>iations4 ,! subm>9e lavas 9 ! l[] "p ( ! s]ies are mo/ly feldspa?ic1 :il/ 9 ! upp] "p1 on ! summit & we/]n flank1 !y are mo/ly basaltic4 ,we are ?us rem9d$ ( ! relative position 9 mo/ rec5t volcanic di/ricts ( ! tra*ytic & basaltic lavas1--! latt] f _! great] weight hav+ sunk to a l[] level 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & hav+ consequ5tly be5 erupt$ at a lat] p]iod ov] ! light] & upp] lavas ( ! tra*ytic s]ies4 7,see on ?is subject1 8,volcanic ,isl&s0 etc4 by ! ,au?or47 ,bo? ! basaltic & feldspa?ic subm>9e /reams are v compact2 none be+ vesicul>1 & only a few amygdaloidal3 ! effects :i* "s ( !m1 especially ^? l[ 9 ! s]ies1 h produc$ on ! tuface\s b$s ov] :i* !y h fl[$ is highly curi\s4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is local metamorphic action1 all ! /rata und\bt$ly display an indurat$ & alt]$ "*2 & all ! rocks ( ?is range--! lavas1 ! alt]nat+ s$im5ts1 ! intrusive granite & porphyries1 & ! und]ly+ clay- slate--are int]sect$ by metallif]\s ve9s4 ,! lava-/rata c (t5 be se5 ext5d+ = great di/ances1 con=mably ) ! "u & ov]ly+ b$s2 & x 0 obvi\s t !y ?ick5$ t[>ds ! we/4 ,h5ce ! po9ts ( eruption mu/ h be5 situat$ we/w>d ( ! pres5t range1 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a3 z1 h[ev]1 ! flanks ( ! ,cordill]a are entirely compos$ ( v>i\s porphyries1 *iefly clay/one & gre5/one1 "s intrusive1 & o!rs belong+ to ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 b all q unlike ^! subm>9e lava-/reams1 we mu/ 9 all probability look to ! pla9 ( ,uspallata = ! n[ deeply buri$ po9ts ( eruption4 ,comp>+ our section ( ! ,uspallata range ) t ( ! ,cumbre1 we see1 ) ! exception ( ! und]ly+ clay-slate1 & p]haps ( ! intrusive rocks ( ! axes1 a /rik+ dissimil>ity 9 ! /rata compos+ !m4 ,! great porphyritic conglom]ate =mation has n ext5d$ z f> z ?is range2 nor h we "h any ( ! gypse\s /rata1 ! magnesian & o!r lime/ones1 ! r$ s&/ones1 ! silice\s b$s ) pebbles ( qu>tz1 & comp>atively little ( ! conglom]ates1 all ( :i* =m su* va/ masses ov] ! basal s]ies 9 ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,cordill]a1 we d n f9d ^? endless v>ieties ( indurat$ tuffs1 ) _! num]\s ve9s & concretion>y arrangem5t1 & ^? grit & mud /ones1 & s+ul> semi-porcellanic rocks1 s abundant 9 ! ,uspallata range4 ,! subm>9e lavas1 also1 diff] consid]ably2 ! feldspa?ic /reams ( ! ,cordill]a conta9 mu* mica1 :i* is abs5t 9 ^? ( ! ,uspallata range3 9 ?is latt] range we h se5 on h[ gr& a scale1 basaltic lava has be5 p\r$ =?1 ( :i* !re is n a trace 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,?is dissimil>ity is ! m /rik+1 consid]+ t ^! two p>allel *a9s are sep>at$ by a pla9 only betwe5 t5 & fifte5 miles 9 wid?2 & t ! ,uspallata lavas1 z well z no d\bt ! alt]nat+ tuface\s b$s1 h proce$$ f ! we/1 f po9ts app>5tly betwe5 ! two ranges4 ,to imag9e t ^! two piles ( /rata 7 contemporane\sly deposit$ 9 two closely adjo9+1 v deep1 subm>9e areas1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a l(ty ridge1 :]e a pla9 n[ ext5ds1 w\ld be a gratuit\s hypo!sis4 ,& _h !y be5 contemporane\sly deposit$1 )\t any su* divid+ ridge1 surely "s ( ! gypse\s & o!r s$im5t>y matt] =m+ su* imm5sely ?ick masses 9 ! ,cordill]a1 w\ld h ext5d$ ?is %ort di/ance ea/w>ds2 & surely "s ( ! ,uspallata tuffs & basalts also accumulat$ to s great a ?ickness1 w\ld h ext5d$ a little we/w>d4 ,h5ce ,i conclude1 t x is f> f probable t ^! two s]ies are n contemporane\s2 b t ! /rata ( "o ( ! *a9s 7 deposit$1 & ev5 ! *a9 itself uplift$1 be=e ! =mation ( ! o!r3--:i* *a91 !n1 is ! olde/8 ,consid]+ t 9 ! ,uspallata range ! l[e/ /rata on ! we/]n flank lie uncon=mably on ! clay- slate1 z probably is ! case ) ^? on ! ea/]n flank1 :]eas 9 ! ,cordill]a all ! ov]ly+ /rata lie con=mably on ?is =mation3--consid]+ t 9 ! ,uspallata range "s ( ! b$s1 bo? l[ d[n & high up 9 ! s]ies1 are m>k$ ) vegetable impressions1 %[+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( neighb\r+ l&2--consid]+ ! close g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! deposits ( ?is range & ^? ( t]ti>y orig9 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! cont95t2--& la/ly1 ev5 consid]+ ! less] height & outly+ position ( ! ,uspallata range1--,i conclude t ! /rata compos+ x are 9 all probability ( subsequ5t orig91 & t !y 7 accumulat$ at a p]iod :5 a deep sea /udd$ ) subm>9e volcanoes wa%$ ! ea/]n base ( ! already p>tially elevat$ ,cordill]a4 ,?is conclusion is ( mu* importance1 = we h se5 t 9 ! ,cordill]a1 dur+ ! deposition ( ! ,neocomian /rata1 ! b$ ( ! sea mu/ h subsid$ _m ?\s& feet3 we n[ le>n t at a lat] p]iod an adjo9+ area fir/ receiv$ a great accumulation ( /rata1 & 0 upheav$ into l& on :i* conif]\s trees grew1 & t ?is area !n subsid$ sev]al ?\s& feet to receive ! sup]9cumb5t subm>9e /rata1 aft]w>ds be+ brok5 up1 d5ud$1 & elevat$ 9 mass to its pres5t height4 ,i am /r5g!n$ 9 ?is conclusion ( !re hav+ be5 two di/9ct1 great p]iods ( subsid5ce1 by reflect+ on ! ?ick mass ( co>se /ratifi$ conglom]ate 9 ! valley ( ,t5uyan1 betwe5 ! ,peuqu5es & ,portillo l9es2 = ! accumulation ( ?is mass seems to me1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 almo/ necess>ily to h requir$ a prolong$ subsid5ce2 & ?is subsid5ce1 f ! pebbles 9 ! conglom]ate hav+ be5 to a great ext5t d]iv$ f ! gypse\s or ,neocomian /rata ( ! ,peuqu5es l9e1 we "k mu/ h be5 q di/9ct f1 & subsequ5t to1 t s9k+ movem5t :i* probably accompani$ ! deposition ( ! ,peuqu5es /rata1 & :i* c]ta9ly accompani$ ! deposition ( ! equival5t b$s ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 9 ?is l9e ( section4 ,! ,uspallata *a9 corresponds 9 geographical position1 ?\gh on a small scale1 ) ! ,portillo l9e2 & its clay-slate =mation is probably ! equival5t ( ! mica-s*i/ ( ! ,portillo1 !re metamorphos$ by ! old :ite granites & sy5ites4 ,! col\r$ b$s "u ! conglom]ate 9 ! valley ( ,t5uyan1 ( :i* traces are se5 on ! cre/ ( ! ,portillo1 & ev5 ! conglom]ate itself1 may p]haps be syn*ron\s ) ! tuface\s b$s & subm>9e lavas ( ! ,uspallata range2 an op5 sea & volcanic action 9 ! latt] case1 & a conf9$ *annel betwe5 two bord]+ *a9s ( islets 9 ! =m] case1 hav+ be5 suffici5t to acc\nt = ! m9]alogical dissimil>ity ( ! two s]ies4 ,f ?is correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,uspallata & ,portillo ranges1 p]haps 9 age & c]ta9ly 9 geographical position1 "o is tempt$ to consid] ! "o range z ! prolongation ( ! o!r2 b _! axes are =m$ ( totally diff]5t intrusive rocks2 & we h trac$ ! app>5t cont9uation ( ! r$ granite ( ! ,portillo 9 ! r$ porphyries div]g+ into ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,:e!r ! axis ( ! ,uspallata range 0 inject$ be=e1 or z p]haps is m probable1 aft] t ( ! ,portillo l9e1 ,i w n pret5d to decide2 b x is well to rememb] t ! highly incl9$ lava-/reams on ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,portillo l9e1 prove t its angul> upheavem5t 0 n a s+le & sudd5 ev5t2 & !re=e t ! anticl9al elevation ( ! ,uspallata range may h be5 contemporane\s ) "s ( ! lat] angul> movem5ts by :i* ! gigantic ,portillo range ga9$ its pres5t height above ! adjo9+ pla94 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nor!rn ,,*ile4 ,,conclusion4 ,section f ,illapel to ,comb>bala2 gypse\s =mation ) silicifi$ wood4--,panuncillo4--,coquimbo2 m9es ( ,arqu]os2 section up valley2 fossils4--,guasco1 fossils (4--,copiapo1 section up valley2 ,las ,amolanas1 silicifi$ wood4--,conglom]ates1 nature ( =m] l&1 fossils1 ?ickness ( /rata1 great subsid5ce4--,valley ( ,despoblado1 fossils1 tuface\s deposit1 complicat$ dislocations (4--,relations betwe5 anci5t orifices ( eruption & subsequ5t axes ( injection4--,iquique1 ,p]u1 fossils (1 salt-deposits4--,metallif]\s ve9s4--,summ>y on ! porphyritic conglom]ate & gypse\s =mations4--,great subsid5ce ) p>tial elevations dur+ ! cretaceo-oolitic p]iod4--,on ! elevation & /ructure ( ! ,cordill]a4--,recapitulation on ! t]ti>y s]ies4--,relation betwe5 movem5ts ( subsid5ce & volcanic action4--,pampean =mation4--,rec5t elevatory movem5ts4--,long-cont9u$ volcanic action 9 ! ,cordill]a4--,conclusion4 ,,valp>aiso ,,to ,,coquimbo4 ,i h already describ$ ! g5]al nature ( ! rocks 9 ! l[ c\ntry nor? ( ,valp>aiso1 consi/+ ( granites1 sy5ites1 gre5/ones1 & alt]$ feldspa?ic clay-slate4 ,ne> ,coquimbo !re is mu* hornbl5dic rock & v>i\s dusky-col\r$ porphyries4 ,i w describe only "o section 9 ?is di/rict1 namely1 f ne> ,illapel 9 a ,n4,e4 l9e to ! m9es ( ,los ,hornos1 & !nce 9 a nor? by ea/ direction to ,comb>bala1 at ! foot ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,ne> ,illapel1 aft] pass+ = "s di/ance ov] granite1 &esite1 & &esitic porphyry1 we come to a gre5i% /ratifi$ feldspa?ic rock1 :i* ,i believe is alt]$ clay-slate1 con=mably capp$ by porphyries & porphyritic conglom]ate ( great ?ickness1 dipp+ at an av]age angle ( #bj degrees to ,n4,e4 by ,n4 ,! upp]mo/ b$s consi/ ( conglom]ates & s&/one only a little metamorphos$1 & con=mably cov]$ by a gypse\s =mation ( v great ?ickness1 b mu* d5ud$4 ,?is gypse\s =mation1 :]e fir/ met )1 lies 9 a broad valley or bas91 a little s\?w>d ( ! m9es ( ,los ,hornos3 ! l[] half alone conta9s gypsum1 n 9 great masses z 9 ! ,cordill]a1 b 9 innum]able ?9 lay]s1 seldom m ?an an in* or two 9 ?ickness4 ,! gypsum is ei!r opaque or transp>5t1 & is associat$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! lay]s alt]nate ) num]\s v>y+ ones ( a calc>e\s clay-%ale 7) /rong alum9\s od\r1 adh]+ to ! tongue1 easily fusible into a pale gre5 glass71 m or less indurat$1 ei!r e>?y & cream-col\r$1 or gre5i% & h>d4 ,! m indurat$ v>ieties h a compact1 homog5e\s1 almo/ cry/all9e fracture1 & conta9 granules ( cry/allis$ oxide ( iron4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties almo/ resemble hone/ones4 ,!re is also a little black1 h>dly fusible1 siliceo- calc>e\s clay-slate1 l "s ( ! v>ieties alt]nat+ ) gypsum on ! ,peuqu5es range4 ,! upp] half ( ?is gypse\s =mation is ma9ly =m$ ( ! same calc>e\s clay-%ale rock1 b )\t any gypsum1 & v>y+ extremely 9 nature3 x passes f a s(t1 co>se1 e>?y1 f]rug9\s /ate1 includ+ p>ticles ( qu>tz1 into compact clay/ones ) cry/allis$ oxide ( iron1--into porcellanic lay]s1 alt]nat+ ) seams ( calc>e\s matt]1--& into gre5 porcela9-jasp]1 excessively h>d1 b easily fusible4 ,/rata ( ?is nature alt]nate ) mu* black & br[n siliceo-calc>e\s slate1 rem>kable f ! wond]ful numb] ( huge emb$d$ logs ( silicifi$ wood4 ,?is wood1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,br[n1 is 7judg+ f sev]al specim5s7 all conif]\s4 ,"s ( ! lay]s ( ! black silice\s slate conta9$ irregul> angul> fragm5ts ( imp]fect pit*/one1 :i* ,i believe1 z 9 ! ,uspallata range1 has orig9at$ 9 a metamorphic process4 ,!re 0 "o b$ ( a m>ly tuface\s nature1 & ( little specific gravity4 ,ve9s ( agate & calc>e\s sp> are num]\s4 ,! :ole ( ?is gypse\s =mation1 especially ! upp] half1 has be5 inject$1 metamorphos$1 & locally contort$ by num]\s hillocks ( intrusive porphyries cr[d$ toge!r 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,^! hillocks consi/ ( purple clay/one & ( v>i\s o!r porphyries1 & ( mu* :ite feldspa?ic gre5/one pass+ into &esite2 ?is latt] v>iety includ$ 9 "o case cry/als ( or?itic & albitic feldsp> t\*+ ea* o!r1 & o!rs ( hornbl5de1 *lorite1 & epidote4 ,! /rata surr\nd+ ^! intrusive hillocks at ! m9es ( ,los ,hornos1 are int]sect$ by _m ve9s ( copp]-pyrites1 associat$ ) mu* micace\s iron-ore1 & by "s ( gold3 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! ve9s ! rocks are black5$ & mu* alt]$4 ,! gypsum ne> ! intrusive masses is always opaque4 ,"o ( ^! hillocks ( porphyry 0 capp$ by "s /ratifi$ porphyritic conglom]ate1 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght up f bel[1 ?r\gh ! :ole imm5se ?ickness ( ! ov]ly+ gypse\s =mation4 ,! l[] b$s ( ! gypse\s =mation resemble ! correspond+ & probably contemporane\s /rata ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a2 :il/ ! upp] b$s 9 sev]al respects resemble ^? ( ! ,uspallata *a91 & possibly may be contemporane\s ) !m2 = ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! ,uspallata b$s 7 accumulat$ subsequ5tly to ! gypse\s or ,neocomian =mations ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,?is pile ( /rata dips at an angle ( ab\t #bj degrees to ,n4,e4 by ,n41 close up to ! foot ( ! ,cue/a de ,los ,hornos1 a crook$ range ( m\nta9s =m$ ( intrusive rocks ( ! same nature ) ! above describ$ hillocks4 ,only 9 "o or two places1 on ?is s\?-ea/]n side ( ! range1 ,i notic$ a n>r[ fr+e ( ! upp] gypse\s /rata bru%$ up & incl9$ s\?-ea/w>d f x4 ,on its nor?-ea/]n flank1 & likewise on a few ( ! summits1 ! /ratifi$ porphyritic conglom]ate is incl9$ ,n4,e43 s t1 if we disreg>d ! v n>r[ anticl9al fr+e ( gypse\s /rata at its ,s4,e4 foot1 ?is range =ms a second unicl9al axis ( elevation4 ,proce$+ 9 a nor?-by-ea/ direction to ! village ( ,comb>bala1 we come to a ?ird esc>pm5t ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 dipp+ ea/w>ds1 & =m+ ! out] range ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,! l[] b$s 7 "h m jasp]y ?an usual1 & !y includ$ "s :ite *]ty /rata & r$ s&/ones1 alt]nat+ ) purple clay/one porphyry4 ,high] up 9 ! ,cordill]a !re appe>$ to be a l9e ( &esitic rocks2 & beyond !m1 a f\r? esc>pm5t ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 aga9 dipp+ ea/w>ds or inw>ds4 ,! ov]ly+ gypse\s /rata1 if !y ev] exi/$ "h1 h be5 entirely remov$4 ,,copp] ,,m9es ,,( ,,panuncillo4 ,f ,comb>bala to ,coquimbo1 ,i trav]s$ ! c\ntry 9 a zigzag direction1 cross+ & recross+ ! porphyritic conglom]ate & f9d+ 9 ! granitic di/ricts an unusual numb] ( m\nta9-masses compos$ ( v>i\s intrusive1 porphyritic rocks1 _m ( !m &esitic4 ,"o common v>iety 0 gre5i%-black1 ) l>ge cry/als ( blacki% albite4 ,at ,panuncillo a %ort ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e4 ridge1 ) a nucleus =m$ ( gre5/one & ( a slate-col\r$ porphyry includ+ cry/als ( glassy feldsp>1 des]ves notice1 f ! v s+ul> nature ( ! almo/ v]tical /rata compos+ x4 ,^! consi/ *iefly ( a f9] & co>s] granul> mixture1 n v compact1 ( :ite c>bonate ( lime1 ( protoxide ( iron & ( yell[i% g>nets 7asc]ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,mill]71 ea* gra9 be+ an almo/ p]fect cry/al4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties consi/ exclusively ( granules ( ! calc>e\s sp>2 & "s conta9 gra9s ( copp] ore1 &1 ,i believe1 ( qu>tz4 ,^! /rata alt]nate ) a blui%1 compact1 fusible1 feldspa?ic rock4 ,mu* ( ! above granul> mixture has1 also1 a pseudo-brecciat$ /ructure1 9 :i* fragm5ts are obscurely arrang$ 9 planes p>allel to ^? ( ! /ratification1 & are conspicu\s on ! wea!r$ surfaces4 ,! fragm5ts are angul> or r\nd$1 small or l>ge1 & consi/ ( blui% or r$di% compact feldspa?ic matt]1 9 :i* a few acicul> cry/als ( feldsp> c sometimes be se54 ,! fragm5ts (t5 bl5d at _! edges into ! surr\nd+ granul> mass1 & seem due to a k9d ( concretion>y action4 ,^! s+ul> rocks are trav]s$ by _m copp] ve9s1 & appe> to re/ con=mably on ! granul> mixture 79 p>ts z f9e-gra9$ z a s&/one7 ( qu>tz1 mica1 hornbl5de1 & feldsp>2 & ?is on f9e- gra9$1 common gneiss2 & ?is on a lam9at$ mass1 compos$ ( p9ki% ,,or?itic feldsp>1 includ+ a few specks ( hornbl5de2 & la/ly1 ?is on granite1 :i* toge!r ) &esitic rocks1 =m ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,,coquimbo3 ,,m9+ ,,di/rict ,,( ,,arqu]os4 ,at ,coquimbo ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation approa*es ne>] to ! ,pacific ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,*ile visit$ by me1 be+ sep>at$ f ! coa/ by a tract only a few miles broad ( ! usual plutonic rocks1 ) ! addition ( a porphyry hav+ a r$ euritic base4 ,9 proce$+ to ! m9es ( ,arqu]os1 ! /rata ( porphyritic conglom]ate are at fir/ ne>ly horizontal1 an unusual circum/ance1 & aft]w>ds !y dip g5tly to ,s4,s4,e4 ,aft] hav+ asc5d$ to a consid]able height1 we come to an undulatory di/rict 9 :i* ! fam\s silv] m9es are situat$2 my exam9ation 0 *iefly conf9$ to ^? ( ,s4 ,rosa4 ,mo/ ( ! rocks 9 ?is di/rict are /ratifi$1 dipp+ 9 v>i\s directions1 & _m ( !m are ( s s+ul> a nature1 t at ! risk ( be+ t$i\s ,i mu/ briefly describe !m4 ,! commone/ v>iety is a dull-r$1 compact1 f9ely brecciat$ /one1 conta9+ mu* iron & innum]able :ite cry/allis$ p>ticles ( c>bonate ( lime1 & m9ute extrane\s fragm5ts4 ,ano!r v>iety is almo/ equally common ne> ,s4 ,rosa2 x has a bright gre51 scanty basis1 includ+ di/9ct cry/als & pat*es ( :ite c>bonate ( lime1 & gra9s ( r$1 semi-micace\s oxide ( iron2 9 p>ts ! basis becomes d>k gre51 & assumes an obscure cry/all9e arrangem5t1 & occasionally 9 p>ts x becomes s(t & slightly transluc5t l soap/one4 ,^! r$ & gre5 rocks are (t5 q di/9ct1 & (t5 pass into ea* o!r2 ! passage be+ sometimes affect$ by a f9e brecciat$ /ructure1 p>ticles ( ! r$ & gre5 matt] be+ m+l$ toge!r4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties appe> gradually to become porphyritic ) feldsp>2 & all ( !m are easily fusible into pale or d>k-col\r$ beads1 /rongly attract$ by ! magnet4 ,i %\ld p]haps h mi/ak5 sev]al ( ^! /ratifi$ rocks = subm>9e lavas1 l "s ( ^? describ$ at ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 _h ,i n exam9$1 a few leagues ea/w>d ( ?is po9t1 a f9e s]ies ( analog\s b less metamorphos$1 s$im5t>y b$s belong+ to ! gypse\s =mation1 & probably d]iv$ f a volcanic s\rce4 ,?is =mation is int]sect$ by num]\s metallif]\s ve9s1 runn+1 ?\gh irregul>ly1 ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 & g5]ally at "r angles to ! _m dikes4 ,! ve9s consi/ ( native silv]1 ( muriate ( silv]1 an amalgam ( silv]1 cobalt1 antimony1 & ars5ic1 g5]ally emb$d$ 9 sulphate ( b>ytes4 7,see ! ,report on ,m4 ,domeyko's acc\nt ( ^? m9es1 9 ! 8,comptes ,r5dus0 tome #ad page #efj47 ,i 0 assur$ by ,mr4 ,lamb]t1 t native copp] )\t a trace ( silv] has be5 f\nd 9 ! same ve9 ) native silv] )\t a trace ( copp]4 ,at ! m9es ( ,ari/eas1 ! silv] ve9s are said to be unproductive z soon z !y pass into ! gre5 /rata1 :]eas at ,s4 ,rosa1 only two or ?ree miles di/ant1 ! rev]se happ5s2 & at ! "t ( my visit1 ! m9]s 7 work+ ?r\gh a r$ /ratum1 9 ! hope ( ! ve9 becom+ productive 9 ! und]ly+ gre5 s$im5t>y mass4 ,i h a specim5 ( "o ( ^! gre5 rocks1 ) ! usual granules ( :ite calc>e\s sp> & r$ oxide ( iron1 ab\nd+ ) dissem9at$ p>ticles ( glitt]+ native & muriate ( silv]1 yet tak5 at ! di/ance ( "o y>d f any ve91--a circum/ance1 z ,i 0 assur$1 ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,a ,,section ,,ea/w>d1 ,,up ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,coquimbo4 ,aft] pass+ = a few miles ov] ! coa/ granitic s]ies1 we come to ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 ) its usual *>act]s1 & ) "s ( ! b$s di/9ctly display+ _! me*anical orig94 ,! /rata1 :]e fir/ met )1 are1 z be=e /at$1 only slightly incl9$2 b ne> ! ,haci5da ( ,plucl>o1 we come to an anticl9al axis1 ) ! b$s mu* dislocat$ & %ift$ by a great fault1 ( :i* n a trace is ext]nally se5 9 ! outl9e ( ! hill4 ,i believe t ?is anticl9al axis c be trac$ nor?w>ds1 into ! di/rict ( ,arqu]os1 :]e a conspicu\s hill call$ ,c]ro ,blanco1 =m$ ( a h>%1 cream-col\r$ euritic rock1 includ+ a few cry/als ( r$di% feldsp>1 & associat$ ) "s purpli% clay/one porphyry1 seems to fall on a l9e ( elevation4 ,9 desc5d+ f ! ,arqu]os di/rict1 ,i cross$ on ! nor!rn bord] ( ! valley1 /rata incl9$ ea/w>d f ! ,plucl>o axis3 on ! porphyritic conglom]ate !re re/$ a mass1 "s hundr$ feet ?ick1 ( br[n argillace\s lime/one1 9 p>ts cry/all9e1 & 9 p>ts almo/ compos$ ( ,hippurites ,*il5sis1 d',orbigny2 above ?is came a black calc>e\s %ale1 & on x a r$ conglom]ate4 ,9 ! br[n lime/one1 ) ! ,hippurites1 !re 0 an impression ( a ,pect5 & a coral1 & great numb]s ( a l>ge ,gryphaea1 v l1 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 probably id5tical ) ,g4 ,ori5talis1 ,=bes ,,ms41--a cretace\s species 7probably upp] gre5s&7 f ,v]da*ellum1 9 ,s\!rn ,india4 ,^! fossils seem to occupy ne>ly ! same position ) ^? at ! ,pu5te del ,inca1--namely1 at ! top ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & at ! base ( ! gypse\s =mation4 ,a little above ! ,haci5da ( ,plucl>o1 ,i made a det\r on ! nor!rn side ( ! valley1 to exam9e ! sup]9cumb5t gypse\s /rata1 :i* ,i e/imat$ at #f1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! upp]mo/ b$s ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 on :i* ! gypse\s /rata con=mably re/1 are v>i\sly col\r$1 ) "o v s+ul> & beautiful /ratum compos$ ( purple pebbles ( v>i\s k9ds ( porphyry1 emb$d$ 9 :ite calc>e\s sp>1 includ+ cavities l9$ ) bright-gre5 cry/allis$ epidote4 ,! :ole pile ( /rata belong+ to bo? =mations is incl9$1 app>5tly f ! above-m5tion$ axis ( ,plucl>o1 at an angle ( betwe5 #bj & #cj degrees to ! ea/4 ,i w "h give a section ( ! pr9cipal b$s met ) 9 cross+ ! entire ?ickness ( ! gypse\s /rata4 ,fir/ly3 above ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 !re is a f9e- gra9$1 r$1 cry/all9e s&/one4 ,secondly3 a ?ick mass ( smoo?-gra9$1 calc>eo-alum9\s1 %aly rock1 (t5 m>k$ ) d5dritic manganese1 & hav+1 :]e mo/ compact1 ! ext]nal appe>ance ( hone/one4 ,x is easily fusible4 ,i %all = ! future1 = conv5i5ce' sake1 call ?is v>iety pseudo-hone/one4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties are q black :5 fre%ly brok51 b all wea!r into a yell[i%-a% col\r$1 s(t1 e>?y sub/ance1 precisely z is ! case ) ! compact %aly rocks ( ! ,peuqu5es range4 ,?is /ratum is ( ! same g5]al nature ) _m ( ! b$s ne> ,los ,hornos 9 ! ,illapel section4 ,9 ?is second b$1 or 9 ! und]ly+ r$ s&/one 7= ! surface 0 p>tially conceal$ by detritus71 !re 0 a ?ick mass ( gypsum1 hav+ ! same m9]alogical *>act]s ) ! great b$s describ$ 9 our sections across ! ,cordill]a4 ,?irdly3 a ?ick /ratum ( f9e-gra9$1 r$1 s$im5t>y matt]1 easily fusible into a :ite glass1 l ! basis ( clay/one porphyry2 b 9 p>ts jasp]y1 9 p>ts brecciat$1 & includ+ cry/all9e specks ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 "s ( ! jasp]y lay]s1 & 9 "s ( ! black silice\s slaty b&s1 !re 7 irregul> seams ( imp]fect pit*/one1 und\bt$ly ( metamorphic orig91 & o!r seams ( br[n1 cry/all9e lime/one4 ,"h1 also1 7 masses1 ext]nally resembl+ ill-pres]v$ silicifi$ wood4 ,f\r?ly & fif?ly3 calc>e\s pseudo-hone/one2 & a ?ick /ratum conceal$ by detritus4 ,six?ly3 a ?9ly /ratifi$ mass ( bright gre51 compact1 smoo?-gra9$1 calc>eo-argillace\s /one1 easily fusible1 & emitt+ a /rong alum9\s od\r3 ! :ole has a highly angulo-concretion>y /ructure2 & x resembles1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "s ( ! upp] tufaceo-infusorial deposits ( ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation4 ,x is 9 its nature alli$ to our pseudo-hone/one1 & x includes well *>act]is$ lay]s ( t v>iety2 & o!r lay]s ( a pale gre51 h>d]1 & brecciat$ v>iety2 & o!rs ( r$ s$im5t>y matt]1 l t ( b$ ,?ree4 ,"s pebbles ( porphyries are emb$d$ 9 ! upp] "p4 ,sev5?ly3 r$ s$im5t>y matt] or s&/one l t ( b$ ,"o1 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & includ+ jasp]y lay]s1 (t5 hav+ a f9ely brecciat$ /ructure4 ,eigh?ly3 :ite1 mu* indurat$1 almo/ cry/all9e tuff1 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 includ+ r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz & p>ticles ( gre5 matt] l t ( b$ ,six4 ,p>ts pass into a v pale gre51 semi- porcellanic /one4 ,n9?ly3 r$ or br[n co>se conglom]ate1 ?ree or f\r hundr$ feet ?ick1 =m$ *iefly ( pebbles ( porphyries1 ) volcanic p>ticles1 9 an ar5ace\s1 non-calc>e\s1 fusible basis3 ! upp] two feet are ar5ace\s )\t any pebbles4 ,t5?ly3 ! la/ & upp]mo/ /ratum "h exhibit$1 is a compact1 slate-col\r$ porphyry1 ) num]\s elongat$ cry/als ( glassy feldsp>1 f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness2 x lies /rictly con=mably on ! und]ly+ conglom]ate1 & is und\bt$ly a subm>9e lava4 ,?is great pile ( /rata has be5 brok5 up 9 sev]al places by intrusive hillocks ( purple clay/one porphyry1 & by dikes ( porphyritic gre5/one3 x is said t a few poor metallif]\s ve9s h be5 discov]$ "h4 ,f ! fusible nature & g5]al appe>ance ( ! f9]-gra9$ /rata1 !y probably owe _! orig9 7l ! alli$ b$s ( ! ,uspallata range1 & ( ! ,upp] ,patagonian t]ti>y =mations71 to g5tle volcanic eruptions1 & to ! abrasion ( volcanic rocks4 ,comp>+ ^! b$s ) ^? 9 ! m9+ di/rict ( ,arqu]os1 we see at bo? places rocks easily fusible1 ( ! same peculi> bright gre5 & r$ col\rs1 conta9+ calc>e\s matt]1 (t5 hav+ a f9ely brecciat$ /ructure1 (t5 pass+ into ea* o!r1 & (t5 alt]nat+ toge!r3 h5ce ,i _c d\bt t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 lies 9 ! ,arqu]os b$s hav+ be5 m metamorphos$ 79 con=mity ) _! m dislocat$ & inject$ condition71 & consequ5tly 9 ! calc>e\s matt]1 oxide ( iron & gre5 col\r+ matt]1 hav+ be5 segregat$ "u a m cry/all9e =m4 ,! /rata are incl9$1 z be=e /at$1 f #bj to #cj degrees ea/w>d1 t[>ds an irregul> nor? & s\? *a9 ( &esitic porphyry & ( porphyritic gre5/one1 :]e !y are abruptly cut (f4 ,9 ! valley ( ,coquimbo1 ne> to ! ,h4 ( ,gualliguaca1 simil> plutonic rocks are met )1 app>5tly a s\!rn prolongation ( ! above *a92 & ea/w>d ( x we h an esc>pm5t ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 ) ! /rata incl9$ at a small angle ea/w>d1 :i* makes ! ?ird esc>pm5t1 includ+ t ne>e/ ! coa/4 ,proce$+ up ! valley we come to ano!r nor? & s\? l9e ( granite1 &esite1 & blacki% porphyry1 :i* seem to lie 9 an irregul> tr\gh ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,aga91 on ! s\? side ( ! ,r4 ,cl>o1 !re are "s irregul> granitic hills1 :i* h ?r[n (f ! /rata ( porphyritic conglom]ate to ! ,n4,w4 by ,w42 b ! /ratification "h has be5 mu* di/urb$4 ,i did n proce$ any f>!r up ! valley1 & ?is po9t is ab\t two-?irds ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,i w describe only "o o!r section1 namely1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,r4 ,cl>o1 :i* is int]e/+ f conta9+ fossils3 ! /rata are mu* dislocat$ by faults & dikes1 & are incl9$ to ! nor?1 t[>ds a m\nta9 ( &esite & porphyry1 into :i* !y appe> to become almo/ bl5d$4 ,z ! b$s approa* ?is m\nta91 _! incl9ation increases up to an angle ( #gj degrees1 & 9 ! upp] "p1 ! rocks become highly metamorphos$4 ,! l[e/ b$ visible 9 ?is section1 is a purpli% h>d s&/one4 ,secondly1 a b$ two or ?ree hundr$ feet ?ick1 ( a :ite silice\s s&/one1 ) a calc>e\s cem5t1 conta9+ seams ( slaty s&/one1 & ( h>d yell[i%-br[n 7dolomitic87 lime/one2 num]\s1 well-r\nd$1 little pebbles ( qu>tz are includ$ 9 ! s&/one4 ,?irdly1 a d>k col\r$ lime/one ) "s qu>tz pebbles1 f fifty to sixty feet 9 ?ickness1 conta9+ num]\s silicifi$ %ells1 pres5tly to be enum]at$4 ,f\r?ly1 v compact1 calc>e\s1 jasp]y s&/one1 pass+ into 7fif?ly7 a great b$1 sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick1 ( conglom]ate1 compos$ ( pebbles ( :ite1 r$1 & purple porphyries1 ( s&/one & qu>tz1 cem5t$ by calc>e\s matt]4 ,i obs]v$ t "s ( ! f9] p>ts ( ?is conglom]ate 7 mu* indurat$ )9 a foot ( a dike eight feet 9 wid?1 & 7 r5d]$ ( a pal] col\r ) ! calc>e\s matt] segregat$ into :ite cry/allis$ p>ticles2 "s p>ts 7 /a9$ gre5 f ! col\r+ matt] ( ! dike4 ,six?ly1 a ?ick mass1 obscurely /ratifi$1 ( a r$ s$im5t>y /one or s&/one1 full ( cry/all9e calc>e\s matt]1 imp]fect cry/als ( oxide ( iron1 & ,i believe ( feldsp>1 & !re=e closely resembl+ "s ( ! highly metamorphos$ b$s at ,arqu]os3 ?is b$ 0 capp$ by1 & appe>$ to pass 9 its upp] "p into1 rocks simil>ly col\r$1 conta9+ calc>e\s matt]1 & ab\nd+ ) m9ute cry/als1 mo/ly elongat$ & glassy1 ( r$di% albite4 ,sev5?ly1 a con=mable /ratum ( f9e r$di% porphyry ) l>ge cry/als ( 7albitic87 feldsp>2 probably a subm>9e lava4 ,eigh?ly1 ano!r con=mable b$ ( gre5 porphyry1 ) specks ( gre5 e>? & cream-col\r$ cry/als ( feldsp>4 ,i believe t !re are o!r sup]9cumb5t cry/all9e /rata & subm>9e lavas1 b ,i _h n "t to exam9e !m4 ,! upp] b$s 9 ?is section probably correspond ) p>ts ( ! great gypse\s =mation2 & ! l[] b$s ( r$ s&/one conglom]ate & fossilif]\s lime/one no d\bt are ! equival5ts ( ! ,hippurite /ratum1 se5 9 desc5d+ f ,arqu]os to ,plucl>o1 :i* !re lies con=mably ^u ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation4 ,! fossils f\nd 9 ! ?ird b$1 consi/ (3-- ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage1 ,"p ,pal40 ,?is species1 :i* occurs "h 9 va/ numb]s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 resembles c]ta9 cretace\s =ms4 ,o/rea hemisph]ica1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 etc4 ,also resembles1 accord+ to ! same au?or1 cretace\s =ms4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 etc4 7,pl4 #bb ,figures #aj-ab47 ,is alli$1 accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 to ,t4 conc9na f ! ,=e/ ,m>ble4 ,a s]ies ( ?is species1 collect$ 9 sev]al localities h]eaft] to be ref]r$ to1 has be5 laid be=e ,pr(essor ,=bes2 & he in=ms me t _m ( ! specim5s are almo/ undi/+ui%able f our oolitic ,t4 tetra$ra1 & t ! v>ieties among/ !m are su* z are f\nd 9 t v>iable species4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,am]ican specim5s ( ,t4 a5igma may be di/+ui%$ f ! ,briti% ,t4 tetra$ra1 by ! surface hav+ ! ribs %>p & well-def9$ to ! beak1 :il/ 9 ! ,briti% species !y become obsolete & smoo!d d[n2 b ?is diff]5ce is n con/ant4 ,pr(essor ,=bes adds1 t1 possibly1 int]nal *>act]s may exi/1 :i* w\ld di/+ui% ! ,am]ican species f its ,european allies4 ,spirif] l+uif]oides1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,pr(essor ,=bes /ates t ?is species is v ne> to ,s4 l+uif]a ( ,phillips 7a c>bonif]\s lime/one fossil71 b probably di/9ct4 ,m4 d',orbigny consid]s x z p]haps indicat+ ! ,jurassic p]iod4 ,ammonites1 imp]fect impression (4 ,m4 ,domeyko has s5t to ,france a collection ( fossils1 :i*1 ,i presume1 f ! description giv51 mu/ h come f ! neighb\rhood ( ,arqu]os2 !y consi/ (3-- ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,o/rea hemisph]ica1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,turritella ,&ii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 7,pleurotom>ia ,humboldtii ( ,von ,bu*74 ,hippurites ,*il5sis1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,! specim5s ( ?is ,hippurite1 z well z ^? ,i collect$ 9 my desc5t f ,arqu]os1 are v imp]fect2 b 9 ,m4 d',orbigny's op9ion !y resemble1 z does ! ,turritella ,&ii1 cretace\s 7upp] gre5s&7 =ms4 ,nautilus ,domeykus1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,t]ebratula ignaciana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,?is latt] species 0 f\nd by ,m4 ,domeyko 9 ! same block ( lime/one ) ! ,t4 a5igma4 ,accord+ to ,m4 d',orbigny1 x comes ne> to ,t4 orni?ocephala f ! ,lias4 ,a s]ies ( ?is species collect$ at ,guasco1 has be5 exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 & he /ates t x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 "s ( ! specim5s & ! ,t4 ha/ata f ! m\nta9 lime/one2 & t x is equally difficult to draw a l9e betwe5 !m & "s ,m>l/one ,t]ebratulae4 ,)\t a k ( ! int]nal /ructure1 x is impossible at pres5t to decide on _! id5tity ) analog\s ,european =ms4 ,! rem>ks giv5 on ! sev]al =ego+ %ells1 %[ t1 9 ,m4 d',orbigny's op9ion1 ! ,pect51 ,o/rea1 ,turritella1 & ,hippurite indicate ! cretace\s p]iod2 & ! ,gryphaea appe>s to ,pr(essor ,=bes to be id5tical ) a species1 associat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,india ) unque/ionably cretace\s =ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! two ,t]ebratulae & ! ,spirif] po9t1 9 ! op9ion bo? ( ,m4 d',orbigny & ,pr(essor ,=bes1 to ! oolitic s]ies4 ,h5ce ,m4 d',orbigny1 n hav+ himself exam9$ ?is c\ntry1 has conclud$ t !re are "h two di/9ct =mations2 b ! ,spirif] & ,t4 a5igma 7 c]ta9ly includ$ 9 ! same b$ ) ! ,pect5 & ,o/rea1 :5ce ,i extract$ !m2 & ! geologi/ ,m4 ,domeyko s5t home ! two ,t]ebratulae ) ! o!r-nam$ %ells1 f ! same locality1 )\t specify+ t !y came f diff]5t b$s4 ,aga91 z we %all pres5tly see1 9 a collection ( %ells giv5 me f ,guasco1 ! same species1 & o!rs pres5t+ analog\s diff]5ces1 are m+l$ toge!r1 & are 9 ! same condition2 & la/ly1 9 ?ree places 9 ! valley ( ,copiapo1 ,i f\nd "s ( ^! same species simil>ly gr\p$4 ,h5ce !re _c be any d\bt1 highly curi\s ?\gh ! fact be1 t ^! sev]al fossils1 namely1 ! ,hippurites1 ,gryphaea1 ,o/rea1 ,pect51 ,turritella1 ,nautilus1 two ,t]ebratulae1 & ,spirif] all belong to ! same =mation1 :i* w\ld appe> to =m a passage betwe5 ! oolitic & cretace\s sy/ems ( ,europe4 ,al?\gh aw>e h[ unusual ! t]m mu/ s\nd1 ,i %all1 = conv5i5ce' sake1 call ?is =mation cretaceo- oolitic4 ,comp>+ ! sections 9 ?is valley ( ,coquimbo ) ^? 9 ! ,cordill]a describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & be>+ 9 m9d ! "* ( ! b$s 9 ! int]m$iate di/rict ( ,los ,hornos1 !re is c]ta9ly a close g5]al m9]alogical resemblance betwe5 !m1 bo? 9 ! und]ly+ porphyritic conglom]ate1 & 9 ! ov]ly+ gypse\s =mation4 ,consid]+ ?is resemblance1 & t ! fossils f ! ,pu5te del ,inca at ! base ( ! gypse\s =mation1 & ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its entire ?ickness on ! ,peuqu5es range1 indicate ! ,neocomian p]iod1--t is1 ! dawn ( ! cretace\s sy/em1 or1 z "s h believ$1 a passage betwe5 ?is latt] & ! oolitic s]ies--,i conclude t probably ! gypse\s & associat$ b$s 9 all ! sections hi!rto describ$1 belong to ! same great =mation1 :i* ,i h d5om9at$--cretaceo-oolitic4 ,i may add1 be=e leav+ ,coquimbo1 t ,m4 ,gay f\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ ,cordill]a1 at ! height ( #ad1jjj feet above ! sea1 a fossilif]\s =mation1 includ+ a ,trigonia & ,pholadomya 7,d',orbigny 8,voyage0 ,"p ,geolog4 page #bdb472--;bo? ( :i* g5]a occur at ! ,pu5te del ,inca4 ,,coquimbo ,,to ,,guasco4 ,! rocks ne> ! coa/1 & "s way inl&1 d n diff] f ^? describ$ nor?w>ds ( ,valp>aiso3 we h mu* gre5/one1 sy5ite1 feldspa?ic & jasp]y slate1 & grauwackes hav+ a basis l t ( clay/one2 !re are "s l>ge tracts ( granite1 9 :i* ! con/itu5t m9]als are sometimes arrang$ 9 folia1 ?us compos+ an imp]fect gneiss4 ,!re are two l>ge di/ricts ( mica-s*i/s1 pass+ into glossy clay-slate1 & resembl+ ! great =mation 9 ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ! valley ( ,guasco1 an esc>pm5t ( porphyritic conglom]ate is fir/ se5 high up ! valley1 ab\t two leagues ea/w>d ( ! t[n ( ,ball5>4 ,i he>d ( a great gypse\s =mation 9 ! ,cordill]a2 & a collection ( %ells made !re 0 giv5 me4 ,^! %ells are all 9 ! same condition1 & appe> to h come f ! same b$3 !y consi/ (3-- ,turritella ,&ii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,t]ebatula ignaciana1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,! relations ( ^! species h be5 giv5 "u ! head ( ,coquimbo4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,?is %ell ,m4 d',orbigny does n consid] id5tical ) 8 ,t4 a5igma1 b ne> to ,t4 obsoleta4 ,pr(essor ,=bes ?9ks t x is c]ta9ly a v>iety ( ,t4 a5igma3 we %all meet ) ?is v>iety aga9 at ,copiapo4 ,spirif] ,*il5sis1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,pr(essor ,=bes rem>ks t ?is fossil resembles sev]al c>bonif]\s lime/one ,spirif]s2 & t x is also relat$ to "s liassic species1 z ,s4 ,wolcotii4 ,if ^! %ells _h be5 exam9$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r collections1 !y w\ld probably h be5 consid]$1 f ! *>act]s ( ! two ,t]ebratulae1 & f ! ,spirif]1 z oolitic2 b consid]+ t ! fir/ species1 & accord+ to ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ! f\r fir/1 are id5tical ) ^? f ,coquimbo1 ! two =mations no d\bt are ! same1 & may1 z ,i h said1 be provisionally call$ cretaceo-oolitic4 ,,valley ,,( ,,copiapo4 ,! j\rney f ,guasco to ,copiapo1 ow+ to ! utt]ly des]t nature ( ! c\ntry1 0 necess>ily s hurri$1 t ,i d n consid] my notes wor? giv+4 ,9 ! valley ( ,copiapo "s ( ! sections are v int]e/+4 ,f ! sea to ! t[n ( ,copiapo1 a di/ance e/imat$ at ?irty miles1 ! m\nta9s are compos$ ( gre5/one1 granite1 &esite1 & blacki% porphyry1 toge!r ) "s dusky-gre5 feldspa?ic rocks1 :i* ,i believe to be alt]$ clay-slate3 ^! m\nta9s are cross$ by _m br[n-col\r$ dikes1 runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,above ! t[n1 ! ma9 valley runs 9 a s\?-ea/ & ev5 m s\!rly c\rse t[>ds ! ,cordill]a1 :]e x is divid$ into ?ree great rav9es1 by ! nor!rn "o ( :i*1 call$ ,jolqu]a1 ,i p5etrat$ = a %ort di/ance4 ,! section1 ,section #a_/c 9 ,plate #a1 gives an eye-sket* ( ! /ructure & composition ( ! m\nta9s on bo? sides ( ?is valley3 a /raight ea/ & we/ l9e f ! t[n to ! ,cordill]a is p]haps n m ?an ?irty miles1 b along ! valley ! di/ance is mu* great]4 ,:]ev] ! valley tr5d$ v s\!rly1 ,i h endeav\r$ to contract ! section into its true proportion4 ,?is valley1 ,i may add1 rises mu* m g5tly ?an any o!r valley :i* ,i saw 9 ,*ile4 ,to comm5ce ) our section1 = a %ort di/ance above ! t[n we h hills ( ! granitic s]ies1 toge!r ) "s ( t rock ,a1 :i* ,i suspect to be alt]$ clay-slate1 b :i* ,pr(essor ,g4 ,rose1 judg+ f specim5s collect$ by ,mey5 at ,p4 ,negro1 /ates is s]p5t9e pass+ into gre5/one4 ,we !n come sudd5ly to ! great gypse\s =mation ,b1 )\t hav+ pass$ ov]1 diff]5tly f1 9 all ! sections hi!rto describ$1 any ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,! /rata are at fir/ ei!r horizontal or g5tly incl9$ we/w>d2 !n highly incl9$ 9 v>i\s directions1 & contort$ by und]ly+ masses ( intrusive rocks2 & la/ly1 !y h a regul> ea/w>d dip1 & =m a tol]ably well pron\nc$ nor? & s\? l9e ( hills4 ,?is =mation consi/s ( ?9 /rata1 ) innum]able alt]nations1 ( black1 calc>e\s slate-rock1 ( calc>eo-alum9\s /ones l ^? at ,coquimbo1 :i* ,i h call$ pseudo-hone/ones ( gre5 jasp]y lay]s1 & ( pale-purpli%1 calc>e\s1 s(t rott5-/one1 includ+ seams & ve9s ( gypsum4 ,^! /rata are con=mably ov]laid by a great ?ickness ( ?9ly /ratifi$1 compact lime/one ) includ$ cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,at a place call$ ,ti]ra ,am>illa1 at ! foot ( a m\nta9 ?us compos$ !re is a broad ve91 or p]haps /ratum1 ( a beautiful & curi\s cry/allis$ mixture1 compos$1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,g4 ,rose1 ( sulphate ( iron "u two =ms1 & ( ! sulphates ( copp] & alum9a 7,mey5's 8,reise0 etc4 ,?4 #a1 s4 #cid473 ! section is s obscure t ,i c\ld n make out :e!r ?is ve9 or /ratum occurr$ 9 ! gypse\s =mation1 or m probably 9 "s und]ly+ masses ,a1 :i* ,i believe are alt]$ clay-slate4 ,,second ,,axis ,,( ,,elevation4 ,aft] ! gypse\s masses ,b1 we come to a l9e ( hills ( un/ratifi$ porphyry ,c1 :i* on _! ea/]n side bl5d into /rata ( great ?ickness ( porphyritic conglom]ate1 dipp+ ea/w>d4 ,?is latt] =mation1 h[ev]1 "h has n be5 ne>ly s mu* metamorphos$ z 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,c5tral ,*ile2 x is compos$ ( b$s ( true purple clay/one porphyry1 repeat$ly alt]nat+ ) ?ick b$s ( purpli%-r$ conglom]ate ) ! well-r\nd$1 l>ge pebbles ( v>i\s porphyries1 n bl5d$ toge!r4 ,,?ird ,,axis ,,( ,,elevation4 ,ne> ! rav9e ( ,los ,hornitos1 !re is a well-m>k$ l9e ( elevation1 ext5d+ = _m miles 9 a ,n4,n4,e4 & ,s4,s4,w4 direction1 ) ! /rata dipp+ 9 mo/ p>ts 7z 9 ! second axis7 only 9 "o direction1 namely1 ea/w>d at an av]age angle ( betwe5 #cj & #dj degrees4 ,close to ! m\? ( ! valley1 h[ev]1 !re is1 z repres5t$ 9 ! section1 a /eep & high m\nta9 ,d1 compos$ ( v>i\s gre5 & br[n intrusive porphyries envelop$ ) /rata1 app>5tly belong+ to ! upp] p>ts ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & dipp+ bo? ea/w>d & we/w>d4 ,i w describe ! section se5 on ! ea/]n side ( ?is m\nta9 ,d1 beg9n+ at ! base ) ! l[e/ b$ visible 9 ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & proce$+ upw>ds ?r\gh ! gypse\s =mation4 ,b$ #a consi/s ( r$di% & br[ni% porphyry v>y+ 9 "*1 & 9 _m p>ts highly amygdaloidal ) c>bonate ( lime1 & ) bright gre5 & br[n bole4 ,its upp] surface is ?r\gh\t cle>ly def9$1 b ! l[] surface is 9 mo/ p>ts indi/9ct1 & t[>ds ! summit ( ! m\nta9 ,d q bl5d$ into ! intrusive porphyries4 ,b$ #b1 a pale lilac1 h>d b n heavy /one1 slightly lam9at$1 includ+ small extrane\s fragm5ts1 & imp]fect z well z "s p]fect & glassy cry/als ( feldsp>2 f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 exam9+ x 9 situ1 ,i ?\ght x 0 c]ta9ly a true porphyry1 b my specim5s n[ lead me to suspect t x possibly may be a metamorphos$ tuff4 ,f its col\r x c\ld be trac$ = a long di/ance1 ov]ly+ 9 "o "p1 q con=mably to ! porphyry ( b$ #a1 & 9 ano!r n di/ant "p1 a v ?ick mass ( conglom]ate1 compos$ ( pebbles ( a porphyry *iefly l t ( b$ #a3 ?is fact %[s h[ ! nature ( ! bottom =m]ly v>i$ 9 %ort horizontal di/ances4 ,b$ #c1 :ite1 mu* indurat$ tuff1 conta9+ m9ute pebbles1 brok5 cry/als1 & scales ( mica1 v>ies mu* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is b$ is rem>kable f conta9+ _m globul> & pe>-%ap$1 ext]nally ru/y balls1 f ! size ( an apple to a man's head1 ( v t\gh1 slate-col\r$ porphyry1 ) imp]fect cry/als ( feldsp>3 9 %ape ^! balls d n resemble pebbles1 ,,& ,i ,,believe ,,t ,,!y ,,are ,,subaque\s ,,volcanic ,,bombs2 !y diff] f ,,suba]ial bombs only 9 n be+ vesicul>4 ,b$ #d2 a dull purpli%-r$1 h>d conglom]ate1 ) cry/allis$ p>ticles & ve9s ( c>bonate ( lime1 f ?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! pebbles are ( clay/one porphyries ( _m v>ieties2 !y are tol]ably well r\nd$1 & v>y 9 size f a l>ge apple to a man's head4 ,?is b$ includes ?ree lay]s ( co>se1 black1 calc>e\s1 some:at slaty rock3 ! upp] "p passes into a compact r$ s&/one4 ,9 a =mation s highly v>iable 9 m9]alogical nature1 any division n f\nd$ on fossil rema9s1 mu/ be extremely arbitr>y3 nev]!less1 ! b$s bel[ ! la/ conglom]ate may1 9 accordance ) all ! sections hi!rto describ$1 be consid]$ z belong+ to ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 & ^? above x to ! gypse\s =mation1 m>k$ ,e 9 ! section4 ,! "p ( ! valley 9 :i* ! foll[+ b$s are se5 is ne> ,potr]o ,seco4 ,b$ #e1 compact1 f9e-gra9$1 pale gre5i%-grey1 non- calc>e\s1 indurat$ mud/one1 easily fusible into a pale gre5 & :ite glass4 ,b$ #f1 purpli%1 co>se-gra9$1 h>d s&/one1 ) brok5 cry/als ( feldsp> & cry/allis$ p>ticles ( c>bonate ( lime2 x possesses a slightly nodul> /ructure4 ,b$ #g1 blacki%-grey1 mu* indurat$1 calc>e\s mud/one1 ) extrane\s p>ticles ( unequal size2 ! :ole be+ 9 p>ts f9ely brecciat$4 ,9 ?is mass !re is a /ratum1 tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness1 ( impure gypsum4 ,b$ #h1 a gre5i% mud/one1 ) sev]al lay]s ( gypsum4 ,b$ #i1 a highly indurat$1 easily fusible1 :ite tuff1 ?ickly mottl$ ) f]rug9\s matt]1 & includ+ "s :ite semi-porcellanic lay]s1 :i* are int]lac$ ) f]rug9\s ve9s4 ,?is /one closely resembles "s ( ! commone/ v>ieties 9 ! ,uspallata *a94 ,b$ #aj1 a ?ick b$ ( r bright gre51 indurat$ mud/one or tuff1 ) a concretion>y nodul> /ructure s /rongly develop$ t ! :ole mass consi/s ( balls4 ,i w n attempt to e/imate ! ?ickness ( ! /rata 9 ! gypse\s =mation hi!rto describ$1 b x mu/ c]ta9ly be v _m hundr$ feet4 ,b$ #aa is at lea/ #hjj feet 9 ?ickness3 x consi/s ( ?9 lay]s ( :iti%1 gre5i%1 or m commonly br[n1 f9e-gra9$1 indurat$ tuffs1 :i* crumble into angul> fragm5ts3 "s ( ! lay]s are semi-porcellanic1 _m ( !m highly f]rug9\s1 & "s are almo/ compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime & iron ) drusy cavities l9$ ) qu>tzf-cry/als4 ,b$ #ab1 dull purpli% or gre5i% or d>k-grey1 v compact & mu* indurat$ mud/one3 e/imat$ at #a1ejj feet 9 ?ickness3 9 "s p>ts ?is rock assumes ! "* ( an imp]fect co>se clay-slate2 b view$ "u a l5s1 ! basis always has a mottl$ appe>ance1 ) ! edges ( ! m9ute compon5t p>ticles bl5d+ toge!r4 ,p>ts are calc>e\s1 & !re are num]\s ve9s ( highly cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime *>g$ ) iron4 ,! mass has a nodul> /ructure1 & is divid$ by only a few planes ( /ratification3 !re are1 h[ev]1 two lay]s1 ea* ab\t eighte5 in*es ?ick1 ( a d>k br[n1 f9]-gra9$ /one1 hav+ a con*oidal1 semi-porcellanic fracture1 :i* c be foll[$ ) ! eye = "s miles across ! c\ntry4 ,i believe ?is la/ great b$ is cov]$ by o!r ne>ly simil> alt]nations2 b ! section is "h obscur$ by a tilt f ! next porphyritic *a91 pres5tly to be describ$4 ,i h giv5 ?is section 9 detail1 z be+ illu/rative ( ! g5]al "* ( ! m\nta9s 9 ?is neighb\rhood2 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t any "o /ratum long pres]ves ! same "*4 ,at a di/ance ( betwe5 only two & ?ree miles ! gre5 mud/ones & :ite indurat$ tuffs are to a great ext5t replac$ by r$ s&/one & black calc>e\s %aly rocks1 alt]nat+ toge!r4 ,! :ite indurat$ tuff1 b$ #aa1 "h conta9s little or no gypsum1 :]eas on ! nor!rn & opposite side ( ! valley1 x is ( mu* great] ?ickness & ab\nds ) lay]s ( gypsum1 "s ( !m alt]nat+ ) ?9 seams ( cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime4 ,! upp]mo/1 d>k-col\r$1 h>d mud/one1 b$ #ab1 is 9 ?is neighb\rhood ! mo/ con/ant /ratum4 ,! :ole s]ies diff]s to a consid]able ext5t1 especially 9 its upp] "p1 f t met ) at ,,bb1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! valley2 nev]!less1 ,i d n d\bt t !y are equival5ts4 ,,f\r? ,,axis ,,( ,,elevation 7,,valley ,,( ,,copiapo74 ,?is axis is =m$ ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s ,f1 ( :i* ! c5tral masses 7ne> ,la ,punta7 consi/ ( &esite conta9+ gre5 hornbl5de & copp]y mica1 & ! out] masses ( gre5i% & black porphyries1 toge!r ) "s f9e lilac-col\r$ clay/one porphyry2 all ^! porphyries be+ inject$ & brok5 up by small hummocks ( &esite4 ,! c5tral great mass ( ?is latt] rock1 is cov]$ on ! ea/]n side by a black1 f9e-gra9$1 highly micace\s slate1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! succe$+ m\nta9s ( porphyry1 are trav]s$ by num]\s :ite dikes1 bran*+ f ! &esite1 & "s ( !m ext5d+ 9 /raight l9es1 to a di/ance ( at lea/ two miles4 ,! m\nta9s ( porphyry ea/w>d ( ! micace\s s*i/ soon1 b gradually1 assume 7z obs]v$ 9 s _m o!r cases7 a /ratifi$ /ructure1 & c !n be recognis$ z a "p ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation4 ,^! /rata ,g are incl9$ at a high angle to ! ,s4,e41 & =m a mass f fifte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! gypse\s masses to ! we/ already describ$1 dip directly t[>ds ?is axis1 ) ! /rata only 9 a few places 7"o ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! section7 ?r[n f x3 h5ce ?is f\r? axis is ma9ly unicl9al t[>ds ! ,s4,e41 & j l our ?ird axis1 only locally anticl9al4 ,! above /rata ( porphyritic conglom]ate ,g ) _! s\?-ea/w>d dip1 come abruptly up aga9/ b$s ( ! gypse\s =mation ,h1 :i* are g5tly1 b irregul>ly1 incl9$ we/w>d3 s t !re is "h a syncl9al axis & great fault4 ,fur!r up ! valley1 "h runn+ ne>ly nor? & s\?1 ! gypse\s =mation is prolong$ = "s di/ance2 b ! /ratification is un9telligible1 ! :ole be+ brok5 up by faults1 dikes1 & metallif]\s ve9s4 ,! /rata consi/ *iefly ( r$ calc>e\s s&/ones1 ) num]\s ve9s 9 ! place ( lay]s1 ( gypsum2 ! s&/one is associat$ ) "s black calc>e\s slate-rock1 & ) gre5 pseudo-hone/ones1 pass+ into porcela9-jasp]4 ,/ill fur!r up ! valley1 ne> ,las ,amolanas ,i1 ! gypse\s /rata become m regul>1 dipp+ at an angle ( betwe5 #cj & #dj degrees to ,w4,s4,w41 & con=mably ov]ly+1 ne> ! m\? ( ! rav9e ( ,jolqu]a1 /rata ,k ( porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,! :ole s]ies has be5 tilt$ by a p>tially conceal$ axis ,l1 ( granite1 &esite1 & a granitic mixture ( :ite feldsp>1 qu>tz1 & oxide ( iron4 ,,fif? ,,axis ,,( ,,elevation 7,,valley ,,( ,,copiapo1 ,,ne> ,,los ,,amolanas74 ,i w describe 9 "s detail ! b$s ,i se5 "h1 :i*1 z j /at$1 dip to ,w4,s4,w41 at an angle ( f #cj to #dj degrees4 ,i _h n "t to exam9e ! und]ly+ porphyritic conglom]ate1 ( :i* ! l[e/ b$s1 z se5 at ! m\? ( ! ,jolqu]a1 are highly compact1 ) cry/als ( r$ oxide ( iron2 & ,i am n prep>$ to say :e!r !y are *iefly ( volcanic or metamorphic orig94 ,on ^! b$s !re re/s a co>se purpli% conglom]ate1 v little metamorphos$1 compos$ ( pebbles ( porphyry1 b rem>kable f conta9+ "o pebble ( granite2--( :i* fact no in/ance has occurr$ 9 ! sections hi!rto describ$4 ,above ?is conglom]ate1 !re is a black silice\s clay/one1 & above x num]\s alt]nations ( d>k-purpli% & gre5 porphyries1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! upp]mo/ limit ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation4 ,above ^! porphyries comes a co>se1 ar5ace\s conglom]ate1 ! l[] half :ite & ! upp] half ( a p9k col\r1 compos$ *iefly ( pebbles ( v>i\s porphyries1 b ) "s ( r$ s&/one & jasp]y rocks4 ,9 "s ( ! m ar5ace\s p>ts ( ! conglom]ate1 !re 0 an oblique or curr5t lam9ation2 a circum/ance :i* ,i did n else:]e obs]ve4 ,above ?is conglom]ate1 !re is a va/ ?ickness ( ?9ly /ratifi$1 pale-yell[i%1 silice\s s&/one1 pass+ into a granul> qu>tz-rock1 us$ = gr9d/ones 7h5ce ! "n ( ! place ,las ,amolanas71 & c]ta9ly belong+ to ! gypse\s =mation1 z does probably ! imm$iately und]ly+ conglom]ate4 ,9 ?is yell[i% s&/one !re are lay]s ( :ite & pale-r$ silice\s conglom]ate2 o!r lay]s ) small1 well-r\nd$ pebbles ( :ite qu>tz1 l ! b$ at ! ,r4 ,cl>o at ,coquimbo2 o!rs ( a gre5i%1 f9e-gra9$1 less silice\s /one1 some:at resembl+ ! pseudo-hone/ones l[] d[n ! valley2 & la/ly1 o!rs ( a black calc>e\s %ale-rock4 ,9 "o ( ! lay]s ( conglom]ate1 !re 0 emb$d$ a fragm5t ( mica-slate1 ( :i* ?is is ! fir/ in/ance2 h5ce p]haps1 x is f a =mation ( mica-slate1 t ! num]\s small pebbles ( qu>tz1 bo? "h & at ,coquimbo1 h be5 d]iv$4 ,n only does ! silice\s s&/one include lay]s ( ! black1 ?9ly /ratifi$1 n fissile1 calc>e\s %ale-rock1 b 9 "o place ! :ole mass1 especially ! upp] "p1 01 9 a m>vell\sly %ort horizontal di/ance1 aft] frequ5t alt]nations1 replac$ by x4 ,:5 ?is occurr$1 a m\nta9-mass1 sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness 0 ?us compos$2 ! black calc>e\s %ale-rock1 h[ev]1 always includ$ "s lay]s ( ! pale-yell[i% silice\s s&/one1 ( ! r$ conglom]ate1 & ( ! gre5i% jasp]y & pseudo-hone/one v>ieties4 ,x likewise includ$ ?ree or f\r widely sep>at$ lay]s ( a br[n lime/one1 ab\nd+ ) %ells imm$iately to be describ$4 ,?is pile ( /rata 0 9 p>ts trav]s$ by _m ve9s ( gypsum4 ,! calc>e\s %ale-rock1 ?\gh :5 fre%ly brok5 q black1 wea!rs into an a%- col\r3 9 :i* respect & 9 g5]al appe>ance1 x p]fectly resembles ^? great fossilif]\s b$s ( ! ,peuqu5es range1 alt]nat+ ) gypsum & r$ s&/one1 describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! %ells out ( ! lay]s ( br[n lime/one1 includ$ 9 ! black calc>e\s %ale-rock1 :i* latt]1 z j /at$1 replaces ! :ite silice\s s&/one1 consi/ (3-- ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,turritella ,&ii1 d',orbigny1 8,voyage0 ,"p ,pal4 ,a/>te ,d>w9ii1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,gryphaea ,d>w9ii1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,an int]m$iate =m betwe5 ,g4 gigantea & ,g4 incurva4 ,gryphaea nov4 spec481 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,p]na ,am]icana1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,avicula1 nov4 spec4 ,consid]$ by ,mr4 ,g4,b4 ,s[]by z ! ,a4 e*9ata1 by ,m4 d',orbigny z c]ta9ly a new & di/9ct species1 hav+ a ,jurassic aspect4 ,! specim5 has be5 un=tunately lo/4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 d',orbigny1 7v>4 ( d4 ,e4 ,=bes47 ,?is is ! same v>iety1 ) t f ,guasco1 consid]$ by ,m4 ,d',orbigny to be a di/9ct species f 8 ,t4 a5igma1 & relat$ to ,t4 obsoleta4 ,plagio/oma & ,ammonites1 fragm5ts (4 ,! l[] lay]s ( ! lime/one conta9$ ?\s&s ( ! ,gryphaea2 & ! upp] ones z _m ( ! ,turritella1 ) ! ,gryphaea 7nov4 species7 & ,s]pulae adh]+ to !m2 9 all ! lay]s1 ! ,t]ebratula & fragm5ts ( ! ,pect5 7 includ$4 ,x 0 evid5t1 f ! mann] 9 :i* species 7 gr\p$ toge!r1 t !y _h liv$ :]e n[ emb$d$4 ,be=e mak+ any fur!r rem>ks1 ,i may /ate1 t high] up ?is same valley we %all aga9 meet ) a simil> association ( %ells2 & 9 ! great ,despoblado ,valley1 :i* bran*es (f ne> ! t[n f t ( ,copiapo1 ! ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 "s ,gryphites 7,i believe ,g4 ,d>w9ii71 & ! ,,true ,t]ebratula a5igma ( d',orbigny 7 f\nd toge!r 9 an equival5t =mation1 z w be h]eaft] se54 ,a specim5 also1 ,i may add1 ( ! true ,t4 a5igma1 0 giv5 me f ! neighb\rhood ( ! fam\s silv] m9es ( ,*anuncillo1 a little s\? ( ! valley ( ! ,copiapo1 & ^! m9es1 f _! position1 ,i h no d\bt1 lie )9 ! great gypse\s =mation3 ! rocks close to "o ( ! silv] ve9s1 judg+ f fragm5ts %[n me1 resemble ^? s+ul> metamorphos$ deposits f ! m9+ di/rict ( ,arqu]os ne> ,coquimbo4 ,i w reit]ate ! evid5ce on ! association ( ^! sev]al %ells 9 ! sev]al localities4 ,,coquimbo4 ,9 ! same b$1 ,rio ,cl>o3 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi4 ,o/rea hemisph]ica4 ,t]ebratula a5igma4 ,spirif] l+uif]oides4 ,same b$1 ne> ,arqu]os3 ,hippurites ,*il5sis4 ,gryphaea ori5talis4 ,collect$ by ,m4 ,domeyko f ! same locality1 app>5tly ne> ,arqu]os3 ,t]ebratula a5igma & ,t]ebratula ignaciana1 9 same block ( lime/one3 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi4 ,o/rea hemisph]ica4 ,hippurites ,*il5sis4 ,turritella ,&ii4 ,nautilus ,domeykus4 ,,guasco4 ,9 a collection f ! ,cordill]a1 giv5 me3 ! specim5s all 9 ! same condition3 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi4 ,turritella ,&ii4 ,t]ebratula ignaciana4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 v>4 ,spirif] ,*il5sis4 ,,copiapo4 ,m+l$ toge!r 9 alt]nat+ b$s 9 ! ma9 valley ( ,copiapo ne> ,las ,amolanas1 & likewise high] up ! valley3 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi4 ,turritella ,&ii4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 v>4 z at ,guasco4 ,a/>te ,d>w9ii4 ,gryphaea ,d>w9ii4 ,gryphaea nov4 species8 ,p]na ,am]icana4 ,avicula1 nov4 species4 ,ma9 valley ( ,copiapo1 app>5tly same =mation ) t ( ,amolanas3 ,t]ebratula a5igma 7true74 ,9 ! same b$1 high up ! great lat]al valley ( ! ,despoblado1 9 ! rav9e ( ,m>icongo3 ,t]ebratula a5igma 7true74 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi4 ,gryphaea ,d>w9ii8 ,consid]+ ?is table1 ,i ?9k x is impossible to d\bt t all ^! fossils belong to ! same =mation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! species f ,las ,amolanas1 9 ! ,valley ( ,copiapo1 _h1 z 9 ! case ( ^? f ,guasco1 be5 sep>ately exam9$1 !y w\ld probably h be5 rank$ z oolitic2 =1 al?\gh no ,spirif]s 7 f\nd "h1 all ! o!r species1 ) ! exception ( ! ,pect51 ,turritella1 & ,a/>te1 h a m anci5t aspect ?an cretace\s =ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 tak+ into acc\nt ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! cretace\s "* ( ^! ?ree %ells1 & ( ! ,hippurites1 ,gryphaea ori5talis1 & ,o/rea1 f ,coquimbo1 we are driv5 back to ! provisional "n already us$ ( cretaceo-oolitic4 ,f geological evid5ce1 ,i believe ?is =mation to be ! equival5t ( ! ,neocomian b$s ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,c5tral ,*ile4 ,to return to our section ne> ,las ,amolanas3--,above ! yell[ silice\s s&/one1 or ! equival5t calc>e\s slate-rock1 ) its b&s ( fossil-%ells1 accord+ z ! "o or o!r prevails1 !re is a pile ( /rata1 :i* _c be less ?an f two to ?ree ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 9 ma9 "p compos$ ( a co>se1 bright r$ conglom]ate1 ) _m int]calat$ b$s ( r$ s&/one1 & "s ( gre5 & o!r col\r$ porcela9-jasp]y lay]s4 ,! includ$ pebbles are well-r\nd$1 v>y+ f ! size ( an egg to t ( a cricket-ball1 ) a few l>g]2 & !y consi/ *iefly ( porphyries4 ,! basis ( ! conglom]ate1 z well z "s ( ! alt]nat+ ?9 b$s1 are =m$ ( a r$1 r h>%1 easily fusible s&/one1 ) cry/all9e calc>e\s p>ticles4 ,?is :ole great pile is rem>kable f ! ?\s&s ( huge1 emb$d$1 silicifi$ trunks ( trees1 "o ( :i* 0 eight feet long1 & ano!r eighte5 feet 9 circumf]5ce3 h[ m>vell\s x is1 t e vessel 9 s ?ick a mass ( wood %\ld h be5 conv]t$ into silex6 ,i br\ght home _m specim5s1 & all ( !m1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,br[n1 pres5t a conif]\s /ructure4 ,above ?is great conglom]ate1 we h f two to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness ( r$ s&/one2 & above ?is1 a /ratum ( black calc>e\s slate-rock1 l t :i* alt]nates ) & replaces ! und]ly+ yell[i%-:ite1 silice\s s&/one4 ,close to ! junction betwe5 ?is upp] black slate-rock & ! upp] r$ s&/one1 ,i f\nd ! ,gryphaea ,d>w9ii1 ! ,turritella ,&ii1 & va/ numb]s ( a bivalve1 too imp]fect to be recognis$4 ,h5ce we see t1 z f> z ! evid5ce ( ^! two %ells s]ves--& ! ,turritella is an em95tly *>act]i/ic species--! :ole ?ickness ( ?is va/ pile ( /rata belongs to ! same age4 ,aga91 above ! la/-m5tion$ upp] r$ s&/one1 !re 7 sev]al alt]nations ( ! black1 calc>e\s slate-rock2 b ,i 0 unable to asc5d to !m4 ,all ^! upp]mo/ /rata1 l ! l[] ones1 v>y extremely 9 "* 9 %ort horizontal di/ances4 ,! gypse\s =mation1 z "h se51 has a co>s]1 m me*anical texture1 & conta9s mu* m silice\s matt] ?an ! correspond+ b$s l[] d[n ! valley4 ,its total ?ickness1 toge!r ) ! upp] b$s ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 ,i e/imat$ at lea/ at #h1jjj feet2 & only a small portion ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate1 :i* on ! ea/]n flank ( ! f\r? axis ( elevation appe>$ to be f fifte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& feet ?ick1 is "h includ$4 ,z corroborative ( ! great ?ickness ( ! gypse\s =mation1 ,i may m5tion t 9 ! ,despoblado ,valley 7:i* bran*es f ! ma9 valley a little above ! t[n ( ,copiapo7 ,i f\nd a correspond+ pile ( r$ & :ite s&/ones1 & ( d>k1 calc>e\s1 semi-jasp]y mud/ones1 ris+ f a ne>ly level surface & ?r[n into an absolutely v]tical position2 s t1 by pac+1 ,i asc]ta9$ _! ?ickness to be ne>ly two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ feet2 tak+ ?is z a /&>d ( comp>ison1 ,i e/imat$ ! ?ickness ( ! /rata ,,above ! porphyritic conglom]ate at #g1jjj feet4 ,! fossils be=e enum]at$1 f ! lime/one-lay]s 9 ! :iti% silice\s s&/one1 are n[ cov]$1 on ! lea/ computation1 by /rata f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes ?9ks t ^! %ells probably liv$ at a dep? ( f ab\t #cj to #dj fa?oms1 t is f #ahj to #bdj feet2 anyh[1 x is impossible t !y c\ld h liv$ at ! dep? ( f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet4 ,h5ce 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 we may safely conclude t ! bottom ( ! sea on :i* ! %ells liv$1 subsid$1 s z to receive ! sup]9cumb5t subm>9e /rata3 & ?is subsid5ce mu/ h tak5 place dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! %ells2 =1 z ,i h %[n1 "s ( !m occur high up z well z l[ d[n 9 ! s]ies4 ,t ! bottom ( ! sea subsid$1 is 9 h>mony ) ! pres5ce ( ! lay]s ( co>se1 well- r\nd$ pebbles includ$ ?r\gh\t ?is :ole pile ( /rata1 z well z ( ! great upp] mass ( conglom]ate f #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet ?ick2 = co>se gravel c\ld h>dly h be5 =m$ or spread out at ! pr(\nd dep?s indicat$ by ! ?ickness ( ! /rata4 ,! subsid5ce1 also1 mu/ h be5 sl[ to h all[$ ( ?is (t5-recurr5t spread+ out ( ! pebbles4 ,moreov]1 we %all pres5tly see t ! surfaces ( "s ( ! /reams ( porphyritic lava b5ea? ! gypse\s =mation1 are s highly amygdaloidal t x is sc>cely possible to believe t !y fl[$ "u ! va/ pressure ( a deep ocean4 ,! conclusion ( a great subsid5ce dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! cretaceo-oolitic fossils1 may1 ,i believe1 be ext5d$ to ! di/rict ( ,coquimbo1 al?\gh ow+ to ! fossilif]\s b$s !re n be+ directly cov]$ by ! upp] gypse\s /rata1 :i* 9 ! section nor? ( ! valley are ab\t #f1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 ,i did n !re insi/ on ?is conclusion4 ,! pebbles 9 ! above conglom]ates1 bo? 9 ! upp] & l[] b$s1 are all well r\nd$1 &1 ?\gh *iefly compos$ ( v>i\s porphyries1 !re are "s ( r$ s&/one & ( a jasp]y /one1 bo? l ! rocks int]calat$ 9 lay]s 9 ?is same gypse\s =mation2 !re 0 "o pebble ( mica-slate & "s ( qu>tz1 toge!r ) _m p>ticles ( qu>tz4 ,9 ^! respects !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! gypse\s conglom]ates & ^? ( ! porphyritic-conglom]ate =mation1 9 :i* latt]1 angul> & r\nd$ fragm5ts1 almo/ exclusively compos$ ( porphyries1 are m+l$ toge!r1 & :i*1 z already (t5 rem>k$1 probably 7 eject$ f crat]s deep "u ! sea4 ,f ^! facts ,i conclude1 t dur+ ! =mation ( ! conglom]ates1 l& exi/$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 on ! %ores ( :i* ! innum]able pebbles 7 r\nd$ & !nce disp]s$1 & on :i* ! conif]\s =e/s fl\ri%$--= x is improbable t s _m ?\s& logs ( wood %\ld h drift$ f any great di/ance4 ,?is l&1 probably isl&s1 mu/ h be5 ma9ly =m$ ( porphyries1 ) "s mica-slate1 :5ce ! qu>tz 0 d]iv$1 & ) "s r$ s&/one & jasp]y rocks4 ,?is latt] fact is important1 z x %[s t 9 ?is di/rict1 ev5 previ\sly to ! deposition ( ! l[] gypse\s or cretaceo-oolitic b$s1 /rata ( an analog\s nature _h else:]e1 no d\bt 9 ! m c5tral ranges ( ! ,cordill]a1 be5 elevat$2 ?us recall+ to our m9ds ! relations ( ! ,cumbre & ,uspallata *a9s4 ,hav+ already ref]r$ to ! great lat]al valley ( ! ,despoblado1 ,i may m5tion t above ! #b1gjj feet ( r$ & :ite s&/one & d>k mud/one1 !re is a va/ mass ( co>se1 h>d1 r$ conglom]ate1 "s ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* conta9s mu* silicifi$ wood1 & evid5tly corresponds ) ! great upp] conglom]ate at ,las ,amolanas3 "h1 h[ev]1 ! conglom]ate consi/s almo/ exclusively ( pebbles ( granite1 & ( dis9tegrat$ cry/als ( r$di% feldsp> & qu>tz firmly recem5t$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is case1 we may conclude t ! l& :5ce ! pebbles 7 d]iv$1 & on :i* ! n[ silicifi$ trees once fl\ri%$1 0 =m$ ( granite4 ,! m\nta9s ne> ,las ,amolanas1 compos$ ( ! cretaceo-oolitic /rata1 are int]lac$ ) dikes l a spid]'s web1 to an ext5t :i* ,i h nev] se5 equall$1 except 9 ! d5ud$ int]ior ( a volcanic crat]3 nor? & s\? l9es1 h[ev]1 pr$om9ate4 ,^! dikes are compos$ ( gre51 :ite1 & blacki% rocks1 all porphyritic ) feldsp>1 & (t5 ) l>ge cry/als ( hornbl5de4 ,! :ite v>ieties approa* closely 9 "* to &esite1 :i* composes z we h se51 ! inject$ axes ( s _m ( ! l9es ( elevation4 ,"s ( ! gre5 v>ieties are f9ely lam9at$1 p>allel to ! walls ( ! dikes4 ,,six? ,,axis ,,( ,,elevation 7,,valley ,,( ,,copiapo74 ,?is axis consi/s ( a broad m\nta9\s mass ,o ( &esite1 compos$ ( albite1 br[n mica1 & *lorite1 pass+ into &esitic granite1 ) qu>tz3 on its we/]n side x has ?r[n (f1 at a consid]able angle1 a ?ick mass ( /ratifi$ porphyries1 includ+ mu* epidote ,,nn1 & rem>kable only f be+ divid$ into v ?9 b$s1 z highly amygdaloidal on _! surfaces z suba]ial lava-/reams are (t5 vesicul>4 ,?is porphyritic =mation is con=mably cov]$1 z se5 "s way up ! rav9e ( ,jolqu]a1 by a m]e remnant ( ! l[] "p ( ! cretaceo-oolitic =mation ,,mm1 :i* 9 "o "p encases1 z repres5t$ 9 ! col\r$ section1 ! foot ( ! &esitic axis ,l1 ( ! already describ$ fif? l9e1 & 9 ano!r "p entirely conceals x3 9 ?is latt] case1 ! gypse\s or cretaceo-oolitic /rata falsely appe>$ to dip "u ! porphyritic conglom]ate ( ! fif? axis4 ,! l[e/ b$ ( ! gypse\s =mation1 z se5 "h ,m1 is ( yell[i% silice\s s&/one1 precisely l t ( ,amolanas1 int]lac$ 9 p>ts ) ve9s ( gypsum1 & includ+ lay]s ( ! black1 calc>e\s1 non-fissile slate-rock3 ! ,turritella ,&ii1 ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 v>41 & "s ,gryphites 7 emb$d$ 9 ^! lay]s4 ,! s&/one v>ies 9 ?ickness f only tw5ty to eighty feet2 & ?is v>iation is caus$ by ! inequalities 9 ! upp] surface ( an und]ly+ /ream ( purple clay/one porphyry4 ,h5ce ! above fossils "h lie at ! v base ( ! gypse\s or cretaceo-oolitic =mation1 & h5ce !y 7 probably once cov]$ up by /rata ab\t sev5 ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness3 x is1 h[ev]1 possible1 ?\gh f ! nature ( all ! o!r sections 9 ?is di/rict n probable1 t ! porphyritic clay/one lava may 9 ?is case h invad$ a high] level 9 ! s]ies4 ,above ! s&/one !re is a consid]able mass ( mu* indurat$1 purpli%-black1 calc>e\s clay/one1 alli$ 9 nature to ! (t5-m5tion$ black calc>e\s slate- rock4 ,ea/w>d ( ! broad &esitic axis ( ?is six? l9e1 & p5etrat$ by _m dikes f x1 !re is a great =mation ,p ( mica-s*i/1 ) its usual v>iations1 & pass+ 9 "o "p into a f]rug9\s qu>tz-rock4 ,! folia are curv$ & highly incl9$1 g5]ally dipp+ ea/w>d4 ,x is probable t ?is mica-s*i/ is an old =mation1 connect$ ) ! granitic rocks & metamorphic s*i/s ne> ! coa/2 & t ! "o fragm5t ( mica-slate1 & ! pebbles ( qu>tz l[ d[n 9 ! gypse\s =mation at ,las ,amolanas1 h be5 d]iv$ f x4 ,! mica-s*i/ is succe$$ by /ratifi$ porphyritic conglom]ate ,q ( great ?ickness1 dipp+ ea/w>d ) a high incl9ation3 ,i h includ$ ?is latt] m\nta9-mass 9 ! same anticl9al axis ) ! porphyritic /reams ,,nn2 b ,i am f> f sure t ! two masses may n h be5 indep5d5tly upheav$4 ,,sev5? ,,axis ,,( ,,elevation4 ,proce$+ up ! rav9e1 we come to ano!r mass ,r ( &esite2 & beyond ?is1 we aga9 h a v ?ick1 /ratifi$ porphyritic =mation ,s1 dipp+ at a small angle ea/w>d1 & =m+ ! basal "p ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a4 ,i did n asc5d ! rav9e any high]2 b "h1 ne> ,ca/ano1 ,i exam9$ sev]al sections1 ( :i* ,i w n give ! details1 only obs]v+1 t ! porphyritic b$s1 or subm>9e lavas1 prepond]ate greatly 9 bulk ov] ! alt]nat+ s$im5t>y lay]s1 :i* h be5 b little metamorphos$3 ^! latt] consi/ ( f9e-gra9$ r$ tuffs & ( :iti% volcanic grit-/ones1 toge!r ) mu* ( a s+ul>1 compact rock1 hav+ an almo/ cry/all9e basis1 f9ely brecciat$ ) r$ & gre5 fragm5ts1 & occasionally includ+ a few l>ge pebbles4 ,! porphyritic lavas are highly amygdaloidal1 bo? on _! upp] & l[] surfaces2 !y consi/ *iefly ( clay/one porphyry1 b ) "o common v>iety1 l "s ( ! /reams at ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 hav+ a grey mottl$ basis1 ab\nd+ ) cry/als ( r$ hydr\s oxide ( iron1 gre5 ones app>5tly ( epidote1 & a few glassy ones ( feldsp>4 ,?is pile ( /rata diff]s consid]ably f ! basal /rata ( ! ,cordill]a 9 ,c5tral ,*ile1 & may possibly belong to ! upp] & gypse\s s]ies3 ,i saw1 h[ev]1 9 ! b$ ( ! valley1 "o fragm5t ( porphyritic breccia-conglom]ate1 exactly l ^? great masses met ) 9 ! m s\!rn p>ts ( ,*ile4 ,f9ally1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ?\gh ,i h describ$ betwe5 ! t[n ( ,copiapo & ! we/]n flank ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a sev5 or eight axes ( elevation1 ext5d+ ne>ly nor? & s\?1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y all run cont9u\sly = great di/ances4 ,z 0 /at$ to be ! case 9 our sections across ! ,cordill]a ( ,c5tral ,*ile1 s "h mo/ ( ! l9es ( elevation1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1 ?ird1 & fif?1 are v %ort4 ,! /ratification is ev]y:]e di/urb$ & intricate2 n[h]e h ,i se5 m num]\s faults & dikes4 ,! :ole di/rict1 f ! sea to ! ,cordill]a1 is m or less metallif]\s2 & ,i he>d ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 m]cury1 & iron ve9s4 ,! metamorphic action1 ev5 9 ! l[] /rata1 has c]ta9ly be5 f> less "h ?an 9 ,c5tral ,*ile4 ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,despoblado4 ,?is great b>r5 valley1 :i* has already be5 allud$ to1 ent]s ! ma9 valley ( ,copiapo a little above ! t[n3 x runs at fir/ nor!rly1 !n ,n4,e41 & m ea/]ly into ! ,cordill]a2 ,i foll[$ its dre>y c\rse to ! foot ( ! fir/ ma9 ridge4 ,i w n give a detail$ section1 because x w\ld be ess5tially simil> to t already giv51 & because ! /ratification is exce$+ly complicat$4 ,aft] leav+ ! plutonic hills ne> ! t[n1 ,i met fir/1 z 9 ! ma9 valley1 ) ! gypse\s =mation1 hav+ ! same div]sifi$ "* z be=e1 & soon aft]w>ds ) masses ( porphyritic conglom]ate1 ab\t "o ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ?is =mation !re 7 v ?ick b$s compos$ ( fragm5ts ( clay/one porphyries1 bo? angul> & r\nd$1 ) ! small] ones p>tially bl5d$ toge!r & ! basis r5d]$ porphyritic2 ^! b$s sep>at$ di/9ct /reams1 f sixty to eighty feet 9 ?ickness1 ( clay/one lavas4 ,ne> ,paipote1 also1 !re 0 mu* true porphyritic breccia-conglom]ate3 nev]!less1 few ( ^! masses 7 metamorphos$ to ! same degree ) ! correspond+ =mation 9 ,c5tral ,*ile4 ,i did n meet 9 ?is valley ) any true &esite1 b only ) imp]fect &esitic porphyry1 includ+ l>ge cry/als ( hornbl5de3 num]\s z h be5 ! v>ieties ( intrusive porphyries already m5tion$1 !re 7 "h m\nta9s compos$ ( a new k9d1 hav+ a compact1 smoo?1 cream-col\r$ basis1 includ+ only a few cry/als ( feldsp>1 & mottl$ ) d5dritic spots ( oxide ( iron4 ,!re 7 also "s m\nta9s ( a porphyry ) a brick-r$ basis1 conta9+ irregul>1 (t5 l5s-%ap$1 pat*es ( compact feldsp>1 & cry/als ( feldsp>1 :i* latt] to my surprise ,i f9d to be or?ite4 ,at ! foot ( ! fir/ ridge ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a1 9 ! rav9e ( ,m>icongo1 & at an elevation :i*1 f ! extreme coldness & appe>ance ( ! vegetation1 ,i e/imat$ at ab\t t5 ?\s& feet1 ,i f\nd b$s ( :ite s&/one & ( lime/one includ+ ! ,pect5 ,dufreynoyi1 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 & "s ,gryphites4 ,?is ridge ?r[s ! wat] on ! "o h& into ! ,pacific1 & on ! o!r1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 into a great gravel-cov]$1 bas9-l pla91 includ+ a salt- lake1 & )\t any dra9age-exit4 ,9 cross+ ! ,cordill]a by ?is ,pass1 x is said t ?ree pr9cipal ridges mu/ be trav]s$1 in/ead ( two1 or only "o z 9 ,c5tral ,*ile4 ,! cre/ ( ?is fir/ ma9 ridge & ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 ) ! exception ( a few l(ty p9nacles1 are capp$ by a great ?ickness ( a horizontally /ratifi$1 tuface\s deposit4 ,! l[e/ b$ is ( a pale purple col\r1 h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 & full ( brok5 cry/als ( feldsp> & scales ( mica4 ,! middle b$ is co>s]1 & less h>d1 & h5ce wea!rs into v %>p p9nacles2 x includes v small fragm5ts ( granite1 & innum]able ones ( all sizes ( grey vesicul> tra*yte1 "s ( :i* 7 di/9ctly r\nd$4 ,! upp]mo/ b$ is ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 ( a d>k] col\r & app>5tly h>d3 b ,i _h n "t to asc5d to x4 ,^! ?ree horizontal b$s may be se5 = ! di/ance ( _m leagues1 especially we/w>d or 9 ! direction ( ! ,pacific1 capp+ ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 & /&+ on ! opposite sides ( ! imm5se valleys at exactly correspond+ heights4 ,if unit$ !y w\ld =m a pla91 incl9$ v slightly t[>ds ! ,pacific2 ! b$s become ?9n] 9 ?is direction1 & ! tuff 7judg+ f "o po9t to :i* ,i asc5d$1 "s way d[n ! valley7 f9]-gra9$ & ( less specific gravity1 ?\gh /ill compact & sonor\s "u ! hamm]4 ,! g5tly incl9$1 almo/ horizontal /ratification1 ! pres5ce ( "s r\nd$ pebbles1 & ! compactness ( ! l[e/ b$1 ?\gh r5d]+ x probable1 w\ld n h conv9c$ me t ?is mass _h be5 ( subaque\s orig91 = x is kn[n t volcanic a%es fall+ on l& & moi/5$ by ra9 (t5 become h>d & /ratifi$2 b b$s ?us orig9at+1 & ow+ _! consolidation to atmosph]ic moi/ure1 w\ld h cov]$ almo/ equally e neighb\r+ summit1 high & l[1 & w\ld n h left ^? above a c]ta9 exact level absolutely b>e2 ?is circum/ance seems to me to prove t ! volcanic ejections 7 arre/$ at _! pres5t1 widely ext5d$1 equable level1 & !re consolidat$ by "s o!r means ?an simple atmosph]ic moi/ure2 & ?is no d\bt mu/ h be5 a %eet ( wat]4 ,a lake at ?is great height1 & )\t a b>ri] on any "o side1 is out ( ! "q2 consequ5tly we mu/ conclude t ! tuface\s matt] 0 anci5tly deposit$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly deposit$ be=e ! excavation ( ! valleys1 or at lea/ be=e _! f9al enl>gem5t 7,i h endeav\r$ to %[ 9 my 8,j\rnal0 etc4 7#bnd edition7 page #cee1 t ?is arid valley 0 left by ! retreat+ sea1 z ! l& sl[ly rose1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we n[ see x472 & ,i may add1 t ,mr4 ,lamb]t1 a g5tleman well acqua9t$ ) ?is c\ntry1 in=ms me1 t 9 asc5d+ ! rav9e ( ,sant&res 7:i* bran*es (f f ! ,despoblado7 he met ) /reams ( lava & mu* erupt$ matt] capp+ all ! hills ( granite & porphyry1 ) ! exception ( "s project+ po9ts2 he also rem>k$ t ! valleys _h be5 excavat$ subsequ5tly to ^! eruptions4 ,?is volcanic =mation1 :i* ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,lamb]t ext5ds f> nor?w>d1 is ( int]e/1 z typify+ :at has tak5 place on a gr&] scale on ! correspond+ we/]n side ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,p]u4 ,"u ano!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x possesses a f> high] int]e/1 z confirm+ t conclusion drawn f ! /ructure ( ! fr+es ( /ratifi$ %+le :i* are prolong$ f ! pla9s at ! foot ( ! ,cordill]a f> up ! valleys1--namely1 t ?is great range has be5 elevat$ 9 mass to a height ( betwe5 eight & n9e ?\s& feet 7,i may "h m5tion t on ! s\? side ( ! ma9 valley ( ,copiapo1 ne> ,potr]o ,seco1 ! m\nta9s are capp$ by a ?ick mass ( horizontally /ratifi$ %+le1 at a height :i* ,i e/imat$ at betwe5 fifte5 hundr$ & two ?\s& feet above ! b$ ( ! valley4 ,?is %+le1 ,i believe1 =ms ! edge ( a wide pla91 :i* /ret*es s\?w>ds betwe5 two m\nta9 ranges472 & n[1 judg+ f ?is tuface\s deposit1 we may conclude t ! horizontal elevation has be5 9 ! di/rict ( ,copiapo ab\t t5 ?\s& feet4 7,,figure #bd47 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,despoblado1 ! /ratification1 z be=e rem>k$ has be5 mu* di/urb$1 & 9 "s po9ts to a great] degree ?an ,i h any:]e else se54 ,i w give two cases3 a v ?ick mass ( ?9ly /ratifi$ r$ s&/one1 includ+ b$s ( conglom]ate1 has be5 cru%$ toge!r 7z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #bd7 into a yoke or urn-=m$ tr\gh1 s t ! /rata on bo? sides h be5 fold$ inw>ds3 on ! "r h& ! prop]ly und]ly+ porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate is se5 ov]ly+ ! s&/one1 b x soon becomes v]tical1 & !n is incl9$ t[>ds ! tr\gh1 s t ! b$s radiate l ! spokes ( a :eel3 on ! left h&1 ! inv]t$ porphyritic conglom]ate also assumes a dip t[>ds ! tr\gh1 n gradually1 z on ! "r h&1 b by means ( a v]tical fault & syncl9al break2 & a little /ill fur!r on t[>ds ! left1 !re is a second great oblique fault 7bo? %[n by ! arr[- l9es71 ) ! /rata dipp+ to a directly opposite po9t2 ^! m\nta9s are int]sect$ by inf9itely num]\s dikes1 "s ( :i* c be se5 to rise f hummocks ( gre5/one1 & c be trac$ = ?\s&s ( feet4 ,9 ! second case1 two l[ ridges tr5d toge!r & unite at ! head ( a little w$ge-%ap$ valley3 ?r\gh\t ! "r- h& ridge1 ! /rata dip at #de degrees to ! ea/2 9 ! left-h& ridge1 we h ! v same /rata & at fir/ ) exactly ! same dip2 b 9 foll[+ ?is ridge up ! valley1 ! /rata are se5 v regul>ly to become m & m incl9$ until !y /& v]tical1 !y !n gradually fall ov] 7! basset edges =m+ symmetrical s]p5t9e l9es along ! cre/71 till at ! v head ( ! valley !y are rev]s$ at an angle ( #de degrees3 s t at ?is po9t ! b$s h be5 turn$ ?r\gh an angle ( #ace degrees2 & "h !re is a k9d ( anticl9al axis1 ) ! /rata on bo? sides dipp+ to opposite po9ts at an angle ( #de degrees1 b ^? on ! left h& upside d[n4 ,,on ,,! ,,eruptive ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,porphyritic ,,clay/one ,,& ,,gre5/one ,,lavas4 ,9 ,c5tral ,*ile1 f ! extreme metamorphic action1 x is 9 mo/ p>ts difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! /reams ( porphyritic lava & ! porphyritic breccia-conglom]ate1 b "h1 at ,copiapo1 !y are g5]ally p]fectly di/9ct1 & 9 ! ,despoblado1 ,i saw = ! fir/ "t1 two great /rata ( purple clay/one porphyry1 aft] hav+ be5 = a consid]able space closely unit$ toge!r1 "o above ! o!r1 become sep>at$ by a mass ( fragm5t>y matt]1 & !n bo? ?9 out2--! l[] "o m rapidly ?an ! upp] & great] /ream4 ,consid]+ ! numb] & ?ickness ( ! /reams ( porphyritic lava1 & ! great ?ickness ( ! b$s ( breccia-conglom]ate1 !re c be little d\bt t ! s\rces ( eruption mu/ orig9ally h be5 num]\s3 nev]!less1 x is n[ mo/ difficult ev5 to conjecture ! precise po9t ( any "o ( ! anci5t subm>9e crat]s4 ,i h repeat$ly obs]v$ m\nta9s ( porphyries1 m or less di/9ctly /ratifi$ t[>ds _! summits or on _! flanks1 )\t a trace ( /ratification 9 _! c5tral & basal p>ts3 9 mo/ cases1 ,i believe ?is is simply due ei!r to ! oblit]at+ effects ( metamorphic action1 or to su* p>ts hav+ be5 ma9ly =m$ ( intrusive porphyries1 or to bo? causes conjo9$2 9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 x appe>$ to me v probable t ! great c5tral un/ratifi$ masses ( porphyry 7 ! n[ p>tially d5ud$ nuclei ( ! old subm>9e volcanoes1 & t ! /ratifi$ p>ts m>k$ ! po9ts :5ce ! /reams fl[$4 ,9 "o case alone1 & x 0 9 ?is ,valley ( ! ,despoblado1 ,i 0 able actually to trace a ?ick /ratum ( purpli% porphyry1 :i* = a space ( "s miles con=mably ov]lay ! usual alt]nat+ b$s ( breccia-conglom]ates & clay/one lavas1 until x became unit$ )1 & bl5d$ into1 a m\nta9\s mass ( v>i\s un/ratifi$ porphyries4 ,! difficulty ( trac+ ! /reams ( porphyries to _! anci5t & d\btless num]\s eruptive s\rces1 may be p>tly expla9$ by ! v g5]al di/urbance :i* ! ,cordill]a 9 mo/ p>ts has suff]$2 b ,i /rongly suspect t !re is a m specific cause1 namely1 ,,t ,,! ,,orig9al ,,po9ts ,,( ,,eruption ,,t5d ,,to ,,become ,,! ,,po9ts ,,( ,,injection4 ,?is 9 itself does n seem improbable2 = :]e ! e>?'s cru/ has once yield$1 x w\ld be liable to yield aga91 ?\gh ! liquifi$ intrusive matt] might n be any long] enabl$ to rea* ! subm>9e surface & fl[ z lava4 ,i h be5 l$ to ?is conclusion1 f hav+ s frequ5tly obs]v$ t1 :]e "p ( an un/ratifi$ m\nta9-mass resembl$ 9 m9]alogical "* ! adjo9+ /reams or /rata1 !re 7 sev]al o!r k9ds ( intrusive porphyries & &esitic rocks inject$ into ! same po9t4 ,z ^! intrusive m\nta9-masses =m mo/ ( ! axes-l9es 9 ! ,cordill]a1 :e!r anticl9al1 unicl9al1 or syncl9al1 & z ! ma9 valleys h g5]ally be5 holl[$ out along ^! l9es1 ! intrusive masses h g5]ally suff]$ mu* d5udation4 ,h5ce !y are apt to /& 9 "s degree isolat$1 & to be situat$ at ! po9ts :]e ! valleys abruptly b5d1 or :]e ! ma9 tribut>ies ent]4 ,on ?is view ( !re be+ a t5d5cy 9 ! old po9ts ( eruption to become ! po9ts ( subsequ5t injection & di/urbance1 & consequ5tly ( d5udation1 x ceases to be surpris+ t ! /reams ( lava 9 ! porphyritic clay/one conglom]ate =mation1 & 9 o!r analog\s cases1 %\ld mo/ r>ely be traceable to _! actual s\rces4 ,,iquique1 ,,s\!rn ,,p]u4 ,diff]5tly f :at we h se5 ?r\gh\t ,*ile1 ! coa/ "h is =m$ n by ! granitic s]ies1 b by an esc>pm5t ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& feet 9 height4 7,! l[e/ po9t1 :]e ! road crosses ! coa/-esc>pm5t1 is #a1ijj feet by ! b>omet] above ! level ( ! sea47 ,i _h "t only = a v %ort exam9ation2 ! *ief "p ( ! esc>pm5t appe>s to be compos$ ( v>i\s r$di% & purple1 sometimes lam9at$1 porphyries1 resembl+ ^? ( ,*ile2 & ,i saw "s ( ! porphyritic breccia-conglom]ate2 ! /ratification appe>$ b little incl9$4 ,! upp]mo/ "p1 judg+ f ! rocks ne> ! fam\s silv] m9e ( ,huantajaya1 consi/s ( lam9at$1 impure1 argillace\s1 purpli%-grey lime/one1 associat$1 ,i believe1 ) "s purple s&/one4 7,mr4 ,bolla]t has describ$ 8,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #b page #eih1 a s+ul> mass ( /ratifi$ detritus1 gravel1 & s&1 eighty-"o y>ds 9 ?ickness1 ov]ly+ ! lime/one1 & ab\nd+ ) loose masses ( silv] ore4 ,! m9]s believe t !y c attribute ^! masses to _! prop] ve9s47 ,9 ! lime/one %ells are f\nd3 ! ?ree foll[+ species 7 giv5 me3-- ,luc9a ,am]icana1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,t]ebratula inca1 ,e4 ,=bes4 ,t]ebratula a5igma1 ,d',orbigny4 ,?is latt] species we h se5 associat$ ) ! fossils ( :i* li/s h be5 giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 9 two places 9 ! valley ( ,coquimbo1 & 9 ! rav9e ( ,m>icongo at ,copiapo4 ,consid]+ ?is fact1 & ! sup]position ( ^! b$s on ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation2 &1 z we %all imm$iately see1 f _! conta9+ mu* gypsum1 & f _! o!rwise close g5]al resemblance 9 m9]alogical nature ) ! /rata describ$ 9 ! valley ( ,copiapo1 ,i h little d\bt t ^! fossilif]\s b$s ( ,iquique belong to ! great cretaceo-oolitic =mation ( ,nor!rn ,*ile4 ,iquique is situat$ sev5 degrees latitude nor? ( ,copiapo2 & ,i may "h m5tion1 t an ,ammonites1 nov4 species1 & an ,a/>te1 nov4 species1 7 giv5 me f ! ,c]ro ,pasco1 ab\t t5 degrees ( latitude nor? ( ,iquique1 & ,m4 ,d',orbigny ?9ks t !y probably indicate a ,neocomian =mation4 ,aga91 fifte5 degrees ( latitude nor?w>d1 9 ,colombia1 !re is a gr& fossilif]\s deposit1 n[ well kn[n f ! lab\rs ( ,von ,bu*1 ,lea1 d',orbigny1 & ,=bes1 :i* belongs to ! e>li] /ages ( ! cretace\s sy/em4 ,h5ce1 be>+ 9 m9d ! "* ( ! few fossils f ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 !re is "s evid5ce t a great portion ( ! /ratifi$ deposits ( ! :ole va/ range ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cordill]a belongs to ab\t ! same geological epo*4 ,proce$+ f ! coa/ esc>pm5t inw>ds1 ,i cross$1 9 a space ( ab\t ?irty miles1 an elevat$ undulatory di/rict1 ) ! b$s dipp+ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,! rocks are ( _m k9ds1--:ite lam9at$1 sometimes silice\s s&/one1--purple & r$ s&/one1 sometimes s highly calc>e\s z to h a cry/all9e fracture1--argillace\s lime/one1--black calc>e\s slate-rock1 l t s (t5 describ$ at ,copiapo & o!r places1--?9ly lam9at$1 f9e-gra9$1 gre5i%1 indurat$1 s$im5t>y1 fusible rocks1 approa*+ 9 "* to ! s- call$ pseudo-hone/one ( ,*ile1 includ+ ?9 contemporane\s ve9s ( gypsum1--& la/ly1 mu* calc>e\s1 lam9at$ porcela9 jasp]1 ( a gre5 col\r1 ) r$ spots1 & ( extremely easy fusibility3 ,i notic$ "o con=mable /ratum ( a freckl$-br[n1 feldspa?ic lava4 ,i may "h m5tion t ,i he>d ( great b$s ( gypsum 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,! only novel po9t 9 ?is =mation1 is ! pres5ce ( innum]able ?9 lay]s ( rock-salt1 alt]nat+ ) ! lam9at$ & h>d1 b sometimes e>?y1 yell[i%1 or bright r$ & f]rug9\s s&/ones4 ,! ?icke/ lay] ( salt 0 only two in*es1 & x ?9n$ out at bo? ends4 ,on "o ( ^! salif]\s masses ,i notic$ a /ratum ab\t twelve feet ?ick1 ( d>k-br[n1 h>d brecciat$1 easily fusible rock1 conta9+ gra9s ( qu>tz & ( black oxide ( iron1 toge!r ) num]\s imp]fect fragm5ts ( %ells4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( salt is s obscure1 t e fact1 ev5 geographical position1 is wor? record+4 7,x is well kn[n t /ratifi$ salt is f\nd 9 sev]al places on ! %ores ( ,p]u4 ,! isl& ( ,san ,lor5zo1 (f ,lima1 is compos$ ( a pile ( ?9 /rata1 ab\t eight hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 compos$ ( yell[i% & purpli%1 h>d silice\s1 or e>?y s&/ones1 alt]nat+ ) ?9 lay]s ( %ale1 :i* 9 places passes into a gre5i%1 semi-porcellanic1 fusible rock4 ,!re are "s ?9 b$s ( r$di% mud/one1 & s(t f]rug9\s rott5-/ones1 ) lay]s ( gypsum4 ,9 ne>ly all ^! v>ieties1 especially 9 ! s(t] s&/ones1 !re are num]\s ?9 seams ( rock-salt3 ,i 0 in=m$ t "o lay] has be5 f\nd two in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! m9ute/ fissures ( ! dislocat$ b$s h be5 p5etrat$ by ! salt1 app>5tly by subsequ5t infiltration1 is v curi\s4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! isl&1 lay]s ( coal & ( impure lime/one h be5 discov]$4 ,h5ce we "h h salt1 gypsum1 & coal associat$ toge!r4 ,! /rata include ve9s ( qu>tz1 c>bonate ( lime1 & iron pyrites2 !y h be5 dislocat$ by an inject$ mass ( gre5i%-br[n feldspa?ic trap4 ,n only is salt abundant on ! extreme we/]n limits ( ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! ,pacific1 b1 accord+ to ,helms1 x is f\nd 9 ! outly+ l[ hills on ! ea/]n flank ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,^! facts appe> to me oppos$ to ! !ory1 t rock-salt is due to ! s9k+ ( wat]1 *>g$ ) salt1 9 m$it]ranean spaces ( ! ocean4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! geology ( ^! c\ntries w\ld r lead to ! op9ion1 t its orig9 is 9 "s way connect$ ) volcanic heat at ! bottom ( ! sea3 see on ?is subject ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison 8,anniv]s>y ,address to ! ,geological ,society0 #ahdc page #fe47 ,) ! exception ( ^! salif]\s b$s1 mo/ ( ! rocks z already rem>k$1 pres5t a /rik+ g5]al resemblance ) ! upp] p>ts ( ! gypse\s or cretaceo-oolitic =mation ( ,*ile4 ,,metallif]\s ,,ve9s4 ,i h only a few rem>ks to make on ?is subject3 9 n9e m9+ di/ricts1 "s ( !m ( consid]able ext5t1 :i* ,i visit$ 9 ,,c5tral ,*ile1 ,i f\nd ! ,,pr9cipal ve9s runn+ f betwe5 ,n4 & ,n4,w4 to ,s4 & ,s4,e4 7,^! m9+ di/ricts are ,yaquil ne> ,nancagua1 :]e ! direction ( ! *ief ve9s1 to :i* only 9 all cases ,i ref]1 is nor? & s\?2 9 ! ,uspallata range1 ! prevail+ l9e is ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e42 9 ! ,c4 de ,prado1 x is ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e42 ne> ,illapel1 x is ,n4 by ,w4 & ,s4 by ,e42 at ,los ,hornos ! direction v>ies f betwe5 ,n4 & ,n4,w4 to ,s4 & ,s4,e42 at ! ,c4 de los ,hornos 7fur!r nor?w>d71 x is ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e42 at ,panuncillo1 x is ,n4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e42 &1 la/ly1 at ,arqu]os1 ! direction is ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e473 9 "s o!r places1 h[ev]1 _! c\rses appe>$ q irregul>1 z is said to be g5]ally ! case 9 ! :ole valley ( ,copiapo3 at ,tambillos1 s\? ( ,coquimbo1 ,i saw "o l>ge copp] ve9 ext5d+ ea/ & we/4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 t ! foliation ( ! gneiss & mica-slate1 :]e su* rocks occur1 c]ta9ly t5d to run l ! metallif]\s ve9s1 ?\gh (t5 irregul>ly1 9 a direction a little we/w>d ( nor?4 ,at ,yaquil1 ,i obs]v$ t ! pr9cipal aurif]\s ve9s ran ne>ly p>allel to ! gra9 or imp]fect cleavage ( ! surr\nd+ ,,granitic rocks4 ,) respect to ! di/ribution ( ! diff]5t metals1 copp]1 gold1 & iron are g5]ally associat$ toge!r1 & are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd 7b ) _m exceptions1 z we %all pres5tly see7 9 ! rocks ( ! l[] s]ies1 betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! ,pacific1 namely1 9 granite1 sy5ite1 alt]$ feldspa?ic clay-slate1 gneiss1 & z ne> ,guasco mica-s*i/4 ,! copp]-ores consi/ ( sulphurets1 oxides1 & c>bonates1 sometimes ) lam9ae ( native metal3 ,i 0 assur$ t 9 "s cases 7z at ,panuncillo ,s4,e4 ( ,coquimbo71 ! upp] "p ( ! same ve9 conta9s oxides1 & ! l[] "p sulphurets ( copp]4 7,! same fact has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,taylor 9 ,cuba3 8,london ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #aa page #ba47 ,gold occurs 9 its native =m2 x is believ$ t1 9 _m cases1 ! upp] "p ( ! ve9 is ! mo/ productive "p3 ?is fact probably is connect$ ) ! abundance ( ?is metal 9 ! /ratifi$ detritus ( ,*ile1 :i* mu/ h be5 *iefly d]iv$ f ! degradation ( ! upp] portions ( ! rocks4 ,^! sup]ficial b$s ( well-r\nd$ gravel & s&1 conta9+ gold1 appe>$ to me to h be5 =m$ "u ! sea close to ! bea*1 dur+ ! sl[ elevation ( ! l&3 ,s*midtmey] rem>ks t 9 ,*ile gold is s\ght = 9 %elv+ banks at ! height ( "s feet on ! sides ( ! /reams1 & n 9 _! b$s1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h ?is metal be5 deposit$ by common alluvial action4 78,travels 9 ,*ile0 page #bi47 ,v frequ5tly ! copp]-ores1 includ+ "s gold1 are associat$ ) abundant micace\s specul> iron4 ,gold is (t5 f\nd 9 iron-pyrites3 at two gold m9es at ,yaquil 7ne> ,nancagua71 ,i 0 in=m$ by ! proprietor t 9 "o ! gold 0 always associat$ ) copp]-pyrites1 & 9 ! o!r ) iron-pyrites3 9 ?is latt] case1 x is said t if ! ve9 ceases to conta9 iron-pyrites1 x is yet wor? :ile to cont9ue ! se>*1 b if ! iron-pyrites1 :5 x reappe>s1 is n aurif]\s1 x is bett] at once to give up work+ ! ve94 ,al?\gh ,i believe copp] & gold are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! l[] granitic & metamorphic s*i/ose s]ies1 yet ^! metals occur bo? 9 ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation 7z on ! flanks ( ! ,bell ( ,quillota & at ,jajuel71 & 9 ! sup]9cumb5t /rata4 ,at ,jajuel ,i 0 in=m$ t ! copp]-ore1 ) "s gold1 is f\nd only 9 ! gre5/ones & alt]$ feldspa?ic clay-slate1 :i* alt]nate ) ! purple porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,sev]al gold ve9s & "s ( copp]- ore are work$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,uspallata range1 bo? 9 ! metamorphos$ /rata1 :i* h be5 %[n to h be5 ( probably subsequ5t orig9 to ! ,neocomian or gypse\s =mation ( ! ma9 ,cordill]a1 & 9 ! intrusive &esitic rocks ( t range4 ,at ,los ,hornos 7,n4,e4 ( ,illapel71 likewise1 !re are num]\s ve9s ( copp]- pyrites & ( gold1 bo? 9 ! /rata ( ! gypse\s =mation & 9 ! inject$ hills ( &esite & v>i\s porphyries4 ,silv]1 9 ! =m ( a *loride1 sulphuret1 or an amalgam1 or 9 its native /ate1 & associat$ ) lead & o!r metals1 & at ,arqu]os ) pure native copp]1 occurs *iefly 9 ! upp] great gypse\s or cretaceo-oolitic =mation :i* =ms probably ! ri*e/ mass 9 ,*ile4 ,we may in/ance ! m9+ di/ricts ( ,arqu]os ne> ,coquimbo1 & ( ne>ly ! :ole valley ( ,copiapo1 & ( ,iquique 7:]e ! pr9cipal ve9s run ,n4,e4 by ,e4 & ,s4,w4 by ,w471 9 ,p]u4 ,h5ce comes ,mol9a's rem>k1 t silv] is born 9 ! cold & solit>y des]ts ( ! ,upp] ,cordill]a4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is rule3 at ,p>al 7,s4,e4 ( ,coquimbo7 silv] is f\nd 9 ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation2 z ,i suspect is likewise ! case at ,s4 ,p$ro de ,nolasko 9 ! ,peuqu5es ,pass4 ,ri* arg5tif]\s lead is f\nd 9 ! clay-slate ( ! ,uspallata range2 & ,i saw an old silv]-m9e 9 a hill ( sy5ite at ! foot ( ! ,bell ( ,quillota3 ,i 0 also assur$ t silv] has be5 f\nd 9 ! &esitic & porphyritic region betwe5 ! t[n ( ,copiapo & ! ,pacific4 ,i h /at$ 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is *apt]1 t 9 two neighb\r+ m9es at ,arqu]os ! ve9s 9 "o 7 productive :5 !y trav]s$ ! s+ul> gre5 s$im5t>y b$s1 & unproductive :5 cross+ ! r$di% b$s2 :]eas at ! o!r m9e exactly ! rev]se takes place2 ,i h also describ$ ! s+ul> & r>e case ( num]\s p>ticles ( native silv] & ( ! *loride be+ dissem9at$ 9 ! gre5 rock at ! di/ance ( a y>d f ! ve94 ,m]cury occurs ) silv] bo? at ,arqu]os & at ,copiapo3 at ! base ( ,c4 de los ,hornos 7,s4,e4 ( ,coquimbo1 a diff]5t place f ,los ,hornos1 be=e m5tion$7 ,i saw 9 a sy5itic rock num]\s qu>tzose ve9s1 conta9+ a little c9nab> 9 ne/s3 !re 7 "h o!r p>allel ve9s ( copp] & ( a f]rug9o-aurif]\s ore4 ,i believe t9 has nev] be5 f\nd 9 ,*ile4 ,f in=mation giv5 me by ,mr4 ,nixon ( ,yaquil 7,at ! ,durazno m9e1 ! gold is associat$ ) copp]-pyrites1 & ! ve9s conta9 l>ge prisms ( plumbago4 ,cry/allis$ c>bonate ( lime is "o ( ! commone/ m9]als 9 ! matrix ( ! ,*ilean ve9s471 & by o!rs1 x appe>s t 9 ,*ile ^? ve9s are g5]ally mo/ p]man5tly productive1 :i*1 consi/+ ( v>i\s m9]als 7sometimes diff]+ b slightly f ! surr\nd+ rocks71 include p>allel /r+s ,,ri* 9 metals2 su* a ve9 is call$ a veta real4 ,m commonly ! m9es are work$ only :]e "o1 two1 or m ?9 ve9s or /r+s runn+ 9 a diff]5t direction1 int]sect a ,,poor 8veta real30 x is unanim\sly believ$ t at su* po9ts ( int]section 7cruc]os71 ! quantity ( metal is mu* great] ?an t conta9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! int]sect+ ve9s4 ,9 "s cruc]os or po9ts ( int]section1 ! metals ext5d ev5 beyond ! walls ( ! ma91 broad1 /ony ve94 ,x is said t ! great] ! angle ( int]section1 ! great] ! produce2 & t ne>ly p>allel /r+s attract ea* o!r2 9 ! ,uspallata range1 ,i obs]v$ t num]\s ?9 auri-f]rug9\s ve9s repeat$ly ran into knots1 & !n bran*$ out aga94 ,i h already describ$ ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* rocks ( ! ,uspallata range are indurat$ & black5$ 7z if by a bla/ ( gunp[d]7 to a consid]able di/ance f ! metallic ve9s4 ,f9ally1 ,i may obs]ve1 t ! pres5ce ( metallic ve9s seems obvi\sly connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( intrusive rocks1 & ) ! degree ( metamorphic action :i* ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,*ile h und]gone4 7,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison & 8 fell[ travell]s h giv5 "s /rik+ facts on ?is subject 9 _! acc\nt ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s 78,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #c page #gdh47 ,su* metamorphos$ areas are g5]ally accompani$ by num]\s dikes & inject$ masses ( &esite & v>i\s porphyries3 ,i h 9 sev]al places trac$ ! metallif]\s ve9s f ! intrusive masses into ! encas+ /rata4 ,kn[+ t ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation consi/s ( alt]nate /reams ( subm>9e lavas & ( ! debris ( anci5tly erupt$ rocks1 & t ! /rata ( ! upp] gypse\s =mation sometimes include subm>9e lavas1 & are compos$ ( tuffs1 mud/ones1 & m9]al sub/ances1 probably due to volcanic exhalations1--! ri*ness ( ^! /rata is highly rem>kable :5 comp>$ ) ! erupt$ b$s1 (t5 ( subm>9e orig91 b ,,n ,,metamorphos$1 :i* compose ! num]\s isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 ,indian1 & ,atlantic ,oceans2 = 9 ^! isl&s metals are entirely abs5t1 & _! nature ev5 unkn[n to ! aborig9es4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ilean ,,cordill]a1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,p>ts ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,we h se5 t ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 = a space ( #a1bjj miles f ,tres ,montes to ,copiapo1 & ,i believe = a v mu* great] di/ance1 are compos$1 ) ! exception ( ! t]ti>y bas9s1 ( metamorphic s*i/s1 plutonic rocks1 & m or less alt]$ clay-slate4 ,on ! floor ( ! ocean ?us con/itut$1 va/ /reams ( v>i\s purpli% clay/one & gre5/one porphyries 7 p\r$ =?1 toge!r ) great alt]nat+ piles ( angul> & r\nd$ fragm5ts ( simil> rocks eject$ f ! subm>9e crat]s4 ,f ! compactness ( ! /reams & fragm5ts1 x is probable t1 ) ! exception ( "s di/ricts 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile1 ! eruptions took place 9 pr(\ndly deep wat]4 ,! orifices ( eruption appe> to h be5 /udd$ ov] a bread?1 ) "s outli]s1 ( f fifty to "o hundr$ miles3 & closely en\gh toge!r1 bo? nor? & s\?1 & ea/ & we/1 = ! eject$ matt] to =m a cont9u\s mass1 :i* 9 ,c5tral ,*ile is m ?an a mile 9 ?ickness4 ,i trac$ ?is m\ld-l mass1 = only #dej miles2 b judg+ f :at ,i saw at ,iquique1 f specim5s1 & f publi%$ acc\nts1 x appe>s to h a manifold great] l5g?4 ,9 ! basal p>ts ( ! s]ies1 & especially t[>ds ! flanks ( ! range1 mud1 s9ce conv]t$ into a feldspa?ic slaty rock1 & sometimes into gre5/one1 0 occasionally deposit$ betwe5 ! b$s ( erupt$ matt]3 ) ?is exception ! uni=mity ( ! porphyritic rocks is v rem>kable4 ,at ! p]iod :5 ! clay/one & gre5/one porphyries ne>ly or q ceas$ be+ erupt$1 t great pile ( /rata :i*1 f (t5 ab\nd+ ) gypsum1 ,i h g5]ally call$ ! gypse\s =mation 0 deposit$1 & feldspa?ic lavas1 toge!r ) o!r s+ul> volcanic rocks1 7 occasionally p\r$ =?3 ,i am f> f pret5d+ t any di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 ?is =mation & ! und]ly+ porphyries & porphyritic conglom]ate1 b 9 a mass ( su* great ?ickness1 & betwe5 b$s ( su* widely diff]5t m9]alogical nature1 "s division 0 necess>y4 ,at ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! gypse\s p]iod1 ! bottom ( ! sea "h seems fir/ to h be5 peopl$ by %ells1 n _m 9 k9d1 b ab\nd+ 9 individuals4 ,at ! ,p4 del ,inca ! fossils are emb$d$ ne> ! base ( ! =mation2 9 ! ,peuqu5es range1 at diff]5t levels1 halfway up1 & ev5 high] 9 ! s]ies2 h5ce1 9 ^! sections1 ! :ole pile ( /rata belongs to ! same p]iod3 ! same rem>k is applicable to ! b$s at ,copiapo1 :i* atta9 a ?ickness ( betwe5 sev5 & eight ?\s& feet4 ,! fossil %ells 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ,c5tral ,*ile1 9 ! op9ion ( all ! palaeontologi/s :o h exam9$ !m1 belong to ! e>li] /ages ( ! cretace\s sy/em2 :il/ 9 ,nor!rn ,*ile !re is a mo/ s+ul> mixture ( cretace\s & oolitic =ms3 f ! geological relations1 h[ev]1 ( ^! two di/ricts1 ,i _c b ?9k t !y all belong to ne>ly ! same epo*1 :i* ,i h provisionally call$ cretaceo-oolitic4 ,! /rata 9 ?is =mation1 compos$ ( black calc>e\s %aly-rocks ( r$ & :ite1 & sometimes silice\s s&/one1 ( co>se conglom]ates1 lime/ones1 tuffs1 d>k mud/ones1 & ^? s+ul> f9e-gra9$ rocks :i* ,i h call$ pseudo-hone/ones1 va/ b$s ( gypsum1 & _m o!r jasp]y & sc>cely describable v>ieties1 v>y & replace ea* o!r 9 %ort horizontal di/ances1 to an ext5t1 ,i believe1 unequall$ ev5 9 any t]ti>y bas94 ,mo/ ( ^! sub/ances are easily fusible1 & h app>5tly be5 d]iv$ ei!r f volcanoes /ill 9 quiet action1 or f ! attrition ( volcanic products4 ,if we picture to ourselves ! bottom ( ! sea1 r5d]$ unev5 9 an extreme degree1 ) num]\s crat]s1 "s few occasionally 9 eruption1 b ! great] numb] 9 ! /ate ( solfat>as1 dis*>g+ calc>e\s1 silice\s1 f]rug9\s matt]s1 & gypsum or sulphuric acid to an am\nt surpass+1 p]haps1 ev5 ! exi/+ sulphure\s volcanoes ( ,java 7,von ,bu*'s 8,description ,physique des ,iles ,can>ies0 page #dbh471 we %all probably und]/& ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is s+ul> pile ( v>y+ /rata 0 accumulat$4 ,! %ells appe> to h liv$ at ! quiesc5t p]iods :5 only lime/one or calc>eo-argillace\s matt] 0 deposit+4 ,f ,dr4 ,gillies' acc\nt1 ?is gypse\s or cretaceo-oolitic =mation ext5ds z f> s\? z ! ,pass ( ,plan*on1 & ,i foll[$ x nor?w>d at int]vals = #ejj miles3 judg+ f ! "* ( ! b$s ) ! ,t]ebratula a5igma1 at ,iquique1 x ext5ds f f\r to five hundr$ miles fur!r3 & p]haps ev5 = t5 degrees ( latitude nor? ( ,iquique to ! ,c]ro ,pasco1 n f> f ,lima3 aga91 we "k t a cretace\s =mation1 ab\nd+ ) fossils1 is l>gely develop$ nor? ( ! equator1 9 ,colombia3 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 at ab\t ?is same p]iod1 a wide di/rict ( clay-slate 0 deposit$1 :i* 9 its m9]alogical *>act]s & ext]nal features1 might be comp>$ to ! ,silurian regions ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,! gypse\s =mation1 l t ( ! porphyritic breccia- conglom]ate on :i* x re/s1 is ( inconsid]able bread?2 ?\gh ( great] bread? 9 ,nor!rn ?an 9 ,c5tral ,*ile4 ,z ! fossil %ells 9 ?is =mation are cov]$1 9 ! ,peuqu5es ridge1 by a great ?ickness ( /rata2 at ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 by at lea/ five ?\s& feet2 at ,coquimbo1 ?\gh ! sup]position !re is less pla9ly se51 by ab\t six ?\s& feet2 & at ,copiapo1 c]ta9ly by five or six ?\s&1 & probably by sev5 ?\s& feet 7! same species !re recurr+ 9 ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! s]ies71 we may feel confid5t t ! bottom ( ! sea subsid$ dur+ ?is cretaceo-oolitic p]iod1 s z to all[ ( ! accumulation ( ! sup]9cumb5t subm>9e /rata4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by1 or p]haps r expla9s1 ! pres5ce ( ! _m b$s at _m levels ( co>se conglom]ate1 ! well- r\nd$ pebbles 9 :i* we _c believe 7 transport$ 9 v deep wat]4 ,ev5 ! und]ly+ porphyries at ,copiapo4 ) _! highly amygdaloidal surfaces1 d n appe> to h fl[$ "u great pressure4 ,! great s9k+ movem5t ?us pla9ly indicat$1 mu/ h ext5d$ 9 a nor? & s\? l9e = at lea/ f\r hundr$ miles1 & probably 0 co- ext5sive ) ! gypse\s =mation4 ,! b$s ( conglom]ate j ref]r$ to1 & ! extraord9>ily num]\s silicifi$ trunks ( fir-trees at ,los ,hornos1 p]haps at ,coquimbo & at two di/ant po9ts 9 ! valley ( ,copiapo1 indicate t l& exi/$ at ?is p]iod 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,?is l&1 or isl&s1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! di/rict ( ,copiapo1 mu/ h be5 almo/ exclusively compos$1 judg+ f ! nature ( ! pebbles ( granite3 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,copiapo1 x mu/ h be5 ma9ly =m$ ( clay/one porphyries1 ) "s mica-s*i/1 & ) mu* s&/one & jasp]y rocks exactly l ! rocks 9 ! gypse\s =mation1 & no d\bt belong+ to its basal s]ies4 ,9 sev]al o!r places also1 dur+ ! accumulation ( ! gypse\s =mation1 its basal p>ts & ! und]ly+ porphyritic conglom]ate mu/ likewise h be5 already p>tially upheav$ & expos$ to we> & te>2 ne> ! ,pu5te del ,inca & at ,coquimbo1 !re mu/ h exi/$ masses ( mica-s*i/ or "s su* rock1 :5ce 7 d]iv$ ! _m small pebbles ( opaque qu>tz4 ,x foll[s f ^! facts1 t 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cordill]a ! upp] b$s ( ! gypse\s =mation mu/ lie uncon=mably on ! l[] b$s2 & ! :ole gypse\s =mation1 9 p>ts1 uncon=mably on ! porphyritic conglom]ate2 al?\gh ,i saw no su* cases1 yet 9 _m places ! gypse\s =mation is entirely abs5t2 & ?is1 al?\gh no d\bt g5]ally caus$ by q subsequ5t d5udation1 may 9 o!rs be due to ! und]ly+ porphyritic conglom]ate hav+ be5 locally upheav$ be=e ! deposition ( ! gypse\s /rata1 & ?us hav+ become ! s\rce ( ! pebbles ( porphyry emb$d$ 9 !m4 ,9 ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 9 its l[] & middle p>ts1 !re is v r>ely any evid5ce1 ) ! exception ( ! small qu>tz pebbles at ,jajuel ne> ,aconcagua1 & ( ! s+le pebble ( granite at ,copiapo1 ( ! exi/5ce ( neighb\r+ l&3 9 ! upp] p>ts1 h[ev]1 & especially 9 ! di/rict ( ,copiapo1 ! numb] ( ?or\ghly well-r\nd$ pebbles ( compact porphyries make me believe1 t1 z dur+ ! prolong$ accumulation ( ! gypse\s =mation ! l[] b$s _h already be5 locally upheav$ & expos$ to we> & te>1 s x 0 ) ! porphyritic conglom]ate4 ,h5ce 9 foll[+ ?us f> ! geological hi/ory ( ! ,cordill]a1 x may be inf]r$ t ! b$ ( a deep & op51 or ne>ly op51 ocean 0 fill$ up by porphyritic eruptions1 aid$ probably by "s g5]al & "s local elevations1 to t comp>atively %all[ level at :i* ! cretaceo- oolitic %ells fir/ liv$4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! subm>9e crat]s yield$ at int]vals a prodigi\s supply ( gypsum & o!r m9]al exhalations1 & occasionally1 9 c]ta9 places p\r$ =? lavas1 *iefly ( a feldspa?ic nature3 at ?is p]iod1 isl&s clo!d ) fir-trees & compos$ ( porphyries1 prim>y rocks1 & ! l[] gypse\s /rata _h already be5 locally upheav$1 & expos$ to ! action ( ! waves2--! g5]al movem5t1 h[ev]1 at ?is "t hav+ be5 ov] a v wide area1 "o ( sl[ subsid5ce1 prolong$ till ! b$ ( ! sea sank sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,9 ,c5tral ,*ile1 aft] ! deposition ( a great ?ickness ( ! gypse\s /rata1 & aft] _! upheaval1 by :i* ! ,cumbre & adjo9+ ranges 7 =m$1 a va/ pile ( tuface\s matt] & subm>9e lava 0 accumulat$1 :]e ! ,uspallata *a9 n[ /&s2 also aft] ! deposition & upheaval ( ! equival5t gypse\s /rata ( ! ,peuqu5es range1 ! great ?ick mass ( conglom]ate 9 ! valley ( ,t5uyan 0 accumulat$3 dur+ ! deposition ( ! ,uspallata /rata1 we "k absolutely1 f ! buri$ v]tical trees1 t !re 0 a subsid5ce ( "s ?\s& feet2 & we may inf] f ! nature ( ! conglom]ate 9 ! valley ( ,t5uyan1 t a simil> & p]haps contemporane\s movem5t !re took place4 ,we h1 !n1 evid5ce ( a second great p]iod ( subsid5ce2 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! subsid5ce :i* accompani$ ! accumulation ( ! cretaceo-oolitic /rata1 s ?is latt] subsid5ce appe>s to h be5 complicat$ by alt]nate or local elevatory movem5t-- = ! v]tical trees1 buri$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,uspallata /rata1 mu/ h gr[n on dry l&1 =m$ by ! upheaval ( ! l[] subm>9e b$s4 ,pres5tly ,i %all h to recapitulate ! facts1 %[+ t at a /ill lat] p]iod1 namely1 at ne>ly ! comm5cem5t ( ! old t]ti>y deposits ( ,patagonia & ( ,*ile1 ! cont95t /ood at ne>ly its pres5t level1 & !n1 = ! ?ird "t1 sl[ly subsid$ to ! am\nt ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 & 0 aft]w>ds sl[ly re-uplift$ to its pres5t level4 ,! highe/ peaks ( ! ,cordill]a appe> to consi/ ( active or m commonly dormant volcanoes1--su* z ,tupungato1 ,maypu1 & ,aconcagua1 :i* latt] /&s #bc1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & _m o!rs4 ,! next highe/ peaks are =m$ ( ! gypse\s & porphyritic /rata1 ?r[n into v]tical or highly incl9$ positions4 ,besides ! elevation ?us ga9$ by angul> displacem5ts1 ,i inf]1 )\t any hesitation--f ! /ratifi$ gravel-fr+es :i* g5tly slope up ! valleys ( ! ,cordill]a f ! gravel-capp$ pla9s at _! base1 :i* latt] are connect$ ) ! pla9s1 /ill cov]$ ) rec5t %ells on ! coa/-- t ?is great range has be5 upheav$ 9 mass by a sl[ movem5t1 to an am\nt ( at lea/ #h1jjj feet4 ,9 ! ,despoblado ,valley1 nor? ( ,copiapo1 ! horizontal elevation1 judg+ f ! compact1 /ratifi$ tuface\s deposit1 capp+ ! di/ant m\nta9s at correspond+ heights1 0 ab\t t5 ?\s& feet4 ,x is v possible1 or r probable1 t ?is elevation 9 mass may n h be5 /rictly horizontal1 b m en]getic "u ! ,cordill]a1 ?an t[>ds ! coa/ on ei!r side2 nev]!less1 movem5ts ( ?is k9d may be conv5i5tly di/+ui%$ f ^? by :i* /rata h be5 abruptly brok5 & upturn$4 ,:5 view+ ! ,cordill]a1 be=e hav+ read ,mr4 ,hopk9s's pr(\nd 8,rese>*es on ,physical ,geology10 ! conviction 0 impress$ on me1 t ! angul> dislocations1 h[ev] viol5t1 7 q subord9ate 9 importance to ! great upw>d movem5t 9 mass1 & t !y _h be5 caus$ by ! edges ( ! wide fissures1 :i* necess>ily result$ f ! t5sion ( ! elevat$ area1 hav+ yield$ to ! inw>d ru% ( fluidifi$ rock1 & hav+ ?us be5 upturn$4 ,! ridges =m$ by ! angul>ly upheav$ /rata are seldom ( great l5g?3 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! ,cordill]a !y are g5]ally p>allel to ea* o!r1 & run 9 nor? & s\? l9es2 b t[>ds ! flanks !y (t5 ext5d m or less obliquely4 ,! angul> displacem5t has be5 mu* m viol5t 9 ! c5tral ?an 9 ! ext]ior ,,ma9 l9es2 b x has likewise be5 viol5t 9 "s ( ! ,,m9or l9es on ! extreme flanks4 ,! viol5ce has be5 v unequal on ! same %ort l9es2 ! cru/ hav+ app>5tly t5d$ to yield on c]ta9 po9ts along ! l9es ( fissures4 ,^! po9ts1 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 7 probably fir/ foci ( eruption1 & aft]w>ds ( inject$ masses ( porphyry & &esite4 7,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison & 8 companions /ate 8,geological ,proce$+s0 volume #c page #gdg1 t no true granite appe>s 9 ! high] ,ural ,m\nta9s2 b t sy5itic gre5/one--a rock closely analog\s to our &esite--is f> ! mo/ abundant ( ! intrusive masses47 ,! close simil>ity ( ! &esitic granites & porphyries1 ?r\gh\t ,*ile1 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 & ev5 9 ,p]u1 is v rem>kable4 ,! preval5ce ( feldsp> cleav+ l albite1 is common n only to ! &esites1 b 7z ,i inf] f ! high au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,g4 ,rose1 z well z f my own measurem5ts7 to ! v>i\s clay/one & gre5/one porphyries1 & to ! tra*ytic lavas ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,! &esitic rocks h 9 mo/ cases be5 ! la/ inject$ ones1 & !y probably =m a cont9u\s dome "u ?is great range3 !y /& 9 intimate relation%ip ) ! mod]n lavas2 & !y seem to h be5 ! imm$iate ag5t 9 metamorphos+ ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 & (t5 likewise ! gypse\s /rata1 to ! extraord9>y ext5t to :i* !y h suff]$4 ,) respect to ! age at :i* ! sev]al p>allel ridges compos+ ! ,cordill]a 7 up?r[n1 ,i h little evid5ce4 ,_m ( !m may h be5 contemporane\sly elevat$ & inject$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 volcanic ar*ipelagoes lavas are contemporane\sly eject$ on ! p>allel l9es ( fissure4 78,volcanic ,isl&s0 etc47 ,b ! pebbles app>5tly d]iv$ f ! we> & te> ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation1 :i* are occasionally pres5t 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ?is same =mation1 & are (t5 pres5t 9 ! gypse\s =mation1 toge!r ) ! pebbles f ! basal p>ts ( ! latt] =mation 9 its upp] /rata1 r5d] x almo/ c]ta9 t portions1 we may inf] ridges1 ( ^! two =mations 7 successively upheav$4 ,9 ! case ( ! gigantic ,portillo range1 we may feel almo/ c]ta9 t a preexi/+ granitic l9e 0 uprais$ 7n by a s+le bl[1 z %[n by ! highly incl9$ basaltic /reams 9 ! valley on its ea/]n flank7 at a p]iod long subsequ5t to ! upheavem5t ( ! p>allel ,peuqu5es range4 7,i h endeav\r$ to %[ 9 my 8,j\rnal0 #bnd edition page #cba1 t ! s+ul> fact ( ! riv]1 :i* dra9s ! valley betwe5 ^! two ranges1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,portillo & high] l9e1 is expla9$ by its sl[ & subsequ5t elevation4 ,!re are _m analog\s cases 9 ! dra9age ( riv]s3 see 8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal0 volume #bh pages #cc & #dd47 ,aga91 subsequ5tly to ! upheavem5t ( ! ,cumbre *a91 t ( ,uspallata 0 =m$ & elevat$2 & aft]w>ds1 ,i may add1 9 ! pla9 ( ,uspallata1 b$s ( s& & gravel 7 viol5tly up?r[n4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! v>i\s k9ds ( porphyries & &esites h be5 inject$ "o into ! o!r1 & 9 :i* ! inf9itely num]\s dikes ( v>i\s composition int]sect ea* o!r1 pla9ly %[ t ! /ratifi$ cru/ has be5 /ret*$ & yield$ _m times ov] ! same po9ts4 ,) respect to ! age ( ! axes ( elevation betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! ,cordill]a1 ,i "k little3 b !re are "s l9es :i* mu/--namely1 ^? runn+ nor? & s\? 9 ,*iloe1 ^? eight or n9e ea/ & we/1 p>allel1 f>-ext5d$1 mo/ symmetrical unicl9al l9es at ,p4 ,rum5a1 & ! %ort ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 & ,n4,e4- ,s4,w4 l9es at ,concepcion--h be5 upheav$ long aft] ! =mation ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,ev5 dur+ ! e>?quake ( #ahce1 :5 ! l9e> nor? & s\? islet ( ,/4 ,m>y 0 uplift$ sev]al feet above ! surr\nd+ area1 we p]haps see "o feeble /ep 9 ! =mation ( a subord9ate m\nta9-axis4 ,9 "s cases1 moreov]1 = in/ance1 ne> ! ba?s ( ,cauqu5es1 ,i 0 =cibly /ruck ) ! small size ( ! brea*es cut ?r\gh ! ext]ior m\nta9-ranges1 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! same valleys high] up :]e ent]+ ! ,cordill]a2 & ?is circum/ance appe>$ to me sc>cely explicable1 except on ! idea ( ! ext]ior l9es hav+ be5 subsequ5tly up?r[n1 & !re=e hav+ be5 expos$ to a less am\nt ( d5udation4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! fr+es ( gravel are prolong$ 9 unbrok5 slopes up ! valleys ( ! ,cordill]a1 ,i inf] t mo/ ( ! great] dislocations took place dur+ ! e>li] p>ts ( ! great elevation 9 mass3 ,i h1 h[ev]1 else:]e giv5 a case1 & ,m4 de ,ts*udi has giv5 ano!r1 ( a ridge ?r[n up 9 ,p]u across ! b$ ( a riv]1 & consequ5tly aft] ! f9al elevation ( ! c\ntry above ! level ( ! sea4 78,reise 9 ,p]u0 ,b& #b s4#h3 ,au?or's 8,j\rnal0 #bnd edition page #cei47 ,asc5d+ to ! old] t]ti>y =mations1 ,i w n aga9 recapitulate ! rem>ks already giv5 at ! end ( ! ,fif? ,*apt]1--on _! great ext5t1 especially along ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic--on _! antiquity1 p]haps correspond+ ) t ( ! eoc5e deposits ( ,europe1--on ! almo/ entire dissimil>ity1 ?\gh ! =mations are app>5tly contemporane\s1 ( ! fossils f ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s1 z is likewise ! case1 ev5 9 a /ill m m>k$ degree1 ) ! %ells n[ liv+ 9 ^! opposite ?\gh approximate seas1--on ! climate ( ?is p]iod n hav+ be5 m tropical ?an :at might h be5 expect$ f ! latitudes ( ! places "u :i* ! deposits occur2 a circum/ance r5d]$ well wor?y ( notice1 f ! contra/ ) :at is kn[n to h be5 ! case dur+ ! old] t]ti>y p]iods ( ,europe1 & likewise f ! fact ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e hav+ suff]$ at a mu* lat] p]iod1 app>5tly at ! same "t ) ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 a cold] or m equable temp]ature1 z %[n by ! zones =m]ly affect$ by ice-action4 ,nor w ,i recapitulate ! pro(s ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 bo? on ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/1 hav+ subsid$ sev5 or eight hundr$ feet dur+ ?is t]ti>y p]iod2 ! movem5t hav+ app>5tly be5 co-ext5sive1 or ne>ly co-ext5sive1 ) ! deposits ( ?is age4 ,nor w ,i aga9 give ! facts & reason+ on :i* ! proposition 0 f\nd$1 t :5 ! b$ ( ! sea is ei!r /ation>y or ris+1 circum/ances are f> less fav\rable ?an :5 its level is s9k+1 to ! accumulation ( con*if]\s deposits ( suffici5t ?ickness1 ext5sion1 & h>dness to resi/1 :5 upheav$1 ! ord9>y va/ am\nt ( d5udation4 ,we h se5 t ! highly rem>kable fact ( ! abs5ce ( any ,,ext5sive =mations conta9+ rec5t %ells1 ei!r on ! ea/]n or we/]n coa/s ( ! cont95t1--?\gh ^! coa/s n[ ab\nd ) liv+ mollusca1--?\gh !y are1 & app>5tly h always be51 z fav\rable = ! deposition ( s$im5t z !y 7 :5 ! t]ti>y =mations 7 copi\sly deposit$1--& ?\gh !y h be5 upheav$ to an am\nt q suffici5t to br+ up /rata f ! dep?s ! mo/ f]tile = animal life--c be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! above proposition4 ,z a d$uction1 x 0 also attempt$ to be %[n1 fir/1 t ! want ( close sequ5ce 9 ! fossils ( successive =mations1 & ( successive /ages 9 ! same =mation1 w\ld foll[ f ! improbability ( ! same area cont9u+ sl[ly to subside f "o :ole p]iod to ano!r1 or ev5 dur+ a s+le entire p]iod2 & secondly1 t c]ta9 epo*s hav+ be5 fav\rable at di/ant po9ts1 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! _w = ! syn*ron\s accumulation ( fossilif]\s /rata1 w\ld foll[ f movem5ts ( subsid5ce hav+ app>5tly1 l ^? ( elevation1 contemporane\sly affect$ v l>ge areas4 ,!re is ano!r po9t :i* des]ves "s notice1 namely1 ! analogy betwe5 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ,patagonian t]ti>y =mation1 z well z ( ! upp] possibly contemporane\s b$s at ,*iloe & ,concepcion1 ) ! great gypse\s =mation ( ,cordill]a2 = 9 bo? =mations1 ! rocks1 9 _! fusible nature1 9 _! conta9+ gypsum1 & 9 _m o!r *>act]s1 %[ a connection1 ei!r intimate or remote1 ) volcanic action2 & z ! /rata 9 bo? 7 accumulat$ dur+ subsid5ce1 x appe>s at fir/ natural to connect ?is s9k+ movem5t ) a /ate ( high activity 9 ! neighb\r+ volcanoes4 ,dur+ ! cretaceo-oolitic p]iod ?is c]ta9ly appe>s to h be5 ! case at ! ,pu5te del ,inca1 judg+ f ! numb] ( int]calat$ lava-/reams 9 ! l[] #c1jjj feet ( /rata2 b g5]ally1 ! volcanic orifices seem at ?is "t to h exi/$ z subm>9e solfat>as1 & 7 c]ta9ly quiesc5t comp>$ ) _! /ate dur+ ! accumulation ( ! porphyritic conglom]ate =mation4 ,dur+ ! deposition ( ! t]ti>y /rata we "k t at ,s4 ,cruz1 deluges ( basaltic lava 7 p\r$ =?2 b z ^! lie 9 ! upp] "p ( ! s]ies1 x is possible t ! subsid5ce may at t "t h ceas$3 at ,*iloe1 ,i 0 unable to asc]ta9 to :at "p ( ! s]ies ! pile ( lavas belong$4 ,! ,uspallata tuffs & great /reams ( subm>9e lavas1 7 probably int]m$iate 9 age betwe5 ! cretaceo- oolitic & old] t]ti>y =mations1 & we "k f ! buri$ trees t !re 0 a great subsid5ce dur+ _! accumulation2 b ev5 9 ?is case1 ! subsid5ce may n h be5 /rictly contemporane\s ) ! great volcanic eruptions1 = we mu/ believe 9 at lea/ "o int]calat$ p]iod ( elevation1 dur+ :i* ! gr\nd 0 uprais$ on :i* ! n[ buri$ trees grew4 ,i h be5 l$ to make ^! rem>ks1 & to ?r[ "s d\bt on ! /rict contemporane\sness ( high volcanic activity & movem5ts ( subsid5ce1 f ! conviction impress$ on my m9d by ! /udy ( coral =mations1 t ^! two actions d n g5]ally g on syn*ron\sly2--on ! contr>y1 t 9 volcanic di/ricts1 subsid5ce ceases z soon z ! orifices bur/ =? into r5ew$ action1 & only recomm5ces :5 !y aga9 h become dormant4 78,! ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs407 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,pampean mud1 ( e/u>y orig91 0 deposit$ ov] a wide area1--9 "o di/rict con=mably on ! und]ly+ old t]ti>y /rata1 & 9 ano!r di/rict uncon=mably on !m1 aft] _! upheaval & d5udation4 ,dur+ & be=e ! accumulation1 h[ev]1 ( ^! old t]ti>y /rata1 &1 !re=e1 at a v remote p]iod1 s$im5t1 /rik+ly resembl+ t ( ! ,pampas1 0 deposit$2 %[+ dur+ h[ long a "t 9 ?is case ! same ag5cies 7 at "w 9 ! same area4 ,! deposition ( ! ,pampean e/u>y mud 0 accompani$1 at lea/ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,pampas1 by an elevatory movem5t1 s t ! ,m4 ,h]moso b$s probably 7 accumulat$ aft] ! upheaval ( ^? r\nd ! ,s4 ,v5tana2 & ^? at ,p4 ,alta aft] ! upheaval ( ! ,m4 ,h]moso /rata2 b !re is "s reason to suspect t "o p]iod ( subsid5ce int]v5$1 dur+ :i* mud 0 deposit$ ov] ! co>se s& ( ! ,b>rancas de ,s4 ,gregorio1 & on ! high] p>ts ( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,! mammif]\s animals *>act]i/ic ( ?is =mation1 _m ( :i* diff] z mu* f ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z d ! eoc5e mammals ( ,europe f ! pres5t ones ( t qu>t] ( ! globe1 c]ta9ly co-exi/$ at ,b4 ,blanca ) tw5ty species ( mollusca1 "o balanus1 & two corals1 all n[ liv+ 9 ! adjo9+ sea3 ?is is likewise ! case 9 ,patagonia ) ! ,macrau*5ia1 :i* co-exi/$ ) eight %ells1 /ill ! commone/ k9ds on t coa/4 ,i w n repeat :at ,i h else:]e said1 on ! place ( habitation1 food1 wide range1 & ext9ction ( ! num]\s gigantic mammif]s1 :i* at ?is late p]iod inhabit$ ! two ,am]icas4 ,! nature & gr\p+ ( ! %ells emb$d$ 9 ! old t]ti>y =mations ( ,patagonia & ,*ile %[ u1 t ! cont95t at t p]iod mu/ h /ood only a few fa?oms bel[ its pres5t level1 & t aft]w>ds x subsid$ ov] a wide area1 sev5 or eight hundr$ feet4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x has s9ce be5 rebr\ght up to its actual level1 0 describ$ 9 detail 9 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,*apt]s4 ,x 0 !re %[n t rec5t %ells are f\nd on ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic1 f ,ti]ra del ,fuego nor?w>d = a space ( at lea/ #a1ahj nautical miles1 & at ! height ( ab\t #ajj feet 9 ,la ,plata1 & ( #djj feet 9 ,patagonia4 ,! elevatory movem5ts on ?is side ( ! cont95t h be5 sl[2 & ! coa/ ( ,patagonia1 up to ! height 9 "o "p ( #iej feet & 9 ano!r ( #a1bjj feet1 is modell$ into eight great1 /ep-l1 gravel-capp$ pla9s1 ext5d+ = hundr$s ( miles ) ! same heights2 ?is fact %[s t ! p]iods ( d5udation 7:i*1 judg+ f ! am\nt ( matt] remov$1 mu/ h be5 long cont9u$7 & ( elevation 7 syn*ron\s ov] surpris+ly great l5g?s ( coa/s4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 uprais$ %ells ( rec5t species1 g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 9 ! same proportional numb]s z 9 ! adjo9+ sea1 h actually be5 f\nd ov] a nor? & s\? space ( #b1jge miles1 & !re is reason to believe t !y occur ov] a space ( #b1dhj miles4 ,! elevation on ?is we/]n side ( ! cont95t has n be5 equable2 at ,valp>aiso1 )9 ! p]iod dur+ :i* uprais$ %ells h rema9$ undecay$ on ! surface1 x has be5 #a1cjj feet1 :il/ at ,coquimbo1 #bjj miles nor?w>d1 x has be5 )9 ?is same p]iod only #beb feet4 ,at ,lima1 ! l& has be5 uplift$ at lea/ #hj feet s9ce ,indian man inhabit$ t di/rict2 b ! level )9 hi/orical times app>5tly has subsid$4 ,at ,coquimbo1 9 a height ( #cfd feet1 ! elevation has be5 int]rupt$ by five p]iods ( comp>ative re/4 ,at sev]al places ! l& has be5 lately1 or /ill is1 ris+ bo? ins5sibly & by sudd5 />ts ( a few feet dur+ e>?quake-%ocks2 ?is %[s t ^! two k9ds ( upw>d movem5t are intimately connect$ toge!r4 ,= a space ( #gge miles1 uprais$ rec5t %ells are f\nd on ! two opposite sides ( ! cont95t2 & 9 ! s\!rn half ( ?is space1 x may be safely inf]r$ f ! slope ( ! l& up to ! ,cordill]a1 & f ! %ells f\nd 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 & high up ! ,riv] ,santa ,cruz1 t ! entire bread? ( ! cont95t has be5 uplift$4 ,f ! g5]al occurr5ce on bo? coa/s ( successive l9es ( esc>pm5ts1 ( s&-dunes & m>ks ( erosion1 we mu/ conclude t ! elevatory movem5t has be5 normally int]rupt$ by p]iods1 :5 ! l& ei!r 0 /ation>y1 or :5 x rose at s sl[ a rate z n to resi/ ! av]age d5ud+ p[] ( ! waves1 or :5 x subsid$4 ,9 ! case ( ! pres5t high sea-cliffs ( ,patagonia & 9 o!r analog\s in/ances1 we h se5 t ! difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ /rata c be remov$ at ^? dep?s "u ! sea1 at :i* ! curr5ts & oscillations ( ! wat] are deposit+ a smoo? surface ( mud1 s&1 & sift$ pebbles1 leads to ! suspicion t ! =mation or d5udation ( su* cliffs has be5 accompani$ by a s9k+ movem5t4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ev]y?+ has tak5 place on a gr& scale1 & all geological ph5om5a are /ill 9 active op]ation4 ,we "k h[ viol5t at ! pres5t day ! e>?quakes are1 we h se5 h[ great an area is n[ ris+1 & ! pla9s ( t]ti>y orig9 are ( va/ dim5sions2 an almo/ /raight l9e c be drawn f ,ti]ra del ,fuego = #a1fjj miles nor?w>d1 & probably = a mu* great] di/ance1 :i* %all int]sect no =mation old] ?an ! ,patagonian deposits2 s equable has be5 ! upheaval ( ! b$s1 t ?r\gh\t ?is long l9e1 n a fault 9 ! /ratification or abrupt dislocation 0 any:]e obs]vable4 ,look+ to ! basal1 metamorphic1 & plutonic rocks ( ! cont95t1 ! areas =m$ ( !m are likewise va/2 & _! planes ( cleavage & foliation /rike ov] surpris+ly great spaces 9 uni=m directions4 ,! ,cordill]a1 ) its p9nacles "h & !re ris+ upw>ds ( tw5ty ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ranges 9 an unbrok5 l9e f ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 app>5tly to ! ,arctic circle4 ,?is gr& range has suff]$ bo? ! mo/ viol5t dislocations1 & sl[1 ?\gh gr&1 upw>d & d[nw>d movem5ts 9 mass2 ,i "k n :e!r ! spectacle ( its imm5se valleys1 ) m\nta9-masses ( once liquifi$ & intrusive rocks n[ b>$ & int]sect$1 or :e!r ! view ( ^? pla9s1 compos$ ( %+le & s$im5t h5ce d]iv$1 :i* /ret* to ! bord]s ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 is be/ adapt$ to excite our a/oni%m5t at ! am\nt ( we> & te> :i* ^! m\nta9s h und]gone4 ,! ,cordill]a f ,ti]ra del ,fuego to ,mexico1 is p5etrat$ by volcanic orifices1 & ^? n[ 9 action are connect$ 9 great tra9s4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 _! rec5t eruptions & ! sl[ elevation ( ! cont95t 9 mass1 appe>s to me highly important1 = no explanation ( ! "o ph5om5on c be consid]$ z satisfactory :i* is n applicable to ! o!r4 7,on ! ,connection ( c]ta9 ,volcanic ,ph5om5a 9 ,s\? ,am]ica3 8,geological ,transactions0 volume #e page #fji47 ,! p]man5ce ( ! volcanic action on ?is *a9 ( m\nta9s is1 also1 a /rik+ fact2 fir/1 we h ! deluges ( subm>9e lavas alt]nat+ ) ! porphyritic conglom]ate /rata1 !n occasionally feldspa?ic /reams & abundant m9]al exhalations dur+ ! gypse\s or cretaceo- oolitic p]iod3 !n ! eruptions ( ! ,uspallata range1 & at an anci5t b unkn[n p]iod1 :5 ! sea came up to ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,cordill]a1 /reams ( basaltic lava at ! foot ( ! ,portillo range2 !n ! old t]ti>y eruptions2 & la/ly1 !re are "h & !re among/ ! m\nta9s1 mu* worn & app>5tly v anci5t volcanic =mations )\t any crat]s2 !re are1 also1 crat]s q ext9ct1 & o!rs 9 ! condition ( solfat>as1 & o!rs occasionally or habitually 9 fi]ce action4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t ! ,cordill]a has be51 probably ) "s quiesc5t p]iods1 a s\rce ( volcanic matt] f an epo* ant]ior to our cretaceo-oolitic =mation to ! pres5t day2 & n[ ! e>?quakes1 daily recurr5t on "s "p ( ! we/]n coa/1 give little hope t ! subt]ranean en]gy is exp5d$4 ,recurr+ to ! evid5ce by :i* x 0 %[n t "s at lea/ ( ! p>allel ridges1 :i* toge!r compose ! ,cordill]a1 7 successively & sl[ly up?r[n at widely diff]5t p]iods2 & t ! :ole range c]ta9ly once1 & almo/ c]ta9ly twice1 subsid$ "s ?\s& feet1 & be+ !n br\ght up by a sl[ movem5t 9 mass1 aga91 dur+ ! old t]ti>y =mations1 subsid$ sev]al hundr$ feet1 & aga9 0 br\ght up to its pres5t level by a sl[ & (t5 int]rupt$ movem5t2 we see h[ oppos$ is ?is complicat$ hi/ory ( *anges sl[ly effect$1 to ! views ( ^? geologi/s :o believe t ?is great m\nta9-*a9 0 =m$ 9 late times by a s+le bl[4 ,i h endeav\r$ else:]e to %[1 t ! excessively di/urb$ condition ( ! /rata 9 ! ,cordill]a1 s f> f indicat+ s+le p]iods ( extreme viol5ce1 pres5ts insup]able difficulties1 except on ! admission t ! masses ( once liquifi$ rocks ( ! axes 7 repeat$ly inject$ ) int]vals suffici5tly long = _! successive cool+ & consolidation4 78,geological ,transactions0 volume #e page #fbf47 ,f9ally1 if we look to ! analogies drawn f ! *anges n[ 9 progress 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 :e!r to ! mann] 9 :i* volcanic matt] is erupt$1 or to ! mann] 9 :i* ! l& is hi/orically kn[n to h ris5 & sunk3 or aga91 if we look to ! va/ am\nt ( d5udation :i* e "p ( ! ,cordill]a has obvi\sly suff]$1 ! *anges ?r\gh :i* x has be5 br\ght into its pres5t condition1 w appe> nei!r to h be5 too sl[ly effect$1 nor to h be5 too complicat$4 ,,note4 ,z1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 translations ( a passage 9 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g's ,memoir1 (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,f\r? ,*apt] ( ?is volume1 h appe>$1 imply+ t ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g believes1 f ! "* ( ! infusoria1 t ! ,pampean =mation 0 deposit$ by a sea-debacle ru%+ ov] ! l&1 ,i may /ate1 on ! au?ority ( a lett] to me1 t ^! translations are incorrect4 ,! foll[+ is ! passage 9 "q3-- 8,dur* ,bea*tung d] mikroscopis*5 ,=m5 hat si* nun fe//ell5 lass51 das die ,ma/odont5-,lag] am ,la ,plata und die ,kno*5-,lag] am ,monte ,h]moso1 :o wie die d] ,ries5-,gurtel?i]e 9 d5 ,dun5hugeln bei ,bahia ,blanca1 beides 9 ,patagoni51 unv]&]te brakis*e ,susswass]bildung5 s9d1 die e9/ wohl sammtli* zum ob]/5 ,flu?gebie! des ,me]es im tief]5 ,fe/l&e gehort540--8,monatsb]i*t5 d] konigl4 ,akad4 etc40 zu ,b]l9 vom ,april #ahde4 ,,index4 ,abi*1 on a new v>iety ( feldsp>4 ,abrolhos isl&s4 ,abs5ce ( rec5t =mations on ! ,s4 ,am]ican coa/s4 ,agu]ros on elevation ( ,imp]ial4 ,albite1 con/itu5t m9]al 9 &esite4 --9 rocks ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --9 porphyries4 --cry/als (1 ) or?ite4 ,alison1 ,mr41 on elevation ( ,valp>aiso4 ,alum9a1 sulphate (4 ,ammonites f ,concepcion4 ,amolanas1 ,las4 ,amygdaloid1 curi\s v>ieties (4 ,amygdaloids ( ! ,uspallata range4 --( ,copiapo4 ,&esite ( ,*ile4 --9 ! valley ( ,maypu4 --( ! ,cumbre pass4 --( ! ,uspallata range4 --( ,los ,hornos4 --( ,copiapo4 ,anhydrite1 concretions (4 ,arauc>ia1 silicifi$ wood (4 ,arica1 elevation (4 ,arqu]os1 m9es (4 ,asc5sion1 gypsum deposit$ on4 --lam9at$ volcanic rocks (4 ,augite 9 fragm5ts1 9 gneiss4 --) albite1 9 lava4 ,au/91 ,mr4 ,r4,a4,c41 on b5t cleavage lam9a4 ,au/91 ,capta91 on sea-bottom4 ,au/ralia1 foliat$ rocks (4 ,az>a labiata1 b$s (1 at ,san ,p$ro4 ,baculites vag9a4 ,bahia ,blanca1 elevation (4 --=mations ne>4 --"* ( liv+ %ells (4 ,bahia 7,brazil71 elevation ne>4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,ball>d1 ,m41 on ! precipitation ( sulphate ( soda4 ,b&a ,ori5tal1 t]ti>y =mations (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,b>nacles above sea-level4 --adh]+ to uprais$ %ells4 ,basalt ( ,s4 ,cruz4 --/reams (1 9 ! ,portillo range4 --9 ! ,uspallata range4 ,bas9 *a9s ( ,*ile4 ,beagle ,*annel4 ,beaumont1 ,elie de1 on incl9ation ( lava-/reams4 --on viscid qu>tz-rocks4 ,bee*-tree1 leaves ( fossil4 ,bee*ey1 ,capta91 on sea-bottom4 ,bel*]1 ,lieut5ant1 on elevat$ %ells f ,concepcion4 ,bella ,vi/a1 pla9 (4 ,b5za1 ,dr41 on decompos$ granite4 ,bett+ton1 ,mr41 on quadrup$s transport$ by riv]s4 ,blake1 ,mr41 on ! decay ( elevat$ %ells ne> ,iquique4 --on nitrate ( soda4 ,bole4 ,bolla]t1 ,mr41 on m9es ( ,iquique4 ,bones1 silicifi$4 --fossil1 fre% condition (4 ,bottom ( sea (f ,patagonia4 ,b\ga9ville1 on elevation ( ! ,falkl& isl&s4 ,b\ld] =mation ( ,s4 ,cruz4 --( ,falkl& isl&s4 --ant]ior to c]ta9 ext9ct quadrup$s4 --( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,b\ld]s 9 ! ,cordill]a4 --transport$ by e>?quake-waves4 --9 f9e-gra9$ t]ti>y deposits4 ,br&e1 ,mr41 on a m9]al spr+4 ,bravais1 ,m41 on elevation ( ,sc&9avia4 ,brazil1 elevation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,brod]ip1 ,mr41 on elevat$ %ells f ,concepcion4 ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,r41 on silicifi$ wood ( ,uspallata range4 ,br[n1 on silicifi$ wood4 ,bucalema1 elevat$ %ells ne>4 ,bu*1 ,von1 on cleavage4 --on cretace\s fossils ( ! ,cordill]a4 --on ! sulphure\s volcanoes ( ,java4 ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,bur*ell1 ,mr41 on elevat$ %ells ( ,brazil4 ,byron1 on elevat$ %ells4 ,ca*apual1 b\ld]s 9 valley (4 ,caldcleugh1 ,mr41 on elevation ( ,coquimbo4 --on rocks ( ! ,portillo range4 ,callao1 elevation ne>4 --old t[n (4 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 metamorphic rocks (4 ,c>*>ias megalodon4 ,c>p5t]1 ,dr41 on microscopic organisms4 ,ca/ro 7,*iloe71 b$s ne>4 ,cauqu5es ,ba?s1 b\ld]s ne>4 --pebbles 9 porphyry ne>4 --volcanic =mation ne>4 --/ratification ne>4 ,caves above sea-level4 ,c]vus pumilus1 fossil-horns (4 ,*evali]1 ,m41 on elevation ne> ,lima4 ,*ile1 /ructure ( c\ntry betwe5 ! ,cordill]a & ! ,pacific4 --t]ti>y =mations (4 --cry/all9e rocks 94 --c5tral1 geology (4 --nor!rn1 geology (4 ,*iloe1 gravel on coa/4 --elevation (4 --t]ti>y =mation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,*lorite-s*i/1 ne> ,m4 ,video4 ,*onos ar*ipelago1 t]ti>y =mations (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,*upat1 ,rio1 scoriae transport$ by4 ,cl>o1 ,rio1 fossilif]\s b$s (4 ,clay-%ale ( ,los ,hornos4 ,clay-slate1 =mation (1 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --( ,concepcion4 --feldspa?ic1 ( ,*ile4 -- --( ! ,uspallata range4 --black silice\s1 b& (1 9 porphyritic =mations ( ,*ile4 ,clay/one porphyry1 =mation (1 9 ,*ile4 --orig9 (4 --eruptive s\rces (4 ,cleavage1 def9ition (4 --at ,bahia4 --,rio de ,janeiro4 --,maldonado4 --,monte ,video4 --,s4 ,guitru-gueyu4 --,falkl& ,i4 --,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --,*onos ,i4 --,*iloe4 --,concepcion4 --,*ile4 --discussion on4 ,cleavage-lam9ae sup]ficially b5t4 ,cliffs1 =mation (4 ,climate1 late *anges 94 --( ,*ile dur+ t]ti>y p]iod4 ,coal ( ,concepcion4 --,s4 ,lor5zo4 ,coa/-d5udation ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,cobija1 elevation (4 ,colombia1 cretace\s =mation (4 ,colonia del ,sacrami5to1 elevation (4 --,pampean =mation ne> ,colorado1 ,rio1 gravel (4 --s&-dunes (4 --,pampean =mation ne>4 ,comb>bala4 ,concepcion1 elevation (4 --deposits (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,con*alee1 gravel-t]races (4 ,concretions ( gypsum1 at ,iquique4 --9 s&/one at ,s4 ,cruz4 --9 tuface\s tuff ( ,*iloe4 --9 gneiss4 --9 clay/one-porphyry at ,port ,desire4 --9 gneiss at ,valp>aiso4 --9 metamorphic rocks4 --( anhydrite4 --relations (1 to ve9s4 ,conglom]ate clay/one ( ,*ile4 --( ,t5uyan4 --( ! ,cumbre ,pass4 --( ,rio ,cl>o4 --( ,copiapo4 ,cook1 ,capta91 on =m ( sea-bottom4 ,copiapo1 elevation (4 --t]ti>y =mations (4 --second>y =mations (4 ,copp]1 sulphate (4 --native1 at ,arqu]os4 --m9es (1 at ,panuncillo4 --ve9s1 di/ribution (4 ,coquimbo1 elevation & t]races (4 --t]ti>y =mations (4 --second>y =mations (4 ,corall9es liv+ on pebbles4 ,cordill]a1 valleys bord]$ by gravel fr+es4 --basal /rata (4 --fossils (4 --elevation (4 --gypse\s =mations (4 --clay/one-porphyries (4 --&esitic rocks (4 --volcanoes (4 ,co/e1 ,m41 on elevation ( ,lemus4 ,coy inlet1 t]ti>y =mation (4 ,crassatella ,lyellii4 ,cruick%anks1 ,mr41 on elevation ne> ,lima4 ,cry/als ( feldsp>1 gradual =mation (1 at ,port ,desire4 ,cumbre1 ,pass (1 9 ,cordill]a4 ,cum+1 ,mr41 on habits ( ! ,mesodesma4 --on range ( liv+ %ells on we/ coa/4 ,dana1 ,mr41 on foliat$ rocks4 --on amygdaloids4 ,d>w91 ,m\nt4 ,d',aubuisson1 on concretions4 --on foliat$ rocks4 ,decay1 gradual1 ( uprais$ %ells4 ,decomposition ( granite rocks4 ,de la ,be*e1 ,sir ,h41 8 !oretical rese>*es 9 geology4 --on ! action ( salt on calc>e\s rocks4 --on b5t cleavage-lam9ae4 ,d5udation on coa/ ( ,patagonia4 --great p[]s (4 --( ! ,portillo range4 ,deposits1 sal9e4 ,despoblado1 valley (4 ,detritus1 nature (1 9 ,cordill]a4 ,devon%ire1 b5t cleavage 94 ,dikes1 9 gneiss ( ,brazil4 --ne> ,rio de ,janeiro4 --pseudo1 at ,port ,desire4 --9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --9 ,*onos ar*ipelago1 conta9+ qu>tz4 --ne> ,concepcion1 ) qu>tz4 --granitic-porphyritic1 at ,valp>aiso4 --r>ely vesicul> 9 ,cordill]a4 --abs5t 9 ! c5tral ridges ( ! ,portillo pass4 --( ! ,portillo range1 ) gra9s ( qu>tz4 --int]sect+ ea* o!r (t54 --num]\s at ,copiapo4 ,domeyko1 ,m41 on ! silv] m9es ( ,coquimbo4 on ! fossils ( ,coquimbo4 ,d',orbigny1 ,m4 ,a41 on uprais$ %ells ( ,monte ,video4 --on elevat$ %ells at ,/4 ,p$ro4 --on elevat$ %ells ne> ,b4 ,ayres4 --on elevation ( ,s4 ,blas4 --on ! sudd5 elevation ( ,la ,plata4 --on elevat$ %ells ne> ,cobija4 --on elevat$ %ells ne> ,arica4 --on ! climate ( ,p]u4 --on salt deposits ( ,cobija4 --on cry/als ( gypsum 9 salt-lakes4 --on abs5ce ( gypsum 9 ! ,pampean =mation4 --on fossil rema9s f ,bahia ,blanca4 --on fossil rema9s f ! banks ( ! ,p>ana4 --on ! geology ( ,/4 ,fe4 --on ! age ( ,pampean =mation4 --on ! ,ma/odon ,&ium4 --on ! geology ( ! ,rio ,negro4 --on ! "* ( ! ,patagonian fossils4 --on fossils f ,concepcion4 -- --f ,coquimbo4 -- --f ,payta4 --on fossil t]ti>y %ells ( ,*ile4 --on cretace\s fossils ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 -- --f ! ,cordill]a ( ,*ile4 ,e>?1 m>9e orig9 (4 ,e>!nw>e1 fossil4 ,e>?quake1 effect (1 at ,s4 ,m>ia4 --elevation dur+1 at ,lemus4 --( #ahbb1 at ,valp>aiso4 --effects (1 9 %att]+ surface4 --fissures made by4 --probable effects on cleavage4 ,e>?quakes 9 ,pampas4 ,e>?quake-waves1 p[] (1 9 ?r[+ up %ells4 --effects (1 ne> ,lima4 --p[] (1 9 transport+ b\ld]s4 ,edmon/on1 ,mr41 on dep?s at :i* %ells live at ,valp>aiso4 ,ehr5b]g1 ,pr(essor1 on infusoria 9 ! ,pampean =mation4 --on infusoria 9 ! ,patagonian =mation4 ,elevation ( ,la ,plata4 --,brazil4 --,bahia ,blanca4 --,san ,blas4 --,patagonia4 --,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --,falkl& isl&s4 --,pampas4 --,*onos ar*ipelago4 --,*iloe4 --,*ile4 --,valp>aiso4 --,coquimbo4 --,guasco4 --,iquique4 --,cobija4 --,lima4 --sudd51 at ,s4 ,m>ia4 -- --at ,lemus4 --ins5sible1 at ,*iloe4 -- --at ,valp>aiso4 -- --at ,coquimbo4 --axes (1 at ,*iloe4 -- --at ,p4 ,rum5a4 --at ,concepcion4 --unfav\rable = ! accumulation ( p]man5t deposits4 --l9es (1 p>allel to cleavage & foliation4 --l9es (1 oblique to foliation4 --areas (1 caus+ l9es ( elevation & cleavage4 --l9es (1 9 ! ,cordill]a4 --sl[1 9 ! ,portillo range4 --two p]iods (1 9 ,cordill]a ( ,c5tral ,*ile4 --( ! ,uspallata range4 --two p]iods (1 9 ,cumbre ,pass4 --horizontal1 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ,copiapo4 --axes (1 co9cid5t ) volcanic orifices4 --( ! ,cordill]a1 summ>y on4 ,elliott1 ,capta91 on human rema9s4 ,ens5ada1 elevat$ %ells (4 ,entre ,rios1 geology (4 ,equus curvid5s4 ,epidote 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --9 gneiss4 --frequ5t 9 ,*ile4 --9 ! ,uspallata range4 --9 porphyry ( ,coquimbo4 ,erman1 ,m41 on &esite4 ,esc>pm5ts1 rec5t1 ( ,patagonia4 ,ext9ction ( fossil mammif]s4 ,falkl& isl&s1 elevation (4 --pebbles on coa/4 --geology (4 ,falkn]1 on sal9e incru/ations4 ,faults1 great1 9 ,cordill]a4 ,feldsp>1 e>?y1 metamorphosis (1 at ,port ,desire4 --albitic4 --cry/als (1 ) albite4 --or?itic1 9 conglom]ate ( ,t5uyan4 --9 granite ( ,portillo range4 --9 porphyries 9 ! ,cumbre ,pass4 ,feuillee on sea-level at ,coquimbo4 ,fissures1 relations (1 to concretions4 --upfill$1 at ,port ,desire4 --9 clay-slate4 ,fitton1 ,dr41 on ! geology ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,fitzroy1 ,capta91 on ! elevation ( ! ,falkl& isl&s4 --on ! elevation ( ,concepcion4 ,foliation1 def9ition (4 --( rocks at ,bahia4 --,rio de ,janeiro4 --,maldonado4 --,monte ,video4 --,s4 ,guitru-gueyu4 --,falkl& ,i4 --,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --,*onos ar*ipelago4 --,*iloe4 --,concepcion4 --,*ile4 --discussion on4 ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,e41 on cretace\s fossils ( ,concepcion4 --on cretace\s fossils & subsid5ce 9 ,cumbre ,pass4 --on fossils f ,guasco4 -- --f ,coquimbo4 -- --f ,copiapo4 --on dep?s at :i* %ells live4 ,=mation1 ,pampean4 -- --area (4 -- --e/u>y orig94 --t]ti>y ( ,entre ,rios4 --( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 --volcanic1 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal4 --( ,patagonia4 --summ>y on4 --t]ti>y ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 -- --( ! ,*onos ar*ipelago4 -- --( ,*iloe4 -- --( ,*ile4 -- --( ,concepcion4 -- --( ,navidad4 -- --( ,coquimbo4 -- --( ,p]u4 -- --subsid5ce dur+4 --volcanic1 ( ,tres ,montes4 -- --( ,*iloe4 -- --old1 ne> ,maldonado4 -- --) lam9> /ructure4 -- --anci5t1 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --rec5t1 abs5t on ,s4 ,am]ican coa/4 --metamorphic1 ( clay/one-porphyry ( ,patagonia4 --foliation (4 --plutonic1 ) lam9> /ructure4 --palaeozoic1 ( ! ,falkl& ,i4 --clay/one1 at ,concepcion4 --,jurassic1 ( ,cordill]a4 --,neocomian1 ( ! ,portillo ,pass4 --volcanic1 ( ,cumbre ,pass4 --gypse\s1 ( ,los ,hornos4 -- --( ,coquimbo4 -- --( ,guasco4 -- --( ,copiapo4 -- --( ,iquique4 --cretaceo-oolitic1 ( ,coquimbo4 -- --( ,guasco4 -- --( ,copiapo4 -- --( ,iquique4 ,fossils1 ,neocomian1 ( ,portillo ,pass4 -- --( ,cumbre ,pass4 --second>y1 ( ,coquimbo4 -- --( ,guasco4 -- --( ,copiapo4 -- --( ,iquique4 --palaeozoic1 f ! ,falkl&s4 ,fragm5ts ( hornbl5de-rock 9 gneiss4 --( gneiss 9 gneiss4 ,frey]1 ,lieut5ant1 on elevat$ %ells ( ,arica4 ,frezi] on sea-level at ,coquimbo4 ,galapagos ar*ipelago1 pseudo-dikes (4 ,gallegos1 ,port1 t]ti>y =mation (4 ,g>nets 9 gneiss4 --9 mica-slate4 --at ,panuncillo4 ,g>di*aud1 ,m41 on granites ( ,brazil4 ,gay1 ,m41 on elevat$ %ells4 --on b\ld]s 9 ! ,cordill]a4 --on fossils f ,cordill]a ( ,coquimbo4 ,gill1 ,mr41 on brickwork transport$ by an e>?quake-wave4 ,gillies1 ,dr41 on heights 9 ! ,cordill]a4 --on ext5sion ( ! ,portillo range4 ,gl5 ,roy1 p>allel roads (4 --slop+ t]races (4 ,gneiss1 ne> ,bahia4 --( ,rio de ,janeiro4 --decomposition (4 ,gold1 di/ribution (4 ,gorodona1 =mations ne>4 ,granite1 axis ( oblique1 to foliation4 --&esitic4 --( ,portillo range4 --ve9s (1 qu>tzose4 --pebble (1 9 porphyritic conglom]ate4 --conglom]ate4 ,grauwacke ( ,uspallata range4 ,gravel at bottom ( sea4 --=mation (1 9 ,patagonia4 --means ( transportation (4 --/rata (1 incl9$4 ,gravel-t]races 9 ,cordill]a4 ,gre5\gh1 ,mr41 on qu>tz ve9s4 ,gre5/one1 result+ f metamorphose hornbl5de-rock4 --( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --on ! summit ( ! ,campana ( ,quillota4 --porphyry4 --relation (1 to clay-slate4 ,gryphaea ori5talis4 ,guasco1 elevation (4 --second>y =mation (4 ,guitru-gueyu1 ,si]ra4 ,guyana1 gneissic rocks (4 ,gypsum1 nodules (1 9 gravel at ,rio ,negro4 --deposit$ f sea-wat]4 --deposits (1 at ,iquique4 --cry/als (1 9 salt lakes4 --9 ,pampean =mation4 --9 t]ti>y =mation ( ,patagonia4 --great =mation (1 9 ! ,portillo ,pass4 -- --9 ! ,cumbre ,pass4 -- --ne> ,los ,hornos4 -- --at ,coquimbo4 -- --at ,copiapo4 -- --ne> ,iquique4 --( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,hall1 ,capta91 on t]races at ,coquimbo4 ,hamilton1 ,mr41 on elevation ne> ,tacna4 ,h>lan1 ,dr41 on human rema9s4 ,hayes1 ,mr4 ,a41 on nitrate ( soda4 ,h5sl[1 ,pr(essor1 on concretions4 ,h]b]t1 ,capta91 on valleys 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,h]radura ,bay1 elevat$ %ells (4 --t]ti>y =mations (4 ,himalaya1 valleys 94 ,hippurites ,*il5sis4 ,hit*cock1 ,pr(essor1 on dikes4 ,hone/ones1 pseudo1 ( ,coquimbo4 --( ,copiapo4 ,hook]1 ,dr4 ,j4,d41 on fossil bee*-leaves4 ,hopk9s1 ,mr41 on axes ( elevation oblique to foliation4 --on orig9 ( l9es ( elevation4 ,hornbl5de-rock1 fragm5ts (1 9 gneiss4 ,hornbl5de-s*i/1 ne> ,m4 ,video4 ,hornos1 ,los1 section ne>4 ,horn/one1 dike (4 ,horse1 fossil too? (4 ,huafo isl&4 --subsid5ce at4 ,huantajaya1 m9es (4 ,humboldt1 on sal9e incru/ations4 --on foliations ( gneiss4 --on concretions 9 gneiss4 ,iceb]gs1 action on cleavage4 ,illapel1 section ne>4 ,imp]ial1 b$s ( %ells ne>4 ,incru/ations1 sal9e4 ,infusoria 9 ,pampean =mation4 --9 ,patagonian =mation4 ,iod9e1 salts (4 ,iquique1 elevation (4 --salif]\s deposits (4 --cretaceo-oolitic =mation (4 ,iron1 oxide (1 9 lavas4 --9 s$im5t>y b$s4 --t5d5cy 91 to produce holl[ concretions4 --sulphate (4 ,isabelle1 ,m41 on volcanic rocks ( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,jo9ts 9 clay-slate4 ,jukes1 ,mr41 on cleavage 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,kamts*atka1 &esite (4 ,kane1 ,dr41 on ! production ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,k+ ,george's s\nd1 calc>e\s b$s (4 ,lakes1 orig9 (4 --fre%-wat]1 ne> salt lakes4 ,lava1 basaltic1 ( ,s4 ,cruz4 --clay/one-porphyry1 at ,*iloe4 -- --anci5t subm>9e4 --basaltic1 ( ! ,portillo range4 --feldspa?ic1 ( ! ,cumbre ,pass4 --subm>9e1 ( ! ,uspallata range4 --basaltic1 ( ! ,uspallata range4 --subm>9e1 ( ,coquimbo4 --( ,copiapo4 ,lemus isl&4 ,lemuy islet4 ,lignite ( ,*iloe4 --( ,concepcion4 ,lima1 elevation (4 ,lime1 muriate (4 ,lime/one ( ,cumbre ,pass4 --( ,coquimbo4 --( ,copiapo4 ,lund & ,claus5 on rema9s ( caves 9 ,brazil4 ,lund1 ,m41 on granites ( ,brazil4 ,lyell1 ,m41 on uprais$ %ells reta9+ _! col\rs4 --on t]races at ,coquimbo4 --on elevation ne> ,lima4 --on fossil horse's too?4 --on ! b\ld]-=mation be+ ant]ior to ! ext9ction ( ,nor? ,am]ican mammif]s4 --on quadrup$s wa%$ d[n by floods4 --on age ( ,am]ican fossil mammif]s4 --on *anges ( climate4 --on d5udation4 --on foliation4 ,mac,culloch1 ,dr41 on concretions4 --on b$s ( m>ble4 ,macl>51 ,mr41 lett] to1 on coral-=mations4 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,madeira1 subsid5ce (4 ,magellan1 ,/rait1 elevation ne>1 (4 ,magnesia1 sulphate (1 9 ve9s4 ,malcolmson1 ,dr41 on trees c>ri$ out to sea4 ,maldonado1 elevation (4 --,pampean =mation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,mammalia1 fossil1 ( ,bahia ,blanca4 -- --ne> ,/4 ,fe4 -- --( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 -- --( ,/4 ,julian4 -- --at ,port ,gallegos4 --wa%$ d[n by floods4 --numb] ( rema9s (1 & range (1 9 ,pampas4 ,man1 skeletons ( 7,brazil74 --rema9s (1 ne> ,lima4 --,indian1 antiquity (4 ,m>ble1 b$s (4 ,m>icongo1 rav9e (4 ,m>sd51 on elevation ( ,sumatra4 ,ma/odon ,&ium1 rema9s (4 --range (4 ,maypu1 ,rio1 m\? (1 ) uprais$ %ells4 --gravel fr+es (4 --deb\*em5t f ! ,cordill]a4 ,megalonyx1 range (4 ,mega!rium1 range (4 ,mi]s1 ,mr41 on elevat$ %ells4 --on ! height ( ! ,uspallata pla94 ,m9as1 ,las4 ,mo*a ,isl&1 elevation (4 --t]ti>y =m (4 --subsid5ce at4 ,mol9a1 on a great flood4 ,monte ,h]moso1 elevation (4 --fossils (4 ,monte ,video1 elevation (4 --,pampean =mation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,morris & ,%>pe1 ,messrs41 on ! palaeozoic fossils ( ! ,falkl&s4 ,mud1 ,pampean4 --long deposit$ on ! same area4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r41 on cleavage4 --on waves transport+ gravel4 --on orig9 ( salt =mations4 --on ! relations ( metallif]\s ve9s & intrusive rocks4 --on ! abs5ce ( granite 9 ! ,ural4 ,nautilus d',orbignyanus4 ,navidad1 t]ti>y =mations (1 subsid5ce (4 ,negro1 ,rio1 pumice ( pebbles (4 --gravel (4 --salt lakes (4 --t]ti>y /rata (4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 fossil rema9s (4 ,nor? ,wales1 slop+ t]races abs5t 94 --b5t cleavage (4 ,neuvo ,gulf1 pla9s (4 --t]ti>y =mation (4 ,ow51 ,pr(essor1 on fossil mammif]\s rema9s4 ,palm]1 ,mr41 on transportation ( gravel4 ,pampas1 elevation (4 --e>?quakes (4 --=mation (4 --localities 9 :i* fossil mammif]s h be5 f\nd4 ,panuncillo1 m9es (4 ,p>ana1 ,rio1 on sal9e incru/ations4 --,pampean =mations ne>4 --on ! ,s4 ,t&il4 ,p>i%1 ,sir ,w41 on elevat$ %ells ne> ,bu5os ,ayres4 --on e>?quakes 9 ! ,pampas4 --on fre%-wat] ne> salt lakes4 --on orig9 ( ,pampean =mation4 ,patagonia1 elevation & pla9s (4 --d5udation (4 --gravel-=mation (4 --sea-cliffs (4 --subsid5ce dur+ t]ti>y p]iod4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,payta1 t]ti>y =mations (4 ,pebbles ( pumice4 --decrease 9 size on ! coa/ ( ,patagonia4 --means ( transportation4 --encru/$ ) liv+ corall9es4 --di/ribution (1 at ! ea/]n foot ( ,cordill]a4 --disp]sal (1 9 ! ,pampas4 --zon$ ) col\r4 ,p5tl&1 ,mr41 on heights 9 ! ,cordill]a4 --on fossils ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,p]nambuco4 ,p]u1 t]ti>y =mations (4 ,peuqu5es1 ,pass (1 9 ! ,cordill]a4 --ridge (4 ,pholas1 elevat$ %ells (4 ,pit*/one ( ,*iloe4 --( ,port ,desire4 --ne> ,cauqu5es4 --lay]s (1 9 ! ,uspallata range4 --( ,los ,hornos4 --( ,coquimbo4 ,pla9s ( ,patagonia4 --( ,*iloe4 --( ,*ile4 --( ,uspallata4 --on ea/]n foot ( ,cordill]a4 --( ,iquique4 ,plata1 ,la1 elevation (4 --t]ti>y =mation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,playfair1 ,pr(essor1 on ! transportation ( gravel4 ,plucl>o1 axis (4 ,pondi*]ry1 fossils (4 ,porcela9 rocks ( ,port ,desire4 --( ! ,uspallata range4 ,porphyry1 pebbles (1 /rew$ ov] ,patagonia4 ,porphyry1 clay/one1 ( ,*iloe1 -- --( ,patagonia4 -- --( ,*ile4 --gre5/one1 ( ,*ile4 --d\bly column>4 --clay/one1 r>e1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,portillo ,pass4 --brick-r$ & or?itic1 ( ,cumbre ,pass4 --intrusive1 repeat$ly inject$4 --clay/one ( ! ,uspallata range4 -- --( ,copiapo4 -- --eruptive s\rces (4 ,port ,desire1 elevation & pla9s (4 --t]ti>y =mation (4 --porphyries (4 ,portillo ,pass 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,portillo *a94 --comp>$ ) t ( ! ,uspallata4 ,prefil or sea-wall ( ,valp>aiso4 ,pu5te del ,inca1 section (4 ,pumice1 pebbles (4 --conglom]ate ( ,r4 ,negro4 --hills (1 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,punta ,alta1 elevation (4 --b$s (4 ,qu>tz-rock ( ! ,s4 ,v5tana4 --,c4 ,blanco4 --,falkl& isl&s4 --,portillo range4 --viscidity (4 --ve9s (1 ne> ,monte ,video4 -- --9 dike ( gre5/one4 --gra9s (1 9 mica slate4 -- --9 dikes4 --ve9s (1 relations to cleavage4 ,quillota1 ,campana (4 ,qu9t]o1 elevation (4 ,quiriqu9a1 elevation (4 --deposits (4 ,rancagua1 pla9 (4 ,rapel1 ,r4 elevation ne>4 ,reeks1 ,mr4 ,t41 8 analysis ( decompos$ %ells4 --8 analysis ( salts4 ,rema9s1 human4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 elevation ne>4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,riv]s1 small p[] ( transport+ pebbles4 --small p[] (1 9 =m+ valleys4 --dra9age (1 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,roads1 p>allel1 ( ,gl5 ,roy4 ,rocks1 volcanic1 ( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 --,tres ,montes4 --,*iloe4 --,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --) lam9> /ructure4 ,rod5ts1 fossil1 rema9s (4 ,rog]s1 ,pr(essor1 address to ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s4 ,rose1 ,pr(essor ,g41 on sulphate ( iron at ,copiapo4 ,s4 ,blas1 elevation (4 ,s4 ,cruz1 elevation & pla9s (4 --valley (4 --nature ( gravel 9 valley (4 --b\ld] =mation (4 --t]ti>y =mation (4 --subsid5ce at4 ,s4 ,fe ,bajada1 =mations (4 ,s4 ,george's bay1 pla9s (4 ,s4 ,hel5a isl&1 sea-cliffs1 & subsid5ce (4 ,s4 ,josef1 elevation (4 --t]ti>y =mation (4 ,s4 ,juan1 elevation ne>4 ,s4 ,julian1 elevation & pla9s (4 --salt lake (4 --e>?y deposit ) mammif]\s rema9s4 --t]ti>y =mations (4 --subsid5ce at4 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 elevation (4 --old salt =mation (4 ,s4 ,m>y1 isl& (1 elevation (4 ,s4 ,p$ro1 elevation (4 ,salado1 ,r41 elevat$ %ells (4 --,pampean =mation (4 ,sal9es4 ,salt1 ) uprais$ %ell4 --lakes (4 --purity (1 9 salt lakes4 --deliquesc5t1 necess>y = ! pres]vation ( meat4 --anci5t =mation (1 at ,iquique4 -- --at ,s4 ,lor5zo4 --/rata (1 orig9 (4 ,salts1 sup]ficial deposits (4 ,s&-dunes ( ! ,uruguay4 --( ! ,pampas4 --ne> ,bahia ,blanca4 --( ! ,colorado4 --( ,s4 ,cruz4 --( ,arica4 ,s>mi5to1 ,m\nt4 ,s*midtmey] on aurif]\s detritus4 ,s*omburghk1 ,sir ,r41 on sea-bottom4 --on ! rocks ( ,guyana4 ,scotl&1 slop+ t]races (4 ,sea1 nature ( bottom (1 (f ,patagonia4 --p[] (1 9 =m+ valleys4 ,sea cliffs1 =mation (4 ,seale1 ,mr41 model ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,seba/ian ,bay1 t]ti>y =mation (4 ,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor1 on cleavage4 ,s]p5t9e ( ,copiapo4 ,s]pulae1 on uprais$ rocks4 ,%ale-rock1 ( ! ,portillo ,pass4 --( ,copiapo4 ,%ells1 uprais$ /ate (1 9 ,patagonia4 --elevat$1 too small = human food4 --transport$ f> inl&1 = food4 --uprais$1 proportional numb]s v>y+4 -- --gradual decay (4 -- --abs5t on high pla9s ( ,*ile4 -- --ne> ,bahia ,blanca4 --pres]v$ 9 concretions4 --liv+ & fossil range (1 on we/ coa/4 --liv+1 diff]5t on ! ea/ & we/ coa/4 ,%+le ( ,patagonia4 ,siau1 ,m41 on sea-bottom4 ,silv] m9es ( ,arqu]os4 --( ,*anuncillo4 --( ,iquique4 --di/ribution (4 ,slip1 great1 at ,s4 ,cruz4 ,smi?1 ,mr41 ( ,jordan ,hill1 on uprais$ %ells reta9+ _! col\rs4 --on ,madeira4 --on elevat$ seawe$4 --on incl9$ gravel b$s4 ,soda1 nitrate (4 --sulphate (1 ne> ,bahia ,blanca4 --c>bonate (4 ,s\nd+s (f ,patagonia4 --9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,spirif]s4 ,spix & ,m>tius on ,brazil4 ,spr5gel on ! production ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,spr+s1 m9]al1 9 ! ,cumbre ,pass4 ,/ratification ( s&/one 9 metamorphic rocks4 --( clay-slate 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 --( ! ,cordill]a ( ,c5tral ,*ile4 --little di/urb$ 9 ,cumbre ,pass4 --di/urbance (1 ne> ,copiapo4 ,/reams ( lava at ,s4 ,cruz1 incl9ation (4 --9 ! ,portillo range4 ,/r+ ( cotton ) fossil-%ells4 ,/ru?iol>ia ornata4 ,/ud]1 ,m41 on metamorphic rocks4 ,subsid5ce dur+ =mation ( sea-cliffs4 --ne> ,lima4 --probable1 dur+ ,pampean =mation4 --necess>y = ! accumulation ( p]man5t deposits4 --dur+ ! t]ti>y =mations ( ,*ile & ,patagonia4 --probable dur+ ! ,neocomian =mation ( ! ,portillo ,pass4 --probable dur+ ! =mation ( conglom]ate ( ,t5uyan4 --dur+ ! ,neocomian =mation ( ! ,cumbre ,pass4 --( ! ,uspallata range4 --great1 at ,copiapo4 -- --dur+ ! =mation ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,sulphur1 volcanic exhalations (4 ,sumatra1 promontories (4 ,a ,summ>y on ! rec5t elevatory movem5ts4 --on ! ,pampean =mation4 --on ! t]ti>y =mations ( ,patagonia & ,*ile4 --on ! ,*ilean ,cordill]a4 --on ! cretaceo-oolitic =mation4 --on ! subsid5ces ( ! ,cordill]a4 --on ! elevation ( ! ,cordill]a4 ,tacna1 elevation (4 ,tampico1 elevat$ %ells ne>4 ,t&il1 cry/all9e rocks (4 ,tapalgu51 ,pampean =mation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 ,taylor1 ,mr41 on copp] ve9s ( ,cuba4 ,temp]ature ( ,*ile dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,t5sion1 l9es (1 orig9 (1 axes ( elevation & ( cleavage4 ,t5uy ,po9t1 s+ul> section (4 ,t5uyan1 valley (4 ,t]races ( ! valley ( ,s4 ,cruz4 --( equable heights ?r\gh\t ,patagonia4 --( ,patagonia1 =mation (4 --( ,*iloe4 --at ,con*alee4 --( ,coquimbo4 --n horizontal at ,coquimbo4 --( ,guasco4 --( ,s4 ,lor5zo4 --( gravel )9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,!ories on ! orig9 ( ! ,pampean =mation4 ,ti]ra ,am>illa4 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 =m ( sea-bottom4 --t]ti>y =mations (4 --clay-slate =mation (4 --cretace\s =mation (4 --cry/all9e rocks (4 --cleavage ( clay-slate4 ,tosca rock4 ,tra*yte ( ,*iloe4 --( ,port ,desire4 --9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,traditions ( promontories hav+ be5 isl&s4 --on *anges ( level ne> ,lima4 ,trees buri$ 9 pla9 ( ,iquique4 --silicifi$1 v]tical1 ( ! ,uspallata range4 ,tres ,montes1 elevation (4 --volcanic rocks (4 ,trigonocelia insolita4 ,tri/an ,arroyo1 elevat$ %ells (4 ,ts*udi1 ,mr41 on subsid5ce ne> ,lima4 ,tuff1 calc>e\s1 at ,coquimbo4 --on bas9-pla9 ne> ,/4 ,jago4 --/ructure (1 9 ,pampas4 --orig9 (1 9 ,pampas4 --pumice\s1 ( ,r4 ,negro4 --,nuevo ,gulf4 --,port ,desire4 --,s4 ,cruz4 --,patagonia1 summ>y on ,*iloe4 --=mation (1 9 ,portillo *a94 --great deposit (1 at ,copiapo4 ,tuffs1 volcanic1 metamorphic1 ( ,uspallata4 --( ,coquimbo4 ,ulloa1 on ra9 9 ,p]u4 --on elevation ne> ,lima4 ,uruguay1 ,rio1 elevation ( c\ntry ne>4 ,uspallata1 pla9 (4 --pass (4 --range (4 --conclud+ rem>ks on4 ,valdivia1 t]ti>y b$s (4 --mica-slate (4 ,valley ( ,s4 ,cruz1 /ructure (4 --,coquimbo4 --,guasco1 /ructure (4 --,copiapo1 /ructure (4 --,s4 ,cruz1 t]ti>y =mations (4 --,coquimbo1 geology (4 --,guasco1 second>y =mations (4 --,copiapo1 second>y =mations (4 --,despoblado4 ,valleys 9 ! ,cordill]a bord]$ by gravel fr+es4 --=mation (4 --9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,valp>aiso1 elevation (4 --gneiss (4 ,ve9 ( qu>tz ne> ,monte ,video4 --9 mica-slate4 --relations (1 to cleavage4 --9 a trap dike4 --( granite1 qu>tzose4 --rem>kable1 9 gneiss1 ne> ,valp>aiso4 ,ve9s1 relations (1 to concretions4 --metallif]\s1 ( ! ,uspallata range4 --metallif]\s1 discussion on4 ,v5ezuela1 gneissic rocks (4 ,v5tana1 ,si]ra1 ,pampean =mation ne>4 --qu>tz-rock (4 ,villa ,v9c5cio ,pass4 ,volcan1 ,rio1 m\? (4 --fossils (4 ,volcanoes ( ! ,cordill]a4 --abs5t1 except ne> bodies ( wat]4 --anci5t subm>9e1 9 ,cordill]a4 --action (1 9 relation to *anges ( level4 --long action (1 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,waf] on elevat$ %ells4 ,waves caus$ by e>?quakes1 p[] (1 9 transport+ b\ld]s4 --p[] (1 9 ?r[+ up %ells4 ,weav]1 ,mr41 on elevat$ %ells4 ,:ite1 ,m>t941 on sea-bottom4 ,wood1 silicifi$1 ( ,entre ,rios4 --,s4 ,cruz4 --,*iloe4 --,uspallata range4 --,los ,hornos4 --,copiapo4 ,yeso1 ,rio1 & pla9 (4 ,ypun ,isl&1 t]ti>y =mation (4 ,zeagonite4