,,no ,,treason4 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,! ,con/itution ( no ,au?ority4 ,,by ,,lys&] ,,spoon]4 ,,bo/on3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 #ahgj4 ,no ,treason ,! ,con/itution ( ,no ,au?ority ,i4 ,! ,con/itution has no inh]5t au?ority or obligation4 ,x has no au?ority or obligation at all1 unless z a contract betwe5 man & man4 ,& x does n s mu* z ev5 purport to be a contract betwe5 p]sons n[ exi/+4 ,x purports1 at mo/1 to be only a contract betwe5 p]sons liv+ eighty ye>s ago4 ,& x c be suppos$ to h be5 a contract !n only betwe5 p]sons :o _h already come to ye>s ( discretion1 s z to be compet5t to make reasonable & obligatory contracts4 ,fur!rmore1 we "k1 hi/orically1 t only a small portion ev5 ( ! p !n exi/+ 7 consult$ on ! subject1 or ask$1 or p]mitt$ to express ei!r _! cons5t or diss5t 9 any =mal mann]4 ,^? p]sons1 if any1 :o did give _! cons5t =mally1 are all dead n[4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 dead =ty1 fifty1 sixty1 or sev5ty ye>s4 ,& ! ,con/itution1 s f> z x 0 _! contract1 di$ ) !m4 ,!y _h no natural p[] or "r to make x obligatory ^u _! *ildr54 ,x is n only pla9ly impossible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t !y c\ld b9d _! po/]ity1 b !y did n ev5 attempt to b9d !m4 ,t is to say1 ! in/rum5t does n purport to be an agreem5t betwe5 any body b ! p !n exi/+2 nor does x1 ei!r expressly or impli$ly1 ass]t any "r1 p[]1 or disposition1 on _! "p1 to b9d anybody b !mselves4 ,let u see4 ,its language is3 ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7t is1 ! p !n exi/+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 9 ord] to =m a m p]fect union1 insure dome/ic tranquility1 provide = ! common def5se1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,x is pla91 9 ! fir/ place1 t ?is language1 z an agreem5t1 purports to be only :at x at mo/ really 01 viz41 a contract betwe5 ! p !n exi/+2 &1 ( necessity1 b9d+1 z a contract1 only ^u ^? !n exi/+4 ,9 ! second place1 ! language nei!r expresses nor implies t !y _h any int5tion or desire1 nor t !y imag9$ !y _h any "r or p[]1 to b9d _! po/]ity to live "u x4 ,x does n say t _! po/]ity w1 %all1 or mu/ live "u x4 ,x only says1 9 effect1 t _! hopes & motives 9 adopt+ x 7 t x might prove useful to _! po/]ity1 z well z to !mselves1 by promot+ _! union1 safety1 tranquility1 lib]ty1 etc4 ,suppose an agreem5t 7 ent]$ into1 9 ?is =m3 ,we1 ! p ( ,bo/on1 agree to ma9ta9 a =t on ,gov]nor's ,isl&1 to protect ourselves & our po/]ity aga9/ invasion4 ,?is agreem5t1 z an agreem5t1 w\ld cle>ly b9d nobody b ! p !n exi/+4 ,secondly1 x w\ld ass]t no "r1 p[]1 or disposition1 on _! "p1 to compel _! po/]ity to ma9ta9 su* a =t4 ,x w\ld only indicate t ! suppos$ welf>e ( _! po/]ity 0 "o ( ! motives t induc$ ! orig9al p>ties to ent] into ! agreem5t4 ,:5 a man says he is build+ a h\se = himself & 8 po/]ity1 he does n mean to be und]/ood z say+ t he has any ?\ght ( b9d+ !m1 nor is x to be inf]r$ t he is s fooli% z to imag9e t he has any "r or p[] to b9d !m1 to live 9 x4 ,s f> z !y are conc]n$1 he only means to be und]/ood z say+ t 8 hopes & motives1 9 build+ x1 are t !y1 or at lea/ "s ( !m1 may f9d x = _! happ9ess to live 9 x4 ,s :5 a man says he is plant+ a tree = himself & 8 po/]ity1 he does n mean to be und]/ood z say+ t he has any ?\ght ( compell+ !m1 nor is x to be inf]r$ t he is su* a simpleton z to imag9e t he has any "r or p[] to compel !m1 to eat ! fruit4 ,s f> z !y are conc]n$1 he only means to say t 8 hopes & motives1 9 plant+ ! tree1 are t its fruit may be agreeable to !m4 ,s x 0 ) ^? :o orig9ally adopt$ ! ,con/itution4 ,:atev] may h be5 _! p]sonal int5tions1 ! legal mean+ ( _! language1 s f> z _! po/]ity 0 conc]n$1 simply 01 t _! hopes & motives1 9 ent]+ into ! agreem5t1 7 t x might prove useful & acceptable to _! po/]ity2 t x might promote _! union1 safety1 tranquility1 & welf>e2 & t x might t5d to secure to !m ! bless+s ( lib]ty4 ,! language does n ass]t nor at all imply1 any "r1 p[]1 or disposition1 on ! "p ( ! orig9al p>ties to ! agreem5t1 to compel _! po/]ity to live "u x4 ,if !y _h int5d$ to b9d _! po/]ity to live "u x1 !y %\ld h said t _! object 01 n to secure to !m ! bless+s ( lib]ty1 b to make slaves ( !m2 = if _! po/]ity are b\nd to live "u x1 !y are no?+ less ?an ! slaves ( _! fooli%1 tyrannical1 & dead gr&fa!rs4 ,x _c be said t ! ,con/itution =m$ ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = all "t1 into a corporation4 ,x does n speak ( ! p z a corporation1 b z individuals4 ,a corporation does n describe itself z we1 nor z p1 nor z ourselves4 ,nor does a corporation1 9 legal language1 h any po/]ity4 ,x supposes itself to h1 & speaks ( itself z hav+1 p]petual exi/5ce1 z a s+le individuality4 ,moreov]1 no body ( m51 exi/+ at any "o "t1 h ! p[] to create a p]petual corporation4 ,a corporation c become practically p]petual only by ! volunt>y accession ( new memb]s1 z ! old ones die (f4 ,b = ?is volunt>y accession ( new memb]s1 ! corporation necess>ily dies ) ! dea? ( ^? :o orig9ally compos$ x4 ,legally speak+1 !re=e1 !re is1 9 ! ,con/itution1 no?+ t pr(esses or attempts to b9d ! po/]ity ( ^? :o e/abli%$ x4 ,if1 !n1 ^? :o e/abli%$ ! ,con/itution1 _h no p[] to b9d1 & did n attempt to b9d1 _! po/]ity1 ! "q arises1 :e!r _! po/]ity h b\nd !mselves4 ,if !y h done s1 !y c h done s 9 only "o or bo? ( ^! two ways1 viz41 by vot+1 & pay+ taxes4 ,,ii4 ,let u consid] ^! two matt]s1 vot+ & tax pay+1 sep>ately4 ,& fir/ ( vot+4 ,all ! vot+ t has ev] tak5 place "u ! ,con/itution1 has be5 ( su* a k9d t x n only did n pl$ge ! :ole p to support ! ,con/itution1 b x did n ev5 pl$ge any "o ( !m to d s1 z ! foll[+ consid]ations %[4 #a4 ,9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 ! act ( vot+ c\ld b9d nobody b ! actual vot]s4 ,b ow+ to ! prop]ty qualifications requir$1 x is probable t1 dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s "u ! ,con/itution1 n m ?an "o-t5?1 fifte5?1 or p]haps tw5tie? ( ! :ole population 7black & :ite1 m51 wom51 & m9ors7 7 p]mitt$ to vote4 ,consequ5tly1 s f> z vot+ 0 conc]n$1 n m ?an "o-t5?1 fifte5?1 or tw5tie? ( ^? !n exi/+1 c\ld h incurr$ any obligation to support ! ,con/itution4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 x is probable t n m ?an "o-six? ( ! :ole population are p]mitt$ to vote4 ,consequ5tly1 s f> z vot+ is conc]n$1 ! o!r five-six?s c h giv5 no pl$ge t !y w support ! ,con/itution4 #b4 ,( ! "o-six? t are p]mitt$ to vote1 probably n m ?an two-?irds 7ab\t "o-n9? ( ! :ole population7 h usually vot$4 ,_m nev] vote at all4 ,_m vote only once 9 two1 ?ree1 five1 or t5 ye>s1 9 p]iods ( great excitem5t4 ,no "o1 by vot+1 c be said to pl$ge himself = any long] p]iod ?an t = :i* he votes4 ,if1 = example1 ,i vote = an (fic] :o is to hold 8 (fice = only a ye>1 ,i _c be said to h !reby pl$g$ myself to support ! gov]nm5t beyond t t]m4 ,!re=e1 on ! gr\nd ( actual vot+1 x probably _c be said t m ?an "o-n9? or "o-eigh?1 ( ! :ole population are usually "u any pl$ge to support ! ,con/itution4 #c4 ,x _c be said t1 by vot+1 a man pl$ges himself to support ! ,con/itution1 unless ! act ( vot+ be a p]fectly volunt>y "o on 8 "p4 ,yet ! act ( vot+ _c prop]ly be call$ a volunt>y "o on ! "p ( any v l>ge numb] ( ^? :o d vote4 ,x is r a measure ( necessity impos$ ^u !m by o!rs1 ?an "o ( _! own *oice4 ,on ?is po9t ,i repeat :at 0 said 9 a =m] numb]1a viz43 ,9 tru?1 9 ! case ( individuals1 _! actual vot+ is n to be tak5 z pro( ( cons5t1 ev5 = ! "t be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is to be consid]$ t1 )\t 8 cons5t hav+ ev5 be5 ask$ a man f9ds himself environ$ by a gov]nm5t t he _c resi/2 a gov]nm5t t =ces him to pay money1 r5d] s]vice1 & =ego ! ex]cise ( _m ( 8 natural rights1 "u p]il ( weighty puni%m5ts4 ,he sees1 too1 t o!r m5 practice ?is tyranny ov] him by ! use ( ! ballot4 ,he sees fur!r1 t1 if he w b use ! ballot himself1 he has "s *ance ( reliev+ himself f ?is tyranny ( o!rs1 by subject+ !m to 8 own4 ,9 %ort1 he f9ds himself1 )\t 8 cons5t1 s situat$ t1 if he use ! ballot1 he may become a ma/]2 if he does n use x1 he mu/ become a slave4 ,& he has no o!r alt]native ?an ^! two4 ,9 self-def5ce1 he attempts ! =m]4 ,8 case is analog\s to t ( a man :o has be5 =c$ into battle1 :]e he mu/ ei!r kill o!rs1 or be kill$ himself4 ,because1 to save 8 own life 9 battle1 a man attempts to take ! lives ( 8 oppon5ts1 x is n to be inf]r$ t ! battle is "o ( 8 own *oos+4 ,nei!r 9 conte/s ) ! ballot--:i* is a m]e sub/itute = a bullet--because1 z 8 only *ance ( self-pres]vation1 a man uses a ballot1 is x to be inf]r$ t ! conte/ is "o into :i* he volunt>ily ent]$2 t he volunt>ily set up all 8 own natural rights1 z a /ake aga9/ ^? ( o!rs1 to be lo/ or won by ! m]e p[] ( numb]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is to be consid]$ t1 9 an exig5cy into :i* he _h be5 =c$ by o!rs1 & 9 :i* no o!r means ( self-def5ce (f]$1 he1 z a matt] ( necessity1 us$ ! only "o t 0 left to him4 ,d\btless ! mo/ mis]able ( m51 "u ! mo/ oppressive gov]nm5t 9 ! _w1 if all[$ ! ballot1 w\ld use x1 if !y c\ld see any *ance ( !reby meliorat+ _! condition4 ,b x w\ld n1 !re=e1 be a legitimate inf]5ce t ! gov]nm5t itself1 t cru%es !m1 0 "o :i* !y _h volunt>ily set up1 or ev5 cons5t$ to4 ,!re=e1 a man's vot+ "u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is n to be tak5 z evid5ce t he ev] freely ass5t$ to ! ,con/itution1 ev5 = ! "t be+4 ,consequ5tly we h no pro( t any v l>ge portion1 ev5 ( ! actual vot]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev] really & volunt>ily cons5t$ to ! ,con/itution1 ev5 = ! "t be+4 ,nor c we ev] h su* pro(1 until e man is left p]fectly free to cons5t1 or n1 )\t !reby subject+ himself or 8 prop]ty to be di/urb$ or injur$ by o!rs4 ,z we c h no legal k z to :o votes f *oice1 & :o f ! necessity ?us =c$ ^u him1 we c h no legal k1 z to any p>ticul> individual1 t he vot$ f *oice2 or1 consequ5tly1 t by vot+1 he cons5t$1 or pl$g$ himself1 to support ! gov]nm5t4 ,legally speak+1 !re=e1 ! act ( vot+ utt]ly fails to pl$ge any "o to support ! gov]nm5t4 ,x utt]ly fails to prove t ! gov]nm5t re/s ^u ! volunt>y support ( anybody4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 x _c be said t ! gov]nm5t has any volunt>y support]s at all1 until x c be di/9ctly %[n :o its volunt>y support]s are4 #d4 ,z taxation is made compulsory on all1 :e!r !y vote or n1 a l>ge proportion ( ^? :o vote1 no d\bt d s to prev5t _! own money be+ us$ aga9/ !mselves2 :51 9 fact1 !y w\ld h gladly ab/a9$ f vot+1 if !y c\ld !reby h sav$ !mselves f taxation alone1 to say no?+ ( be+ sav$ f all ! o!r usurpations & tyrannies ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,to take a man's prop]ty )\t 8 cons5t1 & !n to inf] 8 cons5t because he attempts1 by vot+1 to prev5t t prop]ty f be+ us$ to 8 injury1 is a v insuffici5t pro( ( 8 cons5t to support ! ,con/itution4 ,x is1 9 fact1 no pro( at all4 ,& z we c h no legal k z to :o ! p>ticul> individuals are1 if !re are any1 :o are will+ to be tax$ = ! sake ( vot+1 we c h no legal k t any p>ticul> individual cons5ts to be tax$ = ! sake ( vot+2 or1 consequ5tly1 cons5ts to support ! ,con/itution4 #e4 ,at ne>ly all elections1 votes are giv5 = v>i\s c&idates = ! same (fice4 ,^? :o vote = ! unsuccessful c&idates _c prop]ly be said to h vot$ to su/a9 ! ,con/itution4 ,!y may1 ) m reason1 be suppos$ to h vot$1 n to support ! ,con/itution1 b specially to prev5t ! tyranny :i* !y anticipate ! successful c&idate int5ds to practice ^u !m "u color ( ! ,con/itution2 & !re=e may reasonably be suppos$ to h vot$ aga9/ ! ,con/itution itself4 ,?is supposition is ! m reasonable1 inasmu* z su* vot+ is ! only mode all[$ to !m ( express+ _! diss5t to ! ,con/itution4 #f4 ,_m votes are usually giv5 = c&idates :o h no prospect ( success4 ,^? :o give su* votes may reasonably be suppos$ to h vot$ z !y did1 ) a special int5tion1 n to support1 b to ob/ruct ! execution (1 ! ,con/itution2 &1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! ,con/itution itself4 #g4 ,z all ! diff]5t votes are giv5 secretly 7by secret ballot71 !re is no legal means ( kn[+1 f ! votes !mselves1 :o votes =1 & :o aga9/1 ! ,con/itution4 ,!re=e1 vot+ af=ds no legal evid5ce t any p>ticul> individual supports ! ,con/itution4 ,& :]e !re c be no legal evid5ce t any p>ticul> individual supports ! ,con/itution1 x _c legally be said t anybody supports x4 ,x is cle>ly impossible to h any legal pro( ( ! int5tions ( l>ge numb]s ( m51 :]e !re c be no legal pro( ( ! int5tions ( any p>ticul> "o ( !m4 #h4 ,!re be+ no legal pro( ( any man's int5tions1 9 vot+1 we c only conjecture !m4 ,z a conjecture1 x is probable1 t a v l>ge proportion ( ^? :o vote1 d s on ?is pr9ciple1 viz41 t if1 by vot+1 !y c\ld b get ! gov]nm5t into _! own h&s 7or t ( _! fri5ds71 & use its p[]s aga9/ _! oppon5ts1 !y w\ld !n will+ly support ! ,con/itution2 b if _! oppon5ts are to h ! p[]1 & use x aga9/ !m1 !n !y w\ld n will+ly support ! ,con/itution4 ,9 %ort1 m5's volunt>y support ( ! ,con/itution is d\btless1 9 mo/ cases1 :olly cont+5t ^u ! "q :e!r1 by means ( ! ,con/itution1 !y c make !mselves ma/]s1 or are to be made slaves4 ,su* cont+5t cons5t z t is1 9 law & reason1 no cons5t at all4 #i4 ,z ev]ybody :o supports ! ,con/itution by vot+ 7if !re are any su*7 does s secretly 7by secret ballot71 & 9 a way to avoid all p]sonal responsibility = ! act ( 8 ag5ts or repres5tatives1 x _c legally or reasonably be said t anybody at all supports ! ,con/itution by vot+4 ,no man c reasonably or legally be said to d su* a ?+ z to ass5t to1 or support1 ! ,con/itution1 unless he does x op5ly1 & 9 a way to make himself p]sonally responsible = ! acts ( 8 ag5ts1 s long z !y act )9 ! limits ( ! p[] he delegates to !m4 #aj4 ,z all vot+ is secret 7by secret ballot71 & z all secret gov]nm5ts are necess>ily only secret b&s ( robb]s1 tyrants1 & murd]]s1 ! g5]al fact t our gov]nm5t is practically c>ri$ on by means ( su* vot+1 only proves t !re is among u a secret b& ( robb]s1 tyrants & murd]]s1 ^: purpose is to rob1 enslave1 &1 s f> z necess>y to accompli% _! purposes1 murd]1 ! re/ ( ! p4 ,! simple fact ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a b& does no?+ t[>ds prov+ t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any "o ( !m1 volunt>ily supports ! ,con/itution4 ,= all ! reasons t h n[ be5 giv51 vot+ furni%es no legal evid5ce z to :o ! p>ticul> individuals are 7if !re are any71 :o volunt>ily support ! ,con/itution4 ,x !re=e furni%es no legal evid5ce t anybody supports x volunt>ily4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z vot+ is conc]n$1 ! ,con/itution1 legally speak+1 has no support]s at all4 ,&1 z matt] ( fact1 !re is n ! slighte/ probability t ! ,con/itution has a s+le bona fide support] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t is to say1 !re is n ! slighte/ probability t !re is a s+le man 9 ! c\ntry1 :o bo? und]/&s :at ! ,con/itution really is1 & s9c]ely supports x = :at x really is4 ,! o/5sible support]s ( ! ,con/itution1 l ! o/5sible support]s ( mo/ o!r gov]nm5ts1 are made up ( ?ree classes1 viz43 #a4 ,knaves1 a num]\s & active class1 :o see 9 ! gov]nm5t an in/rum5t :i* !y c use = _! own aggr&izem5t or weal?4 #b4 ,dupes--a l>ge class1 no d\bt--ea* ( :om1 because he is all[$ "o voice out ( millions 9 decid+ :at he may d ) 8 own p]son & 8 own prop]ty1 & because he is p]mitt$ to h ! same voice 9 robb+1 enslav+1 & murd]+ o!rs1 t o!rs h 9 robb+1 enslav+1 & murd]+ himself1 is /upid en\gh to imag9e t he is a free man1 a sov]eign2 t ?is is a free gov]nm5t2 a gov]nm5t ( equal rights1 ! be/ gov]nm5t on e>?1b & su* l absurdities4 #c4 ,a class :o h "s appreciation ( ! evils ( gov]nm5t1 b ei!r d n see h[ to get rid ( !m1 or d n *oose to s f> sacrifice _! private int]e/s z to give !mselves s]i\sly & e>ne/ly to ! "w ( mak+ a *ange4 ,,iii4 ,! paym5t ( taxes1 be+ compulsory1 ( c\rse furni%es no evid5ce t any "o volunt>ily supports ! ,con/itution4 #a4 ,x is true t ! !ory ( our ,con/itution is1 t all taxes are paid volunt>ily2 t our gov]nm5t is a mutual insurance company1 volunt>ily ent]$ into by ! p ) ea* o!r2 t ea* man makes a free & purely volunt>y contract ) all o!rs :o are p>ties to ! ,con/itution1 to pay s mu* money = s mu* protection1 ! same z he does ) any o!r insurance company2 & t he is j z free n to be protect$1 & n to pay tax1 z he is to pay a tax1 & be protect$4 ,b ?is !ory ( our gov]nm5t is :olly diff]5t f ! practical fact4 ,! fact is t ! gov]nm5t1 l a highwayman1 says to a man3 ,y\r money1 or y\r life4 ,& _m1 if n mo/1 taxes are paid "u ! compulsion ( t ?reat4 ,! gov]nm5t does n1 inde$1 waylay a man 9 a lonely place1 spr+ ^u him f ! roadside1 &1 hold+ a pi/ol to 8 head1 proce$ to rifle 8 pockets4 ,b ! robb]y is none ! less a robb]y on t acc\nt2 & x is f> m da/>dly & %ameful4 ,! highwayman takes solely ^u himself ! responsibility1 dang]1 & crime ( 8 own act4 ,he does n pret5d t he has any rightful claim to y\r money1 or t he int5ds to use x = y\r own b5efit4 ,he does n pret5d to be any?+ b a robb]4 ,he has n acquir$ impud5ce en\gh to pr(ess to be m]ely a protector1 & t he takes m5's money aga9/ _! w1 m]ely to enable him to protect ^? infatuat$ travell]s1 :o feel p]fectly able to protect !mselves1 or d n appreciate 8 peculi> sy/em ( protection4 ,he is too s5sible a man to make su* pr(essions z ^!4 ,fur!rmore1 hav+ tak5 y\r money1 he leaves y1 z y wi% him to d4 ,he does n p]si/ 9 foll[+ y on ! road1 aga9/ y\r w2 assum+ to be y\r rightful sov]eign1 on acc\nt ( ! protection he af=ds y4 ,he does n keep protect+ y1 by comm&+ y to b[ d[n & s]ve him2 by requir+ y to d ?is1 & =bidd+ y to d t2 by robb+ y ( m money z (t5 z he f9ds x = 8 int]e/ or pleasure to d s2 & by br&+ y z a rebel1 a traitor1 & an enemy to y\r c\ntry1 & %oot+ y d[n )\t m]cy1 if y dispute 8 au?ority1 or resi/ 8 dem&s4 ,he is too mu* ( a g5tleman to be guilty ( su* impo/ures1 & insults1 & villa9ies z ^!4 ,9 %ort1 he does n1 9 addition to robb+ y1 attempt to make y ei!r 8 dupe or 8 slave4 ,! proce$+s ( ^? robb]s & murd]]s1 :o call !mselves ! gov]nm5t1 are directly ! opposite ( ^! ( ! s+le highwayman4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y d n1 l him1 make !mselves individually kn[n2 or1 consequ5tly1 take ^u !mselves p]sonally ! responsibility ( _! acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y secretly 7by secret ballot7 designate "s "o ( _! numb] to commit ! robb]y 9 _! behalf1 :ile !y keep !mselves practically conceal$4 ,!y say to ! p]son ?us designat$3 ,g to ,a---- ,b----1 & say to him t ! gov]nm5t has ne$ ( money to meet ! exp5ses ( protect+ him & 8 prop]ty4 ,if he presumes to say t he has nev] contract$ ) u to protect him1 & t he wants none ( our protection1 say to him t t is our bus9ess1 & n 82 t we *oose to protect him1 :e!r he desires u to d s or n2 & t we dem& pay1 too1 = protect+ him4 ,if he d>es to inquire :o ! individuals are1 :o h ?us tak5 ^u !mselves ! title ( ! gov]nm5t1 & :o assume to protect him1 & dem& paym5t ( him1 )\t 8 hav+ ev] made any contract ) !m1 say to him t t1 too1 is our bus9ess1 & n 82 t we d n *oose to make ourselves individually kn[n to him2 t we h secretly 7by secret ballot7 appo9t$ y our ag5t to give him notice ( our dem&s1 &1 if he complies ) !m1 to give him1 9 our "n1 a receipt t w protect him aga9/ any simil> dem& = ! pres5t ye>4 ,if he refuses to comply1 seize & sell en\gh ( 8 prop]ty to pay n only our dem&s1 b all y\r own exp5ses & tr\ble beside4 ,if he resi/s ! seizure ( 8 prop]ty1 call ^u ! by/&]s to help y 7d\btless "s ( !m w prove to be memb]s ( our b&74 ,if1 9 def5d+ 8 prop]ty1 he %\ld kill any ( our b& :o are assi/+ y1 capture him at all haz>ds2 *>ge him 79 "o ( our c\rts7 ) murd]2 convict him1 & hang him4 ,if he %\ld call ^u 8 neighbors1 or any o!rs :o1 l him1 may be dispos$ to resi/ our dem&s1 & !y %\ld come 9 l>ge numb]s to 8 assi/ance1 cry out t !y are all rebels & traitors2 t our c\ntry is 9 dang]2 call ^u ! comm&] ( our hir$ murd]]s2 tell him to quell ! rebellion & save ! c\ntry1 co/ :at x may4 ,tell him to kill all :o resi/1 ?\gh !y %\ld be hundr$s ( ?\s&s2 & ?us /rike t]ror into all o!rs simil>ly dispos$4 ,see t ! "w ( murd] is ?or\ghly done2 t we may h no fur!r tr\ble ( ?is k9d h]eaft]4 ,:5 ^! traitors %all h ?us be5 taught our /r5g? & our det]m9ation1 !y w be good loyal citiz5s = _m ye>s1 & pay _! taxes )\t a :y or a :]e=e4 ,x is "u su* compulsion z ?is t taxes1 s call$1 are paid4 ,& h[ mu* pro( ! paym5t ( taxes af=ds1 t ! p cons5t to support ! gov]nm5t1 x ne$s no fur!r argum5t to %[4 #b4 ,/ill ano!r reason :y ! paym5t ( taxes implies no cons5t1 or pl$ge1 to support ! gov]nm5t1 is t ! taxpay] does n "k1 & has no means ( kn[+1 :o ! p>ticul> individuals are :o compose ! gov]nm5t4 ,to him ! gov]nm5t is a my?1 an ab/raction1 an incorporeality1 ) :i* he c make no contract1 & to :i* he c give no cons5t1 & make no pl$ge4 ,he kn[s x only ?r\gh its pret5d$ ag5ts4 ,! gov]nm5t itself he nev] sees4 ,he kn[s inde$1 by common report1 t c]ta9 p]sons1 ( a c]ta9 age1 are p]mitt$ to vote2 & ?us to make !mselves p>ts (1 or 7if !y *oose7 oppon5ts (1 ! gov]nm5t1 = ! "t be+4 ,b :o ( !m d ?us vote1 & especially h[ ea* "o votes 7:e!r s z to aid or oppose ! gov]nm5t71 he does n "k2 ! vot+ be+ all done secretly 7by secret ballot74 ,:o1 !re=e1 practically compose ! gov]nm5t1 = ! "t be+1 he has no means ( kn[+4 ,( c\rse he c make no contract ) !m1 give !m no cons5t1 & make !m no pl$ge4 ,( necessity1 !re=e1 8 pay+ taxes to !m implies1 on 8 "p1 no contract1 cons5t1 or pl$ge to support !m--t is1 to support ! gov]nm5t1 or ! ,con/itution4 #c4 ,n kn[+ :o ! p>ticul> individuals are1 :o call !mselves ! gov]nm5t1 ! taxpay] does n "k :om he pays 8 taxes to4 ,all he kn[s is t a man comes to him1 repres5t+ himself to be ! ag5t ( ! gov]nm5t--t is1 ! ag5t ( a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o h tak5 to !mselves ! title ( ! gov]nm5t1 & h det]m9$ to kill ev]ybody :o refuses to give !m :atev] money !y dem&4 ,to save 8 life1 he gives up 8 money to ?is ag5t4 ,b z ?is ag5t does n make 8 pr9cipals individually kn[n to ! taxpay]1 ! latt]1 aft] he has giv5 up 8 money1 kn[s no m :o are ! gov]nm5t--t is1 :o 7 ! robb]s--?an he did be=e4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t by giv+ up 8 money to _! ag5t1 he ent]$ into a volunt>y contract ) !m1 t he pl$ges himself to obey !m1 to support !m1 & to give !m :atev] money !y %\ld dem& ( him 9 ! future1 is simply ridicul\s4 #d4 ,all political p[]1 z x is call$1 re/s practically ^u ?is matt] ( money4 ,any numb] ( sc\ndrels1 hav+ money en\gh to />t )1 c e/abli% !mselves z a gov]nm5t2 because1 ) money1 !y c hire soldi]s1 & ) soldi]s extort m money2 & also compel g5]al ob$i5ce to _! w4 ,x is ) gov]nm5t1 z ,caes> said x 0 9 w>1 t money & soldi]s mutually support$ ea* o!r2 t ) money he c\ld hire soldi]s1 & ) soldi]s extort money4 ,s ^! villa9s1 :o call !mselves gov]nm5ts1 well und]/& t _! p[] re/s prim>ily ^u money4 ,) money !y c hire soldi]s1 & ) soldi]s extort money4 ,&1 :5 _! au?ority is d5i$1 ! fir/ use !y always make ( money1 is to hire soldi]s to kill or subdue all :o refuse !m m money4 ,= ?is reason1 :oev] desires lib]ty1 %\ld und]/& ^! vital facts1 viz43 #a4 ,t e man :o puts money into ! h&s ( a gov]nm5t 7s call$71 puts into its h&s a sword :i* w be us$ aga9/ himself1 to extort m money f him1 & also to keep him 9 subjection to its arbitr>y w4 #b4 ,t ^? :o w take 8 money1 )\t 8 cons5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 w use x = 8 fur!r robb]y & enslavem5t1 if he presumes to resi/ _! dem&s 9 ! future4 #c4 ,t x is a p]fect absurdity to suppose t any body ( m5 w\ld ev] take a man's money )\t 8 cons5t1 = any su* object z !y pr(ess to take x =1 viz41 t ( protect+ him2 = :y %\ld !y wi% to protect him1 if he does n wi% !m to d s8 ,to suppose t !y w\ld d s1 is j z absurd z x w\ld be to suppose t !y w\ld take 8 money )\t 8 cons5t1 = ! purpose ( buy+ food or clo?+ = him1 :5 he did n want x4 #d4 ,if a man wants protection1 he is compet5t to make 8 own b>ga9s = x2 & nobody has any occasion to rob him1 9 ord] to protect him aga9/ 8 w4 #e4 ,t ! only security m5 c h = _! political lib]ty1 consi/s 9 _! keep+ _! money 9 _! own pockets1 until !y h assurances1 p]fectly satisfactory to !mselves1 t x w be us$ z !y wi% x to be us$1 = _! b5efit1 & n = _! injury4 #f4 ,t no gov]nm5t1 s call$1 c reasonably be tru/$ = a mom5t1 or reasonably be suppos$ to h hone/ purposes 9 view1 any long] ?an x dep5ds :olly ^u volunt>y support4 ,^! facts are all s vital & s self-evid5t1 t x _c reasonably be suppos$ t any "o w volunt>ily pay money to a gov]nm5t1 = ! purpose ( secur+ its protection1 unless he fir/ makes an explicit & purely volunt>y contract ) x = t purpose4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t1 !re=e1 t nei!r su* vot+1 nor su* paym5t ( taxes1 z actually takes place1 proves anybody's cons5t1 or obligation1 to support ! ,con/itution4 ,consequ5tly we h no evid5ce at all t ! ,con/itution is b9d+ ^u anybody1 or t anybody is "u any contract or obligation :atev] to support x4 ,& nobody is "u any obligation to support x4 ,,iv4 ,! ,con/itution n only b9ds nobody n[1 b x nev] did b9d anybody4 ,x nev] b\nd anybody1 because x 0 nev] agre$ to by anybody 9 su* a mann] z to make x1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 b9d+ ^u him4 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple ( law & reason1 t a writt5 in/rum5t b9ds no "o until he has sign$ x4 ,?is pr9ciple is s inflexible a "o1 t ev5 ?\gh a man is unable to write 8 "n1 he mu/ /ill make 8 m>k1 be=e he is b\nd by a writt5 contract4 ,?is cu/om 0 e/abli%$ ages ago1 :5 few m5 c\ld write _! names2 :5 a cl]k--t is1 a man :o c\ld write--0 s r>e & valuable a p]son1 t ev5 if he 7 guilty ( high crimes1 he 0 entitl$ to p>don1 on ! gr\nd t ! public c\ld n af=d to lose 8 s]vices4 ,ev5 at t "t1 a writt5 contract mu/ be sign$2 & m5 :o c\ld n write1 ei!r made _! m>k1 or sign$ _! contracts by /amp+ _! seals ^u wax affix$ to ! p>*m5t on :i* _! contracts 7 writt54 ,h5ce ! cu/om ( affix+ seals1 t has cont9u$ to ?is "t4 ,! law holds1 & reason decl>es1 t if a writt5 in/rum5t is n sign$1 ! presumption mu/ be t ! p>ty to be b\nd by x1 did n *oose to sign x1 or to b9d himself by x4 ,& law & reason bo? give him until ! la/ mom5t1 9 :i* to decide :e!r he w sign x1 or n4 ,nei!r law nor reason requires or expects a man to agree to an in/rum5t1 until x is writt52 = until x is writt51 he _c "k its precise legal mean+4 ,& :5 x is writt51 & he has _h ! opportunity to satisfy himself ( its precise legal mean+1 he is !n expect$ to decide1 & n be=e1 :e!r he w agree to x or n4 ,& if he does n !n sign x1 8 reason is suppos$ to be1 t he does n *oose to ent] into su* a contract4 ,! fact t ! in/rum5t 0 writt5 = him to sign1 or ) ! hope t he w\ld sign x1 goes = no?+4 ,:]e w\ld be ! end ( fraud & litigation1 if "o p>ty c\ld br+ into c\rt a writt5 in/rum5t1 )\t any signature1 & claim to h x en=c$1 ^u ! gr\nd t x 0 writt5 = ano!r man to sign8 t ?is o!r man _h promis$ to sign x8 t he ought to h sign$ x8 t he _h _h ! opportunity to sign x1 if he w\ld8 b t he _h refus$ or neglect$ to d s8 ,yet t is ! mo/ t c\ld ev] be said ( ! ,con/itution4c ,! v judges1 :o pr(ess to d]ive all _! au?ority f ! ,con/itution--f an in/rum5t t nobody ev] sign$--w\ld spurn any o!r in/rum5t1 n sign$1 t %\ld be br\ght be=e !m = adjudication4 ,moreov]1 a writt5 in/rum5t mu/1 9 law & reason1 n only be sign$1 b mu/ also be deliv]$ to ! p>ty 7or to "s "o = him71 9 ^: favor x is made1 be=e x c b9d ! p>ty mak+ x4 ,! sign+ is ( no effect1 unless ! in/rum5t be also deliv]$4 ,& a p>ty is at p]fect lib]ty to refuse to deliv] a writt5 in/rum5t1 aft] he has sign$ x4 ,he is z free to refuse to deliv] x1 z he is to refuse to sign x4 ,! ,con/itution 0 n only nev] sign$ by anybody1 b x 0 nev] deliv]$ by anybody1 or to anybody's ag5t or attorney4 ,x c !re=e be ( no m validity z a contract1 ?an c any o!r in/rum5t1 t 0 nev] sign$ or deliv]$4 ,v4 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ! g5]al s5se ( mank9d1 z to ! practical necessity !re is t all m5's important contracts1 especially ^? ( a p]man5t nature1 %\ld be bo? writt5 & sign$1 ! foll[+ facts are p]t95t4 ,= ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s--t is1 s9ce #afgg--!re has be5 on ! /atute book ( ,engl&1 & ! same1 9 sub/ance1 if n precisely 9 lett]1 has be5 re-enact$1 & is n[ 9 =ce1 9 ne>ly or q all ! ,/ates ( ?is ,union1 a /atute1 ! g5]al object ( :i* is to decl>e t no action %all be br\ght to en=ce contracts ( ! m important class1 unless !y are put 9 writ+1 & sign$ by ! p>ties to be held *>geable ^u !m4d ,! pr9ciple ( ! /atute1 be x obs]v$1 is1 n m]ely t writt5 contracts %all be sign$1 b also t all contracts1 except ^? specially exempt$--g5]ally ^? t are = small am\nts1 & are to rema9 9 =ce b = a %ort "t--%all be bo? writt5 & sign$4 ,! reason ( ! /atute1 on ?is po9t1 is1 t x is n[ s easy a ?+ = m5 to put _! contracts 9 writ+1 & sign !m1 & _! failure to d s op5s ! door to s mu* d\bt1 fraud1 & litigation1 t m5 :o neglect to h _! contracts--( any consid]able importance--writt5 & sign$1 ought n to h ! b5efit ( c\rts ( ju/ice to en=ce !m4 ,& ?is reason is a wise "o2 & t exp]i5ce has confirm$ its wisdom & necessity1 is demon/rat$ by ! fact t x has be5 act$ ^u 9 ,engl& = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 & has be5 s ne>ly univ]sally adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & t nobody ?9ks ( repeal+ x4 ,we all "k1 too1 h[ c>eful mo/ m5 are to h _! contracts writt5 & sign$1 ev5 :5 ?is /atute does n require x4 ,= example1 mo/ m51 if !y h money due !m1 ( no l>g] am\nt ?an five or t5 doll>s1 are c>eful to take a note = x4 ,if !y buy ev5 a small bill ( goods1 pay+ = x at ! "t ( deliv]y1 !y take a receipt$ bill = x4 ,if !y pay a small balance ( a book acc\nt1 or any o!r small debt previ\sly contract$1 !y take a writt5 receipt = x4 ,fur!rmore1 ! law ev]y:]e 7probably7 9 our c\ntry1 z well z 9 ,engl&1 requires t a l>ge class ( contracts1 su* z wills1 de$s1 etc41 %all n only be writt5 & sign$1 b also seal$1 witness$1 & ackn[l$g$4 ,& 9 ! case ( m>ri$ wom5 convey+ _! rights 9 real e/ate1 ! law1 9 _m ,/ates1 requires t ! wom5 %all be exam9$ sep>ate & ap>t f _! husb&s1 & decl>e t !y sign _! contracts free ( any fe> or compulsion ( _! husb&s4 ,su* are "s ( ! precautions :i* ! laws require1 & :i* individuals--f motives ( common prud5ce1 ev5 9 cases n requir$ by law--take1 to put _! contracts 9 writ+1 & h !m sign$1 &1 to gu>d aga9/ all unc]ta9ties & controv]sies 9 reg>d to _! mean+ & validity4 ,& yet we h :at purports1 or pr(esses1 or is claim$1 to be a contract--! ,con/itution--made eighty ye>s ago1 by m5 :o are n[ all dead1 & :o nev] _h any p[] to b9d u1 b :i* 7x is claim$7 has nev]!less b\nd ?ree g5]ations ( m51 consi/+ ( _m millions1 & :i* 7x is claim$7 w be b9d+ ^u all ! millions t are to come2 b :i* nobody ev] sign$1 seal$1 deliv]$1 witness$1 or ackn[l$g$2 & :i* few p]sons1 comp>$ ) ! :ole numb] t are claim$ to be b\nd by x1 h ev] read1 or ev5 se51 or ev] w read1 or see4 ,& ( ^? :o ev] h read x1 or ev] w read x1 sc>cely any two1 p]haps no two1 h ev] agre$1 or ev] w agree1 z to :at x means4 ,moreov]1 ?is suppos$ contract1 :i* w\ld n be receiv$ 9 any c\rt ( ju/ice sitt+ "u its au?ority1 if (f]$ to prove a debt ( five doll>s1 ow+ by "o man to ano!r1 is "o by :i*--z x is g5]ally int]pret$ by ^? :o pret5d to adm9i/] x--all m51 wom5 & *ildr5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ?r\gh all "t1 surr5d] n only all _! prop]ty1 b also _! lib]ties1 & ev5 lives1 into ! h&s ( m5 :o by ?is suppos$ contract1 are expressly made :olly irresponsible = _! disposal ( !m4 ,& we are s insane1 or s wick$1 z to de/roy prop]ty & lives )\t limit1 9 fight+ to compel m5 to fulfill a suppos$ contract1 :i*1 inasmu* z x has nev] be5 sign$ by anybody1 is1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason--su* pr9ciples z we are all gov]n$ by 9 reg>d to o!r contracts--! m]e/ wa/e pap]1 b9d+ ^u nobody1 fit only to be ?r[n into ! fire2 or1 if pres]v$1 pres]v$ only to s]ve z a witness & a w>n+ ( ! folly & wick$ness ( mank9d4 ,,vi4 ,x is no exagg]ation1 b a lit]al tru?1 to say t1 by ! ,con/itution--n z ,i int]pret x1 b z x is int]pret$ by ^? :o pret5d to adm9i/] x--! prop]ties1 lib]ties1 & lives ( ! entire p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are surr5d]$ unres]v$ly into ! h&s ( m5 :o1 x is provid$ by ! ,con/itution itself1 %all nev] be que/ion$ z to any disposal !y make ( !m4 ,?us ! ,con/itution 7,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #f7 provides t1 = any spee* or debate 7or vote71 9 ei!r h\se1 !y 7! s5ators & repres5tatives7 %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 ,! :ole law-mak+ p[] is giv5 to ^! s5ators & repres5tatives 7:5 act+ by a two-?irds vote7e2 & ?is provision protects !m f all responsibility = ! laws !y make4 ,! ,con/itution also enables !m to secure ! execution ( all _! laws1 by giv+ !m p[] to )hold ! sal>ies (1 & to impea* & remove1 all judicial & executive (fic]s1 :o refuse to execute !m4 ,?us ! :ole p[] ( ! gov]nm5t is 9 _! h&s1 & !y are made utt]ly irresponsible = ! use !y make ( x4 ,:at is ?is b absolute1 irresponsible p[]8 ,x is no answ] to ?is view ( ! case to say t ^! m5 are "u oa? to use _! p[] only )9 c]ta9 limits2 = :at c>e !y1 or :at %\ld !y c>e1 = oa?s or limits1 :5 x is expressly provid$1 by ! ,con/itution itself1 t !y %all nev] be que/ion$1 or held to any responsibility :atev]1 = violat+ _! oa?s1 or transgress+ ^? limits8 ,nei!r is x any answ] to ?is view ( ! case to say t ! p>ticul> individuals hold+ ?is p[] c be *ang$ once 9 two or six ye>s2 = ! p[] ( ea* set ( m5 is absolute dur+ ! t]m = :i* !y hold x2 & :5 !y c hold x no long]1 !y are succe$$ only by m5 ^: p[] w be equally absolute & irresponsible4 ,nei!r is x any answ] to ?is view ( ! case to say t ! m5 hold+ ?is absolute1 irresponsible p[]1 mu/ be m5 *os5 by ! p 7or portions ( !m7 to hold x4 ,a man is none ! less a slave because he is all[$ to *oose a new ma/] once 9 a t]m ( ye>s4 ,nei!r are a p any ! less slaves because p]mitt$ p]iodically to *oose new ma/]s4 ,:at makes !m slaves is ! fact t !y n[ are1 & are always h]eaft] to be1 9 ! h&s ( m5 ^: p[] ov] !m is1 & always is to be1 absolute & irresponsible4f ,! "r ( absolute & irresponsible dom9ion is ! "r ( prop]ty1 & ! "r ( prop]ty is ! "r ( absolute1 irresponsible dom9ion4 ,! two are id5tical2 ! "o necess>ily imply+ ! o!r4 ,nei!r c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,congress h t absolute & irresponsible law-mak+ p[]1 :i* ! ,con/itution--accord+ to _! int]pretation ( x--gives !m1 x c only be because !y own u z prop]ty4 ,if !y own u z prop]ty1 !y are our ma/]s1 & _! w is our law4 ,if !y d n own u z prop]ty1 !y are n our ma/]s1 & _! w1 z su*1 is ( no au?ority ov] u4 ,b ^! m5 :o claim & ex]cise ?is absolute & irresponsible dom9ion ov] u1 d>e n be consi/5t1 & claim ei!r to be our ma/]s1 or to own u z prop]ty4 ,!y say !y are only our s]vants1 ag5ts1 attorneys1 & repres5tatives4 ,b ?is decl>ation involves an absurdity1 a contradiction4 ,no man c be my s]vant1 ag5t1 attorney1 or repres5tative1 & be1 at ! same "t1 uncontrollable by me1 & irresponsible to me = 8 acts4 ,x is ( no importance t ,i appo9t$ him1 & put all p[] 9 8 h&s4 ,if ,i made him uncontrollable by me1 & irresponsible to me1 he is no long] my s]vant1 ag5t1 attorney1 or repres5tative4 ,if ,i gave him absolute1 irresponsible p[] ov] my prop]ty1 ,i gave him ! prop]ty4 ,if ,i gave him absolute1 irresponsible p[] ov] myself1 ,i made him my ma/]1 & gave myself to him z a slave4 ,& x is ( no importance :e!r ,i call$ him ma/] or s]vant1 ag5t or own]4 ,! only "q is1 :at p[] did ,i put into 8 h&s8 ,0 x an absolute & irresponsible "o8 or a limit$ & responsible "o8 ,= /ill ano!r reason !y are nei!r our s]vants1 ag5ts1 attorneys1 nor repres5tatives4 ,& t reason is1 t we d n make ourselves responsible = _! acts4 ,if a man is my s]vant1 ag5t1 or attorney1 ,i necess>ily make myself responsible = all 8 acts done )9 ! limits ( ! p[] ,i h intru/$ to him4 ,if ,i h intru/$ him1 z my ag5t1 ) ei!r absolute p[]1 or any p[] at all1 ov] ! p]sons or prop]ties ( o!r m5 ?an myself1 ,i !reby necess>ily make myself responsible to ^? o!r p]sons = any injuries he may d !m1 s long z he acts )9 ! limits ( ! p[] ,i h grant$ him4 ,b no individual :o may be injur$ 9 8 p]son or prop]ty1 by acts ( ,congress1 c come to ! individual electors1 & hold !m responsible = ^! acts ( _! s-call$ ag5ts or repres5tatives4 ,?is fact proves t ^! pret5d$ ag5ts ( ! p1 ( ev]ybody1 are really ! ag5ts ( nobody4 ,if1 !n1 nobody is individually responsible = ! acts ( ,congress1 ! memb]s ( ,congress are nobody's ag5ts4 ,& if !y are nobody's ag5ts1 !y are !mselves individually responsible = _! own acts1 & = ! acts ( all :om !y employ4 ,& ! au?ority !y are ex]cis+ is simply _! own individual au?ority2 &1 by ! law ( nature--! highe/ ( all laws--anybody injur$ by _! acts1 anybody :o is depriv$ by !m ( 8 prop]ty or 8 lib]ty1 has ! same "r to hold !m individually responsible1 t he has to hold any o!r trespass] individually responsible4 ,he has ! same "r to resi/ !m1 & _! ag5ts1 t he has to resi/ any o!r trespass]s4 ,,vii4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason--su* pr9ciples z we all act ^u 9 c\rts ( ju/ice & 9 common life--! ,con/itution is no contract2 t x b9ds nobody1 & nev] did b9d anybody2 & t all ^? :o pret5d to act by its au?ority1 are really act+ )\t any legitimate au?ority at all2 t1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 !y are m]e usurp]s1 & t ev]ybody n only has ! "r1 b is morally b\nd1 to treat !m z su*4 ,if ! p ( ?is c\ntry wi% to ma9ta9 su* a gov]nm5t z ! ,con/itution describes1 !re is no reason 9 ! _w :y !y %\ld n sign ! in/rum5t itself1 & ?us make kn[n _! wi%es 9 an op51 au!ntic mann]2 9 su* mann] z ! common s5se & exp]i5ce ( mank9d h %[n to be reasonable & necess>y 9 su* cases2 & 9 su* mann] z to make !mselves 7z !y ought to d7 individually responsible = ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b ! p h nev] be5 ask$ to sign x4 ,& ! only reason :y !y h nev] be5 ask$ to sign x1 has be5 t x has be5 kn[n t !y nev] w\ld sign x2 t !y 7 nei!r su* fools nor knaves z !y mu/ ne$s h be5 to be will+ to sign x2 t 7at lea/ z x has be5 practically int]pret$7 x is n :at any s5sible & hone/ man wants = himself2 nor su* z he has any "r to impose ^u o!rs4 ,x is1 to all moral int5ts & purposes1 z de/itute ( obligation z ! compacts :i* robb]s & ?ieves & pirates ent] into ) ea* o!r1 b nev] sign4 ,if any consid]able numb] ( ! p believe ! ,con/itution to be good1 :y d !y n sign x !mselves1 & make laws =1 & adm9i/] !m ^u1 ea* o!r2 leav+ all o!r p]sons 7:o d n int]f]e ) !m7 9 peace8 ,until !y h tri$ ! exp]im5t = !mselves1 h[ c !y h ! face to impose ! ,con/itution ^u1 or ev5 to recomm5d x to1 o!rs8 ,pla9ly ! reason = su* absurd & inconsi/5t conduct is t !y want ! ,con/itution1 n solely = any hone/ or legitimate use x c be ( to !mselves or o!rs1 b = ! di%one/ & illegitimate p[] x gives !m ov] ! p]sons & prop]ties ( o!rs4 ,b = ?is latt] reason1 all _! eulogiums on ! ,con/itution1 all _! exhortations1 & all _! exp5ditures ( money & blood to su/a9 x1 w\ld be want+4 ,,viii4 ,! ,con/itution itself1 !n1 be+ ( no au?ority1 on :at au?ority does our gov]nm5t practically re/8 ,on :at gr\nd c ^? :o pret5d to adm9i/] x1 claim ! "r to seize m5's prop]ty1 to re/ra9 !m ( _! natural lib]ty ( action1 indu/ry1 & trade1 & to kill all :o d5y _! au?ority to dispose ( m5's prop]ties1 lib]ties1 & lives at _! pleasure or discretion8 ,! mo/ !y c say1 9 answ] to ?is "q1 is1 t "s half1 two-?irds1 or ?ree-f\r?s1 ( ! male adults ( ! c\ntry h a tacit und]/&+ t !y w ma9ta9 a gov]nm5t "u ! ,con/itution2 t !y w select1 by ballot1 ! p]sons to adm9i/] x2 & t ^? p]sons :o may receive a majority1 or a plurality1 ( _! ballots1 %all act z _! repres5tatives1 & adm9i/] ! ,con/itution 9 _! "n1 & by _! au?ority4 ,b ?is tacit und]/&+ 7admitt+ x to exi/7 _c at all ju/ify ! conclusion drawn f x4 ,a tacit und]/&+ betwe5 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 t !y w1 by ballot1 depute ,d z _! ag5t1 to deprive me ( my prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life1 _c at all au?orize ,d to d s4 ,he is none ! less a robb]1 tyrant1 & murd]]1 because he claims to act z _! ag5t1 ?an he w\ld be if he av[$ly act$ on 8 own responsibility alone4 ,nei!r am ,i b\nd to recognize him z _! ag5t1 nor c he legitimately claim to be _! ag5t1 :5 he br+s no writt5 au?ority f !m accr$it+ him z su*4 ,i am "u no obligation to take 8 ^w z to :o 8 pr9cipals may be1 or :e!r he has any4 ,br++ no cr$5tials1 ,i h a "r to say he has no su* au?ority ev5 z he claims to h3 & t he is !re=e int5d+ to rob1 enslave1 or murd] me on 8 own acc\nt4 ,?is tacit und]/&+1 !re=e1 among ! vot]s ( ! c\ntry1 am\nts to no?+ z an au?ority to _! ag5ts4 ,nei!r d ! ballots by :i* !y select _! ag5ts1 avail any m ?an does _! tacit und]/&+2 = _! ballots are giv5 9 secret1 & !re=e 9 a way to avoid any p]sonal responsibility = ! acts ( _! ag5ts4 ,no body ( m5 c be said to au?orize a man to act z _! ag5t1 to ! injury ( a ?ird p]son1 unless !y d x 9 s op5 & au!ntic a mann] z to make !mselves p]sonally responsible = 8 acts4 ,none ( ! vot]s 9 ?is c\ntry appo9t _! political ag5ts 9 any op51 au!ntic mann]1 or 9 any mann] to make !mselves responsible = _! acts4 ,!re=e ^! pret5d$ ag5ts _c legitimately claim to be really ag5ts4 ,somebody mu/ be responsible = ! acts ( ^! pret5d$ ag5ts2 & if !y _c %[ any op5 & au!ntic cr$5tials f _! pr9cipals1 !y _c1 9 law or reason1 be said to h any pr9cipals4 ,! maxim applies "h1 t :at does n appe>1 does n exi/4 ,if !y c %[ no pr9cipals1 !y h none4 ,b ev5 ^! pret5d$ ag5ts d n !mselves "k :o _! pret5d$ pr9cipals are4 ,^! latt] act 9 secret2 = act+ by secret ballot is act+ 9 secret z mu* z if !y 7 to meet 9 secret conclave 9 ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,& !y are p]sonally z mu* unkn[n to ! ag5ts !y select1 z !y are to o!rs4 ,no pret5d$ ag5t !re=e c ev] "k by ^: ballots he is select$1 or consequ5tly :o 8 real pr9cipals are4 ,n kn[+ :o 8 pr9cipals are1 he has no "r to say t he has any4 ,he c1 at mo/1 say only t he is ! ag5t ( a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o are b\nd by t fai? :i* prevails among conf$]ates 9 crime1 to /& by him1 if 8 acts1 done 9 _! "n1 %all be resi/$4 ,m5 hone/ly engag$ 9 attempt+ to e/abli% ju/ice 9 ! _w1 h no occasion ?us to act 9 secret2 or to appo9t ag5ts to d acts = :i* !y 7! pr9cipals7 are n will+ to be responsible4 ,! secret ballot makes a secret gov]nm5t2 & a secret gov]nm5t is a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s4 ,op5 despotism is bett] ?an ?is4 ,! s+le despot /&s out 9 ! face ( all m51 & says3 ,i am ! ,/ate3 ,my w is law3 ,i am y\r ma/]3 ,i take ! responsibility ( my acts3 ,! only arbit] ,i ackn[l$ge is ! sword3 ,if any "o d5ies my "r1 let him try conclusions ) me4 ,b a secret gov]nm5t is little less ?an a gov]nm5t ( assass9s4 ,"u x1 a man kn[s n :o 8 tyrants are1 until !y h /ruck1 & p]haps n !n4 ,he may guess1 be=eh&1 z to "s ( 8 imm$iate neighbors4 ,b he really kn[s no?+4 ,! man to :om he w\ld mo/ naturally fly = protection1 may prove an enemy1 :5 ! "t ( trial comes4 ,?is is ! k9d ( gov]nm5t we h2 & x is ! only "o we are likely to h1 until m5 are ready to say3 ,we w cons5t to no ,con/itution1 except su* an "o z we are nei!r a%am$ nor afraid to sign2 & we w au?orize no gov]nm5t to d any?+ 9 our "n :i* we are n will+ to be p]sonally responsible =4 ,,ix4 ,:at is ! motive to ! secret ballot8 ,?is1 & only ?is3 ,l o!r conf$]ates 9 crime1 ^? :o use x are n fri5ds1 b enemies2 & !y are afraid to be kn[n1 & to h _! individual do+s kn[n1 ev5 to ea* o!r4 ,!y c contrive to br+ ab\t a suffici5t und]/&+ to enable !m to act 9 conc]t aga9/ o!r p]sons2 b beyond ?is !y h no confid5ce1 & no fri5d%ip1 among !mselves4 ,9 fact1 !y are engag$ q z mu* 9 s*emes = plund]+ ea* o!r1 z 9 plund]+ ^? :o are n ( !m4 ,& x is p]fectly well und]/ood among !m t ! /ronge/ p>ty among !m w1 9 c]ta9 cont+5cies1 murd] ea* o!r by ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s 7z !y lately did d7 to accompli% _! purposes aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,h5ce !y d>e n be kn[n1 & h _! individual do+s kn[n1 ev5 to ea* o!r4 ,& ?is is av[$ly ! only reason = ! ballot3 = a secret gov]nm5t2 a gov]nm5t by secret b&s ( robb]s & murd]]s4 ,& we are insane en\gh to call ?is lib]ty6 ,to be a memb] ( ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s is e/eem$ a privilege & an honor6 ,)\t ?is privilege1 a man is consid]$ a slave2 b ) x a free man6 ,) x he is consid]$ a free man1 because he has ! same p[] to secretly 7by secret ballot7 procure ! robb]y1 enslavem5t1 & murd] ( ano!r man1 & t o!r man has to procure 8 robb]y1 enslavem5t1 & murd]4 ,& ?is !y call equal rights6 ,if any numb] ( m51 _m or few1 claim ! "r to gov]n ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 let !m make & sign an op5 compact ) ea* o!r to d s4 ,let !m ?us make !mselves individually kn[n to ^? :om !y propose to gov]n4 ,& let !m ?us op5ly take ! legitimate responsibility ( _! acts4 ,h[ _m ( ^? :o n[ support ! ,con/itution1 w ev] d ?is8 ,h[ _m w ev] d>e op5ly proclaim _! "r to gov]n8 or take ! legitimate responsibility ( _! acts8 ,n "o6 ,x4 ,x is obvi\s t1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 !re exi/s no su* ?+ z a gov]nm5t creat$ by1 or re/+ ^u1 any cons5t1 compact1 or agreem5t ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ea* o!r2 t ! only visible1 tangible1 responsible gov]nm5t t exi/s1 is t ( a few individuals only1 :o act 9 conc]t1 & call !mselves by ! sev]al names ( s5ators1 repres5tatives1 presid5ts1 judges1 m>%als1 treasur]s1 collectors1 g5]als1 colonels1 capta9s1 etc41 etc4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 x is ( no importance :atev] t ^? few individuals pr(ess to be ! ag5ts & repres5tatives ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 s9ce !y c %[ no cr$5tials f ! p !mselves2 !y 7 nev] appo9t$ z ag5ts or repres5tatives 9 any op51 au!ntic mann]2 !y d n !mselves "k1 & h no means ( kn[+1 & _c prove1 :o _! pr9cipals 7z !y call !m7 are individually2 & consequ5tly _c1 9 law or reason1 be said to h any pr9cipals at all4 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t if ^! alleg$ pr9cipals ev] did appo9t ^! pret5d$ ag5ts1 or repres5tatives1 !y appo9t$ !m secretly 7by secret ballot71 & 9 a way to avoid all p]sonal responsibility = _! acts2 t1 at mo/1 ^! alleg$ pr9cipals put ^! pret5d$ ag5ts =w>d = ! mo/ crim9al purposes1 viz3 to plund] ! p ( _! prop]ty1 & re/ra9 !m ( _! lib]ty2 & t ! only au?ority t ^! alleg$ pr9cipals h = s do+1 is simply a tacit und]/&+ among !mselves t !y w imprison1 %oot1 or hang e man :o resi/s ! exactions & re/ra9ts :i* _! ag5ts or repres5tatives may impose ^u !m4 ,?us x is obvi\s t ! only visible1 tangible gov]nm5t we h is made up ( ^! pr(ess$ ag5ts or repres5tatives ( a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o1 to cov] up1 or gloss ov]1 _! robb]ies & murd]s1 h tak5 to !mselves ! title ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & :o1 on ! pret5se ( be+ ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ass]t _! "r to subject to _! dom9ion1 & to control & dispose ( at _! pleasure1 all prop]ty & p]sons f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,xi4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ! oa?s :i* ^! pret5d$ ag5ts ( ! p take to support ! ,con/itution1 are ( no validity or obligation4 ,& :y8 ,= ?is1 if = no o!r reason1 viz41 t !y are giv5 to nobody4 ,!re is no privity 7z ! lawy]s say7--t is1 no mutual recognition1 cons5t1 & agreem5t--betwe5 ^? :o take ^! oa?s1 & any o!r p]sons4 ,if ,i g ^u ,bo/on ,common1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a hundr$ ?\s& p1 m51 wom5 & *ildr51 ) :om ,i h no contract on ! subject1 take an oa? t ,i w en=ce ^u !m ! laws ( ,moses1 ( ,lycurgus1 ( ,solon1 ( ,ju/9ian1 or ( ,alfr$1 t oa? is1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ( no obligation4 ,x is ( no obligation1 n m]ely because x is intr9sically a crim9al "o1 b also because x is giv5 to nobody1 & consequ5tly pl$ges my fai? to nobody4 ,x is m]ely giv5 to ! w9ds4 ,x w\ld n alt] ! case at all to say t1 among ^! hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 9 ^: pres5ce ! oa? 0 tak51 !re 7 two1 ?ree1 or five ?\s& male adults1 :o _h secretly--by secret ballot1 & 9 a way to avoid mak+ !mselves individually kn[n to me1 or to ! rema9d] ( ! hundr$ ?\s&--designat$ me z _! ag5t to rule1 control1 plund]1 &1 if ne$ be1 murd]1 ^! hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,! fact t !y _h designat$ me secretly1 & 9 a mann] to prev5t my kn[+ !m individually1 prev5ts all privity betwe5 !m & me2 & consequ5tly makes x impossible t !re c be any contract1 or pl$ge ( fai?1 on my "p t[>ds !m2 = x is impossible t ,i c pl$ge my fai?1 9 any legal s5se1 to a man :om ,i nei!r "k1 nor h any means ( kn[+1 individually4 ,s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 !n1 ^! two1 ?ree1 or five ?\s& p]sons are a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o h secretly1 & 9 a way to save !mselves f all responsibility = my acts1 designat$ me z _! ag5t2 & h1 ?r\gh "s o!r ag5t1 or pret5d$ ag5t1 made _! wi%es kn[n to me4 ,b be+1 nev]!less1 individually unkn[n to me1 & hav+ no op51 au!ntic contract ) me1 my oa? is1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ( no validity z a pl$ge ( fai? to !m4 ,& be+ no pl$ge ( fai? to !m1 x is no pl$ge ( fai? to anybody4 ,x is m]e idle w9d4 ,at mo/1 x is only a pl$ge ( fai? to an unkn[n b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 ^: in/rum5t = plund]+ & murd]+ o!r p1 ,i ?us publicly confess myself to be4 ,& x has no o!r obligation ?an a simil> oa? giv5 to any o!r unkn[n body ( pirates1 robb]s1 & murd]]s4 ,= ^! reasons ! oa?s tak5 by memb]s ( ,congress1 to support ! ,con/itution1 are1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ( no validity4 ,!y are n only crim9al 9 !mselves1 & !re=e void2 b !y are also void = ! fur!r reason t !y are giv5 to nobody4 ,x _c be said t1 9 any legitimate or legal s5se1 !y are giv5 to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 because nei!r ! :ole1 nor any l>ge proportion ( ! :ole1 p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ev]1 ei!r op5ly or secretly1 appo9t$ or designat$ ^! m5 z _! ag5ts to c>ry ! ,con/itution into effect4 ,! great body ( ! p--t is1 m51 wom5 & *ildr5--7 nev] ask$1 or ev5 p]mitt$1 to signify1 9 any =mal mann]1 ei!r op5ly or secretly1 _! *oice or wi% on ! subject4 ,! mo/ t ^! memb]s ( ,congress c say1 9 favor ( _! appo9tm5t1 is simply ?is3 ,ea* "o c say = himself3 ,i h evid5ce satisfactory to myself1 t !re exi/s1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 a b& ( m51 hav+ a tacit und]/&+ ) ea* o!r1 & call+ !mselves ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: g5]al purposes are to control & plund] ea* o!r1 & all o!r p]sons 9 ! c\ntry1 &1 s f> z !y c1 ev5 9 neighbor+ c\ntries2 & to kill e man :o %all attempt to def5d 8 p]son & prop]ty aga9/ _! s*emes ( plund] & dom9ion4 ,:o ^! m5 are1 individually1 ,i h no c]ta9 means ( kn[+1 = !y sign no pap]s1 & give no op51 au!ntic evid5ce ( _! individual memb]%ip4 ,!y are n kn[n individually ev5 to ea* o!r4 ,!y are app>5tly z mu* afraid ( be+ individually kn[n to ea* o!r1 z ( be+ kn[n to o!r p]sons4 ,h5ce !y ord9>ily h no mode ei!r ( ex]cis+1 or ( mak+ kn[n1 _! individual memb]%ip1 o!rwise ?an by giv+ _! votes secretly = c]ta9 ag5ts to d _! w4 ,b al?\gh ^! m5 are individually unkn[n1 bo? to ea* o!r & to o!r p]sons1 x is g5]ally und]/ood 9 ! c\ntry t none b male p]sons1 ( ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s & upw>ds1 c be memb]s4 ,x is also g5]ally und]/ood t all male p]sons1 born 9 ! c\ntry1 hav+ c]ta9 complexions1 & 79 "s localities7 c]ta9 am\nts ( prop]ty1 & 79 c]ta9 cases7 ev5 p]sons ( =eign bir?1 are p]mitt$ to be memb]s4 ,b x appe>s t usually n m ?an "o half1 two-?irds1 or1 9 "s cases1 ?ree-f\r?s1 ( all :o are ?us p]mitt$ to become memb]s ( ! b&1 ev] ex]cise1 or consequ5tly prove1 _! actual memb]%ip1 9 ! only mode 9 :i* !y ord9>ily c ex]cise or prove x1 viz41 by giv+ _! votes secretly = ! (fic]s or ag5ts ( ! b&4 ,! numb] ( ^! secret votes1 s f> z we h any acc\nt ( !m1 v>ies greatly f ye> to ye>1 ?us t5d+ to prove t ! b&1 in/ead ( be+ a p]man5t organization1 is a m]ely pro tempore affair ) ^? :o *oose to act ) x = ! "t be+4 ,! gross numb] ( ^! secret votes1 or :at purports to be _! gross numb]1 9 diff]5t localities1 is occasionally publi%$4 ,:e!r ^! reports are accurate or n1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t great frauds are (t5 committ$ 9 deposit+ !m4 ,!y are und]/ood to be receiv$ & c\nt$ by c]ta9 m51 :o are !mselves appo9t$ = t purpose by ! same secret process by :i* all o!r (fic]s & ag5ts ( ! b& are select$4 ,accord+ to ! reports ( ^! receiv]s ( votes 7= ^: accuracy or hone/y1 h[ev]1 ,i _c v\*71 & accord+ to my be/ k ( ! :ole numb] ( male p]sons 9 my di/rict1 :o 7x is suppos$7 7 p]mitt$ to vote1 x w\ld appe> t "o-half1 two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s actually did vote4 ,:o ! m5 71 individually1 :o ca/ ^! votes1 ,i h no k1 = ! :ole ?+ 0 done secretly4 ,b ( ! secret votes ?us giv5 = :at !y call a memb] ( ,congress1 ! receiv]s report$ t ,i _h a majority1 or at lea/ a l>g] numb] ?an any o!r "o p]son4 ,& x is only by virtue ( su* a designation t ,i am n[ "h to act 9 conc]t ) o!r p]sons simil>ly select$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is und]/ood among ^? :o s5t me "h1 t all ! p]sons s select$1 w1 on com+ toge!r at ! ,city ( ,wa%+ton1 take an oa? 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ?is is meant a c]ta9 pap] t 0 drawn up eighty ye>s ago4 ,x 0 nev] sign$ by anybody1 & app>5tly has no obligation1 & nev] _h any obligation1 z a contract4 ,9 fact1 few p]sons ev] read x1 & d\btless mu* ! l>ge/ numb] ( ^? :o vot$ = me & ! o!rs1 nev] ev5 saw x1 or n[ pret5d to "k :at x means4 ,nev]!less1 x is (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! c\ntry z ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & = "s reason or ano!r1 ! m5 :o s5t me "h1 seem to expect t ,i1 & all ) :om ,i act1 w swe> to c>ry ?is ,con/itution into effect4 ,i am !re=e ready to take ?is oa?1 & to co-op]ate ) all o!rs1 simil>ly select$1 :o are ready to take ! same oa?4 ,?is is ! mo/ t any memb] ( ,congress c say 9 pro( t he has any con/itu5cy2 t he repres5ts anybody2 t 8 oa? to support ! ,con/itution1 is giv5 to anybody1 or pl$ges 8 fai? to anybody4 ,he has no op51 writt51 or o!r au!ntic evid5ce1 su* z is requir$ 9 all o!r cases1 t he 0 ev] appo9t$ ! ag5t or repres5tative ( anybody4 ,he has no writt5 p[] ( attorney f any s+le individual4 ,he has no su* legal k z is requir$ 9 all o!r cases1 by :i* he c id5tify a s+le "o ( ^? :o pret5d to h appo9t$ him to repres5t !m4 ,( c\rse 8 oa?1 pr(ess$ly giv5 to !m1 to support ! ,con/itution1 is1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 an oa? giv5 to nobody4 ,x pl$ges 8 fai? to nobody4 ,if he fails to fulfil 8 oa?1 n a s+le p]son c come =w>d1 & say to him1 y h betray$ me1 or brok5 fai? ) me4 ,no "o c come =w>d & say to him3 ,i appo9t$ y my attorney to act = me4 ,i requir$ y to swe> t1 z my attorney1 y w\ld support ! ,con/itution4 ,y promis$ me t y w\ld d s2 & n[ y h =feit$ ! oa? y gave to me4 ,no s+le individual c say ?is4 ,no op51 av[$1 or responsible association1 or body ( m51 c come =w>d & say to him3 ,we appo9t$ y our attorney1 to act = u4 ,we requir$ y to swe> t1 z our attorney1 y w\ld support ! ,con/itution4 ,y promis$ u t y w\ld d s2 & n[ y h =feit$ ! oa? y gave to u4 ,no op51 av[$1 or responsible association1 or body ( m51 c say ?is to him2 because !re is no su* association or body ( m5 9 exi/5ce4 ,if any "o %\ld ass]t t !re is su* an association1 let him prove1 if he c1 :o compose x4 ,let him produce1 if he c1 any op51 writt51 or o!r au!ntic contract1 sign$ or agre$ to by ^! m52 =m+ !mselves into an association2 mak+ !mselves kn[n z su* to ! _w2 appo9t+ him z _! ag5t2 & mak+ !mselves individually1 or z an association1 responsible = 8 acts1 done by _! au?ority4 ,until all ?is c be %[n1 no "o c say t1 9 any legitimate s5se1 !re is any su* association2 or t he is _! ag5t2 or t he ev] gave 8 oa? to !m2 or ev] pl$g$ 8 fai? to !m4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 x w\ld be a suffici5t answ] = him to say1 to all individuals1 & all pret5d$ associations ( individuals1 :o %\ld accuse him ( a brea* ( fai? to !m3 ,i nev] knew y4 ,:]e is y\r evid5ce t y1 ei!r individually or collectively1 ev] appo9t$ me y\r attorney8 t y ev] requir$ me to swe> to y1 t1 z y\r attorney1 ,i w\ld support ! ,con/itution8 or t ,i h n[ brok5 any fai? ,i ev] pl$g$ to y8 ,y may1 or y may n1 be memb]s ( t secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o act 9 secret2 appo9t _! ag5ts by a secret ballot2 :o keep !mselves individually unkn[n ev5 to ! ag5ts !y ?us appo9t2 & :o1 !re=e1 _c claim t !y h any ag5ts2 or t any ( _! pret5d$ ag5ts ev] gave 8 oa?1 or pl$g$ 8 fai?1 to !m4 ,i repudiate y altoge!r4 ,my oa? 0 giv5 to o!rs1 ) :om y h no?+ to d2 or x 0 idle w9d1 giv5 only to ! idle w9ds4 ,begone6 ,,xii4 ,= ! same reasons1 ! oa?s ( all ! o!r pret5d$ ag5ts ( ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s are1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 equally de/itute ( obligation4 ,!y are giv5 to nobody2 b only to ! w9ds4 ,! oa?s ( ! tax-ga!r]s & treasur]s ( ! b&1 are1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ( no validity4 ,if any tax ga!r]1 = example1 %\ld put ! money he receives into 8 own pocket1 & refuse to "p ) x1 ! memb]s ( ?is b& c\ld n say to him3 ,y collect$ t money z our ag5t1 & = our uses2 & y swore to pay x ov] to u1 or to ^? we %\ld appo9t to receive x4 ,y h betray$ u1 & brok5 fai? ) u4 ,x w\ld be a suffici5t answ] = him to say to !m3 ,i nev] knew y4 ,y nev] made y\rselves individually kn[n to me4 ,i nev] gave my oa? to y1 z individuals4 ,y may1 or y may n1 be memb]s ( t secret b&1 :o appo9t ag5ts to rob & murd] o!r p2 b :o are cauti\s n to make !mselves individually kn[n1 ei!r to su* ag5ts1 or to ^? :om _! ag5ts are commission$ to rob4 ,if y are memb]s ( t b&1 y h giv5 me no pro( t y ev] commission$ me to rob o!rs = y\r b5efit4 ,i nev] knew y1 z individuals1 & ( c\rse nev] promis$ y t ,i w\ld pay ov] to y ! proce$s ( my robb]ies4 ,i committ$ my robb]ies on my own acc\nt1 & = my own pr(it4 ,if y ?\ght ,i 0 fool en\gh to all[ y to keep y\rselves conceal$1 & use me z y\r tool = robb+ o!r p]sons2 or t ,i w\ld take all ! p]sonal risk ( ! robb]ies1 & pay ov] ! proce$s to y1 y 7 p>ticul>ly simple4 ,z ,i took all ! risk ( my robb]ies1 ,i propose to take all ! pr(its4 ,begone6 ,y are fools1 z well z villa9s4 ,if ,i gave my oa? to anybody1 ,i gave x to o!r p]sons ?an y4 ,b ,i really gave x to nobody4 ,i only gave x to ! w9ds4 ,x answ]$ my purposes at ! "t4 ,x enabl$ me to get ! money ,i 0 aft]1 & n[ ,i propose to keep x4 ,if y expect$ me to pay x ov] to y1 y reli$ only ^u t honor t is said to prevail among ?ieves4 ,y n[ und]/& t t is a v poor reliance4 ,i tru/ y may become wise en\gh to nev] rely ^u x aga94 ,if ,i h any duty 9 ! matt]1 x is to give back ! money to ^? f :om ,i took x2 n to pay x ov] to su* villa9s z y4 ,,xiii4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ! oa?s :i* =eign]s take1 on com+ "h1 & be+ naturaliz$ 7z x is call$71 are ( no validity4 ,!y are necess>ily giv5 to nobody2 because !re is no op51 au!ntic association1 to :i* !y c jo9 !mselves2 or to :om1 z individuals1 !y c pl$ge _! fai?4 ,no su* association1 or organization1 z ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ ev] be5 =m$ by any op51 writt51 au!ntic1 or volunt>y contract1 !re is1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 no su* association1 or organization1 9 exi/5ce4 ,& all oa?s t purport to be giv5 to su* an association are necess>ily giv5 only to ! w9ds4 ,!y _c be said to be giv5 to any man1 or body ( m51 z individuals1 because no man1 or body ( m51 c come =w>d ) any pro( t ! oa?s 7 giv5 to !m1 z individuals1 or to any association ( :i* !y are memb]s4 ,to say t !re is a tacit und]/&+ among a portion ( ! male adults ( ! c\ntry1 t !y w call !mselves ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t !y w act 9 conc]t 9 subject+ ! rema9d] ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to _! dom9ion2 b t !y w keep !mselves p]sonally conceal$ by do+ all _! acts secretly1 is :olly insuffici5t1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 to prove ! exi/5ce ( any su* association1 or organization1 z ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or consequ5tly to prove t ! oa?s ( =eign]s 7 giv5 to any su* association4 ,,xiv4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 all ! oa?s :i*1 s9ce ! w>1 h be5 giv5 by ,s\!rn m51 t !y w obey ! laws ( ,congress1 support ! ,union1 & ! l1 are ( no validity4 ,su* oa?s are invalid1 n only because !y 7 extort$ by milit>y p[]1 & ?reats ( confiscation1 & because !y are 9 contrav5tion ( m5's natural "r to d z !y please ab\t support+ ! gov]nm5t1 b also because !y 7 giv5 to nobody4 ,!y 7 nom9ally giv5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b be+ nom9ally giv5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y 7 necess>ily giv5 to nobody1 because1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 !re 7 no ,unit$ ,/ates1 to :om ! oa?s c\ld be giv54 ,t is to say1 !re 0 no op51 au!ntic1 av[$1 legitimate association1 corporation1 or body ( m51 kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to :om ! oa?s c\ld h be5 giv54 ,if anybody says !re 0 su* a corporation1 let him /ate :o 7 ! individuals t compos$ x1 & h[ & :5 !y became a corporation4 ,7 ,mr4 ,a1 ,mr4 ,b1 & ,mr4 ,c memb]s ( x8 ,if s1 :]e are _! signatures8 ,:]e ! evid5ce ( _! memb]%ip8 ,:]e ! record8 ,:]e ! op51 au!ntic pro(8 ,!re is none4 ,!re=e1 9 law & reason1 !re 0 no su* corporation4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 e corporation1 association1 or organiz$ body ( m51 hav+ a legitimate corporate exi/5ce1 & legitimate corporate rights1 mu/ consi/ ( c]ta9 kn[n individuals1 :o c prove1 by legitimate & reasonable evid5ce1 _! memb]%ip4 ,b no?+ ( ?is k9d c be prov$ 9 reg>d to ! corporation1 or body ( m51 :o call !mselves ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n a man ( !m1 9 all ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 c prove by any legitimate evid5ce1 su* z is requir$ to prove memb]%ip 9 o!r legal corporations1 t he himself1 or any o!r man :om he c "n1 is a memb] ( any corporation or association call$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or1 consequ5tly1 t !re is any su* corporation4 ,& s9ce no su* corporation c be prov$ to exi/1 x _c ( c\rse be prov$ t ! oa?s ( ,s\!rn m5 7 giv5 to any su* corporation4 ,! mo/ t c be claim$ is t ! oa?s 7 giv5 to a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o call$ !mselves ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & extort$ ^? oa?s4 ,b t c]ta9ly is n en\gh to prove t ! oa?s are ( any obligation4 ,,xv4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ! oa?s ( soldi]s1 t !y w s]ve a giv5 numb] ( ye>s1 t !y w obey ! ord]s ( _! sup]ior (fic]s1 t !y w be> true allegiance to ! gov]nm5t1 & s =?1 are ( no obligation4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! crim9ality ( an oa?1 t1 = a giv5 numb] ( ye>s1 he w kill all :om he may be comm&$ to kill1 )\t ex]cis+ 8 own judgm5t or consci5ce z to ! ju/ice or necessity ( su* kill+1 !re is ?is fur!r reason :y a soldi]'s oa? is ( no obligation1 viz41 t1 l all ! o!r oa?s t h n[ be5 m5tion$1 x is giv5 to nobody4 ,!re be+1 9 no legitimate s5se1 any su* corporation1 or nation1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor1 consequ5tly1 9 any legitimate s5se1 any su* gov]nm5t z ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a soldi]'s oa? giv5 to1 or contract made )1 su* nation or gov]nm5t1 is necess>ily an oa? giv5 to1 or a contract made )1 nobody4 ,consequ5tly su* oa? or contract c be ( no obligation4 ,,xvi4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ! treaties1 s call$1 :i* purport to be ent]$ into ) o!r nations1 by p]sons call+ !mselves ambassadors1 secret>ies1 presid5ts1 & s5ators ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! "n1 & 9 behalf1 ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ( no validity4 ,^! s-call$ ambassadors1 secret>ies1 presid5ts1 & s5ators1 :o claim to be ! ag5ts ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = mak+ ^! treaties1 c %[ no op51 writt51 or o!r au!ntic evid5ce t ei!r ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any o!r op51 av[$1 responsible body ( m51 call+ !mselves by t "n1 ev] au?oriz$ ^! pret5d$ ambassadors & o!rs to make treaties 9 ! "n (1 or b9d+ ^u any "o (1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any o!r op51 av[$1 responsible body ( m51 call+ !mselves by t "n1 ev] au?oriz$ ^! pret5d$ ambassadors1 secret>ies1 & o!rs1 9 _! "n & behalf1 to recognize c]ta9 o!r p]sons1 call+ !mselves emp]ors1 k+s1 que5s1 & ! l1 z ! rightful rul]s1 sov]eigns1 ma/]s1 or repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t peoples :om !y assume to gov]n1 to repres5t1 & to b9d4 ,! nations1 z !y are call$1 ) :om our pret5d$ ambassadors1 secret>ies1 presid5ts1 & s5ators pr(ess to make treaties1 are z mu* my?s z our own4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 !re are no su* nations4 ,t is to say1 nei!r ! :ole p ( ,engl&1 = example1 nor any op51 av[$1 responsible body ( m51 call+ !mselves by t "n1 ev]1 by any op51 writt51 or o!r au!ntic contract ) ea* o!r1 =m$ !mselves into any bona fide1 legitimate association or organization1 or au?oriz$ any k+1 que51 or o!r repres5tative to make treaties 9 _! "n1 or to b9d !m1 ei!r individually1 or z an association1 by su* treaties4 ,our pret5d$ treaties1 !n1 be+ made ) no legitimate or bona fide nations1 or repres5tatives ( nations1 & be+ made1 on our "p1 by p]sons :o h no legitimate au?ority to act = u1 h intr9sically no m validity ?an a pret5d$ treaty made by ! ,man 9 ! ,moon ) ! k+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,,xvii4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 debts contract$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ( no validity4 ,x is utt]ly absurd to pret5d t debts to ! am\nt ( tw5ty-five hundr$ millions ( doll>s are b9d+ ^u ?irty-five or =ty millions ( p1 :5 !re is n a p>ticle ( legitimate evid5ce--su* z w\ld be requir$ to prove a private debt--t c be produc$ aga9/ any "o ( !m1 t ei!r he1 or 8 prop]ly au?oriz$ attorney1 ev] contract$ to pay "o c5t4 ,c]ta9ly1 nei!r ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor any numb] ( !m1 ev] sep>ately or individually contract$ to pay a c5t ( ^! debts4 ,c]ta9ly1 also1 nei!r ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor any numb] ( !m1 ev]1 by any op51 writt51 or o!r au!ntic & volunt>y contract1 unit$ !mselves z a firm1 corporation1 or association1 by ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & au?oriz$ _! ag5ts to contract debts 9 _! "n4 ,c]ta9ly1 too1 !re is 9 exi/5ce no su* firm1 corporation1 or association z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 =m$ by any op51 writt51 or o!r au!ntic & volunt>y contract1 & hav+ corporate prop]ty ) :i* to pay ^! debts4 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible1 on any g5]al pr9ciple ( law or reason1 t debts t are b9d+ ^u nobody individually1 c be b9d+ ^u =ty millions ( p collectively1 :51 on g5]al & legitimate pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ^! =ty millions ( p nei!r h1 nor ev] _h1 any corporate prop]ty8 nev] made any corporate or individual contract8 & nei!r h1 nor ev] _h1 any corporate exi/5ce8 ,:o1 !n1 creat$ ^! debts1 9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,:y1 at mo/1 only a few p]sons1 call+ !mselves memb]s ( ,congress1 etc41 :o pret5d$ to repres5t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b :o really repres5t$ only a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o want$ money to c>ry on ! robb]ies & murd]s 9 :i* !y 7 !n engag$2 & :o int5d$ to extort f ! future p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by robb]y & ?reats ( murd] 7& real murd]1 if t %\ld prove necess>y71 ! means to pay ^! debts4 ,?is b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o 7 ! real pr9cipals 9 contract+ ^! debts1 is a secret "o1 because its memb]s h nev] ent]$ into any op51 writt51 av[$1 or au!ntic contract1 by :i* !y may be individually kn[n to ! _w1 or ev5 to ea* o!r4 ,_! real or pret5d$ repres5tatives1 :o contract$ ^! debts 9 _! "n1 7 select$ 7if select$ at all7 = t purpose secretly 7by secret ballot71 & 9 a way to furni% evid5ce aga9/ none ( ! pr9cipals individually2 & ^! pr9cipals 7 really kn[n individually nei!r to _! pret5d$ repres5tatives :o contract$ ^! debts 9 _! behalf1 nor to ^? :o l5t ! money4 ,! money1 !re=e1 0 all borr[$ & l5t 9 ! d>k2 t is1 by m5 :o did n see ea* o!r's faces1 or "k ea* o!r's names2 :o c\ld n !n1 & _c n[1 id5tify ea* o!r z pr9cipals 9 ! transactions2 & :o consequ5tly c prove no contract ) ea* o!r4 ,fur!rmore1 ! money 0 all l5t & borr[$ = crim9al purposes2 t is1 = purposes ( robb]y & murd]2 & = ?is reason ! contracts 7 all intr9sically void2 & w\ld h be5 s1 ev5 ?\gh ! real p>ties1 borr[]s & l5d]s1 _h come face to face1 & made _! contracts op5ly1 9 _! own prop] names4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o 7 ! real borr[]s ( ?is money1 hav+ no legitimate corporate exi/5ce1 h no corporate prop]ty ) :i* to pay ^! debts4 ,!y d inde$ pret5d to own l>ge tracts ( wild l&s1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 & betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,b1 on g5]al pr9ciples ( law & reason1 !y might z well pret5d to own ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans !mselves2 or ! atmosph]e & ! sunlight2 & to hold !m1 & dispose ( !m1 = ! paym5t ( ^! debts4 ,hav+ no corporate prop]ty ) :i* to pay :at purports to be _! corporate debts1 ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s are really bankrupt4 ,!y h no?+ to pay )4 ,9 fact1 !y d n propose to pay _! debts o!rwise ?an f ! proce$s ( _! future robb]ies & murd]s4 ,^! are confess$ly _! sole reliance2 & 7 kn[n to be su* by ! l5d]s ( ! money1 at ! "t ! money 0 l5t4 ,& x 01 !re=e1 virtually a "p ( ! contract1 t ! money %\ld be repaid only f ! proce$s ( ^! future robb]ies & murd]s4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 ! contracts 7 void f ! beg9n+4 ,9 fact1 ^! app>5tly two classes1 borr[]s & l5d]s1 7 really "o & ! same class4 ,!y borr[$ & l5t money f & to !mselves4 ,!y !mselves 7 n only "p & p>cel1 b ! v life & s\l1 ( ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o borr[$ & sp5t ! money4 ,individually !y furni%$ money = a common ent]prise2 tak+1 9 return1 :at purport$ to be corporate promises = individual loans4 ,! only excuse !y _h = tak+ ^! s-call$ corporate promises (1 = individual loans by1 ! same p>ties1 0 t !y might h "s app>5t excuse = ! future robb]ies ( ! b& 7t is1 to pay ! debts ( ! corporation71 & t !y might also "k :at %>es !y 7 to be respectively entitl$ to out ( ! proce$s ( _! future robb]ies4 ,f9ally1 if ^! debts _h be5 creat$ = ! mo/ innoc5t & hone/ purposes1 & 9 ! mo/ op5 & hone/ mann]1 by ! real p>ties to ! contracts1 ^! p>ties c\ld !reby h b\nd nobody b !mselves1 & no prop]ty b _! own4 ,!y c\ld h b\nd nobody t %\ld h come aft] !m1 & no prop]ty subsequ5tly creat$ by1 or belong+ to1 o!r p]sons4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,con/itution hav+ nev] be5 sign$ by anybody2 & !re be+ no o!r op51 writt51 or au!ntic contract betwe5 any p>ties :atev]1 by virtue ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 s call$1 is ma9ta9$2 & x be+ well kn[n t none b male p]sons1 ( tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age & upw>ds1 are all[$ any voice 9 ! gov]nm5t2 & x be+ also well kn[n t a l>ge numb] ( ^! adult p]sons seldom or nev] vote at all2 & t all ^? :o d vote1 d s secretly 7by secret ballot71 & 9 a way to prev5t _! individual votes be+ kn[n1 ei!r to ! _w1 or ev5 to ea* o!r2 & consequ5tly 9 a way to make no "o op5ly responsible = ! acts ( _! ag5ts1 or repres5tatives1--all ^! ?+s be+ kn[n1 ! que/ions arise3 ,:o compose ! real gov]n+ p[] 9 ! c\ntry8 ,:o are ! m51 ! responsible m51 :o rob u ( our prop]ty8 ,re/ra9 u ( our lib]ty8 ,subject u to _! arbitr>y dom9ion8 ,& deva/ate our homes1 & %oot u d[n by ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 if we resi/8 ,h[ %all we f9d ^! m58 ,h[ %all we "k !m f o!rs8 ,h[ %all we def5d ourselves & our prop]ty aga9/ !m8 ,:o1 ( our neighbors1 are memb]s ( ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s8 ,h[ c we "k :i* are _! h\ses1 t we may burn or demoli% !m8 ,:i* _! prop]ty1 t we may de/roy x8 ,:i* _! p]sons1 t we may kill !m1 & rid ! _w & ourselves ( su* tyrants & mon/]s8 ,^! are que/ions t mu/ be answ]$1 be=e m5 c be free2 be=e !y c protect !mselves aga9/ ?is secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :o n[ plund]1 enslave1 & de/roy !m4 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is1 t only ^? :o h ! w & ! p[] to %oot d[n _! fell[ m51 are ! real rul]s 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r 7s-call$7 civiliz$ c\ntries2 = by no o!rs w civiliz$ m5 be robb$1 or enslav$4 ,among savages1 m]e physical /r5g?1 on ! "p ( "o man1 may enable him to rob1 enslave1 or kill ano!r man4 ,among b>b>ians1 m]e physical /r5g?1 on ! "p ( a body ( m51 discipl9$1 & act+ 9 conc]t1 ?\gh ) v little money or o!r weal?1 may1 "u "s circum/ances1 enable !m to rob1 enslave1 or kill ano!r body ( m51 z num]\s1 or p]haps ev5 m num]\s1 ?an !mselves4 ,& among bo? savages & b>b>ians1 m]e want may sometimes compel "o man to sell himself z a slave to ano!r4 ,b ) 7s-call$7 civiliz$ peoples1 among :om k1 weal?1 & ! means ( act+ 9 conc]t1 h become diffus$2 & :o h inv5t$ su* weapons & o!r means ( def5se z to r5d] m]e physical /r5g? ( less importance2 & by :om soldi]s 9 any requisite numb]1 & o!r in/rum5talities ( w> 9 any requisite am\nt1 c always be _h = money1 ! "q ( w>1 & consequ5tly ! "q ( p[]1 is little else ?an a m]e "q ( money4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ^? :o /& ready to furni% ?is money1 are ! real rul]s4 ,x is s 9 ,europe1 & x is s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,europe1 ! nom9al rul]s1 ! emp]ors & k+s & p>liam5ts1 are any?+ b ! real rul]s ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,!y are little or no?+ else ?an m]e tools1 employ$ by ! weal?y to rob1 enslave1 & 7if ne$ be7 murd] ^? :o h less weal?1 or none at all4 ,! ,ro?s*ilds1 & t class ( money-l5d]s ( :om !y are ! repres5tatives & ag5ts--m5 :o nev] ?9k ( l5d+ a %ill+ to _! next-door neighbors1 = purposes ( hone/ indu/ry1 unless ^u ! mo/ ample security1 & at ! highe/ rate ( int]e/--/& ready1 at all times1 to l5d money 9 unlimit$ am\nts to ^? robb]s & murd]]s1 :o call !mselves gov]nm5ts1 to be exp5d$ 9 %oot+ d[n ^? :o d n submit quietly to be+ robb$ & enslav$4 ,!y l5d _! money 9 ?is mann]1 kn[+ t x is to be exp5d$ 9 murd]+ _! fell[ m51 = simply seek+ _! lib]ty & _! rights2 kn[+ also t nei!r ! int]e/ nor ! pr9cipal w ev] be paid1 except z x w be extort$ "u t]ror ( ! repetition ( su* murd]s z ^? = :i* ! money l5t is to be exp5d$4 ,^! money-l5d]s1 ! ,ro?s*ilds1 = example1 say to !mselves3 ,if we l5d a hundr$ millions /]l+ to ! que5 & p>liam5t ( ,engl&1 x w enable !m to murd] tw5ty1 fifty1 or a hundr$ ?\s& p 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 or ,india2 & ! t]ror inspir$ by su* :olesale murd]1 w enable !m to keep ! :ole p ( ^? c\ntries 9 subjection = tw5ty1 or p]haps fifty1 ye>s to come2 to control all _! trade & indu/ry2 & to extort f !m l>ge am\nts ( money1 "u ! "n ( taxes2 & f ! weal? ?us extort$ f !m1 !y 7! que5 & p>liam5t7 c af=d to pay u a high] rate ( int]e/ = our money ?an we c get 9 any o!r way4 ,or1 if we l5d ?is sum to ! emp]or ( ,au/ria1 x w enable him to murd] s _m ( 8 p z to /rike t]ror into ! re/1 & ?us enable him to keep !m 9 subjection1 & extort money f !m1 = tw5ty or fifty ye>s to come4 ,& !y say ! same 9 reg>d to ! emp]or ( ,russia1 ! k+ ( ,prussia1 ! emp]or ( ,france1 or any o!r rul]1 s call$1 :o1 9 _! judgm5t1 w be able1 by murd]+ a reasonable portion ( 8 p1 to keep ! re/ 9 subjection1 & extort money f !m1 = a long "t to come1 to pay ! int]e/ & pr9cipal ( ! money l5t him4 ,& :y are ^! m5 s ready to l5d money = murd]+ _! fell[ m58 ,solely = ?is reason1 viz41 t su* loans are consid]$ bett] inve/m5ts ?an loans = purposes ( hone/ indu/ry4 ,!y pay high] rates ( int]e/2 & x is less tr\ble to look aft] !m4 ,?is is ! :ole matt]4 ,! "q ( mak+ ^! loans is1 ) ^! l5d]s1 a m]e "q ( pecuni>y pr(it4 ,!y l5d money to be exp5d$ 9 robb+1 enslav+1 & murd]+ _! fell[ m51 solely because1 on ! :ole1 su* loans pay bett] ?an any o!rs4 ,!y are no respect]s ( p]sons1 no sup]/iti\s fools1 t rev]5ce mon>*s4 ,!y c>e no m = a k+1 or an emp]or1 ?an !y d = a begg>1 except z he is a bett] cu/om]1 & c pay !m bett] int]e/ = _! money4 ,if !y d\bt 8 ability to make 8 murd]s successful = ma9ta9+ 8 p[]1 & ?us extort+ money f 8 p 9 future1 !y dismiss him z unc]emoni\sly z !y w\ld dismiss any o!r hopeless bankrupt1 :o %\ld want to borr[ money to save himself f op5 insolv5cy4 ,:5 ^! great l5d]s ( blood-money1 l ! ,ro?s*ilds1 h loan$ va/ sums 9 ?is way1 = purposes ( murd]1 to an emp]or or a k+1 !y sell out ! bonds tak5 by !m1 9 small am\nts1 to anybody1 & ev]ybody1 :o are dispos$ to buy !m at satisfactory prices1 to hold z inve/m5ts4 ,!y 7! ,ro?s*ilds7 ?us soon get back _! money1 ) great pr(its2 & are n[ ready to l5d money 9 ! same way aga9 to any o!r robb] & murd]]1 call$ an emp]or or a k+1 :o1 !y ?9k1 is likely to be successful 9 8 robb]ies & murd]s1 & able to pay a good price = ! money necess>y to c>ry !m on4 ,?is bus9ess ( l5d+ blood-money is "o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly sordid1 cold-blood$1 & crim9al t 0 ev] c>ri$ on1 to any consid]able ext5t1 among/ human be+s4 ,x is l l5d+ money to slave trad]s1 or to common robb]s & pirates1 to be repaid out ( _! plund]4 ,& ! m5 :o loan money to gov]nm5ts1 s call$1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! latt] to rob1 enslave1 & murd] _! p1 are among ! greate/ villa9s t ! _w has ev] se54 ,& !y z mu* des]ve to be hunt$ & kill$ 7if !y _c o!rwise be got rid (7 z any slave trad]s1 robb]s1 or pirates t ev] liv$4 ,:5 ^! emp]ors & k+s1 s-call$1 h obta9$ _! loans1 !y proce$ to hire & tra9 imm5se numb]s ( pr(essional murd]]s1 call$ soldi]s1 & employ !m 9 %oot+ d[n all :o resi/ _! dem&s = money4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( !m keep l>ge bodies ( ^! murd]]s con/antly 9 _! s]vice1 z _! only means ( en=c+ _! extortions4 ,!re are n[1 ,i ?9k1 f\r or five millions ( ^! pr(essional murd]]s con/antly employ$ by ! s-call$ sov]eigns ( ,europe4 ,! enslav$ p are1 ( c\rse1 =c$ to support & pay all ^! murd]]s1 z well z to submit to all ! o!r extortions :i* ^! murd]]s are employ$ to en=ce4 ,x is only 9 ?is way t mo/ ( ! s-call$ gov]nm5ts ( ,europe are ma9ta9$4 ,^! s-call$ gov]nm5ts are 9 reality only great b&s ( robb]s & murd]]s1 organiz$1 discipl9$1 & con/antly on ! al]t4 ,& ! s-call$ sov]eigns1 9 ^! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 are simply ! heads1 or *iefs1 ( diff]5t b&s ( robb]s & murd]]s4 ,& ^! heads or *iefs are dep5d5t ^u ! l5d]s ( blood-money = ! means to c>ry on _! robb]ies & murd]s4 ,!y c\ld n su/a9 !mselves a mom5t b = ! loans made to !m by ^! blood-money loan-mong]s4 ,& _! fir/ c>e is to ma9ta9 _! cr$it ) !m2 = !y "k _! end is come1 ! in/ant _! cr$it ) !m fails4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ proce$s ( _! extortions are scrupul\sly appli$ to ! paym5t ( ! int]e/ on _! loans4 ,9 addition to pay+ ! int]e/ on _! bonds1 !y p]haps grant to ! hold]s ( !m great monopolies 9 bank+1 l ! ,banks ( ,engl&1 ( ,france1 & ( ,vi5na2 ) ! agreem5t t ^! banks %all furni% money :5ev]1 9 sudd5 em]g5cies1 x may be necess>y to %oot d[n m ( _! p4 ,p]haps also1 by means ( t>iffs on compet+ imports1 !y give great monopolies to c]ta9 bran*es ( indu/ry1 9 :i* ^! l5d]s ( blood-money are engag$4 ,!y also1 by unequal taxation1 exempt :olly or p>tially ! prop]ty ( ^! loan-mong]s1 & ?r[ correspond+ burd5s ^u ^? :o are too poor & weak to resi/4 ,?us x is evid5t t all ^! m51 :o call !mselves by ! high-s\nd+ names ( ,emp]ors1 ,k+s1 ,sov]eigns1 ,mon>*s1 ,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,maje/ies1 ,mo/ ,ca?olic ,maje/ies1 ,high ,might9esses1 ,mo/ ,s]5e & ,pot5t ,pr9ces1 & ! l1 & :o claim to rule by ! grace ( ,god1 by ,div9e ,"r--t is1 by special au?ority f ,heav5--are intr9sically n only ! m]e/ miscreants & wret*es1 engag$ solely 9 plund]+1 enslav+1 & murd]+ _! fell[ m51 b t !y are also ! m]e/ hang]s on1 ! s]vile1 obsequi\s1 fawn+ dep5d5ts & tools ( ^! blood-money loan-mong]s1 on :om !y rely = ! means to c>ry on _! crimes4 ,^! loan-mong]s1 l ! ,ro?s*ilds1 laugh 9 _! sleeves1 & say to !mselves3 ,^! despicable creatures1 :o call !mselves emp]ors1 & k+s1 & maje/ies1 & mo/ s]5e & pot5t pr9ces2 :o pr(ess to we> cr[ns1 & sit on ?rones2 :o deck !mselves ) ribbons1 & fea!rs1 & jewels2 & surr\nd !mselves ) hir$ flatt]]s & lickspittles2 & :om we suff] to /rut ar\nd1 & palm !mselves (f1 ^u fools & slaves1 z sov]eigns & lawgiv]s specially appo9t$ by ,almighty ,god2 & to hold !mselves out z ! sole f\nta9s ( honors1 & dignities1 & weal?1 & p[]--all ^! miscreants & impo/]s "k t we make !m1 & use !m2 t 9 u !y live1 move1 & h _! be+2 t we require !m 7z ! price ( _! positions7 to take ^u !mselves all ! labor1 all ! dang]1 & all ! odium ( all ! crimes !y commit = our pr(it2 & t we w unmake !m1 /rip !m ( _! gewgaws1 & s5d !m out into ! _w z begg>s1 or give !m ov] to ! v5geance ( ! p !y h enslav$1 ! mom5t !y refuse to commit any crime we require ( !m1 or to pay ov] to u su* %>e ( ! proce$s ( _! robb]ies z we see fit to dem&4 ,,xix4 ,n[1 :at is true 9 ,europe1 is sub/antially true 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! diff]5ce is ! immat]ial "o1 t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re is no visible1 p]man5t head1 or *ief1 ( ^! robb]s & murd]]s1 :o call !mselves ! gov]nm5t4 ,t is to say1 !re is no "o man1 :o calls himself ! /ate1 or ev5 emp]or1 k+1 or sov]eign2 no "o :o claims t he & 8 *ildr5 rule by ! ,grace ( ,god1 by ,div9e ,"r1 or by special appo9tm5t f ,heav54 ,!re are only c]ta9 m51 :o call !mselves presid5ts1 s5ators1 & repres5tatives1 & claim to be ! au?oriz$ ag5ts1 = ! "t be+1 or = c]ta9 %ort p]iods1 ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b :o c %[ no cr$5tials1 or p[]s ( attorney1 or any o!r op51 au!ntic evid5ce t !y are s2 & :o notori\sly are n s2 b are really only ! ag5ts ( a secret b& ( robb]s & murd]]s1 :om !y !mselves d n "k1 & h no means ( kn[+1 individually2 b :o1 !y tru/1 w op5ly or secretly1 :5 ! crisis comes1 su/a9 !m 9 all _! usurpations & crimes4 ,:at is important to be notic$ is1 t ^! s-call$ presid5ts1 s5ators1 & repres5tatives1 ^! pret5d$ ag5ts ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! mom5t _! exactions meet ) any =midable resi/ance f any portion ( ! p !mselves1 are oblig$1 l _! co-robb]s & murd]]s 9 ,europe1 to fly at once to ! l5d]s ( blood money1 = ! means to su/a9 _! p[]4 ,& !y borr[ _! money on ! same pr9ciple1 & = ! same purpose1 viz41 to be exp5d$ 9 %oot+ d[n all ^? p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--_! own con/itu5ts & pr9cipals1 z !y pr(ess to call !m--:o resi/ ! robb]ies & enslavem5t :i* ^! borr[]s ( ! money are practis+ ^u !m4 ,& !y expect to repay ! loans1 if at all1 only f ! proce$s ( ! future robb]ies1 :i* !y anticipate x w be easy = !m & _! successors to p]petrate ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s1 ^u _! pret5d$ pr9cipals1 if !y c b %oot d[n n[ "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( !m1 & ?us /rike t]ror into ! re/4 ,p]haps ! facts 7 nev] made m evid5t1 9 any c\ntry on ! globe1 ?an 9 our own1 t ^! s\lless blood-money loan-mong]s are ! real rul]s2 t !y rule f ! mo/ sordid & m]c5>y motives2 t ! o/5sible gov]nm5t1 ! presid5ts1 s5ators1 & repres5tatives1 s call$1 are m]ely _! tools2 & t no ideas (1 or reg>d =1 ju/ice or lib]ty _h any?+ to d 9 induc+ !m to l5d _! money = ! w>4 ,9 pro( ( all ?is1 look at ! foll[+ facts4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ago we pr(ess$ to h got rid ( all t religi\s sup]/ition1 inculcat$ by a s]vile & corrupt prie/hood 9 ,europe1 t rul]s1 s call$1 d]iv$ _! au?ority directly f ,heav52 & t x 0 consequ5tly a religi\s duty on ! "p ( ! p to obey !m4 ,we pr(ess$ long ago to h le>n$ t gov]nm5ts c\ld rightfully exi/ only by ! free w1 & on ! volunt>y support1 ( ^? :o might *oose to su/a9 !m4 ,we all pr(ess$ to h kn[n long ago1 t ! only legitimate objects ( gov]nm5t 7 ! ma9t5ance ( lib]ty & ju/ice equally = all4 ,all ?is we _h pr(ess$ = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s4 ,& we pr(ess$ to look ) pity & contempt ^u ^? ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 & enslav$ peoples ( ,europe1 :o 7 s easily kept 9 subjection by ! frauds & =ce ( prie/s & k+s4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 t we _h le>n$1 & kn[n1 & pr(ess$1 = ne>ly a c5tury1 ^! l5d]s ( blood money _h1 = a long s]ies ( ye>s previ\s to ! w>1 be5 ! will+ accomplices ( ! slave-hold]s 9 p]v]t+ ! gov]nm5t f ! purposes ( lib]ty & ju/ice1 to ! greate/ ( crimes4 ,!y _h be5 su* accomplices = a purely pecuni>y consid]ation1 to wit1 a control ( ! m>kets 9 ! ,s\?2 9 o!r words1 ! privilege ( hold+ ! slave-hold]s !mselves 9 indu/rial & comm]cial subjection to ! manufactur]s & m]*ants ( ! ,nor? 7:o aft]w>ds furni%$ ! money = ! w>74 ,& ^! ,nor!rn m]*ants & manufactur]s1 ^! l5d]s ( blood-money1 7 will+ to cont9ue to be ! accomplices ( ! slave-hold]s 9 ! future1 = ! same pecuni>y consid]ation4 ,b ! slave-hold]s1 ei!r d\bt+ ! fidelity ( _! ,nor!rn allies1 or feel+ !mselves /rong en\gh to keep _! slaves 9 subjection )\t ,nor!rn assi/ance1 w\ld no long] pay ! price :i* ^! ,nor!rn m5 dem&$4 ,& x 0 to en=ce ?is price 9 ! future--t is1 to monopolize ! ,s\!rn m>kets1 to ma9ta9 _! indu/rial & comm]cial control ov] ! ,s\?--t ^! ,nor!rn manufactur]s & m]*ants l5t "s ( ! pr(its ( _! =m] monopolies = ! w>1 9 ord] to secure to !mselves ! same1 or great]1 monopolies 9 ! future4 ,^!--& n any love ( lib]ty or ju/ice--7 ! motives on :i* ! money = ! w> 0 l5t by ! ,nor?4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,nor? said to ! slave-hold]s3 ,if y w n pay u our price 7give u control ( y\r m>kets7 = our assi/ance aga9/ y\r slaves1 we w secure ! same price 7keep control ( y\r m>kets7 by help+ y\r slaves aga9/ y1 & us+ !m z our tools = ma9ta9+ dom9ion ov] y2 = ! control ( y\r m>kets we w h1 :e!r ! tools we use = t purpose be black or :ite1 & be ! co/1 9 blood & money1 :at x may4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 & f ?is motive1 & n f any love ( lib]ty1 or ju/ice1 ! money 0 l5t 9 enorm\s am\nts1 & at enorm\s rates ( int]e/4 ,& x 0 only by means ( ^! loans t ! objects ( ! w> 7 accompli%$4 ,& n[ ^! l5d]s ( blood-money dem& _! pay2 & ! gov]nm5t1 s call$1 becomes _! tool1 _! s]vile1 slavi%1 villa9\s tool1 to extort x f ! labor ( ! enslav$ p bo? ( ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,x is to be extort$ by e =m ( direct1 & indirect1 & unequal taxation4 ,n only ! nom9al debt & int]e/--enorm\s z ! latt] 0--are to be paid 9 full2 b ^! hold]s ( ! debt are to be paid /ill fur!r--& p]haps d\bly1 triply1 or quadruply paid--by su* t>iffs on imports z w enable our home manufactur]s to realize enorm\s prices = _! commodities2 also by su* monopolies 9 bank+ z w enable !m to keep control (1 & ?us enslave & plund]1 ! indu/ry & trade ( ! great body ( ! ,nor!rn p !mselves4 ,9 %ort1 ! indu/rial & comm]cial slav]y ( ! great body ( ! p1 ,nor? & ,s\?1 black & :ite1 is ! price :i* ^! l5d]s ( blood money dem&1 & insi/ ^u1 & are det]m9$ to secure1 9 return = ! money l5t = ! w>4 ,?is programme hav+ be5 fully arrang$ & sy/ematiz$1 !y put _! sword into ! h&s ( ! *ief murd]] ( ! w>1 & *>ge him to c>ry _! s*eme into effect4 ,& n[ he1 speak+ z _! organ1 says3 ,let u h peace4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is3 ,submit quietly to all ! robb]y & slav]y we h arrang$ = y1 & y c h peace4 ,b 9 case y resi/1 ! same l5d]s ( blood-money1 :o furni%$ ! means to subdue ! ,s\?1 w furni% ! means aga9 to subdue y4 ,^! are ! t]ms on :i* alone ?is gov]nm5t1 or1 ) few exceptions1 any o!r1 ev] gives peace to its p4 ,! :ole affair1 on ! "p ( ^? :o furni%$ ! money1 has be51 & n[ is1 a delib]ate s*eme ( robb]y & murd]2 n m]ely to monopolize ! m>kets ( ! ,s\?1 b also to monopolize ! curr5cy1 & ?us control ! indu/ry & trade1 & ?us plund] & enslave ! labor]s1 ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,& ,congress & ! presid5t are today ! m]e/ tools = ^! purposes4 ,!y are oblig$ to be1 = !y "k t _! own p[]1 z rul]s1 s-call$1 is at an end1 ! mom5t _! cr$it ) ! blood-money loan-mong]s fails4 ,!y are l a bankrupt 9 ! h&s ( an extortion]4 ,!y d>e n say nay to any dem& made ^u !m4 ,& to hide at once1 if possible1 bo? _! s]vility & _! crimes1 !y attempt to div]t public att5tion1 by cry+ out t !y h ,aboli%$ ,slav]y6 ,t !y h ,sav$ ! ,c\ntry6 ,t !y h ,pres]v$ our ,glori\s ,union6 & t1 9 n[ pay+ ! ,national ,debt1 z !y call x 7z if ! p !mselves1 all ( !m :o are to be tax$ = its paym5t1 _h really & volunt>ily jo9$ 9 contract+ x71 !y are simply ,ma9ta9+ ! ,national ,honor6 ,by ma9ta9+ ! national honor1 !y mean simply t !y !mselves1 op5 robb]s & murd]]s1 assume to be ! nation1 & w keep fai? ) ^? :o l5d !m ! money necess>y to enable !m to cru% ! great body ( ! p "u _! feet2 & w fai?fully appropriate1 f ! proce$s ( _! future robb]ies & murd]s1 en\gh to pay all _! loans1 pr9cipal & int]e/4 ,! pret5se t ! abolition ( slav]y 0 ei!r a motive or ju/ification = ! w>1 is a fraud ( ! same "* ) t ( ma9ta9+ ! national honor4 ,:o1 b su* usurp]s1 robb]s1 & murd]]s z !y1 ev] e/abli%$ slav]y8 ,or :at gov]nm5t1 except "o re/+ ^u ! sword1 l ! "o we n[ h1 0 ev] capable ( ma9ta9+ slav]y8 ,& :y did ^! m5 aboli% slav]y8 ,n f any love ( lib]ty 9 g5]al--n z an act ( ju/ice to ! black man himself1 b only z a w> measure1 & because !y want$ 8 assi/ance1 & t ( 8 fri5ds1 9 c>ry+ on ! w> !y _h und]tak5 = ma9ta9+ & int5sify+ t political1 comm]cial1 & indu/rial slav]y1 to :i* !y h subject$ ! great body ( ! p1 bo? :ite & black4 ,& yet ^! impo/]s n[ cry out t !y h aboli%$ ! *attel slav]y ( ! black man--al?\gh t 0 n ! motive ( ! w>--z if !y ?\ght !y c\ld !reby conceal1 atone =1 or ju/ify t o!r slav]y :i* !y 7 fight+ to p]petuate1 & to r5d] m rigor\s & inexorable ?an x ev] 0 be=e4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce ( pr9ciple--b only ( degree--betwe5 ! slav]y !y boa/ !y h aboli%$1 & ! slav]y !y 7 fight+ to pres]ve2 = all re/ra9ts ^u m5's natural lib]ty1 n necess>y = ! simple ma9t5ance ( ju/ice1 are ( ! nature ( slav]y1 & diff] f ea* o!r only 9 degree4 ,if _! object _h really be5 to aboli% slav]y1 or ma9ta9 lib]ty or ju/ice g5]ally1 !y _h only to say3 ,all1 :e!r :ite or black1 :o want ! protection ( ?is gov]nm5t1 %all h x2 & all :o d n want x1 w be left 9 peace1 s long z !y leave u 9 peace4 ,_h !y said ?is1 slav]y w\ld necess>ily h be5 aboli%$ at once2 ! w> w\ld h be5 sav$2 & a ?\s& times nobl] union ?an we h ev] _h w\ld h be5 ! result4 ,x w\ld h be5 a volunt>y union ( free m52 su* a union z w "o day exi/ among all m51 ! _w ov]1 if ! sev]al nations1 s call$1 %all ev] get rid ( ! usurp]s1 robb]s1 & murd]]s1 call$ gov]nm5ts1 t n[ plund]1 enslave1 & de/roy !m4 ,/ill ano!r ( ! frauds ( ^! m5 is1 t !y are n[ e/abli%+1 & t ! w> 0 design$ to e/abli%1 a gov]nm5t ( cons5t4 ,! only idea !y h ev] manife/$ z to :at is a gov]nm5t ( cons5t1 is ?is--t x is "o to :i* ev]ybody mu/ cons5t1 or be %ot4 ,?is idea 0 ! dom9ant "o on :i* ! w> 0 c>ri$ on2 & x is ! dom9ant "o1 n[ t we h got :at is call$ peace4 ,_! pret5ses t !y h ,sav$ ! ,c\ntry1 & ,pres]v$ our ,glori\s ,union1 are frauds l all ! re/ ( _! pret5ses4 ,by !m !y mean simply t !y h subjugat$1 & ma9ta9$ _! p[] ov]1 an unwill+ p4 ,?is !y call ,sav+ ! ,c\ntry2 z if an enslav$ & subjugat$ p--or z if any p kept 9 subjection by ! sword 7z x is int5d$ t all ( u %all be h]eaft]7--c\ld be said to h any c\ntry4 ,?is1 too1 !y call ,pres]v+ our ,glori\s ,union2 z if !re c\ld be said to be any ,union1 glori\s or +lori\s1 t 0 n volunt>y4 ,or z if !re c\ld be said to be any union betwe5 ma/]s & slaves2 betwe5 ^? :o conqu]1 & ^? :o are subjugat$4 ,all ^! cries ( hav+ aboli%$ slav]y1 ( hav+ sav$ ! c\ntry1 ( hav+ pres]v$ ! union1 ( e/abli%+ a gov]nm5t ( cons5t1 & ( ma9ta9+ ! national honor1 are all gross1 %ameless1 transp>5t *eats--s transp>5t t !y ought to deceive no "o--:5 utt]$ z ju/ifications = ! w>1 or = ! gov]nm5t t has succe$$ ! w>1 or = n[ compell+ ! p to pay ! co/ ( ! w>1 or = compell+ anybody to support a gov]nm5t t he does n want4 ,! lesson taught by all ^! facts is ?is3 ,z long z mank9d cont9ue to pay national debts1 s-call$--t is1 s long z !y are su* dupes & c[>ds z to pay = be+ *eat$1 plund]$1 enslav$1 & murd]$--s long !re w be en\gh to l5d ! money = ^? purposes2 & ) t money a pl5ty ( tools1 call$ soldi]s1 c be hir$ to keep !m 9 subjection4 ,b :5 !y refuse any long] to pay = be+ ?us *eat$1 plund]$1 enslav$1 & murd]$1 !y w cease to h *eats1 & usurp]s1 & robb]s1 & murd]]s & blood-money loan-mong]s = ma/]s4 ,,app5dix4 ,inasmu* z ! ,con/itution 0 nev] sign$1 nor agre$ to1 by anybody1 z a contract1 & !re=e nev] b\nd anybody1 & is n[ b9d+ ^u nobody2 & is1 moreov]1 su* an "o z no p c ev] h]eaft] be expect$ to cons5t to1 except z !y may be =c$ to d s at ! po9t ( ! bayonet1 x is p]haps ( no importance :at its true legal mean+1 z a contract1 is4 ,nev]!less1 ! writ] ?9ks x prop] to say t1 9 8 op9ion1 ! ,con/itution is no su* in/rum5t z x has g5]ally be5 assum$ to be2 b t by false int]pretations1 & nak$ usurpations1 ! gov]nm5t has be5 made 9 practice a v widely1 & almo/ :olly1 diff]5t ?+ f :at ! ,con/itution itself purports to au?orize4 ,he has h]et(ore writt5 mu*1 & c\ld write mu* m1 to prove t su* is ! tru?4 ,b :e!r ! ,con/itution really be "o ?+1 or ano!r1 ?is mu* is c]ta9--t x has ei!r au?oriz$ su* a gov]nm5t z we h _h1 or has be5 p[]less to prev5t x4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is unfit to exi/4 ,,footnotes3 a ,see ,no ,treason1 ,no4 #b1 pages #e & #f4 b ,suppose x be ! be/ gov]nm5t on e>?1 does t prove its own goodness1 or only ! badness ( all o!r gov]nm5ts8 c ,! v m5 :o draft$ x1 nev] sign$ x 9 any way to b9d !mselves by x1 z a contract4 ,& n "o ( !m probably ev] w\ld h sign$ x 9 any way to b9d himself by x1 z a contract4 d ,i h p]sonally exam9$ ! /atute books ( ! foll[+ ,/ates1 viz43 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,m9nesota1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,nevada1 ,cali=nia1 & ,oregon1 & f9d t 9 all ^! ,/ates ! ,engli% /atute has be5 re-enact$1 sometimes ) modifications1 b g5]ally enl>g+ its op]ations1 & is n[ 9 =ce4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! provisions ( ! ,massa*usetts /atute3 ,no action %all be br\ght 9 any ( ! foll[+ cases1 t is to say3 444 ,to *>ge a p]son ^u a special promise to answ] = ! debt1 default1 or misdo+s ( ano!r3 444 ,^u a contract = ! sale ( l&s1 t5em5ts1 h]$itam5ts1 or ( any int]e/ 91 or conc]n+ !m2 or ,^u an agreem5t t is n to be p]=m$ )9 "o ye> f ! writ+ !re(3 ,unless ! promise1 contract1 or agreem5t1 ^u :i* su* action is br\ght1 or "s memor&um or note !re(1 is 9 writ+1 & sign$ by ! p>ty to be *>g$ !re)1 or by "s p]son !reunto by him lawfully au?oriz$4 ,no contract = ! sale ( goods1 w>es1 or m]*&ise1 = ! price ( fifty doll>s or m1 %all be good or valid1 unless ! pur*as] accepts & receives "p ( ! goods s sold1 or gives some?+ 9 e>ne/ to b9d ! b>ga91 or 9 "p paym5t2 or unless "s note or memor&um 9 writ+ ( ! b>ga9 is made & sign$ by ! p>ty to be *>g$ !reby1 or by "s p]son !reunto by him lawfully au?oriz$4 e ,& ?is two-?irds vote may be b two-?irds ( a quorum--t is two-?irds ( a majority--in/ead ( two-?irds ( ! :ole4 f ,( :at appreciable value is x to any man1 z an individual1 t he is all[$ a voice 9 *oos+ ^! public ma/]s8 ,8 voice is only "o ( sev]al millions4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$ z foll[s3 ,page #bb3 d *ang$ to does ,punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t note4