,,essays ,by ,,david ,,hume ,) ,biographical ,introduction by ,hanna=d ,b5nett ,,london ,,john ,,long ,,ltd ,cont5ts ,,biographical ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,delicacy ,,( ,,ta/e ,,& ,,passion ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,press ,,t ,,politics ,,may ,,be ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,a ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,! ,,indep5d5cy ,,( ,,p>liam5t ,,:e!r ,,! ,,briti% ,,gov]nm5t ,,incl9es ,,moreto ,,absolute ,,mon>*y ,,or ,,to ,a ,,republic ,,( ,,p>ties ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,( ,,! ,,p>ties ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,en?usiasm ,,( ,,! ,,dignity ,,or ,,meanness ,,( ,,human ,,nature ,,( ,,civil ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,eloqu5ce ,biographical ,introduction ,! mat]ial facts 9 ,hume's life are to be f\nd 9 ! autobiography :i* he prefix$ to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,my ,own ,life1 z he calls x1 is b a brief exposition1 b x is suffici5t = its purpose1 & ! long] biographies ( him d little m ?an amplify ! in=mation :i* he gives u himself4 ,! ,humes1 x appe>s1 7 a remote bran* ( ! family ( ,"l ,hume ( ,d\glas4 ,hume's fa!r 0 ,joseph ,hume1 ( ,n9ewells1 a m9or ,scot* laird1 :o di$ :5 8 son 0 an infant4 ,david ,hume 0 born at ,ed9burgh on ,april #bf?1 #agaa1 dur+ a visit ( 8 p>5ts to ! ,scot* capital4 ,hume tells u t 8 fa!r pass$ = a man ( p>ts1 & t 8 "m1 :o h]self came ( good ,scotti% family1 0 a woman ( s+ul> m]it2 ?\gh "y & h&some1 %e devot$ h]self entirely to ! re>+ & educat+ ( h] *ildr54 ,at s*ool ,hume won no special di/9ction4 ,he matriculat$ 9 ! class ( ,greek at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity :5 he 0 twelve ye>s old1 &1 he says pass$ ?r\gh ! ord9>y c\rse ( education ) success2 b our college education 9 ,scotl&1 he rem>ks 9 "o ( 8 works1 ext5d+ little fur!r ?an ! languages1 ends commonly :5 we are ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,dur+ 8 y\?1 ,mrs4 ,hume does n appe> to h ma9ta9$ any too flatt]+ op9ion ( h] son's abilities2 %e consid]$ him a good-natur$ b uncommon weak-m9d$ creature4 ,possibly h] judgm5t und]w5t a *ange 9 c\rse ( "t1 s9ce %e liv$ to see ! beg9n+s ( 8 lit]>y fame2 b 8 worldly success 0 long 9 ! mak+1 & he 0 a middle-ag$ man be=e 8 meagre =tune 0 conv]t$ into any?+ l a dec5t ma9t5ance4 ,x may h be5 ,hume's app>5t vacillation 9 *oos+ a c>e] t made ?is %rewd ,scots wife hold h] son 9 su* small e/eem4 ,at fir/ ! family tri$ to laun* him into ! pr(ession ( ! law1 b :ile !y fanci$ ,i 0 por+ ov] ,voet & ,v9nius1 ,cic]o & ,virgil 7 ! au?ors ,i 0 secretly dev\r+4 ,= six ye>s ,hume rema9$ at ,n9ewells & !n made a feeble trial = ent]+ on a m active sc5e ( life4 ,comm]ce1 ?is "t1 0 ! *os5 in/rum5t1 b ! result 0 n m successful4 ,9 #agcd ,i w5t to ,bri/ol ) "s recomm5dations to em95t m]*ants1 b 9 a few mon?s f\nd t sc5e totally unsuitable = me4 ,at l5g?--9 ! middle ( #agcf :5 ,hume 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age & )\t any pr(ession or means ( e>n+ a livelihood--he w5t ov] to ,france4 ,he settl$ fir/ at ,rheims1 & aft]w>ds at ,la ,fl*e 9 ,anj\1 & !re ,i laid t plan ( life :i* ,i h /eadily & successfully pursu$4 ,i resolv$ to make a v rigid frugality supply my defici5cy ( =tune1 to ma9ta9 unimpair$ my indep5d5cy1 & to reg>d e object z contemptible except ! improvem5t ( my tal5ts 9 lit]ature4 ,at ,la ,fl*e ,hume liv$ 9 frequ5t int]c\rse ) ! ,jesuits at ! fam\s college 9 :i* ,desc>tes 0 educat$1 & he compos$ 8 fir/ book1 ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,accord+ to himself x fell dead-born f ! press1 )\t rea*+ su* di/9ction z ev5 to excite a murmur among ! zealots4 ,b ?is "w :i* 0 plann$ be=e ! au?or 0 tw5ty-"o & writt5 be=e he 0 tw5ty-five1 9 ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,huxley1 is probably ! mo/ rem>kable philosophical "w1 bo? intr9sically & 9 its effects ^u ! c\rse ( ?\ght1 t has ev] be5 writt54 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,hume publi%$ anonym\sly1 at ,ed9burgh1 ! fir/ volume ( ,essays1 ,moral & ,political1 :i* 0 foll[$ 9 #agdb by ! second volume4 ,! ,essays1 he says1 7 fav\rably receiv$ & soon made me entirely =get my =m] disappo9tm5ts4 ,9 #agde ,hume became tutor to a "y nobleman1 ! ,m>quis ( ,ann&ale1 :o 0 m5tally affect$1 b he did n endure ! engagem5t = long4 ,next ye> ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to comm& an exp$ition 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,pragmatic ,sanction1 invit$ him to be 8 secret>y1 an (fice to :i* t ( judge-advocate 0 aft]w>ds add$4 ,! exp$ition 0 a failure1 b ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair1 :o 0 aft]w>ds entru/$ ) embassies to ,tur9 & ,vi5na1 & ^u :om ,hume seems to h creat$ a fav\rable impression1 insi/$ t he %\ld accompany him 9 ! same capacity z secret>y2 he fur!r made him "o ( 8 aides-de-camp4 ,?us ,hume _h to attire 8 portly figure 9 a sc>let milit>y uni=m1 & ,"l ,*>lemont :o met him 9 ,tur9 says t he wore 8 uni=m l a groc] ( ! tra9-b&s4 ,at ,vi5na ! ,empress-,d[ag] excus$ him on c]emonial occasions f walk+ backw>ds1 a concession :i* 0 mu* appreciat$ by my companions :o 7 desp]ately afraid ( my fall+ on !m & cru%+ !m4 ,hume return$ to ,london 9 #agdi4 ,^! ye>s1 he says1 7 almo/ ! only int]ruptions my /udies h receiv$ dur+ ! c\rse ( my life4 ,i pass$ !m agreeably & 9 good company1 & my appo9tm5ts1 ) my frugality1 _h made me rea* a =tune :i* ,i call$ indep5d5t1 ?\gh mo/ ( my fri5ds 7 incl9$ to smile :5 ,i said s2 9 %ort1 ,i 0 n[ ma/] ( ne> a ?\s& p\nds4 ,:ile ,hume 0 away ) ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair 8 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ 0 publi%$1 b x 0 n m successful ?an ! orig9al ,treatise ( a portion ( :i* x 0 a reca/+4 ,a new edition ( ,moral & ,political ,essays met ) no bett] fate1 b ^! disappo9tm5ts1 he says1 made little or no impression on him4 ,9 #agdi ,hume return$ to ,n9ewells1 & liv$ = a :ile ) 8 bro!rs4 ,aft]w>ds he took a flat ( 8 own at ,ed9burgh1 ) 8 si/] to keep h\se = him4 ,at ?is p]iod ! ,political ,disc\rses & ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals 7 publi%$4 ,( ! ,inquiry ,hume held ! op9ion1 an op9ion1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 n %>$ by ! critics1 t x is ( all my writ+s--hi/orical1 philosophical1 or lit]>y incomp>ably ! be/4 ,sl[ly & surely 8 publications 7 gr[+ 9 reputation4 ,9 #ageb ! ,faculty ( ,advocates elect$ ,hume _! libr>ian1 an (fice :i* 0 valuable to him1 n s mu* = ! emolum5t z = ! ext5sive libr>y :i* enabl$ him to pursue ! hi/orical /udies ^u :i* he _h = "s "t be5 engag$4 ,= ! next n9e ye>s he 0 occupi$ ) 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,! fir/ volume 0 publi%$ 9 #aged1 & ! second volume1 :i* met ) a bett] reception ?an ! fir/1 9 #agef4 ,only =ty-five copies ( ! fir/ volume 7 sold 9 a twelvemon?2 b ! subsequ5t volumes made rapid headway1 & rais$ a great clam\r1 = 9 ! words ( ,macaulay1 ,hume's hi/orical picture1 ?\gh drawn by a ma/] h&1 has all ! lights ,tory & all ! %ades ,:ig4 ,9 #ageg "o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable works1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 appe>$4 ,! book 0 attack$--n :olly to ,hume's dissatisfaction1 = he appreciat$ fame z well z success--) all ! illib]al petulance1 arrogance1 & scurrility :i* di/+ui% ! ,w>burtonian s*ool4 ,hume rema9$ 9 ,ed9burgh sup]9t5d+ ! publication ( ! ,hi/ory until #agfc :5 ,"l ,h]t=d1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ ambassador to ,france1 (f]$ him (fice 9 ! embassy1 ) ! promise ( ! secret>y%ip lat] on4 ,! appo9tm5t 0 ! m hon\rable1 inasmu* z ,hume 0 n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,"l ,h]t=d1 :o _h a reputation = virtue & piety1 :il/ ,hume's views ab\t religion _h r5d]$ him "o ( ! be/ abus$ m5 ( 8 "t4 ,9 ,france ,hume's reputation /ood high] ?an x 0 9 ,engl&2 sev]al ( 8 works _h be5 translat$ into ,fr5*2 & he _h correspond$ ) ,montesquieu1 ,helvetius & ,r\sseau4 ,?us he 0 receiv$ 9 ,fr5* society ) e m>k ( di/9ction4 ,9 a lett] to ,adam ,smi? 9 ,octob] #agfc1 he wrote3 ,i h be5 ?ree days at ,p>is & two at ,fonta9ebleau1 & h ev]y:]e met ) ! mo/ extraord9>y hon\rs1 :i* ! mo/ exorbitant vanity c\ld wi% or desire4 ,great nobles ft$ him1 & great ladies /ruggl$ = ! pres5ce ( ! gros ,david at _! receptions or 9 _! boxes at ! !atre4 ,at ! op]a 8 broad unmean+ face 0 usually to be se5 entre deux joli m9ois1 says ,"l ,*>lemont4 ,hume took 8 hon\rs ) satisfaction1 b ) becom+ good s5se1 & he did n all[ ^! flatt]ies to turn 8 head4 ,9 #agfg ,hume 0 back 9 ,london1 & = ! next two ye>s held (fice z ,"u-,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ?is p]iod ( 8 life1 or to g into ! details ( 8 qu>rel ) ,r\sseau4 ,9 #agfi he return$ to ,ed9burgh v opul5t 9 ! possession ( #a1jjj a ye>1 & det]m9$ to take ! re/ ( 8 life easily & pleasantly4 ,he built himself a h\se 9 ,ed9burgh1 & = ! next six ye>s x 0 ! c5tre ( ! mo/ accompli%$ society 9 ! city4 ,9 #agee ,hume's heal? began to fail1 & he knew t 8 illness mu/ be fatal4 ,?us he made 8 w & wrote ,my ,own ,life1 :i* ends simply 9 ^! words3 ,i n[ reckon ^u a spe$y dissolution4 ,i h suff]$ v little pa9 f my disord]2 & :at is m /range h1 not)/&+ ! great decl9e ( my p]son1 nev] suff]$ a mom5t's abatem5t ( spirits2 insomu* t 7 ,i to "n ! p]iod ( my life :i* ,i %\ld mo/ *oose to pass ov] aga91 ,i might be tempt$ to po9t to ?is lat] p]iod4 ,i possess ! same ard\r z ev] 9 /udy1 & ! same gaiety 9 company2 ,i consid]1 besides1 t a man ( sixty-five1 by dy+1 cuts (f only a few ye>s ( infirmities2 & ?\gh ,i see _m symptoms ( my lit]>y reputation's break+ out at la/ ) additional lu/re1 ,i "k t ,i c\ld h b few ye>s to enjoy x4 ,x is difficult to be m deta*$ f life ?an ,i am at pres5t4 ,to conclude hi/orically ) my own "*1 ,i am1 or r 0 7= t is ! /yle ,i mu/ n[ use 9 speak+ ( myself72 ,i 01 ,i say1 a man ( mild dispositions1 ( comm& ( temp]1 ( an op51 social1 & *e]ful hum\r1 capable ( atta*m5t1 b little susceptible ( enmity1 & ( great mod]ation 9 all my passions4 ,ev5 my love ( lit]>y fame1 my rul+ passion1 nev] s\r$ my temp]1 not)/&+ my frequ5t disappo9tm5ts4 ,my company 0 n unacceptable to ! "y & c>eless1 z well z to ! /udi\s & lit]>y2 & z ,i took a p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! company ( mode/ wom51 ,i _h no reason to be displeas$ ) ! reception ,i met ) f !m4 ,9 a ^w1 ?\gh mo/ m5 any wise em95t1 h f\nd reason to compla9 ( calumny1 ,i nev] 0 t\*$ or ev5 attack$ by h] baleful too?2 & ?\gh ,i wantonly expos$ myself to ! rage ( bo? civil & religi\s factions1 !y seem$ to be dis>m$ 9 my behalf ( _! wont$ fury4 ,my fri5ds nev] _h occasion to v9dicate any "o circum/ance ( my "* & conduct2 n b t ! zealots1 we may well suppose1 w\ld h be5 glad to inv5t & propagate any /ory to my disadvantage1 b !y c\ld nev] f9d any :i* !y ?\ght w\ld we> ! face ( probability4 ,i _c say !re is no vanity 9 mak+ ?is fun]al oration ( myself1 b ,i hope x is n a misplac$ "o2 & ?is is a matt] ( fact :i* is easily cle>$ & asc]ta9$4 ,hume di$ 9 ,ed9burgh on ,augu/ #be?1 #aggf1 & a few days lat] 0 buri$ 9 a spot select$ by himself on ! ,c>lton ,hill4 ,,hanna=d ,,b5nett ,essays ,,( ,,! ,,delicacy ,,( ,,ta/e ,,& ,,passion ,"s p are subject to a c]ta9 delicacy ( passion1 :i* makes !m extremely s5sible to all ! accid5ts ( life1 & gives !m a lively joy ^u e prosp]\s ev5t1 z well z a pi]c+ grief :5 !y meet ) mis=tune & adv]sity4 ,fav\rs & good (fices easily engage _! fri5d%ip1 :ile ! smalle/ injury provokes _! res5tm5t4 ,any hon\r or m>k ( di/9ction elevates !m above measure1 b !y are s5sibly t\*$ ) contempt4 ,p ( ?is "* h1 no d\bt1 m lively enjoym5ts1 z well z m pung5t sorr[s1 ?an m5 ( cool & s$ate temp]s4 ,b1 ,i believe1 :5 e ?+ is balanc$1 !re is no "o :o w\ld n r be ( ! latt] "*1 7 he entirely ma/] ( 8 own disposition4 ,good or ill =tune is v little at our disposal2 & :5 a p]son t has ?is s5sibility ( temp] meets ) any mis=tune1 8 sorr[ or res5tm5t takes entire possession ( him1 & deprives him ( all reli% 9 ! common occurr5ces ( life1 ! "r enjoym5t ( :i* =ms ! *ief "p ( our happ9ess4 ,great pleasures are mu* less frequ5t ?an great pa9s1 s t a s5sible temp] mu/ meet )1 few] trials 9 ! =m] way ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,n to m5tion1 t m5 ( su* lively passions are apt to be transport$ beyond all b\nds ( prud5ce & discretion1 & to take false /eps 9 ! conduct ( life1 :i* are (t5 irretrievable4 ,!re is a delicacy ( ta/e obs]vable 9 "s m51 :i* v mu* resembles ?is delicacy ( passion1 & produces ! same s5sibility to beauty & de=mity ( e k9d1 z t does to prosp]ity & adv]sity1 obligations & injuries4 ,:5 y pres5t a poem or a picture to a man possess$ ( ?is tal5t1 ! delicacy ( 8 feel+ makes him be s5sibly t\*$ ) e "p ( x2 nor are ! ma/]ly /rokes p]ceiv$ ) m exquisite reli% & satisfaction1 ?an ! neglig5ces or absurdities ) disgu/ & uneas9ess4 ,a polite & judici\s conv]sation af=ds him ! highe/ ent]ta9m5t2 rud5ess or imp]t95ce is z great puni%m5t to him4 ,9 %ort1 delicacy ( ta/e has ! same effect z delicacy ( passion4 ,x enl>ges ! sph]e bo? ( our happ9ess & mis]y1 & makes u s5sible to pa9s z well z pleasures :i* escape ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 e "o w agree ) me1 t not)/&+ ?is resemblance1 delicacy ( ta/e is z mu* to be desir$ & cultivat$1 z delicacy ( passion is to be lam5t$1 & to be rem$i$1 if possible4 ,! good or ill accid5ts ( life are v little at our disposal2 b we are pretty mu* ma/]s :at books we %all read1 :at div]sions we %all p>take (1 & :at company we %all keep4 ,philosoph]s h endeav\r$ to r5d] happ9ess entirely indep5d5t ( e ?+ ext]nal4 ,! degree ( p]fection is impossible to be atta9$2 b e wise man w endeav\r to place 8 happ9ess on su* objects *iefly z dep5d ^u himself2 & t is n to be atta9$ s mu* by any o!r means z by ?is delicacy ( s5tim5t4 ,:5 a man is possess$ ( t tal5t1 he is m happy by :at pleases 8 ta/e1 ?an by :at gratifies 8 appetites1 & receives m enjoym5t f a poem1 or a piece ( reason+1 ?an ! mo/ exp5sive luxury c af=d4 ,:atev] connection !re may be orig9ally betwe5 ^! two species ( delicacy1 ,i am p]suad$ t no?+ is s prop] to cure u ( ?is delicacy ( passion1 z ! cultivat+ ( t high] & m ref9$ ta/e1 :i* enables u to judge ( ! *>act]s ( m51 ( ! compositions ( g5ius1 & ( ! productions ( ! nobl] arts4 ,a great] or less reli% = ^? obvi\s beauties :i* /rike ! s5ses1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! great] or less s5sibility ( ! temp]2 b ) reg>d to ! sci5ces & lib]al arts1 a f9e ta/e is1 9 "s measure1 ! same ) /rong s5se1 or at lea/ dep5ds s mu* ^u x t !y are insep>able4 ,9 ord] to judge aright ( a composition ( g5ius1 !re are s _m views to be tak5 91 s _m circum/ances to be comp>$1 & su* a k ( human nature requisite1 t no man1 :o is n possess$ ( ! s\nde/ judgm5t1 w ev] make a tol]able critic 9 su* p]=mances4 ,& ?is is a new reason = cultivat+ a reli% 9 ! lib]al arts4 ,our judgm5t w /r5g!n by ?is ex]cise4 ,we %all =m ju/] notions ( life4 ,_m ?+s :i* please or afflict o!rs1 w appe> to u too frivol\s to engage our att5tion2 & we %all lose by degrees t s5sibility & delicacy ( passion :i* is s incommodi\s4 ,b p]haps ,i h gone too f>1 9 say+ t a cultivat$ ta/e = ! polite arts ext+ui%es ! passions1 & r5d]s u indiff]5t to ^? objects :i* are s fondly pursu$ by ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,on fur!r reflection1 ,i f9d1 t x r improves our s5sibility = all ! t5d] & agreeable passions2 at ! same "t t x r5d]s ! m9d incapable ( ! r\gh] & m boi/]\s emotions4 ,+5uas didicisse fidelit] artes1 ,emollit mores1 nec s9it esse f]os4 ,= ?is1 ,i ?9k1 !re may be assign$ two v natural reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no?+ is s improv+ to ! temp] z ! /udy ( ! beauties ei!r ( poetry1 eloqu5ce1 music1 or pa9t+4 ,!y give a c]ta9 elegance ( s5tim5t to :i* ! re/ ( mank9d are /rang]s4 ,! emotions :i* !y excite are s(t & t5d]4 ,!y draw (f ! m9d f ! hurry ( bus9ess & int]e/2 *]i% reflection2 dispose to tranquillity2 & produce an agreeable melan*oly1 :i*1 ( all dispositions ( ! m9d1 is ! be/ suit$ to love & fri5d%ip4 ,9 ! second place1 a delicacy ( ta/e is fav\rable to love & fri5d%ip1 by conf9+ our *oice to few p1 & mak+ u indiff]5t to ! company & conv]sation ( ! great] "p ( m54 ,y w seldom f9d t m]e m5 ( ! _w1 :atev] /rong s5se !y may be end[$ )1 are v nice 9 di/+ui%+ *>act]s1 or 9 m>k+ ^? ins5sible diff]5ces & gradations1 :i* make "o man pref]able to ano!r4 ,any "o t has compet5t s5se is suffici5t = _! ent]ta9m5t4 ,!y talk to him ( _! pleasures & affairs1 ) ! same frankness t !y w\ld to ano!r2 & f9d+ _m :o are fit to supply 8 place1 !y nev] feel any vacancy or want 9 8 abs5ce4 ,b to make use ( ! allusion ( a celebrat$ ,fr5*#a au?or1 ! judgm5t may be comp>$ to a clock or wat*1 :]e ! mo/ ord9>y ma*9e is suffici5t to tell ! h\rs2 b ! mo/ elaborate alone c po9t out ! m9utes & seconds1 & di/+ui% ! smalle/ diff]5ces ( "t4 ,"o t has well dige/$ 8 k bo? ( books & m51 has little enjoym5t b 9 ! company ( a few select companions4 ,he feels too s5sibly1 h[ mu* all ! re/ ( mank9d fall %ort ( ! notions :i* he has ent]ta9$4 ,&1 8 affections be+ ?us conf9$ )9 a n>r[ circle1 no wond] he c>ries !m fur!r ?an if !y 7 m g5]al & undi/+ui%$4 ,! gaiety & frolic ( a bottle companion improves ) him into a solid fri5d%ip2 & ! ard\rs ( a y\?ful appetite become an elegant passion4 #a ,mons4 ,font5elle1 ,pluralit des ,mondes1 ,soir #f4 ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,press ,no?+ is m apt to surprise a =eign]1 ?an ! extreme lib]ty :i* we enjoy 9 ?is c\ntry ( communicat+ :atev] we please to ! public & ( op5ly c5sur+ e measure ent]$ into by ! k+ or 8 m9i/]s4 ,if ! adm9i/ration resolve ^u w>1 x is affirm$1 t1 ei!r wilfully or ignorantly1 !y mi/ake ! int]e/s ( ! nation2 & t peace1 9 ! pres5t situation ( affairs1 is inf9itely pref]able4 ,if ! passion ( ! m9i/]s lie t[>ds peace1 our political writ]s brea! no?+ b w> & deva/ation1 & repres5t ! specific conduct ( ! gov]nm5t z mean & pusillanim\s4 ,z ?is lib]ty is n indulg$ 9 any o!r gov]nm5t1 ei!r republican or mon>*ical2 9 ,holl& & ,v5ice1 m ?an 9 ,france or ,spa92 x may v naturally give occasion to ! "q1 ,h[ x happ5s t ,great ,brita9 alone enjoys ?is peculi> privilege8 ,! reason :y ! laws indulge u 9 su* a lib]ty1 seems to be d]iv$ f our mix$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is nei!r :olly mon>*ical1 nor :olly republican4 ,x w be f\nd1 if ,i mi/ake n1 a true obs]vation 9 politics1 t ! two extremes 9 gov]nm5t1 lib]ty & slav]y1 commonly approa* ne>e/ to ea* o!r2 & t1 z y dep>t f ! extremes1 & mix a little ( mon>*y ) lib]ty1 ! gov]nm5t becomes always ! m free2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 y mix a little ( lib]ty ) mon>*y1 ! yoke becomes always ! m griev\s & intol]able4 ,9 a gov]nm5t1 su* z t ( ,france1 :i* is absolute1 & :]e law1 cu/om1 & religion concur1 all ( !m1 to make ! p fully satisfi$ ) _! condition1 ! mon>* _c ent]ta9 any jeal\sy aga9/ 8 subjects1 & !re=e is apt to indulge !m 9 great lib]ties1 bo? ( spee* & action4 ,9 a gov]nm5t altoge!r republican1 su* z t ( ,holl&1 :]e !re is no magi/rate s em95t z to give jeal\sy to ! /ate1 !re is no dang] 9 intru/+ ! magi/rates ) l>ge discretion>y p[]s2 & ?\gh _m advantages result f su* p[]s1 9 pres]v+ peace & ord]1 yet !y lay a consid]able re/ra9t on m5's actions1 & make e private citiz5 pay a great respect to ! gov]nm5t4 ,?us x seems evid5t1 t ! two extremes ( absolute mon>*y & ( a republic1 approa* ne> to ea* o!r 9 "s mat]ial circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! magi/rate has no jeal\sy ( ! p2 9 ! second1 ! p h none ( ! magi/rate3 :i* want ( jeal\sy begets a mutual confid5ce & tru/ 9 bo? cases1 & produces a species ( lib]ty 9 mon>*ies1 & ( arbitr>y p[] 9 republics4 ,to ju/ify ! o!r "p ( ! =ego+ obs]vation1 t1 9 e gov]nm5t1 ! means are mo/ wide ( ea* o!r1 & t ! mixtures ( mon>*y & lib]ty r5d] ! yoke ei!r m griev\s2 ,i mu/ take notice ( a rem>k 9 ,tacitus ) reg>d to ! ,romans "u ! ,emp]ors1 t !y nei!r c\ld be> total slav]y nor total lib]ty1 ,nec totam s]vitutem1 nec totam lib]tatem pati possunt4 ,?is rem>k a celebrat$ poet has translat$ & appli$ to ! ,engli%1 9 8 lively description ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s policy & gov]nm5t4 ,et fit aim] son j\g l',anglois indompt1 ,qui ne peut ni s]vir1 ni vivre en lib]t4 ,,h5riade1 liv4 i4 ,accord+ to ^! rem>ks1 we are to consid] ! ,roman gov]nm5t "u ! ,emp]ors z a mixture ( despotism & lib]ty1 :]e ! despotism prevail$2 & ! ,engli% gov]nm5t z a mixture ( ! same k9d1 :]e ! lib]ty pr$om9ates4 ,! consequ5ces are con=mable to ! =ego+ obs]vation1 & su* z may be expect$ f ^? mix$ =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :i* beget a mutual wat*fulness & jeal\sy4 ,! ,roman emp]ors 71 _m ( !m1 ! mo/ frightful tyrants t ev] disgrac$ human nature2 & x is evid5t1 t _! cruelty 0 *iefly excit$ by _! jeal\sy1 & by _! obs]v+ t all ! great m5 ( ,rome bore ) impati5ce ! dom9ion ( a family1 :i*1 b a little be=e1 0 n[ise sup]ior to _! own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! republican "p ( ! gov]nm5t prevails 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ) a great mixture ( mon>*y1 x is oblig$1 = its own pres]vation1 to ma9ta9 a wat*ful jeal\sy ov] ! magi/rates1 to remove all discretion>y p[]s1 & to secure e "o's life & =tune by g5]al & inflexible laws4 ,no action mu/ be deem$ a crime b :at ! law has pla9ly det]m9$ to be su*3 no crime mu/ be imput$ to a man b f a legal pro( be=e 8 judges2 & ev5 ^! judges mu/ be 8 fell[-subjects1 :o are oblig$1 by _! own int]e/1 to h a wat*ful eye ov] ! encroa*m5ts & viol5ce ( ! m9i/]s4 ,f ^! causes x proce$s1 t !re is z mu* lib]ty1 & ev5 p]haps lic5ti\sness1 9 ,great ,brita91 z !re 7 =m]ly slav]y & tyranny 9 ,rome4 ,^! pr9ciples acc\nt = ! great lib]ty ( ! press 9 ^! k+doms1 beyond :at is indulg$ 9 any o!r gov]nm5t4 ,x is appreh5d$ t arbitr>y p[] w\ld /eal 9 ^u u1 7 we n c>eful to prev5t its progress1 & 7 !re n any easy me?od ( convey+ ! al>m f "o end ( ! k+dom to ! o!r4 ,! _s ( ! p mu/ frequ5tly be r\s$1 9 ord] to curb ! ambition ( ! c\rt2 & ! dread ( r\s+ ?is _s mu/ be employ$ to prev5t t ambition4 ,no?+ s effectual to ?is purpose z ! lib]ty ( ! press2 by :i* all ! le>n+1 wit1 & g5ius ( ! nation1 may be employ$ on ! side ( fre$om1 & e "o be animat$ to its def5ce4 ,z long1 !re=e1 z ! republican "p ( our gov]nm5t c ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! mon>*ical1 x w naturally be c>eful to keep ! press op51 z ( importance to its own pres]vation4#a ,x mu/ h[ev] be all[$1 t ! unb\nd$ lib]ty ( ! press1 ?\gh x be difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to propose a suitable rem$y = x1 is "o ( ! evils att5d+ ^? mix$ =ms ( gov]nm5t4 #a ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! lib]ty ( ! press is s ess5tial to ! support ( our mix$ gov]nm5t1 ?is suffici5tly decides ! second "q1 ,:e!r ?is lib]ty be advantage\s or prejudicial1 !re be+ no?+ ( great] importance 9 e /ate ?an ! pres]vation ( ! anci5t gov]nm5t1 especially if x be a free "o4 ,b ,i w\ld fa9 g a /ep fur!r1 & ass]t1 t su* a lib]ty is att5d$ ) s few inconv5i5ces1 t x may be claim$ z ! common "r ( mank9d1 & ought to be indulg$ !m almo/ 9 e gov]nm5t except ! ecclesia/ical1 to :i*1 inde$1 x w\ld be fatal4 ,we ne$ n dread f ?is lib]ty any su* ill consequ5ces z foll[$ f ! h>angues ( ! popul> demagogues ( ,a!ns & ,tribunes ( ,rome4 ,a man reads a book or pamphlet alone & coolly4 ,!re is none pres5t f :om he c cat* ! passion by contagion4 ,he is n hurri$ away by ! =ce & en]gy ( action4 ,& %\ld he be wr\ght up to nev] s s$iti\s a hum\r1 !re is no viol5t resolution pres5t$ to him by :i* he c imm$iately v5t 8 passion4 ,! lib]ty ( ! press1 !re=e1 h[ev] abus$1 c sc>ce ev] excite popul> tumults or rebellion4 ,& z to ^? murmurs or secret discont5ts x may occasion1 x is bett] !y %\ld get v5t 9 words1 t !y may come to ! k ( ! magi/rate be=e x be too late1 9 ord] to 8 provid+ a rem$y aga9/ !m4 ,mank9d1 x is true1 h always a great] prop5sion to believe :at is said to ! disadvantage ( _! gov]nors ?an ! contr>y2 b ?is incl9ation is insep>able f !m :e!r !y h lib]ty or n4 ,a :isp] may fly z quick1 & be z p]nici\s z a pamphlet4 ,nay1 x w be m p]nici\s1 :]e m5 are n accu/om$ to ?9k freely1 or di/+ui% betwixt tru? & falsehood4 ,x has also be5 f\nd1 z ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d increases1 t ! p are no su* dang]\s mon/]s z !y h be5 repres5t$1 & t x is 9 e respect bett] to guide !m l rational creatures ?an to lead or drive !m l brute bea/s4 ,be=e ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces set ! example1 tol]ation 0 deem$ incompatible ) good gov]nm5t2 & x 0 ?\ght impossible t a numb] ( religi\s sects c\ld live toge!r 9 h>mony & peace1 & h all ( !m an equal affection to _! common c\ntry & to ea* o!r4 ,engl& has set a l example ( civil lib]ty2 & ?\gh ?is lib]ty seems to occasion "s small f]m5t at pres5t1 x has n z yet produc$ any p]nici\s effects2 & x is to be hop$ t m51 be+ e day m accu/om$ to ! free discussion ( public affairs1 w improve 9 _! judgm5t ( !m1 & be ) great] difficulty s$uc$ by e idle rum\r & popul> clam\r4 ,x is a v com=table reflection to ! lov]s ( lib]ty1 t ?is peculi> privilege ( ,brita9 is ( a k9d t _c easily be wre/$ f u1 & mu/ la/ z long z our gov]nm5t rema9s 9 any degree free & indep5d5t4 ,x is seldom t lib]ty ( any k9d is lo/ all at once4 ,slav]y has s frightful an aspect to m5 accu/om$ to fre$om1 t x mu/ /eal 9 ^u !m by degrees1 & mu/ disguise itself 9 a ?\s& %apes 9 ord] to be receiv$4 ,b if ! lib]ty ( ! press ev] be lo/1 x mu/ be lo/ at once4 ,! g5]al laws aga9/ s$ition & libell+ are at pres5t z /rong z !y possibly c be made4 ,no?+ c impose a fur!r re/ra9t b ei!r ! clapp+ an imprimatur ^u ! press1 or ! giv+ v l>ge discretion>y p[]s to ! c\rt to puni% :atev] displeases !m4 ,b ^! concessions w\ld be su* a b>efac$ violation ( lib]ty1 t !y w probably be ! la/ ef=ts ( a despotic gov]nm5t4 ,we may conclude t ! lib]ty ( ,brita9 is gone = ev] :5 ^! attempts %all succe$4 ,,t ,,politics ,,may ,,be ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,a ,,sci5ce ,x is a "q ) sev]al1 :e!r !re be any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 "o =m ( gov]nm5t & ano!r8 &1 :e!r e =m may n become good or bad1 accord+ z x is well or ill adm9i/]$8#a ,7 x once admitt$1 t all gov]nm5ts are alike1 & t ! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! "* & conduct ( ! gov]nors1 mo/ political disputes w\ld be at an end1 & all ,zeal = "o con/itution above ano!r mu/ be e/eem$ m]e bigotry & folly4 ,b1 ?\gh a fri5d to mod]ation1 ,i _c =be> condemn+ ?is s5tim5t1 & %\ld be sorry to ?9k1 t human affairs admit ( no great] /ability1 ?an :at !y receive f ! casual hum\rs & *>act]s ( p>ticul> m54 ,x is true1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! goodness ( all gov]nm5t consi/s 9 ! goodness ( ! adm9i/ration1 may cite _m p>ticul> in/ances 9 hi/ory1 :]e ! v same gov]nm5t1 9 diff]5t h&s1 has v>i$ sudd5ly into ! two opposite extremes ( good & bad4 ,comp>e ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t "u ,h5ry ,,iii & "u ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,oppression1 levity1 artifice1 on ! "p ( ! rul]s2 faction1 s$ition1 trea*]y1 rebellion1 disloyalty on ! "p ( ! subjects3 ^! compose ! "* ( ! =m] mis]able era4 ,b :5 ! patriot & h]oic pr9ce1 :o succe$$1 0 once firmly seat$ on ! ?rone1 ! gov]nm5t1 ! p1 e ?+1 seem$ to be totally *ang$2 & all f ! diff]5ce ( ! temp] & conduct ( ^! two sov]eigns4#b ,in/ances ( ?is k9d may be multipli$1 almo/ )\t numb]1 f anci5t z well z mod]n hi/ory1 =eign z well z dome/ic4 ,b "h x may be prop] to make a di/9ction4 ,all absolute gov]nm5ts mu/ v mu* dep5d on ! adm9i/ration2 & ?is is "o ( ! great inconv5i5ces att5d+ t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b a republican & free gov]nm5t w\ld be an obvi\s absurdity1 if ! p>ticul> *ecks & controls1 provid$ by ! con/itution _h really no influ5ce1 & made x n ! int]e/1 ev5 ( bad m51 to act = ! public good4 ,su* is ! int5tion ( ^! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & su* is _! real effect1 :]e !y are wisely con/itut$3 z1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are ! s\rce ( all disord]1 & ( ! blacke/ crimes1 :]e ei!r skill or hone/y has be5 want+ 9 _! orig9al frame & in/itution4 ,s great is ! =ce ( laws1 & ( p>ticul> =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & s little dep5d5ce h !y on ! hum\rs & temp]s ( m51 t consequ5ces almo/ z g5]al & c]ta9 may sometimes be d$uc$ f !m1 z any :i* ! ma!matical sci5ces af=d u4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,roman republic gave ! :ole legislative p[] to ! p1 )\t all[+ a negative voice ei!r to ! nobility or consuls4 ,?is unb\nd$ p[] !y possess$ 9 a collective1 n 9 a repres5tative body4 ,! consequ5ces 73 :5 ! p1 by success & conque/1 _h become v num]\s1 & _h spread !mselves to a great di/ance f ! capital1 ! city tribes1 ?\gh ! mo/ contemptible1 c>ri$ almo/ e vote3 !y 71 !re=e1 mo/ cajol$ by e "o t affect$ popul>ity3 !y 7 support$ 9 idl5ess by ! g5]al di/ribution ( corn1 & by p>ticul> bribes1 :i* !y receiv$ f almo/ e c&idate3 by ?is means1 !y became e day m lic5ti\s1 & ! ,campus ,m>tius 0 a p]petual sc5e ( tumult & s$ition3 arm$ slaves 7 introduc$ among ^! rascally citiz5s1 s t ! :ole gov]nm5t fell into an>*y2 & ! greate/ happ9ess :i* ! ,romans c\ld look =1 0 ! despotic p[] ( ! ,cs>s4 ,su* are ! effects ( democracy )\t a repres5tative4 ,a ,nobility may possess ! :ole1 or any "p ( ! legislative p[] ( a /ate1 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,ei!r e nobleman %>es ! p[] z a "p ( ! :ole body1 or ! :ole body enjoys ! p[] z compos$ ( p>ts1 :i* h ea* a di/9ct p[] & au?ority4 ,! ,v5etian ari/ocracy is an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d ( gov]nm5t2 ! ,poli%1 ( ! second4 ,9 ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t ! :ole body ( nobility possesses ! :ole p[]1 & no nobleman has any au?ority :i* he receives n f ! :ole4 ,9 ! ,poli% gov]nm5t e nobleman1 by means ( 8 fiefs1 has a di/9ct h]$it>y au?ority ov] 8 vassals1 & ! :ole body has no au?ority b :at x receives f ! concurr5ce ( its p>ts4 ,! diff]5t op]ations & t5d5cies ( ^! two species ( gov]nm5t might be made app>5t ev5 a priori4 ,a ,v5etian nobility is pref]able to a ,poli%1 let ! hum\rs & education ( m5 be ev] s mu* v>i$4 ,a nobility1 :o possess _! p[] 9 common1 w pres]ve peace & ord]1 bo? among !mselves1 & _! subjects2 & no memb] c h au?ority en\gh to control ! laws = a mom5t4 ,! nobles w pres]ve _! au?ority ov] ! p1 b )\t any griev\s tyranny1 or any brea* ( private prop]ty2 because su* a tyrannical gov]nm5t promotes n ! int]e/s ( ! :ole body1 h[ev] x may t ( "s individuals4 ,!re w be a di/9ction ( rank betwe5 ! nobility & p1 b ?is w be ! only di/9ction 9 ! /ate4 ,! :ole nobility w =m "o body1 & ! :ole p ano!r1 )\t any ( ^? private feuds & animosities1 :i* spread ru9 & desolation ev]y:]e4 ,x is easy to see ! disadvantages ( a ,poli% nobility 9 e "o ( ^! p>ticul>s4 ,x is possible s to con/itute a free gov]nm5t1 z t a s+le p]son1 call him a doge1 pr9ce1 or k+1 %all possess a l>ge %>e ( p[]1 & %all =m a prop] balance or c\nt]poise to ! o!r p>ts ( ! legislature4 ,?is *ief magi/rate may be ei!r elective or h]$it>y1 & ?\gh ! =m] in/itution may1 to a sup]ficial view1 appe> ! mo/ advantage\s2 yet a m accurate inspection w discov] 9 x great] inconv5i5ces ?an 9 ! latt]1 & su* z are f\nd$ on causes & pr9ciples et]nal & immutable4 ,! fill+ ( ! ?rone1 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 is a po9t ( too great & too g5]al int]e/1 n to divide ! :ole p into factions1 :5ce a civil w>1 ! greate/ ( ills1 may be appreh5d$1 almo/ ) c]ta9ty1 ^u e vacancy4 ,! pr9ce elect$ mu/ be ei!r a ,=eign] or a ,native3 ! =m] w be ignorant ( ! p :om he is to gov]n2 suspici\s ( 8 new subjects1 & suspect$ by !m2 giv+ 8 confid5ce entirely to /rang]s1 :o w h no o!r c>e b ( enri*+ !mselves 9 ! quicke/ mann]1 :ile _! ma/]'s fav\r & au?ority are able to support !m4 ,a native w c>ry into ! ?rone all 8 private animosities & fri5d%ips1 & w nev] be view$ 9 8 elevation )\t excit+ ! s5tim5t ( envy 9 ^? :o =m]ly consid]$ him z _! equal4 ,n to m5tion t a cr[n is too high a rew>d ev] to be giv5 to m]it alone1 & w always induce ! c&idates to employ =ce1 or money1 or intrigue1 to procure ! votes ( ! electors3 s t su* an election w give no bett] *ance = sup]ior m]it 9 ! pr9ce1 ?an if ! /ate _h tru/$ to bir? alone = det]m9+ ! sov]eign4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be pron\nc$ z an univ]sal axiom 9 politics1 ,t an h]$it>y pr9ce1 a nobility )\t vassals1 & a p vot+ by _! repres5tatives1 =m ! be/ ,,mon>*y1 ,,ari/ocracy1 & ,,democracy4 ,b 9 ord] to prove m fully1 t politics admit ( g5]al tru?s1 :i* are inv>iable by ! hum\r or education ei!r ( subject or sov]eign1 x may n be amiss to obs]ve "s o!r pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce1 :i* may seem to des]ve t "*4 ,x may easily be obs]v$1 t ?\gh free gov]nm5ts h be5 commonly ! mo/ happy = ^? :o p>take ( _! fre$om2 yet are !y ! mo/ ru9\s & oppressive to _! prov9ces3 & ?is obs]vation may1 ,i believe1 be fix$ z a maxim ( ! k9d we are "h speak+ (4 ,:5 a mon>* ext5ds 8 dom9ions by conque/1 he soon le>ns to consid] 8 old & 8 new subjects z on ! same foot+2 because1 9 reality1 all 8 subjects are to him ! same1 except ! few fri5ds & fav\rites ) :om he is p]sonally acqua9t$4 ,he does n1 !re=e1 make any di/9ction betwe5 !m 9 8 g5]al laws2 &1 at ! same "t1 is c>eful to prev5t all p>ticul> acts ( oppression on ! "o z well z ! o!r4 ,b a free /ate necess>ily makes a great di/9ction1 & mu/ always d s till m5 le>n to love _! neighb\rs z well z !mselves4 ,! conqu]ors1 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 are all legislators1 & w be sure to contrive matt]s1 by re/rictions on trade1 & by taxes1 s z to draw "s private1 z well z public advantage f _! conque/s4 ,prov9cial gov]nors h also a bett] *ance1 9 a republic1 to escape ) _! plund]1 by means ( brib]y or intrigue2 & _! fell[-citiz5s1 :o f9d _! own /ate to be enri*$ by ! spoils ( ! subject prov9ces1 w be ! m incl9$ to tol]ate su* abuses4 ,n to m5tion1 t x is a necess>y precaution 9 a free /ate to *ange ! gov]nors frequ5tly1 :i* obliges ^! tempor>y tyrants to be m exp$iti\s & rapaci\s1 t !y may accumulate suffici5t weal? be=e !y give place to _! successors4 ,:at cruel tyrants 7 ! ,romans ov] ! _w dur+ ! "t ( _! commonweal?6 ,x is true1 !y _h laws to prev5t oppression 9 _! prov9cial magi/rates2 b ,cic]o in=ms u1 t ! ,romans c\ld n bett] consult ! int]e/s ( ! prov9ces ?an by repeal+ ^! v laws4 ,=1 9 t case1 says he1 our magi/rates1 hav+ entire impunity1 w\ld plund] no m ?an w\ld satisfy _! own rapaci\sness2 :]eas1 at pres5t1 !y mu/ also satisfy t ( _! judges1 & ( all ! great m5 9 ,rome1 ( ^: protection !y /& 9 ne$4 ,:o c read ( ! cruelties & oppressions ( ,v]res )\t horror & a/oni%m5t8 ,& :o is n t\*$ ) indignation to he>1 t1 aft] ,cic]o _h exhau/$ on t ab&on$ crim9al all ! ?und]s ( 8 eloqu5ce1 & _h prevail$ s f> z to get him condemn$ to ! utmo/ ext5t ( ! laws1 yet t cruel tyrant liv$ peaceably to old age1 9 opul5ce & ease1 &1 ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 0 put into ! proscription by ,m>k ,antony1 on acc\nt ( 8 exorbitant weal?1 :]e he fell ) ,cic]o himself1 & all ! mo/ virtu\s m5 ( ,rome8 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! commonweal?1 ! ,roman yoke became easi] ^u ! prov9ces1 z ,tacitus in=ms u2 & x may be obs]v$1 t _m ( ! wor/ emp]ors1 ,domitian1 = in/ance1 7 c>eful to prev5t all oppression on ! prov9ces4 ,9 ,tib]ius's "t1 ,gaul 0 e/eem$ ri*] ?an ,italy itself3 nor d ,i f9d1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! ,roman mon>*y1 t ! empire became less ri* or popul\s 9 any ( its prov9ces2 ?\gh inde$ its val\r & milit>y discipl9e 7 always ^u ! decl9e4 ,! oppression & tyranny ( ! ,c>?ag9ians ov] _! subject /ates 9 ,africa w5t s f>1 z we le>n f ,polybius1 t1 n cont5t ) exact+ ! half ( all ! produce ( ! l&1 :i* ( itself 0 a v high r5t1 !y also load$ !m ) _m o!r taxes4 ,if we pass f anci5t to mod]n times1 we %all /ill f9d ! obs]vation to hold4 ,! prov9ces ( absolute mon>*ies are always bett] treat$ ?an ^? ( free /ates4 ,comp>e ! ,pais conquis ( ,france ) ,irel&1 & y w be conv9c$ ( ?is tru?2 ?\gh ?is latt] k+dom1 be+ 9 a good measure peopl$ f ,engl&1 possesses s _m rights & privileges z %\ld naturally make x *all5ge bett] treatm5t ?an t ( a conqu]$ prov9ce4 ,corsica is also an obvi\s in/ance to ! same purpose4 ,!re is an obs]vation ( ,ma*iavel1 ) reg>d to ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? et]nal political tru?s1 :i* no "t nor accid5ts c v>y4 ,x may seem /range1 says t politician1 t su* sudd5 conque/s1 z ^? ( ,alex&]1 %\ld be possess$ s peaceably by 8 successors1 & t ! ,p]sians1 dur+ all ! confusions & civil w>s among ! ,greeks1 nev] made ! smalle/ ef=t t[>ds ! recov]y ( _! =m] indep5d5t gov]nm5t4 ,to satisfy u conc]n+ ! cause ( ?is rem>kable ev5t1 we may consid]1 t a mon>* may gov]n 8 subjects 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,he may ei!r foll[ ! maxims ( ! ,ea/]n pr9ces1 & /ret* 8 au?ority s f> z to leave no di/9ction ( rank among 8 subjects1 b :at proce$s imm$iately f himself2 no advantages ( bir?2 no h]$it>y hon\rs & possessions2 &1 9 a ^w1 no cr$it among ! p1 except f 8 commission alone4 ,or a mon>* may ex]t 8 p[] aft] a mild] mann]1 l o!r ,european pr9ces2 & leave o!r s\rces ( hon\r1 beside 8 smile & fav\r2 bir?1 titles1 possessions1 val\r1 integrity1 k1 or great & =tunate a*ievem5ts4 ,9 ! =m] species ( gov]nm5t1 aft] a conque/1 x is impossible ev] to %ake (f ! yoke2 s9ce no "o possesses1 among ! p1 s mu* p]sonal cr$it & au?ority z to beg9 su* an ent]prise3 :]eas1 9 ! latt]1 ! lea/ mis=tune1 or discord among ! victors1 w enc\rage ! vanqui%$ to take arms1 :o h lead]s ready to prompt & conduct !m 9 e und]tak+4#c ,su* is ! reason+ ( ,ma*iavel1 :i* seems solid & conclusive2 ?\gh ,i wi% he _h n mix$ falsehood ) tru?1 9 ass]t+ t mon>*ies1 gov]n$ accord+ to ,ea/]n policy1 ?\gh m easily kept :5 once subdu$1 yet are ! mo/ difficult to subdue2 s9ce !y _c conta9 any p[]ful subject1 ^: discont5t & faction may facilitate ! ent]prises ( an enemy4 ,=1 besides1 t su* a tyrannical gov]nm5t en]vates ! c\rage ( m51 & r5d]s !m indiff]5t t[>ds ! =tunes ( _! sov]eigns2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t ev5 ! tempor>y & delegat$ au?ority ( ! g5]als & magi/rates1 be+ always1 9 su* gov]nm5ts1 z absolute )9 its sph]e z t ( ! pr9ce himself1 is able1 ) b>b>ians accu/om$ to a bl9d submission1 to produce ! mo/ dang]\s & fatal revolutions4 ,s t 9 e respect1 a g5tle gov]nm5t is pref]able1 & gives ! greate/ security to ! sov]eign z well z to ! subject4 ,legislators1 !re=e1 ought n to tru/ ! future gov]nm5t ( a /ate entirely to *ance1 b ought to provide a sy/em ( laws to regulate ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs to ! late/ po/]ity4 ,effects w always correspond to causes2 & wise regulations1 9 any commonweal?1 are ! mo/ valuable legacy t c be left to future ages4 ,9 ! smalle/ c\rt or (fice1 ! /at$ =ms & me?ods by :i* bus9ess mu/ be conduct$1 are f\nd to be a consid]able *eck on ! natural depravity ( mank9d4 ,:y %\ld n ! case be ! same 9 public affairs8 ,c we ascribe ! /ability & wisdom ( ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh s _m ages1 to any ?+ b ! =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,& is x n easy to po9t out ^? defects 9 ! orig9al con/itution1 :i* produc$ ! tumultu\s gov]nm5ts ( ,a!ns & ,rome1 & end$ at la/ 9 ! ru9 ( ^! two fam\s republics8 ,& s little dep5d5ce has ?is affair on ! hum\rs & education ( p>ticul> m51 t "o "p ( ! same republic may be wisely conduct$1 & ano!r weakly1 by ! v same m51 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ces ( ! =ms & in/itutions by :i* ^! p>ts are regulat$4 ,hi/orians in=m u t ?is 0 actually ! case ) ,g5oa4 ,= :ile ! /ate 0 always full ( s$ition1 & tumult1 & disord]1 ! bank ( ,/4 ,george1 :i* _h become a consid]able "p ( ! p1 0 conduct$1 = sev]al ages1 ) ! utmo/ integrity & wisdom4 ,! ages ( greate/ public _s are n always mo/ em95t = private virtue4 ,good laws may beget ord] & mod]ation 9 ! gov]nm5t1 :]e ! mann]s & cu/oms h in/ill$ little humanity or ju/ice into ! temp]s ( m54 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s p]iod ( ! ,roman hi/ory1 consid]$ 9 a political view1 is t betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ & end ( ! la/ ,punic w>2 ! due balance betwe5 ! nobility & p be+ !n fix$ by ! conte/s ( ! tribunes1 & n be+ yet lo/ by ! ext5t ( conque/s4 ,yet at ?is v "t1 ! horrid practice ( poison+ 0 s common1 t1 dur+ "p ( ! season1 a ,prtor puni%$ capitally = ?is crime above ?ree ?\s& p]sons 9 a "p ( ,italy2 & f\nd in=mations ( ?is nature /ill multiply+ ^u him4 ,!re is a simil>1 or r a worse in/ance1 9 ! m e>ly times ( ! commonweal?2 s deprav$ 9 private life 7 t p1 :om 9 _! hi/ories we s mu* admire4 ,i d\bt n b !y 7 really m virtu\s dur+ ! "t ( ! two ,triumvirates1 :5 !y 7 te>+ _! common c\ntry to pieces1 & spread+ slaught] & desolation ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 m]ely = ! *oice ( tyrants4 ,"h1 !n1 is a suffici5t inducem5t to ma9ta91 ) ! utmo/ zeal1 9 e free /ate1 ^? =ms & in/itutions by :i* lib]ty is secur$1 ! public good consult$1 & ! av>ice or ambition ( p>ticul> m5 re/ra9$ & puni%$4 ,no?+ does m hon\r to human nature1 ?an to see x susceptible ( s noble a passion2 z no?+ c be a great] indication ( meanness ( he>t 9 any man ?an to see him de/itute ( x4 ,a man :o loves only himself1 )\t reg>d to fri5d%ip & des]t1 m]its ! sev]e/ blame2 & a man1 :o is only susceptible ( fri5d%ip1 )\t public _s1 or a reg>d to ! community1 is defici5t 9 ! mo/ mat]ial "p ( virtue4 ,b ?is is a subject :i* ne$s n be long] insi/$ on at pres5t4 ,!re are en[ ( zealots on bo? sides1 :o k9dle up ! passions ( _! p>tisans1 &1 "u pret5ce ( public good1 pursue ! int]e/s & ends ( _! p>ticul> faction4 ,= my "p1 ,i %all always be m fond ( promot+ mod]ation ?an zeal2 ?\gh p]haps ! sure/ way ( produc+ mod]ation 9 e p>ty is to increase our zeal = ! public4 ,let u !re=e try1 if x be possible1 f ! =ego+ doctr9e1 to draw a lesson ( mod]ation ) reg>d to ! p>ties into :i* our c\ntry is at pres5t divid$2 at ! same "t1 t we all[ n ?is mod]ation to abate ! indu/ry & passion1 ) :i* e individual is b\nd to pursue ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,^? :o ei!r attack or def5d a m9i/] 9 su* a gov]nm5t z ours1 :]e ! utmo/ lib]ty is all[$1 always c>ry matt]s to an extreme1 & exagg]ate 8 m]it or dem]it ) reg>d to ! public4 ,8 enemies are sure to *>ge him ) ! greate/ enormities1 bo? 9 dome/ic & =eign managem5t2 & !re is no meanness or crime1 ( :i*1 9 _! acc\nt1 he is n capable4 ,unnecess>y w>s1 sc&al\s treaties1 pr(usion ( public treasure1 oppressive taxes1 e k9d ( maladm9i/ration is ascrib$ to him4 ,to aggravate ! *>ge1 8 p]nici\s conduct1 x is said1 w ext5d its baneful influ5ce ev5 to po/]ity1 by und]m9+ ! be/ con/itution 9 ! _w1 & disord]+ t wise sy/em ( laws1 in/itutions1 & cu/oms1 by :i* our ance/ors1 dur+ s _m c5turies1 h be5 s happily gov]n$4 ,he is n only a wick$ m9i/] 9 himself1 b has remov$ e security provid$ aga9/ wick$ m9i/]s = ! future4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>tisans ( ! m9i/] make 8 panegyric run z high z ! accusation aga9/ him1 & celebrate 8 wise1 /eady1 & mod]ate conduct 9 e "p ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,! hon\r & int]e/ ( ! nation support$ abroad1 public cr$it ma9ta9$ at home1 p]secution re/ra9$1 faction subdu$2 ! m]it ( all ^! bless+s is ascrib$ solely to ! m9i/]4 ,at ! same "t1 he cr[ns all 8 o!r m]its by a religi\s c>e ( ! be/ con/itution 9 ! _w1 :i* he has pres]v$ 9 all its p>ts1 & has transmitt$ entire1 to be ! happ9ess & security ( ! late/ po/]ity4 ,:5 ?is accusation & panegyric are receiv$ by ! p>tisans ( ea* p>ty1 no wond] !y beget an extraord9>y f]m5t on bo? sides1 & fill ! nation ) viol5t animosities4 ,b ,i w\ld fa9 p]suade ^! p>ty zealots1 t !re is a flat contradiction bo? 9 ! accusation & panegyric1 & t x 7 impossible = ei!r ( !m to run s high1 7 x n = ?is contradiction4 ,if our con/itution be really t noble fabric1 ! pride ( ,brita91 ! envy ( our neighb\rs1 rais$ by ! lab\r ( s _m c5turies1 repair$ at ! exp5se ( s _m millions1 & cem5t$ by su* a pr(usion ( blood2#d ,i say1 if our con/itution does 9 any degree des]ve ^! eulogies1 x w\ld nev] h suff]$ a wick$ & weak m9i/] to gov]n triumphantly = a c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s1 :5 oppos$ by ! greate/ g5iuses 9 ! nation1 :o ex]cis$ ! utmo/ lib]ty ( tongue & p51 9 p>liam5t1 & 9 _! frequ5t appeals to ! p4 ,b1 if ! m9i/] be wick$ & weak1 to ! degree s /r5u\sly insi/$ on1 ! con/itution mu/ be faulty 9 its orig9al pr9ciples1 & he _c consi/5tly be *>g$ ) und]m9+ ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! _w4 ,a con/itution is only s f> good1 z x provides a rem$y aga9/ maladm9i/ration2 & if ! ,briti%1 :5 9 its greate/ vig\r1 & repair$ by two su* rem>kable ev5ts z ! ,revolution & ,accession1 by :i* our anci5t royal family 0 sacrific$ to x2 if our con/itution1 ,i say1 ) s great advantages1 does n1 9 fact1 provide any su* rem$y1 we are r behold5 to any m9i/] :o und]m9es x1 & af=ds u an opportunity ( erect+ a bett] 9 its place4 ,i w\ld employ ! same topics to mod]ate ! zeal ( ^? :o def5d ! m9i/]4 ,is our con/itution s excell5t8 ,!n a *ange ( m9i/ry c be no su* dreadful ev5t2 s9ce x is ess5tial to su* a con/itution1 9 e m9i/ry1 bo? to pres]ve itself f violation1 & to prev5t all enormities 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,is our con/itution v bad8 ,!n s extraord9>y a jeal\sy & appreh5sion1 on acc\nt ( *anges1 is ill plac$2 & a man %\ld no m be anxi\s 9 ?is case1 ?an a husb&1 :o _h m>ri$ a woman f ! /ews1 %\ld be wat*ful to prev5t h] infidelity4 ,public affairs1 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 mu/ necess>ily g to confusion1 by :atev] h&s !y are conduct$2 & ! zeal ( patriots is 9 t case mu* less requisite ?an ! pati5ce & submission ( philosoph]s4 ,! virtue & good int5tion ( ,cato & ,brutus are highly laudable2 b to :at purpose did _! zeal s]ve8 ,only to ha/5 ! fatal p]iod ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 & r5d] its convulsions & dy+ agonies m viol5t & pa9ful4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to mean1 t public affairs des]ve no c>e & att5tion at all4 ,w\ld m5 be mod]ate & consi/5t1 _! claims might be admitt$2 at lea/ might be exam9$4 ,! c\ntry p>ty might /ill ass]t1 t our con/itution1 ?\gh excell5t1 w admit ( maladm9i/ration to a c]ta9 degree2 & !re=e1 if ! m9i/] be bad1 x is prop] to oppose him ) a suitable degree ( zeal4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! c\rt p>ty may be all[$1 ^u ! supposition t ! m9i/] 7 good1 to def5d1 & ) "s zeal too1 8 adm9i/ration4 ,i w\ld only p]suade m5 n to cont5d1 z if !y 7 fight+ pro aris et focis1 & *ange a good con/itution into a bad "o1 by ! viol5ce ( _! factions4 ,i h n "h consid]$ any ?+ t is p]sonal 9 ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,9 ! be/ civil con/itutions1 :]e e man is re/ra9$ by ! mo/ rigid laws1 x is easy to discov] ei!r ! good or bad int5tions ( a m9i/]1 & to judge :e!r 8 p]sonal "* des]ve love or hatr$4 ,b su* que/ions are ( little importance to ! public1 & lay ^? :o employ _! p5s ^u !m1 "u a j suspicion ei!r ( malevol5ce or ( flatt]y4#e #a ,= =ms ( gov]nm5t let fools conte/1 ,:ate'er is be/ adm9i/]$ is be/4 ,,essay ,,on ,,man1 ,book #c4 #b ,an equal diff]5ce ( a contr>y k9d may be f\nd 9 comp>+ ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james1 at lea/ ) reg>d to =eign affairs4 #c ,i h tak5 x = grant$1 accord+ to ! supposition ( ,ma*iavel1 t ! anci5t ,p]sians _h no nobility2 ?\gh !re is reason to suspect1 t ! ,flor5t9e secret>y1 :o seems to h be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,roman ?an ! ,greek au?ors1 0 mi/ak5 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! m anci5t ,p]sians1 ^: mann]s are describ$ by ,x5ophon1 7 a free p1 & _h nobility4 ,_! 7 pres]v$ ev5 aft] ! ext5d+ ( _! conque/s & ! consequ5t *ange ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,arrian m5tions !m 9 ,d>ius's "t1 ,de exp$4 ,alex4 lib4 ii4 ,hi/orians also speak (t5 ( ! p]sons 9 comm& z m5 ( family4 ,tygranes1 :o 0 g5]al ( ! ,m$es "u ,x]xes1 0 ( ! race ( ,a*mnes1 ,h]iod4 lib4 vii4 cap4 #fb4 ,arta*u1 :o direct$ ! cutt+ ( ! canal ab\t ,m\nt ,a?os1 0 ( ! same family4 ,id4 cap4 #aag4 ,megabyzus 0 "o ( ! sev5 em95t ,p]sians :o conspir$ aga9/ ! ,magi4 ,8 son1 ,zopyrus1 0 9 ! highe/ comm& "u ,d>ius1 & deliv]$ ,babylon to him4 ,8 gr&son1 ,megabyzus1 comm&$ ! army defeat$ at ,m>a?on4 ,8 great-gr&son1 ,zopyrus1 0 also em95t1 & 0 bani%$ ,p]sia4 ,h]iod4 lib4 iii4 ,?uc4 lib4 i4 ,rosaces1 :o comm&$ an army 9 ,egypt "u ,artax]xes1 0 also desc5d$ f "o ( ! sev5 conspirators1 ,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 xvi4 ,agesilaus1 9 ,x5ophon4 ,hi/4 ,grc4 lib4 iv4 be+ desir\s ( mak+ a m>riage betwixt k+ ,cotys 8 ally1 & ! daught] ( ,spi?ridates1 a ,p]sian ( rank1 :o _h des]t$ to him1 fir/ asks ,cotys :at family ,spi?ridates is (4 ,"o ( ! mo/ consid]able 9 ,p]sia1 says ,cotys4 ,ariu1 :5 (f]$ ! sov]eignty by ,cle>*us & ! t5 ?\s& ,greeks1 refus$ x z ( too l[ a rank1 & said1 t s _m em95t ,p]sians w\ld nev] endure 8 rule4 ,id4 de exp$4 lib4 ii4 ,"s ( ! families desc5d$ f ! sev5 ,p]sians above m5tion$ rema9$ dur+ ,alex&]'s successors2 & ,mi?ridates1 9 ,antio*us's "t1 is said by ,polybius to be desc5d$ f "o ( !m1 lib4 v4 cap4 #dc4 ,artabazus 0 e/eem$ z ,arrian says1 1 lib4 iii4 ,& :5 ,alex&] m>ri$ 9 "o day #hj ( 8 capta9s to ,p]sian wom51 8 int5tion pla9ly 0 to ally ! ,mac$onians ) ! mo/ em95t ,p]sian families4 ,id4 lib4 vii4 ,diodorus ,siculus says1 !y 7 ( ! mo/ noble bir? 9 ,p]sia1 lib4 xvii4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,p]sia 0 despotic1 & conduct$ 9 _m respects aft] ! ,ea/]n mann]1 b 0 n c>ri$ s f> z to extirpate all nobility1 & conf\nd all ranks & ord]s4 ,x left m5 :o 7 /ill great1 by !mselves & _! family1 indep5d5t ( _! (fice & commission4 ,& ! reason :y ! ,mac$onians kept s easily dom9ion ov] !m1 0 ow+ to o!r causes easy to be f\nd 9 ! hi/orians1 ?\gh x mu/ be own$ t ,ma*iavel's reason+ is1 9 itself1 j1 h[ev] d\btful its application to ! pres5t case4 #d ,diss]tation on ,p>ties1 ,lett] ,x4 #e ,:at our au?or's op9ion 0 ( ! fam\s m9i/] "h po9t$ at1 may be le>n$ f t ,essay1 pr9t$ 9 ! =m] edition1 "u ! title ( ',a ,"* ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole4' ,x 0 z foll[s3--,!re nev] 0 a man ^: actions & "* h be5 m e>ne/ly & op5ly canvass$ ?an ^? ( ! pres5t m9i/]1 :o1 hav+ gov]n$ a le>n$ & free nation = s long a "t1 amid/ su* mighty opposition1 may make a l>ge libr>y ( :at has be5 wrote = & aga9/ him1 & is ! subject ( above half ! pap] t has be5 blott$ 9 ! nation )9 ^! tw5ty ye>s4 ,i wi%1 = ! hon\r ( our c\ntry1 t any "o "* ( him _h be5 drawn ) su* judgm5t & imp>tiality z to h "s cr$it ) po/]ity1 & to %[ t our lib]ty has1 once at lea/1 employ$ to good purpose4 ,i am only afraid ( fail+ 9 ! =m] quality ( judgm5t2 b if x %\ld be s1 x is b "o page m ?r[n away1 aft] an hundr$ ?\s& ^u ! same subject1 t h p]i%$ & become useless4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i %all flatt] myself ) ! pleas+ imag9ation1 t ! foll[+ "* w be adopt$ by future hi/orians4 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,great ,brita91 is a man ( ability1 n a g5ius1 good-natur$1 n virtu\s2 con/ant1 n magnanim\s2 mod]ate1 n equitable499 ,8 virtues1 9 "s in/ances1 are free f ! alloy ( ^? vices :i* usually accompany su* virtues2 he is a g5]\s fri5d1 )\t be+ a bitt] enemy4 ,8 vices1 9 o!r in/ances1 are n comp5sat$ by ^? virtues :i* are ne>ly alli$ to !m3 8 want ( ent]prise is n att5d$ ) frugality4 ,! private "* ( ! man is bett] ?an ! public3 8 virtues m ?an 8 vices3 8 =tune great] ?an 8 fame4 ,) _m good qualities1 he has incurr$ ! public hatr$3 ) good capacity1 he has n escap$ ridicule4 ,he w\ld h be5 e/eem$ m wor?y ( 8 high /ation1 _h he nev] possess$ x2 & is bett] qualifi$ = ! second ?an = ! fir/ place 9 any gov]nm5t2 8 m9i/ry has be5 m advantage\s to 8 family ?an to ! public1 bett] = ?is age ?an = po/]ity2 & m p]nici\s by bad prec$5ts ?an by real grievances4 ,dur+ 8 "t trade has fl\ri%$1 lib]ty decl9$1 & le>n+ gone to ru94 ,z ,i am a man1 ,i love him2 z ,i am a s*ol>1 ,i hate him2 z ,i am a ,briton1 ,i calmly wi% 8 fall4 ,& 7 ,i a memb] ( ei!r ,h\se1 ,i w\ld give my vote = remov+ him f ,/ ,james's2 b %\ld be glad to see him retire to ,h\ghton-,hall1 to pass ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9 ease & pleasure4 99,mod]ate 9 ! ex]cise ( p[]1 n equitable 9 engross+ x4 ,! au?or is pleas$ to f9d1 t aft] animosities are laid1 & calumny has ceas$1 ! :ole nation almo/ h return$ to ! same mod]ate s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ?is great man1 if !y are n r become m fav\rable to him1 by a v natural transition1 f "o extreme to ano!r4 ,! au?or w\ld n oppose ^! humane s5tim5ts t[>ds ! dead2 ?\gh he _c =be> obs]v+1 t ! n pay+ m ( our public debts 01 z h9t$ 9 ?is "*1 a great1 & ! only great1 error 9 t long adm9i/ration4 ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,no?+ appe>s m surpris+ to ^? :o consid] human affairs ) a philosophical eye1 ?an ! eas9ess ) :i* ! _m are gov]n$ by ! few2 & ! implicit submission1 ) :i* m5 resign _! own s5tim5ts & passions to ^? ( _! rul]s4 ,:5 we enquire by :at means ?is wond] is effect$1 we %all f9d1 t1 z ,=ce is always on ! side ( ! gov]n$1 ! gov]nors h no?+ to support !m b op9ion4 ,x is1 !re=e1 on op9ion only t gov]nm5t is f\nd$2 & ?is maxim ext5ds to ! mo/ despotic & mo/ milit>y gov]nm5ts1 z well z to ! mo/ free & mo/ popul>4 ,! soldan ( ,egypt1 or ! emp]or ( ,rome1 might drive 8 h>mless subjects1 l brute bea/s1 aga9/ _! s5tim5ts & incl9ation4 ,b he mu/1 at lea/1 h l$ 8 mamalukes or prtorian b&s1 l m51 by _! op9ion4 ,op9ion is ( two k9ds1 to wit1 op9ion ( int]e/1 & op9ion ( "r4 ,by op9ion ( ,,int]e/1 ,i *iefly und]/& ! s5se ( ! g5]al advantage :i* is reap$ f gov]nm5t2 toge!r ) ! p]suasion1 t ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t :i* is e/abli%$ is equally advantage\s ) any o!r t c\ld easily be settl$4 ,:5 ?is op9ion prevails among ! g5]ality ( a /ate1 or among ^? :o h ! =ce 9 _! h&s1 x gives great security to any gov]nm5t4 ,"r is ( two k9ds2 "r to ,p[]1 & "r to ,prop]ty4 ,:at preval5ce op9ion ( ! fir/ k9d has ov] mank9d1 may easily be und]/ood1 by obs]v+ ! atta*m5t :i* all nations h to _! anci5t gov]nm5t1 & ev5 to ^? names :i* h _h ! sanction ( antiquity4 ,antiquity always begets ! op9ion ( "r2 & :atev] disadvantage\s s5tim5ts we may ent]ta9 ( mank9d1 !y are always f\nd to be prodigal bo? ( blood & treasure 9 ! ma9t5ance ( public ju/ice4#a ,!re is1 inde$1 no p>ticul> 9 :i*1 at fir/ sight1 !re may appe> a great] contradiction 9 ! frame ( ! human m9d ?an ! pres5t4 ,:5 m5 act 9 a faction1 !y are apt1 )\t %ame or remorse1 to neglect all ! ties ( hon\r & morality1 9 ord] to s]ve _! p>ty2 & yet1 :5 a faction is =m$ ^u a po9t ( "r or pr9ciple1 !re is no occasion :]e m5 discov] a great] ob/9acy1 & a m det]m9$ s5se ( ju/ice & equity4 ,! same social disposition ( mank9d is ! cause ( ^! contradictory appe>ances4 ,x is suffici5tly und]/ood1 t ! op9ion ( "r to prop]ty is ( mom5t 9 all matt]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,a not$ au?or has made prop]ty ! f\ndation ( all gov]nm5t2 & mo/ ( our political writ]s seem incl9$ to foll[ him 9 t p>ticul>4 ,?is is c>ry+ ! matt] too f>2 b /ill x mu/ be own$1 t ! op9ion ( "r to prop]ty has a great influ5ce 9 ?is subject4 ,^u ^! ?ree op9ions1 !re=e1 ( public int]e/1 ( "r to p[]1 & ( "r to prop]ty1 are all gov]nm5ts f\nd$1 & all au?ority ( ! few ov] ! _m4 ,!re are inde$ o!r pr9ciples :i* add =ce to ^!1 & det]m9e1 limit1 or alt] _! op]ation2 su* z self-int]e/1 fe>1 & affection4 ,b /ill we may ass]t1 t ^! o!r pr9ciples c h no influ5ce alone1 b suppose ! antec$5t influ5ce ( ^? op9ions above m5tion$4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 to be e/eem$ ! second>y1 n ! orig9al1 pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,=1 fir/1 z to self-int]e/1 by :i* ,i mean ! expectation ( p>ticul> rew>ds1 di/9ct f ! g5]al protection :i* we receive f gov]nm5t1 x is evid5t t ! magi/rate's au?ority mu/ be antec$5tly e/abli%$1 at lea/ be hop$ =1 9 ord] to produce ?is expectation4 ,! prospect ( rew>d may augm5t 8 au?ority ) reg>d to "s p>ticul> p]sons1 b c nev] give bir? to x1 ) reg>d to ! public4 ,m5 naturally look = ! greate/ fav\rs f _! fri5ds & acqua9tance2 & !re=e1 ! hopes ( any consid]able numb] ( ! /ate w\ld nev] c5tre 9 any p>ticul> set ( m51 if ^! m5 _h no o!r title to magi/racy1 & _h no sep>ate influ5ce ov] ! op9ions ( mank9d4 ,! same obs]vation may be ext5d$ to ! o!r two pr9ciples ( fe> & affection4 ,no man w\ld h any reason to fe> ! fury ( a tyrant1 if he _h no au?ority ov] any b f fe>2 s9ce1 z a s+le man1 8 bodily =ce c rea* b a small way1 & all ! fur!r p[] he possesses mu/ be f\nd$ ei!r on our own op9ion1 or on ! presum$ op9ion ( o!rs4 ,& ?\gh affection to wisdom & virtue 9 a sov]eign ext5ds v f>1 & has great influ5ce1 yet he mu/ antec$5tly be suppos$ inve/$ ) a public "*1 o!rwise ! public e/eem w s]ve him 9 no /ead1 nor w 8 virtue h any influ5ce beyond a n>r[ sph]e4 ,a gov]nm5t may endure = sev]al ages1 ?\gh ! balance ( p[] & ! balance ( prop]ty d n co9cide4 ,?is *iefly happ5s :]e any rank or ord] ( ! /ate has acquir$ a l>ge %>e 9 ! prop]ty2 b1 f ! orig9al con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t1 has no %>e 9 ! p[]4 ,"u :at pret5ce w\ld any individual ( t ord] assume au?ority 9 public affairs8 ,z m5 are commonly mu* atta*$ to _! anci5t gov]nm5t1 x is n to be expect$1 t ! public w\ld ev] fav\r su* usurpations4 ,b :]e ! orig9al con/itution all[s any %>e ( p[]1 ?\gh small1 to an ord] ( m5 :o possess a l>ge %>e ( prop]ty1 x is easy = !m gradually to /ret* _! au?ority1 & br+ ! balance ( p[] to co9cide ) t ( prop]ty4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,engl&4 ,mo/ writ]s t h treat$ ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 h suppos$1 t1 z ! ,l[] ,h\se repres5ts all ! ,commons ( ,great ,brita91 its weight 9 ! scale is proportion$ to ! prop]ty & p[] ( all :om x repres5ts4 ,b ?is pr9ciple mu/ n be receiv$ z absolutely true4 ,= ?\gh ! p are apt to atta* !mselves m to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?an to any o!r memb] ( ! con/itution1 t ,h\se be+ *os5 by !m z _! repres5tatives1 & z ! public gu>dians ( _! lib]ty2 yet are !re in/ances :]e ! ,h\se1 ev5 :5 9 opposition to ! cr[n1 has n be5 foll[$ by ! p1 z we may p>ticul>ly obs]ve ( ! ,tory ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,william4 ,7 ! memb]s oblig$ to receive in/ructions f _! con/itu5ts1 l ! ,dut* deputies1 ?is w\ld entirely alt] ! case2 & if su* imm5se p[] & ri*es1 z ^? ( all ! ,commons ( ,great ,brita91 7 br\ght into ! scale1 x is n easy to conceive1 t ! cr[n c\ld ei!r influ5ce t multitude ( p1 or )/& ! balance ( prop]ty4 ,x is true1 ! cr[n has great influ5ce ov] ! collective body 9 ! elections ( memb]s2 b 7 ?is influ5ce1 :i* at pres5t is only ex]t$ once 9 sev5 ye>s1 to be employ$ 9 br++ ov] ! p to e vote1 x w\ld soon be wa/$1 & no skill1 popul>ity1 or rev5ue1 c\ld support x4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be ( op9ion1 t an alt]ation 9 ?is p>ticul> w\ld introduce a total alt]ation 9 our gov]nm5t1 & w\ld soon r$uce x to a pure republic2 &1 p]haps1 to a republic ( no inconv5i5t =m4 ,= ?\gh ! p1 collect$ 9 a body l ! ,roman tribes1 be q unfit = gov]nm5t1 yet1 :5 disp]s$ 9 small bodies1 !y are mo/ susceptible bo? ( reason & ord]2 ! =ce ( popul> curr5ts & tides is 9 a great measure brok52 & ! public int]e/s may be pursu$ ) "s me?od & con/ancy4 ,b x is ne$less to reason any fur!r conc]n+ a =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is nev] likely to h place 9 ,great ,brita91 & :i* seems n to be ! aim ( any p>ty among/ u4 ,let u *]i% & improve our anci5t gov]nm5t z mu* z possible1 )\t enc\rag+ a passion = su* dang]\s novelties4#b #a ,?is passion we may d5om9ate en?usiasm1 or we may give x :at appellation we please2 b a politician :o %\ld ov]look its influ5ce on human affairs1 w\ld prove himself to h b a v limit$ und]/&+4 #b ,i %all conclude ?is subject ) obs]v+1 t ! pres5t political controv]sy ) reg>d to in/ructions1 is a v frivol\s "o1 & c nev] be br\ght to any decision1 z x is manag$ by bo? p>ties4 ,! c\ntry p>ty d n pret5d t a memb] is absolutely b\nd to foll[ in/ructions z an ambassador or g5]al is conf9$ by 8 ord]s1 & t 8 vote is n to be receiv$ 9 ! ,h\se1 b s f> z x is con=mable to !m4 ,! c\rt p>ty1 aga91 d n pret5d t ! s5tim5ts ( ! p ought to h no weight ) e memb]2 mu* less t he ought to despise ! s5tim5ts ( ^? :om he repres5ts1 & ) :om he is m p>ticul>ly connect$4 ,& if _! s5tim5ts be ( weight1 :y ought !y n to express ^! s5tim5ts8 ,! "q !n is only conc]n+ ! degrees ( weight :i* ought to be plac$ on in/ructions4 ,b su* is ! nature ( language1 t x is impossible = x to express di/9ctly ^! diff]5t degrees2 & if m5 w c>ry on a controv]sy on ?is head1 x may well happ5 t !y diff] 9 ! language1 & yet agree 9 _! s5tim5ts2 or diff] 9 _! s5tim5ts1 & yet agree 9 _! language4 ,besides1 h[ is x possible to fix ^! degrees1 consid]+ ! v>iety ( affairs t come be=e ! ,h\se1 & ! v>iety ( places :i* memb]s repres5t8 ,ought ! in/ructions ( ,totness to h ! same weight z ^? ( ,london8 or in/ructions ) reg>d to ! ,conv5tion :i* respect$ =eign politics to h ! same weight z ^? ) reg>d to ! ,excise1 :i* respect$ only our dome/ic affairs8 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,man1 born 9 a family1 is compell$ to ma9ta9 society f necessity1 f natural incl9ation1 & f habit4 ,! same creature1 9 8 fur!r progress1 is engag$ to e/abli% political society1 9 ord] to adm9i/] ju/ice1 )\t :i* !re c be no peace among !m1 nor safety1 nor mutual int]c\rse4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to look ^u all ! va/ app>atus ( our gov]nm5t1 z hav+ ultimately no o!r object or purpose b ! di/ribution ( ju/ice1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! support ( ! twelve judges4 ,k+s & p>liam5ts1 fleets & armies1 (fic]s ( ! c\rt & rev5ue1 ambassadors1 m9i/]s1 & privy c\nsellors1 are all subord9ate 9 _! end to ?is "p ( adm9i/ration4 ,ev5 ! cl]gy1 z _! duty leads !m to inculcate morality1 may ju/ly be ?\ght1 s f> z reg>ds ?is _w1 to h no o!r useful object ( _! in/itution4 ,all m5 are s5sible ( ! necessity ( ju/ice to ma9ta9 peace & ord]2 & all m5 are s5sible ( ! necessity ( peace & ord] = ! ma9t5ance ( society4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is /rong & obvi\s necessity1 su* is ! frailty or p]v]s5ess ( our nature6 x is impossible to keep m5 fai?fully & un]r+ly 9 ! pa?s ( ju/ice4 ,"s extraord9>y circum/ances may happ51 9 :i* a man f9ds 8 int]e/s to be m promot$ by fraud or rap9e1 ?an hurt by ! brea* :i* 8 inju/ice makes 9 ! social union4 ,b mu* m frequ5tly he is s$uc$ f 8 great & important1 b di/ant int]e/s1 by ! allurem5t ( pres5t1 ?\gh (t5 v frivol\s temptations4 ,?is great weakness is incurable 9 human nature4 ,m5 mu/1 !re=e1 endeav\r to palliate :at !y _c cure4 ,!y mu/ in/itute "s p]sons "u ! appellation ( magi/rates1 ^: peculi> (fice x is to po9t out ! decrees ( equity1 to puni% transgressors1 to correct fraud & viol5ce1 & to oblige m51 h[ev] reluctant1 to consult _! own real & p]man5t int]e/s4 ,9 a ^w1 ob$i5ce is a new duty :i* mu/ be inv5t$ to support t ( ju/ice1 & ! ties ( equity mu/ be corroborat$ by ^? ( allegiance4 ,b /ill1 view+ matt]s 9 an ab/ract light1 x may be ?\ght t no?+ is ga9$ by ?is alliance1 & t ! factiti\s duty ( ob$i5ce1 f its v nature1 lays z feeble a hold ( ! human m9d1 z ! primitive & natural duty ( ju/ice4 ,peculi> int]e/s & pres5t temptations may ov]come ! "o z well z ! o!r4 ,!y are equally expos$ to ! same inconv5i5ce2 & ! man :o is incl9$ to be a bad neighb\r1 mu/ be l$ by ! same motives1 well or ill und]/ood1 to be a bad citiz5 or subject4 ,n to m5tion1 t ! magi/rate himself may (t5 be neglig5t1 or p>tial1 or unju/ 9 8 adm9i/ration4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 proves t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! cases4 ,ord] 9 society1 we f9d1 is mu* bett] ma9ta9$ by means ( gov]nm5t2 & our duty to ! magi/rate is m /rictly gu>d$ by ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 ?an our duty to our fell[-citiz5s4 ,! love ( dom9ion1 is s /rong 9 ! brea/ ( man1 t _m n only submit to1 b c\rt all ! dang]s1 & fatigues1 & c>es ( gov]nm5t2 & m51 once rais$ to t /ation1 ?\gh (t5 l$ a/ray by private passions1 f9d1 9 ord9>y cases1 a visible int]e/ 9 ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! p]sons :o fir/ atta9 ?is di/9ction1 by ! cons5t1 tacit or express1 ( ! p1 mu/ be end[$ ) sup]ior p]sonal qualities ( val\r1 =ce1 integrity1 or prud5ce1 :i* comm& respect & confid5ce2 &1 aft] gov]nm5t is e/abli%$1 a reg>d to bir?1 rank1 & /ation1 has a mighty influ5ce ov] m51 & en=ces ! decrees ( ! magi/rate4 ,! pr9ce or lead] exclaims aga9/ e disord] :i* di/urbs 8 society4 ,he summons all 8 p>tisans & all m5 ( probity to aid him 9 correct+ & r$ress+ x1 & he is readily foll[$ by all indiff]5t p]sons 9 ! execution ( 8 (fice4 ,he soon acquires ! p[] ( rew>d+ ^! s]vices2 & 9 ! progress ( society1 he e/abli%es subord9ate m9i/]s1 & (t5 a milit>y =ce1 :o f9d an imm$iate & a visible int]e/ 9 support+ 8 au?ority4 ,habit soon consolidates :at o!r pr9ciples ( human nature _h imp]fectly f\nd$2 & m51 once accu/om$ to ob$i5ce1 nev] ?9k ( dep>t+ f t pa?1 9 :i* !y & _! ance/ors h con/antly trod1 & to :i* !y are conf9$ by s _m urg5t & visible motives4 ,b ?\gh ?is progress ( human affairs may appe> c]ta9 & inevitable1 & ?\gh ! support :i* allegiance br+s to ju/ice be f\nd$ on obvi\s pr9ciples ( human nature1 x _c be expect$ t m5 %\ld be=eh& be able to discov] !m1 or =esee _! op]ation4 ,gov]nm5t comm5ces m casually & m imp]fectly4 ,x is probable1 t ! fir/ asc5d5t ( "o man ov] multitudes began dur+ a /ate ( w>2 :]e ! sup]iority ( c\rage & ( g5ius discov]s itself mo/ visibly1 :]e unanimity & conc]t are mo/ requisite1 & :]e ! p]nici\s effects ( disord] are mo/ s5sibly felt4 ,! long cont9uance ( t /ate1 an incid5t common among savage tribes1 inur$ ! p to submission2 & if ! *iefta9 possess$ z mu* equity z prud5ce & val\r1 he became1 ev5 dur+ peace1 ! arbit] ( all diff]5ces1 & c\ld gradually1 by a mixture ( =ce & cons5t1 e/abli% 8 au?ority4 ,! b5efit s5sibly felt f 8 influ5ce1 made x be *]i%$ by ! p1 at lea/ by ! peaceable & well dispos$ among !m2 & if 8 son enjoy$ ! same good qualities1 gov]nm5t advanc$ ! soon] to maturity & p]fection2 b 0 /ill 9 a feeble /ate1 till ! fur!r progress ( improvem5t procur$ ! magi/rate a rev5ue1 & enabl$ him to be/[ rew>ds on ! sev]al in/rum5ts ( 8 adm9i/ration1 & to inflict puni%m5ts on ! refractory & disob$i5t4 ,be=e t p]iod1 ea* ex]tion ( 8 influ5ce mu/ h be5 p>ticul>1 & f\nd$ on ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case4 ,aft] x1 submission 0 no long] a matt] ( *oice 9 ! bulk ( ! community1 b 0 rigor\sly exact$ by ! au?ority ( ! supreme magi/rate4 ,9 all gov]nm5ts1 !re is a p]petual inte/9e /ruggle1 op5 or secret1 betwe5 ,au?ority & ,lib]ty1 & nei!r ( !m c ev] absolutely prevail 9 ! conte/4 ,a great sacrifice ( lib]ty mu/ necess>ily be made 9 e gov]nm5t2 yet ev5 ! au?ority1 :i* conf9es lib]ty1 c nev]1 & p]haps ought nev]1 9 any con/itution1 to become q entire & uncontrollable4 ,! sultan is ma/] ( ! life & =tune ( any individual2 b w n be p]mitt$ to impose new taxes on 8 subjects3 a ,fr5* mon>* c impose taxes at pleasure2 b w\ld f9d x dang]\s to attempt ! lives & =tunes ( individuals4 ,religion also1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 is commonly f\nd to be a v intractable pr9ciple2 & o!r pr9ciples or prejudices frequ5tly resi/ all ! au?ority ( ! civil magi/rate2 ^: p[]1 be+ f\nd$ on op9ion1 c nev] subv]t o!r op9ions equally root$ ) t ( 8 title to dom9ion4 ,! gov]nm5t1 :i*1 9 common appellation1 receives ! appellation ( free1 is t :i* admits ( a p>tition ( p[] among sev]al memb]s1 ^: unit$ au?ority is no less1 or is commonly great]1 ?an t ( any mon>*2 b :o1 9 ! usual c\rse ( adm9i/ration1 mu/ act by g5]al & equal laws1 t are previ\sly kn[n to all ! memb]s1 & to all _! subjects4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x mu/ be own$1 t lib]ty is ! p]fection ( civil society2 b /ill au?ority mu/ be ackn[l$g$ ess5tial to its v exi/5ce3 & 9 ^? conte/s :i* s (t5 take place betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r1 ! latt] may1 on t acc\nt1 *all5ge ! pref]5ce4 ,unless p]haps "o may say 7& x may be said ) "s reason7 t a circum/ance1 :i* is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( civil society1 mu/ always support itself1 & ne$s be gu>d$ ) less jeal\sy1 ?an "o t contributes only to its p]fection1 :i* ! indol5ce ( m5 is s apt to neglect1 or _! ignorance to ov]look4 ,,( ,,! ,,indep5d5cy ,,( ,,p>liam5t#a ,political writ]s h e/abli%$ x z a maxim1 t1 9 contriv+ any sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & fix+ ! sev]al *ecks & controls ( ! con/itution1 e man ought to be suppos$ a knave1 & to h no o!r end1 9 all 8 actions1 ?an private int]e/4 ,by ?is int]e/ we mu/ gov]n him1 &1 by means ( x1 make him1 not)/&+ 8 insatiable av>ice & ambition1 coop]ate to public good4 ,)\t ?is1 say !y1 we %all 9 va9 boa/ ( ! advantages ( any con/itution1 & %all f9d1 9 ! end1 t we h no security = our lib]ties or possessions1 except ! good-w ( our rul]s2 t is1 we %all h no security at all4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a j political maxim1 t e man mu/ be suppos$ a knave2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 x appe>s some:at /range1 t a maxim %\ld be true 9 politics :i* is false 9 fact4 ,b to satisfy u on ?is head1 we may consid]1 t m5 are g5]ally m hone/ 9 _! private ?an 9 _! public capacity1 & w g great] l5g?s to s]ve a p>ty1 ?an :5 _! own private int]e/ is alone conc]n$4 ,hon\r is a great *eck ^u mank9d3 b :]e a consid]able body ( m5 act toge!r1 ?is *eck is 9 a great measure remov$1 s9ce a man is sure to be approv$ ( by 8 own p>ty1 = :at promotes ! common int]e/2 & he soon le>ns to despise ! clam\rs ( adv]s>ies4 ,to :i* we may add1 t e c\rt or s5ate is det]m9$ by ! great] numb] ( voices2 s t1 if self-int]e/ influ5ces only ! majority 7z x w always d71 ! :ole s5ate foll[s ! allurem5ts ( ?is sep>ate int]e/1 & acts z if x conta9$ n "o memb] :o _h any reg>d to public int]e/ & lib]ty4 ,:5 !re (f]s1 !re=e1 to our c5sure & exam9ation1 any plan ( gov]nm5t1 real or imag9>y1 :]e ! p[] is di/ribut$ among sev]al c\rts1 & sev]al ord]s ( m51 we %\ld always consid] ! sep>ate int]e/ ( ea* c\rt1 & ea* ord]2 & if we f9d t1 by ! skilful division ( p[]1 ?is int]e/ mu/ necess>ily1 9 its op]ation1 concur ) ! public1 we may pron\nce t gov]nm5t to be wise & happy4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 sep>ate int]e/ be n *eck$1 & be n direct$ to ! public1 we ought to look = no?+ b faction1 disord]1 & tyranny f su* a gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,i am ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 z well z by ! au?ority ( all philosoph]s & politicians1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,h[ mu*1 !re=e1 w\ld x h surpris$ su* a g5ius z ,cic]o or ,tacitus1 to h be5 told1 t 9 a future age !re %\ld arise a v regul> sy/em ( mix$ gov]nm5t1 :]e ! au?ority 0 s di/ribut$1 t "o rank1 :5ev] x pleas$1 might swall[ up all ! re/1 & engross ! :ole p[] ( ! con/itution6 ,su* a gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld say1 w n be a mix$ gov]nm5t4 ,= s great is ! natural ambition ( m51 t !y are nev] satisfi$ ) p[]2 & if "o ord] ( m51 by pursu+ its own int]e/1 c usurp ^u e o!r ord]1 x w c]ta9ly d s1 & r5d] itself1 z f> z possible1 absolute & uncontrollable4 ,b1 9 ?is op9ion1 exp]i5ce %[s !y w\ld h be5 mi/ak54 ,= ?is is actually ! case ) ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,! %>e ( p[] allott$ by our con/itution to ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 is s great1 t x absolutely comm&s all ! o!r p>ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! k+'s legislative p[] is pla9ly no prop] *eck to x4 ,= ?\gh ! k+ has a negative 9 fram+ laws1 yet ?is1 9 fact1 is e/eem$ ( s little mom5t1 t :atev] is vot$ by ! two ,h\ses1 is always sure to pass into a law1 & ! royal ass5t is little bett] ?an a =m4 ,! pr9cipal weight ( ! cr[n lies 9 ! executive2 p[]4 ,b1 besides t ! executive p[] 9 e gov]nm5t is altoge!r subord9ate to ! legislative2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] requires an imm5se exp5se1 & ! ,commons h assum$ to !mselves ! sole "r ( grant+ money4 ,h[ easy1 !re=e1 w\ld x be = t h\se to wre/ f ! cr[n all ^! p[]s1 "o aft] ano!r1 by mak+ e grant conditional1 & *oos+ _! "t s well1 t _! refusal ( supply %\ld only di/ress ! gov]nm5t1 )\t giv+ =eign p[]s any advantage ov] u6 ,did ! ,h\se ( ,commons dep5d 9 ! same mann] ^u ! k+1 & _h none ( ! memb]s any prop]ty b f 8 gift1 w\ld n he comm& all _! resolutions1 & be f t mom5t absolute8 ,z to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 !y are a v p[]ful support to ! cr[n1 s long z !y are1 9 _! turn1 support$ by x2 b bo? exp]i5ce & reason %[1 t !y h no =ce or au?ority suffici5t to ma9ta9 !mselves alone1 )\t su* support4 ,h[1 !re=e1 %all we solve ?is p>adox8 ,& by :at means is ?is memb] ( our con/itution conf9$ )9 ! prop] limits1 s9ce1 f our v con/itution1 x mu/ necess>ily h z mu* p[] z x dem&s1 & c only be conf9$ by itself8 ,h[ is ?is consi/5t ) our exp]i5ce ( human nature8 ,i answ]1 t ! int]e/ ( ! body is "h re/ra9$ by t ( ! individuals1 & t ! ,h\se ( ,commons /ret*es n its p[]1 because su* an usurpation w\ld be contr>y to ! int]e/ ( ! majority ( its memb]s4 ,! cr[n has s _m (fices at its disposal1 t1 :5 assi/$ by ! hone/ & dis9t]e/$ "p ( ! ,h\se1 x w always comm& ! resolutions ( ! :ole1 s f>1 at lea/1 z to pres]ve ! anci5t con/itution f dang]4 ,we may1 !re=e1 give to ?is influ5ce :at "n we please2 we may call x by ! invidi\s appellations ( corruption & dep5d5ce2 b "s degree & "s k9d ( x are insep>able f ! v nature ( ! con/itution1 & necess>y to ! pres]vation ( our mix$ gov]nm5t4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( ass]t+ absolutely1 t ! dep5d5ce ( p>liam5t1 9 e degree1 is an infr+em5t ( ,briti% lib]ty1 ! c\ntry p>ty %\ld h made "s concessions to _! adv]s>ies1 & h only exam9$ :at 0 ! prop] degree ( ?is dep5d5ce1 beyond :i* x became dang]\s to lib]ty4 ,b su* a mod]ation is n to be expect$ 9 p>ty m5 ( any k9d4 ,aft] a concession ( ?is nature1 all declamation mu/ be ab&on$2 & a calm inquiry into ! prop] degree ( c\rt influ5ce & p>liam5t>y dep5d5ce w\ld h be5 expect$ by ! read]s4 ,& ?\gh ! advantage1 9 su* a controv]sy1 might possibly rema9 to ! c\ntry p>ty1 yet ! victory w\ld n be s complete z !y wi% =1 nor w\ld a true patriot h giv5 an entire loose to 8 zeal1 = fe> ( runn+ matt]s into a contr>y extreme1 by dim9i%+ too#b f> ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ?\ght be/ to d5y t ?is extreme c\ld ev] be dang]\s to ! con/itution1 or t ! cr[n c\ld ev] h too little influ5ce ov] memb]s ( p>liam5t4 ,all que/ions conc]n+ ! prop] m$ium betwe5 extremes are difficult to be decid$2 bo? because x is n easy to f9d words prop] to fix ?is m$ium1 & because ! good & ill1 9 su* cases1 run s gradually into ea* o!r1 z ev5 to r5d] our s5tim5ts d\btful & unc]ta94 ,b !re is a peculi> difficulty 9 ! pres5t case1 :i* w\ld emb>rass ! mo/ kn[+ & mo/ imp>tial exam9]4 ,! p[] ( ! cr[n is always lodg$ 9 a s+le p]son1 ei!r k+ or m9i/]2 & z ?is p]son may h ei!r a great] or less degree ( ambition1 capacity1 c\rage1 popul>ity1 or =tune1 ! p[]1 :i* is too great 9 "o h&1 may become too little 9 ano!r4 ,9 pure republics1 :]e ! au?ority is di/ribut$ among sev]al assemblies or s5ates1 ! *ecks & controls are m regul> 9 _! op]ation2 because ! memb]s ( su* num]\s assemblies may be presum$ to be always ne>ly equal 9 capacity & virtue2 & x is only _! numb]1 ri*es1 or au?ority1 :i* ent] into consid]ation4 ,b a limit$ mon>*y admits n ( any su* /ability2 nor is x possible to assign to ! cr[n su* a det]m9ate degree ( p[]1 z w1 9 e h&1 =m a prop] c\nt]balance to ! o!r p>ts ( ! con/itution4 ,?is is an unavoidable disadvantage1 among ! _m advantages att5d+ t species ( gov]nm5t4 #a ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$1 9 comp>+ ! conduct ( ! c\rt & c\ntry p>ty1 t ! =m] are commonly less assum+ & dogmatical 9 conv]sation1 m apt to make concessions1 & ?\gh n1 p]haps1 m susceptible ( conviction1 yet m able to be> contradiction ?an ! latt]1 :o are apt to fly out ^u any opposition1 & to reg>d "o z a m]c5>y1 design+ fell[1 if he argues ) any coolness & imp>tiality1 or makes any concessions to _! adv]s>ies4 ,?is is a fact1 :i*1 ,i believe1 e "o may h obs]v$ :o has be5 mu* 9 companies :]e political que/ions h be5 discuss$2 ?\gh1 7 "o to ask ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce1 e p>ty w\ld be apt to assign a diff]5t reason4 ,g5tlem5 9 ! opposition w ascribe x to ! v nature ( _! p>ty1 :i*1 be+ f\nd$ on public _s1 & a zeal = ! con/itution1 _c easily endure su* doctr9es z are ( p]nici\s consequ5ce to lib]ty4 ,! c\rti]s1 on ! o!r h&1 w be apt to put u 9 m9d ( ! cl[n m5tion$ by ,"l ,%aftesbury4 ',a cl[n1' says t excell5t au?or1 'once took a fancy to he> ! ,lat9 disputes ( doctors at an univ]sity4 ,he 0 ask$ :at pleasure he c\ld take 9 view+ su* combatants1 :5 he c\ld nev] "k s mu* z :i* ( ! p>ties _h ! bett]4'--',= t matt]1' repli$ ! cl[n1 ',i a'n't su* a fool nei!r1 b ,i c see :o's ! fir/ t puts t'o!r into a passion4' ,nature h]self dictat$ ?is lesson to ! cl[n1 t he :o _h ! bett] ( ! argum5t w\ld be easy & well hum\r$3 b he :o 0 unable to support 8 cause by reason w\ld naturally lose 8 temp]1 & gr[ viol5t4 ,to :i* ( ^! reasons w we adh]e8 ,to nei!r ( !m1 9 my op9ion1 unless we h a m9d to enli/ ourselves & become zealots 9 ei!r p>ty4 ,i believe ,i c assign ! reason ( ?is diff]5t conduct ( ! two p>ties1 )\t (f5d+ ei!r4 ,! c\ntry p>ty are pla9ly mo/ popul> at pres5t1 & p]haps h be5 s 9 mo/ adm9i/rations s t1 be+ accu/om$ to prevail 9 company1 !y _c endure to he> _! op9ions controv]t$1 b are s confid5t on ! public fav\r1 z if !y 7 support$ 9 all _! s5tim5ts by ! mo/ infallible demon/ration4 ,! c\rti]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are ,commonly run d[n by y\r popul> talk]s1 t if y speak to !m ) any mod]ation1 or make !m ! smalle/ concessions1 !y ?9k !mselves extremely oblig$ to y1 & are apt to return ! fav\r by a l mod]ation & facility on _! "p4 ,to be furi\s & passionate1 !y "k1 w\ld only ga9 !m ! "* ( %ameless m]c5>ies1 n t ( zeal\s patriots1 :i* is ! "* t su* a w>m behavi\r is apt to acquire to ! o!r p>ty4 ,9 all controv]sies1 we f9d1 )\t reg>d+ ! tru? or falsehood on ei!r side1 t ^? :o def5d ! e/abli%$ & popul> op9ions are always mo/ dogmatical & imp]i\s 9 _! /yle3 :ile _! adv]s>ies affect almo/ extraord9>y g5tl5ess & mod]ation1 9 ord] to s(t51 z mu* z possible1 any prejudices t may be ,aga9/ !m4 ,consid] ! behavi\r ( our ,free?9k]s ( all d5om9ations1 :e!r !y be su* z decry all revelation1 or only oppose ! exorbitant p[] ( ! cl]gy1 ,coll9s1 ,t9dal1 ,fo/]1 ,hoadley4 ,comp>e _! mod]ation & good mann]s ) ! furi\s zeal & scurrility ( _! adv]s>ies1 & y w be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( my obs]vation4 ,a l diff]5ce may be obs]v$ 9 ! conduct ( ^? ,fr5* writ]s1 :o ma9ta9$ ! controv]sy ) reg>d to anci5t & mod]n le>n+4 ,boileau1 ,monsieur & ,madame ,daci]1 l',abb de ,bos1 :o def5d$ ! p>ty ( ! anci5ts1 mix$ _! reason+s ) satire & invective1 :ile ,font5elle1 la ,motte1 ,*>p5ti]1 & ev5 ,p]rault1 nev] transgress$ ! b\nds ( mod]ation & good bre$+1 ?\gh provok$ by ! mo/ injuri\s treatm5t ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,i mu/ h[ev] obs]ve1 t ?is rem>k ) reg>d to ! seem+ mod]ation ( ! c\rt p>ty1 is entirely conf9$ to conv]sation1 & to g5tlem5 :o h be5 engag$ by int]e/ or incl9ation 9 t p>ty4 ,= z to ! c\rt writ]s1 be+ commonly hir$ scribbl]s1 !y are altoge!r z scurril\s z ! m]c5>ies ( ! o!r p>ty3 nor has ! ,gazette] any advantage1 9 ?is respect1 above common s5se4 ,a man ( education w1 9 any p>ty1 discov] himself to be su* by 8 goodbre$+ & dec5cy1 z a sc\ndrel w always betray ! opposite qualities4 ,! false accus]s accus$1 c4 is v scurril\s1 ?\gh t side ( ! "q1 be+ lea/ popul>1 %\ld be def5d$ ) mo/ mod]ation4 ,:5 ,l--d ,b--e1 ,l--d ,m--t1 ,mr4 ,l--n1 take ! p5 9 h&1 ?\gh !y write ) w>m?1 !y presume n ^u _! popul>ity s f> z to transgress ! b\nds ( dec5cy4 ,i am l$ into ?is tra9 ( reflection by consid]+ "s pap]s wrote ^u t gr& topic ( c\rt influ5ce & p>liam5t>y dep5d5ce1 :]e1 9 my humble op9ion1 ! c\ntry p>ty %[ too rigid an inflexibility1 & too great a jeal\sy ( mak+ concessions to _! adv]s>ies4 ,_! reason+s lose _! =ce by be+ c>ri$ too f> & ! popul>ity ( _! op9ions has s$uc$ !m to neglect 9 "s measure _! ju/ness & solidity4 ,! foll[+ reason+ w1 ,i hope1 s]ve to ju/ify me 9 ?is op9ion4 #b ,by t influ5ce ( ! cr[n1 :i* ,i w\ld ju/ify1 ,i mean only t :i* arises f ! (fices & hon\rs t are at ! disposal ( ! cr[n4 ,z to private brib]y1 x may be consid]$ 9 ! same light z ! practice ( employ+ spies1 :i* is sc>cely ju/ifiable 9 a good m9i/]1 & is infam\s 9 a bad "o2 b to be a spy1 or to be corrupt$1 is always infam\s "u all m9i/]s1 & is to be reg>d$ z a %ameless pro/itution4 ,polybius ju/ly e/eems ! pecuni>y influ5ce ( ! s5ate & c5sors to be "o ( ! regul> & con/itutional weights :i* pres]v$ ! balance ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t4--,lib4 vi4 cap4 #ae4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,briti% ,,gov]nm5t ,,incl9es ,,m ,,to ,,absolute ,,mon>*y ,,or ,,to ,a ,,republic ,x af=ds a viol5t prejudice aga9/ almo/ e sci5ce1 t no prud5t man1 h[ev] sure ( 8 pr9ciples1 d>es prophesy conc]n+ any ev5t1 or =etell ! remote consequ5ces ( ?+s4 ,a physician w n v5ture to pron\nce conc]n+ ! condition ( 8 pati5t a =tnight or a mon? aft]3 & /ill less d>es a politician =etell ! situation ( public affairs a few ye>s h5ce4 ,h>r+ton ?\ght himself s sure ( 8 g5]al pr9ciple1 t ! balance ( p[] dep5ds on t ( prop]ty1 t he v5tur$ to pron\nce x impossible ev] to ree/abli% mon>*y 9 ,engl&3 b 8 book 0 sc>cely publi%$ :5 ! k+ 0 re/or$2 & we see t mon>*y has ev] s9ce subsi/$ ^u ! same foot+ z be=e4 ,not)/&+ ?is unlucky example1 ,i w v5ture to exam9e an important "q1 to wit1 ,:e!r ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t incl9es m to absolute mon>*y or to a republic2 & 9 :i* ( ^! two species ( gov]nm5t x w mo/ probably t]m9ate8 ,z !re seems n to be any great dang] ( a sudd5 revolution ei!r way1 ,i %all at lea/ escape ! %ame att5d+ my tem]ity1 if ,i %\ld be f\nd to h be5 mi/ak54 ,^? :o ass]t t ! balance ( our gov]nm5t incl9es t[>ds absolute mon>*y1 may support _! op9ion by ! foll[+ reasons3 ,t prop]ty has a great influ5ce on p[] _c possibly be d5i$2 b yet ! g5]al maxim1 t ! balance ( ! "o dep5ds on ! balance ( ! o!r1 mu/ be receiv$ ) sev]al limitations4 ,x is evid5t1 t mu* less prop]ty 9 a s+le h& w be able to c\nt]balance a great] prop]ty 9 sev]al2 n only because x is difficult to make _m p]sons comb9e 9 ! same views & measures1 b because prop]ty1 :5 unit$1 causes mu* great] dep5d5ce ?an ! same prop]ty :5 disp]s$4 ,a hundr$ p]sons ( #a1jjj a ye> apiece1 c consume all _! income1 & nobody %all ev] be ! bett] = !m1 except _! s]vants & tradesm51 :o ju/ly reg>d _! pr(its z ! product ( _! own lab\r4 ,b a man possess$ ( #ajj1jjj a ye>1 if he has ei!r any g5]osity or any cunn+1 may create a great dep5d5ce by obligations1 & /ill a great] by expectations4 ,h5ce we may obs]ve1 t1 9 all free gov]nm5ts1 any subject exorbitantly ri* has always creat$ jeal\sy1 ev5 ?\gh 8 ri*es bore no proportion to ^? ( ! /ate4 ,crassus's =tune1 if ,i rememb] well1 am\nt$ only to ab\t two millions & a half ( our money2 yet we f9d1 t ?\gh 8 g5ius 0 no?+ extraord9>y1 he 0 able1 by means ( 8 ri*es alone1 to c\nt]balance1 dur+ 8 lifetime1 ! p[] ( ,pompey1 z well z t ( ,cs>1 :o aft]w>ds became ma/] ( ! _w4 ,! weal? ( ! ,m$ici made !m ma/]s ( ,flor5ce1 ?\gh x is probable x 0 n consid]able1 comp>$ to ! unit$ prop]ty ( t opul5t republic4 ,^! consid]ations are apt to make "o ent]ta9 a magnific5t idea ( ! ,briti% _s & love ( lib]ty1 s9ce we c\ld ma9ta9 our free gov]nm5t1 dur+ s _m c5turies1 aga9/ our sov]eigns1 :o1 besides ! p[]1 & dignity1 & maje/y ( ! cr[n1 h always be5 possess$ ( mu* m prop]ty ?an any subject has ev] enjoy$ 9 any commonweal?4 ,b x may be said t ?is _s1 h[ev] great1 w nev] be able to support itself aga9/ t imm5se prop]ty :i* is n[ lodg$ 9 ! k+1 & :i* is /ill increas+4 ,^u a mod]ate computation1 !re are ne> ?ree millions a ye> at ! disposal ( ! cr[n4 ,! civil li/ am\nts to ne> a million2 ! collection ( all taxes to ano!r2 & ! employm5ts 9 ! army & navy1 toge!r ) ecclesia/ical pref]m5ts1 to above a ?ird million3--an enorm\s sum1 & :at may fairly be comput$ to be m ?an a ?irtie? "p ( ! :ole income & lab\r ( ! k+dom4 ,:5 we add to ?is great prop]ty ! increas+ luxury ( ! nation1 our pron5ess to corruption1 toge!r ) ! great p[] & pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n1 & ! comm& ( milit>y =ce1 !re is no "o b mu/ despair ( be+ able1 )\t extraord9>y ef=ts1 to support our free gov]nm5t mu* long] "u ^! disadvantages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! bias ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t leans t[>ds a republic1 may support _! op9ions by speci\s argum5ts4 ,x may be said1 t ?\gh ?is imm5se prop]ty 9 ! cr[n be jo9$ to ! dignity ( fir/ magi/rate1 & to _m o!r legal p[]s & pr]ogatives1 :i* %\ld naturally give x great] influ5ce2 yet x really becomes less dang]\s to lib]ty ^u t v acc\nt4 ,7 ,engl& a republic1 & 7 any private man possess$ ( a rev5ue1 a ?ird1 or ev5 a t5? "p z l>ge z t ( ! cr[n1 he w\ld v ju/ly excite jeal\sy2 because he w\ld infallibly h great au?ority 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,& su* an irregul> au?ority1 n av[$ by ! laws1 is always m dang]\s ?an a mu* great] au?ority d]iv$ f !m4 ,a man possess$ ( usurp$ p[] c set no b\nds to 8 pret5sions3 8 p>tisans h lib]ty to hope = e ?+ 9 8 fav\r3 8 enemies provoke 8 ambition ) 8 fe>s1 by ! viol5ce ( _! opposition3 & ! gov]nm5t be+ ?r[n into a f]m5t1 e corrupt$ hum\r 9 ! /ate naturally ga!rs to him4 ,on ! contr>y1 a legal au?ority1 ?\gh great1 has always "s b\nds1 :i* t]m9ate bo? ! hopes & pret5sions ( ! p]son possess$ ( x3 ! laws mu/ h provid$ a rem$y aga9/ its excesses3 su* an em95t magi/rate has mu* to fe>1 & little to hope1 f 8 usurpations3 & z 8 legal au?ority is quietly submitt$ to1 he has small temptation & small opportunity ( ext5d+ x fur!r4 ,besides1 x happ5s1 ) reg>d to ambiti\s aims & projects1 :at may be obs]v$ ) reg>d to sects ( philosophy & religion4 ,a new sect excites su* a f]m5t1 & is bo? oppos$ & def5d$ ) su* vehem5ce1 t x always spreads fa/]1 & multiplies its p>tisans ) great] rapidity ?an any old e/abli%$ op9ion1 recomm5d$ by ! sanction ( ! laws & ( antiquity4 ,su* is ! nature ( novelty1 t1 :]e any ?+ pleases1 x becomes d\bly agreeable1 if new3 b if x displeases1 x is d\bly displeas+ ^u t v acc\nt4 ,&1 9 mo/ cases1 ! viol5ce ( enemies is fav\rable to ambiti\s projects1 z well z ! zeal ( p>tisans4 ,x may fur!r be said1 t1 ?\gh m5 be mu* gov]n$ by int]e/1 yet ev5 int]e/ itself1 & all human affairs1 are entirely gov]n$ by op9ion4 ,n[1 !re has be5 a sudd5 & s5sible *ange 9 ! op9ions ( m5 )9 ^! la/ fifty ye>s1 by ! progress ( le>n+ & ( lib]ty4 ,mo/ p 9 ?is ,isl& h dive/$ !mselves ( all sup]/iti\s rev]5ce to names & au?ority3 ! cl]gy h mu* lo/ _! cr$it3 _! pret5sions & doctr9es h be5 ridicul$2 & ev5 religion c sc>cely support itself 9 ! _w4 ,! m]e "n ( k+ comm&s little respect2 & to talk ( a k+ z ,god's viceg]5t on e>?1 or to give him any ( ^? magnific5t titles :i* =m]ly dazzl$ mank9d1 w\ld b excite laught] 9 e "o4 ,?\gh ! cr[n1 by means ( its l>ge rev5ue1 may ma9ta9 its au?ority1 9 times ( tranquillity1 ^u private int]e/ & influ5ce1 yet1 z ! lea/ %ock or convulsion mu/ break all ^! int]e/s to pieces1 ! royal p[]1 be+ no long] support$ by ! settl$ pr9ciples & op9ions ( m51 w imm$iately dissolve4 ,_h m5 be5 9 ! same disposition at ! ,revolution1 z !y are at pres5t1 mon>*y w\ld h run a great risk ( be+ entirely lo/ 9 ?is ,isl&4 ,dur/ ,i v5ture to deliv] my own s5tim5ts amid/ ^! opposite argum5ts1 ,i w\ld ass]t1 t1 unless !re happ5 "s extraord9>y convulsion1 ! p[] ( ! cr[n1 by means ( its l>ge rev5ue1 is r ^u ! increase2 ?\gh at ! same "t1 ,i own t its progress seems v sl[1 & almo/ ins5sible4 ,! tide has run long1 & ) "s rapidity1 to ! side ( popul> gov]nm5t1 & is j beg9n+ to turn t[>ds mon>*y4 ,x is well kn[n1 t e gov]nm5t mu/ come to a p]iod1 & t dea? is unavoidable to ! political1 z well z to ! animal body4 ,b1 z "o k9d ( dea? may be pref]able to ano!r1 x may be inquir$1 :e!r x be m desirable = ! ,briti% con/itution to t]m9ate 9 a popul> gov]nm5t1 or 9 an absolute mon>*y8 ,"h ,i w\ld frankly decl>e1 t ?\gh lib]ty be pref]able to slav]y1 9 almo/ e case2 yet ,i %\ld r wi% to see an absolute mon>* ?an a republic 9 ?is ,isl&4 ,= let u consid] :at k9d ( republic we h reason to expect4 ,! "q is n conc]n+ any f9e imag9>y republic1 ( :i* a man =ms a plan 9 8 closet4 ,!re is no d\bt b a popul> gov]nm5t may be imag9$ m p]fect ?an an absolute mon>*y1 or ev5 ?an our pres5t con/itution4 ,b :at reason h we to expect t any su* gov]nm5t w ev] be e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ^u ! dissolution ( our mon>*y8 ,if any s+le p]son acquire p[] en\gh to take our con/itution to pieces1 & put x up anew1 he is really an absolute mon>*2 & we h already _h an in/ance ( ?is k9d1 suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t su* a p]son w nev] resign 8 p[]1 or e/abli% any free gov]nm5t4 ,matt]s1 !re=e1 mu/ be tru/$ to _! natural progress & op]ation2 & ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 accord+ to its pres5t con/itution1 mu/ be ! only legislature 9 su* a popul> gov]nm5t4 ,! inconv5i5ces att5d+ su* a situation ( affairs pres5t !mselves by ?\s&s4 ,if ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 su* a case1 ev] dissolve itself1 :i* is n to be expect$1 we may look = a civil w> e election4 ,if x cont9ue itself1 we %all suff] all ! tyranny ( a faction sub-divid$ into new factions4 ,&1 z su* a viol5t gov]nm5t _c long subsi/1 we %all1 at la/1 aft] _m convulsions & civil w>s1 f9d repose 9 absolute mon>*y1 :i* x w\ld h be5 happi] = u to h e/abli%$ peaceably f ! beg9n+4 ,absolute mon>*y1 !re=e1 is ! easie/ dea?1 ! true ,eu?anasia ( ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,?us1 if we h reason to be m jeal\s ( mon>*y1 because ! dang] is m imm95t f t qu>t]2 we h also reason to be m jeal\s ( popul> gov]nm5t1 because t dang] is m t]rible4 ,?is may tea* u a lesson ( mod]ation 9 all our political controv]sies4 ,,( ,,p>ties ,,9 ,,g5]al ,( all m5 t di/+ui% !mselves by memorable a*ievem5ts1 ! fir/ place ( hon\r seems due to ,,legislators & f\nd]s ( /ates1 :o transmit a sy/em ( laws & in/itutions to secure ! peace1 happ9ess1 & lib]ty ( future g5]ations4 ,! influ5ce ( useful inv5tions 9 ! arts & sci5ces may1 p]haps1 ext5d fur!r ?an t ( wise laws1 ^: effects are limit$ bo? 9 "t & place2 b ! b5efit aris+ f ! =m] is n s s5sible z t :i* results f ! latt]4 ,speculative sci5ces d1 inde$1 improve ! m9d1 b ?is advantage rea*es only to a few p]sons1 :o h leisure to apply !mselves to !m4 ,& z to practical arts1 :i* increase ! commodities & enjoym5ts ( life1 x is well kn[n t m5's happ9ess consi/s n s mu* 9 an abundance ( ^!1 z 9 ! peace & security ) :i* !y possess !m3 & ^? bless+s c only be d]iv$ f good gov]nm5t4 ,n to m5tion1 t g5]al virtue & good morals 9 a /ate1 :i* are s requisite to happ9ess1 c nev] arise f ! mo/ ref9$ precepts ( philosophy1 or ev5 ! sev]e/ injunctions ( religion2 b mu/ proce$ entirely f ! virtu\s education ( y\?1 ! effect ( wise laws & in/itutions4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 presume to diff] f ,"l ,bacon 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & mu/ reg>d antiquity z some:at unju/ 9 its di/ribution ( hon\rs1 :5 x made gods ( all ! inv5tors ( useful arts1 su* z ,c]es1 ,bac*us1 sculapius & dignifi$ legislators1 su* z ,romulus & ,!seus1 only ) ! appellation ( demigods & h]oes4 ,z mu* z legislators & f\nd]s ( /ates ought to be hon\r$ & respect$ among m51 z mu* ought ! f\nd]s ( sects & factions to be dete/$ & hat$2 because ! influ5ce ( faction is directly contr>y to t ( laws4 ,factions subv]t gov]nm5t1 r5d] laws impot5t1 & beget ! fi]ce/ animosities among m5 ( ! same nation1 :o ought to give mutual assi/ance & protection to ea* o!r4 ,& :at %\ld r5d] ! f\nd]s ( p>ties m odi\s1 is ! difficulty ( extirpat+ ^! we$s1 :5 once !y h tak5 root 9 any /ate4 ,!y naturally propagate !mselves = _m c5turies1 & seldom end b by ! total dissolution ( t gov]nm5t1 9 :i* !y are s[n4 ,!y are1 besides1 plants :i* gr[ mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! ri*e/ soil2 & ?\gh absolute gov]nm5ts be n :olly free f !m1 x mu/ be confess$1 t !y rise m easily1 & propagate !mselves fa/] 9 free gov]nm5ts1 :]e !y always infect ! legislature itself1 :i* alone c\ld be able1 by ! /eady application ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 to eradicate !m4 ,factions may be divid$ into ,p]sonal & ,real2 t is1 into factions f\nd$ on p]sonal fri5d%ip or animosity among su* z compose ! cont5d+ p>ties1 & into ^? f\nd$ on "s real diff]5ce ( s5tim5t or int]e/4 ,! reason ( ?is di/9ction is obvi\s1 ?\gh ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t p>ties are seldom f\nd pure & unmix$1 ei!r ( ! "o k9d or ! o!r4 ,x is n (t5 se51 t a gov]nm5t divides into factions1 :]e !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! views ( ! con/itu5t memb]s1 ei!r real or app>5t1 trivial or mat]ial3 & 9 ^? factions1 :i* are f\nd$ on ! mo/ real & mo/ mat]ial diff]5ce1 !re is always obs]v$ a great deal ( p]sonal animosity or affection4 ,b not)/&+ ?is mixture1 a p>ty may be d5om9at$ ei!r p]sonal or real1 accord+ to t pr9ciple :i* is pr$om9ant1 & is f\nd to h ! greate/ influ5ce4 ,p]sonal factions arise mo/ easily 9 small republics4 ,e dome/ic qu>rel1 !re1 becomes an affair ( /ate4 ,love1 vanity1 emulation1 any passion1 z well z ambition & res5tm5t1 begets public division4 ,! ,,n]i & ,,bian*i ( ,flor5ce1 ! ,,fregosi & ,,adorni ( ,g5oa1 ! ,,colonnesi & ,,ors9i ( mod]n ,rome1 7 p>ties ( ?is k9d4 ,m5 h su* a prop5sity to divide into p]sonal factions1 t ! smalle/ appe>ance ( real diff]5ce w produce !m4 ,:at c be imag9$ m trivial ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o col\r ( liv]y & ano!r 9 horse races8 ,yet ?is diff]5ce begat two mo/ invet]ate factions 9 ! ,greek empire1 ! ,,pras9i & ,,v5eti1 :o nev] susp5d$ _! animosities till !y ru9$ t unhappy gov]nm5t4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,roman hi/ory a rem>kable diss5sion betwe5 two tribes1 ! ,,pollia & ,,papiria1 :i* cont9u$ = ! space ( ne> ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & discov]$ itself 9 _! suffrages at e election ( magi/rates4 ,?is faction 0 ! m rem>kable1 z x c\ld cont9ue = s long a tract ( "t2 ev5 ?\gh x did n spread itself1 nor draw any ( ! o!r tribes into a %>e ( ! qu>rel4 ,if mank9d _h n a /rong prop5sity to su* divisions1 ! indiff]5ce ( ! re/ ( ! community mu/ h suppress$ ?is fooli% animosity1 t _h n any alim5t ( new b5efits & injuries1 ( g5]al sympa?y & antipa?y1 :i* nev] fail to take place1 :5 ! :ole /ate is r5t into equal factions4 ,no?+ is m usual ?an to see p>ties1 :i* h begun ^u a real diff]5ce1 cont9ue ev5 aft] t diff]5ce is lo/4 ,:5 m5 are once enli/$ on opposite sides1 !y contract an affection to ! p]sons ) :om !y are unit$1 & an animosity aga9/ _! antagoni/s2 & ^! passions !y (t5 transmit to _! po/]ity4 ,! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,guelf & ,ghibell9e 0 long lo/ 9 ,italy1 be=e ^! factions 7 ext+ui%$4 ,! ,guelfs adh]$ to ! pope1 ! ,ghibell9es to ! emp]or2 yet ! family ( ,s=za1 :o 7 9 alliance ) ! emp]or1 ?\gh !y 7 ,guelfs1 be+ expell$ ,milan by ! k+ ( ,france1 assi/$ by ,jacomo ,trivulzio & ! ,ghibell9es1 ! pope concurr$ ) ! latt]1 & !y =m$ leagues ) ! pope aga9/ ! emp]or4 ,! civil w>s :i* arose "s few ye>s ago 9 ,morocco betwe5 ! ,blacks & ,:ites1 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! complexion1 are f\nd$ on a pleasant diff]5ce4 ,we laugh at !m2 b1 ,i believe1 7 ?+s rightly exam9$1 we af=d mu* m occasion ( ridicule to ! ,moors4 ,=1 :at are all ! w>s ( religion1 :i* h prevail$ 9 ?is polite & kn[+ "p ( ! _w8 ,!y are c]ta9ly m absurd ?an ! ,moori% civil w>s4 ,! diff]5ce ( complexion is a s5sible & a real diff]5ce2 b ! controv]sy ab\t an article ( fai?1 :i* is utt]ly absurd & un9telligible1 is n a diff]5ce 9 s5tim5t1 b 9 a few phrases & expressions1 :i* "o p>ty accepts ( )\t und]/&+ !m1 & ! o!r refuses 9 ! same mann]4#a ,real factions may be divid$ into ^? f int]e/1 f pr9ciple1 & f affection4 ,( all factions1 ! fir/ are ! mo/ reasonable1 & ! mo/ excusable4 ,:]e two ord]s ( m51 su* z ! nobles & p1 h a di/9ct au?ority 9 a gov]nm5t1 n v accurately balanc$ & modell$1 !y naturally foll[ a di/9ct int]e/2 nor c we reasonably expect a diff]5t conduct1 consid]+ t degree ( selfi%ness implant$ 9 human nature4 ,x requires great skill 9 a legislator to prev5t su* p>ties2 & _m philosoph]s are ( op9ion1 t ?is secret1 l ! gr& elixir1 or p]petual motion1 may amuse m5 9 !ory1 b c nev] possibly be r$uc$ to practice4 ,9 despotic gov]nm5ts1 inde$1 factions (t5 d n appe>2 b !y are n ! less real2 or r1 !y are m real & m p]nici\s ^u t v acc\nt4 ,! di/9ct ord]s ( m51 nobles & p1 soldi]s & m]*ants1 h all a di/9ct int]e/2 b ! m p[]ful oppresses ! weak] ) impunity1 & )\t resi/ance2 :i* begets a seem+ tranquillity 9 su* gov]nm5ts4 ,!re has be5 an attempt 9 ,engl& to divide ! l&$ & trad+ "p ( ! nation2 b )\t success4 ,! int]e/s ( ^! two bodies are n really di/9ct1 & nev] w be s1 till our public debts increase to su* a degree z to become altoge!r oppressive & intol]able4 ,p>ties f pr9ciple1 especially ab/ract speculative pr9ciple1 are kn[n only to mod]n times1 & are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ extraord9>y & unacc\ntable ph5om5on t has yet appe>$ 9 human affairs4 ,:]e diff]5t pr9ciples beget a contr>iety ( conduct1 :i* is ! case ) all diff]5t political pr9ciples1 ! matt] may be m easily expla9$4 ,a man :o e/eems ! true "r ( gov]nm5t to lie 9 "o man1 or "o family1 _c easily agree ) 8 fell[-citiz51 :o ?9ks t ano!r man or family is possess$ ( ?is "r4 ,ea* naturally wi%es t "r may take place1 accord+ to 8 own notions ( x4 ,b :]e ! diff]5ce ( pr9ciple is att5d$ ) no contr>iety ( action1 b e "o may foll[ 8 own way1 )\t int]f]+ ) 8 neighb\r1 z happ5s 9 all religi\s controv]sies1 :at madness1 :at fury1 c beget su* an unhappy & su* fatal divisions8 ,two m5 travell+ on ! highway1 ! "o ea/1 ! o!r we/1 c easily pass ea* o!r1 if ! way be broad en\gh3 b two m51 reason+ ^u opposite pr9ciples ( religion1 _c s easily pass1 )\t %ock+1 ?\gh "o %\ld ?9k1 t ! way 7 also1 9 t case1 suffici5tly broad & t ea* might proce$1 )\t int]ruption1 9 8 own c\rse4 ,b su* is ! nature ( ! human m9d1 t x always lays hold on e m9d t approa*es x2 & z x is wond]fully =tifi$ by an unanimity ( s5tim5ts1 s x is %ock$ & di/urb$ by any contr>iety4 ,h5ce ! eag]ness :i* mo/ p discov] 9 a dispute2 & h5ce _! impati5ce ( opposition1 ev5 9 ! mo/ speculative & indiff]5t op9ions4 ,?is pr9ciple1 h[ev] frivol\s x may appe>1 seems to h be5 ! orig9 ( all religi\s w>s & divisions4 ,b z ?is pr9ciple is univ]sal 9 human nature1 its effects w\ld n h be5 conf9$ to "o age1 & to "o sect ( religion1 did x n !re concur ) o!r m accid5tal causes1 :i* raise x to su* a height z to produce ! greate/ mis]y & deva/ation4 ,mo/ religions ( ! anci5t _w arose 9 ! unkn[n ages ( gov]nm5t1 :5 m5 7 z yet b>b>\s & un9/ruct$1 & ! pr9ce1 z well z peasant1 0 dispos$ to receive1 ) implicit fai?1 e pi\s tale or fiction :i* 0 (f]$ him4 ,! magi/rate embrac$ ! religion ( ! p1 &1 ent]+ cordially into ! c>e ( sacr$ matt]s1 naturally acquir$ an au?ority 9 !m1 & unit$ ! ecclesia/ical ) ! civil p[]4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian religion aris+1 :ile pr9ciples directly opposite to x 7 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! polite "p ( ! _w1 :o despis$ ! nation t fir/ broa*$ ?is novelty2 no wond] t1 9 su* circum/ances1 x 0 b little c\nt5anc$ by ! civil magi/rate1 & t ! prie/hood 0 all[$ to engross all ! au?ority 9 ! new sect4 ,s bad a use did !y make ( ?is p[]1 ev5 9 ^? e>ly times1 t ! primitive p]secutions may1 p]haps 9 "p1#b be ascrib$ to ! viol5ce in/ill$ by !m into _! foll[]s4 ,& ! same pr9ciples ( prie/ly gov]nm5t cont9u+1 aft] ,*ri/ianity became ! e/abli%$ religion1 !y h eng5d]$ a _s ( p]secution1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 ! poison ( human society1 & ! s\rce ( ! mo/ invet]ate factions 9 e gov]nm5t4 ,su* divisions1 !re=e1 on ! "p ( ! p1 may ju/ly be e/eem$ factions ( pr9ciple1 b1 on ! "p ( ! prie/s1 :o are ! prime mov]s1 !y are really factions ( int]e/4 ,!re is ano!r cause 7beside ! au?ority ( ! prie/s1 & ! sep>ation ( ! ecclesia/ical & civil p[]s71 :i* has contribut$ to r5d] ,*ri/5dom ! sc5e ( religi\s w>s & divisions4 ,religions t arise 9 ages totally ignorant & b>b>\s1 consi/ mo/ly ( traditional tales & fictions1 :i* may be diff]5t 9 e sect1 )\t be+ contr>y to ea* o!r2 & ev5 :5 !y are contr>y1 e "o adh]es to ! tradition ( 8 own sect1 )\t mu* reason+ or disputation4 ,b z philosophy 0 widely spread ov] ! _w at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ianity arose1 ! tea*]s ( ! new sect 7 oblig$ to =m a sy/em ( speculative op9ions1 to divide1 ) "s accuracy1 _! articles ( fai?1 & to expla91 comm5t1 confute1 & def5d1 ) all ! subtlety ( argum5t & sci5ce4 ,h5ce naturally arose ke5ness 9 dispute1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion came to be split into new divisions & h]esies3 & ?is ke5ness assi/$ ! prie/s 9 ! policy ( begett+ a mutual hatr$ & antipa?y among _! delud$ foll[]s4 ,sects ( philosophy1 9 ! anci5t _w1 7 m zeal\s ?an p>ties ( religion2 b1 9 mod]n times1 p>ties ( religion are m furi\s & enrag$ ?an ! mo/ cruel factions t ev] arose f int]e/ & ambition4 ,i h m5tion$ p>ties f affection z a k9d ( real p>ties1 beside ^? f int]e/ & pr9ciple4 ,by p>ties f affection1 ,i und]/& ^? :i* are f\nd$ on ! diff]5t atta*m5ts ( m5 t[>ds p>ticul> families & p]sons :om !y desire to rule ov] !m4 ,^! factions are (t5 v viol5t2 ?\gh1 ,i mu/ own1 x may seem unacc\ntable t m5 %\ld atta* !mselves s /rongly to p]sons ) :om !y are n[ise acqua9t$1 :om p]haps !y nev] saw1 & f :om !y nev] receiv$1 nor c ev] hope =1 any fav\r4 ,yet ?is we (t5 f9d to be ! case1 & ev5 ) m51 :o1 on o!r occasions1 discov] no great g5]osity ( _s1 nor are f\nd to be easily transport$ by fri5d%ip beyond _! own int]e/4 ,we are apt to ?9k ! relation betwe5 u & our sov]eign v close & intimate4 ,! spl5d\r ( maje/y & p[] be/[s an importance on ! =tunes ev5 ( a s+le p]son4 ,& :5 a man's good-nature does n give him ?is imag9>y int]e/1 8 ill-nature w1 f spite & opposition to p]sons ^: s5tim5ts are diff]5t f 8 own4 #a ,besides ,i d n f9d t ! ,:ites 9 ,morocco ev] impos$ on ! ,blacks any necessity pi alt]+ _! complexion1 or fright5$ !m ) inquisitions & p5al laws 9 case ( ob/9acy4 ,nor h ! ,blacks be5 m unreasonable 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,b is a man's op9ion1 :]e he is able to =m a real op9ion1 m at 8 disposal ?an 8 complexion8 ,& c "o be induc$ by =ce or fe> to d m ?an pa9t & disguise 9 ! "o case z well z 9 ! o!r4 #b ,i say 9 "p2 = x is a vulg> error to imag9e1 t ! anci5ts 7 z great fri5ds to tol]ation z ! ,engli% or ,dut* are at pres5t4 ,! laws aga9/ ext]nal sup]/ition1 among ! ,romans1 7 z anci5t z ! "t ( ! ,twelve ,tables2 & ! ,jews1 z well z ,*ri/ians1 7 sometimes puni%$ by !m2 ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 ^! laws 7 n rigor\sly execut$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! conque/ ( ,gaul1 !y =bade all b ! natives to be initiat$ into ! religion ( ! ,druids2 & ?is 0 a k9d ( p]secution4 ,9 ab\t a c5tury aft] ?is conque/1 ! emp]or ,claudius q aboli%$ t sup]/ition by p5al laws2 :i* w\ld h be5 a v griev\s p]secution1 if ! imitation ( ! ,roman mann]s _h n1 be=eh&1 wean$ ! ,gauls f _! anci5t prejudices4 ,suetonius 9 vita ,claudii4 ,pl9y ascribes ! abolition ( ! ,druidical sup]/itions to ,tib]ius1 probably because t emp]or _h tak5 "s /eps t[>ds re/ra9+ !m 7lib4 xxx4 cap4 i74 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! usual caution & mod]ation ( ! ,romans 9 su* cases2 & v diff]5t f _! viol5t & sangu9>y me?od ( treat+ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,h5ce we may ent]ta9 a suspicion1 t ^? furi\s p]secutions ( ,*ri/ianity 7 9 "s measure ow+ to ! imprud5t zeal & bigotry ( ! fir/ propagators ( t sect2 & ecclesia/ical hi/ory af=ds u _m reasons to confirm ?is suspicion4 ,,( ,,! ,,p>ties ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,7 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t propos$ z a subject ( speculation1 "o w\ld imm$iately p]ceive 9 x a s\rce ( division & p>ty1 :i* x w\ld be almo/ impossible = x1 "u any adm9i/ration1 to avoid4 ,! j balance betwe5 ! republican & mon>*ical "p ( our con/itution is really 9 itself s extremely delicate & unc]ta91 t1 :5 jo9$ to m5's passions & prejudices1 x is impossible b diff]5t op9ions mu/ arise conc]n+ x1 ev5 among p]sons ( ! be/ und]/&+4 ,^? ( mild temp]s1 :o love peace & ord]1 & dete/ s$ition & civil w>s1 w always ent]ta9 m fav\rable s5tim5ts ( mon>*y ?an m5 ( bold & g5]\s spirits1 :o are passionate lov]s ( lib]ty1 & ?9k no evil comp>able to subjection & slav]y4 ,& ?\gh all reasonable m5 agree 9 g5]al to pres]ve our mix$ gov]nm5t1 yet1 :5 !y come to p>ticul>s1 "s w incl9e to tru/ great] p[]s to ! cr[n1 to be/[ on x m influ5ce1 & to gu>d aga9/ its encroa*m5ts ) less caution1 ?an o!rs :o are t]rifi$ at ! mo/ di/ant approa*es ( tyranny & despotic p[]4 ,?us are !re p>ties ( ,,pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! v nature ( our con/itution1 :i* may prop]ly en\gh he d5om9at$ ^? ( ,,c\rt & ,,c\ntry4#a ,! /r5g? & viol5ce ( ea* ( ^! p>ties w mu* dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> adm9i/ration4 ,an adm9i/ration may be s bad1 z to ?r[ a great majority into ! opposition2 z a good adm9i/ration w reconcile to ! c\rt _m ( ! mo/ passionate lov]s ( lib]ty4 ,b h[ev] ! nation may fluctuate betwe5 !m1 ! p>ties !mselves w always subsi/1 s long z we are gov]n$ by a limit$ mon>*y4 ,b1 besides ?is diff]5ce ( ,pr9ciple1 ^? p>ties are v mu* fom5t$ by a diff]5ce ( ,,int]e/1 )\t :i* !y c\ld sc>cely ev] be dang]\s or viol5t4 ,! cr[n w naturally be/[ all tru/ & p[] ^u ^? ^: pr9ciples1 real or pret5d$1 are mo/ fav\rable to mon>*ical gov]nm5t2 & ?is temptation w naturally engage !m to g great] l5g?s ?an _! pr9ciples w\ld o!rwise c>ry !m4 ,_! antagoni/s1 :o are disappo9t$ 9 _! ambiti\s aims1 ?r[ !mselves into ! p>ty ^: s5tim5ts incl9e !m to be mo/ jeal\s ( royal p[]1 & naturally c>ry ^? s5tim5ts to a great] height ?an s\nd politics w ju/ify4 ,?us ,c\rt & ,c\ntry1 :i* are ! g5u9e (fspr+ ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 are a k9d ( mix$ p>ties1 & are influ5c$ bo? by pr9ciple & by int]e/4 ,! heads ( ! factions are commonly mo/ gov]n$ by ! latt] motive2 ! inf]ior memb]s ( !m by ! =m]4#b ,z to ecclesia/ical p>ties1 we may obs]ve1 t1 9 all ages ( ! _w1 prie/s h be5 enemies to lib]ty2#c &1 x is c]ta91 t ?is /eady conduct ( !irs mu/ h be5 f\nd$ on fix$ reasons ( int]e/ & ambition4 ,lib]ty ( ?9k+1 & ( express+ our ?\ghts1 is always fatal to prie/ly p[]1 & to ^? pi\s frauds on :i* x is commonly f\nd$2 &1 by an infallible connection1 :i* prevails among all k9ds ( lib]ty1 ?is privilege c nev] be enjoy$1 at lea/ has nev] yet be5 enjoy$1 b 9 a free gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce x mu/ happ51 9 su* a con/itution z t ( ,great ,brita91 t ! e/abli%$ cl]gy1 :ile ?+s are 9 _! natural situation1 w always be ( ! ,c\rt p>ty2 z1 on ! contr>y1 diss5t]s ( all k9ds w be ( ! ,c\ntry p>ty2 s9ce !y c nev] hope = t tol]ation :i* !y /& 9 ne$ (1 b by means ( our free gov]nm5t4 ,all pr9ces t h aim$ at despotic p[] h kn[n ( :at importance x 0 to ga9 ! e/abli%$ cl]gy2 z ! cl]gy1 on _! "p1 h %[n a great facility 9 ent]+ into ! views ( su* pr9ces4 ,gu/avus ,vasa 01 p]haps1 ! only ambiti\s mon>* t ev] depress$ ! *ur*1 at ! same "t t he disc\rag$ lib]ty4 ,b ! exorbitant p[] ( ! bi%ops 9 ,sw$51 :o at t "t ov]topp$ ! cr[n itself1 toge!r ) _! atta*m5t to a =eign family1 0 ! reason ( 8 embrac+ su* an unusual sy/em ( politics4 ,?is obs]vation1 conc]n+ prop5sity ( prie/s to ! gov]nm5t ( a s+le p]son1 is n true ) reg>d to "o sect only4 ,! ,presbyt]ian & ,calv9i/ic cl]gy 9 ,holl&1 7 pr(ess$ fri5ds to ! family ( ,orange2 z ! ,arm9ians1 :o 7 e/eem$ h]etics1 7 ( ! ,l\ve/e9 faction1 & zeal\s = lib]ty4 ,b if a pr9ce h ! *oice ( bo?1 x is easy to see t he w pref] ! ,episcopal to ! ,presbyt]ian =m ( gov]nm5t1 bo? because ( ! great] aff9ity betwe5 mon>*y & episcopacy1 & because ( ! facility :i* he w f9d1 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 ( rul+ ! cl]gy by means ( _! ecclesia/ical sup]iors4 ,if we consid] ! fir/ rise ( p>ties 9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! great rebellion1 we %all obs]ve t x 0 con=mable to ?is g5]al !ory1 & t ! species ( gov]nm5t gave bir? to !m by a regul> & infallible op]ation4 ,! ,engli% con/itution1 be=e t p]iod1 _h la9 9 a k9d ( confusion1 yet s z t ! subjects possess$ _m noble privileges1 :i*1 ?\gh n exactly b\nd$ & secur$ by law1 7 univ]sally deem$1 f long possession1 to belong to !m z _! bir?right4 ,an ambiti\s1 or r a misguid$1 pr9ce arose1 :o deem$ all ^! privileges to be concessions ( 8 pr$ecessors1 revocable at pleasure2 &1 9 prosecution ( ?is pr9ciple1 he op5ly act$ 9 violation ( lib]ty dur+ ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s4 ,necessity1 at la/1 con/ra9$ him to call a p>liam5t2 ! _s ( lib]ty arose & spread itself2 ! pr9ce1 be+ )\t any support1 0 oblig$ to grant e ?+ requir$ ( him2 & 8 enemies1 jeal\s & implacable1 set no b\nds to _! pret5sions4 ,"h1 !n1 began ^? conte/s 9 :i* x 0 no wond] t m5 ( t age 7 divid$ into diff]5t p>ties2 s9ce1 ev5 at ?is day1 ! imp>tial are at a loss to decide conc]n+ ! ju/ice ( ! qu>rel4 ,! pret5sions ( ! p>liam5t1 if yield$ to1 broke ! balance ( ! con/itution1 by r5d]+ ! gov]nm5t almo/ entirely republican4 ,if n yield$ to1 ! nation 01 p]haps1 /ill 9 dang] ( absolute p[]1 f ! settl$ pr9ciples & invet]ate habits ( ! k+1 :i* _h pla9ly appe>$ 9 e concession t he _h be5 con/ra9$ to make to 8 p4 ,9 ?is "q1 s delicate & unc]ta91 m5 naturally fell to ! side :i* 0 mo/ con=mable to _! usual pr9ciples2 & ! m passionate fav\r]s ( mon>*y decl>$ = ! k+1 z ! zeal\s fri5ds ( lib]ty sid$ ) ! p>liam5t4 ,! hopes ( success be+ ne>ly equal on bo? sides1 int]e/ _h no g5]al influ5ce 9 ?is conte/2 s t ,,r\ndhead & ,,cavali] 7 m]ely p>ties ( pr9ciple1 nei!r ( :i* dis[n$ ei!r mon>*y or lib]ty2 b ! =m] p>ty incl9$ mo/ to ! republican "p ( our gov]nm5t1 ! latt] to ! mon>*ical4 ,9 ?is respect1 !y may be consid]$ z c\rt & c\ntry p>ty1 inflam$ into a civil w>1 by an unhappy concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 & by ! turbul5t _s ( ! age4 ,! commonweal?'s m51 & ! p>tisans ( absolute p[]1 lay conceal$ 9 bo? p>ties1 & =m$ b an inconsid]able "p ( !m4 ,! cl]gy _h concurr$ ) ! k+'s arbitr>y designs2 &1 9 return1 7 all[$ to p]secute _! adv]s>ies1 :om !y call$ h]etics & s*ismatics4 ,! e/abli%$ cl]gy 7 ,episcopal1 ! noncon=mi/s ,presbyt]ian2 s t all ?+s concurr$ to ?r[ ! =m]1 )\t res]ve1 into ! k+'s p>ty1 & ! latt] into t ( ! p>liam5t4#d ,e "o kn[s ! ev5t ( ?is qu>rel2 fatal to ! k+ fir/1 to ! p>liam5t aft]w>ds4 ,aft] _m confusions & revolutions1 ! royal family 0 at la/ re/or$1 & ! anci5t gov]nm5t ree/abli%$4 ,*>les ,,ii 0 n made wis] by ! example ( 8 fa!r1 b prosecut$ ! same measures1 ?\gh1 at fir/1 ) m secrecy & caution4 ,new p>ties arose1 "u ! appellation ( ,:ig & ,tory1 :i* h cont9u$ ev] s9ce to conf\nd & di/ract our gov]nm5t4 ,to det]m9e ! nature ( ^! p>ties is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems t c be met )1 & is a pro( t hi/ory may conta9 que/ions z unc]ta9 z any to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ ab/ract sci5ces4 ,we h se5 ! conduct ( ! two p>ties1 dur+ ! c\rse ( sev5ty ye>s1 9 a va/ v>iety ( circum/ances1 possess$ ( p[]1 & depriv$ ( x1 dur+ peace1 & dur+ w>3 p]sons1 :o pr(ess !mselves ( "o side or o!r1 we meet ) e h\r1 9 company1 9 our pleasures1 9 our s]i\s occupations we ourselves are con/ra9$1 9 a mann]1 to take p>ty2 &1 liv+ 9 a c\ntry ( ! highe/ lib]ty1 e "o may op5ly decl>e all ! s5tim5ts & op9ions3 yet are we at a loss to tell ! nature1 pret5sions1 & pr9ciples1 ( ! diff]5t factions4#e ,:5 we comp>e ! p>ties ( ,,:ig & ,,tory ) ^? ( ,,r\ndhead & ,,cavali]1 ! mo/ obvi\s diff]5ce t appe>s betwe5 !m consi/s 9 ! pr9ciples ( passive ob$i5ce1 & indefeasible "r1 :i* 7 b little he>d ( among ! ,cavali]s1 b became ! univ]sal doctr9e1 & 7 e/eem$ ! true *>act]i/ic ( a ,tory4 ,7 ^! pr9ciples pu%$ into _! mo/ obvi\s consequ5ces1 !y imply a =mal r5unciation ( all our lib]ties1 & an av[al ( absolute mon>*y2 s9ce no?+ c be great] absurdity ?an a limit$ p[]1 :i* mu/ n be resi/$1 ev5 :5 x exce$s its limitations4 ,b1 z ! mo/ rational pr9ciples are (t5 b a weak c\nt]poise to passion1 x is no wond] t ^! absurd pr9ciples 7 f\nd too weak = t effect4 ,! ,tories1 z m51 7 enemies to oppression2 & also z ,engli%m51 !y 7 enemies to arbitr>y p[]4 ,_! zeal = lib]ty 01 p]haps1 less f]v5t ?an t ( _! antagoni/s1 b 0 suffici5t to make !m =get all _! g5]al pr9ciples1 :5 !y saw !mselves op5ly ?reat5$ ) a subv]sion ( ! anci5t gov]nm5t4 ,f ^! s5tim5ts arose ! ,revolution1 an ev5t ( mighty consequ5ce1 & ! firme/ f\ndation ( ,briti% lib]ty4 ,! conduct ( ! ,tories dur+ t ev5t1 & aft] x1 w af=d u a true insight into ! nature ( t p>ty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y appe> to h _h ! g5u9e s5tim5ts ( ,britons 9 _! affection = lib]ty1 & 9 _! det]m9$ resolution n to sacrifice x to any ab/ract pr9ciple :atsoev]1 or to any imag9>y rights ( pr9ces4 ,?is "p ( _! "* might ju/ly h be5 d\bt$ ( be=e ! ,revolution1 f ! obvi\s t5d5cy ( _! av[$ pr9ciples1 & f _! compliances ) a c\rt1 :i* seem$ to make little secret ( its arbitr>y designs4 ,! ,revolution %[$ !m to h be51 9 ?is respect1 no?+ b a g5u9e c\rt p>ty1 su* z might be expect$ 9 a ,briti% gov]nm5t2 t is1 lov]s ( lib]ty1 b great] lov]s ( mon>*y4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t !y c>ri$ _! mon>*ical pr9ciples fur!r ev5 9 practice1 b m s 9 !ory1 ?an 0 9 any degree consi/5t ) a limit$ gov]nm5t4 ,secondly1 ,nei!r _! pr9ciples nor affections concurr$1 entirely or he>tily1 ) ! settlem5t made at ! ,revolution1 or ) t :i* has s9ce tak5 place4 ,?is "p ( _! "* may seem opposite to ! =m]1 s9ce any o!r settlem5t1 9 ^? circum/ances ( ! nation1 mu/ probably h be5 dang]\s1 if n fatal1 to lib]ty4 ,b ! he>t ( man is made to reconcile contradictions2 & ?is contradiction is n great] ?an t betwe5 passive ob$i5ce & ! resi/ance employ$ at ! ,revolution4 ,a ,,tory1 !re=e1 s9ce ! ,revolution1 may be def9$1 9 a few words1 to be a lov] ( mon>*y1 ?\gh )\t ab&on+ lib]ty1 & a p>tisan ( ! family ( ,/u>t3 z a ,,:ig may be def9$ to be a lov] ( lib]ty1 ?\gh )\t r5\nc+ mon>*y1 & a fri5d to ! settlem5t 9 ! ,prote/ant l9e4#f ,^! diff]5t views1 ) reg>d to ! settlem5t ( ! cr[n1 7 accid5tal1 b natural1 additions1 to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,c\rt & ,c\ntry p>ties1 :i* are ! g5u9e divisions 9 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,a passionate lov] ( mon>*y is apt to be displeas$ at any *ange ( ! succession1 z sav\r+ too mu* ( a commonweal?3 a passionate lov] ( lib]ty is apt to ?9k t e "p ( ! gov]nm5t ought to be subord9ate to ! int]e/s ( lib]ty4 ,"s1 :o w n v5ture to ass]t t ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,:ig & ,tory 0 lo/ at ! ,revolution1 seem incl9$ to ?9k1 t ! diff]5ce is n[ aboli%$1 & t affairs are s f> return$ to _! natural /ate1 t !re are at pres5t no o!r p>ties among u b ,c\rt & ,c\ntry2 t is1 m5 :o1 by int]e/ or pr9ciple1 are atta*$ ei!r to mon>*y or lib]ty4 ,! ,tories h be5 s long oblig$ to talk 9 ! republican /yle1 t !y seem to h made conv]ts ( !mselves by _! hypocrisy1 & to h embrac$ ! s5tim5ts1 z well z language ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v consid]able rema9s ( t p>ty 9 ,engl&1 ) all _! old prejudices2 & a pro( t ,c\rt & ,c\ntry are n our only p>ties1 is t almo/ all ! diss5t]s side ) ! c\rt1 & ! l[] cl]gy1 at lea/ ( ! *ur* or ,engl&1 ) ! opposition4 ,?is may conv9ce u1 t "s bias /ill hangs ^u our con/itution1 "s extr9sic weight1 :i* turns x f its natural c\rse1 & causes a confusion 9 our p>ties4#g #a ,^! words h become ( g5]al use1 & !re=e ,i %all employ !m )\t int5d+ to express by !m an univ]sal blame ( ! "o p>ty1 or approbation ( ! o!r4 ,! ,c\rt p>ty may no d\bt1 on "s occasions1 consult be/ ! int]e/ ( ! c\ntry1 & ! ,c\ntry p>ty oppose x4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,roman p>ties 7 d5om9at$ ,optimates & ,popul>es2 & ,cic]o1 l a true p>ty man1 def9es ! ,optimates to be su* z1 9 all _! public conduct1 regulat$ !mselves by ! s5tim5ts ( ! be/ & wor?ie/ ,romans2 pro ,sextio4 ,! t]m ( ,c\ntry p>ty may af=d a fav\rable def9ition or etymology ( ! same k9d2 b x w\ld be folly to draw any argum5t f t head1 & ,i h no reg>d to x 9 employ+ ^! t]ms4 #b ,i mu/ be und]/ood to mean ?is ( p]sons :o h any motive = tak+ p>ty on any side4 ,=1 to tell ! tru?1 ! greate/ "p are commonly m5 :o associate !mselves !y "k n :y2 f example1 f passion1 f idl5ess4 ,b /ill x is requisite !re be "s s\rce ( division1 ei!r 9 pr9ciple or int]e/2 o!rwise su* p]sons w\ld n f9d p>ties to :i* !y c\ld associate !mselves4 #c ,?is proposition is true1 not)/&+ t1 9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 ! cl]gy 7 ! great & pr9cipal oppos]s ( ! cr[n2 b at t "t _! possessions 7 s imm5sely great1 t !y compos$ a consid]able "p ( ! proprietors ( ,engl&1 & 9 _m conte/s 7 direct rivals ( ! cr[n4 #d ,! cl]gy _h concurr$ 9 a %ameless mann] ) ! ,k+'s arbitr>y designs1 accord+ to _! usual maxims 9 su* cases1 &1 9 return1 7 all[$ to p]secute _! adv]s>ies1 :om !y call$ h]etics & s*ismatics4 ,! e/abli%$ cl]gy 7 ,episcopal1 ! noncon=mi/s ,presbyt]ians2 s t all ?+s concurr$ to ?r[ ! =m]1 )\t res]ve1 into ! ,k+'s p>ty1 & ! latt] into t ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,cavali]s be+ ! ,c\rt p>ty1 & ! ,r\ndheads ! ,c\ntry p>ty1 ! union 0 infallible betwixt ! =m] & ! e/abli%$ prelacy1 & betwixt ! latt] & ,presbyt]ian noncon=mi/s4 ,?is union is s natural1 accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( politics1 t x requires "s v extraord9>y situation ( affairs to break x4 #e ,! "q is p]haps 9 itself some:at difficult1 b has be5 r5d]$ m s by ! prejudices & viol5ce ( p>ty4 #f ,! celebrat$ writ] above cit$ has ass]t$1 t ! real di/9ction betwixt ,:ig & ,tory 0 lo/ at ! ,revolution1 & t ev] s9ce !y h cont9u$ to be m]e p]sonal p>ties1 l ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 aft] ! ,emp]ors _h lo/ all au?ority 9 ,italy4 ,su* an op9ion1 7 x receiv$1 w\ld turn our :ole hi/ory into an enigma4 ,i %all fir/ m5tion1 z a pro( ( a real di/9ction betwixt ^! p>ties1 :at e "o may h obs]v$ or he>d conc]n+ ! conduct & conv]sation ( all 8 fri5ds & acqua9tance on bo? sides4 ,h n ! ,tories always borne an av[$ affection to ! family ( ,/u>t1 & h n _! adv]s>ies always oppos$ ) vig\r ! succession ( t family8 ,! ,tory pr9ciples are confess$ly ! mo/ fav\rable to mon>*y4 ,yet ! ,tories h almo/ always oppos$ ! c\rt ^! fifty ye>s2 nor 7 !y cordial fri5ds to ,k+ ,william1 ev5 :5 employ$ by him4 ,_! qu>rel1 !re=e1 _c be suppos$ to h la9 ) ! ?rone1 b ) ! p]son :o sat on x4 ,!y concurr$ he>tily ) ! c\rt dur+ ! f\r la/ ye>s ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,b is any "o at a loss to f9d ! reason8 ,! succession ( ! cr[n 9 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t is a po9t ( too great consequ5ce to be absolutely indiff]5t to p]sons :o conc]n !mselves1 9 any degree1 ab\t ! =tune ( ! public2 mu* less c x be suppos$ t ! ,tory p>ty1 :o nev] valu$ !mselves ^u mod]ation1 c\ld ma9ta9 a /oical indiff]5ce 9 a po9t ( s great importance4 ,7 !y1 !re=e1 zeal\s = ! h\se ( ,hanov]8 or 0 !re any ?+ t kept an opposite zeal f op5ly appe>+1 if x did n op5ly appe>1 b prud5ce1 & a s5se ( dec5cy8 ,x is mon/r\s to see an e/abli%$ ,episcopal cl]gy 9 decl>$ opposition to ! c\rt1 & a noncon=mi/ ,presbyt]ian cl]gy 9 conjunction ) x4 ,:at c produce su* an unnatural conduct 9 bo?8 ,no?+1 b t ! =m] h esp\s$ mon>*ical pr9ciples too high = ! pres5t settlem5t1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 & ! latt]1 be+ afraid ( ! preval5ce ( ^? high pr9ciples1 adh]e to t p>ty f :om !y h reason to expect lib]ty & tol]ation4 ,! diff]5t conduct ( ! two p>ties1 ) reg>d to =eign politics1 is also a pro( to ! same purpose4 ,holl& has always be5 mo/ fav\r$ by "o1 & ,france by ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 ! pro(s ( ?is k9d seem s palpable & evid5t1 t x is almo/ ne$less to collect !m4 ,x is h[ev] rem>kable1 t ?\gh ! pr9ciples ( ,:ig & ,tory be bo? ( !m ( a comp\nd nature1 yet ! +r$i5ts :i* pr$om9at$ 9 bo? 7 n correspond5t to ea* o!r4 ,a ,tory lov$ mon>*y1 & bore an affection to ! family ( ,/u>t2 b ! latt] affection 0 ! pr$om9ant incl9ation ( ! p>ty4 ,a ,:ig lov$ lib]ty1 & 0 a fri5d to ! settlem5t 9 ! ,prote/ant l9e2 b ! love ( lib]ty 0 pr(ess$ly 8 pr$om9ant incl9ation4 ,! ,tories h frequ5tly act$ z republicans1 :]e ei!r policy or rev5ge has engag$ !m to t conduct2 & !re 0 none ( ! p>ty :o1 ^u ! supposition t !y 7 to be disappo9t$ 9 _! views ) reg>d to ! succession1 w\ld n h desir$ to impose ! /ricte/ limitations on ! cr[n1 & to br+ our =m ( gov]nm5t z ne> republican z possible1 9 ord] to depress ! family1 t1 accord+ to _! appreh5sion1 succe$$ )\t any j title4 ,! ,:igs1 x is true1 h also tak5 /eps dang]\s to lib]ty1 "u pretext ( secur+ ! succession & settlem5t ( ! cr[n accord+ to _! views2 b1 z ! body ( ! p>ty _h no passion = t succession1 o!rwise ?an z ! means ( secur+ lib]ty1 !y h be5 betray$ into ^! /eps by ignorance or frailty1 or ! int]e/ ( _! lead]s4 ,! succession ( ! cr[n 01 !re=e1 ! *ief po9t ) ! ,tories2 ! security ( our lib]ties ) ! ,:igs4 ,x is difficult to p5etrate into ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( any p>ticul> man2 b x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ^? ( a :ole p>ty1 :]e x (t5 happ5s t no two p]sons agree precisely 9 ! same way ( ?9k+4 ,yet ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t x 0 n s mu* pr9ciple1 or an op9ion ( indefeasible "r1 t atta*$ ! ,tories to ! anci5t family1 z affection1 or a c]ta9 love & e/eem = _! p]sons4 ,! same cause divid$ ,engl& =m]ly betwixt ! h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/]1 & ,scotl& betwixt ! families ( ,bruce & ,baliol1 9 an age :5 political disputes 7 b little 9 fa%ion1 & :5 political pr9ciples mu/ ( c\rse h _h b little influ5ce on mank9d4 ,! doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce is s absurd 9 itself1 & s opposite to our lib]ties1 t x seems to h be5 *iefly left to pulpit declaim]s1 & to _! delud$ foll[]s among ! mob ,m5 ( bett] s5se 7 guid$ by affection1 & z to ! lead]s ( ?is p>ty1 x is probable t int]e/ 0 _! sole motive1 & t !y act$ m contr>y to _! private s5tim5ts ?an ! lead]s ( ! opposite p>ty4 ,"s :o w n v5ture to ass]t1 t ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,:ig & ,tory1 0 lo/ at ! ,revolution1 seem incl9$ to ?9k t ! diff]5ce is n[ aboli%$1 & t affairs are s f> return$ to _! natural /ate1 t !re are at pres5t no o!r p>ties among/ u b ,c\rt & ,c\ntry2 t is1 m5 :o1 by int]e/ or pr9ciple1 are atta*$ ei!r to ,mon>*y or to ,lib]ty4 ,x mu/ inde$ be confess$1 t ! ,tory p>ty seem ( late to h decay$ mu* 9 _! numb]s1 /ill m 9 _! zeal1 & ,i may v5ture to say1 /ill m 9 _! cr$it & au?ority4 ,!re are few m5 ( k or le>n+1 at lea/ few philosoph]s s9ce ,mr4 ,locke has wrote1 :o w\ld n be a%am$ to be ?\ght ( t p>ty2 & 9 almo/ all companies1 ! "n ( ,old ,:ig is m5tion$ z an inconte/able appellation ( hon\r & dignity4 ,accord+ly1 ! enemies ( ! m9i/ry1 z a reproa*1 call ! c\rti]s ! true ,tories &1 z an hon\r1 d5om9ate ! g5tlem5 9 ! ,opposition ! true ,:igs4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject ) obs]v+1 t we nev] _h any ,tories 9 ,scotl&1 accord+ to ! prop] signification ( ! ^w1 & t ! division ( p>ties 9 ?is c\ntry 0 really into ,:igs & ,jacobites4 ,a ,jacobite seems to be a ,tory1 :o has no reg>d to ! con/itution1 b is ei!r a zeal\s p>tisan ( absolute mon>*y1 or at lea/ will+ to sacrifice our lib]ties to ! obta9+ ! succession 9 t family to :i* he is atta*$4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce betwixt ,engl& & ,scotl& ,i take to be ?is4 ,our political & religi\s divisions 9 ?is c\ntry h be51 s9ce ! ,revolution1 regul>ly correspond5t to ea* o!r4 ,! ,presbyt]ians 7 all ,:igs1 )\t exception2 ! ,episcopalians ( ! opposite p>ty4 ,& z ! cl]gy ( ! latt] sect 7 turn$ out ( _! *ur*es at ! ,revolution1 !y _h no motive to make any compliances ) ! gov]nm5t 9 _! oa?s or =ms ( pray]1 b op5ly av[$ ! highe/ pr9ciples ( _! p>ty2 :i* is ! cause :y _! foll[]s h be5 m b>efac$ & viol5t ?an _! bre?r5 ( ! ,tory p>ty 9 ,engl&4 #g ,"s ( ! op9ions deliv]$ 9 ^! ,essays1 ) reg>d to ! public transactions 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,au?or1 on a m accurate exam9ation1 f\nd reason to retract 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita94 ,& z he w\ld n enslave himself to ! sy/ems ( ei!r p>ty1 nei!r w\ld he fett] 8 judgm5t by 8 own preconceiv$ op9ions & pr9ciples2 nor is he a%am$ to ackn[l$ge 8 mi/akes4 ,^! mi/akes 7 inde$1 at t "t almo/ univ]sal 9 ?is k+dom4 ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,en?usiasm ,t ! corruption ( ! be/ ( ?+s produces ! wor/1 is gr[n into a maxim1 & is commonly prov$1 among o!r in/ances1 by ! p]nici\s effects ( sup]/ition & en?usiasm1 ! corruptions ( true religion4 ,^! two species ( false religion1 ?\gh bo? p]nici\s1 are yet ( a v diff]5t1 & ev5 ( a contr>y nature4 ,! m9d ( man is subject to c]ta9 unacc\ntable t]rors & appreh5sions1 proce$+ ei!r f ! unhappy situation ( private or public affairs1 f ill heal?1 f a gloomy & melan*oly disposition1 or f ! concurr5ce ( all ^! circum/ances4 ,9 su* a /ate ( m9d1 inf9ite unkn[n evils are dread$ f unkn[n ag5ts2 & :]e real objects ( t]ror are want+1 ! s\l1 active to its own prejudice1 & fo/]+ its pr$om9ant incl9ation1 f9ds imag9>y ones1 to ^: p[] & malevol5ce x sets no limits4 ,z ^! enemies are entirely invisible & unkn[n1 ! me?ods tak5 to appease !m are equally unacc\ntable1 & consi/ 9 c]emonies1 obs]vances1 mortifications1 sacrifices1 pres5ts1 or 9 any practice1 h[ev] absurd or frivol\s1 :i* ei!r folly or knav]y recomm5ds to a bl9d & t]rifi$ cr$ulity4 ,weakness1 fe>1 melan*oly1 toge!r ) ignorance1 are1 !re=e1 ! true s\rces ( ,sup]/ition4 ,b ! m9d ( man is also subject to an unacc\ntable elevation & presumption1 aris+ f prosp]\s success1 f luxuriant heal?1 f /rong spirits1 or f a bold & confid5t disposition4 ,9 su* a /ate ( m9d1 ! imag9ation swells ) great1 b confus$ conceptions1 to :i* no sublun>y beauties or enjoym5ts c correspond4 ,e ?+ mortal & p]i%able vani%es z unwor?y ( att5tion2 & a full range is giv5 to ! fancy 9 ! invisible regions1 or _w ( ,spirits1 :]e ! s\l is at lib]ty to indulge itself 9 e imag9ation1 :i* may be/ suit its pres5t ta/e & disposition4 ,h5ce arise raptures1 transports1 & surpris+ flights ( fancy2 &1 confid5ce & presumption /ill increas+1 ^! raptures1 be+ altoge!r unacc\ntable1 & seem+ q beyond ! rea* ( our ord9>y faculties1 are attribut$ to ! imm$iate inspiration ( t ,div9e ,be+ :o is ! object ( devotion4 ,9 a little "t1 ! inspir$ p]son comes to reg>d himself z a di/+ui%$ fav\rite ( ! ,div9ity2 & :5 ?is phr5sy once takes place1 :i* is ! summit ( en?usiasm1 e :imsey is consecrat$3 human reason1 & ev5 morality1 are reject$ z fallaci\s guides1 & ! fanatic madman deliv]s himself ov]1 bl9dly & )\t res]ve1 to ! suppos$ illapses ( ! ,_s1 & to inspiration f above4 ,hope1 pride1 presumption1 a w>m imag9ation1 toge!r ) ignorance1 are !re=e ! true s\rces ( ,en?usiasm4 ,^! two species ( false religion might af=d occasion to _m speculations1 b ,i %all conf9e myself1 at pres5t1 to a few reflections conc]n+ _! diff]5t influ5ce on gov]nm5t & society4 ,my fir/ reflection is1 t sup]/ition is fav\rable to prie/ly p[]1 & en?usiasm n less1 or r m contr>y to x1 ?an s\nd reason & philosophy4 ,z sup]/ition is f\nd$ on fe>1 sorr[1 & a depression ( spirits1 x repres5ts ! man to himself 9 su* despicable col\rs1 t he appe>s unwor?y1 9 8 own eyes1 ( approa*+ ! ,div9e pres5ce1 & naturally has rec\rse to any o!r p]son1 ^: sanctity ( life1 or p]haps impud5ce & cunn+1 h made him be suppos$ m fav\r$ by ! ,div9ity4 ,to him ! sup]/iti\s intru/ _! devotions to 8 c>e !y recomm5d _! pray]s1 petitions1 & sacrifices3 & by 8 means1 !y hope to r5d] _! addresses acceptable to _! inc5s$ ,deity4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ,prie/s1 :o may ju/ly be reg>d$ z an inv5tion ( a timor\s & abject sup]/ition1 :i*1 ev] diffid5t ( itself1 d>es n (f] up its own devotions1 b ignorantly ?9ks to recomm5d itself to ! ,div9ity1 by ! m$iation ( 8 suppos$ fri5ds & s]vants4 ,z sup]/ition is a consid]able +r$i5t 9 almo/ all religions1 ev5 ! mo/ fanatical2 !re be+ no?+ b philosophy able entirely to conqu] ^! unacc\ntable t]rors2 h5ce x proce$s1 t 9 almo/ e sect ( religion !re are prie/s to be f\nd3 b ! /rong] mixture !re is ( sup]/ition1 ! high] is ! au?ority ( ! prie/hood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be obs]v$1 t all en?usia/s h be5 free f ! yoke ( ecclesia/ics1 & h express$ great indep5d5ce 9 _! devotion1 ) a contempt ( =ms1 c]emonies1 & traditions4 ,! ,quak]s are ! mo/ egregi\s1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ innoc5t en?usia/s t h yet be5 kn[n2 & are p]haps ! only sect t h nev] admitt$ prie/s among !m4 ,! ,indep5d5ts1 ( all ! ,engli% sect>ies1 approa* ne>e/ to ! ,quak]s 9 fanaticism1 & 9 _! fre$om f prie/ly bondage4 ,! ,presbyt]ians foll[ aft]1 at an equal di/ance1 9 bo? p>ticul>s4 ,9 %ort1 ?is obs]vation is f\nd$ 9 exp]i5ce2 & w also appe> to be f\nd$ 9 reason1 if we consid]1 t1 z en?usiasm arises f a presumptu\s pride & confid5ce1 x ?9ks itself suffici5tly qualifi$ to approa* ! ,div9ity1 )\t any human m$iator4 ,its raptur\s devotions are s f]v5t1 t x ev5 imag9es itself actually to approa* him by ! way ( contemplation & inw>d conv]se2 :i* makes x neglect all ^? outw>d c]emonies & obs]vances1 to :i* ! assi/ance ( ! prie/s appe>s s requisite 9 ! eyes ( _! sup]/iti\s vot>ies4 ,! fanatic consecrates himself1 & be/[s on 8 own p]son a sacr$ "*1 mu* sup]ior to :at =ms & c]emoni\s in/itutions c conf] on any o!r4 ,my second reflection ) reg>d to ^! species ( false religion is1 t religions :i* p>take ( en?usiasm1 are1 on _! fir/ rise1 m furi\s & viol5t ?an ^? :i* p>take ( sup]/ition2 b 9 a little "t become m g5tle & mod]ate4 ,! viol5ce ( ?is species ( religion1 :5 excit$ by novelty1 & animat$ by opposition1 appe>s f numb]less in/ances2 ( ! ,anabapti/s 9 ,g]many1 ! ,camis>s 9 ,france1 ! ,levell]s1 & o!r fanatics 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,cov5ant]s 9 ,scotl&4 ,en?usiasm be+ f\nd$ on /rong spirits1 & a presumptu\s boldness ( "*1 x naturally begets ! mo/ extreme resolutions2 especially aft] x rises to t height z to inspire ! delud$ fanatic ) ! op9ion ( ,div9e illum9ations1 & ) a contempt = ! common rules ( reason1 morality1 & prud5ce4 ,x is ?us en?usiasm produces ! mo/ cruel disord]s 9 human society2 b its fury is l t ( ?und] & tempe/1 :i* exhau/ !mselves 9 a little "t1 & leave ! air m calm & s]5e ?an be=e4 ,:5 ! fir/ fire ( en?usiasm is sp5t1 m5 naturally1 9 all fanatical sects1 s9k into ! greate/ remissness & coolness 9 sacr$ matt]s2 !re be+ no body ( m5 among !m end[$ ) suffici5t au?ority1 ^: int]e/ is conc]n$ to support ! religi\s _s2 no rites1 no c]emonies1 no holy obs]vances1 :i* may ent] into ! common tra9 ( life1 & pres]ve ! sacr$ pr9ciples f oblivion4 ,sup]/ition1 on ! contr>y1 /eals 9 gradually & ins5sibly2 r5d]s m5 tame & submissive2 is acceptable to ! magi/rate1 & seems in(f5sive to ! p3 till at la/ ! prie/1 hav+ firmly e/abli%$ 8 au?ority1 becomes ! tyrant & di/urb] ( human society1 by 8 endless cont5tions1 p]secutions1 & religi\s w>s4 ,h[ smoo?ly did ! ,romi% *ur* advance 9 h] acquisition ( p[]6 ,b into :at dismal convulsions did %e ?r[ all ,europe1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 x6 ,on ! o!r h&1 our sect>ies1 :o 7 =m]ly su* dang]\s bigots1 are n[ become v free reason]s2 & ! ,quak]s seem to approa* ne>ly ! only regul> body ( ,dei/s 9 ! univ]se1 ! lit]ati or ! disciples ( ,confucius 9 ,*9a4#a ,my ?ird obs]vation on ?is head is1 t sup]/ition is an enemy to civil lib]ty1 & en?usiasm a fri5d to x4 ,z sup]/ition groans "u ! dom9ion ( prie/s1 & en?usiasm is de/ructive ( all ecclesia/ical p[]1 ?is suffici5tly acc\nts = ! pres5t obs]vation4 ,n to m5tion t en?usiasm1 be+ ! infirmity ( bold & ambiti\s temp]s1 is naturally accompani$ ) a _s ( lib]ty1 z sup]/ition1 on ! contr>y1 r5d]s m5 tame & abject1 & fits !m = slav]y4 ,we le>n f ,engli% hi/ory1 t1 dur+ ! civil w>s1 ! ,indep5d5ts & ,dei/s1 ?\gh ! mo/ opposite 9 _! religi\s pr9ciples1 yet 7 unit$ 9 _! political ones1 & 7 alike passionate = a commonweal?4 ,& s9ce ! orig9 ( ,:ig & ,tory1 ! lead]s ( ! ,:igs h ei!r be5 ,dei/s or pr(ess$ ,latitud9>ians 9 _! pr9ciples2 t is1 fri5ds to tol]ation1 & indiff]5t to any p>ticul> sect ( ,*ri/ians3 :ile ! sect>ies1 :o h all a /rong t9cture ( en?usiasm1 h always1 )\t exception1 concurr$ ) t p>ty 9 def5ce ( civil lib]ty4 ,! resemblance 9 _! sup]/itions long unit$ ! ,high-,*ur* ,tories & ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 9 support ( pr]ogative & k+ly p[]1 ?\gh exp]i5ce ( ! tol]at+ _s ( ! ,:igs seems ( late to h reconcil$ ! ,ca?olics to t p>ty4 ,! ,mol9i/s & ,jans5i/s 9 ,france h a ?\s& un9telligible disputes1 :i* are n wor?y ! reflection ( a man ( s5se3 b :at pr9cipally di/+ui%es ^! two sects1 & alone m]its att5tion1 is ! diff]5t _s ( _! religion4 ,! ,mol9i/s1 conduct$ by ! ,jesuits1 are great fri5ds to sup]/ition1 rigid obs]v]s ( ext]nal =ms & c]emonies1 & devot$ to ! au?ority ( ! prie/s1 & to tradition4 ,! ,jans5i/s are en?usia/s1 & zeal\s promot]s ( ! passionate devotion1 & ( ! inw>d life1 little influ5c$ by au?ority1 &1 9 a ^w1 b half ,ca?olics4 ,! consequ5ces are exactly con=mable to ! =ego+ reason+4 ,! ,jesuits are ! tyrants ( ! p1 & ! slaves ( ! c\rt2 & ! ,jans5i/s pres]ve alive ! small sp>ks ( ! love ( lib]ty :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* nation4 #a ,! ,*9ese lit]ati h no prie/s or ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t4 ,,( ,,! ,,dignity ,,or ,,meanness ,,( ,,human ,,nature ,!re are c]ta9 sects :i* secretly =m !mselves 9 ! le>n$ _w1 z well z factions 9 ! political2 & ?\gh sometimes !y come n to an op5 rupture1 !y give a diff]5t turn to ! ways ( ?9k+ ( ^? :o h tak5 "p on ei!r side4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ?is k9d are ! sects f\nd$ on ! diff]5t s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! dignity ( human nature2 :i* is a po9t t seems to h divid$ philosoph]s & poets1 z well z div9es1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ?is day4 ,"s exalt our species to ! skies1 & repres5t man z a k9d ( human demigod1 :o d]ives 8 orig9 f heav51 & reta9s evid5t m>ks ( 8 l9eage & desc5t4 ,o!rs insi/ ^u ! bl9d sides ( human nature1 & c discov] no?+1 except vanity1 9 :i* man surpasses ! o!r animals1 :om he affects s mu* to despise4 ,if an au?or possess ! tal5t ( rhetoric & declamation1 he commonly takes "p ) ! =m]3 if 8 turn lie t[>ds irony & ridicule1 he naturally ?r[s himself into ! o!r extreme4 ,i am f> f ?9k+ t all ^? :o h depreciat$ our species h be5 enemies to virtue1 & h expos$ ! frailties ( _! fell[-creatures ) any bad int5tion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am s5sible t a delicate s5se ( morals1 especially :5 att5d$ ) a spl5etic temp]1 is apt to give a man a disgu/ ( ! _w1 & to make him consid] ! common c\rse ( human affairs ) too mu* indignation4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 be ( op9ion1 t ! s5tim5ts ( ^? :o are incl9$ to ?9k fav\rably ( mank9d1 are m advantage\s to virtue ?an ! contr>y pr9ciples1 :i* give u a mean op9ion ( our nature4 ,:5 a man is prepossess$ ) a high notion ( 8 rank & "* 9 ! creation1 he w naturally endeav\r to act up to x1 & w scorn to d a base or vici\s action :i* might s9k him bel[ t figure :i* he makes 9 8 own imag9ation4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d1 t all our polite & fa%ionable morali/s insi/ ^u ?is topic1 & endeav\r to repres5t vice unwor?y ( man1 z well z odi\s 9 itself4#a ,we f9d new disputes t are n f\nd$ on "s ambiguity 9 ! expression2 & ,i am p]suad$ t ! pres5t dispute1 conc]n+ ! dignity or meanness ( human nature1 is n m exempt f x ?an any o!r4 ,x may !re=e be wor? :ile to consid] :at is real1 & :at is only v]bal1 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,t !re is a natural diff]5ce betwe5 m]it & dem]it1 virtue & vice1 wisdom & folly1 no reasonable man w d5y1 yet x is evid5t t1 9 affix+ ! t]m1 :i* d5otes ei!r our approbation or blame1 we are commonly m influ5c$ by comp>ison ?an by any fix$ unalt]able /&>d 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,9 l mann]1 quantity1 & ext5sion1 & bulk1 are by e "o ackn[l$g$ to be real ?+s3 b :5 we call any animal great or little1 we always =m a secret comp>ison betwe5 t animal & o!rs ( ! same species2 & x is t comp>ison :i* regulates our judgm5t conc]n+ its greatness4 ,a dog & a horse may be ( ! v same size1 :ile ! "o is admir$ = ! greatness ( its bulk1 & ! o!r = ! smallness4 ,:5 ,i am pres5t1 !re=e1 at any dispute1 ,i always consid] ) myself :e!r x be a "q ( comp>ison or n t is ! subject ( controv]sy2 & if x be1 :e!r ! disputants comp>e ! same objects toge!r1 or talk ( ?+s t are widely diff]5t4 ,9 =m+ our notions ( human nature1 we are apt to make a comp>ison betwe5 m5 & animals1 ! only creatures end[$ ) ?\ght t fall "u our s5ses4 ,c]ta9ly ?is comp>ison is fav\rable to mank9d4 ,on ! "o h&1 we see a creature ^: ?\ghts are n limit$ by any n>r[ b\nds1 ei!r ( place or "t2 :o c>ries 8 rese>*es into ! mo/ di/ant regions ( ?is globe1 & beyond ?is globe1 to ! planets & heav5ly bodies2 looks backw>d to consid] ! fir/ orig91 at lea/ ! hi/ory ( ! human race2 ca/s 8 eye =w>d to see ! influ5ce ( 8 actions ^u po/]ity & ! judgm5ts :i* w be =m$ ( 8 "* a ?\s& ye>s h5ce2 a creature1 :o traces causes & effects to a great l5g? & intricacy1 extracts g5]al pr9ciples f p>ticul> appe>ances2 improves ^u 8 discov]ies2 corrects 8 mi/akes2 & makes 8 v errors pr(itable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are pres5t$ ) a creature ! v rev]se ( ?is2 limit$ 9 its obs]vations & reason+s to a few s5sible objects :i* surr\nd x2 )\t curiosity1 )\t =esight2 bl9dly conduct$ by in/9ct1 & atta9+1 9 a %ort "t1 its utmo/ p]fection1 beyond :i* x is nev] able to advance a s+le /ep4 ,:at a wide diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ^! creatures6 ,& h[ exalt$ a notion mu/ we ent]ta9 ( ! =m]1 9 comp>ison ( ! latt]4 ,!re are two means commonly employ$ to de/roy ?is conclusion3 ,fir/1 ,by mak+ an unfair repres5tation ( ! case1 & insi/+ only ^u ! weakness ( human nature4 ,&1 secondly1 ,by =m+ a new & secret comp>ison betwe5 man & be+s ( ! mo/ p]fect wisdom4 ,among ! o!r excell5ces ( man1 ?is is "o1 t he c =m an idea ( p]fections mu* beyond :at he has exp]i5ce ( 9 himself2 & is n limit$ 9 8 conception ( wisdom & virtue4 ,he c easily exalt 8 notions1 & conceive a degree ( k1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ to 8 own1 w make ! latt] appe> v contemptible1 & w cause ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! sagacity ( animals1 9 a mann]1 to disappe> & vani%4 ,n[ ?is be+ a po9t 9 :i* all ! _w is agre$1 t human und]/&+ falls inf9itely %ort ( p]fect wisdom1 x is prop] we %\ld "k :5 ?is comp>ison takes place1 t we may n dispute :]e !re is no real diff]5ce 9 our s5tim5ts4 ,man falls mu* m %ort ( p]fect wisdom1 & ev5 ( 8 own ideas ( p]fect wisdom1 ?an animals d ( man2 yet ! latt] diff]5ce is s consid]able1 t no?+ b a comp>ison ) ! =m] c make x appe> ( little mom5t4 ,x is also usual to comp>e "o man ) ano!r2 & f9d+ v few :om we c call wise or virtu\s1 we are apt to ent]ta9 a contemptible notion ( our species 9 g5]al4 ,t we may be s5sible ( ! fallacy ( ?is way ( reason+1 we may obs]ve1 t ! hon\rable appellations ( wise & virtu\s are n annex$ to any p>ticul> degree ( ^? qualities ( wisdom & virtue1 b arise altoge!r f ! comp>ison we make betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,:5 we f9d a man :o arrives at su* a pit* ( wisdom1 z is v uncommon1 we pron\nce him a wise man3 s t to say !re are few wise m5 9 ! _w1 is really to say no?+2 s9ce x is only by _! sc>city t !y m]it t appellation4 ,7 ! l[e/ ( our species z wise z ,tully or ,"l ,bacon1 we %\ld /ill h reason to say t !re are few wise m54 ,= 9 t case we %\ld exalt our notions ( wisdom1 & %\ld n pay a s+ul> homage to any "o :o 0 n s+ul>ly di/+ui%$ by 8 tal5ts4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i h he>d x obs]v$ by ?\ghtless p1 t !re are few wom5 possess$ ( beauty 9 comp>ison ( ^? :o want x2 n consid]+ t we be/[ ! epi!t ( beautiful only on su* z possess a degree ( beauty t is common to !m ) a few4 ,! same degree ( beauty 9 a woman is call$ de=mity1 :i* is treat$ z real beauty 9 "o ( our sex4 ,z x is usual1 9 =m+ a notion ( our species1 to comp>e x ) ! o!r species above or bel[ x1 or to comp>e ! individuals ( ! species among !mselves2 s we (t5 comp>e toge!r ! diff]5t motives or actuat+ pr9ciples ( human nature1 9 ord] to regulate our judgm5t conc]n+ x4 ,&1 inde$1 ?is is ! only k9d ( comp>ison :i* is wor? our att5tion1 or decides any ?+ 9 ! pres5t "q4 ,7 our selfi% & vici\s pr9ciples s mu* pr$om9ant above our social & virtu\s1 z is ass]t$ by "s philosoph]s1 we ought und\bt$ly to ent]ta9 a contemptible notion ( human nature4#b ,!re is mu* ( a dispute ( words 9 all ?is controv]sy4 ,:5 a man d5ies ! s9c]ity ( all public _s or affection to a c\ntry & community1 ,i am at a loss :at to ?9k ( him4 ,p]haps he nev] felt ?is passion 9 s cle> & di/9ct a mann] z to remove all 8 d\bts conc]n+ its =ce & reality4 ,b :5 he proce$s aft]w>ds to reject all private fri5d%ip1 if no int]e/ or self-love int]mix itself2 ,i am !n confid5t t he abuses t]ms1 & conf\nds ! ideas ( ?+s2 s9ce x is impossible = any "o to be s selfi%1 or r s /upid1 z to make no diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 & give no pref]5ce to qualities :i* engage 8 approbation & e/eem4 ,is he also1 say ,i1 z ins5sible to ang] z he pret5ds to be to fri5d%ip8 ,& does injury & wrong no m affect him ?an k9dness or b5efits8 ,impossible3 he does n "k himself3 he has =gott5 ! movem5ts ( 8 he>t2 or r1 he makes use ( a diff]5t language f ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym5 & calls n ?+s by _! prop] names4 ,:at say y ( natural affection8 7,i subjo971 ,is t also a species ( self-love8 ,yes2 all is self-love4 ,y\r *ildr5 are lov$ only because !y are y\rs3 y\r fri5d = a l reason2 & y\r c\ntry engages y only s f> z x has a connection ) y\rself4 ,7 ! idea ( self remov$1 no?+ w\ld affect y3 y w\ld be altoge!r unactive & ins5sible3 or1 if y ev] give y\rself any movem5t1 x w\ld only be f vanity1 & a desire ( fame & reputation to ?is same self4 ,i am will+1 reply ,i1 to receive y\r int]pretation ( human actions1 provid$ y admit ! facts4 ,t species ( self-love :i* displays itself 9 k9dness to o!rs1 y mu/ all[ to h great influ5ce ov] human actions1 & ev5 great]1 on _m occasions1 ?an t :i* rema9s 9 its orig9al %ape & =m4 ,= h[ few are !re1 hav+ a family1 *ildr51 & relations1 :o d n sp5d m on ! ma9t5ance & education ( ^! ?an on _! own pleasures8 ,?is1 inde$1 y ju/ly obs]ve1 may proce$ f _! self-love1 s9ce ! prosp]ity ( _! family & fri5ds is "o1 or ! *ief ( _! pleasures1 z well z _! *ief hon\r4 ,be y also "o ( ^! selfi% m51 & y are sure ( e "o's good op9ion & good-w2 or1 n to %ock y\r e>s ) _! expressions1 ! self-love ( e "o1 & m9e among ! re/1 w !n incl9e u to s]ve y1 & speak well ( y4 ,9 my op9ion1 !re are two ?+s :i* h l$ a/ray ^? philosoph]s t h insi/$ s mu* on ! selfi%ness ( man4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y f\nd t e act ( virtue or fri5d%ip 0 att5d$ ) a secret pleasure2 :5ce !y conclud$1 t fri5d%ip & virtue c\ld n be dis9t]e/$4 ,b ! fallacy ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,! virtu\s s5tim5t or passion produces ! pleasure1 & does n arise f x4 ,i feel a pleasure 9 do+ good to my fri5d1 because ,i love him2 b d n love him = ! sake ( t pleasure4 ,9 ! second place1 x has always be5 f\nd1 t ! virtu\s are f> f be+ indiff]5t to praise2 & !re=e !y h be5 repres5t$ z a set ( va+lori\s m51 :o _h no?+ 9 view b ! applauses ( o!rs4 ,b ?is also is a fallacy4 ,x is v unju/ 9 ! _w1 :5 !y f9d any t9cture ( vanity 9 a laudable action1 to depreciate x ^u t acc\nt1 or ascribe x entirely to t motive4 ,! case is n ! same ) vanity1 z ) o!r passions4 ,:]e av>ice or rev5ge ent]s into any seem+ly virtu\s action1 x is difficult = u to det]m9e h[ f> x ent]s1 & x is natural to suppose x ! sole actuat+ pr9ciple4 ,b vanity is s closely alli$ to virtue1 & to love ! fame ( laudable actions approa*es s ne> ! love ( laudable actions = _! own sake1 t ^! passions are m capable ( mixture1 ?an any o!r k9ds ( affection2 & x is almo/ impossible to h ! latt] )\t "s degree ( ! =m]4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t ?is passion = glory is always w>p$ & v>i$ accord+ to ! p>ticul> ta/e or disposition ( ! m9d on :i* x falls4 ,n]o _h ! same vanity 9 driv+ a *>iot1 t ,trajan _h 9 gov]n+ ! empire ) ju/ice & ability4 ,to love ! glory ( virtu\s de$s is a sure pro( ( ! love ( virtue4 #a ,wom5 are g5]ally mu* m flatt]$ 9 _! y\? ?an m51 :i* may proce$ f ?is reason among o!rs1 t _! *ief po9t ( hon\r is consid]$ z mu* m difficult ?an ours1 & requires to be support$ by all t dec5t pride :i* c be in/ill$ into !m4 #b ,i may p]haps treat m fully ( ?is subject 9 "s future ,essay4 ,9 ! meantime ,i %all obs]ve1 :at has be5 prov$ beyond "q by sev]al great morali/s ( ! pres5t age1 t ! social passions are by f> ! mo/ p[]ful ( any1 & t ev5 all ! o!r passions1 receive f !m _! *ief =ce & influ5ce4 ,:oev] desires to see ?is "q treat$ at l>ge1 ) ! greate/ =ce ( argum5t & eloqu5ce1 may consult my ,"l ,%aftesbury's ,enquiry conc]n+ ,virtue4 ,,( ,,civil ,,lib]ty ,^? :o employ _! p5s on political subjects1 free f p>ty rage1 & p>ty prejudices1 cultivate a sci5ce1 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 contributes mo/ to public utility1 & ev5 to ! private satisfaction ( ^? :o addict !mselves to ! /udy ( x4 ,i am apt1 h[ev]1 to ent]ta9 a suspicion1 t ! _w is /ill too "y to fix _m g5]al tru?s 9 politics1 :i* w rema9 true to ! late/ po/]ity4 ,we h n z yet _h exp]i5ce ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s2 s t n only ! art ( reason+ is /ill imp]fect 9 ?is sci5ce1 z 9 all o!rs1 b we ev5 want suffici5t mat]ials ^u :i* we c reason4 ,x is n fully kn[n :at degree ( ref9em5t1 ei!r 9 virtue or vice1 human nature is susceptible (1 nor :at may be expect$ ( mank9d f any great revolution 9 _! education1 cu/oms1 or pr9ciples4 ,ma*iavel 0 c]ta9ly a great g5ius2 b1 hav+ conf9$ 8 /udy to ! furi\s & tyrannical gov]nm5ts ( anci5t times1 or to ! little disord]ly pr9cipalities ( ,italy1 8 reason+s1 especially ^u mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 h be5 f\nd extremely defective2 & !re sc>cely is any maxim 9 8 ,pr9ce :i* subsequ5t exp]i5ce has n entirely refut$4 ',a weak pr9ce1' says he1 'is incapable ( receiv+ good c\nsel2 =1 if he consult ) sev]al1 he w n be able to *oose among _! diff]5t c\nsels4 ,if he ab&on himself to "o1 t m9i/] may p]haps h capacity1 b he w n long be a m9i/]4 ,he w be sure to dispossess 8 ma/]1 & place himself & 8 family ^u ! ?rone4' ,i m5tion ?is1 among _m in/ances ( ! errors ( t politician1 proce$+1 9 a great measure1 f 8 hav+ liv$ 9 too e>ly an age ( ! _w1 to be a good judge ( political tru?4 ,almo/ all ! pr9ces ( ,europe are at pres5t gov]n$ by _! m9i/]s1 & h be5 s = ne> two c5turies1 & yet no su* ev5t has ev] happ5$1 or c possibly happ54 ,sejanus might project de?ron+ ! ,cs>s1 b ,fleury1 ?\gh ev] s vici\s1 c\ld n1 :ile 9 8 s5ses1 ent]ta9 ! lea/ hopes ( dispossess+ ! ,b\rbons4 ,trade 0 nev] e/eem$ an affair ( /ate till ! la/ c5tury2 & !re sc>cely is any anci5t writ] on politics :o has made m5tion ( x4 ,ev5 ! ,italians h kept a pr(\nd sil5ce ) reg>d to x1 ?\gh x has n[ engag$ ! *ief att5tion1 z well ( m9i/]s ( /ate1 z ( speculative reason]s4 ,! great opul5ce1 gr&eur1 & milit>y a*ievem5ts ( ! two m>itime p[]s1 seem fir/ to h in/ruct$ mank9d 9 ! importance ( an ext5sive comm]ce4 ,hav+ !re=e int5d$1 9 ?is ,essay1 to make a full comp>ison ( civil lib]ty & absolute gov]nm5t1 & to %[ ! great advantages ( ! =m] above ! latt]2 ,i began to ent]ta9 a suspicion t no man 9 ?is age 0 suffici5tly qualifi$ = su* an und]tak+1 & t1 :atev] any "o %\ld advance on t head1 w\ld 9 all probability be refut$ by fur!r exp]i5ce1 & be reject$ by po/]ity4 ,su* mighty revolutions h happ5$ 9 human affairs1 & s _m ev5ts h aris5 contr>y to ! expectation ( ! anci5ts1 t !y are suffici5t to beget ! suspicion ( /ill fur!r *anges4 ,x _h be5 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts1 t all ! arts & sci5ces arose among free nations2 & t ! ,p]sians & ,egyptians1 not)/&+ _! ease1 opul5ce1 & luxury1 made b fa9t ef=ts t[>ds a reli% 9 ^? f9] pleasures1 :i* 7 c>ri$ to su* p]fection by ! ,greeks1 amid/ cont9ual w>s1 att5d$ ) pov]ty1 & ! greate/ simplicity ( life & mann]s4 ,x _h also be5 obs]v$1 t1 :5 ! ,greeks lo/ _! lib]ty1 ?\gh !y increas$ mightily 9 ri*es by means ( ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 yet ! arts1 f t mom5t1 decl9$ among !m1 & h nev] s9ce be5 able to raise _! head 9 t climate4 ,le>n+ 0 transplant$ to ,rome1 ! only free nation at t "t 9 ! univ]se2 & hav+ met ) s fav\rable a soil1 x made prodigi\s %oots = above a c5tury2 till ! decay ( lib]ty produc$ also ! decay ( lett]s1 & spread a total b>b>ism ov] ! _w4 ,f ^! two exp]im5ts1 ( :i*1 ea* 0 d\ble 9 its k9d1 & %[$ ! fall ( le>n+ 9 absolute gov]nm5ts1 z well z its rise 9 popul> ones1 ,long9us ?\ght himself suffici5tly ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! arts & sci5ces c\ld nev] fl\ri% b 9 a free gov]nm5t4 ,& 9 ?is op9ion he has be5 foll[$ by sev]al em95t writ]s#a 9 our own c\ntry1 :o ei!r conf9$ _! view m]ely to anci5t facts1 or ent]ta9$ too great a p>tiality 9 fav\r ( t =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ among u4 ,b :at w\ld ^! writ]s h said to ! in/ances ( mod]n ,rome & ,flor5ce8 ,( :i* ! =m] c>ri$ to p]fection all ! f9] arts ( sculpture1 pa9t+1 & music1 z well z poetry1 ?\gh x groan$ "u tyranny1 & "u ! tyranny ( prie/s1 :ile ! latt] made its *ief progress 9 ! arts & sci5ces aft] x began to lose its lib]ty by ! usurpation ( ! family ( ,m$ici4 ,ario/o1 ,tasso1 ,galileo1 no m ?an ,raphael or ,mi*ael ,angelo1 7 born 9 republics4 ,& ?\gh ! ,lomb>d s*ool 0 fam\s z well z ! ,roman1 yet ! ,v5etians h _h ! smalle/ %>e 9 its hon\rs1 & seem r inf]ior to ! o!r ,italians 9 _! g5ius = ! arts & sci5ces4 ,rub5s e/abli%$ 8 s*ool at ,antw]p1 n at ,am/]dam4 ,dresd51 n ,hamburg1 is ! c5tre ( polit5ess 9 ,g]many4 ,b ! mo/ em95t in/ance ( ! fl\ri%+ ( le>n+ 9 absolute gov]nm5ts is t ( ,france1 :i* sc>cely ev] enjoy$ any e/abli%$ lib]ty1 & yet has c>ri$ ! arts & sci5ces z ne> p]fection z any o!r nation4 ,! ,engli% are1 p]haps1 great] philosoph]s2 ! ,italians bett] pa9t]s & musicians2 ! ,romans 7 great] orators2 b ! ,fr5* are ! only p1 except ! ,greeks1 :o h be5 at once philosoph]s1 poets1 orators1 hi/orians1 pa9t]s1 ar*itects1 sculptors1 & musicians4 ,) reg>d to ! /age1 !y h excell$ ev5 ! ,greeks1 :o f> excell$ ! ,engli%4 ,&1 9 common life1 !y h1 9 a great measure1 p]fect$ t art1 ! mo/ useful & agreeable ( any1 l',art de ,vivre1 ! art ( society & conv]sation4 ,if we consid] ! /ate ( ! sci5ces & polite arts 9 our own c\ntry1 ,horace's obs]vation1 ) reg>d to ! ,romans1 may 9 a great measure be appli$ to ! ,briti%4 ,s$ 9 longum tam5 vum ,mans]unt1 hodieque man5t ve/igia ruris4 ,! elegance & propriety ( /yle h be5 v mu* neglect$ among u4 ,we h no diction>y ( our language1 & sc>cely a tol]able gramm>4 ,! fir/ polite prose we h 0 writ by a man :o is /ill alive4#b ,z to ,sprat1 ,locke1 & ev5 ,temple1 !y knew too little ( ! rules ( art to be e/eem$ elegant writ]s4 ,! prose ( ,bacon1 ,h>r+ton1 & ,milton1 is altoge!r /iff & p$antic1 ?\gh _! s5se be excell5t4 ,m51 9 ?is c\ntry1 h be5 s mu* occupi$ 9 ! great disputes ( ,religion1 ,politics1 & ,philosophy1 t !y _h no reli% = ! seem+ly m9ute obs]vations ( gramm> & criticism4 ,&1 ?\gh ?is turn ( ?9k+ mu/ h consid]ably improv$ our s5se & our tal5t ( reason+1 x mu/ be confess$1 t ev5 9 ^? sci5ces above m5tion$1 we h n any /&>d book :i* we c transmit to po/]ity3 & ! utmo/ we h to boa/ (1 are a few essays t[>ds a m j philosophy1 :i* inde$ promise well1 b h n z yet rea*$ any degree ( p]fection4 ,x has become an e/abli%$ op9ion1 t comm]ce c nev] fl\ri% b 9 a free gov]nm5t2 & ?is op9ion seems to be f\nd$ on a long] & l>g] exp]i5ce ?an ! =ego+1 ) reg>d to ! arts & sci5ces4 ,if we trace comm]ce 9 its progress ?r\gh ,tyre1 ,a!ns1 ,syracuse1 ,c>?age1 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 ,antw]p1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 c1 we %all always f9d x to h fix$ its seat 9 free gov]nm5ts4 ,! ?ree greate/ trad+ t[ns n[ 9 ,europe1 are ,london1 ,am/]dam1 & ,hamburg2 all free cities1 & ,prote/ant cities2 t is1 enjoy+ a d\ble lib]ty4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t ! great jeal\sy ent]ta9$ ( late ) reg>d to ! comm]ce ( ,france1 seems to prove t ?is maxim is no m c]ta9 & infallible ?an ! =ego+1 & t ! subjects ( an absolute pr9ce may become our rivals 9 comm]ce z well z 9 le>n+4 ,dur/ ,i deliv] my op9ion 9 an affair ( s mu* unc]ta9ty1 ,i w\ld ass]t1 t not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ! ,fr5*1 !re is some?+ hurtful to comm]ce inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( absolute gov]nm5t1 & insep>able f x2 ?\gh ! reason ,i %\ld assign = ?is op9ion is some:at diff]5t f t :i* is commonly insi/$ on4 ,private prop]ty seems to me almo/ z secure 9 a civiliz$ ,european mon>*y z 9 a republic1 nor is dang] mu* appreh5d$1 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 f ! viol5ce ( ! sov]eign1 m ?an we commonly dread h>m f ?und]1 or e>?quakes1 or any accid5t ! mo/ unusual & extraord9>y4 ,av>ice1 ! spur ( indu/ry1 is s ob/9ate a passion1 & works its way ?r\gh s _m real dang]s & difficulties1 t x is n likely to be sc>$ by an imag9>y dang]1 :i* is s small1 t x sc>cely admits ( calculation4 ,comm]ce1 !re=e1 9 my op9ion1 is apt to decay 9 absolute gov]nm5ts1 n because x is !re less secure1 b because x is less hon\rable4 ,a subord9ation ( rank is absolutely necess>y to ! support ( mon>*y4 ,bir?1 titles1 & place1 mu/ be hon\r$ above indu/ry & ri*es2 & :ile ^! notions prevail1 all ! consid]able trad]s w be tempt$ to ?r[ up _! comm]ce1 9 ord] to pur*ase "s ( ^? employm5ts1 to :i* privileges & hon\rs are annex$4 ,s9ce ,i am ^u ?is head1 ( ! alt]ations :i* "t has produc$1 or may produce 9 politics1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t all k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 free & absolute1 seem to h und]gone 9 mod]n times1 a great *ange = ! bett]1 ) reg>d bo? to =eign & dome/ic managem5t4 ,! balance ( p[] is a secret 9 politics1 fully kn[n only to ! pres5t age2 & ,i mu/ add1 t ! int]nal police ( /ates has also receiv$ great improvem5ts )9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,we are in=m$ by ,sallu/1 t ,catil9e's army 0 mu* augm5t$ by ! accession ( ! highwaym5 ab\t ,rome2 ?\gh ,i believe1 t all ( t pr(ession :o are at pres5t disp]s$ ov] ,europe w\ld n am\nt to a regim5t4 ,9 ,cic]o's plead+s = ,milo1 ,i f9d ?is argum5t1 among o!rs1 made use ( to prove t 8 cli5t _h n assass9at$ ,clodius4 ,_h ,milo1 said he1 int5d$ to h kill$ ,clodius1 he _h n attack$ him 9 ! daytime1 & at su* a di/ance f ! city2 he _h waylaid him at night1 ne> ! suburbs1 :]e x might h be5 pret5d$ t he 0 kill$ by robb]s2 & ! frequ5cy ( ! accid5t w\ld h fav\r$ ! deceit4 ,?is is a surpris+ pro( ( ! loose policy ( ,rome1 & ( ! numb] & =ce ( ^! robb]s1 s9ce ,clodius 0 at t "t att5d$ by ?irty slaves1 :o 7 completely arm$1 & suffici5tly accu/om$ to blood & dang] 9 ! frequ5t tumults excit$ by t s$iti\s tribune4 ,b ?\gh all k9ds ( gov]nm5t be improv$ 9 mod]n times1 yet mon>*ical gov]nm5t seems to h made ! greate/ advances t[>ds p]fection4 ,x may n[ be affirm$ ( civiliz$ mon>*ies1 :at 0 =m]ly said 9 praise ( republics alone1 t !y are a gov]nm5t ( ,laws1 n ( ,m54 ,!y are f\nd susceptible ( ord]1 me?od1 & con/ancy1 to a surpris+ degree4 ,prop]ty is !re secure1 indu/ry enc\rag$1 ! arts fl\ri%1 & ! pr9ce lives secure among 8 subjects1 l a fa!r among 8 *ildr54 ,!re are1 p]haps1 & h be5 = two c5turies1 ne> two hundr$ absolute pr9ces1 great & small1 9 ,europe2 & all[+ tw5ty ye>s to ea* reign1 we may suppose1 t !re h be5 9 ! :ole two ?\s& mon>*s1 or tyrants1 z ! ,greeks w\ld h call$ !m2 yet ( ^! !re has n be5 "o1 n ev5 ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa91 s bad z ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,n]o1 or ,domitian1 :o 7 f\r 9 twelve among ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t ?\gh mon>*ical gov]nm5ts h approa*$ ne>] to popul> ones 9 g5tl5ess & /ability1 !y are /ill inf]ior4 ,our mod]n education & cu/oms in/il m humanity & mod]ation ?an ! anci5t2 b h n z yet be5 able to ov]come entirely ! disadvantages ( t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b "h ,i mu/ beg leave to advance a conjecture1 :i* seems probable1 b :i* po/]ity alone c fully judge (4 ,i am apt to ?9k1 t 9 mon>*ical gov]nm5ts !re is a s\rce ( improvem5t1 & 9 popul> gov]nm5ts a s\rce ( deg5]acy1 :i* 9 "t w br+ ^! species ( civil polity /ill ne>] an equality4 ,! greate/ abuses :i* arise 9 ,france1 ! mo/ p]fect model ( pure mon>*y1 proce$ n f ! numb] or weight ( ! taxes1 beyond :at are to be met ) 9 free c\ntries2 b f ! exp5sive1 unequal1 arbitr>y1 & intricate me?od ( levy+ !m1 by :i* ! indu/ry ( ! poor1 especially ( ! peasants & f>m]s1 is 9 a great measure disc\rag$1 & agriculture r5d]$ a begg>ly & slavi% employm5t4 ,b to ^: advantage d ^! abuses t5d8 ,if to t ( ! nobility1 !y might be e/eem$ inh]5t 9 t =m ( gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! nobility are ! true supports ( mon>*y2 & x is natural _! int]e/ %\ld be m consult$ 9 su* a con/itution1 ?an t ( ! p4 ,b ! nobility are1 9 reality1 ! *ief los]s by ?is oppression1 s9ce x ru9s _! e/ates1 & begg>s _! t5ants4 ,! only ga9]s by x are ! ,f9anci]s1 a race ( m5 r odi\s to ! nobility & ! :ole k+dom4 ,if a pr9ce or m9i/]1 !re=e1 %\ld arise1 end[$ ) suffici5t disc]nm5t to "k 8 own & ! public int]e/1 & ) suffici5t =ce ( m9d to break ?r\gh anci5t cu/oms1 we might expect to see ^! abuses rem$i$2 9 :i* case1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 t absolute gov]nm5t & our free "o w\ld n appe> s consid]able z at pres5t4 ,! s\rce ( deg5]acy :i* may be rem>k$ 9 free gov]nm5ts1 consi/s 9 ! practice ( contract+ debt1 & mortgag+ ! public rev5ues1 by :i* taxes may1 9 "t1 become altoge!r intol]able1 & all ! prop]ty ( ! /ate be br\ght into ! h&s ( ! public ,! practice is ( mod]n date4 ,! ,a!nians1 ?\gh gov]n$ by a republic1 paid ne> two hundr$ p] c5t4 = ^? sums ( money :i* any em]g5cy made x necess>y = !m to borr[2 z we le>n f ,x5ophon4 ,among ! mod]ns1 ! ,dut* fir/ introduc$ ! practice ( borr[+ great sums at l[ int]e/1 & h wellnigh ru9$ !mselves by x4 ,absolute pr9ces h also contract$ debt2 b z an absolute pr9ce may make a bankruptcy :5 he pleases1 8 p c nev] be oppress$ by 8 debts4 ,9 popul> gov]nm5ts1 ! p1 & *iefly ^? :o h ! highe/ (fices1 be+ commonly ! public cr$itors1 x is difficult = ! /ate to make use ( ?iss rem$y1 :i*1 h[ev] x may sometimes be necess>y1 is always cruel & b>b>\s4 ,?is1 !re=e1 seems to be an inconv5i5ce :i* ne>ly ?reat5s all free gov]nm5ts1 especially our own1 at ! pres5t juncture ( affairs4 ,& :at a /rong motive is ?is to increase our frugality ( public money1 le/1 = want ( x1 we be r$uc$1 by ! multiplicity ( taxes1 or1 :at is worse1 by our public impot5ce & inability = def5ce1 to curse our v lib]ty1 & wi% ourselves 9 ! same /ate ( s]vitude ) all ! nations :o surr\nd u8 #a ,mr4 ,addison & ,"l ,%aftesbury4 #b ,dr4 ,swift4 ,,( ,,eloqu5ce ,^? :o consid] ! p]iods & revolutions ( human k9d1 z repres5t$ 9 hi/ory1 are ent]ta9$ ) a spectacle full ( pleasure & v>iety1 & see ) surprise ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & op9ions ( ! same species susceptible ( su* prodigi\s *anges 9 diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t1 9 civil hi/ory1 !re is f\nd a mu* great] uni=mity ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( le>n+ & sci5ce1 & t ! w>s1 negotiations1 & politics ( "o age1 resemble m ^? ( ano!r ?an ! ta/e1 wit1 & speculative pr9ciples4 ,int]e/ & ambition1 hon\r & %ame1 fri5d%ip & enmity1 gratitude & rev5ge1 are ! prime mov]s 9 all public transactions2 & ^! passions are ( a v /ubborn & untractable nature1 9 comp>ison ( ! s5tim5ts & und]/&+1 :i* are easily v>i$ by education & example4 ,! ,go?s 7 mu* m inf]ior to ! ,romans 9 ta/e & sci5ce ?an 9 c\rage & virtue4 ,b n to comp>e toge!r nations s widely diff]5t1 x may be obs]v$1 t ev5 ?is latt] p]iod ( human le>n+ is1 9 _m respects1 ( an opposite "* to ! anci5t2 & t1 if we be sup]ior 9 philosophy1 we are /ill1 not)/&+ all our ref9em5ts1 mu* inf]ior 9 eloqu5ce4 ,9 anci5t times1 no "w ( g5ius 0 ?\ght to require s great p>ts & capacity z ! speak+ 9 public2 & "s em95t writ]s h pron\nc$ ! tal5ts ev5 ( a great poet or philosoph] to be ( an inf]ior nature to ^? :i* are requisite = su* an und]tak+4 ,greece & ,rome produc$1 ea* ( !m1 b "o accompli%$ orator2 &1 :atev] praises ! o!r celebrat$ speak]s might m]it1 !y 7 /ill e/eem$ mu* inf]ior to ^? great models ( eloqu5ce4 ,x is obs]vable1 t ! anci5t critics c\ld sc>cely f9d two orators 9 any age :o des]v$ to be plac$ precisely 9 ! same rank1 & possess$ ! same degree ( m]it4 ,calvus1 ,clius1 ,curio1 ,hort5sius1 ,cs>1 rose "o above ano!r3 b ! greate/ ( t age 0 inf]ior to ,cic]o1 ! mo/ eloqu5t speak] t _h ev] appe>$ 9 ,rome4 ,^? ( f9e ta/e1 h[ev]1 pron\nc$ ?is judgm5t ( ! ,roman orator1 z well z ( ! ,grecian1 t bo? ( !m surpass$ 9 eloqu5ce all t _h ev] appe>$1 b t !y 7 f> f rea*+ ! p]fection ( _! art1 :i* 0 inf9ite1 & n only exce$$ human =ce to atta91 b human imag9ation to conceive4 ,cic]o decl>es himself dissatisfi$ ) 8 own p]=mances1 nay1 ev5 ) ^? ( ,demo/h5es4 ,ita sunt avid et capaces me aures1 says he1 et semp] aliquid imm5sum inf9itumque desid]ant4 ,( all ! polite & le>n$ nations1 ,engl& alone possesses a popul> gov]nm5t1 or admits into ! legislature su* num]\s assemblies z c be suppos$ to lie "u ! dom9ion ( eloqu5ce4 ,b :at has ,engl& to boa/ ( 9 ?is p>ticul>8 ,9 enum]at+ ! great m5 :o h done hon\r to our c\ntry1 we exult 9 our poets & philosoph]s2 b :at orators are ev] m5tion$8 or :]e are ! monum5ts ( _! g5ius to be met )8 ,!re are f\nd1 inde$1 9 our hi/ories1 ! names ( sev]al1 :o direct$ ! resolutions ( our p>liam5t3 b nei!r !mselves nor o!rs h tak5 ! pa9s to pres]ve _! spee*es1 & ! au?ority1 :i* !y possess$1 seems to h be5 ow+ to _! exp]i5ce1 wisdom1 or p[]1 m ?an to _! tal5ts = oratory4 ,at pres5t !re are above half a doz5 speak]s 9 ! two ,h\ses1 :o1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! public1 h rea*$ v ne> ! same pit* ( eloqu5ce2 & no man pret5ds to give any "o ! pref]5ce above ! re/4 ,?is seems to me a c]ta9 pro(1 t none ( !m h atta9$ mu* beyond a m$iocrity 9 _! art1 & t ! species ( eloqu5ce1 :i* !y aspire to1 gives no ex]cise to ! sublim] faculties ( ! m9d1 b may be rea*$ by ord9>y tal5ts & a slight application4 ,a hundr$ cab9et-mak]s 9 ,london c "w a table or a *air equally well2 b no "o poet c write v]ses ) su* _s & elegance z ,mr4 ,pope4 ,we are told1 t1 :5 ,demo/h5es 0 to plead1 all +5i\s m5 flock$ to ,a!ns f ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ,greece1 z to ! mo/ celebrat$ spectacle ( ! _w4 ,at ,london1 y may see m5 saunt]+ 9 ! c\rt ( reque/s1 :ile ! mo/ important debate is c>ry+ on 9 ! two ,h\ses2 & _m d n ?9k !mselves suffici5tly comp5sat$ = ! los+ ( _! d9n]s1 by all ! eloqu5ce ( our mo/ celebrat$ speak]s4 ,:5 old ,cibb] is to act1 ! curiosity ( sev]al is m excit$1 ?an :5 our prime m9i/] is to def5d himself f a motion = 8 removal or impea*m5t4 ,ev5 a p]son1 unacqua9t$ ) ! noble rema9s ( anci5t orators1 may judge1 f a few /rokes1 t ! /yle or species ( _! eloqu5ce 0 inf9itely m sublime ?an t :i* mod]n orators aspire to4 ,h[ absurd w\ld x appe>1 9 our temp]ate & calm speak]s1 to make use ( an ,apo/rophe1 l t noble "o ( ,demo/h5es1 s mu* celebrat$ by ,qu9tilian & ,long9us1 :51 ju/ify+ ! unsuccessful battle ( ,*ronea1 he breaks out1 ',no1 my fell[-citiz5s4 ,no3 y h n err$4 ,i swe> by ! manes ( ^? h]oes1 :o f\ght = ! same cause 9 ! pla9s ( ,m>a?on & ,plata4' ,:o c\ld n[ endure su* a bold & poetical figure z t :i* ,cic]o employs1 aft] describ+1 9 ! mo/ tragical t]ms1 ! crucifixion ( a ,roman citiz58 ',%\ld ,i pa9t ! horrors ( ?is sc5e1 n to ,roman citiz5s1 n to ! allies ( our /ate1 n to ^? :o h ev] he>d ( ! ,roman "n1 n ev5 to m51 b to brute creatures2 or1 to g fur!r1 %\ld ,i lift up my voice 9 ! mo/ desolate solitude1 to ! rocks & m\nta9s1 yet %\ld ,i surely see ^? rude & inanimate p>ts ( nature mov$ ) horror & indignation at ! recital ( s enorm\s an action4' ,) :at a blaze ( eloqu5ce mu/ su* a s5t5ce be surr\nd$ to give x grace1 or cause x to make any impression on ! he>]s6 ,& :at noble art & sublime tal5ts are requisite to arrive1 by j degrees1 at a s5tim5t s bold & excessive6 ,to inflame ! audi5ce1 s z to make !m accompany ! speak] 9 su* viol5t passions1 & su* elevat$ conceptions2 & to conceal1 "u a torr5t ( eloqu5ce1 ! artifice by :i* all ?is is effectuat$6 ,%\ld ?is s5tim5t ev5 appe> to u excessive1 z p]haps ju/ly x may1 x w at lea/ s]ve to give an idea ( ! /yle ( anci5t eloqu5ce1 :]e su* swell+ expressions 7 n reject$ z :olly mon/r\s & gigantic4 ,suitable to ?is vehem5ce ( ?\ght & expression1 0 ! vehem5ce ( action1 obs]v$ 9 ! anci5t orators4 ,! supplosio p$is1 or /amp+ ) ! foot1 0 "o ( ! mo/ usual & mod]ate ge/ures :i* !y made use (2 ?\gh t is n[ e/eem$ too viol5t1 ei!r = ! s5ate1 b>1 or pulpit1 & is only admitt$ into ! !atre to accompany ! mo/ viol5t passions :i* are !re repres5t$4 ,"o is some:at at a loss to :at cause we may ascribe s s5sible a decl9e ( eloqu5ce 9 latt] ages4 ,! g5ius ( mank9d1 at all times1 is p]haps equal3 ! mod]ns h appli$ !mselves1 ) great indu/ry & success1 to all ! o!r arts & sci5ces3 & a le>n$ nation possesses a popul> gov]nm5t2 a circum/ance :i* seems requisite = ! full display ( ^! noble tal5ts3 b not)/&+ all ^! advantages1 our progress 9 eloqu5ce is v inconsid]able1 9 comp>ison ( ! advances :i* we h made 9 all o!r p>ts ( le>n+4 ,%all we ass]t1 t ! /ra9s ( anci5t eloqu5ce are unsuitable to our age1 & ought n to be imitat$ by mod]n orators8 ,:atev] reasons may be made use ( to prove ?is1 ,i am p]suad$ !y w be f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 to be uns\nd & unsatisfactory4 ,fir/1 ,x may be said1 t1 9 anci5t times1 dur+ ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,greek & ,roman le>n+1 ! municipal laws1 9 e /ate1 7 b few & simple1 & ! decision ( causes 01 9 a great measure1 left to ! equity & common s5se ( ! judges4 ,! /udy ( ! laws 0 n !n a labori\s occupation1 requir+ ! drudg]y ( a :ole life to f9i% x1 & incompatible ) e o!r /udy or pr(ession4 ,! great /atesm5 & g5]als among ! ,romans 7 all lawy]s2 & ,cic]o1 to %[ ! facility ( acquir+ ?is sci5ce1 decl>es1 t 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 occupations1 he w\ld und]take1 9 a few days1 to make himself a complete civilian4 ,n[1 :]e a plead] addresses himself to ! equity ( 8 judges1 he has mu* m room to display 8 eloqu5ce1 ?an :]e he mu/ draw 8 argum5ts f /rict laws1 /atutes1 & prec$5ts4 ,9 ! =m] case _m circum/ances mu/ be tak5 91 _m p]sonal consid]ations reg>d$1 & ev5 fav\r & incl9ation1 :i* x belongs to ! orator1 by 8 art & eloqu5ce1 to conciliate1 may be disguis$ "u ! appe>ance ( equity4 ,b h[ %all a mod]n lawy] h leisure to quit 8 toilsome occupations1 9 ord] to ga!r ! fl[]s ( ,p>nassus8 ,or :at opportunity %all we h ( display+ !m1 amid/ ! rigid & subtile argum5ts1 objections1 & replies1 :i* he is oblig$ to make use (8 ,! greate/ g5ius1 & greate/ orator1 :o %\ld pret5d to plead be=e ! ,*ancellor1 aft] a mon?'s /udy ( ! laws1 w\ld only lab\r to make himself ridicul\s4 ,i am ready to own1 t ?is circum/ance1 ( ! multiplicity & intricacy ( laws1 is a disc\ragem5t to eloqu5ce 9 mod]n times2 b ,i ass]t1 t x w n entirely acc\nt = ! decl9e ( t noble art4 ,x may bani% oratory f ,we/m9/] ,hall1 b n f ei!r h\se ( ,p>liam5t4 ,among ! ,a!nians1 ! ,areopagites expressly =bade all allurem5ts ( eloqu5ce2 & "s h pret5d$1 t 9 ! ,greek orations1 writt5 9 ! judici>y =m1 !re is n s bold & rhetorical a /yle z appe>s 9 ! ,roman4 ,b to :at a pit* did ! ,a!nians c>ry _! eloqu5ce 9 ! delib]ative k9d1 :5 affairs ( /ate 7 canvass$1 & ! lib]ty1 happ9ess1 & hon\r ( ! republic1 7 ! subject ( debate6 ,disputes ( ?is nature elevate ! g5ius above all o!rs1 & give ! fulle/ scope to eloqu5ce2 & su* disputes are v frequ5t 9 ?is nation4 ,secondly1 ,x may be pret5d$1 t ! decl9e ( eloqu5ce is ow+ to ! sup]ior good s5se ( ! mod]ns1 :o reject ) disda9 all ^? rhetorical tricks employ$ to s$uce ! judges1 & w admit ( no?+ b solid argum5t 9 any debate or delib]ation4 ,if a man be accus$ ( murd]1 ! fact mu/ be prov$ by witnesses & evid5ce1 & ! laws w aft]w>ds det]m9e ! puni%m5t ( ! crim9al4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to describe1 9 /rong col\rs1 ! horror & cruelty ( ! action2 to introduce ! relations ( ! dead1 &1 at a signal1 make !m ?r[ !mselves at ! feet ( ! judges1 implor+ ju/ice1 ) te>s & lam5tations3 & /ill m ridicul\s w\ld x be1 to employ a picture repres5t+ ! bloody de$1 9 ord] to move ! judges by ! display ( s tragical a spectacle1 ?\gh we "k t ?is artifice 0 sometimes practis$ by ! plead]s ( old4 ,n[1 bani% ! pa!tic f public disc\rses1 & y r$uce ! speak]s m]ely to mod]n eloqu5ce2 t is1 to good s5se1 deliv]$ 9 prop] expressions4 ,p]haps x may be ackn[l$g$1 t our mod]n cu/oms1 or our sup]ior good s5se1 if y w1 %\ld make our orators m cauti\s & res]v$ ?an ! anci5t1 9 attempt+ to inflame ! passions1 or elevate ! imag9ation ( _! audi5ce2 b ,i see no reason :y x %\ld make !m despair absolutely ( succe$+ 9 t attempt4 ,x %\ld make !m r$\ble _! art1 n ab&on x entirely4 ,! anci5t orators seem also to h be5 on _! gu>d aga9/ ?is jeal\sy ( _! audi5ce2 b !y took a diff]5t way ( elud+ x4 ,!y hurri$ away ) su* a torr5t ( sublime & pa!tic1 t !y left _! he>]s no leisure to p]ceive ! artifice by :i* !y 7 deceiv$4 ,nay1 to consid] ! matt] aright1 !y 7 n deceiv$ by any artifice4 ,! orator1 by ! =ce ( 8 own g5ius & eloqu5ce1 fir/ inflam$ himself ) ang]1 indignation1 pity1 sorr[2 & !n communicat$ ^? impetu\s movem5ts to 8 audi5ce4 ,does any man pret5d to h m good s5se ?an ,julius ,cs>82 yet t haughty conqu]or1 we "k1 0 s subdu$ by ! *>ms ( ,cic]o's eloqu5ce1 t he 01 9 a mann]1 con/ra9$ to *ange 8 settl$ purpose & resolution1 & to absolve a crim9al1 :om1 be=e t orator plead$1 he 0 det]m9$ to condemn4 ,"s objections1 ,i own1 not)/&+ 8 va/ success1 may lie aga9/ "s passages ( ! ,roman orator4 ,he is too florid & rhetorical3 8 figures are too /rik+ & palpable3 ! divisions ( 8 disc\rse are drawn *iefly f ! rules ( ! s*ools3 & 8 wit disda9s n always ! artifice ev5 ( a pun1 rhyme1 or j+le ( words4 ,! ,grecian address$ himself to an audi5ce mu* less ref9$ ?an ! ,roman s5ate or judges4 ,! l[e/ vulg> ( ,a!ns 7 8 sov]eigns1 & ! arbit]s ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,yet is 8 mann] m *a/e & au/]e ?an t ( ! o!r4 ,c\ld x be copi$1 its success w\ld be infallible ov] a mod]n assembly4 ,x is rapid h>mony1 exactly adju/$ to ! s5se2 x is vehem5t reason+1 )\t any appe>ance ( art3 x is disda91 ang]1 boldness1 fre$om1 involv$ 9 a cont9u$ /ream ( argum5t3 &1 ( all human productions1 ! orations ( ,demo/h5es pres5t to u ! models :i* approa* ! ne>e/ to p]fection4 ,?irdly1 ,x may be pret5d$1 t ! disord]s ( ! anci5t gov]nm5ts1 & ! enorm\s crimes ( :i* ! citiz5s 7 (t5 guilty1 af=d$ mu* ampl] matt] = eloqu5ce ?an c be met ) among ! mod]ns4 ,7 !re no ,v]res or ,catil9e1 !re w\ld be no ,cic]o4 ,b t ?is reason c h no great influ5ce1 is evid5t4 ,x w\ld be easy to f9d a ,philip 9 mod]n times1 b :]e %all we f9d a ,demo/h5es8 ,:at rema9s1 !n1 b t we lay ! blame on ! want ( g5ius1 or ( judgm5t1 9 our speak]s1 :o ei!r f\nd !mselves incapable ( rea*+ ! heights ( anci5t eloqu5ce1 or reject$ all su* endeav\rs1 z unsuitable to ! _s ( mod]n assemblies8 ,a few successful attempts ( ?is nature might r\se ! g5ius ( ! nation1 excite ! emulation ( ! y\?1 & accu/om our e>s to a m sublime & m pa!tic elocution1 ?an :at we h be5 hi!rto ent]ta9$ )4 ,!re is c]ta9ly some?+ accid5tal 9 ! fir/ rise & progress ( ! arts 9 any nation4 ,i d\bt :e!r a v satisfactory reason c be giv5 :y anci5t ,rome1 ?\gh x receiv$ all its ref9em5ts f ,greece1 c\ld atta9 only to a reli% = /atu>y1 pa9t+1 & ar*itecture1 )\t rea*+ ! practice ( ^! arts4 ,:ile mod]n ,rome has be5 excit$ by a few rema9s f\nd among ! ru9s ( antiquity1 & has produc$ arti/s ( ! greate/ em95ce & di/9ction4 ,_h su* a cultivat$ g5ius = oratory1 z ,wall]'s = poetry1 aris5 dur+ ! civil w>s1 :5 lib]ty began to be fully e/abli%$1 & popul> assemblies to ent] into all ! mo/ mat]ial po9ts ( gov]nm5t1 ,i am p]suad$ s illu/ri\s an example w\ld h giv5 a q diff]5t turn to ,briti% eloqu5ce1 & made u rea* ! p]fection ( ! anci5t model4 ,our orators w\ld !n h done hon\r to _! c\ntry1 z well z our poets1 geomet]s1 & philosoph]s2 & ,briti% ,cic]os h appe>$1 z well z ,briti% ,ar*im$eses & ,virgils4#a ,x is seldom or nev] f\nd1 :5 a false ta/e 9 poetry or eloqu5ce prevails among any p1 t x has be5 pref]r$ to a true1 ^u comp>ison & reflection4 ,x commonly prevails m]ely f ignorance ( ! true1 & f ! want ( p]fect models to lead m5 into a ju/] appreh5sion1 & m ref9$ reli% ( ^? productions ( g5ius4 ,:5 ^! appe>1 !y soon unite all suffrages 9 _! fav\r1 &1 by _! natural & p[]ful *>ms1 ga9 ov] ev5 ! mo/ prejudic$ to ! love & admiration ( !m4 ,! pr9ciples ( e passion1 & ( e s5tim5t1 is 9 e man2 &1 :5 t\*$ prop]ly1 !y rise to life1 & w>m ! he>t1 & convey t satisfaction1 by :i* a "w ( g5ius is di/+ui%$ f ! adult]ate beauties ( a caprici\s wit & fancy4 ,&1 if ?is obs]vation be true1 ) reg>d to all ! lib]al arts1 x mu/ be peculi>ly s ) reg>d to eloqu5ce2 :i*1 be+ m]ely calculat$ = ! public1 & = m5 ( ! _w1 _c1 )\t any pret5ce ( reason1 appeal f ! p to m ref9$ judges1 b mu/ submit to ! public v]dict )\t res]ve or limitation4 ,:oev]1 ^u comp>ison1 is deem$ by a common audi5ce ! greate/ orator1 ought mo/ c]ta9ly to be pron\nc$ su* by m5 ( sci5ce & erudition4 ,& ?\gh an indiff]5t speak] may triumph = a long "t1 & be e/eem$ altoge!r p]fect by ! vulg>1 :o are satisfi$ ) 8 accompli%m5ts1 & "k n 9 :at he is defective2 yet1 :5ev] ! true g5ius arises1 he draws to him ! att5tion ( e "o1 & imm$iately appe>s sup]ior to 8 rival4 ,n[1 to judge by ?is rule1 anci5t eloqu5ce1 t is1 ! sublime & passionate1 is ( a mu* ju/] ta/e ?an ! mod]n1 or ! argum5tative & rational1 &1 if prop]ly execut$1 w always h m comm& & au?ority ov] mank9d4 ,we are satisfi$ ) our m$iocrity1 because we h _h no exp]i5ce ( any ?+ bett]3 b ! anci5ts _h exp]i5ce ( bo?2 & ^u comp>ison1 gave ! pref]5ce to t k9d ( :i* !y h left u su* applaud$ models4 ,=1 if ,i mi/ake n1 our mod]n eloqu5ce is ( ! same /yle or species ) t :i* anci5t critics d5om9at$ ,attic eloqu5ce1 t is1 calm1 elegant1 & subtile1 :i* in/ruct$ ! reason m ?an affect$ ! passions1 & nev] rais$ its tone above argum5t or common disc\rse4 ,su* 0 ! eloqu5ce ( ,lysias among ! ,a!nians1 & ( ,calvus among ! ,romans4 ,^! 7 e/eem$ 9 _! "t2 b1 :5 comp>$ ) ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1 7 eclips$ l a tap] :5 set 9 ! rays ( a m]idian sun4 ,^? latt] orators possess$ ! same elegance1 & subtilty1 & =ce ( argum5t ) ! =m]2 b1 :at r5d]$ !m *iefly admirable1 0 t pa!tic & sublime1 :i*1 on prop] occasions1 !y ?rew into _! disc\rse1 & by :i* !y comm&$ ! resolution ( _! audi5ce4 ,( ?is species ( eloqu5ce we h sc>cely _h any in/ance 9 ,engl&1 at lea/ 9 our public speak]s4 ,9 our writ]s1 we h _h "s in/ances :i* h met ) great applause1 & might assure our ambiti\s y\? ( equal or sup]ior glory 9 attempts = ! revival ( anci5t eloqu5ce4 ,"l ,bol+broke's productions1 ) all _! defects 9 argum5t1 me?od1 & precision1 conta9 a =ce & en]gy :i* our orators sc>cely ev] aim at2 ?\gh x is evid5t t su* an elevat$ /yle has mu* bett] grace 9 a speak] ?an 9 a writ]1 & is assur$ ( m prompt & m a/oni%+ success4 ,x is !re second$ by ! graces ( voice & action3 ! movem5ts are mutually communicat$ betwe5 ! orator & ! audi5ce3 & ! v aspect ( a l>ge assembly1 att5tive to ! disc\rse ( "o man1 mu/ inspire him ) a peculi> elevation1 suffici5t to give a propriety to ! /ronge/ figures & expressions4 ,x is true1 !re is a great prejudice aga9/ set spee*es2 & a man _c escape ridicule1 :o repeats a disc\rse z a s*oolboy does 8 lesson1 & takes no notice ( any ?+ t has be5 advanc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! debate4 ,b :]e is ! necessity ( fall+ into ?is absurdity8 ,a public speak] mu/ "k be=eh& ! "q "u debate4 ,he may compose all ! argum5ts1 objections1 & answ]s1 su* z he ?9ks w be mo/ prop] = 8 disc\rse4 ,if any ?+ new occur1 he may supply x f 8 own inv5tion2 nor w ! diff]5ce be v app>5t betwe5 8 elaborate & 8 extempor>y compositions4 ,! m9d naturally cont9ues ) ! same impetus or =ce1 :i* x has acquir$ by its motion z a vessel1 once impell$ by ! o>s1 c>ries on its c\rse = "s "t :5 ! orig9al impulse is susp5d$4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject ) obs]v+1 t1 ev5 ?\gh our mod]n orators %\ld n elevate _! /yle1 or aspire to a rival%ip ) ! anci5t2 yet !re is1 9 mo/ ( _! spee*es1 a mat]ial defect :i* !y might correct1 )\t dep>t+ f t compos$ air ( argum5t & reason+ to :i* !y limit _! ambition4 ,_! great affectation ( extempor>y disc\rses has made !m reject all ord] & me?od1 :i* seems s requisite to argum5t1 & )\t :i* x is sc>cely possible to produce an entire conviction on ! m9d4 ,x is n t "o w\ld recomm5d _m divisions 9 a public disc\rse1 unless ! subject v evid5tly (f] !m3 b x is easy1 )\t ?is =mality1 to obs]ve a me?od1 & make t me?od conspicu\s to ! he>]s1 :o w be inf9itely pleas$ to see ! argum5ts rise naturally f "o ano!r1 & w reta9 a m ?or\gh p]suasion ?an c arise f ! /ronge/ reasons :i* are ?r[n toge!r 9 confusion4 #a ,i h confess$ t !re is some?+ accid5tal 9 ! orig9 & progress ( ! arts 9 any nation2 & yet ,i _c =be> ?9k+1 t if ! o!r le>n$ & polite nations ( ,europe _h possess$ ! same advantages ( a popul> gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld probably h c>ri$ eloqu5ce to a great] height ?an x has yet rea*$ 9 ,brita94 ,! ,fr5* s]mons1 especially ^? ( ,fle*i] & ,b\rdal\e1 are mu* sup]ior to ! ,engli% 9 ?is p>ticul>2 & 9 ,fle*i] !re are _m /rokes ( ! mo/ sublime poetry4 ,8 fun]al s]mon on ! ,m>e*al de ,tur5ne1 is a good in/ance4 ,none b private causes 9 t c\ntry1 are ev] debat$ be=e _! ,p>liam5t or ,c\rts ( ,judicature2 b1 not)/&+ ?is disadvantage1 !re appe>s a _s ( eloqu5ce 9 _m ( _! lawy]s1 :i*1 ) prop] cultivation & enc\ragem5t1 might rise to ! greate/ heights4 ,! plead+s ( ,patru are v elegant1 & give u room to imag9e :at s f9e a g5ius c\ld h p]=m$ 9 que/ions conc]n+ public lib]ty or slav]y1 peace or w>1 :o ex]ts himself ) su* success 9 debates conc]n+ ! price ( an old horse1 or ! gossip+ /ory ( a qu>rel betwixt an abbess & h] nuns4 ,= x is rem>kable1 t ?is polite writ]1 ?\gh e/eem$ by all ! m5 ( wit 9 8 "t1 0 nev] employ$ 9 ! mo/ consid]able causes ( _! c\rts ( judicature1 b liv$ & di$ 9 pov]ty2 f an anci5t prejudice indu/ri\sly propagat$ by ! ,dunces 9 all c\ntries1 ,t a man ( g5ius is unfit = bus9ess4 ,! disord]s produc$ by ! m9i/ry ( ,c>d9al ,maz>9e1 made ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is ent] into ! discussion ( public affairs2 & dur+ t %ort int]val1 !re appe>$ _m symptoms ( ! revival ( anci5t eloqu5ce4 ,! ,avocat-,g5]al1 ,talon1 9 an oration1 invok$ on 8 knees ! _s ( ,/ ,l\is to look d[n ) compassion on 8 divid$ & unhappy p1 & to inspire !m1 f above1 ) ! love ( concord & unanimity4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy h attempt$ to give u models ( eloqu5ce 9 _! h>angues at _! admittance2 b hav+ no subject to disc\rse ^u1 !y h run altoge!r into a fulsome /ra9 ( panegyric & flatt]y1 ! mo/ b>r5 ( all subjects4 ,_! /yle1 h[ev]1 is commonly1 on ^! occasions1 v elevat$ & sublime1 & might rea* ! greate/ heights1 7 x employ$ on a subject m fav\rable & engag+4 ,!re are "s circum/ances 9 ! ,engli% temp] & g5ius1 :i* are disadvantage\s to ! progress ( eloqu5ce1 & r5d] all attempts ( t k9d m dang]\s & difficult among !m1 ?an among any o!r nation 9 ! univ]se4 ,! ,engli% are conspicu\s = good s5se1 :i* makes !m v jeal\s ( any attempts to deceive !m1 by ! fl[]s ( rhetoric & elocution4 ,!y are also peculi>ly mode/2 :i* makes !m consid] x z a piece ( arrogance to (f] any ?+ b reason to public assemblies1 or attempt to guide !m by passion or fancy4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to add t ! p 9 g5]al are n rem>kable = delicacy ( ta/e1 or = s5sibility to ! *>ms ( ! ,muses4 ,_! musical p>ts1 to use ! expression ( a noble au?or1 are b indiff]5t4 ,h5ce _! comic poets1 to move !m1 mu/ h rec\rse to obsc5ity2 _! tragic poets to blood & slaught]4 ,& h5ce1 _! orators1 be+ depriv$ ( any su* res\rce1 h ab&on$ altoge!r ! hopes ( mov+ !m1 & h conf9$ !mselves to pla9 argum5t & reason+4 ,^! circum/ances1 jo9$ to p>ticul> accid5ts1 may1 p]haps1 h ret>d$ ! gr[? ( eloqu5ce 9 ?is k+dom2 b w n be able to prev5t its success1 if ev] x appe> among/ u4 ,& "o may safely pron\nce1 t ?is is a field 9 :i* ! mo/ fl\ri%+ laurels may yet be ga!r$1 if any y\? ( accompli%$ g5ius1 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! polite arts1 & n ignorant ( public bus9ess1 %\ld appe> 9 ,p>liam5t1 & accu/om our e>s to an eloqu5ce m comm&+ & pa!tic4 ,& to confirm me 9 ?is op9ion1 !re occur two consid]ations1 ! "o d]iv$ f anci5t1 ! o!r f mod]n times4