,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,e ef=t has 
be5 made to replicate ?is text z        
fai?fully     z possible1 includ+       
inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation4    
,"s corrections ( spell+ h be5 made4 ,!y
 are li/$ at !     end ( ! text4        
,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 
,,prophets ,,( ,,diss5t       ,,books   
,,by ,,otto ,,hell]    ,,h5rik ,,ibs53  
,,plays ,,& ,,problems    ,,/udies ,,9  
,,mod]n ,,g]man ,,lit]ature             
,,less+',s ,,m9na ,,von ,,b>nhelm   9   
,engli%       ,prophets ( ,diss5t3      
,essays   on ,maet]l9ck1 ,/r9db]g1      
,nietzs*e & ,tol/oy    by   ,otto ,hell]
    ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,european        
,lit]ature   9 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity 7,/4 
,l\is7     ,is !re a ?+ 9 ?is _w t c be 
sep>at$ f   ! inconceivable8            
,maet]l9ck1 ,our ,et]nity     ,new ,york
   ,mcmxviii   ,alfr$ ,a ,knopf         
,,copyright1 #aiah1 ,,by   ,,alfr$ ,a4  
,,knopf    ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  
,,( ,,am]ica       ,to   ,,hell5 ,,se>s 
/aun*e/ ( fri5ds     ,preface   ,!      

collocation ( au?ors s widely at v>iance
 9 _! moral & arti/ic aims z are ^?     
assembl$ 9 ?is little book may be def5d$
 by ! safe & simple argum5t t all ( ^!  
au?ors h ex]t$1 ea* 9 8 own way1 an     
influ5ce ( s+ul> range & pot5cy4 ,by    
fairly g5]al cons5t !y are ! =emo/      
lit]>y expositors ( important mod]n     
t5d5cies4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( no consequ5ce 
:e!r or n _! ways ( ?9k+ fit into our   
p>ticul> frame ( m9d2 :at really matt]s 
is t 9 ?is small gr\p ( writ]s m cle>ly 
p]haps ?an 9 any o!r simil>ly re/rict$  
gr\p ! basic issues ( ! mod]n /ruggle = 
social trans=mation appe> to be cle>ly &
 %>ply jo9$4 ,t 9 view+ !m z indicators 
( contr>i\s ideal curr5ts due all[ance  
mu/ be made = peculi>ities ( temp]am5t1 
bo? individual & racial1 &1             
correspond+ly1 = ! purely p]sonal       
equation 9 _! spiritual attitudes1 does 
n detract to any mat]ial degree f _!    
g5]ic significance4  ,9 any case1 !re   
are ^? ( u :o 9 ! vortical *ange ( !    
social ord] ?r\gh :i* we are :irl+1 feel

 a desire to ori5t ourselves ?r\gh an   
objective int]e/ 9 lett]s among !       
embattl$ purposes & policies :i* are n[ 
gripp$ 9 a f9al te/ ( /r5g?4 ,9 a crisis
 t makes ! v f\ndations ( civilization  
quake1 & at a mom5t :5 ! salvation (    
human lib]ty seems to dep5d ^u ! success
 ( a unit$ /& ( all ! mod]n =ces ( life 
aga9/ ! de/ructive impact ( ! mo/       
primitive & savage ( all ! in/9cts1 w\ld
 x n be absurdly p$antic = a critical   
/ud5t ( lit]ature to resort to any      
artificial selection & co-ord9ation ( 8 
mat]ial 9 ord] to please ! prudes & !   
p$agogues8 ,& is x n natural to seek t  
mat]ial among ! l>ge/ lit]>y app>itions 
( ! age8  ,x is my op9ion1 !n1 t ! f\r  
great au?ors discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ pages  
/&1 respectively1 = ! det]m9+ /ra9s 9 a 
great upsett+ movem5t1 & t 9 ! aggregate
 !y br+ to view ! composite m5tal &     
moral impulsion ( ! times4 ,?r\gh su*   
=ceful articulations ( curr5t movem5ts !
 m p]cipi5t class ( read]s h = a long "t
 be5 enabl$ to =es5se1 9 a mann]1 !     

colossal recon/ruction ( society :i*    
ne$s mu/ foll[ ?is mon/r\s1 b presumably
 f9al1 cla% betwe5 ! irreconcilable     
elem5ts 9 ! contra/$ pr9ciples ( "r &   
might1 ! masses & ! mon>*s4  ,h[ev]1 !  
ga!r+ toge!r ( ,maet]l9ck1 ,nietzs*e1   
,/r9db]g1 & ,tol/oy "u ! hospitality ( a
 common book-cov] p]mits ( a supplem5t>y
 explanation on ! gr\nd ( a c]ta9       
fundam5tal lik5ess f> /rong] ?an _! only
 too obvi\s div]sities4 ,!y are1 "o &   
all1 radicals 9 ?\ght1 &1 ) diff]+ /r5g?
 ( int5tion1 re=m]s ( society1 inasmu* z
 _! speculations & aspirations are      
relevant to practical problems ( liv+4  
,& yet :at gives !m su* a durable hold  
on our att5tion is n _! p>ticul>        
apo/olate1 b ! fact t _! arti/ic        
impulses asc5d f ! sublim9al regions ( !
 inn] life1 & t _! "w someh[ br+s "o    
into t\* ) ! hidd5 spr+s ( human action 
& human fate4 ,?is means1 9 effect1 t   
all ( !m are my/ics by orig9al ca/ ( m9d
 & t not)/&+ any diff]5ce1 h[ev]        
app>5tly viol5t1 ( views & !ories1 !y   

foll[ ! same introspective pa? t[>ds !  
recognition & int]pretation ( ! law (   
life4 ,f widely sep>at$ e?ical premises 
!y ?us arrive at an ess5tially uni=m    
appraisal ( p]sonal happ9ess z a        
function ( liv+4  ,to ^? read]s :o are n
 dispos$ to grant ! validity ( !        
explanations ,i h (f]$1 p]haps equality 
( rank 9 arti/ic importance may seem a  
suffici5t crit]ion = ! association (    
au?ors1 &1 ap>t f all sociologic &      
philosophic consid]ations1 !y may be    
will+ to accept my some:at arbitr>y     
selection on ?is s+le c\nt4      ,o4 ,h4
  ,april1 #aiah4     ,,cont5ts          
,,page      ,i ,maurice ,maet]l9ck3 a   
/udy 9 ,my/icism         #c     ,,ii    
,augu/ ,/r9db]g3 a /udy 9 ,ecc5tricity  
#ga    ,,iii ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e3 a /udy 
9 ,exaltation      #aji     ,,iv ,leo   
,tol/oy3 a /udy 9 ,revivalism           
#afa     ,i  ,,! ,,my/icism ,,(         
,,maurice ,,maet]l9ck   ,"u ! t]rific   
atmosph]ic pressure t has be5 tortur+ ! 
civilization ( ! entire _w s9ce !       

outbreak ( ! greate/ ( w>s1 contempor>y 
lit]ature ( ! major ca/ appe>s to h gone
 into decl9e4 ,ev5 ! comp>atively few   
writ]s recogniz$ z possess+ tal5ts ( !  
fir/ magnitude h giv5 way to t pressure 
& h %runk to m9or size1 s t x may be    
s]i\sly que/ion$1 to say ! lea/1 :e!r   
dur+ ! pa/ =ty mon?s or s a s+le lit]>y 
"w ( out/&+ & su/a9$ gr&eur has be5     
a*iev$ any:]e4 ,t ! effect ( ! univ]sal 
embattlem5t ^u ! art ( lett]s %\ld be1 9
 ! ma91 extremely depress+1 is q        
natural2 b ! conspicu\s loss ( bread? & 
poise 9 writ]s ( ! fir/ ord] seems less 
9 accordance ) necessity1--at lea/ "o   
might expect a v sup]ior au?or to rise  
above t necessity4 ,9 any case x is v   
surpris+ t x %\ld be a ,belgian ^:      
lit]>y p]sonality is almo/ unique 9 hav+
 rema9$ exempt f ! g5]al abridgm5t (    
spiritual /ature4  ,x is true t ,maurice
 ,maet]l9ck1 ! mo/ em95t lit]>y figure 9
 8 sadly /rick5 c\ntry & ( unsurpass$   
/&+ among ! contempor>y ma/]s ( ,fr5*   
lett]s1 has1 s9ce ! great cata/rophe1   

won no new laurels z a dramati/2 & t 9 !
 o!r field cultivat$ by him1 t ( !      
essay1 8 productiv5ess has be5 any?+ b  
prolific4 ,b 9 8 case "o is incl9$ to   
int]pret retic5ce z an eloqu5t pro( ( a 
s+ul>ly h]oic firmness ( "* at a "t :5  
on bo? sides ( ! great divide :i* n[    
sep>ates ! peoples1 ! cosmopolitan tr5d 
( human advance has come to a tempor>y  
halt1 & ! nations h relaps$ f _!        
labori\sly atta9$ degree ( _w-citiz5%ip 
into ! homeli]1 b m imm$iately virtu\s1 
/ate ( traditional patriotism4  ,x is a 
milit>y necessity z well z a bir?right (
 human nature t at a "t l ! pres5t !    
patriot is excus$ f any ph>isaical      
pr(ession ( lov+ 8 enemy4 ,be=e ! w>1   
,maet]l9ck's writ+s 7 animat$ by        
humanit>ian sympa?ies ( ! broade/       
ca?olicity4 ,he ev5 _h a peculi>        
affection = ! ,g]mans1 because d\btless 
he p]ceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( a /rong k9%ip    
betwe5 c]ta9 ess5tial traits 9 8        
spiritual composition & ! fundam5tal    
t5d5cies ( ,g]man philosophy & art4 ,b  

:5 ,belgium 0 lawlessly invad$1 h]      
anci5t t[ns he9\sly de/roy$1 h] soil    
laid wa/e & dr5*$ ) ! blood ( h] p1     
,maet]l9ck1 z a son ( ,belgium1 le>n$ to
 hate ! ,g]mans to ! utmo/ ( a wise &   
temp]ate man's capacity = hatr$1 & 9 8  
w> pap]s collect$ 9 ,les ,dbris de la   
,gu]re1 7#aiaf717a7 :i* r+ ) !          
passionate impulse ( ! patriot1 8       
outrag$ s5se ( ju/ice prevails ov] !    
discipl9$ self-comm& ( ! /oic4    7#a7  
,! ,wrack ( ! ,/orm1 #aiaf4  ,he refuses
 to acquiesce 9 ! l5i5t discrim9ation   
betwe5 ! guilty ,gov]nm5t ( ,g]many & h]
 innoc5t population3 ,x is n true t 9   
?is gigantic crime !re are innoc5t &    
guilty1 or degrees ( guilt4 ,!y /& on "o
 level1 all ^? :o h tak5 "p 9 x4444 ,x  
is1 v simply1 ! ,g]man1 f "o end ( 8    
c\ntry to ! o!r1 :o /&s reveal$ z a bea/
 ( prey :i* ! firm w ( our planet f9ally
 repudiates4 ,we h "h no wret*$ slaves  
dragg$ along by a tyrant k+ :o alone is 
responsible4 ,nations h ! gov]nm5t :i*  
!y des]ve1 or r1 ! gov]nm5t :i* !y h is 

truly no m ?an ! magnifi$ & public      
projection ( ! private morality &       
m5tality ( ! nation4444 ,no nation c be 
deceiv$ t does n wi% to be deceiv$2 & x 
is n intellig5ce t ,g]many lacks4444 ,no
 nation p]mits h]self to be co]c$ to !  
"o crime t man _c p>don4 ,x is ( h] own 
accord t %e ha/5s t[>ds x2 h] *ief has  
no ne$ to p]suade1 x is %e :o urges him 
on47#b7    7#b7 ,! ,wrack ( ! ,/orm1 pp4
 #af-ah4  ,su* a condemnatory tirade    
aga9/ ! despoil]s ( 8 fair homel& 0     
normally to be expect$ f a man (        
,maet]l9ck's dep? ( feel+4 ,! unexpect$ 
?+ t happ5$ n long aft] 0 t ! impulsive 
prompt+s ( ju/ice & patriotism put      
!mselves into h>mony ) ! guid+ pr9ciples
 ( 8 entire moral evolution4 ,!         
integrity ( 8 philosophy ( life1 ! /]l+ 
hone/y ( 8 tea*+s1 7 ?us loyally seal$ )
 ! v blood ( 8 he>t4--,be=e clos+ ?is   
book1 he says 9 ! ,epilogue17#c7 ,i wi% 
to weigh = ! la/ "t 9 my consci5ce !    
words ( hatr$ & mal$iction :i* x has    
made me speak 9 spite ( myself4 ,& !n1  

true prophet t he is1 he speaks =? z a  
voice f ! future1 admoni%+ m5 to prep>e 
= ! "t :5 ! w> is ov]4 ,:at san] advice 
c\ld at ?is critical "t be giv5 !       
/ay-at-homes ?an t !y %\ld foll[ !      
example ( ! m5 :o return f ! tr5*es8 ,!y
 dete/ ! enemy1 says he1 b !y d n hate !
 man4 ,!y recognize 9 him a bro!r 9     
mis=tune :o1 l !mselves1 is submitt+ to 
duties & laws :i*1 l !mselves1 he too   
believes l(ty & necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
too1 n _m h s5s$ z deeply z has         
,maet]l9ck ! gr&eur to :i* humanity has 
ris5 ?r\gh ! immeasurable pa?os ( ! w>4 
,sett+ aside ! unp>donable aggression & 
! inexpiable violation ( ! treaties1 ?is
 w>1 despite its insanity1 has come ne> 
to be+ a bloody b magnific5t pro( (     
greatness1 h]oism1 & ! _s ( sacrifice4  
,& f 8 pr(\nd angui% ov] ! fate ( 8     
belov$ ,belgium ?is consolation is      
wrung3 ,if x be true1 z ,i believe1 t   
humanity is wor? j z mu* z ! sum total (
 lat5t h]oism :i* x conta9s1 !n we may  
decl>e t humanity 0 nev] /rong] nor m   

exempl>y ?an n[ & t x is at ?is mom5t   
rea*+ "o ( its highe/ po9ts & capable ( 
brav+ ev]y?+ & hop+ ev]y?+4 ,& x is =   
?is reason t1 despite our pres5t        
sadness1 we are entitl$ to congratulate 
ourselves & to rejoice4 ,altoge!r1      
,maet]l9ck's ?\ghts & actions ?r\gh\t   
?is yet unf9i%$ mighty fate-drama (     
hi/ory *all5ge ! highe/ respect = !     
cl>ity ( 8 intellect & ! pr(\ndness ( 8 
humanity4    7#c7 ,9 ! ,engli%          
translation ?is is ! *apt] prec$+ ! la/ 
"o & is head$ ,:5 ! ,w> ,is ,ov]1 p4    
#bic ff42 x is sep>ately   publi%$ 9 ,! 
,=um = ,july1 #aiaf4  ,! appall+ disa/] 
t has befall5 ! ,belgian p is sure to   
/amp _! national "* ) indelible m>ks2 s 
t x is safe to pr$ict t nev] aga9 w !   
type ( civilization :i* be=e ! w> reign$
 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,meuse & ! ,s*eldt       
re/abli% itself 9 its full peculi>ity & 
di/9ctiv5ess :i* 0 ! result ( a unique  
coag5cy ( ,g]manic & ,romanic +r$i5ts ( 
culture4 ,yet 9 ! amalgam ( ! two       
het]og5e\s elem5ts a c]ta9 competitive  

anti!sis _h surviv$1 & manife/$ itself1 
9 ! individual z 9 ! national life at   
l>ge1 9 a numb] ( unreconcil$           
temp]am5tal contra/s1 & 9 ! fundam5tal  
unlik5ess exhibit$ 9 ! mat]ial & !      
spiritual activities4 ,witness ! contra/
 betwe5 ! bu/l+ aggressiv5ess 9 !       
prov9ce ( practical affairs & !         
metaphysical drift ( mod]n ,flemi% art4 
,to any "o famili> ) ! visible          
mat]ialism ( ! population 9 its ext]nal 
mode ( liv+ x may h seem$ /range to     
notice h[ s$ul\sly a num]\s set among ! 
y\ng] arti/s ( ! l& 7 fac+ away f _!    
concrete environm5t1 z ?\gh to _!       
ov]-s5sitive n]v\s sy/em x 7 irrem$iably
 (f5sive4 ,! vigor\s solidity (         
,con/ant9 ,meuni]1 ! great pla/ic       
int]pret] ( ! ,black ,c\ntry ( ,belgium1
 f\nd b few :olehe>t$ imitators among ! 
sculptors1 :ile among ! pa9t]s t robu/  
t]re/rialism ( :i* ! "w ( a ,rub5s or   
,t5i]s & _! c\ntless disciples 0 !      
arti/ic up%ot1 0 almo/ totally          
rel9qui%$1 & l9e> firmness & colorful   

vitality yield$ ! day to pallid1        
disc>nately decorative arti/ry ev51 9 a 
measure1 9 ! appli$ art products ( a    
,h5ri van de ,velde4  ,x is 9 ! field ( 
lit]ature1 naturally en\gh1 t ! contra/ 
is resolv$ & integrat$ into a *>act]i/ic
 unity4 ,v rec5tly ,pr(essor ,a4 ,j4    
,c>noy has def9itely po9t$ out7#d7 !    
/rik+ commixture ( ! reali/ic &         
imag9ative elem5ts 9 ! "w ( ! ,flemi%   
symboli/s4 ,! vision ( ! ,flem+s--quot+ 
f 8 own prcis ( 8 pap]--is v concrete1 v
 exact 9 all details & gives a durable1 
real1 & almo/ corporeal pres5ce to !    
creations ( ! imag9ation4 ,all ^! traits
 are exhibit$ 9 ! rev]ies ( ! ,flemi%   
my/ics1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,"o f9ds !m also
 no less pla9ly 9 ! poetic "w ( ,belgian
 writ]s ( ! la/ g5]ation3 ,maet]l9ck1   
,v]ha]51 ,rod5ba*1 ,van ,l]b]ghe1 ,le   
,roy1 ,elskamp1 etc4    7#d7 ,9 a pap]  
read by title be=e ! ,mod]n ,language   
,association (   ,am]ica at ,yale       
,univ]sity1 ,decemb] #bi1 #aiag4  ,if we
 take into acc\nt ?is composite attitude

 ( ! ,flemi% m9d we %all be less        
surpris$ at ! rem>kable evolution ( a   
poet-philosoph] ^: creations seem at    
fir/ blu% to be> no resemblance to !    
outw>d complexion ( 8 own age2 :o seems 
z f> remov$ temp]am5tally f 8 locality &
 "t z 7 8 l9eal spiritual ance/ors3 !   
,dut*man ,ruysbroeck1 ! ,sc&9avian      
,sw$5borg1 ! ,g]man ,novalis1 & !       
,am]ican ,em]son--& :o 9 ! z5i? ( 8 c>e]
 /&s =? z an ard5t advocate ( practical 
action :ile at ! same "t a firm believ] 
9 ! transc5d5tal4  ,maet]l9ck's romantic
 antipa?y t[>ds ! ma9 drift ( ! age 0 a 
ph5om5on :i* at ! dawn ( our c5tury c\ld
 be obs]v$ 9 a great numb] ( sup]ior    
intellig5ces4 ,^? fugitives f ! dun &   
sordid mat]ialism ( ! day 7 likely to   
*oose betwe5 two av5ues ( escape1       
accord+ to _! great] or less] inn]      
rugg$ness4 ,! m aggressive type w\ld    
engage 9 multi=m w>f>e = ! recon/ruction
 ( life on s\nd] pr9ciples2 :]eas ! m   
m$itative pr(ess$ a real or affect$     
indiff]5ce to practical ?+s & es*ew$ any

 p>ticipation 9 ! _w's /ruggle =        
progress4 ,& ( ! quiesc5t r ?an !       
insurg5t v>iety ( ! romantic temp]      
,maurice ,maet]l9ck 0 ! =emo/ expon5t4  
,! romantic long+ seems to h come into !
 _w 9 ! company ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ) 
:i* x %>es its p>tly outspok51 p>tly    
impli$ repugnance = ! battle ( life4    
,romantic p]iods occur 9 ! hi/ory (     
civilization :5ev] a suffici5tly        
influ5tial set ( arti/ically m9d$ p]sons
 h p]suad$ !mselves t1 9 q a lit]al s5se
 ( ! colloquial phrase1 !y h no use = ! 
_w2 a discov]y :i* w\ld /ill be true 7 x
 /at$ obv]sely4 ,! romantic _w-view1 ?us
 fundam5tally ori5t$ by _w-contempt1    
entails1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 ! repudiation (
 all e>?ly joys--notably ! joy (        
work+--& ! r5\ncem5t ( all worldly      
ambition2 x scorns ! coop]ative1 social 
disposition1 invites ! s\l to a         
progressive )drawal into ! inn] ego1 &  
ends 9 complete surr5d] to "o sole      
aspiration3 ! se>* ( ! high] vision1 !  
vision1 t is1 ( ?+s beyond _! tangible  

reality4 ,to su* my/ical con/ructions ( 
! inn] eye a c]ta9 gr\p ( ,g]man writ]s 
:o fl\ri%$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury
 & 7 kn[n z ! ,romantics1 d>kly grop$ _!
 way out ( ! conf9+ realities ( _! own  
"t4 ,! mo/ mod]n spell ( romanticism1 ! 
"o ?r\gh :i* our own g5]ation 0 b       
ye/]day pass+1 measures its diff]5ce f  
any previ\s romantic era by ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 e>li] /ates ( culture & our own4 
,life ) u is conspicu\sly m ass]tive &  
aggressive 9 its social ?an 9 its       
individual expressions1 :i* 0 by no     
means always s1 & unless ! romantic     
pr$isposition adapt$ itself to ?is      
important *ange x c\ld n relate itself  
at all intimately to our int]e/s4 ,our  
/udy ( ,maet]l9ck %\ld help u1 !re=e1 to
 discov] possibly 9 ! new romantic      
t5d5cy "s practical & vital be>+s4  ,we 
f9d t 9 ! new romanticism e/hetic &     
philosophical impulses are inextricably 
mix$4 ,h5ce ! new movem5t is also play+ 
an indisp5sable rle 9 ! mod]n           
re-f\ndation ( art4 ,= :ile act+ z a    

:olesome (fset to ! s-call$ naturalism1 
9 its firm refusal to limit inn] life to
 ! sup]ficial realities1 x at ! same "t 
comb9es ) naturalism into a complete    
recoil+1 bo? ( ! intellect & ! emotions1
 f any commonplace1 or pusillanim\s1 or 
me*anical practices ( arti/ry4 ,?is     
latt]-day romanticism1 moreov]1 not)/&+ 
its sky-aspir+ out/ret*1 is ak9 to      
naturalism 9 t1 aft] all1 x keeps its   
roots firmly gr\nd$ 9 ! e>?2 t is to    
say1 x seeks = its ult]ior sanctions n 9
 realms high beyond ! self2 r x looks )9
 = ! blue fl[] ( cont5t$ness4 ,already  
to ! romantics ( old ! my/ic road to    
happ9ess 0 n unkn[n4 ,x is1 = in/ance1  
po9t$ by ,novalis3 ,inw>d leads !       
my/]i\s way4 ,)9 u or n[h]e lies et]nity
 ) its worlds2 )9 u or n[h]e are ! pa/ &
 ! future4 ,view$ sep>ately f o!r       
elem5ts ( romanticism1 ?is passion =    
retreat+ )9 ! c5tral ego is commonly    
ref]r$ to z my/icism2 x has a /rong hold
 on _m among ! mod]ns1 & ,maurice       
,maet]l9ck to be prop]ly und]/ood has to

 be und]/ood z ! poet p> excell5ce (    
mod]n my/icism4 ,by virtue ( ?is special
 (fice he deals ma9ly 9 concepts ( !    
transc5d5tal1 :i* puzzles ! ord9>y p]son
 accu/om$ to p]ceive only mat]ial &     
ephem]al realities4 ,maet]l9ck holds t  
no?+ matt]s t is n et]nal & t :at keeps 
u f enjoy+ ! treasures ( ! univ]se is ! 
h]$it>y resignation ) :i* we t>ry 9 !   
gloomy prison ( our s5ses4 ,9 reality1  
we live only f s\l to s\l1 & we are gods
 :o d n "k ea* o!r47#e7 ,x foll[s f ?is 
metaphysical f\ndation ( 8 art t in/ead 
( ! gross] t]m9ology suitable to pla9   
realities1 ,maet]l9ck mu/ dep5d ^u a    
code ( subtle messages 9 ord] to e/abli%
 betwe5 himself & 8 audi5ce a l9e (     
spiritual communication4 ,?is makes x   
some:at difficult = p ( crud] end[m5t to
 appreciate 8 mean+1 a grievance f :i* 9
 ! beg9n+ _m ( !m s\ght r$ress 9 facile 
sc(f+4 ,obtuse m9ds are prone to claim a
 "r to fa?om ! pr(\nd mean+s ( g5ius ) !
 same ease ) :i* !y expect to cat* !    
mean+ ( a bill ( f>e or ! daily /ock    

m>ket report4    7#e7 ,maet]l9ck1 ,on   
,em]son4                     99       99
       99       99       99  ,x mu/ be  
confess$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ^? to :om        
,maet]l9ck's sph]e ( ?\ght is n s utt]ly
 seal$1 ent] x ) a s5se ( mix$ p]plexity
 & appreh5sion4 ,!y feel !mselves       
helplessly conduct$ ?r\gh a _w situat$  
beyond ! conf9es ( _! normal            
consci\sness1 & 9 ?is /range _w ev]y?+ t
 comes to pass appe>s at fir/ extremely 
impracticable & unreal4 ,! action seems 
:olly dissev]$ f common s5se & ord9>y   
uses2 ! figures behave o!rwise ?an      
humans2 ! dialogue is pois$ on ! edge ( 
a precipice ( ba?os4 ,x is cle> t works 
s f> out ( ! common h to be approa*$ f !
 poet's own po9t ( view4 ,let ! read]   
move 8 /&po9t "o in* ne>] ! popul>      
/&po9t1 ?us we are w>n$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 
,*e/]ton1 & 8 attitude t[>ds ! poet w be
 h>%1 ho/ile1 unconqu]able mir?4 ,!re   
are "s works t c be appreciat$ = _! good
 /ory1 ev5 if we fail to realize !      
au?or's moral attitude1 let alone to    

grasp ! deep] cont5t ( 8 "w4 ,b if we   
take a play by ,maet]l9ck we %all f9d t 
unless we grasp ! p>ticul> fairy ?read (
 ?\ght ! poet r lazily fl+s to u1 we _c 
grasp any?+ :atev]4 ,except f "o extreme
 poetic po9t ( view1 ! ?+ is n a play2 x
 is n a bad play1 x is a mass ( clott$  
nons5se4 ,"o :ole act describes ! lov]s 
go+ to look = a r+ 9 a di/ant cave :5 !y
 bo? "k !y h dropp$ x d[n ! well4 ,se5 f
 "s secret w9d[ on "s special side ( !  
s\l's turret1 ?is might convey a s5se ( 
fa]ie futility 9 our human life4 ,b x is
 q obvi\s t unless x call$ =? t "o k9d (
 sympa?y1 x w\ld call =? no?+ b laught]4
 ,9 ! same play1 ! husb& *ases 8 wife ) 
a drawn sword1 ! wife rem>k+ at         
int]vals1 ',i am n gay4' ,n[ !re may    
really be an idea 9 ?is2 ! idea ( human 
mis=tune com+ mo/ cruelly ^u !          
opportunism ( innoc5ce2 t ! lonely human
 he>t says1 l a *ild at a p>ty1 ',i am n
 enjoy+ myself z ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld4' ,b x
 is pla9 t unless "o ?9ks ( ?is idea1 & 
( ?is idea only1 ! expression is n 9 !  

lea/ unsuccessful pa?os1--x is v broad &
 highly successful f>ce6  ,& s !        
atmosph]e ( ,maet]l9ck's plays is       
impregnat$ ?r\gh\t ) oppressive my/]ies1
 & until ! key ( ^! my/]ies is f\nd !re 
is v little mean+ to ! plays4 ,moreov]1 
^! my/]ies1 be !y nev] s /]n &          
awe-inspir+1 are irresi/ibly allur+4 ,! 
reason is1 !y are our own my/]ies t h   
someh[ escap$ our grasp1 & t we fa9 w\ld
 recapture1 because !re dwells 9 e human
 brea/ a vague ass5t to ! immortal tru? 
( ,goe!'s ass]tion3 ,! ?rill ( awe is   
man's be/ h]itage47#f7    7#f7 ,das     
,s*aud]n i/ d] ,m5s*heit be/es ,teil4   
,! imag9ative equipm5t ( ,maet]l9ck's   
dramaturgy is r limit$ &1 on its face   
value1 trite4 ,9 p>ticul> are 8 dramatis
 p]sonae creatures by no means calculat$
 to ov]awe by "s extraord9>y weirdness  
or p[]4 ,& yet we feel ourselves t\*$ by
 an elem5tal dread & by an ov]:elm+ s5se
 ( our human impot5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( ^!  
figures :o1 )\t seem+ sup]natural1 are  
c]ta9ly n ( common fle% & blood2 !y     

impress u z surpass+ly /range ma9ly     
because someh[ !y are in/9ct ) a life   
fundam5tally m real ?an ! sup]ficial    
reality we "k4 ,= !y are ! m$iums &     
oracles ( ! fateful p[]s t /ir human    
be+s into action4  ,! poet ( my/icism1  
!n1 delves into ! my/ic s\rces ( our    
de$s1 & makes u /& rev]5t ) him be=e !  
unkn[able =ces by :i* we are controll$4 
,naturally he is oblig$ to %ape 8       
visions 9 dim outl9e4 ,8 aim is to %ad[ 
=? t :i* no nak$ eye c see1 & x may be  
said 9 pass+ t he atta9s ?is aim ) a    
ma/]y & complet5ess incomp>ably beyond !
 dubi\s skill display$ m rec5tly by !   
grotesque grop+s ( ! s-call$ futuri/    
s*ool4 ,p]haps "o true secret ( !       
p]turb+ /rang5ess ( ,maet]l9ck's figures
 lies 9 ! fact t ! basic pr9ciple ( _!  
life1 ! "o ?or\ghly vital elem5t 9 !m1  
if x does n s\nd too p>adoxical to say  
s1 is ! idea ( dea?4 ,maet]l9ck's mood &
 temp] are fully 9 keep+ ) ! religi\s   
dogma t life is b a %ort dream--) ,goe! 
he believes t all ?+s transitory b z    

symbols are s5t1 & app>5tly concurs 9 ! 
cre$ voic$ by "o ( ,ar?ur ,s*nitzl]'s   
*>act]s1--t dea? is ! only subject 9    
life wor?y ( be+ pond]$ by ! s]i\s m9d4 
,f our dea? onw>ds1 s he puts x some:]e1
 ! adv5ture ( ! univ]se becomes our own 
adv5ture4                     99        
99       99       99       99  ,x w be  
useful to h a bit ( p]sonal in=mation   
conc]n+ our au?or4 ,he />t$ 8 active    
c>e] z a b>ri/]2 n by any means         
auspici\sly1 x seems1 = already 9 8     
tw5ty-sev5? ye> he laid ! toga aside4   
,exp]i5ce _h conv9c$ him t 9 ! =um !re 7
 no laurels = him to pluck4 ,! specific 
qualities t make = success at ! b> 7    
conspicu\sly lack+ 9 8 make-up4 ,f> f   
be+ eloqu5t1 he has at all times be5    
not$ = an unp>allel$ pr(ici5cy 9 ! art (
 self-def5sive sil5ce4 ,he %uns banal   
conv]sation & ! /]ile di/ractions (     
promiscu\s social int]c\rse1 dreads !   
hubbub ( ! city1 & has an int5se dislike
 = travel1 to :i* he resorts only z a   
la/ means ( escape f int]view]s1        

report]s1 & admir]s4 ,maet]l9ck1 x is   
se51 is any?+ b multorum vir hom9um4 ,9 
ord] to pres]ve intact 8 love (         
humanity1 he f9ds x exp$i5t to live = ! 
mo/ "p by himself1 away f ! ?rong ^: v  
plaudits give ! he>t a pang2 8 fame has 
always be5 a s\rce ( annoyance to him4  
,! only company he covets is t ( !      
contemplative ?9k]s ( bygone days1--!   
my/ics1 gno/ics1 cabali/s1              
neo-,platoni/s4 ,sw$5borg & ,plot9us are
 p]haps 8 greate/ favorites4 ,t ! w> has
 produc$ a mighty agitation 9 ! habitual
 calm ( ! great ,belgian poet-philosoph]
 goes )\t say+4 ,8 love ( ju/ice no less
 ?an 8 love ( 8 c\ntry ar\s$ e r$       
corpuscle 9 8 virile p]sonality to      
viol5t res5tm5t aga9/ ! invad]4 ,s9ce ! 
w> broke out1 h[ev]1 he has publi%$ no?+
 besides a numb] ( r++ly eloqu5t &      
s+ul>ly pa!tic articles & appeals1--s t 
! "* portrait d]iv$ f ! body ( 8 "w has 
n at ?is "t lo/ its application to 8    
p]sonality4  ,9 ca/ ( m9d1 ,maet]l9ck is
 sombr\sly m$itative1 & he has be5 wise 

9 fram+ 8 out] exi/5ce s t x w\ld accord
 ) 8 habitual deta*m5t4 ,! great] "p ( 8
 "t us$ to be divid$ betwe5 8 *>m+      
retreat at ,quatre ,*em9s1 ne> ,grasse1 
& ! gr& old abbey ( ,/4 ,w&rille 9      
,norm&y1 :i* he manag$ to snat* 9 ! v   
nick ( "t f ! tight5+ clut* ( a         
manufactur+ conc]n4 ,) ! temp]am5t ( a  
h]mit1 he has be51 nev]!less1 a ke5     
obs]v] ( life1 ?\gh "o pref]r+ to wat* !
 motley spectacle f ! ari/ocratic       
privacy ( 8 box1 %elt]$1 z x 71 f pry+  
curiosity4 ,well on 9 middle age1 he is 
/ill an en?usia/ic out-(-doors          
man1--g>d5]1 naturali/1 p$e/rian1       
:eelman1 & motori/1 & comm&s an         
extraord9>y am\nt ( special k 9 a v>iety
 ( sports & sci5ces4 ,9 ,! ,d\ble ,g>d5 
he discusses ! automobile ) ! au?ority (
 an exp]t watt-man & me*anician4 ,9 "o (
 8 o!r books he ev9ces an extraord9>y   
erudition 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! high]
 education ( dogs2 & 8 "w on ,! ,life ( 
! ,bee passes him beyond "q ) high rank 
among ?irty-?ird degree apiculturi/s4   

,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics t seem to sep>ate 8 
books1 especially ^? ( ! e>li] p]iod1 f 
! lit]>y t5d5cies ( 8 age1 is _!        
surpris+ inatt5tion to pres5t social    
/ruggles4 ,8 metaphysical bias makes him
 dwell almo/ exclusively1 & ) great     
moral & logical consi/5cy1 on aspects ( 
life t are slightly consid]$ by !       
majority ( m5 yet :i* he reg>ds z       
ult]iorly ( sole importance4  ,:5 m5 l  
,maet]l9ck are enc\nt]$ 9 ! _w (        
practical affairs1 !y are b\nd to       
impress u z odd1 because ( ?is inv]sion 
( ! ord9>y policies ( behavior4 ,b be=e 
class+ !m z cranks1 we might well ask   
ourselves :e!r _! appraisal ( ! compon5t
 values ( life does n1 aft] all1        
correspond bett] to _! true relativity  
?an does our own habitual evaluation4 ,)
 ! av]age social be+1 ! transc5d5tal    
be>+ ( a proposition is synonym\s ) its 
practical unimportance4 ,b 9 8 essay on 
,! ,invisible ,goodness ,maet]l9ck q    
prop]ly raises ! "q3 ,is visible life   
alone ( consequ5ce1 & are we made up    

only ( ?+s t c be grasp$ & h&l$ l       
pebbles 9 ! road8  ,?r\gh\t 8 c>e]      
,maet]l9ck reveals himself 9 ! d\ble    
aspect ( poet & philosoph]4 ,9 ! fir/   
p]iod 8 philosophy1 z has already be5   
amply h9t$1 is *>act]iz$ *iefly by      
av]sion f ! ext]nalities ( life1 & by t 
t5se introv]sion ( ! m9d :i* =ms !      
my/ic's ma9 av5ue to ! goal ( k4 ,b if1 
9 ord] to f9d ! key to 8 trag$ies &     
puppet plays1 we g to ! ?irte5 essays   
repres5t+ ! e>li] tr5d ( 8 philosophy & 
issu$ 9 #ahif "u ! collective title1 ,! 
,treasure ( ! ,humble1 we discov] easily
 t 8 ca/ ( my/icism is v diff]5t f t ( 8
 philosophic pr$ecessors & tea*]s 9 !   
f\rte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 9 p>ticul> f
 ! devotional my/icism ( ! ,admirable   
,john ,ruysbroeck1 & ,fri$ri* von       
,h>d5b]g-,novalis4 ,maet]l9ck does n    
/rive aft] ! s-call$ spiritual esp\sals1
 exp\nd$ by ! doctor ec/aticus1         
,ruysbroeck1 9 8 celebrat$ treatise :]e 
,*ri/ is symboliz$ z ! div9e groom &    
,human ,nature z ! bride gl[+ ) desire =

 union ) ,god4 ,maet]l9ck feels too     
mod]nly to make use ( t anci5t s5su\s   
imag]y4 ,! ma9 !sis ( 8 my/ical belief  
is t !re are div9e =ces dormant 9 human 
nature2 h[ to ar\se & release !m1       
con/itutes ! p>am\nt problem ( human    
life4 ,8 doctr9e is t a life n ?us      
en]giz$ by its own lat5t div95ess is1 & 
mu/ rema91 humdrum & wor?less4 ,x w at  
once be notic$ t su* a doctr9e h>monizes
 ?or\ghly ) ! romantic aspiration4 ,bo? 
my/ic & romantic tea* t1 9 ! la/ resort1
 ! battlefield ( our fate lies n out 9 !
 wide _w b t x is enclos$ 9 ! inn] self1
 )9 ! unkn[n quantity :i* we designate z
 our s\l4 ,! visible life1 accord+ to   
?is mod]n prophet ( my/icism1 obeys !   
invisible2 happ9ess & unhapp9ess fl[    
exclusively f ! inn] s\rces4            
,maet]l9ck's speculations1 despite _!   
m$ieval prov5i5ce1 h a practical        
ori5tation4 ,he firmly believes t x is  
)9 ! ability ( mank9d to raise "s ( !   
veils t cov] life's c5tral secret4 ,9   
unison ) "s o!r *>itable /ud5ts (       

society1 he holds to ! fai? t a m highly
 spiritualiz$ era is dawn+1 & f ! obs]v$
 indications he progno/icates a wid]    
awak5+ ( ! sleepb\nd s\l ( man4 ,&      
c]ta9ly "s ( ! social manife/ations t   
appe>$ ) cumulative =ce dur+ !          
con/ructive p]iod be=e ! w> 7 calculat$ 
to ju/ify t fai?4 ,! revival ( int]e/ 9 
! metaphysical p[]s ( man :i* express$  
itself almo/ epidemically ?r\gh su*     
widely div]g5t cults z ,!osophy &       
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 0 indubitable pro( (  
spiritual ye>n+s 9 ! broad] masses ( !  
p4 ,& x _h a practical c\nt]p>t 9 civic 
t5d5cies & re=ms t evid5c$ a great      
agitation ( ! social consci5ce4 ,& ev5  
to-day1 :5 ! great majority feel t !    
univ]sal embroilm5t has caus$ civiliz$  
man to fall f 8 labori\sly a*iev$ level1
 ?is sage 9 8 l(ty solitude feels !     
r$eem+ spiritual connotation ( our great
 calamity4 ,humanity 0 ready to rise    
above itself1 to surpass all t x _h     
hi!rto accompli%$4 ,x has surpass$ x4444
 ,nev] be=e _h nations be5 se5 t 7 able 

z a :ole to und]/& t ! happ9ess ( ea* ( 
^? :o live 9 ?is "t ( trial is ( no     
consequ5ce comp>$ ) ! honor ( ^? :o live
 no m or ! happ9ess ( ^? :o are n yet   
alive4 ,we /& on heights t _h n be5     
atta9$ be=e4  ,b ev5 = ^? _m :o f9d     
!mselves unable to build v l>ge hopes on
 ! spiritual uplift ( mank9d ?r\gh      
disa/]1 ,maet]l9ck's philosophy is a    
:olesome tonic4 ,9 ! essay on ,! ,life  
,pr(\nd 9 ,! ,treasure ( ! ,humble1 we  
are told3 ,e man mu/ f9d = himself 9 !  
l[ & unavoidable reality ( common life 8
 special possibility ( a high] exi/5ce4 
,! injunction1 trite ?\gh x s\nd1       
articulates a moral v f> f phili/9e4 ,= 
x urges ! pursuit ( ! transc5d5tal self 
?r\gh ^? feel+s :i* ano!r v great       
ideali/1 ,fri$ri* ,s*ill]1 describes 9  
magnific5t metaphor z      444 d] dunkl5
 ,gefhle ,gewalt1     die im ,h]z5      
wund]b> s*lief54  ,9 ! labyr9? ( !      
sublim9al consci\sness !re lurks1 h[ev]1
 a great dang] = ! seek] aft] ! hidd5   
treasures3 ! p>alyz+ effect ( fatalism  

^u ! normal en]gies4 ,maet]l9ck 0       
s]i\sly ?reat5$ by ?is dang] dur+ 8     
e>li] p]iod4 ,h[ he ev5tually contriv$ 8
 lib]ation f ! clut* ( fatalism is n    
made entirely cle> by ! progress ( 8    
?\ght4 ,at all ev5ts1 an era ( great]   
intellectual fre$om1 :i* ultimately 0 to
 create him ! undisput$ capta9 ( 8 s\l &
 ma/] ( 8 fate1 0 soon to arrive = him4 
,x is h]ald$ by ano!r book ( essays3    
,wisdom & ,de/9y4 ,b1 z has be5 /at$1 we
 may 9 8 case h>dly hope to trace !     
precise r\te travel$ by ! m9d betwe5 !  
po9ts ( dep>ture & arrival4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,s closely are ! vital convictions 9 ?is
 tru?ful writ] l9k$ ) ! arti/ic traits (
 8 "w t )\t "s grasp ( 8 metaphysics ev5
 ! te*nical peculi>ities ( 8 plays _c be
 fully appreciat$4 ,to ! my/ic temp] (  
m9d1 all life is secretly pregnant )    
great mean+1 s t none ( its ph5om5a c be
 deem$ inconsequ5tial4 ,?us1 :ile       
,maet]l9ck is a poet greatly preoccupi$ 
) spiritual matt]s yet no?+ to him is m 

wond]ful & wor?y ( att5tion ?an ! b>e   
facts & processes ( liv+4 ,real life1 j 
l ! !atre :i* purports to repres5t x1   
manipulates a multi=m assortm5t ( /age  
effects1 n[ co>se & obvi\s & claptrap1  
n[ ref9$ & esot]ic1 to suit ! div]sifi$ 
ta/e & capacity ( ! patrons4 ,to !      
cultur$ e/hetic s5se ! tragical t5d5cy  
c>ries m mean+ ?an ! cata/rophic f9ale2 
our au?or accord+ly scorns1 & p]haps    
inord9ately1 :atsoev] may appe> z m]ely 
adv5titi\s 9 ! action ( plays4 ,:at c be
 told1 he exclaims1 by be+s :o are      
possess$ ( a fix$ idea & h no "t to live
 because !y h to kill (f a rival or a   
mi/ress8 ,! int]naliz$ action 9 8 plays 
is all ( "o piece ) ! pr(\nd            
philosophical conviction t ! inn] life  
alone matt]s2 t consequ5tly ! small &   
unnotic$ ev5ts are m wor?y ( att5tion   
?an ! s5sational1 cataclysmic mom5ts4   
,:y wait ye1 he asks 9 t wond]ful       
rhapsody on ,sil5ce7#g7 = ,heav5 to op5 
at ! /rike ( ! ?und]bolt8 ,ye %\ld att5d
 ^u ! bless$ h\rs :5 x sil5tly op5s--& x

 is incessantly op5+4    7#g7 ,!        
,treasure ( ! ,humble4  ,8 purpose1 !n1 
is to reveal ! work+ ( hidd5 =ces 9 _!  
intricate & insep>able connection )     
ext]nal ev5ts2 & 9 ord] t ! vie         
intrieure might h ! "r ( way1 drama 9 8 
practice emancipates itself v f> f !    
traditional reali/ic me?ods4 ,poetry1 he
 ma9ta9s1 has no o!r purpose ?an to keep
 op5 ! great roads t lead f ! visible to
 ! invisible4 ,to be sure1 ?is def9ition
 po/ulates1 r audaci\sly1 a widespread  
spiritual susceptibility4 ,b 9          
,maet]l9ck's optimi/ic an?ropology no   
human be+ is spiritually s dead5$ z to  
be =ev] out ( all communication ) ! ?+s 
t are div9e & inf9ite4 ,he fully        
realizes1 )al1 t = ! great mass ( m5 !re
 exi/s no intellectual approa* to !     
truly significant problems ( life4 ,x is
 r ?r\gh our emotional capacity t our   
spiritual exp]i5ce br+s u into t\* ) !  
f9al v]ities4 ,anyway1 ! poet ( my/icism
 appeals f ! impasse ( pure reason+ to !
 voice ( ! inn] oracles4 ,b h[ to detect

 9 ! deepe/ recesses ( ! s\l ! e*oes (  
univ]sal life & give outw>d resonance to
 _! fa9t rev]b]ations8 ,t is ! arti/ic1 
& l>gely te*nical1 side ( ! problem4    
,obvi\s x is t if ! behold]'s           
collaboration 9 ! difficult ent]prise is
 to be secur$1 8 imag9ation has to be   
/irr$ to a sup]-normal degree4 ,once a  
dramati/ has succe$$ 9 /imulat+ !       
imag9ative activity1 he c disp5se ) a   
mass ( descriptive detail4 ,b he mu/    
comply ) two irremissible te*nical      
dem&s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! vie intrieure 
calls =? a dialogue intrieur2 an esot]ic
 language1 ,i w\ld say1 contriv$        
pr$om9antly = ! expressional functions (
 spee*1 z diff]5c$ f its impressional   
purposes4 ,"u ,sw$5borg's fanciful !ory 
( correspond5ces ! lit]al mean+ ( a ^w  
is m]ely a sort ( protective husk = its 
secret spiritual k]nel4 ,x is ?is inn]1 
ess5tial mean+ t ,maet]l9ck's dialogue  
attempts to set free4 ,by a fairly      
simple & consi/5t code ( intimations !  
und]ly+ mean+ ( ! colloquy is laid b>e &

 a basis creat$ = a m fundam5tal und]/&+
 ( ! dramatic transactions4 ,maet]l9ck  
go+1 at fir/1 to undue l5g?s 9 ?is      
endeavor1 expos$ ! diction ( 8 dramas to
 mu* *eap ridicule4 ,! extravagant use (
 repetition1 9 p>ticul>1 made him a m>k 
= facile burlesque4 ,! words ( ! ,que5 9
 ,pr9cesse ,male9e3 ,mais ne rpetez pas 
t\j\rs ce que l'on dit1 7 s>ca/ically   
turn$ aga9/ ! poet himself4  ,z a result
 ( ! extreme simplicity ( 8 dialogue1   
,maet]l9ck 0 reproa*$ ) hav+ inv5t$ !   
monosyllabic !atre1 ! !atre )\t words1 &
 ) hav+ p]petrat$ a surrogate sort (    
drama1 a hybrid betwe5 libretto &       
pantomime4  ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is1 8       
*>act]s speak a language :i*1 f> f be+  
absurd1 z x 0 at fir/ ?\ght to be by _m 
( 8 read]s1 is in/9ct ) life & q true to
 life--to life1 t is1 z made articulate 
9 ! int5se privacy ( dreams1 or         
halluc9ations1 or mom5ts ( excessive    
emotional p]turbation4  ,! o!r pr9cipal 
requisite = ! atta9m5t ( ! inn] dramatic
 vitalness 9 drama is a p]vasive        

atmosph]ic mood1 a su/a9$ ,/immung4     
,?is1 9 ! case ( ,maet]l9ck1 is br\ght  
ab\t by ! comb9$ employm5t ( famili> &  
orig9al arti/ic devices4  ,! grave &    
melan*oly mood t s deeply impregnates ! 
"w ( ,maet]l9ck is t+$ 9 ! e>li] /age1 z
 has be5 po9t$ out1 ) ! sombre color+ ( 
fatalism4 ,9 ! fir/ few books1 9        
p>ticul>1 !re hov]s a brood+ s5se (     
t]ror & an undef9able feel+ (           
desolation4 ,?r\gh ,s]res ,*audes 7,hot 
,h\ses71 8 fir/ publi%$ book1 7#ahhi71  
!re runs a t5or ( we>9ess1 ( ideal      
ye>n+s ov]%ad[$ by ! hopelessness (     
circum/ances4 ,ev5 9 ?is collection (   
poems1 :]e s mu* less necessity exi/s = 
a unity ( mood ?an 9 ! plays1           
,maet]l9ck's pr$ilection = sc5ic effects
 sugge/ive ( weirdness & sup]/iti\s fe> 
became app>5t 9 ! recurr5t *oice (      
sombre sc5ic motifs3 oppressive         
nocturnal sil5ce1--a /agnant %eet (     
wat]1--moonlight filt]$ ?r\gh gre5      
w9d[s1 etc4 ,! diction1 too1 ?r\gh !    
incessant use ( t]ms l morne1 las1 ple1 

dsire1 ennui1 tide1 indol5t1 malade1    
exhales z x 7 a lazy resignation4       
,tempor>ily1 !n1 ! fatali/ic /ra9 is    
upp]mo/ bo? 9 ! philosophy & ! poetry ( 
! ris+ "y au?or2 & to make matt]s worse1
 8 is ! fatalism ( pessimi/ic despair3  
,fate is =sworn aga9/ man4 ,! objective 
po9t ( life is dea?4 ,we con/antly      
receive w>n+s f )91 b ! voices are n    
unequivocal & emphatic en\gh to save u f
 ourselves4  ,prob+ ! abysses ( 8       
sublim9al self1 ! my/ic may s5se1 along 
) ! div9] prompt+s ( ! he>t1 ! lurk+    
demons t und]m9e happ9ess1--! malignant 
p[]s1--aga9 quot+ ,s*ill]--:om no man's 
craft c make famili>--t elem5t 9 human  
nature :i* 9 tru? makes man 8 own wor/  
enemy4 ,x is a se>* :i* at ?is /age ( 8 
developm5t ,maet]l9ck1 z a my/ic1 _c br+
 himself to rel9qui%1 ev5 ?\gh1         
pessimi/ically1 he anticipates t :i* he 
mo/ dreads to f9d2 9 ?is way1 fatalism &
 pessimism act z insup]able b>ri]s aga9/
 8 arti/ic self-ass]tion4 ,8 fix$ frame 
( m9d conf9es him to ! repres5tation ( b

 "o elem5tal in/9ct1 namely1 t ( fe>4 ,!
 ru/ic 9 ! ,g]man fairy tale :o salli$  
=? to le>n h[ to %udd]1--gruseln1--w\ld 
h ma/]$ ! art to 8 complete satisfaction
 if favor$ ) a p]=mance or two ( su*    
plays z ,pr9cess ,male9e1 ,! ,intrud]1  
or ,! ,sightless4 ,p]haps no o!r        
dramati/ has ev] comm&$ a simil>ly      
well-equipp$ ars5al ( ?rills & t]rible  
=e%ad[+s4 ,! commone/ objects are       
fraught ) om9\s =ebod+s3 a :ite g[n ly+ 
on a prie-dieu1 a curta9 sudd5ly set    
sway+ by a puff ( air1 ! melan*oly s\gh+
 ( a clump ( trees1--! simple/ articles 
( daily use are conv]t$ into awful      
symbols t make u %iv] by _! :isp]+s (   
imp5d+ doom4  ,nor 9 ! e>li] products ( 
,maet]l9ck are ! crud] practices (      
melodrama scorn$ or sp>$1--! cra% & fla%
 ( ?und] & lightn+1 ! clang ( bells &   
clatt] ( *a9s1 ! livid light & gha/ly   
%ad[s1 ! h[l+ hurricane1 ! om9\s croak+ 
( rav5s amid nocturnal solitude1 trees  
illum9$ by ! fi]y eyes ( owls1 bats     
:irr+ port5t\sly ?r\gh ! gloom1--s _m   

h>b+]s ( dread & dea?4 ,& ! prophetic   
import ( ^! tok5s & _! sort is re9=c$ by
 repeat$ ass]tions f ! p]sons 9 ! action
 t nev] be=e has any?+ l ?is be5 kn[n to
 occur4 ,to su* a fe>some /ate are we   
wr\ght up by all ?is uncanny app>atus t 
at ! critical mom5t a well calculat$    
knock at ! door is suffici5t to make our
 fle% creep & our hair /& on end4  ,?us1
 ! vie intrieure w\ld seem to pr]equire 
= its ext]nalization a completely       
furni%$ *amb] ( horrors4 ,& :5 x is add$
 t ! sc5e ( ! action is by pref]5ce a   
lonely *ur*y>d or a haunt$ old mansion1 
a crypt1 a cav]n1 a sil5t =e/ or a      
solit>y t[]1 x is easy to und]/& :y     
plays l ,pr9cess ,male9e c\ld be class$ 
by sup]ficial & unfri5dly critics ) !   
gruesome ebullitions ( t fanta/ic       
quasi-lit]>y occupation to :i* we owe a 
well kn[n v>iety ( wat]-front drama &1 9
 fiction1 ! %ill+ %ock]4 ,_!            
immeasurably great] psy*ological        
ref9em5t c\ld n save !m lat] on f       
condemnation at ! h&s ( _! own mak]4 ,& 

yet !y are n )\t v great arti/ic m]its4 
,octave ,mirbeau1 9 8 habitual en?usiasm
 = ! out-(-!-ord9>y1 hail$ ,maet]l9ck1  
on ! /r5g? ( ,pr9cess ,male9e1 z !      
,belgian ,%akespe>e1 evid5tly because   
,maet]l9ck d]iv$ "s ( 8 motifs f        
,hamlet3 ma9ly ! *ur*y>d sc5e1 & ,pr9ce 
,hjalm>'s defiance ( ! que51 z well z 8 
g5]al want ( decision4 ,z a matt] (     
fact1 ,maet]l9ck has pr(\ndly /udi$1 n  
,%akespe>e alone1 b ! m9or ,elizabe?ans 
z well4 ,he has made an admirable       
translation ( ,macbe?4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] he
 ev5 translat$ "o ( ,john ,=d's ,plays1 
',tis ,pity ,%e's a ,:ore1 "o ( ! co>se/
 works ev] writt5 = ! /age1 b to :i* he 
0 attract$ by ! intr9sic human int]e/ t 
f> outweighs its (f5siv5ess4 ,z = any   
real k9%ip ( ,maet]l9ck ) ,%akespe>e1 ! 
resemblance betwe5 ! two is slight4 ,!y 
diff] philosophically 9 ! fundam5tal    
frame ( m9d1 e?ically 9 ! outlook ^u    
life1 dramaturgically 9 ! value atta*$  
to ext]nal action1 & humanly1--mu* to ! 
disadvantage ( ! ,belgian1--9 _! s5se ( 

humor4 ,= un=tunately x has to be       
confess$ t ?is supreme gift ( ! gods has
 be5 v sp>+ly disp5s$ to ,maet]l9ck4    
,altoge!r1 :e!r or no he is to be c\nt$ 
among ! disciples ( ,%akespe>e1 8 works 
%[ no great dep5d5ce on ! ma/]4 ,) f>   
bett] reason might he be call$ a debtor 
to ,g]manic folklore1 especially 9 its  
fanta/ic elem5ts4  ,a ,g]man fairy _w x 
is to :i* we are transport$ by          
,maet]l9ck's fir/ dramatic attempt1     
,pr9cess ,male9e1 7#ahhi71 a play       
refa%ion$ aft] ,grimm's tale ( ! ,maid  
,male52 only t 9 ! play all ! pr9cipals 
come to a h>r[+ end & t 9 x an esot]ic  
mean+ lies conceal$ und]nea? ! primitive
 plot4 ,! action1 symbolically          
int]pret$1 illu/rates ! fatali/'s       
doctr9e t man is no?+ b a toy 9 ! h&s ( 
d>k & dang]\s p[]s4 ,practical wisdom   
does n help u to disc]n ! work+ ( ^!    
p[]s until x is too late4 ,nei!r c we   
div9e _! pres5ce1 = ! prophetic         
appreh5sion ( ! future resides n 9 !    
exp]t & pr(ici5t1 b r 9 ! helpless or   

decrepit1--! bl9d1 ! feeble-m9d$1 & !   
/rick5 9 ye>s1 or aga9 9 "y *ildr5 & 9  
dumb animals4 ,take ! sc5e 9 ,pr9cess   
,male9e :]e ! murd]]s1 hav+ invad$ !    
*amb]1 lie !re 9 wait1 ) bat$ brea?4 ,9 
! corridor outside1 p are unconc]n$ly   
pass+ to & fro1 :ile ! only creatures   
:o1 intuitively1 s5se ! dang]1 are !    
little ,pr9ce & a dog t keeps anxi\sly  
scrap+ at ! door4  ,9 ,l',intruse 7,!   
,intrud]71 7#ahij71 a "o-act play on a  
!me :i* is collat]ally develop$ lat] on 
9 ,les ,aveugles 7,! ,sightless71 & 9   
,l',intrieur 7,home71 ! arriv+ disa/] t 
_c be %ut out by bolts or b>s ann\nces  
itself only to ! clairvoyant s5se ( a   
bl9d old man4 ,! h\sehold ga!r$ ar\nd ! 
table is placidly wait+ = ! doctor4     
,only ! bl9d gr&fa!r is anxi\s &        
heavy-lad5 because he alone kn[s t ,dea?
 is ent]+ ! h\se1 he alone c feel 8     
daught]'s life )]+ away "u ! brea? ( !  
,k+ ( ,t]ror3 ! sightless h a ke5]      
s5sitiv5ess ?an ! see+ = :at is scre5$ f
 ! physical eye4  ,x w\ld h>dly be      

possible to "n )9 ! :ole range (        
dramatic lit]ature ano!r "w s ?or\ghly  
p]vad$ ) ! *ill+ horror ( approa*+      
calamity4 ,! talk at ! table is ( ! mo/ 
commonplace1--t ! door w n %ut prop]ly1 
& !y mu/ s5d = ! c>p5t] to-morr[4 ,b f !
 me*anism ( ! environm5t !re comes      
cumulative & increm5tal w>n+ t some?+   
extraord9>y & fatal is ab\t to happ54 ,!
 w9d rises1 ! trees %iv]1 ! night+ales  
break (f _! s++1 ! fi%es 9 ! pond gr[   
re/ive1 ! dogs c[] 9 fe>1--an unse5     
,pres5ce walks ?r\gh ! g>d54 ,!n !      
clang+ ( a scy! is he>d4 ,a cold curr5t 
( air ru%es into ! room4 ,ne>] & ne>]   
come ! /eps4 ,! gr&fa!r insi/s t a      
/rang] has seat$ himself 9 ! mid/ ( !   
family4 ,! lamp goes out4 ,! bell /rikes
 midnight4 ,! old man is sure t somebody
 is ris+ f ! table4 ,!n sudd5ly ! baby  
^: voice has nev] be5 he>d />ts cry+4   
,?r\gh an inn] door /eps a deaconess    
sil5tly cross+ h]self3 ! "m ( ! h\se is 
dead4  ,^! incid5ts 9 !mselves are n    
necess>ily miracul\s4 ,!re are none ( !m

 b might be acc\nt$ = on p]fectly       
natural gr\nds4 ,9 fact1 v plausible    
explanations d (f] !mselves = ! weirde/ 
?+s t come to pass4 ,s1 especially1 x 0 
a real1 ord9>y m[] t *anc$ to :et 8     
scy!2 yet ! app>ition ( ! ,old ,reap] 9 
p]son c\ld n cause ! *ill+ con/]nation  
produc$ by ?is trivial circum/ance com+ 
z x does z ! climax ( a succession (    
commonplace happ5+s exagg]at$ & di/ort$ 
by a fe>-haunt$ imag9ation4 ,to produce 
an effect l t ^u an audi5ce ^: cr$ulity 
refuses to be put to any undue /ra9 is a
 victori\s pro( ( prime arti/ic ability4
  ,les ,aveugles 7,! ,sightless71       
7#ahia71 is pit*$ 9 ! same psy*ological 
key4 ,! atmosph]e is sur*>g$ ) une>?ly  
appreh5sion4 ,a dre>y twilight--9 ! mid/
 ( a ?ick =e/--on a lonely isl&2 twelve 
bl9d p frett+ ab\t ! abs5ce ( _!        
gu>dian4 ,he is gone to f9d a way out ( 
! woods--:at c h become ( him8 ,f mom5t 
to mom5t ! des]t$1 helpless b& gr[s m   
fe>/rick54 ,! slighte/ s\nd becomes !   
c>ri] ( evil =ebod+s3 ! ru/l+ ( !       

foliage1 ! flapp+ ( a bird's w+s1 !     
swell+ ro> ( ! ne>by sea 9 its da% aga9/
 ! %ore4 ,! bell /rikes twelve--!y wond]
 is x noon or night8 ,!n que/ions1 eag] 
& calamit\s1 pass 9 :isp]s among !m3    
,has ! lead] lo/ 8 way8 ,w he nev] come 
back8 ,has ! dam bur/ ap>t & w !y all be
 swall[$ by ! ocean8 ,! pa?os is greatly
 height5$ by an extremely delicate yet  
sure individuation ( ! figures1 z :5 at 
! m5tion ( ,heav5 ^? n sightless f bir? 
raise _! c\nt5ance to ! sky4 ,& :]e 9 ! 
mean:ile is ! lo/ lead]8 ,he is seat$ "r
 9 _! mid/1 b smitt5 by dea?4 ,!y le>n x
 at la/ ?r\gh ! actions ( ! dog2 besides
 :om--9 /rik+ p>allel to ,pr9cess       
,male9e--! only o!r creature able to see
 is a little *ild4 ,! horror-/rick5     
un=tunates realize t !y c nev] get home1
 & t !y mu/ p]i% 9 ! woods4  ,9 ,les    
,sept ,pr9cesses 7,! ,sev5 ,pr9cesses71 
7#ahia71 al?\gh x is "o ( ,maet]l9ck's  
m9or a*ievem5ts1 "s ( ! qualities t are 
common to all 8 "w become peculi>ly     
manife/4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( !    

skill %[n 9 convey+ ! feel+ ( ! /ory by 
means ( suitable sc5ic devices4 ,mo/ ( 8
 plays dep5d to a consid]able degree =  
_! d>k & heavy nimbus ( unreality ^u a  
/udi$ comb9ation ( p>aph]nalia 9        
!mselves nei!r num]\s nor f>-s\ght4 ,9  
fact1 ! result+ sc5ic rep]tory1 too1 is 
m>k$ly limit$3 a weird =e/1 a des]t$    
ca/le ) m>ble /aircase & dreamy moonlit 
t]race1 a t[] ) vault$ dungeons1 a      
dismal corridor flank$ by imp5etrable   
*amb]s1 a light$ int]ior view$ f ! g>d51
 a l&scape bodefully crp$ ) twilight--! 
li/ ne>ly exhau/s 8 /ore ( sets4  ,!    
works m5tion$ s f> are h>dly m ?an able 
ex]cises prep>atory = ! ampl] & m f9i%$ 
products :i* 7 to succe$ !m4 ,yet !y    
repres5t signal /eps 9 ! evolution ( a  
new dramatic /yle1 design$1 z has       
already be5 intimat$1 to give palpable  
=m to emotional data descri$ 9 mom5ts   
ant]ior n only to articulation b ev5 to 
consci\sness itself2 & = ?is reason1 !  
plane ( ! dramatic action lies deep bel[
 ! surface ( life1 d[n 9 ! inn]         

tab]nacle :]e ! my/ic looks = ! hidd5   
de/9ies4 ,9 8 /yle1 ,maet]l9ck _h       
gradually develop$ an unprec$5t$        
capacity = br++ to light ! secret       
ag5cies ( fate4 ,a portion ( ! in/ruct$ 
public _h already le>n$ to li/5 9 8     
writ+s = ! f9] rev]b]ations t sw+ 9 !   
wake ( ! utt]$ phrase1 to he$ ! slighte/
 h9ts & allusions 9 ! text1 to ov]look  
no glance or ge/ure t might betray ! m9d
 ( ! act+ *>act]s4 ,x is true t art to  
be great mu/ be pla91 b t does n mean t 
! sole te/ ( great art is ! response ( !
 simple & apa!tic4  ,9 ,maet]l9ck's fir/
 ma/]piece1 ,pllz et ,mlis&e1 7#ahib71 !
 motives aga9 are drawn up f ! l[]      
regions ( consci\sness2 once m ! plot is
 born ( a gloomy fancy1 & ! d>kl+ mood  
hov]+ ov] sc5e & action atte/s !        
p]si/5ce ( fatalism 9 ! poet4 ,! !ory ( 
old ,k+ ,arkel1 ! spokesman ( ! au?or's 
p]sonal philosophy1 is t "o %\ld n seek 
to be active2 "o %\ld ev] wait on !     
?re%old ( ,fate4 ,ev5 ! y\ng] p 9 ! play
 are infect$ by ! morbid doctr9e ( an   

inevitable necessity = all ?+s t happ5  
to !m3 ,we d n g :]e we w\ld g4 ,we d n 
d t :i* we w\ld d4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ^!   
beliefs are "h en\nc$ = ! la/ "t ) !    
au?or's ass5t or acquiesc5ce4  ,9       
arti/ic m]it ,pllz & ,mlis&e m>ks a ne>]
 approa* to ma/]y1 once ! integral      
peculi>ities ( ! =m & me?od h be5       
grant$4 ,despite a noticeable lack (    
=ce1 directness1 & pla/icity 9 !        
*>act]ization1 ! vie intrieure is mo/   
conv9c+ly express$4 ,9 "o ( ! f9e/ sc5es
 ( ! play we see ! pr9cipals at night   
gaz+ out ^u a measureless expanse ( wat]
 dott$ ) scatt]$ lights4 ,! atmosph]e is
 p]meat$ ) a retic5t ye>n+ ( love4 ,!   
two "y creatures1 g5tle1 %y1 _! s\ls t+$
 ) melan*oly1 are drawn t[>ds "o ano!r  
by an ineluctable mutual attraction4    
,yet1 ?\gh _! he>ts are fill$ to        
ov]fl[+1 n a ^w ( affection is utt]$4   
,_! love reveals itself to u ev5 z to   
!mselves1 )\t a l\d & j>r+ decl>ation1  
?r\gh its v spee*lessness1 z x 74 ,!    
situation well be>s out ! roi sage 9    

,allad9e et ,palomides3 ,!re is a mom5t 
:5 s\ls t\* "o ano!r & "k ev]y?+ )\t a  
ne$ ( our op5+ ! lips4 ,!re are /ill o!r
 sc5es 9 ?is play s t5se ) emotion t    
words w\ld be intrusive & dissonant4    
,!re is t lovely picture ( ,mlis&e at ! 
w9d[2 ,pllz _c rea* up to h] h&1 b is   
satisfi$ to feel h] loos5$ hair ab\t 8  
face4 ,x is a "q :e!r ev5 t immortal    
love duet 9 ,romeo & ,juliet ca/s a     
poetic spell m en*ant+ ?an ?is4 ,at     
ano!r mom5t 9 ! drama1 we behold ! lov]s
 9 ,maet]l9ck's belov$ half-light1 s(tly
 weep+ z !y />e ) spee*less rapture into
 ! flames4 ,& n until ! f9al p>t+ does  
any ^w ( love pass _! lips4 ,9 ano!r "p 
( ! play ,gol&1 ,mlis&e's ag+ husb&1 :o 
suspects 8 "y /epbro!r1 ,pllz1 ( lov+   
,mlis&e1 conducts him to an und]gr\nd   
*amb]4 ,we are n told :y he has br\ght  
him !re1 & :y he has l$ him to ! br9k ( 
! pitfall f :i* !re m\nts a smell (     
dea?4 ,if x be a he9\s de$ he is brood+1
 :y does he pause 9 its execution8 ,8   
t]rible /ruggle does n reveal itself    

?r\gh spee*1 yet x is eloqu5tly express$
 9 ! wildness ( 8 looks1 ! trembl+ ( 8  
voice1 & ! sudd5 angui%$ outcry3 ,pllz6 
,pllz6  ,evid5tly ,maet]l9ck completely 
a*ieves ! v purpose to :i* ! s-call$    
,futuri/s ?9k !y mu/ sacrifice all      
traditional conceptions ( ,art2 &       
a*ieves x )\t any brutal /ripp+ & sk9n+ 
( ! poetic subject1 )\t ! hide\s        
exhibition ( its disjecta membra1 &     
above all1 )\t t impli$ disqualification
 = ! high] arti/ic mission :i* alone    
c\ld induce a man to limit 8 s]vice to !
 di%+-up ( *unks & collops1 cubic or    
amorph\s4  ,9 recognition ( a c]ta9     
t5d5cy t[>ds mann]ism t lay 9 8         
te*nique1 ,maet]l9ck1 9 a _s (          
self-p]siflage1 label$ ! book ( "o-act  
plays :i* he next publi%$1 7#ahid71     
,trois ,petits ,drames p\r ,m>ionettes  
7,?ree ,little ,puppet ,plays74 ,!y are 
entitl$1 sev]ally3 ,allad9e et          
,palomides1 ,intrieur1 & ,la ,mort de   
,t9tagiles4 ,:ile 9 motifs & mat]ials z 
well z 9 ! pr9cipal po9ts ( /yle ^!     

playlets pres5t a sort ( epitome ( 8    
arti/ic progression up to date1 !y also 
display "s new & significant qualities4 
,( ! ?ree ! fir/ nam$ is mo/ replete )  
sugge/ive symbolism & at ! same "t mo/  
rem9dful ( ! old] plays1 especially (   
,pllz & ,mlis&e4 ,k+ ,ablamore is 9 "* &
 demeanor cle>ly a c\nt]p>t ( ,k+       
,arkel4 ,to be sure he makes a tempor>y 
/& aga9/ ! might ( ,fate1 b 8 resi/ance 
is meek & futile1 & 8 wisdom culm9ates 9
 ! same old fatali/ic =mula3 ,je sais   
qu'on ne fait pas ce que l'on v\drait   
faire4  ,l',intrieur 7,home7 h&les a !me
 almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,l',intruse3 ,life
 & ,dea? sep>at$ only by a ?9 pane (    
glass1--! sudd5 adv5t ( affliction f a  
cl\dless sky4 ,9 ?is little trag$y a    
family sc5e1 enact$ 9 dumb %[1 is wat*$ 
f ! outside4 ,! play is )\t susp5se 9 ! 
cu/om>y use ( ! t]m1 s9ce aft] ! fir/   
:isp]$ conv]sation betwe5 ! br+]s ( !   
fateful tid+s ! audi5ce is fully aw>e ( 
! :ole /ory3--! daught] ( ! h\se1 = ^:  
return ! little gr\p is wait+1 has be5  

f\nd dead 9 ! riv]4 ,! quiesc5t mood is 
su/a9$ to ! end2 no great outbur/ (     
lam5tation2 ! curta9 drops ! in/ant !   
news has be5 convey$4 ,b ! poignancy ( !
 tragic /ra9 is only enhanc$ by !       
repression ( an excit+ climax4  ,! ,dea?
 ( ,t9tagiles repeats 9 a /ill m h>r[+  
=m ! fe>ful pr$icam5t ( a helpless *ild 
treat$ ) s mu* dramatic t5sion 9        
,maet]l9ck's fir/ trag$y4 ,aga91 z 9    
,pr9cess ,male9e1 ! action ( ?is        
dramolet atta9s its high po9t 9 a sc5e  
:]e murd]\s trea*]y is ab\t to spr+ !   
trap set = an innoc5t "y pr9ce4         
,intuitively he s5ses ! approa* ( dea?1 
& 9 va9 beats 8 little fi/s aga9/ ! door
 t imprisons him4 ,! situation is r5d]$ 
m pite\s ev5 ?an 9 ! e>li] treatm5t ( ! 
motif1 because ! door :i* b>s 8 escape  
also prev5ts 8 fai?ful si/] ,ygra9e f   
com+ to ! rescue4  ,we h obs]v$ 9 all ! 
plays s f> a m>k$ simplicity (          
con/ruction4 ,aglava9e et ,selysette1   
7#ahif71 d5otes a /ill fur!r            
simplification4 ,"h ! sc5ic app>atus is 

r$uc$ to ! v m9imum1 & ! psy*ological   
premises are correspond+ly pla94 ,! /ory
 pres5ts a triangul> love entanglem5t   
/rangely free f ! s5sual +r$i5t2 two    
wom5 dream ( %>+1 9 all purity1 "o      
lov]--& ! dream ends = "o ( !m 9 h]oic  
self-sacrifice br\ght to secure !       
happ9ess ( ! rival4 ,h[ev]1 m notewor?y 
?an ! /ructure ( ! plot is ! fact t !   
philosophic curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh x has     
p]ceptibly alt]$ its habitual direction4
 ,! spiritual t5d5cy is felt to be turn+
 9 its c\rse1 & ev5 ?\gh fatalism /ill  
holds ! rule1 ) sl[ly relax+ grip1 yet a
 *ang$ e?ical outlook is manife/4 ,also1
 ?is play = ! fir/ "t proclaims1 ?\gh 9 
no vocif]\s mann]1 ! duty ( ! individual
 t[>d himself1 ! duty s emphatically    
proclaim$ by two ( ,maet]l9ck's greate/ 
tea*]s1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son & ,h5rik  
,ibs54                     99       99  
99       99       99  ,! inn]           
philosophic conflict 0 b ( %ort         
duration4 ,9 #ahih ,la ,sagesse et ,la  
,de/9e 7,wisdom & ,de/9y7 saw ! light4  

,! metaphor might be tak5 9 a mean+     
high] & m precise ?an ! cu/om>y1 =1 com+
 to ?is book f ^? t prec$$ is inde$ l   
em]g+ f "s d>k & dismal cave into ! w>m 
& *e]+ light ( ! sun4 ,wisdom & ,de/9y  
is a collection ( essays & aphorisms :i*
 /&s to ?is second phase ( ,maet]l9ck's 
dramaturgy 9 a relation closely analog\s
 to t exi/+ betwe5 ,! ,treasure ( !     
,humble & ! works h]et(ore survey$4 ,)\t
 am\nt+ to a :olesale recantation ( !   
idea t is c5tral 9 ! e>li] set ( essays1
 ! message ( ! new] set is ( a v diff]5t
 k9d4 ,! au?or ( ,wisdom & ,de/9y has n 
*ang$ 8 view t\*+ ! sup]iority ( !      
intuitional function ov] ! intellectual4
 ,! significant diff]5ce betwe5 ! old   
belief & ! new consi/s simply 9 ?is3 !  
lat5t =ce ( life is no long] imag9$ z an
 antagoni/ic ag5cy2 r x is conceiv$ z a 
b5ign en]gy t makes = a s]5e acceptance 
( ! _w t is4 ,( ?is turn 9 ! outlook1 ! 
philosophic affirmation ( life & !      
cons5t ( ! w to subs]ve ! bus9ess ( liv+
 are ! salut>y concomitants4 ,wisdom1 9 

exp&+1 has bur/ ! prison ( fatalism &   
giv5 fre$om to vision4 ,! _w1 beheld 9 !
 light ( ?is emancipation1 is n to be   
%unn$ by ! wise man4 ,let ,=tune br+ :at
 %e w1 he c /rip 8 afflictions ( _!     
t]rors by transmut+ !m into high] k4    
,!re=e1 pa9 & suff]+ ne$ n be fe>$ &    
%irk$2 !y may ev5 be hail$ )            
satisfaction1 =1 z is p>adoxically      
sugge/$ 9 ,aglava9e et ,selysette1 !y   
help man tre heureux en dev5ant plus    
tri/e1--to be happy 9 becom+ sadd]4 ,!  
poet1 :o till n[ _h clung to !          
conviction t !re c be no happy fate1 t  
all our de/9ies are guid$ by unlucky    
/>s1 n[ on ! contr>y p]suades u to      
consid] h[ ev5 calamity may be ref9$ 9 !
 m$ium ( wisdom 9 su* fa%ion z to become
 an asset ( life1 & w>ns u aga9/ recoil+
 9 _s f any rev]se ( our =tunes4 ,he    
holds t bl[s & sorr[s _c undo ! sage4   
,fate has no weapons save ^? we supply1 
& wise is he = :om ev5 ! evil mu/ fe$ ! 
pyre ( love4 ,9 f9e1 ,fate obeys him :o 
d>es to comm& x4 ,aft] all1 !n1 man has 

a "r to appo9t himself ! capta9 ( 8 s\l1
 ! ma/] ( 8 fate4  ,yet1 = all t1 !     
au?or ( ,wisdom & ,de/9y %\ld n be      
reg>d$ z ! p>tizan & apologi/ ( sadness 
= ! sake ( wisdom4 ,if sorr[ be a ri*   
m9e ( satisfaction1 joy is by f> ! ri*] 
m9e4 ,?is new outlook becomes m & m     
optimi/ic because ( ! increas+ faculty (
 su* a philosophy to extract f ! mix$   
(f]+s ( life a m ne>-at-h& happ9ess ?an 
suff]+s c possibly af=d2 n p]*ance t    
p]petual gr9n+ m]rim5t ov] ! comicality 
( ! pass+ spectacle :i* ) s _m passes = 
a s5se ( humor1 b r a calm & s]i\s      
realization ( :at is la/+ly beautiful1  
good1 & true4 ,a p]son's atta9m5t ( ?is 
beatitude imposes on him ! cle> duty (  
help+ o!rs to rise to a simil> exalt$   
level ( exi/5ce4 ,& ?is duty ,maet]l9ck 
seeks to dis*>ge by proclaim+ 9 jubilant
 acc5ts ! concrete reality ( happ9ess4  
,l',oiseau ,bleu 7,! ,blue ,bird71 above
 all o!r works1 illu/rates ! fact t     
human lives suff] n s mu* = ! lack (    
happ9ess z = ! want ( be+ cle>ly        

consci\s ( ! happ9ess !y possess4 ,x is 
se5 t ! se$ ( optimism 9 ,! ,treasure ( 
! ,humble has spr\t$ & spread out1 & at 
la/ triumphantly %ot =? ?r\gh ! ov]lay+ 
fatalism4 ,! newly conv]t$1 h5ce all ! m
 ?or\ghgo+1 optimi/1 believ+ t c\nsel & 
consolation c come only f ^? :o tru/ 9 !
 reg5]ative p[] ( hope1 ?r[s himself    
into a m5tal attitude ak9 to t ( !      
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/1 & confid5tly proce$s 
to cure ! ills ( human k9d by a         
categorical d5ial ( _! exi/5ce4 ,or     
p]haps x w\ld be m j to say (           
,maet]l9ck's latt]-day outlook1 ! s]5ity
 ( :i* ev5 ! frightful exp]i5ce ( !     
pres5t "t has fail$ to de/roy1 t in/ead 
( p]emptorily negat+ evil1 he m]ely     
d5ies its supremacy4 ,all ab\t him he   
p]ceives 9 ! mid/ ( ! wor/ wrongs &     
evils _m f]tile g]ms ( righte\sness2    
vice itself seems to di/il its own      
antitox94  ,toge!r ) ,maet]l9ck's       
optimi/ic /ra91 8 individualism ga9s an 
unexpect$ emphasis4 ,be=e "o exi/s =    
o!rs1 "o mu/ exi/ = "o's self4 ,! egoism

 ( a /rong & cle>-sight$ s\l is ( a m   
b5efic5t effect ?an all ! devotion ( a  
bl9d & feeble s\l4 ,"h we h a           
promulgation id5tical 9 gi/ ) ,em]son's 
unqualifi$ decl>ation ( moral indep5d5ce
 :5 he says3 ,:oso w\ld be a man mu/ be 
a noncon=mi/4 ,he :o w\ld ga!r immortal 
palms mu/ n be h9d]$ by ! "n ( goodness1
 b mu/ explore if x be goodness4 ,no?+  
is at la/ sacr$ b ! integrity ( y\r own 
m9d4 ,no law c be sacr$ to me b t ( my  
nature47#h7    7#h7 ,self-,reliance4  ,8
 attitude ( c\nt5anc+ ! positive joys ( 
liv+ causes ,maet]l9ck 9 8 lat] c>e] to 
rev]se 8 =m] judgm5t1 & to inveigh1 mu* 
9 ! mann] ( ,nietzs*e1 aga9/ !          
p>asitical virtues4 ,c]ta9 notions ab\t 
resignation & self-sacrifice sap ! f9e/ 
moral =ces ( mank9d m ?or\ghly ?an d    
great vices & ev5 crimes4 ,! alleg$     
triumphs ov] ! fle% are 9 mo/ cases only
 complete defeats ( life4 ,:5 to su*    
rebelli\s s5tim5ts is jo9$ an explicit  
w>n+ aga9/ ! s$uctions & intimidations  
held out by ! (ficial religions--_! sug>

 plums & dog :ips1 z ,maet]l9ck puts    
x--"o c only wond] h[ 8 writ+s escap$ z 
long z !y did ! att5tion ( ! au?orities 
t sw+ ! p[] ( imprimatur & ana!ma4      
,maet]l9ck may n be class$ unres]v$ly z 
a radical individuali/4 ,= :]eas a      
philosophy l t ( ,nietzs*e takes no     
acc\nt ( ! mu*-too-_m1 :o accord+ to t  
great fantasi/ d n int]e/ anybody except
 ! /ati/ician & ! devil1 ,maet]l9ck     
realizes ! supreme importance ( ! great 
mass z ! orda9$ transmitt]s (           
civilization4 ,! gulf betwe5 ari/ocratic
 subjectivism1 devot$ s+le-m9d$ly to !  
ru?less en=cem5t ( self-int]e/1 &1 on ! 
o!r h&1 a self-=getful social en?usiasm1
 is bridg$ 9 ,maet]l9ck by an extremely 
/rong in/9ct = ju/ice &1 moreov]1 by 8  
firm belief--at lea/ = ! "t be+--t !    
same /rong in/9ct exi/s univ]sally z a  
specific trait ( human nature4 ,by su* a
 philosophy ,ju/ice1 !n1 is disc]n$ n z 
a supra-natural function1 b z a function
 ( human nature z di/+ui%$ f nature at  
l>ge4 ,! re/riction is made necess>y by 

our k ( ! obs]vable op]ations ( nature4 
,9 p>ticul> w\ld ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity    
seem to argue aga9/ ! reign ( ju/ice 9 !
 adm9i/ration ( human de/9ies1 inasmu* z
 we f9d ourselves q unable to recognize 
9 ! apportionm5t ( pleasure & pa9 any?+ 
l a due ratio ( m]it4 ,& yet ,maet]l9ck 
realizes t p]haps nature measures life )
 a l>g] /&>d ?an ! individual's %ort    
span ( exi/5ce1 & w>ns u 9 8 essay on   
,ju/ice n to indulge our self-conceit 9 
a speci\s emulation ( ways t are utt]ly 
beyond our compreh5sion4 ,aft] all1 !n1 
our poet-philosoph] succe$s =o consci5ti
 9 reconcil+ 8 cult ( self ) devotion to
 ! common int]e/4 ,morality1 9 t essay1 
is def9$ z ! co-ord9ation ( p]sonal     
desire to ! task assign$ by nature to ! 
race4 ,& is x n true t a contr>y1 t is1 
ascetic concept ( morality r$uces itself
 to absurdity ?r\gh its antagonism to t 
primal human in/9ct t makes = !         
cont9uity ( life8                     99
       99       99       99       99  ,f
 ! compromise effect$ betwe5 two fairly 

opposite e?ical pr9ciples1 !re em]ges 9 
! works ( ?is p]iod some?+ ak9 to a     
sociali/ic t5d5cy4 ,x is organically    
relat$ to ! my/ical prepossession ( !   
au?or's mann] ( ?9k+4 ,maet]l9ck        
gratefully ackn[l$ges t by ! se>*-light 
( sci5ce ! upp]mo/ lay]s ( d>kness h be5
 dispell$2 b realizes also t !          
deep-seat$ c5tral enigma /ill rema9s 9  
d>kness3 z mu* z ev] are ! primordial   
causes seal$ aga9/ a glimpse ( f9ite k4 
,we h *ang$ ! names1 n ! problems4      
,in/ead ( ,god1 ,provid5ce1 or ,fate1 we
 say ,nature1 ,selection1 & ,h]$ity4 ,b 
9 reality d we "k m conc]n+ ,life ?an   
did our ance/ors8  ,:at1 !n1 que/ions ! 
p]sev]+ pursu] ( ! f9al v]ities1 %all we
 d 9 ord] t we may press ne>] to ,tru?8 
,may we n p]*ance /eep our s\ls 9 light 
t fl[s f ano!r s\rce ?an sci5ce8 ,& :at 
pur] light is !re to illum9e u ?an !    
halo surr\nd+ a cont5t$ work] p]=m+ 8   
task1 n "u co]cion1 b f a volunt>y1 or x
 may be in/9ctive1 submission to ! law (
 life8 ,if su* subord9ation ( self      

con/itutes ! basis ( rational liv+1 we  
%all d well to /udy its work+s on a     
l[li] & less complicat$ plane ?an !     
human2 = in/ance1 9 ! behavior ( !      
creature t is prov]bial = its unflagg+  
indu/ry4 ,= ?is indu/ry is n motivat$ by
 imm$iate or selfi% wants2 x spr+s f    
in/9ctive self-d$ication to ! common    
cause4 ,"s p expect$ f ,la ,vie des     
,abeilles 7,! ,life ( ! ,bee71 7#aija71 
mu* br&-new in=mation ab\t matt]s (     
apiculture4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 tw5ty-five   
ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ,maet]l9ck _h no />tl+  
discov]ies to convey to 8 fell[-hiv]s4  
,8 book on bees is n prim>ily ! result (
 a speciali/'s inve/igations b a        
poetical record ( ! obs]vations made by 
a m9d at once romantic & philosophical &
 /rongly attract$ to ! /udy ( ?is       
p>ticul> =m ( community life1 because by
 its organization on a m9iature scale x 
spreads be=e ! /ud5t ( society a        
synoptic view ( human affairs4  ,( !    
great *ange t _h by n[ tak5 place 9 8   
conception ( life1 ,maet]l9ck 0 fully   

cognizant1 & made no concealm5t ( x4 ,9 
! essay on ,ju/ice he says1 ) ref]5ce to
 8 e>li] dramas3 ,! motive ( ^! little  
plays 0 ! fe> ( ! ,unkn[n by :i* we are 
con/antly surr\nd$1 & passes on to      
describe 8 religi\s temp] z a sort (    
comp\nd ( ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god ) !    
antique idea ( ,fate1 imm]s$ 9 ! pr(\nd 
gloom ( hopeless my/]y4 ,! ,unkn[n took 
*iefly ! aspect ( a p[]1 itself b bl9dly
 grop+ 9 ! d>k1 yet dispos+ ) inexorable
 unfeel+ness ( ! fates ( m54  ,evid5tly 
^? same plays are pass$ once m 9        
self-critical review 9 ,ardiane et      
,b>be-,bleue 7,ardiane & ,blue-,be>d71  
7#ahii71 not)/&+ ! fact t ! au?or       
disclaims any philosophic purpose &     
pres5ts 8 "w z a m]e libretto4 ,we _c   
reg>d x z purely accid5tal t (          
,blue-,be>d's t]ror-/rick5 wives1       
f\r1--,selysette1 ,mlis&e1 ,ygra9e1     
,allad9e1--be> ! names ( e>li] h]o9es1  
&1 besides1 t ea* ( ^! reta9s ) ! "n    
also ! "* ( h] namesake4 ,! symbolism is
 too transp>5t4 ,! *ild-wives ( ! cruel 

knight1 =ev] 9 a /ate ( trembl+ fe>1 are
 too passive to extricate !mselves f _! 
fate1 :]eas ,ardiane succe$s in/antly 9 
break+ h] captivity1 because %e has ! _s
 & /r5g? to %att] ! w9d[ & let 9 ! light
 & air4 ,! contra/ betwe5 h] resolute   
p]sonality & ^? five in]t bundles (     
mis]y und\bt$ly connotes ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! au?or's p>alyz+ fatalism 9 !   
pa/ & 8 pres5t dynamic optimism4  ,a l  
contra/ betwe5 dejection & resili5ce    
w\ld be br\ght to light by a comp>ison (
 ! twelve lyric poems1 ,d\ze ,*ansons1  
7#ahig71 ) ! ,s]res ,*audes4 ,! mood is 
/ill greatly subdu$2 ! new poetry is by 
no means free f sadness & a /ra9 (      
resignation4 ,b ! half-/ifl$ despair t  
cries out f ! old] book returns no      
dissonant e*o 9 ! new4  ,ev5 8 dramatic 
te*nique comes "u ! sway ( ,maet]l9ck's 
alt]$ view ( ! _w4 ,! f> fre] use (     
excit+ & ev5tful action te/ifies to     
increas$ ela/icity & =ce4 ,?is is a m>k$
 feature ( ,soeur ,beatrice 7,si/]      
,beatrice71 7#aijj71 a miracle play     

f\nd$ on ! old /ory ab\t ! recreant nun 
:o1 brok5 f s9 & mis]y1 returns to !    
cloi/] & f9ds t dur+ ! _m ye>s ( h]     
abs5ce h] "p & p]son h be5 c>ri$ out by 
! ,holy ,virg9 h]self4  ,equally1 ! ?ree
 o!r dramas ( ?is epo*--,aglava9e et    
,selysette1 ,monna ,vanna1 &            
,joyzelle--are highly available = sc5ic 
enactm5t4 ,( ! ?ree1 ,monna ,vanna1     
7#aijb71 9 p>ticul> is conspicu\s = a   
:olly unexpect$ aptitude (              
*>act]ization1 & = ! unsurpass$ int5sity
 ( its situations1 :i* 9 ?is isolat$    
case are n ca/ 9 a s+le mood z 9 ! o!r  
plays1 b are individually di/9ct & full 
( dramatic progress1 :]eas ev]y:]e else 
! action moves r sluggi%ly4  ,monna     
,vanna is "o ( ! mo/ brilliantly actable
 plays ( mod]n times1 despite its       
improbability4 ,a c]ta9 incongruity     
betwe5 ! reali/ic & ! romantic aspects 9
 ! behavior ( ! pr9cipals is sav$ f     
(f5siv5ess by a disposition on ! "p ( ! 
spectator to ref] x1 unhi/orically1 to !
 prov5i5ce ( ! /ory4 ,b z a matt] ( fact

 ! actors are n fifte5? c5tury          
,r5aissance m5 & wom5 at all1 b my/ics1 
mod]n my/ics at t1 bo? 9 _! reason+ & _!
 morality4 ,x is "u a cryptical         
s\l-compulsion t ,giovanna goes =? to ! 
unkn[n condotti]e prep>$ to lay d[n h]  
honor = ! salvation ( h] p1 & t h] husb&
 at la/ conqu]s 8 repugnance to h] go+4 
,pr9zivalle1 ,guido1 ,m>co1 are my/ics  
ev5 to a high] degree ?an ,vanna4  ,!   
poignant actualism ( ,monna ,vanna lies1
 h[ev]1 9 ! au?or's frank sympa?y ) a   
di/9ctively mod]n ze/ = fre$om4 ,!      
situation betwe5 husb& & wife is        
rem9isc5t ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se 9 ! gre$ily
 possessive quality ( ,guido's          
affection1 ) :i* quality 8 tyrann\s     
unbelief 9 ,pr9zivalle's magnanimity    
fully accords4 ,b ,maet]l9ck "h goes a  
/ep beyond ,ibs54 ,9 h] m>ri$ life )    
,guido1 ,vanna 0 meekly cont5t$1 at lea/
 z happy z "o c be :5 "o has r5\nc$ !   
vague & extravagant dreams :i* seem     
beyond human life4 ,:5 ! crisis arrives 
%e realizes t x is nev] too late = "o :o

 has f\nd a love t c fill a life4 ,h]   
f9al rebellion is sanction$ by ! au?or1 
:o unmi/akably endorses ! v5]able       
,m>co's pr(ession ( fai? t life is      
always 9 ! "r4  ,joyzelle1 7#aijc71     
inf]ior to ,monna ,vanna                
dramaturgically1 & 9 =m ! mo/ di/9ctly  
fanta/ic ( all ,maet]l9ck's productions1
 is /ill f>!r remov$ f ! fatali/ic      
atmosph]e4 ,?is play s\nds1 z ! au?or   
himself has /at$1 ! triumph ( w & love  
ov] de/9y or fatality1 z aga9/ ! conv]se
 lesson ( ,monna ,vanna4 ,! idea is     
symbolically express$ 9 ! temptations ( 
,lanceor & 9 ! lib]ation ( ,joyzelle &  
h] lov] f ! p[] ( ,m]l9 & 8 famili>1    
,arielle1 :o imp]sonates ! secret =ces (
 ! he>t4  ,aglava9e et ,selysette1      
,monna ,vanna1 & ,joyzelle m>k by /ill  
ano!r sign ! adv5t ( a new phase 9      
,maet]l9ck's evolution2 namely1 by !    
*>act]ization ( ! h]o9es4 ,previ\sly1 ! 
wom5 9 8 plays 7 h>dly individualiz$ &  
none ( !m c be said to possess a        
physiognomy /rictly h] own4 ,maet]l9ck  

_h return$ ) great p>tiality aga9 & aga9
 to ! same type ( woman3 languid &      
li/less1 )\t /am9a & /r5g?1 yet at !    
same "t full ( deep feel+1 & capable (  
un5d+ devotion--pa!tic incorporeal      
figures feel+ _! way along )\t ! light (
 self-consci\sness1 l "s pre-raphaelite 
species ( somnambuli/s4 ,9 ! new plays1 
on ! contr>y1 wom5 ( a c\rage\s &       
v5turesome _s & ) a self-possessive     
assurance are portray$ by pref]5ce & )  
unmi/akable approval4  ,z ! te*nique 9 !
 m rec5t creations ( ,maet]l9ck1 s !    
diction1 too1 accommodates itself to    
alt]$ t5d5cies4 ,:]eas =m]ly ! colloquy 
0 abrupt & fragm5t>y1 x is n[ c\*$ 9    
cad5c$1 fl[+ language1 :i*1 nev]!less1  
pres]ves ! old-"t simplicity4 ,! poet   
himself has criticiz$ 8 =m] dialogue4   
,he said x made ^? figures seem l deaf p
 walk+ 9 _! sleep1 :om somebody is      
endeavor+ to ar\se f a heavy dream4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,= ! limit$ purpose ( ?is sket* x is n  
ne$ful to ent] into a detail$ discussion

 ( ,maet]l9ck's late/ productions1 s9ce 
su* l9es z !y add to 8 philosophical &  
arti/ic physiognomy h be5 trac$ be=eh&4 
,8 lit]>y output = ! la/ doz5 ye>s or s 
is embodi$ 9 six or sev5 volumes3 ab\t  
two ye>s to a book seems to be 8 normal 
ratio ( a*ievem5t1 ! same z 0 s regul>ly
 obs]v$ by ,h5rik ,ibs51 & "o t seems r 
suitable = an au?or ^: res]ve1 dictat$  
by a pr(\nd arti/ic & moral consci5ce1 l
 8 actual p]=mance1 calls = admiration &
 gratitude4 ,dur+ ! w> he has writt51 or
 at lea/ publi%$1 v little4 ,x is fairly
 safe to assume t ! emotional exp]i5ce (
 ?is h>r[+ p]iod w control 8 future     
philosophy z its mo/ pot5t factor2      
equally safe is x to pr$ict1 on ! /r5g? 
( 8 publi%$ utt]ances1 t 8 compreh5sive 
humanity1 t has be5 put to su* a sev]e  
te/1 w pass unsca!d ?r\gh ! ordeal4  ,( 
! la/ gr\p ( ,maet]l9ck's works only two
 are dramas1 namely1 ,! ,blue ,bird1    
7#aiji71 & ,m>y ,magdal5e1 7#aiaj74 ,!  
baffl+ symbolism ( ,! ,blue ,bird has n 
/ood 9 ! way ( a trem5d\s int]national  

/age success2 ! fact is due mu* less to 
! simple l9e ( ?\ght t runs ?r\gh !     
puzzle ?an to ! exub]ant fancy t gave   
rise to x & its spl5did sc5ical         
elaboration4 ,probably ,mr4 ,h5ry ,rose 
is "r1 9 8 helpful analysis ( ,! ,blue  
,bird1 9 v5tur+ ! ass]tion t by ^? :o   
are famili> ) ,sw$5borg's tea*+ ',!     
,blue ,bird' mu/ be recogniz$ z to a v  
l>ge ext5t writt5 on l9es :i* are 9     
accordance ) :at is kn[n z ! ,sci5ce (  
,correspond5ces--a v important "p (     
,sw$5borg's tea*+s4 ,b ! und]/&+ ( ?is  
symbolism 9 its fullness (f]s v great   
difficulties4 ,t a def9ite & consi/5t   
mean+ und]lies all its features w be r  
felt ?an compreh5d$ by ! great majority 
:o surely _c be expect$ to g to ! tr\ble
 fir/ ( famili>iz+ !mselves )           
,maet]l9ck's alleg$ code ( symbols & !n 
( apply+ x meticul\sly to !             
int]pretation ( 8 plays4  ,m>y          
,magdal5e1 judg$ f ! dramatic po9t (    
view1 is a q impressive trag$y1 yet a   
full & suffici5t treatm5t ( ! v         

sugge/ive scriptural leg5d x is n4 ,!   
conv]t$ c\rtezan is *>act]iz$ too       
ab/ractly4 ,in/ead ( pres5t+ h]self z a 
woman consum$ ) blaz+ s5suality b 9 :om 
! erotic fire is transmut$ into religi\s
 passion1 %e affects u l an enact$      
comm5t>y ^u su* a mo/ extraord9>y       
exp]i5ce4  ,f9ally1 !re are sev]al      
volumes ( essays1 to "s ( :i* ref]5ce   
has already be5 made47#i7 ,le ,temple   
,enseveli 7,! ,buri$ ,temple71 7#aijb71 
consi/s ( six disquisitions1 all deal+ )
 metaphysical subjects3 ,ju/ice1 ,!     
,evolution ( ,my/]y1 ,! ,reign ( ,matt]1
 ,! ,pa/1 ,*ance1 ,! ,future4 ,le ,d\ble
 ,j>d9 7,! ,d\ble ,g>d571 7#aijd71 is   
mu* m miscellane\s 9 its makeup4 ,^! are
 its het]og5e\s subjects3 ,! ,dea? ( a  
,little ,dog1 ,monte ,c>lo1 ,a ,ride 9 a
 ,motor ,c>1 ,duel+1 ,! ,angry ,temp] ( 
! ,bees1 ,univ]sal ,suffrage1 ,! ,mod]n 
,drama1 ,! ,s\rces ( ,spr+1 ,dea? & !   
,cr[n 7a discussion ^u ! fatal illness (
 ,edw>d ,,vii71 a ,view ( ,rome1 ,field 
,fl[]s1 ,*rysan!mums1 ,old-fa%ion$      

,fl[]s1 ,s9c]ity1 ,! ,portrait ( ,woman1
 & ,olive ,bran*es 7a survey ( c]ta9 n[1
 alas1 obsolete e?ical movem5ts ( t     
day74 ,l',intellig5ce des ,fleurs 79 !  
translation x is nam$ ,life & ,fl[]s1 9 
an enl>g$ issue ,! ,measure ( ! ,h\rs1  
bo? #aijg71 takes up1 besides ! !me ( ! 
g5]al caption1 ! manufacture ( p]fumes1 
! v>i\s in/rum5ts = measur+ "t1 !       
psy*ology ( accid5t1 social duty1 w>1   
prize-fight+1 & ,k+ ,le>4 ,9 #aiab1 ?ree
 essays on ,em]son1 ,novalis1 &         
,ruysbroeck appe>$ collectively1 9      
,engli%1 "u ! title ,on ,em]son & ,o!r  
,essays4 ,^! orig9ally prefac$ c]ta9    
works ( ^? writ]s translat$ by          
,maet]l9ck 9 8 e>li] ye>s4    7#i7      
,consid]able lib]ty has be5 tak5 by     
,maet]l9ck 9 ! gr\p+   & nam+ ( 8 essay 
^u _! republication 9 ! sev]al          
collections4 ,! confusion caus$ !reby is
 greatly increas$ by !   deviation ( "s 
( ! translat$ editions f ! orig9al      
volumes   z to ! sequ5ce ( articles1 !  
individual & collective titles1   & ev5 

! cont5ts !mselves4  ,maet]l9ck's mo/   
rec5t publications are ,la ,mort        
7publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 a consid]ably      
ext5d$ collection "u ! title ,our       
,et]nity71 7#aiac71 ,! ,unkn[n ,gue/1   
7#aiad71 & ,les ,dbris de la ,gu]re 7,! 
,wrack ( ! ,/orm71 7#aiaf747aj7 ,! two  
fir/ nam$1 hav+ = _! c5tral subject     
,dea? & ! great concomitant problem ( ! 
life beyond1 %[ t ! au?or has become    
greatly int]e/$ 9 psy*ical rese>*2 he   
ev5 goes s f> z to affirm 8 belief 9    
precognition4 ,9 ^! essays1 ,!osophy &  
,spiritism & k9dr$ occult !ories are    
c>efully analyz$1 yet +5i\s z are !     
au?or's speculations1 !y leave any?+ l a
 solution ( ! p]plex+ riddles f> afield4
 ,on ! :ole he incl9es to a telepa?ic   
explanation ( ! psy*ical ph5om5a1 yet   
?9ks !y may be due to ! /riv+s ( !      
cosmic intellig5ce aft] fre% outlets1 & 
believes t a c>eful & p]si/5t           
inve/igation ( ^! ph5om5a may op5 up    
hi!rto undreamt ( realms ( reality4 ,9  
g5]al1 we f9d him on _m po9ts less      

ass]tive ?an he 0 9 ! beg9n+ & incl9$ to
 a g5]al retr5*m5t ( ! dogmatic elem5t 9
 8 philosophic attitude4 ,a significant 
passage 9 ,! ,buri$ ,treasure tea*es u n
 to deplore ! loss ( fix$ beliefs4 ,"o  
%\ld nev] look back ) regret to ^? h\rs 
:5 a great belief ab&ons u4 ,a fai? t   
becomes ext9ct1 a means t fails1 a      
dom9ant idea t no long] dom9ates u      
because we ?9k x is our turn to dom9ate 
x--^! ?+s prove t we are liv+1 t we are 
progress+1 t we are us+ up a great _m   
?+s because we are n /&+ /ill4 ,( !     
gloomy fatalism ( 8 lit]>y beg9n+s h>dly
 a trace is to be f\nd 9 ! ,maet]l9ck ( 
to-day4 ,8 w>-book1 ,! ,wrack ( ! ,/orm1
 brea!s a calm optimism 9 ! face (      
untold disa/]4 ,! w ( man is put above !
 p[] ( fate4 ,is x possible t           
fatality--by :i* ,i mean :at p]haps = a 
mom5t 0 ! unackn[l$g$ desire ( !        
planet--%all n rega9 ! upp] h&8 ,at !   
/age :i* man has rea*$1 ,i hope &       
believe s4444 ,ev]y?+ seems to tell u t 
man is approa*+ ! day :]eon1 seiz+ ! mo/

 glori\s opportunity t has ev] pres5t$  
itself s9ce he acquir$ a consci\sness1  
he w at la/ le>n t he is able1 :5 he    
pleases1 to control 8 :ole fate 9 ?is   
_w47#aa7 ,8 fai? 9 humanity is built on 
! h]oic virtues display$ 9 ?is w>4      
,to-day1 n only d we "k t ^! virtues    
exi/3 we h taught ! _w t !y are always  
triumphant1 t no?+ is lo/ :ile fai? is  
left1 :ile honor is intact1 :ile love   
cont9ues1 :ile ! s\l does n surr5d]4 444
 ,dea? itself is n[ ?reat5$ ) ext9ction 
by our h]oic race3 ,! m x ex]cises its  
ravages1 ! m x increases ! int5sity ( t 
:i* x _c t\*2 ! m x pursues its phantom 
victories1 ! bett] does x prove to u t  
man w end by conqu]+ dea?4    7#aj7 ,!  
,light ,beyond 7#aiag7 is n a new "w at 
all1 b m]ely a   comb9ation ( p>ts f    
,our ,et]nity & ,! ,wrack ( ! ,/orm4    
7#aa7 ,! ,wrack ( ! ,/orm1 p4 #add f4   
,9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ,our ,et]nity1 !  
romantic modification ( ,maet]l9ck's    
my/icism is made pat5t 9 8 confession   
reg>d+ ! problem ( ,k3 ,i h add$ no?+ to

 :at 0 already kn[n4 ,i h simply tri$ to
 sep>ate :at may be true f t :i* is     
assur$ly n true4444 ,p]haps ?r\gh our   
que/ = t undiscov]able ,tru? we %all h  
accu/om$ our eyes to pi]ce ! t]ror ( !  
la/ h\r by look+ x full 9 ! face4444 ,we
 ne$ h no hope t any "o w utt] on ?is   
e>? ! ^w t %all put an end to our       
unc]ta9ties4 ,x is v probable1 on !     
contr>y1 t no "o 9 ?is _w1 nor p]haps 9 
! next1 w discov] ! great secret ( !    
univ]se4 ,& 444 x is mo/ =tunate t x    
%\ld be s4 ,we h n only to resign       
ourselves to liv+ 9 ! incompreh5sible1 b
 to rejoice t we _c get out ( x4 ,if !re
 7 no m insoluble que/ions 444 inf9ity  
w\ld n be inf9ite2 & !n we %\ld h =ev]  
to curse ! fate t plac$ u 9 a univ]se   
proportionate to our intellig5ce4 ,!    
unkn[n & ! unkn[able are necess>y & w   
p]haps always be necess>y to our        
happ9ess4 ,9 any case1 ,i w\ld n wi% my 
wor/ enemy1 7 8 und]/&+ a ?\s&fold l(ti]
 & a ?\s&fold mighti] ?an m9e1 to be    
condemn$ et]nally to inhabit a _w ( :i* 

he _h surpris$ an ess5tial              
secret44447#ab7    7#ab7 ,quot$ f !     
excell5t translation by ,a4 ,t4 de      
,mattos4  ,s ! f9al ^w ( ,maet]l9ck's   
philosophy1 aft] a lifetime ( ard5t     
se>*1 cle>s up none ( ! tantaliz+       
secrets ( our exi/5ce4 ,& yet someh[ x  
be>s a message t is full ( consolation4 
,! value ( human life lies 9 ! p]petual 
movem5t t[>ds a rec$+ goal4 ,:oev] c    
id5tify himself ) su* a philosophy &    
accept its great practical lesson1 t we 
%all nev] rea* ,k b acquire wisdom 9 !  
pursuit1 %\ld be able to envisage !     
veil$ c\nt5ance ( ,tru? )\t despair1 &  
ev5 to face ) "s c\rage ! et]nal problem
 ( our be+1 its reason & its de/9ation4 
,,ii  ,,! ,,ecc5tricity ,,( ,,augu/     
,,/r9db]g   ,"o _c speak ( ,augu/       
,/r9db]g ) mu* gu/o4 ,! mo/ broadm9d$   
critic w f9d himself "u necessity to    
disapprove ( him z a man & to condemn s 
_m features ( 8 production t almo/ "o   
might "q 8 fitness z a subject ( lit]>y 
discussion4 ,nev]!less1 8 importance is 

beyond dispute & q above ! consid]ation 
( p]sonal l or dislike1 :e!r we view him
 9 8 creative capacity1--z an           
intellectual & e?ical spokesman ( 8     
"t1--or 9 8 human "*1--z a typical case 
( c]ta9 m5tal & moral maladies :i*      
someh[ dur+ 8 "t 7 m or less epidemic   
?r\gh\t ! lett]$ _w4 ,we h x on excell5t
 au?ority t at 8 db 9 ! lit]>y !atre he 
made ! /age quake ) ! elem5tal p[] ( 8  
p]sonality4 ,gigantic rebels l ,ibs51   
,bjo]nson1 ,nietzs*e1 & ,tol/oy1 we are 
told1 dw9dl$ to normal proportions      
beside 8 titanic /ature4 ,he aim$ to    
conqu] & conv]t ! :ole _w by 8 fanatical
 prote/ aga9/ ! rott5 civilization ( 8  
"t4 ,! attempt prov$ an utt] failure4   
,he nev] c\ld gr[ into a _w-figure1     
because he lack$ ! c\rage z well z !    
cosmopolitan adaptability ne$$ =        
intellectual expatriation4 ,h5ce1 9     
great contra/ to ,ibs51 he rema9$ to    
,europe at l>ge ! unc\? ,sc&9avian1 :ile
 9 ! eyes ( ,sc&9avia he 0 specifically 
! ,sw$e2 & 8 c\ntry-m51 ev5 ?\gh !y     

ackn[l$g$ him _! premi] poet1 treat$    
him1 because ( 8 ecc5tricity1 z a       
national gaz+-/ock r ?an z a g5u9e      
national asset4 ,yet = all t1 he ranks z
 ! =emo/ writ] ( 8 c\ntry & "o ( !      
repres5tative m5 ( ! age4 ,8 poetic     
g5ius is admitt$ by practically all !   
critics1 :ile ! greate/ among !m1       
,george ,br&es1 pron\nces him 9 addition
 an unsurpass$ ma/] 9 ! comm& ( 8 "m    
tongue4 ,b 8 position z a writ] is by no
 means limit$ to 8 own little c\ntry4 ,=
 8 works h be5 translat$ into all       
civiliz$ languages1 & if ! circulation (
 lit]>y products is a safe indication ( 
_! influ5ce1 !n sev]al ( ,/r9db]g's     
books at lea/ mu/ be cr$it$ ) hav+ done 
some?+ t[>d %ap+ ! ?\ght ( our "t ^u "s 
( its lead+ issues4 ,9 any case1 ! l>ge 
& durable int]e/ %[n 8 productions m>ks 
,/r9db]g z a lit]>y ph5om5on ( suffici5t
 consequ5ce to des]ve "s /udy4  ,read]s 
( ,/r9db]g :o seek to discov] ! reason  
:y criticism %\ld h devot$ s mu*        
att5tion to an au?or reg>d$ almo/       

univ]sally ) /rong disapproval &        
av]sion1 w f9d t reason mo/ probably 9 !
 extreme subjectiv5ess t dom9ates ev]y?+
 he has writt52 p]sonal confession1     
novels1 /ories1 & plays alike %>e ?is   
equality1 & ev5 9 8 hi/orical dramas !  
figures1 despite ! m9ute accuracy ( _!  
del9eation1 are mov$ by ! au?or's       
passion1 n _! own4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 has a
 writ] ( em95ce demon/rat$ a simil>     
incapacity to reproduce ! ?\ghts &      
feel+s ( o!r p4 ,x has be5 rightly      
decl>$ t all 8 lead+ *>act]s are m]ely !
 outw>d projections ( 8 own s5tim5ts &  
ideas1--t at bottom he1 ,augu/ ,/r9db]g1
 is ! sole protagoni/ 9 all 8 dramaturgy
 & fiction4  ,/r9db]g 0 a man ) an      
omnivor\s intellectual curiosity1 & he  
comm&$ a va/ /ore ( k 9 ! fields (      
hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & languages4 ,8 ,hi/ory 
( ! ,sw$i% ,p is recogniz$ by compet5t  
judges z a v brilliant & s*ol>ly        
p]=mance4 ,be=e he 0 laun*$ 9 8 lit]>y  
c>e]1 & :ile /ill obscurely employ$ z   
m9or assi/ant at a libr>y1 he e>n$      

di/9ction z a /ud5t ( ! ,*9ese language1
 & "o product ( 8 rese>* "w 9 t field 0 
ev5 deem$ wor?y ( be+ read be=e !       
,acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles   
,lettres4 ,9 ,geology1 ,*emi/ry1        
,botany1 he 0 equally productive4 ,b !  
ta9t ( ecc5tricity 9 8 m5tal fibre      
prev5t$ 8 impos+ sci5tific accompli%m5ts
 f ma9ta9+ him 9 a /ate ( intellectual  
equilibrium4 ,he laid z mu* /ore by ?+s 
( :i* he _h a m]e smatt]+ z by ^? on :i*
 he 0 an au?ority1 & 8 resultant        
un/ead9ess caus$ him to oscillate betwe5
 opposite sci5tific en?usiasms ev5 z 8  
self-contradictory p]sonal "* involv$   
him 9 abrupt *anges ( position1 & made  
him jump f "o extreme ( behavior to !   
o!r4                     99       99    
99       99       99  ,/r9db]g fir/     
attract$ public notice by ! appe>ance 9 
#ahgi ( a novel nam$ ,! ,r$ ,room4 ,its 
effect ^u a c\ntry *>act]iz$ by s ke5 an
 obs]v] z ,george ,br&es z p]haps ! mo/ 
cons]vative 9 ,europe resembl$ !        
excitem5t caus$ by ,s*ill]'s ,! ,robb]s 

almo/ precisely "o hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,x 
/irr$ up en\gh du/ to *ange1 ?\gh n to  
cleanse1 ! mu/y atmosph]e ( ,phili/ia4  
,= "h 0 in/antly recogniz$ ! *all5ge ( a
 radical _s upris5 9 full & ru?less     
rebellion aga9/ ea* & e "t-hall[$ usage 
& tradition4 ,! recollection ( t        
hot-spur agitator b5t ) e p>ticle ( 8   
/r5g? to r\se ! _w up f its le?>gy by 8 
/5torian ,j'accuse & to pass s5t5ce ^u x
 by %e] trem5d\s vocif]ation1 is almo/  
entirely oblit]at$ to-day by !          
remembrance ( q ano!r ,/r9db]g3--!      
er/:ile /ormy ideali/ *ang$ into a le]+ 
cynic2 a repulsive embodim5t ( negation1
 a grimac+ ,mephi/opheles :o d5ies life 
& light or any?+ t he _c compreh5d1 & to
 :om ! face ( ! e>? appe>s =ev] cov]$ ) 
d>kness & fil? & dea? & corruption4     
,inde$ ?is f9al depictm5t ( ,augu/      
,/r9db]g1 :e!r or no x be accurately    
true to life1 is a t]rible example ( :at
 life c make ( a man1 or a man ( 8 life1
 if he is nei!r light en\gh to be borne 
by ! curr5t ( 8 "t1 nor /rong en\gh to  

set 8 face aga9/ ! tide & brea/ x4  ,!  
"q is1 naturally1 0 ,/r9db]g s9c]e 9 !  
fanatical insurg5cy ( 8 e>li] p]iod1 or 
0 8 attitude m]ely a !atrical pose & 8  
social en?usiasm a rant+ declamation8 ,9
 ei!r case1 !re op5s up ?is o!r "q3 ,h  
we reason to d\bt ! s9c]ity ( ! m5tal   
*anges t 7 yet to foll[1--! g5u95ess ( 8
 pessimism1 occultism1 &1 9 ! f9al /age1
 ( 8 religi\s conv]sion8 ,8 unexampl$   
h>dihood 9 rev]s+ 8 op9ions & go+ dead  
aga9/ 8 convictions c\ld be illu/rat$ 9 
ne>ly e sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,at "o "t a gl[+ 
admir] ( ,r\sseau & l\dly pr(ess+ 8     
gospel ( nature1 he =sook ?is           
allegiance1 & *ose z 8 new idol         
,r\sseau's v antipode1 ,voltaire4 ,= _m 
ye>s he 0 a democrat ( ! pure/ wat]1    
id5tifi$ himself ) ! prolet>ian cause1 &
 act$ z ! fi]y *ampion ( ! poor         
labor-driv5 masses aga9/ _! oppressors2 
b "o f9e day1 no matt] :e!r x came ab\t 
directly ?r\gh 8 contact ) ,nietzs*e or 
o!rwise1 he repudiat$ socialism1        
scornfully d5\nc+ x z a tatt]$ remnant (

 8 ca/-(f ,*ri/ianity1 & array$ himself 
on ! side ( ! elect1 or self-elect1     
aga9/ ! common h]d1 ! mu*-too-_m4       
,lic5se = ! be/ to gov]n ! re/1 became  
tempor>ily 8 battle-cry2 & 8 political  
ideal sugge/$ no?+ less completely      
absurd ?an a republic presid$ ov] by an 
olig>*y ( autocrats4 ,8 unsurpass$      
reputation z an anti-fem9i/ w\ld h>dly  
prep>e u to f9d 8 e>li] works fairly    
agl[ ) sympa?y = ! woman cause4 ,he held
 at "o "t1 z did ,tol/oy1 t art & poetry
 h a detrim5tal effect ^u ! natural "*2 
= :i* reason ! peasant is a m normal be+
 ?an ! lett]$ man4 ,especially 0 he set 
aga9/ ! drama1 on ! gr\nd t x ?r[s !    
public m9d into confusion by its failure
 to diff]5tiate %>ply betwe5 ! au?or's  
own op9ions & ^? ( ! *>act]s4           
,lit]ature1 he held1 %\ld patt]n itself 
aft] a s]i\s newspap]3 x %\ld seek to   
influ5ce1 n ent]ta94 ,n only did he drop
 ?is p$antic re/riction ( lit]ature 9 ! 
end1 b 9 8 own practice he _h always    
defi$ x1 because1 despite 8 fi]ce       

campaign aga9/ art1 he c\ld n ov]come ! 
=ce ( 8 arti/ic impulses4 ,& s 9 o!r    
prov9ces ( ?\ght1 too1 he rev]s$ 8      
judgm5t ) a tem]ity & swiftness t       
greatly (f5d$ ! feel+s & p]plex$ !      
intellig5ce ( 8 foll[]s = ! "t be+ &    
ju/ifi$ ! "q :e!r ,/r9db]g _h any       
pr9ciples at all4 ,9 politics he 0 by   
quick turns ,an>*i/ & ,sociali/1        
,radical & ,cons]vative1 ,republican &  
,ari/ocrat1 ,communi/ & ,egoi/2 9       
religion1 ,pieti/1 ,prote/ant1 ,dei/1   
,a!i/1 ,occulti/1 & ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,& 
yet unque/ionably he 0 hone/4 ,to blame 
him m]ely because he *ang$ 8 views1 & be
 x nev] s radically1 w\ld be blam+ a man
 = ex]cis+ 8 "r to develop4 ,9 any man (
 influ5ce1 an unalt]able p]man5cy (     
op9ion w\ld be ev5 m objectionable ?an a
 frequ5t %ift ( 8 po9t ( view4 ,9 rec5t 
times ! presumable l5g? ( a p]son's     
intellectual usefulness has be5 a live  
subject ( discussion :i* has result$ 9  
"s legislation ( v que/ionable wisdom1 =
 in/ance ! sett+ ( an arbitr>y age limit

 = ! active s]vice ( high-grade tea*]s4 
,9 actual exp]i5ce m5 are too old to    
tea*1 or ?r\gh any o!r function to move 
! m9ds ( y\ng] p 9 a =w>d direction1    
:5ev] !y h lo/ ! ability to *ange _! own
 m9d4 ,yet at all ev5ts1 an em95t       
au?or's "r ( self-rev]sal mu/ n be      
ex]cis$ at r&om2 he %\ld refra9 f !     
propagation ( new op9ions t h n rip5$ )9
 himself4 ,:i* is ! same z say+ t he    
%\ld /ick to 8 old op9ions until he f9ds
 himself inw>dly compell$ to ab&on !m4  
,b z a matt] ( fact1 a man l ,/r9db]g1  
propell$ by an unbridl$ imag9ation1 al]t
 ) romantic t5d5cies1 n]v\sly ov]/rung1 
kept con/antly "u a /ra9 by 8 morbidly  
s5sitive temp]am5t1--& ^: bra9 is       
consequ5tly a see?+ *aos ( conflict+    
ideas1 is nev] put to ! necessity (     
*ang+ 8 m9d2 8 m9d keeps *ang+ itself4  
,x mu/ be z difficult = ! lit]>y        
hi/orian to d ,/r9db]g full ju/ice z x 0
 = ! great ecc5tric himself2 :5 9 tak+  
/ock1 z x 71 ( 8 m5tal equipm5t1 dur+ "o
 ( 8 protract$ p]iods ( despond5cy1 he  

summ$ himself up 9 ! foll[+ picturesque 
simile3 ,a mon/r\s conglom]ation1 *ang+ 
its =ms accord+ to ! obs]v]'s po9t (    
view & possess+ no m reality ?an ! ra9b[
 t is visible to ! eyes & yet does n    
exi/4 ,8 evolution may be track$1 h[ev]1
 9 ! detail$ autobiography 9 :i* he     
und]took1 by a rigor\s application (    
,hippolyte ,ta9e's well-kn[n !ory &     
me?od1 to acc\nt = 8 temp]am5tal        
peculi>ities on ! basis ( h]$ity & !    
milieu & to describe ! gradual          
trans=mation ( 8 "* ?r\gh education & ! 
ext]nal pressure ( contempor>y          
intellectual movem5ts4 ,?is rem>kable "w
 is l a picture book ( ideals und]m9$1  
holl[$1 & %att]$2 a p]v]se comp\nd (    
cynicism & passion1 x is unspeakably    
loa?some to ! s5se ( beauty & yet1 9 !  
la/ arti/ic reckon+1 n )\t great beauty 
( its own4 ,x divides ! /ory (          
,/r9db]g's life into ^! consecutive     
p>ts3 ,! ,son ( ! ,s]vant2 ,! ,au?or2 ,!
 ,evolution ( a ,s\l2 ,! ,confession ( a
 ,fool2 ,inf]no2 ,leg5ds2 ,! ,rupture2  

,alone4 ,! v titles signalize ! brutal  
frankness1 or1 %all we say1 t]rible     
s9c]ity ( a tale t rummages )\t piety   
among ! mo/ sacr$ privacies1 & drags =? 
f intimate nooks & corn]s sorr[ &       
squalor & %ame en\gh to h wreck$ a doz5 
av]age exi/5ces4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ or   
evad+ ! *all5ge hurl$ by ?is /ory3 ,see 
me z ,i am1 /ripp$ ( conv5tional lies & 
pret5sions6 ,look ^u my nak$ s\l1 cov]$ 
) sc>s & op5 sores4 ,behold me 9 my     
spasms ( love & hate1 n[ 9 demoniacal   
transports1 n[ pro/rate ) angui%6 ,& if 
y want to "k h[ ,i came to be :at ,i am1
 consid] my ance/ry1 my br++ up1 my     
social environm5t1 & be sure also to    
pocket y\r own due %>e ( ! blame = my   
de/ruction6--,c]ta9ly ,/r9db]g's        
autobiography is n to be recomm5d$ z a  
graduation gift = conv5t-br$ "y ladies1 
or z a soo?+ div]sion = convalesc5ts1 b 
if accept$ 9 a prop] s5se1 x w be f\nd  
absorb+1 in=mative1 & ev5 helpful4      
,/r9db]g nev] =gave 8 fa!r = hav+ m>ri$ 
bel[ 8 /ation4 ,he felt t ! good blood (

 ! ,/r9db]gs1--respectable m]*ants &    
m9i/]s & c\ntry g5tlem51--0 wors5$ by ! 
prolet>ian /ra9 import$ into x ?r\gh a  
work+ girl nam$ ,eleonore ,ulrike       
,norl+1 ! "m ( ,augu/ ,/r9db]g & 8 elev5
 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,dur+ ,augu/'s *ildhood
 ! family liv$ 9 extremely /rait5$      
circum/ances4 ,:5 a doz5 p live coop$ up
 9 ?ree rooms1 "s ( !m are m ?an likely 
to h ! joy ( y\? cru%$ out ( !m & cr[d$ 
f ! premises4 ,"h 0 ! fir/ evil t d>k5$ 
,/r9db]g's life3 he simply 0 *eat$ out (
 8 *ildhood4  ,s*ool 0 no happi] place =
 him ?an home4 ,8 inord9ate pride1 only 
%>p5$ by ! consci\sness ( 8 p>5ts'      
pov]ty :i* bord]$ on paup]ism1 ?rew him 
into a /ate ( p]petual rebellion aga9/  
comrades & tea*]s4 ,& all ?is "t 8 inn] 
life 0 toss$ hi!r & ?i!r by a g5]al     
intellectual & emotional re/lessness due
 to an insatiable crav+ = k4 ,at fifte5 
ye>s ( age he _h rea*$ a full conviction
 on ! irr$eemable evilness ( life2 &    
conclud$1 9 a mom5t ( religi\s          
exaltation1 to d$icate 8 own e>?ly      

exi/5ce to ! vic>i\s expiation (        
univ]sal s9 ?r\gh ! mortification ( !   
fle%4 ,!n1 ( a sudd51 he became a       
voraci\s read] ( rationali/ic lit]ature1
 & turn$ a!i/ ) almo/ inconceivable     
dispat*1 b soon 0 =c$ back by remorse   
into ! pieti/ic frame ( m9d1--only to   
pass ?r\gh ano!r reaction imm$iately    
aft]4 ,at ?is "t he claims t e>?ly life 
is a puni%m5t or a probation2 b t x lies
 9 man's p[] to make x endurable by     
free+ himself f ! social re/ra9ts4 ,he  
has become a conv]t to ! fanta/ic       
doctr9e ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 t man
 is good by nature b has be5 deprav$ by 
civilization4 ,n[ 9 8 e>lie/ tw5ties1 he
 embraces communism ) all its           
implications1--free love1 /ate p>5?ood1 
public own]%ip ( utilities1 equal       
division ( ! fruits ( labor1 & s =?1--z 
! sole & sure means ( salvation =       
humanity4  ,9 ! ,swiss ,/ories1 subtitl$
 ,utopias 9 ,reality17#ac7 ,/r9db]g     
demon/rat$ to 8 own satisfaction ! smoo?
 & practical work+s ( t doctr9e4 ,x 0   

difficult = him to und]/& :y ! major "p 
( ! _w seem$ s hesitant ab\t adopt+ s   
tempt+ & equitable a s*eme ( liv+4 ,yet1
 = 8 own p]son1 too1 he soon disav[$    
socialism1 because "u a sociali/ic rgime
 ! individual w\ld be liable to h 8     
ideas put into uni=m1 & ! remote/ ?reat 
( int]f]5ce ) 8 fre$om ( ?\ght 0 some?+ 
?is fanatical apo/le ( lib]ty c\ld n    
brook4    7#ac7 ,! /ories deal among o!r
 ?+s ) ! h>moni\s communal   life 9     
,god9's ,phalan/re4 ,/r9db]g wrote two  
descriptions (   x1 "o be=e1 ! o!r aft] 
visit+ ! colony4  ,9 ! preface to !     
,utopias1 he _h ref]r$ to himself z a   
conv9c$ sociali/1 l all s5sible p2 :]eas
 n[ he writes3 ,idealism & ,socialism   
are two maladies born ( laz9ess4 ,hav+  
?us sci5tifically diagnos$ ! disease &  
prescrib$ ! "o true specific = x1       
namely--h[ simple6--! total abolition ( 
! indu/ries1 he resumes ! prea*+ (      
,r\sseauism 9 its simon-pure =m1 ord]s e
 man to be 8 maid-(-all-"w &            
jack-(-all-trades1 puts ! _w on a       

veget>ian diet1 & !n wond]s :y !        
sociali/s d5\nce & revile him z a       
turncoat & an apo/ate4                  
99       99       99       99       99  
,! biography ?r[s an especially vivid   
light on ,/r9db]g's relation to "o ( !  
mo/ important factors ( socialism1 to   
wit1 ! "q ( woman's rights4 ,8 position 
on ?is issue is m]ely a phase ( t       
extreme & practically isolat$ position 9
 reg>d to woman 9 g5]al t has m ?an any 
o!r s+le elem5t det]m9$ ! feel+ ( !     
public t[>ds him & by consequ5ce fix$ 8 
place 9 contempor>y lit]ature4 ,t ?is   
%\ld be s is h>dly unfair1 because no   
o!r elem5t has ent]$ s deeply into !    
/ructure & fibre ( 8 ?\ght & feel+4     
,/r9db]g1 z has be5 /at$1 0 n f !       
outset1 or p]*ance con/itutionally1 an  
anti-fem9i/4 ,9 ,! ,r$ ,room he prea*es 
equality ( ! sexes ev5 9 m>riage4 ,!    
!sis ( ! book is t man & woman are n    
antagoni/ic ph5om5a ( life1 r !y are    
modifications ( ! same ph5om5on1 made = 
mutual completion2 h5ce1 !y c only      

fulfill _! natural de/9y ?r\gh close    
cop]ative comrade%ip4 ,b !re 7 two facts
 t prev5t$ ,/r9db]g f proce$+ f>!r along
 ?is l9e ( ?\ght4 ,"o 0 8 incorrigible  
prop5sity to contradiction1 ! o!r 8     
excessive subjectiv5ess :i* kept him    
busy build+ up !ories on ! basis (      
p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! prodigi\s fem9i/   
movem5t laun*$ 9 ,sc&9avia by ,ibs5 &   
,bjo]nson 0 v repugnant to him1 because 
he felt1 n )\t "s j reason1 t ! movem5t 
0 = a great _m p little m ?an a fad4 ,s 
long z art & lit]ature are influ5c$ by  
fa%ion1 s long !re w be & %\ld be       
revolts aga9/ ! vogue4 ,moreov]1        
,/r9db]g felt t ! movem5t 0 be+ c>ri$   
too f>4 ,he 0 prep>$ to accompany ,ibs5 
"s di/ance on ! way ( re=m1 b refus$ to 
subscribe to 8 v]dict t ! :ole blame =  
our cry+ social maladju/m5ts re/s ) !   
unwill+ness ( m5 to allot any rights    
:atsoev] to wom54  ,/r9db]g's play1 ,sir
 ,b5gt's ,wife1 pr9t$ 9 #ahhb1 b ( mu*  
e>li] orig91 is int]pret$ by ,br&es z a 
symbolical portrayal ( fem99e life 9    

,sc&9avia dur+ ! au?or's e>ly manhood4  
,! lead+ fem99e figure1 a creature :olly
 incapable ( und]/&+ or appreciat+ !    
nobl] traits 9 man1 is nev]!less treat$ 
) sympa?y1 on ! :ole4 ,%e is            
repres5t$1--l ,selma ,bratsb]g 9 ,ibs5's
 ,! ,league ( ,y\?1 & ,nora ,helm]1 9 ,a
 ,doll's ,h\se1--z ! typical & normal   
victim ( a p>tial & unfair tra9+4 ,h]   
faults ( judgm5t & errors ( temp] are   
due to ! fact s =cefully descant$ ^u by 
,selma1 t wom5 are n p]mitt$ to %>e !   
int]e/s & anxieties ( _! husb&s4 ,we are
 expressly in=m$ by ,/r9db]g t ?is drama
 0 int5d$1 9 ! fir/ place1 z an attack  
^u ! romantic proclivities ( fem99e     
education2 9 ! second1 z an illu/ration 
( ! p[] ( love to subdue ! w2 9 ! ?ird1 
z a def5se ( ! !sis t woman's love is ( 
a high] quality ?an man's2 & la/ly1 z a 
v9dication ( ! "r ( woman to be h] own  
ma/]4 ,aga91 9 ,m>ri$ he answ]s ! qu]y1 
,%all wom5 vote8 di/9ctly 9 !           
affirmative1 al?\gh "h ! fix$ idea ab\t 
! cong5ital discordance betwe5 ! sexes1 

& ! id5tification ( love ) a /ruggle =  
supremacy1 has already seiz$ hold ( him4
  ,to repeat1 !re 0 at fir/ no?+        
absolutely prepo/]\s ab\t ,/r9db]g's    
position 9 reg>d to ! woman movem5t4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 8 view might h be5 endors$ z
 a n altoge!r un:olesome corrective = ! 
rul+ fa%ion ( deal+ ) ! issue by !      
advocacy ( extremes4 ,b by =ce ( 8      
sup]v5+ p]sonal grievance aga9/ ! sex1  
,/r9db]g's anti-fem9ism became 9 ! long 
run ! fix$ pole ab\t :i* gravitat$ 8    
entire sy/em ( social & e?ical ?\ght4 ,8
 campaign aga9/ fem9ism1 :i* o!rwise    
c\ld h s]v$ a good purpose by curb+ wild
 militancy1 0 defeat$ by its own        
exagg]ations4 ,grant+ t fem9i/s _h gone 
too f> 9 ! d5unciation ( male brutality 
& despotism1 ,/r9db]g w5t /ill f>!r 9 ! 
opposite direction1 :5 he delib]ately   
set out to lay b>e ! "* ( woman by      
dissect+ "s ( h] mo/ diabolical         
inc>nations4 ,z has already be5 said1 he
 0 utt]ly incapable ( objective ?9k+1 & 
"u ! /+ ( 8 mis]ies 9 love & m>riage1   

dislike ( woman turn$ into hatr$ & hatr$
 into fr5zy4 ,h5ce=?1 ! entire spectacle
 ( life pres5t$ itself to 8 di/ort$     
vision z a p]petual /ate ( w> betwe5 !  
sexes3 on ! "o side he saw ! male1 /rong
 ( m9d & he>t1 b 9 ! g5]osity ( /r5g?   
guileless & ov]-tru/ful2 on ! o!r side1 
! female1 weak ( body & intellect1 b    
%rewd en\gh to exploit h] frailness by  
l9k+ iniquity to impot5ce & contriv+ by 
h] trea*]\s cunn+ to enslave h] natural 
sup]ior3--x is ! /ory ( ,samson &       
,delilah made univ]sal 9 its            
application4 ,love is %[n up z ! trap 9 
:i* man is caught to be %orn ( 8 p[]4 ,!
 case aga9/ woman is classically drawn  
up 9 ,! ,fa!r1 "o ( ! /range/ & at !    
same "t mo/ p[]ful trag$ies ( ,/r9db]g4 
,! pr9cipals ( ! plot /& = ! typical "* 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes z ,/r9db]g sees 
x2 ! man be+ k9d-he>t$1 good-natur$1 &  
aspir+1 :]eas ! woman1 sett+ an example 
= all 8 succe$+ portraits ( wom51 is    
cunn+1 ?\gh un9tellig5t & co>se-gra9$1  
s\lless1 yet insanely ambiti\s & covet\s

 ( p[]4 ,9 gl>+ contra/ to ! situation  
made s famili> by ,ibs51 we "h see ! man
 /ruggl+ away f ! clut*es ( a woman :o  
decl>es frankly t %e has nev] look$ at a
 man )\t feel+ consci\s ( h] sup]iority 
ov] him4 ,9 ?is play ! man1 a p]son (   
ideals & real ability1 :o is none o!r   
?an ,/r9db]g himself 9 "o ( 8           
matrimonial pr$icam5ts1 fails to        
extricate himself f ! sn>e1 & ends--bo? 
lit]ally & figuratively--by be+ put into
 ! /raitjacket4  ,)\t class+ ,/r9db]g z 
"o ( ! great _w dramati/s1 x w\ld be    
n>r[-m9d$1 aft] exp]i5c+ ! gripp+ effect
 ( "s ( 8 plays1 to d5y !m due          
recognition1 = inde$ !y w\ld be         
rem>kable = _! p]spicacity & p5etration1
 ev5 if !y 7 devoid ( any value besides4
 ,!y conta9 ! ke5e/ analyses ev] made ( 
! vici\s side ( fem99e "*1 obta9$ by    
specializ+1 z x 71 on ! m p>ticul>ly    
fem99e traits ( human depravity4        
,assur$ly ! proc$ure is onesid$1 b !    
del9eation ( a s+le side ( life is      
beyond p]adv5ture a legitimate arti/ic  

ent]prise z long z x is n palm$ ^u u z  
an accurate & complete picture4         
,un=tunately1 ,/r9db]g's abnormal vision
 falsifies ! ?+s he looks at1 &1 be+    
/eep$ 9 8 insup]able prejudice1 8       
pictures ( life1 9 spite ( ! p>tial     
v]acity !y possess1 nev] rise above !   
level ( c>icatures4  ,he 0 incompet5t to
 pass judgm5t ^u an individual woman    
sep>ately2 to him all wom5 7 alike1 & t 
means1 all unmitigat$ly bad6 ,to !      
objection rais$ by "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ,!  
,fa!r3 ,oh1 !re are s _m k9ds ( wom51 ! 
au?or's m\?piece makes ?is cl9*+ answ]3 
,mod]n inve/igation has pron\nc$ t !re  
is only "o k9d4  ,! autobiography (     
,/r9db]g is l>gely inspir$ by 8         
unreason+ hatr$ ( wom52 ! result1 9 !   
ma91 ( 8 ?ree un=tunate v5tures into !  
uncong5ial field ( matrimony4 ,9 its    
fir/ "p1 ! acc\nt ( 8 life is n )\t "s  
traces ( heal?y humor1 b z ! /ory       
progresses1 8 entire philosophy ( life  
becomes m & m ab]rant "u ! increas+     
pressure ( t obsession4 ,he gets beside 

himself at ! m]e m5tion ( any?+ fem99e1 
& bl9dly hits away1 let 8 bludgeon l&   
:]e x w2 logic1 common s5se1 & common   
dec5cy g to ! floor be=e 8 vehem5t &    
brutal assault4 ,e woman is a born li> &
 traitor4 ,h] sole aim 9 life is to     
?rive p>asitically ^u ! rev5ue ( h]     
favors4 ,s9ce m>riage & pro/itution _c  
provide a liv+ = all1 ! ov]supply n[    
clamor = admission to ! "w-m>t2 b !y are
 incompet5t & lazy1 & invet]ate %irk]s (
 responsibility4 ,) triumphant malice he
 po9ts to ! p]fidi\s read9ess ( woman to
 p]=m h] tasks by proxy1 t is1 to       
delegate !m to hir$ sub/itutes3 h]      
*ildr5 are t5d$ & taught by gov]nesses &
 tea*]s2 h] g>m5ts are made by          
dressmak]s & seam/resses2 ! duties ( h] 
h\sehold %e unloads on s]vants1--& f    
selfi% consid]ations ( vanity1 com=t1 & 
love ( pleasure1 %e )draws ev5 f !      
prim>y mat]nal obligation & lets h] "y  
be n\ri%$ at ! brea/ ( a /rang]4        
,/r9db]g 9 8 rage nev] /ops to ?9k t !  
deputies 9 ^! cases1--cooks & h\semaids 

& nurses & s =?1--!mselves belong to !  
female sex1 by :i* fact ! impea*m5t is 9
 l>ge "p invalidat$4  ,! play be>+ !    
satirical title ,comrades makes a       
special application ( ! !ory ab\t !     
pre-e/abli%$ antagonism ( ! sexes4 ,9 a 
situation simil> to t 9 ,! ,fa!r1 husb& 
& wife are %[n 9 a yet %>p] anti!sis (  
"*3 a man ( /]l+ "* & ability foil$ by a
 woman 9 all respects 8 inf]ior1 yet    
imp]i\sly det]m9$ to dom9ate him4 ,at   
fir/ %e seems to succe$ 9 h] ambition1 &
 9 ! same measure z %e assumes a m & m  
manni% demeanor1 ! husb&'s behavior gr[s
 m & m effem9ate4 ,b ! conte/ leads to  
results opposite to ^? 9 ,! ,fa!r4 ,"h1 
! man1 once he is br\ght to a full      
realization ( 8 plight1 ar\ses himself f
 8 apa?y1 reass]ts 8 manhood1 &1 9 !    
ensu+ fight = supremacy1 r\ts ! usurp] &
 comes into 8 own4 ,! /eps by :i* he    
passes ?r\gh revolt f subjection to     
self-lib]ation1 are clev]ly signal$ by 8
 outw>d trans=mation1 z he ab&ons !     
womani% /yle ( dress+ impos$ on him by 8

 wife's :im & indignantly fl+s into a   
corn] ! fem99e co/ume :i* %e w\ld make  
him we> at ! ball4                      
99       99       99       99       99  
,leav+ aside1 !n1 all "q z to _! arti/ic
 value1 ,/r9db]g's dramas are des]v+ (  
att5tion z exp]im5ts 9 a fairly         
unexplor$ field ( analytic psy*ology4   
,!y are ! fir/ lit]>y creations ( any   
great importance begott5 by su* bitt]   
hatr$ ( woman4 ,! anti-fem9ism (        
,/r9db]g's pr$ecessors1 n except+ t     
ar*-misogyni/1 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]        
himself1 sprang f contempt1 n f         
abhorr5ce & abject fe>4 ,9 ,/r9db]g1    
misogyny turns into d[nright gynophobia4
 ,to him1 woman is n an object ( disda91
 b ! cruel & m]ciless p]secutor ( man4  
,9 ord] to disclose ! mo/ dang]\s traits
 ( ! fem99e s\l1 ,/r9db]g dissects x by 
a me?od t corresponds closely to ,ibs5's
 a/oni%+ demon/ration ( mascul9e        
vici\sness4 ,! wide-spread dislike =    
,/r9db]g's dramas is due1 9 equal p>ts1 
to ! dete/abl5ess ( 8 male *>act]s1 & to

 ! optimi/ic disbelief ( ! g5]al public 
9 ! reality ( womanhood z he repres5ts  
x4 ,/r9db]g's portraiture ( ! sex appe>s
 z a mon/r\s sl&]1 pr9cipally because no
 o!r pa9t] has ev] plac$ ! model into ! 
same disadvantage\s light1 & !          
au!nticity ( 8 pictures is r5d]$        
suspici\s by _! abnormal family         
resemblance4 ,he 0 obsess$ ) ! petrify+ 
vision ( a uni=m cruel selfi%ness />+   
out ( e woman's face3 c\ntess1 c\rtezan1
 or kit*5 maid1 all are ca/ 9 ! same    
gorgon mold4  ,/r9db]g's av]sion t[>ds  
wom5 0 probably k9dl$ into action1 z has
 already be5 intimat$1 by 8 disgu/ at ! 
sudd5 irruption ( woman wor%ip into     
lit]ature2 b1 z has also be5 made cle>1 
only ! disillusionm5ts & grievances ( 8 
private exp]i5ce h>d5$ t av]sion into   
implacable hatr$4 ,at fir/ he simply    
decl9$ to ally himself ) ! fem9i/ cult1 
because ! wom5 he knew seem$ unwor?y (  
be+ wor%ipp$1--little va9 dolls1        
frivol\s coquettes1 & p$ants giv5 to    
dome/ic tyranny1 ( su* ! bulk 0 made up4

 ,"u ! madd5+ spur ( 8 p]sonal          
mis=tunes1 8 feel+ pass$ f we>9ess to   
dete/ation1 f dete/ation to a bitt]     
mixture ( fe> & furi\s hate4 ,he        
conceiv$ x z 8 supreme mission & c5tral 
purpose 9 life to unmask ! demon ) !    
angel's face1 to te> ! drap+s f ! idol &
 expose to view ! hide\s ogress t fe$s  
on ! s\ls ( m54 ,woman1 9 ,/r9db]g's    
works1 is a bogy1 con/ruct$ out ( !     
vile/ +r$i5ts t ent] into ! composition 
( human nature1 ) a k9d ( convulsive    
life infus$ by a remnant ( great arti/ic
 p[]4 ,& ?is grewsome fabric ( a diseas$
 imag9ation1 l ,frank5/e9's mon/]1      
wreaks v5geance on its mak]4 ,8 own     
mordant desire = h] is ! la% t drives   
him irresi/ibly to 8 de/ruction4  ,x    
requires no pr(\nd psy*ologic insight to
 div9e 9 ?is odi\s *im]a ! deplorable   
abortion ( a f9e ideal4 ,! di/ortion (  
tru? emanates 9 ,/r9db]g's "w1 z x does 
9 any significant satire or c>icature1 f
 indignation ov] ! contra/ betwe5 a l(ty
 conception & a disappo9t+ reality4     

,:at1 aft] all1 c be ! mission ( ?is    
h>d-featur$ gall]y ( females1--peevi%1  
sull51 impud5t1 grasp+1 viol5t1 le*]\s1 
malignant1 & v9dictive1--if x is n to   
m>k pravity & debasem5t ) a /igma 9 ! "n
 ( a pure & noble womanhood8            
99       99       99       99       99  
,x %\ld n be left unm5tion$ t we owe to 
,augu/ ,/r9db]g "s works ( great        
p]fection fairly free f ! black         
obsession & ) a con/ructive & consi/5tly
 ideali/ic t5d5cy3 spl5did descriptions 
( a qua9t p & _! habitat1 t+$ ) a f9e   
s5se ( humor1 z 9 ,! ,hemsoe-,dwell]s2  
*>m+ /udies ( l&scape & ( floral &      
animal life1 9 ! ,portraits ( ,fl[]s &  
,animals2 ! colossal "w on ! ,sw$i% ,p1 
once be=e ref]r$ to1 a hi/ory conceiv$ &
 execut$ 9 a ?or\ghly mod]n sci5tific   
_s2 two volumes ( ,sw$i% ,=tunes &      
,adv5tures2 mo/ ( 8 hi/oric dramas also 
are ( sup]ior ord]4 ,b ^! works lie     
outside ! scope ( ! m specific          
discussion ( ,/r9db]g z a my/ic & an    
ecc5tric to :i* ?is sket* is devot$4 ,we

 may conclude by briefly consid]+ ! f9al
 phases ( ,/r9db]g's *eck]$ intellectual
 c>e]1 & by summ+ up 8 g5]al            
significance = ! age4  ,x w be recall$ t
 dur+ ! middle p]iod ( 8 life1 79       
#ahhh71 ,/r9db]g came into p]sonal t\* )
 ,nietzs*e4 ,! effect ( ! latt]'s       
s5sational philosophy is cle>ly         
p]ceptible 9 ! works ( t p]iod1 notably 
9 ,ts*&ala & ,by ! ,op5 ,sea4 ,evid5tly1
 ,nietzs*e1 at fir/1 0 v cong5ial to    
him4 ,= bo? m5 7 extremely ari/ocratic 9
 _! in/9cts4 ,= a :ile1 ,/r9db]g endors$
 unqualifi$ly ! het]odox e?ics ( ! t[]+ 
p>anoiac4 ,= "o ?+1 t philosophy suppli$
 fre% food & fuel to 8 burn+ rage aga9/ 
womank9d1 & t 0 en\gh to bribe him into 
swall[+1 = ! "t be+1 ! entire sub/ance (
 ,nietzs*e's fanta/ic doctr9e4 ,he took 
! same gr\nd z ,nietzs*e1 t ! race _h   
det]iorat$ 9 consequ5ce ( its           
s5tim5tality1 namely ?r\gh ! sy/ematic  
protection ( physical & m5tal inf]iority
 & un*eck$ procreation ( weakl+s4 ,he   
second$ ,nietzs*e's motion t society    

%\ld ext]m9ate its p>asites1 in/ead (   
pamp]+ !m4 ,mank9d c only be re9vigorat$
 if ! /rong & heal?y are help$ to come  
into _! own4 ,! dreams ( ! pacifi/s are 
fatal to ! pragmatic virtues & to !     
virility ( ! race4 ,! greate/ ne$ is an 
aggressive campaign = ! moral &         
intellectual sanitation ( ! _w4 ,s let !
 bra9 rule ov] ! he>t1--& s =? 9 ! same 
/ra94  ,v soon1 h[ev]1 ,/r9db]g pass$   
out ( ! sph]e ( ,nietzs*e's influ5ce4 ,!
 ali5ation 0 due z mu* to 8 g5]al       
in/ability z to ! disp>ity betwe5 8     
pessimi/ic temp] & ! joy\s exaltation ( 
,z>a?u/ra-ism4 ,8 /rik+ rev]sion to     
or?odoxy 0 by no means illogical4       
,betwe5 pessimism & fai? !re exi/s a    
relation t is n v f> to seek4 ,:5 a     
p]son has =feit$ 8 peace ( s\l & _c f9d 
grace be=e 8 own consci5ce1 he might    
clut* z a la/ hope ! promise ( vic>i\s  
r$emption4 ,ext5d+ ! significance ( 8   
own p]sonal exp]i5ce to ev]y?+ )9 8     
horizon1 & erect+ a dogmatic sy/em ^u   
?is t5u\s g5]alisation1 ,/r9db]g rea*$ !

 conviction t ! purpose ( liv+ is to    
suff]1 a conviction t ?rew 8 philosophy 
well into l9e ) ! religi\s & e?ical     
ideas ( ! middle age4 ,yet ev5 at ?is   
juncture 8 cynicism did n des]t him1 z  
witness ?is comm5t ( 83 ,religion mu/ be
 a puni%m5t1 because nobody gets        
religion :o does n h a bad consci5ce4   
,?is av[al prec$$ 8 saltatory approa* to
 ,roman ,ca?olicism4  ,9 ! lat] volumes 
( 8 autobiography he m9utely describes !
 successive crises ?r\gh :i* he pass$ 9 
8 agoniz+ se>* = c]titude & salvation   
be=e 8 _s f\nd re/ 9 ! idea ( ,de/9y :i*
 =m]ly to him 0 synonym\s ) ,fate & n[  
became synonym\s ) ,provid5ce4 ,inf]no  
pictures 8 exi/5ce z a protract$ &      
unbrok5 nightm>e4 ,he turn$ det]m9i/1 !n
 fatali/1 !n my/ic4 ,! mo/ trifl+       
incid5ts ( 8 daily life 7 spelt out     
accord+ to ,sw$5borg's ,sci5ce (        
,correspond5ces & !reby assum$ a deep & 
t]rify+ significance4 ,9 ! mo/ trivial  
ev5ts1 su* z ! op5+ or %utt+ ( a door1  
or ! curve et*$ by a ra9drop on a du/y  

pane ( glass1 he p]ceiv$ intimations f !
 occult p[] t direct$ 8 life4 ,into !   
mo/ ord9>y occurr5ce ( ! day he read a  
div9e ord]1 or ?reat1 or *a/isem5t4 ,he 
0 torm5t$ by t]rible dreams & visions2 9
 ! guise ( f]oci\s bea/s1 8 own s9s     
agoniz$ 8 fle%4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( all ^!    
tortures he /udi$ & practis$ ! occult   
arts3 magic1 a/rology1 necromancy1      
al*emy2 he concoct$ gold by h]metical   
sci5ce6 ,to all appe>ances utt]ly       
d]ang$1 he 0 /ill lucid en\gh at        
int]vals to c>ry on *emical1 botanical1 
& physiological exp]im5ts ( legitimate  
wor?4 ,!n 8 reason cle>$ up once aga9 & 
put a sudd5 end to an episode :i* he has
 describ$ 9 ^! words3 ,to g 9 que/ (    
,god & to f9d ! devil1--t is :at happ5$ 
to me4  ,he took leave ( ,sw$5borg z he 
_h tak5 leave ( ,nietzs*e1 yet reta9$   
mu* gratitude = him2 ! great ,sc&9avian 
se] _h br\ght him back to ,god1 s he    
av]r$1 ev5 ?\gh ! conv]sion 0 effect$ by
 pictur+s ( horror4  ,leg5ds1 ! fur!r   
cont9uation ( 8 self-hi/ory1 %[s him    

vividly at 8 close/ contact ) ! ,ca?olic
 ,*ur*4 ,b ! mo/ satisfactory portion ( 
! autobiography f a human po9t ( view1 &
 f a lit]>y po9t p]haps altoge!r ! be/  
?+ ,/r9db]g has done1 is ! clos+ book ( 
! s]ies1 entitl$ ,alone4 ,he wrote x at 
! age ( fifty1 dur+ a p]iod ( comp>ative
 tranquillity ( m9d1 & t fact is        
manife/$ by ! composure & mod]ation (   
its /yle4 ,n[ at la/ 8 /orm-toss$ s\l   
seems to h f\nd a hav54 ,he accepts 8   
de/9y1 & resigns himself to believ+1    
s9ce k is b>r$4  ,b ev5 ?is /ate (      
s]5ity h>bor$ no p]man5t peace2 x       
signifi$ m]ely a tempor>y susp5sion ( ^?
 t]rific int]nal combats4  ,9 ,/r9db]g's
 case1 religi\s conv]sion is n an       
edify+1 b on ! contr>y a morbid & sadd5+
 spectacle2 x is equal to a decl>ation (
 complete spiritual bankruptcy4 ,he     
turns to ! *ur* aft] f9d+ all o!r       
pa?ways to ,god block$4 ,8 type (       
,*ri/ianity does n hang toge!r ) !      
labors & /ruggles ( 8 secul> life4 ,a   
break ) 8 pa/ c be d5i$ to no man2 lea/ 

( all to a lead] ( m54 ,only1 if he has 
des]t$ ! old road1 he %\ld be able to   
lead 9 ! new2 he mu/ h a new message if 
he sees fit to cancel ! old4 ,/r9db]g1  
h[ev]1 has no?+ to (f] at ! end4 ,he /&s
 be=e u timor\s & %r9k+1 ! accus] ( 8   
fell[s turn$ self-accus]1 a begg> /ret*+
 =? empty1 trembl+ h&s implor+ =giv5ess 
( 8 s9s & ! salvation ( 8 s\l ?r\gh     
graci\s m$iation4 ,8 moral assev]ations 
are ei!r blank truisms1 or intellectual 
ab]rations4 ,/r9db]g has add$ no?+ to ! 
/ock ( human und]/&+4 ,a prea*]1 (      
c\rse1 is n 9 duty b\nd to g5]ate       
orig9al ?\ght4 ,inde$ if su* 7 to be    
exact$1 our pulpits w\ld soon be z      
sp>sely peopl$ z already are ! pews4    
,m9i/]s :o are wond]+ h>d :y s _m p /ay 
away f *ur* might well /op to consid]   
:e!r ! reason is n t a l>ge portion (   
mank9d has already secur$1 !oretically1 
a religi\s or e?ical basis ( life m or  
less id5tical ) ! "o :i* *ur*es cont5t  
!mselves ) (f]+4 ,! greate/ religi\s    
tea*] ( mod]n times1 ,leo ,tol/oy1 0 n  

by any means a br+] ( new tru?s4 ,! true
 secret ( ! trem5d\s p[] :i* nev]!less  
he wield$ ov] ! s\ls ( m5 0 t he ext5d$ 
! practical application ( :at he        
believ$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we look = a lesson 
9 ,/r9db]g's life z recit$ by himself1  
we %all n f9d x 9 8 religi\s conv]sion4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,tak5 9 its entirety1 8 volum9\s yet    
fragm5t>y life hi/ory is "o ( ! mo/     
pa9ful human docum5ts on record4 ,"o c  
h>dly p]use x )\t ask+3 ,0 ,/r9db]g     
insane8 ,x is a "q :i* he (t5 put to    
himself :5 remorse & self-reproa* gnaw$ 
at 8 consci5ce & :5 he fanci$ himself   
scorn$ & p]secut$ by all 8 =m] fri5ds4  
,:y are y s hat$8 he asks himself 9 "o (
 8 dialogues1 & ?is is 8 answ]3 ,i c\ld 
n endure to see mank9d suff]1 & s ,i    
said & wrote3 ',free y\rselves1 ,i %all 
help4' ,& s ,i said to ! poor3 ',d n let
 ! ri* suck y\r blood4' ,& to woman3 ',d
 n let man oppress y4' ,& to ! *ildr53  
',d n obey y\r p>5ts if !y are unju/4'  
,! consequ5ces1--well1 !y are q         

incompreh5sible2 = ( a sudd5 ,i _h bo?  
sides aga9/ me1 ri* & poor1 m5 & wom51  
p>5ts & *ildr52 add to t sickness &     
pov]ty1 disgraceful paup]ism1 my        
divorce1 lawsuits1 exile1 lonel9ess1 &  
n[1 to top ! climax1--d y believe t ,i  
am insane8 ,f 8 ultra-subjective po9t ( 
view1 ! explanation "h giv5 ( ! total   
collapse ( 8 =tunes is fairly accurate1 
at lea/ 9 ! ess5tial aspects4 ,/ill1 _m 
great m5 h be5 pursu$ by a simil>       
conflux ( calamities4 ,ov]:elm+         
mis=tunes are ! sure/ te/ ( manhood4 ,h[
 high a p]son be>s up 8 head "u ! bl[s (
 fate is ! be/ gage ( 8 /ature4 ,b      
,/r9db]g1 9 spite ( 8 colossal physique1
 0 n ca/ 9 ! h]oic mold4 ,! breakd[n ( 8
 =tunes caus$ him to turn traitor to    
himself1 to recant & de/roy 8           
intellectual pa/4  ,:e!r he 0 actually  
insane is a "q = psy*iat]s to settle2   
normal he c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,9 m$ical op9ion 
8 modes ( react+ to ! ob/ructions &     
difficulties ( ! daily life 7           
conclusively symptomatic ( neura/h5ia4  

,c]ta9 obsessive ideas & idiosyncracies 
( 81 closely bord]+ ^u phobia1 w\ld seem
 to indicate grave psy*ic disord]4 ,8   
temp] & 8 _w-view 7 indicative (        
hypo*ondria3 he p]ceiv$ only ! ho/ile1  
nev] ! fri5dly1 aspects ( ev5ts1 p1 &   
ph5om5a4 ,deject$ly he decl>es3 ,!re is 
fals5ess ev5 9 ! calm air & ! sun%9e1 & 
,i feel t happ9ess has no place 9 my    
lot4  ,de/9y _h assembl$ )9 him all !   
d\bts & pangs ( ! mod]n s\l1 b _h       
neglect$ to c\nt]poise !m ) positive &  
con/ructive convictions2 s t :5 8 small 
/ore ( hopes & prospects 0 exhau/$1 he  
broke d[n f %e] holl[ness ( he>t4 ,he   
di$ a recluse1 a p5it5t1 & a r5egade to 
all 8 pa/ ideas & p]suasions4           
,evid5tly1 ) 8 l>ge assortm5t ( defects 
bo? ( "* & ( intellect1 ,/r9db]g c\ld n 
be class$ z "o ( ! great con/ructive    
m9ds ( our p]iod4 ,view$ 9 8 social     
importance1 he w int]e/ future /ud5ts ( 
morals *iefly z an agitator1 a polemi/1 
& 9 a fa%ion1 too1 z a prophet2 by 8    
uniquely aggressive v]acity1 he r5d]$ a 

measure ( valuable s]vice to 8 "t4  ,b  
view$ z a creative writ]1 bo? ( drama & 
fiction1 he has an inconte/able claim to
 our la/+ att5tion4 ,8 "w %[s arti/ic   
ability1 ev5 ?\gh x r>ely atta9s to     
greatness & is frequ5tly m>r$ by !      
biz>re qualities ( 8 /yle4 ,presumably 8
 w be a p]man5t place 9 ! hi/ory (      
lit]ature1 pr9cipally because ( !       
extraord9>y subjective animation ( 8 "w4
 ,& p]haps 9 times less depress$ ?an    
ours its gloom9ess may act z a valuable 
antidote ^u ! popul> prejudice aga9/ be+
 s]i\s4 ,8 arti/ic pr(ession ( fai?     
c]ta9ly %\ld save him f :olesale        
condemnation4 ,he says 9 "o ( 8         
prefaces3 ,"s p h accus$ my trag$y ( be+
 too sad1 z ?\gh "o desir$ a m]ry       
trag$y4 ,p clamor = ,enjoym5t z ?\gh    
,enjoym5t consi/$ 9 be+ fooli%4 ,i f9d  
enjoym5t 9 ! p[]ful & t]rible /ruggles (
 life2 & ! capability ( exp]i5c+ some?+1
 ( le>n+ some?+1 gives me pleasure4  ,! 
keynote to 8 lit]>y productions is ! cry
 ( ! agony ( be+4 ,e l9e ( 8 works is   

writt5 9 ! %ad[ ( ! sorr[ ( liv+4 ,9 !m1
 all t is mo/ dismal & t]rify+ & !re=e  
mo/ tragical1 becomes articulate4 ,!y   
are propell$ by an abysmal pessimism1 & 
because ( ?is fact1 s9ce pessimism is "o
 ( ! mightie/ inspir+ =ces 9 lit]ature1 
,augu/ ,/r9db]g1 its =emo/ spokesman1   
des]ves to be read & und]/ood4     ,,iii
  ,,! ,,exaltation ,,( ,,fri$ri*        
,,nietzs*e   ,9 ^! embattl$ times x is  
p]fectly natural to expect f any        
disc\rse on ,nietzs*e's philosophy fir/ 
( all a /atem5t conc]n+ ! relation ( t  
tr\blesome g5ius to ! orig9s ( ! w>2 &  
?is dem& prompts a few c&id words on t  
aspect ( ! subject at ! />t4  ,= m ?an  
?ree ye>s ! public has be5 p]si/5tly    
taught by ! press to ?9k ( ,fri$ri*     
,nietzs*e ma9ly z ! p[]ful promot] ( a  
sy/ematic national movem5t ( ! ,g]man p 
= ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,b !re is /rong &   
def9ite int]nal evid5ce 9 ! writ+s (    
,nietzs*e aga9/ ! assumption t he       
int5tionally ar\s$ a _s ( w> or aim$ 9  
any way at ! _w-wide prepond]ance (     

,g]many's type ( civilization4 ,nietzs*e
 _h a temp]am5tal loa?+ = ev]y?+ t is   
brutal1 a loa?+ :i* 0 greatly int5sifi$ 
by 8 p]sonal contact ) ! horrors ( w>   
:ile s]v+ z a milit>y nurse 9 ! campaign
 ( #ahgj4 ,if !re 7 /ill any "o s5seless
 en\gh to plead ! er/:ile popul> cause (
 ,pan-,g]manism1 he w\ld be likely to   
f9d m support = 8 argum5t 9 ! writ+s ( !
 de-galliciz$ ,fr5*man1 ,c\nt ,joseph   
,ar?ur ,gob9eau1 or ( ! g]maniz$        
,engli%man1 ,h\/on ,/ew>t ,*amb]la91 ?an
 9 ^? ( ! h]mit ( ,m>ia-,sils1 :o does n
 ev5 sugge/1 let alone advocate1 ,g]man 
_w-pr$om9ance 9 a s+le l9e ( all 8      
writ+s4 ,to c\ple ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e )  
,he9ri* von ,treits*ke z ! latt]'s fell[
 h]ald ( ,g]man asc5dancy is truly      
prepo/]\s4 ,treits*ke himself 0 bitt]ly 
& irreconcilably set aga9/ ! creator (  
,z>a?u/ra17#ad7 9 :om ev] s9ce          
,unzeitgemsse ,betra*tung5 he _h div9$ !
 good ,european1--:i* to ! au?or ( !    
,deuts*e ,ges*i*te meant ! bad          
,prussian1 & by consequ5ce ! bad ,g]man4

    7#ad7 ,z is conv9c+ly po9t$ out 9 a 
footnote ( ,j4 ,a4 ,cramb's   ,g]many & 
,engl&4  ,z a consummate individuali/ & 
by ! same tok5 a cosmopolite to ! full1 
,nietzs*e 0 ! la/ remove f national1 or 
/rictly speak+ ev5 f racial1 j+oism4    
,ev5 ! imputation ( ord9>y patriotic    
s5tim5ts w\ld h be5 res5t$ by him z an  
insult1 = su* s5tim5ts 7 to him a sure  
symptom ( t greg>i\s disposition :i* 0 s
 utt]ly abhorr5t to 8 feel+s4 ,9 8      
,g]man citiz5hood he took no pride      
:atsoev]4 ,on e occasion t (f]$ he v5t$ 
9 mordant t]ms 8 contempt = ! c\ntry ( 8
 bir?1 boa/fully proclaim+ 8 own        
d]ivation f ali5 /ock4 ,he bemoan$ 8    
fate ( hav+ to write = ,g]mans2 av]r+ t 
p :o drank be] & smok$ pipes 7          
hopelessly incapable ( und]/&+ him4 ,(  
?is extravagance 9 d5\nc+ 8 c\ntrym5 !  
foll[+ acc\nt by "o ( 8 ke5e/ ,am]ican  
int]pret]s gives a fair idea4 ,no epi!t 
0 too outrage\s1 no *>ge 0 too f>fet*$1 
no manipulation or int]pretation (      
evid5ce 0 too d>+ to ent] into 8 f]oci\s

 indictm5t4 ,he accus$ ! ,g]mans (      
/upidity1 sup]/iti\sness1 & sill9ess2 ( 
a *ronic weakness ( dodg+ issues1 a     
fatu\s 'b>n-y>d' & 'gre5-pa/ure'        
cont5tm5t1 ( yield+ sup9ely to ! comm&s 
& exactions ( a clumsy & un9tellig5t    
gov]nm5t2 ( degrad+ education to ! l[   
level ( m]e cramm+ & exam9ation pass+2 (
 a cong5ital inability to und]/& &      
absorb ! culture ( o!r peoples1 &       
p>ticul>ly ! culture ( ! ,fr5*2 ( a     
boori% bumpti\sness1 & an ignorant1     
o/ri*like complac5cy2 ( a sy/ematic     
ho/ility to m5 ( g5ius1 :e!r 9 art1     
sci5ce1 or philosophy2 ( a slavi%       
devotion to ! two great ,european       
n>cotics1 alcohol & ,*ri/ianity2 ( a    
pr(\nd be]9ess1 a spiritual dyspepsia1 a
 pu]ile my/icism1 an old-womani%        
pett9ess1 & an in]adicable lik+ = !     
obscure1 evolv+1 crepuscul>1 damp1 &    
%r\d$47#ae7 ,x c]ta9ly requires a viol5t
 twi/ ( logic to hold ?is catalogue (   
invectives responsible = ! trans=mation 
( a sluggi% & indol5t b\rgeoisie into a 

,volk 9 ,waff5 unifi$ by an indomitable 
& trucul5t rapacity4    7#ae7 ,h4 ,l4   
,m5ck51 ,! ,mail$ ,fi/ & ,its ,prophet4 
,atlantic   ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #aiad4   
,nei!r %\ld ,nietzs*e's g5]al           
condemnation ( mild & t5d] =be>ance--on 
! gr\nd t x blocks ! purpose (          
nature--be int]pret$ z a call to        
univ]sal militancy4 ,by 8 rul+ x is only
 sup]m5 t are privileg$ to c>ry _! w    
?r\gh4 ,b und5iably he does tea* t ! _w 
belongs to ! /rong4 ,!y may grab x at   
any tempor>y loss to ! common run (     
humanity &1 if ne$ be1 ) sangu9>y =ce1  
s9ce _! w is1 ult]iorly1 id5tical ) !   
cosmic purpose4  ,( c\rse ?is is prea*+ 
w> ( "s sort1 b ,nietzs*e 0 n 9 favor ( 
w> on e?nic or e?ical gr\nds1 l t       
fanatical milit>i/1 ,g5]al von ,b]nh>di1
 :om ! great mass ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! "t   
be=e ! w> w\ld h bluntly reject$ z _!   
spokesman4 ,anyway1 ,nietzs*e did n mean
 to enc\rage ,g]many to subjugate ! re/ 
( ! _w4 ,he ev5 deprecat$ h] victory 9 !
 bloody conte/ ( #ahgj1 because he ?\ght

 t x _h br\ght on a =m ( mat]ial        
prosp]ity ( :i* int]nal decay & !       
collapse ( intellectual & spiritual     
ideals 7 ! un=tunate concomitants4 ,at !
 same "t1 ! univ]sal decrepitude prev5t$
 ! despis] ( 8 own p f conceiv+ a decid$
 pref]5ce = "s o!r c\ntry4 ,he held t   
all ,european nations 7 progress+ 9 !   
wrong direction1--! deadweight (        
exagg]at$ & mis%ap5 mat]ialism dragg$ !m
 back & d[n4 ,engli% life he deem$ almo/
 irr$eemably clogg$ by utilit>ianism4   
,ev5 ,france1 ! only mod]n commonweal?  
cr$it$ by ,nietzs*e ) an indig5\s       
culture1 0 gov]n$ by :at he /igmatizes z
 ! life philosophy ( ! %opkeep]4        
,nietzs*e is de/itute ( national ideals4
 ,9 fact he nev] ?9ks 9 t]ms ( politics4
 ,he aims to be a good ,european1 n a   
good ,g]man4 ,9 8 av]sion to ! extant   
ord] ( society he nev] = a mom5t        
advocates1 l ,r\sseau or ,tol/oy1 a     
brea* ) civilization4 ,cataclysmic      
*anges ?r\gh an>*y1 revolution1 & w> 7  
repugnant to 8 ideals ( culture4 ,= two 

?\s& ye>s ! races ( ,europe _h toil$ to 
humanize !mselves1 s*ool _! "*1 equip _!
 m9ds1 ref9e _! ta/es4 ,c\ld any sane   
re=m] h calmly contemplat$ ! possible   
engulfm5t 9 ano!r ,saturnian age ( !    
ga9s pur*as$ by t enorm\s exp5diture (  
human labor8 ,accord+ to ,nietzs*e's    
conviction1 ! new disp5sation c\ld n be 
ent]$ 9 a book ( blank pages4 ,a high]  
civilization c\ld only be re>$ ^u a l[]4
 ,s x seems t he is q wrongly accus$ (  
hav+ be5 an accessory be=e ! de$1 9 any 
lit]al or legal s5se1 to ! /up5d\s      
int]national /ruggle witness$ to-day4 ,&
 we may pass on to consid] 9 :at o!r way
 he 0 a vital factor ( mod]n social     
developm5t4 ,= :atev] we may ?9k ( !    
political value ( 8 tea*+s1 x is        
impossible to d5y _! ar\s+ & inspirit+  
effect ^u ! intellectual1 moral1 &      
arti/ic faculties ( 8 epo* & ours4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t !          
significance ( ,nietzs*e = our age is n 
to be expla9$ by any weighty discov]y 9 

! realm ( k4 ,nietzs*e's m]it consi/s n 
9 any unriddl+ ( ! univ]se by a         
metaphysical key to its secrets1 b r 9 !
 diffusion ( a new intellectual light   
elucidat+ human consci\sness 9 reg>d to 
! purpose & ! end ( exi/5ce4 ,nietzs*e  
has no objective tru?s to tea*1 inde$ he
 ackn[l$ges no tru? o!r ?an subjective4 
,nor does he put any fai? 9 b>e logic1 b
 on ! contr>y pron\nces x "o ( mank9d's 
greate/ mis=tunes4 ,8 argum5tation is n 
su/a9$ & progressive1 b desultory1      
impressioni/ic1 & freely repetitional2  
sla%+ aphorism is its mo/ effective     
tool4 ,& s1 9 ! s5se ( ! s*ools1 he is n
 a philosoph] at all2 q ! contr>y1 an   
implacable enemy ( ! mti]4 ,& yet !     
=mative & directive influ5ce ( 8        
vatic9ations1 enunciat$ ) trem5d\s      
spiritual heat & l(ty ge/ure1 has be5 v 
great4 ,8 conception ( life has act$ ^u 
! g5]ation z a moral intoxicant ( truly 
incalculable /r5g?4  ,)al 8 publi%$ "w1 
am\nt+ to eighte5 volumes1 ?\gh         
flagrantly irrational1 yet does conta9 a

 p]fectly coh]5t doctr9e4 ,only1 x is a 
doctr9e to ^: core m]e p]iph]ic grop+ w 
nev] negotiate ! approa*4 ,its ess5ce   
mu/ be caught by fla%like seizure & _c  
be convey$ except to m9ds ( m ?an !     
av]age imag9ative s5sibility4 ,= its    
c5tral ideas relate to ! remote/        
ultimates1 & its dom9ant prepossession1 
! ,ov]man1 is1 9 ! f9al reckon+1 !      
creature ( a ,utopian fancy4 ,to be m   
precise1 ,nietzs*e extorts f ! ,d>w9ian 
!ory ( selection a set ( amaz+          
connotations by means ( ! simultane\s   
%ift f ! biological to ! poetic sph]e ( 
?\ght & f ! av]agely socializ$ to an    
uncompromis+ly self-c5tr$ attitude (    
m9d4 ,?is d\bly ecc5tric position is    
r5d]$ feasible = him by a :ole-s\l$     
indiff]5ce to exact sci5ce & an int5se  
contempt = ! practical adju/m5ts ( life4
 ,he is1 fir/ & la/1 an imag9ative      
s*em]1 ^: visions are eng5d]$ by inn]   
exub]ance2 ! propell+ p[] ( 8 philosophy
 be+ an int5se temp]am5tal en?usiasm at 
"o & ! same "t lyrically s5sitive &     

dramatically impassion$4 ,x is ^!       
qualities ( s\l t made 8 utt]ance r+ ) !
 =ce ( a high moral *all5ge4 ,all !     
same1 he 0 n any m orig9al 9 8 e?ics ?an
 9 8 !ory ( k4 ,9 ?is field also 8      
receptive m9d ?rew itself wide op5 to ! 
fl[ ( old] influ5ces :i* x enc\nt]$4 ,! 
religion ( p]sonal advantage _h _h _m a 
prophet be=e ,nietzs*e4 ,among ! old]   
writ]s1 ,ma*iavelli 0 its weightie/     
*ampion4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,nietzs*e's        
imm$iate pr$ecessor 0 ,max ,/irn]17#af7 
& z reg>ds =eign ?9k]s1 ,nietzs*e decl>$
 z late z #ahhh t to no o!r writ] ( 8   
own c5tury did he feel himself s closely
 alli$ by ! ties ( cong5iality z to     
,ralph ,waldo ,em]son4    7#af7 ,8 real 
"n 0 ,kasp> ,s*midt2 he liv$ f          
#ahjf-ahef4  ,! mo/ sup]ficial          
acqua9tance ) ^! writ]s %[s t ,nietzs*e 
is held responsible = c]ta9 revolution>y
 notions ( :i* he by no means 0 !       
orig9ator4 ,( ! connection ( 8 doctr9e )
 ! maxims ( ,! ,pr9ce & ( ,! ,ego & ,8  
,own 7,d] ,e9zige und se9 ,eig5tum77#ag7

 no?+ fur!r ne$ be said ?an t to !m     
,nietzs*e owes1 directly or indirectly1 
! pr9ciple ( non-morality4 ,h[ev]1 he   
does n employ ! same /rictly            
intellectual me?ods4 ,!y 7 logicians r  
?an morali/s1 & _! rul]-man is 9 ! ma9 a
 con/ruction ( cold reason+1 :ile !     
rul]-man ( ,nietzs*e is ! vision ( a    
g5ius ^: eye looks d[n a mu* long]      
p]spective ?an is accord$ to ord9>y     
mortals4 ,t a f> great] aff9ity ( temp] 
%\ld h exi/$ betwe5 ,nietzs*e & ,em]son 
?an betwe5 him & ! two classic          
non-morali/s1 mu/ br+ surprise to ! _m  
:o h nev] recogniz$ ! ,concord ,sage z  
an expon5t ( unfett]$ individualism4    
,yet 9 fact ,em]son goes to su* an      
extreme ( individualism t ! only ?+ t   
has sav$ 8 memory f ana!ma is t he has n
 _m read]s 9 8 aft]-times1 & ^! few d n 
always v5ture to und]/& him4 ,& ,em]son1
 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way f ,nietzs*e's1 0  
also a rhapsodi/4 ,9 8 poetry1 :]e he   
articulates 8 mean+ ) f> great]         
unre/ra9t ?an 9 8 prose1 we f9d )\t any 

difficulty full corroboration ( 8       
spiritual k9%ip ) ,nietzs*e4 ,= in/ance1
 :]e may we turn 9 ! works ( ! latt] = a
 /rong] /atem5t ( ! case ( ,p[] v]sus   
,pity ?an is conta9$ 9 ,! ,_w ,s\l8     
,he s]ve? ! s]vant1      ,! brave he    
loves ama91      ,he kills ! cripple & !
 sick1      ,& /raight beg9s aga92      
,= gods delight 9 gods1      ,& ?ru/ !  
weak aside1--      ,to him :o scorns _! 
*>ities      ,_! arms fly op5 wide4  ,f 
su* a _w-view :at moral c\ld proce$ m   
logically ?an t ( ,z>a?u/ra3 ,& him :om 
ye d n tea* to fly1 tea*--h[ to fall    
quick]8    7#ag7 ,by ,ma*iavelli &      
,/irn]1 respectively4  ,b aft] all1 !   
intellectual orig9 ( ,nietzs*e's ideas  
matt]s b little4 ,:]esoev] !y 7 d]iv$ f1
 he made !m /rik+ly 8 own by rais+ !m to
 ! spl5did elevation ( 8 ?\ght4 ,& if   
nev]!less he has fail$ to take high rank
 & /&+ among ! sages ( ! s*ools1 ?is    
%ortage 9 8 pr(essional pre/ige is m ?an
 c\nt]balanc$ by ! wide rea* ( 8        
influ5ce among ! laity4 ,:at might !    

re-classification1 or p]*ance ev5 !     
re-int]pretation1 ( kn[n facts ab\t life
 h signifi$ beside ,nietzs*e's l(ty     
appreh5sion ( ! sacr$ness ( life itself8
 ,= :atev] may be ! social m5ace ( 8    
reason+1 8 comm&+ proclamation to an    
expectant age ( ! doctr9e t ,progress   
means inf9ite gr[? t[>ds ideals (       
p]fection has result$ 9 a s+ul>         
reanimation ( ! individual s5se (       
dignity1 s]v$ z a pot5t rem$y ( social  
dry-rot1 & fur!r$ our gradual em]g5ce f 
! imp5etrable d>kness ( ance/ral        
traditions4  ,9 seek+ an adequate       
explanation ( 8 p[] ov] mod]n m9ds we   
readily surmise t 8 philosophy draws mu*
 ( its vitality f ! sy/em ( sci5ce t    
und]lies x4 ,& yet :ile x is true en\gh 
t ,nietzs*e's fundam5tal !sis is an     
(f%oot ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 ! viol5t      
individualism :i* is ! driv+ pr9ciple ( 
8 entire philosophy is r oppos$ to !    
g5]al ori5tation ( ,d>w9ism1 s9ce t is  
social4 ,n to ! au?or ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man
 directly is ! mod]n e?ical             

glorification ( egoism indebt$ = its    
measure ( sci5tific sanction1 b to "o ( 
8 het]odox disciples1 namely to !       
bio-philosoph] ,w4 ,h4 ,rolph1 :o 9 a   
volume nam$ ,biologic ,problems1 ) !    
subtitle1 ,an ,essay 9 ,rational        
,e?ics17#ah7 deals def9itely ) ! problem
 ( evolution 9 its dynamical be>+s4 ,!  
"q is rais$1 ,:y d ! extant types ( life
 asc5d t[>d high] goals1 &1 on rea*+ !m1
 progress t[>d /ill high] goals1 to !   
end ( "t8 ,"u ! reason z expla9$ by     
,d>w91 %\ld n evolution /op at a def9ite
 /age1 namely1 :5 ! object ( !          
competitive /ruggle = exi/5ce has be5   
fully atta9$8 ,self-pres]vation         
naturally ceases to act z an inc5tive to
 fur!r progress1 s soon z ! weak]       
conte/ants are beat5 (f ! field & !     
survival ( ! fitte/ is abundantly       
secur$4 ,f !re on we h to look f>!r = an
 adequate causation ( ! asc5t ( species4
 ,unless we assume ! exi/5ce ( an       
absoluti/ic teleological t5d5cy to      
p]fection1 we are logically b\nd to     

connect upw>d developm5t ) favorable    
ext]nal conditions4 ,by sub/itut+ = !   
,d>w9ian /ruggle = exi/5ce a new =mula3 
/ruggle = surplus1 ,rolph advances a new
 fruitful hypo!sis4 ,9 all creatures !  
acquisitive crav+s exce$ ! limit (      
actual necessity4 ,"u ,d>w9's           
int]pretation ( nature1 ! /ruggle betwe5
 individuals ( ! same species w\ld give 
way to pacific equilibrium z soon z !   
b>e subsi/5ce 7 no long] 9 "q4 ,yet we  
"k t ! /ruggle is un5d+4 ,! creature    
appetites are n appeas$ by a normal     
suffici5cy2 on ! contr>y1 l'appetit vi5t
 en mangeant2 ! possessive in/9ct1 if n 
q insatiable1 is at lea/ coext5sive )   
its opportunities = gratification4 ,:e!r
 or n x be true--z ,c>lyle claims--t1   
aft] all1 ! fundam5tal "q betwe5 any two
 human be+s is1 ,c ,i kill !e1 or can/  
?\ kill me8--at any rate 9 civiliz$     
human society ! conte/ is n wag$ m]ely =
 ! nak$ exi/5ce1 b ma9ly = life's       
increm5ts 9 ! =m ( com=ts1 pleasures1   
luxuries1 & ! accumulation ( p[] &      

influ5ce2 & ! excess ( acquisition ov]  
imm$iate ne$ goes z a residuum into !   
/ructure ( civilization4 ,9 pla9 words1 
!n1 social progress is pu%$ on by       
individual gre$ & ambition4 ,at ?is po9t
 ,rolph re/s ! case1 )\t ent]+ into !   
moral implicates ( ! subject1 :i* w\ld  
seem to obtrude !mselves ^u ! att5tion4 
7#ah7 ,biologis*e ,probleme1 zuglei* als
 ,v]su* e9] rationell5   ,e?ik4         
,leipzig1 #ahhb4  ,n[ to a believ] 9    
progressive evolution ) a /rong e?ical  
b5t su* a !ory br+s home man's ult]ior  
responsibility = ! bett]m5t ( life1 &   
!re=e acts z a call to 8 supreme duty ( 
prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! arrival ( a high]    
ord] ( be+s4 ,! argum5t seems simple &  
cl9*+4 ,liv+ nature ?r\gh a long file ( 
species & g5]a has at la/ work$ up to ! 
homo sapi5s :o z yet does n ev5 approa* 
! p]fection ( 8 own type4 ,is x a       
legitimate ambition ( ! race to m>k "t  
on ! /& :i* x has rea*$ & to entr5*     
itself impregnably 9 its pres5t         
m$iocrity8 ,nietzs*e did n %r9k f any ( 

! inf]5tial conclusions logically to be 
drawn f ! biologic argum5t4 ,if gr[? is 
9 ! purpose ( nature1 !n once we h      
accept$ our *ief (fice 9 life1 x becomes
 our task to pave ! way = a high] g5us (
 man4 ,& ! only =ce t makes ) directness
 = t object is ! ,w to ,p[]4 ,to =e%ad[ 
! resultant human type1 ,nietzs*e       
resurrect$ f ,goe!'s vocabul>y !        
conv5i5t ^w b]m5s*--,ov]man4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,any "o reg>d+ exi/5ce 9 ! light ( a /]n
 & p]petual combat is ( necessity driv5 
at la/ to ! alt]native betwe5 mak+ ! be/
 ( life & mak+ an end ( x2 he mu/ ei!r  
seek la/+ deliv]ance f ! evil ( liv+ or 
endeavor to wre/ f ! _w by any means at 
8 comm& ! greate/ sum ( its             
gratifications4 ,x is s]viceable to     
describe ! two frames ( m9d respectively
 z ! optimi/ic & ! pessimi/ic4 ,b x w\ld
 p]haps be ha/y to conclude t ! fir/ (  
^! attitudes necess>ily betok5s ! great]
 /r5g? ( "*4  ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e's      
philosophy sprang f pessimism1 yet issu$

 9 an optimism ( unhe>d-( exaltation2   
c>ry+1 h[ev]1 to ! end its pla9ly       
visible bir?m>ks4 ,he />t$ out z an     
en?usia/ic disciple ( ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]2
 unque/ionably ! adh]5ce 0 fix$ by 8 own
 deep-seat$ contempt = ! complac5cy ( ! 
plebs4 ,b he 0 b\nd soon to "p company )
 ! gr&ma/] ( pessimism1 because he      
discov]$ ! root ( ! philosophy (        
r5unciation 9 t same dete/able debility 
( ! w :i* he deem$ responsible = ! bov9e
 lassitude ( ! masses2 bo? pessimism &  
phili/9ism came f a lack ( vitality1 & 7
 symptoms ( racial deg5]acy4 ,b be=e    
,nietzs*e f9ally reject$ ,s*op5hau] &   
gave 8 %ock+ c\nt]bla/ to ! und]m9+     
action ( pessimism1 he succumb$         
tempor>ily to ! spell ( ano!r gigantic  
p]sonality4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) ,ri*>d  
,wagn]'s musical influ5ce ^u ,nietzs*e1 
:o 0 himself a musician ( no mean       
ability2 :at is to ! po9t "h is ! prime 
pr9ciple ( ,wagn]'s art !ory4 ,! key to 
! ,wagn]ian !ory is f\nd1 also1 9       
,s*op5hau]'s philosophy4 ,wagn] />ts f !

 pessimi/ic !sis t at ! bottom ( ! well 
( life lies no?+ b suff]+1--h5ce liv+ is
 utt]ly undesirable4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to
 ,franz ,liszt he names z ! duplex root 
( 8 creative g5ius ! long+ = love & !   
ye>n+ = dea?4 ,on ano!r occasion1 he    
confesses 8 own emotional nihilism 9 !  
foll[+ summ>y ( ,tri/an und ,isolde3    
,sehnsu*t1 ,sehnsu*t1 un/illb>es1 ewig  
neu si* gebr5des ,v]lang5--,s*ma*t5 und 
,dur/52 e9zige ,erlsung3 ,tod1 ,/]b51   
,unt]geh51--,ni*tmehr]wa*547#ai7 ,b f ! 
b\ndless ocean ( sorr[ !re is a refuge4 
,x 0 ,wagn]'s fundam5tal dogma t ?r\gh !
 illusions ( art ! individual is enabl$ 
to rise above ! hopelessness ( !        
realities into a new cosmos replete )   
supreme satisfactions4 ,man's mundane   
salvation !re=e dep5ds ^u ! m9i/rations 
( art & 8 own arti/ic s5sitiv5ess4 ,!   
glorification ( g5ius is a natural      
coroll>y ( su* a belief4    7#ai7       
,long+1 long+1 unqu5*able desire1       
reproduc+ itself   =ev] anew--?ir/ &    
dr\ght2 sole deliv]ance3 dea?1          

dissolution1 ext9ction1--& no awak+4    
,nietzs*e 9 "o ( 8 e>lie/ works exam9es 
,wagn]'s !ory & amplifies x by a r      
casui/ic int]pretation ( ! evolution (  
art4 ,aft] rais+ ! "q1 ,h[ did ! ,greeks
 contrive to dignify & ennoble _!       
national exi/5ce8 he po9ts1 by way ( an 
illu/rative answ]1 n p]*ance to !       
,p]iclean era1 b to a f> m primitive    
epo* ( ,hell5ic culture1 :5 a total     
oblivion ( ! actual _w & a transport    
into ! realm ( imag9ation 0 univ]sally  
possible4 ,he expla9s ! trance z !      
effect ( intoxication1--prim>ily 9 !    
curr5t lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,su* 0 !     
significance ( ! cult ( ,dionysos4      
,?r\gh s++ & danc+1 claims ,nietzs*e1   
man manife/s himself z memb] ( a high]  
community4 ,walk+ & talk+ he has        
unle>n$1 & is 9 a fair way to dance up  
into ! air4 ,t ?is supposititi\s        
,dionysiac phase ( ,hell5ic culture 0 9 
turn succe$$ by m rational /ages1 9 :i* 
! impulsive fl[ ( life 0 curb$ & damm$ 9
 by op]ations ( ! intellect1 is n       

p]mitt$ by ,nietzs*e to invalidate !    
argum5t4 ,by 8 arbitr>y read+ ( anci5t  
hi/ory he 01 at fir/1 dispos$ to look to
 ! =?com+ ,univ]sal-,kun/w]k7#bj7 z !   
complete expression ( a new religi\s _s 
& z ! adequate lev] ( a g5]al uplift (  
mank9d to a /ate ( bliss4 ,b ! typical  
disp>ity betwe5 ,wagn] & ,nietzs*e 0    
b\nd to ali5ate !m4 ,wagn]1 despite all 
appe>ance to ! contr>y1 is inh]5tly     
democratic 9 8 convictions1--8 e>li]    
political vicissitudes amply confirm ?is
 view1--& fa/5s 8 hope = ! elevation (  
humanity ?r\gh art ^u ! sort ( g5ius 9  
:om lat5t popul> =ces might comb9e to a 
new summit4 ,nietzs*e on ! o!r h&       
repres5ts ! extreme ari/ocratic type1   
bo? 9 respect ( ?\ght & ( s5tim5t4 ,i d 
n wi% to be conf\nd$ ) & mi/ak5 = ^!    
prea*]s ( equality1 says he4 ,= )9 me   
ju/ice sai?3 m5 are n equal4 ,8 ideal is
 a h]o ( co]cive p]sonality1 dwell+ al(t
 9 solitude1 despotically b5d+ !        
greg>i\s in/9cts ( ! common cr[d to 8   
own high] purposes by ! dom9at+ =ce ( 8 

,w to ,might4    7#bj7 ,"w ( all arts4  
,! concept ( ! ,ov]man re/s1 z has be5  
%[n1 ^u a fairly solid sub/ructure (    
plausibility1 s9ce at ! bottom ( !      
au?or's reason+ lies ! notion t mank9d  
is de/9$ to outgr[ its curr5t /atus2 !  
?\ght ( a humanity ris5 to new & wondr\s
 heights ( p[] ov] nature is n          
necess>ily unsci5tific = be+ supremely  
imag9ative4 ,! ,ov]man1 h[ev]1 _c be    
produc$ ready made1 by any in/antane\s  
process2 he mu/ be sl[ly & p]si/5tly    
will$ into be+1 ?r\gh love ( ! new ideal
 :i* he is to embody3 ,all great ,love1 
speake? ,z>a?u/ra1 seeke? to create :at 
x love?4 ,myself ,i sacrifice into my   
love1 & my neighbor z myself1 ?us runne?
 ! spee* ( all creators4 ,only ! fix$   
conjo9t purpose ( _m g5]ations ( aspir+ 
m5 w be able to create ! ,ov]man4 ,c\ld 
y create a ,god8--,!n be sil5t conc]n+  
all gods6 ,b ye c\ld v well create      
,beyond-man4 ,n y\rselves p]haps1 my    
bre?r56 ,b ye c\ld create y\rselves into
 fa!rs & =e-fa!rs ( ,beyond-man2 & let  

?is be y\r be/ creat+4 ,b all creators  
are h>d4  ,nietzs*e's />tl+ly het]odox  
code ( e?ics coh]es organically ) !     
,ov]man hypo!sis1 & s und]/ood is c]ta9 
to lose "s ( its aspect ( absurdity4 ,! 
racial w1 z we h se51 mu/ be taught to  
aim at ! ,ov]man4 ,b ! volitional       
faculty ( ! g5]ation1 accord+ to        
,nietzs*e1 is s debilitat$ z to be      
utt]ly inadequate to its (fice4 ,h5ce1  
advis$ly to /imulate & /r5g!n ! enfeebl$
 w p[] ( 8 fell[ m5 is ! mo/ imp]ative &
 imm$iate task ( ! radical re=m]4 ,once 
! p[] ( will+1 z su*1 %all h            
be51--reg>dless ( ! wor?9ess ( its      
object1--br\ght back to active life1 x w
 be feasible to give ! ,w to ,might a   
direction t[>ds objects ( ! highe/ moral
 gr&eur4  ,un=tunately = ! race z a     
:ole1 ! ?rong is ineligible = p>tn]%ip 9
 ! auspici\s s*eme ( co-op]ative        
procreation3 :i* fact necessitates a    
segregative me?od ( bre$+4 ,! ,ov]man c 
only be evolv$ by an ance/ry ( ma/]-m51 
:o mu/ be secur$ to ! race by a rigid   

application ( eug5ic /&>ds1 p>ticul>ly 9
 ! matt] ( mat+4 ,( m>riage1 ,nietzs*e  
has ?is def9ition3 ,m>riage1 s call ,i !
 w ( two to create "o :o is m ?an !y :o 
creat$ him4 ,= ! brac+ ( ! weak5$ w-=ce 
( ! human bre$ x is absolutely ess5tial 
t ma/]-m51 ! pot5tial prog5itors ( !    
sup]man1 be left unhamp]$ to ! impulse (
 liv+ !mselves out 7si* auszuleb571--an 
opportunity ( :i* "u ! regnant code (   
morals !y are inconsid]ately depriv$4   
,s9ce1 !n1 exi/+ dictates & conv5tions  
are a s]i\s h9drance to ! requisite     
autonomy ( ! ma/]-man1 _! aboli%m5t     
might be well4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 x is   
conv5i5t t ! ,vielzuviele1 ! mu*-too-_m1
 i4 e4 ! despis$ g5]ality ( p1 %\ld     
cont9ue to be gov]n$ & controll$ by     
/rict rules & regulations1 s t ! w ( !  
ma/]-folk might ! m exp$iti\sly be      
wr\ght4 ,w\ld x n1 !n1 be an efficaci\s 
compromise to keep ! canon ( morality 9 
=ce = ! g5]al run1 b susp5d x = !       
special b5efit ( ma/]-m51 prospective or
 full-fl$g$8 ,f ! hi/ory ( ! race       

,nietzs*e draws a w>rant = ! di/9ction4 
,8 cont5tion is t ma/]s & slaves h nev] 
liv$ up to a s+le code ( conduct4 ,h n  
civilizations ris5 & fall5 accord+ z !y 
7 %ap$ by ?is or t class ( nations8     
,hi/ory also tea*es :at disa/r\s        
consequ5ces foll[ ! loss ( ca/e4 ,9 !   
case ( ! ,jewi% p1 ! dom9e]+ type or    
morals gave way to ! s]vile z a result (
 ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,s long z !   
,jews 7 /rong1 !y extoll$ all           
manife/ations ( /r5g? & en]gy4 ,!       
collapse ( _! own /r5g? turn$ !m into   
apologi/s ( ! s-call$ virtues (         
humility1 long-suff]+1 =giv5ess1--until1
 accord+ to ! ,judo-,*ri/ian code (     
e?ics1 be+ good came to mean be+ weak4  
,s races may ju/ly be classifi$ into    
ma/]s & slaves1 & hi/ory proves t to !  
/rong goes ! empire4 ,! ambitions ( a   
nation are a sure crit]ion ( its wor?4  
,i walk ?r\gh ^! folk & keep m9e eyes   
op54 ,!y h become     small] & are      
becom+ ev] small]4 ,& ! reason ( t is   
_! doctr9e ( happ9ess & virtue4      ,= 

!y are mode/ ev5 9 _! virtue2 = !y are  
desir\s (     ease4 ,b ) ease only mode/
 virtue is compatible4      ,true1 9 _! 
fa%ion !y le>n h[ to /ride & to /ride   
=w>d4 ,t ,i call _! hobbl+4 ,!reby !y   
become an     (f5se unto e "o :o is 9 a 
hurry4      ,& _m a "o /ride? on & 9 do+
 s looke? backw>d1 ) a     /iff5$ neck4 
,i rejoice to run aga9/ ! /oma*s ( su*4 
,foot & eyes %all n lie1 nor reproa* ea*
 o!r = ly+4 ,b     !re is mu* ly+ among 
small folk4      ,"s ( !m w1 b mo/ ( !m 
are will$ m]ely4 ,"s (     !m are g5u9e1
 b mo/ ( !m are bad actors4      ,!re   
are unconsci\s actors among !m1 &       
involunt>y actors4 ,!     g5u9e are     
always r>e1 especially g5u9e actors4    
,"h is little ( man2 !re=e wom5 try to  
make !mselves manly4     ,= only he :o  
is en\gh ( a man w save ! woman 9 woman4
      ,& ?is hypocrisy ,i f\nd to be    
wor/ among !m1 t ev5 ^?     :o comm&    
feign ! virtues ( ^? :o s]ve4      ',i  
s]ve1 ?\ s]ve/1 we s]ve4' ,?us !        
hypocrisy ( ! rul]s     praye?4 ,&1     

alas1 if ! highe/ "l be m]ely ! highe/  
s]vant6      ,alas6 ! curiosity ( m9e   
eye /ray$ ev5 unto _! hypocrisies1     &
 well ,i div9$ all _! fly-happ9ess & _! 
humm+ r\nd     w9d[ panes 9 ! sun%9e4   
,s mu* k9dness1 s mu* weakness see ,i4  
,s mu* ju/ice &     sympa?y1 s mu*      
weakness4      ,r\nd1 hone/1 & k9d are  
!y t[>ds ea* o!r1 z gra9s (     s& are  
r\nd1 hone/1 & k9d unto gra9s ( s&4     
,mode/ly to embrace a small happ9ess--!y
 call 'submission'6 ,&     !re) !y      
mode/ly look sideways aft] a new small  
happ9ess4      ,at bottom !y desire     
pla9ly "o ?+ mo/ ( all3 to be hurt by   
nobody4 ,?us !y oblige all & d well unto
 !m4      ,b ?is is c[>dice2 al?\gh x be
 call$ 'virtue4'      ,& if once !y     
speak h>%ly1 ^! small folk1--,i he> !re9
     m]ely _! ho>s5ess4 ,= e draught (  
air make? !m     ho>se4      ,prud5t are
 !y2 _! virtues h prud5t f+]s4 ,b !y are
     lack+ 9 cl5*$ fi/s2 _! f+]s "k n h[
 to hide     !mselves beh9d fi/s4       
,= !m virtue is :at make? mode/ & tame4 

,!reby !y h     made ! wolf a dog & man 
himself man's be/ dome/ic animal4       
',we put our *air 9 ! mid/'--?us sai? _!
 simp]+ unto     me--'exactly z f> f dy+
 gladiators z f happy sw9e4'      ,?is  
is m$iocrity2 al?\gh x be call$         
mod]ation47#ba7    7#ba7 ,?us ,spake    
,z>a?u/ra1 pp4 #bdc-bde4  ,! only law   
ackn[l$g$ by him :o w\ld be a ma/] is ! 
bidd+ ( 8 own w4 ,he makes %ort "w ( e  
o!r law4 ,:atev] clogs ! flight ( 8     
indomitable ambition mu/ be ru?lessly   
swept aside4 ,obvi\sly1 ! enactm5t ( ?is
 law t w\ld r5d] ! individual supreme & 
absolute w\ld /rike ! dea?-knell = all  
e/abli%$ =ms & in/itutions ( ! social   
body4 ,b su* is q )9 ,nietzs*e's        
int5tion4 ,!y are noxi\s ag5cies1       
+5i\sly devis$ = ! enslavem5t ( ! w1 & !
 mo/ p]nici\s among !m is ! ,*ri/ian    
religion1 because ( ! alleg$ div9e      
sanction conf]r$ by x ^u subs]vi5cy4    
,*ri/ianity w\ld ?w>t ! supreme w (     
nature by curb+ t lu/ = dom9ation :i* ! 
laws ( nature z reveal$ by sci5ce       

sanction1 nay prescribe4 ,nietzs*e's    
ideas on ?is subject are l\dly &        
ov]-l\dly voic$ 9 ,d] ,anti*ri/ 7,!     
,anti-,*ri/71 writt5 9 ,septemb] #ahhh z
 ! fir/ "p ( a plann$ treatise 9 f\r    
in/alm5ts1 entitl$ ,d] ,wille zur ,ma*t4
 ,v]su* e9] ,umw]tung all] ,w]te4 7,! ,w
 to ,p[]4 ,an ,attempt$ ,transvaluation 
( ,all ,values47                     99 
99       99       99       99  ,!       
ma/]-man's w1 !n1 is 8 only law4 ,t is !
 ess5ce ( ,h]r5moral4 ,& s ! "q arises1 
,:5ce %all ! consci5ce ( ! rul]-man     
d]ive its di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,"r & !   
,wrong8 ,! ar*-iconocla/ brusquely      
/ifles ?is nave qu]y be=eh& by assur+ u 
t su* di/9ctions 9 _! accept$ s5se d n  
exi/ = p]sonages ( t gr&] /amp4 ,he$less
 ( ! "t-hall[$ concepts t all m5 %>e 9  
common1 he enjo9s ma/]m5 to take _!     
position uncompromis+ly outside ! conf9+
 area ( conv5tions1 9 ! moral indep5d5ce
 t dwells beyond good & evil4 ,good &   
,evil are m]e d5otations1 devoid ( any  
real significance4 ,"r & ,wrong are n   

ideals immutable ?r\gh ! ages1 nor ev5 !
 same at any "t 9 all /ates ( society4  
,!y are vague & g5]al notions1 v>y+ m or
 less ) ! practical exig5cies "u :i* !y 
7 conceiv$4 ,:at 0 "r = my great-gr&fa!r
 is n ipso facto "r = myself4 ,h5ce1 !  
old] & bett] e/abli%$ a law1 ! m        
inapposite is x apt to be to ! liv+     
dem&s4 ,:y %\ld ! rul]-man b[ d[n to    
outworn /atutes or /ultify 8            
self-dep5d5t moral s5se be=e !          
artificial & /upidly uni=m moral relics 
( ! dead pa/8 ,good is :atev] conduces  
to ! increase ( my p[]1--evil is :atev] 
t5ds to dim9i% x6 ,only ! weakl+ & !    
hypocrite w disagree4  ,unmi/akably ?is 
is a /raight\t application ( ! pragmatic
 crit]ion ( tru?4 ,nietzs*e's unconfess$
 & cauti\s imitators1 :o call !mselves  
pragmati/s1 are n bold en\gh to foll[ _!
 own logic f ! cognitive sph]e to !     
moral4 ,!y /op %ort ( ! natural         
conclusion to :i* _! own premises lead4 
,morality is necess>ily pr$icat$ ^u     
specific notions ( tru?4 ,s if ,tru? is 

an alt]able & %ift+ concept1 mu/ n      
morality likewise be v>iable8 ,!        
pragmati/ might j z well come out at    
once into ! broad light & frankly say3  
,laws d n int]e/ me 9 ! ab/ract1 or = ! 
sake ( _! g5]al b5efic5ce2 !y int]e/ me 
only 9 s f> z !y affect me4 ,!re=e ,i w 
make1 int]pret1 & aboli% !m to suit     
myself4  ,to ,nietzs*e ! que/ ( tru? is 
a palpable evasion4 ,tru? is m]ely a    
means = ! enhancem5t ( my subjective    
satisfaction4 ,x makes n a :it (        
diff]5ce :e!r an op9ion or a judgm5t    
satisfies ?is or t s*ola/ic def9ition4  
,i call true & good t :i* fur!rs my     
welf>e & int5sifies my joy 9 liv+2      
&1--to v9dicate my self-gratification z 
a =m1 inde$ ! highe/1 ( social          
s]vice1--! desirable ?+ is t :i* matt]s 
= ! improvem5t ( ! human /ock & !reby   
spe$s ! adv5t ( ! ,sup]man4 ,oh1        
exclaims ,z>a?u/ra1 t ye w\ld und]/& my 
^w3 ,be sure to d :atev] ye l1--b fir/ (
 all be su* z c w6 ,be sure to love y\r 
neighbor z y\rself1--b fir/ ( all be su*

 z love !mselves1--z love !mselves )    
great love1 ) contempt4 ,?us speake?    
,z>a?u/ra1 ! ungodly4  ,by way ( ?r[+ "s
 light ^u ?is phase ( ,nietzs*e's moral 
philosophy1 x may be add$ t ev] s9ce    
#ahgf he 0 an assidu\s /ud5t ( ,h]b]t   
,sp5c]1 ) ^: !ory ( social evolution he 
0 fir/ made acqua9t$ by 8 fri5d1 ,paul  
,re1 :o 9 two works ( 8 own1 ,psy*ologic
 ,obs]vations1 7#ahge71 & ,on ! ,orig9 (
 ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 7#ahgg71 _h elaborat$
 ^u ! ,sp5c]ian !ory ab\t ! g5ealogy (  
morals4  ,! be/ kn[n among all (        
,nietzs*e's works1 ,also ,spra*         
,z>a?u/ra 7,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra71 is ! 
,magna ,*>ta ( ! new moral emancipation4
 ,x 0 compos$ dur+ a soj\rn 9 s\!rn     
climes betwe5 #ahhc & #ahhe1 dur+ !     
convalesc5ce f a n]v\s collapse1 :5 aft]
 a long & critical depression 8 _s 0    
recov]+ its accu/om$ resili5ce4         
,nietzs*e wrote 8 magnum opus 9         
solitude1 9 ! m\nta9s & by ! sea4 ,8 m9d
 always 0 at its be/ 9 sett+s ( va/     
proportions1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> "w !re    

brea!s an exaltation t has sc>cely its  
equal 9 ! _w's lit]ature4 ,/yle &       
diction 9 _! supreme elation suit ! l(ty
 f]vor ( ! s5tim5t4 ,f ! feel+s1 z a    
fact1 ?is great rhapsody fl[s1 & to !   
feel+s x makes its appeal2 its extreme  
fasc9ation mu/ be lo/ ^u ^? :o only "k  
h[ to li/5 to reason4 ,! wondr\s pla/ic 
beauty ( ! language1 along ) ! high     
emotional pit* ( its message1 r5d]      
,z>a?u/ra a priceless poetic monum5t2   
inde$ its practical effect 9 *a/5+ &    
rejuv5at+ ,g]man lit]>y diction c h>dly 
be ov]e/imat$4 ,its value z a           
philosophic docum5t is mu* slight]4 ,x  
is n ev5 organiz$ on sev]ely logical    
l9es4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! f\r compon5t p>ts
 are b brilliant v>iations ^u a s+le    
g5]ic !me1 ea* 9 a diff]5t clef1 b      
h>moni\sly unit$ by ! increm5tal ec/asy 
( ! movem5t4 ,! composition is free f   
monotony1 = d[n to ea* sep>ate aphorism 
e "p ( x has its special lyric nuance4  
,! :ole purports to convey 9 ! =m (     
disc\rse ! prophetic message (          

,z>a?u/ra1 ! h]mit sage1 an idealiz$    
self-portrayal ( ! au?or4  ,9 ! fir/    
book ! tone is calm & temp]ate4         
,z>a?u/ra exhorts & in/ructs 8          
disciples1 rails at 8 adv]s>ies1 &      
discloses 8 sup]iority ov] !m4 ,9 !     
soliloquies & dialogues ( ! second book 
he reveals himself m fully & freely z ! 
,sup]man4 ,! ?ird book conta9s !        
m$itations & rhapsodies ( ,z>a?u/ra n[  
dwell+ :olly ap>t f m51 8 m9d solely    
occupi$ ) ?\ght ab\t ! ,et]nal ,return (
 ! ,pres5t4 ,9 ! f\r? book he is f\nd 9 
! company ( a few *os5 spirits :om he   
seeks to imbue ) 8 p]fect$ doctr9e4 ,9  
?is f9al section ( ! "w ! deep lyric    
curr5t is already on ! ebb2 x is l>gely 
supplant$ by irony1 satire1 s>casm1 ev5 
buffoon]y1 all ( :i* are resort$ to = ! 
pitiless excoriation ( our type (       
humanity1 deem$ decrepit by ! ,sage4 ,! 
au?or's int5tion to pres5t 9 a conclud+ 
fif? division ! dy+ ,z>a?u/ra pron\nc+ 8
 b5$ictions ^u life 9 ! act ( quitt+ x 0
 n to be> fruit4  ,z>a?u/ra--,nietzs*e's

 t]rific assault ^u ! =tifications ( our
 social /ructure--is too easily mi/ak5  
by facile cavil]s = ! rav+s ( an uns\nd 
& desp]ate m9d4 ,to a n>r[ & sup]ficial 
read+1 x exhibits itself z a :olesale   
repudiation ( all moral responsibility &
 a maniacal attempt to subv]t human     
civilization = ! exclusive b5efit ( !   
glori\s blonde brute1 rampant ) gre$ =  
victory & spoil4 ,yet ^? :o c>e to look 
m deeply w detect b5ea? ?is *im]ical    
contempt ( conv5tional regulations no   
want ( a highm9d$ philan?ropic purpose1 
provid$ !y h ! vision necess>y to       
compreh5d a love ( man ori5t$ by su*    
extremely di/ant p]spectives4 ,at all   
ev5ts !y w discov] t 9 ?is rebelli\s    
propag&a an advanc+ l9e ( life is firmly
 trac$ out4 ,! indol5t & ?\ghtless may  
inde$ be horrifi$ by ! appall+ dang]s ( 
! gospel accord+ to ,z>a?u/ra4 ,b 9     
reality !re is no great cause = al>m4   
,society may amply rely ^u its ag5cies1 
ev5 9 ^! /up5d\s times ( univ]sal w>1 = 
protection f any disa/r\s organic       

dislocations incit$ by ! tea*+s (       
,z>a?u/ra1 at lea/ s f> z ! imm$iate    
future is conc]n$--9 :i* alone society  
appe>s to be int]e/$4 ,moreov]1 our     
appreh5sions are appeas$ by ! sob]      
reflection t by its pla9 unfeasibl5ess !
 :ole sup]social s*eme ( ,nietzs*e is   
r$uc$ to colossal absurdity4 ,its       
limitless audacity defeats any =mulation
 ( its w> aims4 ,= :at compels an       
ambiti\s imag9ation to arre/ itself at !
 goal ( ! sup]man8 ,:y %\ld x n run on  
beyond t fir/ t]m9al8 ,9 "o ( ,mr4 ,g4  
,k4 ,*e/]ton's labor$ extravaganzas a   
grotesque sort ( sup]-ov]man 9 spe      
succe$s 9 go+ beyond unreason :5 he     
contrives ?is lucid self-def9ition3 ,i h
 gone :]e ,god has nev] d>$ to g4 ,i am 
above ! silly sup]m5 z !y are above m]e 
m54 ,:]e ,i walk 9 ! ,heav5s1 no man has
 walk$ be=e me1 & ,i am alone 9 a g>d54 
,x is en\gh to make "o gasp & !n p]haps 
luckily recall ,goe!'s consol+ ?\ght t  
"u ! c>e ( ,provid5ce ! trees w n gr[   
into ! heav5s4 7,es i/ dafr gesorgt1    

dass die ,bume ni*t 9 d5 ,himmel wa*s547
 ,z matt] ( fact1 ! ideas promulgat$ 9  
,also ,spra* ,z>a?u/ra ne$ inspire no   
fe> ( _! w9n+ ! human race f its v5]able
 idols1 despite ! fact t ! pull (       
natural laws & ( elem5tal appetites     
seems to be on _! side4 ,! only effect  
to be expect$ ( su* a philosophy is t x 
w act z an antidote = moral in]tia :i*  
inevitably goes ) ! flock-in/9ct & !    
lazy reliance on ! accu/om$ ord] ( ?+s4 
,nietzs*e's e?ics are n easy to valuate1
 s9ce none ( _! /&>ds are d]iv$ f !     
or?odox canon4 ,8 be+ a truly p]sonaliz$
 =m ( morality1 8 pr9ciples are /rictly 
cognate to 8 temp]am5t4 ,to 8 pr(ess$   
ideals !re atta*es a def9ite !ory (     
society4 ,& s9ce 8 philosophy is        
consi/5t 9 its s9c]ity1 its message is  
)held f ! man-9-!-/reet1 deem$ unwor?y (
 notice1 & deliv]$ only to ! lite t %all
 beget ! sup]man4 ,to ,nietzs*e ! good (
 ! greate/ numb] is no valid            
consid]ation4 ,! great /upid mass exi/s 
only = ! sake ( an olig>*y by :om x is  

duly exploit$ "u nature's decree t !    
/rong %all prey ^u ! weak4 ,let1 !n1 ?is
 favor$ set fur!r ! design ( nature by  
sy/ematically enc\rag+ ! elevation ( _! 
own type4                     99        
99       99       99       99  ,we h    
s\ght to dispel ! fiction ab\t ! %ap+   
influ5ce ( ,nietzs*e ^u ! ?\ght &       
conduct ( 8 nation1 & h acc\nt$ = !     
misc>riage ( 8 e?ics by _! fanta/ic     
impracticability4 ,yet x has be5 %[n    
also t he fo/]$ 9 an unmi/akable fa%ion 
! class-consci\sness ( ! ari/ocrat1 born
 or self-appo9t$4 ,to t ext5t 8 influ5ce
 0 c]ta9ly malign4 ,yet d\btless he did 
p]=m a s]vice to our age4 ,! specific   
nature ( ?is s]vice1 /at$ 9 ! fewe/     
words1 is t to 8 great div9atory gift   
are we indebt$ = an unprec$5t$ /r5g!n+ (
 our hold ^u reality4 ,9 ord] to make   
?is po9t cle> we h to rev]t once m to   
,nietzs*e's transi5t intellectual       
relation to pessimism4  ,we h se5 t !   
illusionism ( ,s*op5hau] & m p>ticul>ly 
( ,wagn] ex]t$ a /rong attraction on 8  

high-/rung arti/ic temp]am5t4           
,nev]!less a c]ta9 reali/ic c\nt]-drift 
to ! ultra-romantic t5d5cy ( ,wagn]'s   
!ory caus$ him 9 ! long run to reject ! 
fai? 9 ! p[] ( ,art to save man f evil4 
,almo/ abruptly1 8 p]sonal affection = !
 ,ma/]1 to :om 9 8 ev5tual m5tal eclipse
 he /ill ref]r$ t5d]ly at lucid mom5ts1 
*ang$ to bitt] ho/ility4 ,h5ce=? he     
classes ! glorification ( ,art z "o ( ! 
?ree mo/ despicable attitudes ( life3   
,phili/9ism1 ,pietism1 & ,e/heticism1   
all ( :i* h _! orig9 9 c[>dice1 repres5t
 ?ree bran*es ( ! ignom9i\s road (      
escape f ! t]rors ( liv+4 ,9 ?ree ext5d$
 diatribes ,nietzs*e d5\nces ,wagn] z ! 
ar*etype ( mod]n decad5ce2 ! mo/ viol5t 
attack ( all is deliv]$ aga9/ ! po9t (  
juncture 9 :i* ,wagn]'s art gospel & !  
,*ri/ian religion culm9ate3 ! promise ( 
r$emption ?r\gh pity4 ,to ,nietzs*e's   
way ( ?9k+ pity is m]ely ! c[>d's       
ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 weakness4 ,= only       
insomu* z a man is devoid ( =titude 9   
be>+ 8 own suff]+s is he unable to      

contemplate ) equanimity ! suff]+s ( 8  
fell[ creatures4 ,s9ce religion enjo9s  
compassion ) all =ms ( human mis]y1 we  
%\ld make w> ^u religion4 ,& = ! reason 
t ,wagn]'s cr[n+ a*ievem5t1 8 ,p>sifal1 
is a v]itable sublimation ( ,m]cy1 !re c
 be no truce betwe5 its creator & ! giv]
 ( ! c\nsel3 ,be h>d6 ,p]haps ?is       
notori\s advice is aft] all n z om9\s z 
x s\nds4 ,x m]ely expresses r abruptly  
,nietzs*e's confid5ce 9 ! value (       
self-control z a means ( discipl9e4 ,if 
y h le>n$ calmly to see o!rs suff]1 y   
are y\rself able to endure di/ress )    
manful composure4 ,!re=e ,i wa% ! h& :i*
 help$ ! suff]]2 !re=e ,i ev5 wipe my   
s\l4 ,b1 un=tunately1 su* is ! frailty (
 human nature t x is only "o /ep f      
indiff]5ce ab\t ! suff]+s ( o!rs to an  
incl9ation to exploit !m or ev5 to      
inflict pa9 ^u "o's neighbors = ! sake (
 p]sonal ga9 ( "o sort or ano!r4        
,:y s h>d8 said once ! *>coal unto !    
diamond1 are we n     ne> relations8    
,:y s s(t8 ,o my bre?r51 ?us ,i ask y4  

,are ye n my bre?r58      ,:y s s(t1 s  
unresi/+1 & yield+8 ,:y is !re s mu*    
disav[al & abnegation 9 y\r he>ts8 ,:y  
is !re s little fate     9 y\r looks8   
,& if ye are n will+ to be fates1 &     
inexorable1 h[ c\ld ye     conqu] ) me  
som$ay8      ,& if y\r h>dness w\ld n   
glance1 & cut1 & *ip into     pieces--h[
 c\ld ye create ) me "s day8      ,= all
 creators are h>d4 ,& x mu/ seem        
bless$ness unto y to     press y\r h& ^u
 mill5niums z ^u wax1--      ,bless$ness
 to write ^u ! w ( mill5niums z ^u      
brass1--h>d] ?an brass1 nobl] ?an brass4
 ,! noble/ only is     p]fectly h>d4    
,?is new table1 ,o my bre?r51 ,i put ov]
 y3 ,become h>d67#bb7    7#bb7 ,?us     
,spake ,z>a?u/ra1 p4 #cii1 sec4 #bi4  ,!
 repudiation ( ,wagn] leaves a trem5d\s 
void 9 ,nietzs*e's s\l by depriv+ 8     
en?usiasm ( its =emo/ concrete object4  
,he loses 8 fai? 9 idealism4 ,:5        
illusions c br+ a man l ,wagn] to su* an
 odi\s outlook ^u life1 !y mu/ be       
obnoxi\s 9 !mselves2 & s1 aft] be+      

subject$ to pitiless analysis1 !y are   
dis[n$ & turn$ into ridicule4 ,& n[1 !  
p5dulum ( 8 zeal hav+ swung f "o        
emotional extreme to ! o!r1 ! great     
rhapsodi/ f9ds himself tempor>ily       
de/itute ( an adequate !me4 ,h[ev]1 8   
f]vor does n long rema9 9 abeyance1 &   
soon x is absorb$ 9 a new object4 ,great
 z is ! move x is logical en\gh4 ,s9ce  
illusions are only a h9drance to ! full]
 grasp ( life :i* behooves all free     
spirits1 ,nietzs*e en]getically turns f 
self-deception to its opposite1         
self-realization4 ,9 ?is new spiritual  
endeavor he relies f> m on intuition ?an
 on sci5tific & metaphysical            
speculation4 ,f 8 own /& he is c]ta9ly  
ju/ifi$ 9 do+ ?is4 ,exp]im5tation &     
ratioc9ation at ! be/ are apt to        
disassociate individual realities f _!  
complex sett+ & !n proce$ to palm !m (f 
z illu/rations ( life1 :5 9 tru? !y are 
lifeless1 artificially pres]v$ specim5s4
      ,en*eires9 naturae n5nt's die     
,*emie1      ,spottet ihr] selb/ und    

weiss ni*t wie47#bc7  ,nietzs*e's       
realism1 by contra/1 goes to ! v quick (
 nature1 grasps all ! gifts ( life1 & f 
! cont9u\s flood ( ph5om5a extracts a   
ri*1 full-flavor$ ess5ce4 ,x is f a s5se
 ( gratitude = ?is boon t he becomes an 
idolatr\s wor%ip] ( exp]i5ce1 d] grosse 
,jasag]1--! great say] ( ,yes1--& ! mo/ 
/imulat+ optimi/ ( all ages4 ,to        
,nietzs*e reality is alive z p]haps nev]
 to man be=e4 ,he plunges d[n to ! v    
he>t ( ?+s1 absorbs _! vital qualities &
 mean+s1 & hav+ himself le>n$ to draw   
supreme satisfaction f ! mo/ ord9>y     
facts & ev5ts1 he makes ! common m>vel\s
 to o!rs1 :i*1 z 0 said by ,james       
,russell ,l[ell1 is a true te/ ( g5ius4 
,no wond] t deification ( reality       
becomes ! dom9ant motif 9 8 philosophy4 
,b aga9 t onesid$ ari/ocratic /ra9      
p]v]ts 8 e?ics4 ,to dra9 ! intoxicat+   
cup at ! fea/ ( life1 su* is ! div9e    
privilege n ( ! common run ( mortals b  
only ( ! elect4 ,!y mu/ n let ?is or t  
petty & artificial conv5tion1 nor yet   

?is or t moral comm& or prohibition1    
re/ra9 !m f ! ex]cise ( t high] s5se (  
liv+1 b mu/ fully ab&on !mselves to its 
joys4 ,s9ce man came into exi/5ce he ha?
 _h too little joy4 ,t alone1 my bre?r51
 is our orig9al s947#bd7 ,! mu*-too-_m  
are doom$ to inanity by _! lack (       
appetite at ! banquet ( life3      ,su* 
folk sit d[n unto d9n] & br+ no?+ ) !m1 
n ev5     a good hung]4 ,& n[ !y        
backbite3 ,all is vanity6      ,b to eat
 well & dr9k well1 ,o my bre?r51 is1    
v]ily1 no va9     art6 ,break1 break !  
tables ( ^? :o are nev] joyful67#be7    
7#bc7 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 ,,ii1 ll4 #aidj-a4 
,bay>d ,taylor translates3   ,en*eires9 
naturae1 ?is ,*emi/ry names1 nor kn[s h[
 h]self %e   bant]s & blames6    7#bd7  
,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1 p4 #abj4    7#be7
 ,ibid41 p4 #bif1 sec4 #ac4  ,! ,w to   
,live holds man's "o *ance ( ?is-worldly
 bliss1 & sup]s$es any c>e = ! remote   
felicities ( any problematic future     
/ate4 ,yet ! ,nietzs*ean cult ( life is 
n to be und]/ood by any means z a banal 

devotion to ! pleasurable side ( life   
alone4 ,! true disciple f9ds 9 e ev5t1  
be x happy or adv]se1 exalt+ or cru%+1 !
 factors ( supreme spiritual            
satisfaction3 joy & pa9 are equally     
impli$ 9 exp]i5ce1 ! ,w to ,live        
encompasses jo9tly ! capacity to enjoy &
 to suff]4 ,x may ev5 be p>adoxically   
said t s9ce man owes "s ( 8 greate/ &   
mo/ beautiful a*ievem5ts to sorr[1 x mu/
 be a joy & a bless+ to suff]4 ,!       
unmi/akable sign ( h]oism is amor fati1 
a fi]ce delight 9 "o's de/9y1 hold :at x
 may4  ,consequ5tly1 ! precursor ( !    
sup]man w be possess$1 along ) 8 great  
s5sibility to pleasure1 ( a capaci\s    
aptitude = suff]+4 ,ye w\ld p]*ance     
aboli% suff]+1 exclaims ,nietzs*e1 &    
we1--x seems t we w\ld r h x ev5 great] 
& worse ?an x has ev] be54 ,! discipl9e 
( suff]+1--tragical suff]+1--"k ye n t  
only ?is discipl9e has h]et(ore br\ght  
ab\t e elevation ( man8 ,_s is t life   
:i* cutte? into life4 ,by "o's own pa9  
"o's own k increase?2--knew ye t be=e8  

,& ! happ9ess ( ! _s is ?is3 to be      
ano9t$ & consecrat$ by te>s z a         
sacrificial animal2--knew ye t be=e8 ,& 
if1 !n1 ! tragical pa9 inh]5t 9 life be 
no argum5t aga9/ ,joyfulness1 ! ze/ (   
liv+ c be obscur$ by no?+ save ! fe> (  
total ext9ction4 ,to ! disciple (       
,nietzs*e1 by :om e mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce is
 realiz$ z a priceless gift1 ! ?\ght ( 8
 irrevocable sep>ation f all ?+s is     
unbe>able4 ',0 ?is life8' ,i %all say to
 ,dea?4 ',well1 !n1 once m6' ,&--to     
p>aphrase ,nietzs*e's own simile--!     
insatiable witness ( ! great            
tragi-com$y1 spectator & p>ticipant at  
once1 be+ loa? to leave ! !atre1 & eag] 
= a repetition ( ! p]=mance1 %\ts 8     
endless encore1 pray+ f]v5tly t 9 !     
con/ant repetition ( ! p]=mance n a s+le
 detail ( ! action be omitt$4 ,! ye>n+ =
 ! endlessness n ( life at l>ge1 n (    
life on any t]ms1 b ( ?is my life ) its 
ineffable weal? ( raptur\s mom5ts1 works
 up ! extreme optimism ( ,nietzs*e to   
its /up5d\s a priori notion ( inf9ity1  

express$ 9 ! "n die ewige ,wi$]kehr     
7,et]nal ,recurr5ce74 ,x is a /agg]+ly  
imag9ative concept1 =m$ ap>t f any      
evid5tial gr\nds1 & yet =tifi$ ) a fair 
am\nt ( logical armam5t4 ,! univ]se is  
imag9$ z endless 9 "t1 al?\gh its       
mat]ial cont5ts are n equally conceiv$ z
 limitless4 ,s9ce1 consequ5tly1 !re mu/ 
be a limit to ! possible v>iety 9 !     
arrangem5t & sequ5ce ( ! sum total (    
data1 ev5 z 9 ! case ( a kaleidoscope1 !
 possibility ( v>iegations is n inf9ite4
 ,! p>ticul> co-ord9ation ( ?+s 9 !     
univ]se1 say at ?is p>ticul> mom5t1 is  
b\nd to recur aga9 & aga9 9 ! pass+ ( ! 
eons4 ,b "u ! nexus ( cause & effect !  
resurg5ce ( ! pa/ f ! ocean ( "t is n   
accid5tal nor is ! configuration ( ?+s  
haphaz>d1 z is true 9 ! case ( !        
kaleidoscope2 r1 hi/ory1 9 ! mo/        
inclusive acceptation ( ! t]m1 is       
pr$e/9$ to repeat itself2 ?is happ5s    
?r\gh ! p]petual progressive            
resurrection ( its p>ticles4 ,x is !n to
 be assum$ t any aspect :i* ! _w has ev]

 pres5t$ mu/ h exi/$ innum]able millions
 ( times be=e1 & mu/ recur ) et]nal     
p]iodicity4 ,t ! det]m9i/ic /ra9 9 ?is  
trem5d\s ,vor/ellung ( a cyclic rhy?m   
?robb+ 9 ! univ]se entangles its au?or's
 fanatical belief 9 evolution 9 a r     
s]i\s self-contradiction1 does n detract
 f its spiritual lure1 nor f its wide   
sugge/iv5ess1 h[ev] incapable x may be (
 sci5tific demon/ration4  ,f unfa?om$   
dep?s ( feel+ wells up ! pan ( ! prophet
 ( ! life int5se4      ,o ,m5s*6 ,gib   
,a*t6     ,0 spri*t die tiefe           
,mitt]na*t8     ,i* s*lief1 i* s*lief--1
     ,aus tiefem ,traum b9 i* erwa*t3-- 
,die ,welt i/ tief1     ,und tief] als  
d] ,tag g$a*t4     ,tief i/ ihr ,weh--1 
,lu/--tief] no* als ,h]zeleid3     ,weh 
spri*t3 ,v]geh6     ,do* alle ,lu/ w    
,ewigkeit--     ,w tiefe1 tiefe         
,ewigkeit67#bf7    7#bf7        ,o man6 
,lose n sight6       ,:at sai? ! deep   
midnight8       ,i lay 9 sleep1 9 sleep2
       ,f deep dream ,i woke to light4  
,! _w is deep1       ,& deep] ?an ev]   

day ?\gh6 x might4       ,deep is its   
woe1--       ,& deep] /ill ?an          
woe--delight4       ,sai? woe3 ,pass1 g6
       ,et]nity's s\ght by all          
delight1--       ,et]nity deep--by all  
delight4    ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1 ,!   
,drunk5 ,song1 p4 #agd4--,! translation 
b fa9tly sugge/s ! poetic appeal ( !    
orig9al4  ,a timid he>t may inde$ recoil
 f ! iron necessity ( reliv+ ad inf9itum
 its woeful t]re/rial fate4 ,b !        
prospect c hold no t]ror = ! h]oic s\l  
by ^: fiat all items ( exp]i5ce h assum$
 important mean+s & values4 ,he :o has  
ca/ 9 8 lot ) ,de/9y 9 spontane\s       
submission to all its designs1 _c b     
rev]e & *]i% 8 own fate z an integral "p
 ( ! gr& unalt]able fatality ( ?+s4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,if ?is crude pres5tm5t ( ,fri$ri*      
,nietzs*e's doctr9e has n entirely fail$
 ( its purpose1 ! leitmotifs ( t doctr9e
 w h be5 readily ref]r$ by ! read] to _!
 orig92 !y c be subsum$ "u t temp]am5tal
 category :i* is m or less accurately   

def9$ z ! romantic4 ,glorification (    
viol5t passion1--que/ ( inn]mo/         
my/]ies1--b\ndless expansion (          
self-consci\sness1--visions ( a future (
 transc5d5t magnific5ce1 & not)/&+ an   
ard5t wor%ip ( reality a quixotically   
impracticable deta*m5t f ! concrete     
basis ( civic life1--^! out/&+          
*>act]i/ics ( ! ,nietzs*ean philosophy  
give unmi/akable pro( ( a c5tral1 driv+1
 romantic inspiration3 ,nietzs*e %ifts !
 ess5ce & pr9ciple ( be+ to a new c5t] (
 gravity1 by sub/itut+ ! ,future = !    
,pres5t & rely+ on ! untrammel$         
expansion ( spontane\s =ces :i* ^u clos]
 exam9ation are f\nd to be )\t def9ite  
aim or practical goal4  ,= ?is reason1  
critically to animadv]t ^u ,nietzs*e z a
 social re=m] w\ld be utt]ly out (      
place2 he is simply too mu* ( a poet to 
be tak5 s]i\sly z a /atesman or         
politician4 ,! weakness ( 8 philosophy  
be=e ! =um ( ,logic has be5 ref]r$ to   
be=e4 ,no?+ c be easi] ?an to prove !   
incompatibility ( "s ( 8 !orems4 ,h[1 = 

in/ance1 c ! absolute det]m9ism ( !     
belief 9 ,cyclic ,recurr5ce be reconcil$
 ) ! p[] ve/$ 9 sup]man to deflect by 8 
autonom\s w ! /raight c\rse ( hi/ory8   
,or1 to t\* ^u a m practical social     
aspect ( 8 tea*+1--if 9 ! ord] ( nature 
all m5 are unequal1 h[ c we ev] br+ ab\t
 ! "r selection ( lead]s1 h[ inde$ c we 
expect to secure ! due asc5dancy ( "* & 
intellect ov] ! greg>i\s grossness ( !  
demos8  ,aga91 x is easy en\gh to       
controv]t ,nietzs*e almo/ at any pass by
 demon/rat+ 8 unphilosophic onesid$ness4
 ,7 ,nietzs*e n /ubbornly onesid$1 he   
w\ld surely h conc$$--z any sane-m9d$   
p]son mu/ conc$e 9 ^! times ( suff]+ &  
sacrifice--t *>ity1 self-abnegation1 &  
self-immolation might be view$1 n z     
conclusive pro(s ( deg5]acy1 b on !     
contr>y z signs ( gr[? t[>ds p]fection4 
,besides1 philosoph]s ( ! mti] are sure 
to object to ! haz9ess ( ,nietzs*e's    
idea ( ,vitality :i* 9 tru? is ori5t$1 z
 is 8 philosophy 9 g5]al1 less by ?\ght 
?an by s5tim5t4  ,not)/&+ 8 obvi\s      

connection ) significant contemporane\s 
curr5ts1 ! au?or ( ,z>a?u/ra is altoge!r
 too mu* sui g5]is to be am5able to any 
crude & rigid classification4 ,he may   
plausibly be labell$ an an>*i/1 yet no  
def9ition ( an>*ism w :olly take him 94 
,an>*ism /&s = ! demolition ( ! extant  
social app>atus ( re/ra9t4 ,its battle  
is = ! free det]m9ation ( p]sonal       
happ9ess4 ,nietzs*e's prime conc]n1     
contr>ily1 is ) int]nal self-lib]ation f
 ! obsessive desire = p]sonal happ9ess 9
 any accept$ connotation ( ! t]m2 su*   
happ9ess to him does n con/itute ! *ief 
object ( life4  ,! c>d9al po9t (        
,nietzs*e's doctr9e is miss$ by ^? :o1  
argu+ retrospectively1 exp\nd ! gi/ ( 8 
philosophy z an incitation to b>b>ism4  
,no?+ c be m remote f 8 int5tions ?an ! 
trans=mation ( society into a horde (   
f]oci\s brutes4 ,8 impea*m5t ( m]cy1    
not)/&+ an appe>ance ( reckless impiety1
 is 9 ! la/ analysis no m & no less ?an 
an exp$i5t 9 ! truly romantic pursuit ( 
a new ideal ( ,love4 ,compassion1 9 8   

op9ion1 hamp]s ! progress t[>ds =ms (   
liv+ t %all be pregnant ) a new &       
sup]ior type ( p]fection4 ,& 9 ju/ice to
 ,nietzs*e x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t among
 ! v>i\s manife/ations ( t human fail+  
!re is none he scorns s deeply z c[>dly 
& petty commis]ation ( self4 ,x also    
des]ves to be emphasiz$ t he n[h]e      
endorses selfi%ness :5 ex]cis$ = small  
or sordid objects4 ,i love ! brave4 ,b x
 is n en\gh to be a swordsman1 "o mu/   
also "k aga9/ :om to use ! sword4 ,& (t5
 !re is m brav]y 9 "o's keep+ quiet &   
go+ pa/1 9 ord] to sp>e "o's self = a   
wor?i] enemy3 ,ye %all h only enemies :o
 are to be hat$1 b n enemies :o are to  
be despis$47#bg7 ,despotism mu/ ju/ify  
itself by great & wor?y ends4 ,& no man 
mu/ be p]mitt$ to be h>d t[>ds o!rs :o  
lacks ! /r5g? ( be+ ev5 h>d] t[>ds      
himself4    7#bg7 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1
 p4 #cjd4  ,at all ev5ts x mu/ s]ve a   
bett] purpose to appraise ! practical   
importance ( ,nietzs*e's speculations   
?an blankly to d5\nce _! immoralism4    

,nietzs*e1 x has to be repeat$1 0 n on !
 :ole a creator ( new ideas4 ,8         
extraord9>y influ5ce 9 ! rec5t pa/ is n 
due to any supreme orig9ality or        
f]tility ( m9d2 x is pr$om9antly due to 
8 eagle-w+$ imag9ation4 ,9 him !        
emotional urge ( utt]ance 01 accord+ly1 
incomp>ably m pot5t ?an ! purely        
intellectual =ce ( op9ion3 9 fact !     
texture ( 8 philosophy is wov5 (        
s5sations r ?an ( ideas1 h5ce its       
decid$ly e?ical tr5d4  ,! lat5t value ( 
,nietzs*e's e?ics 9 _! application to   
specific social problems x w\ld be      
extremely difficult to det]m9e4 ,_!     
successful application to g5]al _w      
problems1 if x 7 possible1 w\ld mean !  
ru9 ( ! only =m ( civilization t        
signifies to u4 ,8 philosophy1 if       
swall[$ 9 ! :ole1 poisons2 9 l>ge       
potations1 intoxicates2 b 9 reasonable  
doses1 /r5g!ns & /imulates4 ,su* dang] z
 x h>bors has no relation to grossness4 
,8 call to ! ,joy ( ,liv+ & ,do+ is no  
enc\ragem5t ( vulg> h$onism1 b a *all5ge

 to p]sev]+ ef=t4 ,he urges ! supreme   
importance ( vigor ( body & m9d & =ce ( 
w4 ,o my bre?r51 ,i consecrate y to be1 
& %[ unto y ! way unto a new nobility4  
,ye %all become procreators & bre$]s &  
s[]s ( ! future4--,n :5ce ye come be y\r
 honor 9 future1 b :i!r ye g6 ,y\r w1 & 
y\r foot t longe? to get beyond         
y\rselves1 be t y\r new honor67#bh7     
7#bh7 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1 p4 #bid4   
,x w\ld be a )]+ mi/ake to advocate !   
translation ( ,nietzs*e's poetic dreams 
into ! prose ( reality4 ,unque/ionably 8
 ,utopia if x 7 to be c>ri$ into        
practice w\ld doom to utt] ext9ction !  
_w x is devis$ to reg5]ate4 ,b x is     
g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t prophets h a "r to  
be unreasonable1 & s1 if we w\ld squ>e  
ourselves ) ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e 9 a _s ( 
fairness1 we ought n to =get t ! d>+    
*ampion ( reckless unre/ra9t is likewise
 ! inspir$ apo/le ( action1 p[]1        
en?usiasm1 & aspiration1 9 f9e1 a       
prophet ( ,vitality & a mess5g] ( ,hope4
     ,,iv  ,,! ,,revivalism ,,( ,,leo   

,,tol/oy   ,9 ! intellectual record (   
our times x is "o ( ! odde/ ev5ts t !   
mo/ impressive prea*] :o has tak5 ! e> (
 civiliz$ mank9d 9 ?is g5]ation rais$ up
 8 voice 9 a region :i* 9 respect ( its 
political1 religi\s1 & economic /atus 0 
until rec5tly1 by fairly common cons5t1 
rul$ (f ! map ( ,europe4 ,! greate/     
humanit>ian ( 8 c5tury sprang up 9 a l& 
*iefly *>act]iz$ 9 ! g5]al judgm5t ( !  
outside _w by ! reactionism ( its       
gov]nm5t & ! /olid ignorance ( its      
populace4 ,a c\ntry /ill teem+ )        
analphabeticians & prov]bial = its d5se 
m$ievalism gave to ! _w a writ] :o by ! 
great quality ( 8 art & ! l(ty          
spiritualism ( 8 tea*+ 0 able n only to 
obta9 a wide he>+ ?r\gh\t all civiliz$  
c\ntries1 b to become a di/9ct factor 9 
! moral evolution ( ! age4 ,! /upefy+   
ev5ts t h rec5tly revolutioniz$ !       
,russian /ate h giv5 ! _w an inkl+ ( !  
secrets ( ! ,slavic type ( temp]am5t1 s 
my/ify+ 9 its commixture ( simplicity & 
/r5g? on ! "o h& ) grossness & /upidity1

 & on ! o!r h& ) ! highe/ spirituality &
 idealism4 ,= su* p z 9 ^! infuriat$    
times /ill keep up "s objective &       
judici\s int]e/ 9 products ( ! lit]>y   
art1 ! volcanic upheaval 9 ! social life
 ( ,russia has probably ?r[n "s (       
,tol/oy's less palpable figures into a  
great] pla/ic relief4 ,tol/oy's own "*1 
too1 has become m tangible 9 its curi\s 
composition4 ,! close analogy betwe5 8  
p]sonal !ories & ! dom9ant impulses ( 8 
race has n[ be5 made pat5t4 ,we are     
bett] able to und]/& ! p ( :om he wrote 
because we h come to "k bett] ! p = :om 
he wrote4  ,! emphasis ( ,tol/oy's      
popul> appeal 0 unque/ionably enhanc$ by
 c]ta9 ecc5tricities ( 8 doctr9e1 & /ill
 m by 8 picturesque ef=ts to con=m 8    
mode ( life1 by way ( necess>y example1 
to 8 pr(ess$ !ory ( social elevation4 ,!
 p]sonality ( ,tol/oy1 l ! "* ( !       
,russian p1 is _m-sid$1 & s9ce its      
aspects are n m>k$ (f by conv5i5t l9es (
 division1 b are1 r1 comm+l$ 9 ! great &
 v>i$ mass ( 8 lit]>y a*ievem5ts1 x is n

 easy to make a def9itive =eca/ ( 8     
hi/oric position4 ,t5tatively1 h[ev]1 ! 
curr5t critical e/imate may be summ$ up 
9 ?is3 z a creative writ]1 9 p>ticul> ( 
novels & %ort /ories1 he /ood mat*less  
among ! reali/s1 & ! v]dict pron\nc$ at 
"o "t by ,william ,dean ,h[ells :5 he   
ref]r$ to ,tol/oy z ! only liv+ writ] ( 
p]fect fiction is n likely to be ov]rul$
 by po/]ity4 ,nor w compet5t judges     
ga9say 8 supreme importance z a critic &
 moral revivali/ ( society1 ev5 ?\gh !y 
may be s]i\sly dispos$ to "q :e!r 8     
pr9ciples ( conduct con/itute 9 _!      
aggregate a canon ( mu* practical wor? =
 ! ne$s ( ! we/]n _w4 ,z a philosoph] or
 an orig9al ?9k]1 h[ev]1 he w h>dly     
ma9ta9 ! place accord$ him by ! less    
disc]n+ among 8 multitud9\s foll[]s1 = 9
 8 p]si/5t attempt to f9d a new way (   
und]/&+ life he mu/ be said to h        
signally fail$4 ,wisdom 9 him 0 hamp]$  
by ,utopian fancies2 8 dogmas d]ive f   
idiosyncrasies & lead into absurdities4 
,!n1 too1 mo/ ( 8 t5ets are easily trac$

 to _! s\rces3 9 8 vag>ies z well z 9 8 
noble/ & s\nde/ aspirations he 0 m]ely  
cont9u+ "w :i* o!rs _h prep>$4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,an objective survey ( ,tol/oy's "w 9   
reali/ic fiction1 9 :i* he rank$        
supreme1 %\ld />t ) ! admission t he 0  
by no means ! fir/ arrival among !      
,russians 9 t field4 ,ni*olas ,gogol1   
,f$or ,do/oievsky1 & ,ivan ,turg5ieff _h
 ! priority by a small m>g94 ,( ^! ?ree 
p[]ful noveli/s1 ,do/oievsky            
7#ahba-ahha7 has probably _h an ev5     
/rong] influ5ce ^u mod]n lett]s ?an has 
,tol/oy himself4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/    
writ]s ( romance to %[ ! y\ng] g5]ation 
h[ to f\nd fiction ^u deep] psy*ologic  
k4 ,8 greate/ pr(ici5cy lay1 z is apt to
 be ! case ) writ]s ( a reali/ic b5t1 9 
deal+ ) ! d>ke/ side ( life4 ,! wret*$ &
 outca/ portion ( humanity yield$ to 8  
skill its mo/ cong5ial mat]ial4 ,8      
novels--,poor ,folk1 7#ahdf71 ,memoirs f
 a ,dead ,h\se1 7#ahfb71 ,raskolnik(f1  
7#ahff71 ,! ,idiot1 7#ahfh71 ,!         

,k>amas(fs1 7#ahgi7--take ! read] into  
company su* z _h h]et(ore n ga9$ op5    
entrance to polite lit]ature3 crim9als1 
defectives1 paup]s1 & pro/itutes4 ,yet  
he did n dwell ^u ! wret*$ness ( t      
subm]g$ section ( humanity f any p]v]se 
delight 9 :at is hide\s or = !          
satisfaction ( read]s afflict$ ) morbid 
curiosity1 b f a compell+ s5se ( pity & 
bro!rly love4 ,8 works are an appeal to 
*>ity4 ,9 !m1 ! imp]dible grace ( ! s\l 
%9es ?r\gh ! uglie/ outw>d disguise to  
w9 a glance f ! habitual indiff]5ce (   
=tune's enfants gts4 ,do/oievsky prec$$ 
,tol/oy 9 frankly enli/+ 8 tal5ts 9 !   
s]vice ( 8 outca/ bre?r54 ,) ! same     
ideal ( ! writ]'s mission held 9 /eady  
view1 ,tol/oy turn$ 8 att5tion f ! />t1 
& !n m & m z 8 "w advanc$1 to ! pitiable
 condition ( ! l[] ord]s ( society4 ,x  
mu/ n be =gott5 9 ?is connection t 8    
c>e] 0 syn*ron\s ) ! gr[? ( a social    
revolution :i*1 hav+ rea*$ its full =ce 
9 ^! days1 is mak+ ,russia ov] = bett]  
or = worse1 & ^: wellspr+s ,tol/oy helps

 u to fa?om4                     99     
99       99       99       99  ,= !     
g5]al gr\p+ ( 8 writ+s x is conv5i5t to 
foll[ ,tol/oy's own division ( 8 life4  
,8 dreamy poetical *ildhood 0 succe$$ by
 ?ree cle>ly di/9ct /ages3 fir/1 a score
 ( ye>s fill$ up ) self-indulg5t        
worldl9ess2 next1 a ne>ly equal l5g? (  
"t devot$ to arti/ic ambition1 e>ne/    
m$itation1 & helpful social "w2 la/1 by 
a m gradual transition1 ! ascetic p]iod1
 cov]+ a long /ret* ( ye>s giv5 up to   
religi\s illum9ation & to ! /r5u\s      
advocacy ( ! ,simple ,life4  ,!         
rem>kable spiritual evolution ( ?is     
great man 0 app>5tly gov]n$ f> m by     
inborn t5d5cies ?an by ! work+s (       
exp]i5ce4 ,( ,tol/oy 9 8 *ildhood1 y\?1 
middle age1 & s5esc5ce we ga9 tru/wor?y 
impressions f num]\s autobiographical   
docum5ts1 b "h we %all h to =ego any?+ m
 ?an a pass+ ref]5ce to ! ess5tial facts
 ( 8 c>e]4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f an           
ari/ocratic family ( ,g]man /ock b      
domicil$ 9 ,russia s9ce ! f\rte5?       

c5tury4 ,! ye> ( 8 bir? 0 #ahbh1 ! same 
z ,ibs5's4 ,9 y\? he 0 ba%ful1 ecc5tric1
 & amaz+ly ill-favor$4 ,! la/-nam$ ( ^! 
h&icaps he outgrew b late 9 life1 /ill  
lat] did he get ov] 8 ba%fulness1 & 8   
ecc5tricity nev] left him4 ,8 p5*ant = !
 infraction ( cu/om ne>ly put a         
premature /op to 8 c>e] :5 9 8 ur*9 days
 he once ?rew himself f a w9d[ 9 an     
improvis$ exp]im5t 9 a]ial navigation4  
,at ! age ( f\rte5 he 0 mu* tak5 up )   
subtile speculations ab\t ! mo/ anci5t &
 vex+ ( human problems3 ! future life1 &
 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,ent]+ !        
univ]sity at fifte51 he devot$ himself 9
 ! beg9n+ to ! /udy ( ori5tal languages1
 b lat] on 8 int]e/ %ift$ to ! law4 ,at 
sixte5 he 0 already imbu$ ) ! doctr9es (
 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau t 7 to play su*
 an important rle 9 guid+ 8 conduct4 ,9 
#ahdf he pass$ out ( ! univ]sity )\t a  
degree1 c>ry+ away no?+ b a la/+ regret 
ov] 8 wa/$ "t4 ,he w5t directly to 8    
ance/ral e/ates1 ) ! ideali/ic int5tion 
to make ! mo/ ( ! opportunity af=d$ him 

by ! patri>*al relation%ip t exi/$ 9    
,russia betwe5 ! l&hold] & ! adscripti  
glebae & to improve ! condition ( 8 sev5
 hundr$ dep5d5ts4 ,8 ef=ts1 h[ev]1 7    
=$oom$ to failure1 p>tly ?r\gh 8 lack ( 
exp]i5ce1 p>tly also ?r\gh a c]ta9 want 
( s9c]ity or t5acity ( purpose4 ,!      
exp]im5t 9 social education hav+        
abruptly come to its end1 !             
disillusioniz$ re=m] ?rew himself       
headlong into ! div]sions & dissipations
 ( ! capital city4 ,9 8 ,confession he  
ref]s to t *apt] ( 8 exi/5ce z made up  
:olly ( s5suality & worldl9ess4 ,he 0   
inord9ately pr\d ( 8 noble bir?1--at    
college 8 in*oate apo/le%ip ( ! univ]sal
 bro!rhood ( man did n %ield him f a    
g5]al dislike on acc\nt ( 8             
arrogance1--& he cultivat$ ! mo/        
exclusive social circles ( ,mosc[4 ,he  
freely indulg$ ! love ( sports t 0 to   
cl+ ?r\gh life & keep him /rong & supple
 ev5 9 v old age4 7,up to a %ort "t be=e
 8 dea? he /ill rode horseback & p]haps 
none ( ! r5unciations exact$ by 8       

pr9ciples came s h>d z t ( giv+ up 8    
favorite pa/ime ( hunt+47 ,b he also    
fell into ! evil ways ( gild$ y\?1 soon 
a*iev+ notoriety z a top]1 gambl]1 &    
c\rreur des femmes4 ,aft] a :ile 8      
bro!r1 :o 0 a p]son ( /eadi] habits & :o
 _h great influ5ce ov] him1 p]suad$ him 
to quit 8 pr(ligate mode ( liv+ & to jo9
 him at 8 milit>y po/4 ,"u ! brac+      
effect ( ! *ange1 ! "y man's moral      
en]gies quickly reviv$4 ,9 ! wilds ( !  
,caucasus he at once grew fre] & clean]2
 8 deep affection = ! half-civiliz$ l&  
ende>$ him bo? to ! ,cossack natives & !
 ,russian soldi]s4 ,he ent]$ ! army at  
tw5ty-?ree1 & f ,novemb]1 #ahec1 up to !
 fall ( ,seba/opol 9 ! summ] ( #ahee1   
s]v$ 9 ! ,crimean campaign4 ,he ent]$ ! 
fam\s =tress 9 ,novemb]1 #ahed1 & 0     
among ! la/ ( its def5d]s4 ,! indelible 
impressions made ^u 8 m9d by ! h]oism ( 
8 comrades1 ! awful sc5es & ! appall+   
suff]+ he _h to witness1 7 responsible  
!n & lat] = descriptions z h>r[+ & z    
/irr+ z any t ! w> lit]ature ( our own  

day has produc$4  ,9 ! ,crimea he made 8
 db z a writ]4 ,among ! tales ( 8 m>tial
 p]iod ! mo/ popul> & p]haps ! mo/      
excell5t is ! "o call$ ,! ,cossacks4    
,turg5ieff pron\nc$ x ! be/ %ort /ory   
ev] writt5 9 ,russian1 & x is surely no 
undue exagg]ation to say ( ,tol/oy's    
novelettes 9 g5]al t 9 po9t ( te*nical  
ma/]y !y are unsurpass$4  ,sick at he>t 
ov] ! un5d+ blood%$ 9 ! ,caucasus ! "y  
(fic] made 8 way back to ,petrograd1 &  
"h1 lioniz$ 9 ! salons d\bly1 fur 8     
feats at arms & 9 lett]s1 he seems to h 
return$1 )9 m temp]ate limits1 to 8 =m] 
/yle ( liv+4 ,at any rate1 9 8 own      
judgm5t ! ensu+ ?ree ye>s 7 utt]ly wa/$4
 ,! m5tal inanity & moral corruption all
 ab\t him swell$ 8 s5se ( sup]iority &  
self-righte\sness4 ,! gl>+ humbug &     
hypocrisy t p]meat$ 8 social environm5t 
01 h[ev]1 m ?an he c\ld long endure4    
,hav+ resign$ 8 (fic]'s commission he   
w5t abroad 9 #aheg1 to ,switz]l&1       
,g]many1 & ,france4 ,! /udies &         
obs]vations made 9 ^! travels seal$ 8   

resolution to settle d[n = good on 8    
doma9 & to consecrate 8 life to ! welf>e
 ( 8 peasants4 ,b a survey ( ! situation
 f\nd ^u 8 return made him realize t    
no?+ c\ld be done = ! muzhik )\t        
sy/ematic education3 !re=e1 9 ord] to   
prep>e himself = efficaci\s "w z a      
tea*]1 he sp5t "s fur!r "t abroad =     
special /udy1 9 #ahei4 ,aft] t1 !       
educational labor 0 tak5 up 9 full      
e>ne/4 ,! "l ( ! l& became ! s*oolma/] (
 8 subjects1 re5=c+ ! effect ( viva voce
 tea*+ by means ( a p]iodical publi%$   
expressly = _! moral uplift4 ,?is "w he 
cont9u$ = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 8 hopes (     
success n[ ris+1 n[ fall+1 :5 9 a fit ( 
despond5cy he aga9 ab&on$ 8 philan?ropic
 ef=ts4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 #ahfb1 he m>ri$   
,sophia ,&reyevna ,behrs1 ! daught] ( a 
,mosc[ physician4 ,) *>act]i/ic hone/y  
he =c$ 8 private di>y on 8 fiance1 :o 0 
only eighte51 s t %e might "k ! full    
tru? ab\t 8 pre-conjugal c\rse ( liv+4  
,ab\t ! ,c\ntess ,tol/oy mu* has be5    
said 9 praise & blame4 ,let h] record   

speak = itself4 ,( h] union ) ! great   
noveli/ ?irte5 *ildr5 7 born1 ( :om n9e 
rea*$ an adult age4 ,! "m nurs$ & t5d$  
!m all1 ) h] own h&s made _! clo!s1 &   
until !y grew to ! age ( t5 suppli$ to  
!m ! place ( a s*oolmi/ress4 ,x mu/ n be
 inf]r$ f ?is t h] horizon did n ext5d  
beyond nurs]y & kit*51 = dur+ ! e>li]   
ye>s %e act$ also z h] husb&'s          
invaluable amanu5sis4 ,be=e ! days ( !  
typewrit] 8 volum9\s manuscripts 7 all  
copi$ by h] h&1 & recopi$ & revis$--9 ! 
case ( ,w> & ,peace ?is happ5$ no less  
?an sev5 times1 & ! novel runs to sixte5
 hundr$ close-pr9t$ pages6--& "u h]     
sup]vision 8 num]\s works 7 n only pr9t$
 b also publi%$ & circulat$4 ,moreov]1  
%e manag$ 8 prop]ties1 l&$1 p]sonal1 &  
lit]>y1 to ! incalculable advantage ( ! 
family =tune4 ,?is end1 to be sure1 %e  
accompli%$ by cons]vative & reliable    
me?ods ( bus9ess2 = :ile ( 8 lit]>y     
g5ius %e 0 ! greate/ admir]1 %e nev] 0 9
 full accord ) 8 communi/ic notions4 ,& 
! highe/ pro( ( all h] extraord9>y      

,t*tigkeit & devotion is t by h] common 
s5se & tact %e 0 enabl$ to function = a 
lifetime z a sort ( buff] betwe5 h]     
husb&'s _w-remov$ dreaml& exi/5ce & !   
rigid & frigid reality ( facts4  ,?us   
,tol/oy's en]gies 7 left to g undivid$  
into lit]>y production2 its am\nt1 z a  
result1 0 enorm\s4 ,if all 8 writ+s 7 to
 be collect$1 includ+ ! unpubli%$       
manuscripts n[ repos+ 9 ! ,rumyantz(f   
,museum1 :i* are said to be ab\t equal 9
 quantity to ! publi%$ works1 & if to   
?is collection 7 add$ 8 innum]able      
lett]s1 mo/ ( :i* are ( v great int]e/1 
! complete set ( ,tol/oy's works w\ld   
run to consid]ably m ?an "o hundr$      
volumes4 ,to discuss all ( ,tol/oy's    
writ+s1 or ev5 to m5tion all1 is "h q   
out ( ! "q4 ,all ^?1 h[ev]1 t seem vital
 = ! purpose ( a j e/imate &            
*>act]ization w be t\*$ ^u4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,! lit]>y fame ( ,tol/oy 0 abundantly   
secur$ already 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life by 
8 num]\s %ort /ories & sket*es4 ,! ?ree 

rem>kable p5 pictures ( ! siege (       
,seba/opol1 & tales su* z ,! ,cossacks1 
,two ,huss>s1 ,poliku%ka1 ,! ,sn[-,/orm1
 ,! ,enc\nt]1 ,! ,invasion1 ,! ,captive 
9 ! ,caucasus1 ,luc]ne1 ,alb]t1 & _m    
o!rs1 reveal$ toge!r ) an exceptional   
dep? ( insight an extraord9>y pla/ic    
ability & skill ( motivation2 9 fact !y 
des]ve to be set z p]man5t examples be=e
 ! eyes ( e aspir+ au?or4 ,9 _! *>act]s 
& _! sett+ !y pres5t true & racy        
pictures ( a port5t\s epo*1 intimate    
/udies ( ! human s\l t are full ( *>m & 
fasc9ation1 not)/&+ _! tragic sadness ( 
outlook4 ,manife/ly ?is au?or 0 a prose 
poet ( su* m>vel\s p[] t he c\ld ab/a9  
consi/5tly f ! use ( sweep+ color1      
ov]wr\ght s5tim5t1 & high rhetorical    
invective4  ,at ?is season ,tol/oy1 :ile
 he refra9$ f foll[+ any ( ! approv$    
lit]>y models1 0 pay+ mu* att5tion to ! 
arti/ic ref9em5t ( 8 /yle4 ,!re 0 to be 
a "t :5 he w\ld abjure all consid]ations
 ( arti/ry on ! gr\nd t by !m ! e?ical  
issue 9 a n>ration is becl\d$4 ,b x w\ld

 be tru] to say conv]sely t 9 8 own lat]
 works1 s9ce ,anna ,k>59a1 ! cl>ity ( ! 
arti/ic design 0 dimm$ by ! obtrusive   
didactic purpose4 ,=tunately ! arti/ic  
int]e/ 0 n yet :olly subord9at$ to !    
religi\s urge :ile ! ?ree great novels 7
 9 c\rse ( composition3 ,w> & ,peace1   
7#ahfd-fi71 ,anna ,k>59a1 7fir/ "p1     
#ahgc2 publi%$ complete 9 #ahgg71 &     
,resurrection1 7#ahii74 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! 
is usually accord$ ! highe/ place among 
all ( ,tol/oy's works2 x is by ?is "w t 
he takes 8 position z ! *ief epic poet (
 mod]n times4 ,w> & ,peace is inde$ an  
epic r ?an a novel 9 ! ord9>y mean+4    
,play+ aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( trem5d\s     
hi/orical transactions1 ! n>rative      
su/a9s ! epic "* n only 9 ! hug5ess (   
its dim5sions1 b equally 9 ! qualities (
 its te*nique4 ,!re is v little comm5t  
by ! au?or ^u ! ev5ts1 & m]ely a t\* (  
subjective irony "h & !re4 ,! /ory is   
/raight=w>dly told z x 0 liv$ out by its
 *>act]s4 ,tol/oy has n !               
self-complac5cy to ?ru/ 9 ! odds & ends 

( 8 p]sonal philosophy1 z is done s     
annoy+ly ev5 by a writ] ( ,george       
,m]$i?'s consequ5ce1 nor does he ev]    
treat 8 read]s ) ! almo/ simian         
imp]t95ce s successfully affect$ by a   
,b]n>d ,%aw4 ,if ,w> & ,peace has any   
faults1 !y are ! faults ( its virtues1 &
 spr+ ma9ly f an unmeasur$ prodigality (
 ! creative gift4 ,z a result (         
,tol/oy's excessive range ( vision1 !   
ord]ly progress ( ev5ts 9 t great novel 
is brok5 up some:at by ! pr(usion (     
%apes t monopolize ! att5tion "o at a "t
 mu* z individual spots 9 a l&scape d "u
 ! sweep+ gl>e ( ! se>*-light4 ,yet     
al?\gh 9 ! ext]nalization ( ?is cr[d+   
multitude ( figures no necess>y detail  
is lack+1 ! gr& movem5t z a :ole is n   
swamp$ by ! details4 ,! entire /ory is  
gov]n$ by ! conception ( ev5ts z an     
emanation ( ! cosmic w1 n m]ely z !     
consequ5ce ( impulses proce$+ f a few   
puissant g5iuses ( ! ,napoleonic ord]4  
,x is q 9 accord ) su* a view ( hi/ory t
 ! ma*9]y ( ?is volum9\s epopee is n set

 9 motion by a s+le conspicu\s          
protagoni/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is     
some:at baffl+ to try to "n ! pr9cipals 
9 ! /ory1 s9ce 9 arti/ic importance all 
! figures are on an equal foot+ be=e _! 
mak]2 possibly ! fact t ,tol/oy's e?ical
 !ory embodi$ ! mo/ p]si/5t prote/ ev]  
rais$ aga9/ ! inequality ( social e/ates
 prov$ n insignificant = 8 mann] (      
*>act]ization4 ,e?ical ju/ice1 h[ev]1 is
 c>ri$ to an arti/ic fault1 = ! feel+s &
 reactions ( human nature 9 s _m div]se 
individuals lead to an intricacy &      
subtlety ( motivation :i* obscures !    
organic causes ?r\gh ov]zeal 9 mak+ !m  
pat5t4 ,anyway1 ,tol/oy au!nticates     
himself 9 ?is novel z a pa/ ma/] (      
realism1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 utt]ly conv9c+  
depictm5t ( ,russian soldi] life4 ,& z a
 pa9t] ( ! battlefield he ranks1 all[+ =
 ! diff]5ce ( ! m$ium1 ) ,vasili        
,v]e/s*ag9 at 8 be/4 ,x may be said 9   
pass+ t ^! two ,russian pacifi/s1 by _! 
gruesome exposition ( ! horrors ( w>1   
ar\s$ m s5tim5t aga9/ w>f>e ?an did all 

! spectacul> & exp5sive peace conf]5ces 
inaugurat$ by ! cr[n$ b holl[ head ( _! 
nation1 & ! spl5did declamations ( !    
possessors (1 or aspirants =1 ! late    
,mr4 ,nobel's =ty-?\s& doll> prize4  ,l 
all true reali/s1 ,tol/oy took great    
pa9s to in=m himself ev5 ab\t ! m9uti ( 
8 subjects1 b he nev] fail$1 z did 9    
l>ge measure ,zola 9 ,la ,dbcle1 to     
infuse emotional mean+ into ! /atic     
monotony ( facts & figures4 ,9 8 /rong  
atta*m5t = 8 own human creatures he is m
 ne>ly ak9 to ! idealiz+ or s5tim5taliz+
 type ( reali/s1 l ,daudet1 ,kipl+1     
,hauptmann1 ?an to ! d[nright           
matt]-(-fact naturali/s su* z ,zola or  
,gorki4 ,b to classify him at all w\ld  
be wrong & futile1 s9ce he 0 nev] leagu$
 ) lit]>y cre$s & cliques & always /ood 
alo( f ! heat$ !oretical controv]sies ( 
8 "t ev5 aft] he _h hurl$ 8 great       
inclusive *all5ge to art4  ,w> & ,peace 
0 writt5 9 ,tol/oy's happie/ epo*1 at a 
"t1 comp>atively speak+1 ( spiritual    
calm4 ,he _h n[ rea*$ "s satisfy+       

convictions 9 8 religi\s speculations1 &
 felt t 8 p]sonal life 0 mov+ up 9 ! "r 
direction4 ,8 moral *ange is made pla9 9
 ! contra/ betwe5 two figures ( ! /ory1 
,pr9ce ,&rey & ,pet] ,bezukh(f3 !       
ambiti\s worldl+ & ! hone/ seek] aft] ! 
"r way4  ,9 8 second great novel1 ,anna 
,k>59a1 ! und]curr5t ( ! au?or's own    
moral exp]i5ce has a di/9ctly great]    
c>ry+ p[]4 ,x is ?r\gh ! e>ne/ ideali/1 
,lev9e1 t ,tol/oy has record$ 8 own     
aspirations4 ,*>act]i/ically1 he does n 
make ,lev9e ! c5tral figure4  ,anna     
,k>59a is und\bt$ly f> f pleasant read+1
 s9ce x is ! tragical recital ( an      
adult]\s love4 ,b ! situation1 ) its    
appall+ consequ5ce ( sorr[1 is seiz$ 9  
its fulle/ psy*ological dep? & by ?is   
means sav$ f be+ 9 any way (f5sive4 ,!  
relation betwe5 ! pr9cipals is view$ z  
by no means an ord9>y liaison4 ,anna &  
,vronsky are s]i\s-m9d$1 honorable      
p]sons1 :o h /ruggl$ consci5ti\sly aga9/
 _! mutual en*antm5t1 b are swept out ( 
_! own moral orbits by ! resi/less =ce (

 ,fate4 ,?is fatali/ic elem5t 9 ! trag$y
 is v>i\sly emphasiz$2 s at ! beg9n+ ( !
 /ory1 :]e ,anna1 9 h] emotional        
confusion /ill half-ignorant ( h]       
infatuation1 sudd5ly realizes h] love = 
,vronsky2 or 9 ! sc5e at ! horse races  
:]e he meets ) an accid5t4 ,?r\gh\t !   
n>rative ! psy*ological argum5tation is 
beyond criticism4 ,witness ! description
 ( ,anna's husb&1 a sort ( c\s9-9-k9d ( 
,ibs5's ,?orvald ,helm]1 reflect+ on 8  
future c\rse aft] 8 wife's confession ( 
h] unfai?fulness4 ,or t o!r episode1    
p]haps ! greate/ ( !m all1 :5 ,anna1 at 
! po9t ( dea?1 jo9s toge!r ! h&s ( h]   
husb& & h] lov]4 ,or1 f9ally1 ! picture 
( ,anna z %e des]ts h] home leav+ h] son
 beh9d 9 volunt>y expiation ( h]        
wrong-do+1 an act1 by ! way1 t betrays a
 nicety ( consci5ce f> too subtle = !   
,rhadamant9e inquisitors :o dem& to "k  
:y1 if ,anna w\ld atone to ,k>591 does  
%e g ) ,vronsky8 ,h[ p]fectly true to   
life1 subsequ5tly1 is ! rapid dgr+olade 
( ?is passion "u ! gnaw+ curse ( !      

homeless1 workless1 purposeless exi/5ce 
:i* little by little disunites ! lov]s6 
,only ! end may be some:at op5 to d\bt1 
) its meta/asis ( ! h]o9e's "*1--unless 
inde$ we consid] ! sweep+ *ange acc\nt$ 
= by ! !ory ( duplex p]sonality4 ,%e    
h]self believes t !re are two q diff]5t 
wom5 alive 9 h]1 ! "o /eadfa/ly loyal to
 h] obligations1 ! o!r bl9dly driv5 into
 s9 by ! demon ( h] uncontrollable      
temp]am5t4  ,9 ! p[] ( analysis1 ,anna  
,k>59a is beyond d\bt ,tol/oy's         
ma/]piece1 & yet 9 its _m discursive    
passages x already =e%ad[s !            
dis9tegration ( 8 art1 or m precisely1  
its ultimate capitulation to moral      
propag&ism4 ,= x 0 :ile at "w ^u ?is    
great novel t ! old p]plexities return$ 
to bewild] 8 s\l4 ,9 ! tumultu\s        
agitation ( 8 consci5ce1 ! crucial &    
fundam5tal que/ions1 ,:y ,d ,we ,live8 &
 ,h[ ,%\ld ,we ,live8 c\ld nev]more be  
sil5c$4 ,n[ a def9itive attitude t[>d   
life is =m+2 to x all ! lat] works be> a
 vital relation4 ,& s1 9 reg>d to _!    

moral outlook1 ,tol/oy's books may fitly
 be divid$ into ^? writt5 be=e & ^?     
writt5 s9ce 8 conv]sion4 ,anna ,k>59a   
happ5s to be on ! divid+ l9e4  ,he 0 a  
man well pa/ fifty1 ( enviable social   
position1 9 prosp]\s circum/ances1      
widely celebrat$ = 8 art1 highly        
respect$ = 8 "*1 & 9 8 dome/ic life     
bless$ ) e reason = cont5tm5t4 ,yet all 
! gifts ( =tune sank into insignificance
 be=e t vex+1 unansw]$ ,:y8 ,9 ! face ( 
a p>alyz+ univ]sal aimlessness1 !re c\ld
 be to him no abid+ s5se ( life 9 8     
p]sonal enjoym5ts & desires4 ,! burd5 ( 
life became /ill less endurable face to 
face ) ! exi/5ce ( evil & ) ! wret*$ness
 ( our social arrangem5ts4 ,) s mu* toil
 & tr\ble1 squalor1 ignorance1 crime1 & 
e conceivable k9d ( bodily & m5tal      
suff]+ all ab\t me1 :y %\ld ,i be       
privileg$ to live 9 luxury & idl5ess8   
,?is ev] recurr+ "q w\ld n p]mit him to 
enjoy 8 possessions )\t self-reproa*4   
,to ?9k ( ?\s&s ( fell[m5 lack+ ! v     
necess>ies1 made afflu5ce & its         

concomitant ways ( liv+ odi\s to him4   
,we "k t 9 #ahhd1 or !reab\ts1 he       
radically *ang$ 8 views & modes ( life s
 z to br+ !m into con=mity ) ! laws ( ! 
,gospel4 ,b be=e ?is conv]sion1 9 !     
despair+ angui% t attack$ him aft] !    
completion ( ,anna ,k>59a1 he 0         
frequ5tly tempt$ to suicide4 ,al?\gh !  
?\ght ( dea? 0 v t]rible to him !n & at 
all times1 /ill he w\ld r p]i% ?an live 
on 9 a _w made he9\s & hateful by !     
iniquity ( m54 ,!n x 0 t he se>*$ = a   
reason :y ! va/ proportion ( humanity   
endure life1 nay enjoy x1 & :y          
self-de/ruction is condemn$ by ! g5]al  
op9ion1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t = mo/  
mortals exi/5ce is ev5 h>d] ?an x c\ld h
 be5 = him1 s9ce he at lea/ 0 %ield$ f  
mat]ial want & liv$ amid lov+ s\ls4 ,!  
answ] he f\nd 9 ! end seem$ to lead by a
 /raight road out ( ! wild]ness ( d\bt &
 despair4 ,! great majority1 s he       
asc]ta9$1 are able to be> ! burd5 ( life
 because !y he$ ! anci5t injunction3 ora
 et labora2 !y "w & !y believe4 ,might  

he n sweet5 8 lot aft] ! same           
prescription8 ,be+ ( a delicate         
spiritual s5sibility1 he _h long realiz$
 t p ( ! idle class 7 = ! mo/ "p inw>dly
 indiff]5t to religion & 9 _! actions   
defiant ( its _s4 ,9 ! upp] /rata (     
society religi\s ?\ght1 :]e x exi/s1 is 
l>gely adult]at$ or weak5$2 sophi/icat$ 
by education1 doctor$ by sci5ce1 ?9n$   
out ) worldly ambitions & ) practical   
ne$s & consid]ations4 ,! fai? t supports
 life is f\nd only among simple folk4 ,=
 fai?1 to des]ve ! "n1 mu/ be absolute1 
uncritical1 unreason+4 ,/>t+ f ^!       
convictions z a basis1 ,tol/oy          
resolutely und]took to le>n to believe2 
a det]m9ation :i* l$ him1 z x has l$ o!r
 ard5t religioni/s1 s f> a/ray f        
ecclesia/ical pa?s t 9 due c\rse ( "t he
 0 unavoidably excommunicat$ f 8 *ur*4  
,8 convictions made him a vehem5t       
antagoni/ ( *ur*dom because ( its       
/iffness ( cre$ & laxness ( practice4 ,=
 8 own "p he soon arriv$ at a full &    
absolute acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 

:at he consid]$ to be its primitive &   
ess5tial =m4 ,9 ,walk ,ye 9 ! ,light1   
7#ahic71 ! rev]sion ( a confirm$ worldl+
 to ?is orig9al conception ( ,*ri/ianity
 gives ! /ory ( ! writ]'s own *ange (   
he>t4  ,to ! p]iod "u discussion belongs
 ,tol/oy's drama1 ,! ,p[] ( ,d>kness1   
7#ahhf747bi7 ,x is a piece ( mat*less   
realism1 probably ! fir/ unmix$ly       
naturali/ic play ev] wr\ght out4 ,x is  
brutally1 t]ribly true to life1 & t to  
life at its wor/1 bo? 9 respect ( ! plot
 & ! actors1 :o are individualiz$ d[n to
 ! m9ute/ *>act]i/ics ( utt]ance &      
ge/ure4 ,)al x is a species ( mod]n     
morality1 replete ) a re=matory purpose 
t reflects deeply ! au?or's t5sely      
didactic /ate ( m9d4 ,8 in/ructional    
zeal is height5$ by intimate k ( !      
,russian peasant1 on 8 good side z well 
z on 8 bad4 ,"s ( 8 %ort /ories are     
crass pictures ( ! muzhik's be/ial      
degradation1 v]itable patt]n c>ds (     
human & inhuman vices4 ,9 o!r /ories1   
aga91 ! deep-seat$ piety ( ! muzhik1 & 8

 patri>*al simplicity ( he>t are        
portray$4 ,z in/ance1 ! /ory ( ,two ,old
 ,m51 7#ahhe71 :o are pl$g$ to atta9 !  
,holy ,l&3 ! "o p]=ms 8 v[ to ! lett]1 !
 o!r1 mu* ! godli] ( ! two1 is kept f 8 
goal by a "w ( practical *>ity4 ,9 ano!r
 /ory a muzhik is falsely accus$ ( murd]
 & accepts 8 undes]v$ puni%m5t 9 a dev\t
 _s ( non-resi/ance4 ,9 a ?ird1 a poor  
cobbl] :o intuitively walks 9 ! light is
 deem$ wor?y ( a visit f ,*ri/4    7#bi7
 ,! only trag$y br\ght out dur+ 8 life  
"t4  ,9 ,! ,p[] ( ,d>kness1 ! d>ke/     
traits ( peasant life prevail1 yet !    
frightful picture is someh[ ,*ri/ianiz$1
 z x 71 s t ev5 ! miscreant ,nikita1 9  
spite ( 8 mon/r\s crimes1 is sure ( our 
pr(\nd compassion4 ,we are gripp$ at ! v
 he>t/r+s by t great confession sc5e :]e
 he /utt]s out 8 budget ( malefactions1 
=c$ by 8 awak5$ consci5ce & urg$ on by 8
 old fa!r3 ,speak out1 my *ild1 speak x 
(f y\r s\l1 !n y w feel easi]4  ,! ,p[] 
( ,d>kness 0 giv5 its c\nt]p>t 9 !      
satirical com$y1 ,fruits ( ,culture1    

7#ahhi74 ,! wick$ness ( ref9$ society is
 m m]cilessly excoriat$ ?an l[-liv$     
infamy4 ,b arti/ically consid]$ !       
peasant trag$y is f> sup]ior to !       
society play4                     99    
99       99       99       99  ,tol/oy 0
 a pessimi/ bo? by temp]am5t &          
philosophical p]suasion4 ,?is is made   
manife/ among o!r ?+s by ! prom95t place
 :i* ! idea ( ,dea? occupies 9 8 writ+s4
 ,8 feel+s are express$ ) /rik+         
simplicity by "o ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 
,w> & ,peace3 ,"o mu/ (t5 ?9k ( dea?1 s 
t x may lose its t]rors = u1 cease to be
 an enemy1 & become on ! contr>y a fri5d
 t deliv]s u f ?is life ( mis]ies4      
,/ill1 9 ,tol/oy's /ories1 dea?1 z a    
rule1 is a haunt+ spectre4 ,?is         
conception comes to ! =e ev5 long aft] 8
 conv]sion 9 a /ory l ,ma/] & ,man4     
,?r\gh\t 8 lit]>y activity x has an     
obsessive hold on 8 m9d4 ,ev5 ! %ad[+ ( 
! animal m9d by ! ubiquit\s spectre     
gives rise to a /ory3 ,*ol/omj]1 ,!     
,/ory ( a ,horse1 7#ahfa71 & 9 "o ( !   

e>li] tales ev5 ! dea? ( a tree is      
pictur$4 ,dea? is mo/ t]rify+ :51 d5ud$ 
( its h]oic embelli%m5ts 9 battle pieces
 su* z ,! ,dea? ( a ,soldi] 7,seba/opol7
 or ! description ( ,pr9ce ,&rey's dea? 
9 ,w> & ,peace1 x is expos$ 9 all its   
b>e & grim loa?som5ess4 ,su* happ5s 9 ! 
%ort novel publi%$ 9 #ahhf "u ! "n ( ,! 
,dea? ( ,ivan ,ilyit*1--9 po9t ( lit]>y 
m]it "o ( ,tol/oy's greate/ p]=mances4  
,x is a pla9 tale ab\t a middle-ag$ man 
( ! (ficial class1 happy 9 an unreflect+
 sort ( way 9 ! jog-trot ( 8 "w &       
dome/ic arrangem5ts4 ,sudd5ly 8 fate is 
turn$1--by a trite mi%ap result+ 9 a    
long1 hopeless sickness4 ,8 p at fir/   
give him ! mo/ anxi\s c>e1 b z ! illness
 drags on _! devotion gradually abates1 
! pati5t is neglect$1 & soon almo/ no   
?\ght is giv5 to him4 ,9 ! monoton\s    
agony ( 8 pro/ration1 ! suff]] sl[ly    
comes to realize t he is dy+1 :ile 8    
h\sehold has gone back to its habitual  
ways m9dless ( him1 z ?\gh he 7 already 
dead1 or _h nev] liv$4 ,all ?r\gh ?is   

l5g!n$ crucifixion he /ill cl+s to life1
 & x is only :5 ! family1 ga!r+ ab\t him
 %ortly be=e ! release1 c b ill conceal 
_! impati5ce = ! end1 t ,ivan at la/    
accepts 8 fate3 ,i w no long] let !m    
suff]--,i w die2 ,i w deliv] !m &       
myself4 ,s he dies1 & ! _w pursues its  
c\rse unalt]$1--9 :i* consi/s ! aft]-/+ 
( ?is poignant trag$y4                  
99       99       99       99       99  
,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgi & #ahhf ,tol/oy    
publi%$ ! ma9 portion ( :at may be      
reg>d$ z 8 spiritual autobiography1     
namely1 ,! ,confession1 7#ahgi1 ) a     
supplem5t 9 #ahhb71 ,! ,union &         
,translation ( ! ,f\r ,gospels1         
7#ahha-b71 ,:at ,d ,i ,believe8 7also   
translat$ "u ! title ,my ,religion1     
#ahhd7 & ,:at ,!n ,mu/ ,we ,d8 7#ahhf74 
,he 0 n[ well on ! way to ! logical     
ultimates ( 8 e?ical ideas1 & 9 !       
revulsion f arti/ic ambitions s pla9ly  
=e%[n 9 a treatise 9 #ahhg3 ,:at is     
,true ,art8 he repudiat$ unequivocally  
all 8 e>li] "w s f> z x sprang f any    

motives o!r ?an ^? ( moral tea*+4 ,)\t a
 cle> appreciation ( ^! facts a j       
e/imate ( ,! ,kreutz] ,sonata 7#ahhi7 is
 impossible4  ,! c5tral "* ( ! book is a
 commonplace1 r well-mean+ fell[ :o has 
be5 tri$ = ! murd] ( 8 wife1 sla9 by him
 9 a fit ( ins5sate jeal\sy1 & has be5  
acquitt$ because ( ! ext5uat+           
circum/ances 9 ! case4 ,! object ( !    
/ory is to lay b>e ! causes ( 8 crime4  
,tol/oy's ascetic proclivity _h long    
s9ce set him ?9k+ ab\t sex problems 9   
g5]al & 9 p>ticul> ^u ! e?ics ( m>riage4
 ,& by ?is "t he _h arriv$ at !         
conclusion t ! demoraliz$ /ate ( our    
society is *iefly due to polygamy &     
poly&rism2 corroboration ( 8            
uncompromis+ views on ! ne$ ( social    
purity he f9ds 9 ! evangeli/ ,mat!w1    
v3#bg-bh1 :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old   
comm& & its new1 f> m rigor\s1          
int]pretation is bluntly /at$3 ,ye h    
he>d t x 0 said by !m ( old "t1 ,?\ %alt
 n commit adult]y3 ,b ,i say unto y t   
:osoev] looke? on a woman to lu/ aft] h]

 ha? committ$ adult]y ) h] already 9 8  
he>t4  ,n[ ,tol/oy ?9ks t society1 f> f 
concurr+ 9 ! scriptural condemnation (  
lewdness1 cat]s sy/ematically to !      
appetites ( ! voluptu>y4 ,if ,tol/oy is 
"r 9 8 diagnosis1 !n ! euphemi/ic t]m   
social evil has f> wid] rea*es ( mean+  
?an ^? to :i* x is cu/om>ily appli$4 ,) 
! head p]son 9 ,! ,kreutz] ,sonata1     
,tol/oy reg>ds society z no bett] ?an a 
maison de tolrance conduct$ on a v      
compreh5sive scale4 ,wom5 are re>$ ) !  
ma9 object ( allur+ m5 ?r\gh *>ms &     
accompli%m5ts2 ! arts ( ! hairdress]1 ! 
dressmak]1 & mill9]1 z well z ! ex]tions
 ( gov]nesses1 music ma/]s1 & l+ui/s all
 conv]ge t[>d ! same aim3 to imp>t ! p[]
 ( attract+ m54 ,betwe5 ! woman ( ! _w &
 ! pr(essional c\rtezan ! ma9 diff]5ce 9
 ! light ( ?is view lies 9 ! l5g? ( !   
s]vice4 ,pozdni*eff accord+ly divides   
fem99ity into long t]m & %ort t]m       
pro/itutes1 :i* r fanta/ic              
classification ,tol/oy foll[s up        
intrepidly to its la/ logical           

consequ5ce4  ,! ma9 idea ( ,! ,kreutz]  
,sonata1 z /at$ 9 ! po/script1 is t     
sexless life is be/4 ,a recomm5dation ( 
celibacy z mank9d's highe/ ideal to be  
logical %\ld involve a wi% = !          
disappe>ance ( human life f ! globe4 ,a 
_w-view ( su* pessimi/ic sort prev5ts   
itself f ! =feiture ( all bonds )       
humanity only by its concomitant reason+
 t a race = :om x 7 bett] n to be is ! v
 "o t w /ruggle desp]ately aga9/ its    
summum bonum4 ,s9ce race suicide1 !n1 is
 a hopeless desid]atum1 ! re=m] mu/ turn
 to m practicable me?ods if he w\ld at  
lea/ alleviate ! wor/ ( our social      
maladju/m5ts4 ,idl5ess is ! "m ( all    
mis*ief1 because x sup]9duces s5sual    
self-indulg5ce4 ,!re=e we mu/ suppress  
any?+ t makes = leisure & pleasure4 ,at 
?is po9t we grasp ! mean+ ( ,tol/oy's   
vehem5t recoil f art4 ,x is1 to a great 
ext5t1 ! /rong-will$ resi/ance ( a      
highly impressionable puritan aga9/ !   
enticem5ts ( beauty1--_! di/ract+ &     
disquiet+ effect1 & pr9cipally _! p[] ( 

s5su\s sugge/ion4  ,! la/ ext5sive "w   
publi%$ by ,tol/oy 0 ,resurrection1     
7#ahhi74 ,9 arti/ic m]it x is n on a    
level ) ,w> & ,peace & ,anna ,k>59a1 nor
 c ?is be wond]$ at1 consid]+ ! op9ion  
ab\t ! value ( art t _h mean:ile rip5$ 9
 ! au?or4  ,resurrection 0 writt5       
prim>ily = a con/ructive moral purpose1 
yet ! subject matt] 0 su* z to secrete1 
un9t5d$ly1 a corrosive criticism (      
social & religi\s cant4 ,! satirical    
connotation ( ! novel c\ld n h be5 m    
grimly br\ght home ?an ?r\gh ?is fact1 t
 ! h]o by 8 unsw]v+ allegiance to       
,*ri/ian pr9ciples ( conduct greatly    
%ocks1 at fir/1 our s5se ( !            
proprieties1 in/ead ( elicit+ our       
en?usia/ic admiration4 ,9 spite ( our   
highe/ moral notions ,pr9ce ,nekhlud(f1 
l t humbl] foll[] ( ! voice ( consci5ce 
9 ,g]h>t ,hauptmann's novel1 impresses u
 z a ,fool 9 ,*ri/4 ,! /ory1 itself1    
leads by degrees f ! "u-_w ( crime &    
puni%m5t to a great spiritual elevation4
 ,masl[a1 a drunk5 /reet-walk]1 hav+ be5

 tri$ on a *>ge ( murd]1 is wrongfully  
s5t5c$ to transportation = life1        
because--! jury is tir$ out & ! judge 9 
a hurry to visit 8 mi/ress4 ,pr9ce      
,nekhlud(f1 sitt+ on t jury1 recognizes 
9 ! victim ( ju/ice a girl ^: d[nfall he
 himself _h caus$4 ,he is seiz$ by      
p5it5ce & resolves to foll[ ! convict to
 ,sib]ia1 %>e h] suff]+s1 d$icate 8 life
 to h] r$emption4 ,%e has sunk s l[ t 8 
hope ( re=m+ h] falt]s1 yet true to 8   
resolution he (f]s to m>ry h]4 ,al?\gh !
 (f] is reject$1 yet ! sugge/ion ( a new
 life :i* x br+s beg9s to "w a *ange 9 !
 woman4 ,9 ! progress ( ! /ory h] bett] 
nature gradually ga9s sway until a      
?or\gh moral revolution is complet$4    
,resurrection d]ives its special value f
 its cle> demon/ration ( ^? rules (     
conduct to :i* ! au?or 0 /ra9+ ) e moral
 fib] to con=m 8 own life4 ,f 8 e?ical  
speculations & social exp]im5ts are     
project$ figures l t ( ,m>ia ,paulovna1 
a ri* & beautiful woman :o pref]s to    
live l a common work+woman & is drawn by

 h] social consci5ce into ! revolution>y
 vortex4 ,9 ?is figure1 & m def9itely   
/ill 9 ! political convict ,simonson1   
bani%$ because ( 8 educational "w among 
! common p1 ,tol/oy /udies = ! fir/ "t !
 s-call$ intellectual type (            
revolutioni/4 ,8 view ( ! intellectuals 
is sympa!tic1 on ! :ole4 ,!y believe t  
evil spr+s f ignorance4 ,_! agitation   
issues f ! highe/ pr9ciples1 & !y are   
capable ( any self-sacrifice = ! g5]al  
weal4 ,/ill ,tol/oy1 z a ?or\ghly       
anti-political re=m]1 deprecates _!     
organiz$ movem5t4  ,altoge!r1 he        
repudiat$ ! sy/ems ( social             
recon/ruction t g by ! "n ( socialism1  
because he reli$ = ! reg5]ation (       
society :olly & solely ^u individual    
self-elevation4 ,9 an ess5tial respect  
he 0 nev]!less a sociali/1 inasmu* z he 
/rove = ! ideal ( univ]sal equality4 ,8 
social philosophy1 b\nd up insep>ably ) 
8 p]sonal religi\s evolution1 is laid   
d[n 9 a va/ numb] ( essays1 lett]s1     
sket*es1 tracts1 didactic tales1 &      

p]haps mo/ compreh5sively 9 ^?          
autobiographical docum5ts already       
m5tion$4 ,sociologically ! mo/ important
 ( ^! is a book on ! problem ( prop]ty1 
entitl$1 ,:at ,!n ,mu/ ,we ,d8 7#ahhf71 
:i* exp\nds ! passage 9 ,luke iii3#aj1  
#aa3 ,& ! p ask$ him1 say+1 ,:at %all we
 d !n8 ,he answ]$ & sai? unto !m1 ,he t 
ha? two coats1 let him imp>t to him t   
ha? none2 & he t ha? meat1 let him d    
likewise4 ,n long be=e t1 he _h ?\ght ( 
devot+ himself entirely to *>itable "w1 
b practical exp]im5ts at ,mosc[         
demon/rat$ to him ! futility ( almsgiv+4
 ,speak+ on t po9t to 8 ,engli%         
biograph]1 ,aylm] ,maude17#cj7 he       
rem>k$3 ,all su* activity1 if p         
attribute importance to x1 is wor?less4 
,:5 8 int]view] insi/$ t ! de/itute h to
 be provid$ = someh[ & t ! ,c\nt himself
 0 9 ! habit ( giv+ money to begg>s1 !  
latt] repli$3 ,yes1 b ,i d n imag9e t ,i
 am do+ good6 ,i only d x = myself1     
because ,i "k t ,i h no "r to be well (f
 :ile !y are 9 mis]y4 ,x is wor? m5tion 

9 pass+ t dur+ ! fam9e ( #ahia-b ?is    
det]m9$ oppon5t ( organiz$ *>ity1 9     
noble inconsi/5cy ) 8 !ories1 l$ 9 !    
disp5sation ( relief to ! />v+          
population ( ,middle ,russia4    7#cj7  
,! ,life ( ,tol/oy1 ,lat] ,ye>s1 p4 #fdc
 f4  ,b 9 ,:at ,!n ,mu/ ,we ,d8 he      
treats ! usual organiz$ dabbl+ 9 *>ity z
 utt]ly prepo/]\s3 ,give away all y h or
 else y c d no good4 444 ,if ,i give    
away a hundr$ ?\s& & /ill )hold five    
hundr$ ?\s&1 ,i am f> f act+ 9 ! _s (   
*>ity1 & rema9 a factor ( social        
inju/ice & evil4 ,at ! sight ( ! freez+ 
& hung]+ ,i mu/ /ill feel responsible = 
_! plight1 & feel t s9ce we %\ld live 9 
conditions :]e t evil c be ab/a9$ f1 x  
is impossible = me 9 ! position 9 :i* ,i
 delib]ately place myself to be any?+   
o!r ?an a s\rce ( g5]al evil4  ,x 0     
*iefly due to ! influ5ce ( two peasants1
 nam$ ,sutayeff & ,bond>eff1 t ,tol/oy  
decid$ by a pa? ( religi\s reason+ to   
ab&on p>asitical exi/5ce1--t is1 to     
sacrifice all pr]ogatives ( 8 weal? &   

/ation & to %>e ! life ( ! l[ly4 ,he    
reason$ z foll[s3 ,s9ce ,i am to blame =
 ! exi/5ce ( social wrong1 ,i c less5 my
 blame only by mak+ myself l unto ^? t  
labor & are heavy-lad54 ,economically1  
,tol/oy reasons f ?is fallacy3 ,if all  
m5 d n p>ticipate equitably 9 ! m5ial "w
 t has to be p]=m$ 9 ! _w1 x foll[s t a 
disproportionate burd5 ( "w falls ^u !  
%\ld]s ( ! m def5seless portion (       
humanity4 ,:e!r ?is undue am\nt ( labor 
be exact$ 9 ! =m ( *attel slav]y1 or1   
:i* is sc>cely less objectionable1 9 !  
=m ( ! virtual slav]y impos$ by mod]n   
indu/rial conditions1 makes no mat]ial  
diff]5ce4 ,! evil conditions are b\nd to
 cont9ue s long z ! in/9cts t make =    
idl5ess prevail ov] ! co-op]ative       
impulses4 ,! only rem$y lies 9 !        
simplification ( life 9 ! upp] /rata ( !
 social body1 ov]work 9 ! labor+ classes
 be+ ! direct result ( ! excessive dem&s
 = ! pleasures & luxuries ( life 9 !    
upp] classes4  ,to ,bond>eff 9 p>ticul> 
,tol/oy confess$ly owes ! conviction t !

 be/ prev5tive = immorality is physical 
labor1 = :i* reason ! l[] classes are   
less widely remov$ f grace ?an ! upp]4  
,bond>eff ma9ta9$ on scriptural gr\nds t
 ev]ybody %\ld employ at lea/ a "p ( 8  
"t 9 work+ ! l&4 ,?is view ,tol/oy %>$  
def9itely aft] #ahhd4 ,n only did he    
devote a regul> "p ( 8 day to           
agricultural labor2 he le>n$1 9         
addition1 %oemak+ & c>p5try1 mean+ to   
demon/rate by 8 example t x is feasible 
to return to ^? patri>*al conditions "u 
:i* ! necessities ( life 7 produc$ by ! 
consum] himself4 ,f ?is "t =? he modell$
 8 habits m & m ^u ^? ( ! common ru/ic4 
,he adopt$ peasant app>el & became      
extremely frugal 9 8 diet4 ,al?\gh by   
natural ta/e he 0 no scorn] ( !         
pleasures ( ! table1 he n[ elim9at$ "o  
luxury aft] ano!r4 ,ab\t ?is "t he also 
turn$ /rict veget>ian1 !n gave up ! use 
( w9e & spirits1 & ultimately ev5       
tobacco1 ( :i* he _h be5 v fond1 0 made 
to g ! way ( fle%4 ,he practic$ ?is     
self-abnegation 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,law (   

,life :i* he int]pret$ z a /r+5t        
r5unciation ( physical satisfactions &  
p]sonal happ9ess4 ,nor did he %irk !    
ultimate conclusion to :i* 8 premises   
l$3 if ! ,law ( ,life imposes !         
suppression ( all natural desires &     
appetites & comm&s ! volunt>y sacrifice 
( e =m ( prop]ty & p[]1 x mu/ be cle> t 
life itself is devoid ( s5se & utt]ly   
undesirable4 ,& s x is expressly /at$ 9 
8 ,?\ghts47#ca7    7#ca7 ,no4 #dcd4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,to :at ext5t ,tol/oy 0 a true ,*ri/ian 
believ] may be/ be ga!r$ f 8 own writ+s1
 ,:at ,d ,i ,believe8 7#ahhd71 ,on      
,life1 7#ahhg71 & ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is )9
 ,y1 7#ahic74 ,al?\gh at ! age ( sev5te5
 he _h ceas$ to be or?odox1 !re c be no 
"q :atev] t ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life religion
 rema9$ ! deepe/ s\rce ( 8 inspiration4 
,by ! e>ly eighties he _h em]g$ f t     
acute scepticism t well-nigh co/ him    
life & reason1 & _h1 outw>dly at lea/1  
made 8 peace ) ! *ur*1 att5d+ s]vices   
regul>ly1 & obs]v+ ! fea/s & ! fa/s2 "h 

aga9 9 imitat+ ! muzhik 9 8 religi\s    
practices he /rove app>5tly to atta9    
also to ! muzhik's actual gift (        
cr$ulity4 ,b 9 ?is endeavor 8 sup]ior   
culture prov$ an imp$im5t to him1 & 8   
wid5+ doctr9al div]g5ce f ! e/abli%$    
*ur* f9ally drew ^u 8 head1 9 #ahia1 !  
(ficial curse ( ! ,holy ,synod4 ,& yet a
 lead+ religi\s j\rnal 0 "r1 %ortly aft]
 8 dea?1 9 ?is comm5t ^u ! religi\s     
mean+ ( 8 life3 ,if ,*ri/ians ev]y:]e   
%\ld put _! religi\s beliefs into       
practice ) ! simplicity & s9c]ity (     
,tol/oy1 ! entire religi\s1 moral1 &    
social life ( ! _w w\ld be revolutioniz$
 9 a mon?4 ,! or?odox *ur* expell$ him f
 its communion because ( 8 radicalism2 b
 9 8 case radicalism meant inde$ ! go+  
to ! roots ( ,*ri/ian religion1 to !    
orig9al f\ndations ( its doctr9es4 ,9 ! 
tea*+s ( ! primitive *ur* !re pres5t$   
itself to ,tol/oy a dumf\nd+ly simple   
code = ! atta9m5t ( moral p]fection4    
,h5ce arose 8 opposition to ! e/abli%$  
*ur* :i* seem$ to h /ray$ s widely f its

 own fundam5tals4  ,s9ce ,tol/oy's life 
aim$ at ! progressive ex]cise (         
self-sacrifice1 8 religi\s belief c\ld  
be no gospel ( joy4 ,9 fact1 8 is a sad1
 gray1 ascetic religion1 :olly devoid ( 
poetry & emotional uplift4 ,he did n    
le>n to believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ nor 
9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,god 9 any def9ite s5se 
p]sonal1 & x is n ev5 cle> :e!r he      
believ$ 9 an aft]-life4 ,& yet he did n 
wrongfully call himself a ,*ri/ian1 = ! 
ma9spr+ ( 8 fai? & 8 labor 0 ! message (
 ,*ri/ deliv]$ to 8 disciples 9 ! ,s]mon
 on ! ,m\nt4 ,?is1 = ,tol/oy1 conta9$   
all ! philosophy & ! !ology ( :i* !     
mod]n _w /&s 9 ne$1 s9ce 9 ! precept (  
non-resi/ance is jo9$ =ev] ! issue      
betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel3 ,ye h he>d t 
x ha? be5 said1 ,an eye = an eye1 & a   
too? = a too?3 ,b ,i say unto y1 ,t ye  
resi/ n evil3 b :osoev] %all smite !e on
 ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4  ,& 
f>!r on3 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1   
,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor1 & hate ?9e   
enemy4 ,b ,i say unto y4 ,love y\r      

enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 d good to  
!m t hate y1 & pray = !m t despitefully 
use y1 & p]secute y4 444  ,9 ?is        
comm&m5t ,tol/oy f\nd w>rant = unsw]v+  
=be>ance t[>d e species ( private &     
corporate aggression4 ,(f5d]s aga9/     
individuals or ! commonweal? des]ve no?+
 b pity4 ,prisons %\ld be aboli%$ &     
crim9als nev] puni%$4 ,tol/oy w5t s f> z
 to decl>e t ev5 if he saw 8 own wife or
 daught]s be+ assault$1 he w\ld ab/a9 f 
us+ =ce 9 _! def5se4 ,! infliction ( !  
dea? p5alty 0 to him ! mo/ odi\s (      
crimes4 ,no life1 ei!r human or animal1 
%\ld be wilfully de/roy$4  ,! doctr9e ( 
non-resi/ance removes e conceivable     
excuse = w> betwe5 ! nations4 ,a p is z 
mu* b\nd z is an individual by !        
injunction3 ,:osoev] %all smite !e on ! 
"r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4 ,w> is 
n to be ju/ifi$ on patriotic gr\nds1 =  
patriotism1 f> f be+ a virtue1 is an    
enl>g$ & unduly glorifi$ =m (           
selfi%ness4 ,consi/5tly ) 8 convictions1
 ,tol/oy put =? 8 /r5g? n = ! glory ( 8 

nation b = ! solid>ity ( mank9d4  ,!    
corn]/ones ( ,tol/oy's religion1 !n1 7  
^! ?ree articles ( fai?4 ,fir/1 ,true   
,fai? gives ,life4 ,second1 ,man mu/    
live by labor4 ,?ird1 ,evil mu/ nev] be 
resi/$ by means ( evil4                 
99       99       99       99       99  
,outside ( ! sph]e ( religi\s ?\ght x is
 inaccurate to speak ( a specific       
,tol/oyan philosophy1 & x is impossible 
= ! /ud5t to subscribe unconditionally  
to ! hackney$ =mula ( ! books t ,tol/oy 
w be rememb]$ z p]haps ! mo/ pr(\nd     
influ5ce ( 8 day on human ?\ght4 ,yet ! 
/atem5t might be made measurably true if
 x 7 modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! important 
res]vation made e>li] 9 ?is sket*4 ,9 ! 
field ( ?\ght he 0 n an orig9al explor]4
 ,he 0 great only z ! promulgator1 n z !
 inv5tor1 ( ideas4 ,8 "w has n enri*$ ! 
wisdom ( man by a s+le new ?\ght1 nor 0 
he a sy/ematiz] & exp\nd] ( ?\ght or a  
philosoph]4 ,9 fact he possess$ slight  
famili>ity ) philosophical lit]ature4   
,among ! old] metaphysicians 8 pr9cipal 

guide 0 ,sp9oza1 & 9 m mod]n speculative
 sci5ce he did n advance beyond         
,s*op5hau]4 ,to ! latt] he 0 n altoge!r 
unlike 9 8 m5tal temp]4 ,at lea/ he %[$ 
himself indubitably a pessimi/ 9 8 works
 by plac+ 9 fulle/ relief ! bad side ( !
 social /ate4 ,we p]ceive ! pessimi/ic  
disposition also ?r\gh 8 p]sonal        
behavior1 see+ h[ he despond$ "u !      
discords ( life1 h[ easily he lo/ c\rage
 :5ev] he und]took to cope ) practical  
problems1 & h[ s$ul\sly he avoid$ !     
contact ) temptations4 ,x 0 only by an  
almo/ total )drawal f ! _w1 & by t      
entire relief f its daily & ord9>y      
affairs :i* he ow$ to ! devotion ( 8    
wife t ,tol/oy 0 enabl$ dur+ 8 lat] ye>s
 to look ^u ! _w less despair+ly4  ,l 8 
!ology1 s1 too1 8 civic & economic cre$ 
0 m>k$ by ! utmo/ & altoge!r too        
primitive simplicity4 ,political        
que/ions 7 ( slight int]e/ to him1      
unless !y t\*$ ^u 8 vital pr9ciples4    
,if1 !re=e1 we turn f 8 v def9ite       
position 9 matt]s ( individual conduct  

to 8 political views1 we %all f9d t he 0
 want+ 9 a program ( practical *anges4  
,8 only positive contribution to        
economic discussion 0 a p]si/5t advocacy
 ( agr>ian re=m4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,h5ry 
,george he became an eloqu5t plead] = ! 
s+le tax & ! nationalization ( ! l&4    
,?is "q he discuss$ 9 num]\s places1 )  
especial =ce & cle>ness 9 a long article
 entitl$ ,a ,great ,iniquity47#cb7 ,he  
takes ! view t ! mission ( ! ,/ate1 if x
 h any at all1 c only consi/ 9 gu>antee+
 ! rights ( e "o ( its d5iz5s1 b t 9    
actual fact ! ,/ate protects only !     
rights ( ! prop]ti$4 ,intellig5t &      
"r-m9d$ citiz5s mu/ n conspire ) ! ,/ate
 to ride r\gh-%od ov] ! helpless        
majority4 ,ke5ly alive to ! unalt]able  
t5d5cy ( organiz$ p[] to abridge !      
rights ( individuals & to dom9ate bo? _!
 mat]ial & spiritual exi/5ce1 ,tol/oy   
fell into ! opposite extreme & w\ld h   
aboli%$ ) a clean sweep all factors (   
social control1 includ+ ! "r ( prop]ty &
 ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 & trans=m$ society  

into a community ( equals & bro!rs1     
rely+ = its peace & well-be+ ^u a       
univ]sal love ( lib]ty & ju/ice4        
7#cb7 ,pr9t$ 9 ! 7,london7 ,times (     
,septemb] #aj1 #aije4  ,by 8 disbelief 9
 au?ority1 ! rejection ( ! sociali/s'   
s*emes ( recon/ruction1 8 mi/ru/ ( fix$ 
in/itutions & reliance on individual    
"r-m9d$ness = ! ma9t5ance ( ! common    
good1 ,tol/oy 9 ! sph]e ( civic ?\ght   
sep>at$ himself f ! political sociali/s 
by ! :ole diamet] ( initial pr9ciple3 he
 might n unju/ly be classifi$1 !re=e1 z 
an an>*i/1 if ?is def9ition 7 nei!r too 
n>r[ nor too wide4 ,! ,*ri/ian          
,sociali/s might claim him1 because he  
aspires ard5tly to ideals ess5tially    
,*ri/ian 9 _! nature1 & !re is surely   
tru? 9 ! !sis t e ?9k] :o und]/&s &     
e>ne/ly accepts ! tea*+ ( ! ,ma/] is at 
he>t a sociali/4 ,at ! same "t1         
,*ri/ianity & ,socialism d n travel !   
:ole way toge!r4 ,= a religion t enjo9s 
pati5ce & submission c h>dly be         
conducive to ! full fl[]+ ( ,socialism4 

,& ,tol/oy's attitude t[>ds ! *ur*      
diff]s radically f t ( ! ,*ri/ian       
,sociali/s4 ,on ! :ole "o _h be/ ab/a9 f
 classify+ m5 ( g5ius4  ,! base (       
,tol/oy's social cre$ 0 !               
non-recognition ( private prop]ty4 ,!   
effect ( ! pres5t sy/em is to ma9ta9 !  
inequality ( m5 & !reby to excite envy &
 /ir up hatr$ among !m4 ,eag] to set a  
p]sonal example & prec$5t1 ,tol/oy r5d]$
 himself nom9ally p5niless by mak+ all 8
 prop]ty1 real & p]sonal1 ov] to 8 wife 
& *ildr54 ,likewise he abdicat$ 8       
copyrights4 ,?us he r$uc$ himself to    
legal paup]ism ) a complet5ess ( success
 t _c b /ir ) envy ! bosom ( any        
philan?ropi/ :o %>es ,mr4 ,&rew         
,c>negie's conviction t to die ri* is to
 die disgrac$4  ,tol/oy's detractors h  
ca/ a plausible suspicion ^u 8 s9c]ity4 
,!y po9t$ out among o!r ?+s t 8         
rel9qui%m5t ( pecuni>y pr(it 9 8 books 0
 app>5t1 n real4 ,s9ce ,russia has no   
copyright conv5tions ) o!r c\ntries1 x 0
 m]ely mak+ a virtue ( necessity to     

au?orize freely ! translation ( 8 works 
into =eign languages4 ,z = ! ,russian   
editions ( 8 writ+s1 x is said t 9 s f> 
z ! heavy h& ( ! c5sor did n prev5t1 !  
,c\ntess1 z h] husb&'s f9ancial ag5t1   
manag$ q skilfully to exploit !m4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,altoge!r1 did ,tol/oy practice :at he  
pr(ess$8 ,inconsi/5cy betwe5 pr9ciples &
 conduct is a n uncommon frailty (      
g5ius1 z is notori\sly illu/rat$ by     
,tol/oy's real spiritual prog5itor1     
,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4  ,n[ !re are _m
 discr$itable /ories 9 circulation ab\t 
! muzhik "l ( ,yasnaya ,polyana4 ,he    
urg$ ^u o!rs ! gospel comm&s3 ,lay n up 
= y\rselves treasures ^u e>? &3 ,take   
:at ye h & give to ! poor1 & = 8 own "p 
liv$1 accord+ to report1 9 sumptu\s     
surr\nd+s4 ,he w5t o/5tati\sly on       
pilgrimages to holy places1 b>efoot$ b )
 an exp]t p$icure att5d+ him4 ,he dress$
 9 a co>se peasant bl\se1 b und]nea? x  
wore f9e silk & l954 ,he 0 a veget>ian (
 ! /ricte/ obs]vance1 yet s mu* ( an    

epicure t 8 ta/e = unseasonable da9ties 
/ra9$ ! dome/ic res\rces4 ,he prea*$    
simplicity1 & accord+ to rumor d9$ (f   
priceless plate2 taught ! equality ( m51
 & 0 s]v$ by lackies 9 liv]y4 ,he ab/a9$
 f alcohol & tobacco1 b consum$ six cups
 ( /rong c(fee at a sitt+4 ,f9ally1 he  
extoll$ ! sexless life & 0 ! fa!r (     
?irte5 *ildr54 ,x 0 ev5 murmur$ t       
not)/&+ 8 pr(ess$ affection = ! muzhik &
 8 incessant proclamation ( univ]sal    
equality1 ! peasantry ( ,yasnaya        
,polyana 0 ! mo/ wret*$ly-treat$ to be  
f\nd 9 ! :ole prov9ce & t ! extortionate
 l&lordism ( ! ,tol/oys 0 notori\s      
?r\gh\t ! empire4  ,mu* ( ?is1 to be    
sure1 is idle gossip1 unwor?y ( s]i\s   
att5tion4 ,nev]!less1 !re is evid5ce    
en\gh to %[ t ,tol/oy's insi/5ce ^u a   
lit]al acceptance ( e>li] ,*ri/ian      
doctr9es l$ him into unavoidable        
inconsi/5cies & %am$ him into a tragical
 s5se ( di%one/y4  ,unque/ionably       
,tol/oy liv$ v simply & labori\sly = a  
man ( great rank1 means1 & fame1 b 8    

life 0 nei!r h>d nor cramp$4 ,hav+ _h no
 p]sonal exp]i5ce ( g>ret & hovel1 he   
c\ld h no fir/-h& practical k ( ! /+ (  
pov]ty1 nor c\ld he obta9 h>d%ip        
artificially by impos+ ^u himself a mild
 imitation ( physical discom=t4 ,= !    
true te/ ( p5ury is n ! suff]+ ( to-day 
b ! oppressive dread ( to-morr[4 ,8     
o/5sible muzhik exi/5ce1 want+ 9 none ( 
! ess5tials ( civilization1 0 a romance 
t bore to ! real squalid paup]ism (     
rural ,russia ab\t ! same relation t !  
bucolic make-belief ( ,b\*]'s or        
,watteau's swa9s & %eph]desses bore to !
 unp]fum$ tru? ( a %eep-f>m or a hog-/y4
 ,z "t pass$1 & ! sage turn$ 8 ?\ghts to
 a m rigid en=cem5t ( 8 r5unciations1 x 
0 no easy task = a devot$ wife to       
provide com=t = him )\t %ak+ him too    
rudely out ( 8 fond illusion t he 0     
endur+ privations4  ,aft] all1 !n1 8    
practice did n tally ) 8 !ory2 & ?is    
consci\sness ( liv+ contr>y to 8 own    
tea*+s 0 a con/ant s\rce ( unhapp9ess   
:i* no moral quibbles ( 8 fri5ds c\ld   

/ill4  ,yet no man c\ld be f>!r f be+ a 
hypocrite4 ,if at la/ he broke d[n "u a 
burd5 ( consci5ce1 x 0 a burd5 impos$ by
 ! reality ( human nature :i* makes x   
impossible = any man to live up to      
int5tions ( su* rigor z ,tol/oy's4 ,f ! 
/>t he realiz$ t he did n con=m 8       
practice entirely to 8 tea*+s1 & z he   
grew old he 0 resolv$ t hav+ fail$ to   
h>monize 8 life ) 8 beliefs he w\ld at  
lea/ corroborate 8 s9c]ity by 8 mann] ( 
dy+4 ,ev5 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 to be      
?w>t$4 ,9 8 dramatic end+1 /ill pla9ly  
rememb]$1 we feel a grim consi/5cy ) !  
lifelong defeat ( 8 w to suff]4  ,e>ly 9
 #aiaj a /ud5t by ! "n ( ,manzos        
address$ a rebuke to ,tol/oy = simulat+ 
! habits ( ! poor1 d5\nc+ 8 mode ( life 
z a =m ( mumm]y4 ,he *all5g$ ! sage to  
=sake 8 com=ts & ! affections ( 8       
family1 & to g =? & beg 8 way f place to
 place4 ,d ?is1 entreat$ ! "y fanatic1 &
 y w be ! fir/ true man aft] ,*ri/4 ,) 8
 typical l>ge-he>t$ness1 ,tol/oy accept$
 ! repro( & said 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long     

reply37#cc7 444 ,! fact t ,i am liv+ )  
wife & daught] 9 t]rible & %ameful      
conditions ( luxury :5 pov]ty surr\nds  
me on all sides1 torm5ts me ev] m & m1 &
 !re is n a day :5 ,i am n ?9k+ ( foll[+
 y\r advice4 ,i ?ank y v1 v mu* = y\r   
lett]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he _h m ?an   
once be=e made ready to put 8           
convictions to a fi]y pro( by a f9al    
sacrifice1--leav+ 8 home & sp5d+ 8      
rema9+ days 9 utt] solitude4 ,b :5 he   
f9ally proce$$ to c>ry out ?is ascetic  
int5tion & actually set out on a j\rney 
to "s vague & lonely de/9ation1 he 0    
foil$ 9 8 purpose4 ,if ev] ,tol/oy's    
behavior irresi/ibly provok$            
misrepres5tation ( 8 motives x 0 by ?is 
some:at !atrical hegira4 ,! fugitive    
left ,yasnaya ,polyana1 n alone1 b ) 8  
two favorite companions1 8 daught]      
,alex&ra & a "y ,hung>ian physician :o =
 "s "t _h occupi$ ! po/ ( private       
secret>y to him4 ,aft] pay+ a f>ewell   
visit to 8 si/]1 a nun cloi/]$ 9        
,%am>d91 he made a />t = !              

,trans-,caucasus4 ,8 idea 0 to g some:]e
 ne> ! ,tol/oy colony at ! ,black ,sea4 
,b 9 an e>ly /age ( ! j\rney1 a "p ( :i*
 0 made 9 an ord9>y ?ird-class railway  
comp>tm5t1 ! old man 0 ov]come by       
illness & fatigue4 ,he 0 mov$ to a      
trackman's hut at ! /ation ( ,a/opovo1 n
 f>!r ?an eighty miles f 8 home1 &      
"h1--surr\nd$ by 8 ha/ily summon$ family
 & t5d]ly nurs$ = five days1--he expir$4
 ,?us he 0 d5i$ ! summit ( m>tyrdom to  
:i* he _h aspir$1--a lonely dea?1 unm9d$
 ( m54    7#cc7 ,febru>y #ag1 #aiaj4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,ev5 a summ>y review l ?is ( ,tol/oy's  
life & labors _c be conclud$ )\t "s     
consid]ation ( 8 f9al attitude t[>d !   
e/hetic embodim5t ( civilization4 ,!    
developm5t ( 8 philosophy (             
self-abnegation _h l$ irresi/ibly1 z we 
h se51 to ! condemnation ( all          
self-reg>d+ in/9cts4 ,among ^!1 ,art    
appe>$ to him z "o ( ! mo/ insidi\s4 ,he
 w>n$ aga9/ ! cultivation ( ! beautiful 
on ! gr\nd t x results 9 ! suppression &

 de/ruction ( ! moral s5se4 ,already 9  
#ahhc x 0 kn[n t he _h made up 8 m9d to 
ab&on 8 arti/ic aspirations out (       
loyalty to 8 moral !ory1 & w\ld h5ce=?  
d$icate 8 tal5ts exclusively to !       
propagation ( humanit>ian views4 ,9 va9 
did ! dean ( ,russian lett]s1           
,turg5ieff1 appeal to him ) a dea?-b$   
message3 ,my fri5d1 great writ] ( !     
,russians1 return to lit]>y "w6 ,he$ my 
pray]4 ,tol/oy /ood firm 9 8            
det]m9ation4 ,nev]!less1 8 g5ius refus$ 
to be ?rottl$ by 8 consci5ce2 he c\ld n 
p>alyze 8 arti/ic p[]s2 he c\ld m]ely   
b5d !m to 8 moral aims4  ,z a logical   
coroll>y to 8 opposition to art = art's 
sake1 ,tol/oy ca/ f him all 8 own writ+s
 ant$at+ ,confession1--& d5\nc$ all ( !m
 z empty manife/ations ( worldly        
conceit4 ,8 au?or%ip ( t immortal novel1
 ,w> & ,peace1 fill$ him ) %ame &       
remorse4 ,8 views on ,art are pla9ly &  
=cibly exp\nd$ 9 ! fam\s treatise on    
,:at is ,art8 & 9 ! "o on ,%akespe>e4 ,9
 bo? he ma9ta9s t ,art1 no matt] ( :at  

sort1 %\ld s]ve ! sole purpose ( br++ m5
 ne>] to ea* o!r 9 ! common purpose ( "r
 liv+4 ,h5ce1 no art "w is legitimate   
)\t a p]vasive moral design4 ,! only    
true t\*/one ( an art "w is ! uplift+   
/r5g? t proce$s f x4 ,!re=e1 a pa9t+ l !
 ,angelus1 or a poem l ,! ,man ) ! ,hoe 
w\ld transc5d 9 wor? ! creations ( a    
,mi*ael ,angelo or a ,he9ri* ,he9e ev5 z
 ! m]its ( ,sophocles1 ,%akespe>e1 &    
,goe! are outmat*$ 9 ,tol/oy's judgm5t  
by ^? ( ,victor ,hugo1 ,*>les ,dick5s1 &
 ,george ,eliot4 ,by ! =ce ( ?is nave   
reason+ & 8 !oretical antipa?y t[>d true
 art1 he 0 l$ to see 9 ,uncle ,tom's    
,cab9 ! v]itable acme ( lit]>y          
p]fection1 = ! reason t ?is book wield$ 
su* an enorm\s & noble influ5ce ^u ! mo/
 vital "q ( its day4 ,he /rongly        
disc\nt5anc$ ! lit]>y practice ( revamp+
 anci5t !mes1 believ+ ) ,ibs5 t mod]n   
writ]s %\ld imp>t _! ideas ?r\gh ! m$ium
 ( mod]n life4 ,yet at ! same "t he 0 up
 9 arms aga9/ ! self-/yl$ mod]ns6 ,!y   
took _! inc5tives f sci5ce1 & ?is       

,tol/oy decri$1 because sci5ce did n    
fulfill its mission ( tea*+ p h[ rightly
 to live4 ,9 ?is :ole matt] he reason$  
dogg$ly f fix$ ideas1 no matt] to :at   
ultimates ! argum5t w\ld c>ry him4 ,=   
in/ance1 he did n /ick at br&+          
,%akespe>e z an utt] b>b>ian1 & to      
expla9 ! rev]5ce = su* disgu/+ plays z  
,k+ ,le> z a crass demon/ration (       
imitative hypocrisy4  ,art 9 g5]al is a 
practice aim+ at ! production ( !       
beautiful4 ,b :at is beautiful8 ask$    
,tol/oy4 ,! curr5t def9itions he        
pron\nc$ wrong because !y 7 =mulat$ f ! 
/&po9t ( ! pleasure-seek]4 ,su* at lea/ 
has be5 ! case s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,f t 
"t =w>d1 ,art1 l all cults ( pleasure1  
has be5 evil4 ,to ! pleasure-seek]1 !   
beautiful is t :i* is enjoyable2 h5ce he
 appraises works ( art accord+ to _!    
ability to procure enjoym5t4 ,9         
,tol/oy's op9ion ?is is no less absurd  
?an if we 7 to e/imate ! nutritive value
 ( food-/uffs by ! pleasure accompany+  
_! consumption4 ,s he baldly decl>es t  

we mu/ aboli% beauty z a crit]ion ( art1
 or conv]sely1 mu/ e/abli% tru? z ! s+le
 /&>d ( beauty4 ,! h]o9e ( my /ories :om
 ,i /rive to repres5t 9 all h] beauty1  
:o 0 ev] beautiful1 is s1 & w rema9 s1  
is ,tru?4  ,8 views on art h a c]ta9    
analogy ) two mod]n s*ools1--mu* aga9/ 8
 w1 s9ce he /r5u\sly disav[s &          
deprecates ev]y?+ mod]n2 !y make u ?9k  
on ! "o h& ( ! naturali/s1 inasmu* z l  
!m ,tol/oy es*ews all int5tional graces 
( /yle & diction3 & on ! o!r h& ( !     
impressioni/s1 ) :om he seems unit$ by 8
 fundam5tal def9ition ( art1 namely t x 
is ! expression ( a dom9ant emotion     
calculat$ to reproduce itself 9 ! read] 
or behold]4 ,lack+1 h[ev]1 a deep &     
ca?olic und]/&+ = art1 ,tol/oy1 9       
contra/ ) ! mod]n impressioni/s1 w\ld   
re/rict arti/s to ! expression ( a s+le 
type ( s5tim5ts1 ^? t reside 9 ! sph]e (
 religi\s consci\sness4 ,to him art1 z  
prop]ly conceiv$ & practic$1 mu/ be     
ancill>y to religion1 & its prop] gauge 
is ! measure ( its agreem5t ) accept$   

moral tea*+s4 ,rememb]+1 !n1 ! primitive
 =m ( belief to :i* ,tol/oy contriv$ to 
atta91 we f9d ourselves face to face ) a
 !ory ( art :i* sets up z ! f9al arbit] 
! man unspoil$ by culture1 & he1 9      
,tol/oy's judgm5t1 is ! ,russian muzhik4
                     99       99        
99       99       99  ,?is c\rse (      
reason+ on art is 9 itself suffici5t to 
%[ ! impossibility = any mod]n m9d (    
giv+ sweep+ ass5t to ,tol/oy's tea*+s4  
,& a l difficulty w\ld be exp]i5c$ if we
 tri$ to foll[ him 9 8 m$itations on any
 o!r major int]e/ ( life4 ,seek+ ) a    
trem5d\s e>ne/ness ( consci5ce to r$uce 
! bewild]+ tangle ( human affairs to    
elem5t>y simplicity1 he enme%$ himself 9
 a new network ( contradictions4 ,!     
effect 0 disa/r\s = ! be/ "p ( 8 tea*+2 
8 own extremism /amp$ z a hopeless      
fanta/ a man inconte/ably gift$ by      
nature1 z few m5 h be5 9 hi/ory1 ) !    
c>d9al virtues ( a sage1 a re=m]1 & a   
mission>y ( social ju/ice4 ,because (   
?is extremism1 8 voice 0 doom$ to rema9 

t ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4  ,! _w c\ld n
 d bett] ?an to accept ,tol/oy's        
fundam5tal prescriptions3 simplicity (  
liv+1 application to "w1 & conc5tration 
^u moral culture4 ,b to apply 8 radical 
s*eme to exi/+ conditions w\ld am\nt to 
a self-/ultification ( ! race1 = x w\ld 
entail ! unp>donably s9ful sacrifice (  
"s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ h>d-won a*ievem5ts (  
human progress4 ,= our quotidian        
difficulties 8 example promises no      
solution4 ,! great mass ( u are n       
privileg$ to te/ our individual s*emes (
 r$emption 9 ! leisur$ security ( an    
ideal exp]im5t /ation2 n = e man is !re 
a ,yasnaya ,polyana1 & ! ,sophia        
,&reyevnas are ?9ly s[n 9 ! matrimonial 
m>ket4  ,b ev5 ?\gh ,tol/oyism w n s]ve 
z a means ( solv+ ! great social        
problems1 x supplies a helpful me?od (  
social criticism4 ,& its value goes f>  
beyond t3 ! =ce ( 8 influ5ce 0 too great
 n to h /r5g!n$ enorm\sly ! moral       
consci5ce ( ! _w2 he has play$1 & w     
cont9ue to play1 a lead+ "p 9 ! e/abli%+

 & safegu>d+ ( democracy4 ,aft] all1 we 
d n h to sep>ate meticul\sly :at is true
 9 ,tol/oy's tea*+ f :at is false 9 ord]
 to ackn[l$ge him z a ,voice ( 8 epo*4  
,= z ,"l ,morley puts ! matt] 9 ! case (
 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau3 ,!re are "s   
tea*]s ^: di/9ction is nei!r correct    
?\ght1 nor an eye = ! exig5cies (       
practical organization1 b simply dep? & 
f]vor ( ! moral s5tim5t1 br++ ) x !     
indef9able gift ( t\*+ _m he>ts ) love (
 virtue & ! ?+s ( ! _s4                 
,transcrib]'s ,note3      ,! foll[+ is a
 li/ ( corrections made to ! orig9al4   
,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second !
 correct$ "o4    sublimal regions ( !   
inn] life1 & t _! "w someh[ br+s        
sublim9al regions ( ! inn] life1 & t _! 
"w someh[ br+s    9 ! writ+s ( !        
de-gallisiz$ ,fr5*man1 ,c\nt ,joseph    
,ar?ur   9 ! writ+s ( ! de-galliciz$    
,fr5*man1 ,c\nt ,joseph ,ar?ur    ! same
 "t1 ! univ]sal decreptitude prev5t$ !  
despis] ( 8   ! same "t1 ! univ]sal     
decrepitude prev5t$ ! despis] ( 8       

arti/ic design 0 dimm$ by ! ob/rusive   
didactic purpose4   arti/ic design 0    
dimm$ by ! obtrusive didactic purpose4