,,contributions ,,f  ,,! ,,museum ,,(   
,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology  ,,pap] #ab    
,,h]mann ,,/ieffel1 ,,soldi]-,,arti/ ,,(
 ,,! ,,we/  ,edg> ,m4 ,h[ell            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,area 9 :i* 
,h]mann ,/ieffel s]v$ ) ,company ,k1 #e?
 ,u4,s4 ,infantry1 #aheh-ahhb4     ,by  
,edg> ,m4 ,h[ell  ,h]mann ,/ieffel1     
,soldi] ,arti/ ( ! ,we/        ,a numb] 
( gift$ arti/s pa9t$ ! ,we/ & ! colorful
      ,indian-fight+ army ( !           
po/-,civil-,w> p]iod1 b s9ce none      (
 ^! 7 milit>y m5 _! "w lack$ ! viewpo9t 
t      only a soldi] c\ld provide4      
,g]man-born ,h]mann ,/ieffel1 = #bd ye>s
 a private 9 ! ,u4,s4      ,infantry1   
pa9t$ a s]ies ( wat] colors :ile s]v+ 9 
!      ,indian c\ntry 9 ! #ahfj's &     
#ahgj's4 ,al?\gh ,/ieffel c\ld      nev]
 be call$ tal5t$1 & c]ta9ly 0 untutor$ z
 an arti/1      8 unusually canny eye = 
! colorful & graphic & 8      meticul\s 
att5tion to detail h giv5 u valuable    
pictorial      docum5t>ies on ! ,we/    
dur+ ! ,indian w>s4       ,! ,au?or3    

,edg> ,m4 ,h[ell is curator ( milit>y   
hi/ory 9 !      ,unit$ ,/ates ,national 
,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4  ,!   
,am]ican ,we/ has nev] want$ = arti/s ) 
a high s5se ( ! docum5t>y4 ,?r\gh !     
tal5t$ h&s ( m5 l ,george ,catl91 ,c>l  
,bodm] & ,alfr$ ,jacob ,mill]1 ,fr$]ick 
,rem+ton1 & ! c[boy pa9t] ,*>les ,m4    
,russell ! trans-,mississippi regions h 
be5 pictur$ z h few o!r areas on e>?4#a 
,f hi/orical & e?nological /&po9ts ^! m5
 made trem5d\s & timeless contributions 
to our ,am]ican h]itage4 ,b ! ,we/ held 
an e/hetic fasc9ation = ! untutor$ &    
less tal5t$ z well1 & n a few soldi]s1  
m9]s1 /age driv]s1 & j pla9 adv5tur]s   
record$ _! impressions on pap] & canvas4
 ,crude ?\gh _m ( ^! works are1 !y are  
none!less significant1 = !y are a       
graphic record ( :at ^! m5 saw1 :]e !y  
liv$1 & :at !y did1 9 _m cases ! only   
record ( p>ticul> places & ev5ts1 = !   
cam]a ( ,l4 ,a4 ,huffman & 8 colleagues 
did n come into its own until ! late    
#ahgj's4#b ,)\t !m we w\ld h no         

description1 graphic or o!rwise1 ( mu* (
 ! ,we/ bo? be=e & aft] ! ,civil ,w>--! 
e>ly trad+ po/s & =ts1 ! ,oregon1 ,santa
 ,fe1 & ,ov]l& ,trails1 ! ,bozeman      
,trail1 ! /age /ations1 all ( :i* play$ 
a "p 9 ! op5+ & developm5t ( ! ,we/4#c  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,attack on  
,g5]al ,m>cy's tra9 ne> ,pawnee ,=t1    
,kansas1 ,septemb] #bc1 #ahfg4 ,! tra9 0
 escort$ by ,company ,k1 #e? ,u4,s4     
,infantry1 ,brevet ,major ,d4 ,h4       
,bro!rton comm&+4 7,,usnm #chdahe2      
,smi?sonian photo #chihf-;,a47  ,9 #aidf
 ! heirs ( ,lt4 ,col4 ,david ,h4        
,bro!rton1 ,u4,s4 ,army1 an             
,indian-fight+ (fic] ( _m ye>s exp]i5ce 
on ! fronti]1 donat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,national ,museum a collection#d        
compris+ a numb] ( ,si\x ,indian        
specim5s1 includ+ a ,model #ahff ,w9*e/]
 c>b9e said to h be5 surr5d]$ 9 #ahha to
 ,colonel ,bro!rton by ! ,si\x *ief1    
,sitt+ ,bull1 & t5 wat] colors by a     
,g]man-born private soldi]1 ,h]mann     
,/ieffel ( ,company ,k1 #e? ,u4,s4      

,infantry4 ,n9e ( ^! pa9t+s 7! t5? be+ a
 view ( ,ratt5b]g 9 ! ,tyrol ,alps7 are 
photographically reproduc$ h]e94 ,!y    
con/itute an unusually graphic &        
colorful1 if some:at un>ti/ic1 s]ies (  
docum5t>ies on ! ,we/ ( ! po/-,civil-,w>
 ,indian fight+ p]iod4  ,x c be surmis$ 
t ,bro!rton obta9$ ! pa9t+s f ,/ieffel1 
= f #ahfa to #ahgi he comm&$ ! infantry 
company 9 :i* ! latt] sp5t ! entire #bd 
ye>s ( 8 ,army c>e]4 ,bro!rton's c>e]   
itself is an int]e/+ sidelight on ! ,we/
 ( ! p]iod & an excell5t if some:at sad 
comm5t>y on ! promotion sy/em 9 ! ,army 
dur+ a p]iod :5 ! developm5t ( ! ,we/ 0 
s heavily dep5d5t on ! ,army's curb+    
,indian depr$ations4  ,bro!rton 0       
graduat$ f ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y ,academy ) 
! class ( #ahed along ) sev]al (fic]s :o
 lat] di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! ,conf$]ate  
,/ates ,army1 includ+ ,george ,wa%+ton  
,cu/is ,lee1 son ( ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee1     
,john ,pegram1 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,/u>t1 ,/eph5
 ,d4 ,lee1 & ,william ,dorsey ,p5d]4#e  
,assign$ to ! #e? ,infantry1 ,bro!rton  

by #ahfa _h ris5 to ! rank ( capta9 & _h
 acquir$ consid]able exp]i5ce aga9/ !   
,coman*es & ,apa*es 9 ! ,s\?we/1 !      
,sem9oles 9 ,florida1 & ! ,mormons 9    
,utah4 ,elect+ to rema9 ) 8 regim5t at !
 outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> r ?an resign & 
ent] a volunte] or militia unit :]e he  
easily might h ris5 to g5]al rank z did 
s _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 he rema9$ a     
capta9 9 ! ,army until #ahgi :5 a       
vacancy occurr$ & he 0 promot$ to major4
 ,he 0 promot$ to lieut5ant colonel 9   
#ahhc aft] #bi ye>s ( s]vice1 b only at 
! exp5se ( transf]r+ f 8 old regim5t to 
! #g? ,infantry1 :]e !re 0 a vacancy at 
t rank4 ,he retir$ = disability 9 #ahhe 
aft] #cj ye>s ( almo/ con/ant s]vice 9 !
 field4  ,we "k little ( ,/ieffel ! man4
 ,he 0 born 9 ,wiesbad51 ,g]many1 9     
#ahbf1 & became a pr9t] by trade1       
indicat+ a fair am\nt ( education4 ,he  
emigrat$ to ?is c\ntry at an unkn[n date
 & 9 ,decemb] #aheg at ,new ,york ,city 
enli/$ 9 ! ,army z a private ( infantry4
 ,he 0 #ca ye>s old at ! "t1 & 0        

describ$ z be+ five feet five & "o-half 
in*es tall ) blue eyes1 s&y hair1 & a   
fair complexion4#f ,he rema9$ a private 
= ! entire "t ( 8 milit>y s]vice4 ,aft] 
recruit tra9+ at a g5]al depot1 he 0    
assign$ to ,company ,k1 #e? ,infantry1  
jo9+ t unit late 9 ,augu/ #aheh at ,camp
 ,floyd 7lat] ,=t ,critt5d571 ,utah     
,t]ritory1 :]e ! regim5t 0 an elem5t (  
,col4 ,alb]t ,sidney ,john/on's ,army ( 
,utah s5t we/w>d to police !            
recalcitrant ,mormons4#g  ,/ieffel's    
record %[s no?+ ( note until ,decemb]   
#ahei :5 he 0 c\rt-m>tial$ & f9$4#h ,?is
 c\rt-m>tial seem$ to set ! pace = him4 
,al?\gh ! precise *>ge on :i* he 0 tri$ 
is n /at$1 9 view ( 8 lat] record x c be
 surmis$ t x 0 = drunk5ness--a v common 
(f5se 9 ! fronti] army--= 9 ,octob]     
#ahfa ,/ieffel ow$ a sutl] #bg4ie1 a    
heavy debt = a day :5 a private's net   
pay 0 less ?an #aa4jj a mon?4#i ,! debt 
rema9$ unpaid ?r\gh #ahfb & ev5 increas+
 an additional #ae4jj4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod  
,/ieffel also 0 9 conf9em5t on a numb] (

 occasions = crimes or misdemeanors     
unspecifi$4#aj  ,9 #ahfj ! #e? ,infantry
 0 transf]r$ f ,utah s\?w>d to !        
,dep>tm5t ( ,new ,mexico4 ,x 0 "h 9     
#ahfb t ,/ieffel saw 8 fir/ combat 9    
,col4 ,e4 ,r4 ,s4 ,canby's#aa ,union    
=ce1 :i* fru/rat$ ! wild ,conf$]ate     
attempt "u ,brig4 ,g54 ,h4 ,h4 ,sibley  
to invade ! pres5t /ates ( ,new ,mexico 
& ,arizona & conqu] ,cali=nia4#ab       
,capta9 ,bro!rton1 ,private ,/ieffel1 & 
! rema9d] ( ,company ,k f\ght 9 ! %>p   
action at ,valv]de1 ,new ,mexico1 on    
,febru>y #ba1 #ahfb1 & evid5tly ) "s    
di/9ction z ,bro!rton 0 brevet$ major = 
gallantry z a result ( 8 unit's         
p]=mance4#ac ,un=tunately = po/]ity1    
,/ieffel did n record 8 impressions (   
?is little-kn[n side%[ ( ! ,civil ,w>4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,satanta     
address+ ! peace commission]s at ,c\ncil
 ,grove1 ,m$ic9e ,lodge ,creek1 ,kansas4
 7,,usnm #chdahc2 ,smi?sonian photo     
#chbih47  ,! ,battle ( ,valv]de 0       
,/ieffel's only exp]i5ce 9 =mal combat s

 f> z ! record %[s4 ,aft] ! f9al )drawal
 ( ,sibley's =ce into ,texas :5ce x _h  
come1 ! #e? ,infantry turn$ its h& to   
polic+ ! ,indians & 0 almo/ con/antly 9 
! field dur+ ! p]iod #ahfc-ahff4ad      
,/ieffel1 h[ev]1 0 seldom ) 8 unit dur+ 
?is "t4 ,:5 n on "o ( 8 frequ5t /ays 9 !
 /ockade1 he 0 on extra duty at ! close/
 army hospital4#ae ,he cont9u$ on su*   
duty = mo/ ( ! rema9d] ( 8 s]vice1#af   
except = conf9em5ts1 a p]iod ( des]tion1
 & necess>y *anges ( /ation4  ,/ieffel's
 exact un(ficial /atus 9 ,company ,k ov]
 ! ye>s is difficult to acc\nt =4 ,x is 
possible1 ?\gh h>dly probable1 t ,capta9
 ,bro!rton _h develop$ a fri5d%ip ) !   
,g]man1 :i* might acc\nt = bo? 8        
acquisition ( ! pa9t+s & ,/ieffel's     
extra-duty t\rs4 ,b su* is d\btful4     
,bro!rton 0 a h>d5$ pr(essional (fic] 9 
an era :5 !re 0 a f> wid] gap betwe5    
(fic] & enli/$ man ?an exi/s today4 ,!re
 is no evid5ce t ,/ieffel 0 a %irk]4 ,at
 ! end ( ea* enli/m5t he re5li/$ &      
always 9 ,company ,k1 & su* re5li/m5t 0 

subject to ! company comm&]'s veto4 ,x  
is probable t he 0 n a p>ticul>ly good  
soldi]4 ,b aft] ! ,civil ,w> an army    
c>e] 9 ! ranks held little glamor = !   
av]age "y man & recruit+ (fic]s 7 h>d   
put to keep ! ranks ev5 p>tially fill$1 
too (t5 be+ =c$ to take :at !y c\ld get4
 ,! mo/ plausible explanation is t s9ce 
e unit 9 ! ,army1 !n z today1 0         
con/antly call$ on = extra-duty m51 !   
company fir/ s]geant j z con/antly      
select$ ! app>5tly agreeable ,/ieffel z 
! p]son ^: abs5ce 0 lea/ likely to weak5
 ! combat read9ess ( ! company4 ,!      
arrangem5t mu/ h suit$ ,bro!rton1 = he  
all[$ x to cont9ue = ye>s4 ,x obvi\sly  
suit$ ,/ieffel1 = once he 0 plac$ m or  
less p]man5tly on su* detail 8 p]iods ( 
conf9em5t ceas$4 ,hospital duty 9 t day 
& age 0 h>dly ardu\s1 & ! discipl9e 0   
light4 ,also1 x provid$ #be c5ts a day  
extra pay4 ,?us1 ?is duty gave ,/ieffel 
"t to pa9t &1 if our surmise is correct1
 bo? ! "t & ! money = him to indulge 8  
?ir/4 ,9 any case1 we are indebt$ to ?is

 light duty t gave him ! opportunity to 
pa9t4  ,9 ,septemb] #ahfg ,company ,k   
left ,new ,mexico = ,=t ,h>k]1 ,kansas1 
9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,miss\ri1 z escort =  
,brig4 ,g54 ,r4 ,b4 ,m>cy1 an old memb] 
( ! #e? ,infantry :o 0 act+ z inspector 
g5]al = troop units we/ ( !             
,mississippi4 ,on t m>* ( some?+ m ?an  
#ejj miles ! column 0 %>ply attack$ ne> 
,=t ,dodge on ! ,arkansas ,riv] by a    
l>ge =ce ( ,*ey5ne believ$ l$ by ,black 
,kettle1 & ,/ieffel _h 8 second & la/   
ta/e ( combat4 ,! action mu/ h impress$ 
him1 = x furni%$ ! subject ( ! fir/ ( 8 
pa9t+s 7fig4 #b74 ,f ,=t ,h>k]1 ,company
 ,k escort$ ! ,indian peace commission]s
 to ,c\ncil ,grove on ,big ,m$ic9e      
,lodge ,creek = _! treaty meet+ ) !     
,ki[as1 ,apa*es1 ,coman*es1 ,*ey5ne1 &  
,arapahoes 9 ,octob]4 ,?is hi/oric meet+
 ,/ieffel witness$ & depict$ )          
consid]able color & att5tion to detail  
7figs4 #c1 #d74  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#d4--;,camp ( ! peace commission]s at   
,m$ic9e ,lodge ,creek1 ,kansas4 7,,usnm 

#chdahd2 ,smi?sonian photo #chbih-;,a47 
,aft] ano!r p]iod ( hospital duty at ,=t
 ,h>k] 7figs4 #f1 #g71 ,/ieffel w5t 9 ! 
field1 = :at appe>s to h be5 ! la/ "t1 z
 a memb] ( a wagon-tra9 escort to       
,m$ic9e ,bluff1 ,indian ,t]ritory       
7pres5t day ,oklahoma71 :]e ,g5]al      
,%]idan 0 e/abli%+ ,=t ,sill on ! s\!rn 
edge ( ! ,wi*ita ,m\nta9s4#ag ,?is      
picturesque ov]hang ( ,m$ic9e ,bluff    
,creek1 a small tribut>y ( ! ,r$ ,riv]1 
0 ! subject ( "o ( ,/ieffel's l&scapes &
 p]haps 8 f9e/ s+le "w 7fig4 #e74       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,! ,wi*ita   
,m\nta9s f ,m$ic9e ,bluffs1 ,indian     
,t]ritory4 7,,usnm #chdahh2 ,smi?sonian 
photo #dbhhj47  ,aft] ?is brief int]lude
 9 ! wild]ness1 ,/ieffel w5t back to 8  
hospital "w4 ,!n 9 ,septemb] #ahgc1     
foll[+ a *ange ( /ation = ,company ,k f 
,h>k] to ,=t ,leav5wor?1 he w5t 9       
des]tion until ! foll[+ ,may1 be+ re/or$
 to duty ^u 8 return1 r /rangely1 )\t   
trial b ) loss ( pay = ! p]iod ( 8      
abs5ce4#ah ,! only possible explanation 

= ?is l5i5cy 9 a p]iod :5 c\rt-m>tial   
s5t5ces t5d$ to sev]ity c\ld be t s9ce  
extra-duty m5 _h to be furni%$1 ,/ieffel
 0 wor? m to ! company out ( ! /ockade  
?an 94 ,) ,indian unre/ increas+ e man  
c\nt$4#ai  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        
#f4--;,=t ,h>k]1 ,kansas2 ea/ side4     
7,,usnm #chdahg2 ,smi?sonian photo      
#dbhie47  ,foll[+ ! ,cu/] massacre on   
,june #be1 #ahgf1 all po/s 9 ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ! ,miss\ri 7 virtually /ripp$ (      
troops1 among !m ! #e? ,infantry1 &     
dispat*$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,dakota 9 an  
all-out attempt to br+ ! rampag+ ,si\x  
"u control4 ,b ,/ieffel saw no action 9 
! campaigns t foll[$4 ,he 0 sick#bj & 0 
left beh9d on ,july #ab :5 ,company ,k  
left ,leav5wor? = ! nor?we/ = five ye>s 
( almo/ cont9u\s campaign+ includ+      
num]\s actions ) ! ,si\x & ! campaign   
aga9/ ! gift$ ,indian tactician1 ,*ief  
,joseph1 & 8 ,nez ,p]ce4 ,we c\ld wi% t 
,/ieffel _h be5 pres5t dur+ ! ,nez ,p]ce
 campaign1 = he might h pictur$ = u     
,nelson ,miles & ! #e? ,infantry tak+ ! 

surr5d] ( ,joseph 9 ! ,be> ,paw ,m\nta9s
 at ! end ( 8 epo*al #a1fjj-mile runn+  
fight4#ba  ,/ieffel rema9$ at ,=t       
,leav5wor? until #ahgg :5 he rejo9$ 8   
regim5t at ,cantonm5t ,tongue ,riv]1    
,montana ,t]ritory1 r5am$ ,=t ,keogh 9  
#ahgi4 ,at ,keogh he 0 aga9 plac$ on    
hospital extra-duty & s rema9$ until he 
0 dis*>g$ ,june #bc1 #ahhb1bb on a      
surgeon's c]tificate ( disability4 ,aft]
 8 dis*>ge he retir$ to ! ,soldi]'s     
,home 9 ,wa%+ton :]e he di$ on ,decemb] 
#ad1 #ahhf1 at ! age ( #fj4 ,he 0 buri$ 
9 ! ,national ,cemet]y on ! ,soldi]s'   
,home gr\nds4#bc  ,/ieffel pa9t$ ?ree   
sc5es ( ,=t ,keogh & vic9ity--"o ( ! =t 
itself1 "o ( ,miles ,city across !      
,tongue ,riv]1 & a l&scape ( !          
,yell[/one ,riv] ne> ,miles ,city 7figs4
 #h-aj74   ,! ,pa9t+s  ,*ronologically1 
! fir/ ( ! pa9t+s 7fig4 #b7 is t ( !    
,indian attack on ,g5]al ,m>cy's tra9   
escort$ by ,company ,k on ,septemb] #bc1
 #ahfg4 ,?is attack took place on !     
,arkansas ,riv] ab\t n9e miles we/ (    

,cim>ron ,cross+1 ,kansas4 ,x 0 an      
insignificant action z su*1 simil> to   
hundr$s ( o!r su* fights 9 ! ,we/1 b1 9 
! days ( wet-plate photography & l[-spe$
 cam]a %utt]s1 ! pa9t+ is significant z 
a r>e eye-witness draw+ & tells u f> m  
?an might any writt5 description4 ,g5]al
 ,m>cy's report is some:at cursory3     
,ye/]day at ab\t #i o'clock a4m4 z we 7 
approa*+ a bluff      ne> ! ,arkansas   
,riv] ?irty-five miles above "h we      
sudd5ly      discov]$ a great _m        
,indians approa*+ u f v>i\s      diff]5t
 directions4 ,i imm$iately halt$ our    
tra9 & aft]      arrang+ our escort 9   
prop] ord] = action w5t =w>d4 ,!        
,indians circl$ ar\nd u at full spe$    
fir+ z !y ran b did      n come v ne> u4
 ,i w\ld n all[ our m5 to fire at !     
long range1 believ+ t ! ,indians w\ld   
come ne>] b !y      did n4 ,"s ( ! m5   
fir$ & x is believ$ t two 7      w\nd$ z
 gr\ps collect$ ar\nd !m4 ,!y w\nd$ ,lt4
 ,williams      sev]ely 9 ! leg & "o    
soldi] :o has s9ce di$4       ,ne> !    

po9t :]e ! affair occurr$ 0 a l>ge tra9 
(      wagons en r\te to ,new ,mexico ) 
valuable freight4 ,! tra9 _h      two   
hundr$ mules driv5 (f by ! ,indians ab\t
 twelve days ago1      & x _h be5 gu>d$ 
by tw5ty-five m5 s9ce1 & x is           
probable t ! ,indians 7 !re = ! purpose 
( captur+      ! tra9 z !y _h be5 fir+  
into x previ\s to our      arrival4#bd  
,/ieffel tells u mu* m 9 8 pa9t+4 ,^u   
be+ attack$ ! tra9 has pull$ (f ! road1 
visible 9 ! left =egr\nd1 & corrall$4 ,!
 horses rema9 hit*$1 witness to !       
sudd5ness ( ! attack4 ,t ! ,indians did 
n v5ture ov]ly close1 z /at$ by ,m>cy1  
is indicat$ by ! fact t ,bro!rton's m5 h
 n be5 =c$ to take cov] beh9d ! wagons4 
,t ! ,indians appe> clos] ?an ,m>cy     
indicates is due to ! arti/'s lack (    
p]spective4 ,!y are fir+ muzzle-load+   
rifles1 sev]al m5 be+ 9 ! act ( ramm+   
home *>ges4 ,/ieffel is d\btless correct
 9 ?is detail4 ,! ,*ief ( ,ordnance     
report$ 9 ,octob] #ahfg t ne>ly all !   
infantry 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,miss\ri & !

 ,platte _h be5 issu$ bree*-load]s4#be  
,x seems m ?an probable t ,company ,k1 9
 transit z x 0 f ! di/ant ,dep>tm5t (   
,new ,mexico1 _h nev] se5 ! new weapons4
  ,9 ! matt] ( uni=m1 ,/ieffel may h be5
 indulg+ 8 fancy some:at :5 he pictur$ !
 m5 z we>+ ! long frock coat & black    
campaign hat4 ,a miscellany ( dress ) ! 
%ort fatigue jacket & kepi pr$om9at+    
w\ld seem f> m reasonable = an outfit   
:i* _h j f9i%$ six r\gh ye>s 9 ! des]t  
,s\?we/ & 0 ev5 !n ne>+ ! end ( a       
#ejj-mile m>*4 ,! arti/1 z did mo/      
obs]v]s ( ! p]iod1 has pat5tly          
ov]e/imat$ ! numb] ( ,indians :o mu/ h  
c>ri$ fire>ms 9 ! attack4 ,fully #ej    
p]c5t or m ( ! ,indians are pictur$ z s 
arm$1 a po9t :i*--und]/&able z x may be 
9 ! case ( an obs]v] p>ticipat+ 9 :at   
may well h be5 8 fir/ ,indian fight--is 
n borne out by ! record4 ,9 ! ,fett]man 
,massacre ( ! previ\s ,decemb]1 ( ! #ha 
:ite m5 kill$ only six bore gun%ot      
w\nds1#bf & ! be/ evid5ce indicates t ! 
=ce :i* ov]:elm$ ,cu/] on ! ,little ,big

 ,horn ,riv] 9 #ahgf 0 at lea/ #ej p]c5t
 arm$ ) b[ & arr[4#bg ,!n aga91 ,g5]al  
,m>cy's report w\ld seem to be> ?is out4
 ,_h ! ,indians be5 well arm$1 ! freight
 wagon tra91 :i* ,/ieffel pictures      
corrall$ 9 ! "r backgr\nd1 c\ld h>dly h 
held out = twelve days aga9/ a =ce      
e/imat$ at #cjj or m w>riors def5d$ by  
only #be m51 at lea/ a "p ( :om 7       
,mexicans describ$ by ,m>cy z badly     
fright5$4#bh ,! soldi] 9 ! c5t]         
backgr\nd mak+ a da% = ! corrall$ wagons
 is probably a flank] cut (f by ! sudd5 
attack1 possibly ! ,lt4 ,williams :o 0  
w\nd$1 s9ce only (fic]s 9 ! infantry 7  
m\nt$4 ,! gr\p ( ,indians ar\nd ! fire  
79 ! "r c5t]gr\nd7 _c be acc\nt$ =4     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,=t ,h>k]1  
,kansas2 s\? side4 7,,usnm #chdahf2     
,smi?sonian photo #chihf47  ,/ieffel's  
two pictures ( ! meet+ ( ! ,gov]nm5t's  
peace commission]s ) ! ,indians at !    
g5]al tribal r5dezv\s on ,big ,m$ic9e   
,lodge ,creek 9 ,octob] #ahfg 7figs4 #c1
 #d7 are 8 mo/ important f a hi/orical  

/&po9t1 especially ! "o ( ,satanta1 !   
,ki[a *ief1 address+ ! meet+4#bi        
,indian unre/ dur+ & imm$iately aft] !  
,civil ,w> caus$ by ! ev]-increas+ :ite 
migration to ! ,we/ _h gr[n to su*      
proportions t 9 #ahfg ! ,congress laun*$
 an all-out ef=t to e/abli% a la/+ peace
 on ! fronti]4 ,! plan 0 to p]suade !   
w>r+ tribes to sign treaties :]eby !y   
w\ld move onto res]vations :]e !y w\ld  
be undi/urb$ by ! :ites &1 9 turn1 w\ld 
cease to mole/ ! fronti] settlem5ts4#cj 
,! ,indians conc]n$ ) ! ,m$ic9e ,lodge  
treaty 7 ! ,ki[a1 ,coman*e1 ,apa*e1     
,*ey5ne1 & ,arapahoe4 ,?is treaty is    
unusually important1 z x *ang$ ! entire 
/atus ( ^! tribes f t ( indep5d5ce )    
free & unre/rict$ range ov] ! entire    
pla9s area to t ( dep5d5ce on !         
,gov]nm5t ) conf9em5t to ! limits ( a   
res]vation ) con/ant civilian & milit>y 
sup]vision4 ,= ! ,indians x 0 ! beg9n+ (
 ! end4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,=t
 ,keogh1 ,montana4 7,,usnm #chdahi2     
,smi?sonian photo #cgibe47  ,^u its     

arrival at ,=t ,h>k] foll[+ ! action (  
,septemb] #bc1 ,company ,k _h be5       
assign$ z escort = ! commission]s1 ?us  
,/ieffel's pres5ce at ,c\ncil ,grove4 ,x
 0 a colorful ga!r+1 ) "s #e1jjj        
,indians on h&4 ,fir/ came a s]ies (    
spee*es4 ,!n ! treaty 0 drawn up &      
expla9$ to ! ,indians4 ,!y 7 to retire  
to assign$ res]vations1 cease attack+ ! 
:ites1 & p]mit railroads to be built    
across ! pla9s4 ,9 return ! res]vations 
7 to be clos$ to ! :ite buffalo hunt]s &
 ! tribes 7 to be issu$ c]ta9 annuities 
& provid$ ) f>m+ implem5ts1 se$s1       
*ur*es1 & s*ools4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,indians 7 
to be =c$ to walk ! :ite man's road4    
,:5 ! turn came = ! ,indians to reply1  
sev]al *iefs respond$1 ! mo/ notable be+
 ! ,ki[a *ief1 ,satanta1 or ,:ite ,be>  
7fig4 #aa71 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable        
individuals 9 8 tribe's hi/ory4 ,speak+ 
= all1 ,satanta made an unusually /rong 
impression on mo/ ( ^? pres5t1 ,/ieffel 
among !m1 = ?is is ! incid5t :i* he *ose
 to depict#ca 7fig4 #c74  ,satanta is   

pictur$ 9 ! act ( speak+ to !           
commission]s1 ?ree ( :om c be id5tifi$ z
 ! milit>y memb]s1 ,g5]als ,t]ry1       
,augur1 & ,h>ney f left to "r1#cb plus  
"o ( ! civilian commission]s1 possibly  
,n4 ,g4 ,taylor1 ,commission] ( ,indian 
,affairs4 ,a d>+ & successful w>rior1   
,satanta's eloqu5ce & vigor ( expression
 _h already won = him ! title ,orator ( 
! ,pla9s4 ,e feature on 8 /rong face1 e 
l9e1 %[$ 8 "*--a =ceful1 untamable      
savage ( a tribe z well kn[n = its lack 
( honor1 gratitude1 & g5]al reliability 
z = its brav]y4#cc ,) great dignity &   
impact he fir/ d5\nc$ bitt]ly &         
scornfully ! kill+ = m]e sport ( a numb]
 ( buffalo ne> ! c\ncil site by "s      
troop]s ( ! #g? ,cavalry3       ,has !  
:ite man become a *ild1 t he %\ld       
recklessly kill      & n eat8 ,:5 ! r$  
m5 slay game1 !y d s t !y may      live 
& n />ve4  ,9 direct relation to !      
treaty1 he cont9u$ ) obvi\s s9c]ity3    
,i love ! l& & ! buffalo4444 ,i don't   
want any ( !      m$ic9e lodges s*ools &

 *ur*es )9 ! c\ntry4 ,i want      !     
*ildr5 rais$ z ,i 04444 ,i h he>d t y   
int5d to      settle u on a res]vation  
ne> ! m\nta9s4 ,i don't want to         
settle4 ,i love to roam ov] ! prairies4 
,!re ,i am free &      happy1 b :5 we   
settle d[n we gr[ pale & die4444 ,a long
      "t ago ?is l& belong$ to our      
fa!rs2 b :5 ,i g up to !      riv] ,i   
see camps ( soldi]s on its banks4 ,^!   
soldi]s cut d[n      my timb]2 !y kill  
my buffalo2 & :5 ,i see t my he>t feels 
l bu/+4  ,little wond] ,/ieffel & all ^?
 pres5t 7 impress$4 ,x is appropriate to
 add t nei!r ! ,indians nor ! ,gov]nm5t 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates obs]v$ ! provisions ( 
?is treaty4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#i4--,miles ,city1 ,montana4 7,,usnm    
#chdaij2 ,smi?sonian photo #cgibe-;,b47 
,! rema9d] ( ,/ieffel's pa9t+s h no su* 
impact z ! e>li] ones1 b none!less !y   
are important1 especially = _! almo/    
meticul\s detail ( camp & po/ life &    
t]ra9 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 t ( ! camp ( peace   
commission]s he accurately depicts !    

v>i\s types ( t5tage ( ! ,army at !     
"t--! small slant+ wall t5ts ( ! enli/$ 
m51 ! wall t5ts ( ! individual (fic]s1 !
 l>ge wall headqu>t]s & (fic]s' mess    
t5ts1 & ! famili> ,sibleys1 "o ( :i* is 
obvi\sly be+ us$ = ! gu>d4 ,! escort    
wagons & ambulances are regulation      
transport ( ! p]iod4 ,! arti/ has ev5   
includ$ a s5try walk+ po/ at ! ration   
dump ) fix$ bayonet1 a s\nd precaution  
aga9/ /icky r$ f+]s4 ,two ,indian camps 
are %[n 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! ,indians1 z  
w\ld befit ! atmosph]e ( a treaty       
c\ncil1 are mov+ freely ?r\gh ! milit>y 
camp to ! app>5t unconc]n ( ! milit>y4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--,!          
,yell[/one ,riv] ne> ,=t ,keogh1        
,montana4 7,,usnm #chdaia2 ,smi?sonian  
photo #cgibe-;,a47  ,! l&scape ( !      
,wi*ita ,m\nta9s f ,m$ic9e ,bluffs 7fig4
 #e7 on ! pres5t-day ,=t ,sill          
res]vation is notewor?y z a t]ra9 sket* 
to anyone :o has s]v$ at t po/4 ,i h    
ridd5 ov] ?is c\ntry _m times1 & !      
undulat+ prairie1 ! me&]+ ( ,m$ic9e     

,creek1 ! ,bluffs !mselves--ov] ! highe/
 ( :i* 7left c5t]gr\nd7 ! ,apa*e        
,g]onimo did n ride 8 horse ) ! #g?     
,cavalry 9 full cry beh9d--,m\nt ,h9ds &
 l(ty ,m\nt ,scott are rem>kable 9 _!   
accuracy :5 "o consid]s t ! pa9t+ mu/ h 
be5 done f sket*es made :5 ,/ieffel 0 on
 escort detail to ! ,indian ,t]ritory 9 
#ahfi4cd  ,! two views ( ,=t ,h>k]1     
,kansas 7figs4 #f1 #g71 n[ ,ellswor?1   
mu/ h be5 pa9t$ dur+ #ahgj & #ahga :ile 
,/ieffel 0 on extra duty z a hospital   
att5dant !re4 ,f an arti/ic /&po9t !y   
are ! poore/ ( 8 "w4 ,8 detail1 h[ev]1 m
 ?an comp5sates = any defici5cies z a   
draftsman & gives u an excell5t concept 
( ! physical lay\t & daily r\t9e ( a    
small po/ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,pla9s4 ,! two     
views are f ! ea/ & s\?1 & complem5t "o 
ano!r nicely4 ,headqu>t]s1 (fic]s'      
qu>t]s1 & b>racks1 all ( typical        
clapbo>d con/ruction1 are readily       
disc]nible1 z are ! /ables1 ! latt] be+ 
! long unf5e/rat$ build+s4 ,ev5 ! b>rack
 privies1 an outdoor bake ov5 alongside 

a mess hall1 & e>?-cov]$ p[d] magaz9es c
 be easily id5tifi$4 ,! long r[s (      
cordwood = cook+ & heat+ 7 to be se5 on 
any po/ ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! view f ! ea/    
7fig4 #f7 may be se5 a detail (         
cavalrym5 ) l$ horses mov+ out = animal 
ex]cise pa/ ! camp ( a transi5t unit )  
its /&>d t5tage & transport4 ,! high    
:ite pal+ f5ce is difficult to place1   
be+ ei!r an animal corral1 9 :i* case x 
w\ld be mu* too high1 or a =age y>d1    
s9ce no hay piles are visible else:]e4  
,/ieffel seems to h be5 consid]ably     
fasc9at$ by ! railroad 7fig4 #g7 ) its  
accompany+ telegraph l9e runn+ s\?we/ ( 
! =t1 = aga9 he pa9ts 9 "s detail1      
al?\gh ?is "t ) an almo/ *ildi%         
conception4 ,! ,u4,p4,r4,w4,e4,d4 :i* he
 s c>efully lett]s 9 id5tifies ! l9e z !
 ,union ,pacific ,railway1 ,ea/]n       
,division4#ce ,! nam+ ( ! eng9e ,osage 0
 z typical ( ! p]iod z ! nam+ (         
individual comm]cial aircraft is today4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,ki[a ,*ief 
,satanta1 or ,:ite ,be>4 7,smi?sonian   

photo ,,bae #achj-;,a47  ,! la/ ?ree    
pa9t+s 7figs4 #h-aj7 fall 9 ! p]iod (   
,/ieffel's s]vice at ,=t ,keogh 9 !     
,dep>tm5t ( ,dakota4 ,! =t1 nam$ =      
,capta9 ,miles ,keogh 7:o di$ ) ,cu/] 9 
! ,little ,big ,horn massacre7 &        
orig9ally call$ ,cantonm5t ,tongue      
,riv]1 0 locat$ at ! conflu5ce ( !      
,tongue & ,yell[/one ,riv]s ne>         
pres5t-day ,miles ,city1 ,montana4  ,!  
pictures ( bo? ! =t 7fig4 #h7 & ,miles  
,city 7fig4 #i7 are subject to *eck     
aga9/ extant photographs2 !y are amaz+ 9
 _! detail & accuracy4 ,! ov]-all lay\t 
( ! =t con=ms1 & su* m9ute details z !  
gable w9d[s & *imneys ( ! (fic]s' qu>t]s
 on ! left ( ! p>ade gr\nd & ! two-/ory 
v]&as on ! enli/$ b>racks opposite are  
absolutely correct4#cf ,! famili>       
/ables1 corral1 wood piles1 & hay       
piles--! latt] surr\nd$ by a /one wall z
 protection aga9/ grass fire 9 ! dry    
mon?s--are readily disc]nible 7fig4 #h74
 ,! l[ /one build+s & corral 9 ! "r     
c5t]gr\nd probably are "p ( ! orig9al   

/ructures ( ,cantonm5t ,tongue ,riv]4 ,!
 small %acks to ! left ( !m probably are
 ! homes ( ! civilian hang]s-on :o f\nd$
 ,miles ,city 9 #ahgf aft] be+ eject$ f 
! po/ by ,col4 ,nelson ,miles1 ! comm&] 
( ! #e? ,infantry4 ,! fir/ site ( ,miles
 ,city c be se5 9 ! upp] "r corn] on !  
banks ( ! ,tongue4 ,! t[n 0 mov$ across 
! riv] 9 #ahgg4 ,! m\nt$ drill 9 !      
=egr\nd is difficult to expla9 9 a p]iod
 :5 & 9 an area :]e ! troops 7 almo/    
con/antly 9 ! field "u combat           
conditions4 ,p]haps x is m]e w9d[ dress+
 by ! arti/4 ,x is entirely possible1   
h[ev]1 t ,/ieffel has pictur$ elem5ts ( 
8 own regim5t1 :i* 0 m\nt$ f #ahgg until
 aft] ! surr5d] ( ,sitt+ ,bull 9 #ahha4 
,be+ basically infantry !y w\ld be mo/ 9
 ne$ ( tra9+ 9 m\nt$ tactics4 ,!n aga91 
^! c\ld be legitimate cavalry ^: comm&] 
?\ght _h w&]$ too f> f regulation       
movem5ts dur+ ! unor?odox w9t] w>f>e !y 
_h be5 wag+ aga9/ ! ,indians4  ,! view (
 ,miles ,city 7fig4 #i7 has little      
importance 9 a milit>y s5se1 b x is a   

f9e contempor>y view ( a fronti] t[n ( !
 p]iod4 ,x is probably ! product ( a    
spr+ aft]noon ,/ieffel sp5t along !     
banks ( ! ,tongue4 ,x 0 pa9t$ be=e      
#ahhj--;a wood5 bridge _h replac$ ! f]ry
 by t ye>#cg--;& probably z e>ly z      
#ahgh1 = ! t[n grew rapidly & ,/ieffel  
pictures only two /reets1 ,ma9 & ,p>k1  
runn+ at "r angles4 ,! t[n is correctly 
plac$ 9 a grove ( cottonwoods1 & l[ to !
 riv] z evid5c$ by ! almo/ annual flood+
 ( ! /reets4#ch ,/ructures :i* c be     
readily id5tifi$1 read+ f left to "r on 
,ma9 ,/reet1 are ! ,diamond ,d corral   
visible ne> ! f]ry l&+2 ! t[n /ockade   
:i* ,/ieffel has ei!r misplac$ or :i* 0 
lat] mov$2 ,major ,bo*>dt's /ore1 ! :ite
 two-/ory build+2 ,broadwat]1 ,hubbel & 
,co41 ! br[n two-/ory /ructure next "r2 
! ,cottage ,saloon at ! corn] ( ,ma9 &  
,p>k ,/reets1 j to ! "r ( ! flag pole2 &
 ,morris ,cahn's drygoods emporium on   
,p>k ,/reet1 9 ! "r c5t]gr\nd1 t c be   
id5tifi$ by ,cahn's "n on ! false       
front4#ci   ,a ,note on ,/ieffel's      

,indians  ,9 sev5 ( 8 n9e pa9t+s        
,/ieffel has execut$ 8 ,indian subjects 
9 colorful detail & ) "s c>e4 ,al?\gh he
 app>5tly did n "k 8 subjects well en\gh
 to di/+ui% !m by tribe1 he does depict 
!m 9 typical dress ( ! p]iod4 ,_m ( !m  
are we>+ ,g]man silv] ornam5ts ( v>i\s  
designs ab\t _! necks1 on /rips (       
flannel atta*$ to _! hair pigtail-l1 or 
z arm b&s4 ,at lea/ f\r are we>+        
hair-pipe brea/ plates1 a fact ( int]e/ 
to e?nologi/s1#dj & sev]al we> !        
comical1 ,puritan /yle1 tall black hats 
issu$ z annuity goods4 ,! r$ & blue     
robes are ( trades-good flannel1 z      
probably are ! legg+s4 ,two we> buffalo 
robes ) ! sk9 side out & ! hair side    
roll$ ov] at ! %\ld]4#da ,two1 9 ! ,=t  
,keogh picture 7fig4 #h7 & ! ,yell[/one 
,riv] l&scape 7fig4 #aj71 we> robes ( ! 
famili>1 colorfully /rip$ ,hudson ,bay  
blanket+ mat]ial4 ,arms are             
conv5tional--b[s1 quiv]$ arr[s1 & pipe  
tomahawks1 ) a scatt]+ ( fire>ms4 ,9 !  
,yell[/one ,riv] l&scape "o discrepancy 

%\ld be po9t$ out--! canoe2 ! ,nor!rn   
,pla9s ,indians seldom us$ wat]         
transport1 & !n g5]ally only 9 ! =m (   
rafts4     ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3  
,= ,george ,catl91 ,gu/avus ,sohon1 &   
,george ,gibbs1 see3 ,john ,c4 ,ew]s1   
,gu/avus ,sohon's ,portraits ( ,fla!ad &
 ,p5d d',oreille ,indians1 #ahed1       
,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections1 
vol4 #aaj1 no4 #g1 #aidh2 ,george       
,catl91 ,pa9t] ( ,indians & ! ,we/1 9   
,annual ,report ( ! 444 ,smi?sonian     
,in/itution 444 #aiee1 #aief1 pp4       
#dhc-ebh2 ,m>v9 ,c4 ,ross1 ,george      
,catl91 ,episodes f ,life ,among !      
,indians & ,la/ ,rambles1 ,norman1      
,okla41 ,univ4 ,oklahoma ,press1 #aiei2 
,h>old ,mc,cracken1 ,george ,catl9 & !  
,old ,fronti]1 ,new ,york1 ,dial ,press1
 #aiei2 ,david ,i4 ,bu%nell1 ,jr41      
,draw+s by ,george ,gibbs 9 ! ,f>       
,nor?we/1 #ahdi-ahea1 ,smi?sonian       
,miscellane\s ,collections1 vol4 #ig1   
no4 #h1 #aich4  ,= ,alfr$ ,jacob ,mill]1
 see3 ,b]n>d ,de,voto1 ,across ! ,wide  

,miss\ri1 ,bo/on1 ,little1 ,br[n & ,co41
 #aidg2 ,m>v9 ,c4 ,ross1 editor1 ,! ,we/
 ( ,alfr$ ,jacob ,mill]1 ,norman1       
,okla41 ,univ4 ,oklahoma ,press1 #aiea4 
,= ,fr$]ick ,rem+ton & ,*>les ,russell1 
see3 ,h>old ,mc,cracken1 ,fr$]ick       
,rem+ton1 ,arti/ ( ! ,old ,we/1         
,philadelphia1 ,lipp9cott1 #aidg1 & ,!  
,*>les ,m4 ,russell ,book2 ! ,life & ,"w
 ( ! ,c[boy ,arti/1 ,g>d5 ,city1        
,d\bl$ay1 #aieg4  ,footnote #b3 ,see3   
,m>k ,h4 ,br[n & ,w4 ,r4 ,felton1 ,!    
,fronti] ,ye>s4 ,l4 ,a4 ,huffman1       
,photograph] ( ! ,pla9s1 ,new ,york1    
,h5ry ,holt & ,co41 #aiee2 ,m>t9 ,f4    
,s*mitt & ,dee ,br[n1 ,fight+ ,indians (
 ! ,we/1 ,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s  
,sons1 #aidh4  ,footnote #c3 ,an        
excell5t gr\p ( ^! crude on-!-spot      
draw+s & pa9t+s is reproduc$ 9 ,grace   
,raymond ,heb>d & ,e4 ,a4 ,br99/ool1 ,! 
,bozeman ,trail1 #b vols41 ,clevel&1 ,! 
,ar?ur ,h4 ,cl>k ,co41 #aibb4  ,footnote
 #d3 ,no4 #agcgdj 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national  
,museum4  ,footnote #e3 ,! in=mation on 

,bro!rton's c>e] has be5 cull$ f3       
,regi/] ( ,graduates & ,=m] ,cadets     
,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1        
#ahjb-aidf1 ,new ,york1 ,! ,we/ ,po9t   
,alumni ,f\ndation1 ,inc41 #aidf2       
,francis ,b4 ,heitman1 ,hi/orical       
,regi/] & ,diction>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,army1 ,wa%+ton1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+       
,(fice1 #aijc1 vol4 #a2 ,george ,w4     
,cullum1 ,biographical ,regi/] ( !      
,(fic]s & ,graduates ( ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y
 ,academy1 ,bo/on1 #ahia-aicj1 vol4 #c4 
,footnote #f3 ,enli/m5t pap]s ( ,h]mann 
,/ieffel dat$ ,decemb] #ag1 #aheg1      
,adjutant ,g5]al's ,records1 ,national  
,ar*ives1 ,wa%+ton4  ,footnote #g3 ,!o  
,f4 ,rod5b\gh & ,william ,l4 ,hask91 ,! 
,army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,new ,york1    
,mayn>d1 ,m]rill  ,co41 #ahif1 pp4      
#dga-dgb2 ,rem>ks on ,mu/] ,roll1       
,company ,k1 #e? ,infantry 7h]e9aft]    
cit$ z ,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4 ,k71 ,augu/    
#ca1 #aheh1 ,adjutant ,g5]al's ,records1
 ,national ,ar*ives1 ,wa%+ton4          
,footnote #h3 ,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4 ,k1 op4 

cit4 7footnote #g71 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahei4
  ,footnote #i3 ,9 #ahfa a private's pay
 0 #ac4jj p] mon? ) #b4jj )held until   
expiration ( 8 enli/m5t & 4#ab-a_/b     
)held = support ( ! ,u4,s4 ,soldi]s'    
,home at ,wa%+ton4 7,u4,s4 ,army        
,regulations1 #ahfa47  ,footnote #aj3   
,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4 ,k1 op4 cit4 7footnote
 #g71 ,octob] #ca1 #ahfa2 ,decemb] #ca1 
#ahfa2 ,april #cj1 #ahfb2 ,june #cj1    
#ahfb2 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahfb2 ,febru>y    
#bh1 #ahfc2 ,april #cj1 #ahfc2 ,febru>y 
#bh1 #ahfd2 ,june #cj1 #ahfd4  ,footnote
 #aa3 ,canby 0 murd]$ by ! ,modoc       
,capta9 ,jack 9 #ahgc :ile engag$ 9 a   
peace conf]5ce4  ,footnote #ab3 ,=      
details ( ^! op]ations1 see3 ,! ,w> ( ! 
,rebellion3 ,(ficial ,records ( ! ,union
 & ,conf$]ate ,armies1 #acj vols41      
,wa%+ton1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 #ahhj-aija1 s]4
 #a1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #dhg-ebb4  ,footnote  
#ac3 ,ibid41 s]4 #a1 vol4 #dg1 pt4 #b1  
p4 #abdf4  ,footnote #ad3 ,rod5b\gh &   
,hask91 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 p4 #dgb2
 ,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4 ,k1 op4 cit4         

7footnote #g71 ,april #cj1 #ahfc2 ,june 
#cj1 #ahfd2 ,octob] #ca1 #ahfe4         
,footnote #ae3 ,! fir/ note ( su* duty  
is 9 ,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4 ,k1 op4 cit4     
7footnote #g71 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahfc4     
,footnote #af3 ,see ,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4   
,k1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 #ahfc-ahhb4 
,! mu/] rolls 7 submitt$ bimon?ly4      
,footnote #ag3 ,ibid41 ,june #cj1 #ahfh2
 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahfi2 ,april #cj1 #ahfi4
  ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid41 ,decemb] #ca1  
#ahfi2 ,septemb] #cj1 #ahgc2 ,june #cj1 
#ahgd4  ,footnote #ai3 ,company ,k 0    
almo/ at full /r5g? at ! "t1 mu/]+ #eh  
enli/$ m5 ( ! #fj au?oriz$4 ,ibid41     
,septemb] #cj1 #ahgc2 ,(ficial ,army    
,regi/] = ,janu>y #ahgd1 ,wa%+ton1      
,adjutant ,g5]al's ,(fice1 #ahgd1 p4    
#bfj;,b4  ,footnote #bj3 ,mu/] ,roll1   
,co4 ,k1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71 ,augu/ 
#ca1 #ahgf4  ,footnote #ba3 ,fr$]ick    
,rem+ton has pictur$ ?is surr5d] = u1 b 
he 0 n an eye witness4  ,footnote #bb3  
,mu/] ,roll1 ,co4 ,k1 op4 cit4 7footnote
 #g71 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahgh1 to ,june #cj1  

#ahhb2 ,c]tificate ( ,disability =      
,dis*>ge1 ,private ,h]mann ,/ieffel1    
,april #h1 #ahhb1 ,adjutant ,g5]al's    
,records1 ,national ,ar*ives4 ,! date ( 
,june #bc1 giv5 on ! ,mu/] ,roll1 0     
app>5tly t on :i* ! dis*>ge receiv$ f9al
 approval 9 ,wa%+ton4  ,footnote #bc3   
,!re is no record ( ,/ieffel's ev] hav+ 
be5 a memb] ( ! ,soldi]s' ,home1 b !    
,home's records = ! #ahhj's are v       
incomplete4 ,h[ev]1 8 dis*>ge gives 8   
=w>d+ address z t in/itution1 & !re is  
def9ite record ( ! date ( 8 dea? &      
int]m5t !re4  ,footnote #bd3 ,report (  
,brig4 ,g54 ,r4 ,b4 ,m>cy1 ,septemb]    
#bd1 #ahfg1 docum5t no4 #a1jjj1 ,,ago1  
,dep>tm5t ( ,miss\ri1 vol4 #d1 #ahfg1   
,civil ,w> ,bran*1 ,national ,ar*ives4  
,footnote #be3 ,report ( ,*ief (        
,ordnance1 #ahfg1 ,wa%+ton1 ,w>         
,dep>tm5t1 #ahfh4  ,footnote #bf3       
,george ,bird ,gr9nell1 ,! ,fight+      
,*ey5ne1 ,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s  
,sons1 #aiae1 p4 #bce4  ,footnote #bg3  
,frazi] & ,rob]t ,hunt1 ,i ,f\ght ,)    

,cu/]3 ,! ,/ory ( ,s]geant ,w9dolph1    
,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1    
#aidg1 p4 #ib4 ,= an excell5t discussion
 ( ,indian armam5t at ?is p]iod1 see    
,john ,e4 ,p>sons & ,john ,s4 ,du,mont1 
,fire>ms 9 ! ,cu/] ,battle1 ,h>risburg1 
,! ,/ackpole ,company1 #aiec4  ,footnote
 #bh3 ,m>cy's report1 op4 cit4 7footnote
 #bd74  ,footnote #bi3 ,jack ,h[l&1     
arti/ = ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 also pictur$   
,satanta speak+ to ! commission]s1 & ) m
 accuracy 9 t all ! civilian            
commission]s are visible1 b 8 pictures  
lack ! color & drama ( ,/ieffel's "w4   
,see3 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,novemb] #af1    
#ahfg4  ,footnote #cj3 ,! records ( ?is 
treaty meet+ are conta9$ 9 ! ,(fice (   
,indian ,affairs1 ,record ,gr\p #ge1    
,national ,ar*ives4 ,! f9al treaties are
 reproduc$ 9 ,indian ,affairs3 ,laws &  
,treaties1 vol4 #b1 ,wa%+ton1 ,gov]nm5t 
,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aijc1 pp4 #ged-gfd4     
,footnote #ca3 ,!re are sev]al acc\nts (
 ?is4 ,! be/1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 is 9
 ,james ,mooney's ,cal5d> ,hi/ory ( !   

,ki[a ,indians1 #ag? ,annual ,report ( !
 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1
 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #ahih1 pp4    
#aha-ahf1 #bjf-baj4  ,footnote #cb3 ,see
 photo tak5 at lat] date by ,alex&]     
,g>dn]1 ,/ill ,picture ,bran*1 ,national
 ,ar*ives4  ,footnote #cc3 ,an int]e/+  
sidelight on ,satanta3 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfg
 he accept$ a complete g5]al (fic]'s    
uni=m f ,g5]al ,hancock at ,=t ,dodge & 
reciprocat$ %ortly aft]w>ds by attack+ !
 po/ :ile deck$ out 9 8 new dress4      
,footnote #cd3 ,detail & ori5tation *eck
 closely ) map ( ,=t ,sill1 ,oklahoma1  
%eet #fcec ,,iii ,,nw1 scale #a3be1jjj1 
,army ,map ,s]vice4  ,footnote #ce3 ,?is
 0 id5tifi$ 9 ,eng9e] ,files1           
,c>tographic ,bran*1 ,national ,ar*ives4
  ,footnote #cf3 ,an ov]-all            
photographic view ( ! po/ is 9 ,/ill    
,picture ,bran*1 ,national ,ar*ives4 ,= 
photos ( ! (fic]s' qu>t]s & b>racks1 see
 ,br[n & ,felton1 op4 cit4 7footnote    
#b71 pp4 #ih1 #abh4  ,footnote #cg3 ,see
 photo 9 ,br[n & ,felton op4 cit4       

7footnote #b71 p #ace4  ,footnote #ch3  
,ibid41 pp4 #acg1 #adj4  ,footnote #ci3 
,ibid41 pp4 #aeg1 #afc1 & end pap] map4 
,footnote #dj3 ,ew]s1 op4 cit4 7footnote
 #a71 pp4 #eh-fa1 #aidh4  ,footnote #da3
 ,l[] "r 9 ! ,c\ncil ,grove sc5e & 9 !  
=egr\nd ( ! ,=t ,keogh picture4