99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z li/$ 9 ! ,li/ ,( ,corrections at ! end ( ! text4 ,words 9 italics are indicat$ l ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,appletons' ,_w ,s]ies ,,! ,,regions ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,edit$ ,,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]1 ,m4,a4 ,read] 9 ,geography 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ,ea* complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,,brita9 ,,& ,,! ,,briti% ,,seas ,by ! ,,editor ,,we/]n ,,europe ,,& ,,! ,,m$it]ranean ,by ,,elisee ,,reclus ,,c5tral ,,europe ,by ,,joseph ,,p>ts*1 ,ph4,d4 ,,sc&9avia ,,& ,,! ,,arctic ,,region ,by ,sir ,,clem5ts ,r4 ,,m>kham1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,presid5t ,royal ,geog4 ,soc4 ,,! ,,russian ,,empire ,by ,,pr9ce ,,kropotk9 ,,! ,,ne>] ,,ea/ ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,,hog>?1 ,m4,a4 ,,africa ,by ,j4 ,,scott ,,keltie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,sec4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,india ,by ,colonel ,sir ,,?omas ,,holdi*1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,c4,b41 ,r4,e4 ,,! ,,f>!r ,,ea/ ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,little ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,by ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,brann]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,au/ralasia ,,& ,,ant>ctica ,by ,h4 ,o4 ,,=bes1 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,nor? ,am]ica4 ,f a photograph ( a relief map by ,victor & ,cosmos ,m9deleff4 ,scales ( orig9al3 ,horizontal1 #abj miles to #a in*2 v]tical1 #dj1jjj feet to #a in*3 proportion1 #a3af4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,by ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan ,) ,maps & ,diagrams ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aijd ,,copyright1 #aijd ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,preface ,! aim ( ?is book is to give a cond5s$ &1 ,i tru/1 readable acc\nt ( ! lead+ facts conc]n+ ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t :i*1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! geograph]1 seem mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,! area ( ! cont95t is s va/ & ! div]sity among its v>i\s p>ts s great1 h[ev]1 t ! complet5ess ( treatm5t :i* *>act]izes ! prec$+ volumes 9 ! s]ies to :i* x belongs c\ld n be attempt$4 ,to obviate 9 a measure ?is confess$ %ortcom+1 !re has be5 app5d$ to ea* *apt] a li/ ( books :i* w enable ! read] to cont9ue ! /udies outl9$ 9 x4 ,a complete review ( ! geography ( a cont95t %\ld1 z x seems to me1 be divid$ into two p>ts3 fir/1 a discussion ( ! natural conditions1 or physical geography1 &1 second1 man's dep5d5ce on & use ( ! natural res\rces1 or economic geography4 ,ea* ( ^! two lead+ phases ( ! subject 0 embrac$ 9 ! prelim9>y outl9e ( ! pres5t volume1 b ow+ to a desire to make ea* *apt] z complete z practicable1 & also on acc\nt ( limitations z to space1 ! treatm5t ( ! economic phases ( geography has be5 necess>ily brief4 ,b little m c be claim$ = ! book z f9i%$ ?an t x is an attempt to describe "s ( ! m prom95t & attractive aspects ( ! natural conditions p]ta9+ to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:ile writ+ ?is book ,i h become m & m impress$ ) ! incomplet5ess & inadequacy ( ! pr9t$ records relat+ to ! geography ( ! cont95t ( :i* x treats4 ,ext5sive tracts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! f> ,nor?1 h n be5 trav]s$ by obs]vant m51 va/ areas ?r\gh\t ! cont95t h n be5 survey$ & mapp$1 & ev5 9 ! some:at ?ickly inhabit$ portions ( ! m enlight5$ c\ntries !re are l>ge di/ricts 9 ref]5ce to ! geography ( :i* !re is b little critical in=mation available4 ,"u ^! conditions x seem$ be/ to select typical examples ( v>i\s geographical features f ! bett] kn[n portions ( ! cont95t to repres5t ! conditions ?r\gh\t ! less ?or\ghly explor$ doma9 9 :i* !y are situat$1 & at ! same "t s]ve to illu/rate ! highly cr$itable advances made by ,am]ican geograph]s 9 def9itely =mulat+ ! pr9ciples ( physiography4 ,! book may1 9 a measure1 be consid]$ z an attempt to pres5t 9 popul> =m a report ( progress conc]n+ ! /udy ( ! geographical developm5t ( ,nor? ,am]ica at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,i4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,m>g9 ,,( ,,! ,,cont95t #a ,! cont95tal %elf--,! subm>9e topography ( ! ,c>ibbean region--,movem5ts ( ! ocean wat]s--,isl&s--,topography ( ! coa/--,e/u>ies & h>b\rs4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,topography ,,( ,,! ,,l& #fj ,coa/al pla9s & plateaus--,! ,atlantic m\nta9s--,! cont95tal bas9--,! ,pacific m\nta9s--,! ,antillean m\nta9s4 ,,iii4 ,,climate #agc ,! elem5ts ( climate--,climatic prov9ces--,second>y di/urbances ( ! atmosph]e--,evaporation4 ,,iv4 ,,plant ,,life #bae ,! =e/s--,prairies1 treeless pla9s1 & plateaus--,! treeless m\nta9 tops4 ,v4 ,,animal ,,life #beh ,g5]al pr9ciples ( geographical di/ribution--,life-regions & life-zones--,! mammals--,"s repres5tative mammals--,! birds4 ,,vi4 ,,geology #bii ,! gr[? ( ! cont95t--,! rocks ( :i* ! cont95t is compos$--,! conc5tration ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,aborig9es #cee ,! ,eskimos--,! ,indians4 ,,viii4 ,,political ,,geography #djh ,classification ( b\nd>ies--,political control--,population 9 #aijj4 ,,index #dbg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,col\r$ ,,maps ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,orographical features #be ,,ii4 ,mean annual ra9fall & temp]ature #agc ,,iii4 ,climate & life prov9ces #ahe ,,iv4 ,lead+ geological features #cjf ,v4 ,plei/oc5e glacial deposits #cae ,,vi4 ,l+ui/ic /ocks ( ,indians ,nor? ( ,mexico #cgj ,,vii4 ,di/ribution ( gov]nm5ts #daj ,,viii4 ,*>act]i/ic vegetation #dah ,,o!r ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,relief map ( ,nor? ,am]ica ,frontispiece #b4 ,pr(ile ( a cont95tal %elf #b #c4 ,map ( ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,c>ibbean region1 %[+ topography ( ! sea-floor #ag #d4 ,co-tidal l9es #bi #e4 ,pr(ile ( sea-cliff & cut-&-built t]race #cc #f4 ,map ( a portion ( ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ce #g4 ,map ( ,mobile ,bay #cf #h4 ,map ( ,cape ,cod #cg #i4 ,map ( ! coa/ ( ,texas #ci #aj4 ,map ( a portion ( ! coa/ ( ,ma9e #de #aa4 ,map ( ! coa/ ( s\!a/]n ,alaska #dg #ab4 ,map ( ! delta ( ! ,mississippi #ec #ac4 ,map giv+ ! names ( ! l>g] physiographic divisions ( ,nor? ,am]ica #fa #ad4 ,altitude map ( ,nor? ,am]ica #fe #ae4 ,map ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s #gd #af4 ,section ( anticl9al valleys & syncl9al m\nta9s #gh #ag4 ,pr(ile %[+ relation ( anci5t p5epla9s 9 ! ,appala*ians #ha #ah4 ,section ?r\gh ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota #aag #ai4 ,sket* ( ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado ,riv] #acd #bj4 ,map ( ! ,great ,bas9 #acg #ba4 ,map ( ,crat] ,lake1 ,oregon #aec #bb4 ,m\nt ,ra9i]1 ,wa%+ton #aed #bc4 ,map ( ,puget ,s\nd #afa #bd4 ,map %[+ isob>s = ,janu>y & ,july #age #be4 ,ice-palace1 ,montreal #aii #bf4 ,map %[+ tracks ( ,we/ ,indian hurricanes #bji #bg4 ,map %[+ dep? ( evaporation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bab #bh4 ,map %[+ di/ribution ( =e/s #bae #bi4 ,d\glas firs1 ,vanc\v] #bda #cj4 ,view 9 r$wood =e/ ( ,cali=nia1 f photograph by ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,=e/ry #bdb #ca4 ,bison at ,silv] ,heights1 ,w9nipeg #bge #cb4 ,map %[+ range ( bison #bgf #cc4 ,maps %[+ ! gr[? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t #cjc #cd4 ,map %[+ ! di/ribution ( coal-fields #ccf #ce4 ,ideal section ?r\gh an oil & gas pool b5ea? an anticl9al #cci #cf4 ,lodge or tepee ( ,blackfoot ,indians1 ,manitoba #chg #cg4 ,panorama ( ,uxmal1 ,yucatan #cij #ch4 ,po9t$ ar*es 9 ,c5tral ,am]ican ru9s #cic #ci4 ,c>v$ /onework1 ,uxmal1 ,yucatan #cid ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m>g9 ,,( ,,! ,,cont95t--,,! ,,cont95tal ,,%elf ,9 beg9n+ ! /udy ( ! physical geography ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 "o ( ! fir/ facts to claim att5tion is t ! true cont95tal bord] is 9 g5]al _m miles seaw>d f ! pres5t m>g9 ( ! l&4 ,! b\nd>y ( our field ( /udy is def9$ ) consid]able accuracy by a l9e drawn on ! bottom ( ! sea adjac5t to ! pres5t coa/-l9e ( ! cont95t s z to pass ?r\gh all po9ts :]e ! s\nd+s %[ a dep? ( #ajj fa?oms ( wat]4 ,?is #ajj-;fa?om cont\r 9 ! topography ( ! sea-floor *ances to co9cide 9 a g5]al way ) ! outl9e ( ! subm]g$ bord] ( ! cont95t2 l&w>d f x ! bottom rises ) a g5tle slope1 :ile seaw>d ! desc5t is usually /eep d[n to a dep? ( #b1jjj or m fa?oms4 ,a g5tly slop+ %elf-l bord] surr\nds ! deep c5tral bas9 ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 7,fig4 #c74 ,to ! we/ & nor? ( ,yucatan & we/ ( ,florida ! %elf is f #adj to #afj miles broad1 ) a surface slope t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ,gulf ( less ?an #f feet to a mile--a slope s g5tle t 7 ! surface ( ! %elf expos$ to view1 no eye c\ld di/+ui% x f a p]fect pla94 ,! deepe/ s\nd+ yet obta9$ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,gulf1 approximately midway betwe5 ,yucatan & ,florida1 %[s a dep? ( #b1aai fa?oms4 ,! rem>kable fact is t ! slope f ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e to ! bottom ( ! c5tral bas9 ( ! ,gulf is precipit\s4 ,9 two places on ! bord] ( ! ,yucatan bank a desc5t ( ab\t #h1ejj feet occurs )9 a horizontal di/ance ( #ae or #bj miles4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! s\!rn extremity ( ,florida1 & aga9 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,yucatan1 ! cont95tal %elf is only ab\t #e miles broad2 ^! are ! ne>e/ approa*es ( ! pres5t l& to ! actual bord] ( ! cont95t to be f\nd on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! explanation ( ^! exceptional conditions is t bo? ,florida & ,yucatan are portions ( ! cont95tal %elf :i* h be5 rais$ s z to =m l[ em]g$ pla9s4 ,f ,cape ,hatt]as nor?w>d to ! extremity ( ! ,newf\ndl& ,banks ! %elf increases gradually 9 bread? f ab\t #ae miles 9 ! region ( ! ,c>ol9as to ov] #ajj miles (f ! coa/ ( ,ma9e4 ,! out] bord] ( ! %elf is an irregul> curv+ l9e4 ,opposite ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts & ,ma9e an ext5sion ( ! ,atlantic bas9 rea*es )9 #ae or #bj miles ( ! pres5t m>g9 ( ! l&4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! l[ pla9 fr++ ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates passes b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic & becomes a cont95tal %elf is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,ideal pr(ile ?r\gh a cont95tal %elf4 ,s\!a/ ( ,newf\ndl& ! cont95tal %elf has an irregul> surface1 m>k$ by %oals & depressions1 & furni%es ! mo/ valuable fi%+-banks 9 ! _w4 ,! #ajj-;fa?om curve is !re ov] #ejj miles f ! coa/4 ,?is is ! broade/ portion ( ! cont95tal %elf n[ kn[n on ! ,atlantic bord] ( ! cont95t4 ,nor?w>d ( ,newf\ndl& ! ,atlantic bas9 ext5ds f> into ,davis ,/rait & ,baff9 ,bay1 & !n its bord] sw+s outw>d ab\t ,gre5l&1 b its true m>g9 is !re b imp]fectly kn[n4 ,to ! nor? ( ! arctic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z is sugge/$ 9 "p by ! s\nd+s made by ,nans51 ! subm]g$ m>g9 ( ! cont95t is probably broad & pres5ts a /eep esc>pm5t to ! arctic bas91 b ! outl9e ( ! true cont95t1 z 9 ! case ( ! pres5t l& ext5sion 9 t direction1 is unkn[n4 ,s\nd+s to ! nor? ( ,cape ,lisburne1 on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,alaska1 %[ t ! #ajj-;fa?om curve is !re ov] #bjj miles f l&4 ,! exceptionally %all[ sea cov]+ ?is portion ( ! %elf cont9ues we/w>d to ! coa/ ( ,asia1 & s\?w>d ?r\gh ,b]+ ,/rait1 s z to embrace ! ea/]n portion ( ,b]+ ,sea4 ,! cont95tal mass ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ?us directly connect$ ) ! cont95tal mass ( ,asia4 ,a rise ( ! bottom ( less ?an #bjj feet 9 ,b]+ ,/rait w\ld br+ ab\t a l& connection betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w4 ,?is1 z w appe> lat]1 is a mo/ significant fact to /ud5ts ( geography & geology4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! cont95tal %elf is ?r\gh\t mu* n>r[] ?an its av]age bread? on ! ,atlantic side ( ! cont95t1 & is also m deeply subm]g$ on its seaw>d bord]4 ,! broad plat=m b5ea? ! nor!rn & ea/]n portions ( ,b]+ ,sea--f :i* rise ! l[ isl&s1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,nunivak1 & ! ,pribil( gr\p1 n[ sep>at$ by wat] f #be to #ce fa?oms deep--ext5ds to ! s\? ( ! m ea/]ly ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 & is prolong$ ea/w>d along ! s\? bord] ( ,alaska1 :]e ! #ajj-;fa?om curve is f #aj to #bj miles f ! coa/-l9e1 & approa*es /ill ne>] ! l& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! isl&s ( s\!a/]n ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! %elf is n>r[ b well def9$ along ! coa/s ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,adjac5t to ,cali=nia1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 its out] m>g9 is b>ely #aj miles f l&4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire di/ance f ! ,aleutian ,isl&s to ,panama ! out] bord] ( ! %elf is 9 g5]al well def9$1 & its seaw>d esc>pm5t desc5ds abruptly to ! floor ( ! va/ ,pacific bas91 :]e ! s\nd+-l9e %[s dep?s ( f #b1jjj to #c1jjj fa?oms4 ,c\ld ! wat]s ( ! sea be remov$ & ,nor? ,am]ica view$ f a di/ance1 9 ! mann] we are enabl$ to exam9e ! surface features ( ! moon ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope1 an obs]v] w\ld behold a great plateau1 hav+ ! pres5t well-kn[n triangul> %ape ( ! cont95t1 ris+ boldly betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific bas9s4 ,! surface ( ! plateau w\ld be r\gh1 9 comp>ison ) ! g5]ally smoo? cont\rs ( ! adjac5t tr\ghs1 b ev5 ! highe/ m\nta9s w\ld be less 9 elevation above its g5]al surface ?an ! cre/s ( its bord]+ esc>pm5ts above ! adjac5t depressions4 ,! m\nta9-peaks :5 illum9at$ by ! sun w\ld appe> z po9ts ( light ) long1 tap]+ morn+ & ev5+ %ad[s1 & ! ea/ & we/ plateau-bord]s w\ld be /rongly drawn b&s ( light or %ad[1 accord+ to ! "t ( day1 #f1jjj or #h1jjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,! ,b]muda1 ,hawaiian1 & o!r isl&s n[ ris+ above ! surface ( ! deep sea w\ld /& on its desiccat$ floor z isolat$1 gigantic m\nta9s--,b]muda m\nta9 ) an elevation ( #ae1jjj feet1 & ! ,hawaiian gr\p ( peaks ) a culm9at+ po9t ( light #cj1jjj feet above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,! bord]+ slopes ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican plateau & its slightly bevell$ m>g9 =m+ ! pres5t cont95tal %elf w\ld be lack+ 9 details1 & appe> z a va/1 smoo?1 curv+ belt ( light or %ad[1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! r\gh5$ surface n[ above wat]4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t is n exceptional 9 be+ p>tially subm]g$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,simil> conditions occur ab\t ! m>g9s ( o!r cont95ts :i*1 z is well kn[n1 are fr+$ ) broad subm>9e t]races built 9 "p ( _! own debris4 ,9 fact1 e l>ge l& mass on ! e>? "u exi/+ climatic conditions & pres5t di/ribution ( life1 if x rema9$ mod]ately /able = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 w\ld h a subm>9e %elf built ab\t its bord]s4 ,( :at is ! ,cont95tal ,%elf ,compos$8--,! rocks =m+ ! pres5t l& surface ( ,nor? ,am]ica ext5d seaw>d f ! exi/+ %ores & con/itute ! basal portions ( ! cont95tal %elf1 ?us sugge/+ t ! subm]g$ plat=m is due1 9 "p at lea/1 to %ore erosion--! waves hav+ eat5 into ! l& s z to make a t]race4 ,t ?is is n ! true explanation1 h[ev]1 may be %[n 9 sev]al ways4 ,! sup]ficial cov]+ :i* gives ! cont95tal %elf its smoo? cont\rs is compos$ l>gely ( s$im5ts su* z riv]s br+ f ! l&4 ,?is mat]ial is co>se/ & 9 greate/ abundance ne> %ore & decreases bo? 9 ! size ( ! p>ticles compos+ x & 9 abundance t[>ds ! seaw>d bord]s ( ! %elf4 ,! wa% f ! l& is mo/ly deposit$ )9 a few miles ( ! coa/-l9e &1 z has be5 %[n by dr$g+1 is seldom c>ri$1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 m ?an ab\t #ajj miles seaw>d4 ,supplem5t+ ! fragm5tal mat]ial d]iv$ f ! l&1 & increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! seaw>d m>g9 ( ! cont95tal %elf--co9cid5t ) ! increase 9 dep? ( ! wat]--is a deposit ( light-col\r$ calc>e\s mud or ooze1 =m$ ( ! h>d p>ts ( animals & plants :i* live 9 ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,! organisms :i* supply ?is mat]ial are 9 ! ma9 microscopic & live especially 9 ! w>m] seas 9 c\ntless myriads4 ,_! dead %ells or cases fall to ! sea-floor 9 a con/ant %[]1 mu* z ! sn[ falls f ! air1 b cont9u\sly ye> aft] ye> & c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,?is desc5t ( ! h>d p>ts ( organisms1 bo? calc>e\s & silice\s1 f ! wat]s ( ! sea has l$ to ! accumulation ( a %eet ( slimy s$im5t ov] almo/ ! entire sea-bottom4 ,h[ ?ick ?is lay] is we h no means ( kn[+1 b x is probably _m hundr$s ( feet4 ,! organic debris fall+ on ! cont95tal %elf desc5ds ?r\gh only a few hundr$ feet ( wat] & is b little affect$ by its solv5t action4 ,! great numb] ( organisms1 su* z ! ,=am9if]a :i* secrete calc>e\s te/s or %ells causes ! slime on ! cont95tal %elves to be calc>e\s & 9 ! condition to =m lime/one if cem5t$ or subject$ to suffici5t pressure4 ,9 ! deep sea1 :]e ! h>d p>ts ( dead organisms fall ?r\gh _m ?\s&s ( feet ( wat]1 _! m soluble portions are remov$ & ! bottom is cov]$ ?r\gh\t va/ areas ) a p9ki% clay compos$ ( ! m insoluble residue ( ! calc>e\s %ells & ! cases ( silica-secret+ animals & plants4 ,! cont95tal %elves are1 9 g5]al1 )9 ! influ5ces ( ocean curr5ts1 & f9e debris1 z we seem ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 is remov$ f _! surfaces1 c>ri$ beyond _! m>g9s1 & deposit$ on _! seaw>d slopes4 ,! %elves are ?us built outw>d & are l>gely con/ructional topographic =ms4 ,_! out] slopes1 :]e be/ def9$1 repres5t ab\t ! angle ( repose 9 wat] ( ! f9e mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,^! slopes are 9 sev]al regions s precipit\s t !y probably w\ld n reta9 _! pres5t =ms1 b desc5d 9 l&slides1 %\ld ! re/ra9+ pressure ( ! sea-wat] be remov$4 ,9 c]ta9 fav\r$ regions1 z ab\t ! s\!rn extremity ( ,florida1 ov] an ext5sive area 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & on bo? sides ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! conditions fav\r ! gr[? ( reef-build+ coral-polyps1 & portions ( ! cont95tal %elf 9 t region are cov]$ ) an irregul> lay] ( liv+ coral & dead coral rock4 ,! importance ( ?is resi/ant sup]ficial lay] on ! m9or features ( ! relief ( ! subm>9e banks1 etc41 ne$s to be consid]$ 9 /udy+ ! second>y topographic features ( _m portions ( ! floor ( %all[ tropical seas4 ,9 addition to ! debris f ! l& & ! ra9 ( ! h>d p>ts ( organisms f ! wat] cov]+ ! cont95tal %elf !re is 9 nor!rn regions a ?ird b less important s\rce ( mat]ial furni%$ by float+ ice4 ,ab\t ! nor!rn %ores ( ,am]ica sea ice =ms 9 w9t]1 "s ( :i* is froz5 fa/ to b\ld]s & /ones 9 %all[ wat]1 & :5 ?is ice-foot1 z x is t]m$1 is adjac5t to /eep cliffs1 rock debris falls ^u x4 ,:5 ! ice becomes brok5 into cakes 9 ! spr+-"t or dur+ /orms1 x floats away1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w9ds & curr5ts1 & z x melts drops its freight on ! floor ( ! sea4 ,?is %ore ice seldom travels f>1 & is probably n an important factor 9 ! build+ ( cont95tal %elves4 ,( great] int]e/ are ! b]gs d]iv$ f glaci]s1 especially 9 ,gre5l&1 _m ( :i* conta9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s & ev5 millions ( cubic feet ( ice & travel hundr$s ( miles be=e melt+4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! b]gs c>ry ) !m rock masses1 mud1 etc41 d]iv$ f ! l& ov] :i* _! p>5t glaci]s fl[$1 & z !y melt1 di/ribute ?is mat]ial ov] ! sea-floor4 ,! great] portion ( ?is ice-c>ri$ freight d]iv$ f ,gre5l& is dropp$ on ! cont95tal %elf1 & n infrequ5tly rea*es ! latitude ( ,halifax1 & ev5 j\rneys f>!r s\?4 ,?is b]g-c>ri$ debris is ma9ly deposit$ on ! cont95tal %elf1 = ! reason t ! cold curr5ts :i* br+ ! b]gs s\?w>d foll[ ! coa/ 9 a g5]al way1 & are bord]$ on _! seaw>d m>g9s by w>m] curr5ts fl[+ nor?w>d4 ,to ! nor? ( ,nova ,scotia ! additions ( mat]ial to ! cont95tal %elf ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( b]gs is consid]able 9 ! aggregate1 & z ! process has be5 9 op]ation = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! banks or %oals 9 ! sea (f ! ,newf\ndl& coa/ are due 9 "p to ?is cause4 ,ice-c>ri$ debris =ms an important s\rce ( mat]ial = ! build+ ( ! cont95tal %elf f ,new ,engl& nor?w>d & we/w>d ab\t ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ ,gre5l&1 to ,b]+ ,sea1 & to a less ext5t on ! s\? coa/ ( ,alaska1 :]e _m comp>atively small b]gs are set afloat by glaci]s :i* rea* tide-wat]4 ,supplem5t+ ! di/ribution ( debris ov] ! cont95tal %elf by %ore ice & b]gs1 is ! simil> "w c>ri$ on by ! ice dis*>g$ into ! sea by nor!rn riv]s1 su* z ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mack5zie1 & ! ,yukon4 ,dur+ ! glacial epo* great ice-%eets l ^? n[ dis*>g+ b]gs along ! ,gre5l& coa/1 b va/ly l>g]1 ent]$ ! ,atlantic all ! way f ,new ,york to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & along ! ,pacific coa/ f ! ,aleutian ,isl&s to ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ( ?is "t ( int5se glaciation great additions ( ice-borne debris mu/ h be5 made to ! cont95tal %elf4 ,! banks to ! ea/ ( ,newf\ndl& & o!r simil> %oals z f> s\? z ,nantucket are probably due 9 l>ge "p to ! debris deposit$ by ! glaci]s :i* =m]ly ent]$ ! sea 9 t region4 ,x is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection to note t ! glaci]s1 ev5 at ! "t ( _! greate/ expansion1 c\ld n h ext5d$ beyond ! seaw>d m>g9 ( ! cont95tal %elf1 = ! reason t on pass+ t b\nd>y & ent]+ deep wat] !y mu/ h brok5 (f & giv5 orig9 to b]gs4 ,subm]g$ ,riv] ,*annels4--,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features 9 connection ) ! cont95tal %elf bord]+ ,nor? ,am]ica is t its g5]ally plane surface is tr5*$ 9 sev]al places by canyon-l depressions simil> to ! n>r[ /eep-sid$ valleys :i* /reams sometimes cut 9 ! surfaces ( plateaus4 ,?is sugge/ion t ! surface ( ! cont95tal %elf is cross$ by /ream-cut *annels is support$ by ! fact t sev]al su* depressions1 lead+ seaw>d f ! pres5t m\?s ( l>ge riv]s1 h be5 discov]$ by ! s\nd+-l9e4 ,! be/ kn[n example occurs (f ! m\? ( ! ,hudson & has be5 trac$ f ,new ,york ,bay ab\t #abj miles seaw>d to ! edge ( ! cont95tal %elf4 ,x is deepe/ & be/ def9$ on ! out] portion ( ! subm]g$ plateau1 :]e = a di/ance ( #bc miles1 beg9n+ #ig miles f ,s&y ,hook1 x has an av]age wid? ( #c miles & a maximum dep? ( ab\t #b1ejj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! bord]+ subm>9e pla91 :i* has #bj fa?oms ( wat] ov] x4 ,?is canyon op5s out 9 ! seaw>d face ( ! plateau & =ms a deep not* 9 ! g5]ally uni=m cre/-l9e ( t esc>pm5t4 ,f>!r up-/ream1 s to speak1 ! *annel n>r[s to a mile & a qu>t]1 ) "s irregul>ities 9 dep?1 & ne> ,s&y ,hook x is n app>5t1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( debris1 l>gely s&1 swept into x by %ore curr5ts4 ,?is evid5ce1 /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! true rock-cut valley ( ! ,hudson z f> z ,troy is fill$ ) clay & s& to a consid]able b unkn[n dep?1 is abundant pro( t ! l& 0 =m]ly high] ?an at pres5t by at lea/ #c1jjj feet1 & t ! n[ subm]g$ cont95tal %elf (f ,long ,isl& 0 !n a pla9 above wat]1 across :i* ! anci5t ,hudson 0 ext5d$4 ,! riv] fl[$ across ?is pla9 = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to excavate a canyon ov] #b1ejj feet deep & #c miles wide f cre/ to cre/ ( its walls 9 its seaw>d portion4 ,?is subm]g$ *annel has ! *>act]i/ics ( a "y1 /ream-cut valley & sugge/s t ! pla9 across :i* x fl[$ to ! ea/w>d ( ,long ,isl& 0 a subm]g$ cont95tal %elf previ\s to be+ uprais$ s z to be tr5*$ by ! ,hudson4 ,! evid5ce z to *anges 9 ! elevation ( ! ,atlantic coa/ furni%$ by ! subm]g$ valley ( ! ,hudson does n /& alone4 ,simil> b less well-def9$ *annels h be5 discov]$ by s\nd+s (f ! m\?s ( ! ,delaw>e & ! ,susquehanna1 :ile ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( all is furni%$ by ! subm]g$ valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :i* has be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & out to ! br9k ( ! subm]g$ cont95tal esc>pm5t "s #bjj miles ea/w>d ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,! tide n[ rises & falls 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to )9 a few miles ( ,montreal2 t is1 ! ,great] ,/4 ,lawr5ce has lo/ ab\t #a1jjj miles ( its l5g? ow+ to a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l&4 ,evid5ce ( ! nature j consid]$ is lack+1 or1 m correctly1 surveys & s\nd+s :i* w\ld p]haps reveal ! pres5ce ( subm]g$ riv] *annels h n be5 made ab\t ! %ores ( ! m nor!rly portion ( ! cont95t1 b in/ructive results 9 ?is connection are to be expect$ :5 t region is ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ sev]al transv]se *annels 9 ! cont95tal %elf1 simil> to ! subm]g$ valleys ( ! ,hudson1 h be5 discov]$ by s\nd+s1 "s ( :i* are ?\ght to be true /ream-cut valleys2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 />t f ! coa/ :]e !re are no riv]s ent]+1 & may be due to o!r & z yet unkn[n causes4 ,an exceptional feature 9 ! geography ( ! ,pacific coa/ to ! s\? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y is furni%$ by ! isl&s (f ! s\!rn portion ( ,cali=nia4 ,^! isl&s1 ( :i* ,santa ,rosa1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,santa ,catal9a1 & ,san ,clem5te are ! mo/ important1 rise f wat] t is #cjj or m fa?oms deep to a height ( f a few hundr$ to ab\t #b1jjj feet above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,^! isl&s are ! summit portions ( m\nta9s simil> to ^? :i* give a *>act]i/ic relief to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,"o feature conc]n+ ! isl&s ref]r$ to :i* is ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! cont95tal %elf is ! pres5ce on !m ( num]\s t]races4 ,^! occur on a s]ies ( level1 /ep-l areas1 :i* sweep ab\t ! slopes ( ! isl&s1 9 a g5]al way p>allel to ! pres5t %ore-l9e1 & are records ( an upw>d movem5t ( ! l&4 ,! highe/ well-def9$ t]race on ,san ,clem5te occurs at an elevation ( #a1cbj feet1 b !re are less di/9ct bea*-l9es up to #a1ejj feet above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,! evid5ce ( movem5ts ( ! l& along ! ,pacific bord] ( ! cont95t might be multipli$1 b en\gh has be5 /at$ to %[ t ! we/]n bord] ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 l its ea/]n portion1 is subject to fluctuation 9 ref]5ce to ! level ( ! sea4 ,! l9e :i* m>ks ! passage ( ! solid e>? b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! sea is ev] *ang+1 ow+ to movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,x is ev] *ang+1 also1 ow+ to ! action ( waves & curr5ts on ! ocean's %ores & o!r causes4 ,life on ! ,cont95tal ,%elf4--,no attempt ne$ be made "h to give an accurate description ( ! plants & animals :i* f9d a cong5ial home on ! cont95tal %elf4 ,"o ne$s1 h[ev]1 to h 9 m9d a g5]al idea ( ! wond]ful abundance & v>iety ( organic =ms 9 ! %all[ wat]s adjac5t to ! cont95t to fully appreciate ! *anges 9 ! relief ( ! ocean-floor1 9 :i* !y play a lead+ "p1 & also ! va/ economic importance ( ^! m>9e h>ve/-fields & pa/ures1 z !y may be t]m$4 ,! cont95tal %elf fr++ ,nor? ,am]ica rea*es f )9 #ejj miles ( ! equator to probably a less di/ance ( ! nor? pole4 ,its l5g? foll[+ its broad] curves is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #be1jjj miles1 & its av]age wid? is n f> f #ej miles2 its area is !re=e some?+ l #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,on acc\nt ( ! va/ ext5t ( ?is subm>9e pla9 & its great range 9 latitude1 ! conditions influ5c+ ! lives ( ! plants & animals inhabit+ its surface or liv+ 9 ! wat]s cov]+ x v>y f place to place betwe5 wide extremes4 ,! wat]s re/+ on x h a mean annual surface temp]ature ( f #gj deg4 to #hj deg4 ,f4 at ! s\?1 & ab\t #cb deg4 ,f4 at ! nor?4 ,9 places great riv]s & ! turbid wat]s f glaci]s br+ 9 s$im5ts & =m muddy deposits2 at o!r localities ! curr5ts1 z 9 ! pa? ( ! ,gulf ,/ream (f ! ,c>ol9a coa/1 sweep ! bottom cle> ( all light debris2 & aga9 b>e rocks ( limit$ ext5t are expos$4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] re/+ on ! %elf v>ies ?r\gh all gradations d[n to #ajj fa?oms4 ,at ! s\? ! h\rs ( light & d>kness are approximately equal ea* day1 b at ! nor? !re are six mon?s ( sunlight & six mon?s ( d>kness ea* ye>4 ,/ill o!r v>iations1 z ( /r5g? ( curr5ts1 sal9ity1 etc41 ex]t an influ5ce 9 ?is realm & lead to great div]sity 9 its liv+ organisms4 ,?r\gh\t its entire ext5t1 h[ev]1 ! cont95tal %elf ab\nds 9 bo? plant & animal life4 ,! plant life ( ! sea1 z has be5 %[n 9 rec5t ye>s by ! use ( ! dr$ge & net1 is mo/ abundant at ! surface & is practically abs5t at ! bottom :]e ! wat] is ov] #ajj fa?oms deep4 ,! animals ( ! sea1 l ^? ( ! l&1 are dep5d5t prim>ily on plants = _! food4 ,by f> ! mo/ abundant supply ( food plants 9 ! sea is furni%$ by m9ute algae1 :i* float free 9 its wat]4 ,bel[ a dep? ( ab\t #ajj fa?oms algae are abs5t because ( lack ( light1 & all ! deep-sea animals are believ$ to be c>nivor\s4 ,= ^! reasons ! comp>atively %all[ wat]s adjac5t to ! l& & ma9ly cov]+ ! cont95tal %elf are ! mo/ fav\rably circum/anc$ ( any portion ( ! sea = ! support ( a teem+ fauna4 ,on ! cont95tal %elf ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 especially to ! s\? ( ,cape ,cod on ! ,atlantic & s\? ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s on ! ,pacific coa/1 !re is a w>m temp]ature1 light p5etrates to ! bottom except 9 ! unfav\rable & =tunately re/rict$ areas ( muddy wat]1 & motion ( ! wat]s produc$ by curr5ts & ! pulsations ( waves is pres5t4 ,^! sev]al fav\rable conditions p]mit ( an exub]ance ( life su* z is unkn[n to p]sons :o conf9e _! att5tion to ! /udy ( l& areas4 ,we may safely say1 9 ! words ( ,alex&] ,agassiz1 t ! abundance ( life 9 ! _m fav\r$ localities ( ! ocean f> surpasses t ( ! ri*e/ t]re/rial faunal di/ricts4 ,! mo/ ?ickly populat$ tropical jungle does n comp>e 9 weal? ( animal or vegetable life ) c]ta9 portions ( ! cont95tal %elf on ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,9 ?is connection we may also cite ,humboldt1 :o be=e ! m>vell\s revelations 9 ref]5ce to ! life ( ! sea made by rec5t dr$g+ exp$itions wrote3 ,^u surfaces less v>i$ ?an we f9d on cont95ts1 ! sea conta9s 9 its bosom an exub]ance ( life ( :i* no o!r portion ( ! globe c\ld give u an idea4 ,! di/ribution ( life 9 ! sea is analog\s to ! di/ribution ( life on l&1 b 9 a rev]se direction ) ref]5ce to sea-level4 ,a travell] pass+ f ! tropical pla9s ( ea/]n ,mexico & asc5d+ ,orizaba1 = example1 crosses successive belts ( vegetation1 ea* ) its indig5\s animals1 b m]g+ "o ) ano!r s z to make a gradation 9 ! luxuriance ( ! flora & ! abundance ( animal life f ! wond]fully ri* pla9s adjac5t to ! ,gulf coa/ to ! sn[-capp$ m\nta9 top4 ,9 ! sea1 ! tropical pla9s ) _! tangl$ vegetation & pl5tiful animal life are repres5t$ by ! /ill m uni=m pla9 =m+ ! subm]g$ cont95tal %elf ) its /range =e/s ( fl[]less plants1 ! seawe$s4 ,^! subm>9e jungles %elt] ho/s ( animal species1 _m ( :i* sw>m 9 c\ntless myriads4 ,?is life embraces all grades ( inv]tebrates1 su* z ! microscopic protozoa1 sponges1 radiate animals l ! coral-polyps1 />fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 etc41 & cru/aceans 9 va/ v>iety1 &1 among v]tebrates1 includes fi%es1 reptiles1 & mammals4 ,ev5 birds might be includ$ 9 ?is category1 s9ce _m ( !m are m at home on ! sea ?an on ! l&4 ,! /ruggle = food among ?is multitude is int5se4 ,z ) _m animals on ! l&1 adaptive coloration is "h a means ( escape f enemies1 & _m ( ! animals assume ! brilliant hues ( ! surr\nd+ vegetation4 ,! wat] is less transp>5t ?an air1 & 9 ! deep sea x is always night4 ,c\nt]act+ to "s ext5t ?is dim9ution or abs5ce ( sunlight1 _m m>9e animals are lum9\s & %9e ) phosphoresc5t light ( _m diff]5t t9ts4 ,?is prop]ty is %>$ also by ! animals ( ! sunny1 %all[ sea z well z by ^? always liv+ 9 ! cold midnight ( ! great deep & 9 ! pol> oceans4 ,! luxuriant vegetation1 bo? atta*$ & float+1 & v>y+ f giant kelp1 scores ( feet 9 l5g?1 to microscopic algae :i* an amoeba might encompass1 clo!s ! surface ( ! cont95tal %elf except 9 unfav\rable localities or is c>ri$ "h & !re by ! curr5ts mov+ ov] x1 b has its l[] limit at ab\t ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e4 ,?is inf]ior limit ( m>9e vegetation is probably m def9itely def9$ ?an ! sup]ior limit ( l& plants on sn[-capp$ m\nta9s4 ,all atta*$ seawe$s are conf9$ to ! %all[ seas1 b float+ kelp1 l ! well-kn[n ,gulf we$ or s>gasso1 :i* collects 9 ! eddies ( ! sea curr5ts & =ms m or less my?ical float+ isl&s1 is widely di/ribut$1 z are also _m k9ds ( m9ute algae :i* ?rive 9 ! upp] #ajj fa?oms ( ! op5 ocean 9 all latitudes4 ,! prim>y s\rce ( food = ! hungry millions ( m>9e animals1 except+ ! comp>atively small quantity br\ght by riv]s or bl[n f ! l&1 is suppli$ by ! m>9e algae1 & ma9ly by ! m9ute =ms :i* float 9 ! wat]4 ,s mu* space has j be5 giv5 to ! m>vell\s luxuriance ( life on ! s\!rn portion ( ! great %elf surr\nd+ ,nor? ,am]ica t ! read] may p]haps ?9k ! cold nor!rn oceans are ev5 m lifeless & desolate ?an _! adjac5t %ores4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,nor?w>d along ! cont95tal %elf1 ) decrease 9 ! /r5g? ( ! sunlight1 ! plants & animals lose mu* ( ! brilliancy :i* *>act]izes _m ( ! d5iz5s ( s\!rn wat]s1 & 9 g5]al assume m subdu$ col\rs 9 h>mony ) ! prevail+ gray ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,! great div]sity ( animal life to be f\nd 9 %all[ tropical seas decreases z "o traces ! cont95tal %elf nor?w>d1 b ev5 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean adjac5t to ! l& inv]tebrate life lit]ally sw>ms1 al?\gh ! numb] ( species1 g5]a1 etc41 is comp>atively limit$4 ,seawe$s are n abs5t f ! ,arctic ,ocean1 al?\gh its %ores1 ow+ to ! de/ructive action ( ice1 usually seem exce$+ly b>r51 & ! l[] or small] =ms ( algae float 9 ! wat]s 9 abundance4 ,food suffici5t = an ext5sive fauna is ?us suppli$1 & :]e food is pl5tiful animals are pres5t also1 no matt] :at ! mean annual temp]ature may be4 ,! life ( ! ,arctic ,ocean has be5 b inadequately /udi$1 b en\gh is kn[n conc]n+ x to %[ t a promis+ field !re awaits ! naturali/4 ,on ! cont95tal %elf (f ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! mo/ nor!rn portion ( ! arctic %ore ( ,alaska 7latitude #ga deg4 #bc'71 #ahj species ( m>9e inv]tebrates h be5 collect$4 ,( ^!1 ! molluscs numb]$ #fa species2 ! cru/aceans1 #dd species2 ! worms1 #bj species2 & ! e*9od]ms 7sea-ur*9s1 />fi%1 etc471 #ag species4 ,ne>ly all ( ! ,arctic ,ocean adjac5t to ! coa/ ( ,am]ica is z yet unexplor$1 & we h !re=e no direct te/imony z to its flora & fauna4 ,we may reasonably assume1 h[ev]1 t ! life is !re practically ! same z 9 ! wat]s ( simil> dep? to ! nor? ( ,eurasia4 ,nord5skioeld1 9 8 n>rative ( ! voyage ( ! ,vega1 speaks ( decapods1 worms1 mussels1 cru/acea1 & a/]oids :i* crawl$ 9 myriads ov] ! b$s ( clay & s& at ! bottom ( ! ,k>a ,sea4 ,a detail$ acc\nt is giv5 ( "o unusually successful haul ( ! trawl :5 x br\ght up l>ge a/]oids1 sponges1 cr9oids1 holo?uria1 a gigantic spid]1 masses ( worms1 cru/acea1 etc4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ abundant yield ( ! trawl-net at any "o "t dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,vega on ! nor? coa/ ( ,asia1 & t1 too1 f ! sea (f ! nor!rn extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! surface 0 f z]o to -#a4d deg4 ,c4 7#cb deg4 to #bi4dh deg4 ,f471 & at ! bottom f -#a4d deg4 to #a4f deg4 ,c4 7#bi4dh deg4 to #cd4hh deg4 ,f474 ,9 ?is connection ! same di/+ui%$ naturali/ rem>ks3 ,x is s+ul> t a temp]ature "u ! freez+-po9t ( pure wat] %\ld be advantage\s = ! developm5t ( an animal life s extremely ri* z t :i* is f\nd "h1 & t ?is animal life %\ld n suff] any h>m f ! complete d>kness :i* dur+ ! great] portion ( ! ye> prevails at ! bottom ( ! ice-cov]$ sea4 ,to p]sons :o h nev] visit$ ! f> nor? ! /atem5ts t travell]s 9 ^? regions give 9 ref]5ce to ! abundance ( life 9 ! sea seems sc>cely to be cr$it$4 ,! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 t comp>+ equal areas 9 ! mo/ popul\s tropical sea & 9 portions ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ! am\nt ( life1 or ! tons ( liv+ animal matt] p] squ>e mile 9 ! two regions1 w\ld be 9 fav\r ( ! nor!rn /ation is probably true4 ,9 addition to ! direct evid5ce indicat$ above z to ! prolific inv]tebrate life ( ! cold wat]s ( ! nor?1 we h /ill m impressive te/imony f ! va/ numb]s ( birds & l>ge-siz$ mammals :i* subsi/ on ?is abundance1 or fe$ on fi%es1 :i* 9 turn obta9 _! subsi/5ce f ! inv]tebrate realm4 ,e rocky isl& & headl& at ! nor? is a bre$+-place = sea-birds4 ,!y are to be numb]$ by millions1 yet _! daily food is ga!r$ f ! surface ( ! sea4 ,! seals live 9 l>ge numb]s ab\t all ! arctic %ore1 & ! walruses1 ea* individual weigh+ ab\t a ton1 occur 9 h]ds2 :ile :ales & n>:als inhabit ! same wat]s4 ,! pres5ce ( su* numb]s ( l>ge mammals is pro( t ! life on :i* !y subsi/ is abundant4 ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,topography ,,( ,,! ,,c>ibbean ,,region ,! /udies :i* h giv5 to ! _w s mu* in=mation conc]n+ ! cont95tal %elf surr\nd+ ! ma9 body ( ,nor? ,am]ica h be5 cont9u$1 or1 p]haps m prop]ly1 7 initiat$1 9 ! ,we/ ,indian wat]s4 ,= ?is important "w we are indebt$ ma9ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission4 ,! "w ( (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy 9 *>ge ( ,coa/ ,survey & ,fi% ,commission vessels1 9 mak+ accurate measurem5ts ( dep?s1 temp]atures1 /r5g? & direction ( curr5ts1 "* ( bottom1 etc41 has1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 commemorat$ on maps ( ! sea-floor by su* names z ,br[nson ,deep1 ,sigsbee ,deep1 ,b>tlett ,deep1 etc4 ,! r\t9e survey "w ref]r$ to has be5 supplem5t$ & ext5d$ by ! lab\rs ( ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,l4 ,f4 ,p\rtales1 ,alex&] ,agassiz1 & o!rs 9 /udy+ ! life 9 ! sea1 ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! mat]ial =m+ ! sea-bottom1 & ! nature ( ! %elves1 banks1 deeps1 etc41 :i* give div]sity to its topography4 ,! cont95tal %elf bord]+ ,florida on ! ea/ is sep>at$ f a simil> subm>9e embankm5t surr\nd+ ! ,bahama ,isl&s by a *annel #ef miles wide & f #bjj to #ejj fa?oms deep 7,fig4 #c74 ,?is *annel :5 foll[$ nor?w>d becomes %all[] & broad]1 & opposite ! ,c>ol9a coa/ is no long] disc]nible 9 ! relief ( ! broad cont95tal %elf4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream fl[s nor?w>d ?r\gh ?is ,florida *annel1 z x is t]m$1 ) a curr5t ( f #b to #f miles p] h\r4 ,^! conditions are su* z to sugge/ t ! *annel ref]r$ to has 9 "p be5 excavat$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,c>ibbean region3 topography ( sea-floor4 ,! fir/ cont\r l9e f ! l& indicates a dep? ( #fjj feet--! out] m>g9 ( ! cont95tal %elf4 ,cont\r int]val bel[ ! #fjj-;foot curve1 #c1jjj feet4 ,aft] ,r4 ,t4 ,hill4 ,! ,great ,bahama ,bank1 f :i* rise ! l[ coral-built ,&ros ,isl&s & a l>ge numb] ( crags & rocks1 measures ab\t #cfj geographical miles f s\!a/ to nor?we/1 & has a wid? ( approximately #bjj geographical miles4 ,?r\gh\t its entire subm]g$ portion ! wat] is less ?an #ajj1 & ov] mu* ( ! area less ?an #aj fa?oms deep4 ,x is invad$ & giv5 an irregul> %ape1 h[ev]1 by a tongue ( ! ocean :i* curves 9 f ! nor?w>d1 9 :i* s\nd+s ( f #gjj to #a1jjj fa?oms h be5 obta9$4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,great ,bahama ,bank1 & sep>at$ f x by wat] ne>ly #b1jjj fa?oms deep1 is ! ,little ,bahama ,bank1 measur+ #ej by #aej geographical miles1 f :i* rises ! l[ isl&s kn[n z ,great ,bahama1 ,great ,abaco1 & a multitude ( islets & crags1 :ile b5ea? ! wat]1 z is ! case also on ! great] subm>9e plateau to ! s\?1 !re are num]\s %oals4 ,s\!a/ f ! ,great ,bahama ,bank1 & 9 a g5]al view to be class$ ) x1 are sev]al o!r %all[ areas 9 ! sea1 ( simil> "*1 & ) num]\s isl&s & reefs ris+ f !m4 ,! s\!a/]n t]m9us ( ?is s]ies ( plateaus1 ! surfaces ( :i* h be5 built up practically to ! level ( ! surface ( ! sea1 is ! ,navidad ,bank1 situat$ ab\t #ej miles to ! nor? ( ! ea/]n end ( ! isl& ( ,santo ,dom+o 7,haiti7 & =ms ! we/ bord] ( ,br[nson ,deep4 ,! l5g? ( ! s]ies ( banks to ! nor? ( ! ,great] ,antilles is ab\t #hjj1 & its av]age wid? #abj geographical miles4 ,! unev5ness ( ! surface ( ! ,bahama ,banks 7& ! same is true also ( ! s\!rn portion ( ,florida1 ! ,yucatan p59sula1 & ( ne>ly all ( ! subm>9e plateaus or banks 9 ,we/ ,india wat]s7 is l>gely due to ! coral reefs & ! coral rock =m$ on !m4 ,:ile ! out] portion ( ! cont95tal %elf1 9 mo/ in/ances1 is =m$ ( s(t1 unconsolidat$ calc>e\s mud or ooze1 9 ! tropical seas1 :]e ! dep?1 cle>ness ( ! wat]1 etc41 are fav\rable1 reef-build+ coral-polyps become atta*$ & =m massive corals4 ,! gr[? ( ^! corals is irregul>1 & ! surface ( ! plateaus :]e !y are atta*$ becomes r\gh5$4 ,!re is a delicate adju/m5t betwe5 ! gr[? ( reef-build+ corals & /r5g? ( curr5t1 fre$om ( exposure to ! waves1 etc41 & !y fl\ri% 9 c]ta9 localities1 z on ! w9dw>d bord] ( isl&s1 & die at o!r localities4 ,! gr[? ( coral heads & reefs *anges ! direction ( curr5ts1 & ! spaces ( s(t ooze & dead coral betwe5 ! localities mo/ fav\rable = coral gr[? are liable to be sc\r$ out & ! bottom l[]$4 ,:5 coral1 toge!r ) ! %ells ( molluscs & o!r organic refuse ( ! teem+ life ( tropical seas1 rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]1 fragm5ts & ev5 l>ge masses are brok5 (f by ! =ce ( ! waves1 gr\nd into calc>e\s s& ow+ to ! movem5ts produc$ by ! waves & curr5ts1 & mu* ( x heap$ on ! bord]s ( ! reefs s z to raise !m above ! fair-wea!r level ( ! sea4 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial1 :5 x becomes dry1 is mov$ by ! w9ds & built into dunes1 ?us /ill fur!r increas+ ! height ( ! l&4 ,_m ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,bahamas h ?us be5 =m$1 b ! process has be5 modifi$ 9 ! great] "p ( t region by movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h produc$ widely ext5d$ elevations & depressions4 ,! l>g] isl&s 9 ! ,bahama gr\p are coral plat=ms :i* h be5 mod]ately elevat$1 & be> on _! surfaces ext5sive accumulations ( w9d-deposit$ s&4 ,! ,yucatan p59sula is also1 to a great ext5t1 an uprais$ coral plat=m4 ,! surfaces ( su* expos$ areas ( easily soluble calc>e\s rocks are r\gh5$ /ill m by ! action ( ra9 & p]colat+ wat]s1 & if subsequ5tly subm]g$ to a mod]ate dep? w\ld give orig9 to banks ) unev51 & possibly conspicu\sly r\gh5$ surfaces4 ,diff]5t /ages 9 ?is v>i$ hi/ory are illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ ,india region4 ,ab\t ! ,c>ibbean coa/ ( ,honduras & ,nic>agua ! cont95tal %elf is broad & is t]m$ ! ,mosquito ,bank1 9 ref]5ce to its proximity to ! widely kn[n coa/ ( t "n4 ,(f ! nor!a/ cape ( ,honduras ?is subm]g$ %elf has a bread? ( ab\t #abe geographical miles1 & is succe$$ to ! ea/w>d by ! mu* small]1 isolat$1 subm>9e plateau kn[n z ! ,rosal9d ,bank4 ,ev5 on a small map1 l t =m+ ,fig4 #c1 x is readily se5 t 9 g5]al t]ms !re is a s]ies ( banks & l[ isl&s ext5d+ f ! ,mosquito ,coa/ to ,jamaica1 ,santo ,dom+o1 ,porto ,rico1 & ! ,c>ibbees4 ,! di/ance measur$ along ! curv$ l9e connect+ ! sev]al areas ( %all[ wat] is ab\t #a1gjj geographical miles4 ,%\ld ?is region be uprais$ #fjj feet1 ! new l&s t w\ld appe> w\ld /ill1 9 sev]al in/ances1 be sep>at$ by deep wat]1 ?us %[+ t al?\gh 9 a g5]aliz$ view x is conv5i5t to consid] ! banks & %elves ref]r$ to z p>ts ( a s+le great gr\p1 !re are sev]al c5tres f :i* !y h gr[n4 ,a ?ird great gr\p ( banks & %oals occurs ab\t ! bord]s ( ,cuba1 especially along its s\!rn m>g94 ,associat$ ) ?is subm]g$ pla9 ( calc>e\s mud1 r\gh5$ by c\ntless coral crags1 is a n>r[ ea/-&-we/ ridge 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 kn[n 9 "p z ! ,mi/]iosa ,bank1 :i* rises precipit\sly on its s\!a/ bord] f a dep? ( ov] #c1djj fa?oms1 & is indicat$ at ! surface by ! ,cayman ,isl&s4 ,! ,c>ibbean & ,gulf ( ,mexico region has great depressions or deeps z well z broad banks or %oals4 ,! subm>9e topography is1 9 fact1 on a m ,titanic scale ?an 9 any o!r kn[n region4 ,br[nson ,deep1 "s #ej miles nor? ( ,porto ,rico1 has a dep? ( #d1efa fa?oms 7#bg1cff feet71 & ! bord]+ slopes ( ! depression 9 c]ta9 places1 & = long di/ances1 h an incl9ation ( #ce degrees4 ,betwe5 #ae & #cj miles s\? ( ,porto ,rico ! bottom ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea is #a1ejj fa?oms bel[ its surface1 & rapidly desc5ds to ov] #b1djj fa?oms4 ,b>tlett ,deep1 a long1 n>r[ depression 9 ! sea-floor1 int]v5+ 9 its ea/]n portion betwe5 ,cuba & ,jamaica1 has a dep? ( #c1dbh fa?oms 7#bj1efh feet7 measur$ f ! surface ( ! sea4 ,sigsbee ,deep1 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 is a ?ird bas9 ( simil> nature1 rem>kable = ! great ext5t ( its ne>ly level floor1 :i* is f #b1jce to #b1jga fa?oms bel[ sea-level4 7,on ,fig4 #c only ! g5]al dep?s ( ^! great depressions are indicat$47 ,c\pl$ ) ! pr(\nd dep? ( ! sea 9 ! ,we/ ,indian region are ! rugg$ m\nta9s ( ! ,great ,antilles & ! volcanic cones ( ! ,c>ibbees4 ,"s ( ! elevations ( ! l& ref]r$ to are1 9 feet1 z foll[s3 ,porto ,rico1 #c1fji2 ,jamaica1 #g1cfj2 ,cuba1 #h1fjj2 & ,santo ,dom+o1 #aj1cjj4 ,! extreme range 9 ! relief ( ! surface ( ! solid e>? 7li?osph]e7 betwe5 ! bottom ( ,br[nson ,deep & ! summit ( ,santo ,dom+o is #cg1fff feet--! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! two is ab\t #bgj geographical miles4 ,no m\nta9 on ! e>? has su* an elevation above sea-level4 ,! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies are ?us %[n to be ! summits ( /up5d\s m\nta9s1 ! great] portions ( :i* are subm]g$4 ,! l[-ly+ isl&s1 & ev5 ! banks :i* c be discov]$ only ) ! aid ( ! s\nd+-l9e1 are 9 reality ! tops ( wond]fully /eep m\nta9s or plateaus "s #bj1jjj feet 9 height4 ,x is a significant fact t ! pr(iles ( ! p>tially or :olly subm]g$ m\nta9s ( ! ,we/ ,indies are1 z a rule1 /eep] ?an ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s on ! l& ) :i* !y may reasonably be comp>$4 ,?is is due 9 "p1 p]haps1 to ! great] d5sity ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y /&1 ! sea-wat] af=d+ a great] degree ( support ?an ! air1 b ! ma9 reason is t b5ea? a few hundr$ feet ( wat] !re is no erosion except ! exce$+ly sl[ removal ( matt] 9 solution4 ,c\ld ! wat]s ( ! sea be )drawn s z to reveal ! ,c>ibbean ,m\nta9s 9 all ( _! /up5d\s gr&eur1 ! va/1 smoo?1 sweep+ surfaces ext5d+ f ! horizontal l9es drawn ab\t ! high] summits by ! waves & by ! deposition ( s$im5t & coral gr[?s1 d[n to _! bases w\ld be unm>k$ by *annels & ridges ( ! "* t give details to ! type ( m\nta9s ) :i* we are mo/ famili>4 ,an in/ructive g5]alization conc]n+ ! relief ( ! ,we/ ,india region1 sugge/$ by ,alex&] ,agassiz & su/a9$ by ! lat] /udies ( ,r4 ,t4 ,hill1 is t we !re f9d topographic =ms produc$ by movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h n be5 modifi$ by erosion4 ,! great elevations ris+ f ! floors ( ! deeps are uprais$ blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h n be5 beat5 by ra91 %att]$ by fro/1 or tr5*$ by rills1 creeks1 or riv]s4 ,!y illu/rate ! "* ( ! r\gh blocks ( rock f :i* _m ( ! m\nta9 =ms ( ! l& h be5 sculptur$4 ,?is sweep+ view1 :i* x seems safe to accept z a g5]aliz$ outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! topography ( ! region 9 "q1 ne$s to be qualifi$1 z !re are kn[n to h be5 ext5sive up & d[n movem5ts ?r\gh\t l>ge areas 9 t portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! m\nta9s on ,jamaica are scor$ by horizontal l9es m>k+ =m] sea-levels up to a height ( #b1jjj feet1 & simil> & /ill high] records are pla9ly visible on sev]al ( ! l>g] ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,?is evid5ce %[s t ! pres5t l& ov] a wide ext5t ( ! ,c>ibbean region 0 =m]ly deeply subm]g$4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! rocks =m+ ! high] portions ( ! ,great] ,antilles are l>gely compos$ ( m or less consolidat$ ooze1 su* z is n[ f\nd on ! sea-floor 9 deep wat]4 ,?is l9e ( evid5ce %[s t :at 9 late geological "t 0 ! sea-floor has be5 rais$ betwe5 #bj1jjj & #cj1jjj feet4 ,x is ?us kn[n t bo? upw>d & d[nw>d movem5ts ( great v]tical & great horizontal ext5t h occurr$ 9 ! ,c>ibbean region4 ,:atev] m9or *anges ! topography ( ! n[ subm]g$ sea-floor may h suff]$ ow+ to em]g5ce1 ! g5]al relief1 z sugge/$ above1 seems to h result$ f movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & t ^! movem5ts1 9 c]ta9 in/ances at lea/1 produc$ faults--t is1 breaks or fissures--along :i* ! rocks 7 uprais$ on "o side or depress$ on ! o!r1 s z to =m great cliffs4 ,! precipit\s subm>9e slope =m+ ! nor?we/ bord] ( ,b>tlett ,deep may reasonably be int]pret$ z a great fault sc>p4 ,a portion ( ?is esc>pm5t rises above ! sea & =ms ! rem>kably /raight & exce$+ly rugg$ s\? coa/ ( ,cuba 9 ! region ( ,santiago4 ,9 ! ma9 ! rem>kable subm>9e topography ( ! ,we/ ,india region pres5ts u ) an example ( :at w\ld h be5 ! lead+ features ( sev]al portions ( ! e>?'s surface :i* are n[ l&1 z1 = example1 ! ,great ,bas9 region ( ,utah1 ,nevada1 etc41 _h de=mation gone on )\t erosion4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,ocean ,,wat]s ,to ! /ud5t ( ! geography ( a cont95t ! climatic & o!r influ5ces ( ! great ocean curr5ts1 z well z ! m tangible results produc$ by ! waves :i* break on ! bord]s ( ! l&1 dem& ext5d$ & pa9/ak+ inve/igation4 ,! mo/ t we c hope to d at pres5t 9 ?is connection is to /ate briefly "s ( ! m important influ5ces t ! movem5ts ( ! ocean wat]s h on ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica & on ! topography ( its %ores4 ,curr5ts4--,! surface wat]s ( bo? ! nor? ,atlantic & ! nor? ,pacific1 z is ! case ) all broad wat] bodies1 h a drift & 9 places fl[ 9 well-def9$ curr5ts1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! friction ( ! w9d on ! surface ( ! sea1 aid$ by v>iations 9 ! d5sity ( ! wat] due to diff]5ces 9 temp]ature & sal9ity4 ,9 ea* ocean !re is a great swirl or eddy1 = ! reason t ! surface drift & ! fl[ ( ! deep] curr5ts c>ry ! wat]s ab\t 9 a rudely circul> pa?1 p>allel 9 a g5]al way ) ! b\nd>ies ( ! respective bas9s4 ,! direction ( ?is motion1 to "o situat$ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ei!r bas91 is f left to "r1 or ) ! movem5ts ( ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ea* bas9 !re is a we/w>d-fl[+ equatorial curr5t1 :i* 9 ea* in/ance is deflect$ nor?w>d on approa*+ ! bord]+ l&1 & z x cont9ues is /ill m deflect$ ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation1 & acquires a nor!a/ tr5d2 on rea*+ ! ea/]n side ( ! oceanic bas9s1 ! curr5ts are aga9 deflect$1 a portion ( ! "o 9 ! ,atlantic & all ( ! "o 9 ! ,pacific be+ turn$ s\?w>d s z to complete ! circuit4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! nor? ,atlantic ! surface drift is we/w>d at a rate ( f\r or five miles a day4 ,! wat]s1 =c$ along pr9cipally by ! trade-w9ds1 fl[ ?r\gh ! num]\s passes betwe5 ! ,less] ,antilles & ent] ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & f !nce are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,yucatan *annel into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! wat]s are pil$ up1 z x 71 9 t great l&lock$ bas91 at ! same "t becom+ w>m]1 & receive additions ( fre% wat] f ra9 & infl[+ /reams4 ,ea* ( ^! causes t5ds to decrease ! d5sity ( ! wat]1 :ile evaporation has a c\nt]balanc+ influ5ce4 ,! escape = ! wat]s1 bo? salt & fre%1 :i* ent] ! ,gulf1 is by evaporation & by fl[+ ?r\gh ! only not* 9 ! rim ( ! ,gulf bas9 :i* is n 9 ! pa? ( ! equatorial curr5t1 namely1 ! /rait sep>at+ ,florida f ,cuba & ! ,bahama ,isl&s4 ,^! outfl[+ wat]s =m ! ju/ly celebrat$ ,gulf ,/ream4 ,betwe5 ,florida & ! %oal wat]s on ! ,bahama ,banks ! ,gulf ,/ream is ab\t #ej miles wide1 approximately #cej fa?oms deep1 & fl[s nor?w>d at ! rate ( f f\r to five miles an h\r4 ,its temp]ature is ab\t #hj deg4 ,f4 ,x is e/imat$ t ?is great riv] 9 ! ocean c>ries #ij1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( wat] p] h\r pa/ a giv5 cross-section4 ,its c\rse is nor?w>d along ! imm$iate bord] ( ! cont95tal %elf until x arrives opposite ! ,c>ol9a coa/1 & !nce nor!a/w>d1 ?us giv+ x a con/antly increas+ di/ance f ! l&4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,bahamas x receives z a tribut>y ! portion ( ! equatorial curr5t1 p]haps ev5 great] 9 volume ?an ! true ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* is deflect$ nor?w>d by ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & _! associat$ banks4 ,cont9u+ its c\rse1 x is deflect$ /ill m t[>ds ! nor!a/ ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation1 at ! same "t exp&+ & los+ velocity s z to become a surface drift r ?an a well-def9$ curr5t4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds ( ! nor? ,atlantic1 ! wat]s deliv]$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream pass ! vic9ity ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s & 9 "p ent] ! ,gre5l& ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,orographical features4 ,! transf] ( ! va/ am\nt ( w>m wat] c>ri$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream f> to ! nor? is c\nt]balanc$ 9 "p by a s\?w>d-fl[+ cold curr5t :i* em]ges f ,davis ,/rait1 & be+ jo9$ by ano!r cold curr5t f ! ea/w>d ( ,gre5l&1 cont9ues s\?w>d "u ! "n ( ! ,labrador curr5t1 pa/ ,newf\ndl& & ,nova ,scotia to ! ,massa*usetts coa/1 & is ?\ght to ex]t an influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( ! sea ev5 z f> s\? z ,cape ,hatt]as4 ,:ile ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 ! nor!rn portion ( its c\rse curves ea/w>d & dep>ts f ! ,am]ican coa/1 ! s\?w>d-fl[+ ,labrador curr5t is turn$ we/w>d & foll[s close along ! bord] ( ! l&1 & ma9ly ov] ! cont95tal %elf4 ,! *ief effect ( ! cold curr5t f ! nor? 9 proximity to ! coa/ ( ! cont95t is to br+ to ! adjac5t l& a l[] mean annual temp]ature & especially cold] & m /ormy w9t]s ?an x w\ld o!rwise exp]i5ce4 ,?is t5d5cy is augm5t$ by ! iceb]gs c>ri$ s\?w>d ) ! ,labrador curr5t4 ,9 a simil> way1 ! nor?w>d-fl[+ w>m curr5t gives ,florida & ! ,c>ol9as a subtropical climate1 admits ( ! gr[? ( reef-build+ corals ab\t ! ,b]muda ,isl&s1 & c>ries s mu* w>m? to nor?we/]n ,europe t its climate is mild] & m humid ?an "o w\ld expect f its geographical position4 ,! curr5ts ( ! nor? ,pacific are analog\s to ^? ( ! nor? ,atlantic1 b simpl]1 z !re is no?+ simil> to ! true ,gulf ,/ream1 & z communication ) ! ,arctic ,ocean is practically clos$1 !re is no cold curr5t fl[+ s\?w>d f t ocean2 b ! conditions1 s f> z !y influ5ce ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 are rev]s$4 ,a w>m curr5t fl[+ nor?w>d (f ! coa/ ( ,japan1 & h5ce kn[n z ! ,japan curr5t1 crosses ! ,pacific1 & on approa*+ ! coa/ ( ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia is deflect$ s\?w>d4 ,! climate ( ! nor?we/ coa/ is ?us ameliorat$1 ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds are w>m & humid1 & ! mean annual precipitation f we/]n ,alaska to ,oregon is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #ajj in*es4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a mild equitable temp]ature & abundant moi/ure1 ! l& bord]+ ! ,pacific f s\!rn ,alaska to nor!rn ,cali=nia is clo!d ) ! mo/ magnific5t =e/s t ! cont95t af=ds4 ,! m>k$ contra/s 9 climate1 vegetation1 & ! conditions t influ5ce civilization betwe5 ! two sides ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 produc$ by ! cold ,labrador curr5t on ! ea/ & ! w>m ,japan curr5t on ! we/1 is %[n 9 a m>k$ way by ! sweep ( ! l9es ( equal mean annual temp]ature 7iso!rms7 repres5t$ on ! map =m+ ,plate ,,ii1 & aga9 by ! di/ribution ( =e/s1 z w be describ$ lat]4 ,x is in/ructive to note t ! climate ( ,sitka1 9 nor? latitude #eg deg41 is f> m temp]ate & equable ?an t ( ,new ,york city1 latitude #dj deg4 #de'1 al?\gh ! cool summ]s on ! nor?we/ coa/ make ! mean annual temp]ature some:at l[] ?an on ! coa/ ( ,new ,york1 or ev5 ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! influ5ce ( ! opposite conditions 9 ref]5ce to ocean curr5ts exp]i5c$ by ! ea/]n & we/]n bord]s ( ! cont95t are ev5 m m>k$ 9 ! life ( ! adjac5t wat]s ?an 9 ! vegetation & fauna ( ! l& itself4 ,! plant & inv]tebrate life ( ! %oal wat]s ( ! ,pacific coa/1 consi/+ l>gely ( s\!rn species1 is exce$+ly ri* & v>i$1 ev5 to ! inlets ( ! ,alaska coa/1 :]e glaci]s come d[n to ! sea2 :ile on ! ,atlantic bord]1 nor!rn species occur on ! ,new ,engl& coa/1 & ev5 f>!r s\?4 ,! contra/s 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific :i* cov] ! subm]g$ bord] ( ! cont95t are well %[n by ! di/ribution ( ! cod1 ! mo/ valuable ( all fi%es to man1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 belongs to ! nor!rn fauna & ranges f ! nor? ,atlantic ab\t ! arctic coa/ ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,hemisph]es1 to ! nor? ,pacific4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,am]ica ?is circumpol> fi%1 ( :i* sev]al species are kn[n1 is f\nd occasionally z f> s\? z ,cape ,hatt]as1 b ! mo/ s\!rn bank on :i* x is ext5sively tak5 is (f ,cape ,cod1 9 latitude #db deg42 on ! we/ coa/ x travels p]haps z f> s\? z ! m\? ( ! ,columbia1 b ! mo/ s\!rn locality :]e x occurs 9 comm]cial quantities is (f ! ,%umag9 ,isl&s1 9 latitude #ee deg44 ,! life ( ! cont95tal %elf1 z well z ( ! adjac5t l&1 ?us be>s te/imony to ! va/ importance to ,nor? ,am]ica ( ! great ocean curr5ts wa%+ its %ores4 ,tides4--,! wat]s ( ! ocean are subject to wave-l undulations1 caus$ by ! attraction ( ! moon & sun1 t]m$ ! tides4 ,e day1 at ! av]age int]val ( twelve h\rs & fifty-"o m9utes1 ! tide rises1 & ) equal regul>ity int]m$iate betwe5 ^! p]iods x falls4 ,?is rise & fall ( ! wat]s along ! coa/1 accompani$ frequ5tly by /rong curr5ts1 are produc$ directly by ! arrival 9 ! %oal wat] ( a pulsation ( ! ocean1 :i* becomes a true onw>d-mov+ gravity wave z x ne>s ! l&4 ,9 ! op5 sea ! amplitude ( ! tidal undulations is b two or ?ree feet1 & _! rate ( travel 9 g5]al #gjj to #hjj miles p] h\r4 ,on rea*+ %oal wat]1 h[ev]1 ! onw>d movem5t is decreas$ by friction on ! bottom1 ! waves become high]1 & :5 !y meet an outw>d-fl[+ bottom curr5t1 _! bases are /ill m ret>d$ & ! slope ( _! fronts increases until ! wat] falls =w>d & breaks into foam4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/1 ea* tidal wave rea*es ! l& broadside on1 z x 7 7,fig4 #d71 & at ! out] capes high wat] occurs at practically ! same "t f ,florida to ,new ,engl&1 b its f>!r l&w>d progression is greatly modifi$ by ! %ape ( ! coa/ & ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! e/u>ies & o!r ind5tations4 ,:5 ! wave z x ru%es l&w>d ent]s a broad wat] body ?r\gh a n>r[ entrance1 z ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 = example1 x spreads1 & z ! impulse is transmitt$ to l>g] & l>g] volumes ( wat]1 x decreases 9 height4 7,9 a critical /udy ! tides orig9at+ 9 ! ,gulf itself %\ld be consid]$47 ,at ,galve/on1 ,texas1 ! mean range betwe5 high & l[ tide is less ?an "o foot4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an e/u>y ) a broad m\? receives a tidal wave f ! ocean1 ! impulse is m & m conc5trat$ & ! wave rises high]4 ,at ! head ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy ! diff]5ce betwe5 high & l[ wat] is f #ej to #fj feet4 ,= ! reason j /at$1 ! tidal wave is g5]ally high] 9 ! ,atlantic coa/ e/u>ies ?an on ! ocean capes1 & "u fav\rable conditions may be transmitt$ = long di/ances up ! riv]s empty+ into su* e/u>ies1 & may be felt :]e ! mean elevation ( ! /ream is sev]al feet above ! mean level ( ! sea on ! neighb\r+ op5 coa/4 ,tidal waves pass up ! ,hudson to ,troy1 a di/ance ( #aej miles f ! ,n>r[s1 :]e ! mean range is #b4c feet4 ,9 ,/4 ,john ,riv]1 ,new ,brunswick1 ! tidal impulse is felt at ,fr$]ickton1 #gj miles f ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 & at an elevation ( #ad feet above its surface4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce e/u>y & riv] ! tidal waves asc5d #bhc miles to ,?ree ,riv]s1 a few miles bel[ ,montreal1 :]e ! mean elevation is ab\t #aa feet & ! mean range ( ! tide #j4i foot4 ,9 ! ,columbia ! range ( ! tide is ab\t #f in*es at a di/ance ( #adj miles f ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,co-tidal l9es4 ,a diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! advance ( tidal waves 9 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific4 ,figures ref] to noon & midnight4 ,aft] ,r4 ,s4 ,t>r4 ,9 ! nor? ,pacific 7,fig4 #d7 ! tidal waves come f ! s\? & exp& mu* ! same z ! correspond+ waves d 9 ! nor? ,atlantic1 b in/ead ( /rik+ ! coa/ broadside on1 sweep along ! %ore f s\? to nor?4 ,!re are two localities on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 "o at ! head ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy & ! o!r at ! head ( ,cook's ,inlet1 ,alaska1 :]e ! tides pres5t especially int]e/+ features4 ,9 ea* ( ^! inlets ! incom+ tidal wave meets an outw>d-fl[+ curr5t :i* t5ds to hold x back4 ,! incom+ wat]s are ?us pil$ up until suffici5t head is e/abli%$ to cause !m to advance z a /eep-front$ wave t]m$ a bore1 :i* curls ov] & breaks 9 a long l9e ( foam z x ru%es along4 ,at ! head ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy ! bore travels at ! rate ( #f or #g miles an h\r1 & has a height ( f #d to #f feet4 ,! great di/urbance produc$ by ! /rong curr5t & break+ waves causes ! mud ( ! bottom to be di/urb$ & ! wat]s to be *>g$ ) s$im5t4 ,mu* ( ?is mud is deposit$ dur+ ! int]val ( quiet wat] at high tide1 & z ! outfl[ is n s impetu\s z ! infl[1 broad mud-flats are =m$4 ,at c]ta9 localities ab\t ! ,bay ( ,fundy artificial dikes h be5 made1 :i* admit ! mud-*>g$ wat]s at high tide1 & reta9 !m until mu* ( _! freight is deposit$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 l>ge areas ( ri* l&s h be5 secur$4 ,! geographical influ5ces ( ! tides & ( ! curr5ts produc$ by !m are ( int]e/ 9 _m ways4 ,to navigators !y are ( special importance4 ,ev5 9 ?is age ( /eam1 ! arrival & dep>ture ( vessels f h>b\rs is regulat$ s z to take advantage ( ! incom+ or outgo+ tidal curr5ts4 ,_m h>b\rs c be ent]$ by deep-draft vessels only at high wat]1 = ! reason 9 g5]al t s&-b>s are frequ5tly =m$ at ! m\?s ( tidal e/u>ies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ illu/rations ( ! influ5ce ( ! rise & fall ( ! tide on navigation occurs at ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 :]e ! tide fl[s 9 & out ( ,/4 ,john ,riv] s z to =m a cascade ea* way1 dep5d5t on ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,at l[ wat] ! level ( ! riv] is f #aa to #ae feet above ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 & at high wat] ! level ( ! bay is f #h to #ab feet above t ( ! riv] :5 n affect$ by ! tide4 ,!re are f\r p]iods ( f t5 to fifte5 m9utes ea* dur+ ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs :5 vessels c pass 9 & out ( ! riv]'s m\?4 ,9 ! ,arctic ,ocean ! tides are small4 ,at ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! mo/ nor!rn locality on ! coa/ ( ,alaska1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 high & l[ wat] is b #f or #g in*es4 ,! tide comes f ! s\?w>d & we/w>d1 & !re is a prevail+ curr5t sett+ to ! ea/w>d4 ,at ,h]s*el ,isl&1 ne> :]e ! ea/ b\nd>y ( ,alaska rea*es ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ! mean range ( ! tide is b #a4h foot4 ,at ,cape ,%]idan1 ! nor!a/ po9t ( ,gr9nell ,l&1 nor? latitude #hb deg4 #be'1 !re is a range ( #b4f feet dur+ two p]iods ea* mon? :5 ! tides are highe/1 & b #a4b foot at ! l[e/ or neap tide p]iods4 ,9 addition to ! weakness ( ! tides & tidal curr5ts along ! arctic coa/1 !re is an abs5ce or great dim9ution ( ! influ5ce ( wave & curr5ts1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( ice on ! sea4 ,%ore erosion is !re at a m9imum 9 spite ( ! abrasion produc$ by ! ice-packs :5 =c$ l&w>d by ! w9d4 ,isl&s4--,9 ! classification ( isl&s us$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace 9 8 ,isl& ,life two prim>y divisions are recognis$1 namely1 cont95tal & oceanic isl&s4 ,cont95tal isl&s are l& masses :i* h be5 sep>at$ f cont95ts & are r>ely f> remov$ f _! bord]s1 &1 besides1 are compos$ ( rocks simil> to ^? ( ! neighb\r+ ma9l& & inhabit$ by t]re/rial animals :i* are relat$ to ! fauna ( ! l>g] l& area4 ,anci5t & mod]n cont95tal isl&s h also be5 recognis$1 _! age be+ indicat$ by ! degree ( simil>ity betwe5 _! faunas & ! fauna ( ! cont95t ) :i* !y 7 =m]ly connect$4 ,^? ( anci5t orig9 are commonly surr\nd$ by deep wat]1 :ile ^? :i* are m mod]n usually rise f cont95tal %elves1 ! *annels int]v5+ betwe5 !m & ! ma9l& be+ less ?an #ajj fa?oms deep4 ,oceanic isl&s rise f deep wat]1 are ei!r volcanic or s f> z _! em]g$ portions are conc]n$ compos$ ( coral rock1 & are )\t w>m-blood$ t]re/rial animals4 ,ab\t ! bord]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re are isl&s belong+ to ea* ( ^! classes4 ,! num]\s examples ris+ f ! cont95tal %elf all ab\t ! m>g9 ( ! l&1 b 9 ! ,atlantic mo/ num]\s f ,new ,york nor?w>d1 & 9 ! ,pacific f ! ,/rait ( ,fuca nor?w>d1 are pla9ly rec5t cont95tal isl&s4 ,! l>g] ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ! gr\p ( small isl&s (f ! ,cali=nia coa/ are also cont95tal isl&s1 b %[ by ! "* ( _! faunas & ! dep? ( ! wat] ab\t !m t !y h be5 long sep>at$ f ! ma9 mass ( ! cont95t4 ,typical examples ( oceanic isl&s are furni%$ by ,b]muda1 9 ! ,atlantic1 & ,guadalupe1 9 ! ,pacific4 ,9 ?is same class1 b less remote f ! ma9l&1 & 9 _! faunas & floras %[+ a ne>] relation%ip to ,s\? ?an to ,nor? ,am]ica1 belong ! ,c>ibbees4 ,,topography ,,( ,,! ,,coa/ ,! g5]aliz$ coa/-l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica measures ab\t #ce1jjj miles 9 ext5t1 & pres5ts a great v>iety ( sc5]y4 ,! range 9 div]sity embraces all classes ( coa/ topography f ! l[1 s&y mangrove-fr+$ bord]s ( ,florida & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 to ! magnific5t sea-cliffs ( ,labrador & ,briti% ,columbia & ! m>vell\s ice-walls ( ,gre5l& & ,alaska :]e tide-wat] glaci]s ent] ! ocean4 ,l ne>ly all ! features ( ! e>?'s surface1 ?is n>r[ intricate belt :]e ! sea & l& meet is con/antly und]go+ *anges4 ,! pr9cipal processes :i* lead to alt]ations 9 ! coa/-l9e may be consid]$ z =m+ ?ree gr\ps3 ,fir/1 ! we>+ away ( ! l& ?r\gh ! action ( waves & curr5ts & ! deposition ( ! debris ?us produc$ s z to make additions to ! bord]s ( ! cont95t2 second1 ! upw>d & d[nw>d movem5ts ( ! l&2 & ?ird1 ! *anges produc$ by glaci]s1 ice-fl[s1 & iceb]gs4 ,) ^! m active ag5cies by :i* ! coa/-l9e is be+ modifi$ may be includ$ *emical solution & deposition1 ! influ5ce ( plants & animals1 ! wea!r+ ( ! m>g9 ( ! l&1 etc42 b a critical review ( all ^! processes is impracticable 9 ! pres5t treatise4 ,*anges 9 ! ,coa/-,l9e due to ,waves & ,curr5ts4--,! waves ( ! sea beat on ! l& ) nev]-ceas+ activity1 b ex]t ! greate/ =ce dur+ /orms4 ,! bl[ :i* a great surge /rikes :5 x breaks at ! base ( a cliff1 am\nt+ 9 _m in/ances to #c or m tons to ! squ>e foot1 t5ds to disrupt ! rocks bo? directly by its impact & by ! compression ( air & wat] 9 _! int]/ices4 ,! greate/ "w ( ! break+ waves is p]=m$1 h[ev]1 ) ! aid ( ! /ones :i* accumulate on ! bea*es4 ,^! are hurl$ aga9/ ! l& by ! =ce ( ! l&w>d-ru%+ wat]s & break & abrade ! rocks ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,! friction produc$ by ! impact ( waves *>g$ ) s&1 pebbles1 & b\ld]s aga9/ ! l& leads to its removal along a horizontal belt ) a n>r[ v]tical range4 ,! waves ( ! sea1 9 fact1 act l a horizontal saw1 ! edge ( :i* sl[ly advances l&w>d4 ,z a result ( ?is process ( "u-cutt+1 highly *>act]i/ic & frequ5tly mo/ picturesque =ms are giv5 to rocky coa/s4 ,:5ev] ! sea is bord]$ by h>d rocks /&+ well above ! surface1 b n ris+ too precipit\sly f deep wat]1 we f9d cliffs fac+ seaw>d4 ,at ! base ( ea* ( ^! sea-cliffs !re is a %elf or t]race :i* records1 9 "p at lea/1 ! advance t ! sea has made inl&4 ,a cross pr(ile ( a wave-cut sea%ore 7,fig4 #e7 %[s two prom95t features1 namely1 a sea-cliff ) a horizontal base1 & a t]race slop+ seaw>d f ! foot ( ! cliff4 ,( ^!1 ! cliff is by f> ! m prom95t z x /&s up boldly to view1 :ile ! t]race is 9 l>ge "p & p]haps :olly subm]g$4 ,^! two lead+ *>act]i/ics 9 ! topography ( wave-cut %ores are %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,ideal pr(ile ( a sea-cliff & curr5t-built t]race4 ,! wat] c>ri$ l&w>d by ea* wave z x ru%es up ! slop+ surface ( a t]race aga9 f9ds its way seaw>d1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 z an und]t[4 ,mu* ( ! rock debris gr\nd f9e by ! ceaseless beat+ ( ! surf is sep>at$ f ! co>s] mat]ial1 ?us leav+ ! latt] free to be mov$ by succe$+ waves1 & is c>ri$ seaw>d by ! bottom curr5t or und]t[4 ,dur+ /orms especially !re is usually to be se5 a belt ( discol\r$ wat] seaw>d f ! :ite break]s :i* m>g9 ! l&4 ,! f9] debris c>ri$ away f ! %ore by ! und]t[ is soon] or lat] deposit$1 & mu* ( x is laid d[n on ! t]race bord]+ ! l& & s]ves to build out its seaw>d m>g94 ,a normal sea-t]race is ?us 9 "p ! result ( ! cutt+ away ( ! l&1 & 9 "p ( ! deposition ( ! mat]ial remov$4 ,! sea n only cuts away ! l&1 h[ev]1 b at _m localities makes important additions to x4 ,:]e ! wat] is %all[ ! l>g] waves break at a di/ance p]haps ( sev]al miles f ! coa/-l9e1 & build up long n>r[ b>s1 usually ( s&1 :i* =m b>ri]s1 m or less p>allel ) ! %ore1 & %elt] x f fur!r encroa*m5ts ( ! sea4 ,aga91 :5 ! w9d f ! sea bl[s obliquely to ! coa/1 curr5ts are e/abli%$ 9 ! wat] :i* sweep along ! loose mat]ial on ! bea* & on ! subm]g$ portion ( ! t]race ( :i* ! bea* is a visible "p1 & cause x to travel 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! prevail+ on-%ore w9ds4 ,?is action also leads to ! build+ ( b>s m or less p>allel ) ! coa/ & at ! extremities ( capes1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! %ore curr5ts ent] deep] wat] & give orig9 to spits ( v>i\s %apes1 :i* are frequ5tly curv$ t[>ds ! l& & at _! extremities become hooks & loops4 ,!re are ?us two important processes1 "o de/ructive & ! o!r con/ructive1 by :i* ! sea is cont9ually modify+ ! bord] ( ! l&4 ,:5 once ! und]ly+ pr9ciples on :i* dep5d ! *>act]i/ics ( coa/al topography are sugge/$1 any obs]vant p]son c apply !m = himself & ?us be able to read ! hi/ory z well z admire ! beauties ( seacoa/ sc5]y4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 to attempt to pres5t a detail$ acc\nt ( ! coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica f a purely geographical po9t ( view2 !re are c]ta9 results ( ! processes j ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 :i* are ( wide-rea*+ economic1 & especially ( comm]cial int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a portion ( ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ,c5tral ,am]ica nor?w>d to ,cape ,cod ! rocks bord]+ ! sea are s(t or easily soluble1 & ! adjac5t l& ( l[ relief4 ,?r\gh\t ?is section ! "w ( ! sea is mo/ly con/ructive1 & ! m>g9 ( ! l& is %elt]$ by s&-b>s f ! attack ( waves & curr5ts4 ,:]e ! waves ( ! op5 ocean d rea* ! l&1 z on ! coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey1 ! sea-cliffs are l[ & ! topography ( a mild type4 ,v g5]ally1 z along ! coa/ ( ,mexico & ,texas1 & f ,florida to ,long ,isl&1 !re are long n>r[ b>s adjac5t to ! %ore1 ) lagoons int]v5+ betwe5 !m & ! ma9l&4 ,^! features are well illu/rat$ on ! accompany+ map 7,fig4 #f7 ( a portion ( ! ,atlantic coa/ :]e long n>r[ b>s1 sometimes =m+ skeleton capes1 are a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,on ! middle ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! prevail+ w9ds bl[ s\?w>d & !re is a g5]al s\?w>d fl[ ( ! %ore curr5ts1 :i* c>ry ) !m ! s& on ! bea*es & b>s4 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 ?is connection1 po9t$ out by ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 is t al?\gh ! s&s are cont9ually be+ mov$ !y are n worn out4 ,aft] ! s&-gra9s h be5 r$uc$ to a c]ta9 size !y reta9 films ( wat] :i* sep>ate !m "o f ano!r1 & act z cu%ions :i* prev5t ! gra9s f com+ 9 contact1 ?us greatly ret>d+ fur!r comm9ution4 ,b = ! protection ?us af=d$ ! s&-b>s w\ld be remov$ & ! bord] ( ! l& expos$ to ! attack ( ! waves & cut away2 :]eas "u exi/+ conditions lagoons are =m$1 :i* 9 _m in/ances are utiliz$ z h>b\rs or are fill$ by w9d-bl[n s&1 ! s$im5t br\ght by /reams1 plant gr[?s1 etc41 & valuable additions are made to ! cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,mobile ,bay4 ,! s&-b>s j ref]r$ to frequ5tly cross ! m\?s ( riv]s1 & 9 su* in/ances a /ruggle ensues betwe5 ! curr5ts mov+ along ! %ore & ! outfl[+ riv]-wat]s aid$ by ! curr5ts produc$ by ! tides4 ,?is conflict leads to ! =mation ( s& banks & b>s1 g5]ally subm]g$1 across ! entrances ( bays & inlets & to ! build+ ( s&-spits f ! seaw>d capes4 ,a typical in/ance is furni%$ at ! entrance ( ,mobile ,bay 7,fig4 #g71 :]e a spit f ea* side has be5 built by %ore curr5ts s z to greatly contract ! tideway betwe54 ,simil> features are pres5t$ by ,s&y ,hook & ,coney ,isl&1 ea* ( :i* has be5 built ( s& deposit$ by %ore curr5ts at ! seaw>d entrance ( ! l[] ,new ,york ,bay4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ?is same g5]al "* is furni%$ by ! curv$ extremity ( ,cape ,cod 7,fig4 #h71 :i* is a s&-spit ( l>ge size ) a hook$ extremity4 ,spits ( ?is nature are common on our coa/s1 & 9 _m in/ances !mselves =m h>b\rs1 z at ,coney ,isl& & ne> ! extremity ( ,cape ,cod4 ,_m o!r simil> examples ( ! importance ( lagoons1 s&-b>s1 spits1 etc41 to %ipp+1 :i* occur1 especially along ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 may be /udi$ to advantage on ! admirable *>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,cape ,cod1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! s&-b>s1 spits1 & o!r simil> /ructures along ! ,atlantic coa/ are also ( /rategic importance1 = ! reason t !y af=d advantage\s sites = =tifications1 z is illu/rat$ by ! /rong =ts at ,s&y ,hook :i* gu>d ! entrance ( ,new ,york ,bay4 ,^! sea-built f\ndations are also utiliz$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( localities = ligh?\ses4 ,! wat]ways %ut (f f ! sea by (f-%ore b>s 9 "s in/ances p]mit ( ! passage ( vessels f "o h>b\r to ano!r4 ,9 ?is connection x is ( int]e/ to note t an important sy/em ( canals is "u consid]ation = mak+ a cont9u\s wat]way = deep-draft vessels1 "s #gjj miles long1 :i* w connect ! e/u>ies & lagoons f ,new ,york to ! ,c>ol9as4 ,:ile ! isl&s ( s& ref]r$ to pres5t _m conditions fav\rable to comm]ce1 fi%]ies1 & o!r indu/ries1 _! app>5t durability is deceptive1 & 9 "s in/ances fai? 9 _! p]man5ce has l$ to disa/r\s results4 ,!y owe _! exi/5ce to ! action ( waves & curr5ts1 & unless bl[n s& is heap$ ^u !m are rais$ b a few feet above mean sea-level1 & are liable to inundation if a high tide is accompani$ by an on-%ore gale4 ,a sad illu/ration ( ?is pla9 conclusion is furni%$ by ! disa/] t ov]:elm$ ! city ( ,galve/on on ! night ( ,septemb] #h1 #aijj1 dur+ :i* "s #c1jjj p p]i%$ & #bj1jjj1jjj to #cj1jjj1jjj wor? ( prop]ty 0 de/roy$4 ,?is great loss 0 9 l>ge "p due to ! fact t ! city 0 inundat$ by ! advance ov] its site ( ! /orm-driv5 wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! isl& on :i* ,galve/on /&s 7,fig4 #i7 0 built by ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf1 & dur+ ! hurricane ref]r$ to !y aga9 claim$ _! own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,coa/ ( ,texas4 ,nor?w>d ( ,cape ,cod1 ! rocks adjac5t to ! ocean are mo/ly h>d & resi/ant1 consi/+ l>gely ( s*i/1 gneiss1 granite1 trap1 etc41 :i* :5 und]cut by ! waves /& z bold cliffs & headl&s4 ,?is portion ( ! cont95tal bord] ab\nds 9 picturesque sc5]y & is abundantly suppli$ ) f9e h>b\rs & well-%elt]$ hav5s 9 :i* boats may take refuge4 ,typical portions ( ?is rugg$ coa/ are furni%$ by ! magnific5t sea-cliffs ( ,m\nt ,des]t & ,gr& ,manan isl&s1 ! bold %ores ( ,newf\ndl& & ,labrador1 & ! precipit\s bord] ( ,gre5l&4 ,! sc5]y ?r\gh\t ne>ly all ( ?is va/ ext5t ( wave & /orm beat5 rocks is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! mild & g5]ally monoton\s s&-built %ores to ! s\? ( ,cape ,cod4 ,betwe5 ! angul> headl&s & rugg$ capes at ! nor?1 ) _! :ite girdles ( surf1 !re are frequ5tly curv$ bea*es & num]\s spits & b>s ( yell[ s& :i* connect ! sali5ts ( ! %ore or ext5d f !m s z to furni% safe an*orages4 ,on ! arctic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! action ( ! waves & curr5ts on ! l& is greatly ret>d$ by ice1 & ! tides are small1 b to :at ext5t ^! conditions unfav\rable to ! "w ( ! sea are c\nt]balanc$ by ! abrasion p]=m$ by ice-floes is unkn[n4 ,! nor!rn bord] ( ,alaska1 z well z ! %ore ( ,b]+ ,sea1 is mo/ly l[ & ! rocks s(t1 al?\gh c]ta9 ( ! sea-capes are bold & are evid5tly compos$ ( resi/ant mat]ial4 ,! ,aleutian ,isl&s pres5t a peculi> exception to ! g5]al coa/ topography ( ! re/ ( ! cont95t4 ,al?\gh ?is region has n be5 /udi$ 9 detail1 x seems to furni% an example ( a rugg$ m\nta9 range t has be5 p>tially subm]g$ at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,! rocks 9 _m places desc5d precipit\sly into deep wat]1 leav+ no room = ! =mation ( bea*es1 & h5ce ! waves1 to a great ext5t1 are )\t tools ) :i* to cut away ! l&4 ,at ! heads ( ! _m bays & inlets1 h[ev]1 "o f9ds beautiful s&-bea*es ) gracefully curv+ l9es1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! d>k1 rugg$ cliffs bord]+ _! seaw>d ext5sions4 ,! s\!rn & s\!a/]n bord]s ( ,alaska are exce$+ly bold1 & pres5t "s ( ! mo/ sublime coa/ sc5]y to be f\nd 9 ! _w1 b to ! geograph] ! greate/ int]e/ ( ?is portion ( ! cont95tal bord]1 z is true also ( ! entire ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 c5tres 9 its relation to up & d[n movem5ts ( ! l&4 ,*anges 9 ! ,coa/-,l9e due to ,oscillation ( ! ,l&4--,l& areas are expos$ to ! erosive action ( w9d1 ra91 /reams1 etc41 & are sculptur$ by ^! ag5cies into valleys1 canyons1 peaks1 ridges1 & o!r famili> topographic =ms4 ,! v>i\s processes by :i* l& areas are modifi$ lead 9 g5]al to a r\gh5+ ( ! surface4 ,z an extreme illu/ration1 a high plateau becomes dissect$ by /reams s z to =m an intricate sy/em ( rugg$ m\nta9 ridges & peaks1 ) deep1 /eep-sid$ valleys betwe54 ,! degree ( ?is r\gh5+ dep5ds pr9cipally on ! elevation ( ! l&1 toge!r ) contra/s 9 ! resi/ance ( ! rocks due ma9ly to v>iation 9 h>dness1 climatic conditions1 etc41 b 9 g5]al "o may say ! high] ! l& is rais$ above ! sea ! m rugg$ w be its topography z ! process ( we>+ away progresses4 ,x is to be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 t l& areas pass ?r\gh a some:at def9ite s]ies ( *anges1 f topographic y\? to topographic old age1 ea* /age be+ accompani$ by *anges 9 ! relief4 ,x is dur+ topographic maturity t ! greate/ r\ghness ( ! surface ( a l& area is produc$4 ,l& areas are cont9ually wa/+ away1 ow+ especially to ! attacks ( ! /reams1 & ! mat]ial remov$ is deposit$ 9 ! sea4 ,! debris br\ght f ! cont95ts by /reams is laid d[n 9 %all[ wat]--ab\t ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica almo/ entirely on ! surface ( ! cont95tal %elf--& 9 ?is region ( deposition ! holl[s are fill$ & a g5]ally smoo? surface giv5 to ! sea-floor4 ,! topography ( ! l&1 = ! reason /at$ above1 is ne>ly ev]y:]e unev52 :ile ! topography ( ! sea-floor is *>act]iz$ by uni=mity4 ,we c easily pr$ict1 !re=e1 ! g5]al "* ( ! *anges 9 a coa/ :i* w\ld result f ei!r a subsid5ce ( ! l&1 ?us all[+ ! sea to encroa* ^u x1 or ( an elevation1 :i* w\ld expose a portion ( ! sea-bottom1 !reby increas+ ! area ( ! l&4 ,a subsid5ce ( ! l& adjac5t to ! sea p]mits an ext5sion ( ! wat]s l&w>d2 ! sea w ent] ! valleys s z to =m e/u>ies1 bays1 /raits1 etc41 :ile ! high l& betwe5 ! p>tially wat]-fill$ depressions w rise above ! wat]-level & appe> z p59sulas1 capes1 & isl&s4 ,a bold1 deeply sculptur$ coa/ :5 depress$ w give orig9 to an intricate1 & :at may be t]m$ a ragg$ %ore-l9e2 :ile a l[] region cross$ by l>ge riv]-valleys w\ld be *ang$ to a sy/em ( broad e/u>ies4 ,an upw>d movem5t 9 ! e>?'s cru/ along ! ocean's %ore w\ld expose a portion ( ! sea-floor & add a /rip ( g5]ally level c\ntry to ! previ\s l& area4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! old & new topography 9 su* an in/ance w\ld be ! uprais$ coa/-l9e ) its sea-cliffs1 wave-cut caves1 t]races1 bea*es1 & o!r *>act]i/ic features ( coa/ topography4 ,!re are ?us two /rongly contra/$ types ( coa/ sc5]y1 produc$ by oscillations ( ! e>?'s cru/ :]e ocean & cont95ts meet4 ,9 ea* class !re is a wide range 9 details1 :i* v>y 9 h>mony ) ! am\nt ! l& rises or falls 9 ref]5ce to sea-level4 ,:5 "o has ^! g5]al laws 9 m9d a map ( ! coa/-l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica acquires great significance4 ,f ab\t ! latitude ( ,new ,york s\?w>d to ,c5tral ,am]ica _m comp>atively small oscillations ( ! l& h occurr$ 9 rec5t geological "t1 & :at 0 =m]ly a portion ( ! cont95tal %elf is n[ expos$ & =ms a coa/al pla94 ,?is pla91 9 g5]al f #ej to #ajj miles broad1 slopes g5tly seaw>d1 & its cont9uation "u ! sea =ms ! pres5t cont95tal %elf 7,fig4 #b74 ,evid5tly a slight up or d[n movem5t or a g5tle tilt+ ( ?is p>tially subm]g$ pla9 9 an ea/ & we/ direction w\ld cause a m>k$ advance or recession ( ! sea4 ,ea* "t ! sea advanc$ ! c\ntry subm]g$ w\ld be smoo!d ov] by ! action ( ! waves & curr5ts & a %eet ( s$im5t laid d[n ^u x2 & ea* "t ! sea rec$$ ! em]g$ l& w\ld be tr5*$ by ! riv]s fl[+ across x4 ,! records %[ t _m su* *anges h occurr$4 ,! ,gulf bord] ( ,mexico & ,texas1 compos$ ( s(t m>9e s$im5ts1 =ms a g5tly slop+ pla9 bord]$ on ! we/ by a r\gh5$ upl&1 & illu/rates ! g5]al feature ( a rec5tly em]g$ coa/al pla9 7,fig4 #i74 ,! same is true also ( ! entire coa/ f ,texas to ,new ,york1 b x happ5s t a rec5t movem5t ?r\gh ?is region 0 ( su* a nature z to all[ ! sea to encroa* on ! l&1 & ! previ\sly excavat$ /ream valleys are n[1 9 "p1 occupi$ by ! sea4 ,?is feature is mo/ m>k$ f ! ,c>ol9as to ,new ,york 7,fig4 #f71 :]e !re are sev]al great e/u>ies & dr[n$ riv]-valleys :i* ext5d f> into ! l&4 ,! be/ examples are ,albem>le ,s\nd & ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e ,bays4 ,! ,james ,riv] *annel is subm]g$ z f> z ,ri*mond1 ! ,potomac to ,wa%+ton1 ! ,susquehanna to ,h>risburg1 ! ,delaw>e to ,tr5ton1 & ! ,hudson to ,troy4 ,^! are typical illu/rations ( :at geograph]s t]m dr[n$ riv]-valleys4 ,!y are evid5ce t ! l& =m]ly /ood high] ?an n[1 0 tr5*$ by ! riv]s t fl[$ across x1 & 0 !n depress$ or tilt$ s z to all[ ! sea to encroa* ^u x4 ,! importance ( ^! ev5ts 9 ! settlem5t ( ,nor? ,am]ica by ,europeans & on ! subsequ5t developm5t ( comm]ce1 manufactures1 ! location ( cities1 etc41 ne$s only to be sugge/$ to p]mit ! read] to fill 9 ! details = himself4 ,on ! ,gulf coa/ & ab\t ,florida ! lat] movem5ts ( ! l& h be5 less ?an 9 ! region f ,albem>le ,s\nd to ,new ,york1 & e/u>ies are !re abs5t1 ) ! some:at m>k$ exception ( ,mobile ,bay4 ,c]ta9 second>y conditions ne$ to be introduc$ "h1 b space w n p]mit ( m ?an a brief pres5tation ( !m4 ,n only h ! rec5t movem5ts ( ! l& be5 less ab\t ! %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ?an 9 ! middle ,atlantic region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! riv]s at ! s\? are 9 g5]al small] & less swift ?an ^? f>!r nor?1 & h5ce are less able to excavate broad valleys4 ,! ,s\!rn riv]s1 su* z ! ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,rio ,gr&e1 etc41 are silt-lad5 & t5d to fill _! e/u>ies1 :ile ! weak] /reams are unable to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( s&-b>s & spits built by %ore curr5ts1 & _! m\?s h be5 practically clos$4 ,! coa/ ( ,texas gives evid5ce ( slight mod]n subsid5ce1 b ! small e/u>ies =m$ h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 sep>at$ f ! ,gulf by s&-b>s4 ,nor?w>d ( ! middle ,atlantic region ! rec5t oscillations ( ! l& cont9u$ to increase & rea*$ a maximum ab\t ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean2 on ! ,pacific coa/ also !re is simil> evid5ce ( an increase 9 ! rec5t e>? movem5ts f ! s\? nor?w>d4 ,9 an outl9e sket* ( ! pres5t coa/al topography ( ! cont95t we c g5]alize1 & say t ! :ole cont95t dur+ ! late ,t]ti>y1 glacial1 & rec5t times has sway$ up & d[n ab\t a h+e-l9e situat$ 9 ! region ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ! movem5ts1 al?\gh n uni=m1 h increas$ 9 am\nt f ! s\? nor?w>d4 ,let u glance at ! evid5ce on :i* ?is broad /atem5t1 involv+ ! up & d[n surg+ ( a va/ cont95t1 is bas$4 ,! ,hudson1 z /at$ above1 is a dr[n$ riv] z f> z ,troy1 a di/ance f ! pres5t l& m>g9 ( #afj miles4 ,9 ! next great riv] to ! nor?w>d1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! tide rises & falls ne>ly up to ,montreal1 a di/ance ( ab\t #hjj miles f ! g5]al %ore-l9e4 ,/ill f>!r nor? are ,hudson ,/rait & ,hudson ,bay1 :i*1 al?\gh b imp]fectly explor$1 seem to be an example n only ( ! dr[n+ ( a riv]-valley1 b ( ! l>ge/ "p ( a riv]-bas94 ,! geography ( ! arctic ar*ipelago fr++ ! nor? %ore ( ! cont95t also sugge/s t a /rongly /ream-cut plateau has !re be5 deeply subm]g$4 ,9 addition to ! dr[n$ riv]-valleys & ragg$ coa/s :i* record a subsid5ce ( ! l&1 !re are rais$ t]races & bea*es :i* beg9 at ! s\? ne> ,new ,york & increase 9 elevation above ! pres5t sea-level1 :5 foll[$ nor?w>d1 all ! way to ! arctic region1 & h 9 ! f> nor? an altitude ( ab\t #a1bjj feet4 ,^! old bea*es & t]races %[ t ! l& 0 =m]ly depress$ & has s9ce ris52 b1 z %[n above1 has n rega9$ ! elevation x _h previ\s to ! glacial epo*4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! geography ( ! coa/ f ,new ,york nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & f ! same locality s\?w>d to ,c5tral ,am]ica1 are due prim>ily to ! fact t ! oscillations ( ! l& h be5 su* t at ! nor? ! cont95tal %elf is entirely subm]g$ & ! sea has encroa*$ on a r\gh l&2 :ile at ! s\? ! rec5t oscillations h be5 less & a broad m>g9 ( ! cont95tal %elf is expos$ & =ms ! coa/al pla94 ,at ! nor?1 we f9d innum]able isl&s1 bold1 rocky %ores ) _m capes & headl&s1 sep>at$ by deep inlets1 s\nds1 /raits1 bays1 etc41 or1 9 brief1 a ragg$ coa/ su* z f9ds typical illu/ration on ! %ores ( ,ma9e 7,fig4 #aj71 :ile at ! s\? 7,fig4 #f7 ! %ores are l[1 s&y1 rem>kably uni=m 9 tr5d1 & )\t isl&s1 except+ su* z are built by ! waves & curr5ts4 ,! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s w1 no d\bt1 be recall$ by ! read]1 b _! hi/ory is aga9 diff]5t4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! l& t has exp]i5c$ great oscillation at ! nor? & ! region ( less en]getic movem5ts at ! s\? is ! s]ies ( l>ge e/u>ies m5tion$ above1 9 ! n>r[] portions ( ! coa/al pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,a portion ( ! coa/ ( ,ma9e4 ,! nor!rn & we/]n coa/s ( ,alaska are mo/ly l[1 & correspond 9 a g5]al way ) ! coa/al plan ( ! ,c>ol9a region4 ,! la/ well-m>k$ movem5t ( ! l& 9 t region has be5 9 ! direction ( an elevation1 & we f9d l[ %ores1 ) b few h>b\rs1 simil> 9 _m ways to ! coa/ ( ,texas4 ,x is probably true1 z already /at$1 t ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 al?\gh 9 "p ! result ( rec5t volcanic activity1 owe _! peculi> & exceptional *>act]i/ics to ! p>tial subsid5ce ( a deeply sculptur$ m\nta9 range4 ,on ! s\? coa/ ( ,alaska1 9 ! region ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & ,m\nt ,fairwea!r1 a rec5t & ext5sive elevation has occurr$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n br+ ! bottom ( ! adjac5t portion ( ! ocean above ! sea-level4 ,?is app>5t anomaly seems to be due to an upris+ ( ! rocks along ! nor? side ( a break1 or belt ( bran*+ fractures1 :i* closely approximates to ! coa/-l9e & has det]m9$ ! position ( ! cont95tal bord] 9 t region4 ,! facts1 s f> z kn[n1 appe> to %[ t we h "h :at geologi/s t]m a fault1 ! nor? or l&w>d side ( :i* has be5 rais$ at lea/ #e1jjj feet 9 v mod]n times1 b1 s f> z we c judge1 )\t di/urb+ ! seaw>d bord] ( ! break4 ,! coa/ betwe5 ,m\nt ,fairwea!r & ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias is by f> ! bolde/1 & f a sc5ic po9t ( view ! mo/ impressive1 portion ( ! entire %ore-l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! m\nta9s are "y & among ! highe/ on ! cont95t4 ,!y rise precipit\sly f ! m>g9 ( ! sea1 & are %ea!d 9 sn[ & ice f base to summit ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cont95t s\?w>d f ,m\nt ,fairwea!r to ! ,columbia ,riv]1 a di/ance 9 a /raight l9e ( ab\t #a1bjj miles1 furni%es "s ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ! *anges 9 coa/al geography due to subsid5ce t our cont95t af=ds 7,fig4 #aa74 ,?is wond]fully irregul> coa/ is fr+$ ) a belt ( m\nta9\s isl&s f #ej to #ajj or m miles broad4 ,! inlets betwe5 ! bold capes & ! /raits sep>at+ ! num]\s isl&s are deep4 ,! rugg$1 =e/-clo!d slopes ) precipit\s1 & 9 _m in/ances ne>ly v]tical walls1 desc5d into wat] t is frequ5tly f #ej to ov] #bjj fa?oms deep4 ,9 brief1 a deeply dissect$ m\nta9 range m ?an #a1jjj miles 9 l5g? has !re be5 depress$ at lea/ #b1jjj feet bel[ its =m] altitude1 ?us all[+ ! sea to flood its deep1 picturesque valleys4 ,puget ,s\nd1 ) its num]\s & frequ5tly n>r[ arms 7,fig4 #bc71 is ! s\?w>d ext5sion ( ! p>tially inundat$ c\ntry consid]$ above4 ,to ! we/ ( ?is magnific5t s\nd rise ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s1 :i* b>ely escape be+ an isl& at ! pres5t /age ( ! sway+ ( ! l&4 ,on ! we/1 z on ! ea/ bord] ( ! cont95t1 !re are dr[n$ riv]-valleys1 su* z ! ,/ik9e1 ,fraz]1 ,columbia1 & ,sacram5to4 ,x is n to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! entire ,pacific coa/ region has be5 rais$ or depress$ z a unit4 ,!re h be5 diff]5tial movem5ts 9 "s ( its p>ts1 b ^! are n z yet well kn[n4 ,9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 = example1 rais$ bea*es & a n>r[ coa/al pla9 ab\t ,los ,angeles give evid5ce ( a mod]n rise ( ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,coa/ ( s\!a/]n ,alaska4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! broad g5]alization t ! cont95tal mass ( ,nor? ,am]ica has und]gone up & d[n movem5ts1 greate/ at ! nor? & decreas+ s\?w>d1 z if mov+ on a h+e-l9e runn+ ea/ & we/ 9 ! region ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 x is ( int]e/ to note t ! ragg$ coa/s ( ,ma9e1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,newf\ndl& & ,labrador1 due to ! p>tial subm]g5ce ( a rugg$ l&1 lie 9 ! same latitudes z ! equally ragg$ coa/ ( ,wa%+ton1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & ,alaska4 ,?is is m ?an a co9cid5ce4 ,! rocks on ! two coa/s are simil>1 be+ = ! mo/ "p resi/ant cry/all9e s*i/s1 gneisses1 granites1 etc41 & 9 ea* in/ance /ood high above ! sea = a long p]iod dur+ :i* !y 7 deeply tr5*$ by /reams & by great glaci]s1 & !n at ab\t ! same "t1 z ne>ly z c be judg$1 ea* region 0 depress$ s z to all[ ! sea to encroa* ^u x4 ,:ile a deeply sculptur$ l& :5 p>tially subm]g$ gives orig9 to a ragg$ coa/1 a region ( simil> elevation1 b n cut by /reams or o!r ag5cies s z to h deep valleys1 :5 subsid5ce occurs produces a bold1 h>b\rless %ore )\t isl&s4 ,! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! deeply ind5t$ bord] ( ! cont95t1 ) its broad fr+e ( isl&s1 f ,m\nt ,fairwea!r s\?w>d to ,m\nt ,olympus1 & ! rem>kably uni=m al?\gh bold coa/-l9e f ,m\nt ,olympus s\?w>d to ,mexico1 & inde$ ne>ly to ,cape ,horn1 has mu* significance 9 ?is connection4 ,! m\nta9s bord]+ ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are among ! y\ng] on ! cont95t4 ,^! coa/ ranges1 l>gely on acc\nt ( _! y\?1 h n be5 deeply sculptur$1 b rise boldly f ! ocean's %ore ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! entire di/ance f ! ,/rait ( ,fuca to ! end ( ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 al?\gh b little kn[n1 are ( comp>atively rec5t date1 b diff] f ! coa/ ranges 9 be+ m l>gely built ( "y volcanic rocks4 ,bo? ! coa/ ranges & ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica are mu* less deeply sculptur$ ?an ! m\nta9s bord]+ ! ,pacific to ! nor? ( ,puget ,s\nd1 & a subsid5ce along ?is %ore w\ld produce b mod]ate *anges 9 ! coa/-l9e4 ,9 ?is great ext5t ( coa/1 measur+ ne>ly #e1jjj miles1 !re are b few h>b\rs2 9 ! portion belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! g5]ally bold coa/-l9e is brok5 b 9 two places1 "o :]e ! ,columbia rea*es ! sea1 & ! o!r :]e ! ,sacram5to f9ds an outlet ?r\gh ! portions ( its dr[n$ valley kn[n z ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco owes its orig9 to a subsid5ce ( ! l& :i* has admitt$ ! sea into ! valley ( ! ,sacram5to1 b ?is valley1 :i*1 unit+ ) ! "o at ! s\? dra9$ by ! ,san ,joaqu91 =ms ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia1 is n due to /ream erosion1 z 9 ! case ( ! dr[n$ valley ( ! ,hudson or ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 b to ! uprais+ ( ! m\nta9s bord]+ x4 ,dur+ a =m] "t ( great] subsid5ce ?an at pres5t ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco 0 l>g] ?an n[1 & has be5 contract$ bo? by ! deposition ( s$im5t & by a p>tial re-elevation ( ! l&4 ,! exceptional "* ( ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco & its m>k$ excell5ce z a h>b\r give to ! city on its %ore promises ( m>vell\s developm5t4 ,! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia is due1 9 a g5]al view1 to :at may be consid]$ z a dep>ture ( ! ,coa/ m\nta9s away f ! g5]al tr5d ( ! cont95tal bord]4 ,we h b little detail$ in=mation conc]n+ ?is region1 h[ev]1 & ! /udies ( mod]n geograph]s h likewise be5 meagre ?r\gh\t all ! coa/-l9e f>!r s\?4 ,! ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico is geographically simil> to t ( ,cali=nia1 b in/ead ( a s+le great h>b\r !re are f\r ( mod]ate size & excell5ce1 ! hi/ories ( :i* h n be5 /udi$4 ,f>!r s\?1 along ! ,c5tral ,am]ican coa/1 ! %ores are bold1 b sev]al ind5tations1 due 9 "p at lea/ to volcanic ag5cies1 furni% %elt] = vessels & (f] enc\ragem5t to comm]ce4 ,! bold & n deeply sculptur$ m\nta9s along ! ne>ly unbrok5 coa/ f ! ,/rait ( ,fuca to ,panama1 rise close to ! true bord] ( ! cont95t4 ,! cont95tal %elf ( ?is portion ( ! %ore ( ! ,pacific is n>r[4 ,an elevation ( #ajj fa?oms w\ld add sc>cely m ?an #aj miles to ! ext5t ( ! l&4 ,?is n>r[ness ( ! cont95tal %elf seems to be due to ! rec5cy ( ! uplift+ ( ! ,coa/ m\nta9s1 & ! lack ( "t = ! debris f ! l& & ! organic refuse ( ! sea to %oal ! wat]4 ,! ,pacific bas9 is deep close to ! l& bord]+ x1 ?us re/rict+ ! seaw>d ext5sion ( ! cont95tal %elf4 ,*anges 9 ! ,coa/-,l9e due to ,ice4--,x is n[ well kn[n t glacial ice _m hundr$s ( feet ?ick =m]ly cov]$ ! nor!rn half ( ,nor? ,am]ica & fl[$ outw>d across ! pres5t position ( ! coa/-l9e ?r\gh\t all ( ! nor!rn bord] ( ! cont95t f ,/at5 ,isl& 9 ! ea/ & ,puget ,s\nd 9 ! we/1 ) ! exception ( ! ,arctic & ,b]+ ,sea coa/s ( ,alaska4 ,! effects ( ?is outw>d-fl[+ ice on ! topography ( ! cont95tal bord] cross$ by x 7 9 g5]al 9 two directions4 ,:]e ! l& 0 r\gh or mod]ately s previ\s to ! com+ ( ! ice-%eets ! inequalities ( surface 7 increas$2 b :]e ! l& 0 smoo? or b g5tly undulat+ its elevations 7 plan$ away by ! glaci]s & made /ill m smoo?4 ,! reason = ^! diff]5ces is t :5 ! l& f :i* ! ice fl[$ 0 rugg$ or _h previ\sly be5 deeply tr5*$ by /reams1 ! valleys gave direction to ! ice curr5ts & ! m>g9s ( ! cont95tal ice-%eets became divid$ into sep>ate ice-/reams1 z is ! case 9 ,gre5l& at ! pres5t day4 ,?is localization ( ! ice curr5ts s]v$ to deep5 & broad5 ! pre-exi/+ valleys1 & especially on ! bold coa/ ( ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia increas$ 9 a m>k$ way ! inequalities ( ! surface & fav\r$ ! production ( a ragg$ coa/-l9e :5 ! ice melt$ & 0 replac$ 9 "p by ! sea4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! topography ( ! l& 0 n suffici5tly acc5t$ to cause ! ice fl[+ ov] x to ga!r into well-def9$ curr5ts ! g5]al surface 0 worn d[n1 ?us fav\r+ ! production ( an ev5 coa/-l9e aft] ! melt+ ( ! ice-%eets4 ,:]e ! coa/-l&s 7 high & rugg$1 ! deep5+ & broad5+ ( ! valleys l$ to ! orig9 ( deep1 n>r[1 canal-l wat]ways t]m$ fiords 7fjords71 :5 ! ice )drew f ! p>tially subm]g$ l& or :5 subsequ5t depression c>ri$ ! glaciat$ tr\ghs bel[ sea-level4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,ma9e to ,labrador1 & !nce nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 !re are num]\s examples ( fiords1 z is also ! case on ! ,pacific coa/ f ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias to ,puget ,s\nd4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! localiz$ ice-/reams f ! great c5tral ice-%eet ( ,gre5l& are cont9u+ ?is process ( fiord excavation4 ,! same is true also1 b on a mu* small] scale1 ( ! tide-wat] glaci]s ( s\!rn ,alaska4 ,! %ores ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t f ,new ,engl& to ! ,aleutian ,isl&s are n[ be+ modifi$ by ! gr9d+ ( ice-floes1 :i* are driv5 aga9/ ! l& by ! w9d4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 al?\gh locally important1 ne$ claim b little att5tion 9 a g5]al view ( ! geography ( ! cont95t4 ,*anges 9 ! ,coa/-,l9e due to ! ,deposits made by ,/reams4--,! visible loads ( silt & s& 9 susp5sion c>ri$ to ! ocean by /reams1 z well z ! mat]ial ! /reams roll & pu% along _! bottoms1 is deliv]$ to ! wat]s ( ! ocean & deposit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial1 notably ! co>s] portion1 is dropp$ ne> l& & ! f9] portion float$ f> out f ! coa/ be=e settl+ to ! bottom4 ,two classes ( deposits made 9 ?is way may be recognis$1 namely1 ^? laid d[n by ! /reams !mselves z !y drop _! loads on ent]+ /ill wat]1 or delta deposits2 & ^? spread ov] ! sea-floor by waves & curr5ts aft] receiv+ ! debris br\ght f ! l&4 ,:i* ( ^! two modes ( deposition w prevail dep5ds on :e!r ! wat]s ( ! ocean at ! localities :]e ! /reams deliv] _! loads are ess5tially /ill or are affect$ by /rong curr5ts4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance all b ! f9] ( ! debris d]iv$ f ! l& is quickly dropp$ & deltas are =m$2 & 9 ! second in/ance ! curr5ts be> ! mat]ial away & deposit x ei!r 9 ! %all[ wat] adjac5t to ! neighb\r+ %ore1 =m+ %oals1 b>s1 embankm5ts1 spits1 etc41 or spread x 9 a %eet ov] ! sea-floor4 ,! mo/ notable *anges 9 ! coa/-l9e result+ f ?is g5]al process occur :]e silt-lad5 /reams ent] /ill wat] & =m deltas4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica _m ( ! /reams :i* ent] e/u>ies deliv] _! loads to wat]s :i* are agitat$1 especially by tidal curr5ts1 & ill-def9$ %oals1 s&-banks1 etc41 are produc$4 ,9 ?ree conspicu\s in/ances1 h[ev]1 l>ge riv]s are engag$ 9 build+ deltas1 & ?us produc+ well-m>k$ *anges 9 ! coa/-l9e4 ,at ! nor?1 ! ,mack5zie ent]s ! ne>ly tideless ,arctic ,ocean1 :]e float+ ice almo/ completely c\nt]acts ! t5d5cy ( ! w9d to produce curr5ts1 & a great delta is be+ ext5d$ seaw>d4 ,! riv] divides on its delta into _m di/ribut>ies & ent]s ! sea by sev]al m\?s4 ,! sea ne> ! m\?s ( ! riv] is report$ to be %all[1 & ob/ruct$ by _m s&-banks & isl&s4 ,no survey ( ! ,mack5zie delta has z yet be5 made1 & b little def9ite in=mation conc]n+ x is available4 ,! ,yukon on ent]+ ! %all[ ea/]n portion ( ,b]+ ,sea1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! tides is small & float+ ice is pres5t ?r\gh\t ab\t n9e mon?s ea* ye>1 is also engag$ 9 build+ a great delta :i* projects into ! sea & gives ! coa/-l9e a bold outw>d curve4 ,! ,yukon beg9s to divide into sep>ate *annels1 sev]al ( :i* ent] ! sea z indep5d5t di/ribut>ies at a di/ance ( ab\t #aej miles f ! out] bord] ( its delta4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! out] f+]-l division ( ! /ream is ab\t #ij miles4 ,! ,yukon is a grad$ /ream--i4 e41 is able to c>ry mat]ial 9 susp5sion1 b n to deep5 or fill its *annel--9 ! l[] portion ( its c\rse1 & is mak+ an important addition to ! l& ow+ to ! dropp+ ( its burd5 ( silt z soon z ! /ill wat] into :i* x fl[s is rea*$4 ,! /ream is ?us be+ ext5d$1 & 9 ord] to enable x to cont9ue its task ( transportation & ! deliv]y ( its load to ! sea1 ! ext5d$ portion ( its *annel is built up s z to give a slope d[n :i* ! wat]s c fl[--t is1 ! b$s ( ! di/ribut>ies are rais$1 & !y also %ift _! positions f "t to "t & make additions to ! entire surface ( ! delta4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! /ream & deposition ( silt by its di/ribut>ies h add$ ab\t #a1jjj squ>e miles to ! l&4 ,al?\gh ! delta ( ! ,yukon pres5ts an admirable example ( ! *ange 9 a coa/-l9e produc$ by ! s$im5t dropp$ by a great riv]1 ! p>tial surveys ( x t h be5 made are n z yet available = /udy4 ,fully z *>act]i/ic ( ! modification ( coa/-l9es made by a /ream z any 9 ! _w is ! well-kn[n example ( ! delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,?is classical in/ance illu/rates n only ! mann] 9 :i* coa/-l9es are modifi$1 b ! behavi\r ( a l>ge silt-lad5 /ream :i* has r$uc$ its valley to a l[ gradi5t1 & ?r\gh\t hundr$s ( miles ( its l[] c\rse is spread+ out a wide flood pla94 ,! ext5sion seaw>d ( ?is flood pla9 =ms ! broad delta at ! riv]'s m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,aft] ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,dur+ high-wat] /ages ! ,mississippi widely ov]-spreads its banks & dur+ su* inundations ( its valley drops mu* ( ! silt x previ\sly held 9 susp5sion4 ,! mat]ial deposit$ is laid d[n mo/ abundantly on ! imm$iate bord] ( its l[-wat] *annel4 ,ea* side ( ! *annel is ?us rais$ s z to =m :at is t]m$ a natural levee4 ,dur+ ?is process also ! b$ ( ! /ream is rais$ by ! deposition ( s$im5t ^u x1 ?us t5d+ to cause ! /ream to fl[ on a rais$ ridge & produc+ an un/able condition :i* f "t to "t enables ! riv] to break across its conf9+ levees & divide into two or m sep>ate *annels4 ,9 ! l[] portion ( ! riv] "s ( ! new *annels ?us =m$ rea* ! sea & furni% indep5d5t outlets = its wat]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! di/ribut>ies n[ dep>ts f ! ma9 *annel at a di/ance ( #bjj miles f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f>!r seaw>d sev]al o!r divisions occur 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! area ( ! delta is ab\t #a1bcj squ>e miles4 ,ea* di/ribut>y is engag$ 9 build+ a pair ( embankm5ts1 or natural levees 7al?\gh ?is process 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 modifi$ by ! con/ruction ( artificial embankm5ts = ! sake ( improv+ navigation71 & ea* subdivision ( ! riv] is also build+ a delta4 ,ea* ( ! f+]-l ext5sions ( ! delta1 %[n on ! accompany+ map1 is due to ! prolongation ( a pair ( embankm5ts into ! ,gulf by ea* di/ribut>y & ! gr[? ( a second>y delta at its m\?4 ,! riv] is ?us build+ a highly comp\nd delta1 compos$ ( ! second>y deltas =m$ at ! m\? ( ea* ( its di/ribut>ies4 ,a conspicu\s modification ( ! o!rwise g5]ally ev5ly curv$ bord] ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico is ?us produc$1 a result t c\ld only be rea*$ 9 a wat] body b little di/urb$ by w9d or tidal curr5ts4 ,,e/u>ies ,,& ,,h>b\rs ,! features ( a coa/ ( greate/ importance to civilization are its h>b\rs4 ,a coa/ )\t h>b\rs is l a ,*9ese wall1 & t5ds to isolate a p inclos$ by x4 ,an ind5t$ coa/ ) num]\s hav5s = ! %elt] ( vessels fo/]s ! int]e/s ( navigation1 includ+ sea fi%]ies1 invites comm]ce f o!r l&s1 & /imulates its inhabitants to explore & travel4 ,a div]sity ( indu/ries is ?us fav\r$ & ! p adjac5t to an ind5t$ coa/ ) good h>b\rs t5d to become m progressive & m cosmopolitan ?an if int]c\rse ) o!r communities is conf9$ to ov]l& r\tes4 ,! ,atlantic bord] ( ,nor? ,am]ica is abundantly suppli$ ) f9e h>b\rs1 :i* n only fav\r communication ) di/ant c\ntries1 b are )9 easy rea* ( agricultural & =e/ l&s & important coal & o!r m9]al deposits adjac5t to ! coa/ or 9 ! int]ior1 & are ne> ext5sive & valuable fi%+ gr\nds4 ,! be/ ( ^! h>b\rs are at ! m\?s ( riv]s :i* h be5 depress$ s z to =m e/u>ies ) wide entrances4 ,^! sea-gates1 h[ev]1 are frequ5tly contract$1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( s&-b>s & spits deposit$ by %ore curr5ts4 ,! great ,/4 ,lawr5ce e/u>y rea*es to ,montreal1 & beyond lie ! ,great ,lakes1 ! ri* l&s ( ,ont>io & ,new ,york1 & ! n[ highly productive ,/ates ( ! ,middle ,we/4 ,two geographical features 9 ?is bas9 detract f ! conditions o!rwise highly fav\rable to comm]cial developm5t1 namely3 ! rapids 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce betwe5 ,montreal & ,lake ,ont>io & ! fall 9 ! ,niag>a1 & ! w9t] climate ( ,canada1 :i* causes ! riv]s & e/u>ies to be ice-b\nd = a consid]able "p ( ea* ye>4 ,to obviate ! fir/ ( ^! unfav\rable conditions f>-rea*+ plans = a deep wat]way betwe5 ! ,great ,lakes & ! ,atlantic are n[ be+ matur$4 ,! spl5did h>b\rs f ,nova ,scotia s\?w>d are nev] s]i\sly ob/ruct$ by ice1 & s\? ( ,virg9ia ice is practically unkn[n4 ,! e/u>ies at ! m\? ( ! ,hudson1 ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna1 ,potomac1 ,james1 & ! ,alabama1 toge!r ) ! di/ribut>ies ( ! ,mississippi 7:i* is n a p>tially dr[n$ riv]1 b "o t is build+ up & ext5d+ its *annel71 are ! natural outlets ( portions ( ! cont95t ( great fruitfulness4 ,:5 o!r1 & especially climatic1 conditions are consid]$1 x w be se5 t to ! geograph] ! ,atlantic sea-bord] f ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico seems de/9$ to be ! next great comm]cial c5tre 9 ! succession f ,greece to ,brita94 ,an important adjunct to ! pres5t highly fav\rable geographical conditions po9t+ to a great future = civilization on ! ,atlantic coa/ is ! con/ruction ( a %ip-canal across ! i/hmus unit+ ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is /ep mu/ soon be tak54 ,a glance at a map ( ,nor? ,am]ica mu/ impress "o ) ! belief t ! ,pacific coa/ ) its great ext5t ( h>b\rless wat]-front is f> less fav\rable to ! gr[? or ideas1 in/itutions1 & indu/ries ?an ! deeply ind5t$ ,atlantic %ore-l9e4 ,f ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama to ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton !re is1 z we h se51 b "o h>b\r ( ! fir/ class1 ! e/u>y ( ! ,sacram5to1 & "o ( ! second or ?ird class1 ! e/u>y ( ! ,columbia4 ,f ,puget ,s\nd nor?w>d h>b\rs are numb]less4 ,!re are two important geographical reasons1 h[ev]1 :y ! g5]al abs5ce ( good h>b\rs to ! s\? ( ,puget ,s\nd is n s s]i\s z x p]haps might seem4 ,fir/1 ! m\nta9 ranges run nor? & s\? p>allel ) ! coa/1 & ! natural l9es ( int]ior travel lead to ! outlets ?r\gh ! ,coa/ ,ranges trav]s$ by ! ,sacram5to & ! ,columbia4 ,! second & m g5]al reason is t1 ow+ to ! w>m curr5ts 9 ! ,pacific1 ! portion ( ! we/ coa/ mo/ fav\rable = a high degree ( civilization is situat$ f>!r nor? ?an ! simil> belt on ! ,atlantic bord]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by way ( a summ>y ( ?is *apt]1 ! read] is ask$ to be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! l& =m+ ,nor? ,am]ica1 z is ! case ) all cont95ts1 is n at re/1 b is subject to movem5ts :i* cause elevations & depressions ( v>i\s portions ( its area ) ref]5ce to sea-level4 ,^! movem5ts h be5 9 progress s9ce ! bir? ( ! cont95t1 & /ill cont9ue4 ,an upw>d movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ :]e ! l& & ocean meet causes a portion ( ! sea-floor to em]ge & an addition usually ( ! nature ( a coa/al pla9 to be made to ! bord] ( a cont95t2 :ile a rev]se movem5t enables ! sea to advance on ! l& & to flood ! l[-grade valleys op5+ to ! ocean4 ,9 a g5]aliz$ view ( ! rec5t hi/ory ( ! coa/-l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! dom9ant fact is t to ! nor? ( ! latitude ( ! nor? %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ! resultant ( ! lat] movem5ts ( ! cont95t is d[nw>d2 ! am\nt ( ! depression ?us caus$ increases 9 a g5]al way ) increase 9 latitude on bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s4 ,?is d[nw>d movem5t has p]mitt$ ! sea to encroa* on ! l& & to flood _m pre-exi/+ valleys4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/ x produc$ su* e/u>ies z ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e ,bays1 ! tide-wat] portions ( su* riv]s z ! ,hudson & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & f>!r nor?1 :]e ! subm]g5ce 0 great]1 p]mitt$ ! sea to invade ! cont95tal bas9 & =m ,hudson ,bay4 ,to ?is same wide-rea*+ cause is due also ! bold ragg$ coa/-l9e ( ! ,atlantic f ,new ,engl& nor?w>d4 ,on ! ,pacific bord] ! d[nw>d movem5t is record$ by ! tide-wat] portions ( ! ,sacram5to1 ,columbia1 etc41 & ! deep picturesque fiords ( ! ,canadian & ,alaskan coa/s4 ,! mo/ decid$ influ5ce ( ^! *anges 9 ! geography ( ! cont95t's m>g9 on ! affairs ( m5 result$ f ! production ( num]\s f9e h>b\rs & ! ext5sion ( e/u>ies f> inl&1 ?us fav\r+ comm]ce & fi%]ies 9 a high degree4 ,z a result ( ! oscillations j ref]r$ to1 ! sea has ga9$ important *>act]i/ics z well z ! l&4 ,! broad subm]g$ %elf fr++ ! cont95t furni%es conditions highly fav\rable to bo? plant & animal life1 & af=ds "s ( ! mo/ valuable fi%+-banks ( ! _w4 ,! ,c>ibbean region is a m>k$ exception to ! broad] *anges t h affect$ ! coa/-l9e ?r\gh\t ! c5tral & nor!rn portions ( ! cont95t1 & /&s by itself z a conspicu\s illu/ration ( m localiz$ e>? movem5ts :i* produc$ a rem>kable subm>9e topography4 ,,lit]ature ,9 cont9uation ( ! /udies outl9$ 9 ?is *apt] ! foll[+ books1 mo/ ( :i* conta9 m special ref]5ces1 w be f\nd ( assi/ance3 ,,agassiz1 ,a4 ,?ree ,cruises ( ! ,blake4 #b vols4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahhh4 ,,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k4 ,! ,topographic ,features ( ,lake ,%ores4 ,9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,fif? ,annual ,report1 #ahhc-'hd1 pp4 #fi-abc4 ,,gulliv]1 ,f4 ,p4 ,%orel9e ,topography4 ,9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xxxiv1 #ahii1 pp4 #aea-beh4 ,conta9s a valuable bibliography4 ,,hill1 ,r4 ,t4 ,! ,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama & ,portions ( ,co/a ,rica4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology at ,h>v>d ,college1 vol4 xxviii1 #ahih1 pp4 #aea-bhe4 ,,hill1 ,r4 ,t4 ,cuba & ,porto ,rico ) ! ,o!r ,isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,c5tury ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,%al]1 ,n4 ,s4 ,seacoa/ ,swamps ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,six? ,annual ,report1 #ahhd-'he1 pp4 #cec-cih4 ,,%al]1 ,n4 ,s4 ,! ,geological ,hi/ory ( ,h>bors4 ,9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,?irte5? ,annual ,report1 ,"p ,,ii1 #ahia-'ib1 pp4 #ic-bji4 ,,%al]1 ,n4 ,s4 ,sea & ,l&4 ,scribn]1 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,annual ,reports1 ,coa/ ,pilot1 ,tide ,tables1 etc4 ,,*>ts ,,& ,,maps ,to ! /ud5t ( ! geography ( ! coa/ & subm]g$ bord] ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ext5sive s]ies ( *>ts publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey supply a va/ am\nt ( accurate in=mation4 ,a catalogue ( ^! *>ts1 ) prices1 etc41 is issu$ by ! ,survey4 ,_m ( ! *>ts issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! topographic maps publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 are ( value 9 ?is same connection4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! *>ts & maps1 ) in/ructions z to me?ods ( obta9+ !m1 etc41 is giv5 9 ,gov]nm5t ,maps = ,use 9 ,s*ools1 by ,messrs4 ,davis1 ,k+1 & ,collie1 publi%$ by ,h4 ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,topography ,,( ,,! ,,l& ,tak+ ! bett] kn[n portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica z a basis on :i* to classify ! lead+ geographical features ( ! cont95t1 x is conv5i5t1 & 9 ! ma9 suffici5tly accurate1 to recognise five prim>y physiographic prov9ces4 ,^! are1 9 _! g5]al ord]1 f ea/ to we/3 #a4 ,coa/al pla9s & plateaus1 ( :i* ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s furni%es ! mo/ typical examples4 #b4 ,a s]ies ( m\nta9 ranges embrac+ all ( ! m elevat$ c\ntry on ! ea/ side ( ! cont95t f ,georgia nor?w>d to ! arctic ar*ipelago1 & 9 ?is book t]m$ ! ,atlantic ,m\nta9s4 #c4 ,! great sy/em ( pla9s & plateaus ext5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean & bord]$ on ! ea/ by ! ,atlantic ,m\nta9s & on ! we/ by a /ill great] s]ies ( m\nta9s1 :i* may be designat$ ) suffici5t accuracy z ! ,cont95tal ,bas94 #d4 ,a gr\p ( m\nta9 *a9s & m\nta9 ranges on ! we/ side ( ! cont95t1 includ+ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,cascades1 etc41 & sometimes t]m$ ! ,cordill]as4 ,"u ! s*eme ( classification "h us$1 ?is highly complex belt ( rugg$ c\ntry ext5d+ f s\?-c5tral ,mexico nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean is t]m$ ! ,pacific ,cordill]a1 or1 9 less te*nical language1 ! ,pacific ,m\nta9s4#a #a ,! propriety ( us+ ! names "h employ$ = ! l>g] physiographic prov9ces ( ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 discuss$ by sev]al writ]s 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,philadelphia1 vol4 ii1 #ahii1 pp4 #ee-fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,! l>g] physiographic divisions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,ea* ( ! f\r physiographic prov9ces briefly describ$ above is 9 a conspicu\s mann] elongat$ 9 a nor? & s\? direction4 ,! m\nta9s1 valleys1 & plateaus1 z well z ! controll+ l9es ( /ructure 9 ! rocks bel[ ! surface1 ?r\gh\t ! ma9 body ( ! cont95t co9cide 9 direction m or less ne>ly ) ! p>allels ( longitude4 ,at ! s\?1 h[ev]1 & cross+ ! tr5d ( ea* ( ! prov9ces nam$ above1 is !3 ,fif?1 or ,c>ibbean prov9ce1 :i* includes ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,mexico1 & all ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is prov9ce are ! ,antillean ,m\nta9s1 n[ mo/ly subm]g$1 ! pr9cipal axes ( :i* tr5d ea/ & we/4 ,) ?is brief outl9e ( ! l>g] physical divisions ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 m9d1 let u endeav\r to become acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ea* ( ! prov9ces z !y exi/ to-day1 & at ! same "t le>n some?+ ( _! long & v>i$ hi/ories4 ,,coa/al ,,pla9s ,,& ,,plateaus ,! ,coa/al ,pla9s4--,f ,new ,york to ,key ,we/ & !nce ab\t ! bord]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]a ,cruz1 ! bord] ( ! pres5t l& area ( ! cont95t is =m$ by a l[ pla91 f #cj to #ej miles broad 9 ,new ,j]sey1 b increas+ 9 wid? s\?w>d to ,georgia & ,florida1 :]e its some:at indef9ite inl& m>g9 is m ?an #ajj miles f ! sea1 & rea*+ its greate/ developm5t 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,ext5d+ s\?w>d ab\t ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,gulf1 x =ms ! l[1 featureless ea/]n bord] ( ,texas1 ab\t #ej miles broad1 & passes into ,mexico1 b gradually n>r[s z ! ,pacific ,m\nta9s approa* ! coa/1 & ends 9 ! vic9ity ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/al pla9 ev]y:]e slopes g5tly seaw>d1 & on its l&w>d m>g9 has an elevation 9 g5]al ( f #bjj to #cjj feet4 ,! "* ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! coa/al pla9 is compos$1 ! fossils conta9$ 9 x1 z well z its geographical features1 %[ t x is a cont9uation ( ! cont95tal %elf1 & 0 =m$ at a "t :5 ! bord] ( ! cont95t 0 m deeply subm]g$ ?an at pres5t4 ,m9or oscillations ( ! e>?'s cru/ h "t & aga9 all[$ ! sea to ext5d inl&1 only to be =c$ to rec$e :5 ! l& aga9 rose4 ,ea* invasion ( ! sea left a %eet ( s(t s$im5t ov] ! portion ( ! l& t 0 subm]g$4 ,^! oscillations are /ill 9 progress1 z is indicat$ by ! fact t along ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ a d[nw>d movem5t at ! rate ( ab\t #b feet p] c5tury is tak+ place4 ,a simil> depression ( ! l& is also ?\ght to be 9 progress along ! s\? ,atlantic coa/ & 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! ,atlantic coa/al pla9 has its mo/ *>act]i/ic developm5t 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & is r\ghly divisible accord+ to its topography & soil into sev]al belts p>allel ) ! %ore-l9e4 ,at ! same "t x is transv]sely divid$ into /rips by ! sev]al riv]s :i* fl[ across x & by ! _m bran*es ( ^! riv]s orig9at+ on ! pla9 itself4 ,! junction ( ! portion ( ! g5tly slop+ bord] ( ! cont95t n[ above sea-level1 ) ! subm]g$ portion1 is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( a belt ( swamps1 9 "p m>9e m>%es :]e ! salt wat] ebbs & fl[s1 & 9 "p fre%-wat] morasses 9 :i* ! dra9age is ob/ruct$ l>gely by decay+ vegetation4 ,inl& f ! coa/al swamps ! surface becomes high]1 is = ! mo/ "p well dra9$1 & :5 n too s&y furni%es ri* agricultural l&s4 ,! ,atlantic pla9 z a :ole ?us has ?ree pr9cipal divisions3 a subm]g$ portion1 a m>% portion1 & a suba]ial portion4 ,dur+ pa/ ages ! position ( ea* ( ^! belts migrat$1 ow+ to movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 b _! succession 9 ref]5ce to ea* o!r has be5 ! same s9ce ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ typical portions ( ! fr+e ( swamps n[ bord]+ ! l& is situat$ 9 ea/]n ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & is kn[n z ! ,dismal ,swamp4 ,9 ! c5tral portion ( ?is m>%y region1 embrac+ "s #gjj squ>e miles1 lies ,lake ,drummond1 an example ( a l>ge numb] ( small fre%-wat] lakes :i* are reta9$ by rims compos$ ( plant gr[?s & decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,! m\nd ( vegetable debris 9 ! summit ( :i* ,lake ,drummond is situat$ is f #bj to #cj miles broad & rises "s #ab feet above tide-level4 ,! lake is ne>ly circul>1 f #b to #ba_/b miles 9 diamet]1 & f #f to #aj feet deep4 ,! wat] is amb]-col\r$ on acc\nt ( ! vegetable matt] 9 solution1 b is cle> & )\t s$im5t 9 susp5sion1 & is consid]$ z rem>kably :olesome4 ,! lake 0 )\t def9ite outlet previ\s to ! cutt+ ( dra9age-canals1 & is entirely encircl$ by a d5se =e/1 :i* has encroa*$ on its bord] 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] its b\nd>ies indef9ite4 ,! wall ( rank vegetation surr\nd+ ! op5 wat]s ( ! lake m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! encircl+ swamp4 ,/&+ 9 ! lake & support$ by _! widely exp&$ roots are sev]al ag$ cypress-trees4 ,along ! coa/ ( ! ,c>ol9as & ,georgia s&-b>s ?r[n up by ! sea h =m$ _m lagoons 7,fig4 #f71 :i* are be+ fill$ by ! wa% ( detritus f ! l&1 by s& bl[n f _! conf9+ ridges1 & by vegetation & ! h>d p>ts ( molluscs1 cru/aceans1 etc41 liv+ 9 _! wat]s4 ,9 "p1 ^! areas h be5 conv]t$ into swamps1 & are gradually be+ trans=m$ into dry l&4 ,f>!r s\?w>d1 ab\t ! %ores ( ,florida1 & !nce along ! ,gulf bord]1 ! l[1 indef9ite m>g9 ( ! coa/al pla9 is fr+$ 9 _m places by d5se ?ickets ( mangrove-trees1 :i* ext5d _! a]ial roots into ! salt wat]1 & by reta9+ s$im5t & dead vegetation z well z by furni%+ conditions fav\rable = animal life1 lead to a gradual ext5sion ( ! l&4 ,! we/ bord] ( ! coa/al pla9 f ,new ,york s\?w>d to c5tral ,georgia is at ! junction ( ! s(t1 unconsolidat$ s&s & clays ( ! em]g$ portion ( ! cont95tal %elf1 ) h>d & usually cry/all9e rocks ( great geological age =m+1 an upl& kn[n z ! ,pi$mont plateau1 :i* ext5ds we/w>d to ! base ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,! %>ply def9$ b\nd>y betwe5 ! pla9 & ! plateau is t]m$ ! fall l9e1 = ! reason t x is m>k$ by ! l[e/ falls & rapids 9 ! /reams fl[+ ea/w>d f ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\rses ( ^! /reams to ! we/ ( ! fall l9e !y are %all[ & swift & brok5 by _m picturesque rapids1 :ile to ! ea/ ( ! fall l9e !y broad5 9 ! s(t s$im5ts ( ! coa/al pla91 & are deep1 placid /reams :i* wid5 into e/u>ies4 ,! influ5ce ( ! tides is felt 9 ^! dr[n$ riv]s to ! fall l9e4 ,! mo/ important fact 9 ?is connection is t ! l[] c\rses ( ! l>g] riv]s1 su* z ! ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna1 ,potomac1 ,james1 etc41 are navigable = ocean-go+ vessels1 :ile _! upp] c\rses to ! we/ ( ! fall l9e are difficult to trav]se ev5 9 canoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,relief map ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,aft] ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey & ,canadian ,geological ,survey4 ,! fall l9e is ?us ! head ( navigation 9 a numb] ( riv]s1 & = ?is reason x has det]m9$ ! sites ( sev]al important cities4 ,its c\rse is m>k$ by ,tr5ton1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,wa%+ton1 ,ri*mond1 ,weldon1 ,raleigh1 ,augu/a1 & ,macon4 ,f>!r s\?1 ab\t ! l&w>d m>g9 ( ! portion ( ! coa/al pla9 bord]+ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! fall l9e is less di/9ct1 l>gely = ! reason t ! rocks bord]+ x on ! nor? & we/ are less resi/ant ?an ^? =m+ ! plateau at ! ea/ base ( ! ,appala*ians4 ,exceptions to ! fact t ! coa/al pla9 is compos$ mo/ly ( s(t s$im5ts occur 9 s\!rn ,florida & 9 ,yucatan1 :]e coral rock has be5 uprais$4 ,s\!a/w>d f ,yucatan a coa/al pla9 is want+ & rocky bluffs sep>at$ by /ream-cut valleys come boldly d[n to ! surf l9e4 ,p>tially dr[n$ valleys on ea* side ( ,c5tral ,am]ica be> record ( a rec5t b mod]ate d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l&4 ,f ,new ,york nor?w>d along ! bord] ( ! cont95t ! coa/al pla9 is mo/ly lack+1 or if recognisable1 is greatly modifi$ by glacial deposits1 & ! ,pi$mont plateau1 z x is kn[n f>!r s\?1 sw+s ea/w>d & becomes a coa/al plateau ) a m or less r\gh5$ surface1 :i* ext5ds nor?w>d to ,labrador & ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! geologically rec5t oscillations ( ! cont95t1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 h be5 greate/ 9 high latitudes1 :]e ! la/ movem5t1 z !re are reasons = believ+1 0 upw>d & is /ill cont9u+4 ,?is rise1 al?\gh x has n fully c\nt]act$ ! *anges produc$ by a prec$+ d[nw>d movem5t1 has caus$ ! %ore-l9e to rec$e & a great area on ! arctic bord] ( ! cont95t :i* 0 previ\sly subm]g$ has ?us become expos$4 ,! coa/al pla9 on ! we/ side ( ,hudson ,bay1 z describ$ by ,t4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 is ab\t #ej miles wide 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,*ur*ill1 latitude #ee deg41 & broad5s rapidly nor?w>d ( t locality4 ,9 latitude #fd deg4 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ^! new l&s & ! old] pla9s ( ! int]ior is ab\t #cjj miles f ! pres5t %ore2 !nce nor?we/w>d x has n be5 trac$1 b may be expect$ to cross ! ,mack5zie "s #bej miles f its m\? & pass we/w>d into ,alaska4 ,?is arctic coa/al pla9 is kn[n 9 "p z ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 b 9 g5]al may be designat$ z a tundra1 z ov] ext5sive areas x is simil> to ! /ill great] tundras ( ,sib]ia4 ,?is tundra =ms ! extreme nor!rn & nor?we/]n bord] ( ! cont95t 9 arctic ,canada & nor!rn & nor?we/]n ,alaska1 & al?\gh b imp]fectly explor$1 has a l5g? ( probably #b1jjj miles & a wid? ( f #ej to #fj1 & 9 places ( ov] #ajj miles4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,hudson ,bay ! tundra region slopes gradually f #ejj to #fjj feet above ! sea d[n to ! pres5t coa/1 & is trav]s$ by s& & gravel t]races & bea*es or ridges :i* m>k ! =m] positions ( ! sea m>g94 ,! l[] ridges ref]r$ to are ?ickly /rewn ) %ells ( molluscs belong+ to species /ill liv+ 9 ! adjac5t ocean wat]s1 ?us indicat+ ! rec5cy ( ! em]g5ce ( ! l&4 ,?is arctic coa/al pla9 has ! same g5]al geographical features z ! coa/ pla9 on ! s\!rn ,atlantic & ,gulf bord] ( ! cont95t2 b1 ow+ ma9ly to diff]5t climatic conditions1 diff]s f its s\!rn repres5tative 9 ne>ly e detail4 ,! tundra may be briefly def9$ z a va/ froz5 morass4 ,! d5se mat-l vegetation consi/s pr9cipally ( mosses & li*5s 7b n noticeably ( ,sphagnum or peat-moss1 z is sometimes /at$71 & dur+ ! %ort & n infrequ5tly hot summ]s is beautifi$ by a multitude ( l[ fl[]+ h]bace\s plants4 ,trees are abs5t1 except along ! inl& bord]1 :]e ! tundra m]ges ) ! sub>ctic =e/4 ,to ! nor?1 or seaw>d f ! isolat$ groves ( /unt$ spruce-trees m>k+ ! cont95tal timb]-l9e1 ! only repres5tative ( arboreal vegetation is usually ! slim osi]-l arctic will[ :i* gr[s 9 %elt]$ localities & atta9s a height ( #c to #e feet4 ,ne> ! /reams !re are 9 "s localities broad areas cov]$ ) d>k-gre5 mead[-l gr[?s ( ru%es 7,equiseta74 ,! luxuriant fl[]+ plants spr+ into exi/5ce z if by magic z soon z ! w9t]'s sn[ melts1 & "u ! w>m? & light ( ! nightless arctic summ] gr[ ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,9 w9t] ! tundra is sn[-cov]$1 b ! sn[ is less deep ?an 9 m humid regions1 & ! cold is int5se4 ,! bog becomes deeply froz51 & is n completely ?aw$ dur+ ! succe$+ summ]4 ,ev5 9 midsumm]1 :5 ! surface is a luxuriant g>d5 ( fl[]s & fre% gray-gre5 moss1 ice exi/s a foot or two b5ea? ! luxuriant c>pet & ext5ds to a great b unkn[n dep?4 ,excavations made 9 ,alaska h %[n t ! p]5nial1 dirt-/a9$ ice b5ea? ! tundra is at lea/ #be feet ?ick1 b ?is is by no means its maximum dep?4 ,on ! %ore ( ,es*s*oltz ,bay & along ! ,k[ak ,riv] sections ( ! tundra expos$ 9 cliffs indicate a ?ickness ( #aej to #cjj feet ( ice1 cov]$ by a ?9 lay] ( black peaty soil4 ,! simil> region 9 ,sib]ia1 z %[n by bor+s1 is kn[n to be p]man5tly froz5 to a dep? ( #chj feet deep4 ,! subsoil ice is %elt]$ by ! vegetation & ! peaty soil re/+ on x1 f ! heat ( ! %ort summ]s1 & ! "p s(t5$ by ! summ]'s sun is refroz5 dur+ ! long int5sely cold w9t]s4 ,x is probable t "u ! pres5t climatic conditions a %eet ( p]5nial ice w\ld be =m$ b5ea? ! tundra1 b ! sugge/ion t ! ice n[ pres5t is 9 "p an inh]itance f a =m] p]iod ( great] cold is n )\t support4 ,! vegetation ( ! tundra gr[s ea* ye> at ! surface1 :ile ! p>tially decay$ mat]ial bel[ is froz5 & pres]v$4 ,?is increase 9 dep? ( ! vegetable matt] is mu* ! same z ! gr[? ( peat 9 temp]ate latitudes1 except t ! p>tially decay$ mat]ial is pres]v$ 9 cold /orage4 ,x 0 9 ! tundra ( ,sib]ia t ! completely pres]v$ bodies ( ! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os h be5 discov]$4 ,simil> f9ds are to be look$ = 9 ! tundra ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ! bones ( ^! animals h already be5 f\nd4 ,on ! ,pacific bord] ( ! cont95t ! %ores are mo/ly bold1 & coa/al pla9s comp>able ) ^? on its ea/]n & nor!rn m>g9s are abs5t4 ,9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,los ,angeles1 a mod]n & app>5tly local elevation ( ! l& has produc$ a highly f]tile pla91 n[1 ow+ to ! magic t\* ( irrigation1 beautifi$ by g>d5s & or*>ds4 ,! ,pi$mont & ,coa/al ,plateaus4--,adjac5t to ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! ,atlantic coa/al pla91 & ext5d+ f ,alabama nor?w>d to ,new ,engl&1 !re is a plateau region ab\t #aej miles broad 9 its c5tral "p1 b n>r[+ t[>ds its extremities s z to be f #dj to #fj miles broad 9 ,m>yl& & ,new ,j]sey1 & ( ab\t ! same wid? at ! s\?1 9 ,georgia4 ,! slope ( ! plateau surface is seaw>d f an elevation ( ab\t #a1jjj feet along its we/]n m>g9 to #bej or #cjj feet at ! fall l9e :]e x jo9s ! coa/al pla94 ,f its position at ! foot ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s ?is mod]ately elevat$ pla9 is t]m$ ! ,pi$mont plateau4 ,! same plateau ext5ds nor!a/w>d1 h[ev]1 :]e x is kn[n z ! ,new ,engl& plateau1 & is )\t any def9ite b\nd>y to sep>ate x f ! simil> region 9 ! m>itime prov9ces ( ,canada4 ,:ile local divisions ( ?is great ext5t ( mod]ately elevat$ plateau c\ntry are recognis$1 yet 9 a g5]al view ( ! cont95t x is evid5t t ! ,pi$mont plateau1 ! ,new ,engl& plateau1 & ! simil> region1 mo/ly ( cry/all9e & igne\s rocks1 ext5d+ f ,ma9e to ,hudson ,/rait & beyond1 9 reality =ms a s+le great geographical unit 9 :i* ! geological /ructure & geographical features are mu* ! same4 ,! g5]al hi/ory ( ?is great ,atlantic plateau1 z x may1 p]haps1 be t]m$1 %[s t x consi/s ma9ly ( metamorphic rocks1 su* z mica s*i/1 gneiss1 slates1 etc41 toge!r ) granite & o!r igne\s rocks1 &1 to a m9or ext5t1 ( s&/ones1 %ales1 & lime/ones1 mo/ly ( ,jura-,trias & ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,^! rocks 7 uprais$ probably 9 "p into l(ty m\nta9s1 & !n worn d[n by erosion ne>ly to sea-level1 ?us =m+ :at is t]m$ a p5epla91 or a pla9 ( suba]ial d5udation4 ,x is n int5d$ by ?is /atem5t to imply t all ( ! ,atlantic plateau 0 ev] a s+le great p5epla91 b ! same g5]al hi/ory seems to apply to ! entire region4 ,! upheaval ( ! pla9s produc$ by erosion gave ! /reams great] en]gy1 & !y h begun ! task ( aga9 r$uc+ ! l& to sea-level1 b h n z yet broad5$ _! valleys s z to greatly modify ! g5]al plateau "* ( ! region !y trav]se4 ,! s(t] or m easily soluble rocks h be5 erod$ away1 leav+ broad valleys1 z 9 ! sev]al in/ances :]e s&/ones & %ales ( :at is kn[n z ! ,new>k sy/em 7,jura-,trias7 occur 9 deta*$ areas f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,nova ,scotia4 ,!n1 too1 f nor!rn ,new ,j]sey nor?w>d to ,labrador & beyond1 great glaci]s h cross$ ! plateau or develop$ ^u its broad nor? portion & h gr\nd d[n its surface or left widely ext5d$ hills & ridges ( mora9al mat]ial ^u x4 ,:]e ! process1 j ref]r$ to1 ( plan+ d[n a tract ( c\ntry ne>ly to sea-level is incomplete & remnants ( =m] upl&s /ill rema9 z isolat$ hills or gr\ps ( hills1 su* inh]itances f ! pre-p5epla9 /age may /ill exi/ :5 ! region is elevat$ into a plateau & give div]sity to its surface4 ,an example ( su* a residual hill is furni%$ by ,m\nt ,monadnock1 9 s\!rn ,new ,hamp%ire1 &1 z propos$ by ,w4 ,m4 ,davis1 ! "n ( ?is old l&m>k is adopt$ z a te*nical t]m by :i* to designate all simil> remnants ( old upl&s left /&+ on a p5epla94 ,on ! ,atlantic plateau !re are _m monadnocks4 ,!y range 9 size f well-*>act]iz$ hills to m\nta9-l =ms1 & may be isolat$ or occur 9 gr\ps4 ,:5 a monadnock /&s alone its hi/ory may be easily read1 b gr\ps ( su* em95ces1 especially :5 ( l>ge size1 become ranges ( hills or ev5 m\nta9s1 & may pres]ve s mu* ( _! =m] *>act]i/ics t !y outrank ! adjac5t p5epla9 & become ! dom9ant geographic feature ( ! region to :i* !y give div]sity4 ,su* a passage f monadnocks to m\nta9s seems to be furni%$ by ! num]\s isolat$ hills on ! ,atlantic plateau & ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,engl& & ( ea/]n ,canada4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic portions ( :at has j be5 t]m$ provisionally ! ,atlantic plateau are ! ,pi$mont plateau1 :i* skirts ! ea/ base ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s f ,new ,york to c5tral ,alabama & ! ,labrador plateau4 ,! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,pi$mont plateau is det]m9$ by ! fall l9e describ$ above1 :]e ! h>d cry/all9e rocks ( ! ,pi$mont region meet ! s(t] rocks ( ! ,atlantic coa/al pla94 ,! riv]s fl[+ ea/w>d f ! ,appala*ian1 su* z ! ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna1 ,potomac1 & ! ,james1 cross ! ,pi$mont plateau 9 well-def9$ b n>r[ *annels1 usually f #ajj to #bjj feet deep1 leav+ ! int]/ream spaces ) g5]ally level surfaces1 al?\gh et*$ z x 7 by ! lat]al tribut>ies ( ! ma/] /reams4 ,^! riv]s are %all[ & rapid 9 _! c\rses across ! plateau1 or 9 some:at te*nical geographical language are n z yet grad$1 b on cross+ ! fall l9e become sluggi% tide-wat] /reams :i* wid5 into e/u>ies1 z already describ$4 ,ow+ to ! w>m humid climate ( ?is region1 ! rocks 9 ! int]/ream spaces are usually deeply decay$ & furni% clay soils :i* h *>act]i/ic r$ & yell[ col\rs4 ,mu* ( ! cotton & tobacco ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates is gr[n on ^! residual soils :i* 7 left z ! m soluble portions ( ! rocks 7 remov$ 9 solution4 ,labrador1 al?\gh 9 great "p unexplor$1 is kn[n to pres5t ! *>act]i/ic features ( an irregul> plateau1 ) a g5]al elevation ( #a1ejj to #b1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! surface is undulat+ & has hills & holl[s1 ! latt] frequ5tly hold+ lakes & swamps1 b ! inequalities seldom exce$ #ejj feet 9 v]tical range4 ,al?\gh ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,labrador plateau is indef9ite1 its area may be tak5 at ab\t #ejj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,9 its we/]n "p1 & app>5tly ris+ f ! plateau z a gr\p ( residual hills left by erosion1 are ! s-call$ ,laur5tian or ,laur5tide ,m\nta9s4 ,! ea/]n bord] ( ! plateau =ms ! bold & excessively rugg$ ,atlantic coa/-l9e ( ,labrador1 *>act]iz$ by /eep cliff ) a fr+e ( small rocky isl&s4 ,! adjac5t sea is deep & ! cont95tal %elf n>r[4 ,on ! s\? ! plateau is bord]$ by a s]ies ( t]races :i* lead d[n to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] & on ! we/ x m]ges indef9itely ) ! pla9s ( ! cont95tal bas94 ,! rocks ( ,labrador are l>gely metamorphic1 b include anci5t igne\s intrusions1 & are h>d & resi/ant4 ,! pres5t surface is ! result ( deep erosion :i* has remov$ a great b unkn[n ?ickness ( mat]ial & left expos$ :at 0 once ! deeply buri$ basal portion ( a m\nta9\s region4 ,?is is a "p ( ! olde/ kn[n l& ( ! cont95t1 &1 s f> z c be le>n$1 has nev] be5 cov]$ by ! sea s9ce a v anci5t geological p]iod4 ,9 addition to ! long eras ( erosion1 dur+ :i* ! debris remov$ 0 deposit$ 9 "p f>!r s\?1 & contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! /ratifi$ rocks ( ! ,appala*ian region & int]ior cont95tal bas91 !re 0 a comp>atively rec5t ext5sion ( great glaci]s ov] ! plateau :i* remov$ ! previ\sly dis9tegrat$ & decay$ rocks & left ! pres5t b>e1 r\nd$1 & g5]ally subdu$ hills ) int]v5+ bas9s4 ,! soils are ?91 = ! reason t "u ! pres5t climatic conditions rock decay is ret>d$1 & are conf9$ pr9cipally to ! depression :]e peaty mat]ial has accumulat$4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( soil on ! upl&s1 ! excess ( wat] 9 ! holl[s1 & to ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 ! =e/ is n cont9u\s1 ! trees are small1 & ! vegetation g5]ally ( a sub>ctic "*4 ,?is va/ region is )\t agricultural possibilities1 & ?us f> has be5 ( value to man almo/ solely on acc\nt ( its fur-be>+ animals & ! fi%]ies ( its coa/4 ,! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,atlantic plateau _c at pres5t be accurately def9$4 ,seem+ly x %\ld include ! ,arctic ar*ipelago1 :i* provisionally may be consid]$ z a deeply dissect$ plateau region1 at pres5t less elevat$ ?an =m]ly1 ?us all[+ ! sea to ent] ! valleys & to trans=m old upl&s into isl&s4 ,! bold & highly in/ructive explorations conduct$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ,rob]t ,bell1 = ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 h %[n t 9 ! region adjac5t to ,hudson ,/rait ! plateau features *>act]i/ic ( ! great] "p ( ! ,labrador p59sula are abs5t & m\nta9s occur :i* rank z ! highe/ on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! cont95t4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ plateaus correspond+ closely ) ^? adjac5t to or bord]+ ! ,atlantic are want+4 ,:at geograph]s recognise z deeply dissect$ plateaus1 s extremely r\gh t !y pass = m\nta9 ranges1 d occur on ! we/]n bord] ( ! cont95t1 h[ev]1 & w be describ$ lat]4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,m\nta9s ,?is title w no d\bt appe> novel to _m p]sons1 & is1 p]haps1 op5 to adv]se criticism1 b x s]ves to unite 9 "o gr\p all ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! ea/]n half ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a cordill]a1 z usually def9$1 consi/s ( two or m m\nta9 *a9s associat$ geographically1 b n necess>ily ( ! same age4 ,on ! ,atlantic bord] ( ! cont95t we h an example ( su* a family ( m\nta9s4 ,! ,atlantic m\nta9s1 al?\gh compris+ ranges1 sy/ems1 etc41 ( widely diff]5t ages1 are all geologically old1 & h result$ f upheavals along two g5]ally p>allel & slightly ov]lapp+ nor!a/ & s\?we/ belts adjac5t to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,! gr[? ( ?is gr\p ( m\nta9s is believ$ to h be5 f ! nor? s\?w>d1 & sev]al p]iods ( upheaval h be5 recognis$4 ,! two ma9 divisions or *a9s ref]r$ to are sep>at$ by ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! m\nta9s at ! nor? are kn[n z ! ,laur5tides or ,laur5tian ,highl&s1 & ^? at ! s\? comprise ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,brunswick & ,ma9e1 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont1 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s ( nor!a/]n ,new ,york1 & ! ,appala*ians4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( review+ ! *>act]i/ics & hi/ories ( ^! sev]al uplifts is to beg9 ) ! ,appala*ians1 :i* are at ! same "t ! mo/ important & be/ kn[n1 & consid] !m 9 _! ord] f s\? to nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4--,?is beautiful & frequ5tly exce$+ly picturesque s]ies ( long1 n>r[ ridges sep>at$ "o f ano!r by tr\gh-l valleys1 con/itutes a m\nta9 sy/em "s #ijj miles long & #ej to #acj or m miles wide 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! truly m\nta9\s portion 9 its wide/ "p1 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ea/]n ,t5nessee1 is ab\t #gj miles across1 b a portion ( ! adjac5t plateau on ! we/ p>takes ( ! same /ructural features & is a "p ( ! ,appala*ian uplift4 ,! sy/em is consid]$ z ext5d+ f ! ,hudson s\?w>d to c5tral ,alabama & c5tral ,georgia4 ,at ! nor? its t]m9us is indef9ite1 z x m]ges ) ! highl&s to ! ea/ ( ! ,hudson & ) ! ,b]k%ire ,hills ( ,massa*usetts1 :i* 9 turn are n /rictly sep>able f ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont4 ,at ! s\?1 ! sy/em ends some:at abruptly :]e ! cry/all9e rocks compris+ its s\!rn t]m9us pass b5ea? ! s(t s$im5ts ( ! coa/al pla94 ,! ea/]n bord] ( ! sy/em is well def9$ by its junction ) ! ,pi$mont plateau1 b on ! we/ x m]ges ?r\gh a s]ies ( less5+ folds ) ! plateaus & pla9s ( ! ea/]n bord] ( ! int]ior cont95tal bas94 ,! ,alleghany plateau1 :i* skirts ! we/]n bord] ( :at is usually recognis$ z ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 b :i* is really its mod]ately di/urb$ bord]1 ext5ds f ! ,hudson to ,alabama1 & 9 its v>i\s portions is kn[n by di/9ct names4 ,its nor!rn ext5sion ov]look+ ! ,hudson =ms ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s2 f>!r s\? x becomes locally ! ,alleghany plateau1 & /ill f>!r s\? ! ,cumb]l& plateau4 ,sep>at+ ! bold ea/]n esc>pm5t ( ?is s]ies ( plateaus f ! g5]ally high] m\nta9s to ! ea/w>d lies ! great ,appala*ian ,valley1 :i* "u v>i\s names ext5ds f ! ,hudson to c5tral ,alabama4 ,?is important & highly fruitful valley is und]laid to a great ext5t by ?ick b$d$ lime/ones & s(t %ales1 & owes its exi/5ce to erosion & l>gely to ! removal ( lime/one 9 solution4 ,! ,appala*ians are n[h]e l(ty1 & only approa* ! *>act]i/ics ( great m\nta9s 9 _! s\!rn portion4 ,! culm9at+ summit is ,m\nt ,mit*ell1 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :i* has an elevation ( #f1gaa feet4 ,roan ,m\nta91 #bg miles to ! nor?w>d ( ,m\nt ,mit*ell1 rises #f1bhg feet above ! sea4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ ,unaka & ,great ,smoky ,m\nta9s1 to ! s\?we/ & we/ ( ,m\nt ,mit*ell1 !re are _m boldly r\nd$ domes rang+ 9 height f #e1jjj to ov] #f1jjj feet ,nor?w>d ( ! highly picturesque s\!rn ,appala*ians1 ! sy/em decreases 9 height & is really a deeply dissect$ plateau1 z w be %[n lat]1 9 :i* ! long1 ev5-cre/$ ridges h a g5]al elevation ( #d1jjj feet 9 ,virg9ia & ab\t #b1jjj feet 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey4 ,at its nor!rn ext5sion 9 ,new ,york x decreases /ill m 9 height1 & is surpass$ 9 elevation by ! plateau on ! we/1 !re repres5t$ by ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s1 ! highe/ portion ( :i* is #c1ffj feet above ! sea4 ,! *>act]i/ic /ructural feature ( ! ,appala*ians is ! pres5ce ( a great s]ies ( up & d[n folds1 or anticl9als & syncl9als z geologi/s t]m !m1 :i* run 9 a ne>ly p>allel nor!a/ & s\?we/ direction1 b 9 ,p5nsylvania especially exhibit _m broad curves 9 _! g5]al c\rse4 ,^! folds are simil> to ! waves t may be produc$ 9 a heavy rug or c>pet by press+ aga9/ "o ( its m>g9s4 ,! rocks h be5 ?r[n into a s]ies ( great wr9kles :i* are n cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! sy/em1 b z "o dies out ano!r takes its place4 ,! folds ov]lap at ! ends or are arrang$ en e*elon4 ,! long] axes ( ! folds are seldom horizontal1 b h usually a g5tle pit*2 = ?is reason "o end ( a fold frequ5tly passes b5ea? ! surface1 :ile ! o!r end is expos$ to erosion4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is t ! anticl9als1 z a rule1 are /eep on _! we/]n m>g9s1 & slope m g5tly on _! ea/]n flanks1 or are unsymmetrical4 ,! ov]turn+ ( ! folds :]e mo/ pron\nc$ has l$ to ! break+ ( ! rocks on ! we/ side ( an upw>d wr9kle :]e ! desc5d+ limb ( an anticl9al is %>ply b5t 9 ord] to pass into ! asc5d+ limb ( ! adjac5t syncl9al4 ,^! breaks or faults 9 c]ta9 in/ances =m ?ru/ planes along :i* "o portion ( a s]ies ( b$s has be5 c>ri$ we/w>d1 sometimes = sev]al miles1 ov] ano!r portion ( ! same s]ies4 ,?is highly *>act]i/ic sy/em ( unsymmetrical folds1 pass+ at times1 & especially 9 ,t5nessee & ,alabama1 into great ?ru/ planes1 is acc\nt$ = on ! g5]al !ory t !re has be5 lat]al pressure or a tang5tial ?ru/1 :i* has =c$ ! /rata into a s]ies ( elongat$ ar*es1 9 mu* ! same mann] z 9 ! case ( a rug1 z above sugge/$1 "o m>g9 ( :i* has be5 =c$ by lat]al pressure t[>ds its c5tral "p4 ,! rocks compos+ ! great] portion ( ! ,appala*ians are /ratifi$ m>9e s$im5t su* z s&/one1 %ale1 lime/one1 etc41 :i* 7 laid d[n "o on ano!r until a great dep? 0 atta9$1 correspond+1 z we may fancy1 to a pile ( rugs1 ! orig9al ?ickness 9 ,p5nsylvania be+ ab\t #dj1jjj feet4 ,lat]al pressure result+1 z x is believ$1 f ! cool+ & consequ5t contraction ( ! e>?'s highly heat$ int]ior1 & ! movem5t ( ! cool & rigid cru/ 9 ord] to keep 9 contact ) ! %r9k+ mass b5ea?1 has l$ to ! fold+ & occasional break+ ( ! rocks1 :i* at ! same "t 7 elevat$ above ! sea4 ,a cru%+ toge!r or fold+ ( ! rocks simil> to t :i* has tak5 place along ! c5tral "p ( ! ,atlantic bord] ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z is well kn[n1 has occurr$ also 9 _m o!r regions1 & ! ,appala*ians may be tak5 z ! type ( a class ( m\nta9s1 sometimes t]m$ corrugat$ m\nta9s1 :i* includes ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 ! ,coa/ ,range ( ,cali=nia1 etc4 ,= conv5i5ce we may speak ( su* m\nta9s z be+ ( ! ,appala*ian type4 ,_h ! fold+ 9 ! ,appala*ian region gone on )\t erosion1 ! surface w\ld to-day be a s]ies ( great1 elongat$ ar*es or upw>d folds1 ris+ 9 _m in/ances #e1jjj or m feet above ! int]v5+ valleys1 & :]e breaks or faults occur _! uprais$ bord]s w\ld /& z mighty cliffs1 9 "s localities a mile or m high4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! region ) ?is /range topography _h !re be5 no erosion w\ld1 p]haps1 be fully z prom95t z ! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s are at pres5t4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 7 ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s uprais$ above ! sea ?an ! de/ructive ag5cies ( ! atmosph]e began _! attacks ^u !m4 ,! rocks 7 %att]$ by *anges ( temp]ature1 & at times at lea/ crumbl$ by ! freez+ ( absorb$ wat] & also und]w5t *emical *anges :i* s(t5$ & dis9tegrat$ !m4 ,! ra9s beat ^u !m1 & /reams fl[+ to ! sea cut *annels & c>ri$ away ! mat]ial =m+ ! l&4 ,^! processes ( dis9tegration & erosion h be5 9 progress s9ce isl&s & cont95ts fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?1 & e m\nta9 range n[ giv+ div]sity to ! surface ( ! l& repres5ts ! net result ( elevation ov] d5udation4 ,! ,appala*ians are n an exception1 b a typical illu/ration ( ?is g5]al law4 ,! great folds ( :i* !y are compos$ h be5 truncat$ by erosion & ! surfaces ?us produc$1 et*$1 z x 71 by ! action ( ! air1 ra91 & by /reams1 s z to leave ! edges ( ! m resi/ant lay]s 9 relief4 ,"o conspicu\s result 9 ?is g5]al process ( erosion is due to ! fact t ! fold$ /rata consi/ 9 _m in/ances ( alt]nat+ h>d1 or insoluble & s(t1 or readily soluble lay]s4 ,:]e resi/ant lay]s und]laid by s(t1 or readily soluble /rata =m$ ! summits ( ar*es !y h 9 _m in/ances be5 brok5 9 ! process ( fold+ or cut ?r\gh by /reams fl[+ d[n _! flanks & ! weak b$s b5ea? expos$4 ,aft] ?is /age 0 rea*$ ! erosion ( ! upw>d folds w5t on m rapidly ?an ! removal ( rock f ! compress$ d[nw>d folds1 s t :at is /ructurally a ridge became a valley3 :ile ! bord]+ tr\ghs or syncl9als floor$ ) h>d lay]s 7 left 9 relief z ridges or table-l&s4 ,! anticl9al ridges h ?us be5 trans=m$ into topographic valleys & ! orig9al syncl9al tr\ghs left 9 relief z plateaus & ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,section ( anticl9al valleys & syncl9al m\nta9s4 ,?is rev]sion ( :at w\ld h be5 ridges & tr\ghs _h !re be5 no erosion1 is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ cross-section ?r\gh ,look\t ,m\nta9 9 ,alabama1 :i* is an example ( :at is kn[n z a syncl9al m\nta94 ,_m su* syncl9al m\nta9s or plateaus1 sep>at$ by n>r[] anticl9al valleys1 occur ?r\gh\t ! ,appala*ians4 ,! *>act]i/ics 9 ! pres5t topography ( ! ,appala*ians j consid]$ are b a m9or portion ( ! great *anges t h result$ f erosion4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sy/em has n be5 ! same 9 ?is connection ?r\gh\t1 b reta9s evid5ces ( successive upw>d movem5ts ) long p]iods ( erosion int]v5+ :i* h produc$ c]ta9 /rik+ diff]5ces 9 its nor!rn & s\!rn portions4 ,^! diff]5ces are s well m>k$ t x is conv5i5t to divide ! sy/em into two portions1 t]m$ ! nor!rn ,appala*ians & s\!rn ,appala*ians4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is %[n by ! direction ( fl[ ( ! l>g] riv]s4 ,at ! nor?1 ! pr9cipal riv]s--! ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna1 ,potomac1 & ,james--rise well to ! we/ ( ! m\nta9s & fl[ s\!a/ a?w>t ! num]\s folds1 & aft] cross+ ! ,pi$mont plateau & coa/al pla9 dis*>ge into ! ,atlantic4 ,at ! s\?1 h[ev]1 ! riv]s1 p>ticul>ly ,new ,riv] & ! ,t5nessee1 rise on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,appala*ians & fl[ we/w>d1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,alleghany plateau1 & are tribut>y to ! ,mississippi & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! some:at arbitr>y divid+ l9e betwe5 ^! two prov9ces foll[s ! divide to ! nor? ( ,new ,riv]1 or 9 a g5]al way1 z has be5 /at$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,hayes1 is m>k$ by a l9e drawn f ! mo/ ea/]ly po9t ( ,k5tucky s\!a/w>d to ,cape ,fe>1 on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! fact t sev]al l>ge riv]s ris+ to ! nor?we/ ( ! nor!rn ,appala*ians fl[ directly across or ?r\gh ! num]\s ridges compos+ ! sy/em 9 deep1 n>r[ valleys1 & ! simil> behavi\r ( ! /reams ris+ on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ians1 b fl[+ we/w>d1 are among ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! entire region4 ,:y is x t ! m\nta9s h n =m$ a divide or wat]-p>t+ s z to =ce all ( ! /reams hav+ _! s\rces on its we/ side to take :at w\ld seem ! easi] c\rse1 & to fl[ to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & cause ! wat]s fall+ on its ea/]n slopes to fl[ to ! ,atlantic8 ,! answ] to ?is app>5tly puzzl+ "q has be5 furni%$ by ,davis1 ,willis1 ,hayes1 ,campbell1 & o!rs1 :o h %[n t ! m\nta9s 7 n rais$ all at once1 b exp]i5c$ upw>d movem5ts at widely sep>at$ int]vals1 ) int]v5+ p]iods ( re/ dur+ :i* ! elevations previ\sly produc$ 7 m or less completely plan$ away by erosion4 ,dur+ "o ( ^! int]vals ! nor? ,appala*ians m especially 7 worn d[n to approximately sea-level & a g5tly slop+ pla9 produc$ across :i* ! l>g] riv]s fl[$ to ! ,atlantic4 ,?is p5epla9 0 lat] uprais$ into a plateau & its d[nw>d incl9ation t[>ds ! ea/ increas$4 ,! /reams 7 ?us giv5 great] en]gy & began aga9 to deep5 _! *annels4 ,!y held _! "r ( way acquir$ on ! featureless erosion pla9 & cut deep tr5*es ?r\gh ! edges ( ! h>d lay]s :i* cross$ _! c\rses4 ,at ! same "t lat]al bran*es 7 develop$ :i* foll[$ ! outcrops ( ! less resi/ant b$s & erod$ !m away s z to leave ! h>d b$s 9 bold relief4 ,z ! edges ( ! m resi/ant b$s became m & m prom95t ! ea/w>d-fl[+ /reams cut deep] & deep] into !m4 ,! ev5 summits ( ! ridges1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features 9 ! beautiful sc5]y ( ! ,appala*ians1 /ill m>k ! position ( ! elevat$ erosion pla94 ,9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian ! old erosion pla9 =m$ ne>ly at sea-level 0 tilt$ g5tly we/w>d1 & ! /reams fl[+ ov] its surface giv5 initial c\rses 9 t direction1 :i* 7 ma9ta9$ z !y deep5$ _! *annels1 & on acc\nt ( increas$ en]gy orig9at+ f ! uprais+ ( ! region dra9$ by !m1 develop$ lat]al bran*es1 z is ! case ( ! m nor!rn /reams j ref]r$ to1 & ! process ( c>v+ away ! l& to sea-level 0 aga9 r5ew$4 ,portions ( ! orig9al upl& or m\nta9 mass left unconsum$ dur+ ! long p]iod ( planation1 :i* r$uc$ mo/ ( ! region ne>ly to sea-level1 /ill rema9 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee1 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & nor!rn ,georgia1 & =m ! highe/ & mo/ picturesque portion ( ! ,appala*ians4 ,aft] ! uprais$ p5epla9 f :i* ! long1 ev5-cre/$ ridges ( ! ,appala*ians 7 produc$ by ! excavation ( ! bord]+ valleys _h be5 deeply dissect$ & ! valleys broad5$1 ano!r upw>d movem5t took place & ! /reams aga9 deep5$ _! valleys4 ,?is is ! /age 9 :i* we n[ f9d ! m\nta9s4 ,! cre/s ( ! ridges1 *>act]i/ically display$ 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 are portions ( ! fir/ p5epla9 ( :i* a def9ite record is pres]v$1 :ile ! broad valleys ) %>ply cut *annels 9 _! bottoms repres5t ! mu* less complete second /age ( planation4 ,! two anci5t p5epla9s ref]r$ to above1 ! hi/ories ( :i* are record$ 9 ! topography1 h receiv$ def9ite names 9 ord] t !y may be readily designat$4 ,! old] & high] "o is t]m$ ! ,s*ooley p5epla9#b on acc\nt ( ! pres]vation ( a typical portion at ,s*ooley ,m\nta9 9 ,new ,j]sey1 :ile ! l[] "o1 repres5t$ by ! broad valley ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! ,%5&oah ,riv]1 ,virg9ia1 is kn[n z ! ,%5&oah p5epla94 ,a g5]aliz$ pr(ile 9 a nor?we/ & s\!a/ direction ?r\gh a portion ( ! ,appala*ians is %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 :i* w s]ve to make m def9ite ! description j giv54 ,! highe/ summits 9 ! diagram repres5t portions ( ! ,s*ooley p5epla92 if ! depressions c\ld be refill$ ! surface ( ! great plateau =m$ by ! elevation ( ?is pla9 w\ld be re/or$4 ,! bottoms ( ! broad depressions repres5t ! ,%5&oah p5epla91 :i* is %>ply tr5*$ by ! mod]n riv] *annels4 #b ,also kn[n z ! ,kittat9ny p5epla91 b ! "n us$ above has priority4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,g5]aliz$ ea/-&-we/ pr(ile %[+ relation ( p5epla9s4 ,! ,appala*ians ?us furni% n only a typical example ( a m\nta9 sy/em produc$ by ! fold+ & upheaval ( ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/1 accompani$ 9 _m localities by breaks or faults & ov]?ru/s1 b also pres]ve ! records ( two well-*>act]iz$ p5epla9s4 ,! long & v>i$ hi/ory ( ! range has be5 9 "p int]pret$ by geologi/s f ! "* ( ! rocks1 ! fossils !y conta91 & ! /ructure t has be5 impress$ ^u !m2 b "s ( ! mo/ in/ructive *apt]s are record$ 9 ! topography1 & _! /udy has l$ to a highly cr$itable advance 9 me?ods ( geographical rese>*4 ,! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s :5 fir/ se5 by ,europeans 7 clo!d ?r\gh\t ) a v>i$ & beautiful =e/ consi/+ l>gely ( h>dwood trees4 ,n[h]e d !y invade ! region ( p]petual sn[1 & glaci]s are abs5t4 ,^! /atem5ts are true also = all ( ! m\nta9s on ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t to ! s\? ( ,hudson ,/rait4 ,! ,appala*ians ab\nd 9 beautiful sc5]y1 b1 except ab\t a few ( ! v highe/ domes & ridges1 h little ( ! /]n rugg$ness :i* is typical ( truly great m\nta9s4 ,_! c\ntless valleys are n[ mo/ly cle>$ ( _! primitive =e/s & "u cultivation4 ,to a l>ge ext5t also ev5 ! /eep hillsides are till$4 ,! l>g] trees :i* =m]ly grew on ! m\nta9s h ne>ly all be5 fell$1 & :]e ! l& is n suitable = cultivation _! place is tak5 by a d5se second gr[?4 ,"u ! mild1 humid climate t prevails1 m especially f ! vic9ity ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv] s\?w>d1 ! rocks are deeply dis9tegrat$ & decay$1 & ev5 /eep m\nta9sides are mantl$ ) soil & rock debris4 ,x is ! excess ( dis9tegration & decay ov] erosion :i* gives to ! m\nta9s _! usually fl[+ outl9es & pleas+ly picturesque r ?an rugg$ sc5]y4 ,! valleys /ill reta9 mu* ( ! mat]ial wa%$ f ! upl&s1 & are deeply floor$ ) ri* soil4 ,! *>act]i/ic col\rs ( ?is decay$ rock-wa/e are _m %ades ( r$ & yell[1 :i* h>monize 9 a mo/ arti/ic mann] ) ! prevail+ gre5 ( ! plant-cov]$ upl&s & ab&on$ fields4 ,^! r$ & yell[ soils1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ! bases ( ! high] summits ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ians1 af=d abundant crops ( cotton1 corn 7maize71 & tobacco4 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,brunswick1 etc4--,! picturesque ,b]k%ire ,hills1 9 ! we/]n portion ( ,massa*usetts1 h r\nd$ & fl[+ outl9es & a g5]ally subdu$ relief4 ,! m prom95t ( ^! greatly erod$ remnants ( :at 0 once a m\nta9 range rise b #b1jjj to #c1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,no satisfactory b\nd>y betwe5 ^! hills ( gneiss1 s*i/1 & alli$ metamorphic rocks1 & ! o!rs ( ! same g5]al "* 9 ! neighb\r+ portions ( ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 has be5 det]m9$4 ,s f> z ! relief is conc]n$1 & s f> also z ! complex geological hi/ory has be5 deciph]$1 !re seems no good reason = sep>at+ ! ,b]k%ire ,hills f ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,x is conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! ,appala*ians z t]m9at+ at ! ,hudson4 ,! ,b]k%ire ,hills :5 trac$ nor?w>d m]ge ) a region ( simil> topography :i* unites !m ) ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont1 ! highe/ summit ( :i*1 ,m\nt ,mansfield1 atta9s an elevation ( #d1cfd feet above ! sea4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s are situat$ ! /ill high] & m rugg$ ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 :i* culm9ate 9 ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 ,?is widely kn[n & greatly admir$ peak has an elevation ( #f1bic feet1 &1 next to ,m\nt ,mit*ell 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians1 is ! highe/ m\nta9 on ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t to ! s\? ( ! newly discov]$ gr\p ( peaks ne> ,hudson ,/rait4 ,associat$ ) ,m\nt ,wa%+ton are at lea/ #ae peaks1 ea* ( :i* is ov] #e1jjj feet high1 & a /ill l>g] numb] ( less] summits :i* exce$ #d1jjj feet 9 elevation above ! sea4 ,! rem>kable natural beauties ( ! ,gre5 & ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ! ease ) :i* !y c be rea*$ by means ( railroads1 & ! num]\s summ] hotels1 & hospitable f>mh\ses int]sp]s$ among !m1 make ?is1 ! mo/ m\nta9\s portion ( ,new ,engl&1 a fav\rite region = summ] re/ & recreation4 ,! ,gre5 & ,:ite ,m\nta9s are ne>ly p>allel nor? & s\? ranges1 f #cj to #fj miles ap>t1 & sep>at$ by a tract ( l[] b hilly c\ntry ) a g5]ally s\!rn slope1 :]e _m /reams unite to =m ! s\?w>d-fl[+ ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 9 nor!a/]n ,new ,york1 are situat$ "s #be miles to ! we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 & sep>at$ f !m by ano!r tract ( hilly c\ntry simil> to ! "o divid+ ! m\nta9s ( ,v]mont f ^? ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,9 ?is space lies ! irregul> %eet ( wat] ov] #ajj miles long kn[n z ,lake ,*ampla94 ,?is beautiful lake dis*>ges nor?w>d ?r\gh ,ri*elieu ,riv] to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,9 ! same tract ( hills1 b to ! s\?w>d ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & tribut>y to x1 lies ! small] b /ill m *>m+ ,lake ,george4 ,! ,adirondacks are rudely circul> 9 gr\nd plan1 & measure f #fj to #gj miles f ea/ to we/1 & ab\t #ajj miles f nor? to s\?4 ,! entire area1 kn[n to ! e>ly settl]s ( ,new ,york ,/ate z ! ,nor? ,woods1 is rugg$ & mo/ pleas+ly div]sifi$4 ,its lead+ *>ms are ! l>ge numb] ( d>k1 d5sely =e/$ summits1 ! _m beautiful lakes & cle>1 sp>kl+ /reams4 ,! highe/ ( ! num]\s /eep-sid$ peaks is ,m\nt ,m>cy1 #e1cdd feet1 & second 9 rank is ! equally beautiful em95ce kn[n z ,:iteface1 :i* rises #d1hgb feet above ! sea & ab\t #c1jjj feet above ! adjac5t valleys4 ,ov] #bj neighb\r+ =e/-cov]$ summits h elevations 9 excess ( #d1jjj feet4 ,! rugg$ region 9 nor!a/]n ,new ,york & ! adjac5t portion ( ,new ,engl& is 9 g5]al )\t well-m>k$ b\nd>ies4 ,on ! nor? x ext5ds into ,canada1 & is m>g9$ by ! great valley ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,ottawa1 to ! s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 !re is a gr\p ( bold hills simil> 9 _m ways to ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 kn[n z ! ,notre ,dame ,m\nta9s1 :i* decreases 9 height :5 trac$ nor?w>d & m]ge ) a r\gh5$ plateau :i* ext5ds f> to ! nor!a/ & embraces ! ,gaspe ,p59sula & ! table-l& & hills ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,mu* ( ! c\ntry adjac5t to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce on ! s\? is roll+ & hilly & conta9s l>ge tracts ( ri* agricultural l& :i* is highly fav\rable = dairy+ & %eep-rais+4 ,m\nt ,sutton1 ! highe/ elevation 9 ! ,notre ,dame ,m\nta9s1 is #d1jjj feet high1 & sev]al o!r =e/-cov]$ m\nta9-l hills range 9 elevation f #a1jjj to #c1jjj feet4 ,9 ! irregul> valleys ( ?is region !re are a l>ge numb] ( lakes1 situat$ 9 g5]al f #gjj to #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,gaspe ,p59sula to ! nor? ( ,new ,brunswick1 bord]$ on ! nor? by ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & on ! ea/ by ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 has a r\gh relief & d5se =e/s & is /ill a wild]ness4 ,! g5]al elevation ( ! upl&s 9 ?is little kn[n region is ab\t #a1ejj feet4 ,! surface is 9 reality a broad plateau 9 :i* num]\s valleys h be5 excavat$ & f :i* rises a range ( hills t]m$ ! ,%ik%ock ,m\nta9s1 "s #fe miles long & #d or #e miles wide1 ) peaks rang+ f #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet 9 height4 ,mu* ( ,ma9e & ,new ,brunswick is simil> to ! region j ref]r$ to1 &1 9 a g5]aliz$ geographical view1 may be consid]$ z a "p ( ! great coa/al plateau ( ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! cont95t1 r\gh5$ by erosion s z to appe> to "o travell+ ?r\gh its valleys z an endless succession ( rugg$ hills4 ,! highe/ ( ! num]\s prom95ces 9 ,ma9e is ,m\nt ,katahd91 #e1bjj feet1 & 9 ,new ,brunswick ! culm9at+ summit is ,bald ,m\nta91 #b1dgj feet4 ,! rugg$ region embrac+ ! ,adirondacks1 toge!r ) ! m elevat$ portions ( ,new ,engl& & ( ! adjac5t prov9ces ( ,canada1 has _m geographical features t are simil> to ^? ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ians1 b at ! same "t ?is1 ! c5tral portion1 diff]s 9 a m>k$ way f ! s\!rn ext5sion ( ! ,atlantic m\nta9s4 ,! high] m\nta9s 9 ea* ( ^! picturesque regions are at lea/ 9 a g5]al way to be consid]$ z ! unconsum$ remnants ( anci5t upl&s1 ! great] "p ( :i* h be5 erod$ away4 ,! mo/ m>k$ contra/ 9 ! sc5]y ( ^! two regions ( simil> elevation is due to ! pres5ce ( a great numb] ( lakes at ! nor?1 _m ( !m ( l>ge size1 & ! total abs5ce ( su* beautify+ elem5ts 9 ! l&scapes at ! s\?4 ,! /reams at ! nor? are frequ5tly impetu\s & brok5 by _m cat>acts & rapids1 ?us furni%+ abundant wat]-p[]2 :ile at ! s\? ! /reams fl[ ?r\gh m ev5ly grad$ *annels & are )\t cascades except ne> _! s\rces 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,^! contra/s are su* z are to be f\nd ! _w ov] betwe5 regions ( "y & old topography4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( developm5t rea*$ by ! /reams ( ! ,new ,engl& region z contra/$ ) ^? ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ians1 f9ds an explanation 9 ! fact t ,new ,engl&1 ,canada1 etc41 0 =m]ly cov]$ ) glacial ice1 & on ! retreat ( ! glaci]s ! surface ( ! l& 0 left ) an ess5tially new relief1 :ile ! s\!rn ,appala*ians 7 well to ! s\? ( ! great ice invasion1 & ! /reams ( t region h rea*$ a mature developm5t1 except ne> ! s\rces ( _! head-wat] bran*es1 :i*1 l ! topmo/ twigs ( a tree1 are always "y4 ,! c5tral1 l ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,atlantic m\nta9s1 is =e/-clo!d4 ,all b a few ( ! highe/ summits 9 ! ,adirondack & ,:ite ,m\nta9s are conceal$ b5ea? a d5se & v>i$ gr[? ( trees & %rubs4 ,! summits1 :i* are ne>ly b>e ( vegetation1 l ! upp] #hjj or #a1jjj feet ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 owe ?is condition to lack ( soil r ?an to elevation4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,atlantic m\nta9s to ! s\? ( ! b little kn[n peaks ne> ,hudson ,/rait1 is ! elevation suffici5t to rea* above :at w\ld be ! timb]-l9e "u fav\rable soil conditions4 ,! trees ( ! ,:ite & neighb\r+ m\nta9s are pr9cipally v>i\s species ( conif]s1 su* z ! p9e1 spruce1 hemlock1 l>*1 etc41 :i* gr[ ?ickly on all b ! mo/ precipit\s slopes4 ,be=e man disfigur$ ! beauties ( ! l& ! l[] hills1 ! riv]-valleys1 & ! bord]s ( ! num]\s lakes & t>ns 7 clo!d ) a m v>i$ flora ?an ! upl&s4 ,9 ^! valley =e/s ! d>k foliage ( ev]gre5s is 9 summ] m+l$ ) ! light] gre5 ( maples1 bee*es1 bir*es1 oaks1 locu/s1 & o!r broad-leaf trees4 ,! =e/s are ?us highly div]sifi$ & p>take ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn floras4 ,x is 9 ^! nor!rn woods t ! glori\s autumnal col\r+ = :i* ,nor? ,am]ica is ju/ly fam\s is to be se5 9 its greate/ spl5d\r4 ,octob] is "h truly ! gold5 mon? ( ! ye>4 ,at t season ! bold hills1 ) _! sombre robes ( conif]\s trees1 rise l d>k rugg$ isl&s above an undulat+ sea f :i* ! mo/ gorge\s sunset col\rs seem to be reflect$4 ,! brilliant col\r+ ( ! ripe foliage beautifies ! l& z ) a clo? ( gold4 ,x is at ?is season also1 dur+ ! tranquil days ( :at is kn[n z ,indian ,summ]1 t a purple haze is ?r[n l a veil ov] ! h>lequ9 l&scape1 z if to subdue its glories & br+ !m )9 ! range ( man's appreciation4 ,only a few ( ! high] summits 9 ! ,new ,engl& region approa* ! sc5ic conditions usually associat$ ) truly l(ty m\nta9s4 ,9 fact1 ! g5]al lack ( rugg$ esc>pm5ts z well z ( great elevation leads ! geograph] to rank ev5 ! highe/ ( ^! r\nd$ summits z hills ( l>ge size r ?an attempt to burd5 !m ) ! dignity t ! t]m m\nta9 c>ries ) x4 ,!y are beautiful hills1 sep>at$ "o f ano!r by lovely valleys1 :i* draw ! behold] to !m & fill 8 memory ) t5d] long+s & vague dreamy fancies su* z ! /]n] gr&eurs ( great m\nta9s fail to awak54 ,! ,laur5tian ,highl&s4--,a va/ area 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ,canada1 to ! nor? ( ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 includ+ ,labrador1 is und]laid by v anci5t cry/all9e rocks ( ! same g5]al "* z ^? =m+ ! ,adirondacks4 ,?is same geological sy/em1 ! ,ar*ean1 has a wide developm5t 9 ! cont95tal bas9 to ! nor? ( ,lake ,sup]ior & ab\t ,hudson ,bay4 ,to ! nor? ( ,quebec1 9 ! region dra9$ by ! ,sagu5ay & ,ottawa ,riv]s1 ! l& has a g5]al elevation ( #a1ejj to #a1fjj feet1 & is kn[n z ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s1 al?\gh sometimes dignifi$ by ! "n ,laur5tian ,m\nta9s1 or1 m briefly1 z ! ,laur5tides4 ,9 reality1 ?is broad1 indef9itely def9$ region f a geographical po9t ( view is a r\gh5$ plateau & n a m\nta9 range or gr\p ( ranges4 ,:5 ! /ructure & metamorphos$ condition ( ! rocks are consid]$1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t !y h ! *>act]i/ics p]ta9+ to ! c5tral & m deeply seat$ portions ( true m\nta9s4 ,! rocks are ma9ly cry/all9e s*i/1 gneiss1 granite1 etc41 toge!r ) igne\s intrusions1 all ( :i* h be5 int5sely fold$1 crumpl$1 & brok54 ,! g5]al int]pretation ( ! exi/+ conditions is t deep erosion has occurr$ &1 9 fact1 a m\nta9 range or a m\nta9 *a9 worn d[n to a g5]ally plane surface4 ,! ?ickness ( ! rocks ?us remov$1 or ! dep? ( erosion1 is unkn[n1 & ow+ ma9ly to ! complexity ( ! geological /ructure ( ! t]ranes rema9+1 w p]haps nev] be asc]ta9$1 b c be safely e/imat$ z n only hundr$s1 b sev]al ?\s&s ( feet4 ,erosion has laid b>e portions ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* 7 once deeply buri$1 & reveals ! "* ( ! basem5t complex1 z x has be5 t]m$1 :i* =ms ! f\ndation ( ! cont95t4 ,ow+ to ! great age ( ! rocks & ! dep? to :i* !y 7 once depress$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 !y h exp]i5c$ great *anges4 ,!y are n only int5sely fold$ & cru%$1 b 9 l>ge "p h be5 caus$ to fl[ "u great pressure1 & h ?us acquir$ a s*i/ose /ructure4 ,fissures h be5 fill$ ) molt5 rock inject$ f bel[ s z to =m dikes1 & possibly /ill great] or regional intrusions h occurr$4 ,ov] l>ge areas ! am\nt ( once molt5 & intrud$ rock exce$s ! surface exposure ( :at are usually1 b ) "s hesitation1 class$ z metamorphos$ s$im5ts4 ,long exposure to ! air 9 a region ( mild relief is usually accompani$ by ! =mation ( a deep soil4 ,! soil ov] ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally ?91 & l>ge areas ( b>e rock are expos$4 ,! explanation ( ?is app>5t anomaly is t glaci]s dur+ a geologically rec5t p]iod 7 =m$ on ?is region & fl[$ away f x1 c>ry+ mo/ ( ! previ\sly =m$ rock debris ) !m4 ,! "t s9ce ! melt+ ( ! glaci]s has be5 too %ort = a new soil to =m1 except 9 ! valleys & depressions among ! b>e glaciat$ hills1 :i* hold a peaty accumulation result+ f ! p>tial decay ( vegetation4 ,! sc>city ( soil is also due 9 "p to ! climatic conditions n[ prevail+1 :i* are unfav\rable to rapid rock decay4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,hudson ,/rait1 ! l& becomes high]1 & z rec5tly report$ by ,rob]t ,bell1 ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 =ms true m\nta9s ) elevations 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #h1jjj feet4 ,:at revelations are to come f ! inhospitable & 9 l>ge "p ice-cov]$ l&s /ill f>!r nor? c only be told z exploration & surveys are ext5d$ 9 t direction4 ,?is brief review ( "s ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! m\nta9s & hills adjac5t to ! ,atlantic coa/ w1 ,i ?9k1 s]ve to %[ t !y be> a family relation%ip2 l ! memb]s ( a family1 !y are ( v>i\s ages1 al?\gh all ( !m are pa/ _! prime1 & may ) propriety be t]m$ ! ,atlantic ,cordill]a4 ,,! ,,cont95tal ,,bas9 ,an inspection ( ! map =m+ ,fig4 #ad1 on :i* ! l>g] geographical features ( ,nor? ,am]ica are indicat$1 w assi/ ! read] 9 appreciat+ ! g5]al relations & ext5t ( ! pla9s & plateaus :i* collectively =m ! ,cont95tal bas94 ,?is m$ial region ( ! cont95t is bord]$ on ! ea/ = "s #b1jjj miles by ! ,atlantic m\nta9s1 & on ! we/ ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t by ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,x is op5 to ! sea at bo? ! nor? & ! s\?1 & ext5ds 9 "o cont9u\s s]ies ( pla9s & plateaus f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ?is int]ior bas9 or tr\gh has already be5 briefly describ$ 9 discuss+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,gulf pla9s4 ,! nor!rn portion has also be5 consid]$ 9 describ+ ! tundra region adjac5t to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! lead+ geographical features ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95tal bas9 are its g5]ally l[ elevation1 ! mildness ( its topographic details1 &1 ) two exceptions1 ! abs5ce )9 its bord]s ( elevations hav+ a m\nta9\s /ructure4 ,9 g5]al ! rocks b5ea? ! surface are horizontally /ratifi$ m>9e s$im5ts4 ,! /ream-cut valleys are %all[ & usually broad1 except 9 ! bord]+ plateaus & foot-hills on ! ea/ & we/ sides1 :]e ! /reams frequ5tly fl[ sev]al hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface ( ! broad1 flat-topp$ int]/ream spaces4 ,! dra9age ( ! cont95tal bas9 s]ves z a conv5i5t basis = subdivid+ x into ?ree sep>ate portions4 ,^! are ! ,gulf slope1 :i* dis*>ges its surplus wat]s into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & is dra9$ pr9cipally by ! ,mississippi2 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce slope1 occupi$ 9 "p by ! ,great ,lakes & dra9$ by ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]2 & ! arctic slope1 d[n :i* ! ,mack5zie1 ,nelson1 & o!r riv]s fl[ to ! ,arctic ,ocean or to ,hudson ,bay4 ,at no place are ! ,pacific m\nta9s brok5 by cross-dra9age1 s z to all[ ! cont95tal bas9 to s5d a tribute to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! va/ ext5t ( ! ,cont95tal bas91 embrac+1 z x does1 "s ?ree-f\r?s ( ! entire area ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 makes x necess>y1 ev5 9 a g5]al review ( ! l>ge geographical features ( ! cont95t1 to recognise small] subdivisions ?an ! ?ree great dra9age slopes ref]r$ to above4 ,= ?is purpose we select ! m or less well-def9$ pla9s & plateaus into :i* ! region is naturally subdivid$4 ,! portion ( ! ,cont95tal bas9 embrac$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 %[n by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell to consi/ ( ! foll[+ physiographic regions1 namely1 ! ,gulf pla9s2 ! ,prairie pla9s2 ! ,lake pla9s1 includ+ ! region dra9+ to ! ,great ,lakes2 & ! ,great plateaus or ,great pla9s1 z !y are m g5]ally t]m$1 adjac5t to ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,sev]al ( ^! divisions ne$ to be ext5d$ & /ill o!rs recognis$ 9 ord] to include ! entire region "u review4 ,! portion ( ! ,cont95tal bas9 to ! nor? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y has be5 only p>tially explor$1 & ! subdivisions ( x sugge/$ bel[ are to be consid]$ z provisional4 ,! ,lake pla9s include 9 ,canada ! c\ntry to ! nor? ( ! ,great ,lakes1 :i* dra9s to !m1 b except+ ! flat l&s bord]+ ,lakes ,erie & ,ont>io & once cov]$ by _! wat]s1 ! region ref]r$ to is r a r\gh5$ plateau ?an a pla94 ,f a geological po9t ( view ! hilly c\ntry compos$ ( cry/all9e rocks to ! nor? ( ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,huron & includ$ )9 _! hydrographic bas9s p>takes m ( ! "* ( ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s ?an x does ( ! features ( ! portion ( ! ,lake pla9s situat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,prairie pla9s also ext5d f> to ! nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 & on _! nor!rn bord] m]ge ) ! =e/-cov]$ pla9s 9 c5tral ,manitoba & ! nor!rn portion ( ,saskat*ewan1 :i* are dra9$ by nor?w>d-fl[+ riv]s4 ,^! pla9s 9 ! f> nor? diff] f ! ,prairie pla9s 9 ! fact t !y are =e/$ & acquire great] div]sity f ! pres5ce ( innum]able lakes1 sev]al ( :i* are ( l>ge size4 ,= conv5i5ce we may designate ?is va/ & b little kn[n nor!rn region z ! ,sub>ctic ,=e/ pla9s4 ,/ill f>!r nor?1 :]e ! =e/ dies away1 lie ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 :i* m]ge on _! nor!rn bord] ) ! froz5 morasses or tundra ( ! arctic coa/al pla94 ,to acquire j conceptions ( ! topographic & o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! sev]al regions ( mild relief :i* make up ! ,cont95tal bas9 is a difficult task1 z ea* "o is ( great ext5t & possesses _m peculi>ities ( its own1 & besides1 9 two sep>ate regions1 ea* embrac+ _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ h occurr$ ( su* a nature z to elevate ! rocks & give !m ! g5]al /ructure commonly f\nd 9 m\nta9 ranges4 ,ref]5ce is "h made to ! ,oz>k uplift 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,prairie pla9s & ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota :i* rise f ! ,great plateaus4 ,! ,oz>k ,uplift4--,!re is an area embrac+ ab\t #ge1jjj squ>e miles 9 s\!rn ,miss\ri1 nor!rn ,arkansas1 & ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,indian ,t]ritory1 9 :i* ! rocks h be5 uprais$ above ! surr\nd+ ,gulf & ,prairie pla9s4 ,! uplift1 if we imag9e x un]od$1 w\ld h ! g5]al =m ( an inv]t$ canoe2 t is1 x w\ld =m an elongat$ ridge1 broad & dome-l 9 ! c5tral portion & dy+ away on all sides into ! great surr\nd+ region ( undi/urb$ & ess5tially horizontal rocks4 ,! major axis ( ! uplift1 al?\gh exhibit+ a d\ble curvature1 has a g5]al nor!a/ & s\?we/ tr5d4 ,x is ab\t #ejj miles long1 & 9 ! wide/ "p is approximately #bjj miles broad4 ,:at ! height ( ! dome w\ld be _h ! rocks compos+ x n yield$ to ! de/ructive influ5ces ( ! air or be5 remov$ by /reams _c be readily e/imat$1 s9ce ! movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* uprais$ x occurr$ at sev]al widely sep>at$ int]vals ) int]v5+ p]iods ( decay & erosion1 & d[nw>d movem5ts h also be5 exp]i5c$ :i* subm]g$ ! region & p]mitt$ ! deposit ( %eets ( s$im5t ov] x4 ,if ! results ( ! upbuild+ ag5cies _h n 9 a l>ge measure be5 c\nt]act$ 9 ^! sev]al ways1 ! dome to-day w\ld h a height ( sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ! deeply erod$ dome pres5ts ! net result ( elevation ov] subsid5ce & erosion4 ,! dome-l =m is lo/1 & 9 its place is a complex s]ies ( ridges & valleys4 ,! high] summits n[ rema9+1 situat$ pr9cipally 9 ! ,iron ,m\nta9 di/rict 9 nor!a/]n ,miss\ri1 rise f #a1djj to #a1hjj feet above ! neighb\r+ pla9s1 & f #a1hjj to #b1ajj feet above ! sea4 ,! great] int5sity ) :i* ! rocks 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,oz>k uplift h be5 fold$ ?an 9 ! m nor!rn portion & ! v>y+ degrees to :i* ! b$s h yield$ to d5udation h result$ 9 giv+ to its v>i\s p>ts diff]5t types ( topography4 ,?is div]sity has l$ to ! recognition ( sev]al di/9ct divisions1 su* z ! ,%awnee ,hills1 at ! extreme nor!a/]n end ( ! uplift1 :]e ! rocks h be5 fold$ & ! ridges cut across by ! ,mississippi2 ! ,/4 ,francois ,m\nta9s1 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( isolat$ hills & ris+ f #ejj to #hjj feet above ! adjac5t valleys2 ! ,oz>k plateau1 9 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri & nor?we/]n ,arkansas1 ! c5tral "p ( :i* has a g5]al elevation ( #a1ejj feet above ! sea1 & to "o travell+ ov] x seems a b\ndless & featureless pla9 und]laid by app>5tly horizontal b 9 reality g5tly we/w>d dipp+ %eets ( /ratifi$ rocks2 ! ,bo/on ,m\nta9s1 9 c5tral & we/]n ,arkansas1 consi/+ ( rugg$ irregul> ridges & truncat$ summits ) a g5]al cre/-l9e elevation ( #a1jjj feet above ! sea2 & ! ,oua*ita 7pron\nc$ ,wi*itaw7 ,m\nta9s1 =m$ ( num]\s rudely p>allel upw>d folds ( h>d rock1 :i* rise f #ejj to #a1jjj feet above ! adjac5t valleys & =m a belt ( unusually picturesque1 =e/-cr[n$ hills1 ext5d+ f ,little ,rock1 ,arkansas1 we/w>d into ,indian ,t]ritory4 ,! /udy ( ! isl&-l ,oz>k region 9 ! broad1 ocean-l expanse ( ! prairies is f> f be+ complete4 ,al?\gh topographically di/9ct & appe>+ z "o ( ! m9or units 9 ! geology ( ! cont95t1 geologi/s are incl9$ to ! view t ! ,oz>k uplift z above describ$ %\ld be consid]$ z consi/+ ( two indep5d5t b contigu\s areas ( upheaval1 namely1 ! ,oz>k ,hills1 situat$ ma9ly 9 ,miss\ri1 & ! ,oua*ita ,hills1 ly+ ma9ly 9 ,arkansas & ! ,indian ,t]ritory4 ,?is ,oz>k-,oua*ita region--by :atev] "n f9ally designat$--is "o ) a long & v>i$1 nay1 ev5 a poetic hi/ory4 ,9 writ+ ( ! ,ar*ean rocks ( ! ,iron ,m\nta9 region1 ,miss\ri1 ,ar?ur ,w9sl[ /ates t !y are truly anci5t elevations1 old] ?an any o!rs 9 ! ,/ate1 old] ?an ! m\nta9s ( ,arkansas1 old] ?an ! ,appala*ians1 old] ?an ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 if v5]able be an attribute ( great age1 !y c]ta9ly m]it t appellation4 ,= n only are all o!r rocks ( ,miss\ri y\?ful z comp>$ ) ^!1 b !re is a g5etic relation%ip1 & ! =m] are 9 a s5se desc5dants ( ! latt]4 ,= :5 ! lime/ones & o!r s$im5t>y rocks 7 yet un=m$ ^! cry/all9e rocks mu/ h exi/$ z p>ts ( a cont95tal mass1 & f ! degradation ( ?is cont95t result$ ! mat]ials ( ! lat] =m$ s$im5t>y rocks4 ,! pres5t granite & porphyry hills are b protrud+ p>ts ( ! remnant ( ?is anci5t cont95t :i* /ood z isl&s above ! ocean wat]s :ile ! b$s ( lime/one & s&/one 7 be+ =m$ ab\t !m1 :i* rose ) ^! b$s :5 !y 7 lift$ f ! wat]s1 :i* n[1 rugg$ & wea!r-beat51 yet temp]$ by age & v>i$ exp]i5ce1 re> !mselves above ! surr\nd+ y\ng] rocks & bid fair /ill to live :5 ! latt] h yield$ to ! =ces ( degradation4 ,besides its pleas+ sc5]y1 v>i$ & abundant m9]al res\rces1 & heal?-giv+ spr+s1 ?is oasis ( hills amid ! unv>i$ monotony ( ! grass-cov]$ pla9s 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! cont95tal bas9 d]ives an additional attraction f its =e/ gr[?s 9 :i* s\!rn p9es are m+l$ ) oaks1 hickories1 walnuts1 & o!r broad-leav$ trees4 ,! soil is g5]ally productive1 & great fields ( corn & cotton may be se5 side by side4 ,! ,gulf ,pla9s4--,! ,gulf pla9s include ! we/]n portion ( ,florida1 & ext5d we/w>d & s\?w>d ab\t ! bord]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 a cont9u\s belt f #ej to #fj to p]haps #ajj miles wide1 to :]e ! ,pacific m\nta9s approa* ! coa/ 9 ea/-c5tral ,mexico4 ,?is l[1 g5tly seaw>d-slop+ region1 und]laid by s(t horizontal /rata1 possesses a g5]ally ri* soil well adapt$ = ! cultivation ( cotton1 corn1 sug>-cane1 & rice4 ,9 ! l[1 hot c\ntry ( ea/]n ,mexico ne>ly all tropical fruits c be successfully rais$4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic z well z ! broade/ portion ( ?is productive belt is 9 ! ,/ates ( ,mississippi & ,l\isiana1 & ext5ds nor?w>d ) a gradually decreas+ wid? to ! m\? ( ! ,ohio4 ,?is is ! l[] ,mississippi bas91 :i* owes its exi/5ce ma9ly to ! deposits ( silt laid d[n by ! riv] aft] :i* x is nam$4 ,mu* ( ! l& is really ! delta ( ! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s1 ov] :i* t riv] spreads out 9 va/ inundations ea* ye>4 ,! ,gulf pla9s skirt ! s\!rn end ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 & to ! we/ ( ! ,mississippi are bord]$ 9 "p by ! ,oz>k uplift4 ,!re are c]ta9 reasons = believ+ t ^! two regions ( elevation1 *>act]iz$ by a simil> geological /ructure1 are portions ( a s+le greatly di/urb$ belt1 b are n[ sep>at$ by a broad area :i* has be5 depress$ & deeply cov]$ ) comp>atively rec5t s$im5ts4 ,b t ?is g5]al view ( ! orig9 ( ! l>g] features 9 ! relief ( ! ,gulf ,/ates c be accept$ ) entire confid5ce is que/ionable4 ,true x is1 h[ev]1 t ! delta region ( ! ,mississippi has und]gone _m up & d[n movem5ts1 & t sev]al successive %eets ( s$im5t h be5 laid d[n ^u x1 b t ! folds & crumpl+s *>act]i/ic ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ians & ( ! ,oz>k uplift ext5d across ! int]v5+ space b5ea? ! cov]+ ( horizontal rocks has n be5 demon/rat$4 ,! ,gulf pla9s ?r\gh\t are less ?an #ejj feet above ! sea1 & mu* ( ! ,gulf m>g9 & ! simil> tract :i* ext5ds nor?w>d to ! m\? ( ! ,ohio has an elevation ( less ?an #ajj feet4 ,! fr+e ( l[l& bord]+ ! ,gulf & ext5d+ up ! c\rse ( ! ,mississippi is g5]ally swampy & conta9s num]\s small wat] bodies :i* owe _! exi/5ce to ! cutt+ (f ( ! b$s ( ! riv] s z to =m :at are t]m$ ox-b[ lakes4 ,previ\s to ! settlem5t ( ! ,gulf pla9s by ,europeans & ! cle>+ ( mu* ( ! l& = plantations x 0 clo!d ) su* a d5se gr[? ( trees & v9es z to be almo/ imp5etrable4 ,! s\!rn p9e !re rea*es its greate/ p]fection & is ! basis ( a great lumb] indu/ry1 & oaks ( sev]al species1 ! wide-spread+ :ite-trunk$ sycamore1 ! /ill m /ately tulip-tree ) its cup-l blossoms ( yell[1 ! fragrant magnolia1 ! seem+ly always ag$ cypress1 ! gum-tree1 & _m o!r species ( arboreal vegetation also f9d mo/ cong5ial conditions = _! gr[?4 ,! dw>f palmetto1 :i* =ms su* a *>act]i/ic gr[? 9 ,florida1 ext5ds nor?w>d 9 ! ,mississippi bas9 to ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,oz>k uplift4 ,mu* ( ! luxuriant moss & li*5 drap$ =e/ ( ! ,gulf pla9s ) all its primitive network ( %rubs & v9es /ill rema9s4 ,! ,prairie ,pla9s4--,a prairie 9 ! curr5t use ( ! t]m is a g5]ally level region1 ei!r a pla9 or a plateau1 )\t =e/s b clo!d ) a c>pet ( luxuriant grasses & fl[]+ annuals4 ,a roll+ prairie is an undulat+ or hilly1 grass-cov]$ region4 ,! ,great pla9s ( ! we/-c5tral portion ( ! ,cont95tal bas9 meet ^! requirem5ts1 & are typical prairies4 ,on _! ea/]n & nor!rn bord] ! ,prairie pla9s m]ge ) ! adjac5t =e/$ pla9s1 & on ! we/ f ,mexico nor?w>d to ! sub>ctic =e/ pass by /ill less tangible gradations into ! m elevat$ & dri] ,great plateaus or high pla9s1 :]e bun*-grass1 ) b>e int]vals betwe5 ! scatt]$ tufts1 takes ! place ( ! cont9u\s sod ( ! true prairies4 ,! reasons = ! *ange f =e/ to prairie & beyond to ! l& ( ! bun*-grass z "o travels f ea/ to we/ across ! int]ior bas91 lie 9 diff]5ces 9 ! humidity ( ! climate4 ,! ,prairie pla9s h _! beg9n+ at ! s\? 9 ,mexico a %ort di/ance f ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & are prolong$ nor?w>d ?r\gh c5tral ,texas1 meet+ to ! nor? ( ,r$ ,riv] ! =e/-cov]$ ,oua*ita ,hills4 ,b to ! we/ ( ! ,oz>k uplift ! ,prairie pla9s ext5d nor?w>d 9 a belt ab\t #ajj miles wide :i* exp&s 9 ,kansas1 nor!rn ,miss\ri1 ea/]n ,nebraska1 ,i[a1 ,ill9ois1 & we/]n ,ohio to fully #hjj miles4 ,9 ?is highly f]tile region1 n[ ! mo/ productive agricultural area ( comp>able size 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 if n 9 ! _w1 "o may travel 9 a /raight l9e = ne>ly #a1jjj miles ?r\gh a l& )\t high hills b pleas+ly div]sifi$ by undulations ( ! g5]ally level surface & by w9d+ /ream-=m$ valleys bord]$ by swell+ bluffs1 )\t los+ sight ( t[ns1 villages1 or com=table f>mh\ses4 ,9 spr+ ?is entire region is bright gre5 ) pa/ures & spr\t+ gra9-fields1 & 9 autumn yell[ ) ! h>ve/4 ,miles on miles ( ru/l+ corn-fields =m ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! summ] l&scapes4 ,! ,prairie pla9s contract to ! nor? ( ,ill9ois & ,i[a to a wid? ( ab\t #bjj miles1 be+ encroa*$ ^u by ! =e/s ( ! ,great ,lakes region1 b are prolong$ nor?w>d ?r\gh ,m9nesota & ! ,dakotas f> into ,canada4 ,! l5g? ( ^! natural mead[s f s\? to nor? is ne>ly #b1jjj miles2 _! entire area is n f> f #ejj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,on ! nor? !y m]ge ) ! va/ region ( simil> relief :i* is d>k5$ by ! p9es & spruces ( ! sub>ctic =e/4 ,! nor!rn portion ( ! orig9al prairie region has be5 giv5 a new & 9 "s respects a m pleas+ aspect by ! s[+ ( millions ( acres ) :eat4 ,?is is ! mo/ fav\rable l>ge area = :eat culture 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & "o ( ! ?ree great :eat-gr[+ regions 9 ! _w4 ,! mo/ productive portion ( ^! nor!rn :eat-l&s lies 9 ! valley ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 situat$ 9 "p 9 ,m9nesota & ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,dakotas1 b includ+ also ! pla9s ( ,manitoba4 ,c\ld we view ! broad ext5t ( ! ,prairie pla9s z d ! birds 9 _! s\?w>d migrations1 we w\ld see !m gold5 ) ! %e5 ( rip5+ :eat at ! nor?1 gre5 & russet 9 ! c5tral portion ) corn1 & :ite ) cotton to ! s\?4 ,ev]y:]e f s\? to nor? & ea/ to we/ ! va/ expanse is dott$ ) ! curl+ wrea?s aris+ f h\sehold fires1 & at hundr$s ( localities blott$ by ! smoke ( t[ns1 factories1 smelt+-works1 & coal-m9es4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire ext5t ( ! ,prairie pla9s ! und]ly+ rocks are ess5tially horizontal1 & consi/ l>gely ( lime/one4 ,an anci5t sea-bottom has be5 broadly uprais$ ) b slight di/urbances ( ! /rata to a g5]al elevation ( ab\t #hjj feet 9 ,m9nesota & ! ,dakotas4 ,f ?is l[ cont95tal divide ! l& slopes g5tly bo? to ! nor? & s\?4 ,! local v>iations ( surface are due ma9ly to ! unequal wea!r+ ( ! rocks & ! excavation ( /ream-=m$ valleys4 ,to ! nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,ohio1 h[ev]1 ! prairie1 9 common ) ! adjac5t regions1 0 =m]ly occupi$ by glacial ice1 :i* on melt+ left widely spread deposits ( clay1 /ones1 gravel1 etc41 :i* gave ! region a new surface1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances turn$ ! /reams f _! =m] c\rses4 ,mu* ( ! roll+ prairie inh]its its bill[y surface f ! glaci]s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! "y topography ( glacial & m rec5t date !re is an area ( ab\t #aj1jjj squ>e miles 9 s\?we/]n ,wiscons9 & adjac5t portions ( ,m9nesota & ,i[a :i* is surr\nd$ by ! deposits ( ! anci5t ice-%eets 7glacial drifts71 b n cov]$ by !m4 ,?is driftless area1 z x is t]m$1 has an old topography 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! relief ( ! region ab\t x1 9 :i* broad riv]-valleys bord]$ by ! p9nacl$ & ca/ellat$ rocks expos$ 9 ! bord]+ slopes ( ! adjac5t upl&s are among ! mo/ conspicu\s features4 ,! soil ( ?is driftless region is a f]rug9\s clay1 result+ f ! prolong$ wea!r+ ( ! rocks1 pr9cipally lime/one1 on :i* x re/s1 :ile ! surfaces =m]ly cov]$ by glacial ice are mantl$ ) soil ( a mix$ "* conta9+ _m fragm5ts & l>ge b\ld]s ( compact rock4 ,9 ! prairies to ! s\? ( ! glacial b\nd>y ! soils are ma9ly ( a s$5t>y orig91 & h result$ f ! dis9tegration & decay ( ! rocks on :i* !y re/1 b usually r5d]$ black by ! humus result+ f ! p>tial decay ( numb]less g5]at+ grasses & o!r l[ly plants4 ,?is black soil is wond]fully productive & furni%es ! basis ( ! great] "p ( ! weal? & indu/ries ( ! region x cov]s4 ,! m9or exceptions to ! g5]al f]tility occur :]e ! rocks imm$iately und]ly+ ! surface1 z 9 ! z9c & lead region ( s\?we/]n ,miss\ri1 are highly *>g$ ) fl9t-l mat]ial1 :i* rema9s :5 ! lime/one once conta9+ x is dissolv$ & c>ri$ away4 ,! horizontal %eets ( rock b5ea? ! broad c5tral portion ( ! ,prairie pla9s belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em & conta9 highly valuable seams ( bitum9\s coal4 ,! area ( ^! coal-produc+ l&s is e/imat$ at #abe1jjj squ>e miles4 ,9 ?is same region also !re are ext5sive tracts 9 :i* natural gas & petroleum are obta9$ 9 rem>kable abundance4 ,9 s\!rn ,wiscons9 & ! adjac5t portions ( ,ill9ois valuable deposits ( lead occur "u conditions simil> to ^? associat$ ) ! lead & z9c m9es ab\t ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,oz>k uplift4 ,ow+ to ! dem& = transportation facilities & ! mild relief ( ! l&1 ! entire ext5t ( ! ,prairie pla9s is cov]$ ) a d\ble-l9$ network ( /eel4 ,! ganglia 9 ?is pulsat+ n]ve sy/em ( int]communication are ,*icago 7"h includ$1 z x belongs to ! prairie z well z to ! ,great ,lakes region71 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,kansas ,city1 ,omaha1 ,m9neapolis1 ,/4 ,paul1 etc41 cities ) f #ajj1jjj to ov] #a1ejj1jjj inhabitants1 & hundr$s ( less] c5tres ( trade1 manufacture1 & education4 ,! ,lake ,pla9s4--,! region dra9+ to ! ,great ,lakes--or ! ,laur5tian lakes1 z !y may1 p]haps1 be m prop]ly designat$1 s9ce !y =m ! s\rce ( ! riv] ( t "n--pres5ts _m /rik+ contra/s to ! m monoton\s treeless prairies skirt+ x on ! s\? & we/4 ,! "n ,lake pla9s1 sugge/$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell = ! portion ( ! region "h ref]r$ to )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 ext5d$ to ! entire area dra9+ to ! ,laur5tian lakes1 is 9 "p a misnom]1 s9ce mu* ( its surface is r\gh & irregul>4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 h[ev]1 ! t]m pla9 is applicable1 s9ce x includes a pla9 ( wat] ov] #ie1jjj squ>e miles 9 area4 ,! comb9$ areas ( ! lakes are great] ?an t ( ! region dra9+ to !m4 ,! l& bord]+ ! ,laur5tian lakes is und]laid to a l>ge ext5t by horizontal or b slightly di/urb$ s$im5t>y rocks1 b includes on ! nor? a portion ( ! contort$1 cry/all9e t]ranes already ref]r$ to z =m+ ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s1 & 9 g5]al is *>act]iz$ by ! mildness ( its relief4 ,! elevations ( ! surfaces ( ! sev]al ,laur5tian lakes above ! sea are1 9 feet1 z foll[s3 ,sup]ior1 #fjb2 ,mi*igan & ,huron1 #ehb2 ,erie1 #cgc2 & ,ont>io1 #bdg4 ,! l& =m+ ! m>g9s ( ^! wat] bodies rises 9 g5]al less ?an #cjj feet above _! surfaces4 ,9 portions ( nor!rn ,mi*igan & 9 ! region ( cry/all9e rocks to ! nor? ( ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,huron1 h[ev]1 ! relief is m pron\nc$ & !re are _m bold r\nd$ hills ) bas9s betwe5 !m4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! ne>ly plane l& surface ab\t ! ,laur5tian lakes is 9 imm$iate proximity to _! bord]s1 & records ! =m] ext5t ( _! wat]s4 ,^! pla9s1 compos$ ( clay deposit$ f ! lakes :5 m widely exp&$ ?an at pres5t1 =m a fr+e f #e to #ej or m miles broad all ab\t ! pres5t lake m>g9s4 ,across ?is g5tly slop+ surface ! /reams f ! upl&s1 increas+ 9 l5g? z ! lakes 7 l[]$1 h excavat$ n>r[1 /eep-sid$ *annels4 ,^! mod]n pla9s furni% typical illu/rations ( "y topography4 ,9 its primitive condition ne>ly ! entire ,laur5tian lakes region 0 d5sely cov]$ ) trees4 ,previ\s to ! de/ruction :i* foll[$ ! advance ( ! lumb]m5 its nor!rn portion conta9$ "s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ valuable :ite-p9e =e/s on ! cont95t4 ,to ! s\? ( ! ,laur5tian ,lakes1 & 9 a g5]al way adjac5t to ! ,prairie pla9s1 !re 7 p>k-l areas 9 ! =e/1 kn[n z oak-op5+s1 :]e picturesque bur-oak grew 9 op5 groves amid luxuriant natural mead[s4 ,^! sunlit g>d5s1 yell[ & purple ) gold5-rods & a/]s 9 autumn1 ow$ _! exi/5ce to soil conditions det]m9$ long previ\sly by ! /reams issu+ f ! m>g9 ( ! retreat+ ice-%eet1 :i* =m$ level areas ( s& & gravel4 ,! loose op5 texture ( ^! deposits r5d]s !m less ret5tive ( moi/ure ?an ! neighb\r+ mora9al hills1 & dur+ ! long hot summ]s all b ! mo/ deeply root$ ( ! trees t spr+ up ^u !m p]i%$4 ,! soil ?r\gh\t ! ,great ,lake region is ne>ly all ( glacial orig9 & pres5ts _m local v>iations1 dep5d5t pr9cipally on ! fact t ! /reams fl[+ f ! ice assort$ ! debris deliv]$ to !m4 ,! surface mat]ial1 te*nically speak+1 is ( bo? glacial & fluvio-glacial orig94 ,! =m] consi/s pr9cipally ( /ony clay or till1 & ! latt] ( gravel4 ,ab\t ! imm$iate bord] ( ! exi/+ lakes lacu/ral clays =m ! surface4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! glacial & fluvio-glacial soils are _! v>i$ composition & endurance "u cultivation4 ,! glaci]s t pl\gh$ ! l& prep>atory to ! pres5t h>ve/ ga!r$ toge!r a great v>iety ( rock debris1 mu* ( x brok5 & unwea!r$ & n lea*$ ( its m soluble con/itu5ts4 ,! mo/ typical portion ( ! ,lake pla9s1 includ+ ! s\!rn "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io & ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,laur5tian lakes f ,m9nesota to ,new ,york1 is highly fav\rable = agricultural pursuits1 & produces 9 abundance a great v>iety ( crops z well z ri*ly flav\r$ fruits1 lusci\s b]ries1 & heal?ful vegetables4 ,! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! neighb\r+ wat] bodies on ! climate1 temp]+ ! heat ( ! summ]s & mod]at+ ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]s1 is %[n especially 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fruit belts ( ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 & ,new ,york1 :i* are 9 regions :]e ! prevail+ w9ds bl[+ ov] !m come f ! lakes4 ,! ,sub>ctic ,=e/ ,pla9s4--,! ,prairie pla9s m]ge at ! nor? ) a great tract ( =e/-cov]$ l[l&s1 :i* ext5d f ! ,laur5tian hills on ! ea/ to ne> ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s on ! we/4 ,! *ange z "o travels nor?w>d f ! grassy prairies to ! c\ntry ( equally mild relief1 b clo!d ) trees adapt$ to a rigor\s climate1 is gradual4 ,along ! irregul> & 9 "p indef9ite junction ( ^! two va/ pla9s1 ! alignm5t ( ! =e/ is brok5 9 _m places1 & its m>g9 fr+$ by a picket-l9e ( groves & ( isolat$ trees1 :i* has advanc$ s\?w>d & invad$ ! grass-l&s4 ,betwe5 ^! outpo/s ! prairie ) its weal? ( summ] bloom rea*es well into ! realm ( p]5nial %ad[4 ,! s\?w>d ext5sions ( ! =e/ are ma9ly 9 ! valleys & adjac5t to ! /reams1 :ile ! dri] /eppes betwe5 are op5 grass-l&s4 ,no conspicu\s *ange 9 ! topography ( ! l& or ( ! rocks or ! soil co9cides ) ! *ange f grass to =e/4 ,! diff]5ces 9 vegetation mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 climatic conditions1 & ma9ly 9 ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic *anges on ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,?r\gh\t practically ! :ole ( ! region occupi$ by ! sub>ctic =e/1 betwe5 ,hudson ,bay & ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! l& is l[ & ! valleys monoton\s4 ,_m lakes are pres5t1 sev]al ( !m ( l>ge size1 & ! riv]s are rem>kable = _! l5g?s1 l[ gradi5ts1 & l>ge volumes4 ,! subdu$ topography ( ! region "h consid]$1 & ! pres5ce ( va/ numb]s ( lakes & swamps1 is due 9 g5]al to ! influ5ce ( ! ice-%eets :i* =m]ly cov]$ x4 ,9 a m9or way ! pres5ce ( ! innum]able small lakes & swamps is ow+ to ! ob/ructions =m$ by gr[+ vegetation1 ! damm+ ( /reams by driftwood1 ! "w ( beav]s1 & possibly ! influ5ce ( subsoil ice4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,sub>ctic ,=e/ pla91 z already describ$1 occur ! desolate tracts kn[n 9 ,canada z ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 :i* =m a "p or m]ge into ! tundras bord]+ ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! ,great ,plateaus4--,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! prairie pla9s ( ! c5tral portion ( ! int]ior ,cont95tal bas9 & ! ,great plateaus 7,great pla9s7 bord]+ !m on ! we/ is usually indef9ite4 ,! prairies pass into ! m elevat$ & dri] plateaus by ins5sible gradations4 ,! plateaus rise gradually f ea/ to we/1 & along _! we/]n m>g91 adjac5t to ! ea/ base ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 atta9 a g5]al elevation ( f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet4 ,ov] va/ areas ^! monoton\s plateaus1 ) _! ev5 sky-l9es1 are high] above ! sea ?an ! cre/s ( ! ,appala*ians1 & along _! we/]n m>g9 9 _m localities ev5 surpass 9 elevation ! mo/ prom95t peaks 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accompany+ ?is increase 9 elevation f ea/ to we/ !re is a decrease 9 precipitation1 & 9 consequ5ce a m>k$ *ange 9 ! vegetation4 ,! plateaus1 l ! prairies1 are treeless 9 _! mo/ *>act]i/ic portions1 b ! l>g] riv]s w9d+ across !m are m>g9$ 9 _m in/ances by giant cottonwoods4 ,! m5tal picture t a travell] ov] ! broad plateaus reta9s 9 aft]-ye>s is ( a va/ treeless level tract ( c\ntry1 b\ndless z ! ocean1 :i* is bright gre5 & deck$ ) l[ly fl[]s 9 ! e>ly spr+1 b becomes yell[i% br[n z ! heat & dryness ( summ] increase & ! grasses lose _! fre%ness4 ,v>i\s portions ( ! plateaus1 h[ev]1 h _! own individuality & pres5t *>act]i/ics :i* make !m conspicu\sly diff]5t f o!r portions ( ! same great s]ies ( /eppes4 ,at ! s\?1 9 ! region ( ! ,rio ,gr&e & ( ! ,pecos & ,canadian ,riv]s1 ! plateau is dissect$ by /ream-cut valleys #a1jjj feet or m deep1 & f "o to two score miles across1 :i* divide x into a numb] ( individual table-l&s4 ,! plateau m>g9s = _m miles on ea* side ( ! l>g] riv]-valleys h be5 c>v$ by a complex sy/em ( second>y & usually ephem]al /reams into a great v>iety ( rock =ms ) deep tr5*es betwe54 ,^! conspicu\sly sculptur$ areas con/itute :at are commonly t]m$ ,bad ,l&s4 ,9 c]ta9 regions also ! surfaces ( ! plateaus1 m especially 9 ,nebraska & ,s\? ,dakota1 are broadly undulat+ or reveal a seem+ly endless succession ( ridges & hills sep>at$ by %all[ depressions1 due to ! pres5ce ( l>ge tracts ( drift+ s&4 ,9 spite ( ^! sev]al v>iations1 h[ev]1 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! plateau c\ntry are ! g5]ally level grass-cov]$ surfaces ext5d+ away 9 all directions f> beyond ! rea* ( vision4 ,on ! roll+ prairie "o c frequ5tly see ! undulat+ surface ab\t him = a di/ance ( #ae or #bj miles1 b ! curvature ( ! e>? usually draws /ill n>r[] limits to ! region )9 ! view ( ! pla9sman4 ,9 rid+ ov] ! pla9s ! sc5e *anges b little f day to day & f week to week4 ,monotony is ! "o ^w t be/ describes ! lives ( ^? ^: lot is ca/ on ^! broad featureless surfaces4 ,9 j\rney+ we/w>d across ! plateau ov] any "o ( ! transcont95tal railways a mom5t ( excitem5t occurs :5 ! ev5 l9e ( ! we/]n horizon is brok5 by ! summit ( a cl\d-l m\nta9-peak4 ,l& ho6 is no m ?rill+ to voyag]s on ! ocean ?an ! %\ts :i* fir/ made kn[n ! pres5ce ( a m\nta9-peak to ! b&s ( immigrants :o sl[ly voyag$ across ?is sea ( grass ) _! picturesque prairie s*oon]s previ\s to ! build+ ( ! railroads :i* n[ b9d toge!r ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,! ,great plateaus beg9 indef9itely to ! s\? ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 broad5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to a g5]al wid? ( ab\t #djj miles1 & ext5d f> nor?w>d into ,canada4 ,_! nor!rn limit has n z yet be5 det]m9$1 b is to be look$ = ne> ! head wat]s ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,! l5g? ( ! plateau c\ntry is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #b1jjj or #b1ejj miles1 & its av]age wid? ab\t #cjj miles4 ,an e/imate ( ! area ) a g5]ally plane surface & an elevation ( f #a1jjj to #f1jjj feet above ! sea places x at ab\t #gjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! ,great plateaus includes we/]n ,texas1 ,oklahoma1 ! c5tral & we/]n portions ( ,kansas & ,nebraska1 ! we/]n half ( ,s\? ,dakota1 we/]n ,nor? ,dakota1 we/]n ,ass9iboia1 & !nce ext5d nor?w>d s z to include portions ( ,saskat*ewan1 ,alb]ta1 & ,a?abasca4 ,on ! we/ ! plateau region includes ! ea/]n portions ( ,new ,mexico & ,colorado1 ext5ds f> into ,wyom+1 & embraces c5tral & ea/]n ,montana1 & !nce rea*es nor?w>d to ,mack5zie4 ,?is region ( ess5tially level plateaus1 ext5d+ z x does f ! hot l&s ( ea/]n ,mexico ne>ly to ! arctic circle1 pres5ts great div]sity ( climate & also well-m>k$ v>iations 9 ! second>y features ( its relief4 ,( necessity x ne$s to be subdivid$ = m detail$ /udy4 ,! riv]s fl[+ ea/w>d f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s h excavat$ valleys 9 ! plateau region1 & may be us$ z a basis = its subdivision4 ,?is has be5 done by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell = ! portion )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! t]ms ,pecos plateau1 ,arkansas plateau1 ,platte plateau1 & ,miss\ri plateau h be5 propos$2 ?is category may be ext5d$ especially to ! nor?w>d1 s z to include ! less well-kn[n ,saskat*ewan1 ,a?abasca1 ,peace1 & ,laird plateaus4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions is 9 reality a gr\p ( plateaus1 = ! reason t ! broad areas betwe5 ! ea/w>d-fl[+ riv]s are tr5*$ by lat]al /ream *annels tribut>y to ! ma9 wat]ways1 & ?us subdivid$ into small] units4 ,?is subdivision ( ! plateau region by /ream *annels leav+ flat-topp$ areas betwe5 !m makes "o in/ructive geographical process prom95t--t is1 ! great table-l& has be5 dissect$4 ,! dep?s ( ! *annels cut across x dep5d ma9ly on ! elevation ( ! l& & ! di/ance ! /reams h to travel to rea* ! sea2 b modify+ conditions are furni%$ by ! degree ( resi/ance ! rocks (f] to erosion1 ! am\nt ( precipitation1 etc4 ,if ! elevation is great1 ! /ream c cut deeply1 & leave bold second>y plateaus betwe5 !m2 if ! di/ance to ! sea is %ort1 o!r conditions be+ ! same1 ! /reams c cut m deeply ?an :5 _! c\rses are long2 if ! rocks are resi/ant1 !y are left 9 bold esc>pm5t bord]+ ! valleys & ! m>g9s ( ! second>y plateaus are well def9$1 b if !y are s(t & crumble easily1 _! debris is wa%$ & bl[n into ! riv]s1 & a g5]al l[]+ ( ! surface )\t ! =mation ( deep tr5*es is ! result4 ,^! & /ill o!r conditions h influ5c$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,great plateaus h be5 dissect$1 & are ( necessity to be consid]$ 9 a critical discussion ( ! hi/ory ( ! l& z record$ 9 its relief4 ,! ma9 reason = ! dissection ( ! region "u consid]ation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x is bord]$ on ! we/ by high m\nta9s :]e precipitation is abundant1 & ! /reams1 suppli$ l>gely by ! melt+ ( ! sn[ 9 summ]1 fl[ across a comp>atively ra9less c\ntry4 ,! /ream *annels 9 g5]al h be5 deep5$ at a m rapid rate ?an ! areas betwe5 !m h be5 l[]$ by erosion4 ,valleys runn+ ea/ & we/ h ?us be5 excavat$1 leav+ ! int]v5+ spaces z upl&s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 in/ances h be5 m9utely dissect$ by ! /reams orig9at+ on !m & suppli$ by local w9t] precipitation4 ,add$ to ^! g5]al conditions are diff]5ces 9 rock texture1 :i* h l$ to great v>iations 9 ! details due to erosions1 p>ticul>ly on ! valley bord]s4 ,"o o!r condition :i* has modifi$ ! hi/ory ( ! plateau region ?r\gh\t1 b mo/ decid$ly at ! nor?1 is ! climatic *ange :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,glacial epo*4 ,dur+ ! "t ref]r$ to ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,great plateaus situat$ 9 ,canada & ! adjac5t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 invad$ by glacial ice :i* spread an irregul> %eet ( detritus ov] ! c\ntry x occupi$4 ,decid$ *anges occurr$ also 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn portion ow+ to increas$ precipitation1 ! flood+ ( ! riv]s lead+ f ! melt+ ice-front1 & to movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ ( z yet undet]m9$ ext5t & amplitude4 ,x is app>5t to ! geograph] t mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! climatic *anges ( glacial & po/-glacial times is record$ 9 ! relief ( ! int]ior ,cont95tal bas9 to ! s\? ( ! limit rea*$ by ! ice & 9 ! t]races & alluvial deposits ( ! valleys1 b z yet = ! mo/ "p ?is int]e/+ /ory rema9s unread4 ,! mo/ deeply dissect$ portion ( ! ,great plateaus occurs 9 we/]n ,texas1 ea/]n ,new ,mexico1 & ,oklahoma4 ,9 t region ! riv]s hav+ _! s\rces 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & fl[+ to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico h excavat$ deep & wide valleys1 leav+ broad int]v5+ areas 9 bold relief4 ,! ,pecos ,riv] dra9s a l>ge "p ( ! m\nta9\s region 9 ea/]n ,new ,mexico1 & fl[s ?r\gh a valley ( its own mak+1 :i* is "s #cj or m miles broad & its bottom ab\t #a1bjj feet bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! plateau ly+ to ! ea/w>d4 ,! ,canadian ,riv] has excavat$ a simil> valley1 :i* is "s #dj miles broad ?r\gh\t mu* ( its c\rse1 & is bord]$ by bold rocky esc>pm5ts f #a1jjj to #a1bjj feet high1 9 :i* ! edges ( ! horizontal /rata und]ly+ ! adjac5t plateaus are expos$4 ,?is region ( l>ge & /rongly def9$ topographic features illu/rates 9 a rem>kable mann] ! nature ( ! "w p]=m$ by /reams :i* rise amid high m\nta9s & fl[ across a dry plateau /&+ well above sea-level4 ,el ,llano ,e/acado4--,a typical portion ( ! great plateau region left by deep dissection is furni%$ by ! table-l& nam$ by e>ly ,mexican explor]s ,el ,llano ,e/acado1 or ! ,/ak$ ,pla9s1 9 ref]5ce to ! fact t ow+ to ! monotony ( ! surface & ! sc>city ( wat] ! r\tes ( travel 7 at fir/ m>k$ by /akes4 ,?is region1 celebrat$ 9 ! traditions ( ! ,s\?we/ fronti]1 is describ$ by ,capta9 ,m>cy1 :o cross$ its ea/]n portion 9 #ahdi1 z be+ mu* elevat$ above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 v smoo? & level1 & spread+ out 9 e direction z f> z ! eye c p5etrate1 )\t a tree1 %rub1 or any o!r h]bage to int]cept ! vision4 ,! travell] 9 pass+ ov] x sees no?+ b "o dre>y & monoton\s pla9 ( b>r5 solitude4 ,x is an ocean ( des]t prairie1 :]e ! voice ( man is seldom he>d1 & :]e no liv+ be+ p]man5tly resides4 ,! almo/ total abs5ce ( wat] causes all animals to %un x2 ev5 ! ,indians d n v5ture to cross x1 except at two or ?ree po9ts1 :]e !y f9d a few small pools ( wat]4 ,z w be %[n bel[1 ! b>r5ness & desolation ( ?is arid tract is n s great z x seem$ to ^? :o fir/ invad$ its primeval solitude4 ,el ,llano ,e/acado1 or ! ,llano1 z x is frequ5tly t]m$1 is ab\t #ejj miles across f nor? to s\?1 & #bhj miles wide f ea/ to we/4 ,x is bord]$ on ne>ly all portions ( its p]iph]y by desc5d+ esc>pm5ts :i* lead d[n to ! adjac5t valleys4 ,its surface1 al?\gh appe>+ horizontal1 9 reality slopes ea/w>d at ! rate ( ab\t #bj feet p] mile1 & on its highe/1 nor?we/ bord]1 has an elevation ( #e1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,?is great table-l& has a smoo? floor1 &1 z report$ by rec5t explor]s1 is clo!d ) an abundance ( bun*-grass1 :i* =m]ly furni%$ su/5ance to h]ds ( antelope & de]4 ,x 0 9 ?is g5]al region also t "s ( ! imm5se h]ds ( buffalo :i* once inhabit$ ! broad plateaus f\nd a w9t] range4 ,! ,llano1 toge!r ) its s\?w>d ext5sion1 hav+ ! same *>act]i/ics & kn[n z ! ,edw>ds plateau1 is bord]$ on ! we/ by ! deep & broad valley ( ! s\?w>d-fl[+ ,pecos ,riv]1 & on ! nor? by ! equally deep & broad valley c>v$ 9 ! plateau c\ntry by ! ea/w>d-fl[+ ,canadian ,riv]4 ,! ea/w>d slope ( ! surfaces ( ! two plateaus is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! region bord]+ !m on ! ea/ all ! way to ! %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! /reams orig9at+ on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ea/w>d slop+ plateaus & fl[+ to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 repres5t$ at ! pres5t "t by ! ,colorado 7( ,texas71 ! ,brazos1 ,tr9ity1 & ,r$ ,riv]s1 ext5d$ _! trunks by head-wat] corrasion & develop$ num]\s bran*es s long z ! ra9fall 0 suffici5t to ma9ta9 a surface dra9age4 ,b z ! /reams 7 l5g!n$ !y cut f>!r & f>!r we/w>d & into a region t became dri] & dri]1 until f9ally !y rea*$ a l& 9 :i* all ( ! scanty ra9 t fell 0 absorb$ by ! ?ir/y soil4 ,! dra9age f ?is high] & dri] region is subt]ranean1 & rea*es ! head wat]s ( ! /reams to ! ea/w>d to a consid]able ext5t z spr+s4 ,! /reams :i* l[]$ ! c\ntry to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,llano develop$ _m bran*es1 "s ( :i* 7 ext5d$ we/w>d into ! dri] plateau c\ntry 9 su* a mann] z to give ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! rema9+ upl& a scallop$ & irregul> bord]4 ,9 travell+ we/w>d up ! c\rses ( ! riv]s ( ea/]n ,texas1 "o passes f a l[ region ( old topography to "o :]e ! head bran*es ( ! /reams fl[ 9 canyons1 & ! relief has ! rugg$ness ( y\?2 on ga9+ ! we/]n bord] ( ! belt ( c\ntry hav+ surface /reams "o asc5ds to ! smoo? surface ( ! high plateau1 :i* is "y z reg>ds /ream developm5t1 al?\gh 9 ye>s old] ?an ! c\ntry ) a deeply erod$ surface to ! ea/w>d4 ,! ,llano & ,edw>ds plateau pres5t u ) examples ( p]petuat$ topographic y\?fulness4 ,! ,llano1 al?\gh dread$ by e>ly explor]s & %unn$ s f> z possible ev5 by exp]i5c$ pla9sm51 on acc\nt ( a lack ( wat]1 has 9 rec5t ye>s become m fav\rably kn[n4 ,x is cross$ at pres5t by two railroads4 ,wat] has be5 f\nd b5ea? ! surface 9 num]\s localities1 & ! des]t-l region n[ bids fair to become a fav\rable cattle-rais+ c\ntry4 ,x is n to be expect$1 h[ev]1 t all ! gl[+ pr$ictions :i* h be5 publi%$ conc]n+ ?is & neighb\r+ table-l&s w be m ?an p>tially fulfill$ ?r\gh ! use ( ! subsurface wat]s4 ,! ,arkansas ,plateau4--,to ! nor? ( ! ,canadian ,riv] ! region t]m$ above ! ,great plateaus is less deeply dissect$ ?an 9 ! portion ( :i* ! ,llano is typical1 & ! /reams f ! m\nta9s fl[ ?r\gh %all[ valleys ) less rugg$ & less picturesque bord]s ?an ^? ( ! deep wide valleys ( we/]n ,texas & ea/]n ,new ,mexico4 ,! broad plateau surfaces adjac5t to ! valleys ( ! ,arkansas & ,platte ,riv]s probably come ne>] to ! popul> idea ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! ,great pla9s ?an any o!r ( ! l>g] divisions ( ! region "u review4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s geographic features ( ! ,arkansas plateau h be5 describ$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,johnson z consi/+ ( an assemblage ( l[ & broad table-l&s sep>at$ by %all[ erosion valleys4 ,! plateaus are imm5se unsculptur$ remnants 9 light relief ( an old] & orig9ally p]fect pla94 ,! few long & feeble /reams1 wide ap>t & fl[+ ea/w>d f ! di/ant m\nta9s 9 p>allel c\rses & )\t tribut>ies1 h block$ out by dissection ! l>g] features ( ! broad l&scape :i* 9 future ages w be sl[ly et*$ into a multitude ( details4 ,! sc5]y ( ^! featureless pla9s is ord9>ily depress+ :5 once ! novelty ( be+ adrift on a sea ( grass has pass$ away4 ,!re is no?+ t c be t]m$ sc5]y except t :i* once a ye> = a brief p]iod ! sky af=ds :5 cl\ds ( extraord9>y gr&eur d>k5 ! air4 ,?r\gh\t ne>ly ! entire annual c\rse !re is no mat]ial = l&scape effect except ! /raight l9e ( ! horizon ) a featureless bread? ( sun-fad$ br[n bel[ x & above a m]ely broad] space ( fad$ blue4 ,!re is n[h]e a curv$ l9e1 & ?\gh z a sci5tific fact !re is va/ expanse ( flat pla91 !re is little to sugge/ x :5 ! sky is empty ( cl\ds4 ,9 ,june ! cl\ds come ) a gradual matur+ at "s po9t along ! ev5 sky-l9e1 & increase rapidly until ! heav5s are fill$ ) magnific5t vap\r banks2 b ! display is simply spectacul>1 & passes away 9 a few h\rs z quickly z x came1 ) only local %[]s to refre% ! l&4 ,! "o indu/ry t c ?rive on ! ,arkansas plateau1 :i* 0 =m]ly at c]ta9 seasons black5$ by h]ds ( bison1 is /ock-rais+4 ,wells f :i* wat] is pump$ by w9dmills furni% suffici5t wat] = h]ds ( cattle & horses1 b n = irrigation4 ,bad ,l&s4--,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,great plateaus )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! surface rocks ov] great areas are s(t or b irregul>ly h>d5$ s$im5ts ( anci5t lakes & /reams & h be5 sculptur$ by ra91 w9d1 & ephem]al rills into a mo/ m>vell\s array ( monum5tal & ca/ellat$ =ms4 ,localities :]e ?is m9ute dissection ( ! s(t horizontal /rata is especially well m>k$ ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles occur 9 ,s\? ,dakota & ,montana1 & especially on ! bord]s ( ! valleys c>v$ by ! ,l\p ,=k1 ,niobr>a1 ,:ite1 ,yell[/one1 & ,miss\ri ,riv]s4 ,9 ?is region ! ra9fall is light1 ! mean annual precipitation be+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #ae in*es1 & occurs mo/ly dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 ! summ] season ! l&s f> out on ! plateaus are dry & hot1 & all b ! l>g] /reams disappe>4 ,! rocks1 consi/+ mo/ly ( unconsolidat$ clays & s(t s&/ones1 ) occasional h>d lay]s & irregul> concretions1 h be5 cut into innum]able *annels1 leav+ /eep-sid$ remnants ( ! =m] pla9 betwe54 ,! maze ( tr5*-l valleys1 ! simil>ity ( ! sculptur$ l&-=ms "o to ano!r1 & ! abs5ce ( wat]1 make ^! des]t regions excessively difficult to trav]se4 ,! ,canadian-,fr5* :o explor$ ! nor?-c5tral portion ( ! ,great plateaus 9 e>ly days ( ,am]ican settlem5t t]m$ ^! tracts ( c\ntry1 s difficult to cross1 ,mauvaises ,t]res1 a "n n[ seldom us$1 b replac$ by ! ,engli% "n ,bad ,l&s4 ,al?\gh bad to ! hunt] & ! pla9sman1 ^! des]t regions are ( fasc9at+ int]e/ to m5 ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,! int5se heat1 ! *ok+ alkal9e du/1 ! abs5ce ( wat]1 & ! dang] ( be+ lo/ & ( p]i%+ ( ?ir/ 9 ^! wild sil5t regions1 h n *eck$ ! ard\r ( explor]s4 ,n only d ! ,bad ,l&s pres5t a mo/ attractive field to ! /ud5t ( erosion & ( ! orig9 ( e>? =ms1 b _! dea?like solitudes h be5 made to yield ! mo/ wond]ful procession ( /range ext9ct animals yet une>!d by geologi/s4 ,!y are va/ cemet]ies 9 :i* are int]r$ ! skeletons ( _m g5]a & hundr$s ( species ( animals :i* liv$ 9 ! anci5t lakes or w&]$ ?r\gh ! almo/ tropical =e/ t 9 di/ant ages clo!d ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,! great lesson to be le>n$ by ! geograph] 9 ^! un9vit+ regions z !y seem to mo/ p relates to ! way 9 :i* ! rocks h be5 erod$4 ,! prevail+ s(tness ( ! b$s ) occasional h>d lay]s1 ! sc>city ( vegetation1 ! occasional heavy ra9s1 & ! consid]able height ( ! c\ntry above ! ma/] /reams comb9e to fav\r rapid & deep sculptur+4 ,! precipit\s slopes ( ! small mesas & ca/le-l rock =ms de/itute ( all vegetation except+ succul5t cacti & scatt]$ clumps ( bun*-grass1 reveal a multitude ( sunk5 l9es & rais$ edges1 produc$ by ! ephem]al /reams1 & a less complex s]ies ( horizontal l$ges due to ! prom95t edges ( h>d lay]s4 ,! /eep slopes are worn into alcoves & irregul> recesses by ! transi5t rills1 & smoo!d or et*$ by ! w9d-driv5 s&s4 ,! result is an assemblage ( ar*itectural =ms su* z only ! mo/ fanta/ic dream pictures or ! /range tricks ( ! mirage on nor!rn ice-fields c simulate4 ,nor are ! wond]fully intricate topographical =ms ! sole attraction4 ,! rocks are v>i\sly col\r$1 & pres5t endless comb9ations ( yell[1 r$1 gre51 purple1 etc41 9 _m t9ts & %ades1 r5d]$ seem+ly brilliant by contra/ ) ! gray ( %ales & ! blackness ( occasional coal-seams4 ,ow+ to ! burn+ ( coal-b$s1 ! rocks are sometimes alt]$ ov] broad areas & giv5 unusually /rik+ col\rs1 among :i* v>i\s %ades ( r$ pr$om9ate4 ,/&+ on "s comm&+ crag 9 ! ,bad ,l&s 9 ! e>ly morn+ or :5 ! purple %ad[s ( ev5+ fill ! gorges & rav9es1 ! mo/ unimag9ative travell] sees 9 ! sil5ce ab\t him ! ru9s ( a va/ city1 ) ca!drals1 temples1 & palaces ( v>i$ col\rs & weird designs su* z no mortal h& ev] fa%ion$4 ,x is at su* times t ! picturesque & gorge\s1 al?\gh desolate1 l&scape k9dles ! fancy & sugge/s day dreams :i* di/ract "o's att5tion f ! m prosaic /udy ( ^! e>? ru9s4 ,! be/ develop$ portions ( ! /range region "h ref]r$ to occur on ! bord]s ( ! upl&s ov]look+ ! l>g] valleys1 excavat$ by ! riv]s fl[+ ea/w>d f ! m\nta9s1 & are simply l>g] examples ( erosion1 su* z may be se5 9 _m bluffs & valley-sides 9 ne>ly e c\ntry1 b r5d]$ conspicu\s by _! size1 ext5t1 endless v>iety1 & unusual col\rs4 ,s&-,hills4--,! s&s w9n[$ by ! w9ds f ! b>e pla9s & /eep bluffs are 9 c]ta9 places on ! ,great plateaus ga!r$ into dunes :i* cov] great areas ) a succession ( l[ dome-%ap$ hills4 ,on ! bord]s ( ! ,niobr>a ,riv] !re is a deta*$ area ( ab\t #bj1jjj squ>e miles1 :i* has be5 cov]$ 9 ?is mann] ) loose s&s4 ,?is region1 z describ$ by ,f4 ,v4 ,hayd51 pres5ts a succession ( r\nd-topp$ hills1 "s ( !m scoop$ out by ! swirl+ w9ds s z to resemble volcanic crat]s4 ,^! s&-hills 7 =m]ly a fav\rite resort ( ! bison1 :i* f$ ^u ! scanty b v nutriti\s grasses 9 ! little valleys & int]vals among ! m\nds & ridges4 ,!re is1 = ! mo/ "p1 an abundant supply ( wat] 9 ! lakelets scatt]$ ?r\gh ! region1 & f$ by ! seepage f ! por\s s&s1 :i* dr9k 9 all ! wat] t falls ^u !m & all[ x to p]colate sl[ly into ! adjac5t depressions4 ,"s ( ! lakelets & ponds are highly alkal9e1 :ile o!rs are fre%2 ! =m] c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! latt] by ! abs5ce ( vegetation ab\t _! bord]s4 ,! hills1 al?\gh seem+ly utt]ly desolate1 on a ne>] view sometimes reveal consid]able vegetation1 includ+ yuccas or ,spani% ne$les1 :i* %elt] ! s&s f ! w9ds4 ,_m o!r regions on ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,great plateaus1 9 ! valleys ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & on ! des]t pla9s ( ,utah1 ,nevada1 & ,cali=nia1 are buri$ b5ea? drift+ s&s1 :i* h ! *>act]i/ic features ( a dune-cov]$ seacoa/4 ,! s\rces ( ! s&s 9 ^! int]ior pla9s are usually to be f\nd 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks "u ! action ( ! dry air ) its _m & sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 b occasionally !y come f desiccat$ lake b$s n yet clo!d ) vegetation4 ,c5tral ,portion ( ! ,great ,plateaus4--,! ,/ate ( ,nebraska1 ab\t #djj miles 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/1 & ext5d+ across ! ,great plateaus to )9 "s #fj miles ( ! m\nta9s bord]+ !m on ! we/1 furni%es a typical example ( ! we/-c5tral portion ( ! int]ior ,cont95tal bas94 ,z describ$ by ,hayd51 ?is ,/ate may be divid$ into two portions1 "o agricultural & ! o!r pa/oral4 ,! ea/]n "p1 includ$ 9 ! ,prairie pla9s1 conta9s "s ( ! mo/ beautiful1 g5tly roll+1 & f]tile agricultural l&s 9 ,am]ica4 ,b ! we/]n "p is a treeless1 almo/ wat]less pla92 yet ?ick1 l[1 sweet1 nutriti\s grasses cov] ! entire surface1 & r5d] x well adapt$ = ! rais+ ( l>ge numb]s ( horses1 cattle1 & %eep4 ,ov] we/]n ,nebraska n m ?an #ae or #bj in*es ( moi/ure fall annually2 ! sn[s ( w9t] are v light & soon pass away1 ! w9ds rapidly ga!r+ !m into ! valleys & gorges1 leav+ va/ areas entirely b>e4 ,! grasses1 in/ead ( decay+1 z 9 all temp]ate c\ntries ) a humid climate1 sl[ly )]1 reta9+ all _! nutriti\s qualities1 & ?us cont9ue until ,april or ,may1 :5 ! fre% %oots spr+ up1 s t all k9ds ( /ock ?rive ?r\gh\t ! w9t] on ! op5 pla9s )\t artificial %elt]4 ,9 ?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ! au?or cit$ fails to note t ! w9t]s are frequ5tly m>k$ by exce$+ly sev]e /orms t]m$ blizz>ds1 dur+ :i* gales bl[ :ile ! temp]ature is f> bel[ freez+1 & t at su* times cattle h be5 kn[n to p]i% by ?\s&s4 ,9 late summ] & autumn ! /reams 9 ?is portion ( ! plateau region = ! mo/ "p become dry1 al?\gh wat] may usually be discov]$ at long int]vals 9 pools 9 _! b$s4 ,9 asc5d+ ! valleys ! wat] appe>s & disappe>s z if by magic4 ,"h "o f9ds a swift-runn+ /ream sev]al y>ds broad1 & !n = a consid]able di/ance no?+ is to be se5 b a dry & du/y creek b$1 resembl+ a sunk5 roadway4 ,ev5 ! broad ,platte has s f> =gott5 itself = sev]al seasons z to cease to be a runn+ /ream4 ,x is n uncommon = a riv] orig9at+ 9 ! m\nta9s on ! we/ to be consid]ably l>g] t[>ds its s\rce ?an ne> its m\?4 ,_m ( ! important /reams t fl[ f ! ,black ,hills t[>ds ! ,miss\ri are lo/ on _! way ?r\gh ! pla9s4 ,! ,yell[/one & ! ,miss\ri1 ! two mo/ important riv]s cross+ ! ,great plateaus 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 reta9 _! exi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 al?\gh becom+ greatly %runk5 9 autumn1 & s5d ea/w>d a nev]-ceas+ tribute to ! ,mississippi4 ,nor!rn ,ext5sion ( ! ,great ,plateaus4--,! ,great plateaus cross ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y & ext5d nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ! we/]n portion ( ,ass9iboia & ,saskat*ewan1 & embrace ne>ly ! :ole ( ,alb]ta & we/]n ,a?abasca4 ,at ! int]national b\nd>y ! plateau region is ab\t #dgj miles broad1 & ext5ds f longitude #ajc deg4 #cj' we/w>d to ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ?is region embraces :at is frequ5tly t]m$ ! ?ird prairie /eppe1 kn[n 9 "p z ! ,miss\ri ,coteau4 ,! ea/ bord] ( ?is high plateau ?r\gh\t mu* ( its ext5t is well m>k$ by an esc>pm5t :i* desc5ds "s #cjj or #djj feet to ! second prairie /eppe1 :i* toge!r ) ! fir/ or mo/ ea/]ly ( ! s]ies1 embrac+ ! ,r$ ,riv] ,valley1 is usually consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,prairie pla9s4 ,! ?ird /eppe 9 ! s]ies1 or ! "o ext5d+ f ! ,r$ ,riv] to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 has an elevation along its ea/]n bord] ( ab\t #b1jjj feet1 rises gradually to ! we/w>d1 & atta9s a g5]al elevation ( ov] #d1jjj feet on its we/]n bord]4 ,all ( ! region ( ! ,great plateaus nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 ) ! exception ( ab\t #bj1jjj squ>e miles tribut>y to ! ,miss\ri1 is dra9$ by riv]s fl[+ ea/w>d to ,hudson ,bay or nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,x is ?us a portion ( ! nor!rn or arctic slope ( ! ,cont95tal bas94 ,! ea/]n bord] ( ! plateau c\ntry tr5ds nor?we/w>d1 & f9ally rea*es ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! head wat]s ( ! ,mack5zie1 b z ?is region is b imp]fectly explor$1 our k ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! natural division ( ! cont95t we h be5 endeav\r+ to trace !re becomes indef9ite4 ,! ,great plateaus 9 ,canada m]ge into ! ,prairie pla9s bord]+ !m on ! ea/1 & 9 l>ge "p ! position ( ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two is arbitr>y4 ,! portion ( ! ,great plateaus 9 ,canada1 l ! simil> region to ! s\?1 is cov]$ ) bun*-grass1 :i* dries z x /&s & =ms highly nutriti\s self-cur$ hay4 ,=m]ly ?is region 0 ! w9t] fe$+-gr\nd = va/ h]ds ( bison4 ,! w9t]s1 al?\gh cold1 are n *>act]iz$ by a heavy sn[fall1 & ev5 9 midw9t] ! w>m dry *9ook w9ds1 z !y are t]m$1 simil> to ! foehn w9ds ( ,switz]l&1 frequ5tly cause ! sn[ to disappe> & leave ! br[n plateau surfaces free = graz+4 ,n[ t ! bison has disappe>$1 ?is imm5se region is fav\rable 9 _m ways = /ock-rais+1 b1 unlike ! l[] prairies to ! ea/ ) _! ri* black soil & long hot summ]s1 is n suitable = agriculture4 ,! ma9 difficulties 9 ! way ( successful f>m+ lie 9 ! dryness ( ! summ]s1 & ! sc>city ( wat] available = irrigation4 ,! riv]s fl[ 9 valleys sev]al hundr$ feet bel[ ! g5]al plateau surfaces1 & h5ce _c be made available = irrigat+ ! upl&s )\t too great an exp5se4 ,9 ! bottoms ( ! valleys1 h[ev]1 adjac5t to ! /ream1 limit$ areas are n[ "u cultivation1 & x is to be expect$ t ! :eat-fields ( ! prairie region w be gradually ext5d$ into ! valley to ! we/w>d1 & p]haps ev5 to ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! plateaus4 ,a great] ext5sion ( ! :eat-belt to ! nor? & we/ ?an is n[ ?\ght practicable has be5 pr$ict$1 b :at ! ultimate limit w be _c be told4 ,! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota4--,z /at$ 9 ! brief acc\nt already giv5 ( ! ,prairie pla9s1 _! monotony ( surface & ( geological /ructure is brok5 by a s+le area ( di/urbance t]m$ ! ,oz>k uplift4 ,simil>ly1 ! va/ g5]ally level expanse ( ! ,great plateaus is brok5 by a s+le rudely circul> region ( elevation1 ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota1 :i* has be5 sculptur$ by atmosph]ic ag5cies & giv5 a div]sifi$ topography1 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! ev5 monotony ( ! c\ntry surr\nd+ x4 ,?is protub]ance on ! surface ( ! ,great plateaus is situat$ 9 ! s\?we/ portion ( ,s\? ,dakota1 & embraces also a "p ( ,wyom+1 & ab\t #adj miles ea/ ( ! ne>e/ range--! ,big ,horn ,m\nta9s--( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 *a94 ,x rises f ! surr\nd+ plateau to a height on an av]age ( ab\t #b1jjj to #b1ejj feet2 ! highe/ summit1 ,h>ney ,peak1 is #c1jjj feet above ! pla91 & #g1baf feet above ! sea4 ,! uplift is elliptical 9 gr\nd plan1 ) a nor?we/ & s\!a/ axis measur+ ab\t #abj miles1 & a transv]se diamet] ( #dj to #ej miles4 ,its area is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #f1jjj squ>e miles4 ,:ile ! g5]ally level plateau surface ab\t ! ,black ,hills is treeless1 except = ! scatt]$ groves ( wide-spread+ cottonwoods along ! imm$iate banks ( ! l>g] /reams1 ! c5tral & high] portions ( ! elevation itself is clo!d ) an op5 b abundant =e/1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( p9es4 ,! ev]gre5 =e/s give to ! hills a ne>ly black col\r :5 se5 f a di/ance1 & h ga9$ = !m ! "n !y be>4 ,! rocks :i* h be5 =c$ upw>d s z to =m ! ,black ,hills dome 7 previ\sly l ^? 9 ! surr\nd+ pla91 q horizontal1 & _h a v]tical ?ickness ( at lea/ #e1jjj feet4 ,! uplift1 if un]od$1 w\ld rise f ! surr\nd+ pla9 z a flat-topp$ dome ab\t #f1fjj feet high1 z is sugge/$ by ! highe/ dott$ l9e 9 ! foll[+ diagram4 ,9 reality su* a dome nev] exi/$1 = ! reason t its gr[? 0 sl[1 & p]haps is n complet$ ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & z soon z ! rocks began to rise1 ! ra91 w9d1 /reams1 etc41 comm5c$ _! task ( de/ruction4 ,! high] ! rocks 7 elevat$ ! m p[]fully ^? ag5cies act$4 ,! top ( ! dome 0 soon brok5 & its int]nal /ructure reveal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,ideal ea/-&-we/ section ?r\gh ! ,black ,hills4 ,! v]tical scale is ab\t six times ! horizontal4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! portion ( ! uplift remov$ by erosion4 ,aft] ,h5ry ,newton4 #a4 ,ar*ean slates & s*i/s4 #b4 ,granite4 #c4 ,potsdam1 s&/one1 re/+ uncon=mably on #a & #b4 #d4 ,c>bonif]\s1 mo/ly lime/one4 #e4 ,r$ ,b$s 7,trias71 s&/one ) includ$ lime/one4 #f4 ,jura1 %ales4 #g4 ,cretace\s1 %ales4 #h4 ,:ite ,riv] ,t]ti>y1 %ales1 re/+ uncon=mably on #g4 ,by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ g5]aliz$ section ?r\gh ! ,black ,hills1 :i* z ! uplift is rudely circul> w\ld be ess5tially ! same if tak5 9 any direction ?r\gh ! elevat$ region1 x w be se5 t !re is a c5tral core ( slate1 s*i/s1 & granite :i* has be5 =c$ upw>d s z to /& 9 its pres5t erod$ condition2 x rises well above ! surface ( ! adjac5t plateau4 ,ab\t ?is c5tral core ! upturn$ edges ( ! s$im5t>y rocks =m conc5tric zones1 ! olde/ 9 ! s]ies be+ next ! s*i/s1 & ! y\nge/ #aj to #dj or #ej miles di/ant4 ,x is ! pres5ce 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! hills ( an area ( resi/ant cry/all9e rocks :i* h wea!r$ into rugg$ =ms1 & ! s]ies ( encircl+ & conc5tric belts ( rock ( v>y+ degrees ( h>dness & solubility1 t has giv5 to ! uplift its pres5t peculi> relief & its g5]ally beautiful sc5]y4 ,! edges ( ! h>d] belts =m bold hills & ridges1 :ile ! s(t] belts h be5 erod$ into valleys4 ,?is s]ies ( %>p-cre/$ ridges & int]v5+ valleys =ms conc5tric circles completely surr\nd+ ! c5tral gr\p ( rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+ ( ! r+-l valleys is und]laid by r$ s&/one1 & is rem>kable = its flam+ col\r z well z = its exceptional =m4 ,9 ?is ,r$ ,valley "o may ride entirely ar\nd ! rugg$ c5tral mass ( ! hills1 on a g5]ally level surface1 :i* is inclos$ on its out] bord] by a precipit\s wall ( yell[i% s&/one & %ale #cjj or #djj feet high4 ,! di/ance ab\t ?is race-c\rse1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 is ab\t #bjj miles4 ,?is s]ies ( conc5tric ridges & int]v5+ valleys1 surr\nd+ a high & rugg$ region ( m resi/ant rock1 furni% an admirable illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( rock texture1 h>dness1 etc41 on topography4 ,ano!r in/ructive geographical lesson af=d$ by ! ,black ,hills is ! mann] 9 :i* ! portion ( ! dome ris+ above ! level ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ across ! surr\nd+ pla9 has be5 dissect$ by /ream erosion4 ,! /reams orig9at+ 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! uplift fl[$ outw>d 9 all directions1 & h cut deep n>r[ gorges ?r\gh ! ridges ( h>d rock 9 ! base ( ! truncat$ dome4 ,"s #bj /reams orig9at+ 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! uplift cross ,r$ ,valley & escape ?r\gh not*es 9 its out] wall1 ab\t #af ( :i* are well-def9$ gateways lead+ to ! encircl+ plateau4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ in/ructive examples ( consequ5t dra9age--t is1 ( /reams ^: direction has be5 det]m9$ by ! incl9ation ( ! surface ov] :i* !y fl[--?us f> discov]$4 ,/ill ano!r feature ( mu* geographical int]e/ is furni%$ by ! riv]s on ! adjac5t pla91 two ( :i*1 bran*es ( ! ,*ey5ne ,riv]1 cross ! nor? & s\? ext5sions1 respectively1 ( ! ,black ,hills dome4 ,^! /reams fl[ directly across ! ar*$ /rata1 9 canyons ( _! own mak+1 &1 z expla9$ by ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 are illu/rations ( sup]impos$ dra9age--t is1 ! portions ( ! dome cross$ by ! bran*es ( ! ,*ey5ne aft] ! rocks 7 upheav$ 7 cov]$ by s(t horizontal lake b$s1 ov] :i* ! wat] fl[$ z consequ5t /reams4 ,! riv]s deep5$ _! *annels & cut ?r\gh ! s(t cov] ( horizontal rock & into ! ar*$ b$s b5ea?4 ,! c\rse ( ! /reams initiat$ on ! cov]+ ( s(t b$s 7 ma9ta9$1 z ! fl[+ wat] *>g$ ) s& cut d[nw>d into ! h>d]1 upturn$ b$s b5ea?1 & n[1 ! cov]+ ( s(t b$s hav+ be5 erod$ away1 ! riv]s fl[ directly across 7or ?r\gh7 ! flanks ( ! great ar*1 b are n deflect$ by x4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,black ,hills1 & especially ab\t _! nor!rn & nor?we/]n bord]1 !re are second>y hills =m$ by ! upw>d protrusion ( molt5 rocks into ! g5]ally horizontally /ratifi$ rocks und]ly+ ! plateau4 ,^! intrusions did n rea* ! surface 9 su* a way z to =m volcanoes1 b 7 =c$ upw>d1 rais+ domes above !m1 9 :i* ! /ructure is simil> to t 9 ! great ,black ,hills dome4 ,^! second>y domes h be5 eat5 away by erosive ag5cies 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,9 "s ( !m1 z ! ,little ,sundance ,hill1 ne> ! t[n ( ,sundance1 ,wyom+1 ! dome ( /ratifi$ rock is unbrok51 & no igne\s rock is to be se52 o!r neighb\r+ domes 9 :i* ! plutonic magmas rose high] h be5 erod$ s z to expose ! summit portion ( ! inn] core2 & 9 "o in/ance1 kn[n z ,mato ,tepee1 ! uncov]+ ( ! plug ( plutonic rock :i* caus$ ! uplift is s complete t x n[ =ms a prom95t flut$ column ov] #fjj feet high above its imm$iate base4 ,volcanic ,m\nta9s & ,table-,l&s4--,9 ! s\?-c5tral portion ( ! ,great plateaus 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado & ea/]n ,new ,mexico1 !re are sev]al typical c9d] cones ) lava-fl[s associat$ ) !m1 :i* imp>t novel topographic =ms to ! g5]al monotony ( ! broad plateau surfaces4 ,! highe/ ( ! ext9ct volcanoes 9 ?is region is ,m\nt ,capul91 situat$ 9 nor!a/]n ,new ,mexico1 ab\t #bjj miles ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* rises #b1gej feet above ! surr\nd+ pla91 & has an elevation ( ab\t #i1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,at ! summit ( ?is conical mass !re is a well-def9$ crat] a mile 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! same region !re are sev]al o!r simil> volcanic cones1 f :i* lava /reams h desc5d$4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out by ,r4 ,t4 ,hill1 ^! are ! mo/ ea/]ly volcanoes ( rec5t geological age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 =m$ aft] ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ! ,llano 7 laid d[n4 ,! ,raton ,mesa1 situat$ betwe5 ,m\nt ,capul9 & ! front range ( ! ,rockies1 is capp$ by a lava fl[ ( m anci5t date ?an ! volcanoes j ref]r$ to1 :i* has protect$ ! s(t] rocks b5ea? f erosion1 & n[ /&s z a prom95t table-l& ) precipit\s bord]s4 ,,! ,,pacific ,,m\nta9s ,to ! we/ ( ! ,cont95tal bas9 is a va/ cordill]a compos$ ( num]\s m\nta9 *a9s :i* ext5ds f s\?-c5tral ,mexico nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & 9 its broade/ "p is ab\t #a1jjj miles wide4 ,z already expla9$1 we speak ( ?is region 9 its entirety z ! ,pacific cordill]a1 or less te*nically z ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,x is a highly complex gr\p ( m\nta9 *a9s1 ea* ( :i* conta9s two or m di/9ct m\nta9 sy/ems2 ea* sy/em1 aga91 is usually compos$ ( _m ranges1 & ea* range is frequ5tly made up ( a multitude ( ridges1 peaks1 buttes1 mesas1 etc42 !re are also _m plateaus m or less completely dissect$ by erosion1 & broad valleys1 z well z num]\s canyons1 gul*es1 rav9es1 arroyas1 & o!r second>y topographic =ms4 ,?is va/ cordill]a n only conta9s m\nta9s produc$ by ! fold+ ( ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/1 9 a g5]al way simil> to ! ,appala*ians 9 /ructure1 b also upturn$ blocks _m miles 9 ext5t1 b\nd$ by breaks or faults1 & volcanic m\nta9s1 va/ lava-fl[s1 & elevations due to ! injection ( molt5 rock into ! e>?'s cru/s s z to elevate domes4 ,9 fact1 sc>cely any topographic =m & no important geological /ructure t is kn[n is lack+ 9 ?is great family ( m\nta9s :i* dom9ates ! we/]n portion ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,pacific m\nta9s beg9 abruptly at ! s\?1 along a g5]ally ea/ & we/ l9e pass+ "s #ge miles s\? ( ! ,city ( ,mexico1 :]e ! precipit\s bord] ( ! table-l& ( c5tral ,mexico ov]looks a l[] region to ! s\? :i* is div]sifi$ by _m volcanic m\nta9s4 ,b little accurate in=mation is available conc]n+ ! geology & geography ( ,mexico1 b 9 g5]al1 z is well kn[n1 !re are ?ree ma9 m\nta9 belts :i* trav]se t republic4 ,"o ( ^! m\nta9 belts is adjac5t to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ano!r is situat$ ne> ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ma9 portion ( ! republic1 :ile ! ?ird =ms ! rugg$ & irregul> axis ( ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,betwe5 ! lead+ m\nta9 belts ( ! ma9l& !re are num]\s %ort ranges & _m ne>ly level-floor$ valleys4 ,! g5]al level ( ?is inl& region is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #f1jjj feet1 :ile ! m prom95t peaks & cre/s atta9 elevations ( f #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj feet4 ,! g5]al tr5d ( ! ma9 m\nta9 belts1 & ( ! num]\s subord9ate ranges1 is ab\t nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,= ?is reason1 & also because ! valleys h become deeply fill$ ) debris f ! m\nta9s1 travell+ 9 directions lead+ nor? & s\? is facilitat$ by ! topography1 :ile 9 pass+ f "o coa/ ( ! republic to ! o!r ! rugg$ bord]+ m\nta9 belts h to be cross$ & det\rs made 9 ord] to pass ar\nd ! c5tral m\nta9 ranges4 ,! m elevat$ portion ( c5tral & nor!rn ,mexico1 toge!r ) ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 has an arid climate1 to :i* _m ( ! conspicu\s features 9 ! geography ( ! l& are due4 ,! precipitation ov] l>ge areas is insuffici5t to ma9ta9 p]man5t /reams1 ! vegetation is ne>ly all ( a des]t-l "*1 & sev]al bas9s exi/ :i* d n dra9 to ! sea4 ,9 ! int]ior bas9s !re are sal9e & alkal9e lakes1 & num]\s dry lake b$s or playas1 :i* are :it5$ by sal9e effloresc5ces4 ,! rocks expos$ 9 ! m\nta9s are l>gely ( s$im5t>y orig91 b a *>act]i/ic feature is ! geology1 especially to ! we/1 9 ! pres5ce ( ext5sive volcanic areas & l(ty m\nta9s ( igne\s rocks4 ,! ,pacific cordill]a beg9s 9 s\!rn ,mexico ) a wid? ( "s #cjj miles & broad5s :5 trac$ nor?w>d4 ,at ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,mexico & ! ,unit$ ,/ates x has a wid? ( fully #gjj miles1 b rea*es its greate/ bread? 9 ! latitude ( ,san ,francisco & ,d5v]1 :]e x is ab\t #a1jjj miles across4 ,9 its bett] kn[n1 b z yet incompletely /udi$ portion embrac$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are sev]al important subdivisions1 su* z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt on ! ea/2 a less l(ty1 b yet rugg$ c5tral region1 t]m$ ! ,great ,bas91 *>act]iz$ by hav+ a dry climate & by ! fact t ! /reams d n rea* ! ocean2 & a we/]n m\nta9 *a9 :i* includes ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,ranges4 ,to ! we/ ( ! m\nta9s j nam$ lies ! great valley ( ,cali=nia1 & simil> regions 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton occupi$ 9 "p by ,puget ,s\nd4 ,to ! we/1 aga91 are ! sev]al ranges bord]+ ! ,pacific coa/ f ,l[] ,cali=nia to ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 & t]m$ 9 a g5]al way ! coa/ m\nta9s4 ,ea* ( ! great divisions ( ! ,pacific m\nta9 region has its indef9itely kn[n s\!rn t]m9us 9 ,mexico1 & ext5ds nor?w>d to beyond ! ,canadian b\nd>y4 ,z ?is c5tral portion ( ! mo/ we/]ly ( ! l>g] geographical divisions ( ! cont95t is well develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & has !re be5 m c>efully explor$ ?an else:]e1 a review ( its lead+ features w s]ve to give z good an idea ( ! entire ,pacific m\nta9 region z is n[ practicable4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4--,! limitations to ! nor? & s\? ( ! region to :i* ?is "n is m or less specifically appli$ are n well def9$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ accurate /atem5t at pres5t p]missible is t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s beg9 at ! s\?1 9 nor!rn ,mexico1 & ext5d nor?w>d across ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada to ne> ! %ore ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,on ! ea/ x is %>ply def9$ by its junction ) ! ,great plateaus4 ,its we/]n bord]1 al?\gh less def9ite ?an ! ea/]n1 is easily trac$1 at lea/ across ! great] portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! m>k$ contra/ x pres5ts to ! geographical conditions *>act]i/ic ( ! ,great ,bas9 region1 b ow+ to ! _m difficulties met ) 9 attempt+ to adju/ & make use ( ! curr5t nom5clature 9 classify+ geographical regions m or less artificial b\nd>ies h to be accept$4 ,! ,great ,bas9 is s designat$ because x is a region ( int]ior dra9age--t is1 x does n s5d any tribute to ! sea4 ,its b\nd>ies are !re=e ! cre/-l9es ( ! surr\nd+ divides or wat]-p>t+s4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 on ! o!r h&1 are def9$ z an elevat$ region1 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* are det]m9$ by relief & n by dra9age4 ,! basis ( classification 9 ^! two in/ances is n ! same1 & "o prov9ce ov]laps ! o!r4 ,! /reams fl[+ we/w>d f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s into ! ,great ,bas9--su*1 = example1 z ,be>1 ,provo1 & ,sevi] ,riv]s 9 ,utah--h _! s\rces well )9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 prov9ce z def9$ by uplift1 b yet lie :olly )9 ! ,great ,bas9 prov9ce z def9$ by dra9age4 ,9 spite ( ?is inconsi/5cy1 geograph]s recognise z ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ! irregul> & 9 "p indef9ite l9e :]e ! elevat$ region breaks d[n & meets ! broad level-floor$ valleys *>act]i/ic ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,?is l9e1 or m prop]ly belt ( c\ntry1 al?\gh indef9ite at ! s\?1 may = conv5i5ce be tak5 z beg9n+ at ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & ext5d+ up ! ,colorado ,riv] = ab\t #cjj miles1 to :]e t riv] makes an abrupt b5d1 turn+ s\?w>d aft] a we/]ly c\rse ?r\gh ! ,gr& ,canyon4 ,f ! locality indicat$1 ! b\nd>y passes ?r\gh c5tral ,utah1 & is %>ply def9$ = mo/ ( ! way by ! bold we/]n esc>pm5t ( ! ,wasat* ,range4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,great ,salt ,lake ! bord] ( ! m\nta9 belt tr5ds m & m to ! nor?we/1 crosses ,idaho diagonally1 & 9 nor!rn ,wa%+ton m]ges ) or closely approa*es ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ?is nor!rn region ! bord] ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is aga9 indef9ite1 & until ! geological /ructure ( we/]n ,canada is m ?or\ghly /udi$ c only be locat$ provisionally4 ,! unsatisfactory condition ( ! nom5clature at pres5t appli$ to ! l>g] topographic features ( ,nor? ,am]ica is illu/rat$ by ! fact t to ! nor? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y ! t]m ,rocky ,m\nta9s is mu* m re/rict$ ?an is ! cu/om 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,canada ?is "n is appli$ to ! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! ranges or *a9s ( ! ,pacific cordill]a4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! significance ( ! "n ref]r$ to on ! opposite sides ( ! int]national b\nd>y is un=tunate1 b is due 9 l>ge "p to our ignorance ( ! geography & geology n only imm$iately along ! b\nd>y l9e1 b g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! rugg$ region ( ! nor?we/ portion ( ! cont95t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important geographic features 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! pres5ce 9 ,wyom+ ( a broad1 g5]ally flat1 region kn[n z ! ,l>amie plateau 7pla9s7 & its ext5sion we/w>d across ne>ly ! entire wid? ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! g5]al elevation ( ^! pla9s is ab\t #g1jjj feet1 or approximately #a1jjj feet great] ?an t ( ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,great plateaus4 ,! ,l>amie plateau & c\ntry to ! we/ hav+ a simil> topography1 furni%$ a conv5i5t pass = ! ,union ,pacific1 ! olde/ ( ! transcont95tal railroads1 & divides ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt into two portions1 :i* may be t]m$ 9 a g5]al way ! nor!rn & s\!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9s respectively4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,union ,pacific ,railroad !re are sev]al important m\nta9 gr\ps1 t]m$ collectively ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s by ,lewis & ,cl>k 9 ! report ( _! bold explorations across ! cont95t 9 #ahjd1 b n g5]ally us$ s9ce t "t4 ,?is "n has rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell z a conv5i5t t]m by :i* to designate ?is l>ge division ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt1 b un=tunately is n recognis$ & has no significance to ! nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y4 ,:at ! natural limitations ( ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s may be 9 ,canada rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,! ,/ony ,m\nta9 sy/em includes ! ,big ,horn ,m\nta9s 9 nor?-c5tral ,wyom+1 ! %>p & l(ty ,teton ,range to ! s\? ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 & sev]al o!r rugg$ uplifts ( great ext5t 9 ,montana & ,idaho1 & %\ld ! "n be ext5d$ to ! nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y until a natural limit is rea*$1 x w include ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,canadian geograph]s 7! mo/ ea/]n ( ! great uplifts con/itut+ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt71 toge!r ) ! sev]al ranges ( ! ,gold ,m\nta9s4 ,^! sev]al m\nta9 ranges & gr\ps ( ranges appe> to h div]se geological /ructure1 b _! hi/ories are by no means ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,"s ( !m1 z /at$ by ,p[ell1 are c>v$ out ( broad folds1 & involve bo? orig9ally deeply seat$ igne\s & metamorphic rocks & upturn$ & fold$ s$im5t>y b$s2 :ile o!rs are due to movem5ts along l9es ( fracture & 9 "p ( ov]?ru/4 ,! ,/ony ,m\nta9s =m a portion ( ! cont95tal divide :i* p>ts ! wat]s fl[+ to ! ,pacific f ^? t f9d _! way to ! ,atlantic4 ,! ?\s&s ( /reams tribut>y to ! ,miss\ri head aga9/ ! equally num]\s f\nta9s supply+ ! we/w>d-fl[+ ,columbia4 ,! broad valleys betwe5 ! sev]al ranges h a g5]al elevation ( betwe5 #g1jjj & #h1jjj feet1 & ! bold1 massive m\nta9s rise f #aj1jjj to ov] #ac1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,ow+ to ! consid]able elevation ev5 ( ! valleys1 & ! nor!rn position ( ! region "h consid]$1 z well z its di/ance f ! equaliz+ influ5ce ( ! sea1 ! extremes ( climate are /rongly m>k$4 ,! summ] season is comp>atively %ort1 & 9 ! valleys ! heat is int5se 7rang+ f #ij deg4 to #aab deg4 ,f47 & ! ra9fall small or none at all1 :ile ! w9t] season is cold 7temp]atures ( f -#ae deg4 to -#cj deg4 ,f4 be+ frequ5t7 & accompani$ by an abundant sn[fall1 especially on ! m\nta9s4 ,agriculture1 al?\gh c>ri$ on 9 ! valleys1 is ( comp>atively small importance1 & is usually dep5d5t on irrigation4 ,! m\nta9s are sn[-cov]$ ?r\gh mu* ( ! ye>1 & small glaci]s occur ab\t ! l(ty summits ( ! ,teton ,range & on ! m\nta9s ne> ! int]national b\nd>y & 9 ,canada4 ,! valleys are g5]ally de/itute ( trees except along ! /reams1 :]e :ite-trunk$ cottonwoods spread _! gre5 leaves 9 summ] & become a trac]y ( gold5 yell[ 9 ! autumn1 m>k+ ! c\rses ( ! life-giv+ wat]s4 ,! l[] m\nta9 slopes are cov]$ ) d>k =e/s ( p9e1 spruce1 & junip]1 :i* increase 9 d5sity & ext5t z "o foll[s ! ranges nor?w>d until ! influ5ce ( ! high nor!rn latitude is felt1 & 9 nor!rn ,canada ! zone ( ! sub>ctic =e/ is rea*$4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s is situat$ ! ju/ly fam$ ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 :i* is truly rem>kable = its f9e sc5]y1 its deeply c>v$ & gorge\sly color$ canyons1 & mo/ ( all = its num]\s hot spr+s & sp\t+ geys]s4 ,?is is ! only geys] region on ! cont95t1 & ! mo/ ext5sive ( ! ?ree n[ exi/+ 9 ! _w4 ,! f9e/ sc5]y ( ! nor!rn division ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt lies to ! nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 & )9 rec5t ye>s has be5 r5d]$ accessible by ! build+ ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railroad4 ,x is 9 ?is region t ! m\nta9s are highe/1 mo/ rugg$1 & clo!d mo/ completely ) ! d>k1 sombre1 ev]gre5 nor!rn =e/s4 ,"h1 too1 high up among ! b>e s]rate m\nta9 tops1 & mo/ly above ! timb]-l9e1 are f\nd ! l>ge/ ( ! glaci]s 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt4 ,?is wond]ful region ( rugg$ m\nta9s1 deep & =m]ly glaci]-fill$ valleys1 impetu\s riv]s1 & d5se =e/s has only rec5tly become kn[n to ! _w at l>ge4 ,va/ areas1 no d\bt z attractive z ^? ab\t ,banff1 ,lake ,l\ise1 ,glaci] ,h\se1 etc41 already fam\s1 rema9 to be discov]$ & describ$4 ,9 ! fa/nesses ( ^! wild nor!rn ,rockies moose1 elk1 de]1 be>1 m\nta9-%eep1 & m\nta9-goat /ill ab\nd4 ,! buffalo 7bison7 is protect$ 9 ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 & w probably be pres]v$ f ext9ction4 ,a small h]d also survives 9 ,canada4 ,! /reams1 except ^? fl[+ f glaci]s1 are bright1 cle>1 & swift1 & are well /ock$ ) fi%4 ,! tr\t1 repres5t$ by sev]al species1 !re f9ds ! cool retreats s ess5tial to its life4 ,to ! sportsman & skill$ angl] ! nor!rn ,rockies are a p>adise4 ,among ! l(ty m\nta9s & 9 ! l>g] valleys !re are _m lakes1 m especially 9 nor!rn ,idaho & ,montana & 9 ,canada4 ,_m ( ^!1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ne> ! heads ( ! valleys & ab\t ! m l(ty peaks1 are true rock-bas9 lakes1 worn out by ! gr9d+ ( s&-*>g$ glacial ice :5 ! glaci]s 7 f> m ext5sive ?an n[4 ,! l>ge lakes situat$ 9 ! trunk portions ( ! broad-bottom$ valleys are 9 _m in/ances reta9$ by dams ( glacially deposit$ detritus & record ! *anges 9 ! aspect ( ! l& inh]it$ f ! ,glacial epo*4 ,^! num]\s lakes pres5t a va/ v>iety ( sc5]y1 & 9 _m in/ances reflect f _! placid mirror-l surfaces z beautiful & inspir+ pictures ( rugg$ gr&eur z c be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,! natural beauties ( ! classical lakes ( ,switz]l& & ,italy are rivall$ by _m ( ! *>m+ wat] bodies ( ! nor!rn ,rockies1 :i* b few m5 appreciative ( ! beauties ( nature h ev] se54 ,to ! s\? ( ! ,l>amie plateau ! m\nta9s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 sy/em are m irregul> & m l(ty ?an ^? to ! nor? ( t break4 ,! _m rugg$ ranges 9 s\!rn ,wyom+1 ,colorado1 & nor!rn ,new ,mexico =m a great gr\p1 to :i* ! "n ,p>k ,m\nta9s has be5 appli$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell4 ,! sev]al ranges compos+ ?is gr\p h a g5]al nor? & s\? tr5d1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 an exception is furni%$ by ! ,u9tah ,m\nta9s 9 s\?we/]n ,wyom+ & ea/]n ,utah1 :i* consi/s ( a deeply dissect$ ea/ & we/ fold or broadly uplift$ plateau4 ,int]v5+ betwe5 sev]al ( ! adjac5t ranges !re are wide1 ne>ly flat-bottom$ valleys1 :i* owe _! lead+ *>act]i/ics to ! deep fill+ ( depressions by debris c>ri$ f ! bord]+ m\nta9s by ! w9d & /reams4 ,^! broad valleys surr\nd$ by rugg$ peaks are kn[n z p>ks1 & ! num]\s ranges among :i* !y are situat$ are h5ce designat$ ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s4 ,! t]m by :i* ! valleys are kn[n is 9 "s respects mislead+1 z ! ^w p>k usually c>ries ! idea ( a div]sifi$ & 9 "p =e/$ region1 ) mild1 picturesque sc5]y4 ,p]haps a city p>k or ! beautiful rural e/ates ( ,engl& are mo/ usually br\ght to m9d :5 ! t]m ref]r$ to is m5tion$4 ,b 9 ! great m\nta9s ( ! c5tral portion ( ! cont95t "o's idea mu/ exp& to keep 9 h>mony ) 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! natural p>ks ( t region are broad1 g5]ally treeless1 valleys ) w9d+ /reams1 ! upl&s are grass-cov]$ & roll+1 & 9 di/ant views ! c\rses ( ! /reams are m>k$ by n>r[ belts ( v]dure4 ,! picture is fram$ by a succession ( m\nta9 domes & embattl$ cliffs4 ,ov] all ar*es ! d>k blue1 cl\dless sky ( a ne>ly ra9less region4 ,9 ! cle> air di/ances are deceptive1 & :at appe> to be miles to ! novice mu/ be ext5d$ to leagues 9 ord] to acquire adequate conceptions ( ! magnitude ( ! sc5e4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! great tracts ( g5]ally level l& surr\nd$ by ! high ranges ( ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s is ,san ,luis ,p>k1 situat$ 9 s\!a/]n ,colorado & ext5d+ s\?w>d into ,new ,mexico1 :i* has a l5g? f nor? to s\? ( ab\t #acj miles1 & is f #bj to ne>ly #dj miles wide4 ,its g5]al elevation is betwe5 #g1jjj & #h1jjj feet4 ,?is great valley1 level-floor$ ) s(t deposits swept 9 f ! bord]+ highl&s1 & almo/ completely surr\nd$ by rugg$ m\nta9s1 al?\gh m desolate ?an ! majority ( ! num]\s simil> valleys 9 ! same region1 is typical ( its class4 ,! ,rio ,gr&e w9ds ?r\gh its entire l5g? & _m /reams ris+ 9 ! bord]+ m\nta9s fl[ to ! valley dur+ ! w9t] season1 b 9 summ]1 ow+ to ! high temp]ature1 active evaporation1 & small ra9fall1 only a few ( ! l>g] ( ^! m\nta9-born torr5ts rea* ! ma91 s\?w>d-fl[+ riv]4 ,9 ! s\!rn portions ( ! valley l>ge areas are cov]$ ) drift+ s&1 :i* is fa%ion$ by ! w9ds into ev]-*ang+ dunes ( a creamy :it5ess4 ,"s ( ! /reams f ! m\nta9s exp& on ! pla9 & =m ! ,san ,luis lakes1 f :i* ! wat] escapes by evaporation1 ?us caus+ !m to become alkal9e4 ,! l& bord]+ ! lakes is :it5$ z ) sn[ by sal9e incru/ations4 ,on ! l[] portion ( ! rim ( ?is m\nta9-inclos$ bas9 !re are scatt]$ groves ( p9es & junip]s1 & at high] elevations ! m\nta9s are d>k ) =e/s4 ,! m l(ty peaks1 h[ev]1 rise f> above ! upp] limit ( ! =e/s & are rugg$ & magnific5t ev5 "u ! gl>e ( a cl\dless sky4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,san ,luis ,p>k1 & ris+ ab\t #g1jjj feet ov] x1 & ov] #ad1jjj feet above ! sea1 /&s ,si]ra ,blanca1 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! _m maje/ic m\nta9s ( ,colorado4 ,9 summ] imm5se cl\d banks frequ5tly ga!r ab\t ?is cold1 isolat$ peak1 & local /orms1 accompani$ by fi]ce lightn+ & e*o+ ?und]1 beat ^u its %r\d$ sides4 ,^! tempe/s rag+ on ! m\nta9 top1 :ile ! adjac5t valleys are flood$ ) sunlight1 recall ! scriptural acc\nts ( ! /orms ( ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,9 fact1 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! adjac5t region 9 ,mexico1 s f> z sc5]y & climatic peculi>ities are conc]n$1 h mu* 9 common ) ,pale/9e4 ,! o!r great p>ks 9 ,colorado1 :i* h sugge/$ a "n = ! gr\p ( m\nta9s 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y are %elt]$1 are less arid & less des]t-l ?an ! "o j describ$2 b l x1 d]ive _! magnific5ce & fasc9ation f _! va/ ext5t1 ! sublimity ( ! bord]+ m\nta9s1 & ! wond]ful transp>5cy ( ! air above !m1 r ?an f ! topography ( _! ne>ly level floors or ! vegetation t /rives ineffectually to clo! _! nak$ness4 ,! individual summits z well z ! sep>ate ranges compos+ ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s are rem>kable = _! massiv5ess & ! great height ( _! b>e r\nd$ summits r ?an = picturesque details4 ,sev]al ( ! peaks are among ! highe/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o conspicu\s feature is ! consid]able elevation ( ! valleys1 usually ov] #g1jjj feet1 & ! l>ge numb] ( l(ty summits4 ,( ! peaks t h be5 measur$1 ov] #cj exce$ #ad1jjj feet 9 height4 ,! portion ( ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s above an elevation ( #aj1jjj feet1 z is indicat$ on ! map reproduc$ on page #fe1 is f> great] 9 area ?an any o!r region ( simil> altitude on ! cont95t4 ,9 ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s1 & g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn ,rockies1 ev5 to c5tral ,mexico1 ! =ms t meet ! eye are ! remnants ( va/ upheav$ folds & domes ( ! e>?'s cru/ sculptur$ & degrad$ by erosion4 ,! ne>ly horizontal rocks ( ! ,great plateaus on meet+ ! ea/]n bord] ( ! m\nta9s are b5t abruptly upw>d1 & 9 _m places /& on edge or h be5 ov]turn$ s z to dip we/w>d4 ,?is abrupt upw>d b5d+ & ! pres5ce ( remnants ( ! same b$s on ! summits ( "s ( ! high] m\nta9s %[s t ! /rata h n be5 simply fold$ into anticl9als & syncl9als1 b t !re has be5 a ?ick5+ & upswell+ ( ! rocks b5ea?4 ,9 ! nor!rn ,rockies1 except 9 we/]n ,idaho & adjac5t portions ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 evid5ces ( rec5t volcanic activity are r>e1 al?\gh igne\s rocks cov] great areas1 & 9 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k num]\s geys]s & hot spr+s be> evid5ce to ! pres5ce ( abnormal heat 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,rockies1 h[ev]1 volcanic m\nta9s :i* /ill pres]ve _! =ms are num]\s 9 c]ta9 regions1 & 9 ,mexico !re are mighty volcanic piles & _m less] elevations built up by extrusion ( molt5 mat]ial1 "s ( :i* are /ill active4 ,examples are furni%$ ( volcanic m\nta9s rang+ f p]fect cones ) curv$ slopes typical ( ! =ms produc$ by ! pil+ up ( v>i\s siz$ fragm5ts ab\t ! v5ts f :i* !y 7 extrud$1 to irregul> s]rate peaks :i* reveal ! anatomy ( ! dissect$ volcanic masses1 & ev5 ! dikes :i* rema9 aft] ! surface elevation ( a volcano has be5 remov$4 ,! mo/ mod]n volcanoes 9 ?is great gr\p ( m\nta9s are situat$ 9 c5tral ,mexico1 b o!rs ne>ly z p]fect 9 =m occur 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 & 9 ! plateaus to ! ea/ ( ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,spani% peaks 9 s\!a/]n ,colorado are in/ructive illu/rations ( ! topographic =ms produc$ :5 a volcanic m\nta9 has be5 deeply dissect$4 ,9 ! =mation ( volcanic m\nta9s !re is an extrusion ( molt5 & fragm5t>y mat]ial accompani$ by an escape ( great volumes ( /eam at ! surface4 ,closely relat$ to ?is phase ( vulcanism is ! injection ( molt5 mat]ial into ! e>?'s cru/ f bel[1 s z to =ce its way betwe5 /ratifi$ b$s & produce intrud$ %eets4 ,9 ?is latt] process ! %eets ( inject$ mat]ial may be ?9 9 comp>ison to _! lat]al ext5t or ?ick l5s-%ap$ masses4 ,9 ! production ( ei!r ( ^! =ms ( intrusion ! cov] above ! inject$ mat]ial is lift$ & a *ange is made 9 ! topography ( ! surface4 ,! intrusions1 :i* are ?ick 9 comp>ison to _! lat]al ext5t1 are kn[n z laccoli?s4 ,at times intrusions ( ?is nature are ( su* ?ickness t !y produce true m\nta9 =ms4 ,if unmodifi$1 ^! elevations w\ld be domes1 b :5 _! surfaces are brok5 by erosion & _! dissection & removal progresses !y frequ5tly assume rugg$1 s]rate =ms4 ,! type ( laccoli?ic m\nta9s made kn[n "s ye>s s9ce by ! /udies ( ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t is furni%$ by ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s1 9 s\!rn ,utah4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 f\nd t ?is int]e/+ phase ( m\nta9 build+ is illu/rat$ by _m o!r examples 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region & else:]e4 ,! rocks expos$ at ! surface 9 ! s\!rn ,rockies1 z 9 ! nor!rn division ( t great *a91 embrace almo/ e v>iety :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! c5tral cores ( _m ( ! n[ deeply erod$ ranges consi/ ( granite & o!r simil> rocks1 & are surr\nd$ by s$im5t>y b$s :i* range 9 age f ! olde/ /ratifi$ rocks n[ kn[n to ! y\nge/4 ,igne\s rocks 9 great v>iety & 9 all =ms incid5t to an extrud$ or volcanic & intrud$ or plutonic orig9 are pres5t4 ,! _m di/urbances t h occurr$ h l$ to ! =mation ( m9]al ve9s & ! impregnation ( rock masses ) ores ( v>i\s k9ds--su* z gold1 silv]1 lead1 copp]1 etc4--:i* h be5 m9$ ) great success at _m localities4 ,! ,high ,plateaus4--,to ! we/ & s\? ( ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s1 & situat$ 9 ! we/]n portions ( ,colorado & ,new ,mexico1 ea/]n & s\!rn ,utah1 & nor!rn ,arizona1 !re is an ext5sive region hav+ a g5]al surface level ( #f1jjj to #g1jjj feet above ! sea1 kn[n z ! ,high plateaus4 ,?is region has suff]$ great erosion & is deeply tr5*$ by /ream-c>v$ canyons4 ,al?\gh n m\nta9\s 9 ! ord9>y acceptance ( ! t]m1 its surface is rugg$ & difficult to trav]se1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( ! deep canyons t int]sect x 9 e direction4 ,! ,high plateaus are a "p ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region & be> a some:at simil> relation to ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s t ! ,alleghany plateau does to ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,/reams fl[+ we/w>d f ! ,p>k ,m\nta9s & f ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s unite to =m ! ,colorado ,riv]--! "o great dra9age *annel ( ! region4 ,! importance ( ?is rem>kable riv] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! l& has l$ to ! adoption ( ! "n ,colorado plateau by ,p[ell & o!rs = ! region "u consid]ation4 ,z ) s _m ( ! gr&] geographical units ( ! cont95t1 ! precise limits ( ! "o "h consid]$ are difficult to def9e2 b 9 spite ( ?is unc]ta9ty z to meets & b\nds1 ! n[ classical writ+s ( ,newb]ry1 ,p[ell1 & ,dutton especially h %[n t a /range & wond]ful l& exi/s 9 ! s\?we/ "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is ( unusual int]e/ to geologi/s & geograph]s4 ,! ,high plateaus are und]laid by ne>ly horizontal rocks4 ,! l>g] elem5ts 9 ! /ructure are great blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ measur+ "s #fj to #ajj miles on _! v>i\s bord]s1 :i* are b\nd$ by breaks 7faults71 or by :at are t]m$ monocl9al folds or a *ange f "o plateau to ano!r by a s+le b5d 9 ! /rata4 ,! rocks 9 ea* ( ! sep>ate plateaus are usually g5tly tilt$4 ,_! erod$ edges /& z l9es ( massive1 gorge\sly col\r$1 & frequ5tly fanta/ically sculptur$ cliffs4 ,^! cliffs1 :5 se5 f bel[1 appe> z rugg$ m\nta9 ranges1 b to an obs]v] /&+ on _! deeply sculptur$ cre/s are easily recognis$ z ! upturn$ edges ( l>ge g5tly tilt$ blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! basem5t rocks b5ea? ! ,high plateaus are v anci5t granites1 s*i/s1 etc41 :i* =m$ a l& surface & 7 greatly erod$ be=e ! fir/ ( ! sup]impos$ /ratifi$ b$s 7 deposit$ ^u !m4 ,! fir/ ( ! %eets ( s$im5t laid d[n by ! primeval ocean belong to ! olde/ rocks conta9+ records ( life t h z yet be5 recognis$--! ,algonkian 7pre-,cambrian7 t]ranes ( mod]n geology4 ,above ^! come o!r deposits ( s&/one1 %ales1 lime/one1 etc41 repres5t+ a wide range ( geological hi/ory1 & includ+ z ! upp] memb] ( ! s]ies ! s$im5ts ( l>ge ,t]ti>y lakes4 ,?is va/ succession ( /ratifi$ rocks1 "s #ac1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 has be5 uprais$ 9 a broad way1 )\t ! crumpl+ & fold+1 b brok51 z /at$ above1 into great blocks :i* are n[ v>i\sly incl9$1 b /ill pres]ve a plateau-l "*4 ,besides ! movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* rais$ ! plateaus & caus$ fractures & simple or monocl9al folds 9 ! rocks ( :i* !y are compos$1 !re occurr$ volcanic eruptions :i* produc$ num]\s c9d] cones1 ext5sive lava-fl[s1 & widely spread %eets ( comm9ut$ mat]ial kn[n z lapilli1 du/1 & s-call$ a%es4 ,al?\gh ! hi/ory record$ 9 ! rocks =m+ ! ,high plateaus is "o ( fasc9at+ geological int]e/1 ! easi] & m obvi\s lesson t ! region has to (f]1 m especially to ! geograph]1 has be5 engrav$ & et*$ on its surface by /reams & w9d-bl[n s&4 ,on ! ,high plateaus ! ra9fall is comp>atively small1 & ! /reams orig9at+ !re mo/ly ephem]al4 ,b on ! m\nta9s to ! ea/ & nor? ! precipitation is m abundant & riv]s are =m$ :i* fl[ across ! plateau region4 ,! ,gre5 & ,gr& ,riv]s1 f$ by _m tribut>ies1 unite to =m ! ,colorado1 :i* fl[s s\?we/w>d = "s #gjj miles & dis*>ges its muddy wat]s into ! ,gulf ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,?is great riv] ye> by ye> & c5tury aft] c5tury has deep5$ its *annel ?r\gh ! plateau region :]e ! ra9fall is small1 m rapidly ?an ! g5]al surface has be5 l[]$ by erosion4 ,! ma9 conditions are a broad area ( ne>ly horizontal rocks1 rais$ high above ! sea or above ! base level ( erosion1 & an arid climate2 cross+ ?is region is ! ev]-fl[+ riv]1 :i*1 act+ l an endless saw1 cuts deep] & deep] into ! blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h be5 rais$ a?w>t its c\rse4 ,result+ f ^! conditions is a mighty tr5* or canyon1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ magnific5t ( its k9d 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 if n 9 ! _w4 ,n only has ! ma9 riv] sunk5 its *annel into ! e>? to a dep? ( m ?an a mile ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( its c\rse1 b ea* tribut>y /ream has be5 engag$ = a long p]iod ( "t 9 a simil> task4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! /reams orig9at+ on ! surface ( ! plateaus are ephem]al1 !y "w rapidly :5 ! occasional heavy ra9s flood _! *annels4 ,?is deep5+ ( ! /ream *annels1 :ile _! bord]s & ! int]v5+ portions ( ! plateau surface suff]$ b comp>atively slight erosion1 has produc$ a wond]ful sy/em ( deep /eep-sid$ tr5*es 9 ! bord]s ( :i* ! edges ( ! dissect$ rocks are expos$ 9 ne>ly v]tical precipices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,aft] ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4 ,aside f ! lessons ( int]e/ to ! geologi/ & geograph] s pla9ly engrav$ on ! surfaces ( ! plateaus cross$ by ! ,colorado1 ! region has a wond]ful fasc9ation = ! purely ae/hetic feel+s m or less lat5t 9 e human brea/4 ,to "o trav]s+ ! op5 p9e =e/s1 9 places clo?+ ! plateaus & inclos+ _m grassy glades & fl[]-deck$ p>ks1 9 :i* timid de] may frequ5tly be se5 fe$+ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 & em]g+ on ! br9k ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 ! sc5e t meets ! eye is m>vell\s beyond all description4 ,c4 ,e4 ,dutton1 to :om we owe "s ( ! mo/ graphic & inspir+ descriptions ( natural sc5]y ev] writt51 /ates t ^? :o h long & c>efully /udi$ ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado d n hesitate = a mom5t 9 pron\nc+ x ! mo/ sublime ( all e>?ly spectacles4 ,if its sublimity1 writes ,dutton1 consi/$ only 9 its dim5sions1 x c\ld be suffici5tly set =? 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,x is m ?an #bjj miles long1 f #e to #ab miles wide1 & f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet deep4 ,b x is n magnitude alone t gives ?is m>vell\s canyon its prom95ce2 x is ! gorge\s & v>i$ col\r+ ( its mighty walls1 ! endless details 9 ! sculptur+ ( its battlem5ts & t[]s1 ! ev]-*ang+ atmosph]ic effects ( its pr(\nd dep?s1 & ! wond]ful /imulus to ! imag9ation ) :i* x fe$s ! m9d4 ,/&+ on ! br9k ( ! ,gr& ,canyon1 ! prosaic se>* = causes & effects = a "t at lea/ mu/ be laid aside1 & give place to ! emotions4 ,wond]fully gr& z are ! sc5es beheld 9 trav]s+ ?is region ( high plateaus1 ) its magnific5t cliffs & pr(\nd canyons1 "o is con/antly rem9d$ t x is an arid l&4 ,! high] portions ( ! plateau1 x is true1 are 9 places =e/$1 b ov] va/ areas ! rocks are b>e4 ,wat] is ev]y:]e sc>ce except 9 ! bottom ( ! l>g] excavations4 ,?ir/y1 & p]haps p]i%+1 ! travell]1 ,tantalus l1 looks d[n on ! %9+ silv]y ?reads ( wat] 9 ! canyons1 hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( feet bel[1 b sep>at$ f !m by impassable b>ri]s4 ,to ! s\? ! plateaus desc5d to ! desolate valleys ( s\!rn ,arizona1 :]e /range gigantic cactus-plants & scatt]$ clumps ( ?orny %rubs alone break ! dre>y monotony ( ! hot gravelly des]ts4 ,agriculture is !re impossible )\t irrigation1 b :]e ! life-giv+ wat]s c be utiliz$1 z 9 ! ,gila ,valley1 m>vell\s productiv5ess foll[s4 ,,! ,,great ,,bas9 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 belt 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re exi/s a region embrac+ ab\t #baj1jjj squ>e miles1 :i* s5ds no /ream to ! ocean4 ,?is va/ & 9 l>ge "p des]t tract is kn[n z ! ,great ,bas94 ,! climate is *>act]iz$ by its aridity4 ,! annual precipitation is small & evaporation active4 ,all ! wat] rea*+ ! l& is return$ to ! air by evaporation1 ei!r directly or f ! /reams & lakes4 ,_m ( ! lakes d n ov]fl[ & are m or less alkal9e & sal9e1 :ile "s ( !m1 z ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,utah1 & ,mono & ,ow5s ,lakes1 ,cali=nia1 are d5se ) m9]al matt] 9 solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,! ,great ,bas94 ,! ,great ,bas9 is n a s+le level-floor$ depression1 z "o might inf] f its "n1 b is trav]s$ by rugg$ m\nta9 ranges1 :i* divide x into a l>ge numb] ( m9or valleys4 ,"s ( ^! second>y bas9s h lakes & /reams :i* escape f !m into l[] depressions1 b 9 _m in/ances "u pres5t climatic conditions !y h no surface wat]1 all ! moi/ure t rea*es !m be+ absorb$ by ! ?ir/y soil or evaporat$ )\t =m+ lakes4 ,! ,great ,bas9 prop]1 z x may be t]m$1 embraces ne>ly ! :ole ( ,utah & ,nevada1 toge!r ) small portions ( ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,idaho & ,oregon & a l>ge area 9 s\!a/]n ,cali=nia4 ,:ile ! dra9age conditions limit ! application ( ! "n to ?is gr\p ( associat$ bas9s :i* s5d no tribute to ! sea1 ! climatic & to a less ext5t ! topographic & geological conditions t *>act]ize x h mu* wid]1 al?\gh indef9ite b\nd>ies4 ,?is wid] region :i* resembles ! ,great ,bas9 prop]1 ext5ds f ,briti% ,columbia s\?w>d to beyond ! city ( ,mexico1 & includes ! ea/]n half ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 a l>ge "p ( ,idaho1 & mu* ( ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & we/]n ,texas4 ,9 ?is out] region bo? to ! nor? & s\? ( ! ,great ,bas9 prop] !re are dra9less valleys1 z ^? ( c5tral ,mexico1 9 :i* ! conditions *>act]i/ic ( ! des]t valleys ( ,utah & ,nevada are repeat$4 ,! great] region ( arid valleys & desolate m\nta9s surr\nd+ ! ,great ,bas9 prop] is cross$ at ! nor? by ! ,columbia & 9 ! c5tral "p by ! ,colorado4 ,ea* ( ^! l>ge riv]s has its s\rce 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & fl[s to ! ,pacific4 ,! mo/ obvi\s features ( ! ,great ,bas9 & ( ! nor?w>d & s\?w>d ext5sions ( ! belt ( c\ntry hav+ mu* 9 common ) x1 dep5d on climatic conditions4 ,! ra9fall is small ?r\gh\t ! entire belt f ! ,canadian b\nd>y to s\?-c5tral ,mexico4 ,! av]age mean annual precipitation1 judg+ f su* obs]vations z are available1 is probably less ?an #ae in*es1 b ?is broad /atem5t does n truly repres5t ! div]se conditions4 ,! ra9fall is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! w9t] season1 & frequ5tly comes 9 %ort heavy d[np\rs4 ,dur+ ! summ] season1 ! valleys especially1 become s p>*$ t only su* plants c gr[ z are adapt$ to long-cont9u$ dr\ghts4 ,! topography is r\gh & div]sifi$ by _m m\nta9 ranges1 & ! precipitation is m abundant on ! upl&s ?an 9 ! valleys4 ,ov] l>ge areas 9 ,nevada & s\!a/]n ,cali=nia ! mean annual ra9fall is less ?an #e in*es4 ,! au?or1 :ile c>ry+ on geological "w 9 ?is region1 0 in=m$ by "s ( ! old] settl]s t at times = fully eighte5 consecutive mon?s no ra9 :atev] fell 9 c]ta9 ( ! valleys4 ,f ! acc\nts ( travell]s 9 c5tral ,mexico1 x seems z if "s ( ! int]ior bas9s 9 t region mu/ be fully z arid z ^? j ref]r$ to4 ,"o conspicu\s result ( ! lack ( moi/ure is ! abs5ce ( =e/s4 ,except on ! m\nta9s ma9ly at ! nor? ! ,great ,bas9 & its ext5sions1 z def9$ above1 is ne>ly de/itute ( trees4 ,! valleys are 9 _m in/ances ?ickly cov]$ ) des]t %rubs1 notably ! sage-bru%1 b ! floors ( ! drie/ bas9s are 9 _m in/ances almo/ absolutely )\t vegetation1 & are frequ5tly :ite ) sal9e incru/ations4 ,_m ( ! depressions 9 ! ,great ,bas91 z well z "s ( ! outly+ valleys ref]r$ to1 h riv]s & lakes :i* exhibit c]ta9 int]e/+ features t are unfamili> to p dwell+ 9 humid l&s4 ,! /reams are f$ 9 "p by ! small precipitation on ! des]t valleys1 & by spr+s1 frequ5tly ( heat$ wat]1 b ma9ly by ! ra9 & melt+ sn[ on ! m\nta9s4 ,_m rills & rivulets are born on ! valley sides ( a s+le /orm1 b are absorb$ by ! ?ir/y soil or evaporat$ dur+ ! succe$+ h\rs ( sun%9e4 ,o!r /reams h a great] lease ( life & fl[ d[n to valleys & bas9s1 suff]+ evaporation & absorption z !y progress1 :i* cause !m to dim9i% 9 volume1 & f9ally to vani%4 ,! /rong] /reams1 su* z ,sevi] & ,be> ,riv]s 9 ,utah1 ! ,humboldt ,riv] 9 ,nevada1 & ! ,truckee ,riv] 9 ,cali=nia1 ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & exp& into lakes 9 :i* ! infl[ is balanc$ by evaporation4 ,! lakes ( ! ,great ,bas9 pres5t ev5 great] div]sity ?an ! /reams4 ,"s ( ^? situat$ pr9cipally 9 ! m\nta9s are ( pure1 limpid1 :olesome wat]1 suppli$ by cool1 sweet brooks & rills or by ! melt+ ( ! w9t]'s sn[s1 & ov]fl[ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,^! lakes1 usually ( small size1 are simil> 9 all respects to ! ord9>y lakes ( humid l&s4 ,9 ea/]n ,utah1 adjac5t to ! we/ base ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s1 ! ,provo ,riv] & o!r /reams supply ,utah ,lake1 ! outlet ( :i*1 ! ,jordan ,riv]1 empties into ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,utah ,lake is well )9 ! ,great ,bas91 & situat$ at a l[ elevation = ! region1 namely1 #d1ejj feet1 or ab\t #bhj feet 79 #ahgc7 above ! level ( lake ( br9e into :i* x dis*>ges4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( ! fre% lakes 9 ! valleys ( ! ,great ,bas91 & owes its exi/5ce to ! fact t a depression !re occurs :i* is fill$ to ov]fl[+ by ! /reams f ! m\nta9s4 ,be> ,lake1 9 nor!a/]n ,utah1 is ano!r exceptional example ( a fre% lake ( consid]able size at a comp>atively l[ altitude1 9 ! same region4 ,on ! we/]n rim ( ! ,great ,bas91 at an elevation ( #f1bdg feet1 & surr\nd$ by ! =e/$ peaks ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 lies ,lake ,tahoe1 ! gem ( ! ,si]ra1 a wat] body ( rem>kable purity1 :i* dis*>ges ?r\gh ,truckee ,riv] into ,pyramid & ,w9nemucca ,lakes4 ,^! l[] lakes1 situat$ 9 des]t valleys at an elevation ( #c1ghj feet above ! sea1 are )\t outlets & alkal9e & bitt]4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic lakes ( ! ,great ,bas91 h[ev]1 are ^? t d n ov]fl[1 & on acc\nt ( conc5tration by evaporation are m or less highly *>g$ ) m9]al matt] 9 solution4 ,^! sal9e & alkal9e lakes may be divid$ into two classes1 9 ref]5ce to _! duration1 b ! l9e ( sep>ation is indef9ite4 ,c]ta9 ( !m h ma9ta9$ _! exi/5ce = _m ye>s1 & probably h n be5 evaporat$ to dryness = sev]al c5turies1 & may be class$ z p]5nial lakes2 o!rs are evaporat$ to dryness ea* ye>1 or dur+ c]ta9 exceptionally dry & hot seasons1 & may be t]m$ ephem]al lakes4 ,9 _m in/ances ! b$s ( ! ephem]al lakes are normally 9 a /ate ( desiccation1 & appe> z broad1 level1 mud pla9s1 usually ) a :ite fr+e ( sal9e matt]4 ,frequ5tly ^! mud pla9s1 or playas1 z !y are t]m$1 are trans=m$ into %all[ lakes dur+ a s+le /orm1 b ! wat]s are absorb$ by ! clays b5ea? or evaporat$ )9 a few days or p]haps a few h\rs aft] ! ra9 ceases4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! p]5nial sal9e wat] bodies is ,great ,salt ,lake1 ! c\nt]p>t 9 _m ways ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! /reams dis*>g+ into ?is salt sea h ! usual purity ( riv]-wat]s1 & c>ry b a small fraction ( "o p] c5t ( sal9e matt] 9 solution4 ,! lake is suppli$ also 9 "p1 b to an unimportant ext5t1 by spr+s1 ! mo/ ( :i* are ( ess5tially fre% wat]4 ,! s\rce ( ! salts :i* make ! wat]s ( ! lake a br9e is evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! small p]c5tage ( m9]al mat]ial br\ght 9 by ! tribut>y /reams4 ,aft] rea*+ ! lake ^! fre% wat]s1 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! t]m1 are conc5trat$ by evaporation4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! lead+ facts 9 ! *emi/ry ( all ( ! sal9e & alkal9e lakes ( ! ,great ,bas9 region1 su* z ,pyramid1 ,w9nemucca1 & ,walk] ,lakes 9 ,nevada1 ,mono & ,ow5s ,lakes 9 ,cali=nia1 & ! sal9e lakes ( ,mexico4 ,! volume ( a lake )\t an outlet1 or an inclos$ lake1 is det]m9$ ma9ly by ! ratio ( ! infl[ 7includ+ ! ra9 fall+ directly on its surface & ! tribute f spr+s7 & evaporation4 ,its volume1 & consequ5tly its area1 fluctuates f season to season1 & frequ5tly v>ies also dur+ p]iods embrac+ sev]al ye>s4 ,) v>iations 9 volume !re are fluctuations 9 ! p]c5tage ( sal9e matt] 9 solution1 ev5 if precipitation ( "o or m ( ! conta9$ salts does n take place dur+ ! p]iods ( m ?an usual conc5tration4 ,9 mo/ in/ances inclos$ lakes are conc5trat$ by evaporation 9 summ] seasons1 & p]haps become ne>ly saturat$ solutions1 b are dilut$ dur+ ! ra9y w9t] seasons4 ,fluctuations 9 volume1 area1 dep?1 sal9ity1 etc41 are ?us *>act]i/ic ( inclos$ wat] bodies4 ,!y are s5sitive to climatic *anges :i* ord9>y wea!r records fail to detect1 & are modifi$ 9 a conspicu\s mann] :5 ! c\ntry ab\t !m becomes inhabit$ & irrigation is practis$4 ,"s ( ! lakes ( ! ,great ,bas9 are d5se br9es f :i* v>i\s sub/ances are be+ precipitat$4 ,! economic importance ( ^! natural res]voirs ( br9e & ( v>i\s soda salts is great1 & w become m & m important z transportation facilities increase4 ,great ,salt ,lake1 x has be5 e/imat$1 conta9s #djj1jjj1jjj tons ( common salt & #cj1jjj1jjj tons ( sodium sulphate 9 solution4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ab\t #dj1jjj tons ( common salt h be5 h>ve/$ f x annually4 ,mono ,lake conta9s "s #bde1jjj1jjj tons ( sal9e matt] 9 solution1 ( :i* ab\t #ib1jjj1jjj tons are sodium c>bonate & bic>bonate4 ,ow5s ,lake is simil> to ,mono ,lake 9 composition1 & is n[ ! basis ( a l>ge soda indu/ry4 ,a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 a region :i* dra9s to ! ocean & "o :]e ! /reams ent] inclos$ bas9s :]e _! wat]s are evaporat$ is t 9 ! =m] ! wa/e f ! l& c>ri$ by ! /reams z an invisible load 9 solution or z a visible load consi/+ ma9ly ( silt & s& 9 susp5sion is contribut$ to ! ocean & widely di/ribut$ be=e be+ deposit$--mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 solution1 9 fact1 may be said to be a p]man5t contribution to ! sal9ity ( sea-wat]2 b 9 mo/ in/ances :]e /reams ent] inclos$ bas9s all ( ! mat]ial contribut$ bo? 9 solution & susp5sion is soon] or lat] precipitat$4 ,! area )9 an inclos$ bas91 on :i* ! infl[+ /reams lay d[n _! loads1 is z a rule less ext5sive ?an ! area t is be+ d5ud$ to supply ! mat]ial4 ,! receiv+ bas9s are ?us fill$ 9 or aggrad$1 & !re is a conc5tration bo? ( ! me*anical wa% f ! l& & ( ! sub/ances tak5 9 solution by ! wat]s ( /reams & spr+s4 ,a m>k$ result ( ?is process ( conc5tration1 p>ticul>ly ( ! f9e wa/e ( ! upl&s & m\nta9s1 is se5 9 ! approximately level floors ( inclos$ valleys4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,great ,bas9 ! valleys h be5 fill$ to a dep? 9 _m in/ances ( hundr$s ( feet4 ,"s ( ! l[] m\nta9 ranges 9 ,utah h be5 s ne>ly buri$ b5ea? ^! valley deposits t only _! summits1 t]m$ lo/ m\nta9s1 appe> above ! ev5 surface ( ! des]t pla9s4 ,?is debris1 deeply fill+ ! valleys ref]r$ to1 is usually a f9e yell[i% du/-l mat]ial1 simil> 9 _m ways1 & probably 9 mode ( orig91 to ! loess ( ,*9a 9 :i* geologi/s h tak5 mu* int]e/4 ,) ! conc5tration & deposition ( ! f9e me*anical wa% ( ! upl&s !re has also be5 a conc5tration ( ! m soluble sal9e con/itu5ts ( rocks1 :i* causes ! soils ( arid regions to diff] 9 an important way f ^? ( humid l&s4 ,! lea*$ & *>act]i/ically r$-t9t$ soils ( w>m humid c\ntries1 consi/+ ( ! oxidiz$ residue ( deeply wea!r$ rocks1 are abs5t f arid regions2 9 _! place we f9d m9utely dis9tegrat$1 usually light-col\r$1 & n *emically impov]i%$ soils4 ,9 w>m humid regions *emical decay ( ! rocks is ! conspicu\s feature2 9 equally w>m arid l&s me*anical dis9tegration is c>ri$ to an extreme1 )\t ! removal ( ! m soluble con/itu5ts4 ,9 fact1 conc5tration ( sal9e matt]1 notably common salt1 sodium sulphate1 gypsum1 etc41 is "o ( ! functions1 s to speak1 ( arid climates1 :5 ! requisite evaporation bas9s are pres5t4 ,among ! important indu/ries ( ! ,great ,bas9 region is ! ga!r+ & purify+ ( ! v>i\s salts conta9$ 9 ! exi/+ wat] bodies & 9 ! bas9s ( desiccat$ lakes4 ,9 addition to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! region ref]r$ to above1 :i* are ma9ly ! result ( climatic conditions1 ! ,great ,bas9 has c]ta9 geological features1 9 ! ma91 s f> z ,nor? ,am]ica is conc]n$1 peculi> to itself4 ,! lead+ /ructural features ( ! rocks1 s f> z !y f9d expression 9 ! surface relief1 is ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( ext5sive faults tr5d+ 9 g5]al ab\t nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,^! faults are breaks or cracks along :i* ! rocks h be5 mov$ up & d[n4 ,"o side ( a fault sometimes /&s high] ?an ! opposite side1 & =ms a n>r[ & frequ5tly high & rugg$ m\nta9 range4 ,! numb] ( ^! faults )9 ! ,great ,bas9 is z yet unkn[n1 b !y c]ta9ly numb] _m hundr$s4 ,9 a cross pr(ile ( ! region betwe5 ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s on ! ea/ & ! ,si]ra ,nevada on ! we/ ! numb] ( m\nta9 ridges due to fault+ is at lea/ a score4 ,! precipit\s we/]n bord] ( ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s is itself a great fault sc>p1 z is also ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! faults t det]m9e ! /eep] sides ( ^! m\nta9 ranges are n to be consid]$ z s+le clean-cut ga%es1 b z irregul> & int]sect+ fractures trav]s+ a n>r[ belt ( c\ntry4 ,! faults ref]r$ to divide rocks ( all ages1 & are evid5tly due to ! mo/ rec5t di/urbances t h affect$ ! region4 ,x is n probable t ! break 9 any giv5 in/ance 0 =m$ all at once4 ,su* va/ convulsions w\ld be out ( h>mony ) ! rules ( nature4 ,b r _m small movem5ts & adju/m5ts ( pressure h occurr$ along ! same belt ( fracture4 ,?is conclusion is su/a9$ by ! fact t _m ( ! faults h exp]i5c$ movem5ts 9 v rec5t times4 ,9 places fault sc>ps a score or m feet 9 height cross ! alluvial cones at ! m\?s ( ! small high-grade valleys 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,^! sc>ps 9 loose unconsolidat$ gravel & simil> mat]ial1 ev5 "u an arid climate1 c\ld n be expect$ to pres]ve _! fre%ness = _m ye>s4 ,at times ! breaks cross ! c\rses ( /reams & cascades1 & rapids are =m$ by ! wat]s fl[+ d[n esc>pm5ts ?us produc$ 9 loose mat]ial4 ,"o *>act]i/ic fault sc>p 9 ,inyo ,valley1 ,cali=nia1 is kn[n to h be5 =m$ dur+ an e>?quake t %ook t portion ( ! c\ntry 9 #ahgb4 ,! _m small e>?quakes t h be5 felt 9 ! ,great ,bas9 region are believ$ to h be5 caus$ by slight movem5ts along ! breaks t trav]se ! region4 ,?is & o!r evid5ce indicates t ! faults to :i* s mu* ( ! *>act]i/ic sc5]y ( ! ,great ,bas9 is due h gr[n by repeat$ m9or displacem5ts1 & t su* movem5ts are a common cause ( e>?quakes4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s topographic features ( ! bett] kn[n portion ( ! ,great ,bas9 are long1 n>r[1 & frequ5tly %>p-cre/$ ridges1 ) a g5tle slope on "o side & a /eep esc>pm5t on ! o!r4 ,! /eep] side 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances is kn[n to be ! uprais$ side ( a fault4 ,ea* ( ^! bas9 ranges1 z !y are t]m$1 may be consid]$ z ! upturn$ edge ( a block ( ! e>?'s cru/1 9 g5]al f #fj to #ajj or m miles long1 & #aj to p]haps #bj miles wide4 ,! cre/-l9es ( ! tilt$ blocks are frequ5tly s]rate1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ces 9 ! h>dness & texture ( ! rocks & ! effects ( wea!r+4 ,!re is frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 an old] /ructure reveal$ 9 !m1 %[+ t ! region 0 fold$ & o!rwise di/urb$ previ\s to ! lat] movem5ts :i* produc$ ! lead+ features 9 ! pres5t topography4 ,x is probable t ?is old] /ructure 9 "s in/ances has _h an important be>+ on ! =ms ( "s ( ! ranges1 b our k 9 ?is direction is too limit$ to w>rant pres5tation 9 a popul> treatise4 ,_m ( ! bas9 ranges are impos+ on acc\nt ( _! height & rugg$ness1 :5 se5 f ! adjac5t1 deeply fill$ valleys1 al?\gh sc>cely m ?an half ( _! actual elevation above ! sea is reveal$ f su* po9ts ( view4 ,exceptions to ?is g5]al /atem5t occur1 h[ev]1 9 s\!a/]n ,cali=nia1 :]e1 9 ,dea? ,valley1 ! l& is #dhj feet bel[ sea-level4 ,?is is ! only region 9 ,nor? ,am]ica :i*1 l ! bas9 ( ! ,dead ,sea1 is bel[ ! level ( ! ocean's surface4 ,on ! bord] ( ,dea? ,valley ! m\nta9 ranges rise f #f1jjj to #aj1jjj feet1 & ! highe/ summit1 kn[n z ,telescope ,peak1 is report$ to h an elevation ( ne>ly #aa1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 ! c5tral & nor!rn portions ( ! ,great ,bas9 ! valley floors h a g5]al elevation ( f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet4 ,! m\nta9s rise f ^! valleys to a height ( f a few hundr$ to #d1jjj or #e1jjj feet4 ,among ! highe/1 if n actually ! culm9at+ peaks well )9 ! ,great ,bas9 are ,:ite ,m\nta91 on ! ,cali=nia-,nevada b\nd>y1 ab\t #cj miles s\!a/ ( ,mono ,lake1 :i* has a summit elevation ( #ac1jjj feet1 & ,jeff ,davis ,peak1 9 ea/]n ,nevada1 :i* rises #ac1ajj feet above ! sea & #h1jjj feet above ! adjac5t valleys4 ,! num]\s %>p-cre/$ ranges ( ! region "u review are frequ5tly rem>kable = ! ri*ness ( ! col\rs ( ! nak$ rocks4 ,! m\nta9 slopes & t[]+ angul> summits :5 outl9$ aga9/ ! morn+ or ev5+ sky are frequ5tly z brilliantly dy$ z are ! ,new ,engl& hills :5 clo!d 9 ! h>lequ9 foliage ( autumn4 ,be=e sunrise & aft] sunset ea* s]rate cre/-l9e is ! %>ply cut bord] ( a silh\ette ( ! deepe/ & ri*e/ purple4 ,! div]sity ( sc5]y 9 ! ,great ,bas9 is increas$ by m\nta9s ( volcanic orig91 includ+ sev]al mod]n crat]s1 "s ( :i* hold lakes1 & by lava-fl[s ( rec5t date1 & by great alluvial fans or detritus cones :i* /ream out into ! valleys f ! m\?s ( gorges 9 ! bord]+ m\nta9s4 ,! ,great ,bas9 prop]1 ) its rugg$ topography & arid climate1 is n an agricultural region4 ,small portions ( x1 h[ev]1 :5 wat] c be _h = irrigation1 h be5 trans=m$ into fruitful f>ms & g>d5s :i* yield b\ntiful returns4 ,b ev5 a c5tury h5ce1 :5 all has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! way ( reclaim+ ! arid valleys t c be done by utiliz+ ! available wat] = irrigation1 only a small p] c5t ( ! :ole w be "u cultivation4 ,,si]ra ,,nevada ,,& ,,cascade ,,m\nta9s ,to ! we/ ( ! ,great ,bas91 & ext5d+ f s\!rn ,cali=nia nor?w>d to beyond ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y1 !re is a l(ty & extremely rugg$ belt ( m\nta9s consi/+ ( two ranges--! ,si]ra ,nevada at ! s\? & ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s at ! nor?4 ,topographically1 ^! two ranges =m a s+le elevat$ belt ( c\ntry1 b cu/om1 & z is n[ g5]ally und]/ood ! geological /ructure & hi/ory1 draws a divid+ l9e betwe5 !m 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada-,cascade range ext5ds f> into ,canada1 & is !re kn[n z ! ,coa/ ,range4 ,no adju/m5t ( ! nom5clature 9 use on ! two sides ( ! int]national b\nd>y has be5 made1 & 9 ord] to con=m ) curr5t usage1 x is necess>y to consid] sep>ately ! two portions ( ! range on opposite sides ( ! =ty-n9? p>allel4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada has its s\!rn t]m9us at ,tejon ,pass1 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & ext5d+ f !re nor?w>d to ,lass5 ,peak1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! same ,/ate4 ,) ! exception ( a small area to ! ea/ & nor? ( ,lake ,tahoe1 ! entire range is includ$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,cali=nia4 ,?is is geographically "o ( ! be/ def9$ ( ! l>g] m\nta9 ranges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its ea/]n bord] especially is easy to trace1 z = ! mo/ "p x is det]m9$ by a great esc>pm5t1 correspond+ to ! fault sc>p :i* bord]s "o side ( s _m ( ! bas9 ranges4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada1 9 fact1 may be consid]$ z "o ( ! bas9 ranges ( great size & =m+ ! we/]n wall ( ! region ( int]ior dra9age ly+ to ! ea/w>d4 ,?is abrupt ea/w>d-fac+ m\nta9 slope is 9 reality a great fault sc>p1 =m$ ma9ly by ! upheaval ( ! we/ side ( an int]sect+ sy/em ( fractures4 ,x is n kn[n1 h[ev]1 h[ mu* ( ! esc>pm5t is due to ! upheaval ( ! we/ side ( ! belt ( fracture1 or h[ mu* to ! s9k+ ( ! ea/]n side4 ,!re h no d\bt be5 _m up & d[n movem5ts along ?is belt1 ( :i* ! pres5t m\nta9 wall is ! algebraic sum4 ,! esc>pm5t rises 9 g5]al f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet above ! des]t valleys to ! ea/w>d1 & rea*es a maximum ( ab\t #ad1jjj feet 9 ! vic9ity ( ,dea? ,valley4 ,x is exce$+ly precipit\s & rises to an irregul> s]rate cre/-l9e1 f :i* ! g5]al slope we/w>d to ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia is g5tle4 ,! be/ idea ( ! g5]aliz$ topographic =m z well z ( ! orig9 ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 :i* ! read] may be ask$ to hold 9 m9d1 is t ! range consi/s ( a block ( ! e>?'s cru/ ab\t #ejj miles long & f #gj to #ajj miles broad1 :i* has be5 uprais$ along its ea/]n edge s z to give its surface a we/w>d incl9ation4 ,f ?is va/ monoli? ! pr(\nd canyons & multitude ( %>p tap]+ spires :i* give to ! range its magnific5t sc5]y h be5 sculptur$4 ,l mo/ g5]aliz$ pictures ( great geographical features1 h[ev]1 ?is outl9e ( ! =m & /ructure ( ! great m\nta9 range ( ,cali=nia has to be modifi$ :5 /udi$ 9 detail4 ,f ext5sive & mo/ pa9/ak+ /udies by ,h4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ! conclusion is rea*$ t ! ,si]ra ,nevada may be describ$ z a monog5etic range1 compos$ ( highly compress$ s*i/s & slates ) l>ge areas ( associat$ igne\s rocks1 *iefly granite & diabase1 ^u :i* lie uncom=tably a s]ies ( lat] ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y s$im5ts & volcanic rocks4 ,c\ld ! pr(\nd valleys c>v$ 9 ! long we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada be fill$ s z to re/ore ! conditions z !y exi/$ :5 ! m\nta9 block 0 fir/ uprais$ & tilt$1 we w\ld h an incl9$ plane 9 :i* ! edges ( previ\sly fold$ rocks w\ld be expos$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! we/]n slope is a tilt$ p5epla91 be>+ on its surface remnants ( old] upl&s4 ,high up on ! range !re are deta*$ areas ( well-worn gravel1 :i* 7 deposit$ :5 ! slopes 7 less incl9$ ?an at pres5t1 & be=e ! exi/+ peaks & canyons came into exi/5ce4 ,c]ta9 ( ! valleys c>v$ dur+ a portion ( ! e>li] /age ( erosion 7 subsequ5tly fill$ by lava-floods1 :i* buri$ gold-be>+ gravel b5ea? ?ick lay]s ( basaltic rock4 ,erosion has s9ce cut away ! s(t] b$s bord]+ ^! anci5t lava-%eets1 & left !m 9 bold relief z table m\nta9s1 und]nea? :i* m9]s h excavat$ tunnels 9 ord] to rea* ! /ream-deposit$ gravels ( ! anci5t canyons4 ,9 ^! in/ances valleys h be5 *ang$ to upl&s1 ow+ to ! resi/ance to erosion af=d$ by ! volcanic rocks dis*>g$ into !m4 ,! long g5tle slope on ! we/ side ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada has be5 dissect$ by we/w>d-fl[+ riv]s1 :i* h sunk _! *annels #b1jjj or #c1jjj feet or m into ! rocks4 ,o!r /reams hav+ mu* %ort] c\rses fl[ d[n ! /eep ea/]n slope ( ! range & h also excavat$ canyons4 ,^! two sy/ems ( dra9age1 "o lead+ we/w>d to ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia & ! o!r ea/w>d to ! valleys ( ! ,great ,bas91 ext5d$ _! head bran*es until !y came into rivalry ) ea* o!r1 & cut deep not*es 9 ! cre/ ( ! range4 ,dur+ a late /age 9 its hi/ory ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9s 7 cov]$ ) a great field ( p]5nial sn[1 f :i* glaci]s fl[$ bo? ea/w>d & we/w>d4 ,^! ice-/reams1 by deep5+ & broad5+ ! previ\sly wat]-cut *annels1 /ill fur!r increas$ ! div]sity ( ! topography & impress$ ^u x *>act]i/ics su* z only glaci]s c produce4 ,! highe/ & mo/ typical "p ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada is 9 its s\?-c5tral portion1 & is kn[n z ! ,high ,si]ra4 ,?is region1 al?\gh at pres5t n accurately def9$1 is well wor?y ( recognition4 ,?r\gh\t its entire ext5t1 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,lake ,tahoe on ! nor? to ,tehi*ipe ,pass at ! s\?1 a di/ance ( ab\t #bdj miles1 x is div]sifi$ by rugg$ s]rate peaks & n>r[ /ream-cut valleys ( great dep?4 ,_m ( ! m\nta9s atta9 elevations ( f #ab1jjj to ov] #ac1ejj feet4 ,! highe/ summit is ,m\nt ,:itney1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! range & ne> its ea/]n bord]1 :i* rises #ad1ebb feet above ! sea & has ! add$ di/9ction ( be+ ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( ,alaska4 ,x is a notable fact t ?is great m\nta9-peak %\ld be situat$ only ab\t #ajj miles f ,dea? ,valley1 ! l[e/ depression on ! cont95t4 ,ano!r ( ! rem>kable features ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada is ! great dep? & ! wond]fully precipit\s walls ( "s ( ! valleys c>v$ by ! we/w>d-fl[+ riv]s4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is ! sublime ,yosemite ,valley1 n[ _w-r5[n$4 ,?is cleft z x appe>s 9 solid light-col\r$ granite1 ov] a mile deep1 is believ$ by ,turn]1 ! la/ ( sev]al geologi/s to discuss its orig91 to be due to /ream erosion4 ,! fact seems well e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 t glacial ice has assi/$ 9 ! great task4 ,! ,yosemite is n su* an unique feature z 0 at "o "t suppos$1 b is approa*$ if n equall$ 9 dep? & magnific5ce by ,het* ,het*y ,valley1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! ,tuolumne ,riv]1 & is duplicat$1 9 "p at lea/1 by o!r simil> /ream-cut gulfs4 ,among ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! glori\s sc5]y ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada is ! multitude ( lakes left z a ri* inh]itance by ! dep>t$ glaci]s4 ,^! occur n only high up amid ! b>e peaks :]e _! bas9s 7 excavat$ by ! fl[+ ice1 b also 9 ! l[] valleys :]e ! anci5t ice-/reams built mora9al dams4 ,! ,high ,si]ra 0 swept ne>ly clean ( soil & debris by ! anci5t glaci]s1 & ! h>d rocks ?us expos$ 7 r\nd$ & burni%$ by ! ice t fl[$ ov] !m4 ,b little dis9tegration or decay ( ! rocks has tak5 place s9ce an amelioration ( climate *ang$ ! dra9age f a solid to a liquid =m4 ,on acc\nt ma9ly ( ! g5]al abs5ce ( soil ! =e/s are less d5se ?an might be expect$ f ! height ( ! regions :]e !y occur & its g5]al climatic conditions4 ,! m l(ty peaks rea* f> above ! =e/s & are riv5 & %att]$ by fro/4 ,! cre/s & cliffs at some:at l[] altitudes are also b>e1 b 9 ! canyons & on ! mead[-l valley bottoms smoo!d by ! glaci]s1 op5 p>k-l groves ( p9e & spruce gr[ 9 picturesque disord]4 ,on ! l$ges ( ! great precipices1 & on _m ( ! second>y summits1 g>d5s ( alp9e fl[]s blossom 9 late summ]1 & at times imp>t a ri* w>m gl[ to ! heights t support !m4 ,! views ( nature1 unm>r$ by ! h& ( man1 :i* rew>d ! p]si/5t m\nta9e] 9 ?is sil5t wond]l& ( ! upp] _w1 are n only gr& beyond all description1 b beautifi$ by a delicacy ( decoration :]e sn[-fields & alp9e g>d5s meet1 t is undream$ ( by ! dwell]s 9 ! d5s] air ( ! pla9s & seaside4 ,lov]s ( nature :o are unable to climb ! t[]+ summits ( ! ,high ,si]ra & see = !mselves ! m>vell\s beauty !re s lavi%ly display$ c at lea/ f9d a gl[+ p5 picture ( x 9 ,john ,muir's fasc9at+ book ,! ,m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia4 ,on ! l[] we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ! =e/s become cont9u\s & luxuriant1 ! trees are ( l>ge size1 & ! lovely fl[]s c>pet+ ! valleys & hillsides take on a m famili> appe>ance ?an ! gorge\s blossoms ( ! alp9e mead[s4 ,x is 9 ?is region t ! gigantic ,sequoia /ill l+]s z a remnant ( a ne>ly ext9ct flora4 ,/atem5ts ( heights & dep?s1 ( geological /ructures1 & ( topographic =ms are p]haps necess>y to enable "o to =m a m5tal picture ( a sn[-cr[n$ m\nta9 range :i* w be> "s fa9t resemblance to ! mighty orig9al2 b :5 "o ?reads 8 way ?r\gh ! res9\s =e/s on ! l[] slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 asc5ds "s "o ( ! pr(\nd wat]-cut rifts 9 its side1 scales ! /eep cliffs1 trav]ses ! cry/al surfaces ( ! small glaci]s1 & f9ally /&s on a spire-l summit cov]$ only by ! d>k blue ( ! dome above1 all ?\ghts ( ! ar*es & walls t support ! mighty ca!dral are lo/ 9 wrapt wond] & admiration ( ! magnific5t sc5e ab\t him4 ,x is ?is int5se feel+ = ! sublime & beautiful 9 nature t ! /ud5t ( geography %\ld /rive to cultivate1 z well z to acquire skill 9 read+ ! prosaic hi/ory writt5 ev]y:]e on ! m\nta9s4 ,?is important lesson c seldom be /udi$ to great] advantage ?an amid ! sil5t awe-inspir+ peaks ( ,cali=nia4 ,! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 z previ\sly /at$1 are a direct cont9uation1 s f> z ! relief is conc]n$1 ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! geological /ructure ( ! region 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e ! two ranges approa* ea* o!r1 has be5 /udi$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,dill]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 :o concludes t !y pres5t *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,9 ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & s\!rn ,wa%+ton ! rocks expos$ at ! surface are ma9ly1 if n entirely1 ( volcanic orig91 & 7 p\r$ out 9 a molt5 condition z lava-fl[s1 or z fragm5tal ejections f volcanoes1 & 9 "p rose ?r\gh fissures & =m$ :at are t]m$ fissure eruptions4 ,! rocks ?us extrud$ are ma9ly compos$ ( d>k1 heavy basic mat]ial1 su* z basalt & &esite4 ,^! outp\r+s ( molt5 rocks 7 on a gr& scale1 & a l>ge numb] ( volcanic m\nta9s 7 =m$ :i* /ill rema9 z ! dom9ant peaks ( ! rugg$ & d5sely =e/$ ,cascade ,range4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce n[ available seems to %[ t !re is a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 ano!r significant *ange occurs :5 "o foll[s ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s into nor!rn ,wa%+ton4 ,:]e ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,railroad crosses ! range ! volcanic rocks are succe$$ nor?w>d by granites1 s*i/s1 s]p5t9e1 etc41 & ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y s$im5t>y b$s ( mu* ! same "* z ^? 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! /udy ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada-,cascade region has n progress$ f> en\gh to w>rant a decision1 b ! fact ref]r$ to above /rongly sugge/s t ! two ranges1 z we n[ t]m !m1 are ess5tially a s+le uplift1 a l>ge portion ( :i*1 ext5d+ f ,lass5 ,peak1 9 ,cali=nia1 nor?w>d across ,oregon & into ,wa%+ton z f> z ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,railroad1 is buri$ b5ea? a great blanket1 s to speak1 ( lava-fl[s4 ,! tract ( elevat$ & rugg$ c\ntry 9 nor!rn ,wa%+ton embrac$ 9 ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ! writ]1 passes into ,canada )\t a m>k$ *ange 9 ei!r its geology or geography1 & !re is no occasion = a *ange ( "n :5 ! int]national b\nd>y is cross$4 ,! ,cascade ,m\nta9s 9 ,oregon & s\!rn ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! surface rocks are ma9ly & p]haps :olly ( volcanic orig91 are rugg$ = two pr9cipal reasons3 ,fir/1 volcanic en]gy has built up great individual peaks2 & second1 erosion has c>v$ deep valleys & num]\s rav9es & gorges4 ,! volcanoes are n[ ext9ct1 or h long be5 dormant1 & _! cold summits are 9 sev]al in/ances cr[n$ ) p]5nial sn[ & small glaci]s4 ,! =ms giv5 to ! m prom95t elevations by ! eruptions :i* built !m h to a great ext5t be5 defac$ by erosion4 ,z !y /& to-day !y furni% an in/ructive s]ies ( m or less deeply dissect$ volcanic m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,crat] ,lake 9 ! summit ( ,m\nt ,mazama1 ,oregon4 ,n only has erosion *ang$ ! *>act]i/ic slopes ( ! peaks built ( lava-fl[s & eject$ fragm5ts1 b 9 at lea/ "o rem>kable in/ance ! volcanic en]gy itself greatly alt]$ ! /ructure x _h previ\sly rais$4 ,m\nt ,mazama1 situat$ 9 s\!rn ,oregon 9 ! summit region ( ! ,cascades1 is a truncat$ volcanic cone 9 ! top ( :i* !re is an imm5se depression n[ p>tially fill$ by ! wat]s ( ,crat] ,lake 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! ma9 features 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is unique m\nta9 ) a lake 9 its summit1 z int]pret$ by ,messrs4 ,dutton & ,dill]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geographical ,survey1 are z foll[s3 ,x once /ood z a conical peak1 simil> to sev]al o!r m\nta9s ( volcanic orig9 9 ! same region1 "s #ae1jjj feet 9 height2 x 0 !n an active volcano ) a summit crat] fill$ ) lava1 b subsequ5tly1 = a "t at lea/1 became dormant & 0 occupi$ by glacial ice4 ,at a lat] p]iod an escape = ! lava 0 furni%$ by a fissure or o!r op5+ :i* admitt$ ( a surface dis*>ge at a m or less di/ant locality1 9 a mann] simil> to ! escape ( ! molt5 rocks f ! great volcanoes ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s )9 hi/oric times4 ,?is draw+ (f ( ! lava f ! crat] remov$ ! support af=d$ its walls f )91 & ! summit portion ( ! m\nta91 embrac+ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( its height above ! adjac5t valleys1 fell 9 & 0 engulf$4 ,! m\nta9 0 ?us truncat$1 & pres5ts ! g5]al appe>ance ( simil> cones ! upp] portions ( :i* are kn[n to h be5 bl[n away by explosions4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,m\nt ,mazama1 ! hypo!sis ( truncation by explosion seems to be disprov$ by ! abs5ce ( ! fragm5ts ( ! portion remov$ on ! slopes rema9+ or on ! surr\nd+ region4 ,aft] ! fall+ 9 ( ! summit ( ! m\nta9 comp>atively mild volcanic explosions foll[$ :i* built a cone )9 ! great pit or cald]a 9 ! summit ( ! truncat$ m\nta91 b )\t fill+ x4 ,! space left vacant is n[ occupi$ by wat]1 & ?us trans=m$ into a lake4 ,! cone built aft] ! cata/rophe ref]r$ to n[ =ms ,wiz>d ,isl&1 ne> ! s\?we/ bord] ( ,crat] ,lake4 ,"s idea ( ! magnitude ( ! *anges wr\ght 9 ,m\nt ,mazama by ! ev5ts record$ 9 its geology & topography may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ facts3 ,crat] ,lake has a surface elevation ( #f1bci feet above ! sea1 & is ne>ly #b1jjj feet deep 9 its deepe/ "p2 ! precipices surr\nd+ x are f #ebj to #a1ihg feet high4 ,! :ole dep? ( ! depression is !re=e #d1jjj feet4 ,?is cald]a1 z su* bas9s ( volcanic orig9 are t]m$1 is ne>ly circul>1 ) an ea/ & we/ diamet] measur+ #f miles1 & a nor? & s\? diamet] ( #e miles4 ,! volume ( ! pit is ne>ly #ab cubic miles4 ,n only is ,m\nt ,mazama ) its wond]ful lake "o ( ! mo/ unique natural features ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 b x has its full %>e ( ! arti/ic details ( lake & m\nta9 sc5]y :i* appeal s =cibly to ! f9] in/9cts )9 u4 ,! out] slopes ( ! m\nta9 are clo!d ) ! all-embrac+ conif]\s =e/s :i* cov] ! ,cascades z ) a mantle ?r\gh\t _! entire ext5t1 :ile ! precipit\s inn] slopes are = ! mo/ "p b>e precipices ( angul> & extremely rugg$ rock4 ,! lake itself is ( ! mo/ m>vell\s blue1 9 :i* ! encircl+ cliffs1 ! crat]-isl&1 & ! sky above are reflect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,m\nt ,ra9i]1 ,wa%+ton4 ,o!r peaks along ! cre/-l9e ( ! ,cascades to be numb]$ by ! score1 al?\gh ) less romantic hi/ories ?an ,m\nt ,mazama1 h in/ructive answ]s to give :5 prop]ly que/ion$4 ,among ! rem>kably picturesque summits ris+ above ! d>k conif]\s =e/s ( we/]n ,oregon are ! foll[+1 ) _! respective heights above ! sea express$ 9 feet3 ,m\nt ,pitt1 #i1gfj2 ,m\nt ,mazama1 #h1bbh2 ,m\nt ,union1 #g1hha2 ,m\nt ,scott1 #g1abc2 ,?ree ,si/]s1 ,m\nt ,jeff]son1 #aj1bjj2 & ,m\nt ,hood1 #aa1bbe4 ,( ^! peaks1 ! be/ kn[n1 on acc\nt ( its proximity to ! city ( ,portl&1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ picturesque & beautiful1 is ,m\nt ,hood1 situat$ ab\t #be miles s\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,! concave slopes s *>act]i/ic ( volcanic cones are no long] conspicu\s on ! sides ( ?is once symmetrical m\nta91 & only remnants ( its crat] rema94 ,! "p x play$ z a safety-valve = ! p5t-up en]gy b5ea? 0 long s9ce f9i%$1 al?\gh heat$ vap\rs /ill escape f an op5+ ne> ! summit4 ,simil> manife/ations ( heat h also be5 obs]v$ ab\t sev]al o!r anci5t crat]s 9 ! ,cascades1 b ^! occurr5ces are n consid]$ z indicat+ t actual connections /ill exi/ ) res]voirs or bodies ( molt5 rocks bel[ ! surface3 !y are evid5tly due to ! residual heat ( ! once molt5 rock 9 ! conduits ( ! n[ ext9ct or dormant volcanoes4 ,! lava-fl[s & volcanic m\nta9s typically display$ 9 ! ,cascades ?r\gh\t ! bread? ( ,oregon cont9ue nor?w>d & =m at lea/ ! surface portion ( ! same range 9 ,wa%+ton z f> z ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,railroad1 or ab\t #ajj miles nor? ( ! ,columbia4 ,! m important volcanic m\nta9s 9 we/]n ,wa%+ton are1 9 _! ord] f s\? to nor?2 z foll[s1 ! height ( ea* be+ giv5 9 feet3 ,m\nt ,adams1 #i1egj2 ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5s1 #i1gej2 ,m\nt ,ra9i]1 #ad1ebe2 ,glaci] ,peak1 #aj1dcf2 & ,m\nt ,bak]1 #aj1hgg4 ,only two ( ^! anci5t volcanoes1 namely1 ,m\nt ,adams & ,glaci] ,peak1 are situat$ on ! cre/-l9e ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s2 ! o!rs are to ! we/w>d & m or less completely deta*$ f ! ma9 range4 ,! ,cascade ,m\nta9s are 9 g5]al p>allel ) ! %ore ( ! ,pacific1 & rise z a prom95t b>ri] a?w>t ! pa? ( ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds4 ,precipitation on _! seaw>d slopes is copi\s1 b _! l&w>d sides ov]look+ ! arid pla9s ( c5tral ,wa%+ton are f> less humid4 ,! we/w>d1 or ra9y slope1 is clo!d ) a magnific5t =e/ ( giant trees1 :ile ! ea/w>d1 or sunny side1 is l>gely )\t =e/s1 b ab\nds 9 natural mead[s & pa/ures4 ,l>ge portions ( ! m\nta9s are /ill almo/ entirely unkn[n1 & reta9 _! primitive wildness1 except t =e/ fires1 p>ticul>ly ne> ! int]national b\nd>y1 h 9 places made desolate ! once beautiful valleys & precipit\s slopes4 ,elk1 de]1 be>1 ! m\nta9-goat1 & m\nta9-%eep /ill roam ! =e/s4 ,! l>ge /reams ab\nd 9 salmon1 & ea* cool1 cle> brook & ru%+ creek is a fav\rite haunt ( ! tr\t4 ,no m delightful camp+-gr\nd = lov]s ( nature & se>*]s = recreation c be f\nd ?an ! grassy1 p>k-l valleys on ! sunny side ( ^! magnific5t m\nta9s4 ,_m ( ! details 9 ! sc5]y ( ! ,cascades are due to ! "w ( anci5t glaci]s4 ,num]\s lakes1 held 9 rock-bas9s 9 ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9s1 & _m /ill l>g] %eets ( wat] reta9$ by mora9al dams 9 ! l[] valleys1 give a sup]lative *>m to _m a wild & rugg$ l&scape4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+ lake 9 ! entire ,cascade region is ,lake ,*elan1 situat$ 9 a deep valley on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9s 9 nor?-c5tral ,wa%+ton4 ,?is beautiful %eet ( wat]1 a mile or two wide1 ext5d+ l a placid riv] = "s #gj miles into ! m\nta9s1 resembles 9 _m ( its features ! f>-fam$ lakes ( nor!rn ,italy4 ,! m\nta9s inclos+ ?is hidd5 gem ( ! ,cascades rise abruptly f ! wat]'s edge to great heights1 & ) "o exception are unbrok5 by deep side-valleys4 ,= fully #ej miles ! blue pla9 ( wat] is ov]%ad[$ on ea* side by crags & precipices f #e1jjj to #f1jjj or m feet 9 height4 ,! l[] slopes are d>k ) =e/s ( p9e & fir1 & ! b>e s]rate spires above are :ite ) sn[ long aft] ! spr+ fl[]s h fad$ 9 ! l[] vales4 ,! wat] ( ! lake is cle> & sp>kl+1 & has ! deep-blue col\r ( ! op5 ocean4 ,! s\nd+-l9e has %[n a dep? ( #a1djj feet1 & ! bottom is ab\t #cjj feet bel[ sea-level4 ,?is wond]ful lake1 clasp$ 9 ! embrace ( ! ea/w>d ext5d$ arms ( ! ,cascades1 is b #b or #c miles f ! ,columbia ,riv]1 into :i* x dis*>ges its surplus wat]s ?r\gh ,*elan ,riv]1 & may be easily rea*$ f ,w5a*ee1 on ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railroad1 by /eam]s on ! ,columbia4 ,al?\gh at pres5t sc>cely kn[n to ! _w ( t\ri/s1 ,lake ,*elan is de/9$ to take z an important place 9 ! lives ( ^? :o seek re/ & recreation z does ,lake ,george 9 nor!rn ,new ,york at ! pres5t day4 ,be=e attempt+ to trace ! ,pacific m\nta9s nor?w>d ?r\gh ,canada & ,alaska1 let u glance at ! lead+ geographical features to ! we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada-,cascade uplift4 ,,! ,,great ,,valley ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,& ,,! ,,puget ,,s\nd ,,bas9 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada-,cascade ,m\nta9s1 & bord]$ on ! we/ by ano!r & v ne>ly p>allel s]ies ( elevations1 kn[n 9 a g5]al way z ! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s1 !re is a succession ( long1 relatively n>r[ bas9s1 situat$ end to end1 & con/itut+ :at may be t]m$ a valley-*a94 ,?is s]ies ( bas9s ext5ds f s\!rn ,cali=nia nor?w>d f> into ,canada1 & includes1 9 _! ord] f s\? to nor?1 ! great ,valley ( ,cali=nia1 ! ,willamette & ,c[litz ,valleys 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton1 & ! ,puget ,s\nd bas91 toge!r ) its great b indef9itely def9$ nor?w>d ext5sion4 ,! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia has a l5g? ( ab\t #ejj miles & an av]age wid? ( approximately #dj miles1 & is great] 9 area ?an ei!r ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 or ,switz]l&4 ,x is divid$ 9 ref]5ce to dra9age into two portions1 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley at ! s\? & ! ,sacram5to ,valley at ! nor?1 nam$ respectively aft] ! riv]s t dra9 !m4 ,^! two /reams unite & dis*>ge into ,san ,francisco ,bay1 ! outlet ( :i* is ?r\gh ! ,gold5 ,gate to ! ,pacific4 ,?is c5tral bas9 ( ,cali=nia has a g5]ally flat bottom compos$ ( a great dep? ( unconsolidat$ gravel1 s&1 & clay1 :i* are believ$ to owe _! deposition ma9ly to ! /reams fl[+ f ! bord]+ m\nta9s1 al?\gh 9 "p !y may h be5 deposit$ :5 ! l& 0 m depress$ ?an n[ & ! bas9 0 a great s\nd1 connect$ ) ! ocean by a s+le n>r[ op5+4 ,! rock-wa/e swept into ! valley s]v$ n only to add to ! accumulations =m+ its floor1 b to give ! bottom "s irregul>ities4 ,a portion ( its s\!rn end1 %ut (f by alluvial deposits br\ght d[n f ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 is occupi$ by ! %all[ alkal9e wat]s ( ,tul>e ,lake4 ,:5 ! great valley 0 fir/ visit$ by :ite m5 x 0 )\t trees1 except along ! imm$iate bord]s ( "s ( ! /reams1 & = ! mo/ "p 0 a luxuriant mead[ ( wild grasses & fl[]s4 ,on ! upl&s oak-trees grew 9 scatt]$ p>k-l groves ) gorge\sly fl[]-deck$ hills & vales betwe54 ,?is fav\r$ l&1 clo!d 9 its natural beauties1 came z ne> be+ an ,ed5 z p]haps any portion ( ! cont95t4 ,! *anges t h foll[$ ! settlem5t & cultivation ( ?is great m\nta9-inclos$ bas9 are simply m>vell\s4 ,cities & villages h be5 built1 or*>ds & v9ey>ds plant$ :i* yield mo/ b\ntiful h>ve/s1 & ! once grass-cov]$ pla9s are n[ seem+ly b\ndless :eat-fields4 ,! unkept natural g>d5 ( half a c5tury ago has become a gran>y n only = ! p ( ,am]ica1 b = ^? ( ,asia z well4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,klama? ,m\nta9s1 :i* %ut 9 ! c5tral ,valley ( ,cali=nia at ! nor?1 lies ! beautiful ,willamette ,valley1 ab\t #aej miles long1 dra9$ by ! nor?w>d-fl[+ riv] ( ! same "n1 :i* jo9s ! ,columbia :]e ! ?riv+ city ( ,portl& n[ /&s4 ,! depression betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( :i* ! ,valley ( ! ,willamette =ms a "p1 ext5ds nor? ( ! ,columbia1 & is !re dra9$ by ! s\?w>d-fl[+ ,c[litz ,riv]4 ,! relation ( ^! two valleys is mu* ! same1 al?\gh on a small] scale1 z t exi/+ betwe5 ! ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to ,valleys1 except t ! ,columbia1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 receives ! ,willamette & ,c[litz riv]s z tribut>ies1 "o f ea* side ( its c\rse4 ,?is ,willamette-,c[litz depression is surr\nd$ by d5sely =e/$ hills & ! sn[-capp$ summits ( anci5t volcanoes4 ,! soil 0 orig9ally highly f]tile1 & al?\gh n[ some:at impov]i%$1 /ill furni%es a sub/antial basis = agriculture1 & r5d]s ! region "o ( ! mo/ productive z well z mo/ beautiful 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ! geograph] ! ,willamette-,c[litz ,valley seems sc>cely di/9ct f ! great depression f>!r nor? 9 ! same valley-*a91 :i* n[ holds ! wat]s ( ,puget ,s\nd1 except t !re is a l[ wat]-p>t+ betwe54 ,?is divide1 z previ\sly sugge/$1 is ?\ght to be due l>gely to /ream & glacial deposits1 :i* h be5 laid d[n 9 ! previ\sly ne>ly level-floor$ int]montane tr\gh4 ,! ,puget ,s\nd bas9 has a l5g? f s\? to nor? ( ab\t #aej miles1 & ext5ds f ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s on ! we/ to ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s on ! ea/1 a di/ance ( "s #fj miles4 ,! s\nd t]m9ates at ! nor? at ! ,/rait ( ,fuca 7at ,port ,t[ns5d1 9 ,fig4 #bc71 b ! depression 9 :i* x lies cont9ues nor?w>d1 ) simil> geographical & geological *>act]i/ics4 ,9 a g5]al way ! same depression may be said to ext5d nor?w>d to s\!a/]n ,alaska1 b is !re deeply wat]-fill$1 & its we/]n bord] is discont9u\s & brok5 into _m isl&s4 ,!re are sev]al features 9 ! ,puget ,s\nd bas9 :i* especially impress ! travell]3 ,next to ! magnific5ce ( ! l(ty volcanic cones t /& l ,titan wat*-t[]s along ! we/]n slope ( ! ,cascades & ! d5se =e/ ( gigantic firs & c$>s1 ! mo/ conspicu\s feature ( ! region is ! extreme irregul>ity ( ! s\nd itself4 ,ev5 su* g5]al maps ( ,puget ,s\nd z are usually available indicate t x is exceptional & diff]5t f all o!r wat] bodies on ! cont95t1 n includ+ ! ext5sion ( ! same s]ies ( bas9s nor?w>d4 ,n only is ,puget ,s\nd extremely irregul>1 & inconsi/5t ) any !ory t w\ld ascribe its orig9 to ! subsi/5ce & dr[n+ ( /ream-erod$ valleys1 b its wat]s are deep & ! *annels n>r[4 ,! upl&s betwe5 ! wat]ways are l[ plateaus compos$ ( clay1 gravel1 & glacial mora9es4 ,! explanation ( ^! unique conditions is t glacial ice =m]ly occupi$ ! bas9 & deposit$ mora9es & gravel-pla9s & clay-pla9s ab\t its m>g9s2 :5 ! bran*+ & irregul> %eet ( /agnant ice melt$ its place 0 tak5 by ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,?is simplifi$ outl9e ( ! lat] hi/ory ( ,puget ,s\nd has _m modifications1 ! mo/ important be+ t !re 7 at lea/ two p]iods ( ice occupation1 ) an int]v5+ /age ( mild climate betwe51 dur+ :i* ! previ\sly =m$ glacial deposits 7 =e/ cov]$ & ?ick b$s ( peat =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,puget ,s\nd4 ,! ice :i* occupi$ ,puget ,s\nd 0 ! extreme s\!rn portion ( a great b irregul> ,pi$mont glaci] :i* fr+$ ! r\gh & ragg$ coa/ ( ! cont95t all ! way to s\!rn ,alaska4 ,a remnant ( ?is =m] ice body /ill exi/s ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 & con/itutes ! v in/ructive ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,,! ,,m\nta9s ,,bord]+ ,,! ,,pacific ,9 a prec$+ *apt] ! rugg$ topography ( ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! cont95t has be5 briefly describ$1 & a g5]al explanation giv5 ( ! contra/s :i* x pres5ts to ! coa/al pla9s & plateaus on ! ,atlantic bord]4 ,! long1 n>r[ p59sula kn[n z ,l[] ,cali=nia1 z yet un/udi$ 9 ! light ( mod]n geography1 is kn[n to be m\nta9\s ?r\gh\t4 ,al?\gh ne>ly surr\nd$ by ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 ! climate ( ! p59sula is hot & arid & its surface des]t-l4 ,! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 :i* sep>ates su* a l>ge portion ( ! ,pacific bord] ( ,mexico f ! ma9 body ( ! republic1 has ! *>act]i/ics ( a dr[n$ int]montane or orog5ic valley4 ,b :e!r ! great depression 0 ev] dry l& or n is unkn[n4 ,! wat]s ( ! gulf are %all[1 h[ev]1 & a mod]ate upw>d movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 t region w\ld trans=m x into a great valley simil> 9 its g5]al features to ! c5tral bas9 ( ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia4 ,:at are frequ5tly designat$ collectively z ! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s beg9 at ! s\? & adjac5t to ! %ore ( ! ,pacific1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cal41 & ext5d nor?w>d along ! imm$iate seabo>d f> into ,briti% ,columbia4 ,a cont9uation or bran* ( ?is s]ies ( elevations foll[s ! s\? coa/ ( ,alaska1 & is prolong$ s z to =m ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,! l5g? ( ! m\nta9 sy/em or succession ( ranges ref]r$ to is betwe5 #c1ejj & #d1jjj miles4 ,! detail$ /udy ( ?is long1 n>r[1 & 9 _m p>ts excessively rugg$ region is z yet 9 its infancy1 & only a brief acc\nt ( its sali5t features c be attempt$ at pres5t4 ,9 s\!rn ,cali=nia ! /ructure ( ! m\nta9s & ! deep /ream-deposit$ gravel1 etc41 9 ! int]v5+ valleys1 z well z ! aridity ( ! climate & "* ( ! vegetation1 correspond closely ) ! simil> conditions 9 ! ,great ,bas94 ,9 fact1 ! ,great ,bas9 region1 z ! t]m has be5 us$ on a previ\s page1 !re meets ! ,pacific1 & ! isl&s ris+ f ! adjac5t portion ( ! ocean seem to be ! summits ( m\nta9s ( ! ,bas9 ,range type4 ,ow+ to ! dryness ( ! climate 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia & adjac5t portions ( ,mexico1 ! deeply alluvial-fill$ valleys are treeless1 & agriculture is only possible ) ! aid ( irrigation4 ,:]e wat] c be _h1 h[ev]1 !re are wond]fully productive or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 & g>d5s1 9 :i* ! fruits & fl[]s ( bo? ! temp]ate & torrid zones fl\ri% side by side ) m>vell\s luxuriance4 ,! palm !re ca/s its %ad[ on fragrant b[]s ( ! mo/ sup]b roses4 ,! grass-clo!d m\nta9 slopes are ei!r b>e ( trees or b scantily =e/$1 :ile ! upl& valleys produce a d5se jungle ( native trees & %rubs4 ,to ! nor? ( ! irregul> & div]sifi$ portion ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e ! ,great ,bas9 region ext5ds s\?we/w>d to ! ,pacific1 rises ! s\!rn ,coa/ ,range ( ,cali=nia4 ,! indef9ite beg9n+ ( ?is range is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,po9t ,conception1 to ! nor? ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 & its nor!rn t]m9us is at ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,! same belt ( m\nta9s ext5ds nor?w>d1 h[ev]1 & =ms ! nor!rn ,coa/ ,range1 :i* ext5ds to ! ,klama? ,m\nta9s 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! coa/ ranges ( ,cali=nia z a :ole are ab\t #ejj miles long & f #cj to #dj miles broad1 & comprise sev]al seem+ly di/9ct uplifts1 "s ( :i* h culm9at+ peaks f #d1jjj to ab\t #g1jjj feet high4 ,9 g5]al ?is elevat$ region is conspicu\sly sculptur$1 & 9 "p at lea/ has ! *>act]i/ics ( an erod$ plateau4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 (f]$ t ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,coa/ ,range is a dissect$ p5epla94 ,! ,coa/ ,ranges1 al?\gh g5]ally b>e ( trees to ! s\? ( ! ,gold5 ,gate1 become m & m d5sely =e/$ :5 foll[$ nor?w>d4 ,x is 9 ?is nor!rn division t ! great =e/s ( r$wood occur1 n[ s l>gely us$ = lumb]4 ,ref]5ce is "h made n to ! big trees1 :i* gr[ 9 c]ta9 re/rict$ areas on ! we/ slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 b to ! f> m ext5sive =e/s ( a relat$ species4 ,consid]+ m\nta9 =ms simply1 x is difficult if n impossible to det]m9e :]e ! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia t]m9ate at ! nor?1 b1 z has be5 %[n especially by ,j4 ,s4 ,dill]1 !re are reasons bas$ on geological /ructure = sep>at+ !m f ! irregul> gr\p ( ranges & peaks 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia & s\!rn ,oregon rec5tly nam$ ! ,klama? ,m\nta9s4 ,! coa/ sy/em is cont9u$ nor? ( ! ,klama? ,m\nta9s by ! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s ( ,oregon1 :i* ext5d to ! ,columbia ,riv]1 & consi/ ( irregul> ridges or s]ies ( ridges1 ) bold lat]al spurs1 especially on ! ocean side4 ,x v>ies conspicu\sly 9 height f place to place1 yet n[h]e atta9s a great altitude4 ,! elevations ( ! bold] summits1 al?\gh n accurately measur$1 seldom exce$ #c1jjj feet4 ,! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s ( ,oregon are consid]$ z t]m9at+ at ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate1 !re def9$ by ! ,columbia ,riv]1 b no reason is app>5t1 h[ev]1 = n includ+ 9 ! same gr\p ! elevat$ l& ly+ 9 s\?we/]n ,wa%+ton & adjac5t to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,betwe5 ! ,columbia & ,*ehalis ,riv] 9 ,wa%+ton !re is a rugg$ region :i* atta9s an elevation ( ov] #d1jjj feet1 & is sep>at$ f ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s to ! nor?w>d by ,*ehalis ,valley4 ,al?\gh ! geology ( ?is gr\p ( ridges & peaks is entirely unkn[n1 its position & g5]al appe>ance1 :5 se5 f a di/ance1 sugge/ t x might prop]ly be consid]$ z a direct ext5sion ( ! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s ( ,oregon4 ,foll[+ ! g5]al belt ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges /ill f>!r nor?w>d1 we come to ! spl5did gr\p ( =e/-clo!d m\nta9s1 ) usually sn[-cov]$ summits1 situat$ to ! we/ ( ,puget ,s\nd1 & kn[n z ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s4 ,?is magnific5t range is 9 full view f ,victoria1 ,seattle1 & ,tacoma1 & w\ld be f>-fam$ = its gr&eur 7 x n = its ne> rival1 ! /ill m l(ty ,cascade ,range4 ,!re are sev]al f9e1 %>p peaks 9 ! ,olympics t h nev] be5 scal$1 ! highe/ ( :i*1 ,m\nt ,olympus1 rises #h1aej feet above ! sea4 ,ow+ to ! excessive humidity & o!r fav\rable climatic conditions1 ^! m\nta9s are clo!d ) magnific5t =e/s up to an elevation ( ab\t #g1jjj feet4 ,on acc\nt ( ! rugg$ness ( ! c\ntry1 ! extreme d5sity ( ! tangl$ und]gr[?1 & ! ob/ructions =m$ by ! fall5 moss- & li*5-cov]$ trees1 ?is region is extremely difficult to trav]se1 & to-day is ! lea/ kn[n ( ! cont95tal portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ! nor? ! excessively rugg$ ,olympic p59sula is bord]$ by a deep1 broad fiord kn[n z ! ,/rait ( ,fuca4 ,to ! nor? ( ?is =m]ly ice-fill$ *annel lies ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 ! c5tral & nor!rn portion ( :i* is m\nta9\s4 ,! highe/ summit on ! isl& rises ab\t #g1ejj feet above ! sea1 & a consid]able area 9 its c5tral "p has an elevation ( ov] #b1jjj feet4 ,! ,olympics1 toge!r ) ! m\nta9s ( ,vanc\v] & ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 & ! nor!rn ext5sion ( ! same belt1 embrac$ 9 "p )9 ! ma9l& ( ,briti% ,columbia & s\!a/]n ,alaska1 h be5 t]m$ ! ,vanc\v] ,m\nta9s by ,canadian geograph]s4 ,! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ?is m\nta9 sy/em1 ju/ly nam$ 9 hon\r ( ! celebrat$ ,engli% explor] :o mapp$ l>ge portions ( ! nor?we/ coa/ ab\t a c5tury s9ce1 rema9s indef9ite1 & _c be det]m9$ until geologi/s h made m ?or\gh explorations ( ! l& x occupies4 ,! lead+ geographical features ( ?is region1 z rem>k$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 are due to ! deep dissection1 by /reams & glaci]s1 ( an elevat$ table-l&4 ,:5 ! ice-/reams melt$1 ! sea 0 p]mitt$ to ent] ! valleys1 s z to =m num]\s deep1 n>r[1 /eep-wall$ fiords 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! coa/ is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ ragg$ ( any portion ( ! bord] ( ! cont95t4 ,all b ! high] summits are clo!d ) a d5se mantle ( vegetation1 ! upp] limit ( :i* decreases 9 elevation :5 foll[$ nor?w>d1 f ab\t #g1jjj feet 9 ! ,olympics to approximately #b1ejj feet 9 s\!rn ,alaska4 ,p]5nial sn[ exi/s 9 ! high] valleys & amphi!atres ( ! ,olympics1 b ! pres5ce ( true glaci]s 9 t gr\p ( peaks has n be5 demon/rat$4 ,:5 foll[$ nor?w>d ! sn[-l9e becomes l[] & l[]1 & well-def9$ alp9e glaci]s are kn[n to exi/ 9 _m ( ! valleys1 m especially on ! ma9l& ( ,briti% ,columbia & s\!a/]n ,alaska4 ,!re /reams ( ice desc5d l[] & l[] ) increase 9 latitude1 & to ! nor? ( ,/icke5 ,riv]1 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 ent] ! fiords :i* connect ) ! ocean & become tide-wat] glaci]s4 ,to ! we/ ( ,lynn ,canal1 & ext5d+ to beyond ,copp] ,riv]1 is ! mo/ rugg$ portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & conta9s also "s ( ! highe/ m\nta9-peaks on ! cont95t ?us f> measur$4 ,! region ( high m\nta9s 9 ,alaska & ! adjac5t portion ( ,canada beg9s on ! ea/ 9 ! gr\p ( magnific5t peaks :i* clu/] ab\t ,m\nt ,fairwea!r z a c5tre & ext5d we/w>d1 ) a bread? ( "s #hj miles1 to beyond ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,f>!r we/w>d1 beyond ,copp] ,riv]1 o!r great m\nta9s are kn[n to exi/4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,m\nt ,mc,kinley1 has an elevation ( #bj1djj feet1 & s f> z n[ kn[n is ! highe/ peak 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! highe/ summit to ! ea/ ( ,copp] ,riv] is ,m\nt ,logan1 #ai1ejj feet4 ,?is sup]b ice-%ea!d peak is situat$ 9 ,canada ab\t #dj miles f ! coa/ & #ab miles ea/ ( ! "o hundr$ & =ty-fir/ m]idian4 ,second 9 rank is ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 #ah1jgj feet1 situat$ close to ! "o hundr$ & =ty-fir/ m]idian1 & )9 ! t]ritory belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! two summits are ! highe/ 9 a l& ( l(ty sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s1 & = ?is reason h claim$ a l>ge %>e ( att5tion4 ,!re are _m neighb\r+ peaks1 h[ev]1 t are wond]fully magnific5t1 b only a few ( !m h be5 measur$ & _m ( !m are /ill unnam$4 ,only "o ( ! high m\nta9s ( ,alaska1 namely1 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 has be5 climb$4 ,?is spl5did feat ( m\nta9e]+ 0 accompli%$ by ,pr9ce ,luigi1 ( ,savoy1 9 #ahii4 ,9 s\!rn ,alaska ! sn[-l9e is only ab\t #b1ejj feet above tide1 & a l>ge numb] ( magnific5t glaci]s desc5d to sea-level1 & _m ( !m actually ent] ! ocean4 ,all ( ! valleys & bas9s among ! high] summits are occupi$ by sn[-fields & glaci]s4 ,! g5]al cov]+ ( ice & sn[ z well z ! rugg$ness ( ! l& makes ?is ! mo/ difficult ( all ! m\nta9\s portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica to trav]se4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,elias region ! m\nta9s h be5 produc$ by upheaval1 & are n volcanic 9 _! orig94 ,! frequ5tly repeat$ /atem5t t ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias is a volcano is incorrect4 ,al?\gh igne\s rocks occur ne> its summit1 !y are ( ! nature ( dikes or intrusions1 probably ( anci5t date1 & n lava-fl[s4 ,! pr9cipal volcanic m\nta9s ( ,alaska are f>!r we/ 9 ! region ( ! ,alaskan p59sula & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,?is we/]n ext5sion ( ! cont95t is excessively rugg$1 b ! m\nta9s rise directly f ! ocean & 9 "p =m a *a9 ( precipit\s isl&s ) irregul> topographic =ms4 ,!re are m\nta9 ranges also 9 ! c5tral & nor!rn portions ( ,alaska & ! adjac5t "p ( ,canada1 b ?is region awaits exploration1 & b little accurate in=mation conc]n+ its topography is on record4 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ,we/]n ,canada4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! diff]5ces 9 ! nom5clature appli$ to ! portions ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s on opposite sides ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y1 & at pres5t ?is lack ( h>mony _c be adju/$4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! great ,pacific cordill]a crosses ! b\nd>y ne>ly at "r angles1 & !re is no abrupt *ange 9 ! topography ( ! l&4 ,f ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,great plateaus to ! ,pacific1 betwe5 ! =ty-fif? & fifty-six? p>allels1 z /at$ by ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 ! cordill]a has an av]age bread? ( ab\t #djj miles1 & is compos$ ( f\r great m\nta9 *a9s1 nam$ 9 _! ord] f ea/ to we/1 ! ,rocky1 ,gold1 ,coa/1 & ,vanc\v] ,m\nta9s4 ,^! f\r great *a9s are ne>ly p>allel & h irregul> nor?we/ & s\!a/ tr5ds4 ,! ,canadian ,rockies rise abruptly f ,great plateaus 9 :i* ! rocks are ne>ly horizontal1 & h a complex /ructure1 due to ! fold+ & o!r di/urbances t h affect$ ! /rata4 ,deep dissection by /ream erosion has occurr$1 z is ! case g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific cordill]a1 & ! peaks & ridges rema9+ are rem>kable = _! gr&eur4 ,al?\gh less elevat$ ?an ! high] portions ( ! same great belt 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _m ( ! summits are f #h1jjj to #aj1jjj1 &1 z report$1 9 a few in/ances rea* #ac1jjj feet 9 height1 :ile ! passes range is elevat$ f ab\t #d1jjj to #g1jjj feet4 ,! we/]n bord] ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 range is well def9$ = a di/ance ( "s #gjj miles to ! nor?w>d ( ! int]national b\nd>y by a rem>kably /raight1 wide valley1 :i* is occupi$ by ! head wat]s ( sev]al l>ge riv]s1 namely1 ! ,koot5ay1 ,columbia1 ,fras]1 ,p>snip1 & ,f9dley4 ,to ! we/ ( ! great valley j ref]r$ to rises ! ,gold sy/em1 compos$ pr9cipally ( ! ,selkirk1 ,purcell1 ,columbia1 & ,c>ib\ ,ranges4 ,x is 9 ?is rugg$ region t "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! spl5did sc5]y ( we/]n ,canada occurs4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,gold sy/em is a broad region ( valleys & less] m\nta9s1 kn[n z ! int]ior plateau ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :i* is a nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! ,great ,bas9 region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! bread? ( ?is belt ( comp>atively l[ c\ntry is ab\t #ajj miles4 ,l ! simil> region 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 x is )\t =e/s1 b fav\rable z a graz+ c\ntry4 ,9 "p x is occupi$ by ext5sive lava-fl[s1 simil> to ! ,columbia ,riv] lava ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,coa/ ,m\nta9s ( ,canada1 al?\gh /at$ by geologi/s to be di/9ct f ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 are 9 "p at lea/1 z det]m9$ by ! pres5t writ]1 a direct nor?w>d ext5sion ( t range4 ,! av]age elevation ( ! high] peaks 9 ! ,canadian ,coa/ ,range1 z x is t]m$1 is betwe5 #f1jjj & #g1jjj feet1 :ile ! culm9at+ po9ts rea* an elevation ( ab\t #i1jjj feet4 ,h[ f> nor?w>d ! nom5clature appli$ to ! ,pacific m\nta9s 9 s\?we/]n ,canada w be f\nd applicable c n be /at$1 z ! region to ! nor? ( ! fifty-six? p>allel is almo/ :olly unkn[n4 ,,! ,,antillean ,,m\nta9s ,z has be5 cle>ly po9t$ out by ,r4 ,t4 ,hill1 ! ,pacific cordill]a ends at ! s\? 9 s\?-c5tral ,mexico1 :ile ! ,&ean cordill]a at its nor!rn end t]m9ates 9 ! rugg$ m\nta9s ( ,v5ezuela to ! s\? ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,^! two great cordill]as d n ov]lap1 b !re is a diff]5ce ( ab\t #aj degrees ( latitude betwe5 !m1 & if ext5d$ !y w\ld pass ea* o!r at a di/ance ( ne>ly #a1jjj miles4 ,9 ! space ?us indicat$1 measur+ "s #fjj1jjj squ>e miles1 is includ$ ! s\!rn portion ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! rocks 9 ^! c\ntries pres5t a great s]ies ( folds :i* tr5d 9 an ea/]ly & we/]ly direction1 & ?us pres5t a conspicu\s exception to ! major /ructural features ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,to ?is newly recognis$ division ( ! l>g] geological & geographical *>act]i/ics ( ! ,new ,_w ! "n ,antillean m\nta9s has be5 giv54 ,! folds or corrugations 9 ! rocks ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican & ,c>ibbean region ext5d 9 an ea/ & we/ direction along ! seaw>d m>g9 ( ,v5ezuela & ,colombia f ! ,or9oco we/w>d to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & !nce cont9ue we/w>d ?r\gh ,co/a ,rica1 ! ea/]n portions ( ,nic>agua1 ,guatemala1 & ,honduras1 & rea* s\!rn ,oaxaca 9 ,mexico4 ,! same sy/em ( plications is reveal$ also on ! l>g] ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,! rocks ( ?is great region include granite & alli$ metamorphos$ t]ranes1 old lavas1 & s$im5t>y b$s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s features ( ?is region ) a /ructure & relief commonly f\nd 9 m\nta9s is t to a great ext5t x is depress$ b5ea? ! sea1 & only ! high] summits are 9 view4 ,"s ( ! l>g] inequalities ( ! rock surface h be5 discov]$ by means ( ! s\nd+-l9e4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #c1 x w be se5 t two subm>9e ridges ext5d 9 an ea/ & we/ direction b5ea? ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 f ! ,we/ ,indies to ! ,c5tral ,am]ican coa/1 & are sep>at$ by ,b>tlett ,deep4 ,^! ridges correspond 9 tr5d ) ! long] axes ( ! folds 9 ! ,antillean m\nta9s1 & sugge/ a common orig9 = ! lead+ geographical features ( ! l& & ( ! /ill m rem>kable topography ( ! sea-floor4 ,9 addition to m\nta9s produc$ by corrugation & upheaval1 !re are also 9 ! middle ,am]ican region num]\s volcanic m\nta9s4 ,( ^! !re are two well-def9$ belts1 ea* tr5d+ 9 g5]al nor? & s\?1 or directly across ! long] axes ( ! folds ( ! ,antillean m\nta9s4 ,"o ( ^! belts ( volcanic cones & crat]s is situat$ on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 & includes "s #be active volcanoes1 & ! o!r is def9$ by ! num]\s volcanic isl&s ( ! ,less] ,antilles4 ,! association ( ^! belts ( fracture ?r\gh :i* molt5 rock has be5 extrud$ & :]e e>?quakes are ( common occurr5ce1 ) ! junction ( ! ea/ & we/ belt ( plication to :i* ! ,antillean m\nta9s are due1 ) ! nor? & s\? belts ( m\nta9s =m+ ! ,pacific & ,&ean cordill]as1 is significant 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! l>g] features ( ! relief ( ! solid e>?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v>i$ z is ! relief ( ,nor? ,am]ica :5 /udi$ 9 detail1 an outl9e sket* ( its major features may be readily reta9$ 9 m9d4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! ma9 cont95tal area are ! ,atlantic m\nta9s1 ext5d+ f ne> ! ,gulf coa/ nor?w>d to beyond ,hudson ,/rait2 9 ! c5tral "p is ! broad cont95tal bas91 a va/ region ( l[ relief rea*+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,ocean2 we/ ( ! cont95tal bas9 are ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 ! greate/ ( all ! elevations on ! cont95t1 :i* beg9 abruptly 9 s\?-c5tral ,mexico & ext5d nor?w>d1 exp&+ to a wid? ( ab\t #a1jjj miles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & rea* ! ,arctic ,ocean & ,b]+ ,sea4 ,! movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* block$ out ^! major physiographic features1 7 produc$ by =ces act+ 9 ea/ & we/ directions1 & gave orig9 to folds & faults ) _! long] axes tr5d+ nor? & s\?4 ,to ! s\? ( ! ma9 body ( ! cont95t1 9 middle ,am]ica1 are situat$ ! ,antillean m\nta9s1 also a cordill]a comp>able ) ! ,atlantic & ,pacific cordill]as1 9 :i* ! long] axes ( ! folds & faults tr5d ea/ & we/1 & are due to =ces act+ 9 nor? & s\? directions4 ,! ,antillean m\nta9s 9 a g5]al way connect or int]v5e betwe5 ! ,pacific & ! ,&ean cordill]as4 ,:]e ! ,antillean m\nta9s cross ! axes ( ! ,pacific & ,&ean cordill]as are situat$ ! volcanoes ( s\!rn ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ^? ( ! ,less] ,antilles4 ,geograph]s w recognise t ?is outl9e is drawn boldly1 b al?\gh x w no d\bt h to be modifi$ z detail$ /udies progress1 x %\ld s]ve to emphasize ! lead+ geographic divisions ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t :5 view$ z a :ole4 ,,lit]ature ,! foll[+ li/ ( publications relat+ to ! physiography ( ,nor? ,am]ica is "h pres5t$ l>gely because ! books m5tion$ conta9 bibliographies or ref]5ces :i* indicate s\rces ( m special in=mation3 ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 ,bullet94 ,publi%$ annually4 ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,index to reports f #ahfc to #ahhd1 publi%$ 9 #aijj4 ,,d>ton1 ,n4 ,h4 ,catalogue & ,index ( ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 #agcb to #ahia4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #abg1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahif4 ,,davis1 ,w4 ,m4 ,physical ,geography4 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahih4 ,conta9s a valuable bibliography4 ,,dry]1 ,c4 ,r4 ,lessons 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,conta9s a valuable bibliography4 ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 ,bullet94 ,publi%$ annually s9ce #ahij at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,index to vols4 i-x1 publi%$ 9 #aijj4 ,int]national ,geography4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,r4 ,mill4 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,conta9s sev]al *apt]s on ,nor? ,am]ica by v>i\s au?ors4 ,j\rnal ( ,geology4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 & publi%$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,m]rill1 ,g4 ,p4 ,rocks1 ,rock-,wea!r+1 & ,soils4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,national ,geographic ,monographs4 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,"o volume publi%$4 ,,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w4 ,exploration ( ! ,colorado ,riv] ( ! ,we/4 ,publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahge4 ,,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w4 ,canyons ( ! ,colorado4 ,flood ,v9c5t1 ,meadeville1 ,pa41 #ahie4 ,,russell1 ,i4 ,c4 ,lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahie2 ,glaci]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahig2 ,volcanoes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahig2 ,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahih2 ,! ,names ( ! ,l>g] ,geographical ,features ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,philadelphia1 vol4 ii1 #ahii1 pp4 #ee-fh4 ,,%al]1 ,n4 ,s4 ,nature & ,man 9 ,am]ica4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahia4 ,/an=d's ,comp5dium ( ,geography & ,travel4 ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,canada & ,newf\ndl&1 by ,s4 ,e4 ,dawson2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,h4 ,gannett2 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,we/ ,indies1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,keane4 ,publi%$ by ,edw>d ,/an=d1 ,london4 ,,t>r1 ,r4 ,s4 ,elem5t>y ,physical ,geography4 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahie4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,bibliography & ,index1 conta9$ 9 ,bullet9s ,no4 #ajj1 #abg1 #agg1 #ahh1 & #ahi1 issu$ by ! ,survey4 ,! read] is ref]r$ especially to ! ,geological ,atlas & ! ,topographic ,atlas1 publi%$ by ! ,survey4 ,,w>man1 ,p4 ,c4 ,bibliography & ,index to ! ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ajj1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahic4 7,relates to publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey issu$ previ\s to #ahib2 cont9u$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #agg by ! same au?or47 ,,w>man1 ,p4 ,c4 ,catalogue & ,index ( ! ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 #ahhj to #aija4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #agg1 ,wa%+ton1 #aija4 ,,weeks1 ,f4 ,b4 ,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 ,paleontology1 ,petrology1 & ,m9]alogy = ! ,ye>s #ahib-aijj1 inclusive4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9s ,no4 #ahh & #ahi1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijb4 ,,:itney1 ,j4 ,d4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b vols4 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahhi & #ahid4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,climate ,! ,elem5ts ( ,climate ,nor? ,am]ica1 embrac+ z x does ess5tially a quadrant ( ! e>?'s surface1 pres5ts a v>iety ( climatic conditions rang+ f ^? *>act]i/ic ( ! equatorial belt to ^? normal to pol> regions1 z well z e gradation due to v>iations 9 elevation f sea-level & ev5 bel[ t horizon 9 ,dea? ,valley1 ,cali=nia1 to ! summits ( high plateaus & l(ty m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,mean ,annual ,ra9fall ,temp]ature4 ,! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! wea!r :i* g to make up ! conditions ( ! atmosph]e embrac$ 9 ! broad] t]m climate are temp]ature1 precipitation1 & ! w9ds4 ,on ! accompany+ map1 ,plate ,,ii1 ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! cont95t is repres5t$ by iso!rms1 or l9es drawn ?r\gh localities hav+ ! same av]age temp]ature = ! ye>4 ,on ! same map is also %[n 9 blue ! av]age dep? ( precipitation1 includ+ bo? ra9s & melt$ sn[4 ,on ,fig4 #bd l9es are drawn ?r\gh po9ts hav+ ! same av]age b>ometrical pressure 7isob>s7 = ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,july1 toge!r ) arr[s indicat+ ! g5]al direction ( ! surface w9ds dur+ ea* ( ^! mon?s1 :i* may be consid]$ z repres5tative ( ! summ] & w9t] seasons4 ,! data %[n on ^! maps h be5 compil$ ma9ly f ! reports ( ! wea!r bureaus ( ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,mexico1 & indicate1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 a summ>y ( :at is kn[n conc]n+ ! ma9 meteorological elem5ts :i* det]m9e ! climatic conditions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! maps w sugge/ c]ta9 g5]al conclusions 9 ref]5ce to ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! climate 9 v>i\s portions ( ! cont95t & ! *anges !y und]go f season to season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,av]age b>ometric pressure & direction ( w9d = ,janu>y & ,july4 ,di/ribution ( ,heat & ,light4--,! di/ribution ov] ! e>?'s surface ( ! heat & light receiv$ f ! sun is n only ( fundam5tal importance z respects climate1 b furni%es a "p ( ! ess5tial conditions on :i* dep5d ! pres5ce & di/ribution ( liv+ organisms4 ,! heat & light1 or m accurately1 ! radiant en]gy ( ! sun1 ! full significance ( :i* is probably n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 we t]m1 = conv5i5ce1 insolation4 ,! int5sity & seasonal di/ribution ( insolation are prime factors on :i* _m important results h+e4 ,ow+ to ! incl9ation ( ! axis ab\t :i* ! e>? rotates 7#bc deg4 #bg'7 to ! plane 9 :i* ! e>? travels ab\t ! sun1 or ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 ! nor!rn end ( ! axis is turn$ t[>ds ! sun 9 summ] & away f x 9 w9t]--t is1 ! axis ( rotation ( ! e>? at all times is p>allel to ! same imag9>y /raight l9e4 ,z a result1 ! sun appe>s to migrate nor?w>d 9 ! heav5s dur+ ! spr+-"t ( ea* ye>1 be+ v]tical ov] ! equator on ,m>* #ba/1 & to an obs]v] 9 nor? latitude #bc deg4 #bg' rises high] & high] ea* moon1 until on ,june #ba/ x is v]tically ov]head2 & !n returns s\?w>d4 ,! latitude 9 :i* ! sun is 9 ! z5i? at ! "t ( its greate/ nor?w>d migration det]m9es ! position ( an imag9>y l9e on ! e>?'s surface1 nam$ ! ,tropic ( ,canc]4 ,?is l9e1 z %[n on ! accompany+ maps1 crosses ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 passes ab\t #dj miles to ! nor?w>d ( ,havana1 divides ,mexico into two approximately equal p>ts1 & cuts ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia ne> its s\!rn end4 ,! portion ( ! cont95t to ! s\? ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc] lies )9 ! torrid zone4 ,:5 ! sun is v]tical ov] ! equator1 z x is ab\t ,m>* #ba/ & ,septemb] #bc;d ea* ye>1 its rays1 n all[+ = refraction1 are tang5t to ! e>?'s surface at ! poles1 & ! h\rs ( light & d>kness are equal ! _w ov]4 ,dur+ ! w9t] season ! sun appe>s to migrate s\?w>d ( ! equator until ,decemb] #ba/1 :5 x is v]tical at noon at all po9ts situat$ 9 s\? latitude #bc deg4 #bg'1 :i* is t]m$ ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,its rays are !n tang5t to ! e>?'s surface 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e 9 latitude #ff deg4 #cc'1 :i* def9es ! position ( ! arctic circle4 ,?is imag9>y l9e on ! e>?'s surface1 z is indicat$ on ! accompany+ maps1 crosses ,canada to ! nor? ( ,hudson ,bay1 & passes ?r\gh ,alaska ne> :]e ! ,porcup9e ,riv] jo9s ! ,yukon4 ,to ! nor? ( ! arctic circle lies ! frigid zone4 ,betwe5 ! torrid & frigid zones is situat$ ! temp]ate zone1 )9 :i* is includ$ ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 exclusive ( ,gre5l&4 ,! relation ( ! cont95t to ! ?ree great zones ( climate into :i* ! nor!rn hemisph]e is divid$ is ?us mo/ =tunate s f> z man's activities are conc]n$4 ,! climatic zones j ref]r$ to1 :ile bas$ on precise a/ronomical data & repres5t+ important facts1 are n sep>at$ "o f ano!r by tangible l9es1 & might easily pass undiscov]$ by "o :o /udi$ only ! surface *>act]i/ics ( ! e>?4 ,ea* summ] a wave ( heat & light sweeps nor?w>d ov] ! cont95t & rea*es beyond ! pole2 & ea* w9t] a c\nt]act+ wave ( cold & d>kness moves s\?w>d1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is m>k$ ev5 well )9 ! torrid zone4 ,a comp>ison ( ! iso!rmal l9es drawn on ! map =m+ ,plate ,,ii ) ! p>allels ( latitude %[s at a glance t !re is only a g5]al relation%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is discrepancy betwe5 :at might be expect$ f a/ronomical consid]ations 9 ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( sol> en]gy & ! actual conditions z le>n$ by obs]vation1 x is necess>y to take a m critical view ( ! mann] 9 :i* insolation is receiv$ by ! cont95t1 & also to consid] second>y conditions :i* ex]t f>-rea*+ influ5ces on its di/ribution4 ,! am\nt ( heat1 or to avoid objections1 ! di/ribution ( insolation ov] ,nor? ,am]ica1 dep5ds on ?ree prim>y conditions3 ,fir/1 ! angle at :i* ! sun's rays /rike ! e>?1 ! range be+ f z]o to #ij deg42 second1 ! l5g? ( "t a p>ticul> locality is expos$ to sunlight2 & ?ird1 v>iations 9 ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,ea* ( ^! conditions v>ies f day to day = e locality ?r\gh\t ! cont95t4 ,! sun is highe/ 9 ! heav5s 9 ! torrid zone1 be+ twice v]tically ov]head ea* ye> at e locality1 & ! h\rs ( light & d>kness ea* day are approximately equal ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,nor? ( ! torrid zone1 h[ev]1 ! rays ( ! sun become m & m oblique to ! e>?'s surface1 & h5ce insolation becomes weak] & weak] = a giv5 p]iod ( sun%9e z "o travels f s\? to nor?4 ,b ! h\rs ( sunlight ea* day und]go m>k$ v>iations1 l5g!n+ f ,decemb] #ba/ to ,june #ba/1 & %ort5+ z ! sun makes its s\?w>d migration4 ,at ! nor? pole1 z all "k1 !re are six mon?s ( light & six mon?s ( d>kness ea* ye>4 ,! am\nt ( insolation rea*+ ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t ea* day increases ) ! l5g!n+ ( ! h\rs ( light1 & dur+ midsumm] is great] = a giv5 area 9 a s+le day 7tw5ty-f\r h\rs7 ?an ! am\nt receiv$ by a simil> area 9 ! torrid zone4 ,! almo/ magical spr++ into life & bloom ( ! vegetation ov] ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t ) ! l5g!n+ ( ! h\rs ( sun%9e ea* summ] is ?us expla9$4 ,9 ! portion ( ! cont95t )9 ! temp]ate zone1 m especially )9 ! cont95tal bas91 ! l>ge numb] ( h\rs ( sun%9e dur+ a summ]'s day is frequ5tly accompani$ by a temp]ature z great z is usually exp]i5c$ 9 ! torrid zone4 ,x is ! high summ] temp]ature ( ?is region1 toge!r ) ! l5g!n$ duration ( sun%9e 9 ! gr[+ season1 t makes ! ,mississippi bas9 & ! adjac5t region on ! ea/ & nor? s fav\rable = agriculture :5 ! requisite am\nt ( moi/ure is pres5t4 ,! di/ribution ( heat ov] ! e>?'s surface dep5ds n only on ! direct influ5ce ( insolation1 b on its transf] f "o locality to ano!r ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! w9ds & ocean curr5ts4 ,! movem5ts ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 x w be rememb]$1 are l>gely "u ! control ( ! w9ds1 s t ! ess5tial factor 9 ! transf] ( heat f place to place is atmosph]ic circulation4 ,! prim>y causes ( movem5ts 9 ! air1 z is a matt] ( curr5t k1 are ! diff]5ces t arise 9 temp]ature at v>i\s localities4 ,9 regions :]e ! air becomes m highly heat$ ?an ov] adjac5t areas x exp&s1 & 9 consequ5ce becomes light]1 volume = volume1 ?an ! air ov] neighb\r+ areas1 & is =c$ upw>d & ov]fl[s al(t4 ,! ov]fl[ or disp]sion ( ! w>m] & light] air above gives orig9 to a r$uction 9 b>ometric pressure1 ! column ( m]cury 9 a b>omet] be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! pressure ( ! air above x4 ,briefly /at$1 ! air ne> ! e>?'s surface fl[s t[>ds regions ( l[1 & away f regions ( high b>ometric pressure1 & w9ds are e/abli%$4 ,! directions tak5 by ! w9ds are influ5c$ or controll$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ,planet>y ,w9ds4--,! great movem5ts 9 ! atmosph]e orig9ate f diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! w>m equatorial & cold pol> regions4 ,?is alone w\ld cause ! cold air f ei!r pole to fl[ t[>ds ! equator z surface w9ds1 & ! w>m air 9 ! equatorial belt to asc5d & ov]fl[ al(t t[>ds ei!r pole4 ,! e>?'s rotation1 h[ev]1 influ5ces ! direction ( ^! w9ds & causes !m to be deflect$ f ! l9es ( longitude :i* !y w\ld o!rwise foll[4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! air-curr5ts are deflect$ to ! "r & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e to ! left ( _! initial directions4 ,! be/ kn[n examples ( ^! planet>y w9ds1 z !y are t]m$1 are ! trade-w9ds1 :i* bl[ f ! nor!a/ 9 ! nor!rn & f ! s\!a/ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,betwe5 ^! two belts ( conv]g+ w9ds lies ! equatorial belt ( calm1 "s #cjj miles wide1 :i* also encircles ! e>? & is t]m$ ! doldrums4 ,9 ! quadrant ( ! e>?'s surface occupi$ by ,nor? ,am]ica ! climatic conditions are controll$ 9 a l>ge measure by ! planet>y w9ds4 ,9 ! equatorial belt ( calms ! b>ometric pressure is l[] ?an on ei!r side1 ! temp]ature is uni=mly high1 ! air is heavily *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & torr5tial ra9s are frequ5t4 ,9 ! belt ( ! nor!a/ trades ! weight ( ! air = a giv5 area is great] ?an 9 ! doldrums1 ! w9d bl[s ) rem>kable uni=mity bo? ( direction & =ce1 ! sky is normally cle>1 & ra9 infrequ5t except :5 ! w>m moi/ air is =c$ upw>d ei!r by local /orms or on com+ 9 contact ) high l&4 ,! trade-w9ds bl[ across ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 & mu* ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,to ! nor? ( ! trade-w9d belt is a belt ( prevail+ly high b>ometrical pressure1 light v>iable w9ds1 n>r[] & less well def9$ ?an ! doldrums1 :i* encircles ! e>? 9 ! region ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc]4 ,?is belt ( calms1 al?\gh famili> to sailors1 to :om x is kn[n z ! horse latitudes1 is ill-def9$ on ! l&1 :]e its pres5ce is mask$ by *anges due to local conditions4 ,to ! nor? ( ! tropical calm belt ! prevail+ surface w9ds are f ! we/w>d1 & owe _! direction to ! con/ant fl[ ( ! upp] air-curr5ts 9 _! polew>d j\rney1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,?is great belt ( w9ds f ! we/w>d crosses ! portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & s\!rn ,canada1 b x is subject to _m di/urbances4 ,! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t ext5ds into ! little kn[n pol> region ( prevail+ly l[ b>ometrical pressure1 :]e midsumm] & midw9t] calms normally prevail4 ,! great _w-encircl+ curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 namely1 ! trade-w9ds1 bl[+ t[>ds ! s\?we/ or we/ across ! ,c>ibbean & ,mexican region1 & ! prevail+ we/]lies1 or w9ds bl[+ 9 an ea/]ly direction1 ov] ! broad temp]ate portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ex]t ! ma9 control on ! climate ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,seasons4--,( prim>y importance to ! inhabitants ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ! fact t ! climatic belts det]m9$ by ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis to ! plane ( ! ecliptic are subject to annual migration t[>ds ! nor? & s\?4 ,9 ! torrid zone ! equatorial belt ( calms1 ) its humid & oppressively hot atmosph]e1 prevail+ cl\d9ess1 & heavy ra9s1 & ! belt ( ! nor!a/ trades1 ) its prevail+ly cle> skies & refre%+ breezes1 d n occupy ! same positions ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b migrate ) ! sun4 ,! migration ( ^! two /rongly contra/$ climatic belts br+s to ! o!rwise rem>kably uni=m conditions ( ! atmosph]e ov] ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,mexico1 two1 9 g5]al well-def9$1 p]iods ea* ye>1 namely1 a wet & a dry season1 ! =m] occurr+ 9 ! summ] & ! latt] 9 ! w9t]4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t betwe5 ! tropics !re are1 ) c]ta9 local exceptions1 b two seasons ea* ye>1 ! lead+ contra/s ( :i* are det]m9$ by diff]5ces 9 ra9fall4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc] ! seasonal *anges are m v>i$ ?an 9 ! torrid zone1 & contra/s 9 temp]ature become ! mo/ m>k$ climatic feature2 :ile precipitation1 al?\gh 9 g5]al some:at ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 is m abundant 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,on acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( ! great] div]sity 9 ! climatic *anges exp]i5c$ ea* ye> )9 ! temp]ate zone1 f\r seasons are recognis$1 ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( :i* dep5d on *anges 9 bo? temp]ature & humidity4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! temp]ate zone1 & ext5d+ ov] ! arctic zone1 ! seasons are aga9 r$uc$ to two1 summ] & w9t]1 ! contra/$ conditions p]ta9+ ma9ly to temp]ature & light4 ,a m>k$ v>iation1 :i* has an important be>+ n only on climate1 b on ! di/ribution ( life enc\nt]$ 9 pass+ f equatorial to pol> regions1 is f\nd 9 ! di/ribution ( light4 ,betwe5 ! tropics ! numb] ( h\rs ( light & d>kness ea* day is approximately equal2 9 ! temp]ate zone !re is consid]able div]sity f season to season1 :i* increases ) increase 9 latitude2 & uni=mity1 ( a diff]5t "* ?an at ! f> s\?1 aga9 becomes prom95t 9 ! frigid zone1 :]e ! numb] ( h\rs ( light ea* day is greatly prolong$ dur+ ! summ] & correspond+ly decreas$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! extreme contra/ occurs 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! pole1 :]e dur+ ! summ] season ! sun is cont9u\sly above1 & 9 w9t] cont9u\sly bel[ ! horizon1 or 9 famili> language1 !re is a six-mon?s day 7light7 & a six-mon?s night 7d>kness74 ,9 go+ f ! equatorial to nor? pol> regions !re is a g5]al decrease 9 mean annual temp]ature1 & 9 g5]al a decrease also 9 precipitation1 b great v>iations 9 ^! gradual *anges1 ) increase 9 latitude1 occur :i* are bo? cont95tal & local 9 "*4 ,9 w9t] ! int]ior portions ( ! cont95t1 & especially ! plateaus & m\nta9s1 are cold] ?an ! l&s 9 correspond+ latitudes ne> ! oceans2 :ile 9 summ] ! rev]se is true1 ! m>g9 ( ! cont95t be+ cool] ?an ! broad int]ior4 ,9 ?is g5]al view ( ! climatic zones & ! normal *anges !y und]go we may note t ! torrid zone is *>act]iz$ by its simplicity & monotony ( climatic conditions1 al?\gh di/urb$ at times1 especially 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 by occasional great cyclonic /orms1 t]m$ hurricanes1 :i* occur1 h[ev]1 at q def9ite seasons4 ,! temp]ate belt is equally well m>k$ by its complex & frequ5tly *ang+ atmosph]ic conditions1 ! w9ds be+ subject to num]\s & great v>iations1 & /orms ( div]se "* be+ frequ5t4 ,! frigid zone1 aga91 is )\t conspicu\s v>iations except dur+ ! *ange f its monoton\s summ] to its /ill m uni=m w9t] wea!r1 & ! rev]se *ange six mon?s lat]4 ,! di/urbances 9 ! balance ( atmosph]ic conditions at ! f> nor?1 or ! /orms1 are ( a mu* less v>i$ "* ?an 9 ! fickle temp]ate zone--?und]-/orms & tornadoes1 = example1 be+ unkn[n4 ,x is ! summ] migration ( a heat$ belt f ! s\? nor?w>d across ! temp]ate zone1 & ! equally conspicu\s w9t] advances ( cold f ! nor? s\?w>d across ! same broad region1 :i* gives to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! s\!rn portion ( ,canada a conspicu\sly *angeable climate4 ,! temp]ate zone1 s f> at lea/ z ,nor? ,am]ica is conc]n$1 des]ves its "n only :5 ! mean ( ! ye>ly *anges 9 temp]ature is consid]$1 z mu* ( x is hott] 9 summ] ?an equal areas betwe5 ! tropics1 & 9 w9t] ov] all ( its nor!rn half ! cold is1 at times1 ne>ly or q z int5se z dur+ ! same season 9 ! f> nor?4 ,z a :ole1 ! portion ( ! cont95t embrac$ 9 ! temp]ate zone is *>act]iz$ by its pron\nc$ seasonal *anges1 includ+ wide extremes ( heat & cold ov] l>ge areas1 & by its frequ5tly sudd5 & /rongly m>k$ wea!r *anges dur+ %ort p]iods ( "t4 ,x is a highly sugge/ive fact t ( all ! great climatic zones ! "o hav+ ! mo/ *angeable climate1 ! greate/ extremes ( heat & cold1 & ! mo/ frequ5t /orms %\ld be ! "o 9 :i* man has rea*$ ! highe/ developm5t bo? ( body & m9d4 ,evid5tly x is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :5 n too sev]e1 :i* insures advancem5t4 ,! "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica mo/ d5sely inhabit$ by desc5dants ( ,europeans1 & ! portion ( ! cont95t :]e intellectual developm5t has made ! greate/ advance1 is ! ea/-c5tral portion1 :]e n only ! v>iation ( climate f season to season1 b ! wea!r *anges f week to week & day to day are ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,second>y ,conditions influ5c+ ,climate4--,:ile ! prim>y conditions controll+ ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 common ) all o!r portions ( ! e>?'s surface dep5d on ! relation ( ! e>? to ! sun1 !re are _m second>y conditions to be consid]$4 ,fir/ 9 importance among ^!1 s f> z ! broad] features ( ! climate ( ! cont95t are conc]n$1 is ! unequal heat+ ( l& & wat] areas4 ,dur+ summ]1 m especially 9 ! temp]ate zone1 ! l& becomes m highly heat$ ?an ! adjac5t oceans1 & an infl[ ( ! cool] & moi/] air f ! sea ov] ! l& occurs4 ,9 w9t] ! l& cools m quickly & to a great] degree ?an ! adjac5t wat]s1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! heavi] air ov] ! l& is to fl[ outw>d z surface w9ds4 ,cont95tal w9ds are ?us g5]at$1 simil> 9 _! orig9 to ! famili> l& & sea breezes ( ! ocean %ore 9 summ]1 b on a l>ge scale1 :i* h an important be>+ on ! seasonal *anges4 ,! influ5ce ( ! cont95tal w9ds is suffici5tly well m>k$ to give ,nor? ,am]ica two g5]al classes ( climate4 ,"o p]ta9s to inl& regions1 is *>act]iz$ by great contra/s 9 temp]ature & humidity betwe5 summ] & w9t]1 & is t]m$ cont95tal4 ,! o!r p]ta9s to ! bord] ( ! l& :]e1 on acc\nt ( ! equaliz+ influ5ce ( l>ge wat] bord]s1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! climate ( summ] & w9t] is less pron\nc$1 & has receiv$ ! g5]al title ( oceanic climate4 ,! climate ( ! ,dakotas1 = example1 is ( ! cont95tal type1 :ile t ( ,new ,j]sey is ( ! oceanic type4 ,! unequal heat+ & cool+ ( adjac5t portions ( l& areas also produces important atmosph]ic movem5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 broad1 treeless pla9s become m highly heat$ 9 summ] ?an adjac5t =e/$ areas2 or on acc\nt ( rapid radiation become excessively cold 9 w9t] & l[] ! temp]ature ( ! air above !m4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance an infl[ ( cool] & heavi] air f adjac5t regions w\ld be e/abli%$2 & 9 ! second example ! *ill$ air w\ld t5d to fl[ outw>d1 ?us1 9 ea* in/ance1 e/abli%+ w9ds :i* usually acquire a m or less well-pron\nc$ circul> motion4 ,! ,prairie pla9s & ! ,great plateaus to ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s become highly heat$ 9 summ]1 & toge!r ) sev]al o!r simil> regions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 meet ! fir/ ( ! conditions j consid]$2 :ile ! high] portions ( ! ,great plateau1 especially at ! nor?1 & ! /ill m elevat$ m\nta9s ( ,montana1 ,colorado1 etc41 become excessively cold 9 w9t] & illu/rate ! o!r extreme4 ,m\nta9s s]ve to deflect ! w9ds bl[+ aga9/ !m ei!r to "o side or upw>d1 ! =m] frequ5tly produc+ important *anges 9 direction ( ! surface air-curr5ts1 & ! latt]1 by caus+ ! air to rise1 p]mits ( its expansion & consequ5t cool+1 ?us fav\r+ precipitation4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons precipitation increases ) elevation1 at lea/ until an altitude ( _m ?\s&s ( feet is rea*$1 & ! m\nta9s are cool] & m humid ?an ! adjac5t valleys4 ,! air-curr5ts on pass+ ov] a m\nta9 range & desc5d+ are w>m$ by compression1 & hav+ lo/ a "p & 9 _m obs]v$ in/ances a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! moi/ure !y previ\sly conta9$1 become w>m1 dry+ w9ds4 ,! *9ook w9ds1 z !y are t]m$ 9 ,am]ica1 are m>k$ examples ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by m\nta9s on climatic conditions4 ,:at are t]m$ above ! second>y conditions1 t5d+ to modify climate1 produce su* great *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( ra9fall1 temp]ature1 etc41 & 9 ! influ5ce ( ! planet>y w9ds1 t ! subdivision ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e into torrid1 temp]ate1 & frigid zones1 :ile bas$ on a/ronomical data1 does n s]ve to repres5t actual conditions1 except 9 a g5]al way1 9 ref]5ce ev5 to ! s+le elem5t ( temp]ature express$ 9 ^! names4 ,a comp>ison ( ! iso!rms & ( ! di/ribution ( precipitation z indicat$ on ! prec$+ maps1 ) ! p>allels ( latitude1 %[s at once t ^! two mo/ important elem5ts ( climate are conspicu\sly indep5d5t ( di/ance f ! equator4 ,a logical basis = subdivid+ ! cont95t into climatic prov9ces mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 o!r directions4 ,,climatic ,,prov9ces ,9 ord] to obta9 a compreh5sive idea ( ! climate ( a cont95t1 x is obvi\sly desirable to subdivide x into areas hav+ m or less simil> & di/9ct atmosph]ic conditions4 ,! lead+ difficulty 9 mak+ su* subdivisions is ! well-kn[n fact t ! climate ( any region :i* may be *os5 passes by ins5sible gradations into t ( adjac5t regions1 & any b\nd>ies t may be drawn are to a consid]able ext5t artificial & arbitr>y4 ,:ile ! true basis on :i* to e/abli% climatic areas or prov9ces is ! resultant ( all ! wea!r elem5ts :i* g to make up ! atmosph]ic conditions recognis$ "u ! broad] t]m climate1 s _m factors h to be consid]$ t x is extremely difficult to arrive at a g5]al acceptable conclusion4 ,! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! wea!r to be consid]$ are1 approximately1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 beg9n+ ) ! "o :i* ex]ts almo/ univ]sal control--temp]ature1 precipitation1 ! w9ds1 absolute & relative humidity ( ! air1 & evaporation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,climate ,life ,prov9ces4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re are volum9\s records 9 ref]5ce to ea* ( ^! elem5ts ( ! wea!r1 embrac+ consid]able l5g?s ( "t1 & relat+ ma9ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & s\!a/]n ,canada1 b n suffici5t to enable "o to subdivide ! entire cont95t into climatic prov9ces4 ,! lack ( wea!r records embrac+ ! entire cont95t may be suppli$ 9 "p by :at may be t]m$ ! natural records ( atmosph]ic conditions z express$ by ! flora & fauna1 z well z by soil conditions & topography4 ,9 recognition ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! climatic prov9ces ( ,nor? ,am]ica "h adopt$ h be5 made to con=m to its life-zones4 ,! major climatic divisions ( ,nor? ,am]ica "h provisionally adopt$ are1 9 _! g5]al ord] f s\? to nor?1 ! ,tropical1 ,l[] ,au/ral1 ,upp] ,au/ral1 ,transition1 ,boreal1 & ,arctic 7,plate ,,iii74 ,^! sev]al divisions are t]m$ climatic prov9ces1 & are assum$ to co9cide ) ^? ( ! life-regions z mapp$ by ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam4 ,! basis = classification is ma9ly temp]ature4 ,9 ! ma91 ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! prov9ces & _! high] limits 9 m\nta9\s regions are det]m9$ by ! temp]ature ( ! season ( gr[? & reproduction among plants & animals2 :ile _! s\!rn b\nd>ies or l[] limits on ! m\nta9s are det]m9$ by ! temp]ature ( a brief p]iod dur+ ! hotte/ portion ( ! ye>4 ,a m def9ite acc\nt ( ! reasons = *oos+ ^! limitations w be giv5 lat] 9 discuss+ life areas4 ,:ile ! pr9cipal basis = e/abli%+ climatic prov9ces is temp]ature1 _m o!r conditions are also recognis$1 *ief among :i* is precipitation4 ,sev]al ( ! climatic prov9ces h two divisions1 namely1 a humid & an arid1 ! divid+ l9e be+ approximately ! "o hundr$? m]idian4 ,^! are well def9$ & important 9 ! tropical1 au/ral1 & transitional1 b less def9ite & less well kn[n 9 ! boreal & arctic prov9ces4 ,! regions embrac$ 9 ! sev]al climatic prov9ces nam$ above1 z well z _! humid & arid divisions1 s f> z n[ und]/ood1 are %[n on ! accompany+ map4 ,! ,tropical ,prov9ce 7,plate ,,iii74--,?is is ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! climatic prov9ces :i* x is conv5i5t to recognise 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & includes ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & s\!rn ,mexico1 toge!r ) a n>r[ /rip on ea* coa/ ( nor!rn ,mexico & ! extreme s\!rn ends ( ! p59sulas ( ,florida & ( ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,:ile ! l& areas 9 ?is widely ext5d$ prov9ce pres5t conspicu\s diff]5ces1 _! climate 9 g5]al is *>act]iz$ by a high mean annual temp]ature ) b mod]ate seasonal or daily v>iations1 & by ! occurr5ce 9 g5]al ( a wet & a dry season ea* ye>4 ,! prevail+ w9ds are ! nor!a/ trades4 ,:ile ! av]age ye>ly temp]ature is high1 be+ 9 g5]al ab\t #hj deg4 ,f41 ! heat 9 summ] is less int5se ?an 9 _m portions ( ! au/ral prov9ces4 ,9 w9t] ! temp]ature does n fall suffici5tly to produce fro/1 except on ! high] m\nta9s1 :i*1 9 fact1 belong to "o or m ( ! o!r prov9ces nam$ above4 ,on asc5d+ ! m\nta9s a rapid *ange to cool] & ev5 to frigid zones is exp]i5c$4 ,sn[ occurs on ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 & 9 a few in/ances1 z on ! great volcanic cones 9 sight f ! ,city ( ,mexico1 is p]5nial4 ,on ! m\nta9s j ref]r$ to all ( ! sev]al climatic prov9ces are repres5t$ by well-*>act]iz$ zones1 arrang$ "o above ano!r1 & pres5t+ 9 epitome ! g5]al *anges "o w\ld exp]i5ce 9 travell+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to ! prevail+ uni=mity ( temp]ature at correspond+ elevations ?r\gh\t ! tropical prov9ces is ! inequality 9 ra9fall 9 ref]5ce to bo? seasonal p]iods & diff]5ces 9 geographical position4 ,( ! annual *anges1 ! mo/ pron\nc$ & *>act]i/ic is ! alt]nation ( wet & dry p]iods4 ,dur+ ! summ] season1 or 9 g5]al f ,may to ,octob]1 ! air is usually cl\d$ = at lea/ a portion ( ea* day1 & heavy d[np\rs ( ra9 occur4 ,?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! ye> ! cle> skies & refre%+ breezes1 su* z on ! ocean are normally *>act]i/ic ( ! trade-w9d belt1 prevail4 ,! rem>kable regul>ity ) :i* ^! *anges occur ea* ye> sugge/s at once t !y are due to ! migrations nor?w>d & s\?w>d ) ! sun ( ! great climatic belts encircl+ ! equatorial region ( ! e>?4 ,9 summ] ! equatorial belt ( calms & heavy ra9fall n only migrates nor?w>d & occupies a portion ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 br++ to ,co/a ,rica & ,nic>agua cl\dy skies & abundant precipitation1 b seems to be c>ri$ bodily /ill f>!r nor?w>d1 s t ! influ5ce ( ! s\!a/ trades ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e makes itself felt1 & f\r some:at well-m>k$ annual *anges occur1 namely1 two wet & two dry seasons4 ,:at is kn[n ( ! climate ( ?is extreme s\!rn portion ( ! prov9ce "u review indicates t ! seasonal *anges1 especially on ! ,c>ibbean slope1 are less well m>k$ ?an 9 its c5tral portion1 & ra9 is frequ5tly copi\s 9 ne>ly e mon? ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! region j m5tion$ ! mean annual precipitation1 z at ,greyt[n1 = example1 at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! propos$ ,nic>agua ,canal1 is ab\t #bej in*es1 & 9 exceptionally wet ye>s rea*es ne>ly or q #cjj in*es4 ,?is is1 s f> z kn[n1 ! heavie/ annual precipitation 9 any portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! ra9y season beg9s1 9 g5]al1 9 ,may & la/s until ,octob]4 ,on ! l[l&s ( ea/]n & s\?-c5tral ,mexico ! wet season comm5ces 9 ,june1 & ! ra9s increase until ! end ( ,july & end 9 ,novemb]4 ,?is region lies to ! nor? ( ! nor!rn limit rea*$ by ! equatorial belt ( calm1 b ! ra9s 9 ! summ] season are due to ! same g5]al influ5ce1 namely1 ! l[]+ ( temp]ature 9 ! nor?w>d-mov+ upp] air-curr5ts1 & _! effect on ! trade-w9ds4 ,9 ,cuba & along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico :5 ! trade-w9d belt migrates s\?w>d 9 w9t] ! influ5ces ( ! s\?w>d-mov+ /orm f ! ,mississippi ,valley & ,atlantic ,/ates produces :at are t]m$ nor!rs1 :i* br+ a *ill & at times fro/1 m especially 9 ,florida & on ! high] portions ( ,cuba4 ,:ile ! wide-rea*+ seasonal *anges )9 ! tropical prov9ce dep5d on ! migrations ( ! planet>y w9ds nor?w>d & s\?w>d ) ! sun1 & are due prim>ily to a/ronomical conditions1 !re are equally well-m>k$ v>iations 9 ra9fall dep5d5t on or regulat$ by geographical conditions4 ,^! are ( two pr9cipal classes3 ,fir/1 elevation ( ! l&2 & second1 ! relation ( broad l& areas to ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 ea* ( :i* is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! tropical prov9ce4 ,! m\nta9\s isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies receive a heavy ra9fall1 especially on _! w9dw>d or ea/]ly slopes1 :ile ! l[ isl&s1 & less m>k$ly ! s\?we/]n bord] ( ! high] isl&s1 are mu* less humid4 ,! ea/]n side ( ,porto ,rico1 = example1 has an abundant ra9fall1 & 0 orig9ally clo!d ) a luxuriant native flora1 includ+ l>ge =e/-trees1 :ile ! l[l&s on its s\!rn & s\?we/]n bord] are subject to dr\ght1 & irrigation is desirable to insure ! gr[? ( crops4 ,aga91 :ile ! m\nta9\s isl&s ( ! ,less] ,antilles1 ) _! luxuriantly =e/$ slopes1 pres5t ideal pictures ( tropical lovel9ess1 l[-ly+ ,sombr]o1 ,b>buda1 ,/4 ,m>t91 & o!r simil> isl&s are s arid t guano has accumulat$ on !m to su* an ext5t z to be ( comm]cial importance4 ,! reason = ^! /rik+ contra/s )9 n>r[ geographical limits is readily se5 9 ! influ5ce ( ! highl&s on ! trade-w9ds4 ,^! air-curr5ts bl[+ f ! ,atlantic are w>m & conta9 a high p]c5tage ( moi/ure4 ,z !y advance1 h[ev]1 !y invade regions t are progressively w>m] & w>m]1 & ! capacity ( ! air = moi/ure is correspond+ly increas$4 ,= ?is reason ! trade-w9ds 9 cross+ l[ l& become dry+ w9ds4 ,:5 ! w>m humid air-curr5ts are =c$ upw>d1 h[ev]1 !y are cool$ 9 "p by contact ) ! l&1 b to a great] ext5t on acc\nt ( expansion due to decreas$ pressure2 ! dew-po9t is ?us l[]$1 & :5 saturation is rea*$ precipitation foll[s4 ,?is explanation applies also to ! l[ p59sula ( ,yucatan1 :i* is )9 ! trade-w9d belt1 & is exceptional among ! l&s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 on acc\nt ( its de>? ( =e/s1 b 9 ?is in/ance1 & also 9 ref]5ce to ! simil> b>r5 condition ( ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 9 addition to ! l[ness ( ! l&1 ! influ5ce ( ! und]ly+ por\s1 lime/one rocks on ! vegetable gr[?s %\ld be consid]$4 ,9 ! in/ances j m5tion$ ! ra9 t falls is quickly absorb$ by ! cav]n\s rocks1 & surface /reams are r>e4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica ! influ5ce ( m\nta9s on ! climate is mu* ! same z 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s2 9 fact1 ! n>r[ rugg$ belt ( l& connect+ ! two ,am]icas may1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 be consid]$ z a great isl& situat$ ma9ly )9 ! trade-w9d belt1 & simil> to ,jamaica1 = example1 9 its influ5ces on ! w9ds bl[+ across x4 ,! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican m\nta9s1 toge!r ) ! adjac5t l[l&s1 ) ! exception1 pr9cipally1 ( ,yucatan1 are well wat]$ & clo!d ) d5se vegetation1 :ile on ! we/]n slopes1 & especially ov] ! n>r[ fr+e ( l[l& adjac5t to ! ,pacific1 ! ra9fall is less ?an on ! ,c>ibbean coa/1 & ! =e/s are op5 ) _m grass-cov]$ areas :i* are fav\rable = agriculture4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s portions ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 on acc\nt ( ! m heal?y conditions on ! leew>d or dri] sides1 z comp>$ ) ! w9dw>d or humid slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 ! t[ns & ! pr9cipal portion ( ! :ite inhabitants are locat$ on _! we/]n bord]s4 ,ow+ to ! great humidity & ! long-cont9u$ high temp]ature dur+ ! hott] portion ( ! ye> ?r\gh\t ! tropical prov9ce1 mu* ( ! l[l& to ! ea/w>d ( ! high m\nta9s is swampy & unheal?y4 ,?is l[ region 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica is kn[n z ! ti]ra cali5te1 or hot c\ntry2 on ! m\nta9s & plateaus1 or 9 g5]al :]e ! elevation is betwe5 #e1jjj & #g1jjj feet1 is ! cool] & rem>kably salubri\s ti]ra templada2 & at /ill high] elevations occur ! ti]ra frie4 ,ow+ to ! decrease 9 temp]ature ) elevation1 & ! fact t ! moi/ w>m air is =c$ to rise1 & 9 consequ5ce exp&s on pass+ ov] ! highl&1 ! ra9fall probably increases ) elevation ?r\gh ! ?ree zones j ref]r$ to4 ,:ile ! tropical prov9ce is *>act]iz$ by ! uni=mity ) :i* its atmosph]ic *anges occur1 x is nev]!less 9 "p subject to occasional & exce$+ly viol5t cyclonic /orms t]m$ hurricanes1 :i* beg9 9 ! torrid zone1 travel nor?w>d 7,fig4 #bf1 page #baj71 & make _! influ5ce felt 9 m ?an "o ( ! climatic prov9ces into :i* ,nor? ,am]ica is "h divid$4 ,?und]-/orms1 frequ5tly ( great viol5ce1 also occur1 especially 9 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican region 9 summ]1 :5 ! doldrums migrate nor?w>d4 ,! trade-w9d belt broad5s 9 cross+ ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 & on ! we/ coa/ & dur+ its greate/ nor?w>d migration rea*es to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,z we h se51 ! l[l&s n adjac5t to m\nta9s 9 ! ,c>ibbean region receive little or no ra9 f ! trade-w9ds1 = ! reason t ! prevail+ air-curr5ts are mov+ f cool] to w>m] regions1 & !re=e h _! capacity = moi/ure increas$ z !y advance m rapidly ?an _! ?ir/ c be satiat$4 ,! trade-w9ds are ?us normally dry+ w9ds4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true = cont95ts z well z isl&s4 ,! trade-w9ds on rea*+ ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,mexican plateau are =c$ upw>d & "p ) mu* ( _! moi/ure 9 ! =m ( ra9 & sn[1 & on desc5d+ to ! l[] l&s bord]+ ! ,pacific are desiccat+ w9ds4 ,! conditions are ?us mu* ! same z on ! l[l&s situat$ to ! leew>d ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! n>r[ fr+e ( l[-ly+ c\ntry on ! we/ bord] ( ! ma9 body ( ,mexico1 toge!r ) ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia & a portion ( ! s\!rn extremity ( ,cali=nia1 are arid1 al?\gh 9 imm$iate proximity to ! ocean4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! climate ( ?is1 ! arid portion ( ! tropical prov9ce1 are its small ra9fall1 cle> atmosph]e1 high mean annual temp]ature1 mod]ate seasonal *anges1 & active evaporation4 ,! mo/ typical portion ( ! arid region bord]+ ! ,pacific f ,cali=nia s\?w>d lies 9 nor?we/]n ,mexico1 :]e ! mean annual precipitation on ! we/]n slope ( ! c5tral table-l& is f #ae to #bj in*es1 b gradually dim9i%es z "o desc5ds to ! l[] l&s to ! we/w>d to #aj in*es1 & ev5 to #e in*es or less4 ,a great portion ( ! l[l&s is practically a des]t1 al?\gh1 z is common on ! des]t-l tracts ( ?is cont95t1 x is sp>+ly cov]$ ) deta*$ clumps ( cacti1 yuccas1 & o!r simil> plants :i* live ) ! m9imum ( wat]4 ,! hot1 arid l&s ( ! s\?we/ j ref]r$ to are simil> 9 position1 9 ref]5ce to ! relation ( l& areas to ! trade-w9d belts1 z o!r trade-w9d des]ts1 z !y are t]m$1 su* z ! ,sah>a1 :i* occur on ! leew>d side ( cont95ts :]e !y are cross$ by ^! dry+ w9ds4 ,! ,l[] ,au/ral ,prov9ce 7,plate ,,iii74--,?is prov9ce embraces ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,connecticut s\?w>d1 ) ! exception ( ! tropical portion ( s\!rn ,florida2 ! ,mississippi bas9 s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,ohio2 & includes also _m ( ! valleys amid ! ,pacific m\nta9s f ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia to c5tral ,mexico4 ,! l>g] geographical conditions on :i* ! b\nd>ies ( ! prov9ce dep5d are ! w>m curr5ts 9 ! ,atlantic1 :i* ameliorate ! temp]ature ( ! adjac5t l& z well z supply x ) abundant moi/ure2 ! l[ elevation ( ! c5tral cont95tal bas91 :i* p]mits ( great ext5sion nor?w>d ( ! climatic conditions orig9at+ ab\t ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 & ! m\nta9\s "* ( ! we/]n portion ( ! prov9ce1 :]e ! valleys h a m>k$ly diff]5t temp]ature & ra9fall f ! highl&s4 ,! mo/ s\!rn portions ( ! l[] au/ral prov9ce )9 ! bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a semitropical climate & is *>act]iz$ by its high mean annual temp]ature1 abundant ra9fall1 & uni=mity ( wea!r conditions ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! summ]s are hot1 b temp]$ by w9ds f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,atlantic1 & ! w9t]s1 al?\gh normally mild & )\t sn[1 are v>i$ at int]vals by p]iods ( cold :i* br+ occasional fro/s4 ,?is semitropical division ( ! l[] au/ral prov9ce embraces a n>r[ /rip ( coa/-l& ext5d+ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to s\!a/]n ,texas1 ) ! exception ( ! extreme s\!rn end ( ,florida1 & =ms a transition betwe5 ! hott] & m humid tropical prov9ce to ! s\?w>d & ! cool] & less humid region to ! nor?w>d4 ,z ! say+ is1 a tree is judg$ by its fruit2 9 a simil> way we may judge ( ! climate ( a region by its products4 ,! ,gulf /rip ( ! l[] au/ral prov9ce is ! home ( a numb] ( plants & animals n f\nd f>!r nor?1 z1 = example1 ! cabbage palmetto & ,cuban p9e1 & sev]al species ( birds & small mammals4 ,among ! agricultural products ( ?is n>r[ coa/al belt :i* are sugge/ive ( its climate are rice1 sug>-cane1 & sea-isl& cotton2 ( fruits x produces1 especially 9 ,florida1 oranges1 m&>9s1 lemons1 limes1 %addocks1 & p9eapples4 ,! humid portion ( ! l[] au/ral prov9ce ext5ds nor?w>d f ! ,gulf /rip1 & pres5ts a transition 9 climatic conditions betwe5 ! semitropical ,gulf coa/ & ! m m>k$ly temp]ate climate ( ! upp] au/ral4 ,?is ea/]n division ( ! l[] au/ral1 *>act]iz$ by its mild w9t]s1 g5]al abs5ce ( sn[1 long hot summ]s ) abundant ra91 ext5ds f ea/]n ,virg9ia s\?w>d ab\t ! s\!rn end ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley broad5s s z to rea* ! m\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,its we/]n limit is 9 c5tral ,texas1 :]e ! mean annual ra9fall decreases to less ?an #bj in*es1 & =e/s give place to treeless1 grass-cov]$ pla9s & plateaus4 ,?r\gh ?is ea/]n portion ( ! l[] au/ral ! mean annual precipitation is 9 g5]al betwe5 #ej & #fj in*es1 & is s di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> t ea* mon? receives approximately an equal %>e4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! ra9fall is great] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ! humid portion ( ! l[] au/ral is f #fj deg4 to #fh deg4 ,f41 ! mean w9t] temp]ature #dj deg4 to #eb deg41 & ! mean summ] temp]ature f #ge deg4 to #hj deg4 ,f4 ,f ^! records x may be inf]r$ t ! conditions are fav\rable = ! gr[? ( trees4 ,9 its natural condition ?is entire region 0 clo!d ) a v>i$ & beautiful =e/1 consi/+ l>gely ( broad-leav$ trees1 b is also ! home ( ! s\!rn p9e & ! cypress4 ,! *>act]i/ic crops are cotton & corn 7maize74 ,! we/]n or arid portion ( ! l[] au/ral prov9ce embraces we/]n ,texas1 a l>ge area 9 nor!a/]n ,mexico1 & circl+ ab\t ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s 9 c5tral ,mexico1 ext5ds nor?w>d adjac5t to ! tropical bord] ( ! ,pacific & ! ,gulf ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 into ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,a deta*$ area ( ?is same prov9ce occupies ! great ,valley ( ,cali=nia4 ,! lead+ feature 9 ! climate ( ! ext5sive & irregul> region j outl9$ is its aridity4 ,! ra9fall is too small to insure =e/ gr[?s2 ! l& is treeless1 except along ! /reams1 & irrigation is necess>y = successful agriculture4 ,) a suffici5t am\nt ( wat] = irrigation1 a great v>iety ( fruits1 etc41 may be rais$1 includ+ _m products usually consid]$ z indicat+ tropical conditions1 su* z mangoes1 dates1 figs1 citrus fruits1 olives1 p9eapples1 etc4 ,n only are ! agricultural products num]\s & v>i$1 b ! yield p] acre "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions is f> 9 excess ( ! be/ results rea*$ 9 mo/ regions :]e ra9 is reli$ on to furni% ! requisite moi/ure4 ,"u ! prevail+ly cl\dless skies ( ! hot arid l&s ( ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! cont95t insolation is int5se & ! gr[? ( vegetation ph5om5al :5 ! necess>y am\nt ( wat] is suppli$4 ,! l& 9 its pres5t condition pres5ts great contra/s1 rang+ f desolate1 sun-burn$ tracts :i* are almo/ absolute des]ts1 to ! vivid gre5 ( irrigat$ fields & ! deep %ade ( heavily fruit-lad5 or*>ds4 ,! ,upp] ,au/ral ,prov9ce 7,plate ,,iii74--,! portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica embrac$ 9 ?is climatic prov9ce lies pr9cipally 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b includes also a n>r[ /rip 9 s\!rn ,ont>io1 adjac5t to ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 & a l>ge irregul> area 9 ! c5tral plateau ( ,mexico4 ,a m>k$ feature ( its geography is its extreme irregul>ity 9 ! portion occupi$ by ! ,pacific m\nta9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,! reasons = ?is lie ma9ly 9 ! influ5ce ( ! relief ( ! l& on climate1 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 & v>y+ di/ances f ! ocean4 ,x is a famili> fact t boreal & ev5 arctic climatic conditions are met ) on high m\nta9s4 ,! att5tion t is giv5 to *anges 9 climate ) increase 9 altitude is no d\bt l>gely due to ! fact t ! m\nta9s pres5t conditions :i* are exceptional & m or less novel z se5 f our accu/om$ po9t ( view4 ,a p]son liv+ 9 an elevat$ region1 on desc5d+ into a deep valley1 w\ld be impress$ ) ! rev]se ord] 9 :i* ! climatic zones occur4 ,9 mak+ su* a desc5t he w\ld pass 9 succession f a boreal or p]haps arctic climate1 ?r\gh a transitional or cold temp]ate1 to ! w>m temp]ate or upp] au/ral prov9ce1 & might ev5 rea* ! semitropical division ( ! l[] au/ral4 ,9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s )9 ! bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! valleys are suffici5tly deep to h ! climatic conditions "h ascrib$ to ! upp] au/ral1 & 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates desc5ts may be made--z 9 ! ,great ,valley ( ,cali=nia & 9 ! arid bas9s ( s\!rn ,nevada1 ,arizona1 etc4--suffici5tly great to rea* ! l[] au/ral4 ,! valleys amid ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 :i* fall 9 ! upp] au/ral prov9ce1 are 9 g5]al l[ at ! nor? 9 ref]5ce to sea-level1 & become high] & high] at ! s\?4 ,= example1 ! upp] au/ral region 9 c5tral ,wa%+ton is b #djj or #ejj feet above ! sea1 :ile 9 ,mexico x lies 9 g5]al at an altitude ( betwe5 #d1jjj & #f1jjj feet4 ,! upp] au/ral prov9ce may be t]m$ w>m temp]ate1 ) a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! heat ( summ] & ! cold ( w9t]4 ,! summ]s are long1 ) an av]age temp]ature ( #gj deg4 or #ge deg41 :ile ! w9t]s are v>iable1 ) frequ5t cold p]iods :5 ice =ms & sn[-/orms are n r>e4 ,! sn[ seldom rema9s on ! gr\nd = m ?an a few days at a "t1 h[ev]1 except 9 ! nor!a/1 :]e ! w>m temp]ate climatic conditions ( ! prov9ce "u review m]ge ) ^? ( ! cold] region to ! nor?w>d embrac$ 9 ! transition prov9ce4 ,! upp]1 l ! l[] au/ral1 pres5ts two well-m>k$ divisions 9 ref]5ce to humidity--an ea/]n or humid & a we/]n or semihumid portion2 ! divid+ l9e is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! "o hundr$? m]idian4 ,9 ! ea/]n division ! mean annual precipitation 9 ! ,pi$mont region to ! ea/ ( ! ,appala*ians & on ! coa/al pla9 adjac5t to ! ,atlantic 9 ,m>yl& & ,new ,j]sey is f #dj to #hj in*es1 b decreases we/w>d1 & on ! bord] ( ! ,great plateaus 9 ,kansas & ,nebraska is ab\t #bj in*es4 ,9 ! we/]n division ! annual precipitation is less ?an #bj in*es1 & agriculture )\t irrigation is unc]ta9 & usually impossible4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! "o hundr$? m]idian ! ra9 is some:at ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 al?\gh an increas+ dryness ( ! summ] is easily detect$ z "o travels f ea/ to we/1 b 9 ! v>i\s upp] au/ral valleys ( ! ,pacific m\nta9 region ! precipitation is mo/ly dur+ ! w9t]1 & ! summ]s are practically ra9less4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 precipitation betwe5 ! humid & semihumid division ( ! upp] au/ral prov9ce is record$ on ! surface ( ! l& by ! vegetation4 ,9 ! ea/]n division ! entire region1 ) ! exception ( ! prairies 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,mississippi bas91 0 orig9ally clo!d ) a v>i$ & beautiful =e/1 consi/+ ma9ly ( broad-leav$ trees1 su* z ! hickory1 maple1 oak1 etc41 :ile ! semihumid we/]n division is treeless1 except 9 imm$iate proximity to /reams4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! humid division ( ! upp] au/ral prov9ce cotton is "o ( ! /aple products1 b ! nor!rn limit ( ! region 9 :i* x c be successfully cultivat$ is soon rea*$ z "o travels nor?w>d4 ,tobacco is gr[n ext5sively 9 ! s\!a/]n & ea/]n portions ( ! prov9ce4 ,! pr9cipal crop ( ! great c5tral area 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley is corn 7maize74 ,successful :eat culture beg9s 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! prov9ce1 b ! conditions fav\r+ its cultivation increase to ! nor?w>d & x becomes ! *>act]i/ic & mo/ valuable crop ( ! transition prov9ce4 ,9 ! we/]n or semihumid division ( ! upp] au/ral ! v>iety ( agricultural products t c be successfully cultivat$ ) ! aid ( irrigation is great] ?an 9 its ea/]n portion1 :]e irrigation is n g5]ally practis$4 ,! nor!rn limit at :i* tobacco1 fruits1 ! v9e1 etc41 may be advantage\sly cultivat$ 9 ! we/ is great] ?an 9 ! ea/4 ,= example1 9 ! ea/ ! nor!rn limit at :i* tobacco is rais$ on a comm]cial scale is 9 ,connecticut1 :ile 9 ! we/ x rea*es a l>ge size & excell5t quality 9 c5tral ,wa%+ton4 ,v>i\s fruits1 su* z ! pea*1 pe>1 plum1 grape1 etc41 h _! nor!rn limit ( successful cultivation 9 ! ea/ 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 s\!rn ,ont>io1 & s\!rn ,mi*igan1 a region fav\rably influ5c$ 9 ?is connection by ! proximity ( ! ,great ,lakes2 9 ! we/ ^! same fruits rea* a high degree ( p]fection1 & are produc$ 9 great abundance1 ) ! aid ( irrigation1 9 nor?-c5tral ,wa%+ton1 fully #e degrees ( latitude f>!r nor?w>d4 ,on ! :ole1 ! upp] au/ral prov9ce may be said to h a w>m temp]ate climate1 9 :i* ! summ] season is long] & m pron\nc$ 9 its *>act]i/ics ?an ! w9t] season4 ,x pres5ts suffici5t seasonal v>iations1 h[ev]1 to fav\r 9 a high degree bo? ! physical & intellectual developm5t ( man4 ,! ,transition ,prov9ce 7,plate ,,iii74--,?is1 ! transition region betwe5 ! au/ral & boreal prov9ces1 includes ! cool temp]ate portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,l ! au/ral prov9ces1 its outl9es are irregul>1 & 9 places x occupies deta*$ or isl&-l areas1 on acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( m\nta9s on climatic conditions4 ,its l>ge/ cont9u\s area is situat$ along ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b includes ! s\!rn portions ( ,ass9iboia1 ,ont>io1 & ,quebec1 & ext5ds f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,f ?is ma9 belt !re is a m>k$ ext5sion s\?w>d along ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 :i* c>ries a cool temp]ate climate into nor!rn ,georgia1 & ano!r & mu* great] s\?w>d ext5sion along ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 :i* rea*es c5tral ,mexico4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & adjac5t p>ts ( ,canada1 ! region "u consid]ation has1 9 g5]al1 an elevation ( #a1jjj feet or ev5 less above ! sea1 b x rises :5 foll[$ s\?w>d along ! m\nta9s1 & 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & on ! table-l& ( c5tral ,mexico atta9s an elevation ( "s #h1jjj or #i1jjj feet4 ,on ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies ! climatic conditions are simil> to ^? ( ! regions f>!r nor? "h includ$ 9 ! transition climatic prov9ce1 b ^! isolat$ areas are n suffici5tly well kn[n to be indicat$ on ! accompany+ map4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ! transition prov9ce is l[] ?an t ( ! upp] au/ral1 &1 al?\gh a precise av]age is n at pres5t atta9able1 may be tak5 at ab\t #de deg4 ,f4 ,! w9t]s are long & cold1 especially 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & adjac5t portions ( ,canada1 ! mean temp]ature be+ approximately #bj deg4 or #be deg41 b sudd5 & great v>iations are n uncommon4 ,at times1 & frequ5tly = cont9u\s p]iods ( sev]al days1 ! temp]ature falls to #bj deg4 or m bel[ z]o ( ! ,fahr5heit scale1 !n aga9 rises above freez+1 & ! froz5 soil ?aws & possibly becomes entirely fre$ f ice4 ,9 common ) ! au/ral prov9ces1 ! "o "u consid]ation is divid$ into two portions1 an ea/]n & a we/]n1 9 ref]5ce to precipitation1 ! divid+ l9e be+ a little to ! ea/w>d ( ! "o hundr$? m]idian4 ,:ile ! we/]n portion ( ! prov9ce is *>act]iz$ by its small ra9fall1 precipitation is great]1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( great] elevation1 ?an 9 ! adjac5t portions ( ! au/ral prov9ces1 & 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton !re is a m>k$ly humid area4 ,sn[ falls ?r\gh\t ! entire transition prov9ce1 at lea/ dur+ exceptional w9t]s1 & 9 g5]al dur+ e w9t]4 ,!re is great v>iation 9 ! dep? ( ! sn[ f w9t] to w9t]1 & also ) geographical position4 ,x is greate/ 9 ! nor!a/--t is1 f ! ,atlantic coa/ we/w>d to ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota--& lea/ on ! ,pacific coa/ & ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,ov] ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! prov9ce ! sn[ frequ5tly :it5s ! gr\nd = weeks1 & ev5 = two or ?ree mon?s cont9u\sly4 ,a deep accumulation :i* rema9s = a long "t unmelt$ is welcome1 z x protects ! roots ( plants f sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature & prev5ts alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ ( _! sap1 :i* is injuri\s to _! tissues 9 num]\s in/ances4 ,great v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( sn[ t falls annually 9 a giv5 locality is ( common occurr5ce4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ye>ly accumulation frequ5tly occurs dur+ "o or two great /orms4 ,= example1 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #ahih1 !re 7 two sev]e /orms1 accompani$ by an unusual dep? ( sn[1 ! fir/ be+ mo/ pron\nc$ ov] ,new ,engl&1 & ! second 9 ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,o!r /orms increas$ ! am\nt ( sn[ s t at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* ! av]age dep? 9 ,ma9e 0 #dj to #gj in*es1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire & ,v]mont #aj to #dj in*es1 & 9 ,massa*usetts #aj to #bj in*es1 :ile 9 ,mi*igan & ,wiscons9 ! g5]al dep? on level gr\nd 0 #a to #b feet1 ) _m drifts #aj to #ae feet deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,ice-palace erect$ 9 ,montreal1 ,canada1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhi4 ,! w9t] 9 ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! transition prov9ce may be said to be ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! climate1 z x is ! "o t is mo/ pron\nc$ & exceptional1 :5 a comp>ison is made ) o!r ?ickly peopl$ portions ( ! cont95t4 ,! p]iod ( cold & sn[ ea* ye> is long1 ext5d+ 9 g5]al f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 & ! com+ ( ! fl[]s & birds 9 spr+ is frequ5tly mu* delay$4 ,! long cold w9t]s h a decid$ influ5ce on plant & animal life1 & 9 a m>k$ way modify ! lives ( m54 ,9 ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & adjac5t prov9ces ( ,canada v>i\s =ms ( sleighs are ext5sively us$ dur+ ! w9t]s1 & skat+ on ! froz5 lakes & /reams & excursions on sn[-%oes ov] ! fields & ?r\gh ! =e/s are a popul> & heal?ful ex]cise1 :ile coa/+ & toboggan+--or to expla9 ^! t]ms to p liv+ 9 regions :]e sn[ does n fall1 ! slid+ d[n /eep sn[- or ice-cov]$ slopes on sl$s or flat-bottom$ toboggans--are highly enjoyable sports indulg$ 9 by *ildr5 & gr[n p alike4 ,9 c]ta9 cities1 notably ,montreal & ,quebec1 :at are t]m$ ice-palaces 7,fig4 #be7 are built ( blocks ( ice & are utiliz$ = w9t] c>nivals4 ,! summ]s ?r\gh\t ! transition prov9ce are hot1 ) little ra9 9 ! we/]n portion1 b refre%+ %[]s & occasional de/ructive /orms 9 ! humid ea/]n portion4 ,ow+ to ! latitude ( ! ma9 transcont95tal belt ( ! prov9ce1 ! numb] ( h\rs ( sunlight ea* day 9 summ] is increas$ beyond :at x is 9 ! ma9 portions ( ! au/ral prov9ces1 ?us fav\r+ ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,!re is also a l5g!n+ ( ! morn+ & ev5+ duration ( twilight1 & magnific5t sunrises & sunsets are frequ5t4 ,! mean summ] temp]ature is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #gj deg4 ,f41 b hot spells1 la/+ = days1 & ev5 weeks1 are ( common occurr5ce4 ,dur+ ^! try+ & frequ5tly unheal?y int]vals ! temp]ature 9 ! %ade rea*es or ev5 exce$s #ajj deg4 ,f41 & sun/rokes or pro/rations by reason ( ! heat1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cities1 are num]\s4 ,! f\r seasons ( ! ye> are bett] m>k$ & h m pron\nc$ *>act]i/ics 9 ?is division ( ! cont95t ?an 9 any o!r1 & x is ! region ( greate/ seasonal climatic *anges z well z ( m>k$ weekly & ev5 daily v>iations 9 wea!r conditions4 ,! mo/ delightful mon?s to mo/ p are ,may1 :5 ! return+ migratory birds are ne/+1 ! trees unfold+ _! _m t9t$ leaves1 & ! air lad5 ) ! p]fume ( multitudes ( blossoms1 & ,octob]1 :5 ! ri* col\rs ( rip5$ leaves give to ! =e/s a m>vell\s v>iety & brilliancy ( col\r & ! tranquil1 hazy atmosph]e is undi/urb$ by /orms = days & ev5 weeks toge!r4 ,?is annual p]iod ( tranquil wea!r1 ext5d+ frequ5tly f> into ,novemb]1 is kn[n z ,indian summ]4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! transition prov9ce ! broad-leav$1 decidu\s trees ( ! c5tral & ea/]n portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates rea* _! nor!rn limit1 & become m+l$ ) a s\?w>d ext5sion ( ! conif]s :i* =m ! major portion ( ! =e/ ( ,canada4 ,a simil> b less m>k$ *ange occurs among ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 :]e ! scatt]$ gr[?s ( oaks1 p9yon p9es1 sycamores1 etc41 ( ! l[] m\nta9 slopes & /ream sides m+le ) ! spruces & yell[ & :ite p9es ( ! m elevat$ region1 :]e ! climate is simil> to t ( c5tral ,canada4 ,z rem>k$ by ,m]riam1 ! prov9ce z a :ole is *>act]iz$ by comp>atively few di/9ctive animals or plants1 b r by ! occurr5ce toge!r ( s\!rn species :i* !re f9d _! nor!rn limit & nor!rn species :i* !re rea* _! s\!rn limit4 ,x embraces ! nor!rn portion ( ! truly agricultural l&s ( ! cont95t4 ,! plants ( economic importance :i* !re rea* _! highe/ /age ( p]fection are :eat1 oats1 & o!r c]eals1 ! sug>-beet1 num]\s vegetables1 ! :ite potato1 apples 9 great v>iety & abundance1 *]ries1 plums1 grapes1 etc4 ,x is ! nor!rn limit ( corn1 & includes ne>ly ! entire area 9 :i* maple-sug> is produc$4 ,9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! prov9ce sev]al v>ieties ( native nuts1 su* z ! bee*nut1 butt]nut1 *e/nut1 hazelnut1 hickory-nut1 walnut1 etc41 gr[ wild & 9 great abundance2 b nut-be>+ h>dwood trees are also a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! =e/s ( ! humid portion ( ! au/ral prov9ces4 ,9 ! we/]n division ( ! prov9ce a humid area--embrac+ we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 "p ( nor!rn ,cali=nia1 includ+ ! ,coa/ ,range ( ! same ,/ates--pres5ts a m>k$ contra/ to ! m widely ext5d$ & excessively irregul> arid portion :i* surr\nds ! high] m\nta9s & is = ! mo/ "p remote f ! ocean4 ,bo? ! humid & arid divisions ( ! we/]n "p ( ! prov9ce are alike fav\rable = agriculture1 z is %[n by ! va/ & highly productive :eat-fields ( ! semihumid ea/]n portion ( ! ,/ates j nam$ & ! productive hop l&s1 or*>ds1 & v9ey>ds ( _! humid we/]n portions4 ,! climate ( a great l& area n only f9ds expression 9 its fauna & flora1 b 9 ! indu/ries & ! intellectual developm5t ( its p4 ,:ile x is difficult to translate man's physical & intellectual developm5t into t]ms ( climate1 x is evid5t t ! transition prov9ce fav\rs bo? bodily & m5tal activity m ?an any ( ! o!r climatic prov9ces into :i* ,nor? ,am]ica is "h divid$4 ,al?\gh ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! upp] au/ral & ! transition prov9ces is indef9ite1 x is easily to be se51 f ! geographical di/ribution ( cities1 agricultural population1 manufactories1 colleges1 & o!r in/itutions ( le>n+1 etc41 t ! climate ( ! prov9ce "u review is on ! :ole ! "o 9 :i* ! greate/ intellectual advance has be5 made & ! "o :i* holds out ! greate/ promise = ! future4 ,! ,boreal ,prov9ce 7,plate ,,iii74--,?is climatic division ( ,nor? ,am]ica ext5ds 9 a broad belt diagonally across ! cont95t f ! ea/]n portion ( ,labrador ne>ly to ! %ore ( ,b]+ ,sea1 & is repres5t$ by deta*$ areas 9 bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific m\nta9s f> beyond its g5]al s\!rn limit4 ,its nor!rn bord]1 9 ! ,cont95tal bas91 is m>k$ by ! cessation ( =e/s1 & on ! m\nta9s to ! s\?w>d its upp] limit co9cides ) ! timb]-l9e4 ,its lead+ climatic features are its l[ mean annual temp]ature--9 g5]al f #cb deg4 to #dj deg4 ,f4--its long1 cold w9t]s1 & %ort1 hot summ]s4 ,! diff]5ces 9 mean annual precipitation 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! prov9ce are less m>k$ ?an 9 ! sev]al prov9ces previ\sly notic$1 b 9 ! f> nor? a cold arid division %\ld be recognis$4 ,al?\gh b few direct measures ( precipitation are available = comp>ison1 our g5]al k ( ! great boreal prov9ce & ! "* ( its vegetation indicate t !re is a decrease 9 precipitation f bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n bord]s ( ! cont95t t[>ds ! int]ior1 & also f its c5tral portion bo? nor?w>d & s\?w>d4 ,! heavie/ precipitation is on ! ,pacific coa/1 f ,cali=nia nor?w>d to s\!rn ,alaska1 & ! lighte/ precipitation is probably 9 ! c5tral ,cont95tal bas91 ne> ! nor!rn limit ( ! prov9ce4 ,precipitation on ! ,pacific coa/ at l[ elevations is almo/ entirely 9 ! =m ( ra91 b on ! m\nta9s !re is 9 w9t] deep sn[ :i* rema9s = a numb] ( mon?s unmelt$4 ,?r\gh\t ! portion ( ! prov9ce includ$ 9 ,canada & ,alaska ! sn[fall is abundant1 b heavie/ t[>ds ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,along ! nor!rn m>g9 ( ! prov9ce1 z indicat$ by obs]vations at a small numb] ( /ations1 n only is ! mean annual precipitation light1 probably "u #bj in*es1 b ! w9t] sn[ is n deep1 al?\gh x rema9s on ! gr\nd cont9u\sly = five or six mon?s4 ,9 ! ma9 or nor!rn portion ( ! boreal prov9ce1 ow+ to ! comp>atively high latitude1 ! v>iation 9 ! numb] ( h\rs ( light & d>kness ea* day dur+ a ye> becomes conspicu\s4 ,9 summ] ! sun is above ! horizon f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea* day1 & 9 w9t] ! h\rs ( d>kness are correspond+ly increas$4 ,! ye> is divid$ into b two seasons1 summ] & w9t]1 ! di/9ctive features ( spr+ & fall1 s well m>k$ 9 ! upp] au/ral & transition prov9ces1 disappe>+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l[ mean annual temp]ature1 & especially because ( ! %ortness ( ! gr[+ season1 agriculture is ( small importance4 ,along its s\!rn bord]1 m especially 9 s\!a/]n ,canada & ,newf\ndl&1 su* small fruits z currants1 huckleb]ries1 raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 cranb]ries1 etc41 gr[ wild & yield abundant returns :5 cultivat$4 ,9 fav\r$ localities :ite potatoes1 turnips1 beets1 & c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! apple1 z well z ! m h>dy c]eals1 are cultivat$ ) mod]ate success4 ,! ,arctic ,prov9ce 7,plate ,,iii7 comprises ! cold1 treeless pla9s slop+ to ! ,arctic ,ocean & ! summits ( ! high] m\nta9s at ! s\? :i* rise above ! transition prov9ce4 ,! "o controll+ climatic feature is ! l[ temp]ature1 ! mean = ea* ye> be+ #cb deg4 ,f4 or l[]4 ,! w9t]s are long] & m sev]e ?an 9 ! boreal prov9ce1 & ! summ]s %ort & hot4 ,insolation1 on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! days 9 summ] ( ! ma9 area ( ! prov9ce & ! free exposure on ! m\nta9 summits to ! s\?w>d1 is int5se1 b its b5eficial effect on vegetation is l>gely c\nt]balanc$ by ! influ5ce ( ! l+]+ sn[ & ice4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! arctic prov9ce is ! bir?place ( num]\s glaci]s4 ,al?\gh de/itute ( trees1 ! arctic1 or arctic-alp9e prov9ce1 z x may be t]m$1 is r5d]$ glori\s 9 numb]less localities by ! pr(usion & brilliancy ( its fl[]+ annuals4 ,,second>y ,,di/urbances ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,9 ! broad1 g5]al movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e ov] ,nor? ,am]ica embrac$ 9 :at are t]m$ ! planet>y & cont95tal w9ds !re are _m di/urbances due to m or less local *anges 9 conditions1 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( :i* are :irlw9ds1 *9ook w9ds1 ?und]-/orms1 tornadoes1 cyclones1 & hurricanes4 ,:ile "s ( ^! di/urbances are local1 z ! :irlw9d & tornadoes1 & may n ext5d beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! p>ticul> climatic prov9ces :]e !y orig9ate1 o!rs1 z ! cyclones & hurricanes1 may affect ! climate ( sev]al prov9ces4 ,:irlw9d4--,a conspicu\s1 al?\gh m9or feature 9 ! atmosph]ic ph5om5a ( ! hot1 dry pla9s & valleys1 especially ( ! ,mexican plateau & ! ,great ,bas91 & less m>k$ly ( ! ,great plateau to ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 is ! occurr5ce ( small :irlw9ds :i* c>ry du/ & light objects into ! air 9 spiral columns t are n infrequ5tly #b1jjj or #c1jjj feet high1 & h a diamet] ( p]haps #ej to #ajj feet4 ,^! small :irls ( ! air1 9 :i* "s ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! int5sely active tornadoes & widely de/ructive tropical hurricanes c be /udi$ on a small scale1 occur mo/ commonly dur+ hot summ] aft]noons1 :5 f a comm&+ /ation half a doz5 or m sway+ columns may be se5 mov+ 9 v>i\s directions ov] ! p>*$ valleys & sun-scor*$ pla9s4 ,^! columns n only move 9 v>i\s directions1 %[+ t !y are n due to ! same imm$iate cause1 b h diff]5t int]nal motions1 "s :irl+ f "r to left1 & o!rs 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! g5]ally accept$ explanation ( ^! small :irlw9ds is t ! air ov] ! surface ( ! des]ts1 :i* are frequ5tly almo/ b>e ( vegetation & p]haps :ite ) sal9e incru/ations1 becomes locally highly heat$1 especially :5 !re is little or no w9d1 & is =c$ upw>d by ! infl[ ( ! surr\nd+ cool] & heavi] air4 ,! infl[+ curr5ts h diff]5t velocities1 & on meet+ ! /ronge/ "o gives a rot>y or spiral motion to ! asc5d+ column1 :i* acts l a *imney 9 all[+ ! escape upw>d ( ! hot air f bel[4 ,a c5tral v]tical l9e frequ5tly se5 9 ! du/ columns %[s t a core ( comp>atively /ill air is pres5t1 ab\t :i* ! du/-*>g$ air rises 9 a spiral c\rse4 ,if ! conditions j outl9$ %\ld be greatly increas$ 9 magnitude "s ( ! lead+ features ( tornadoes & ev5 ( hurricanes w\ld be produc$4 ,9 %ort1 all ( ! w9ds cit$ above1 except ! *9ook1 are conc5tric1 swirl+ movem5ts 9 asc5d+ air1 due prim>ily to a local increase 9 temp]ature at ! l[] portion ( ! atmosph]e4 ,*9ook ,w9ds4--,on ! ,great plateaus adjac5t to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & 9 simil> situations to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 w>m1 dry+ w9ds frequ5tly occur1 especially 9 w9t]1 :5 !y br+ a balm9ess z ( spr+4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ^! int]e/+ w9ds is t !y come f ! sn[-clad m\nta9s1 b are w>m & dry 9 contra/ ) ! prec$+ condition ( ! air on ! pla9s4 ,! capacity ( ! air br\ght by ^! w9ds = moi/ure is s great t evaporation is active1 & ! sn[ 9 ! valleys & ov] ! broad pla9s disappe>s )\t visible melt+4 ,! *ange 9 ! previ\sly w9t] aspect ( a region )9 ! influ5ce ( ^! *9ook w9ds1 z !y are t]m$1 is truly surpris+1 & to _! influ5ce is due to a m>k$ ext5t ! value ( ! ,great plateaus z /ock-ranges1 = ! reason t ! sn[ is remov$ f !m s z to all[ cattle to fe$ on ! naturally dri$ grasses4 ,! *9ook w9ds are ! c\nt]p>t ( ! foehn w9ds ( ,switz]l&1 & are expla9$ on ! pr9ciple t desc5d+ air is made m d5se by ! increas$ pressure to :i* x is subject$1 & its temp]ature correspond+ly rais$1 its capacity = moi/ure be+ at ! same "t increas$ on acc\nt ( its rise 9 temp]ature4 ,! app>5t anomaly ( a w>m1 dry w9d bl[+ f a sn[-clad m\nta9 range is no long] a my/]y1 if we consid] t ! air is drawn ov] ! m\nta9s t[>ds a c5tre ( l[ b>ometrical pressure ow+ to ! wide-rea*+ influ5ce ( a cyclonic /orm or o!r l>ge atmosph]ic movem5t4 ,! air z x rises 9 ord] to cross a m\nta9 is cool$1 l>gely on acc\nt ( relief ( pressure1 & p>ts ) a portion1 possibly a l>ge portion1 ( its moi/ure1 :i* cond5ses on ! m\nta9 commonly z sn[2 on pass+ ! m\nta9 ! air desc5ds & is w>m$ by compression1 & hav+ less moi/ure ?an be=e1 becomes a dry+ w9d1 :i* produces ! sudd5 & surpris+ *anges on ! pla9s & valleys to ! leew>d4 ,! *9ook w9ds ( ! we/]n portion ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates occur pr9cipally to ! ea/w>d ( high m\nta9s1 = ! reason t ! prevail+ air-curr5ts ( t region are f ! we/4 ,?und]-,/orms4--,9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & adjac5t p>ts ( ,canada dur+ ! summ] season ! heat+ ( ! l[] portion ( ! atmosph]e1 especially on /ill1 sultry aft]noons1 causes asc5d+ curr5ts ( w>m1 moi/ air1 :i* become cool$ z !y rise1 & give orig9 to va/ masses ( cumulus cl\ds4 ,^! magnific5t ?und]-heads1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 illum9at$ by ! full sunlight are mo/ magnific5t1 & usually h]ald ! com+ ( heavy %[]s1 accompani$ by frequ5tly de/ructive lightn+ & heavy ?und]4 ,! bases ( ! cl\ds :5 se5 f a di/ance are usually horizontal & may h curta9-l fe/oons b5ea?1 due to fall+ ra92 :ile al(t ! :ite vap\r boils upw>d 9 fleece-l masses1 reveal+ a /rong convectional asc5t ( moi/ air4 ,! imm$iate cause ( a ?und]-/orm is ! rapid asc5t ( a column ( w>m moi/ air1 :i* becomes cool$ z x rises & ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 x cond5s$4 ,! cause ( ! asc5t ( ! air column1 at lea/ ov] pla9s & plateaus1 is ! heat+ ( ! air 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,a lay] ( w>m1 & consequ5tly light1 air b5ea? a lay] ( cool] & heavi] air furni%es un/able conditions :i* fav\r an ov]turn+ & an escape upw>d ( ! light] air1 :i* is =c$ to asc5d mu* z ! hot air 9 a *imney is made to fl[ upw>d by ! pressure ( cool] & heavi] air ar\nd4 ,! conditions prec$+ a ?und]-/orm are a /agnant atmosph]e ov] a broad region :]e ! l[] lay] ( hot air is also *>g$ ) moi/ure4 ,^! conditions are frequ5tly fulfill$ on ! pla9s ( ! ,atlantic slope & s\!a/]n portion ( ! cont95tal bas9 9 summ] :5 w>m moi/ air is drawn 9 f ! ,gulf region t[>ds ! c5tre ( an area ( l[ atmosph]ic pressure1 & ?und]-/orms are !re a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! /orms usually advance nor!a/w>d1 ! direction be+ det]m9$ by ! fl[ ( upp] air-curr5ts1 & move ov] ! c\ntry ) a bread? ( f #aj to p]haps #ajj miles1 & s5d d[n copi\s supplies ( refre%+ ra94 ,ov] ! ,great plateaus ! air ne> ! e>?'s surface is highly heat$ dur+ ! summ] season1 b x is defici5t 9 moi/ure1 & ?und]-/orms are r>e1 except = a brief p]iod 9 late summ] or fall :5 ! normal conditions are di/urb$4 ,?und]-/orms are almo/ unkn[n 9 ! great ,canadian-,alaska prov9ce & along ! cool & humid nor?we/ coa/4 ,!y are also ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! hot & dry atmosph]e ( ! ,great ,bas9 & ,mexican plateau1 b :5 !y d come are ( m>k$ int5sity1 & pass "u ! "n ( cl\dbur/s4 ,at ! f> s\?1 9 ! region br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! equatorial belt ( calm1 ?und]-/orms are frequ5t & ( great int5sity4 ,an upw>d asc5t ( w>m moi/ air1 9 mu* ! same mann] z describ$ above1 occurs ab\t isolat$ m\nta9s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 *a91 & summ] ?und]-/orms are !re ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 especially 9 ! aft]noon1 ab\t ! high] m\nta9-peaks1 :ile ! adjac5t valleys are flood$ ) sunlight4 ,ref]5ce to ?is mo/ /rik+ ph5om5on has already be5 made 9 describ+ ! ,p>k ,m\nta94 ,tornadoes4--,! fi]ce circul> :irls 9 ! air produc+ p5d5t1 spirally twi/+ cl\ds1 :i* :5 !y t\* ! e>? are ( su* int5sity z to sweep away h\ses1 trees1 & ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 _! pa?s1 are kn[n to meteorologi/s z tornadoes1 al?\gh popul>ly1 b errone\sly1 t]m$ cyclones4 ,/orms ( ?is "* are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ea/ ( ! ,great plateau1 & are mo/ num]\s 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,_! pa? ( de/ruction is seldom ov] half a mile wide1 & z a rule !y progress t[>ds ! nor!a/1 9 ob$i5ce to ! movem5t ( ! upp] air-curr5ts1 at a rate ( f #bj to #dj miles an h\r1 & may cut a swa? f a few miles to #bj or m miles long ?r\gh =e/s1 f>ms1 villages1 & t[ns4 ,!y occur usually 9 ! aft]noon1 & sometimes 9 ! e>li] h\rs ( ! night1 ( w>m1 sultry days1 especially 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]1 b are n /rictly conf9$ to t portion ( ! ye>4 ,! conditions :i* prec$e ! com+ ( a tornado are1 9 g5]al1 ! same z ^? 9 advance ( a ?und]-/orm--t is1 an indraft ( hot1 moi/ air b5ea? a cool] lay]1 ?us e/abli%+ un/able conditions4 ,an upw>d draft is />t$1 ! int5sity ( :i* becomes s great t ! infl[+ w9ds are giv5 a rapid spiral motion ab\t a calm c5tre4 ,! tornado may be consid]$ z a fully develop$ or exceptionally en]getic ?und]-/orm1 9 :i* a spiral movem5t is e/abli%$ z 9 des]t :irlw9ds4 ,! conditions = ! orig9 ( ?is class ( dread$ & locally mo/ de/ructive /orms are be/ fulfill$ 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,mississippi bas91 :]e !y are some:at frequ5t4 ,!y occur less commonly ov] ! c\ntry to ! ea/w>d1 & are unkn[n 9 ! m nor!rn & we/]n climatic prov9ces1 &1 s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 !y h n be5 report$ f ! region to ! nor? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cyclones4--,?is "n is appli$ to ! great atmosph]ic di/urbances m>k$ by an infl[+ ( air t[>ds a c5tre ( l[ b>ometric pressure f adjac5t regions1 commonly sev]al hundr$ miles across1 & an escape & ov]fl[ al(t4 ,z 9 :irlw9ds & tornadoes1 !re is a spiral movem5t e/abli%$ 9 ! infl[+ curr5ts1 b ow+ to ! l>ge size ( ! area ( l[ pressure1 ?is seldom rea*es de/ructive viol5ce4 ,cyclonic /orms are ( common occurr5ce1 especially 9 ! temp]ate zone1 & br+ to t region its *>act]i/ic div]sity ( wea!r4 ,mo/ ( ! ra9 & sn[-/orms ( ! cont95t are due to ! va/ swirls ( ! atmosph]e ab\t areas ( l[ atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* cause air-curr5ts f diff]5t directions & ) diff]5t compon5ts ( heat & moi/ure to move ov] ! l&4 ,! cyclonic /orm ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ! ,atlantic coa/ ,/ates1 & s\!a/]n ,canada frequ5tly orig9ate 9 ! ,great plateau prov9ce1 & are c>ri$ t[>ds ! ,atlantic ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ea/w>d-bl[+ w9ds ( ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,at times ^! /orms are ( su* magnitude & int5sity t !y cross ! ,atlantic & are obs]v$ 9 ,engl& & ,sc&9avia4 ,! c\rses !y foll[ may be trac$ f day to day on ! wea!r-maps issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 & f ! directions !y are likely to foll[ & ! atmosph]ic conditions p]ta9+ to _! v>i\s p>ts pr$ictions ( surpris+ accuracy z to ! *anges :i* ! wea!r 9 a giv5 locality w exp]i5ce c be made "o or two days be=e ! *anges occur4 ,hurricanes4--,cyclonic /orms ( ! g5]al nature ( ! tornadoes1 b ( va/ly great] ext5t & int5sity1 orig9ate occasionally dur+ ! latt] portion ( ! summ] season ov] ! tropical portion ( ! nor? ,atlantic1 move sl[ly we/w>d to ! vic9ity ( ! ,less] ,antilles1 :]e normally _! c\rses b5d nor?w>d1 & !n skirt ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & drift ea/w>d "u ! influ5ce ( ! ea/w>d-fl[+ upp] air-curr5ts1 & n infrequ5tly make _! influ5ce felt 9 ! we/]n portion ( ,europe4 ,occasionally1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( an area ( high b>ometric pressure to ! nor? ( ,cuba1 ! c\rse ( "o ( ^! tropical hurricanes1 z !y are t]m$1 is r5d]$ irregul>1 & x passes ov] ! ,atlantic ,/ates or is deflect$ /ill m & crosses ! ,gulf ( ,mexico be=e rea*+ ! bord] ( ! cont95t1 z 0 ! case 9 ,septemb]1 #aijj1 :5 a l>ge "p ( ,galve/on 0 de/roy$4 ,! normal pa?s ( ! tropical hurricanes z !y approa* ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! exceptional c\rse ( ! "o :i* pass$ ov] ,galve/on1 are indicat$ on ! map =m+ ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,tracks ( ,we/ ,indian hurricanes4 ,! circles on ! tracks indicate ! position ( ! /orm c5tres at ,gre5wi* mean noon on successive days4 ,! date ( ! sev]al /orms is z foll[s3 #a4 ,aug4 #bg-,sept4 #a1 #ahij4 #b4 ,aug4 #ai-;,aug4 #be1 #ahij4 #c4 ,aug4 #ai-;,aug4 #ca1 #ahia4 #d4 ,sept4 #d-,sept4 #i1 #ahia4 #e4 ,sept4 #af-,sept4 #be1 #ahia4 #f4 ,sept4 #bh-,oct4 #g1 #ahia4 #g4 ,aug4 #ag-;,aug4 #bb1 #ahib4 #h4 ,aug4 #ae-;,aug4 #bb1 #ahic4 #i4 ,aug4 #bc-;,aug4 #bh1 #ahic4 #aj4 ,sept4 #f-,sept4 #i1 #ahid4 #aa4 ,sept4 #bj-,oct4 #d1 #ahid4 #ab4 ,oct4 #e-,oct4 #aj1 #ahid4 #ac4 ,oct4 #ab-,oct4 #ah1 #ahid4 #ad4 ,oct4 #bd-,oct4 #bg1 #ahid4 #ae4 ,oct4 #ah-,oct4 #be1 #ahie4 #af4 ,sept4 #e-,sept4 #aj1 #ahif4 #ag4 ,sept4 #i-,sept4 #be1 #ahif4 #ah4 ,sept4 #bf-,sept4 #bi1 #ahif4 #ai4 ,oct4 #i-,oct4 #ad1 #ahif4 #bj4 ,oct4 #bc-,oct4 #bf1 #ahig4 #ba4 ,oct4 #bj-,oct4 #bc1 #ahig4 #bb4 ,sept4 #aa-,sept4 #bj1 #ahih4 #bc4 ,aug4 #c-;,aug4 #be1 #ahii4 #bd4 ,aug4 #cj-,sept4 #g1 #ahii4 #be4 ,sept4 #h-,sept4 #ad1 #ahii4 #bf4 ,sept4 #a-,sept4 #aa1 #aijj4 ,! analogy ( a tropical hurricane to a tornado has already be5 ref]r$ to1 b :ile a tornado may lay wa/e a tract ( c\ntry p]haps half a mile wide1 & 9 exceptional cases #bj to #cj miles 9 l5g?1 a hurricane is f #bjj to #cjj miles 9 diamet]1 & may cont9ue to be de/ructive1 on acc\nt ( ! rapid infl[ ( air f ! p]iph]y t[>ds ! c5tre1 = #b1jjj or #c1jjj miles4 ,! velocity ( ! spirally bl[+ w9ds :i* are ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ^! great /orms is frequ5tly #ajj miles or m p] h\r4 ,9 spite ( _! magnitude1 h[ev]1 ! conditions lead+ to _! orig9 & gr[? are ess5tially ! same z 9 ! case ( tornadoes1 & ev5 ( ! mu* small] :irlw9ds4 ,!y h _! bir? :]e ! moi/1 /ill air above ! ocean 9 ! region ( ! doldrums at ! season :5 ! equatorial belt ( calms is f>!/ nor?1 becomes highly heat$ & rises on acc\nt ( ! press+ 9 ( cool] & heavi] air f adjac5t regions4 ,! asc5d+ column is at fir/ c>ri$ sl[ly we/w>d1 9 ob$i5ce to ! g5]al fl[ ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! int]tropical belt1 & at ! same "t ! curr5ts com+ 9 f opposite directions give ! asc5d+ air a rot>y motion4 ,z ! curr5ts f ! nor!a/ are /rong] ?an ^? f o!r directions1 ?is :irl+ motion is f "r to left1 or opposite to ! movem5t ( ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,! :irl+ air column ext5ds into ! upp] atmosph]e1 & z x moves along pa/ ! ,we/ ,indies becomes influ5c$ by ! preval5t fl[ ( ! upp] air-curr5ts1 & is c>ri$ nor?we/w>d1 & lat] ea/w>d 9 a pa? :i* approximates to a p>abolic curve4 ,! inw>d-ru%+ spiral w9ds leave a calm c5tre1 ! eye ( ! /orm1 :i* corresponds to ! holl[ core ( a :irlw9d & ! calm c5tre sometimes not$ 9 tornadoes4 ,! upw>d asc5t ( w>m1 humid air is accompani$ by a decrease ( pressure & consequ5t expansion & cool+ :i* leads to rapid cond5sation & a heavy d[np\r ( ra92 ! *ange ( ! moi/ure f a vapor\s to a liquid =m lib]ates heat1 :i* s]ves to p]petuate ! upw>d fl[ ( air1 & ?us prolongs ! life ( ! /orm4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! c5tral area ( l[ b>ometric pressure ov] a giv5 locality ! cl\ds frequ5tly "p & portions ( ! cle> sky may be se54 ,accompany+ ! ra9 are frequ5t lightn+ fla%es1 z dur+ ord9>y ?und]-/orms4 ,! tropical hurricanes are ! mo/ viol5t & mo/ dread$ ( all ! /orms t sweep ov] any portion ( our cont95t1 b =tunately = dwell]s on ! l&1 are conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to ! sea1 s9ce ! atmosph]ic conditions ov] ! l& lead to _! loss ( en]gy1 al?\gh 9 r>e in/ances !y may be re-en=c$ by unit+ ) a cyclonic /orm1 z happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,galve/on hurricane1 & ?us cont9u$ aft] rea*+ ! l&4 ,! de/ructiv5ess ( ! hurricanes at sea has be5 greatly less5$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 n only on acc\nt ( ! g5]al use ( /eam z a motive p[] = vessels in/ead ( ! w9d1 b because meteorologi/s c designate ! "t :5 !y are likely to occur & ! be/ me?od ( sail+ away f !m if enc\nt]$4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /ations = obs]v+ & report+ ! atmosph]ic conditions on ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 ! approa* ( a hurricane c be =etold & w>n+ giv5 to navigators & o!rs ( ! com+ dang]4 ,,evaporation ,an important elem5t 9 climate is ! am\nt ( moi/ure ! air conta9s4 ,! absolute am\nt ( wat] vap\r 9 a giv5 volume ( air is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection1 b :at is ( /ill great] importance is ! ratio ( ! am\nt ( wat] vap\r pres5t to t :i* ! air might conta91 or :at is t]m$ ! relative humidity4 ,! relative humidity1 provid+ ! actual am\nt ( vap\r pres5t rema9s un*ang$1 dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= ?is reason1 ! w>m+ ( an air-curr5t1 z ! trade-w9ds1 = example1 9 :i* ! wat] vap\r pres5t may1 previ\s to ! w>m+1 h approa*$ saturation1 causes x to h a /ill great] capacity1 & h5ce decreases ! relative humidity4 ,! w9ds 9 pass+ ov] ! l& may be ei!r cool$ or w>m$1 & h5ce _! influ5ce on evaporation is cont9ually *ang+2 b ! mean rate ( evaporation f an op5 wat] body c be det]m9$ = a def9ite "t1 say a ye>1 = v>i\s localities1 & ?us af=d a means ( comp>ison betwe5 "o region & ano!r4 ,obs]vation ( ! mean annual evaporation = v>i\s /ations1 mo/ly )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h be5 made1 & ! result %[n by l9es drawn ?r\gh places :]e ! rate is ! same4 ,a map %[+ ?is data1 on :i* ! figures indicate ! dep? ( evaporation 9 in*es1 is "h pres5t$4 ,! sy/ematic /udy ( evaporation1 & especially ! "p play$ 9 x by plants1 has sc>cely m ?an be5 begun on ?is cont95t1 & important results conc]n+ its influ5ce on atmosph]ic conditions are to be expect$4 ,! subject is also ( great importance 9 ref]5ce to agriculture1 ! prev5tion ( fro/1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,dep? ( evaporation4 ,aft] ,t4 ,russell4 ,,lit]ature ,! great /oreh\se ( in=mation p]ta9+ to ! wea!r & climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! num]\s publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,simil> bureaus exi/ at ! capitals ( ,canada & ,mexico1 :i* h issu$ valuable reports4 ,( ! _m elem5t>y & popul> books on meteorology1 ! foll[+ w be f\nd helpful 9 cont9u+ ! /udy ( ! subjects outl9$ 9 ?is *apt]3 ,,davis1 ,w4 ,m4 ,:irlw9ds1 ,cyclones1 & ,tornadoes1 ,lee ,%ep>d1 ,bo/on1 #ahhd2 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahid4 ,,f]ril1 ,w4 ,a ,popul> ,treatise on ! ,w9ds4 ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ,,greely1 ,a4 ,w4 ,am]ican ,wea!r4 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 ,m>yl& ,wea!r ,s]vice1 vol4 i1 ,baltimore1 #ahii4 ,conta9s a valuable bibliography4 ,,russell1 ,t4 ,meteorology4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,,%al]1 ,n4 ,s4 ,aspects ( ! ,e>?4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ,,waldo1 ,f4 ,mod]n ,meteorology1 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahic2 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,plant ,,life ,if we take ! trees z repres5tatives ( ! flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ?is seems to be ! only practicable me?od 9 a g5]al treatise1 we f9d !m gr[+ mo/ d5sely & pres5t+ at ! same "t ! greate/ v>iety :]e ! temp]ature is uni=mly high ?r\gh\t ! ye> & ! ra9fall heavy & long-cont9u$4 ,f ! torrid l[l&s ! =e/s 9 g5]al decrease 9 ! v>iety & numb] ( trees on a giv5 area1 bo? t[>ds ! nor?1 :]e temp]ature becomes ! controll+ factor1 & t[>ds regions ( small ra9fall1 :]e ! lead+ adv]se condition is defici5cy ( moi/ure4 ,9 ! mo/ highly fav\r$ localities ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 species & species & individual ) individual is int5se1 exposure to ! life-giv+ sunlight be+ ! dom9ant aim ( e "o ( ! cont5d+ ho/s4 ,z dri] or cold] regions are approa*$1 b few species c survive & ! =e/s are *>act]iz$ by _! monotony4 ,:]e ! conditions ( heat & moi/ure are su* t ! exi/5ce ( a species is prec>i\s1 ! balance ( p[]1 s to speak1 passes to ! second>y conditions2 & ! texture & composition ( ! soil1 slight diff]5ces 9 ! relief ( ! l&1 & consequ5tly 9 dra9age or 9 ! degree ( exposure to light1 preval5ce ( fires1 etc41 make !mselves prom95t & limit di/ribution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,map %[+ ! di/ribution ( =e/s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,f a geographical po9t ( view1 ! broade/ features 9 ! flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica are ! =e/$ & un=e/$ areas4 ,! di/ribution ( ! =e/s1 prairies1 & treeless pla9s z !y exi/$ previ\s to ! com+ ( ,europeans is %[n on ! accompany+ map4 ,= ! portion ( ! cont95t to ! nor?w>d ( ,mexico ! data on :i* ?is map is bas$ are mu* m abundant ?an = ! s\!rn portion4 ,,! ,,=e/s ,z is indicat$ on ! map j ref]r$ to1 ! =e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 a g5]al way =m a broad belt1 = ! mo/ "p )9 ! influ5ce ( w9ds f ! ocean1 :i* surr\nds a l>ge area ( treeless pla9s & plateaus 9 ! we/-c5tral portion ( ! int]ior cont95tal bas91 b is brok5 & r5d]$ irregul> 9 its s\?we/]n "p ( ! treeless valley ( ! ,great ,bas9 region4 ,! irregul> circul> belt ( tree-cov]$ l& is clos$ at ! s\? by ! =e/ on ! l[l&s ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,?is va/ =e/ belt1 ext5d+ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & f ,panama to nor!rn ,canada1 pres5ts great v>iations ev5 9 its l>g] features1 &1 = conv5i5ce1 & also ) ! aim ( express+ 9 a r\gh way natural relation%ips1 ne$s to be subdivid$ = purpose ( /udy4 ,! basis = su* a subdivision has already be5 sugge/$1 z ! =e/s1 l all o!r divisions ( ! life ( ! cont95t1 are an expression ( climatic conditions--t is1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! botanical & zoological prov9ces %\ld agree ) ^? ( ! climatic prov9ces4 ,on ?is basis we h ! tropical =e/1 :i* cov]s ! m humid portions ( ! ea/ & we/ m>g9s z well z all ( ! s\!rn portion ( ,mexico1 toge!r ) ne>ly all ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 & includes ! s\!rn extremity ( ,florida4 ,)9 ! tropical =e/1 h[ev]1 !re are high m\nta9s on :i* trees ) ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ^? m nor!rn floras f9d a cong5ial habitat4 ,! two au/ral & ! transition prov9ces are to a great ext5t clo!d ) div]sifi$ =e/s1 :i* are naturally divid$ into two portions3 an ea/]n division1 embrac+ ! ,atlantic & ,gulf bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 toge!r ) ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,mississippi ,valley & ! ,great ,lakes region2 & a we/]n division1 9 :i* is includ$ ! l&s bord]+ ! ,pacific f ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias s\?w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 & also sev]al irregul> bran*es or deta*$ isl&-l areas on ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,! =m] ( ^! divisions may1 9 a g5]al way1 be t]m$ ! ,atlantic1 & ! latt] ! ,pacific =e/4 ,sep>at+ !m is ! treeless we/-c5tral portion ( ! ,cont95tal bas94 ,bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific =e/s m]ge at ! nor? ) ! boreal =e/1 :i* ext5ds diagonally across ! cont95t f ,newf\ndl& to ,alaska4 ,p59sula-l & isl&-l areas occupi$ by ! boreal =e/ occur 9 ! sea-l expanse ( ! transition & au/ral prov9ces1 on bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,! tropical & boreal =e/s h _! greate/ ext5sion f ea/ to we/ or ) ! p>allels ( latitude1 & are rem>kable = _! uni=mity 9 g5]al *>act]i/ics1 ! reason be+ t climatic conditions1 & especially ! temp]ature 9 summ]1 *ange less rapidly along ea/ & we/ ?an along nor? & s\? l9es4 ,! ,atlantic & ,pacific =e/s1 on ! o!r h&1 h _! greate/ ext5sion across ! p>allels ( latitude1 & h5ce exp]i5ce m>k$ *anges f locality to locality 9 bo? temp]ature & precipitation1 & are *>act]iz$ by conspicu\s *anges f "o locality to ano!r 9 ! g5]a & species ( trees ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,9 ea* ( ! areas occupi$ by ! major divisions ( ! encircl+ cont95tal =e/ belt !re are m>k$ v>iations 9 elevation1 :i* are accompani$ by correspond+ climatic *anges1 & h5ce by modifications 9 ! =e/ gr[?s4 ,( all portions ( ! cont95tal =e/ belt1 v>iation 9 elevation is lea/ m>k$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,canada1 & = ?is reason1 9 "p1 we !re f9d ! mo/ uni=m & mo/ monoton\s ( all ! =e/s ( ! cont95t4 ,! influ5ce ( elevation1 h[ev]1 on climate & on bo? plant & animal life is great] = a giv5 measure1 z = #a1jjj feet1 9 ! torrid ?an 9 ! cool or cold zone1 = ! reason t ! possible range 9 climatic conditions is mu* great] at ! s\? ?an at ! nor?4 ,! ,tropical ,=e/4--,!re are great areas 9 s\!rn ,mexico :i* are clo!d ) a typical tropical =e/2 :ile o!r simil> =e/s cov] ne>ly all ( ! l[] portions ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! l>g] or m rugg$ ,we/ ,india isl&s1 & ! s\!rn extremity ( ,florida4 ,?r\gh\t ?is va/ region1 )9 ! influ5ce ( ! trade-w9ds & ( ! equatorial ra9s1 ! =e/s are luxuriant & beautiful1 except on l[l&s n adjac5t to ! w9dw>d side ( m\nta9s4 ,! *>act]i/ic trees ( ! hot1 humid l[l&s ext5d up ! m\nta9 to an elevation ( "s #d1jjj or #e1jjj feet1 :]e a *ange to ! aspects famili> 9 ! l[l&s ( ! temp]ate zone beg9s1 & palms give place to oaks & p9es4 ,( ! _m features ( ! tropical =e/s :i* impress a travell] f cold] regions1 none excite great] wond] ?an ! l>ge numb] ( vegetable species gr[+ 9 close proximity4 ,x has be5 said1 & app>5tly ! /atem5t _c be successfully *all5g$1 t a great] v>iety ( plants may be collect$ on #ajj squ>e y>ds ( surface 9 ! humid1 tropical l[l&s ?an c be f\nd on #ajj squ>e miles 9 ! =e/ ( c5tral ,canada4 ,x is probably safe to ext5d ?is /rik+ contra/ by say+ t ( ! trees on a typical area 9 ! tropical =e/ ( ! size m5tion$1 !re are 9 _m localities m species ?an 9 ! :ole ( ! sub>ctic =e/4 ,among ! *>act]i/ics ( tropical =e/s is ! pres5ce ( _m k9ds ( plants on a limit$ area1 hundr$s ( species /ruggl+ upw>d to ! light :]e !re seems room b = "o2 ! v>iety ( mosses & li*5s2 ! pr(usion ( fl[]+ p>asites2 ! luxuriance ( ! v9es1 _m ( :i* are arm$ ) sp9es2 & ! abundance ( ! rem>kable a]ial roots t]m$ lianas4 ,( ! la/ !re is a great v>iety1 "s ( !m ( l>ge size & surpris+ l5g?2 !y frequ5tly desc5d f plants entw9$ among ! topmo/ bran*es ( great trees1 look+ n unlike ! cordage ( a =e/ ( ma/s 9 "s cr[d$ port1 & on rea*+ ! gr\nd s5d out rootlets 9 ! humid soil4 ,9 ! dep?s ( a tropical =e/ x is always twilight4 ,ev5 at noontide no %afts ( yell[ sunlight rea* ! gr\nd to glorify mossy banks & fl[]-gemm$ dells1 z 9 ! op5 woods ( temp]ate climes1 b a diffus$ gre5i% light1 produc+ weird effects1 alone p5etrates ! d5se leafy canopy f> ov]head4 ,! roots ( ev5 ! l>g] trees 9 ^! hot1 humid =e/s d n h to desc5d deeply 9 ord] to f9d ! necess>y moi/ure or to receive protection f fro/ & sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 b are usually widely exp&$ & ?ickly int]wov5 ov] ! surface4 ,! e>? f :i* ! d5se vegetation d]ives n\ri%m5t is surpris+ly defici5t 9 vegetable m\ld1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! moi/ =e/s ( temp]ate & ev5 sub>ctic regions1 :]e ! complete decay ( dead vegetation is long delay$4 ,9 ! tropical =e/s ! annual supply ( dead vegetable matt] suitable to be trans=m$ into humus is f> great] ?an on a correspond+ area 9 ! woods ( m nor!rn regions1 b decay is s rapid1 ow+ to ! uni=mly high temp]ature & ! conditions fav\r+ ! multiplication ( bact]ia1 t ev5 great trees on fall+ quickly disappe>2 9 _m in/ances1 ! =ms ( pro/rate tree trunks are pres]v$ & ov]gr[n ) luxuriant mosses or gorge\sly fe/oon$ ) f]ns & or*ids1 b soon become fragile %ells f :i* ne>ly all ! woody tissues h be5 remov$ by decay or by sw>m+ colonies ( insects4 ,:]e life is s exub]ant & ! wants ( gr[+ plants s great x seems z if ! food supply 0 insuffici5t1 & t none c\ld be sp>$ to accumulate on ! gr\nd & =m a soil4 ,! two mo/ *>act]i/ic & di/9ctive classes ( plants 9 ! tropical =e/s are ! palms & ! f]ns1 ea* ( :i* is repres5t$ by _m g5]a1 a l>ge numb] ( species1 & multitudes ( individuals1 & 9 ea* class !re is a gradation 9 size f l[ h]bace\s gr[?s to arboreal =ms4 ,9 e way wor?y ( fir/ m5tion among ! plants ( ! ,c>ibbean =e/s are ! palms4 ,a *>act]i/ic portion ( ! =e/ ref]r$ to occurs 9 ,cuba1 :]e1 z is /at$ by ,r4 ,t4 ,hill 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ & attractive book descriptive ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 !re are "s #bf species ( palms1 :i* give v>iety & beauty to ! sc5]y ( ! ,pe>l ( ! ,antilles1 z well z %ade & food to its inhabitants4 ,at ! head ( ^! = height & grace ( =m /&s ! royal palm1 :i* might well be *os5 = ! emblem ( ! fair isl& x adorns4 ,! wide-spread+ cr[n ( glossy p9nate leaves ( ?is species is borne on a sp9dle-%ap$ /em ( t\gh fibr\s wood--s /rong & pliant t x defies ev5 ! hurricane--9 _m in/ances #aej feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! tree is a m>vel ( beauty & ela/icity1 &1 =tunately = ,cuba1 is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( ! l>g] trees on ! isl&4 ,x is met ) almo/ ev]y:]e2 9 ! c5tre ( broad pa/ure-l&s x (t5 /&s alone1 tall & /raight1 :ile bord]+ ! cultivat$ fields ( ! ri* plant] x =ms a %ady av5ue to 8 dwell+4 ,?is well-nam$ royal palm has also be5 call$ ! bless$ tree1 = e "p ( x has its usefulness to mank9d4 ,c]ta9 m$ic9al qualities are claim$ = its roots2 ! out] portion ( its trunk is easily split into bo>ds = use 9 mak+ h\ses & furniture = ! poor] p2 9 ! c5tre ( ! clu/] ( "y leaves at ! summit is a t5d] sub/ance :i* is eat5 raw1 or cook$ z a vegetable1 or pres]v$ ) sug> z a table delicacy4 ,! broad5$ leaf-/alks :]e !y leave ! ma9 /em =m a %ea?-l expansion resembl+ a ?9 bo>d1 (t5 f\r to six feet long1 :i* is made to s]ve a v>iety ( purposes1 su* z plates1 & :5 soak$ 9 wat] becomes pliable & may be fa%ion$ into baskets & di%es = cook+1 & at ! same "t furni%es salt = ! season+ ( ! boil+ vegetables or meat4 ,! _w-encircl+ cocoanut-palm is f\nd ab\t ! %ore ( tropical ,nor? ,am]ica1 & !re1 z else:]e1 s]ves a great v>iety ( uses1 be+ a great] bless+1 especially to ! natives & ! poor] desc5dants ( ,european & ,african immigrants1 ?an ev5 ! royal palm4 ,! economic importance ( its wood-fibres1 leaves1 & fruit are too well kn[n to require re-enum]ation4 ,:ile ! weal? ( palms is conf9$ to ! hot1 moi/ regions ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 sev]al memb]s ( ! same great family are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! royal palm is native to s\!rn ,florida1 :ile ! l[ fan-palms cov] mu* ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! same ,/ate1 & occur ev5 ab\t ! ,oz>k ,hills 9 ,arkansas1 & ! palmetto1 gr[+ to be a /ately tree1 is f\nd ne> ! coa/ 9 ! ,c>ol9as & is ! emblem ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! ,palmetto ,/ate4 ,! f]ns1 al?\gh abundant1 especially 9 moi/ woods f ,alaska s\?w>d1 ?r\gh\t ! cont95t1 rea* _! greate/ v>iety & ri*e/ luxuriance 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :]e ! graceful & mo/ arti/ically beautiful tree-f]ns add an indescribable *>m to ! always v>i$ foliage4 ,! tree-f]ns gr[ f>!r up ! m\nta9s ( ! torrid zone ?an d ! l>g] palms 79 ! same mann] t ! small] f]ns ext5d mu* f>!r nor? ?an ! mo/ h>dy palmettoes71 & =m a conspicu\s feature 9 ! =egr\nd ( ne>ly e wide-rea*+ prospect 9 ! m elevat$ portions ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & s\?-c5tral ,mexico4 ,9 addition to ! palms & f]ns1 ! tropical =e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica conta9 a l>ge numb] ( trees ( great economic importance4 ,*ief among ^! are ! mahogany1 :i* is native to ! l&s bord]+ ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & rea*es ! l>ge/ size & produces ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ highly priz$ wood on ,cuba1 ,haiti1 ! ,bahamas1 & ,jamaica4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is h>d1 d>k1 heavy1 f9e-gra9$1 & exce$+ly durable wood has be5 us$ = ! be/ grades ( cab9et-"w = ab\t two c5turies1 & is /ill unsurpass$ = ! beauty ( its gra91 susceptibility ( a high poli%1 & ! sev]al ways 9 :i* x is adapt$ = ! c>v]'s tool4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great & long-cont9u$ dem& = its wood x has become sc>ce 9 all b ! mo/ inaccessible localities4 ,:5 all[$ to rea* full maturity x is a l>ge1 wide-spread+ tree ) num]\s bran*es1 look+ n unlike a giant oak1 b has p9nate leaves & small1 al?\gh some:at conspicu\s1 :ite fl[]s4 ,ano!r gift ( ! tropical =e/ is ! lignum-vitae1 :i* furni%es ! exce$+ly t\gh1 h>d1 res9\s wood pref]r$ above all o!rs = ! mak+ ( pulleys1 mallets1 etc4 ,_m o!r highly priz$ woods1 n kn[n1 h[ev]1 by famili> names1 are also f\nd 9 ! v>i$ =e/s ( tropical ,am]ica1 z well z num]\s vegetable dyes1 su* z logwood1 brazil-wood1 indigo1 etc4 ,! l&s ( ! ,c>ibbean-,gulf region are cr$it$ ) hav+ introduc$ to civiliz$ man ! potato1 ,indian corn 7maize71 & tobacco1 al?\gh ! home ( ! =m] is probably 9 ! ,&ean portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,indian corn gr[s luxuriantly n only 9 ! hot l[l&s ( ,mexico1 b on ! bord] ( ! c5tral table-l& ( t republic1 :]e x is suppos$ to be indig5\s1 & has n[ become "o ( ! lead+ crops ( temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is cultivat$ 9 _m o!r portions ( ! _w4 ,tobacco 0 f\nd "u cultivation 9 ,mexico at ! "t ( ! fir/ com+ ( ,europeans1 & reta9s = its famili> "n ! appellation ( ! di/rict :]e x 0 fir/ se54 ,f ,mexico also come ! dahlia & ! giant sunfl[]1 z well z ! v>i\s species ( aloes & cacti n[ s common 9 g>d5s & cons]vatories ! _w ov]4 ,( all ! plants1 except+ ,indian corn & ! potato1 :i* are native to ! region "u review1 none has prov$ su* an unalloy$ bless+ to civiliz$ man z ! cacao-tree4 ,z ?is tree is unfamili> to mo/ resid5ts ( temp]ate l&s1 x may n be unpr(itable to transcribe 9 "p a description ( x f ,rh9d's ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,! tree is v h&some1 f #ab to #af feet high1 ) an upright trunk "s #e feet high2 ! leaves are lanceolate1 ) entire m>g9s1 & ( a bright-gre5 col\r2 ! fl[]s are inconspicu\s1 r$di%1 ) yell[i% sepals2 ! fruit1 atta*$ by %ort /ems to bo? trunk & bran*es1 has a yell[i% & r$di% col\r1 oblong1 ab\t #c in*es 9 l5g?1 & consi/s ( a fle%y r9d1 half an in* ?ick1 conta9+ a :ite pulp 9 :i* are imb$d$ ab\t #be se$s4 ,! se$s1 :5 roa/$1 fre$ f _! husks1 & gr\nd1 furni% ! *ocolate s ext5sively us$1 especially 9 ,france & ,spa9 & 9 ! =m] ,spani% colonies1 & is increas+ 9 fav\r among ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,vanilla1 :i* is us$ 9 flav\r+ *ocolate z well z _m o!r di%es1 0 also f\nd 9 use among ! ,aztecs at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/4 ,! vanilla-plant is a climb+ v9e1 ) lanceolate leaves #ah in*es or m 9 l5g?1 & produces a pod conta9+ bean-l se$s4 ,! pods & se$s :5 prop]ly dri$ furni% ! flav\r+ extract ( comm]ce4 ,al?\gh ! trees :i* yield rubb] 9 ,am]ica1 z well z ! c9*ona1 f ! b>k ( :i* qu99e is obta9$1 are ju/ly to be accr$it$ to ,s\? ,am]ica1 yet c]ta9 v>ieties ( ^! useful plants occur 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & are "u cultivation z f> nor?w>d z c5tral ,mexico4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! plants ( great utility 9 "o direction or ano!r native to ! tropical =e/s1 %\ld include planta9s1 bananas1 & yams1 ! wide di/ribution ( :i*1 l>gely by human ag5cy1 ?r\gh\t ! torrid zone is well kn[n4 ,! delici\s p9eapple is native to ! ,c>ibbean region1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! m>kets ( ! ,aztecs by ! e>ly ,spani% invad]s1 al?\gh p]haps indig5\s to o!r l&s z well4 ,9 ,mexico especially1 b on ! bord]s ( ! tropical =e/ & 9 ! dri] int]ior1 gr[s ! agave1 f :i* ! national bev]age1 pulque1 is obta9$1 & ano!r species ( ! same peculi>ly ,am]ican family ( plants supplies great quantities ( ! t\gh fibre kn[n z sisal or h5equ5 hemp1 p>ticul>ly on ! /ony1 arid portions ( ! p59sula ( ,yucatan4 ,( int]e/ to *ildr5 especially is ! fact t ,mexico exports "s #c1jjj1jjj p\nds ( *ew+-gum ea* ye>1 :i* is obta9$ f a plant !re gr[+ wild4 ,to ?is li/ ( indig5\s products may be add$ g+]1 arr[root1 etc41 z well z _m fruits sc>cely kn[n outside ! tropics1 su* z ! mango1 alligator-pe>1 breadfruit1 & num]\s o!rs4 ,?is ha/y enum]ation might be greatly ext5d$ or pres5t$ 9 m detail1 b probably en\gh has be5 said to indicate ! great & probably z yet b p>tially det]m9$ economic importance ( ! vegetable products ( ! torrid portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,associat$ ) ! tropical =e/1 b ?riv+ be/ 9 an advanc$ skirmi%-l9e ab\t its dri] inl& bord]s1 is a gr\p ( plants indig5\s to ! two ,am]icas--! /rangely %ap$ & sp9\s cacti4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! prickly-pe>1 z x is t]m$ on acc\nt ( its pe>-l edible fruit1 is ! emblem ( ,mexico4 ,a fit leg5d to place ab\t ?is unique h]aldic design w\ld be ! motto inscrib$ on ! rattlesnake flag ( colonial days 9 ,am]ica1 ,don't tread on me1 z e "o w appreciate :o has travell$ 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ! upl& regions ( ,mexico4 ,! cacti ext5d f ,s\? ,am]ica nor?w>d ?r\gh ! l&s bord]+ ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi are repres5t$ by a s+le g5us1 ,opuntia--! prickly-pe>1 or ,indian fig1 z x is (t5 t]m$--:i* gr[s 9 dry situations z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts & ,mi*igan4 ,9 ! ,great ,bas9 sev]al g5]a ( cacti are pl5tiful1 especially on dry1 /ony upl&s1 & two species rea* z f> nor?w>d z ! ,canadian b\nd>y4 ,al?\gh ! cacti tribe is widely di/ribut$1 ! region :]e x pres5ts ! greate/ v>iety & ! l>ge/ individuals is 9 ! dry1 semi-des]t portions ( ,arizona & ! table-l&s ( c5tral ,mexico4 ,x is mo/ at home on /]ile1 rocky ridges & amid b>e cliffs :]e !re appe>s to be b little soil1 b ! /rong roots /rike deep into ! e>? 9 se>* ( moi/ure4 ,! cacti pres5t great div]sity ( =m & an indef9ite diff]5tiation ( /em & leaf4 ,9 fact1 !re are no easily recognis$ leaves 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 b ! flut$ & jo9t$ /ems p]=m ! function ( foliage4 ,! plants are economical ( moi/ure1 & n only pres5t a m9imum ( surface = evaporation or transpiration1 b _! epid]mal tissues are = ! mo/ "p )\t pores1 ?us ret>d+ ! escape ( ! moi/ure drawn f ! seem+ly dry soil4 ,9 size & %ape ! cacti pres5t great v>iety1 rang+ ?r\gh all gradations f ! ?ick1 /rongly jo9t$1 pad-l expansions ( ! prickly-pe>1 a few in*es high1 gr[+ 9 widely ext5d$ clu/]s & massive globul> =ms1 look+ n unlike sp9y melons1 #b or #c feet or m 9 diamet]1 to jo9t$ & flut$ columns1 bri/l+ ) %>p sp9es1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 kn[n z ! c&elabrum cactus1 atta9s a height ( f #dj to #fj feet4 ,9 ?is ! l>ge/ ( all ! cacti1 :i* is n uncommon 9 ,arizona & adjac5t portions ( ,mexico1 ! c5tral upright /em1 frequ5tly #bj in*es or m 9 diamet]1 s5ds out f #a to p]haps #g or #h club-%ap$ bran*es1 :i* leave ! p>5t /em ne>ly at "r angles1 b soon b5d upw>d & become p>allel ) ! c5tral /alk1 :i* !y frequ5tly surpass 9 height1 _! =m ?us sugge/+ a bran*+ c&le/ick or c&elabrum4 ,9 spite ( ! biz>re & frequ5tly repell5t appe>ance ( ! cacti z se5 "u cultivation1 9 _! b>r5 homes !y are 9 h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s1 & add a *>act]i/ic1 & ev5 beautiful elem5t to ! sc5]y ( ! p>*$ & g5]ally desolate valleys & rocky slopes :]e !y ?rive be/4 ,_! blossoms are l>ge1 usually ei!r :ite or brilliantly col\r$1 & exp& 9 ! hot1 dry air1 fully expos$ to ! int5se sunlight1 & pres5t a fre%ness & vig\r :i* tell ( ! abundant /ore ( moi/ure )9 ! ?ick r9d inclos+ _! /ems4 ,! %[y fl[]s are borne close to ! body ( ! plant or at ! ends or edges ( ! inflat$ pad-l leaves1 & are sc5tless1 except 9 ! case ( a few night-bloom+ species1 & attract insects f af> by reason ( ! conspicu\sness ( _! widely exp&$ corollas4 ,! fruits also are usually conspicu\s1 & pres5t _m ri* t9ts ( r$ & yell[1 :i* at a little di/ance give !m ! appe>ance ( fl[]s4 ,! fruit ( sev]al species are edible1 & ev5 delici\s1 especially :5 ga!r$ fre% f ! ?orny /ems & eat5 on ! des]t1 p]haps _m miles f ! ne>e/ spr+ or /ream4 ,"o species ( cactus gr[+ abundantly 9 ,mexico & kn[n z ! co*9eal-fig1 is inhabit$ by ! co*9eal-insect1 f :i* ! highly priz$ dye ( t "n is obta9$4 ,a companion ( ! cacti 9 ! arid region :]e !y fl\ri% be/ is ! yucca1 or ,spani% bayonet1 :i* sometimes atta9s ! size ( small trees & ?r[s out sev]al bran*es4 ,its leaves are /iff1 ?ick-/emm$1 & ea* "o t]m9at$ by a %>p sp9e1 z is well kn[n f ! _m examples to be se5 "u cultivation 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! fl[]s are :ite & borne 9 luxuriant %[y spikes a foot or two 9 l5g?1 & sometimes give to dry1 rocky slopes ! appe>ance ( a luxuriant g>d54 ,! cacti1 yuccas1 & associat$ plants ( ! mo/ arid portions ( ! cont95t /& f> ap>t1 )\t mutual support or %elt]1 & f9d protection 9 _! sp9es1 ?ick r9ds1 & frequ5tly acrid juices4 ,_! col\rs are usually neutral1 grayi% gre51 r5d]$ /ill m inconspicu\s by ! du/ t settles on !m1 b _! fl[]s are z a rule conspicu\s1 ?us s]v+ to attract poll5-be>+ insects1 & _! fruits are 9 _m in/ances brightly col\r$1 & furni% food = birds & o!r animals1 :i* assi/ 9 ! di/ribution ( _! se$s4 ,! ,atlantic ,=e/4--,! orig9ally =e/-cov]$ ea/]n portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ref]r$ to "u ! t]m ,atlantic =e/1 embraces ! region f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! cont95t inl& across ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s & int]ior ,cont95tal bas9 to ! ea/]n bord] ( ! prairies or pla9s2 its s\!rn limit1 9 a g5]al way1 is ! coa/-l9e ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 b ! arbitr>y b\nd>y1 divid+ x f ! tropical =e/1 crosses ! s\!rn portion ( ,florida1 & at ! extreme s\?we/ is drawn at ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,atlantic =e/ is also an arbitr>y l9e1 & foll[s ! fiftie? p>allel ( latitude f ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce we/w>d to ! region ab\t ! ,lake ( ! ,woods2 along ?is b\nd>y ! v>i$ ,atlantic =e/ m]ges ) ! monoton\s & mo/ly conif]\s sub>ctic =e/4 ,! region ?us r\ghly outl9$ comprises ov] #b1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & 0 at ! "t ( ! fir/ com+ ( :ite m5 to ,am]ica almo/ completely =e/-cov]$1 b ! natural conditions are n[ pr(\ndly modifi$1 & to a great ext5t ! trees h be5 cut or burn$1 & ! l& !y %ad$ conv]t$ into cultivat$ fields4 ,! ,atlantic =e/ z a :ole has two lead+ *>act]i/ics1 ! fir/ be+ ! great v>iety & frequ5tly l>ge size ( ! decidu\s trees--t is1 ( broad-leav$ trees1 su* z ! oak1 hickory1 elm1 maple1 *e/nut1 etc41 :i* drop _! ripe leaves ea* fall & r5ew !m ! foll[+ spr+--& ! second1 ! int]m+l+ ( ! trees ( ! class j m5tion$ ) ! conif]\s trees1 su* z ! p9e1 spruce1 tam>ack1 etc41 :i* h n>r[1 ne$le-%ap$ leaves & are usually designat$ z ev]gre5s4 ,:ile ^! g5]al /atem5ts are suffici5tly accurate = our pres5t purpose1 x is to be rememb]$ t "s ( ! broad-leav$ trees 7,angiosp]ms7 are ev]gre51 especially 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,atlantic =e/1 z1 = example1 "s ( ! oaks1 ! magnolias1 ! holly1 etc42 :ile at ! nor?1 c]ta9 ( ! conif]s 7,gymnosp]ms7 %$ _! leaves ea* fall1 z is conspicu\sly illu/rat$ by ! yell[ ( ! tam>ack or l>* =e/s ( ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ea/]n ,canada1 9 ,novemb]1 & ! bright gre5 ( ! same trees 9 ,may ( ea* ye>4 ,x is 9 ! int]m$iate temp]ate region1 betwe5 ! mo/ly ev]gre5 conif]\s sub>ctic =e/s & ! mo/ly ev]gre5 broad-leav$ trees ( ! ,c>ibbean =e/1 t ! wond]ful trans=mation 9 ! col\rs ( ! m\nta9s & pla9s ea* autumn becomes ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 9 ! annual r\nd ( seasonal *anges z express$ by ! vegetation4 ,( ! two classes ( =e/-trees1 repres5t$ by ! oak & ! p9e1 :i* are int]m+l$ & /ruggle ) ea* o!r = supremacy 9 ! ,atlantic =e/1 x is difficult to say :i* is ! m beautiful or :i* is ( ! great] s]vice to man4 ,! broad-leav$ trees give u our h>dwoods1 us$ ext5sively = furniture1 ! int]ior f9i% ( build+s1 & = ! manufacture ( tools1 f>m+ implem5ts1 wagons1 c>riages1 sleighs1 etc4 ,to a great ext5t x 0 ! availability ( ^! /rong1 t\gh1 h>d1 & durable woods :i* has made ,am]ican tools & implem5ts ( su* a high grade ( excell5ce t !y are 9 dem& 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,= example1 ! ,am]ican ax-helve1 made ( hickory1 is almo/ a "w ( art1 z well z ( utility1 & x is priz$ above all o!rs by =e/]s ! _w ov]4 ,! same tree has aid$ no less effici5tly 9 ! popul>ity & excell5ce ( ,am]ican c>riages & sleighs1 ! equal ( :i* = lightness1 /r5g?1 & durability has n be5 rea*$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! p9es & _! ne> relatives furni% :at un=tunately has be5 consid]$ an unlimit$ supply ( easily workable lumb]1 suitable = build+ h\ses1 vessels1 bridges1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,( ! p9e lumb] suppli$ by ! ,atlantic =e/1 !re are two pr9cipal v>ieties1 ! f>-fam$ :ite p9e1 furni%$ by ,new ,engl&1 ! ,great ,lake region1 & s\!a/]n ,canada1 & ! yell[ p9e1 :i* comes f ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates4 ,( ! ,angiosp]ms :i* rea* ! dignity ( trees1 ! ,atlantic =e/ possesses a v>iety & abundance n exce$$ else:]e 9 ! _w4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic examples are ! maples1 elms1 oaks1 hickories1 walnuts1 *e/nuts1 a%es1 basswoods1 bir*es1 tulip-trees1 magnolias1 liquidamb>1 tupelos1 sycamores1 etc41 ne>ly all ( :i* are repres5t$ by a numb] ( species or v>ieties & va/ numb]s ( individuals4 ,:ile ?is div]sity is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! =e/s ( ! ea/-c5tral "p ( ! cont95t1 c]ta9 regions are *>act]iz$ by ! abundance & l>ge size ( ! trees belong+ to "o or to a few g5]a1 s t a /rik+ *ange is met ) z "o travels 9 any direction4 ,! maples & elms rea* _! greate/ size & abundance at ! nor?1 especially 9 ,new ,engl&1 & !nce we/w>d to ! ,mississippi ,valley1 :]e !y are ! fav\rite %ade-trees ( villages & f>ms4 ,9 regions :]e ! =e/s h be5 remov$ *oice specim5s ( ^! trees h frequ5tly be5 sav$ or subsequ5tly plant$1 & /&+ alone1 )\t competition & fully expos$ to ! light1 rea* great p]fection ( =m & a high degree ( beauty4 ,! oaks are repres5t$ by a l>ge numb] ( species & v>ieties ?r\gh\t ! entire ,atlantic =e/1 b rea* _! l>ge/ size & greate/ abundance1 bo? ( species & individuals1 9 c5tral & s\!rn portions ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! same may be said also ( ! hickories1 except t ! maximum 9 ref]5ce to size1 numb] ( species1 & abundance is atta9$ 9 ! region ( ! ,oz>k ,hills4 ,! tulip-tree1 s nam$ f ! pr(usion ( %[y yell[ blossoms x be>s1 is l>ge & wide-spread+1 ) broad1 d>k-gre5 leaves1 & has ! c5tre ( its habitat 9 ,k5tucky1 :]e _m magnific5t examples occur along ! f5ces sep>at+ ! broad mead[s & ri* pa/ures ( ! region ( ! blue grass1 b ?rives also f ! ,atlantic coa/ we/w>d to beyond ! ,mississippi1 & f ,ont>io on ! nor? ne>ly to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico on ! s\?4 ,n only is ! tulip-tree an ornam5t & a bless+ on acc\nt ( its fl[]-lad5 bran*es & d5se %ade1 b its :ite1 ev5-gra9$ wood is ( great value4 ,to give ev5 a li/ ( ! decidu\s trees :i* fl\ri% & rea* a high degree ( p]fection 9 ! ,atlantic =e/ w\ld require f> m space ?an is at pres5t available4 ,!re is "o o!r g5us1 h[ev]1 :i* _c be pass$ by ev5 by a casual obs]v]1 & t is ! magnolia1 "o species ( :i*1 ! gr&iflora1 is ! mo/ magnific5t ( all ! spl5did broad-leav$ trees ( ,am]ica4 ,?is1 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ( ! sev]al species ( its g5us f\nd 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 atta9s a great size 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian region1 b is be/ develop$ 9 ! l[] portion ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x is frequ5tly f #ej to #hj feet or m 9 height1 wide-spread+1 & 9 _m in/ances upw>d ( #c feet 9 diamet]1 ) d>k-gre5 leaves :i* d n fall 9 ! autumn4 ,9 spr+ ! d>k foliage is beautifi$ by cup-%ap$ blossoms ( creamy :it5ess & rem>kable fragrance1 :i* measure #c or #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ! magnolia is 9 blossom x becomes a c5tre ( delici\s p]fume & a colony ( insect life4 ,its wood1 al?\gh creamy :ite & excell5t = cab9et-"w & int]ior f9i% ( h\ses1 has n z yet f\nd fav\r = ^! or o!r purposes4 ,) ! exception ( a few species ( broad-leav$ =e/-trees f\nd 9 greate/ p]fection 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,atlantic =e/1 !y rea* _! greate/ developm5t 9 size1 numb] ( species1 & d5sity ( gr[? 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! broad ,mississippi bas91 :]e1 9 addition to magnolias1 ! tulip-tree1 etc41 *e/nuts1 hickories1 oaks1 & _m o!r g5]a gr[ side by side & atta9 great height & dignity4 ,?is is also ! c5tre ( disp]sion ( ! ,am]ican haw?orns1 :i* rea* a size & beauty unrivall$ else:]e4 ,! ,osage orange is peculi> to ?is region1 & ! r$ c$> 7junip]71 ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all ! ,am]ican conif]s1 & also ! yell[ or s\!rn p9e are !re at _! be/4 ,mu* ( ?is region /ill reta9s its primitive wildness4 ,! great ext5t ( ! ,atlantic =e/ 9 latitude1 ! topographic div]sity ( ! region x occupies1 & its exposure on ! ea/ to m>itime & on ! we/ to cont95tal climatic conditions1 h l$ to great v>iations )9 itself4 ,f ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl& we/w>d & includ+ ! entire dra9age bas9 ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 toge!r ) an ext5sion s\?w>d along ! ,appala*ians1 ! =e/s are compos$ l>gely & ov] ext5sive areas almo/ :olly ( conif]\s trees4 ,?is region ( nor!rn ev]gre5s conta9s 9 its s\!rn portion /urdy gr[?s ( broad-leav$ decidu\s trees4 ,! spruces1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! trees ( ! sub>ctic region1 are pres5t 9 abundance on ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,engl&1 & /ill =m a d>k mantle ov] ! ,adirondack hills2 b on ! less elevat$ l&s adjac5t ! :ite p9e dom9at$ & outnumb]$ all its rivals 9 ! primeval =e/4 ,! :ite or ,weym\? p9e1 :i* up to ! pres5t "t has prov$ to be ( great] comm]cial value ?an any o!r tree on ! cont95t1 ext5ds we/w>d f s\!rn ,newf\ndl& & ! coa/s ( ! m>itime prov9ces ( ,canada to ,m9nesota1 & occupies ne>ly ! entire dra9age area ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 toge!r ) an ext5sion s\?w>d along ! ,appala*ians ne>ly to _! s\!rn limit4 ,! :ite p9e is a l>ge tree = ! region 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,its height is f #gj to #aej feet1 ) a diamet] at ! base ( f #c to #i feet4 ,x ?rives be/ on s&y soil & hills ( glacial drift1 & endures a sev]e w9t] climate1 z well z ! frequ5tly long-cont9u$ dr\ghts ( ! hot summ]s4 ,its wood is s(t1 compact1 ) an ev51 /raight gra91 & is n conspicu\sly res9\s4 ,! sap-wood is ne>ly :ite & ! he>t ( a light br[n1 slightly t+$ ) r$2 x is easily work$ & susceptible ( a good poli%2 x is m ext5sively us$ = bo>ds1 %+les1 etc41 ?an any o!r wood 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! cont95t1 & is 9 dem& also = cab9et-"w1 ! int]ior f9i% ( build+s1 %ip-build+1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,! s\!rn p9e--kn[n also z ! long-leav$ p9e2 ,georgia p9e1 = ! reason t ! lumb] d]iv$ f x 0 fir/ ext5sively %ipp$ f t ,/ate2 yell[ p9e1 9 ref]5ce to ! gold5 col\r ( its wood2 & h>d p9e1 9 di/9ction f ! s(t] :ite p9e--is ano!r valuable species4 ,! tree ) ^! sev]al synonyms1 ( :i* ! t]m s\!rn p9e w "h be us$1 =ms op5 =e/s ) b scanty und]gr[?1 ov] a region ext5d+ f ne> ! ,atlantic coa/ 9 ! ,c>ol9as & ,florida1 we/w>d to ! delta region ( ! ,mississippi1 & reappe>s aga9 to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,oz>k ,hills4 ,al?\gh n s l>ge1 & to _m admir]s ( beautiful trees n s picturesque or pleas+ z its relative 9 ! m rigor\s climate ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bas91 ! s\!rn p9e1 gr[+ )9 ! rea* ( ! moi/1 w>m w9ds f ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ( ,mexico1 is /ill an attractive tree1 especially :5 "y & :5 fre$om is af=d$ to exp& its b\ghs4 ,x is seldom ov] #ajj feet high1 & z cut = lumb] has on an av]age a diamet] ( ab\t #b feet at ! base1 al?\gh individuals measur+ #c or #d feet 9 diamet] are n r>e 9 c]ta9 fav\r$ areas4 ,x gr[s be/ on dry1 s&y soil1 outside ! flood-pla9s ( /reams1 :]e x =ms monoton\s =e/s1 ) b few int]gr[?s ( o!r trees4 ,! wood is heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 durable1 co>se-gra9$1 v res9\s1 & ( _m %ades ( br[n & yell[4 ,:5 saw$ into lumb]1 x s]ves a wide range ( uses1 m especially = ! frames ( build+s & %ips1 & = ! floors & int]ior f9i% ( h\ses4 ,next to ! s\!rn p9e1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic tree ( ! ,atlantic coa/al pla9 s\?w>d f ,virg9ia & we/w>d ?r\gh ! ,gulf ,/ates1 is ! cypress1 also a conif]1 b1 l ! tam>ack1 %$s its leaves 9 ! autumn4 ,! cypress gr[s especially 9 swampy localities1 & has a widely exp&$ base1 suitable = support on m>%y soil1 & rea*es a l>ge gir?1 al?\gh seldom ov] #ge feet high4 ,ag$ & mo/ picturesque examples are gr[+ 9 isolat$ positions 9 ,lake ,drummond1 ! c5tral wat] body ( ! ,dismal ,swamp1 & 9 _m o!r simil> situations 9 ! belt ( l[ c\ntry fr++ ! bord]s ( ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,its wood is us$ = mo/ ( ! purposes = :i* ! s\!rn p9e is employ$1 & n[ t ! :ite p9e is approa*+ ext9ction1 is to a consid]able ext5t supply+ ! dem& = cab9et-wood4 ,9 glanc+ at ! l>g] & mo/ num]\s trees ( ! ,atlantic =e/1 & ^? ( greate/ utility1 we %\ld n neglect ! humbl] plants1 usually ( little1 if any1 purely comm]cial value1 b priceless on acc\nt ( _! beauty & ! fragrance ( _! fl[]s1 :i* gr[ b5ea? ! %ade ( _! l>g] & m /ately associates or are cont5t to possess ! local areas1 p]haps high on ! m\nta9s1 :]e ! conditions ( climate or soil are unfav\rable = ! gr[? ( l>ge trees4 ,?r\gh\t ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b m especially on ! slopes & summit portions ( ! ,appala*ians1 !re are _m species ( azalea1 laurel1 rhodod5dron1 etc41 :i* gr[ luxuriantly & 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] furni% a weal? ( bloom t is sc>cely rivall$ else:]e on ! cont95t4 ,9 ?is same region also1 b ext5d+ we/w>d to ,mi*igan & ,m9nesota1 & ev5 to ea/]n ,nebraska1 gr[s ! r$bud or ,judas-tree1 :i* ea* ,may becomes z ?ickly set ?r\gh\t all its bran*es ) small crimson blossoms z are ! tree-l coral 9 tropical seas ) exp&$ polyps4 ,?is beautiful tree ( l[ gr[? _m times gives to ! m\nta9s ( ,virg9ia1 :5 se5 f a di/ance1 a delicate blu% l t :i* ! osi]s e>li] 9 ! spr+ imp>t to ! m>%y vales & riv]-banks4 ,a companion ( ! r$bud1 b f> m widely di/ribut$1 is ! dogwood or cornel1 ( sev]al species1 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( :i*1 & 9 ! ,appala*ian region ! mo/ common1 is ! fl[]+ dogwood4 ,9 ,may & ,june ?is species puts out a pr(usion ( clu/]s ( small gre5i% fl[]s1 ea* ( :i* is surr\nd$ by a broadly exp&$ & v %[y corolla-l involucre1 compos$ ( f\r :ite or p9ki% inv]sely he>t-%ap$ leaves4 ,:5 ! cornel is at ! height ( its spr+-"t glory x /&s =? amid ! t5d] gre5s1 russets1 & p9ks ( ! unfold+ leaves ( ! v>i\s trees & %rubs among :i* x gr[s z if ! or*>ds & =e/s _h be5 comm+l$ by "s fairy g>d5]4 ,9 autumn ! cornel aga9 becomes conspicu\s 9 ! woodl&s by reason ( its clu/]s ( coral-r$ fruit4 ,9 ! spl5did ,atlantic =e/s1 ) _! m>vell\s int]m+l+ ( %9+ p9e-ne$les1 broad1 sway+ leaves1 & _m-col\r$ trunks1 !re are also v9es & creep]s sometimes =m+ imp5etrable tangles1 z :]e ! broad leaves ( ! wild grape gr[ 9 p5d5t %eets ( gre5 f support+ trees1 or ! jessam9e fills ! air ) fragrance4 ,( ! _m v9es :i* entw9e ! trunks ( trees1 mantle ! rocks1 & quickly claim ab&on$ fields1 especially 9 ,virg9ia & neighb\r+ ,/ates to ! s\?w>d1 none is m beautiful or m highly priz$ = ! *>m x adds alike to fields1 f5ces1 & =e/s ?an ! famili> ,virg9ia creep]4 ,! glory ( ?is widely di/ribut$ v9e comes 9 ! autumn :5 its leaves *ange f gre5 to ! mo/ brilliant sc>let4 ,dur+ ! season ( h>ve/ also1 :5 ! trees are array$ 9 _! greate/ spl5d\r1 ! gr\nd is yell[ ) gold5-rods or purple ) a/]s4 ,?is annual c>nival ( col\r embraces ! entire ,atlantic =e/1 b is mo/ respl5d5t 9 ! region ( ! ,hudson & ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,a *>m+ little d5iz5 ( ! ,atlantic =e/ is ! l[ly & humble arbutus1 or ,mayfl[]1 :i* spr+s up ?r\gh ! dead leaves c>pet+ ! gr\nd 9 e>ly spr+1 & fills ! air ) its delici\s p]fume4 ,! ,mayfl[] is a trail+ plant1 b a few in*es high1 ) r\nd$ or oval leaves1 :i* rema9 gre5 all w9t] & furni% a pleas+ sett+ = ! small p9k or rose-col\r$ blossoms1 :i* appe> 9 e>ly spr+ ev5 be=e ! sn[ has melt$4 ,x rea*es great p]fection b5ea? ! p9es ( ,new ,engl& & ab\t ! ,laur5tian lakes1 b ext5ds f> s\?w>d along ! ,appala*ians1 :]e elevation gives conditions simil> to ^? ( ! l[] region at ! nor?4 ,! ,atlantic =e/ rea*es its we/]n limit 9 ! ,mississippi bas9 7,fig4 #bh71 & is succe$$ we/w>d by treeless prairies1 :i* m]ge along _! we/]n m>g9s ) ! dri] & less completely grass-cov]$ high pla9s adjac5t to ! ea/ base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! =e/ does n t]m9ate abruptly1 z on ! bord] ( a cle>$ field1 b by gradual transitions4 ,z its we/]n limit is approa*$1 a *ange 9 ! species is not$1 trees :i* ?rive on upl&s & c su/a9 long-cont9u$ summ] dr\ght replac+ ! species be/ adapt$ = m humid conditions4 ,! =e/ is mo/ ext5d$1 h[ev]1 along ! /reams :]e :ite-trunk$ cottonwoods1 frequ5tly ( great size1 ) widely spread+ bran*es1 ext5d ev5 into ! region ( ! great plateaus4 ,mu* ( ! prairie region 9 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 etc41 0 orig9ally ne>ly surr\nd$ by =e/ gr[?s4 ,! natural condition ( ! prairies & high] pla9s adjac5t to !m on ! we/ & ! reason = ! limits set to ! we/]n ext5sion ( ! ,atlantic =e/ w be consid]$ lat] "u ! head+ ,prairies & ,plateaus4 ,! ,boreal ,=e/4--,f ,nova ,scotia1 ,newf\ndl&1 & ,labrador a =e/ compos$ ma9ly ( a few species ( conif]\s trees ext5ds we/w>d1 & aft] pass+ ! s\!rn extremity ( ,hudson ,bay1 is prolong$ nor?we/w>d across ! cont95t & 9 ! region ( ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie ne>ly to ! %ore ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,x ext5ds also ?r\gh c5tral ,alaska to )9 ab\t #ajj miles ( ! bord] ( ,b]+ ,sea4 ,?is va/ transv]se =e/ belt :i* unites ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,atlantic =e/ ) ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,pacific =e/ is ov] #c1jjj miles long f s\!a/ to nor?we/1 & on an av]age fully #fjj miles wide4 ,on ! nor?1 m especially 9 arctic ,canada & z x approa*es ! %ore ( ,b]+ ,sea1 x ?9s out1 ow+ to ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] climate1 ! trees become dw>f$ & /unt$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! trees adjac5t to ! timb]-l9e on high m\nta9s1 & is succe$$ by ! broad treeless pla9s ( ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds & tundra4 ,along its s\?-c5tral bord] its ext5sion is aga9 limit$ by climatic conditions1 pr9cipally ! dryness ( ! hot summ]s4 ,! trees are !re scatt]$ or =m isolat$ groves to ! s\? ( ! g5]al =e/ b\nd>y1 & are f9ally succe$$ by ! treeless prairies & int]ior pla9s & plateaus4 ,on ! ea/ ! great nor!rn =e/ m]ges ) ! p9e ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,atlantic =e/1 & 9 a simil> way at ! nor?we/ passes by ins5sible gradations into ! nor? ext5sion ( ! conif]\s =e/ gr[+ on ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,9 ea* ( ! in/ances !re is no well-def9$ b\nd>y betwe5 ! ea/ & we/ belt ( nor!rn =e/s & ! nor? & s\? =e/ belts adjac5t to ! ,atlantic & ,pacific4 ,! boreal =e/ pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! =e/s ( ! torrid zone & to ! great] portion ( ! =e/s ( temp]ate regions 9 ! fact t x is compos$ ( b a few species ( trees4 ,monotony :i* becomes oppressive to "o :o l+]s long 9 its sombre %ade is its mo/ conspicu\s *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! ma9 x is compos$ ( b eight species ( trees1 namely1 :ite & black spruce1 l>* or tam>ack1 canoe-bir*1 balsam-popl>1 asp51 balsam-fir1 & ! gray p9e4 ,( ^! ! spruces are ! mo/ abundant & mo/ *>act]i/ic z well z ! mo/ nor!rn trees ( ! cont95t4 ,!y frequ5tly rea* suffici5t size to make !m available = build+ log h\ses & = lumb]4 ,f\r ( ! species m5tion$ above1 namely1 ! :ite spruce1 canoe-bir*1 balsam-popl>1 & asp51 cross ! entire bread? ( ! cont95t f ,labrador to ,alaska1 b ! p9es & firs 9 ! ea/ & ! we/ are ( diff]5t species4 ,! l>* or tam>ack1 :i* =ms su* an important feature ( ! =e/ 9 ea/]n ,canada & ab\t ! ,laur5tian lakes1 ext5ds we/w>d to beyond ,hudson ,bay1 b is repres5t$ by o!r species 9 ! ,mack5zie & ,yukon bas9s1 & 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,! region occupi$ by ! great nor!rn =e/ is int]sp]s$ ) lakes1 "s ( !m ( l>ge size1 & by innum]able swamps4 ,! spruces & ! gray p9e gr[ on ! upl&s betwe5 ! lakes & swamps1 :ile ! cold1 wet bottom-l&s are occupi$ by popl>s1 dw>f bir*es1 will[s1 & ald]s4 ,9 ! nor?1 ne> :]e ! =e/ breaks into out/&+ groves & f9ally gives place to grassy hills1 z along ! ,porcup9e ,riv] 9 ,alaska1 ! foliage 9 ! l[l&s becomes gold5 9 autumn & =ms irregul>1 f>-rea*+ av5ues ( brilliant col\r sep>at+ ! hills1 :i* are black ) spruce-trees or %imm] ) ! s(t gray t9ts ( rip5$ grasses4 ,!re is mu* t is beautiful & ev5 lovely along ! polew>d bord] ( ! great =e/1 b )9 its deep] recesses ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) mosses & li*5s1 & ! /iff1 sombre trees h a monoton\s simil>ity & unb5d+ rigidity4 ,9 spite ( ! great area cov]$ by ! boreal =e/1 x be+ "o ( ! greate/1 if n ! mo/ widely ext5d$ cont9u\s gr[? ( arboreal vegetation 9 ! _w1 x is ( comp>atively small economic importance4 ,ev5 if ! trees 7 )9 ! rea* ( a m>ket1 _! wood is ( inf]ior quality & n g5]ally suitable = lumb]4 ,a mod]n indu/ry has be5 develop$1 h[ev]1 :i* may br+ x into dem&1 namely1 ! manufacture ( wood-pulp1 s l>gely employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( pap] & = o!r purposes4 ,! ,pacific ,=e/4--,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region 9 ,canada & ,alaska ! boreal =e/1 z already /at$1 m]ges by ins5sible gradations ) ! =e/s occupy+ ! ,pacific m\nta9s f ,alaska s\?w>d to ,mexico4 ,! junction l9e betwe5 ! two is irregul>1 & :at are ess5tially outli]s ( ! m nor!rn =e/ occupy ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,pacific =e/ beg9s at ! nor? ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 & at fir/ occurs on isolat$ areas sep>at$ by ice-fields & inl& rea*es ( ! ocean1 b 9 s\!a/]n ,alaska & on ! num]\s isl&s adjac5t becomes m cont9u\s & ext5ds ea/w>d f> into ,briti% ,columbia4 ,z ! timb]-l9e 9 t region has an elevation ( b #b1ejj feet at ! extreme we/]n ext5sion ( ! =e/1 al?\gh gradually ris+ s\?w>d1 l>ge portions ( ! m\nta9s are treeless & b>r54 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on acc\nt ( increas+ dryness ( ! valleys f nor? to s\?1 ! =e/ becomes brok5 into _m deta*$ portions1 :i* occupy ! m\nta9s & high] plateaus & 9 g5]al are re/rict$ to high] & high] locations ) decrease 9 latitude4 ,?is di/ribution illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! dep5d5ce ( trees on humidity4 ,! =e/ is d5se/ & ! trees 9 g5]al ( greate/ size & occur at ! l[e/ elevations on ! nor?we/ portion ( ! ,pacific coa/al region1 :]e ! ra9fall is excessive & di/ribut$ practically ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>4 ,! ,coa/ ,ranges f ,alaska s\?w>d to c5tral ,cali=nia1 z well z ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s & ,si]ra ,nevada1 are tree-clo!d4 ,9 ! int]ior1 & especially 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn portion ( ! ,pacific cordill]a1 :]e ! valleys are hot & dry 9 summ]1 trees are abs5t1 & ev5 ! bord]s ( ! riv]s 9 _m in/ances )\t %ade4 ,9 ,canada ! trees frequ5tly ext5d across ! l[l&s1 b 9 ,montana & ,idaho ! valleys resemble ! treeless pla9s to ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :ile ! upl&s & ! l[] m\nta9 slopes are d>k ) firs & p9es4 ,above ! =e/ rise ! b>r5 & frequ5tly p]petually sn[-cov]$ summit-peaks & ridges4 ,9 ! ,great ,bas9 region1 & f !re s\?w>d1 _m ( ! m\nta9s are practically de/itute ( trees f base to summit4 ,s va/ is ! region occupi$ by ! ,pacific =e/ & s v>i$ ! conditions dep5d5t ^u climate1 soil1 & elevation :i* influ5ce its gr[?1 t great v>iations 9 ! g5]a & species ( trees compos+ x are to be expect$4 ,?is pr$iction is soon v]ifi$ :5 "o travels ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,! extremes may be indicat$ briefly by ref]r+ to ! fact t at ! nor? ! trees are ma9ly spruces1 firs1 & c$>s1 & at ! s\? include ! giant cactus1 arboreal yucca1 & ! fan-leaf$ palm4 ,9 its m$ial division are ! great =e/s ( we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 compos$ ma9ly ( firs & c$>s1 & ! no less magnific5t =e/s ( r$wood-trees on ! ,coa/ ,ranges ( nor!rn ,cali=nia & ! we/ slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,l ! boreal =e/1 ! "o "u consid]ation is l>gely compos$ ( conif]\s trees1 al?\gh 9 ! valley1 & especially along ! bord]s ( /reams 9 s\!rn ,canada1 ,wa%+ton1 etc41 a few species ( broad-leav$ trees1 su* z ! maple1 cottonwood1 a%1 & ald]1 ?rive 9 close association ) d>k conif]s2 :ile 9 simil> situations f>!r s\? oaks gr[+ 9 scatt]$ groves give a p>k-l "* to ! l&1 z 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,atlantic region1 ! we/]n portion ( ! cont95tal =e/ belt is s+ul>ly lack+ 9 broad-leav$ trees1 & su* z are f\nd are usually ( small size & b little economic importance4 ,?is lack1 h[ev]1 is p]haps m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! numb] bo? ( individuals & ( species & ! great size & magnific5ce ( ! conif]s4 ,"o ( ! d5se/ & 9 _m ways mo/ ?or\ghly repres5tative portions ( ! ,pacific =e/ :]e x occupies an excessively humid region occurs on ! we/ side ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s 9 ,wa%+ton1 inclusive ( ! ,puget ,s\nd bas9 & ! region to ! we/w>d f :i* rise ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s4 ,9 we/]n ,wa%+ton ! =e/ is compos$ ma9ly1 &1 9 fact1 ov] l>ge areas1 almo/ entirely ( two species ( trees1 namely1 ! r$ fir & ! r$ c$>1 ea* ( :i* atta9s gigantic dim5sions4 ,( ^! two species1 ! fir/ is ! m common1 ! l>g]1 & by f> ! m important f a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,x frequ5tly1 &1 9 fact1 commonly1 atta9s a height ( f #bjj to #cjj feet1 ) a diamet] at ! base ( f #h to #aj or m feet4 ,n only d ^! magnific5t trees rea* su* great dim5sions1 b !y are ?ickly set ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,9 ?\s&s ( in/ances ! great trunks %ea!d 9 r\gh ?ick b>k rise /raight & massive1 ) b a slight decrease 9 diamet]1 to a height ( upw>d ( #hj feet be=e ! fir/ bran* is giv5 (f4 ,! c$>s1 ! intimate companions ( ! great firs1 are ( equally gigantic gir? at ! base1 b tap] rapidly to spire-l summits1 usually f #ajj to #aej feet above ! gr\nd1 & are ?ickly set ) small bran*es ?r\gh\t4 ,!y fl\ri% be/ 9 excessively moi/ situations & rea* f> up ! m\nta9s1 p>ticul>ly along ! num]\s wat]c\rses2 :ile ! firs1 al?\gh p]haps mo/ at home on ! less ?or\ghly wat]-soak$ upl&s1 ?rive on ! banks ( /reams1 ! sides & summits ( hills1 & on /eep m\nta9sides alike4 ,m]e enum]ation ( ! numb] & size ( ! trees1 h[ev]1 fails to give an adequate impression ( ! a/oni%+ magnific5ce ( ! wond]ful =e/ ( ! ,puget ,s\nd region4 ,its gr&eur is beyond description1 & c only be fully appreciat$ by "o :o abides = weeks or mon?s 9 its p]petual twilight4 ,! great trees1 %aggy ) mosses & li*5s ( innum]able t9ts ( br[n1 gre51 & yell[1 d n =m deta*$ groves1 z is s frequ5tly ! case 9 less humid l&s1 b are ?ickly set = mile aft] mile & league aft] league1 z "o ?reads 8 difficult way b5ea? !m4 ,s va/ is ! =e/ t a p]son travell+ ?r\gh x soon becomes impress$ ) ! idea t x is int]m9able4 ,b5ea? ! deep %ade ( ! l(ty b\ghs !re is a rank und]gr[? ( "y firs1 c$>s1 & hemlocks1 :ile 9 ! valleys especially1 & on ! frequ5tly inundat$ flood-pla9s ( ! /reams1 !re is usually a tangl$ gr[? ( v9e-l maples1 ald]s1 eld]s1 yews1 etc4 ,9 ?is l[] =e/ ! mo/ conspicu\s & frequ5tly too abundant plant is ! broad-leav$ & excessively sp9y devil's-club1 ! foliage ( :i* *anges to brilliant yell[ 9 ! e>ly autumn1 & =ms a mo/ arti/ic sett+ = ! spikes ( crimson fruit borne at ! extremities ( ! upw>d-b5d+ ends ( ! usually pro/rate /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,d\glas ,firs1 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,( /ill m l[ly habits are ! f]ns1 mosses1 & li*5s :i* =m a ?ick1 luxuriant1 & ev]-v>i$ c>pet ov] ! black humus soil b5ea?4 ,! gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! =e/ is encumb]$ ) fall5 trunks1 sometimes pil$ "o on ano!r to ! dep? ( #bj or #cj feet1 :i*1 ow+ to ! cont9u\s moi/ure1 rema9 undecay$ = c5turies4 ,n infrequ5tly a massive c$> or fir1 9 size & %ape n unlike a pro/rate column ( "s great temple1 supports ?ree or m trees1 ea* l>ge en\gh to be cut = lumb]1 ^: gn>l$ & twi/$ roots clasp ! sides ( _! ho/ & desc5d to ! e>? b5ea?4 ,! beauty ( ^! fall5 giants :5 ov]gr[n ) ?ick lay]s ( v>iegat$ moss & exquisitely decorat$ ) hundr$s ( small hemlocks & a multitude ( gracefully b5d+ f]n-fronds1 always fre% 9 col\r & usually bead$ ) moi/ure1 is beyond ! p[] ( ! mo/ skilful arti/ to adequately portray4 ,! fasc9ation ( ! great =e/ is su* t ! explor]1 al?\gh p]haps we>y ) =c+ a passage ?r\gh ! d5se und]gr[?s & climb+ ov] pro/rate trunks1 is lur$ by its *>ms into m & m inaccessible retreats probably nev] be=e invad$ by man1 b at la/ f9d+ t ! wond]l& has no atta9able limits1 is cont5t to re/ on "s invit+ c\* ( gold5-t9t$ li*5s & /udy ! v>i$ *>ms & endless details ( ! dream-l picture surr\nd+ him4 ,f a comm]cial po9t ( view ! =e/ ( ! ,puget ,s\nd region is ( imm5se importance4 ,lumb] indu/ries h be5 e/abli%$ !re1 ) ! mo/ improv$ appliances = cutt+ trees1 transport+ ! logs to mills1 & saw+ !m into lumb]1 mu* ( :i* is load$ on %ips & widely di/ribut$4 ,s va/ is ! =e/1 h[ev]1 t z yet ! natural conditions are b slightly *ang$1 except 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( tide-wat]1 b ! de/ruction f axe & fire has only be5 begun2 ! wa/e t1 no d\bt1 is to cont9ue is mo/ di%e>t5+4 ,ano!r c5tre 9 ! va/ & locally diff]5tiat$ ,pacific =e/1 z typical 9 its way z are ! d5se gr[?s ( fir & c$> j ref]r$ to1 occurs on ! ,coa/ ,range ( nor? ,cali=nia1 :]e ! r$wood 7,sequoia semp]vir5s7 is ! all-important & *>act]i/ic tree4 ,?is r$wood =e/ beg9s at ! s\? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 & ext5ds nor?w>d1 ma9ly on ! moi/ seaw>d slopes ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges1 to s\?we/]n ,oregon1 b seldom rea*es m ?an #cj miles inl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,r$wood ,=e/1 ,cali=nia4 ,! r$wood resembles ! c$> 9 habit1 g5]al appe>ance1 "* ( its wood1 & col\r ( b>k & leaves4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ 9 moi/ localities1 & atta9s a great size1 surpass+ 9 height & diamet] ( /em ev5 ! giant firs ( ,wa%+ton1 & is only exce$$ on ?is cont95t by its c\s91 ! great sequoia 7,sequoia gigantea7 ( ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 9 s\?-c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,x frequ5tly atta9s a height ( #cjj or m feet1 ) a diamet] at ! base ( #ae or #af1 & 9 c]ta9 exceptional in/ances ( ov] #bj feet4 ,x r>ely bran*es l[1 b almo/ inv>iably has a /raight1 flut$ /em1 p]fectly symmetrical1 ris+ ) a slight tap] = ab\t #bjj feet to ! fir/ limb4 ,! foliage is dull gre5 9 col\r1 f9e1 & droop+4 ,x is a mo/ beautiful tree bo? 9 =m & col\r1 & is m>k$ly greg>i\s 9 habit4 ,z /at$ by ,h5ry ,gannett1 x =ms ! d5se/ =e/ kn[n if ! comp>ison is made on ! basis ( ! am\nt ( m]*antable lumb] gr[+ on a giv5 unit ( area4 ,= example1 ! yell[-p9e =e/s ( ! ,s\!rn ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates conta9 on an av]age ab\t #e1jjj feet1 bo>d measure 7squ>e feet ( bo>ds an in* ?ick71 ( timb] p] acre1 & 9 ! mod]ately d5se portion ( ! :ite-p9e =e/s ( ! ,great ,lakes region ! av]age is ab\t ! same4 ,9 ea* ( ^! regions1 fam$ = _! lumb]1 a tract conta9+ #aj1jjj feet ( lumb] p] acre w\ld be consid]$ z heavily =e/$4 ,9 ! r$wood =e/s ( ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 #ej1jjj feet ( lumb] p] acre is n r>e ov] ext5sive areas1 :ile = special tracts conta9+ _m squ>e miles ?is e/imate may safely be d\bl$4 ,^u #if1ddc acres 9 ,humboldt ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 ! av]age am\nt ( lumb] conta9$ 9 ! trees /ill /&+ is #hd1jjj feet p] acre4 ,! returns ( lumb] companies dur+ a cont9u\s p]iod ( t5 ye>s f tracts :i* h be5 cle>$ %[ a return ( #ge1jjj to #ajj1jjj feet p] acre1 b ev5 ?is is n ! maximum4 ,a c]ta9 tract ( sev]al squ>e miles actually yield$ #aej1jjj feet p] acre2 & !re is on record a yield ( #a1dca1ecj feet f a s+le acre4 ,"o tree is said to h furni%$ #ff1ejj feet ( lumb]1 & ano!r1 #ae feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 conta9$ #ajj1jjj feet4 ,ano!r tree1 /ill /&+1 measures #bb feet 9 diamet]1 & x is e/imat$ w yield #bjj1jjj squ>e feet ( bo>ds an in* ?ick4 ,! wood ( ! r$wood-tree is ( a cle> r$ col\r ) ! exception ( a ?9 lay] j "u ! b>k1 :i* is almo/ pure :ite1 & is light1 s(t1 co>se-gra9$1 & susceptible ( a high poli%4 ,x is ! mo/ common & mo/ valuable ( all ! =e/ products ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is s]viceable = a great v>iety ( purposes4 ,! celebrat$ big trees ( ,cali=nia are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! r$wood describ$ above1 b belong to a diff]5t species ( ! same g5us4 ,! big trees are wor?y ( _! "n1 z !y are by f> ! l>ge/ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:5 full-gr[n !y av]age ab\t #bge feet 9 height1 ) a diamet] ne> ! gr\nd ( ab\t #bj feet4 ,"o ( ! talle/ z yet measur$ has a height ( #cbe feet1 & ! l>ge/ a diamet] ( #ce feet #h in*es inside ! b>k & #d feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! age ( "o ( ^! giants1 z %[n by ! numb] ( r+s ( gr[? 9 its trunk1 is ab\t ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s2 ano!r1 #bd feet 9 diamet]1 is tw5ty-two hundr$ ye>s old2 & a ?ird %[$ ov] f\r ?\s& r+s ( gr[?1 & mu/ h be5 9 its prime at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! trees occur 9 deta*$ groves on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 9 s\?-c5tral ,cali=nia1 b become m common s\?w>d1 :]e !y =m a g5u9e =e/ belt4 ,_! range f nor? to s\? is ab\t #bfj miles1 & _! elevation above ! sea f #f1jjj to #h1jjj feet4 ,s exquisitely h>moni\s1 says ,john ,muir1 9 8 *>m+ book ,! ,m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia1 & f9ely balanc$ are ev5 ! v mightie/ ( ^! mon>*s ( ! woods 9 all _! proportions & circum/ances1 t !re is nev] any?+ ov]gr[n or mon/r\s ab\t !m4 ,on com+ 9 sight ( !m = ! fir/ "t1 y are likely to say1 ',oh1 see :at beautiful1 noble-look+ trees are t[]+ !re among ! firs & p9es6' _! gr&eur be+ 9 ! meantime 9 great "p invisible1 b to ! liv+ eye x w be manife/ soon] or lat]1 /eal+ sl[ly on ! s5ses l ! gr&eur ( ,niag>a or ! l(ty ,yosemite domes4 ,_! great size is hidd5 f ! inexp]i5c$ obs]v] z long z !y are se5 at a di/ance 9 "o h>moni\s view4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y approa* !m & walk ar\nd !m1 y beg9 to wond] at _! colossal size & seek a measur+-rod4 ,^! giants bulge consid]ably at ! base1 b n m ?an is requir$ = beauty & safety2 & ! only reason t ?is bulg+ seems 9 "s cases excessive is t only a comp>atively small section ( ! %aft is se5 at once 9 ne> views4 ,"o t ,i measur$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,riv] =e/ 0 #be feet 9 diamet] at ! gr\nd & #aj feet 9 diamet] #bjj feet above ! gr\nd1 %[+ t ! tap] ( ! trunk z a :ole is *>m+ly f9e4 ,& :5 y /& back f> en\gh to see ! massive columns f ! swell+ in/ep to ! l(ty summit dissolv+ 9 a dome ( v]dure1 y rejoice 9 ! unrivall$ display ( comb9$ gr&eur & beauty4 ,ab\t #ajj feet or m ( ! trunk is usually bran*less1 b its massive simplicity is reliev$ by ! b>k furr[s1 :i*1 in/ead ( mak+ an irregul> network1 run ev5ly p>allel1 l ! flut+ ( an ar*itectural column1 & to "s ext5t by tufts ( sl5d] sprays t wave lightly 9 ! w9ds & ca/ flecks ( %ade1 seem+ to h be5 p9n$ on "h & !re = ! sake ( beauty only4 ,! "y trees h sl5d] simple bran*es d[n to ! gr\nd1 put on ) /rict regul>ity1 %>ply aspir+ at ! top1 horizontal ab\t half-way d[n1 & droop+ 9 h&some curves at ! base4 ,by ! "t ! sapl+ is five or six hundr$ ye>s old ?is spiry1 fea!ry1 juv5ile habit m]ges into a firm1 r\nd$ dome =m ( middle age1 :i* 9 turn takes on ! ecc5tric picturesqu5ess ( old age4 ,no o!r tree 9 ! ,si]ra =e/ has foliage s d5sely mass$ or pres5ts outl9es s firmly drawn & s /eadily subord9ate to a special type4444 ,! foliage ( ! sapl+s is d>k blui% gre5 9 col\r1 :ile ! old] trees rip5 to a w>m br[ni%-yell[ t9t1 l ,liboc$rus4 ,! b>k is ri* crimson br[n1 purpli% 9 "y trees & 9 %ady portions ( ! old1 :ile ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) br[n leaves & burrs =m+ col\r masses ( extraord9>y ri*ness1 n to m5tion ! fl[]s & und]bru% t rejoice ab\t !m 9 _! season4 ,walk 9 ! sequoia woods at any "t ( ye>1 & y w say !y are ! mo/ beautiful & maje/ic on e>?4 ,beautiful & impressive contra/s meet y ev]y:]e2 ! col\rs ( tree & fl[]s1 rock & sky1 light & %ade1 /r5g? & frailty1 endurance & evanesc5ce1 tangles ( supple hazel-bu%es1 tree pill>s ab\t z rigid z granite domes1 roses & violets ! smalle/ ( _! k9d1 bloom+ ar\nd ! feet ( ! giants4 ,!n 9 w9t] ! trees !mselves break =? 9 bloom1 myriads ( small f\r-sid$ /am9ate cones cr[d ! ends ( ! sl5d] sprays1 col\r+ ! :ole tree1 & :5 ripe du/+ ! air & gr\nd ) gold5 poll54 ,ow+ to ! remot5ess ( ! big trees f comm]cial c5tres1 !y h escap$ to a great ext5t ! de/ruction :i* ev]y:]e att5ds ! adv5t ( ! :ite man1 & "s ( ! f9e/ groves are n[ "u /ate protection4 ,! sequoias are n only ( int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! great size & gr&eur1 b f ! fact t !y are ! l+]+ survivors ( an anci5t & once widely di/ribut$ g5us4 ,dur+ ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y divisions ( geological hi/ory ! g5us numb]$ at lea/ #ej species1 z has be5 %[n by leaf impressions1 fossil wood1 & cones buri$ 9 ! rocks ( ,new ,zeal& & ,*ile on ! s\?1 ,spitzb]g5 & ,gre5l& on ! nor?4 ,ov] ,nor? ,am]ica !y ext5d f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,at pres5t ! only two species kn[n1 bo? ( :i*1 z already /at$1 are conf9$ to ! ,pacific coa/1 & ) ! exception ( a slight ext5sion ( ! less gigantic ( ! two into s\?we/]n ,oregon1 are f\nd only 9 ,cali=nia4 ,:ile ! firs1 c$>s1 & r$woods =m ! major portion ( ! =e/s 9 ! m humid regions on ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t1 !re are two species ( p9es gr[+ 9 dri] situations :i* 9 a g5]al view are ev5 m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pacific =e/ ?an are ! sequoias4 ,^! two p9es1 well wor?y to /& side by side ) ! giant firs & /ill m gigantic r$woods1 are kn[n z ! sug>-p9e & ! yell[ p9e4 ,! sug>-p9e gr[s amid ! m\nta9s f s\?we/]n ,briti% ,columbia1 s\?w>d ?r\gh we/]n ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & on ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,coa/ ,ranges ( ,cali=nia1 at elevations rang+ f #d1jjj to #h1jjj feet4 ,x frequ5tly clo!s /eep declivities or bids defiance to ! /orms on ! cre/s ( %>p ridges4 ,9 size x is sc>cely exce$$ by any ( its companions except+ ! firs & sequoias4 ,x frequ5tly atta9s a height ( f #bjj to #bge feet1 ) a diamet] at ! base ( f #h to #ad1 & 9 "s in/ances ( ov] #bj feet4 ,individual trees are kn[n :i* h a height ( #bde feet & are #ah feet 9 diamet]4 ,! bran*es are usually high above ! gr\nd & widely spread+4 ,9 ! case ( well-gr[n individuals !y leave ! ma9 trunk ) a sweep+1 d[nw>d curve1 :i* midway out *anges to an upw>d curve1 & at ! extreme di/al end droops once m4 ,at ! extremity ( _m ( ! f>-rea*+ b\ghs !re are susp5d$ "o or two cones1 ea* #ab or #ad in*es long & sometimes ov] #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! peculi> & frequ5tly rem>kably regul> curvature ( ! great bran*es1 giv+ !m ! =m ( half a ,cupid's b[1 imp>ts to ^! mighty p9es a grace & symmetry possess$ by few o!r trees4 ,! famili> "n ( ?is great p9e ref]s to ! fact t f w\nds or incisions 9 its trunk !re exudes a sweet sap :i* is consid]$ by _m p]sons to exce$ ev5 ! sap ( ! maple 9 agreeabl5ess ( flav\r4 ,lov]s ( beautiful trees w agree 9 consid]+ ! sug>-p9e z ! noble/ ( its family gr[+ 9 ! woods ( ,am]ica1 if n ! mo/ maje/ic ( its k9dr$ 9 ! _w4 ,its only rival1 b ( a diff]5t type ( beauty1 is ! ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 ( ! s\? sea isl&s4 ,( ! _m pleasant memories ( camp life 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica :i* are a s\rce ( delight to ! writ] none are recall$ ) great] pleasure ?an ^? associat$ ) ! sug>-p9e ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 :]e ! gr\nd is c>pet$ ) ! long br[n ne$les t fall 9 %[]s at c]ta9 seasons f ! b\ghs f> ov]head4 ,) ! fad$ leaves are /rew$ also ! great cones :i* always excite wond] & admiration4 ,9 ! cle> air & brilliant sunlight ( ! ,cali=nian m\nta9s ! luxuriant plume-l leaves f> al(t appe> to be =m$ ( burni%$ silv] or h ! yell[ ( gold1 accord+ z ! light /rikes !m1 & at night ! l(ty b\ghs sway$ by ! w9ds make music su* z no o!r =e/ c produce4 ,no?+ 9 ! vegetable _w1 n ev5 ! great sequoias1 convey su* an abid+ impression ( /r5g? & maje/y z ^! p9es :i* h )/ood ! /orms ( c5turies )\t los+ _! vig\r or _! symmetry & beauty ( =m4 ,un=tunately z x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 ^! magnific5t trees are useful1 z ! t]m is commonly employ$1 & are fa/ fall+ a prey to lumb]m51 :o measure _! value 9 doll>s4 ,! yell[ p9e ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 n to be conf\nd$1 h[ev]1 ) ! yell[ p9e ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian region1 =tunately has ano!r common "n1 ! silv] p9e1 :i* is m appropriate & di/9ctive4 ,?is is ! mo/ widely spread1 p]haps1 ( all ! p9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is famili> to e "o :o has travell$ ?r\gh ! ,pacific m\nta9s f ,briti% ,columbia to ,mexico1 & f ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota or ! m\nta9s ( ,colorado & ,new ,mexico we/w>d to )9 he>+ ( ! surf ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x ranks second 9 size to ! sug>-p9e1 b is a ne> rival 9 /r5g? & nobl5ess ( =m4 ,z might be inf]r$ f its wide di/ribution1 ! silv] p9e _h adapt$ itself to a great range ( conditions1 n only ( climate1 b ( soil & height above ! sea4 ,x is f\nd f an elevation ( ab\t #b1jjj feet above ! sea up ! m\nta9sides ne>ly to timb]-l9e1 & fl\ri%es alike 9 ! hot1 arid valleys & 9 regions bord]+ on p]petual sn[ & ice4 ,"o beautiful feature ( ! silv]-p9e =e/s is _! op51 p>k-l "*4 ,! trees /& f> ap>t1 & ?us h room to rea* n only a great size1 b a rem>kable degree ( p]fection ( =m4 ,betwe5 ! isl&s ( %ade on ! sunlit gr\nd !re is usually b little und]gr[?1 & ! f>-ext5d+ natural pa/ures p]mit "o to ride 9 any direction )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,"o o!r p9e ( ! widely ext5d$ ,pacific =e/ dem&s att5tion ev5 f ! pass+ travell]1 n on acc\nt ( its size1 = x is a dw>f 9 a l& ( giants1 b = its wide di/ribution & ! food its l>ge1 oily se$s furni% = birds1 squirrels1 & ev5 = man4 ,i ref] to ! p9yon p9e1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species4 ,!y are seldom ov] #ce or #dj feet high1 & are n rem>kable = beauty1 al?\gh !y furni% an agreeable feature 9 ! sp>sely =e/-clo!d & semi>id region :]e !y ?rive be/1 b !y be> a pr(usion ( small cones1 ea* ( :i* conta9s p]haps a doz5 edible & nutriti\s se$s4 ,^! se$s 7 =m]ly us$ by ! ,indians = food on an ext5sive scale1 & are /ill ga!r$ 9 l>ge quantities1 & may be f\nd 9 ! m>kets ( our cities4 ,! ,indian encampm5ts 9 ! p9yon =e/s 9 ! fall ( ! ye> are among ! mo/ picturesque features ( ^! deg5]ate days ( ! aborig9es4 ,9 ! s\?we/ portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! =e/s are conf9$ to ! m\nta9s & ! high] table-l&s1 ! hot1 arid valleys be+ )\t trees o!r ?an ! l>g] gr[?s ( cacti & yucca4 ,simil> conditions are pres5t 9 nor!rn ,mexico1 b on ! we/]n side ( t republic & ?r\gh\t practically ! :ole ( ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia ! m\nta9s & valleys alike are treeless & desolate4 ,z /at$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t1 ! =e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 exclusive ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 conta9 arboreal repres5tatives ( #aeh g5]a ( plants1 ( :i* #id g5]a occur 9 ! ,atlantic & #ei 9 ! ,pacific side ( ! cont95t1 & #dh g5]a 9 ! tropical portion ( s\!rn ,florida4 ,( ! numb] ( g5]a ( trees 9 ! ,c>ibbean =e/ we h no reliable c5sus4 ,,prairies1 ,,treeless ,,pla9s1 ,,& ,,plateaus ,to ! we/ ( ! ,atlantic =e/ lie ! broad natural mead[s t]m$ prairies1 & /ill f>!r we/ ! yet m ext5sive pa/ure-l&s ( ! great plateaus :i* rea* ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7,fig4 #bh74 ,! transition f ! luxuriant & v>i$ =e/ on ! ea/ to ! treeless1 ?9ly grass-cov]$ plateaus on ! we/ side ( ! int]ior ,cont95tal bas9 is gradual4 ,! *ange occurs 9 ! prairie region1 :]e a /ruggle has be5 9 progress = ?\s&s ( ye>s betwe5 ! conditions fav\r+ & ^? adv]se to tree gr[?4 ,! balance ( p[]1 s to speak1 is ! am\nt ( ra9 or ( soil-/or$ moi/ure dur+ ! summ] season4 ,! gradual decrease 9 ! mean annual precipitation f ea/ to we/ on ! inl& bord] ( ! ,atlantic =e/ cont9ues we/w>d1 & on ! plateaus adjac5t to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ! aridity is su* t no trees c gr[ except along ! imm$iate bord] ( ! /ream1 unless artificially irrigat$4 ,! explanation ( ! abs5ce ( trees 9 ! c5tral & we/]n portions ( ! int]ior ,cont95tal bas9 is f\nd 9 ! mean annual ra9fall & ! mann] 9 :i* x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 toge!r ) v>iations 9 ! texture & composition ( ! soil1 & ! di/urbances 9 ! natural conditions br\ght ab\t by fires4 ,! "q1 ,:y are ! prairies treeless8 has be5 v>i\sly answ]$ by diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,! outcome ( a long discussion 9 ?is connection seems to be t ! ma9 cause ( ! abs5ce ( trees lies 9 ! climatic conditions & pr9cipally 9 ! lack ( suffici5t ra9 dur+ ! long1 hot summ]s4 ,arid regions ! _w ov] are )\t =e/s1 b ! ,prairie pla9s _c be said to be arid2 9 fact1 ! mean annual ra9fall ov] ! great] portion ( ?is region is equal to or exce$s t ( _m well-=e/$ c\ntries1 av]ag+ z x does 9 g5]al ab\t #cj in*es4 ,b ! prairies lie betwe5 ! m humid =e/-cov]$ regions on ! ea/ & ! less humid or sub>id plateaus on ! we/1 & dur+ ! summ] season dr\ghts & hot1 scor*+ w9ds are ( common occurr5ce4 ,x is ! long dry summ] t e/abli%es ! critical conditions1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ! ea/]n & nor!rn bord]s ( ! prairies4 ,( second>y importance is ! "* ( ! soil4 ,an exce$+ly f9e soil1 l t ( ! prairies1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney1 by exclud+ ! air f ! roots ( trees is detrim5tal to _! gr[?4 ,:]e ! dryness ( ! summ]s make ! lives ( trees prec>i\s ! nature ( ! soil1 :e!r co>se or f9e1 becomes ! controll+ factor4 ,9 ! prairie region :]e ! soil is m op5 & por\s ?an usual1 al?\gh o!r conditions rema9 ! same1 z 9 ! ,cross ,timb]s ( ,texas1 trees fl\ri%2 :ile int]v5+ areas :]e ! soil is f9e are typical prairies4 ,aga91 :]e ! climatic conditions become critical1 z dur+ long1 dry summ]s1 ! grass & o!r vegetation burns readily1 fire spreads rapidly & widely1 & "y trees are de/roy$4 ,9 ! prairie region1 z po9t$ out by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 ! ,indians 7 =m]ly 9 ! habit ( burn+ ! grass ea* summ] 9 ord] to insure m favorable pa/urage = game dur+ ! succe$+ spr+4 ,?is annual burn+ kept back ! =e/ & l$ to ! ea/w>d ext5sion ( ! prairie4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade _m groves h be5 plant$ on ! prairies1 & h fl\ri%$1 especially :5 ! adjac5t fields are cultivat$ s z to all[ ! e>? to /ore a l>g] %>e ( ! w9t] ra92 ! success ( ?is tree plant+1 x has be5 claim$1 is evid5ce t ! nature ( ! soil is n a det]m9+ factor 9 ! problem1 because trees w gr[ if protect$ f fire4 ,! success ( arboriculture on ! =m]ly treeless pla9s & plateaus1 h[ev]1 decreases z "o travels we/w>d4 ,on ! we/]n bord] ( ! prairies & on ! great plateaus1 remote f /reams1 trees c be made to gr[ only by ! aid ( irrigation4 ,if ?is region _h nev] be5 swept by fire x is safe to say x w\ld /ill be treeless4 ,ea* ( ! explanations ref]r$ to above to acc\nt = ! treeless condition ( ! prairies--"o ref]r+ x to soil conditions1 & ! o!r to ! =m] preval5ce ( fires--c]ta9ly has mu* 9 its fav\r1 & = c]ta9 localities seems satisfactory1 b ea* po9t ( view %\ld include a broad] range & recognise ! fact t ! requisite critical conditions h be5 furni%$ by wide-rea*+ climatic causes4 ,! ,prairie pla9s furni% b "o phase ( ! gradual *ange t occurs 9 ! natural mantle ( vegetation :5 trac$ f ! d5se1 well-wat]$ =e/s ( ! ,appala*ians & ! ,alleghany plateau we/w>d to ! semi>id & truly arid l&s ( ! great plateaus & ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 :]e only su* plants z are able to )/& long-cont9u$ dr\ght c gr[4 ,?is same broad conclusion is su/a9$ also at ! nor?1 :]e ! prairie dovetails1 z x 71 ) ! sub>ctic =e/4 ,! g5]al or und]ly+ reason = ! treeless condition ( ! va/ c5tral portion ( ! cont95t is d\btless a lack ( suffici5t ra94 ,! precipitation t does occur comes ma9ly dur+ ! w9t] season1 :5 ! l& is cold] ?an ! ocean2 9 summ] ! l& becomes highly heat$ & imp>ts its temp]ature to ! air1 :i* ?us has its capacity = moi/ure increas$1 & prolong$ dr\ghts occur4 ,at ! s\?1 9 ,mexico & ! adjac5t portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! trade-w9ds bl[ ov] a region :i* is m highly heat$ ?an ! ocean f :i* !y come1 & are h5ce dry+ w9ds4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,great plateaus rise ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e climatic conditions are diff]5t on acc\nt ( elevation1 &1 z we h se51 =e/s occur at consid]able elevations1 b n 9 ! broad] valleys4 ,! conditions unfav\rable = tree gr[? are cont9u$ & ev5 int5sifi$ 9 ! valleys ( ! c5tral portion ( ! ,pacific m\nta9 region1 & culm9ate 9 ! des]ts ( ! ,great ,bas9 & we/]n ,mexico4 ,?r\gh\t all ( ?is va/ treeless region ! controll+ condition is defici5cy ( moi/ure1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! summ] or gr[+ season4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to des]t conditions to be f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica occur 9 ! valley ( ,utah & ,nevada & ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,great ,bas9 region 9 ,arizona & ,mexico4 ,! bottoms ( ^! valleys are1 9 "s in/ances1 occupi$ by %all[ lakes 9 w9t]1 :5 scanty ra9s occur1 b dur+ ! long1 hot summ]s !y become completely desiccat$1 & are !n broad expanses ( h>d mud1 crack$ by dry+ s z to resemble a tessellat$ pavem5t ( cream-col\r$ m>ble4 ,^! mud-flats or playas are frequ5tly absolutely )\t plant life4 ,except+ ! playas1 h[ev]1 &1 9 num]\s in/ances1 a n>r[ belt ( gr\nd encircl+ !m1 :i* is :ite ) effloresc5t salts1 ! valleys ( ev5 ! mo/ arid portion ( ! ,great ,bas9 region are g5]ally plant-cov]$4 ,! mo/ common & mo/ widely spread ( ! %rubs on ^! %adeless pla9s is ! sage-bru%4 ,s *>act]i/ic is ?is plant ( c\ntless valleys f ,canada to ,mexico )9 ! g5]al region ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s t to "o famili> ) ! c\ntry ! t]m sage-bru% l& br+s to m9d ! lead+ features ( ! region designat$4 ,! sage-bru% l&s are f> f be+ des]t areas1 h[ev]1 = 9 e>ly spr+ a pr(usion ( l[1 sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s bloom b5ea? ! gray-gre5 ,artemisia1 & suffici5t bun*-grass to su/a9 consid]able h]ds may be expect$ 9 ! same localities4 ,! va/1 irregul> belt ( =e/ encircl+ ! c5tral treeless portion ( ! cont95t also dies out on its nor!rn bord]1 :]e ! sub>ctic =e/ is succe$$ nor?w>d by ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds & tundra pla9s4 ,cle>ly ! explanation ( ! abs5ce ( trees 9 ! prairie region & ! adjac5t plateaus _c be appli$ to sc>cely less ext5sive treeless pla9s at ! f> nor?1 :]e ra9 falls 9 summ] & ! soil is always abundantly *>g$ ) moi/ure4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to %[ t ! control among ! conditions gov]n+ tree gr[? at ! nor? passes to ! temp]ate elem5t ( climate1 & t ! timb]-l9e is !re det]m9$1 z x is on high m\nta9s1 by ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]s' /orms & fro/s & ! %ortness ( ! summ]s4 ,,! ,,treeless ,,m\nta9 ,,tops ,on ! high] m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica above ! upp] limit at :i* trees are able to gr[ !re are picturesque regions c>pet$ & g>l&$ 9 late spr+ & summ] ) lovely fl[]s1 ! indescribable *>ms ( :i* are only kn[n to ^? :o rejoice 9 climb+ rugg$ peaks & 9 foll[+ ! trails ( ! m\nta9-goat along %>p-cre/$ ridges4 ,! gorge\s blossoms ( ^! ro(-g>d5s ( ! _w are mu* ! same on all high m\nta9s 9 temp]ate latitudes1 b f hav+ become fir/ widely kn[n to civiliz$ man on ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&1 are g5]ally t]m$ alp9e fl[]s4 ,! mo/ attractive features ( an alp9e flora1 :i* spr+s into bloom z soon z ! sn[ melts & =ms a rapidly wid5+ belt ( col\r z ! m>g9s ( ! sn[-fields rec$e high] & high]1 is ! great pr(usion ( brilliantly col\r$ blossoms4 ,no soon] does ! sn[ ( w9t] melt ?an ! moi/ gr\nd becomes enamell$ 9 brilliant col\rs on acc\nt ( ! spr++ up & quick blossom+ ( millions ( h>dy plants4 ,! gr[+ season on m\nta9 heights is %ort1 b ! sun's en]gy is !re m int5se & ! h\rs ( light ea* day long] ?an 9 ! valleys bel[1 & ! plants adapt$ to su* conditions pass ?r\gh _! annual circle ( *anges f spr\t+ se$ to mature fruit ) rem>kable rapidity4 ,9 _m in/ances ! m\nta9-climb] f9ds beautiful lilies unfold+ _! sun-dy$ blossoms at ! bottom ( well-l depressions 9 l+]+ sn[-banks4 ,! gleam+ m\nta9-peaks :5 se5 f af> are said to be cr[n$ ) sn[1 b ! m\nta9e] rejoices 9 ! k t _! cold diadems are wrea!d & fe/oon$ ab\t _! l[] m>g9s ) lovely blossoms4 ,_m m\nta9s less ambiti\s ?an _! neighb\rs h ! g>l&s )\t ! cr[n4 ,an alp9e flora is pres5t on ! ,pacific m\nta9s f ,mexico nor?w>d to ,alaska4 ,l ! timb]-l9e & ! sn[-l9e1 ! int]m$iate belt ( pr(usely fl[]+ h]bace\s plants desc5ds l[] & l[] ) decrease 9 latitude2 on ! great volcanic cones ( ,mexico x has an elevation ( ov] #ae1jjj feet2 on ! ,si]ra ,nevada ! greate/ weal? ( fl[]s occurs at ab\t #ab1jjj feet2 on ,m\nt ,ra9i] widely ext5d$ g>d5s respl5d5t ) ra9b[ t9ts occur at #g1jjj to #h1jjj feet2 & ab\t ! foot-hills ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 at an elevation ( #b1ejj feet or less above ! sea1 e knoll & isl&-l area 9 ! va/ ice-fields is s d5sely ov]gr[n ) brilliantly fl[]$ plants t "o has to "p ! rank gr[?s ) 8 h&s & press !m aside ) 8 alp5/ick 9 ord] to =ce a way ?r\gh ! fields ( bloom4 ,admir]s ( nature's lovel9ess :o h n climb$ to aspir+ heights w f9d a new & beautiful _w 9 ! public alp9e g>d5 on ! summit & ab\t ! sn[-fields ( ! high] portions ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 :]e no sign-bo>ds =bid entry & no f5ces ob/ruct ! way4 ,9 ^! regions ne>e/ ! sun & />s !re are few1 if any1 plants ( utility to man1 b m>vell\s beauty & lavi% pr(usion fill ! =egr\nd 9 e view4 ,^! glori\s m\nta9 heights h _! use1 h[ev]1 al?\gh z yet kn[n to b few2 re/ & recreation amid sc5es at ! same "t novel & mo/ inspir+ may !re be f\nd by ! toil]s 9 our cr[d$ cities4 ,among ! ,atlantic m\nta9s only a few summits atta9 a suffici5t elevation to claim a wrea? ( alp9e fl[]s4 ,some?+ ( ! nature ( ! gorge\s fields ( bloom ab\t ! great peaks ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s is sugge/$ on ! treeless summits ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 b al?\gh class$ by botani/s among alp9e floras1 ! plants gr[+ !re fail to give a true idea ( ! display *>act]i/ic ( ! m\nta9s :i* make a ne>] approa* to ! l[] limit ( p]5nial sn[4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians ! abs5ce ( a luxuriant alp9e flora is p]haps m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! pr(usion ( rhodod5drons1 azaleas1 & laurels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o in/ructive lesson sugge/$ by ?is ha/y glance at ! plant life ( ,nor? ,am]ica is furni%$ by ! quick response t vegetation gives to conditions ( environm5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] divisions ( ! =e/1 prairies1 grass-cov]$ pla9s & valleys1 & fl[]-deck$ m\nta9 heights !re are con/ant v>iations f locality to locality 9 ! plant life to meet seem+ly obscure or b slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( temp]ature1 humidity1 exposure to sunlight1 soil composition1 soil texture1 etc42 & besides !re is a nev]-ceas+ /ruggle = exi/5ce among ! plants !mselves :i* leads to important modifications ( a flora4 ,^! *anges occur f locality to locality1 frequ5tly )9 a %ort radius1 b m ?an ?is1 ! resultant ( ! v>i\s modify+ conditions on :i* plant life dep5ds are n con/ant ev5 = a giv5 locality4 ,! /udy ( ext9ct floras has %[n t dur+ ! prec$+ ages 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory m>vell\s *anges 9 ! plants ( _m regions1 &1 9 fact1 ( ! entire e>?'s surface1 h tak5 place4 ,! di/9ct impressions ( palm-leaves1 = example1 are commonly f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 :]e spruces1 firs1 & c$>s n[ dom9ate ! l&scape4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! fact t ev5 treeless ,gre5l& & ! l>gely ice-cov]$ isl&s ( ! arctic ar*ipelago 7 =m]ly clo!d ) =e/s z luxuriant & v>i$ z ^? n[ gr[+ 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian region4 ,al?\gh ! migrations ( exi/+ =e/s dur+ ! few c5turies ( :i* we h hi/oric records h be5 too sl[ to be appreciat$ by man1 yet x is safe to conclude t *anges simil> to1 & 9 fact a cont9uation (1 ^? kn[n by geologi/s to h tak5 place 9 ! di/ribution ( ! vegetation ( ! cont95t s9ce ! ,t]ti>y p]iod are /ill 9 progress4 ,) f>-rea*+ & exce$+ly sl[ *anges 9 climatic conditions & 9 elevation above ! sea due to upheaval & d5udation1 ! plants ( our =e/s1 prairies1 & m\nta9sides1 are be+ mov$ "h & !re1 9 ev]-*ang+ comb9ations4 ,nature ?us secures a rotation 9 ! vegetation ( a region1 z ! c>eful husb&man v>ies 8 crops f ye> to ye>4 ,! sugge/ion 9 ?is connection furni%$ by geologi/s is t we are liv+ 9 a spr+-"t foll[+ ! great w9t]1 kn[n z ! ,glacial epo*1 & t ! tropical1 temp]ate1 & sub>ctic =e/s are migrat+ nor?w>d 9 an ord]ly m>*1 & ea* 9 turn asc5d+ high] & high] on ! m l(ty m\nta9s4 ,,lit]ature ,,muir1 ,,john4 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia4 ,t4 ,fi%] ,unw91 ,london1 #ahid4 ,,p9*ot1 ,,gif=d4 ,a ,prim] ( ,=e/ry4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bd1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahii4 ,,s>g5t1 ,c4 ,s4 ,report on ! ,=e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 vol4 ix1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhd4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,reports on ,=e/ry4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,animal ,,life ,a common gr\nd to zoologi/s & geograph]s 9 ! exploration ( :i* !y d]ive mutual pleasure f assi/+ ea* o!r1 is ! geographical di/ribution ( animals4 ,9 ?is connection ! fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica pres5ts p]haps ev5 m int]e/+ problems ?an does its flora4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,9 ! /udy ( ! di/ribution ( animals ov] a cont95t1 ! discov]y ( ! laws det]m9+ ! intangible b\nd>ies :i* ! memb]s ( a species may n pass is ev5 m difficult ?an ! simil> task 9 ! case ( plants4 ,plant species = ! mo/ "p advance & retreat sl[ly z conditions *ange1 &1 ) m9or exceptions1 !re is no fre$om ( movem5t = ! individual2 b animals1 & especially ! high] =ms1 are s5sitive to ev5 slight *anges 9 _! environm5t1 & !re is m or less individual fre$om to travel ov] ! l&1 to fly ?r\gh ! air1 or to swim ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:y ! memb]s ( a giv5 species :i* h app>5tly unlimit$ p[] to travel %\ld be conf9$ to a c]ta9 & frequ5tly a n>r[ly circumscrib$ area has excit$ ! curiosity ( man = _m c5turies4 ,a po9t is ga9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( animal species :5 x is rememb]$ t animals are ei!r directly or indirectly dep5d5t on plants = food1 & x foll[s t if plants1 z we h se51 are s l>gely controll$ 9 _! di/ribution by climate1 ! secret ( ! di/ribution ( animals is to be s\ght 9 ! same direction4 ,:5 a ?or\ghly satisfactory classification ( climatic prov9ces is arriv$ at1 x w no d\bt be f\nd to agree ) ! l>g] features ( plant di/ribution1 & %\ld co9cide1 al?\gh p]haps less def9itely1 ) ! major divisions into :i* ! zoologi/ p>titions ! e>?'s surface4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 recognis$ by ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam 9 subdivid+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates into life-zones & crop-zones1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages 8 view w be disc]nible1 al?\gh los+ mu* ( _! cle>ness by reflection4 ,! ,place ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,life ,realms ( ! ,e>?4--,! geological di/ribution ( animals has be5 critically /udi$ by ,p4 ,l4 ,sclat]1 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 & o!rs1 & ! entire l& area ( ! e>? subdivid$ into realms1 regions1 etc41 9 su* a mann] z to indicate ! pres5t gr\p+ ( animals4 ,"o ( ! late/ ( ^! broad views ( ! life ( ! e>? is pres5t$ by ,ri*>d ,lydekk]1 :o1 f ! evid5ce furni%$ by bo? liv+ & ext9ct mammals1 has divid$ ! _w into ?ree great realms1 two ( :i* are aga9 subdivid$ into regions1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,au/ralian region4 ,notogaeic realm #b4 ,polynesian region4 #c4 ,hawaiian region4 #d4 ,au/ro-,malayan region4 ,neogaeic realm ,neotropical region4 #a4 ,malagasy region4 #b4 ,e?iopian region4 ,arctogaeic realm #c4 ,ori5tal region4 #d4 ,hol>ctic region4 #e4 ,sonoran region4 ,9 ?is classification1 ,nor? ,am]ica falls 9 "p 9 two realms1 ! ,arctogaeic & ,neogaeic1 ! =m] embrac+ ! table-l& ( nor?-c5tral ,mexico & all ( t portion ( ! cont95t ly+ to ! nor?w>d1 :ile ! l[l& ( ,mexico1 toge!r ) ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 falls 9 ! latt] realm4 ,! ,arctogaeic includes also ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e4 ,! relation%ip express$ 9 ?is classification ( bo? ! liv+ & ext9ct mammalia ( ,nor? ,am]ica to t ( ,eurasia1 is suppos$ to be due to a =m] l& connection betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w at ,b]+ ,/rait1 & is mo/ cle>ly m>k$ by nor!rn species1 ! int]cont95tal bridge be+ too f> nor? to be available = s\!rn =ms4 ,! mammals & _m ( ! o!r animals ( ! l[1 hot bord]s ( ,mexico & ( ,c5tral ,am]ica are a nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica--t cont95t con/itut+ ne>ly ! entire ,neogaeic realm4 ,! mammals ( ! ,we/ ,indies are few 9 species1 & h _! ne>e/ relation%ip ) ! fauna ( ! cont95t to ! s\?w>d4 ,,life-,,regions ,,& ,,life-,,zones ,! detail$ /udy ( ! zoology ( ,nor? ,am]ica is f> f complete1 b ! volum9\s results rea*$ h l$ to sev]al attempts at broad g5]alization 9 ref]5ce to geographical di/ribution4 ,important & highly in/ructive memoirs h be5 pres5t$ 9 ?is connection by ,j4 ,a4 ,all51 ,angelo ,heilpr91 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope1 & o!rs1 :o h 9 ! ma9 attempt$ to correlate ! di/ribution ( animal species1 b pr9cipally ! mammals1 ) v>iations 9 mean annual temp]ature4 ,among ! late/ ( ^! contributions1 & m>k+ ! advance made at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is ! classification propos$ by ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam1 already ref]r$ to 9 ! sket*es t h be5 giv5 ( ! climate & ( ! flora ( ! cont95t4 ,! basis = ?is classification is ! seem+ly well-det]m9$ law t ! nor?w>d di/ribution ( t]re/rial animals & plants is controll$ by ! sum ( ! positive temp]atures = ! entire season ( gr[? & reproduction1 & t ! s\?w>d di/ribution is gov]n$ by ! mean temp]ature ( a brief p]iod dur+ ! hott] portion ( ! ye>4 ,by positive temp]atures is meant ! sum ( ! mean daily temp]ature above t :i* det]m9es ! p]iod ( physiological activity 9 plants & ( reproductive activity 9 animals1 assum$ to be #f deg4 ,c4 or #dc deg4 ,f4 ,! exact l5g? ( ! p]iod to be tak5 z ! hotte/ portion ( ! ye> has n be5 def9itely det]m9$1 b mu/ be %ort en\gh to fall )9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! summ] 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 & probably increases 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?2 ! "t assum$ is ! six hotte/ consecutive weeks ( ! ye>4 ,on ! basis j /at$1 ,m]riam has divid$ ,nor? ,am]ica into ! foll[+ life-regions & life-zones3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gov]n+ ,temp]atures -------------------------------- ,,nor!rn ,,limit ,,s\!rn ,,limit -------------------------------- ,realms ,regions ,zones ,sum ( normal ,normal mean ( mean daily temp]ature ( ,ly- temp]atures ! six hotte/ dekk] above #f deg4 ,c4 consecutive or #dc deg4 ,f4 weeks ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,deg4 ,c4 ,deg4 ,f4,deg4 ,c4,deg ,f4 ,arctic #ajc #ejc ,boreal ,hudsonian #adc #eg4bc ,arcto- ,canadian #ah #fd4d gaeic ,transition #e1ejj #aj1jjj #bb #ga4f ,au/ral ,upp] au/ral #f1djj #aa1ejj #bf #gh4h ,l[] au/ral #aj1jjj #ah1jjj ,neogaeic ,tropical 7,at pres5t unclassifi$7 #ad1ejj #bf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #c ,e/imat$ f insuffici5t data4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! regions & zones giv5 9 ! above table are %[n on ! map fac+ page #agc1 b = detail$ in=mation conc]n+ ! basis ( ! classification ! read] is ref]r$ to ! monographs by ,m]riam m5tion$ at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! publications ref]r$ to li/s are pres5t$ ( ! resid5t mammals & birds *>act]i/ic ( ea* region & ( its subdivisions to ! nor? ( ,mexico4 ,:ile ! b\nd>ies %[n on ! accompany+ map c be recognis$ 9 nature by ! naturali/ & s]ve a useful purpose1 to ! unskill$ obs]v] ea* region w\ld appe> to bl5d ) its neighb\rs by intangible gradations4 ,9 fact1 9 ?is1 z 9 ! case ( s _m o!r simil> in/ances 9 nature1 !re is an abs5ce ( def9ite1 or :at may be t]m$ h>d & fa/ l9es4 ,! significance ( ! b\nd>ies ref]r$ to1 to ! unskill$ obs]v]1 is /ill m obscure by ! fact t ! migratory birds1 & to "s ext5t ! mammals1 annually pass f "o zone to ano!r1 & besides1 sev]al conspicu\s mammals & birds are p]man5t resid5ts 9 m ?an "o zone4 ,,! ,,mammals ,! relation ( ! mammals ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! simil> animals n[ inhabit+ o!r portions ( ! e>? may be briefly %[n by indicat+ ! di/ribution ( ! ord]s into :i* ! mammalia are divid$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 g5]al ea* ord] is subdivid$ into families1 ^! aga9 into g5]a1 ! g5]a into species1 & a species may conta9 sev]al v>ieties4 ,! classification "h adopt$ is ! "o us$ by ,lydekk] 9 8 ,manual ( ,palaeontology4 ,an ord] :5 repres5t$ 9 ! fauna ( a cont95t is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ table by a plus1 & :5 abs5t by a m9us sign4 ,,class--,,mammalia ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,di/ribution ,sub- ---------------------- ,classes ,ord]s ,examples ,n4 ,s4,eur- ,aus- ,am4,am4asia,africatralia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a4 ,primates ,man1 lemurs1 7,man7 apes1 monkeys4 #b4 ,*iropt]a,bats4 #c4 ,insecti- ,moles1 %rews1 - vora h$gehogs4 #d4 ,c>nivora ,lions1 tig]s1 cats1 - dogs1 seals1 etc4 #e4 ,rod5tia ,beav]s1 rats1 mice1 squirrels1 rabbits4 ,eu- #f4 ,ungulata ,ox1 horse1 elephant1 - !ria tapir1 etc4 #g4 ,sir5ia ,dugong & manatee4 #h4 ,cetacea ,:ales1 dolph9s1 n>:als4 #i4 ,ed5tata ,slo?s1 armadillos1 - ant-eat]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,meta- #aj4 ,m>su- ,kang>oos1 opossums1 - - !ria pialia etc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,proto- #aa4 ,monotre- ,orni?orhyn*us1 - - - - !ria mata e*idna ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a4 ,( ! primates1 exclusive ( man1 ! monkeys are ! only repres5tatives 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,sev]al species are common 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 b !y are abs5t f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & d n occur nor? ( ! t]ra cali5te ( ,mexico4 #b4 ,! bats are _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution1 & sev]al g5]a & species occur on ?is cont95t1 _! nor!rn limit be+ 9 c5tral ,canada2 dur+ ! w9t] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada !y hib]nate l>gely 9 cav]ns4 ,"o family ( ! ,*iropt]a1 ! leaf-nos$ bats 7,phyllo/omatidae71 are /rictly ,am]ican1 hav+ _! pr9cipal habitat 9 ! s\!rn cont95t1 b rang+ z f> nor? z ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,^! are ! vampires ( :i* _m h>r[+ tales are told4 ,! ,c5tral ,am]ican species are small1 n l>g] ?an an ,engli% sp>r[1 b d n hesitate to attack cattle1 & ev5 m54 #c4 ,! insect-eat+ mammals are repres5t$ by a l>ge numb] ( g5]a & species1 ( moles & %rews1 b h$gehogs are abs5t4 #d4 ,! fle%-eat+ animals are well repres5t$ by ! cats 7jagu>s1 pan!rs1 & lynxes71 wolves1 be>s1 racoons1 m>t5s1 etc4 ,_m species ( ! seal family occur ab\t ! entire coa/-l9e f ,panama to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! lion1 tig]1 leop>d1 hy5a1 are abs5t4 #e4 ,! rod5ts are pres5t 9 great numb]s n only ( individuals1 b ( species & g5]a2 z rats1 mice1 jump+-mice1 squirrels1 porcup9es1 beav]s1 rabbits1 etc4 #f4 ,! ho($ animals1 ungulates1 are repres5t$ by ! bison1 musk-ox1 sev]al de]1 antelope1 m\nta9-%eep & m\nta9-goat1 tapir1 & sw9e 7pecc>y74 ,abundant rema9s ( ext9ct species ( ! horse family h be5 f\nd1 rang+ f> back 9 geological "t1 b native horses are n kn[n to h exi/$ s9ce ! com+ ( ,europeans4 ,! mo/ notable vacancies 9 ?is ord] 9 ! liv+ fauna are ! rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 camel1 giraffe1 & elephant1 al?\gh ^! are abundantly repres5t$ by fossil =ms4 #g4 ,! ,sir5ia1 :i* includes c]ta9 l>ge h]bivor\s m>9e mammals ( wide di/ribution1 are repres5t$ on ! bord]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea by ! manatee4 #h4 ,! ,cetacea are pres5t 9 ! m>9e wat]s adjac5t to ! coa/1 m especially 9 ! nor?1 :]e :ales ( sev]al species1 dolph9s1 ! n>:al1 etc41 are f\nd4 #i4 ,( ! ,ed5tata1 :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ) "o exception 7! scaly ant-eat]1 n f\nd 9 ,am]ica7 d n occur 9 ! ,old ,_w1 only ! armadillo c be cr$it$ to ,nor? ,am]ica2 ( ?is1 two species occur f ,texas s\?w>d4 #aj4 ,! m>supials1 f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! _w to-day except 9 ,au/ralia & ,am]ica1 are repres5t$ by ! opossum1 ( :i* two species are common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aa4 ,! l[e/ kn[n ord] ( ! mammalia1 ! ,monotremata1 repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by ! duck-bill$ platypus 7,orni?orhyn*us7 & ! ,e*idna1 is unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to _! abundance1 l>ge size ( individuals1 & numb] ( species1 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r ord]s pres5t1 ,nor? ,am]ica may be said to be ! home ( h]bivores4 ,! only cont95t 9 rivalry ) x 9 ?is respect is ,africa4 ,m abundant 9 individuals & species ?an ! h]bivor\s mammals1 h[ev]1 b small] 9 size & frequ5tly dim9utive1 are ! rod5ts4 ,! c>nivores are =tunately limit$ 9 numb] ( species1 al?\gh ! individuals ( c]ta9 species are at times num]\s1 b n 9 g5]al dang]\s to man4 ,,"s ,,repres5tative ,,mammals ,to ! g5]al read] ! animals ( greate/ int]e/ are no d\bt ! mammals1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* attract ! sportsman1 are ( value = food1 or furni% fur & sk9s = clo?+4 ,( su* animals ! nor!rn portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! m\nta9s ext5d+ s\?w>d into ! au/ral region furni% a l>ge numb]4 ,! ,musk-,ox4--,9 ! f> nor?1 mo/ly beyond ! arctic circle1 lives ! musk-ox1 ! h>die/ ( h]bivores1 9 :i*1 z express$ 9 its g5]ic "n1 ,ovibos1 !re is a curi\s m+l+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! %eep & ! ox4 ,! tee? are simil> to ^? ( ! %eep1 ! female has b two mammae1 & b5ea? ! long yell[i%-br[n hair ( ! out] coat !re is a ?ick wool-l gr[?4 ,its g5tle1 in(f5sive nature is also simil> to t ( ! %eep4 ,! l>ge feet & ! horns1 h[ev]1 are l ^? ( ! ox tribe4 ,! horns resemble ^? ( ! ,cape buffalo1 be+ broad at ! base & cov]+ ne>ly ! entire =ehead4 ,!y slope d[nw>d at ! sides1 & !n curve =w>d & outw>d1 at ! same "t tap]+ to a %>p po9t1 :i* r5d]s !m effici5t weapons4 ,^! *>act]i/ics1 al?\gh int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! %eep & ! ox1 are m /rongly incl9$ to ! =m]4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! musk-ox is m goat-l ?an %eep-l1 z is indicat$ by its cov]+ ( hair1 its %ort /urdy legs1 ! cannon-bone be+ rem>kably %ort1 & its ability z a climb]4 ,a full-gr[n musk-ox measures ab\t #h feet 9 l5g?1 inclusive ( ! %ort tail1 & is #c feet1 #h or #i in*es 9 height at ! %\ld]s4 ,! ?ick-set1 %aggy body is support$ on %ort /\t legs1 & ! feet are broad1 to s]ve bo? z scrap]s 9 cle>+ away ! sn[ f ! moss & h]bage on :i* x lives & 9 climb+ ice-cov]$ slopes4 ,its range is ov] ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ( ,canada1 ! isl&s ( ! arctic ar*ipelago1 & ! bord] ( ,gre5l&4 ,pe>y f\nd x graz+ 9 h]ds 9 ! f> nor? ( ,gre5l& beyond ! inl& ice1 & 0 sav$ f />vation by ! food x furni%$4 ,al?\gh h>dy & well adapt$ by nature to )/& ! mo/ sev]e cold1 x moves s\?w>d ov] ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds 9 w9t] & to "s ext5t at lea/ seeks %elt] 9 ! sub>ctic =e/1 b app>5tly does n pass to ! s\?w>d ( latitude #ei deg44 ,l c]ta9 o!r animals ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t1 its habitat is to ! nor!a/w>d & x is unkn[n 9 ,alaska4 ,bones ( ! musk-ox f\nd 9 ! froz5 soil ( ,sib]ia indicate t x =m]ly _h a circumpol> di/ribution4 ,a skull obta9$ ne> ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 9 #ahga1 & ! pres5ce ( its bones 9 ! sup]ficial deposit ( ,europe z f> s\? z ! ,pyr5ees1 %[ t x =m]ly liv$ f> to ! s\?w>d ( its pres5t s\!rn limit4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e division ( geological hi/ory1 :5 glacial ice cov]$ all ( ,canada & ! arctic animals 7 cr[d$ s\?w>d4 ,z ! ice melt$ & its s\!rn m>g9 rec$$1 ! musk-ox mov$ nor?w>d4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is species 9 nor!rn ,europe & ,asia1 :]e ! climatic conditions1 nature ( ! vegetation1 etc41 are simil> to ^? ( its pres5t home1 is p]haps due to ! influ5ce ( man4 ,! successful introduction ( ! dome/icat$ re9de] into ,alaska sugge/s t b5eficial results w\ld foll[ ! transplant+ ( ! musk-ox to nor!rn ,sib]ia4 ,! ,pol> ,be>4--,ab\t all ( ! nor!rn coa/-l9e ( ,am]ica1 includ+ ! %ore ( ,b]+ ,sea & ,baff9 ,bay1 lives ! well-kn[n pol> be>1 :i* is circumpol> 9 its di/ribution4 ,! wide range ( ?is ! mo/ nor!rn ( ! be> tribe is due n only to its /r5g? & ability to make long j\rneys ov] r\gh ice-floes & ! wide di/ribution ( ! animals x fe$s ^u1 pr9cipally ! hair-seal1 b is aid$ by ! fact t x takes to ! wat] readily & is a good swimm]4 ,x has also be5 kn[n to make long j\rneys on float+ ice4 ,! ,eskimo ,dog4--,ano!r animal ( circumpol> di/ribution1 ! orig9al home ( :i* is unkn[n1 is ! ,eskimo dog1 ! range ( :i* has no d\bt be5 ext5d$ :ile ! di/ribution ( _m o!r animals has be5 curtail$1 ow+ to human influ5ces4 ,! ,c>ib\4--,! neighb\r ( ! musk-ox 9 ! desolate solitudes ( ! f> nor?1 & 9 "p rang+ ov] ! same gr\nd1 is ! c>ib\1 ! ,am]ican repres5tative ( ! re9de]4 ,inde$ ! c>ib\ & ! re9de] h be5 consid]$ z belong+ to ! same species by "s naturali/s1 b rec5tly ! ,am]ican division ( ! g5us has be5 %[n to consi/ ( at lea/ five species1 ea* ( :i* diff]s f ! "o f\nd 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,among hunt]s & sportsm51 two divisions h long be5 kn[n1 namely1 ! woodl& c>ib\ & ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd c>ib\4 ,! =m] includes ! l>g] species1 or ! c>ib\ prop]1 z x may be t]m$1 & ! rec5tly describ$ species f ,newf\ndl& & ,alaska2 :ile ! latt] is repres5t$ by a s+le species1 ! ,rangif] articus4 ,! woodl& c>ib\ is 9 g5]al ab\t twice ! size ( ! species inhabit+ ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 has a height ( #da_/b feet at ! %\ld]1 & weighs "s #bej p\nds1 al?\gh ! males sometimes rea* a weight ( #djj p\nds4 ,its range is f ,nova ,scotia & ,newf\ndl& nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ! sub>ctic =e/ to ,briti% ,columbia & nor!a/]n ,alaska4 ,z its popul> "n signifies1 its home is 9 ! =e/1 & al?\gh meet+ ! small] =m dur+ ! latt]'s s\?w>d migrations1 x does n ext5d its range to ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds4 ,on ! s\?1 x 0 =m]ly f\nd 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan & 9 s\!rn ,new ,york1 & !nce ea/w>d ?r\gh ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,ma9e4 ,ow+ to ! activity ) :i* x has be5 hunt$1 x has = ! mo/ "p be5 cr[d$ to ! nor? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & is report$ to be greatly dim9i%$ 9 numb]s ev5 9 ! wilds ( ,labrador4 ,x /ill w&]s into ! woods ( ,new ,hamp%ire & ,ma9e1 & occurs some:at abundantly 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,newf\ndl&4 ,x is ! c>ib\ ( ,newf\ndl&1 etc41 :i* comes ne>e/ ! re9de] 9 size & 9 ! %ape ( its magnific5t antl]s1 b none ( ! ,am]ican species has be5 dome/icat$4 ,! ,b>r5-,gr\nd c>ib\ /ill occurs 9 l>ge h]ds 9 nor!rn ,labrador1 on ! treeless region to ! we/ ( ,hudson ,bay1 & 9 w9t] migrates s\?w>d into ! %elt] ( ! sub>ctic =e/4 ,9 its nor!rn range x rea*es ! %ore ( ! ,arctic ,ocean & ! isl&s adjac5t1 & on ! we/ foll[s ! tundra to ! ,b]+ ,sea coa/4 ,9 ,alaska x =m]ly occurr$ 9 imm5se h]ds1 especially 9 w9t]1 :5 x made long inl& j\rneys ?r\gh ! =e/ & across ! froz5 riv]s1 b ! invasion ( ! region by m9]s & ! supply+ ( ! natives ) fire>ms has l$ to a great r$uction 9 its numb]s4 ,9 ! b>r5 & b seldom trav]s$ region to ! we/ & nor? ( ,hudson ,bay ! c>ib\ is /ill 9 its primitive condition & moves 9 b&s numb]+ sev]al ?\s&4 ,9 ?is connection an extract f ! j\rnal ( ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 is ( int]e/3 ,all day ,july #cj1 #ahic ! c>ib\ h be5 ar\nd u 9 va/ numb]s1 _m ?\s&s be+ assembl$ 9 a s+le h]d4 ,"o h]d collect$ on ! hill beh9d our camp1 & ano!r rema9$ = h\rs 9 ! wet bog on ! po9t 9 front ( u4 ,! little fawns 7 runn+ ab\t ev]y:]e1 (t5 com+ up to )9 a y>d or two ( u1 utt]+ _! %>p grunts z !y /ood & look$ at u or z !y turn$ & ran back to ! does4 ,ab\t noon a l>ge h]d _h collect$ on ! sides & summit ( ! hill beh9d u4 ,tak+ a small h&-cam]a ) :i* we 7 suppli$1 we walk$ quietly among !m4 ,z we approa*$ to )9 a few y>ds ( ! d5se h]d1 x op5$ to let u 9 & !n =m$ a circle ar\nd u1 s t we 7 able to /& = a c\ple ( h\rs & wat* ! de] z !y /ood 9 ! light breeze or rubb$ sl[ly pa/ ea* o!r to keep (f ! black flies4 ,! bucks1 ) _! beautiful bran*+ antl]s1 kept well to ! backgr\nd4 ,lat] 9 ! aft]noon a h]d ( bucks trott$ up to u & /ood at ab\t #dj y>ds di/ant4 ,?is 0 a mo/ beautiful sight1 = _! horns 7 fully gr[n1 ?\gh /ill s(t at ! tips1 b un=tunately we _h no cam]a ) u4 ,we did no %oot+ to-day4 ,! h]d ( c>ib\ j describ$ 0 e/imat$ to conta9 betwe5 #ajj1jjj & #bjj1jjj animals4 ,! de/ruction ( ! woodl& c>ib\ 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ,canada has be5 s great t x is 9 dang] ( be+ ext]m9at$1 & great suff]+1 & ev5 />vation has ov]tak5 ! ,indians ( t region 9 consequ5ce4 ,simil>1 b ev5 m al>m+ results h foll[$ ! ?\ghtless slaught] ( ! ,b>r5-,gr\nd c>ib\ 9 ,alaska1 & to prev5t ! suff]+ & ev5 ?reat5$ ext]m9ation ( ! natives1 re9de] f ,sib]ia & nor!rn ,europe h be5 introduc$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t#d & are ?riv+ "u ! c>e ( h]d]s f ,lapl&4 ,! moss on :i* ! re9de] fe$ is abundant 9 ,alaska1 & !re seems no good reason :y !y %\ld n become z num]\s & useful 9 _! new home z !y 7 9 ! boreal portion ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! fir/ re9de] 7 introduc$ 9 ,alaska 9 #ahha1 & ! sev]al h]ds1 collectively1 n[ numb] #c1cbc4 #d ,! introduction ( dome/icat$ re9de] into ,nor? ,am]ica is a v important matt]1 & "o :i* if prop]ly conduct$ w add va/ly to ! food supply & res\rces = clo?+ = bo? native & :ite p4 ,! civilization ( ! natives 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t & ! secur+ = !m ( a s\rce ( subsi/5ce :i* w dep5d on _! own c>e & indu/ry h+es on ! success ( ?is und]tak+4 ,mu* in=mation 9 ?is connection may be f\nd 9 ! reports ( ,%eldon ,jackson1 publi%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,education at ,wa%+ton betwe5 #ahic & #aijj4 ,! ,moose4--,?is1 ! l>ge/ liv+ repres5tative ( ! de] tribe1 & ) ! exception ( ! bison ! l>ge/ exi/+ l& mammal ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 =m]ly inhabit$ ! cont95t ?r\gh\t its entire bread? f ! =ty-?ird to ! sev5tie? degree ( latitude1 or f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,al?\gh cr[d$ nor?w>d & n[ f\nd only sp>+ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z1 = example1 9 ! ext5sive =e/s ( ,ma9e & 9 ! /ill l>g] =e/s clo?+ ! m\nta9s ( ,montana & ,idaho1 x has held its own 9 ! wilde/ & mo/ remote portions ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s 9 ,canada & ,alaska1 :]e its numb]s are p]haps ne>ly z great z !y 7 a c5tury ago4 ,its pres]vation is due n only to its %yness1 rem>kably quick he>+1 & ke5 s5se ( smell1 b to its solit>y habits & ! fact t x does n ga!r 9 h]ds dur+ ! bre$+ season1 l mo/ o!r de]4 ,a full-gr[n male moose is f #g to #h feet high at ! %\ld]1 & f #aj to #ab feet high at ! tip ( ! magnific5t antl]s :5 /&+ erect1 & is f #hjj to #a1bjj p\nds 9 weight4 ,! broad palmate antl]s ) num]\s %>p po9ts sometimes measure #ha_/b feet or m f tip to tip4 ,! does are )\t antl]s1 & are /ill m unga9ly ?an ! long-legg$ & app>5tly awkw>d males4 ,/r+5t laws are n[ en=c$ = ! protection ( ! moose 9 all ( ! inhabit$ portions ( its range1 & x is likely to survive & to cont9ue to tempt ! sportsman to trav]se ! wild regions x inhabits = sev]al g5]ations to come4 ,! ,wapiti4--,next 9 size to ! moose1 & 9 _m ways ! gr&e/ ( ! de] tribe n only ( ,am]ica1 b ( ! _w1 is ! wapiti or ,am]ican elk4 ,9 language n p$antic1 ,w4 ,a4 ,p]ry speaks z foll[s ( ?is noble animal3 ,mon>* ( ! wild]ness1 "l ( ! m\nta91 k+ ( ! pla91 :at hunt] :o has s\ght !e 9 ?y p9e-emb[]$ home ^: he>t-beat does n quick5 & ^: eye does n bright5 at ! m5tion ( ?y "n6 ,= ) x comes ! recollection ( b\ndless prairies1 grass-rob$ & fl[]-deck$2 ( p9e-clad1 sn[-capp$ m\nta9s2 ( sweet breezes1 g5tle melodies1 & gr& trophies4 ,i once he>d an ,indian speak 8 la/ words1 & !y 7 ^!3 ',to-morr[1 9 ! ,_s ,l&1 aga9 %all ,i *ase ! wapiti4' ,al?\gh ! wapiti is "o ( ! typical animals ( ! boreal region1 9 its primitive fre$om x ov]/epp$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! life-zones :i* sci5ce seeks to def9e1 & m>*$ s\?w>d f> into ! au/ral region4 ,x 0 f\nd at ! com+ ( ! :ite man 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ext5d$ f ! table-l& ( nor?-c5tral ,mexico nor?w>d to ! fifty-six? or fifty-sev5? degree ( latitude1 or ab\t ! position ( ,lake ,a?abasca4 ,its nor!rn range ?us ov]lapp$ ! region inhabit$ by ! moose & c>ib\1 :ile at ! s\? x 0 expos$ to ! attacks ( ! jagu>4 ,z civilization advanc$ across ! cont95t1 ! wapiti sl[ly retreat$1 & 9 dim9i%$ numb]s x n[ lives 9 ! wilde/ portion ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s to ! nor? ( ,snake ,riv] & ! ,columbia4 ,x is /ill abundant 9 ! ,olympic ,m\nta9s ( ,wa%+ton1 ! ,bitt] ,root ,m\nta9s ( ,idaho1 & 9 ,montana4 ,a l>ge h]d f9ds protection 9 ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 b 9 w9t]1 :5 migrat+ s\?w>d1 is expos$ to mo/ de/ructive attacks f bo? :ite & ,indian hunt]s4 ,among ! m\nta9s ( ! ma9l& 9 ,briti% ,columbia & ! c5tral & m rugg$ portion ( ,vanc\v] ,isl& x is /ill ! k+ ( ! wild]ness4 ,! male wapiti at maturity is "s #g or #h feet high at ! %\ld]s1 & lifts its wide-spread+ antl]s fully #aa feet f ! gr\nd4 ,its weight is f #hjj to possibly #a1ajj p\nds4 ,! col\r is1 9 g5]al1 d>k br[n1 ) light] %ades on ! ?ighs1 & *ang+ to black b5ea? ! body2 !re are /ripes ( light br[n on ei!r side ( ! tail :i* jo9 an area ( simil> col\r b5ea? ! h9d legs2 ! col\r v>ies1 h[ev]1 at diff]5t seasons & 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! head is small1 well =m$1 & beautiful4 ,! c>riage ( ! animal & its bold1 undaunt$ mi51 :5 roam+ its native m\nta9s & gl5s1 is all & m ?an poets ascribe to ! /ag ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,/r+5t laws are n[ on ! /atute-books = ! protection ( ! wapiti1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 b ! difficulties 9 ! way ( en=c+ !m 9 regions remote f civilization are great4 ,! wapiti does n ext5d into ! mo/ =bidd+ wilds ( ! f> nor?1 :]e its safety z a species1 z 9 ! case ( ! moose1 w\ld be insur$1 & besides1 congregates 9 b&s1 :i* facilitates its slaught]4 ,its range has be5 /eadily decreas+ s9ce ! com+ ( ! :ite man1 & p>ticul>ly s9ce ! introduction ( fire>ms among ! ,indians1 & its ext9ction1 outside ( res]vations & p>ks1 is to be expect$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,! ,small] ,de]4--,besides ! c>ib\1 moose1 & wapiti1 !re are half a doz5 or m memb]s ( ! de] family 7,c]vidae7 repres5t$ 9 ! fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ^! ! ,virg9ia de] is be/ kn[n1 z its range embraces ! mo/ ?ickly settl$ portion ( ! cont95t betwe5 ,ma9e & ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & f ! ,atlantic coa/ to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,9 spite ( indiscrim9ate slaught] & poorly en=c$ game laws1 ?is species has n only held its own1 b 9 rec5t ye>s has greatly increas$ 9 numb] 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,to ! we/ ( ! range ( ! ,virg9ia de] & m]g+ ) x 9 "p1 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9 region occur ! :ite-tail$1 black-tail$ mule1 & sonora de]1 & p]haps o!r species4 ,! comb9$ ranges ( ^! sev]al species embrace ! l>g] "p ( ! cont95t & ext5d f ea/]n ,canada to ! ,pacific coa/1 & f s\!rn ,alaska to ,panama4 ,next to ! de] comes ! antelope1 =m]ly s common on ! ,great plateaus4 ,?is1 ! pronghorn antelope1 z x is usually t]m$1 is ab\t ! size ( ! dome/ic %eep1 b ) long slim legs1 & is a mo/ active & exce$+ly graceful animal4 ,its true home is on ! treeless plateaus ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b its range ext5ds f ,saskat*ewan to nor!rn ,mexico1 & f ! ,prairie pla9s to ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s 9 ,oregon4 ,x has /eadily decreas$ 9 numb]1 especially dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & is n[ no long] se5 9 ! l>ge b&s t 7 =m]ly an attractive feature ( ! sea-l pla9s ov] :i* x travels seem+ly ) ! fre$om ( a bird4 ,! animals ?us f> ref]r$ to h _! range det]m9$ ma9ly by ! broad] features ( climate1 b n 9 a conspicu\s way by ! relief ( surface4 ,!y inhabit m\nta9s1 plateaus1 & pla9s alike1 z is %[n mo/ conspicu\sly 9 ! case ( ! wapiti1 :i* =m]ly graz$ 9 l>ge h]ds on ! prairies ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & has be5 kill$ at an elevation ( ov] #aj1jjj feet 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! m\nta9-climb]s ^: names foll[1 :i* h _! *os5 /ation on ! m\nta9s at timb]-l9e & asc5d z f> above t horizon z vegetation gr[s4 ,! ,bighorn or ,m\nta9-,%eep4--,! bighorn1 ( :i* ?ree species are n[ recognis$1 has its home 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s f nor!rn ,mexico to c5tral & nor!rn ,alaska4 ,its v]tical range is also great1 z x has be5 se5 on ! precipit\s walls ( ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 b a few hundr$ feet above sea-level1 & ab\t ! summits ( ! peaks ( ,colorado & 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,m\nta9s at elevations ( f #aj1jjj to #ac1jjj feet4 ,an exception to ! fact t ! bighorn is usually f\nd on rugg$ m\nta9s & is mo/ at home on seem+ly inaccessible cliffs is furni%$ by b&s :i* live & appe> to ?rive amid ! ,bad ,l&s along ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 "s #djj miles to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,/ony ,m\nta9s4 ,! bighorn resembles ! wapiti 9 col\r1 al?\gh x is ( a light] br[n1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,x is clo!d ) wool b5ea? ! /iff out] coat ( hair1 & is a true %eep1 b l>g] ?an any dome/icat$ v>iety ( ,ovis4 ,! rams atta9 a height ( at lea/ #c feet #f in*es at ! %\ld]1 & weigh "s #cjj or #djj p\nds4 ,bo? sexes are provid$ ) horns1 b ^? ( ! male are mu* ! l>g]1 & 9 ! f9e/ examples atta9 a l5g? ( #cj in*es1 measur$ along ! out] curve1 & a circumf]5ce at ! base ( #ae or #af in*es4 ,! mo/ magnific5t head ev] obta9$1 s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to le>n1 is t ( a ram %ot 9 ! ,selkirk ,m\nta9s1 ! horns ( :i* are #eba_/b in*es 9 l5g?1 measur$ along ! out] curve1 & #aha_/b in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! base4 ,^! imm5se horns are us$1 z 9 ! case ( ! dome/ic ram1 9 fight+1 b ! widely curr5t /atem5t 9 ref]5ce to ! animals alight+ on !m :5 jump+ f precipices is entirely my?ical4 ,! bighorn is a fe>less & skilful m\nta9e]1 & w climb or desc5d precipices by b\nd+ f l$ge to l$ge :]e ! mo/ reckless hunt] d>es n foll[4 ,its ability to f9d a sure foot+ on ev5 smoo?ly glaciat$ rocks is due to ! peculi> /ructure ( ! feet1 :i* h a rubb]-l pad b5ea? ! %>p-po9t$ & %>p-edg$ ho(s4 ,! ,mazama or ,m\nta9-,goat4--,! companion ( ! bighorn on ! l(ty m\nta9s1 b ev5 m ?or\ghly a m\nta9e]1 is ! s-call$ m\nta9-goat1 ,aploc]us montanus1 :i*1 9 spite ( its long hair1 %ort curv$ horns1 /urdy legs1 be>d$ *91 & g5]al goat-l appe>ance1 & m ?an ! goat's ability to climb1 is 9 reality m ne>ly relat$ to ! antelope ?an x is to ! %eep4 ,?is alp9e antelope1 unlike its c\s9 ( ! pla9s1 is only at home on dizzy heights1 & summ] & w9t] alike lives at timb]-l9e on ! m\nta9s or 9 ! alp9e g>d5s adjac5t to p]petual sn[4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ g5]ic names "u :i* x is assum$ ?is alp9e antelope 0 includ$1 namely1 ,mazama1 al?\gh reject$ by naturali/s1 has rec5tly be5 reviv$ & adopt$ by an en?usia/ic m\nta9e]+ club 9 ,portl&1 ,oregon1 z _! "n1 & is likely to become widely kn[n4 ,among ! hunt]s & ! inhabitants g5]ally ( ! region :]e ! animal "u consid]ation lives x is t]m$ ! m\nta9-goat1 & no prote/ f naturali/s1 h[ev] well f\nd$1 is likely to br+ ab\t a *ange 9 ?is connection4 ,! mazama is entirely :ite1 except+ its ho(s1 horns1 & n>r[ l9es ab\t ! eyes & no/rils1 :i* are black4 ,9 g5]al1 x is small] ?an ! bighorn1 b bucks h be5 report$ to atta9 a l5g? ( ne>ly #f feet & a weight ( "s #cjj or #djj p\nds4 ,its habitat is n only high] on ! m\nta9s b m re/rict$ 9 geographical ext5t ?an t ( ! bighorn4 ,x is said to live ab\t ,m\nt ,:itney1 ! highe/ summit 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 b is unkn[n f>!r s\?2 9 ,colorado x is report$ to h be5 se5 on a few ( ! high] peaks1 b its ma9 range beg9s well to ! nor? ( ^! outly+ localities1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,montana & ,idaho & 9 ! ,cascades4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x occurs ?r\gh\t ! high] ranges ( ,briti% ,columbia & 9 ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,alaska z f> we/ at lea/ z ,cook ,inlet4 ,x is pl5tiful & z yet undi/urb$ by hunt]s on ! foot-hills ab\t ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 :]e ! alp9e conditions cong5ial to x occur at an elevation ( f #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,l all ( ! l>g] animals1 & especially ! h]bivores1 ! bighorn & ! mazama are s\ght by sportsm51 b on acc\nt ( ! rugg$ness ( ! regions !y inhabit & _! w>9ess !y are likely to survive :5 mo/ o!r examples ( big game %all h be5 ext]m9at$4 ,bo? ! bighorn & ! mazama are s\ght by ,indians = food & = _! pelts1 & _! horns are frequ5tly us$1 especially 9 ,alaska1 9 ! manufacture ( spoons4 ,!y are practically ( no economic importance to :ite m51 al?\gh _! fle% :5 "y is excell5t food1 & _! fleeces w\ld be ( value to ! weav] if !y c\ld be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,!y s]ve1 h[ev]1 to entice ! sportsman1 :o is usually an ard5t lov] ( nature1 into "s ( ! wilde/ & gr&e/ regions ! cont95t af=ds4 ,_! value 9 ?is connection is n to be measur$ 9 doll>s1 & /r5u\s ef=ts %\ld be made to insure _! cont9uance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,bison at ,silv] ,heights1 ,w9nipeg4 7,photograph by ,william ,notman ,son47 ,! ,bison4--,( all ! l>g] mammals ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 none 0 m num]\s at ! "t ,europeans advanc$ ov] ! cont95t ?an ! bison or buffalo 7,bos am]icanus71 & none m important alike to ! ,indian & ! :ite man4 ,! "p play$ by ?is relative ( ! dome/ic ox 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry is n only in/ructive1 b "o ( ! be/ illu/rations t c be furni%$ ( ! practical ext]m9ation ( a species ?r\gh ! gre$ & lack ( =e?\ght ( s-call$ civiliz$ man4 ,! bison is a %aggy1 br[n animal1 ab\t ! size ( ! well-kn[n ,durham bre$ ( cattle1 b ) a l>g] head & a prom95t hump on ! %\ld]s 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! h9d qu>t]s are small 9 comp>ison ) ! massive head & %\ld]s1 & appe> weak4 ,! head1 neck1 %\ld]s1 & =e legs are cov]$ ) ?ick matt$ hair1 at times #af in*es long & ( a d>k-br[n col\r m]g+ into black4 ,! /raight black hair b5ea? ! *9 ( ! bull is usually "s #aj in*es 9 l5g?1 & z ! animal c>ries its head l[1 frequ5tly sweeps ! gr\nd4 ,back ( ! m$ial portion ( ! body ! hair is %ort & ( a yell[i%-br[n col\r1 or betwe5 d>k umb] & a liv+-liv] br[n1 z ,audubon says4 ,!re is mu* v>iation 9 col\r1 h[ev]1 & di/9ct v>ieties h be5 /at$ to exi/4 ,! horns1 ho(s1 & a b>e space ab\t ! no/rils & m\? are black4 ,! weight ( a fully gr[n bull is ab\t #b1jjj p\nds1 & ( a c[ #a1bjj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,range ( ! ,bison4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! region 9 :i* ! bison has be5 se5 by :ite m51 toge!r ) ! dates ( its ext]m9ation 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry1 etc41 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 ab\t #ahgj ! va/ h]d :i* rang$ ov] ! treeless plateaus & ,prairie pla9s betwe5 ! ,rio ,gr&e & ,great ,slave ,lake 0 divid$1 ow+ to ! great slaught] t occurr$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad1 into two h]ds1 "o ( :i* _h its summ] range 9 ,montana & neighb\r+ t]ritory1 b mov$ nor?w>d 9 summ] into ,canada1 :ile ! o!r f$ on ! pla9s ( ! we/ ,texas region 9 w9t] & mov$ nor?w>d 9 summ] z f> z s\!rn ,nebraska4 ,9 ea* case a s\?w>d movem5t 0 begun z w9t] approa*$1 b ^! seasonal *anges sc>cely w>rant ! "n ( migrations4 ,! numb] ( ^! l>ge animals liv+ betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ,rocky ,m\nta9s previ\s to #ahgb1 ev5 aft] be+ hunt$ = c5turies by ! ,indians & kill$ 9 con/antly increas+ numb]s ea* ye> by :ite m5 = half a c5tury1 c only be reckon$ 9 millions4 ,_m tru/wor?y obs]vations are on record1 h[ev]1 f :i* ! va/ness ( ! h]ds c be approximately judg$4 ,= example1 ,r4 ,i4 ,dodge ?us ref]s to a h]d :i* he pass$ ?r\gh 9 ! ,arkansas ,valley 9 ,may1 #ahga1 :5 x 0 mov+ nor?w>d3 ,! great h]d c\ld n h av]ag$1 at re/1 ov] #ae or #bj individuals to ! acre1 b 0 n less ?an #be miles wide1 & f reports ( hunt]s & o!rs x 0 ab\t five days 9 pass+ a giv5 po9t1 or n less ?an #ej miles deep4 ,f ! top ( ,pawnee ,rock ,i c\ld see f #f to #aj miles 9 almo/ e direction4 ,?is :ole va/ space 0 cov]$ ) buffalo1 look+ at a di/ance l "o compact mass1 ! visual angle n p]mitt+ ! gr\nd to be se54 ,f ?is & o!r obs]vations1 ,w4 ,t4 ,hornaday has e/imat$ t ! h]d ref]r$ to numb]$ n less ?an #d1jjj1jjj individuals4 ,f ! records kept by railroad companies ( ! numb] ( sk9s %ipp$ ov] _! l9es & o!r evid5ces1 x has be5 comput$ t ( ! s\!rn h]d m5tion$ above ov] #c1ejj1jjj individuals 7 kill$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahgb1 #ahgc1 & #ahgd4 ,! nor!rn h]d seems to h be5 at lea/ z l>ge z ! s\!rn "o1 s t ! entire numb] on ! ,great plateaus 9 any "o ye> = ! decade prec$+ #ahgj 0 n less ?an #h1jjj1jjj1 & ev5 ?is va/ numb] seems to be an und]e/imate4 ,! great slaught] ( ! s\!rn h]d occurr$ f #ahgb to #ahgd1 & ( ! nor!rn h]d t5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahhi1 z /at$ by ,hornaday1 ! bisons runn+ at l>ge 9 ,nor? ,am]ica numb]$ b #fce4 ,9 #aijb ! numb] ( bison 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 report$ to be #hjj1 ! increase be+ due to protection ext5d$ to ! h]ds1 & p]haps also to a m accurate c\nt4 ,fur-,be>+ ,animals4--,( ! animals ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* are tak5 = _! fur1 ! seal & sea-ott] h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! brief review pres5t$ ( ! life ( ! cont95tal %elf4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! cold] regions ( ! e>? are ! ones :i* yield ! mo/ valuable furs1 & 9 ! fur trade ( ! _w ?is cont95t1 on acc\nt ( its wide expansion at ! nor?1 has tak5 ! lead+ place z a produc]4 ,9 fact1 ! fur trade is a prom95t feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 & "o ^: foll[]s exp]i5c$ great vicissitudes & c\ntless adv5tures4 ,! animals t tempt$ ! tireless & fe>less sons p>ticul>ly ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,russia to build _! =tifi$ trad+-po/s ?r\gh\t ! sub>ctic =e/ f ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! ,mack5zie & ,yukon1 7 pr9cipally ! beav]1 sable1 erm9e1 fox1 m9k1 wolv]5e1 be>1 ott]1 wolf1 lynx1 musk-rat1 skunk1 m>mot1 etc4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! animals are =e/ dwell]s1 & sev]al ( !m1 z ! beav]1 ott]1 m9k1 & musk-rat1 haunt ! %ores ( /reams & lakes4 ,( ! sable1 !re are two species1 kn[n z ! m>t5 & ! fi%]4 ,! be>s are repres5t$ by at lea/ f\r species4 ,! foxes numb] at lea/ a doz5 species1 ( :i* f\r are especially priz$ = ! beauty ( _! fur1 namely1 ! arctic1 r$1 cross1 & silv]4 ,:ile ! fur-be>+ animals nam$ above are *>act]i/ic ( ! life ( ! boreal region ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a numb] ( ! species1 &1 9 fact1 ne>ly all ( !m1 range s\?w>d into ! au/ral region1 especially 9 ! m humid & g5]ally =e/-cov]$ portions ( bo? ! ,pacific & ,atlantic m\nta9s1 :ile "o ( ! mo/ important z reg>ds ! beauty ( its fur--! ott] 7,lutra canad5sis71 frequ5tly t]m$ ! l&-ott]1 9 ord] n to conf\nd x ) its l>g] & f> m valuable c\s91 ! sea-ott] 7,enhydra m>9a7--rea*es ! torrid region & is /ill liv+ 9 ,florida1 & has be5 report$ z occurr+ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,( all ! fur-be>+ animals ref]r$ to above1 ! mo/ valuable :5 ! total numb] ( sk9s t h be5 tak5 is consid]$1 & 9 _m ways ! mo/ int]e/+1 is ! beav]1 ( :i* b "o liv+ species 7,ca/or canad5sis71 closely alli$ to ! beav] ( nor!rn ,europe1 is kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,fully gr[n individuals are ab\t #c feet 9 l5g?1 "o-?ird ( :i* is to be cr$it$ to ! broad1 flat1 scale-cov]$ tail1 & weighs "s #ej or #fj p\nds4 ,! out] coat ( its pelage consi/s ( r co>se br[n hair1 b5ea? :i* !re is a f9e1 s(t1 d>k fur1 :i* makes its sk9 ( comm]cial value4 ,9 dress+ ! sk9s ! hair is pluck$1 ! f9e fur b5ea? be+ clipp$ to a uni=m l5g? & usually dy$4 ,! =m]ly well-kn[n beav] hat 0 made f ?is fur1 b 9 rec5t ye>s silk has tak5 its place4 ,! importance ( ! ,am]ican beav] is illu/rat$ by ! fact t "s #g1jjj1jjj sk9s h be5 sold 9 ,london by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company s9ce ! ye> #ageb4 ,n only is ! fur ( ! beav] 9 dem&1 b its fle%1 & especially ! muscles ( ! tail1 are priz$ = food by hunt]s & o!rs :o live ! free1 op5-air life ( ! fronti]1 al?\gh x is seldom expos$ = sale 9 ! m>kets ( cities4 ,! beav] is ( int]e/ to ! geograph] n only on acc\nt ( its wide di/ribution1 :i* embrac$ ! entire cont95t :]ev] ! will[1 bir*1 ald]1 etc41 on :i* x subsi/$1 c\ld gr[1 f nor!rn ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 b = ! reason t x made m conspicu\s & la/+ *anges 9 ! m9or features ( ! surface ( ! l& ?an any o!r mammal4 ,"o ( its peculi> habits is t x gnaws d[n trees frequ5tly #f or #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & aft] cutt+ !m into /icks a few feet 9 l5g?1 uses !m 9 mak+ dams across small /reams4 ,^! dams 7 built 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s all ?r\gh ! =e/$ regions1 & be+ pla/]$ ) mud1 & /ill fur!r enl>g$ & /r5g!n$ by ! accumulation ( driftwood & leaves1 held ! wat]s ( ! /reams 9 *eck & caus$ !m to exp& s z to =m small lakes1 ponds1 & swamps4 ,^! beav]-dam lakes are common ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & _m ( !m :i* h be5 fill$ ) s$im5t or dra9$ furni% ri* l&s1 n[ utiliz$ = g>d5s & cultivat$ fields4 ,9 ,mi*igan ^! beav]-dam lakes furni% ! ri* black soil s fav\rable = ! rais+ ( cel]y & o!r vegetables4 ,! beav] has disappe>$ f all b ! wild] & m inaccessible portions ( ! cont95t1 b ! influ5ce ( ! *anges x made 9 ! dra9age ( ! l& w endure = _m g5]ations to come4 ,( ! fur-be>+ animals m5tion$ above1 none are m def9itely ,am]ican ?an ! skunks1 or1 to use a m felicit\s "n1 ,mephitis1 :i* ranges f c5tral ,canada to c5tral ,mexico1 & is repres5t$ by f\r or five species4 ,z /at$ by ,elliott ,c\es 9 8 in/ructive monograph on ! ,nor? ,am]ica ,mu/elidae1 ! skunks are closely relat$ to ! badg]s1 be+ heavy-bodi$1 %ort-legg$1 /\t 9 build1 ) hairy tails & g5]ally loose pelage4 ,!y nei!r climb trees nor swim 9 wat]2 _! gait is sl[1 & !y d n all[ !mselves to be hurri$1 ev5 9 ! face ( dang]2 _! retreats are burr[s 9 ! gr\nd or d5s 9 rocks & holl[ logs1 & sometimes 9 ! nooks & corn]s ( dwell+s & ou?\ses4 ,_! mo/ common repres5tative1 ,mephitis mephitica1 is a beautiful animal "s #ae or #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 exclusive ( its bu%y tail1 :i* is usually #ab to #ae in*es long4 ,! head is small1 ! e>s l[ & %ort1 & ! hair ( a glossy black1 reliev$ by conspicu\s :ite m>k+s :i* are n only irregul> 9 %ape1 b v>y ) individuals4 ,! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! skunks is _! ability to emit at w a fluid :i* has ! mo/ disagreeable & sick5+ od\r kn[n4 ,?is fluid is secret$ 9 two gl&s1 ea* ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 situat$ at ! base ( ! tail & op5+ into ! rectum1 b has no connection ) ! secretions ( ! kidneys1 & is probably seldom dis*>g$ except :5 ! animal is annoy$4 ,x is a unique & mo/ effici5t means ( def5ce4 ,9 ?is connection x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! skunks belong to ! family ,mu/elidae1 :i* is *>act]iz$ 9 "p by ! odorif]\s secretions pres5t 9 its v>i\s species1 b1 above all o!rs1 ! od\rs emitt$ by ! g5]a "u consid]ation are ! mo/ dreadful4 ,! /5* produc$ by ^! animals :5 />tl$ or enrag$ is n only horrible beyond description1 b endures = mon?s & ev5 a ye> or m4 ,! yell[ liquid :i* is eject$ is squirt$ 9 a f9e spray = a di/ance ( "s #f or #h feet1 b its od\r may sometimes be p]ceiv$1 ev5 :5 ! w9d is /ill1 = a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,! skunk hav+ ?is "o unconqu]able means ( def5ce f all its enemies except man1 exhibits evid5ce ( deg5]ation 9 o!r respects4 ,:5 dis*>g+ its odorif]\s fluid x faces its enemy1 :o is held at bay or retreats1 & h5ce1 n be+ compell$ to run1 has acquir$ a sl[1 wav]+ gait & delib]ate movem5ts2 hav+ no occasion to asc5d trees = safety1 x has lo/ or fail$ to develop ! ability to climb2 & its lack ( o!r p[]s :i* are highly develop$ 9 its ne> ( k9 may be us$ 9 illu/ration 9 a simil> way4 ,x is practically remov$ f ! attacks ( enemies except+ dogs & o!r can9es & "s birds ( prey1 b has to adapt itself to conditions ( climate & food supply4 ,9 w9t] 9 ! nor!rn portion ( its habitat x becomes m or less torpid1 & dur+ ! colde/ wea!r usually hib]nates1 ?us less5+ ! ex]tion requir$ to procure su/5ance4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is n excessively l[ x seeks its food1 :i* consi/s ( insects1 birds' eggs1 small reptiles1 mice1 etc41 & 9 settl$ regions visits ! p\ltry-y>ds1 & ?us increases ! enmity ext5d$ to x by all mank9d1 :o h ev] be5 disgu/$ by its od\rs4 ,ano!r objectionable fact 9 ref]5ce to ?is despis$ yet1 we may p]haps say1 respectfully treat$ animal1 is t its bite sometimes produces hydrophobia4 ,! skunks are n only widely di/ribut$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 occupy+ p]haps a l>g] area 9 ! au/ral ?an !y d 9 ! boreal region1 b are influ5c$ to a less ext5t by climatic & topographic conditions ?an probably any o!r g5]a among our mammals4 ,x lives among m\nta9s & on plateaus & pla9s1 & 9 =e/s z well z on ! op5 prairies1 & ext5ds f humid regions l ea/]n ,canada & ,new ,engl& to ! dry1 semi-des]t valley ( ,new ,mexico1 & f ! cold %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes & c5tral ,canada to ! w>m ,gulf ,/ates4 ,al?\gh (f5sive1 & ev]y:]e decl>$ a nuisance1 & p]secut$ z su*1 z well z trapp$ & hunt$ = its pelt1 its range has be5 decreas$ b little s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry by ,europeans1 al?\gh its numb]s are greatly r$uc$4 ,its beautiful fur :5 deodoriz$ & dy$ ( a uni=m black is sold "u ! "n ,alaskan sable1 black m>t51 ,am]ican sable1 etc41 & is ext5sively worn ev5 by ! mo/ fa%ionably attir$ dames ( e l&4 ,! ,be>s4--,( ! be>s native to ,nor? ,am]ica1 z 0 /at$ by ,s4 ,f4 ,baird 9 #aheg1 ! numb] ( species is some:at indef9ite1 b f\r are commonly recognis$ & m5tion is sometimes made ( two o!rs4 ,?is unc]ta9ty z to ! numb] ( species ( ! g5us ,ursus1 ,i believe1 /ill exi/s1 & 9 itself is significant4 ,if ! be>s h n be5 satisfactorily classifi$1 z is app>5tly ! case1 x sugge/s t !y exhibit great v>iations & t ! draw+ ( h>d & fa/ specific b\nd>ies among !m is difficult1 & p]haps impossible4 ,! species :i* are usually recognis$ are ! pol> be>1 ! grizzly1 ! c9namon1 & ! black4 ,( ! black & br[n or c9namon be>s !re seems to be sev]al v>ieties1 "s ( :i* are p]haps wor?y ( be+ consid]$ species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,baird & o!rs makes ! c9namon a v>iety ( ! black be>4 ,aga9 ! grizzly & c9namon int]grade 9 su* a mann] t an exp]i5c$ naturali/ has consid]$ !m to be b extremes ( a s+le species4 ,! pol> be> is di/+ui%$ f its k9dr$1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 by its l>ge size & :ite or yell[i%-:ite col\r4 ,^! & o!r diff]5ces f its relatives h l$ naturali/s to place x 9 a di/9ct g5us1 ( :i* x is ! only species4 ,x is circumpol> 9 its di/ribution1 & 9 ,am]ica occurs along ! coa/1 seldom travell+ inl& except dur+ ! bre$+ season1 :5 x is sometimes met ) #be miles f ! ocean4 ,its s\!rn range on ! ,atlantic coa/ is 9 nor!rn ,labrador1 b x is occasionally c>ri$ on float+ ice z f> s\? z ,newf\ndl&4 ,x inhabits ! %ores ( ,hudson ,bay & ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,on ! we/ coa/ x rea*es ,b]+ ,/rait1 & is c>ri$ on float+ ice to ! isl&s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,b]+ ,sea1 & at r>e int]vals rea*es ! ,pribil( ,isl&s4 ,x is probably /rictly c>nivor\s1 & lives pr9cipally on ! seal4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! l>ge/ ( ! be> tribe1 b is c]ta9ly approa*$ if n rivall$ 9 size by ! br[n be> ( s\!rn ,alaska4 ,z _m arctic explor]s te/ify1 x is dang]\s to man & w lead 9 an attack4 ,! fam\s grizzly or silv] tip inhabits ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 b is be/ kn[n 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,al?\gh l all k9dr$ species pres5t+ conspicu\s individual v>iations1 x is usually d>k 9 col\r1 ) :ite tips to "s ( ! hairs4 ,! pelage is long1 almo/ %aggy1 & gives ! animal ev5 a m =midable appe>ance ?an its great size & /r5g? ju/ifies4 ,x is n only "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,am]ican be>s1 rank+ 9 ?is respect ) ! pol> be> & ! l>ge/ ( ! huge br[n be>s1 b is also probably ! fi]ce/1 & n infrequ5tly has be5 kn[n to attack man1 al?\gh x w usually retreat f ! pres5ce ( human be+s if an opportunity is available4 ,full-gr[n individuals are ab\t #h feet 9 l5g? & weigh 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #a1jjj to #a1bjj p\nds4 ,! br[n be>1 ( :i* !re are p]haps ?ree species1 includ+ ! ,b>r5-,gr\nd be> ( ! nor?-c5tral "p ( ,canada1 are1 z _! "n signifies1 ( a br[n or c9namon col\r1 b pres5t great v>iation 9 ?is respect4 ,"s are ( a decid$ yell[1 :ile o!rs become d>k & are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! true grizzly4 ,!y rea* a great size1 p>ticul>ly 9 s\!rn ,alaska1 & possibly 9 c]ta9 in/ances ev5 exce$ ! pol> be> 9 dim5sions & weight4 ,! tracks ( "o :i* ,i measur$ ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 7 #af in*es long by #h in*es wide1 & ! /ride 0 #fd in*es4 ,! range ( ! br[n be> is conf9$ pr9cipally to ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 b is ( great] ext5t ?an t ( ! true grizzlies & includes c5tral ,canada4 ,! black be>s are ( almo/ cont95tal di/ribution & occurr$ 9 all or ne>ly all wood$ di/ricts be=e ! balance ( natural conditions 0 di/urb$ by ! com+ ( ! :ite man4 ,!y are ! smalle/ ( ! be> tribe on ?is cont95t & are usually h>mless1 b at times :5 attack$ or approa*$ sudd5ly1 especially if accompani$ by _! "y1 become =midable enemies4 ,_! col\r is usually a glossy black1 b mu* v>iation occurs1 especially ab\t ! head1 & ?is & o!r diff]5ces are ?\ght by "s to indicate specific di/9ctions4 ,a seem+ly well-m>k$ v>iety occurr+ 9 s\!rn ,alaska1 :i* has a ?ick blui%-black "u-fur1 has rec5tly be5 describ$ z a di/9ct species4 ,ne> relatives ( ! be> are ! racoons1 ( :i* sev]al species are pres5t1 "o be+ abundant 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! o!r 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,! ,cats4--,! ,felidae are repres5t$ by two g5]a1 ,felis & ,lynx1 ea* ( :i* conta9s sev]al species4 ,( ! true cats1 ! l>ge/ is ! beautiful jagu>1 or ,am]ican tig]1 ,felis onza1 :i* is ne>ly z l>ge1 & by "s said to be equal 9 size to its ,asiatic relative4 ,x m ne>ly approa*es ! leop>d1 h[ev]1 9 ! "* ( its spots z well z 9 its arboreal habit1 b exce$s x 9 size4 ,! jagu> is "s #d feet or m 9 l5g? to ! base ( ! tail1 & ! tail is ab\t #c feet long4 ,its g5]al col\r is a s(t-yell[i% pass+ into d>k br[n & black1 ) l>ge rosette- or some:at loz5ge-%ap$ spots1 :i* take ! =m ( indef9ite r+s ( d>k fur ) light] c5tres1 )9 :i* !re are "o or two d>k dots or eyes4 ,! sk9s are fully z beautiful z ^? ( ! tig] or leop>d1 & are highly priz$ = rugs1 & 9 "s cases h be5 us$ = clo?+4 ,a d>k1 ne>ly black v>iety 7or p]haps m prop]ly1 examples ( melanism7 has be5 describ$ z a di/9ct species1 & is sometimes spok5 ( z ! black tig]4 ,! c5tre ( di/ribution ( ! jagu> is probably 9 ! great ,amazonian =e/1 b x ranges ov] ne>ly all ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ext5ds nor?w>d to ,texas & p]haps ,l\isiana4 ,next to ! jagu> 9 importance is ! widely kn[n pan!r4 ,unlike mo/ ( its relatives1 ?is species has an ess5tially uni=m col\r4 ,! fur on ! back1 head1 & tail is ( a tawny br[ni%-yell[1 b v>ies some:at ) *anges 9 seasons4 ,! "u p>ts are ( a dirty :ite4 ,! animal :5 full-gr[n is ( a =midable size1 ! l>g] examples be+ ne>ly #e feet long f ! tip ( ! nose to ! base ( ! tail4 ,! /\t cyl9drical tail is f #bj to ov] #cj in*es long4 ,9 spite ( its size & great /r5g? ! pan!r is n to be fe>$ s long z room = its escape is op51 z x is a great c[>d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ?is species is its unusually great range4 ,be=e be+ di/urb$ by :ite m5 x inhabit$ practically ! entire wid? ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,hudson ,bay to ,patagonia1 an extreme range ( "s #aaj degrees ( latitude4 ,x is mo/ at home 9 ! m\nta9s & is seldom se5 on op5 pla9s4 ,x is /ill common 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,( ! small] cats1 sev]al ( :i* are beautifully m>k$1 m5tion may be made ( ! ocelot ( ! ,texas region & ! lynx or ,am]ican wildcat4 ,! latt]1 ( :i* !re are at lea/ ?ree v>ieties1 is yet common1 & ma9ta9s approximately its orig9al range1 :i* embraces ! entire wid? ( ! cont95t f ! sub>ctic =e/ at lea/ z f> s\? z nor!rn ,mexico4 ,! ,wolves4--,9 ! hi/ory ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,engli% colonies 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?r\gh\t ! spread ( civilization across ! cont95t1 _m acc\nts are giv5 ( enc\nt]s ) wolves4 ,^! /ories z !y h be5 h&$ d[n h probably 9 _m in/ances be5 magnifi$1 b !re is no d\bt b t ! l>g] wolves1 su* z ! gray timb]-wolf1 once common 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 assembl$ 9 packs & press$ by hung]1 7 =midable antagoni/s4 ,( ! wolves1 f\r species are usually recognis$1 b _! great v>iation1 9 ea* in/ance1 has l$ to ! description ( num]\s v>ieties1 "s ( :i* h by c]ta9 writ]s be5 giv5 ! dignity ( di/9ct species4 ,! l>ge/ is ! gray wolf1 :i* is :ite or grizzly gray 9 col\r1 & frequ5tly #e feet or m 9 l5g? & weighs #ej to #fj p\nds4 ,individuals h be5 kill$1 h[ev]1 :i* exce$ ^! measures4 ,! range ( ?is species1 or gr\p ( species z ! case may be1 0 orig9ally cont95tal1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! =e/$ regions4 ,its hair1 :i* is frequ5tly #d in*es or m 9 l5g?1 & ! f9e ?ick "u-fur make ! sk9s valuable = robes1 b !y are seldom us$ = clo?+1 except by ! ,indians & ,eskimos4 ,! hood ( ! out] g>m5t worn by ,eskimos1 t]m$ a p>kie1 is frequ5tly fr+$ ab\t ! face-op5+ ) ! long w>m hair ( ! wolf4 ,a small] species1 ! coyote1 is /ill common on ! we/]n pla9s1 & is t]m$ ! prairie-wolf4 ,x is a comp>atively small animal1 al?\gh frequ5tly #c feet 9 l5g? ( body ) a bu%y tail two-?irds z long1 & is ( a skulk+1 c[>dly nature4 ,its col\r is usually a yell[i% gray1 & its sk91 al?\gh us$ = robes1 is mu* inf]ior to t ( ! gray wolf4 ,its range is f nor!rn ,mexico nor?w>d ?r\gh\t ! great plateaus1 & 9 ! valleys ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s into ,canada4 ,x is usually ! fir/ ( ! l>g] mammals ! travell] 9 t region le>ns ! exi/5ce (1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,sev]al individuals frequ5tly ga!r toge!r j aft] sunset & make _! pres5ce kn[n by b>k+ & h[l+ 9 conc]t4 ,^! s]5ades la/ b a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 & are likely to be repeat$ 9 ! morn+ j be=e sunrise4 ,dur+ ! night ! animals compos+ ^! b&s seem to scatt] & hunt = food s+ly1 b reunite 9 ! e>ly morn+1 aft] :i* !y aga9 sep>ate & seek seclud$ individual retreats4 ,brief ,m5tion ( ,o!r ,mammals4--,9 ord] to convey an adequate idea ( ! l>ge v>iety & ri*ness ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican mammalian fauna f> m space w\ld be requir$ ?an is at pres5t available4 ,inde$1 ( ! small] mammals mu* m rese>* is evid5tly ne$$ be=e ev5 ! numb] ( g5]a & species c be enum]at$1 mu* less _! life hi/ories & economic importance made kn[n1 z is indicat$ by ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( species previ\sly recognis$ has be5 describ$ dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,( ! abundant small] mammals1 none are m attractive or beautiful ?an ! arboreal squirrels1 ( :i* sev]al species are widely kn[n4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! common r$ squirrel1 is rem>kable = its wide range & adaptability to a great v>iety ( conditions4 ,x is abundant 9 ! valley ( ! ,yukon & ev5 nor? ( ! arctic circle1 ?r\gh\t ! =e/-cov]$ portions ( ,canada1 & z f> s\? z ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,( less ext5sive range is ! gray squirrel & ! black squirrel1 common 9 ,new ,engl&1 & ! some:at l>g] & yet m beautiful fox squirrel ( ! c5tral "p ( ! cont95tal bas94 ,!re are also a l>ge numb] ( species ( gr\nd squirrels1 & sev]al species ( fly+-squirrels4 ,! rod5ts are also repres5t$ by ! m>mots1 c]ta9 species ( :i* are exce$+ly num]\s ne> timb]-l9e 9 _m ( ! ranges ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s z f> nor? at lea/ z ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 & by goph]s1 *ipmunks1 lemm+s1 ! musk-rat1 porcup9es1 rabbits1 h>es1 rats1 mice1 etc4 ,! li/ might also be ext5d$ by enum]at+ ! bats1 %rews1 & moles1 b we are compell$ to cut %ort ?is mo/ int]e/+ portion ( our review4 ,mammalian ,families ,peculi> to ,am]ica4--,:ile !re are _m g5]a & species ( mammals f\nd only on ?is cont95t1 ! numb] ( families t are peculi> to x is small4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic families1 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ext5d into ,s\? ,am]ica1 none are ( great] int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( geographical di/ribution ?an ! opossums1 ( :i* !re are #c g5]a & "s #bb species1 all ( !m conf9$ to ! ,new ,_w4 ,( ^!1 two species are common 9 ,nor? ,am]ica3 "o1 ! ,virg9ia opossum1 abundant ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! s\? ( ,new ,york1 & ! o!r & small] species1 :i* inhabits ,mexico & ext5ds nor?w>d into s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,texas4 ,_m repres5tatives ( ?is same family occur 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 "s ( :i* are notable on acc\nt ( _! dim9utive size4 ,! opossums are ( peculi> int]e/ ow+ to ! fact t !y are ! only repres5tatives ( ! m>supials n[ liv+ outside ( ,au/ralia4 ,fossil species occur1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,t]ti>y rock ( ,europe1 s t ! ,am]ican =ms _c be consid]$ z indicat+ a rec5t l& connection betwe5 ?is cont95t & ,au/ralia4 ,! porcup9es are also repres5tative ( ! ,new ,_w fauna1 al?\gh n /rictly conf9$ to x1 & belong mo/ly 9 ! nor!rn cont95t4 ,! ,canadian porcup9e is f\nd ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! entire =e/$ portion ( ! boreal region & ext5ds z f> s\? z ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 & an alli$ species1 b ( l>g] size1 inhabits a portion ( ! same region & ext5ds to ! ,pacific m\nta9s & occurs 9 ,alaska4 ,! racoons are /rictly ,am]ican & inhabit bo? cont95ts4 ,!y are common 9 ! =e/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 & ext5d z f> nor? z c5tral ,canada4 ,( ! sev]al families ( small] & less well-kn[n mammals peculi> to ?is cont95t1 m5tion may be made ( ! p\*$ rats ( ,cali=nia4 ,all ( ! animals to :i* att5tion has ?us f> be5 direct$ are n[ liv+2 %\ld "o attempt to describe ! great numb] ( fossil =ms ^: bones h be5 discov]$ 9 ! rocks1 ! m5ag]ie w\ld be va/ly enl>g$1 & _m exce$+ly /range species1 g5]a1 families1 & ev5 l>g] divisions ( ! animal k+dom1 add$ to ! ext5d$ procession4 ,,! ,,birds ,:5 "o attempts to write an acc\nt ( ! birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! heav5s seem d>k5$ ) su* a multitude ( v>i$ & beautiful =ms & ! air fill$ ) su* a discordant clam\r m+l$ ) ! sweete/ ( music t failure to convey an adequate idea ( ! c\ntless numb]s & div]sity ( ! fea!r$ ?rong )9 ! compass ( a few pages mu/ be recognis$ f ! />t4 ,! important place held by ! birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! avifauna ( ! _w1 may p]haps be be/ indicat$ by not+ fir/ ( all :at ord]s & families are )\t repres5tatives among !m4 ,! ord]s "u :i* ! birds ( ! _w are arrang$ 9 ! s*eme ( classification adopt$ by ,wallace 9 8 great "w on ! geographical di/ribution ( animals are z foll[s3 ,,class--,,aves ,,ord]s4 ,,examples4 #a4 ,pass]es ,includes ! great] numb] ( ! small] birds1 su* z k+birds1 flycat*]s1 l>ks1 jays1 cr[s1 blackbirds1 f9*es1 sp>r[s1 w>bl]s1 *ickadees1 swall[s1 ?ru%es1 etc41 numb]+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica "s #cbh species & _m subspecies4 #b4 ,pic>iae ,woodpeck]s1 cuckoos1 t\cans1 k+fi%]s1 swifts1 goat-suck]s1 humm+-birds1 etc4 #c4 ,psittaci ,p>rots only4 #d4 ,columbae ,pigeons & ! dodo4 #e4 ,gall9ae ,gr\se1 pheasants1 quail1 jungle-f[l1 turkeys1 gu9ea-f[l1 etc4 #f4 ,opi/hocomi ,! hoaz9 ( ,guiana & ,brazil only4 #g4 ,accipitres ,eagles1 owls1 vultures1 hawks1 buzz>ds1 falcons1 etc4 #h4 ,grallae ,rails1 snipes1 plov]s1 cranes1 h]ons1 /orks1 flam+oes1 etc4 #i4 ,ans]es ,ducks1 geese1 gulls1 petrels1 pelicans1 p5gu9s1 loons1 auks1 etc4 #aj4 ,/ru?iones ,o/ri*1 rhea1 cass[>ies1 emeus1 apt]yx4 ,( ^! t5 ord]s1 all b two are abundantly repres5t$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! miss+ ord]s include ! o/ri*-l birds1 ( :i* ! only species 9 ! ,new ,_w is ! rhea1 ( ! s\!rn portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! peculi> hoaz91 repres5t$ by a s+le species f\nd 9 ,guiana & ,brazil4 ,! eight ord]s "u :i* ! birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica h be5 arrang$ 7o!r classifications1 h[ev]1 h be5 adopt$ by v>i\s naturali/s7 h aga9 be5 subdivid$ into families1 g5]a1 species1 etc4 ,accord+ to ,wallace's summ>y1 ! #h ord]s ref]r$ to conta9 #abd families1 ( :i* #ge are n repres5t$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to ! nor? ( ! l[l&s ( ,mexico1 :ile #dg families are pres5t4 ,( ^! #dg families1 #be are ess5tially ( _w-wide di/ribution1 & only #a1 conta9+ a s+le species1 a small wr5-l bird ( ! g5us ,*amaea1 f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 is peculi> to ! fauna ( ! cont95t4 ,z ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t "u ! arrangem5t adopt$ = ! s]ies ( books ( :i* ! "o 9 h& =ms a "p1 is consid]$ z includ+ ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! above summ>y does n repres5t its entire bird fauna1 b pres5ts1 p]haps1 ! be/ g5]al idea ( x t is at pres5t atta9able4 ,to include ! birds ( ! tropical portion ( ! cont95t w\ld add greatly to ! numb] ( species1 b ,i believe n mat]ially to ! numb] ( families & ord]s1 z giv5 above4 ,9 review+ ! di/ribution ( ! l& birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! nor? ( ,mexico1 b includ+ l[] ,cali=nia1 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 places ! total numb] ( g5]a1 z giv5 9 ! *eck-li/ ( ! ,am]ican ,orni?ologi/s' ,union1 at #aha4 ,( ^!1 #ee1 or #cj p] c5t1 are circumpol> or o!rwise wide-rang+ ,old ,_w =ms2 #abf g5]a1 or #gj p] c5t1 are ,am]ican1 ( :i* #ce1 or #bh p] c5t1 are ess5tially tropical1 leav+ #ia g5]a1 or ab\t #ej p] c5t1 z di/9ctly ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,! numb] ( species 9 ! avifauna ( ! cont95t1 accord+ to ! late/ *eck-li/ publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,orni?ologi/s' ,union 7#ahie71 is #gfh1 toge!r ) a l>ge numb] ( subspecies4 ,if ! tropical portion ( ! cont95t 7 includ$1 ?is numb] w\ld be greatly increas$ & possibly d\bl$4 ,a fur!r g5]alization has be5 advanc$ by ,all51 :o /ates t 9 ! arctic portion ( ! cont95t ! numb] ( g5]a ( birds pres5t dur+ ! bre$+ season is #fe1 ( :i* only #e are exclusively ,am]ican4 ,9 ! cold temp]ate belt #abj g5]a are repres5t$1 ( :i* #ih are circumpol> & #bb ,am]ican4 ,9 ! w>m temp]ate belt #ie g5]a occur :i* d n range into ! cold temp]ate belt1 & ( ^! only #ab are ,old ,_w =ms1 :ile #hc are exclusively ,am]ican1 & 9 addition #fj g5]a are common to bo? ! cold & ! w>m temp]ate zone1 ( :i* #df are repres5t$ 9 ! fauna ( ! ,old ,_w1 :ile #ad are ,am]ican4 ,?is gives #aee g5]a = ! w>m temp]ate zone1 ( :i* #eh are ,old ,_w & #ig exclusively ,am]ican4 ,!re are besides #ej ess5tially tropical g5]a :i* ext5d into ! w>m temp]ate zone1 ( :i* #dc are ,am]ican & #g tropicopolitan4 ,! avifauna ( ! w>m temp]ate zone ?us conta9s a total ( #bje g5]a4 ,! above enum]ation indicates ! rapid increase 9 ! v>iety ( bird life met ) z "o travels f ! arctic to ! ,gulf coa/ ( ! cont95t1 & 9 ?is connection x is to be rememb]$ t ! l& contracts 9 bread? t[>ds ! s\?4 ,9 numb] ( individuals1 h[ev]1 x is d\btful if !re are less p] squ>e mile at ! nor? ?an at ! s\? dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,!re is a decrease 9 ! numb] ( ,old ,_w =ms inhabit+ ,nor? ,am]ica f nor? to s\?4 ,a simil> decrease 9 mammalian species common to ,am]ica & ,eurasia has previ\sly be5 ref]r$ to1 & ! same explanation applies 9 ea* case1 namely1 ! ne> approa* ( ! l& areas ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w at ! nor?1 & ! actual union ( ! two cont95ts 9 late geological "t4 ,z has be5 %[n by ,all51 ! species ( birds ( ! temp]ate & boreal zones ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 d]iv$ 9 "p f ! ,old ,_w1 9 "p f types almo/ univ]sally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! w>m] latitudes1 & 9 "p f tropical ,am]ica1 b to a m>k$ ext5t ! species pres5t develop$ :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,?is g5]alization is 9 h>mony ) ! geographical relations ( ! cont95t to o!r l& areas1 & ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( evolution4 ,migrations4--,among ! _m facts ( int]e/ to ! geograph] 9 connection ) ! bird life1 none pres5t a m fasc9at+ field = /udy ?an ! annual migrations 9 :i* a v l>ge numb] ( ! species p>ticipate4 ,z "o travels nor?w>d f ,mexico or ! ,gulf ,/ates1 ! numb] ( species ( birds :i* rema9 9 ess5tially ! same area ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 or ! resid5ts z !y are t]m$1 becomes less & less4 ,9 ,new ,engl& & ab\t ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes !re are ab\t #cj species :i* rema9 all w9t] & may ju/ly claim to be citiz5s4 ,besides ^!1 !re are sev]al visitors t come f ! nor? & belong to ! va/ army ( migrants1 b :i* are cont5t$ ) a comp>atively small *ange ( position dur+ ! p]iods ( greate/ cold or heavie/ sn[4 ,9 ! f> nor? ! numb] ( resid5ts is /ill m re/rict$4 ,on ! tundras fr++ ! arctic coa/ ev5 ! sn[-owls1 sn[-bunt+s1 & ! pt>migans1 ! h>die/ ( birds1 move s\?w>d dur+ ! w9t] to ! %elt] ( ! sub>ctic =e/1 & bird life on ! va/ froz5 morasses is practically1 if n absolutely1 want+4 ,! millions ( birds t j\rney s\?w>d ea* fall beg9 _! return migrations at ! fir/ promise ( spr+4 ,ev5 dur+ unusually mild spells ( wea!r 9 w9t]1 tempor>y nor?w>d movem5ts occur4 ,! migratory birds are actuat$ by su* a /rong desire to rega9 _! ne/+ places & summ] homes t !y embrace e opportunity to j\rney t[>ds !m1 & n infrequ5tly suff] sev]ely = ! risks !y take4 ,9 "s in/ances species :i* h begun _! nor?w>d flight too soon are kill$ by ?\s&s ow+ to a return ( sev]ely cold wea!r or die = lack ( food4 ,! fir/ def9ite nor?w>d migration 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,mississippi ,valley beg9s dur+ exceptionally fav\rable ye>s z e>ly z ! end ( ,janu>y1 b ! great movem5t ( ! fea!r$ ho/s is n usually at its height be=e ! middle ( ,m>* or ! fir/ ( ,april4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! curr5t ( migration beg9s betwe5 ! middle ( ,febru>y & ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 & increases 9 /r5g? until ! middle ( ,may1 :5 x is at its height1 & !n rapidly decl9es & is practically ov] by ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,9 ! f> nor?1 ! fir/ arrival f ! s\?w>d1 & t a species :i* does n make a long annual j\rney1 usually appe>s e>ly 9 ,april4 ,at ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! mo/ nor!rn portion ( ,alaska1 z 0 obs]v$ by ,john ,murdock 9 #ahhb & #ahhc1 ! fir/ h>b+] ( spr+ 0 a sn[-bunt+1 :i* arriv$ ! fir/ ye> on ,april #i?4 ,! nor?w>d-fl[+ tide ( bird life ends e>ly 9 ,july 9 ! region ( ! ,yukon1 & by ! middle ( t mon? ! va/ flocks h be5 sep>at$ & ! _m mates h f\nd _! ne/+ places4 ,! "t tak5 = ! g5]al movem5t is ?us 9 ! neighb\rhood ( f\r mon?s4 ,! nor?w>d flight ( ! birds is seldom1 if ev]1 "o cont9u\s j\rney1 b l _m o!r movem5ts 9 nature1 progresses by pulsations4 ,well-def9$ bird-waves h be5 recognis$ especially 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! direct or imm$iate cause ( ! />t+ ( ^! waves ( life is ! com+ ( a wave ( heat4 ,second>y or modify+ conditions are furni%$ by /r5g? & direction ( ! w9d1 cl\d9ess1 ra91 etc4 ,z ! wea!r 9 spr+-"t is fickle1 & its v>iations n ! same = any two consecutive ye>s1 s ! ga!r+ ( ! birds into flocks & _! nor?w>d flights v>y1 al?\gh = a t]m ( ye>s ! arrival ( a giv5 species at a p>ticul> /ation does n dep>t f> f a mean date4 ,) ! nor?w>d sweep ( ! waves ( bird life ov] ! temp]ate & boreal portions ( ! cont95t comes ! awak5+ ( plant life1 b ! birds1 to a m>k$ ext5t1 prec$e ! unfold+ ( ! fl[]s4 ,?is m>vell\s r5ewal ( ! life ( ! l& aft] ! long cold w9t] makes ! budd+ & ne/+ spr+-"t ! mo/ joy\s portion ( ! ye>1 & "o :i* ex]ts a m>k$ effect on human ?\ght & activities4 ,! spr+-"t awak5+ 9 all nature is l a resurrection1 & has app>5tly ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! religions ( ! _w4 ,! bird-waves ref]r$ to above are *>act]iz$ at ! />t by ! pres5ce ( great numb]s ( a s+le species1 b z !y progress1 scatt]+ occurs1 & at ! "t ( ! greate/ movem5ts 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a l>ge numb] ( species frequ5tly arrive at a giv5 locality 9 a s+le night4 ,at sunset ! groves may be ne>ly t5antless & sil5t1 :ile at sunrise !y are alive ) ! flitt+ ( w+s ( _m col\rs1 & ! air pulsates ) _m diff]5t songs4 ,judg+ f ext5d$ obs]vations on migrations made 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ! def9ite waves ( bird life :i* sweep nor?w>d ) ! spr+-tide ( temp]ature are 9 "s in/ances #ajj or #bjj miles long & h a bread? ( p]haps a score ( miles4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! waves v>ies ) v>iations 9 ! wea!r & p]haps o!r causes1 & z !y progress !y app>5tly become less def9ite & at ! nor? h yet to be recognis$4 ,! migrations ( ! birds are p]=m$ pr9cipally at night4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness 9 e>ly spr+1 ev5 :5 cl\d9ess prevails or ! l& is veil$ 9 mi/1 ! voices ( geese may frequ5tly be he>d ov]head1 prov+ t unse5 flocks are !n w++ _! way nor?w>d4 ,ab\t ! ligh?\ses along ! coa/ & on ! %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes1 :5 migration is 9 progress1 dead birds are frequ5tly f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s & ( v>i\s species4 ,9 ^! cases ! birds are evid5tly attract$ by ! lights & kill$ on /rik+ ! w9d[s t protect !m4 ,?is occurs p>ticul>ly on /ormy or cl\dy nights1 :5 ! birds fly l[4 ,sev]al ( ! l>g] species ( birds1 z ! geese1 ducks1 cranes1 etc41 :i* are /rong ( w+1 make long flights )\t re/+4 ,9 _m in/ances a s+le /age 9 a j\rney may include #ejj or #fjj miles4 ,mo/ ( ! small] birds1 h[ev]1 fly comp>atively %ort di/ances betwe5 ! pauses made = re/ & food4 ,a species on rea*+ ! nor!rn portion ( ! r\te ov] :i* x usually migrates scatt]s1 & ! individuals mate1 ne/s are built1 & "y re>$4 ,at ! approa* ( cold wea!r reassemblage occurs1 frequ5tly great flocks be+ =m$1 & ! s\!rn movem5t beg9s4 ,! s\?w>d migration is less conspicu\s 9 mo/ in/ances ?an ! movem5t en masse ( ! birds 9 ! spr+1 & s f> z n[ seems to be recognis$ is n divid$ into def9ite waves4 ,:ile ! w9t] habitat ( mo/ birds 9 ! temp]ate & boreal portions ( ! cont95t is to ! s\? ( _! summ] homes1 ! annual migration is n 9 all cases great 9 am\nt4 ,"s species move only a few hundr$1 or possibly a few score1 miles4 ,ev5 ! w9t] resid5ts make %ort migrations1 dep5d5t on wea!r conditions4 ,! great] "p ( ! migratory birds1 h[ev]1 pass ! w9t] 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 ,mexico1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 "s cases !y g well to ! s\? ( ! equator4 ,! annual flight go+ & com+ measur$ 9 a /raight l9e1 betwe5 ! ne/+ place & ! w9t] home1 _c be less 9 _m in/ances ?an f #h1jjj to #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj miles4 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 ?is connection is t c]ta9 species foll[ def9ite r\tes4 ,! region mov$ ov] annually1 if m>k$ on a map1 w\ld resemble two op5 or p>tially op5$ fans1 ) _! h&les po9t+ t[>ds ea* o!r & connect$ by a n>r[ b&4 ,! causes ( ! annual migrations ( birds h receiv$ mu* /udy & be5 ! subject ( mu* speculation4 ,! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion 9 ?is connection seems to be t ! birds are controll$ l>gely by :at we 9 our ignorance t]m in/9ct4 ,! true beg9n+ ( ! migration seems to be 9 ! fall1 :5 ! birds are driv5 f _! homes by cold or1 p]haps m accurately 9 mo/ cases1 by sc>city ( food4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! :ole /ory1 s9ce _m species />t s\?w>d be=e cold wea!r approa*es & :ile food is yet abundant4 ,!n1 too1 crippl$ individuals h be5 kn[n to survive ! w9t] 9 regions f :i* _! summ] companions h dep>t$4 ,in/9ct1 !re=e1 plays a "p 9 ev5 ! fall migration1 :]e at fir/ glance suffici5t physical reasons may seem+ly be claim$ = x4 ,dur+ ! spr+ migration ! birds are mov$ by a /rong impulse to rega9 _! bre$+-gr\nds4 ,ea* species seems to h adapt$ itself to c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature1 food1 etc41 ?r\gh long ages ( developm5t1 & acquir$ a subtle faculty ( rega9+ ! environm5t to :i* x is be/ adapt$1 z soon z ! adv]se conditions t caus$ x to leave its home are ameliorat$4 ,h[ a p>ticul> bird is enabl$ to return to ! ne/ x built ! ye> previ\s is n kn[n4 ,! /udy ( ! hom+ in/9ct ( pigeons assi/s 9 ?is direction1 h[ev]1 & sugge/s t birds are end[$ ) some?+ answ]+ to a six? s5se--t is1 a s5se ( direction or ( ori5tation4 ,spr+-"t ,music4--,! nor?w>d-fl[+ tide ( life ea* spr+ br+s to ! temp]ate zone ( ,nor? ,am]ica a m>vell\s *ange n only 9 col\r & movem5ts1 b 9 s\nd4 ,?is is ! season ( bird c\rt%ip & m ?an usual happ9ess among ! fea!r$ millions4 ,f %ore to %ore ( ! cont95t a *orus m s$uctive ?an sir5s' songs pulsates on ! breezes4 ,! w9t] is *>act]i/ically a season ( sil5ce4 ,! s\nds he>d at a di/ance f human habitations are ma9ly ^? produc$ by inanimate nature4 ,! w9d causes v>i$ discords amid ! b>e bran*es ( ! decidu\s trees or s+s weird melodies 9 ! p9es4 ,/range muffl$ ro>s come f ! froz5 lakes1 z ! ice contracts & breaks dur+ p]iods ( excessive cold4 ,! fro/ 9 tree trunks causes %>p explosions4 ,! ice-cov]$ /reams are /ill except :]e cat>acts int]rupt _! ev5 fl[4 ,9 ! pr(\nd sil5ce ( a calm w9t] night ! di/ant dismal h[l ( a wolf1 ! cry ( an owl1 or ! b>k ( a fox alone rem9ds "o t life /ill cont9ues1 b ^! animate s\nds are f> m frequ5tly abs5t ?an pres5t4 ,) ! com+ ( ! spr+ !re is a m>vell\s awak5+ & unfold+4 ,! brooks1 swoll5 to ov]fl[+ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 make music z !y run4 ,! nor?w>d flight ( ! birds br+s to e grove a *orus ( song4 ,a ho/ ( batra*ians & reptiles be/ir !mselves aft] a long w9t] sleep & vocif]\sly proclaim _! pres5ce4 ,! insect _w1 ) its unnumb]$ legions1 takes w+4 ,! air vibrates ) millions ( voices4 ,! trees put =? _! leaves1 ea* a h>p-/r+ :i* responds to ! t\* ( ! f+]s ( ! w9d4 ,! organ-notes ( ! ?und] aga9 />tle ! hib]nat+ e*oes4 ,z ! w9t] is ! sil5t season1 s ! spr+ is ! "t ( music4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( ! _m phases ( nature's conc]t season is ! mat9 songs ( ! birds4 ,ere ! ea/]n sky along ! ,new ,engl& coa/ becomes roseate ) ! fir/ blu% ( morn1 ! twitt] ( birds may be he>d amid ! %ad[y bran*es ( ! trees4 ,soon a ?ru% or a w>bl] awak5s 9 full song1 & is foll[$ by a ho/ ( o!r voices1 until ! air pulsates ) music4 ,z ! sun rises & 8 fir/ level rays reveal ! v>i$ t9ts ( ! tree tops1 ! _m-voic$ *orus passes ! height ( its ec/asy & ! music gradually subsides4 ,b ! glad tid+s ( ! com+ ( ! day are pass$ we/w>d f grove to grove & f mead[ to mead[1 & a wave ( song sweeps on ahead ( ! wave ( light1 induc$ by its com+4 ,! song-wave spreads to ! nor? & s\? & fl[s /eadily we/w>d ov] ! =e/-cov]$ m\nta9s1 across ! great c5tral bas9 ( ! cont95t1 break+ on ! treeless plateaus into _m /reams :i* foll[ ! grove-fr+$ riv]s1 passes ?r\gh ! depressions 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & al?\gh weak5$ 9 ! arid valleys beyond1 is n *eck$4 ,! l>ks !re li/5 = its com+ & pass ! joyful message we/w>d4 ,! timid dwell]s 9 ! great =e/s ( ,oregon awak5 at ! magic s\nd & ! l(ty tree tops are made to ?rill ) ! voices ( unse5 *oirs :ile x is yet night 9 ! sil5t aisles bel[4 ,! onw>d ru% ( s\nd is n reflect$ or turn$ back by ! l(ty ,cascades1 b fl[s ?r\gh _! passes & only ceases :5 ! sea-birds ( ! ,pacific r5ew a note t 0 dropp$ on ! di/ant ,atlantic coa/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ incid5ts 9 ! life ( ! explor] 9 8 lonely camps 9 ! great =e/s or amid ! solemn m\nta9s is ! com+ ( ! wave ( song 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]-"t :i* prec$es & accompanies ! ris+ ( ! sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fasc9ation ( ! field ( /udy t\*$ ^u 9 ?is *apt] invites an attempt to pres5t an acc\nt ( "s ( ! m *>act]i/ic birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & to endeav\r to convey to ! read] "s idea ( ! v>i$ reptilian1 fi%1 & inv]tebrate life ( ! cont95t1 b ! limitations ( space prohibit su* a review4 ,ev5 ! great problems deal+ ) ! intimate relation t exi/s betwe5 geographical conditions & ! di/ribution ( animals _c be giv5 m att5tion ?an ! sugge/ions already (f]$4 ,,lit]ature ,,all51 ,j4 ,a4 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals1 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological & ,geographical ,survey ( ! ,t]ritories1 vol4 iv1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgh1 pp4 #cac-cgg2 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,mammals1 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 iv1 ,new ,york1 #ahib1 pp4 #aii-bdc4 ,,heilpr91 ,,angelo4 ,! ,geographical & ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,animals4 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,osborn1 ,h4 ,f4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,mammalia 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,,cope1 ,e4 ,d4 ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahih1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijj1 pp4 #aaii-abcd4 ,,m]riam1 ,c4 ,,h>t4 ,life-,zones & ,crop-,zones ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,biological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aj1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahih2 ,results ( a ,biological ,survey ( ! ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 ,region & ,des]t ( ! ,little ,colorado1 ,arizona1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,orni?ology & ,mammalogy ,bullet9 ,no4 #c1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahij2 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,life 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,biological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 vol4 vii1 #ahib1 pp4 #a-fd4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,geology ,introduction ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s an attempt has be5 made to pres5t outl9e sket*es ( ! geography1 fauna1 & flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica z !y exi/ n[4 ,ye/]day1 we may say = ! sake ( emphasis1 !re 7 diff]5ces f :at exi/s to-day 9 ea* ( ^! great gr\ps ( facts4 ,t is1 *anges are ev]y:]e 9 progress4 ,) ! recognition ( ?is idea comes logically ! conclusion t simil> *anges mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 & t ! geography ( ! e>?'s surface1 & its flora & fauna1 at no v di/ant "t mu/ h be5 m>k$ly diff]5t f :at !y are to-day4 ,to te/ ?is hypo!sis ! geologi/ /udies ! records pres]v$ 9 ! rocks 9 mu* ! same mann] t ! hi/orian se>*es ! papyri or ! monum5ts ( ,egypt to discov] :at *anges 9 ! affairs ( m5 h occurr$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,! *anges ref]r$ to are n ess5tially diff]5t f ^? n[ 9 progress1 b 9 reality ! two are p>ts ( a s+le s]ies4 ,= a v long "t !re h be5 cont95ts & oceans1 lakes & riv]s1 & ! l& has be5 div]sifi$ by m\nta9s & hills1 pla9s & valleys1 9 ! same g5]al way z at ! pres5t "t4 ,:5 once ! idea is grasp$ t we are liv+ 9 a geological age1 & t !re is no break betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/1 x is evid5t t ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ c be int]pret$ by means ( ! results produc$ by kn[n causes4 ,famili> =mulas :i* express ?is idea are3 ,! pres5t is ! key to ! pa/2 ,geography is ! geology ( to-day1 etc4 ,! =ces or ag5cies :i* are n[ modify+ ! e>?'s surface1 su* z ! r5d+ ( rocks by *anges ( temp]ature & ! action ( fro/1 erosion & deposition by /reams1 ! da% ( ocean waves aga9/ ! l&1 volcanic eruption1 ! *emical action ( organic acids1 movem5ts produc+ upheaval & subsid5ce1 etc41 h be5 9 action = geological eras1 b _! int5sity has v>i$ f "t to "t & f place to place4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,cont95t ,! geological hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica is1 9 g5]al1 ! same z t ( o!r cont95ts1 b claims att5tion 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s1 l>gely = ! reason t ) ! exception ( ,europe x has be5 /udi$ m ?or\ghly ?an any o!r comp>able l& area4 ,9 ,europe1 ?r\gh\t mu* ( geological "t1 !re h be5 num]\s isl&s1 & z a l>ge portion ( ! records ( pa/ *anges :i* h be5 pres5t$ 7 =m$ 9 ! ocean1 ! results are complex4 ,b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re has be5 a comp>atively /eady gr[? f "o ma9 cont95tal c5tre or nucleus1 & ! records ( ! pr9cipal *anges t h occurr$ are1 to a great] degree1 simple4 ,n only 9 ! major features ( ! relief ( ! cont95t1 z already describ$1 b 9 its gr[? & geological hi/ory1 x is1 s f> z c be judg$ f ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! v>i\s l& areas1 ! mo/ typical ( all ! cont95ts4 ,*anges 9 ! outl9es & area ( a cont95t are br\ght ab\t pr9cipally by movem5ts ( elevation or depression 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,( less importance is ! erosion ( ! m>g9 ( ! l& by waves & curr5ts & ! deposition ( mat]ial br\ght f ! l& by /reams1 toge!r ) ! spits1 b>s1 & embankm5ts made by waves & curr5ts4 ,by ^! & o!r & less conspicu\s processes ! %ape ( ,nor? ,am]ica has und]gone num]\s *anges 9 outl9e & is /ill be+ modifi$4 ,g5]al maps h be5 prep>$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,dana & o!rs1 %[+ ! outl9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica at v>i\s /ages 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 & f a s]ies ( su* maps rec5tly compil$ by ,d4 ,c4 ,s*affn] ^? "h reproduc$ 7,fig4 #cc7 h be5 select$ to illu/rate ! gr[? ( ! cont95t4 ,z has be5 %[n by v>i\s geologi/s1 ! outl9es ( ! pres5t cont95ts & ocean-bas9s _h _! major features det]m9$ at a v e>ly /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & at a "t prec$+ ! exi/5ce ( ! olde/ kn[n s$im5t>y rocks4 ,at ! close ( ! ,ar*ean1 ! e>lie/ geological era n[ recognis$1 &1 s f> z has be5 det]m9$1 be=e life exi/$ on ! e>?1 ! pr9cipal nucleus ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 a l& mass "s #b1jjj1jjj squ>e miles 9 area1 situat$ ma9ly 9 :at is n[ ! ea/]n half ( ,canada1 f :i* !re 0 a s\?w>d prolongation repres5t$ by ! ,adirondack hills ( ,new ,york 7,fig4 #cc1 ,a74 ,! rocks =m+ ?is e>lie/ kn[n l& 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e consi/ ( cry/all9e s*i/s1 gneisses1 & granite1 :i* are consid]$ by "s geologi/s at lea/ z hav+ result$ f ! metamorphism ( s$im5t>y b$s4 ,p5etrat+ & intimately int]m+l$ ) ^! greatly alt]$ rocks1 "s ( !m p]haps metamorphos$ lavas & alli$ t]ranes1 are _m rocks t 7 =c$ upw>d f deep 9 ! e>? into fissures 9 a molt5 condition & h s9ce cool$ & cry/alliz$4 ,m ?an "o epo* ( metamorphism has p]haps occurr$1 & ! entire record n[ accessible is exce$+ly complicat$4 ,! physical conditions at ! e>?'s surface at ! close ( ! ,ar*ean p]iod1 z may reasonably be inf]r$1 7 n ess5tially diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,! l& areas 7 erod$ by /reams1 & ! debris c>ri$ to ! sea & deposit$1 ! co>s] ne> %ore & ! f9] f>!r seaw>d4 ,upw>d movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 9 v>i\s places subsequ5tly laid b>e a portion ( ! sea-floor adjac5t to ! =m] l&1 & ! cont95t 0 enl>g$4 ,! outl9e ( ! l& z x exi/$ previ\s to ! upheaval :i* expos$ ?is portion ( ! ocean's bottom w\ld be def9$ by ! l&w>d m>g9 ( ! mat]ial deposit$4 ,! expos$ s$im5ts w\ld be co>se/ ne> ! =m] coa/-l9e & become f9] & f9] seaw>d f x1 & ! fossils conta9$ 9 ! consolidat$ s&s & clays w\ld also supply evid5ce be>+ on ! orig9 ( ! rocks4 ,x is by su* int]pretation ( ! anci5t records 9 ! light ( :at is n[ tak+ place t ! geologi/ is enabl$ to map approximately ! outl9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica at sev]al /ages 9 its gr[? 9 ! mann] %[n on ! s]ies ( maps "h pres5t$4 ,in=mation 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn portions ( ! cont95t is too meagre at pres5t to be l>gely utiliz$ 9 ^! outl9e sket*es4#e #e ,! relations ( ! eras ref]r$ to on ^! maps & ! positions !y occupy on ! geological "t-scale are %[n a few pages lat] on a *>t ( ! geological hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! next sy/em ?us f> recognis$1 foll[+ ! ,ar*ean1 is ! ,algonkian1 at ! close ( ^: deposition "s additions _h be5 made to ! ,ar*ean or pre-,algonkian l&4 ,succe$+ ! ,algonkian sy/em come1 9 succession1 ! ,cambrian1 ,ordovician1 & ,silurian sy/ems4 ,at ! close ( ! ,silurian !re 0 a decid$ increase 9 ! size ( ! ma9 nucleus ( ! cont95t4 ,ow+ pr9cipally to an excess ( elevation ov] subsid5ce 9 ! portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ b5ea? ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! region n[ occupi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 portions ( ! s$im5ts deposit$ previ\s to ! close ( ! ,silurian 7 uprais$ & important additions made to ! ext5t ( ! l& s\?w>d f ! ,ar*ean area ( ,canada4 ,?is ,appala*ian p59sula w\ld be conspicu\s 9 a map repres5t+ ! outl9e ( ! cont95t at ! close ( ! ,silurian4 ,! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! gr[+ cont95t 0 !n well to ! ea/w>d ( its pres5t position1 b h[ f> beyond ! pres5t coa/ we h no means ( det]m9+4 ,al?\gh at ! close ( ! ,silurian ! cont95t _h greatly increas$ 9 area ov] t ( ! nucleus at ! close ( ! ,ar*ean1 x bore b little resemblance to its pres5t =m4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 h[ev]1 t ) ! exception ( ! ea/w>d ext5sion ( ! l& at ! "t ref]r$ to1 ! gr[? _h be5 )9 ! pres5t cont95tal outl9e4 ,a lat] /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! cont95t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 ,b1 :5 its ea/]n m>g9 _h mu* ( its pres5t g5]al outl9e & ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s 7 9 _! prime4 ,! "t indicat$ is at ! close ( ! ,paleozoic era1 & aft] ! great coal-fields ext5d+ f ,p5nsylvania s\?w>d to ,alabama & we/w>d to beyond ! ,mississippi 7 =m$4 ,! ea/]n half ( ! cont95t 0 approximately complet$ at ! "t j ref]r$ to1 & is old] ?an ! we/]n half4 ,dur+ ! ,cretace\s p]iod great *anges took place 9 ! geography ( ! /ill gr[+ cont95t1 z may be se5 by ! map illu/rat+ t p]iod4 ,! conspicu\s features 9 ! geography are ! subm]g$ ,atlantic & ,gulf bord]s1 & ! pres5ce ( a broad belt ( ocean wat] 9 ! cont95tal bas9 :i* rea*$ f ! !n mu* exp&$ ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & divid$ ! l& into an ea/]n & a we/]n cont95tal isl&4 ,foll[+ ! ,cretace\s p]iod came ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! cont95t assum$ v ne>ly its pres5t outl9e4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 z is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cc1 ,d1 ! ,atlantic bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,new ,engl& s\?w>d & a wide area ab\t ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 7 subm]g$ & _h deep lay]s ( s$im5t deposit$ on !m4 ,dur+ ! ,t]ti>y1 bodies ( fre% wat] became = ! fir/ "t a conspicu\s feature on ! l&1 & l>ge lakes & broad silt-deposit+ riv]s exi/$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9 region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at its close ! cont95t 0 practically complet$ z we n[ "k x1 b sev]al important oscillations1 p>ticul>ly at ! nor?1 h s9ce occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,maps %[+ ! gr[? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! cont95t1 briefly outl9$ above1 came great] & great] div]sity 9 its relief1 due pr9cipally to ! uprais+ ( v>i\s m\nta9s 9 a some:at ord]ly succession f ea/ to we/4 ,! olde/ m\nta9s on ! cont95t are ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s ( ea/]n ,canada4 ,al?\gh ! region ref]r$ to--! "o m5tion$ above z be+ compos$ ( ,ar*ean cry/all9e rocks--is n n[ ( suffici5t elevation or rugg$ness to be t]m$ m\nta9\s1 x %[s 9 ! nature & /ructure ( its rocks t deep erosion has tak5 place4 ,! inf]5ce is t truly great m\nta9s h be5 remov$1 b ! evid5ce may also su/a9 ! int]pretation t sl[ upheaval has be5 accompani$ by erosion1 & t at no "t 0 ! l& conspicu\sly elevat$4 ,next 9 age aft] ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s come ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,engl& & ! m>itime prov9ce ( ,canada1 :i* 7 uprais$ at ! close ( ! ,silurian p]iod4 ,! next great /ep 0 ! crumpl+ into folds & upheaval ( ! rocks 9 ! ,appala*ian region at ! close ( ! ,paleozoic era4 ,! ,p>k & ,/ony ,m\nta9s 7 uprais$ at ! close ( ! ,mesozoic era1 & lat] came ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascades1 foll[$ by ! ,coa/ ,ranges4 ,y\nge/ ( all1 & 9 "p = t reason ! bolde/ & mo/ l(ty1 are ! magnific5t m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,alaska1 ) a ho/ ( sublime peaks1 l ,m\nts ,fairwea!r1 ,logan1 ,/4 ,elias1 & p]haps ,mc,kinley4 ,! la/-nam$ & highe/ peak ( all1 h[ev]1 may be ( volcanic orig94 ,9 ! above li/ %[+ ! progressive we/w>d movem5t ( ! bir? ( m\nta9 sy/ems1 acc\nt is tak5 only ( ! elevations produc$ by upheaval4 ,! m\nta9s due to volcanic eruptions1 :i* are /ill conspicu\s1 are all "y1 9 comp>ison ) ! m\nta9s situat$ to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! maje/ic cones ( ! nor?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :i* ,m\nts ,%a/a1 ,hood1 ,adams1 ,ra9i]1 ,bak]1 etc41 are ! mo/ glori\s1 are ( ,t]ti>y or lat] age4 ,! same is true1 s f> z kn[n1 ( ! /ill m l(ty volcanoes 9 ,mexico4 ,! p9e-tree =ms ( /eam ris+ f ! volcanoes ( ! ,c>ibbees1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 s\!rn ,mexico1 & s\?we/]n ,alaska1 proclaim ! rec5cy ( ! bir? ( ! frequ5tly magnific5t crat]s built ( rocks t 7 once molt51 f :i* !y em]ge4 ,,! ,,rocks ,,( ,,:i* ,,! ,,cont95t ,,is ,,compos$ ,! rocks ( :i* ,nor? ,am]ica is built belong to ?ree classes1 :i* are _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution4 ,^! are3 ,fir/1 rocks produc$ by ! cool+ & cry/alliz+ ( =m]ly molt5 magmas2 second1 ^? deposit$ by wat]2 & ?ird1 ^? :i* previ\sly belong$ to ei!r ( ! two classes j ref]r$ to1 b h be5 recry/alliz$ & s greatly *ang$ t _! prec$+ condition is no long] cle>ly recognisable4 ,^! ?ree classes or subk+doms1 z p]haps !y might be t]m$ f analogy ) sy/ems ( biological classifications1 are 9 te*nical language3 #a4 ,igne\s rocks1 su* z ! lava ( ,vesuvius4 #b4 ,s$im5t>y rocks1 su* z s&/one1 %ale1 lime/one1 coal1 etc4 #c4 ,metamorphic rocks1 su* z gneiss1 s*i/1 "s granites1 etc4 ,^! major divisions are bas$ pr9cipally on mode ( orig91 b d n indicate relative age4 ,:ile !oretically at lea/1 & 9 a g5]al way1 ! rocks ( ^! ?ree great classes came into exi/5ce on ! e>? 9 ! ord] nam$1 x is conv5i5t to consid] fir/ ^? ( s$im5t>y orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,lead+ geological features4 ,! ,s$im5t>y ,rocks 7,plate ,,iv74--,:5ev] l& exi/s or ! waves & curr5ts ( ! ocean come 9 contact ) ! rocks d5udation occurs4 ,t is1 ! rocks are brok5 ?r\gh ! action ( me*anical or *emical ag5cies1 su* z ! friction ( ! gravel & s& swept along by /reams1 ! solv5t p[] ( wat]1 etc41 & ! fragm5ts ?us produc$ are remov$ pr9cipally ?r\gh ! action ( fl[+ wat] & deposit$4 ,result+ f ?is g5]al process ( rock decay & dis9tegration1 comb9$ ) transportation & deposition1 !re result me*anically =m$ s$im5t>y b$s1 su* z %ale1 s&/one1 conglom]ate1 etc42 *emically =m$ s$im5t>y b$s1 su* z ! deposits ( spr+s1 ! sal9e precipitates f inclos$ lakes1 etc42 & organically =m$ s$im5t>y b$s1 z1 = example1 peat1 coal1 & lime/one4 ,s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( l& 9 ! region n[ occupi$ by ,nor? ,am]ica1 s$im5t>y rocks h be5 9 process ( =mation1 & 9 ?is way ! gr[? ( ! cont95t1 ) ! aid ( movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 has be5 produc$4 ,! sup]ficial ext5t ( ! s$im5t>y b$s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is v great1 z is indicat$ on ! map ref]r$ to above4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! surface ( ! cont95t is und]la9 by !m4 ,_! ?ickness v>ies f place to place1 b probably rea*es a maximum 9 ! ,appala*ian region1 :]e a dep? ( "s #dj1jjj feet has be5 measur$4 ,?r\gh\t ! cont95tal bas9 _! dep? is 9 g5]al f #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet4 ,9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s _! ?ickness embraces t5s ( ?\s&s ( feet1 & ! same is true 9 ,mexico1 ,cuba1 & ,jamaica4 ,^! s$im5t>y rocks conta9 fossils :i*1 ) comp>atively few exceptions1 %[ t !y 7 deposit$ 9 ! ocean2 ?us su/a9+ 9 an important mann] ! conclusion already pres5t$ 9 ref]5ce to ! gr[? ( ! cont95t4 ,great z is ! area ( ! s$im5t>y b$s at ! pres5t "t1 x does n %[ ! entire ext5t to :i* :at is n[ l& has at "s "t be5 subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,9 c]ta9 broad regions1 s$im5t>y b$s :i* =m]ly exi/$ h be5 remov$ by erosion2 9 o!r ext5sive areas !y are cov]$ by volcanic rocks1 & 9 /ill o!r portions ( ! cont95t1 embrac+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 !y h be5 metamorphos$ & _! orig9al *>act]i/ics oblit]at$4 ,! sy/em ( classification ( ! s$im5t>y b$s t has be5 adopt$1 z is well kn[n1 is bas$ on ! relative age ( ! =mations1 det]m9$ prim>ily by ! occurr5ce ( "o =mation above ano!r1 9 regions :]e b mod]ate di/urbances 9 position h occurr$4 ,_m ( ! /ratifi$ rocks conta9 fossils--t is1 records ( ! life ( ! "t !y 7 deposit$1 & aft] ! ord] ( succession ( a l>ge numb] ( =mations has be5 asc]ta9$1 ! life records !y conta9 may be us$ z a means ( det]m9+ ! age ( a newly discov]$ t]rane4 ,by gr\p+ ! in=mation obta9$ f ! /udy ( ! v]tical sequ5ce ( ! =mations 9 _m regions1 & also ! records ( life conta9$ 9 !m1 a composite geological column has be5 con/ruct$ :i* %[s ! relative age ( all kn[n =mations4 ,! l>g] divisions ( su* a s*eme ( classification are _w-wide 9 _! application1 b ! small] divisions are usually ( re/rict$ geographical ext5t4 ,! s*eme ( classification ( g5]al application 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is %[n 9 ! *>t on page #cjh4 ,! arrangem5t is 9 ord] ( age1 ! olde/ =mation be+ at ! bottom4 ,!re is "s lack ( uni=mity among ,am]ican geologi/s z to c]ta9 ( ! t]ms us$1 m especially 9 ! l[] portion ( ! column1 & 9 "p ! s*eme is provisional1 b 9 g5]al x may be tak5 z express+ ! progress made 9 ! /udy ( ! geology ( ,nor? ,am]ica up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! names ( ! l>g] divisions 9 ?is s*eme ( classification1 or ^? designat+ ! gr\ps & sy/ems & ! eras & p]iods1 h = ! mo/ "p be5 adopt$ f ,european geologi/s4 ,two important ones1 h[ev]--namely1 ,ar*ean & ,algonkian--are ( ,am]ican bir?4 ,:ile ?is s*eme ( classification is bas$ on ! succession ( s$im5t>y b$s1 igne\s & metamorphic rocks h a place 9 x1 provid+ _! age c be det]m9$4 ,! ,ar*ean p]iod includes ! "t previ\s to ! deposition ( ! olde/ kn[n s$im5t>y b$s1 & its l[] limit is z yet undef9$4 ,! ,ar*ean sy/em1 or ! rocks =m$ dur+ ! ,ar*ean p]iod1 are )\t kn[n fossils1 & consi/ l>gely ( gneisses & foliat$ s*i/s1 :i* are metamorphos$ s$im5t>y or igne\s t]ranes1 toge!r ) v>i\s eruptives4 ,! typical area :]e ^! rocks are expos$ at ! surface is 9 ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s ( ea/]n ,canada1 ! ma9 ,ar*ean nucleus ( ! cont95t1 b rocks ( ! same age & same g5]al "* occur 9 sev]al ( ! m\nta9 sy/ems ( bo? ! ,atlantic & ,pacific cordill]as1 & und]lie ! s$im5t>y b$s ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! ,cont95tal bas94 ,! ,ar*ean sy/em 0 nam$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 & divid$ into two portions1 namely1 ! ,laur5tian bel[ & ! ,huronian above4 ,m rec5t /udies1 especially by ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1 h %[n ! necessity ( remov+ f ! sy/em _m ( ! t]ranes =m]ly ref]r$ to x1 & ( plac+ !m 9 ! ,algonkian4 ,! ,ar*ean z x rema9s aft] ?is adju/m5t is t]m$ by ,van ,hise ! ,basem5t ,complex4 ,?is t]m1 al?\gh ?us f> n g5]ally adopt$1 has mu* to comm5d x1 s9ce ! t]ranes designat$ by x are highly complex1 & may p]haps be ultimately subdivid$ into two or m sy/ems1 & besides occupy a basal position l[] ?an any kn[n s$im5t>y =mation t has escap$ metamorphism4 ,outl9e ,*>t ( ! ,geological ,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,rock-,scale4 -- ,gr\p4 ,sy/em4 ,"t-,scale4 -- ,era4 ,p]iod4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,zoic "t3 ,"t ( ,"t ( ,psy*ozoic4,human4 embrac+ ,mammals4 ,palms & ---------------------------- ! hi/ory ------------ ,angiosp]ms4 ,plei/oc5e4 ( ! --------------,c5ozoic4 ----------------- e>? s9ce ,t]ti>y4 ! ,"t ( ---------------------------- appe>ance ,reptiles4 ,"t ( ,cretace\s4 ( life4 ,cycads4 ,mesozoic4 ----------------- -------------------------- ,jura-,trias4 ,"t ( ---------------------------- ,amphibians4 ,"t ( ,c>bonif]\s4 ,acrog5s ----------------- ------------7,f]ns1 club- ,devonian4 ,"t ( mosses1 etc474 ----------------- ,fi%es4 ,paleozoic4 ,silurian4 ------------ ----------------- -------------- ,ordovician4 ,"t ( ----------------- ,molluscs & ,cambrian4 ,cru/aceans4 ---------------------------- ,"t ( ,algonkian4 ------------ ,algae4 ----------------- ,eozoic4 7,z yet unkn[n ,"t ( pre-,algonkian ,protozoa8 s$im5ts47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,azoic "t3 prec$+ ! dawn ( life4 ,azoic4 ,ar*ean or ,basem5t ,complex4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,solid ,e>?4 ,prehi/oric ,molt5 ,e>?4 ,gase\s ,e>?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! ,algonkian s]ies embraces a great ?ickness ( s$im5t>y b$s1 9 "p metamorphos$1 :i* 9 c]ta9 localities re/ uncon=mably on ! erod$ surface ( ! ,basem5t ,complex & 9 places are ov]la9 uncon=mably by ,cambrian rocks4 ,bo? ! upp] & l[] contacts1 h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 localities1 h be5 r5d]$ obscure by metamorphism4 ,! sy/em d]ives its "n f a tribe ( ,indians t inhabit$ ! region ab\t ! %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :]e x is well develop$4 ,! ,algonkian t]ranes are expos$ 9 ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 9 ! ,wasat* & ,u9tah ,m\nta9s1 ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota1 ab\t ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ea/]n ,canada1 z well z 9 sev]al o!r localities4 ,! olde/ kn[n fossils occur 9 ^! rocks1 & consi/ ( a small numb] ( bra*iopods1 molluscs1 cru/aceans1 etc4 ,^! scanty records are sugge/ive1 & at lea/ /imulate ! hope t an ext5sive pre-,cambrian fauna w ultimately be discov]$4 ,! few =ms f\nd seem to be n f> diff]5t f ! simil> life records ( ! ,cambrian4 ,! ,cambrian sy/em1 al?\gh fir/ /udi$ 9 ,europe1 has an important developm5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & occurs at ! surface at a l>ge numb] ( localities rang+ f ,newf\ndl& to ,cali=nia4 ,! kn[n di/ribution ( ! sy/em & ! nature ( ! rocks compos+ x indicate t x occurs widely 9 ! ,cont95tal bas9 b5ea? subsequ5t deposits4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ results d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ! ,cambrian1 c>ri$ on especially by ,c4 ,d4 ,walcott1 p]ta9 to its life records4 ,) ! exception ( a few obscure algae1 all ! fossils ?us f> discov]$ are m>9e inv]tebrates4 ,z reg>ds rank 9 ! zoological scale1 c]ta9 molluscan rema9s are ! highe/1 b outclass+ !m 9 size1 abundance1 & degree ( specialization are ! trilobites1 ! ne>e/ liv+ repres5tatives ( :i* are c]ta9 cru/aceans4 ,( ! trilobites ab\t #ajj species h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,cambrian rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! l>ge/ individual be+ ab\t #bj in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! picture ( ! cont95t :i* ! facts j ref]r$ to enables "o to sket* 9 fancy includes l& areas de/itute ( animal life1 & probably )\t vegetation1 except p]haps ! li*5s1 ! l[e/ ( ! cryptogams4 ,! sea1 especially 9 its %all[] portions ne> l& & ov] its surface1 conta9s algae1 mo/ly1 we presume1 ( small size1 9 fact microscopic1 & s(t tissu$4 ,! animal life subsi/+ prim>ily on ! algae are all inv]tebrates1 & ne>ly all ( !m1 except+ ! cru/aceans1 simple 9 organization4 ,none ( ! animals ! rema9s ( :i* h ?us f> be5 discov]$ _h /rong %ells or o!r well-develop$ protective or support+ tissues1 ?us indicat+ t !y 7 n subject to ! attacks ( =midable enemies4 ,z comp>$ ) lat] faunas1 ! animals ( ! ,cambrian 7 primitive1 b _! div]sity--e subk+dom ( inv]tebrates be+ repres5t$--is positive evid5ce t !y 7 n ! fir/ inhabitants ( ! wat]s4 ,consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( developm5t1 ?is fauna /&s at lea/ half-way1 & "s /ud5ts ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! e>? place x z f> z n9e-t5?s ( ! way1 up ! life column--t is1 ! "t f ! fir/ appe>ance ( life on ! e>? to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cambrian 0 at lea/ z long & possibly n9e times z long z ! "t t has s9ce elaps$4 ,?is is a suffici5t promise t _m records ( life1 & x seems safe to pr$ict z v>i$ an assemblage ( organisms z ! at pres5t kn[n ,cambrian fauna1 w ultimately be discov]$ 9 ! ,algonkian or l[] rocks4 ,! ,paleozoic era witness$ ! fir/ appe>ance ( v]tebrate life4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n =ms 7 fi%-l 9 "* & 7 succe$$ 9 sequ5ce by batra*ians & reptiles4 ,9 ?is connection ! mo/ important contribution to ! _w's k1 f ! /udy ( ! ,am]ican records1 include ! discov]y ( a l>ge numb] ( fi%es1 or fi%-l =ms1 "s ( !m ( gigantic size1 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ! ,ohio region1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry2 num]\s batra*ians 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,ohio1 by ,e4 ,d4 ,cope2 ( batra*ians & probably reptiles 9 rocks ( simil> age 9 ,nova ,scotia1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson & ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%4 ,dur+ ! ,paleozoic era l& plants appe>$1 & be=e its close ! cont95t 0 d5sely clo!d ) =e/s consi/+ ( fl[]less plants su* z f]ns & club-mosses1 toge!r ) a less abundance ( trees relat$ to ! exi/+ conif]s4 ,great additions to ! _w's k ( ! v>i$ & beautiful floras ( ! swamps 9 :i* ! coal-b$s ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,nova ,scotia1 etc41 7 accumulat$ h be5 made by ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s1 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry1 ,leo ,lesqu]eux1 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite1 ,david ,:ite1 & o!rs4 ,! ,mesozoic era is *>act]iz$ among o!r ev5ts by ! fir/ appe>ance & rapid developm5t ( fl[]+ plants1 ! cycads be+ especially num]\s1 & ( our ord9>y broad-leav$ trees1 su* z ! oak1 will[1 sassafras1 etc41 & by ! com+ 9 ( palms2 & 9 ! animal k+dom by ! culm9ation ( reptilian life & ! adv5t ( birds & mammals4 ,! ,am]ican ,mesozoic rocks h yield$ a ri* /ore ( fossil plants1 z is well kn[n f ! pa9/ak+ /udies ( ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry1 ,leo ,lesqu]eux1 ,w4 ,m4 ,fonta9e1 ,l4 ,f4 ,w>d1 ,f4 ,h4 ,kn[lton1 & o!rs4 ,^! same /ud5ts ( ! progress ( plant life on ! cont95t h also made ext5sive & critical /udies ( ! ,c5ozoic floras4 ,! relics ( reptilian life br\ght to light f ! ,mesozoic rocks ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,kansas1 ,wyom+1 etc41 by ,joseph ,leidy1 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope1 & o!rs1 h a/oni%$ ! _w1 ev5 ?\gh m>vell\s results 9 a simil> direction _h previ\sly be5 made kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,! reptilian age 0 m>k$ 9 ,am]ica by ! pres5ce ( su* huge reptiles1 & by ! /range developm5t & adaptations 9 v>i\s directions t !y surpass ! wilde/ dreams ( fable4 ,liz>d-l reptiles walk$ ! e>? t 7 #dj to #fj feet 9 l5g? & /ood #aj to #ad feet high :]e ! massive h9d limbs jo9$ ! body4 ,_! ?igh-bones 9 c]ta9 in/ances measur$ ov] #f feet 9 l5g?4 ,"s ( ^! mon/]s1 x is e/imat$1 weigh$ at lea/ #aj tons4 ,^!1 ! huge/ ( all l& animals1 7 vegetable fe$]s4 ,o!rs1 ( less size1 al?\gh /ill gigantic & m active1 7 c>nivor\s4 ,"s ( ! old liz>d-l =ms :i* left _! footpr9ts 9 great abundance 9 ! s&s n[ h>d5$ into s&/one 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley & ,new ,j]sey walk$ on _! h9d feet1 aft] ! mann] ( birds1 & left ?ree-to$ footm>ks1 "s ( !m #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* are /rik+ly bird-l 9 appe>ance4 ,o!r great reptiles1 :ale-l 9 appe>ance1 inhabit$ ! ocean4 ,yet m m>vell\s =ms 7 provid$ ) w+s1 resembl+ ^? ( bats1 & 9 ! case ( ! great ,pt]anodons f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ,kansas _h a /ret* ( w+ ( fully #bj feet4 ,b ! /range m5ag]ie t has be5 resurrect$ conta9s su* a m>vell\s array ( grotesque %apes t n ev5 a catalogue ( ! g5]a c be pres5t$ "h4 ,:ile ! ,mesozoic era 0 emphatically ! age ( reptiles1 ! com+ ( a m highly develop$ fauna 0 =e%ad[$4 ,bird life 0 repres5t$1 & ! skeletons ( reptilian birds1 or birds ) tee? l ^? ( reptiles1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,mesozoic rocks ( ,kansas4 ,important additions to our k ( ^! /range creatures1 :i* furni% mu* in/ructive data 9 ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( ! high] f ! l[] =ms ( life1 h be5 made by ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%4 ,! humble beg9n+ ( mammalian life is %[n by insectivor\s m>supials1 ! jaws ( :i* 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,new>k sy/em 7,l[] ,mesozoic7 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,c5ozoic era is ! age ( mammals1 s call$ because dur+ t "t brute mammals succe$$ reptiles z ! rul]s ( ! e>?4 ,f ! rocks deposit$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ?is era1 pr9cipally ! s$im5ts ( fre%-wat] lakes & ! gravel-b$s laid d[n by /reams 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9 region1 a great numb] ( skeletons ( truly rem>kable mammals1 diff]+ widely f any?+ n[ liv+1 h be5 discov]$ by ,joseph ,leidy1 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope1 ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn1 & o!rs4 ,! pr(\nd int]e/ atta*$ to ?is fauna1 & ! be>+s x has on ! /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 climatic *anges1 etc41 is indicat$ by ! fact t x includes =ms relat$ to ! rh9oc]os1 elephant1 camel1 etc41 :i* are n repres5t$ among ! animals n[ liv+ on ! cont95t1 al?\gh hav+ relatives 9 o!r & pr9cipally tropical c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! ,psy*ozoic era m9d ga9$ asc5d5cy ov] brute =ce1 & man became ! lead]4 ,! mammals cont9u$ to dom9ate ! e>? ?r\gh\t ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod & 7 !n probably m num]\s & ( ev5 l>g] size ?an dur+ ! prec$+ ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e great climatic *anges occurr$1 & l>ge glaci]s exi/$ 9 sev]al regions :i* n[ enjoy a temp]ate climate & are d5sely populat$4 ,! pres5ce ( man 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e has n be5 prov$1 b important contributions to k conc]n+ ! brute mammals1 & 9 ref]5ce also to ! climatic & physiographic *anges1 h be5 made4 ,9 /ream-deposit$ gravels1 cav]ns1 peat swamps1 etc41 ov] ! surface ( practically ! entire cont95t1 ! bones ( _m species ( l>ge mammals h be5 obta9$4 ,^! include ! ma/odon & elephant1 mega!rium1 megalonyx1 mylodon1 a l>ge horse1 a great bison1 an elk mu* exce$+ ! liv+ species 9 size1 a giant beav]1 & _m o!rs rem>kable = _! l>ge dim5sions z comp>$ ) _! liv+ repres5tatives4 ,sev]al ( ^! l>ge animals surviv$ ! vicissitudes ( climate *>act]i/ic ( ! ,glacial epo*1 b h s9ce become ext9ct4 ,! *ief contributions to ,plei/oc5e hi/ory1 h[ev]1 made by ,am]ican geologi/s1 are 9 connection ) ! records ( climatic *anges4 ,dur+ ! e>li] portion ( ! p]iod1 & beg9n+ p]haps 9 late ,t]ti>y "t1 ! cont95t 9 l>ge "p at lea/ 0 m elevat$ ?an n[ & ! en]getic /reams ( ! m\nta9\s portions erod$ deep canyons4 ,to ?is ,si]ran epo*1 z x is t]m$1 is ref]r$ ! excavation ( ! l>g] valleys ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ! _w-r5[n$ canyons ( ! ,colorado & ,snake ,riv]s1 & probably ! deep ,valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,hudson4 ,a climatic *ange p]haps initiat$ by ! great] elevation ( ! l&1 b n z yet :olly expla9$1 caus$ glaci]s to =m ab\t ! high] portions ( a numb] ( ! ranges 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 & cont95tal glaci]s ( ! type ( ! ice-%eet n[ cov]+ ,gre5l& to exp& f at lea/ ?ree c5tres1 t]m$ ! ,labradorean1 ,keewat91 & ,cordill]an1 9 :at is n[ ,canada4 ,dur+ ?is "t ( great ice accumulation & ( glacial advance & retreat1 or ! ,glacial epo*1 z x is t]m$1 fully "o-half ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 buri$ b5ea? ice-%eets ( ! cont95tal type4 ,a composite map %[+ ! portions ( ! cont95t :i* 7 cov]$ ) ice at "o "t or ano!r dur+ ! ,glacial epo* is reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,plei/oc5e glacial deposits4 ,,note3 ,?is map pres5ts :at may be t]m$ a composite picture ( ! ext5t ( glacial ice dur+ ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t "t2 ,gre5l&1 mu* ( ! ,arctic ar*ipelago1 & _m areas 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s are /ill occupi$ by ice4 ,! brok5 blue l9es on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s %[ approximately ! seaw>d ext5sion ( ! ,plei/oc5e ice-%eets4 ,! deta*$ areas ( glaciation 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are "h assign$ to ! ,wiscons9 /age1 b 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,si]ra ,nevada !re are records ( two ice advances4 ,! drift 9 we/]n ,canada "h color$ z ,wiscons9 is p]haps 9 "p ( lat] date4 ,dur+ ! maximum advance ( ! ice f ! ,labradorean c5tre into ! ,cont95tal bas9 x ne>ly rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] 7ne> ,c9c9nati74 ,an e>li] advance f ! ,keewat9 c5tre ext5d$ to ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 9 ,miss\ri4 ,!re is evid5ce ( a succession ( advances & retreats ( ! ice =m+ a v complex hi/ory4 ,) its f9al retreat ! ,great ,lakes came into exi/5ce & ! cont95t rea*$ ! /age 9 its developm5t :5 man became prom95t4 ,! /udy ( glacial geology 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 initiat$1 or at lea/ giv5 a fre% />t & 9 ! prop] direction1 by ,l\is ,agassiz1 & )9 rec5t ye>s en]getically c>ri$ =w>d by a l>ge numb] ( e>ne/ work]s4 ,! /age ( advance rea*$ 9 ?is bran* ( geology :i* s]ves s admirably to l9k ! pres5t ) ! pa/ is well pres5t$ 9 ! num]\s publications ( ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 & 8 associates4 ,! in/ructive hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! successive appe>ance ( high] & high] =ms ( life1 ! records ( :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks1 has be5 made kn[n by ! comb9$ /udies ( a l>ge numb] ( inve/igators1 b ! great task has be5 c>ri$ on ma9ly "u ! auspices ( v>i\s national & ,/ate surveys4 ,*ief among ^! is ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 :i* has publi%$ :at may be ju/ly t]m$ a libr>y ( valuable lit]ature & ( topographic & geologic maps4 ,! ,igne\s ,rocks 7,plate ,,iv74--,"u ! at pres5t popul> explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! e>?1 namely1 ! nebul> hypo!sis1 & also ! modification ( x t]m$ ! meteoric hypo!sis1 ! planet itself is consid]$ to h be5 at "o "t 9 a molt5 condition4 ,! />t+-po9t ( ! /udy ( ! rocks compos+ ! e>? %\ld be1 !re=e1 ! primitive cru/ cool$ f fusion4 ,9 addition to ?is !re h be5 ?r\gh\t hi/ory geologic migrations ( molt5 matt] f deep )9 ! e>? t[>ds ! surface1 & a "p ( ! mat]ial ?us =c$ outw>d1 pr9cipally ?r\gh fissures1 has cool$ 9 ! rocks x p5etrat$1 =m+ intrusions ( v>i\s k9ds1 & a "p has rea*$ ! surface & be5 extrud$1 z dur+ volcanic eruptions4 ,probably e kn[n phase ( vulcanism is illu/rat$ by ! igne\s rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( ! subject1 z ! nature ( intrusions & ! *anges :i* occur 9 ! cool+ ( igne\s magmas1 m>k$ advances 9 ! _w's k h be5 made by ,am]ican geologi/s4 ,examples ( volcanic ph5om5a on a gr& scale are furni%$ by ! /ill active volcanoes ( ! ,c>ibbees1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ,alaska4 ,betwe5 s\!rn ,alaska & s\?-c5tral ,mexico !re are no active crat]s1 b a l>ge numb] ( volcanic m\nta9s 9 v>i\s /ages ( erosion :i* =m an in/ructive s]ies illu/rat+ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! mode ( accumulation ( eject$ fragm5t mat]ial & ( lava-fl[s4 ,9 ?is s]ies ( m\nta9s built by igne\s ag5cies belongs ! great volcanic piles ( ! ,cascade region1 ( :i* ,m\nts ,bak]1 ,ra9i]1 ,adams1 ,hood1 ,jeff]son1 ,mazama1 ,%a/a1 etc41 are among ! lead+ examples4 ,_m o!r illu/rations 9 ! same connection1 "s ( !m 9 an advanc$ /age ( erosion & n[ reveal+ only ! dikes & necks ( resi/ant rock t cool$ & h>d5$ well bel[ ! surface1 occur widely ?r\gh\t ! s\?we/ portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! /ill recognisable volcanic m\nta9s ( ! cont95t1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! ,c>ibbees1 are conf9$ to its we/]n half1 & ) ! exception ( c]ta9 almo/ p]fect crat]s 9 ea/]n ,new ,mexico are all )9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,a great belt ( volcanoes1 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( bo? active & ext9ct examples1 ext5ds f ,panama to ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 a di/ance ( "s #g1jjj miles1 & is a "p ( ! s-call$ circle ( fire surr\nd+ ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is belt is ab\t #a1jjj miles broad 9 its c5tral "p1 :]e only ext9ct volcanoes exi/1 & n>r[s t[>ds bo? its nor!rn & s\!rn extremities1 :i* are def9$ by /ill /eam+ crat]s4 ,! n>r[ nor!rn portion1 inclusive ( ! active volcanoes ( ! ,alaskan ,p59sula & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 is prolong$ we/w>d1 & =ms a curve concave to ! s\?w>d1 :ile ! equally n>r[ s\!rn portion m>k$ by ! en]getic crat]s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica =ms a curve concave to ! nor?w>d4 ,! entire belt has some?+ ! %ape ( a sigmoid curve1 ) a wide c5tral portion4 ,9 ! prec$+ sket* ( ! gr[? ( ! cont95t x 0 %[n t ! ,pacific m\nta9 region is y\ng] ?an ! ,atlantic m\nta9 region4 ,9 ?is same connection c]ta9 int]e/+ g5]al conclusions h be5 rea*$ 9 ref]5ce to igne\s activity4 ,9 ea* ( ! great cordill]as ref]r$ to !re h be5 ext5sive breaks 9 ! e>?'s cru/ ?r\gh :i* molt5 rocks h be5 =c$ upw>d4 ,volcanoes & v>i\s intrusions h be5 =m$ 9 ea* region1 b 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! cont95t ! "t s9ce ! la/ eruptions has be5 s great t all evid5ce 9 ! relief ( ! l& ( ! =m] pres5ce ( volcanic m\nta9s has be5 oblit]at$4 ,erosion has cut deeply into ! rocks on :i* ! anci5t volcanoes /ood1 & reveal$ 9 "s in/ances ! dikes occupy+ ! fissures :i* suppli$ !m4 ,a l>ge numb] ( dikes ( igne\s rock occur 9 ! ,atlantic coa/ region f ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& s\?w>d to ,alabama & ,georgia1 & va/ lava-fl[s ( anci5t date are /ill pres]v$ ab\t ! s\? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,volcanic eruptions 9 ! old] half ( ! cont95t h long s9ce ceas$ & ! breaks :i* gave !m exi/5ce h be5 heal$4 ,! lat] movem5ts 9 ! we/]n half ( ! cont95t h caus$ fre% fractures to =m1 ?r\gh :i* molt5 matt] has be5 =c$ to ! surface4 ,_m facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ea* region :i* %[ an intimate connection betwe5 movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h produc$ fractures & ! di/ribution ( volcanoes4 ,! lavas p\r$ out by ! m rec5t volcanoes ( ,nor? ,am]ica are ma9ly d>k basic rocks1 among :i* basalt pr$om9ates4 ,an exception occurs 9 ! case ( ! ,mono crat]s ne> ,mono ,lake1 ,cali=nia1 :i* 9 rec5t "t extrud$ a ?ick1 visc\s1 highly silice\s1 rhyolitic lava1 mu* ( :i* cool$ quickly & =m$ volcanic glass or obsidian4 ,9 addition to /reams & %eets ( lava1 _m volcanoes1 & especially ^? 9 a /ate ( explosive eruption1 blew into ! air quantities ( fragm5tal mat]ial1 su* z scoria1 bombs1 volcanic gravel 7lapilli71 du/1 etc41 :i* 0 scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! l&4 ,m or less ext5sive %eets ( ?is mat]ial1 9 _m in/ances int]/ratifi$ ) s$im5t>y b$s1 & especially ) ! /rata laid d[n 9 ,t]ti>y lakes1 or sep>at+ lava-fl[s1 occur widely ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,du/ %[]s ( ! nature j ref]r$ to h occurr$ at a rec5t date1 & ! f9e :ite mat]ial t fell is n[ f\nd at ! surface 9 a l>ge numb] ( localities1 rang+ f ,c5tral ,am]ica to ! ,yukon ,valley & f ,kansas & ,nebraska to ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ! addition ( volcanic rocks to ! surface ( ,nor? ,am]ica is 9 ! case ( ! ,columbia ,riv] lava1 :i* cov]s "s #bjj1jjj or m squ>e miles ( c\ntry 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & neighb\r+ ,/ates4 ,9 t region outwell+s ( highly liquid rock came f fissures & spread widely ov] ! surface z v]itable inundations1 :i* on cool+ became black1 basaltic rock1 b )\t =m+ m\nta9s or crat]s4 ,:]e ! ,snake ,riv] has excavat$ its magnific5t canyon 9 ^! /ill horizontal lay]s ( basalt1 a ?ickness ( #d1jjj feet is reveal$1 al?\gh ! /ream has n z yet cut ?r\gh ! =mation1 & 9 ,/e9 ,m\nta91 ,oregon1 a simil> s]ies ( lava-%eets ov] #e1jjj feet ?ick has be5 measur$4 ,! ,columbia ,riv] lava 0 spread ov] ! surface ( a deeply erod$ l& 9 a s]ies ( va/ ov]fl[s ( molt5 mat]ial4 ,! liquid rock cov]$ ! broad pla9s & ext5d$ into ! valleys 9 ! adjac5t m\nta9s1 giv+ !m level floors ( basalt4 ,m\nta9 spurs became capes & headl&s & out/&+ buttes 7 trans=m$ into isl&s 9 ! molt5 sea4 ,! lava s9ce cool$ & cry/alliz$ has 9 places be5 fold$ & tilt$2 /reams l ! ,columbia1 ,snake1 ,spokane ,riv]s1 etc41 h c>v$ great canyons 9 x1 & ! surface1 especially :]e x is /ill ne>ly horizontal1 has decay$ & yield$ a wond]fully ri* soil4 ,x is ! f9e1 ri* residual mat]ial ( ^! lava pla9s1 r$i/ribut$ 9 "p by ! w9d1 :i* furni%es ! basis = ! imm5se :eat indu/ry ( ! nor?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! extrusion ( molt5 rock f deep )9 ! e>? s z to =m volcanoes or fissure eruptions at ! surface is only a "p ( a widely ext5d$ & highly v>i$ process4 ,z geologi/s h discov]$1 p>ticul>ly 9 deeply erod$ regions1 by no means all ( ! fissures :i* p]mit ( ! =c+ upw>d ( molt5 mat]ial 9 !m rea* ! surface4 ,_m ( !m di$ out be=e com+ to ! light & fav\r$ ! production ( v>i\s =ms ( intrusion4 ,a fissure orig9at+ deep 9 ! e>?'s cru/ & ext5d+ upw>d1 p]haps ) _m bran*es & irregul>ities1 if inject$ ) molt5 rock f bel[ gives orig9 to dikes4 ,t is1 a dike is a m or less v]tical %eet ( igne\s rock :i* has cool$ & cry/alliz$ 9 a fissure4 ,su* %eets ( intrud$ mat]ial cutt+ across ! b$d+ ( /ratifi$ rocks1 or trav]s+ old] igne\s or metamorphic t]ranes1 are ( common occurr5ce & are frequ5tly abundant 9 deeply erod$ regions4 ,!y occur p>ticul>ly 9 m\nta9s ( upheaval1 ?us demon/rat+ ! fact t to a l>ge ext5t ! fissure :i* became inject$ ) molt5 magmas & p]haps gave orig9 to volcanoes1 are due to movem5ts 9 ! rocks compos+ ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! =ce :i* causes molt5 rock to rise 9 su* fissures also t5ds to prolong & enl>ge !m4 ,! heat ( an intrud$ magma affects ! rocks x trav]ses & produces :at is t]m$ contact metamorphism4 ,examples ( dikes 9 ! ,new>k sy/em h already be5 ref]r$ to1 & o!rs are common ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,:]e ! ,columbia ,riv] lava 9 c5tral ,wa%+ton has be5 remov$ by erosion1 hundr$s1 & 9 fact ?\s&s1 ( dikes are expos$ 9 ! t]ranes on :i* x =m]ly re/$4 ,:5 a dike ends above 9 horizontally b$d$ rocks x sometimes happ5s t ! inject$ magma1 especially if highly fluid1 is =c$ 9 betwe5 ! /rata & spreads widely betwe5 ! lay]s1 =m+ an intrud$ %eet1 :i* lifts a broad cov] to a height equal to its own ?ickness4 ,an example ( an intrusion ( ?is nature is furni%$ by ! palisade trap-%eet 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york1 :i* has a maximum ?ickness ( ab\t #a1jjj feet1 & is fully #ajj miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?4 ,! portion :i* rema9s is b a remnant & is seldom ov] #b or #c miles wide4 ,?is %eet 9 common ) its associat$ s&/ones & %ales has be5 tilt$ s z to dip we/w>d at an angle ( ab\t #ae degrees1 & its ea/]n bord] erod$ s z to =m ! picturesque ,palisades on ! we/ bank ( ! ,hudson opposite ,new ,york city4 ,_m o!r simil> intrud$ %eets are kn[n 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ! ,connecticut ,valley1 among ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 etc4 ,a m>k$ v>iation 9 ! process j outl9$ occurs :51 z ! controll+ condition1 ! intrud$ magma is highly visc\s in/ead ( highly fluid1 & ! friction ( contact & ( fl[ is greatly increas$4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! intrud$ magma exp&s less widely ?an is ! case :5 an intrud$ %eet is =m$1 & a ?ick intrusion results1 :i* lifts a small cov] p]haps to a great height4 ,intrusions ( ?is nature are sometimes exp&$ 9 _! upp] portions into a m or less mu%room %ape1 & f _! fanci$ resemblance to ci/]ns ( once molt5 rock )9 old] t]ranes h be5 t]m$ laccoli?s4 ,! typical examples are furni%$ by ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s 9 s\!rn ,utah1 describ$ by ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t4 ,o!r simil> intrusions 9 ,colorado h be5 /udi$ by ,:itman ,cross1 & yet o!r examples h be5 discov]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 ( ! laccoli?s 9 ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s1 n[ laid b>e by erosion1 ! ci/]n-l mass ( intrud$ mat]ial is #ab1jjj feet or m 9 diamet]1 "s #e1jjj feet ?ick 9 ! c5tral "p1 & lift$ a cov] ( /ratifi$ rocks fully #g1jjj feet ?ick4 ,:]e a dike ends above 9 old] rocks1 & p>ticul>ly 9 horizontally /ratifi$ s$im5t>y b$s1 9 a pipe-l =m1 simil> to ! conduit ( a volcano1 b )\t rea*+ ! surface1 ! unexp&$ or b slightly enl>g$ summit portion lifts a comp>atively small cov] into a dome1 & :at has be5 t]m$ a plutonic plug results4 ,all ! v>i\s phases ( intrusions ?us f> ref]r$ to1 x w be readily se51 are v>iations ( "o process4 ,! wide range 9 ! results produc$ are dep5d5t on local conditions1 ei!r 9 respect to t]ranes invad$1 z1 = example1 :e!r or n !y are undi/urb$ s$im5t>y b$s1 & on ! physical condition ( ! intrud$ mat]ial1 9 ref]5ce especially to its degree ( viscosity4 ,!re is an intimate & ev5 a g5etic connection betwe5 intrusions on ! "o h& & volcanic & fissure eruptions on ! o!r4 ,if fissures lead f portions ( ! e>?'s cru/ suffici5tly deep to p]mit ! rocks to become pla/ic or fus$ on acc\nt ( ! relief ( pressure due to ! op5+ ( ! fissure1 ! magma may be =c$ to ! surface1 becom+ m & m pla/ic or m p]fectly fluid z ! weight ^u x decreas$1 & volcanic ph5om5a result2 or if ! fissure fails to rea* ! surface intrusions ( v>i\s =ms may be produc$4 ,! simple/ =m ( intrusion1 ! dike1 results "u :atev] condition ! summit portion ( ! magma comes to re/4 ,a magma =c$ upw>d 9 fissures 9 ! e>?'s cru/ may meet moi/ rocks or ev5 res]voirs ( wat]1 & 9 su* in/ances /eam or gases are produc$ & a new =ce is add$1 :i* may produce explosions4 ,9 addition to ! intrusions ( ! v>i\s classes j ref]r$ to !re are o!rs on a f> l>g] scale1 examples ( :i* occur 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b z yet _! mode ( orig9 has be5 b little /udi$4 ,i ref] to va/ upwell+s ( molt5 or pla/ic mat]ial b5ea? ! m rigid portions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* elevate domes1 p]haps #bjj or #cjj miles or m 9 _! v>i\s horizontal diamet]s4 ,! great areas occupi$ by intrusive granite1 z ! "o f :i* ! ,bitt] ,root ,m\nta9s 9 ,idaho h be5 sculptur$1 are ( ?is nature4 ,^! regional intrusions1 z !y may be t]m$1 elevate m\nta9s 9 ! same g5]al mann] z 9 ! case ( laccoli?s1 b ( f> great] size4 ,to ! elevations produc$ 9 ?is mann] ,i h v5tur$ to apply ! "n subtub]ant m\nta9s1 9 expression ( ! idea t !y h result$ f v]tical uplifts1 due to ! upswell+ ( molt5 mat]ial b5ea?4 ,! ,metamorphic ,rocks 7,plate ,,iv74--,at ! contact ( ei!r s$im5t>y or igne\s rocks ) intrusive rocks ( :atev] =m1 su* z dikes1 %eets1 laccoli?s1 etc41 !re has be5 9 _m well-kn[n in/ances an alt]ation ( ! t]ranes p5etrat$ or uplift$ :i* is mo/ int5se along ! contact & dim9i%es at a di/ance4 ,?is *ange or metamorphism1 z x is t]m$1 consi/s ( an alt]ation 9 ! col\r1 texture1 h>dness1 m9]al & *emical composition1 etc41 ( ! rocks affect$1 & may be manife/ ?r\gh\t a ?ickness ( b a few feet1 or p]haps only a few in*es1 b ne> l>ge intrusions is apt to be traceable = scores or hundr$s ( feet4 ,9 ! case ( int5se contact metamorphism1 ! alt]$ rock assumes a new =m1 & may exhibit a cry/all9e & foliat$ or s*i/ose /ructure4 ,! *anges ref]r$ to are mo/ m>k$ :5 wat] is pres5t1 & are ?\ght to be due l>gely to ! influ5ce ( heat$ wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! rocks & produc+ *anges by solution & deposition4 ,! pr9cipal ag5cies :i* take "p 9 contact metamorphism are heat1 heat$ wat]s1 pressure1 & p]haps movem5ts )9 ! rocks4 ,!re are ext5sive regions ?r\gh\t :i* ! rocks h be5 *ang$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! alt]ations commonly f\nd adjac5t to igne\s intrusions :i*1 9 g5]al1 h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 "s o!r way4 ,?is regional metamorphism1 z x is t]m$1 has affect$ ! rocks 9 c]ta9 in/ances ?r\gh\t di/ricts measur+ _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles 9 surface ext5t1 & ) a v]tical range ( _m ?\s&s ( feet4 ,! rocks ref]r$ to h be5 *ang$ )\t fusion f a previ\s condition1 dur+ :i* !y 7 ei!r s$im5t>y b$s or cool$ & cry/alliz$ igne\s magma4 ,?is conclusion has be5 v]ifi$ 9 num]\s in/ances by trac+ ! ?or\ghly alt]$ rocks to regions :]e ! *ange has be5 less int5se & f9ally to :]e !y pass by ins5sible gradations into easily recognisable s$im5t>y or igne\s t]ranes4 ,common examples ( metamorphic rocks are mica1 s*i/1 gneiss1 /atu>y m>ble1 c]ta9 granites1 etc4 ,^! rocks frequ5tly h a foliat$ or fissile /ructure1 su* z x is presum$ w\ld result f a fl[+ movem5t )9 ! mass :ile "u great pressure4 ,*>act]i/ically also ! rocks are compos$ ( int]lock+ cry/als or portions ( cry/als1 :i* are n conta9$ 9 a glassy base1 z is ! case ) mo/ rocks t h cry/alliz$ f fusion4 ,t is1 ! metamorphic rocks are *>act]i/ically holocry/all9e1 :ile igne\s rocks are porphyritic1 or cryptocry/all9e4 ,! analogy betwe5 rocks alt]$ by contact metamorphism & ^? affect$ by regional metamorphism _h l$ to ! conclusion t ! latt]1 l ! =m]1 h be5 *ang$ by heat & ! passage ?r\gh !m ( heat$ wat] be>+ m9]al matt]1 & especially silica1 9 solution4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! foliation frequ5tly s *>act]i/ic ( metamorphic rocks is consid]$ z evid5ce ( a fl[+ movem5t or %e>+ ( ! mat]ial :ile "u pressure4 ,9 %ort1 rocks are alt]$ by heat1 especially if wat] is pres5t 9 !m1 by motion1 & by *emical *anges produc$ by p]colat+ wat]s1 & p]haps 9 /ill o!r ways4 ,! degree ( heat requir$ is n def9itely kn[n1 & probably v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! rocks1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( wat]1 etc41 b is c]ta9ly less ?an t necess>y to produce fusion1 & is ?\ght1 9 g5]al1 to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #gej deg4 ,f4 ,:ile heat alone is consid]$ z suffici5t to produce metamorphism1 x is probable t 9 mo/ in/ances two or m ( ! ag5cies j ref]r$ to h be5 9 op]ation at ! same "t4 ,9 ! case ( ! foliat$ rocks motion )9 ! mass seems to h be5 ! pr$om9at+ factor1 & dynamical metamorphism is consid]$ z important z heat metamorphism4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z is indicat$ r\ghly on ! map =m+ ,plate ,,iv1 metamorphic rocks occur at ! surface ov] a great region 9 ea/]n & nor!a/]n ,canada1 9 ,labrador & ,newf\ndl&1 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 & !nce s\?w>d along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,appala*ians4 ,o!r ext5sive regions occupi$ by simil> rocks occur 9 _m ( ! ranges ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 f ,alaska to ,panama1 & are kn[n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,n only d ! metamorphos$ rocks outcrop at ! surface ov] l>ge areas1 b1 z may be inf]r$ f su* outcrops1 z well z f ! records ( num]\s bor+s1 und]lies ne>ly ! entire ext5t ( ! s$im5t>y =mations4 ,! basal portion ( ! cont95t1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 areas :]e igne\s rocks occur1 is =m$ ( metamorphos$ t]ranes4 ,s g5]ally is ?is true1 t x is safe to say t if a bor+ is begun at any locality on ! cont95t :]e s$im5t>y b$s occur1 & is cont9u$ d[nw>d until ! s$im5t>y rocks are pass$ ?r\gh1 metamorphic t]ranes w be f\nd b5ea?4 ,! same is true also :]e ! surface is compos$ ( lava-%eets4 ,! exceptions1 :]e metamorphos$ rocks d n occur b5ea? s$im5t>y or volcanic b$s1 are :5 igne\s intrusions or anci5t lava-fl[s are pres5t at a dep?4 ,9 ! brief description giv5 ( ! ,ar*ean sy/em on a prec$+ page1 x 0 /at$ t ! rocks compos+ x are l>gely metamorphic4 ,b rocks ( practically any age may be alt]$ 9 ! sev]al ways m5tion$ above1 & ! result+ gneisses1 s*i/s1 etc41 be indi/+ui%able f ^? ( ! ,ar*ean4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! metamorphos$ rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z c]ta9 gneisses1 s*i/s1 etc41 ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 are kn[n to be ( ,mesozoic & ev5 ,c5ozoic age4 ,9 speak+ ( ! gr[? ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & aga9 9 connection ) ! di/ribution ( volcanic m\nta9s1 x 0 %[n t !re has be5 a progressive migration ( ! field ( action ( ! =ces :i* upheave ! rocks s z to =m l& areas1 & also ( ! movem5ts 9 ! rocks :i* produce fractures & lead to ! orig9 ( volcanoes4 ,9 a simil> way ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( metamorphism z indicat$ by ! age ( ! trans=m$ rocks 9 v>i\s regions has 9 a g5]al way migrat$ f ea/ to we/ across ! cont95t4 ,9 ! ,laur5tian ,highl&s ! metamorphos$ rocks are ( pre-,cambrian age2 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,appala*ian region !y are1 9 "p at lea/1 ( ,paleozoic age2 & 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,m\nta9s metamorphos$ ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic rocks occur4 ,z movem5ts 9 ! out] portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ may produce fractures 9 any class ( rocks1 & z su* fractures fav\r ! intrusion ( igne\s mat]ial1 ! metamorphic rocks may conta9 igne\s intrusions simil> to ^? not$ above 9 connection ) s$im5t>y rocks4 ,z ! /ratification s m>k$ 9 s$im5t>y b$s is lack+ 9 metamorphos$ rocks1 x is n to be expect$ t intrusions w take ! =m ( %eets1 laccoli?s1 etc41 b r appe> z dikes ) p]haps irregul> bran*es4 ,z ! same region may exp]i5ce two or m p]iods ( metamorphism1 x is evid5t t great complexities may arise1 z1 = example1 :5 a metamorphos$ t]rane is p5etrat$ by dikes & irregul> intrusions & aga9 subject$ to metamorphos+ conditions4 ,^! consid]ations lead to ! sugge/ion t rocks metamorphos$ 9 pre-,cambrian "t1 = example1 w\ld be apt to be m complex ?an ^? ( ,mesozoic date4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is has be5 f\nd to be true1 z is sugge/$ by ! fact t to ! pre-,cambrian metamorphos$ t]ranes1 z previ\sly /at$1 ! "n ,basem5t ,complex has be5 appli$4 ,summ>y4--,! relation ( ! ?ree great divisions into :i* ! rocks compos+ ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 common ) all o!r portions ( ! kn[n li?osph]e1 are divid$1 may p]haps be bett] und]/ood :5 x is rememb]$ t ! igne\s rocks came f bel[ 9 a molt5 condition2 t ! s$im5t>y rocks h be5 =m$ at ! surface f ! debris ( ei!r igne\s1 metamorphic1 or previ\sly =m$ s$im5t>y b$s2 & t metamorphic rocks h be5 produc$ )9 ! e>?'s out] cru/ by ! alt]ation ( ei!r igne\s or s$im5t>y rocks4 ,:5 ! heat :i* produc$ c]ta9 phases ( metamorphism is suffici5tly increas$1 great] fre$om ( molecul> & *emical *anges occur & ! mat]ial act$ on passes to ! condition ( an igne\s magma4 ,! ?ree great classes ( rocks consid]$ above are ?us se5 to be b /ages 9 a cycle :i* ! mat]ial ( ! li?osph]e passes ?r\gh4 ,! conditions :i* br+ ab\t ^! *anges are /ill 9 action & are intimately associat$ ) movem5ts 9 ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:5 elevation raises a portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ above sea-level1 erosion & r$eposition ensue & s$im5t>y rocks are =m$2 ! great] ! elevation ! m en]getically ! =ces act :i* br+ ab\t d5udation1 transportation1 & s$im5tation4 ,:5 depression occurs ( suffici5t am\nt to c>ry rocks previ\sly at or ne> ! surface into ! zone ( metamorphism1 alt]ations foll[1 & 9 g5]al ! deep] ! depression ! great] ! *anges until metamorphism culm9ates 9 fusion1 provid+ pressure does n c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,dynamical & *emical metamorphism may occur at less dep? ?an purely heat metamorphism1 & x may be presum$ takes place 9 ! axes ( m\nta9 ranges1 ev5 above sea-level4 ,su* a broad view ( ! relations & g5esis ( ! ?ree great li?ologic divisions ( ! mat]ial =m+ ! e>?'s out] cru/ is necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ! conditions obs]v$ 9 ! basal portion ( ! geological column1 z x is t]m$1 9 :i* ! age & ord] ( succession ( ! s$im5t>y rocks is indicat$4 ,9 c]ta9 localities1 = example1 ! ,cambrian rocks re/ uncon=mably on a surface ( metamorphic & igne\s rocks--t is1 ! ,basem5t ,complex 0 rais$ above sea-level1 erod$ & subsequ5tly depress$ be=e ! ,cambrian s$im5ts 7 laid ^u x4 ,9 o!r localities ! ,cambrian rocks pass indef9itely into metamorphos$ t]ranes b5ea?1 :i* means t metamorphism invad$ ! s]ies aft] ! deposition ( ! ,cambrian1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( its junction ) old] rocks 0 oblit]at$4 ,simil> relations may evid5tly be discov]$ at any horizon 9 ! geological column4 ,obvi\sly ! *ances ( a sy/em ( /ratifi$ rocks becom+ metamorphos$ or ( be+ remov$ by erosion1 are great] ! ne>] _! position to ! base ( ! s$im5t>y s]ies2 9 a simil> way ! *ances ( a s$im5t>y t]rane becom+ invad$ by igne\s intrusions is great] ! great] its age2 aga91 ! old] a s$im5t>y t]rane ! great] ! *ances ( its becom+ buri$ by subsequ5t deposition & ! less ! likelihood ( its be+ expos$ = /udy4 ,! only position 9 :i* a s$im5t>y =mation c ma9ta9 its integrity & be safe f de/ruction by erosion or trans=mation by metamorphism is bel[ sea-level & above ! zone ( heat metamorphism2 b ev5 9 ?is position x may h its di/9ctive features1 includ+ its fossils1 oblit]at$ by dynamical & *emical alt]ations4 ,^! sugge/ions are (f]$ = ! sake ( indicat+1 z /at$ on a previ\s page1 t ! ,cambrian & ,algonkian rocks %\ld n be consid]$ z ! fir/ =m$ s$im5ts1 & t !re is hope ( ! discov]y ( a ri* fauna ( old] date ?an any at pres5t kn[n4 ,9 ! se>* = ! e>lie/ evid5ce ( animal life on ! e>?1 ,nor? ,am]ica holds out fav\rable conditions4 ,,! ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,m9]al ,,sub/ances ,! mo/ important bran* ( geology treats ( ! sub/ances 9 ! e>?'s cru/ t are ( direct s]vice to man1 z1 = example1 build+ /ones1 coal1 iron1 petroleum1 gold1 etc4 ,only a glance c "h be giv5 at ! conditions :i* h l$ to ! orig9 ( ! mat]ials ( comm]cial value & to _! geographical di/ribution4 ,f ! mode ( orig9 ( ! pr9cipal classes ( rocks x may be reasonably inf]r$ t c]ta9 m9]als & ores w be develop$ or conc5trat$ 9 "o class ( rocks & n 9 ! o!rs4 ,to a great ext5t ! facts obs]v$ dur+ ! developm5t ( m9es1 etc41 su/a9 ?is pr$iction4 ,9 ! cool+ & cry/alliz+ ( igne\s rocks f a /ate ( fusion _m m9]als are =m$1 ! mo/ common be+ silicates ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 :i* are usually inclos$ 9 a glassy or cryptocry/all9e base4 ,! igne\s rocks h *>act]i/ically a highly complex *emical composition1 & al?\gh frequ5tly conta9+ ! metallic elem5t1 etc41 :i* are ( economic importance1 ^! are widely dissem9at$1 & 9 ne>ly all cases 9 *emical comb9ations1 z ! m9or +r$i5ts ( silice\s m9]als4 ,al?\gh ! igne\s rocks sometimes conta9 valuable ores1 !y are 9 _m1 if n all in/ances1 due to second>y enri*m5t & are n a result ( prim>y cry/allization f fusion4 ,z all ! mat]ial ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 at "o /age 9 ! s]ies ( *anges x has exp]i5c$ consolidat$ f fusion1 x foll[s t ! ores & m9]als n[ ( economic value did n !n exi/1 or 7 widely diffus$ & h s9ce be5 =m$ or conc5trat$4 ,! processes ( conc5tration ref]r$ to are c>ri$ on 9 v>i\s ways ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( me*anical1 *emical1 vital1 molecul>1 & electrical =ces1 act+ s+ly or 9 association4 ,= example1 conc5tration ?r\gh ! action ( me*anical ag5cies is illu/rat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* rocks are r$uc$ to fragm5ts 9 ! e-day process ( d5udation & ! result+ debris remov$ by /reams & r$eposit$4 ,9 ?is process an assort+ 9 ref]5ce to size1 specific gravity1 etc41 takes place1 & c]ta9 sub/ances1 z s&1 = in/ance1 is accumulat$ 9 "o locality1 & c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 z clay1 deposit$ 9 ano!r locality4 ,dur+ ?is process gold1 plat9um1 etc41 ow+ to _! high specific gravity1 may be conc5trat$ 9 /ream *annels4 ,! accumulation ( m9]al matt] ?r\gh ! action ma9ly ( *emical ag5cies1 occurs :5 ! wat]s p]colat+ ?r\gh rocks dissolves c]ta9 sub/ances1 z calcium c>bonate1 = in/ance1 & on com+ to ! surface z spr+s1 or dripp+ f ! ro(s ( cav]ns1 deposit calc>e\s tufa1 /alactites1 etc4 ,silica1 iron1 manganese1 & o!r sub/ances are frequ5tly conc5trat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,conc5tration ( previ\sly widely dissem9at$ sub/ances pr9cipally ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( vital =ces1 is illu/rat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* molluscs & polyps obta9 calcium c>bonate f wat] & deposit x 9 _! %ells or skeletons4 ,! "p play$ by plants 9 ?is same connection is %[n by ! way 9 :i* !y elim9ate c>bon dioxide f ! air or f wat]1 & conc5trate ! c>bon 9 _! tissues4 ,f ! c>bon accumulat$ 9 ?is mann]1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 deposits ( peat1 lignite1 coal1 graphite1 etc41 h result$4 ,:at may provisionally at lea/ be t]m$ molecul> conc5tration occurs :5 simil> molecules are br\ght toge!r l>gely by wat] & cry/alliz$ to =m m9]al species4 ,9 ord] to simplify ?is brief discussion z mu* z practicable1 ?is phase ( conc5tration w be includ$ "u ! *emical processes ref]r$ to above4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal me?ods by :i* m9]al sub/ances are conc5trat$1 namely1 ! me*anical1 *emical1 & vital1 h 9 ! ma9 diff]5t fields ( action4 ,! me*anical & vital ag5cies op]ate at ! surface ( ! li?osph]e1 al?\gh organic products1 pr9cipally c]ta9 acids1 desc5d into ! e>? 9 solution 9 wat] & play an important "p 9 deep-seat$ *emical *anges1 z 9 ! =mation ( m9]al ve9s4 ,! *emical ag5cies br+ ab\t ! conc5tration ( m9]al sub/ances bo? at or ne> ! surface & at a dep?4 ,! int5sity ) :i* ! sev]al ag5cies j ref]r$ to op]ate v>ies accord+ to conditions4 ,! me*anical ag5cies1 = example1 act+ ma9ly ?r\gh ! aid ( fl[+ wat]1 are 9 g5]al mo/ pot5t 9 humid regions & :]e ! l& is high above sea-level4 ,vital ag5cies dep5d l>gely on climate & are mo/ active 9 w>m humid regions4 ,! *emical ag5cies are influ5c$ l>gely by heat1 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 & by pressure4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t a high degree ( heat leads to ! dissipation & wide di/ribution ( sub/ances previ\sly conc5trat$2 fusion1 = example1 p]mitt+ ( ! intimate m+l+ or recomb9ation ( sub/ances1 previ\sly segregat$1 al?\gh dur+ ! dy+ /ages ( volcanic activity m9]als l sulphur1 c9nab>1 etc41 may be directly cond5s$ & ?us conc5trat$ f a vapor\s condition4 ,dur+ ! =mation ( ! ?ree ma9 classes ( rocks compos+ ! e>?'s cru/1 ! ag5cies lead+ to ! conc5tration ( v>i\s sub/ances n[ ( economic importance h to a great ext5t be5 diff]5t1 & h5ce 9 a m>k$ way ! /ones1 ores1 fuels1 gems1 etc41 to be expect$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree classes ( rocks1 respectively1 are di/9ct4 ,c]ta9 exceptions to ?is broad conclusion1 h[ev]1 arise f ! fact t rocks belong+ to ea* ( ! classes ref]r$ to may h be5 br\ght )9 ! influ5ce ( ! same or simil> conc5trat+ ag5cies & l results produc$ 9 ea* class4 ,economic ,importance ( ! ,igne\s ,t]ranes4--,! igne\s rocks1 z previ\sly not$1 are su* z h cool$ f fusion4 ,on ! cool+ ( magmas v>i\s m9]als are =m$1 mo/ commonly silicates1 & except 9 a m9or way 9 connection ) ! weak] /ages ( volcanic activity & ! sl[ cool+ ( ! rocks1 !re does n seem to be any m>k$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! conc5tration or segregation ( metallic m9]als or ores4 ,al?\gh igne\s rocks d conta9 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 etc41 & a l>ge v>iety ( ! r>] metals1 !y are widely dissem9at$4 ,z is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 igne\s rocks are 9 "s in/ances ( value = ! metallic m9]al1 gems1 & ores associat$ ) !m1 b 9 ! great majority ( in/ances at lea/1 & z a rule1 ^! m9]als & ores are ! result ( subsequ5t *anges & owe _! orig9 ma9ly to deposition f heat$1 p]colat+ wat]4 ,ri* ore bodies frequ5tly occur on ! bord]s ( igne\s dikes1 & 9 fissures & cavities 9 igne\s rocks1 b ! process by :i* !y h be5 =m$ is simil> to t lead+ to ! conc5tration ( m9]al matt] 9 metamorphic rocks1 & w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,! igne\s rocks !mselves furni% desirable build+ /ones1 su* z granite1 diorite1 porphyry1 diabase1 etc4 ,) ! exception ( granite & ! ne>ly relat$ diorite1 ^! h n z yet be5 ext5sively utiliz$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,c]ta9 ( ! igne\s rocks h be5 alt]$ to s]p5t9e1 :i* on acc\nt ( its pleas+ gre5 col\r & ! ease ) :i* x c be cut & poli%$ furni%es a /one valuable = int]ior uses4 ,x is also employ$1 usually ) a r\gh surface1 9 ! con/ruction ( ext]ior walls ( dwell+s1 gateways1 etc4 ,l>ge bodies ( s]p5t9e occur at a numb] ( localities 9 ! ,atlantic m\nta9s f ,p5nsylvania & ,m>yl& nor?w>d1 includ+ ea/]n ,canada1 & also ov] ext5sive areas 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,cali=nia1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,alaska4 ,! pr9cipal ores & m9]als ( comm]cial importance 9 ! igne\s rocks are native copp]1 z 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan2 copp] pyrites1 z at ,butte1 ,montana2 gold1 at _m localities1 includ+ ! ,treadwell m9e1 ,alaska2 opal1 :i* is m9$ on a small scale 9 ,idaho & ,wa%+ton4 ,9 practically all ^! in/ances1 & num]\s o!rs t might be enum]at$1 ! sub/ances ref]r$ to h be5 deposit$ f solution 9 cavities 9 ! rocks or h replac$ o!r sub/ances1 & are due to :at is t]m$ above *emical conc5tration4 ,economic ,importance ( ! ,s$im5t>y ,t]ranes4--,! s$im5t>y rocks are compos$ pr9cipally ( fragm5tal mat]ial d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( old] rocks transport$ & deposit$ me*anically1 & result+ 9 ! =mation ( s&/one1 %ale1 etc41 & ( organically conc5trat$ mat]ial1 su* z %ells & corals1 :i* =m lime/ones4 ,! deposits orig9at+ 9 ^! ways furni% excell5t build+ /ones1 ! pr9cipal classes be+ s&/ones & lime/ones4 ,^! occur widely ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 =mations ( all ages subsequ5t to ! ,ar*ean4 ,! s&/ones 7 deposit$ ne> ! %ores ( ! seas1 or 9 lakes1 & ! lime/ones pr9cipally 9 mod]ately deep oceans4 ,s&/ones occur l>gely 9 ! ,cambrian =mation on ! s\? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior & ab\t ! bord]s ( ! ,adirondack hills ( ,new ,york4 ,!y are usually r$ or r$di%-br[n rocks1 & _! pleas+ col\rs1 durability1 ev5 gra91 & ! read9ess ) :i* !y may be brok5 9 any direction make !m desirable build+ /ones4 ,! ,new>k sy/em1 ext5d+ 9 deta*$ areas f ,nova ,scotia to ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 conta9s imm5se quantities ( br[n & gray s&/one1 :i* h be5 ext5sively qu>ri$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,m>yl&1 & l>gely us$ 9 ,atlantic coa/ cities4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s & ,devonian s&/ones1 usually ( a gray col\r1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & neighb\r+ ,/ates1 are l>gely us$ 9 ! cities ( ! int]ior portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ext5sive deposits ( ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic s&/ones occur ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 & af=d a practically unlimit$ supply ( good build+ mat]ial1 :i* z yet has be5 b little utiliz$4 ,! col\rs ( s&/ones v>y f bright r$ ?r\gh br[n-yell[ to gray1 & 9 "s cases are ne>ly :ite1 dep5d+ l>gely on ! condition ( ! iron pres5t4 ,! r$ rocks are dy$ ) f]ric oxide2 ! br[n/ones conta9 iron1 frequ5tly 9 ! cem5t+ mat]ial t unites ! gra9s1 9 v>i\s /ages ( oxidation & hydration2 ! gray /ones may also conta9 iron1 b if pres5t x is 9 union ) organic matt]1 z ! f]ric c>bonate1 = example4 ,! ,cambrian & ,new>k s&/ones are prevail+ly ( "s %ade ( r$1 = ! reason t n en\gh organic matt] is pres5t to *ange ! iron to a c>bonate4 ,! s&/ones :5 ( an ev5 f9e gra9 & n too h>d1 are suitable = %>p5+ tools1 & l>ge quantities ( gr9d/ones1 :et/ones1 etc41 are made f !m1 z on ! ,lake ,huron %ore ( ,mi*igan1 9 ,ohio1 etc4 ,o!r s&/ones1 practically free f iron1 are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,! be/ example ( glass s& is ! ,sylvania s&/one ( s\!a/]n ,mi*igan4 ,unconsolidat$ s& is l>gely us$ 9 mix+ mort>s & cem5ts1 = smoo?+ /ones us$ = ar*itectural & monum5tal purposes1 z f\ndry s& 9 mak+ m\lds = ca/+1 & _m o!r ways4 ,seaw>d f :]e s& is be+ deposit$ we f9d 9 ! pres5t oceans t z a rule f9e blui% or gre5i% mud occurs1 & /ill f>!r seaw>d1 except :]e coral-polyps ?rive1 usually at a di/ance ( #ajj miles or m f l&1 ! bottom is compos$ ( calc>e\s mud or ooze4 ,! s& & mud are d]iv$ f ! l&1 & if consolidat$ =m s&/one & %ale4 ,! calc>e\s ooze is d]iv$ f ! life ( ! sea1 l>gely m9ute lime-secret+ =am9if]a1 toge!r ) %ells ( molluscs1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( coral isl&s or reefs ! h>d p>ts ( coral gr[? are add$4 ,t is1 ! calc>e\s oozes are =m$ by ! conc5tration ( calcium c>bonate ?r\gh ! vital action ( animals & to a less ext5t ( plants4 ,su* mat]ial1 if consolidat$1 w\ld =m ord9>y lime/one4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re are t]ranes scores ( hundr$s ( miles across 9 v>i\s directions & hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( feet ?ick t h be5 =m$ 9 ! mann] j indicat$4 ,f ?is mode ( orig9 x may be tru?fully inf]r$ t lime/one may h be5 =m$ dur+ any age s9ce organisms hav+ ! p[] ( secret+ calcium c>bonate exi/$ on ! e>?4 ,! lime/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica range 9 age f ! ,algonkian p]iod to ! pres5t "t1 & are /ill be+ =m$ 9 ! ocean & 9 a m9or way 9 lakes4 ,impure lime/ones1 frequ5tly col\r$ or cl\d$ ) r$1 due to f]ric oxide1 are qu>ri$ on an ext5sive scale 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee1 & are us$ = decorative purposes4 ,! ,t5nessee lime/ones ref]r$ to are ( ,paleozoic age2 9 ,florida por\s rocks1 kn[n z coqu9a1 compos$ ( imp]fectly consolidat$ %ells ( liv+ species ( molluscs1 are us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( build+s4 ,gray lime/ones susceptible ( a good poli% occur 9 ,ohio & neighb\r+ ,/ates & are utiliz$ to "s ext5t = columns & int]ior f9i% ( build+s1 b 9 ! ma9 ! /ones ( ?is nature :5 employ$ = ar*itectural purposes are r\gh-fac$4 ,va/ am\nts ( lime/one suitable = masonry occur widely ?r\gh\t ! ,mississippi ,valley 9 _m ( ! ranges ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico1 & are also ( imm5se ?ickness 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 _m in/ances lime/one has be5 metamorphos$1 z w be describ$ bel[1 & conv]t$ into cry/all9e m>ble4 ,comm]cially1 h[ev]1 all lime/one1 :e!r cry/all9e or n1 :i* is susceptible ( a poli%1 is t]m$ m>ble4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions calcium c>bonate is conc5trat$ at or ne> ! e>?'s surface by *emical ag5cies1 z ab\t spr+s :]e calc>e\s tufa1 trav]t9e1 etc41 are precipitat$1 & 9 cav]ns :]e /alactites & /alagmites are =m$4 ,/alagmite %eets are sometimes compos$ ( v>iegat$1 lam9at$ lay]s1 & :5 poli%$ produce a beautiful decorative /one :i* passes "u ! "n ( onyx m>ble4 ,deposits ( ?is "* ( comm]cial importance occur 9 ,arizona & ,mexico4 ,calcium c>bonate conc5trat$ 9 lakes ?r\gh ! comb9$ action ( *emical & vital ag5cies produces ! s-call$ m>l1 n[ ext5sively utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,9 ?is mode ( accumulation ! calcium c>bonate is dissolv$ by p]colat+ wat]s f ! rocks & soils & c>ri$ to lakes 9 solution2 x is !re precipitat$ l>gely ?r\gh ! vital action ( c]ta9 algae & deposit$ z a f9e :ite ooze4 ,?\s&s ( deposits ( ?is nature1 v>y+ 9 ext5t up to sev]al hundr$ acres1 & hav+ a dep? ( f a few feet to #dj & ev5 #fj or m feet1 occur 9 ! portion ( ! cont95t cov]$ ) glacial drift1 & especially 9 ! ,/ates f ,new ,engl& to ,m9nesota4 ,! reasons = ! great] abundance ( m>l 9 ?is region ?an else:]e are t ! glacial drift is !re highly calc>e\s1 num]\s lakes are pres5t1 & ! climatic conditions are su* z to fav\r ! gr[? ( c]ta9 aquatic plants1 & especially ! ,*>aceae or /oneworts1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( elim9at+ calcium c>bonate f ord9>y lake wat]s4 ,! importance ( ! vital ag5cies 9 conc5trat+ sub/ances ( economic value is illu/rat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* coal1 petroleum1 & natural or rock-gas1 etc41 h be5 =m$4 ,l& plants h ! p[]1 "u ! influ5ce ( light1 ( decompos+ ! c>bon dioxide 7c>bonic-acid gas7 ( ! air & fix+ ! c>bon 9 _! tissues1 ! oxyg5 be+ lib]at$ & r5d]$ available = animal respiration4 ,c>bon is ?us conc5trat$1 & :5 plant rema9s accumulate & are pres]v$ b5ea? wat] 9 swamps1 a sl[ *ange takes place & peat is =m$4 ,! ess5tial conditions = ! accumulation ( vegetable matt] h be5 pres5t on ! e>? ev] s9ce a l& flora exi/$1 & coal-b$s occur at _m diff]5t horizons4 ,! e>lie/ date at :i* l& plants seem to h be5 suffici5tly abundant to furni% mat]ial = coal-b$s 0 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,al?\gh a simil> flora exi/$ dur+ ! prec$+ p]iod1 ! ,devonian1 no coal-b$s ( workable ?ickness are kn[n 9 ! rocks ( t age4 ,s9ce ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod coal has be5 f\nd at _m horizons 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks1 & peat is be+ accumulat$ at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,map %[+ ! di/ribution ( coal 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! coal-fields ( ,nor? ,am]ica are m ext5sive ?an ^? ( any o!r cont95t1 except+1 p]haps1 ! at pres5t b little kn[n coal-be>+ =mations ( ,asia1 & are di/ribut$ 9 temp]ate latitudes1 f tide-wat] on ! ,atlantic to tide-wat] on ! ,pacific coa/s1 :]e ! greate/ comm]cial & intellectual developm5t has be5 rea*$4 ,coal ( ,c>bonif]\s age occurs 9 l>ge & valuable deposits 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick2 !re is a small area ( graphitic an?racite1 n n[ utiliz$1 9 ,rhode ,isl&2 b ! great fields are 9 ,p5nsylvania & ! ,/ates s\?w>d to c5tral ,alabama1 & we/w>d to beyond ! ,mississippi4 ,a deta*$ coal-bas9 conta9+ "s #f1gjj squ>e miles1 b a small "p ( :i* is productive1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 ! c5tral "p ( s\!rn ,mi*igan4 ,small coal-fields 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! fir/ to be work$ 9 ,am]ica1 are ( ,jura-,trias age & =m "p ( ! ,new>k sy/em4 ,ext5sive fields ( valuable coal ( ,mesozoic age1 pr9cipally 9 ! ,l>amie sy/em1 occur 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 ,montana1 & /ill f>!r nor? along ! same great belt 9 ,canada4 ,ano!r highly valuable field ( ,mesozoic coal is n[ be+ ext5sively work$ on ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,! coals ( ! we/ side ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 l>gely lignites1 b 9 _m in/ances ( high grade & s]viceable = /eam coal1 are mo/ly ( ,c5ozoic age 7,t]ti>y7 & occur 9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,alaska4 ,! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s coal-fields is indicat$ on ! above map1 & space w n be tak5 9 describ+ _! geographical relations4 ,peat is pres5t 9 innum]able swamps ?r\gh\t ! humid1 temp]ate portion ( ! cont95t1 especially f ,l\isiana & ,florida nor?w>d1 to ! region ab\t ! ,great ,lakes & widely ?r\gh\t ,canada1 b is at pres5t ( small comm]cial importance1 al?\gh /eps are be+ tak5 = its ext5sive utilization4 ,! mo/ valuable ( ! coal deposits are ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 & lie to ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! mo/ ( ! coal is bitum9\s1 or s(t coal1 us$ pr9cipally 9 g5]at+ /eam & = manufactur+ gas & coke4 ,! exceptions occur 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania & 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,^! are consid]$ z metamorphos$ coals1 al?\gh 9 ! ,p5nsylvania region !re is no evid5ce ( ! action ( a high degree ( heat4 ,9 ! ,rhode ,isl& field ! rocks associat$ ) ! coal are pla9ly metamorphic 9 "*1 & ! coal has1 9 l>ge "p1 be5 *ang$ to graphitic an?racite4 ,t an?racite may be ( any age1 h[ev]1 is indicat$ by ! local *anges t h occurr$ 9 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic coals1 :]e !y h be5 p5etrat$ by dikes & o!r v>ieties ( intrusions1 or h be5 alt]$ by surface lava-fl[s4 ,9 su* situations ! coal has lo/ ne>ly all its volatile matt]1 & 9 composition & 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 z 9 we/]n ,colorado1 9 physical "* z well1 is ess5tially an an?racite4 ,9 addition to ! v>i\s coal deposits ref]r$ to above !re is a second s]ies ( organic comp\nds f\nd /or$ 9 s$im5t>y rocks :i* consi/s ( hydroc>bon4 ,?is s]ies ( sub/ances includes natural or rock-gas1 petroleum1 mal?a or semifluid hydroc>bon1 & solid hydroc>bons1 su* z asphaltum1 alb]tite1 grahamite1 ozok]ite1 etc4 ,^! sub/ances are usually consid]$ z be+ ( organic orig9 & to h result$ f *anges :i* take place 9 vegetable & animal tissues :5 buri$ & 9 mo/ cases subject$ to heavy pressure4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! hydroc>bons ref]r$ to is ?\ght to h be5 d]iv$ f animal organisms1 an op9ion :i* is su/a9$ 9 an important mann] by ! fact t l>ge /ores ( bo? petroleum & rock-gas h be5 discov]$ 9 rocks :i* 7 laid d[n be=e l& vegetation is kn[n to h exi/$4 ,m>9e algae 7 pres5t1 h[ev]1 s t x _c be affirm$ t ! hydroc>bon ( ! e>li] ,paleozoic rocks came entirely f animal organisms4 ,x is highly probable1 h[ev]1 t a l>ge portion ( ! hydroc>bons /or$ 9 ,paleozoic & lat] /rata 0 d]iv$ f ! animals ^: h>d p>ts occur s abundantly z fossils 9 ! same or adjac5t b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,ideal section %[+ fav\rable conditions = ! /orage ( petroleum & gas4 ,besides ! conc5tration ( c>bon 9 plant & animal tissues & its *ange to hydroc>bons1 !re is a /ill fur!r conc5tration necess>y 9 ord] t /ores ( petroleum1 gas1 etc41 %all be accumulat$ s z to be ( economic value4 ,?is accumulation is dep5d5t l>gely on physical conditions4 ,! production ( hydroc>bons f organic matt] conta9$ 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 & p>ticul>ly 9 %ale1 is go+ on 9 _m regions1 & probably ne>ly ev]y:]e1 especially :5 ! s(t p>ts ( animals are buri$ 9 ! rocks1 b ! petroleum1 gas1 etc41 g5]at$ escape at ! surface & pass into ! air & are aga9 widely dissem9at$1 unless conditions are pres5t :i* lead to _! accumulation4 ,! conditions fav\r+ ! natural /orage ( ! sub/ances ref]r$ to are cavities1 or m usually por\s b$s1 su* z s&/one1 b5ea? imp]vi\s b$s1 su* z clay or %ale4 ,! conditions are /ill m fav\rable :5 lat]al z well z v]tical escape is cut (f1 z1 = example1 :5 ar*es or domes occur4 ,! mo/ fav\rable conditions result :5 a b$ ( %ale or o!r rock1 z a1 ,fig4 #ce1 f :i* hydroc>bons are be+ evolv$ occur b5ea? a %eet ( por\s s&/one or fissur$ rock ( any k9d1 b1 above :i* !re is a close-textur$1 unfractur$ /ratum1 su* z %ale1 c1 & ! s]ies is b5t along c]ta9 axes into upw>d folds or anticl9als4 ,"u ^! conditions1 z ext5d$ exp]i5ce has %[n1 a well drill$ at d %\ld yield 9 succession gas1 petroleum1 & wat]4 ,! conditions = ! production ( petroleum1 gas1 etc41 h be5 pres5t on ! e>? s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( life1 & res]voirs may h orig9at$ at any subsequ5t "t4 ,! olde/ kn[n res]voirs /ill *>g$ ) ^! sub/ances t h be5 discov]$ occur 9 ! e>li] ,paleozoic rocks1 j above ! =mations conta9+ ! olde/ kn[n fauna4 ,important petroleum & gas fields 9 rocks ( ! ,tr5ton p]iod occur 9 ,new ,york1 ,ont>io1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana4 ,! ,devonian rocks ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,ont>io1 etc41 also yield l>ge supplies ( bo? oil & gas4 ,mesozoic rocks ( ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 etc41 are also ri* 9 ! conc5trat$ hydroc>bon ref]r$ to1 & on ! ,pacific coa/1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,cali=nia1 rocks ( ,c5ozoic age are highly productive4 ,petroleum & gas may occur also 9 rocks m rec5t ?an ! ,c5ozoic1 b ow+ to ! abs5ce ( res]voirs1 & possibly ! lack ( suffici5t "t1 no important accumulations are kn[n 9 b$s m rec5t ?an ! ,t]ti>y1 unless !y come f a deep] s\rce 9 old] rocks4 ,! va/ quantity ( petroleum /or$ 9 ! rocks ( v>i\s ages 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is indicat$ by ! fact t 9 #aijj ! yield f ! wells ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #fc1cfb1gjd b>rels1 & f ,canadian wells ab\t #bhj1jjj b>rels1 mak+ a total ( ne>ly #fd1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,! /ores ( rock-gas are also enorm\s1 z is indicat$ by ! fact t a s+le well at ,baird/[n1 ,ohio1 yield$ ov] #ag1jjj1jjj cubic feet p] day4 ,9 #ahij ! av]age daily fl[ ( ! ,indiana gas-wells 0 #ggi1ebe1jjj cubic feet4 ,! value ( ! natural gas consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijj 0 #bc1fjf1dfc4 ,9 ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re occur also ext5sive & valuable deposits ( semifluid & solid hydroc>bons1 su* z mal?a1 asphaltum1 alb]tite1 grahamite1 u9tahite1 etc41 :i* h aris51 "u ! mo/ plausible explanation ?us f> (f]$1 f ! conc5tration by evaporation ( fluid hydroc>bons su* z petroleum4 ,! evaporation1 p>ticul>ly ( heavy petroleum1 leads to ! =mation ( a solid residue1 simil> to asphaltum4 ,9 fact1 !re is no def9ite b\nd>y betwe5 ! lighte/ naph?a & ! mo/ coal-l asphaltum4 ,!y =m a connect$ hydroc>bon s]ies1 analog\s to ! coal s]ies4 ,alb]tite1 a bright1 coal-l sub/ance1 exce$+ly ri* 9 volatile hydroc>bon1 occupies fissures 9 ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & a simil> b less lu/r\s m9]al1 t]m$ grahamite1 occurs 9 fissures 9 rock ( ! same age1 ne> a ri* oil-pool 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,o!r simil> deposits1 b usually wax-l & dull1 are f\nd 9 ,utah & neighb\r+ ,/ates4 ,asphaltum occurs 9 va/ quantities 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & also 9 ,cuba2 ^! deposits resemble ! celebrat$ asphaltum ( ,tr9idad & give promise ( be+ fully z ext5sive & valuable4 ,9 brief1 gase\s1 fluid1 semifluid1 & solid hydroc>bons 9 great v>iety are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica :]e ! surface is compos$ ( s$im5t>y b$s1 & 9 a few in/ances occur 9 cavities 9 igne\s rocks z well4 ,! influ5ce ( life 9 lead+ to ! conc5tration ( sub/ances ( comm]cial value is /ill fur!r illu/rat$ by ! b$s ( diatomace\s e>? :i* are f\nd 9 v>i\s portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica & else:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,c5ozoic & m rec5t t]ranes4 ,b$s ( diatomace\s e>? report$ to be #dj feet ?ick & ( wide ext5t h be5 f\nd ne> ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 & simil> deposits occur at sev]al localities 9 ,oregon1 ,cali=nia1 etc4 ,! uses ( ?is f9e1 :ite1 fl\r-l p[d]1 ea* m9ute gra9 ( :i* is a beautiful silice\s organism1 are = poli%+ p[d]1 z an +r$i5t 9 friction soap1 z an absorb5t = nitroglyc]9e 9 ! manufacture ( high explosives1 etc4 ,a class ( sub/ances ( economic importance :i* owe _! accumulation to *emical ag5cies act+ at ! surface ( ! e>? is well illu/rat$ by deposits ( rock salt & gypsum4 ,9 ! ,silurian sy/em 9 ,new ,york1 ,ont>io1 ,mi*igan1 etc41 sev]al b$s ( rock salt & gypsum occur1 indicat+ t !re 7 =m]ly a numb] ( sep>ate evaporat+ bas9s 9 t region4 ,! b$s ( salt v>y 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to ov] #cjj feet1 z at ,tulley1 ,new ,york4 ,at ,goodri*1 ,ont>io1 #f b$s ( salt f #f to #ce feet ?ick h be5 p5etrat$ 9 a s+le well4 ,) ! salt 9 ?is ! ,sal9a =mation !re are _m b$s ( gypsum4 ,9 rocks ( ,c>bonif]\s age 9 ,mi*igan1 o!r ext5sive b$s ( salt & gypsum h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,utah1 & o!r ,/ates1 salt & gypsum occur 9 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic rocks4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! deposits is b5ea? small isl&s 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico (f ! ,l\isiana coa/4 ,on ,jeff]son ,isl&1 = example1 rock salt 0 rea*$ rec5tly at a dep? ( #bfj feet b5ea? ,c5ozoic rock1 & 0 p5etrat$ = ov] #a1hjj feet )\t rea*+ ! base ( ! deposit4 ,! supply ( salt /or$ 9 ! rocks1 & ! natural br9es ( ! arid region1 su* z ! wat]s ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 af=d an inexhau/ible supply ^u :i* comp>atively small dem&s h ?us f> be5 made4 ,9 addition to salt & gypsum !re are o!r sub/ances t h be5 accumulat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 su*1 = example1 z sodium sulphate1 ( :i* l>ge b$s occur 9 ! desiccat$ lake bas9s ( ! arid region1 sodium bromide1 :i* is obta9$ f "s ( ! anci5t br9es pump$ f deep wells 9 ,mi*igan4 ,next to ! fossil fuels1 ! mo/ important products ( ! rocks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are ! iron ores4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 igne\s rocks are ri* 9 iron1 & 9 "s in/ances conta9 x ev5 9 a pure or metallic /ate1 none ( ! rocks t h cool$ f fusion c>ry iron 9 any =m 9 suffici5t quantities to be ( comm]cial importance4 ,mo/ ( ! iron 9 igne\s rocks is conta9$ 9 m9]al1 usually silicates1 & w\ld be difficult to sep>ate4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air & to p]colat+ wat]1 ! iron-be>+ m9]als ( ! igne\s or o!r rocks decay & ! iron ent]s into v>i\s new comb9ations4 ,:5 organic acids are pres5t1 & especially c>bon dioxide1 f]r\s c>bonate is =m$1 :i* is q soluble1 & is tak5 into solution by p]colat+ wat]1 "s ( :i* em]ges z spr+s1 & jo9s ! surface run-(f1 :i* may also take up f]r\s c>bonate 9 solution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common me?ods by :i* iron ore is accumulat$ is :5 wat] c>ry+ f]r\s c>bonate 9 solution =ms swamps & lakes1 & 9 _m in/ances z ! wat] is expos$ to ! air & aid$ by evaporation x p>ts ) a portion ( its c>bon dioxide1 & ! hydrat$ sesquioxide ( iron or limonite results4 ,:51 "u simil> conditions1 an excess ( organic matt] is pres5t1 b$s ( f]r\s c>bonate are =m$4 ,9 o!r in/ances iron oxide is precipitat$ 9 swamps & lakes ?r\gh ! action ( l[ =ms ( plant life4 ,! ores ( iron conc5trat$ 9 ^! ways are 9 _m in/ances 9 well-def9$ lay]s1 or l5ticul> bodies1 :i* are ?icke/ 9 ! c5tral portion & ?9 out 9 all directions4 ,_! =ms are det]m9$ ma9ly by ! %apes ( ! depressions !y occupy4 ,bo? f]r\s c>bonate & limonite1 h[ev]1 occur 9 irregul> surface deposits4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 bog-iron ores occur at ! surface 9 _m regions1 9 exi/+ swamps & ab\t spr+s1 b are seldom ( economic importance1 ow+ 9 "p to ! great abundance ( bett] ores4 ,limonite occurs at ! surface also1 hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 cavities & z a cem5t = loose fragm5ts1 p>ticul>ly on ! wea!r$ outcrops ( =mations ri* 9 iron4 ,:5 rocks conta9 b a fraction ( #a p] c5t ( iron1 ! soil on _! wea!r$ outcrops1 ow+ to ! removal ( ! m soluble +r$i5ts & ! leav+ ( ! less soluble oxidiz$ iron1 h a yell[1 br[n1 or r$ col\r1 & 9 "s in/ances ?is process ( conc5tration has produc$ workable iron ore4 ,limonite & e>?y hematites occur widely ?r\gh\t ! ,appala*ian region1 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 & we/w>d to ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,"o ( ! mo/ productive =mations is ! ,cl9ton1 a division ( ! ,silurian1 ! outcrop ( :i* ext5ds 9 a ne>ly cont9u\s b& f ,alabama1 :]e at ,birm+ham1 etc41 x is ext5sively work$1 nor?w>d along ! we/ side ( ! ,appala*ians to c5tral ,new ,york1 & !nce we/w>d to ,ohio1 & appe>s aga9 9 ,wiscons94 ,at _m localities ?r\gh\t ?is belt1 "s #a1cjj miles 9 l5g?1 iron furnaces h be5 built1 al?\gh n[ mo/ly ab&on$1 ! ore supply be+ ! wea!r$ outcrop ( ! ,cl9ton lime/one4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,p5nsylvania & neighb\r+ ,/ates to ! s\? & we/1 lay]s ( f]r\s c>bonate1 =m$ :5 !re 0 an excess ( organic matt] pres5t1 t]m$ black-b& ore & kidney ore1 occur4 ,! =m] is pres5t z regul> /rata & ! latt] 9 oval concretion>y masses4 ,^! ores1 al?\gh n z ri* 9 iron & less pure ?an c]ta9 o!r & m abundant & m accessible deposits1 h be5 ext5sively utiliz$1 l>gely = ! reason t !y occur 9 ! same =mation :i* furni%es coal available = _! r$uction4 ,deposits ( iron ore accumulat$ 9 ! sev]al ways ref]r$ to above may be metamorphos$ & *ang$ to hematite & magnetite4 ,! ri*e/ iron ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica are ( ?is nature1 & w be ref]r$ to bel[ 9 connection ) o!r sub/ances ( economic importance conta9$ 9 ! metamorphic rocks4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r sub/ances 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica ( economic importance :i* owe _! value to "s process ( conc5tration4 ,c]ta9 rocks1 z ! s-call$ gre5s&s or m>ls ( ea/]n ,new ,j]sey1 conta9 f #c to #aj p] c5t ( pota%1 :i* makes !m valuable f]tiliz]s4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! conc5tration took place on ! floor ( ! sea1 ?r\gh ! action ( decompos+ organic matt]1 & ! pota%-be>+ m9]al ( ! gre5s&1 namely1 glauconite1 0 deposit$ 9 ! int]iors ( ! m9ute te/s ( =am9if]a4 ,! importance ( ?is mat]ial is indicat$ by ! fact t ! gre5s&s ( ,new ,j]sey h be5 actively work$ = m ?an half a c5tury1 ! annual products dur+ _m ye>s be+ upw>d ( #ajj1jjj tons4 ,ext5sive areas 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,florida1 etc41 und]laid by rocks ( ,c5ozoic age1 are ri* 9 phosphatic nodules1 :i* h be5 d]iv$ f organic matt]4 ,! guano deposits ( ! l[ arid isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies illu/rate ano!r mode ( accumulation ( organic mat]ial useful z a f]tiliz]4 ,! assort+ ( surface debris by /reams & curr5ts has l$ to ! =mation ( ext5sive deposits ( clay :i* occur widely ?r\gh\t ! portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica :]e ! surface is compos$ ( /ratifi$ rock1 :i* is ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e1 bricks1 tiles1 t]ra-cotta1 ,portl& cem5t1 etc4 ,:5 rocks conta9+ gold 9 nuggets1 gra9s1 scales1 etc41 are dis9tegrat$1 & ! result+ debris remov$ by /reams1 me*anical sep>ation ( ! heavi] f ! light] mat]ial takes place & all b ! v f9e/ ( ! gold is conc5trat$ on ! /ream b$s4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ri* plac]s ( ! ,pacific m\nta9 region f ,cali=nia to ,alaska h orig9at$4 ,! g5]al nature ( ! ore bodies =m$ ?r\gh ! action ( *emical ag5cies 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 by solution & r$eposition1 is illu/rat$ by ! lead & z9c ores ( ,wiscons91 ,miss\ri1 ! silv]-be>+ lodes ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 etc4 ,9 ! case ( ! lead & z9c deposits ! ores occupy ! int]spaces betwe5 brok5 s$im5t>y b$s or l9e cav]ns4 ,"u ! be/ explanation ( ! orig9 ( ^! deposits t has be5 (f]$1 al?\gh c]ta9 modifications ( ! g5]al hypo!sis h be5 sugge/$ :i* x is n necess>y to consid] at l5g? at ?is "t1 ! lead & z9c are consid]$ to h be5 at "o "t widely di/ribut$ 9 ! adjac5t s$im5t>y rocks1 ma9ly lime/one1 & to h be5 tak5 9 solution by p]colat+ wat]s & c>ri$ to cavities :]e !y 7 precipitat$1 toge!r ) v>i\s o!r m9]al sub/ances1 su* z calcium c>bonate or calcite1 b>ium sulphate or b>ite1 c>bonate ( calcium & magnesium or dolomite1 etc4 ,! m9]als conta9+ lead are pr9cipally gal5ite or lead sulphate1 c]ussite or lead c>bonate2 :ile ! z9c is conta9$ 9 ! m9]als1 sphal]ite or z9c sulphide1 calam9e or z9c silicate1 smi?sonite or z9c c>bonate1 etc4 ,^! m9]als1 includ+ bo? ^? conta9+ lead & z9c1 & ^? intimately associat$ ) !m :i* are at pres5t ( no comm]cial value1 are su* z are kn[n to cry/allize f solution )\t ! aid ( high temp]atures4 ,9 ! ,miss\ri lead & z9c di/ricts ! ore deposits occur ne> ! surface1 ! dep? ( ! pres5t work+ seldom exce$+ #aej or #bjj feet1 &1 z ne>ly z c be judg$1 h be5 =m$ by ! d[nw>d transf] ( m9]al matt] ?r\gh ! process ( solution & recry/allization1 z ! surface ( ! l& has be5 l[]$ by *emical & me*anical d5udation4 ,_m ( ! ri* silv]-m9es ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s occur 9 fissures & cavities 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 ma9ly lime/one4 ,in/ances ( ?is nature are furni%$ by c]ta9 m9es 9 nor!a/]n ,mexico1 :]e ! ore is f\nd 9 cavities 9 ,cretace\s lime/one2 at ,leadville & ,asp51 ,colorado2 ,big & ,little ,cottonwood canyons1 & ! ,horn silv]-m9e1 ,utah1 :]e ! pr9cipal c\ntry rock is ,c>bonif]\s lime/one2 ! ,eureka di/rict1 ,nevada1 :]e ! ore occurs 9 cavities 9 ,cambrian lime/one4 ,9 ! case ( sev]al ( ^! m9es1 igne\s rock is ne> at h&1 & ! ores are believ$ to owe _! conc5tration l>gely to ! action ( heat$ wat]s4 ,9 o!r regions deep fissures1 occupi$ 9 "p by dikes ( igne\s rock1 h p]mitt$ ( ! asc5t ( wat] *>g$ ) m9]al matt] f f> bel[ ! surface2 su* wat]s are heat$1 9 "p by ! g5]al heat ( ! e>?'s int]ior1 or1 if 9 association ) dikes1 by ! heat ( ! once molt5 intrud$ rock4 ,! asc5d+ hot wat] is an active solv5t1 & z x rises becomes cool$1 & = ?is & o!r reasons precipitates _m m9]al sub/ances4 ,ve9s are ?us =m$1 :i* are _m times b&$--t is1 result f ! fill+ ( fissures by ! successive deposition ( m9]als ( v>i\s k9ds on _! walls1 ea* diff]5t lay] ( m9]als indicat+ a *ange 9 conditions4 ,fissures fill$ 9 ?is mann] f bel[1 z d5udation progresses1 become expos$ at ! surface & reconc5tration ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( dis9tegration & decay1 & ( solution & r$eposition by desc5d+ wat] takes place4 ,ore bodies ( ?is "* c>ry+ gold1 silv]1 m]cury1 etc41 are ( wide occurr5ce1 especially 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 b ! process ( conc5tration is indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! c\ntry rock4 ,segregat$ & fissure ve9s occur 9 ei!r igne\s1 s$im5t>y1 or metamorphic t]ranes1 b are m commonly ( economic importance 9 ! metamorphic rocks ?an else:]e1 & w be ref]r$ to aga9 9 t connection4 ,economic ,importance ( ! ,metamorphic ,t]ranes4--,! great laboratory 9 :i* rocks und]go important *anges 9 _! physical condition & 9 m9]alogical & *emical composition1 is :at has be5 t]m$ on a previ\s page ! zone ( metamorphism4 ,! dep? ( ! upp] limit ( ?is zone is v>iable1 dep5d5t 9 "p on ! nature ( ! rocks & on movem5ts )9 !m1 z is ! case ( m\nta9 build+4 ,9 fact1 !re is probably no well-def9$ limit to ! zone ei!r above or bel[1 z 9 ! =m] direction metamorphism m]ges by gradations into alt]ation produc$ by ! desc5t ( surface wat]1 & 9 ! latt] direction z heat increases passes aga91 z we imag9e1 by ins5sible & irregul> gradations into a region :]e ! rocks are s highly heat$ t diffusion r ?an conc5tration results4 ,:e!r ! rocks bel[ ! zone ( metamorphism are fus$ or n dep5ds on pressure4 ,!y are probably solid1 b 9 a pot5tially pla/ic condition1 & become fus$ & may be =c$ upw>d ?r\gh fissures 9 ! condition ( igne\s magmas :5 pressure is reliev$4 ,! zone ( metamorphism lies betwe5 a sup]ior zone :]e alt]ation by desc5d+ wat] is dom9ant1 & a l[] region :]e alt]ation due ma9ly to heat is 9 control4 ,9 ! zone ( metamorphism ! influ5ce ( heat$ p]colat+ wat]s1 comb9$ ) movem5ts 9 ! rocks1 are ! pr9cipal factors :i* lead to ! conc5tration ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( p]colat+1 heat$ wat]s1 new m9]als are =m$ 9 s$im5t>y or igne\s rocks1 & rocks once metamorphos$ may und]go additional *anges4 ,m9]al matt] previ\sly widely dissem9at$ ?r\gh rocks is1 "u ! action ( p]colat+1 heat$ wat]1 br\ght toge!r & ! reg5]ation & cry/allization ( a l>ge v>iety ( ores & m9]als result4 ,! bir?place ( a l>ge v>iety ( ores & m9]als is 9 ! zone ( metamorphism4 ,x is 9 metamorphic rocks t ! geologi/ looks = gems1 ! preci\s metals1 cry/all9e m>ble1 magnetic iron1 etc4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 ! native metals & ores ( ! preci\s & _m ( ! common metals are too widely dissem9at$ 9 ! metamorphic rocks to be ( comm]cial importance1 & a /ill fur!r conc5tration1 pr9cipally 9 fissures & o!r cavities1 is necess>y be=e !y c be ( value to man4 ,?is second>y conc5tration is mu* ! same z 9 ! case ( ! deposition ( lead & z9c ores 9 cavities 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 & results l>gely f ! solution & r$eposition1 sometimes by replacem5t1 ( m9]al matt] by heat$ wat]s4 ,c]ta9 ores & rocks conta9$ 9 metamorphic t]ranes owe _! conc5tration to previ\sly act+ processes ( conc5tration1 b h und]gone *emical *anges 9 place4 ,illu/rations ( ?is class ( ores1 etc41 are furni%$ by ! magnetite & hematite conta9$ 9 ! metamorphic rocks on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,appala*ians1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ea/]n ,canada1 & ! ,lake ,sup]ior region4 ,^! ore bodies1 frequ5tly ( great size1 9 "s in/ances furni% evid5ce ( hav+ be5 orig9ally l5ticul> masses ( bog-iron ore1 or f]ric c>bonate1 associat$ ) s$im5t>y b$s1 & orig9ally conc5trat$1 z already m5tion$1 at ! surface ?r\gh ! action ( wat] *>g$ ) c>bon dioxide1 b pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( heat h be5 *ang$ to a high] degree ( oxidation & n[ appe> z hematite1 z1 = example1 9 ! iron di/ricts ( ! nor!rn portions ( ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 & ! ,oz>k ,hills1 or /ill fur!r alt]$ z 9 ! ri*e/ ( all iron ores1 magnetite1 s abundant 9 ! metamorphic rocks ( ! ,appala*ian region1 ab\t ! ,adirondack hills1 widely & 9 ext5sive bodies 9 ea/]n ,canada1 ab\t ! s\? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 9 ,texas1 etc4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances1 z has be5 %[n by ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise & o!rs1 hematite ore1 l t ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 has result$ f ! alt]ation ( f]r\s c>bonate :i* _h replac$ lime/one by a *emical process ( solution & d\ble decomposition4 ,z bodies ( iron ore 9 ! =m ( ! c>bonate1 or limonite1 may occur 9 rocks ( any age1 & z rocks ( any age may be metamorphos$1 x foll[s t hematite & magnetite may be pres5t 9 any =mation :i* has be5 subject$ to metamorphos+ conditions4 ,lime/one :5 metamorphos$ is *ang$ to a cry/all9e m>ble1 frequ5tly :ite 9 col\r ow+ to ! dissipation ( its previ\sly conta9$ organic matt]4 ,! :ite m>bles s ext5sively utiliz$ 9 ,georgia1 ,v]mont1 etc41 are ( ?is nature4 ,o!r simil> metamorphos$ lay]s occur 9 sev]al ( ! ranges ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s f ,mexico to ,alaska4 ,! influ5ce ( metamorphism on deposits ( coal :5 ! heat has be5 ( mod]ate int5sity s]ves to drive (f a l>ge "p ( ! volatile matt] pres5t & conv]ts ! coal into a sub/ance resembl+ coke1 z has happ5$ adjac5t to dikes or intrud$ %eets ( igne\s rock 9 ! ,ri*mond coal-field1 ,virg9ia1 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,wa%+ton1 etc4 ,:5 ! heat is some:at m int5se1 ! coal is *ang$ to :at is t]m$ graphitic an?racite1 z 9 ! ,rhode ,isl& coal-fields1 & :5 /ill great] or long-cont9u$1 results 9 ! production ( graphite1 z 9 ! ,algonkian rocks ab\t ! ,adirondack hills & ov] a wide region 9 ea/]n ,canada4 ,an important result ( metamorphism is ! production ( new m9]als 9 ! rocks act$ on4 ,_m ( ! metamorphic t]ranes consi/ ess5tially ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! re>rangem5t ( ! m9]al matt] conta9$ 9 ! rocks dur+ _! previ\s /ate4 ,besides ^! con/itu5t m9]als !re are frequ5tly o!rs pres5t1 su* z ! g>nets1 t\rmal9e1 em]ald1 sapphire1 corundum1 etc41 :i* are ( economic importance4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances ! m9]als ( metamorphic rocks are conta9$ 9 ve9s ( "o class or ano!r1 9 "p result+ f segregation 9 ! rocks !mselves :ile yet 9 a heat$ condition1 & 9 "p deposit$ 9 fissures or o!r op5+s z a result ( second>y conc5tration ?r\gh ! action ( heat$ wat]s4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9]als conc5trat$ 9 ! metamorphic rocks & ^? deposit$ 9 cavities 9 unalt]$ s$im5t>y b$s seems to be t 9 ! =m] in/ance ! p]colat+ wat] :i* c>ri$ ! mat]ial 9 solution _h a high] temp]ature ?an 9 ! latt] case4 ,among ! num]\s m9]al sub/ances ( value 9 ! arts1 occurr+ 9 ! metamorphic t]ranes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 o!r ?an build+ /ones & ! previ\sly conc5trat$ deposits1 su* z iron ore1 graphite1 etc41 m5tion c only be made at pres5t ( ! foll[+3 ,mica1 :i* is us$ 9 ?9 %eets = ! w9d[s ( /oves & furnaces1 & :5 gr\nd & m+l$ ) o!r sub/ances furni%es a good insulat+ mat]ial = electric wires1 firepro(+1 & also us$ z a lubricant1 etc41 occurs 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! metamorphic rocks ( ,new ,hamp%ire & ,ottawa1 & less abundantly 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,wyom+1 ,idaho1 etc4 ,x is widely di/ribut$1 b to f9d transp>5t col\rless %eets ( l>ge size is difficult4 ,talc & soap/one1 consi/+ ( ! hydrat$ silicate ( magnesia1 & useful = he>?s1 mantels1 fire-brick1 l9+s = /oves1 laundry-1 ba?-1 & acid-tubs1 etc41 & :5 gr\nd1 employ$ z an adult]ant ( soap1 pap]1 rubb]1 & z a lubricant1 etc41 occurs widely 9 ! metamorphic t]ranes on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,appala*ians1 9 ,canada1 & at num]\s localities 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,! *ief c5tres ( production at pres5t are 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,v]mont4 ,asbe/os1 valuable on acc\nt ( its fibr\s /ructure & non-conductivity ( heat1 :i* make x an excell5t insulator1 & l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( firepro( pap]1 clo?1 etc41 occurs 9 connection ) s]p5t9e1 9 metamorphic t]ranes1 & is ext5sively m9$ 9 ! ,!t=d di/rict1 ,quebec4 ,corundum1 consi/+ ( alum9um oxide1 & hav+ ess5tially ! same composition z ! sapphire & ruby1 & a less pure v>iety ( simil> composition t]m$ em]y1 is l>gely us$ z an abrasive 9 poli%+ metal1 %>p5+ tools1 etc41 & also z s&-pap] 9 work+ wood1 occurs 9 comm]cial quantities1 l>gely 9 cry/all9e lime/one1 at ,*e/]1 ,mass41 9 ,georgia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & sev]al o!r localities4 ,al?\gh corundum is next to ! diamond 9 h>dness1 & !re=e highly fav\rable1 :5 r$uc$ to a p[d]1 = poli%+ v>i\s sub/ances1 ! dem& = x has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 dim9i%$ ow+ to ! manufacture ( an equally if n sup]ior mat]ial t]m$ comm]cially c>borundum4 ,among ! cry/als us$ z gems1 :i* occur 9 ! metamorphic rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica b ?us f> 9 m9or quantities1 & z a rule ( inf]ior quality1 may be enum]at$ sapphires1 rubies1 t\rmal9es1 g>nets1 qu>tz1 etc4 ,apatite1 a m9]al ri* 9 phosphoric acid1 & l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s1 occurs associat$ ) lime/one 9 ! metamorphic rocks ( ,quebec & ,ont>io 9 ! =m ( ve9s1 b$s1 & irregul> pockets1 & a few ye>s s9ce 0 ext5sively m9$1 b n[1 ow+ to =eign competition1 is held 9 res]ve4 ,by f> ! mo/ valuable ( ! m9]als & native metals t occur 9 ! metamorphos$ t]ranes is gold4 ,al?\gh ?is metal has be5 f\nd 9 pay+ quantities 9 association ) ne>ly e k9d ( c\ntry rocks & 9 t]ranes ( all ages1 ! place ( its orig9al conc5tration f a previ\sly widely dissem9at$ condition is to a great ext5t 9 ! zone ( metamorphism4 ,x occurs pr9cipally z native gold1 al?\gh usually alloy$ ) silv]1 b is frequ5tly conta9$ 9 iron pyrites4 ,9 ! cry/all9e rocks1 su* z gneiss1 s*i/1 slates1 granite1 etc41 x occurs 9 flakes & gra9s1 b s f> z its occurr5ce 9 comm]cial quantities is conc]n$ its deposition has = ! mo/ "p be5 second>y1 & ! metal1 usually 9 association ) qu>tz1 is f\nd 9 ve9s1 lodes1 contact deposits1 etc41 & owes its conc5tration to *emical ag5cies n well und]/ood1 act+ 9 connection ) p]colat+ wat]4 ,t ?is g5]al /atem5t is correct is cle>ly %[n by ! fact t gold occurs 9 cry/als1 flakes1 gra9s1 etc41 mo/ frequ5tly 9 qu>tz & iron pyrites1 :i*1 z c be %[n 9 a numb] ( ways1 h cry/alliz$ f solution4 ,! gold & its commonly associat$ m9]al 9 c\ntless in/ances occupy fissures & mu/ h be5 c>ri$ to su* localities aft] ! surr\nd+ rock _h be5 fractur$4 ,s intimate is ! association ( gold ) metamorphic rocks t ?is is "o ( ! ma9 guides 9 se>*+ = x1 al?\gh1 z already /at$1 x is frequ5tly pres5t 9 o!r rocks z well4 ,) ! dis9tegration ( ! metamorphic t]ranes ! gold is set free1 & may be /ill fur!r conc5trat$ by /reams s z to =m ! well-kn[n plac]s4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( bo? ! qu>tz & plac] m9+ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is 9 regions occupi$ by metamorphic rock4 ,?is is true ( all gold-m9es1 previ\sly q l>gely exploit$1 ( ! ,atlantic m\nta9 region f ,georgia to ea/]n ,canada4 ,! m9es ( ,cali=nia are also l>gely 9 s*i/ose rocks1 z are also ^? to ! nor?w>d1 ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 to ,briti% ,columbia & ,alaska1 includ+ ! rec5tly e/abli%$ m9+ di/rict at ,cape ,nome4 ,) plac] gold1 & probably d]iv$ l>gely1 if n entirely1 f metamorphic rocks1 !re are frequ5tly f\nd gra9s ( plat9um4 ,! annual production ( ?is metal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada has a value ( ab\t #e1jjj4 ,! /udy ( ! di/ribution ( native metals & ores 9 ! metamorphic rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica indicates t 9 g5]al ! old] rocks1 z ! ,ar*ean1 = example1 are less ri* ?an ! y\ng] t]ranes1 su* z ! s*i/1 etc41 ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ,m\nta9s4 ,?is seems to indicate t ! old] rocks 7 once deeply buri$ & _! m soluble sub/ances remov$ by asc5d+ wat]s1 & 9 "p r$eposit$ 9 high] t]ranes4 ,erosion has s9ce c>ri$ (f ! rocks :i* 7 m9]al-*>g$ & laid b>e ! deplet$ t]ranes b5ea?4 ,?is hypo!tical explanation ( ! g5]al pov]ty ( ! ,ar*ean rocks is c\pl$ ) ano!r consid]ation1 namely1 t ! y\ng] metamorphic t]ranes1 :]e !y h be5 elevat$1 z 9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 are m brok5 ?an ! ,ar*ean rocks1 & af=d m cavities 9 :i* m9]als may be deposit$4 ,:e!r ?is is a complete explanation or n rema9s to be demon/rat$1 b obs]vation %[s t ! ,ar*ean t]ranes--all ( :i* z yet discov]$ are compos$ ( ei!r metamorphos$ or igne\s rocks--are1 9 comp>ison ) y\ng] metamorphos$ rocks1 relatively poor 9 m9]als & ores ( comm]cial importance4 ,among ! economic products ( ! rocks are includ$ m9]al wat]s4 ,! direct comm]cial value ( su* wat]s1 n includ+ _! use = ba?s1 etc41 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ab\t #g1jjj1jjj annually4 ,! dem& = ^! wat]s dep5ds l>gely on ! m9]al sub/ances !y hold 9 solution1 & :i* 9 _m in/ances is 9 process ( transf]5ce f "o locality to ano!r4 ,mu* might be writt5 9 ?is connection 9 illu/ration ( ! fact t ! processes by :i* m9]als1 ores1 etc41 h be5 conc5trat$ are /ill 9 progress4 ,,lit]ature ,an ext5sive lit]ature is available conc]n+ ! geology1 m9]als1 ores1 etc41 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 b only a few ( ! m important publications c "h be ref]r$ to4 ,! num]\s publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 & ! ,geological ,survey ( ,mexico conta9 va/ am\nts ( valuable in=mation4 ,sev]al ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h indep5d5t surveys & h publi%$ num]\s reports4 ,( j\rnals conta9+ articles ( ,am]ican geology1 ! m important are3 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 publi%$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago2 ,! ,am]ican ,geologi/1 publi%$ at ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n42 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 publi%$ at ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,! publications ( a l>ge numb] ( le>n$ societies 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld also be consult$4 ,! mo/ useful bibliographies ( ,nor? ,am]ican geology are3 ,,d>ton1 ,n4 ,h4 ,catalogue & ,index ( ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 #agcb-ahia4 ,publi%$ z ,bullet9 ,no4 #abg ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahif4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b4 ,g5]al ,index to ! ,reports ( ,progress ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahfc-ahhd4 ,publi%$ by ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 ,ottawa1 ,canada1 #aijj4 ,,w>man1 ,p4 ,c4 ,catalogue & ,index ( ! ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 #ahhj to #aija4 ,publi%$ z ,bullet9 ,no4 #agg ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aija4 ,,weeks1 ,f4 ,b4 ,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 ,paleontology1 ,petrology1 & ,m9]alogy = ! ,ye>s #ahib-aijj1 ,inclusive4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9s ,no4 #ahh & #ahi1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aijb4 ,( ! num]\s g5]al treatises on ! geology1 ! foll[+ w be f\nd especially helpful to ! /ud5t3 ,,dana1 ,j4 ,d4 ,manual ( ,geology4 ,f\r? edition4 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,,kemp1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! ,ore ,deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,sci5tific ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,,le ,,conte1 ,j4 ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,fif? edition1 revis$ & p>tly rewritt5 by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild4 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,,m]rill1 ,g4 ,p4 ,a ,treatise on ,rocks1 ,rock-,wea!r+1 & ,soils4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,%al]1 ,n4 ,s4 ,outl9es ( ! ,e>?'s ,hi/ory4 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,aborig9es ,at ! "t ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e became kn[n to ,europeans1 z has be5 %[n by subsequ5t explorations1 x 0 inhabit$ by native tribes f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific & f ! extreme nor? to ,patagonia4 ,! aborig9es 7 di/ribut$ pr9cipally along ! coa/1 ab\t ! bord]s ( lakes1 & on ! m>g9s ( /reams1 b mu* ( ! int]ior 0 also inhabit$ or roam$ ov] by hunt+ & w> p>ties1 or cross$ by v>i\s tribes dur+ _! migrations4 ,l>ge areas1 x is true1 m especially among ! rugg$ m\nta9s1 9 ! great sub>ctic =e/1 & on ! trackless tundras1 _h no p]man5t resid5ts1 b 9 g5]al t]ms ! entire l& 0 inhabit$4 ,9 spite ( ! reports z to ! d5sity ( ! aborig9al population made by sev]al e>ly explor]s1 :o = ! mo/ "p foll[$ ! wat]ways1 visit$ ! mo/ ?ickly inhabit$ regions1 & saw ! natives :5 br\ght toge!r by motives ( curiosity or def5ce1 x is n[ kn[n t ,nor? ,am]ica1 consid]+ its va/ ext5t1 0 b sp>sely peopl$4 ,z to ! numb] ( ! inhabitants1 !re is no ev5 approximately accurate k4 ,! greate/ d5sity ( population1 s f> z c be judg$1 0 9 ! tropical region1 & decreas$ nor?w>d 9 a g5]al way 9 con=mity ) *ange 9 latitude1 b v>i$ also 9 a conspicu\s mann] 9 accord ) local climatic & topographic influ5ces4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! exploration ( ! ,new ,_w l$ to ! discov]y ( _m species1 g5]a1 etc41 ( plants & animals1 x also add$ two types ( man to ^? previ\sly kn[n to ,europeans4 ,! propriety ( sep>at+ ! ,am]ican aborig9es into two gr\ps ( tribes is bas$ on ! contra/s ! memb]s ( ^! divisions pres5t n only 9 col\r & o!r physiological *>act]i/ics1 b on well-m>k$ diff]5ces 9 language1 cu/oms1 arts1 etc4 ,on ?is basis two v>ieties ( ! human species h be5 recognis$1 namely1 ! ,eskimo & ! ,indian4 ,! t]m ,eskimo1 =m]ly spell$ ,esquimau1 is ( obscure orig91 b is ?\ght to h be5 adopt$ by ,europeans f ! ,indians ( ,labrador1 :o ?us designat$ a nor!rn p liv+ on ! coa/1 & is said to mean raw-fle% eat]s4 ,! ^w 9 use among ! ,eskimos to designate !mselves is ,innuit1 mean+ p1 or ! p1 9 ! s5se t 9 _! own e/imation !y are ( m importance ?an all o!r peoples4 ,! t]m ,indian1 z is well kn[n1 arose f an error ( ! e>ly ,spani% voyag]s1 :o1 on arriv+ 9 ,am]ica1 believ$ !y _h rea*$ ,india1 & h5ce t]m$ ! natives ( ! new l& ,indians4 ,?is mi/ake has l$ to _m attempts to sub/itute "s o!r ^w by :i* to designate ! p ref]r$ to1 b ?us f> none ( ! t]ms propos$ has be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,9 ! pres5t book ! ^w ,indian is us$ to designate ! aborig9es ( ! ,new ,_w1 exclusive ( ! ,eskimos4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! ,eskimos & ,indians is %>ply def9$ ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & is indicat$ on ! map =m+ ,plate ,,vi4 ,orig9 ( ! ,aborig9es4--,! g5]ally accept$ conclusion 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es seems to be t man rea*$ ?is cont95t :ile ! peoples ( ! ,old ,_w 7 yet 9 a primitive condition1 & at a "t :5 ! highe/ /age ( culture 0 express$ by ! knife & spe>-po9t ( *ipp$ /one1 & develop$ indep5d5tly 9 accord ) ! natural conditions ) :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,m ?an ?is1 once plant$1 ! orig9al /ock receiv$ b slight if any accessions by subsequ5t immigration4 ,?is la/ /atem5t is n 9 /rict accord ) ! conclusions rea*$ by c]ta9 e?nologi/s1 :o claim t ! use ( masks1 ! art ( c>v+ on wood1 /one1 ivory1 etc41 ! practise ( tattoo+1 ! pres]vation ( human heads1 & o!r cu/oms practis$ by ! ,indians ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! two ,am]icas--& 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ext5d+ ea/w>d along l9es ( easie/ communication--sugge/ an influ5ce com+ f ,polynesia at a "t :5 ! peoples dwell+ on ! we/ bord]s ( ! ,pacific _h made a well-m>k$ advance 9 culture4 ,"s influ5ces on ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica com+ bo? f ,polynesia & ea/]n ,asia mu/ seem+ly be admitt$1 ! importations hav+ be5 by means ( /orm- & curr5t-swept boats & junks1 b ! evid5ce does n po9t to trade relations4 ,! mo/ t c be claim$ seems to be slight modifications ( ! arts & cu/oms ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 b n en\gh to make :at may be t]m$ an indelible impression ^u !m4 ,! l[ /ate ( culture ( ! orig9al /ock f :i* ! ,am]ican aborig9es 7 d]iv$1 impli$ 9 _! di/9ct subsequ5t developm5t 9 language1 arts1 etc41 indicates t man appe>$ 9 ,am]ica previ\s to ! inv5tion ( boats capable ( cross+ broad oceans4 ,! necess>y inf]5ce f ?is--if ! hypo!sis ( "o place ( orig9 = ! human race is accept$--is t migration to ,am]ica 0 by l&1 or at mo/ across n>r[ /raits4 ,! geography ( ! cont95ts mu/ h be5 m>k$ly diff]5t f :at x is at pres5t to admit ( ?is1 provid+ ! pro( t access 0 n ga9$ :]e ,asia & ,am]ica make a ne> approa* to ea* o!r at ,b]+ ,/rait is conclusive1 & at pres5t t evid5ce seems unque/ionable4 ,! pres5t /ate ( op9ion 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es is ?us express$ by "o well qualifi$ to speak ) au?ority4 ,at ! close ( a review ( sev]al l9es ( evid5ce ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell says3 ,?us we are =c$ to conclude t ! occupancy ( ,am]ica by mank9d 0 ant]ior to ! developm5t ( arts1 indu/ries1 in/itutions1 languages1 & op9ions2 t ! primordial occupancy ( ! cont95t ant$ates pres5t geographical conditions1 & po9ts to a remote "t :i* c be discov]$ only on geological & biological inve/igation4 ,antiquity ( ! ,aborig9es4--,! conclusions to be drawn f ! /udies ( e?nologi/s 9 ref]5ce to ! l5g? ( "t man has made 8 home 9 ,am]ica are qualitative1 n quantitative4 ,! "t is c]ta9ly long1 probably embrac+ t5s ( c5turies2 b h[ long no "o c /ate 9 ye>s4 ,?is claim = a great al?\gh indef9ite antiquity is bas$ on sev]al l9es ( evid5ce1 "s few ( :i* ! read] may f9d x pr(itable to briefly consid]4 ,a comp>ison ( physiological *>act]i/ics %[s t ! ,am]ican aborig9es h well-m>k$ diff]5ces f all o!r v>ieties ( ! human race4 ,?is conclusion is n bas$ on any "o special feature1 al?\gh col\r & "* ( ! hair are ! mo/ conspicu\s1 b on ! resultant1 s to speak1 ( _m attributes4 ,x is1 9 a measure1 a comp>ison ( ideal type-examples ( ea* v>iety4 ,:ile ea* *>act]i/ic t may be *os5 has individual & tribal v>iations1 & b few ( !m are p]haps conspicu\sly diff]5t f ^? p]ta9+ to ! peoples ( ! ,old ,_w1 yet tak5 toge!r !y cle>ly diff]5tiate ! ,am]ican aborig9es f all o!r v>ieties ( ! human species4 ,apply+ ! same pr9ciples to man t are us$ 9 ! /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( ! l[] animals1 ! only legitimate conclusion ! naturali/ c d$uce f ! evid5ce j ref]r$ to is t ! bran* ( ! human family indig5\s to ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 isolat$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to develop into a new v>iety4 ,! ,am]ican aborig9es are diff]5t f all o!r v>ieties ( ! human species because ea* m or less isolat$ community or gr\p ( communities ! _w ov] has v>i$ 9 its own way 9 accord ) climatic & o!r conditions1 & ! connect+ l9ks h be5 lo/4 ,! diff]5ces t h aris5 9 ?is mann] are s great t ! nature ( ! p>5t /ock is no long] det]m9able f its liv+ repres5tatives4 ,?is process ( developm5t among ! l[] animals is und]/ood to involve a great l5g? ( "t2 & ! inf]5ce is t man's developm5t is no exception to ! rule4 ,! evid5ce fav\r+ a great antiquity = ! ,am]ican aborig9es is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t :5 fir/ kn[n to ,europeans bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica 7 inhabit$ by tribes hav+ m or less well-def9$ t]ritorial limits4 ,if ?is population spread f "o or ev5 f sev]al c5tres x is evid5t t a great l5g? ( "t w\ld be requir$ = x to rea* all p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w & to become adju/$ to a wide range 9 climatic & o!r conditions1 z is kn[n to be ! case4 ,/ud5ts ( languages h %[n t ! mo/ endur+ *>act]i/ics ( man are to be f\nd 9 8 spee*4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a language outlive n only political & social *anges1 b ev5 physiological di/9ctions1 & are inh]it$ f a primitive /ock by all its bran*es4 ,we might reasonably expect1 !re=e1 t a /udy ( ! languages spok5 9 ,am]ica 9 pre-,columbian days w\ld be a sure index z to ! primitive /ock f :i* ! v>i\s tribes came1 & %[ to :i* ( ! _m o!r bran*es ( ! l+ui/ic tree !y are mo/ closely relat$4 ,turn+ ) ?is "q to ^? :o h made a critical /udy ( ! languages ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 & no "o is bett] qualifi$ to be> te/imony 9 ?is connection ?an ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 ! hon\r$ director ( ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 we f9d a def9ite answ]4 ,he says3 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes1 in/ead ( speak+ relat$ dialects1 orig9at+ 9 a s+le p>5t language1 9 reality speak _m languages1 belong+ to di/9ct families1 :i* h no app>5t unity ( orig94 ,to ! nor? ( ,mexico 7,plate ,,vi7 ! aborig9es are divid$ into #eh l+ui/ic families4 ,9 a l>ge portion ( ^! languages !re are tribal dialects n und]/ood by memb]s ( o!r tribes ( ! same family4 ,?us ! ,algonqu9 l+ui/ic family conta9s "s #cj or #dj di/9ct languages4 ,9 ! ,a?apascan ! div]sity is ne>ly z great4 ,! small] families pres5t simil> conditions 9 proportionate degree1 al?\gh !re are /ocks :i* speak b "o language4 ,f\r ( ! l+ui/ic families ref]r$ to ext5d into ,mexico1 b to ! s\? ( ! t]ritory occupi$ by !m o!r languages & dialects are spok54 ,e?nologi/s :o h /udi$ ! tribes ( ,mexico report #ai l+ui/ic /ocks1 conta9+ #ajh di/9ct languages1 among :i* !re are upw>d ( #fj dialects4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica a simil> div]sity 9 ! native tongues exi/s4 ,reclus1 9 8 great "w ,! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants1 /ates t 9 ! ,new ,_w #dej native languages are spok5--a numb] great] ?an t ( all ! languages 9 use 9 ! re/ ( ! e>?4 ,n only are ! ,am]ican l+ui/ic /ocks diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & fail to furni% evid5ce ( hav+ be5 d]iv$ f a s+le p>5t tongue1 b1 z philologi/s assure u1 no "o ( !m is analog\s to any language spok5 9 o!r l&s4 ,z is well kn[n1 a language is n creat$ de novo1 b by a sl[ process ( developm5t4 ,s9ce ! fir/ acquirem5t ( articulate spee* by man a succession ( languages has appe>$ ow+ to ! gr[?1 diff]5tiation1 etc41 ( pre-exi/+ =ms ( spee*4 ,x is a w>rantable inf]5ce1 !re=e1 t ! m>vell\s div]sity 9 spee* pres5t 9 ,am]ica c\ld only h aris5 by a process ( evolution involv+ a v long p]iod ( "t4 ,z ! ,am]ican languages h no aff9ity ) ! ,teutonic or ,semitic /ocks1 x is evid5t t ! s\rce or s\rces f :i* !y came f> ant$ate ! bir? ( ! olde/ p ( :i* hi/ory takes cognizance4 ,man mu/ !re=e h set foot on ,am]ican soil be=e ! spr\t+ ( ! l+ui/ic twig :i*1 aft] mill5niums1 produc$ ! cunei=m inscriptions ( anci5t ,p]sia & ,assyria4 ,! div]sity ( arts1 cu/oms1 my?s1 religions1 etc41 among ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 & _! diff]5ce 9 ne>ly all in/ances f ! analog\s attributes ( ! peoples ( o!r l&s1 also po9t to a long p]iod ( isolat$ developm5t 9 mu* ! same mann] z has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! case ( a comp>ative /udy ( _! languages4 ,! sk9 boats us$ by ! ,eskimos are widely diff]5t f ! bir*-b>k canoes ( ! ,algonqu9s1 & ^! aga9 diff] conspicu\sly f ! dug-out canoes ( s\!a/]n ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia2 /ill o!r v>ieties ( boats are peculi> to ! m s\!rn ,indian tribes1 & all alike diff] f ! boats us$ 9 o!r l&s4 ,l individuality p]ta9s also to ! h\ses ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 _! clo?+1 arms1 ut5sils1 basket-"w1 picture-writ+s1 etc4 ,"o is =c$ to recognise 9 ea* ( ^! arts or indu/ries n only developm5t 9 _m div]g+ l9es among ! v>i\s tribes1 b ! bir? ( ideas analog\s to ^? :i* arose 9 o!r l&s1 & _! indep5d5t gr[? "u special conditions4 ,all ( ?is1 & mu* m 9 ! same g5]al direction t might be discuss$ did space p]mit1 po9ts to a great antiquity = ! indig5\s ,am]ican peoples4 ,among ! nations ( ! ,old ,_w c]ta9 plants h be5 "u dome/ication = s long a "t1 & h v>i$ s greatly1 t ! wild species f :i* !y came are no long] kn[n4 ,?is is true ( ne>ly all our common fruits & vegetables & _m ( our fl[]s t 7 d]iv$ f ! ,old ,_w4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/ ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica 7 cultivat+ tobacco1 potatoes1 beans1 tomatoes1 squa%es1 maize1 cotton1 etc41 & 9 ! case ( mo/ ( ^! plants ! wild species f :i* !y 7 d]iv$ has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! argum5t t po9ts to a great antiquity 9 ! case ( :eat & ! pea* applies equally well to tobacco & maize1 & indicates t horticulture began 9 ,am]ica 9 remote antiquity4 ,at ! "t ( ,columbus1 ! ox1 %eep1 goat1 pigeons1 f[ls1 cat1 etc41 long dome/icat$ 9 ! ,old1 7 abs5t 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & ! llama1 turkey1 etc41 indig5\s 9 ,am]ica1 7 unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,^! /rik+ diff]5ces1 among :i* !re is n ev5 a s+le exception1 am\nt to positive evid5ce t contact betwe5 ! peoples ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w did n occur aft] ! inhabitants ( ! =m] em]g$ f savag]y1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 nev] exi/$ 9 ! s5se t trade relations 7 ent]$ into4 ,?is same l9e ( argum5t seem+ly ca/s grave d\bts on ! d$uctions already ref]r$ to conc]n+ ! importation into ,am]ica f ,polynesia ( ! practise ( tattoo+1 ! we>+ ( masks1 ! use ( labrets1 etc42 & indicates also t b slight *anges 7 produc$ 9 ! ,am]ican aborig9es ow+ to ! wreck+ ( ,asiatic junks on ! nor?we/ coa/4 ,ano!r factor be>+ on ! antiquity ( ! indig5\s ,am]icans is ! /age ( developm5t rea*$ 9 spite ( _! long & ne>ly complete isolation4 ,/imuli f )\t1 & p>ticul>ly contact ) m advanc$ peoples1 hav+ be5 lack+ or ( small importance1 inc5tive to bodily & m5tal activity arose ma9ly f ! desire = food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 & f int]tribal rivalry1 jeal\sy1 & w>4 ,?is process ( indig5\s developm5t 0 c]ta9ly sl[4 ,) man1 z ) ! l[] animals1 ! rate ( advance & ( specialization increases z high] & high] grades ( developm5t are rea*$4 ,= ! ,am]ican aborig9es to h atta9$ ! high] /ages ( b>b>ism at ! "t ( ! arrival ( civiliz$ ,europeans1 solely by self-gr[? & self-education1 is p]haps ev5 a /rong] argum5t = _! antiquity ?an _! diff]5tiation 9 culture1 languages1 etc4 ,^! sev]al l9es ( evid5ce po9t to ! com+ ( man to ,am]ica z an ev5t ( ! f> di/ant pa/--a "t s remote1 9 fact1 t x p]ta9s to geology r ?an to e?nology4 ,turn+ to ! geological records1 we f9d no au!ntic & well-atte/$ evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( man 9 ,am]ica ei!r previ\s or dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,f "t to "t s-call$ f9ds ( /one implem5ts 9 gravel & o!r deposits m or less def9itely det]m9$ to be ( ,glacial age h be5 made1 b 9 all ( ^! in/ances conv9c+ pro( z to ! age ( ! deposits1 or ( ! relation ( ! implem5ts 9 "q1 to !m1 has n be5 pres5t$4 ,c]ta9 discov]ies ( ! bones ( m5 & ( articles ( human manufacture f\nd 9 ,cali=nia h be5 claim$ to be ( ,t]ti>y age--t is1 mu* old] ?an ! ,glacial epo*--b m critical /udies1 especially by ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 h %[n t !y are decid$ly mod]n & p]ta9 to ! ,indians /ill liv+ 9 ! region :]e !y 7 f\nd4 ,9 brief1 all ! geological evid5ce ?us f> ga!r$ be>+ on ! antiquity ( man 9 ,am]ica po9ts to ! conclusion t he came aft] ! ,glacial epo*4 ,judgm5t 9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 %\ld be held 9 abeyance1 z ! se>* = evid5ce is z yet incomplete4 ,z ! problem n[ /&s1 ! orig9 ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es is n only unkn[n1 b no g5]ally accept$ or fairly promis+ hypo!sis z to ! l& f :i* !y came1 ! r\te foll[$1 or ! date ( _! arrival is to be f\nd among ! l>ge numb] sugge/$4 ,a cont9uation ( ! critical1 e?nological1 & geological /udies n[ 9 progress1 x is hop$1 w d mu* to cle> away ?is my/]y1 b at pres5t only small progress c be tru?fully report$4 ,culture ( ! ,aborig9es4--,9 ! classification ( peoples 9 t]ms ( culture ?ree ma9 divisions are commonly recognis$1 namely1 savag]y1 b>b>ism1 & civilization2 b ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ^! divisions are n %>ply def9$ & a wide range ( int]m$iate gradations is easily disc]nible4 ,by savag]y is und]/ood ! l[e/ grade ( culture & ( e?ics1 9 :i* social cu/oms are lax or want+ & tribal organization n attempt$4 ,9 ! condition ( savag]y p are )\t p]man5t homes1 d n attempt agriculture or ev5 horticulture1 h no dome/icat$ animals except p]haps ! dog1 & subsi/ on fi% & game1 includ+ molluscs1 small mammals1 & reptiles1 & su* se$s1 fruits1 nuts1 etc41 z wild plants supply4 ,! art ( k9dl+ fire is probably kn[n to all exi/+ savages1 b mu* ( _! food is eat5 uncook$4 ,9 ! /ate ( b>b>ism tribal organization may exi/2 "s =m ( religion is usually recognis$2 def9ite m>riage relations are ent]$ into1 al?\gh polygamy is commonly practis$2 p]man5t h\ses1 p]haps = w9t] use only1 are built2 clo!s are made f wov5 clo? z well z f sk9s2 ! plait+ ( baskets & ! art ( mak+ co>se pott]y1 frequ5tly highly decorat$1 are und]/ood2 ess5tially all ut5sils1 arms1 etc41 are ( /one1 wood1 bone1 or ivory1 ! metals o!r ?an ^? occurr+ 9 a native /ate be+ unkn[n2 & writ+ is unkn[n1 al?\gh pictographs may be employ$4 ,civilization implies a well-m>k$ developm5t 9 e?ics1 laws1 social organization1 in/itutions1 arts1 writ+1 etc4 ,"u ?is s*eme ( classification v>i\s divisions ( ! aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica at ! "t ( ! com+ ( ,columbus occupi$ ea* ( ! planes ( developm5t designat$2 b ^? frequ5tly class$ z civiliz$ _h n arriv$ at an advanc$ /age ( culture1 & c p]haps ) great] propriety be designat$ z semiciviliz$1 or1 bett] /ill1 be ref]r$ to ! highe/ /age ( b>b>ism4 ,"s ( ! native tribes1 z ^? ( s\!rn ,cali=nia & c]ta9 ( ! peoples ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 7 9 a /ate ( savag]y1 &1 9 fact1 h n advanc$ beyond t /ate at ! pres5t day4 ,a l>ge majority ( ! aborig9es1 z1 = example1 ! ,algonqu9s1 ,%o%oneans1 etc41 or1 9 g5]al1 all ( ! ,indians to ! nor?w>d ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 toge!r ) c]ta9 ( ! tribes to ! s\? ( t b\nd>y1 _h def9ite tribal organization1 p]man5t homes at lea/ = w9t] use1 9 "p practis$ horticulture1 & = ^! & o!r reasons are to be class$ z 9 ! b>b>\s /age ( developm5t4 ,! ,aztecs1 ,mayas1 etc41 ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica _h well-e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts1 built p]man5t & frequ5tly l>ge & elaborately decorat$ h\ses1 "s ( :i* 7 ( hewn /one1 practis$ horticulture ) ! aid ( irrigation1 _h develop$ a sy/em ( picture-writ+1 & 7 skill$ 9 work+ native metals4 ,^! & o!r advances t[>ds civilization 7 great & promis+1 b ! use ( iron 0 unkn[n1 & _! practice ( human sacrifice & ! abs5ce ( phonetic writ+ d5ies !m a place among truly civiliz$ peoples4 ,ano!r s*eme = ! classification ( peoples 9 t]ms ( ! highe/ grade ( implem5ts us$ by !m is curr5t "u :i* !y are plac$ 9 c]ta9 ages on ! assumption t man 9 all regions has pass$ ?r\gh an ord]ly sequ5ce 9 8 developm5t1 & t ! successive *anges are express$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! manufacture ( implem5ts4 ,"u ?is plan ( classification we h an age ( /one1 an age ( bronze1 & an age ( iron4 ,! /one age is commonly divid$ into two p>ts3 an e>li] or paleoli?ic1 dur+ :i* ! highe/ type ( implem5t us$ is fa%ion$ ( /one by *ipp+2 & a lat]1 or neoli?ic1 :5 implem5ts ( /one are %ap$ by gr9d+ & poli%+4 ,foll[+ ! /one age came "o ( bronze1 :5 a mixture ( copp] & t9 0 us$ = implem5ts2 & lat] ! age ( iron1 beg9n+ :5 ! art ( r$uc+ metals f _! ores 0 discov]$4 ,9 ?is s*eme a copp] age is sometimes includ$1 ) d\btful propriety1 h[ev]1 if1 z 9 ,am]ica1 ! metal ref]r$ to is obta9$ 9 its native condition4 ,"u ! some:at indef9ite s*eme ( classification j ref]r$ to ! ,nor? ,am]ican aborig9es1 inclusive ( ! ,aztecs1 etc41 previ\s to ! com+ ( ,european civilization 7 9 ! /one age ( developm5t1 al?\gh bronze 0 9 use among ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 & to "s ext5t _h f\nd its way nor?w>d z f> z ,mexico4 ,c]ta9 ( ! tribes /ill us$ implem5ts ( *ipp$ /one1 b 9 ! great majority ( in/ances implem5ts ( poli%$ /one 7 ! highe/ type kn[n4 ,native copp] 0 widely us$ = axes1 knives1 ornam5ts1 etc41 b iron1 except su* z occurs 9 meteors1 0 unkn[n4 ,! difficulty met ) 9 select+ any "o article or any "o mat]ial us$ by primitive peoples z a basis = _! classification is illu/rat$ by ! facts j cit$1 z x places ! l[e/ savage ( ,am]ica 9 ! same gr\p z ! ,aztec & ! ,maya4 ,obvi\sly1 9 ! classification ( peoples z ) ! l[] animals all *>act]i/ics %\ld be includ$4 ,,! ,,eskimos ,! extreme nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica is includ$ 9 ! circumpol> l&s describ$ 9 ano!r volume ( ! s]ies ( :i* ! pres5t book =ms a "p1 & ! ,eskimos z a p w !re=e receive b pass+ att5tion at ?is "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts to ! geograph] conc]n+ ! ,eskimos is _! peculi> di/ribution4 ,f *oice or necessity !y make _! homes on ! bleak1 inhospitable nor!rn bord] ( ! cont95t1 & d n ext5d inl& except :]e ! coa/ is ind5t$ or l>ge riv]s ent] ! sea4 ,9 all localities _! dwell+s are ne> ! wat]4 ,!y are ! mo/ nor!rn p on ! e>?1 & _! /ill great] nor?w>d ext5sion is *eck$ only by ! abs5ce ( l& on :i* to build _! w9t] homes4 ,_! pres5t inl& limit on ! cont95t is no d\bt det]m9$ 9 "p by long-e/abli%$ cu/om & by ! di/ribution ( ! animals on :i* !y h become dep5d5t = food1 clo?+1 fuel1 etc41 b ! *ief control =m]ly1 no d\bt1 m pot5t ?an at pres5t1 is to be s\ght 9 ! aggressiv5ess ( ! ,indians4 ,9 ,gre5l&1 ! arctic ar*ipelago1 & ?r\gh\t ! imm5se ext5t ( coa/-l&s f ,labrador to ,alaska !y h be5 isolat$ & )drawn f contact ) o!r peoples = a long p]iod ( "t1 & _! sl[ developm5t unmodifi$ by extrane\s influ5ces4 ,9 ,newf\ndl& & ,alaska1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 9 contact ) ! ,indians1 trade relations e/abli%$1 & to a limit$ ext5t an int]*ange ( ideas z well z "s int]m>riage has tak5 place4 ,?r\gh\t ! va/ ext5t ( arctic coa/ betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ,alaska1 z well z 9 ,gre5l& & on ! isl&s ( ! arctic ar*ipelago1 ! ,eskimo 0 ! sole inhabitant be=e ! com+ ( ,europeans1 & "o language curr5t f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,no o!r primitive p has su* an ext5t 9 longitude4 ,! reason = ?is peculi>ity is t betwe5 ! sea m>g91 :]e ! ,eskimo makes 8 home1 & ! s\!rn bord] ( ! sub>ctic =e/ & adjac5t prairies1 :]e ! ,indians h _! hunt+-gr\nds1 !re int]v5es ! tundra--a neutral gr\nd attractive nei!r to ! ,eskimo nor ! ,indian4 ,! "o ?+ :i* m ?an all else has enabl$ ! ,eskimo to ma9ta9 an exi/5ce & to ?rive 9 ! froz5 nor? is 8 discov]y ( a means ( obta9+ heat & light :]e wood is sc>ce--t is1 ! inv5tion ( ! lamp4 ,?is inv5tion1 z has be5 %[n by ,walt] ,hugh & o!rs1 0 fav\r$ by ! occurr5ce 9 ! f> nor? ( animals l ! seal & walrus1 :i* yield oil ) a high heat-giv+ prop]ty4 ,9 ,alaska ! ,eskimo /ock is brok5 into sev]al tribes speak+ div]se dialects4 ,( ^!1 two ma9 subgr\ps are di/+ui%$1 namely1 ,innuits & ,aleuts or ,aleutians4 ,! =m] includes sev]al tribes liv+ on ! m>g9 ( ! ma9l&1 f ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & ! latt] consi/s ( b two tribes1 n[ int]m+l$1 :i* at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! ,alaskan region by ! ,russians inhabit$ ! we/]n portion ( ! ,alaskan p59sula & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! peoples %\ld h unit$ ) x a /udy ( ! s-call$ ,tuski ( nor!a/]n ,sib]ia1 :o are ( ! same /ock1 &1 z seems probable1 are ! desc5dants ( ,eskimos :o migrat$ f ,am]ica to ,asia4 ,! ,innuits4--,?is "n1 z is /at$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 is appli$ to !mselves by all ! tribes ( ! ,eskimo /ock1 except ! ,aleuts & ! ea/]n ,sib]ian natives4 ,x is 9 use at ! pres5t "t f ,gre5l& to ,b]+ ,/rait1 & !nce s\?w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,9 ,alaska ! ,innuits are divid$ into at lea/ f\rte5 tribes1 speak+ z _m diff]5t dialects1 & di/+ui%$ by su* names z ,ugalakmuts1 ,kaniagmuts1 etc4 ,! t]m9ation mut1 9 a sub/antive s5se1 means a village at ! place or on ! riv] to ! "n ( :i* x is add$ 7,dall74 ,9 common ) all o!r ,eskimo tribes ! ,innuits are a /urdy1 well-built p1 hav+ light]-col\r$ sk9s ?an ! ,indians1 & m ne>ly approa*+ ! yell[ ( ! ,asiatics1 b di/9ct f x1 & 9 _m in/ances hav+ a decid$ r$di% t+e to ! *eeks4 ,! preval5t idea t ! ,eskimo is ( decid$ly %ort /ature is n borne out by ! v>i\s tribes 9 ,alaska1 :o are n mu*1 if any1 bel[ ! av]age height ( ,europeans4 ,_! rotund bodies & full1 r\nd faces1 9 :i* ! organ answ]+ to a nose is depress$ until betwe5 ! eyes x is sc>cely di/+ui%able1 sugge/ t ! sev]ity ( ! climate has l$ to a developm5t ( fat = protection aga9/ cold 9 ! same mann] z among ! seals & walruses4 ,su* a g5]alization is p]haps mislead+1 z great individual v>iations occur z among all peoples1 b ! typical ,innuit ^: figure rema9s 9 "o's memory :5 ! bony hags1 ! cadav]\s individuals1 & ! ag$ are =gott5 or b dimly recall$1 fav\rs ! conv5tional pictures ( ,santa ,claus1 ) a face resembl+ ! full moon1 small black eyes ) a sugge/ion ( obliquity 9 _! alignm5t1 & ne>ly complete abs5ce ( a be>d on ! ruddy *eeks4 ,! food ( ! ,eskimos ( ,alaska1 z is ! case ) all o!r divisions ( t p1 is d]iv$ ma9ly f ! sea4 ,_! diet is almo/ exclusively fi%1 ! blubb] & fle% ( ! seal1 walrus1 & :ales1 especially ! :ite :ale or beluga1 :i* asc5ds ! l>g] /reams4 ,to ^! s\rces ( supply are add$ ! arctic h>e1 c>ib\ 7re9de]71 & 9 fact any fle% t c be obta9$4 ,vegetable diet is almo/ unkn[n1 except s f> z x is suppli$ by ! b]ries t gr[ 9 pr(usion on ! tundras4 ,! necessity = salt1 s m>k$ 9 ! case ( mo/ peoples1 is abs5t 9 ! f> nor?4 ,! coa/ ( ,alaska1 :]e dwells ! ,innuit1 is treeless4 ,inl& f ! m>g9 ( ! sea ext5ds ! p]man5tly froz5 tundra4 ,wood = fires1 sl$s1 frames = sk9 boats1 spe>s1 b[s1 arr[s1 etc41 & 9 prehi/oric "t = produc+ fire by friction1 is d]iv$ entirely f driftwood ca/ on ! bea* by ! waves4 ,?is wood1 consi/+ 9 _m in/ances ( great tree trunks f :i* planks two or m feet wide c be hewn1 is br\ght to ! sea by riv]s head+ f> inl&1 z1 = example1 ! ,yukon & ! ,kuskokwim1 & di/ribut$ by ! w9d & curr5ts all ab\t ! coa/ & isl&s ( ,b]+ ,sea4 ,driftwood is also c>ri$ to ! ,arctic ,ocean by ! ,mack5zie1 b 9 g5]al is n pl5tiful on ! bord]s ( ! ice-b\nd nor!rn ocean4 ,! h\ses ( ! ,alaskan ,innuit previ\s to ! com+ ( ! ,russians1 & /ill to a great ext5t1 consi/ ( a s+le room1 usually measur+ ab\t #aj by #ad feet1 situat$ 9 "p bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ent]$ by means ( a tunnel-l passageway4 ,!y are made ( driftwood1 & floor$1 l9$1 & ro($ ) planks hewn f ! same mat]ial4 ,on a ro( ( poles sods & e>? are plac$ & r5d]$ compact by /amp+1 ?us =m+ a cov] :i* s]ves to exclude wat] produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! naturally add$ lay] ( sn[4 ,:5 spr+-"t approa*es ^! p>tially subt]ranean w9t] dwell+s are liable to be inundat$1 & are ab&on$ & t5ts us$ dur+ summ] seasons4 ,=m]ly ^! t5ts 7 made ( sk9s ( c>ib\ or seal1 b 9 ^! deg5]ate days cotton drill+ b\ght ( :ite trad]s has be5 sub/itut$4 ,dur+ w9t] j\rneys tempor>y sn[ huts are built1 ( ! oval1 bake-ov5 %ape1 well kn[n to mo/ ,europeans f ! _m pictures t h be5 publi%$ ( simil> /ructures made by ! m nor!rn ,eskimos4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,alaska1 h[ev]1 :5 driftwood is available1 ! ro(s ( ! sn[ h\ses are frequ5tly made ( poles on :i* sn[ is pil$4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y w9t] dwell+s1 :i* are usually occupi$ by two or m families1 ea* village is commonly suppli$ ) an assembly h\se or cas9e 7a ^w ( ,russian orig971 :i* s]ves also z a ba?-h\se1 & 9 !m w9t] dances1 ! *ief amusem5t ( ! p1 are held4 ,! cas9e1 built by ! unit$ ef=ts ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( a community1 consi/ ( a s+le room1 9 "p und]gr\nd & ent]$ by a tunnel1 :i* frequ5tly measures "s #be by #cj feet on ! sides1 & is approximately #ae feet high4 ,!y are sub/antially made ( logs or ( ?ick planks hewn ) mu* lab\r f /r&$ tree trunks4 ,! ro( is ( logs cov]$ ) moss & e>?1 & has an op5+ 9 ! c5tre = ! escape ( smoke f ! fire k9dl$ on a he>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor4 ,:5 ! fire is n burn+1 ! op5+ 9 ! ro( is clos$ ) a membrane obta9$ f ! inte/9es ( ! seal4 ,ab\t ! sides ( ! room !re is a rais$ plat=m = spectators dur+ dances & = ! use ( ba!rs :5 ! cu/om>y /eam-ba?s are indulg$ 94 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 connection ) bo? ! ord9>y w9t] homes & ! cas9es1 :i* indicates _! ,am]ican orig91 is t !y are communal4 ,a t5em5t us$ by sev]al families 9 common is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es f ! arctic to ,panama4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,innuits has be5 modifi$ b little dur+ rec5t ye>s1 except t 9 localities mo/ visit$ by :ite m5 & :]e trad+ /ations h be5 e/abli%$1 z at ,/4 ,mi*ael1 log-h\ses built aft] ! mann] ( ^? us$ by ! ,russian resid5ts h to a consid]able ext5t replac$ ! native huts1 ) fav\rable results s f> z sanit>y conditions are conc]n$4 ,! ,russian log-h\se is n unlike ! _m simil> /ructures /ill to be se5 9 portions ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except t ! upp] side ( ea* log is hewn s z to h a %>p edge1 :i* fits into a deep groove1 cut 9 ! log :i* re/s on x4 ,moss is plac$ betwe5 ! logs1 & is also us$ to fill all holes & crevices4 ,air is usually admitt$ ?r\gh a pipe situat$ b5ea? ! floor & op5+ 9 front ( ! /ove1 if "o is us$1 & a small pipe = v5tilation passes out ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,9 ! ,russian h\ses ! /ove is usually a huge affair1 made ( l>ge flat /ones1 :i* reta9 heat = a long "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,l+ui/ic /ocks ( indians nor? ( ,mexico4 ,! dress ( ! ,innuits 9 =m] days1 9 common ) all ! ,eskimo tribes1 consi/$ ( sk9s1 & 9 special cases ( ! inte/9es ( seals4 ,! *>act]i/ic g>m5t is ! p>kie or ov]%irt1 n op5 9 front1 h[ev]1 provid$ ) a hood & made ( c>ib\ sk9 tann$ ) ! hair on4 ,^? worn by m5 h a diff]5t cut ?an ^? int5d$ = wom54 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 & p]haps be=e ! com+ ( :ite m51 ! sk9s = ! manufacture ( p>kies 7 d]iv$ l>gely by trade f ! p own+ dome/icat$ re9de] 9 ,asia4 ,! m>g9 ( ! hood is commonly made ( wolf sk9s1 ! long hair ( :i*1 bl[+ across ! face1 af=ds mu* protection4 ,tr\s]s & boots made ( ! sk9 ( ! hair-seal or moccas9s %ap$ f ! sk9 ( ! leg ( a c>ib\ complet$ ! dress4 ,mats ( grass are worn 9 ! boots or moccas9s dur+ cold wea!r4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! summ] clo?+ ( ! natives ?r\gh\t ,alaska is g5]ally ( clo? obta9$ f :ite trad]s1 b no?+ br\ght f m civiliz$ c\ntries c replace ! p>kies1 fur tr\s]s1 sk9 boots1 & wat]pro( %irts or kamlaykas4 ,^! articles1 except ! la/ m5tion$1 are l>gely us$ by :ite m51 especially if mak+ w9t] j\rneys4 ,! boats 9 use among ! ,innuits are /ill ! kayak & ! oomiak1 = :i* civiliz$ man c (f] no adequate sub/itute4 ,! well-kn[n kayak1 made ( a light framework ( wood1 ti$ ) ?ongs1 ov] :i* is tightly /ret*$ a dress$ sealsk9 cov]+1 leav+ only "o or two circul> op5+s = ! occupant1 is 9 use f ,gre5l& all ab\t ! arctic coa/ ( ,am]ica to ,asia4 ,diff]5t %apes p]ta9 to diff]5t tribes4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 z a result ( outside influ5ce1 op5+s = ?ree occupants are sometimes made1 ! size ( ! boat also be+ increas$4 ,to "o famili> ) boat & canoe travel ^! light sk9 craft1 ) _! wat]-tight decks1 seem ! p]fection ( boat con/ruction4 ,! occupant la%es ! skirt ( 8 kamlayka ab\t ! rais$ rim ( ! op5+ 9 :i* he sits & ! boat is ?us r5d]$ imp]vi\s to wat] f :atev] direction4 ,! greate/ dang] is t ! p>*m5t-l cov]+ may be ruptur$1 z by ! cutt+ edge ( ?9 ice4 ,to ord9>y /orms1 h[ev]1 !y are m safe ?an ev5 ! des]v$ly celebrat$ :ale-boat ( ! :ite man4 ,! oomiak1 or woman's boat1 also made ( dress$ sk9 /ret*$ ov] a frame1 is mu* l>g] ?an ! kayak1 has a flat bottom1 is )\t deck cov]+1 & design$ = ! use ( _m occupants4 ,z is well kn[n1 boats ( ea* ( ^! types are propell$ by means ( paddles4 ,bo? ! kayak & oomiak are /ill 9 e-day use1 & x is to be hop$ ! boats ( ! :ite man w nev] :olly replace !m4 ,! *anges 9 h\se-build+ & dress ref]r$ to1 :i* h come f contact ) :ite m51 are outw>d signs ( a great modification 9 ! lives ( ! ,innuits1 :i* began 9 ! e>ly days ( ,russian occupation & has cont9u$ ) increas+ importance to ! pres5t "t4 ,! natives are quick to imitate ! cu/oms ( ! /rang]s :o h visit$ !m1 & b = ! re/ra9t t ! climatic conditions h put ^u !m & ! high price 9 furs dem&$ by trad]s = import$ goods ! *anges ?us produc$ w\ld be f> m m>k$ ?an is n[ ! case4 ,to "s ext5t ! food ( ! natives has be5 modifi$1 fl\r be+ 9 dem&1 b1 ) m9or exceptions1 ! pr9cipal articles consum$ are /ill su* z are obta9$ by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,! greate/ *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! condition ( ! ,alaskan ,innuits1 & "o :i*1 p]haps1 culm9at$ at ! "t ( ! rec5t gold excitem5t on ! ,yukon & at ,cape ,nome1 is 9 relation to ! introduction ( intoxicat+ liquors & ( c]ta9 contagi\s diseases4 ,^! sc\rges1 com+ f ! s\?1 h be5 almo/ z great a blight among ! native peoples z w\ld be ! sweep+ s\?w>d ( a wave ( arctic temp]ature to ! vegetation ( tropical l&s4 ,! curse ( contact1 result+ :5 a civiliz$ race invades a l& inhabit$ by *ildlike aborig9es1 z has be5 se5 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 has ov]tak5 ! ,innuits 9 common ) ne>ly all o!r tribes 9 ,alaska1 & decad5ce & ! prolongation ( a mis]able exi/5ce1 unless cut %ort by ext]m9ation ?r\gh />vation1 is all t seem+ly c be hop$ =4 ,! fur-be>+ animals ( ,alaska h be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]s dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s3 ! c>ib\ & ! moose h1 to a m>k$ degree1 be5 kill$ or driv5 to remote regions2 ! l>g] :ales1 on acc\nt ( ov]capture by ,am]ican :al]s1 h become sc>ce2 ! sea-lion & ! walrus are ne>ly ext9ct2 ! fur-seal1 ( m importance to ! ,aleutians ?an ! ,innuits1 is rapidly approa*+ ext9ction4 ,?us 9 _m ways ! food supply is greatly decreas$4 ,rec\rse to agriculture is impossible4 ,! "o r$eem+ feature ( ! :ite man's aggression is ! introduction ( ! dome/icat$ re9de] f ,asia & ,lapl&4 ,) re9de]1 ! salmon1 n z yet deplet$ 9 ! /reams empty+ into ,b]+ ,sea1 ! :ite :ale1 ! hair-seal1 n z yet ( comm]cial value1 ! c\ntless birds ( summ]1 ! b]ries ( ! tundra1 etc41 ! ,innuits c survive1 ma9ta9 _! manhood1 & become useful to civilization 9 c]ta9 ways if ! curse ( dr9k & ! spread ( import$ diseases c\ld be /opp$4 ,su* a *ange1 h[ev]1 = v>i\s reasons1 is n to be hop$ =4 ,x may p]haps be said t ! influ5ce ( mission>ies1 &1 :at is va/ly m important1 ! "w ( ! s*ool-tea*]1 has op5$ to ^! *ildr5 ( ! cold nor!rn l& a way to civilization1 b ! results up to ! pres5t "t are n reassur+4 ,! c5sus ( #ahij %[$ t ! ,innuits ( ,alaska numb]$ #ac1jde4 ,9 ! c5sus ( #aijj a sep>ate enum]ation ( ,eskimos & ,indians 0 n made4 ,! dismal picture ,i h be5 compell$ to sket* ( ! pres5t condition & future prospects ( ! ,innuits ( ,alaska1 9 ord] to indicate _! /atus at ! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 applies also ) v>iations 9 detail & "s hopeful signs to a l>ge majority ( ! o!r aborig9al tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,aleutians4--,! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s are t]m$ ,aleuts or ,aleutians1 a ^w ( obscure & p]haps =eign d]ivation4 ,z /at$ above1 !y belong to ! ,eskimo family1 b are m widely sep>at$ f ! p>5t /ock ?an any o!r ( its con/itu5t tribes4 ,evid5ce advanc$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall t5ds to %[ t !y are ( ,am]ican cont95tal orig94 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ com+ ( ! ,russians1 ab\t #agej1 !y 7 at w> ) ! ,kaniagmuts1 :o inhabit$ ! great] "p ( ! ,alaskan p59sula & 7 ! ne>e/ tribe ( ! ,innuits4 ,:5 discov]$ by ! ,russians ! ,aleuts 7 an active1 sprightly p1 fond ( ! dance & ( fe/ivities4 ,!y are ( light] col\r1 b n p]haps 9 g5]al m ne>ly :ite ?an ! full-blood$ ,innuits4 ,at pres5t x is difficult to f9d ev5 a s+le repres5tative ( unmix$ desc5t1 ,russian occupation hav+ /amp$ out or greatly modifi$ ne>ly e native *>act]i/ic bo? ( body & m9d4 ,!y 7 orig9ally a robu/ p1 ( ab\t ! av]age height f\nd 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 ) co>se black hair & scanty be>ds4 ,_! isl& life1 :]e no l>ge game invit$ inl& j\rneys1 made !m emphatically canoe p4 ,! habit ( sitt+ 9 _! kayaks & us+ ! muscles ( ! upp] portion ( ! body 9 paddl+1 ?r[+ ! spe>1 etc41 :ile ! l[] portion ( ! body receiv$ b little ex]cise1 l$ to a f9e *e/ developm5t & to und]siz$ & comp>atively weak legs4 ,! wom51 to :om ! use ( ! kayak 0 n intru/$1 7 bett] proportion$ ?an ! m51 & _m ( !m are pleas+ 9 appe>ance4 ,z /at$ by ,dall1 !y 7 less det]m9$ ?an _! neighb\rs on ! ma9l&1 ! ,kaniagmuts1 b 7 by no means devoid ( c\rage4 ,_! mode ( wor%ip p>took m ( ! "* ( a religion ?an t ( any o!r ( ! ,eskimo tribes 9 _! native condition4 ,f :at c be le>n$ ( ! ,aleuts 9 _! uncontam9at$ native /ate1 !y seem to h be5 ! mo/ intellig5t ( all ! ,eskimo tribes & ! "o :i* gave ! greate/ promise1 if treat$ humanely1 ( advancem5t :5 civilization 0 introduc$4 ,less ?an a c5tury ( contact ) ,russian invad]s1 h[ev]1 l$ to a dep? ( degradation t is only p>allel$ & possibly n exce$$ by ! %ameful results ( ! ,spani% invasion among ! aborig9es ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,"o ( ! d>ke/ *apt]s 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 =tunately = ! cr$it ( ,europeans n[ l>gely lo/1 is t conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! brutal treatm5t ! ,aleuts receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,russians4 ,! *ildlike natives became worse ?an slaves4 ,! debau*]y ( _! oppressors 0 %ameful4 ,z /at$ by ,dall1 ! ,aleuts 7 subject$ to ! mo/ horrible outrages4 ,! names ( ,glott(f & ,solovi(f 7two ,russian explor]s1 #agfd-'fe7 make !m %udd] to ?is day4 ,?\s&s p]i%$ "u sword & fire4 ,long aft] ^? enormities 7 *eck$ ! ,russians consid]$ ! ,aleuts z bea/s r ?an m51 etc4 ,_! numb]s1 e/imat$ at #aj1jjj 9 #agii1 71 accord+ to a ,russian c5sus1 r$uc$ to #e1bch 9 #ahjh1 &1 z /at$ by ,dall1 numb]$ n m ?an #a1ejj 9 #ahgj4 ,! c5sus ( #ahij gives x z #ifg4 ,! inc5tive to ,russian oppression 0 ! gre$ = furs & ! lu/ ( rude m5 at a di/ance f all c5tres ( control4 ,! ,aleutian ,isl&s & neighb\r+ wat]s is ! home ( ! sea-ott]1 :i* is clo!d ) ! mo/ beautiful ( all furs4 ,ne> at h& are ! ,pribil( ,isl&s1 to :i* ! fur-seal =m]ly resort$ ea* summ] 9 c\ntless numb]s1 & dur+ its migrations trav]s$ ! passes sep>at+ ! isl&s ( ! ,aleutian *a91 :]e !y 7 easily tak52 ! comm]cial value ( _! sk9s previ\s to ab\t #ahfg1 h[ev]1 0 small4 ,9 addition1 ! l&-ott] & sev]al species ( foxes also inhabit$ ! same region4 ,^! allurem5ts tempt$ ! ,russians1 & besides ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ) _! %elt]$ h>b\rs1 furni%$ fav\rable /ations f :i* to ext5d ! fur trade into ! /ill great] region to ! ea/w>d1 & at an e>ly date 9 ! =eign occupation ( ,alaska became a basis = supplies4 ,! entire fur trade 9 ,russian ,am]ica 0 plac$ by *>t] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,russian-,am]ican ,fur ,company 9 #agii1 :i*1 l ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 _h t]ritorial jurisdiction z well z trade monopoly4 ,?is p[]ful company ma9ta9$ its exi/5ce "u v>i\s r5ewals ( its *>t] until ! pur*ase ( ,alaska by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfg4 ,! au?ority conf]r$ on ! ,russian company gave x exclusive "r to pur*ase furs f ! natives1 & ?us to dictate prices4 ,?is sy/em 0 fraught ) evil to ! natives1 & _! ext9ction w\ld no d\bt h result$ _h x n be5 = ! influ5ce ( mission>ies ( ! ,russian-,greek ,*ur*1 among :om ! "n ( ,v5iam9(f w ev] be held 9 bless$ memory4 ,9 a measure ! gross oppression ( ! ,russians br\ght its own puni%m5t to ! (f5d]s4 ,! decrease 9 ! numb] ( ! ,aleutians meant a decl9e 9 ! numb] ( pelts secur$4 ,to insure ! ga!r+ ( ! highly priz$ furs ! native hunt]s mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,! lat] days ( ,russian occupation 7 *>act]iz$ by m humane treatm5t ( ! natives1 s*ools 7 e/abli%$ among !m1 liquors )held1 & _! rapid decl9e *eck$4 ,:5 ,alaska 0 pur*as$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,russian-,am]ican ,fur ,company 0 supplant$ by ! ,alaskan ,comm]cial ,company1 to :om a lease ( ! ,pribil( ,isl&s 0 grant$4 ,9 ?is lease provision 0 made = ! support & education ( ! ,aleutians on ! ,pribil( ,isl&s4 ,z ! *ief & almo/ ! sole employm5t op5 to ! ,aleutians dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s has be5 ! tak+ ( sealsk9s on ^! isl&s1 ?is wise provision _h a b5efic5t influ5ce on ! entire tribe4 ,h[ fai?fully ! ,alaskan ,comm]cial ,company c>ri$ out its contract has be5 s]i\sly que/ion$1 b x is1 nev]!less1 a fact t ! ,aleutians h f>$ bett] "u ,am]ican ?an "u ,russian rule4 ,a gradual adv]se *ange 9 _! condition has come ab\t1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! decrease & ?reat5$ ext9ction ( ! sea-ott]1 & ! great decl9e 9 ! numb] ( ! fur-seals ow+ to ! attacks made on !m dur+ _! annual migrations1 :i* am\nts to comm]cial ext9ction4 ,! lucrative indu/ries ( ! natives h ?us practically disappe>$1 & !re is no?+ to take _! place4 ,! surviv+ memb]s are objects ( *>ity1 b z yet ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has made no adequate provision = _! support4 ,"o me?od ( ameliorat+ ! exi/+ adv]se conditions t is practicable is ! introduction ( dome/icat$ re9de]2 ano!r1 n s easy to accompli%1 is ! suppression ( ! liquor traffic4 ,,! ,,indians ,! aborig9es ( ! ,new ,_w to ! s\?w>d ( ! n>r[ /rip ( arctic coa/-l& inhabit$ by ! ,eskimo are designat$ by ! t]m ,indian1 z already expla9$4 ,!re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ,indians ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 "o %ad+ into ! o!r1 b only ^? ( ! nor!rn cont95t are "h consid]$4 ,9 _m sci5tific treatises1 z well z 9 books ( travel & g5]al lit]ature1 ! ,indians are frequ5tly ref]r$ to z r$ m51 & ! t]m copp] col\r$ commonly appli$ to !m4 ,to ! writ] ea* ( ^! expressions seems infelicit\s4 ,x is true t ?r\gh\t ,am]ica ! ,indians h a r$di% und]tone 9 _! col\r1 b 9 num]\s tribes x is n pron\nc$4 ,z to copp] col\r1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m is vague4 ,:at is copp] col\r8 ,presumably ! col\r ( ! pure metal :5 unoxidiz$4 ,no su* col\r is m ?an sugge/$ ev5 by ! aborig9es hav+ ! lighte/ sk9s 9 ! memb]s ( ! _m tribes t h come "u ! writ]'s notice4 ,a m correct t]m--b ?is is a matt] ( op9ion1 9 :i* diff]5ces are p]missible--w\ld be br[n1 ( :i* _m %ades occur1 rang+ f light c9namon col\r to d>k *ocolate1 & ev5 ne>ly black4 ,!re is no recognisable connection betwe5 v>iations 9 col\r & climatic conditions4 ,! faces1 h&s1 & o!r freely expos$ portions ( _! bodies are d>k] ?an ! p>ts usually cov]$ ) clo?+1 & frequ5tly sugge/ ! appe>ance ( bronze /atutes n fully d>k5$ by exposure to ! wea!r4 ,9 col\r !y m ne>ly approa* t ( ! ,polynesians ?an any o!r peoples1 b 9 g5]al are ( a d>k] hue4 ,! memb]s ( ! v>i\s ,indian tribes1 al?\gh pres5t+ a wide range ( diff]5ces1 h _m physiological & m5tal resemblances1 :i*1 l _! languages1 s]ve to set !m ap>t f all o!r peoples4 ,a composite picture ( _! p]sons w\ld %[ a man s9ewy r ?an heavy 9 build1 b !re are _m exceptions2 ( av]age /ature1 #e feet #h or #aj in*es1 b !re are tribes ^: av]age is m1 & o!rs 9 :i* x is less2 d>k br[n1 ) a r$di% und]tone1 9 col\r2 deep-set1 black1 & 9 g5]al small eyes1 _! alignm5t /raight2 ! nose prom95t & frequ5tly well %ap$2 m\? l>ge1 ) /rong1 frequ5tly p]fect tee?2 l[] jaw massive2 & face be>dless or ne>ly s1 & ! hair ( ! scalp long1 co>se1 & black4 ,9 ord] to make su* a sket* reali/ic1 ! bronze-l a?letic figure mu/ be clo!d 9 a blanket worn ) ! grace ( a ,roman toga or wrapp$ 9 a robe ( bison-sk92 ! feet encas$ 9 moccas9s ( tann$ de]sk91 & usually decorat$ ) beads or v>i\sly col\r$ porcup9e-quills2 ! face /rip$1 dott$1 or blot*$ ) v>i\s col\rs2 ! co>se hair fall+ l a ?at* to ! %\ld]1 or braid$1 & 9 c]ta9 tribes %av$ or pluck$1 except only ! traditional scalp-lock1 & decorat$ ) fea!rs1 mo/ frequ5tly ( ! eagle2 necklaces1 r+s 9 ! e>s1 amulets1 etc41 made ( ! claws ( ! be>1 %ells1 beads1 quills1 etc41 bespeak v>i\s tribes2 ! primitive weapons 7 ! hat*et-l tomahawk1 ! b[ & arr[1 & ! spe>4 ,! ,indian has be5 idealiz$ 9 ! writ+s ( poets & noveli/s1 b occasionally1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 "o meets ) an approa* to ! ideal4 ,judg$ by ! /&>ds ( civilization1 z he is se5 to-day on num]\s res]vations & ab\t ! /reets ( t[ns1 he is a lazy1 dirty vagabond4 ,a f> m fav\rable & agreeable picture is pres5t$1 especially 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ,canada & adjac5t ,/ates to ! s\? & 9 ! ,indian ,t]ritory1 :]e ! bless+s ( civilization h be5 accept$ & ! once roam+ savage has become a till] ( ! soil1 an own] ( cattle & %eep1 & lives 9 a com=table h\se suppli$ ) furniture su* z :ite m5 use4 ,:ile a racial lik5ess impossible to conceal unites all ( ! v>i\s tribes1 no s+le picture or g5]aliz$ description1 h[ev] c>efully prep>$1 c convey to "o unfamili> ) ! ,indian an accurate idea ( 8 p]sonal appe>ance4 ,a typical example f "o tribe :5 critically /udi$ is f\nd to diff] widely f an equally repres5tative example ( ano!r tribe1 n only 9 spee*1 dress1 me?ods ( we>+ ! hair1 ornam5ts1 etc41 b also 9 physique & 9 m5tal traits4 ,9 temp]am5t ! ,indian is usually describ$ z be+ moody1 res]v$1 w>y1 grave1 & 8 face expressionless1 ! curr5t ( 8 ?\ghts be+ unreveal$ 9 8 pr\d1 indiff]5t be>+4 ,9 8 own m9d he seems to consid] himself sup]ior to all o!r be+s1 & to reg>d !m ) contemptu\s indiff]5ce4 ,all ?is is true en\gh z se5 by a /rang]1 b 9 8 home life1 & n infrequ5tly :5 9 ! pres5ce ( tru/$ :ite m51 ! mask ( indiff]5ce is laid aside & ! laugh & je/ indulg$ 94 ,! extreme ( assum$ indiff]5ce is exhibit$1 z has be5 well atte/$ by _m witnesses1 :5 dea? by torture is inflict$ on a captive1 z1 = example1 burn+ alive1 :5 no outw>d sign is p]mitt$ to reveal 8 int5se suff]+4 ,! ,indian is a hunt] & fi%]man bo? f inh]itance & necessity4 ,f 8 mode ( life 8 s5se ( sight & ( he>+ h become wond]fully acute4 ,8 skill 9 foll[+ a trail is prov]bial4 ,:5 liv+ ne> ! sea or by ! side ( /reams & lakes he is z mu* at home 9 a canoe z 8 relative ( ! pla9s 9 po/-,columbian days :5 seat$ on 8 h>dy pony4 ,9 curr5t lit]ature1 h[ev]1 all ( ^! traits1 z 9 ! case ( ! p]sonality ( ! ,indian1 h be5 fus$ into "o ideal4 ,x is true t ! ,indian hunt] is m skill$ 9 foll[+ a trail1 9 int]pret+ ! signs & s\nds 9 ! =e/1 9 %oot+ ! foam+ rapids 9 8 frail canoe1 etc41 ?an ! av]age :ite man to :om su* pursuits are incid5tal or newly acquir$2 b _m :ite m51 & p>ticul>ly ^? :o h 9 a measure deg5]at$ & assum$ ! ,indian mode ( life1 are 8 equal1 if n 8 sup]ior1 9 all t p]ta9s to woodcraft4 ,9 m5tal qualities ! ,indian is ! inf]ior ( ! ,caucasian & ! ,asiatic1 b is ! sup]ior ( ! negro4 ,! ability to advance is n abs5t1 & capacity to rea* a c]ta9 grade 9 civilization is g5]al1 b beyond ! acquirem5t ( indiff]5t skill 9 ! arts1 lit]ature1 etc41 b few h pass$4 ,! m5tal quality ( p]sev]ance "u adv]se conditions & ( cont9u\s application has n be5 grant$ him4 ,^! *ildr5 ( ! =e/s & pla9s1 easily pleas$ & z easily ang]$2 k9d to _! *ildr5 & fri5ds1 b cruelly rev5geful :5 enrag$2 treasur+ a k9dness1 b nev] =gett+ an injury2 )\t rigid self-control1 z is sadly illu/rat$ by _! inord9ate passion = liquor :5 once a ta/e = x is acquir$1 are pla/ic organisms1 :i* reflect ! conditions "u :i* !y h develop$4 ,^! untutor$ b>b>ians1 desc5dants f ance/ors :o br\ght little ) !m save ! /one axe & ! /one spe>1 b ( necessity orig9at$ all _! arts & in/itutions )\t contact ) o!r peoples1 & 7 expos$ to a wide range ( climatic & o!r physical conditions = _m c5turies1 pres5t a mo/ in/ructive subject = ! /udy ( ! geograph] & o!rs :o are int]e/$ 9 ! relation ( man to 8 environm5t4 ,res\rces4--,to ! ,indian 9 pre-,columbian days no %ips f ov]seas br\ght supplies1 & z ! v>i\s tribes 7 frequ5tly at w> ) _! neighb\rs1 trade relations 7 greatly re/rict$4 ,int]tribal b>t] 0 c>ri$ on1 h[ev]1 & ! capture ( supplies & ut5sils ( v>i\s sorts by "o tribe f ano!r fav\r$ _! disp]sion4 ,al?\gh su* articles z ! native copp] ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 ! r$ pipe-/one 7catl9ite7 ( ,m9nesota1 & obsidian f v>i\s places f\nd its way to remote localities1 ea* tribe _h ess5tially to supply its wants f ! natural res\rces ( its own doma94 ,! range 9 raw mat]ials1 to borr[ a mod]n comm]cial t]m1 t ! ,indian's intellectual developm5t p]mitt$ him to utilize is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,animal3 ,mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 cru/aceans1 insects1 & at times human fle%4 ,wild--roots1 bulbs1 se$s1 fruits1 nuts1 b>k1 b]ries1 sap4 ,us$ = food4 ,vegetable ,cultivat$--maize1 cacao1 melons1 squa%es1 tomatoes1 sweet potatoes1 potatoes1 p9eapple1 7tobacco74 ,m9]al3 ,salt1 7e>? 9 c]ta9 in/ances74 ,animal3 ,sk9s1 s9ews1 t5dons1 hair1 wool1 fea!rs1 & co*9eal = dyes4 ,us$ = clo?+4 ,vegetable ,wild--b>k1 fibres1 roots1 dyes1 gums4 ,cultivat$--cotton1 aloe 787 ,m9]al3 ,dyes1 su* z o*res & c9nab>1 *>coal4 ,animal3 ,sk9s1 s9ew1 etc4 ,us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,vegetable3 ,logs1 b>k1 se$s2 grass1 roots1 etc41 h\ses4 = mats4 ,m9]al3 ,/one1 adobe1 sods1 e>?1 sel5ite 7caves74 ,animal3 ,sk9s1 s9ew2 oil 9 pa9t2 quills1 %ells1 etc41 = decoration4 ,us$ 9 mak+ boats4 ,vegetable3 ,tree trunks1 b>k1 se$s1 pit*4 ,m9]al3 ,asphaltum2 metallic oxides1 etc41 = pa9t4 ,animal3 ,bones1 horns1 sk9s1 scales1 tee?1 %ells4 ,vegetable3 ,wood1 b>k1 nuts1 leaves1 fibre1 dyes1 pit*4 ,us$ 9 mak+ ut5sils & ,m9]al3 ,soap/one = pots1 pipes1 etc42 obsidian1 weapons4 fl9t1 etc41 = spe> & arr[ po9ts1 knives1 scrap]s1 etc42 v>i\s h>d /ones & pebbles = axes1 mort>s1 pe/les1 etc42 copp] = axes1 knives1 etc42 m9]al dyes2 gold & silv]4 ,animal3 ,sk9s1 hair1 fur1 bones1 ho(s1 claws1 tee?1 ivory1 oil 9 pa9ts2 %ells1 coral1 pe>ls1 fea!rs1 quills1 scales1 etc4 ,us$ z p]sonal ornam5ts & 9 ,vegetable3 ,se$s2 fibres = mats1 basket-"w1 etc4 ! decoration ( h\ses1 ,m9]al3 ,/one 7turquoise1 em]ald1 jasp]1 mica1 boats1 etc4 catl9ite1 etc471 clay1 gold1 silv]1 meteoric iron2 & v>i\s metallic oxides1 c9nab>1 etc41 = pa9ts4 ,9 ^! sev]al ways1 & yet o!rs1 z 9 _! games1 m$ical practice1 elaborate religi\s c]emonials1 mortu>y cu/oms1 modes ( travel1 etc41 ! aborig9es utiliz$ a wide range ( mat]ials suppli$ by nature1 & supplem5t$ !m by horticulture1 & to an exce$+ly limit$ ext5t by dome/icat+ animals4 ,! degree to :i* !y utiliz$ ! natural supplies 0 mu* less 9 c]ta9 directions ?an became possible to civiliz$ p1 b sev]al s\rces ( raw mat]ials priz$ by !m h n be5 call$ ^u by :ite m51 & are n[ 9 great] or less measure ab&on$ by ! natives !mselves4 ,! va/ m9]al weal? ( ! cont95t 0 almo/ entirely unavail+ to ! aborig9es1 except s f> z native metals 7 discov]$2 :ile sev]al articles1 su* z ! camass1 ! se$s ( grasses1 insects1 etc41 = food & mat]ial1 us$ = implem5ts1 z obsidian = arr[ po9ts1 spe>s1 & knives1 catl9ite & o!r /ones = pipes1 porcup9e-quills = decoration1 etc41 are ( small value to ,europeans4 ,:ile civiliz$ man has become m & m indep5d5t ( climatic & o!r natural conditions1 l>gely ?r\gh ! aid ( comm]ce1 ! aborig9es 7 mu* less resi/ant & 7 =c$ to adju/ !mselves to _! environm5t1 & l o!r pla/ic organisms1 7 modifi$ by x4 ,! ,natural ,food ,supply4--,! food ( ! ,indians 0 ma9ly ! fle% ( mammals1 birds1 & fi%es4 ,! small] de] ( v>i\s species inhabit$ ! entire cont95t f ! sub>ctic =e/ to ,panama4 ,! range ( ! be>s 0 equally ext5sive1 b 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 on acc\nt ( sup]/iti\s fe>1 7 n cu/om>ily us$ = food4 ,! almo/ univ]sal s\rce ( food supply furni%$ by ! small] de] 0 supplem5t$ at ! f> nor? by ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd c>ib\1 succe$$ s\?w>d by ! woodl& c>ib\2 ov]lapp+ ! range ( ! latt] & ext5d+ f>!r s\? 0 ! moose2 ?is1 9 turn1 0 supplem5t$ & exce$$ 9 s\!rn range by ! ,wapiti 7elk72 m re/rict$ 0 ! range ( ! m\nta9-%eep & m\nta9-goat1 ea* inhabit+ ! ,pacific m\nta9s2 on ! ,great pla9s roam$ ! bison & ! antelope1 ! =m] ext5d+ f ! c5tral ,atlantic seabo>d to ! ,snake ,riv] pla9s1 & ! latt] f ! sub>ctic =e/ to ,mexico4 ,! mammalian food supply 0 mo/ abundant 9 ! temp]ate belt1 & :ile decreas+ nor?w>d1 decl9$ m rapidly t[>ds ! s\?4 ,! food supply furni%$ by fi%es 0 pl5tiful :]ev] wat] 0 pres5t1 & 9 sup]abundance 9 tidal riv]s & e/u>ies bo? on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s2 b ^! res\rces fluctuat$ 9 a conspicu\s way ) seasonal *anges1 ow+ especially to ! annual migrations ( ! %ad & salmon4 ,supplem5t+ ! highly desirable fi%-food on ! ocean %ores 7 ! molluscs1 & especially ! oy/] & ! clam4 ,! riv]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,mississippi ,bas91 suppli$ fre%-wat] clams 7,unios71 & ! sal9e & alkal9e lakes ( ! arid region1 inclusive ( ,mexico1 teem$ ) ! l>vae ( insects1 :i* 7 utiliz$ = food4 ,9 ! ,atlantic & ,mississippi region1 s\? ( ! ,great ,lakes & ext5d+ to ,c5tral ,am]ica1 liv$ ! wild turkey2 ! =e/s ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s1 ! va/ prairies1 & ! no less ext5sive sage-bru% pla9s to ! we/w>d 7 inhabit$ by v>i\s species ( gr\se2 ! l& ea/ ( ! ,pacific m\nta9s1 f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico f> nor?w>d1 0 d>k5$ by imm5se flights ( pigeons2 ! wat] f ! f> s\? to ! f> nor?1 ?r\gh\t ! bread? ( ! cont95t1 7 visit$ by l>ge numb]s ( swans1 geese1 ducks1 & o!r wat] birds4 ,9 a conspicu\s way ! fea!r$ ho/s1 valuable = food1 7 migratory1 ?us aga9 introduc+ a v>iable quantity into ! lives ( ! aborig9es4 ,! vegetable food ( ! ,indian tribes t did n practise horticulture v>i$ f locality to locality1 & 9 ! temp]ate & m nor!rn regions fluctuat$ ?r\gh a wide range ) seasonal *anges4 ,b]ries 7 abundant 9 c]ta9 regions & at c]ta9 seasons4 ,! raspb]ry1 blackb]ry1 huckleb]ry1 /rawb]ry1 etc41 ( _m v>ieties1 grew wild 9 ! ea/]n ,mississippi & ,atlantic coa/ regions4 ,! huckleb]ry ext5d$ f ! nor!rn ,atlantic coa/ regions we/w>d across ! cont95t on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! sub>ctic =e/1 & rea*$ c5tral ,alaska4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,alaska to ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 salmon-b]ries1 wild currants1 huckleb]ries1 & /rawb]ries fl\ri%$ ) m>vell\s luxuriance & ( l>ge size4 ,wild *]ries 7 abundant on ! ,atlantic coa/ & ext5d$ to ! ,pacific m\nta9s4 ,c]ta9 small plums ( value = food occurr$ widely 9 :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! papaw & p]simmon ?riv$ 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,atlantic coa/ region4 ,! fruits ( ! cacti yield$ refre%m5t 9 ! s\?we/]n ,/ates & 9 ,mexico4 ,?r\gh\t all ! h>dwood =e/s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley & ! region s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce a l>ge v>iety ( nut-be>+ trees1 su* z ! walnut1 hickory1 *e/nut1 bee*nut1 oak1 etc41 7 9 great abundance & furni%$ a l>ge annual food supply4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion ( ?is region grew ! maple1 ! sac*>9e sap ( :i* 0 utiliz$ by ! ,indians = mak+ sug>4 ,9 ! ,pacific m\nta9s s\? ( ,canada grew ! p9yon1 p]haps ( all ! trees ( ! cont95t ! species t yield$ ! greate/ food supply to ! ,indians4 ,9 ?is same region1 p>ticul>ly to ! nor?w>d1 grew ! small lily-l plant hav+ a blue fl[]1 kn[n z ! camass1 ! bulbs ( :i* are highly nutriti\s4 ,bo? ! p9yon & ! camass are l>gely utiliz$ ev5 at ! pres5t day = food by ! ,indians4 ,9 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies a l>ge numb] ( tropical fruits1 bulbs1 nuts1 etc41 ab\nd1 :i* are suitable = food1 &1 z we h m or less direct evid5ce1 7 utiliz$ by ! ,indians ( t region 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! p]iod ( h>ve/ at ! s\? is less %>ply def9$ ?an 9 temp]ate latitudes & ! natural food supply subject to less seasonal fluctuations4 ,! ,indians s long z !y did n engage 9 agriculture--!re be+ an abs5ce ( any?+ t c\ld be t]m$ comm]ce1 & ev5 ! transf] ( food & o!r supplies by b>t] be+ re/rict$--7 oblig$ to move f place to place1 9 ord] to avail !mselves ( ! abundance furni%$ 9 c]ta9 localities & at c]ta9 seasons4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ at ! pres5t day4 ,) ! com+ ( ! salmon 9 ! riv]s ( ! nor?we/ ,pacific coa/ region ! ,indian fea/s by ! riv]-side2 :5 ! b]ries rip5 9 ! valleys ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s he is !re1 toge!r ) ! be>s1 to pr(it by ! b\nties ( nature2 9 ,nevada he /ill makes j\rneys to ! p9yon groves 9 ,octob]2 & 9 ! sub>ctic =e/ he accompanies ! migration ( ! c>ib\4 ,9 =m] days he foll[$ ! movem5ts ( ! h]ds ( bison on ! ,great plateaus4 ,9 ^! & _m o!r ways ! food supply ( ! ,indian t5d$ to e/abli% nomadic cu/oms1 & z ea* s\rce ( fuel & o!r supplies dem&$ diff]5t me?ods ( captur+ animals or diff]5t ut5sils = ga!r+ se$s1 etc41 v>iations 9 culture developm5t 0 a necess>y result4 ,! duty ( repl5i%+ ! g5]al /ores 0 %>$ by all1 b !re 0 no def9ite organization = ?is purpose1 & c]ta9ly no?+ wor? ! "n ( bus9ess managem5t4 ,z ! adage is1 ,:at is e "o's bus9ess is no "o's bus9ess1 & = ?is reason ! ,indian1 z a rule1 fail$ to lay aside a suffici5t supply ( food = w9t] use1 & 9 consequ5ce frequ5tly w5t hungry & n infrequ5tly di$ ( />vation4 ,! sc>city ( ! spontane\s food supply at c]ta9 seasons or dur+ exceptional ye>s1 & ! recurr5ce ( cold or ra9y seasons1 necessitat+ %elt]1 w\ld naturally lead ! ,indian to develop 9 two important directions1 namely1 agriculture & ar*itecture4 ,z is well kn[n1 promis+ advances _h be5 made 9 ea* ( ^! arts1 :5 indig5\s developm5t 0 *eck$ & to a great ext5t kill$ by ! appe>ance on ! sc5e & subsequ5t encroa*m5ts ( peoples f ov] ! sea4 ,horticulture4--,conc]n+ ! art ( cultivat+ plants = food1 clo?+1 ut5sils1 etc41 practis$ by ! ,indians be=e ! com+ ( ,europeans1 x is difficult to obta9 accurate in=mation4 ,! writ+s ( ,spani% & o!r explor]s :o fir/ visit$ v>i\s tribes h be5 dilig5tly se>*$ 9 ?is connection by /ud5ts ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 & al?\gh mu* t is in/ructive has be5 discov]$1 _m que/ions rema9 unansw]$4 ,! pr9cipal regions :]e cultivation ( ! soil 0 practis$ 9 pre-,columbian times are situat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & inclusive ( ! l&s bord]+ ! ,great ,lakes on ! s\?2 also mu* ( ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ! ea/]n portion ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates localities naturally devoid ( trees 7 cultivat$ by ! ,indians1 & p>tial cle>+s 7 made 9 ! va/ =e/ by dead5+ ! trees1 probably by girdl+ or cutt+ ! b>k entirely ar\nd _! trunks ) /one axes1 & leav+ !m /&+4 ,a simil> process 0 employ$ by :ite settl]s 9 lat] ye>s1 & is practis$ ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ^! p>tial cle>+s1 f :i* ! und]bru% 0 no d\bt burn$1 g>d5s ( maize1 melons1 pumpk9s1 beans1 g\rds1 sunfl[]s1 potatoes1 tobacco1 & p]haps o!r plants 7 gr[n )\t irrigation4 ,g>d5-b$s1 z !y are t]m$1 are /ill to be se5 9 ! =e/s ( ,mi*igan1 :i*1 z indicat$ by ! trees gr[+ on !m1 are old] ?an ! "t :ite m5 began ! cultivation ( ! soil ( t region4 ,9 ! arid s\?we/]n portion ( ! cont95t & 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica g>d5s 7 cultivat$ ) ! aid ( irrigation1 & :at has be5 describ$ z a high degree ( skill 9 horticulture atta9$4 ,! *ief products ( ^! g>d5s 7 maize1 cotton1 tobacco1 beans1 melons1 cacao1 bananas1 & ! r$ pepp]4 ,possibly vanilla1 tomatoes1 & pumpk9s 7 also gr[n4 ,! aloe 0 ext5sively utiliz$ 9 ! s\?1 b :e!r def9itely cultivat$ or n seems unc]ta94 ,! cultivation ( fruit-trees o!r ?an ! cacao1 :i* furni%es ! se$s f :i* *ocolate is made1 does n seem to h be5 c>ri$ on1 al?\gh c]ta9 writ]s imply t native trees 7 t5d$ & giv5 great] facility = gr[? by remov+ adjac5t plants4 ,x is /at$ by "s au?ors t 9 ! region to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,mississippi ! ,*ickasaw plum is n[ f\nd gr[+ 9 cle>+s t 7 ab&on$ by ! ,indians & n else:]e1 & ! inf]5ce is t x 0 =m]ly cultivat$4 ,asa ,gray m5tions1 h[ev]1 t ?is species is probably n indig5\s4 ,( dome/icat$ mammals none are kn[n to h be5 possess$ by ! ,indians except ! dog1 :i* x is presum$ 0 d]iv$ f "o or m species ( ! native wolf1 & 0 us$ to c>ry or draw burd5s1 s]v$ also = food1 & furni%$ sk9s = clo?+ & hair = weav+ clo?4 ,! turkey 0 dome/icat$ by ! ,aztecs & ! village ,indians ( ! ,new ,mexico region2 among ! latt]1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 eagles are conf9$ 9 cages & pluck$ = fea!rs4 ,!re is seem+ly no d\bt b t 9 pre-,columbian1 z 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! "y ( wild animals 7 captur$ by ! ,indians & re>$ z pets1 :i* 9 times ( necessity probably s]v$ = food2 b !re are no records ( def9ite attempts to dome/icate ! bison1 m\nta9-%eep1 m\nta9-goat1 or ! pecc>y ( ! ,gulf coa/ & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ! attractive acc\nts t h appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s conc]n+ ! gr&eur ( ! ,aztecs m5tion is made ( ext5sive m5ag]ies1 b ev5 ! mo/ poetic ( hi/orians has n assign$ to ! tribes ( t conf$]ation flocks & h]ds4 ,! llama & ! paco or alpaca1 al?\gh re>$ ext5sively by ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 are n c]ta9ly kn[n to h be5 introduc$ into ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,mississippi1 :]e num]\s e>?works be> te/imony ( an e>ly settlem5t by aborig9es1 heavy =e/s1 ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] climate1 & wide v>iations 9 summ] ra9s comb9$ to make ! natural conditions to a m>k$ degree adv]se to aborig9al developm5t4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies g5]ally1 ! exub]ance ( vegetable gr[? is su* z almo/ to defy ! cle>+ ( l& by p provid$ only ) /one or copp] ut5sils4 ,betwe5 ^! two regions1 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! cont95t1 are ! arid l&s1 :]e1 :5 once ! idea ( irrigation 0 embrac$1 ! conditions fav\r+ a s$5t>y life1 ) agriculture z a basis1 are f> m auspici\s ?an else:]e4 ,! l& is !re treeless1 ! indig5\s plants are easily kill$ by fire & by irrigation1 ! soil is ri*1 int5se sun%9e fav\rs plant gr[?1 & ! ga!r+ ( h>ve/s is n delay$ or ! ef=ts ( indu/ry r5d]$ abortive by ra94 ,( all portions ( ! cont95t1 ?is is ! "o :]e resi/ance to human developm5t is lea/1 provid+ man's ideas are suffici5tly advanc$ to p]mit him to grasp & put 9 practise ! art ( irrigation4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! ,indian !re fir/ began to build p]man5t homes & to cultivate ! soil4 ,?is hypo!sis is su/a9$ 9 "p by hi/orical evid5ce1 & 9 "p by ! ru9s ( anci5t villages or communal h\ses1 irrigation1 dit*es1 etc4 ,f ?is c5tre x may be presum$1 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite pro(1 t ! art ( horticulture spread to ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,9 spite ( ! gl[+ acc\nts giv5 by c]ta9 hi/orians conc]n+ ! high degree ( skill 9 agriculture atta9$ by ! aborig9es ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ext5t ( _! plantations1 a cons]vative balanc+ ( ! evid5ce indicates t !y nev] advanc$ beyond ! /age ( g>d5+1 & t field agriculture1 ! cultivation ( or*>ds1 & ! dome/ication ( mammals 0 practically unkn[n to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,lodge or ,tepee1 ,blackfoot ,indians1 ,manitoba4 ,photograph by ,william ,notman ,son4 ,h\ses4--,! h\ses ( ! primitive ,indians1 ow+ to ! v>i\s /ages 9 culture atta9$ by diff]5t tribes & diff]5ces 9 climatic conditions1 %[$ a wide range 9 mat]ial us$ & 9 ! results obta9$4 ,! %elt]s ( ! w&]+ tribes & ( ! village ,indians dur+ _! j\rneys 7 usually "s =m ( t5t1 ei!r compos$ :olly ( b\ghs or ( a framework ( /icks ov] :i* sk9s 7 spread & secur$ by ?ongs4 ,! typical wigwam consi/$ ( a numb] ( poles f #ae to #ah feet long1 la%$ toge!r at ! top & arrang$ 9 a circle "s #aj feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 on :i* a cov]+ ( sk9s1 b>k1 or mats 0 spread1 leav+ an op5+ at ! top = ! escape ( smoke f a small fire plac$ on ! gr\nd )94 ,at ! top a w+-l ext5sion ( ! cov]+ 0 frequ5tly provid$ :i* c\ld be adju/$ to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,an op5+ on "o side1 protect$ by a curta9 ( sk91 or clos$ by draw+ ! cov]+ toge!r1 s]v$ z a door4 ,a modification ( ?is g5u9e ,indian lodge1 or tepee1 9 :i* cotton clo? is sub/itut$ = ! primitive cov]+1 may be se5 ov] a wide ext5t ( ! c\ntry to ! we/ ( ! ,mississippi at ! pres5t day 7,fig4 #cf74 ,a /ep high] ?an ! usually circul> lodge ( b\ghs1 etc41 9 use pr9cipally among ! ,indians to ! we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 0 furni%$ by ! b>k h\ses ( ! nor!a/]n tribes1 z ^? ( ,new ,york1 9 :i* a rectangul> frame ( poles ) an ar*$ or triangul> ro( 0 cov]$ ) b>k1 usually ( ! elm1 ti$ to ! inn] frame & held also by an ext]nal frame ( poles1 ! two frames be+ la%$ firmly toge!r4 ,?is1 ! celebrat$ long h\se ( ! ,iroquois1 l mo/ ,indian h\ses1 0 design$ to accommodate a numb] ( families1 & may be said to h consi/$ ( sev]al h\ses plac$ end to end ) a common passageway runn+ ?r\gh !m4 ,fires 7 light$ 9 ?is passageway1 "o = ea* family1 & ! smoke all[$ to escape ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! ro(4 ,"o ( ^! b>k h\ses is describ$ by an e>ly travell] z be+ #hj feet long1 #ag feet wide1 & ) a common passageway #f feet wide runn+ ?r\gh its l5g?1 on ea* side ( :i* 7 ap>tm5ts #e feet squ>e4 ,small] h\ses1 usually = ! use ( a few families1 7 also built4 ,! l>g] ones1 z 0 common 9 _m ,indian villages1 7 occupi$ bo? z dwell+s & = g5]al assemblies4 ,^! h\ses 7 gr\p$ 9 villages1 ab\t :i* palisades1 consi/+ ( poles plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 7 frequ5tly built1 & 9 at lea/ "o in/ance a dit* fill$ ) wat] 0 us$ on ! outside ( ! palisade to increase _! security aga9/ attack4 ,! feature ( special int]e/ conc]n+ ! h\ses ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 inclusive ( ! ,eskimos1 is t !y 7 usually occupi$ by a numb] ( families4 ,?is communal idea runs ?r\gh all ! indig5\s ,am]ican ar*itecture4 ,z rem>k$ by ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan1 "o ( ! mo/ judici\s /ud5ts ( ,am]ican e?nology1 ! h\se = a s+le family 0 exceptional ?r\gh\t aborig9al ,am]ica1 :ile ! h\se l>ge en\gh to accommodate sev]al families 0 ! rule4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 occupi$ z jo9t t5em5t-h\ses4 ,!re 0 also a t5d5cy to =m ^! h\seholds on ! pr9ciple ( g5tile k91 ! mo!rs ) _! *ildr5 be+ ( ! same g5s or clan4 ,! idea ( ! jo9t t5em5t-h\se1 z has be5 cle>ly %[n by ,morgan1 illu/rat$ by ! b>k cab9s ( ! ,iroquois1 f9ds its mo/ /rik+ expression 9 ! communal h\ses1 or pueblos1 ( ! village ,indians ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 & 9 ! ab&on$ /one h\ses ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ! arid s\?we/]n portion ( ! cont95t c]ta9 tribes1 t]m$ ! ,pueblo ,indians1 are /ill liv+ 9 ! villages !y occupi$ :5 fir/ visit$ by ,spani% explor]s 7#afdj74 ,on acc\nt ( _! exclusiv5ess & ! isolation ( _! villages 9 an imm5se des]t region !y h be5 b slightly modifi$1 s f> z _! home life is conc]n$1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 by contact ) :ite m54 ,! hot des]t has %ield$ ^! p 9 mu* ! same mann] t ! froz5 tundra has s]v$ to pres]ve ! purity ( ! ,eskimo4 ,! homes ( ,pueblo ,indians1 z describ$ by ,morgan1 are imm5se t5em5t-h\ses1 built ( /one & adobe1 frequ5tly occupy+ sev]al acres ( gr\nd1 & f #a to #f or #g /ories high4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants at ,zuni1 "o ( ! mo/ typical ( ^! pueblo t[ns1 is /at$ to h be5 #a1ejj 9 #ahea1 b to h previ\sly includ$ "s #e1jjj s\ls4 ,! adobe1 ( :i* ! h\ses are l>gely con/ruct$1 is ! soil ( ! region1 :i* :5 mix$ ) wat] & all[$ to dry becomes suffici5tly h>d to reta9 indef9itely 9 an arid climate ! =m giv5 to x4 ,! soil is =m$ into bricks1 & also us$ z a mort> to unite r\gh /ones4 ,al?\gh mu* /one 0 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pueblos1 x 0 r\ghly dress$ by hamm]+1 or n *ang$ at all f its natural condition1 & regul>ly cut & c>v$ /ones d n occur 9 ! build+s4 ,! pueblos 7 built 9 successive t]races1 usually ei!r 9 a semicircle or on ?ree sides ( a rectangle1 ! op5 side be+ protect$ by a wall4 ,irregul> =ms are also kn[n1 ! g5]al plan be+ adapt$ to ! natural condition ( ! site *os54 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances ! /ructures 7 plac$ on elevations :]e a high degree ( safety 0 insur$1 b o!rs are on ! op5 pla9 & ev5 at ! base ( a comm&+ em95ce1 & ne> en\gh to be rea*$ by arr[s %ot f a b[4 ,protection aga9/ enemies 0 increas$ by an abs5ce ( op5+s 9 ! ext]ior walls1 except at a consid]able height above ! gr\nd2 +ress & communication f t]race to t]race be+ by means ( ladd]s1 :i* 7 drawn up or _! /eps remov$ 9 times ( dang]4 ,! ro(s ( ! pueblos1 z may be se5 at ,zuni at ! pres5t day1 are flat & consi/ ( poles cov]$ ) adobe4 ,! controll+ ideas 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pueblos seems to h be5 communal resid5ce & def5ce4 ,! h\ses are at ! same "t t5em5ts & =tresses4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ^!1 z ( practically all ,indian villages1 is ! pres5ce ( "o or m assembly rooms1 & ( op5 c\rts or plazas1 :]e ! p ga!r$ = c\ncil1 wor%ip1 amusem5t1 etc4 ,:5 :ite m5 fir/ visit$ ! ,pueblo ,indians !y cultivat$ g>d5s ) ! aid ( irrigation 9 :i* maize1 mo/ly ( a blue col\r1 0 ! pr9cipal crop1 & _h dome/icat$ ! turkey2 e>!n vessels ( l>ge size1 frequ5tly elaborately & pleas+ly decorat$1 7 manufactur$2 cotton fabrics 7 wov5 ( spun ?reads1 & ! m5 7 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s & %ields2 clo?+ 0 made ( dress$ de]sk9s1 buffalo-robes1 & cotton clo? usually dy$ d>k blue4 ,! descriptions ( ! ,pueblo ,indians giv5 by ! fir/ visitors f civiliz$ peoples w\ld1 to a great ext5t1 apply to !m at ! pres5t day1 al?\gh 9 reality _! lives h be5 pr(\ndly modifi$ & _! indig5\s developm5t *eck$4 ,?r\gh\t a wide ext5t ( ! arid s\?we/ ! ru9s ( anci5t pueblos1 irrigation canals1 remnants ( pott]y1 ! latt] frequ5tly m>k+ village sites on isolat$ em95ces1 be> witness ( a =m]ly widely spread p4 ,?is evid5ce %[s also t ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t tribes h inhabit$ ! same t]ritory = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,9 ?is same g5]al region are f\nd ! h\ses ( ! cliff-dwell]s1 :o excavat$ rooms 9 ! faces ( precipices1 frequ5tly high above _! bases & only accessible by means ( holes1 s]v+ z /eps1 cut 9 ! rock1 or ) ! aid ( ladd]s4 ,9 _m in/ances ^! anci5t cliff-dwell]s1 ( :i* no c]ta9 desc5dants rema91 took advantage ( natural cav]ns1 or ( ov]hang+ l$ges1 :i* 7 clos$ by means ( walls ( r\gh /one & adobe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,panorama ( ,uxmal1 ,yucatan4 ,9 ! =egr\nd at ! left is ! ,pyramid-temple ( ! ,magician1 ,a1 ) its small c\rt at ! "r-h& base4 ,connect+ imm$iately ) ?is is ! ,nunn]y quadrangle1 ,b1 occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! =egr\nd4 ,beh9d ! latt]1 on ! gr\nd level1 are two massive ru9$ walls usually ref]r$ to z ! ,gymnasium1 ,c1 & ris+ beh9d ?is is a great triple t]race1 on ! second level ( :i*1 at ! "r1 is ! ,h\se ( ! ,turtles1 ,d1 & cr[n+ ! summit is ! ,gov]nor's ,palace1 ,e4 ,to ! "r & beyond is ! s]rat$ cre/ ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,pigeons1 ,f1 ov]%ad[$ on ! left by ! massive pyramid1 ,g1 & back$ up by a temple-cr[n$ pyramidal pile ( inf]ior dim5sions1 ,h4 ,to ! left ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,gov]nor & beyond is a gr\p consi/+ ( two pyramids1 ,i1 & on ! "r ( ! ,nunn]y quadrangle1 & "s di/ance f>!r away1 are o!r ru9$ masses1 "o only com+ fully )9 ! limits ( ! picture4--,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4 ,! pueblo dwell+s1 built l>gely ( adobe1 are /at$ by e?nologi/s to h ext5d$ s\?w>d into ,mexico1 & illu/rate ! nature ( ! h\ses 9 :i* ! ,aztecs liv$1 b ! highe/ type ( aborig9al ar*itecture 9 ,am]ica is furni%$ by ! dwell+s & s-call$ temples1 palaces1 etc41 /ill /&+ 9 ,yucatan & o!r portions ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ^! ru9s we h abundant example ( build+s made ( cut /one1 laid 9 regul> & ev5 c\rses1 unit$ ) mort> compos$ ( burn$ lime & s&1 & elaborately sculptur$ 9 bas-relief & 9 ! r\nd1 or cov]$ ) designs m\ld$ 9 /ucco4 ,9 size & proportions ^! unique /ructures are impressive4 ,! s-call$ ,gov]nor's ,palace at ,uxmal1 ,yucatan1 is #cbj feet long1 #dj feet wide1 & #be to #bf feet high1 & surm\nts an artificially con/ruct$ plat=m ( e>? #ce feet high & approximately #eej feet squ>e4 ,?is plat=m is t]rac$ & provid$ ) broad flights ( /one /eps 7,fig4 #cg74 ,^! dim5sions w s]ve to r5d] m in/ructive ! accompany+ sket* ( ! pr9cipal ru9s at ,uxmal by ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,examples ( ,maya ,ar*es4 ,aft] ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4 a4 ,section ( cunei=m ar* ) acute apex1 ,*i*5-,itza4 b4 ,section ( ord9>y ar* ) flat cap/one4 c4 ,section ( ord9>y ar* ) dress$ surfaces4 d4 ,section ( ord9>y ar* ) dress$ surfaces & curv$ s(fit slopes4 e4 ,portal ar* ) long slopes1 %[+ masonry ( ext]ior fac+4 f4 ,section ( trefoil1 portal ar* ( ,pal5que4 ,m]e size & _! great numb] are n ! significant features ( ^! ru9s4 ,!y are well built1 ( cut /one1 & mo/ elaborately decorat$1 z may be se5 by ! accompany+ reproduction ( a photograph ( a typical example4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! skill display$ by ! unkn[n ar*itects & build]s1 ,holmes1 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t z well z ! mo/ critical ( ,c5tral ,am]ican travell]s1 rem>ks z foll[s3 ,! /one us$ is ! pale-yell[i% & r$di%-gray1 obscurely m>bl$ lime/one ( ! locality4444 ,! fac+s & ornam5ts are all cut & sculptur$ ) a ma/]ly h&l+ n surpass$ :]e *isels1 picks1 & hamm]s ( iron & /eel are us$1 & ! faces & contact m>g9s are hewn ) p]fect precision4 ,?\gh ! f9i% ( ! surfaces 0 (t5 secur$ by means ( abrasion or gr9d+1 pick+ or peck+ 7 ! ma9 ag5ts employ$1 & ! ind5ts ( ! tools are (t5 app>5t & wond]fully fre%-look+4 ,! /ones 7 set 9 mort>1 al?\gh 9 _m cases ! jo9ts are s p]fect t ! mort> does n appe> on ! surface4 ,! ext5sive ru9s ( ,uxmal1 al?\gh only a "p ( ! treasures conceal$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 express ) an eloqu5ce n z yet fully appreciat$ ! advanc$ /age ( culture & ref9em5t atta9$ 9 ,am]ica f ! gr[? ( indig5\s ideas4 ,"s ( ! special features illu/rat$ by !m f :i* ! degree ( m5tal developm5t ( _! build]s c be judg$ is ! pres5ce ( ! w$ge-%ap$ b n ( ! true ar*4 ,! "* ( ! simple/ & p]haps ! fir/ /yle ( ar* con/ruct$ by ! awak5+ peoples 9 _m l&s are %[n 9 ! accompany+ sket*es1 borr[$ f ,holmes's mo/ in/ructive report4 ,columns1 bo? squ>e & r\nd1 7 us$1 & /atues bo? 9 bas-relief & 9 ! r\nd are common4 ,! designs1 :e!r ( animals1 grotesque mon/]s1 fea!rs1 or plants1 are 9 /rong relief1 ei!r cut 9 /one or m\ld$ 9 /ucco4 ,^! designs are n conf9$ to s+le /ones1 b embrace sev]al blocks1 & toge!r ) ! diap] fretwork ext5d ! entire l5g? ( ev5 ! l>g] /ructures4 ,accompany+ ! well-wr\ght figures ( m51 & at times =m+ sep>ate inscriptions1 are _m hi]oglyphics1 ! mean+s ( :i* are /ill unkn[n4 ,all or ne>ly all ( ! /ructures /& on artificial plat=ms1 :i* are t]rac$4 ,a t]rac$ pyramid1 ) a broad flight ( /eps on "o or m sides1 surm\nt$ by a well-proportion$ rectangul> build+1 fac$ ) cut /one1 highly decorat$1 & ) a flat ro(1 are ! l>g] features ( ! ,maya ru9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,sculptur$ ,facade ( ,gov]nor's ,palace1 ,uxmal1 ,yucatan4 ,?is v h&some & elaborate piece ( "w is a section ( ! embelli%$ entablature zone ( ! palace4 ,! height f ! l[] or m$ial m\ld+ bel[ to ! cop+ c\rse above is ab\t #aj feet4 ,! entire l5g?1 cov]+ ! f\r walls ( ! build+1 is "s #gbe feet4 ,if we all[ t ! /ones employ$ av]age #f by #ab in*es 9 surface dim5sions1 ?is deeply c(f]$ & reliev$ mosaic w\ld comprise upw>d ( #bj1jjj pieces1 all specially cut & a l>ge p]c5tage elaborately sculptur$4 ,two pla9 cop+ c\rses are se5 at ! top1 foll[$ by a tw9$ fillet m\ld+1 :ile "u ?is is a l9e ( v ornate sn\t$ masks4 ,! broad space bel[ is fill$ ) bold fretwork1 set on a lattice gr\nd & int]rupt$ by ! wond]ful ov]door trophy1 ! c5tral feature ( :i* is a human figure1 fully life size1 sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd & seat$ 9 a ni*e ) fe/oon$ base4 ,! head n[ displac$ 0 surr\nd$ by an elaborate & colossal head-dress1 mo/ ( :i* rema9s4 ,! horizontal b>s t]m9at+ 9 s]p5t heads at bo? ends are sep>at$ by l9es ( hi]oglyphs4--,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4 ,all ( ?is & m1 z c be read 9 ! elaborately illu/rat$ books ( ,/eph5s1 ,holmes1 & o!rs1 %[s t ! ,maya p1 at ! "t !y 7 cru%$ by ! m ?an cruel ,spani% invasion1 _h rea*$ a /age 9 _! developm5t b little %ort ( true civilization4 ,e?nological ,/udies4--,! native dress ( ! ,indians1 _! boats1 ornam5ts1 & /ill m _! cu/oms1 sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1 religions1 my?s1 traditions1 etc41 (f] attractive subjects = /udy1 :i* are be+ e>ne/ly pursu$ by _m /ud5ts at ! pres5t "t4 ,! clos+ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ a true awak5+ ( ! :ite p ( ,am]ica to an int]e/ 9 ! _m relics ( anci5t e>?works1 build+s1 ut5sils1 etc41 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! cont95t1 & a heal?y gr[? ( an e>ne/ desire to record all t c be le>n$ conc]n+ ! repres5tatives /ill rema9+ ( ! vani%$ peoples to :om !y p]ta94 ,9 ! van ( ?is important "w is ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,important "w has also be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*aeology1 situat$ at ,cambridge1 & m rec5tly has be5 tak5 up 9 an en]getic mann] by ! ,am]ican ,museum 9 ,new ,york & ! ,field ,columbian ,museum at ,*icago4 ,! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico has assembl$ ri* /ores ( ar*aeological & e?nological mat]ial p]ta9+ to ! native races ( ,mexico1 & ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t is do+ mu* to pres]ve ! priceless prehi/oric monum5ts ( ! republic f v&alism4 ,!re are also _m private antiqu>ian collections & _m individual /ud5ts :o are do+ good "w along _! *os5 hi/oric1 l+ui/ic1 & o!r bran*es ( rese>*4 ,"o phase ( ?is "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to anci5t e>?works1 build+s1 & also ! obs]vations ( e>ly travell]s1 mission>ies1 explor]s1 etc41 is ! removal ( ! incru/ation ( romance1 & 9 "p ( fable1 t has be5 =m$ ab\t !m4 ,z %[n by ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 9 ref]5ce to _m reput$ f9ds ( ! relics ( m5 9 v>i\s glacial & o!r deposits2 by ,w4 ,h4 ,h5%aw1 9 respect to c]ta9 animal c>v+s2 by ,cyrus ,?omas1 9 ! case ( ! e>?work ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 by ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican aborig9es & o!r simil> examples1 imag9ation has only too frequ5tly tak5 ! place ( critical /udy & ha/y g5]alizations h be5 giv5 publicity4 ,x is p]haps n too /rong a /atem5t to say t ! fasc9at+ hi/ories p]ta9+ to ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 writt5 by ,irv+1 ,prescott1 & ,bancr(t1 ne$ to be ?or\ghly revis$ & rewritt5 f ! /&po9t ( ! sci5tific e?nologi/4 ,?is cle>+ ( ! field ( an und]bru% ( fancy is z necess>y z ! "w ( ! axe or ma*ete 9 remov+ ! vegetable gr[?s t conceal _m ( ! records ( ,am]ica's hi/ory4 ,! ,contact ( ! ,aborig9es ) ,=eign ,peoples4--,! *ief int]e/ ( ! e?nologi/ conc]n+ ! ,am]ican aborig9es relates to _! condition be=e ! introduction ( ,european ideas & cu/oms4 ,?is ext]nal influ5ce has be5 f>-rea*+ & cumulative 9 its effects1 & to-day !re is n a tribe 9 ,nor? ,am]ica t /&s :]e x w\ld h /ood b = its com+4 ,among "s ( ! ,eskimo tribes1 & 9 ! case also ( c]ta9 ,indian communities 9 c5tral ,alaska & nor!rn ,canada1 !re h be5 b slight modifications ev5 9 dress1 ut5sils1 etc41 by reason ( contact ) ! :ite man4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians h be5 resi/ant to *ange1 b al?\gh /ill gr9d+ _! blue corn 9 primitive /one h&-mills1 & dress$ ne>ly z ! fir/ ,spani% visitors f\nd _! ance/ors 9 ! same villages1 !re has be5 a sl[ly progress+ revolution 9 ! und]curr5t ( _! ?\ght1 ideas1 religion1 cu/oms1 etc4 ,:e!r ?is *ange is = ! bett] or ! worse dep5ds on ! po9t ( view4 ,9 attempt+ to judge ( x f ! ,indian's side1 ! only possible conclusion seems to be t ! com+ ( ! :ite man has be5 a curse4 ,! reception ( ,europeans by ! ,indian1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances k9dly1 has1 9 ! ma91 be5 b an outw>d %[ ( fri5d%ip1 conceal+ suspicion1 fe>1 & jeal\sy4 ,t ?is di/ru/ 0 well f\nd$ is abundantly prov$ by hi/ory4 ,s9ce ! slaught] & enslavem5t ( ! aborig9es ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! cont95t by ,spani>ds1 ?r\gh all ! bloody conflicts ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ) ! ,indians ( ! ,atlantic & ,mississippi regions1 to ne> ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 almo/ con/ant w>1 m>aud+1 murd]1 rap9e1 & jeal\sy h accompani$ ! contact ( ! aborig9es & ! :ites4 ,al?\gh ! ,indians succe$$ 9 ret>d+ ! spread ( civilization1 !y 7 n /rong en\gh to p]man5tly *eck x4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada !y h be51 to a great ext5t1 dispossess$ ( _! hunt+-gr\nds by s-call$ treaties1 or by =mal pur*ase1 & plac$ on res]vations4 ,9 ,mexico ! /ruggle is /ill 9 active progress1 b !re & 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies ! contact ( ! two races has 9 "p assum$ a diff]5t phase1 & "o less visibly detrim5tal to ! ,indian4 ,9 ! c\ntries n[ held by p ( ,spani% desc5t1 & 9 fact ?r\gh\t ,lat9 ,am]ica1 z x is t]m$1 amalgamation has1 to a great ext5t1 caus$ ! disappe>ance ( ! ,indian race 9 its purity4 ,nor? ( ! indef9ite b\nd>y :]e ! ,spani% language is l>gely spok5 mu* less admixture ( ! two races has occurr$ ?an f>!r s\?1 & ! half-bre$ is class$ z an ,indian4 ,:ile to ! nor? ( ,mexico x is possible to trace ! po/-,columbian hi/ories ( ! ,indian tribes ) an approa* to complet5ess & to /ate _! pres5t c5sus1 & note ! results ( ! attempts t h be5 made to civilize !m1 to ! s\? ( ! ,mexican b\nd>y su* a task is seem+ly hopeless4 ,9 ,alaska ! ,indians /ill roam at l>ge ) no o!r re/ra9t ?an t aris+ f ! adju/m5t rea*$ ?r\gh int]tribal relations1 ) slight modifications due to ! widely scatt]$ settlem5ts ( :ite m54 ,no attempt has be5 made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to place !m on res]vations1 & ?is w probably n occur1 z ! :ite man does n wi% _! l&s = agricultural purposes4 ,displacem5t by contact seems to express ! *ange n[ 9 progress4 ,9 ,canada ! pres5t condition ( ! ,indians v>ies ) locality4 ,9 ! s\!a/]n "p1 includ+ ! m>itime prov9ces1 !y h be5 greatly *ang$ f _! native condition1 & to a l>ge ext5t ga!r$ on res]vations or h settl$ on l& ( _! own & become self-su/a9+4 ,9 ! ,labrador region & ?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s !y /ill roam at w1 & dep5d ma9ly on hunt+ & fi%+ = a livelihood4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/1 ! ,haidas1 etc41 ( ,briti% ,columbia--& ! same is true ( _! neighb\rs1 ! ,tl+its ( s\!a/]n ,alaska--h become int]e/$ z lab\r]s 9 ! comm]cial fi%]ies1 pr9cipally ! salmon indu/ry4 ,! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t has pur*as$ ext5sive tracts ( l& f ! ,indians1 & ! pur*ase money1 toge!r ) ! returns f ! sale ( rel9qui%$ l&s1 etc41 am\nt+ 9 #aijj to #c1hic1fbc1 is held 9 tru/ = _! b5efit4 ,! int]e/ on ?is sum1 toge!r ) appropriations made by ! ,gov]nm5t = ! support1 education1 etc41 ( ! ,indians1 am\nt$ dur+ ! ye> #aijj to #a1cji1abg4 ,! total--9 "p e/imat$--,indian population ( ,canada is ab\t #ii1jjj1 & ^? class$ z resid5t ,indians numb] #gg1dej4 ,! la/-nam$ dur+ ! ye> #aijj cultivat$ #ajh1hej acres ( l&2 own$ #hc1jai head ( cattle1 horses1 %eep1 etc42 cut #fh1cie tons ( hay2 ga!r$ #dga1eif bu%els ( potatoes & o!r root crops1 besides an output ( #a1fci1cih wor? ( fi%1 furs1 etc4 ,dur+ ! same ye> #i1fcd ,indian *ildr5 att5d$ indu/rial s*ools4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a cr$itable report & "o enc\rag+ to ! hope t all ! ,indians 9 ,canada w 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations become civiliz$1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,indians outside ( ! res]vations & beyond ! limits ( ! treaty l&s /ill roam at l>ge & to a great ext5t are 9 a deplorable condition4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! aborig9es )9 h] bord]s ,canada has to a m>k$ degree be5 bo? humane & j4 ,h] policy 9 ?is connection is l>gely an inh]itance f t ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ^: success 9 trade dep5d$ on ma9ta9+ fri5dly relations ) ! native peoples4 ,! "w ( ! factors ( ! ,great ,company scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,canada & c>ri$ on cont9u\sly = m ?an two c5turies did mu* to prep>e ! aborig9es = civil gov]nm5t4 ,ow+ l>gely1 also1 to ! effici5cy ( ! m\nt$ police ( ,canada mu* less tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,indians ( t c\ntry ?an has be5 ! case 9 ! adjac5t portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 any comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ( ! relation ( ! ,canadian & ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5ts to ! aborig9es )9 _! respective bord]s acc\nt ne$s to be tak5 ( ! widely diff]5t conditions on ! opposite sides ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 !m4 ,n only are ! ,indians ( ,canada ab\t "o-?ird z num]\s z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ! area ( ea* c\ntry is ab\t ! same1 b ow+ to a less d5se :ite population to ! nor? ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 f> less dem& has !re aris5 = _! l&s = agricultural1 m9+1 & o!r purposes ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,indian problem )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 a mo/ s]i\s "o1 & is /ill a sev]e tax on ! nation4 ,! union ( ! colonies & ! f9al sep>ation f ! "m c\ntry left ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) an imm5se we/]n fronti]1 ext5d+ 9 an irregul> way f nor? to s\? ?r\gh ! trackless =e/s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,z ! nation grew 9 /r5g? ?is fronti] 0 press$ f>!r & f>!r we/w>d1 :ile settlem5ts e/abli%$ on ! ,pacific coa/ pres5t$ a fronti] to ! ea/w>d4 ,^! two inundations ( civilization1 crude1 b virile & aggressive1 approa*$ ea* o!r & ent]$ ! passes 9 ! m\nta9s sep>at+ !m4 ,betwe5 ! two 7 ! hunt+-gr\nds ( ! ,indians1 b ! advance ( ! :ites 0 irregul> & ! outpo/s ( civilization 7 9 ! ,indian c\ntry4 ,9 #ahfg ! build+s ( ! fir/ ( ! transcont95tal railroads divid$ ! region roam$ ov] by savage tribes4 ,railroads cont9u$ to be built1 & pres5tly !re 0 no fronti]4 ,9 a lat] /age 9 ?is process ( subdu+ a cont95t x became imp]ative t ! m ho/ile & trea*]\s ,indian tribes %\ld be ei!r ext]m9at$ or segregat$ & conf9$ to def9ite regions1 :]e !y c\ld be "u milit>y surveillance4 ,_m treaties 7 made betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,indians1 & by ?is means & by =ce ! orig9al occupants ( ! l& 7 plac$ on res]vations4 ,! aim ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 x mu/ be conc$$1 has dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s or m be5 humane1 b 9 _m in/ances treaties h be5 unfulfill$1 & individuals 9 au?ority h prov$ incompet5t1 unfai?ful1 & di%one/4 ,9 judg+ ( ! deal+s ( ! :ite man ) ! ,indian1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! problem 0 highly complex & 9 c]ta9 ways ( su* a nature t no result j to ea* p>ty 0 practicable4 ,on "o h&1 ! rights ( ! ,indian to ! l& !y inh]it$ f _! ance/ors 0 to be recognis$1 b a l>g] int]e/1 ! m>* ( civilization1 _h also to be enc\rag$4 ,! good ( humanity dem&$ t ! b>b>ian1 roam+ ov] broad l&s ( :i* he made no use except = hunt+1 %\ld give place to m enlight5$ p1 :o wi%$ to cultivate ! soil & make x support ?\s&s ( individuals1 :]e be=e only a few hundr$ c\ld f9d su/5ance4 ,! hi/ory p]ta9+ to s _m c\ntries1 :]e civiliz$ peoples h displac$ races 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture1 0 "h repeat$4 ,! ma9 issue 0 ! same1 only ! details diff]4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! :ite & ! r$ man x became evid5t t ! latt] mu/ yield1 assume habits ( indu/ry1 & e>n 8 bread by ! sweat ( 8 br[ or be ext]m9at$4 ,x may be said t nei!r ( ^! seem+ly inevitable results has occurr$2 ! ,indian has n be5 ext]m9at$1 & possibly n s]i\sly r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 & to a great ext5t is n self-support+4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is b a transi5t /age1 result+ f ! res]vation sy/em4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances ! l&s =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,indians h be5 pur*as$ f !m by ! ,gov]nm5t & ?r[n op5 to settlem5t by :ite p4 ,! money due = ^! pur*ases has 9 sev]al in/ances be5 paid to ! ,indians1 ei!r z tribes or individually1 :ile 9 o!r cases x is /ill held 9 tru/ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! int]e/ on x us$ = ! b5efit ( ! orig9al occupants ( ! l&4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t by treaty ) c]ta9 ( ! tribes1 z ! ,si\x1 = example1 has agre$ to pay def9ite annuities & issue to ea* individual a c]ta9 am\nt ( clo?+ & food ea* ye>4 ,o!r tribes plac$ on res]vations 7 also grant$ clo?+ & food suffici5t to keep !m f want1 al?\gh no agreem5t to t effect 0 ent]$ into1 ! !ory ( ! ,gov]nm5t be+ t ! ,indians depriv$ ( _! hunt+-gr\nds %\ld receive aid until !y c\ld adopt ! ways ( civiliz$ m5 suffici5tly to be self-support+4 ,! numb] ( ,indians assi/$ 9 ?is way ea* ye> dur+ ! pa/ decade has be5 ab\t #he1jjj4 ,! food issu$1 usually twice a mon?1 consi/s ( meat1 ei!r beef or its equival5t 9 bacon1 fl\r1 c(fee1 & sug>4 ,! ration suppli$ ea* individual is suffici5t to ma9ta9 a p]son1 or at lea/ keep him f />v+1 b is n int5d$ to meet all 8 wants4 ,! desire on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t t want %\ld compel ! ,indian to "w1 has be5 /ill fur!r press$ by a gradual decrease 9 ! ration issu$ 9 c]ta9 in/ances :]e def9ite agreem5t has n be5 made & :]e a t5d5cy to self-support is manife/4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ?is assi/ance1 in/ead ( /imulat+ indu/ry1 &1 z w\ld seem natural1 gradually lead+ ! recipi5t to desire & obta9 m & m ( ! com=ts & luxuries t may be _h z a rew>d ( ex]tion1 s]v$ b to enhance 8 inh]it$ av]sion to all =ms ( lab\r4 ,! issu+ ( rations ev5 to ! ext5t ( insur+ ! ,indian aga9/ />vation has to a great ext5t remov$ ! inc5tive to indu/ry1 & ! ,indian1 be+ an ,indian1 has rema9$ ?riftless & indiff]5t4 ,! res]vation sy/em1 s f> z atta9+ ! ma9 aim 9 view1 namely1 ! civiliz+ ( ! ,indian & enc\rag+ him to "w1 has1 to a great ext5t1 be5 a failure4 ,9 addition to ! issu+ ( food & clo?+1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! view ( ext5d+ /ill fur!r enc\ragem5t1 has 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances provid$ ! ,indians ) tools1 horses1 agricultural implem5ts1 etc41 & aid$ 9 irrigation & o!r s*emes t5d+ to ! improvem5t ( ! l&s compris$ 9 res]vations4 ,besides ! direct mat]ial aid j ref]r$ to1 s*ools h be5 e/abli%$1 & an e>ne/ & widely ext5d$ ef=t made to educate ! ,indians & make !m wor?y ( citiz5%ip4 ,! result ( ?is ef=t1 :ile highly enc\rag+ 9 _m individual in/ances1 has on ! :ole fall5 f> %ort ( :at 0 expect$ 9 view ( ! l>ge exp5ditures incurr$4 ,! sum ?us employ$ dur+ ! pa/ ?irty-?ree ye>s is ab\t #bdj1jjj1jjj4 ,! total appropriation made by ! ,gov]nm5t = ! c>e & education ( ! ,indians1 inclusive ( ! aborig9es ( ,alaska1 = ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aija1 0 ov] #i1jjj1jjj4 ,( ?is sum1 ov] "o-?ird 0 exp5d$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools4 ,9 addition to ?is provision !re are a numb] ( mission & o!r s*ools1 support$ ma9ly by religi\s or b5evol5t organizations1 & c]ta9 public s*ools n receiv+ aid f ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t :i* 7 :olly or 9 "p = ! b5efit ( ,indian pupils4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,indian s*ools ! ,indian *ildr5 are remov$ f _! homes & plac$ 9 in/itutions :]e !y live = a p]iod ( f\r ye>s "u milit>y discipl9e4 ,9 ^! s*ools lit]>y is subord9ate to indu/rial tra9+4 ,! majority ( ! s*ools are equipp$ ) %ops = %oe- & h>ness-mak+1 c>p5try1 blacksmi?+1 wagon-mak+1 etc41 & 9 sev]al in/ances ! girls are taught cook+ & h\se-"w4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! s*ools is situat$ at ,c>lisle1 ,p5nsylvania1 at :i* ! av]age att5dance dur+ ! ye> #aijj 0 #ifa4 ,! ext5t to :i* education is spread+ ?r\gh ! ,indian tribes & its rate ( increase are indicat$ by ! fact t ! att5dance on ! ,gov]nm5t s*ools has increas$ f #c1eih 9 #ahgg to #ba1eff 9 #aijj4 ,:ile ! b5efits receiv$ by ! ,indians ?r\gh ! issu+ ( clo?+1 rations1 & by education has be5 great & ! se$ = future progress s[n broadca/1 ! results1 s f> z lift+ ! recipi5ts into an atmosph]e ( ref9em5t & civilization & mak+ !m self-support+ are conc]n$1 are f> f enc\rag+4 ,! ,indians 9 g5]al are /ill w>ds ( ! ,gov]nm5t & n wor?y ( citiz5%ip4 ,! aim ( ! ,gov]nm5t is n only to educate ! ,indians1 b to induce !m to adopt ! ways ( indu/ri\s & progressive :ite m51 build homes on l& c$$ to !m & :i* !y may hold z individuals1 ?us break+ up _! long-e/abli%$ practise ( communal or tribe own]%ip1 & f9ally become citiz5s ( ! republic4 ,to ?is end l& has be5 divid$ among ! heads ( families ( sev]al tribes & titles 9 sev]alty grant$1 ) re/rictions 9 mo/1 if n all in/ances1 9 ref]5ce to ! sale ( ! l& )9 a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,9 _m in/ances ?is plan has be5 productive ( good results1 & ! ,indians h become indu/ri\s & to a l>ge ext5t citiz5s4 ,! num]\s successes t h foll[$ ! allotm5t ( l& 9 sev]alty1 accompani$ z x is ) responsibilities & ! necessity ( self-support1 is enc\rag+ & leads to ! hope t 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations all ! ,indians w h pass$ f ! condition ( b>b>ism to "o ( civilization4 ,9 ,mexico s9ce #ahbd ! ,indians h be5 on ! same political basis z ! :ites1 al?\gh to a great ext5t !y h fail$ to pr(it by _! advantages1 & s f> z legal re/rictions are conc]n$ are eligible to any (fice ( ! republic4 ,! brighte/ example ( ! wisdom ( ?is policy is furni%$ by ! fact t 9 at lea/ "o in/ance a man ( pure ,aztec blood has occupi$ ! highe/ (fice 9 ! gift ( ! p4 ,9 g5]al1 & 9 fact almo/ univ]sally1 ! position ( ! ,indian 9 ,mexico is t ( a f>m lab\r]1 b al?\gh nom9ally free1 ow+ to a preval5t sy/em ( debt1 he is really held 9 vassalage by ! own]s ( ! l>ge plantations or haci5das4 ,9 _m ways 8 condition is b little bett] ?an t ( a slave4 ,unlike ! roam+ tribes ( ! m nor!rn portion ( ! cont95t1 :]e ! food supply fluctuates greatly ) ! seasons1 ! natives ( ,mexico e>ly became s$5t>y1 &1 ow+ no d\bt 9 "p to ! d5sity ( ! population1 became horticulturi/s1 & h cont9u$ to cultivate ! soil to ! pres5t day4 ,!y are n[ ess5tially agriculturi/s1 w$d$ to _! place ( bir?1 & n only d n desire *ange1 b repel by passive resi/ance ! invasion ( civilization & ! use ( new & improv$ tools & ma*9]y4 ,!y are non-progressive1 & on acc\nt ( _! great numb]s1 con/itut+ ab\t #ch p] c5t ( ! entire population1 s]ve to ret>d advancem5t 9 a mann] t is highly detrim5tal to ! enlight5$ & progressive memb]s ( ! rul+ class4 ,education 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! republic is compulsory & ! s*ools free4 ,) bo? political & educational advantages1 h[ev]1 b indiff]5t progress t[>ds civilization has be5 made4 ,! pres5t condition ( ! ,indians ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,am]ica is simil> to t ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,aztecs & o!r tribes 9 ,mexico bo? politically & socially4 ,!y are a di%e>t5$ race1 liv+ 9 a region :]e exub]ant nature supplies _! small wants ) b little ex]tion on _! "p1 & inc5tives to activity ei!r ( body or m9d are1 to a great ext5t1 lack+4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! native ,c>ibs 7 ne>ly ext]m9at$ by ! ,spani>ds e>ly 9 _! occupation ( ! isl&s1 _! places z lab\r]s be+ suppli$ by ! importation ( negro slaves1 & at ! pres5t "t b few1 if any1 ,indians ( pure blood are to be f\nd4 ,?r\gh\t ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies amalgamation ( ! ,indian ) bo? ,europeans & negroes has tak5 place1 & a mix$ race1 consi/+ ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! total population1 has result$4 ,9 ,mexico ^! me/izos1 z !y are t]m$1 numb] ab\t #e1jjj1jjj1 or ab\t two-fif?s ( ! entire population4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican republics ! supplant+ ( ! aborig9al race by ! same process is ?\ght to h progress$ at ab\t ! same rate z 9 ,mexico4 ,to ! /ud5t ( geography a comp>ison ( ! /ate ( ! aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica be=e peoples f o!r l&s came among !m1 ) ref]5ce to ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 is full ( significance4 ,! highe/ degree ( culture & ! greate/ advance t[>ds ref9em5t 0 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :]e a uni=m climate prevails & bodily wants are few & easily suppli$4 ,x 0 !re t skill 9 ar*itecture rea*$ its highe/ developm5t1 & :at is wor?y ! "n ( art1 & we may almo/ say lett]s1 b 9 tru? picture-writ+1 rea*$ a high degree ( advancem5t4 ,?is m>k$ progress 9 a tropical c\ntry beyond :at 0 atta9$ by ! ,indian tribes 9 ! temp]ate & cold portions ( ! cont95t seems to be an exception to ! g5]al rule t intellectual progress is /imulat$ by *angeable climatic conditions1 & rea*es ! highe/ developm5t 9 cold1 temp]ate climates4 ,app>5tly ! degree ( /imulation ne$$ = ! ,caucasian & ! ,indian diff]s1 & ! latt] ?rives be/ :]e ! ob/acles to be ov]come are lea/4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! (t-repeat$ /atem5t t ! ,indian is b a *ild4 ,! /ruggle :i* w\ld disc\rage ! boy is b ze/ to ! man4 ,among ! ,indians !mselves1 h[ev]1 we f9d an exception to ! rule sugge/$ 9 ! fact t ! ,iroquois or ! ,six ,nations ( ,new ,york1 9 _! tribal organization & alliances ( (f5ce & def5ce probably surpass$ ev5 ! ,aztecs & ,mayas4 ,9 physical /r5g? & endurance1 & 9 m5tal p[]s1 s f> z gov]nm5t & oratory are conc]n$1 ! ,iroquois probably surpass$ all o!r ,indians2 b 9 ar*itecture1 art1 picture-writ+1 etc41 !y 7 f> ! inf]iors ( ! ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?us1 intellectual /r5g? & vig\r seem to h be5 mo/ m>k$ly a product ( ! cold] & m *angeable climate1 :ile ! highe/ atta9m5t 9 ar*itecture1 etc41 0 rea*$ at ! s\?4 ,x is 9 ! temp]ate region also t ! be/ results h be5 rea*$ 9 attempt+ to civilize ! ,indians4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be claim$ z a result ( climate simply1 s9ce ! aid t has be5 ext5d$ to !m 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f> diff]5t f ! influ5ce ex]t$ on _! relatives at ! s\? by m5 ( ,spani% blood4 ,! results ( ! ef=ts ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to civilize ! ,indian & make him wor?y ( citiz5%ip1 al?\gh co/ly & sl[ 9 rea*+ ! desir$ end1 are full ( promise4 ,by ! me?ods ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ few pages a /rong ef=t is be+ made to c\nt]act ! h>% treatm5t ! ,indians receiv$ dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ,fr5* & ,engli% aggression1 & to give !m a fair *ance to advance4 ,"o important result ( ! pres5t firm control is ! total cessation ( int]tribal w>f>e4 ,seem+ly ! aborig9es ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) ! exception--& x is hop$ ?is is b tempor>y--( ! ,alaskan ,eskimos & ! /ill unc>$-= ,indian tribes ( ,alaska & ,canada1 %\ld increase 9 numb]s z well z 9 enlight5m5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to numb]s1 ! enum]ations t h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s1 al?\gh n exact1 seem to indicate a dim9ution 9 ! rate ( decrease1 if n a positive advance4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ ( ! ,indian tribes nor? ( ,mexico ! *ange f a free life1 pass$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 t5ts or tempor>y homes1 to an inactive1 s$5t>y exi/5ce1 mo/ly on res]vations1 & ! influ5ces ( h\se-life )\t a k ( sanit>y conditions 0 a mo/ sev]e "o4 ,! adv]se results ( ?is *ange1 x is probable1 are n yet pa/1 b ! rate ( decrease 9 numb]s result+ f x appe>s to be dim9i%+4 ,aside f ! comp>ative sudd5ness ) :i* ! ,indian has be5 =c$ to *ange 8 ways ( ?9k+ & liv+1 x mu/ be confess$ t !re is some?+ inh]5t 9 8 m5tal qualities t makes him unduly resi/ant to progress4 ,z a race x is n to be hop$ t he c ev] be plac$ on really equal t]ms ) ! :ite man4 ,! total aborig9al population ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 #aijj1 z ne>ly z x is n[ practicable to asc]ta91 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,canada1 ,arctic coa/ #a1jjj ,eskimos4 ,newf\ndl& 7,labrador coa/7 #hjj ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,alaska 7#ahij7 #ad1jjj ---------- ,total ,eskimo population1 ab\t #ae1hjj ,canada #ii1jaj ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( ,alaska #bgj1edd ,indians4 ,alaska #ae1ejj ,mexico 7#ahie7 #e1jjj1jjj ,c5tral ,am]ica 7l>gely e/imat$7 #a1fjj1jjj --------- ,total ,indian population1 ab\t #f1ihe1jed --------- ,total aborig9al population1 ab\t #g1jjj1hjj ,9 ?is enum]ation no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! ,indians ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 = ! reason1 s f> z c be le>n$1 t !re are few1 if any1 ( pure blood rema9+4 ,,lit]ature ,va/ /ores ( in=mation conc]n+ ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica h be5 publi%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*aeology1 ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago1 ,ill42 & 9 ! ,am]ican ,ar*aeologi/1 a mon?ly magaz9e n[ pr9t$ by ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,readily accessible books relat+ to ! ,eskimos ( ,alaska are3 ,,dall1 ,w4 ,h4 ,alaska & its ,res\rces4 ,lee ,%ep>d1 ,bo/on1 #ahgj4 ,,petr(f1 ,,ivan4 ,reports on ! ,population1 ,res\rces1 etc41 ( ,alaska4 ,9 ! reports ( ! t5? & elev5? c5suses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! condition ( ! ,indians 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury is record$ 9 ! annual reports on ,indian affairs publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,simil> in=mation conc]n+ ! natives ( ,canada may be f\nd 9 ! reports on ,indian affairs issu$ by ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t at ,ottawa4 ,( ! num]\s books on e?nology 9 :i* ! relation ( ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica to o!r peoples is discuss$1 p]haps ! mo/ useful to ! g5]al read] is ,a4 ,h4 ,keane's ,man ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 pr9t$ at ! ,univ]sity ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,( ! _m attractive books ( travel 9 :i* ! ,indians ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ru9s1 etc41 ( ! same region are describ$1 ! mo/ readily accessible are3 ,john ,l4 ,/eph5s's ,incid5ts ( ,travel 9 ,yucatan1 #b vols41 & 8 ,incid5ts ( ,travel 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,*iapas1 & ,yucatan1 #b vols41 publi%$ by ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york1 #ahfg-'fh2 & ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes's ,ar*aeological ,/udies among ! ,anci5t ,cities ( ,mexico1 publi%$ by ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago1 #ahig4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,political ,,geography#f #f ,z /at$ 9 ! preface1 sev]al *apt]s h be5 omitt$ f ?is book on acc\nt ( limitations ( space4 ,! portions ( ! orig9al manuscript ref]r$ to relate to ! geography ( fi%]ies1 =e/ry1 m9+1 comm]ce1 agriculture1 etc4 ,9 discuss+ ea* ( ^! !mes1 ! control ex]t$ by natural conditions or environm5t on human affairs made itself prom95t because ( ! imm$iate influ5ce ( corrective failures :5 nature's laws are disreg>d$4 ,a less attractive phase ( ! /udy ( ! relation ( man to nature is furni%$ by political geography1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( some?+ oppos$ to environm5t becomes prom95t1 & z hi/ory %[s has 9 ! ma9 ex]t$ a major control ov] ! geography ( nations4 ,t some?+1 z is well kn[n1 is ! gre$ ( peoples4 ,space is "h claim$ = a "p ( my orig9al manuscript = ! reason t x pres5ts a view ( political adju/m5ts n usually tak5 & 9 a way p]haps pessimi/ical1 :i* may awak5 opposition1 & also because x conta9s a summ>y ( ! results ( a long s]ies ( /ruggles among v>i\s nations = ! possession ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,( great] mom5t ?an ! rivalries ( nations = t]ritory1 z is also outl9$1 is ! conflict betwe5 two radically diff]5t pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t--! mon>*ical & ! republican--9 :i* ?is cont95t has furni%$ ! *ief battle-gr\nds4 ,did space p]mit1 ! influ5ce ( geographical conditions on ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( gov]nm5t c\ld be illu/rat$ by ,am]ican hi/ory1 & ! probability t environm5t w 9 ! end ga9 asc5d5cy ov] local self-int]e/s 9 ! e/abli%+ ( national b\nd>ies made prom95t4 ,among ! prom95t facts dealt ) 9 ! /udy ( political geography & ( hi/ory are ! t]ritorial limits ( nations4 ,= ?is reason ! *>act]i/ics ( b\nd>ies are ( fundam5tal importance1 & a classification ( !m is conv5i5t1 if n ess5tial4 ,,classification ,,( ,,b\nd>ies ,! b\nd>ies betwe5 nations1 /ates1 prov9ces1 etc41 e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s ways1 may be classifi$1 at lea/ provisionally1 9 six gr\ps4 ,we may t]m ^! gr\ps coa/ b\nd>ies1 a/ronomical b\nd>ies1 wat] b\nd>ies1 m\nta9 b\nd>ies1 divide b\nd>ies1 & arbitr>y b\nd>ies4 ,coa/ ,b\nd>ies4--,! junction ( ! sea & l& on ! bord]s ( cont95ts & isl&s furni%es natural & %>ply def9$ l9es1 :i* are cle>ly ! mo/ desirable ( any ( ! v>i\s classes ( b\nd>ies = def9+ political limits4 ,by int]national cons5t ! jurisdiction ( a c\ntry bord]+ on ! high seas is a l9e "o m>9e league seaw>d f ! m>g9 ( ! l&1 & foll[+ its me&]s4 ,z an int]national divid+ l9e ! "o-league limit seldom1 if ev]1 becomes important1 s9ce ! nice adju/m5t ( ! wid? ( an arm ( ! sea necess>y = su* a purpose r>ely occurs4 ,:5 an ext5sion ( ! ocean's wat]s int]v5+ betwe5 two nations is less ?an two m>9e leagues wide ! b\nd>y betwe5 !m commonly foll[s its m$ial l9e1 & has all ! ess5tial features ( a wat] b\nd>y1 describ$ bel[4 ,a/ronomical ,b\nd>ies4--,! %ape ( ! e>? & its motions 9 ref]5ce to ! sun are su* t c]ta9 imag9>y l9es on its surface may be locat$ ) precision by a/ronom]s1 & if ! monum5ts or o!r m>ks employ$ to %[ ! positions ( su* l9es are remov$ !y c be accurately relocat$4 ,! l9es ref]r$ to are pr9cipally p>allels ( latitude & m]idians ( longitude1 & b\nd>ies1 s f> z !y co9cide ) ^! l9es1 may = conv5i5ce be class$ z a/ronomical b\nd>ies4 ,examples ( ! class ( b\nd>ies "h indicat$ are furni%$ by ! "o def9+ ! ea/ bord] ( ! ma9 body ( ,alaska1 :i*1 z def9$ 9 a treaty made 9 #ahbe betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,russia1 is ! "o hundr$ & =ty-fir/ m]idian we/ ( ,gre5wi*2 & by ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,canada & ! cont95tal portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ne> ! ,lake ( ! ,woods we/w>d to ! coa/ ( ! cont95t1 :i*1 z f9ally decid$ 9 a treaty betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahdf1 is ! =ty-n9? p>allel ( nor? latitude4 ,! b\nd>ies ( a numb] ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( sev]al ( ! prov9ces ( ,canada are ei!r :olly or 9 "p p>allels ( latitude or m]idians ( longitude1 & furni% good examples ( :at are "h t]m$ a/ronomical b\nd>ies4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s advantages ( a/ronomical b\nd>ies are t !y may be accurately describ$ )\t a k ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,!y c be locat$ ) precision & _! c\rses accurately m>k$ by monum5ts4 ,= ^! reasons a/ronomical b\nd>ies1 :5 cle>ly def9$ 9 treaties betwe5 nations or 9 laws conc]n+ ! t]ritorial limits ( /ates or prov9ces1 leave no room = cont5tion z to _! positions4 ,! lead+ objections to ! use ( a/ronomical b\nd>ies1 p>ticul>ly z int]national divid+ l9es1 are3 ,! temptation !y (f] to diplomats & o!rs1 :o may be int]e/$ 9 ! spe$y conclusion ( a treaty1 to make ha/y divisions ( t]ritory )\t kn[+ its res\rces or comm]cial & o!r possibilities4 ,!n1 too1 su* b\nd>ies cross ! l& )\t ref]5ce to its topography1 & h no ess5tial relations to ! c\rses ( /reams or ! directions ( coa/-l9es1 etc4 ,!y may divide a fruitful valley 9 a mo/ arbitr>y & inconv5i5t mann] betwe5 two nations ) widely diff]5t laws & cu/oms1 or cross a navigable riv] at sev]al localities1 & int]sect a coa/ or lake %ore s z to initiate complex conditions 9 respect to h>b\rs1 navigation1 cu/oms duties1 etc4 ,9 ^! & /ill o!r ways b\nd>ies co9cid+ ) l9es ( latitude & longitude are apt to br+ ab\t detrim5tal comm]cial & o!r relations betwe5 adjac5t nations1 /ates1 & prov9ces4 ,a region :i* is an indu/rial unit--z ! gold fields ( ! ,klondike di/rict1 ! iron-be>+ tracts to ! we/ ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 ! :eat-l&s ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ,valley1 ! =e/$ l&s ( ! nor?we/ coa/1 etc4--:5 divid$ betwe5 two or m c\ntries ) diff]5t laws is depriv$ ( ! advantages t %\ld foll[ f ! natural c\rse ( indu/rial developm5t1 & "o "p or ! o!r suff]s 9 consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,di/ribution ( gov]nm5ts 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,aga91 until an a/ronomical b\nd>y is survey$ & m>k$ on ! gr\nd by skill$ geodesi/s1 x _c be locat$ ev5 approximately by m9]s1 trapp]s1 =e/]s1 & o!rs1 & _m difficulties are apt to arise 9 ?is connection4 ,al?\gh an a/ronomical b\nd>y once decid$ on & =mally record$ 9 a treaty leaves no excuse = national qu>rels z to its position1 x is evid5t t its f>-rea*+ & p]haps highly complex influ5ces on ! developm5t ( neighb\r+ peoples are likely to be su* t ! natural res\rces1 conditions affect+ transportation1 etc41 ( ! region ?r\gh :i* x passes %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood be=e a f9al decision is rea*$4 ,wat] ,b\nd>ies4--,9 num]\s in/ances ! m$ial l9e or "o %ore ( a /ream1 lake1 e/u>y1 /rait1 or o!r wat] body n recognis$ z a "p ( ! high seas has be5 select$ to s]ve z a f5ce betwe5 nations & /ates2 collectively1 su* b\nd>ies1 typically repres5t$ by a riv] )\t isl&s1 fl[+ betwe5 well-def9$ & p]man5t banks1 may conv5i5tly be t]m$ wat] b\nd>ies4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 a /ream1 lake1 etc41 is a national or /ate b\nd>y1 its m$ial l9e1 or ! c5tre ( ! deepe/ *annel :5 !re is m ?an "o1 is def9$ z ! precise l9e ( dem>cation4 ,! lead+ features ( wat] b\nd>ies are illu/rat$ by a portion ( ! l9e sep>at+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,canada1 :i* trav]ses ! middle ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 & divides m$ially sev]al ( ! ,great ,lakes & _! connect+ /reams4 ,! s\? b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is also 9 "p a wat] b\nd>y1 & is def9$ by treaty z ! middle l9e ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 or its deepe/ *annel :]e !re is m ?an "o4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances1 :5 a riv]1 lake1 bay1 etc41 sep>ates two political organizations1 "o %ore or ! o!r may be def9$ by treaty or by law z ! actual l9e ( sep>ation1 & ev5 complex relations may exi/1 9 ref]5ce to jurisdiction ov] ! divid+ wat]s4 ,! wat] b\nd>y betwe5 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 = example1 is1 9 "p1 ! middle l9e ( ! ,hudson & ( ,new ,york ,bay1 etc41 ) sev]al qualifications1 includ+ exclusive jurisdiction by ,new ,york ov] all ! wat]s ( ! ,hudson to ! we/ ( ,manhattan ,isl& to ! l[-wat] l9e on ! ,new ,j]sey %ore1 subject1 h[ev]1 to c]ta9 rights ( prop]ty & ( jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 etc4 ,! wat]s ( ,delaw>e ,riv] are1 by agreem5t betwe5 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania1 a common highway1 ov] :i* ea* ,/ate %all enjoy & ex]cise a concurr5t jurisdiction )9 & ^u ! wat]1 & n ^u ! dry l& betwe5 ! %ores ( said riv]2 ! isl&s 9 ! riv] be+ specifically assign$ to ! "o or ! o!r ,/ate4 ,! advantages ( a wat] b\nd>y are sugge/$ by ! fact t 9 mo/ in/ances !y may be easily locat$1 ev5 by p]sons inexp]i5c$ 9 ! me?od ( survey+4 ,co9cid+1 z !y g5]ally d1 ) def9ite geographical divisions1 !y d n lead 9 a conspicu\s mann] to complications 9 ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! c\ntries or ,/ates sep>at$ by !m4 ,! difficulties to :i* wat] b\nd>ies may give rise are indicat$ by ! fact t /reams1 m p>ticul>ly ?an ! o!r wat] bodies 9 "q1 frequ5tly divide s z to inclose isl&s1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances on ne>+ ! sea s5d (f1 p]haps1 sev]al di/ribut>ies1 :i* dis*>ge ?r\gh indep5d5t m\?s4 ,:5 a /ream divides s z to inclose an isl&1 ev5 if ! ma9 or ! deepe/ *annel is specifi$ by treaty or by law z ! "o *os5 z a b\nd>y1 ! "q z to :i* ( two *annels is really ! l>g] or ! deep] may n p]mit ( def9ite answ]4 ,/reams are subject to _m *anges1 & :at is ! ma9 *annel "o ye> may become ( second>y rank ! next ye>1 or a riv]1 z n infrequ5tly happ5s1 may %ift its c\rse bodily1 & ?us furni% gr\nds = cont5tion z to ! own]%ip ( ! t]ritory transf]r$ f "o ( its banks to ! o!r4 ,! di/ribut>ies ( /reams1 or ! sep>ate *annels into :i* !y divide on deltas1 etc41 are also subject to conspicu\s & sometimes sudd5 *anges4 ,:o c\ld decide1 = in/ance1 :i* is ! ma9 *annel ( su* riv]s z ! ,mississippi1 ! ,nile1 or ! ,ganges1 9 ! delta portions ( _! c\rses2 or if a *oice seem$ practicable1 is !re any assurance t ! di/ribut>y l>ge/ to-day w ma9ta9 its supremacy = a decade to come1 or ev5 be 9 exi/5ce a c5tury h5ce8 ,! controv]sies t may arise 9 ref]5ce to :i* ( two *annels 9 a designat$ wat] body is ! ma9 "o1 are illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n ,san ,juan episode1 :i* came ne> br++ on ho/ilities betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ref]5ce to ! own]%ip ( c]ta9 isl&s 9 ! ,/rait ( ,georgia2 ! imm$iate subject ( cont5tion be+ :e!r ! *annel :i* sep>ates ! cont95t f ,vanc\v]s ,isl&1 z ! /atem5t reads 9 ! ,web/]-,a%burton treaty1 #ahdf1 passes to ! ea/ or to ! we/ ( ! ,san ,juan ,isl&s4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 z is well kn[n1 act+ z arbitrator1 decid$ t ! isl&s belong to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us1 9 #ahgb1 a s]ies ( disputes z to ! ,canadian-,unit$-,/ates b\nd>y1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ on = n9ety ye>s1 0 clos$4 ,:ile wat] b\nd>ies1 & especially riv]s1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 h furni%$ almo/ ideal divid+ l9es betwe5 nations1 9 o!r in/ances !y h prov$ to be objectionable4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 ! nature ( ! /reams !mselves1 & illu/rates ! fact t1 ) wat] b\nd>ies z ) o!r classes ( divid+ l9es betwe5 nations1 a critical k ( ! geography ( ! region ?r\gh :i* !y pass is a pr]equisite ( treaty mak+1 if subsequ5t b\nd>y disputes are to be avoid$4 ,m\nta9 ,b\nd>ies4--,! cre/s ( m\nta9 ranges1 or m\nta9 *a9s1 are sometimes specifi$ 9 treaties z def9+ t]ritorial limits4 ,! ideal m\nta9 range is "o hav+ a g5]ally /raight alignm5t & a cont9u\s & %>ply def9$ cre/1 b 9 nature ?is ideal is seldom atta9$4 ,mod]n geographical /udies h %[n t _m s-call$ m\nta9s1 :i* f a di/ance appe> to be well-def9$ uplifts ) %>p cre/-l9es1 are 9 reality broad plateaus or great domes1 deeply dissect$ by /ream erosion4 ,9 su* in/ances x is frequ5tly difficult to decide :]e ! cre/ ( ! range is locat$4 ,inde$1 z is n infrequ5tly ! case1 !re is no def9ite & tangible cre/-l9e4 ,al?\gh x is sometimes assum$ t ! cre/-l9e co9cides ) ! wat]-p>t+1 or ! divide1 betwe5 ! head bran*es ( /reams fl[+ 9 opposite directions f a m\nta9-l uplift1 x is well kn[n t a m\nta9 range1 ev5 :5 bold & %>ply def9$1 may n be a divide = ! pr9cipal /reams ( ! region :]e x is situat$4 ,an illu/ration 9 po9t is furni%$ by ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,susquehanna1 ,delaw>e1 & o!r important riv]s ris+ 9 ! plateau to ! we/ fl[ transv]sely 9 deep valleys & empty into ! ,atlantic4 ,! rec5t controv]sy betwe5 ,arg5t9a & ,*ile 0 due to an assumption 9 a treaty betwe5 !m t ! cre/-l9e ( ! s\!rn ,&es co9cides ) ! wat]-p>t+ betwe5 ! /reams fl[+ to ! ,atlantic & ^? dis*>g+ into ! ,pacific4 ,po/-treaty surveys1 z !y may sugge/ively be t]m$1 h %[n t 9 ! portion ( ! ,&es 9 "q /reams ris+ well to ! ea/ ( ! m\nta9s fl[ we/w>d ?r\gh !m 9 deep transv]se canyons1 & t !re is a wide discrepancy betwe5 ! cont95tal wat]-p>t+ & ! topographic cre/-l9e ( ! cont95t4 ,a m\nta9 b\nd>y1 if def9$ z ! l9e along :i* ! upw>d slopes on ! opposite sides ( a prom95t uplift meet 9 its summit portion1 w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances be irregul> & p]haps conspicu\sly intricate1 = ! reason t m\nta9 cre/s are modifi$ & %ap$ by erosion & migrate 9 "o direction or ano!r accord+ to ! /r5g? & o!r qualify+ conditions ( ! opposite-fl[+ /reams4 ,!n1 too1 an uplift :i* seems to a casual obs]v] to be a s+le m\nta9 range1 may 9 reality be highly complex1 & no cont9u\s cre/-l9e be discov]able4 ,9 %ort1 ! sweep+ /atem5ts sometimes embodi$ 9 treaties1 to ! effect t ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 contigu\s c\ntries %all be ! cre/-l9e ( a c]ta9 indicat$ m\nta9 range are fraught ) unc]ta9ties & difficulties1 :i* are likely to prove a s\rce ( discont5t & co/ly arbitration1 or ev5 lead to w>4 ,divide ,b\nd>ies4--,a b\nd>y :i* is def9$ z foll[+ a specifi$ wat]-p>t+ or divide1 f :i* /reams fl[ 9 opposite directions1 w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances be easily traceable on ! gr\nd ev5 by p]sons unskill$ 9 ! art ( survey+1 & = ?is & o!r reasons has mu* to comm5d x2 yet1 )\t an accurate k1 & mo/ ( all an accurate topographic map ( ! region ?r\gh :i* su* a b\nd>y is to pass1 its selection on g5]al pr9ciples1 h[ev] nicely word$1 is op5 to dang]s ( ! same nature z ^? p]ta9+ to a simil> *oice ( a m\nta9 b\nd>y4 ,9 arid regions broad plateaus may =m divides1 & ev5 an approximate location ( ! l9e ( wat]-p>t+1 if "o exi/s1 be a matt] ( difficulty & unc]ta9ty4 ,!n1 too1 ! process ( head-wat] corrasion p]ta9+ to ess5tially all /reams1 & ( /ream capture1 or ! acquir+ by "o /ream1 ?r\gh ! process ( /ream developm5t1 ( ! t]ritory =m]ly dra9$ by its neighb\r1 leads to a migration & sometimes a sudd5 & p]haps ext5sive %ift+ ( a wat]-p>t+4 ,examples ( divide b\nd>ies are furni%$ by ! "o sep>at+ ,idaho & ,montana1 :i* 9 "p co9cides ) ! cont95tal divide1 & s]ves its purpose well2 b ! satisfaction x has giv5 is to be qualifi$ by ! fact t1 = ! mo/ "p1 x is situat$ 9 a rugg$ region1 :]e !re is b slight probability ( ! prop]ty int]e/s ( ! communities p>t$ by x com+ into direct contact4 ,b\nd>ies :i* are made to co9cide ) ! c\rses ( riv]s1 ) ! cre/-l9es ( m\nta9s1 or ) wat]-p>t+s1 h c]ta9 comm5dable features 9 common2 !y are easily locat$1 readily def9$ by natural features ( ! e>?'s surface1 & 9 g5]al d n require to be accurately survey$ & m>k$ by monum5ts be=e !y s]ve _! purpose z int]national or int]/ate f5ces4 ,arbitr>y ,b\nd>ies4--,a class ( b\nd>ies n o!rwise readily def9able may be conv5i5tly designat$ z arbitr>y b\nd>ies1 s9ce1 z a rule1 !y are n describ$ 9 t]ms su* z p]ta9 to a/ronomical b\nd>ies1 & be> no necess>y relation to topographic or o!r features ( ! regions !y trav]se4 ,l a/ronomical b\nd>ies1 ! ones "h consid]$ are imag9>y l9es1 &1 9 "p1 might ) propriety be includ$ 9 t class1 s9ce !y are capable ( be+ locat$ by a/ronomical me?ods2 b !y s]ve our purpose bett] if consid]$ 9 a gr\p by !mselves4 ,! class ( b\nd>ies "h ref]r$ to includes /raight l9es connect+ two po9ts2 l9es def9$ z runn+ 9 a giv5 direction 7azimu?7 & = c]ta9 di/ances2 arcs ( circles2 tang5ts to circles1 etc4 ,9 brief1 arbitr>y b\nd>ies may be def9$ z /raight or curv$ l9es or comb9ations ( su* l9es1 & are simil> to ! l9es employ$ by surveyors 9 m>k+ ! b\nd>ies ( a f>m1 locat+ a railroad1 etc4 ,an example ( :at is meant by an arbitr>y b\nd>y is furni%$ by ! l9e sep>at+ ,delaw>e f ,p5nsylvania1 :i* is an arc ( a circle #ab miles 9 radius1 ) ! /eeple ( ! old c\rt-h\se 9 ,newca/le1 ,delaw>e1 z a c5tre4 ,aga91 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 a rectangle #aj miles squ>e 0 *os5 & m>k$ on ! gr\nd by means ( monum5ts z ! site ( ! capital ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r illu/ration is furni%$ by ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,cali=nia1 z def9$ 9 its con/itution4 ,?is b\nd>y runs f ! int]section ( #abj degrees ( we/ longitude ) ! ?irty-n9? degree ( nor? latitude 9 a /raight l9e 9 a s\!a/]ly direction to ! ,riv] ,colorado1 at a po9t :]e x int]sects ! ?irty-fif? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,b\nd>ies ( ! nature j cit$ c only be recognis$ :5 actually m>k$ on ! gr\nd1 & except 9 ! case ( /raight l9es1 n ( great l5g?1 or small geometrical figures1 are difficult ( precise location1 ev5 by skill$ surveyors4 ,%\ld ! monum5ts us$ to def9e _! positions be de/roy$1 _! replacem5t is an ardu\s task4 ,an int]e/+ example ( a *ange f an a/ronomical to an arbitr>y b\nd>y is furni%$ by ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ,texas & ,new ,mexico1 :i* 9 "p1 z orig9ally def9$ by law1 0 ! "o hundr$ & ?ird m]idian ( we/ longitude1 b ow+ to errors 9 ! fir/ survey 0 wrongly m>k$ on ! gr\nd by monum5ts4 ,! monum5ts1 h[ev]1 hav+ be5 accept$ z indicat+ ! position ( ! true l9e ( division1 became po9ts 9 an arbitr>y b\nd>y4 ,o!r simil> examples ( ! acceptance ( an arbitr>y 9 place ( an a/ronomical b\nd>y are n uncommon4 ,impracticable ,b\nd>ies4--,!re are c]ta9 divid+ l9es :i* are def9$ 9 treaties1 decrees1 etc41 z runn+ p>allel to "s natural feature1 z a coa/ or a riv]1 & at a giv5 di/ance f x1 t might ) propriety be class$ z arbitr>y b\nd>ies1 s9ce no ef=t is made to adju/ !m to ! natural conditions ( ! imm$iate t]ritory !y trav]se2 b1 = ! purpose ( express+ a /ill great] weakness inh]5t 9 !m1 !y are "h specially designat$ z impracticable b\nd>ies4 ,?is1 z is to be hop$1 tempor>y class ( b\nd>ies includes ! propos$ l9es ( dem>cation sometimes ins]t$ 9 treaties1 etc41 :i* x is impossible1 or at lea/ impracticable1 )\t great & = ! mo/ "p useless exp5se ( "t & money1 to m>k on ! gr\nd1 & ?us seek to make s]viceable4 ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce may be made to ! b\nd>y betwe5 s\!a/]n ,alaska & ,canada1 :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! treaty betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,russia previ\sly ref]r$ to1 9 ! abs5ce ( a m\nta9 range p>allel ) ! coa/ & n ov] #aj m>9e leagues inl&--& z subsequ5t explorations & surveys h %[n su* is ! case--%all be =m$ by a l9e p>allel to ! w9d+s ( ! coa/1 & :i* %all nev] exce$ ! di/ance ( #aj m>9e leagues !refrom4 ,! region ?r\gh :i* ! l9e describ$ w\ld pass1 if survey$1 0 almo/ entirely unkn[n at ! "t ! treaty ref]r$ to 0 made1 b1 z has s9ce be5 discov]$1 x is exce$+ly rugg$1 & conta9s _m m\nta9s rang+ f #aj1jjj to #ah1jjj feet high1 besides a multitude ( glaci]s & _m ext5sive fields ( p]petual sn[4 ,to survey & m>k on ! gr\nd ! b\nd>y indicat$ 9 ! treaty w\ld be :at may be ju/ly t]m$ an impossible task2 &1 besides1 if ! l9e z def9$ by treaty %\ld be e/abli%$1 x w\ld be intricate1 & mu* less s]viceable z a national f5ce ?an any "o ( sev]al possible b\nd>ies t c\ld h be5 *os51 ) ess5tially ! same end 9 view1 at ! "t ! orig9al treaty 0 ent]$ into1 _h a geograph] be5 employ$ to make ev5 a ha/y reconnaissance ( ! region 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,*>act]i/ic vegetation4 ,ano!r example ( a b\nd>y be+ def9$ z runn+ p>allel to & at a specifi$ di/ance f an irregul> geographical feature is furni%$ by a "p ( ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire1 :i* is a l9e p>allel to ! ,m]rimac ,riv]1 & di/ant f x #c miles on ! nor?4 ,9 ?is case1 al?\gh ! di/ance ( ! l9e designat$ f ! "o to :i* x is to be drawn p>allel is b #c miles1 & ! c\ntry betwe5 only mildly undulat+ or hilly1 ! b\nd>y z n[ m>k$ on ! gr\nd & accept$ z an int]/ate b\nd>y is b a rude approximation to ! "o orig9ally def9$4 ,^! examples1 & o!rs t might ) propriety be classifi$ z impracticable b\nd>ies1 illu/rate aga9 ! desirability ( accurate geographical k1 & /ill m ( an adequate appreciation ( ! difficulties & limitations met ) by ! surveyor1 on ! "p ( ^? :o att5d to ! real-e/ate bus9ess ( nations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z def9$ by ! ,treaty ( ,gh5t1 #ahad1 & aft] sev]al subsequ5t adju/m5ts1 0 det]m9$ z indicat$ r\ghly on ! accompany+ map4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its ea/]n half x is a riv] b\nd>y1 & 9 its we/]n half an a/ronomical b\nd>y4 ,9 #ahgf ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t grant$ ,newf\ndl& jurisdiction ov] ,labrador1 & 9 lett]s pat5t def9$ t dep5d5cy z all ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 f ! entrance ( ,hudson ,/raits to a l9e to be drawn due nor? & s\? f ,ause ,sableu on ! said coa/ to ! fifty-second degree ( nor? latitude1 & all ! isl&s adjac5t to t "p ( ! said coa/ ( ,labrador4 ,?is l9e is /ill unsurvey$4 ,f ! fifty-second p>allel to ! ,/rait ( ,belle ,isle1 a di/ance ( ab\t #dj miles1 ! b\nd>y is a nor?-&-s\? l9e situat$ ab\t #g miles we/ ( ! fifty-sev5? m]idian1 z is indicat$ on ! be/ maps available4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z f9ally det]m9$ 9 #ahec by treaty ) ,mexico1 is1 beg9n+ at ! ea/1 a riv] b\nd>y = "s #ijj miles1 namely1 ! middle ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 or its deepe/ *annel1 :5 !re is m ?an "o1 to :]e ! riv] crosses ! p>allel ( latitude #ca deg4 #dg'2 cont9u+ we/w>d1 ! l9e is 9 "p an a/ronomical & 9 "p an arbitr>y b\nd>y to ! ,pacific4 ,! nature ( ! b\nd>ies sep>at+ ! sev]al prov9ces ( ,canada1 ! v>i\s ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,mexico1 ! republics ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 etc41 are indicat$ approximately on ! accompany+ map4 ,^! l9es :5 /udi$ on l>g]-scale maps on :i* ! dra9age & relief are also %[n reveal _m features ( int]e/4 ,,political ,,control ,! political subdivisions ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 #aijj are too well kn[n to require specific description at ?is "t4 ,! long-cont9u$ /ruggles & rivalries t h l$ to ! pres5t subdivision ( t]ritory p]ta9 to hi/ory1 & al?\gh full ( int]e/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! geograph]1 _c be discuss$ 9 ! pres5t treatise4 ,among ! conspicu\s ev5ts t might be %[n by a s]ies ( political maps is ! contraction & f9al disappe>ance ( ,spani% & ,fr5* dom9ion f ! cont95tal ma9l&4 ,! broad1 indef9ite t]ritory once belong+ to ,spa91 :i* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury seem$ de/9$ to exp& /ill m & possibly embrace ! :ole ( ! two ,am]icas1 has be5 dim9i%$ f "t to "t1 until z a result ( ! rec5t ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> h] flag no long] waves ov] any portion ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,fr5* t]ritory1 once embrac+ a l>ge portion ( :at is n[ ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is at pres5t repres5t$ by ! isl&s ,m>t9ique & ,guadel\pe ) its dep5d5cies1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! isl&s ,miquelon & ,/4 ,pi]re1 adjac5t to ! s\? coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&2 9 all1 compris+ ab\t #a1afa squ>e miles4 ,! ,fr5* h1 9 addition1 c]ta9 treaty rights p]ta9+ to fi%]ies on ! nor!rn & we/]n %ores ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,betwe5 ! two =ms ( gov]nm5t1 mon>*ical & republican1 ,nor? ,am]ica is some:at equally divid$1 s f> z ext5t ( t]ritory is conc]n$ 7,plate ,,vii71 b n z respects population4 ,! p "u republican organization f> outnumb] ^? /ill ackn[l$g+ allegiance to h]$it>y rul]s4 ,! c\ntries self-gov]n$1 or =m+ p>ts ( ,am]ican republics1 embrac$ 9 #aijj all ( ! cont95tal ma9l& s\? ( ! ,unit$-,/ates-,canadian b\nd>y1 toge!r ) ,alaska1 ,cuba1 ,san ,dom+o & ,haiti1 & ,porto ,rico4 ,! prov9ces1 isl&s1 etc41 /ill controll$ by ,european p[]s are ,canada1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,b]muda1 & all ( ! ,we/ ,indies except ! isl&s j ref]r$ to1 :i* are m def9itely designat$ 9 ! table on page #dbd4 ,! population ( ! ,am]ican republics is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #ig1jjj1jjj1 & ( ! ,european dep5d5cies some:at less ?an #g1jjj1jjj4 ,a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 m or less def9itely =e%ad[$ by ! tribal conf$]ations ( ! aborig9es1 ! mo/ conspicu\s example ( :i* is furni%$ by ! ,iroquois or ,six ,nations1 has ?us become ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! political organizations ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! same is true also ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,new ,_w is ?us conspicu\sly republican1 9 di/9ction f ! ,old ,_w1 :i* is *>act]i/ically mon>*ical4 ,! immigration to ,nor? ,am]ica s9ce its discov]y by ,columbus has be5 f all ! nations ( ! ,old ,_w1 b mo/ l>gely f ,europe4 ,negroes 7 br\ght z slaves1 & _! desc5dants1 n[ free1 =m a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! population1 especially 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,*9ese1 s9ce ab\t #ahgj1 h arriv$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 b _! immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n[ re/rict$4 ,( ! nations ( ,europe1 ! /ronge/ influx has come f ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,to a m>k$ degree ?is we/w>d migration has be5 along p>allels ( latitude1 b ! migratory /reams on rea*+ ,nor? ,am]ica subdivid$ into _m di/ribut>ies1 & a m+l+ ( nationalities on a va/ scale has result$4 ,?is amalgamation has be5 s great & s long-cont9u$ t sev]al new & some:at /rongly individualiz$ nationalities h aris51 ! mo/ in/ructive be+ 9 ! temp]ate portion ( ! cont95t4 ,! dom9ant language1 z 9 ! case ( political control1 has be5 inh]it$ f ,great ,brita94 ,engli% is ! univ]sal language to ! nor?w>d ( ,mexico & on c]ta9 ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s4 ,to ! s\? ( ! ,unit$-,/ates-,mexican b\nd>y1 b beg9n+ 9 ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & includ+ also ! great] "p ( ! population ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,spani% is ! curr5t language1 except among ! unciviliz$ aborig9es4 ,fr5* is commonly spok5 by _m ?\s&s ( p 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quebec1 ,canada1 & 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ideal nation1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! geograph]1 is "o s situat$ t x is self-su/a9+--t is1 conta9s )9 its own doma9 all ! conditions necess>y = its life & gr[?4 ,x %\ld h fav\rable climatic conditions1 agricultural l&1 =e/s1 m9es1 fi%]ies1 etc4 ,m ?an ?is1 ev5 if all mat]ial wants are suppli$ f )9 its own bord]1 intellectual desires dem& outside /imuli4 ,! ideal nation %\ld !re=e t\* ! ocean1 9 ord] to h av5ues = travel op5 to its p4 ,i am well aw>e t a m comm&+1 or1 p]haps bett]1 a m mod]n view1 w\ld %[ t improv$ me?ods ( transportation h made ! :ole _w comm]cially "o2 b invisible t>iff walls /ill sep>ate peoples & w>s break l9es ( communication4 ,x might be expect$ t 9 ! ,new ,_w1 conditions be+ also new & room = developm5t abundant1 civiliz$ nations w\ld h adju/$ _! b\nd>ies s z to make an ideal subdivision ( t]ritory 9 accord ) natural conditions4 ,a /udy ( ! b\nd>ies sep>at+ ! nations ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 fails to furni% evid5ce ( su* an adju/m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 betwe5 ! mo/ highly civiliz$ c\ntries1 9 :i* ! p speak ! same language1 ! divid+ l9es are entirely arbitr>y1 s f> z relation to soil1 climate1 m9]al & timb] res\rces1 fi%]ies1 etc41 are conc]n$4 ,! l9e sep>at+ ,alaska & ,canada is ma9ly a m]idian ( longitude1 :i* passes ?r\gh a ri* m9+ di/rict4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,canada is = ! mo/ "p a p>allel ( latitude divid+ agricultural1 m9+1 & timb] l&s4 ,! mat]ial advancem5t ( ! inhabitants on ! opposite sides ( ^! unnatural divid+ l9es is ret>d$ by !m & ! progress ( civilization delay$4 ,! same is true ( ! invisible wall sep>at+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,mexico1 & ! v>i\s p>titions int]sect+ ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,!re has evid5tly be5 b little1 if any1 t5d5cy to draw ! b\nd>ies ref]r$ to 9 con=mity ) natural conditions4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! =ce :i* sets nature at naught8 ,! reply is n obscure4 ,9 "o ^w1 x is gre$4 ,to h & to hold is ! unwritt5 motto ( republics z well z ( mon>*ies4 ,! absurdity ( disreg>d+ geographical relations1 & 9 consequ5ce *eck+ national developm5t1 & lead+ to /agnation & to mat]ial & intellectual decl9e1 is sadly illu/rat$ by ! subdivision ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 an admirable acc\nt ( ! ,c>ibbean region by ,r4 ,t4 ,hill1 9 :i* its pres5t comm]cial depression is describ$ & ! reasons = x judici\sly analyz$1 occurs ! foll[+ passage relative to ! case 9 po9t3 ,a great] drawback to ! ,we/ ,indies ?an ! "o-sid$ agriculture--! rais+ ( sug>-cane--is _! political condition4 ,_! di/ribution among too _m nationalities necessitates ! support ( exp5sive & useless adm9i/rations1 & prev5ts f$]ation ( int]e/s & ! developm5t ( trade among !mselves & ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ne>e/ & l>ge/ natural consum] ( _! products4 ,v ridicul\s "s ( ^! political conditions seem4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,m>t91 n z l>ge z an av]age c\nty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is divid$ into two pr9cipalities1 ! ,fr5* & ! ,dut*1 ea* ( :i* ma9ta9s an adm9i/rative =ce z l>ge z t ( ! ,/ate ( ,texas4 ,!n1 z we sail d[n ! ea/]n isl&s1 h>dly a score 9 numb]1 & )9 sight ( "o ano!r1 aggregat+ 9 area less ?an our little ,/ate ( ,delaw>e1 ab\t #b1jjj squ>e miles1 we f9d five =eign & no less ?an a doz5 di/9ct colonial gov]nm5ts1 ea* responsible to ,europe1 ) no %ad[ ( f$]ation betwe5 !m1 or ev5 coop]ation ( any k9d--a condition n only pitiable1 b absurd4 ,:y %\ld ,dom9ica1 ^: p are ,fr5* 9 language & in/itutions1 be s&wi*$ 9 betwe5 ,m>t9ique & ,guadel\pe1 & )9 easy sight ( bo?1 yet s cut (f f !m by qu>ant9e & t>iff laws t x is comm]cially ne>] ,engl&1 "s #c1jjj miles di/ant1 ?an to its neighb\rs8 ,! conditions necess>y = an ideal1 self-conta9$ gov]nm5t 7 briefly ref]r$ to above4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p]haps1 sev]al su* eligible sites = a def9ite numb] ( p might be *os51 b 9 no case )\t ! draw+ ( unnatural b\nd>ies4 ,! cont95t1 z is %[n by its geology & geography1 is a unit1 & ! mo/ typical ( comp>able size ( any on ! e>?4 ,^! same conditions po9t to a s+le political unit4 ,argu+ f geographical relations simply1 & n consid]+ ! racial diff]5ces & local self-int]e/s1 ! "o b\nd>y 9 ,nor? ,am]ica %\ld be ! %ore b\nd>y1 except at ! #cj-mile-wide ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,to ! geograph] ,nor? ,am]ica pres5ts an example ( a region conta9+ )9 itself ess5tially all ( ! elem5ts necess>y to a high indu/rial1 social1 educational1 & e?ical developm5t ( its inhabitants4 ,! indu/rial ne$s are met by a range ( products1 :e!r ( soils1 m9es1 =e/s1 or fi%]ies1 z v>i$ or ne>ly s z is pres5t$ by ! entire e>?4 ,al?\gh ! cont95t is broade/ at ! f> nor?1 :]e climatic extremes prohibit a d5se population1 yet 9 ! temp]ate region1 or betwe5 ! mean annual iso!rms ( #de & #ge1 a space ( "s #a1bjj miles 9 latitude1 x is f #b1ejj to #d1jjj miles wide4 ,9 ?is temp]ate region !re is at pres5t great] comm]cial & m5tal activity ?an else:]e on ! cont95t1 & x is "h t ! dom9ant p[] ( ! future w be locat$4 ,supplem5t+ ! agriculture1 manufactures1 etc41 ( ! temp]ate belt are ! va/ =e/$ & fur-be>+ regions on ! nor? & ! exub]ant tropical c\ntries on ! s\?4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree great regions are p>ts ( a :ole & mutually supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,! di/ribution ( ! population ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 respect to political subdivisions dur+ ! ye> #aijj1 is indicat$1 z ne>ly z x has be5 f\nd practicable to asc]ta9 x1 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,population ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,9 #aijj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,gov]nm5t4 ,area 9 squ>e,population4 miles4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,am]ican ,gov]nm5ts ,unit$ ,/ates 7inclusive ( ,alaska #c1fbf1ecc #gf1bfe1dfi & ,porto ,rico7#g ,mexico #gfg1jje #ac1egj1ede ,guatemala#h #fc1djj #a1egd1cch ,salvador#i #g1bbe #hjc1ecd ,nic>agua #di1bjj #dbj1jjj ,honduras#aj #de1bej #djg1jjj ,co/a ,rica#aa #bc1jjj #caj1jjj ,panama 7,dep>tm5t ( ,colombia7 #cb1chj #bij1jjj ,san ,dom+o#ac #bj1eif #a1bdd1fej ,haiti#ac #i1bdb #ejj1jjj ,cuba #dd1jjj #a1egb1gig ------------------------- ,total = ,am]ican gov]nm5ts #d1fhg1hca #if1ieh1ccc ,possessions /ill held by ,european ,gov]nm5ts ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&3#ab ,canada #c1fec1idf #d1hdf1cgg ,newf\ndl& & ,labrador #di1gcd #bja1icd ,b]muda #ai #ae1jac ,we/ ,indies 7,bahamas1 ,jamaica1 etc47 #ab1jei #a1ceg1bed ,briti% ,honduras #g1efb #ca1dga ------------------------- ,total = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom #c1gbc1cbj #f1deb1jdi ,france3 ,miquelon & ,/4 ,pi]re #ic #f1bej ,we/ ,indies 7,guadel\pe1 ,m>t9ique1 etc47 #a1jfh #ced1gij ------------------------- ,total = ,france #a1afa #cfa1jdj ,d5m>k3 ,we/ ,indies 7,/4 ,?omas1 ,/4 ,john1 & ,/4 ,croix7 #adi #ce1ijj ,holl&3 ,we/ ,indies 7,/4 ,m>t9 9 "p1 ,/4 ,eu/ace1 & ,saba7 #bi #g1bcf ------------------------- ,total = ,european gov]nm5ts #c1gbd1fei #f1hef1bbe ------------------------- ,total = ,nor? ,am]ica #h1dab1dij #ajc1had1eeh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #g ,! area ( ,alaska is #eij1hhd squ>e miles2 its population1 #fc1eib4 ,! area ( ,porto ,rico is #c1fjj squ>e miles2 its population 7#ahii71 #iec1bdc4 ,hawaii1 n includ$ above1 has an area ( #f1ddi squ>e miles & a population ( #aed1jjj4 #h ,9 #ahid4 #i ,9 #ahif4 #aj ,9 #ahii4 #aa ,9 #ahia4 #ab ,9 #ahih4 #ac ,toge!r occupy+ ! isl& ,santo ,dom+o or ,haiti4 ,,lit]ature ,twelf? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,by sev]al au?ors4 ,publi%$ by ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trubn] ,co41 ,london1 #aijj4 ,/an=d's ,comp5dium ( ,geography & ,travel4 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,vol4 i1 ,canada & ,newf\ndl&1 by ,s4 ,e4 ,dawson4 ,vol4 ii1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,h5ry ,gannett2 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,keane4 ,,hill1 ,r4 ,t4 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & ! o!r ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! ,c5tury ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,gannett1 ,h4 ,b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aga1 second edition1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijj4 ,,index ,aborig9es1 #cee-djg4 ,adams1 ,mt41 ,wa%41 height (1 #aef4 ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 brief acc\nt (1 #hc-hd4 ,adobe us$ = bricks1 #chi4 ,agassiz1 ,a41 cit$1 #ab1 #ba4 ,"w (1 9 ,c>ibbean region1 #af4 ,alaska1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,b\nd>y (1 #daf4 ,coa/ topography (1 #de-df4 ,indians (1 #cig4 ,map ( coa/ (1 #dg4 ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 #cge4 ,albem>le ,s\nd1 orig9 (1 #db4 ,aleutian ,isl&s1 topography (1 #dj4 ,aleutians1 brief acc\nt (1 #cgc-cgf4 ,aleuts1 brief acc\nt (1 #cgc-cgf4 ,algonkian sy/em1 #caj4 ,all51 ,j4 ,a41 cit$1 #bfj1 #bij4 ,alp9e flora1 #bed-beg4 ,am]ican gov]nm5ts1 enum]ation (1 #dbd4 ,animal life1 #beh-bih4 ,anticl9al valleys1 #gh4 ,antillean ,m\nta9s1 brief acc\nt (1 #afi-aga4 ,antiquity ( ! aborig9es1 #ceg-cfc4 ,apatite1 #cej4 ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 description (1 #gd-hb4 ,map (1 #gd4 ,ar*ean p]iod1 #cjh-caj4 ,ar*es 9 ,maya h\ses1 #cib4 ,arctic climatic prov9ce1 #bjc4 ,arctogaeic life realm1 #bei4 ,areas ( v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 #dbd4 ,arkansas ,plateau1 brief acc\nt (1 #aji-aaj4 ,asbe/os1 #cdi-cej4 ,a/ronomical b\nd>ies1 #dji-daa4 ,atlantic coa/al pla91 #fb-fd4 ,=e/1 brief acc\nt (1 #bbg4 ,m\nta9s1 #fj1 #gc-hi4 ,au/ral climatic prov9ces1 #aia-aig4 ,aves1 ord]s (1 #bhi4 ,aztecs1 advancem5t (1 #cfd4 ,badl&s1 brief acc\nt (1 #aaj-aaa4 ,bahama ,isl&s1 topography (1 #ai4 ,bak]1 ,mt41 ,wa%41 height (1 #aef4 ,bald1 ,mt41 ,n4 ,b41 height (1 #he4 ,bancr(t1 ,george1 ref]5ce to1 #cie4 ,b>r5 gr\nds1 abs5ce ( trees on1 #bec4 ,b>tlett ,deep1 #bj4 ,basem5t complex1 #caj4 ,bay ( ,fundy1 tides 91 #bi4 ,be>1 ,pol>1 #bff4 ,be>s1 brief acc\nt (1 #bgi1 #bhb-bhd4 ,bell1 ,r41 exploration by1 #hh4 ,b]muda1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,b]muda ,m\nta91 #d4 ,b]+ ,sea1 dep? (1 #b4 ,bighorn1 brief acc\nt (1 #bgb-bgc4 ,big trees ( ,cali=nia1 #bdb-bdf4 ,bird migrations1 #bib-bif4 ,birds1 brief acc\nt (1 #bhi-bih4 ,bison1 brief acc\nt (1 #bge-bgh4 ,map %[+ range (1 #bgf4 ,blackfoot ,indians1 lodge (1 #chg4 ,black ,hills ( ,dakota1 #aaf-aai4 ,boreal climatic prov9ce1 #bja-bjc4 ,=e/1 #bce-bcg4 ,bo/on1 ,mt41 ,mo41 height (1 #ib4 ,b\nd>ies1 classification (1 #djh-dah4 ,briti% ,honduras1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,br[nson ,deep1 #bj4 ,buffalo1 brief acc\nt (1 #bge-bgg4 ,cacti1 #bbe-bbf4 ,cali=nia1 b\nd>y (1 #daf4 ,cambrian sy/em1 #caj-cab4 ,canada1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,b\nd>y (1 #dag1 #dah4 ,m\nta9s ( ,we/]n1 #afg-afi4 ,treatm5t ( ,indians by1 #cig-cii4 ,canadian ,coa/ ,ranges1 #afh4 ,rockies1 #afg-afi4 ,cape ,cod1 map (1 #cg4 ,hatt]as1 cont95tal %elf bord]+1 #b4 ,lisburne1 dep? ( wat] ne>1 #b4 ,%]idan1 tides at1 #cj4 ,capul91 ,mt41 ,n4 ,m41 height (1 #aai4 ,c>borundum1 #cea4 ,c>ibbean region1 subm>9e topography (1 #af-bc4 ,c>ib\1 brief acc\nt (1 #bff-bfi4 ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 brief acc\nt (1 #adg-aeh4 ,igne\s rocks (1 #caf-cbb4 ,ca/or canad5sis1 #bgi4 ,catl9ite1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,cats1 brief acc\nt (1 #bhd-bhe4 ,c$> trees 9 ,pacific =e/1 #bdj4 ,c5sus ( v>i\s nations1 #dbd4 ,( aborig9es1 #djf4 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,indians (1 #djc-dje4 ,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c41 cit$1 #caf4 ,*>aceae1 lime secret$ by1 #cce4 ,*>t ( geological hi/ory1 #cji4 ,*elan1 ,lake1 ,wa%41 #aeg-aeh4 ,*esapeake ,bay1 orig9 (1 #db4 ,*ickasaw plum1 #che4 ,*9ook w9ds1 #aae1 #bjd-bje4 ,classification ( b\nd>ies1 #djh-dah4 ,geological t]ranes1 #cjh-cji4 ,clays1 #cde4 ,climate1 #agc-bad4 ,elem5ts (1 #agc-ahd4 ,climatic prov9ces1 #ahd-bjc4 ,coal1 #ccf-cch4 ,fields1 map (1 #ccf4 ,coa/al pla9s1 #fb-fi4 ,coa/ b\nd>ies1 #dji4 ,m\nta9s1 #afb-afi4 ,topography (1 #ca-ee4 ,columbia ,riv] lava1 #cai-cbj4 ,comm]cial geology1 #cbh-cec4 ,communal dwell+s ( ,indians1 #chh-chi4 ,conc5tration ( m9]al sub/ances1 #cbh-cec4 ,consequ5t dra9age1 examples (1 #aah4 ,contact ( aborig9es ) =eign p1 #cif-djf4 ,cont95tal bor]1 description (1 #hi-abj4 ,%elf1 #a-af4 ,cope1 ,e4 ,d41 cit$1 #bfj1 #caa1 #cab4 ,coral gr[?s on cont95tal %elf1 #f4 ,reefs 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #ah4 ,corundum1 #cea4 ,co/a ,rica1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,crat] ,lake1 ,ore41 brief acc\nt (1 #aec-aee4 ,map (1 #aec4 ,cross1 ,w41 cit$1 #cba4 ,cuba1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,banks ne>1 #bj4 ,culture ( ! aborig9es1 #cfc-cfe4 ,curr5ts1 ocean1 #bc-bg4 ,cyclones1 #bjh-bab4 ,cypresses1 #bcc4 ,dall1 ,w4 ,h41 cit$1 #cfg1 #cgc1 #cgd4 ,dana1 ,j4 ,d41 cit$1 #cjj4 ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 cit$1 #gi4 ,dawson1 ,j4 ,w41 cit$1 #cab4 ,dea? ,valley1 ,cal41 #ade4 ,debris =m+ cont95tal %elf1 #e-h4 ,deeps ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 #bj-ba4 ,de]1 brief acc\nt (1 #bga-bgb4 ,delaw>e1 b\nd>y (1 #daf4 ,bay1 orig9 (1 #db4 ,riv]1 subm]g$ *annel (1 #dc4 ,deltas1 #eb-ee4 ,d5m>k1 possessions (1 #dbd4 ,dikes1 #cbj4 ,dill]1 ,j4 ,s41 cit$1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afd4 ,dismal ,swamp1 brief acc\nt (1 #fc-fd4 ,divide b\nd>ies1 #dad-dae4 ,dog1 ,eskimo1 #bff4 ,dr[n$ riv]-valleys1 #dc1 #dh1 #di4 ,dutton1 ,c4 ,e41 cit$1 #acd1 #acf1 #aec4 ,economic geology1 #cbh-ceb4 ,edw>ds ,plateau1 ,tex41 brief acc\nt (1 #ajg-ajh4 ,el ,llano ,e/acado1 brief acc\nt (1 #ajf-aji4 ,enhydra m>9a1 #bgh4 ,es*s*oltz ,bay1 ,alaska1 ice ne>1 #fh4 ,eskimo1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #cef4 ,dog1 #bff4 ,mean+ ( ! t]m1 #cef4 ,eskimos1 brief acc\nt (1 #cfe-cgf4 ,c5sus (1 #djf4 ,e/u>ies1 #ee-eh4 ,e?nological /udies1 #cid-cif4 ,evaporation1 #bab-bac4 ,fall l9e 9 ,atlantic coa/ riv]s1 #ff4 ,f]ns1 #bbb4 ,fir trees 9 ,pacific =e/1 #bdj4 ,flora1 #bae-beg4 ,florida1 cont95tal %elf bord]+1 #b4 ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m41 cit$1 #cab4 ,food supply ( ,indians1 #cha-chg4 ,=e/s1 description (1 #bag-bdi4 ,map (1 #bae4 ,fossil floras1 #bef4 ,france1 possessions (1 #dai1 #dbd4 ,fur-be>+ animals1 #bgh-bhb4 ,galve/on1 ,tex41 de/ruction (1 #ch4 ,tides at1 #bg4 ,g>d5s ( ! ,indians1 #chd-chg4 ,gas1 natural1 #cdj4 ,gaspe ,p59sula1 #hd4 ,geographical di/ribution ( animals1 #beh-bfc4 ,geology1 #bii-ced4 ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k41 cit$1 #aah1 #aca1 #cba4 ,glacial epo*1 brief acc\nt (1 #cad-caf4 ,ext5t ( glaci]s dur+1 #g-h4 ,glaci] ,peak1 ,wa%41 height (1 #aef4 ,glass s&1 #ccc4 ,glott(f1 ref]5ce to1 #cgd4 ,gold1 #cde-cdf1 #cea-ceb4 ,m\nta9s1 ,canada1 #afh4 ,gov]nor's palace1 ,uxmal1 #cic1 #cid4 ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 #acd-ace4 ,sket* (1 #ace4 ,gray1 ,a41 cit$1 #chi4 ,great ,abaco1 ref]5ce to1 #ah4 ,great ,bahama ,bank1 brief acc\nt (1 #ah4 ,bas91 brief acc\nt (1 #acf-adf4 ,bas91 map (1 #acg4 ,lakes1 #ii4 ,pla9s1 brief acc\nt (1 #ajb-ajf4 ,plateaus1 brief acc\nt (1 #ajb-ajf4 ,salt ,lake1 ,utah1 #adj-adb4 ,valley ( ,cali=nia1 #aeh-afa4 ,great] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 #i4 ,gr[? ( ! cont95t1 #cjj-cjf4 ,guatemala1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 #di4 ( ,mexico1 cont95tal %elf on bord] (1 #a-b4 ( ,mexico1 map ( we/ coa/ (1 #ch4 ,pla9s1 brief acc\nt (1 #id-ie4 ,/ream1 #af4 ,/ream1 volume1 etc41 (1 #bd-be4 ,haida ,indians1 #cig4 ,haiti1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,h>b\rs1 #ec-eh4 ,h>ney ,peak1 ,s4 ,d41 elevation (1 #aaf4 ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 #d4 ,hawaii1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,hayd51 ,f4 ,v41 cit$1 #aac4 ,hayes1 ,c4 ,w41 cit$1 #gi4 ,heilpr91 ,a41 cit$1 #bfj4 ,h5ry ,m\nta9s1 ,utah1 #aca1 #cba4 ,h5%aw1 ,w4 ,h41 cit$1 #cie4 ,het* ,het*y ,valley1 ,cal41 #aej4 ,high plateaus1 brief acc\nt (1 #acb-acd4 ,hill1 ,r4 ,t41 cit$1 #bb1 #afi1 #bbj1 #dbb4 ,map by1 #ag4 ,holl&1 possessions (1 #dbd4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h41 cit$1 #cij1 #cib1 #cic1 #cid4 ,honduras1 area & population (1 #dbd4 ,hood1 ,mt41 ,ore41 height (1 #aef4 ,hornaday1 ,w4 ,t41 cit$1 #bgg4 ,horticulture by ,indians1 #chd-chg4 ,h\ses ( ,indians1 #chg-cid4 ,innuits1 #cfh-cfi4 ,hudson ,riv]1 subm]g$ *annel (1 #h-i1 #dc4 ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 cit$1 #ab4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h41 cit$1 #bei4 ,hydroc>bons1 #cch-cdb4 ,ice1 *anges 9 coa/s due to1 #ej-ea4 ,subsoil1 9 ,alaska1 #fh4 ,deposit$ debris on cont95tal %elf1 #f-g4 ,palace1 ,montreal1 #aii4 ,igne\s rocks1 brief acc\nt (1 #caf-cbf4 ,t]ranes1 economic importance (1 #cca-ccb4 ,impracticable b\nd>ies1 #dag-dah4 ,indians1 acc\nt (1 #cgf-djf4 ,c5sus (1 #djf4 ,treatm5t (1 by ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 #cig-djc4 ,innuit1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #cef4 ,innuits1 brief acc\nt (1 #cff-cgb4 ,intrusive %eets1 #cbj-cba4 ,iron ,m\nta91 ,mo41 #ib4 ,iron ores1 #cdb-cdd4 ,iroquois1 h\ses (1 #chg-chh4 ,irrigation practis$ by ,indians1 #chf4 ,irv+1 ,w41 ref]5ce to1 #cie4 ,isl&s1 #cj-ca4 ,isob>s1 #agc4 ,iso!rms1 #agc4 ,jackson1 ,s41 ref]5ce to1 #bfi4 ,jamaica1 t]races on1 #bb4 ,james ,riv]1 ,va41 subm]g$ *annel (1 #db4 ,japan curr5t1 ref]5ce to1 #be4 ,jeff ,davis ,peak1 ,nev41 height (1 #adf4 ,jeff]son1 ,mt41 ,ore41 height (1 #aef4 ,johnson1 ,w4 ,d41 cit$1 #aji4 ,judas-tree1 #bcc4 ,kamlayka1 #cgj4 ,k>a ,sea1 life 91 #ad4 ,katahd91 ,mt41 ,me41 height (1 #he4 ,kayaks1 #cgj-cga4 ,kittat9ny p5epla91 #hj4 ,kn[lton1 ,f4 ,h41 cit$1 #cab4 ,k[ak ,riv]1 ,alaska1 ice ne>1 #fh4 ,labrador1 b\nd>y (1 #dah4 ,topography (1 #ga-gb4 ,laccoli?s1 #aca1 #cba4 ,lake pla9s1 brief acc\nt (1 #ii-aja4 ,lakes1 enclos$1 #ada4 ,languages1 #cei-cfj4 ,language spok5 9 ,am]ica1 #dba4 ,laur5tian ,highl&s1 brief acc\nt (1 #hg-hh4 ,lakes1 #ii4 ,leidy1 ,j41 cit$1 #cac-cad4 ,lesqu]eux1 ,l41 cit$1 #cab4 ,life on ! 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