,,:at ,,is ,,prop]ty8  ,,an ,,inquiry   
,,into ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,(  
,,gov]nm5t  ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon        
,,cont5ts4       ,p4 ,j4 ,,pr\dhon3  ,,8
 ,,life ,,& ,,8 ,,works     ,,preface   
,,fir/ ,,memoir     ,,*apt] ,i4         
,,me?od ,,pursu$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w4--,,!   
,,idea ,,( ,a ,,revolution      ,,*apt] 
,,ii4     ,,prop]ty ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a   
,,natural ,,"r4--,,occupation ,,&       
,,civil ,,law    ,,z ,,effici5t ,,bases 
,,( ,,prop]ty4--,,def9itions     #a4    
,prop]ty z a ,natural ,"r4     #b4      
,occupation z ! ,title to ,prop]ty4     
#c4  ,civil ,law z ! ,f\ndation &       
,sanction ( ,prop]ty4      ,,*apt]      
,,iii4     ,,labor ,,z ,,! ,,effici5t   
,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,doma9 ,,( ,,prop]ty   
#a4  ,! ,l& _c be appropriat$4     #b4  
,univ]sal ,cons5t no ,ju/ification (    
,prop]ty4     #c4  ,prescription gives  
no ,title to ,prop]ty4     #d4          
,labor4--,t ,labor has no ,inh]5t ,p[]  
to appropriate             ,natural     
,weal?4     #e4  ,t ,labor leads to     

,equality ( ,prop]ty4     #f4  ,t 9     
,society all ,wages are ,equal4     #g4 
,t ,inequality ( ,p[]s is ! ,necess>y   
,condition (             ,equality (    
,=tunes4     #h4  ,t1 f ! /&-po9t (     
,ju/ice1 ,labor de/roys                 
,prop]ty4      ,,*apt] ,,iv4     ,,t    
,,prop]ty ,,is ,,impossible             
,,demon/ration4  ,,axiom4     ,prop]ty  
is ! ,"r ( ,increase claim$ by !        
,proprietor ov]    any ?+ :i* he has    
/amp$ z 8 own4     ,,fir/ ,,proposition4
    ,prop]ty is ,impossible1 because x  
dem&s ,some?+ = ,no?+4     ,,second     
,,proposition4    ,prop]ty is           
,impossible1 because1 :]ev] x exi/s1    
,production    co/s m ?an x is wor?4    
,,?ird ,,proposition4    ,prop]ty is    
,impossible1 because1 ) a giv5 ,capital1
 ,production    is proportional to      
,labor1 n to ,prop]ty4     ,,f\r?       
,,proposition4    ,prop]ty is           
,impossible1 because x is ,homicide4    
,,fif? ,,proposition4    ,prop]ty is    
,impossible1 because1 if x exi/s1       

,society dev\rs itself4     ,app5dix to 
! ,fif? ,proposition4     ,,six?        
,,proposition4    ,prop]ty is           
,impossible1 because x is ! ,"m (       
,tyranny4     ,,sev5? ,,proposition4    
,prop]ty is ,impossible1 because1 9     
consum+ its ,receipts1 x    loses !m2 9 
ho>d+ !m1 x nullifies !m2 &1 9    us+ !m
 z ,capital1 x turns !m aga9/           
,production4     ,,eigh? ,,proposition4 
,prop]ty is ,impossible1 because its    
,p[] ( ,accumulation is    inf9ite1 & is
 ex]cis$ only ov] ,f9ite ,quantities4   
,,n9? ,,proposition    ,prop]ty is      
,impossible1 because x is p[]less aga9/ 
,prop]ty4     ,,t5? ,,proposition4      
,prop]ty is ,impossible1 because x is ! 
,negation ( ,equality4      ,,*apt] ,v4 
,,psy*ological ,,exposition ,,( ,,!     
,,idea ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,9 ,,ju/ice1   
,,& ,a ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple 
,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,( ,,"r4     ,,"p   
#a4      #a4  ,( ! ,moral ,s5se 9 ,man &
 ! ,animals4     #b4  ,( ! ,fir/ &      
,second ,degrees ( ,sociability4     #c4

  ,( ! ,?ird ,degree ( ,sociability4    
,,"p ,i #a4     #a4  ,( ! ,causes ( our 
,mi/akes4  ,! ,orig9 ( ,prop]ty4     #b4
  ,*>act]i/ics ( ,communism & (         
,prop]ty4     #c4  ,det]m9ation ( !     
,?ird ,=m ( ,society4  ,conclusion4     
,,second ,,memoir    ,,lett] ,,to ,m4   
,,blanqui ,,on ,,prop]ty      ,p4 ,j4   
,,pr\dhon3 ,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,8 ,,works4  
,! correspond5ce #a ( ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon1 
! fir/ volumes ( :i* we publi% to-day1  
has be5 collect$ s9ce 8 dea? by !       
fai?ful & intellig5t labors ( 8 daught]1
 aid$ by a few fri5ds4 ,x 0 incomplete  
:5 submitt$ to ,sa9te ,beuve1 b !       
portion ) :i* ! illu/ri\s academician   
became acqua9t$ 0 suffici5t to all[ him 
to e/imate x z a :ole ) t s\ndness (    
judgm5t :i* *>act]iz$ him z a lit]>y    
critic4  ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1 caution read]s
 aga9/ accept+ ! biograph]'s            
int]pretation ( ! au?or's views z 9 any 
s5se au?oritative2 advis+ !m1 r1 to     
await ! publication ( ! rema9d] (       
,pr\dhon's writ+s1 t !y may =m an op9ion

 = !mselves4--,translator4   ,9 an      
important "w1 :i* 8 habitual read]s     
c]ta9ly h n =gott51 al?\gh dea? did n   
all[ him to f9i% x1 ,sa9te ,beuve ?us   
judges ! correspond5ce ( ! great        
publici/3--  ,! lett]s ( ,pr\dhon1 ev5  
outside ! circle ( 8 p>ticul> fri5ds1 w 
always be ( value2 we c always le>n     
some?+ f !m1 & "h is ! prop] place to   
det]m9e ! g5]al "* ( 8 correspond5ce4   
,x has always be5 l>ge1 especially s9ce 
he became s celebrat$2 &1 to tell !     
tru?1 ,i am p]suad$ t1 9 ! future1 !    
correspond5ce ( ,pr\dhon w be 8         
pr9cipal1 vital "w1 & t mo/ ( 8 books w 
be only accessory to & corroborative (  
?is4 ,at any rate1 8 books c be well    
und]/ood only by ! aid ( 8 lett]s & !   
cont9ual explanations :i* he makes to ^?
 :o consult him 9 _! d\bt1 & reque/ him 
to def9e m cle>ly 8 position4  ,!re are1
 among celebrat$ p1 _m me?ods (         
correspond5ce4 ,!re are ^? to :om       
lett]-writ+ is a bore1 & :o1 assail$ )  
que/ions & complim5ts1 reply 9 ! greate/

 ha/e1 solely t ! job may be ov] )1 & :o
 return polit5ess = polit5ess1 m+l+ x ) 
m or less wit4 ,?is k9d ( correspond5ce1
 ?\gh com+ f celebrat$ p1 is            
insignificant & unwor?y ( collection &  
classification4  ,aft] ^? :o write      
lett]s 9 p]=mance ( a disagreeable duty1
 & almo/ side by side ) !m 9 po9t (     
insignificance1 ,i %\ld put ^? :o write 
9 a mann] :olly ext]nal1 :olly          
sup]ficial1 devot$ only to flatt]y1     
lavi%+ praise l gold1 )\t c\nt+ x2 & ^? 
also :o weigh e ^w1 :o reply =mally &   
pomp\sly1 ) a view to f9e phrases &     
effects4 ,!y ex*ange words only1 & *oose
 !m solely = _! brilliancy & %[4 ,y ?9k 
x is y1 individually1 to :om !y speak2 b
 !y are address+ !mselves 9 y\r p]son to
 ! f\r corn]s ( ,europe4 ,su* lett]s are
 empty1 & tea* z no?+ b !atrical        
execution & ! favorite pose ( _! writ]s4
  ,i w n class among ! latt] ! m prud5t 
& sagaci\s au?ors :o1 :5 writ+ to       
individuals1 keep "o eye on po/]ity4 ,we
 "k t _m :o pursue ?is me?od h writt5   

long1 f9i%$1 *>m+1 flatt]+1 & tol]ably  
natural lett]s4 ,b]ang] furni%es u ) !  
be/ example ( ?is class4  ,pr\dhon1     
h[ev]1 is a man ( entirely diff]5t      
nature & habits4 ,9 writ+1 he ?9ks (    
no?+ b 8 idea & ! p]son :om he          
addresses3 ad rem et ad hom9em4 ,a man (
 conviction & doctr9e1 to write does n  
we>y him2 to be que/ion$ does n annoy   
him4 ,:5 approa*$1 he c>es only to "k t 
y\r motive is n "o ( futile curiosity1 b
 ! love ( tru?2 he assumes y to be      
s]i\s1 he replies1 he exam9es y\r       
objections1 sometimes v]bally1 sometimes
 9 writ+2 =1 z he rem>ks1 'if !re be "s 
po9ts :i* correspond5ce c nev] settle1 b
 :i* c be made cle> by conv]sation 9 two
 m9utes1 at o!r times j ! opposite is ! 
case3 an objection cle>ly /at$ 9 writ+1 
a d\bt well express$1 :i* elicits a     
direct & positive reply1 helps ?+s along
 m ?an t5 h\rs ( oral int]c\rse6' ,9    
writ+ to y he does n hesitate to treat !
 subject anew2 he unfolds to y !        
f\ndation & sup]/ructure ( 8 ?\ght3     

r>ely does he confess himself defeat$--x
 is n 8 way2 he holds to 8 position1 b  
admits ! breaks1 ! v>iations1 9 %ort1 ! 
,,evolution ( 8 m9d4 ,! hi/ory ( 8 m9d  
is 9 8 lett]s2 !re x mu/ be s\ght4      
,pr\dhon1 :oev] addresses him1 is always
 ready2 he quits ! page ( ! book on :i* 
he is at "w to answ] y ) ! same p51 & t 
)\t los+ pati5ce1 )\t gett+ confus$1 )\t
 sp>+ or compla9+ ( 8 ink2 he is a      
public man1 devot$ to ! propagation ( 8 
idea by all me?ods1 & ! be/ me?od1 )    
him1 is always ! pres5t "o1 ! late/ "o4 
,8 v h&writ+1 bold1 uni=m1 legible1 ev5 
9 ! mo/ tiresome passages1 betrays no   
ha/e1 no hurry to f9i%4 ,ea* l9e is     
accurate3 no?+ is left to *ance2 !      
punctuation1 v correct & a little       
emphatic & decid$1 indicates ) precision
 & delicate di/9ction all ! l9ks 9 ! *a9
 ( 8 argum5t4 ,he is devot$ entirely to 
y1 to 8 bus9ess & y\rs1 :ile writ+ to y1
 & nev] to any?+ else4 ,all ! lett]s ( 8
 :i* ,i h se5 are s]i\s3 n "o is        
commonplace4  ,b at ! same "t he is n at

 all arti/ic or affect$2 he does n      
,,con/ruct 8 lett]s1 he does n revise   
!m1 he sp5ds no "t 9 read+ !m ov]2 we h 
a fir/ draught1 excell5t & cle>1 a jet f
 ! f\nta9-head1 b t is all4 ,! new      
argum5ts1 :i* he discov]s 9 support ( 8 
ideas & :i* opposition sugge/s to him1  
are an agreeable surprise1 & %$ a light 
:i* we %\ld va9ly se>* = ev5 9 8 works4 
,8 correspond5ce diff]s ess5tially f 8  
books1 9 t x gives y no uneas9ess2 x    
places y 9 ! v he>t ( ! man1 expla9s him
 to y1 & leaves y ) an impression (     
moral e/eem & almo/ ( intellectual      
security4 ,we feel 8 s9c]ity4 ,i "k ( no
 "o to :om he c be m fitly comp>$ 9 ?is 
respect ?an ,george ,s&1 ^:             
correspond5ce is l>ge1 & at ! same "t   
full ( s9c]ity4 ,8 role & 8 nature      
correspond4 ,if he is writ+ to a "y man 
:o unbosoms himself to him 9 sceptical  
anxiety1 to a "y woman :o asks him to   
decide delicate que/ions ( conduct = h]1
 8 lett] takes ! =m ( a %ort moral      
essay1 ( a fa!r-confessor's advice4 ,has

 he p]*ance att5d$ ! !atre 7a r>e ?+ =  
him7 to witness "o ( ,pons>t's com$ies1 
or a drama ( ,*>les ,edmond's1 he feels 
b\nd to give an acc\nt ( 8 impressions  
to ! fri5d to :om he is indebt$ = ?is   
pleasure1 & 8 lett] becomes a lit]>y &  
philosophical criticism1 full ( s5se1 & 
l no o!r4 ,8 famili>ity is suit$ to 8   
correspond5t2 he affects no rud5ess4 ,! 
t]ms ( civility or affection :i* he     
employs t[>ds 8 correspond5ts are sob]1 
measur$1 appropriate to ea*1 & hone/ 9  
_! simplicity & cordiality4 ,:5 he      
speaks ( morals & ! family1 he seems at 
times l ! patri>*s ( ! ,bible4 ,8 comm& 
( language is complete1 & he nev] fails 
to avail himself ( x4 ,n[ & !n a co>se  
^w1 a few p]sonalities1 too bitt] & q   
unju/ or injuri\s1 w h to be suppress$ 9
 pr9t+2 "t1 h[ev]1 z x passes away1     
p]mits _m ?+s & r5d]s !m in(f5sive4 ,am 
,i "r 9 say+ t ,pr\dhon's correspond5ce1
 always sub/antial1 w "o day be ! mo/   
accessible & attractive portion ( 8     
works8   ,almo/ ! :ole ( ,pr\dhon's real

 biography is includ$ 9 8 correspond5ce4
 ,up to #ahcg1 ! date ( ! fir/ lett] :i*
 we h be5 able to collect1 8 life1      
n>rat$ by ,sa9te ,beuve1 f :om we make  
num]\s extracts1 may be summ$ up 9 a few
 pages4  ,pi]re ,joseph ,pr\dhon 0 born 
on ! #ae? ( ,janu>y1 #ahji1 9 a suburb (
 ,besancon1 call$ ,m\ill]e4 ,8 fa!r & "m
 7 employ$ 9 ! great brew]y belong+ to  
,m4 ,r5aud4 ,8 fa!r1 ?\gh a c\s9 ( !    
juri/ ,pr\dhon1 ! celebrat$ pr(essor 9 !
 faculty ( ,dijon1 0 a j\rneyman brew]4 
,8 "m1 a g5u9e peasant1 0 a common      
s]vant4 ,%e 0 an ord]ly p]son ( great   
good s5se2 &1 z !y :o knew h] say1 a    
sup]ior woman ( ,,h]oic "*1--to use !   
expression ( ! v5]able ,m4 ,weiss1 !    
libr>ian at ,besancon4 ,%e x 0          
especially t ,pr\dhon resembl$3 %e & 8  
gr&fa!r ,t\rnesi1 ! soldi] peasant ( :om
 8 "m told him1 & ^: c\rage\s de$s he   
has describ$ 9 8 "w on ,ju/ice4         
,pr\dhon1 :o always felt a great        
v5]ation = 8 "m ,ca?>9e1 gave h] "n to !
 eld] ( 8 daught]s4 ,9 #ahad1 :5        

,besancon 0 blockad$1 ,m\ill]e1 :i* /ood
 9 front ( ! walls ( ! t[n1 0 de/roy$ 9 
! def5ce ( ! place2 & ,pr\dhon's fa!r   
e/abli%$ a coop]'s %op 9 a suburb (     
,battant1 call$ ,vign]ons4 ,v hone/1 b  
simple-m9d$ & %ort-sight$1 ?is coop]1 ! 
fa!r ( five *ildr51 ( :om ,pi]re ,joseph
 0 ! elde/1 pass$ 8 life 9 pov]ty4 ,at  
eight ye>s ( age1 ,pr\dhon ei!r made    
himself useful 9 ! h\se1 or t5d$ !      
cattle out ( doors4 ,no "o %\ld fail to 
read t beautiful & preci\s page ( 8 "w  
on ,ju/ice1 9 :i* he describes ! rural  
sports :i* he enjoy$ :5 a nea!rd4 ,at ! 
age ( twelve1 he 0 a cell>-boy 9 an inn4
 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t him f /udy+4 
,8 "m 0 greatly aid$ by ,m4 ,r5aud1 !   
=m] own] ( ! brew]y1 :o _h at t "t      
retir$ f bus9ess1 & 0 engag$ 9 !        
education ( 8 *ildr54  ,pr\dhon ent]$   
s*ool z a day-s*ol> 9 ! six? class4 ,he 
0 necess>ily irregul> 9 8 att5dance2    
dome/ic c>es & re/ra9ts sometimes kept  
him f 8 classes4 ,he succe$$ nev]!less 9
 8 /udies2 he %[$ great p]sev]ance4 ,8  

family 7 s poor t !y c\ld n af=d to     
furni% him ) books2 he 0 oblig$ to borr[
 !m f 8 comrades1 & copy ! text ( 8     
lessons4 ,he has himself told u t he 0  
oblig$ to leave 8 wood5 %oes outside !  
door1 t he might n di/urb ! classes ) 8 
noise2 & t1 hav+ no hat1 he w5t to s*ool
 b>ehead$4 ,"o day1 t[>ds ! close ( 8   
/udies1 on return+ f ! di/ribution ( !  
prizes1 load$ ) cr[ns1 he f\nd no?+ to  
eat 9 ! h\se4   ,9 8 eag]ness = labor & 
8 ?ir/ = k1 ,pr\dhon1 says ,sa9te       
,beuve1 0 n cont5t ) ! in/ruction ( 8   
tea*]s4 ,f 8 twelf? to 8 f\rte5? ye>1 he
 0 a con/ant frequ5t] ( ! t[n libr>y4   
,"o curiosity l$ to ano!r1 & he call$ = 
book aft] book1 sometimes eight or t5 at
 "o sitt+4 ,! le>n$ libr>ian1 ! fri5d & 
almo/ ! bro!r ( ,*>les ,nodi]1 ,m4      
,weiss1 approa*$ him "o day1 & said1    
smil+1 ',b1 my little fri5d1 :at d y wi%
 to d ) all ^! books8' ,! *ild rais$ 8  
head1 ey$ 8 que/ion]1 & repli$3 ',:at's 
t to y8' ,& ! good ,m4 ,weiss rememb]s x
 to ?is day4   ,=c$ to e>n 8 liv+1      

,pr\dhon c\ld n cont9ue 8 /udies4 ,he   
ent]$ a pr9t+-(fice 9 ,besancon z a     
pro(-read]4 ,becom+1 soon aft]1 a       
compositor1 he made a t\r ( ,france 9   
?is capacity4 ,at ,t\lon1 :]e he f\nd   
himself )\t money & )\t "w1 he _h a sc5e
 ) ! mayor1 :i* he describes 9 8 "w on  
,ju/ice4  ,sa9te ,beuve says t1 aft] 8  
t\r ( ,france1 8 s]vice book be+ fill$ )
 good c]tificates1 ,pr\dhon 0 promot$ to
 ! position ( =eman4 ,b he does n tell  
u1 = ! reason t he _h no k ( a lett]    
writt5 by ,fallot1 ( :i* we nev] he>d   
until six mon?s s9ce1 t ! pr9t] at t "t 
contemplat$ quitt+ 8 trade 9 ord] to    
become a tea*]4  ,t[>ds #ahbi1 ,fallot1 
:o 0 a little old] ?an ,pr\dhon1 & :o1  
aft] hav+ obta9$ ! ,su>d p5sion 9 #ahcb1
 di$ 9 8 tw5ty-n9? ye>1 :ile fill+ !    
position ( assi/ant libr>ian at !       
,in/itute1 0 *>g$1 ,prote/ant ?\gh he 01
 ) ! revisal ( a ,life ( ! ,sa9ts1 :i* 0
 publi%$ at ,besancon4 ,! book 0 9      
,lat91 & ,fallot add$ "s notes :i* also 
7 9 ,lat94   ,b1 says ,sa9te ,beuve1 x  

happ5$ t "s errors escap$ 8 att5tion1   
:i* ,pr\dhon1 !n pro(-read] 9 ! pr9t+   
(fice1 did n fail to po9t out to him4   
,surpris$ at f9d+ s good a ,lat9 s*ol> 9
 a work%op1 he desir$ to make 8         
acqua9tance2 & soon !re sprung up betwe5
 !m a mo/ e>ne/ & intimate fri5d%ip3 a  
fri5d%ip ( ! intellect & ( ! he>t4      
,address$ to a pr9t] betwe5 tw5ty-two & 
tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 & pr$ict+ 9 =mal 
t]ms 8 future fame1 ,fallot's lett]     
seems to u s int]e/+ t we d n hesitate  
to reproduce x entire4   ,,p>is1        
,decemb] #e1 #ahca4  ,,my ,,de>         
,,pr\dhon1--,,y h a "r to be surpris$   
at1 & ev5 dissatisfi$ )1 my long delay 9
 reply+ to y\r k9d lett]2 ,i w tell y ! 
cause ( x4 ,x became necess>y to =w>d an
 acc\nt ( y\r ideas to ,m4 ,j4 de ,gray2
 to he> 8 objections1 to reply to !m1 & 
to await 8 def9itive response1 :i* rea*$
 me b a %ort "t ago2 = ,m4 ,j4 is a sort
 ( f9ancial k+1 :o takes no pa9s to be  
punctual 9 deal+ ) poor devils l        
ourselves4 ,i1 too1 am c>eless 9 matt]s 

( bus9ess2 ,i sometimes pu% my neglig5ce
 ev5 to disord]1 & ! metaphysical mus+s 
:i* cont9ually occupy my m9d1 add$ to ! 
amusem5ts ( ,p>is1 r5d] me ! mo/        
incapable man 9 ! _w = conduct+ a       
negotiation ) despat*4  ,i h ,m4        
,job>d's decision2 "h x is3 ,9 8        
judgm5t1 y are too le>n$ & clev] = 8    
*ildr52 he fe>s t y c\ld n accommodate  
y\r m9d & "* to ! *ildi% notions common 
to _! age & /ation4 ,9 %ort1 he is :at !
 _w calls a good fa!r2 t is1 he wants to
 spoil 8 *ildr51 &1 9 ord] to d ?is     
easily1 he ?9ks fit to reta9 8 pres5t   
in/ructor1 :o is n v le>n$1 b :o takes  
"p 9 _! games & joy\s sports ) wond]ful 
facility1 :o po9ts out ! lett]s ( !     
alphabet to ! little girl1 :o takes !   
little boys to mass1 & :o1 no less      
oblig+ ?an ! wor?y ,abbe ,p4 ( our      
acqua9tance1 w\ld readily dance =       
,madame's amusem5t4 ,su* a pr(ession    
w\ld n suit y1 y :o h a free1 pr\d1 &   
manly s\l3 y are refus$2 let u dismiss !
 matt] f our m9ds4 ,p]haps ano!r "t my  

solicitude w be less un=tunate4 ,i c    
only ask y\r p>don = hav+ ?\ght ( ?us   
dispos+ ( y almo/ )\t consult+ y4 ,i f9d
 my excuse 9 ! motives :i* guid$ me2 ,i 
_h 9 view y\r well-be+ & advancem5t 9 ! 
ways ( ?is _w4  ,i see 9 y\r lett]1 my  
comrade1 ?r\gh its brilliant witticisms 
& b5ea? ! frank & artless gayety ) :i* y
 h spr9kl$ x1 a t+e ( sadness &         
despond5cy :i* pa9s me4 ,y are unhappy1 
my fri5d3 y\r pres5t situation does n   
suit y2 y _c rema9 9 x1 x 0 n made = y1 
x is b5ea? y2 y ought1 by all means1 to 
leave x1 be=e its injuri\s influ5ce     
beg9s to affect y\r faculties1 & be=e y 
become settl$1 z !y say1 9 ! ways ( y\r 
pr(ession1 7 x possible t su* a ?+ c\ld 
ev] happ51 :i* ,i flatly d5y4 ,y are    
unhappy2 y h n yet ent]$ ^u ! pa? :i*   
,nature has m>k$ out = y4 ,b1 fa9t-he>t$
 s\l1 is t a cause = despond5cy8 ,ought 
y to feel disc\rag$8 ,/ruggle1 morbleu1 
/ruggle p]si/5tly1 & y w triumph4 ,j4   
,j4 ,r\sseau grop$ ab\t = =ty ye>s be=e 
8 g5ius 0 reveal$ to him4 ,y are n ,j4  

,j ,r\sseau2 b li/53 ,i "k n :e!r ,i    
%\ld h div9$ ! au?or ( ,emile :5 he 0   
tw5ty ye>s ( age1 suppos+ t ,i _h be5 8 
contempor>y1 & _h enjoy$ ! honor ( 8    
acqua9tance4 ,b ,i h kn[n y1 ,i h lov$  
y1 ,i h div9$ y\r future1 if ,i may     
v5ture to say s2 = ! fir/ "t 9 my life1 
,i am go+ to risk a prophecy4 ,keep ?is 
lett]1 read x aga9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s 
h5ce1 p]haps tw5ty-five1 & if at t "t ! 
pr$iction :i* ,i am ab\t to make has n  
be5 fulfill$1 burn x z a piece ( folly  
out ( *>ity & respect = my memory4 ,?is 
is my pr$iction3 y w be1 ,pr\dhon1 9    
spite ( y\rself1 inevitably1 by ! fact (
 y\r de/9y1 a writ]1 an au?or2 y w be a 
philosoph]2 y w be "o ( ! lights ( !    
c5tury1 & y\r "n w occupy a place 9 !   
annals ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 l ^? (       
,gass5di1 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 &     
,bacon 9 ! sev5te5?1 & ^? ( ,did]ot1    
,montesquieu1 ,helvetius4 ,locke1 ,hume1
 & ,holba* 9 ! eighte5?4 ,su* w be y\r  
lot6 ,d n[ :at y w1 set type 9 a        
pr9t+-(fice1 br+ up *ildr51 bury y\rself

 9 deep seclusion1 seek obscure & lonely
 villages1 x is all "o to me2 y _c      
escape y\r de/9y2 y _c dive/ y\rself (  
y\r noble/ feature1 t active1 /rong1 &  
inquir+ m9d1 ) :i* y are end[$2 y\r     
place 9 ! _w has be5 appo9t$1 & x _c    
rema9 empty4 ,g :]e y please1 ,i expect 
y 9 ,p>is1 talk+ philosophy & ! doctr9es
 ( ,plato2 y w h to come1 :e!r y want to
 or n4 ,i1 :o say ?is to y1 mu/ feel v  
sure ( x 9 ord] to be will+ to put x ^u 
pap]1 s9ce1 )\t rew>d = my prophetic    
skill1--to :i*1 ,i assure y1 ,i make n !
 slighte/ claim1--,i run ! risk ( pass+ 
= a h>e-bra9$ fell[1 9 case ,i prove to 
be mi/ak53 he plays a bold game :o risks
 8 good s5se ^u 8 c>ds1 9 return = ! v  
trifl+ & insignificant m]it ( hav+ div9$
 a "y man's future4  ,:5 ,i say t ,i    
expect y 9 ,p>is1 ,i use only a         
prov]bial phrase :i* y mu/ n all[ to    
mislead y z to my projects & plans4 ,to 
reside 9 ,p>is is disagreeable to me1 v 
mu* s2 & :5 ?is f9e-art fev] :i*        
possesses me has left me1 ,i %all ab&on 

! place )\t regret to seek a m peaceful 
resid5ce 9 a prov9cial t[n1 provid$     
always ! t[n %all af=d me ! means (     
liv+1 bread1 a b$1 books1 re/1 &        
solitude4 ,h[ ,i miss1 my good ,pr\dhon1
 t d>k1 obscure1 smoky *amb] 9 :i* ,i   
dwelt 9 ,besancon1 & :]e we sp5t s _m   
pleasant h\rs 9 ! discussion (          
philosophy6 ,d y rememb] x8 ,b t is n[  
f> away4 ,w t happy "t ev] return8 ,%all
 we "o day meet aga98 ,"h my life is    
re/less1 unc]ta91 prec>i\s1 &1 :at is   
worse1 indol5t1 illit]ate1 & vagrant4 ,i
 d no "w1 ,i live 9 idl5ess1 ,i ramble  
ab\t2 ,i d n read1 ,i no long] /udy2 my 
books are =sak52 n[ & !n ,i glance ov] a
 few metaphysical works1 & aft] a days  
walk ?r\gh dirty1 fil?y1 cr[d$ /reets4  
,i lie d[n ) empty head & tir$ body1 to 
repeat ! p]=mance on ! foll[+ day4 ,:at 
is ! object ( ^! walks1 y w ask4 ,i make
 visits1 my fri5d2 ,i hold int]views )  
/upid p4 ,!n a fit ( curiosity seizes   
me1 ! lea/ inquisitive ( be+s3 !re are  
museums1 libr>ies1 assemblies1 *ur*es1  

palaces1 g>d5s1 & !atres to visit4 ,i am
 fond ( pictures1 fond ( music1 fond (  
sculpture2 all ^! are beautiful & good1 
b !y _c appease hung]1 nor take ! place 
( my pleasant read+s ( ,bailly1 ,hume1 &
 ,t5nemann1 :i* ,i us$ to enjoy by my   
fireside :5 ,i 0 able to read4  ,b en\gh
 ( compla9ts4 ,d n all[ ?is lett] to    
affect y too mu*1 & d n ?9k t ,i give   
way to dejection or despond5cy2 no1 ,i  
am a fatali/1 & ,i believe 9 my />4 ,i d
 n "k yet :at my call+ is1 nor = :at    
bran* ( polite lit]ature ,i am be/      
fitt$2 ,i d n ev5 "k :e!r ,i am1 or ev] 
%all be1 fitt$ = any3 b :at matt]s x8 ,i
 suff]1 ,i labor1 ,i dream1 ,i enjoy1 ,i
 ?9k2 &1 9 a ^w1 :5 my la/ h\r /rikes1  
,i %all h liv$4  ,pr\dhon1 ,i love y1 ,i
 e/eem y2 &1 believe me1 ^! are n m]e   
phrases4 ,:at int]e/ c\ld ,i h 9 flatt]+
 & prais+ a poor pr9t]8 ,are y ri*1 t y 
may pay = c\rti]s8 ,h y a sumptu\s      
table1 a da%+ wife1 & gold to scatt]1 9 
ord] to attract !m to y\r suite8 ,h y ! 
glory1 honors1 cr$it1 :i* w\ld r5d] y\r 

acqua9tance pleas+ to _! vanity & pride8
 ,no2 y are poor1 obscure1 ab&on$2 b1   
poor1 obscure1 & ab&on$1 y h a fri5d1 & 
a fri5d :o kn[s all ! obligations :i* t 
^w imposes ^u honorable p1 :5 !y v5ture 
to assume x4 ,t fri5d is myself3 put me 
to ! te/4  ,,gu/ave ,,fallot4   ,x      
appe>s f ?is lett] t if1 at ?is p]iod1  
,pr\dhon _h already exhibit$ to ! eyes (
 a clairvoyant fri5d 8 g5ius = rese>* & 
inve/igation1 x 0 9 ! direction (       
philosophical1 r ?an ( economical &     
social1 que/ions4  ,hav+ become =eman 9 
! h\se ( ,gau?i]  ,co41 :o c>ri$ on a   
l>ge pr9t+ e/abli%m5t at ,besancon1 he  
correct$ ! pro(s ( ecclesia/ical writ]s1
 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z !y 7 pr9t+ a    
,bible1 a ,vulgate1 he 0 l$ to comp>e ! 
,lat9 ) ! orig9al ,hebrew4   ,9 ?is way1
 says ,sa9te ,beuve1 he le>n$ ,hebrew by
 himself1 &1 z ev]y?+ 0 connect$ 9 8    
m9d1 he 0 l$ to ! /udy ( comp>ative     
philology4 ,z ! h\se ( ,gau?i] publi%$  
_m works on ,*ur* hi/ory & !ology1 he   
came also to acquire1 ?r\gh ?is desire (

 8 to inve/igate ev]y?+1 an ext5sive k (
 !ology1 :i* aft]w>ds caus$ mis9=m$     
p]sons to ?9k t he _h be5 9 an          
ecclesia/ical sem9>y4   ,t[>ds #ahcf1   
,pr\dhon left ! h\se ( ,gau?i]1 &1 9    
company ) an associate1 e/abli%$ a small
 pr9t+-(fice 9 ,besancon4 ,8            
contribution to ! p>tn]%ip consi/$1 n s 
mu* 9 capital1 z 9 8 k ( ! trade4 ,8    
p>tn] committ+ suicide 9 #ahch1 ,pr\dhon
 0 oblig$ to w9d up ! bus9ess1 an       
op]ation :i* he did n accompli% z       
quickly & z easily z he hop$4 ,he 0 !n  
urg$ by 8 fri5ds to ent] ! ranks ( !    
competitors = ! ,su>d p5sion4 ,?is      
p5sion consi/$ ( an income ( fifte5     
hundr$ francs bequea!d to ! ,academy (  
,besancon by ,madame ,su>d1 ! wid[ ( !  
academician1 to be giv5 once 9 ?ree ye>s
 to ! "y man resid+ 9 ! dep>tm5t (      
,d\bs1 a ba*elor ( lett]s or ( sci5ce1 &
 n possess+ a =tune1 :om ! ,academy (   
,besancon ,,%\ld ,,deem ,,be/ ,,fitt$   
,,= ,a ,,lit]>y ,,or ,,sci5tific ,,c>e]1
 ,,or ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,law ,,or ,,( 

,,m$ic9e4 ,! fir/ to w9 ! ,su>d p5sion 0
 ,gu/ave ,fallot4 ,mauvais1 :o 0 a      
di/+ui%$ a/ronom] 9 ! ,academy (        
,sci5ces1 0 ! second4 ,pr\dhon aspir$ to
 be ! ?ird4 ,to qualify himself1 he _h  
to be receiv$ z a ba*elor ( lett]s1 & 0 
oblig$ to write a lett] to ! ,academy ( 
,besancon4 ,9 a phrase ( ?is lett]1 !   
t]ms ( :i* he _h to modify1 ?\gh he     
absolutely refus$ to *ange its _s1      
,pr\dhon express$ 8 firm resolve to     
labor = ! amelioration ( ! condition ( 8
 bro!rs1 ! work+-m54  ,! only ?+ :i* he 
_h !n publi%$ 0 an ,essay on ,g5]al     
,gramm>1 :i* appe>$ )\t ! au?or's       
signature4 ,:ile repr9t+1 at ,besancon1 
! ,primitive ,elem5ts ( ,languages1     
,discov]$ by ! ,comp>ison ( ,hebrew     
roots ) ^? ( ! ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 by ! ,abbe
 ,b]gi]1 ,pr\dhon _h enl>g$ ! edition ( 
8 ,essay on ,g5]al ,gramm>4  ,! date ( !
 edition1 #ahcg1 proves t he did n at t 
"t ?9k ( compet+ = ! ,su>d p5sion4 ,9   
?is "w1 :i* cont9u$ & complet$ t ( !    
,abbe ,b]gi]1 ,pr\dhon adopt$ ! same    

po9t ( view1 t ( ,moses & ( ,biblical   
tradition4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 ,febru>y1  
#ahci1 be+ already 9 possession ( !     
,su>d p5sion1 he address$ to !          
,in/itute1 z a competitor = ! ,volney   
prize1 a memoir entitl$3 ,/udies 9      
,grammatical ,classification & !        
,d]ivation ( "s ,fr5* words4 ,x 0 8 fir/
 "w1 revis$ & pres5t$ 9 ano!r =m4 ,f\r  
memoirs only 7 s5t to ! ,in/itute1 none 
( :i* ga9$ ! prize4 ,two honorable      
m5tions 7 grant$1 "o ( !m to memoir ,no4
 #d2 t is1 to ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon1 pr9t] at
 ,besancon4 ,! judges 7 ,,mm4 ,am$de    
,jaub]t1 ,re9aud1 & ,burn\f4   ,!       
committee1 said ! report pres5t$ at !   
annual meet+ ( ! five academies on      
,?ursday1 ,may #b1 #ahci1 has paid      
especial att5tion to manuscripts ,no4 #a
 & ,no4 #d4 ,/ill1 x does n feel able to
 grant ! prize to ei!r ( ^! works1      
because !y d n appe> to be suffici5tly  
elaborat$4 ,! committee1 :i* f9ds 9 ,no4
 #d "s +5i\s analyses1 p>ticul>ly 9     
reg>d to ! me*anism ( ! ,hebrew         

language1 regrets t ! au?or has resort$ 
to haz>d\s conjectures1 & has sometimes 
=gott5 ! special recomm5dation ( !      
committee to pursue ! exp]im5tal &      
comp>ative me?od4   ,pr\dhon rememb]$   
?is4 ,he att5d$ ! lectures ( ,eug5e     
,burn\f1 &1 z soon z he became acqua9t$ 
) ! labors & discov]ies ( ,bopp & 8     
successors1 he def9itively ab&on$ an    
hypo!sis :i* _h be5 condemn$ by !       
,academy ( ,inscriptions &              
,belles-lettres4 ,he !n sold1 = ! value 
( ! pap]1 ! rema9+ copies ( ! ,essay    
publi%$ by him 9 #ahcg4 ,9 #ahej1 !y 7  
/ill ly+ 9 a groc]'s back-%op4  ,a      
neighbor+ publi%] !n plac$ ! edition on 
! m>ket1 ) ! attractive "n ( ,pr\dhon ^u
 x4 ,a lawsuit ensu$1 9 :i* ! au?or 0   
beat54 ,8 enemies1 & at t "t !re 7 _m ( 
!m1 w\ld h be5 glad to h prov$ him a    
r5egade & a recant]4 ,pr\dhon1 9 8 "w on
 ,ju/ice1 gives "s int]e/+ details ( ?is
 lawsuit4  ,9 possession ( ! ,su>d      
p5sion1 ,pr\dhon took "p 9 ! conte/     
propos$ by ! ,academy ( ,besancon on !  

"q ( ! utility ( ! celebration (        
,sunday4 ,8 memoir obta9$ honorable     
m5tion1 toge!r ) a m$al :i* 0 aw>d$ him1
 9 op5 session1 on ! #bd? ( ,augu/1     
#ahci4 ,! report] ( ! committee1 ! ,abbe
 ,doney1 s9ce made ,bi%op ( ,montauban1 
call$ att5tion to ! unque/ionable       
sup]iority ( 8 tal5t4   ,b1 says ,sa9te 
,beuve1 he reproa*$ him ) hav+ adopt$   
dang]\s !ories1 & ) hav+ t\*$ ^u        
que/ions ( practical politics & social  
organization1 :]e upright int5tions &   
zeal = ! public welf>e _c ju/ify ra%    
solutions4   ,0 x policy1 we mean       
prud5ce1 :i* induc$ ,pr\dhon to scre5 8 
ideas ( equality beh9d ! ,mosaic law8   
,sa9te ,beuve1 l _m o!rs1 seems to ?9k  
s4 ,b we rememb] p]fectly well t1 hav+  
ask$ ,pr\dhon1 9 ,augu/1 #ahdh1 if he   
did n consid] himself indebt$ 9 "s      
respects to 8 fell[-c\ntryman1 ,*>les   
,f\ri]1 we receiv$ f him ! foll[+ reply3
 ,i h c]ta9ly read ,f\ri]1 & h spok5 (  
him m ?an once 9 my works2 b1 ^u ! :ole1
 ,i d n ?9k t ,i owe any?+ to him4 ,my  

real ma/]s1 ^? :o h caus$ f]tile ideas  
to spr+ up 9 my m9d1 are ?ree 9 numb]3  
fir/1 ! ,bible2 next1 ,adam ,smi?2 &    
la/1 ,hegel4  ,freely confess$ 9 !      
,celebration ( ,sunday1 ! influ5ce ( !  
,bible on ,pr\dhon is no less manife/ 9 
8 fir/ memoir on prop]ty4 ,pr\dhon      
und\bt$ly br\ght to ?is "w _m ideas ( 8 
own2 b is n ! v f\ndation ( anci5t      
,jewi% law to be f\nd 9 its condemnation
 ( usuri\s int]e/ & its d5ial ( ! "r (  
p]sonal appropriation ( l&8  ,! fir/    
memoir on prop]ty appe>$ 9 #ahdj1 "u !  
title1 ,:at is ,prop]ty8 or an ,inquiry 
into ! ,pr9ciple ( ,"r & ( ,gov]nm5t4   
,pr\dhon d$icat$ x1 9 a lett] :i* s]v$ z
 ! preface1 to ! ,academy ( ,besancon4  
,! latt]1 f9d+ itself br\ght to trial by
 its p5sion]1 took ! affair to he>t1 &  
evok$ x1 says ,sa9te ,beuve1 ) all      
possible ha/e4  ,! p5sion n>r[ly escap$ 
be+ imm$iately )drawn f ! bold def5d] ( 
! pr9ciple ( equality ( conditions4 ,m4 
,vivi51 !n ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice1 :o 0       
e>ne/ly solicit$ to prosecute ! au?or1  

wi%$ fir/ to obta9 ! op9ion ( !         
economi/1 ,blanqui1 a memb] ( ! ,academy
 ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces4        
,pr\dhon hav+ pres5t$ to ?is academy a  
copy ( 8 book1 ,m4 ,blanqui 0 appo9t$ to
 review x4 ,?is review1 ?\gh x oppos$   
,pr\dhon's views1 %ield$ him4 ,treat$ z 
a savant by ,m4 ,blanqui1 ! au?or 0 n   
prosecut$4 ,he 0 always grateful to     
,,mm4 ,blanqui & ,vivi5 = _! h&some     
conduct 9 ! matt]4  ,m4 ,blanqui's      
review1 :i* 0 p>tially reproduc$ by ,le 
,moniteur1 on ! #g? ( ,septemb]1 #ahdj1 
naturally l$ ,pr\dhon to address to him1
 9 ! =m ( a lett]1 8 second memoir on   
prop]ty1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,april1 #ahda4    
,pr\dhon _h endeavor$1 9 8 fir/ memoir1 
to demon/rate t ! pursuit ( equality (  
conditions is ! true pr9ciple ( "r & (  
gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ,lett] to ,m4 ,blanqui1  
he passes 9 review ! num]\s & v>i$      
me?ods by :i* ?is pr9ciple gradually    
becomes realiz$ 9 all societies1        
especially 9 mod]n society4  ,9 #ahdb1 a
 ?ird memoir appe>$1 entitl$1 ,a ,notice

 to ,proprietors1 or a ,lett] to ,m4    
,victor ,consid]ant1 ,editor ( ',la     
,phalange1' 9 ,reply to a ,def5ce (     
,prop]ty4 ,"h ! influ5ce ( ,adam ,smi?  
manife/$ itself1 & 0 frankly admitt$4   
,did n ,adam ,smi? f9d1 9 ! pr9ciple (  
equality1 ! fir/ ( all ! laws :i* gov]n 
wages8 ,!re are o!r laws1 und\bt$ly2 b  
,pr\dhon consid]s !m all z spr++ f !    
pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 z he def9$ x 9 8    
fir/ memoir4 ,?us1 9 humanity1 !re are  
two pr9ciples1--"o :i* leads u to       
equality1 ano!r :i* sep>ates u f x4 ,by 
! =m]1 we treat ea* o!r z associates2 by
 ! latt]1 z /rang]s1 n to say enemies4  
,?is di/9ction1 :i* is con/antly met )  
?r\gh\t ! ?ree memoirs1 conta9$ already1
 9 g]m1 ! idea :i* gave bir? to ! ,sy/em
 ( ,economical ,contradictions1 :i*     
appe>$ 9 #ahdf1 ! idea ( ant9omy or     
contre-loi4  ,! ,notice to ,proprietors 
0 seiz$ by ! magi/rates ( ,besancon2 &  
,pr\dhon 0 summon$ to appe> be=e !      
assizes ( ,d\bs )9 a week4 ,he read 8   
writt5 def5ce to ! jurors 9 p]son1 & 0  

acquitt$4 ,! jury1 l ,m4 ,blanqui1 view$
 him only z a philosoph]1 an inquir]1 a 
savant4  ,9 #ahdc1 ,pr\dhon publi%$ !   
,creation ( ,ord] 9 ,humanity1 a l>ge   
volume1 :i* does n deal exclusively )   
que/ions ( social economy4 ,religion1   
philosophy1 me?od1 c]ta9ty1 logic1 &    
dialectics are treat$ at consid]able    
l5g?4  ,releas$ f 8 pr9t+-(fice on ! #a/
 ( ,m>* ( ! same ye>1 ,pr\dhon _h to    
look = a *ance to e>n 8 liv+4 ,messrs4  
,gau?i] ,bros41 c>ri]s by wat] betwe5   
,mulh\se & ,lyons1 ! elde/ ( :om 0      
,pr\dhon's companion 9 *ildhood1        
conceiv$ ! happy ?\ght ( employ+ him1 ( 
utiliz+ 8 ability 9 _! bus9ess1 & 9     
settl+ ! num]\s po9ts ( difficulty :i*  
daily arose4 ,besides ! l>ge numb] (    
acc\nts :i* 8 new duties requir$ him to 
make out1 & :i* ret>d$ ! publication ( !
 ,sy/em ( ,economical ,contradictions1  
until ,octob]1 #ahdf1 we ought to m5tion
 a "w1 :i*1 be=e x appe>$ 9 pamphlet =m1
 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue des               
,economi/es1--,competition betwe5       

,railroads & ,navigable ,ways4  ,le     
,mis]]e1 or ! ,rep5tance ( a ,k+1 :i* he
 publi%$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahde1 9 ! ,revue      
,indep5dante1 dur+ t ,l5t5 season :5    
,lacordaire 0 prea*+ 9 ,lyons1 proves t1
 ?\gh devot+ himself ) ardor to ! /udy (
 economical problems1 ,pr\dhon _h n lo/ 
8 int]e/ 9 que/ions ( religi\s hi/ory4  
,among 8 writ+s on ^! que/ions1 :i* he 0
 un=tunately oblig$ to leave unf9i%$1 we
 may m5tion a ne>ly complet$ hi/ory ( ! 
e>ly ,*ri/ian h]esies1 & ( ! /ruggle (  
,*ri/ianity aga9/ ,caes>ism4  ,we h said
 t1 9 #ahdh1 ,pr\dhon recogniz$ ?ree    
ma/]s4 ,hav+ no k ( ! ,g]man language1  
he c\ld n h read ! works ( ,hegel1 :i*  
at t "t _h n be5 translat$ into ,fr5*4  
,x 0 ,*>les ,grun1 a ,g]man1 :o _h come 
to ,france to /udy ! v>i\s philosophical
 & sociali/ic sy/ems1 :o gave him !     
sub/ance ( ! ,hegelian ideas4 ,dur+ !   
w9t] ( #ahdd-de1 ,*>les ,grun _h "s long
 conv]sations ) ,pr\dhon1 :i* det]m9$1 v
 decisively1 n ! ideas1 :i* belong$     
exclusively to ! bisont9 ?9k]1 b ! =m ( 

! important "w on :i* he labor$ aft]    
#ahdc1 & :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdf by       
,guillaum94  ,hegel's great idea1 :i*   
,pr\dhon appropriat$1 & :i* he          
demon/rates ) wond]ful ability 9 !      
,sy/em ( ,economical ,contradictions1 is
 z foll[s3 ,ant9omy1 t is1 ! exi/5ce (  
two laws or t5d5cies :i* are oppos$ to  
ea* o!r1 is possible1 n only ) two      
diff]5t ?+s1 b ) "o & ! same ?+4        
,consid]$ 9 _! !sis1 t is1 9 ! law or   
t5d5cy :i* creat$ !m1 all ! economical  
categories are rational1--competition1  
monopoly1 ! balance ( trade1 & prop]ty1 
z well z ! division ( labor1 ma*9]y1    
taxation1 & cr$it4 ,b1 l communism &    
population1 all ^! categories are       
ant9omical2 all are oppos$1 n only to   
ea* o!r1 b to !mselves4 ,all is         
opposition1 & disord] is born ( ?is     
sy/em ( opposition4 ,h5ce1 ! sub-title (
 ! "w1--,philosophy ( ,mis]y4 ,no       
category c be suppress$2 ! opposition1  
ant9omy1 or contre-t5dance1 :i* exi/s 9 
ea* ( !m1 _c be suppress$4  ,:]e1 !n1   

lies ! solution ( ! social problem8     
,influ5c$ by ! ,hegelian ideas1 ,pr\dhon
 began to look = x 9 a sup]ior syn!sis1 
:i* %\ld reconcile ! !sis & anti!sis4   
,aft]w>ds1 :ile at "w ^u 8 book on      
,ju/ice1 he saw t ! ant9omical t]ms d n 
cancel ea* o!r1 any m ?an ! opposite    
poles ( an electric pile de/roy ea* o!r2
 t !y are ! procreative cause ( motion1 
life1 & progress2 t ! problem is to     
discov]1 n _! fusion1 :i* w\ld be dea?1 
b _! equilibrium1--an equilibrium = ev] 
un/able1 v>y+ ) ! developm5t ( society4 
,on ! cov] ( ! ,sy/em ( ,economical     
,contradictions1 ,pr\dhon ann\nc$1 z    
soon to appe>1 8 ,solution ( ! ,social  
,problem4 ,?is "w1 ^u :i* he 0 engag$ :5
 ! ,revolution ( #ahdh broke out1 _h to 
be cut up into pamphlets & newspap]     
articles4 ,! two pamphlets1 :i* he      
publi%$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahdh1 be=e he became   
editor ( ,le ,repres5tant du ,peuple1   
be> ! same title1--,solution ( ! ,social
 ,problem4 ,! fir/1 :i* is ma9ly a      
criticism ( ! e>ly acts ( ! provisional 

gov]nm5t1 is notable f ! fact t 9 x     
,pr\dhon1 9 advance ( all o!rs1         
en]getically oppos$ ! e/abli%m5t (      
national work%ops4 ,! second1           
,organization ( ,cr$it & ,circulation1  
sums up 9 a few pages 8 idea (          
economical progress3 a gradual r$uction 
( int]e/1 pr(it1 r5t1 taxes1 & wages4   
,all progress hi!rto has be5 made 9 ?is 
mann]2 9 ?is mann] x mu/ cont9ue to be  
made4 ,^? work+m5 :o favor a nom9al     
increase ( wages are1 unconsci\sly      
foll[+ a back-track1 oppos$ to all _!   
int]e/s4  ,aft] hav+ publi%$ 9 ,le      
,repres5tant du ,peuple1 ! /atutes ( !  
,bank ( ,ex*ange1--a bank :i* 0 to make 
no pr(its1 s9ce x 0 to h no /ockhold]s1 
& :i*1 consequ5tly1 0 to disc\nt        
comm]cial pap] ) out int]e/1 *>g+ only a
 commission suffici5t to defray its     
runn+ exp5ses1--,pr\dhon endeavor$1 9 a 
numb] ( articles1 to expla9 its me*anism
 & necessity4 ,^! articles h be5        
collect$ 9 "o volume1 "u ! d\ble title1 
,resume ( ! ,social ,"q2 ,bank (        

,ex*ange4 ,8 o!r articles1 ^? :i* up to 
,decemb]1 #ahdh1 7 inspir$ by ! progress
 ( ev5ts1 h be5 collect$ 9 ano!r        
volume1--,revolution>y ,ideas4  ,almo/  
unkn[n 9 ,m>*1 #ahdh1 & /ruck (f 9      
,april f ! li/ ( c&idates = ! ,con/itu5t
 ,assembly by ! delegation ( work+m5 :i*
 sat at ! ,luxemb\rg1 ,pr\dhon _h b a v 
small numb] ( votes at ! g5]al elections
 ( ,april4 ,at ! complem5t>y elections1 
:i* 7 held 9 ! e>ly days ( ,june1 he 0  
elect$ 9 ,p>is by sev5ty-sev5 ?\s&      
votes4  ,aft] ! fatal days ( ,june1 he  
publi%$ an article on le t]me1 :i* caus$
 ! fir/ susp5sion ( ,le ,repres5tant du 
,peuple4 ,x 0 at t "t t he introduc$ a  
bill into ! ,assembly1 :i*1 be+ ref]r$  
to ! ,committee on ! ,f9ances1 drew =?1 
fir/1 ! report ( ,m4 ,?i]s1 & !n ! spee*
 :i* ,pr\dhon deliv]$1 on ! #ca/ (      
,july1 9 reply to ?is report4 ,le       
,repres5tant du ,peuple1 reappe>+ a few 
days lat]1 he wrote1 a propos ( ! law   
requir+ j\rnals to give bonds1 8 fam\s  
article on ,! ,mal?usians 7,augu/ #aj1  

#ahdh74  ,t5 days aft]w>ds1 ,le         
,repres5tant du ,peuple1 aga9 susp5d$1  
def9itively ceas$ to appe>4 ,le ,peuple1
 ( :i* he 0 ! editor-9-*ief1 & ! fir/   
numb] ( :i* 0 issu$ 9 ! e>ly "p (       
,septemb]1 appe>$ weekly at fir/1 = want
 ( suffici5t bonds2 x aft]w>ds appe>$   
daily1 ) a d\ble numb] once a week4     
,be=e ,le ,peuple _h obta9$ its fir/    
bond1 ,pr\dhon publi%$ a rem>kable      
pamphlet on ! ,"r to ,labor1--a "r :i*  
he d5i$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 !n affirm$4 ,x 
0 dur+ ! same p]iod t he propos$1 at !  
,poissonni]e banquet1 8 ,toa/ to !      
,revolution4  ,pr\dhon1 :o _h be5 ask$  
to preside at ! banquet1 refus$1 &      
propos$ 9 8 /ead1 fir/1 ,l$ru-,roll91 & 
!n1 9 view ( ! reluctance ( ! organiz]s 
( ! banquet1 ! illu/ri\s presid5t ( !   
p>ty ( ! ,m\nta91 ,lam5nais4 ,x 0       
evid5tly 8 int5tion to induce !         
repres5tatives ( ! ,extreme ,left to    
proclaim at la/ ) him ! ,democratic &   
,social ,republic4 ,lam5nais be+ accept$
 by ! organiz]s1 ! ,m\nta9 promis$ to be

 pres5t at ! banquet4 ,! night be=e1 all
 seem$ "r1 :5 ,g5]al ,cavaignac replac$ 
,m9i/] ,s5>t by ,m9i/] ,dufaure-,vivi54 
,! ,m\nta91 que/ion+ ! gov]nm5t1 propos$
 a vote ( confid5ce 9 ! old m9i/]1 &1   
tacitly1 ( want ( confid5ce 9 ! new4    
,pr\dhon ab/a9$ f vot+ on ?is           
proposition4 ,! ,m\nta9 decl>$ t x w\ld 
n att5d ! banquet1 if ,pr\dhon 0 to be  
pres5t4 ,five ,montagn>ds1 ,ma?ieu (    
,drome at _! head1 w5t to ! tempor>y    
(fice ( ,le ,peuple to notify him ( ?is4
 ,citiz5 ,pr\dhon1 said !y to !         
organiz]s 9 8 pres5ce1 9 ab/a9+ f vot+  
to-day on ! proposition ( ! ,m\nta91 has
 betray$ ! ,republican cause4 ,pr\dhon1 
vehem5tly que/ion$1 began 8 def5ce by   
recall+1 on ! "o h&1 ! treatm5t :i* he  
_h receiv$ f ! dismiss$ m9i/]2 &1 on !  
o!r1 ! imp>tial conduct display$ t[>ds  
him 9 #ahdj by ,m4 ,vivi51 ! new m9i/]4 
,he !n attack$ ! ,m\nta9 by tell+ its   
delegates t x s\ght only a pretext1 & t 
really1 9 spite ( its pr(essions (      
,socialism 9 private conv]sation1 :e!r )

 him or ) ! organiz]s ( ! banquet1 x _h 
n ! c\rage to publicly decl>e itself    
,sociali/4  ,on ! foll[+ day1 9 8 ,toa/ 
to ! ,revolution1 a toa/ :i* 0 fill$ )  
allusions to ! excit+ sc5e ( ! night    
be=e1 ,pr\dhon comm5c$ 8 /ruggle aga9/ !
 ,m\nta94 ,8 duel ) ,felix ,pyat 0 "o ( 
! episodes ( ?is /ruggle1 :i* became    
less bitt] on ,pr\dhon's side aft] !    
,m\nta9 f9ally decid$ to publicly       
proclaim ! ,democratic & ,social        
,republic4 ,! campaign = ! election ( a 
,presid5t ( ! ,republic _h j begun4     
,pr\dhon made a v %>p attack on !       
c&idacy ( ,l\is ,bonap>te 9 a pamphlet  
:i* is reg>d$ z "o ( 8 lit]>y           
*efs-d'oeuvre3 ! ,pamphlet on !         
,presid5cy4 ,an oppon5t ( ?is           
in/itution1 aga9/ :i* he _h vot$ 9 !    
,con/itu5t ,assembly1 he at fir/ decid$ 
to take no "p 9 ! campaign4 ,b soon see+
 t he 0 ?us increas+ ! *ances ( ,l\is   
,bonap>te1 & t if1 z 0 n at all         
probable1 ! latt] %\ld n obta9 an       
absolute majority ( ! votes1 ! ,assembly

 w\ld n fail to elect ,g5]al ,cavaignac1
 he esp\s$1 = ! sake ( =m1 ! c&idacy (  
,raspail1 :o 0 support$ by 8 fri5ds 9 ! 
,sociali/ ,committee4 ,*>les            
,delescluze1 ! editor-9-*ief ( ,la      
,revolution ,democratique et ,sociale1  
:o c\ld n =give him = hav+ pref]r$      
,raspail to ,l$ru-,roll91 ! c&idate ( ! 
,m\nta91 attack$ him on ! day aft] !    
election ) a viol5ce :i* ov]/epp$ all   
b\nds4 ,at fir/1 ,pr\dhon _h ! wisdom to
 refra9 f answ]+ him4 ,at l5g?1 driv5 to
 an extremity1 he became aggressive     
himself1 & ,delescluze s5t him 8        
seconds4 ,?is "t1 ,pr\dhon positively   
refus$ to fight2 he w\ld n h f\ght )    
,felix ,pyat1 _h n 8 c\rage be5 call$ 9 
"q4  ,on ! #be? ( ,janu>y1 #ahdi1       
,pr\dhon1 ris+ f a sick b$1 saw t !     
exi/5ce ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 0      
endang]$ by ! coalition ( ! mon>*ical   
p>ties ) ,l\is ,bonap>te1 :o 0 already  
plann+ 8 c\p d',etat4 ,he did n hesitate
 to op5ly attack ! man :o _h j receiv$  
five millions ( votes4 ,he want$ to     

break ! idol2 he succe$$ only 9 gett+   
prosecut$ & condemn$ himself4 ,!        
prosecution dem&$ aga9/ him 0 au?oriz$  
by a majority ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 
9 spite ( ! spee* :i* he deliv]$ on t   
occasion4 ,decl>$ guilty by ! jury1 he 0
 s5t5c$1 9 ,m>*1 #ahdi1 to ?ree ye>s'   
imprisonm5t & ! paym5t ( a f9e ( t5 ?\s&
 francs4  ,pr\dhon _h n ab&on$ = a s+le 
mom5t 8 project ( a ,bank ( ,ex*ange1   
:i* 0 to op]ate )\t capital ) a         
suffici5t numb] ( m]*ants & manufactur]s
 = adh]5ts4 ,?is bank1 :i* he !n call$ !
 ,bank ( ! ,p1 & ar\nd :i* he wi%$ to   
ga!r ! num]\s work+-p's associations :i*
 _h be5 =m$ s9ce ! #bd? ( ,febru>y1     
#ahdh1 _h already obta9$ a c]ta9 numb] (
 subscrib]s & adh]5ts1 ! latt] to !     
numb] ( ?irty-sev5 ?\s&4 ,x 0 ab\t to   
comm5ce op]ations1 :5 ,pr\dhon's s5t5ce 
=c$ him to *oose betwe5 imprisonm5t &   
exile4 ,he did n hesitate to ab&on 8    
project & return ! money to !           
subscrib]s4 ,he expla9$ ! motives :i* l$
 him to ?is decision 9 an article 9 ,le 

,peuple4  ,hav+ fl$ to ,belgium1 he     
rema9$ !re b a few days1 go+ !nce to    
,p>is1 "u an assum$ "n1 to conceal      
himself 9 a h\se 9 ! ,rue de ,*abrol4 ,f
 8 hid+-place he s5t articles almo/ e   
day1 sign$ & unsign$1 to ,le ,peuple4 ,9
 ! ev5+1 dress$ 9 a bl\se1 he w5t to "s 
seclud$ spot to take ! air4 ,soon1      
embold5$ by habit1 he risk$ an ev5+     
prom5ade ^u ! ,b\lev>ds1 & aft]w>ds     
c>ri$ 8 imprud5ce s f> z to take a /roll
 by daylight 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,g>e  
du ,nord4 ,x 0 n long be=e he 0         
recogniz$ by ! police1 :o arre/$ him on 
! #f? ( ,june1 #ahdi1 9 ! ,rue du       
,faub\rg-,poissonni]e4  ,tak5 to ! (fice
 ( ! prefect ( police1 !n to            
,sa9te-,pelagie1 he 0 9 ! ,conci]g]ie on
 ! day ( ! #ac? ( ,june1 #ahdi1 :i* end$
 ) ! viol5t suppression ( ,le ,peuple4  
,he !n began to write ! ,confessions ( a
 ,revolutioni/1 publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! 
ye>4 ,he _h be5 aga9 transf]r$ to       
,sa9te-,pelagie1 :5 he m>ri$1 9         
,decemb]1 #ahdi1 ,mlle4 ,euphrasie      

,pieg>d1 a "y work+ girl ^: h& he _h    
reque/$ 9 #ahdg4 ,madame ,pr\dhon bore  
him f\r daught]s1 ( :om b two1 ,ca!r9e &
 ,/ephanie1 surviv$ _! fa!r4 ,/ephanie  
di$ 9 #ahgc4  ,9 ,octob]1 #ahdi1 ,le    
,peuple 0 replac$ by a new j\rnal1 ,la  
,voix du ,peuple1 :i* ,pr\dhon edit$ f 8
 prison cell4 ,9 x 7 publi%$ 8          
discussions ) ,pi]re ,l]\x & ,ba/iat4   
,! political articles :i* he s5t to ,la 
,voix du ,peuple s displeas$ ! gov]nm5t 
f9ally1 t x transf]r$ him to ,d\ll5s1   
:]e he 0 secretly conf9$ = "s "t4       
,aft]w>ds tak5 back to ,p>is1 to appe>  
be=e ! assizes ( ! ,se9e 9 ref]5ce to an
 article 9 ,la ,voix du ,peuple1 he 0   
def5d$ by ,m4 ,cremieux & acquitt$4 ,f !
 ,conci]g]ie he w5t aga9 to             
,sa9te-,pelagie1 :]e he end$ 8 ?ree ye>s
 9 prison on ! #f? ( ,june1 #aheb4  ,la 
,voix du ,peuple1 suppress$ be=e !      
promulgation ( ! law ( ! #ca/ ( ,may1 _h
 be5 replac$ by a weekly %eet1 ,le      
,peuple ( #ahej4 ,e/abli%$ by ! aid ( ! 
pr9cipal memb]s ( ! ,m\nta91 ?is j\rnal 

soon met ) ! fate ( its pr$ecessors4  ,9
 #ahea1 sev]al mon?s be=e ! c\p d',etat1
 ,pr\dhon publi%$ ! ,g5]al ,idea ( !    
,revolution ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 :i*1
 aft] hav+ %[n ! logical s]ies ( unit>y 
gov]nm5ts1--f mon>*y1 :i* is ! fir/ t]m1
 to ! direct gov]nm5t ( ! p1 :i* is !   
la/1--he opposes ! ideal ( an-ar*y or   
self-gov]nm5t to ! communi/ic or        
gov]nm5tal ideal4  ,at ?is p]iod1 !     
,sociali/ p>ty1 disc\rag$ by ! elections
 ( #ahdi1 :i* result$ 9 a great]        
cons]vative triumph ?an ^? ( #ahdh1 &   
ju/ly angry ) ! national repres5tative  
body :i* _h j pass$ ! law ( ! #ca/ (    
,may1 #ahej1 dem&$ direct legislation & 
direct gov]nm5t4 ,pr\dhon1 :o did n     
want1 at any price1 ! plebiscit>y sy/em 
:i* he _h good reason to reg>d z        
de/ructive ( lib]ty1 did n hesitate to  
po9t out1 to ^? ( 8 fri5ds :o expect$ e 
?+ f direct legislation1 "o ( !         
ant9omies ( univ]sal suffrage4 ,9 s f> z
 x is an in/itution int5d$ to a*ieve1 = 
! b5efit ( ! greate/ numb]1 ! social    

re=ms to :i* l&$ suffrage is oppos$1    
univ]sal suffrage is p[]less2 especially
 if x pret5ds to legislate or gov]n     
directly4 ,=1 until ! social re=ms are  
accompli%$1 ! greate/ numb] is (        
necessity ! lea/ enlight5$1 &           
consequ5tly ! lea/ capable ( und]/&+ &  
effect+ re=ms4 ,9 reg>d to ! ant9omy1   
po9t$ out by him1 ( lib]ty &            
gov]nm5t1--:e!r ! latt] be mon>*ic1     
ari/ocratic1 or democratic 9            
=m1--,pr\dhon1 ^: *ief desire 0 to      
pres]ve lib]ty1 naturally s\ght !       
solution 9 ! free contract4 ,b ?\gh !   
free contract may be a practical        
solution ( purely economical que/ions1 x
 _c be made use ( 9 politics4 ,pr\dhon  
recogniz$ ?is t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 8        
beautiful /udy on ,w> & ,peace l$ him to
 f9d 9 ! ,,f$]ative ,,pr9ciple ! exact  
equilibrium ( lib]ty & gov]nm5t4  ,!    
,social ,revolution ,demon/rat$ by !    
,c\p d' ,etat appe>$ 9 #aheb1 a few     
mon?s aft] 8 release f prison4 ,at t "t1
 t]ror prevail$ to su* an ext5t t no "o 

0 will+ to publi% 8 book )\t express    
p]mission f ! gov]nm5t4 ,he succe$$ 9   
obta9+ ?is p]mission by writ+ to ,l\is  
,bonap>te a lett] :i* he publi%$ at !   
same "t ) ! "w4 ,! latt] be+ (f]$ =     
sale1 ,pr\dhon 0 w>n$ t he w\ld n be    
all[$ to publi% any m books ( ! same "*4
 ,at t "t he ent]ta9$ ! idea ( writ+ a  
univ]sal hi/ory entitl$ ,*ronos4 ,?is   
project 0 nev] fulfill$4  ,already !    
fa!r ( two *ildr51 & ab\t to be pres5t$ 
) a ?ird1 ,pr\dhon 0 oblig$ to devise "s
 imm$iate means ( ga9+ a liv+2 he resum$
 8 labors1 & publi%$1 at fir/           
anonym\sly1 ! ,manual ( a ,speculator 9 
! ,/ock-,ex*ange4 ,lat]1 9 #aheg1 aft]  
hav+ complet$ ! "w1 he did n hesitate to
 sign x1 ackn[l$g+ 9 ! preface 8        
indebt$ness to 8 collaborator1 ,g4      
,du*5e4  ,meantime1 he va9ly s\ght      
p]mission to e/abli% a j\rnal1 or       
review4 ,?is p]mission 0 /eadily refus$ 
him4 ,! imp]ial gov]nm5t always suspect$
 him aft] ! publication ( ! ,social     
,revolution ,demon/rat$ by ! ,c\p       

d',etat4  ,t[>ds ! end ( #ahec1 ,pr\dhon
 issu$ 9 ,belgium a pamphlet entitl$ ,! 
,philosophy ( ,progress4 ,entirely      
in(f5sive z x 01 ?is pamphlet1 :i* he   
endeavor$ to s5d into ,france1 0 seiz$  
on ! fronti]4 ,pr\dhon's compla9ts 7 (  
no avail4  ,! empire gave grants aft]   
grants to l>ge companies4 ,a f9ancial   
society1 hav+ ask$ = ! grant ( a        
railroad 9 ! ea/ ( ,france1 employ$     
,pr\dhon to write sev]al memoirs 9      
support ( ?is dem&4 ,! grant 0 giv5 to  
ano!r company4 ,! au?or 0 (f]$ an       
indemnity z comp5sation1 to be paid 7z 0
 cu/om>y 9 su* cases7 by ! company :i*  
receiv$ ! grant4 ,x is ne$less to say t 
,pr\dhon w\ld accept no?+4 ,!n1 wi%+ to 
expla9 to ! public1 z well z to !       
gov]nm5t1 ! end :i* he _h 9 view1 he    
publi%$ ! "w entitl$ ,re=ms to be       
,effect$ 9 ! ,managem5t ( ,railroads4   
,t[>ds ! end ( #ahed1 ,pr\dhon _h       
already begun 8 book on ,ju/ice1 :5 he  
_h a viol5t attack ( *ol]a1 f :i* he    
recov]$ ) great difficulty4 ,ev]        

aft]w>ds 8 heal? 0 delicate4  ,at la/1  
on ! #bb;d ( ,april1 #aheh1 he publi%$1 
9 ?ree l>ge volumes1 ! important "w ^u  
:i* he _h labor$ s9ce #ahed4 ,?is "w _h 
two titles3 ! fir/1 ,ju/ice 9 !         
,revolution & 9 ! ,*ur*2 ! second1 ,new 
,pr9ciples ( ,practical ,philosophy1    
address$ to ,8 ,highness ,monseigneur   
,ma?ieu1 ,c>d9al-,ar*bi%op ( ,besancon4 
,on ! #bg? ( ,april1 :5 !re _h sc>cely  
be5 "t to read ! "w1 an ord] 0 issu$ by 
! magi/rate = its seizure2 on ! #bh? !  
seizure 0 effect$4 ,to ?is fir/ act ( ! 
magi/racy1 ! au?or ( ! incrim9at$ book  
repli$ on ! #aa? ( ,may 9 a             
/rongly-motiv$ petition1 dem&+ a        
revision ( ! concordat ( #ahjb2 or1 9   
o!r words1 a new adju/m5t ( ! relations 
betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,at bottom1 ?is   
petition 0 b ! logical consequ5ce ( ! "w
 itself4 ,an edition ( a ?\s& copies be+
 publi%$ on ! #ag? ( ,may1 ! ,petition  
to ! ,s5ate 0 reg>d$ by ! public        
prosecutor z an aggravation ( ! (f5ce or
 (f5ces discov]$ 9 ! body ( ! "w to :i* 

x 0 an app5dix1 & 0 seiz$ 9 its turn on 
! #bc;d4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,june1 ! au?or    
appeal$ to ! ,s5ate 9 a second          
,petition1 :i* 0 deposit$ ) ! fir/ 9 !  
(fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,assembly1 !    
gu>dian & gu>antee1 accord+ to !        
con/itution ( #aheb1 ( ! pr9ciples (    
'#hi4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,june1 ! two         
processes be+ unit$1 ,pr\dhon appe>$ at 
! b> ) 8 publi%]1 ! pr9t] ( ! book1 & ! 
pr9t] ( ! petition1 to receive ! s5t5ce 
( ! police magi/rate1 :i* condemn$ him  
to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t1 a f9e ( f\r  
?\s& francs1 & ! suppression ( 8 "w4 ,x 
is ne$less to say t ! publi%] & pr9t]s 7
 also condemn$ by ! six? *amb]4         
,pr\dhon lodg$ an appeal2 he wrote a    
memoir :i* ! law ( #ahai1 9 ! abs5ce (  
:i* he w\ld h be5 liable to a new       
prosecution1 gave him ! p[] to publi%   
previ\s to ! he>+4 ,hav+ decid$ to make 
use ( ! means :i* ! law p]mitt$1 he urg$
 9 va9 ! pr9t]s :o 7 prosecut$ ) him to 
l5d him _! aid4 ,he !n dem&$ (          
,attorney-,g5]al ,*aix d',e/ ,ange a    

/atem5t to ! effect t ! tw5ty-?ird      
article ( ! law ( ! #ag? ( ,may1 #ahai1 
all[s a writt5 def5ce1 & t a pr9t] runs 
no risk 9 pr9t+ x4 ,! attorney-g5]al    
flatly refus$4 ,pr\dhon !n />t$ =       
,belgium1 :]e he pr9t$ 8 def5ce1 :i*    
c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 cross ! ,fr5* fronti]4 
,?is memoir is entitl$ to rank ) ! be/ (
 ,beaum>*ais's2 x is entitl$3 ,ju/ice   
prosecut$ by ! ,*ur*2 ,an ,appeal f !   
,s5t5ce pass$ ^u ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon by !  
,police ,magi/rate ( ! ,se9e1 on ! #b;d 
( ,june1 #aheh4 ,a v close discussion ( 
! gr\nds ( ! judgm5t ( ! six? *amb]1 x 0
 at ! same "t an excell5t resume ( 8    
great "w4  ,once 9 ,belgium1 ,pr\dhon   
did n fail to rema9 !re4 ,9 #ahei1 aft] 
! g5]al amne/y :i* foll[$ ! ,italian w>1
 he at fir/ ?\ght himself includ$ 9 x4  
,b ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 consult$ by 8    
fri5ds1 notifi$ him t1 9 its op9ion1 & 9
 spite ( ! contr>y advice ( ,m4 ,fau/9  
,helie1 8 condemnation 0 n ( a political
 "*4 ,pr\dhon1 ?us class$ by ! gov]nm5t 
) ! au?ors ( immoral works1 ?\ght x     

b5ea? 8 dignity to prote/1 & wait$      
pati5tly = ! adv5t ( #ahfc to all[ him  
to return to ,france4  ,9 ,belgium1 :]e 
he 0 n sl[ 9 =m+ new fri5d%ips1 he      
publi%$ 9 #ahei-fj1 9 sep>ate p>ts1 a   
new edition ( 8 great "w on ,ju/ice4    
,ea* numb] conta9$1 9 addition to !     
orig9al text c>efully review$ &         
correct$1 num]\s explanatory notes & "s 
,tid+s ( ! ,revolution4 ,9 ^! tid+s1 :i*
 =m a sort ( review ( ! progress ( ideas
 9 ,europe1 ,pr\dhon sorr[fully ass]ts  
t1 aft] hav+ = a long "t m>*$ at ! head 
( ! progressive nations1 ,france has    
become1 )\t appe>+ to suspect x1 ! mo/  
retrogressive ( nations2 & he consid]s  
h] m ?an once z s]i\sly ?reat5$ ) moral 
dea?4  ,! ,italian w> l$ him to write a 
new "w1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahfa1 entitl$ 
,w> & ,peace4 ,?is "w1 9 :i*1 runn+     
c\nt] to a multitude ( ideas accept$    
until !n )\t exam9ation1 he pron\nc$ = !
 fir/ "t aga9/ ! re/oration ( an        
ari/ocratic & prie/ly ,pol&1 & aga9/ !  
e/abli%m5t ( a unit>y gov]nm5t 9 ,italy1

 creat$ = him a multitude ( enemies4    
,mo/ ( 8 fri5ds1 disconc]t$ by 8        
categorical affirmation ( a "r ( =ce1   
notifi$ him t !y decid$ly disapprov$ ( 8
 new publication4 ,y see1 triumphantly  
cri$ ^? :om he _h always combat$1 ?is   
man is only a sophi/4  ,l$ by 8 previ\s 
/udies to te/ e ?+ by ! "q ( "r1        
,pr\dhon asks1 9 8 ,w> & ,peace1 :e!r   
!re is a real "r ( :i* w> is !          
v9dication1 & victory ! demon/ration4   
,?is "r1 :i* he r\ghly calls ! "r ( !   
/ronge/ or ! "r ( =ce1 & :i* is1 aft]   
all1 only ! "r ( ! mo/ wor?y to !       
pref]5ce 9 c]ta9 def9ite cases1 exi/s1  
says ,pr\dhon1 indep5d5tly ( w>4 ,x _c  
be legitimately v9dicat$ except :]e     
necessity cle>ly dem&s ! subord9ation ( 
"o w to ano!r1 & )9 ! limits 9 :i* x    
exi/s2 t is1 )\t ev] involv+ !          
enslavem5t ( "o by ! o!r4 ,among        
nations1 ! "r ( ! majority1 :i* is only 
a coroll>y ( ! "r ( =ce1 is z           
unacceptable z univ]sal mon>*y4 ,h5ce1  
until equilibrium is e/abli%$ &         

recogniz$ betwe5 ,/ates or national     
=ces1 !re mu/ be w>4 ,w>1 says ,pr\dhon1
 is n always necess>y to det]m9e :i*    
side is ! /ronge/2 & he has no tr\ble 9 
prov+ ?is by examples drawn f ! family1 
! work%op1 & else:]e4 ,pass+ !n to !    
/udy ( w>1 he proves t x by no means    
corresponds 9 practice to t :i* x ought 
to be accord+ to 8 !ory ( ! "r ( =ce4 ,!
 sy/ematic horrors ( w> naturally lead  
him to seek a cause = x o!r ?an !       
v9dication ( ?is "r2 & !n only does !   
economi/ take x ^u himself to d5\nce ?is
 cause to ^? :o1 l himself1 want peace4 
,! necessity ( f9d+ abroad a comp5sation
 = ! mis]y result+ 9 e nation f ! abs5ce
 ( economical equilibrium1 is1 accord+  
to ,pr\dhon1 ! ev] real1 ?\gh ev]       
conceal$1 cause ( w>4 ,! pages devot$ to
 ?is demon/ration & to 8 !ory ( pov]ty1 
:i* he cle>ly di/+ui%es f mis]y &       
paup]ism1 %$ entirely new light ^u !    
philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,z = ! au?or's     
conclusion1 x is a v simple "o4 ,s9ce ! 
treaty ( ,we/phalia1 & especially s9ce !

 treaties ( #ahae1 equilibrium has be5 !
 int]national law ( ,europe4 ,x rema9s  
n[1 n to de/roy x1 b1 :ile ma9ta9+ x1 to
 labor peacefully1 9 e nation protect$  
by x1 = ! equilibrium ( economical =ces4
 ,! la/ l9e ( ! book1 evid5tly writt5 to
 *eck imp]ial ambition1 is3 ,humanity   
wants no m w>4  ,9 #ahfa1 aft]          
,g>ibaldi's exp$ition & ! battle (      
,ca/elfid>do1 ,pr\dhon imm$iately saw t 
! e/abli%m5t ( ,italian unity w\ld be a 
sev]e bl[ to ,european equilibrium4 ,x 0
 *iefly 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is equilibrium
 t he pron\nc$ s en]getically 9 favor ( 
,italian f$]ation1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be at
 fir/ only a f$]ation ( mon>*s4 ,9 va9 0
 x object$ t1 9 be+ e/abli%$ by ,france1
 ,italian unity w\ld break ,european    
equilibrium 9 our favor4 ,pr\dhon1      
appeal+ to hi/ory1 %[$ t e ,/ate :i*    
breaks ! equilibrium 9 its own favor    
only causes ! o!r ,/ates to comb9e aga9/
 x1 & !reby dim9i%es its influ5ce & p[]4
 ,he add$ t1 nations be+ ess5tially     
selfi%1 ,italy w\ld n fail1 :5          

opportunity (f]$1 to place h] int]e/    
above h] gratitude4  ,to ma9ta9         
,european equilibrium by dim9i%+ great  
,/ates & multiply+ small ones2 to unite 
! latt] 9 organiz$ f$]ations1 n =       
attack1 b = def5ce2 & ) ^! f$]ations1   
:i*1 if !y 7 n republican already1 w\ld 
quickly become s1 to hold 9 *eck ! great
 milit>y mon>*ies1--su*1 9 ! beg9n+ (   
#ahfa1 0 ! political programme (        
,pr\dhon4  ,! object ( ! f$]ations1 he  
said1 w be to gu>antee1 z f> z possible1
 ! b5efic5t reign ( peace2 & !y w h !   
fur!r effect ( secur+ 9 e nation !      
triumph ( lib]ty ov] despotism4 ,:]e !  
l>ge/ unit>y ,/ate is1 !re lib]ty is 9 !
 greate/ dang]2 fur!r1 if ?is ,/ate be  
democratic1 despotism )\t ! c\nt]poise (
 majorities is to be fe>$4 ,) !         
f$]ation1 x is n s4 ,! univ]sal suffrage
 ( ! f$]al ,/ate is *eck$ by ! univ]sal 
suffrage ( ! f$]at$ ,/ates2 & ! latt] is
 (fset 9 its turn by ,,prop]ty1 !       
/ronghold ( lib]ty1 :i* x t5ds1 n to    
de/roy1 b to balance ) ! in/itutions (  

,,mutualism4  ,all ^! ideas1 & _m o!rs  
:i* 7 only h9t$ at 9 8 "w on ,w> &      
,peace1 7 develop$ by ,pr\dhon 9 8      
subsequ5t publications1 "o ( :i* has =  
its motto1 ,re=ms always1 ,utopias nev]4
 ,! ?9k] _h evid5tly f9i%$ 8 evolution4 
,! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate ( ! canton ( ,vaud   
hav+ (f]$ prizes = essays on ! "q (     
taxation1 previ\sly discuss$ at a       
congress held at ,lausanne1 ,pr\dhon    
ent]$ ! ranks & c>ri$ (f ! fir/ prize4  
,8 memoir 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfa "u ! title (
 ,! ,!ory ( ,taxation4  ,ab\t ! same "t1
 he wrote at ,brussels1 9 ,l',(fice de  
,publicite1 "s rem>kable articles on !  
"q ( lit]>y prop]ty1 :i* 0 discuss$ at a
 congress held 9 ,belgium1 ,^! articles 
mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,lit]>y ,majorats1 a
 m complete "w on ! same subject1 :i* 0 
publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 soon aft] 8 return to  
,france4  ,arbitr>ily except$ f ! amne/y
 9 #ahei1 ,pr\dhon 0 p>don$ two ye>s    
lat] by a special act4 ,he did n wi% to 
take advantage ( ?is favor1 & seem$     
resolv$ to rema9 9 ,belgium until ! #b;d

 ( ,june1 #ahfc1 ! "t :5 he 0 to acquire
 ! privilege ( prescription1 :5 an      
absurd & ridicul\s riot1 excit$ 9       
,brussels by an article publi%$ by him  
on f$]ation & unity 9 ,italy1 induc$ him
 to ha/5 8 return to ,france4 ,/ones 7  
?r[n aga9/ ! h\se 9 :i* he liv$1 9 !    
,faub\rg d',ixelles4 ,aft] hav+ plac$ 8 
wife & daught]s 9 safety among 8 fri5ds 
at ,brussels1 he arriv$ 9 ,p>is 9       
,septemb]1 #ahfb1 & publi%$ !re1        
,f$]ation & ,italian ,unity1 a pamphlet 
:i* naturally comm5ces ) ! article :i*  
s]v$ z a pretext = ! riot]s 9 ,brussels4
  ,among ! works begun by ,pr\dhon :ile 
9 ,belgium1 :i* dea? did n all[ him to  
f9i%1 we ought to m5tion a ,hi/ory (    
,pol&1 :i* w be publi%$ lat]2 &1 ,!     
,!ory ( ,prop]ty1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfe1   
be=e ,! ,gospels ,annotat$1 & aft] !    
volume entitl$ ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,art & its
 ,social ,de/9y4  ,! publications (     
,pr\dhon1 9 #ahfc1 73 #a4 ,lit]>y       
,majorats3 ,an ,exam9ation ( a ,bill    
hav+ = its object ! ,creation ( a       

,p]petual ,monopoly = ! ,b5efit (       
,au?ors1 ,inv5tors1 & ,arti/s2 #b4 ,!   
,f$]ative ,pr9ciple & ! ,necessity (    
,re-e/abli%+ ! ,revolution>y p>ty2 #c4  
,! ,sworn ,democrats & ! ,refractories2 
#d4 ,:e!r ! ,treaties ( #ahae h ceas$ to
 exi/8 ,acts ( ! ,future ,congress4  ,! 
disease :i* 0 de/9$ to kill him grew    
worse & worse2 b ,pr\dhon labor$        
con/antly6444 ,a s]ies ( articles1      
publi%$ 9 #ahfd 9 ,le ,messag] de ,p>is1
 h be5 collect$ 9 a pamphlet "u ! title 
( ,new ,obs]vations on ,italian ,unity4 
,he hop$ to publi% dur+ ! same ye> 8 "w 
on ,! ,political ,capacity ( ! ,work+   
,classes1 b 0 unable to write ! la/     
*apt]4444 ,he grew weak] cont9ually4 ,8 
doctor prescrib$ re/4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/
 he w5t to ,fran*e-,comte1 :]e he sp5t a
 mon?4 ,hav+ return$ to ,p>is1 he resum$
 8 labor ) difficulty4444 ,f ! mon? (   
,decemb] onw>ds1 ! he>t disease made    
rapid progress2 ! oppression became     
insupportable1 8 legs 7 swoll51 & he    
c\ld n sleep4444  ,on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 

#ahfe1 he di$1 t[>ds two o'clock 9 !    
morn+1 9 ! arms ( 8 wife1 8 si/]-9-law1 
& ! fri5d :o writes ^! l9es4444  ,!     
publication ( 8 correspond5ce1 to :i* 8 
daught] ,ca!r9e is fai?fully devot$1 w  
t5d1 no d\bt1 to increase 8 reputation z
 a ?9k]1 z a writ]1 & z an hone/ man4   
,j4 ,a4 ,,langlois4     ,,preface4  ,!  
foll[+ lett] s]v$ z a preface to ! fir/ 
edition ( ?is memoir3--   ,to ! ,memb]s 
( ! ,academy ( ,besancon  ,,p>is1 ,june 
#cj1 #ahdj4   ,,g5tlem51--,9 ! c\rse (  
y\r debate ( ! #i? ( ,may1 #ahcc1 9     
reg>d to ! tri5nial p5sion e/abli%$ by  
,madame ,su>d1 y express$ ! foll[+      
wi%3--  ',! ,academy reque/s ! titul>y  
to pres5t x annually1 dur+ ! fir/       
=tnight 9 ,july1 ) a succ9ct & logical  
/atem5t ( ! v>i\s /udies :i* he has     
pursu$ dur+ ! ye> :i* has j expir$4'  ,i
 n[ propose1 g5tlem51 to dis*>ge ?is    
duty4  ,:5 ,i solicit$ y\r votes1 ,i    
boldly av[$ my int5tion to b5d my ef=ts 
to ! discov]y ( "s means ( ,,ameliorat+ 
,,! ,,physical1 ,,moral1 ,,&            

,,intellectual ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,m]e
 ,,num]\s ,,& ,,poor] ,,classes4 ,?is   
idea1 =eign z x may h seem$ to ! object 
( my c&idacy1 y receiv$ favorably2 &1 by
 ! preci\s di/9ction ) :i* x has be5 y\r
 pleasure to honor me1 y *ang$ ?is =mal 
(f] into an inviolable & sacr$          
obligation4 ,!nce=? ,i und]/ood ) h[    
wor?y & honorable a society ,i _h to    
deal3 my reg>d = its enlight5m5t1 my    
recognition ( its b5efits1 my en?usiasm 
= its glory1 7 unb\nd$4  ,conv9c$ at    
once t1 9 ord] to break loose f ! beat5 
pa?s ( op9ions & sy/ems1 x 0 necess>y to
 proce$ 9 my /udy ( man & society by    
sci5tific me?ods1 & 9 a rigor\s mann]1  
,i devot$ "o ye> to philology & gramm>2 
l+ui/ics1 or ! natural hi/ory ( spee*1  
be+1 ( all ! sci5ces1 t :i* 0 be/ suit$ 
to ! "* ( my m9d1 seem$ to be> ! close/ 
relation to ! rese>*es :i* ,i 0 ab\t to 
comm5ce4 ,a treatise1 writt5 at ?is     
p]iod ^u "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions (  
comp>ative gramm>1#b if x did n reveal !
 a/oni%+ success1 at lea/ bore witness  

to ! ?or\ghness1 ( my labors4  ,s9ce t  
"t1 metaphysics & moral sci5ce h be5 my 
only /udies2 my p]ception ( ! fact t ^! 
sci5ces1 ?\gh badly def9$ z to _! object
 & n conf9$ to _! sph]e1 are1 l !       
natural sci5ces1 susceptible (          
demon/ration & c]ta9ty1 has already     
rew>d$ my ef=ts4  ,b1 g5tlem51 ( all !  
ma/]s :om ,i h foll[$1 to none d ,i owe 
s mu* z to y4 ,y\r co-op]ation1 y\r     
programmes1 y\r in/ructions1 9 agreem5t 
) my secret wi%es & mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 h  
at no "t fail$ to enlight5 me & to po9t 
out my road2 ?is memoir on prop]ty is ! 
*ild ( y\r ?\ght4  ,9 #ahch1 ! ,academy 
( ,besancon propos$ ! foll[+ "q3 ,,to   
,,:at ,,causes ,,mu/ ,,we ,,attribute   
,,! ,,cont9ually ,,increas+ ,,numb] ,,( 
,,suicides1 ,,& ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,prop] 
,,means ,,= ,,arre/+ ,,! ,,effects ,,(  
,,?is ,,moral ,,contagion8  ,!reby x    
ask$1 9 less g5]al t]ms1 :at 0 ! cause (
 ! social evil1 & :at 0 its rem$y8 ,y   
admitt$ t y\rselves1 g5tlem5 :5 y\r     
committee report$ t ! competitors _h    

enum]at$ ) exactness ! imm$iate &       
p>ticul> causes ( suicide1 z well z !   
means ( prev5t+ ea* ( !m2 b t f ?is     
enum]ation1 *ronicl$ ) m or less skill1 
no positive in=mation _h be5 ga9$1 ei!r 
z to ! prim>y cause ( ! evil1 or z to   
its rem$y4  ,9 #ahci1 y\r programme1    
always orig9al & v>i$ 9 its academical  
expression1 became m exact4 ,!          
inve/igations ( #ahch _h po9t$ out1 z ! 
causes or r z ! symptoms ( ! social     
malady1 ! neglect ( ! pr9ciples (       
religion & morality1 ! desire = weal?1 !
 passion = enjoym5t1 & political        
di/urbances4 ,all ^! data 7 embodi$ by y
 9 a s+le proposition3 ,,! ,,utility ,,(
 ,,! ,,celebration ,,( ,,sunday ,,z     
,,reg>ds ,,hygi5e1 ,,morality1 ,,&      
,,social ,,& ,,political ,,relation4  ,9
 a ,*ri/ian tongue y ask$1 g5tlem51 :at 
0 ! true sy/em ( society4 ,a competitor 
#c d>$ to ma9ta91 & believ$ t he _h     
prov$1 t ! in/itution ( a day ( re/ at  
weekly int]vals is insep>ably b\nd up ) 
a political sy/em bas$ on ! equality (  

conditions2 t )\t equality ?is          
in/itution is an anomaly & an           
impossibility3 t equality alone c revive
 ?is anci5t & my/]i\s keep+ ( ! sev5?   
day4 ,?is argum5t did n meet ) y\r      
approbation1 s9ce1 )\t d5y+ ! relation  
po9t$ out by ! competitor1 y judg$1 &   
rightly g5tlem51 t ! pr9ciple ( equality
 ( conditions n be+ demon/rat$1 ! ideas 
( ! au?or 7 no?+ m ?an hypo!ses4        
,f9ally1 g5tlem51 ?is fundam5tal        
pr9ciple ( equality y pres5t$ =         
competition 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,,!        
,,economical ,,& ,,moral ,,consequ5ces  
,,9 ,,france ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t     
,,"t1 ,,& ,,^? ,,:i* ,,seem ,,likely    
,,to ,,appe> ,,9 ,,future1 ,,( ,,! ,,law
 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,equal ,,division ,,(   
,,h]$it>y ,,prop]ty ,,betwe5 ,,!        
,,*ildr54  ,in/ead ( conf9+ "o to common
 places )\t bread? or significance1 x   
seems to me t y\r "q %\ld be develop$ z 
foll[s3--  ,if ! law has be5 able to    
r5d] ! "r ( h]$ity common to all !      
*ildr5 ( "o fa!r1 c x n r5d] x equal =  

all 8 gr&*ildr5 & great-gr&*ildr58  ,if 
! law no long] he$s ! age ( any memb] ( 
! family1 c x n1 by ! "r ( h]$ity1 cease
 to he$ x 9 ! race1 9 ! tribe1 9 !      
nation8  ,c equality1 by ! "r (         
succession1 be pres]v$ betwe5 citiz5s1 z
 well z betwe5 c\s9s & bro!rs8 ,9 a ^w1 
c ! pr9ciple ( succession become a      
pr9ciple ( equality8  ,to sum up all ^! 
ideas 9 "o inclusive "q3 ,:at is !      
pr9ciple ( h]$ity8 ,:at are ! f\ndations
 ( inequality8 ,:at is prop]ty8  ,su*1  
g5tlem51 is ! object ( ! memoir t ,i (f]
 y to day4  ,if ,i h rightly grasp$ !   
object ( y\r ?\ght2 if ,i succe$ 9 br++ 
to light a tru? :i* is indisputable1 b1 
f causes :i* ,i am bold en\gh to claim  
to h expla9$1 has always be5            
misund]/ood2 if by an infallible me?od (
 inve/igation1 ,i e/abli% ! dogma (     
equality ( conditions2 if ,i det]m9e !  
pr9ciple ( civil law1 ! ess5ce ( ju/ice1
 & ! =m ( society2 if ,i annihilate     
prop]ty =ev]1--to y1 g5tlem51 w r$\nd   
all ! glory1 = x is to y\r aid & y\r    

inspiration t ,i owe x4  ,my purpose 9  
?is "w is ! application ( me?od to !    
problems ( philosophy2 e o!r int5tion is
 =eign to & ev5 abusive ( x4  ,i h spok5
 lightly ( jurisprud5ce3 ,i _h ! "r2 b  
,i %\ld be unju/ did ,i n di/+ui% betwe5
 ?is pret5d$ sci5ce & ! m5 :o practise  
x4 ,devot$ to /udies bo? labori\s &     
sev]e1 entitl$ 9 all respects to ! e/eem
 ( _! fell[-citiz5s by _! k & eloqu5ce  
our legi/s des]ve b "o reproa*1 t ( an  
excessive def]5ce to arbitr>y laws4  ,i 
h be5 pitiless 9 my criticism ( !       
economi/s3 = !m ,i confess t1 9 g5]al1  
,i h no lik+4 ,! arrogance & ! empt9ess 
( _! writ+s1 _! imp]t95t pride & _!     
unw>rant$ blund]s1 h disgu/$ me4 ,:oev]1
 kn[+ !m1 p>dons !m1 may read !m4  ,i h 
sev]ely blam$ ! le>n$ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*3 x 
0 my duty4 ,?is blame results f ! facts 
:i* ,i call att5tion to3 :y has ! ,*ur* 
decre$ conc]n+ ?+s :i* x does n und]/&8 
,! ,*ur* has err$ 9 dogma & 9 morals2   
physics & ma!matics te/ify aga9/ h]4 ,x 
may be wrong = me to say x1 b surely x  

is un=tunate = ,*ri/ianity t x is true4 
,to re/ore religion1 g5tlem51 x is      
necess>y to condemn ! ,*ur*4  ,p]haps y 
w regret1 g5tlem51 t1 9 giv+ all my     
att5tion to me?od & evid5ce1 ,i h too   
mu* neglect$ =m & /yle3 9 va9 %\ld ,i h 
tri$ to d bett]4 ,lit]>y hope & fai? ,i 
h none4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is1 9 my eyes1
 a g5esic era1 9 :i* new pr9ciples are  
elaborat$1 b 9 :i* no?+ t is writt5 %all
 endure4 ,t is ! reason1 9 my op9ion1   
:y1 among s _m m5 ( tal5t1 ,france      
to-day c\nts n "o great writ]4 ,9 a     
society l ours1 to seek = lit]>y glory  
seems to me an ana*ronism4 ,( :at use is
 x to invoke an anci5t sibyl :5 a muse  
is on ! eve ( bir?8 ,pitiable actors 9 a
 trag$y ne>+ its end1 t :i* x behooves u
 to d is to precipitate ! cata/rophe4 ,!
 mo/ des]v+ among u is he :o plays be/  
?is "p4 ,well1 ,i no long] aspire to ?is
 sad success6  ,:y %\ld ,i n confess x1 
g5tlem58 ,i h aspir$ to y\r suffrages & 
s\ght ! title ( y\r p5sion]1 hat+ all   
:i* exi/s & full ( projects = its       

de/ruction2 ,i %all f9i% ?is            
inve/igation 9 a _s ( calm &            
philosophical resignation4 ,i h d]iv$ m 
peace f ! k ( ! tru?1 ?an ang] f ! feel+
 ( oppression2 & ! mo/ preci\s fruit t  
,i c\ld wi% to ga!r f ?is memoir w\ld be
 ! inspiration ( my read]s ) t          
tranquillity ( s\l :i* arises f ! cle>  
p]ception ( evil & its cause1 & :i* is  
mu* m p[]ful ?an passion & en?usiasm4   
,my hatr$ ( privilege & human au?ority 0
 unb\nd$2 p]haps at times ,i h be5      
guilty1 9 my indignation1 ( conf\nd+    
p]sons & ?+s2 at pres5t ,i c only       
despise & compla92 to cease to hate ,i  
only ne$$ to "k4  ,x is = y n[1 g5tlem51
 ^: mission & "* are ! proclamation ( ! 
tru?1 x is = y to in/ruct ! p1 & to tell
 !m = :at !y ought to hope & :at !y     
ought to fe>4 ,! p1 incapable z yet (   
s\nd judgm5t z to :at is be/ = !m1      
applaud indiscrim9ately ! mo/ opposite  
ideas1 provid$ t 9 !m !y get a ta/e (   
flatt]y3 to !m ! laws ( ?\ght are l !   
conf9es ( ! possible2 to-day !y c no m  

di/+ui% betwe5 a savant & a sophi/1 ?an 
=m]ly !y c\ld tell a physician f a      
sorc]]4 ',inconsid]ately accept+1 ga!r+ 
toge!r1 & accumulat+ ev]y?+ t is new1   
reg>d+ all reports z true & indubitable1
 at ! brea? or r+ ( novelty !y assemble 
l bees at ! s\nd ( a bas94' #d  ,may y1 
g5tlem51 desire equality z ,i myself    
desire x2 may y1 = ! et]nal happ9ess (  
our c\ntry1 become its propagators & its
 h]alds2 may ,i be ! la/ ( y\r p5sion]s6
 ,( all ! wi%es t ,i c frame1 t1        
g5tlem51 is ! mo/ wor?y ( y & ! mo/     
honorable = me4  ,i am1 ) ! pr(\nde/    
respect & ! mo/ e>ne/ gratitude1  ,y\r  
p5sion]1  ,p4 ,j4 ,,pr\dhon4   ,two     
mon?s aft] ! receipt ( ?is lett]1 !     
,academy1 9 its debate ( ,augu/ #bd?1   
repli$ to ! address ( its p5sion] by a  
note1 ! text ( :i* ,i give bel[3--   ,a 
memb] calls ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to a
 pamphlet1 publi%$ la/ ,june by !       
titul>y ( ! ,su>d p5sion1 entitl$1 ,:at 
is prop]ty8 & d$icat$ by ! au?or to !   
,academy4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t ! society 

owes x to ju/ice1 to example1 & to its  
own dignity1 to publicly disav[ all     
responsibility = ! anti-social doctr9es 
conta9$ 9 ?is publication4 ,9 consequ5ce
 he dem&s3  #a4 ,t ! ,academy disav[ &  
condemn1 9 ! mo/ =mal mann]1 ! "w ( !   
,su>d p5sion]1 z hav+ be5 publi%$ )\t   
its ass5t1 & z attribut+ to x op9ions   
diametrically oppos$ to ! pr9ciples (   
ea* ( its memb]s2  #b4 ,t ! p5sion] be  
*>g$1 9 case he %\ld publi% a second    
edition ( 8 book1 to omit ! d$ication2  
#c4 ,t ?is judgm5t ( ! ,academy be plac$
 ^u ! records4  ,^! ?ree propositions1  
put to vote1 are adopt$4   ,aft] ?is    
ludicr\s decree1 :i* its au?ors ?\ght to
 r5d] p[]ful by giv+ x ! =m ( a         
contradiction1 ,i c only beg ! read] n  
to measure ! intellig5ce ( my           
compatriots by t ( our ,academy4  ,:ile 
my patrons 9 ! social & political       
sci5ces 7 fulm9at+ ana!mas aga9/ my     
bro*ure1 a man1 :o 0 a /rang] to        
,fran*e-,comte1 :o did n "k me1 :o might
 ev5 h reg>d$ himself z p]sonally       

attack$ by ! too %>p judgm5t :i* ,i _h  
pass$ ^u ! economi/s1 a publici/ z le>n$
 z he 0 mode/1 lov$ by ! p ^: sorr[s he 
felt1 honor$ by ! p[] :i* he s\ght to   
enlight5 )\t flatt]+ or disgrac+ x1 ,m4 
,blanqui--memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 pr(essor 
( political economy1 def5d] (           
prop]ty--took up my def5ce be=e 8       
associates & be=e ! m9i/ry1 & sav$ me f 
! bl[s ( a ju/ice :i* is always bl9d1   
because x is always ignorant4  ,x seems 
to me t ! read] w p]use ) pleasure !    
lett] :i* ,m4 ,blanqui did me ! honor to
 write to me ^u ! publication ( my      
second memoir1 a lett] z honorable to   
its au?or z x is flatt]+ to him to :om x
 is address$4    ,,p>is1 ,may #a1 #ahda4
  ,,monsieur1--,i ha/5 to ?ank y = =w>d+
 to me y\r second memoir ^u prop]ty4 ,i 
h read x ) all ! int]e/ t an acqua9tance
 ) ! fir/ w\ld naturally inspire4 ,i am 
v glad t y h modifi$ some:at ! rud5ess (
 =m :i* gave to a "w ( su* gravity !    
mann] & appe>ance ( a pamphlet2 = y q   
fright5$ me1 sir1 & y\r tal5t 0 ne$$ to 

reassure me 9 reg>d to y\r int5tions4   
,"o does n exp5d s mu* real k ) !       
purpose ( inflam+ 8 c\ntry4 ,?is        
proposition1 n[ com+ into               
notice--,,prop]ty ,,is ,,robb]y6--0 ( a 
nature to repel f y\r book ev5 ^? s]i\s 
m9ds :o d n judge by appe>ances1 _h y   
p]si/$ 9 ma9ta9+ x 9 its rude           
simplicity4 ,b if y h s(t5$ ! =m1 y are 
none ! less fai?ful to ! gr\nd-"w ( y\r 
doctr9es2 & al?\gh y h done me ! honor  
to give me a %>e 9 ?is p]il\s tea*+1 ,i 
_c accept a p>tn]%ip :i*1 z f> z tal5t  
goes1 w\ld surely be a cr$it to me1 b   
:i* w\ld compromise me 9 all o!r        
respects4  ,i agree ) y 9 "o ?+ only2   
namely1 t all k9ds ( prop]ty get too    
frequ5tly abus$ 9 ?is _w4 ,b ,i d n     
reason f ! abuse to ! abolition1--an    
h]oic rem$y too mu* l dea?1 :i* cures   
all evils4 ,i w g f>!r3 ,i w confess t1 
( all abuses1 ! mo/ hateful to me are ^?
 ( prop]ty2 b once m1 !re is a rem$y =  
?is evil )\t violat+ x1 all ! m )\t     
de/roy+ x4 ,if ! pres5t laws all[ abuse1

 we c recon/ruct !m4 ,our civil code is 
n ! ,koran2 x is n wrong to exam9e x4   
,*ange1 !n1 ! laws :i* gov]n ! use (    
prop]ty1 b be sp>+ ( ana!mas2 =1        
logically1 :]e is ! hone/ man ^: h&s are
 entirely clean8 ,d y ?9k t "o c be a   
robb] )\t kn[+ x1 )\t wi%+ x1 )\t       
suspect+ x8 ,d y n admit t society 9 its
 pres5t /ate1 l e man1 has 9 its        
con/itution all k9ds ( virtues & vices  
inh]it$ f our ance/ors8 ,is prop]ty1 !n1
 9 y\r eyes a ?+ s simple & s ab/ract t 
y c re-knead & equalize x1 if ,i may s  
speak1 9 y\r metaphysical mill8 ,"o :o  
has said z _m excell5t & practical ?+s z
 occur 9 ^! two beautiful & p>adoxical  
improvisations ( y\rs _c be a pure &    
unwav]+ utopi/4 ,y are too well acqua9t$
 ) ! economical & academical phraseology
 to play ) ! h>d words ( revolutions4 ,i
 believe1 !n1 t y h h&l$ prop]ty z      
,r\sseau1 eighty ye>s ago1 h&l$ lett]s1 
) a magnific5t & poetical display ( wit 
& k4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is my op9ion4  ,t is
 :at ,i said to ! ,in/itute at ! "t :5  

,i pres5t$ my report ^u y\r book4 ,i    
knew t !y wi%$ to proce$ aga9/ y 9 !    
c\rts2 y p]haps d n "k by h[ n>r[ a     
*ance ,i succe$$ 9 prev5t+ !m4 #e ,:at  
*agr9 ,i %\ld always h felt1 if ! k+'s  
c\nsel1 t is to say1 ! intellectual     
execution]1 _h foll[$ 9 my v tracks to  
attack y\r book & annoy y\r p]son6 ,i   
actually pass$ two t]rible nights1 & ,i 
succe$$ 9 re/ra9+ ! secul> arm only by  
%[+ t y\r book 0 an academical          
diss]tation1 & n ! manife/o ( an        
inc5di>y4 ,y\r /yle is too l(ty ev] to  
be ( s]vice to ! madm5 :o 9 discuss+ !  
grave/ que/ions ( our social ord]1 use  
pav+-/ones z _! weapons4 ,b see to x1   
sir1 t ere long !y d n come1 9 spite (  
y1 to seek = ammunition 9 ?is =midable  
ars5al1 & t y\r vigor\s metaphysics     
falls n into ! h&s ( "s sophi/ ( !      
m>ket-place1 :o might discuss ! "q 9 !  
pres5ce ( a />v+ audi5ce3 we %\ld h     
pillage = conclusion & p]oration4  ,i   
feel z deeply z y1 sir1 ! abuses :i* y  
po9t out2 b ,i h s great an affection = 

ord]1--n t common & /rait-lac$ ord] )   
:i* ! police are satisfi$1 b ! maje/ic &
 impos+ ord] ( human societies1--t ,i   
sometimes f9d myself emb>rass$ 9 attack+
 c]ta9 abuses4 ,i l to rebuild ) "o h&  
:5 ,i am compell$ to de/roy ) ! o!r4 ,9 
prun+ an old tree1 we gu>d aga9/        
de/ruction ( ! buds & fruit4 ,y "k t z  
well z any "o4 ,y are a wise & le>n$    
man2 y h a ?\ghtful m9d4 ,! t]ms by :i* 
y *>act]ize ! fanatics ( our day are    
/rong en\gh to reassure ! mo/ suspici\s 
imag9ations z to y\r int5tions2 b y     
conclude 9 favor ( ! abolition (        
prop]ty6 ,y wi% to aboli% ! mo/ p[]ful  
motor ( ! human m9d2 y attack ! pat]nal 
s5tim5t 9 its sweete/ illusions2 ) "o ^w
 y arre/ ! =mation ( capital1 & we build
 h5ce=? ^u ! s& in/ead ( on a rock4 ,t  
,i _c agree to2 & = t reason ,i h       
criticis$ y\r book1 s full ( beautiful  
pages1 s brilliant ) k & f]vor6  ,i wi%1
 sir1 t my impair$ heal? w\ld p]mit me  
to exam9e ) y1 page by page1 ! memoir   
:i* y h done me ! honor to address to me

 publicly & p]sonally2 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld   
(f] "s important criticisms4 ,= ! mom5t1
 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) ?ank+ y = ! k9d 
words 9 :i* y h se5 fit to speak ( me4  
,we ea* possess ! m]it ( s9c]ity2 ,i    
desire also ! m]it ( prud5ce4 ,y "k h[  
deep-seat$ is ! disease "u :i* ! work+-p
 are suff]+2 ,i "k h[ _m noble he>ts    
beat "u ^? rude g>m5ts1 & ,i feel an    
irresi/ible & frat]nal sympa?y ) ! ?\s&s
 ( brave p :o rise e>ly 9 ! morn+ to    
labor1 to pay _! taxes1 & to make our   
c\ntry /rong4 ,i try to s]ve & enlight5 
!m1 :]eas "s endeavor to mislead !m4 ,y 
h n writt5 directly = !m4 ,y h issu$ two
 magnific5t manife/oes1 ! second m gu>d$
 ?an ! fir/2 issue a ?ird m gu>d$ ?an ! 
second1 & y w take high rank 9 sci5ce1  
^: fir/ precept is calmness &           
imp>tiality4  ,f>ewell1 sir6 ,no man's  
e/eem = ano!r c exce$ m9e = y4          
,,blanqui4   ,i %\ld c]ta9ly take "s    
exceptions to ?is noble & eloqu5t lett]2
 b ,i confess t ,i am m incl9$ to       
realize ! pr$iction ) :i* x t]m9ates ?an

 to augm5t ne$lessly ! numb] ( my       
antagoni/s4 ,s mu* controv]sy fatigues &
 we>ies me4 ,! intellig5ce exp5d$ 9 !   
w>f>e ( words is l t employ$ 9 battle3 x
 is intellig5ce wa/$4 ,m4 ,blanqui      
ackn[l$ges t prop]ty is abus$ 9 _m      
h>mful ways2 ,i call ,,prop]ty ! sum ^! 
abuses exclusively4 ,to ea* ( u prop]ty 
seems a polygon ^: angles ne$ knock+ (f2
 b1 ! op]ation p]=m$1 ,m4 ,blanqui      
ma9ta9s t ! figure w /ill be a polygon  
7an hypo!sis admitt$ 9 ma!matics1 al?\gh
 n prov571 :ile ,i consid] t ?is figure 
w be a circle4 ,hone/ p c at lea/ und]/&
 "o ano!r4  ,= ! re/1 ,i all[ t1 9 !    
pres5t /ate ( ! "q1 ! m9d may           
legitimately hesitate be=e decid+ 9     
favor ( ! abolition ( prop]ty4 ,to ga9 !
 victory = "o's cause1 x does n suffice 
simply to ov]?r[ a pr9ciple g5]ally     
recogniz$1 :i* has ! indisputable m]it (
 sy/ematically recapitulat+ our         
political !ories2 x is also necess>y to 
e/abli% ! opposite pr9ciple1 & to       
=mulate ! sy/em :i* mu/ proce$ f x4     

,/ill fur!r1 x is necess>y to %[ ! me?od
 by :i* ! new sy/em w satisfy all !     
moral & political ne$s :i* induc$ !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/4 ,on ! foll[+       
conditions1 !n1 ( subsequ5t evid5ce1    
dep5ds ! correctness ( my prec$+        
argum5ts3--  ,! discov]y ( a sy/em (    
absolute equality 9 :i* all exi/+       
in/itutions1 save prop]ty1 or ! sum ( ! 
abuses ( prop]ty1 n only may f9d a      
place1 b may !mselves s]ve z in/rum5ts (
 equality3 individual lib]ty1 ! division
 ( p[]1 ! public m9i/ry1 ! jury sy/em1  
adm9i/rative & judicial organization1 ! 
unity & complet5ess ( in/ruction1       
m>riage1 ! family1 h]$ity 9 direct &    
collat]al succession1 ! "r ( sale &     
ex*ange1 ! "r to make a w1 & ev5        
bir?right1--a sy/em :i*1 bett] ?an      
prop]ty1 gu>antees ! =mation ( capital &
 keeps up ! c\rage ( all2 :i*1 f a      
sup]ior po9t ( view1 expla9s1 corrects1 
& completes ! !ories ( association      
hi!rto propos$1 f ,plato & ,py?agoras to
 ,babeuf1 ,sa9t ,simon1 & ,f\ri]2 a     

sy/em1 f9ally1 :i*1 s]v+ z a means (    
transition1 is imm$iately applicable4   
,a "w s va/ requires1 ,i am aw>e1 !     
unit$ ef=ts ( tw5ty ,montesquieus2      
nev]!less1 if x is n giv5 to a s+le man 
to f9i%1 a s+le "o c comm5ce1 !         
ent]prise4 ,! road t he %all trav]se w  
suffice to %[ ! end & assure ! result4  
,,:at ,,is ,,prop]ty8 ,,or1  ,,an       
,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,"r
 ,,& ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4     ,,fir/         
,,memoir4       ,adv]sus ho/em aet]na   
auct]tas e/o4       ,aga9/ ! enemy1     
rev5dication is et]nal4 ,,law ,,( ,,!   
,,twelve ,,tables4     ,,*apt] ,i4      
,,me?od ,,pursu$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w4--,,!   
,,idea ,,( ,a ,,revolution4  ,if ,i 7   
ask$ to answ] ! foll[+ "q3 ,,:at ,,is   
,,slav]y8 & ,i %\ld answ] 9 "o ^w1 ,,x  
,,is ,,murd]1 my mean+ w\ld be und]/ood 
at once4 ,no ext5d$ argum5t w\ld be     
requir$ to %[ t ! p[] to take f a man 8 
?\ght1 8 w1 8 p]sonality1 is a p[] (    
life & dea?2 & t to enslave a man is to 
kill him4 ,:y1 !n1 to ?is o!r "q3 ,,:at 

,,is ,,prop]ty6 may ,i n likewise answ]1
 ,,x ,,is ,,robb]y1 )\t ! c]ta9ty ( be+ 
misund]/ood2 ! second proposition be+ no
 o!r ?an a trans=mation ( ! fir/8  ,i   
und]take to discuss ! vital pr9ciple (  
our gov]nm5t & our in/itutions1 prop]ty3
 ,i am 9 my "r4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 !    
conclusion :i* %all result f my         
inve/igations3 ,i am 9 my "r4 ,i ?9k be/
 to place ! la/ ?\ght ( my book fir/3   
/ill am ,i 9 my "r4  ,su* an au?or      
tea*es t prop]ty is a civil "r1 born (  
occupation & sanction$ by law2 ano!r    
ma9ta9s t x is a natural "r1 orig9at+ 9 
labor1--& bo? ( ^! doctr9es1 totally    
oppos$ z !y may seem1 are enc\rag$ &    
applaud$4 ,i cont5d t nei!r labor1 nor  
occupation1 nor law1 c create prop]ty2 t
 x is an effect )\t a cause3 am ,i      
c5surable8  ,b murmurs arise6  ,,prop]ty
 ,,is ,,robb]y6 ,t is ! w>-cry ( '#ic6  
,t is ! signal ( revolutions6  ,read]1  
calm y\rself3 ,i am no ag5t ( discord1  
no firebr& ( s$ition4 ,i anticipate     
hi/ory by a few days2 ,i disclose a tru?

 ^: developm5t we may try 9 va9 to      
arre/2 ,i write ! preamble ( our future 
con/itution4 ,?is proposition :i* seems 
to y blasphem\s--,,prop]ty ,,is         
,,robb]y--w\ld1 if our prejudices all[$ 
u to consid] x1 be recogniz$ z !        
lightn+-rod to %ield u f ! com+         
?und]bolt2 b too _m int]e/s /& 9 !      
way6444 ,alas6 philosophy w n *ange !   
c\rse ( ev5ts3 de/9y w fulfill itself   
reg>dless ( prophecy4 ,besides1 mu/ n   
ju/ice be done & our education be f9i%$8
  ,,prop]ty ,,is ,,robb]y6444 ,:at a    
revolution 9 human ideas6 ,,proprietor &
 ,,robb] h be5 at all times expressions 
z contradictory z ! be+s :om !y         
designate are ho/ile2 all languages h   
p]petuat$ ?is opposition4 ,on :at       
au?ority1 !n1 d y v5ture to attack      
univ]sal cons5t1 & give ! lie to ! human
 race8 ,:o are y1 t y %\ld "q ! judgm5t 
( ! nations & ! ages8  ,( :at consequ5ce
 to y1 read]1 is my obscure             
individuality8 ,i live1 l y1 9 a c5tury 
9 :i* reason submits only to fact & to  

evid5ce4 ,my "n1 l y\rs1 is             
,,tru?-,,seek]4 #f ,my mission is writt5
 9 ^! words ( ! law3 ,,speak ,,)\t      
,,hatr$ ,,& ,,)\t ,,fe>2 ,,tell ,,t     
,,:i* ,,?\ ,,kn[e/6 ,! "w ( our race is 
to build ! temple ( sci5ce1 & ?is sci5ce
 includes man & ,nature4 ,n[1 tru?      
reveals itself to all2 to-day to ,newton
 & ,pascal1 tomorr[ to ! h]dsman 9 !    
valley & ! j\rneyman 9 ! %op4 ,ea* "o   
contributes 8 /one to ! edifice2 &1 8   
task accompli%$1 disappe>s4 ,et]nity    
prec$es u1 et]nity foll[s u3 betwe5 two 
inf9ites1 ( :at acc\nt is "o poor mortal
 t ! c5tury %\ld inquire ab\t him8      
,disreg>d !n1 read]1 my title & my "*1 &
 att5d only to my argum5ts4 ,x is 9     
accordance ) univ]sal cons5t t ,i       
und]take to correct univ]sal error2 f ! 
,,op9ion ( ! human race ,i appeal to its
 ,,fai?4 ,h ! c\rage to foll[ me2 &1 if 
y\r w is untrammell$1 if y\r consci5ce  
is free1 if y\r m9d c unite two         
propositions & d$uce a ?ird !refrom1 my 
ideas w inevitably become y\rs4 ,9      

beg9n+ by giv+ y my la/ ^w1 x 0 my      
purpose to w>n y1 n to defy y2 = ,i am  
c]ta9 t1 if y read me1 y w be compell$  
to ass5t4 ,! ?+s ( :i* ,i am to speak   
are s simple & cle> t y w be a/oni%$ at 
n hav+ p]ceiv$ !m be=e1 & y w say3 ,i h 
neglect$ to ?9k4 ,o!rs (f] y ! spectacle
 ( g5ius wre/+ ,nature's secrets f h]1 &
 unfold+ be=e y h] sublime messages2 y w
 f9d "h only a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u     
,,ju/ice & ,,"r a sort ( v]ification ( !
 weights & measures ( y\r consci5ce4 ,! 
op]ations %all be conduct$ "u y\r v     
eyes2 & y %all weigh ! result4          
,nev]!less1 ,i build no sy/em4 ,i ask an
 end to privilege1 ! abolition ( slav]y1
 equality ( rights1 & ! reign ( law4    
,ju/ice1 no?+ else2 t is ! alpha & omega
 ( my argum5t3 to o!rs ,i leave !       
bus9ess ( gov]n+ ! _w4  ,"o day ,i ask$ 
myself3 ,:y is !re s mu* sorr[ & mis]y 9
 society8 ,mu/ man always be wret*$8 ,& 
n satisfi$ ) ! explanations giv5 by !   
re=m]s1--^! attribut+ ! g5]al di/ress to
 gov]nm5tal c[>dice & incapacity1 ^? to 

conspirators & emeutes1 /ill o!rs to    
ignorance & g5]al corruption1--& we>y ( 
! int]m9able qu>rels ( ! tribune & !    
press1 ,i s\ght to fa?om ! matt] myself4
 ,i h consult$ ! ma/]s ( sci5ce2 ,i h   
read a hundr$ volumes ( philosophy1 law1
 political economy1 & hi/ory3 w\ld to   
,god t ,i _h liv$ 9 a c5tury 9 :i* s mu*
 read+ _h be5 useless6 ,i h made e ef=t 
to obta9 exact in=mation1 comp>+        
doctr9es1 reply+ to objections1         
cont9ually con/ruct+ equations &        
r$uctions f argum5ts1 & weigh+ ?\s&s (  
syllogisms 9 ! scales ( ! mo/ rigor\s   
logic4 ,9 ?is labori\s "w1 ,i h collect$
 _m int]e/+ facts :i* ,i %all %>e ) my  
fri5ds & ! public z soon z ,i h leisure4
 ,b ,i mu/ say t ,i recogniz$ at once t 
we _h nev] und]/ood ! mean+ ( ^! words1 
s common & yet s sacr$3 ,,ju/ice1       
,,equity1 ,,lib]ty2 t conc]n+ ea* ( ^!  
pr9ciples our ideas h be5 utt]ly        
obscure2 &1 9 fact1 t ?is ignorance 0 ! 
sole cause1 bo? ( ! pov]ty t dev\rs u1 &
 ( all ! calamities t h ev] afflict$ !  

human race4  ,my m9d 0 fright5$ by ?is  
/range result3 ,i d\bt$ my reason4 ,:at6
 said ,i1 t :i* eye has n se51 nor e>   
he>d1 nor insight p5etrat$1 y h         
discov]$6 ,wret*1 mi/ake n ! visions (  
y\r diseas$ bra9 = ! tru?s ( sci5ce6 ,d 
y n "k 7great philosoph]s h said s7 t 9 
po9ts ( practical morality univ]sal     
error is a contradiction8  ,i resolv$ !n
 to te/ my argum5ts2 & 9 ent]+ ^u ?is   
new labor ,i s\ght an answ] to ! foll[+ 
que/ions3 ,is x possible t humanity c h 
be5 s long & s univ]sally mi/ak5 9 !    
application ( moral pr9ciples8 ,h[ & :y 
c\ld x be mi/ak58 ,h[ c its error1 be+  
univ]sal1 be capable ( correction8  ,^! 
que/ions1 on ! solution ( :i* dep5d$ !  
c]ta9ty ( my conclusions1 (f]$ no l5g?y 
resi/ance to analysis4 ,x w be se51 9   
*apt] ,v4 ( ?is "w1 t 9 morals1 z 9 all 
o!r bran*es ( k1 ! grave/ errors are !  
dogmas ( sci5ce2 t1 ev5 9 works (       
ju/ice1 to be mi/ak5 is a privilege :i* 
ennobles man2 & t :atev] philosophical  
m]it may atta* to me is inf9itely small4

 ,to "n a ?+ is easy3 ! difficulty is to
 disc]n x be=e its appe>ance4 ,9 giv+   
expression to ! la/ /age ( an idea1--an 
idea :i* p]meates all m9ds1 :i* to-morr[
 w be proclaim$ by ano!r if ,i fail to  
ann\nce x to-day1--,i c claim no m]it   
save t ( priority ( utt]ance4 ,d we     
eulogize ! man :o fir/ p]ceives ! dawn8 
,yes3 all m5 believe & repeat t equality
 ( conditions is id5tical ) equality (  
rights2 t ,,prop]ty & ,,robb]y are      
synonym\s t]ms2 t e social advantage    
accord$1 or r usurp$1 9 ! "n ( sup]ior  
tal5t or s]vice1 is iniquity &          
extortion4 ,all m5 9 _! he>ts1 ,i say1  
be> witness to ^! tru?s2 !y ne$ only to 
be made to und]/& x4  ,be=e ent]+       
directly ^u ! "q be=e me1 ,i mu/ say a  
^w ( ! road t ,i %all trav]se4 ,:5      
,pascal approa*$ a geometrical problem1 
he inv5t$ a me?od ( solution2 to solve a
 problem 9 philosophy a me?od is equally
 necess>y4 ,well1 by h[ mu* d ! problems
 ( :i* philosophy treats surpass 9 !    
gravity ( _! results ^? discuss$ by     

geometry6 ,h[ mu* m imp]atively1 !n1 d  
!y dem& = _! solution a pr(\nd & rigor\s
 analysis6  ,x is a fact plac$ = ev]    
beyond d\bt1 say ! mod]n psy*ologi/s1 t 
e p]ception receiv$ by ! m9d is det]m9$ 
by c]ta9 g5]al laws :i* gov]n ! m9d2 is 
m\ld$1 s to speak1 9 c]ta9 types        
pre-exi/+ 9 our und]/&+1 & :i*          
con/itutes its orig9al condition4 ,h5ce1
 say !y1 if ! m9d has no innate ,,ideas1
 x has at lea/ innate ,,=ms4 ,?us1 =    
example1 e ph5om5on is ( necessity      
conceiv$ by u z happ5+ 9 ,,"t &         
,,space1--t compels u to inf] a ,,cause 
( its occurr5ce2 e ?+ :i* exi/s implies 
! ideas ( ,,sub/ance1 ,,mode1           
,,relation1 ,,numb]1 ,c42 9 a ^w1 we =m 
no idea :i* is n relat$ to "s "o ( !    
g5]al pr9ciples ( reason1 indep5d5t (   
:i* no?+ exi/s4  ,^! axioms ( ! und]/&+1
 add ! psy*ologi/s1 ^! fundam5tal types1
 by :i* all our judgm5ts & ideas are    
inevitably %ap$1 & :i* our s5sations    
s]ve only to illum9ate1 are kn[n 9 !    
s*ools z ,,categories4 ,_! primordial   

exi/5ce 9 ! m9d is to-day demon/rat$2 !y
 ne$ only to be sy/ematiz$ & catalogu$4 
,ari/otle recogniz$ t52 ,kant increas$ !
 numb] to fifte52 ,m4 ,c\s9 has r$uc$ x 
to ?ree1 to two1 to "o2 & ! indisputable
 glory ( ?is pr(essor w be due to ! fact
 t1 if he has n discov]$ ! true !ory (  
categories1 he has1 at lea/1 se5 m      
cle>ly ?an any "o else ! va/ importance 
( ?is "q1--! greate/ & p]haps ! only "o 
) :i* metaphysics has to deal4  ,i      
confess t ,i disbelieve 9 ! innat5ess1 n
 only ( ,,ideas1 b also ( ,,=ms or      
,,laws ( our und]/&+2 & ,i hold !       
metaphysics ( ,reid & ,kant to be /ill  
f>!r remov$ f ! tru? ?an t ( ,ari/otle4 
,h[ev]1 z ,i d n wi% to ent] "h into a  
discussion ( ! m9d1 a task :i* w\ld dem&
 mu* labor & be ( no int]e/ to ! public1
 ,i %all admit ! hypo!sis t our mo/     
g5]al & mo/ necess>y ideas--su* z "t1   
space1 sub/ance1 & cause--exi/ orig9ally
 9 ! m9d2 or1 at lea/1 are d]iv$        
imm$iately f its con/itution4  ,b x is a
 psy*ological fact none ! less true1 &  

"o to :i* ! philosoph]s h paid too      
little att5tion1 t habit1 l a second    
nature1 has ! p[] ( fix+ 9 ! m9d new    
categorical =ms d]iv$ f ! appe>ances :i*
 impress u1 & by !m usually /ripp$ (    
objective reality1 b ^: influ5ce ov] our
 judgm5ts is no less pr$et]m9+ ?an t ( !
 orig9al categories4 ,h5ce we reason by 
! ,,et]nal & ,,absolute laws ( our m9d1 
& at ! same "t by ! second>y rules1     
ord9>ily faulty1 :i* are sugge/$ to u by
 imp]fect obs]vation4 ,?is is ! mo/     
fecund s\rce ( false prejudices1 & !    
p]man5t & (t5 inv9cible cause ( a       
multitude ( errors4 ,! bias result+ f ^!
 prejudices is s /rong t (t51 ev5 :5 we 
are fight+ aga9/ a pr9ciple :i* our m9d 
?9ks false1 :i* is repugnant to our     
reason1 & :i* our consci5ce disapproves1
 we def5d x )\t kn[+ x1 we reason 9     
accordance ) x1 & we obey x :ile attack+
 x4 ,enclos$ )9 a circle1 our m9d       
revolves ab\t itself1 until a new       
obs]vation1 creat+ )9 u new ideas1 br+s 
to view an ext]nal pr9ciple :i* deliv]s 

u f ! phantom by :i* our imag9ation is  
possess$4  ,?us1 we "k to-day t1 by !   
laws ( a univ]sal magnetism ^: cause is 
/ill unkn[n1 two bodies 7no ob/acle     
int]v5+7 t5d to unite by an accel]at$   
impell+ =ce :i* we call ,,gravitation4  
,x is gravitation :i* causes unsupport$ 
bodies to fall to ! gr\nd1 :i* gives !m 
weight1 & :i* fa/5s u to ! e>? on :i* we
 live4 ,ignorance ( ?is cause 0 ! sole  
ob/acle :i* prev5t$ ! anci5ts f believ+ 
9 ! antipodes4 ,c y n see1 said ,/4     
,augu/9e aft] ,lactantius1 t1 if !re 7  
m5 "u our feet1 _! heads w\ld po9t      
d[nw>d1 & t !y w\ld fall into ! sky8 ,! 
bi%op ( ,hippo1 :o ?\ght ! e>? flat     
because x appe>$ s to ! eye1 suppos$ 9  
consequ5ce t1 if we %\ld connect by     
/raight l9es ! z5i? ) ! nadir 9 diff]5t 
places1 ^! l9es w\ld be p>allel ) ea*   
o!r2 & 9 ! direction ( ^! l9es he trac$ 
e movem5t f above to bel[4 ,!nce he     
naturally conclud$ t ! />s 7 roll+      
tor*es set 9 ! vault ( ! sky2 t1 if left
 to !mselves1 !y w\ld fall to ! e>? 9 a 

%[] ( fire2 t ! e>? 0 "o va/ pla91 =m+ !
 l[] portion ( ! _w1 c4 ,if he _h be5   
ask$ by :at ! _w itself 0 su/a9$1 he    
w\ld h answ]$ t he did n "k1 b t to ,god
 no?+ is impossible4 ,su* 7 ! ideas (   
,/4 ,augu/9e 9 reg>d to space & movem5t1
 ideas fix$ )9 him by a prejudice d]iv$ 
f an appe>ance1 & :i* _h become ) him a 
g5]al & categorical rule ( judgm5t4 ,( !
 reason :y bodies fall 8 m9d knew no?+2 
he c\ld only say t a body falls because 
x falls4  ,) u ! idea ( a fall is m     
complex3 to ! g5]al ideas ( space &     
movem5t :i* x implies1 we add t (       
attraction or direction t[>ds a c5tre1  
:i* gives u ! high] idea ( cause4 ,b if 
physics has fully correct$ our judgm5t 9
 ?is respect1 we /ill make use ( !      
prejudice ( ,/4 ,augu/9e2 & :5 we say t 
a ?+ has ,,fall51 we d n mean simply & 9
 g5]al t !re has be5 an effect (        
gravitation1 b specially & 9 p>ticul> t 
x is t[>ds ! e>?1 & ,,f ,,above ,,to    
,,bel[1 t ?is movem5t has tak5 place4   
,our m9d is enlight5$ 9 va92 !          

imag9ation prevails1 & our language     
rema9s =ev] incorrigible4 ,to ,,desc5d  
,,f ,,heav5 is z incorrect an expression
 z to ,,m\nt ,,to ,,heav52 & yet ?is    
expression w live z long z m5 use       
language4  ,all ^! phrases--,,f ,,above 
,,to ,,bel[2 ,,to ,,desc5d ,,f ,,heav52 
,,to ,,fall ,,f ,,! ,,cl\ds1 ,c4--are   
h5ce=? h>mless1 because we "k h[ to     
rectify !m 9 practice2 b let u deign to 
consid] = a mom5t h[ mu* !y h ret>d$ !  
progress ( sci5ce4 ,if1 inde$1 x be a   
matt] ( little importance to /ati/ics1  
me*anics1 hydrodynamics1 & balli/ics1 t 
! true cause ( ! fall ( bodies %\ld be  
kn[n1 & t our ideas ( ! g5]al movem5ts 9
 space %\ld be exact1 x is q o!rwise :5 
we und]take to expla9 ! sy/em ( !       
univ]se1 ! cause ( tides1 ! %ape ( !    
e>?1 & its position 9 ! heav5s3 to      
und]/& ^! ?+s we mu/ leave ! circle (   
appe>ances4 ,9 all ages !re h be5 +5i\s 
me*anicians1 excell5t ar*itects1 skilful
 artill]ym53 any error1 into :i* x 0    
possible = !m to fall 9 reg>d to !      

rotundity ( ! e>? & gravitation1 9 no   
wise ret>d$ ! developm5t ( _! art2 !    
solidity ( _! build+s & accuracy ( _!   
aim 0 n affect$ by x4 ,b soon] or lat]  
!y 7 =c$ to grapple ) ph5om5a1 :i* !    
suppos$ p>allelism ( all p]p5dicul>s    
erect$ f ! e>?'s surface r5d]$          
inexplicable3 !n also comm5c$ a /ruggle 
betwe5 ! prejudices1 :i* = c5turies _h  
suffic$ 9 daily practice1 & ! unprec$5t$
 op9ions :i* ! te/imony ( ! eyes seem$  
to contradict4  ,?us1 on ! "o h&1 !     
false/ judgm5ts1 :e!r bas$ on isolat$   
facts or only on appe>ances1 always     
embrace "s tru?s ^: sph]e1 :e!r l>ge or 
small1 af=ds room = a c]ta9 numb] (     
inf]5ces1 beyond :i* we fall into       
absurdity4 ,! ideas ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 =   
example1 conta9$ ! foll[+ tru?s3 t      
bodies fall t[>ds ! e>?1 t !y fall 9 a  
/raight l9e1 t ei!r ! sun or ! e>?      
moves1 t ei!r ! sky or ! e>? turns1 c4  
,^! g5]al facts always h be5 true2 our  
sci5ce has add$ no?+ to !m4 ,b1 on ! o!r
 h&1 x be+ necess>y to acc\nt = e ?+1 we

 are oblig$ to seek = pr9ciples m & m   
compreh5sive3 t is :y we h _h to ab&on  
successively1 fir/ ! op9ion t ! _w 0    
flat1 !n ! !ory :i* reg>ds x z !        
/ation>y c5tre ( ! univ]se1 c4  ,if we  
pass n[ f physical nature to ! moral _w1
 we /ill f9d ourselves subject to ! same
 deceptions ( appe>ance1 to ! same      
influ5ces ( spontaneity & habit4 ,b !   
di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is second division (
 our k is1 on ! "o h&1 ! good or ! evil 
:i* we d]ive f our op9ions2 &1 on ! o!r1
 ! ob/9acy ) :i* we def5d ! prejudice   
:i* is torm5t+ & kill+ u4  ,:atev] !ory 
we embrace 9 reg>d to ! %ape ( ! e>? & !
 cause ( its weight1 ! physics ( ! globe
 does n suff]2 &1 z = u1 our social     
economy c d]ive !refrom nei!r pr(it nor 
damage4 ,b x is 9 u & ?r\gh u t ! laws (
 our moral nature "w2 n[1 ^! laws _c be 
execut$ )\t our delib]ate aid1 &1       
consequ5tly1 unless we "k !m4 ,if1 !n1  
our sci5ce ( moral laws is false1 x is  
evid5t t1 :ile desir+ our own good1 we  
are accompli%+ our own evil2 if x is    

only incomplete1 x may suffice = a "t = 
our social progress1 b 9 ! long run x w 
lead u into a wrong road1 & w f9ally    
precipitate u into an abyss (           
calamities4  ,!n x is t we ne$ to       
ex]cise our highe/ judgm5ts2 &1 be x    
said to our glory1 !y are nev] f\nd     
want+3 b !n also comm5ces a furi\s      
/ruggle betwe5 old prejudices & new     
ideas4 ,days ( conflagration & angui%6  
,we are told ( ! "t :51 ) ! same        
beliefs1 ) ! same in/itutions1 all ! _w 
seem$ happy3 :y compla9 ( ^! beliefs2 :y
 bani% ^! in/itutions8 ,we are sl[ to   
admit t t happy age s]v$ ! precise      
purpose ( develop+ ! pr9ciple ( evil :i*
 lay dormant 9 society2 we accuse m5 &  
gods1 ! p[]s ( e>? & ! =ces ( ,nature4  
,in/ead ( seek+ ! cause ( ! evil 9 8 m9d
 & he>t1 man blames 8 ma/]s1 8 rivals1 8
 neighbors1 & himself2 nations arm      
!mselves1 & slay & ext]m9ate ea* o!r1   
until equilibrium is re/or$ by ! va/    
depopulation1 & peace aga9 arises f !   
a%es ( ! combatants4 ,s loa? is humanity

 to t\* ! cu/oms ( its ance/ors1 & to   
*ange ! laws fram$ by ! f\nd]s (        
communities1 & confirm$ by ! fai?ful    
obs]vance ( ! ages4  ,nihil motum ex    
antiquo probabile e/3 ,di/ru/ all       
innovations1 wrote ,titus ,livius4      
,und\bt$ly x w\ld be bett] 7 man n      
compell$ to *ange3 b :at6 because he is 
born ignorant1 because he exi/s only on 
condition ( gradual self-in/ruction1 mu/
 he abjure ! light1 abdicate 8 reason1 &
 ab&on himself to =tune8 ,p]fect heal?  
is bett] ?an convalesc5ce3 %\ld ! sick  
man1 !re=e1 refuse to be cur$8 ,re=m1   
re=m6 cri$1 ages s9ce1 ,john ! ,bapti/ &
 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,re=m1 re=m6 cri$ our    
fa!rs1 fifty ye>s ago2 & = a long "t to 
come we %all %\t1 ,re=m1 re=m6  ,see+ ! 
mis]y ( my age1 ,i said to myself3      
,among ! pr9ciples t support society1   
!re is "o :i* x does n und]/&1 :i* its  
ignorance has vitiat$1 & :i* causes all 
! evil t exi/s4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! mo/  
anci5t ( all2 = x is a *>act]i/ic (     
revolutions to te> d[n ! mo/ mod]n      

pr9ciples1 & to respect ^? ( long-/&+4  
,n[ ! evil by :i* we suff] is ant]ior to
 all revolutions4 ,?is pr9ciple1 impair$
 by our ignorance1 is honor$ & *]i%$2 = 
if x 7 n *]i%$ x w\ld h>m nobody1 x w\ld
 be )\t influ5ce4  ,b ?is pr9ciple1 "r 9
 its purpose1 b misund]/ood3 ?is        
pr9ciple1 z old z humanity1 :at is x8 ,c
 x be religion8  ,all m5 believe 9 ,god3
 ?is dogma belongs at once to _!        
consci5ce & _! m9d4 ,to humanity ,god is
 a fact z primitive1 an idea z          
inevitable1 a pr9ciple z necess>y z are 
! categorical ideas ( cause1 sub/ance1  
"t1 & space to our und]/&+4 ,god is     
prov5 to u by ! consci5ce prior to any  
inf]5ce ( ! m9d2 j z ! sun is prov5 to u
 by ! te/imony ( ! s5ses prior to all ! 
argum5ts ( physics4 ,we discov] ph5om5a 
& laws by obs]vation & exp]i5ce2 only   
?is deep] s5se reveals to u exi/5ce4    
,humanity believes t ,god is2 b1 9      
believ+ 9 ,god1 :at does x believe8 ,9 a
 ^w1 :at is ,god8  ,! nature ( ?is      
notion ( ,div9ity1--?is primitive1      

univ]sal notion1 born 9 ! race1--! human
 m9d has n yet fa?om$4 ,at ea* /ep t we 
take 9 our inve/igation ( ,nature & (   
causes1 ! idea ( ,god is ext5d$ &       
exalt$2 ! f>!r sci5ce advances1 ! m ,god
 seems to gr[ & broad54 ,an?ropomorphism
 & idolatry con/itut$ ( necessity ! fai?
 ( ! m9d 9 its y\?1 ! !ology ( infancy &
 poesy4 ,a h>mless error1 if !y _h n    
endeavor$ to make x a rule ( conduct1 & 
if !y _h be5 wise en\gh to respect !    
lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,b hav+ made ,god 9 8   
own image1 man wi%$ to appropriate him  
/ill f>!r2 n satisfi$ ) disfigur+ !     
,almighty1 he treat$ him z 8 patrimony1 
8 goods1 8 possessions4 ,god1 pictur$ 9 
mon/r\s =ms1 became ?r\gh\t ! _w !      
prop]ty ( man & ( ! ,/ate4 ,su* 0 !     
orig9 ( ! corruption ( morals by        
religion1 & ! s\rce ( pi\s feuds & holy 
w>s4 ,?ank ,heav56 we h le>n$ to all[ e 
"o 8 own beliefs2 we seek = moral laws  
outside ! pale ( religion4 ,in/ead (    
legislat+ z to ! nature & attributes (  
,god1 ! dogmas ( !ology1 & ! de/9y ( our

 s\ls1 we wisely wait = sci5ce to tell u
 :at to reject & :at to accept4 ,god1   
s\l1 religion1--et]nal objects ( our    
unwe>i$ ?\ght & our mo/ fatal           
ab]rations1 t]rible problems ^:         
solution1 = ev] attempt$1 = ev] rema9s  
unaccompli%$1--conc]n+ all ^! que/ions  
we may /ill be mi/ak51 b at lea/ our    
error is h>mless4 ,) lib]ty 9 religion1 
& ! sep>ation ( ! spiritual f ! temporal
 p[]1 ! influ5ce ( religi\s ideas ^u !  
progress ( society is purely negative2  
no law1 no political or civil in/itution
 be+ f\nd$ on religion4 ,neglect (      
duties impos$ by religion may increase !
 g5]al corruption1 b x is n ! prim>y    
cause2 x is only an auxili>y or result4 
,x is univ]sally admitt$1 & especially 9
 ! matt] :i* n[ engages our att5tion1 t 
! cause ( ! inequality ( conditions     
among m5--( paup]ism1 ( univ]sal mis]y1 
& ( gov]nm5tal emb>rassm5ts--c no long] 
be trac$ to religion3 we mu/ g f>!r     
back1 & dig /ill deep]4  ,b :at is !re 9
 man old] & deep] ?an ! religi\s        

s5tim5t8  ,!re is man himself2 t is1    
volition & consci5ce1 free-w & law1     
et]nally antagoni/ic4 ,man is at w> )   
himself3 :y8  ,man1 say ! !ologians1    
transgress$ 9 ! beg9n+2 our race is     
guilty ( an anci5t (f5ce4 ,= ?is        
transgression humanity has fall52 error 
& ignorance h become its su/5ance4 ,read
 hi/ory1 y w f9d univ]sal pro( ( ?is    
necessity = evil 9 ! p]man5t mis]y (    
nations4 ,man suff]s & always w suff]2 8
 disease is h]$it>y & con/itutional4    
,use palliatives1 employ emolli5ts2 !re 
is no rem$y4  ,nor is ?is argum5t       
peculi> to ! !ologians2 we f9d x        
express$ 9 equival5t language 9 !       
philosophical writ+s ( ! mat]iali/s1    
believ]s 9 inf9ite p]fectibility4       
,de/utt de ,tracy tea*es =mally t       
pov]ty1 crime1 & w> are ! inevitable    
conditions ( our social /ate2 necess>y  
evils1 aga9/ :i* x w\ld be folly to     
revolt4 ,s1 call x ,,necessity ,,(      
,,evil or ,,orig9al ,,depravity1 x is at
 bottom ! same philosophy4  ,! fir/ man 

transgress$4 ,if ! vot>ies ( ! ,bible   
int]pret$ x fai?fully1 !y w\ld say3     
,,man ,,orig9ally ,,transgress$1 t is1  
made a mi/ake2 = ,,to ,,transgress1 ,,to
 ,,fail1 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,mi/ake1 all   
mean ! same ?+4  ,! consequ5ces (       
,adam's transgression are inh]it$ by !  
race2 ! fir/ is ignorance4 ,truly1 !    
race1 l ! individual1 is born ignorant2 
b1 9 reg>d to a multitude ( que/ions1   
ev5 9 ! moral & political sph]es1 ?is   
ignorance ( ! race has be5 dispell$3 :o 
says t x w n dep>t altoge!r8 ,mank9d    
makes cont9ual progress t[>d tru?1 &    
light ev] triumphs ov] d>kness4 ,our    
disease is n1 !n1 absolutely incurable1 
& ! !ory ( ! !ologians is worse ?an     
inadequate2 x is ridicul\s1 s9ce x is   
r$ucible to ?is tautology3 ,man errs1   
because he errs4 ,:ile ! true /atem5t is
 ?is3 ,man errs1 because he le>ns4  ,n[1
 if man arrives at a k ( all t he ne$s  
to "k1 x is reasonable to believe t1    
ceas+ to err1 he w cease to suff]4  ,b  
if we "q ! doctors z to ?is law1 said to

 be engrav$ ^u ! he>t ( man1 we %all    
imm$iately see t !y dispute ab\t a matt]
 ( :i* !y "k no?+2 t1 conc]n+ ! mo/     
important que/ions1 !re are almo/ z _m  
op9ions z au?ors2 t we f9d no two agree+
 z to ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! pr9ciple ( 
au?ority1 & ! nature ( "r2 t all sail   
hap-haz>d ^u a %oreless & bottomless    
sea1 ab&on$ to ! guidance ( _! private  
op9ions :i* !y mode/ly take to be "r    
reason4 ,&1 9 view ( ?is m$ley (        
contradictory op9ions1 we say3 ,! object
 ( our inve/igations is ! law1 !        
det]m9ation ( ! social pr9ciple4 ,n[1 ! 
politicians1 t is1 ! social sci5ti/s1 d 
n und]/& ea* o!r2 !n ! error lies 9     
!mselves2 &1 z e error has a reality =  
its object1 we mu/ look 9 _! books to   
f9d ! tru? :i* !y h unconsci\sly        
deposit$ !re4  ,n[1 ( :at d ! lawy]s & !
 publici/s treat8 ,( ,,ju/ice1 ,,equity1
 ,,lib]ty1 ,,natural ,,law1 ,,civil     
,,laws1 c4 ,b :at is ju/ice8 ,:at is its
 pr9ciple1 its "*1 its =mula8 ,to ?is "q
 our doctors evid5tly h no reply2 =     

o!rwise _! sci5ce1 />t+ ) a pr9ciple    
cle> & well def9$1 w\ld quit ! region ( 
probabilities1 & all disputes w\ld end4 
,:at is ju/ice8 ,! !ologians answ]3 ,all
 ju/ice comes f ,god4 ,t is true2 b we  
"k no m ?an be=e4  ,! philosoph]s ought 
to be bett] in=m$3 !y h argu$ s mu* ab\t
 ju/ice & inju/ice6 ,unhappily1 an      
exam9ation proves t _! k am\nts to no?+1
 & t ) !m--z ) ! savages ^: e pray] to !
 sun is simply ,o6 ,o6--x is a cry (    
admiration1 love1 & en?usiasm2 b :o does
 n "k t ! sun atta*es little mean+ to ! 
int]jection ,o6 ,t is exactly our       
position t[>d ! philosoph]s 9 reg>d to  
ju/ice4 ,ju/ice1 !y say1 is a ,,daught] 
,,( ,,heav52 ,a ,,light ,,:i* ,,illum9es
 ,,e ,,man ,,t ,,comes ,,into ,,! ,,_w2 
,,! ,,mo/ ,,beautiful ,,pr]ogative ,,(  
,,our ,,nature2 ,,t ,,:i* ,,di/+ui%es   
,,u ,,f ,,! ,,bea/s ,,& ,,lik5s ,,u ,,to
 ,,god--& a ?\s& o!r simil> ?+s4 ,:at1  
,i ask1 does ?is pi\s litany am\nt to8  
,to ! pray] ( ! savages3 ,o6  ,all ! mo/
 reasonable tea*+s ( human wisdom       

conc]n+ ju/ice are summ$ up 9 t fam\s   
adage3 ,,d ,,unto ,,o!rs ,,t ,,:i* ,,y  
,,w\ld ,,t ,,o!rs ,,%\ld ,,d ,,unto ,,y2
 ,,d ,,n ,,unto ,,o!rs ,,t ,,:i* ,,y    
,,w\ld ,,n ,,t ,,o!rs ,,%\ld ,,d ,,unto 
,,y4 ,b ?is rule ( moral practice is    
unsci5tific3 :at h ,i a "r to wi% t o!rs
 %\ld d or n d to me8 ,x is ( no use to 
tell me t my duty is equal to my "r1    
unless ,i am told at ! same "t :at my "r
 is4  ,let u try to arrive at some?+ m  
precise & positive4  ,ju/ice is ! c5tral
 /> :i* gov]ns societies1 ! pole ar\nd  
:i* ! political _w revolves1 ! pr9ciple 
& ! regulator ( all transactions4 ,no?+ 
takes place betwe5 m5 save 9 ! "n (     
,,"r2 no?+ )\t ! invocation ( ju/ice4   
,ju/ice is n ! "w ( ! law3 on ! contr>y1
 ! law is only a decl>ation &           
application ( ,,ju/ice 9 all            
circum/ances :]e m5 are liable to come 9
 contact4 ,if1 !n1 ! idea t we =m (     
ju/ice & "r 7 ill-def9$1 if x 7 imp]fect
 or ev5 false1 x is cle> t all our      
legislative applications w\ld be wrong1 

our in/itutions vici\s1 our politics    
errone\s3 consequ5tly !re w\ld be       
disord] & social *aos4  ,?is hypo!sis ( 
! p]v]sion ( ju/ice 9 our m9ds1 &1 z a  
necess>y result1 9 our acts1 becomes a  
demon/rat$ fact :5 x is %[n t ! op9ions 
( m5 h n borne a con/ant relation to !  
notion ( ju/ice & its applications2 t at
 diff]5t p]iods !y h und]gone           
modifications3 9 a ^w1 t !re has be5    
progress 9 ideas4 ,n[1 t is :at hi/ory  
proves by ! mo/ ov]:elm+ te/imony4      
,eighte5 ,hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! _w1 "u !   
rule ( ! ,caes>s1 exhau/$ itself 9      
slav]y1 sup]/ition1 & voluptu\sness4 ,! 
p--intoxicat$ &1 z x 71 /upefi$ by _!   
long-cont9u$ orgies--_h lo/ ! v notion (
 "r & duty3 w> & dissipation by turns   
swept !m away2 usury & ! labor ( ma*9es 
7t is ( slaves71 by depriv+ !m ( ! means
 ( subsi/5ce1 h9d]$ !m f cont9u+ !      
species4 ,b>b>ism sprang up aga91 9 a   
hide\s =m1 f ?is mass ( corruption1 &   
spread l a dev\r+ leprosy ov] !         
depopulat$ prov9ces4 ,! wise =esaw !    

d[nfall ( ! empire1 b c\ld devise no    
rem$y4 ,:at c\ld !y ?9k inde$8 ,to save 
?is old society x w\ld h be5 necess>y to
 *ange ! objects ( public e/eem &       
v5]ation1 & to aboli% ! rights affirm$  
by a ju/ice purely secul>2 !y said3     
,rome has conqu]$ ?r\gh h] politics & h]
 gods2 any *ange 9 !ology & public      
op9ion w\ld be folly & sacrilege4 ,rome1
 m]ciful t[>d conqu]$ nations1 ?\gh b9d+
 !m 9 *a9s1 sp>$ _! lives2 slaves are ! 
mo/ f]tile s\rce ( h] weal?2 fre$om ( ! 
nations w\ld be ! negation ( h] rights &
 ! ru9 ( h] f9ances4 ,rome1 9 fact1     
envelop$ 9 ! pleasures & gorg$ ) !      
spoils ( ! univ]se1 is kept alive by    
victory & gov]nm5t2 h] luxury & h]      
pleasures are ! price ( h] conque/s3 %e 
c nei!r abdicate nor dispossess h]self4 
,?us ,rome _h ! facts & ! law on h]     
side4 ,h] pret5sions 7 ju/ifi$ by       
univ]sal cu/om & ! law ( nations4 ,h]   
in/itutions 7 bas$ ^u idolatry 9        
religion1 slav]y 9 ! ,/ate1 & epicurism 
9 private life2 to t\* ^? 0 to %ake     

society to its f\ndations1 &1 to use our
 mod]n expression1 to op5 ! abyss (     
revolutions4 ,s ! idea occurr$ to no "o2
 & yet humanity 0 dy+ 9 blood & luxury4 
,all at once a man appe>$1 call+ himself
 ,! ,^w ( ,god4 ,x is n kn[n to ?is day 
:o he 01 :5ce he came1 nor :at sugge/$  
to him 8 ideas4 ,he w5t ab\t proclaim+  
ev]y:]e t ! end ( ! exi/+ society 0 at  
h&1 t ! _w 0 ab\t to exp]i5ce a new     
bir?2 t ! prie/s 7 vip]s1 ! lawy]s      
ignoramuses1 & ! philosoph]s hypocrites 
& li>s2 t ma/] & slave 7 equals1 t usury
 & e ?+ ak9 to x 0 robb]y1 t proprietors
 & idl]s w\ld "o day burn1 :ile ! poor &
 pure 9 he>t w\ld f9d a hav5 ( peace4   
,?is man--,! ,^w ( ,god--0 d5\nc$ &     
arre/$ z a public enemy by ! prie/s & ! 
lawy]s1 :o well und]/ood h[ to induce ! 
p to dem& 8 dea?4 ,b ?is judicial murd]1
 ?\gh x put ! f9i%+ /roke to _! crimes1 
did n de/roy ! doctr9al se$s :i* ,! ,^w 
( ,god _h s[n4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 8 orig9al  
disciples travell$ ab\t 9 all           
directions1 prea*+ :at !y call$ ! ,,good

 ,,news1 creat+ 9 _! turn millions (    
mission>ies2 &1 :5 _! task seem$ to be  
accompli%$1 dy+ by ! sword ( ,roman     
ju/ice4 ,?is p]si/5t agitation1 ! w> ( !
 execution]s & m>tyrs1 la/$ ne>ly ?ree  
c5turies1 end+ 9 ! conv]sion ( ! _w4    
,idolatry 0 de/roy$1 slav]y aboli%$1    
dissolution made room = a m au/]e       
morality1 & ! contempt = weal? 0        
sometimes pu%$ almo/ to privation4      
,society 0 sav$ by ! negation ( its own 
pr9ciples1 by a revolution 9 its        
religion1 & by violation ( its mo/ sacr$
 rights4 ,9 ?is revolution1 ! idea (    
ju/ice spread to an ext5t t _h n be=e   
be5 dream$ (1 nev] to return to its     
orig9al limits4 ,h]et(ore ju/ice _h     
exi/$ only = ! ma/]s2 #g x !n comm5c$ to
 exi/ = ! slaves4  ,nev]!less1 ! new    
religion at t "t _h borne by no means   
all its fruits4 ,!re 0 a p]ceptible     
improvem5t ( ! public morals1 & a p>tial
 release f oppression2 b1 o!r ?an t1 !  
,,se$s ,,s[n ,,by ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,man1  
hav+ fall5 into idolatr\s he>ts1 _h     

produc$ no?+ save innum]able discords & 
a quasi-poetical my?ology4 ,in/ead (    
develop+ into _! practical consequ5ces !
 pr9ciples ( morality & gov]nm5t taught 
by ,! ,^w ( ,god1 8 foll[]s busi$       
!mselves 9 speculations z to 8 bir?1 8  
orig91 8 p]son1 & 8 actions2 !y discuss$
 8 p>ables1 & f ! conflict ( ! mo/      
extravagant op9ions ^u unansw]able      
que/ions & texts :i* no "o und]/ood1 0  
born ,,!ology1--:i* may be def9$ z !    
,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itely ,,absurd4  
,! tru? ( ,,*ri/ianity did n survive !  
age ( ! apo/les2 ! ,,gospel1 comm5t$ ^u 
& symboliz$ by ! ,greeks & ,lat9s1 load$
 ) pagan fables1 became lit]ally a mass 
( contradictions2 & to ?is day ! reign (
 ! ,,infallible ,,*ur* has be5 a long   
era ( d>kness4 ,x is said t ! ,,gates   
,,( ,,hell w n always prevail1 t ,,!    
,,^w ,,( ,,god w return1 & t "o day m5 w
 "k tru? & ju/ice2 b t w be ! dea? (    
,greek & ,roman ,ca?olicism1 j z 9 !    
light ( sci5ce disappe>$ ! caprices (   
op9ion4  ,! mon/]s :i* ! successors ( ! 

apo/les 7 b5t on de/roy+1 fright5$ = a  
mom5t1 reappe>$ gradually1 ?anks to !   
crazy fanaticism1 & sometimes !         
delib]ate connivance1 ( prie/s &        
!ologians4 ,! hi/ory ( ! enfran*isem5t (
 ! ,fr5* communes (f]s con/antly !      
spectacle ( ! ideas ( ju/ice & lib]ty   
spread+ among ! p1 9 spite ( ! comb9$   
ef=ts ( k+s1 nobles1 & cl]gy4 ,9 ! ye>  
#aghi ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,fr5* nation1 
divid$ by ca/e1 poor & oppress$1 /ruggl$
 9 ! triple net ( royal absolutism1 !   
tyranny ( nobles & p>liam5ts1 & prie/ly 
intol]ance4 ,!re 0 ! "r ( ! k+ & ! "r ( 
! prie/1 ! "r ( ! patrician & ! "r ( !  
plebeian2 !re 7 ! privileges ( bir?1    
prov9ce1 communes1 corporations1 &      
trades2 &1 at ! bottom ( all1 viol5ce1  
immorality1 & mis]y4 ,= "s "t !y talk$ (
 re=mation2 ^? :o app>5tly desir$ x mo/ 
favor+ x only = _! own pr(it1 & ! p :o 7
 to be ! ga9]s expect+ little & say+    
no?+4 ,= a long "t ^! poor p1 ei!r f    
di/ru/1 incr$ulity1 or despair1 hesitat$
 to ask = _! rights3 x is said t ! habit

 ( s]v+ _h tak5 ! c\rage away f ^? old  
communes1 :i* 9 ! middle ages 7 s bold4 
,f9ally a book appe>$1 summ+ up ! :ole  
matt] 9 ^! two propositions3 ,,:at ,,is 
,,! ,,?ird ,,e/ate8--,,no?+4 ,,:at      
,,ought ,,x ,,to ,,be8--,,e ,,?+4 ,"s "o
 add$ by way ( comm5t3 ,,:at ,,is ,,!   
,,k+8--,,! ,,s]vant ,,( ,,! ,,p4  ,?is 0
 a sudd5 revelation3 ! veil 0 torn      
aside1 a ?ick b&age fell f all eyes4 ,! 
p comm5c$ to reason ?us3--  ,if ! k+ is 
our s]vant1 he ought to report to u2    
,if he ought to report to u1 he is      
subject to control2  ,if he c be        
controll$1 he is responsible2  ,if he is
 responsible1 he is puni%able2  ,if he  
is puni%able1 he ought to be puni%$     
accord+ to 8 m]its2  ,if he ought to be 
puni%$ accord+ to 8 m]its1 he c be      
puni%$ ) dea?4  ,five ye>s aft] !       
publication ( ! bro*ure ( ,sieyes1 !    
?ird e/ate 0 e ?+2 ! k+1 ! nobility1 !  
cl]gy1 7 no m4 ,9 #agic1 ! nation1 )\t  
/opp+ at ! con/itutional fiction ( !    
inviolability ( ! sov]eign1 conduct$    

,l\is ,,xvi4 to ! scaffold2 9 #ahcj1 x  
accompani$ ,*>les ,x4 to ,*]b\rg4 ,9 ea*
 case1 x may h err$1 9 fact1 9 its      
judgm5t ( ! (f5ce2 b1 9 "r1 ! logic :i* 
l$ to its action 0 irreproa*able4 ,! p1 
9 puni%+ _! sov]eign1 did precisely t   
:i* ! gov]nm5t ( ,july 0 s sev]ely      
c5sur$ = fail+ to d :5 x refus$ to      
execute ,l\is ,bonap>te aft] ! affair ( 
,/rasburg3 !y /ruck ! true culprit4 ,x 0
 an application ( ! common law1 a solemn
 decree ( ju/ice en=c+ ! p5al laws4 #h  
,! _s :i* gave rise to ! movem5t ( '#hi 
0 a _s ( negation2 t1 ( itself1 proves t
 ! ord] ( ?+s :i* 0 sub/itut$ = ! old   
sy/em 0 n me?odical or well-consid]$2 t1
 born ( ang] & hatr$1 x c\ld n h !      
effect ( a sci5ce bas$ on obs]vation &  
/udy2 t its f\ndations1 9 a ^w1 7 n     
d]iv$ f a pr(\nd k ( ! laws ( ,nature & 
society4 ,?us ! p f\nd t ! republic1    
among ! s-call$ new in/itutions1 0 act+ 
on ! v pr9ciples aga9/ :i* !y _h f\ght1 
& 0 sway$ by all ! prejudices :i* !y _h 
int5d$ to de/roy4 ,we congratulate      

ourselves1 ) inconsid]ate en?usiasm1 on 
! glori\s ,fr5* ,revolution1 !          
reg5]ation ( #aghi1 ! great *anges t h  
be5 effect$1 & ! rev]sion ( in/itutions3
 a delusion1 a delusion6  ,:5 our ideas 
on any subject1 mat]ial1 intellectual1  
or social1 und]go a ?or\gh *ange 9      
consequ5ce ( new obs]vations1 ,i call t 
movem5t ( ! m9d ,,revolution4 ,if !     
ideas are simply ext5d$ or modifi$1 !re 
is only ,,progress4 ,?us ! sy/em (      
,ptolemy 0 a /ep 9 a/ronomical progress1
 t ( ,cop]nicus 0 a revolution4 ,s1 9   
#aghi1 !re 0 /ruggle & progress2        
revolution !re 0 none4 ,an exam9ation ( 
! re=ms :i* 7 attempt$ proves ?is4  ,!  
nation1 s long a victim ( mon>*ical     
selfi%ness1 ?\ght to deliv] itself = ev]
 by decl>+ t x alone 0 sov]eign4 ,b :at 
0 mon>*y8 ,! sov]eignty ( "o man4 ,:at  
is democracy8 ,! sov]eignty ( ! nation1 
or1 r1 ( ! national majority4 ,b x is1 9
 bo? cases1 ! sov]eignty ( man in/ead ( 
! sov]eignty ( ! law1 ! sov]eignty ( ! w
 in/ead ( ! sov]eignty ( ! reason2 9 "o 

^w1 ! passions in/ead ( ju/ice4         
,und\bt$ly1 :5 a nation passes f !      
mon>*ical to ! democratic /ate1 !re is  
progress1 because 9 multiply+ !         
sov]eigns we increase ! opportunities ( 
! reason to sub/itute itself = ! w2 b 9 
reality !re is no revolution 9 !        
gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same4
 ,n[1 we h ! pro( to-day t1 ) ! mo/     
p]fect democracy1 we _c be free4 #i     
,nor is t all4 ,! nation-k+ _c ex]cise  
its sov]eignty itself2 x is oblig$ to   
delegate x to ag5ts3 ?is is con/antly   
reit]at$ by ^? :o seek to w9 its favor4 
,be ^! ag5ts five1 t51 "o hundr$1 or a  
?\s&1 ( :at consequ5ce is ! numb]2 & :at
 matt]s ! "n8 ,x is always ! gov]nm5t ( 
man1 ! rule ( w & caprice4 ,i ask :at   
?is pret5d$ revolution has              
revolutioniz$8  ,we "k1 too1 h[ ?is     
sov]eignty 0 ex]cis$2 fir/ by !         
,conv5tion1 !n by ! ,directory1 aft]w>ds
 confiscat$ by ! ,consul4 ,z = !        
,emp]or1 ! /rong man s mu* ador$ & m\rn$
 by ! nation1 he nev] want$ to be       

dep5d5t on x2 b1 z if int5d+ to set its 
sov]eignty at defiance1 he d>$ to dem&  
its suffrage3 t is1 its abdication1 !   
abdication ( ?is inali5able sov]eignty2 
& he obta9$ x4  ,b :at is sov]eignty8 ,x
 is1 !y say1 ! ,,p[] ,,to ,,make ,,law4 
#aj ,ano!r absurdity1 a relic (         
despotism4 ,! nation _h long se5 k+s    
issu+ _! comm&s 9 ?is =m3 ,,= ,,su* ,,is
 ,,our ,,pleasure2 x wi%$ to ta/e 9 its 
turn ! pleasure ( mak+ laws4 ,= fifty   
ye>s x has br\ght !m =? by myriads2     
always1 be x und]/ood1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy (  
repres5tatives4 ,! play is f> f end$4   
,! def9ition ( sov]eignty 0 d]iv$ f !   
def9ition ( ! law4 ,! law1 !y said1 is  
,,! ,,expression ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,( ,,!    
,,sov]eign3 !n1 "u a mon>*y1 ! law is ! 
expression ( ! w ( ! k+2 9 a republic1 !
 law is ! expression ( ! w ( ! p4 ,aside
 f ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( wills1 ! two  
sy/ems are exactly id5tical3 bo? %>e !  
same error1 namely1 t ! law is !        
expression ( a w2 x ought to be !       
expression ( a fact4 ,moreov] !y foll[$ 

good lead]s3 !y took ! citiz5 ( ,g5eva =
 _! prophet1 & ! contrat social = _!    
,koran4  ,bias & prejudice are app>5t 9 
all ! phrases ( ! new legislators4 ,!   
nation _h suff]$ f a multitude (        
exclusions & privileges2 its            
repres5tatives issu$ ! foll[+           
decl>ation3 ,,all ,,m5 ,,are ,,equal    
,,by ,,nature ,,& ,,be=e ,,! ,,law2 an  
ambigu\s & r$undant decl>ation4 ,,m5    
,,are ,,equal ,,by ,,nature3 does t mean
 t !y are equal 9 size1 beauty1 tal5ts1 
& virtue8 ,no2 !y meant1 !n1 political &
 civil equality4 ,!n x w\ld h be5       
suffici5t to h said3 ,,all ,,m5 ,,are   
,,equal ,,be=e ,,! ,,law4  ,b :at is    
equality be=e ! law8 ,nei!r !           
con/itution ( #agij1 nor t ( '#ic1 nor !
 grant$ *>t]1 nor ! accept$ *>t]1 h     
def9$ x accurately4 ,all imply an       
inequality 9 =tune & /ation incompatible
 ) ev5 a %ad[ ( equality 9 rights4 ,9   
?is respect x may be said t all our     
con/itutions h be5 fai?ful expressions (
 ! popul> w3 ,i am go+1 to prove x4     

,=m]ly ! p 7 exclud$ f civil & milit>y  
(fices2 x 0 consid]$ a wond] :5 ! foll[+
 high-s\nd+ article 0 ins]t$ 9 !        
,decl>ation ( ,rights3 ,all citiz5s are 
equally eligible to (fice2 free nations 
"k no qualifications 9 _! *oice ( (fic]s
 save virtues & tal5ts4  ,!y c]ta9ly    
ought to h admir$ s beautiful an idea3  
!y admir$ a piece ( nons5se4 ,:y6 !     
sov]eign p1 legislators1 & re=m]s1 see 9
 public (fices1 to speak pla9ly1 only   
opportunities = pecuni>y advancem5t4 ,&1
 because x reg>ds !m z a s\rce ( pr(it1 
x decrees ! eligibility ( citiz5s4 ,= ( 
:at use w\ld ?is precaution be1 if !re 7
 no?+ to ga9 by x8 ,no "o w\ld ?9k (    
orda9+ t none b a/ronom]s & geograph]s  
%\ld be pilots1 nor ( prohibit+ /utt]]s 
f act+ at ! !atre & ! op]a4 ,! nation 0 
/ill ap+ ! k+s3 l !m x wi%$ to aw>d !   
lucrative positions to its fri5ds &     
flatt]]s4 ,un=tunately1 & ?is la/       
feature completes ! resemblance1 !      
nation did n control ! li/ ( liv+s2 t 0 
9 ! h&s ( its ag5ts & repres5tatives4   

,!y1 on ! o!r h&1 took c>e n to ?w>t ! w
 ( _! graci\s sov]eign4  ,?is edify+    
article ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,rights1      
reta9$ 9 ! *>t]s ( #ahad & #ahcj1       
implies sev]al k9ds ( civil inequality2 
t is1 ( inequality be=e ! law3          
inequality ( /ation1 s9ce ! public      
functions are s\ght only = !            
consid]ation & emolum5ts :i* !y br+2    
inequality ( weal?1 s9ce1 if x _h be5   
desir$ to equalize =tunes1 public s]vice
 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a duty1 n z a      
rew>d2 inequality ( privilege1 ! law n  
/at+ :at x means by ,,tal5ts &          
,,virtues4 ,"u ! empire1 virtue & tal5t 
consi/$ simply 9 milit>y brav]y &       
devotion to ! emp]or2 t 0 %[n :5        
,napoleon creat$ 8 nobility1 & attempt$ 
to connect x ) ! anci5ts4 ,to-day1 ! man
 :o pays taxes to ! am\nt ( two hundr$  
francs is virtu\s2 ! tal5t$ man is !    
hone/ pickpocket3 su* tru?s z ^! are    
acc\nt$ trivial4  ,! p f9ally legaliz$  
prop]ty4 ,god =give !m1 = !y knew n :at 
!y did6 ,= fifty ye>s !y h suff]$ = _!  

mis]able folly4 ,b h[ came ! p1 ^:      
voice1 !y tell u1 is ! voice ( ,god1 &  
^: consci5ce is infallible1--h[ came ! p
 to err8 ,h[ happ5s x t1 :5 seek+ lib]ty
 & equality1 !y fell back into privilege
 & slav]y8 ,always ?r\gh copy+ ! anci5t 
regime4  ,=m]ly1 ! nobility & ! cl]gy   
contribut$ t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ! ,/ate    
only by volunt>y aid & gratuit\s gift2  
_! prop]ty c\ld n be seiz$ ev5 =        
debt1--:ile ! plebeian1 ov]:elm$ by     
taxes & /atute-labor1 0 cont9ually      
torm5t$1 n[ by ! k+'s tax-ga!r]s1 n[ by 
^? ( ! nobles & cl]gy4 ,he ^:           
possessions 7 subject to mortma9 c\ld   
nei!r bequea? nor inh]it prop]ty2 he 0  
treat$ l ! animals1 ^: s]vices & (fspr+ 
belong to _! ma/] by "r ( accession4 ,! 
p want$ ! conditions ( ,,own]%ip to be  
alike = all2 !y ?\ght t e "o %\ld       
,,enjoy ,,& ,,freely ,,dispose ,,( ,,8  
,,possessions ,,8 ,,income ,,& ,,!      
,,fruit ,,( ,,8 ,,labor ,,& ,,indu/ry4  
,! p did n inv5t prop]ty2 b z !y _h n ! 
same privileges 9 reg>d to x1 :i* !     

nobles & cl]gy possess$1 !y decre$ t !  
"r %\ld be ex]cis$ by all "u ! same     
conditions4 ,! m obnoxi\s =ms (         
prop]ty--/atute-labor1 mortma91         
maitrise1 & exclusion f public (fice--h 
disappe>$2 ! conditions ( its enjoym5t h
 be5 modifi$3 ! pr9ciple /ill rema9s !  
same4 ,!re has be5 progress 9 !         
regulation ( ! "r2 !re has be5 no       
revolution4  ,^!1 !n1 are ! ?ree        
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mod]n society1   
e/abli%$ "o aft] ano!r by ! movem5ts (  
#aghi & #ahcj3 #a4 ,,sov]eignty ,,( ,,! 
,,human ,,w2 9 %ort1 ,,despotism4 #b4   
,,inequality ,,( ,,weal? ,,& ,,rank4 #c4
 ,,prop]ty--above ,,ju/ice1 always      
invok$ z ! gu>dian angel ( sov]eigns1   
nobles1 & proprietors2 ,,ju/ice1 !      
g5]al1 primitive1 categorical law ( all 
society4  ,we mu/ asc]ta9 :e!r ! ideas (
 ,,despotism1 ,,civil ,,inequality &    
,,prop]ty1 are 9 h>mony ) ! primitive   
notion ( ,,ju/ice1 & necess>ily foll[ f 
x1--assum+ v>i\s =ms accord+ to !       
condition1 position1 & relation (       

p]sons2 or :e!r !y are n r !            
illegitimate result ( a confusion (     
diff]5t ?+s1 a fatal association (      
ideas4 ,& s9ce ju/ice deals especially )
 ! que/ions ( gov]nm5t1 ! condition (   
p]sons1 & ! possession ( ?+s1 we mu/    
asc]ta9 "u :at conditions1 judg+ by     
univ]sal op9ion & ! progress ( ! human  
m9d1 gov]nm5t is j1 ! condition (       
citiz5s is j1 & ! possession ( ?+s is j2
 !n1 /rik+ out e ?+ :i* fails to meet ^!
 conditions1 ! result w at once tell u  
:at legitimate gov]nm5t is1 :at !       
legitimate condition ( citiz5s is1 & :at
 ! legitimate possession ( ?+s is2 &    
f9ally1 z ! la/ result ( ! analysis1 :at
 ,,ju/ice is4  ,is ! au?ority ( man ov] 
man j8  ,ev]ybody answ]s1 ,no2 !        
au?ority ( man is only ! au?ority ( !   
law1 :i* ought to be ju/ice & tru?4 ,!  
private w c\nts = no?+ 9 gov]nm5t1 :i*  
consi/s1 fir/1 9 discov]+ tru? & ju/ice 
9 ord] to make ! law2 &1 second1 9      
sup]9t5d+ ! execution ( ?is law4 ,i d n 
n[ inquire :e!r our con/itutional =m (  

gov]nm5t satisfies ^! conditions2 :e!r1 
= example1 ! w ( ! m9i/ry nev] influ5ces
 ! decl>ation & int]pretation ( ! law2  
or :e!r our deputies1 9 _! debates1 are 
m int5t on conqu]+ by argum5t ?an by =ce
 ( numb]s3 x is en\gh = me t my         
def9ition ( a good gov]nm5t is all[$ to 
be correct4 ,?is idea is exact4 ,yet we 
see t no?+ seems m j to ! ,ori5tal      
nations ?an ! despotism ( _! sov]eigns2 
t1 ) ! anci5ts & 9 ! op9ion ( !         
philosoph]s !mselves1 slav]y 0 j2 t 9 ! 
middle ages ! nobles1 ! prie/s1 & !     
bi%ops felt ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ slaves2 t   
,l\is ,,xiv4 ?\ght t he 0 "r :5 he said1
 ,! ,/ate6 ,i am ! ,/ate2 & t ,napoleon 
deem$ x a crime = ! ,/ate to oppose 8 w4
 ,! idea ( ju/ice1 !n1 appli$ to        
sov]eignty & gov]nm5t1 has n always be5 
:at x is to-day2 x has gone on develop+ 
& %ap+ itself by degrees1 until x has   
arriv$ at its pres5t /ate4 ,b has x     
rea*$ its la/ phase8 ,i ?9k n3 only1 z !
 la/ ob/acle to be ov]come arises f !   
in/itution ( prop]ty :i* we h kept      

intact1 9 ord] to f9i% ! re=m 9 gov]nm5t
 & consummate ! revolution1 ?is v       
in/itution we mu/ attack4  ,is political
 & civil inequality j8  ,"s say yes2    
o!rs no4 ,to ! fir/ ,i w\ld reply t1 :5 
! p aboli%$ all privileges ( bir? &     
ca/e1 !y did x1 9 all probability1      
because x 0 = _! advantage2 :y !n d !y  
favor ! privileges ( =tune m ?an ^? (   
rank & race8 ,because1 say !y1 political
 inequality is a result ( prop]ty2 & )\t
 prop]ty society is impossible3 ?us ! "q
 j rais$ becomes a "q ( prop]ty4 ,to !  
second ,i cont5t myself ) ?is rem>k3 ,if
 y wi% to enjoy political equality1     
aboli% prop]ty2 o!rwise1 :y d y compla98
  ,is prop]ty j8  ,ev]ybody answ]s )\t  
hesitation1 ,yes1 prop]ty is j4 ,i say  
ev]ybody1 = up to ! pres5t "t no "o :o  
?or\ghly und]/ood ! mean+ ( 8 words has 
answ]$ no4 ,= x is no easy ?+ to reply  
und]/&+ly to su* a "q2 only "t &        
exp]i5ce c furni% an answ]4 ,n[1 ?is    
answ] is giv52 x is = u to und]/& x4 ,i 
und]take to prove x4  ,we are to proce$ 

) ! demon/ration 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--  ,i4
 ,we dispute n at all1 we refute nobody1
 we d5y no?+2 we accept z s\nd all !    
argum5ts alleg$ 9 favor ( prop]ty1 &    
conf9e ourselves to a se>* = its        
pr9ciple1 9 ord] t we may !n asc]ta9    
:e!r ?is pr9ciple is fai?fully express$ 
by prop]ty4 ,9 fact1 prop]ty be+        
def5sible on no gr\nd save t ( ju/ice1 !
 idea1 or at lea/ ! int5tion1 ( ju/ice  
mu/ ( necessity und]lie all ! argum5ts t
 h be5 made 9 def5ce ( prop]ty2 &1 z on 
! o!r h& ! "r ( prop]ty is only ex]cis$ 
ov] ^? ?+s :i* c be appreciat$ by !     
s5ses1 ju/ice1 secretly objectify+      
itself1 s to speak1 mu/ take ! %ape ( an
 algebraic =mula4  ,by ?is me?od (      
inve/igation1 we soon see t e argum5t   
:i* has be5 inv5t$ 9 behalf ( prop]ty1  
,,:atev] ,,x ,,may ,,be1 always & (     
necessity leads to equality2 t is1 to ! 
negation ( prop]ty4  ,! fir/ "p cov]s   
two *apt]s3 "o treat+ ( occupation1 !   
f\ndation ( our "r2 ! o!r1 ( labor &    
tal5t1 consid]$ z causes ( prop]ty &    

social inequality4  ,! fir/ ( ^! *apt]s 
w prove t ! "r ( occupation ,,ob/ructs  
prop]ty2 ! second t ! "r ( labor        
,,de/roys x4  ,,ii4 ,prop]ty1 !n1 be+ ( 
necessity conceiv$ z exi/+ only 9       
connection ) equality1 x rema9s to f9d  
out :y1 9 spite ( ?is necessity ( logic1
 equality does n exi/4 ,?is new         
inve/igation also cov]s two *apt]s3 9 ! 
fir/1 consid]+ ! fact ( prop]ty 9       
itself1 we inquire :e!r ?is fact is     
real1 :e!r x exi/s1 :e!r x is possible2 
= x w\ld imply a contradiction1 7 ^! two
 opposite =ms ( society1 equality &     
inequality1 bo? possible4 ,!n we        
discov]1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 t prop]ty may   
inde$ manife/ itself accid5tally2 b t1 z
 an in/itution & pr9ciple1 x is         
ma!matically impossible4 ,s t ! axiom ( 
! s*ool--ab actu ad posse valet         
consecutio3 f ! actual to ! possible !  
inf]5ce is good--is giv5 ! lie z f> z   
prop]ty is conc]n$4  ,f9ally1 9 ! la/   
*apt]1 call+ psy*ology to our aid1 &    
prob+ man's nature to ! bottom1 we %all 

disclose ! pr9ciple ( ,,ju/ice--its     
=mula & "*2 we %all /ate ) precision !  
organic law ( society2 we %all expla9 ! 
orig9 ( prop]ty1 ! causes ( its         
e/abli%m5t1 its long life1 & its        
approa*+ dea?2 we %all def9itively      
e/abli% its id5tity ) robb]y4 ,&1 aft]  
hav+ %[n t ^! ?ree prejudices--,,!      
,,sov]eignty ,,( ,,man1 ,,! ,,inequality
 ,,( ,,conditions1 ,,& ,,prop]ty--are "o
 & ! same2 t !y may be tak5 = ea* o!r1 &
 are reciprocally conv]tible1--we %all h
 no tr\ble 9 inf]r+ !refrom1 by !       
pr9ciple ( contradiction1 ! basis (     
gov]nm5t & "r4 ,!re our inve/igations w 
end1 res]v+ ! "r to cont9ue !m 9 future 
works4  ,! importance ( ! subject :i*   
engages our att5tion is recogniz$ by all
 m9ds4   ,prop]ty1 says ,m4 ,h5nequ91 is
 ! creative & cons]vative pr9ciple (    
civil society4 ,prop]ty is "o ( ^? basic
 in/itutions1 new !ories conc]n+ :i* _c 
be pres5t$ too soon2 = x mu/ n be       
=gott51 & ! publici/ & /atesman mu/ "k1 
t on ! answ] to ! "q :e!r prop]ty is !  

pr9ciple or ! result ( social ord]1 :e!r
 x is to be consid]$ z a cause or an    
effect1 dep5ds all morality1 &1         
consequ5tly1 all ! au?ority ( human     
in/itutions4   ,^! words are a *all5ge  
to all m5 ( hope & fai?2 b1 al?\gh !    
cause ( equality is a noble "o1 no "o   
has yet pick$ up ! gauntlet ?r[n d[n by 
! advocates ( prop]ty2 no "o has be5    
c\rage\s en\gh to ent] ^u ! /ruggle4 ,! 
spuri\s le>n+ ( haughty jurisprud5ce1 & 
! absurd aphorisms ( a political economy
 controll$ by prop]ty h puzzl$ ! mo/    
g5]\s m9ds2 x is a sort ( password among
 ! mo/ influ5tial fri5ds ( lib]ty & !   
int]e/s ( ! p t ,,equality ,,is ,a      
,,*im]a6 ,s _m false !ories & mean+less 
analogies influ5ce m9ds o!rwise ke51 b  
:i* are unconsci\sly controll$ by popul>
 prejudice4 ,equality advances e        
day--fit aequalitas4 ,soldi]s ( lib]ty1 
%all we des]t our flag 9 ! h\r (        
triumph8  ,a def5d] ( equality1 ,i %all 
speak )\t bitt]ness & )\t ang]2 ) !     
indep5d5ce becom+ a philosoph]1 ) !     

c\rage & firmness ( a free man4 ,may ,i1
 9 ?is mom5t\s /ruggle1 c>ry into all   
he>ts ! light ) :i* ,i am fill$2 & %[1  
by ! success ( my argum5t1 t equality   
fail$ to conqu] by ! sword only t x     
might conqu] by ! p56     ,,*apt] ,,ii4 
,,prop]ty ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,natural   
,,"r       ,,prop]ty ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a  
,,natural ,,"r4--,,occupation ,,&       
,,civil ,,law ,,z ,,effici5t ,,bases ,,(
 ,,prop]ty4 ,,def9itions4  ,! ,roman law
 def9$ prop]ty z ! "r to use & abuse    
"o's own )9 ! limits ( ! law--jus ut5di 
et abut5di re sua1 quat5us juris ratio  
patitur4 ,a ju/ification ( ! ^w ,,abuse 
has be5 attempt$1 on ! gr\nd t x        
signifies1 n s5seless & immoral abuse1 b
 only absolute doma94 ,va9 di/9ction6   
inv5t$ z an excuse = prop]ty1 & p[]less 
aga9/ ! fr5zy ( possession1 :i* x nei!r 
prev5ts nor represses4 ,! proprietor    
may1 if he *ooses1 all[ 8 crops to rot  
"u foot2 s[ 8 field ) salt2 milk 8 c[s  
on ! s&2 *ange 8 v9ey>d into a des]t1 & 
use 8 vegetable-g>d5 z a p>k3 d ^! ?+s  

con/itute abuse1 or n8 ,9 ! matt] (     
prop]ty1 use & abuse are necess>ily     
indi/+ui%able4  ,accord+ to !           
,decl>ation ( ,rights1 publi%$ z a      
preface to ! ,con/itution ( '#ic1       
prop]ty is ! "r to enjoy & dispose at w 
( "o's goods1 "o's income1 & ! fruit (  
"o's labor & indu/ry4  ,code ,napoleon1 
article #edd3 ,prop]ty is ! "r to enjoy 
& dispose ( ?+s 9 ! mo/ absolute mann]1 
provid$ we d n ov]/ep ! limits prescrib$
 by ! laws & regulations4  ,^! two      
def9itions d n diff] f t ( ! ,roman law3
 all give ! proprietor an absolute "r   
ov] a ?+2 & z = ! re/riction impos$ by !
 code1--,,provid$ ,,we ,,d ,,n ,,ov]/ep 
,,! ,,limits ,,prescrib$ ,,by ,,! ,,laws
 ,,& ,,regulations1--its object is n to 
limit prop]ty1 b to prev5t ! doma9 ( "o 
proprietor f int]f]+ ) t ( ano!r4 ,t is 
a confirmation ( ! pr9ciple1 n a        
limitation ( x4  ,!re are diff]5t k9ds (
 prop]ty3 #a4 ,prop]ty pure & simple1 ! 
dom9ant & seigniorial p[] ov] a ?+2 or1 
z !y t]m x1 ,,nak$ ,,prop]ty4 #b4       

,,possession4 ,possession1 says         
,duranton1 is a matt] ( fact1 n ( "r4   
,t\lli]3 ,prop]ty is a "r1 a legal p[]2 
possession is a fact4 ,! t5ant1 ! f>m]1 
! comm&ite1 ! usufructu>y1 are          
possessors2 ! own] :o lets & l5ds = use1
 ! heir :o is to come into possession on
 ! dea? ( a usufructu>y1 are            
proprietors4 ,if ,i may v5ture !        
comp>ison3 a lov] is a possessor1 a     
husb& is a proprietor4  ,?is d\ble      
def9ition ( prop]ty--doma9 &            
possession--is ( ! highe/ importance2 & 
x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood1 9 ord] to     
compreh5d :at is to foll[4  ,f !        
di/9ction betwe5 possession & prop]ty   
arise two sorts ( rights3 ! jus 9 re1 ! 
"r 9 a ?+1 ! "r by :i* ,i may reclaim ! 
prop]ty :i* ,i h acquir$1 9 :atev] h&s  
,i f9d x2 & ! jus ad rem1 ! "r ,,to a   
?+1 :i* gives me a claim to become a    
proprietor4 ,?us ! "r ( ! p>tn]s to a   
m>riage ov] ea* o!r's p]son is ! jus 9  
re2 t ( two :o are betro!d is only ! jus
 ad rem4 ,9 ! fir/1 possession & prop]ty

 are unit$2 ! second includes only nak$ 
prop]ty4 ,) me :o1 z a labor]1 h a "r to
 ! possession ( ! products ( ,nature &  
my own indu/ry1--& :o1 z a proletaire1  
enjoy none ( !m1--x is by virtue ( ! jus
 ad rem t ,i dem& admittance to ! jus 9 
re4  ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! jus 9 re & 
! jus ad rem is ! basis ( ! fam\s       
di/9ction betwe5 possessoire &          
petitoire1--actual categories (         
jurisprud5ce1 ! :ole ( :i* is includ$ )9
 _! va/ b\nd>ies4 ,petitoire ref]s to e 
?+ relat+ to prop]ty2 possessoire to t  
relat+ to possession4 ,9 writ+ ?is      
memoir aga9/ prop]ty1 ,i br+ aga9/      
univ]sal society an action petitoire3 ,i
 prove t ^? :o d n possess to-day are   
proprietors by ! same title z ^? :o d   
possess2 b1 in/ead ( inf]r+ !refrom t   
prop]ty %\ld be %>$ by all1 ,i dem&1 9 !
 "n ( g5]al security1 its entire        
abolition4 ,if ,i fail to w9 my case1   
!re is no?+ left = u 7! prolet>ian class
 & myself7 b to cut our ?roats3 we c ask
 no?+ m f ! ju/ice ( nations2 =1 z !    

code ( proc$ure 7art #bf7 tells u 9 its 
en]getic /yle1 ,,! ,,pla9tiff ,,:o ,,has
 ,,be5 ,,non-,,suit$ ,,9 ,,an ,,action  
,,petitoire1 ,,is ,,deb>r$ ,,!reby ,,f  
,,br++ ,,an ,,action ,,possessoire4 ,if1
 on ! contr>y1 ,i ga9 ! case1 we mu/ !n 
comm5ce an action possessoire1 t we may 
be re9/at$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! weal? ( :i* 
we are depriv$ by prop]ty4 ,i hope t we 
%all n be =c$ to t extremity2 b ^! two  
actions _c be prosecut$ at once1 su* a  
c\rse be+ prohibit$ by ! same code (    
proc$ure4  ,be=e go+ to ! he>t ( ! "q1 x
 w n be useless to (f] a few prelim9>y  
rem>ks4   #a4--,prop]ty z a ,natural    
,"r4  ,! ,decl>ation ( ,rights has plac$
 prop]ty 9 its li/ ( ! natural &        
inali5able rights ( man1 f\r 9 all3     
,,lib]ty1 ,,equality1 ,,prop]ty1        
,,security4 ,:at rule did ! legislators 
( '#ic foll[ 9 compil+ ?is li/8 ,none4  
,!y laid d[n pr9ciples1 j z !y discuss$ 
sov]eignty & ! laws2 f a g5]al po9t (   
view1 & accord+ to _! own op9ion4 ,!y   
did e ?+ 9 _! own bl9d way4  ,if we c   

believe ,t\lli]3 ,! absolute rights c be
 r$uc$ to ?ree3 ,,security1 ,,lib]ty1   
,,prop]ty4 ,equality is elim9at$ by !   
,r5nes pr(essor2 :y8 ,is x because      
,,lib]ty implies x1 or because prop]ty  
prohibits x8 ,on ?is po9t ! au?or (     
,droit ,civil ,explique is sil5t3 x has 
n ev5 occurr$ to him t ! matt] is "u    
discussion4  ,nev]!less1 if we comp>e ^!
 ?ree or f\r rights ) ea* o!r1 we f9d t 
prop]ty be>s no resemblance :atev] to ! 
o!rs2 t = ! majority ( citiz5s x exi/s  
only pot5tially1 & z a dormant faculty  
)\t ex]cise2 t = ! o!rs1 :o d enjoy x1 x
 is susceptible ( c]ta9 transactions &  
modifications :i* d n h>monize ) ! idea 
( a natural "r2 t1 9 practice1          
gov]nm5ts1 tribunals1 & laws d n respect
 x2 & f9ally t ev]ybody1 spontane\sly & 
) "o voice1 reg>ds x z *im]ical4        
,lib]ty is inviolable4 ,i c nei!r sell  
nor ali5ate my lib]ty2 e contract1 e    
condition ( a contract1 :i* has 9 view !
 ali5ation or susp5sion ( lib]ty1 is    
null3 ! slave1 :5 he plants 8 foot ^u ! 

soil ( lib]ty1 at t mom5t becomes a free
 man4 ,:5 society seizes a malefactor & 
deprives him ( 8 lib]ty1 x is a case (  
legitimate def5ce3 :oev] violates !     
social compact by ! commission ( a crime
 decl>es himself a public enemy2 9      
attack+ ! lib]ty ( o!rs1 he compels !m  
to take away 8 own4 ,lib]ty is ! orig9al
 condition ( man2 to r5\nce lib]ty is to
 r5\nce ! nature ( man3 aft] t1 h[ c\ld 
we p]=m ! acts ( man8  ,likewise1       
equality be=e ! law suff]s nei!r        
re/riction nor exception4 ,all ,fr5*m5  
are equally eligible to (fice3          
consequ5tly1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is equality1
 condition & family h1 9 _m cases1 no   
influ5ce ^u *oice4 ,! poore/ citiz5 c   
obta9 judgm5t 9 ! c\rts aga9/ "o occupy+
 ! mo/ exalt$ /ation4 ,let !            
millionaire1 ,ahab1 build a *ateau ^u ! 
v9ey>d ( ,nabo?3 ! c\rt w h ! p[]1      
accord+ to ! circum/ances1 to ord] !    
de/ruction ( ! *ateau1 ?\gh x has co/   
millions2 & to =ce ! trespass] to re/ore
 ! v9ey>d to its orig9al /ate1 & pay !  

damages4 ,! law wi%es all prop]ty1 t has
 be5 legitimately acquir$1 to be kept   
inviolate )\t reg>d to value1 & )\t     
respect = p]sons4  ,! *>t] dem&s1 x is  
true1 = ! ex]cise ( c]ta9 political     
rights1 c]ta9 conditions ( =tune &      
capacity2 b all publici/s "k t !        
legislator's int5tion 0 n to e/abli% a  
privilege1 b to take security4 ,provid$ 
! conditions fix$ by law are compli$ )1 
e citiz5 may be an elector1 & e elector 
eligible4 ,! "r1 once acquir$1 is ! same
 = all2 ! law comp>es nei!r p]sons nor  
votes4 ,i d n ask n[ :e!r ?is sy/em is !
 be/2 x is en\gh t1 9 ! op9ion ( ! *>t] 
& 9 ! eyes ( e "o1 equality be=e ! law  
is absolute1 &1 l lib]ty1 admits ( no   
compromise4  ,x is ! same ) ! "r (      
security4 ,society promises its memb]s  
no half-way protection1 no %am def5ce2 x
 b9ds itself to !m z !y b9d !mselves to 
x4 ,x does n say to !m1 ,i w %ield y1   
provid$ x co/s me no?+2 ,i w protect y1 
if ,i run no risks !reby4 ,x says1 ,i w 
def5d y aga9/ ev]ybody2 ,i w save &     

av5ge y1 or p]i% myself4  ,! :ole /r5g? 
( ! ,/ate is at ! s]vice ( ea* citiz52 !
 obligation :i* b9ds !m toge!r is       
absolute4  ,h[ diff]5t ) prop]ty6       
,wor%ipp$ by all1 x is ackn[l$g$ by     
none3 laws1 morals1 cu/oms1 public &    
private consci5ce1 all plot its dea? &  
ru94  ,to meet ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t1 :i*
 has armies to support1 tasks to p]=m1 &
 (fic]s to pay1 taxes are ne$$4 ,let all
 contribute to ^! exp5ses3 no?+ m j4 ,b 
:y %\ld ! ri* pay m ?an ! poor8 ,t is j1
 !y say1 because !y possess m4 ,i       
confess t su* ju/ice is beyond my       
compreh5sion4  ,:y are taxes paid8 ,to  
protect all 9 ! ex]cise ( _! natural    
rights--lib]ty1 equality1 security1 &   
prop]ty2 to ma9ta9 ord] 9 ! ,/ate2 to   
furni% ! public ) useful & pleasant     
conv5i5ces4  ,n[1 does x co/ m to def5d 
! ri* man's life & lib]ty ?an ! poor    
man's8 ,:o1 9 "t ( invasion1 fam9e1 or  
plague1 causes m tr\ble1--! l>ge        
proprietor :o escapes ! evil )\t !      
assi/ance ( ! ,/ate1 or ! labor] :o sits

 9 8 cottage unprotect$ f dang]8  ,is   
public ord] endang]$ m by ! wor?y       
citiz51 or by ! artisan & j\rneyman8    
,:y1 ! police h m to fe> f a few hundr$ 
labor]s1 out ( "w1 ?an f two hundr$ ?\s&
 electors6  ,does ! man ( l>ge income   
appreciate m ke5ly ?an ! poor man       
national fe/ivities1 clean /reets1 &    
beautiful monum5ts8  ,:y1 he pref]s 8   
c\ntry-seat to all ! popul> pleasures2 &
 :5 he wants to enjoy himself1 he does n
 wait = ! greas$ pole6  ,"o ( two ?+s is
 true3 ei!r ! proportional tax af=ds    
great] security to ! l>g] tax-pay]s1 or 
else x is a wrong4  ,because1 if prop]ty
 is a natural "r1 z ! ,decl>ation ( '#ic
 decl>es1 all t belongs to me by virtue 
( ?is "r is z sacr$ z my p]son2 x is my 
blood1 my life1 myself3 :oev] t\*es x   
(f5ds ! apple ( my eye4 ,my income ( "o 
hundr$ ?\s& francs is z inviolable z !  
grisette's daily wage ( sev5ty-five     
c5times2 h] attic is no m sacr$ ?an my  
suite ( ap>tm5ts4 ,! tax is n levi$ 9   
proportion to /r5g?1 size1 or skill3 no 

m %\ld x be levi$ 9 proportion to       
prop]ty4  ,if1 !n1 ! ,/ate takes m f me1
 let x give me m 9 return1 or cease to  
talk ( equality ( rights2 = o!rwise1    
society is e/abli%$1 n to def5d prop]ty1
 b to de/roy x4 ,! ,/ate1 ?r\gh !       
proportional tax1 becomes ! *ief (      
robb]s2 ! ,/ate sets ! example (        
sy/ematic pillage3 ! ,/ate %\ld be      
br\ght to ! b> ( ju/ice at ! head ( ^?  
hide\s brig&s1 t execrable mob :i* x n[ 
kills f motives ( pr(essional jeal\sy4  
,b1 !y say1 ! c\rts & ! police =ce are  
e/abli%$ to re/ra9 ?is mob2 gov]nm5t is 
a company1 n exactly = insurance1 = x   
does n insure1 b = v5geance &           
repression4 ,! premium :i* ?is company  
exacts1 ! tax1 is divid$ 9 proportion to
 prop]ty2 t is1 9 proportion to ! tr\ble
 :i* ea* piece ( prop]ty occasions !    
av5g]s & repress]s paid by ! gov]nm5t4  
,?is is any ?+ b ! absolute & inali5able
 "r ( prop]ty4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! poor & ! 
ri* di/ru/1 & make w> ^u1 ea* o!r4 ,b   
:at is ! object ( ! w>8 ,prop]ty4 ,s t  

prop]ty is necess>ily accompani$ by w>  
^u prop]ty4 ,! lib]ty & security ( ! ri*
 d n suff] f ! lib]ty & security ( !    
poor2 f> f t1 !y mutually /r5g!n & su/a9
 ea* o!r4 ,! ri* man's "r ( prop]ty1 on 
! contr>y1 has to be cont9ually def5d$  
aga9/ ! poor man's desire = prop]ty4    
,:at a contradiction6 ,9 ,engl& !y h a  
poor-rate3 !y wi% me to pay ?is tax4 ,b 
:at relation exi/s betwe5 my natural &  
inali5able "r ( prop]ty & ! hung] f :i* 
t5 million wret*$ p are suff]+8 ,:5     
religion comm&s u to assi/ our fell[s1 x
 speaks 9 ! "n ( *>ity1 n 9 ! "n ( law4 
,! obligation ( b5evol5ce1 impos$ ^u me 
by ,*ri/ian morality1 _c be impos$ ^u me
 z a political tax = ! b5efit ( any     
p]son or poor-h\se4 ,i w give alms :5 ,i
 see fit to d s1 :5 ! suff]+s ( o!rs    
excite 9 me t sympa?y ( :i* philosoph]s 
talk1 & 9 :i* ,i d n believe3 ,i w n be 
=c$ to be/[ !m4 ,no "o is oblig$ to d m 
?an comply ) ?is injunction3 ,,9 ,,!    
,,ex]cise ,,( ,,y\r ,,own ,,rights ,,d  
,,n ,,encroa* ,,^u ,,! ,,rights ,,(     

,,ano!r2 an injunction :i* is ! exact   
def9ition ( lib]ty4 ,n[1 my possessions 
are my own2 no "o has a claim ^u !m3 ,i 
object to ! plac+ ( ! ?ird !ological    
virtue 9 ! ord] ( ! day4  ,ev]ybody1 9  
,france1 dem&s ! conv]sion ( ! five p]  
c5t4 bonds2 !y dem& !reby ! complete    
sacrifice ( "o species ( prop]ty4 ,!y h 
! "r to d x1 if public necessity        
requires x2 b :]e is ! j indemnity      
promis$ by ! *>t]8 ,n only does none    
exi/1 b ?is indemnity is n ev5 possible2
 =1 if ! indemnity 7 equal to ! prop]ty 
sacrific$1 ! conv]sion w\ld be useless4 
,! ,/ate occupies ! same position to-day
 t[>d ! bondhold]s t ! city ( ,calais   
did1 :5 besieg$ by ,edw>d ,,iii1 t[>d   
its notables4 ,! ,engli% conqu]or       
cons5t$ to sp>e its inhabitants1 provid$
 x w\ld surr5d] to him its mo/ di/+ui%$ 
citiz5s to d ) z he pleas$4 ,eu/a*e &   
sev]al o!rs (f]$ !mselves2 x 0 noble 9  
!m1 & our m9i/]s %\ld recomm5d _!       
example to ! bondhold]s4 ,b _h ! city ! 
"r to surr5d] !m8 ,assur$ly n4 ,! "r to 

security is absolute2 ! c\ntry c require
 no "o to sacrifice himself4 ,! soldi]  
/&+ gu>d )9 ! enemy's range is no       
exception to ?is rule4 ,:]ev] a citiz5  
/&s gu>d1 ! c\ntry /&s gu>d ) him3      
to-day x is ! turn ( ! "o1 to-morr[ ( ! 
o!r4 ,:5 dang] & devotion are common1   
flight is p>ricide4 ,no "o has ! "r to  
flee f dang]2 no "o c s]ve z a          
scapegoat4 ,! maxim ( ,caiaphas--,,x    
,,is ,,"r ,,t ,a ,,man ,,%\ld ,,die ,,= 
,,8 ,,nation--is t ( ! populace & (     
tyrants2 ! two extremes ( social        
degradation4  ,x is said t all p]petual 
annuities are ess5tially r$eemable4 ,?is
 maxim ( civil law1 appli$ to ! ,/ate1  
is good = ^? :o wi% to return to !      
natural equality ( labor & weal?2 b1 f !
 po9t ( view ( ! proprietor1 & 9 ! m\? (
 conv]sioni/s1 x is ! language (        
bankrupts4 ,! ,/ate is n only a borr[]1 
x is an insur] & gu>dian ( prop]ty2     
grant+ ! be/ ( security1 x assures ! mo/
 inviolable possession4 ,h[1 !n1 c x =ce
 op5 ! h&s ( its cr$itors1 :o h         

confid5ce 9 x1 & !n talk to !m ( public 
ord] & security ( prop]ty8 ,! ,/ate1 9  
su* an op]ation1 is n a debtor :o       
dis*>ges 8 debt2 x is a /ock-company :i*
 allures its /ockhold]s into a trap1 &  
!re1 contr>y to its au!ntic promise1    
exacts f !m tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty p] c5t4
 ( ! int]e/ on _! capital4  ,t is n all4
 ,! ,/ate is a univ]sity ( citiz5s jo9$ 
toge!r "u a common law by an act (      
society4 ,?is act secures all 9 !       
possession ( _! prop]ty2 gu>antees to "o
 8 field1 to ano!r 8 v9ey>d1 to a ?ird 8
 r5ts1 & to ! bondhold]1 :o might h     
b\ght real e/ate b :o pref]r$ to come to
 ! assi/ance ( ! treasury1 8 bonds4 ,!  
,/ate _c dem&1 )\t (f]+ an equival5t1 ! 
sacrifice ( an acre ( ! field or a corn]
 ( ! v9ey>d2 /ill less c x l[] r5ts3 :y 
%\ld x h ! "r to dim9i% ! int]e/ on     
bonds8 ,?is "r c\ld n ju/ly exi/1 unless
 ! bondhold] c\ld inve/ 8 funds else:]e 
to equal advantage2 b be+ conf9$ to !   
,/ate1 :]e c he f9d a place to inve/ !m1
 s9ce ! cause ( conv]sion1 t is1 ! p[]  

to borr[ to bett] advantage1 lies 9 !   
,/ate8 ,t is :y a gov]nm5t1 bas$ on !   
pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 _c r$eem its        
annuities )\t ! cons5t ( _! hold]s4  ,! 
money deposit$ ) ! republic is prop]ty  
:i* x has no "r to t\* :ile o!r k9ds (  
prop]ty are respect$2 to =ce _!         
r$emption is to violate ! social        
contract1 & outlaw ! bondhold]s4  ,!    
:ole controv]sy z to ! conv]sion ( bonds
 f9ally r$uces itself to ?is3--  ,,"q4  
,is x j to r$uce to mis]y =ty-five ?\s& 
families :o d]ive an income f _! bonds (
 "o hundr$ francs or less8  ,,answ]4 ,is
 x j to compel sev5 or eight millions ( 
tax-pay]s to pay a tax ( five francs1 :5
 !y %\ld pay only ?ree8 ,x is cle>1 9 ! 
fir/ place1 t ! reply is 9 reality no   
reply2 b1 to make ! wrong m app>5t1 let 
u *ange x ?us3 ,is x j to endang] !     
lives ( "o hundr$ ?\s& m51 :5 we c save 
!m by surr5d]+ "o hundr$ heads to !     
enemy8 ,read]1 decide6  ,all ?is is     
cle>ly und]/ood by ! def5d]s ( ! pres5t 
sy/em4 ,yet1 nev]!less1 soon] or lat]1 !

 conv]sion w be effect$ & prop]ty be    
violat$1 because no o!r c\rse is        
possible2 because prop]ty1 reg>d$ z a   
"r1 & n be+ a "r1 mu/ ( "r p]i%2 because
 ! =ce ( ev5ts1 ! laws ( consci5ce1 &   
physical & ma!matical necessity mu/1 9 !
 end1 de/roy ?is illusion ( our m9ds4   
,to sum up3 lib]ty is an absolute "r1   
because x is to man :at imp5etrability  
is to matt]1--a s9e qua non ( exi/5ce2  
equality is an absolute "r1 because )\t 
equality !re is no society2 security is 
an absolute "r1 because 9 ! eyes ( e man
 8 own lib]ty & life are z preci\s z    
ano!r's4 ,^! ?ree rights are absolute2 t
 is1 susceptible ( nei!r increase nor   
dim9ution2 because 9 society ea*        
associate receives z mu* z he           
gives1--lib]ty = lib]ty1 equality =     
equality1 security = security1 body =   
body1 s\l = s\l1 9 life & 9 dea?4  ,b   
prop]ty1 9 its d]ivative s5se1 & by !   
def9itions ( law1 is a "r outside (     
society2 = x is cle> t1 if ! weal? ( ea*
 0 social weal?1 ! conditions w\ld be   

equal = all1 & x w\ld be a contradiction
 to say3 ,,prop]ty ,,is ,a ,,man',s ,,"r
 ,,to ,,dispose ,,at ,,w ,,( ,,social   
,,prop]ty4 ,!n if we are associat$ = !  
sake ( lib]ty1 equality1 & security1 we 
are n associat$ = ! sake ( prop]ty2 !n  
if prop]ty is a ,,natural "r1 ?is       
natural "r is n ,,social1 b             
,,anti-,,social4 ,prop]ty & society are 
utt]ly irreconcilable in/itutions4 ,x is
 z impossible to associate two          
proprietors z to jo9 two magnets by _!  
opposite poles4 ,ei!r society mu/ p]i%1 
or x mu/ de/roy prop]ty4  ,if prop]ty is
 a natural1 absolute1 imprescriptible1 &
 inali5able "r1 :y1 9 all ages1 has !re 
be5 s mu* speculation z to its orig98--=
 ?is is "o ( its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4  
,! orig9 ( a natural "r6 ,good ,god6 :o 
ev] inquir$ into ! orig9 ( ! rights (   
lib]ty1 security1 or equality8 ,!y exi/ 
by ! same "r t we exi/2 !y are born ) u1
 !y live & die ) u4 ,) prop]ty x is v   
diff]5t1 inde$4 ,by law1 prop]ty c exi/ 
)\t a proprietor1 l a quality )\t a     

subject4 ,x exi/s = ! human be+ :o z yet
 is n1 & = ! octog5>ian :o is no m4 ,&  
yet1 9 spite ( ^! wond]ful pr]ogatives  
:i* savor ( ! et]nal & ! inf9ite1 !y h  
nev] f\nd ! orig9 ( prop]ty2 ! doctors  
/ill disagree4 ,on "o po9t only are !y 9
 h>mony3 namely1 t ! validity ( ! "r (  
prop]ty dep5ds ^u ! au!nticity ( its    
orig94 ,b ?is h>mony is _! condemnation4
 ,:y h !y ackn[l$g$ ! "r be=e settl+ !  
"q ( orig98  ,c]ta9 classes d n reli%   
inve/igation into ! pret5d$ titles to   
prop]ty1 & its fabul\s & p]haps sc&al\s 
hi/ory4 ,!y wi% to hold to ?is          
proposition3 t prop]ty is a fact2 t x   
always has be51 & always w be4 ,) t     
proposition ! savant ,pr\dhon #aa       
comm5c$ 8 ,treatise on ! ,"r (          
,usufruct1 reg>d+ ! orig9 ( prop]ty z a 
useless "q4 ,p]haps ,i w\ld subscribe to
 ?is doctr9e1 believ+ x inspir$ by a    
comm5dable love ( peace1 7 all my       
fell[-citiz5s 9 com=table circum/ances2 
b1 no6 ,i w n subscribe to x4  ,! titles
 on :i* !y pret5d to base ! "r ( prop]ty

 are two 9 numb]3 ,,occupation &        
,,labor4 ,i %all exam9e !m successively1
 "u all _! aspects & 9 detail2 & ,i     
rem9d ! read] t1 to :atev] au?ority we  
appeal1 ,i %all prove beyond a d\bt t   
prop]ty1 to be j & possible1 mu/        
necess>ily h equality = its condition4  
#b4--,occupation1 z ! ,title to         
,prop]ty4  ,x is rem>kable t1 at ^?     
meet+s ( ! ,/ate ,c\ncil at :i* ! ,code 
0 discuss$1 no controv]sy arose z to !  
orig9 & pr9ciple ( prop]ty4 ,all !      
articles ( ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,book #b1       
conc]n+ prop]ty & ! "r ( accession1 7   
pass$ )\t opposition or am5dm5t4        
,bonap>te1 :o on o!r que/ions _h giv5 8 
legi/s s mu* tr\ble1 _h no?+ to say ab\t
 prop]ty4 ,be n surpris$ at x3 9 ! eyes 
( t man1 ! mo/ selfi% & wilful p]son t  
ev] liv$1 prop]ty 0 ! fir/ ( rights1 j z
 submission to au?ority 0 ! mo/ holy (  
duties4  ,! "r ( ,,occupation1 or ( !   
,,fir/ ,,occupant1 is t :i* results f ! 
actual1 physical1 real possession ( a   
?+4 ,i occupy a piece ( l&2 !           

presumption is1 t ,i am ! proprietor1   
until ! contr>y is prov$4 ,we "k t      
orig9ally su* a "r _c be legitimate     
unless x is reciprocal2 ! juri/s say z  
mu*4  ,cic]o comp>es ! e>? to a va/     
!atre3 ,quemadmodum !atrum cum commune  
sit1 recte tam5 dici pote/ ejus esse eum
 locum quem quisque occup>it4  ,?is     
passage is all t anci5t philosophy has  
to say ab\t ! orig9 ( prop]ty4  ,!      
!atre1 says ,cic]o1 is common to all2   
nev]!less1 ! place t ea* "o occupies is 
call$ ,,8 ,,own2 t is1 x is a place     
,,possess$1 n a place ,,appropriat$4    
,?is comp>ison annihilates prop]ty2     
moreov]1 x implies equality4 ,c ,i1 9 a 
!atre1 occupy at ! same "t "o place 9 ! 
pit1 ano!r 9 ! boxes1 & a ?ird 9 !      
gall]y8 ,n unless ,i h ?ree bodies1 l   
,g]yon1 or c exi/ 9 diff]5t places at ! 
same "t1 z is relat$ ( ! magician       
,apollonius4  ,accord+ to ,cic]o1 no "o 
has a "r to m ?an he ne$s3 su* is ! true
 int]pretation ( 8 fam\s axiom--suum    
quidque cujusque sit1 to ea* "o t :i*   

belongs to him--an axiom t has be5      
/rangely appli$4 ,t :i* belongs to ea*  
is n t :i* ea* ,,may possess1 b t :i*   
ea* ,,has ,a ,,"r to possess4 ,n[1 :at h
 we a "r to possess8 ,t :i* is requir$ =
 our labor & consumption2 ,cic]o's      
comp>ison ( ! e>? to a !atre proves x4  
,accord+ to t1 ea* "o may take :at place
 he w1 may beautify & adorn x1 if he c2 
x is all[able3 b he mu/ nev] all[       
himself to ov]/ep ! limit :i* sep>ates  
him f ano!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ,cic]o leads  
directly to equality2 =1 occupation be+ 
pure tol]ation1 if ! tol]ation is mutual
 7& x _c be o!rwise7 ! possessions are  
equal4  ,grotius ru%es into hi/ory2 b   
:at k9d ( reason+ is t :i* seeks ! orig9
 ( a "r1 said to be natural1 else:]e ?an
 9 ,nature8 ,?is is ! me?od ( ! anci5ts3
 ! fact exi/s1 !n x is necess>y1 !n x is
 j1 !n its antec$5ts are j also4        
,nev]!less1 let u look into x4          
,orig9ally1 all ?+s 7 common & undivid$2
 !y 7 ! prop]ty ( all4 ,let u g no f>!r4
 ,grotius tells u h[ ?is orig9al        

communism came to an end ?r\gh ambition 
& cupidity2 h[ ! age ( gold 0 foll[$ by 
! age ( iron1 c4 ,s t prop]ty re/$ fir/ 
on w> & conque/1 !n on treaties &       
agreem5ts4 ,b ei!r ^! treaties &        
agreem5ts di/ribut$ weal? equally1 z did
 ! orig9al communism 7! only me?od (    
di/ribution ) :i* ! b>b>ians 7 acqua9t$1
 & ! only =m ( ju/ice ( :i* !y c\ld     
conceive2 & !n ! "q ( orig9 assumes ?is 
=m3 h[ did equality aft]w>ds            
disappe>87--or else ^! treaties &       
agreem5ts 7 =c$ by ! /rong ^u ! weak1 & 
9 t case !y are null2 ! tacit cons5t (  
po/]ity does n make !m valid1 & we live 
9 a p]man5t condition ( iniquity &      
fraud4  ,we nev] c conceive h[ !        
equality ( conditions1 hav+ once exi/$1 
c\ld aft]w>ds h pass$ away4 ,:at 0 !    
cause ( su* deg5]ation8 ,! in/9cts ( !  
animals are un*angeable1 z well z !     
diff]5ces ( species2 to suppose orig9al 
equality 9 human society is to admit by 
implication t ! pres5t inequality is a  
deg5]ation f ! nature ( ?is society1--a 

?+ :i* ! def5d]s ( prop]ty _c expla94 ,b
 ,i inf] !refrom t1 if ,provid5ce plac$ 
! fir/ human be+s 9 a condition (       
equality1 x 0 an indication ( its       
desires1 a model t x wi%$ !m to realize 
9 o!r =ms2 j z ! religi\s s5tim5t1 :i* x
 plant$ 9 _! he>ts1 has develop$ &      
manife/$ itself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,man has b
 "o nature1 con/ant & unalt]able3 he    
pursues x ?r\gh in/9ct1 he w&]s f x     
?r\gh reflection1 he returns to x ?r\gh 
judgm5t2 :o %all say t we are n return+ 
n[8 ,accord+ to ,grotius1 man has ab&on$
 equality2 accord+ to me1 he w yet      
return to x4 ,h[ came he to ab&on x8 ,:y
 w he return to x8 ,^! are que/ions =   
future consid]ation4  ,reid writes z    
foll[s3--  ,! "r ( prop]ty is n innate1 
b acquir$4 ,x is n gr\nd$ ^u !          
con/itution ( man1 b ^u 8 actions4      
,writ]s on jurisprud5ce h expla9$ its   
orig9 9 a mann] t may satisfy e man (   
common und]/&+4  ,! e>? is giv5 to m5 9 
common = ! purposes ( life1 by ! b\nty (
 ,heav54 ,b to divide x1 & appropriate  

"o "p ( its produce to "o1 ano!r "p to  
ano!r1 mu/ be ! "w ( m5 :o h p[] &      
und]/&+ giv5 !m1 by :i* e man may       
accommodate himself1 ,,)\t ,,hurt ,,to  
,,any ,,o!r4  ,?is common "r ( e man to 
:at ! e>? produces1 be=e x be occupi$ & 
appropriat$ by o!rs1 01 by anci5t       
morali/s1 v prop]ly comp>$ to ! "r :i* e
 citiz5 _h to ! public !atre1 :]e e man 
t came might occupy an empty seat1 &    
!reby acquire a "r to x :ile !          
ent]ta9m5t la/$2 b no man _h a "r to    
dispossess ano!r4  ,! e>? is a great    
!atre1 furni%$ by ! ,almighty1 ) p]fect 
wisdom & goodness1 = ! ent]ta9m5t &     
employm5t ( all mank9d4 ,"h e man has a 
"r to accommodate himself z a spectator1
 & to p]=m 8 "p z an actor2 b )\t hurt  
to o!rs4   ,consequ5ces ( ,reid's       
doctr9e4  #a4 ,t ! portion :i* ea* "o   
appropriates may wrong no "o1 x mu/ be  
equal to ! quoti5t ( ! total am\nt (    
prop]ty to be %>$1 divid$ by ! numb] (  
^? :o are to %>e x2  #b4 ,! numb] (     
places be+ ( necessity equal at all     

times to t ( ! spectators1 no spectator 
c occupy two places1 nor c any actor    
play sev]al p>ts2  #c4 ,:5ev] a         
spectator comes 9 or goes out1 ! places 
( all contract or enl>ge correspond+ly3 
=1 says ,reid1 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty   
,,is ,,n ,,innate1 ,,b ,,acquir$2       
consequ5tly1 x is n absolute2           
consequ5tly1 ! occupancy on :i* x is    
bas$1 be+ a conditional fact1 _c end[   
?is "r ) a /ability :i* x does n possess
 itself4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! ?\ght ( !
 ,ed9burgh pr(essor :5 he add$3--   ,a  
"r to life implies a "r to ! necess>y   
means ( life2 & t ju/ice1 :i* =bids !   
tak+ away ! life ( an innoc5t man1 =bids
 no less ! tak+ f him ! necess>y means (
 life4 ,he has ! same "r to def5d ! "o z
 ! o!r4 ,to h9d] ano!r man's innoc5t    
labor1 or to deprive him ( ! fruit ( x1 
is an inju/ice ( ! same k9d1 & has !    
same effect z to put him 9 fett]s or 9  
prison1 & is equally a j object (       
res5tm5t4   ,?us ! *ief ( ! ,scot*      
s*ool1 )\t consid]+ at all ! inequality 

( skill or labor1 posits a priori !     
equality ( ! means ( labor1 ab&on+      
!reaft] to ea* labor] ! c>e ( 8 own     
p]son1 aft] ! et]nal axiom3 ,,:oso      
,,does ,,well1 ,,%all ,,f>e ,,well4  ,! 
philosoph] ,reid is lack+1 n 9 k ( !    
pr9ciple1 b 9 c\rage to pursue x to its 
ultimate4 ,if ! "r ( life is equal1 ! "r
 ( labor is equal1 & s is ! "r (        
occupancy4 ,w\ld x n be crim9al1 7 "s   
isl&]s to repulse1 9 ! "n ( prop]ty1 !  
un=tunate victims ( a %ipwreck /ruggl+  
to rea* ! %ore8 ,! v idea ( su* cruelty 
sick5s ! imag9ation4 ,! proprietor1 l   
,rob9son ,crusoe on 8 isl&1 w>ds (f )   
pike & musket ! proletaire wa%$ ov]bo>d 
by ! wave ( civilization1 & seek+ to ga9
 a foo?old ^u ! rocks ( prop]ty4 ,give  
me "w6 cries he ) all 8 might to !      
proprietor3 don't drive me away1 ,i w "w
 = y at any price4 ,i d n ne$ y\r       
s]vices1 replies ! proprietor1 %[+ ! end
 ( 8 pike or ! b>rel ( 8 gun4 ,l[] my   
r5t at lea/4 ,i ne$ my income to live   
^u4 ,h[ c ,i pay y1 :5 ,i c get no "w8  

,t is y\r bus9ess4 ,!n ! un=tunate      
proletaire ab&ons himself to ! waves2   
or1 if he attempts to l& ^u ! %ore (    
prop]ty1 ! proprietor takes aim1 & kills
 him4  ,we h j li/5$ to a spirituali/2  
we w n[ "q a mat]iali/1 !n an eclectic3 
& hav+ complet$ ! circle ( philosophy1  
we w turn next to law4  ,accord+ to     
,de/utt de ,tracy1 prop]ty is a         
necessity ( our nature4 ,t ?is necessity
 involves unpleasant consequ5ces1 x w\ld
 be folly to d5y4 ,b ^! consequ5ces are 
necess>y evils :i* d n invalidate !     
pr9ciple2 s t x is z unreasonable to    
rebel aga9/ prop]ty on acc\nt ( ! abuses
 :i* x g5]ates1 z to compla9 ( life     
because x is sure to end 9 dea?4 ,?is   
brutal & pitiless philosophy promises at
 lea/ frank & close reason+4 ,let u see 
if x keeps its promise4   ,we talk v    
gravely ab\t ! conditions ( prop]ty1444 
z if x 0 our prov9ce to decide :at      
con/itutes prop]ty4444 ,x w\ld seem1 to 
he> c]ta9 philosoph]s & legislators1 t  
at a c]ta9 mom5t1 spontane\sly & )\t    

cause1 p began to use ! words ,,?9e &   
,,m9e2 & t !y might h1 or ought to h1   
disp5s$ ) !m4 ,b ,,?9e & ,,m9e 7 nev]   
inv5t$4   ,a philosoph] y\rself1 y are  
too reali/ic4 ,,?9e & ,,m9e d n         
necess>ily ref] to self1 z !y d :5 ,i   
say y\r philosophy1 & my equality2 = y\r
 philosophy is y philosophiz+1 & my     
equality is ,i pr(ess+ equality4 ,,?9e &
 ,,m9e (t5] indicate a relation1--,,y\r 
c\ntry1 ,,y\r p>i%1 ,,y\r tailor1 ,,y\r 
milkmaid2 ,,my *amb]1 ,,my seat at !    
!atre1 ,,my company & ,,my battalion 9 !
 ,national ,gu>d4 ,9 ! =m] s5se1 we may 
sometimes say ,,my labor1 ,,my skill1   
,,my virtue2 nev] ,,my gr&eur nor ,,my  
maje/y3 9 ! latt] s5se only1 ,,my field1
 ,,my h\se1 ,,my v9ey>d1 ,,my           
capital1--precisely z ! bank]'s cl]k    
says ,,my ca%-box4 ,9 %ort1 ,,?9e &     
,,m9e are signs & expressions ( p]sonal1
 b equal1 rights2 appli$ to ?+s outside 
( u1 !y indicate possession1 function1  
use1 n prop]ty4  ,x does n seem         
possible1 b1 nev]!less1 ,i %all prove1  

by quotations1 t ! :ole !ory ( our au?or
 is bas$ ^u ?is paltry equivocation4    
,prior to all cov5ants1 m5 are1 n       
exactly1 z ,hobbes says1 9 a /ate (     
,,ho/ility1 b ( ,,e/rangem5t4 ,9 ?is    
/ate1 ju/ice & inju/ice are unkn[n2 !   
rights ( "o be> no relation to ! rights 
( ano!r4 ,all h z _m rights z ne$s1 &   
all feel x _! duty to satisfy ^? ne$s by
 any means at _! comm&4   ,grant x2 :e!r
 true or false1 x matt]s n4 ,de/utt de  
,tracy _c escape equality4 ,on ?is !ory1
 m51 :ile 9 a /ate ( ,,e/rangem5t1 are  
"u no obligations to ea* o!r2 !y all h !
 "r to satisfy _! ne$s )\t reg>d to !   
ne$s ( o!rs1 & consequ5tly ! "r to      
ex]cise _! p[] ov] ,nature1 ea* accord+ 
to 8 /r5g? & ability4 ,t involves !     
greate/ inequality ( weal?4 ,inequality 
( conditions1 !n1 is ! *>act]i/ic       
feature ( e/rangem5t or b>b>ism3 ! exact
 opposite ( ,r\sseau's idea4  ,b let u  
look f>!r3--   ,re/rictions ( ^! rights 
& ?is duty comm5ce at ! "t :5 cov5ants1 
ei!r impli$ or express$1 are agre$ ^u4  

,!n appe>s = ! fir/ "t ju/ice &         
inju/ice2 t is1 ! balance betwe5 !      
rights ( "o & ! rights ( ano!r1 :i* up  
to t "t 7 necess>ily equal4  ,li/53     
,,rights ,,7 ,,equal2 t means t ea*     
individual _h ! "r to ,,satisfy ,,8     
,,ne$s ,,)\t ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,ne$s  
,,( ,,o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 t all _h ! "r 
to injure ea* o!r2 t !re 0 no "r save   
=ce & cunn+4 ,!y injur$ ea* o!r1 n only 
by w> & pillage1 b also by usurpation & 
appropriation4 ,n[1 9 ord] to aboli% ?is
 equal "r to use =ce & /ratagem1--?is   
equal "r to d evil1 ! sole s\rce ( !    
inequality ( b5efits & injuries1--!y    
comm5c$ to make ,,cov5ants ,,ei!r       
,,impli$ ,,or ,,express$1 & e/abli%$ a  
balance4 ,!n ^! agreem5ts & ?is balance 
7 int5d$ to secure to all equal com=t2  
!n1 by ! law ( contradictions1 if       
isolation is ! pr9ciple ( inequality1   
society mu/ produce equality4 ,! social 
balance is ! equalization ( ! /rong & ! 
weak2 =1 :ile !y are n equals1 !y are   
/rang]s2 !y c =m no associations1--!y   

live z enemies4 ,!n1 if inequality (    
conditions is a necess>y evil1 s is     
isolation1 = society & inequality are   
incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,!n1 if society 
is ! true condition ( man's exi/5ce1 s  
is equality also4 ,?is conclusion _c be 
avoid$4  ,?is be+ s1 h[ is x t1 ev] s9ce
 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is balance1 inequality 
has be5 on ! increase8 ,h[ is x t ju/ice
 & isolation always accompany ea* o!r8  
,de/utt de ,tracy %all reply3--   ,,ne$s
 & ,,means1 ,,rights & ,,duties1 are    
products ( ! w4 ,if man will$ no?+1 ^!  
w\ld n exi/4 ,b to h ne$s & means1      
rights & duties1 is to ,,h1 to          
,,possess1 some?+4 ,!y are s _m k9ds (  
prop]ty1 us+ ! ^w 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se3 
!y are ?+s :i* belong to u4   ,%ameful  
equivocation1 n ju/ifi$ by ! necessity =
 g5]alization6 ,! ^w ,,prop]ty has two  
mean+s3 #a4 ,x designates ! quality :i* 
makes a ?+ :at x is2 ! attribute :i* is 
peculi> to x1 & especially di/+ui%es x4 
,we use x 9 ?is s5se :5 we say ,,!      
,,prop]ties ,,( ,,! ,,triangle or (     

,,numb]s2 ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,!         
,,magnet1 c4 #b4 ,x expresses ! "r (    
absolute control ov] a ?+ by a free &   
intellig5t be+4 ,x is us$ 9 ?is s5se by 
writ]s on jurisprud5ce4 ,?us1 9 !       
phrase1 ,,iron ,,acquires ,,! ,,prop]ty 
,,( ,a ,,magnet1 ! ^w ,,prop]ty does n  
convey ! same idea t x does 9 ?is "o3 ,i
 ,,h ,,acquir$ ,,?is ,,magnet ,,z ,,my  
,,prop]ty4 ,to tell a poor man t he     
,,has prop]ty because he ,,has arms &   
legs1--t ! hung] f :i* he suff]s1 & 8   
p[] to sleep 9 ! op5 air are 8          
prop]ty1--is to play ^u words1 & to add 
insult to injury4   ,! sole basis ( !   
idea ( prop]ty is ! idea ( p]sonality4  
,z soon z prop]ty is born at all1 x is  
born1 ( necessity1 9 all its fulness4 ,z
 soon z an individual kn[s ,,himself1--8
 moral p]sonality1 8 capacities (       
enjoym5t1 suff]+1 & action1--he         
necess>ily sees also t ?is ,,self is    
exclusive proprietor ( ! body 9 :i* x   
dwells1 its organs1 _! p[]s1 faculties1 
c4444 ,inasmu* z artificial &           

conv5tional prop]ty exi/s1 !re mu/ be   
natural prop]ty also2 = no?+ c exi/ 9   
art )\t its c\nt]p>t 9 ,nature4   ,we   
ought to admire ! hone/y & judgm5t (    
philosoph]s6 ,man has prop]ties2 t is1 9
 ! fir/ acceptation ( ! t]m1 faculties4 
,he has prop]ty2 t is1 9 its second     
acceptation1 ! "r ( doma94 ,he has1 !n1 
! prop]ty ( ! prop]ty ( be+ proprietor4 
,h[ a%am$ ,i %\ld be to notice su*      
fooli%ness1 7 ,i "h consid]+ only !     
au?ority ( ,de/utt de ,tracy6 ,b !      
entire human race1 s9ce ! orig9ation (  
society & language1 :5 metaphysics &    
dialectics 7 fir/ born1 has be5 guilty (
 ?is pu]ile confusion ( ?\ght4 ,all :i* 
man c\ld call 8 own 0 id5tifi$ 9 8 m9d )
 8 p]son4 ,he consid]$ x z 8 prop]ty1 8 
weal?2 a "p ( himself1 a memb] ( 8 body1
 a faculty ( 8 m9d4 ,! possession ( ?+s 
0 lik5$ to prop]ty 9 ! p[]s ( ! body &  
m9d2 & on ?is false analogy 0 bas$ ! "r 
( prop]ty1--,,! ,,imitation ,,( ,,nature
 ,,by ,,art1 z ,de/utt de ,tracy s      
elegantly puts x4  ,b :y did n ?is      

ideologi/ p]ceive t man is n proprietor 
ev5 ( 8 own faculties8 ,man has p[]s1   
attributes1 capacities2 !y are giv5 him 
by ,nature t he may live1 le>n1 & love3 
he does n own !m1 b has only ! use ( !m2
 & he c make no use ( !m t does n       
h>monize ) ,nature's laws4 ,if he _h    
absolute ma/]y ov] 8 faculties1 he c\ld 
avoid hung] & cold2 he c\ld eat         
un/9t$ly1 & walk ?r\gh fire2 he c\ld    
move m\nta9s1 walk a hundr$ leagues 9 a 
m9ute1 cure )\t m$ic9es & by ! sole =ce 
( 8 w1 & c\ld make himself immortal4 ,he
 c\ld say1 ,i wi% to produce1 & 8 tasks 
w\ld be f9i%$ ) ! words2 he c\ld say4 ,i
 wi% to "k1 & he w\ld "k2 ,i love1 & he 
w\ld enjoy4 ,:at !n8 ,man is n ma/] (   
himself1 b may be ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,let   
him use ! weal? ( ,nature1 s9ce he c    
live only by its use2 b let him ab&on 8 
pret5sions to ! title ( proprietor1 &   
rememb] t he is call$ s only            
metaphorically4  ,to sum up3 ,de/utt de 
,tracy classes toge!r ! ext]nal         
,,productions ( nature & art1 & ! ,,p[]s

 or ,,faculties ( man1 mak+ bo? ( !m    
species ( prop]ty2 & ^u ?is equivocation
 he hopes to e/abli%1 s firmly t x c    
nev] be di/urb$1 ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,b ( ^!
 diff]5t k9ds ( prop]ty "s are ,,innate1
 z memory1 imag9ation1 /r5g?1 & beauty2 
:ile o!rs are ,,acquir$1 z l&1 wat]1 &  
=e/s4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,nature or isolation1 
! /ronge/ & mo/ skilful 7t is1 ^? be/   
provid$ ) innate prop]ty7 /& ! be/ *ance
 ( obta9+ acquir$ prop]ty4 ,n[1 x is to 
prev5t ?is encroa*m5t & ! w> :i* results
 !refrom1 t a balance 7ju/ice7 has be5  
employ$1 & cov5ants 7impli$ or express$7
 agre$ ^u3 x is to correct1 z f> z      
possible1 inequality ( innate prop]ty by
 equality ( acquir$ prop]ty4 ,z long z !
 division rema9s unequal1 s long !      
p>tn]s rema9 enemies2 & x is ! purpose (
 ! cov5ants to re=m ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,?us
 we h1 on ! "o h&1 isolation1           
inequality1 enmity1 w>1 robb]y1 murd]2  
on ! o!r1 society1 equality1 frat]nity1 
peace1 & love4 ,*oose betwe5 !m6  ,m4   
,joseph ,dut5s--a physician1 eng9e]1 &  

geometrician1 b a v poor legi/1 & no    
philosoph] at all--is ! au?or ( a       
,philosophy ( ,political ,economy1 9 :i*
 he felt x 8 duty to break lances 9     
behalf ( prop]ty4 ,8 reason+ seems to be
 borr[$ f ,de/utt de ,tracy4 ,he        
comm5ces ) ?is def9ition ( prop]ty1     
wor?y ( ,sgan>elle3 ,prop]ty is ! "r by 
:i* a ?+ is "o's own4 ,lit]ally         
translat$3 ,prop]ty is ! "r ( prop]ty4  
,aft] gett+ entangl$ a few times on !   
subjects ( w1 lib]ty1 & p]sonality2 aft]
 hav+ di/+ui%$ betwe5                   
,,immat]ial-,,natural prop]ty1 &        
,,mat]ial-,,natural prop]ty1 a di/9ction
 simil> to ,de/utt de ,tracy's ( innate 
& acquir$ prop]ty1--,m4 ,joseph ,dut5s  
concludes ) ^! two g5]al propositions3  
#a4 ,prop]ty is a natural & inali5able  
"r ( e man2 #b4 ,inequality ( prop]ty is
 a necess>y result ( ,nature1--:i*      
propositions are conv]tible into a      
simpl] "o3 ,all m5 h an equal "r (      
unequal prop]ty4  ,he rebukes ,m4 de    
,sismondi = hav+ taught t l&$ prop]ty   

has no o!r basis ?an law &              
conv5tionality2 & he says himself1      
speak+ ( ! respect :i* p feel = prop]ty1
 t _! good s5se reveals to !m ! nature (
 ! ,,orig9al ,,contract made betwe5     
society & proprietors4  ,he conf\nds    
prop]ty ) possession1 communism )       
equality1 ! j ) ! natural1 & ! natural )
 ! possible4 ,n[ he takes ^! diff]5t    
ideas to be equival5ts2 n[ he seems to  
di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 s mu* s t x w\ld be  
inf9itely easi] to refute him ?an to    
und]/& him4 ,attract$ fir/ by ! title ( 
! "w1 ,philosophy ( ,political ,economy1
 ,i h f\nd1 among ! au?or's obscurities1
 only ! mo/ ord9>y ideas4 ,= t reason ,i
 w n speak ( him4  ,m4 ,c\s91 9 8 ,moral
 ,philosophy1 page #ae1 tea*es t all    
morality1 all laws1 all rights are giv5 
to man ) ?is injunction3 ,,free ,,be+1  
,,rema9 ,,free4 ,bravo6 ma/]2 ,i wi% to 
rema9 free if ,i c4 ,he cont9ues3--     
,our pr9ciple is true2 x is good1 x is  
social4 ,d n fe> to pu% x to its        
ultimate4  #a4 ,if ! human p]son is     

sacr$1 its :ole nature is sacr$2 &      
p>ticul>ly its int]ior actions1 its     
feel+s1 its ?\ghts1 its volunt>y        
decisions4 ,?is acc\nts = ! respect due 
to philosophy1 religion1 ! arts indu/ry1
 comm]ce1 & to all ! results ( lib]ty4  
,i say respect1 n simply tol]ation2 = we
 d n tol]ate a "r1 we respect x4  ,i b[ 
my head be=e ?is philosophy4   #b4 ,my  
lib]ty1 :i* is sacr$1 ne$s = its        
objective action an in/rum5t :i* we call
 ! body3 ! body p>ticipates !n 9 !      
sacr$ness ( lib]ty2 x is !n inviolable4 
,?is is ! basis ( ! pr9ciple (          
individual lib]ty4  #c4 ,my lib]ty ne$s1
 = its objective action1 mat]ial to "w  
^u2 9 o!r words1 prop]ty or a ?+4 ,?is  
?+ or prop]ty naturally p>ticipates !n 9
 ! inviolability ( my p]son4 ,= in/ance1
 ,i take possession ( an object :i* has 
become necess>y & useful 9 ! outw>d     
manife/ation ( my lib]ty4 ,i say1 ',?is 
object is m9e s9ce x belongs to no "o   
else2 consequ5tly1 ,i possess x         
legitimately4' ,s ! legitimacy (        

possession re/s on two conditions4      
,fir/1 ,i possess only z a free be+4    
,suppress free activity1 y de/roy my p[]
 to labor4 ,n[ x is only by labor t ,i c
 use ?is prop]ty or ?+1 & x is only by  
us+ x t ,i possess x4 ,free activity is 
!n ! pr9ciple ( ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,b t    
alone does n legitimate possession4 ,all
 m5 are free2 all c use prop]ty by      
labor4 ,does t mean t all m5 h a "r to  
all prop]ty8 ,n at all4 ,to possess     
legitimately1 ,i mu/ n only labor &     
produce 9 my capacity ( a free be+1 b ,i
 mu/ also be ! fir/ to occupy ! prop]ty4
 ,9 %ort1 if labor & production are !   
pr9ciple ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 ! fact ( fir/
 occupancy is its indisp5sable          
condition4  #d4 ,i possess legitimately3
 !n ,i h ! "r to use my prop]ty z ,i see
 fit4 ,i h also ! "r to give x away4 ,i 
h also ! "r to bequea? x2 = if ,i decide
 to make a donation1 my decision is z   
valid aft] my dea? z dur+ my life4  ,9  
fact1 to become a proprietor1 9 ,m4     
,c\s9's op9ion1 "o mu/ take possession  

by occupation & labor4 ,i ma9ta9 t !    
elem5t ( "t mu/ be consid]$ also2 = if !
 fir/ occupants h occupi$ e ?+1 :at are 
! new com]s to d8 ,:at w become ( !m1   
hav+ an in/rum5t ) :i* to "w1 b no      
mat]ial to "w ^u8 ,mu/ !y dev\r ea* o!r8
 ,a t]rible extremity1 un=ese5 by       
philosophical prud5ce2 = ! reason t     
great g5iuses neglect little ?+s4       
,notice also t ,m4 ,c\s9 says t nei!r   
occupation nor labor1 tak5 sep>ately1 c 
legitimate ! "r ( prop]ty2 & t x is born
 only f ! union ( ! two4 ,?is is "o (   
,m4 ,c\s9's eclectic turns1 :i* he1 m   
?an any "o else1 %\ld take pa9s to      
avoid4 ,in/ead ( proce$+ by ! me?od (   
analysis1 comp>ison1 elim9ation1 &      
r$uction 7! only means ( discov]+ ! tru?
 amid ! v>i\s =ms ( ?\ght & :imsical    
op9ions71 he jumbles all sy/ems toge!r1 
& !n1 decl>+ ea* bo? "r & wrong1        
exclaims3 ,!re y h ! tru?4  ,b1 adh]+ to
 my promise1 ,i w n refute him4 ,i w    
only prove1 by all ! argum5ts ) :i* he  
ju/ifies ! "r ( prop]ty1 ! pr9ciple (   

equality :i* kills x4 ,z ,i h already   
said1 my sole int5t is ?is3 to %[ at !  
bottom ( all ^! positions t inevitable  
major1 ,,equality2 hop+ h]eaft] to %[ t 
! pr9ciple ( prop]ty vitiates ! v       
elem5ts ( economical1 moral1 &          
gov]nm5tal sci5ce1 ?us lead+ x 9 ! wrong
 direction4  ,well1 is x n true1 f ,m4  
,c\s9's po9t ( view1 t1 if ! lib]ty (   
man is sacr$1 x is equally sacr$ 9 all  
individuals2 t1 if x ne$s prop]ty = its 
objective action1 t is1 = its life1 !   
appropriation ( mat]ial is equally      
necess>y = all2 t1 if ,i wi% to be      
respect$ 9 my "r ( appropriation1 ,i mu/
 respect o!rs 9 !irs2 &1 consequ5tly1 t 
?\gh1 9 ! sph]e ( ! inf9ite1 a p]son's  
p[] ( appropriation is limit$ only by   
himself1 9 ! sph]e ( ! f9ite ?is same   
p[] is limit$ by ! ma!matical relation  
betwe5 ! numb] ( p]sons & ! space :i* !y
 occupy8 ,does x n foll[ t if "o        
individual _c prev5t ano!r--8           
fell[-man--f appropriat+ an am\nt (     
mat]ial equal to 8 own1 no m c he prev5t

 individuals yet to come2 because1 :ile 
individuality passes away1 univ]sality  
p]si/s1 & et]nal laws _c be det]m9$ by a
 p>tial view ( _! manife/ations8 ,mu/ we
 n conclude1 !re=e1 t :5ev] a p]son is  
born1 ! o!rs mu/ cr[d clos] toge!r2 &1  
by reciprocity ( obligation1 t if ! new 
com] is aft]w>ds to become an heir1 ! "r
 ( succession does n give him ! "r (    
accumulation1 b only ! "r ( *oice8  ,i h
 foll[$ ,m4 ,c\s9 s f> z to imitate 8   
/yle1 & ,i am a%am$ ( x4 ,d we ne$ su*  
high-s\nd+ t]ms1 su* sonor\s phrases1 to
 say su* simple ?+s8 ,man ne$s to labor 
9 ord] to live2 consequ5tly1 he ne$s    
tools to "w ) & mat]ials to "w ^u4 ,8   
ne$ to produce con/itutes 8 "r to       
produce4 ,n[1 ?is "r is gu>ante$ him by 
8 fell[s1 ) :om he makes an agreem5t to 
t effect4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& m5 settle 9 a 
l>ge c\ntry l ,france ) no inhabitants3 
ea* man has a "r to #a_/ajj1jjj ( ! l&4 
,if ! numb] ( possessors increases1 ea* 
"o's portion dim9i%es 9 consequ5ce2 s t1
 if ! numb] ( inhabitants rises to      

?irty-f\r millions1 ea* "o w h a "r only
 to #a_/cd1jjj1jjj4 ,n[1 s regulate !   
police sy/em & ! gov]nm5t1 labor1       
ex*ange1 inh]itance1 c41 t ! means (    
labor %all be %>$ by all equally1 & t   
ea* individual %all be free2 & !n       
society w be p]fect4  ,( all ! def5d]s (
 prop]ty1 ,m4 ,c\s9 has gone ! f>!/4 ,he
 has ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! economi/s t labor  
does n e/abli% ! "r ( prop]ty unless    
prec$$ by occupation1 & aga9/ ! juri/s t
 ! civil law c det]m9e & apply a natural
 "r1 b _c create x4 ,9 fact1 x is n     
suffici5t to say1 ,! "r ( prop]ty is    
demon/rat$ by ! exi/5ce ( prop]ty2 !    
function ( ! civil law is purely        
decl>atory4 ,to say t1 is to confess t  
!re is no reply to ^? :o "q ! legitimacy
 ( ! fact itself4 ,e "r mu/ be          
ju/ifiable 9 itself1 or by "s antec$5t  
"r2 prop]ty is no exception4 ,= ?is     
reason1 ,m4 ,c\s9 has s\ght to base x ^u
 ! ,,sanctity ( ! human p]sonality1 & ! 
act by :i* ! w assimilates a ?+4 ,once  
t\*$ by man1 says "o ( ,m4 ,c\s9's      

disciples1 ?+s receive f him a "* :i*   
trans=ms & humanizes !m4 ,i confess1 =  
my "p1 t ,i h no fai? 9 ?is magic1 & t  
,i "k ( no?+ less holy ?an ! w ( man4 ,b
 ?is !ory1 fragile z x seems to         
psy*ology z well z jurisprud5ce1 is     
nev]!less m philosophical & pr(\nd ?an  
^? !ories :i* are bas$ ^u labor or !    
au?ority ( ! law4 ,n[1 we h j se5 to :at
 ?is !ory ( :i* we are speak+ leads1--to
 ! equality impli$ 9 ! t]ms ( its       
/atem5t4  ,b p]haps philosophy views ?+s
 f too l(ty a /&po9t1 & is n suffici5tly
 practical2 p]haps f ! exalt$ summit (  
speculation m5 seem s small to !        
metaphysician t he _c di/+ui% betwe5 !m2
 p]haps1 inde$1 ! equality ( conditions 
is "o ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are v true &   
sublime z g5]alities1 b :i* x w\ld be   
ridicul\s & ev5 dang]\s to attempt to   
rigor\sly apply to ! cu/oms ( life & to 
social transactions4 ,und\bt$ly1 ?is is 
a case :i* calls = imitation ( ! wise   
res]ve ( morali/s & juri/s1 :o w>n u    
aga9/ c>ry+ ?+s to extremes1 & :o advise

 u to suspect e def9ition2 because !re  
is n "o1 !y say1 :i* _c be utt]ly       
de/roy$ by develop+ its disa/r\s        
results--,omnis def9itio 9 jure civili  
p]iculosa e/3 p>um e/ enim ut non       
subv]ti possit4 ,equality (             
conditions1--a t]rible dogma 9 ! e>s ( !
 proprietor1 a consol+ tru? at !        
poor-man's sick-b$1 a frightful reality 
"u ! knife ( ! anatomi/1--equality (    
conditions1 e/abli%$ 9 ! political1     
civil1 & indu/rial sph]es1 is only an   
allur+ impossibility1 an invit+ bait1 a 
satanic delusion4  ,x is nev] my        
int5tion to surprise my read]4 ,i dete/1
 z ,i d dea?1 ! man :o employs subt]fuge
 9 8 words & conduct4 ,f ! fir/ page (  
?is book1 ,i h express$ myself s pla9ly 
& decid$ly t all c see ! t5d5cy ( my    
?\ght & hopes2 & !y w d me ! ju/ice to  
say1 t x w\ld be difficult to exhibit m 
frankness & m boldness at ! same "t4 ,i 
d n hesitate to decl>e t ! "t is n f>   
di/ant :5 ?is res]ve1 n[ s mu* admir$ 9 
philosoph]s--?is happy m$ium s /rongly  

recomm5d$ by pr(essors ( moral &        
political sci5ce--w be reg>d$ z !       
disgraceful feature ( a sci5ce )\t      
pr9ciple1 & z ! seal ( its reprobation4 
,9 legislation & morals1 z well z 9     
geometry1 axioms are absolute1          
def9itions are c]ta92 & all ! results ( 
a pr9ciple are to be accept$1 provid$ !y
 are logically d$uc$4 ,deplorable pride6
 ,we "k no?+ ( our nature1 & we *>ge our
 blund]s to x2 &1 9 a fit ( unaffect$   
ignorance1 cry out1 ,! tru? is 9 d\bt1 !
 be/ def9ition def9es no?+6 ,we %all "k 
"s "t :e!r ?is di/ress+ unc]ta9ty (     
jurisprud5ce arises f ! nature ( its    
inve/igations1 or f our prejudices2     
:e!r1 to expla9 social ph5om5a1 x is n  
en\gh to *ange our hypo!sis1 z did      
,cop]nicus :5 he rev]s$ ! sy/em (       
,ptolemy4  ,b :at w be said :5 ,i %[1 z 
,i soon %all1 t ?is same jurisprud5ce   
cont9ually tries to base prop]ty ^u     
equality8 ,:at reply c be made8         
#c4--;,civil ,law z ! ,f\ndation &      
,sanction ( ,prop]ty4  ,po?i] seems to  

?9k t prop]ty1 l royalty1 exi/s by div9e
 "r4 ,he traces back its orig9 to ,god  
himself--ab ,jove pr9cipium4 ,he beg9s 9
 ?is way3--   ,god is ! absolute rul] ( 
! univ]se & all t x conta9s3 ,dom9i e/  
t]ra et pl5itudo ejus1 orbis et univ]si 
qui habitant 9 eo4 ,= ! human race he   
has creat$ ! e>? & all its creatures1 & 
has giv5 x a control ov] !m subord9ate  
only to 8 own4 ',?\ made/ him to h      
dom9ion ov] ! works ( ?y h&s2 ?\ ha/ put
 all ?+s "u 8 feet1' says ! ,psalmi/4   
,god accompani$ ?is gift ) ^! words1    
address$ to our fir/ p>5ts aft] !       
creation3 ',be fruitful1 & multiply &   
repl5i% ! e>?1' c4   ,aft] ?is          
magnific5t introduction1 :o w\ld refuse 
to believe ! human race to be an imm5se 
family liv+ 9 bro!rly union1 & "u !     
protection ( a v5]able fa!r8 ,b1 heav5s6
 are bro!rs enemies8 ,are fa!rs         
unnatural1 & *ildr5 prodigal8  ,,god    
,,gave ,,! ,,e>? ,,to ,,! ,,human       
,,race3 :y !n h ,i receiv$ none8 ,,he   
,,has ,,put ,,all ,,?+s ,,"u ,,my       

,,feet1--& ,i h n :]e to lay my head6   
,,multiply1 he tells u ?r\gh 8          
int]pret]1 ,po?i]4 ,ah1 le>n$ ,po?i]6 t 
is z easy to d z to say2 b y mu/ give   
moss to ! bird = its ne/4   ,! human    
race hav+ multipli$1 m5 divid$ among    
!mselves ! e>? & mo/ ( ! ?+s ^u x2 t :i*
 fell to ea*1 f t "t exclusively belong$
 to him4 ,t 0 ! orig9 ( ! "r ( prop]ty4 
,say1 r1 ! "r ( possession4 ,m5 liv$ 9 a
 /ate ( communism2 :e!r positive or     
negative x matt]s little4 ,!n !re 0 no  
prop]ty1 n ev5 private possession4 ,!   
g5esis & gr[? ( possession gradually =c+
 p to labor = _! support1 !y agre$ ei!r 
=mally or tacitly1--x makes no diff]5ce 
:i*1--t ! labor] %\ld be sole proprietor
 ( ! fruit ( 8 labor2 t is1 !y simply   
decl>$ ! fact t !reaft] none c\ld live  
)\t work+4 ,x necess>ily foll[$ t1 to   
obta9 equality ( products1 !re mu/ be   
equality ( labor2 & t1 to obta9 equality
 ( labor1 !re mu/ be equality (         
facilities = labor4 ,:oev] )\t labor got
 possession1 by =ce or by /rategy1 (    

ano!r's means ( subsi/5ce1 de/roy$      
equality1 & plac$ himself above or      
outside ( ! law4 ,:oev] monopoliz$ !    
means ( production on ! gr\nd ( great]  
indu/ry1 also de/roy$ equality4         
,equality be+ !n ! expression ( "r1     
:oev] violat$ x 0 ,,unju/4  ,?us1 labor 
gives bir? to private possession2 ! "r 9
 a ?+--jus 9 re4 ,b 9 :at ?+8 ,evid5tly 
,,9 ,,! ,,product1 n ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,s 
! ,arabs h always und]/ood x2 & s1      
accord+ to ,caes> & ,tacitus1 ! ,g]mans 
=m]ly held4 ,! ,arabs1 says ,m4 de      
,sismondi1 :o admit a man's prop]ty 9 ! 
flocks :i* he has rais$1 d n refuse !   
crop to him :o plant$ ! se$2 b !y d n   
see :y ano!r1 8 equal1 %\ld n h a "r to 
plant 9 8 turn4 ,! inequality :i*       
results f ! pret5d$ "r ( ! fir/ occupant
 seems to !m to be bas$ on no pr9ciple (
 ju/ice2 & :5 all ! l& falls into ! h&s 
( a c]ta9 numb] ( inhabitants1 !re      
results a monopoly 9 _! favor aga9/ !   
re/ ( ! nation1 to :i* !y d n wi% to    
submit4  ,well1 !y h %>$ ! l&4 ,i admit 

t !refrom results a m p[]ful            
organization ( labor2 & t ?is me?od (   
di/ribution1 fix$ & durable1 is         
advantage\s to production3 b h[ c\ld ?is
 division give to ea* a transf]able "r (
 prop]ty 9 a ?+ to :i* all _h an        
inali5able "r ( possession8 ,9 ! t]ms ( 
jurisprud5ce1 ?is metamorphosis f       
possessor to proprietor is legally      
impossible2 x implies 9 ! jurisdiction (
 ! c\rts ! union ( possessoire &        
petitoire2 & ! mutual concessions ( ^?  
:o %>e ! l& are no?+ less ?an traffic 9 
natural rights4 ,! orig9al cultivators (
 ! l&1 :o 7 also ! orig9al mak]s ( !    
law1 7 n z le>n$ z our legislators1 ,i  
admit2 & _h !y be51 !y c\ld n h done    
worse3 !y did n =esee ! consequ5ces ( ! 
trans=mation ( ! "r ( private possession
 into ! "r ( absolute prop]ty4 ,b :y h n
 ^?1 :o 9 lat] times h e/abli%$ !       
di/9ction betwe5 jus 9 re & jus ad rem1 
appli$ x to ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty itself8
  ,let me call ! att5tion ( ! writ]s on 
jurisprud5ce to _! own maxims4  ,! "r ( 

prop]ty1 provid$ x c h a cause1 c h b   
"o--,dom9ium non pote/ nisi ex una causa
 cont+]e4 ,i c possess by sev]al titles2
 ,i c become proprietor by only "o--,non
 ut ex pluribus causis idem nobis deb]i 
pote/1 ita ex pluribus causis idem pote/
 no/rum esse4 ,! field :i* ,i h cle>$1  
:i* ,i cultivate1 on :i* ,i h built my  
h\se1 :i* supports myself1 my family1 & 
my live/ock1 ,i c possess3 #a/4 ,z !    
orig9al occupant2 #b;d4 ,z a labor]2    
#c;d4 ,by virtue ( ! social contract :i*
 assigns x to me z my %>e4  ,b none ( ^!
 titles conf] ^u me ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,=1 
if ,i attempt to base x ^u occupancy1   
society c reply1 ,i am ! orig9al        
occupant4 ,if ,i appeal to my labor1 x w
 say1 ,x is only on t condition t y     
possess4 ,if ,i speak ( agreem5ts1 x w  
respond1 ,^! agreem5ts e/abli% only y\r 
"r ( use4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 are ! only titles
 :i* proprietors advance4 ,!y nev] h be5
 able to discov] any o!rs4 ,inde$1 e    
"r--x is ,po?i] :o says x--supposes a   
produc+ cause 9 ! p]son :o enjoys x2 b 9

 man :o lives & dies1 9 ?is son ( e>? :o
 passes away l a %ad[1 !re exi/s1 )     
respect to ext]nal ?+s1 only titles (   
possession1 n "o title ( prop]ty4 ,:y1  
!n1 has society recogniz$ a "r injuri\s 
to itself1 :]e !re is no produc+ cause8 
,:y1 9 accord+ possession1 has x also   
conc$$ prop]ty8 ,:y has ! law sanction$ 
?is abuse ( p[]8  ,! ,g]man ,ancillon   
replies ?us3--   ,"s philosoph]s pret5d 
t man1 9 employ+ 8 =ces ^u a natural    
object1--say a field or a               
tree1--acquires a "r only to !          
improvem5ts :i* he makes1 to ! =m :i* he
 gives to ! object1 n to ! object       
itself4 ,useless di/9ction6 ,if ! =m    
c\ld be sep>at$ f ! object1 p]haps !re  
w\ld be room = "q2 b z ?is is almo/     
always impossible1 ! application ( man's
 /r5g? to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! visible _w 
is ! f\ndation ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 !      
prim>y orig9 ( ri*es4   ,va9 pretext6   
,if ! =m _c be sep>at$ f ! object1 nor  
prop]ty f possession1 possession mu/ be 
%>$2 9 any case1 society res]ves ! "r to

 fix ! conditions ( prop]ty4 ,let u     
suppose t an appropriat$ f>m yields a   
gross income ( t5 ?\s& francs2 &1 z v   
seldom happ5s1 t ?is f>m _c be divid$4  
,let u suppose f>!r t1 by economical    
calculation1 ! annual exp5ses ( a family
 are ?ree ?\s& francs3 ! possessor ( ?is
 f>m %\ld be oblig$ to gu>d 8 reputation
 z a good fa!r ( a family1 by pay+ to   
society t5 ?\s& francs1--less ! total   
co/s ( cultivation1 & ! ?ree ?\s& francs
 requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 family4 ,?is 
paym5t is n r5t1 x is an indemnity4     
,:at sort ( ju/ice is x1 !n1 :i* makes  
su* laws z ?is3--   ,:]eas1 s9ce labor s
 *anges ! =m ( a ?+ t ! =m & sub/ance _c
 be sep>at$ )\t de/roy+ ! ?+ itself1    
ei!r society mu/ be dis9h]it$1 or !     
labor] mu/ lose ! fruit ( 8 labor2 &    
,:]eas1 9 e o!r case1 prop]ty 9 raw     
mat]ial w\ld give a title to add$       
improvem5ts1 m9us _! co/2 & :]eas1 9 ?is
 in/ance1 prop]ty 9 improvem5ts ought to
 give a title to ! pr9cipal2  ,!re=e1 ! 
"r ( appropriation by labor %all nev] be

 admitt$ aga9/ individuals1 b only aga9/
 society4  ,9 su* a way d legislators   
always reason 9 reg>d to prop]ty4  ,!   
law is int5d$ to protect m5's mutual    
rights1--t is1 ! rights ( ea* aga9/ ea*1
 & ea* aga9/ all2 &1 z if a proportion  
c\ld exi/ ) less ?an f\r t]ms1 !        
law-mak]s always disreg>d ! latt]4 ,z   
long z man is oppos$ to man1 prop]ty    
(fsets prop]ty1 & ! two =ces balance ea*
 o!r2 z soon z man is isolat$1 t is1    
oppos$ to ! society :i* he himself      
repres5ts1 jurisprud5ce is at fault3    
,!mis has lo/ "o scale ( h] balance4    
,li/5 to ! pr(essor ( ,r5nes1 ! le>n$   
,t\lli]3--   ,h[ c\ld ?is claim1 made   
valid by occupation1 become /able &     
p]man5t prop]ty1 :i* might cont9ue to   
/&1 & :i* might be reclaim$ aft] ! fir/ 
occupant _h rel9qui%$ possession8       
,agriculture 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ! 
multiplication ( ! human race1 &        
agriculture1 9 its turn1 favors         
population1 & necessitates ! e/abli%m5t 
( p]man5t prop]ty2 = :o w\ld take !     

tr\ble to pl\gh & s[1 if he 7 n c]ta9 t 
he w\ld reap8   ,to satisfy ! husb&man1 
x 0 suffici5t to gu>antee him possession
 ( 8 crop2 admit ev5 t he %\ld h be5    
protect$ 9 8 "r ( occupation ( l&1 z    
long z he rema9$ its cultivator4 ,t 0   
all t he _h a "r to expect2 t 0 all t ! 
advance ( civilization dem&$4 ,b        
prop]ty1 prop]ty6 ! "r ( es*eat ov] l&s 
:i* "o nei!r occupies nor               
cultivates1--:o _h au?ority to grant x8 
:o pret5d$ to h x8   ,agriculture alone 
0 n suffici5t to e/abli% p]man5t        
prop]ty2 positive laws 7 ne$$1 &        
magi/rates to execute !m2 9 a ^w1 !     
civil ,/ate 0 ne$$4  ,! multiplication (
 ! human race _h r5d]$ agriculture      
necess>y2 ! ne$ ( secur+ to ! cultivator
 ! fruit ( 8 labor made p]man5t prop]ty 
necess>y1 & also laws = its protection4 
,s we are indebt$ to prop]ty = !        
creation ( ! civil ,/ate4   ,yes1 ( our 
civil ,/ate1 z y h made x2 a ,/ate :i*1 
at fir/1 0 despotism1 !n mon>*y1 !n     
ari/ocracy1 today democracy1 & always   

tyranny4   ,)\t ! ties ( prop]ty x nev] 
w\ld h be5 possible to subord9ate m5 to 
! :olesome yoke ( ! law2 & )\t p]man5t  
prop]ty ! e>? w\ld h rema9$ a va/ =e/4  
,let u admit1 !n1 ) ! mo/ c>eful writ]s1
 t if transi5t prop]ty1 or ! "r (       
pref]5ce result+ f occupation1 exi/$    
prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( civil society1  
p]man5t prop]ty1 z we "k x to-day1 is ! 
"w ( civil law4 ,x is ! civil law :i*   
holds t1 :5 once acquir$1 prop]ty c be  
lo/ only by ! action ( ! proprietor1 & t
 x exi/s ev5 aft] ! proprietor has      
rel9qui%$ possession ( ! ?+1 & x has    
fall5 into ! h&s ( a ?ird p>ty4  ,?us   
prop]ty & possession1 :i* orig9ally 7   
conf\nd$1 became ?r\gh ! civil law two  
di/9ct & indep5d5t ?+s2 two ?+s :i*1 9 !
 language ( ! law1 h no?+ :atev] 9      
common4 ,9 ?is we see :at a wond]ful    
*ange has be5 effect$ 9 prop]ty1 & to   
:at an ext5t ,nature has be5 alt]$ by ! 
civil laws4  ,?us ! law1 9 e/abli%+     
prop]ty1 has n be5 ! expression ( a     
psy*ological fact1 ! developm5t ( a     

natural law1 ! application ( a moral    
pr9ciple4 ,x has lit]ally ,,creat$ a "r 
outside ( its own prov9ce4 ,x has       
realiz$ an ab/raction1 a metaphor1 a    
fiction2 & t )\t deign+ to look at !    
consequ5ces1 )\t consid]+ !             
disadvantages1 )\t inquir+ :e!r x 0 "r  
or wrong4  ,x has sanction$ selfi%ness2 
x has indors$ mon/r\s pret5sions2 x has 
receiv$ ) favor impi\s v[s1 z if x 7    
able to fill up a bottomless pit1 & to  
satiate hell6 ,bl9d law2 ! law ( !      
ignorant man2 a law :i* is n a law2 !   
voice ( discord1 deceit1 & blood6 ,?is x
 is :i*1 cont9ually reviv$1 re9/at$1    
rejuv5at$1 re/or$1 re-en=c$--z !        
palladium ( society--has tr\bl$ !       
consci5ces ( ! p1 has obscur$ ! m9ds ( !
 ma/]s1 & has induc$ all ! cata/rophes  
:i* h befall5 nations4  ,?is x is :i*   
,*ri/ianity has condemn$1 b :i* its     
ignorant m9i/]s deify2 :o h z little    
desire to /udy ,nature & man1 z ability 
to read _! ,scriptures4  ,b1 inde$1 :at 
guide did ! law foll[ 9 creat+ ! doma9 (

 prop]ty8 ,:at pr9ciple direct$ x8 ,:at 
0 its /&>d8  ,w\ld y believe x8 ,x 0    
equality4  ,agriculture 0 ! f\ndation ( 
t]ritorial possession1 & ! orig9al cause
 ( prop]ty4 ,x 0 ( no use to secure to !
 f>m] ! fruit ( 8 labor1 unless ! means 
( production 7 at ! same "t secur$ to   
him4 ,to =tify ! weak aga9/ ! invasion (
 ! /rong1 to suppress spoliation &      
fraud1 ! necessity 0 felt ( e/abli%+    
betwe5 possessors p]man5t l9es (        
division1 insup]able ob/acles4 ,e ye>   
saw ! p multiply1 & ! cupidity ( !      
husb&man increase3 x 0 ?\ght be/ to put 
a bridle on ambition by sett+ b\nd>ies  
:i* ambition w\ld 9 va9 attempt to      
ov]/ep4 ,?us ! soil came to be          
appropriat$ ?r\gh ne$ ( ! equality :i*  
is ess5tial to public security &        
peaceable possession4 ,und\bt$ly !      
division 0 nev] geographically equal2 a 
multitude ( rights1 "s f\nd$ 9 ,nature1 
b wrongly int]pret$ & /ill m wrongly    
appli$1 inh]itance1 gift1 & ex*ange2    
o!rs1 l ! privileges ( bir? & position1 

! illegitimate creations ( ignorance &  
brute =ce1--all op]at$ to prev5t        
absolute equality4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !     
pr9ciple rema9$ ! same3 equality _h     
sanction$ possession2 equality sanction$
 prop]ty4  ,! husb&man ne$$ ea* ye> a   
field to s[2 :at m conv5i5t & simple    
arrangem5t = ! b>b>ians1--in/ead (      
indulg+ 9 annual qu>rels & fights1      
in/ead ( cont9ually mov+ _! h\ses1      
furniture1 & families f spot to         
spot1--?an to assign to ea* individual a
 fix$ & inali5able e/ate8  ,x 0 n "r t !
 soldi]1 on return+ f an exp$ition1 %\ld
 f9d himself dispossess$ on acc\nt ( !  
s]vices :i* he _h j r5d]$ to 8 c\ntry2 8
 e/ate ought to be re/or$ to him4 ,x    
became1 !re=e1 cu/om>y to reta9 prop]ty 
by int5t alone--nudo animo2 x c\ld be   
sacrific$ only ) ! cons5t & by ! action 
( ! proprietor4  ,x 0 necess>y t !      
equality 9 ! division %\ld be kept up f 
"o g5]ation to ano!r1 )\t a new         
di/ribution ( ! l& ^u ! dea? ( ea*      
family2 x appe>$ !re=e natural & j t    

*ildr5 & p>5ts1 accord+ to ! degree (   
relation%ip :i* !y bore to ! deceas$1   
%\ld be ! heirs ( _! ance/ors4 ,!nce    
came1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! feudal &        
patri>*al cu/om ( recogniz+ only "o     
heir2 !n1 by a q contr>y application ( !
 pr9ciple ( equality1 ! admission ( all 
! *ildr5 to a %>e 9 _! fa!r's e/ate1 &1 
v rec5tly also among u1 ! def9itive     
abolition ( ! "r ( primog5iture4  ,b :at
 is !re 9 common betwe5 ^! rude outl9es 
( in/9ctive organization & ! true social
 sci5ce8 ,h[ c\ld ^! m51 :o nev] _h !   
fa9te/ idea ( /ati/ics1 valuation1 or   
political economy1 furni% u ) pr9ciples 
( legislation8  ,! law1 says a mod]n    
writ] on jurisprud5ce1 is ! expression (
 a social want1 ! decl>ation ( a fact3 !
 legislator does n make x1 he decl>es x4
 ',?is def9ition is n exact4 ,! law is a
 me?od by :i* social wants mu/ be       
satisfi$2 ! p d n vote x1 ! legislator  
does n express x3 ! savant discov]s &   
=mulates x4 ,b 9 fact1 ! law1 accord+ to
 ,m4 ,*4 ,comte1 :o has devot$ half a   

volume to its def9ition1 0 9 ! beg9n+   
only ! ,,expression ,,( ,a ,,want1 & !  
indication ( ! means ( supply+ x2 & up  
to ?is "t x has be5 no?+ else4 ,!       
legi/s--) me*anical fidelity1 full (    
ob/9acy1 enemies ( philosophy1 buri$ 9  
lit]alities--h always mi/ak5 = ! la/ ^w 
( sci5ce t :i* 0 only ! inconsid]ate    
aspiration ( m5 :o1 to be sure1 7       
well-mean+1 b want+ 9 =esight4  ,!y did 
n =esee1 ^! old f\nd]s ( ! doma9 (      
prop]ty1 t ! p]petual & absolute "r to  
reta9 "o's e/ate1--a "r :i* seem$ to !m 
equitable1 because x 0 common1--involves
 ! "r to transf]1 sell1 give1 ga91 &    
lose x2 t x t5ds1 consequ5tly1 to no?+  
less ?an ! de/ruction ( t equality :i*  
!y e/abli%$ x to ma9ta94 ,& ?\gh !y %\ld
 h =ese5 x1 !y disreg>d$ x2 ! pres5t    
want occupi$ _! :ole att5tion1 &1 z     
ord9>ily happ5s 9 su* cases1 !          
disadvantages 7 at fir/ sc>cely         
p]ceptible1 & !y pass$ unnotic$4  ,!y   
did n =esee1 ^! +5u\s legislators1 t if 
prop]ty is reta9able by int5t           

alone--nudo animo--x c>ries ) x ! "r to 
let1 to lease1 to loan at int]e/1 to    
pr(it by ex*ange1 to settle annuities1 &
 to levy a tax on a field :i* int5t     
res]ves1 :ile ! body is busy else:]e4   
,!y did n =esee1 ^! fa!rs ( our         
jurisprud5ce1 t1 if ! "r ( inh]itance is
 any ?+ o!r ?an ,nature's me?od (       
pres]v+ equality ( weal?1 families w    
soon become victims ( ! mo/ disa/r\s    
exclusions2 & society1 pi]c$ to ! he>t  
by "o ( its mo/ sacr$ pr9ciples1 w come 
to its dea? ?r\gh opul5ce & mis]y4 #ab  
,"u :atev] =m ( gov]nm5t we live1 x c   
always be said t le mort saisit le vif2 
t is1 t inh]itance & succession w la/ = 
ev]1 :oev] may be ! recogniz$ heir4 ,b !
 ,/4 ,simonians wi% ! heir to be        
designat$ by ! magi/rate2 o!rs wi% him  
to be *os5 by ! deceas$1 or assum$ by ! 
law to be s *os53 ! ess5tial po9t is t  
,nature's wi% be satisfi$1 s f> z ! law 
( equality all[s4  ,to-day ! real       
controll] ( inh]itance is *ance or      
caprice2 n[1 9 matt]s ( legislation1    

*ance & caprice _c be accept$ z guides4 
,x is = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! manifold   
di/urbances :i* foll[ 9 ! wake ( *ance t
 ,nature1 aft] hav+ creat$ u equal1     
sugge/s to u ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity2 :i*   
s]ves z a voice by :i* society asks u to
 *oose1 f among all our bro!rs1 him :om 
we judge be/ fitt$ to complete our      
unf9i%$ "w4   ,!y did n =esee4444 ,b :y 
ne$ ,i g f>!r8  ,! consequ5ces are pla9 
en\gh1 & ?is is n ! "t to criticise !   
:ole ,code4  ,! hi/ory ( prop]ty among !
 anci5t nations is1 !n1 simply a matt] (
 rese>* & curiosity4 ,x is a rule (     
jurisprud5ce t ! fact does n sub/antiate
 ! "r4 ,n[1 prop]ty is no exception to  
?is rule3 !n ! univ]sal recognition ( ! 
"r ( prop]ty does n legitimate ! "r (   
prop]ty4 ,man is mi/ak5 z to !          
con/itution ( society1 ! nature ( "r1 & 
! application ( ju/ice2 j z he 0 mi/ak5 
reg>d+ ! cause ( meteors & ! movem5t ( !
 heav5ly bodies4 ,8 old op9ions _c be   
tak5 = articles ( fai?4 ,( :at          
consequ5ce is x to u t ! ,indian race 0 

divid$ into f\r classes2 t1 on ! banks (
 ! ,nile & ! ,ganges1 blood & position  
=m]ly det]m9$ ! di/ribution ( ! l&2 t ! 
,greeks & ,romans plac$ prop]ty "u !    
protection ( ! gods2 t !y accompani$ )  
religi\s c]emonies ! "w ( p>tition+ ! l&
 & apprais+ _! goods8 ,! v>iety ( ! =ms 
( privilege does n sanction inju/ice4 ,!
 fai? ( ,jupit]1 ! proprietor1 #ac      
proves no m aga9/ ! equality ( citiz5s1 
?an d ! my/]ies ( ,v5us1 ! wanton1 aga9/
 conjugal *a/ity4   ,! au?ority ( !     
human race is ( no effect z evid5ce 9   
favor ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 because ?is "r1 
re/+ ( necessity ^u equality1           
contradicts its pr9ciple2 ! decision ( !
 religions :i* h sanction$ x is ( no    
effect1 because 9 all ages ! prie/ has  
submitt$ to ! pr9ce1 & ! gods h always  
spok5 z ! politicians desir$2 ! social  
advantages1 attribut$ to prop]ty1 _c be 
cit$ 9 its behalf1 because !y all spr+ f
 ! pr9ciple ( equality ( possession4    
,:at means1 !n1 ?is di?yramb ^u prop]ty8
   ,! "r ( prop]ty is ! mo/ important ( 

human in/itutions4444   ,yes2 z mon>*y  
is ! mo/ glori\s4   ,! orig9al cause (  
man's prosp]ity ^u e>?4   ,because      
ju/ice 0 suppos$ to be its pr9ciple4    
,prop]ty became ! legitimate end ( 8    
ambition1 ! hope ( 8 exi/5ce1 ! %elt] ( 
8 family2 9 a ^w1 ! corn]-/one ( !      
dome/ic dwell+1 ( communities1 & ( !    
political ,/ate4   ,possession alone    
produc$ all t4   ,et]nal pr9ciple1--    
,prop]ty is et]nal1 l e negation1--   ,(
 all social & civil in/itutions4   ,= t 
reason1 e in/itution & e law bas$ on    
prop]ty w p]i%4   ,x is a boon z preci\s
 z lib]ty4   ,= ! ri* proprietor4   ,9  
fact1 ! cause ( ! cultivation ( !       
habitable e>?4  ,if ! cultivator ceas$  
to be a t5ant1 w\ld ! l& be worse c>$ =8
   ,! gu>antee & ! morality ( labor4    
,"u ! regime ( prop]ty1 labor is n a    
condition1 b a privilege4   ,!          
application ( ju/ice4   ,:at is ju/ice  
)\t equality ( =tunes8 ,a balance )     
false weights4   ,all morality1--   ,a  
fami%$ /oma* kn[s no morality1--   ,all 

public ord]1--   ,c]ta9ly1 ! pres]vation
 ( prop]ty1--  ,re/ on ! "r ( prop]ty4  
#ad   ,corn]-/one ( all :i* is1         
/umbl+-block ( all :i* ought to be1--su*
 is prop]ty4   ,to sum up & conclude3-- 
,n only does occupation lead to         
equality1 x ,,prev5ts prop]ty4 ,=1 s9ce 
e man1 f ! fact ( 8 exi/5ce1 has ! "r ( 
occupation1 &1 9 ord] to live1 mu/ h    
mat]ial = cultivation on :i* he may     
labor2 & s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] (   
occupants v>ies cont9ually ) ! bir?s &  
dea?s1--x foll[s t ! quantity ( mat]ial 
:i* ea* labor] may claim v>ies ) ! numb]
 ( occupants2 consequ5tly1 t occupation 
is always subord9ate to population4     
,f9ally1 t1 inasmu* z possession1 9 "r1 
c nev] rema9 fix$1 x is impossible1 9   
fact1 t x c ev] become prop]ty4  ,e     
occupant is1 !n1 necess>ily a possessor 
or usufructu>y1--a function :i* excludes
 proprietor%ip4 ,n[1 ?is is ! "r ( !    
usufructu>y3 he is responsible = ! ?+   
entru/$ to him2 he mu/ use x 9 con=mity 
) g5]al utility1 ) a view to its        

pres]vation & developm5t2 he has no p[] 
to trans=m x1 to dim9i% x1 or to *ange  
its nature2 he _c s divide ! usufruct t 
ano!r %all p]=m ! labor :ile he receives
 ! product4 ,9 a ^w1 ! usufructu>y is "u
 ! sup]vision ( society1 submitt$ to !  
condition ( labor & ! law ( equality4   
,?us is annihilat$ ! ,roman def9ition ( 
prop]ty--,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,use ,,&         
,,abuse--an immorality born ( viol5ce1 !
 mo/ mon/r\s pret5sion t ! civil laws   
ev] sanction$4 ,man receives 8 usufruct 
f ! h&s ( society1 :i* alone is !       
p]man5t possessor4 ,! individual passes 
away1 society is dea?less4  ,:at a      
pr(\nd disgu/ fills my s\l :ile discuss+
 su* simple tru?s6 ,d we d\bt ^! ?+s    
to-day8 ,w x be necess>y to aga9 take   
arms = _! triumph8 ,& c =ce1 9 default (
 reason1 alone introduce !m into our    
laws8  ,,all ,,h ,,an ,,equal ,,"r ,,(  
,,occupancy4  ,,! ,,am\nt ,,occupi$     
,,be+ ,,measur$1 ,,n ,,by ,,! ,,w1 ,,b  
,,by ,,! ,,v>iable ,,conditions ,,(     
,,space ,,& ,,numb]1 ,,prop]ty ,,_c     

,,exi/4  ,?is no code has ev] express$2 
?is no con/itution c admit6 ,^! are     
axioms :i* ! civil law & ! law ( nations
 d5y644444  ,b ,i he> ! exclamations ( !
 p>tisans ( ano!r sy/em3 ,labor1 labor6 
t is ! basis ( prop]ty6  ,read]1 d n be 
deceiv$4 ,?is new basis ( prop]ty is    
worse ?an ! fir/1 & ,i %all soon h to   
ask y\r p>don = hav+ demon/rat$ ?+s     
cle>]1 & refut$ pret5sions m unju/1 ?an 
any :i* we h yet consid]$4     ,,*apt]  
,,iii4 ,,labor ,,z ,,! ,,effici5t       
,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,doma9 ,,( ,,prop]ty4  
,ne>ly all ! mod]n writ]s on            
jurisprud5ce1 tak+ _! cue f ! economi/s1
 h ab&on$ ! !ory ( fir/ occupancy z a   
too dang]\s "o1 & h adopt$ t :i* reg>ds 
prop]ty z born ( labor4 ,9 ?is !y are   
delud$2 !y reason 9 a circle4 ,to labor 
x is necess>y to occupy1 says ,m4 ,c\s94
  ,consequ5tly1 ,i h add$ 9 my turn1 all
 hav+ an equal "r ( occupancy1 to labor 
x is necess>y to submit to equality4 ,! 
ri*1 exclaims ,jean ,jacques1 h !       
arrogance to say1 ',i built ?is wall2 ,i

 e>n$ ?is l& by my labor4' ,:o set y !  
tasks8 we may reply1 & by :at "r d y    
dem& paym5t f u = labor :i* we did n    
impose ^u y8 ,all sophi/ry falls to !   
gr\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is argum5t4  ,b !  
p>tisans ( labor d n see t _! sy/em is  
an absolute contradiction ( ! ,code1 all
 ! articles & provisions ( :i* suppose  
prop]ty to be bas$ ^u ! fact ( fir/     
occupancy4 ,if labor1 ?r\gh !           
appropriation :i* results f x1 alone    
gives bir? to prop]ty1 ! ,civil ,code   
lies1 ! *>t] is a falsehood1 our :ole   
social sy/em is a violation ( "r4 ,to   
?is conclusion %all we come1 at ! end ( 
! discussion :i* is to occupy our       
att5tion 9 ?is *apt] & ! foll[+ "o1 bo? 
z to ! "r ( labor & ! fact ( prop]ty4   
,we %all see1 on ! "o h&1 our           
legislation 9 opposition to itself2 &1  
on ! o!r h&1 our new jurisprud5ce 9     
opposition bo? to its own pr9ciple & to 
our legislation4  ,i h ass]t$ t ! sy/em 
:i* bases prop]ty ^u labor implies1 no  
less ?an t :i* bases x ^u occupation1 ! 

equality ( =tunes2 & ! read] mu/ be     
impati5t to le>n h[ ,i propose to d$uce 
?is law ( equality f ! inequality (     
skill & faculties3 directly 8 curiosity 
%all be satisfi$4 ,b x is prop] t ,i    
%\ld call 8 att5tion = a mom5t to ?is   
rem>kable feature ( ! process2 to wit1 !
 sub/itution ( labor = occupation z !   
pr9ciple ( prop]ty2 & t ,i %\ld pass    
rapidly 9 review "s ( ! prejudices to   
:i* proprietors are accu/om$ to appeal1 
:i* legislation has sanction$1 & :i* !  
sy/em ( labor completely ov]?r[s4       
,read]1 7 y ev] pres5t at ! exam9ation (
 a crim9al8 ,h y wat*$ 8 tricks1 8      
turns1 8 evasions1 8 di/9ctions1 8      
equivocations8 ,beat51 all 8 ass]tions  
ov]?r[n1 pursu$ l a fall[ de] by ! 9    
exorable judge1 track$ f hypo!sis to    
hypo!sis1--he makes a /atem5t1 he       
corrects x1 retracts x1 contradicts x1  
he exhau/s all ! tricks ( dialectics1 m 
subtle1 m +5i\s a ?\s& times ?an he :o  
inv5t$ ! sev5ty-two =ms ( ! syllogism4  
,s acts ! proprietor :5 call$ ^u to     

def5d 8 "r4 ,at fir/ he refuses to      
reply1 he exclaims1 he ?reat5s1 he      
defies2 !n1 =c$ to accept ! discussion1 
he arms himself ) *ican]y1 he surr\nds  
himself ) =midable artill]y1--cross+ 8  
fire1 oppos+ "o by "o & all toge!r      
occupation1 possession1 limitation1     
cov5ants1 immemorial cu/om1 & univ]sal  
cons5t4 ,conqu]$ on ?is gr\nd1 !        
proprietor1 l a w\nd$ bo>1 turns on 8   
pursu]s4 ,i h done m ?an occupy1 he     
cries ) t]rible emotion2 ,i h labor$1   
produc$1 improv$1 trans=m$1 ,,creat$4   
,?is h\se1 ^! fields1 ^! trees are ! "w 
( my h&s2 ,i *ang$ ^! brambles into a   
v9ey>d1 & ?is bu% into a fig-tree2 &    
to-day ,i reap ! h>ve/ ( my labors4 ,i h
 enri*$ ! soil ) my sweat2 ,i h paid ^? 
m5 :o1 _h !y n _h ! "w :i* ,i gave !m1  
w\ld h di$ ( hung]4 ,no "o %>$ ) me !   
tr\ble & exp5se2 no "o %all %>e ) me !  
b5efits4  ,y h labor$1 proprietor6 :y !n
 d y speak ( orig9al occupancy8 ,:at1 7 
y n sure ( y\r "r1 or did y hope to     
deceive m51 & make ju/ice an illusion8  

,make ha/e1 !n1 to acqua9t u ) y\r mode 
( def5ce1 = ! judgm5t w be f9al2 & y "k 
x to be a "q ( re/itution4  ,y h labor$6
 b :at is !re 9 common betwe5 ! labor   
:i* duty compels y to p]=m1 & !         
appropriation ( ?+s 9 :i* !re is a      
common int]e/8 ,d y n "k t doma9 ov] !  
soil1 l t ov] air & light1 _c be lo/ by 
prescription8  ,y h labor$6 h y nev]    
made o!rs labor8 ,:y1 !n1 h !y lo/ 9    
labor+ = y :at y h ga9$ 9 n labor+ = !m8
  ,y h labor$6 v well2 b let u see !    
results ( y\r labor4 ,we w c\nt1 weigh1 
& measure !m4 ,x w be ! judgm5t (       
,bal?as>2 = ,i swe> by balance1 level1 &
 squ>e1 t if y h appropriat$ ano!r's    
labor 9 any way :atsoev]1 y %all re/ore 
x e /roke4  ,?us1 ! pr9ciple (          
occupation is ab&on$2 no long] is x     
said1 ,! l& belongs to him :o fir/ gets 
possession ( x4 ,prop]ty1 =c$ into its  
fir/ intr5*m5t1 repudiates its old      
adage2 ju/ice1 a%am$1 retracts h]       
maxims1 & sorr[ l[]s h] b&age ov] h]    
blu%+ *eeks4 ,& x 0 b ye/]day t ?is     

progress 9 social philosophy began3     
fifty c5turies requir$ = ! extirpation (
 a lie6 ,dur+ ?is lam5table p]iod1 h[ _m
 usurpations h be5 sanction$1 h[ _m     
invasions glorifi$1 h[ _m conque/s      
celebrat$6 ,! abs5t dispossess$1 ! poor 
bani%$1 ! hungry exclud$ by weal?1 :i*  
is s ready & bold 9 action6 ,jeal\sies &
 w>s1 inc5di>ism & blood%$1 among !     
nations6 ,b h5ce=?1 ?anks to ! age & its
 _s1 x is to be admitt$ t ! e>? is n a  
prize to be won 9 a race2 9 ! abs5ce (  
any o!r ob/acle1 !re is a place =       
ev]ybody "u ! sun4 ,ea* "o may h>ness 8 
goat to ! be>n1 drive 8 cattle to       
pa/ure1 s[ a corn] ( a field1 & bake 8  
bread by 8 own fireside4  ,b1 no2 ea* "o
 _c d ^! ?+s4 ,i he> x proclaim$ on all 
sides1 ,glory to labor & indu/ry6 to ea*
 accord+ to 8 capacity2 to ea* capacity 
accord+ to its results6 ,& ,i see       
?ree-f\r?s ( ! human race aga9 despoil$1
 ! labor ( a few be+ a sc\rge to ! labor
 ( ! re/4   ,! problem is solv$1        
exclaims ,m4 ,h5nequ94 ,prop]ty1 !      

daught] ( labor1 c be enjoy$ at pres5t &
 9 ! future only "u ! protection ( !    
laws4 ,x has its orig9 9 natural law2 x 
d]ives its p[] f civil law2 & f ! union 
( ^! two ideas1 ,,labor & ,,protection1 
positive legislation results4444   ,ah6 
,,! ,,problem ,,is ,,solv$6 ,,prop]ty   
,,is ,,! ,,daught] ,,( ,,labor6 ,:at1   
!n1 is ! "r ( accession1 & ! "r (       
succession1 & ! "r ( donation1 c41 if n 
! "r to become a proprietor by simple   
occupancy8 ,:at are y\r laws conc]n+ !  
age ( majority1 emancipation1           
gu>dian%ip1 & int]diction1 if n ! v>i\s 
conditions by :i* he :o is already a    
labor] ga9s or loses ! "r ( occupancy2 t
 is1 prop]ty8  ,be+ unable1 at ?is "t1  
to ent] ^u a detail$ discussion ( !     
,code1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) exam9+ ! 
?ree argum5ts (t5e/ resort$ to 9 support
 ( prop]ty4 #a4 ,,appropriation1 or !   
=mation ( prop]ty by possession2 #b4 ,,!
 ,,cons5t ,,( ,,mank9d2 #c4             
,,prescription4 ,i %all !n inquire into 
! effects ( labor ^u ! relative         

condition ( ! labor]s & ^u prop]ty4     
#a4--,! ,l& _c be ,appropriat$4  ,x w\ld
 seem t l&s capable ( cultivation ought 
to be reg>d$ z natural weal?1 s9ce !y   
are n ( human creation1 b ,nature's     
gratuit\s gift to man2 b inasmu* z ?is  
weal? is n fugitive1 l ! air &          
wat]1--inasmu* z a field is a fix$ &    
limit$ space :i* c]ta9 m5 h be5 able to 
appropriate1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs  
:o 9 _! turn h cons5t$ to ?is           
appropriation1--! l&1 :i* 0 a natural & 
gratuit\s gift1 has become social weal?1
 = ! use ( :i* we ought to pay4--,,say3 
,,political ,,economy4   ,0 ,i wrong 9  
say+1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 t !      
economi/s are ! v wor/ au?orities 9     
matt]s ( legislation & philosophy8 ,x is
 ! ,,fa!r ( ?is class ( m5 :o cle>ly    
/ates ! "q1 ,h[ c ! supplies ( ,nature1 
! weal? creat$ by ,provid5ce1 become    
private prop]ty8 & :o replies by s gross
 an equivocation t we sc>cely "k :i* !  
au?or lacks1 s5se or hone/y4 ,:at1 ,i   
ask1 has ! fix$ & solid nature ( ! e>?  

to d ) ! "r ( appropriation8 ,i c und]/&
 t a ?+ ,,limit$ & ,,/ation>y1 l ! l&1  
(f]s great] *ances = appropriation ?an !
 wat] or ! sun%9e2 t x is easi] to      
ex]cise ! "r ( doma9 ov] ! soil ?an ov] 
! atmosph]e3 b we are n deal+ ) !       
difficulty ( ! ?+1 & ,say conf\nds ! "r 
) ! possibility4 ,we d n ask :y ! e>?   
has be5 appropriat$ to a great] ext5t   
?an ! sea & ! air2 we want to "k by :at 
"r man has appropriat$ weal? ,,:i* ,,he 
,,did ,,n ,,create1 ,,& ,,:i* ,,nature  
,,gave ,,to ,,him ,,gratuit\sly4  ,say1 
!n1 did n solve ! "q :i* he ask$4 ,b if 
he _h solv$ x1 if ! explanation :i* he  
has giv5 u 7 z satisfactory z x is      
illogical1 we %\ld "k no bett] ?an be=e 
:o has a "r to exact paym5t = ! use ( ! 
soil1 ( ?is weal? :i* is n man's        
h&iwork4 ,:o is entitl$ to ! r5t ( ! l&8
 ,! produc] ( ! l&1 )\t d\bt4 ,:o made !
 l&8 ,god4 ,!n1 proprietor1 retire6  ,b 
! creator ( ! l& does n sell x3 he gives
 x2 &1 9 giv+ x1 he is no respect] (    
p]sons4 ,:y1 !n1 are "s ( 8 *ildr5      

reg>d$ z legitimate1 :ile o!rs are      
treat$ z ba/>ds8 ,if ! equality ( %>es 0
 an orig9al "r1 :y is ! inequality (    
conditions a po/hum\s "r8  ,say gives u 
to und]/& t if ! air & ! wat] 7 n ( a   
,,fugitive nature1 !y w\ld h be5        
appropriat$4 ,let me obs]ve 9 pass+ t   
?is is m ?an an hypo!sis2 x is a        
reality4 ,m5 h appropriat$ ! air & !    
wat]1 ,i w n say z (t5 z !y c\ld1 b z   
(t5 z !y h be5 all[$ to4  ,!            
,portuguese1 hav+ discov]$ ! r\te to    
,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 pret5d$
 to h ! sole "r to t r\te2 & ,grotius1  
consult$ 9 reg>d to ?is matt] by ! ,dut*
 :o refus$ to recognize ?is "r1 wrote   
expressly = ?is occasion 8 treatise on !
 ,fre$om ( ! ,seas1 to prove t ! sea is 
n liable to appropriation4  ,! "r to    
hunt & fi% us$ always to be conf9$ to   
lords & proprietors2 to-day x is leas$  
by ! gov]nm5t & communes to :oev] c pay 
! lic5se-fee & ! r5t4 ,to regulate hunt+
 & fi%+ is an excell5t idea1 b to make x
 a subject ( sale is to create a        

monopoly ( air & wat]4  ,:at is a       
passport8 ,a univ]sal recomm5dation ( ! 
travell]'s p]son2 a c]tificate (        
security = himself & 8 prop]ty4 ,!      
treasury1 ^: nature x is to spoil ! be/ 
?+s1 has made ! passport a means (      
espionage & a tax4 ,is n ?is a sale ( ! 
"r to travel8  ,f9ally1 x is p]missible 
nei!r to draw wat] f a spr+ situat$ 9   
ano!r's gr\nds )\t ! p]mission ( !      
proprietor1 because by ! "r ( accession 
! spr+ belongs to ! possessor ( ! soil1 
if !re is no o!r claim2 nor to pass a   
day on 8 premises )\t pay+ a tax2 nor to
 look at a c\rt1 a g>d51 or an or*>d1   
)\t ! cons5t ( ! proprietor2 nor to     
/roll 9 a p>k or an enclosure aga9/ !   
own]'s w3 e "o is all[$ to %ut himself  
up & to f5ce himself 94 ,all ^!         
prohibitions are s _m positive          
int]dictions1 n only ( ! l&1 b ( ! air &
 wat]4 ,we :o belong to ! proletaire    
class3 prop]ty excommunicates u6 ,t]ra1 
et aqua1 et a]e1 et igne int]dicti      
sumus4  ,m5 c\ld n appropriate ! mo/    

fix$ ( all ! elem5ts )\t appropriat+ !  
?ree o!rs2 s9ce1 by ,fr5* & ,roman law1 
prop]ty 9 ! surface c>ries ) x prop]ty f
 z5i? to nadir--,cujus e/ solum1 ejus e/
 usque ad caelum4 ,n[1 if ! use ( wat]1 
air1 & fire excludes prop]ty1 s does !  
use ( ! soil4 ,?is *a9 ( reason+ seems  
to h be5 pres5t$ by ,m4 ,*4 ,comte1 9 8 
,treatise on ,prop]ty1 *ap4 #e4   ,if a 
man %\ld be depriv$ ( air = a few mom5ts
 only1 he w\ld cease to exi/1 & a p>tial
 deprivation w\ld cause him sev]e       
suff]+2 a p>tial or complete deprivation
 ( food w\ld produce l effects ^u him   
?\gh less sudd5ly2 x w\ld be ! same1 at 
lea/ 9 c]ta9 climates6 7 he depriv$ (   
all clo?+ & %elt]4444 ,to su/a9 life1   
!n1 man ne$s cont9ually to appropriate  
_m diff]5t ?+s4 ,b ^! ?+s d n exi/ 9 l  
proportions4 ,"s1 su* z ! light ( ! />s1
 ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?1 ! wat] compos+ !  
seas & oceans1 exi/ 9 su* l>ge          
quantities t m5 _c p]ceive any s5sible  
increase or dim9ution2 ea* "o c         
appropriate z mu* z 8 ne$s require )\t  

detract+ f ! enjoym5t ( o!rs1 )\t caus+ 
!m ! lea/ h>m4 ,?+s ( ?is sort are1 s to
 speak1 ! common prop]ty ( ! human race2
 ! only duty impos$ ^u ea* individual 9 
?is reg>d is t ( infr++ n at all ^u !   
rights ( o!rs4   ,let u complete !      
argum5t ( ,m4 ,*4 ,comte4 ,a man :o %\ld
 be prohibit$ f walk+ 9 ! highways1 f   
re/+ 9 ! fields1 f tak+ %elt] 9 caves1 f
 light+ fires1 f pick+ b]ries1 f ga!r+  
h]bs & boil+ !m 9 a bit ( bak$          
clay1--su* a man c\ld n live4           
,consequ5tly ! e>?--l wat]1 air1 &      
light--is a prim>y object ( necessity   
:i* ea* has a "r to use freely1 )\t     
infr++ ano!r's "r4 ,:y1 !n1 is ! e>?    
appropriat$8 ,m4 ,*4 ,comte's reply is a
 curi\s "o4 ,say pret5ds t x is because 
x is n ,,fugitive2 ,m4 ,*4 ,comte       
assures u t x is because x is n         
,,inf9ite4 ,! l& is limit$ 9 am\nt4 ,!n1
 accord+ to ,m4 ,*4 ,comte1 x ought to  
be appropriat$4 ,x w\ld seem1 on !      
contr>y1 t he ought to say1 ,!n x ought 
n to be appropriat$4 ,because1 no matt] 

h[ l>ge a quantity ( air or light any "o
 appropriates1 no "o is damag$ !reby2   
!re always rema9s en\gh = all4 ,) !     
soil1 x is v diff]5t4 ,lay hold :o w1 or
 :o c1 ( ! sun's rays1 ! pass+ breeze1  
or ! sea's bill[s2 he has my cons5t1 &  
my p>don = 8 bad int5tions4 ,b let any  
liv+ man d>e to *ange 8 "r ( t]ritorial 
possession into ! "r ( prop]ty1 & ,i w  
decl>e w> ^u him1 & wage x to ! dea?6   
,m4 ,*4 ,comte's argum5t disproves 8    
position4 ,among ! ?+s necess>y to !    
pres]vation ( life1 he says1 !re are "s 
:i* exi/ 9 su* l>ge quantities t !y are 
inexhau/ible2 o!rs :i* exi/ 9 less]     
quantities1 & c satisfy ! wants ( only a
 c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons4 ,! =m] are call$ 
,,common1 ! latt] ,,private4  ,?is      
reason+ is n /rictly logical4 ,wat]1    
air1 & light are ,,common ?+s1 n because
 !y are ,,inexhau/ible1 b because !y are
 ,,indisp5sable2 & s indisp5sable t = t 
v reason ,nature has creat$ !m 9        
quantities almo/ inf9ite1 9 ord] t _!   
pl5tifulness might prev5t _!            

appropriation4 ,likewise ! l& is        
indisp5sable to our                     
exi/5ce1--consequ5tly a common ?+1      
consequ5tly insusceptible (             
appropriation2 b l& is mu* sc>c] ?an !  
o!r elem5ts1 !re=e its use mu/ be       
regulat$1 n = ! pr(it ( a few1 b 9 !    
int]e/ & = ! security ( all4  ,9 a ^w1  
equality ( rights is prov$ by equality (
 ne$s4 ,n[1 equality ( rights1 9 ! case 
( a commodity :i* is limit$ 9 am\nt1 c  
be realiz$ only by equality (           
possession4 ,an agr>ian law und]lies ,m4
 ,*4 ,comte's argum5ts4  ,f :atev] po9t 
we view ?is "q ( prop]ty--provid$ we g  
to ! bottom ( x--we rea* equality4 ,i w 
n insi/ f>!r on ! di/9ction betwe5 ?+s  
:i* c1 & ?+s :i* _c1 be appropriat$4 ,on
 ?is po9t1 economi/s & legi/s talk worse
 ?an nons5se4 ,! ,civil ,code1 aft] hav+
 def9$ prop]ty1 says no?+ ab\t          
susceptibility ( appropriation2 & if x  
speaks ( ?+s :i* are 9 ,,! ,,m>ket1 x   
always does s )\t enum]at+ or describ+  
!m4 ,h[ev]1 light is n want+4 ,!re are  

"s few maxims su* z ^!3 ,ad reges       
pote/as omnium p]t9et1 ad s+ulos        
proprietas2 ,omnia rex imp]io possidet1 
s+ula dom9io4 ,social sov]eignty oppos$ 
to private prop]ty6--might n t be call$ 
a prophecy ( equality1 a republican     
oracle8 ,examples cr[d ^u u3 once !     
possessions ( ! *ur*1 ! e/ates ( ! cr[n1
 ! fiefs ( ! nobility 7 inali5able &    
imprescriptible4 ,if1 in/ead ( aboli%+  
?is privilege1 ! ,con/itu5t _h ext5d$ x 
to e individual2 if x _h decl>$ t ! "r (
 labor1 l lib]ty1 c nev] be =feit$1--at 
t mom5t ! revolution w\ld h be5         
consummat$1 & we c\ld n[ devote         
ourselves to improvem5t 9 o!r           
directions4     #b4--,univ]sal ,cons5t  
no ,ju/ification ( ,prop]ty4  ,9 !      
extract f ,say1 quot$ above1 x is n cle>
 :e!r ! au?or means to base ! "r (      
prop]ty on ! /ation>y "* ( ! soil1 or on
 ! cons5t :i* he ?9ks all m5 h grant$ to
 ?is appropriation4 ,8 language is su* t
 x may mean ei!r ( ^! ?+s1 or bo? at    
once2 :i* entitles u to assume t ! au?or

 int5d$ to say1 ,! "r ( prop]ty result+ 
orig9ally f ! ex]cise ( ! w1 ! /ability 
( ! soil p]mitt$ x to be appli$ to ! l&1
 & univ]sal cons5t has s9ce sanction$   
?is application4  ,h[ev] t may be1 c m5 
legitimate prop]ty by mutual cons5t8 ,i 
say1 no4 ,su* a contract1 ?\gh draft$ by
 ,grotius1 ,montesquieu1 & ,j4 ,j4      
,r\sseau1 ?\gh sign$ by ! :ole human    
race1 w\ld be null 9 ! eyes ( ju/ice1 & 
an act to en=ce x w\ld be illegal4 ,man 
c no m give up labor ?an lib]ty4 ,n[1 to
 recognize ! "r ( t]ritorial prop]ty is 
to give up labor1 s9ce x is to rel9qui% 
! means ( labor2 x is to traffic 9 a    
natural "r1 & dive/ ourselves ( manhood4
  ,b ,i wi% t ?is cons5t1 ( :i* s mu* is
 made1 _h be5 giv51 ei!r tacitly or     
=mally4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! result8       
,evid5tly1 ! surr5d]s w\ld h be5        
reciprocal2 no "r w\ld h be5 ab&on$ )\t 
! receipt ( an equival5t 9 ex*ange4 ,we 
?us come back to equality aga91--! s9e  
qua non ( appropriation2 s t1 aft] hav+ 
ju/ifi$ prop]ty by univ]sal cons5t1 t   

is1 by equality1 we are oblig$ to ju/ify
 ! inequality ( conditions by prop]ty4  
,nev] %all we extricate ourselves f ?is 
dilemma4 ,inde$1 if1 9 ! t]ms ( ! social
 compact1 prop]ty has equality = its    
condition1 at ! mom5t :5 equality ceases
 to exi/1 ! compact is brok5 & all      
prop]ty becomes usurpation4 ,we ga9     
no?+1 !n1 by ?is pret5d$ cons5t (       
mank9d4     #c4--,prescription ,gives   
,no ,title to ,prop]ty4  ,! "r ( prop]ty
 0 ! orig9 ( evil on ! e>?1 ! fir/ l9k 9
 ! long *a9 ( crimes & mis=tunes :i* !  
human race has endur$ s9ce its bir?4 ,! 
delusion ( prescription is ! fatal *>m  
?r[n ov] ! intellect1 ! dea? s5t5ce     
brea!d into ! consci5ce1 to arre/ man's 
progress t[>ds tru?1 & bol/] up ! wor%ip
 ( error4  ,! ,code def9es prescription 
?us3 ,! process ( ga9+ & los+ ?r\gh !   
lapse ( "t4 ,9 apply+ ?is def9ition to  
ideas & beliefs1 we may use ! ^w        
,,prescription to d5ote ! ev]la/+       
prejudice 9 favor ( old sup]/itions1    
:atev] be _! object2 ! opposition1 (t5  

furi\s & bloody1 ) :i* new light has    
always be5 receiv$1 & :i* makes ! sage a
 m>tyr4 ,n a pr9ciple1 n a discov]y1 n a
 g5]\s ?\ght b has met1 at its entrance 
into ! _w1 ) a =midable b>ri] (         
preconceiv$ op9ions1 seem+ l a          
conspiracy ( all old prejudices4        
,prescriptions aga9/ reason1            
prescriptions aga9/ facts1 prescriptions
 aga9/ e tru? hi!rto unkn[n1--t is ! sum
 & sub/ance ( ! /atu quo philosophy1 !  
wat*word ( cons]vatives ?r\gh\t !       
c5turies4  ,:5 ! evangelical re=m 0     
broa*$ to ! _w1 !re 0 prescription 9    
favor ( viol5ce1 debau*]y1 & selfi%ness2
 :5 ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 ,pascal1 & _!  
disciples recon/ruct$ philosophy & !    
sci5ces1 !re 0 prescription 9 favor ( ! 
,ari/otelian philosophy2 :5 our fa!rs ( 
'#hi dem&$ lib]ty & equality1 !re 0     
prescription 9 favor ( tyranny &        
privilege4 ,!re always h be5 proprietors
 & !re always w be3 x is ) ?is pr(\nd   
utt]ance1 ! f9al ef=t ( selfi%ness dy+ 9
 its la/ dit*1 t ! fri5ds ( social      

inequality hope to repel ! attacks ( _! 
adv]s>ies2 ?9k+ und\bt$ly t ideas1 l    
prop]ty1 c be lo/ by prescription4      
,enlight5$ to-day by ! triumphal m>* (  
sci5ce1 taught by ! mo/ glori\s         
successes to "q our own op9ions1 we     
receive ) favor & applause ! obs]v] (   
,nature1 :o1 by a ?\s& exp]im5ts bas$ ^u
 ! mo/ pr(\nd analysis1 pursues a new   
pr9ciple1 a law hi!rto undiscov]$4 ,we  
take c>e to repel no idea1 no fact1 "u !
 pretext t abl] m5 ?an ourselves liv$ 9 
=m] days1 :o did n notice ! same        
ph5om5a1 nor grasp ! same analogies4 ,:y
 d we n pres]ve a l attitude t[>ds      
political & philosophical que/ions8 ,:y 
?is ridicul\s mania = affirm+ t e ?+ has
 be5 said1 :i* means t we "k all ab\t   
m5tal & moral sci5ce8 ,:y is ! prov]b1  
,,!re ,,is ,,no?+ ,,new ,,"u ,,! ,,sun1 
appli$ exclusively to metaphysical      
inve/igations8  ,because we /ill /udy   
philosophy ) ! imag9ation1 in/ead ( by  
obs]vation & me?od2 because fancy & w   
are univ]sally reg>d$ z judges1 9 !     

place ( argum5ts & facts1--x has be5    
impossible to ?is day to di/+ui% !      
*>latan f ! philosoph]1 ! savant f !    
impo/or4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,solomon &      
,py?agoras1 imag9ation has be5 exhau/$ 9
 guess+ out social & psy*ological laws2 
all sy/ems h be5 propos$4 ,look$ at 9   
?is light1 x is probably true t ,,e ,,?+
 ,,has ,,be5 ,,said2 b x is no less true
 t ,,e ,,?+ ,,rema9s ,,to ,,be ,,prov$4 
,9 politics 7to take only ?is bran* (   
philosophy71 9 politics e "o is gov]n$ 9
 8 *oice ( p>ty by 8 passion & 8        
int]e/s2 ! m9d is submitt$ to !         
impositions ( ! w1--!re is no k1 !re is 
n ev5 a %ad[ ( c]ta9ty4 ,9 ?is way1     
g5]al ignorance produces g5]al tyranny2 
& :ile lib]ty ( ?\ght is writt5 9 !     
*>t]1 slav]y ( ?\ght1 "u ! "n (         
,,majority ,,rule1 is decre$ by ! *>t]4 
,9 ord] to conf9e myself to ! civil     
prescription ( :i* ! ,code speaks1 ,i   
%all refra9 f beg9n+ a discussion ^u ?is
 worn-out objection br\ght =w>d by      
proprietors2 x w\ld be too tiresome &   

declamatory4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t !re are   
rights :i* _c be prescrib$2 &1 z = ^?   
?+s :i* c be ga9$ ?r\gh ! lapse ( "t1 no
 "o is ignorant ( ! fact t prescription 
requires c]ta9 conditions1 ! omission ( 
"o ( :i* r5d]s x null4 ,if x is true1 = 
example1 t ! proprietor's possession has
 be5 ,,civil1 ,,public1 ,,peaceable1 &  
,,un9t]rupt$1 x is none ! less true t x 
is n bas$ on a j title2 s9ce ! only     
titles :i* x c %[--occupation &         
labor--prove z mu* = ! proletaire :o    
dem&s1 z = ! proprietor :o def5ds4      
,fur!r1 ?is possession is ,,di%one/1    
s9ce x is f\nd$ on a violation ( "r1 :i*
 prev5ts prescription1 accord+ to ! say+
 ( ,/4 ,paul--,nunquam 9 usucapionibus  
juris error possessori prode/4 ,!       
violation ( "r lies ei!r 9 ! fact t !   
hold] possesses z proprietor1 :ile he   
%\ld possess only z usufructu>y2 or 9 ! 
fact t he has pur*as$ a ?+ :i* no "o _h 
a "r to transf] or sell4  ,ano!r reason 
:y prescription _c be adduc$ 9 favor (  
prop]ty 7a reason borr[$ f jurisprud5ce7

 is t ! "r to possess real e/ate is a "p
 ( a univ]sal "r :i* has nev] be5       
totally de/roy$ ev5 at ! mo/ critical   
p]iods2 & ! proletaire1 9 ord] to rega9 
! p[] to ex]cise x fully1 has only to   
prove t he has always ex]cis$ x 9 "p4   
,he1 = example1 :o has ! univ]sal "r to 
possess1 give1 ex*ange1 loan1 let1 sell1
 trans=m1 or de/roy a ?+1 pres]ves !    
integrity ( ?is "r by ! sole act (      
loan+1 ?\gh he has nev] %[n 8 au?ority 9
 any o!r mann]4 ,likewise we %all see t 
,,equality ,,( ,,possessions1 ,,equality
 ,,( ,,rights1 ,,lib]ty1 ,,w1           
,,p]sonality1 are s _m id5tical         
expressions ( "o & ! same idea1--! ,,"r 
,,( ,,pres]vation & ,,developm5t2 9 a   
^w1 ! "r ( life1 aga9/ :i* !re c be no  
prescription until ! human race has     
vani%$ f ! face ( ! e>?4  ,f9ally1 z to 
! "t requir$ = prescription1 x w\ld be  
sup]flu\s to %[ t ! "r ( prop]ty 9 g5]al
 _c be acquir$ by simple possession =   
t51 tw5ty1 a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 or "o      
hundr$ ?\s& ye>s2 & t1 s long z !re     

exi/s a human head capable ( und]/&+ &  
combat+ ! "r ( prop]ty1 ?is "r w nev] be
 prescrib$4 ,= pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce 
& axioms ( reason are diff]5t f         
accid5tal & cont+5t facts4 ,"o man's    
possession c prescribe aga9/ ano!r man's
 possession2 b j z ! possessor _c       
prescribe aga9/ himself1 s reason has   
always ! faculty ( *ange & re=mation4   
,pa/ error is n b9d+ on ! future4       
,reason is always ! same et]nal =ce4 ,! 
in/itution ( prop]ty1 ! "w ( ignorant   
reason1 may be abrogat$ by a m enlight5$
 reason4 ,consequ5tly1 prop]ty _c be    
e/abli%$ by prescription4 ,?is is s     
c]ta9 & s true1 t on x re/s ! maxim t 9 
! matt] ( prescription a violation ( "r 
goes = no?+4  ,b ,i %\ld be recreant to 
my me?od1 & ! read] w\ld h ! "r to      
accuse me ( *>latanism & bad fai?1 if ,i
 _h no?+ fur!r to advance conc]n+       
prescription4 ,i %[$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 
appropriation ( l& is illegal2 & t1     
suppos+ x to be legal1 x mu/ be         
accompani$ by equality ( prop]ty4 ,i h  

%[n1 9 ! second place1 t univ]sal cons5t
 proves no?+ 9 favor ( prop]ty2 & t1 if 
x proves any ?+1 x proves equality (    
prop]ty4 ,i h yet to %[ t prescription1 
if admissible at all1 presupposes       
equality ( prop]ty4  ,?is demon/ration w
 be nei!r long nor difficult4 ,i ne$    
only to call att5tion to ! reasons :y   
prescription 0 introduc$4               
,prescription1 says ,dunod1 seems       
repugnant to natural equity1 :i* p]mits 
no "o ei!r to deprive ano!r ( 8         
possessions )\t 8 k & cons5t1 or to     
enri* himself at ano!r's exp5se4 ,b z x 
might (t5 happ51 9 ! abs5ce (           
prescription1 t "o :o _h hone/ly e>n$   
w\ld be ou/$ aft] long possession2 & ev5
 t he :o _h receiv$ a ?+ f its rightful 
own]1 or :o _h be5 legitimately reliev$ 
f all obligations1 w\ld1 on los+ 8      
title1 be liable to be dispossess$ or   
subject$ aga91--! public welf>e dem&$ t 
a t]m %\ld be fix$1 aft] ! expiration ( 
:i* no "o %\ld be all[$ to di/urb actual
 possessors1 or reass]t rights too long 

neglect$4444 ,! civil law1 9 regulat+   
prescription1 has aim$1 !n1 only to     
p]fect natural law1 & to supplem5t ! law
 ( nations2 & z x is f\nd$ on ! public  
good1 :i* %\ld always be consid]$ be=e  
individual welf>e1--bono publico        
usucapio introducta e/1--x %\ld be      
reg>d$ ) favor1 provid$ ! conditions    
requir$ by ! law are fulfill$4  ,t\lli]1
 9 8 ,civil ,law1 says3 ,9 ord] t ! "q (
 proprietor%ip may n rema9 too long     
unsettl$1 & !reby injure ! public       
welf>e1 di/urb+ ! peace ( families & !  
/ability ( social transactions1 ! law   
has fix$ a "t :5 all claims %all be     
cancell$1 & possession %all rega9 its   
anci5t pr]ogative ?r\gh its trans=mation
 into prop]ty4   ,cassiodorus said (    
prop]ty1 t x 0 ! only safe h>bor 9 :i*  
to seek %elt] f ! tempe/s ( *ican]y & ! 
gales ( av>ice--,hic unus int] humanas  
pro cellas portus1 quem si hom9es f]vida
 voluntate praet]i]9t2 9 undosis semp]  
jurgiis errabunt4  ,?us1 9 ! op9ion ( ! 
au?ors1 prescription is a means (       

pres]v+ public ord]2 a re/oration 9     
c]ta9 cases ( ! orig9al mode ( acquir+  
prop]ty2 a fiction ( ! civil law :i*    
d]ives all its =ce f ! necessity (      
settl+ diff]5ces :i* o!rwise w\ld nev]  
end4 ,=1 z ,grotius says1 "t has no p[] 
to produce effects2 all ?+s happ5 9 "t1 
b no?+ is done by "t4 ,prescription1 or 
! "r ( acquisition ?r\gh ! lapse ( "t1  
is1 !re=e1 a fiction ( ! law1           
conv5tionally adopt$4  ,b all prop]ty   
necess>ily orig9at$ 9 prescription1 or1 
z ! ,lat9s say1 9 usucapion2 t is1 9    
cont9u$ possession4  ,i ask1 !n1 9 !    
fir/ place1 h[ possession c become      
prop]ty by ! lapse ( "t8 ,cont9ue       
possession z long z y wi%1 cont9ue x =  
ye>s & = c5turies1 y nev] c give        
duration--:i* ( itself creates no?+1    
*anges no?+1 modifies no?+--! p[] to    
*ange ! usufructu>y into a proprietor4  
,let ! civil law secure aga9/           
*ance-com]s ! hone/ possessor :o has    
held 8 position = _m ye>s1--t only      
confirms a "r already respect$2 &       

prescription1 appli$ 9 ?is way1 simply  
means t possession :i* has cont9u$ =    
tw5ty1 ?irty1 or a hundr$ ye>s %all be  
reta9$ by ! occupant4 ,b :5 ! law       
decl>es t ! lapse ( "t *anges possessor 
into proprietor1 x supposes t a "r c be 
creat$ )\t a produc+ cause2 x           
unw>rantably alt]s ! "* ( ! subject2 x  
legislates on a matt] n op5 to          
legislation2 x exce$s its own p[]s4     
,public ord] & private security ask only
 t possession %all be protect$4 ,:y has 
! law creat$ prop]ty8 ,prescription 0   
simply security = ! future2 :y has ! law
 made x a matt] ( privilege8  ,?us !    
orig9 ( prescription is id5tical ) t (  
prop]ty itself2 & s9ce ! latt] c        
legitimate itself only :5 accompani$ by 
equality1 prescription is b ano!r ( !   
?\s& =ms :i* ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ ?is  
preci\s equality has tak54 ,& ?is is no 
va9 induction1 no f>-fet*$ inf]5ce4 ,!  
pro( is writt5 9 all ! codes4  ,&1      
inde$1 if all nations1 ?r\gh _! in/9ct (
 ju/ice & _! cons]vative nature1 h      

recogniz$ ! utility & ! necessity (     
prescription2 & if _! design has be5 to 
gu>d !reby ! int]e/s ( !                
possessor1--c\ld !y n d some?+ = ! abs5t
 citiz51 sep>at$ f 8 family & 8 c\ntry  
by comm]ce1 w>1 or captivity1 & 9 no    
position to ex]cise 8 "r ( possession8  
,no4 ,also1 at ! same "t t prescription 
0 introduc$ into ! laws1 x 0 admitt$ t  
prop]ty is pres]v$ by int5t alone1--nudo
 animo4 ,n[1 if prop]ty is pres]v$ by   
int5t alone1 if x c be lo/ only by !    
action ( ! proprietor1 :at c be ! use ( 
prescription8 ,h[ does ! law d>e to     
presume t ! proprietor1 :o pres]ves by  
int5t alone1 int5d$ to ab&on t :i* he   
has all[$ to be prescrib$8 ,:at lapse ( 
"t c w>rant su* a conjecture2 & by :at  
"r does ! law puni% ! abs5ce ( !        
proprietor by depriv+ him ( 8 goods8    
,:at !n6 we f\nd b a mom5t s9ce t       
prescription & prop]ty 7 id5tical2 & n[ 
we f9d t !y are mutually de/ructive6    
,grotius1 :o p]ceiv$ ?is difficulty1    
repli$ s s+ul>ly t 8 words des]ve to be 

quot$3 ,b5e sp]&um de hom9ibus1 ac      
propt]ea non put&um eos hoc esse animo  
ut1 rei caducae causa1 hom9em alt]um    
vel9t 9 p]petuo peccato v]s>i1 quo d    
evit>i saepe non pot]it s9e tali        
d]elictione4  ,:]e is ! man1 he says1 ) 
s un*ri/ian a s\l t1 = a trifle1 he w\ld
 p]petuate ! trespass ( a possessor1 :i*
 w\ld inevitably be ! result if he did n
 cons5t to ab&on 8 "r8 ,by ! ,et]nal6 ,i
 am t man4 ,?\gh a million proprietors  
%\ld burn = x 9 hell1 ,i lay ! blame on 
!m = depriv+ me ( my portion ( ?is _w's 
goods4 ,to ?is p[]ful consid]ation      
,grotius rejo9s1 t x is bett] to ab&on a
 disput$ "r ?an to g to law1 di/urb !   
peace ( nations1 & /ir up ! flames (    
civil w>4 ,i accept1 if y wi% x1 ?is    
argum5t1 provid$ y indemnify me4 ,b if  
?is indemnity is refus$ me1 :at d ,i1 a 
proletaire1 c>e = ! tranquillity &      
security ( ! ri*8 ,i c>e z little =     
,,public ,,ord] z = ! proprietor's      
safety4 ,i ask to live a labor]2 o!rwise
 ,i w die a w>rior4  ,:i*ev] way we     

turn1 we %all come to ! conclusion t    
prescription is a contradiction (       
prop]ty2 or r t prescription & prop]ty  
are two =ms ( ! same pr9ciple1 b two =ms
 :i* s]ve to correct ea* o!r2 & anci5t &
 mod]n jurisprud5ce did n make ! lea/ ( 
its blund]s 9 pret5d+ to reconcile !m4  
,inde$1 if we see 9 ! in/itution (      
prop]ty only a desire to secure to ea*  
individual 8 %>e ( ! soil & 8 "r to     
labor2 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 nak$ prop]ty
 & possession only an asylum = abs5tees1
 orphans1 & all :o d n "k1 or _c ma9ta91
 _! rights2 9 prescription only a means1
 ei!r ( def5ce aga9/ unju/ pret5sions & 
encroa*m5ts1 or ( settlem5t ( !         
diff]5ces caus$ by ! removal (          
possessors1--we %all recognize 9 ^!     
v>i\s =ms ( human ju/ice ! spontane\s   
ef=ts ( ! m9d to come to ! aid ( !      
social in/9ct2 we %all see 9 ?is        
protection ( all rights ! s5tim5t (     
equality1 a con/ant levell+ t5d5cy4 ,&1 
look+ deep]1 we %all f9d 9 ! v          
exagg]ation ( ^! pr9ciples !            

confirmation ( our doctr9e2 because1 if 
equality ( conditions & univ]sal        
association are n soon realiz$1 x w be  
ow+ to ! ob/acle ?r[n = ! "t 9 ! way ( !
 common s5se ( ! p by ! /upidity (      
legislators & judges2 & also to ! fact  
t1 :ile society 9 its orig9al /ate 0    
illum9at$ ) a fla% ( tru?1 ! e>ly       
speculations ( its lead]s c\ld br+ =?   
no?+ b d>kness4  ,aft] ! fir/ cov5ants1 
aft] ! fir/ draughts ( laws &           
con/itutions1 :i* 7 ! expression ( man's
 prim>y ne$s1 ! legislator's duty 0 to  
re=m ! errors ( legislation2 to complete
 t :i* 0 defective2 to h>monize1 by     
sup]ior def9itions1 ^? ?+s :i* seem$ to 
conflict4 ,in/ead ( t1 !y halt$ at !    
lit]al mean+ ( ! laws1 cont5t to play ! 
subord9ate "p ( comm5tators & s*olia/s4 
,tak+ ! inspirations ( ! human m9d1 at t
 "t necess>ily weak & faulty1 = axioms (
 et]nal & unque/ionable tru?1--influ5c$ 
by public op9ion1 enslav$ by ! popul>   
religion1--!y h inv>iably />t$ ) !      
pr9ciple 7foll[+ 9 ?is respect ! example

 ( ! !ologians7 t t is infallibly true  
:i* has be5 admitt$ by all p]sons1 9 all
 places1 & at all times--quod ab        
omnibus1 quod ubique1 quod semp]2 z if a
 g5]al b spontane\s op9ion 0 any ?+ m   
?an an indication ( ! tru?4 ,let u n be 
deceiv$3 ! op9ion ( all nations may s]ve
 to au!nticate ! p]ception ( a fact1 !  
vague s5tim5t ( a law2 x c tea* u no?+  
ab\t ei!r fact or law4 ,! cons5t (      
mank9d is an indication ( ,nature2 n1 z 
,cic]o says1 a law ( ,nature4 ,"u !     
indication is hidd5 ! tru?1 :i* fai? c  
believe1 b only ?\ght c "k4 ,su* has be5
 ! con/ant progress ( ! human m9d 9     
reg>d to physical ph5om5a & ! creations 
( g5ius3 h[ c x be o!rwise ) ! facts (  
consci5ce & ! rules ( human conduct8    
#d4--,labor--,t ,labor ,has ,no ,inh]5t 
,p[] to ,appropriate ,natural ,weal?4   
,we %all %[ by ! maxims ( political     
economy & law1 t is1 by ! au?orities    
recogniz$ by prop]ty1--  #a4 ,t labor   
has no inh]5t p[] to appropriate natural
 weal?4  #b4 ,t1 if we admit t labor has

 ?is p[]1 we are l$ directly to equality
 ( prop]ty1--:atev] ! k9d ( labor1 h[ev]
 sc>ce ! product1 or unequal ! ability (
 ! labor]s4  #c4 ,t1 9 ! ord] ( ju/ice1 
labor ,,de/roys prop]ty4  ,foll[+ !     
example ( our oppon5ts1 & t we may leave
 no ob/acles 9 ! pa?1 let u exam9e ! "q 
9 ! /ronge/ possible light4  ,m4 ,*4    
,comte says1 9 8 ,treatise on           
,prop]ty3--   ,france1 consid]$ z a     
nation1 has a t]ritory :i* is h] own4   
,france1 z an individuality1 possesses a
 t]ritory :i* %e cultivates2 x is n h]  
prop]ty4 ,nations are relat$ to ea* o!r 
z individuals are3 !y are common]s &    
work]s2 x is an abuse ( language to call
 !m proprietors4 ,! "r ( use & abuse    
belongs no m to nations ?an to m52 & !  
"t w come :5 a w> wag$ = ! purpose (    
*eck+ a nation 9 its abuse ( ! soil w be
 reg>d$ z a holy w>4  ,?us1 ,m4 ,*4     
,comte--:o und]takes to expla9 h[       
prop]ty comes into exi/5ce1 & :o />ts ) 
! supposition t a nation is a           
proprietor--falls into t error kn[n z   

,,begg+ ,,! ,,"q2 a mi/ake :i* vitiates 
8 :ole argum5t4  ,if ! read] ?9ks x is  
pu%+ logic too f> to "q a nation's "r ( 
prop]ty 9 ! t]ritory :i* x possesses1 ,i
 w simply rem9d him ( ! fact t at all   
ages ! results ( ! fictiti\s "r (       
national prop]ty h be5 pret5sions to    
suz]a9ty1 tributes1 mon>*ical           
privileges1 /atute-labor1 quotas ( m5 & 
money1 supplies ( m]*&ise1 c42 end+     
f9ally 9 refusals to pay taxes1         
insurrections1 w>s1 & depopulations4    
,scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is t]ritory are ext5d$  
tracts ( l&1 :i* h n be5 conv]t$ into   
individual prop]ty4 ,^! l&s1 :i* consi/ 
ma9ly ( =e/s1 belong to ! :ole          
population1 & ! gov]nm5t1 :i* receives !
 rev5ues1 uses or ought to use !m 9 !   
int]e/ ( all4  ,,ought ,,to ,,use is    
well said3 a lie is avoid$ !reby4  ,let 
!m be (f]$ = sale4444   ,:y (f]$ = sale8
 ,:o has a "r to sell !m8 ,ev5 7 !      
nation proprietor1 c ! g5]ation ( to-day
 dispossess ! g5]ation ( to-morr[8 ,!   
nation1 9 its function ( usufructu>y1   

possesses !m2 ! gov]nm5t rules1         
sup]9t5ds1 & protects !m4 ,if x also    
grant$ l&s1 x c\ld grant only _! use2 x 
has no "r to sell !m or transf] !m 9 any
 way :atev]4 ,n be+ a proprietor1 h[ c x
 transmit prop]ty8   ,suppose "s        
indu/ri\s man buys a portion1 a l>ge    
swamp = example4 ,?is w\ld be no        
usurpation1 s9ce ! public w\ld receive !
 exact value ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t1 &
 w\ld be z ri* aft] ! sale z be=e4   ,h[
 ridicul\s6 ,:at6 because a prodigal1   
imprud5t1 incompet5t (ficial sells !    
,/ate's possessions1 :ile ,i1 a w>d ( ! 
,/ate1--,i :o h nei!r an advisory nor a 
delib]ative voice 9 ! ,/ate             
c\ncils1--:ile ,i am all[$ to make no   
opposition to ! sale1 ?is sale is "r &  
legal6 ,! gu>dians ( ! nation wa/e its  
sub/ance1 & x has no r$ress6 ,i h       
receiv$1 y tell me1 ?r\gh ! h&s ( !     
gov]nm5t my %>e ( ! proce$s ( ! sale3 b1
 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i did n wi% to sell2  
&1 _h ,i wi%$ to1 ,i c\ld n h sold4 ,i  
_h n ! "r4 ,& !n ,i d n see t ,i am     

b5efit$ by ! sale4 ,my gu>dians h dress$
 up "s soldi]s1 repair$ an old =tress1  
erect$ 9 _! pride "s co/ly b wor?less   
monum5t1--!n !y h explod$ "s fireworks &
 set up a greas$ pole6 ,:at does all t  
am\nt to 9 comp>ison ) my loss8  ,!     
pur*as] draws b\nd>ies1 f5ces himself 91
 & says1 ,?is is m9e2 ea* "o by himself1
 ea* "o = himself4 ,"h1 !n1 is a piece (
 l& ^u :i*1 h5ce=?1 no "o has a "r to   
/ep1 save ! proprietor & 8 fri5ds2 :i* c
 b5efit nobody1 save ! proprietor & 8   
s]vants4 ,let ^! sales multiply1 & soon 
! p--:o h be5 nei!r able nor will+ to   
sell1 & :o h receiv$ none ( ! proce$s ( 
! sale--w h n[h]e to re/1 no place (    
%elt]1 no gr\nd to till4 ,!y w die (    
hung] at ! proprietor's door1 on ! edge 
( t prop]ty :i* 0 _! bir?right2 & !     
proprietor1 wat*+ !m die1 w exclaim1 ,s 
p]i% idl]s & vagrants6  ,to reconcile u 
to ! proprietor's usurpation1 ,m4 ,*4   
,comte assumes ! l&s to be ( little     
value at ! "t ( sale4   ,! importance ( 
^! usurpations %\ld n be exagg]at$3 !y  

%\ld be measur$ by ! numb] ( m5 :i* !   
occupi$ l& w\ld support1 & by ! means   
:i* x w\ld furni% !m4  ,x is evid5t1 =  
in/ance1 t if a piece ( l& :i* is wor?  
to-day "o ?\s& francs 0 wor? only five  
c5times :5 x 0 usurp$1 we really lose   
only ! value ( five c5times4 ,a squ>e   
league ( e>? w\ld be h>dly suffici5t to 
support a savage 9 di/ress2 to-day x    
supplies "o ?\s& p]sons ) ! means (     
exi/5ce4 ,n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e p>ts ( 
?is l& is ! legitimate prop]ty ( !      
possessors2 only "o-?\s&? ( ! value has 
be5 usurp$4   ,a peasant admitt$ "o day1
 at confession1 t he _h de/roy$ a       
docum5t :i* decl>$ him a debtor to !    
am\nt ( ?ree hundr$ francs4 ,said ! fa!r
 confessor1 ,y mu/ return ^! ?ree hundr$
 francs4 ,no1 repli$ ! peasant1 ,i w    
return a p5ny to pay = ! pap]4  ,m4 ,*4 
,comte's logic resembles ?is peasant's  
hone/y4 ,! soil has n only an integrant 
& actual value1 x has also a pot5tial   
value1--a value ( ! future1--:i* dep5ds 
on our ability to make x valuable1 & to 

employ x 9 our "w4 ,de/roy a bill (     
ex*ange1 a promissory note1 an annuity  
de$1--z a pap] y de/roy almo/ no value  
at all2 b ) ?is pap] y de/roy y\r title1
 &1 9 los+ y\r title1 y deprive y\rself 
( y\r goods4 ,de/roy ! l&1 or1 :at is ! 
same ?+1 sell x1--y n only transf] "o1  
two1 or sev]al crops1 b y annihilate all
 ! products t y c\ld d]ive f x2 y & y\r 
*ildr5 & y\r *ildr5's *ildr54  ,:5 ,m4  
,*4 ,comte1 ! apo/le ( prop]ty & !      
eulogi/ ( labor1 supposes an ali5ation (
 ! soil on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 we mu/ n  
?9k t he does s )\t reason & = no       
purpose2 x is a necess>y "p ( 8         
position4 ,z he reject$ ! !ory (        
occupancy1 & z he knew1 moreov]1 t labor
 c\ld n con/itute ! "r 9 ! abs5ce ( a   
previ\s p]mission to occupy1 he 0 oblig$
 to connect ?is p]mission ) ! au?ority (
 ! gov]nm5t1 :i* means t prop]ty is bas$
 ^u ! sov]eignty ( ! p2 9 o!r words1 ^u 
univ]sal cons5t4 ,?is !ory we h already 
consid]$4  ,to say t prop]ty is !       
daught] ( labor1 & !n to give labor     

mat]ial on :i* to ex]cise itself1 is1 if
 ,i am n mi/ak51 to reason 9 a circle4  
,contradictions w result f x4   ,a piece
 ( l& ( a c]ta9 size produces food en\gh
 to supply a man = "o day4 ,if !        
possessor1 ?r\gh 8 labor1 discov]s "s   
me?od ( mak+ x produce en\gh = two days1
 he d\bles its value4 ,?is new value is 
8 "w1 8 creation3 x is tak5 f nobody2 x 
is 8 prop]ty4   ,i ma9ta9 t ! possessor 
is paid = 8 tr\ble & indu/ry 9 8 d\bl$  
crop1 b t he acquires no "r to ! l&4    
,let ! labor] h ! fruits ( 8 labor4 ,v  
good2 b ,i d n und]/& t prop]ty 9       
products c>ries ) x prop]ty 9 raw       
mat]ial4 ,does ! skill ( ! fi%]man1 :o  
on ! same coa/ c cat* m fi% ?an 8       
fell[s1 make him proprietor ( !         
fi%+-gr\nds8 ,c ! exp]tness ( a hunt]   
ev] be reg>d$ z a prop]ty-title to a    
game-=e/8 ,! analogy is p]fect1--!      
indu/ri\s cultivator f9ds ! rew>d ( 8   
indu/ry 9 ! abundancy & sup]iority ( 8  
crop4 ,if he has made improvem5ts 9 !   
soil1 he has ! possessor's "r (         

pref]5ce4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 c 
he be all[$ to claim a prop]ty-title to 
! soil :i* he cultivates1 on ! gr\nd ( 8
 skill z a cultivator4  ,to *ange       
possession into prop]ty1 some?+ is ne$$ 
besides labor1 )\t :i* a man w\ld cease 
to be proprietor z soon z he ceas$ to be
 a labor]4 ,n[1 ! law bases prop]ty ^u  
immemorial1 unque/ionable possession2 t 
is1 prescription4 ,labor is only !      
s5sible sign1 ! physical act1 by :i*    
occupation is manife/$4 ,if1 !n1 !      
cultivator rema9s proprietor aft] he has
 ceas$ to labor & produce2 if 8         
possession1 fir/ conc$$1 !n tol]at$1    
f9ally becomes inali5able1--x happ5s by 
p]mission ( ! civil law1 & by virtue ( !
 pr9ciple ( occupancy4 ,s true is ?is1 t
 !re is n a bill ( sale1 n a f>m lease1 
n an annuity1 b implies x4 ,i w quote   
only "o example4  ,h[ d we measure !    
value ( l&8 ,by its product4 ,if a piece
 ( l& yields "o ?\s& francs1 we say t at
 five p] c5t4 x is wor? tw5ty ?\s&      
francs2 at f\r p] c5t4 tw5ty-five ?\s&  

francs1 c42 :i* means1 9 o!r words1 t 9 
tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s' "t ! pur*as]  
w\ld recov] 9 full ! am\nt orig9ally    
paid = ! l&4 ,if1 !n1 aft] a c]ta9 l5g? 
( "t1 ! price ( a piece ( l& has be5    
:olly recov]$1 :y does ! pur*as] cont9ue
 to be proprietor8 ,because ( ! "r (    
occupancy1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* e sale w\ld 
be a r$emption4  ,! !ory ( appropriation
 by labor is1 !n1 a contradiction ( !   
,code2 & :5 ! p>tisans ( ?is !ory pret5d
 to expla9 ! laws !reby1 !y contradict  
!mselves4   ,if m5 succe$ 9 f]tiliz+ l& 
hi!rto unproductive1 or ev5             
dea?-produc+1 l c]ta9 swamps1 !y create 
!reby prop]ty 9 all its complet5ess4    
,:at good does x d to magnify an        
expression1 & play ) equivocations1 z if
 we expect$ to *ange ! reality !reby8   
,,!y ,,create ,,prop]ty ,,9 ,,all ,,its 
,,complet5ess4 ,y mean t !y create a    
productive capacity :i* =m]ly did n     
exi/2 b ?is capacity _c be creat$ )\t   
mat]ial to support x4 ,! sub/ance ( !   
soil rema9s ! same2 only its qualities &

 modifications are *ang$4 ,man has      
creat$ e ?+--e ?+ save ! mat]ial itself4
 ,n[1 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is mat]ial he c only 
possess & use1 on condition ( p]man5t   
labor1--grant+1 = ! "t be+1 8 "r (      
prop]ty 9 ?+s :i* he has produc$4  ,?is1
 !n1 is ! fir/ po9t settl$3 prop]ty 9   
product1 if we grant s mu*1 does n c>ry 
) x prop]ty 9 ! means ( production2 t   
seems to me to ne$ no fur!r             
demon/ration4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5
 ! soldi] :o possesses 8 arms1 ! mason  
:o possesses ! mat]ials committ$ to 8   
c>e1 ! fi%]man :o possesses ! wat]1 !   
hunt] :o possesses ! fields & =e/s1 & ! 
cultivator :o possesses ! l&s3 all1 if y
 say s1 are proprietors ( _! products--n
 "o is proprietor ( ! means (           
production4 ,! "r to product is         
exclusive--jus 9 re2 ! "r to means is   
common--jus ad rem4     #e4--,t ,labor  
leads to ,equality ( ,prop]ty4  ,admit1 
h[ev]1 t labor gives a "r ( prop]ty 9   
mat]ial4  ,:y is n ?is pr9ciple         
univ]sal8 ,:y is ! b5efit ( ?is pret5d$ 

law conf9$ to a few & d5i$ to ! mass (  
labor]s8 ,a philosoph]1 argu+ t all     
animals sprang up =m]ly out ( ! e>? w>m$
 by ! rays ( ! sun1 almo/ l mu%rooms1 on
 be+ ask$ :y ! e>? no long] yield$ crops
 ( t nature1 repli$3 ,because x is old1 
& has lo/ its f]tility4 ,has labor1 once
 s fecund1 likewise become /]ile8 ,:y   
does ! t5ant no long] acquire ?r\gh 8   
labor ! l& :i* 0 =m]ly acquir$ by !     
labor ( ! proprietor8  ,because1 !y say1
 x is already appropriat$4 ,t is no     
answ]4 ,a f>m yields fifty bu%els p]    
hect>e2 ! skill & labor ( ! t5ant d\ble 
?is product3 ! increase is creat$ by !  
t5ant4 ,suppose ! own]1 9 a _s (        
mod]ation r>ely met )1 does n g to !    
ext5t ( absorb+ ?is product by rais+ !  
r5t1 b all[s ! cultivator to enjoy !    
results ( 8 labor2 ev5 !n ju/ice is n   
satisfi$4 ,! t5ant1 by improv+ ! l&1 has
 imp>t$ a new value to ! prop]ty2 he1   
!re=e1 has a "r to a "p ( ! prop]ty4 ,if
 ! f>m 0 orig9ally wor? "o hundr$ ?\s&  
francs1 & if by ! labor ( ! t5ant its   

value has ris5 to "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&
 francs1 ! t5ant1 :o produc$ ?is extra  
value1 is ! legitimate proprietor (     
"o-?ird ( ! f>m4 ,m4 ,*4 ,comte c\ld n h
 pron\nc$ ?is doctr9e false1 = x 0 he :o
 said3--   ,m5 :o increase ! f]tility ( 
! e>? are no less useful to _! fell[-m51
 ?an if !y %\ld create new l&4   ,:y1   
!n1 is n ?is rule applicable to ! man :o
 improves ! l&1 z well z to him :o cle>s
 x8 ,! labor ( ! =m] makes ! l& wor? "o2
 t ( ! latt] makes x wor? two3 bo?      
create equal values4 ,:y n accord to bo?
 equal prop]ty8 ,i defy any "o to refute
 ?is argum5t1 )\t aga9 fall+ back on !  
"r ( fir/ occupancy4  ,b1 x w be said1  
ev5 if y\r wi% %\ld be grant$1 prop]ty  
w\ld n be di/ribut$ mu* m ev5ly ?an n[4 
,l& does n g on increas+ 9 value = ev]2 
aft] two or ?ree seasons x atta9s its   
maximum f]tility4 ,t :i* is add$ by !   
agricultural art results r f ! progress 
( sci5ce & ! diffusion ( k1 ?an f !     
skill ( ! cultivator4 ,consequ5tly1 !   
addition ( a few labor]s to ! mass (    

proprietors w\ld be no argum5t aga9/    
prop]ty4  ,?is discussion w\ld1 inde$1  
prove a well-nigh useless "o1 if our    
labors culm9at$ 9 simply ext5d+         
l&-privilege & indu/rial monopoly2 9    
emancipat+ only a few hundr$ labor]s out
 ( ! millions ( proletaires4 ,b ?is also
 is a misconception ( our real ?\ght1 & 
does b prove ! g5]al lack ( intellig5ce 
& logic4  ,if ! labor]1 :o adds to !    
value ( a ?+1 has a "r ( prop]ty 9 x1 he
 :o ma9ta9s ?is value acquires ! same   
"r4 ,= :at is ma9t5ance8 ,x is incessant
 addition1--cont9u\s creation4 ,:at is x
 to cultivate8 ,x is to give ! soil its 
value e ye>2 x is1 by annually r5ew$    
creation1 to prev5t ! dim9ution or      
de/ruction ( ! value ( a piece ( l&4    
,admitt+1 !n1 t prop]ty is rational &   
legitimate1--admitt+ t r5t is equitable 
& j1--,i say t he :o cultivates acquires
 prop]ty by z good a title z he :o      
cle>s1 or he :o improves2 & t e "t a    
t5ant pays 8 r5t1 he obta9s a fraction (
 prop]ty 9 ! l& entru/$ to 8 c>e1 !     

d5om9ator ( :i* is equal to ! proportion
 ( r5t paid4 ,unless y admit ?is1 y fall
 into absolutism & tyranny2 y recognize 
class privileges2 y sanction slav]y4    
,:oev] labors becomes a proprietor--?is 
is an inevitable d$uction f ! ackn[l$g$ 
pr9ciples ( political economy &         
jurisprud5ce4 ,& :5 ,i say proprietor1  
,i d n mean simply 7z d our hypocritical
 economi/s7 proprietor ( 8 all[ance1 8  
sal>y1 8 wages1--,i mean proprietor ( ! 
value :i* he creates1 & by :i* ! ma/]   
alone pr(its4  ,z all ?is relates to !  
!ory ( wages & ( ! di/ribution (        
products1--& z ?is matt] nev] has be5   
ev5 p>tially cle>$ up1--,i ask p]mission
 to insi/ on x3 ?is discussion w n be   
useless to ! "w 9 h&4 ,_m p]sons talk ( 
admitt+ work+-p to a %>e 9 ! products & 
pr(its2 b 9 _! m9ds ?is p>ticipation is 
pure b5evol5ce3 !y h nev] %[n--p]haps   
nev] suspect$--t x 0 a natural1 necess>y
 "r1 inh]5t 9 labor1 & insep>able f !   
function ( produc]1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( 8
 "w4  ,?is is my proposition3 ,,!       

,,labor] ,,reta9s1 ,,ev5 ,,aft] ,,he    
,,has ,,receiv$ ,,8 ,,wages1 ,a         
,,natural ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,9 ,,!    
,,?+ ,,:i* ,,he ,,has ,,produc$4  ,i    
aga9 quote ,m4 ,*4 ,comte3--  ,"s       
labor]s are employ$ 9 dra9+ m>%es1 9    
cutt+ d[n trees & bru%wood1--9 a ^w1 9  
clean+ up ! soil4 ,!y increase ! value1 
!y make ! am\nt ( prop]ty l>g]2 !y are  
paid = ! value :i* !y add 9 ! =m ( food 
& daily wages3 x !n becomes ! prop]ty ( 
! capitali/4   ,! price is n suffici5t3 
! labor ( ! work]s has creat$ a value2  
n[ ?is value is _! prop]ty4 ,b !y h     
nei!r sold nor ex*ang$ x2 & y1          
capitali/1 y h n e>n$ x4 ,t y %\ld h a  
p>tial "r to ! :ole1 9 return = !       
mat]ials t y h furni%$ & ! provisions t 
y h suppli$1 is p]fectly j4 ,y          
contribut$ to ! production1 y ought to  
%>e 9 ! enjoym5t4 ,b y\r "r does n      
annihilate t ( ! labor]s1 :o1 9 spite ( 
y1 h be5 y\r colleagues 9 ! "w (        
production4 ,:y d y talk ( wages8 ,!    
money ) :i* y pay ! wages ( ! labor]s   

remun]ates !m = only a few ye>s ( !     
p]petual possession :i* !y h ab&on$ to  
y4 ,wages is ! co/ ( ! daily ma9t5ance &
 refre%m5t ( ! labor]4 ,y are wrong 9   
call+ x ! price ( a sale4 ,! work+man   
has sold no?+2 he kn[s nei!r 8 "r1 nor !
 ext5t ( ! concession :i* he has made to
 y1 nor ! mean+ ( ! contract :i* y      
pret5d to h made ) him4 ,on 8 side1 utt]
 ignorance2 on y\rs1 error & surprise1 n
 to say deceit & fraud4  ,let u make ?is
 cle>] by ano!r & m /rik+ example4  ,no 
"o is ignorant ( ! difficulties t are   
met ) 9 ! conv]sion ( untill$ l& into   
arable & productive l&4 ,^! difficulties
 are s great1 t usually an isolat$ man  
w\ld p]i% be=e he c\ld put ! soil 9 a   
condition to yield him ev5 ! mo/ meagre 
liv+4 ,to t end are ne$$ ! unit$ &      
comb9$ ef=ts ( society1 & all ! res\rces
 ( indu/ry4 ,m4 ,*4 ,comte quotes on ?is
 subject num]\s & well-au!nticat$ facts1
 little ?9k+ t he is amass+ te/imony    
aga9/ 8 own sy/em4  ,let u suppose t a  
colony ( tw5ty or ?irty families        

e/abli%es itself 9 a wild di/rict1 cov]$
 ) und]bru% & =e/s2 & f :i*1 by         
agreem5t1 ! natives cons5t to )draw4    
,ea* "o ( ^! families possesses a       
mod]ate b suffici5t am\nt ( capital1 (  
su* a nature z a coloni/ w\ld be apt to 
*oose1--animals1 se$s1 tools1 & a little
 money & food4 ,! l& hav+ be5 divid$1   
ea* "o settles himself z com=tably z    
possible1 & beg9s to cle> away ! portion
 allott$ to him4 ,b aft] a few weeks (  
fatigue1 su* z !y nev] be=e h kn[n1 (   
inconceivable suff]+1 ( ru9\s & almo/   
useless labor1 our coloni/s beg9 to     
compla9 ( _! trade2 _! condition seems  
h>d to !m2 !y curse _! sad exi/5ce4     
,sudd5ly1 "o ( ! %rewde/ among !m kills 
a pig1 cures a "p ( ! meat2 &1 resolv$  
to sacrifice ! re/ ( 8 provisions1 goes 
to f9d 8 companions 9 mis]y4 ,fri5ds1 he
 beg9s 9 a v b5evol5t tone1 h[ mu*      
tr\ble x co/s y to d a little "w & live 
uncom=tably6 ,a =tnight ( labor has     
r$uc$ y to y\r la/ extremity6444 ,let u 
make an arrangem5t by :i* y %all all    

pr(it4 ,i (f] y provisions & w9e3 y %all
 get s mu* e day2 we w "w toge!r1 &1    
z\nds6 my fri5ds1 we w be happy &       
cont5t$6  ,w\ld x be possible = empty   
/oma*s to resi/ su* an invitation8 ,!   
hungrie/ ( !m foll[ ! trea*]\s tempt]4  
,!y g to "w2 ! *>m ( society1 emulation1
 joy1 & mutual assi/ance d\ble _! /r5g?2
 ! "w c be se5 to advance4 ,s++ &       
laugh+1 !y subdue ,nature4 ,9 a %ort "t1
 ! soil is ?or\ghly *ang$2 ! mell[$ e>? 
waits only = ! se$4 ,t done1 !          
proprietor pays 8 labor]s1 :o1 on go+   
away1 return him _! ?anks1 & grieve t ! 
happy days :i* !y h sp5t ) him are ov]4 
,o!rs foll[ ?is example1 always ) ! same
 success4 ,!n1 ^! in/all$1 ! re/        
disp]se1--ea* "o returns to 8 grubb+4   
,b1 :ile grubb+1 x is necess>y to live4 
,:ile !y h be5 cle>+ away = _! neighbor1
 !y h done no cle>+ = !mselves4 ,"o     
ye>'s se$-"t & h>ve/ is already gone4   
,!y _h calculat$ t 9 l5d+ _! labor !y   
c\ld n b ga91 s9ce !y w\ld save _! own  
provisions2 &1 :ile liv+ bett]1 w\ld get

 /ill m money4 ,false calculation6 !y h 
creat$ = ano!r ! means :]e) to produce1 
& h creat$ no?+ = !mselves4 ,!          
difficulties ( cle>+ rema9 ! same2 _!   
clo?+ we>s out1 _! provisions give out2 
soon _! purse becomes empty = ! pr(it ( 
! individual = :om !y h work$1 & :o     
alone c furni% ! provisions :i* !y ne$1 
s9ce he alone is 9 a position to produce
 !m4 ,!n1 :5 ! poor grubb] has exhau/$ 8
 res\rces1 ! man ) ! provisions 7l !    
wolf 9 ! fable1 :o sc5ts 8 victim f af>7
 aga9 comes =w>d4 ,"o he (f]s to employ 
aga9 by ! day2 f ano!r he (f]s to buy at
 a favorable price a piece ( 8 bad l&1  
:i* is n1 & nev] c be1 ( any use to him3
 t is1 he uses ! labor ( "o man to      
cultivate ! field ( ano!r = 8 own       
b5efit4 ,s t at ! end ( tw5ty ye>s1 (   
?irty individuals orig9ally equal 9 po9t
 ( weal?1 five or six h become          
proprietors ( ! :ole di/rict1 :ile ! re/
 h be5 philan?ropically dispossess$6  ,9
 ?is c5tury ( b\rgeoisie morality1 9 :i*
 ,i h _h ! honor to be born1 ! moral    

s5se is s debas$ t ,i %\ld n be at all  
surpris$ if ,i 7 ask$1 by _m a wor?y    
proprietor1 :at ,i see 9 ?is t is unju/ 
& illegitimate8 ,debas$ creature6       
galvaniz$ corpse6 h[ c ,i expect to     
conv9ce y1 if y _c tell robb]y :5 ,i %[ 
x to y8 ,a man1 by s(t & ins9uat+ words1
 discov]s ! secret ( tax+ o!rs t he may 
e/abli% himself2 !n1 once enri*$ by _!  
unit$ ef=ts1 he refuses1 on ! v         
conditions :i* he himself dictat$1 to   
advance ! well-be+ ( ^? :o made 8 =tune 
= him3 & y ask h[ su* conduct is        
fraudul5t6 ,"u ! pretext t he has paid 8
 labor]s1 t he owes !m no?+ m1 t he has 
no?+ to ga9 by putt+ himself at ! s]vice
 ( o!rs1 :ile 8 own occupations claim 8 
att5tion1--he refuses1 ,i say1 to aid   
o!rs 9 gett+ a foo?old1 z he 0 aid$ 9   
gett+ 8 own2 & :51 9 ! impot5ce ( _!    
isolation1 ^! poor labor]s are compell$ 
to sell _! bir?right1 he--?is ungrateful
 proprietor1 ?is knavi% up/>t--/&s ready
 to put ! f9i%+ t\* to _! deprivation & 
_! ru94 ,& y ?9k t j8 ,take c>e6  ,i    

read 9 y\r />tl$ c\nt5ance ! reproa* ( a
 guilty consci5ce1 mu* m cle>ly ?an !   
innoc5t a/oni%m5t ( involunt>y          
ignorance4  ,! capitali/1 !y say1 has   
paid ! labor]s _! ,,daily ,,wages4 ,to  
be accurate1 x mu/ be said t ! capitali/
 has paid z _m times "o day's wage z he 
has employ$ labor]s ea* day1--:i* is n  
at all ! same ?+4 ,= he has paid no?+ = 
t imm5se p[] :i* results f ! union &    
h>mony ( labor]s1 & ! conv]g5ce &       
simultane\sness ( _! ef=ts4 ,two hundr$ 
gr5adi]s /ood ! obelisk ( ,luxor ^u its 
base 9 a few h\rs2 d y suppose t "o man 
c\ld h accompli%$ ! same task 9 two     
hundr$ days8 ,nev]!less1 on ! books ( ! 
capitali/1 ! am\nt ( wages paid w\ld h  
be5 ! same4 ,well1 a des]t to prep>e =  
cultivation1 a h\se to build1 a factory 
to run1--all ^! are obelisks to erect1  
m\nta9s to move4 ,! smalle/ =tune1 ! mo/
 insignificant e/abli%m5t1 ! sett+ 9    
motion ( ! l[e/ indu/ry1 dem& !         
concurr5ce ( s _m diff]5t k9ds ( labor &
 skill1 t "o man c\ld n possibly execute

 ! :ole ( !m4 ,x is a/oni%+ t !         
economi/s nev] h call$ att5tion to ?is  
fact4 ,/rike a balance1 !n1 betwe5 !    
capitali/'s receipts & 8 paym5ts4  ,!   
labor] ne$s a sal>y :i* w enable him to 
live :ile he works2 = unless he         
consumes1 he _c produce4 ,:oev] employs 
a man owes him ma9t5ance & support1 or  
wages en\gh to procure ! same4 ,t is !  
fir/ ?+ to be done 9 all production4 ,i 
admit1 = ! mom5t1 t 9 ?is respect !     
capitali/ has dis*>g$ 8 duty4  ,x is    
necess>y t ! labor] %\ld f9d 9 8        
production1 9 addition to 8 pres5t      
support1 a gu>antee ( 8 future support2 
o!rwise ! s\rce ( production w\ld dry   
up1 & 8 productive capacity w\ld become 
exhau/$3 9 o!r words1 ! labor accompli%$
 mu/ give bir? p]petually to new        
labor--su* is ! univ]sal law (          
reproduction4 ,9 ?is way1 ! proprietor (
 a f>m f9ds3 #a4 ,9 8 crops1 means1 n   
only ( support+ himself & 8 family1 b ( 
ma9ta9+ & improv+ 8 capital1 ( fe$+ 8   
live-/ock--9 a ^w1 means ( new labor &  

cont9ual reproduction2 #b4 ,9 8 own]%ip 
( a productive ag5cy1 a p]man5t basis ( 
cultivation & labor4  ,b he :o l5ds 8   
s]vices1--:at is 8 basis ( cultivation8 
,! proprietor's presum$ ne$ ( him1 & !  
unw>rant$ supposition t he wi%es to     
employ him4 ,j z ! common] once held 8  
l& by ! munific5ce & condesc5sion ( !   
"l1 s to-day ! work+-man holds 8 labor  
by ! condesc5sion & necessities ( ! ma/]
 & proprietor3 t is :at is call$        
possession by a prec>i\s #ae title4 ,b  
?is prec>i\s condition is an inju/ice1 =
 x implies an inequality 9 ! b>ga94 ,!  
labor]'s wages exce$ b little 8 runn+   
exp5ses1 & d n assure him wages =       
to-morr[2 :ile ! capitali/ f9ds 9 !     
in/rum5t produc$ by ! labor] a pl$ge (  
indep5d5ce & security = ! future4   ,n[1
 ?is reproductive leav5--?is et]nal g]m 
( life1 ?is prep>ation ( ! l& &         
manufacture ( implem5ts =               
production--con/itutes ! debt ( !       
capitali/ to ! produc]1 :i* he nev]     
pays2 & x is ?is fraudul5t d5ial :i*    

causes ! pov]ty ( ! labor]1 ! luxury (  
idl5ess1 & ! inequality ( conditions4   
,?is x is1 above all o!r ?+s1 :i* has   
be5 s fitly nam$ ! exploitation ( man by
 man4  ,"o ( ?ree ?+s mu/ be done4 ,ei!r
 ! labor] mu/ be giv5 a portion ( !     
product 9 addition to 8 wages2 or !     
employ] mu/ r5d] ! labor] an equival5t 9
 productive s]vice2 or else he mu/ pl$ge
 himself to employ him = ev]4 ,division 
( ! product1 reciprocity ( s]vice1 or   
gu>antee ( p]petual labor1--f ! adoption
 ( "o ( ^! c\rses ! capitali/ _c escape4
 ,b x is evid5t t he _c satisfy ! second
 & ?ird ( ^! conditions--he c nei!r put 
himself at ! s]vice ( ! ?\s&s (         
work+-m51 :o1 directly or indirectly1 h 
aid$ him 9 e/abli%+ himself1 nor employ 
!m all = ev]4 ,he has no o!r c\rse left 
him1 !n1 b a division ( ! prop]ty4 ,b if
 ! prop]ty is divid$1 all conditions w  
be equal--!re w be no m l>ge capitali/s 
or l>ge proprietors4  ,consequ5tly1 :5  
,m4 ,*4 ,comte--foll[+ out 8            
hypo!sis--%[s u 8 capitali/ acquir+ "o  

aft] ano!r ! products ( 8 employees'    
labor1 he s9ks deep] & deep] into !     
mire2 &1 z 8 argum5t does n *ange1 our  
reply ( c\rse rema9s ! same4   ,o!r     
labor]s are employ$ 9 build+3 "s qu>ry !
 /one1 o!rs transport x1 o!rs cut x1 &  
/ill o!rs put x 9 place4 ,ea* ( !m adds 
a c]ta9 value to ! mat]ial :i* passes   
?r\gh 8 h&s2 & ?is value1 ! product ( 8 
labor1 is 8 prop]ty4 ,he sells x1 z fa/ 
z he creates x1 to ! proprietor ( !     
build+1 :o pays him = x 9 food & wages4 
,divide et imp]a--divide1 & y %all      
comm&2 divide1 & y %all gr[ ri*2 divide1
 & y %all deceive m51 y %all daze _!    
m9ds1 y %all mock at ju/ice6 ,sep>ate   
labor]s f ea* o!r1 p]haps ea* "o's daily
 wage exce$s ! value ( ea* individual's 
product2 b t is n ! "q "u consid]ation4 
,a =ce ( "o ?\s& m5 work+ tw5ty days has
 be5 paid ! same wages t "o w\ld be paid
 = work+ fifty-five ye>s2 b ?is =ce ( "o
 ?\s& has done 9 tw5ty days :at a s+le  
man c\ld n h accompli%$1 ?\gh he _h     
labor$ = a million c5turies4 ,is !      

ex*ange an equitable "o8 ,once m1 no2 :5
 y h paid all ! individual =ces1 !      
collective =ce /ill rema9s to be paid4  
,consequ5tly1 !re rema9s always a "r (  
collective prop]ty :i* y h n acquir$1 & 
:i* y enjoy unju/ly4  ,admit t tw5ty    
days' wages suffice to fe$1 lodge1 &    
clo! ?is multitude = tw5ty days3 ?r[n   
out ( employm5t at ! end ( t "t1 :at w  
become ( !m1 if1 z fa/ z !y create1 !y  
ab&on _! creations to ! proprietors :o w
 soon dis*>ge !m8 ,:ile ! proprietor1   
firm 9 8 position 7?anks to ! aid ( all 
! labor]s71 dwells 9 security1 & fe>s no
 lack ( labor or bread1 ! labor]'s only 
dep5d5ce is ^u ! b5evol5ce ( ?is same   
proprietor1 to :om he has sold &        
surr5d]$ 8 lib]ty4 ,if1 !n1 !           
proprietor1 %ield+ himself beh9d 8 com=t
 & 8 rights1 refuses to employ ! labor]1
 h[ c ! labor] live8 ,he has pl\gh$ an  
excell5t field1 & _c s[ x2 he has built 
an elegant & commodi\s h\se1 & _c live 9
 x2 he has produc$ all1 & c enjoy no?+4 
,labor leads u to equality4 ,e /ep t we 

take br+s u ne>] to x2 & if labor]s _h  
equal /r5g?1 dilig5ce1 & indu/ry1 cle>ly
 _! =tunes w\ld be equal also4 ,inde$1  
if1 z is pret5d$1--& z we h admitt$1--! 
labor] is proprietor ( ! value :i* he   
creates1 x foll[s3--  #a4 ,t ! labor]   
acquires at ! exp5se ( ! idle           
proprietor2  #b4 ,t all production be+  
necess>ily collective1 ! labor] is      
entitl$ to a %>e ( ! products & pr(its  
comm5surate ) 8 labor2  #c4 ,t all      
accumulat$ capital be+ social prop]ty1  
no "o c be its exclusive proprietor4    
,^! inf]5ces are unavoidable2 ^! alone  
w\ld suffice to revolutionize our :ole  
economical sy/em1 & *ange our           
in/itutions & our laws4 ,:y d ! v       
p]sons1 :o laid d[n ?is pr9ciple1 n[    
refuse to be guid$ by x8 ,:y d ! ,says1 
! ,comtes1 ! ,h5nequ9s1 & o!rs--aft]    
hav+ said t prop]ty is born (           
labor--seek to fix x by occupation &    
prescription8  ,b let u leave ^! sophi/s
 to _! contradictions & bl9dness4 ,!    
good s5se ( ! p w d ju/ice to _!        

equivocations4 ,let u make ha/e to      
enlight5 x1 & %[ x ! true pa?4 ,equality
 approa*es2 already betwe5 x & u b a    
%ort di/ance int]v5es3 to-morr[ ev5 ?is 
di/ance w h be5 trav]s$4     #f4--,t 9  
,society all ,wages are ,equal4  ,:5 !  
,/4 ,simonians1 ! ,f\ri]i/s1 &1 9 g5]al1
 all :o 9 our day are connect$ ) social 
economy & re=m1 inscribe ^u _! bann]1-- 
,,to ,,ea* ,,accord+ ,,to ,,8           
,,capacity1 ,,to ,,ea* ,,capacity       
,,accord+ ,,to ,,its ,,results 7,/4     
,simon72  ,,to ,,ea* ,,accord+ ,,to ,,8 
,,capital1 ,,8 ,,labor1 ,,& ,,8 ,,skill 
7,f\ri]71--  !y mean--al?\gh !y d n say 
s 9 s _m words--t ! products ( ,nature  
procur$ by labor & indu/ry are a rew>d1 
a palm1 a cr[n (f]$ to all k9ds (       
preem95ce & sup]iority4 ,!y reg>d ! l& z
 an imm5se ar5a 9 :i* prizes are cont5d$
 =1--no long]1 x is true1 ) lances &    
swords1 by =ce & by trea*]y2 b by       
acquir$ weal?1 by k1 tal5t1 & by virtue 
itself4 ,9 a ^w1 !y mean--& ev]ybody    
agrees ) !m--t ! greate/ capacity is    

entitl$ to ! greate/ rew>d2 &1 to use ! 
m]cantile phraseology1--:i* has1 at     
lea/1 ! m]it ( be+ /raight=w>d1--t      
sal>ies mu/ be gov]n$ by capacity & its 
results4  ,! disciples ( ^! two         
self-/yl$ re=m]s _c d5y t su* is _!     
?\ght2 =1 9 do+ s1 !y w\ld contradict _!
 (ficial int]pretations1 & w\ld de/roy !
 unity ( _! sy/ems4 ,fur!rmore1 su* a   
d5ial on _! "p is n to be fe>$4 ,! two  
sects glory 9 lay+ d[n z a pr9ciple     
inequality ( conditions1--reason+ f     
,nature1 :o1 !y say1 int5d$ ! inequality
 ( capacities4 ,!y boa/ only ( "o ?+2   
namely1 t _! political sy/em is s       
p]fect1 t ! social inequalities always  
correspond ) ! natural inequalities4 ,!y
 no m tr\ble !mselves to inquire :e!r   
inequality ( conditions--,i mean (      
sal>ies--is possible1 ?an !y d to fix a 
measure ( capacity4#a  #a ,9 ,/4        
,simon's sy/em1 ! ,/4-,simonian prie/   
det]m9es ! capacity ( ea* by virtue ( 8 
pontifical infallibility1 9 imitation ( 
! ,roman ,*ur*3 9 ,f\ri]'s1 ! ranks &   

m]its are decid$ by vote1 9 imitation ( 
! con/itutional regime4  ,cle>ly1 !     
great man is an object ( ridicule to !  
read]2 he did n mean to tell 8 secret4  
,to ea* accord+ to 8 capacity1 to ea*   
capacity accord+ to its results4  ,to   
ea* accord+ to 8 capital1 8 labor1 & 8  
skill4   ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,/4 ,simon &    
,f\ri]1 n "o among _! num]\s disciples  
has attempt$ to give to ! public a      
sci5tific demon/ration ( ?is gr& maxim2 
& ,i w\ld wag] a hundr$ to "o t no      
,f\ri]i/ ev5 suspects t ?is bi=m        
aphorism is susceptible ( two           
int]pretations4   ,to ea* accord+ to 8  
capacity1 to ea* capacity accord+ to its
 results4  ,to ea* accord+ to 8 capital1
 8 labor1 & 8 skill4   ,?is proposition1
 tak51 z !y say1 9 s5su obvio--9 ! s5se 
usually attribut$ to x--is false1       
absurd1 unju/1 contradictory1 ho/ile to 
lib]ty1 fri5dly to tyranny1 anti-social1
 & 0 unluckily fram$ "u ! express       
influ5ce ( ! prop]ty idea4  ,&1 fir/1   
,,capital mu/ be cross$ (f ! li/ (      

elem5ts :i* are entitl$ to a rew>d4 ,!  
,f\ri]i/s--z f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n 
f a few ( _! pamphlets--d5y ! "r (      
occupancy1 & recognize no basis (       
prop]ty save labor4 ,/>t+ ) a l premise1
 !y w\ld h se5--_h !y reason$ ^u !      
matt]--t capital is a s\rce ( production
 to its proprietor only by virtue ( ! "r
 ( occupancy1 & t ?is production is     
!re=e illegitimate4 ,inde$1 if labor is 
! sole basis ( prop]ty1 ,i cease to be  
proprietor ( my field z soon z ,i       
receive r5t = x f ano!r4 ,?is we h %[n  
beyond all cavil4 ,x is ! same ) all    
capital2 s t to put capital 9 an        
ent]prise1 is1 by ! law's decision1 to  
ex*ange x = an equival5t sum 9 products4
 ,i w n ent] aga9 ^u ?is n[ useless     
discussion1 s9ce ,i propose1 9 ! foll[+ 
*apt]1 to exhau/ ! subject (            
,,production ,,by ,,capital4  ,?us1     
capital c be ex*ang$1 b _c be a s\rce ( 
income4  ,,labor & ,,skill rema92 or1 z 
,/4 ,simon puts x1 ,,results &          
,,capacities4 ,i w exam9e !m            

successively4  ,%\ld wages be gov]n$ by 
labor8 ,9 o!r words1 is x j t he :o does
 ! mo/ %\ld get ! mo/8 ,i beg ! read] to
 pay ! close/ att5tion to ?is po9t4  ,to
 solve ! problem ) "o /roke1 we h only  
to ask ourselves ! foll[+ "q3 ,is labor 
a ,,condition or a ,,/ruggle8 ,! reply  
seems pla94  ,god said to man1 ,9 !     
sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1--t   
is1 ?\ %alt produce ?y own bread3 ) m or
 less ease1 accord+ to ?y skill 9       
direct+ & comb9+ ?y ef=ts1 ?\ %alt      
labor4 ,god did n say1 ,?\ %alt qu>rel )
 ?y neighbor = ?y bread2 b1 ,?\ %alt    
labor by ! side ( ?y neighbor1 & ye %all
 dwell toge!r 9 h>mony4 ,let u develop !
 mean+ ( ?is law1 ! extreme simplicity (
 :i* r5d]s x liable to miscon/ruction4  
,9 labor1 two ?+s mu/ be notic$ &       
di/+ui%$3 ,,association & ,,available   
,,mat]ial4  ,9 s f> z labor]s are       
associat$1 !y are equal2 & x involves a 
contradiction to say t "o %\ld be paid m
 ?an ano!r4 ,=1 z ! product ( "o labor] 
c be paid = only 9 ! product ( ano!r    

labor]1 if ! two products are unequal1 !
 rema9d]--or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! great] 
& ! small]--w n be acquir$ by society2  
&1 !re=e1 n be+ ex*ang$1 w n affect !   
equality ( wages4 ,!re w result1 x is   
true1 9 favor ( ! /rong] labor] a       
natural inequality1 b n a social        
inequality2 no "o hav+ suff]$ by 8 /r5g?
 & productive en]gy4 ,9 a ^w1 society   
ex*anges only equal products--t is1     
rew>ds no labor save t p]=m$ = h]       
b5efit2 consequ5tly1 %e pays all labor]s
 equally3 ) :at !y produce outside ( h] 
sph]e %e has no m to d1 ?an ) ! diff]5ce
 9 _! voices & _! hair4  ,i seem to be  
posit+ ! pr9ciple ( inequality3 ! rev]se
 ( ?is is ! tru?4 ,! total am\nt ( labor
 :i* c be p]=m$ = society 7t is1 ( labor
 susceptible ( ex*ange71 be+1 )9 a giv5 
space1 z mu* great] z ! labor]s are m   
num]\s1 & z ! task assign$ to ea* is    
less 9 magnitude1--x foll[s t natural   
inequality neutralizes itself 9         
proportion z association ext5ds1 & z !  
quantity ( consumable values produc$    

!reby increases4 ,s t 9 society ! only  
?+ :i* c\ld br+ back ! inequality (     
labor w\ld be ! "r ( occupancy1--! "r ( 
prop]ty4  ,n[1 suppose t ?is daily      
social task consi/s 9 ! pl\gh+1 hoe+1 or
 reap+ ( two squ>e decamet]s1 & t !     
av]age "t requir$ to accompli% x is sev5
 h\rs3 "o labor] w f9i% x 9 six h\rs1   
ano!r w require eight2 ! majority1      
h[ev]1 w "w sev54 ,b provid$ ea* "o     
furni%es ! quantity ( labor dem&$ ( him1
 :atev] be ! "t he employs1 !y are      
entitl$ to equal wages4  ,%all ! labor] 
:o is capable ( f9i%+ 8 task 9 six h\rs 
h ! "r1 on ! gr\nd ( sup]ior /r5g? &    
activity1 to usurp ! task ( ! less      
skilful labor]1 & ?us rob him ( 8 labor 
& bread8 ,:o d>es ma9ta9 su* a          
proposition8 ,he :o f9i%es be=e ! o!rs  
may re/1 if he *ooses2 he may devote    
himself to useful ex]cise & labors = !  
ma9t5ance ( 8 /r5g?1 & ! culture ( 8    
m9d1 & ! pleasure ( 8 life4 ,?is he c d 
)\t injury to any "o3 b let him conf9e  
himself to s]vices :i* affect him       

solely4 ,vigor1 g5ius1 dilig5ce1 & all !
 p]sonal advantages :i* result !refrom1 
are ! "w ( ,nature &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 
( ! individual2 society aw>ds !m ! e/eem
 :i* !y m]it3 b ! wages :i* x pays !m is
 measur$1 n by _! p[]1 b by _!          
production4 ,n[1 ! product ( ea* is     
limit$ by ! "r ( all4  ,if ! soil 7     
inf9ite 9 ext5t1 & ! am\nt ( available  
mat]ial 7 exhau/less1 ev5 !n we c\ld n  
accept ?is maxim1--,,to ,,ea* ,,accord+ 
,,to ,,8 ,,labor4 ,& :y8 ,because       
society1 ,i repeat1 :atev] be ! numb] ( 
its subjects1 is =c$ to pay !m all !    
same wages1 s9ce %e pays !m only 9 _!   
own products4 ,only1 on ! hypo!sis j    
made1 inasmu* z ! /rong _c be prev5t$ f 
us+ all _! advantages1 ! inconv5i5ces ( 
natural inequality w\ld reappe> 9 ! v   
bosom ( social equality4 ,b ! l&1       
consid]+ ! productive p[] ( its         
inhabitants & _! ability to multiply1 is
 v limit$2 fur!r1 by ! imm5se v>iety (  
products & ! extreme division ( labor1 !
 social task is made easy (             

accompli%m5t4 ,n[1 ?r\gh ?is limitation 
( ?+s producible1 & ?r\gh ! ease (      
produc+ !m1 ! law ( absolute equality   
takes effect4  ,yes1 life is a /ruggle4 
,b ?is /ruggle is n betwe5 man & man--x 
is betwe5 man & ,nature2 & x is ea* "o's
 duty to take 8 %>e 9 x4 ,if1 9 !       
/ruggle1 ! /rong come to ! aid ( ! weak1
 _! k9dness des]ves praise & love2 b _! 
aid mu/ be accept$ z a free gift1--n    
impos$ by =ce1 nor (f]$ at a price4 ,all
 h ! same c>e] be=e !m1 nei!r too long  
nor too difficult2 :oev] f9i%es x f9ds 8
 rew>d at ! end3 x is n necess>y to get 
!re fir/4  ,9 pr9t+-(fices1 :]e !       
labor]s usually "w by ! job1 !          
compositor receives s mu* p] ?\s& lett]s
 set2 ! pressman s mu* p] ?\s& %eets    
pr9t$4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 inequalities (  
tal5t & skill are to be f\nd4 ,:5 !re is
 no prospect ( dull times 7= pr9t+ &    
typesett+1 l all o!r trades1 sometimes  
come to a /&-/ill71 e "o is free to "w 8
 h>de/1 & ex]t 8 faculties to ! utmo/3  
he :o does m gets m2 he :o does less    

gets less4 ,:5 bus9ess slack5s1         
compositors & pressm5 divide up _!      
labor2 all monopoli/s are dete/$ z no   
bett] ?an robb]s or traitors4  ,!re is a
 philosophy 9 ! action ( ^! pr9t]s1 to  
:i* nei!r economi/s nor legi/s h ev]    
ris54 ,if our legislators _h introduc$  
into _! codes ! pr9ciple ( di/ributive  
ju/ice :i* gov]ns pr9t+-(fices2 if !y _h
 obs]v$ ! popul> in/9cts1--n = ! sake ( 
s]vile imitation1 b 9 ord] to re=m &    
g5]alize !m1--long ere ?is lib]ty &     
equality w\ld h be5 e/abli%$ on an      
immovable basis1 & we %\ld n n[ be      
disput+ ab\t ! "r ( prop]ty & !         
necessity ( social di/9ctions4  ,x has  
be5 calculat$ t if labor 7 equally %>$  
by ! :ole numb] ( able-bodi$            
individuals1 ! av]age work+-day ( ea*   
individual1 9 ,france1 w\ld n exce$ five
 h\rs4 ,?is be+ s1 h[ c we presume to   
talk ( ! inequality ( labor]s8 ,x is !  
,,labor ( ,rob]t ,macaire t causes      
inequality4  ,! pr9ciple1 ,,to ,,ea*    
,,accord+ ,,to ,,8 ,,labor1 int]pret$ to

 mean1 ,,:o ,,works ,,mo/ ,,%\ld        
,,receive ,,mo/1 is bas$1 !re=e1 on two 
palpable errors3 "o1 an error 9 economy1
 t 9 ! labor ( society tasks mu/        
necess>ily be unequal2 ! o!r1 an error 9
 physics1 t !re is no limit to ! am\nt (
 producible ?+s4  ,b1 x w be said1      
suppose !re are "s p :o wi% to p]=m only
 half ( _! task8444 ,is t v emb>rass+8  
,probably !y are satisfi$ ) half ( _!   
sal>y4 ,paid accord+ to ! labor t !y _h 
p]=m$1 ( :at c\ld !y compla98 & :at     
injury w\ld !y d to o!rs8 ,9 ?is s5se1 x
 is fair to apply ! maxim1--,,to ,,ea*  
,,accord+ ,,to ,,8 ,,results4 ,x is !   
law ( equality itself4  ,fur!r1 num]\s  
difficulties1 relative to ! police sy/em
 & ! organization ( indu/ry1 might be   
rais$ "h4 ,i w reply to !m all ) ?is "o 
s5t5ce1--t !y mu/ all be solv$ by !     
pr9ciple ( equality4 ,?us1 "s "o might  
obs]ve1 ,"h is a task :i* _c be po/pon$ 
)\t detrim5t to production4 ,ought      
society to suff] f ! neglig5ce ( a few8 
& w %e n v5ture--out ( respect = ! "r ( 

labor--to assure ) h] own h&s ! product 
:i* !y refuse h]8 ,9 su* a case1 to :om 
w ! sal>y belong8  ,to society2 :o w be 
all[$ to p]=m ! labor1 ei!r h]self1 or  
?r\gh h] repres5tatives1 b always 9 su* 
a way t ! g5]al equality %all nev] be   
violat$1 & t only ! idl] %all be puni%$ 
= 8 idl5ess4 ,fur!r1 if society may n   
use excessive sev]ity t[>ds h] lazy     
memb]s1 %e has a "r1 9 self-def5ce1 to  
gu>d aga9/ abuses4  ,b e indu/ry        
ne$s--!y w add--lead]s1 in/ructors1     
sup]9t5d5ts1 c4 ,w ^! be engag$ 9 !     
g5]al task8 ,no2 s9ce _! task is to     
lead1 in/ruct1 & sup]9t5d4 ,b !y mu/ be 
*os5 f ! labor]s by ! labor]s !mselves1 
& mu/ fulfil ! conditions ( eligibility4
 ,x is ! same ) all public functions1   
:e!r ( adm9i/ration or in/ruction4  ,!n1
 article fir/ ( ! univ]sal con/itution w
 be3--  ,! limit$ quantity ( available  
mat]ial proves ! necessity ( divid+ !   
labor among ! :ole numb] ( labor]s4 ,!  
capacity1 giv5 to all1 ( accompli%+ a   
social task1--t is1 an equal task1--& ! 

impossibility ( pay+ "o labor] save 9 ! 
products ( ano!r1 ju/ify ! equality (   
wages4     #g4--,t ,inequality ( ,p[]s  
is ! ,necess>y ,condition ( ,equality ( 
,=tunes4  ,x is object$1--& ?is         
objection con/itutes ! second "p ( ! ,/4
 ,simonian1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! ,f\ri]/ic1  
maxims1--  ,t all k9ds ( labor _c be    
execut$ ) equal ease4 ,"s require great 
sup]iority ( skill & intellig5ce2 & on  
?is sup]iority is bas$ ! price4 ,!      
arti/1 ! savant1 ! poet1 ! /atesman1 are
 e/eem$ only because ( _! excell5ce2 &  
?is excell5ce de/roys all similitude    
betwe5 !m & o!r m53 9 ! pres5ce ( ^!    
heights ( sci5ce & g5ius ! law (        
equality disappe>s4 ,n[1 if equality is 
n absolute1 !re is no equality4 ,f !    
poet we desc5d to ! noveli/2 f !        
sculptor to ! /onecutt]2 f ! ar*itect to
 ! mason2 f ! *emi/ to ! cook1 c4       
,capacities are classifi$ & subdivid$   
into ord]s1 g5]a1 & species4 ,! extremes
 ( tal5t are connect$ by int]m$iate     
tal5ts4 ,humanity is a va/ hi]>*y1 9 :i*

 ! individual e/imates himself by       
comp>ison1 & fixes 8 price by ! value   
plac$ ^u 8 product by ! public4  ,?is   
objection always has seem$ a =midable   
"o4 ,x is ! /umbl+-block ( ! economi/s1 
z well z ( ! def5d]s ( equality4 ,x has 
l$ ! =m] into egregi\s blund]s1 & has   
caus$ ! latt] to utt] incr$ible         
platitudes4 ,grac*us ,babeuf wi%$ all   
sup]iority to be ,,/r+5tly ,,repress$1 &
 ev5 ,,p]secut$ ,,z ,a ,,social         
,,calamity4 ,to e/abli% 8 communi/ic    
edifice1 he l[]$ all citiz5s to ! /ature
 ( ! smalle/4 ,ignorant eclectics h be5 
kn[n to object to ! inequality ( k1 & ,i
 %\ld n be surpris$ if "s "o %\ld yet   
rebel aga9/ ! inequality ( virtue4      
,ari/otle 0 bani%$1 ,socrates drank !   
hemlock1 ,epam9ondas 0 call$ to acc\nt1 
= hav+ prov$ sup]ior 9 intellig5ce &    
virtue to "s dissolute & fooli%         
demagogues4 ,su* follies w be re-enact$1
 s long z ! inequality ( =tunes ju/ifies
 a populace1 bl9d$ & oppress$ by !      
weal?y1 9 fe>+ ! elevation ( new tyrants

 to p[]4  ,no?+ seems m unnatural ?an t 
:i* we exam9e too closely1 & (t5 no?+   
seems less l ! tru? ?an ! tru? itself4  
,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,j4 ,j4        
,r\sseau1 x takes a great deal (        
philosophy to enable u to obs]ve once   
:at we see e day2 &1 accord+ to         
d',alemb]t1 ! ord9>y tru?s ( life make b
 little impression on m51 unless _!     
att5tion is especially call$ to !m4 ,!  
fa!r ( ! s*ool ( economi/s 7,say71 f :om
 ,i borr[ ^! two quotations1 might h    
pr(it$ by !m2 b he :o laughs at ! bl9d  
%\ld we> spectacles1 & he :o notices him
 is ne>-sight$4  ,/range6 t :i* has     
fright5$ s _m m9ds is n1 aft] all1 an   
objection to equality--x is ! v         
condition on :i* equality exi/s6444     
,natural inequality ! condition (       
equality ( =tunes6444 ,:at a p>adox6444 
,i repeat my ass]tion1 t no "o may ?9k  
,i h blund]$--inequality ( p[]s is ! s9e
 qua non ( equality ( =tunes4  ,!re are 
two ?+s to be consid]$ 9                
society--,,functions & ,,relations4  ,i4

 ,,functions4 ,e labor] is suppos$ to be
 capable ( p]=m+ ! task assign$ to him2 
or1 to use a common expression1 e       
workman mu/ "k 8 trade4 ,! workman equal
 to 8 "w1--!re is an equation betwe5    
function>y & function4  ,9 society1     
functions are n alike2 !re mu/ be1 !n1  
diff]5t capacities4 ,fur!r1--c]ta9      
functions dem& great] intellig5ce &     
p[]s2 !n !re are p ( sup]ior m9d &      
tal5t4 ,= ! p]=mance ( "w necess>ily    
involves a workman3 f ! ne$ spr+s !     
idea1 & ! idea makes ! produc]4 ,we only
 "k :at our s5ses long = & our          
intellig5ce dem&s2 we h no ke5 desire = 
?+s ( :i* we _c conceive1 & ! great] our
 p[]s ( conception1 ! great] our        
capabilities ( production4  ,?us1       
functions aris+ f ne$s1 ne$s f desires1 
& desires f spontane\s p]ception &      
imag9ation1 ! same intellig5ce :i*      
imag9es c also produce2 consequ5tly1 no 
labor is sup]ior to ! labor]4 ,9 a ^w1  
if ! function calls out ! function>y1 x 
is because ! function>y exi/s be=e !    

function4  ,let u admire ,nature's      
economy4 ,) reg>d to ^! v>i\s ne$s :i*  
%e has giv5 u1 & :i* ! isolat$ man _c   
satisfy unaid$1 ,nature has grant$ to ! 
race a p[] refus$ to ! individual4 ,?is 
gives rise to ! pr9ciple ( ! ,,division 
,,( ,,labor1--a pr9ciple f\nd$ on !     
,,speciality ,,( ,,vocations4  ,!       
satisfaction ( "s ne$s dem&s ( man      
cont9ual creation2 :ile o!rs c1 by !    
labor ( a s+le individual1 be satisfi$ =
 millions ( m5 ?r\gh ?\s&s ( c5turies4  
,= example1 ! ne$ ( clo?+ & food        
requires p]petual reproduction2 :ile a k
 ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se may be acquir$ = 
ev] by two or ?ree highly-gift$ m54 ,!  
p]petual curr5t ( riv]s supports our    
comm]ce1 & runs our ma*9]y2 b ! sun1    
alone 9 ! mid/ ( space1 gives light to !
 :ole _w4 ,nature1 :o might create      
,platos & ,virgils1 ,newtons & ,cuvi]s1 
z %e creates husb&m5 & %eph]ds1 does n  
see fit to d s2 *oos+ r to proportion ! 
r>ity ( g5ius to ! duration ( its       
products1 & to balance ! numb] (        

capacities by ! compet5cy ( ea* "o ( !m4
  ,i d n inquire "h :e!r ! di/ance :i*  
sep>ates "o man f ano!r1 9 po9t ( tal5t 
& intellig5ce1 arises f ! deplorable    
condition ( civilization1 nor :e!r t :i*
 is n[ call$ ! ,,inequality ,,( ,,p[]s  
w\ld be 9 an ideal society any ?+ m ?an 
a ,,div]sity ,,( ,,p[]s4 ,i take ! wor/ 
view ( ! matt]2 &1 t ,i may n be accus$ 
( t]giv]sation & evasion ( difficulties1
 ,i ackn[l$ge all ! inequalities t any  
"o c desire4 #af   ,c]ta9 philosoph]s1 9
 love ) ! levell+ idea1 ma9ta9 t all    
m9ds are equal1 & t all diff]5ces are ! 
result ( education4 ,i am no believ]1 ,i
 confess1 9 ?is doctr9e2 :i*1 ev5 if x 7
 true1 w\ld lead to a result directly   
opposite to t desir$4 ,=1 if capacities 
are equal1 :atev] be ! degree ( _! p[]  
7z no "o c be co]c$71 !re are functions 
deem$ co>se1 l[1 & degrad+1 :i* des]ve  
high] pay1--a result no less repugnant  
to equality ?an to ! pr9ciple1 ,,to     
,,ea* ,,capacity ,,accord+ ,,to ,,its   
,,results4 ,give me1 on ! contr>y1 a    

society 9 :i* e k9d ( tal5t be>s a prop]
 num]ical relation to ! ne$s ( !        
society1 & :i* dem&s f ea* produc] only 
t :i* 8 special function requires him to
 produce2 &1 )\t impair+ 9 ! lea/ !     
hi]>*y ( functions1 ,i w d$uce !        
equality ( =tunes4  ,?is is my second   
po9t4  ,,ii4 ,,relations4 ,9 consid]+ ! 
elem5t ( labor1 ,i h %[n t 9 ! same     
class ( productive s]vices1 ! capacity  
to p]=m a social task be+ possess$ by   
all1 no inequality ( rew>d c be bas$ ^u 
an inequality ( individual p[]s4 ,h[ev]1
 x is b fair to say t c]ta9 capacities  
seem q incapable ( c]ta9 s]vices2 s t1  
if human indu/ry 7 entirely conf9$ to "o
 class ( products1 num]\s incapacities  
w\ld arise1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! greate/   
social inequality4 ,b e body sees1 )\t  
any h9t f me1 t ! v>iety ( indu/ries    
avoids ?is difficulty2 s cle> is ?is t  
,i %all n /op to discuss x4 ,we h only  
to prove1 !n1 t functions are equal to  
ea* o!r2 j z labor]s1 :o p]=m ! same    
function1 are equal to ea* o!r4         

,prop]ty makes man a eunu*1 & !n        
reproa*es him = be+ no?+ b dry wood1 a  
decay+ tree4  ,are y a/oni%$ t ,i refuse
 to g5ius1 to k1 to c\rage1--9 a ^w1 to 
all ! excell5ces admir$ by ! _w1--!     
homage ( dignities1 ! di/9ctions ( p[] &
 weal?8 ,x is n ,i :o refuse x3 x is    
economy1 x is ju/ice1 x is lib]ty4      
,lib]ty6 = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is discussion ,i
 appeal to h]4 ,let h] rise 9 h] own    
def5ce1 & a*ieve h] victory4  ,e        
transaction end+ 9 an ex*ange ( products
 or s]vices may be designat$ z a        
,,comm]cial ,,op]ation4  ,:oev] says    
comm]ce1 says ex*ange ( equal values2 =1
 if ! values are n equal1 & ! injur$    
p>ty p]ceives x1 he w n cons5t to !     
ex*ange1 & !re w be no comm]ce4         
,comm]ce exi/s only among free m54      
,transactions may be effect$ betwe5 o!r 
p by viol5ce or fraud1 b !re is no      
comm]ce4  ,a free man is "o :o enjoys ! 
use ( 8 reason & 8 faculties2 :o is     
nei!r bl9d$ by passion1 nor h9d]$ or    
driv5 by oppression1 nor deceiv$ by     

errone\s op9ions4  ,s1 9 e ex*ange1 !re 
is a moral obligation t nei!r ( !       
contract+ p>ties %all ga9 at ! exp5se ( 
! o!r2 t is1 t1 to be legitimate & true1
 comm]ce mu/ be exempt f all inequality4
 ,?is is ! fir/ condition ( comm]ce4    
,its second condition is1 t x be        
volunt>y2 t is1 t ! p>ties act freely & 
op5ly4  ,i def9e1 !n1 comm]ce or ex*ange
 z an act ( society4  ,! negro :o sells 
8 wife = a knife1 8 *ildr5 = "s bits (  
glass1 & f9ally himself = a bottle (    
br&y1 is n free4 ,! deal] 9 human fle%1 
) :om he negotiates1 is n 8 associate2  
he is 8 enemy4  ,! civiliz$ labor] :o   
bakes a loaf t he may eat a slice (     
bread1 :o builds a palace t he may sleep
 9 a /able1 :o weaves ri* fabrics t he  
may dress 9 rags1 :o produces e ?+ t he 
may disp5se ) e ?+1--is n free4 ,8      
employ]1 n becom+ 8 associate 9 !       
ex*ange ( sal>ies or s]vices :i* takes  
place betwe5 !m1 is 8 enemy4  ,! soldi] 
:o s]ves 8 c\ntry ?r\gh fe> in/ead (    
?r\gh love is n free2 8 comrades & 8    

(fic]s1 ! m9i/]s or organs ( milit>y    
ju/ice1 are all 8 enemies4  ,! peasant  
:o hires l&1 ! manufactur] :o borr[s    
capital1 ! tax-pay] :o pays tolls1      
duties1 pat5t & lic5se fees1 p]sonal &  
prop]ty taxes1 c41 & ! deputy :o votes =
 !m1--all act nei!r intellig5tly nor    
freely4 ,_! enemies are ! proprietors1 !
 capitali/s1 ! gov]nm5t4  ,give m5      
lib]ty1 enlight5 _! m9ds t !y may "k !  
mean+ ( _! contracts1 & y w see ! mo/   
p]fect equality 9 ex*anges )\t reg>d to 
sup]iority ( tal5t & k2 & y w admit t 9 
comm]cial affairs1 t is1 9 ! sph]e (    
society1 ! ^w sup]iority is void ( s5se4
  ,let ,hom] s+ 8 v]se4 ,i li/5 to ?is  
sublime g5ius 9 comp>ison ) :om ,i1 a   
simple h]dsman1 an humble f>m]1 am z    
no?+4 ,:at1 inde$1--if product is to be 
comp>$ ) product1--are my *eeses & my   
beans 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ,iliad8 ,b1 if    
,hom] wi%es to take f me all t ,i       
possess1 & make me 8 slave 9 return = 8 
inimitable poem1 ,i w give up ! pleasure
 ( 8 lays1 & dismiss him4 ,i c d )\t 8  

,iliad1 & wait1 if necess>y1 = !        
,a,eneid4  ,hom] _c live tw5ty-f\r h\rs 
)\t my products4 ,let him accept1 !n1 ! 
little t ,i h to (f]2 & !n 8 muse may   
in/ruct1 enc\rage1 & console me4  ,:at6 
d y say t su* %\ld be ! condition ( "o  
:o s+s ( gods & m58 ,alms1 ) !          
humiliation & suff]+ :i* !y br+ )       
!m6--:at b>b>\s g5]osity6444 ,d n get   
excit$1 ,i beg ( y4 ,prop]ty makes ( a  
poet ei!r a ,croesus or a begg>2 only   
equality kn[s h[ to honor & to praise   
him4 ,:at is its duty8 ,to regulate ! "r
 ( ! s+] & ! duty ( ! li/5]4 ,n[1 notice
 ?is po9t1 :i* is a v important "o 9 !  
solution ( ?is "q3 bo? are free1 ! "o to
 sell1 ! o!r to buy4 ,h5ce=? _!         
respective pret5sions g = no?+2 & !     
e/imate1 :e!r fair or unfair1 t !y      
place1 ! "o ^u 8 v]se1 ! o!r ^u 8       
lib]ality1 c h no influ5ce ^u !         
conditions ( ! contract4 ,we mu/ no     
long]1 9 mak+ our b>ga9s1 weigh tal5t2  
we mu/ consid] products only4  ,9 ord] t
 ! b>d ( ,a*illes may get 8 due rew>d1  

he mu/ fir/ make himself want$3 t done1 
! ex*ange ( 8 v]se = a fee ( any k9d1   
be+ a free act1 mu/ be at ! same "t a j 
act2 t is1 ! poet's fee mu/ be equal to 
8 product4 ,n[1 :at is ! value ( ?is    
product8  ,let u suppose1 9 ! fir/      
place1 t ?is ,iliad--?is *ef-d' oeuvre t
 is to be equitably rew>d$--is really   
above price1 t we d n "k h[ to appraise 
x4 ,if ! public1 :o are free to pur*ase 
x1 refuse to d s1 x is cle> t1 ! poem   
be+ unex*angeable1 its intr9sic value w 
n be dim9i%$2 b t its ex*angeable value1
 or its productive utility1 w be r$uc$  
to z]o1 w be no?+ at all4 ,!n we mu/    
seek ! am\nt ( wages to be paid betwe5  
inf9ity on ! "o h& & no?+ on ! o!r1 at  
an equal di/ance f ea*1 s9ce all rights 
& lib]ties are entitl$ to equal respect2
 9 o!r words1 x is n ! intr9sic value1 b
 ! relative value1 ( ! ?+ sold t ne$s to
 be fix$4 ,! "q gr[s simpl]3 :at is ?is 
relative value8 ,to :at rew>d does a    
poem l ! ,iliad entitle its au?or8  ,!  
fir/ bus9ess ( political economy1 aft]  

fix+ its def9itions1 0 ! solution ( ?is 
problem2 n[1 n only has x n be5 solv$1 b
 x has be5 decl>$ insoluble4 ,accord+ to
 ! economi/s1 ! relative or ex*angeable 
value ( ?+s _c be absolutely det]m9$2 x 
necess>ily v>ies4   ,! value ( a ?+1    
says ,say1 is a positive quantity1 b    
only = a giv5 mom5t4 ,x is its nature to
 p]petually v>y1 to *ange f "o po9t to  
ano!r4 ,no?+ c fix x absolutely1 because
 x is bas$ on ne$s & means ( production 
:i* v>y ) e mom5t4 ,^! v>iations        
complicate economical ph5om5a1 & (t5    
r5d] !m v difficult ( obs]vation &      
solution4 ,i "k no rem$y = ?is2 x is n 9
 our p[] to *ange ! nature ( ?+s4       
,else:]e ,say says1 & repeats1 t value  
be+ bas$ on utility1 & utility dep5d+   
entirely on our ne$s1 :ims1 cu/oms1 c41 
value is z v>iable z op9ion4 ,n[1       
political economy be+ ! sci5ce ( values1
 ( _! production1 di/ribution1 ex*ange1 
& consumption1--if ex*angeable value _c 
be absolutely det]m9$1 h[ is political  
economy possible8 ,h[ c x be a sci5ce8  

,h[ c two economi/s look ea* o!r 9 !    
face )\t laugh+8 ,h[ d>e !y insult      
metaphysicians & psy*ologi/s8 ,:at6 t   
fool ( a ,desc>tes imag9$ t philosophy  
ne$$ an immovable base--an aliquid      
inconcussum--on :i* ! edifice ( sci5ce  
might be built1 & he 0 simple en\gh to  
se>* = x6 ,& ! ,h]mes ( economy1        
,trismegi/us ,say1 devot+ half a volume 
to ! amplification ( t solemn text1     
political economy is a sci5ce1 has !    
c\rage to affirm imm$iately aft]w>ds t  
?is sci5ce _c det]m9e its object1--:i*  
is equival5t to say+ t x is )\t a       
pr9ciple or f\ndation6 ,he does n "k1   
!n1 ! illu/ri\s ,say1 ! nature ( a      
sci5ce2 or r1 he kn[s no?+ ( ! subject  
:i* he discusses4  ,say's example has   
borne its fruits4 ,political economy1 z 
x exi/s at pres5t1 resembles ontology3  
discuss+ effects & causes1 x kn[s no?+1 
expla9s no?+1 decides no?+4 ,! ideas    
honor$ ) ! "n ( economic laws are no?+ m
 ?an a few trifl+ g5]alities1 to :i* !  
economi/s ?\ght to give an appe>ance (  

dep? by clo?+ !m 9 high-s\nd+ words4 ,z 
= ! attempts t h be5 made by ! economi/s
 to solve social problems1 all t c be   
said ( !m is1 t1 if a glimm] ( s5se     
occasionally appe>s 9 _! lucubrations1  
!y imm$iately fall back into absurdity4 
,= tw5ty-five ye>s political economy1 l 
a heavy fog1 has weigh$ ^u ,france1     
*eck+ ! ef=ts ( ! m9d1 & sett+ limits to
 lib]ty4  ,has e creation ( indu/ry a   
v5al1 absolute1 un*angeable1 &          
consequ5tly legitimate & true           
value8--,yes4  ,c e product ( man be    
ex*ang$ = "s o!r product ( man8--,yes1  
aga94  ,h[ _m nails is a pair ( %oes    
wor?8  ,if we c solve ?is appall+       
problem1 we %all h ! key ( ! social     
sy/em = :i* humanity has be5 se>*+ = six
 ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is problem1 
! economi/ recoils confus$2 ! peasant :o
 c nei!r read nor write replies )\t     
hesitation3 ,z _m z c be made 9 ! same  
"t1 & ) ! same exp5se4  ,! absolute     
value ( a ?+1 !n1 is its co/ 9 "t &     
exp5se4 ,h[ mu* is a diamond wor? :i*   

co/s only ! labor ( pick+ x up8--,no?+2 
x is n a product ( man4 ,h[ mu* w x be  
wor? :5 cut & m\nt$8--,! "t & exp5se :i*
 x has co/ ! labor]4 ,:y1 !n1 is x sold 
at s high a price8--,because m5 are n   
free4 ,society mu/ regulate ! ex*ange & 
di/ribution ( ! r>e/ ?+s1 z x does t ( !
 mo/ common ones1 9 su* a way t ea* may 
%>e 9 ! enjoym5t ( !m4 ,:at1 !n1 is t   
value :i* is bas$ ^u op9ion8--,delusion1
 inju/ice1 & robb]y4  ,by ?is rule1 x is
 easy to reconcile e body4 ,if ! mean   
t]m1 :i* we are se>*+ =1 betwe5 an      
inf9ite value & no value at all is      
express$ 9 ! case ( e product1 by !     
am\nt ( "t & exp5se :i* ! product co/1 a
 poem :i* has co/ its au?or ?irty ye>s (
 labor & an outlay ( t5 ?\s& francs 9   
j\rneys1 books1 c41 mu/ be paid = by !  
ord9>y wages receiv$ by a labor] dur+   
?irty ye>s1 ,,plus t5 ?\s& francs       
indemnity = exp5se incurr$4 ,suppose !  
:ole am\nt to be fifty ?\s& francs2 if !
 society :i* gets ! b5efit ( !          
production include a million ( m51 my   

%>e ( ! debt is five c5times4  ,?is     
gives rise to a few obs]vations4  #a4 ,!
 same product1 at diff]5t times & 9     
diff]5t places1 may co/ m or less ( "t &
 outlay2 9 ?is view1 x is true t value  
is a v>iable quantity4 ,b ?is v>iation  
is n t ( ! economi/s1 :o place 9 _! li/ 
( ! causes ( ! v>iation ( values1 n only
 ! means ( production1 b ta/e1 caprice1 
fa%ion1 & op9ion4 ,9 %ort1 ! true value 
( a ?+ is inv>iable 9 its algebraic     
expression1 al?\gh x may v>y 9 its      
monet>y expression4  #b4 ,! price ( e   
product 9 dem& %\ld be its co/ 9 "t &   
outlay--nei!r m nor less3 e product n 9 
dem& is a loss to ! produc]--a comm]cial
 non-value4  #c4 ,! ignorance ( !       
pr9ciple ( evaluation1 & ! difficulty "u
 _m circum/ances ( apply+ x1 is ! s\rce 
( comm]cial fraud1 & "o ( ! mo/ pot5t   
causes ( ! inequality ( =tunes4  #d4 ,to
 rew>d c]ta9 indu/ries & pay = c]ta9    
products1 a society is ne$$ :i*         
corresponds 9 size ) ! r>ity ( tal5ts1 !
 co/l9ess ( ! products1 & ! v>iety ( !  

arts & sci5ces4 ,if1 = example1 a       
society ( fifty f>m]s c support a       
s*oolma/]1 x requires "o hundr$ = a     
%oemak]1 "o hundr$ & fifty = a          
blacksmi?1 two hundr$ = a tailor1 c4 ,if
 ! numb] ( f>m]s rises to "o ?\s&1 t5   
?\s&1 "o hundr$ ?\s&1 c41 z fa/ z _!    
numb] increases1 t ( ! function>ies :i* 
are e>lie/ requir$ mu/ increase 9 ! same
 proportion2 s t ! highe/ functions     
become possible only 9 ! mo/ p[]ful     
societies4 #ag ,t is ! peculi> feature (
 capacities2 ! "* ( g5ius1 ! seal ( its 
glory1 _c arise & develop itself1 except
 9 ! bosom ( a great nation4 ,b ?is     
physiological condition1 necess>y to !  
exi/5ce ( g5ius1 adds no?+ to its social
 rights3 f> f t1--! delay 9 its         
appe>ance proves t1 9 economical & civil
 affairs1 ! l(tie/ intellig5ce mu/      
submit to ! equality ( possessions2 an  
equality :i* is ant]ior to x1 & ( :i* x 
con/itutes ! cr[n4   ,?is is sev]e on   
our pride1 b x is an inexorable tru?4 ,&
 "h psy*ology comes to ! aid ( social   

economy1 giv+ u to und]/& t tal5t &     
mat]ial recomp5se h no common measure2  
t1 9 ?is respect1 ! condition ( all     
produc]s is equal3 consequ5tly1 t all   
comp>ison betwe5 !m1 & all di/9ction 9  
=tunes1 is impossible4   ,9 fact1 e "w  
com+ f ! h&s ( man--comp>$ ) ! raw      
mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$--is beyond   
price4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! di/ance is z   
great betwe5 a pair ( wood5 %oes & !    
trunk ( a walnut-tree1 z betwe5 a /atue 
by ,scopas & a block ( m>ble4 ,! g5ius (
 ! simple/ me*anic ex]ts z mu* influ5ce 
ov] ! mat]ials :i* he uses1 z does ! m9d
 ( a ,newton ov] ! in]t sph]es ^:       
di/ances1 volumes1 & revolutions he     
calculates4 ,y ask = tal5t & g5ius a    
correspond+ degree ( honor & rew>d4 ,fix
 = me ! value ( a wood-cutt]'s tal5t1 & 
,i w fix t ( ,hom]4 ,if any ?+ c rew>d  
intellig5ce1 x is intellig5ce itself4 ,t
 is :at happ5s1 :5 v>i\s classes (      
produc]s pay to ea* o!r a reciprocal    
tribute ( admiration & praise4 ,b if !y 
contemplate an ex*ange ( products ) a   

view to satisfy+ mutual ne$s1 ?is       
ex*ange mu/ be effect$ 9 accordance ) a 
sy/em ( economy :i* is indiff]5t to     
consid]ations ( tal5t & g5ius1 & ^: laws
 are d$uc$1 n f vague & mean+less       
admiration1 b f a j balance betwe5      
,,debit & ,,cr$it2 9 %ort1 f comm]cial  
acc\nts4  ,n[1 t no "o may imag9e t !   
lib]ty ( buy+ & sell+ is ! sole basis ( 
! equality ( wages1 & t society's sole  
protection aga9/ sup]iority ( tal5t lies
 9 a c]ta9 =ce ( in]tia :i* has no?+ 9  
common ) "r1 ,i %all proce$ to expla9 :y
 all capacities are entitl$ to ! same   
rew>d1 & :y a correspond+ diff]5ce 9    
wages w\ld be an inju/ice4 ,i %all prove
 t ! obligation to /oop to ! social     
level is inh]5t 9 tal5t2 & on ?is v     
sup]iority ( g5ius ,i w f\nd ! equality 
( =tunes4 ,i h j giv5 ! negative argum5t
 9 favor ( rew>d+ all capacities alike2 
,i w n[ give ! direct & positive        
argum5t4  ,li/51 fir/1 to ! economi/3 x 
is always pleasant to see h[ he reasons1
 & h[ he und]/&s ju/ice4 ,)\t him1      

moreov]1 )\t 8 amus+ blund]s & 8        
wond]ful argum5ts1 we %\ld le>n no?+4   
,equality1 s odi\s to ! economi/1 owes e
 ?+ to political economy4   ,:5 ! p>5ts 
( a physician ! text says a lawy]1 :i*  
is n s good an example h exp5d$ on 8    
education =ty ?\s& francs1 ?is sum may  
be reg>d$ z s mu* capital inve/$ 9 8    
head4 ,x is !re=e p]missible to consid] 
x z yield+ an annual income ( f\r ?\s&  
francs4 ,if ! physician e>ns ?irty ?\s&1
 !re rema9s an income ( tw5ty-six ?\s&  
francs due to ! p]sonal tal5ts giv5 him 
by ,nature4 ,?is natural capital1 !n1 if
 we assume t5 p] c5t4 z ! rate ( int]e/1
 am\nts to two hundr$ & sixty ?\s&      
francs2 & ! capital giv5 him by 8 p>5ts1
 9 defray+ ! exp5ses ( 8 education1 to  
=ty ?\s& francs4 ,! union ( ^! two k9ds 
( capital con/itutes 8 =tune4--,say3    
,complete ,c\rse1 c4   ,say divides !   
=tune ( ! physician into two p>ts3 "o is
 compos$ ( ! capital :i* w5t to pay = 8 
education1 ! o!r repres5ts 8 p]sonal    
tal5ts4 ,?is division is j2 x is 9      

con=mity ) ! nature ( ?+s2 x is         
univ]sally admitt$2 x s]ves z ! major   
premise ( t gr& argum5t :i* e/abli%es ! 
inequality ( capacities4 ,i accept ?is  
premise )\t qualification2 let u look at
 ! consequ5ces4  #a4 ,say ,,cr$its !    
physician ) =ty ?\s& francs1--! co/ ( 8 
education4 ,?is am\nt %\ld be ent]$ ^u !
 ,,debit side ( ! acc\nt4 ,=1 al?\gh ?is
 exp5se 0 incurr$ = him1 x 0 n incurr$  
by him4 ,!n1 in/ead ( appropriat+ ^! =ty
 ?\s& francs1 ! physician %\ld add !m to
 ! price ( 8 product1 & repay !m to ^?  
:o are entitl$ to !m4 ,notice1 fur!r1 t 
,say speaks ( ,,income in/ead (         
,,reimbursem5t2 reason+ on ! false      
pr9ciple ( ! productivity ( capital4 ,! 
exp5se ( educat+ a tal5t is a debt      
contract$ by ?is tal5t4 ,f ! v fact (   
its exi/5ce1 x becomes a debtor to an   
am\nt equal to ! co/ ( its production4  
,?is is s true & simple t1 if !         
education ( "s "o *ild 9 a family has   
co/ d\ble or triple t ( its bro!rs1 !   
latt] are entitl$ to a proportional     

am\nt ( ! prop]ty previ\s to its        
division4 ,!re is no difficulty ab\t ?is
 9 ! case ( gu>dian%ip1 :5 ! e/ate is   
adm9i/]$ 9 ! "n ( ! m9ors4  #b4 ,t :i*  
,i h j said ( ! obligation incurr$ by   
tal5t ( repay+ ! co/ ( its education    
does n emb>rass ! economi/4 ,! man (    
tal5t1 he says1 inh]it+ f 8 family1     
inh]its among o!r ?+s a claim to ! =ty  
?\s& francs :i* 8 education co/s2 & he  
becomes1 9 consequ5ce1 its proprietor4  
,b ?is is to ab&on ! "r ( tal5t1 & to   
fall back ^u ! "r ( occupancy2 :i* aga9 
calls up all ! que/ions ask$ 9 ,*apt]   
,,ii4 ,:at is ! "r ( occupancy8 :at is  
inh]itance8 ,is ! "r ( succession a "r (
 accumulation or only a "r ( *oice8 h[  
did ! physician's fa!r get 8 =tune8 0 he
 a proprietor1 or only a usufructu>y8   
,if he 0 ri*1 let him acc\nt = 8 weal?2 
if he 0 poor1 h[ c\ld he incur s l>ge an
 exp5se8 ,if he receiv$ aid1 :at "r _h  
he to use t aid to ! disadvantage ( 8   
b5efactors1 c48  #c4 ,!re rema9s an     
income ( tw5ty-six ?\s& francs due to ! 

p]sonal tal5ts giv5 him by ,nature4     
7,say1--z above quot$47 ,reason+ f ?is  
premise1 ,say concludes t our           
physician's tal5t is equival5t to a     
capital ( two hundr$ & sixty ?\s&       
francs4 ,?is skilful calculator mi/akes 
a consequ5ce = a pr9ciple4 ,! tal5t mu/ 
n be measur$ by ! ga91 b r ! ga9 by !   
tal5t2 = x may happ51 t1 not)/&+ 8 m]it1
 ! physician 9 "q w ga9 no?+ at all1 9  
:i* case w x be necess>y to conclude t 8
 tal5t or =tune is equival5t to z]o8 ,to
 su* a result1 h[ev]1 w\ld ,say's       
reason+ lead2 a result :i* is cle>ly    
absurd4  ,n[1 x is impossible to place a
 money value on any tal5t :atsoev]1 s9ce
 tal5t & money h no common measure4 ,on 
:at plausible gr\nd c x be ma9ta9$ t a  
physician %\ld be paid two1 ?ree1 or a  
hundr$ times z mu* z a peasant8 ,an     
unavoidable difficulty1 :i* has nev] be5
 solv$ save by av>ice1 necessity1 &     
oppression4 ,x is n ?us t ! "r ( tal5t  
%\ld be det]m9$4 ,b h[ is x to be       
det]m9$8  #d4 ,i say1 fir/1 t !         

physician mu/ be treat$ ) z mu* favor z 
any o!r produc]1 t he mu/ n be plac$    
bel[ ! level ( o!rs4 ,?is ,i w n /op to 
prove4 ,b ,i add t nei!r mu/ he be lift$
 above t level2 because 8 tal5t is      
collective prop]ty = :i* he did n pay1 &
 = :i* he is ev] 9 debt4  ,j z !        
creation ( e in/rum5t ( production is ! 
result ( collective =ce1 s also are a   
man's tal5t & k ! product ( univ]sal    
intellig5ce & ( g5]al k sl[ly accumulat$
 by a numb] ( ma/]s1 & ?r\gh ! aid ( _m 
inf]ior indu/ries4 ,:5 ! physician has  
paid = 8 tea*]s1 8 books1 8 diplomas1 & 
all ! o!r items ( 8 educational exp5ses1
 he has no m paid = 8 tal5t ?an !       
capitali/ pays = 8 h\se & l& :5 he gives
 8 employees _! wages4 ,! man ( tal5t   
has contribut$ to ! production 9 himself
 ( a useful in/rum5t4 ,he has1 !n1 a %>e
 9 its possession2 he is n its          
proprietor4 ,!re exi/ side by side 9 him
 a free labor] & an accumulat$ social   
capital4 ,z a labor]1 he is *>g$ ) ! use
 ( an in/rum5t1 ) ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a     

ma*9e2 namely1 8 capacity4 ,z capital1  
he is n 8 own ma/]2 he uses himself1 n =
 8 own b5efit1 b = t ( o!rs4  ,ev5 if   
tal5t did n f9d 9 its own excell5ce a   
rew>d = ! sacrifices :i* x co/s1 /ill   
w\ld x be easi] to f9d reasons = l[]+   
its rew>d ?an = rais+ x above ! common  
level4 ,e produc] receives an education2
 e labor] is a tal5t1 a capacity1--t is1
 a piece ( collective prop]ty4 ,b all   
tal5ts are n equally co/ly4 ,x takes b  
few tea*]s1 b few ye>s1 & b little /udy1
 to make a f>m] or a me*anic3 ! g5]ative
 ef=t &--if ,i may v5ture to use su*    
language--! p]iod ( social ge/ation are 
proportional to ! l(t9ess ( ! capacity4 
,b :ile ! physician1 ! poet1 ! arti/1 & 
! savant produce b little1 & t sl[ly1 ! 
productions ( ! f>m] are mu* less       
unc]ta91 & d n require s long a "t4     
,:atev] be !n ! capacity ( a man1--:5   
?is capacity is once creat$1--x does n  
belong to him4 ,l ! mat]ial fa%ion$ by  
an indu/ri\s h&1 x _h ! p[] ( ,,becom+1 
& society has giv5 x ,,be+4 ,%all ! vase

 say to ! pott]1 ,i am t ,i am1 & ,i owe
 y no?+8  ,! arti/1 ! savant1 & ! poet  
f9d _! j recomp5se 9 ! p]mission t      
society gives !m to devote !mselves     
exclusively to sci5ce & to art3 s t 9   
reality !y d n labor = !mselves1 b =    
society1 :i* creates !m1 & requires ( !m
 no o!r duty4 ,society c1 if ne$ be1 d  
)\t prose & v]se1 music & pa9t+1 & ! k (
 ! movem5ts ( ! moon & />s2 b x _c live 
a s+le day )\t food & %elt]4            
,und\bt$ly1 man does n live by bread    
alone2 he mu/1 also 7accord+ to !       
,gospel71 ,,live ,,by ,,! ,,^w ,,(      
,,god2 t is1 he mu/ love ! good & d x1  
"k & admire ! beautiful1 & /udy ! m>vels
 ( ,nature4 ,b 9 ord] to cultivate 8    
m9d1 he mu/ fir/ take c>e ( 8 body1--!  
latt] duty is z necess>y z ! =m] is     
noble4 ,if x is glori\s to *>m & in/ruct
 m51 x is honorable z well to fe$ !m4   
,:51 !n1 society--fai?ful to ! pr9ciple 
( ! division ( labor--intru/s a "w ( art
 or ( sci5ce to "o ( its memb]s1 all[+  
him to ab&on ord9>y labor1 x owes him an

 indemnity = all :i* x prev5ts him f    
produc+ indu/rially2 b x owes him no?+  
m4 ,if he %\ld dem& m1 society %\ld1 by 
refus+ 8 s]vices1 annihilate 8          
pret5sions4 ,=c$1 !n1 9 ord] to live1 to
 devote himself to labor repugnant to 8 
nature1 ! man ( g5ius w\ld feel 8       
weakness1 & w\ld live ! mo/ di/a/eful ( 
lives4  ,!y tell ( a celebrat$ s+] :o   
dem&$ ( ! ,empress ( ,russia 7,ca!r9e   
,,ii7 tw5ty ?\s& r\bles = 8 s]vices3 ,t 
is m ?an ,i give my field-m>%als1 said  
,ca!r9e4 ,y\r maje/y1 repli$ ! o!r1 has 
only to make s+]s ( h] field-m>%als4    
,if ,france 7m p[]ful ?an ,ca!r9e ,,ii7 
%\ld say to ,mademoiselle ,ra*el1 ,y mu/
 act = "o hundr$ l\is1 or else sp9      
cotton2 to ,m4 ,duprez1 ,y mu/ s+ = two 
?\s& f\r hundr$ francs1 or else "w 9 !  
v9ey>d1--d y ?9k t ! actress ,ra*el1 & !
 s+] ,duprez1 w\ld ab&on ! /age8 ,if !y 
did1 !y w\ld be ! fir/ to rep5t x4      
,mademoiselle ,ra*el receives1 !y say1  
sixty ?\s& francs annually f !          
,com$ie-,francaise4 ,= a tal5t l h]s1 x 

is a slight fee4 ,:y n "o hundr$ ?\s&   
francs1 two hundr$ ?\s& francs8 ,:y6 n a
 civil li/8 ,:at meanness6 ,are we      
really guilty ( *aff]+ ) an arti/ l     
,mademoiselle ,ra*el8  ,x is said1 9    
reply1 t ! manag]s ( ! !atre _c give m  
)\t incurr+ a loss2 t !y admit ! sup]ior
 tal5t ( _! "y associate2 b t1 9 fix+ h]
 sal>y1 !y h be5 compell$ to take !     
acc\nt ( ! company's receipts & exp5ses 
into consid]ation also4  ,t is j1 b x   
only confirms :at ,i h said2 namely1 t  
an arti/'s tal5t may be inf9ite1 b t its
 m]c5>y claims are necess>ily           
limit$1--on ! "o h&1 by its usefulness  
to ! society :i* rew>ds x2 on ! o!r1 by 
! res\rces ( ?is society3 9 o!r words1 t
 ! dem& ( ! sell] is balanc$ by ! "r ( !
 buy]4  ,mademoiselle ,ra*el1 !y say1   
br+s to ! treasury ( ! ,!atre-,francais 
m ?an sixty ?\s& francs4 ,i admit x2 b  
!n ,i blame ! !atre4 ,f :om does !      
,!atre-,francais take ?is money8 ,f "s  
curi\s p :o are p]fectly free4 ,yes2 b !
 work+m51 ! lessees1 ! t5ants1 ^? :o    

borr[ by pawn+ _! possessions1 f :om ^! 
curi\s p recov] all t !y pay to !       
!atre1--are !y free8 ,& :5 ! bett] "p ( 
_! products are consum$ by o!rs at !    
play1 d y assure me t _! families are n 
9 want8 ,until ! ,fr5* p1 reflect+ on ! 
sal>ies paid to all arti/s1 savants1 &  
public function>ies1 h pla9ly express$  
_! wi% & judgm5t z to ! matt]1 ! sal>ies
 ( ,mademoiselle ,ra*el & all h]        
fell[-arti/s w be a compulsory tax      
extort$ by viol5ce1 to rew>d pride1 &   
support lib]t9ism4  ,x is because we are
 nei!r free nor suffici5tly enlight5$1 t
 we submit to be *eat$ 9 our b>ga9s2 t !
 labor] pays ! duties levi$ by ! pre/ige
 ( p[] & ! selfi%ness ( tal5t ^u !      
curiosity ( ! idle1 & t we are          
p]petually sc&aliz$ by ^! mon/r\s       
inequalities :i* are enc\rag$ & applaud$
 by public op9ion4  ,! :ole nation1 & ! 
nation only1 pays its au?ors1 its       
savants1 its arti/s1 its (ficials1      
:atev] be ! h&s ?r\gh :i* _! sal>ies    
pass4 ,on :at basis %\ld x pay !m8 ,on !

 basis ( equality4 ,i h prov$ x by      
e/imat+ ! value ( tal5t4 ,i %all confirm
 x 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 by prov+ !         
impossibility ( all social inequality4  
,:at h we %[n s f>8 ,?+s s simple t     
really !y seem silly3--  ,t1 z !        
travell] does n appropriate ! r\te :i*  
he trav]ses1 s ! f>m] does n appropriate
 ! field :i* he s[s2  ,t if1 nev]!less1 
by reason ( 8 indu/ry1 a labor] may     
appropriate ! mat]ial :i* he employs1 e 
employ] ( mat]ial becomes1 by ! same    
title1 a proprietor2  ,t all capital1   
:e!r mat]ial or m5tal1 be+ ! result (   
collective labor1 is1 9 consequ5ce1     
collective prop]ty2  ,t ! /rong h no "r 
to encroa* ^u ! labor ( ! weak1 nor !   
%rewd to take advantage ( ! cr$ulity ( !
 simple2  ,f9ally1 t no "o c be =c$ to  
buy t :i* he does n want1 /ill less to  
pay = t :i* he has n b\ght2 &1          
consequ5tly1 t ! ex*angeable value ( a  
product1 be+ measur$ nei!r by ! op9ion (
 ! buy] nor t ( ! sell]1 b by ! am\nt ( 
"t & outlay :i* x has co/1 ! prop]ty (  

ea* always rema9s ! same4  ,are n ^! v  
simple tru?s8 ,well1 z simple z !y seem 
to y1 read]1 y %all yet see o!rs :i*    
surpass !m 9 dullness & simplicity4 ,=  
our c\rse is ! rev]se ( t ( !           
geometricians3 ) !m1 ! f>!r !y advance1 
! m difficult _! problems become2 we1 on
 ! contr>y1 aft] hav+ comm5c$ ) ! mo/   
ab/ruse propositions1 %all end ) !      
axioms4  ,b ,i mu/ close ?is *apt] ) an 
exposition ( "o ( ^? />tl+ tru?s :i*    
nev] h be5 dream$ ( by legi/s or        
economi/s4     #h4--,t1 f ! ,/&-po9t (  
,ju/ice1 ,labor de/roys ,prop]ty4  ,?is 
proposition is ! logical result ( ! two 
prec$+ sections1 :i* we h j summ$ up4   
,! isolat$ man c supply b a v small     
portion ( 8 wants2 all 8 p[] lies 9     
association1 & 9 ! intellig5t comb9ation
 ( univ]sal ef=t4 ,! division &         
co-op]ation ( labor multiply ! quantity 
& ! v>iety ( products2 ! individuality (
 functions improves _! quality4  ,!re is
 n a man1 !n1 b lives ^u ! products (   
sev]al ?\s& diff]5t indu/ries2 n a      

labor] b receives f society at l>ge !   
?+s :i* he consumes1 &1 ) ^!1 ! p[] to  
reproduce4 ,:o1 inde$1 w\ld v5ture !    
ass]tion1 ,i produce1 by my own ef=t1   
all t ,i consume2 ,i ne$ ! aid ( no "o  
else8 ,! f>m]1 :om ! e>ly economi/s     
reg>d$ z ! only real produc]--! f>m]1   
h\s$1 furni%$1 clo!d1 f$1 & assi/$ by ! 
mason1 ! c>p5t]1 ! tailor1 ! mill]1 !   
bak]1 ! but*]1 ! groc]1 ! blacksmi?1    
c41--! f>m]1 ,i say1 c he boa/ t he     
produces by 8 own unaid$ ef=t8  ,! v>i\s
 articles ( consumption are giv5 to ea* 
by all2 consequ5tly1 ! production ( ea* 
involves ! production ( all4 ,"o product
 _c exi/ )\t ano!r2 an isolat$ indu/ry  
is an impossible ?+4 ,:at w\ld be !     
h>ve/ ( ! f>m]1 if o!rs did n           
manufacture = him b>ns1 wagons1 pl\ghs1 
clo!s1 c48 ,:]e w\ld be ! savant )\t !  
publi%]2 ! pr9t] )\t ! typeca/] & !     
ma*9i/2 & ^!1 9 _! turn1 )\t a multitude
 ( o!r indu/ries8444 ,let u n prolong   
?is catalogue--s easy to ext5d--le/ we  
be accus$ ( utt]+ commonplaces4 ,all    

indu/ries are unit$ by mutual relations 
9 a s+le gr\p2 all productions d        
reciprocal s]vice z means & end2 all    
v>ieties ( tal5t are b a s]ies ( *anges 
f ! inf]ior to ! sup]ior4  ,n[1 ?is     
undisput$ & indisputable fact ( ! g5]al 
p>ticipation 9 e species ( product makes
 all individual productions common2 s t 
e product1 com+ f ! h&s ( ! produc]1 is 
mortgag$ 9 advance by society4 ,!       
produc] himself is entitl$ to only t    
portion ( 8 product1 :i* is express$ by 
a fraction ^: d5om9ator is equal to !   
numb] ( individuals ( :i* society is    
compos$4 ,x is true t 9 return ?is same 
produc] has a %>e 9 all ! products (    
o!rs1 s t he has a claim ^u all1 j z all
 h a claim ^u him2 b is x n cle> t ?is  
reciprocity ( mortgages1 f> f au?oriz+  
prop]ty1 de/roys ev5 possession8 ,!     
labor] is n ev5 possessor ( 8 product2  
sc>cely has he f9i%$ x1 :5 society      
claims x4  ,b1 x w be answ]$1 ev5 if t  
is s--ev5 if ! product does n belong to 
! produc]--/ill society gives ea* labor]

 an equival5t = 8 product2 & ?is        
equival5t1 ?is sal>y1 ?is rew>d1 ?is    
all[ance1 becomes 8 prop]ty4 ,d y d5y t 
?is prop]ty is legitimate8 ,& if !      
labor]1 in/ead ( consum+ 8 entire wages1
 *ooses to economize1--:o d>e "q 8 "r to
 d s8  ,! labor] is n ev5 proprietor ( !
 price ( 8 labor1 & _c absolutely       
control its disposition4 ,let u n be    
bl9d$ by a spuri\s ju/ice4 ,t :i* is    
giv5 ! labor] 9 ex*ange = 8 product is n
 giv5 him z a rew>d = pa/ labor1 b to   
provide = & secure future labor4 ,we    
consume be=e we produce4 ,! labor] may  
say at ! end ( ! day1 ,i h paid         
ye/]day's exp5ses2 to-morr[ ,i %all pay 
^? ( today4 ,at e mom5t ( 8 life1 !     
memb] ( society is 9 debt2 he dies ) !  
debt unpaid3--h[ is x possible = him to 
accumulate8  ,!y talk ( economy--x is ! 
proprietor's hobby4 ,"u a sy/em (       
equality1 all economy :i* does n aim at 
subsequ5t reproduction or enjoym5t is   
impossible--:y8 ,because ! ?+ sav$1 s9ce
 x _c be conv]t$ into capital1 has no   

object1 & is )\t a ,,f9al ,,cause4 ,?is 
w be expla9$ m fully 9 ! next *apt]4    
,to conclude3--  ,! labor]1 9 8 relation
 to society1 is a debtor :o ( necessity 
dies insolv5t4 ,! proprietor is an      
unfai?ful gu>dian :o d5ies ! receipt ( !
 deposit committ$ to 8 c>e1 & wi%es to  
be paid = 8 gu>dian%ip d[n to ! la/ day4
  ,le/ ! pr9ciples j set =? may appe> to
 c]ta9 read]s too metaphysical1 ,i %all 
reproduce !m 9 a m concrete =m1         
intelligible to ! dulle/ bra9s1 &       
pregnant ) ! mo/ important consequ5ces4 
,hi!rto1 ,i h consid]$ prop]ty z a p[] (
 ,,exclusion2 h]eaft]1 ,i %all exam9e x 
z a p[] ( ,,invasion4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4 
,,t ,,prop]ty ,,is ,,impossible4  ,! la/
 resort ( proprietors1--! ov]:elm+      
argum5t ^: inv9cible pot5cy reassures   
!m1--is t1 9 _! op9ion1 equality (      
conditions is impossible4 ,equality (   
conditions is a *im]a1 !y cry ) a kn[+  
air2 di/ribute weal? equally            
to-day--to-morr[ ?is equality w h       
vani%$4  ,to ?is hackney$ objection1 :i*

 !y repeat ev]y:]e ) ! mo/ m>vell\s     
assurance1 !y nev] fail to add ! foll[+ 
comm5t1 z a sort ( ,,glory ,,be ,,to ,,!
 ,,fa!r3 ,if all m5 7 equal1 nobody w\ld
 "w4 ,?is an!m is sung ) v>iations4  ,if
 all 7 ma/]s1 nobody w\ld obey4  ,if    
nobody 7 ri*1 :o w\ld employ ! poor8    
,&1 ,if nobody 7 poor1 :o w\ld labor = !
 ri*8  ,b let u h done ) invective--we h
 bett] argum5ts at our comm&4  ,if ,i %[
 t prop]ty itself is impossible--t x is 
prop]ty :i* is a contradiction1 a *im]a1
 a utopia2 & if ,i %[ x no long] by     
metaphysics & jurisprud5ce1 b by        
figures1 equations1 &                   
calculations1--imag9e ! fright ( !      
a/\nd$ proprietor6 ,& y1 read]2 :at d y 
?9k ( ! retort8  ,numb]s gov]n !        
_w--mundum regunt num]i4 ,?is prov]b    
applies z aptly to ! moral & political1 
z to ! sid]eal & molecul>1 _w4 ,!       
elem5ts ( ju/ice are id5tical ) ^? (    
algebra2 legislation & gov]nm5t are     
simply ! arts ( classify+ & balanc+     
p[]s2 all jurisprud5ce falls )9 ! rules 

( ari?metic4 ,?is *apt] & ! next w s]ve 
to lay ! f\ndations ( ?is extraord9>y   
doctr9e4 ,!n w be unfold$ to ! read]'s  
vision an imm5se & novel c>e]2 !n %all  
we comm5ce to see 9 num]ical relations !
 syn!tic unity ( philosophy & ! sci5ces2
 &1 fill$ ) admiration & en?usiasm = ?is
 pr(\nd & maje/ic simplicity ( ,nature1 
we %all %\t ) ! apo/le3 ,yes1 ! ,et]nal 
has made all ?+s by numb]1 weight1 &    
measure6 ,we %all und]/& n only t       
equality ( conditions is possible1 b t  
all else is impossible2 t ?is seem+     
impossibility :i* we *>ge ^u x arises f 
! fact t we always ?9k ( x 9 connection 
ei!r ) ! propriet>y or ! communi/ic     
regime1--political sy/ems equally       
irreconcilable ) human nature4 ,we %all 
see f9ally t equality is con/antly be+  
realiz$ )\t our k1 ev5 at ! v mom5t :5  
we are pron\nc+ x incapable (           
realization2 t ! "t draws ne> :51 )\t   
any ef=t or ev5 wi% ( ours1 we %all h x 
univ]sally e/abli%$2 t ) x1 9 x1 & by x1
 ! natural & true political ord] mu/    

make itself manife/4  ,x has be5 said1 9
 speak+ ( ! bl9dness & ob/9acy ( !      
passions1 t1 if man _h any ?+ to ga9 by 
d5y+ ! tru?s ( ari?metic1 he w\ld f9d "s
 means ( unsettl+ _! c]ta9ty3 "h is an  
opportunity to try ?is curi\s exp]im5t4 
,i attack prop]ty1 no long] ) its own   
maxims1 b ) ari?metic4 ,let !           
proprietors prep>e to v]ify my figures2 
=1 if un=tunately = !m ! figures prove  
accurate1 ! proprietors are lo/4  ,9    
prov+ ! impossibility ( prop]ty1 ,i     
complete ! pro( ( its inju/ice4 ,9      
fact1--  ,t :i* is ,,j mu/ be ,,useful2 
,t :i* is useful mu/ be ,,true2  ,t :i* 
is true mu/ be ,,possible2  ,!re=e1 e ?+
 :i* is impossible is untrue1 useless1  
unju/4 ,!n1--a priori1--we may judge ( !
 ju/ice ( any ?+ by its possibility2 s t
 if ! ?+ 7 absolutely impossible1 x w\ld
 be absolutely unju/4    ,,prop]ty ,,is 
,,physically ,,& ,,ma!matically         
,,impossible4  ,,demon/ration4          
,,axiom4--,prop]ty is ! ,"r ( ,increase 
claim$ by ! ,proprietor ov] any ?+ :i*  

he has /amp$ z 8 own4   ,?is proposition
 is purely an axiom1 because1--  #a4 ,x 
is n a def9ition1 s9ce x does n express 
all t is includ$ 9 ! "r ( prop]ty--! "r 
( sale1 ( ex*ange1 ( gift2 ! "r to      
trans=m1 to alt]1 to consume1 to de/roy1
 to use & abuse1 c4 ,all ^! rights are s
 _m diff]5t p[]s ( prop]ty1 :i* we may  
consid] sep>ately2 b :i* we disreg>d "h1
 t we may devote all our att5tion to ?is
 s+le "o1--! "r ( increase4  #b4 ,x is  
univ]sally admitt$4 ,no "o c d5y x )\t  
d5y+ ! facts1 )\t be+ in/antly beli$ by 
univ]sal cu/om4  #c4 ,x is self-evid5t1 
s9ce prop]ty is always accompani$ 7ei!r 
actually or pot5tially7 by ! fact :i*   
?is axiom expresses2 & ?r\gh ?is fact1  
ma9ly1 prop]ty manife/s1 e/abli%es1 &   
ass]ts itself4  #d4 ,f9ally1 its        
negation involves a contradiction4 ,! "r
 ( increase is really an inh]5t "r1 s   
ess5tial a "p ( prop]ty1 t1 9 its       
abs5ce1 prop]ty is null & void4         
,,obs]vations4--,increase receives      
diff]5t names accord+ to ! ?+ by :i* x  

is yield$3 if by l&1 ,,f>m-,,r5t2 if by 
h\ses & furniture1 ,,r5t2 if by         
life-inve/m5ts1 ,,rev5ue2 if by money1  
,,int]e/2 if by ex*ange1 ,,advantage1   
,,ga91 ,,pr(it 7?ree ?+s :i* mu/ n be   
conf\nd$ ) ! wages or legitimate price (
 labor74  ,increase--a sort ( royal     
pr]ogative1 ( tangible & consumable     
homage--is due to ! proprietor on acc\nt
 ( 8 nom9al & metaphysical occupancy4 ,8
 seal is set ^u ! ?+2 t is en\gh to     
prev5t any "o else f occupy+ x )\t ,,8  
p]mission4  ,?is p]mission to use 8 ?+s 
! proprietor may1 if he *ooses1 freely  
grant4 ,commonly he sells x4 ,?is sale  
is really a /ellionate & an extortion2 b
 by ! legal fiction ( ! "r ( prop]ty1   
?is same sale1 sev]ely puni%$1 we "k n  
:y1 9 o!r cases1 is a s\rce ( pr(it &   
value to ! proprietor4  ,! am\nt dem&$  
by ! proprietor1 9 paym5t = ?is         
p]mission1 is express$ 9 monet>y t]ms by
 ! divid5d :i* ! suppos$ product yields 
9 nature4 ,s t1 by ! "r ( increase1 !   
proprietor reaps & does n pl\gh2 gleans 

& does n till2 consumes & does n        
produce2 enjoys & does n labor4 ,v      
diff]5t f ! idols ( ! ,psalmi/ are !    
gods ( prop]ty3 ! =m] _h h&s & felt n2 !
 latt]1 on ! contr>y1 manus hab5t et    
palpabunt4  ,! "r ( increase is conf]r$ 
9 a v my/]i\s & sup]natural mann]4 ,!   
inauguration ( a proprietor is          
accompani$ by ! awful c]emonies ( an    
anci5t initiation4 ,fir/1 comes !       
,,consecration ( ! article2 a           
consecration :i* makes kn[n to all t !y 
mu/ (f] up a suitable sacrifice to !    
proprietor1 :5ev] !y wi%1 by 8 p]mission
 obta9$ & sign$1 to use 8 article4      
,second1 comes ! ,,ana!ma1 :i*          
prohibits--except on ! conditions       
a=esaid--all p]sons f t\*+ ! article1   
ev5 9 ! proprietor's abs5ce2 & pron\nces
 e violator ( prop]ty sacrilegi\s1      
infam\s1 am5able to ! secul> p[]1 &     
des]v+ ( be+ h&$ ov] to x4  ,f9ally1 !  
,,d$ication1 :i* enables ! proprietor or
 patron sa9t--! god *os5 to wat* ov] !  
article--to inhabit x m5tally1 l a      

div9ity 9 8 sanctu>y4 ,by means ( ?is   
d$ication1 ! sub/ance ( ! article--s to 
speak--becomes conv]t$ into ! p]son ( ! 
proprietor1 :o is reg>d$ z ev] pres5t 9 
its =m4  ,?is is exactly ! doctr9e ( !  
writ]s on jurisprud5ce4 ,prop]ty1 says  
,t\lli]1 is a ,,moral ,,quality inh]5t 9
 a ?+2 ,,an ,,actual ,,bond :i* fa/5s x 
to ! proprietor1 & :i* _c be brok5 save 
by 8 act4 ,locke humbly d\bt$ :e!r ,god 
c\ld make matt] ,,intellig5t4 ,t\lli]   
ass]ts t ! proprietor r5d]s x ,,moral4  
,h[ mu* does he lack ( be+ a ,god8 ,^!  
are by no means exagg]ations4  ,,prop]ty
 ,,is ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,increase2 t is1 !  
p[] to produce )\t labor4 ,n[1 to       
produce )\t labor is to make some?+ f   
no?+2 9 %ort1 to create4 ,surely x is no
 m difficult to d ?is ?an to moralize   
matt]4 ,! juri/s are "r1 !n1 9 apply+ to
 proprietors ?is passage f !            
,scriptures1--,ego dixi3 ,dii e/is et   
filii ,excelsi omnes1--,i h said1 ,ye   
are gods2 & all ( y are *ildr5 ( ! ,mo/ 
,high4  ,,prop]ty ,,is ,,! ,,"r ,,(     

,,increase4 ,to u ?is axiom %all be l ! 
"n ( ! bea/ 9 ! ,apocalypse1--a "n 9 :i*
 is hidd5 ! complete explanation ( !    
:ole my/]y ( ?is bea/4 ,x 0 kn[n t he :o
 %\ld solve ! my/]y ( ?is "n w\ld obta9 
a k ( ! :ole prophecy1 & w\ld succe$ 9  
ma/]+ ! bea/4 ,well6 by ! mo/ c>eful    
int]pretation ( our axiom we %all kill !
 sph9x ( prop]ty4  ,/>t+ f ?is em95tly  
*>act]i/ic fact--! ,,"r ,,(             
,,increase--we %all pursue ! old s]p5t  
?r\gh 8 coils2 we %all c\nt ! murd]\s   
entw9+s ( ?is frightful ta5ia1 ^: head1 
) its ?\s& suck]s1 is always hidd5 f !  
sword ( its mo/ viol5t enemies1 ?\gh    
ab&on+ to !m imm5se fragm5ts ( its body4
 ,x requires some?+ m ?an c\rage to     
subdue ?is mon/]4 ,x 0 writt5 t x %\ld n
 die until a proletaire1 arm$ ) a magic 
w&1 _h f\ght ) x4  ,,coroll>ies4--#a4   
,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,increase ,,is         
,,proportional ,,to ,,! ,,?+ ,,increas$4
 ,:atev] be ! rate ( int]e/1--:e!r x    
rise to ?ree1 five1 or t5 p] c5t41 or   
fall to "o-half1 "o-f\r?1 "o-t5?1--x    

does n matt]2 ! law ( increase rema9s ! 
same4 ,! law is z foll[s3--  ,all       
capital--! ca% value ( :i* c be         
e/imat$--may be consid]$ z a t]m 9 an   
ari?metical s]ies :i* progresses 9 !    
ratio ( "o hundr$1 & ! rev5ue yield$ by 
?is capital z ! correspond+ t]m ( ano!r 
ari?metical s]ies :i* progresses 9 a    
ratio equal to ! rate ( int]e/4 ,?us1 a 
capital ( five hundr$ francs be+ ! fif? 
t]m ( ! ari?metical progression ^: ratio
 is "o hundr$1 its rev5ue at ?ree p]    
c5t4 w be indicat$ by ! fif? t]m ( !    
ari?metical progression ^: ratio is     
?ree3--            #ajj 4  #bjj 4  #cjj 
4  #djj 4  #ejj4            #c  4   #f  
4   #i  4   #ab 4   #ae4   ,an          
acqua9tance ) ?is sort (                
,,log>i?ms--tables ( :i*1 calculat$ to a
 v high degree1 are possess$ by         
proprietors--w give u ! key to ! mo/    
puzzl+ problems1 & cause u to exp]i5ce a
 s]ies ( surprises4  ,by ?is ,,log>i?mic
 !ory ( ! "r ( increase1 a piece (      
prop]ty1 toge!r ) its income1 may be    

def9$ z ,a ,,numb] ,,^: ,,log>i?m ,,is  
,,equal ,,to ,,! ,,sum ,,( ,,its ,,units
 ,,divid$ ,,by ,,"o ,,hundr$1 ,,&       
,,multipli$ ,,by ,,! ,,rate ,,(         
,,int]e/4 ,= in/ance2 a h\se valu$ at "o
 hundr$ ?\s& francs1 & leas$ at five p] 
c5t41 yields a rev5ue ( five ?\s&       
francs1 accord+ to ! =mula #ajj1jjj x #e
 _/ #ajj  five ?\s&4 ,vice v]sa1 a piece
 ( l& :i* yields1 at two & a half p]    
c5t41 a rev5ue ( ?ree ?\s& francs is    
wor? "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& francs1     
accord+ to ?is o!r =mula2 #c1jjj x      
#ajj_/ #b #a_/b  "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&4
  ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! ratio ( !           
progression :i* m>ks ! increase ( int]e/
 is five2 9 ! second1 x is two & a half4
  ,,obs]vation4--,! =ms ( increase kn[n 
z f>m-r5t1 income1 & int]e/ are paid    
annually2 r5t is paid by ! week1 ! mon?1
 or ! ye>2 pr(its & ga9s are paid at !  
"t ( ex*ange4 ,?us1 ! am\nt ( increase  
is proportional bo? to ! ?+ increas$1 & 
! "t dur+ :i* x increases2 9 o!r words1 
usury gr[s l a canc]--fo5us s]pit sicut 

canc]4  #b4 ,,! ,,increase ,,paid ,,to  
,,! ,,proprietor ,,by ,,! ,,occupant    
,,is ,a ,,dead ,,loss ,,to ,,! ,,latt]4 
,= if ! proprietor ow$1 9 ex*ange = !   
increase :i* he receives1 "s ?+ m ?an ! 
p]mission :i* he grants1 8 "r ( prop]ty 
w\ld n be p]fect--he w\ld n possess jure
 optimo1 jure p]fecto2 t is1 he w\ld n  
be 9 reality a proprietor4 ,!n1 all :i* 
passes f ! h&s ( ! occupant into ^? ( ! 
proprietor 9 ! "n ( increase1 & z !     
price ( ! p]mission to occupy1 is a     
p]man5t ga9 = ! latt]1 & a dead loss &  
annihilation = ! =m]2 to :om none ( x w 
return1 save 9 ! =ms ( gift1 alms1 wages
 paid = 8 s]vices1 or ! price ( m]*&ise 
:i* he has deliv]$4 ,9 a ^w1 increase   
p]i%es s f> z ! borr[] is conc]n$2 or to
 use ! m en]getic ,lat9 phrase1--res    
p]it solv5ti4  #c4 ,,! ,,"r ,,(         
,,increase ,,oppresses ,,! ,,proprietor 
,,z ,,well ,,z ,,! ,,/rang]4 ,! ma/] ( a
 ?+1 z its proprietor1 levies a tax = ! 
use ( 8 prop]ty ^u himself z its        
possessor1 equal to t :i* he w\ld       

receive f a ?ird p>ty2 s t capital be>s 
int]e/ 9 ! h&s ( ! capitali/1 z well z 9
 ^? ( ! borr[] & ! comm&ite4 ,if1 inde$1
 r ?an accept a r5t ( five hundr$ francs
 = my ap>tm5t1 ,i pref] to occupy &     
enjoy x1 x is cle> t ,i %all become my  
own debtor = a r5t equal to t :i* ,i d5y
 myself4 ,?is pr9ciple is univ]sally    
practis$ 9 bus9ess1 & is reg>d$ z an    
axiom by ! economi/s4 ,manufactur]s1    
also1 :o h ! advantage ( be+ proprietors
 ( _! float+ capital1 al?\gh !y owe no  
int]e/ to any "o1 9 calculat+ _! pr(its 
subtract f !m1 n only _! runn+ exp5ses &
 ! wages ( _! employees1 b also ! int]e/
 on _! capital4 ,= ! same reason1       
money-l5d]s reta9 9 _! own possession z 
little money z possible2 =1 s9ce all    
capital necess>ily be>s int]e/1 if ?is  
int]e/ is suppli$ by no "o1 x comes out 
( ! capital1 :i* is to t ext5t dim9i%$4 
,?us1 by ! "r ( increase1 capital eats  
itself up4 ,?is is1 d\btless1 ! idea t  
,pap9ius int5d$ to convey 9 ! phrase1 z 
elegant z x is =cible--,fo5us mordet    

solidam4 ,i beg p>don = us+ ,lat9 s     
frequ5tly 9 discuss+ ?is subject2 x is  
an homage :i* ,i pay to ! mo/ usuri\s   
nation t ev] exi/$4    ,,fir/           
,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is impossible1 
because x dem&s ,some?+ = ,no?+4   ,!   
discussion ( ?is proposition cov]s !    
same gr\nd z t ( ! orig9 ( f>m-r5t1 :i* 
is s mu* debat$ by ! economi/s4 ,:5 ,i  
read ! writ+s ( ! great] "p ( ^! m51 ,i 
_c avoid a feel+ ( contempt m+l$ ) ang]1
 9 view ( ?is mass ( nons5se1 9 :i* !   
dete/able vies ) ! absurd4 ,x w\ld be a 
repetition ( ! /ory ( ! elephant 9 !    
moon1 7 x n = ! atrocity ( !            
consequ5ces4 ,to seek a rational &      
legitimate orig9 ( t :i* is1 & ev] mu/  
be1 only robb]y1 extortion1 & plund]--t 
mu/ be ! height ( ! proprietor's folly2 
! la/ degree ( b$evilm5t into :i* m9ds1 
o!rwise judici\s1 c be ?r[n by !        
p]v]sity ( selfi%ness4   ,a f>m]1 says  
,say1 is a :eat manufactur] :o1 among   
o!r tools :i* s]ve him 9 modify+ !      
mat]ial f :i* he makes ! :eat1 employs  

"o l>ge tool1 :i* we call a field4 ,if  
he is n ! proprietor ( ! field1 if he is
 only a t5ant1 he pays ! proprietor = ! 
productive s]vice ( ?is tool4 ,! t5ant  
is reimburs$ by ! pur*as]1 ! latt] by   
ano!r1 until ! product rea*es ! consum]2
 :o r$eems ! fir/ paym5t1 ,,plus all !  
o!rs1 by means ( :i* ! product has at   
la/ come into 8 h&s4   ,let u lay aside 
! subsequ5t paym5ts by :i* ! product    
rea*es ! consum]1 &1 = ! pres5t1 pay    
att5tion only to ! fir/ "o ( all1--! r5t
 paid to ! proprietor by ! t5ant4 ,on   
:at gr\nd1 we ask1 is ! proprietor      
entitl$ to ?is r5t8  ,accord+ to        
,ric>do1 ,mac,culloch1 & ,mill1 f>m-r5t1
 prop]ly speak+1 is simply ! ,,excess   
,,( ,,! ,,product ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,f]tile
 ,,l& ,,ov] ,,t ,,( ,,l&s ,,( ,,an      
,,inf]ior ,,quality2 s t f>m-r5t is n   
dem&$ = ! =m] until ! increase (        
population r5d]s necess>y ! cultivation 
( ! latt]4  ,x is difficult to see any  
s5se 9 ?is4 ,h[ c a "r to ! l& be bas$  
^u a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! l&8 ,h[ c 

v>ieties ( soil eng5d] a pr9ciple (     
legislation & politics8 ,?is reason+ is 
ei!r s subtle1 or s /upid1 t ! m ,i ?9k 
( x1 ! m bewild]$ ,i become4 ,suppose   
two pieces ( l& ( equal area2 ! "o1 ,a1 
capable ( support+ t5 ?\s& inhabitants2 
! o!r1 ,b1 capable ( support+ n9e ?\s&  
only3 :51 ow+ to an increase 9 _! numb]1
 ! inhabitants ( ,a %all be =c$ to      
cultivate ,b1 ! l&$ proprietors ( ,a w  
exact f _! t5ants 9 ,a a r5t            
proportional to ! diff]5ce betwe5 t5 &  
n9e4 ,s say1 ,i ?9k1 ,ric>do1           
,mac,culloch1 & ,mill4 ,b if ,a supports
 z _m inhabitants z x c conta91--t is1  
if ! inhabitants ( ,a1 by our hypo!sis1 
h only j en\gh l& to keep !m alive1--h[ 
c !y pay f>m-r5t8  ,if !y _h gone no    
f>!r ?an to say t ! diff]5ce 9 l& has   
,,occasion$ f>m-r5t1 in/ead ( ,,caus$ x1
 ?is obs]vation w\ld h taught u a       
valuable lesson2 namely1 t f>m-r5t grew 
out ( a desire = equality4 ,inde$1 if   
all m5 h an equal "r to ! possession (  
good l&1 no "o c be =c$ to cultivate bad

 l& )\t indemnification4                
,f>m-r5t--accord+ to ,ric>do1           
,mac,culloch1 & ,mill--w\ld !n h be5 a  
comp5sation = loss & h>d%ip4 ,?is sy/em 
( practical equality is a bad "o1 no    
d\bt2 b x sprang f good int5tions4 ,:at 
argum5t c ,ric>do1 ,mac,culloch1 & ,mill
 develop !refrom 9 favor ( prop]ty8 ,_! 
!ory turns aga9/ !mselves1 & /rangles   
!m4  ,mal?us ?9ks t f>m-r5t has its     
s\rce 9 ! p[] possess$ by l& ( produc+ m
 ?an is necess>y to supply ! wants ( !  
m5 :o cultivate x4 ,i w\ld ask ,mal?us  
:y successful labor %\ld entitle ! idle 
to a portion ( ! products8  ,b ! wor?y  
,mal?us is mi/ak5 9 reg>d to ! fact4    
,yes2 l& has ! p[] ( produc+ m ?an is   
ne$$ by ^? :o cultivate x1 if by        
,,cultivators is meant t5ants only4 ,!  
tailor also makes m clo!s ?an he we>s1 &
 ! cab9et-mak] m furniture ?an he uses4 
,b1 s9ce ! v>i\s pr(essions imply &     
su/a9 "o ano!r1 n only ! f>m]1 b !      
foll[]s ( all arts & trades--ev5 to !   
doctor & ! s*ool-tea*]--are1 & ought to 

be1 reg>d$ z ,,cultivators ,,( ,,! ,,l&4
 ,mal?us bases f>m-r5t ^u ! pr9ciple (  
comm]ce4 ,n[1 ! fundam5tal law ( comm]ce
 be+ equival5ce ( ! products ex*ang$1   
any ?+ :i* de/roys ?is equival5ce       
violates ! law4 ,!re is an error 9 !    
e/imate :i* ne$s to be correct$4        
,bu*anan--a comm5tator on ,smi?--reg>d$ 
f>m-r5t z ! result ( a monopoly1 &      
ma9ta9$ t labor alone is productive4    
,consequ5tly1 he ?\ght t1 )\t ?is       
monopoly1 products w\ld rise 9 price2 & 
he f\nd no basis = f>m-r5t save 9 !     
civil law4 ,?is op9ion is a coroll>y ( t
 :i* makes ! civil law ! basis (        
prop]ty4 ,b :y has ! civil law--:i*     
ought to be ! writt5 expression (       
ju/ice--au?oriz$ ?is monopoly8 ,:oev]   
says monopoly1 necess>ily excludes      
ju/ice4 ,n[1 to say t f>m-r5t is a      
monopoly sanction$ by ! law1 is to say t
 inju/ice is bas$ on ju/ice1--a         
contradiction 9 t]ms4  ,say answ]s      
,bu*anan1 t ! proprietor is n a         
monopoli/1 because a monopoli/ is "o :o 

does n increase ! utility ( ! m]*&ise   
:i* passes ?r\gh 8 h&s4  ,h[ mu* does ! 
proprietor increase ! utility ( 8       
t5ant's products8 ,has he pl\gh$1 s[$1  
reap$1 m[$1 w9n[$1 we$$8 ,^! are !      
processes by :i* ! t5ant & 8 employees  
increase ! utility ( ! mat]ial :i* !y   
consume = ! purpose ( reproduction4   ,!
 l&$ proprietor increases ! utility (   
products by means ( 8 implem5t1 ! l&4   
,?is implem5t receives 9 "o /ate1 &     
returns 9 ano!r ! mat]ials ( :i* :eat is
 compos$4 ,! action ( ! l& is a *emical 
process1 :i* s modifies ! mat]ial t x   
multiplies x by de/roy+ x4 ,! soil is !n
 a produc] ( utility2 & :5 x ! soil8    
asks its pay 9 ! =m ( pr(it1 or f>m r5t1
 = its proprietor1 x at ! same "t gives 
some?+ to ! consum] 9 ex*ange = ! am\nt 
:i* ! consum] pays x4 ,x gives him a    
produc$ utility2 & x is ! production (  
?is utility :i* w>rants u 9 call+ l&    
productive1 z well z labor4   ,let u    
cle> up ?is matt]4  ,! blacksmi? :o     
manufactures = ! f>m] implem5ts (       

husb&ry1 ! :eelwright :o makes him a    
c>t1 ! mason :o builds 8 b>n1 ! c>p5t]1 
! basket-mak]1 c41--all ( :om contribute
 to agricultural production by ! tools  
:i* !y provide1--are produc]s ( utility2
 consequ5tly1 !y are entitl$ to a "p ( !
 products4   ,und\bt$ly1 says ,say2 b ! 
l& also is an implem5t ^: s]vice mu/ be 
paid =1 !n4444   ,i admit t ! l& is an  
implem5t2 b :o made x8 ,did !           
proprietor8 ,did he--by ! efficaci\s    
virtue ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 by ?is ,,moral 
,,quality infus$ into ! soil--end[ x )  
vigor & f]tility8 ,exactly !re lies !   
monopoly ( ! proprietor2 9 ! fact t1    
?\gh he did n make ! implem5t1 he asks  
pay = its use4 ,:5 ! ,creator %all      
pres5t himself & claim f>m-r5t1 we w    
consid] ! matt] ) him2 or ev5 :5 !      
proprietor--8 pret5d$                   
repres5tative--%all exhibit 8           
p[]-(-attorney4   ,! proprietor's       
s]vice1 adds ,say1 is easy1 ,i admit4   
,x is a frank confession4   ,b we _c    
disreg>d x4 ,)\t prop]ty1 "o f>m] w\ld  

cont5d ) ano!r = ! possession ( a field 
)\t a proprietor1 & ! field w\ld rema9  
uncultivat$4444   ,!n ! proprietor's    
bus9ess is to reconcile f>m]s by robb+  
!m4 ,o logic6 ,o ju/ice6 ,o ! m>vell\s  
wisdom ( economi/s6 ,! proprietor1 if !y
 are "r1 is l ,p]r9-,d&9 :o1 :5 summon$ 
by two travell]s to settle a dispute    
ab\t an oy/]1 op5$ x1 gobbl$ x1 & said  
to !m3--   ,! ,c\rt aw>ds y ea* a %ell4 
,c\ld any ?+ worse be said ( prop]ty8   
,w ,say tell u :y ! same f>m]s1 :o1 if  
!re 7 no proprietors1 w\ld cont5d ) ea* 
o!r = possession ( ! soil1 d n cont5d   
to-day ) ! proprietors = ?is possession8
 ,obvi\sly1 because !y ?9k !m legitimate
 possessors1 & because _! respect = ev5 
an imag9>y "r exce$s _! av>ice4 ,i      
prov$1 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 t possession is  
suffici5t1 )\t prop]ty1 to ma9ta9 social
 ord]4 ,w\ld x be m difficult1 !n1 to   
reconcile possessors )\t ma/]s ?an      
t5ants controll$ by proprietors8 ,w\ld  
labor+ m51 :o respect--mu* to _! own    
detrim5t--! pret5d$ rights ( ! idl]1    

violate ! natural rights ( ! produc] & !
 manufactur]8 ,:at6 if ! husb&man =feit$
 8 "r to ! l& z soon z he ceas$ to      
occupy x1 w\ld he become m covet\s8 ,&  
w\ld ! impossibility ( dem&+ increase1 (
 tax+ ano!r's labor1 be a s\rce (       
qu>rels & law-suits8 ,! economi/s use   
s+ul> logic4 ,b we are n yet ?r\gh4     
,admit t ! proprietor is ! legitimate   
ma/] ( ! l&4  ,! l& is an in/rum5t (    
production1 !y say4 ,t is true4 ,b :51  
*ang+ ! n\n into an adjective1 !y alt] !
 phrase1 ?us1 ,! l& is a productive     
in/rum5t1 !y make a wick$ blund]4       
,accord+ to ,quesnay & ! e>ly economi/s1
 all production comes f ! l&4 ,smi?1    
,ric>do1 & de ,tracy1 on ! contr>y1 say 
t labor is ! sole ag5t ( production4    
,say1 & mo/ ( 8 successors1 tea* t ,,bo?
 l& ,,& labor ,,& capital are           
productive4 ,! latt] con/itute !        
eclectic s*ool ( political economy4 ,!  
tru? is1 t ,,nei!r l& ,,nor labor ,,nor 
capital is productive4 ,production      
results f ! co-op]ation ( ^! ?ree       

equally necess>y elem5ts1 :i*1 tak5     
sep>ately1 are equally /]ile4           
,political economy1 inde$1 treats ( !   
production1 di/ribution1 & consumption (
 weal? or values4 ,b ( :at values8 ,( ! 
values produc$ by human indu/ry2 t is1 (
 ! *anges made 9 matt] by man1 t he may 
appropriate x to 8 own use1 & n at all (
 ,nature's spontane\s productions4      
,man's labor consi/s 9 a simple lay+ on 
( h&s4 ,:5 he has tak5 t tr\ble1 he has 
produc$ a value4 ,until !n1 ! salt ( !  
sea1 ! wat] ( ! spr+s1 ! grass ( !      
fields1 & ! trees ( ! =e/s are to him z 
if !y 7 n4 ,! sea1 )\t ! fi%]man & 8    
l9e1 supplies no fi%4 ,! =e/1 )\t !     
wood-cutt] & 8 axe1 furni%es nei!r fuel 
nor timb]4 ,! mead[1 )\t ! m[]1 yields  
nei!r hay nor aft]ma?4 ,nature is a va/ 
mass ( mat]ial to be cultivat$ & conv]t$
 into products2 b ,nature produces no?+ 
= h]self3 9 ! economical s5se1 h]       
products1 9 _! relation to man1 are n   
yet products4  ,capital1 tools1 & ma*9]y
 are likewise unproductive4 ,! hamm] & !

 anvil1 )\t ! blacksmi? & ! iron1 d n   
=ge4 ,! mill1 )\t ! mill] & ! gra91 does
 n gr9d1 c4 ,br+ tools & raw mat]ial    
toge!r2 place a pl\gh & "s se$ on f]tile
 soil2 ent] a smi?y1 light ! fire1 & %ut
 up ! %op1--y w produce no?+4 ,! foll[+ 
rem>k 0 made by an economi/ :o possess$ 
m good s5se ?an mo/ ( 8 fell[s3 ,say    
cr$its capital ) an active "p unw>rant$ 
by its nature2 left to itself1 x is an  
idle tool4 7,j4 ,droz3 ,political       
,economy47  ,f9ally1 labor & capital    
toge!r1 :5 un=tunately comb9$1 produce  
no?+4 ,pl\gh a s&y des]t1 beat ! wat] ( 
! riv]s1 pass type ?r\gh a sieve1--y w  
get nei!r :eat1 nor fi%1 nor books4 ,y\r
 tr\ble w be z fruitless z 0 ! imm5se   
labor ( ! army ( ,x]xes2 :o1 z ,h]odotus
 says1 ) 8 ?ree million soldi]s1 sc\rg$ 
! ,hellespont = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 z a     
puni%m5t = hav+ brok5 & scatt]$ !       
pontoon bridge :i* ! great k+ _h ?r[n   
across x4  ,tools & capital1 l& & labor1
 consid]$ individually & ab/ractly1 are 
n1 lit]ally speak+1 productive4 ,!      

proprietor :o asks to be rew>d$ = ! use 
( a tool1 or ! productive p[] ( 8 l&1   
takes = grant$1 !n1 t :i* is radically  
false2 namely1 t capital produces by its
 own ef=t1--&1 9 tak+ pay = ?is imag9>y 
product1 he lit]ally receives some?+ =  
no?+4  ,,objection4--,b if ! blacksmi?1 
! :eelwright1 all manufactur]s 9 %ort1 h
 a "r to ! products 9 return = !        
implem5ts :i* !y furni%2 & if l& is an  
implem5t ( production1--:y does n ?is   
implem5t entitle its proprietor1 be 8   
claim real or imag9>y1 to a portion ( ! 
products2 z 9 ! case ( ! manufactur]s ( 
pl\ghs & wagons8  ,,reply4--,"h we t\* !
 he>t ( ! "q1 ! my/]y ( prop]ty2 :i* we 
mu/ cle> up1 if we w\ld und]/& any ?+ ( 
! /range effects ( ! "r ( increase4  ,he
 :o manufactures or repairs ! f>m]'s    
tools receives ! price ,,once1 ei!r at !
 "t ( deliv]y1 or 9 sev]al paym5ts2 & :5
 ?is price is once paid to !            
manufactur]1 ! tools :i* he has deliv]$ 
belong to him no m4 ,nev] does he claim 
d\ble paym5t = ! same tool1 or ! same   

job ( repairs4 ,if he annually %>es 9 ! 
products ( ! f>m]1 x is ow+ to ! fact t 
he annually makes some?+ = ! f>m]4  ,!  
proprietor1 on ! contr>y1 does n yield 8
 implem5t2 et]nally he is paid = x1     
et]nally he keeps x4  ,9 fact1 ! r5t    
receiv$ by ! proprietor is n int5d$ to  
defray ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ & repair+ !   
implem5t2 ?is exp5se is *>g$ to !       
borr[]1 & does n conc]n ! proprietor    
except z he is int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation (
 ! article4 ,if he takes x ^u himself to
 att5d to ! repairs1 he takes c>e t !   
money :i* he exp5ds = ?is purpose is    
repaid4  ,?is r5t does n repres5t !     
product ( ! implem5t1 s9ce ( itself !   
implem5t produces no?+2 we h j prov$    
?is1 & we %all prove x m cle>ly /ill by 
its consequ5ces4  ,f9ally1 ?is r5t does 
n repres5t ! p>ticipation ( ! proprietor
 9 ! production2 s9ce ?is p>ticipation  
c\ld consi/1 l t ( ! blacksmi? & !      
:eelwright1 only 9 ! surr5d] ( ! :ole or
 a "p ( 8 implem5t1 9 :i* case he w\ld  
cease to be its proprietor1 :i* w\ld    

involve a contradiction ( ! idea (      
prop]ty4  ,!n1 betwe5 ! proprietor & 8  
t5ant !re is no ex*ange ei!r ( values or
 s]vices2 !n1 z our axiom says1 f>m-r5t 
is real increase1--an extortion bas$    
solely ^u fraud & viol5ce on ! "o h&1 & 
weakness & ignorance ^u ! o!r4          
,,products say ! economi/s1 ,,are       
,,b\ght ,,only ,,by ,,products4 ,?is    
maxim is prop]ty's condemnation4 ,!     
proprietor1 produc+ nei!r by 8 own labor
 nor by 8 implem5t1 & receiv+ products 9
 ex*ange = no?+1 is ei!r a p>asite or a 
?ief4 ,!n1 if prop]ty c exi/ only z a   
"r1 prop]ty is impossible4              
,,coroll>ies4--#a4 ,! republican        
con/itution ( #agic1 :i* def9$ prop]ty z
 ! "r to enjoy ! fruit ( "o's labor1 0  
grossly mi/ak54 ,x %\ld h said1 ,prop]ty
 is ! "r to enjoy & dispose at w (      
ano!r's goods1--! fruit ( ano!r's       
indu/ry & labor4  #b4 ,e possessor (    
l&s1 h\ses1 furniture1 ma*9]y1 tools1   
money1 c41 :o l5ds a ?+ = a price exce$+
 ! co/ ( repairs 7! repairs be+ *>g$ to 

! l5d]1 & repres5t+ products :i* he     
ex*anges = o!r products71 is guilty (   
sw9dl+ & extortion4 ,9 %ort1 all r5t    
receiv$ 7nom9ally z damages1 b really z 
paym5t = a loan7 is an act ( prop]ty1--a
 robb]y4  ,,hi/orical ,,comm5t4--,! tax 
:i* a victori\s nation levies ^u a      
conqu]$ nation is g5u9e f>m-r5t4 ,!     
seigniorial rights aboli%$ by !         
,revolution ( #aghi1--ti!s1 mortma91    
/atute-labor1 c41--7 diff]5t =ms ( !    
rights ( prop]ty2 & !y :o "u ! titles ( 
nobles1 seigneurs1 preb5d>ies1 c4 enjoy$
 ^! rights1 7 nei!r m nor less ?an      
proprietors4 ,to def5d prop]ty to-day is
 to condemn ! ,revolution4    ,,second  
,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is impossible  
because :]ev] x exi/s ,production co/s m
 ?an x is wor?4   ,! prec$+ proposition 
0 legislative 9 its nature2 ?is "o is   
economical4 ,x s]ves to prove t prop]ty1
 :i* orig9ates 9 viol5ce1 results 9     
wa/e4   ,production1 says ,say1 is      
ex*ange on a l>ge scale4 ,to r5d] !     
ex*ange productive ! value ( ! :ole     

am\nt ( s]vice mu/ be balanc$ by ! value
 ( ! product4 ,if ?is condition is n    
compli$ )1 ! ex*ange is unequal2 !      
produc] gives m ?an he receives4   ,n[1 
value be+ necess>ily bas$ ^u utility1 x 
foll[s t e useless product is necess>ily
 valueless1--t x _c be ex*ang$2 &1      
consequ5tly1 t x _c be giv5 9 paym5t =  
productive s]vices4  ,!n1 ?\gh          
production may equal consumption1 x nev]
 c exce$ x2 = !re is no real production 
save :]e !re is a production ( utility1 
& !re is no utility save :]e !re is a   
possibility ( consumption4 ,?us1 s mu* (
 e product z is r5d]$ by excessive      
abundance inconsumable1 becomes useless1
 valueless1 unex*angeable1--consequ5tly1
 unfit to be giv5 9 paym5t = any ?+     
:atev]1 & is no long] a product4        
,consumption1 on ! o!r h&1 to be        
legitimate1--to be true                 
consumption1--mu/ be reproductive (     
utility2 =1 if x is unproductive1 !     
products :i* x de/roys are cancell$     
values--?+s produc$ at a pure loss2 a   

/ate ( ?+s :i* causes products to       
depreciate 9 value4 ,man has ! p[] to   
de/roy1 b he consumes only t :i* he     
reproduces4 ,"u a "r sy/em ( economy1   
!re is !n an equation betwe5 production 
& consumption4  ,^! po9ts e/abli%$1 let 
u suppose a community ( "o ?\s&         
families1 enclos$ 9 a t]ritory ( a giv5 
circumf]5ce1 & depriv$ ( =eign          
int]c\rse4 ,let ?is community repres5t !
 human race1 :i*1 scatt]$ ov] ! face ( !
 e>?1 is really isolat$4 ,9 fact1 !     
diff]5ce betwe5 a community & ! human   
race be+ only a num]ical "o1 !          
economical results w be absolutely !    
same 9 ea* case4  ,suppose1 !n1 t ^!    
?\s& families1 devot+ !mselves          
exclusively to :eat-culture1 are oblig$ 
to pay to "o hundr$ individuals1 *os5 f 
! mass1 an annual rev5ue ( t5 p] c5t4 on
 _! product4 ,x is cle> t1 9 su* a case1
 ! "r ( increase is equival5t to a tax  
levi$ 9 advance ^u social production4 ,(
 :at use is ?is tax8  ,x _c be levi$ to 
supply ! community ) provisions1 =      

betwe5 t & f>m-r5t !re is no?+ 9 common2
 nor to pay = s]vices & products1--= !  
proprietors1 labor+ l ! o!rs1 h labor$  
only = !mselves4 ,f9ally1 ?is tax is (  
no use to its recipi5ts :o1 hav+ h>ve/$ 
:eat en\gh = _! own consumption1 & n be+
 able 9 a society )\t comm]ce &         
manufactures to procure any ?+ else 9   
ex*ange = x1 !reby lose ! advantage ( _!
 income4  ,9 su* a society1 "o-t5? ( !  
product be+ inconsumable1 "o-t5? ( !    
labor goes unpaid--production co/s m ?an
 x is wor?4  ,n[1 *ange ?ree hundr$ (   
our :eat-produc]s into artisans ( all   
k9ds3 "o hundr$ g>d5]s & w9e-gr[]s1     
sixty %oemak]s & tailors1 fifty c>p5t]s 
& blacksmi?s1 eighty ( v>i\s pr(essions1
 &1 t no?+ may be lack+1 sev5           
s*ool-ma/]s1 "o mayor1 "o judge1 & "o   
prie/2 ea* indu/ry furni%es ! :ole      
community ) its special product4 ,n[1 ! 
total production be+ "o ?\s&1 ea*       
labor]'s consumption is "o2 namely1     
:eat1 meat1 & gra91 #j4g2 w9e &         
vegetables1 #j4a2 %oes & clo?+1 #j4jf2  

iron-"w & furniture1 #j4je2 sundries1   
#j4jh2 in/ruction1 #j4jjg2 adm9i/ration1
 #j4jjb2 mass1 #j4jja1 ,total #a4  ,b ! 
community owes a rev5ue ( t5 p] c5t42 & 
x matt]s little :e!r ! f>m]s alone pay  
x1 or all ! labor]s are responsible =   
x1--! result is ! same4 ,! f>m] raises !
 price ( 8 products 9 proportion to 8   
%>e ( ! debt2 ! o!r labor]s foll[ 8     
example4 ,!n1 aft] "s fluctuations1     
equilibrium is e/abli%$1 & all pay ne>ly
 ! same am\nt ( ! rev5ue4 ,x w\ld be a  
grave error to assume t 9 a nation none 
b f>m]s pay f>m-r5t--! :ole nation pays 
x4  ,i say1 !n1 t by ?is tax ( t5 p]    
c5t4 ea* labor]'s consumption is r$uc$ z
 foll[s3 :eat1 #j4fc2 w9e & vegetables1 
#j4ji2 clo?+ & %oes1 #j4jed2 furniture &
 iron-"w1 #j4jde2 o!r products1 #j4jgb2 
s*ool+1 #j4jjfc2 adm9i/ration1 #j4jjah2 
mass1 #j4jjji4 ,total #j4i4  ,! labor]  
has produc$ #a2 he consumes only #j4i4  
,he loses1 !n1 "o-t5? ( ! price ( 8     
labor2 8 production /ill co/s m ?an x is
 wor?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t5? receiv$ by ! 

proprietors is no less a wa/e2 =1 be+   
labor]s !mselves1 !y1 l ! o!rs1 possess 
9 ! n9e-t5?s ( _! product ! :]e)al to   
live3 !y want = no?+4 ,:y %\ld !y wi% _!
 proportion ( bread1 w9e1 meat1 clo!s1  
%elt]1 c41 to be d\bl$1 if !y c nei!r   
consume nor ex*ange !m8 ,!n f>m-r5t1 )  
!m z ) ! re/ ( ! labor]s1 is a wa/e1 &  
p]i%es 9 _! h&s4 ,ext5d ! hypo!sis1     
increase ! numb] & v>iety ( ! products1 
y /ill h ! same result4  ,hi!rto1 we h  
consid]$ ! proprietor z tak+ "p 9 !     
production1 n only 7z ,say says7 by !   
use ( 8 in/rum5t1 b 9 an effective mann]
 & by ! labor ( 8 h&s4 ,n[1 x is easy to
 see t1 "u su* circum/ances1 prop]ty w  
nev] exi/4 ,:at happ5s8  ,!             
proprietor--an ess5tially libid9\s      
animal1 )\t virtue or %ame--is n        
satisfi$ ) an ord]ly & discipl9$ life4  
,he loves prop]ty1 because x enables him
 to d at leisure :at he pleases & :5 he 
pleases4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! means ( life1 he
 gives himself up to trivialities &     
indol5ce2 he enjoys1 he fritt]s away 8  

"t1 he goes 9 que/ ( curiosities & novel
 s5sations4 ,prop]ty--to enjoy          
itself--has to ab&on ord9>y life1 & busy
 itself 9 luxuri\s occupations & unclean
 enjoym5ts4  ,in/ead ( giv+ up a        
f>m-r5t1 :i* is p]i%+ 9 _! h&s1 & ?us   
light5+ ! labor ( ! community1 our      
hundr$ proprietors pref] to re/4 ,9     
consequ5ce ( ?is )drawal1--! absolute   
production be+ dim9i%$ by "o hundr$1    
:ile ! consumption rema9s !             
same1--production & consumption seem to 
balance4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce !     
proprietors no long] labor1 _!          
consumption is1 accord+ to economical   
pr9ciples1 unproductive2 consequ5tly1 ! 
previ\s condition ( ! community--:5 !   
labor ( "o hundr$ 0 rew>d$ by no        
products--is sup]s$$ by "o 9 :i* !      
products ( "o hundr$ are consum$ )\t    
labor4 ,! deficit is always ! same1     
:i*ev] ! column ( ! acc\nt 9 :i* x is   
express$4 ,ei!r ! maxims ( political    
economy are false1 or else prop]ty1 :i* 
contradicts !m1 is impossible4  ,!      

economi/s--reg>d+ all unproductive      
consumption z an evil1 z a robb]y ( !   
human race--nev] fail to exhort         
proprietors to mod]ation1 labor1 &      
economy2 !y prea* to !m ! necessity (   
mak+ !mselves useful1 ( remun]at+       
production = t :i* !y receive f x2 !y   
laun* ! mo/ t]rible curses aga9/ luxury 
& laz9ess4 ,v beautiful morality1       
surely2 x is a pity t x lacks common    
s5se4 ,! proprietor :o labors1 or1 z !  
economi/s say1 ,,:o ,,makes ,,himself   
,,useful1 is paid = ?is labor & utility2
 is he1 !re=e1 any ! less idle z conc]ns
 ! prop]ty :i* he does n use1 & f :i* he
 receives an income8 ,8 condition1      
:atev] he may d1 is an unproductive &   
,,feloni\s "o2 he _c cease to wa/e &    
de/roy )\t ceas+ to be a proprietor4  ,b
 ?is is only ! lea/ ( ! evils :i*       
prop]ty eng5d]s4  ,society has to ma9ta9
 "s idle p1 :e!r or no4 ,x w always h ! 
bl9d1 ! maim$1 ! insane1 & ! idiotic4 ,x
 c easily support a few slugg>ds4 ,at   
?is po9t1 ! impossibilities ?ick5 &     

become complicat$4    ,,?ird            
,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is impossible1 
because1 ) a giv5 capital1 ,production  
is proportional to labor1 n to prop]ty4 
,to pay a f>m-r5t ( "o hundr$ at ! rate 
( t5 p] c5t4 ( ! product1 ! product mu/ 
be "o ?\s&2 t ! product may be "o ?\s&1 
a =ce ( "o ?\s& labor]s is ne$$4 ,x     
foll[s1 t 9 grant+ a furl\gh1 z we h j  
done1 to our "o hundr$                  
labor]-proprietors1 all ( :om _h an     
equal "r to lead ! life ( m5 (          
income1--we h plac$ ourselves 9 a       
position :]e we are unable to pay _!    
rev5ues4 ,9 fact1 ! productive p[]1 :i* 
at fir/ 0 "o ?\s&1 be+ n[ b n9e hundr$1 
! production is also r$uc$ to n9e       
hundr$1 "o-t5? ( :i* is n9ety4 ,ei!r1   
!n1 t5 proprietors out ( ! "o hundr$ _c 
be paid1--provid$ ! rema9+ n9ety are to 
get ! :ole am\nt ( _! f>m-r5t1--or else 
all mu/ cons5t to a decrease ( t5 p]    
c5t4 ,= x is n = ! labor]1 :o has be5   
want+ 9 no p>ticul>1 :o has produc$ z 9 
! pa/1 to suff] by ! )drawal ( !        

proprietor4 ,! latt] mu/ take !         
consequ5ces ( 8 own idl5ess4 ,b1 !n1 !  
proprietor becomes poor] = ! v reason t 
he wi%es to enjoy2 by ex]cis+ 8 "r1 he  
loses x2 s t prop]ty seems to decrease &
 vani% 9 proportion z we try to lay hold
 ( x1--! m we pursue x1 ! m x eludes our
 grasp4 ,:at sort ( a "r is t :i* is    
gov]n$ by num]ical relations1 & :i* an  
ari?metical calculation c de/roy8  ,!   
labor]-proprietor receiv$1 fir/1 z      
labor]1 #j4i 9 wages2 second1 z         
proprietor1 #a 9 f>m-r5t4 ,he said to   
himself1 ,my f>m-r5t is suffici5t2 ,i h 
en\gh & to sp>e )\t my labor4 ,& ?us x  
is t ! income ^u :i* he calculat$ gets  
dim9i%$ by "o-t5?1--he at ! same "t n   
ev5 suspect+ ! cause ( ?is dim9ution4   
,by tak+ "p 9 ! production1 he 0 himself
 ! creator ( ?is t5? :i* has vani%$2 &  
:ile he ?\ght to labor only = himself1  
he unwitt+ly suff]$ a loss 9 ex*ang+ 8  
products1 by :i* he 0 made to pay to    
himself "o-t5? ( 8 own f>m-r5t4 ,l e "o 
else1 he produc$ #a1 & receiv$ b #j4i   

,if1 in/ead ( n9e hundr$ labor]s1 !re _h
 be5 b five hundr$1 ! :ole am\nt (      
f>m-r5t w\ld h be5 r$uc$ to fifty2 if   
!re _h be5 b "o hundr$1 x w\ld h fall5  
to t54 ,we may posit1 !n1 ! foll[+ axiom
 z a law ( propriet>y economy3          
,,increase ,,mu/ ,,dim9i% ,,z ,,!       
,,numb] ,,( ,,idl]s ,,augm5ts4   ,?is   
fir/ result w lead u to ano!r m surpris+
 /ill4 ,its effect is to deliv] u at "o 
bl[ f all ! evils ( prop]ty1 )\t aboli%+
 x1 )\t wrong+ proprietors1 & by a      
highly cons]vative process4  ,we h j    
prov$ t1 if ! f>m-r5t 9 a community ( "o
 ?\s& labor]s is "o hundr$1 t ( n9e     
hundr$ w\ld be n9ety1 t ( eight hundr$1 
eighty1 t ( "o hundr$1 t51 c4 ,s t1 9 a 
community :]e !re 0 b "o labor]1 !      
f>m-r5t w\ld be b #j4a2 no matt] h[     
great ! ext5t & value ( ! l&            
appropriat$4 ,!re=e1 ,,) ,a ,,giv5 ,,l&$
 ,,capital1 ,,production ,,is           
,,proportional ,,to ,,labor1 ,,n ,,to   
,,prop]ty4  ,guid$ by ?is pr9ciple1 let 
u try to asc]ta9 ! maximum increase (   

all prop]ty :atev]4  ,:at is1           
ess5tially1 a f>m-lease8 ,x is a        
contract by :i* ! proprietor yields to a
 t5ant possession ( 8 l&1 9 consid]ation
 ( a portion ( t :i* x yields him1 !    
proprietor4 ,if1 9 consequ5ce ( an      
increase 9 8 h\sehold1 ! t5ant becomes  
t5 times z /rong z ! proprietor1 he w   
produce t5 times z mu*4 ,w\ld !         
proprietor 9 su* a case be ju/ifi$ 9    
rais+ ! f>m-r5t t5fold8 ,8 "r is n1 ,! m
 y produce1 ! m ,i dem&4 ,x is1 ,! m ,i 
sacrifice1 ! m ,i dem&4 ,! increase 9 ! 
t5ant's h\sehold1 ! numb] ( h&s at 8    
disposal1 ! res\rces ( 8 indu/ry1--all  
^! s]ve to increase production1 b be> no
 relation to ! proprietor4 ,8 claims are
 to be measur$ by 8 own productive      
capacity1 n t ( o!rs4 ,prop]ty is ! "r (
 increase1 n a poll-tax4 ,h[ c\ld a man1
 h>dly capable ( cultivat+ ev5 a few    
acres by himself1 dem& ( a community1 on
 ! gr\nd ( its use ( t5 ?\s& acres ( 8  
prop]ty1 t5 ?\s& times z mu* z he is    
incapable ( produc+ f "o acre8 ,:y %\ld 

! price ( a loan be gov]n$ by ! skill & 
/r5g? ( ! borr[]1 r ?an by ! utility    
sacrific$ by ! proprietor8 ,we mu/      
recognize1 !n1 ?is second economical    
law3 ,,increase ,,is ,,measur$ ,,by ,a  
,,fraction ,,( ,,! ,,proprietors        
,,production4  ,n[1 ?is production1 :at 
is x8 ,9 o!r words1 ,:at c ! "l & ma/] (
 a piece ( l& ju/ly claim to h sacrific$
 9 l5d+ x to a t5ant8  ,! productive    
capacity ( a proprietor1 l t ( any      
labor]1 be+ "o1 ! product :i* he        
sacrifices 9 surr5d]+ 8 l& is also "o4  
,if1 !n1 ! rate ( increase is t5 p]     
c5t41 ! maximum increase is #j4a4  ,b we
 h se5 t1 :5ev] a proprietor )draws f   
production1 ! am\nt ( products is less5$
 by #a4 ,!n ! increase :i* accrues to   
him1 be+ equal to #j4a :ile he rema9s   
among ! labor]s1 w be equal aft] 8      
)drawal1 by ! law ( ! decrease (        
f>m-r5t1 to #j4ji4 ,?us we are l$ to ?is
 f9al =mula3 ,,! ,,maximum ,,income ,,( 
,a ,,proprietor ,,is ,,equal ,,to ,,!   
,,squ>e ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,product ,,(    

,,"o ,,labor] 7"s numb] be+ agre$ ^u to 
express ?is product74 ,,! ,,dim9ution   
,,:i* ,,?is ,,income ,,suff]s1 ,,if ,,! 
,,proprietor ,,is ,,idle1 ,,is ,,equal  
,,to ,a ,,fraction ,,^: ,,num]ator ,,is 
#a1 ,,& ,,^: ,,d5om9ator ,,is ,,!       
,,numb] ,,:i* ,,expresses ,,! ,,product4
  ,?us ! maximum income ( an idle       
proprietor1 or ( "o :o labors 9 8 own   
behalf outside ( ! community1 figur$ at 
t5 p] c5t4 on an av]age production ( "o 
?\s& francs p] labor]1 w\ld be n9ety    
francs4 ,if1 !n1 !re are 9 ,france "o   
million proprietors ) an income ( "o    
?\s& francs ea*1 :i* !y consume         
unproductively1 in/ead ( ! "o ?\s&      
millions :i* are paid !m annually1 !y   
are entitl$ 9 /rict ju/ice1 & by ! mo/  
accurate calculation1 to n9ety millions 
only4  ,x is some?+ ( a r$uction1 to    
take n9e hundr$ & t5 millions f ! burd5s
 :i* weigh s heavily ^u ! labor+ class6 
,nev]!less1 ! acc\nt is n f9i%$1 & !    
labor] is /ill ignorant ( ! full ext5t (
 8 rights4  ,:at is ! "r ( increase :5  

conf9$ )9 j limits8 ,a recognition ( !  
"r ( occupancy4 ,b s9ce all h an equal  
"r ( occupancy1 e man is by ! same title
 a proprietor4 ,e man has a "r to an    
income equal to a fraction ( 8 product4 
,if1 !n1 ! labor] is oblig$ by ! "r (   
prop]ty to pay a r5t to ! proprietor1 ! 
proprietor is oblig$ by ! same "r to pay
 ! same am\nt ( r5t to ! labor]2 &1 s9ce
 _! rights balance ea* o!r1 ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 !m is z]o4  ,s*olium4--,if       
f>m-r5t is only a fraction ( ! suppos$  
product ( ! proprietor1 :atev] ! am\nt &
 value ( ! prop]ty1 ! same is true 9 !  
case ( a l>ge numb] ( small & di/9ct    
proprietors4 ,=1 al?\gh "o man may use !
 prop]ty ( ea* sep>ately1 he _c use !   
prop]ty ( all at ! same "t4  ,to sum up4
 ,! "r ( increase1 :i* c exi/ only )9 v 
n>r[ limits1 def9$ by ! laws (          
production1 is annihilat$ by ! "r (     
occupancy4 ,n[1 )\t ! "r ( increase1 !re
 is no prop]ty4 ,!n prop]ty is          
impossible4    ,,f\r? ,,proposition4    
,prop]ty is impossible1 because x is    

,homicide4   ,if ! "r ( increase c\ld be
 subject$ to ! laws ( reason & ju/ice1 x
 w\ld be r$uc$ to an indemnity or rew>d 
^: ,,maximum nev] c\ld exce$1 = a s+le  
labor]1 a c]ta9 fraction ( t :i* he is  
capable ( produc+4 ,?is we h j %[n4 ,b  
:y %\ld ! "r ( increase--let u n fe> to 
call x by its "r "n1 ! "r ( robb]y--be  
gov]n$ by reason1 ) :i* x has no?+ 9    
common8 ,! proprietor is n cont5t ) !   
increase allott$ him by good s5se & !   
nature ( ?+s3 he dem&s t5 times1 a      
hundr$ times1 a ?\s& times1 a million   
times z mu*4 ,by 8 own labor1 8 prop]ty 
w\ld yield him a product equal only to  
"o2 & he dem&s ( society1 no long] a "r 
proportional to 8 productive capacity1 b
 a p] capita tax4 ,he taxes 8 fell[s 9  
proportion to _! /r5g?1 _! numb]1 & _!  
indu/ry4 ,a son is born to a f>m]4      
,good6 says ! proprietor2 "o m *ance =  
increase6 ,by :at process has f>m-r5t   
be5 ?us *ang$ into a poll-tax8 ,:y h our
 juri/s & our !ologians fail$1 ) all _! 
%rewdness1 to *eck ! ext5sion ( ! "r (  

increase8  ,! proprietor1 hav+ e/imat$ f
 8 own productive capacity ! numb] (    
labor]s :i* 8 prop]ty w accommodate1    
divides x into z _m portions1 & says3   
,ea* "o %all yield me rev5ue4 ,to       
increase 8 income1 he has only to divide
 8 prop]ty4 ,in/ead ( reckon+ ! int]e/  
due him on 8 labor1 he reckons x on 8   
capital2 &1 by ?is sub/itution1 ! same  
prop]ty1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( its own] is      
capable ( yield+ only "o1 is wor? to him
 t51 a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 a million4       
,consequ5tly1 he has only to hold       
himself 9 read9ess to regi/] ! names ( !
 labor]s :o apply to him--8 task consi/s
 9 draft+ leases & receipts4  ,n        
satisfi$ ) ! lightness ( 8 duties1 !    
proprietor does n int5d to be> ev5 !    
deficit result+ f 8 idl5ess2 he ?r[s x  
^u ! %\ld]s ( ! produc]1 ( :om he always
 dem&s ! same rew>d4 ,:5 ! f>m-r5t ( a  
piece ( l& is once rais$ to its highe/  
po9t1 ! proprietor nev] l[]s x2 high    
prices1 ! sc>city ( labor1 !            
disadvantages ( ! season1 ev5 pe/il5ce  

itself1 h no effect ^u him--:y %\ld he  
suff] f h>d times :5 he does n labor8   
,"h comm5ces a new s]ies ( ph5om5a4     
,say--:o reasons ) m>vell\s cle>ness    
:5ev] he assails taxation1 b :o is bl9d 
to ! fact t ! proprietor1 z well z !    
tax-ga!r]1 /eals f ! t5ant1 & 9 ! same  
mann]--says 9 8 second lett] to         
,mal?us3--   ,if ! collector ( taxes &  
^? :o employ him consume "o-six? ( !    
products1 !y !reby compel ! produc]s to 
fe$1 clo!1 & support !mselves on        
five-six?s ( :at !y produce4 ,!y admit  
?is1 b say at ! same "t t x is possible 
= ea* "o to live on five-six?s ( :at he 
produces4  ,i admit t1 if !y insi/ ^u x2
 b ,i ask if !y believe t ! produc] w\ld
 live z well1 9 case !y dem&$ ( him1    
in/ead ( "o-six?1 two-six?s1 or "o-?ird1
 ( _! products8 ,no2 b he w\ld /ill     
live4 ,!n ,i ask :e!r he w\ld /ill live1
 9 case !y %\ld rob him ( two-?irds1444 
!n ?ree-qu>t]s8 ,b ,i he> no reply4     
,if ! ma/] ( ! ,fr5* economi/s _h be5   
less bl9d$ by 8 propriet>y prejudices1  

he w\ld h se5 t f>m-r5t has precisely ! 
same effect4  ,take a family ( peasants 
compos$ ( six p]sons1--fa!r1 "m1 & f\r  
*ildr51--liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & cultivat+ a 
small piece ( gr\nd4 ,let u suppose t by
 h>d labor !y manage1 z ! say+ is1 to   
make bo? ends meet2 t1 hav+ lodg$1 w>m$1
 clo!d1 & f$ !mselves1 !y are cle> (    
debt1 b h laid up no?+4 ,tak+ ! ye>s    
toge!r1 !y contrive to live4 ,if ! ye>  
is prosp]\s1 ! fa!r dr9ks a little m    
w9e1 ! daught]s buy !mselves a dress1 ! 
sons a hat2 !y eat a little *eese1 &1   
occasionally1 "s meat4 ,i say t ^! p are
 on ! road to wreck & ru94  ,=1 by !    
?ird coroll>y ( our axiom1 !y owe to    
!mselves ! int]e/ on _! own capital4    
,e/imat+ ?is capital at only eight ?\s& 
francs at two & a half p] c5t41 !re is  
an annual int]e/ ( two hundr$ francs to 
be paid4 ,if1 !n1 ^! two hundr$ francs1 
in/ead ( be+ subtract$ f ! gross product
 to be sav$ & capitaliz$1 are consum$1  
!re is an annual deficit ( two hundr$   
francs 9 ! family assets2 s t at ! end (

 =ty ye>s ^! good p1 )\t suspect+ x1 w h
 eat5 up _! prop]ty & become bankrupt6  
,?is result seems ridicul\s--x is a sad 
reality4  ,! conscription comes4 ,:at is
 ! conscription8 ,an act ( prop]ty      
ex]cis$ ov] families by ! gov]nm5t )\t  
w>n+--a robb]y ( m5 & money4 ,! peasants
 d n l to "p ) _! sons1--9 t ,i d n ?9k 
!m wrong4 ,x is h>d = a "y man ( tw5ty  
to ga9 any ?+ by life 9 ! b>racks2      
unless he is deprav$1 he dete/s x4 ,y c 
g5]ally judge ( a soldi]'s morality by 8
 hatr$ ( 8 uni=m4 ,un=tunate wret*es or 
wor?less scamps1--su* is ! make-up ( !  
,fr5* army4 ,?is ought n to be !        
case1--b s x is4 ,"q a hundr$ ?\s& m51 &
 n "o w contradict my ass]tion4  ,our   
peasant1 9 r$eem+ 8 two conscript$ sons1
 exp5ds f\r ?\s& francs1 :i* he borr[s =
 t purpose2 ! int]e/ on ?is1 at five p] 
c5t41 is two hundr$ francs2--a sum equal
 to t ref]r$ to above4 ,if1 up to ?is   
"t1 ! production ( ! family1 con/antly  
balanc$ by its consumption1 has be5 "o  
?\s& two hundr$ francs1 or two hundr$   

francs p] p]sons--9 ord] to pay ?is     
int]e/1 ei!r ! six labor]s mu/ produce z
 mu* z sev51 or mu/ consume z little z  
five4  ,curtail consumption !y _c--h[ c 
!y curtail necessity8 ,to produce m is  
impossible2 !y c "w nei!r h>d] nor      
long]4 ,%all !y take a middle c\rse1 &  
consume five & a half :ile produc+ six &
 a half8 ,!y w\ld soon f9d t ) ! /oma*  
!re is no compromise--t beyond a c]ta9  
degree ( ab/95ce x is impossible to g--t
 /rict necessity c be curtail$ b little 
)\t injury to ! heal?2 &1 z = increas+ !
 product1--!re comes a /orm1 a dr\ght1  
an epizootic1 & all ! hopes ( ! f>m] are
 da%$4 ,9 %ort1 ! r5t w n be paid1 !    
int]e/ w accumulate1 ! f>m w be seiz$1 &
 ! possessor eject$4  ,?us a family1 :i*
 liv$ 9 prosp]ity :ile x ab/a9$ f       
ex]cis+ ! "r ( prop]ty1 falls into mis]y
 z soon z ! ex]cise ( ?is "r becomes a  
necessity4 ,prop]ty requires ( !        
husb&man ! d\ble p[] ( enl>g+ 8 l&1 &   
f]tiliz+ x by a simple comm&4 ,:ile a   
man is simply possessor ( ! l&1 he f9ds 

9 x means ( subsi/5ce2 z soon z he      
pret5ds to proprietor%ip1 x suffices him
 no long]4 ,be+ able to produce only t  
:i* he consumes1 ! fruit ( 8 labor is 8 
recomp5se = 8 tr\ble--no?+ is left = !  
in/rum5t4  ,requir$ to pay :at he _c    
produce1--su* is ! condition ( ! t5ant  
aft] ! proprietor has retir$ f social   
production 9 ord] to speculate ^u !     
labor ( o!rs by new me?ods4  ,let u n[  
return to our fir/ hypo!sis4  ,! n9e    
hundr$ labor]s1 sure t _! future        
production w equal t ( ! pa/1 are q     
surpris$1 aft] pay+ _! f>m-r5t1 to f9d  
!mselves poor] by "o-t5? ?an !y 7 !     
previ\s ye>4 ,9 fact1 ?is t5?--:i* 0    
=m]ly produc$ & paid by !               
proprietor-labor] :o !n took "p 9 !     
production1 & paid "p ( !--public       
exp5ses--n[ has n be5 produc$1 & has be5
 paid4 ,x mu/ !n h be5 tak5 f !         
produc]'s consumption4 ,to *oke ?is     
inexplicable deficit1 ! labor] borr[s1  
confid5t ( 8 int5tion & ability to      
return1--a confid5ce :i* is %ak5 !      

foll[+ ye> by a new loan1 ,,plus !      
int]e/ on ! fir/4 ,f :om does he borr[8 
,f ! proprietor4 ,! proprietor l5ds 8   
surplus to ! labor]2 & ?is surplus1 :i* 
he ought to return1 becomes--be+ l5t at 
int]e/--a new s\rce ( pr(it to him4 ,!n 
debts increase indef9itely2 ! proprietor
 makes advances to ! produc] :o nev]    
returns !m2 & ! latt]1 con/antly robb$ &
 con/antly borr[+ f ! robb]s1 ends 9    
bankruptcy1 defraud$ ( all t he _h4     
,suppose t ! proprietor--:o ne$s 8 t5ant
 to furni% him ) an income--!n releases 
him f 8 debts4 ,he w ?us d a v b5evol5t 
de$1 :i* w procure = him a recomm5dation
 9 ! curate's pray]s2 :ile ! poor t5ant1
 ov]:elm$ by ?is un/9t$ *>ity1 & taught 
by 8 cate*ism to pray = 8 b5efactors1 w 
promise to r$\ble 8 en]gy1 & suff] new  
h>d%ips t he may dis*>ge 8 debt to s k9d
 a ma/]4  ,?is "t he takes precaution>y 
measures2 he raises ! price ( gra9s4 ,! 
manufactur] does ! same ) 8 products4 ,!
 reaction comes1 &1 aft] "s fluctuation1
 ! f>m-r5t--:i* ! t5ant ?\ght to put ^u 

! manufactur]'s %\ld]s--becomes ne>ly   
balanc$4 ,s t1 :ile he is congratulat+  
himself ^u 8 success1 he f9ds himself   
aga9 impov]i%$1 b to an ext5t some:at   
small] ?an be=e4 ,= ! rise hav+ be5     
g5]al1 ! proprietor suff]s ) ! re/2 s t 
! labor]s1 in/ead ( be+ poor] by "o-t5?1
 lose only n9e-hundr$?s4 ,b always x is 
a debt :i* necessitates a loan1 ! paym5t
 ( int]e/1 economy1 & fa/+4 ,fa/+ = !   
n9e-hundr$?s :i* ought n to be paid1 &  
are paid2 fa/+ = ! r$emption ( debts2   
fa/+ to pay ! int]e/ on !m4 ,let ! crop 
fail1 & ! fa/+ becomes />vation4 ,!y    
say1 ,,x ,,is ,,necess>y ,,to ,,"w ,,m4 
,t means1 obvi\sly1 t ,,x ,,is          
,,necess>y ,,to ,,produce ,,m4 ,by :at  
conditions is production effect$8 ,by ! 
comb9$ action ( labor1 capital1 & l&4 ,z
 = ! labor1 ! t5ant und]takes to furni% 
x2 b capital is =m$ only by economy4    
,n[1 if ! t5ant c\ld accumulate any ?+1 
he w\ld pay 8 debts4 ,b grant+ t he has 
pl5ty ( capital1 ( :at use w\ld x be to 
him if ! ext5t ( ! l& :i* he cultivates 

always rema9$ ! same8 ,he ne$s to enl>ge
 8 f>m4  ,w x be said1 f9ally1 t he mu/ 
"w h>d] & to bett] advantage8 ,b1 9 our 
e/imation ( f>m-r5t1 we h assum$ !      
highe/ possible av]age ( production4 ,7 
x n ! highe/1 ! proprietor w\ld increase
 ! f>m-r5t4 ,is n ?is ! way 9 :i* ! l>ge
 l&$ proprietors h gradually rais$ _!   
r5ts1 z fa/ z !y h asc]ta9$ by !        
increase 9 population & ! developm5t (  
indu/ry h[ mu* society c produce f _!   
prop]ty8 ,! proprietor is a =eign] to   
society2 b1 l ! vulture1 8 eyes fix$ ^u 
8 prey1 he holds himself ready to p\nce 
^u & dev\r x4  ,! facts to :i* we h     
call$ att5tion1 9 a community ( "o ?\s& 
p]sons1 are reproduc$ on a l>ge scale 9 
e nation & :]ev] human be+s live1 b )   
inf9ite v>iations & 9 innum]able =ms1   
:i* x is no "p ( my int5tion to         
describe4  ,9 f9e1 prop]ty--aft] hav+   
robb$ ! labor] by usury--murd]s him     
sl[ly by />vation4 ,n[1 )\t robb]y &    
murd]1 prop]ty _c exi/2 ) robb]y &      
murd]1 x soon dies = want ( support4    

,!re=e x is impossible4    ,,fif?       
,,proposition4   ,prop]ty is impossible1
 because1 if x exi/s1 ,society dev\rs   
itself4   ,:5 ! ass is too heavily      
load$1 he lies d[n2 man always moves on4
 ,^u ?is indomitable c\rage1 !          
proprietor--well kn[+ t x exi/s--bases 8
 hopes ( speculation4 ,! free labor]    
produces t52 = me1 ?9ks ! proprietor1 he
 w produce twelve4  ,inde$1--be=e       
cons5t+ to ! confiscation ( 8 fields1   
be=e bidd+ f>ewell to ! pat]nal ro(1--! 
peasant1 ^: /ory we h j told1 makes a   
desp]ate ef=t2 he leases new l&2 he w s[
 "o-?ird m2 &1 tak+ half ( ?is new      
product = himself1 he w h>ve/ an        
additional six?1 & !reby pay 8 r5t4 ,:at
 an evil6 ,to add "o-six? to 8          
production1 ! f>m] mu/ add1 n "o-six?1 b
 two-six?s to 8 labor4 ,at su* a price1 
he pays a f>m-r5t :i* 9 ,god's eyes he  
does n owe4  ,! t5ant's example is      
foll[$ by ! manufactur]4 ,! =m] tills m 
l&1 & dispossesses 8 neighbors2 ! latt] 
l[]s ! price ( 8 m]*&ise1 & endeavors to

 monopolize its manufacture & sale1 & to
 cru% out 8 competitors4 ,to satisfy    
prop]ty1 ! labor] mu/ fir/ produce      
beyond 8 ne$s4 ,!n1 he mu/ produce      
beyond 8 /r5g?2 =1 by ! )drawal (       
labor]s :o become proprietors1 ! "o     
always foll[s f ! o!r4 ,b to produce    
beyond 8 /r5g? & ne$s1 he mu/ invade !  
production ( ano!r1 & consequ5tly dim9i%
 ! numb] ( produc]s4 ,?us !             
proprietor--aft] hav+ less5$ production 
by /epp+ outside--less5s x /ill fur!r by
 enc\rag+ ! monopoly ( labor4 ,let u    
calculate x4  ,! labor]'s deficit1 aft] 
pay+ 8 r5t1 be+1 z we h se51 "o-t5?1 he 
tries to increase 8 production by ?is   
am\nt4 ,he sees no way ( accompli%+ ?is 
save by increas+ 8 labor3 ?is also he   
does4 ,! discont5t ( ! proprietors :o h 
n receiv$ ! full am\nt ( _! r5t2 !      
advantage\s (f]s & promises made !m by  
o!r f>m]s1 :om !y suppose m dilig5t1 m  
indu/ri\s1 & m reliable2 ! secret plots 
& intrigues1--all ^! give rise to a     
movem5t = ! re-division ( labor1 & !    

elim9ation ( a c]ta9 numb] ( produc]s4  
,out ( n9e hundr$1 n9ety w be eject$1 t 
! production ( ! o!rs may be increas$   
"o-t5?4 ,b w ! total product be         
increas$8 ,n 9 ! lea/3 !re w be eight   
hundr$ & t5 labor]s produc+ z n9e       
hundr$1 :ile1 to accompli% _! purpose1  
!y w\ld h to produce z "o ?\s&4 ,n[1 x  
hav+ be5 prov$ t f>m-r5t is proportional
 to ! l&$ capital in/ead ( to labor1 & t
 x nev] dim9i%es1 ! debts mu/ cont9ue z 
9 ! pa/1 :ile ! labor has increas$4 ,"h1
 !n1 we h a society :i* is cont9ually   
decimat+ itself1 & :i* w\ld de/roy      
itself1 did n ! p]iodical occurr5ce (   
failures1 bankruptcies1 & political &   
economical cata/rophes re-e/abli%       
equilibrium1 & di/ract att5tion f ! real
 causes ( ! univ]sal di/ress4  ,!       
monopoly ( l& & capital is foll[$ by    
economical processes :i* also result 9  
?r[+ labor]s out ( employm5t4 ,int]e/   
be+ a con/ant burd5 ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! f>m]
 & ! manufactur]1 !y exclaim1 ea* speak+
 = himself1 ,i %\ld h ! means :]e) to   

pay my r5t & int]e/1 _h ,i n to pay s _m
 h&s4 ,!n ^? admirable inv5tions1 int5d$
 to assure ! easy & spe$y p]=mance (    
labor1 become s _m inf]nal ma*9es :i*   
kill labor]s by ?\s&s4   ,a few ye>s    
ago1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,/raf=d eject$ fifte5 
?\s& p]sons f h] e/ate1 :o1 z t5ants1   
add$ to its value4 ,?is act ( private   
adm9i/ration 0 repeat$ 9 #ahbj1 by ano!r
 l>ge ,scot* proprietor1 t[>ds six      
hundr$ t5ants & _! families4--,tissot3  
on ,suicide & ,revolt4   ,! au?or :om ,i
 quote1 & :o has writt5 eloqu5t words   
conc]n+ ! revolution>y _s :i* prevails 9
 mod]n society1 does n say :e!r he w\ld 
h disapprov$ ( a revolt on ! "p ( ^!    
exiles4 ,= myself1 ,i av[ boldly t 9 my 
eyes x w\ld h be5 ! fir/ ( rights1 & !  
holie/ ( duties2 & all t ,i desire      
to-day is t my pr(ession ( fai? be      
und]/ood4  ,society dev\rs itself1--#a4 
,by ! viol5t & p]iodical sacrifice (    
labor]s3 ?is we h j se51 & %all see     
aga92 #b4 ,by ! /oppage ( ! produc]'s   
consumption caus$ by prop]ty4 ,^! two   

modes ( suicide are at fir/ simultane\s2
 b soon ! fir/ is giv5 additional =ce by
 ! second1 fam9e unit+ ) usury to r5d]  
labor at once m necess>y & m sc>ce4  ,by
 ! pr9ciples ( comm]ce & political      
economy1 t an indu/rial ent]prise may be
 successful1 its product mu/            
furni%1--#a4 ,! int]e/ on ! capital     
employ$2 #b4 ,means = ! pres]vation (   
?is capital2 #c4 ,! wages ( all !       
employees & contractors4 ,fur!r1 z l>ge 
a pr(it z possible mu/ be realiz$4  ,!  
f9ancial %rewdness & rapacity ( prop]ty 
is wor?y ( admiration4 ,ea* diff]5t "n  
:i* increase takes af=ds ! proprietor an
 opportunity to receive x1--#a4 ,9 ! =m 
( int]e/2 #b4 ,9 ! =m ( pr(it4 ,=1 x    
says1 a "p ( ! income d]iv$ f           
manufactures consi/s ( int]e/ on !      
capital employ$4 ,if "o hundr$ ?\s&     
francs h be5 inve/$ 9 a manufactur+     
ent]prise1 & 9 a ye>'s "t five ?\s&     
francs h be5 receiv$ !refrom 9 addition 
to ! exp5ses1 !re has be5 no pr(it1 b   
only int]e/ on ! capital4 ,n[1 !        

proprietor is n a man to labor = no?+4  
,l ! lion 9 ! fable1 he gets paid 9 ea* 
( 8 capacities2 s t1 aft] he has be5    
s]v$1 no?+ is left = 8 associates4      
,ego primam tollo1 nom9or quia leo4     
,secundam quia sum =tis tribuctis mihi4 
,tum quia plus valeo1 me sequetur t]tia4
           ,malo adficietur1 si quis    
qu>tam tetig]it4   ,i "k no?+ pretti]   
?an ?is fable4            ,i am !       
contractor4  ,i take ! fir/ %>e4        
,i am ! labor]1 ,i take ! second4       
,i am ! capitali/1 ,i take ! ?ird4      
,i am ! proprietor1 ,i take ! :ole4   ,9
 f\r l9es1 ,pha$rus has summ$ up all !  
=ms ( prop]ty4  ,i say t ?is int]e/1 all
 ! m !n ?is pr(it1 is impossible4  ,:at 
are labor]s 9 relation to ea* o!r8 ,s _m
 memb]s ( a l>ge indu/rial society1 to  
ea* ( :om is assign$ a c]ta9 portion ( !
 g5]al production1 by ! pr9ciple ( !    
division ( labor & functions4 ,suppose1 
fir/1 t ?is society is compos$ ( b ?ree 
individuals1--a cattle-rais]1 a tann]1 &
 a %oemak]4 ,! social indu/ry1 !n1 is t 

( %oemak+4 ,if ,i %\ld ask :at ought to 
be ea* produc]'s %>e ( ! social product1
 ! fir/ s*oolboy :om ,i %\ld meet w\ld  
answ]1 by a rule ( comm]ce &            
association1 t x %\ld be "o-?ird4 ,b x  
is n our duty "h to balance ! rights (  
labor]s conv5tionally associat$3 we h to
 prove t1 :e!r associat$ or n1 our ?ree 
work]s are oblig$ to act z if !y 72 t1  
:e!r !y w or no1 !y are associat$ by !  
=ce ( ?+s1 by ma!matical necessity4     
,?ree processes are requir$ 9 !         
manufacture ( %oes1--! re>+ ( cattle1 ! 
prep>ation ( _! hides1 & ! cutt+ & sew+4
 ,if ! hide1 on leav+ ! f>m]'s /able1 is
 wor? "o1 x is wor? two on leav+ !      
tann]'s pit1 & ?ree on leav+ ! %oemak]'s
 %op4 ,ea* labor] has produc$ a portion 
( ! utility2 s t1 by add+ all ^!        
portions toge!r1 we get ! value ( !     
article4 ,to obta9 any quantity :atev] (
 ?is article1 ea* produc] mu/ pay1 !n1  
fir/ = 8 own labor1 & second = ! labor (
 ! o!r produc]s4 ,?us1 to obta9 z _m    
%oes z c be made f t5 hides1 ! f>m] w   

give ?irty raw hides1 & ! tann] tw5ty   
tann$ hides4 ,=1 ! %oes t are made f t5 
hides are wor? ?irty raw hides1 9       
consequ5ce ( ! extra labor be/[$ ^u !m2 
j z tw5ty tann$ hides are wor? ?irty raw
 hides1 on acc\nt ( ! tann]'s labor4 ,b 
if ! %oemak] dem&s ?irty-?ree 9 ! f>m]'s
 product1 or tw5ty-two 9 ! tann]'s1 = t5
 9 8 own1 !re w be no ex*ange2 =1 if !re
 71 ! f>m] & ! tann]1 aft] hav+ paid !  
%oemak] t5 = 8 labor1 w\ld h to pay     
elev5 = t :i* !y _h !mselves sold =     
t51--:i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be impossible4  
#ah   ,well1 ?is is precisely :at happ5s
 :5ev] an emolum5t ( any k9d is receiv$2
 be x call$ rev5ue1 f>m-r5t1 int]e/1 or 
pr(it4 ,9 ! little community ( :i* we   
are speak+1 if ! %oemak]--9 ord] to     
procure tools1 buy a /ock ( lea!r1 &    
support himself until he receives some?+
 f 8 inve/m5t--borr[s money at int]e/1 x
 is cle> t to pay ?is int]e/ he w h to  
make a pr(it (f ! tann] & ! f>m]4 ,b z  
?is pr(it is impossible unless fraud is 
us$1 ! int]e/ w fall back ^u ! %\ld]s ( 

! un=tunate %oemak]1 & ru9 him4  ,i h   
imag9$ a case ( unnatural simplicity4   
,!re is no human society b su/a9s m ?an 
?ree vocations4 ,! mo/ unciviliz$       
society supports num]\s indu/ries2      
to-day1 ! numb] ( indu/rial functions   
7,i mean by indu/rial functions all     
useful functions7 exce$s1 p]haps1 a     
?\s&4 ,h[ev] num]\s ! occupations1 !    
economic law rema9s ! same1--,,t ,,!    
,,produc] ,,may ,,live1 ,,8 ,,wages     
,,mu/ ,,repur*ase ,,8 ,,product4   ,!   
economi/s _c be ignorant ( ?is rudim5t>y
 pr9ciple ( _! pret5d$ sci5ce3 :y1 !n1 d
 !y s ob/9ately def5d prop]ty1 &        
inequality ( wages1 & ! legitimacy (    
usury1 & ! hone/y ( pr(it1--all ( :i*   
contradict ! economic law1 & make       
ex*ange impossible8 ,a contractor pays  
"o hundr$ ?\s& francs = raw mat]ial1    
fifty ?\s& francs 9 wages1 & !n expects 
to receive a product ( two hundr$ ?\s&  
francs1--t is1 expects to make a pr(it  
on ! mat]ial & on ! labor ( 8 employees2
 b if ! labor]s & ! purveyor ( ! mat]ial

 _c1 ) _! comb9$ wages1 repur*ase t :i* 
!y h produc$ = ! contractor1 h[ c !y    
live8 ,i w develop my "q4 ,"h details   
become necess>y4  ,if ! work+man        
receives = 8 labor an av]age ( ?ree     
francs p] day1 8 employ] 79 ord] to ga9 
any ?+ beyond 8 own sal>y1 if only      
int]e/ on 8 capital7 mu/ sell ! day's   
labor ( 8 employee1 9 ! =m ( m]*&ise1 = 
m ?an ?ree francs4 ,! work+man _c1 !n1  
repur*ase t :i* he has produc$ = 8 ma/]4
 ,x is ?us ) all trades :atsoev]4 ,!    
tailor1 ! hatt]1 ! cab9et-mak]1 !       
blacksmi?1 ! tann]1 ! mason1 ! jewell]1 
! pr9t]1 ! cl]k1 c41 ev5 to ! f>m] &    
w9e-gr[]1 _c repur*ase _! products2     
s9ce1 produc+ = a ma/] :o 9 "o =m or    
ano!r makes a pr(it1 !y are oblig$ to   
pay m = _! own labor ?an !y get = x4  ,9
 ,france1 tw5ty millions ( labor]s1     
engag$ 9 all ! bran*es ( sci5ce1 art1 & 
indu/ry1 produce e ?+ :i* is useful to  
man4 ,_! annual wages am\nt1 x is       
e/imat$ to tw5ty ?\s& millions2 b1 9    
consequ5ce ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 & !        

multif>i\s =ms ( increase1 premiums1    
ti!s1 int]e/s1 f9es1 pr(its1 f>m-r5ts1  
h\se-r5ts1 rev5ues1 emolum5ts ( e nature
 & description1 _! products are e/imat$ 
by ! proprietors & employ]s at          
tw5ty-five ?\s& millions4 ,:at does t   
signify8 ,t ! labor]s1 :o are oblig$ to 
repur*ase ^! products 9 ord] to live1   
mu/ ei!r pay five = t :i* !y produc$ =  
f\r1 or fa/ "o day 9 five4  ,if !re is  
an economi/ 9 ,france able to %[ t ?is  
calculation is false1 ,i summon him to  
appe>2 & ,i promise to retract all t ,i 
h wrongfully & wick$ly utt]$ 9 my       
attacks ^u prop]ty4  ,let u n[ look at !
 results ( ?is pr(it4  ,if ! wages ( !  
work+m5 7 ! same 9 all pursuits1 !      
deficit caus$ by ! proprietor's tax w\ld
 be felt equally ev]y:]e2 b also ! cause
 ( ! evil w\ld be s app>5t1 t x w\ld    
soon be discov]$ & suppress$4 ,b1 z !re 
is ! same inequality ( wages 7f t ( !   
scav5g] up to t ( ! m9i/] ( /ate7 z (   
prop]ty1 robb]y cont9ually reb\nds f !  
/rong] to ! weak]2 s t1 s9ce ! labor]   

f9ds 8 h>d%ips increase z he desc5ds 9 !
 social scale1 ! l[e/ class ( p are     
lit]ally /ripp$ nak$ & eat5 alive by !  
o!rs4  ,! labor+ p c buy nei!r ! clo?   
:i* !y weave1 nor ! furniture :i* !y    
manufacture1 nor ! metal :i* !y =ge1 nor
 ! jewels :i* !y cut1 nor ! pr9ts :i* !y
 engrave4 ,!y c procure nei!r ! :eat :i*
 !y plant1 nor ! w9e :i* !y gr[1 nor !  
fle% ( ! animals :i* !y raise4 ,!y are  
all[$ nei!r to dwell 9 ! h\ses :i* !y   
build1 nor to att5d ! plays :i* _! labor
 supports1 nor to enjoy ! re/ :i* _!    
body requires4 ,& :y8 ,because ! "r (   
increase does n p]mit ^! ?+s to be sold 
at ! co/-price1 :i* is all t labor]s c  
af=d to pay4 ,on ! signs ( ^? magnific5t
 w>eh\ses :i* he 9 8 pov]ty admires1 !  
labor] reads 9 l>ge lett]s3 ,?is is ?y  
"w1 & ?\ %alt n h x4 ,sic vos non vobis6
  ,e manufactur] :o employs "o ?\s&     
labor]s1 & ga9s f !m daily "o s\ ea*1 is
 sl[ly pu%+ !m into a /ate ( mis]y4 ,e  
man :o makes a pr(it has ent]$ into a   
conspiracy ) fam9e4 ,b ! :ole nation has

 n ev5 ?is labor1 by means ( :i* prop]ty
 />ves x4 ,& :y8 ,because ! work]s are  
=c$ by ! insuffici5cy ( _! wages to     
monopolize labor2 & because1 be=e be+   
de/roy$ by de>?1 !y de/roy ea* o!r by   
competition4 ,let u pursue ?is tru? no  
fur!r4  ,if ! labor]'s wages w n pur*ase
 8 product1 x foll[s t ! product is n   
made = ! produc]4 ,= :om1 !n1 is x      
int5d$8 ,= ! ri*] consum]2 t is1 = only 
a fraction ( society4 ,b :5 ! :ole      
society labors1 x produces = ! :ole     
society4 ,if1 !n1 only a "p ( society   
consumes1 soon] or lat] a "p ( society w
 be idle4 ,n[1 idl5ess is dea?1 z well =
 ! labor] z = ! proprietor4  ,?is       
conclusion is inevitable4  ,! mo/       
di/ress+ spectacle imag9able is ! sight 
( produc]s resi/+ & /ruggl+ aga9/ ?is   
ma!matical necessity1 ?is p[] ( figures 
to :i* _! prejudices bl9d !m4  ,if "o   
hundr$ ?\s& pr9t]s c furni% read+-matt] 
en\gh = ?irty-f\r millions ( m51 & if ! 
price ( books is s high t only "o-?ird (
 t numb] c af=d to buy !m1 x is cle> t  

^! "o hundr$ ?\s& pr9t]s w produce ?ree 
times z mu* z ! booksell]s c sell4 ,t ! 
products ( ! labor]s may nev] exce$ !   
dem&s ( ! consum]s1 ! labor]s mu/ ei!r  
re/ two days out ( ?ree1 or1 sep>at+    
into ?ree gr\ps1 relieve ea* o!r ?ree   
times a week1 mon?1 or qu>t]2 t is1 dur+
 two-?irds ( _! life !y mu/ n live4 ,b  
indu/ry1 "u ! influ5ce ( prop]ty1 does n
 proce$ ) su* regul>ity4 ,x endeavors to
 produce a great deal 9 a %ort "t1      
because ! great] ! am\nt ( products1 & !
 %ort] ! "t ( production1 ! less ea*    
product co/s4 ,z soon z a dem& beg9s to 
be felt1 ! factories fill up1 & ev]ybody
 goes to "w4 ,!n bus9ess is lively1 &   
bo? gov]nors & gov]n$ rejoice4 ,b ! m !y
 "w to-day1 ! m idle w !y be h]eaft]2 ! 
m !y laugh1 ! m !y %all weep4 ,"u ! rule
 ( prop]ty1 ! fl[]s ( indu/ry are wov5  
into none b fun]al wrea?s4 ,! labor]    
digs 8 own grave4  ,if ! factory /ops   
runn+1 ! manufactur] has to pay int]e/  
on 8 capital ! same z be=e4 ,he         
naturally tries1 !n1 to cont9ue         

production by less5+ exp5ses4 ,!n comes 
! l[]+ ( wages2 ! introduction ( ma*9]y2
 ! employm5t ( wom5 & *ildr5 to d ! "w (
 m52 bad workm51 & wret*$ "w4 ,!y /ill  
produce1 because ! decreas$ co/ creates 
a l>g] m>ket2 b !y d n produce long1    
because1 ! *eapness be+ due to !        
quantity & rapidity ( production1 !     
productive p[] t5ds m ?an ev] to out/rip
 consumption4 ,x is :5 labor]s1 ^: wages
 are sc>cely suffici5t to support !m f  
"o day to ano!r1 are ?r[n out ( "w1 t ! 
consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty      
become mo/ frightful4 ,!y h n be5 able  
to economize1 !y h made no sav+s1 !y h  
accumulat$ no capital :atev] to support 
!m ev5 "o day m4 ,today ! factory is    
clos$4 ,to-morr[ ! p />ve 9 ! /reets4   
,day aft] tomorr[ !y w ei!r die 9 !     
hospital1 or eat 9 ! jail4  ,& /ill new 
mis=tunes come to complicate ?is t]rible
 situation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! cessation 
( bus9ess1 & ! extreme *eapness (       
m]*&ise1 ! manufactur] f9ds x impossible
 to pay ! int]e/ on 8 borr[$ capital2   

:]eupon 8 fright5$ cr$itors ha/5 to     
)draw _! funds4 ,production is susp5d$1 
& labor comes to a /&/ill4 ,!n p are    
a/oni%$ to see capital des]t comm]ce1 & 
?r[ itself ^u ! ,/ock ,ex*ange2 & ,i    
once he>d ,m4 ,blanqui bitt]ly lam5t+ ! 
bl9d ignorance ( capitali/s4 ,! cause ( 
?is movem5t ( capital is v simple2 b = t
 v reason an economi/ c\ld n und]/& x1  
or r mu/ n expla9 x4 ,! cause lies      
solely 9 ,,competition4  ,i mean by     
competition1 n only ! rivalry betwe5 two
 p>ties engag$ 9 ! same bus9ess1 b !    
g5]al & simultane\s ef=t ( all k9ds (   
bus9ess to get ahead ( ea* o!r4 ,?is    
ef=t is to-day s /rong1 t ! price (     
m]*&ise sc>cely cov]s ! co/ ( production
 & di/ribution2 s t1 ! wages ( all      
labor]s be+ less5$1 no?+ rema9s1 n ev5  
int]e/ = ! capitali/s4  ,! prim>y cause 
( comm]cial & indu/rial /agnations is1  
!n1 int]e/ on capital1--t int]e/ :i* !  
anci5ts ) "o accord br&$ ) ! "n ( usury1
 :5ev] x 0 paid = ! use ( money1 b :i*  
!y did n d>e to condemn 9 ! =ms (       

h\se-r5t1 f>m-r5t1 or pr(it3 z if !     
nature ( ! ?+ l5t c\ld ev] w>rant a *>ge
 = ! l5d+2 t is1 robb]y4  ,9 proportion 
to ! increase receiv$ by ! capitali/ w  
be ! frequ5cy & int5sity ( comm]cial    
crises1--! fir/ be+ giv51 we always c   
det]m9e ! two o!rs2 & vice v]sa4 ,d y   
wi% to "k ! regulator ( a society8      
,asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( active capital2 t is1
 ! capital be>+ int]e/1 & ! legal rate (
 ?is int]e/4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts w be a    
s]ies ( ov]turns1 ^: numb] & viol5ce w  
be proportional to ! activity ( capital4
  ,9 #ahci1 ! numb] ( failures 9 ,p>is  
alone 0 "o ?\s& & sixty-f\r4 ,?is       
proportion 0 kept up 9 ! e>ly mon?s (   
#ahdj2 &1 z ,i write ^! l9es1 ! crisis  
is n yet end$4 ,x is said1 fur!r1 t !   
numb] ( h\ses :i* h w\nd up _! bus9ess  
is great] ?an ! numb] ( decl>$ failures4
 ,by ?is flood1 we may judge ( !        
wat]sp\t's p[] ( suction4  ,! decimation
 ( society is n[ imp]ceptible & p]man5t1
 n[ p]iodical & viol5t2 x dep5ds ^u !   
c\rse :i* prop]ty takes4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e

 ! prop]ty is pretty ev5ly di/ribut$1 & 
:]e little bus9ess is done1--! rights & 
claims ( ea* be+ balanc$ by ^? (        
o!rs1--! p[] ( invasion is de/roy$4     
,!re--x may be truly said--prop]ty does 
n exi/1 s9ce ! "r ( increase is sc>cely 
ex]cis$ at all4 ,! condition ( !        
labor]s--z reg>ds security ( life--is   
almo/ ! same z if absolute equality     
prevail$ among !m4 ,!y are depriv$ ( all
 ! advantages ( full & free association1
 b _! exi/5ce is n endang]$ 9 ! lea/4 ,)
 ! exception ( a few isolat$ victims ( !
 "r ( prop]ty--( ?is mis=tune ^: prim>y 
cause no "o p]ceives--! society appe>s  
to re/ calmly 9 ! bosom ( ?is sort (    
equality4 ,b h a c>e2 x is balanc$ on ! 
edge ( a sword3 at ! slighte/ %ock1 x w 
fall & meet ) dea?6  ,ord9>ily1 !       
:irlpool ( prop]ty localizes itself4 ,on
 ! "o h&1 f>m-r5t /ops at a c]ta9 po9t2 
on ! o!r1 9 consequ5ce ( competition &  
ov]-production1 ! price ( manufactur$   
goods does n rise1--s t ! condition ( ! 
peasant v>ies b little1 & dep5ds ma9ly  

on ! seasons4 ,! dev\r+ action ( prop]ty
 be>s1 !n1 pr9cipally ^u bus9ess4 ,we   
commonly say ,,comm]cial ,,crises1 n    
,,agricultural ,,crises2 because1 :ile !
 f>m] is eat5 up sl[ly by ! "r (        
increase1 ! manufactur] is swall[$ at a 
s+le m\?ful4 ,?is leads to ! cessation (
 bus9ess1 ! de/ruction ( =tunes1 & !    
inactivity ( ! work+ p2 :o die "o aft]  
ano!r on ! highways1 & 9 ! hospitals1   
prisons1 & galleys4  ,to sum up ?is     
proposition3--  ,prop]ty sells products 
to ! labor] = m ?an x pays him = !m2    
!re=e x is impossible4    ,,app5dix ,,to
 ,,! ,,fif? ,,proposition4   ,i4 ,c]ta9 
re=m]s1 & ev5 ! mo/ ( ! publici/s--:o1  
?\gh belong+ to no p>ticul> s*ool1 busy 
!mselves 9 devis+ means = ! amelioration
 ( ! lot ( ! poor] & m num]\s class--lay
 mu* /ress n[-a-days on a bett]         
organization ( labor4 ,! disciples (    
,f\ri]1 especially1 nev] /op %\t+1 ,,on 
,,to ,,! ,,phalanx6 declaim+ 9 ! same   
brea? aga9/ ! fooli%ness & absurdity (  
o!r sects4  ,!y consi/ ( half-a-doz5    

incomp>able g5iuses :o h discov]$ t     
,,five ,,& ,,f\r ,,make ,,n9e2 ,,take   
,,two ,,away1 ,,& ,,n9e ,,rema91--& :o  
weep ov] ! bl9dness ( ,france1 :o       
refuses to believe 9 ?is a/oni%+        
ari?metic4#a  #a ,f\ri]1 hav+ to        
multiply a :ole numb] by a fraction1    
nev] fail$1 !y say1 to obta9 a product  
mu* great] ?an ! multiplic&4 ,he affirm$
 t "u 8 sy/em ( h>mony ! m]cury w\ld    
solidify :5 ! temp]ature 0 above z]o4   
,he might z well h said t ! ,h>monians  
w\ld make burn+ ice4 ,i once ask$ an    
intellig5t phalan/]ian :at he ?\ght (   
su* physics4 ,i d n "k1 he answ]$2 b ,i 
believe4 ,& yet ! same man disbeliev$ 9 
! doctr9e ( ! ,real ,pres5ce4   ,9 fact1
 ! ,f\ri]i/s proclaim !mselves1 on ! "o 
h&1 def5d]s ( prop]ty1 ( ! "r (         
increase1 :i* !y h ?us =mulat$3 ,,to    
,,ea* ,,accord+ ,,to ,,8 ,,capital1 ,,8 
,,labor1 ,,& ,,8 ,,skill4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
!y wi% ! work+man to come into !        
enjoym5t ( all ! weal? ( society2 t     
is1--abridg+ ! expression1--into !      

undivid$ enjoym5t ( 8 own product4 ,is n
 ?is l say+ to ! work+man1 ,labor1 y    
%all h ?ree francs p] day2 y %all live  
on fifty-five s\s2 y %all give ! re/ to 
! proprietor1 & ?us y w consume ?ree    
francs8  ,if ! above spee* is n an exact
 epitome ( ,*>les ,f\ri]'s sy/em1 ,i w  
subscribe to ! :ole phalan/]ian folly ) 
a p5 dipp$ 9 my own blood4  ,( :at use  
is x to re=m indu/ry & agriculture1--(  
:at use1 inde$1 to labor at all1--if    
prop]ty is ma9ta9$1 & labor c nev] meet 
its exp5ses8 ,)\t ! abolition ( prop]ty1
 ! organization ( labor is nei!r m nor  
less ?an a delusion4 ,if production %\ld
 be quadrupl$1--a ?+ :i* does n seem to 
me at all impossible1--x w\ld be labor  
lo/3 if ! additional product 0 n        
consum$1 x w\ld be ( no value1 & !      
proprietor w\ld decl9e to receive x z   
int]e/2 if x 0 consum$1 all !           
disadvantages ( prop]ty w\ld reappe>4 ,x
 mu/ be confess$ t ! !ory ( passional   
attraction is gravely at fault 9 ?is    
p>ticul>1 & t ,f\ri]1 :5 he tri$ to     

h>monize ! ,,passion = prop]ty1--a bad  
passion1 :atev] he may say to !         
contr>y1--block$ 8 own *>iot-:eels4  ,! 
absurdity ( ! phalan/]ian economy is s  
gross1 t _m p suspect ,f\ri]1 9 spite ( 
all ! homage paid by him to proprietors1
 ( hav+ be5 a secret enemy ( prop]ty4   
,?is op9ion might be support$ by        
plausible argum5ts2 /ill x is n m9e4    
,*>latanism 0 too important a "p = su* a
 man to play1 & s9c]ity too             
insignificant a "o4 ,i w\ld r ?9k ,f\ri]
 ignorant 7:i* is g5]ally admitt$7 ?an  
dis+5u\s4 ,z = 8 disciples1 be=e !y c   
=mulate any op9ion ( _! own1 !y mu/     
decl>e once = all1 unequivocally & ) no 
m5tal res]vation1 :e!r !y mean to ma9ta9
 prop]ty or n1 & :at !y mean by _! fam\s
 motto1--,to ea* accord+ to 8 capital1 8
 labor1 & 8 skill4  ,,ii4 ,b1 "s        
half-conv]t$ proprietor w obs]ve1 ,w\ld 
x n be possible1 by suppress+ ! bank1   
incomes1 f>m-r5t1 h\se-r5t1 usury ( all 
k9ds1 & f9ally prop]ty itself1 to       
proportion products to capacities8 ,t 0 

,/4 ,simon's idea2 x 0 also ,f\ri]'s2 x 
is ! desire ( ! human consci5ce2 & no   
dec5t p]son w\ld d>e ma9ta9 t a m9i/] ( 
/ate %\ld live no bett] ?an a peasant4  
,o ,midas6 y\r e>s are long6 ,:at6 w y  
nev] und]/& t disp>ity ( wages & ! "r ( 
increase are "o & ! same8 ,c]ta9ly1 ,/4 
,simon1 ,f\ri]1 & _! respective flocks  
committ$ a s]i\s blund] 9 attempt+ to   
unite1 ! "o1 inequality & communism2 !  
o!r1 inequality & prop]ty3 b y1 a man ( 
figures1 a man ( economy1--y1 :o "k by  
he>t y\r ,,log>i?mic tables1--h[ c y    
make s /upid a mi/ake8  ,does n         
political economy itself tea* y t !     
product ( a man1 :atev] be 8 individual 
capacity1 is nev] wor? m ?an 8 labor1 & 
t a man's labor is wor? no m ?an 8      
consumption8 ,y rem9d me ( t great      
con/itution-fram]1 poor                 
,p9heiro-,f]reira1 ! ,sieyes ( ! n9ete5?
 c5tury1 :o1 divid+ ! citiz5s ( a nation
 into twelve classes1--or1 if y pref]1  
into twelve grades1--assign$ to "s a    
sal>y ( "o hundr$ ?\s& francs ea*2 to   

o!rs1 eighty ?\s&2 !n tw5ty-five ?\s&1  
fifte5 ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 c41 d[n to "o ?\s&
 five hundr$1 & "o ?\s& francs1 ! m9imum
 all[ance ( a citiz54 ,p9heiro lov$     
di/9ctions1 & c\ld no m conceive ( a    
,/ate )\t great dignit>ies ?an ( an army
 )\t drum-majors2 & z he also lov$1 or  
?\ght he lov$1 lib]ty1 equality1 &      
frat]nity1 he comb9$ ! good & ! evil (  
our old society 9 an eclectic philosophy
 :i* he embodi$ 9 a con/itution4        
,excell5t ,p9heiro6 ,lib]ty ev5 to      
passive submission1 frat]nity ev5 to    
id5tity ( language1 equality ev5 9 !    
jury-box & at ! guillot9e1--su* 0 8     
ideal republic4 ,unappreciat$ g5ius1 (  
:om ! pres5t c5tury 0 unwor?y1 b :om !  
future w av5ge6  ,li/51 proprietor4     
,inequality ( tal5t exi/s 9 fact2 9 "r x
 is n admissible1 x goes = no?+1 x is n 
?\ght (4 ,"o ,newton 9 a c5tury is equal
 to ?irty millions ( m52 ! psy*ologi/   
admires ! r>ity ( s f9e a g5ius1 !      
legislator sees only ! r>ity ( !        
function4 ,n[1 r>ity ( function be/[s no

 privilege ^u ! function>y2 & t = sev]al
 reasons1 all equally =cible4  #a4      
,r>ity ( g5ius 0 n1 9 ! ,creator's      
design1 a motive to compel society to g 
d[n on its knees be=e ! man ( sup]ior   
tal5ts1 b a provid5tial means = !       
p]=mance ( all functions to ! greate/   
advantage ( all4  #b4 ,tal5t is a       
creation ( society r ?an a gift (       
,nature2 x is an accumulat$ capital1 (  
:i* ! receiv] is only ! gu>dian4 ,)\t   
society1--)\t ! education & p[]ful      
assi/ance :i* x furni%es1--! f9e/ nature
 w\ld be inf]ior to ! mo/ ord9>y        
capacities 9 ! v respect 9 :i* x ought  
to %9e4 ,! m ext5sive a man's k1 ! m    
luxuriant 8 imag9ation1 ! m v]satile 8  
tal5t1--! m co/ly has 8 education be51 !
 m rem>kable & num]\s 7 8 tea*]s & 8    
models1 & ! great] is 8 debt4 ,! f>m]   
produces f ! "t t he leaves 8 cradle    
until he ent]s 8 grave3 ! fruits ( art &
 sci5ce are late & sc>ce2 frequ5tly !   
tree dies be=e ! fruit rip5s4 ,society1 
9 cultivat+ tal5t1 makes a sacrifice to 

hope4  #c4 ,capacities h no common /&>d 
( comp>ison3 ! conditions ( developm5t  
be+ equal1 inequality ( tal5t is simply 
speciality ( tal5t4  #d4 ,inequality (  
wages1 l ! "r ( increase1 is            
economically impossible4 ,take ! mo/    
favorable case1--t :]e ea* labor] has   
furni%$ 8 maximum production2 t !re may 
be an equitable di/ribution ( products1 
! %>e ( ea* mu/ be equal to ! quoti5t ( 
! total production divid$ by ! numb] (  
labor]s4 ,?is done1 :at rema9s :]e) to  
pay ! high] wages8 ,no?+ :atev]4  ,w x  
be said t all labor]s %\ld be tax$8 ,b1 
!n1 _! consumption w n be equal to _!   
production1 _! wages w n pay = _!       
productive s]vice1 !y w n be able to    
repur*ase _! product1 & we %all once m  
be afflict$ ) all ! calamities (        
prop]ty4 ,i d n speak ( ! inju/ice done 
to ! defraud$ labor]1 ( rivalry1 (      
excit$ ambition1 & burn+ hatr$1--^! may 
all be important consid]ations1 b !y d n
 hit ! po9t4  ,on ! "o h&1 ea* labor]'s 
task be+ %ort & easy1 & ! means = its   

successful accompli%m5t be+ equal 9 all 
cases1 h[ c\ld !re be l>ge & small      
produc]s8 ,on ! o!r h&1 all functions   
be+ equal1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! actual    
equival5ce ( tal5ts & capacities1 or on 
acc\nt ( social co-op]ation1 h[ c\ld a  
function>y claim a sal>y proportional to
 ! wor? ( 8 g5ius8  ,b1 :at d ,i say8 ,9
 equality wages are always proportional 
to tal5ts4 ,:at is ! economical mean+ ( 
wages8 ,! reproductive consumption ( !  
labor]4 ,! v act by :i* ! labor]        
produces con/itutes1 !n1 ?is            
consumption1 exactly equal to 8         
production1 ( :i* we are speak+4 ,:5 !  
a/ronom] produces obs]vations1 ! poet   
v]ses1 or ! savant exp]im5ts1 !y consume
 in/rum5ts1 books1 travels1 c41 c42 n[1 
if society supplies ?is consumption1 :at
 m c ! a/ronom]1 ! savant1 or ! poet    
dem&8 ,we mu/ conclude1 !n1 t 9         
equality1 & only 9 equality1 ,/4        
,simon's adage--,,to ,,ea* ,,accord+    
,,to ,,8 ,,capacity ,,to ,,ea*          
,,capacity ,,accord+ ,,to ,,its         

,,results--f9ds its full & complete     
application4  ,,iii4 ,! great evil--!   
horrible & ev]-pres5t evil--aris+ f     
prop]ty1 is t1 :ile prop]ty exi/s1      
population1 h[ev] r$uc$1 is1 & always   
mu/ be1 ov]-abundant4 ,compla9ts h be5  
made 9 all ages ( ! excess ( population2
 9 all ages prop]ty has be5 emb>rass$ by
 ! pres5ce ( paup]ism1 n p]ceiv+ t x    
caus$ x4 ,fur!r1--no?+ is m curi\s ?an !
 div]sity ( ! plans propos$ = its       
ext]m9ation4 ,_! atrocity is equall$    
only by _! absurdity4  ,! anci5ts made a
 practice ( ab&on+ _! *ildr54 ,!        
:olesale & retail slaught] ( slaves1    
civil & =eign w>s1 also l5t _! aid4 ,9  
,rome 7:]e prop]ty held full sway71 ^!  
?ree means 7 employ$ s effectively1 & = 
s long a "t1 t f9ally ! empire f\nd     
itself )\t inhabitants4 ,:5 ! b>b>ians  
arriv$1 nobody 0 to be f\nd2 ! fields 7 
no long] cultivat$2 grass grew 9 !      
/reets ( ! ,italian cities4  ,9 ,*9a1 f 
"t immemorial1 ^u fam9e alone has       
devolv$ ! task ( sweep+ away ! poor4 ,! 

p liv+ almo/ exclusively ^u rice1 if an 
accid5t causes ! crop to fail1 9 a few  
days hung] kills ! inhabitants by       
myriads2 & ! ,*9ese hi/orian records 9 !
 annals ( ! empire1 t 9 su* a ye> ( su* 
an emp]or tw5ty1 ?irty1 fifty1 "o hundr$
 ?\s& inhabitants di$ ( />vation4 ,!n !y
 bury ! dead1 & recomm5ce ! production (
 *ildr5 until ano!r fam9e leads to !    
same result4 ,su* appe>s to h be51 9 all
 ages1 ! ,confucian economy4  ,i borr[ !
 foll[+ facts f a mod]n economi/3--     
,s9ce ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1     
,engl& has be5 prey$ ^u by paup]ism4 ,at
 t "t begg>s 7 puni%$ by law4           
,nev]!less1 %e _h n "o-f\r? z l>ge a    
population z %e has to-day4  ,edw>d     
prohibits alms-giv+1 on pa9 (           
imprisonm5t4444 ,! laws ( #aedg & #afef 
prescribe a l puni%m5t1 9 case ( a      
second (f5ce4 ,elizabe? ord]s t ea* p>i%
 %all support its own paup]s4 ,b :at is 
a paup]8 ,*>les ,,ii4 decides t an      
,,undisput$ resid5ce ( =ty days         
con/itutes a settlem5t 9 a p>i%2 b1 if  

disput$1 ! new-com] is =c$ to pack (f4  
,james ,,ii4 modifies ?is decision1 :i* 
is aga9 modifi$ by ,william4 ,9 ! mid/ (
 trials1 reports1 & modifications1      
paup]ism increases1 & ! work+man        
langui%es & dies4  ,! poor-tax 9 #aggd  
exce$$ =ty millions ( francs2 9         
#aghc-d-e1 x av]ag$ fifty-?ree millions2
 #ahac1 m ?an a hundr$ & eighty-sev5    
millions five hundr$ ?\s& francs2 #ahaf1
 two hundr$ & fifty millions2 9 #ahag1 x
 is e/imat$ at ?ree hundr$ & sev5te5    
millions4  ,9 #ahba1 ! numb] ( paup]s   
enroll$ ^u ! p>i% li/s 0 e/imat$ at f\r 
millions1 ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! population4 
,,france4 ,9 #aedd1 ,francis ,i4        
e/abli%es a compulsory tax 9 behalf ( ! 
poor4 ,9 #aeff & #aehf1 ! same pr9ciple 
is appli$ to ! :ole k+dom4  ,"u ,l\is   
,,xiv41 =ty ?\s& paup]s infe/$ ! capital
 z _m 9 proportion z to-day4 ,m5dicity 0
 puni%$ sev]ely4 ,9 #agdj1 ! ,p>liam5t (
 ,p>is re-e/abli%es )9 its own          
jurisdiction ! compulsory assessm5t4  ,!
 ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 fright5$ at !    

ext5t ( ! evil & ! difficulty ( cur+ x1 
orda9s ! /atu quo4  ,! ,conv5tion       
proclaims assi/ance ( ! poor to be a    
,,national ,,debt4 ,its law rema9s      
unexecut$4  ,napoleon also wi%es to     
rem$y ! evil3 8 idea is imprisonm5t4 ',9
 t way1' said he1 ',i %all protect ! ri*
 f ! importunity ( begg>s1 & %all       
relieve !m ( ! disgu/+ sight ( abject   
pov]ty4' ,o wond]ful man6   ,f ^! facts1
 :i* ,i might multiply /ill f>!r1 two   
?+s are to be inf]r$1--! "o1 t paup]ism 
is indep5d5t ( population2 ! o!r1 t all 
attempts hi!rto made at its ext]m9ation 
h prov$ abortive4  ,ca?olicism f\nds    
hospitals & conv5ts1 & comm&s *>ity2 t  
is1 %e enc\rages m5dicity4 ,t is ! ext5t
 ( h] insight z voic$ by h] prie/s4  ,! 
secul> p[] ( ,*ri/ian nations n[ ord]s  
taxes on ! ri*1 n[ bani%m5t &           
imprisonm5t = ! poor2 t is1 on ! "o h&1 
violation ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 &1 on ! o!r1
 civil dea? & murd]4  ,! mod]n          
economi/s--?9k+ t paup]ism is caus$ by !
 excess ( population1 exclusively--h    

devot$ !mselves to devis+ *ecks4 ,"s wi%
 to prohibit ! poor f m>ry+2 ?us1--hav+ 
d5\nc$ religi\s celibacy1--!y propose   
compulsory celibacy1 :i* w inevitably   
become lic5ti\s celibacy4  ,o!rs d n    
approve ?is me?od1 :i* !y deem too      
viol5t2 & :i*1 !y say1 deprives ! poor  
man ( ,,! ,,only ,,pleasure ,,:i* ,,he  
,,kn[s ,,9 ,,?is ,,_w4 ,!y w\ld simply  
recomm5d him to be ,,prud5t4 ,?is op9ion
 is held by ,mal?us1 ,sismondi1 ,say1   
,droz1 ,du*atel1 c4 ,b if ! poor are to 
be ,,prud5t1 ! ri* mu/ set ! example4   
,:y %\ld ! m>riageable age ( ! latt] be 
fix$ at eighte5 ye>s1 :ile t ( ! =m] is 
po/pon$ until ?irty8   ,aga91 !y w\ld d 
well to expla9 cle>ly :at !y mean by ?is
 matrimonial prud5ce :i* !y s urg5tly   
recomm5d to ! labor]2 = "h equivocation 
is especially dang]\s1 & ,i suspect t ! 
economi/s are n ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,"s  
half-enlight5$ ecclesia/ics are al>m$ :5
 !y he> prud5ce 9 m>riage advis$2 !y fe>
 t ! div9e injunction--,,increase ,,&   
,,multiply--is to be set aside4 ,to be  

logical1 !y mu/ ana!matize ba*elors4    
7,j4 ,droz3 ,political ,economy47  ,m4  
,droz is too hone/ a man1 & too little (
 a !ologian1 to see :y ^! casui/s are s 
al>m$2 & ?is *a/e ignorance is ! v be/  
evid5ce ( ! purity ( 8 he>t4 ,religion  
nev] has enc\rag$ e>ly m>riages2 & ! k9d
 ( ,,prud5ce :i* x condemns is t        
describ$ 9 ?is ,lat9 s5t5ce f           
,san*ez1--,an licet ob metum lib]orum   
sem5 extra vas ejic]e8  ,de/utt de      
,tracy seems to dislike prud5ce 9 ei!r  
=m4 ,he says3 ,i confess t ,i no m %>e !
 desire ( ! morali/s to dim9i% & re/ra9 
our pleasures1 ?an t ( ! politicians to 
increase our procreative p[]s1 &        
accel]ate reproduction4 ,he believes1   
!n1 t we %\ld love & m>ry :5 & z we     
please4 ,widespread mis]y results f love
 & m>riage1 b ?is our philosoph] does n 
he$4 ,true to ! dogma ( ! necessity (   
evil1 to evil he looks = ! solution (   
all problems4 ,he adds3 ,!              
multiplication ( m5 cont9u+ 9 all       
classes ( society1 ! surplus memb]s ( ! 

upp] classes are support$ by ! l[]      
classes1 & ^? ( ! latt] are de/roy$ by  
pov]ty4 ,?is philosophy has few av[$    
p>tisans2 b x has ov] e o!r !           
indisputable advantage ( demon/ration 9 
practice4 ,n long s9ce ,france he>d x   
advocat$ 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 9 !    
c\rse ( ! discussion on ! electoral     
re=m1--,,pov]ty ,,w ,,always ,,exi/4 ,t 
is ! political aphorism ) :i* ! m9i/] ( 
/ate gr\nd to p[d] ! argum5ts ( ,m4     
,arago4 ,,pov]ty ,,w ,,always ,,exi/6   
,yes1 s long z prop]ty does4  ,!        
,f\ri]i/s--,,inv5tors ( s _m m>vell\s   
contrivances--c\ld n1 9 ?is field1 belie
 _! "*4 ,!y inv5t$ f\r me?ods ( *eck+   
increase ( population at w4  #a4 ,,!    
,,vigor ,,( ,,wom54 ,on ?is po9t !y are 
contradict$ by exp]i5ce2 =1 al?\gh      
vigor\s wom5 may be less likely to      
conceive1 nev]!less !y give bir? to !   
heal?ie/ *ildr52 s t ! advantage (      
mat]nity is on _! side4  #b4 ,,integral 
,,ex]cise1 or ! equal developm5t ( all !
 physical p[]s4 ,if ?is developm5t is   

equal1 h[ is ! p[] ( reproduction       
less5$8  #c4 ,,! ,,ga/ronomic ,,regime2 
or1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 ! philosophy ( !    
belly4 ,! ,f\ri]i/s say1 t abundance (  
ri* food r5d]s wom5 /]ile2 j z too mu*  
sap--:ile enhanc+ ! beauty (            
fl[]s--de/roys _! reproductive capacity4
 ,b ! analogy is a false "o4 ,fl[]s     
become /]ile :5 ! /am5s--or male        
organs--are *ang$ into petals1 z may be 
se5 by inspect+ a rose2 & :5 ?r\gh      
excessive dampness ! poll5 loses its    
f]tiliz+ p[]4 ,!n1--9 ord] t !          
ga/ronomic regime may produce ! results 
claim$ = x1--n only mu/ ! females be    
fatt5$1 b ! males mu/ be r5d]$ impot5t4 
#d4 ,,phan]ogamic ,,morality1 or public 
concub9age4 ,i "k n :y ! phalan/]ians   
use ,greek words to convey ideas :i* c  
be express$ s cle>ly 9 ,fr5*4 ,?is      
me?od--l ! prec$+ "o--is copi$ f        
civiliz$ cu/oms4 ,f\ri]1 himself1 cites 
! example ( pro/itutes z a pro(4 ,n[ we 
h no c]ta9 k yet ( ! facts :i* he       
quotes4 ,s /ates ,p>5t ,du*atelet 9 8 "w

 on ,pro/itution4  ,f all ! in=mation   
:i* ,i h be5 able to ga!r1 ,i f9d t all 
! rem$ies = paup]ism &                  
fecundity--sanction$ by univ]sal        
practice1 philosophy1 political economy1
 & ! late/ re=m]s--may be summ$ up 9 !  
foll[+ li/3 ma/urbation1 onanism1 #ai   
sodomy1 tribadie1 poly&ry1 #bj          
pro/itution1 ca/ration1 cont95ce1       
abortion1 & infanticide4 #ba   ,all ^!  
me?ods be+ prov$ inadequate1 !re rema9s 
proscription4  ,un=tunately1            
proscription1 :ile decreas+ ! numb] ( ! 
poor1 increases _! proportion4 ,if !    
int]e/ *>g$ by ! proprietor ^u ! product
 is equal only to "o-tw5tie? ( ! product
 7by law x is equal to "o-tw5tie? ( !   
capital71 x foll[s t tw5ty labor]s      
produce = n9ete5 only2 because !re is "o
 among !m1 call$ proprietor1 :o eats !  
%>e ( two4 ,suppose t ! tw5tie?         
labor]--! poor "o--is kill$3 !          
production ( ! foll[+ ye> w be dim9i%$  
"o-tw5tie?2 consequ5tly ! n9ete5? w h to
 yield 8 portion1 & p]i%4 ,=1 s9ce x is 

n "o-tw5tie? ( ! product ( n9ete5 :i*   
mu/ be paid to ! proprietor1 b          
"o-tw5tie? ( ! product ( tw5ty 7see ?ird
 proposition71 ea* surviv+ labor] mu/   
sacrifice "o-tw5tie? ,,plus "o          
f\r-hundr$? ( 8 product2 9 o!r words1 "o
 man out ( n9ete5 mu/ be kill$4 ,!re=e1 
:ile prop]ty exi/s1 ! m poor p we kill1 
! m !re are born 9 proportion4  ,mal?us1
 :o prov$ s cle>ly t population         
increases 9 geometrical progression1    
:ile production increases only 9        
ari?metical progression1 did n notice   
?is ,,paup]iz+ p[] ( prop]ty4 ,_h he    
obs]v$ ?is1 he w\ld h und]/ood t1 be=e  
try+ to *eck reproduction1 ! "r (       
increase %\ld be aboli%$2 because1 :]ev]
 t "r is tol]at$1 !re are always too _m 
inhabitants1 :atev] ! ext5t or f]tility 
( ! soil4  ,x w be ask$1 p]haps1 h[ ,i  
w\ld ma9ta9 a balance betwe5 population 
& production2 = soon] or lat] ?is       
problem mu/ be solv$4 ,! read] w p>don  
me1 if ,i d n give my me?od "h4 ,=1 9 my
 op9ion1 x is useless to say a ?+ unless

 we prove x4 ,n[1 to expla9 my me?od    
fully w\ld require no less ?an a =mal   
treatise4 ,x is a ?+ s simple & s va/1 s
 common & s extraord9>y1 s true & s     
misund]/ood1 s sacr$ & s pr(ane1 t to "n
 x )\t develop+ & prov+ x w\ld s]ve only
 to excite contempt & incr$ulity4 ,"o ?+
 at a "t4 ,let u e/abli% equality1 & ?is
 rem$y w soon appe>2 = tru?s foll[ ea*  
o!r1 j z crimes & errors d4    ,,six?   
,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is impossible1 
because x is ! ,"m ( ,tyranny4   ,:at is
 gov]nm5t8 ,gov]nm5t is public economy1 
! supreme adm9i/rative p[] ov] public   
works & national possessions4  ,n[1 !   
nation is l a va/ society 9 :i* all !   
citiz5s are /ockhold]s4 ,ea* "o has a   
delib]ative voice 9 ! assembly2 &1 if ! 
%>es are equal1 has "o vote at 8        
disposal4 ,b1 "u ! regime ( prop]ty1 !re
 is great inequality betwe5 ! %>es ( !  
/ockhold]s2 !re=e1 "o may h sev]al      
hundr$ votes1 :ile ano!r has only "o4   
,if1 = example1 ,i enjoy an income ( "o 
million2 t is1 if ,i am ! proprietor ( a

 =tune ( ?irty or =ty millions well     
inve/$1 & if ?is =tune con/itutes       
#a_/cjjjj ( ! national capital1--x is   
cle> t ! public adm9i/ration ( my       
prop]ty w\ld =m #a_/cjjjj ( ! duties ( !
 gov]nm5t2 &1 if ! nation _h a          
population ( ?irty-f\r millions1 t ,i   
%\ld h z _m votes z "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & 
?irty-?ree simple /ockhold]s4  ,?us1 :5 
,m4 ,arago dem&s ! "r ( suffrage = all  
memb]s ( ! ,national ,gu>d1 he is       
p]fectly "r2 s9ce e citiz5 is enroll$ = 
at lea/ "o national %>e1 :i* entitles   
him to "o vote4 ,b ! illu/ri\s orator   
ought at ! same "t to dem& t ea* elector
 %all h z _m votes z he has %>es2 z is !
 case 9 comm]cial associations4 ,= to d 
o!rwise is to pret5d t ! nation has a "r
 to dispose ( ! prop]ty ( individuals   
)\t consult+ !m2 :i* is contr>y to ! "r 
( prop]ty4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e prop]ty      
exi/s1 equality ( electoral rights is a 
violation ( prop]ty4  ,n[1 if ea*       
citiz5's sov]eignty mu/ & ought to be   
proportional to 8 prop]ty1 x foll[s t ! 

small /ock hold]s are at ! m]cy ( ! l>g]
 ones2 :o w1 z soon z !y *oose1 make    
slaves ( ! =m]1 m>ry !m at pleasure1    
take f !m _! wives1 ca/rate _! sons1    
pro/itute _! daught]s1 ?r[ ! ag$ to !   
%>ks1--& f9ally w be =c$ to s]ve        
!mselves 9 ! same way1 unless !y pref]  
to tax !mselves = ! support ( _!        
s]vants4 ,9 su* a condition is ,great   
,brita9 to-day4 ,john ,bull--c>+ little 
= lib]ty1 equality1 or dignity--pref]s  
to s]ve & beg4 ,b y1 bonhomme ,jacques8 
,prop]ty is incompatible ) political &  
civil equality2 !n prop]ty is           
impossible4  ,,hi/orical ,,comm5ts4--#a4
 ,:5 ! vote ( ! ?ird e/ate 0 d\bl$ by ! 
,/ates-,g5]al ( #aghi1 prop]ty 0 grossly
 violat$4 ,! nobility & ! cl]gy possess$
 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! soil ( ,france2 !y %\ld 
h controll$ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! votes 9 !    
national repres5tation4 ,to d\ble ! vote
 ( ! ?ird e/ate 0 j1 x is said1 s9ce ! p
 paid ne>ly all ! taxes4 ,?is argum5t   
w\ld be s\nd1 if !re 7 no?+ to be vot$  
^u b taxes4 ,b x 0 a "q at t "t ( re=m+ 

! gov]nm5t & ! con/itution2 consequ5tly1
 ! d\bl+ ( ! vote ( ! ?ird e/ate 0 a    
usurpation1 & an attack on prop]ty4  #b4
 ,if ! pres5t repres5tatives ( ! radical
 opposition %\ld come into p[]1 !y w\ld 
"w a re=m by :i* e ,national ,gu>d %\ld 
be an elector1 & e elector eligible =   
(fice1--an attack on prop]ty4  ,!y w\ld 
l[] ! rate ( int]e/ on public funds1--an
 attack on prop]ty4  ,!y w\ld1 9 !      
int]e/ ( ! public1 pass laws to regulate
 ! exportation ( cattle & :eat1--an     
attack on prop]ty4  ,!y w\ld alt] !     
assessm5t ( taxes1--an attack on        
prop]ty4  ,!y w\ld educate ! p          
gratuit\sly1--a conspiracy aga9/        
prop]ty4  ,!y w\ld organize labor2 t is1
 !y w\ld gu>antee labor to ! work+man1 &
 give him a %>e 9 ! pr(its1--! abolition
 ( prop]ty4  ,n[1 ^! same radicals are  
zeal\s def5d]s ( prop]ty1--a radical    
pro( t !y "k n :at !y d1 nor :at !y wi%4
  #c4 ,s9ce prop]ty is ! gr& cause (    
privilege & despotism1 ! =m ( !         
republican oa? %\ld be *ang$4 ,in/ead (1

 ,i swe> hatr$ to royalty1 h5ce=? ! new 
memb] ( a secret society %\ld say1 ,i   
swe> hatr$ to prop]ty4    ,,sev5?       
,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is impossible1 
because1 9 consum+ its ,receipts1 x     
loses !m2 9 ho>d+ !m1 x nullifies !m2 & 
9 us+ !m z ,capital1 x turns !m aga9/   
,production4  ,i4 ,if1 ) ! economi/s1 we
 consid] ! labor] z a liv+ ma*9e1 we mu/
 reg>d ! wages paid to him z ! am\nt    
necess>y to support ?is ma*9e1 & keep x 
9 repair4 ,! head ( a manufactur+       
e/abli%m5t--:o employs labor]s at ?ree1 
five1 t51 & fifte5 francs p] day1 & :o  
*>ges tw5ty francs = 8 sup]9t5d5ce--does
 n reg>d 8 disbursem5ts z losses1       
because he kn[s !y w return to him 9 !  
=m ( products4 ,consequ5tly1 ,,labor &  
,,reproductive ,,consumption are        
id5tical4  ,:at is ! proprietor8 ,he is 
a ma*9e :i* does n "w2 or1 :i* work+ =  
its own pleasure1 & only :5 x sees fit1 
produces no?+4  ,:at is x to consume z a
 proprietor8 ,x is to consume )\t work+1
 to consume )\t reproduc+4 ,=1 once m1 t

 :i* ! proprietor consumes z a labor]   
comes back to him2 he does n give 8     
labor 9 ex*ange = 8 prop]ty1 s9ce1 if he
 did1 he w\ld !reby cease to be a       
proprietor4 ,9 consum+ z a labor]1 !    
proprietor ga9s1 or at lea/ does n lose1
 s9ce he recov]s t :i* he consumes2 9   
consum+ z a proprietor1 he impov]i%es   
himself4 ,to enjoy prop]ty1 !n1 x is    
necess>y to de/roy x2 to be a real      
proprietor1 "o mu/ cease to be a        
proprietor4  ,! labor] :o consumes 8    
wages is a ma*9e :i* de/roys &          
reproduces2 ! proprietor :o consumes 8  
income is a bottomless gulf1--s& :i* we 
wat]1 a /one :i* we s[4 ,s true is ?is1 
t ! proprietor--nei!r wi%+ nor kn[+ h[  
to produce1 & p]ceiv+ t z fa/ z he uses 
8 prop]ty he de/roys x = ev]--has tak5 !
 precaution to make "s "o produce 9 8   
place4 ,t is :at political economy1     
speak+ 9 ! "n ( et]nal ju/ice1 calls    
,,produc+ ,,by ,,8 ,,capital1--,,produc+
 ,,by ,,8 ,,tools4 ,& t is :at ought to 
be call$ ,,produc+ ,,by ,a              

,,slave--,,produc+ ,,z ,a ,,?ief ,,& ,,z
 ,a ,,tyrant4 ,he1 ! proprietor1        
produce6444 ,! robb] might say1 z well3 
,i produce4  ,! consumption ( !         
proprietor has be5 /yl$ luxury1 9       
opposition to ,,useful consumption4 ,f  
:at has j be5 said1 we see t great      
luxury c prevail 9 a nation :i* is n    
ri*1--t pov]ty ev5 increases ) luxury1 &
 vice v]sa4 ,! economi/s 7s mu* cr$it   
mu/ be giv5 !m1 at lea/7 h caus$ su* a  
horror ( luxury1 t to-day a v l>ge numb]
 ( proprietors--n to say almo/          
all--a%am$ ( _! idl5ess--labor1         
economize1 & capitalize4 ,!y h jump$ f !
 fry+-pan into ! fire4  ,i _c repeat x  
too (t53 ! proprietor :o ?9ks to des]ve 
8 income by work+1 & :o receives wages =
 8 labor1 is a function>y :o gets paid  
twice2 t is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 an   
idle proprietor & a labor+ proprietor4  
,by 8 labor1 ! proprietor produces 8    
wages only--n 8 income4 ,& s9ce 8       
condition enables him to engage 9 ! mo/ 
lucrative pursuits1 x may be said t !   

proprietor's labor h>ms society m ?an x 
helps x4 ,:atev] ! proprietor does1 !   
consumption ( 8 income is an actual     
loss1 :i* 8 sal>i$ functions nei!r      
repair nor ju/ify2 & :i* w\ld annihilate
 prop]ty1 7 x n cont9ually repl5i%$ by  
outside production4  ,,ii4 ,!n1 !       
proprietor :o consumes annihilates !    
product3 he does mu* worse if he lays x 
up4 ,! ?+s :i* he lays by pass into     
ano!r _w2 no?+ m is se5 ( !m1 n ev5 !   
caput mortuum1--! smoke4 ,if we _h "s   
means ( transportation by :i* to travel 
to ! moon1 & if ! proprietors %\ld be   
seiz$ ) a sudd5 fancy to c>ry _! sav+s  
?i!r1 at ! end ( a c]ta9 "t our         
t]raque\s planet w\ld be transport$ by  
!m to its satellite6  ,! proprietor :o  
lays up products w nei!r all[ o!rs to   
enjoy !m1 nor enjoy !m himself2 = him   
!re is nei!r possession nor prop]ty4 ,l 
! mis]1 he broods ov] 8 treasures3 he   
does n use !m4 ,he may fea/ 8 eyes ^u   
!m2 he may lie d[n ) !m2 he may sleep ) 
!m 9 8 arms3 all v f9e1 b co9s d n bre$ 

co9s4 ,no real prop]ty )\t enjoym5t2 no 
enjoym5t )\t consumption2 no consumption
 )\t loss ( prop]ty1--su* is !          
inflexible necessity to :i* ,god's      
judgm5t compels ! proprietor to b5d4 ,a 
curse ^u prop]ty6  ,,iii4 ,! proprietor 
:o1 in/ead ( consum+ 8 income1 uses x z 
capital1 turns x aga9/ production1 &    
!reby makes x impossible = him to       
ex]cise 8 "r4 ,= ! m he increases !     
am\nt ( int]e/ to be paid ^u x1 ! m he  
is compell$ to dim9i% wages4 ,n[1 ! m he
 dim9i%es wages1--t is1 ! less he       
devotes to ! ma9t5ance & repair ( !     
ma*9es1--! m he dim9i%es ! quantity (   
labor2 & ) ! quantity ( labor ! quantity
 ( product1 & ) ! quantity ( product ! v
 s\rce ( 8 income4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by
 ! foll[+ example3--  ,take an e/ate    
consi/+ ( arable l&1 mead[s1 & v9ey>ds1 
conta9+ ! dwell+s ( ! own] & ! t5ant2 & 
wor?1 toge!r ) ! f>m+ implem5ts1 "o     
hundr$ ?\s& francs1 ! rate ( increase   
be+ ?ree p] c5t4 ,if1 in/ead ( consum+ 8
 rev5ue1 ! proprietor uses x1 n 9 enl>g+

 b 9 beautify+ 8 e/ate1 c he annually   
dem& ( 8 t5ant an additional n9ety      
francs on acc\nt ( ! ?ree ?\s& francs   
:i* he has ?us add$ to 8 capital8       
,c]ta9ly n2 = on su* conditions ! t5ant1
 ?\gh produc+ no m ?an be=e1 w\ld soon  
be oblig$ to labor = no?+1--:at d ,i    
say8 to actually suff] loss 9 ord] to   
hold 8 lease4  ,9 fact1 rev5ue c        
increase only z productive soil         
increases3 x is useless to build walls (
 m>ble1 & "w ) pl[s ( gold4 ,b1 s9ce x  
is impossible to g on acquir+ = ev]1 to 
add e/ate to e/ate1 to ,,cont9ue ,,"o',s
 ,,possessions1 z ! ,lat9s said2 & s9ce1
 moreov]1 ! proprietor always has means 
:]e) to capitalize1--x foll[s t !       
ex]cise ( 8 "r f9ally becomes           
impossible4  ,well1 9 spite ( ?is       
impossibility1 prop]ty capitalizes1 & 9 
capitaliz+ increases its rev5ue2 &1 )\t 
/opp+ to look at ! p>ticul> cases :i*   
occur 9 comm]ce1 manufactur+ op]ations1 
& bank+1 ,i w cite a grav] fact1--"o :i*
 directly affects all citiz5s4 ,i mean !

 indef9ite increase ( ! budget4  ,!     
taxes increase e ye>4 ,x w\ld be        
difficult to tell 9 :i* dep>tm5t ( !    
gov]nm5t ! exp5ses increase2 = :o c boa/
 ( any k z to ! budget8 ,on ?is po9t1 ! 
able/ f9anci]s cont9ually disagree4 ,:at
 is to be ?\ght1 ,i ask1 ( ! sci5ce (   
gov]nm5t1 :5 its pr(essors _c und]/& "o 
ano!r's figures8 ,:atev] be ! imm$iate  
causes ( ?is gr[? ( ! budget1 x is c]ta9
 t taxation increases at a rate :i*     
causes ev]ybody to despair4 ,ev]ybody   
sees x1 ev]ybody ackn[l$ges x2 b nobody 
seems to und]/& ! prim>y cause4#a ,n[1  
,i say t x _c be o!rwise1--t x is       
necess>y & inevitable4  #a ,! f9ancial  
situation ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t 0 %[n up 
9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords dur+ ! session (     
,janu>y #bc4 ,x is n an enc\rag+ "o4 ,= 
sev]al ye>s ! exp5ses h exce$$ !        
receipts1 & ! ,m9i/] has be5 able to    
re-e/abli% ! balance only by loans r5ew$
 annually4 ,! comb9$ deficits ( ! ye>s  
#ahch & #ahci am\nt to =ty-sev5 million 
five hundr$ ?\s& francs4 ,9 #ahdj1 !    

excess ( exp5ses ov] receipts is expect$
 to be tw5ty-two million five hundr$    
?\s& francs4 ,att5tion 0 call$ to ^!    
figures by ,"l ,ripon4 ,"l ,melb\rne    
repli$3 ',! noble e>l unhappily 0 "r 9  
decl>+ t ! public exp5ses cont9ually    
increase1 & ) him ,i mu/ say t !re is no
 room = hope t !y c be dim9i%$ or met 9 
any way4'--,national3 ,janu>y #bf1      
#ahdj4   ,a nation is ! t5ant ( a ri*   
proprietor call$ ! ,,gov]nm5t1 to :om x 
pays1 = ! use ( ! soil1 a f>m-r5t call$ 
a tax4 ,:5ev] ! gov]nm5t makes w>1 loses
 or ga9s a battle1 *anges ! outfit ( its
 army1 erects a monu-m5t1 digs a canal1 
op5s a road1 or builds a railway1 x     
borr[s money1 on :i* ! tax-pay]s pay    
int]e/2 t is1 ! gov]nm5t1 )\t add+ to   
its productive capacity1 increases its  
active capital1--9 a ^w1 capitalizes    
aft] ! mann] ( ! proprietor ( :om ,i h j
 spok54  ,n[1 :5 a gov]nm5tal loan is   
once contract$1 & ! int]e/ is once      
/ipulat$1 ! budget _c be r$uc$4 ,=1 to  
accompli% t1 ei!r ! capitali/s mu/      

rel9qui% _! int]e/1 :i* w\ld involve an 
ab&onm5t ( prop]ty2 or ! gov]nm5t mu/ g 
into bankruptcy1 :i* w\ld be a fraudul5t
 d5ial ( ! political pr9ciple2 or x mu/ 
pay ! debt1 :i* w\ld require ano!r loan2
 or x mu/ r$uce exp5ses1 :i* is         
impossible1 s9ce ! loan 0 contract$ = ! 
sole reason t ! ord9>y receipts 7       
insuffici5t2 or ! money exp5d$ by !     
gov]nm5t mu/ be reproductive1 :i*       
requires an increase ( productive       
capacity1--a condition exclud$ by our   
hypo!sis2 or1 f9ally1 ! tax-pay]s mu/   
submit to a new tax 9 ord] to pay !     
debt1--an impossible ?+4 ,=1 if ?is new 
tax 7 levi$ ^u all citiz5s alike1 half1 
or ev5 m1 ( ! citiz5s w\ld be unable to 
pay x2 if ! ri* _h to be> ! :ole1 x w\ld
 be a =c$ contribution1--an invasion (  
prop]ty4 ,long f9ancial exp]i5ce has %[n
 t ! me?od ( loans1 ?\gh exce$+ly       
dang]\s1 is mu* sur]1 m conv5i5t1 & less
 co/ly ?an any o!r me?od2 consequ5tly ! 
gov]nm5t borr[s1--t is1 goes on         
capitaliz+1--& increases ! budget4  ,!n1

 a budget1 in/ead ( ev] dim9i%+1 mu/    
necess>ily & cont9ually increase4 ,x is 
a/oni%+ t ! economi/s1 ) all _! le>n+1 h
 fail$ to p]ceive a fact s simple & s   
evid5t4 ,if !y h p]ceiv$ x1 :y h !y     
neglect$ to condemn x8   ,,hi/orical    
,,comm5t4--,mu* int]e/ is felt at pres5t
 9 a f9ancial op]ation :i* is expect$ to
 result 9 a r$uction ( ! budget4 ,x is  
propos$ to *ange ! pres5t rate (        
increase1 five p] c5t4 ,lay+ aside !    
politico-legal "q to deal only ) !      
f9ancial "q1--is x n true t1 :5 five p] 
c5t4 is *ang$ to f\r p] c5t41 x w !n be 
necess>y1 = ! same reasons1 to *ange f\r
 to ?ree2 !n ?ree to two1 !n two to "o1 
& f9ally to sweep away increase         
altoge!r8 ,b t w\ld be ! adv5t (        
equality ( conditions & ! abolition (   
prop]ty4 ,n[ x seems to me1 t an        
intellig5t nation %\ld volunt>ily meet  
an inevitable revolution half way1      
in/ead ( suff]+ itself to be dragg$ aft]
 ! c> ( inflexible necessity4    ,,eigh?
 ,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is impossible1

 because its p[] ( ,accumulation is     
inf9ite1 & is ex]cis$ only ov] f9ite    
quantities4  ,if m51 liv+ 9 equality1   
%\ld grant to "o ( _! numb] ! exclusive 
"r ( prop]ty2 & ?is sole proprietor %\ld
 l5d "o hundr$ francs to ! human race at
 comp\nd int]e/1 payable to 8 desc5dants
 tw5ty-f\r g5]ations h5ce1--at ! end (  
six hundr$ ye>s ?is sum ( "o hundr$     
francs1 at five p] c5t41 w\ld am\nt to  
#ajg1hed1jaj1ggg1fjj francs2 two ?\s&   
six hundr$ & n9ety-six & "o-?ird times !
 capital ( ,france 7suppos+ h] capital  
to be #dj1jjj1jjj1jjj71 or m ?an tw5ty  
times ! value ( ! t]re/rial globe6      
,suppose t a man1 9 ! reign ( ,/4 ,l\is1
 _h borr[$ "o hundr$ francs1 & _h       
refus$1--he & 8 heirs aft] him1--to     
return x4 ,ev5 ?\gh x 7 kn[n t ! said   
heirs 7 n ! rightful possessors1 & t    
prescription _h be5 int]rupt$ always at 
! "r mom5t1--nev]!less1 by our laws1 !  
la/ heir w\ld be oblig$ to return ! "o  
hundr$ francs ) int]e/1 & int]e/ on !   
int]e/2 :i* 9 all w\ld am\nt1 z we h    

se51 to ne>ly "o hundr$ & eight ?\s&    
billions4  ,e day1 =tunes are gr[+ 9 our
 mid/ mu* m rapidly ?an ?is4 ,! prec$+  
example suppos$ ! int]e/ equal to       
"o-tw5tie? ( ! capital1--x (t5 equals   
"o-t5?1 "o-fif?1 "o-half ( ! capital2 & 
sometimes ! capital itself4  ,!         
,f\ri]i/s--irreconcilable enemies (     
equality1 ^: p>tisans !y reg>d z        
,,%>ks--int5d1 by quadrupl+ production1 
to satisfy all ! dem&s ( capital1 labor1
 & skill4 ,b1 %\ld production be        
multipli$ by f\r1 t51 or ev5 "o hundr$1 
prop]ty w\ld soon absorb1 by its p[] (  
accumulation & ! effects ( its          
capitalization1 bo? products & capital1 
& ! l&1 & ev5 ! labor]s4 ,is ! phalan/]y
 to be prohibit$ f capitaliz+ & l5d+ at 
int]e/8 ,let x expla91 !n1 :at x means  
by prop]ty4  ,i w c>ry ^! calculations  
no f>!r4 ,!y are capable ( inf9ite      
v>iation1 ^u :i* x w\ld be pu]ile = me  
to insi/4 ,i only ask by :at /&>d       
judges1 call$ ^u to decide a suit =     
possession1 fix ! int]e/8 ,&1 develop+ !

 "q1 ,i ask1--  ,did ! legislator1 9    
introduc+ into ! ,republic ! pr9ciple ( 
prop]ty1 weigh all ! consequ5ces8 ,did  
he "k ! law ( ! possible8 ,if he knew x1
 :y is x n 9 ! ,code8 ,:y is s mu*      
latitude all[$ to ! proprietor 9        
accumulat+ prop]ty & *>g+ int]e/1--to ! 
judge 9 recogniz+ & fix+ ! doma9 (      
prop]ty1--to ! ,/ate 9 its p[] to levy  
new taxes cont9ually8 ,at :at po9t is ! 
nation ju/ifi$ 9 repudiat+ ! budget1 !  
t5ant 8 f>m-r5t1 & ! manufactur] !      
int]e/ on 8 capital8 ,h[ f> may ! idl]  
take advantage ( ! labor]8 ,:]e does !  
"r ( spoliation beg91 & :]e does x end8 
,:5 may ! produc] say to ! proprietor1  
,i owe y no?+ m8 ,:5 is prop]ty         
satisfi$8 ,:5 mu/ x cease to /eal8  ,if 
! legislator did "k ! law ( ! possible1 
& disreg>d$ x1 :at mu/ be ?\ght ( 8     
ju/ice8 ,if he did n "k x1 :at mu/ be   
?\ght ( 8 wisdom8 ,ei!r wick$ or fooli%1
 h[ c we recognize 8 au?ority8  ,if our 
*>t]s & our codes are bas$ ^u an absurd 
hypo!sis1 :at is taught 9 ! law-s*ools8 

,:at does a judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal 
am\nt to8 ,ab\t :at d our ,*amb]s       
delib]ate8 ,:at is ,,politics8 ,:at is  
our def9ition ( a ,,/atesman8 ,:at is ! 
mean+ ( ,,jurisprud5ce8 ,%\ld we n r say
 ,,jurisignorance8  ,if all our         
in/itutions are bas$ ^u an error 9      
calculation1 does x n foll[ t ^!        
in/itutions are s _m %ams8 ,& if !      
entire social /ructure is built ^u ?is  
absolute impossibility ( prop]ty1 is x n
 true t ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live is a  
*im]a1 & our pres5t society a utopia8   
,,n9? ,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is       
impossible1 because x is p[]less aga9/  
,prop]ty4   ,i4 ,by ! ?ird coroll>y (   
our axiom1 int]e/ tells aga9/ !         
proprietor z well z ! /rang]4 ,?is      
economical pr9ciple is univ]sally       
admitt$4 ,no?+ simpl] at fir/ blu%2 yet1
 no?+ m absurd1 m contradictory 9 t]ms1 
or m absolutely impossible4  ,!         
manufactur]1 x is said1 pays himself !  
r5t on 8 h\se & capital4 ,,he ,,pays    
,,himself2 t is1 he gets paid by !      

public :o buy 8 products4 ,=1 suppose ! 
manufactur]1 :o seems to make ?is pr(it 
on 8 prop]ty1 wi%es also to make x on 8 
m]*&ise1 c he !n pay himself "o franc = 
t :i* co/ him n9ety c5times1 & make     
money by ! op]ation8 ,no3 su* a         
transaction w\ld transf] ! m]*ant's     
money f 8 "r h& to 8 left1 b )\t any    
pr(it :atev]4  ,n[1 t :i* is true ( a   
s+le individual trad+ ) himself is true 
also ( ! :ole bus9ess _w4 ,=m a *a9 (   
t51 fifte51 tw5ty produc]s2 z _m z y    
wi%4 ,if ! produc] ,a makes a pr(it out 
( ! produc] ,b4 ,b's loss mu/1 accord+  
to economical pr9ciples1 be made up by  
,c1 ,c's by ,d2 & s on ?r\gh to ,z4  ,b 
by :om w ,z be paid = ! loss caus$ him  
by ! pr(it *>g$ by ,a 9 ! beg9n+8 ,,by  
,,! ,,consum]1 replies ,say4            
,contemptible equivocation6 ,is ?is     
consum] any o!r1 !n1 ?an ,a1 ,b4 ,c1 ,d1
 c41 or ,z8 ,by :om w ,z be paid8 ,if he
 is paid by ,a1 no "o makes a pr(it2    
consequ5tly1 !re is no prop]ty4 ,if1 on 
! contr>y1 ,z be>s ! burd5 himself1 he  

ceases to be a memb] ( society2 s9ce x  
refuses him ! "r ( prop]ty & pr(it1 :i* 
x grants to ! o!r associates4  ,s9ce1   
!n1 a nation1 l univ]sal humanity1 is a 
va/ indu/rial association :i* _c act    
outside ( itself1 x is cle> t no man c  
enri* himself )\t impov]i%+ ano!r4 ,=1 9
 ord] t ! "r ( prop]ty1 ! "r ( increase1
 may be respect$ 9 ! case ( ,a1 x mu/ be
 d5i$ to ,z2 ?us we see h[ equality (   
rights1 sep>at$ f equality ( conditions1
 may be a tru?4 ,! iniquity ( political 
economy 9 ?is respect is flagrant4 ,:5  
,i1 a manufactur]1 pur*ase ! labor ( a  
work+man1 ,i d n include 8 wages 9 ! net
 product ( my bus9ess2 on ! contr>y1 ,i 
d$uct !m4 ,b ! work+man includes !m 9 8 
net product4444 7,say3 ,political       
,economy47  ,t means t all :i* !        
work+man ga9s is ,,net ,,product2 b t   
only t "p ( ! manufactur]'s ga9s is     
,,net ,,product1 :i* rema9s aft] d$uct+ 
8 wages4 ,b :y is ! "r ( pr(it conf9$ to
 ! manufactur]8 ,:y is ?is "r1 :i* is at
 bottom ! "r ( prop]ty itself1 d5i$ to !

 work+man8 ,9 ! t]ms ( economical       
sci5ce1 ! work+man is capital4 ,n[1 all 
capital1 beyond ! co/ ( its ma9t5ance & 
repair1 mu/ be> int]e/4 ,?is !          
proprietor takes c>e to get1 bo? = 8    
capital & = himself4 ,:y is ! work+man  
prohibit$ f *>g+ a l int]e/ = 8 capital1
 :i* is himself8  ,prop]ty1 !n1 is      
inequality ( rights2 =1 if x 7 n        
inequality ( rights1 x w\ld be equality 
( goods1--9 o!r words1 x w\ld n exi/4   
,n[1 ! *>t] gu>antees to all equality ( 
rights4 ,!n1 by ! *>t]1 prop]ty is      
impossible4  ,,ii4 ,is ,a1 ! proprietor 
( an e/ate1 entitl$ by ! fact ( 8       
proprietor%ip to take possession ( !    
field belong+ to ,b4 8 neighbor8 ,no1   
reply ! proprietors2 b :at has t to d ) 
! "r ( prop]ty8 ,t ,i %all %[ y by a    
s]ies ( simil> propositions4  ,has ,c1 a
 hatt]1 ! "r to =ce ,d1 8 neighbor &    
also a hatt]1 to close 8 %op1 & cease 8 
bus9ess8 ,n ! lea/ 9 ! _w4  ,b ,c wi%es 
to make a pr(it ( "o franc on e hat1    
:ile ,d is cont5t ) fifty c5times4 ,x is

 evid5t t ,d's mod]ation is injuri\s to 
,c's extravagant claims4 ,has ! latt] a 
"r to prev5t ,d f sell+8 ,c]ta9ly n4    
,s9ce ,d is at lib]ty to sell 8 hats    
fifty c5times *eap] ?an ,c if he *ooses1
 ,c 9 8 turn is free to r$uce 8 price "o
 franc4 ,n[1 ,d is poor1 :ile ,c is ri*2
 s t at ! end ( two or ?ree ye>s ,d is  
ru9$ by ?is intol]able competition1 & ,c
 has complete control ( ! m>ket4 ,c !   
proprietor ,d get any r$ress f !        
proprietor ,c8 ,c he br+ a suit aga9/   
him to recov] 8 bus9ess & prop]ty8 ,no2 
= ,d c\ld h done ! same ?+1 _h he be5 ! 
ri*] ( ! two4  ,on ! same gr\nd1 ! l>ge 
proprietor ,a may say to ! small        
proprietor ,b3 ,sell me y\r field1      
o!rwise y %all n sell y\r :eat1--& t )\t
 do+ him ! lea/ wrong1 or giv+ him gr\nd
 = compla9t4 ,s t ,a c dev\r ,b if he   
likes1 = ! v reason t ,a is /rong] ?an  
,b4 ,consequ5tly1 x is n ! "r ( prop]ty 
:i* enables ,a & ,c to rob ,b & ,d1 b ! 
"r ( might4 ,by ! "r ( prop]ty1 nei!r ! 
two neighbors ,a & ,b1 nor ! two m]*ants

 ,c & ,d1 c\ld h>m ea* o!r4 ,!y c\ld    
nei!r dispossess nor de/roy "o ano!r1   
nor ga9 at "o ano!r's exp5se4 ,! p[] (  
invasion lies 9 sup]ior /r5g?4  ,b x is 
sup]ior /r5g? also :i* enables !        
manufactur] to r$uce ! wages ( 8        
employees1 & ! ri* m]*ant & well-/ock$  
proprietor to sell _! products = :at !y 
please4 ,! manufactur] says to ! labor]1
 ,y are z free to g else:]e ) y\r       
s]vices z ,i am to receive !m4 ,i (f] y 
s mu*4 ,! m]*ant says to ! cu/om]1 ,take
 x or leave x2 y are ma/] ( y\r money1 z
 ,i am ( my goods4 ,i want s mu*4 ,:o w 
yield8 ,! weak]4  ,!re=e1 )\t =ce1      
prop]ty is p[]less aga9/ prop]ty1 s9ce  
)\t =ce x has no p[] to increase2 !re=e1
 )\t =ce1 prop]ty is null & void4       
,,hi/orical ,,comm5t4--,! /ruggle betwe5
 colonial & native sug>s furni%es u a   
/rik+ example ( ?is impossibility (     
prop]ty4 ,leave ^! two indu/ries to     
!mselves1 & ! native manufactur] w be   
ru9$ by ! coloni/4 ,to ma9ta9 !         
beet-root1 ! cane mu/ be tax$3 to       

protect ! prop]ty ( ! "o1 x is necess>y 
to injure ! prop]ty ( ! o!r4 ,! mo/     
rem>kable feature ( ?is bus9ess is      
precisely t to :i* ! lea/ att5tion is   
paid2 namely1 t1 9 "o way or ano!r1     
prop]ty has to be violat$4 ,impose on   
ea* indu/ry a proportional tax1 s z to  
pres]ve a balance 9 ! m>ket1 & y create 
a ,,maximum ,,price1--y attack prop]ty 9
 two ways4 ,on ! "o h&1 y\r tax int]f]es
 ) ! lib]ty ( trade2 on ! o!r1 x does n 
recognize equality ( proprietors4       
,indemnify ! beet-root1 y violate !     
prop]ty ( ! tax-pay]4 ,cultivate ! two  
v>ieties ( sug> at ! nation's exp5se1 j 
z diff]5t v>ieties ( tobacco are        
cultivat$1--y aboli% "o species (       
prop]ty4 ,?is la/ c\rse w\ld be ! simpl]
 & bett] "o2 b1 to induce ! nations to  
adopt x1 requires su* a co-op]ation (   
able m9ds & g5]\s he>ts z is at pres5t  
out ( ! "q4  ,competition1 sometimes    
call$ lib]ty ( trade1--9 a ^w1 prop]ty 9
 ex*ange1--w be = a long "t ! basis (   
our comm]cial legislation2 :i*1 f !     

economical po9t ( view1 embraces all    
civil laws & all gov]nm5t4 ,n[1 :at is  
competition8 ,a duel 9 a clos$ field1   
:]e arms are ! te/ ( "r4  ,:o is !      
li>1--! accus$ or ! accus]8 said our    
b>b>\s ance/ors4 ,let !m fight x out1   
repli$ ! /ill m b>b>\s judge2 ! /rong]  
is "r4  ,:i* ( u two %all sell spices to
 our neighbor8 ,let ea* (f] !m = sale1  
cries ! economi/2 ! %>p]1 or ! m cunn+1 
is ! m hone/ man1 & ! bett] m]*ant4     
,su* is ! exact _s ( ! ,code ,napoleon4 
,,t5? ,,proposition4  ,prop]ty is       
impossible1 because x is ! ,negation (  
equality4   ,! developm5t ( ?is         
proposition w be ! resume ( ! prec$+    
ones4  #a4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( economical
 ju/ice1 t ,,products ,,are ,,b\ght     
,,only ,,by ,,products4 ,prop]ty1 be+   
capable ( def5ce only on ! gr\nd t x    
produces utility1 is1 s9ce x produces   
no?+1 = ev] condemn$4  #b4 ,x is an     
economical law1 t ,,labor ,,mu/ ,,be    
,,balanc$ ,,by ,,product4 ,x is a fact  
t1 ) prop]ty1 production co/s m ?an x is

 wor?4  #c4 ,ano!r economical law3 ,,!  
,,capital ,,be+ ,,giv51 ,,production    
,,is ,,measur$1 ,,n ,,by ,,! ,,am\nt ,,(
 ,,capital1 ,,b ,,by ,,productive       
,,capacity4 ,prop]ty1 requir+ income to 
be always proportional to capital )\t   
reg>d to labor1 does n recognize ?is    
relation ( equality betwe5 effect &     
cause4  #d & #e4 ,l ! insect :i* sp9s   
its silk1 ! labor] nev] produces =      
himself alone4 ,prop]ty1 dem&+ a d\ble  
product & unable to obta9 x1 robs !     
labor]1 & kills him4  #f4 ,nature has   
giv5 to e man b "o m9d1 "o he>t1 "o w4  
,prop]ty1 grant+ to "o individual a     
plurality ( votes1 supposes him to h a  
plurality ( m9ds4  #g4 ,all consumption 
:i* is n reproductive ( utility is      
de/ruction4 ,prop]ty1 :e!r x consumes or
 ho>ds or capitalizes1 is productive (  
,,inutility1--! cause ( /]ility & dea?4 
#h4 ,! satisfaction ( a natural "r      
always gives rise to an equation2 9 o!r 
words1 ! "r to a ?+ is necess>ily       
balanc$ by ! possession ( ! ?+4 ,?us1   

betwe5 ! "r to lib]ty & ! condition ( a 
free man !re is a balance1 an equation2 
betwe5 ! "r to be a fa!r & pat]nity1 an 
equation2 betwe5 ! "r to security & !   
social gu>antee1 an equation4 ,b betwe5 
! "r ( increase & ! receipt ( ?is       
increase !re is nev] an equation2 = e   
new increase c>ries ) x ! "r to ano!r1 !
 latt] to a ?ird1 & s on = ev]4         
,prop]ty1 nev] be+ able to accompli% its
 object1 is a "r aga9/ ,nature & aga9/  
reason4  #i4 ,f9ally1 prop]ty is n      
self-exi/5t4 ,an extrane\s cause--ei!r  
,,=ce or ,,fraud--is necess>y to its    
life & action4 ,9 o!r words1 prop]ty is 
n equal to prop]ty3 x is a negation--a  
delusion--,,no?+4     ,,*apt] ,v4       
,,psy*ological ,,exposition ,,( ,,!     
,,idea ,,( ,,ju/ice                     
,,psy*ological ,,exposition ,,( ,,!     
,,idea ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,&      ,,inju/ice1
 ,,& ,a ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple
 ,,(      ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,( ,,"r4      
,prop]ty is impossible2 equality does n 
exi/4 ,we hate ! =m]1 & yet wi% to      

possess x2 ! latt] rules all our ?\ghts1
 yet we "k n h[ to rea* x4 ,:o w expla9 
?is pr(\nd antagonism betwe5 our        
consci5ce & our w8 ,:o w po9t out !     
causes ( ?is p]nici\s error1 :i* has    
become ! mo/ sacr$ pr9ciple ( ju/ice &  
society8  ,i am bold en\gh to und]take !
 task1 & ,i hope to succe$4  ,b be=e    
expla9+ :y man has violat$ ju/ice1 x is 
necess>y to det]m9e :at ju/ice is4      
,,"p ,,fir/4    #a4--,( ! ,moral ,s5se 9
 ,man & ! ,animals4   ,! philosoph]s h  
endeavor$ (t5 to locate ! l9e :i*       
sep>ates man's intellig5ce f t ( !      
brutes2 &1 accord+ to _! g5]al cu/om1 !y
 gave utt]ance to mu* fooli%ness be=e   
resolv+ ^u ! only c\rse possible = !m to
 take1--obs]vation4 ,x 0 res]v$ = an    
unpret5d+ savant--:o p]haps did n pride 
himself on 8 philosophy--to put an end  
to ! int]m9able controv]sy by a simple  
di/9ction2 b "o ( ^? lum9\s di/9ctions  
:i* are wor? m ?an sy/ems4 ,fr$]ic      
,cuvi] sep>at$ ,,in/9ct f ,,intellig5ce4
  ,b1 z yet1 no "o has propos$ ?is "q3--

  ,,is ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,man',s 
,,moral ,,s5se ,,& ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,brute  
,a ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,k9d ,,or ,,only ,,9 
,,degree8  ,if1 hi!rto1 any "o _h d>$ to
 ma9ta9 ! latt] alt]native1 8 argum5ts  
w\ld h seem$ sc&al\s1 blasphem\s1 &     
(f5sive to morality & religion4 ,!      
ecclesia/ical & secul> tribunals w\ld h 
condemn$ him ) "o voice4 ,&1 m>k ! /yle 
9 :i* !y w\ld h br&$ ! immoral p>adox6  
,consci5ce1--!y w\ld h cri$1--consci5ce1
 man's *ief glory1 0 giv5 to him        
exclusively2 ! notion ( ju/ice &        
inju/ice1 ( m]it & dem]it1 is 8 noble   
privilege2 to man1 alone1--! "l (       
creation1--belongs ! sublime p[] to     
resi/ 8 worldly prop5sities1 to *oose   
betwe5 good & evil1 & to br+ himself m &
 m into ! resemblance ( ,god ?r\gh      
lib]ty & ju/ice4444 ,no2 ! holy image ( 
virtue 0 nev] grav5 save on ! he>t (    
man4 ,words full ( feel+1 b void ( s5se4
  ,man is a rational & social           
animal--,,greek ' c g--said ,ari/otle4  
,?is def9ition is wor? m ?an all :i* h  

be5 giv5 s9ce4 ,i d n except ev5 ,m4 de 
,bonald's celebrat$ def9ition1--,,man   
,,is ,,an ,,intellect ,,s]v$ ,,by       
,,organs--a def9ition :i* has ! d\ble   
fault ( expla9+ ! kn[n by ! unkn[n2 t   
is1 ! liv+ be+ by ! intellect2 & (      
neglect+ man's ess5tial                 
quality1--animality4  ,man1 !n1 is an   
animal liv+ 9 society4 ,society means ! 
sum total ( relation%ips2 9 %ort1 sy/em4
 ,n[1 all sy/ems exi/ only on c]ta9     
conditions4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! conditions1 
! ,,laws1 ( human society8  ,:at are !  
,,rights ( m5 ) respect to ea* o!r2 :at 
is ,,ju/ice8  ,x am\nts to no?+ to      
say1--) ! philosoph]s ( v>i\s           
s*ools1--,x is a div9e in/9ct1 an       
immortal & heav5ly voice1 a guide giv5 u
 by ,nature1 a light reveal$ unto e man 
on com+ into ! _w1 a law engrav$ ^u our 
he>ts2 x is ! voice ( consci5ce1 !      
dictum ( reason1 ! inspiration (        
s5tim5t1 ! p5*ant ( feel+2 x is ! love (
 self 9 o!rs2 x is enlight5$            
self-int]e/2 or else x is an innate     

idea1 ! imp]ative comm& ( appli$ reason1
 :i* has its s\rce 9 ! concepts ( pure  
reason2 x is a passional attraction1 c41
 c4 ,?is may be z true z x seems        
beautiful2 b x is utt]ly mean+less4     
,?\gh we %\ld prolong ?is litany ?r\gh  
t5 pages 7x has be5 filt]$ ?r\gh a ?\s& 
volumes71 we %\ld be no ne>] to !       
solution ( ! "q4  ,ju/ice is public     
utility1 says ,ari/otle4 ,t is true1 b x
 is a tautology4 ,! pr9ciple t ! public 
welf>e ought to be ! object ( !         
legislator--says ,m4 ,*4 ,comte 9 8     
,treatise on ,legislation--_c be        
ov]?r[n4 ,b legislation is advanc$ no   
f>!r by its ann\ncem5t & demon/ration1  
?an is m$ic9e :5 x is said t x is !     
bus9ess ( physicians to cure ! sick4    
,let u take ano!r c\rse4 ,,rught is !   
sum total ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n       
society4 ,ju/ice1 9 man1 is ! respect & 
obs]vation ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,to practise 
ju/ice is to obey ! social in/9ct2 to d 
an act ( ju/ice is to d a social act4   
,if1 !n1 we wat* ! conduct ( m5 t[>ds   

ea* o!r "u diff]5t circum/ances1 x w be 
easy = u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! pres5ce &  
abs5ce ( society2 f ! result we may     
inductively inf] ! law4  ,let u comm5ce 
) ! simple/ & lea/ d\btful cases4  ,!   
"m1 :o protects h] son at ! p]il ( h]   
life1 & sacrifices e ?+ to 8 support1 is
 9 society ) him--%e is a good "m4 ,%e1 
on ! contr>y1 :o ab&ons h] *ild1 is     
unfai?ful to ! social in/9ct1--mat]nal  
love be+ "o ( its _m features2 %e is an 
unnatural "m4  ,if ,i plunge into ! wat]
 to rescue a dr[n+ man1 ,i am 8 bro!r1 8
 associate2 if1 in/ead ( aid+ him1 ,i   
s9k him1 ,i am 8 enemy1 8 murd]]4       
,:oev] be/[s alms treats ! poor man z 8 
associate2 n ?or\ghly1 x is true1 b only
 9 respect to ! am\nt :i* he %>es ) him4
 ,:oev] takes by =ce or /ratagem t :i*  
is n ! product ( 8 labor1 de/roys 8     
social "*--he is a brig&4  ,! ,sam>itan 
:o relieves ! travell] ly+ by ! wayside1
 dresses 8 w\nds1 com=ts him1 & supplies
 him ) money1 !reby decl>es himself 8   
associate--8 neighbor2 ! prie/1 :o      

passes by on ! o!r side1 rema9s         
unassociat$1 & is 8 enemy4  ,9 all ^!   
cases1 man is mov$ by an int]nal        
attraction t[>ds 8 fell[1 by a secret   
sympa?y :i* causes him to love1         
congratulate1 & condole2 s t1 to resi/  
?is attraction1 8 w mu/ /ruggle aga9/ 8 
nature4  ,b 9 ^! respects !re is no     
decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! animals4 
,) !m1 z long z ! weakness ( _! "y      
ende>s !m to _! mo!rs1--9 a ^w1         
associates !m ) _! mo!rs1--! latt]      
protect ! =m]1 at ! p]il ( _! lives1 ) a
 c\rage :i* rem9ds u ( our h]oes dy+ =  
_! c\ntry4 ,c]ta9 species unite = hunt+ 
purposes1 seek ea* o!r1 call ea* o!r 7a 
poet w\ld say invite ea* o!r71 to %>e _!
 prey2 9 dang] !y aid1 protect1 & w>n   
ea* o!r4 ,! elephant kn[s h[ to help 8  
companion out ( ! dit* into :i* ! latt] 
has fall54 ,c[s =m a circle1 ) _! horns 
outw>d & _! calves 9 ! c5tre1 9 ord] to 
repel ! attacks ( wolves4 ,horses &     
pigs1 on he>+ a cry ( di/ress f "o ( _! 
numb]1 ru% to ! spot :5ce x comes4 ,:at 

descriptions ,i might give ( _!         
m>riages1 ! t5d]ness ( ! males t[>ds !  
females1 & ! fidelity ( _! loves6 ,let u
 add1 h[ev]1--to be entirely j--t ^!    
t\*+ demon/rations ( society1 frat]nity1
 & love ( neighbor1 d n prev5t ! animals
 f qu>rell+1 fight+1 & outrage\sly abus+
 "o ano!r :ile ga9+ _! livelihood & %[+ 
_! gallantry2 ! resemblance betwe5 !m & 
ourselves is p]fect4  ,! social in/9ct1 
9 man & bea/1 exi/s to a great] or less 
degree--its nature is ! same4 ,man has !
 great] ne$ ( association1 & employs x  
m2 ! animal seems bett] able to endure  
isolation4 ,9 man1 social ne$s are m    
imp]ative & complex2 9 ! bea/1 !y seem  
less int5se1 less div]sifi$1 less       
regrett$4 ,society1 9 a ^w1 aims1 9 !   
case ( man1 at ! pres]vation ( ! race & 
! individual2 ) ! animals1 its object is
 m exclusively ! pres]vation ( ! race4  
,z yet1 we h met ) no claim :i* man c   
make = himself alone4 ,! social in/9ct &
 ! moral s5se he %>es ) ! brutes2 & :5  
he ?9ks to become god-l by a few acts ( 

*>ity1 ju/ice1 & devotion1 he does n    
p]ceive t 9 s act+ he simply obeys an   
in/9ct :olly animal 9 its nature4 ,z we 
are good1 lov+1 t5d]1 j1 s we are       
passionate1 gre$y1 lewd1 & v9dictive2 t 
is1 we are l ! bea/s4 ,our highe/       
virtues appe>1 9 ! la/ analysis1 z bl9d1
 impulsive in/9cts4 ,:at subjects =     
canonization & apo!osis6  ,!re is1      
h[ev]1 a diff]5ce betwe5 u two-h&$ bip$s
 & o!r liv+ creatures--:at is x8  ,a    
/ud5t ( philosophy w\ld ha/5 to reply3  
,?is diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t we are    
consci\s ( our social faculty1 :ile !   
animals are unconsci\s ( !irs--9 ! fact 
t :ile we reflect & reason ^u ! op]ation
 ( our social in/9ct1 ! animals d no?+ (
 ! k9d4  ,i w g f>!r4 ,x is by our      
reflective & reason+ p[]s1 ) :i* we seem
 to be exclusively end[$1 t we "k t x is
 injuri\s1 fir/ to o!rs & !n to         
ourselves1 to resi/ ! social in/9ct :i* 
gov]ns u1 & :i* we call ,,ju/ice4 ,x is 
our reason :i* tea*es u t ! selfi% man1 
! robb]1 ! murd]]--9 a ^w1 ! traitor to 

society--s9s aga9/ ,nature1 & is guilty 
) respect to o!rs & himself1 :5 he does 
wrong wilfully4 ,f9ally1 x is our social
 s5tim5t on ! "o h&1 & our reason on !  
o!r1 :i* cause u to ?9k t be+s su* z we 
%\ld take ! responsibility ( _! acts4   
,su* is ! pr9ciple ( remorse1 rev5ge1 & 
p5al ju/ice4  ,b ?is proves only an     
intellectual div]sity betwe5 ! animals &
 man1 n at all an affectional "o2 =1    
al?\gh we reason ^u our relations ) our 
fell[s1 we likewise reason ^u our mo/   
trivial actions1--su* z dr9k+1 eat+1    
*oos+ a wife1 or select+ a dwell+-place4
 ,we reason ^u ?+s e>?ly & ?+s heav5ly2 
!re is no?+ to :i* our reason+ p[]s are 
n applicable4 ,n[1 j z ! k ( ext]nal    
ph5om5a1 :i* we acquire1 has no influ5ce
 ^u _! causes & laws1 s reflection1 by  
illum9at+ our in/9ct1 enlight5s u z to  
our s5ti5t nature1 b does n alt] its "*2
 x tells u :at our morality is1 b nei!r 
*anges nor modifies x4 ,our             
dissatisfaction ) ourselves aft] do+    
wrong1 ! indignation :i* we feel at !   

sight ( inju/ice1 ! idea ( des]v$       
puni%m5t & due remun]ation1 are effects 
( reflection1 & n imm$iate effects (    
in/9ct & emotion4 ,our appreciation 7,i 
d n say exclusive appreciation1 = !     
animals also realize t !y h done wrong1 
& are indignant :5 "o ( _! numb] is     
attack$1 b71 our inf9itely sup]ior      
appreciation ( our social duties1 our k 
( good & evil1 does n e/abli%1 z reg>ds 
morality1 any vital diff]5ce betwe5 man 
& ! bea/s4     #b4--,( ! fir/ & second  
degrees ( ,sociability4   ,i insi/ ^u ! 
fact1 :i* ,i h j po9t$ out1 z "o ( ! mo/
 important facts ( an?ropology4  ,!     
sympa!tic attraction1 :i* causes u to   
associate1 is1 by reason ( its bl9d1    
unruly nature1 always gov]n$ by tempor>y
 impulse1 )\t reg>d to high] rights1 &  
)\t di/9ction ( m]it or priority4 ,!    
ba/>d dog foll[s indiff]5tly all :o call
 x2 ! suckl+ *ild reg>ds e man z its    
fa!r & e woman z its nurse2 e liv+      
creature1 :5 depriv$ ( ! society (      
animals ( its species1 seeks            

companion%ip 9 its solitude4 ,?is       
fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! social in/9ct 
r5d]s intol]able & ev5 hateful !        
fri5d%ip ( frivol\s p]sons1 liable to be
 infatuat$ ) e new face1 accommodat+ to 
all :e!r good or bad1 & ready to        
sacrifice1 = a pass+ liaison1 ! olde/ & 
mo/ honorable affections4 ,! fault ( su*
 be+s is n 9 ! he>t--x is 9 ! judgm5t4  
,sociability1 9 ?is degree1 is a sort ( 
magnetism awak5$ 9 u by ! contemplation 
( a be+ simil> to ourselves1 b :i* nev] 
goes beyond ! p]son :o feels x2 x may be
 reciprocat$1 b n communicat$4 ,love1   
b5evol5ce1 pity1 sympa?y1 call x :at y  
w1 !re is no?+ 9 x :i* des]ves          
e/eem1--no?+ :i* lifts man above ! bea/4
  ,! second degree ( sociability is     
ju/ice1 :i* may be def9$ z !            
,,recognition ,,( ,,! ,,equality        
,,betwe5 ,,ano!r',s ,,p]sonality ,,&    
,,our ,,own4 ,! s5tim5t ( ju/ice we %>e 
) ! animals2 we alone c =m an exact idea
 ( x2 b our idea1 z has be5 said        
already1 does n *ange its nature4 ,we   

%all soon see h[ man rises to a ?ird    
degree ( sociability :i* ! animals are  
incapable ( rea*+4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ prove 
by metaphysics t ,,society1 ,,ju/ice1 & 
,,equality1 are ?ree equival5t          
t]ms1--?ree expressions mean+ ! same    
?+1--^: mutual conv]sion is always      
all[able4  ,if1 amid ! confusion ( a    
%ipwreck1 hav+ escap$ 9 a boat ) "s     
provisions1 ,i see a man /ruggl+ ) !    
waves1 am ,i b\nd to g to 8 assi/ance8  
,yes1 ,i am b\nd "u p5alty ( be+ adjudg$
 guilty ( murd] & treason aga9/ society4
  ,b am ,i also b\nd to %>e ) him my    
provisions8  ,to settle ?is "q1 we mu/  
*ange ! phraseology4 ,if society is b9d+
 on ! boat1 is x also b9d+ on !         
provisions8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,! duty ( an    
associate is absolute4 ,man's occupancy 
succe$s 8 social nature1 & is subord9ate
 to x2 possession c become exclusive    
only :5 p]mission to occupy is grant$ to
 all alike4 ,t :i* 9 ?is in/ance        
obscures our duty is our p[] ( =esight1 
:i*1 caus+ u to fe> an ev5tual dang]1   

impels u to usurpation1 & makes u robb]s
 & murd]]s4 ,animals d n calculate !    
duty ( in/9ct any m ?an ! disadvantages 
result+ to ^? :o ex]cise x2 x w\ld be   
/range if ! intellect ( man--! mo/      
sociable ( animals--%\ld lead him to    
disobey ! law4  ,he betrays society :o  
attempts to use x only = 8 own          
advantage2 bett] t ,god %\ld deprive u (
 prud5ce1 if x is to s]ve z ! tool ( our
 selfi%ness4  ,:at6 y w say1 mu/ ,i %>e 
my bread1 ! bread :i* ,i h e>n$ & :i*   
belongs to me1 ) ! /rang] :om ,i d n "k2
 :om ,i may nev] see aga91 & :o1 p]haps1
 w rew>d me ) +ratitude8 ,if we _h e>n$ 
?is bread toge!r1 if ?is man _h done    
some?+ to obta9 x1 he might dem& 8 %>e1 
s9ce 8 co-op]ation w\ld entitle him to  
x2 b z x is1 :at claim has he on me8 ,we
 h n produc$ toge!r--we %all n eat      
toge!r4  ,! fallacy 9 ?is argum5t lies 9
 ! false supposition1 t ea* produc] is n
 necess>ily associat$ ) e o!r produc]4  
,:5 two or m individuals h regul>ly     
organiz$ a society1--:5 ! contracts h   

be5 agre$ ^u1 draft$1 & sign$1--!re is  
no difficulty ab\t ! future4 ,ev]ybody  
kn[s t :5 two m5 associate--= in/ance--9
 ord] to fi%1 if "o ( !m cat*es no fi%1 
he is none ! less entitl$ to ^? caught  
by 8 associate4 ,if two m]*ants =m a    
p>tn]%ip1 :ile ! p>tn]%ip la/s1 ! pr(its
 & losses are divid$ betwe5 !m2 s9ce ea*
 produces1 n = himself1 b = ! society3  
:5 ! "t ( di/ribution arrives1 x is n ! 
produc] :o is consid]$1 b ! associate4  
,t is :y ! slave1 to :om ! plant] gives 
/raw & rice2 & ! civiliz$ labor]1 to :om
 ! capitali/ pays a sal>y :i* is always 
too small1--n be+ associat$ ) _!        
employ]s1 al?\gh produc+ ) !m1--are     
disreg>d$ :5 ! product is divid$4 ,?us1 
! horse :o draws our coa*es1 & ! ox :o  
draws our c>ts produce ) u1 b are n     
associat$ ) u2 we take _! product1 b d n
 %>e x ) !m4 ,! animals & labor]s :om we
 employ hold ! same relation to u4      
,:atev] we d = !m1 we d1 n f a s5se (   
ju/ice1 b out ( pure b5evol5ce4 #bb   ,b
 is x possible t we are n all associat$8

 ,let u call to m9d :at 0 said 9 ! la/  
two *apt]s1 ,t ev5 ?\gh we d n want to  
be associat$1 ! =ce ( ?+s1 ! necessity (
 consumption1 ! laws ( production1 & !  
ma!matical pr9ciple ( ex*ange comb9e to 
associate u4 ,!re is b a s+le exception 
to ?is rule1--t ( ! proprietor1 :o1     
produc+ by 8 "r ( increase1 is n        
associat$ ) any "o1 & consequ5tly is n  
oblig$ to %>e 8 product ) any "o2 j z no
 "o else is b\nd to %>e ) him4 ,) !     
exception ( ! proprietor1 we labor = ea*
 o!r2 we c d no?+ by ourselves unaid$ by
 o!rs1 & we cont9ually ex*ange products 
& s]vices ) ea* o!r4 ,if ^! are n social
 acts1 :at are !y8  ,n[1 nei!r a        
comm]cial1 nor an indu/rial1 nor an     
agricultural association c be conceiv$ (
 9 ! abs5ce ( equality2 equality is its 
s9e qua non4 ,s t1 9 all matt]s :i*     
conc]n ?is association1 to violate      
society is to violate ju/ice & equality4
 ,apply ?is pr9ciple to humanity at     
l>ge4  ,aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i assume
 t ! read] has suffici5t insight to     

enable him to disp5se ) any aid ( m9e4  
,by ?is pr9ciple1 ! man :o takes        
possession ( a field1 & says1 ,?is field
 is m9e1 w n be unju/ s long z e "o else
 has an equal "r ( possession2 nor w he 
be unju/1 if1 wi%+ to *ange 8 location1 
he ex*anges ?is field = an equival5t4 ,b
 if1 putt+ ano!r 9 8 place1 he says to  
him1 ,"w = me :ile ,i re/1 he !n becomes
 unju/1 unassociat$1 ,,unequal4 ,he is a
 proprietor4  ,reciprocally1 ! slugg>d1 
or ! rake1 :o1 )\t p]=m+ any social     
task1 enjoys l o!rs--& (t5 m ?an o!rs--!
 products ( society1 %\ld be proce$$    
aga9/ z a ?ief & a p>asite4 ,we owe x to
 ourselves to give him no?+2 b1 s9ce he 
mu/ live1 to put him "u sup]vision1 &   
compel him to labor4  ,sociability is ! 
attraction felt by s5ti5t be+s = ea*    
o!r4 ,ju/ice is ?is same attraction1    
accompani$ by ?\ght & k4 ,b "u :at g5]al
 concept1 9 :at category ( ! und]/&+1 is
 ju/ice plac$8 ,9 ! category ( equal    
quantities4 ,h5ce1 ! anci5t def9ition ( 
ju/ice--,ju/um aequale e/1 inju/um      

inaequale4 ,:at is x1 !n1 to practise   
ju/ice8 ,x is to give equal weal? to    
ea*1 on condition ( equal labor4 ,x is  
to act socially4 ,our selfi%ness may    
compla92 !re is no escape f evid5ce &   
necessity4  ,:at is ! "r ( occupancy8 ,x
 is a natural me?od ( divid+ ! e>?1 by  
r$uc+ ea* labor]'s %>e z fa/ z new      
labor]s pres5t !mselves4 ,?is "r        
disappe>s if ! public int]e/ requires x2
 :i*1 be+ ! social int]e/1 is also t ( !
 occupant4  ,:at is ! "r ( labor8 ,x is 
! "r to obta9 "o's %>e ( weal? by       
fulfill+ ! requir$ conditions4 ,x is !  
"r ( society1 ! "r ( equality4  ,ju/ice1
 :i* is ! product ( ! comb9ation ( an   
idea & an in/9ct1 manife/s itself 9 man 
z soon z he is capable ( feel+1 & ( =m+ 
ideas4 ,consequ5tly1 x has be5 reg>d$ z 
an innate & orig9al s5tim5t2 b ?is      
op9ion is logically & *ronologically    
false4 ,b ju/ice1 by its composition    
hybrid--if ,i may use ! t]m1--ju/ice1   
born ( emotion & intellect comb9$1 seems
 to me "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! unity & 

simplicity ( ! ego2 ! organism be+ no m 
capable ( produc+ su* a mixture by      
itself1 ?an are ! comb9$ s5ses ( he>+ & 
sight ( =m+ a b9>y s5se1 half auditory &
 half visual4  ,?is d\ble nature (      
ju/ice gives u ! def9itive basis ( all !
 demon/rations 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii41 ,,iii41 
& ,,iv4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! idea ( ,,ju/ice  
be+ id5tical ) t ( society1 & society   
necess>ily imply+ equality1 equality mu/
 und]lie all ! sophisms inv5t$ 9 def5ce 
( prop]ty2 =1 s9ce prop]ty c be def5d$  
only z a j & social in/itution1 &       
prop]ty be+ inequality1 9 ord] to prove 
t prop]ty is 9 h>mony ) society1 x mu/  
be %[n t inju/ice is ju/ice1 & t        
inequality is equality1--a contradiction
 9 t]ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! idea (    
equality--! second elem5t ( ju/ice--has 
its s\rce 9 ! ma!matical proportions (  
?+s2 & s9ce prop]ty1 or ! unequal       
di/ribution ( weal? among labor]s1      
de/roys ! necess>y balance betwe5 labor1
 production1 & consumption1--prop]ty mu/
 be impossible4  ,all m51 !n1 are       

associat$2 all are entitl$ to ! same    
ju/ice2 all are equal4 ,does x foll[ t !
 pref]5ces ( love & fri5d%ip are unju/8 
,?is requires explanation4 ,i h already 
suppos$ ! case ( a man 9 p]il1 ,i be+ 9 
a position to help him4 ,n[1 ,i suppose 
myself appeal$ to at ! same "t by two m5
 expos$ to dang]4  ,am ,i n all[$--am ,i
 n comm&$ ev5--to ru% fir/ to ! aid (   
him :o is ende>$ to me by ties ( blood1 
fri5d%ip1 acqua9tance1 or e/eem1 at !   
risk ( leav+ ! o!r to p]i%8 ,yes4 ,& :y8
 ,because )9 univ]sal society !re exi/ =
 ea* ( u z _m special societies z !re   
are individuals2 & we are b\nd1 by !    
pr9ciple ( sociability itself1 to fulfil
 ! obligations :i* ^! impose ^u u1      
accord+ to ! intimacy ( our relations ) 
!m4 ,!re=e we mu/ give our fa!r1 "m1    
*ildr51 fri5ds1 relatives1 c41 !        
pref]5ce ov] all o!rs4 ,b 9 :at consi/s 
?is pref]5ce8  ,a judge has a case to   
decide1 9 :i* "o ( ! p>ties is 8 fri5d1 
& ! o!r 8 enemy4 ,%\ld he1 9 ?is        
in/ance1 pref] 8 ,,intimate ,,associate 

to 8 ,,di/ant ,,associate2 & decide !   
case 9 favor ( 8 fri5d1 9 spite (       
evid5ce to ! contr>y8 ,no3 =1 if he %\ld
 favor 8 fri5d's inju/ice1 he w\ld      
become 8 accomplice 9 8 violation ( !   
social compact2 he w\ld =m ) him a sort 
( conspiracy aga9/ ! social body4       
,pref]5ce %\ld be %[n only 9 p]sonal    
matt]s1 su* z love1 e/eem1 confid5ce1 or
 intimacy1 :5 all _c be consid]$ at     
once4 ,?us1 9 case ( fire1 a fa!r w\ld  
save 8 own *ild be=e ?9k+ ( 8           
neighbor's2 b ! recognition ( a "r n be+
 an optional matt] ) a judge1 he is n at
 lib]ty to favor "o p]son to ! detrim5t 
( ano!r4  ,! !ory ( ^! special          
societies--:i* are =m$ conc5trically1 s 
to speak1 by ea* ( u inside ( ! ma9     
body--gives ! key to all ! problems :i* 
arise f ! opposition & conflict ( !     
diff]5t v>ieties ( social               
duty1--problems ^u :i* ! anci5t trag$ies
 are bas$4  ,! ju/ice practis$ among    
animals is1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 negative4 
,) ! exception ( protect+ _! "y1 hunt+ &

 plund]+ 9 troops1 unit+ = common def5ce
 & sometimes = individual assi/ance1 x  
consi/s m 9 prev5tion ?an 9 action4 ,a  
sick animal :o _c arise f ! gr\nd1 or an
 imprud5t "o :o has fall5 ov] a         
precipice1 receives nei!r m$ic9e nor    
n\ri%m5t4 ,if he _c cure himself1 nor   
relieve himself ( 8 tr\ble1 8 life is 9 
dang]3 he w nei!r be c>$ = 9 b$1 nor f$ 
9 a prison4  ,_! neglect ( _! fell[s    
arises z mu* f ! weakness ( _! intellect
 z f _! lack ( res\rces4 ,/ill1 !       
degrees ( intimacy common among m5 are n
 unkn[n to ! animals4 ,!y h fri5d%ips ( 
habit & ( *oice2 fri5d%ips neighborly1 &
 fri5d%ips p>5tal4 ,9 comp>ison ) u1 !y 
h feeble memories1 sluggi% feel+s1 & are
 almo/ de/itute ( intellig5ce2 b !      
id5tity ( ^! faculties is pres]v$ to "s 
ext5t1 & our sup]iority 9 ?is respect   
arises entirely f our und]/&+4  ,x is   
our /r5g? ( memory & p5etration (       
judgm5t :i* enable u to multiply &      
comb9e ! acts :i* our social in/9ct     
impels u to p]=m1 & :i* tea*es u h[ to  

r5d] !m m effective1 & h[ to di/ribute  
!m ju/ly4 ,! bea/s :o live 9 society    
practise ju/ice1 b are ignorant ( its   
nature1 & d n reason ^u x2 !y obey _!   
in/9ct )\t ?\ght or philosophy4 ,!y "k n
 h[ to unite ! social s5tim5t ) ! idea (
 equality1 :i* !y d n possess2 ?is idea 
be+ an ab/ract "o4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1   
/>t+ ) ! pr9ciple t society implies     
equality1 c1 by our reason+ faculty1    
und]/& & agree ) ea* o!r 9 settl+ our   
rights2 we h ev5 us$ our judgm5t to a   
great ext5t4 ,b 9 all ?is our consci5ce 
plays a small "p1 z is prov$ by ! fact t
 ! idea ( ,,"r--( :i* we cat* a glimpse 
9 c]ta9 animals :o approa* ne>] ?an any 
o!rs to our /&>d ( intellig5ce--seems to
 gr[1 f ! l[ level at :i* x /&s 9       
savages1 to ! l(ty height :i* x rea*es 9
 a ,plato or a ,frankl94 ,if we trace ! 
developm5t ( ! moral s5se 9 individuals1
 & ! progress ( laws 9 nations1 we %all 
be conv9c$ t ! ideas ( ju/ice &         
legislative p]fection are always        
proportional to intellig5ce4 ,! notion (

 ju/ice--:i* has be5 reg>d$ by "s       
philosoph]s z simple--is !n1 9 reality1 
complex4 ,x spr+s f ! social in/9ct on !
 "o h&1 & ! idea ( equality on ! o!r2 j 
z ! notion ( guilt arises f ! feel+ t   
ju/ice has be5 violat$1 & f ! idea (    
free-w4  ,9 conclusion1 in/9ct is n     
modifi$ by acqua9tance ) its nature2 & !
 facts ( society1 :i* we h ?us f>       
obs]v$1 occur among bea/s z well z m54  
,we "k ! mean+ ( ju/ice2 9 o!r words1 ( 
sociability view$ f ! /&po9t ( equality4
 ,we h met ) no?+ :i* sep>ates u f !    
animals4     #c4--,( ! ?ird degree (    
,sociability4   ,! read]1 p]haps1 has n 
=gott5 :at 0 said 9 ! ?ird *apt] conc]n+
 ! division ( labor & ! speciality (    
tal5ts4 ,! sum total ( ! tal5ts &       
capacities ( ! race is always ! same1 & 
_! nature is always simil>4 ,we are all 
born poets1 ma!maticians1 philosoph]s1  
arti/s1 artisans1 or f>m]s1 b we are n  
born equally end[$2 & betwe5 "o man &   
ano!r 9 society1 or betwe5 "o faculty & 
ano!r 9 ! same individual1 !re is an    

inf9ite diff]5ce4 ,?is diff]5ce ( degree
 9 ! same faculties1 ?is pr$om9ance (   
tal5t 9 c]ta9 directions1 is1 we h said1
 ! v f\ndation ( our society4           
,intellig5ce & natural g5ius h be5      
di/ribut$ by ,nature s economically1 &  
yet s lib]ally1 t 9 society !re is no   
dang] ( ei!r a surplus or a sc>city (   
special tal5ts2 & t ea* labor]1 by      
devot+ himself to 8 function1 may always
 atta9 to ! degree ( pr(ici5cy necess>y 
to enable him to b5efit by ! labors &   
discov]ies ( 8 fell[s4 ,ow+ to ?is      
simple & wise precaution ( ,nature1 !   
labor] is n isolat$ by 8 task4 ,he      
communicates ) 8 fell[s ?r\gh ! m9d1    
be=e he is unit$ ) !m 9 he>t2 s t ) him 
love is born ( intellig5ce4  ,x is n s )
 societies ( animals4 ,9 e species1 !   
aptitudes ( all ! individuals--?\gh v   
limit$--are equal 9 numb] & 7:5 !y are n
 ! result ( in/9ct7 9 int5sity4 ,ea* "o 
does z well z all ! o!rs :at all ! o!rs 
d2 provides 8 food1 avoids ! enemy1     
burr[s 9 ! e>?1 builds a ne/1 c4 ,no    

animal1 :5 free & heal?y1 expects or    
requires ! aid ( 8 neighbor2 :o1 9 8    
turn1 is equally indep5d5t4  ,associat$ 
animals live side by side )\t any       
intellectual int]c\rse or intimate      
communication1--all do+ ! same ?+s1 hav+
 no?+ to le>n or to rememb]2 !y see1    
feel1 & come 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 b nev]
 p5etrate ea* o!r4 ,man cont9ually      
ex*anges ) man ideas & feel+s1 products 
& s]vices4 ,e discov]y & act 9 society  
is necess>y to him4 ,b ( ?is imm5se     
quantity ( products & ideas1 t :i* ea*  
"o has to produce & acquire = himself is
 b an atom 9 ! sun4 ,man w\ld n be man 7
 x n = society1 & society is support$ by
 ! balance & h>mony ( ! p[]s :i* compose
 x4  ,society1 among ! animals1 is      
,,simple2 ) man x is ,,complex4 ,man is 
associat$ ) man by ! same in/9ct :i*    
associates animal ) animal2 b man is    
associat$ diff]5tly f ! animal1 & x is  
?is diff]5ce 9 association :i*          
con/itutes ! diff]5ce 9 morality4  ,i h 
prov$1--at too great l5g?1 p]haps1--bo? 

by ! _s ( ! laws :i* reg>d prop]ty z !  
basis ( society1 & by political economy1
 t inequality ( conditions is ju/ifi$   
nei!r by priority ( occupation nor      
sup]iority ( tal5t1 s]vice1 indu/ry1 &  
capacity4 ,b1 al?\gh equality (         
conditions is a necess>y consequ5ce (   
natural "r1 ( lib]ty1 ( ! laws (        
production1 ( ! capacity ( physical     
nature1 & ( ! pr9ciple ( society        
itself1--x does n prev5t ! social       
s5tim5t f /epp+ ov] ! b\nd>ies ( ,,debt 
& ,,cr$it4 ,! fields ( b5evol5ce & love 
ext5d f> beyond2 & :5 economy has adju/$
 its balance1 ! m9d beg9s to b5efit by  
its own ju/ice1 & ! he>t exp&s 9 !      
b\ndlessness ( its affection4  ,! social
 s5tim5t !n takes on a new "*1 :i* v>ies
 ) diff]5t p]sons4 ,9 ! /rong1 x becomes
 ! pleasure ( g5]osity2 among equals1   
frank & cordial fri5d%ip2 9 ! weak1 !   
pleasure ( admiration & gratitude4  ,!  
man :o is sup]ior 9 /r5g?1 skill1 or    
c\rage1 kn[s t he owes all t he is to   
society1 )\t :i* he c\ld n exi/4 ,he    

kn[s t1 9 treat+ him precisely z x does 
! l[e/ ( its memb]s1 society dis*>ges   
its :ole duty t[>ds him4 ,b he does n   
und]rate 8 faculties2 he is no less     
consci\s ( 8 p[] & greatness2 & x is ?is
 volunt>y rev]5ce :i* he pays to        
humanity1 ?is av[al t he is b an        
in/rum5t ( ,nature1--:o is alone wor?y (
 glory & wor%ip1--x is1 ,i say1 ?is     
simultane\s confession ( ! he>t & ! m9d1
 ?is g5u9e adoration ( ! ,great ,be+1 t 
di/+ui%es & elevates man1 & lifts him to
 a degree ( social morality to :i* !    
bea/ is p[]less to atta94 ,h]cules      
de/roy+ ! mon/]s & puni%+ brig&s = !    
safety ( ,greece1 ,orpheus tea*+ ! r\gh 
& wild ,pelasgians1--nei!r ( !m putt+ a 
price ^u _! s]vices1--!re we see !      
noble/ creations ( poetry1 ! l(tie/     
expression ( ju/ice & virtue4  ,! joys (
 self-sacrifice are ineffable4  ,if ,i 7
 to comp>e human society to ! old ,greek
 trag$ies1 ,i %\ld say t ! phalanx (    
noble m9ds & l(ty s\ls dances ! /rophe1 
& ! humble multitude ! anti/rophe4      

,burd5$ ) pa9ful & disagreeable tasks1 b
 r5d]$ omnipot5t by _! numb] & ! h>monic
 arrangem5t ( _! functions1 ! latt]     
execute :at ! o!rs plan4 ,guid$ by !m1  
!y owe !m no?+2 !y honor !m1 h[ev]1 &   
lavi% ^u !m praise & approbation4       
,gratitude fills p ) adoration &        
en?usiasm4  ,b equality delights my     
he>t4 ,b5evol5ce deg5]ates into tyranny1
 & admiration into s]vility4 ,fri5d%ip  
is ! daught] ( equality4 ,o my fri5ds6  
may ,i live 9 y\r mid/ )\t emulation1 & 
)\t glory2 let equality br+ u toge!r1 & 
fate assign u our places4 ,may ,i die   
)\t kn[+ to :om among y ,i owe ! mo/    
e/eem6  ,fri5d%ip is preci\s to ! he>ts 
( ! *ildr5 ( m54  ,g5]osity1 gratitude  
7,i mean "h only t gratitude :i* is born
 ( admiration ( a sup]ior p[]71 &       
fri5d%ip are ?ree di/9ct %ades ( a s+le 
s5tim5t :i* ,i w call equite1 or        
,,social ,,proportionality4 #bc ,equite 
does n *ange ju/ice3 b1 always tak+     
equite = ! base1 x sup]adds e/eem1 &    
!reby =ms 9 man a ?ird degree (         

sociability4 ,equite makes x at once our
 duty & our pleasure to aid ! weak :o h 
ne$ ( u1 & to make !m our equals2 to pay
 to ! /rong a j tribute ( gratitude &   
honor1 )\t enslav+ ourselves to !m2 to  
*]i% our neighbors1 fri5ds1 & equals1 = 
t :i* we receive f !m1 ev5 by "r (      
ex*ange4 ,equite is sociability rais$ to
 its ideal by reason & ju/ice2 its      
commone/ manife/ation is ,,urbanity or  
,,polit5ess1 :i*1 among c]ta9 nations1  
sums up 9 a s+le ^w ne>ly all ! social  
duties4  ,x is ! j di/ribution ( social 
sympa?y & univ]sal love4  ,n[1 ?is feel+
 is unkn[n among ! bea/s1 :o love & cl+ 
to ea* o!r1 & %[ _! pref]5ces1 b :o _c  
conceive ( e/eem1 & :o are incapable (  
g5]osity1 admiration1 or polit5ess4     
,?is feel+ does n spr+ f intellig5ce1   
:i* calculates1 computes1 & balances1 b 
does n love2 :i* sees1 b does n feel4 ,z
 ju/ice is ! product ( social in/9ct &  
reflection comb9$1 s equite is a product
 ( ju/ice & ta/e comb9$--t is1 ( our    
p[]s ( judg+ & ( idealiz+4  ,?is        

product--! ?ird & la/ degree ( human    
sociability--is det]m9$ by our complex  
mode ( association2 9 :i* inequality1 or
 r ! div]g5ce ( faculties1 & !          
speciality ( functions--t5d+ ( !mselves 
to isolate labor]s--dem& a m active     
sociability4  ,t is :y ! =ce :i*        
oppresses :ile protect+ is execrable2 :y
 ! silly ignorance :i* views ) ! same   
eye ! m>vels ( art1 & ! products ( !    
rude/ indu/ry1 excites unutt]able       
contempt2 :y pr\d m$iocrity1 :i* glories
 9 say+1 ,i h paid y--,i owe y no?+1 is 
especially odi\s4  ,,sociability1       
,,ju/ice1 ,,equite--su*1 9 its          
triplicity1 is ! exact def9ition ( !    
in/9ctive faculty :i* leads u into      
communication ) our fell[s1 & ^:        
physical manife/ation is express$ by !  
=mula3 ,,equality ,,9 ,,natural ,,weal?1
 ,,& ,,! ,,products ,,( ,,labor4  ,^!   
?ree degrees ( sociability support &    
imply ea* o!r4  ,equite _c exi/ )\t     
ju/ice2 society )\t ju/ice is a         
solecism4 ,if1 9 ord] to rew>d tal5t1 ,i

 take f "o to give to ano!r1 9 unju/ly  
/ripp+ ! fir/1 ,i d n e/eem 8 tal5t z ,i
 ought2 if1 9 society1 ,i aw>d m to     
myself ?an to my associate1 we are n    
really associat$4 ,ju/ice is sociability
 z manife/$ 9 ! division ( mat]ial ?+s1 
susceptible ( weight & measure2 equite  
is ju/ice accompani$ by admiration &    
e/eem1--?+s :i* _c be measur$4  ,f ?is  
sev]al inf]5ces may be drawn4  #a4 ,?\gh
 we are free to grant our e/eem to "o m 
?an to ano!r1 & 9 all possible degrees1 
yet we %\ld give no "o m ?an 8          
proportion ( ! common weal?2 because !  
duty ( ju/ice1 be+ impos$ ^u u be=e t ( 
equite1 mu/ always take prec$5ce ( x4 ,!
 woman honor$ by ! anci5ts1 :o1 :5 =c$  
by a tyrant to *oose betwe5 ! dea? ( h] 
bro!r & t ( h] husb&1 sacrific$ ! latt] 
on ! gr\nd t %e c\ld f9d ano!r husb& b n
 ano!r bro!r1--t woman1 ,i say1 9 obey+ 
h] s5se ( equite1 fail$ 9 po9t ( ju/ice1
 & did a bad de$1 because conjugal      
association is a clos] relation ?an     
frat]nal association1 & because ! life (

 our neighbor is n our prop]ty4  ,by !  
same pr9ciple1 inequality ( wages _c be 
admitt$ by law on ! gr\nd ( inequality (
 tal5ts2 because ! j di/ribution ( weal?
 is ! function ( economy1--n (          
en?usiasm4  ,f9ally1 z reg>ds donations1
 wills1 & inh]itance1 society1 c>eful   
bo? ( ! p]sonal affections & its own    
rights1 mu/ nev] p]mit love & p>tiality 
to de/roy ju/ice4 ,&1 ?\gh x is pleasant
 to ?9k t ! son1 :o has be5 long        
associat$ ) 8 fa!r 9 bus9ess1 is m      
capable ?an any "o else ( c>ry+ x on2 & 
t ! citiz51 :o is surpris$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 
task by dea?1 is be/ fitt$1 9 consequ5ce
 ( 8 natural ta/e = 8 occupation1 to    
designate 8 successor2 & ?\gh ! heir    
%\ld be all[$ ! "r ( *oice 9 case ( m   
?an "o inh]itance1--nev]!less1 society c
 tol]ate no conc5tration ( capital &    
indu/ry = ! b5efit ( a s+le man1 no     
monopoly ( labor1 no encroa*m5t4 #bd    
,suppose t "s spoils1 tak5 f ! enemy1 & 
equal to twelve1 are to be divid$ betwe5
 ,a*illes & ,ajax4 ,if ! two p]sons 7   

equal1 _! respective %>es w\ld be       
ari?metically equal3 ,a*illes w\ld h    
six1 ,ajax six4 ,& if we %\ld c>ry out  
?is ari?metical equality1 ,!rsites w\ld 
be entitl$ to z mu* z ,a*illes1 :i* w\ld
 be unju/ 9 ! extreme4 ,to avoid ?is    
inju/ice1 ! wor? ( ! p]sons %\ld be     
e/imat$1 & ! spoils divid$ accord+ly4   
,suppose t ! wor? ( ,a*illes is d\ble t 
( ,ajax3 ! =m]'s %>e is eight1 ! latt]  
f\r4 ,!re is no ari?metical equality1 b 
a proportional equality4 ,x is ?is      
comp>ison ( m]its1 rationum1 t ,ari/otle
 calls di/ributive ju/ice4 ,x is a      
geometrical proportion4--,t\lli]3 ,fr5* 
,law accord+ to ! ,code4  ,are ,a*illes 
& ,ajax associat$1 or are !y n8 ,settle 
t1 & y settle ! :ole "q4 ,if ,a*illes & 
,ajax1 in/ead ( be+ associat$1 are      
!mselves 9 ! s]vice ( ,agamemnon :o pays
 !m1 !re is no objection to ,ari/otle's 
me?od4 ,! slave-own]1 :o controls 8     
slaves1 may give a d\ble all[ance ( br&y
 to him :o does d\ble "w4 ,t is ! law ( 
despotism2 ! "r ( slav]y4  ,b if        

,a*illes & ,ajax are associat$1 !y are  
equals4 ,:at matt]s x t ,a*illes has a  
/r5g? ( f\r1 :ile t ( ,ajax is only two8
 ,! latt] may always answ] t he is free2
 t if ,a*illes has a /r5g? ( f\r1 five  
c\ld kill him2 f9ally1 t 9 do+ p]sonal  
s]vice he incurs z great a risk z       
,a*illes4 ,! same argum5t applies to    
,!rsites4 ,if he is unable to fight1 let
 him be cook1 purveyor1 or butl]4 ,if he
 is good = no?+1 put him 9 ! hospital4  
,9 no case wrong him1 or impose ^u him  
laws4  ,man mu/ live 9 "o ( two /ates3  
ei!r 9 society1 or out ( x4 ,9 society1 
conditions are necess>ily equal1 except 
9 ! degree ( e/eem & consid]ation :i*   
ea* "o may receive4 ,out ( society1 man 
is s mu* raw mat]ial1 a capitaliz$ tool1
 & (t5 an incommodi\s & useless piece ( 
furniture4   #b4 ,equite1 ju/ice1 &     
society1 c exi/ only betwe5 individuals 
( ! same species4 ,!y =m no "p ( !      
relations ( diff]5t races to ea* o!r1--=
 in/ance1 ( ! wolf to ! goat1 ( ! goat  
to man1 ( man to ,god1 mu* less ( ,god  

to man4 ,! attribution ( ju/ice1 equity1
 & love to ! ,supreme ,be+ is pure      
an?ropomorphism2 & ! adjectives j1      
m]ciful1 pitiful1 & ! l1 %\ld be /rick5 
f our litanies4 ,god c be reg>d$ z j1   
equitable1 & good1 only to ano!r ,god4  
,n[1 ,god has no associate2 consequ5tly1
 he _c exp]i5ce social affections1--su* 
z goodness1 equite1 & ju/ice4 ,is !     
%eph]d said to be j to 8 %eep & 8 dogs8 
,no3 & if he saw fit to %e> z mu* wool f
 a lamb six mon?s old1 z f a ram ( two  
ye>s2 or1 if he requir$ z mu* "w f a "y 
dog z f an old "o1--!y w\ld say1 n t he 
0 unju/1 b t he 0 fooli%4 ,betwe5 man & 
bea/ !re is no society1 ?\gh !re may be 
affection4 ,man loves ! animals z       
,,?+s1--z ,,s5ti5t ,,?+s1 if y w1--b n z
 ,,p]sons4 ,philosophy1 aft] hav+       
elim9at$ f ! idea ( ,god ! passions     
ascrib$ to him by sup]/ition1 w !n be   
oblig$ to elim9ate also ! virtues :i*   
our lib]al piety aw>ds to him4 #be  ,!  
rights ( woman & h] relations ) man are 
yet to be det]m9$ ,matrimonial          

legislation1 l civil legislation1 is a  
matt] = ! future to settle4  ,if ,god   
%\ld come d[n to e>?1 & dwell among u1  
we c\ld n love him unless he became l u2
 nor give him any ?+ unless he produc$  
some?+2 nor li/5 to him unless he prov$ 
u mi/ak52 nor wor%ip him unless he      
manife/$ 8 p[]4 ,all ! laws ( our       
nature1 affectional1 economical1 &      
intellectual1 w\ld prev5t u f treat+ him
 z we treat our fell[-m51--t is1 accord+
 to reason1 ju/ice1 & equite4  ,i inf] f
 ?is t1 if ,god %\ld wi% ev] to put     
himself into imm$iate communication )   
man1 he w\ld h to become a man4  ,n[1 if
 k+s are images ( ,god1 & executors ( 8 
w1 !y _c receive love1 weal?1 ob$i5ce1 &
 glory f u1 unless !y cons5t to labor & 
associate ) u--produce z mu* z !y       
consume1 reason ) _! subjects1 & d      
wond]ful ?+s4 ,/ill m2 if1 z "s pret5d1 
k+s are public function>ies1 ! love :i* 
is due !m is measur$ by _! p]sonal      
amiability2 our obligation to obey !m1  
by ! wisdom ( _! comm&s2 & _! civil li/1

 by ! total social production divid$ by 
! numb] ( citiz5s4  ,?us1 jurisprud5ce1 
political economy1 & psy*ology agree 9  
admitt+ ! law ( equality4 ,"r & duty--! 
due rew>d ( tal5t & labor--! outbur/s ( 
love & en?usiasm1--all are regulat$ 9   
advance by an inv>iable /&>d2 all dep5d 
^u numb] & balance4 ,equality (         
conditions is ! law ( society1 &        
univ]sal solid>ity is ! ratification (  
?is law4  ,equality ( conditions has    
nev] be5 realiz$1 ?anks to our passions 
& our ignorance2 b our opposition to ?is
 law has made x all ! m a necessity4 ,to
 t fact hi/ory be>s p]petual te/imony1 &
 ! c\rse ( ev5ts reveals x to u4        
,society advances f equation to         
equation4 ,to ! eyes ( ! economi/1 !    
revolutions ( empires seem n[ l !       
r$uction ( algebraical quantities1 :i*  
are int]-d$ucible2 n[ l ! discov]y (    
unkn[n quantities1 induc$ by !          
inevitable influ5ce ( "t4 ,figures are !
 provid5ce ( hi/ory4 ,und\bt$ly !re are 
o!r elem5ts 9 human progress2 b 9 !     

multitude ( hidd5 causes :i* agitate    
nations1 !re is none m p[]ful or        
con/ant1 none less obscure1 ?an !       
p]iodical explosions ( ! prolet>iat     
aga9/ prop]ty4 ,prop]ty1 act+ by        
exclusion & encroa*m5t1 :ile population 
0 increas+1 has be5 ! life-pr9ciple &   
def9itive cause ( all revolutions4      
,religi\s w>s1 & w>s ( conque/1 :5 !y h 
/opp$ %ort ( ! ext]m9ation ( races1 h   
be5 only accid5tal di/urbances1 soon    
repair$ by ! ma!matical progression ( ! 
life ( nations4 ,! d[nfall & dea? (     
societies are due to ! p[] (            
accumulation possess$ by prop]ty4  ,9 ! 
middle ages1 take ,flor5ce1--a republic 
( m]*ants & brok]s1 always r5t by its   
well-kn[n factions1 ! ,guelphs &        
,ghibell9es1 :o 71 aft] all1 only ! p & 
! proprietors fight+ aga9/ ea*          
o!r1--,flor5ce1 rul$ by bank]s1 & borne 
d[n at la/ by ! weight ( h] debts2 #bf 9
 anci5t times1 take ,rome1 prey$ ^u f   
its bir? by usury1 fl\ri%+1 nev]!less1 z
 long z ! kn[n _w furni%$ its t]rible   

proletaires ) ,,labor /a9$ ) blood by   
civil w> at e int]val ( re/1 & dy+ (    
exhau/ion :5 ! p lo/1 toge!r ) _! =m]   
en]gy1 _! la/ sp>k ( moral s5se2        
,c>?age1 a comm]cial & f9ancial city1   
cont9ually divid$ by int]nal            
competition2 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ,j]usalem1  
,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 ru9$1 9 turn1 by     
comm]cial rivalry &1 z we n[ express x1 
by panics 9 ! m>ket1--d n ^! fam\s      
examples %[ cle>ly en\gh ! fate :i*     
awaits mod]n nations1 unless ! p1 unless
 ,france1 ) a sudd5 bur/ ( h] p[]ful    
voice1 proclaims 9 ?und]-tones !        
abolition ( ! regime ( prop]ty8   ,"h my
 task %\ld end4 ,i h prov$ ! "r ( !     
poor2 ,i h %[n ! usurpation ( ! ri*4 ,i 
dem& ju/ice2 x is n my bus9ess to       
execute ! s5t5ce4 ,if x %\ld be argu$--9
 ord] to prolong = a few ye>s an        
illegitimate privilege--t x is n en\gh  
to demon/rate equality1 t x is necess>y 
also to organize x1 & above all to      
e/abli% x peacefully1 ,i might reply3 ,!
 welf>e ( ! oppress$ is ( m importance  

?an (ficial composure4 ,equality (      
conditions is a natural law ^u :i*      
public economy & jurisprud5ce are bas$4 
,! "r to labor1 & ! pr9ciple ( equal    
di/ribution ( weal?1 _c give way to !   
anxieties ( p[]4 ,x is n = ! proletaire 
to reconcile ! contradictions ( ! codes1
 /ill less to suff] = ! errors ( !      
gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! duty ( !
 civil & adm9i/rative p[] to recon/ruct 
itself on ! basis ( political equality4 
,an evil1 :5 kn[n1 %\ld be condemn$ &   
de/roy$4 ,! legislator _c plead         
ignorance z an excuse = uphold+ a gl>+  
iniquity4 ,re/itution %\ld n be delay$4 
,ju/ice1 ju/ice6 recognition ( "r6      
re9/atem5t ( ! proletaire6--:5 ^!       
results are accompli%$1 !n1 judges &    
consuls1 y may att5d to y\r police1 &   
provide a gov]nm5t = ! ,republic6  ,= ! 
re/1 ,i d n ?9k t a s+le "o ( my read]s 
accuses me ( kn[+ h[ to de/roy1 b ( n   
kn[+ h[ to con/ruct4 ,9 demon/rat+ !    
pr9ciple ( equality1 ,i h laid !        
f\ndation ( ! social /ructure ,i h done 

m4 ,i h giv5 an example ( ! true me?od (
 solv+ political & legislative problems4
 ,( ! sci5ce itself1 ,i confess t ,i "k 
no?+ m ?an its pr9ciple2 & ,i "k ( no "o
 at pres5t :o c boa/ ( hav+ p5etrat$    
deep]4 ,_m p cry1 ,come to me1 & ,i w   
tea* y ! tru?6 ,^! p mi/ake = ! tru? _! 
*]i%$ op9ion & ard5t conviction1 :i* is 
usually any ?+ b ! tru?4 ,! sci5ce (    
society--l all human sci5ces--w be = ev]
 incomplete4 ,! dep? & v>iety ( !       
que/ions :i* x embraces are inf9ite4 ,we
 h>dly "k ! ,a ,b ,c ( ?is sci5ce1 z is 
prov$ by ! fact t we h n yet em]g$ f !  
p]iod ( sy/ems1 & h n ceas$ to put !    
au?ority ( ! majority 9 ! place ( facts4
 ,a c]ta9 philological society decid$   
l+ui/ic que/ions by a plurality ( votes4
 ,our p>liam5t>y debates--7 _! results  
less p]nici\s--w\ld be ev5 m ridicul\s4 
,! task ( ! true publici/1 9 ! age 9 :i*
 we live1 is to close ! m\?s ( quacks & 
*>latans1 & to tea* ! public to dem&    
demon/rations1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t$ )   
symbols & programmes4 ,be=e talk+ ( !   

sci5ce itself1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 
its object1 & discov] its me?od &       
pr9ciple4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be cle>$ ( !     
prejudices :i* encumb] x4 ,su* is !     
mission ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4  ,= my "p1  
,i h sworn fidelity to my "w (          
demolition1 & ,i w n cease to pursue !  
tru? ?r\gh ! ru9s & rubbi%4 ,i hate to  
see a ?+ half done2 & x w be believ$ )\t
 any assurance ( m9e1 t1 hav+ d>$ to    
raise my h& aga9/ ! ,holy ,ark1 ,i %all 
n re/ cont5t$ ) ! removal ( ! cov]4 ,!  
my/]ies ( ! sanctu>y ( iniquity mu/ be  
unveil$1 ! tables ( ! old alliance      
brok51 & all ! objects ( ! anci5t fai?  
?r[n 9 a heap to ! sw9e4 ,a *>t] has be5
 giv5 to u1--a resume ( political       
sci5ce1 ! monum5t ( tw5ty legislatures4 
,a code has be5 writt51--! pride ( a    
conqu]or1 & ! summ>y ( anci5t wisdom4   
,well6 ( ?is *>t] & ?is code n "o       
article %all be left /&+ ^u ano!r6 ,! "t
 has come = ! wise to *oose _! c\rse1 & 
prep>e = recon/ruction4  ,b1 s9ce a     
de/roy$ error necess>ily implies a      

c\nt]-tru?1 ,i w n f9i% ?is treatise )\t
 solv+ ! fir/ problem ( political       
sci5ce1--t :i* receives ! att5tion ( all
 m9ds4    ,,:5 ,,prop]ty ,,is ,,aboli%$1
 ,,:at ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,society6 
,,w ,,x ,,be ,,communism8    ,,"p       
,,second4     #a4--,( ! ,causes ( our   
,mi/akes4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,prop]ty4   ,!    
true =m ( human society _c be det]m9$   
until ! foll[+ "q has be5 solv$3--      
,prop]ty n be+ our natural condition1 h[
 did x ga9 a foo?old8 ,:y has ! social  
in/9ct1 s tru/wor?y among ! animals1    
err$ 9 ! case ( man8 ,:y is man1 :o 0   
born = society1 n yet associat$8  ,i h  
said t human society is ,,complex 9 its 
nature4 ,?\gh ?is expression is         
inaccurate1 ! fact to :i* x ref]s is    
none ! less true2 namely1 !             
classification ( tal5ts & capacities4 ,b
 :o does n see t ^! tal5ts & capacities1
 ow+ to _! inf9ite v>iety1 give rise to 
an inf9ite v>iety ( wills1 & t ! "*1 !  
incl9ations1 &--if ,i may v5ture to use 
! expression--! =m ( ! ego1 are         

necess>ily *ang$2 s t 9 ! ord] ( lib]ty1
 z 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ce1 !re are z _m 
types z individuals1 z _m *>act]s z     
heads1 ^: ta/es1 fancies1 & prop5sities1
 be+ modifi$ by dissimil> ideas1 mu/    
necess>ily conflict8 ,man1 by 8 nature &
 8 in/9ct1 is pr$e/9$ to society2 b 8   
p]sonality1 ev] v>y+1 is adv]se to x4   
,9 societies ( animals1 all ! memb]s d  
exactly ! same ?+s4 ,! same g5ius       
directs !m2 ! same w animates !m4 ,a    
society ( bea/s is a collection ( atoms1
 r\nd1 hook$1 cubical1 or triangul>1 b  
always p]fectly id5tical4 ,^!           
p]sonalities d n v>y1 & we might say t a
 s+le ego gov]ns !m all4 ,! labors :i*  
animals p]=m1 :e!r alone or 9 society1  
are exact reproductions ( _! "*4 ,j z ! 
sw>m ( bees is compos$ ( individual     
bees1 alike 9 nature & equal 9 value1 s 
! honeycomb is =m$ ( individual cells1  
con/antly & inv>iably repeat$4  ,b man's
 intellig5ce1 fitt$ = 8 social de/9y & 8
 p]sonal ne$s1 is ( a v diff]5t         
composition1 & !re=e gives rise to a    

wond]ful v>iety ( human wills4 ,9 ! bee1
 ! w is con/ant & uni=m1 because !      
in/9ct :i* guides x is inv>iable1 &     
con/itutes ! animal's :ole life &       
nature4 ,9 man1 tal5t v>ies1 & ! m9d    
wav]s2 consequ5tly1 8 w is multi=m &    
vague4 ,he seeks society1 b dislikes    
con/ra9t & monotony2 he is an imitator1 
b fond ( 8 own ideas1 & passionately 9  
love ) 8 works4  ,if1 l ! bees1 e man 7 
born possess$ ( tal5t1 p]fect k ( c]ta9 
k9ds1 &1 9 a ^w1 an innate acqua9tance )
 ! functions he has to p]=m1 b de/itute 
( reflective & reason+ faculties1       
society w\ld organize itself4 ,we %\ld  
see "o man pl[+ a field1 ano!r build+   
h\ses2 ?is "o =g+ metals1 t "o cutt+    
clo!s2 & /ill o!rs /or+ ! products1 &   
sup]9t5d+ _! di/ribution4 ,ea* "o1 )\t  
inquir+ z to ! object ( 8 labor1 & )\t  
tr\bl+ himself ab\t ! ext5t ( 8 task1   
w\ld obey ord]s1 br+ 8 product1 receive 
8 sal>y1 & w\ld !n re/ = a "t2 keep+    
mean:ile no acc\nts1 envi\s ( nobody1 & 
satisfi$ ) ! di/ributor1 :o nev] w\ld be

 unju/ to any "o4 ,k+s w\ld gov]n1 b    
w\ld n reign2 = to reign is to be a     
proprietor a l'engrais1 z ,bonap>te     
said3 & hav+ no comm&s to give1 s9ce all
 w\ld be at _! po/s1 !y w\ld s]ve r z   
rally+ c5tres ?an z au?orities or       
c\nsellors4 ,x w\ld be a /ate ( ord]$   
communism1 b n a society ent]$ into     
delib]ately & freely4  ,b man acquires  
skill only by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,he
 reflects1 !n1 s9ce to obs]ve & exp]im5t
 is to reflect2 he reasons1 s9ce he _c  
help reason+4 ,9 reflect+1 he becomes   
delud$2 9 reason+1 he makes mi/akes1 &1 
?9k+ himself "r1 p]si/s 9 !m4 ,he is    
w$d$ to 8 op9ions2 he e/eems himself1 & 
despises o!rs4 ,consequ5tly1 he isolates
 himself2 = he c\ld n submit to !       
majority )\t r5\nc+ 8 w & 8 reason1--t  
is1 )\t dis[n+ himself1 :i* is          
impossible4 ,& ?is isolation1 ?is       
intellectual egotism1 ?is individuality 
( op9ion1 la/s until ! tru? is          
demon/rat$ to him by obs]vation &       
exp]i5ce4 ,a f9al illu/ration w make ^! 

facts /ill cle>]4  ,if to ! bl9d b      
conv]g5t & h>moni\s in/9cts ( a sw>m (  
bees %\ld be sudd5ly add$ reflection &  
judgm5t1 ! little society c\ld n long   
exi/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! bees w\ld n    
fail to try "s new indu/rial process2 = 
in/ance1 t ( mak+ _! cells r\nd or      
squ>e4 ,all sorts ( sy/ems & inv5tions  
w\ld be tri$1 until long exp]i5ce1 aid$ 
by geometry1 %\ld %[ !m t ! hexagonal   
%ape is ! be/4 ,!n insurrections w\ld   
occur4 ,! drones w\ld be told to provide
 = !mselves1 & ! que5s to labor2 jeal\sy
 w\ld spread among ! labor]s2 discords  
w\ld bur/ =?2 soon ea* "o w\ld want to  
produce on 8 own acc\nt2 & f9ally ! hive
 w\ld be ab&on$1 & ! bees w\ld p]i%4    
,evil w\ld be introduc$ into !          
honey-produc+ republic by ! p[] (       
reflection1--! v faculty :i* ought to   
con/itute its glory4  ,?us1 moral evil1 
or1 9 ?is case1 disord] 9 society1 is   
naturally expla9$ by our p[] (          
reflection4 ,! "m ( pov]ty1 crime1      
insurrection1 & w> 0 inequality (       

conditions2 :i* 0 ! daught] ( prop]ty1  
:i* 0 born ( selfi%ness1 :i* 0 eng5d]$  
by private op9ion1 :i* desc5d$ 9 a      
direct l9e f ! autocracy ( reason4 ,man1
 9 8 infancy1 is nei!r crim9al nor      
b>b>\s1 b ignorant & inexp]i5c$4 ,end[$ 
) imp]i\s in/9cts :i* are "u ! control (
 8 reason+ faculty1 at fir/ he reflects 
b little1 & reasons inaccurately2 !n1   
b5efit+ by 8 mi/akes1 he rectifies 8    
ideas1 & p]fects 8 reason4 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 x is ! savage sacrific+ all 8    
possessions = a tr9ket1 & !n rep5t+ &   
weep+2 x is ,esau sell+ 8 bir?right = a 
mess ( pottage1 & aft]w>ds wi%+ to      
cancel ! b>ga92 x is ! civiliz$ workman 
labor+ 9 insecurity1 & cont9ually dem&+ 
t 8 wages be increas$1 nei!r he nor 8   
employ] und]/&+ t1 9 ! abs5ce (         
equality1 any sal>y1 h[ev] l>ge1 is     
always insuffici5t4 ,!n x is ,nabo? dy+ 
to def5d 8 inh]itance2 ,cato te>+ out 8 
entrails t he might n be enslav$2       
,socrates dr9k+ ! fatal cup 9 def5ce (  
lib]ty ( ?\ght2 x is ! ?ird e/ate ( '#hi

 reclaim+ its lib]ty3 soon x w be ! p   
dem&+ equality ( wages & an equal       
division ( ! means ( production4  ,man  
is born a social be+1--t is1 he seeks   
equality & ju/ice 9 all 8 relations1 b  
he loves indep5d5ce & praise4 ,!        
difficulty ( satisfy+ ^! v>i\s desires  
at ! same "t is ! prim>y cause ( !      
despotism ( ! w1 & ! appropriation :i*  
results f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man always   
ne$s a m>ket = 8 products2 unable to    
comp>e values ( diff]5t k9ds1 he is     
satisfi$ to judge approximately1 accord+
 to 8 passion & caprice2 & he engages 9 
di%one/ comm]ce1 :i* always results 9   
weal? & pov]ty4 ,?us1 ! greate/ evils   
:i* man suff]s arise f ! misuse ( 8     
social nature1 ( ?is same ju/ice ( :i*  
he is s pr\d1 & :i* he applies ) su*    
deplorable ignorance4  ,! practice (    
ju/ice is a sci5ce :i*1 :5 once discov]$
 & diffus$1 w soon] or lat] put an end  
to social disord]1 by tea*+ u our rights
 & duties4  ,?is progressive & pa9ful   
education ( our in/9ct1 ?is sl[ &       

imp]ceptible trans=mation ( our         
spontane\s p]ceptions into delib]ate k1 
does n take place among ! animals1 ^:   
in/9cts rema9 fix$1 & nev] become       
enlight5$4   ,accord+ to ,fr$]ic ,cuvi]1
 :o has s cle>ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 in/9ct 
& intellig5ce 9 animals1 'in/9ct is a   
natural & inh]5t faculty1 l feel+1      
irritability1 or intellig5ce4 ,! wolf & 
! fox :o recognize ! traps 9 :i* !y h   
be5 caught1 & :o avoid !m2 ! dog & !    
horse1 :o und]/& ! mean+ ( sev]al ( our 
words1 & :o obey u1--!reby %[           
intellig5ce4 ,! dog :o hides ! rema9s ( 
8 d9n]1 ! bee :o con/ructs 8 cell1 !    
bird :o builds 8 ne/1 act only f in/9ct4
 ,ev5 man has in/9cts3 x is a special   
in/9ct :i* leads ! new-born *ild to     
suck4 ,b1 9 man1 almo/ e ?+ is          
accompli%$ by intellig5ce2 & intellig5ce
 supplem5ts in/9ct4 ,! opposite is true 
( animals3 _! in/9ct is giv5 !m z a     
supplem5t to _! intellig5ce4'--,fl\r5s3 
,analytical ,summ>y ( ! ,obs]vations (  
,f4 ,cuvi]4  ,we c =m a cle> idea (     

in/9ct only by admitt+ t animals h 9 _! 
s5sorium1 images or innate & con/ant    
s5sations1 :i* influ5ce _! actions 9 !  
same mann] t ord9>y & accid5tal         
s5sations commonly d4 ,x is a sort (    
dream1 or vision1 :i* always foll[s !m &
 9 all :i* relates to in/9ct !y may be  
reg>d$ z somnambuli/s4--,f4 ,cuvi]3     
,introduction to ! ,animal ,k+dom4      
,intellig5ce & in/9ct be+ common1 !n1   
?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees1 to animals &    
man1 :at is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( !   
latt]8 ,accord+ to ,f4 ,cuvi]1 x is     
,,reflection ,,or ,,! ,,p[] ,,(         
,,intellectually ,,consid]+ ,,our ,,own 
,,modifications ,,by ,a ,,survey ,,(    
,,ourselves4 ,?is lacks cle>ness1 &     
requires an explanation4  ,if we grant  
intellig5ce to animals1 we mu/ also     
grant !m1 9 "s degree1 reflection2 =1 ! 
fir/ _c exi/ )\t ! second1 z ,f4 ,cuvi] 
himself has prov$ by num]\s examples4 ,b
 notice t ! le>n$ obs]v] def9es ! k9d ( 
reflection :i* di/+ui%es u f ! animals z
 ! ,,p[] ,,( ,,consid]+ ,,our ,,own     

,,modifications4 ,?is ,i %all endeav\r  
to int]pret1 by develop+ to ! be/ ( my  
ability ! laconism ( ! philosophical    
naturali/4  ,! intellig5ce acquir$ by   
animals nev] modifies ! op]ations :i* !y
 p]=m by in/9ct3 x is giv5 !m only z a  
provision aga9/ unexpect$ accid5ts :i*  
might di/urb ^! op]ations4 ,9 man1 on ! 
contr>y1 in/9ctive action is con/antly  
*ang+ into delib]ate action4 ,?us1 man  
is social by in/9ct1 & is e day becom+  
social by reflection & *oice4 ,at fir/1 
he =m$ 8 words by in/9ct2#a he 0 a poet 
by inspiration3 to-day1 he makes gramm> 
a sci5ce1 & poetry an art4 ,8 conception
 ( ,god & a future life is spontane\s & 
in/9ctive1 & 8 expressions ( ?is        
conception h be51 by turns1 mon/r\s1    
ecc5tric1 beautiful1 com=t+1 & t]rible4 
,all ^! diff]5t cre$s1 at :i* ! frivol\s
 irreligion ( ! eighte5? c5tury mock$1  
are modes ( expression ( ! religi\s     
s5tim5t4 ,"s day1 man w expla9 to       
himself ! "* ( ! ,god :om he believes 91
 & ! nature ( t o!r _w to :i* 8 s\l     

aspires4  #a ,! problem ( ! orig9 (     
language is solv$ by ! di/9ction made by
 ,fr$]ic ,cuvi] betwe5 in/9ct &         
intellig5ce4 ,language is n a           
prem$itat$1 arbitr>y1 or conv5tional    
device2 nor is x communicat$ or reveal$ 
to u by ,god4 ,language is an in/9ctive 
& unprem$itat$ creation ( man1 z ! hive 
is ( ! bee4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x may be said t
 language is n ! "w ( man1 s9ce x is n !
 "w ( 8 m9d4 ,fur!r1 ! me*anism (       
language seems m wond]ful & +5i\s :5 x  
is n reg>d$ z ! result ( reflection4    
,?is fact is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s &        
indisputable :i* philology has obs]v$4  
,see1 among o!r works1 a ,lat9 essay by 
,f4 ,g4 ,b]gmann 7,/rasb\rg1 #ahci71 9  
:i* ! le>n$ au?or expla9s h[ ! phonetic 
g]m is born ( s5sation2 h[ language     
passes ?r\gh ?ree successive /ages (    
developm5t2 :y man1 end[$ at bir? ) !   
in/9ctive faculty ( creat+ a language1  
loses ?is faculty z fa/ z 8 m9d         
develops2 & t ! /udy ( languages is real
 natural hi/ory1--9 fact1 a sci5ce4     

,france possesses to-day sev]al         
philologi/s ( ! fir/ rank1 end[$ ) r>e  
tal5ts & deep philosophic               
insight1--mode/ savants develop+ a      
sci5ce almo/ )\t ! k ( ! public2 devot+ 
!mselves to /udies :i* are scornfully   
look$ d[n ^u1 & seem+ to %un applause z 
mu* z o!rs seek x4   ,all t he does f   
in/9ct man despises2 or1 if he admires  
x1 x is z ,nature's "w1 n z 8 own4 ,?is 
expla9s ! obscurity :i* surr\nds ! names
 ( e>ly inv5tors2 x expla9s also our    
indiff]5ce to religi\s matt]s1 & !      
ridicule heap$ ^u religi\s cu/oms4 ,man 
e/eems only ! products ( reflection & ( 
reason4 ,! mo/ wond]ful works ( in/9ct  
are1 9 8 eyes1 only lucky ,,god-,,s5ds2 
he res]ves ! "n ,,discov]y--,i _h almo/ 
said creation--= ! works ( intellig5ce4 
,in/9ct is ! s\rce ( passion &          
en?usiasm2 x is intellig5ce :i* causes  
crime & virtue4  ,9 develop+ 8          
intellig5ce1 man makes use ( n only 8   
own obs]vations1 b also ^? ( o!rs4 ,he  
keeps an acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & pres]ves

 ! record2 s t ! race1 z well z !       
individual1 becomes m & m intellig5t4 ,!
 animals d n transmit _! k2 t :i* ea*   
individual accumulates dies ) him4  ,x  
is n en\gh1 !n1 to say t we are di/+ui%$
 f ! animals by reflection1 unless we   
mean !reby ! ,,con/ant ,,t5d5cy ,,(     
,,our ,,in/9ct ,,to ,,become            
,,intellig5ce4 ,:ile man is gov]n$ by   
in/9ct1 he is unconsci\s ( 8 acts4 ,he  
nev] w\ld deceive himself1 & nev] w\ld  
be tr\bl$ by errors1 evils1 & disord]1  
if1 l ! animals1 in/9ct 7 8 only guide4 
,b ! ,creator has end[$ u ) reflection1 
to ! end t our in/9ct might become      
intellig5ce2 & s9ce ?is reflection &    
result+ k pass ?r\gh v>i\s /ages1 x     
happ5s t 9 ! beg9n+ our in/9ct is       
oppos$1 r ?an guid$1 by reflection2     
consequ5tly1 t our p[] ( ?\ght leads u  
to act 9 opposition to our nature & our 
end2 t1 deceiv+ ourselves1 we d & suff] 
evil1 until in/9ct :i* po9ts u t[>ds    
good1 & reflection :i* makes u /umble   
into evil1 are replac$ by ! sci5ce (    

good & evil1 :i* inv>iably causes u to  
seek ! "o & avoid ! o!r4  ,?us1 evil--or
 error & its consequ5ces--is ! fir/born 
son ( ! union ( two oppos+ faculties1   
in/9ct & reflection2 good1 or tru?1 mu/ 
inevitably be ! second *ild4 ,or1 to    
aga9 employ ! figure1 evil is ! product 
( ince/ betwe5 adv]se p[]s2 good w soon]
 or lat] be ! legitimate *ild ( _! holy 
& my/]i\s union4  ,prop]ty1 born ( !    
reason+ faculty1 intr5*es itself beh9d  
comp>isons4 ,b1 j z reflection & reason 
are subsequ5t to spontaneity1 obs]vation
 to s5sation1 & exp]i5ce to in/9ct1 s   
prop]ty is subsequ5t to communism4      
,communism--or association 9 a simple   
=m--is ! necess>y object & orig9al      
aspiration ( ! social nature1 !         
spontane\s movem5t by :i* x manife/s &  
e/abli%es itself4 ,x is ! fir/ phase (  
human civilization4 ,9 ?is /ate (       
society1--:i* ! juri/s h call$          
,,negative ,,communism--man draws ne> to
 man1 & %>es ) him ! fruits ( ! field & 
! milk & fle% ( animals4 ,little by     

little ?is communism--negative z long z 
man does n produce--t5ds to become      
positive & organic ?r\gh ! developm5t ( 
labor & indu/ry4 ,b x is !n t !         
sov]eignty ( ?\ght1 & ! t]rible faculty 
( reason+ logically or illogically1 tea*
 man t1 if equality is ! s9e qua non (  
society1 communism is ! fir/ species (  
slav]y4 ,to express ?is idea by an      
,hegelian =mula1 ,i w say3              
,communism--! fir/ expression ( ! social
 nature--is ! fir/ t]m ( social         
developm5t1--! ,,!sis2 prop]ty1 ! rev]se
 ( communism1 is ! second t]m1--!       
,,anti!sis4 ,:5 we h discov]$ ! ?ird    
t]m1 ! ,,syn!sis1 we %all h ! requir$   
solution4 ,n[1 ?is syn!sis necess>ily   
results f ! correction ( ! !sis by !    
anti!sis4 ,!re=e x is necess>y1 by a    
f9al exam9ation ( _! *>act]i/ics1 to    
elim9ate ^? features :i* are ho/ile to  
sociability4 ,! union ( ! two rema9d]s w
 give u ! true =m ( human association4  
#b4--;,*>act]i/ics ( ,communism & (     
,prop]ty4   ,i4 ,i ought n to conceal ! 

fact t prop]ty & communism h be5        
consid]$ always ! only possible =ms (   
society4 ,?is deplorable error has be5 !
 life ( prop]ty4 ,! disadvantages (     
communism are s obvi\s t its critics    
nev] h ne$$ to employ mu* eloqu5ce to   
?or\ghly disgu/ m5 ) x4 ,! irrep>ability
 ( ! inju/ice :i* x causes1 ! viol5ce   
:i* x does to attractions & repulsions1 
! yoke ( iron :i* x fa/5s ^u ! w1 !     
moral torture to :i* x subjects !       
consci5ce1 ! debilitat+ effect :i* x has
 ^u society2 &1 to sum x all up1 ! pi\s 
& /upid uni=mity :i* x en=ces ^u ! free1
 active1 reason+1 unsubmissive          
p]sonality ( man1 h %ock$ common s5se1 &
 condemn$ communism by an irrevocable   
decree4  ,! au?orities & examples cit$ 9
 its favor disprove x4 ,! communi/ic    
republic ( ,plato involv$ slav]y2 t (   
,lycurgus employ$ ,helots1 ^: duty x 0  
to produce = _! ma/]s1 ?us enabl+ !     
latt] to devote !mselves exclusively to 
a?letic sports & to w>4 ,ev5 ,j4 ,j4    
,r\sseau--conf\nd+ communism &          

equality--has said some:]e t1 )\t       
slav]y1 he did n ?9k equality (         
conditions possible4 ,! communities ( ! 
e>ly ,*ur* did n la/ ! fir/ c5tury out1 
& soon deg5]at$ into mona/]ies4 ,9 ^? ( 
! ,jesuits ( ,p>aguay1 ! condition ( !  
blacks is said by all travell]s to be z 
mis]able z t ( slaves2 & x is a fact t !
 good ,fa!rs 7 oblig$ to surr\nd        
!mselves ) dit*es & walls to prev5t _!  
new conv]ts f escap+4 ,! foll[]s (      
,baboeuf--guid$ by a l(ty horror (      
prop]ty r ?an by any def9ite belief--7  
ru9$ by exagg]ation ( _! pr9ciples2 !   
,/4 ,simonians1 lump+ communism &       
inequality1 pass$ away l a masqu]ade4 ,!
 greate/ dang] to :i* society is expos$ 
to-day is t ( ano!r %ipwreck on ?is     
rock4  ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 sy/ematic        
communism--! delib]ate negation (       
prop]ty--is conceiv$ "u ! direct        
influ5ce ( ! propriet>y prejudice2 &    
prop]ty is ! basis ( all communi/ic     
!ories4  ,! memb]s ( a community1 x is  
true1 h no private prop]ty2 b !         

community is proprietor1 & proprietor n 
only ( ! goods1 b ( ! p]sons & wills4 ,9
 consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple ( absolute   
prop]ty1 labor1 :i* %\ld be only a      
condition impos$ ^u man by ,nature1     
becomes 9 all communities a human       
comm&m5t1 & !re=e odi\s4 ,passive       
ob$i5ce1 irreconcilable ) a reflect+ w1 
is /rictly en=c$4 ,fidelity to          
regulations1 :i* are always defective1  
h[ev] wise !y may be ?\ght1 all[s ( no  
compla9t4 ,life1 tal5t1 & all ! human   
faculties are ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 :i*  
has ! "r to use !m z x pleases = !      
common good4 ,private associations are  
/]nly prohibit$1 9 spite ( ! likes &    
dislikes ( diff]5t natures1 because to  
tol]ate !m w\ld be to introduce small   
communities )9 ! l>ge "o1 & consequ5tly 
private prop]ty2 ! /rong "w = ! weak1   
al?\gh ?is ought to be left to          
b5evol5ce1 & n en=c$1 advis$1 or enjo9$2
 ! indu/ri\s "w = ! lazy1 al?\gh ?is is 
unju/2 ! clev] "w = ! fooli%1 al?\gh ?is
 is absurd2 &1 f9ally1 man--ca/+ aside 8

 p]sonality1 8 spontaneity1 8 g5ius1 & 8
 affections--humbly annihilates himself 
at ! feet ( ! maje/ic & inflexible      
,commune6  ,communism is inequality1 b n
 z prop]ty is4 ,prop]ty is !            
exploitation ( ! weak by ! /rong4       
,communism is ! exploitation ( ! /rong  
by ! weak4 ,9 prop]ty1 inequality (     
conditions is ! result ( =ce1 "u :atev] 
"n x be disguis$3 physical & m5tal =ce2 
=ce ( ev5ts1 *ance1 ,,=tune2 =ce (      
accumulat$ prop]ty1 c4 ,9 communism1    
inequality spr+s f plac+ m$iocrity on a 
level ) excell5ce4 ,?is damag+ equation 
is repell5t to ! consci5ce1 & causes    
m]it to compla92 =1 al?\gh x may be !   
duty ( ! /rong to aid ! weak1 !y pref]  
to d x out ( g5]osity1--!y nev] w endure
 a comp>ison4 ,give !m equal            
opportunities ( labor1 & equal wages1 b 
nev] all[ _! jeal\sy to be awak5$ by    
mutual suspicion ( unfai?fulness 9 !    
p]=mance ( ! common task4  ,communism is
 oppression & slav]y4 ,man is v will+ to
 obey ! law ( duty1 s]ve 8 c\ntry1 &    

oblige 8 fri5ds2 b he wi%es to labor :5 
he pleases1 :]e he pleases1 & z mu* z he
 pleases4 ,he wi%es to dispose ( 8 own  
"t1 to be gov]n$ only by necessity1 to  
*oose 8 fri5d%ips1 8 recreation1 & 8    
discipl9e2 to act f judgm5t1 n by comm&2
 to sacrifice himself ?r\gh selfi%ness1 
n ?r\gh s]vile obligation4 ,communism is
 ess5tially oppos$ to ! free ex]cise (  
our faculties1 to our noble/ desires1 to
 our deepe/ feel+s4 ,any plan :i* c\ld  
be devis$ = reconcil+ x ) ! dem&s ( !   
individual reason & w w\ld end only 9   
*ang+ ! ?+ :ile pres]v+ ! "n4 ,n[1 if we
 are hone/ tru?-seek]s1 we %all avoid   
disputes ab\t words4  ,?us1 communism   
violates ! sov]eignty ( ! consci5ce1 &  
equality3 ! fir/1 by re/rict+           
spontaneity ( m9d & he>t1 & fre$om (    
?\ght & action2 ! second1 by plac+ labor
 & laz9ess1 skill & /upidity1 & ev5 vice
 & virtue on an equality 9 po9t ( com=t4
 ,= ! re/1 if prop]ty is impossible on  
acc\nt ( ! desire to accumulate1        
communism w\ld soon become s ?r\gh !    

desire to %irk4   ,,ii4 ,prop]ty1 9 its 
turn1 violates equality by ! rights (   
exclusion & increase1 & fre$om by       
despotism4 ,! =m] effect ( prop]ty hav+ 
be5 suffici5tly develop$ 9 ! la/ ?ree   
*apt]s1 ,i w cont5t myself "h ) e/abli%+
 by a f9al comp>ison1 its p]fect id5tity
 ) robb]y4  ,! ,lat9 words = robb] are  
fur & latro2 ! =m] tak5 f ! ,greek      
,,greek m 1 f ,,greek m 1 ,lat9 f]o1 ,i 
c>ry away2 ! latt] f ,,greek 'i 1 ,i    
play ! "p ( a brig&1 :i* is d]iv$ f     
,,greek i 1 ,lat9 lateo1 ,i conceal     
myself4 ,! ,greeks h also ,,greek ncg 1 
f ,,greek ncg 1 ,i fil*1 ^: radical     
consonants are ! same z ^? ( ,,greek '  
cg 1 ,i cov]1 ,i conceal4 ,?us1 9 ^!    
languages1 ! idea ( a robb] is t ( a man
 :o conceals1 c>ries away1 or div]ts1 9 
any mann] :atev]1 a ?+ :i* does n belong
 to him4  ,! ,hebrews express$ ! same   
idea by ! ^w gannab1--robb]1--f ! v]b   
ganab1 :i* means to put away1 to turn   
aside3 lo ?i-gnob 7,decalogue3 ,eigh?   
,comm&m5t71 ?\ %alt n /eal1--t is1 ?\   

%alt n hold back1 ?\ %alt n put away any
 ?+ = ?yself4 ,t is ! act ( a man :o1 on
 ent]+ into a society into :i* he agrees
 to br+ all t he has1 secretly res]ves a
 portion1 z did ! celebrat$ disciple    
,ananias4  ,! etymology ( ! ,fr5* v]b   
vol] is /ill m significant4 ,vol]1 or   
faire la vole 7f ! ,lat9 vola1 palm ( ! 
h&71 means to take all ! tricks 9 a game
 ( ombre2 s t le voleur1 ! robb]1 is !  
capitali/ :o takes all1 :o gets ! lion's
 %>e4 ,probably ?is v]b vol] _h its     
orig9 9 ! pr(essional slang ( ?ieves1   
:5ce x has pass$ into common use1 &1    
consequ5tly into ! phraseology ( ! law4 
,robb]y is committ$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1  
:i* h be5 v clev]ly di/+ui%$ & classifi$
 by legislators accord+ to _! he9\sness 
or m]it1 to ! end t "s robb]s may be    
honor$1 :ile o!rs are puni%$4  ,we      
rob1--#a4 ,by murd] on ! highway2 #b4   
,alone1 or 9 a b&2 #c4 ,by break+ into  
build+s1 or scal+ walls2 #d4 ,by        
ab/raction2 #e4 ,by fraudul5t           
bankruptcy2 #f4 ,by =g]y ( ! h&writ+ (  

public (ficials or private individuals2 
#g4 ,by manufacture ( c\nt]feit money4  
,?is species includes all robb]s :o     
practise _! pr(ession ) no o!r aid ?an  
=ce & op5 fraud4 ,b&its1 brig&s1        
pirates1 rov]s by l& & sea1--^! names 7 
glori$ 9 by ! anci5t h]oes1 :o ?\ght _! 
pr(ession z noble z x 0 lucrative4      
,nimrod1 ,!seus1 ,jason & 8 ,argonauts2 
,jeph?ah1 ,david1 ,cacus1 ,romulus1     
,clovis & all 8 ,m]ov+ian desc5dants2   
,rob]t ,guisc>d1 ,tancr$ de ,hauteville1
 ,bohemond1 & mo/ ( ! ,norman h]oes1--7 
brig&s & robb]s4 ,! h]oic "* ( ! robb]  
is express$ 9 ?is l9e f ,horace1 9      
ref]5ce to ,a*illes1--           ,jura  
neget sibi nata1 nihil non arroget      
armis1 #bg & by ?is s5t5ce f ! dy+ words
 ( ,jacob 7,g54 xlviii471 :i* ! ,jews   
apply to ,david1 & ! ,*ri/ians to _!    
,*ri/3 ,manus ejus contra omnes4 ,9 our 
day1 ! robb]--! w>rior ( ! anci5ts--is  
pursu$ ) ! utmo/ vigor4 ,8 pr(ession1 9 
! language ( ! code1 entails ignom9i\s &
 corporal p5alties1 f imprisonm5t to !  

scaffold4 ,a sad *ange 9 op9ions "h     
bel[6  ,we rob1--#h4 ,by *eat+2 #i4 ,by 
sw9dl+2 #aj4 ,by abuse ( tru/2 #aa4 ,by 
games & lott]ies4  ,?is second species 0
 enc\rag$ by ! laws ( ,lycurgus1 9 ord] 
to %>p5 ! wits ( ! "y4 ,x is ! k9d      
practis$ by ,ulysses1 ,solon1 & ,s9on2  
by ! anci5t & mod]n ,jews1 f ,jacob d[n 
to ,deutz2 & by ! ,bohemians1 ! ,arabs1 
& all savage tribes4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiii4 &
 ,l\is ,,xiv41 x 0 n consid]$           
di%onorable to *eat at play4 ,to d s 0 a
 "p ( ! game2 & _m wor?y p did n scruple
 to correct ! caprice ( ,=tune by       
dext]\s juggl]y4 ,to-day ev51 & 9 all   
c\ntries1 x is ?\ght a m>k ( m]it among 
peasants1 m]*ants1 & %opkeep]s to ,,"k  
,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,b>ga91--t is1 to  
deceive "o's man4 ,?is is s univ]sally  
accept$1 t ! *eat$ p>ty takes no (f5ce4 
,x is kn[n ) :at reluctance our gov]nm5t
 resolv$ ^u ! abolition ( lott]ies4 ,x  
felt t x 0 deal+ a /ab !reby at prop]ty4
 ,! pickpocket1 ! blackleg1 & ! *>latan 
make especial use ( _! dext]ity ( h&1 _!

 subtlety ( m9d1 ! magic p[] ( _!       
eloqu5ce1 & _! great f]tility (         
inv5tion4 ,sometimes !y (f] bait to     
cupidity4 ,!re=e ! p5al code--:i* mu*   
pref]s intellig5ce to muscul> vigor--has
 made1 ( ! f\r v>ieties m5tion$ above1 a
 second category1 liable only to        
correctional1 n to ,ignom9i\s1          
puni%m5ts4  ,let !m n[ accuse ! law (   
be+ mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic4  ,we          
rob1--#ab4 ,by usury4  ,?is species (   
robb]y1 s odi\s & s sev]ely puni%$ s9ce 
! publication ( ! ,gospel1 is ! connect+
 l9k betwe5 =bidd5 & au?oriz$ robb]y4   
,ow+ to its ambigu\s nature1 x has giv5 
rise to a multitude ( contradictions 9 !
 laws & 9 morals1--contradictions :i* h 
be5 v clev]ly turn$ to acc\nt by lawy]s1
 f9anci]s1 & m]*ants4 ,?us ! usur]1 :o  
l5ds on mortgage at t51 twelve1 & fifte5
 p] c5t41 is heavily f9$ :5 detect$2    
:ile ! bank]1 :o receives ! same int]e/ 
7n1 x is true1 ^u a loan1 b 9 ! way (   
ex*ange or disc\nt1--t is1 ( sale71 is  
protect$ by royal privilege4 ,b !       

di/9ction betwe5 ! bank] & ! usur] is a 
purely nom9al "o4 ,l ! usur]1 :o l5ds on
 prop]ty1 real or p]sonal1 ! bank] l5ds 
on bus9ess pap]2 l ! usur]1 he takes 8  
int]e/ 9 advance2 l ! usur]1 he c recov]
 f ! borr[] if ! prop]ty is de/roy$ 7t  
is1 if ! note is n r$eem$71--a          
circum/ance :i* makes him a money-l5d]1 
n a money-sell]4 ,b ! bank] l5ds = a    
%ort "t only1 :ile ! usur]'s loan may be
 = "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m ye>s4 ,n[1 a     
diff]5ce 9 ! duration ( ! loan1 or ! =m 
( ! act1 does n alt] ! nature ( !       
transaction4 ,z = ! capitali/s :o inve/ 
_! money1 ei!r ) ! ,/ate or 9 comm]cial 
op]ations1 at ?ree1 f\r1 & five p]      
c5t41--t is1 :o l5d on usury at a little
 l[] rate ?an ! bank]s & usur]s1--!y are
 ! fl[] ( society1 ! cream ( hone/y6    
,mod]ation 9 robb]y is ! height (       
virtue6 #bh  ,b :at1 !n1 is usury8 ,no?+
 is m amus+ ?an to see ^! ,,in/ructors  
,,( ,,nations hesitate betwe5 ! au?ority
 ( ! ,gospel1 :i*1 !y say1 ,,nev] ,,c   
,,h ,,spok5 ,,9 ,,va91 & ! au?ority (   

economical demon/rations4 ,no?+1 to my  
m9d1 is m cr$itable to ! ,gospel ?an ?is
 old infidelity ( its pret5d$ tea*]s4   
,salmasius1 hav+ assimilat$ int]e/ to   
r5t1 0 ,,refut$ by ,grotius1 ,puf5dorf1 
,burlamaqui1 ,wolf1 & ,he9eccius2 &1 :at
 is m curi\s /ill1 ,salmasius ,,admitt$ 
,,8 ,,error4 ,in/ead ( inf]r+ f ?is     
doctr9e ( ,salmasius t all increase is  
illegitimate1 & proce$+ /raight on to ! 
demon/ration ( ,gospel equality1 !y     
arriv$ at j ! opposite conclusion2      
namely1 t s9ce ev]ybody ackn[l$ges t r5t
 is p]missible1 if we all[ t int]e/ does
 n diff] f r5t1 !re is no?+ left :i* c  
be call$ usury1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !     
comm&m5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is an           
,,illusion1 & am\nts to ,,no?+1 :i* is  
an impi\s conclusion4  ,if ?is memoir _h
 appe>$ 9 ! "t ( ,bossuet1 t great      
!ologian w\ld h ,,prov$ by scripture1 ! 
fa!rs1 traditions1 c\ncils1 & popes1 t  
prop]ty exi/s by ,div9e "r1 :ile usury  
is an inv5tion ( ! devil2 & ! h]etical  
"w w\ld h be5 burn$1 & ! au?or          

imprison$4   ,we rob1--#ac4 ,by f>m-r5t1
 h\se-r5t1 & leases ( all k9ds4  ,!     
au?or ( ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s ent]ta9$ ! 
hone/ ,*ri/ians ( ! sev5te5? c5tury at !
 exp5se ( ,escob>1 ! ,jesuit1 & !       
contract ,mohatra4 ,! contract ,mohatra1
 said ,escob>1 is a contract by :i*     
goods are b\ght1 at a high price & on   
cr$it1 to be aga9 sold at ! same mom5t  
to ! same p]son1 ca% d[n1 & at a l[]    
price4 ,escob> f\nd a way to ju/ify ?is 
k9d ( usury4 ,pascal & all ! ,jans5i/s  
laugh$ at him4 ,b :at w\ld ! satirical  
,pascal1 ! le>n$ ,nicole1 & ! inv9cible 
,arnaud h said1 if ,fa!r ,anto9e ,escob>
 de ,valladolid _h answ]$ !m ?us3 ,a    
lease is a contract by :i* real e/ate is
 b\ght1 at a high price & on cr$it1 to  
be aga9 sold1 at ! expiration ( a c]ta9 
"t1 to ! same p]son1 at a l[] price2    
only1 to simplify ! transaction1 ! buy] 
is cont5t to pay ! diff]5ce betwe5 !    
fir/ sale & ! second4 ,ei!r d5y !       
id5tity ( ! lease & ! contract ,mohatra1
 & !n ,i w annihilate y 9 a mom5t2 or1  

if y admit ! simil>ity1 admit also !    
s\ndness ( my doctr9e3 o!rwise y        
proscribe bo? int]e/ & r5t at "o bl[8   
,9 reply to ?is ov]:elm+ argum5t ( !    
,jesuit1 ! sire ( ,montalte w\ld h s\nd$
 ! tocs91 & w\ld h %\t$ t society 0 9   
p]il1--t ! ,jesuits 7 sapp+ its v       
f\ndations4  ,we rob1--#ad4 ,by comm]ce1
 :5 ! pr(it ( ! m]*ant exce$s 8         
legitimate sal>y4  ,ev]ybody kn[s !     
def9ition ( comm]ce--,,! ,,art ,,(      
,,buy+ ,,= ,,?ree ,,francs ,,t ,,:i*    
,,is ,,wor? ,,six1 ,,& ,,( ,,sell+ ,,=  
,,six ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,wor? ,,?ree4     
,betwe5 comm]ce ?us def9$ & vol a       
l'am]ica9e1 ! only diff]5ce is 9 !      
relative proportion ( ! values          
ex*ang$1--9 %ort1 9 ! am\nt ( ! pr(it4  
,we rob1--#ae4 ,by mak+ pr(it on our    
product1 by accept+ s9ecures1 & by      
exact+ exorbitant wages4  ,! f>m]1 :o   
sells a c]ta9 am\nt ( corn to ! consum]1
 & :o dur+ ! measurem5t ?ru/s 8 h& into 
! bu%el & takes out a h&ful ( gra9s1    
robs2 ! pr(essor1 ^: lectures are paid =

 by ! ,/ate1 & :o ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a
 booksell] sells !m to ! public a second
 "t1 robs2 ! s9ecuri/1 :o receives an   
enorm\s product 9 ex*ange = 8 vanity1   
robs2 ! function>y1 ! labor]1 :atev] he 
may be1 :o produces only "o & gets paid 
f\r1 "o hundr$1 or "o ?\s&1 robs2 !     
publi%] ( ?is book1 & ,i1 its au?or1--we
 rob1 by *>g+ = x twice z mu* z x is    
wor?4  ,9 recapitulation3--  ,ju/ice1   
aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! /ate ( negative      
communism1 call$ by ! anci5t poets !    
,,age ,,( ,,gold1 comm5ces z ! "r ( !   
/ronge/4 ,9 a society :i* is try+ to    
organize itself1 inequality ( faculties 
calls up ! idea ( m]it2 equite sugge/s !
 plan ( proportion+ n only e/eem1 b also
 mat]ial com=ts1 to p]sonal m]it2 & s9ce
 ! highe/ & almo/ ! only m]it !n        
recogniz$ is physical /r5g?1 ! /ronge/1 
,,greek ' eg 1 & consequ5tly ! be/1     
,,greek ' eg 1 is entitl$ to ! l>ge/    
%>e2 & if x is refus$ him1 he v         
naturally takes x by =ce4 ,f ?is to !   
assumption ( ! "r ( prop]ty 9 all ?+s1 x

 is b "o /ep4  ,su* 0 ju/ice 9 ! h]oic  
age1 pres]v$1 at lea/ by tradition1     
among ! ,greeks & ,romans d[n to ! la/  
days ( _! republics4 ,plato1 9 !        
,gorgias1 introduces a "* nam$          
,callicles1 :o spirit$ly def5ds ! "r ( !
 /ronge/1 :i* ,socrates1 ! advocate (   
equality1 ,,greek g e  1 s]i\sly        
refutes4  ,x is relat$ ( ! great        
,pompey1 t he blu%$ easily1 &1          
nev]!less1 ^! words once escap$ 8 lips3 
,:y %\ld ,i respect ! laws1 :5 ,i h arms
 9 my h&8 ,?is %[s him to h be5 a man 9 
:om ! moral s5se & ambition 7 /ruggl+ = 
! ma/]y1 & :o s\ght to ju/ify 8 viol5ce 
by ! motto ( ! h]o & ! brig&4  ,f ! "r (
 ! /ronge/ spr+s ! exploitation ( man by
 man1 or bondage2 usury1 or ! tribute   
levi$ ^u ! conqu]$ by ! conqu]or2 & !   
:ole num]\s family ( taxes1 duties1     
mon>*ical pr]ogatives1 h\se-r5ts1       
f>m-r5ts1 c42 9 "o ^w1--prop]ty4  ,=ce 0
 foll[$ by artifice1 ! second           
manife/ation ( ju/ice1 :i* 0 dete/$ by !
 anci5t h]oes1 :o1 n excell+ 9 t        

direction1 7 heavy los]s by x4 ,=ce 0   
/ill employ$1 b m5tal =ce in/ead (      
physical4 ,skill 9 deceiv+ an enemy by  
trea*]\s propositions seem$ des]v+ (    
rew>d2 nev]!less1 ! /rong always prid$  
!mselves ^u _! hone/y4 ,9 ^? days1 oa?s 
7 obs]v$ & promises kept accord+ to !   
lett] r ?an ! _s3 ,uti l+ua nuncupassit1
 ita jus e/o1--,z ! tongue has spok51 s 
mu/ ! "r be1 says ! law ( ! ,twelve     
,tables4 ,artifice1 or r p]fidy1 0 ! ma9
 elem5t 9 ! politics ( anci5t ,rome4    
,among o!r examples1 ,vico cites !      
foll[+1 also quot$ by ,montesquieu3 ,!  
,romans _h gu>ante$ to ! ,c>?ag9ians !  
pres]vation ( _! goods & _!             
,,city1--int5tionally us+ ! ^w civitas1 
t is1 ! society1 ! ,/ate2 ! ,c>?ag9ians1
 on ! contr>y1 und]/ood !m to mean !    
mat]ial city1 urbs1 & accord+ly began to
 rebuild _! walls4 ,!y 7 imm$iately     
attack$ on acc\nt ( _! violation ( !    
treaty1 by ! ,romans1 :o1 act+ ^u ! old 
h]oic idea ( "r1 did n imag9e t1 9 tak+ 
advantage ( an equivocation to surprise 

_! enemies1 !y 7 wag+ unju/ w>4  ,f     
artifice sprang ! pr(its ( manufactures1
 comm]ce1 & bank+1 m]cantile frauds1 &  
pret5sions :i* are honor$ ) ! beautiful 
names ( ,,tal5t & ,,g5ius1 b :i* ought  
to be reg>d$ z ! la/ degree ( knav]y &  
deception2 &1 f9ally1 all sorts ( social
 inequalities4  ,9 ^? =ms ( robb]y :i*  
are prohibit$ by law1 =ce & artifice are
 employ$ alone & undisguis$2 9 !        
au?oriz$ =ms1 !y conceal !mselves )9 a  
useful product1 :i* !y use z a tool to  
plund] _! victim4  ,! direct use (      
viol5ce & /ratagem 0 e>ly & univ]sally  
condemn$2 b no nation has yet got rid ( 
t k9d ( robb]y :i* acts ?r\gh tal5t1    
labor1 & possession1 & :i* is ! s\rce ( 
all ! dilemmas ( casui/ry & ! innum]able
 contradictions ( jurisprud5ce4  ,! "r (
 =ce & ! "r ( artifice--glorifi$ by !   
rhapsodi/s 9 ! poems ( ! ,iliad & !     
,odyssey--inspir$ ! legislation ( !     
,greeks & ,romans1 f :i* !y pass$ into  
our morals & codes4 ,*ri/ianity has n   
*ang$ at all4 ,! ,gospel %\ld n be      

blam$1 because ! prie/s1 z /upid z !    
legi/s1 h be5 unable ei!r to exp\nd or  
to und]/& x4 ,! ignorance ( c\ncils &   
popes ^u all que/ions ( morality is     
equal to t ( ! m>ket-place & !          
money-*ang]s2 & x is ?is utt] ignorance 
( "r1 ju/ice1 & society1 :i* is kill+ ! 
,*ur*1 & discr$it+ its tea*+s = ev]4 ,! 
infidelity ( ! ,roman *ur* & o!r        
,*ri/ian *ur*es is flagrant2 all h      
disreg>d$ ! precept ( ,jesus2 all h err$
 9 moral & doctr9al po9ts2 all are      
guilty ( tea*+ false & absurd dogmas1   
:i* lead /raight to wick$ness & murd]4  
,let x ask p>don ( ,god & m51--?is *ur* 
:i* call$ itself infallible1 & :i* has  
gr[n s corrupt 9 morals2 let its re=m$  
si/]s humble !mselves1444 & ! p1        
undeceiv$1 b /ill religi\s & m]ciful1 w 
beg9 to ?9k4 #bi  ,"o ( ! ma9 causes (  
,irel&'s pov]ty to-day is ! imm5se      
rev5ues ( ! ,engli% cl]gy4 ,s h]etics & 
or?odox--,prote/ants & ,papi/s--_c      
reproa* ea* o!r4 ,all h /ray$ f ! pa? ( 
ju/ice2 all h disobey$ ! eigh? comm&m5t 

( ! ,decalogue3 ,?\ %alt n /eal4   ,!   
developm5t ( "r has foll[$ ! same ord]1 
9 its v>i\s expressions1 t prop]ty has 9
 its =ms4 ,e :]e we see ju/ice driv+    
robb]y be=e x & conf9+ x )9 n>r[] &     
n>r[] limits4 ,hi!rto ! victories (     
ju/ice ov] inju/ice1 & ( equality ov]   
inequality1 h be5 won by in/9ct & !     
simple =ce ( ?+s2 b ! f9al triumph ( our
 social nature w be due to our reason1  
or else we %all fall back into feudal   
*aos4 ,ei!r ?is glori\s height is res]v$
 = our intellig5ce1 or ?is mis]able dep?
 = our bas5ess4  ,! second effect (     
prop]ty is despotism4 ,n[1 s9ce         
despotism is insep>ably connect$ ) !    
idea ( legitimate au?ority1 9 expla9+ ! 
natural causes ( ! fir/1 ! pr9ciple ( ! 
second w appe>4  ,:at is to be ! =m (   
gov]nm5t 9 ! future8 he> "s ( my y\ng]  
read]s reply3 ,:y1 h[ c y ask su* a "q8 
,y are a republican4 ,a republican6     
,yes2 b t ^w specifies no?+4 ,res       
publica2 t is1 ! public ?+4 ,n[1 :oev]  
is int]e/$ 9 public affairs--no matt] "u

 :at =m ( gov]nm5t--may call himself a  
republican4 ,ev5 k+s are republicans4-- 
,well6 y are a democrat8--,no4--,:at6 y 
w\ld h a mon>*y4--,no4--,a              
con/itutionali/8--,god =bid6--,y are !n 
an ari/ocrat8--,n at all4--,y want a    
mix$ gov]nm5t8--,/ill less4--,:at are y1
 !n8--,i am an an>*i/4  ,oh6 ,i und]/&  
y2 y speak satirically4 ,?is is a hit at
 ! gov]nm5t4--,by no means4 ,i h j giv5 
y my s]i\s & well-consid]$ pr(ession (  
fai?4 ,al?\gh a firm fri5d ( ord]1 ,i am
 79 ! full =ce ( ! t]m7 an an>*i/4 ,li/5
 to me4   ,9 all species ( sociable     
animals1 ! weakness ( ! "y is ! pr9ciple
 ( _! ob$i5ce to ! old1 :o are /rong2 & 
f habit1 :i* is a k9d ( consci5ce ) !m1 
! p[] rema9s ) ! olde/1 al?\gh he f9ally
 becomes ! weake/4  ,:5ev] ! society is 
"u ! control ( a *ief1 ?is *ief is almo/
 always ! olde/ ( ! troop4 ,i say almo/ 
always1 because ! e/abli%$ ord] may be  
di/urb$ by viol5t outbreaks4 ,!n !      
au?ority passes to ano!r2 &1 hav+ be5   
re-e/abli%$ by =ce1 x is aga9 ma9ta9$ by

 habit4 ,wild horses g 9 h]ds3 !y h a   
*ief :o m>*es at _! head1 :om !y        
confid5tly foll[1 & :o gives ! signal = 
flight or battle4  ,! %eep :i* we h     
rais$ foll[s u1 b x foll[s 9 company ) !
 flock 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x 0 born4 ,x      
reg>ds man ,,z ,,! ,,*ief ,,( ,,its     
,,flock4444 ,man is reg>d$ by dome/ic   
animals z a memb] ( _! society4 ,all t  
he has to d is to get himself accept$ by
 !m z an associate3 he soon becomes _!  
*ief1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 sup]ior          
intellig5ce4 ,he does n1 !n1 *ange !    
,,natural ,,condition ( ^! animals1 z   
,buffon has said4 ,on ! contr>y1 he uses
 ?is natural condition to 8 own         
advantage2 9 o!r words1 he f9ds         
,,sociable animals1 & r5d]s !m ,,dome/ic
 by becom+ _! associate & *ief4 ,?us1 ! 
,,dome/icity ( animals is only a special
 condition1 a simple modification1 a    
def9itive consequ5ce ( _! ,,sociability4
 ,all dome/ic animals are by nature     
sociable animals4444--,fl\r5s3 ,summ>y (
 ! ,obs]vations ( ,f4 ,cuvi]4           

,sociable animals foll[ _! *ief by      
,,in/9ct2 b take notice ( ! fact 7:i*   
,f4 ,cuvi] omitt$ to /ate71 t ! function
 ( ! *ief is altoge!r "o (              
,,intellig5ce4 ,! *ief does n tea* !    
o!rs to associate1 to unite "u 8 lead1  
to reproduce _! k9d1 to take to flight1 
or to def5d !mselves4 ,conc]n+ ea* ( ^! 
p>ticul>s1 8 subord9ates are z well     
in=m$ z he4 ,b x is ! *ief :o1 by 8     
accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 provides aga9/     
accid5ts2 he x is ^: private intellig5ce
 supplem5ts1 9 difficult situations1 !  
g5]al in/9ct2 he x is :o delib]ates1    
decides1 & leads2 he x is1 9 %ort1 ^:   
enlight5$ prud5ce regulates ! public    
r\t9e = ! greate/ good ( all4  ,man     
7naturally a sociable be+7 naturally    
foll[s a *ief4 ,orig9ally1 ! *ief is !  
fa!r1 ! patri>*1 ! eld]2 9 o!r words1 ! 
good & wise man1 ^: functions1          
consequ5tly1 are exclusively ( a        
reflective & intellectual nature4 ,!    
human race--l all o!r races ( sociable  
animals--has its in/9cts1 its innate    

faculties1 its g5]al ideas1 & its       
categories ( s5tim5t & reason4 ,its     
*iefs1 legislators1 or k+s h devis$     
no?+1 suppos$ no?+1 imag9$ no?+4 ,!y h  
only guid$ society by _! accumulat$     
exp]i5ce1 always h[ev] 9 con=mity )     
op9ions & beliefs4  ,^? philosoph]s :o  
7c>ry+ into morals & into hi/ory _!     
gloomy & facti\s :ims7 affirm t ! human 
race _h orig9ally nei!r *iefs nor k+s1  
"k no?+ ( ! nature ( man4 ,royalty1 &   
absolute royalty1 is--z truly & m truly 
?an democracy--a primitive =m (         
gov]nm5t4 ,p]ceiv+ t1 9 ! remote/ ages1 
cr[ns & k+%ips 7 worn by h]oes1 brig&s1 
& knight-errants1 !y conf\nd ! two      
?+s1--royalty & despotism4 ,b royalty   
dates f ! creation ( man2 x exi/$ 9 !   
age ( negative communism4 ,anci5t h]oism
 7& ! despotism :i* x eng5d]$7 comm5c$  
only ) ! fir/ manife/ation ( ! idea (   
ju/ice2 t is1 ) ! reign ( =ce4 ,z soon z
 ! /ronge/1 9 ! comp>ison ( m]its1 0    
decid$ to be ! be/1 ! olde/ _h to ab&on 
8 position1 & royalty became despotic4  

,! spontane\s1 in/9ctive1 &--s to       
speak--physiological orig9 ( royalty    
gives x1 9 ! beg9n+1 a sup]human "*4 ,! 
nations connect$ x ) ! gods1 f :om !y   
said ! fir/ k+s desc5d$4 ,?is notion 0 !
 orig9 ( ! div9e g5ealogies ( royal     
families1 ! inc>nations ( gods1 & !     
messianic fables4 ,f x sprang ! doctr9e 
( div9e "r1 :i* is /ill *ampion$ by a   
few s+ul> *>act]s4  ,royalty 0 at fir/  
elective1 because--at a "t :5 man       
produc$ b little & possess$             
no?+--prop]ty 0 too weak to e/abli% !   
pr9ciple ( h]$ity1 & secure to ! son !  
?rone ( 8 fa!r2 b z soon z fields 7     
cle>$1 & cities built1 ea* function 01 l
 e ?+ else1 appropriat$1 & h]$it>y      
k+%ips & prie/hoods 7 ! result4 ,!      
pr9ciple ( h]$ity 0 c>ri$ into ev5 ! mo/
 ord9>y pr(essions1--a circum/ance :i*  
l$ to class di/9ctions1 pride ( /ation1 
& abjection ( ! common p1 & :i* confirms
 my ass]tion1 conc]n+ ! pr9ciple (      
patrimonial succession1 t x is a me?od  
sugge/$ by ,nature ( fill+ vacancies 9  

bus9ess1 & complet+ unf9i%$ tasks4  ,f  
"t to "t1 ambition caus$ usurp]s1 or    
,,supplant]s ( k+s1 to />t up2 &1 9     
consequ5ce1 "s 7 call$ k+s by "r1 or    
legitimate k+s1 & o!rs ,,tyrants4 ,b we 
mu/ n let ^! names deceive u4 ,!re h be5
 execrable k+s1 & v tol]able tyrants4   
,royalty may always be good1 :5 x is !  
only possible =m ( gov]nm5t2 legitimate 
x is nev]4 ,nei!r h]$ity1 nor election1 
nor univ]sal suffrage1 nor ! excell5ce (
 ! sov]eign1 nor ! consecration (       
religion & ( "t1 c make royalty         
legitimate4 ,:atev] =m x                
takes1--mon>*ic1 olig>*ic1 or           
democratic1--royalty1 or ! gov]nm5t (   
man by man1 is illegitimate & absurd4   
,man1 9 ord] to procure z spe$ily z     
possible ! mo/ ?or\gh satisfaction ( 8  
wants1 seeks ,,rule4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ?is   
rule is to him liv+1 visible1 &         
tangible4 ,x is 8 fa!r1 8 ma/]1 8 k+4 ,!
 m ignorant man is1 ! m ob$i5t he is1 & 
! m absolute is 8 confid5ce 9 8 guide4  
,b1 x be+ a law ( man's nature to con=m 

to rule1--t is1 to discov] x by 8 p[]s (
 reflection & reason1--man reasons ^u ! 
comm&s ( 8 *iefs4 ,n[1 su* reason+ z t  
is a prote/ aga9/ au?ority1--a beg9n+ ( 
disob$i5ce4 ,at ! mom5t t man inquires  
into ! motives :i* gov]n ! w ( 8        
sov]eign1--at t mom5t man revolts4 ,if  
he obeys no long] because ! k+ comm&s1 b
 because ! k+ demon/rates ! wisdom ( 8  
comm&s1 x may be said t h5ce=? he w     
recognize no au?ority1 & t he has become
 8 own k+4 ,unhappy he :o %all d>e to   
comm& him1 & %all (f]1 z 8 au?ority1    
only ! vote ( ! majority2 =1 soon] or   
lat]1 ! m9ority w become ! majority1 &  
?is imprud5t despot w be ov]?r[n1 & all 
8 laws annihilat$4  ,9 proportion z     
society becomes enlight5$1 royal        
au?ority dim9i%es4 ,t is a fact to :i*  
all hi/ory be>s witness4 ,at ! bir? (   
nations1 m5 reflect & reason 9 va94 ,)\t
 me?ods1 )\t pr9ciples1 n kn[+ h[ to use
 _! reason1 !y _c judge ( ! ju/ice ( _! 
conclusions4 ,!n ! au?ority ( k+s is    
imm5se1 no k hav+ be5 acquir$ ) :i* to  

contradict x4 ,b1 little by little1     
exp]i5ce produces habits1 :i* develop   
into cu/oms2 !n ! cu/oms are =mulat$ 9  
maxims1 laid d[n z pr9ciples1--9 %ort1  
trans=m$ into laws1 to :i* ! k+1 ! liv+ 
law1 has to b[4 ,!re comes a "t :5      
cu/oms & laws are s num]\s t ! w ( !    
pr9ce is1 s to speak1 entw9$ by ! public
 w2 & t1 on tak+ ! cr[n1 he is oblig$ to
 swe> t he w gov]n 9 con=mity ) e/abli%$
 cu/oms & usages2 & t he is b !         
executive p[] ( a society ^: laws are   
made indep5d5tly ( him4  ,up to ?is     
po9t1 all is done in/9ctively1 &1 z x 71
 unconsci\sly2 b see :]e ?is movem5t mu/
 end4  ,by means ( self-in/ruction & !  
acquisition ( ideas1 man f9ally acquires
 ! idea ( ,,sci5ce1--t is1 ( a sy/em ( k
 9 h>mony ) ! reality ( ?+s1 & inf]r$ f 
obs]vation4 ,he se>*es = ! sci5ce1 or ! 
sy/em1 ( inanimate bodies1--! sy/em (   
organic bodies1 ! sy/em ( ! human m9d1 &
 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se3 :y %\ld he n also 
se>* = ! sy/em ( society8 ,b1 hav+ rea*$
 ?is height1 he compreh5ds t political  

tru?1 or ! sci5ce ( politics1 exi/s q   
indep5d5tly ( ! w ( sov]eigns1 ! op9ion 
( majorities1 & popul> beliefs1--t k+s1 
m9i/]s1 magi/rates1 & nations1 z wills1 
h no connection ) ! sci5ce1 & are wor?y 
( no consid]ation4 ,he compreh5ds1 at ! 
same "t1 t1 if man is born a sociable   
be+1 ! au?ority ( 8 fa!r ov] him ceases 
on ! day :51 8 m9d be+ =m$ & 8 education
 f9i%$1 he becomes ! associate ( 8 fa!r2
 t 8 true *ief & 8 k+ is ! demon/rat$   
tru?2 t politics is a sci5ce1 n a       
/ratagem2 & t ! function ( ! legislator 
is r$uc$1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to !        
me?odical se>* = tru?4  ,?us1 9 a giv5  
society1 ! au?ority ( man ov] man is    
inv]sely proportional to ! /age (       
intellectual developm5t :i* t society   
has rea*$2 & ! probable duration ( t    
au?ority c be calculat$ f ! m or less   
g5]al desire = a true gov]nm5t1--t is1 =
 a sci5tific gov]nm5t4 ,& j z ! "r ( =ce
 & ! "r ( artifice retreat be=e ! /eady 
advance ( ju/ice1 & mu/ f9ally be       
ext+ui%$ 9 equality1 s ! sov]eignty ( ! 

w yields to ! sov]eignty ( ! reason1 &  
mu/ at la/ be lo/ 9 sci5tific socialism4
 ,prop]ty & royalty h be5 crumbl+ to    
pieces ev] s9ce ! _w began4 ,z man seeks
 ju/ice 9 equality1 s society seeks ord]
 9 an>*y4  ,,an>*y1--! abs5ce ( a ma/]1 
( a sov]eign1 #cj--su* is ! =m (        
gov]nm5t to :i* we are e day            
approximat+1 & :i* our accu/om$ habit ( 
tak+ man = our rule1 & 8 w = law1 leads 
u to reg>d z ! height ( disord] & !     
expression ( *aos4 ,! /ory is told1 t a 
citiz5 ( ,p>is 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury hav+ 
he>d x said t 9 ,v5ice !re 0 no k+1 !   
good man c\ld n recov] f 8 a/oni%m5t1 & 
ne>ly di$ f laught] at ! m]e m5tion ( s 
ridicul\s a ?+4 ,s /rong is our         
prejudice4 ,z long z we live1 we want a 
*ief or *iefs2 & at ?is v mom5t ,i hold 
9 my h& a bro*ure1 ^: au?or--a zeal\s   
communi/--dreams1 l a second ,m>at1 ( ! 
dictator%ip4 ,! mo/ advanc$ among u are 
^? :o wi% ! greate/ possible numb] (    
sov]eigns1--_! mo/ ard5t wi% is = !     
royalty ( ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,soon1     

und\bt$ly1 "s "o1 jeal\s ( ! citiz5     
militia1 w say1 ,ev]ybody is k+4 ,b1 :5 
he has spok51 ,i w say1 9 my turn1      
,nobody is k+2 we are1 :e!r we w or no1 
associat$4 ,e "q ( dome/ic politics mu/ 
be decid$ by dep>tm5tal /ati/ics2 e "q (
 =eign politics is an affair (          
int]national /ati/ics4 ,! sci5ce (      
gov]nm5t rightly belongs to "o ( !      
sections ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ^:    
p]man5t secret>y is necess>ily prime    
m9i/]2 &1 s9ce e citiz5 may address a   
memoir to ! ,academy1 e citiz5 is a     
legislator4 ,b1 z ! op9ion ( no "o is ( 
any value until its tru? has be5 prov51 
no "o c sub/itute 8 w = reason1--nobody 
is k+4   ,all que/ions ( legislation &  
politics are matt]s ( sci5ce1 n (       
op9ion4 ,! legislative p[] belongs only 
to ! reason1 me?odically recogniz$ &    
demon/rat$4 ,to attribute to any p[]    
:atev] ! "r ( veto or ( sanction1 is !  
la/ degree ( tyranny4 ,ju/ice & legality
 are two ?+s z indep5d5t ( our approval 
z is ma!matical tru?4 ,to compel1 !y ne$

 only to be kn[n2 to be kn[n1 !y ne$    
only to be consid]$ & /udi$4 ,:at1 !n1  
is ! nation1 if x is n ! sov]eign1--if x
 is n ! s\rce ( ! legislative p[]8  ,!  
nation is ! gu>dian ( ! law--! nation is
 ! ,,executive ,,p[]4 ,e citiz5 may     
ass]t3 ,?is is true2 t is j2 b 8 op9ion 
controls no "o b himself4 ,t ! tru? :i* 
he proclaims may become a law1 x mu/ be 
recogniz$4 ,n[1 :at is x to recognize a 
law8 ,x is to v]ify a ma!matical or a   
metaphysical calculation2 x is to repeat
 an exp]im5t1 to obs]ve a ph5om5on1 to  
e/abli% a fact4 ,only ! nation has ! "r 
to say1 ,be x kn[n & decre$4  ,i confess
 t ?is is an ov]turn+ ( receiv$ ideas1 &
 t ,i seem to be attempt+ to            
revolutionize our political sy/em2 b ,i 
beg ! read] to consid] t1 hav+ begun ) a
 p>adox1 ,i mu/1 if ,i reason correctly1
 meet ) p>adoxes at e /ep1 & mu/ end )  
p>adoxes4 ,= ! re/1 ,i d n see h[ !     
lib]ty ( citiz5s w\ld be endang]$ by    
entru/+ to _! h&s1 in/ead ( ! p5 ( !    
legislator1 ! sword ( ! law4 ,!         

executive p[]1 belong+ prop]ly to ! w1  
_c be confid$ to too _m proxies4 ,t is !
 true sov]eignty ( ! nation4 #ca   ,!   
proprietor1 ! robb]1 ! h]o1 !           
sov]eign--= all ^! titles are           
synonym\s--imposes 8 w z law1 & suff]s  
nei!r contradiction nor control2 t is1  
he pret5ds to be ! legislative & !      
executive p[] at once4 ,accord+ly1 !    
sub/itution ( ! sci5tific & true law = !
 royal w is accompli%$ only by a t]rible
 /ruggle2 & ?is con/ant sub/itution is1 
aft] prop]ty1 ! mo/ pot5t elem5t 9      
hi/ory1 ! mo/ prolific s\rce ( political
 di/urbances4 ,examples are too num]\s &
 too /rik+ to require enum]ation4  ,n[1 
prop]ty necess>ily eng5d]s despotism1--!
 gov]nm5t ( caprice1 ! reign ( libid9\s 
pleasure4 ,t is s cle>ly ! ess5ce (     
prop]ty t1 to be conv9c$ ( x1 "o ne$ b  
rememb] :at x is1 & obs]ve :at happ5s   
ar\nd him4 ,prop]ty is ! "r to ,,use &  
,,abuse4 ,if1 !n1 gov]nm5t is           
economy1--if its object is production & 
consumption1 & ! di/ribution ( labor &  

products1--h[ is gov]nm5t possible :ile 
prop]ty exi/s8 ,& if goods are prop]ty1 
:y %\ld n ! proprietors be k+s1 &       
despotic k+s--k+s 9 proportion to _!    
facultes bonitaires8 ,& if ea*          
proprietor is sov]eign "l )9 ! sph]e ( 8
 prop]ty1 absolute k+ ?r\gh\t 8 own     
doma91 h[ c\ld a gov]nm5t ( proprietors 
be any ?+ b *aos & confusion8           
#c4--;,det]m9ation ( ! ?ird =m (        
,society4 ,conclusion4   ,!n1 no        
gov]nm5t1 no public economy1 no         
adm9i/ration1 is possible1 :i* is bas$  
^u prop]ty4  ,communism seeks ,,equality
 & ,,law4 ,prop]ty1 born ( ! sov]eignty 
( ! reason1 & ! s5se ( p]sonal m]it1    
wi%es above all ?+s ,,indep5d5ce &      
,,proportionality4  ,b communism1 mi/ak+
 uni=mity = law1 & levelism = equality1 
becomes tyrannical & unju/4 ,prop]ty1 by
 its despotism & encroa*m5ts1 soon      
proves itself oppressive & anti-social4 
,! objects ( communism & prop]ty are    
good--_! results are bad4 ,& :y8        
,because bo? are exclusive1 & ea*       

disreg>ds two elem5ts ( society4        
,communism rejects indep5d5ce &         
proportionality2 prop]ty does n satisfy 
equality & law4  ,n[1 if we imag9e a    
society bas$ ^u ^! f\r                  
pr9ciples1--equality1 law1 indep5d5ce1 &
 proportionality1--we f9d3--  #a4 ,t    
,,equality1 consi/+ only 9 ,,equality   
,,( ,,conditions1 t is1 ,,( ,,means1 & n
 9 ,,equality ,,( ,,com=t1--:i* x is !  
bus9ess ( ! labor]s to a*ieve =         
!mselves1 :5 provid$ ) equal means1--9  
no way violates ju/ice & equite4  #b4 ,t
 ,,law1 result+ f ! k ( facts1 &        
consequ5tly bas$ ^u necessity itself1   
nev] cla%es ) indep5d5ce4  #c4 ,t       
individual ,,indep5d5ce1 or ! autonomy (
 ! private reason1 orig9at+ 9 ! diff]5ce
 9 tal5ts & capacities1 c exi/ )\t dang]
 )9 ! limits ( ! law4  #d4 ,t           
,,proportionality1 be+ admitt$ only 9 ! 
sph]e ( intellig5ce & s5tim5t1 & n z    
reg>ds mat]ial objects1 may be obs]v$   
)\t violat+ ju/ice or social equality4  
,?is ?ird =m ( society1 ! syn!sis (     

communism & prop]ty1 we w call ,,lib]ty4
 #cb   ,9 det]m9+ ! nature ( lib]ty1 we 
d n unite communism & prop]ty           
indiscrim9ately2 su* a process w\ld be  
absurd eclecticism4 ,we se>* by analysis
 = ^? elem5ts 9 ea* :i* are true1 & 9   
h>mony ) ! laws ( ,nature & society1    
disreg>d+ ! re/ altoge!r2 & ! result    
gives u an adequate expression ( !      
natural =m ( human society1--9 "o ^w1   
lib]ty4  ,lib]ty is equality1 because   
lib]ty exi/s only 9 society2 & 9 !      
abs5ce ( equality !re is no society4    
,lib]ty is an>*y1 because x does n admit
 ! gov]nm5t ( ! w1 b only ! au?ority ( !
 law2 t is1 ( necessity4  ,lib]ty is    
inf9ite v>iety1 because x respects all  
wills )9 ! limits ( ! law4  ,lib]ty is  
proportionality1 because x all[s ! utmo/
 latitude to ! ambition = m]it1 & !     
emulation ( glory4  ,we c n[ say1 9 !   
words ( ,m4 ,c\s93 ,our pr9ciple is     
true2 x is good1 x is social2 let u n   
fe> to pu% x to its ultimate4  ,man's   
social nature becom+ ,,ju/ice ?r\gh     

reflection1 ,,equite ?r\gh !            
classification ( capacities1 & hav+     
,,lib]ty = its =mula1 is ! true basis ( 
morality1--! pr9ciple & regulator ( all 
our actions4 ,?is is ! univ]sal motor1  
:i* philosophy is se>*+ =1 :i* religion 
/r5g!ns1 :i* egotism supplants1 & ^:    
place pure reason nev] c fill4 ,,duty & 
,,"r are born ( ,,ne$1 :i*1 :5 consid]$ 
9 connection ) o!rs1 is a ,,"r1 & :5    
consid]$ 9 connection ) ourselves1 a    
,,duty4  ,we ne$ to eat & sleep4 ,x is  
our "r to procure ^? ?+s :i* are        
necess>y to re/ & n\ri%m5t4 ,x is our   
duty to use !m :5 ,nature requires x4   
,we ne$ to labor 9 ord] to live4 ,to d s
 is bo? our "r & our duty4  ,we ne$ to  
love our wives & *ildr54 ,x is our duty 
to protect & support !m4 ,x is our "r to
 be lov$ 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs4        
,conjugal fidelity is ju/ice4 ,adult]y  
is high treason aga9/ society4  ,we ne$ 
to ex*ange our products = o!r products4 
,x is our "r t ?is ex*ange %\ld be "o ( 
equival5ts2 & s9ce we consume be=e we   

produce1 x w\ld be our duty1 if we c\ld 
control ! matt]1 to see to x t our la/  
product %all foll[ our la/ consumption4 
,suicide is fraudul5t bankruptcy4  ,we  
ne$ to live our lives accord+ to !      
dictates ( our reason4 ,x is our "r to  
ma9ta9 our fre$om4 ,x is our duty to    
respect t ( o!rs4  ,we ne$ to be        
appreciat$ by our fell[s4 ,x is our duty
 to des]ve _! praise4 ,x is our "r to be
 judg$ by our works4  ,lib]ty is n      
oppos$ to ! rights ( succession &       
beque/4 ,x cont5ts itself ) prev5t+     
violations ( equality4 ,*oose1 x tells  
u1 betwe5 two legacies1 b d n take !m   
bo?4 ,all our legislation conc]n+       
transmissions1 entailm5ts1 adoptions1 &1
 if ,i may v5ture to use su* a ^w1      
,,coadjutor]ies1 requires remodell+4    
,lib]ty favors emulation1 in/ead (      
de/roy+ x4 ,9 social equality1 emulation
 consi/s 9 accompli%+ "u l conditions2 x
 is its own rew>d4 ,no "o suff]s by !   
victory4  ,lib]ty applauds              
self-sacrifice1 & honors x ) its votes1 

b x c disp5se ) x4 ,ju/ice alone        
suffices to ma9ta9 ! social equilibrium4
 ,self-sacrifice is an act (            
sup]]ogation4 ,happy1 h[ev]1 ! man :o c 
say1 ,i sacrifice myself4 #cc   ,lib]ty 
is ess5tially an organiz+ =ce4 ,to      
insure equality betwe5 m5 & peace among 
nations1 agriculture & indu/ry1 & !     
c5tres ( education1 bus9ess1 & /orage1  
mu/ be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! climate & 
! geographical position ( ! c\ntry1 !   
nature ( ! products1 ! "* & natural     
tal5ts ( ! inhabitants1 c41 9           
proportions s j1 s wise1 s h>moni\s1 t 9
 no place %all !re ev] be ei!r an excess
 or a lack ( population1 consumption1 & 
products4 ,!re comm5ces ! sci5ce (      
public & private "r1 ! true political   
economy4 ,x is = ! writ]s on            
jurisprud5ce1 h5ce=? unemb>rass$ by !   
false pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 to describe ! 
new laws1 & br+ peace ^u e>?4 ,k & g5ius
 !y d n lack2 ! f\ndation is n[ laid =  
!m4 #cd   ,i h accompli%$ my task2      
prop]ty is conqu]$1 nev] aga9 to arise4 

,:]ev] ?is "w is read & discuss$1 !re w 
be deposit$ ! g]m ( dea? to prop]ty2    
!re1 soon] or lat]1 privilege & s]vitude
 w disappe>1 & ! despotism ( w w give   
place to ! reign ( reason4 ,:at         
sophisms1 inde$1 :at prejudices 7h[ev]  
ob/9ate7 c /& be=e ! simplicity ( !     
foll[+ propositions3--  ,i4 ,individual 
,,possession #ce is ! condition ( social
 life2 five ?\s& ye>s ( prop]ty         
demon/rate x4 ,,prop]ty is ! suicide (  
society4 ,possession is a "r2 prop]ty is
 aga9/ "r4 ,suppress prop]ty :ile       
ma9ta9+ possession1 &1 by ?is simple    
modification ( ! pr9ciple1 y w          
revolutionize law1 gov]nm5t1 economy1 & 
in/itutions2 y w drive evil f ! face ( !
 e>?4  ,,ii4 ,all hav+ an equal "r (    
occupancy1 possession v>ies ) ! numb] ( 
possessors2 prop]ty _c e/abli% itself4  
,,iii4 ,! effect ( labor be+ ! same =   
all1 prop]ty is lo/ 9 ! common          
prosp]ity4  ,,iv4 ,all human labor be+ !
 result ( collective =ce1 all prop]ty   
becomes1 9 consequ5ce1 collective &     

unit>y4 ,to speak m exactly1 labor      
de/roys prop]ty4  ,v4 ,e capacity =     
labor be+1 l e in/rum5t ( labor1 an     
accumulat$ capital1 & a collective      
prop]ty1 inequality ( wages & =tunes 7on
 ! gr\nd ( inequality ( capacities7 is1 
!re=e1 inju/ice & robb]y4  ,,vi4 ,!     
necess>y conditions ( comm]ce are !     
lib]ty ( ! contract+ p>ties & !         
equival5ce ( ! products ex*ang$4 ,n[1   
value be+ express$ by ! am\nt ( "t &    
outlay :i* ea* product co/s1 & lib]ty   
be+ inviolable1 ! wages ( labor]s 7l _! 
rights & duties7 %\ld be equal4  ,,vii4 
,products are b\ght only by products4   
,n[1 ! condition ( all ex*ange be+      
equival5ce ( products1 pr(it is         
impossible & unju/4 ,obs]ve ?is elem5t>y
 pr9ciple ( economy1 & paup]ism1 luxury1
 oppression1 vice1 crime1 & hung] w     
disappe> f our mid/4  ,,viii4 ,m5 are   
associat$ by ! physical & ma!matical law
 ( production1 be=e !y are volunt>ily   
associat$ by *oice4 ,!re=e1 equality (  
conditions is dem&$ by ju/ice2 t is1 by 

/rict social law3 e/eem1 fri5d%ip1      
gratitude1 admiration1 all fall )9 !    
doma9 ( ,,equitable or ,,proportional   
law only4  ,,ix4 ,free association1     
lib]ty--^: sole function is to ma9ta9   
equality 9 ! means ( production &       
equival5ce 9 ex*anges--is ! only        
possible1 ! only j1 ! only true =m (    
society4  ,x4 ,politics is ! sci5ce (   
lib]ty4 ,! gov]nm5t ( man by man 7"u    
:atev] "n x be disguis$7 is oppression4 
,society f9ds its highe/ p]fection 9 !  
union ( ord] ) an>*y4  ,! old           
civilization has run its race2 a new sun
 is ris+1 & w soon r5ew ! face ( ! e>?4 
,let ! pres5t g5]ation p]i%1 let ! old  
prev>icators die 9 ! des]t6 ! holy e>?  
%all n cov] _! bones4 ,"y man1 exasp]at$
 by ! corruption ( ! age1 & absorb$ 9   
y\r zeal = ju/ice6--if y\r c\ntry is de>
 to y1 & if y h ! int]e/s ( humanity at 
he>t1 h ! c\rage to esp\se ! cause (    
lib]ty6 ,ca/ (f y\r old selfi%ness1 &   
plunge into ! ris+ flood ( popul>       
equality6 ,!re y\r reg5]ate s\l w       

acquire new life & vigor2 y\r en]vat$   
g5ius w recov] unconqu]able en]gy2 & y\r
 he>t1 p]haps already )]$1 w be         
rejuv5at$6 ,e ?+ w we> a diff]5t look to
 y\r illum9at$ vision2 new s5tim5ts w   
eng5d] new ideas )9 y2 religion1        
morality1 poetry1 art1 language w appe> 
be=e y 9 nobl] & fair] =ms2 & !nce=?1   
sure ( y\r fai?1 & ?\ghtfully           
en?usia/ic1 y w hail ! dawn ( univ]sal  
reg5]ation6  ,& y1 sad victims ( an     
odi\s law6--y1 :om a je/+ _w despoils & 
outrages6--y1 ^: labor has always be5   
fruitless1 & ^: re/ has be5 )\t         
hope1--take c\rage6 y\r te>s are numb]$6
 ,! fa!rs h s[n 9 affliction1 ! *ildr5  
%all reap 9 rejoic+s6  ,o ,god ( lib]ty6
 ,god ( equality6 ,?\ :o did/ place 9 my
 he>t ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 be=e my reason
 c\ld compreh5d x1 he> my ard5t pray]6  
,?\ ha/ dictat$ all t ,i h writt52 ,?\  
ha/ %ap$ my ?\ght2 ,?\ ha/ direct$ my   
/udies2 ,?\ ha/ wean$ my m9d f curiosity
 & my he>t f atta*m5t1 t ,i might publi%
 ,?y tru? to ! ma/] & ! slave4 ,i h     

spok5 ) :at =ce & tal5t ,?\ ha/ giv5 me3
 x is ,?9e to f9i% ! "w4 ,?\ kn[e/ :e!r 
,i seek my welf>e or ,?y glory1 ,o ,god 
( lib]ty6 ,ah6 p]i% my memory1 & let    
humanity be free6 ,let me see f my      
obscurity ! p at la/ in/ruct$2 let noble
 tea*]s enlight5 !m2 let g5]\s spirits  
guide !m6 ,abridge1 if possible1 ! "t ( 
our trial2 /ifle pride & av>ice 9       
equality2 annihilate ?is love ( glory   
:i* enslaves u2 tea* ^! poor *ildr5 t 9 
! bosom ( lib]ty !re are nei!r h]oes nor
 great m56 ,inspire ! p[]ful man1 ! ri* 
man1 him ^: "n my lips %all nev]        
pron\nce 9 ,?y pres5ce1 ) a horror ( 8  
crimes2 let him be ! fir/ to apply =    
admission to ! r$eem$ society2 let !    
promptness ( 8 rep5tance be ! gr\nd ( 8 
=giv5ess6 ,!n1 great & small1 wise &    
fooli%1 ri* & poor1 w unite 9 an        
ineffable frat]nity2 &1 s++ 9 unison a  
new hymn1 w rebuild ,?y alt>1 ,o ,god ( 
lib]ty & equality6  ,,end ,,( ,,fir/    
,,memoir4      ,,:at ,,is ,,prop]ty8    
,,second ,,memoir  ,a ,,lett] ,,to ,m4  

,,blanqui4     ,,second ,,memoir4       
,,p>is1 ,april #a1 #ahda4  ,,monsieur1--
  ,be=e resum+ my ,inquiries into       
,gov]nm5t & ,prop]ty1 x is fitt+1 = !   
satisfaction ( "s wor?y p1 & also 9 !   
int]e/ ( ord]1 t ,i %\ld make to y a    
pla91 /raight=w>d explanation4 ,9 a     
mu*-gov]n$ ,/ate1 no "o w\ld be all[$ to
 attack ! ext]nal =m ( ! society1 & !   
gr\ndwork ( its in/itutions1 until he _h
 e/abli%$ 8 "r to d s1--fir/1 by 8      
morality2 second1 by 8 capacity2 &1     
?ird1 by ! purity ( 8 int5tions4 ,any "o
 :o1 wi%+ to publi% a treatise ^u !     
con/itution ( ! c\ntry1 c\ld n satisfy  
?is ?reefold condition1 w\ld be oblig$  
to procure ! endorsem5t ( a responsible 
patron possess+ ! requisite             
qualifications4  ,b we ,fr5*m5 h !      
lib]ty ( ! press4 ,?is gr& "r--! sword (
 ?\ght1 :i* elevates ! virtu\s citiz5 to
 ! rank ( legislator1 & makes ! malici\s
 citiz5 an ag5t ( discord--frees u f all
 prelim9>y responsibility to ! law2 b x 
does n release u f our int]nal          

obligation to r5d] a public acc\nt ( our
 s5tim5ts & ?\ghts4 ,i h us$1 9 all its 
fulness1 & conc]n+ an important "q1 ! "r
 :i* ! *>t] grants u4 ,i come to-day1   
sir1 to submit my consci5ce to y\r      
judgm5t1 & my feeble insight to y\r     
discrim9at+ reason4 ,y h criticis$ 9 a  
k9dly _s--,i _h almo/ said ) p>tiality =
 ! writ]--a "w :i* tea*es a doctr9e t y 
?\ght x y\r duty to condemn4 ,! ,academy
 ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 said y 
9 y\r report1 c accept ! conclusions ( !
 au?or only z f> z x likes4 ,i v5ture to
 hope1 sir1 t1 aft] y h read ?is lett]1 
if y\r prud5ce /ill re/ra9s y1 y\r      
fairness w induce y to d me ju/ice4     
,,m51 ,,equal ,,9 ,,! ,,dignity ,,( ,,_!
 ,,p]sons ,,& ,,equal ,,be=e ,,! ,,law1 
,,%\ld ,,be ,,equal ,,9 ,,_!            
,,conditions1--su* is ! !sis :i* ,i     
ma9ta9$ & develop$ 9 a memoir be>+ !    
title1 ,:at is ,prop]ty8 or1 ,an        
,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciple ( ,"r & (     
,gov]nm5t4  ,! idea ( social equality1  
ev5 9 individual =tunes1 has 9 all ages 

besieg$1 l a vague pres5tim5t1 ! human  
imag9ation4 ,poets h sung ( x 9 _!      
hymns2 philosoph]s h dream$ ( x 9 _!    
,utopias2 prie/s tea* x1 b only = !     
spiritual _w4 ,! p1 gov]n$ by x1 nev] h 
_h fai? 9 x2 & ! civil p[] is nev] m    
di/urb$ ?an by ! fables ( ! age ( gold &
 ! reign ( ,a/rea4 ,a ye> ago1 h[ev]1   
?is idea receiv$ a sci5tific            
demon/ration1 :i* has n yet be5         
satisfactorily answ]$1 &1 p]mit me to   
add1 nev] w be4 ,?is demon/ration1 ow+  
to its slightly impassion$ /yle1 its    
me?od ( reason+1--:i* 0 s at v>iance ) t
 employ$ by ! g5]ally recogniz$         
au?orities1--& ! importance & novelty ( 
its conclusions1 0 ( a nature to cause  
"s al>m2 & might h be5 dang]\s1 _h x n  
be5--z y1 sir1 s well said--a seal$     
lett]1 s f> z ! g5]al public 0 conc]n$1 
address$ only to m5 ( intellig5ce4 ,i 0 
glad to see t ?r\gh its metaphysical    
dress y recogniz$ ! wise =esight ( !    
au?or2 & ,i ?ank y = x4 ,may ,god grant 
t my int5tions1 :i* are :olly peaceful1 

may nev] be *>g$ ^u me z treasonable6   
,l a /one ?r[n into a mass ( s]p5ts1 !  
,fir/ ,memoir on ,prop]ty excit$ int5se 
animosity1 & ar\s$ ! passions ( _m4 ,b1 
:ile "s wi%$ ! au?or & 8 "w to be       
publicly d5\nc$1 o!rs f\nd 9 !m simply !
 solution ( ! fundam5tal problems (     
society2 a few ev5 bas+ evil            
speculations ^u ! new light :i* !y _h   
obta9$4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t a sy/em (
 inductions ab/ractly ga!r$ toge!r1 &   
/ill m ab/ractly express$1 w\ld be      
und]/ood ) equal accuracy 9 its ensemble
 & 9 ea* ( its p>ts4  ,to f9d ! law (   
equality1 no long] 9 *>ity &            
self-sacrifice 7:i* are n b9d+ 9 _!     
nature71 b 9 ju/ice2 to base equality ( 
functions ^u equality ( p]sons2 to      
det]m9e ! absolute pr9ciple ( ex*ange2  
to neutralize ! inequality ( individual 
faculties by collective =ce2 to e/abli% 
an equation betwe5 prop]ty & robb]y2 to 
*ange ! law ( succession )\t de/roy+ !  
pr9ciple2 to ma9ta9 ! human p]sonality 9
 a sy/em ( absolute association1 & to   

save lib]ty f ! *a9s ( communism2 to    
syn!tize ! mon>*ical & democratic =ms ( 
gov]nm5t2 to rev]se ! division ( p[]s2  
to give ! executive p[] to ! nation1 &  
to make legislation a positive1 fix$1 & 
absolute sci5ce1--:at a s]ies (         
p>adoxes6 :at a /r+ ( delusions6 if ,i  
may n say1 :at a *a9 ( tru?s6 ,b x is n 
my purpose "h to pass ^u ! !ory ( ! "r (
 possession4 ,i discuss no dogmas4 ,my  
only object is to ju/ify my views1 & to 
%[ t1 9 writ+ z ,i did1 ,i n only       
ex]cis$ a "r1 b p]=m$ a duty4  ,yes1 ,i 
h attack$ prop]ty1 & %all attack x aga92
 b1 sir1 be=e dem&+ t ,i %all make !    
am5de honorable = hav+ obey$ my         
consci5ce & spok5 ! exact tru?1         
condesc5d1 ,i beg ( y1 to ca/ a glance  
at ! ev5ts :i* are happ5+ ar\nd u2 look 
at our deputies1 our magi/rates1 our    
philosoph]s1 our m9i/]s1 our pr(essors1 
& our publici/s2 exam9e _! me?ods (     
deal+ ) ! matt] ( prop]ty2 c\nt up ) me 
! re/rictions plac$ ^u x e day 9 ! "n ( 
! public welf>e2 measure ! brea*es      

already made2 e/imate ^? :i* society    
?9ks ( mak+ h]eaft]2 add ! ideas conc]n+
 prop]ty held by all !ories 9 common2   
int]rogate hi/ory1 & !n tell me :at w be
 left1 half a c5tury h5ce1 ( ?is old "r 
( prop]ty2 &1 ?us p]ceiv+ t ,i h s _m   
accomplices1 y w imm$iately decl>e me   
innoc5t4  ,:at is ! law ( expropriation 
on ! gr\nd ( public utility1 :i*        
ev]ybody favors1 & :i* is ev5 ?\ght too 
l5i5t8 #cf   ,a flagrant violation ( !  
"r ( prop]ty4 ,society indemnifies1 x is
 said1 ! dispossess$ proprietor2 b does 
x return to him ! traditional           
associations1 ! poetic *>m1 & ! family  
pride :i* accompany prop]ty8 ,nabo?1 & !
 mill] ( ,sans-,s\ci1 w\ld h prote/$    
aga9/ ,fr5* law1 z !y prote/$ aga9/ !   
caprice ( _! k+s4 ,x is ! field ( our   
fa!rs1 !y w\ld h cri$1 & we w n sell x6 
,among ! anci5ts1 ! refusal ( !         
individual limit$ ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,!  
,roman law b[$ to ! w ( ! citiz51 & an  
emp]or--,commodus1 if ,i rememb]        
rightly--ab&on$ ! project ( enl>g+ ! =um

 out ( respect = ! rights ( ! occupants 
:o refus$ to abdicate4 ,prop]ty is a    
real "r1 jus 9 re1--a "r inh]5t 9 ! ?+1 
& ^: pr9ciple lies 9 ! ext]nal          
manife/ation ( man's w4 ,man leaves 8   
impr9t1 /amps 8 "*1 ^u ! objects ( 8    
h&iwork4 ,?is pla/ic =ce ( man1 z !     
mod]n juri/s say1 is ! seal :i*1 set ^u 
matt]1 makes x holy4 ,:oev] lays h&s ^u 
x1 aga9/ ! proprietor's w1 does viol5ce 
to ! latt]'s p]sonality4 ,& yet1 :5 an  
adm9i/rative committee saw fit to decl>e
 t public utility requir$ x1 prop]ty _h 
to give way to ! g5]al w4 ,soon1 9 ! "n 
( public utility1 me?ods ( cultivation &
 conditions ( enjoym5t w be prescrib$2  
inspectors ( agriculture & manufactures 
w be appo9t$2 prop]ty w be tak5 away f  
unskilful h&s1 & entru/$ to labor]s :o  
are m des]v+ ( x2 & a g5]al sup]9t5d5ce 
( production w be e/abli%$4 ,x is n two 
ye>s s9ce ,i saw a proprietor de/roy a  
=e/ m ?an five hundr$ acres 9 ext5t4 ,if
 public utility _h int]f]$1 t =e/--!    
only "o = miles ar\nd--w\ld /ill be /&+4

  ,b1 x is said1 expropriation on !     
gr\nd ( public utility is only an       
exception :i* confirms ! pr9ciple1 &    
be>s te/imony 9 favor ( ! "r4 ,v well2 b
 f ?is exception we w pass to ano!r1 f t
 to a ?ird1 & s on f exceptions to      
exceptions1 until we h r$uc$ ! rule to a
 pure ab/raction4  ,h[ _m support]s d y 
?9k1 sir1 c be claim$ = ! project ( !   
conv]sion ( ! public funds8 ,i v5ture to
 say t ev]ybody favors x1 except !      
fund-hold]s4 ,n[1 ?is s-call$ conv]sion 
is an ext5sive expropriation1 & 9 ?is   
case ) no indemnity :atev]4 ,! public   
funds are s mu* real e/ate1 ! income f  
:i* ! proprietor c\nts ^u ) p]fect      
safety1 & :i* owes its value to ! tacit 
promise ( ! gov]nm5t to pay int]e/ ^u x 
at ! e/abli%$ rate1 until ! fund-hold]  
applies = r$emption4 ,=1 if ! income is 
liable to dim9ution1 x is less pr(itable
 ?an h\se-r5t or f>m-r5t1 ^: rates may  
rise or fall accord+ to ! fluctuations 9
 ! m>ket2 & 9 t case1 :at inducem5t has 
! capitali/ to inve/ 8 money 9 ! ,/ate8 

,:51 !n1 y =ce ! fund-hold] to submit to
 a dim9ution ( int]e/1 y make him       
bankrupt to ! ext5t ( ! dim9ution2 &    
s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! conv]sion1 an    
equally pr(itable inve/m5t becomes      
impossible1 y depreciate 8 prop]ty4  ,t 
su* a measure may be ju/ly execut$1 x   
mu/ be g5]aliz$2 t is1 ! law :i*        
provides = x mu/ decree also t int]e/ on
 sums l5t on deposit or on mortgage     
?r\gh\t ! realm1 z well z h\se &        
f>m-r5ts1 %all be r$uc$ to ?ree p] c5t4 
,?is simultane\s r$uction ( all k9ds (  
income w\ld be n a :it m difficult to   
accompli% ?an ! propos$ conv]sion2 &1   
fur!r1 x w\ld (f] ! advantage ( =e/all+ 
at "o bl[ all objections to x1 at ! same
 "t t x w\ld insure a j assessm5t ( !   
l&-tax4 ,see6 ,if at ! mom5t ( conv]sion
 a piece ( real e/ate yields an income (
 "o ?\s& francs1 aft] ! new law takes   
effect x w yield only six hundr$ francs4
 ,n[1 all[+ ! tax to be an aliquot      
"p--"o-f\r? = example--( ! income d]iv$ 
f ea* piece ( prop]ty1 x is cle> on ! "o

 h& t ! proprietor w\ld n1 9 ord] to    
light5 8 %>e ( ! tax1 und]e/imate !     
value ( 8 prop]ty2 s9ce1 h\se & f>m-r5ts
 be+ fix$ by ! value ( ! capital1 & !   
latt] be+ measur$ by ! tax1 to          
depreciate 8 real e/ate w\ld be to r$uce
 8 rev5ue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally   
evid5t t ! same proprietors c\ld n      
ov]e/imate ! value ( _! prop]ty1 9 ord] 
to increase _! incomes beyond ! limits (
 ! law1 s9ce ! t5ants & f>m]s1 ) _! old 
leases 9 _! h&s1 w\ld ent] a prote/4    
,su*1 sir1 mu/ be ! result soon] or lat]
 ( ! conv]sion :i* has be5 s long dem&$2
 o!rwise1 ! f9ancial op]ation ( :i* we  
are speak+ w\ld be a cry+ inju/ice1     
unless int5d$ z a /epp+-/one4 ,?is la/  
motive seems ! mo/ plausible "o2 = 9    
spite ( ! clamors ( int]e/$ p>ties1 & ! 
flagrant violation ( c]ta9 rights1 !    
public consci5ce is b\nd to fulfil its  
desire1 & is no m affect$ :5 *>g$ )     
attack+ prop]ty1 ?an :5 li/5+ to !      
compla9ts ( ! bondhold]s4 ,9 ?is case1  
in/9ctive ju/ice belies legal ju/ice4   

,:o has n he>d ( ! inextricable         
confusion into :i* ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies 
0 ?r[n la/ ye>1 :ile discuss+ ! "q (    
colonial & native sug>s8 ,did !y leave  
^! two indu/ries to !mselves8 ,! native 
manufactur] 0 ru9$ by ! coloni/4 ,to    
ma9ta9 ! beet-root1 ! cane _h to be     
tax$4 ,to protect ! prop]ty ( ! "o1 x   
became necess>y to violate ! prop]ty ( !
 o!r4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is    
bus9ess 0 precisely t to :i* ! lea/     
att5tion 0 paid2 namely1 t1 9 "o way or 
ano!r1 prop]ty _h to be violat$4 ,did !y
 impose on ea* indu/ry a proportional   
tax1 s z to pres]ve a balance 9 ! m>ket8
 ,!y creat$ a maximum ,,price = ea*     
v>iety ( sug>2 &1 z ?is maximum ,,price 
0 n ! same1 !y attack$ prop]ty 9 two    
ways1--on ! "o h&1 int]f]+ ) ! lib]ty ( 
trade2 on ! o!r1 disreg>d+ ! equality ( 
proprietors4 ,did !y suppress !         
beet-root by grant+ an indemnity to !   
manufactur]8 ,!y sacrific$ ! prop]ty ( !
 tax-pay]4 ,f9ally1 did !y pref] to     
cultivate ! two v>ieties ( sug> at !    

nation's exp5se1 j z diff]5t v>ieties ( 
tobacco are cultivat$8 ,!y aboli%$1 s f>
 z ! sug> indu/ry 0 conc]n$1 ! "r (     
prop]ty4 ,?is la/ c\rse1 be+ ! mo/      
social1 w\ld h be5 c]ta9ly ! be/2 b1 if 
prop]ty is ! necess>y basis (           
civilization1 h[ is ?is deep-seat$      
antagonism to be expla9$8 #cg   ,n      
satisfi$ ) ! p[] ( dispossess+ a citiz5 
on ! gr\nd ( public utility1 !y want    
also to dispossess him on ! gr\nd (     
,,private ,,utility4 ,= a long "t1 a    
revision ( ! law conc]n+ mortgages 0    
clamor$ =2 a process 0 dem&$1 9 behalf (
 all k9ds ( cr$it & 9 ! int]e/ ( ev5 !  
debtors !mselves1 :i* w\ld r5d] !       
expropriation ( real e/ate z prompt1 z  
easy1 & z effective z t :i* foll[s a    
comm]cial prote/4 ,! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1
 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is ye>1 #ahda1 discuss$ 
?is project1 & ! law 0 pass$ almo/      
unanim\sly4 ,!re is no?+ m j1 no?+ m    
reasonable1 no?+ m philosophical        
app>5tly1 ?an ! motives :i* gave rise to
 ?is re=m4  ,i4 ,=m]ly1 ! small         

proprietor ^: obligation _h arriv$ at   
maturity1 & :o f\nd himself unable to   
meet x1 _h to employ all t he _h left1  
aft] be+ releas$ f 8 debt1 9 defray+ !  
legal co/s4 ,h5ce=?1 ! promptness (     
expropriation w save him f total ru94   
#b4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( paym5t    
arre/$ cr$it1 & prev5t$ ! employm5t (   
capital 9 agricultural ent]prises4 ,?is 
cause ( di/ru/ no long] exi/+1          
capitali/s w f9d new m>kets1 agriculture
 w rapidly develop1 & f>m]s w be ! fir/ 
to enjoy ! b5efit ( ! new law4 #c4      
,f9ally1 x 0 iniquit\s & absurd1 t1 on  
acc\nt ( a prote/$ note1 a poor         
manufactur] %\ld see 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 8 
bus9ess arre/$1 8 labor susp5d$1 8      
m]*&ise seiz$1 8 ma*9]y sold at auction1
 & f9ally himself l$ (f to prison1 :ile 
two ye>s 7 sometimes necess>y to        
expropriate ! mo/ mis]able piece ( real 
e/ate4  ,^! argum5ts1 & o!rs besides1 y 
cle>ly /at$1 sir1 9 y\r fir/ lectures ( 
?is academic ye>4  ,b1 :5 /at+ ^!       
excell5t argum5ts1 did y ask y\rself1   

sir1 :i!r w\ld t5d su* a trans=mation ( 
our sy/em ( mortgages8444 ,to monetize1 
if ,i may say s1 l&$ prop]ty2 to        
accumulate x )9 portfolios2 to sep>ate !
 labor] f ! soil1 man f ,nature2 to make
 him a w&]] ov] ! face ( ! e>?2 to      
eradicate f 8 he>t e trace ( family     
feel+1 national pride1 & love ( c\ntry2 
to isolate him m & m2 to r5d] him       
indiff]5t to all ar\nd him2 to          
conc5trate 8 love ^u "o object1--money2 
&1 f9ally1 by ! di%one/ practices (     
usury1 to monopolize ! l& to ! pr(it ( a
 f9ancial ari/ocracy1--a wor?y auxili>y 
( t indu/rial feudality ^: p]nici\s     
influ5ce we beg9 to feel s bitt]ly4     
,?us1 little by little1 ! subord9ation (
 ! labor] to ! idl]1 ! re/oration (     
aboli%$ ca/es1 & ! di/9ction betwe5     
patrician & plebeian1 w\ld be effect$2  
?us1 ?anks to ! new privileges grant$ to
 ! prop]ty ( ! capitali/s1 t ( ! small &
 int]m$iate proprietors w\ld gradually  
disappe>1 & ) x ! :ole class ( free &   
hone/ labor]s4 ,?is c]ta9ly is n my plan

 = ! abolition ( prop]ty4 ,f> f mobiliz+
 ! soil1 ,i w\ld1 if possible1          
immobilize ev5 ! functions ( pure       
intellig5ce1 s t society might be !     
fulfilm5t ( ! int5tions ( ,nature1 :o   
gave u our fir/ possession1 ! l&4 ,=1 if
 ! in/rum5t or capital ( production is !
 m>k ( ! labor]1 x is also 8 p$e/al1 8  
support1 8 c\ntry1 &1 z ! ,psalmi/ says1
 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,8 ,,activity ,,& ,,8 
,,re/4 #ch   ,let u exam9e m closely    
/ill ! inevitable & approa*+ result ( ! 
la/ law conc]n+ judicial sales &        
mortgages4 ,"u ! sy/em ( competition :i*
 is kill+ u1 & ^: necess>y expression is
 a plund]+ & tyrannical gov]nm5t1 ! f>m]
 w ne$ always capital 9 ord] to repair 8
 losses1 & w be =c$ to contract loans4  
,always dep5d+ ^u ! future = ! paym5t ( 
8 debts1 he w be deceiv$ 9 8 hope1 &    
surpris$ by maturity4 ,= :at is !re m   
prompt1 m unexpect$1 m abbreviatory (   
space & "t1 ?an ! maturity ( an         
obligation8 ,i address ?is "q to all :om
 ?is pitiless ,nemesis pursues1 & ev5   

tr\bles 9 _! dreams4 ,n[1 "u ! new law1 
! expropriation ( a debtor w be effect$ 
a hundr$ times m rapidly2 !n1 also1     
spoliation w be a hundr$ times sur]1 & !
 free labor] w pass a hundr$ times soon]
 f 8 pres5t condition to t ( a s]f      
atta*$ to ! soil4 ,=m]ly1 ! l5g? ( "t   
requir$ to effect ! seizure curb$ !     
usur]'s avidity1 gave ! borr[] an       
opportunity to recov] himself1 & gave   
rise to a transaction betwe5 him & 8    
cr$itor :i* might result f9ally 9 a     
complete release4 ,n[1 ! debtor's s5t5ce
 is irrevocable3 he has b a few days (  
grace4  ,& :at advantages are promis$ by
 ?is law z an (fset to ?is sword (      
,damocles1 susp5d$ by a s+le hair ov] ! 
head ( ! un=tunate husb&man8 ,! exp5ses 
( seizure w be mu* less1 x is said2 b w 
! int]e/ on ! borr[$ capital be less    
exorbitant8 ,=1 aft] all1 x is int]e/   
:i* impov]i%es ! peasant & leads to 8   
expropriation4 ,t ! law may be 9 h>mony 
) its pr9ciple1 t x may be truly inspir$
 by t _s ( ju/ice = :i* x is comm5d$1 x 

mu/--:ile facilitat+ expropriation--l[] 
! legal price ( money4 ,o!rwise1 ! re=m 
conc]n+ mortgages is b a trap set =     
small proprietors1--a legislative trick4
  ,l[] int]e/ on money6 ,b1 z we h j    
se51 t is to limit prop]ty4 ,"h1 sir1 y 
%all make y\r own def5ce4 ,m ?an once1 9
 y\r le>n$ lectures1 ,i h he>d y deplore
 ! precipitancy ( ! ,*amb]s1 :o1 )\t    
previ\s /udy & )\t pr(\nd k ( ! subject1
 vot$ almo/ unanim\sly to ma9ta9 !      
/atutes & privileges ( ! ,bank4 ,n[ ^!  
privileges1 ^! /atutes1 ?is vote ( !    
,*amb]s1 mean simply ?is1--t ! m>ket    
price ( specie1 at five or six p] c5t41 
is n too high1 & t ! conditions (       
ex*ange1 disc\nt1 & circulation1 :i*    
g5]ally d\ble ?is int]e/1 are none too  
sev]e4 ,s ! gov]nm5t ?9ks4 ,m4          
,blanqui--a pr(essor ( political        
economy1 paid by ! ,/ate--ma9ta9s !     
contr>y1 & pret5ds to demon/rate1 by    
decisive argum5ts1 ! necessity ( a re=m4
 ,:o1 !n1 be/ und]/&s ! int]e/s (       
prop]ty1--! ,/ate1 or ,m4 ,blanqui8  ,if

 specie c\ld be borr[$ at half ! pres5t 
rate1 ! rev5ues f all sorts ( prop]ty   
w\ld soon be r$uc$ "o-half also4 ,=     
example3 :5 x co/s less to build a h\se 
?an to hire "o1 :5 x is *eap] to cle> a 
field ?an to procure "o already cle>$1  
competition inevitably leads to a       
r$uction ( h\se & f>m-r5ts1 s9ce ! sure/
 way to depreciate active capital is to 
increase its am\nt4 ,b x is a law (     
political economy t an increase (       
production augm5ts ! mass ( available   
capital1 consequ5tly t5ds to raise      
wages1 & f9ally to annihilate int]e/4   
,!n1 proprietors are int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ !
 /atutes & privileges ( ! ,bank2 !n1 a  
re=m 9 ?is matt] w\ld compromise ! "r ( 
increase2 !n1 ! pe]s & deputies are     
bett] in=m$ ?an ,pr(essor ,blanqui4  ,b 
^! same deputies1--s jeal\s ( _!        
privileges :5ev] ! equaliz+ effects ( a 
re=m are )9 _! intellectual             
horizon1--:at did !y d a few days be=e  
!y pass$ ! law conc]n+ judicial sales8  
,!y =m$ a conspiracy aga9/ prop]ty6 ,_! 

law to regulate ! labor ( *ildr5 9      
factories w1 )\t d\bt1 prev5t !         
manufactur] f compell+ a *ild to labor m
 ?an s _m h\rs a day2 b x w n =ce him to
 increase ! pay ( ! *ild1 nor t ( its   
fa!r4 ,to-day1 9 ! int]e/ ( heal?1 we   
dim9i% ! subsi/5ce ( ! poor2 to-morr[ x 
w be necess>y to protect !m by fix+ _!  
,,m9imum wages4 ,b to fix _! m9imum     
wages is to compel ! proprietor1 is to  
=ce ! ma/] to accept 8 workman z an     
associate1 :i* int]f]es ) fre$om & makes
 mutual insurance obligatory4 ,once     
ent]$ ^u ?is pa?1 we nev] %all /op4     
,little by little ! gov]nm5t w become   
manufactur]1 commission-m]*ant1 & retail
 deal]4  ,x w be ! sole proprietor4 ,:y1
 at all epo*s1 h ! m9i/]s ( ,/ate be5 s 
reluctant to m$dle ) ! "q ( wages8 ,:y h
 !y always refus$ to int]f]e betwe5 !   
ma/] & ! workman8 ,because !y knew !    
t\*y & jeal\s nature ( prop]ty1 &1      
reg>d+ x z ! pr9ciple ( all             
civilization1 felt t to m$dle ) x w\ld  
be to unsettle ! v f\ndations ( society4

 ,sad condition ( ! propriet>y          
regime1--"o ( inability to ex]cise *>ity
 )\t violat+ ju/ice6 #ci   ,&1 sir1 ?is 
fatal consequ5ce :i* necessity =ces ^u !
 ,/ate is no m]e imag9ation4 ,ev5 n[ !  
legislative p[] is ask$1 no long] simply
 to regulate ! gov]nm5t ( factories1 b  
to create factories itself4 ,li/5 to !  
millions ( voices %\t+ on all h&s = ,,! 
,,organisation ,,( ,,labor1 ,,!         
,,creation ,,( ,,national ,,work%ops6 ,!
 :ole labor+ class is agitat$3 x has its
 j\rnals1 organs1 & repres5tatives4 ,to 
gu>antee labor to ! work+man1 to balance
 production ) sale1 to h>monize         
indu/rial proprietors1 x advocates      
to-day--z a sov]eign rem$y--"o sole     
head1 "o national w>d5%ip1 "o huge      
manufactur+ company4 ,=1 sir1 all ?is is
 includ$ 9 ! idea ( national work%ops4  
,on ?is subject ,i wi% to quote1 z pro(1
 ! views ( an illu/ri\s economi/1 a     
brilliant m9d1 a progressive intellect1 
an en?usia/ic s\l1 a true patriot1 & yet
 an (ficial def5d] ( ! "r ( prop]ty4 #dj

   ,! honorable pr(essor ( !            
,cons]vatory proposes !n1--  #a4 ,,to   
,,*eck ,,! ,,cont9ual ,,emigration ,,(  
,,labor]s ,,f ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,into ,,!   
,,cities4  ,b1 to keep ! peasant 9 8    
village1 8 resid5ce !re mu/ be made     
endurable3 to be j to all1 ! proletaire 
( ! c\ntry mu/ be treat$ z well z !     
proletaire ( ! city4 ,re=m is ne$$1 !n1 
on f>ms z well z 9 factories2 &1 :5 !   
gov]nm5t ent]s ! work%op1 ! gov]nm5t mu/
 seize ! pl\gh6 ,:at becomes1 dur+ ?is  
progressive invasion1 ( indep5d5t       
cultivation1 exclusive doma91 prop]ty8  
#b4 ,,to ,,fix ,,= ,,ea* ,,pr(ession ,a 
,,mod]ate ,,sal>y1 ,,v>y+ ,,) ,,"t ,,&  
,,place ,,& ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,c]ta9 ,,data4 
,! object ( ?is measure w\ld be to      
secure to labor]s _! subsi/5ce1 & to    
proprietors _! pr(its1 :ile oblig+ !    
latt] to sacrifice f motives ( prud5ce1 
if = no o!r reason1 a portion ( _!      
income4 ,n[1 ,i say1 t ?is portion1 9 ! 
long run1 w\ld swell until at la/ !re   
w\ld be an equality ( enjoym5t betwe5 ! 

proletaire & ! proprietor4 ,=1 z we h _h
 occasion to rem>k sev]al times already1
 ! int]e/ ( ! capitali/--9 o!r words !  
increase ( ! idl]--t5ds1 on acc\nt ( !  
p[] ( labor1 ! multiplication ( products
 & ex*anges1 to cont9ually dim9i%1 &1 by
 con/ant r$uction1 to disappe>4 ,s t1 9 
! society propos$ by ,m4 ,blanqui1      
equality w\ld n be realiz$ at fir/1 b   
w\ld exi/ pot5tially2 s9ce prop]ty1 ?\gh
 outw>dly seem+ to be indu/rial         
feudality1 be+ no long] a pr9ciple (    
exclusion & encroa*m5t1 b only a        
privilege ( division1 w\ld n be sl[1    
?anks to ! intellectual & political     
emancipation ( ! prolet>iat1 9 pass+    
into absolute equality1--z absolute at  
lea/ z any ?+ c be on ?is e>?4  ,i omit1
 = ! sake ( brevity1 ! num]\s           
consid]ations :i* ! pr(essor adduces 9  
support ( :at he calls1 too mode/ly 9 my
 op9ion1 8 ,utopia4 ,!y w\ld s]ve only  
to prove beyond all "q t1 ( all !       
*>latans ( radicalism :o fatigue !      
public e>1 no "o approa*es1 = dep? &    

cle>ness ( ?\ght1 ! audaci\s ,m4        
,blanqui4   #c4 ,,national ,,work%ops   
,,%\ld ,,be ,,9 ,,op]ation ,,only ,,dur+
 ,,p]iods ,,( ,,/agnation ,,9 ,,ord9>y  
,,indu/ries2 ,,at ,,su* ,,times ,,!y    
,,%\ld ,,be ,,op5$ ,,z ,,va/ ,,outlets  
,,to ,,! ,,flood ,,( ,,! ,,labor+       
,,population4  ,b1 sir1 ! /oppage (     
private indu/ry is ! result (           
ov]-production1 & insuffici5t m>kets4   
,if1 !n1 production cont9ues 9 !        
national work%ops1 h[ w ! crisis be     
t]m9at$8 ,und\bt$ly1 by ! g5]al         
depreciation ( m]*&ise1 &1 9 ! la/      
analysis1 by ! conv]sion ( private      
work%ops into national work%ops4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! gov]nm5t w ne$ capital ) :i*  
to pay its workm52 n[1 h[ w ?is capital 
be obta9$8 ,by taxation4 ,& ^u :at w !  
tax be levi$8 ,^u prop]ty4 ,!n y w h    
propriet>y indu/ry su/a9+ aga9/ itself1 
& at its own exp5se1 ano!r indu/ry ) :i*
 x _c compete4 ,:at1 ?9k y1 w become1 9 
?is fatal circle1 ( ! possibility (     
pr(it1--9 a ^w1 ( prop]ty8  ,?ank       

,heav56 equality ( conditions is taught 
9 ! public s*ools2 let u fe> revolutions
 no long]4 ,! mo/ implacable enemy (    
prop]ty c\ld n1 if he wi%$ to de/roy x1 
g to "w 9 a wis] & m effective way4     
,c\rage1 !n1 m9i/]s1 deputies1          
economi/s6 make ha/e to seize ?is       
glori\s initiative2 let ! wat*words (   
equality1 utt]$ f ! heights ( sci5ce &  
p[]1 be repeat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! p2 let !m  
?rill ! brea/s ( ! proletaires1 & c>ry  
dismay into ! ranks ( ! la/             
repres5tatives ( privilege6  ,! t5d5cy (
 society 9 favor ( compell+ proprietors 
to support national work%ops & public   
manufactories is s /rong t = sev]al     
ye>s1 "u ! "n ( ,,electoral ,,re=m1 x   
has be5 exclusively ! "q ( ! day4 ,:at  
is1 aft] all1 ?is electoral re=m :i* ! p
 grasp at1 z if x 7 a bait1 & :i* s _m  
ambiti\s p]sons ei!r call = or d5\nce8  
,x is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! "r ( ! masses to
 a voice 9 ! assessm5t ( taxes1 & ! mak+
 ( ! laws2 :i* laws1 aim+ always at !   
protection ( mat]ial int]e/s1 affect1 9 

a great] or less degree1 all que/ions ( 
taxation or wages4 ,n[ ! p1 in/ruct$    
long s9ce by _! j\rnals1 _! dramas1 #da 
& _! songs1 #db "k to-day t taxation1 to
 be equitably divid$1 mu/ be graduat$1 &
 mu/ be borne ma9ly by ! ri*1--t x mu/  
be levi$ ^u luxuries1 c4 ,& be sure t ! 
p1 once 9 ! majority 9 ! ,*amb]1 w n    
fail to apply ^! lessons4 ,already we h 
a m9i/] ( public works4 ,national       
work%ops w foll[2 & soon1 z a           
consequ5ce1 ! excess ( ! proprietor's   
rev5ue ov] ! work+man's wages w be      
swall[$ up 9 ! c(f]s ( ! labor]s ( !    
,/ate4 ,d y n see t 9 ?is way prop]ty is
 gradually r$uc$1 z nobility 0 =m]ly1 to
 a nom9al title1 to a di/9ction purely  
honor>y 9 its nature8   ,ei!r !         
electoral re=m w fail to accompli% t :i*
 is hop$ f x1 & w disappo9t its         
innum]able p>tisans1 or else x w        
inevitably result 9 a trans=mation ( !  
absolute "r "u :i* we live into a "r (  
possession2 t is1 t :ile1 at pres5t1    
prop]ty makes ! elector1 aft] ?is re=m  

is accompli%$1 ! citiz51 ! produc] w be 
! possessor4 #dc ,consequ5tly1 !        
radicals are "r 9 say+ t ! electoral    
re=m is 9 _! eyes only a means2 b1 :5 !y
 are sil5t z to ! end1 !y %[ ei!r pr(\nd
 ignorance1 or useless dissimulation4   
,!re %\ld be no secrets or res]vations f
 peoples & p[]s4 ,he disgraces himself &
 fails 9 respect = 8 fell[s1 :o1 9      
publi%+ 8 op9ions1 employs evasion &    
cunn+4 ,be=e ! p act1 !y ne$ to "k !    
:ole tru?4 ,unhappy he :o %all d>e to   
trifle ) !m6 ,= ! p are cr$ul\s1 b !y   
are /rong4 ,let u tell !m1 !n1 t ?is    
re=m :i* is propos$ is only a means1--a 
means (t5 tri$1 & hi!rto )\t effect1--b 
t ! logical object ( ! electoral re=m is
 equality ( =tunes2 & t ?is equality    
itself is only a new means hav+ 9 view !
 sup]ior & def9itive object ( !         
salvation ( society1 ! re/oration (     
morals & religion1 & ! revival ( poetry 
& art4   ,?is ass]tion ( ,m4 ,rossi is n
 borne out by hi/ory4 ,prop]ty is !     
cause ( ! electoral "r1 n z a           

,,presumption ,,( ,,capacity1--an idea  
:i* nev] prevail$ until lately1 & :i* is
 extremely absurd1--b z a ,,gu>antee ,,(
 ,,devotion ,,to ,,! ,,e/abli%$ ,,ord]4 
,! electoral body is a league ( ^?      
int]e/$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( prop]ty1 aga9/  
^? n int]e/$4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( docum5ts1
 ev5 (ficial docum5ts1 to prove ?is1 if 
necess>y4 ,= ! re/1 ! pres5t sy/em is   
only a cont9uation ( ! municipal sy/em1 
:i*1 9 ! middle ages1 sprang up 9       
connection ) feudalism1--an oppressive1 
mis*ief-mak+ sy/em1 full ( petty        
passions & base intrigues4   ,x w\ld be 
an abuse ( ! read]'s pati5ce to insi/   
fur!r ^u ! t5d5cy ( our "t t[>ds        
equality4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 s _m p :o  
d5\nce ! pres5t age1 t no?+ is ga9$ by  
expos+ to _! view ! popul>1 sci5tific1 &
 repres5tative t5d5cies ( ! nation4     
,prompt to recognize ! accuracy ( !     
inf]5ces drawn f obs]vation1 !y conf9e  
!mselves to a g5]al c5sure ( ! facts1 & 
an absolute d5ial ( _! legitimacy4 ,:at 
wond]1 !y say1 t ?is atmosph]e (        

equality intoxicates u1 consid]+ all t  
has be5 said & done dur+ ! pa/ t5       
ye>s6444 ,d y n see t society is        
dissolv+1 t a _s ( infatuation is c>ry+ 
u away8 ,all ^! hopes ( reg5]ation are b
 =ebod+s ( dea?2 y\r songs ( triumph are
 l ! pray]s ( ! dep>t+1 y\r trumpet     
peals ann\nce ! baptism ( a dy+ man4    
,civilization is fall+ 9 ru93 ,imus1    
imus1 praecipites6  ,su* p d5y ,god4 ,i 
might cont5t myself ) ! reply t ! _s (  
#ahcj 0 ! result ( ! ma9t5ance ( !      
violat$ *>t]2 t ?is *>t] arose f !      
,revolution ( '#hi2 t '#hi implies !    
,/ates-,g5]al's "r ( remon/rance1 & !   
enfran*isem5t ( ! communes2 t ! communes
 suppose feudalism1 :i* 9 its turn      
supposes invasion1 ,roman law1          
,*ri/ianity1 c4  ,b x is necess>y to    
look fur!r4 ,we mu/ p5etrate to ! v he>t
 ( anci5t in/itutions1 plunge into !    
social dep?s1 & uncov] ?is inde/ructible
 leav5 ( equality :i* ! ,god ( ju/ice   
brea!d into our s\ls1 & :i* manife/s    
itself 9 all our works4  ,labor is man's

 contempor>y2 x is a duty1 s9ce x is a  
condition ( exi/5ce3 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y    
face %alt ?\ eat bread4 ,x is m ?an a   
duty1 x is a mission3 ,god put ! man    
into ! g>d5 to dress x4 ,i add t labor  
is ! cause & means ( equality4  ,ca/    
away ^u a des]t isl& two m53 "o l>ge1   
/rong1 & active2 ! o!r weak1 timid1 &   
dome/ic4 ,! latt] w die ( hung]2 :ile ! 
o!r1 a skilful hunt]1 an exp]t fi%]man1 
& an indefatigable husb&man1 w ov]/ock  
himself ) provisions4 ,:at great]       
inequality1 9 ?is /ate ( ,nature s de>  
to ! he>t ( ,jean ,jacques1 c\ld be     
imag9$6 ,b let ^! two m5 meet &         
associate !mselves3 ! second imm$iately 
att5ds to ! cook+1 takes *>ge ( !       
h\sehold affairs1 & sees to !           
provisions1 b$s1 & clo!s2 provid$ !     
/rong] does n abuse 8 sup]iority by     
enslav+ & ill-treat+ 8 companion1 _!    
social condition w be p]fectly equal4   
,?us1 ?r\gh ex*ange ( s]vices1 !        
inequalities ( ,nature neutralize ea*   
o!r1 tal5ts associate1 & =ces balance4  

,viol5ce & in]tia are f\nd only among ! 
poor & ! ari/ocratic4 ,& 9 t lies !     
philosophy ( political economy1 ! my/]y 
( human bro!rhood4 ,hic e/ sapi5tia4    
,let u pass f ! hypo!tical /ate ( pure  
,nature into civilization4  ,!          
proprietor ( ! soil1 :o produces1 ,i w  
suppose ) ! economi/s1 by l5d+ 8        
in/rum5t1 receives at ! f\ndation ( a   
society s _m bu%els ( gra9 = ea* acre ( 
arable l&4 ,z long z labor is weak1 & ! 
v>iety ( its products small1 !          
proprietor is p[]ful 9 comp>ison ) !    
labor]s2 he has t5 times1 "o hundr$     
times1 ! portion ( an hone/ man4 ,b let 
labor1 by multiply+ its inv5tions1      
multiply its enjoym5ts & wants1 & !     
proprietor1 if he wi%es to enjoy ! new  
products1 w be oblig$ to r$uce 8 income 
e day2 & s9ce ! fir/ products t5d r to  
depreciate ?an to rise 9 value1--9      
consequ5ce ( ! cont9ual addition ( ! new
 ones1 :i* may be reg>d$ z supplem5ts ( 
! fir/ ones1--x foll[s t ! idle         
proprietor gr[s poor z fa/ z public     

prosp]ity increases4 ,incomes 7,i l to  
quote y1 sir1 because x is impossible to
 give too good an au?ority = ^! elem5t>y
 pr9ciples ( economy1 & because ,i _c   
express !m bett] myself71 incomes1 y h  
said1 t5d to disappe> z capital         
increases4 ,he :o possesses to-day an   
income ( tw5ty ?\s& p\nds is n ne>ly z  
ri* z he :o possess$ ! same am\nt fifty 
ye>s ago4 ,! "t is com+ :5 all prop]ty w
 be a burd5 to ! idle1 & w necess>ily   
pass into ! h&s ( ! able & indu/ri\s4   
#dd444   ,9 ord] to live z a proprietor1
 or to consume )\t produc+1 x is        
necess>y1 !n1 to live ^u ! labor (      
ano!r2 9 o!r words1 x is necess>y to    
kill ! labor]4 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t  
proprietors ( ^? v>ieties ( capital :i* 
are ( prim>y necessity increase _!      
f>m-r5ts z fa/ z indu/ry develops1 mu* m
 c>eful ( _! privileges 9 t respect1 ?an
 ^? economi/s :o1 9 ord] to /r5g!n      
prop]ty1 advocate a r$uction ( int]e/4  
,b ! crime is unavail+3 labor &         
production increase2 soon ! proprietor w

 be =c$ to labor1 & !n prop]ty is lo/4  
,! proprietor is a man :o1 hav+ absolute
 control ( an in/rum5t ( production1    
claims ! "r to enjoy ! product ( !      
in/rum5t )\t us+ x himself4 ,to ?is end 
he l5ds x2 & we h j se5 t f ?is loan !  
labor] d]ives a p[] ( ex*ange1 :i* soon]
 or lat] w de/roy ! "r ( increase4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 ! proprietor is oblig$ to   
all[ ! labor] a portion ( ! product1 =  
)\t x ! labor] c\ld n live4 ,soon !     
latt]1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( 8 indu/ry1  
f9ds a means ( rega9+ ! great] portion (
 t :i* he gives to ! proprietor2 s t at 
la/1 ! objects ( enjoym5t increas+      
cont9ually1 :ile ! income ( ! idl]      
rema9s ! same1 ! proprietor1 hav+       
exhau/$ 8 res\rces1 beg9s to ?9k ( go+  
to "w himself4 ,!n ! victory ( ! produc]
 is c]ta94 ,labor comm5ces to tip !     
balance t[>ds its own side1 & comm]ce   
leads to equilibrium4  ,man's in/9ct _c 
err2 z1 9 lib]ty1 ex*ange ( functions   
leads inevitably to equality among m51 s
 comm]ce--or ex*ange ( products1 :i* is 

id5tical ) ex*ange ( functions--is a new
 cause ( equality4 ,z long z !          
proprietor does n labor1 h[ev] small 8  
income1 he enjoys a privilege2 !        
labor]'s welf>e may be equal to 81 b    
equality ( conditions does n exi/4 ,b z 
soon z ! proprietor becomes a           
produc]1--s9ce he c ex*ange 8 special   
product only ) 8 t5ant or 8             
comm&ite1--soon] or lat] ?is t5ant1 ?is 
exploit$ man1 if viol5ce is n done him1 
w make a pr(it out ( ! proprietor1 & w  
oblige him to re/ore--9 ! ex*ange ( _!  
respective products--! int]e/ on 8      
capital4 ,s t1 balanc+ "o inju/ice by   
ano!r1 ! contract+ p>ties w be equal4   
,labor & ex*ange1 :5 lib]ty prevails1   
lead1 !n1 to equality ( =tunes2         
mutuality ( s]vices neutralizes         
privilege4 ,t is :y despots 9 all ages &
 c\ntries h assum$ control ( comm]ce2 !y
 wi%$ to prev5t ! labor ( _! subjects f 
becom+ an ob/acle to ! rapacity (       
tyrants4  ,up to ?is po9t1 all takes    
place 9 ! natural ord]2 !re is no       

prem$itation1 no artifice4 ,! :ole      
proce$+ is gov]n$ by ! laws ( necessity 
alone4 ,proprietors & labor]s act only 9
 ob$i5ce to _! wants4 ,?us1 ! ex]cise ( 
! "r ( increase1 ! art ( robb+ !        
produc]1 dep5ds--dur+ ?is fir/ p]iod (  
civilization--^u physical viol5ce1      
murd]1 & w>4  ,b at ?is po9t a gigantic 
& complicat$ conspiracy is hat*$ aga9/ !
 capitali/s4 ,! weapon ( ! ,,exploit]s  
is met by ! ,,exploit$ ) ! in/rum5t (   
comm]ce1--a m>vell\s inv5tion1 d5\nc$ at
 its orig9 by ! morali/s :o favor$      
prop]ty1 b inspir$ )\t d\bt by ! g5ius (
 labor1 by ! ,m9]va ( ! proletaires4  ,!
 pr9cipal cause ( ! evil lay 9 !        
accumulation & immobility ( capital (   
all sorts1--an immobility :i* prev5t$   
labor1 enslav$ & subalt]niz$ by haughty 
idl5ess1 f ev] acquir+ x4 ,! necessity 0
 felt ( divid+ & mobiliz+ weal?1 ( r5d]+
 x portable1 ( mak+ x pass f ! h&s ( !  
possessor into ^? ( ! work]4 ,labor     
inv5t$ ,,money4 ,aft]w>ds1 ?is inv5tion 
0 reviv$ & develop$ by ! ,,bill ,,(     

,,ex*ange & ! ,,bank4 ,= all ^! ?+s are 
sub/antially ! same1 & proce$ f ! same  
m9d4 ,! fir/ man :o conceiv$ ! idea (   
repres5t+ a value by a %ell1 a preci\s  
/one1 or a c]ta9 weight ( metal1 0 !    
real inv5tor ( ! ,bank4 ,:at is a piece 
( money1 9 fact8 ,x is a bill ( ex*ange 
writt5 ^u solid & durable mat]ial1 &    
c>ry+ ) x its own r$emption4 ,by ?is    
means1 oppress$ equality 0 enabl$ to    
laugh at ! ef=ts ( ! proprietors1 & !   
balance ( ju/ice 0 adju/$ = ! fir/ "t 9 
! tradesman's %op4 ,! trap 0 cunn+ly    
set1 & accompli%$ its purpose s ?or\ghly
 t 9 idle h&s money became only dissolv+
 weal?1 a false symbol1 a %ad[ ( ri*es4 
,an excell5t economi/ & pr(\nd          
philosoph] 0 t mis] :o took z 8 motto1  
,,:5 ,a ,,gu9ea ,,is ,,ex*ang$1 ,,x     
,,evaporates4 ,s x may be said1 ,:5 real
 e/ate is conv]t$ into money1 x is lo/4 
,?is expla9s ! con/ant fact ( hi/ory1 t 
! nobles--! unproductive proprietors ( !
 soil--h e :]e be5 dispossess$ by       
indu/rial & comm]cial plebeians4 ,su* 0 

especially ! case 9 ! =mation ( !       
,italian republics1 born1 dur+ ! middle 
ages1 ( ! impov]i%m5t ( ! seigniors4 ,i 
w n pursue ! int]e/+ consid]ations :i*  
?is matt] sugge/s2 ,i c\ld only repeat !
 te/imony ( hi/orians1 & pres5t         
economical demon/rations 9 an alt]$ =m4 
,! greate/ enemy ( ! l&$ & indu/rial    
ari/ocracy to-day1 ! incessant promot] (
 equality ( =tunes1 is ! ,,bank]4 ,?r\gh
 him imm5se pla9s are divid$1 m\nta9s   
*ange _! positions1 =e/s are gr[n ^u !  
public squ>es1 "o hemisph]e produces =  
ano!r1 & e corn] ( ! globe has its      
usufructu>ies4 ,by means ( ! ,bank new  
weal? is cont9ually creat$1 ! use ( :i* 
7soon becom+ indisp5sable to selfi%ness7
 wre/s ! dormant capital f ! h&s ( !    
jeal\s proprietor4 ,! bank] is at once !
 mo/ pot5t creator ( weal?1 & ! ma9     
di/ributor ( ! products ( art & ,nature4
 ,& yet1 by ! /range/ ant9omy1 ?is same 
bank] is ! mo/ rel5tless collector (    
pr(its1 increase1 & usury ev] inspir$ by
 ! demon ( prop]ty4 ,! importance ( !   

s]vices :i* he r5d]s leads u to endure1 
?\gh n )\t compla9t1 ! taxes :i* he     
imposes4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce no?+ c avoid  
its provid5tial mission1 s9ce no?+ :i*  
exi/s c escape ! end = :i* x exi/s !    
bank] 7! mod]n ,croesus7 mu/ "s day     
become ! re/or] ( equality4 ,& foll[+ 9 
y\r foot/eps1 sir1 ,i h already giv5 !  
reason2 namely1 t pr(it decreases z     
capital multiplies1 s9ce an increase (  
capital--call+ = m labor]s1 )\t :om x   
rema9s unproductive--always causes an   
increase ( wages4 ,:5ce x foll[s t !    
,bank1 to-day ! suction-pump ( weal?1 is
 de/9$ to become ! /ew>d ( ! human race4
  ,! phrase ,,equality ,,( ,,=tunes     
*afes p1 z if x ref]r$ to a condition ( 
! o!r _w1 unkn[n "h bel[4 ,!re are "s   
p]sons1 radicals z well z mod]ates1 :om 
! v m5tion ( ?is idea fills )           
indignation4 ,let1 !n1 ^! silly         
ari/ocrats aboli% m]cantile societies & 
insurance companies1 :i* are f\nd$ by   
prud5ce = mutual assi/ance4 ,= all ^!   
social facts1 s spontane\s & free f all 

levell+ int5tions1 are ! legitimate     
fruits ( ! in/9ct ( equality4  ,:5 !    
legislator makes a law1 prop]ly speak+  
he does n ,,make x1--he does n ,,create 
x3 he ,,describes x4 ,9 legislat+ ^u !  
moral1 civil1 & political relations (   
citiz5s1 he does n express an arbitr>y  
notion3 he /ates ! g5]al idea1--! high] 
pr9ciple :i* gov]ns ! matt] :i* he is   
consid]+2 9 a ^w1 he is ! proclaim]1 n !
 inv5tor1 ( ! law4 ,s1 :5 two or m m5 =m
 among !mselves1 by synallagmatic       
contract1 an indu/rial or an insurance  
association1 !y recognize t _! int]e/s1 
=m]ly isolat$ by a false _s ( selfi%ness
 & indep5d5ce1 are firmly connect$ by _!
 inn] natures1 & by ! mutuality ( _!    
relations4 ,!y d n really b9d !mselves  
by an act ( _! private w3 !y swe> to    
con=m h5ce=? to a previ\sly exi/+ social
 law hi!rto disreg>d$ by !m4 ,& ?is is  
prov$ by ! fact t ^! same m51 c\ld !y   
avoid association1 w\ld n associate4    
,be=e !y c be induc$ to unite _!        
int]e/s1 !y mu/ acquire full k ( !      

dang]s ( competition & isolation2 h5ce !
 exp]i5ce ( evil is ! only ?+ :i* leads 
!m into society4  ,n[ ,i say t1 to      
e/abli% equality among m51 x is only    
necess>y to g5]alize ! pr9ciple ^u :i*  
insurance1 agricultural1 & comm]cial    
associations are bas$4 ,i say t         
competition1 isolation ( int]e/s1       
monopoly1 privilege1 accumulation (     
capital1 exclusive enjoym5t1            
subord9ation ( functions1 individual    
production1 ! "r ( pr(it or increase1 ! 
exploitation ( man by man1 &1 to sum up 
all ^! species "u "o head1 t ,,prop]ty  
is ! pr9cipal cause ( mis]y & crime4 ,&1
 = hav+ arriv$ at ?is (f5sive &         
anti-propriet>y conclusion1 ,i am an    
abhorr$ mon/]2 radicals & cons]vatives  
alike po9t me out z a fit subject =     
prosecution2 ! academies %[] _! c5sures 
^u me2 ! mo/ wor?y p reg>d me z mad2 &  
^? are excessively tol]ant :o cont5t    
!mselves ) ! ass]tion t ,i am a fool4   
,oh1 unhappy ! writ] :o publi%es ! tru? 
o!rwise ?an z a p]=mance ( a duty6 ,if  

he has c\nt$ ^u ! applause ( ! cr[d2 if 
he has suppos$ t av>ice & self-int]e/   
w\ld =get !mselves 9 admiration ( him2  
if he has neglect$ to encase himself )9 
?ree ?icknesses ( brass1--he w fail1 z  
he ought1 9 8 selfi% und]tak+4 ,! unju/ 
criticisms1 ! sad disappo9tm5ts1 !      
despair ( 8 mi/ak5 ambition1 w kill him4
  ,b1 if ,i am no long] p]mitt$ to      
express my own p]sonal op9ion conc]n+   
?is int]e/+ "q ( social equilibrium1 let
 me1 at lea/1 make kn[n ! ?\ght ( my    
ma/]s1 & develop ! doctr9es advocat$ 9 !
 "n ( ! gov]nm5t4  ,x nev] has be5 my   
int5tion1 sir1 9 spite ( ! vigor\s      
c5sure :i* y1 9 behalf ( y\r academy1 h 
pron\nc$ ^u ! doctr9e ( equality (      
=tunes1 to contradict & cope ) y4 ,9    
li/5+ to y1 ,i h felt my inf]iority too 
ke5ly to p]mit me to ent] ^u su* a      
discussion4 ,& !n1--if x mu/ be         
said1--h[ev] diff]5t y\r language is f  
m9e1 we believe 9 ! same pr9ciples2 y   
%>e all my op9ions4 ,i d n mean to      
ins9uate !reby1 sir1 t y h 7to use !    

phraseology ( ! s*ools7 an ,,esot]ic &  
an ,,exot]ic doctr9e1--t1 secretly      
believ+ 9 equality1 y def5d prop]ty only
 f motives ( prud5ce & by comm&4 ,i am n
 ra% en\gh to reg>d y z my colleague 9  
my revolution>y projects2 & ,i e/eem y  
too highly1 moreov]1 to suspect y (     
dissimulation4 ,i only mean t ! tru?s   
:i* me?odical inve/igation & labori\s   
metaphysical speculation h pa9fully     
demon/rat$ to me1 a pr(\nd acqua9tance )
 political economy & a long exp]i5ce    
reveal to y4 ,:ile ,i h rea*$ my belief 
9 equality by long reflection1 & almo/ 9
 spite ( my desires1 y hold y\rs1 sir1 )
 all ! zeal ( fai?1--) all ! spontaneity
 ( g5ius4 ,t is :y y\r c\rse ( lectures 
at ! ,cons]vatory is a p]petual w> ^u   
prop]ty & inequality ( =tunes2 t is :y  
y\r mo/ le>n$ inve/igations1 y\r mo/    
+5i\s analyses1 & y\r innum]able        
obs]vations always conclude 9 a =mula ( 
progress & equality2 t is :y1 f9ally1 y 
are nev] m admir$ & applaud$ ?an at ^?  
mom5ts ( inspiration :51 borne ^u ! w+s 

( sci5ce1 y asc5d to ^? l(ty tru?s :i*  
cause plebeian he>ts to beat )          
en?usiasm1 & :i* *ill ) horror m5 ^:    
int5tions are evil4 ,h[ _m times1 f !   
place :]e ,i eag]ly drank 9 y\r eloqu5t 
words1 h ,i inw>dly ?ank$ ,heav5 =      
exempt+ y f ! judgm5t pass$ by ,/4 ,paul
 ^u ! philosoph]s ( 8 "t1--,!y h kn[n ! 
tru?1 & h n made x kn[n6 ,h[ _m times h 
,i rejoic$ at f9d+ my own ju/ification 9
 ea* ( y\r disc\rses6 ,no1 no2 ,i nei!r 
wi% nor ask = any ?+ :i* y d n tea*     
y\rself4 ,i appeal to y\r num]\s        
audi5ce2 let x belie me if1 9 comm5t+ ^u
 y1 ,i p]v]t y\r mean+4  ,a disciple (  
,say1 :at 9 y\r eyes is m anti-social   
?an ! cu/om-h\ses2 or1 z y correctly    
call !m1 ! b>ri]s erect$ by monopoly    
betwe5 nations8 ,:at is m annoy+1 m     
unju/1 or m absurd1 ?an ?is prohibitory 
sy/em :i* compels u to pay =ty s\s 9    
,france = t :i* 9 ,engl& or ,belgium    
w\ld br+ u b fifte58 ,x is ! cu/om-h\se1
 y once said1 #de :i* arre/s !          
developm5t ( civilization by prev5t+ !  

specialization ( indu/ries2 x is !      
cu/om-h\se :i* enri*es a hundr$         
monopoli/s by impov]i%+ millions (      
citiz5s2 x is ! cu/om-h\se :i* produces 
fam9e 9 ! mid/ ( abundance1 :i* makes   
labor /]ile by prohibit+ ex*ange1 & :i* 
/ifles production 9 a mortal embrace4 ,x
 is ! cu/om-h\se :i* r5d]s nations      
jeal\s (1 & ho/ile to1 ea* o!r2         
f\r-fif?s ( ! w>s ( all ages 7 caus$    
orig9ally by ! cu/om-h\se4 ,& !n1 at !  
highe/ pit* ( y\r en?usiasm1 y %\t$3    
,yes1 if to put an end to ?is hateful   
sy/em1 x %\ld become necess>y = me to %$
 ! la/ drop ( my blood1 ,i w\ld joyfully
 spr+ into ! gap1 ask+ only "t en\gh to 
give ?anks to ,god = hav+ judg$ me wor?y
 ( m>tyrdom6   ,&1 at t solemn mom5t1 ,i
 said to myself3 ,place 9 e dep>tm5t (  
,france su* a pr(essor z t1 & !         
revolution is avoid$4  ,b1 sir1 by ?is  
magnific5t !ory ( lib]ty ( comm]ce y    
r5d] milit>y glory impossible1--y leave 
no?+ = diplomacy to d2 y ev5 take away !
 desire = conque/1 :ile aboli%+ pr(it   

altoge!r4 ,:at matt]s x1 inde$1 :o      
re/ores ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 &     
,sa9t ,jean d',acre1 if ! ,syrians1     
,egyptians1 & ,turks are free to *oose  
_! ma/]s2 free to ex*ange _! products ) 
:om !y please8 ,:y %\ld ,europe get into
 su* a turmoil ov] ?is petty ,sultan & 8
 old ,pa%a1 if x is only a "q :e!r we or
 ! ,engli% %all civilize ! ,ori5t1--%all
 in/ruct ,egypt & ,syria 9 ! ,european  
arts1 & %all tea* !m to con/ruct ma*9es1
 dig canals1 & build railroads8 ,=1 if  
to national indep5d5ce free trade is    
add$1 ! =eign influ5ce ( ^! two c\ntries
 is !reaft] ex]t$ only ?r\gh a volunt>y 
relation%ip ( produc] to produc]1 or    
appr5tice to j\rneyman4  ,alone among   
,european p[]s1 ,france *e]fully accept$
 ! task ( civiliz+ ! ,ori5t1 & began an 
invasion :i* 0 q apo/olic 9 its "*1--s  
joyful & high-m9d$ d noble ?\ghts r5d]  
our nation6 ,b diplomatic rivalry1      
national selfi%ness1 ,engli% av>ice1 &  
,russian ambition /ood 9 h] way4 ,to    
consummate a long-m$itat$ usurpation1 x 

0 necess>y to cru% a too g5]\s ally3 !  
robb]s ( ! ,holy ,alliance =m$ a league 
aga9/ dauntless & blameless ,france4    
,consequ5tly1 at ! news ( ?is fam\s     
treaty1 !re arose among u a *orus (     
curses ^u ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 :i* at t
 "t 0 act+ "u ! hypocritical =mulas ( ! 
old political sy/em4 ,! la/ h\r (       
prop]ty seem$ to h /ruck by ! side (    
,syria2 f ! ,alps to ! ocean1 f ! ,rh9e 
to ! ,pyr5ees1 ! popul> consci5ce 0     
ar\s$4 ,all ,france sang songs ( w>1 & !
 coalition turn$ pale at ! s\nd ( ^!    
%udd]+ cries3 ,w> ^u ! autocrat1 :o     
wi%es to be proprietor ( ! old _w6 ,w>  
^u ! ,engli% p]jur]1 ! dev\r] ( ,india1 
! poison] ( ,*9a1 ! tyrant ( ,irel&1 & !
 et]nal enemy ( ,france6 ,w> ^u ! allies
 :o h conspir$ aga9/ lib]ty & equality6 
,w>6 w>6 w> ^u prop]ty6  ,by ! c\nsel ( 
,provid5ce ! emancipation ( ! nations is
 po/pon$4 ,france is to conqu]1 n by    
arms1 b by example4 ,univ]sal reason    
does n yet und]/& ?is gr& equation1 :i*1
 comm5c+ ) ! abolition ( slav]y1 &      

advanc+ ov] ! ru9s ( ari/ocracies &     
?rones1 mu/ end 9 equality ( rights &   
=tunes2 b ! day is n f> (f :5 ! k ( ?is 
tru? w be z common z t ( equality (     
orig94 ,already x seems to be und]/ood t
 ! ,ori5tal "q is only a "q (           
cu/om-h\ses4 ,is x1 !n1 s difficult =   
public op9ion to g5]alize ?is idea1 & to
 compreh5d1 f9ally1 t if ! suppression (
 cu/om-h\ses involves ! abolition (     
national prop]ty1 x involves also1 z a  
consequ5ce1 ! abolition ( individual    
prop]ty8  ,9 fact1 if we suppress !     
cu/om-h\ses1 ! alliance ( ! nations is  
decl>$ by t v act2 _! solid>ity is      
recogniz$1 & _! equality proclaim$4 ,if 
we suppress ! cu/om-h\ses1 ! pr9ciple ( 
association w n be sl[ 9 rea*+ f ! ,/ate
 to ! prov9ce1 f ! prov9ce to ! city1 & 
f ! city to ! work%op4 ,b1 !n1 :at      
becomes ( ! privileges ( au?ors &       
arti/s8 ,( :at use are ! pat5ts =       
inv5tion1 imag9ation1 amelioration1 &   
improvem5t8 ,:5 our deputies write a law
 ( lit]>y prop]ty by ! side ( a law :i* 

op5s a l>ge brea* 9 ! cu/om-h\se !y     
contradict !mselves1 inde$1 & pull d[n )
 "o h& :at !y build up ) ! o!r4 ,)\t !  
cu/om-h\se1 lit]>y prop]ty does n exi/1 
& ! hopes ( our />v+ au?ors are         
fru/rat$4 ,=1 c]ta9ly y d n expect1 ) ! 
good man ,f\ri]1 t lit]>y prop]ty w     
ex]cise itself 9 ,*9a to ! pr(it ( a    
,fr5* writ]2 & t an ode ( ,lam>t9e1 sold
 by privilege all ov] ! _w1 w br+ 9     
millions to its au?or6 ,! poet's "w is  
peculi> to ! climate 9 :i* he lives2 e  
:]e else ! reproduction ( 8 works1 hav+ 
no m>ket value1 %\ld be frank & free4 ,b
 :at6 w x be necess>y = nations to put  
!mselves "u mutual surveillance = ! sake
 ( v]ses1 /atues1 & elixirs8 ,we %all   
always h1 !n1 an excise1 a city-toll1   
rights ( entrance & transit1 cu/om-h\ses
 f9ally2 & !n1 z a reaction aga9/       
privilege1 smuggl+4  ,smuggl+6 ,t ^w    
rem9ds me ( "o ( ! mo/ horrible =ms (   
prop]ty4 ,smuggl+1 y h said1 sir1 #df is
 an (f5ce ( political creation2 x is !  
ex]cise ( natural lib]ty1 def9$ z a     

crime 9 c]ta9 cases by ! w ( ! sov]eign4
 ,! smuggl] is a gallant man1--a man (  
_s1 :o gaily busies himself 9 procur+ = 
8 neighbor1 at a v l[ price1 a jewel1 a 
%awl1 or any o!r object ( necessity or  
luxury1 :i* dome/ic monopoly r5d]s      
excessively de>4 ,!n1 to a v poetical   
monograph ( ! smuggl]1 y add ?is dismal 
conclusion1--t ! smuggl] belongs to !   
family ( ,m&r91 & t ! galleys %\ld be 8 
home6   ,b1 sir1 y h n call$ att5tion to
 ! horrible exploitation :i* is c>ri$ on
 9 ?is way 9 ! "n ( prop]ty4  ,x is     
said1--& ,i give ?is report only z an   
hypo!sis & an illu/ration1 = ,i d n     
believe x1--x is said t ! pres5t m9i/] (
 f9ances owes 8 =tune to smuggl+4 ,m4   
,humann1 ( ,/rasb\rg1 s5t out ( ,france1
 x is said1 enorm\s quantities ( sug>1 =
 :i* he receiv$ ! b\nty on exportation  
promis$ by ! ,/ate2 !n1 smuggl+ ?is sug>
 back aga91 he export$ x anew1 receiv+ !
 b\nty on exportation a second "t1 & s  
on4 ,notice1 sir1 t ,i d n /ate ?is z a 
fact2 ,i give x only z x is told1 n     

endors+ or ev5 believ+ x4 ,my sole      
design is to fix ! idea 9 ! m9d by an   
example4 ,if ,i believ$ t a m9i/] _h    
committ$ su* a crime1 t is1 if ,i _h    
p]sonal & au!ntic k t he _h1 ,i w\ld    
d5\nce ,m4 ,humann1 ! m9i/] ( f9ances1  
to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 & w\ld l\dly   
dem& 8 expulsion f ! m9i/ry4  ,b t :i*  
is und\bt$ly false ( ,m4 ,humann is true
 ( _m o!rs1 z ri* & no less honorable   
?an he4 ,smuggl+1 organiz$ on a l>ge    
scale by ! eat]s ( human fle%1 is c>ri$ 
on to ! pr(it ( a few pa%as at ! risk & 
p]il ( _! imprud5t victims4 ,! inactive 
proprietor (f]s 8 m]*&ise = sale2 !     
actual smuggl] risks 8 lib]ty1 8 honor1 
& 8 life4 ,if success cr[ns ! ent]prise1
 ! c\rage\s s]vant gets paid = 8 j\rney2
 ! pr(it goes to ! c[>d4 ,if =tune or   
trea*]y deliv]s ! in/rum5t ( ?is        
execrable traffic into ! h&s ( !        
cu/om-h\se (fic]1 ! ma/]-smuggl] suff]s 
a loss :i* a m =tunate voyage w soon    
repair4 ,! ag5t1 pron\nc$ a sc\ndrel1 is
 ?r[n into prison 9 company ) robb]s2   

:ile 8 glori\s patron1 a juror1 elector1
 deputy1 or m9i/]1 makes laws conc]n+   
expropriation1 monopoly1 & cu/om-h\ses6 
,i promis$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lett]1 t  
no attack on prop]ty %\ld escape my p51 
my only object be+ to ju/ify myself be=e
 ! public by a g5]al recrim9ation4 ,b ,i
 c\ld n refra9 f br&+ s odi\s a mode (  
exploitation1 & ,i tru/ t ?is %ort      
digression w be p>don$4 ,prop]ty does n 
av5ge1 ,i hope1 ! injuries :i* smuggl+  
suff]s4  ,! conspiracy aga9/ prop]ty is 
g5]al2 x is flagrant2 x takes possession
 ( all m9ds1 & inspires all our laws2 x 
lies at ! bottom ( all !ories4 ,"h !    
proletaire pursues prop]ty 9 ! /reet1   
!re ! legislator lays an int]dict ^u x2 
n[1 a pr(essor ( political economy or ( 
indu/rial legislation1 #dg paid to def5d
 x1 und]m9es x ) r$\bl$ bl[s2 at        
ano!r--"t1 an academy calls x 9 "q1 #dh 
or inquires z to ! progress ( its       
demolition4 #di ,to-day !re is n an     
idea1 n an op9ion1 n a sect1 :i* does n 
dream ( muzzl+ prop]ty4 ,none confess x1

 because none are yet consci\s ( x2 !re 
are too few m9ds capable ( grasp+       
spontane\sly ?is ensemble ( causes &    
effects1 ( pr9ciples & consequ5ces1 by  
:i* ,i try to demon/rate ! approa*+     
disappe>ance ( prop]ty2 on ! o!r h&1 !  
ideas t are g5]ally =m$ ( ?is "r are too
 div]g5t & too loosely det]m9$ to all[  
an admission1 s soon1 ( ! contr>y !ory4 
,?us1 9 ! middle & l[] ranks ( lit]ature
 & philosophy1 no less ?an among !      
common p1 x is ?\ght t1 :5 prop]ty is   
aboli%$1 no "o w be able to enjoy !     
fruit ( 8 labor2 t no "o w h any ?+     
peculi> to himself1 & t tyrannical      
communism w be e/abli%$ on ! ru9s (     
family & lib]ty6--*im]as1 :i* are to    
support = a little :ile long] ! cause ( 
privilege4   ,b1 be=e det]m9+ precisely 
! idea ( prop]ty1 be=e seek+ amid !     
contradictions ( sy/ems = ! common      
elem5t :i* mu/ =m ! basis ( ! new "r1   
let u ca/ a rapid glance at ! *anges    
:i*1 at ! v>i\s p]iods ( hi/ory1 prop]ty
 has und]gone4 ,! political =ms (       

nations are ! expression ( _! beliefs4  
,! mobility ( ^! =ms1 _! modification & 
_! de/ruction1 are solemn exp]i5ces :i* 
%[ u ! value ( ideas1 & gradually       
elim9ate f ! inf9ite v>iety ( cu/oms !  
absolute1 et]nal1 & immutable tru?4 ,n[1
 we %all see t e political in/itution   
t5ds1 necess>ily1 & on pa9 ( dea?1 to   
equalize conditions2 t e :]e & always   
equality ( =tunes 7l equality ( rights7 
has be5 ! social aim1 :e!r ! plebeian   
classes h endeavor$ to rise to political
 p[] by means ( prop]ty1 or :e!r--rul]s 
already--!y h us$ political p[] to      
ov]?r[ prop]ty4 ,we %all see1 9 %ort1 by
 ! progress ( society1 t ! consummation 
( ju/ice lies 9 ! ext9ction ( individual
 doma94  ,= ! sake ( brevity1 ,i w      
disreg>d ! te/imony ( ecclesia/ical     
hi/ory & ,*ri/ian !ology3 ?is subject   
des]ves a sep>ate treatise1 & ,i propose
 h]eaft] to return to x4 ,moses & ,jesus
 ,*ri/ proscrib$1 "u ! names ( usury &  
inequality1 #ej all sorts ( pr(it &     
increase4 ,! *ur* itself1 9 its pure/   

tea*+s1 has always condemn$ prop]ty2 &  
:5 ,i attack$1 n only ! au?ority ( !    
*ur*1 b also its infidelity to ju/ice1  
,i did x to ! glory ( religion4 ,i want$
 to provoke a p]emptory reply1 & to pave
 ! way = ,*ri/ianity's triumph1 9 spite 
( ! innum]able attacks ( :i* x is at    
pres5t ! object4 ,i hop$ t an apologi/  
w\ld arise =?)1 &1 tak+ 8 /& ^u !       
,scriptures1 ! ,fa!rs1 ! canons1 & !    
c\ncils & con/itutions ( ! ,popes1 w\ld 
demon/rate t ! *ur* always has ma9ta9$ !
 doctr9e ( equality1 & w\ld attribute to
 tempor>y necessity ! contradictions (  
its discipl9e4 ,su* a labor w\ld s]ve ! 
cause ( religion z well z t ( equality4 
,we mu/ "k1 soon] or lat]1 :e!r         
,*ri/ianity is to be reg5]at$ 9 ! *ur*  
or out ( x1 & :e!r ?is *ur* accepts !   
reproa*es ca/ ^u x ( hatr$ to lib]ty &  
antipa?y to progress4 ,until !n we w    
susp5d judgm5t1 & cont5t ourselves )    
plac+ be=e ! cl]gy ! tea*+s ( hi/ory4   
,:5 ,lycurgus und]took to make laws =   
,sp>ta1 9 :at condition did he f9d ?is  

republic8 ,on ?is po9t all hi/orians    
agree4 ,! p & ! nobles 7 at w>4 ,! city 
0 9 a confus$ /ate1 & divid$ by two     
p>ties1--! p>ty ( ! poor1 & ! p>ty ( !  
ri*4 ,h>dly escap$ f ! b>b>ism ( ! h]oic
 ages1 society 0 rapidly decl9+4 ,!     
prolet>iat made w> ^u prop]ty1 :i*1 9   
its turn1 oppress$ ! prolet>iat4 ,:at   
did ,lycurgus d8 ,8 fir/ measure 0 "o ( 
g5]al security1 at ! v idea ( :i* our   
legislators w\ld tremble4 ,he aboli%$   
all debts2 !n1 employ+ by turns         
p]suasion & =ce1 he induc$ ! nobles to  
r5\nce _! privileges1 & re-e/abli%$     
equality4  ,lycurgus1 9 a ^w1 hunt$     
prop]ty out ( ,lac$aemon1 see+ no o!r   
way to h>monize lib]ty1 equality1 & law4
 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld n wi% ,france to foll[ 
! example ( ,sp>ta2 b x is rem>kable t !
 mo/ anci5t ( ,greek legislators1       
?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! nature & ne$s ( ! 
p1 m capable ?an any "o else (          
appreciat+ ! legitimacy ( ! obligations 
:i* he1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 absolute        
au?ority1 cancell$2 :o _h comp>$ !      

legislative sy/ems ( 8 "t1 & ^: wisdom  
an oracle _h proclaim$1--x is rem>kable1
 ,i say1 t ,lycurgus %\ld h judg$ ! "r (
 prop]ty incompatible ) free            
in/itutions1 & %\ld h ?\ght x 8 duty to 
preface 8 legislation by a c\p d'etat   
:i* de/roy$ all di/9ctions ( =tune4     
,lycurgus und]/ood p]fectly t ! luxury1 
! love ( enjoym5ts1 & ! inequality (    
=tunes1 :i* prop]ty eng5d]s1 are ! bane 
( society2 un=tunately ! means :i* he   
employ$ to pres]ve 8 republic 7 sugge/$ 
to him by false notions ( political     
economy1 & by a sup]ficial k ( ! human  
he>t4 ,accord+ly1 prop]ty1 :i* ?is      
legislator wrongly conf\nd$ ) weal?1    
re5t]$ ! city toge!r ) ! sw>m ( evils   
:i* he 0 endeavor+ to bani%2 & ?is "t   
,sp>ta 0 hopelessly corrupt$4   ,!      
introduction ( weal?1 says ,m4 ,pa/oret1
 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! mis=tunes 
:i* !y exp]i5c$4 ,aga9/ ^!1 h[ev]1 !    
laws _h tak5 extraord9>y precautions1 ! 
be/ among :i* 0 ! inculcation ( morals  
:i* t5d$ to suppress desire4   ,! be/ ( 

all precautions w\ld h be5 !            
anticipation ( desire by satisfaction4  
,possession is ! sov]eign rem$y =       
cupidity1 a rem$y :i* w\ld h be5 ! less 
p]il\s to ,sp>ta because =tunes !re 7   
almo/ equal1 & conditions 7 ne>ly alike4
 ,z a g5]al ?+1 fa/+ & ab/95ce are bad  
tea*]s ( mod]ation4  ,!re 0 a law1 says 
,m4 ,pa/oret aga91 to prohibit ! ri* f  
we>+ bett] clo?+ ?an ! poor1 f eat+ m   
delicate food1 & f own+ elegant         
furniture1 vases1 c>pets1 f9e h\ses1 c4 
,lycurgus hop$1 !n1 to ma9ta9 equality  
by r5d]+ weal? useless4 ,h[ mu* wis] he 
w\ld h be5 if1 9 accordance ) 8 milit>y 
discipl9e1 he _h organiz$ indu/ry &     
taught ! p to procure by _! own labor ! 
?+s :i* he tri$ 9 va9 to deprive !m (4  
,9 t case1 enjoy+ happy ?\ghts &        
pleasant feel+s1 ! citiz5 w\ld h kn[n no
 o!r desire ?an t ) :i* ! legislator    
endeavor$ to inspire him1--love ( honor 
& glory1 ! triumphs ( tal5t & virtue4   
,gold & all k9ds ( ornam5ts 7 =bidd5 !  
wom54 ,absurd4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,lycurgus1

 8 in/itutions became corrupt$2 & f\r   
c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era n a ve/ige 
rema9$ ( ! =m] simplicity4 ,luxury & !  
?ir/ = gold 7 e>ly develop$ among !     
,sp>tans 9 a degree z int5se z might h  
be5 expect$ f _! en=c$ pov]ty & _!      
inexp]i5ce 9 ! arts4 ,hi/orians h accus$
 ,pausanias1 ,lys&]1 ,agesilaus1 & o!rs 
( hav+ corrupt$ ! morals ( _! c\ntry by 
! introduction ( weal? obta9$ 9 w>4 ,x  
is a sl&]4 ,! morals ( ! ,sp>tans       
necess>ily grew corrupt z soon z !      
,lac$aemonian pov]ty came 9 contact )   
,p]sian luxury & ,a!nian elegance4      
,lycurgus1 !n1 made a fatal mi/ake 9    
attempt+ to inspire g5]osity & mode/y by
 en=c+ va9 & pr\d simplicity4           
,lycurgus 0 n fright5$ at idl5ess6 ,a   
,lac$emonian1 happ5+ to be 9 ,a!ns 7:]e 
idl5ess 0 =bidd57 dur+ ! puni%m5t ( a   
citiz5 :o _h be5 f\nd guilty1 ask$ to   
see ! ,a!nian ?us condemn$ = hav+       
ex]cis$ ! rights ( a free man4444 ,x 0  
"o ( ! pr9ciples ( ,lycurguss1 act$ ^u =
 sev]al c5turies1 t free m5 %\ld n foll[

 lucrative pr(essions4444 ,! wom5       
disda9$ dome/ic labor2 !y did n sp9 _!  
wool !mselves1 z did ! o!r ,greeks !y   
did n1 !n1 read ,hom]62 !y left _!      
slaves to make _! clo?+ = !m4--,pa/oret3
 ,hi/ory ( ,legislation4   ,c\ld any ?+ 
be m contradictory8 ,lycurgus proscrib$ 
prop]ty among ! citiz5s1 & f\nd$ ! means
 ( subsi/5ce on ! wor/ =m ( prop]ty1--on
 prop]ty obta9$ by =ce4 ,:at wond]1 aft]
 t1 t a lazy city1 :]e no indu/ry 0     
c>ri$ on1 became a d5 ( av>ice8 ,!      
,sp>tans succumb$ ! m easily to !       
allurem5ts ( luxury & ,asiatic          
voluptu\sness1 be+ plac$ entirely at _! 
m]cy by _! own co>s5ess4 ,! same ?+     
happ5$ to ! ,romans1 :5 milit>y success 
took !m out ( ,italy1--a ?+ :i* ! au?or 
( ! prosopopoeia ( ,fabricius c\ld n    
expla94 ,x is n ! cultivation ( ! arts  
:i* corrupts morals1 b _! degradation1  
induc$ by inactive & luxuri\s opul5ce4  
,! in/9ct ( prop]ty is to make ! indu/ry
 ( ,da$alus1 z well z ! tal5t (         
,phidias1 subs]vi5t to its own fanta/ic 

:ims & disgraceful pleasures4 ,prop]ty1 
n weal?1 ru9$ ! ,sp>tans4  ,:5 ,solon   
appe>$1 ! an>*y caus$ by prop]ty 0 at   
its height 9 ! ,a!nian republic4 ,!     
inhabitants ( ,attica 7 divid$ among    
!mselves z to ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,^? :o   
liv$ on ! m\nta9s 7! poor7 pref]r$ !    
popul> =m2 ^? ( ! pla9 7! middle class71
 ! olig>*s2 ^? by ! sea coa/1 a mixture 
( olig>*y & democracy4 ,o!r diss5sions 7
 aris+ f ! inequality ( =tunes4 ,!      
mutual antagonism ( ! ri* & poor _h     
become s viol5t1 t ! "o-man p[] seem$ ! 
only safe-gu>d aga9/ ! revolution ) :i* 
! republic 0 ?reat5$4 7,pa/oret3 ,hi/ory
 ( ,legislation47  ,qu>rels betwe5 ! ri*
 & ! poor1 :i* seldom occur 9 mon>*ies1 
because a well e/abli%$ p[] suppresses  
diss5sions1 seem to be ! life ( popul>  
gov]nm5ts4 ,ari/otle _h notic$ ?is4 ,!  
oppression ( weal? submitt$ to agr>ian  
laws1 or to excessive taxation2 ! hatr$ 
( ! l[] classes = ! upp] class1 :i* is  
expos$ always to libell\s *>ges made 9  
hopes ( confiscation1--^! 7 ! features (

 ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t :i* 7 especially    
revolt+ to ,ari/otle1 & :i* caus$ him to
 favor a limit$ mon>*y4 ,ari/otle1 if he
 _h liv$ 9 our day1 w\ld h support$ !   
con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,b1 ) all       
def]5ce to ! ,/agirite1 a gov]nm5t :i*  
sacrifices ! life ( ! proletaire to t ( 
! proprietor is q z irrational z "o :i* 
supports ! =m] by robb+ ! latt]2 nei!r (
 !m des]ve ! support ( a free man1 mu*  
less ( a philosoph]4  ,solon foll[$ !   
example ( ,lycurgus4 ,he celebrat$ 8    
legislative inauguration by ! abolition 
( debts1--t is1 by bankruptcy4 ,9 o!r   
words1 ,solon w\nd up ! gov]nm5tal ma*9e
 = a long] or %ort] "t dep5d+ ^u ! rate 
( int]e/4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! spr+ relax$
 & ! *a9 became unw\nd1 ! republic _h   
ei!r to p]i%1 or to recov] itself by a  
second bankruptcy4 ,?is s+ul> policy 0  
pursu$ by all ! anci5ts4 ,aft] !        
captivity ( ,babylon1 ,nehemiah1 ! *ief 
( ! ,jewi% nation1 aboli%$ debts2       
,lycurgus aboli%$ debts2 ,solon aboli%$ 
debts2 ! ,roman p1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! 

k+s until ! accession ( ! ,caes>s1      
/ruggl$ ) ! ,s5ate = ! abolition (      
debts4 ,aft]w>ds1 t[>ds ! end ( !       
republic1 & long aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( !  
empire1 agriculture be+ ab&on$1 & !     
prov9ces becom+ depopulat$ 9 consequ5ce 
( ! excessive rates ( int]e/1 ! emp]ors 
freely grant$ ! l&s to :oev] w\ld       
cultivate !m1--t is1 !y aboli%$ debts4  
,no "o1 except ,lycurgus1 :o w5t to !   
o!r extreme1 ev] p]ceiv$ t ! great po9t 
01 n to release debtors by a c\p d'etat1
 b to prev5t ! contraction ( debts 9    
future4  ,on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ democratic
 gov]nm5ts 7 always exclusively bas$ ^u 
individual prop]ty2 s t ! social elem5t 
( all ^! republics 0 w> betwe5 !        
citiz5s4  ,solon decre$ t a c5sus %\ld  
be tak5 ( all =tunes1 regulat$ political
 rights by ! result1 grant$ to ! l>g]   
proprietors m influ5ce1 e/abli%$ !      
balance ( p[]s1--9 a ^w1 ins]t$ 9 !     
con/itution ! mo/ active leav5 (        
discord2 z if1 in/ead ( a legislator    
*os5 by ! p1 he _h be5 _! greate/ enemy4

 ,is x n1 inde$1 ! height ( imprud5ce to
 grant equality ( political rights to m5
 ( unequal conditions8 ,if a            
manufactur]1 unit+ all 8 workm5 9 a     
jo9t-/ock company1 %\ld give to ea* ( !m
 a consultative & delib]ative voice1--t 
is1 %\ld make all ( !m ma/]s1--w\ld ?is 
equality ( ma/]%ip secure cont9u$       
inequality ( wages8 ,t is ! :ole        
political sy/em ( ,solon1 r$uc$ to its  
simple/ expression4   ,9 giv+ prop]ty a 
j prepond]ance1 says ,m4 ,pa/oret1      
,solon repair$1 z f> z he 0 able1 8 fir/
 (ficial act1--! abolition ( debts4444  
,he ?\ght he ow$ x to public peace to   
make ?is great sacrifice ( acquir$      
rights & natural equity4 ,b ! violation 
( individual prop]ty & writt5 contracts 
is a bad preface to a public code4   ,9 
fact1 su* violations are always cruelly 
puni%$4 ,9 '#hi & '#ic1 ! possessions ( 
! nobility & ! cl]gy 7 confiscat$1 !    
clev] proletaires 7 enri*$2 & to-day !  
latt]1 hav+ become ari/ocrats1 are mak+ 
u pay de>ly = our fa!rs' robb]y4 ,:at1  

!re=e1 is to be done n[8 ,x is n = u to 
violate "r1 b to re/ore x4 ,n[1 x w\ld  
be a violation ( ju/ice to dispossess "s
 & end[ o!rs1 & !n /op !re4 ,we mu/     
gradually l[] ! rate ( int]e/1 organize 
indu/ry1 associate labor]s & _!         
functions1 & take a c5sus ( ! l>ge      
=tunes1 n = ! purpose ( grant+          
privileges1 b t we may effect _!        
r$emption by settl+ a life-annuity ^u _!
 proprietors4 ,we mu/ apply on a l>ge   
scale ! pr9ciple ( collective           
production1 give ! ,/ate em95t doma9 ov]
 all capital6 make ea* produc]          
responsible1 aboli% ! cu/om-h\se1 &     
trans=m e pr(ession & trade into a      
public function4 ,!reby l>ge =tunes w   
vani% )\t confiscation or viol5ce2      
individual possession w e/abli% itself1 
)\t communism1 "u ! inspection ( !      
republic2 & equality ( conditions w no  
long] dep5d simply on ! w ( citiz5s4  ,(
 ! au?ors :o h writt5 ^u ! ,romans1     
,bossuet & ,montesquieu occupy prom95t  
positions 9 ! fir/ rank2 ! fir/ be+     

g5]ally reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ! philosophy (
 hi/ory1 & ! second z ! mo/ pr(\nd writ]
 ^u law & politics4 ,nev]!less1 x c\ld  
be %[n t ^! two great writ]s1 ea* ( !m  
imbu$ ) ! prejudices ( _! c5tury & _!   
clo?1 h left ! "q ( ! causes ( ! rise & 
fall ( ! ,romans precisely :]e !y f\nd  
x4  ,bossuet is admirable z long z he   
conf9es himself to description3 witness1
 among o!r passages1 ! picture :i* he   
has giv5 u ( ,greece be=e ! ,p]sian ,w>1
 & :i* seems to h inspir$ ,telema*us2 ! 
p>allel betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta1 drawn    
tw5ty times s9ce ,bossuet2 ! description
 ( ! "* & morals ( ! anci5t ,romans2 &1 
f9ally1 ! sublime p]oration :i* ends !  
,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,b :5 ! 
fam\s hi/orian deals ) causes1 8        
philosophy is at fault4   ,! tribunes   
always favor$ ! division ( captur$ l&s1 
or ! proce$s ( _! sale1 among ! citiz5s4
 ,! ,s5ate /eadfa/ly oppos$ ^? laws :i* 
7 damag+ to ! ,/ate1 & want$ ! price (  
l&s to be aw>d$ to ! public treasury4   
,?us1 accord+ to ,bossuet1 ! fir/ &     

greate/ wrong ( civil w>s 0 inflict$ ^u 
! p1 :o1 dy+ ( hung]1 dem&$ t ! l&s1 :i*
 !y _h %$ _! blood to conqu]1 %\ld be   
giv5 to !m = cultivation4 ,! patricians1
 :o b\ght !m to deliv] to _! slaves1 _h 
m reg>d = ju/ice & ! public int]e/s4 ,h[
 little affects ! op9ions ( m56 ,if !   
roles ( ,cic]o & ! ,grac*i _h be5       
inv]t$1 ,bossuet1 ^: sympa?ies 7 ar\s$  
by ! eloqu5ce ( ! great orator m ?an by 
! clamors ( ! tribunes1 w\ld h view$ !  
agr>ian laws 9 q a diff]5t light4 ,he !n
 w\ld h und]/ood t ! int]e/ ( ! treasury
 0 only a pretext2 t1 :5 ! captur$ l&s 7
 put up at auction1 ! patricians ha/5$  
to buy !m1 9 ord] to pr(it by ! rev5ues 
f !m1--c]ta91 moreov]1 t ! price paid   
w\ld come back to !m soon] or lat]1 9   
ex*ange ei!r = supplies furni%$ by !m to
 ! republic1 or = ! subsi/5ce ( !       
multitude1 :o c\ld buy only ( !m1 & ^:  
s]vices at "o "t1 & pov]ty at ano!r1 7  
rew>d$ by ! ,/ate4 ,= a ,/ate does n    
ho>d2 on ! contr>y1 ! public funds      
always return to ! p4 ,if1 !n1 a c]ta9  

numb] ( m5 are ! sole deal]s 9 articles 
( prim>y necessity1 x foll[s t ! public 
treasury1 9 pass+ & repass+ ?r\gh _!    
h&s1 deposits & accumulates real prop]ty
 !re4  ,:5 ,m55ius relat$ to ! p 8 fable
 ( ! limbs & ! /oma*1 if any "o _h      
rem>k$ to ?is /ory-tell] t ! /oma*      
freely gives to ! limbs ! n\ri%m5t :i* x
 freely receives1 b t ! patricians gave 
to ! plebeians only = ca%1 & l5t to !m  
only at usury1 he und\bt$ly w\ld h      
sil5c$ ! wily s5ator1 & sav$ ! p f a    
great imposition4 ,! ,conscript ,fa!rs 7
 fa!rs only ( _! own l9e4 ,z = ! common 
p1 !y 7 reg>d$ z an impure race1        
exploitable1 taxable1 & workable at !   
discretion & m]cy ( _! ma/]s4  ,z a     
g5]al ?+1 ,bossuet %[s little reg>d = ! 
p4 ,8 mon>*ical & !ological in/9cts "k  
no?+ b au?ority1 ob$i5ce1 & alms-giv+1  
"u ! "n ( *>ity4  ,?is un=tunate        
disposition con/antly leads him to      
mi/ake symptoms = causes2 & 8 dep?1 :i* 
is s mu* admir$1 is borr[$ f 8 au?ors1 &
 am\nts to v little1 aft] all4  ,:5 he  

says1 = in/ance1 t ! diss5sions 9 !     
republic1 & f9ally its fall1 7 caus$ by 
! jeal\sies ( its citiz5s1 & _! love (  
lib]ty c>ri$ to an extreme & intol]able 
ext5t1 are we n tempt$ to ask him :at   
caus$ ^? ,,jeal\sies8--:at inspir$ ! p )
 t ,,love ,,( ,,lib]ty1 ,,extreme ,,&   
,,intol]able8 ,x w\ld be useless to     
reply1 ,! corruption ( morals2 !        
disreg>d = ! anci5t pov]ty2 !           
debau*]ies1 luxury1 & class jeal\sies2 !
 s$iti\s "* ( ! ,grac*i1 c4 ,:y did !   
morals become corrupt1 & :5ce arose ^?  
et]nal diss5sions betwe5 ! patricians & 
! plebeians8  ,9 ,rome1 z 9 all o!r     
places1 ! diss5sion betwe5 ! ri* & !    
poor 0 n caus$ directly by ! desire =   
weal? 7p1 z a g5]al ?+1 d n covet t :i* 
!y deem x illegitimate to acquire71 b by
 a natural in/9ct ( ! plebeians1 :i* l$ 
!m to seek ! cause ( _! adv]sity 9 !    
con/itution ( ! republic4 ,s we are do+ 
to-day2 in/ead ( alt]+ our public       
economy1 we dem& an electoral re=m4 ,!  
,roman p wi%$ to return to ! social     

compact2 !y ask$ = re=ms1 & dem&$ a     
revision ( ! laws1 & a creation ( new   
magi/racies4 ,! patricians1 :o _h no?+  
to compla9 (1 oppos$ e innovation4      
,weal? always has be5 cons]vative4      
,nev]!less1 ! p ov]came ! resi/ance ( ! 
,s5ate2 ! electoral "r 0 greatly ext5d$2
 ! privileges ( ! plebeians 7           
increas$1--!y _h _! repres5tatives1 _!  
tribunes1 & _! consuls2 b1 not)/&+ ^!   
re=ms1 ! republic c\ld n be sav$4 ,:5   
all political exp$i5ts _h be5 exhau/$1  
:5 civil w> _h deplet$ ! population1 :5 
! ,caes>s _h ?r[n _! bloody mantle ov] !
 canc] :i* 0 consum+ ! empire1--inasmu* 
z accumulat$ prop]ty always 0 respect$1 
& s9ce ! fire nev] /opp$1 ! nation _h to
 p]i% 9 ! flames4 ,! imp]ial p[] 0 a    
compromise :i* protect$ ! prop]ty ( !   
ri*1 & n\ri%$ ! proletaires ) :eat f    
,africa & ,sicily3 a d\ble error1 :i*   
de/roy$ ! ari/ocrats by ple?ora & !     
common]s by fam9e4 ,at la/ !re 0 b "o   
real proprietor left1--! emp]or1--^:    
dep5d5t1 flatt]]1 p>asite1 or slave1 ea*

 citiz5 became2 & :5 ?is proprietor 0   
ru9$1 ^? :o ga!r$ ! crumbs f "u 8 table1
 & laugh$ :5 he crack$ 8 jokes1 p]i%$   
also4  ,montesquieu succe$$ no bett] ?an
 ,bossuet 9 fa?om+ ! causes ( ! ,roman  
decl9e2 inde$1 x may be said t !        
presid5t has only develop$ ! ideas ( !  
bi%op4 ,if ! ,romans _h be5 m mod]ate 9 
_! conque/s1 m j to _! allies1 m humane 
to ! vanqui%$2 if ! nobles _h be5 less  
covet\s1 ! emp]ors less lawless1 ! p    
less viol5t1 & all classes less corrupt2
 if444 c41--p]haps ! dignity ( ! empire 
might h be5 pres]v$1 & ,rome might h    
reta9$ ! sceptre ( ! _w6 ,t is all t c  
be ga!r$ f ! tea*+s ( ,montesquieu4 ,b !
 tru? ( hi/ory does n lie !re2 ! de/9ies
 ( ! _w are n dep5d5t ^u su* trivial    
causes4 ,! passions ( m51 l ! cont+5cies
 ( "t & ! v>ieties ( climate1 s]ve to   
ma9ta9 ! =ces :i* move humanity &       
produce all hi/orical *anges2 b !y d n  
expla9 !m4 ,! gra9 ( s& ( :i* ,pascal   
speaks w\ld h caus$ ! dea? ( "o man     
only1 _h n prior action ord]$ ! ev5ts ( 

:i* ?is dea? 0 ! precursor4             
,montesquieu has read ext5sively2 he    
kn[s ,roman hi/ory ?or\ghly1 is p]fectly
 well acqua9t$ ) ! p ( :om he speaks1 & 
sees v cle>ly :y !y 7 able to conqu] _! 
rivals & gov]n ! _w4 ,:ile read+ him we 
admire ! ,romans1 b we d n l !m2 we     
witness _! triumphs )\t pleasure1 & we  
wat* _! fall )\t sorr[4 ,montesquieu's  
"w1 l ! works ( all ,fr5* writ]s1 is    
skilfully compos$1--spirit$1 witty1 &   
fill$ ) wise obs]vations4 ,he pleases1  
int]e/s1 in/ructs1 b leads to little    
reflection2 he does n conqu] by dep? (  
?\ght2 he does n exalt ! m9d by elevat$ 
reason or e>ne/ feel+4 ,9 va9 %\ld we   
se>* 8 writ+s = k ( antiquity1 ! "* (   
primitive society1 or a description ( ! 
h]oic ages1 ^: morals & prejudices liv$ 
until ! la/ days ( ! republic4 ,vico1   
pa9t+ ! ,romans ) _! horrible traits1   
repres5ts !m z excusable1 because he %[s
 t all _! conduct 0 gov]n$ by preexi/+  
ideas & cu/oms1 & t !y 7 in=m$1 s to    
speak1 by a sup]ior g5ius ( :i* !y 7    

unconsci\s2 9 ,montesquieu1 ! ,roman    
atrocity revolts1 b is n expla9$4       
,!re=e1 z a writ]1 ,montesquieu br+s    
great] cr$it ^u ,fr5* lit]ature2 z a    
philosoph]1 ,vico be>s away ! palm4     
,orig9ally1 prop]ty 9 ,rome 0 national1 
n private4 ,numa 0 ! fir/ to e/abli%    
individual prop]ty by di/ribut+ ! l&s   
captur$ by ,romulus4 ,:at 0 ! divid5d ( 
?is di/ribution effect$ by ,numa8 ,:at  
conditions 7 impos$ ^u individuals1 :at 
p[]s res]v$ to ! ,/ate8 ,none :atev]4   
,inequality ( =tunes1 absolute          
abdication by ! republic ( its "r (     
em95t doma9 ov] ! prop]ty (             
citiz5s1--su* 7 ! fir/ results ( !      
division ( ,numa1 :o ju/ly may be reg>d$
 z ! orig9ator ( ,roman revolutions4 ,he
 x 0 :o in/itut$ ! wor%ip ( ! god       
,t]m9us1--! gu>dian ( private           
possession1 & "o ( ! mo/ anci5t gods (  
,italy4 ,x 0 ,numa :o plac$ prop]ty "u !
 protection ( ,jupit]2 :o1 9 imitation (
 ! ,etrurians1 wi%$ to make prie/s ( !  
l&-surveyors2 :o inv5t$ a liturgy =     

cada/ral op]ations1 & c]emonies (       
consecration = ! m>k+ ( b\nd>ies1--:o1 9
 %ort1 made a religion ( prop]ty4 #ea   
,all ^! fancies w\ld h be5 m b5eficial  
?an dang]\s1 if ! holy k+ _h n =gott5 "o
 ess5tial ?+2 namely1 to fix ! am\nt t  
ea* citiz5 c\ld possess1 & on :at       
conditions he c\ld possess x4 ,=1 s9ce x
 is ! ess5ce ( prop]ty to cont9ually    
increase by accession & pr(it1 & s9ce ! 
l5d] w take advantage ( e opportunity to
 apply ?is pr9ciple inh]5t 9 prop]ty1 x 
foll[s t prop]ties t5d1 by means ( _!   
natural en]gy & ! religi\s respect :i*  
protects !m1 to absorb ea* o!r1 & =tunes
 to increase or dim9i% to an indef9ite  
ext5t1--a process :i* necess>ily results
 9 ! ru9 ( ! p1 & ! fall ( ! republic4  
,roman hi/ory is b ! developm5t ( ?is   
law4   ,sc>cely _h ! ,t>qu9s be5 bani%$ 
f ,rome & ! mon>*y aboli%$1 :5 qu>rels  
comm5c$ betwe5 ! ord]s4 ,9 ! ye> #did   
,b4,c41 ! secession ( ! commonalty to ! 
,mons ,sac] l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( !      
tribunate4 ,( :at did ! plebeians       

compla98 ,t !y 7 poor1 exhau/$ by !     
int]e/ :i* !y paid to !                 
proprietors1--fo5]atoribus2 t !         
republic1 adm9i/]$ = ! b5efit ( !       
nobles1 did no?+ = ! p2 t1 deliv]$ ov]  
to ! m]cy ( _! cr$itors1 :o c\ld sell !m
 & _! *ildr51 & hav+ nei!r he>? nor     
home1 !y 7 refus$ ! means ( subsi/5ce1  
:ile ! rate ( int]e/ 0 kept at its      
highe/ po9t1 c4 ,= five c5turies1 ! sole
 policy ( ! ,s5ate 0 to evade ^! j      
compla9ts2 &1 not)/&+ ! en]gy ( !       
tribunes1 not)/&+ ! eloqu5ce ( !        
,grac*i1 ! viol5ce ( ,m>ius1 & ! triumph
 ( ,caes>1 ?is execrable policy succe$$ 
only too well4 ,! ,s5ate always         
temporiz$2 ! measures propos$ by !      
tribunes might be good1 b !y 7          
inopportune4 ,x admitt$ t some?+ %\ld be
 done2 b fir/ x 0 necess>y t ! p %\ld   
resume ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 because !
 ,s5ate c\ld n yield to viol5ce1 & =ce  
mu/ be employ$ only by ! law4 ,if !     
p--out ( respect = legality--took ?is   
beautiful advice1 ! ,s5ate conjur$ up a 

difficulty2 ! re=m 0 po/pon$1 & t 0 !   
end ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! dem&s ( !  
proletaires became too press+1 x decl>$ 
a =eign w>1 & neighbor+ nations 7       
depriv$ ( _! lib]ty1 to ma9ta9 ! ,roman 
ari/ocracy4  ,b ! toils ( w> 7 only a   
halt = ! plebeians 9 _! onw>d m>* t[>ds 
paup]ism4 ,! l&s confiscat$ f ! conqu]$ 
nations 7 imm$iately add$ to ! doma9 ( !
 ,/ate1 to ! ag] publicus2 &1 z su*1    
cultivat$ = ! b5efit ( ! treasury2 or1 z
 0 m (t5 ! case1 !y 7 sold at auction4  
,none ( !m 7 grant$ to ! proletaires1   
:o1 unlike ! patricians & knights1 7 n  
suppli$ by ! victory ) ! means ( buy+   
!m4 ,w> nev] enri*$ ! soldi]2 ! ext5sive
 plund]+ has be5 done always by !       
g5]als4 ,! vans ( ,aug]eau1 & ( tw5ty   
o!rs1 are fam\s 9 our armies2 b no "o   
ev] he>d ( a private gett+ ri*4 ,no?+ 0 
m common 9 ,rome ?an *>ges ( peculation1
 extortion1 embezzlem5t1 & brig&age1    
c>ri$ on 9 ! prov9ces at ! head (       
armies1 & 9 o!r public capacities4 ,all 
^! *>ges 7 quiet$ by intrigue1 brib]y ( 

! judges1 or desi/ance ( ! accus]4 ,!   
culprit 0 all[$ always 9 ! end to enjoy 
8 spoils 9 peace2 8 son 0 only ! m      
respect$ on acc\nt ( 8 fa!r's crimes4   
,&1 9 fact1 x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,:at   
w\ld become ( u1 if e deputy1 pe]1 or   
public function>y %\ld be call$ ^u to %[
 8 title to 8 =tune6   ,! patricians    
arrogat$ ! exclusive enjoym5t ( ! ag]   
publicus2 &1 l ! feudal seigniors1      
grant$ "s portions ( _! l&s to _!       
dep5dants1--a :olly prec>i\s concession1
 revocable at ! w ( ! grantor4 ,!       
plebeians1 on ! contr>y1 7 entitl$ to ! 
enjoym5t ( only a little pa/ure-l& left 
to !m 9 common3 an utt]ly unju/ /ate (  
?+s1 s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( x1            
taxation--c5sus--weigh$ m heavily ^u !  
poor ?an ^u ! ri*4 ,! patrician1 9 fact1
 always exempt$ himself f ! ti! :i* he  
ow$ z ! price & z ! ackn[l$gm5t ( !     
concession ( doma92 &1 on ! o!r h&1 paid
 no taxes on 8 ,,possessions1 if1 z !re 
is good reason to believe1 only citiz5s'
 prop]ty 0 tax$4--,lab\laye3 ,hi/ory (  

,prop]ty4   ,9 ord] ?or\ghly to und]/& !
 prec$+ quotation1 we mu/ "k t ! e/ates 
( ,,citiz5s--t is1 e/ates indep5d5t ( ! 
public doma91 :e!r !y 7 obta9$ 9 !      
division ( ,numa1 or _h s9ce be5 sold by
 ! que/ors--7 alone reg>d$ z ,,prop]ty2 
^u ^! a tax1 or c5se1 0 impos$4 ,on !   
contr>y1 ! e/ates obta9$ by concessions 
( ! public doma91 ( ! ag] publicus 7=   
:i* a light r5t 0 paid71 7 call$        
,,possessions4 ,?us1 among ! ,romans1   
!re 0 a ,,"r ,,( ,,prop]ty & a ,,"r ,,( 
,,possession regulat+ ! adm9i/ration (  
all e/ates4 ,n[1 :at did ! proletaires  
wi%8 ,t ! jus possessionis--! simple "r 
( possession--%\ld be ext5d$ to !m at ! 
exp5se1 z is evid5t1 n ( private        
prop]ty1 b ( ! public doma91--agri      
publici4 ,! proletaires1 9 %ort1 dem&$ t
 !y %\ld be t5ants ( ! l& :i* !y _h     
conqu]$4 ,?is dem&1 ! patricians 9 _!   
av>ice nev] w\ld acc$e to4 ,buy+ z mu* (
 ?is l& z !y c\ld1 !y aft]w>ds f\nd     
means ( obta9+ ! re/ z ,,possessions4   
,^u ?is l& !y employ$ _! slaves4 ,! p1  

:o c\ld n buy1 on acc\nt ( ! competition
 ( ! ri*1 nor hire1 because--cultivat+ )
 _! own h&s--!y c\ld n promise a r5t    
equal to ! rev5ue :i* ! l& w\ld yield :5
 cultivat$ by slaves1 7 always depriv$ (
 possession & prop]ty4  ,civil w>s      
reliev$1 to "s ext5t1 ! suff]+s ( !     
multitude4 ,! p enroll$ !mselves "u !   
bann]s ( ! ambiti\s1 9 ord] to obta9 by 
=ce t :i* ! law refus$ !m1--prop]ty4 ,a 
colony 0 ! rew>d ( a victori\s legion4  
,b x 0 no long] ! ag] publicus only2 x 0
 all ,italy t lay at ! m]cy ( ! legions4
 ,! ag] publicus disappe>$ almo/        
entirely1444 b ! cause ( !              
evil--accumulat$ prop]ty--became m pot5t
 ?an ev]4 7,lab\laye3 ,hi/ory (         
,prop]ty47   ,! au?or :om ,i quote does 
n tell u :y ?is division ( t]ritory :i* 
foll[$ civil w>s did n arre/ !          
encroa*m5ts ( accumulat$ prop]ty2 !     
omission is easily suppli$4 ,l& is n !  
only requisite = cultivation2 a         
work+-/ock is also necess>y1--animals1  
tools1 h>nesses1 a h\se1 an advance1 c4 

,:]e did ! coloni/s1 dis*>g$ by !       
dictator :o rew>d$ !m1 obta9 ^! ?+s8 ,f 
! purse ( ! usur]s2 t is1 ( !           
patricians1 to :om all ^! l&s f9ally    
return$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid increase
 ( usury1 & ! seizure ( e/ates4 ,sallu/1
 9 8 acc\nt ( ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e1  
tells u ( ?is fact4 ,! conspirators 7   
old soldi]s ( ,sylla1 :o1 z a rew>d = _!
 s]vices1 _h receiv$ f him l&s 9        
,cisalp9e ,gaul1 ,tuscany1 & o!r p>ts ( 
! p59sula ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s _h elaps$
 s9ce ^! coloni/s1 free ( debt1 _h left 
! s]vice & comm5c$ f>m+2 & already !y 7 
crippl$ by usury1 & almo/ ru9$4 ,!      
pov]ty caus$ by ! exactions ( cr$itors 0
 ! life ( ?is conspiracy :i* well-nigh  
inflam$ all ,italy1 & :i*1 ) a wor?i]   
*ief & fair] means1 possibly w\ld h     
succe$$4 ,9 ,rome1 ! mass ( ! p 7       
favorable to ! conspirators--cuncta     
plebes ,catil9ae incepta probabat2 !    
allies 7 we>y ( ! patricians' robb]ies2 
deputies f ! ,allobroges 7! ,savoy>ds7  
_h come to ,rome to appeal to ! ,s5ate 9

 behalf ( _! fell[-citiz5s involv$ 9    
debt2 9 %ort1 ! compla9t aga9/ ! l>ge   
proprietors 0 univ]sal4 ,we call m5 &   
gods to witness1 said ! soldi]s (       
,catil9e1 :o 7 ,roman citiz5s ) n a     
slave among !m1 t we h tak5 arms nei!r  
aga9/ ! c\ntry1 nor to attack any "o1 b 
9 def5ce ( our lives & lib]ties4        
,wret*$1 poor1 mo/ ( u depriv$ ( c\ntry1
 all ( u ( fame & =tune1 by ! viol5ce & 
cruelty ( usur]s1 we h no rights1 no    
prop]ty1 no lib]ty4 #eb   ,! bad        
reputation ( ,catil9e1 & 8 atroci\s     
designs1 ! imprud5ce ( 8 accomplices1 ! 
treason ( sev]al1 ! /rategy ( ,cic]o1 ! 
angry outbur/s ( ,cato1 & ! t]ror ( !   
,s5ate1 baffl$ ?is ent]prise1 :i*1 9    
furni%+ a prec$5t = exp$itions aga9/ !  
ri*1 w\ld p]haps h sav$ ! republic1 &   
giv5 peace to ! _w4 ,b ,rome c\ld n     
evade h] de/9y2 ! end ( h] expiations _h
 n come4 ,a nation nev] 0 kn[n to       
anticipate its puni%m5t by a sudd5 &    
unexpect$ conv]sion4 ,n[1 ! long-cont9u$
 crimes ( ! ,et]nal ,city c\ld n be     

aton$ = by ! massacre ( a few hundr$    
patricians4 ,catil9e came to /ay div9e  
v5geance2 !re=e 8 conspiracy fail$4  ,! 
encroa*m5t ( l>ge proprietors ^u small  
proprietors1 by ! aid ( usury1 f>m-r5t1 
& pr(its ( all sorts1 0 common ?r\gh\t !
 empire4 ,! mo/ hone/ citiz5s inve/$ _! 
money at high rates ( int]e/4 #ec ,cato1
 ,cic]o1 ,brutus1 all ! /oics s not$ =  
_! frugality1 viri frugi1--,s5eca1 !    
tea*] ( virtue1--levi$ enorm\s taxes 9 !
 prov9ces1 "u ! "n ( usury2 & x is      
some?+ rem>kable1 t ! la/ def5d]s ( !   
republic1 ! pr\d ,pompeys1 7 all usuri\s
 ari/ocrats1 & oppressors ( ! poor4 ,b !
 battle ( ,ph>salus1 hav+ kill$ m5 only1
 )\t t\*+ in/itutions1 ! encroa*m5ts ( !
 l>ge doma9s became e day m active4 ,ev]
 s9ce ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,fa!rs h  
oppos$ ?is invasion ) all _! might4 ,_! 
writ+s are fill$ ) burn+ curses ^u ?is  
crime ( usury1 ( :i* ,*ri/ians are n    
always innoc5t4   ,/4 ,cyprian compla9s 
( c]ta9 bi%ops ( 8 "t1 :o1 absorb$ 9    
disgraceful /ock-jobb+ op]ations1 ab&on$

 _! *ur*es1 & w5t ab\t ! prov9ces       
appropriat+ l&s by artifice & fraud1    
:ile l5d+ money & pil+ up int]e/s ^u    
int]e/s4 #ed ,:y1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is passion
 = accumulation1 did n ! possession ( ! 
public l&1 l private prop]ty1 become    
conc5trat$ 9 a few h&s8   ,by law1 !    
doma9 ( ! ,/ate 0 inali5able1 &         
consequ5tly possession 0 always         
revocable2 b ! edict ( ! praetor cont9u$
 x indef9itely1 s t f9ally ! possessions
 ( ! patricians 7 trans=m$ into absolute
 prop]ty1 ?\gh ! "n1 possessions1 0 /ill
 appli$ to !m4 ,?is conv]sion1 in/igat$ 
by s5atorial av>ice2 ow$ its            
accompli%m5t to ! mo/ deplorable &      
indiscreet policy4 ,if1 9 ! "t (        
,tib]ius ,grac*us1 :o wi%$ to limit ea* 
citiz5's possession ( ! ag] publicus to 
five hundr$ acres1 ! am\nt ( ?is        
possession _h be5 fix$ at z mu* z "o    
family c\ld cultivate1 & grant$ on !    
express condition t ! possessor %\ld    
cultivate x himself1 & %\ld lease x to  
no "o1 ! empire nev] w\ld h be5 desolat$

 by l>ge e/ates2 & possession1 in/ead ( 
increas+ prop]ty1 w\ld h absorb$ x4 ,on 
:at1 !n1 dep5d$ ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance
 ( equality 9 conditions & =tunes8 ,on a
 m equitable division ( ! ag] publicus1 
a wis] di/ribution ( ! "r ( possession4 
,i insi/ ^u ?is po9t1 :i* is ( ! utmo/  
importance1 because x gives u an        
opportunity to exam9e ! hi/ory ( ?is    
individual possession1 ( :i* ,i said s  
mu* 9 my fir/ memoir1 & :i* s few ( my  
read]s seem to h und]/ood4 ,! ,roman    
republic--hav+1 z x did1 ! p[] to       
dispose absolutely ( its t]ritory1 & to 
impose conditions ^u possessors--0 ne>] 
to lib]ty & equality ?an any nation has 
be5 s9ce4 ,if ! ,s5ate _h be5 intellig5t
 & j1--if1 at ! "t ( ! retreat to !     
,mons ,sac]1 in/ead ( ! ridicul\s f>ce  
enact$ by ,m55ius ,agrippa1 a solemn    
r5unciation ( ! "r to acquire _h be5    
made by ea* citiz5 on atta9+ 8 %>e (    
possessions1--! republic1 bas$ ^u       
equality ( possessions & ! duty ( labor1
 w\ld n1 9 atta9+ its weal?1 h deg5]at$ 

9 morals2 ,fabricius w\ld h enjoy$ !    
arts )\t controll+ arti/s2 & ! conque/s 
( ! anci5t ,romans w\ld h be5 ! means ( 
spread+ civilization1 in/ead ( ! s]ies (
 murd]s & robb]ies t !y 74  ,b prop]ty1 
hav+ unlimit$ p[] to amass & to lease1 0
 daily increas$ by ! addition ( new     
possessions4 ,f ! "t ( ,n]o1 six        
individuals 7 ! sole proprietors (      
"o-half ( ,roman ,africa4 ,9 ! fif?     
c5tury1 ! weal?y families _h incomes (  
no less ?an two millions3 "s possess$ z 
_m z tw5ty ?\s& slaves4 ,all ! au?ors :o
 h writt5 ^u ! causes ( ! fall ( !      
,roman republic concur4  ,m4 ,giraud (  
,aix #ee quotes ! te/imony ( ,cic]o1    
,s5eca1 ,plut>*1 ,olympiodorus1 &       
,photius4 ,"u ,vespasian & ,titus1      
,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 exclaim$3 ,l>ge     
e/ates h ru9$ ,italy1 & are ru9+ !      
prov9ces4   ,b x nev] has be5 und]/ood t
 ! ext5sion ( prop]ty 0 effect$ !n1 z x 
is to-day1 "u ! aegis ( ! law1 & by     
virtue ( ! con/itution4 ,:5 ! ,s5ate    
sold captur$ l&s at auction1 x 0 9 !    

int]e/ ( ! treasury & ( public welf>e4  
,:5 ! patricians b\ght up possessions & 
prop]ty1 !y realiz$ ! purpose ( !       
,s5ate's decrees2 :5 !y l5t at high     
rates ( int]e/1 !y took advantage ( a   
legal privilege4 ,prop]ty1 said ! l5d]1 
is ! "r to enjoy ev5 to ! ext5t ( abuse1
 jus ut5di et abut5di2 t is1 ! "r to l5d
 at int]e/1--to lease1 to acquire1 & !n 
to lease & l5d aga94 ,b prop]ty is also 
! "r to ex*ange1 to transf]1 & to sell4 
,if1 !n1 ! social condition is su* t !  
proprietor1 ru9$ by usury1 may be       
compell$ to sell 8 possession1 ! means (
 8 subsi/5ce1 he w sell x2 &1 ?anks to !
 law1 accumulat$ prop]ty--dev\r+ &      
an?ropophag\s prop]ty--w be e/abli%$4#ef
   ,! imm$iate & second>y cause ( !     
decl9e ( ! ,romans 01 !n1 ! int]nal     
diss5sions betwe5 ! two ord]s ( !       
republic1--! patricians & !             
plebeians1--diss5sions :i* gave rise to 
civil w>s1 proscriptions1 & loss (      
lib]ty1 & f9ally l$ to ! empire2 b !    
prim>y & m$iate cause ( _! decl9e 0 !   

e/abli%m5t by ,numa ( ! in/itution (    
prop]ty4  ,i end ) an extract f a "w :i*
 ,i h quot$ sev]al times already1 & :i* 
has rec5tly receiv$ a prize f ! ,academy
 ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces3--   ,! 
conc5tration ( prop]ty1 says ,m4        
,lab\laye1 :ile caus+ extreme pov]ty1   
=c$ ! emp]ors to fe$ & amuse ! p1 t !y  
might =get _! mis]y4 ,panem et circ5ses3
 t 0 ! ,roman law 9 reg>d to ! poor2 a  
dire & p]haps a necess>y evil :]ev] a   
l&$ ari/ocracy exi/s4  ,to fe$ ^! hungry
 m\?s1 gra9 0 br\ght f ,africa & !      
prov9ces1 & di/ribut$ gratuit\sly among 
! ne$y4 ,9 ! "t ( ,caes>1 ?ree hundr$ & 
tw5ty ?\s& p 7 ?us f$4 ,augu/us saw t   
su* a measure l$ directly to !          
de/ruction ( husb&ry2 b to aboli% ^!    
di/ributions 0 to put a weapon )9 ! rea*
 ( ! fir/ aspirant = p[]4  ,! emp]or    
%rank at ! ?\ght4  ,:ile gra9 0         
gratuit\s1 agriculture 0 impossible4    
,tillage gave way to pa/urage1 ano!r    
cause ( depopulation1 ev5 among slaves4 
,f9ally1 luxury1 c>ri$ fur!r & fur!r e  

day1 cov]$ ! soil ( ,italy ) elegant    
villas1 :i* occupi$ :ole cantons4 ,g>d5s
 & groves replac$ ! fields1 & ! free    
population fl$ to ! t[ns4 ,husb&ry      
disappe>$ almo/ entirely1 & ) husb&ry ! 
husb&man4 ,africa furni%$ ! :eat1 &     
,greece ! w9e4 ,tib]ius compla9$ bitt]ly
 ( ?is evil1 :i* plac$ ! lives ( !      
,roman p at ! m]cy ( ! w9ds & waves3 t 0
 8 anxiety4 ,"o day lat]1 & ?ree hundr$ 
?\s& />v+ m5 walk$ ! /reets ( ,rome3 t 0
 a revolution4  ,?is decl9e ( ,italy & !
 prov9ces did n /op4 ,aft] ! reign (    
,n]o1 depopulation comm5c$ 9 t[ns z not$
 z ,antium & ,t>5tum4 ,"u ! reign (     
,p]t9ax1 !re 0 s mu* des]t l& t ! emp]or
 ab&on$ x1 ev5 t :i* belong$ to !       
treasury1 to :oev] w\ld cultivate x1    
besides exempt+ ! f>m]s f taxation = a  
p]iod ( t5 ye>s4 ,s5ators 7 compell$ to 
inve/ "o-?ird ( _! =tunes 9 real e/ate 9
 ,italy2 b ?is measure s]v$ only to     
increase ! evil :i* !y wi%$ to cure4 ,to
 =ce ! ri* to possess 9 ,italy 0 to     
increase ! l>ge e/ates :i* _h ru9$ !    

c\ntry4 ,& mu/ ,i say1 f9ally1 t        
,aurelian wi%$ to s5d ! captives into ! 
des]t l&s ( ,etruria1 & t ,val5t9ian 0  
=c$ to settle ! ,alamanni on ! f]tile   
banks ( ! ,po8   ,if ! read]1 9 runn+   
?r\gh ?is book1 %\ld compla9 ( meet+ )  
no?+ b quotations f o!r works1 extracts 
f j\rnals & public lectures1 comm5ts ^u 
laws1 & int]pretations ( !m1 ,i w\ld    
rem9d him t ! v object ( ?is memoir is  
to e/abli% ! con=mity ( my op9ion       
conc]n+ prop]ty ) t univ]sally held2 t1 
f> f aim+ at a p>adox1 x has be5 my ma9 
/udy to foll[ ! advice ( ! _w2 &1       
f9ally1 t my sole pret5sion is to cle>ly
 =mulate ! g5]al belief4 ,i _c repeat x 
too (t51--& ,i confess x ) pride1--,i   
tea* absolutely no?+ t is new2 & ,i %\ld
 reg>d ! doctr9e :i* ,i advocate z      
radically errone\s1 if a s+le witness   
%\ld te/ify aga9/ x4  ,let u n[ trace ! 
revolutions 9 prop]ty among ! ,b>b>ians4
  ,z long z ! ,g]man tribes dwelt 9 _!  
=e/s1 x did n occur to !m to divide &   
appropriate ! soil4 ,! l& 0 held 9      

common3 ea* individual c\ld pl[1 s[1 &  
reap4 ,b1 :5 ! empire 0 once invad$1 !y 
be?\ght !mselves ( %>+ ! l&1 j z !y %>$ 
spoils aft] a victory4 ,h5ce1 says ,m4  
,lab\laye1 ! expressions sortes         
,burgundiorum ,go?orum & ,,greek1 ' k 2 
h5ce ! ,g]man words allod1 allodium1 &  
loos1 lot1 :i* are us$ 9 all mod]n      
languages to designate ! gifts ( *ance4 
,allodial prop]ty1 at lea/ ) ! mass (   
cop>c5]s1 0 orig9ally held1 !n1 9 equal 
%>es2 = all ( ! prizes 7 equal1 or1 at  
lea/1 equival5t4 ,?is prop]ty1 l t ( !  
,romans1 0 :olly individual1 indep5d5t1 
exclusive1 transf]able1 & consequ5tly   
susceptible ( accumulation & invasion4  
,b1 in/ead ( its be+1 z 0 ! case among !
 ,romans1 ! l>ge e/ate :i*1 ?r\gh       
increase & usury1 subord9at$ & absorb$ !
 small "o1 among ! ,b>b>ians--fond] ( w>
 ?an ( weal?1 m eag] to dispose ( p]sons
 ?an to appropriate ?+s--x 0 ! w>rior   
:o1 ?r\gh sup]iority ( arms1 enslav$ 8  
adv]s>y4 ,! ,roman want$ matt]2 !       
,b>b>ian want$ man4 ,consequ5tly1 9 !   

feudal ages1 r5ts 7 almo/ no?+1--simply 
a h>e1 a p>tridge1 a pie1 a few p9ts (  
w9e br\ght by a little girl1 or a       
,maypole set up )9 ! suz]a9's rea*4 ,9  
return1 ! vassal or incumb5t _h to foll[
 ! seignior to battle 7a ?+ :i* happ5$  
almo/ e day71 & equip & fe$ himself at 8
 own exp5se4 ,?is _s ( ! ,g]man         
tribes--?is _s ( companion%ip &         
association--gov]n$ ! t]ritory z x      
gov]n$ individuals4 ,! l&s1 l ! m51 7   
secur$ to a *ief or seignior by a bond (
 mutual protection & fidelity4 ,?is     
subjection 0 ! labor ( ! ,g]man epo* :i*
 gave bir? to feudalism4 ,by fair means 
or f\l1 e proprietor :o c\ld n be a *ief
 0 =c$ to be a vassal4 7,lab\laye3      
,hi/ory ( ,prop]ty47  ,by fair means or 
f\l1 e me*anic :o _c be a ma/] has to be
 a j\rneyman2 e proprietor :o is n an   
invad] w be invad$2 e produc] :o _c1 by 
! exploitation ( o!r m51 furni% products
 at less ?an _! prop] value1 w lose 8   
labor4 ,corporations & ma/]%ips1 :i* are
 hat$ s bitt]ly1 b :i* w reappe> if we  

are n c>eful1 are ! necess>y results ( !
 pr9ciple ( competition :i* is inh]5t 9 
prop]ty2 _! organization 0 patt]n$ =m]ly
 aft] t ( ! feudal hi]>*y1 :i* 0 !      
result ( ! subord9ation ( m5 &          
possessions4  ,! times :i* pav$ ! way = 
! adv5t ( feudalism & ! reappe>ance (   
l>ge proprietors 7 times ( c>nage & !   
mo/ frightful an>*y4 ,nev] be=e _h murd]
 & viol5ce made su* havoc ) ! human     
race4 ,! t5? c5tury1 among o!rs1 if my  
memory s]ves me rightly1 0 call$ !      
,,c5tury ,,( ,,iron4 ,8 prop]ty1 8 life1
 & ! honor ( 8 wife & *ildr5 always 9   
dang] ! small proprietor made ha/e to d 
homage to 8 seignior1 & to be/[ some?+  
on ! *ur* ( 8 freehold1 t he might      
receive protection & security4   ,bo?   
facts & laws be> witness t f ! six? to !
 t5? c5tury ! proprietors ( small       
freeholds 7 gradually plund]$1 or r$uc$ 
by ! encroa*m5ts ( l>ge proprietors &   
c\nts to ! condition ( ei!r vassals or  
tribut>ies4 ,! ,capitul>ies are full (  
repressive provisions2 b ! incessant    

reit]ation ( ^! ?reats only %[s !       
p]sev]ance ( ! evil & ! impot5cy ( !    
gov]nm5t4 ,oppression1 moreov]1 v>ies b 
little 9 its me?ods4 ,! compla9ts ( !   
free proprietors1 & ! groans ( !        
plebeians at ! "t ( ! ,grac*i1 7 "o & ! 
same4 ,x is said t1 :5ev] a poor man    
refus$ to give 8 e/ate to ! bi%op1 !    
curate1 ! c\nt1 ! judge1 or ! c5turion1 
^! imm$iately s\ght an opportunity to   
ru9 him4 ,!y made him s]ve 9 ! army     
until1 completely ru9$1 he 0 induc$1 by 
fair means or f\l1 to give up 8         
freehold4--,lab\laye3 ,hi/ory (         
,prop]ty4  ,h[ _m small proprietors &   
manufactur]s h n be5 ru9$ by l>ge ones  
?r\gh *ican]y1 law-suits1 & competition8
 ,/rategy1 viol5ce1 & usury1--su* are ! 
proprietor's me?ods ( plund]+ ! labor]4 
,?us we see prop]ty1 at all ages & 9 all
 its =ms1 oscillat+ by virtue ( its     
pr9ciple betwe5 two opposite            
t]ms1--extreme division & extreme       
accumulation4  ,prop]ty1 at its fir/    
t]m1 is almo/ null4 ,r$uc$ to p]sonal   

exploitation1 x is prop]ty only         
pot5tially4 ,at its second t]m1 x exi/s 
9 its p]fection2 !n x is truly prop]ty4 
,:5 prop]ty is widely di/ribut$1 society
 ?rives1 progresses1 gr[s1 & rises      
quickly to ! z5i? ( its p[]4 ,?us1 !    
,jews1 aft] leav+ ,babylon ) ,esdras &  
,nehemiah1 soon became ri*] & m p[]ful  
?an !y _h be5 "u _! k+s4 ,sp>ta 0 9 a   
/rong & prosp]\s condition dur+ ! two or
 ?ree c5turies :i* foll[$ ! dea? (      
,lycurgus4 ,! be/ days ( ,a!ns 7 ^? ( ! 
,p]sian w>2 ,rome1 ^: inhabitants 7     
divid$ f ! beg9n+ into two classes1--!  
exploit]s & ! exploit$1--knew no su* ?+ 
z peace4  ,:5 prop]ty is conc5trat$1    
society1 abus+ itself1 pollut$1 s to    
speak1 gr[s corrupt1 we>s itself out--h[
 %all ,i express ?is horrible           
idea8--plunges into long-cont9u$ & fatal
 luxury4  ,:5 feudalism 0 e/abli%$1     
society _h to die ( ! same disease :i*  
kill$ x "u ! ,caes>s1--,i mean          
accumulat$ prop]ty4 ,b humanity1 creat$ 
= an immortal de/9y1 is dea?less2 !     

revolutions :i* di/urb x are purify+    
crises1 inv>iably foll[$ by m vigor\s   
heal?4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! invasion ( ! 
,b>b>ians p>tially re/or$ ! _w to a /ate
 ( natural equality4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1
 a new _s p]vad+ all society gave !     
slave 8 rights1 & ?r\gh ju/ice brea!d   
new life into ! he>t ( nations4 ,x has  
be5 said1 & (t5 repeat$1 t ,*ri/ianity  
reg5]at$ ! _w4 ,t is true2 b x seems to 
me t !re is a mi/ake 9 ! date4          
,*ri/ianity _h no influ5ce ^u ,roman    
society2 :5 ! ,b>b>ians came1 t society 
_h disappe>$4 ,= su* is ,god's curse ^u 
prop]ty2 e political organization bas$  
^u ! exploitation ( man1 %all p]i%3     
slave-labor is dea? to ! race ( tyrants4
 ,! patrician families became ext9ct1 z 
! feudal families did1 & z all          
ari/ocracies mu/4  ,x 0 9 ! middle ages1
 :5 a reaction>y movem5t 0 beg9n+ to    
secretly und]m9e accumulat$ prop]ty1 t !
 influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ ex]cis$  
to its full ext5t4  ,! de/ruction (     
feudalism1 ! conv]sion ( ! s]f into !   

common]1 ! emancipation ( ! communes1 & 
! admission ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate to         
political p[]1 7 de$s accompli%$ by     
,*ri/ianity exclusively4 ,i say         
,*ri/ianity1 n ecclesia/icism2 = !      
prie/s & bi%ops 7 !mselves l>ge         
proprietors1 & z su* (t5 p]secut$ !     
ville9s4 ,)\t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! middle  
ages1 ! exi/5ce ( mod]n society c\ld n  
be expla9$1 & w\ld n be possible4  ,!   
tru? ( ?is ass]tion is %[n by ! v facts 
:i* ,m4 ,lab\laye quotes1 al?\gh ?is    
au?or incl9es to ! opposite op9ion4 #eg 
,n[1 we did n comm5ce to love ,god & to 
?9k ( our salvation until aft] !        
promulgation ( ! ,gospel4   #a4 ,slav]y 
among ! ,romans4--,! ,roman slave 01 9 !
 eyes ( ! law1 only a ?+1--no m ?an an  
ox or a horse4 ,he _h nei!r prop]ty1    
family1 nor p]sonality2 he 0 def5celess 
aga9/ 8 ma/]'s cruelty1 folly1 or       
cupidity4 ',sell y\r ox5 t are pa/ use1'
 said ,cato1 'sell y\r calves1 y\r      
lambs1 y\r wool1 y\r hides1 y\r old     
pl\ghs1 y\r old iron1 y\r old slave1 &  

y\r sick slave1 & all t is ( no use to  
y4' ,:5 no m>ket c\ld be f\nd = ! slaves
 t 7 worn out by sickness or old age1 !y
 7 ab&on$ to />vation4 ,claudius 0 !    
fir/ def5d] ( ?is %ameful practice4     
,dis*>ge y\r old workman1 says !        
economi/ ( ! propriet>y s*ool2 turn (f t
 sick dome/ic1 t too?less & worn-out    
s]vant4 ,put away ! uns]viceable beauty2
 to ! hospital ) ! useless m\?s6   ,!   
condition ( ^! wret*$ be+s improv$ b    
little "u ! emp]ors2 & ! be/ t c be said
 ( ! goodness ( ,anton9us is t he       
prohibit$ intol]able cruelty1 z an      
,,abuse ,,( ,,prop]ty4 ,exp$it enim     
reipublicae ne quis re re sua male      
utatur1 says ,gaius4  ,z soon z ! ,*ur* 
met 9 c\ncil1 x laun*$ an ana!ma aga9/ !
 ma/]s :o _h ex]cis$ ov] _! slaves ?is  
t]rible "r ( life & dea?4 ,7 n ! slaves1
 ?anks to ! "r ( sanctu>y & to _!       
pov]ty1 ! de>e/ proteges ( religion8    
,con/ant9e1 :o embodi$ 9 ! laws ! gr&   
ideas ( ,*ri/ianity1 valu$ ! life ( a   
slave z highly z t ( a freeman1 & decl>$

 ! ma/]1 :o _h int5tionally br\ght dea? 
^u 8 slave1 guilty ( murd]4 ,betwe5 ?is 
law & t ( ,anton9us !re is a complete   
revolution 9 moral ideas3 ! slave 0 a   
?+2 religion has made him a man4  ,note 
! la/ words3 ,betwe5 ! law ( ! ,gospel &
 t ( ,anton9us !re is a complete        
revolution 9 moral ideas3 ! slave 0 a   
?+2 religion has made him a man4 ,!     
moral revolution :i* trans=m$ ! slave   
into a citiz5 0 effect$1 !n1 by         
,*ri/ianity be=e ! ,b>b>ians set foot ^u
 ! soil ( ! empire4 ,we h only to trace 
! progress ( ?is ,,moral revolution 9 ! 
,,p]sonnel ( society4 ,b1 ,m4 ,lab\laye 
rightly says1 x did n *ange ! condition 
( m5 9 a mom5t1 any m ?an t ( ?+s2      
betwe5 slav]y & lib]ty !re 0 an abyss   
:i* c\ld n be fill$ 9 a day2 !          
transitional /ep 0 s]vitude4  ,n[1 :at 0
 s]vitude8 ,9 :at did x diff] f ,roman  
slav]y1 & :5ce came ?is diff]5ce8 ,let !
 same au?or answ]4   #b4 ,(             
s]vitude4--,i see1 9 ! "l's manor1      
slaves *>g$ ) dome/ic duties4 ,"s are   

employ$ 9 ! p]sonal s]vice ( ! ma/]2    
o!rs are *>g$ ) h\sehold c>es4 ,! wom5  
sp9 ! wool2 ! m5 gr9d ! gra91 make !    
bread1 or practise1 9 ! int]e/ ( !      
seignior1 :at little !y "k ( ! indu/rial
 arts4 ,! ma/] puni%es !m :5 he *ooses1 
kills !m ) impunity1 & sells !m & !irs l
 s _m cattle4 ,! slave has no           
p]sonality1 & consequ5tly no wehrgeld   
#ei peculi> to himself3 he is a ?+4 ,!  
wehrgeld belongs to ! ma/] z a          
comp5sation = ! loss ( 8 prop]ty4 ,:e!r 
! slave is kill$ or /ol51 ! indemnity   
does n *ange1 = ! injury is ! same2 b ! 
indemnity increases or dim9i%es accord+ 
to ! value ( ! s]f4 ,9 all ^! p>ticul>s 
,g]manic slav]y & ,roman s]vitude are   
alike4  ,?is simil>ity is wor?y (       
notice4 ,slav]y is always ! same1 :e!r 9
 a ,roman villa or on a ,b>b>ian f>m4 ,!
 man1 l ! ox & ! ass1 is a "p ( !       
live-/ock2 a price is set ^u 8 head2 he 
is a tool )\t a consci5ce1 a *attel )\t 
p]sonality1 an impeccable1 irresponsible
 be+1 :o has nei!r rights nor duties4   

,:y did 8 condition improve8   ,9 good  
season444 :58 ! s]f began to be reg>d$ z
 a man2 &1 z su*1 ! law ( ! ,visigo?s1  
"u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ideas1 puni%$ )
 f9e or bani%m5t any "o :o maim$ or     
kill$ him4   ,always ,*ri/ianity1 always
 religion1 ?\gh we %\ld l to speak ( !  
laws only4 ,did ! philan?ropy ( !       
,visigo?s make its fir/ appe>ance be=e  
or aft] ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel8 ,?is po9t 
mu/ be cle>$ up4   ,aft] ! conque/1 !   
s]fs 7 scatt]$ ov] ! l>ge e/ates ( !    
,b>b>ians1 ea* hav+ 8 h\se1 8 lot1 & 8  
peculium1 9 return = :i* he paid r5t &  
p]=m$ s]vice4 ,!y 7 r>ely sep>at$ f _!  
homes :5 _! l& 0 sold2 !y & all t !y _h 
became ! prop]ty ( ! pur*as]4 ,! law    
favor$ ?is realization ( ! s]f1 9 n     
all[+ him to be sold out ( ! c\ntry4    
,:at inspir$ ?is law1 de/ructive n only 
( slav]y1 b ( prop]ty itself8 ,=1 if !  
ma/] _c drive f 8 doma9 ! slave :om he  
has once e/abli%$ !re1 x foll[s t !     
slave is proprietor1 z well z ! ma/]4   
,! ,b>b>ians1 aga9 says ,m4 ,lab\laye1 7

 ! fir/ to recognize ! slave's rights ( 
family & prop]ty1--two rights :i* are   
incompatible ) slav]y4   ,b 0 ?is       
recognition ! necess>y result ( ! mode (
 s]vitude 9 vogue among ! ,g]manic      
nations previ\s to _! conv]sion to      
,*ri/ianity1 or 0 x ! imm$iate effect ( 
t _s ( ju/ice infus$ ) religion1 by :i* 
! seignior 0 =c$ to respect 9 ! s]f a   
s\l equal to 8 own1 a bro!r 9 ,jesus    
,*ri/1 purifi$ by ! same baptism1 &     
r$eem$ by ! same sacrifice ( ! ,son (   
,god 9 ! =m ( man8 ,= we mu/ n close our
 eyes to ! fact t1 ?\gh ! ,b>b>ian      
morals & ! ignorance & c>elessness ( !  
seigniors1 :o busi$ !mselves ma9ly ) w>s
 & battles1 pay+ little or no att5tion  
to agriculture1 may h be5 great aids 9 !
 emancipation ( ! s]fs1 /ill ! vital    
pr9ciple ( ?is emancipation 0 ess5tially
 ,*ri/ian4 ,suppose t ! ,b>b>ians _h    
rema9$ ,pagans 9 ! mid/ ( a ,pagan _w4  
,z !y did n *ange ! ,gospel1 s !y w\ld n
 h *ang$ ! poly!i/ic cu/oms2 slav]y w\ld
 h rema9$ :at x 02 !y w\ld h cont9u$ to 

kill ! slaves :o 7 desir\s ( lib]ty1    
family1 & prop]ty2 :ole nations w\ld h  
be5 r$uc$ to ! condition ( ,helots2 no?+
 w\ld h *ang$ ^u ! t]re/rial /age1      
except ! actors4 ,! ,b>b>ians 7 less    
selfi%1 less imp]i\s1 less dissolute1 & 
less cruel ?an ! ,romans4 ,su* 0 !      
nature ^u :i*1 aft] ! fall ( ! empire & 
! r5ovation ( society1 ,*ri/ianity 0 to 
act4 ,b ?is nature1 gr\nd$ z 9 =m] times
 ^u slav]y & w>1 w\ld1 by its own en]gy1
 h produc$ no?+ b w> & slav]y4          
,,gradually ! s]fs obta9$ ! privilege ( 
be+ judg$ by ! same /&>d z _! ma/]s4444 
,:51 h[1 & by :at title did !y obta9 ?is
 privilege8  ,,gradually _! duties 7    
regulat$4   ,:5ce came ! regulations8   
,:o _h ! au?ority to introduce !m8   ,! 
ma/] took a "p ( ! labor ( ! s]f1--?ree 
days1 = in/ance1--& left ! re/ to him4  
,z = ,sunday1 t belong$ to ,god4   ,&   
:at e/abli%$ ,sunday1 if n religion8    
,:5ce ,i inf]1 t ! same p[] :i* took x  
^u itself to susp5d ho/ilities & to     
light5 ! duties ( ! s]f 0 also t :i*    

regulat$ ! judici>y & creat$ a sort (   
law = ! slave4  ,b ?is law itself1 on   
:at did x be>8--:at 0 its pr9ciple8--:at
 0 ! philosophy ( ! c\ncils & popes )   
ref]5ce to ?is matt]8 ,! reply to all ^!
 que/ions1 com+ f me alone1 w\ld be     
di/ru/$4 ,! au?ority ( ,m4 ,lab\laye    
%all give cr$5ce to my words4 ,?is holy 
philosophy1 to :i* ! slaves 7 indebt$ = 
e ?+1 ?is invocation ( ! ,gospel1 0 an  
ana!ma aga9/ prop]ty4  ,! proprietors ( 
small freeholds1 t is1 ! freem5 ( !     
middle class1 _h fall51 9 consequ5ce ( !
 tyranny ( ! nobles1 into a worse       
condition ?an t ( ! t5ants & s]fs4 ,!   
exp5ses ( w> weigh$ less heavily ^u !   
s]f ?an ^u ! freeman2 &1 z = legal      
protection1 ! seigniorial c\rt1 :]e !   
s]f 0 judg$ by 8 pe]s1 0 f> pref]able to
 ! cantonal assembly4 ,x 0 bett] to h a 
noble = a seignior ?an = a judge4  ,s x 
is bett] to-day to h a man ( l>ge       
capital = an associate ?an = a rival4 ,!
 hone/ t5ant--! labor] :o e>ns weekly a 
mod]ate b con/ant sal>y--is m to be     

envi$ ?an ! indep5d5t b small f>m]1 or !
 poor lic5s$ me*anic4  ,at t "t1 all 7  
ei!r seigniors or s]fs1 oppressors or   
oppress$4 ,!n1 "u ! protection (        
conv5ts1 or ( ! seigniorial turret1 new 
societies 7 =m$1 :i* sil5tly spread ov] 
! soil made f]tile by _! h&s1 & :i*     
d]iv$ _! p[] f ! annihilation ( ! free  
classes :om !y enli/$ 9 _! behalf4 ,z   
t5ants1 ^! m5 acquir$1 f g5]ation to    
g5]ation1 sacr$ rights ov] ! soil :i* !y
 cultivat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( lazy & pillag+  
ma/]s4 ,z fa/ z ! social tempe/ abat$1 x
 became necess>y to respect ! union &   
h]itage ( ^! ville9s1 :o by _! labor _h 
truly prescrib$ ! soil = _! own pr(it4  
,i ask h[ prescription c\ld take effect 
:]e a contr>y title & possession already
 exi/$8 ,m4 ,lab\laye is a lawy]4 ,:]e1 
!n1 did he ev] see ! labor ( ! slave & !
 cultivation by ! t5ant prescribe ! soil
 = _! own pr(it1 to ! detrim5t ( a      
recogniz$ ma/] daily act+ z a           
proprietor8 ,let u n disguise matt]s4 ,z
 fa/ z ! t5ants & ! s]fs grew ri*1 !y   

wi%$ to be indep5d5t & free2 !y comm5c$ 
to associate1 unfurl _! municipal       
bann]s1 raise belfries1 =tify _! t[ns1 &
 refuse to pay _! seigniorial dues4 ,9  
do+ ^! ?+s !y 7 p]fectly "r2 =1 9 fact1 
_! condition 0 intol]able4 ,b 9 law--,i 
mean 9 ,roman & ,napoleonic law--_!     
refusal to obey & pay tribute to _!     
ma/]s 0 illegitimate4  ,n[1 ?is         
imp]ceptible usurpation ( prop]ty by !  
commonalty 0 inspir$ by religion4  ,!   
seignior _h atta*$ ! s]f to ! soil2     
religion grant$ ! s]f rights ov] ! soil4
 ,! seignior impos$ duties ^u ! s]f2    
religion fix$ _! limits4 ,! seignior    
c\ld kill ! s]f ) impunity1 c\ld deprive
 him ( 8 wife1 violate 8 daught]1       
pillage 8 h\se1 & rob him ( 8 sav+s2    
religion *eck$ 8 invasions3 x           
excommunicat$ ! seignior4 ,religion 0 ! 
real cause ( ! ru9 ( feudal prop]ty4 ,:y
 %\ld x n be bold en\gh to-day to       
resolutely condemn capitali/ic prop]ty8 
,s9ce ! middle ages1 !re has be5 no     
*ange 9 social economy except 9 its =ms2

 its relations rema9 unalt]$4  ,! only  
result ( ! emancipation ( ! s]fs 0 t    
prop]ty *ang$ h&s2 or1 r1 t new         
proprietors 7 creat$4 ,soon] or lat] !  
ext5sion ( privilege1 f> f cur+ ! evil1 
0 to op]ate to ! disadvantage ( !       
plebeians4 ,nev]!less1 ! new social     
organization did n meet ) ! same end 9  
all places4 ,9 ,lomb>dy1 = example1 :]e 
! p rapidly gr[+ ri* ?r\gh comm]ce &    
indu/ry soon conqu]$ ! au?orities1 ev5  
to ! exclusion ( ! nobles1--fir/1 !     
nobility became poor & degrad$1 & 7 =c$1
 9 ord] to live & ma9ta9 _! cr$it1 to   
ga9 admission to ! guilds2 !n1 ! ord9>y 
subalt]nization ( prop]ty lead+ to      
inequality ( =tunes1 to weal? & pov]ty1 
to jeal\sies & hatr$s1 ! cities pass$   
rapidly f ! ranke/ democracy "u ! yoke (
 a few ambiti\s lead]s4 ,su* 0 ! fate ( 
mo/ ( ! ,lomb>dic cities1--,g5oa1       
,flor5ce1 ,bologna1 ,milan1 ,pisa1      
c14--:i* aft]w>ds *ang$ rul]s frequ5tly1
 b :i* h nev] s9ce ris5 9 favor (       
lib]ty4 ,! p c easily escape f ! tyranny

 ( despots1 b !y d n "k h[ to ?r[ (f !  
effects ( _! own despotism2 j z we avoid
 ! assass9's /eel1 :ile we succumb to a 
con/itutional malady4 ,z soon z a nation
 becomes proprietor1 ei!r x mu/ p]i%1 or
 a =eign invasion mu/ =ce x aga9 to beg9
 its evolution>y r\nd4 #ei  ,! communes 
once organiz$1 ! k+s treat$ !m z sup]ior
 vassals4 ,n[1 j z ! "u vassal _h no    
communication ) ! k+ except ?r\gh !     
direct vassal1 s also ! common]s c\ld   
ent] no compla9ts except ?r\gh !        
commune4  ,l causes produce l effects4  
,ea* commune became a small & sep>ate   
,/ate1 gov]n$ by a few citiz5s1 :o s\ght
 to ext5d _! au?ority ov] ! o!rs2 :o1 9 
_! turn1 rev5g$ !mselves ^u ! un=tunate 
inhabitants :o _h n ! "r ( citiz5%ip4   
,feudalism 9 unemancipat$ c\ntries1 &   
olig>*y 9 ! communes1 made ne>ly ! same 
ravages4 ,!re 7 sub-associations1       
frat]nities1 tradesm5's associations 9 !
 communes1 & colleges 9 ! univ]sities4  
,! oppression 0 s great1 t x 0 no r>e ?+
 to see ! inhabitants ( a commune dem&+ 

its suppression4444--,mey]3 ,judicial   
,in/itutions ( ,europe4   ,9 ,france1 ! 
,revolution 0 mu* m gradual4 ,!         
communes1 9 tak+ refuge "u ! protection 
( ! k+s1 _h f\nd !m ma/]s r ?an         
protectors4 ,_! lib]ty _h long s9ce be5 
lo/1 or1 r1 _! emancipation _h be5      
susp5d$1 :5 feudalism receiv$ its       
dea?-bl[ at ! h& ( ,ri*elieu4 ,!n lib]ty
 halt$2 ! pr9ce ( ! feudatories held    
sole & undivid$ sway4 ,! nobles1 !      
cl]gy1 ! common]s1 ! p>liam5ts1 e ?+ 9  
%ort except a few seem+ privileges1 7   
controll$ by ! k+2 :o1 l 8 e>ly         
pr$ecessors1 consum$ regul>ly1 & ne>ly  
always 9 advance1 ! rev5ues ( 8         
doma91--& t doma9 0 ,france4  ,f9ally1  
'#hi arriv$2 lib]ty resum$ its m>*2 a   
c5tury & a half _h be5 requir$ to we>   
out ! la/ =m ( feudal prop]ty1--mon>*y4 
,! ,fr5* ,revolution may be def9$ z !   
sub/itution ( real "r = p]sonal "r2 t is
 to say1 9 ! days ( feudalism1 ! value (
 prop]ty dep5d$ ^u ! /&+ ( ! proprietor1
 :ile1 aft] ! ,revolution1 ! reg>d = !  

man 0 proportional to 8 prop]ty4 ,n[1 we
 h se5 f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+    
pages1 t ?is recognition ( ! "r (       
labor]s _h be5 ! con/ant aim ( ! s]fs & 
communes1 ! secret motive ( _! ef=ts4 ,!
 movem5t ( '#hi 0 only ! la/ /age ( t   
long insurrection4 ,b x seems to me t we
 h n paid suffici5t att5tion to ! fact t
 ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 in/igat$ by !   
same causes1 animat$ by ! same _s1      
triumph+ by ! same /ruggles1 0          
consummat$ 9 ,italy f\r c5turies ago4   
,italy 0 ! fir/ to s\nd ! signal ( w>   
aga9/ feudalism2 ,france has foll[$2    
,spa9 & ,engl& are beg9n+ to move2 ! re/
 /ill sleep4 ,if a gr& example %\ld be  
giv5 to ! _w1 ! day ( trial w\ld be mu* 
abridg$4  ,note ! foll[+ summ>y ( !     
revolutions ( prop]ty1 f ! days ( !     
,roman ,empire d[n to ! pres5t "t3--    
#a4 ,fif? c5tury4--,b>b>ian invasions2  
division ( ! l&s ( ! empire into        
indep5d5t portions or freeholds4  #b4 ,f
 ! fif? to ! eigh? c5tury4--,gradual    
conc5tration ( freeholds1 or            

trans=mation ( ! small freeholds into   
fiefs1 feuds1 t5ures1 c4 ,l>ge          
prop]ties1 small possessions4 ,*>lemagne
 7#gga-had7 decrees t all freeholds are 
dep5d5t ^u ! k+ ( ,france4  #c4 ,f !    
eigh? to ! t5? c5tury4--,! relation     
betwe5 ! cr[n & ! sup]ior dep5d5ts is   
brok52 ! latt] becom+ freehold]s1 :ile !
 small] dep5d5ts cease to recognize !   
k+1 & adh]e to ! ne>e/ suz]a94 ,feudal  
sy/em4  #d4 ,twelf? c5tury4--,movem5t ( 
! s]fs t[>ds lib]ty2 emancipation ( !   
communes4  #e4 ,?irte5?                 
c5tury4--,abolition ( p]sonal "r1 & ( ! 
feudal sy/em 9 ,italy4 ,italian         
,republics4  #f4 ,sev5te5?              
c5tury4--,abolition ( feudalism 9       
,france dur+ ,ri*elieu's m9i/ry4        
,despotism4  #g4 #aghi4--;,abolition (  
all privileges ( bir?1 ca/e1 prov9ces1 &
 corporations2 equality ( p]sons & (    
rights4 ,fr5* democracy4  #h4 #ahcj4--,!
 pr9ciple ( conc5tration inh]5t 9       
individual prop]ty is ,,rem>k$4         
,developm5t ( ! idea ( association4   ,!

 m we reflect ^u ?is s]ies (            
trans=mations & *anges1 ! m cle>ly we   
see t !y 7 necess>y 9 _! pr9ciple1 9 _! 
manife/ations1 & 9 _! result4  ,x 0     
necess>y t inexp]i5c$ conqu]ors1 eag] = 
lib]ty1 %\ld divide ! ,roman ,empire    
into a multitude ( e/ates1 z free &     
indep5d5t z !mselves4  ,x 0 necess>y t  
^! m51 :o lik$ w> ev5 bett] ?an lib]ty1 
%\ld submit to _! lead]s2 &1 z !        
freehold repres5t$ ! man1 t prop]ty %\ld
 violate prop]ty4  ,x 0 necess>y t1 "u !
 rule ( a nobility always idle :5 n     
fight+1 !re %\ld gr[ up a body (        
labor]s1 :o1 by ! p[] ( production1 & by
 ! division & circulation ( weal?1 w\ld 
gradually ga9 control ov] comm]ce1      
indu/ry1 & a portion ( ! l&1 & :o1 hav+ 
become ri*1 w\ld aspire to p[] &        
au?ority also4  ,x 0 necess>y1 f9ally1 t
 lib]ty & equality ( rights hav+ be5    
a*iev$1 & individual prop]ty /ill exi/+1
 att5d$ by robb]y1 pov]ty1 social       
inequality1 & oppression1 !re %\ld be an
 inquiry into ! cause ( ?is evil1 & an  

idea ( univ]sal association =m$1 :]eby1 
on condition ( labor1 all int]e/s %\ld  
be protect$ & consolidat$4  ,evil1 :5   
c>ri$ too f>1 says a le>n$ juri/1 cures 
itself2 & ! political innovation :i*    
aims to increase ! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 f9ally
 succumbs to ! effects ( its own "w4 ,! 
,g]mans1 to secure _! indep5d5ce1 *ose  
*iefs2 & soon !y 7 oppress$ by _! k+s & 
noblem54 ,! mon>*s surr\nd$ !mselves )  
volunte]s1 9 ord] to control ! freem52 &
 !y f\nd !mselves dep5d5t ^u _! pr\d    
vassals4 ,! missi dom9ici 7 s5t into !  
prov9ces to ma9ta9 ! p[] ( ! emp]ors1 & 
to protect ! p f ! oppressions ( !      
noblem52 & n only did !y usurp ! imp]ial
 p[] to a great ext5t1 b !y dealt m     
sev]ely ) ! inhabitants4 ,! freem5      
became vassals1 9 ord] to get rid (     
milit>y s]vice & c\rt duty2 & !y 7      
imm$iately involv$ 9 all ! p]sonal      
qu>rels ( _! seigniors1 & compell$ to d 
jury duty 9 _! c\rts4444 ,! k+s protect$
 ! cities & ! communes1 9 ! hope ( free+
 !m f ! yoke ( ! gr& vassals1 & ( r5d]+ 

_! own p[] m absolute2 & ^? same        
communes h1 9 sev]al ,european c\ntries1
 procur$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a con/itutional 
p[]1 are n[ hold+ royalty 9 *eck1 & are 
giv+ rise to a univ]sal desire =        
political re=m4--,mey]3 ,judicial       
,in/itutions ( ,europe4   ,9            
recapitulation4  ,:at 0 feudalism8 ,a   
conf$]ation ( ! gr& seign iors aga9/ !  
ville9s1 & aga9/ ! k+4 #fj ,:at is      
con/itutional gov]nm5t8 ,a conf$]ation (
 ! b\rgeoisie aga9/ ! labor]s1 & aga9/ !
 k+4 #fa   ,h[ did feudalism end8 ,9 !  
union ( ! communes & ! royal au?ority4  
,h[ w ! b\rgeoisie ari/ocracy end8 ,9 ! 
union ( ! prolet>iat & ! sov]eign p[]4  
,:at 0 ! imm$iate result ( ! /ruggle ( !
 communes & ! k+ aga9/ ! seigniors8 ,!  
mon>*ical unity ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,:at w be
 ! result ( ! /ruggle ( ! prolet>iat & !
 sov]eign p[] comb9$ aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie8
 ,! absolute unity ( ! nation & !       
gov]nm5t4  ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r !   
nation1 "o & supreme1 w be repres5t$ 9  
its executive & c5tral p[] by ,,"o1 by  

,,five1 by ,,"o ,,hundr$1 or ,,"o       
,,?\s&2 t is1 x rema9s to be se51 :e!r !
 royalty ( ! b>ricades int5ds to ma9ta9 
itself by ! p1 or )\t ! p1 & :e!r ,l\is 
,philippe wi%es 8 reign to be ! mo/     
fam\s 9 all hi/ory4  ,i h made ?is      
/atem5t z brief1 b at ! same "t z       
accurate z ,i c\ld1 neglect+ facts &    
details1 t ,i might give ! m att5tion to
 ! economical relations ( society4 ,= ! 
/udy ( hi/ory is l ! /udy ( ! human     
organism2 j z ! latt] has its sy/em1 its
 organs1 & its functions1 :i* c be      
treat$ sep>ately1 s ! =m] has its       
ensemble1 its in/rum5ts1 & its causes4  
,( c\rse ,i d n pret5d t ! pr9ciple (   
prop]ty is a complete resume ( all !    
social =ces2 b1 z 9 t wond]ful ma*9e :i*
 we call our body1 ! h>mony ( ! :ole    
all[s u to draw a g5]al conclusion f !  
consid]ation ( a s+le function or organ1
 s1 9 discuss+ hi/orical causes1 ,i h   
be5 able to reason ) absolute accuracy f
 a s+le ord] ( facts1 c]ta9 z ,i 0 ( !  
p]fect correlation :i* exi/s betwe5 ?is 

special ord] & univ]sal hi/ory4 ,z is ! 
prop]ty ( a nation1 s is its family1 its
 m>riage1 its religion1 its civil &     
milit>y organization1 & its legislative 
& judicial in/itutions4 ,hi/ory1 view$ f
 ?is /&po9t1 is a gr& & sublime         
psy*ological /udy4  ,well1 sir1 9 writ+ 
aga9/ prop]ty1 h ,i done m ?an quote !  
language ( hi/ory8 ,i h said to mod]n   
society1--! daught] & heiress ( all     
prec$+ societies1--,age guod agis3      
complete ! task :i* = six ?\s& ye>s y h 
be5 execut+ "u ! inspiration & by !     
comm& ( ,god2 ha/5 to f9i% y\r j\rney2  
turn nei!r to ! "r nor ! left1 b foll[ !
 road :i* lies be=e y4 ,y seek reason1  
law1 unity1 & discipl9e2 b h]eaft] y c  
f9d !m only by /ripp+ (f ! veils ( y\r  
infancy1 & ceas+ to foll[ in/9ct z a    
guide4 ,awak5 y\r sleep+ consci5ce2 op5 
y\r eyes to ! pure light ( reflection & 
sci5ce2 behold ! phantom :i* tr\bl$ y\r 
dreams1 & s long kept y 9 a /ate (      
unutt]able angui%4 ,"k ?yself1 ,o       
long-delud$ society#a "k ?y enemy6444 ,&

 ,i h d5\nc$ prop]ty4  ,we (t5 he> !    
def5d]s ( ! "r ( doma9 quote 9 def5ce ( 
_! views ! te/imony ( nations & ages4   
,we c judge1 f :at has j be5 said1 h[ f>
 ?is hi/orical argum5t con=ms to ! real 
facts & ! conclusions ( sci5ce4  ,to    
complete ?is apology1 ,i mu/ exam9e !   
v>i\s !ories4  ,nei!r politics1 nor     
legislation1 nor hi/ory1 c be expla9$ & 
und]/ood1 )\t a positive !ory :i* def9es
 _! elem5ts1 & discov]s _! laws2 9 %ort1
 )\t a philosophy4 ,n[1 ! two pr9cipal  
s*ools1 :i* to ?is day divide ! att5tion
 ( ! _w1 d n satisfy ?is condition4  ,! 
fir/1 ess5tially ,,practical 9 its "*1  
conf9$ to a /atem5t ( facts1 & buri$ 9  
le>n+1 c>es v little by :at laws        
humanity develops itself4 ,to x ^! laws 
are ! secret ( ! ,almighty1 :i* no "o c 
fa?om )\t a commission f on high4 ,9    
apply+ ! facts ( hi/ory to gov]nm5t1 ?is
 s*ool does n reason2 x does n          
anticipate2 x makes no comp>ison ( ! pa/
 ) ! pres5t1 9 ord] to pr$ict ! future4 
,9 its op9ion1 ! lessons ( exp]i5ce tea*

 u only to repeat old errors1 & its :ole
 philosophy consi/s 9 p]petually retrac+
 ! tracks ( antiquity1 in/ead ( go+     
/raight ahead =ev] 9 ! direction 9 :i*  
!y po9t4  ,! second s*ool may be call$  
ei!r ,,fatali/ic or ,,pan!i/ic4 ,to x ! 
movem5ts ( empires & ! revolutions (    
humanity are ! manife/ations1 !         
inc>nations1 ( ! ,almighty4 ,! human    
race1 id5tifi$ ) ! div9e ess5ce1 :eels 9
 a circle ( appe>ances1 in=mations1 &   
de/ructions1 :i* necess>ily excludes !  
idea ( absolute tru?1 & de/roys         
provid5ce & lib]ty4  ,correspond+ to ^! 
two s*ools ( hi/ory1 !re are two s*ools 
( jurisprud5ce1 simil>ly oppos$1 &      
possess$ ( ! same peculi>ities4  #a4 ,! 
practical & conv5tional s*ool1 to :i* ! 
law is always a creation ( ! legislator1
 an expression ( 8 w1 a privilege :i* he
 condesc5ds to grant1--9 %ort1 a        
gratuit\s affirmation to be reg>d$ z    
judici\s & legitimate1 no matt] :at x   
decl>es4  #b4 ,! fatali/ic & pan!i/ic   
s*ool1 sometimes call$ ! hi/orical      

s*ool1 :i* opposes ! despotism ( ! fir/1
 & ma9ta9s t law1 l lit]ature &         
religion1 is always ! expression (      
society1--its manife/ation1 its =m1 !   
ext]nal realization ( its mobile _s &   
its ev]-*ang+ inspirations4  ,ea* ( ^!  
s*ools1 d5y+ ! absolute1 rejects !reby  
all positive & a priori philosophy4     
,n[1 x is evid5t t ! !ories ( ^! two    
s*ools1 :atev] view we take ( !m1 are   
utt]ly unsatisfactory3 =1 oppos$1 !y =m 
no dilemma1--t is1 if "o is false1 x    
does n foll[ t ! o!r is true2 &1 unit$1 
!y d n con/itute ! tru?1 s9ce !y        
disreg>d ! absolute1 )\t :i* !re is no  
tru?4 ,!y are respectively a ,,!sis & an
 ,,anti!sis4 ,!re rema9s to be f\nd1 !n1
 a ,,syn!sis1 :i*1 pr$icat+ ! absolute1 
ju/ifies ! w ( ! legislator1 expla9s !  
v>iations ( ! law1 annihilates ! !ory ( 
! circul> movem5t ( humanity1 &         
demon/rates its progress4  ,! legi/s1 by
 ! v nature ( _! /udies & 9 spite ( _!  
ob/9ate prejudices1 h be5 l$ irresi/ibly
 to suspect t ! absolute 9 ! sci5ce (   

law is n z *im]ical z is commonly       
suppos$2 & ?is suspicion arose f _!     
comp>ison ( ! v>i\s relations :i*       
legislators h be5 call$ ^u to regulate4 
,m4 ,lab\laye1 ! laureate ( ! ,in/itute1
 beg9s 8 ,hi/ory ( ,prop]ty ) ^!        
words3--   ,:ile ! law ( contract1 :i*  
regulates only ! mutual int]e/s ( m51   
has n v>i$ = c5turies 7except 9 c]ta9   
=ms :i* relate m to ! pro( ?an to ! "* (
 ! obligation71 ! civil law ( prop]ty1  
:i* regulates ! mutual relations (      
citiz5s1 has und]gone sev]al radical    
*anges1 & has kept pace 9 its v>iations 
) all ! vicissitudes ( society4 ,! law (
 contract1 :i* holds ess5tially to ^?   
pr9ciples ( et]nal ju/ice :i* are       
engrav5 ^u ! dep?s ( ! human he>t1 is ! 
immutable elem5t ( jurisprud5ce1 &1 9 a 
c]ta9 s5se1 its philosophy4 ,prop]ty1 on
 ! contr>y1 is ! v>iable elem5t (       
jurisprud5ce1 its hi/ory1 its policy4   
,m>vell\s6 ,!re is 9 law1 & consequ5tly 
9 politics1 some?+ v>iable & some?+     
inv>iable4 ,! inv>iable elem5t is       

obligation1 ! bond ( ju/ice1 duty2 !    
v>iable elem5t is prop]ty1--t is1 !     
ext]nal =m ( law1 ! subject-matt] ( !   
contract4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! law c      
modify1 *ange1 re=m1 & judge prop]ty4   
,reconcile t1 if y c1 ) ! idea ( an     
et]nal1 absolute1 p]man5t1 &            
indefectible "r4  ,h[ev]1 ,m4 ,lab\laye 
is 9 p]fect accord ) himself :5 he adds1
 ,possession ( ! soil re/s solely ^u =ce
 until society takes x 9 h&1 & esp\ses !
 cause ( ! possessor2 #fb &1 a little   
f>!r1 ,! "r ( prop]ty is n natural1 b   
social4 ,! laws n only protect prop]ty3 
!y give x bir?1 c4 ,n[1 t :i* ! law has 
made ! law c unmake2 especially s9ce1   
accord+ to ,m4 ,lab\laye1--an av[$      
p>tisan ( ! hi/orical or pan!i/ic       
s*ool1--! law is n absolute1 is n an    
idea1 b a =m4   ,b :y is x t prop]ty is 
v>iable1 &1 unlike obligation1 incapable
 ( def9ition & settlem5t8 ,be=e affirm+1
 some:at boldly )\t d\bt1 t 9 "r !re are
 no absolute pr9ciples 7! mo/ dang]\s1  
mo/ immoral1 mo/ tyrannical--9 a ^w1 mo/

 anti-social--ass]tion imag9able71 x 0  
prop] t ! "r ( prop]ty %\ld be subject$ 
to a ?or\gh exam9ation1 9 ord] to put 9 
evid5ce its v>iable1 arbitr>y1 & cont+5t
 elem5ts1 & ^? :i* are et]nal1          
legitimate1 & absolute2 !n1 ?is op]ation
 p]=m$1 x became easy to acc\nt = !     
laws1 & to correct all ! codes4  ,n[1   
?is exam9ation ( prop]ty ,i claim to h  
made1 & 9 ! fulle/ detail2 b1 ei!r f !  
public's lack ( int]e/ 9 an unrecomm5d$ 
& unattractive pamphlet1 or--:i* is m   
probable--f ! weakness ( exposition &   
want ( g5ius :i* *>act]ize ! "w1 ! ,fir/
 ,memoir on ,prop]ty pass$ unnotic$2    
sc>cely w\ld a few communi/s1 hav+ turn$
 its leaves1 deign to br& x ) _!        
disapprobation4 ,y alone1 sir1 9 spite (
 ! disfavor :i* ,i %[$ = y\r economical 
pr$ecessors 9 too sev]e a criticism (   
!m1--y alone h judg$ me ju/ly2 & al?\gh 
,i _c accept1 at lea/ lit]ally1 y\r fir/
 judgm5t1 yet x is to y alone t ,i      
appeal f a decision too equivocal to be 
reg>d$ z f9al4  ,x n be+ my int5tion to 

ent] at pres5t into a discussion (      
pr9ciples1 ,i %all cont5t myself )      
e/imat+1 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is simple & 
intelligible absolute1 ! !ories (       
prop]ty :i* our g5]ation has produc$4   
,! mo/ exact idea ( prop]ty is giv5 u by
 ! ,roman law1 fai?fully foll[$ 9 ?is   
p>ticul> by ! anci5t legi/s4 ,x is !    
absolute1 exclusive1 autocratic doma9 ( 
a man ov] a ?+1--a doma9 :i* beg9s by   
,,usucaption1 is ma9ta9$ by             
,,possession1 & f9ally1 by ! aid (      
,,prescription1 f9ds its sanction 9 !   
civil law2 a doma9 :i* s id5tifies ! man
 ) ! ?+1 t ! proprietor c say1 ,he :o   
uses my field1 virtually compels me to  
labor = him2 !re=e he owes me           
comp5sation4  ,i pass 9 sil5ce !        
second>y modes by :i* prop]ty c be      
acquir$1--tradition1 sale1 ex*ange1     
inh]itance1 c41--:i* h no?+ 9 common ) !
 orig9 ( prop]ty4  ,accord+ly1 ,po?i]   
said ,,! ,,doma9 ,,( ,,prop]ty1 & n     
simply ,,prop]ty4 ,& ! mo/ le>n$ writ]s 
on jurisprud5ce--9 imitation ( ! ,roman 

praetor :o recogniz$ a ,,"r ,,(         
,,prop]ty & a ,,"r ,,( ,,possession--h  
c>efully di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! ,,doma9 & !  
"r ( ,,usufruct1 ,,use1 & ,,habitation1 
:i*1 r$uc$ to its natural limits1 is ! v
 expression ( ju/ice2 & :i* is1 9 my    
op9ion1 to supplant domanial prop]ty1 & 
f9ally =m ! basis ( all jurisprud5ce4   
,b1 sir1 admire ! clums9ess ( sy/ems1 or
 r ! fatality ( logic6 ,:ile ! ,roman   
law & all ! savants inspir$ by x tea* t 
prop]ty 9 its orig9 is ! "r ( fir/      
occupancy sanction$ by law1 ! mod]n     
legi/s1 dissatisfi$ ) ?is brutal        
def9ition1 claim t prop]ty is bas$ ^u   
,,labor4 ,imm$iately !y inf] t he :o no 
long] labors1 b makes ano!r labor 9 8   
/ead1 loses 8 "r to ! e>n+s ( ! latt]4  
,x is by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple t ! s]fs 
( ! middle ages claim$ a legal "r to    
prop]ty1 & consequ5tly to ! enjoym5t (  
political rights2 t ! cl]gy 7 despoil$ 9
 '#hi ( _! imm5se e/ates1 & 7 grant$ a  
p5sion 9 ex*ange2 t at ! re/oration !   
lib]al deputies oppos$ ! indemnity ( "o 

billion francs4 ,! nation1 said !y1 has 
acquir$ by tw5ty-five ye>s ( labor &    
possession ! prop]ty :i* ! emigrants    
=feit$ by ab&onm5t & long idl5ess3 :y   
%\ld ! nobles be treat$ ) m favor ?an ! 
prie/s8 #fc   ,?is position is q 9      
h>mony ) my pr9ciples1 & ,i he>tily     
applaud ! indignation ( ,m4 ,l]m9i]2 b  
,i d n "k t a proprietor 0 ev] depriv$ (
 8 prop]ty because ,,unwor?y2 & z       
reasonable1 social1 & ev5 useful z ! ?+ 
may seem1 x is q contr>y to ! uses &    
cu/oms ( prop]ty4   ,all usurpations1 n 
born ( w>1 h be5 caus$ & support$ by    
labor4 ,all mod]n hi/ory proves ?is1 f !
 end ( ! ,roman empire d[n to ! pres5t  
day4 ,& z if to give a sort ( legal     
sanction to ^! usurpations1 ! doctr9e ( 
labor1 subv]sive ( prop]ty1 is pr(ess$  
at great l5g? 9 ! ,roman law "u ! "n (  
,,prescription4  ,! man :o cultivates1 x
 has be5 said1 makes ! l& 8 own2        
consequ5tly1 no m prop]ty4 ,?is 0 cle>ly
 se5 by ! old juri/s1 :o h n fail$ to   
d5\nce ?is novelty2 :ile on ! o!r h& !  

"y s*ool hoots at ! absurdity ( !       
fir/-occupant !ory4 ,o!rs h pres5t$     
!mselves1 pret5d+ to reconcile ! two    
op9ions by unit+ !m4 ,!y h fail$1 l all 
! ju/e-milieux ( ! _w1 & are laugh$ at =
 _! eclecticism4 ,at pres5t1 ! al>m is 9
 ! camp ( ! old doctr9e2 f all sides p\r
 ,,9 ,,def5ces ,,( ,,prop]ty1 ,,/udies  
,,reg>d+ ,,prop]ty1 ,,!ories ,,(        
,,prop]ty1 ea* "o ( :i*1 giv+ ! lie to !
 re/1 inflicts a fre% w\nd ^u prop]ty4  
,consid]1 inde$1 ! inextricable         
emb>rassm5ts1 ! contradictions1 !       
absurdities1 ! incr$ible nons5se1 9 :i* 
! bold def5d]s ( prop]ty s lightly      
involve !mselves4 ,i *oose ! eclectics1 
because1 ^? kill$1 ! o!rs _c survive4   
,m4 ,troplong1 juri/1 passes = a        
philosoph] 9 ! eyes ( ! editors ( ,le   
,droit4 ,i tell ! g5tlem5 ( ,le ,droit  
t1 9 ! judgm5t ( philosoph]s1 ,m4       
,troplong is only an advocate2 & ,i     
prove my ass]tion4  ,m4 ,troplong is a  
def5d] ( progress4 ,! words ( ! code1   
says he1 are fruitful sap ) :i* !       

classic works ( ! eighte5? c5tury       
ov]fl[4 ,to wi% to suppress !m444 is to 
violate ! law ( progress1 & to =get t a 
sci5ce :i* moves is a sci5ce :i* gr[s4  
#fd   ,n[1 ! only mutable & progressive 
portion ( law1 z we h already se51 is t 
:i* conc]ns prop]ty4 ,if1 !n1 y ask :at 
re=ms are to be introduc$ into ! "r (   
prop]ty8 ,m4 ,troplong makes no reply2  
:at progress is to be hop$ =8 no reply2 
:at is to be ! de/9y ( prop]ty 9 case ( 
univ]sal association8 no reply2 :at is !
 absolute & :at ! cont+5t1 :at ! true & 
:at ! false1 9 prop]ty8 no reply4 ,m4   
,troplong favors quiesc5ce & 9 /atu quo 
9 reg>d to prop]ty4 ,:at c\ld be m      
unphilosophical 9 a progressive         
philosoph]8  ,nev]!less1 ,m4 ,troplong  
has ?\ght ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,!re are1 he     
says1 _m weak po9ts & antiquat$ ideas 9 
! doctr9es ( mod]n au?ors conc]n+       
prop]ty3 witness ! works ( ,,mm4 ,t\lli]
 & ,duranton4 ,! doctr9e ( ,m4 ,troplong
 promises1 !n1 /rong po9ts1 advanc$ &   
progressive ideas4 ,let u see2 let u    

exam9e3--   ,man1 plac$ 9 ! pres5ce (   
matt]1 is consci\s ( a p[] ov] x1 :i*   
has be5 giv5 to him to satisfy ! ne$s ( 
8 be+4 ,k+ ( inanimate or un9tellig5t   
nature1 he feels t he has a "r to modify
 x1 gov]n x1 & fit x = 8 use4 ,!re x is1
 ! subject ( prop]ty1 :i* is legitimate 
only :5 ex]cis$ ov] ?+s1 nev] :5 ov]    
p]sons4   ,m4 ,troplong is s little ( a 
philosoph]1 t he does n ev5 "k ! import 
( ! philosophical t]ms :i* he makes a %[
 ( us+4 ,he says ( matt] t x is !       
,,subject ( prop]ty2 he %\ld h said !   
,,object4 ,m4 ,troplong uses ! language 
( ! anatomi/s1 :o apply ! t]m ,,subject 
to ! human matt] us$ 9 _! exp]im5ts4    
,?is error ( our au?or is repeat$ f>!r  
on3 ,lib]ty1 :i* ov]comes matt]1 !      
subject ( prop]ty1 c4 ,! ,,subject (    
prop]ty is man2 its ,,object is matt]4  
,b ev5 ?is is b a slight mortification2 
directly we %all h "s crucifixions4     
,?us1 accord+ to ! passage j quot$1 x is
 9 ! consci5ce & p]sonality ( man t !   
pr9ciple ( prop]ty mu/ be s\ght4 ,is !re

 any ?+ new 9 ?is doctr9e8 ,app>5tly x  
nev] has occurr$ to ^? :o1 s9ce ! days (
 ,cic]o & ,ari/otle1 & e>li]1 h ma9ta9$ 
t ,,?+s ,,belong ,,to ,,! ,,fir/        
,,occupant1 t occupation may be ex]cis$ 
by be+s devoid ( consci5ce & p]sonality4
 ,! human p]sonality1 ?\gh x may be !   
pr9ciple or ! subject ( prop]ty1 z matt]
 is ! object1 is n ! ,,condition4 ,n[1 x
 is ?is condition :i* we mo/ ne$ to "k4 
,s f>1 ,m4 ,troplong tells u no m ?an 8 
ma/]s1 & ! figures ) :i* he adorns 8    
/yle add no?+ to ! old idea4  ,prop]ty1 
!n1 implies ?ree t]ms3 ,! subject1 !    
object1 & ! condition4 ,!re is no       
difficulty 9 reg>d to ! fir/ two t]ms4  
,z to ! ?ird1 ! condition ( prop]ty d[n 
to ?is day1 = ! ,greek z = ! ,b>b>ian1  
has be5 t ( fir/ occupancy4 ,:at n[ w\ld
 y h x1 progressive doctor8   ,:5 man   
lays h&s = ! fir/ "t ^u an object )\t a 
ma/]1 he p]=ms an act :i*1 among        
individuals1 is ( ! greate/ importance4 
,! ?+ ?us seiz$ & occupi$ p>ticipates1 s
 to speak1 9 ! p]sonality ( him :o holds

 x4 ,x becomes sacr$1 l himself4 ,x is  
impossible to take x )\t do+ viol5ce to 
8 lib]ty1 or to remove x )\t ra%ly      
invad+ 8 p]son4 ,diog5es did b express  
?is tru? ( intuition1 :5 he said3 ',/&  
out ( my light6'   ,v good6 b w\ld !    
pr9ce ( cynics1 ! v p]sonal & v haughty 
,diog5es1 h _h ! "r to *>ge ano!r cynic1
 z r5t = ?is same place 9 ! sun%9e1 a   
bone = tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( possession8 ,x  
is t :i* con/itutes ! proprietor2 x is t
 :i* y fail to ju/ify4 ,9 reason+ f !   
human p]sonality & individuality to ! "r
 ( prop]ty1 y unconsci\sly con/ruct a   
syllogism 9 :i* ! conclusion includes m 
?an ! premises1 contr>y to ! rules laid 
d[n by ,ari/otle4 ,! individuality ( !  
human p]son proves ,,individual         
,,possession1 orig9ally call$           
proprietas1 9 opposition to collective  
possession1 communio4  ,x gives bir? to 
! di/9ction betwe5 ,,?9e & ,,m9e1 true  
signs ( equality1 n1 by any means1 (    
subord9ation4 ,f equivocation to        
equivocation1 says ,m4 ,mi*elet1 #fe    

prop]ty w\ld crawl to ! end ( ! _w2 man 
c\ld n limit x1 7 n he himself its      
limit4 ,:]e !y cla%1 !re w be its       
fronti]4 ,9 %ort1 individuality ( be+   
de/roys ! hypo!sis ( communism1 b x does
 n = t reason give bir? to doma91--t    
doma9 by virtue ( :i* ! hold] ( a ?+    
ex]cises ov] ! p]son :o takes 8 place a 
"r ( pre/ation & suz]a9ty1 t has always 
be5 id5tifi$ ) prop]ty itself4          
,fur!r1 t he ^: legitimately acquir$    
possession injures nobody _c be nonsuit$
 )\t flagrant inju/ice1 is a tru?1 n (  
,,intuition1 z ,m4 ,troplong says1 b (  
,,inw>d ,,s5sation1 #ff :i* has no?+ to 
d ) prop]ty4   ,m4 ,troplong admits1 !n1
 occupancy z a condition ( prop]ty4 ,9  
t1 he is 9 accord ) ! ,roman law1 9     
accord ) ,,mm4 ,t\lli] & ,duranton2 b 9 
8 op9ion ?is condition is n ! only "o1 &
 x is 9 ?is p>ticul> t 8 doctr9e goes   
beyond !irs4   ,b1 h[ev] exclusive ! "r 
aris+ f sole occupancy1 does x n become 
/ill m s1 :5 man has m\ld$ matt] by 8   
labor2 :5 he has deposit$ 9 x a portion 

( himself1 re-creat+ x by 8 indu/ry1 &  
sett+ ^u x ! seal ( 8 intellig5ce &     
activity8 ,( all conque/s1 t is ! mo/   
legitimate1 = x is ! price ( labor4  ,he
 :o %\ld deprive a man ( ! ?+ ?us       
remodell$1 ?us humaniz$1 w\ld invade !  
man himself1 & w\ld inflict ! deepe/    
w\nds ^u 8 lib]ty4   ,i pass ov] ! v    
beautiful explanations 9 :i* ,m4        
,troplong1 discuss+ labor & indu/ry1    
displays ! :ole weal? ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,m4 
,troplong is n only a philosoph]1 he is 
an orator1 an arti/4 ,,he ,,ab\nds ,,)  
,,appeals ,,to ,,! ,,consci5ce ,,& ,,!  
,,passions4 ,i might make sad "w ( 8    
rhetoric1 %\ld ,i und]take to dissect x2
 b ,i conf9e myself = ! pres5t to 8     
philosophy4  ,if ,m4 ,troplong _h only  
kn[n h[ to ?9k & reflect1 be=e ab&on+ ! 
orig9al fact ( occupancy & plung+ into !
 !ory ( labor1 he w\ld h ask$ himself3  
,:at is x to occupy8 ,& he w\ld h       
discov]$ t ,,occupancy is only a g5]ic  
t]m by :i* all modes ( possession are   
express$1--seizure1 /ation1 imman5ce1   

habitation1 cultivation1 use1           
consumption1 c42 t labor1 consequ5tly1  
is b "o ( a ?\s& =ms ( occupancy4 ,he   
w\ld h und]/ood1 f9ally1 t ! "r (       
possession :i* is born ( labor is gov]n$
 by ! same g5]al laws z t :i* results f 
! simple seizure ( ?+s4 ,:at k9d ( a    
legi/ is he :o declaims :5 he ought to  
reason1 :o cont9ually mi/akes 8         
metaphors = legal axioms1 & :o does n s 
mu* z "k h[ to obta9 a univ]sal by      
induction1 & =m a category8  ,if labor  
is id5tical ) occupancy1 ! only b5efit  
:i* x secures to ! labor] is ! "r (     
individual possession ( ! object ( 8    
labor2 if x diff]s f occupancy1 x gives 
bir? to a "r equal only to itself1--t   
is1 a "r :i* beg9s1 cont9ues1 & ends1 ) 
! labor ( ! occupant4 ,x is = ?is       
reason1 9 ! words ( ! law1 t "o _c      
acquire a j title to a ?+ by labor      
alone4 ,he mu/ also hold x = a ye> & a  
day1 9 ord] to be reg>d$ z its          
possessor2 & possess x tw5ty or ?irty   
ye>s1 9 ord] to become its proprietor4  

,^! prelim9>ies e/abli%$1 ,m4           
,troplong's :ole /ructure falls ( its   
own weight1 & ! inf]5ces1 :i* he        
attempts to draw1 vani%4  ,prop]ty once 
acquir$ by occupation & labor1 x        
naturally pres]ves itself1 n only by !  
same means1 b also by ! refusal ( !     
hold] to abdicate2 = f ! v fact t x has 
ris5 to ! height ( a "r1 x is its nature
 to p]petuate itself & to la/ = an      
indef9ite p]iod4444 ,rights1 consid]$ f 
an ideal po9t ( view1 are imp]i%able &  
et]nal2 & "t1 :i* affects only !        
cont+5t1 c no m di/urb !m ?an x c injure
 ,god himself4 ,x is a/oni%+ t our      
au?or1 9 speak+ ( ! ,,ideal1 ,,"t1 &    
,,et]nity1 did n "w into 8 s5t5ce !     
,,div9e ,,w+s ( ,plato1--s fa%ionable   
to-day 9 philosophical works4  ,) !     
exception ( falsehood1 ,i hate nons5se m
 ?an any ?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,,prop]ty      
,,once ,,acquir$6 ,good1 if x is        
acquir$2 b1 z x is n acquir$1 x _c be   
pres]v$4 ,,rights ,,are ,,et]nal6 ,yes1 
9 ! sight ( ,god1 l ! ar*etypal ideas ( 

! ,platoni/s4 ,b1 on ! e>?1 rights exi/ 
only 9 ! pres5ce ( a subject1 an object1
 & a condition4 ,take away "o ( ^! ?ree 
?+s1 & rights no long] exi/4 ,?us1      
individual possession ceases at ! dea? (
 ! subject1 ^u ! de/ruction ( ! object1 
or 9 case ( ex*ange or ab&onm5t4  ,let u
 admit1 h[ev]1 ) ,m4 ,troplong1 t       
prop]ty is an absolute & et]nal "r1 :i* 
_c be de/roy$ save by ! de$ & at ! w ( !
 proprietor4 ,:at are ! consequ5ces :i* 
imm$iately foll[ f ?is position8  ,to %[
 ! ju/ice & utility ( prescription1 ,m4 
,troplong supposes ! case ( a bona fide 
possessor :om a proprietor1 long s9ce   
=gott5 or ev5 unkn[n1 is attempt+ to    
eject f 8 possession4 ,at ! />t1 ! error
 ( ! possessor 0 excusable b n          
irrep>able4 ,pursu+ its c\rse & gr[+ old
 by degrees1 x has s completely clo!d   
itself 9 ! colors ( tru?1 x has spok5 s 
l\dly ! language ( "r1 x has involv$ s  
_m confid+ int]e/s1 t x fairly may be   
ask$ :e!r x w\ld n cause great]         
confusion to g back to ! reality ?an to 

sanction ! fictions :i* x 7an error1 )\t
 d\bt7 has s[n on its way8 ,well1 yes2 x
 mu/ be confess$1 )\t hesitation1 t !   
rem$y w\ld prove worse ?an ! disease1 & 
t its application w\ld lead to ! mo/    
outrage\s inju/ice4  ,h[ long s9ce      
utility became a pr9ciple ( law8 ,:5 !  
,a!nians1 by ! advice ( ,ari/ides1      
reject$ a proposition em95tly           
advantage\s to _! republic1 b also      
utt]ly unju/1 !y %[$ f9] moral p]ception
 & great] cle>ness ( intellect ?an ,m4  
,troplong4 ,prop]ty is an et]nal "r1    
indep5d5t ( "t1 inde/ructible except by 
! act & at ! w ( ! proprietor2 & "h ?is 
"r is tak5 f ! proprietor1 & on :at     
gr\nd8 ,good ,god6 on ! gr\nd (         
,,abs5ce6 ,is x n true t legi/s are     
gov]n$ by caprice 9 giv+ & tak+ away    
rights8 ,:5 x pleases ^! g5tlem51       
idl5ess1 unwor?9ess1 or abs5ce c        
invalidate a "r :i*1 "u q simil>        
circum/ances1 labor1 resid5ce1 & virtue 
are inadequate to obta94 ,d n be a/oni%$
 t legi/s reject ! absolute4 ,_! good   

pleasure is law1 & _! disord]$          
imag9ations are ! real cause ( !        
,,evolutions 9 jurisprud5ce4  ,if !     
nom9al proprietor %\ld plead ignorance1 
8 claim w\ld be none ! m valid4 ,inde$1 
8 ignorance might arise f inexcusable   
c>elessness1 etc4   ,:at6 9 ord] to     
legitimate dispossession ?r\gh          
prescription1 y suppose faults 9 !      
proprietor6 ,y blame 8 abs5ce1--:i* may 
h be5 involunt>y2 8 neglect1--n kn[+ :at
 caus$ x2 8 c>elessness1--a gratuit\s   
supposition ( y\r own6 ,x is absurd4 ,"o
 v simple obs]vation suffices to        
annihilate ?is !ory4 ,society1 :i*1 !y  
tell u1 makes an exception 9 ! int]e/ ( 
ord] 9 favor ( ! possessor z aga9/ ! old
 proprietor1 owes ! latt] an indemnity2 
s9ce ! privilege ( prescription is no?+ 
b expropriation = ! sake ( public       
utility4  ,b "h is some?+ /rong]3--   ,9
 society a place _c rema9 vacant )      
impunity4 ,a new man arises 9 place ( ! 
old "o :o disappe>s or goes away2 he    
br+s "h 8 exi/5ce1 becomes entirely     

absorb$1 & devotes himself to ?is po/   
:i* he f9ds ab&on$4 ,%all ! des]t]1 !n1 
dispute ! honor ( ! victory ) ! soldi]  
:o fights ) ! sweat /&+ on 8 br[1 & be>s
 ! burd5 ( ! day1 9 behalf ( a cause :i*
 he deems j8   ,:5 ! tongue ( an        
advocate once gets 9 motion1 :o c tell  
:]e x w /op8 ,m4 ,troplong admits &     
ju/ifies usurpation 9 case ( ! ,,abs5ce 
( ! proprietor1 & on a m]e presumption (
 8 ,,c>elessness4 ,b :5 ! neglect is    
au!nticat$2 :5 ! ab&onm5t is solemnly & 
volunt>ily set =? 9 a contract 9 !      
pres5ce ( a magi/rate2 :5 ! proprietor  
d>es to say1 ,i cease to labor1 b ,i    
/ill claim a %>e ( ! product1--!n !     
abs5tee's "r ( prop]ty is protect$2 !   
usurpation ( ! possessor w\ld be        
crim9al2 f>m-r5t is ! rew>d ( idl5ess4  
,:]e is1 ,i d n say ! consi/5cy1 b1 !   
hone/y ( ?is law8  ,prescription is a   
result ( ! civil law1 a creation ( !    
legislator4 ,:y has n ! legislator fix$ 
! conditions diff]5tly8--:y1 in/ead (   
tw5ty & ?irty ye>s1 is n a s+le ye>     

suffici5t to prescribe8--:y are n       
volunt>y abs5ce & confess$ idl5ess z    
good gr\nds = dispossession z involunt>y
 abs5ce1 ignorance1 or apa?y8  ,b 9 va9 
%\ld we ask ,m4 ,troplong1 ! philosoph]1
 to tell u ! gr\nd ( prescription4      
,conc]n+ ! code1 ,m4 ,troplong does n   
reason4 ,! int]pret]1 he says1 mu/ take 
?+s z !y are1 society z x exi/s1 laws z 
!y are made3 t is ! only s5sible        
/>t+-po9t4 ,well1 !n1 write no m books2 
cease to reproa* y\r pr$ecessors--:o1 l 
y1 h aim$ only at int]pretation ( !     
law--= hav+ rema9$ 9 ! re>2 talk no m ( 
philosophy & progress1 = ! lie /icks 9  
y\r ?roat4  ,m4 ,troplong d5ies !       
reality ( ! "r ( possession2 he d5ies t 
possession has ev] exi/$ z a pr9ciple ( 
society2 & he quotes ,m4 de ,savigny1 :o
 holds precisely ! opposite position1 & 
:om he is cont5t to leave unansw]$4 ,at 
"o "t1 ,m4 ,troplong ass]ts t possession
 & prop]ty are ,,contemporane\s1 & t !y 
exi/ ,,at ,,! ,,same ,,"t1 :i* implies t
 ! ,,"r ( prop]ty is bas$ on ! ,,fact ( 

possession1--a conclusion :i* is        
evid5tly absurd2 at ano!r1 he d5ies t   
possession ,,_h ,,any ,,hi/orical       
,,exi/5ce ,,prior ,,to ,,prop]ty1--an   
ass]tion :i* is contradict$ by ! cu/oms 
( _m nations :i* cultivate ! l& )\t     
appropriat+ x2 by ! ,roman law1 :i*     
di/+ui%$ s cle>ly betwe5 ,,possession & 
,,prop]ty2 & by our code itself1 :i*    
makes possession = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s !
 condition ( prop]ty4 ,f9ally1 ,m4      
,troplong goes s f> z to ma9ta9 t !     
,roman maxim1 ,nihil comune habet       
proprietas cum possessione--:i* conta9s 
s /rik+ an allusion to ! possession ( ! 
ag] publicus1 & :i*1 soon] or lat]1 w be
 aga9 accept$ )\t                       
qualification--expresses 9 ,fr5* law    
only a judicial axiom1 a simple rule    
=bidd+ ! union ( an action possessoire )
 an action petitoire1--an op9ion z      
retrogressive z x is unphilosophical4   
,9 treat+ ( actions possessoires1 ,m4   
,troplong is s un=tunate or awkw>d t he 
mutilates economy ?r\gh failure to grasp

 its mean+ ,j z prop]ty1 he writes1 gave
 rise to ! action = rev5dication1 s     
possession--! jus possessionis--0 !     
cause ( possessory int]dicts4444 ,!re 7 
two k9ds ( int]dicts1--! int]dict       
recup]&ae possessionis1 & ! int]dict    
ret95dae possessionis1--:i* correspond  
to our compla9te en cas de sais9e et    
n\velete4 ,!re is also a                
?ird1--adipisc5dae possessionis1--( :i* 
! ,roman law-books speak 9 connection ) 
! two o!rs4 ,b1 9 reality1 ?is int]dict 
is n possessory3 = he :o wi%es to       
acquire possession by ?is means does n  
possess1 & has n possess$2 & yet acquir$
 possession is ! condition ( possessory 
int]dicts4 ,:y is n an action to acquire
 possession equally conceivable ) an    
action to be re9/at$ 9 possession8 ,:5 !
 ,roman plebeians dem&$ a division ( !  
conqu]$ t]ritory2 :5 ! proletaires (    
,lyons took = _! motto1 ,vivre en       
travaillant1 ou m\rir en combattant 7to 
live work+1 or die fight+72 :5 ! mo/    
enlight5$ ( ! mod]n economi/s claim = e 

man ! "r to labor & to live1--!y only   
propose ?is int]dict1 adipisc5dae       
possessionis1 :i* emb>rasses ,m4        
,troplong s s]i\sly4 ,& :at is my object
 9 plead+ aga9/ prop]ty1 if n to obta9  
possession8 ,h[ is x t ,m4 ,troplong--! 
legi/1 ! orator1 ! philosoph]--does n   
see t logically ?is int]dict mu/ be     
admitt$1 s9ce x is ! necess>y complem5t 
( ! two o!rs1 & ! ?ree unit$ =m an      
indivisible tr9ity1--to ,,recov]1 to    
,,ma9ta91 to ,,acquire8 ,to break ?is   
s]ies is to create a blank1 de/roy !    
natural syn!sis ( ?+s1 & foll[ ! example
 ( ! geometrician :o tri$ to conceive ( 
a solid ) only two dim5sions4 ,b x is n 
a/oni%+ t ,m4 ,troplong rejects ! ?ird  
class ( actions possessoires1 :5 we     
consid] t he rejects possession itself4 
,he is s completely controll$ by 8      
prejudices 9 ?is respect1 t he is       
unconsci\sly l$1 n to unite 7t w\ld be  
horrible 9 8 eyes71 b to id5tify !      
action possessoire ) ! action petitoire4
 ,?is c\ld be easily prov$1 7 x n too   

t$i\s to plunge into ^! metaphysical    
obscurities4  ,z an int]pret] ( ! law1  
,m4 ,troplong is no m successful ?an z a
 philosoph]4 ,"o specim5 ( 8 skill 9 ?is
 direction1 & ,i am done ) him3--       
,code ( ,civil ,proc$ure1 ,art4 #bc3    
,actions possessoires are only :5       
comm5c$ )9 ! ye> ( tr\ble by ^? :o h    
held possession = at lea/ a ye> by an   
irrevocable title4   ,m4 ,troplong's    
comm5ts3--   ,ought we to ma9ta9--z     
,dup>c1 ,p\lla91 & ,lanju9ais w\ld h    
u--! rule spoliatus ante omnia          
re/itu5dus1 :5 an individual1 :o is     
nei!r proprietor nor annual possessor1  
is expell$ by a ?ird p>ty1 :o has no "r 
to ! e/ate8 ,i ?9k n4 ,art4 #bc ( !     
,code is g5]al3 x absolutely requires t 
! pla9tiff 9 actions possessoires %all h
 be5 9 peaceable possession = a ye> at  
lea/4 ,t is ! inv>iable pr9ciple3 x c 9 
no case be modifi$4 ,& :y %\ld x be set 
aside8 ,! pla9tiff _h no seis92 he _h no
 privileg$ possession2 he _h only a     
tempor>y occupancy1 insuffici5t to      

w>rant 9 8 favor ! presumption (        
prop]ty1 :i* r5d]s ! annual possession s
 valuable4 ,well6 ?is ae facto occupancy
 he has lo/2 ano!r is inve/$ ) x3       
possession is 9 ! h&s ( ?is new-com]4   
,n[1 is n ?is a case = ! application ( !
 pr9ciple1 ,9 p>i causa possess] potior 
habetur8 ,%\ld n ! actual possessor be  
pref]r$ to ! evict$ possessor8 ,c he n  
meet ! compla9t ( 8 adv]s>y by say+ to  
him3 ',prove t y 7 an annual possessor  
be=e me1 = y are ! pla9tiff4 ,z f> z ,i 
am conc]n$1 x is n = me to tell y h[ ,i 
possess1 nor h[ long ,i h possess$4     
,possideo quia possideo4 ,i h no o!r    
reply1 no o!r def5ce4 ,:5 y h %[n t y\r 
action is admissible1 !n we w see :e!r y
 are entitl$ to lift ! veil :i* hides ! 
orig9 ( my possession4'   ,& ?is is :at 
is honor$ ) ! "n ( jurisprud5ce &       
philosophy1--! re/oration ( =ce4 ,:at6  
:5 ,i h m\ld$ matt] by my labor ,i quote
 ,m4 ,troplong2 :5 ,i h deposit$ 9 x a  
portion ( myself ,m4 ,troplong2 :5 ,i h 
re-creat$ x by my indu/ry1 & set ^u x ! 

seal ( my intellig5ce ,m4 ,troplong1--on
 ! gr\nd t ,i h n possess$ x = a ye>1 a 
/rang] may dispossess me1 & ! law (f]s  
me no protection6 ,& if ,m4 ,troplong is
 my judge1 ,m4 ,troplong w condemn me6  
,& if ,i resi/ my adv]s>y1--if1 = ?is   
bit ( mud :i* ,i may call ,,my ,,field1 
& ( :i* !y wi% to rob me1 a w> breaks   
out betwe5 ! two competitors1--!        
legislator w gravely wait until !       
/rong]1 hav+ kill$ ! o!r1 has _h        
possession = a ye>6 ,no1 no1 ,monsieur  
,troplong6 y d n und]/& ! words ( ! law2
 = ,i pref] to call 9 "q y\r intellig5ce
 r ?an ! ju/ice ( ! legislator4 ,y are  
mi/ak5 9 y\r application ( ! pr9ciple1  
,9 p>i causa possessor potior habetur3 !
 actuality ( possession "h ref]s to him 
:o possess$ at ! "t :5 ! difficulty     
arose1 n to him :o possesses at ! "t ( !
 compla9t4 ,& :5 ! code prohibits !     
reception ( actions possessoires1 9     
cases :]e ! possession is n ( a ye>'s   
duration1 x simply means t if1 be=e a   
ye> has elaps$1 ! hold] rel9qui%es      

possession1 & ceases actually to occupy 
9 propria p]sona1 he _c avail himself ( 
an action possessoire aga9/ 8 successor4
 ,9 a ^w1 ! code treats possession (    
less ?an a ye> z x ought to treat all   
possession1 h[ev] long x has exi/$1--t  
is1 ! condition ( prop]ty ought to be1 n
 m]ely seis9 = a ye>1 b p]petual seis94 
,i w n pursue ?is analysis f>!r4 ,:5 an 
au?or bases two volumes ( quibbles on   
f\ndations s unc]ta91 x may be boldly   
decl>$ t 8 "w1 :atev] ! am\nt ( le>n+   
display$ 9 x1 is a mess ( nons5se       
unwor?y a critic's att5tion4  ,at ?is   
po9t1 sir1 ,i seem to he> y reproa*+ me 
= ?is conceit$ dogmatism1 ?is lawless   
arrogance1 :i* respects no?+1 claims a  
monopoly ( ju/ice & good s5se1 & assumes
 to put 9 ! pillory any "o :o d>es to   
ma9ta9 an op9ion contr>y to its own4    
,?is fault1 !y tell me1 m odi\s ?an any 
o!r 9 an au?or1 0 too prom95t a         
*>act]i/ic ( my ,fir/ ,memoir1 & ,i %\ld
 d well to correct x4  ,x is important  
to ! success ( my def5ce1 t ,i %\ld     

v9dicate myself f ?is reproa*2 & s9ce1  
:ile p]ceiv+ 9 myself o!r faults ( a    
diff]5t "*1 ,i /ill adh]e 9 ?is p>ticul>
 to my disputati\s /yle1 x is "r t ,i   
%\ld give my reasons = my conduct4 ,i   
act1 n f incl9ation1 b f necessity4  ,i 
say1 !n1 t ,i treat my au?ors z ,i d =  
two reasons3 a ,,reason ,,( ,,"r1 & a   
,,reason ,,( ,,int5tion2 bo? p]emptory4 
#a4 ,reason ( "r4 ,:5 ,i prea* equality 
( =tunes1 ,i d n advance an op9ion m or 
less probable1 a utopia m or less +5i\s1
 an idea conceiv$ )9 my bra9 by means ( 
imag9ation only4 ,i lay d[n an absolute 
tru?1 conc]n+ :i* hesitation is         
impossible1 mode/y sup]flu\s1 & d\bt    
ridicul\s4  ,b1 d y ask1 :at assures me 
t t :i* ,i utt] is true8  ,:at assures  
me1 sir8 ,! logical & metaphysical      
processes :i* ,i use1 ! correctness (   
:i* ,i h demon/rat$ by a priori reason+2
 ! fact t ,i possess an infallible me?od
 ( inve/igation & v]ification ) :i* my  
au?ors are unacqua9t$2 & f9ally1 ! fact 
t = all matt]s relat+ to prop]ty &      

ju/ice ,i h f\nd a =mula :i* expla9s all
 legislative v>iations1 & furni%es a key
 = all problems4 ,n[1 is !re s mu* z a  
%ad[ ( me?od 9 ,m4 ,t\lli]1 ,m4         
,troplong1 & ?is sw>m ( insipid         
comm5tators1 almo/ z devoid ( reason &  
moral s5se z ! code itself8 ,d y give ! 
"n ( me?od to an alphabetical1          
*ronological1 analogical1 or m]ely      
nom9al classification ( subjects8 ,d y  
give ! "n ( me?od to ^! li/s ( p>agraphs
 ga!r$ "u an arbitr>y head1 ^!          
sophi/ical vag>ies1 ?is mass (          
contradictory quotations & op9ions1 ?is 
nause\s /yle1 ?is spasmodic rhetoric1   
models ( :i* are s common at ! b>1 ?\gh 
seldom f\nd else:]e8 ,d y take =        
philosophy ?is twaddle1 ?is intol]able  
pettifogg]y adorn$ ) a few s*ola/ic     
trimm+s8 ,no1 no6 a writ] :o respects   
himself1 nev] w cons5t to ent] ! balance
 ) ^! manipulators ( law1 misnam$       
,,juri/s2 & = my "p ,i object to a      
comp>ison4  #b4 ,reason ( int5tion4 ,z  
f> z ,i am p]mitt$ to divulge ?is       

secret1 ,i am a conspirator 9 an imm5se 
revolution1 t]rible to *>latans &       
despots1 to all exploit]s ( ! poor &    
cr$ul\s1 to all sal>i$ idl]s1 deal]s 9  
political panaceas & p>ables1 tyrants 9 
a ^w ( ?\ght & ( op9ion4 ,i labor to /ir
 up ! reason ( individuals to           
insurrection aga9/ ! reason (           
au?orities4   ,accord+ to ! laws ( !    
society ( :i* ,i am a memb]1 all ! evils
 :i* afflict humanity arise f fai? 9    
ext]nal tea*+s & submission to au?ority4
 ,& n to g outside ( our own c5tury1 is 
x n true1 = in/ance1 t ,france is       
plund]$1 sc(f$ at1 & tyranniz$ ov]1     
because %e speaks 9 masses1 & n by      
heads8 ,! ,fr5* p are p5n$ up 9 ?ree or 
f\r flocks1 receiv+ _! signal f a *ief1 
respond+ to ! voice ( a lead]1 & ?9k+ j 
z he says4 ,a c]ta9 j\rnal1 x is said1  
has fifty ?\s& subscrib]s2 assum+ six   
read]s to e subscrib]1 we h ?ree hundr$ 
?\s& %eep br[s+ & bleat+ at ! same      
crat*4 ,apply ?is calculation to ! :ole 
p]iodical press1 & y f9d t1 9 our free &

 intellig5t ,france1 !re are two        
millions ( creatures receiv+ e morn+ f !
 j\rnals spiritual pa/urage4 ,two       
millions6 ,9 o!r words1 ! entire nation 
all[s a score ( little fell[s to lead x 
by ! nose4  ,by no means1 sir1 d ,i d5y 
to j\rnali/s tal5t1 sci5ce1 love ( tru?1
 patriotism1 & :at y please4 ,!y are v  
wor?y & intellig5t p1 :om ,i und\bt$ly  
%\ld wi% to resemble1 _h ,i ! honor to  
"k !m4 ,t ( :i* ,i compla91 & t :i* has 
made me a conspirator1 is t1 in/ead (   
enlight5+ u1 ^! g5tlem5 comm& u1 impose 
^u u articles ( fai?1 & t )\t           
demon/ration or v]ification4 ,:51 =     
example1 ,i ask :y ^! =tifications (    
,p>is1 :i*1 9 =m] times1 "u ! influ5ce (
 c]ta9 prejudices1 & by means ( a       
concurr5ce ( extraord9>y circum/ances   
suppos$ = ! sake ( ! argum5t to h exi/$1
 may p]haps h s]v$ to protect u1 b :i* x
 is d\btful :e!r our desc5dants w ev]   
use1--:5 ,i ask1 ,i say1 on :at gr\nds  
!y assimilate ! future to a hypo!tical  
pa/1 !y reply t ,m4 ,?i]s1 :o has a     

great m9d1 has writt5 ^u ?is subject a  
report ( admirable elegance & m>vell\s  
cle>ness4 ,at ?is ,i become angry1 &    
reply t ,m4 ,?i]s does n "k :at he is   
talk+ ab\t4 ,:y1 hav+ want$ no deta*$   
=ts sev5 ye>s ago1 d we want !m to-day8 
,oh6 damn x1 !y say1 ! diff]5ce is      
great2 ! fir/ =ts 7 too ne> to u2 ) ^!  
we _c be bomb>d$4 ,y _c be bomb>d$2 b y 
c be blockad$1 & w be1 if y /ir4 ,:at6  
to obta9 blockade =ts f ! ,p>isians1 x  
has suffic$ to prejudice !m aga9/       
bomb>dm5t =ts6 ,& !y ?\ght to outwit !  
gov]nm5t6 ,oh1 ! sov]eignty ( ! p6444   
,damn x6 ,m4 ,?i]s1 :o is wis] ?an y1   
says t x w\ld be absurd to suppose a    
gov]nm5t mak+ w> ^u citiz5s1 & ma9ta9+  
itself by =ce & 9 spite ( ! w ( ! p4 ,t 
w\ld be absurd6 ,p]haps s3 su* a ?+ has 
happ5$ m ?an once1 & may happ5 aga94    
,besides1 :5 despotism is /rong1 x      
appe>s almo/ legitimate4 ,h[ev] t may   
be1 !y li$ 9 #ahcc1 & !y lie aga9 9     
#ahda1--^? :o ?reat5 u ) ! bomb-%ell4 ,&
 !n1 if ,m4 ,?i]s is s well assur$ ( !  

int5tions ( ! gov]nm5t1 :y does he n wi%
 ! =ts to be built be=e ! circuit is    
ext5d$8 ,:y ?is air ( suspicion ( !     
gov]nm5t1 unless an intrigue has be5    
plann$ betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ,m4 ,?i]s8   
,damn x6 we d n wi% to be aga9 invad$4  
,if ,p>is _h be5 =tifi$ 9 #ahae1        
,napoleon w\ld n h be5 conqu]$6 ,b ,i   
tell y t ,napoleon 0 n conqu]$1 b sold2 
& t if1 9 #ahae1 ,p>is _h _h            
=tifications1 x w\ld h be5 ) !m z ) !   
?irty ?\s& m5 ( ,gr\*y1 :o 7 misl$ dur+ 
! battle4 ,x is /ill easi] to surr5d]   
=ts ?an to lead soldi]s4 ,w\ld ! selfi% 
& ! c[>dly ev] lack reasons = yield+ to 
! enemy8  ,b d y n see t ! absoluti/    
c\rts are provok$ at our                
=tifications8--a pro( t !y d n ?9k z y  
d4 ,y believe t2 &1 = my "p1 ,i believe 
t 9 reality !y are q at ease ab\t !     
matt]2 &1 if !y appe> to tease our      
m9i/]s1 !y d s only to give ! latt] an  
opportunity to decl9e4 ,! absoluti/     
c\rts are always on bett] t]ms ) our    
con/itutional mon>*y1 ?an our mon>*y )  

u4 ,does n ,m4 ,guizot say t ,france    
ne$s to be def5d$ )9 z well z )\t8 ,)96 
aga9/ :om8 ,aga9/ ,france4 ,o ,p>isians6
 x is b six mon?s s9ce y dem&$ w>1 & n[ 
y want only b>ricades4 ,:y %\ld ! allies
 fe> y\r doctr9es1 :5 y _c ev5 control  
y\rselves8444 ,h[ c\ld y su/a9 a siege1 
:5 y weep ov] ! abs5ce ( an actress8    
,b1 f9ally1 d y n und]/& t1 by ! rules (
 mod]n w>f>e1 ! capital ( a c\ntry is   
always ! objective po9t ( its           
assailants8 ,suppose our army defeat$ on
 ! ,rh9e1 ,france invad$1 & def5celess  
,p>is fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,x    
w\ld be ! dea? ( ! adm9i/rative p[]2 )\t
 a head x c\ld n live4 ,! capital tak51 
! nation mu/ submit4 ,:at d y say to t8 
,! reply is v simple4 ,:y is society    
con/itut$ 9 su* a way t ! de/9y ( !     
c\ntry dep5ds ^u ! safety ( ! capital8  
,:y1 9 case our t]ritory be invad$ &    
,p>is besieg$1 _c ! legislative1        
executive1 & milit>y p[]s act outside ( 
,p>is8 ,:y ?is localization ( all !     
vital =ces ( ,france8444 ,d n cry out ^u

 dec5tralization4 ,?is hackney$ reproa* 
w\ld discr$it only y\r own intellig5ce &
 s9c]ity4 ,x is n a "q (                
dec5tralization2 x is y\r political     
feti*ism :i* ,i attack4 ,:y %\ld !      
national unity be atta*$ to a c]ta9     
place1 to c]ta9 function>ies1 to c]ta9  
bayonets8 ,:y %\ld ! ,place ,maub]t & ! 
,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies be ! palladium (  
,france8  ,n[ let me make an hypo!sis4  
,suppose x 7 writt5 9 ! *>t]1 ,9 case ! 
c\ntry be aga9 invad$1 & ,p>is =c$ to   
surr5d]1 ! gov]nm5t be+ annihilat$ & !  
national assembly dissolv$1 ! electoral 
colleges %all reassemble spontane\sly & 
)\t o!r (ficial notice1 = ! purpose (   
appo9t+ new deputies1 :o %all organize a
 provisional gov]nm5t at ,orleans4  ,if 
,orleans succumbs1 ! gov]nm5t %all      
recon/ruct itself 9 ! same way at       
,lyons2 !n at ,bordeaux1 !n at ,bayonne1
 until all ,france be captur$ or ! enemy
 driv5 f ! l&4 ,= ! gov]nm5t may p]i%1 b
 ! nation nev] dies4 ,! k+1 ! pe]s1 & ! 
deputies massacr$1 ,,vive ,,la ,,france6

  ,d y n ?9k t su* an addition to ! *>t]
 w\ld be a bett] safegu>d = ! lib]ty &  
integrity ( ! c\ntry ?an walls & ba/ions
 ar\nd ,p>is8 ,well1 !n6 d h5ce=? =     
adm9i/ration1 indu/ry1 sci5ce1          
lit]ature1 & art t :i* ! *>t] ought to  
prescribe = ! c5tral gov]nm5t & common  
def5ce4 ,in/ead ( endeavor+ to r5d]     
,p>is impregnable1 try r to r5d] ! loss 
( ,p>is an insignificant matt]4 ,in/ead 
( accumulat+ ab\t "o po9t academies1    
faculties1 s*ools1 & political1         
adm9i/rative1 & judicial c5tres2 in/ead 
( arre/+ intellectual developm5t &      
weak5+ public _s 9 ! prov9ces by ?is    
fatal agglom]ation1--c y n1 )\t de/roy+ 
unity1 di/ribute social functions among 
places z well z among p]sons8 ,su* a    
sy/em--9 all[+ ea* prov9ce to p>ticipate
 9 political p[] & action1 & 9 balanc+  
indu/ry1 intellig5ce1 & /r5g? 9 all p>ts
 ( ! c\ntry--w\ld equally secure1 aga9/ 
enemies at home & enemies abroad1 !     
lib]ty ( ! p & ! /ability ( ! gov]nm5t4 
,discrim9ate1 !n1 betwe5 ! c5tralization

 ( functions & ! conc5tration ( organs2 
betwe5 political unity & its mat]ial    
symbol4  ,oh6 t is plausible2 b x is    
impossible6--:i* means t ! city ( ,p>is 
does n int5d to surr5d] its privileges1 
& t !re x is /ill a "q ( prop]ty4  ,idle
 talk6 ,! c\ntry1 9 a /ate ( panic :i*  
has be5 clev]ly work$ ^u1 has ask$ =    
=tifications4 ,i d>e to affirm t x has  
abdicat$ its sov]eignty4 ,all p>ties are
 to blame = ?is suicide1--!             
cons]vatives1 by _! acquiesc5ce 9 !     
plans ( ! gov]nm5t2 ! fri5ds ( ! dyna/y1
 because !y wi% no opposition to t :i*  
pleases !m1 & because a popul>          
revolution w\ld annihilate !m2 !        
democrats1 because !y hope to rule 9 _! 
turn4 #fg ,t :i* all rejoice at hav+    
obta9$ is a means ( future repression4  
,z = ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry1 !y are n      
tr\bl$ ab\t t4 ,! idea ( tyranny dwells 
9 ! m9ds ( all1 & br+s toge!r into "o   
conspiracy all =ms ( selfi%ness4 ,we wi%
 ! reg5]ation ( society1 b we subord9ate
 ?is desire to our ideas & conv5i5ce4 ,t

 our approa*+ m>riage may take place1 t 
our bus9ess may succe$1 t our op9ions   
may triumph1 we po/pone re=m4           
,intol]ance & selfi%ness lead u to put  
fett]s ^u lib]ty2 &1 because we _c wi%  
all t ,god wi%es1 we w\ld1 if x re/$ )  
u1 /ay ! c\rse ( de/9y r ?an sacrifice  
our own int]e/s & self-love4 ,is n ?is  
an in/ance :]e ! words ( ,solomon       
apply1--,l'iniquite a m5ti a elle-meme8 
,x is said t on ?is "q ( ! =tification (
 ,p>is ! /aff ( ,le ,national are n     
agre$4 ,?is w\ld prove1 if pro( 7 ne$$1 
t a j\rnal may blund] & falsify1 )\t    
entitl+ any "o to accuse its editors4 ,a
 j\rnal is a metaphysical be+1 = :i* no 
"o is really responsible1 & :i* owes its
 exi/5ce solely to mutual concessions4  
,?is idea ought to fright5 ^? wor?y     
citiz5s :o1 because !y borr[ _! op9ions 
f a j\rnal1 imag9e t !y belong to a     
political p>ty1 & :o h n ! fa9te/       
suspicion t !y are really )\t a head4   
,= ?is reason1 sir1 ,i h enli/$ 9 a     
desp]ate w> aga9/ e =m ( au?ority ov] ! 

multitude4 ,advance s5t9el ( !          
prolet>iat1 ,i cross bayonets ) !       
celebrities ( ! day1 z well z ) spies & 
*>latans4 ,well1 :5 ,i am fight+ ) an   
illu/ri\s adv]s>y1 mu/ ,i /op at ! end (
 e phrase1 l an orator 9 ! tribune1 to  
say ! le>n$ au?or1 ! eloqu5t writ]1 !   
pr(\nd publici/1 & a hundr$ o!r         
platitudes ) :i* x is fa%ionable to mock
 p8 ,^! civilities seem to me no less   
insult+ to ! man attack$ ?an di%onorable
 to ! aggressor4 ,b :51 rebuk+ an au?or1
 ,i say to him1 ,citiz51 y\r doctr9e is 
absurd1 &1 if to prove my ass]tion is an
 (f5ce aga9/ y1 ,i am guilty ( x1       
imm$iately ! li/5] op5s 8 e>s2 he is all
 att5tion2 &1 if ,i d n succe$ 9 conv9c+
 him1 at lea/ ,i give 8 ?\ght an        
impulse1 & set him ! :olesome example ( 
d\bt & free exam9ation4  ,!n d n ?9k1   
sir1 t1 9 tripp+ up ! philosophy ( y\r v
 le>n$ & v e/imable confr]e1 ,m4        
,troplong1 ,i fail to appreciate 8 tal5t
 z a writ] 79 my op9ion1 he has too mu* 
= a juri/72 nor 8 k1 ?\gh x is too      

closely conf9$ to ! lett] ( ! law1 & !  
read+ ( old books4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s1 ,m4 
,troplong (f5ds on ! side ( excess r ?an
 defici5cy4 ,fur!r1 d n believe t ,i am 
actuat$ by any p]sonal animosity t[>ds  
him1 or t ,i h ! slighte/ desire to w\nd
 8 self-love4 ,i "k ,m4 ,troplong only  
by 8 ,treatise on ,prescription1 :i* ,i 
wi% he _h n writt52 & z = my critics1   
nei!r ,m4 ,troplong1 nor any ( ^? ^:    
op9ion ,i value1 w ev] read me4 ,once m1
 my only object is to prove1 z f> z ,i  
am able1 to ?is unhappy ,fr5* nation1 t 
^? :o make ! laws1 z well z ^? :o       
int]pret !m1 are n infallible organs (  
g5]al1 imp]sonal1 & absolute reason4  ,i
 _h resolv$ to submit to a sy/ematic    
criticism ! semi-(ficial def5ce ( ! "r (
 prop]ty rec5tly put =? by ,m4 ,wol[ski1
 y\r colleague at ! ,cons]vatory4 ,) ?is
 view1 ,i _h comm5c$ to collect !       
docum5ts necess>y = ea* ( 8 lectures1 b1
 soon p]ceiv+ t ! ideas ( ! pr(essor 7  
incoh]5t1 t 8 argum5ts contradict$ ea*  
o!r1 t "o affirmation 0 sure to be      

ov]?r[n by ano!r1 & t 9 ,m4 ,wol[ski's  
lucubrations ! good 0 always m+l$ ) !   
bad1 & be+ by nature a little suspici\s1
 x sudd5ly occurr$ to me t ,m4 ,wol[ski 
0 an advocate ( equality 9 disguise1    
?r[n 9 spite ( himself into ! position 9
 :i* ! patri>* ,jacob pictures "o ( 8   
sons1--int] duas clitellas1 betwe5 two  
/ools1 z ! prov]b says4 ,9 m p>liam5t>y 
language1 ,i saw cle>ly t ,m4 ,wol[ski 0
 plac$ betwe5 8 pr(\nd convictions on ! 
"o h& & 8 (ficial duties on ! o!r1 & t1 
9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 position1 he _h to   
assume a c]ta9 slant4 ,!n ,i exp]i5c$   
great pa9 at see+ ! res]ve1 !           
circumlocution1 ! figures1 & ! irony to 
:i* a pr(essor ( legislation1 ^: duty x 
is to tea* dogmas ) cle>ness &          
precision1 0 =c$ to resort2 & ,i fell to
 curs+ ! society 9 :i* an hone/ man is n
 all[$ to say frankly :at he ?9ks4      
,nev]1 sir1 h y conceiv$ ( su* torture3 
,i seem$ to be witness+ ! m>tyrdom ( a  
m9d4 ,i am go+ to give y an idea ( ^!   
a/oni%+ meet+s1 or r ( ^! sc5es ( sorr[4

  ,monday1 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahdj4--,!        
pr(essor decl>es1 9 brief1--#a4 ,t ! "r 
( prop]ty is n f\nd$ ^u occupation1 b ^u
 ! impress ( man2 #b4 ,t e man has a    
natural & inali5able "r to ! use (      
matt]4  ,n[1 if matt] c be appropriat$1 
& if1 not)/&+1 all m5 reta9 an          
inali5able "r to ! use ( ?is matt]1 :at 
is prop]ty8--& if matt] c be appropriat$
 only by labor1 h[ long is ?is          
appropriation to cont9ue8--que/ions t w 
confuse & conf\nd all juri/s :atsoev]4  
,!n ,m4 ,wol[ski cites 8 au?orities4    
,great ,god6 :at witnesses he br+s =w>d6
 ,fir/1 ,m4 ,troplong1 ! great          
metaphysician1 :om we h discuss$2 !n1   
,m4 ,l\is ,blanc1 editor ( ! ,revue du  
,progres1 :o came ne> be+ tri$ by jury =
 publi%+ 8 ,organization ( ,labor1 & :o 
escap$ f ! clut*es ( ! public prosecutor
 only by a juggl]'s trick2 #fh          
,cor9ne1--,i mean ,madame de ,/ael1--:o1
 9 an ode1 mak+ a poetical comp>ison ( !
 l& ) ! waves1 ( ! furr[ ( a pl\gh ) !  
wake ( a vessel1 says t prop]ty exi/s   

only :]e man has left 8 trace1 :i* makes
 prop]ty dep5d5t ^u ! solidity ( !      
elem5ts2 ,r\sseau1 ! apo/le ( lib]ty &  
equality1 b :o1 accord+ to ,m4 ,wol[ski1
 attack$ prop]ty only ,,z ,a ,,joke1 & 9
 ord] to po9t a p>adox2 ,robespi]re1 :o 
prohibit$ a division ( ! l&1 because he 
reg>d$ su* a measure z a rejuv5esc5ce ( 
prop]ty1 & :o1 :ile await+ ! def9itive  
organization ( ! republic1 plac$ all    
prop]ty 9 ! c>e88 ( ! p1--t is1         
transf]r$ ! "r ( em95t doma9 f !        
individual to society2 ,babeuf1 :o want$
 prop]ty = ! nation1 & communism = !    
citiz5s2 ,m4 ,consid]ant1 :o favors a   
division ( l&$ prop]ty into %>es1--t is1
 :o wi%es to r5d] prop]ty nom9al &      
fictiti\s3 ! :ole be+ int]m+l$ ) jokes &
 witticisms 7int5d$ und\bt$ly to lead p 
away f ! ,,hornets' ,,ne/s7 at ! exp5se 
( ! adv]s>ies ( ! "r ( prop]ty6         
,novemb] #bf4--,m4 ,wol[ski supposes ?is
 objection3 ,l&1 l wat]1 air1 & light1  
is necess>y to life1 !re=e x _c be      
appropriat$2 & he replies3 ,! importance

 ( l&$ prop]ty dim9i%es z ! p[] (       
indu/ry increases4  ,good6 ?is          
importance ,,dim9i%es1 b x does n       
,,disappe>2 & ?is1 ( itself1 %[s l&$    
prop]ty to be illegitimate4 ,"h ,m4     
,wol[ski pret5ds to ?9k t ! oppon5ts (  
prop]ty ref] only to prop]ty 9 l&1 :ile 
!y m]ely take x z a t]m ( comp>ison2 &1 
9 %[+ ) wond]ful cle>ness ! absurdity ( 
! position 9 :i* he places !m1 he f9ds a
 way ( draw+ ! att5tion ( 8 he>]s to    
ano!r subject )\t be+ false to ! tru?   
:i* x is 8 (fice to contradict4         
,prop]ty1 says ,m4 ,wol[ski1 is t :i*   
di/+ui%es man f ! animals4 ,t may be2 b 
are we to reg>d ?is z a complim5t or a  
satire8  ,mahomet1 says ,m4 ,wol[ski1   
decre$ prop]ty4 ,& s did ,g5ghis ,khan1 
& ,tam]lane1 & all ! ravag]s ( nations4 
,:at sort ( legislators 7 !y8  ,prop]ty 
has be5 9 exi/5ce ev] s9ce ! orig9 ( !  
human race4 ,yes1 & s has slav]y1 &     
despotism also2 & likewise polygamy &   
idolatry4 ,b :at does ?is antiquity %[8 
,! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,/ate--,m4    

,portalis at _! head--did n raise1 9 _! 
discussion ( ! ,code1 ! "q ( !          
legitimacy ( prop]ty4 ,_! sil5ce1 says  
,m4 ,wol[ski1 is a prec$5t 9 favor ( ?is
 "r4 ,i may reg>d ?is reply z p]sonally 
address$ to me1 s9ce ! obs]vation       
belongs to me4 ,i reply1 ,z long z an   
op9ion is univ]sally admitt$1 !         
univ]sality ( belief s]ves ( itself z   
argum5t & pro(4 ,:5 ?is same op9ion is  
attack$1 ! =m] fai? proves no?+2 we mu/ 
resort to reason4 ,ignorance1 h[ev] old 
& p>donable x may be1 nev] outweighs    
reason4  ,prop]ty has its abuses1 ,m4   
,wol[ski confesses4 ,b1 he says1 ^!     
abuses gradually disappe>4 ,to-day _!   
cause is kn[n4 ,!y all arise f a false  
!ory ( prop]ty4 ,9 pr9ciple1 prop]ty is 
inviolable1 b x c & mu/ be *eck$ &      
discipl9$4 ,su* are ! conclusions ( !   
pr(essor4  ,:5 "o ?us rema9s 9 ! cl\ds1 
he ne$ n fe> to equivocate4 ,nev]!less1 
,i w\ld l him to def9e ^! ,,abuses (    
prop]ty1 to %[ _! cause1 to expla9 ?is  
true !ory f :i* no abuse is to spr+2 9  

%ort1 to tell me h[1 )\t de/roy+        
prop]ty1 x c be gov]n$ = ! greate/ good 
( all4 ,our civil code1 says ,m4        
,wol[ski1 9 speak+ ( ?is subject1 leaves
 mu* to be desir$4 ,i ?9k x leaves e ?+ 
undone4  ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,wol[ski opposes1 
on ! "o h&1 ! conc5tration ( capital1 & 
! absorption :i* results !refrom2 &1 on 
! o!r1 he objects to ! extreme division 
( ! l&4 ,n[ ,i ?9k t ,i h demon/rat$ 9  
my ,fir/ ,memoir1 t l>ge accumulation & 
m9ute division are ! fir/ two t]ms ( an 
economical tr9ity1--a ,,!sis & an       
,,anti!sis4 ,b1 :ile ,m4 ,wol[ski says  
no?+ ( ! ?ird t]m1 ! ,,syn!sis1 & ?us   
leaves ! inf]5ce 9 susp5se1 ,i h %[n t  
?is ?ird t]m is ,,association1 :i* is ! 
annihilation ( prop]ty4  ,novemb]       
#cj4--,,lit]>y ,,prop]ty4 ,m4 ,wol[ski  
grants t x is j to recognize ! rights ( 
tal5t 7:i* is n 9 ! lea/ ho/ile to      
equality72 b he s]i\sly objects to      
p]petual & absolute prop]ty 9 ! works ( 
g5ius1 to ! pr(it ( ! au?ors' heirs4 ,8 
ma9 argum5t is1 t society has a "r (    

collective production ov] e creation ( !
 m9d4 ,n[1 x is precisely ?is pr9ciple (
 collective p[] t ,i develop$ 9 my      
,inquiries into ,prop]ty & ,gov]nm5t1 & 
on :i* ,i h e/abli%$ ! complete edifice 
( a new social organization4 ,m4        
,wol[ski is1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ juri/ 
:o has made a legislative application ( 
?is economical law4 ,only1 :ile ,i h    
ext5d$ ! pr9ciple ( collective p[] to e 
sort ( product1 ,m4 ,wol[ski1 m prud5t  
?an x is my nature to be1 conf9es x to  
neutral gr\nd4 ,s1 t t :i* ,i am bold   
en\gh to say ( ! :ole1 he is cont5t$ to 
affirm ( a "p1 leav+ ! intellig5t he>]  
to fill up ! void = himself4 ,h[ev]1 8  
argum5ts are ke5 & close4 ,"o feels t ! 
pr(essor1 f9d+ himself m at ease ) "o   
aspect ( prop]ty1 has giv5 ! re9 to 8   
intellect1 & is ru%+ on t[>ds lib]ty4   
#a4 ,absolute lit]>y prop]ty w\ld h9d] !
 activity ( o!r m51 & ob/ruct !         
developm5t ( humanity4 ,x w\ld be ! dea?
 ( progress2 x w\ld be suicide4 ,:at    
w\ld h happ5$ if ! fir/ inv5tions1--!   

pl\gh1 ! level1 ! saw1 c41--_h be5      
appropriat$8  ,su* is ! fir/ proposition
 ( ,m4 ,wol[ski4  ,i reply3 ,absolute   
prop]ty 9 l& & tools h9d]s human        
activity1 & ob/ructs progress & ! free  
developm5t ( man4  ,:at happ5$ 9 ,rome1 
& 9 all ! anci5t nations8 ,:at occurr$ 9
 ! middle ages8 ,:at d we see to-day 9  
,engl&1 9 consequ5ce ( absolute prop]ty 
9 ! s\rces ( production8  ,! suicide (  
humanity4  #b4 ,real & p]sonal prop]ty  
is 9 h>mony ) ! social int]e/4 ,9       
consequ5ce ( lit]>y prop]ty1 social &   
individual int]e/s are p]petually 9     
conflict4  ,! /atem5t ( ?is proposition 
conta9s a rhetorical figure1 common ) ^?
 :o d n enjoy full & complete lib]ty (  
spee*4 ,?is figure is ! anti-phrasis or 
contre-v]ite4 ,x consi/s1 accord+ to    
,dum>sais & ! be/ humani/s1 9 say+ "o ?+
 :ile mean+ ano!r4 ,m4 ,wol[ski's       
proposition1 naturally express$1 w\ld   
read z foll[s3 ,j z real & p]sonal      
prop]ty is ess5tially ho/ile to society1
 s1 9 consequ5ce ( lit]>y prop]ty1      

social & individual int]e/s are         
p]petually 9 conflict4  #c4 ,m4 de      
,montalemb]t1 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,pe]s1       
vehem5tly prote/$ aga9/ ! assimilation (
 au?ors to inv5tors ( ma*9]y2 an        
assimilation :i* he claim$ to be        
injuri\s to ! =m]4 ,m4 ,wol[ski replies1
 t ! rights ( au?ors1 )\t ma*9]y1 w\ld  
be nil2 t1 )\t pap]-mills1 type         
f\ndries1 & pr9t+-(fices1 !re c\ld be no
 sale ( v]se & prose2 t _m a me*anical  
inv5tion1--! compass1 = in/ance1 !      
telescope1 or ! /eam-eng9e1--is q z     
valuable z a book4  ,prior to ,m4       
,montalemb]t1 ,m4 ,*>les ,comte _h      
laugh$ at ! inf]5ce 9 favor ( me*anical 
inv5tions1 :i* logical m9ds nev] fail to
 draw f ! privileges grant$ to au?ors4  
,he1 says ,m4 ,comte1 :o fir/ conceiv$ &
 execut$ ! idea ( trans=m+ a piece (    
wood into a pair ( sabots1 or an        
animal's hide into a pair ( s&als1 w\ld 
!reby h acquir$ an exclusive "r to make 
%oes = ! human race6 ,und\bt$ly1 "u !   
sy/em ( prop]ty4 ,=1 9 fact1 ?is pair ( 

sabots1 ov] :i* y make s m]ry1 is !     
creation ( ! %oemak]1 ! "w ( 8 g5ius1 ! 
expression ( 8 ?\ght2 to him x is 8     
poem1 q z mu* z ,le ,roi s'amuse1 is ,m4
 ,victor ,hugo's drama4 ,ju/ice = all   
alike4 ,if y refuse a pat5t to a p]fect]
 ( boots1 refuse also a privilege to a  
mak] ( rhymes4  #d4 ,t :i* gives        
importance to a book is a fact ext]nal  
to ! au?or & 8 "w4 ,)\t ! intellig5ce ( 
society1 )\t its developm5t1 & a c]ta9  
community ( ideas1 passions1 & int]e/s  
betwe5 x & ! au?ors1 ! works ( ! latt]  
w\ld be wor? no?+4 ,! ex*angeable value 
( a book is due ev5 m to ! ,,social     
,,condition ?an to ! tal5t display$ 9 x4
  ,inde$1 x seems z if ,i 7 copy+ my own
 words4 ,?is proposition ( ,m4 ,wol[ski 
conta9s a special expression ( a g5]al &
 absolute idea1 "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/    
conclusive aga9/ ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,:y d  
arti/s1 l me*anics1 f9d ! means to live8
 ,because society has made ! f9e arts1 l
 ! rude/ indu/ries1 objects (           
consumption & ex*ange1 gov]n$           

consequ5tly by all ! laws ( comm]ce &   
political economy4 ,n[1 ! fir/ ( ^! laws
 is ! equipoise ( functions2 t is1 !    
equality ( associates4  #e4 ,m4 ,wol[ski
 indulges 9 s>casm aga9/ ! petition]s = 
lit]>y prop]ty4 ,!re are au?ors1 he     
says1 :o crave ! privileges ( au?ors1 & 
:o = t purpose po9t out ! p[] ( !       
melodrama4 ,!y speak ( ! niece (        
,corneille1 begg+ at ! door ( a !atre   
:i* ! works ( h] uncle _h enri*$4444 ,to
 satisfy ! av>ice ( lit]>y p1 x w\ld be 
necess>y to create lit]>y majorats1 &   
make a :ole code ( exceptions4  ,i l ?is
 virtu\s irony4 ,b ,m4 ,wol[ski has by  
no means exhau/$ ! difficulties :i* ! "q
 involves4 ,& fir/1 is x j t ,,mm4      
,c\s91 ,guizot1 ,villema91 ,damiron1 &  
company1 paid by ! ,/ate = deliv]+      
lectures1 %\ld be paid a second "t ?r\gh
 ! booksell]s8--t ,i1 :o h ! "r to      
report _! lectures1 %\ld n h ! "r to    
pr9t !m8 ,is x j t ,,mm4 ,noel &        
,*apsal1 ov]se]s ( ! ,univ]sity1 %\ld   
use _! influ5ce 9 sell+ _! selections f 

lit]ature to ! y\? ^: /udies !y are     
in/ruct$ to sup]9t5d 9 consid]ation ( a 
sal>y8 ,&1 if t is n j1 is x n prop] to 
refuse lit]>y prop]ty to e au?or hold+  
public (fices1 & receiv+ p5sions or     
s9ecures8  ,aga91 %all ! privilege ( !  
au?or ext5d to irreligi\s & immoral     
works1 calculat$ only to corrupt ! he>t1
 & obscure ! und]/&+8 ,to grant ?is     
privilege is to sanction immorality by  
law2 to refuse x is to c5sure ! au?or4  
,& s9ce x is impossible1 9 ! pres5t     
imp]fect /ate ( society1 to prev5t all  
violations ( ! moral law1 x w be        
necess>y to op5 a lic5se-(fice = books z
 well z morals4 ,b1 !n1 ?ree-f\r?s ( our
 lit]>y p w be oblig$ to regi/]2 &1     
recogniz$ !nce=? on _! own decl>ation z 
,,pro/itutes1 !y w necess>ily belong to 
! public4 ,we pay toll to ! pro/itute2  
we d n end[ h]4  ,f9ally1 %all plagi>ism
 be class$ ) =g]y8 ,if y reply ,yes1 y  
appropriate 9 advance all ! subjects (  
:i* books treat2 if y say ,no1 y leave !
 :ole matt] to ! decision ( ! judge4    

,except 9 ! case ( a cl&e/9e repr9t1 h[ 
w he di/+ui% =g]y f quotation1          
imitation1 plagi>ism1 or ev5 co9cid5ce8 
,a savant sp5ds two ye>s 9 calculat+ a  
table ( log>i?ms to n9e or t5 decimals4 
,he pr9ts x4 ,a =tnight aft] 8 book is  
sell+ at half-price2 x is impossible to 
tell :e!r ?is result is due to =g]y or  
competition4 ,:at %all ! c\rt d8 ,9 case
 ( d\bt1 %all x aw>d ! prop]ty to ! fir/
 occupant8 ,z well decide ! "q by lot4  
,^!1 h[ev]1 are trifl+ consid]ations2 b 
d we see t1 9 grant+ a p]petual         
privilege to au?ors & _! heirs1 we      
really /rike a fatal bl[ at _! int]e/s8 
,we ?9k to make booksell]s dep5d5t ^u   
au?ors1--a delusion4 ,! booksell]s w    
unite aga9/ works1 & _! proprietors4    
,aga9/ works1 by refus+ to pu% _! sale1 
by replac+ !m ) poor imitations1 by     
reproduc+ !m 9 a hundr$ indirect ways2 &
 no "o kn[s h[ f> ! sci5ce ( plagi>ism1 
& skilful imitation may be c>ri$4 ,aga9/
 proprietors4 ,are we ignorant ( ! fact1
 t a dem& = a doz5 copies enables a     

booksell] to sell a ?\s&2 t ) an edition
 ( five hundr$ he c supply a k+dom =    
?irty ye>s8 ,:at w ! poor au?ors d 9 !  
pres5ce ( ?is omnipot5t union (         
booksell]s8 ,i w tell !m :at !y w d4 ,!y
 w ent] ! employ ( ^? :om !y n[ treat z 
pirates2 &1 to secure an advantage1 !y w
 become wage labor]s4 ,a fit rew>d =    
ignoble av>ice1 & insatiable pride4 #fi 
,contradictions ( contradictions6 ,g5ius
 is ! great levell] ( ! _w1 cries ,m4 de
 ,lam>t9e2 !n g5ius %\ld be a           
proprietor4 ,lit]>y prop]ty is ! =tune (
 democracy4 ,?is un=tunate poet ?9ks    
himself pr(\nd :5 he is only puff$ up4  
,8 eloqu5ce consi/s solely 9 c\pl+ ideas
 :i* cla% ) ea* o!r3 ,,r\nd ,,squ>e1    
,,d>k ,,sun1 ,,fall5 ,,angel1 ,,prie/ & 
,,love1 ,,?\ght & ,,poetry1 ,,gunius    
8881 & ,,=tune1 ,,level+ & ,,prop]ty4   
,let u tell him1 9 reply1 t 8 m9d is a  
d>k lum9>y2 t ea* ( 8 disc\rses is a    
disord]$ h>mony2 & t all 8 successes1   
:e!r 9 v]se or prose1 are due to ! use (
 ! extraord9>y 9 ! treatm5t ( ! mo/     

ord9>y subjects4  ,le ,national1 9 reply
 to ! report ( ,m4 ,lam>t9e1 endeavors  
to prove t lit]>y prop]ty is ( q a      
diff]5t nature f l&$ prop]ty2 z if !    
nature ( ! "r ( prop]ty dep5d$ on !     
object to :i* x is appli$1 & n on ! mode
 ( its ex]cise & ! condition ( its      
exi/5ce4 ,b ! ma9 object ( ,le ,national
 is to please a class ( proprietors :om 
an ext5sion ( ! "r ( prop]ty vexes3 t is
 :y ,le ,national opposes lit]>y        
prop]ty4 ,w x tell u1 once = all1 :e!r x
 is = equality or aga9/ x8   #f4        
,,objection4--,prop]ty 9 occupi$ l&     
passes to ! heirs ( ! occupant4 ,:y1 say
 ! au?ors1 %\ld n ! "w ( g5ius pass 9 l 
mann] to ! heirs ( ! man ( g5ius8 ,m4   
,wol[ski's reply3 ,because ! labor ( !  
fir/ occupant is cont9u$ by 8 heirs1    
:ile ! heirs ( an au?or nei!r *ange nor 
add to 8 works4 ,9 l&$ prop]ty1 !       
cont9uance ( labor expla9s ! cont9uance 
( ! "r4  ,yes1 :5 ! labor is cont9u$2 b 
if ! labor is n cont9u$1 ! "r ceases4   
,?us is ! "r ( possession1 f\nd$ on     

p]sonal labor1 recogniz$ by ,m4         
,wol[ski4  ,m4 ,wol[ski decides 9 favor 
( grant+ to au?ors prop]ty 9 _! works = 
a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 dat+ f ! day ( _! 
fir/ publication4  ,! succe$+ lectures  
on pat5ts on inv5tions 7 no less        
in/ructive1 al?\gh int]m+l$ ) %ock+     
contradictions ins]t$ ) a view to make !
 useful tru?s m palatable4 ,! necessity 
= brevity compels me to t]m9ate ?is     
exam9ation "h1 n )\t regret4  ,?us1 (   
two eclectic juri/s1 :o attempt a def5ce
 ( prop]ty1 "o is entangl$ 9 a set (    
dogmas )\t pr9ciple or me?od1 & is      
con/antly talk+ nons5se2 & ! o!r        
design$ly ab&ons ! cause ( prop]ty1 9   
ord] to pres5t "u ! same "n ! !ory (    
individual possession4 ,0 ,i wrong 9    
claim+ t confusion reign$ among legi/s1 
& ought ,i to be legally prosecut$ =    
hav+ said t _! sci5ce h5ce=? /ood       
convict$ ( falsehood1 its glory eclips$8
  ,! ord9>y res\rces ( ! law no long]   
suffic+1 philosophy1 political economy1 
& ! fram]s ( sy/ems h be5 consult$4 ,all

 ! oracles appeal$ to h be5 disc\rag+4  
,! philosoph]s are no cle>] to-day ?an  
at ! "t ( ! eclectic effloresc5ce2      
nev]!less1 ?r\gh _! my/ical apo!gms1 we 
c di/+ui% ! words ,,progress1 ,,unity1  
,,association1 ,,solid>ity1 ,,frat]nity1
 :i* are c]ta9ly n reassur+ to          
proprietors4 ,"o ( ^! philosoph]s1 ,m4  
,pi]re ,l]\x1 has writt5 two l>ge books1
 9 :i* he claims to %[ by all religi\s1 
legislative1 & philosophical sy/ems t1  
s9ce m5 are responsible to ea* o!r1     
equality ( conditions is ! f9al law (   
society4 ,x is true t ?is philosoph]    
admits a k9d ( prop]ty2 b z he leaves u 
to imag9e :at prop]ty w\ld become 9     
pres5ce ( equality1 we may boldly class 
him ) ! oppon5ts ( ! "r ( increase4  ,i 
mu/ "h decl>e freely--9 ord] t ,i may n 
be suspect$ ( secret connivance1 :i* is 
=eign to my nature--t ,m4 ,l]\x has my  
full sympa?y4 ,n t ,i am a believ] 9 8  
quasi-,py?agorean philosophy 7^u ?is    
subject ,i %\ld h m ?an "o obs]vation to
 submit to him1 provid$ a vet]an cov]$ )

 /ripes w\ld n despise ! rem>ks ( a     
conscript72 n t ,i feel b\nd to ?is     
au?or by any special consid]ation = 8   
opposition to prop]ty4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,m4
 ,l]\x c\ld1 & ev5 ought to1 /ate 8     
position m explicitly & logically4 ,b ,i
 l1 ,i admire1 9 ,m4 ,l]\x1 ! antagoni/ 
( our philosophical demigods1 ! demoli%]
 ( usurp$ reputations1 ! pitiless critic
 ( e ?+ t is respect$ because ( its     
antiquity4 ,su* is ! reason = my high   
e/eem ( ,m4 ,l]\x2 su* w\ld be !        
pr9ciple ( ! only lit]>y association    
:i*1 9 ?is c5tury ( cot]ies1 ,i %\ld c>e
 to =m4 ,we ne$ m5 :o1 l ,m4 ,l]\x1 call
 9 "q social pr9ciples1--n to diffuse   
d\bt conc]n+ !m1 b to make !m d\bly     
sure2 m5 :o excite ! m9d by bold        
negations1 & make ! consci5ce tremble by
 doctr9es ( annihilation4 ,:]e is ! man 
:o does n %udd] on he>+ ,m4 ,l]\x       
exclaim1 ,!re is nei!r a p>adise nor a  
hell2 ! wick$ w n be puni%$1 nor ! good 
rew>d$4 ,mortals6 cease to hope & fe>2 y
 revolve 9 a circle ( appe>ances2       

humanity is an immortal tree1 ^:        
bran*es1 )]+ "o aft] ano!r1 fe$ ) _!    
debris ! root :i* is always "y6 ,:]e is 
! man :o1 on he>+ ?is desolate          
confession ( fai?1 does n dem& ) t]ror1 
,is x !n true t ,i am only an aggregate 
( elem5ts organiz$ by an unkn[n =ce1 an 
idea realiz$ = a few mom5ts1 a =m :i*   
passes & disappe>s8 ,is x true t my m9d 
is only a h>mony1 & my s\l a vortex8    
,:at is ! ego8 :at is ,god8 :at is !    
sanction ( society8  ,9 =m] times1 ,m4  
,l]\x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a great       
culprit1 wor?y only 7l ,van9i7 ( dea? & 
univ]sal execration4 ,to-day1 ,m4 ,l]\x 
is fulfill+ a mission ( salvation1 =    
:i*1 :atev] he may say1 he w be rew>d$4 
,l ^? gloomy invalids :o are always     
talk+ ( _! approa*+ dea?1 & :o fa9t :5 !
 doctor's op9ion confirms _! pret5ce1   
our mat]iali/ic society is agitat$ &    
loses c\nt5ance :ile li/5+ to ?is />tl+ 
decree ( ! philosoph]1 ,?\ %alt die6    
,honor !n to ,m4 ,l]\x1 :o has reveal$  
to u ! c[>dice ( ! ,epicureans2 to ,m4  

,l]\x1 :o r5d]s new philosophical       
solutions necess>y6 ,honor to !         
anti-eclectic1 to ! apo/le ( equality6  
,9 8 "w on ,humanity1 ,m4 ,l]\x comm5ces
 by posit+ ! necessity ( prop]ty3 ,y wi%
 to aboli% prop]ty2 b d y n see t !reby 
y w\ld annihilate man & ev5 ! "n (      
man8444 ,y wi% to aboli% prop]ty2 b c\ld
 y live )\t a body8 ,i w n tell y t x is
 necess>y to support ?is body2444 ,i w  
tell y t ?is body is itself a species ( 
prop]ty4  ,9 ord] cle>ly to und]/& !    
doctr9e ( ,m4 ,l]\x1 x mu/ be borne 9   
m9d t !re are ?ree necess>y & primitive 
=ms ( society1--communism1 prop]ty1 & t 
:i* to-day we prop]ly call association4 
,m4 ,l]\x rejects 9 ! fir/ place        
communism1 & combats x ) all 8 might4   
,man is a p]sonal & free be+1 & !re=e   
ne$s a sph]e ( indep5d5ce & individual  
activity4 ,m4 ,l]\x emphasizes ?is 9    
add+3 ,y wi% nei!r family1 nor c\ntry1  
nor prop]ty2 !re=e no m fa!rs1 no m     
sons1 no m bro!rs4 ,"h y are1 relat$ to 
no be+ 9 "t1 & !re=e )\t a "n2 "h y are1

 alone 9 ! mid/ ( a billion ( m5 :o     
to-day inhabit ! e>?4 ,h[ d y expect me 
to di/+ui% y 9 space 9 ! mid/ ( ?is     
multitude8  ,if man is indi/+ui%able1 he
 is no?+4 ,n[1 he c be di/+ui%$1        
individualiz$1 only ?r\gh a devotion (  
c]ta9 ?+s to 8 use1--su* z 8 body1 8    
faculties1 & ! tools :i* he uses4 ,h5ce1
 says ,m4 ,l]\x1 ! necessity (          
appropriation2 9 %ort1 prop]ty4  ,b     
prop]ty on :at condition8 ,"h ,m4 ,l]\x1
 aft] hav+ condemn$ communism1 d5\nces 9
 its turn ! "r ( doma94 ,8 :ole doctr9e 
c be summ$ up 9 ?is s+le                
proposition1--,man may be made by       
prop]ty a slave or a despot by turns4   
,t posit$1 if we ask ,m4 ,l]\x to tell u
 "u :at sy/em ( prop]ty man w be nei!r a
 slave nor a despot1 b free1 j1 & a     
citiz51 ,m4 ,l]\x replies 9 ! ?ird      
volume ( 8 "w on ,humanity3--   ,!re are
 ?ree ways ( de/roy+ man's communion ) 8
 fell[s & ) ! univ]se3444 #a4 ,by       
sep>at+ man 9 "t2 #b4 by sep>at+ him 9  
space2 #c4 by divid+ ! l&1 or1 9 g5]al  

t]ms1 ! in/rum5ts ( production2 by      
atta*+ m5 to ?+s1 by subord9at+ man to  
prop]ty1 by mak+ man a proprietor4      
,?is language1 x mu/ be confess$1 savors
 a little too /rongly ( ! metaphysical  
heights :i* ! au?or frequ5ts1 & ( !     
s*ool ( ,m4 ,c\s94 ,nev]!less1 x c be   
se51 cle>ly en\gh x seems to me1 t ,m4  
,l]\x opposes ! exclusive appropriation 
( ! in/rum5ts ( production2 only he     
calls ?is non-appropriation ( !         
in/rum5ts ( production a ,,new ,,me?od (
 e/abli%+ prop]ty1 :ile ,i1 9 accordance
 ) all prec$5t1 call x a de/ruction (   
prop]ty4 ,9 fact1 )\t ! appropriation ( 
in/rum5ts1 prop]ty is no?+4   ,hi!rto1  
we h conf9$ ourselves to po9t+ out &    
combat+ ! despotic features ( prop]ty1  
by consid]+ prop]ty alone4 ,we h fail$  
to see t ! despotism ( prop]ty is a     
correlative ( ! division ( ! human      
race2444 t prop]ty1 in/ead ( be+        
organiz$ 9 su* a way z to facilitate !  
unlimit$ communion ( man ) 8 fell[s & ) 
! univ]se1 has be51 on ! contr>y1 turn$ 

aga9/ ?is communion4  ,let u translate  
?is into comm]cial phraseology4 ,9 ord] 
to de/roy despotism & ! inequality (    
conditions1 m5 mu/ cease f competition &
 mu/ associate _! int]e/s4 ,let employ] 
& employ$ 7n[ enemies & rivals7 become  
associates4  ,n[1 ask any manufactur]1  
m]*ant1 or capitali/1 :e!r he w\ld      
consid] himself a proprietor if he 7 to 
%>e 8 rev5ue & pr(its ) ?is mass (      
wage-labor]s :om x is propos$ to make 8 
associates4   ,family1 prop]ty1 & c\ntry
 are f9ite ?+s1 :i* ought to be organiz$
 ) a view to ! inf9ite4 ,= man is a     
f9ite be+1 :o aspires to ! inf9ite4 ,to 
him1 absolute f9it5ess is evil4 ,!      
inf9ite is 8 aim1 ! indef9ite 8 "r4     
,few ( my read]s w\ld und]/& ^!         
hi]ophantic words1 7 ,i to leave !m     
unexpla9$4 ,m4 ,l]\x means1 by ?is      
magnific5t =mula1 t humanity is a s+le  
imm5se society1 :i*1 9 its collective   
unity1 repres5ts ! inf9ite2 t e nation1 
e tribe1 e commune1 & e citiz5 are1 9   
diff]5t degrees1 fragm5ts or f9ite      

memb]s ( ! inf9ite society1 ! evil 9 :i*
 results solely f individualism &       
privilege1--9 o!r words1 f !            
subord9ation ( ! inf9ite to ! f9ite2    
f9ally1 t1 to atta9 humanity's end &    
aim1 ea* "p has a "r to an indef9itely  
progressive developm5t4   ,all ! evils  
:i* afflict ! human race arise f ca/e4  
,! family is a bless+2 ! family ca/e 7! 
nobility7 is an evil4 ,c\ntry is a      
bless+2 ! c\ntry ca/e 7supreme1 dom9e]+1
 conqu]+7 is an evil2 prop]ty           
7individual possession7 is a bless+2 !  
prop]ty ca/e 7! doma9 ( prop]ty (       
,po?i]1 ,t\lli]1 ,troplong1 c47 is an   
evil4   ,?us1 accord+ to ,m4 ,l]\x1 !re 
is prop]ty & prop]ty1--! "o good1 ! o!r 
bad4 ,n[1 z x is prop] to call diff]5t  
?+s by diff]5t names1 if we keep ! "n   
prop]ty = ! =m]1 we mu/ call ! latt]    
robb]y1 rap9e1 brig&age4 ,if1 on !      
contr>y1 we res]ve ! "n prop]ty = !     
latt]1 we mu/ designate ! =m] by ! t]m  
,,possession1 or "s o!r equival5t2      
o!rwise we %\ld be tr\bl$ ) an          

unpleasant synonymy4  ,:at a bless+ x   
w\ld be if philosoph]s1 d>+ = once to   
say all t !y ?9k1 w\ld speak ! language 
( ord9>y mortals6 ,nations & rul]s w\ld 
d]ive mu* great] pr(it f _! lectures1 &1
 apply+ ! same names to ! same ideas1   
w\ld come1 p]haps1 to und]/& ea* o!r4 ,i
 boldly decl>e t1 9 reg>d to prop]ty1 ,i
 hold no o!r op9ion ?an t ( ,m4 ,l]\x2  
b1 if ,i %\ld adopt ! /yle ( !          
philosoph]1 & repeat aft] him1 ,prop]ty 
is a bless+1 b ! prop]ty ca/e--! /atu   
quo ( prop]ty--is an evil1 ,i %\ld be   
extoll$ z a g5ius by all ! ba*elors :o  
write = ! reviews4 #gj ,if1 on !        
contr>y1 ,i pref] ! classic language (  
,rome & ! civil code1 & say accord+ly1  
,possession is a bless+1 b prop]ty is   
robb]y1 imm$iately ! a=esaid ba*elors   
raise a hue & cry aga9/ ! mon/]1 & !    
judge ?reat5s me4 ,oh1 ! p[] ( language6
  ,le ,national1 on ! o!r h&1 has laugh$
 at ,m4 ,l]\x & 8 ideas on prop]ty1 *>g+
 him ) ,,tautology & ,,*ildi%ness4 ,le  
,national does n wi% to und]/&4 ,is x   

necess>y to rem9d ?is j\rnal t x has no 
"r to d]ide a dogmatic philosoph]1      
because x is )\t a doctr9e itself8 ,f   
its f\ndation1 ,le ,national has be5 a  
nurs]y ( intrigu]s & r5egades4 ,f "t to 
"t x takes c>e to w>n its read]s4       
,in/ead ( lam5t+ ov] all its defections1
 ! democratic %eet w\ld d bett] to lay !
 blame on itself1 & confess ! %all[ness 
( its !ories4 ,:5 w ?is organ ( popul>  
int]e/s & ! electoral re=m cease to hire
 sceptics & spread d\bt8 ,i w wag]1 )\t 
go+ fur!r1 t ,m4 ,leon ,duro*]1 ! critic
 ( ,m4 ,l]\x1 is an anonym\s or         
pseudonym\s editor ( "s b\rgeois1 or ev5
 ari/ocratic1 j\rnal4   ,! economi/s1   
que/ion$ 9 _! turn1 propose to associate
 capital & labor4 ,y "k1 sir1 :at t     
means4 ,if we foll[ out ! doctr9e1 we   
soon f9d t x ends 9 an absorption (     
prop]ty1 n by ! community1 b by a g5]al 
& indissoluble comm&ite1 s t ! condition
 ( ! proprietor w\ld diff] f t ( !      
work+man only 9 receiv+ l>g] wages4 ,?is
 sy/em1 ) "s peculi> additions &        

embelli%m5ts1 is ! idea ( ! phalan/]y4  
,b x is cle> t1 if inequality (         
conditions is "o ( ! attributes (       
prop]ty1 x is n ! :ole ( prop]ty4 ,t :i*
 makes prop]ty a ,,delightful ,,?+1 z "s
 philosoph] 7,i "k n :o7 has said1 is ! 
p[] to dispose at w1 n only ( "o's own  
goods1 b ( _! specific nature2 to use !m
 at pleasure2 to conf9e & enclose !m2 to
 excommunicate mank9d1 z ,m4 ,pi]re     
,l]\x says2 9 %ort1 to make su* use ( !m
 z passion1 int]e/1 or ev5 caprice1 may 
sugge/4 ,:at is ! possession ( money1 a 
%>e 9 an agricultural or indu/rial      
ent]prise1 or a gov]nm5t-bond c\pon1 9  
comp>ison ) ! inf9ite *>m ( be+ ma/] (  
"o's h\se & gr\nds1 "u "o's v9e &       
fig-tree8 ,beati possid5tes6 says an    
au?or quot$ by ,m4 ,troplong4 ,s]i\sly1 
c t be appli$ to a man ( income1 :o has 
no o!r possession "u ! sun ?an ! m>ket1 
& 9 8 pocket 8 money8 ,z well ma9ta9 t a
 tr\gh is a c[>d4 ,a nice me?od ( re=m6 
,!y nev] cease to condemn ! ?ir/ = gold1
 & ! gr[+ individualism ( ! c5tury2 &   

yet1 mo/ inconceivable ( contradictions1
 !y prep>e to turn all k9ds ( prop]ty   
into "o1--prop]ty 9 co94  ,i mu/ say    
some?+ fur!r ( a !ory ( prop]ty lately  
put =? ) "s ado3 ,i mean ! !ory ( ,m4   
,consid]ant4  ,! ,f\ri]i/s are n m5 :o  
exam9e a doctr9e 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r 
x conflicts ) _! sy/em4 ,on ! contr>y1 x
 is _! cu/om to exult & s+ songs (      
triumph :5ev] an adv]s>y passes )\t     
p]ceiv+ or notic+ !m4  ,^! g5tlem5 want 
direct refutations1 9 ord] t1 if !y are 
beat51 !y may h1 at lea/1 ! selfi%      
consolation ( hav+ be5 spok5 (4 ,well1  
let _! wi% be gratifi$4  ,m4 ,consid]ant
 makes ! mo/ l(ty pret5sions to logic4  
,8 me?od ( proc$ure is always t (       
,,major1 ,,m9or1 ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,he  
w\ld will+ly write ^u 8 hat1            
,argum5tator 9 b>b>a4 ,b ,m4 ,consid]ant
 is too intellig5t & quick-witt$ to be a
 good logician1 z is prov$ by ! fact t  
he appe>s to h tak5 ! syllogism = logic4
  ,! syllogism1 z ev]ybody kn[s :o is   
int]e/$ 9 philosophical curiosities1 is 

! fir/ & p]petual sophism ( ! human     
m9d1--! favorite tool ( falsehood1 !    
/umbl+-block ( sci5ce1 ! advocate (     
crime4 ,! syllogism has produc$ all !   
evils :i* ! fabuli/ s eloqu5tly         
condemn$1 & has done no?+ good or       
useful3 x is z devoid ( tru? z ( ju/ice4
 ,we might apply to x ^! words (        
,scripture3 ,celui qui met en lui sa    
confiance1 p]ira4 ,consequ5tly1 ! be/   
philosoph]s long s9ce condemn$ x2 s t n[
 none b ! enemies ( reason wi% to make !
 syllogism its weapon4  ,m4 ,consid]ant1
 !n1 has built 8 !ory ( prop]ty ^u a    
syllogism4 ,w\ld he be dispos$ to /ake !
 sy/em ( ,f\ri] ^u 8 argum5ts1 z ,i am  
ready to risk ! :ole doctr9e ( equality 
^u my refutation ( t sy/em8 ,su* a duel 
w\ld be q 9 keep+ ) ! w>like & *ivalric 
ta/es ( ,m4 ,consid]ant1 & ! public w\ld
 pr(it by x2 =1 "o ( ! two adv]s>ies    
fall+1 no m w\ld be said ab\t him1 & !re
 w\ld be "o grumbl] less 9 ! _w4  ,!    
!ory ( ,m4 ,consid]ant has ?is rem>kable
 feature1 t1 9 attempt+ to satisfy at ! 

same "t ! claims ( bo? labor]s &        
proprietors1 x infr+es alike ^u ! rights
 ( ! =m] & ! privileges ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 ! au?or lays x d[n z a      
pr9ciple3 #a4 ,t ! use ( ! l& belongs to
 ea* memb] ( ! race2 t x is a natural & 
imprescriptible "r1 simil> 9 all        
respects to ! "r to ! air & ! sun%9e4   
#b4 ,t ! "r to labor is equally         
fundam5tal1 natural1 & imprescriptible4 
,i h %[n t ! recognition ( ?is d\ble "r 
w\ld be ! dea? ( prop]ty4 ,i d5\nce ,m4 
,consid]ant to ! proprietors6  ,b ,m4   
,consid]ant ma9ta9s t ! "r to labor     
creates ! "r ( prop]ty1 & ?is is ! way  
he reasons3--   ,major ,premise4--,e man
 legitimately possesses ! ?+ :i* 8      
labor1 8 skill1--or1 9 m g5]al t]ms1 8  
action1--has creat$4   ,to :i* ,m4      
,consid]ant adds1 by way ( comm5t3      
,inde$1 ! l& n hav+ be5 creat$ by man1 x
 foll[s f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple (       
prop]ty1 t ! l&1 be+ giv5 to ! race 9   
common1 c 9 no wise be ! exclusive &    
legitimate prop]ty ( su* & su*          

individuals1 :o 7 n ! creators ( ?is    
value4  ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 !re is no "o
 to :om ?is proposition1 at fir/ sight &
 9 its entirety1 does n seem utt]ly     
irrefutable4 ,read]1 di/ru/ ! syllogism4
  ,fir/1 ,i obs]ve t ! words            
,,legitimately ,,possesses signify to ! 
au?or's m9d is ,,legitimate             
,,proprietor2 o!rwise ! argum5t1 be+    
int5d$ to prove ! legitimacy ( prop]ty1 
w\ld h no mean+4 ,i might "h raise ! "q 
( ! diff]5ce betwe5 prop]ty &           
possession1 & call ^u ,m4 ,consid]ant1  
be=e go+ fur!r1 to def9e ! "o & ! o!r2 b
 ,i pass on4  ,?is fir/ proposition is  
d\bly false4 #a4 ,9 t x ass]ts ! act (  
,,creation to be ! only basis ( prop]ty4
 #b4 ,9 t x reg>ds ?is act z suffici5t 9
 all cases to au?orize ! "r ( prop]ty4  
,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 if man may be       
proprietor ( ! game :i* he does n       
create1 b :i* he ,,kills2 ( ! fruits :i*
 he does n create1 b :i* he ,,ga!rs2 ( !
 vegetables :i* he does n create1 b :i* 
he ,,plants2 ( ! animals :i* he does n  

create1 b :i* he ,,re>s1--x is          
conceivable t m5 may 9 l mann] become   
proprietors ( ! l& :i* !y d n create1 b 
:i* !y cle> & f]tilize4 ,! act (        
creation1 !n1 is n ,,necess>y to !      
acquisition ( ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,i say    
fur!r1 t ?is act alone is n always      
suffici5t1 & ,i prove x by ! second     
premise ( ,m4 ,consid]ant3--   ,m9or    
,premise4--,suppose t on an isolat$     
isl&1 on ! soil ( a nation1 or ov] !    
:ole face ( ! e>? 7! ext5t ( ! sc5e (   
action does n affect our judgm5t ( !    
facts71 a g5]ation ( human be+s devotes 
itself = ! fir/ "t to indu/ry1          
agriculture1 manufactures1 c4 ,?is      
g5]ation1 by its labor1 intellig5ce1 &  
activity1 creates products1 develops    
values :i* did n exi/ on ! uncultivat$  
l&4 ,is x n p]fectly cle> t ! prop]ty ( 
?is indu/ri\s g5]ation w /& on a basis (
 "r1 if ! value or weal? produc$ by !   
activity ( all be di/ribut$ among !     
produc]s1 accord+ to ea* "o's assi/ance 
9 ! creation ( ! g5]al weal?8 ,t is     

unque/ionable4   ,t is q que/ionable4 ,=
 ?is value or weal?1 ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! 
,,activity ,,( ,,all1 is by ! v fact (  
its creation ,,collective weal?1 ! use (
 :i*1 l t ( ! l&1 may be divid$1 b :i* z
 prop]ty rema9s ,,undivid$4 ,& :y ?is   
undivid$ own]%ip8 ,because ! society :i*
 creates is itself indivisible1--a      
p]man5t unit1 incapable ( r$uction to   
fractions4 ,& x is ?is unity ( society  
:i* makes ! l& common prop]ty1 & :i*1 z 
,m4 ,consid]ant says1 r5d]s its use     
imprescriptible 9 ! case ( e individual4
 ,suppose1 inde$1 t at a giv5 "t ! soil 
%\ld be equally divid$2 ! v next mom5t  
?is division1 if x all[$ ! "r ( prop]ty1
 w\ld become illegitimate4 ,%\ld !re be 
! slighte/ irregul>ity 9 ! me?od (      
transf]1 m51 memb]s ( society1          
imprescriptible possessors ( ! l&1 might
 be depriv$ at "o bl[ ( prop]ty1        
possession1 & ! means ( production4 ,9  
%ort1 prop]ty 9 capital is indivisible1 
& consequ5tly inali5able1 n necess>ily  
:5 ! capital is ,,uncreat$1 b :5 x is   

,,common or ,,collective4  ,i confirm   
?is !ory aga9/ ,m4 ,consid]ant1 by !    
?ird t]m ( 8 syllogism3--               
,conclusion4--,! results ( ! labor p]=m$
 by ?is g5]ation are divisible into two 
classes1 betwe5 :i* x is important      
cle>ly to di/+ui%4 ,! fir/ class        
includes ! products ( ! soil :i* belong 
to ?is fir/ g5]ation 9 its usufructu>y  
capacity1 augm5t$1 improv$ & ref9$ by   
its labor & indu/ry4 ,^! products consi/
 ei!r ( objects ( consumption or        
in/rum5ts ( labor4 ,x is cle> t ^!      
products are ! legitimate prop]ty ( ^?  
:o h creat$ !m by _! activity4444       
,second class4--,n only has ?is g5]ation
 creat$ ! products j m5tion$ 7objects ( 
consumption & in/rum5ts ( labor71 b x   
has also add$ to ! orig9al value ( !    
soil by cultivation1 by ! erection (    
build+s1 by all ! labor produc+ p]man5t 
results1 :i* x has p]=m$4 ,?is          
additional value evid5tly con/itutes a  
product--a value creat$ by ! activity ( 
! fir/ g5]ation2 & if1 ,,by ,,any       

,,means ,,:atev]1 ! own]%ip ( ?is value 
be di/ribut$ among ! memb]s ( society   
equitably1--t is1 9 proportion to !     
labor :i* ea* has p]=m$1--ea* w         
legitimately possess ! portion :i* he   
receives4 ,he may !n dispose ( ?is      
legitimate & private prop]ty z he sees  
fit1--ex*ange x1 give x away1 or transf]
 x2 & no o!r individual1 or collection (
 o!r individuals1--t is1 society1--c lay
 any claim to ^! values4   ,?us1 by !   
di/ribution ( collective capital1 to !  
use ( :i* ea* associate1 ei!r 9 8 own "r
 or 9 "r ( 8 au?ors1 has an             
imprescriptible & undivid$ title1 !re w 
be 9 ! phalan/]y1 z 9 ! ,france ( #ahda1
 ! poor & ! ri*2 "s m5 :o1 to live 9    
luxury1 h only1 z ,fig>o says1 to take !
 tr\ble to be born1 & o!rs = :om ! =tune
 ( life is b an opportunity =           
long-cont9u$ pov]ty2 idl]s ) l>ge       
incomes1 & work]s ^: =tune is always 9 !
 future2 "s privileg$ by bir? & ca/e1 & 
o!rs p>iahs ^: sole civil & political   
rights are ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,labor1 ,,&   

,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,l&4 ,= we mu/ n be      
deceiv$2 9 ! phalan/]y e ?+ w be z x is 
to-day1 an object ( prop]ty1--ma*9es1   
inv5tions1 ?\ght1 books1 ! products (   
art1 ( agriculture1 & ( indu/ry2        
animals1 h\ses1 f5ces1 v9ey>ds1 pa/ures1
 =e/s1 fields1--e ?+1 9 %ort1 except !  
,,uncultivat$ ,,l&4 ,n[1 w\ld y l to "k 
:at uncultivat$ l& is wor?1 accord+ to !
 advocates ( prop]ty8 ,a squ>e league   
h>dly suffices = ! support ( a savage1  
says ,m4 ,*>les ,comte4 ,e/imat+ !      
wret*$ subsi/5ce ( ?is savage at ?ree   
hundr$ francs p] ye>1 we f9d t ! squ>e  
league necess>y to 8 life is1 relatively
 to him1 fai?fully repres5t$ by a r5t ( 
fifte5 francs4 ,9 ,france !re are       
tw5ty-eight ?\s& squ>e leagues1 ! total 
r5t ( :i*1 by ?is e/imate1 w\ld be f\r  
hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& francs1 :i*1 :5     
divid$ among ne>ly ?irty-f\r millions ( 
p1 w\ld give ea* an ,,income ,,( ,a     
,,c5time ,,& ,a ,,qu>t]4 ,t is ! new "r 
:i* ! great g5ius ( ,f\ri] has inv5t$   
,,9 ,,behalf ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,p1 & ) :i*

 8 fir/ disciple hopes to re=m ! _w4 ,i 
d5\nce ,m4 ,consid]ant to ! prolet>iat6 
,if ! !ory ( ,m4 ,consid]ant w\ld at    
lea/ really gu>antee ?is prop]ty :i* he 
*]i%es s jeal\sly1 ,i might p>don him ! 
flaws 9 8 syllogism1 c]ta9ly ! be/ "o he
 ev] made 9 8 life4 ,b1 no3 t :i* ,m4   
,consid]ant takes = prop]ty is only a   
privilege ( extra pay4 ,9 ,f\ri]'s      
sy/em1 nei!r ! creat$ capital nor !     
increas$ value ( ! soil are divid$ &    
appropriat$ 9 any effective mann]3 !    
in/rum5ts ( labor1 :e!r creat$ or n1    
rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! phalanx2 ! pret5d$    
proprietor c t\* only ! income4 ,he is  
p]mitt$ nei!r to realize 8 %>e ( ! /ock1
 nor to possess x exclusively1 nor to   
adm9i/] x1 :atev] x be4 ,! ca%i] ?r[s   
him 8 divid5d2 & !n1 proprietor1 eat !  
:ole if y c6  ,! sy/em ( ,f\ri] w\ld n  
suit ! proprietors1 s9ce x takes away ! 
mo/ delightful feature ( prop]ty1--!    
free disposition ( "o's goods4 ,x w\ld  
please ! communi/s no bett]1 s9ce x     
involves unequal conditions4 ,x is      

repugnant to ! fri5ds ( free association
 & equality1 9 consequ5ce ( its t5d5cy  
to wipe out human "* & individuality by 
suppress+ possession1 family1 &         
c\ntry1--! ?reefold expression ( ! human
 p]sonality4  ,( all our active         
publici/s1 none seem to me m f]tile 9   
res\rces1 ri*] 9 imag9ation1 m luxuriant
 & v>i$ 9 /yle1 ?an ,m4 ,consid]ant4    
,nev]!less1 ,i d\bt if he w und]take to 
ree/abli% 8 !ory ( prop]ty4 ,if he has  
?is c\rage1 ?is is :at ,i w\ld say to   
him3 ,be=e writ+ y\r reply1 consid] well
 y\r plan ( action2 d n sc\r ! c\ntry2 h
 rec\rse to none ( y\r ord9>y exp$i5ts2 
no compla9ts ( civilization2 no s>casms 
^u equality2 no glorification ( !       
phalan/]y4 ,leave ,f\ri] & ! dep>t$ 9   
peace1 & endeavor only to re-adju/ !    
pieces ( y\r syllogism4 ,to ?is end1 y  
ought1 fir/1 to analyze closely ea*     
proposition ( y\r adv]s>y2 second1 to %[
 ! error1 ei!r by a direct refutation1  
or by prov+ ! conv]se2 ?ird1 to oppose  
argum5t to argum5t1 s t1 objection &    

reply meet+ face to face1 ! /rong] may  
break d[n ! weak]1 & %iv] x to atoms4   
,by t me?od only c y boa/ ( hav+        
conqu]$1 & compel me to reg>d y z an    
hone/ reason]1 & a good artill]y-man4   
,i %\ld h no excuse = t>ry+ long] ) ^!  
phalan/]ian crot*ets1 if ! obligation   
:i* ,i h impos$ ^u myself ( mak+ a clean
 sweep1 & ! necessity ( v9dicat+ my     
dignity z a writ]1 did n prev5t me f    
pass+ 9 sil5ce ! reproa* utt]$ aga9/ me 
by a correspond5t ( ,la ,phalange4 ,we h
 se5 b lately1 says ?is j\rnali/1 #ga t 
,m4 ,pr\dhon1 en?usia/ z he has be5 = ! 
sci5ce creat$ by ,f\ri]1 is1 or w be1 an
 en?usia/ = any ?+ else :atsoev]4   ,if 
ev] sect>ians _h ! "r to reproa* ano!r =
 *anges 9 8 beliefs1 ?is "r c]ta9ly does
 n belong to ! disciples ( ,f\ri]1 :o   
are always s eag] to adm9i/] !          
phalan/]ian baptism to ! des]t]s ( all  
p>ties4 ,b :y reg>d x z a crime1 if !y  
are s9c]e8 ,( :at consequ5ce is !       
con/ancy or incon/ancy ( an individual  
to ! tru? :i* is always ! same8 ,x is   

bett] to enlight5 m5's m9ds ?an to tea* 
!m to be ob/9ate 9 _! prejudices4 ,d we 
n "k t man is frail & fickle1 t 8 he>t  
is full ( delusions1 & t 8 lips are a   
di/ill]y ( falsehood8 ,omnis homo       
meudax4 ,:e!r we w or no1 we all s]ve = 
a "t z in/rum5ts ( ?is tru?1 ^: k+dom   
comes e day4  ,god alone is immutable1  
because he is et]nal4  ,t is ! reply    
:i*1 z a g5]al rule1 an hone/ man is    
entitl$ always to make1 & :i* ,i ought  
p]haps to be cont5t to (f] z an excuse2 
= ,i am no bett] ?an my fa!rs4 ,b1 9 a  
c5tury ( d\bt & apo/asy l ours1 :5 x is 
( importance to set ! small & ! weak an 
example ( /r5g? & hone/y ( utt]ance1 ,i 
mu/ n suff] my "* z a public assailant (
 prop]ty to be di%onor$4 ,i mu/ r5d] an 
acc\nt ( my old op9ions4  ,exam9+       
myself1 !re=e1 ^u ?is *>ge ( ,f\ri]ism1 
& endeavor+ to refre% my memory1 ,i f9d 
t1 hav+ be5 connect$ ) ! ,f\ri]i/s 9 my 
/udies & my fri5d%ips1 x is possible t1 
)\t kn[+ x1 ,i h be5 "o ( ,f\ri]'s      
p>tisans4 ,j]ome ,lal&e plac$ ,napoleon 

& ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 8 catalogue ( a!i/s4 ,!
 ,f\ri]i/s resemble ?is a/ronom]3 if a  
man happ5s to f9d fault ) ! exi/+       
civilization1 & to admit ! tru? ( a few 
( _! criticisms1 !y /raightway enli/    
him1 willy-nilly1 9 _! s*ool4           
,nev]!less1 ,i d n d5y t ,i h be5 a     
,f\ri]i/2 =1 s9ce !y say x1 ( c\rse x   
may be s4 ,b1 sir1 t ( :i* my           
ex-associates are ignorant1 & :i*       
d\btless w a/oni% y1 is t ,i h be5 _m   
o!r ?+s1--9 religion1 by turns a        
,prote/ant1 a ,papi/1 an ,arian &       
,semi-,arian1 a ,mani*ean1 a ,gno/ic1 an
 ,adamite ev5 & a ,pre-,adamite1 a      
,sceptic1 a ,pelagian1 a ,soc9ian1 an   
,anti-,tr9it>ian1 & a ,neo-,*ri/ian2 #gb
 9 philosophy & politics1 an ,ideali/1 a
 ,pan!i/1 a ,platoni/1 a ,c>tesian1 an  
,eclectic 7t is1 a sort ( ju/e-milieu71 
a ,mon>*i/1 an ,ari/ocrat1 a            
,con/itutionali/1 a foll[] ( ,babeuf1 & 
a ,communi/4 ,i h w&]$ ?r\gh a :ole     
encyclopa$ia ( sy/ems4 ,d y ?9k x       
surpris+1 sir1 t1 among !m all1 ,i 0 = a

 %ort "t a ,f\ri]i/8   ,= my "p1 ,i am n
 at all surpris$1 al?\gh at pres5t ,i h 
no recollection ( x4 ,"o ?+ is sure1--t 
my sup]/ition & cr$ulity rea*$ _! height
 at ! v p]iod ( my life :i* my critics  
reproa*fully assign z ! date ( my       
,f\ri]i/ic beliefs4 ,n[ ,i hold q o!r   
views4 ,my m9d no long] admits t :i* is 
demon/rat$ by syllogisms1 analogies1 or 
metaphors1 :i* are ! me?ods ( !         
phalan/]y1 b dem&s a process (          
g5]alization & induction :i* excludes   
error4 ,( my pa/ ,,op9ionss ,i reta9    
absolutely none4 ,i h acquir$ "s ,,k4 ,i
 no long] ,,believe4 ,i ei!r ,,"k1 or am
 ,,ignorant4 ,9 a ^w1 9 seek+ = ! reason
 ( ?+s1 ,i saw t ,i 0 a ,,rationali/4   
,und\bt$ly1 x w\ld h be5 simpl] to beg9 
:]e ,i h end$4 ,b !n1 if su* is ! law ( 
! human m9d2 if all society1 = six ?\s& 
ye>s1 has done no?+ b fall into error2  
if all mank9d are /ill buri$ 9 ! d>kness
 ( fai?1 deceiv$ by _! prejudices &     
passions1 guid$ only by ! in/9ct ( _!   
lead]s2 if my accus]s1 !mselves1 are n  

free f sect>ianism 7= !y call !mselves  
,,f\ri]i/s71--am ,i alone inexcusable = 
hav+1 9 my inn] self1 at ! secret       
tribunal ( my consci5ce1 begun anew !   
j\rney ( our poor humanity8  ,i w\ld by 
no means1 !n1 d5y my errors2 b1 sir1 t  
:i* di/+ui%es me f ^? :o ru% into pr9t  
is ! fact t1 ?\gh my ?\ghts h v>i$ mu*1 
my writ+s d n v>y4 ,to-day1 ev51 & on a 
multitude ( que/ions1 ,i am beset by a  
?\s& extravagant & contradictory        
op9ions2 b my op9ions ,i d n pr9t1 = !  
public has no?+ to d ) !m4 ,be=e        
address+ my fell[-m51 ,i wait until     
light breaks 9 ^u ! *aos ( my ideas1 9  
ord] t :at ,i may say may be1 n ! :ole  
tru? 7no man c "k t71 b no?+ b ! tru?4  
,?is s+ul> disposition ( my m9d to fir/ 
id5tify itself ) a sy/em 9 ord] to bett]
 und]/& x1 & !n to reflect ^u x 9 ord]  
to te/ its legitimacy1 is ! v ?+ :i*    
disgu/$ me ) ,f\ri]1 & ru9$ 9 my e/eem !
 societ>y s*ool4 ,to be a fai?ful       
,f\ri]i/1 9 fact1 "o mu/ ab&on 8 reason 
& accept e ?+ f a ma/]1--doctr9e1       

int]pretation1 & application4 ,m4       
,consid]ant1 ^: excessive intol]ance    
ana!matizes all :o d n abide by 8       
sov]eign decisions1 has no o!r          
conception ( ,f\ri]ism4 ,has he n be5   
appo9t$ ,f\ri]'s vic> on e>? & pope ( a 
,*ur* :i*1 un=tunately = its apo/les1 w 
nev] be ( ?is _w8 ,passive belief is !  
!ological virtue ( all sect>ians1       
especially ( ! ,f\ri]i/s4  ,n[1 ?is is  
:at happ5$ to me4 ,:ile try+ to         
demon/rate by argum5t ! religion ( :i*  
,i _h become a foll[] 9 /udy+ ,f\ri]1 ,i
 sudd5ly p]ceiv$ t by reason+ ,i 0      
becom+ incr$ul\s2 t on ea* article ( !  
cre$ my reason & my fai? 7 at v>iance1 &
 t my six weeks' labor 0 :olly lo/4 ,i  
saw t ! ,f\ri]i/s--9 spite ( _!         
inexhau/ible gabble1 & _! extravagant   
pret5sion to decide 9 all ?+s--7 nei!r  
savants1 nor logicians1 nor ev5         
believ]s2 t !y 7 ,,sci5tific ,,quacks1  
:o 7 l$ m by _! self-love ?an _!        
consci5ce to labor = ! triumph ( _!     
sect1 & to :om all means 7 good t w\ld  

rea* t end4 ,i !n und]/ood :y to !      
,epicureans !y promis$ wom51 w9e1 music1
 & a sea ( luxury2 to ! rigori/s1       
ma9t5ance ( m>riage1 purity ( morals1 & 
temp]ance2 to labor]s1 high wages2 to   
proprietors1 l>ge incomes2 to           
philosoph]s1 solutions ! secret ( :i*   
,f\ri] alone possess$2 to prie/s1 a     
co/ly religion & magnific5t fe/ivals2 to
 savants1 k ( an unimag9able nature2 to 
ea*1 inde$1 t :i* he mo/ desir$4 ,9 !   
beg9n+1 ?is seem$ to me droll2 9 ! end1 
,i reg>d$ x z ! height ( impud5ce4 ,no1 
sir2 no "o yet kn[s ( ! fooli%ness &    
infamy :i* ! phalan/]ian sy/em conta9s4 
,t is a subject :i* ,i mean to treat z  
soon z ,i h balanc$ my acc\nts )        
prop]ty4 #gc   ,x is rumor$ t !         
,f\ri]i/s ?9k ( leav+ ,france & go+ to !
 new _w to f\nd a phalan/]y4 ,:5 a h\se 
?reat5s to fall1 ! rats scamp] away2 t  
is because !y are rats4 ,m5 d bett]2 !y 
rebuild x4 ,n long s9ce1 ! ,/4          
,simonians1 despair+ ( _! c\ntry :i*    
paid no he$ to !m1 pr\dly %ook ! du/ f  

_! feet1 & />t$ = ! ,ori5t to fight !   
battle ( free woman4 ,pride1 wilfulness1
 mad selfi%ness6 ,true *>ity1 l true    
fai?1 does n worry1 nev] despairs2 x    
seeks nei!r its own glory1 nor its      
int]e/1 nor empire2 x does e ?+ = all1  
speaks ) indulg5ce to ! reason & ! w1 & 
desires to conqu] only by p]suasion &   
sacrifice4 ,rema9 9 ,france1 ,f\ri]i/s1 
if ! progress ( humanity is ! only ?+   
:i* y h at he>t6 ,!re is m to d "h ?an 9
 ! new _w4 ,o!rwise1 g6 y are no?+ b    
li>s & hypocrites6  ,! =ego+ /atem5t by 
no means embraces all ! political       
elem5ts1 all ! op9ions & t5d5cies1 :i*  
?reat5 ! future ( prop]ty2 b x ought to 
satisfy any "o :o kn[s h[ to classify   
facts1 & to d$uce _! law or ! idea :i*  
gov]ns !m4 ,exi/+ society seems ab&on$  
to ! demon ( falsehood & discord2 & x is
 ?is sad sight :i* grieves s deeply _m  
di/+ui%$ m9ds :o liv$ too long 9 a =m]  
age to be able to und]/& ours4 ,n[1 :ile
 ! %ort-sight$ spectator beg9s to       
despair ( humanity1 &1 di/ract$ & curs+ 

t ( :i* he is ignorant1 plunges into    
scepticism & fatalism1 ! true obs]v]1   
c]ta9 ( ! _s :i* gov]ns ! _w1 seeks to  
compreh5d & fa?om ,provid5ce4 ,! memoir 
on ,prop]ty1 publi%$ la/ ye> by !       
p5sion] ( ! ,academy ( ,besancon1 is    
simply a /udy ( ?is nature4  ,! "t has  
come = me to relate ! hi/ory ( ?is      
unlucky treatise1 :i* has already caus$ 
me s mu* *agr91 & made me s unpopul>2 b 
:i* 0 on my "p s involunt>y &           
unprem$itat$1 t ,i w\ld d>e to affirm t 
!re is n an economi/1 n a philosoph]1 n 
a juri/1 :o is n a hundr$ times guilti] 
?an ,i4 ,!re is some?+ s s+ul> 9 ! way 9
 :i* ,i 0 l$ to attack prop]ty1 t if1 on
 he>+ my sad /ory1 y p]si/1 sir1 9 y\r  
blame1 ,i hope at lea/ y w be =c$ to    
pity me4  ,i nev] h pret5d$ to be a     
great politician2 f> f t1 ,i always h   
felt = controv]sies ( a political nature
 ! greate/ av]sion2 & if1 9 my ,essay on
 ,prop]ty1 ,i h sometimes ridicul$ our  
politicians1 believe1 sir1 t ,i 0 gov]n$
 mu* less by my pride 9 ! little t ,i   

"k1 ?an by my vivid consci\sness ( _!   
ignorance & excessive vanity4 ,rely+ m  
on ,provid5ce ?an on m52 n suspect+ at  
fir/ t politics1 l e o!r sci5ce1 conta9$
 an absolute tru?2 agree+ equally well )
 ,bossuet & ,jean ,jacques1--,i accept$ 
) resignation my %>e ( human mis]y1 &   
cont5t$ myself ) pray+ to ,god = good   
deputies1 upright m9i/]s1 & an hone/ k+4
 ,by ta/e z well z by discretion & lack 
( confid5ce 9 my p[]s1 ,i 0 sl[ly pursu+
 "s commonplace /udies 9 philology1 m+l$
 ) a little metaphysics1 :5 ,i sudd5ly  
fell ^u ! greate/ problem t ev] has     
occupi$ philosophical m9ds3 ,i mean !   
crit]ion ( c]ta9ty4  ,^? ( my read]s :o 
are unacqua9t$ ) ! philosophical        
t]m9ology w be glad to be told 9 a few  
words :at ?is crit]ion is1 :i* plays s  
great a "p 9 my "w4  ,! crit]ion (      
c]ta9ty1 accord+ to ! philosoph]s1 w be1
 :5 discov]$1 an infallible me?od (     
e/abli%+ ! tru? ( an op9ion1 a judgm5t1 
a !ory1 or a sy/em1 9 ne>ly ! same way z
 gold is recogniz$ by ! t\*/one1 z iron 

approa*es ! magnet1 or1 bett] /ill1 z we
 v]ify a ma!matical op]ation by apply+ !
 ,,pro(4 ,,"t has hi!rto s]v$ z a sort (
 crit]ion = society4 ,?us1 ! primitive  
m5--hav+ obs]v$ t !y 7 n all equal 9    
/r5g?1 beauty1 & labor--judg$1 &        
rightly1 t c]ta9 ones among !m 7 call$  
by nature to ! p]=mance ( simple &      
common functions2 b !y conclud$1 & ?is  
is :]e _! error lay1 t ^! same          
individuals ( dull] intellect1 m        
re/rict$ g5ius1 & weak] p]sonality1 7   
pr$e/9$ to ,,s]ve ! o!rs2 t is1 to labor
 :ile ! latt] re/$1 & to h no o!r w ?an 
!irs3 & f ?is idea ( a natural          
subord9ation among m5 sprang dome/icity1
 :i*1 volunt>ily accept$ at fir/1 0     
imp]ceptibly conv]t$ into horrible      
slav]y4 ,"t1 mak+ ?is error m palpable1 
has br\ght ab\t ju/ice4 ,nations h le>n$
 at _! own co/ t ! subjection ( man to  
man is a false idea1 an errone\s !ory1  
p]nici\s alike to ma/] & to slave4 ,&   
yet su* a social sy/em has /ood sev]al  
?\s& ye>s1 & has be5 def5d$ by celebrat$

 philosoph]s2 ev5 to-day1 "u some:at    
mitigat$ =ms1 sophi/s ( e description   
uphold & extol x4 ,b exp]i5ce is br++ x 
to an end4  ,"t1 !n1 is ! crit]ion (    
societies2 ?us look$ at1 hi/ory is !    
demon/ration ( ! errors ( humanity by ! 
argum5t r$uctio ad absurdum4  ,n[1 !    
crit]ion s\ght = by metaphysicians w\ld 
h ! advantage ( discrim9at+ at once     
betwe5 ! true & ! false 9 e op9ion2 s t 
9 politics1 religion1 & morals1 =       
example1 ! true & ! useful be+          
imm$iately recogniz$1 we %\ld no long]  
ne$ to await ! sorr[ful exp]i5ce ( "t4  
,evid5tly su* a secret w\ld be dea? to !
 sophi/s1--t curs$ brood1 :o1 "u diff]5t
 names1 excite ! curiosity ( nations1 &1
 ow+ to ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! tru? f 
! error 9 _! arti/ically wov5 !ories1   
lead !m into fatal v5tures1 di/urb _!   
peace1 & fill !m ) su* extraord9>y      
prejudice4  ,up to ?is day1 ! crit]ion (
 c]ta9ty rema9s a my/]y2 ?is is ow+ to !
 multitude ( crit]ia t h be5            
successively propos$4 ,"s h tak5 = an   

absolute & def9ite crit]ion ! te/imony (
 ! s5ses2 o!rs intuition2 ^! evid5ce2 ^?
 argum5t4 ,m4 ,lam5nais affirms t !re is
 no o!r crit]ion ?an univ]sal reason4   
,be=e him1 ,m4 de ,bonald ?\ght he _h   
discov]$ x 9 language4 ,q rec5tly1 ,m4  
,bu*ez has propos$ morality2 &1 to      
h>monize !m all1 ! eclectics h said t x 
0 absurd to seek = an absolute crit]ion1
 s9ce !re 7 z _m crit]ia z special ord]s
 ( k4  ,( all ^! hypo!ses x may be      
obs]v$1 ,t ! te/imony ( ! s5ses is n a  
crit]ion1 because ! s5ses1 relat+ u only
 to ph5om5a1 furni% u ) no ideas2 t     
intuition ne$s ext]nal confirmation or  
objective c]ta9ty2 t evid5ce requires   
pro(1 & argum5t v]ification2 t univ]sal 
reason has be5 wrong _m a "t2 t language
 s]ves equally well to express ! true or
 ! false2 t morality1 l all ! re/1 ne$s 
demon/ration & rule2 & f9ally1 t !      
eclectic idea is ! lea/ reasonable (    
all1 s9ce x is ( no use to say t !re are
 sev]al crit]ia if we _c po9t out "o4 ,i
 v mu* fe> t x w be ) ! crit]ion z ) !  

philosoph]'s /one2 t x w f9ally be      
ab&on$1 n only z insolvable1 b z        
*im]ical4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i ent]ta9 no   
hopes ( hav+ f\nd x2 nev]!less1 ,i am n 
sure t "s "o m skilful w n discov] x4   
,be x z x may ) reg>d to a crit]ion or  
crit]ia1 !re are me?ods ( demon/ration  
:i*1 :5 appli$ to c]ta9 subjects1 may   
lead to ! discov]y ( unkn[n tru?s1 br+  
to light relations hi!rto unsuspect$1 & 
lift a p>adox to ! highe/ degree (      
c]ta9ty4 ,9 su* a case1 x is n by its   
novelty1 nor ev5 by its cont5t1 t a     
sy/em %\ld be judg$1 b by its me?od4 ,! 
critic1 !n1 %\ld foll[ ! example ( !    
,supreme ,c\rt1 :i*1 9 ! cases :i* come 
be=e x1 nev] exam9es ! facts1 b only !  
=m ( proc$ure4 ,n[1 :at is ! =m (       
proc$ure8 ,a me?od4  ,i !n look$ to see 
:at philosophy1 9 ! abs5ce ( a crit]ion1
 _h accompli%$ by ! aid ( special       
me?ods1 & ,i mu/ say t ,i c\ld n        
discov]--9 spite ( ! l\dly-proclaim$    
pret5sions ( "s--t x _h produc$ any ?+ (
 real value2 &1 at la/1 we>i$ ) !       

philosophical twaddle1 ,i resolv$ to    
make a new se>* = ! crit]ion4 ,i confess
 x1 to my %ame1 ?is folly la/$ = two    
ye>s1 & ,i am n yet entirely rid ( x4 ,x
 0 l seek+ a ne$le 9 a hay/ack4 ,i might
 h le>n$ ,*9ese or ,arabic 9 ! "t t ,i h
 lo/ 9 consid]+ & reconsid]+ syllogisms1
 9 ris+ to ! summit ( an induction z to 
! top ( a ladd]1 9 ins]t+ a proposition 
betwe5 ! horns ( a dilemma1 9 decompos+1
 di/+ui%+1 sep>at+1 d5y+1 affirm+1      
admitt+1 z if ,i c\ld pass ab/ractions  
?r\gh a sieve4  ,i select$ ju/ice z !   
subject-matt] ( my exp]im5ts4 ,f9ally1  
aft] a ?\s& decompositions1             
recompositions1 & d\ble compositions1 ,i
 f\nd at ! bottom ( my analytical       
crucible1 n ! crit]ion ( c]ta9ty1 b a   
metaphysico-economico-political         
treatise1 ^: conclusions 7 su* t ,i did 
n c>e to pres5t !m 9 a m arti/ic or1 if 
y w1 m intelligible =m4 ,! effect :i*   
?is "w produc$ ^u all classes ( m9ds    
gave me an idea ( ! _s ( our age1 & did 
n cause me to regret ! prud5t &         

sci5tific obscurity ( my /yle4 ,h[      
happ5s x t to-day ,i am oblig$ to def5d 
my int5tions1 :5 my conduct be>s !      
evid5t impress ( su* l(ty morality8  ,y 
h read my "w1 sir1 & y "k ! gi/ ( my    
t$i\s & s*ola/ic lucubrations4 ,consid]+
 ! revolutions ( humanity1 !            
vicissitudes ( empires1 ! trans=mations 
( prop]ty1 & ! innum]able =ms ( ju/ice &
 ( "r1 ,i ask$1 ,are ! evils :i* afflict
 u inh]5t 9 our condition z m51 or d !y 
arise only f an error8 ,?is inequality (
 =tunes :i* all admit to be ! cause (   
society's emb>rassm5ts1 is x1 z "s      
ass]t1 ! effect ( ,nature2 or1 9 !      
division ( ! products ( labor & ! soil1 
may !re n h be5 "s error 9 calculation8 
,does ea* labor] receive all t is due   
him1 & only t :i* is due him8 ,9 %ort1 9
 ! pres5t conditions ( labor1 wages1 &  
ex*ange1 is no "o wrong$8--are ! acc\nts
 well kept8--is ! social balance        
accurate8  ,!n ,i comm5c$ a mo/ labori\s
 inve/igation4 ,x 0 necess>y to arrange 
in=mal notes1 to discuss contradictory  

titles1 to reply to capti\s allegations1
 to refute absurd pret5sions1 & to      
describe fictiti\s debts1 di%one/       
transactions1 & fraudul5t acc\nts4 ,9   
ord] to triumph ov] quibbl]s1 ,i _h to  
d5y ! au?ority ( cu/om1 to exam9e !     
argum5ts ( legislators1 & to oppose     
sci5ce ) sci5ce itself4 ,f9ally1 all ^! 
op]ations complet$1 ,i _h to give a     
judicial decision4  ,i !re=e decl>$1 my 
h& ^u my he>t1 be=e ,god & m51 t !      
causes ( social inequality are ?ree 9   
numb]3 #a4 ,,gratuit\s ,,appropriation  
,,( ,,collective ,,weal?2 #b4           
,,inequality ,,9 ,,ex*ange2 #c4 ,,! ,,"r
 ,,( ,,pr(it ,,or ,,increase4  ,& s9ce  
?is ?reefold me?od ( extortion is ! v   
ess5ce ( ! doma9 ( prop]ty1 ,i d5i$ !   
legitimacy ( prop]ty1 & proclaim$ its   
id5tity ) robb]y4  ,t is my only (f5ce4 
,i h reason$ ^u prop]ty2 ,i h se>*$ = ! 
crit]ion ( ju/ice2 ,i h demon/rat$1 n ! 
possibility1 b ! necessity1 ( equality (
 =tunes2 ,i h all[$ myself no attack ^u 
p]sons1 no assault ^u ! gov]nm5t1 ( :i* 

,i1 m ?an any "o else1 am a provisional 
adh]5t4 ,if ,i h sometimes us$ ! ^w     
,,proprietor1 ,i h us$ x z ! ab/ract "n 
( a metaphysical be+1 ^: reality brea!s 
9 e individual1--n alone 9 a privileg$  
few4  ,nev]!less1 ,i ackn[l$ge--= ,i wi%
 my confession to be s9c]e--t ! g5]al   
tone ( my book has be5 bitt]ly c5sur$4  
,!y compla9 ( an atmosph]e ( passion &  
invective unwor?y ( an hone/ man1 & q   
out ( place 9 ! treatm5t ( s grave a    
subject4  ,if ?is reproa* is well f\nd$ 
7:i* x is impossible = me ei!r to d5y or
 admit1 because 9 my own cause ,i _c be 
judge71--if1 ,i say1 ,i des]ve ?is *>ge1
 ,i c only humble myself & ackn[l$ge    
myself guilty ( an involunt>y wrong2 !  
only excuse t ,i c\ld (f] be+ ( su* a   
nature t x ought n to be communicat$ to 
! public4 ,all t ,i c say is1 t ,i      
und]/& bett] ?an any "o h[ ! ang] :i*   
inju/ice causes may r5d] an au?or h>% & 
viol5t 9 8 criticisms4 ,:51 aft] tw5ty  
ye>s ( labor1 a man /ill f9ds himself on
 ! br9k ( />vation1 & !n sudd5ly        

discov]s 9 an equivocation1 an error 9  
calculation1 ! cause ( ! evil :i*       
torm5ts him 9 common ) s _m millions ( 8
 fell[s1 he c sc>cely re/ra9 a cry (    
sorr[ & dismay4  ,b1 sir1 ?\gh pride be 
(f5d$ by my rud5ess1 x is n to pride t  
,i apologize1 b to ! proletaires1 to !  
simple-m9d$1 :om ,i p]haps h sc&aliz$4  
,my angry dialectics may h produc$ a bad
 effect on "s peaceable m9ds4 ,"s poor  
work+man--m affect$ by my s>casm ?an by 
! /r5g? ( my argum5ts--may1 p]haps1 h   
conclud$ t prop]ty is ! result ( a      
p]petual ,ma*iavelianism on ! "p ( !    
gov]nors aga9/ ! gov]n$1--a deplorable  
error ( :i* my book itself is ! be/     
refutation4 ,i devot$ two *apt]s to %[+ 
h[ prop]ty spr+s f human p]sonality & ! 
comp>ison ( individuals4 ,!n ,i expla9$ 
its p]petual limitation2 &1 foll[+ out !
 same idea1 ,i pr$ict$ its approa*+     
disappe>ance4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! editors ( 
! ,revue ,democratique1 aft] hav+ borr[$
 f me ne>ly ! :ole sub/ance ( _!        
economical articles1 d>e to say3 ,!     

hold]s ( ! soil1 & o!r productive       
capital1 are m or less wilful           
accomplices 9 a va/ robb]y1 !y be+ !    
exclusive receiv]s & %>]s ( ! /ol5      
goods8  ,! proprietors ,,wilfully guilty
 ( ! crime ( robb]y6 ,nev] did t        
homicidal phrase escape my p52 nev] did 
my he>t conceive ! frightful ?\ght4     
,?ank ,heav56 ,i "k n h[ to calumniate  
my k9d2 & ,i h too /rong a desire to    
seek = ! reason ( ?+s to be will+ to    
believe 9 crim9al conspiracies4 ,!      
millionnaire is no m ta9t$ by prop]ty   
?an ! j\rneyman :o works = ?irty s\s p] 
day4 ,on bo? sides ! error is equal1 z  
well z ! int5tion4 ,! effect is also !  
same1 ?\gh positive 9 ! =m]1 & negative 
9 ! latt]4 ,i accus$ prop]ty2 ,i did n  
d5\nce ! proprietors1 :i* w\ld h be5    
absurd3 & ,i am sorry t !re are among u 
wills s p]v]se & m9ds s %att]$ t !y c>e 
= only s mu* ( ! tru? z w aid !m 9 _!   
evil designs4 ,su* is ! only regret :i* 
,i feel on acc\nt ( my indignation1 :i*1
 ?\gh express$ p]haps too bitt]ly1 0 at 

lea/ hone/1 & legitimate 9 its s\rce4   
,h[ev]1 :at did ,i d 9 ?is essay :i* ,i 
volunt>ily submitt$ to ! ,academy (     
,moral ,sci5ces8 ,seek+ a fix$ axiom    
amid social unc]ta9ties1 ,i trac$ back  
to "o fundam5tal "q all ! second>y      
que/ions ov] :i*1 at pres5t1 s ke5 &    
div]sifi$ a conflict is rag+ ,?is "q 0 !
 "r ( prop]ty4 ,!n1 comp>+ all exi/+    
!ories ) ea* o!r1 & extract+ f !m t :i* 
is common to !m all1 ,i endeavor$ to    
discov] t elem5t 9 ! idea ( prop]ty :i* 
is necess>y1 immutable1 & absolute2 &   
ass]t$1 aft] au!ntic v]ification1 t ?is 
idea is r$ucible to t ( ,,individual ,,&
 ,,transmissible ,,possession2          
,,susceptible ,,( ,,ex*ange1 ,,b ,,n ,,(
 ,,ali5ation2 ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,labor1 ,,& 
,,n ,,on ,,fictiti\s ,,occupancy1 ,,or  
,,idle ,,caprice4 ,i said1 fur!r1 t ?is 
idea 0 ! result ( our revolution>y      
movem5ts1--! culm9at+ po9t t[>ds :i* all
 op9ions1 gradually dive/+ !mselves ( _!
 contradictory elem5ts1 conv]ge4 ,& ,i  
tri$ to demon/rate ?is by ! _s ( ! laws1

 by political economy1 by psy*ology &   
hi/ory4  ,a ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*1 f9i%+ a    
le>n$ exposition ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1  
cri$1 9 ! en?usiasm ( 8 fai?1 ,dom9e1 si
 error e/1 a te decepti sumus 7if my    
religion is false1 ,god is to blame74   
,i1 z well z ?is !ologian1 c say1 ,if   
equality is a fable1 ,god1 ?r\gh :om we 
act & ?9k & are2 ,god1 :o gov]ns society
 by et]nal laws1 :o rew>ds j nations1 & 
puni%es proprietors1--,god alone is !   
au?or ( evil2 ,god has li$4 ,! fault    
lies n ) me4  ,b1 if ,i am mi/ak5 9 my  
inf]5ces1 ,i %\ld be %[n my error1 & l$ 
out ( x4 ,x is surely wor? ! tr\ble1 &  
,i ?9k ,i des]ve ?is honor4 ,!re is no  
gr\nd = proscription4  ,=1 9 ! words ( t
 memb] ( ! ,conv5tion :o did n l !      
guillot9e1 to kill is n to reply4 ,until
 !n1 ,i p]si/ 9 reg>d+ my "w z useful1  
social1 full ( in/ruction = public      
(ficials1--wor?y1 9 %ort1 ( rew>d &     
enc\ragem5t4  ,= !re is "o tru? ( :i* ,i
 am pr(\ndly conv9c$1--nations live by  
absolute ideas1 n by approximate &      

p>tial conceptions2 !re=e1 m5 are ne$$  
:o def9e pr9ciples1 or at lea/ te/ !m 9 
! fire ( controv]sy4 ,su* is ! law1--!  
idea fir/1 ! pure idea1 ! und]/&+ ( !   
laws ( ,god1 ! !ory3 practice foll[s )  
sl[ /eps1 cauti\s1 att5tive to !        
succession ( ev5ts2 sure to seize1 t[>ds
 ?is et]nal m]idian1 ! indications (    
supreme reason4  ,! co-op]ation ( !ory &
 practice produces 9 humanity !         
realization ( ord]1--! absolute tru?4   
#gd   ,all ( u1 z long z we live1 are   
call$1 ea* 9 proportion to 8 /r5g?1 to  
?is sublime "w4 ,! only duty :i* x      
imposes ^u u is to refra9 f appropriat+ 
! tru? to ourselves1 ei!r by conceal+ x1
 or by accommodat+ x to ! temp] ( !     
c5tury1 or by us+ x = our own int]e/s4  
,?is pr9ciple ( consci5ce1 s gr& & s    
simple1 has always be5 pres5t 9 my      
?\ght4  ,consid]1 9 fact1 sir1 t :i* ,i 
might h done1 b did n wi% to d4 ,i      
reason on ! mo/ honorable hypo!sis4 ,:at
 h9d]$ me f conceal+1 = "s ye>s to come1
 ! ab/ract !ory ( ! equality ( =tunes1  

&1 at ! same "t1 f criticis+            
con/itutions & codes2 f %[+ ! absolute &
 ! cont+5t1 ! immutable & ! ephem]al1 ! 
et]nal & ! transitory1 9 laws pres5t &  
pa/2 f con/ruct+ a new sy/em (          
legislation1 & e/abli%+ on a solid      
f\ndation ?is social edifice1 ev]       
de/roy$ & z (t5 rebuilt8 ,might ,i n1   
tak+ up ! def9itions ( casui/s1 h cle>ly
 %[n ! cause ( _! contradictions &      
unc]ta9ties1 & suppli$1 at ! same "t1 ! 
inadequacies ( _! conclusions8 ,might ,i
 n h confirm$ ?is labor by a va/        
hi/orical exposition1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple (
 exclusion1 & ( ! accumulation (        
prop]ty1 ! appropriation ( collective   
weal?1 & ! radical vice 9 ex*anges1 w\ld
 h figur$ z ! con/ant causes ( tyranny1 
w>1 & revolution8  ,x %\ld h be5 done1 y
 say4 ,d n d\bt1 sir1 t su* a task w\ld 
h requir$ m pati5ce ?an g5ius4 ,) !     
pr9ciples ( social economy :i* ,i h     
analyz$1 ,i w\ld h _h only to break !   
gr\nd1 & foll[ ! furr[4 ,! critic ( laws
 f9ds no?+ m difficult ?an to det]m9e   

ju/ice3 ! labor alone w\ld h be5 long]4 
,oh1 if ,i _h pursu$ ?is glitt]+        
prospect1 &1 l ! man ( ! burn+ bu%1 )   
inspir$ c\nt5ance & deep & solemn voice1
 _h pres5t$ myself "s day ) new tables1 
!re w\ld h be5 f\nd fools to admire1    
boobies to applaud1 & c[>ds to (f] me ! 
dictator%ip2 =1 9 ! way ( popul>        
infatuations1 no?+ is impossible4  ,b1  
sir1 aft] ?is monum5t ( insol5ce &      
pride1 :at %\ld ,i h des]v$ 9 y\r       
op9ion1 at ! tribunal ( ,god1 & 9 !     
judgm5t ( free m58 ,dea?1 sir1 & et]nal 
reprobation6  ,i !re=e spoke ! tru? z   
soon z ,i saw x1 wait+ only long en\gh  
to give x prop] expression4 ,i po9t$ out
 error 9 ord] t ea* might re=m himself1 
& r5d] 8 labors m useful4 ,i ann\nc$ !  
exi/5ce ( a new political elem5t1 9 ord]
 t my associates 9 re=m1 develop+ x 9   
conc]t1 might arrive m promptly at t    
unity ( pr9ciples :i* alone c assure to 
society a bett] day4 ,i expect$ to      
receive1 if n = my book1 at lea/ = my   
comm5dable conduct1 a small republican  

ovation4 ,&1 behold6 j\rnali/s d5\nce   
me1 academicians curse me1 political    
adv5tur]s 7great ,god67 ?9k to make     
!mselves tol]able by prote/+ t !y are n 
l me6 ,i give ! =mula by :i* ! :ole     
social edifice may be sci5tifically     
recon/ruct$1 & ! /ronge/ m9ds reproa* me
 = be+ able only to de/roy4 ,! re/      
despise me1 because ,i am unkn[n4 ,:5 ! 
,essay on ,prop]ty fell into ! re=matory
 camp1 "s ask$3 ,:o has spok58 ,is x    
,arago8 ,is x ,lam5nais8 ,mi*el de      
,b\rges or ,g>ni]-,pages8  ,& :5 !y he>d
 ! "n ( a new man3 ,we d n "k him1 !y   
w\ld reply4 ,?us1 ! monopoly ( ?\ght1   
prop]ty 9 reason1 oppresses ! prolet>iat
 z well z ! b\rgeoisie4 ,! wor%ip ( !   
infam\s prevails ev5 on ! /eps ( !      
tab]nacle4  ,b :at am ,i say+8 ,may evil
 befall me1 if ,i blame ! poor          
creatures6 ,oh6 let u n despise ^? g5]\s
 s\ls1 :o 9 ! excitem5t ( _! patriotism 
are always prompt to id5tify ! voice (  
_! *iefs ) ! tru?4 ,let u enc\rage r _! 
simple cr$ulity1 enlight5 complac5tly & 

t5d]ly _! preci\s s9c]ity1 & res]ve our 
%afts = ^? va9-glori\s spirits :o are   
always admir+ _! g5ius1 &1 9 diff]5t    
tongues1 c>ess+ ! p 9 ord] to gov]n !m4 
,^! consid]ations alone oblige me to    
reply to ! /range & sup]ficial          
conclusions ( ! ,j\rnal du ,peuple      
7issue ( ,oct4 #aa1 #ahdj71 on ! "q (   
prop]ty4 ,i leave1 !re=e1 ! j\rnali/ to 
address myself only to 8 read]s4 ,i hope
 t ! self-love ( ! writ] w n be (f5d$1  
if1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! masses1 ,i ignore an
 individual4  ,y say1 proletaires ( !   
,peuple1 ,= ! v reason t m5 & ?+s exi/1 
!re always w be m5 :o w possess ?+s2    
no?+1 !re=e1 c de/roy prop]ty4  ,9      
speak+ ?us1 y unconsci\sly argue exactly
 aft] ! mann] ( ,m4 ,c\s91 :o always    
reasons f possession to ,,prop]ty4 ,?is 
co9cid5ce1 h[ev]1 does n surprise me4   
,m4 ,c\s9 is a philosoph] ( mu* m9d1 &  
y1 proletaires1 h /ill m4 ,c]ta9ly x is 
honorable1 ev5 = a philosoph]1 to be y\r
 companion 9 error4  ,orig9ally1 ! ^w   
,,prop]ty 0 synonym\s ) ,,prop] or      

,,individual ,,possession4 ,x designat$ 
ea* individual's special "r to ! use ( a
 ?+4 ,b :5 ?is "r ( use1 in]t 7if ,i may
 say s7 z x 0 ) reg>d to ! o!r          
usufructu>ies1 became active &          
p>am\nt1--t is1 :5 ! usufructu>y conv]t$
 8 "r to p]sonally use ! ?+ into ! "r to
 use x by 8 neighbor's labor1--!n       
prop]ty *ang$ its nature1 & its idea    
became complex4 ,! legi/s knew ?is v    
well1 b in/ead ( oppos+1 z !y ought1 ?is
 accumulation ( pr(its1 !y accept$ &    
sanction$ ! :ole4 ,& z ! "r ( f>m-r5t   
necess>ily implies ! "r ( use1--9 o!r   
words1 z ! "r to cultivate l& by ! labor
 ( a slave supposes "o's p[] to         
cultivate x himself1 accord+ to !       
pr9ciple t ! great] includes ! less1--! 
"n prop]ty 0 res]v$ to designate ?is    
d\ble "r1 & t ( possession 0 adopt$ to  
designate ! "r ( use4  ,:5ce prop]ty    
came to be call$ ! p]fect "r1 ! "r (    
doma91 ! em95t "r1 ! h]oic or quiritaire
 "r1--9 ,lat91 jus p]fectum1 jus        
optimum1 jus quirit>ium1 jus            

dom9ii1--:ile possession became         
assimilat$ to f>m-r5t4  ,n[1 t          
individual possession exi/s ( "r1 or1   
bett]1 f natural necessity1 all         
philosoph]s admit1 & c easily e         
demon/rat$2 b :51 9 imitation ( ,m4     
,c\s91 we assume x to be ! basis ( !    
doma9 ( prop]ty1 we fall into ! sophism 
call$ sophisma amphiboliae vel          
ambiguitatis1 :i* consi/s 9 *ang+ !     
mean+ by a v]bal equivocation4  ,p (t5  
?9k !mselves v pr(\nd1 because1 by ! aid
 ( expressions ( extreme g5]ality1 !y   
appe> to rise to ! height ( absolute    
ideas1 & ?us deceive inexp]i5c$ m9ds2 &1
 :at is worse1 ?is is commonly call$    
,,exam9+ ,,ab/ractions4 ,b ! ab/raction 
=m$ by ! comp>ison ( id5tical facts is  
"o ?+1 :ile t :i* is d$uc$ f diff]5t    
acceptations ( ! same t]m is q ano!r4 ,!
 fir/ gives ! univ]sal idea1 ! axiom1 ! 
law2 ! second indicates ! ord] (        
g5]ation ( ideas4 ,all our errors arise 
f ! con/ant confusion ( ^! two k9ds (   
ab/ractions4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 languages 

& philosophies are alike defici5t4 ,!   
less common an idiom is1 & ! m obscure  
its t]ms1 ! m prolific is x z a s\rce ( 
error3 a philosoph] is sophi/ical 9     
proportion to 8 ignorance ( any me?od ( 
neutraliz+ ?is imp]fection 9 language4  
,if ! art ( correct+ ! errors ( spee* by
 sci5tific me?ods is ev] discov]$1 !n   
philosophy w h f\nd its crit]ion (      
c]ta9ty4  ,n[1 !n1 ! diff]5ce betwe5    
prop]ty & possession be+ well e/abli%$1 
& x be+ settl$ t ! =m]1 = ! reasons :i* 
,i h j giv51 mu/ necess>ily disappe>1 is
 x be/1 = ! slight advantage ( re/or+ an
 etymology1 to reta9 ! ^w ,,prop]ty8 ,my
 op9ion is t x w\ld be v unwise to d s1 
& ,i w tell :y4 ,i quote f ! ,j\rnal du 
,peuple3--   ,to ! legislative p[]      
belongs ! "r to regulate prop]ty1 to    
prescribe ! conditions ( acquir+1       
possess+1 & transmitt+ x444 ,x _c be    
d5i$ t inh]itance1 assessm5t1 comm]ce1  
indu/ry1 labor1 & wages require ! mo/   
important modifications4   ,y wi%1      
proletaires1 to ,,regulate ,,prop]ty2 t 

is1 y wi% to de/roy x & r$uce x to ! "r 
( possession4 ,= to regulate prop]ty )\t
 ! cons5t ( ! proprietors is to d5y ! "r
 ,,( ,,doma92 to associate employees )  
proprietors is to de/roy ! ,,em95t "r2  
to suppress or ev5 r$uce f>m-r5t1       
h\se-r5t1 rev5ue1 & increase g5]ally1 is
 to annihilate ,,p]fect prop]ty4 ,:y1   
!n1 :ile labor+ ) su* laudable en?usiasm
 = ! e/abli%m5t ( equality1 %\ld y reta9
 an expression ^: equivocal mean+ w     
always be an ob/acle 9 ! way ( y\r      
success8  ,!re y h ! fir/ reason--a     
:olly philosophical "o--= reject+ n only
 ! ?+1 b ! "n1 prop]ty4 ,"h n[ is !     
political1 ! highe/ reason4  ,e social  
revolution--,m4 ,c\s9 w tell y--is      
effect$ only by ! realization ( an idea1
 ei!r political1 moral1 or religi\s4 ,:5
 ,alex&] conqu]$ ,asia1 8 idea 0 to     
av5ge ,greek lib]ty aga9/ ! insults (   
,ori5tal despotism2 :5 ,m>ius & ,caes>  
ov]?rew ! ,roman patricians1 _! idea 0  
to give bread to ! p2 :5 ,*ri/ianity    
revolutioniz$ ! _w1 its idea 0 to       

emancipate mank9d1 & to sub/itute !     
wor%ip ( "o ,god = ! deities ( ,epicurus
 & ,hom]2 :5 ,france rose 9 '#hi1 h]    
idea 0 lib]ty & equality be=e ! law4    
,!re has be5 no true revolution1 says   
,m4 ,c\s91 ) out its idea2 s t :]e an   
idea does n exi/1 or ev5 fails ( a =mal 
expression1 revolution is impossible4   
,!re are mobs1 conspirators1 riot]s1    
regicides4 ,!re are no revolutioni/s4   
,society1 devoid ( ideas1 twi/s & tosses
 ab\t1 & dies 9 ! mid/ ( its fruitless  
labor4  ,nev]!less1 y all feel t a      
revolution is to come1 & t y alone c    
accompli% x4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! idea :i*    
gov]ns y1 proletaires ( ! n9ete5?       
c5tury8--= really ,i _c call y          
revolutioni/s4 ,:at d y ?9k8--:at d y   
believe8--:at d y want8 ,be gu>d$ 9 y\r 
reply4 ,i h read fai?fully y\r favorite 
j\rnals1 y\r mo/ e/eem$ au?ors4 ,i f9d  
ev]y:]e only va9 & pu]ile entites2 n[h]e
 d ,i discov] an idea4  ,i w expla9 !   
mean+ ( ?is ^w entite1--new1 )\t d\bt1  
to mo/ ( y4  ,by entite is g5]ally      

und]/ood a sub/ance :i* ! imag9ation    
grasps1 b :i* is incognizable by ! s5ses
 & ! reason4 ,?us ! ,,soporific ,,p[] ( 
opium1 ( :i* ,sgan>elle speaks1 & !     
,,peccant ,,humors ( anci5t m$ic9e1 are 
entites4 ,! entite is ! support ( ^? :o 
d n wi% to confess _! ignorance4 ,x is  
incompreh5sible2 or1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 !
 argum5tum non app>5tium4 ,9 philosophy1
 ! entite is (t5 only a repetition (    
words :i* add no?+ to ! ?\ght4  ,=      
example1 :5 ,m4 ,pi]re ,l]\x--:o says s 
_m excell5t ?+s1 b :o is too fond1 9 my 
op9ion1 ( 8 ,platonic =mulas--assures u 
t ! evils ( humanity are due to our     
,,ignorance ,,( ,,life1 ,m4 ,pi]re ,l]\x
 utt]s an entite2 = x is evid5t t if we 
are evil x is because we d n "k h[ to   
live2 b ! k ( ?is fact is ( no value to 
u4  ,:5 ,m4 ,edg> ,qu9et decl>es t      
,france suff]s & decl9es because !re is 
an ,,antagonism ( m5 & ( int]e/s1 he    
decl>es an entite2 = ! problem is to    
discov] ! cause ( ?is antagonism4  ,:5  
,m4 ,lam5nais1 9 ?und] tones1 prea*es   

self-sacrifice & love1 he proclaims two 
entites2 = we ne$ to "k on :at          
conditions self-sacrifice & love c spr+ 
up & exi/4  ,s also1 proletaires1 :5 y  
talk ( ,,lib]ty1 ,,progress1 & ,,!      
,,sov]eignty ,,( ,,! ,,p1 y make ( ^!   
naturally intelligible ?+s s _m entites 
9 space3 =1 on ! "o h&1 we ne$ a new    
def9ition ( lib]ty1 s9ce t ( '#hi no    
long] suffices2 &1 on ! o!r1 we mu/ "k 9
 :at direction society %\ld proce$ 9    
ord] to be 9 progress4 ,z = ! sov]eignty
 ( ! p1 t is a gross] entite ?an !      
sov]eignty ( reason2 x is ! entite (    
entites4 ,9 fact1 s9ce sov]eignty c no m
 be conceiv$ ( outside ( ! p ?an outside
 ( reason1 x rema9s to be asc]ta9$ :o1  
among ! p1 %all ex]cise ! sov]eignty2 &1
 among s _m m9ds1 :i* %all be !         
sov]eigns4 ,to say t ! p %\ld elect _!  
repres5tatives is to say t ! p %\ld     
recognize _! sov]eigns1 :i* does n      
remove ! difficulty at all4  ,b suppose 
t1 equal by bir?1 equal be=e ! law1     
equal 9 p]sonality1 equal 9 social      

functions1 y wi% also to be equal 9     
conditions4  ,suppose t1 p]ceiv+ all !  
mutual relations ( m51 :e!r !y produce  
or ex*ange or consume1 to be relations (
 commutative ju/ice1--9 a ^w1 social    
relations2 suppose1 ,i say1 t1 p]ceiv+  
?is1 y wi% to give ?is natural society a
 legal exi/5ce1 & to e/abli% ! fact by  
law1--  ,i say t !n y ne$ a cle>1       
positive1 & exact expression ( y\r :ole 
idea1--t is1 an expression :i* /ates at 
once ! pr9ciple1 ! means1 & ! end2 & ,i 
add t t expression is ,,association4  ,&
 s9ce ! association ( ! human race      
dates1 at lea/ rightfully1 f ! beg9n+ ( 
! _w1 & has gradually e/abli%$ & p]fect$
 itself by successively dive/+ itself ( 
its negative elem5ts1 slav]y1 nobility1 
despotism1 ari/ocracy1 & feudalism1--,i 
say t1 to elim9ate ! la/ negation (     
society1 to =mulate ! la/ revolution>y  
idea1 y mu/ *ange y\r old rally+-cries1 
,,no ,,m ,,absolutism1 ,,no ,,m         
,,nobility1 ,,no ,,m ,,slaves6 into t ( 
,,no ,,m ,,prop]ty6444  ,b ,i "k :at    

a/oni%es y1 poor s\ls1 bla/$ by ! w9d ( 
pov]ty1 & cru%$ by y\r patrons' pride3 x
 is ,,equality1 ^: consequ5ces fright5  
y4 ,h[1 y h said 9 y\r j\rnal1--h[ c we 
dream ( a level :i*1 be+ unnatural1 is  
!re=e unju/8 ,h[ %all we pay ! day's    
labor ( a ,corm59 or a ,lam5nais8       
,plebeians1 li/56 ,:51 aft] ! battle (  
,salamis1 ! ,a!nians assembl$ to aw>d ! 
prizes = c\rage1 aft] ! ballots _h be5  
collect$1 x 0 f\nd t ea* combatant _h "o
 vote = ! fir/ prize1 & ,!mi/ocles all !
 votes = ! second4 ,! p ( ,m9]va 7 cr[n$
 by _! own h&s4 ,truly h]oic s\ls6 all 7
 wor?y ( ! olive-bran*1 s9ce all _h     
v5tur$ to claim x = !mselves4 ,antiquity
 prais$ ?is sublime _s4 ,le>n1          
proletaires1 to e/eem y\rselves1 & to   
respect y\r dignity4 ,y wi% to be free1 
& y "k n h[ to be citiz5s4 ,n[1 :oev]   
says citiz5s necess>ily says equals4    
,if ,i %\ld call myself ,lam5nais or    
,corm591 & "s j\rnal1 speak+ ( me1 %\ld 
bur/ =? ) ^! hyp]boles1 ,,incomp>able   
,,g5ius1 ,,sup]ior ,,m9d1 ,,consummate  

,,virtue1 ,,noble ,,"*1 ,i %\ld n l x1 &
 %\ld compla91--fir/1 because su*       
eulogies are nev] des]v$2 &1 second1    
because !y furni% a bad example4 ,b ,i  
wi%1 9 ord] to reconcile y to equality1 
to measure = y ! greate/ lit]>y p]sonage
 ( our c5tury4 ,d n accuse me ( envy1   
proletaires1 if ,i1 a def5d] ( equality1
 e/imate at _! prop] value tal5ts :i*   
are univ]sally admir$1 & :i* ,i1 bett]  
?an any "o1 "k h[ to recognize4 ,a dw>f 
c always measure a giant3 all t he ne$s 
is a y>d/ick4  ,y h se5 ! pret5ti\s     
ann\ncem5ts ( ,l',esquisse d'une        
,philosophie1 & y h admir$ ! "w on tru/2
 = ei!r y h n read x1 or1 if y h1 y are 
incapable ( judg+ x4 ,acqua9t y\rselves1
 !n1 ) ?is speculation m brilliant ?an  
s\nd2 &1 :ile admir+ ! en?usiasm ( !    
au?or1 cease to pity ^? useful labors   
:i* only habit & ! great numb] ( !      
p]sons engag$ 9 !m r5d] contemptible4 ,i
 %all be brief2 =1 not)/&+ ! importance 
( ! subject & ! g5ius ( ! au?or1 :at ,i 
h to say is ( b little mom5t4  ,m4      

,lam5nais />ts ) ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,h[  
does he demon/rate x8 ,by ,cic]o's      
argum5t1--t is1 by ! cons5t ( ! human   
race4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 t4 ,we h /ill  
to f9d out :e!r ! belief ( ! human race 
is legitimate2 or1 z ,kant says1 :e!r   
our subjective c]ta9ty ( ! exi/5ce (    
,god corresponds ) ! objective tru?4    
,?is1 h[ev]1 does n tr\ble ,m4          
,lam5nais4 ,he says t1 if ! human race  
believes1 x is because x has a reason = 
believ+4  ,!n1 hav+ pron\nc$ ! "n (     
,god1 ,m4 ,lam5nais s+s a hymn2 & t is 8
 demon/ration6  ,?is fir/ hypo!sis      
admitt$1 ,m4 ,lam5nais foll[s x ) a     
second2 namely1 t !re are ?ree p]sons 9 
,god4 ,b1 :ile ,*ri/ianity tea*es !     
dogma ( ! ,tr9ity only on ! au?ority (  
revelation1 ,m4 ,lam5nais pret5ds to    
arrive at x by ! sole =ce ( argum5t2 &  
he does n p]ceive t 8 pret5d$           
demon/ration is1 f beg9n+ to end1       
an?ropomorphism1--t is1 an ascription ( 
! faculties ( ! human m9d & ! p[]s (    
nature to ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,new songs1

 new hymns6  ,god & ! ,tr9ity ?us       
,,demon/rat$1 ! philosoph] passes to !  
creation1--a ?ird hypo!sis1 9 :i* ,m4   
,lam5nais1 always eloqu5t1 v>i$1 &      
sublime1 ,,demon/rates t ,god made ! _w 
nei!r ( no?+1 nor ( some?+1 nor (       
himself2 t he 0 free 9 creat+1 b t      
nev]!less he c\ld n b create2 t !re is 9
 matt] a matt] :i* is n matt]2 t !      
ar*etypal ideas ( ! _w are sep>at$ f ea*
 o!r1 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 by a division :i* 
is obscure & un9telligible1 & yet       
sub/antial & real1 :i* involves         
intelligibility1 c4 ,we meet ) l        
contradictions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( evil4  
,to expla9 ?is problem1--"o ( ! pr(\nde/
 9 philosophy1--,m4 ,lam5nais at "o "t  
d5ies evil1 at ano!r makes ,god ! au?or 
( evil1 & at /ill ano!r seeks outside ( 
,god a fir/ cause :i* is n ,god1--an    
amalgam ( entites m or less incoh]5t1   
borr[$ f ,plato1 ,proclus1 ,sp9oza1 ,i  
might say ev5 f all philosoph]s4  ,hav+ 
?us e/abli%$ 8 tr9ity ( hypo!ses1 ,m4   
,lam5nais d$uces !refrom1 by a badly    

connect$ *a9 ( analogies1 8 :ole        
philosophy4 ,& x is "h especially t we  
notice ! syncretism :i* is peculi> to   
him4 ,! !ory ( ,m4 ,lam5nais embraces   
all sy/ems1 & supports all op9ions4 ,are
 y a mat]iali/8 ,suppress1 z useless    
entites1 ! ?ree p]sons 9 ,god2 !n1 />t+ 
directly f heat1 light1 &               
electro-magnetism1--:i*1 accord+ to !   
au?or1 are ! ?ree orig9al fluids1 ! ?ree
 prim>y ext]nal manife/ations ( ,w1     
,intellig5ce1 & ,love1--y h a           
mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic cosmogony4 ,on !   
contr>y1 are y w$d$ to spiritualism8 ,) 
! !ory ( ! immat]iality ( ! body1 y are 
able to see ev]y:]e no?+ b spirits4     
,f9ally1 if y incl9e to pan!ism1 y w be 
satisfi$ by ,m4 ,lam5nais1 :o =mally    
tea*es t ! _w is n an ,,emanation f     
,div9ity1--:i* is pure pan!ism1--b a    
,,fl[ ( ,div9ity4  ,i d n pret5d1 h[ev]1
 to d5y t ,l',esquisse conta9s "s       
excell5t ?+s2 b1 by ! au?or's           
decl>ation1 ^! ?+s are n orig9al ) him2 
x is ! sy/em :i* is 84 ,t is und\bt$ly !

 reason :y ,m4 ,lam5nais speaks s       
contemptu\sly ( 8 pr$ecessors 9         
philosophy1 & disda9s to quote 8        
orig9als4 ,he ?9ks t1 s9ce ,l',esquisse 
conta9s all true philosophy1 ! _w w lose
 no?+ :5 ! names & works ( ! old        
philosoph]s p]i%4 ,m4 ,lam5nais1 :o     
r5d]s glory to ,god 9 beautiful songs1  
does n "k h[ z well to r5d] ju/ice to 8 
fell[s4 ,8 fatal fault is ?is           
appropriation ( k1 :i* ! !ologians call 
! ,,philosophical ,,s91 or ! ,,s9       
,,aga9/ ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/--a s9 :i* w n 
damn y1 proletaires1 nor me ei!r4  ,9   
%ort1 ,l',esquisse1 judg$ z a sy/em1 &  
dive/$ ( all :i* its au?or borr[s f     
previ\s sy/ems1 is a commonplace "w1 ^: 
me?od consi/s 9 con/antly expla9+ ! kn[n
 by ! unkn[n1 & 9 giv+ entites =        
ab/ractions1 & tautologies = pro(s4 ,its
 :ole !odicy is a "w n ( g5ius b (      
imag9ation1 a pat*+ up ( neo-,platonic  
ideas4 ,! psy*ological portion am\nts to
 no?+1 ,m4 ,lam5nais op5ly ridicul+     
labors ( ?is "*1 )\t :i*1 h[ev]1        

metaphysics is impossible4 ,! book1 :i* 
treats ( logic & its me?ods1 is weak1   
vague1 & %all[4 ,f9ally1 we f9d 9 !     
physical & physiological speculations   
:i* ,m4 ,lam5nais d$uces f 8 tr9it>ian  
cosmogony grave errors1 ! preconceiv$   
design ( accommodat+ facts to !ory1 & ! 
sub/itution 9 almo/ e case ( hypo!sis = 
reality4 ,! ?ird volume on indu/ry & art
 is ! mo/ int]e/+ to read1 & ! be/4 ,x  
is true t ,m4 ,lam5nais c boa/ ( no?+ b 
8 /yle4 ,z a philosoph]1 he has add$ n a
 s+le idea to ^? :i* exi/$ be=e him4    
,:y1 !n1 ?is excessive m$iocrity ( ,m4  
,lam5nais consid]$ z a ?9k]1 a m$iocrity
 :i* disclos$ itself at ! "t ( !        
publication ( ! ,essai sur              
l',indiff]5ce68 ,x is because 7rememb]  
?is well1 proletaires67 ,nature makes no
 man truly complete1 & because !        
developm5t ( c]ta9 faculties almo/      
always excludes an equal developm5t ( ! 
opposite faculties2 x is because ,m4    
,lam5nais is preem95tly a poet1 a man ( 
feel+ & s5tim5t4 ,look at 8             

/yle1--exub]ant1 sonor\s1 picturesque1  
vehem5t1 full ( exagg]ation &           
invective1--& hold x = c]ta9 t no man   
possess$ ( su* a /yle 0 ev] a true      
metaphysician4 ,?is weal? ( expression &
 illu/ration1 :i* ev]ybody admires1     
becomes 9 ,m ,lam5nais ! incurable cause
 ( 8 philosophical impot5ce4 ,8 fl[ (   
language1 & 8 s5sitive nature mislead+ 8
 imag9ation1 he ?9ks t he is reason+ :5 
he is only repeat+ himself1 & readily   
takes a description = a logical         
d$uction4 ,h5ce 8 horror ( positive     
ideas1 8 feeble p[]s ( analysis1 8      
pron\nc$ ta/e = indef9ite analogies1    
v]bal ab/ractions1 hypo!tical           
g5]alities1 9 %ort1 all sorts ( entites4
  ,fur!r1 ! entire life ( ,m4 ,lam5nais 
is conclusive pro( ( 8                  
anti-philosophical g5ius4 ,dev\t ev5 to 
my/icism1 an ard5t ultramontane1 an     
intol]ant !ocrat1 he at fir/ feels !    
d\ble influ5ce ( ! religi\s reaction & !
 lit]>y !ories :i* m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ?is  
c5tury1 & falls back to ! middle ages & 

,gregory ,,vii42 !n1 sudd5ly becom+ a   
progressive ,*ri/ian & a democrat1 he   
gradually leans t[>ds rationalism1 &    
f9ally falls into deism4 ,at pres5t1    
ev]ybody waits at ! trap-door4 ,z = me1 
?\gh ,i w\ld n swe> to x1 ,i am incl9$  
to ?9k t ,m4 ,lam5nais1 already tak5 )  
scepticism1 w die 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce4
 ,he owes to individual reason &        
me?odical d\bt ?is expiation ( 8 e>ly   
essays4  ,x has be5 pret5d$ t ,m4       
,lam5nais1 prea*+ n[ a !ocracy1 n[      
univ]sal democracy1 has be5 always      
consi/5t2 t1 "u diff]5t names1 he has   
s\ght inv>iably "o & ! same ?+1--unity4 
,pitiful excuse = an au?or surpris$ 9 ! 
v act ( contradiction6 ,:at w\ld be     
?\ght ( a man :o1 by turns a s]vant (   
despotism "u ,l\is ,,xvi1 a demagogue ) 
,robespi]re1 a c\rti] ( ! ,emp]or1 a    
bigot dur+ fifte5 ye>s ( ! ,re/oration1 
a cons]vative s9ce #ahcj1 %\ld d>e to   
say t he ev] _h wi%$ = b "o ?+1--public 
ord]8 ,w\ld he be reg>d$ z any ! less a 
r5egade f all p>ties8 ,public ord]1     

unity1 ! _w's welf>e1 social h>mony1 !  
union ( ! nations1--conc]n+ ea* ( ^! ?+s
 !re is no possible diff]5ce ( op9ion4  
,ev]ybody wi%es !m2 ! "* ( ! publici/   
dep5ds only ^u ! means by :i* he        
proposes to arrive at !m4 ,b :y look to 
,m4 ,lam5nais = a /eadfa/ness ( op9ion1 
:i* he himself repudiates8 ,has he n    
said1 ,! m9d has no law2 t :i* ,i       
believe to-day1 ,i did n believe        
ye/]day2 ,i d n "k t ,i %all believe x  
to-morr[8  ,no2 !re is no real          
sup]iority among m51 s9ce all tal5ts &  
capacities are comb9$ nev] 9 "o         
individual4 ,?is man has ! p[] ( ?\ght1 
t "o imag9ation & /yle1 /ill ano!r      
indu/rial & comm]cial capacity4 ,by our 
v nature & education1 we possess only   
special aptitudes :i* are limit$ &      
conf9$1 & :i* become consequ5tly m      
necess>y z !y ga9 9 dep? & /r5g?4       
,capacities are to ea* o!r z functions &
 p]sons2 :o w\ld d>e to classify !m 9   
ranks8 ,! f9e/ g5ius is1 by ! laws ( 8  
exi/5ce & developm5t1 ! mo/ dep5d5t ^u !

 society :i* creates him4 ,:o w\ld d>e  
to make a god ( ! glori\s *ild8  ,x is n
 /r5g? :i* makes ! man1 said a ,h]cules 
( ! m>ket-place to ! admir+ cr[d2 x is  
"*4 ,t man1 :o _h only 8 muscles1 held  
=ce 9 contempt4 ,! lesson is a good "o1 
proletaires2 we %\ld pr(it by x4 ,x is n
 tal5t 7:i* is also a =ce71 x is n k1 x 
is n beauty :i* makes ! man4 ,x is he>t1
 c\rage1 w1 virtue4 ,n[1 if we are equal
 9 t :i* makes u m51 h[ c ! accid5tal   
di/ribution ( second>y faculties detract
 f our manhood8  ,rememb] t privilege is
 naturally & inevitably ! lot ( ! weak2 
& d n be misl$ by ! fame :i* accompanies
 c]ta9 tal5ts ^: greate/ m]it consi/s 9 
_! r>ity1 & a long & toilsome           
appr5tice%ip4 ,x is easi] = ,m4         
,lam5nais to recite a philippic1 or s+ a
 humanit>ian ode aft] ! ,platonic       
fa%ion1 ?an to discov] a s+le useful    
tru?2 x is easi] = an economi/ to apply 
! laws ( production & di/ribution ?an to
 write t5 l9es 9 ! /yle ( ,m4 ,lam5nais2
 x is easi] = bo? to speak ?an to act4  

,y1 !n1 :o put y\r h&s to ! "w1 :o alone
 truly create1 :y d y wi% me to admit   
y\r inf]iority8 ,b1 :at am ,i say+8     
,yes1 y are inf]ior1 = y lack virtue &  
w6 ,ready = labor & = battle1 y h1 :5   
lib]ty & equality are 9 "q1 nei!r c\rage
 nor "*6  ,9 ! preface to 8 pamphlet on 
,le ,pays et le ,g\v]nem5t1 z well z 9 8
 def5ce be=e ! jury1 ,m4 ,lam5nais      
frankly decl>$ himself an advocate (    
prop]ty4 ,out ( reg>d = ! au?or & 8     
mis=tune1 ,i %all ab/a9 f *>act]iz+ ?is 
decl>ation1 & f exam9+ ^! two sorr[ful  
p]=mances4 ,m4 ,lam5nais seems to be    
only ! tool ( a quasi-radical p>ty1 :i* 
flatt]s him 9 ord] to use him1 )\t      
respect = a glori\s1 b h5ce =? p[]less1 
old age4 ,:at means ?is pr(ession (     
fai?8 ,f ! fir/ numb] ( ,l',av5ir to    
,l',esquisse d'une ,philosophie1 ,m4    
,lam5nais always favors equality1       
association1 & ev5 a sort ( vague &     
indef9ite communism4 ,m4 ,lam5nais1 9   
recogniz+ ! "r ( prop]ty1 gives ! lie to
 8 pa/ c>e]1 & r5\nces 8 mo/ g5]\s      

t5d5cies4 ,c x1 !n1 be true t 9 ?is man1
 :o has be5 too r\ghly treat$1 b :o is  
also too easily flatt]$1 /r5g? ( tal5t  
has already outliv$ /r5g? ( w8  ,x is   
said t ,m4 ,lam5nais has reject$ ! (f]s 
( sev]al ( 8 fri5ds to try to procure = 
him a commutation ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,m4       
,lam5nais pref]s to s]ve out 8 "t4 ,may 
n ?is affectation ( a false /oicism come
 f ! same s\rce z 8 recognition ( ! "r (
 prop]ty8 ,! ,huron1 :5 tak5 prison]1   
hurls insults & ?reats at 8 conqu]or1--t
 is ! h]oism ( ! savage2 ! m>tyr prays =
 8 execution]s1 & is will+ to receive f 
!m 8 life1--t is ! h]oism ( ! ,*ri/ian4 
,:y has ! apo/le ( love become an apo/le
 ( ang] & rev5ge8 ,has1 !n1 ! translator
 ( ,l',imitation =gott5 t he :o (f5ds   
*>ity _c honor virtue8 ,galileo1        
retract+ on 8 knees be=e ! tribunal ( ! 
inquisition 8 h]esy 9 reg>d to ! movem5t
 ( ! e>?1 & recov]+ at t price 8 lib]ty1
 seems to me a hundr$ times gr&] ?an ,m4
 ,lam5nais4 ,:at6 if we suff] = tru? &  
ju/ice1 mu/ we1 9 retaliation1 ?ru/ our 

p]secutors outside ! pale ( human       
society2 &1 :5 s5t5c$ to an unju/       
puni%m5t1 mu/ we decl9e exemption if x  
is (f]$ to u1 because x pleases a few   
base satellites to call x a p>don8 ,su* 
is n ! wisdom ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,i =got 
t 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,lam5nais ?is "n is 
no long] pron\nc$4 ,may ! prophet (     
,l',av5ir be soon re/or$ to lib]ty & 8  
fri5ds2 b1 above all1 may he h5ce=?     
d]ive 8 inspiration only f 8 g5ius & 8  
he>t6  ,o proletaires1 proletaires6 h[  
long are y to be victimiz$ by ?is _s (  
rev5ge & implacable hatr$ :i* y\r false 
fri5ds k9dle1 & :i*1 p]haps1 has done m 
h>m to ! developm5t ( re=matory ideas   
?an ! corruption1 ignorance1 & malice ( 
! gov]nm5t8 ,believe me1 at ! pres5t "t 
ev]ybody is to blame4 ,9 fact1 9        
int5tion1 or 9 example1 all are f\nd    
want+2 & y h no "r to accuse any "o4 ,! 
k+ himself 7,god =give me6 ,i d n l to  
ju/ify a k+71--! k+ himself is1 l 8     
pr$ecessors1 only ! p]sonification ( an 
idea1 & an idea1 proletaires1 :i*       

possesses y yet4 ,8 greate/ wrong       
consi/s 9 wi%+ = its complete           
realization1 :ile y wi% x realiz$ only  
p>tially1--consequ5tly1 9 be+ logical 9 
8 gov]nm5t2 :ile y1 9 y\r compla9ts1 are
 n at all s4 ,y clamor = a second       
regicide4 ,he t is )\t s9 among y1--let 
him ca/ at ! pr9ce ( prop]ty ! fir/     
/one6  ,h[ successful y w\ld h be5 if1 9
 ord] to influ5ce m51 y _h appeal$ to ! 
self-love ( m51--if1 9 ord] to alt] !   
con/itution & ! law1 y _h plac$         
y\rselves )9 ! con/itution & ! law6     
,fifty ?\s& laws1 !y say1 make up our   
political & civil codes4 ,( ^! fifty    
?\s& laws1 tw5ty-five ?\s& are = y1     
tw5ty-five ?\s& aga9/ y4 ,is x n cle> t 
y\r duty is to oppose ! =m] to ! latt]1 
& ?us1 by ! argum5t ( contradiction1    
drive privilege into its la/ dit*8 ,?is 
me?od ( action is h5ce=? ! only useful  
"o1 be+ ! only moral & rational "o4  ,= 
my "p1 if ,i _h ! e> ( ?is nation1 to   
:i* ,i am atta*$ by bir? & pr$ilection1 
) no int5tion ( play+ ! lead+ "p 9 !    

future republic1 ,i w\ld in/ruct !      
labor+ masses to conqu] prop]ty ?r\gh   
in/itutions & judicial plead+s2 to seek 
auxili>ies & accomplices 9 ! highe/     
ranks ( society1 & to ru9 all privileg$ 
classes by tak+ advantage ( _! common   
desire = p[] & popul>ity4  ,! petition =
 ! electoral re=m has already receiv$   
two hundr$ ?\s& signatures1 & !         
illu/ri\s ,arago ?reat5s u ) a million4 
,surely1 t w be well done2 b f ?is      
million ( citiz5s1 :o are z will+ to    
vote = an emp]or z = equality1 c\ld we n
 select t5 ?\s& signatures--,i mean bona
 fide signatures--^: au?ors c read1     
write1 ciph]1 & ev5 ?9k a little1 & :om 
we c\ld invite1 aft] due p]usal & v]bal 
explanation1 to sign su* a petition z ! 
foll[+3--    ,,to ,,8 ,,excell5cy ,,!   
,,m9i/] ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior3--  ,,monsieur
 ,,le ,,m9i/re1--,on ! day :5 a royal   
ord9ance1 decree+ ! e/abli%m5t ( model  
national work%ops1 %all appe> 9 !       
',moniteur1' ! und]sign$1 to ! numb] (  
,,t5 ,,?\s&1 w repair to ! ,palace ( !  

,tuil]ies1 & !re1 ) all ! p[] ( _!      
lungs1 w %\t1 ',long live ,l\is         
,philippe6'  ,on ! day :5 ! ',moniteur' 
%all in=m ! public t ?is petition is    
refus$1 ! und]sign$1 to ! numb] ( ,,t5  
,,?\s&1 w say secretly 9 _! he>ts1 ',d[n
 ) ,l\is ,philippe6'   ,if ,i am n      
mi/ak51 su* a petition w\ld h "s effect4
 #ge ,! pleasure ( a popul> ovation w\ld
 be well wor? ! sacrifice ( a few       
millions4 ,!y s[ s mu* to reap          
unpopul>ity6 ,!n1 if ! nation1 its hopes
 ( #ahcj re/or$1 %\ld feel x its duty to
 keep its promise1--& x w\ld keep x1 = !
 ^w ( ! nation is1 l t ( ,god1          
sacr$1--if1 ,i say1 ! nation1 reconcil$ 
by ?is act ) ! public-spirit$ mon>*y1   
%\ld be> to ! foot ( ! ?rone its *e]s & 
its v[s1 & %\ld at t solemn mom5t *oose 
me to speak 9 its "n1 ! foll[+ w\ld be !
 sub/ance ( my spee*3--   ,,sire1--,?is 
is :at ! nation wi%es to say to y\r     
,maje/y3--  ,o ,k+6 y see :at x co/s to 
ga9 ! applause ( ! citiz5s4 ,w\ld y l u 
h5ce=? to take = our motto3 ',let u help

 ! ,k+1 ! ,k+ w help u'8 ,d y wi% ! p to
 cry3 ',,! ,,k+ ,,& ,,! ,,fr5*          
,,nation'8 ,!n ab&on ^! grasp+ bank]s1  
^! qu>relsome lawy]s1 ^! mis]able       
b\rgeois1 ^! infam\s writ]s1 ^! di%onor$
 m54 ,all ^!1 ,sire1 hate y1 & cont9ue  
to support y only because !y fe> u4     
,f9i% ! "w ( our k+s2 wipe out          
ari/ocracy & privilege2 consult ) ^!    
fai?ful proletaires1 ) ! nation1 :i*    
alone c honor a sov]eign & s9c]ely %\t1 
',long live ! k+6'   ,! re/ ( :at ,i h  
to say1 sir1 is = y alone2 o!rs w\ld n  
und]/& me4 ,y are1 ,i p]ceive1 a        
republican z well z an economi/1 & y\r  
patriotism revolts at ! v idea (        
address+ to ! au?orities a petition 9   
:i* ! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,philippe %\ld be
 tacitly recogniz$4 ,national work%ops6 
x 7 well to h su* in/itutions e/abli%$1 
y ?9k2 b patriotic he>ts nev] w accept  
!m f an ari/ocratic m9i/ry1 nor by !    
c\rtesy ( a k+4 ,already1 und\bt$ly1 y\r
 old prejudices h return$1 & y n[ reg>d 
me only z a sophi/1 z ready to flatt] ! 

p[]s t be z to di%onor1 by pu%+ !m to an
 extreme1 ! pr9ciples ( equality &      
univ]sal frat]nity4  ,:at %all ,i say to
 y8444 ,t ,i %\ld s lightly compromise !
 future ( my !ories1 ei!r ?is clev]     
sophi/ry :i* is attribut$ to me mu/ be  
at bottom a v trifl+ affair1 or else my 
convictions mu/ be s firm t !y deprive  
me ( free-w4  ,b1 n to insi/ fur!r on ! 
necessity ( a compromise betwe5 !       
executive p[] & ! p1 x seems to me1 sir1
 t1 9 d\bt+ my patriotism1 y reason v   
caprici\sly1 & t y\r judgm5ts are       
exce$+ly ra%4 ,y1 sir1 o/5sibly def5d+  
gov]nm5t & prop]ty1 are all[$ to be a   
republican1 re=m]1 phalan/]ian1 any ?+ y
 wi%2 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 dem&+ di/9ctly  
en\gh a slight re=m 9 public economy1 am
 =eorda9$ a cons]vative1 & likewise a   
fri5d ( ! dyna/y4 ,i _c expla9 myself m 
cle>ly4 ,s firm a believ] am ,i 9 !     
philosophy ( accompli%$ facts & ! /atu  
quo ( gov]nm5tal =ms t1 in/ead ( de/roy+
 t :i* exi/s & beg9n+ ov] aga9 ! pa/1 ,i
 pref] to r5d] e ?+ legitimate by       

correct+ x4 ,x is true t ! corrections  
:i* ,i propose1 ?\gh respect+ ! =m1 t5d 
to f9ally *ange ! nature ( ! ?+s        
correct$4 ,:o d5ies x8 ,b x is precisely
 t :i* con/itutes my sy/em ( /atu quo4  
,i make no w> ^u symbols1 figures1 or   
phantoms4 ,i respect sc>ecr[s1 & b[ be=e
 bugbe>s4 ,i ask1 on ! "o h&1 t prop]ty 
be left z x is1 b t int]e/ on all k9ds (
 capital be gradually l[]$ & f9ally     
aboli%$2 on ! o!r h&1 t ! *>t] be       
ma9ta9$ 9 its pres5t %ape1 b t me?od be 
introduc$ into adm9i/ration & politics4 
,t is all4 ,nev]!less1 submitt+ to all t
 is1 ?\gh n satisfi$ ) x1 ,i endeavor to
 con=m to ! e/abli%$ ord]1 & to r5d]    
unto ,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s4 ,is x 
?\ght1 = in/ance1 t ,i love prop]ty8444 
,v well2 ,i am myself a proprietor & d  
homage to ! "r ( increase1 z is prov$ by
 ! fact t ,i h cr$itors to :om ,i       
fai?fully pay1 e ye>1 a l>ge am\nt (    
int]e/4 ,! same ) politics4 ,s9ce we are
 a mon>*y1 ,i w\ld cry1 ,,long ,,live   
,,! ,,k+1 r ?an suff] dea?2 :i* does n  

prev5t me1 h[ev]1 f dem&+ t !           
irremovable1 inviolable1 & h]$it>y      
repres5tative ( ! nation %all act ) !   
proletaires aga9/ ! privileg$ classes2 9
 a ^w1 t ! k+ %all become ! lead] ( !   
radical p>ty4 ,!reby we proletaires w\ld
 ga9 e ?+2 & ,i am sure t1 at ?is price1
 ,l\is ,philippe might secure to 8      
family ! p]petual presid5cy ( !         
republic4 ,& ?is is :y ,i ?9k s4  ,if   
!re exi/$ 9 ,france b "o great          
functional inequality1 ! duty ( !       
function>y be+1 f "o end ( ! ye> to !   
o!r1 to hold full c\rt ( savants1       
arti/s1 soldi]s1 deputies1 inspectors1  
c41 x is evid5t t ! exp5ses ( !         
presid5cy !n w\ld be ! national exp5ses2
 & t1 ?r\gh ! rev]sion ( ! civil li/ to 
! mass ( consum]s1 ! great inequality ( 
:i* ,i speak w\ld =m an exact equation )
 ! :ole nation4 ,( ?is no economi/ ne$s 
a demon/ration4 ,consequ5tly1 !re w\ld  
be no m fe> ( cliques1 c\rti]s1 &       
appanages1 s9ce no new inequality c\ld  
be e/abli%$4 ,! k+1 z k+1 w\ld h fri5ds 

7unhe>d-( ?+71 b no family4 ,8 relatives
 or k9sm51--agnats et cognats1--if !y 7 
fools1 w\ld be no?+ to him2 & 9 no case1
 ) ! exception ( ! heir app>5t1 w\ld !y 
h1 ev5 9 c\rt1 m privileges ?an o!rs4   
,no m nepotism1 no m favor1 no m        
bas5ess4 ,no "o w\ld g to c\rt save :5  
duty requir$1 or :5 call$ by an         
honorable di/9ction2 & z all conditions 
w\ld be equal & all functions equally   
honor$1 !re w\ld be no o!r emulation ?an
 t ( m]it & virtue4 ,i wi% ! k+ ( !     
,fr5* c\ld say )\t %ame1 ,my bro!r !    
g>d5]1 my si/]-9-law ! milk-maid1 my son
 ! pr9ce-royal1 & my son ! blacksmi?4 ,8
 daught] might well be an arti/4 ,t w\ld
 be beautiful1 sir2 t w\ld be royal2 no 
"o b a buffoon c\ld fail to und]/& x4   
,9 ?is way1 ,i h come to ?9k t ! =ms (  
royalty may be made to h>monize ) !     
requirem5ts ( equality1 & h giv5 a      
mon>*ical =m to my republican _s4 ,i h  
se5 t ,france conta9s by no means z _m  
democrats z is g5]ally suppos$1 & ,i h  
compromis$ ) ! mon>*y4 ,i d n say1      

h[ev]1 t1 if ,france want$ a republic1  
,i c\ld n accommodate myself equally    
well1 & p]haps bett]4 ,by nature1 ,i    
hate all signs ( di/9ction1 crosses (   
honor1 gold lace1 liv]ies1 co/umes1     
honor>y titles1 c41 &1 above all1       
p>ades4 ,if ,i _h my way1 no g5]al %\ld 
be di/+ui%$ f a soldi]1 nor a pe] (     
,france f a peasant4 ,:y h ,i nev] tak5 
"p 9 a review8 = ,i am happy to say1    
sir1 t ,i am a national gu>d2 ,i h no?+ 
else 9 ! _w b t4 ,because ! review is   
always held at a place :i* ,i d n l1 &  
because !y h fools = (fic]s :om ,i am   
compell$ to obey4 ,y see1--& ?is is n ! 
be/ ( my hi/ory1--t1 9 spite ( my       
cons]vative op9ions1 my life is a       
p]petual sacrifice to ! republic4       
,nev]!less1 ,i d\bt if su* simplicity   
w\ld be agreeable to ,fr5* vanity1 to t 
inord9ate love ( di/9ction & flatt]y :i*
 makes our nation ! mo/ frivol\s 9 ! _w4
 ,m4 ,lam>t9e1 9 8 gr& ,m$itation on    
,bonap>te1 calls ! ,fr5* ,a ,,nation ,,(
 ,,brutuses4 ,we are m]ely a nation (   

,n>cissuses4 ,previ\s to '#hi1 we _h !  
ari/ocracy ( blood2 !n e b\rgeois look$ 
d[n ^u ! commonalty1 & wi%$ to be a     
nobleman4 ,aft]w>ds1 di/9ction 0 bas$ on
 weal?1 & ! b\rgeoisie jeal\s ( !       
nobility1 & pr\d ( _! money1 us$ #ahcj  
to promote1 n lib]ty by any means1 b !  
ari/ocracy ( weal?4 ,:51 ?r\gh ! =ce (  
ev5ts1 & ! natural laws ( society1 = !  
developm5t ( :i* ,france (f]s su* free  
play1 equality %all be e/abli%$ 9       
functions & =tunes1 !n ! beaux & !      
belles1 ! savants & ! arti/s1 w =m new  
classes4 ,!re is a univ]sal & innate    
desire 9 ?is ,gallic c\ntry = fame &    
glory4 ,we mu/ h di/9ctions1 be !y :at  
!y may1--nobility1 weal?1 tal5t1 beauty1
 or dress4 ,i suspect ,,mm4 ,arage &    
,g>ni]-,pages ( hav+ ari/ocratic mann]s1
 & ,i picture to myself our great       
j\rnali/s1 9 _! columns s fri5dly to !  
p1 adm9i/]+ r\gh kicks to ! compositors 
9 _! pr9t+ (fices4  ,?is man1 once said 
,le ,national 9 speak+ ( ,c>rel1 :om we 
_h proclaim$ ,,fir/ ,,consul6444 ,is x n

 true t ! mon>*ical pr9ciple /ill lives 
9 ! he>ts ( our democrats1 & t !y want  
univ]sal suffrage 9 ord] to make        
!mselves k+s8 ,s9ce ,le ,national prides
 itself on hold+ m fix$ op9ions ?an ,le 
,j\rnal des ,debats1 ,i presume t1 ,arm&
 ,c>rel be+ dead1 ,m4 ,arm& ,m>ra/ is n[
 fir/ consul1 & ,m4 ,g>ni]-,pages second
 consul4 ,9 e ?+ ! deputy mu/ give way  
to ! j\rnali/4 ,i d n speak ( ,m4       
,arago1 :om ,i believe to be1 9 spite ( 
calumny1 too le>n$ = ! consul%ip4 ,be x 
s4 ,?\gh we h consuls1 our position is n
 mu* alt]$4 ,i am ready to yield my %>e 
( sov]eignty to ,,mm4 ,arm& ,m>ra/ &    
,g>ni]-,pages1 ! appo9t$ consuls1       
provid$ !y w swe> on ent]+ ^u ! duties (
 _! (fice1 to aboli% prop]ty & n be     
haughty4  ,=ev] promises6 ,=ev] oa?s6   
,:y %\ld ! p tru/ 9 tribunes1 :5 k+s    
p]jure !mselves8 ,alas6 tru? & hone/y   
are no long]1 z 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,john1 9 
! m\? ( pr9ces4 ,a :ole s5ate has be5   
convict$ ( felony1 &1 ! int]e/ ( !      
gov]nors always be+1 = "s my/]i\s       

reason1 oppos$ to ! int]e/ ( ! gov]n$1  
p>liam5ts foll[ ea* o!r :ile ! nation   
dies ( hung]4 ,no1 no6 ,no m protectors1
 no m emp]ors1 no m consuls4 ,bett]     
manage our affairs ourselves ?an ?r\gh  
ag5ts4 ,bett] associate our indu/ries   
?an beg f monopolies2 &1 s9ce ! republic
 _c disp5se ) virtues1 we %\ld labor =  
our re=m4  ,?is1 !re=e1 is my l9e (     
conduct4 ,i prea* emancipation to !     
proletaires2 association to ! labor]s2  
equality to ! weal?y4 ,i pu% =w>d !     
revolution by all means 9 my p[]1--!    
tongue1 ! p51 ! press1 by action1 &     
example4 ,my life is a cont9ual         
apo/le%ip4  ,yes1 ,i am a re=m]2 ,i say 
x z ,i ?9k x1 9 good fai?1 & t ,i may be
 no long] reproa*$ = my vanity4 ,i wi%  
to conv]t ! _w4 ,v likely ?is fancy     
spr+s f an en?usia/ic pride :i* may h   
turn$ to delirium2 b x w be admitt$ at  
lea/ t ,i h pl5ty ( company1 & t my     
madness is n monomania4 ,at ! pres5t    
day1 ev]ybody wi%es to be reckon$ among 
! lunatics ( ,b]ang]4 ,to say no?+ ( !  

,babeufs1 ! ,m>ats1 & ! ,robespi]res1 :o
 sw>m 9 our /reets & work%ops1 all !    
great re=m]s ( antiquity live aga9 9 !  
mo/ illu/ri\s p]sonages ( our "t4 ,"o is
 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ano!r ,moses1 a ?ird     
,mahomet2 ?is is ,orpheus1 t ,plato1 or 
,py?agoras4 ,gregory ,,vii41 himself1   
has ris5 f ! grave toge!r ) ! evangeli/s
 & ! apo/les2 & x may turn out t ev5 ,i 
am t slave :o1 hav+ escap$ f 8 ma/]'s   
h\se1 0 =?) made a bi%op & a re=m] by   
,/4 ,paul4 ,z = ! virg9s & holy wom51 !y
 are expect$ daily2 at pres5t1 we h only
 ,aspasias & c\rtesans4  ,n[1 z 9 all   
diseases1 ! diagno/ic v>ies accord+ to !
 temp]am5t1 s my madness has its peculi>
 aspects & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic4         
,re=m]s1 z a g5]al ?+1 are jeal\s ( _!  
role2 !y suff] no rivals1 !y want no    
p>tn]s2 !y h disciples1 b no co-labor]s4
 ,x is my desire1 on ! contr>y1 to      
communicate my en?usiasm1 & to make x1 z
 f> z ,i c1 epidemic4 ,i wi% t all 71 l 
myself1 re=m]s1 9 ord] t !re might be no
 m sects2 & t ,*ri/s1 ,anti-,*ri/s1 &   

false ,*ri/s might be =c$ to und]/& &   
agree ) ea* o!r4  ,aga91 e re=m] is a   
magician1 or at lea/ desires to become  
"o4 ,?us ,moses1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & !      
apo/les1 prov$ _! mission by miracles4  
,mahomet ridicul$ miracles aft] hav+    
endeavor$ to p]=m !m4 ,f\ri]1 m cunn+1  
promises u wond]s :5 ! globe %all be    
cov]$ ) phalan/]ies4 ,= myself1 ,i h z  
great a horror ( miracles z (           
au?orities1 & aim only at logic4 ,t is  
:y ,i cont9ually se>* aft] ! crit]ion ( 
c]ta9ty4 ,i "w = ! re=mation ( ideas4   
,little matt]s x t !y f9d me dry &      
au/]e4 ,i mean to conqu] by a bold      
/ruggle1 or die 9 ! attempt2 & :oev]    
%all come to ! def5ce ( prop]ty1 ,i swe>
 t ,i w =ce him to argue l ,m4          
,consid]ant1 or philosophize l ,m4      
,troplong4  ,f9ally1--& x is "h t ,i    
diff] mo/ f my compe]s1--,i d n believe 
x necess>y1 9 ord] to rea* equality1 to 
turn e ?+ topsy-turvy4 ,to ma9ta9 t no?+
 b an ov]turn c lead to re=m is1 9 my   
judgm5t1 to con/ruct a syllogism1 & to  

look = ! tru? 9 ! regions ( ! unkn[n4   
,n[1 ,i am = g5]alization1 induction1 & 
progress4 ,i reg>d g5]al                
disappropriation z impossible3 attack$ f
 t po9t1 ! problem ( univ]sal           
association seems to me insolvable4     
,prop]ty is l ! dragon :i* ,h]cules     
kill$3 to de/roy x1 x mu/ be tak51 n by 
! head1 b by ! tail1--t is1 by pr(it &  
int]e/4  ,i /op4 ,i h said en\gh to     
satisfy any "o :o c read & und]/&4 ,!   
sure/ way by :i* ! gov]nm5t c baffle    
intrigues & break up p>ties is to take  
possession ( sci5ce1 & po9t out to !    
nation1 at an already appreciable       
di/ance1 ! ris+ oriflamme ( equality2 to
 say to ^? politicians ( ! tribune & !  
press1 = ^: fruitless qu>rels we pay s  
de>ly1 ,y are ru%+ =w>d1 bl9d z y are1  
to ! abolition ( prop]ty2 b ! gov]nm5t  
m>*es ) its eyes op54 ,y ha/5 ! future  
by unpr9cipl$ & ins9c]e controv]sy2 b ! 
gov]nm5t1 :i* kn[s ?is future1 leads y  
?i!r by a happy & peaceful transition4  
,! pres5t g5]ation w n pass away be=e   

,france1 ! guide & model ( civiliz$     
nations1 has rega9$ h] rank & legitimate
 influ5ce4  ,b1 alas6 ! gov]nm5t        
itself1--:o %all enlight5 x8 ,:o c      
induce x to accept ?is doctr9e (        
equality1 ^: t]rible b decisive =mula ! 
mo/ g5]\s m9ds h>dly d>e to             
ackn[l$ge8444 ,i feel my :ole be+       
tremble :5 ,i ?9k t ! te/imony ( ?ree   
m5--yes1 ( ?ree m5 :o make x _! bus9ess 
to tea* & def9e--w\ld suffice to give   
full play to public op9ion1 to *ange    
beliefs1 & to fix de/9ies4 ,w n ! ?ree  
m5 be f\nd8444  ,may we hope1 or n8 ,:at
 mu/ we ?9k ( ^? :o gov]n u8 ,9 ! _w (  
sorr[ 9 :i* ! proletaire moves1 & :]e   
no?+ is kn[n ( ! int5tions ( p[]1 x mu/ 
be said t despair prevails4 ,b y1       
sir1--y1 :o by function belong to !     
(ficial _w2 y1 9 :om ! p recognize "o ( 
_! noble/ fri5ds1 & prop]ty its mo/     
prud5t adv]s>y1--:at say y ( our        
deputies1 our m9i/]s1 our k+8 ,d y      
believe t ! au?orities are fri5dly to u8
 ,!n let ! gov]nm5t decl>e its position2

 let x pr9t its pr(ession ( fai? 9      
equality1 & ,i am dumb4 ,o!rwise1 ,i    
%all cont9ue ! w>2 & ! m ob/9acy &      
malice is %[n1 ! (t5] w ,i r$\ble my    
en]gy & audacity4 ,i h said be=e1 & ,i  
repeat x1--,i h sworn1 n on ! dagg] & ! 
dea?'s-head1 amid ! horrors ( a         
catacomb1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( m5 besme>$ )  
blood2 b ,i h sworn on my consci5ce to  
pursue prop]ty1 to grant x nei!r peace  
nor truce1 until ,i see x ev]y:]e       
execrat$4 ,i h n yet publi%$ half ! ?+s 
t ,i h to say conc]n+ ! "r ( doma91 nor 
! be/ ?+s4 ,let ! knights ( prop]ty1 if 
!re are any :o fight o!rwise ?an by     
retreat+1 be prep>$ e day = a new       
demon/ration & accusation2 let !m ent] !
 ar5a arm$ ) reason & k1 n wrapp$ up 9  
sophisms1 = ju/ice w be done4   ,to     
become enlight5$1 we mu/ h lib]ty4 ,t   
alone suffices2 b x mu/ be ! lib]ty to  
use ! reason 9 reg>d to all public      
matt]s4  ,& yet we he> on e h&          
au?orities ( all k9ds & degrees cry+3   
',d n reason6'  ,if a di/9ction is      

want$1 "h is "o3--  ,! ,,public use ( ! 
reason always %\ld be free1 b !         
,,private use ought always to be rigidly
 re/rict$4 ,by public use1 ,i mean !    
sci5tific1 lit]>y use2 by private1 t :i*
 may be tak5 advantage ( by civil       
(ficials & public function>ies4 ,s9ce ! 
gov]nm5tal ma*9]y mu/ be kept 9 motion1 
9 ord] to pres]ve unity & atta9 our     
object1 we mu/ n reason2 we mu/ obey4 ,b
 ! same individual :o is b\nd1 f ?is    
po9t ( view1 to passive ob$i5ce1 has !  
"r to speak 9 8 capacity ( citiz5 &     
s*ol>4 ,he c make an appeal to ! public1
 submit to x 8 obs]vations on ev5ts :i* 
occur ar\nd him & 9 ! ranks above him1  
tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 to avoid (f5ces :i* are
 puni%able4  ,reason1 !n1 z mu* z y l2  
only1 obey4--,kant3 ,fragm5t on !       
,lib]ty ( ,?\ght & ( ! ,press4 ,tissot's
 ,translation4   ,^! words ( ! great    
philosoph] outl9e = me my duty4 ,i h    
delay$ ! repr9t ( ! "w entitl$ ,:at is  
,prop]ty8 9 ord] t ,i might lift !      
discussion to ! philosophical height f  

:i* ridicul\s clamor has dragg$ x d[n2 &
 t1 by a new pres5tation ( ! "q1 ,i     
might dissipate ! fe>s ( good citiz5s4  
,i n[ re5t] ^u ! public use ( my reason1
 & give tru? full sw+4 ,! second edition
 ( ! ,fir/ ,memoir on ,prop]ty w        
imm$iately foll[ ! publication ( ?is    
lett]4 ,be=e issu+ any ?+ fur!r1 ,i %all
 await ! obs]vations ( my critics1 & !  
co-op]ation ( ! fri5ds ( ! p & (        
equality4  ,hi!rto1 ,i h spok5 9 my own 
"n1 & on my own p]sonal responsibility4 
,x 0 my duty4 ,i 0 endeavor+ to call    
att5tion to pr9ciples :i* antiquity c\ld
 n discov]1 because x knew no?+ ( !     
sci5ce :i* reveals !m1--political       
economy4 ,i h1 !n1 te/ifi$ z to ,,facts2
 9 %ort1 ,i h be5 a ,,witness4 ,n[ my   
role *anges4 ,x rema9s = me to d$uce !  
practical consequ5ces ( ! facts         
proclaim$4 ,! position ( ,,public       
,,prosecutor is ! only "o :i* ,i am     
h5ce=? fitt$ to fill1 & ,i %all sum up !
 case 9 ! "n ( ! ,,p4  ,i am1 sir1 ) all
 ! consid]ation t ,i owe to y\r tal5t & 

y\r "*1  ,y\r v humble & mo/ ob$i5t     
s]vant1  ,p4 ,j4 ,,pr\dhon1  ,p5sion] ( 
! ,academy ( ,besancon4   ,p4,s4 ,dur+ !
 session ( ,april #b1 ! ,*amb] (        
,deputies reject$1 by a v l>ge majority1
 ! lit]>y-prop]ty bill1 ,,because ,,x   
,,did ,,n ,,und]/& ,,x4 ,nev]!less1     
lit]>y prop]ty is only a special =m ( ! 
"r ( prop]ty1 :i* ev]ybody claims to    
und]/&4 ,let u hope t ?is legislative   
prec$5t w n be fruitless = ! cause (    
equality4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! vote ( !    
,*amb] is ! abolition ( capitali/ic     
prop]ty1--prop]ty incompreh5sible1      
contradictory1 impossible1 & absurd4    
,,footnotes3      ,footnote #a3 ,9 !    
,fr5* edition ( ,pr\dhon's works1 !     
above sket* ( 8 life is prefix$ to !    
fir/ volume ( 8 correspond5ce1 b !      
translator pref]s to ins]t x "h z ! be/ 
me?od ( introduc+ ! au?or to ! ,am]ican 
public4  ,footnote #b3 ,an ,inquiry into
 ,grammatical ,classifications4 ,by ,p4 
,j4 ,pr\dhon4 ,a treatise :i* receiv$   
honorable m5tion f ! ,academy (         

,inscriptions1 ,may #d1 #ahci4 ,out (   
pr9t4  ,footnote #c3 ,! ,utility ( !    
,celebration ( ,sunday1 c4 ,by ,p4 ,j4  
,pr\dhon4 ,besancon1 #ahci1 #abmo2 #b;d 
edition1 ,p>is1 #ahda1 #ahmo4  ,footnote
 #d3 ,*>ron1 on ,wisdom1 ,*apt] xviii4  
,footnote #e3 ,m4 ,vivi51 ,m9i/] (      
,ju/ice1 be=e comm5c+ proce$+s aga9/ !  
,memoir ^u ,prop]ty1 ask$ ! op9ion ( ,m4
 ,blanqui2 & x 0 on ! /r5g? ( !         
obs]vations ( ?is honorable academician 
t he sp>$ a book :i* _h already excit$ !
 indignation ( ! magi/rates4 ,m4 ,vivi5 
is n ! only (ficial to :om ,i h be5     
indebt$1 s9ce my fir/ publication1 =    
assi/ance & protection2 b su* g5]osity 9
 ! political ar5a is s r>e t "o may     
ackn[l$ge x graci\sly & freely4 ,i h    
always ?\ght1 = my "p1 t bad in/itutions
 made bad magi/rates2 j z ! c[>dice &   
hypocrisy ( c]ta9 bodies results solely 
f ! _s :i* gov]ns !m4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 9 
spite ( ! virtues & tal5ts = :i* !y are 
s not$1 are ! academies g5]ally c5tres (
 intellectual repression1 /upidity1 &   

base intrigue8 ,t "q ought to be propos$
 by an academy3 !re w\ld be no lack (   
competitors4  ,footnote #f3 ,9 ,greek1  
,,greek e ncg  exam9]2 a philosoph] ^:  
bus9ess is to seek ! tru?4  ,footnote   
#g3 ,religion1 laws1 m>riage1 7 !       
privileges ( freem51 &1 9 ! beg9n+1 (   
nobles only4 ,dii majorum g5tium--gods (
 ! patrician families2 jus g5tium--"r ( 
nations2 t is1 ( families or nobles4 ,! 
slave & ! plebeian _h no families2 _!   
*ildr5 7 treat$ z ! (fspr+ ( animals4   
,,bea/s !y 7 born1 ,,bea/s !y mu/ live4 
,footnote #h3 ,if ! *ief ( ! executive  
p[] is responsible1 s mu/ ! deputies be 
also4 ,x is a/oni%+ t ?is idea has nev] 
occurr$ to any "o2 x might be made !    
subject ( an int]e/+ essay4 ,b ,i decl>e
 t ,i w\ld n1 = all ! _w1 ma9ta9 x2 ! p 
are yet mu* too logical = me to furni%  
!m ) argum5ts4  ,footnote #i3 ,see ,de  
,tocqueville1 ,democracy 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates2 & ,mi*el ,*evali]1 ,lett]s on   
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,plut>* tells u1 ,life ( 
,p]icles1 t 9 ,a!ns hone/ p 7 oblig$ to 

conceal !mselves :ile /udy+1 fe>+ !y    
w\ld be reg>d$ z aspirants = (fice4     
,footnote #aj3 ,sov]eignty1 accord+ to  
,t\lli]1 is human omnipot5ce4 ,a        
mat]iali/ic def9ition3 if sov]eignty is 
any ?+1 x is a ,,"r n a ,,=ce or a      
faculty4 ,& :at is human omnipot5ce8    
,footnote #aa3 ,! ,pr\dhon "h ref]r$ to 
is ,j4 ,b4 ,v4 ,pr\dhon2 a di/+ui%$     
,fr5* juri/1 & di/ant relative ( !      
,translator4  ,footnote #ab3 ,"h1       
especially1 ! simplicity ( our ance/ors 
appe>s 9 all its rud5ess4 ,aft] hav+    
made fir/ c\s9s heirs1 :]e !re 7 no     
legitimate *ildr51 !y c\ld n s divide ! 
prop]ty betwe5 two diff]5t bran*es z to 
prev5t ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( extreme  
weal? & extreme pov]ty 9 ! same family4 
,= example3-- ,james1 dy+1 leaves two   
sons1 ,pet] & ,john1 heirs ( 8 =tune3   
,james's prop]ty is divid$ equally      
betwe5 !m4 ,b ,pet] has only "o daught]1
 :ile ,john1 8 bro!r1 leaves six sons4  
,x is cle> t1 to be true to ! pr9ciple (
 equality1 & at ! same "t to t ( h]$ity1

 ! two e/ates mu/ be divid$ 9 sev5 equal
 portions among ! *ildr5 ( ,pet] &      
,john2 = o!rwise a /rang] might m>ry    
,pet]'s daught]1 & by ?is alliance half 
( ! prop]ty ( ,james1 ! gr&fa!r1 w\ld be
 transf]r$ to ano!r family1 :i* is      
contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity4         
,fur!rmore1 ,john's *ildr5 w\ld be poor 
on acc\nt ( _! numb]1 :ile _! c\s91 be+ 
an only *ild1 w\ld be ri*1 :i* is       
contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( equality4 ,if we
 ext5d ?is comb9$ application ( two     
pr9ciples app>5tly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 we
 %all become conv9c$ t ! "r (           
succession1 :i* is assail$ ) s little   
wisdom 9 our day1 is no ob/acle to !    
ma9t5ance ( equality4  ,footnote #ac3   
,zeus klesios4  ,footnote #ad3 ,giraud1 
,inve/igations into ! ,"r ( ,prop]ty    
among ! ,romans4  ,footnote #ae3        
,prec>i\s1 f precor1 ,i pray2 because ! 
act ( concession expressly signifi$ t ! 
"l1 9 answ] to ! pray]s ( 8 m5 or       
slaves1 _h grant$ !m p]mission to labor4
  ,footnote #af3 ,i _c conceive h[ any  

"o d>es to ju/ify ! inequality (        
conditions1 by po9t+ to ! base          
incl9ations & prop5sities ( c]ta9 m54   
,:5ce comes ?is %ameful degradation (   
he>t & m9d to :i* s _m fall victims1 if 
n f ! mis]y & abjection into :i* prop]ty
 plunges !m8  ,footnote #ag3 ,h[ _m     
citiz5s are ne$$ to support a pr(essor (
 philosophy8--,?irty-five millions4 ,h[ 
_m = an economi/8--,two billions4 ,& = a
 lit]>y man1 :o is nei!r a savant1 nor  
an arti/1 nor a philosoph]1 nor an      
economi/1 & :o writes newspap]          
novels8--,none4  ,footnote #ah3 ,!re is 
an error 9 ! au?or's calculation "h2 b !
 translator1 feel+ sure t ! read] w     
und]/& ,pr\dhon's mean+1 pref]s n to    
alt] 8 figures4--,translator4  ,footnote
 #ai3 ,hoc int] se diff]unt onanismus et
 manuspratio1 nempe quod haec a solit>io
 ex]cetur1 ille autem a duobus          
reciprocatur1 masculo scilicet et       
faem9a4 ,porro fo$am hanc onanismi v5]em
 lud5tes uxoria m>iti hab5t nunc omnigm 
suavissimam  ,footnote #bj3             

,poly&ry1--plurality ( husb&s4          
,footnote #ba3 ,infanticide has j be5   
publicly advocat$ 9 ,engl&1 9 a pamphlet
 writt5 by a disciple ( ,mal?us4 ,he    
proposes an ,,annual ,,massacre ,,( ,,! 
,,innoc5ts 9 all families conta9+ m     
*ildr5 ?an ! law all[s2 & he asks t a   
magnific5t cemet]y1 adorn$ ) /atues1    
groves1 f\nta9s1 & fl[]s1 be set ap>t z 
a special bury+-place = ! sup]flu\s     
*ildr54 ,mo!rs w\ld resort to ?is       
delightful spot to dream ( ! happ9ess ( 
^! little angels1 & w\ld return1 q      
com=t$1 to give bir? to o!rs1 to be     
buri$ 9 _! turn4  ,footnote #bb3 ,to    
p]=m an act ( b5evol5ce t[>ds "o's      
neighbor is call$1 9 ,hebrew1 to d      
ju/ice2 9 ,greek1 to take compassion or 
pity 7,,greek n n f e 1f :i* is d]iv$ ! 
,fr5* aumone72 9 ,lat91 to p]=m an act (
 love or *>ity2 9 ,fr5*1 give alms4 ,we 
c trace ! degradation ( ?is pr9ciple    
?r\gh ^! v>i\s expressions3 ! fir/      
signifies duty2 ! second only sympa?y2 !
 ?ird1 affection1 a matt] ( *oice1 n an 

obligation2 ! f\r?1 caprice4  ,footnote 
#bc3 ,i mean "h by equite :at ! ,lat9s  
call$ humanitas1-- t is1 ! k9d (        
sociability :i* is peculi> to man4      
,humanity1 g5tle & c\rte\s to all1 kn[s 
h[ to di/+ui% ranks1 virtues1 &         
capacities )\t injury to any4  ,footnote
 #bd3 ,ju/ice & equite nev] h be5       
und]/ood4  ,footnote #be3 ,betwe5 woman 
& man !re may exi/ love1 passion1 ties (
 cu/om1 & ! l2 b !re is no real society4
 ,man & woman are n companions4 ,!      
diff]5ce ( ! sexes places a b>ri] betwe5
 !m1 l t plac$ betwe5 animals by a      
diff]5ce ( race4 ,consequ5tly1 f> f     
advocat+ :at is n[ call$ ! emancipation 
( woman1 ,i %\ld incl9e1 r1 if !re 7 no 
o!r alt]native1 to exclude h] f society4
  ,footnote #bf3 ,! /rong-box ( ,cosmo  
de ,m$ici 0 ! grave ( ,flor5t9e lib]ty1 
said ,m4 ,mi*elet to ! ,college (       
,france4  ,footnote #bg3 ,my "r is my   
lance & my buckl]4 ,g5]al de ,bross>d   
said1 l ,a*illes3 ,i get w9e1 gold1 &   
wom5 ) my lance & my buckl]4  ,footnote 

#bh3 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ & pr(itable to  
review ! au?ors :o h writt5 on usury1   
or1 to use ! g5tl] expression :i* "s    
pref]1 l5d+at int]e/4 ,! !ologians      
always h oppos$ usury2 b1 s9ce !y h     
admitt$ always ! legitimacy ( r5t1 &    
s9ce r5t is evid5tly id5tical ) int]e/1 
!y h lo/ !mselves 9 a labyr9? ( subtle  
di/9ctions1 & h f9ally rea*$ a pass :]e 
!y d n "k :at to ?9k ( usury4 ,!        
,*ur*--! tea*] ( morality1 s jeal\s & s 
pr\d ( ! purity ( h] doctr9e--has always
 be5 ignorant ( ! real nature ( prop]ty 
& usury4 ,%e ev5 has proclaim$ ?r\gh h] 
pontiffs ! mo/ deplorable errors4 ,non  
pote/ mutuum1 said ,b5$ict ,,xiv41      
locationi ullo pacto comp>>i4 ,r5t1 says
 ,bossuet1 is z f> f usury z heav5 is f 
! e>?4 ,h[1 onsic su* a doctr9e1 condemn
 l5d+ at int]e/8 h[ ju/ify ! ,gospel1   
:i* expressly =bids usury8 ,! difficulty
 ( !ologians is a v s]i\s "o4 ,unable to
 refute ! economical demon/rations1 :i* 
rightly assimilate int]e/ to r5t1 !y no 
long] d>e to condemn int]e/1 & !y c say 

only t !re mu/ be su* a ?+ z usury1 s9ce
 ! ,gospel =bids x4  ,footnote #bi3 ,i  
prea* ! ,gospel1 ,i live by ! ,gospel1  
said ! ,apo/le2 mean+ !reby t he liv$ by
 8 labor4 ,! ,ca?olic cl]gy pref] to    
live by prop]ty4 ,! /ruggles 9 !        
communes ( ! middle ages betwe5 ! prie/s
 & bi%ops & ! l>ge proprietors &        
seigneurs are fam\s4 ,! papal           
excommunications fulm9at$ 9 def5ce (    
ecclesia/ical rev5ues are no less s4    
,ev5 to-day1 ! (ficial organs ( !       
,gallican cl]gy /ill ma9ta9 t ! pay     
receiv$ by ! cl]gy is n a sal>y1 b an   
indemnity = goods ( :i* !y 7 once       
proprietors1 & :i* 7 tak5 f !m 9 '#hi by
 ! ,?ird ,e/ate4 ,! cl]gy pref] to live 
by ! "r ( increase r ?an by labor4      
,footnote #cj3 ,! mean+ ord9>ily atta*$ 
to ! ^w an>*y is abs5ce ( pr9ciple1     
abs5ce ( rule2 consequ5tly1 x has be5   
reg>d$ z synonym\s ) disord]4  ,footnote
 #ca3 ,if su* ideas are ev] =c$ into !  
m9ds ( ! p1 x w be by repres5tative     
gov]nm5t & ! tyranny ( talk]s4 ,once    

sci5ce1 ?\ght1 & spee* 7 *>act]iz$ by ! 
same expression4 ,to designate a        
?\ghtful & a le>n$ man1 !y said1 a man  
quick to speak & p[]ful 9 disc\rse4 ,= a
 long "t1 spee* has be5 ab/ractly       
di/+ui%$ f sci5ce & reason4 ,gradually1 
?is ab/raction is becom+ realiz$1 z !   
logicians say1 9 society2 s t we h      
to-day savants ( _m k9ds :o talk b      
little1 & ,,talk]s :o are n ev5 savants 
9 ! sci5ce ( spee*4 ,?us a philosoph] is
 no long] a savant3 he is a talk]4      
,legislators & poets 7 once pr(\nd &    
sublime *>act]s3 n[ !y are talk]s4 ,a   
talk] is a sonor\s bell1 :om ! lea/ %ock
 suffices to set 9 p]petual motion4 ,) !
 talk]1 ! fl[ ( spee* is always directly
 proportional to ! pov]ty ( ?\ght4      
,talk]s gov]n ! _w2 !y /un u1 !y bore u1
 !y worry u1 !y suck our blood1 & laugh 
at u4 ,z = ! savants1 !y keep sil5ce3 if
 !y wi% to say a ^w1 !y are cut %ort4   
,let !m write4  ,footnote #cb3 lib]tas1 
libr>e1 libratio1 libra1--lib]ty1 to    
lib]ate1 libration1 balance             

7p\nd71--words :i* h a common d]ivation4
 ,lib]ty is ! balance ( rights & duties4
 ,to make a man free is to balance him )
 o!rs1--t is1 to put him or _! level4   
,footnote #cc3 ,9 a mon?ly publication1 
! fir/ numb] ( :i* has j appe>$ "u ! "n 
( ,l',egalitaire1 self-sacrifice is laid
 d[n z a pr9ciple ( equality4 ,?is is a 
confusion ( ideas4 ,self- sacrifice1    
tak5 alone1 is ! la/ degree (           
inequality4 ,to seek equality 9         
self-sacrifice is to confess t equality 
is aga9/ nature4 ,equality mu/ be bas$  
^u ju/ice1 ^u /rict "r1 ^u ! pr9ciples  
invok$ by ! proprietor himself2 o!rwise 
x w nev] exi/4 ,self-sacrifice is       
sup]ior to ju/ice2 b x _c be impos$ z   
law1 because x is ( su* a nature z to   
admit ( no rew>d4 ,x is1 inde$1         
desirable t ev]ybody %all recognize !   
necessity ( self- sacrifice1 & ! idea ( 
,l',egalitaire is an excell5t example4  
,un=tunately1 x c h no effect4 ,:at w\ld
 y reply1 inde$1 to a man :o %\ld say to
 y1 ,i d n want to sacrifice myself8 ,is

 he to be compell$ to d s8 ,:5          
self-sacrifice is =c$1 x becomes        
oppression1 slav]y1 ! exploitation ( man
 by man4 ,?us h ! proletaires sacrific$ 
!mselves to prop]ty4  ,footnote #cd3 ,! 
disciples ( ,f\ri] h long seem$ to me ! 
mo/ advanc$ ( all mod]n sociali/s1 &    
almo/ ! only ones wor?y ( ! "n4 ,if !y  
_h und]/ood ! nature ( _! task1 spok5 to
 ! p1 awak5$ _! sympa?ies1 & kept sil5ce
 :5 !y did n und]/&2 if !y _h made less 
extravagant pret5sions1 & _h %[n m      
respect = public intellig5ce1--p]haps ! 
re=m w\ld n[1 ?anks to !m1 be 9         
progress4 ,b :y are ^! e>ne/ re=m]s     
cont9ually b[+ to p[] & weal?1--t is1 to
 all t is anti- re=matory8 ,h[1 9 a ?9k+
 age1 c !y fail to see t ! _w mu/ be    
conv]t$ by ,,demon/ration1 n by my?s &  
allegories8 ,:y d !y1 ! deadly enemies (
 civilization1 borr[ f x1 nev]!less1 its
 mo/ p]nici\s fruits1--prop]ty1         
inequality ( =tune & rank1 gluttony1    
concub9age1 pro/itution1 :at d ,i "k8   
!urgy1 magic1 & sorc]y8 ,:y ^! endless  

d5unciations ( morality1 metaphysics1 & 
psy*ology1 :5 ! abuse ( ^! sci5ces1 :i* 
!y d n und]/&1 con/itutes _! :ole sy/em8
 ,:y ?is mania = deify+ a man ^:        
pr9cipal m]it consi/$ 9 talk+ nons5se   
ab\t ?+s ^: names1 ev51 he did n "k1 9 !
 /ronge/ language ev] put ^u pap]8      
,:oev] admits ! infallibility ( a man   
becomes !reby incapable ( in/ruct+ o!rs4
 ,:oev] d5ies 8 own reason w soon       
proscribe free ?\ght4 ,! phalan/]ians   
w\ld n fail to d x if !y _h ! p[]4 ,let 
!m condesc5d to reason1 let !m proce$   
sy/ematically1 let !m give u            
demon/rations in/ead ( revelations1 & we
 w li/5 will+ly4 ,!n let !m organize    
manufactures1 agriculture1 & comm]ce2   
let !m make labor attractive1 & ! mo/   
humble functions honorable1 & our praise
 %all be !irs4 ,above all1 let !m ?r[ (f
 t ,illum9ism :i* gives !m ! appe>ance (
 impo/ors or dupes1 r ?an believ]s &    
apo/les4  ,footnote #ce3 ,individual    
possession is no ob/acle to ext5sive    
cultivation & unity ( exploitation4 ,if 

,i h n spok5 ( ! drawbacks aris+ f small
 e/ates1 x is because ,i ?\ght x useless
 to repeat :at s _m o!rs h said1 & :at  
by ?is "t all ! _w mu/ "k4 ,b ,i am     
surpris$ t ! economi/s1 :o h s cle>ly   
%[n ! disadvantages ( spade-husb&ry1 h  
fail$ to see t x is caus$ entirely by   
prop]ty2 above all1 t !y h n p]ceiv$ t  
_! plan = mobiliz+ ! soil is a fir/ /ep 
t[>ds ! abolition ( prop]ty4   ,footnote
 #cf3 ,9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 dur+ !   
session ( ! fif? ( ,janu>y1 #ahda1 ,m4  
,dufaure mov$ to r5ew ! expropriation   
bill1 on ! gr\nd ( public utility4      
,footnote #cg3 ,:at is ,prop]ty8 ,*ap4  
,,iv41 ,n9? ,proposition4  ,footnote    
#ch3 ,tu cognovi/i sessionem meam et    
resurrectionem meam4 ,psalm #aci4       
,footnote #ci3 ,! emp]or ,ni*olas has j 
compell$ all ! manufactur]s 9 8 empire  
to ma9ta91 at _! own exp5se1 )9 _!      
e/abli%m5ts1 small hospitals = !        
reception ( sick workm51--! numb] ( b$s 
9 ea* be+ proportional to ! numb] (     
labor]s 9 ! factory4 ,y pr(it by man's  

labor1 ! ,cz> c\ld h said to 8          
proprietors2 y %all be responsible =    
man's life4 ,m4 ,blanqui has said t su* 
a measure c\ld n succe$ 9 ,france4 ,x   
w\ld be an attack ^u prop]ty1--a ?+     
h>dly conceivable ev5 9 ,russia1        
,scy?ia1 or among ! ,cossacks2 b among  
u1 ! olde/ sons ( civilization6444 ,i   
fe> v mu* t ?is quality ( age may prove 
9 ! end a m>k ( decrepitude4  ,footnote 
#dj3 ,c\rse ( ,m4 ,blanqui4 ,lecture (  
,nov4 #bg1ahdj4  ,footnote #da3 ,9      
,mazaniello1 ! ,neapolitan fi%]man      
dem&s1 amid ! applause ( ! gall]ies1 t a
 tax be levi$ ^u luxuries4  ,footnote   
#db3               ,seme le *amp1       
proletaire2 ,c'e/ l l'oisif qui         
recolt]a4  ,footnote #dc3 ,9 "s         
c\ntries1 ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 political  
rights dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( prop]ty4 ,b1 
9 ^! same c\ntries1 prop]ty is          
expressive1 r ?an attributive1 ( !      
qualifications necess>y to ! ex]cise (  
^! rights4 ,x is r a conjectural pro(   
?an ! cause ( ^!                        

qualifications4--,rossi3 ,treatise on   
,p5al ,law4  ,footnote #dd3 ,lecture (  
,decemb] #bb4  ,footnote #de3 ,lecture (
 ,jan4 #ae1 #ahda4  ,footnote #df3      
,lecture ( ,jan4 #ae1 #ahda4  ,footnote 
#dg3 ,,mm4 ,blanqui & ,wol[ski4         
,footnote #dh3 ,subject propos$ by !    
,f\r? ,class ( ! ,in/itute1 ! ,academy (
 ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces3 ,:at w\ld
 be ! effect ^u ! work+-class ( !       
organization ( labor1 accord+ to ! mod]n
 ideas ( association8  ,footnote #di3   
,subject propos$ by ! ,academy (        
,besancon3 ,! economical & moral        
consequ5ces 9 ,france1 up to ! pres5t   
"t1 & ^? :i* seem likely to appe> 9     
future1 ( ! law conc]n+ ! equal division
 ( h]$it>y prop]ty betwe5 ! *ildr54     
,footnote #ej3 ,,greek1 8n n '1--great] 
prop]ty4 ,! ,vulgate translates x       
av>itia4  ,footnote #ea3 ,simil> or     
analog\s cu/oms h exi/$ among all       
nations4 ,consult1 among o!r works1     
,orig9 ( ,fr5* ,law1 by ,m4 ,mi*elet2 & 
,antiquities ( ,g]man ,law1 by ,grimm4  

,footnote #eb3 ,dees hom9esque te/amur1 
nos arma neque contra patriam cepisse   
neque quo p]iculum aliis fac]emus1 s$   
uti corpora no/ra ab injuria tuta =5t1  
qui mis]i1 eg5tes1 viol5tia atque       
crudelitate fo5]at]um1 pl]ique patriae1 
s$ omncsf>na atque =tunis exp]tes sumus2
 neque cuiquam no/rum licuit1 m majorum1
 lege uti1 neque1 amisso patrimonio1    
libf]um corpus hab]e4--,sallus3 ,bellum 
,catil9>ium4   ,footnote #ec3 ,fifty1   
sixty1 & eighty p] c5t4--,c\rse ( ,m4   
,blanqui4  ,footnote #ed3 ,episcopi     
plurimi1 quos et hortam5to esse oportet 
caet]is et exemplo1 div9a pr\ratione    
contempta1 procuratores r]um saeul>ium  
fi]i1 d]elicta ca!dra1 plebe les]ta1 p] 
ali5as prov9cias ob]rantes1             
negotiationis quae/uosae nund9as au     
uucu-1 p>i1 esuri5tibus 9 ecclesia      
fratribus hab]e arg5tum l>gitur velle1  
fundos insidi4sis fraudibus rap]e1      
usuris multiplicantibus fa5us           
aug]e4--,cyprian3 ,de ,lapsis4 --,,note3
 :at does ?is ref] to8 ,?is is at bottom

 ( pg #cda 9 ,,ms ,9 ?is passage1 ,/4   
,cyprian alludes to l5d+ on mortgages & 
to comp\nd int]e/4  ,footnote #ee3      
,inquiries conc]n+ ,prop]ty among !     
,romans4  ,footnote #ef3 ,its           
acquisitive nature works rapidly 9 !    
sleep ( ! law4 ,x is ready1 at ! ^w1 to 
absorb e ?+4 ,witness ! fam\s           
equivocation ab\t ! ox-hide :i*1 :5 cut 
up into ?ongs1 0 l>ge en\gh to enclose !
 site ( ,c>?age4444 ,! leg5d has        
reappe>$ sev]al times s9ce ,dido4444    
,su* is ! love ( man = ! l&4 ,limit$ by 
tombs1 measur$ by ! memb]s ( ! human    
body1 by ! ?umb1 ! foot1 & ! arm1 x     
h>monizes1 z f> z possible1 ) ! v       
proportions ( man4 ,nor is he satisfi$  
yet3 he calls ,heav5 to witness t x is  
82 he tries to or 8 l&1 to give x ! =m (
 heav54444 ,9 8 titanic intoxication1 he
 describes prop]ty 9 ! v t]ms :i* he    
employs 9 describ+ ! ,almighty--fundus  
optimus maximus4444 ,he %all make x 8   
c\*1 & !y %all be sep>at$ no            
m1--,,greek1 ' nf g h g                 

g4--,mi*elet3,orig9 ( ,fr5* ,law4       
,footnote #eg3 ,m4 ,guizot d5ies t      
,*ri/ianity alone is entitl$ to ! glory 
( ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,to ?is end1 he 
says1 _m causes 7 necess>y1--! evolution
 ( o!r ideas & o!r pr9ciples (          
civilization4 ,s g5]al an ass]tion _c be
 refut$4 ,"s ( ^! ideas & causes %\ld h 
be5 po9t$ out1 t we might judge :e!r _! 
s\rce 0 n :olly ,*ri/ian1 or :e!r at    
lea/ ! ,*ri/ian _s _h n p5etrat$ & ?us  
fructifi$ !m4 ,mo/ ( ! emancipation     
*>t]s beg9 ) ^! words3 ,= ! love ( ,god 
& ! salvation ( my s\l4  ,footnote #eh3 
,w]egild1--! f9e paid = ! murd] ( a man4
 ,s mu* = a c\nt1 s mu* = a b>on1 s mu* 
= a freeman1 s mu* = a prie/2 = a slave1
 no?+4 ,8 value 0 re/or$ to !           
proprietor4  ,footnote #ei3 ,! _s (     
despotism & monopoly :i* animat$ !      
communes has n escap$ ! att5tion (      
hi/orians4 ,! =mation ( ! common]s'     
associations1 says ,mey]1 did n spr+ f !
 true _s ( lib]ty1 b f ! desire =       
exemption f ! *>ges ( ! seigniors1 f    

individual int]e/s1 & jeal\sy ( ! welf>e
 ( o!rs4444 ,ea* commune or corporation 
oppos$ ! creation ( e o!r2 & ?is _s     
increas$ to su* an ext5t t ! ,k+ (      
,engl&1 ,h5ry ,v41 hav+ e/abli%$ a      
univ]sity at ,ca51 9 #adcb1 ! city &    
univ]sity ( ,p>is oppos$ ! regi/ration (
 ! edict4  ,footnote #fj3 ,feudalism 01 
9 _s & 9 its provid5tial de/9y1 a long  
prote/ ( ! human p]sonality aga9/ !     
monki% communism ) :i* ,europe1 9 !     
middle ages1 0 ov]run4 ,aft] ! orgies ( 
,pagan selfi%ness1 society--c>ri$ to !  
opposite extreme by ! ,*ri/ian          
religion--risk$ its life by unlimit$    
self-d5ial & absolute indiff]5ce to !   
pleasures ( ! _w4 ,feudalism 0 !        
balance-weight :i* sav$ ,europe f !     
comb9$ influ5ce ( ! religi\s communities
 & ! ,manl*ean sects :i* _h sprung up   
s9ce ! f\r? c5tury "u diff]5t names & 9 
diff]5t c\ntries4 ,mod]n civilization is
 indebt$ to feudalism = ! def9itive     
e/abli%m5t ( ! p]son1 ( m>riage1 ( !    
family1 & ( c\ntry4 7,see1 on ?is       

subject1 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory (             
,civilization 9 ,europe47  ,footnote    
#fa3 ,?is 0 made evid5t 9 ,july1 #ahcj1 
& ! ye>s :i* foll[$ x1 :5 ! electoral   
b\rgeoisie effect$ a revolution 9 ord]  
to get control ov] ! k+1 & suppress$ !  
emeutes 9 ord] to re/ra9 ! p4 ,!        
b\rgeoisie1 ?r\gh ! jury1 ! magi/racy1  
its position 9 ! army1 & its municipal  
despotism1 gov]ns bo? royalty & ! p4 ,x 
is ! b\rgeoisie :i*1 m ?an any o!r      
class1 is cons]vative & retrogressive4  
,x is ! b\rgeoisie :i* makes & unmakes  
m9i/ries4 ,x is ! b\rgeoisie :i* has    
de/roy$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,upp] ,*amb]1 &  
:i* w de?rone ! ,k+ :5ev] he %all become
 unsatisfactory to x4 ,x is to please ! 
b\rgeoisie t royalty makes itself       
unpopul>4 ,x is ! b\rgeoisie :i* is     
tr\bl$ at ! hopes ( ! p1 & :i* h9d]s    
re=m4 ,! j\rnals ( ! b\rgeoisie are !   
ones :i* prea* morality & religion to u1
 :ile res]v+ scepticism & indiff]5ce =  
!mselves2 :i* attack p]sonal gov]nm5t1 &
 favor ! d5ial ( ! electoral privilege  

to ^? :o h no prop]ty4 ,! b\rgeoisie w  
accept any ?+ r ?an ! emancipation ( !  
prolet>iat4 ,z soon z x ?9ks its        
privileges ?reat5$1 x w unite ) royalty2
 & :o does n "k t at ?is v mom5t ^! two 
antagoni/s h susp5d$ _! qu>rels8444 ,x  
has be5 a "q ( prop]ty4  ,footnote #fb3 
,! same op9ion 0 rec5tly express$ f !   
tribune by "o ( our mo/ honorable       
,deputies1 ,m4 ,gaugui]4 ,nature1 said  
he1 has n end[$ man ) l&$ prop]ty4      
,*ang+ ! adjective ,,l&$1 :i* designates
 only a species into ,,capitali/ic1 :i* 
d5otes ! g5us1--,m4 ,gaugui] made an    
egalitaire pr(ession ( fai?4  ,footnote 
#fc3 ,a pr(essor ( comp>ative           
legislation1 ,m4 ,l]m9i]1 has gone /ill 
f>!r4 ,he has d>$ to say t ! nation took
 f ! cl]gy all _! possessions1 n because
 ( ,,idl5ess1 b because ( ,,unwor?9ess4 
,y h civiliz$ ! _w1 cries ?is apo/le (  
equality1 speak+ to ! prie/s2 & = t     
reason y\r possessions 7 giv5 y4 ,9 y\r 
h&s !y 7 at once an in/rum5t & a rew>d4 
,b y d n n[ des]ve !m1 = y long s9ce    

ceas$ to civilize any ?+ :atev]4444     
,footnote #fd3 ,treatise on             
,prescription4  ,footnote #fe3 ,orig9 ( 
,fr5* ,law4  ,footnote #ff3 ,to honor   
"o's p>5ts1 to be grateful to "o's      
b5efactors1 to nei!r kill nor           
/eal1--tru?s ( inw>d s5sation4 ,to obey 
,god r ?an m51 to r5d] to ea* t :i* is  
82 ! :ole is great] ?an a "p1 a /raight 
l9e is ! %orte/ road f "o po9t to       
ano!r1--tru?s ( intuition4 ,all are a   
priori b ! fir/ are felt by ! consci5ce1
 & imply only a simple act ( ! s\l2 !   
second are p]ceiv$ by ! reason1 & imply 
comp>ison & relation4 ,9 %ort1 ! =m] are
 s5tim5ts1 ! latt] are ideas4  ,footnote
 #fg3 ,arm& ,c>rel w\ld h favor$ !      
=tification ( ! capital4 ,le ,national  
has said1 aga9 & aga91 plac+ ! "n ( its 
old editor by ! side ( ! names (        
,napoleon & ,vauban4 ,:at signifies ?is 
exhumation ( an anti-popul> politician8 
,x signifies t ,arm& ,c>rel wi%$ to make
 gov]nm5t an individual & irremovable1 b
 elective1 prop]ty1 & t he wi%$ ?is     

prop]ty to be elect$1 n by ! p1 b by !  
army4 ,! political sy/em ( ,c>rel 0     
simply a reorganization ( ! pretorian   
gu>ds4 ,c>rel also hat$ ! pequ9s4 ,t :i*
 he deplor$ 9 ! revolution ( ,july 0 n1 
!y say1 ! insurrection ( ! p1 b !       
victory ( ! p ov] ! soldi]s4 ,t is !    
reason :y ,c>rel1 aft] #ahcj1 w\ld nev] 
support ! patriots4 ,d y answ] me ) a   
few regim5ts8 he ask$4 ,arm& ,c>rel     
reg>d$ ! army--! milit>y p[]--z ! basis 
( law & gov]nm5t4 ,?is man und\bt$ly _h 
a moral s5se )9 him1 b he surely _h no  
s5se ( ju/ice4 ,7 he /ill 9 ?is _w1 ,i  
decl>e x boldly1 lib]ty w\ld h no great]
 enemy ?an ,c>rel4  ,footnote #fh3 ,9 a 
v %ort article1 :i* 0 read by ,m4       
,wol[ski1 ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc decl>es1 9   
sub/ance1 t he is n a communi/ 7:i* ,i  
easily believe72 t "o mu/ be a fool to  
attack prop]ty 7b he does n say :y72 & t
 x is v necess>y to gu>d aga9/ conf\nd+ 
prop]ty ) its abuses4 ,:5 ,voltaire     
ov]?rew ,*ri/ianity1 he repeat$ly av[$ t
 he _h no spite aga9/ religion1 b only  

aga9/ its abuses4  ,footnote #fi3 ,!    
prop]ty fev] is at its height among     
writ]s & arti/s1 & x is curi\s to see ! 
complac5cy ) :i* our legislators & m5 ( 
lett]s *]i% ?is dev\r+ passion4 ,an     
arti/ sells a picture1 & !n1 ! m]*&ise  
deliv]$1 assumes to prev5t ! pur*as] f  
sell+ engrav+s1 "u ! pretext t he1 !    
pa9t]1 9 sell+ ! orig9al1 has n sold 8  
,,design4 ,a dispute arises betwe5 !    
amateur & ! arti/ 9 reg>d to bo? ! fact 
& ! law4 ,m4 ,villema91 ! ,m9i/] (      
,public ,in/ruction1 be+ consult$ z to  
?is p>ticul> case1 f9ds t ! pa9t] is "r2
 only ! prop]ty 9 ! design %\ld h be5   
specially res]v$ 9 ! contract3 s t1 9   
reality1 ,m4 ,villema9 recognizes 9 !   
arti/ a p[] to surr5d] 8 "w & prev5t its
 communication2 ?us contradict+ ! legal 
axiom1 ,"o ,,_c ,,give ,,& ,,keep ,,at  
,,! ,,same ,,"t4 ,a /range reason] is   
,m4 ,villema96 ,an ambigu\s pr9ciple    
leads to a false conclusion4 ,in/ead (  
reject+ ! pr9ciple1 ,m4 ,villema9 ha/5s 
to admit ! conclusion4 ,) him ! r$uctio 

ad absurdum is a conv9c+ argum5t4 ,?us  
he is made (ficial def5d] ( lit]>y      
prop]ty1 sure ( be+ und]/ood & su/a9$ by
 a set ( loaf]s1 ! disgrace ( lit]ature 
& ! plague ( public morals4 ,:y1 !n1    
does ,m4 ,villema9 feel s /rong an      
int]e/ 9 sett+ himself up z ! *ief ( !  
lit]>y classes1 9 play+ = _! b5efit !   
role ( ,trissot9 9 ! c\ncils ( ! ,/ate1 
& 9 becom+ ! accomplice & associate ( a 
b& ( pr(ligates1--soi-disant m5 (       
lett]s1--:o = m ?an t5 ye>s h labor$ )  
su* deplorable success to ru9 public _s1
 & corrupt ! he>t by w>p+ ! m9d8        
,footnote #gj3 ,m4 ,l]\x has be5 highly 
prais$ 9 a review = hav+ def5d$ prop]ty4
 ,i d n "k :e!r ! indu/ri\s encyclop$i/ 
is pleas$ ) ! praise1 b ,i "k v well t 9
 8 place ,i %\ld m\rn = reason & = tru?4
  ,footnote #ga3 ,imp>tial1 ( ,besancon4
  ,footnote #gb3 ,! ,arians d5y !       
div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,semi-,arians diff] 
f ! ,arians only by a few subtle        
di/9ctions4 ,m4 ,pi]re ,l]\x1 :o reg>ds 
,jesus z a man1 b claims t ! ,_s ( ,god 

0 infus$ into him1 is a true            
,semi-,arian4  ,! ,mani*eans admit two  
co-exi/5t & et]nal pr9ciples1--,god &   
matt]1 _s & fle%1 light & d>kness1 good 
& evil2 b1 unlike ! ,phalan/]ians1 :o   
pret5d to reconcile ! two1 ! ,mani*eans 
make w> ^u matt]1 & labor ) all _! might
 = ! de/ruction ( ! fle%1 by condemn+   
m>riage & =bidd+ reproduction1--:i* does
 n prev5t !m1 h[ev]1 f indulg+ 9 all !  
c>nal pleasures :i* ! int5se/ lu/ c     
conceive (4 ,9 ?is la/ p>ticul>1 !      
t5d5cy ( ! ,f\ri]i/ic morality is q     
,mani*ean4  ,! ,gno/ics d n diff] f !   
e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,z _! "n indicates1 !y  
reg>d$ !mselves z inspir$4 ,f\ri]1 :o   
held peculi> ideas conc]n+ ! visions (  
somnambuli/s1 & :o believ$ 9 !          
possibility ( develop+ ! magnetic p[] to
 su* an ext5t z to enable u to commune )
 invisible be+s1 might1 if he 7 liv+1   
pass also = a ,gno/ic4  ,! ,adamites    
att5d mass entirely nak$1 f motives (   
*a/ity4 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 :o took
 ! sleep ( ! s5ses = *a/ity1 & :o saw 9 

mode/y only a ref9em5t ( pleasure1      
incl9$ t[>ds ,adamism4 ,i "k su* a sect1
 ^: memb]s usually celebrate _! my/]ies 
9 ! co/ume ( ,v5us com+ f ! ba?4  ,!    
,pre-,adamites believe t m5 exi/$ be=e !
 fir/ man4 ,i once met a ,pre-,adamite4 
,true1 he 0 deaf & a ,f\ri]i/4  ,!      
,pelagians d5y grace1 & attribute all ! 
m]it ( good works to lib]ty4 ,!         
,f\ri]i/s1 :o tea* t man's nature &     
passions are good1 are rev]s$           
,pelagians2 !y give all to grace1 & no?+
 to lib]ty4  ,! ,soc9ians1 dei/s 9 all  
o!r respects1 admit an orig9al          
revelation4 ,_m p are ,soc9ians to-day1 
:o d n suspect x1 & :o reg>d _! op9ions 
z new4  ,! ,neo-,*ri/ians are ^?        
simpletons :o admire ,*ri/ianity because
 x has produc$ bells & ca!drals4 ,base 9
 s\l1 corrupt 9 he>t1 dissolute 9 m9d & 
s5ses1 ! ,neo-,*ri/ians seek especially 
aft] ! ext]nal =m1 & admire religion1 z 
!y love wom51 = its physical beauty4 ,!y
 believe 9 a com+ revelation1 z well z a
 transfiguration ( ,ca?olicism4 ,!y w s+

 masses at ! gr& spectacle 9 !          
phalan/]y4  ,footnote #gc3 ,x %\ld be   
und]/ood t ! above ref]s only to ! moral
 & political doctr9es (                 
,f\ri]1--doctr9es :i*1 l all            
philosophical & religi\s sy/ems1 h _!   
root & raison d'exi/5ce 9 society       
itself1 & = ?is reason des]ve to be     
exam9$4 ,! peculi> speculations ( ,f\ri]
 & 8 sect conc]n+ cosmogony1 geology1   
natural hi/ory1 physiology1 & psy*ology1
 ,i leave to ! att5tion ( ^? :o w\ld ?9k
 x _! duty to s]i\sly refute ! fables ( 
,blue ,be>d & ! ,ass's ,sk94  ,footnote 
#gd3 ,a writ] = ! radical press1 ,m4    
,l\is ,raybaud1 said1 9 ! preface to 8  
,/udies ( ,contempor>y ,re=m]s3 ,:o does
 n "k t morality is relative8 ,aside f a
 few gr& s5tim5ts :i* are /rik+ly       
in/9ctive1 ! measure ( human acts v>ies 
) nations & climates1 & only            
civilization--! progressive education ( 
! race--c lead to a univ]sal            
morality4444 ,! absolute escapes our    
cont+5t & f9ite nature2 ! absolute is ! 

secret ( ,god4 ,god keep f evil ,m4     
,l\is ,raybaud6 ,b ,i _c help rem>k+ t  
all political apo/ates beg9 by !        
negation ( ! absolute1 :i* is really !  
negation ( tru?4 ,:at c a writ]1 :o     
pr(esses scepticism1 h 9 common )       
radical views8 ,:at has he to say to 8  
read]s8 ,:at judgm5t is he entitl$ to   
pass ^u contempor>y re=m]s8 ,m4 ,raybaud
 ?\ght x w\ld seem wise to repeat an old
 imp]t95ce ( ! legi/1 & t may s]ve him =
 an excuse4 ,we all h ^! weaknesses4 ,b 
,i am surpris$ t a man ( s mu*          
intellig5ce z ,m4 ,raybaud1 :o ,,/udies 
,,sy/ems1 fails to see ! v ?+ he ought  
fir/ to recognize1--namely1 t sy/ems are
 ! progress ( ! m9d t[>ds ! absolute4   
,footnote #ge3 ,! electoral re=m1 x is  
cont9ually ass]t$1 is n an ,,end1 b a   
,,means4 ,und\bt$ly2 b :at1 !n1 is !    
end8 ,:y n furni% an unequivocal        
explanation ( its object8 ,h[ c ! p     
*oose _! repres5tatives1 unless !y "k 9 
advance ! purpose = :i* !y *oose !m1 & !
 object ( ! commission :i* !y entru/ to 

!m8 ,b1 x is said1 ! v bus9ess ( ^? *os5
 by ! p is to f9d out ! object ( ! re=m4
 ,t is a quibble4 ,:at is to h9d] ^!    
p]sons1 :o are to be elect$ 9 future1 f 
fir/ seek+ = ?is object1 & !n1 :5 !y h  
f\nd x1 f communicat+ x to ! p8 ,!      
re=m]s h well said1 t1 :ile ! object ( !
 electoral re=m rema9s 9 ! lea/         
indef9ite1 x w be only a means (        
transf]r+ p[] f ! h&s ( petty tyrants to
 ! h&s ( o!r tyrants4 ,we "k already h[ 
a nation may be oppress$ by be+ l$ to   
believe t x is obey+ only its own laws4 
,! hi/ory ( univ]sal suffrage1 among all
 nations1 is ! hi/ory ( ! re/rictions ( 
lib]ty by & 9 ! "n ( ! multitude4 ,/ill1
 if ! electoral re=m1 9 its pres5t %ape1
 7 rational1 practical1 acceptable to   
clean consci5ces & upright m9ds1 p]haps 
"o might be excus$1 ?\gh ignorant ( its 
object1 = support+ x4 ,b1 no2 ! text ( !
 petition det]m9es no?+1 makes no       
di/9ctions1 requires no conditions1 no  
gu>antee2 x e/abli%es ! "r )\t ! duty4  
,e ,fr5*man is a vot]1 & eligible to    

(fice4 ,z well say3 ,e bayonet is       
intellig5t1 e savage is civiliz$1 e     
slave is free4 ,9 its vague g5]ality1 ! 
re=matory petition is ! weake/ (        
ab/ractions1 or ! highe/ =m ( political 
treason4 ,consequ5tly1 ! enlight5$      
patriots di/ru/ & despise ea* o!r4 ,!   
mo/ radical writ] ( ! "t1--he ^:        
economical & social !ories are1 )\t     
comp>ison1 ! mo/ advanc$1--,m4 ,l]\x1   
has tak5 a bold /& aga9/ univ]sal       
suffrage & democratic gov]nm5t1 & has   
writt5 an exce$+ly ke5 criticism ( ,j4  
,j4 ,r\sseau4 ,t is und\bt$ly ! reason  
:y ,m4 ,l]\x is no long] ! philosoph] ( 
,le ,national4 ,t j\rnal1 l ,napoleon1  
does n l m5 ( ideas4 ,nev]!less1 ,le    
,national ought to "k t he :o fights    
aga9/ ideas w p]i% by ideas4