,a ,,review ,,( ,,edw>ds',s ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,,conta9+ ,i4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,edw>ds',s ,,sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,legitimate ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,?is ,,sy/em4 ,,iii4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,aga9/ ,a ,,self-,,det]m9+ ,,w4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,philip ,,tappan4 ,i am afraid t ,edw>ds's book 7h[ev] well meant17 has done mu* h>m 9 ,engl&1 z x has secur$ a fav\rable he>+ to ! same doctr9es1 :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( ,cl>ke1 _h be5 g5]ally rank$ among ! mo/ dang]\s errors ( ,hobbes & 8 disciples4--,dugald ,/ew>t4 ,,new-,,york3 ,,john ,s4 ,,taylor1 ,,!ological ,,publi%] ,,& ,,booksell]1 ,,brick ,,*ur* ,,*apel1 #ahci4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ! ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahci1 by ,,h5ry ,,philip ,,tappan1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york4 ,g4 ,f4 ,hopk9s1 ,pr9t]1 #b ,ann-/reet4 ,,introduction4 ,discussions respect+ ! w1 h1 unhappily1 be5 conf\nd$ ) !ological op9ions1 & h5ce h l$ to !ological controv]sies1 :]e pr$ilections = a p>ticul> s*ool or sect1 h g5]ally prejudg$ ! conclusions ( philosophy4 ,z a "p ( ! m5tal con/itution1 ! w mu/ be subject$ to ! legitimate me?ods ( psy*ological inve/igation1 & mu/ abide ! result4 ,if we ent] ! field ( human consci\sness 9 ! free1 fe>less1 & hone/ _s ( ,baconian obs]vation 9 ord] to arrive at ! laws ( ! reason or ! imag9ation1 :at %\ld prev5t u f pursu+ ! same enlight5$ c\rse 9 ref]5ce to ! w8 ,is x because responsibility & ! duties ( morality & religion are m imm$iately connect$ ) ! w8 ,?is1 inde$1 ?r[s solemnity ar\nd our inve/igations1 & w>ns u ( caution2 b1 at ! same "t1 s f> f repress+ inve/igation1 x af=ds ! highe/ reason :y we %\ld press x to ! utmo/ limit ( consci\sness4 ,no?+ surely c s]ve m to fix our impressions ( moral obligation1 or to op5 our eye to ! imp]i%able tru? & excell5cy ( religion1 ?an a cle> & ripe k ( t :i* makes u ! subjects ( duty4 ,z a believ] 9 philosophy1 ,i claim unb\nd$ lib]ty ( ?\ght1 & by ?9k+ ,i hope to arrive at tru?4 ,z a believ] 9 ! ,bible ,i always anticipate t ! tru?s to :i* philosophy leads me1 w h>monize ) its facts & doctr9es4 ,if 9 ! result !re %\ld appe> to be a collision1 x imposes ^u me ! duty ( re-exam9+ bo? my philosophy & my int]pretation ( ! text4 ,9 ?is way ,i may 9 ! end remove ! difficulty1 & n only s1 b ev5 ga9 f ! tempor>y & app>5t collision1 a deep] insight into bo? philosophy & religion4 ,if ! difficulty _c be remov$1 !n x rema9s a vex$ po9t4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ,i mu/ ei!r r5\nce ! philosophical conclusion1 or remove ! text4 ,if ! :ole ( philosophy or its lead+ tru?s 7 9 opposition to ! :ole ( revelation or its lead+ tru?s1 we %\ld !n evid5tly be plac$ on ! alt]native ( d5y+ "o or ! o!r2 b z ! d5ial ( philosophy w\ld be ! de/ruction ( reason1 !re w\ld no long] rema9 9 our be+ any pr9ciple on :i* a revelation c\ld be receiv$4 ,su* a collision w\ld !re=e disprove ! claims ( any sy/em to be f ,heav54 ,b let u suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t ) e advance ( philosophy ! facts ( ! ,bible are borne al(t1 & _! div9e au?ority & _! tru? made m manife/1 h we n reason to bless ! rese>*es :i* h enabl$ u to p]ceive m cle>ly ! light f ,heav58 ,a sy/em ( tru? does n fe>1 x c\rts philosophical scrut9y4 ,its excell5cy w be mo/ respl5d5t :5 x has _h ! mo/ fi]y trial ( ?\ght4 ,no?+ w\ld s weak5 my fai? 9 ! ,bible z ! fact ( be+ compell$ to tremble = its safety :5ev] ,i claim$ & ex]cis$ ! pr]ogative ( reason4 ,& :at ,i say ( x z a :ole1 ,i say ( doctr9es claim+ to be d]iv$ f x4 ,!ologi/s are liable to impose ^u !mselves :5 !y argue f ! tru?s ( ! ,bible to ! tru?s ( _! philosophy2 ei!r "u ! view t ! la/ are d$ucible f ! =m]1 or t !y s]ve to acc\nt = & confirm ! =m]4 ,h[ (t5 is _! philosophy drawn f "s o!r s\rce1 or h&$ d[n by old au?ority1 & r5d]$ v5]able by associations arbitr>y & accid5tal2 & in/ead ( su/a9+ ! simplicity ( ! ,bible1 ! doctr9e is p]haps ca/ into ! m\ld ( ! philosophy4 ,x is a maxim comm5d$ by reason & confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t 9 pursu+ our inve/igations 9 any p>ticul> sci5ce we are to conf9e ourselves rigor\sly to its subjects & me?ods1 nei!r seek+ nor fe>+ collision ) any o!r sci5ce4 ,we may feel confid5t t ultimately sci5ce w be f\nd to l9k ) sci5ce1 =m+ a univ]sal & h>moni\s sy/em ( tru?2 b ?is c by no means =m ! pr9ciple ( our p>ticul> inve/igations4 ,! application ( ?is maxim is no less j & necess>y :]e a philosophy or sci5ce holds a relation to revelation4 ,x is a matt] ( ! highe/ int]e/ t 9 ! developem5ts ( su* philosophy or sci5ce1 x %\ld be f\nd to h>monize ) ! revelation2 b nev]!less ?is _c be receiv$ z ! pr9ciple on :i* we %all aim to develope x4 ,if !re is a h>mony1 x mu/ be discov]$2 x _c be inv5t$ & made4 ,! ,c>d9als det]m9$ ^u ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 z !y imag9$1 :at ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy mu/ be1 & compell$ ! old man ,gallileo to give ! lie to 8 reason2 & s9ce !n1 ! sci5ce ( geology has be5 attempt$1 if n to be settl$1 at lea/ to be limit$ 9 its rese>*es 9 ! same way4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 has pursu$ h] /eady c\rse resi/lessly1 settl+ h] own b\nds & me?ods1 & select+ h] own fields1 & giv+ to ! _w h] own discov]ies4 ,& is ! tru? ( ! ,bible unsettl$8 ,no4 ,! memory ( ,gallileo & ( ,cuvi] is bless$ by ! same lips :i* "n ! "n ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ we ask ! same indep5d5ce ( rese>* 9 ! philosophy ( ! human m9d1 & no less ) respect to ! ,w ?an ) respect to any o!r faculty4 ,we wi% to make ?is purely a psy*ological "q4 ,let u n ask :at philosophy is dem&$ by ,calv9ism 9 opposition to ,pelagianism & ,arm9ianism1 or by ! latt] 9 opposition to ! =m]2 let u ask simply = ! laws ( our be+4 ,9 ! end we may pres5t ano!r in/ance ( tru? hone/ly & fe>lessly s\ght 9 ! legitimate ex]cise ( our natural reason1 h>moniz+ ) tru?s reveal$4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta92 ! ,bible no m pr(esses to be a sy/em ( =mal m5tal philosophy1 ?an x pr(esses to conta9 ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy & geology4 ,if m5tal philosophy is giv5 !re1 x is giv5 9 facts ( hi/ory1 individual & national1 9 poetry1 prophecy1 law1 & e?ics2 & z ?us giv51 mu/ be collect$ into a sy/em by obs]vation & philosophical criticism4 ,b obs]vations ^u ^! ext]nal facts c\ld n possibly be made indep5d5tly ( obs]vations ^u int]nal facts--! facts ( ! consci\sness2 & ! pr9ciples ( philosophical criticism c be obta9$ only 9 ! same way4 ,to him :o looks n )9 himself1 poetry1 hi/ory1 law1 e?ics1 & ! di/9ctions ( "* & conduct1 w\ld necess>ily be un9telligible4 ,no "o !re=e c se>* ! ,bible = its philosophy1 :o has n already read philosophy 9 8 own be+4 ,we %all f9d ?is amply confirm$ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( !ological op9ion4 ,e int]pret] ( ! ,bible1 e au?or ( a cre$1 e f\nd] ( a sect1 pla9ly en\gh reveals bo? ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy & _! influ5ce ^u himself4 ,e man :o reflects & aims to expla91 is necess>ily a philosoph]1 & has 8 philosophy4 ,in/ead !re=e ( pr(ess+ to oppose ! ,bible to philosophy1 or in/ead ( ! pret5ce ( d$uc+ our philosophy solely & directly f ! ,bible1 let u op5ly decl>e t we d n disc>d philosophy1 b seek x 9 its own native fields2 & t inasmu* z x has a be+ & a use1 & is relat$ to all t we "k & d1 we are !re=e det]m9$ to pursue x 9 a pure1 tru?-lov+ _s4 ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ! doctr9e ( ! w is s intimately associat$ ) great & v5]able names1 & has s long worn a !ological complexion1 t x is well nigh impossible to dis9tegrate x4 ,! au?ority ( great & good m51 & !ological int]e/s1 ev5 :5 we are dispos$ to be c&id1 imp>tial1 & indep5d5t1 d (t5 ins5sibly influ5ce our reason+s4 ,x is out ( respect to ^! old associations & prejudices1 & f ! wi% to avoid all unnecess>y /rang5ess ( mann] 9 h&l+ an old subject1 & m ?an all1 to meet :at are reg>d$ by _m z ! weightie/ & mo/ conclusive reason+s on ?is subject1 t ,i op5 ?is discussion ) a review ( ,edw>ds's ,inquiry into ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,!re is no "w ( high] au?ority among ^? :o d5y ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w2 & none :i* on ?is subject has call$ =? m g5]al admiration = acut5ess ( ?\ght & logical subtlety4 ,i believe !re is a prevail+ impression t ,edw>ds mu/ be fairly met 9 ord] to make any advance 9 an opposite argum5t4 ,i propose no less ?an ?is attempt1 presumptu\s ?\gh x may seem1 yet hone/ & made = tru?'s sake4 ,tru? is great] & m v5]able ?an ! names ( great & v5]able m51 or ( great & v5]able sects3 & ,i _c believe t ,i seek tru? ) a prop] love & v5]ation1 unless ,i seek h]1 confid+ 9 h]self alone1 nei!r ask+ ! au?ority ( m5 9 h] support1 nor fe>+ a collision ) !m1 h[ev] great _! au?ority may be4 ,x is my int]e/ to ?9k & believe aright1 no less ?an to act aright2 & z "r action is m]itori\s n :5 compell$ & accid5tal1 b :5 free & made "u ! p]ception & conviction ( "r pr9ciples2 s also "r ?9k+ & believ+ are m]itori\s1 ei!r 9 an intellectual or moral po9t ( view1 :5 ?9k+ & believ+ are some?+ m ?an gulp+ d[n dogmas because ,au/91 or ,calv91 or ,arm9ius1 pres5ts ! cup4 ,facts ( hi/ory or ( description are legitimately receiv$ on te/imony1 b tru?s ( our moral & spiritual be+ c be receiv$ only on ! evid5ce ( consci\sness1 unless ! te/imony be f ,god himself2 & ev5 9 ?is case we expect t ! te/imony1 al?\gh x may transc5d consci\sness1 %all n contradict x4 ,! int]nal evid5ce ( ! ,bible "u ! highe/ po9t ( view1 lies 9 ?is3 t al?\gh !re be revelations ( t :i* transc5ds consci\sness1 yet :]ev] ! tru?s come )9 ! sph]e ( consci\sness1 !re is a p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! decisions ( develop$ reason & ! revelation4 ,n[ 9 ! application ( ^! pr9ciples1 if ,edw>ds h giv5 u a true psy*ology 9 relation to ! w1 we h ! means ( kn[+ x4 ,9 ! consci\sness1 & 9 ! consci\sness alone1 c a doctr9e ( ! w be ultimately & adequately te/$4 ,nor mu/ we be intimidat$ f mak+ ?is te/ by ! assumption t ! !ory ( ,edw>ds alone su/a9s moral responsibility & evangelical religion4 ,moral responsibility & evangelical religion1 if su/a9$ & illu/rat$ by philosophy1 mu/ take a philosophy :i* has already on its own gr\nds prov$ itself a true philosophy4 ,moral responsibility & evangelical religion c d]ive no support f a philosophy :i* !y are tak5 fir/ to prove4 ,b al?\gh ,i int5d to conduct my argum5t rigidly on psy*ological pr9ciples1 ,i %all endeav\r 9 ! end to %[ t moral responsibility is really su/a9$ by ?is exposition ( ! w2 & t ,i h n1 to say ! lea/1 weak5$ "o ( ! supports ( evangelical religion1 nor %orn x ( "o ( its glories4 ,! plan ( my und]tak+ embraces ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,i4 ,a /atem5t ( ,edw>ds's sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,! legitimate consequ5ces ( ?is sy/em4 ,,iii4 ,an exam9ation ( ! argum5ts aga9/ a self-det]m9+ w4 ,,iv4 ,! doctr9e ( ! w det]m9$ by an appeal to consci\sness4 ,v4 ,?is doctr9e view$ 9 connexion ) moral ag5cy & responsibility4 ,,vi4 ,?is doctr9e view$ 9 connexion ) ! tru?s & precepts ( ! ,bible4 ,! fir/ ?ree complete ! review ( ,edw>ds1 & make up ! pres5t volume4 ,ano!r volume is 9 ! c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,i4 ,a ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,edw>ds',s ,,sy/em4 ,edw>ds's ,sy/em1 or1 9 o!r words1 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,w1 is conta9$ 9 "p ,i4 ( 8 ,inquiry into ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,?is "p comprises five sections1 :i* ,i %all give ) _! titles 9 8 own ord]4 ,my object is to arrive at tru?4 ,i %all !re=e use my be/ endeav\rs to make ?is /atem5t ) ! utmo/ cle>ness & fairness4 ,9 ?is "p ( my "w1 my *ief anxiety is to h ,edw>ds p]fectly und]/ood4 ,my quotations are made f ! edition publi%$ by ,s4 ,conv]se1 ,new-,york1 #ahbi4 ,sec4 ,i4--,conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ! ,w4 ,edw>ds "u ?is title gives 8 def9ition ( ! w4 ,! w is1 t by :i* ! m9d *ooses any?+4 ,! faculty ( ! w1 is t p[]1 or pr9ciple ( m9d1 by :i* x is capable ( *oos+3 an act ( ! w is ! same z an act ( *oos+ or *oice4 7p4 #ae47 ,he !n id5tifies *oos+ & refus+3 ,9 e act ( refusal ! m9d *ooses ! abs5ce ( ! ?+ refus$4 7p4 #af47 ,! w is ?us ! faculty ( *oice4 ,*oice manife/s itself ei!r 9 relation to "o object or sev]al objects4 ,:]e !re is b "o object1 its possession or non-possession--its enjoym5t or non-enjoym5t--its pres5ce or abs5ce1 is *os54 ,:]e !re are sev]al objects1 & !y are s incompatible t ! possession1 enjoym5t1 or pres5ce ( "o1 involves ! refusal ( ! o!rs1 !n *oice manife/s itself 9 fix+ ^u ! p>ticul> object to be reta9$1 & ! objects to be set aside4 ,?is def9ition is giv5 on ! gr\nd t any object be+ reg>d$ z positive1 may be contra/$ ) its negative3 & t !re=e ! refus+ a negative is equival5t to *oos+ a positive2 & ! *oos+ a negative1 equival5t to refus+ a positive1 & vice v]sa4 ,?us if ! pres5ce ( an object be tak5 z positive1 its abs5ce is negative4 ,to refuse ! pres5ce is !re=e to *oose ! abs5ce2 & to *oose ! pres5ce1 to refuse ! abs5ce3 s t e act ( *oos+ involves refus+1 & e act ( refus+ involves *oos+2 9 o!r words1 !y are equival5ts4 ,object ( ,w4 ,! object 9 respect to :i* ! en]gy ( *oice is manife/$1 induc+ ext]nal action1 or ! action ( any o!r faculty ( ! m9d1 is always an imm$iate object4 ,al?\gh o!r objects may appe> desirable1 t alone is ! object ( *oice :i* is ! occasion ( pres5t action--t alone is *os5 z ! subject ( ?\ght on :i* ,i actually ?9k--t alone is *os5 z ! object ( muscul> ex]tion respect+ :i* muscul> ex]tion is made4 ,t is1 e act ( *oice manife/s itself by produc+ "s *ange or effect 9 "s o!r "p ( our be+4 ,! ?+ next *os5 or pref]r$1 :5 a man wills to walk1 is n 8 be+ remov$ to su* a place :]e he w\ld be1 b su* an ex]tion & motion ( 8 legs & feet1 c4 9 ord] to x4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to any m5tal ex]tion4 ,w & ,desire4 ,edw>ds nev] opposes w & desire4 ,! only di/9ction t c possibly be made is t ( g5us & species4 ,!y are ! same 9 k9d4 ,i d n suppose t w & desire are words ( precisely ! same signification3 w seems to be a ^w ( a m g5]al signification1 ext5d+ to ?+s pres5t & abs5t4 ,desire respects some?+ abs5t4 ,b yet ,i _c ?9k !y are s entirely di/9ct t !y c ev] be prop]ly said to run c\nt]4 ,a man nev]1 9 any in/ance1 wills any?+ contr>y to 8 desires1 or desires any?+ contr>y to 8 w4 ,! ?+ :i* he wills1 ! v same he desires2 & he does n w a ?+ & desire ! contr>y 9 any p>ticul>4 7p4 #ag47 ,! imm$iate object ( w1--t object1 9 respect ( :i* *oice manife/s itself by produc+ effects1--is also ! object ( desire2 t is1 ( supreme desire1 at t mom5t3 s t1 ! object *os5 is ! object :i* appe>s mo/ desirable2 & ! object :i* appe>s mo/ desirable is always ! object *os54 ,to produce an act ( *oice1 !re=e1 we h only to awak5 a prepond]at+ desire4 ,n[ x is pla91 t desire _c be di/+ui%$ f passion4 ,t :i* we love1 we desire to be pres5t1 to possess1 to enjoy3 t :i* we hate1 we desire to be abs5t1 or to be affect$ 9 "s way4 ,! lov+ an object1 & ! desir+ its enjoym5t1 are id5tical3 ! hat+ x1 & desir+ its abs5ce or de/ruction1 or any simil> affection ( x1 are likewise id5tical4 ,! w1 !re=e1 is n to be di/+ui%$1 at lea/ 9 k9d1 f ! emotions & passions3 ?is w appe> abundantly z we proce$4 ,9 o!r works he expressly id5tifies !m3 ,i humbly conceive1 t ! affections ( ! s\l are n prop]ly di/+ui%able f ! w2 z ?\gh !y 7 two faculties ( s\l4 7,revival ( ,religion 9 ,new ,engl&1 "p ,i47 ,god has endu$ ! s\l ) two faculties3 "o is t by :i* x is capable ( p]ception & speculation1 or by :i* x disc]ns1 & views1 & judges ( ?+s2 :i* is call$ ! und]/&+4 ,! o!r faculty is t by :i* ! s\l does n m]ely p]ceive & view ?+s1 b is 9 "s way incl9$ ) respect to ! ?+s x views or consid]s2 ei!r is incl9$ to !m1 or is dis9cl9$ or av]se f !m4 ,?is faculty is call$ by v>i\s names3 x is sometimes call$ incl9ation2 & z x has respect to ! actions t are det]m9$ or gov]n$ by x1 is call$ w4 ,! w & ! affections ( ! s\l are n two faculties3 ! affections are n ess5tially di/9ct f ! w1 nor d !y diff] f ! m]e act+s ( ! w & incl9ation ( ! s\l1 b only 9 ! livel9ess & s5sibl5ess ( ex]cise4 7,! ,nature ( ! ,affections1 "p ,i47 ,t ,edw>ds makes b two faculties ( ! m9d1 ! und]/&+ & ! w1 z well z id5tifies ! w & ! passions1 is fully settl$ by ! above quotation4 ,sec4 ,,ii4--,conc]n+ ! ,det]m9ation ( ,w4 ,mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,by det]m9+ ! w1 if ! phrase be us$ ) any mean+1 mu/ be int5d$1 caus+ t ! act ( ! w or *oice %\ld be ?us & n o!rwise2 & ! w is said to be det]m9$1 :5 9 consequ5ce ( "s action or influ5ce1 its *oice is direct$ to1 & fix$ ^u1 "s p>ticul> object4 ,z :5 we speak ( ! det]m9ation ( motion1 we mean caus+ ! motion ( ! body to be 9 su* a direction1 r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! w supposes an effect1 :i* mu/ h a cause4 ,if ! w be det]m9$1 !re is a det]m9]4 ,n[ ! causation ( *oice & ! det]m9ation ( ! w are "h int5d$ to be di/+ui%$1 no m ?an ! causation ( motion & ! det]m9ation ( ! mov+ body4 ,! cause sett+ a body 9 motion1 likewise gives x a direction2 & :]e !re are sev]al causes1 a composition ( ! =ces takes place1 & det]m9es bo? ! ext5t & direction ( ! motion4 ,s also ! cause act+ ^u ! w or ! faculty ( *oice1 9 produc+ a *oice det]m9es its direction2 inde$1 *oice _c be conceiv$ (1 )\t also conceiv+ ( some?+ *os51 & :]e some?+ is *os51 ! direction ( ! *oice is det]m9$1 t is1 ! w is det]m9$4 ,& :]e !re are sev]al causes act+ ^u ! w1 !re is "h likewise a composition ( ! m5tal =ces1 & ! *oice or ! det]m9ation ( ! w takes place accord+ly4 7,see p4 #bc47 ,*oice or volition !n be+ an effect mu/ h a cause4 ,:at is ?is cause8 ,motive4 ,! cause ( volition or *oice is call$ motive4 ,a cause sett+ a body 9 motion is prop]ly call$ ! motive ( ! body2 h5ce1 analog\sly1 a cause excit+ ! w to *oice is call$ ! motive ( ! w4 ,by long usage ! prop] s5se ( motive is laid aside1 & x has come n[ to express only ! cause or reason ( volition4 ,by motive ,i mean ! :ole ( t :i* moves1 excites1 or invites ! m9d to volition1 :e!r t be "o ?+ s+ly1 or _m ?+s conjo9tly4 ,& :5 ,i speak ( ! /ronge/ motive1 ,i h respect to ! /r5g? ( ! :ole t op]ates to induce a p>ticul> act ( volition1 :e!r t be ! /r5g? ( "o ?+ alone1 or ( _m toge!r4 ,& t motive :i*1 z x /&s 9 view ( ! m9d1 is ! /ronge/1 det]m9es ! w4 7p4 #ai47 ,?is is g5]al1 & means no?+ m ?an--#a4 ! cause ( volition is call$ motive2 #b4 t :]e !re are sev]al causes or motives ( volition1 ! /ronge/ cause prevails2 #c4 ! cause is (t5 complex2 #d4 9 e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( ! cause1 if x be complex1 all ! p>ticul>s mu/ be consid]$ 9 _! co-op]ation2 &1 #e4 ! /r5g? ( ! motive /&s 9 view ( ! m9d1 t is1 x is some?+ :i* ! m9d kn[s or is s5sible (4 ,:at con/itutes ! /r5g? ( ,motive8 ,ev]y?+ t is prop]ly call$ a motive1 excitem5t1 or inducem5t1 to a p]ceiv+1 will+ ag5t1 has "s sort & degree ( t5d5cy or advantage to move or excite ! w1 previ\s to ! effect1 or to ! act ( w excit$4 ,?is previ\s t5d5cy ( ! motive is :at ,i call ! /r5g? ( ! motive4 ,:5 diff]5t objects are pres5t$ to ! m9d1 !y awak5 c]ta9 emotions1 & appe> m or less invit+4 7p4 #bj47 ,9 ! impression ?us at once produc$1 we p]ceive _! t5d5cy or advantage to move or excite ! w4 ,x is a pref]5ce or *oice anticipat$1 an in/antane\s p]ception ( a quality 9 ! object :i* we feel w\ld det]m9e our *oice1 if we 7 call$ ^u to make a *oice4 ,! object is felt to be adapt$ to ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & ! /ate ( ! m9d to ! object4 ,!y are felt to be reciprocal4 ,:at is ?is quality :i* makes up ! previ\s t5d5cy8 ,:atev] is p]ceiv$ or appreh5d$ by an intellig5t & volunt>y ag5t1 :i* has ! nature & influ5ce ( a motive to volition or *oice1 is consid]$ or view$ z good2 nor has x any t5d5cy to engage ! election ( ! s\l 9 any fur!r degree ?an x appe>s su*4 ,n[1 z ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 & z ! /r5g? ( motive lies 9 ! previ\s t5d5cy2 & z ! previ\s t5d5cy is made up ( ! quality ( goodness2 & z ! highe/ degree ( ?is quality 9 any giv5 case makes ! /ronge/ motive2 !re=e1 x foll[s t ! w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good is4 7p4 #bj47 ,! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m good is us$4 ,i use ! t]m 'good' z ( ! same import ) 'agreeable4' ,to appe> good to ! m9d1 z ,i use ! phrase1 is ! same z to appe> agreeable1 or seem pleas+ to ! m9d4 ,if x t5ds to draw ! incl9ation & move ! w1 x mu/ be "u ! notion ( t :i* suits ! m9d4 ,& !re=e t mu/ h ! greate/ t5d5cy to attract & engage x1 :i*1 z x /&s 9 ! m9d's view1 suits x be/1 & pleases x mo/2 & 9 t s5se is ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,! ^w good 9 ?is s5se includes ! avoid+ ( evil1 or ( t :i* is disagreeable & uneasy4 7p4 #bj47 ,x foll[s !n t ! w is always det]m9$ by t :i* seems mo/ pleas+ or appe>s mo/ agreeable to ! m9d4 ,?is conclusion is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! position ) :i* ,edw>ds set out3 t w is always z ! prepond]at+ desire2 inde$1 t ! w is ! same 9 k9d ) desire1 or ) ! affections2 & an act ( w or *oice1 no?+ m ?an ! /ronge/ desire 9 ref]5ce to an imm$iate object1 & a desire produc+ an effect 9 our m5tal or physical be+4 ,! det]m9ation ( w is ! /ronge/ excitem5t ( passion4 ,t :i* det]m9es w is ! cause ( passion4 ,! /r5g? ( ! cause lies 9 its p]ceiv$ t5d5cy to excite ! passions & af=d enjoym5t4 ,z possess+ ?is t5d5cy1 x is call$ good1 or pleas+1 or agreeable2 t is1 suit+ ! /ate ( ! m9d or ! condition ( ! affections4 ,! good :i* =ms ! *>act]i/ic ( a cause or motive is an imm$iate good1 or a good 9 ! pres5t view ( ! m9d4 7p4 #ba47 ,?us a drunk>d1 be=e he dr9ks1 may be suppos$ to weigh aga9/ ea* o!r ! pres5t pleasure ( dr9k+ & ! remote pa9ful consequ5ces2 & ! pa9ful consequ5ces may appe> to him to be great] ?an ! pres5t pleasure4 ,b /ill ! "q truly 9 8 m9d1 :5 he comes to dr9k1 respects ! pres5t act ( dr9k+ only2 & if ?is seems to him mo/ pleas+1 !n he dr9ks4 ,if he wills to dr9k1 !n dr9k+ is ! prop] object ( ! act ( 8 w2 & dr9k+1 on "s acc\nt or o!r1 n[ appe>s mo/ agreeable to him1 & suits him be/4 ,if he *ooses to refra91 !n refra9+ is ! imm$iate object ( 8 w1 & is mo/ pleas+ to him4 ,! reason+ is1 t :5 ! drunk>d dr9ks1 we are n to conclude t he has *os5 future mis]y ov] future good1 b t ! act ( dr9k+1 9 itself1 is ! object ( *oice2 s t1 9 ! view he has tak5 ( x1 x is to him ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,9 g5]al we may say1 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 t :5ev] ! act ( *oice takes place1 ! object ( t act comes up be=e ! m9d 9 su* a way z to seem mo/ pleas+ to ! m9d2 x is at ! mom5t1 & 9 ! imm$iate relation1 ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,! man ?us nev] *ooses :at is disagreeable1 b always :at is agreeable to him4 ,prop] use ( ! t]m mo/ agreeable1 9 relation to ! ,w4 ,i h *os5 r to express myself ?us1 t ! w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 or z :at appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an to say ! w is det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 or by :at seems mo/ agreeable2 because an appe>+ mo/ agreeable to ! m9d1 & ! m9d's pref]r+1 seem sc>cely di/9ct4 ,if /rict propriety ( spee* be insi/$ on1 x may m prop]ly be said1 t ! volunt>y action1 :i* is ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! m9d's *oice1 is det]m9$ by t :i* appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an ! *oice itself4 7p4 #ba1 #bb47 ,"h ! p]ception or s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is id5tifi$ 9 express t]ms ) volition or *oice4 ,! w is z ! mo/ agreeable1--t is1 ! det]m9ation ( w1 :i* means its actual *oice1 z a fact ( ! consci\sness is embrac$ 9 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable2 & z ! volunt>y action1 or ! action1 or *ange1 or effect1 foll[+ volition1 9 any "p ( our be+1--z to walk1 or talk1 or read1 or ?9k1--has its cause 9 ! volition1 or ! m9d's *oice1--s x is entirely prop] to say1 ei!r t ?is volunt>y action is det]m9$ by ! volition or t x is det]m9$ by ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,edw>ds's mean+ pla9ly is1 t ! t]ms are conv]tible3 volition may be call$ ! cause ( volunt>y action1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable may be call$ ! cause4 ,?is is /ill a c>ry+ out ( ! position1 t ! w is z ! desire4 ,! greate/ app>5t good be+ id5tical ) ! mo/ agreeable1 & ?is aga9 be+ id5tical ) ! mo/ desirable1 x mu/ foll[1 t :5ev]1 9 relation to any object1 ! m9d is affect$ ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 x pres5ts ! ph5om5on ( volition or *oice2 & /ill f>!r1 t :i* is *os5 is ! mo/ agreeable object2 & is kn[n to be su* by ! simple fact t x is *os52 = its be+ *os51 means no?+ m ?an t x affects ! m9d ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1--& ! mo/ agreeable is t :i* is *os51 & _c be o!rwise ?an *os52 = its be+ mo/ agreeable1 means no?+ m ?an t x is ! object ( ! m9d's *oice or s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,! object1 & ! m9d reg>d$ z a s5sitive or will+ p[]1 are correlatives1 & *oice is ! unition ( bo?3 s t if we reg>d *oice z *>act]iz+ ! object1 !n ! object is affirm$ to be ! mo/ agreeable2 & if1 on ! o!r side1 we reg>d *oice z *>act]iz+ ! m9d1 !n ! m9d is affirm$ to be affect$ ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,cause ( ,*oice1 or ( ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,volition itself is always det]m9$ by t 9 or ab\t ! m9d's view ( ! object1 :i* causes x to appe> mo/ agreeable4 ,i say 9 or ab\t ! m9d's view ( ! object2 because :at has influ5ce to r5d] an object 9 view agreeable1 is n only :at appe>s 9 ! object view$1 b also ! mann] ( ! view1 & ! /ate & circum/ances ( ! m9d t views4 7p4 #bb47 ,*oice be+ ! unition ( ! m9d's s5sitivity & ! object1--t is1 be+ an affection ( ! s5sitivity1 by reason ( its p]fect agreem5t & correlation ) ! object1 & ( c\rse ( ! p]fect agreem5t & correlation ( ! object ) ! s5sitivity1 9 det]m9+ ! cause ( *oice1 we mu/ necess>ily look bo? to ! m9d & ! object4 ,edw>ds accord+ly gives sev]al p>ticul>s 9 relation to ea*4 ,i4 ,9 relation to ! object1 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 or *oice1 w dep5d ^u1-- #a4 ,! beauty ( ! object1 view+ x z x is 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( circum/ances4 #b4 ,! app>5t degree ( pleasure or tr\ble att5d+ ! object1 or ! consequ5ce ( x1 or ! object tak5 ) its concomitants & consequ5ces4 #c4 ,! app>5t /ate ( ! pleasure or tr\ble t appe>s ) respect to di/ance ( "t4 ,x is a ?+ 9 itself agreeable to ! m9d1 to h pleasure spe$ily2 & disagreeable to h x delay$4 7p4 #bb47 ,,ii4 ,9 relation to m9d1 ! s5se ( agreeabl5ess w dep5d1 fir/1 ^u ! mann] ( ! m9d's view2 secondly1 ^u ! /ate ( m9d4 ,edw>ds1 "u ! fir/1 speaks ( ! object z connect$ ) future pleasure4 ,"h ! mann] ( ! m9d's view w h influ5ce 9 two respects3 #a4 ,! c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty :i* ! m9d judges to atta* to ! pleasure2 #b4 ,! livel9ess ( ! s5se1 or ( ! imag9ation1 :i* ! m9d has ( x4 ,n[ ^! may be 9 diff]5t degrees1 comp\nd$ ) diff]5t degrees ( pleasure1 consid]$ 9 itself2 & ! agreeabl5ess ( a propos$ object ( *oice w be 9 a degree "s way comp\nd$ ( ! degree ( good suppos$ by ! judgem5t1 ! degree ( app>5t probability or c]ta9ty ( t good1 & ! degree ( livel9ess ( ! idea ! m9d has ( t good4 7p4 #bc47 ,secondly3 ,9 ref]5ce to objects g5]ally1 :e!r connect$ ) pres5t or future pleasure1 ! s5se ( agreeabl5ess w dep5d also ^u ! /ate ( ! m9d :i* views a propos$ object ( *oice4 7p4 #bd47 ,"h we h to consid] ! p>ticul> temp] :i* ! m9d has by nature1 or t has be5 introduc$ or e/abli%$ by education1 example1 cu/om1 or "s o!r means2 or ! frame or /ate t ! m9d is 9 on a p>ticul> occasion4 7ibid47 ,edw>ds "h sugge/s1 t x may be unnecess>y to consid] ! /ate ( ! m9d z a gr\nd ( agreeabl5ess di/9ct f ! two already m5tion$3 viz4--! nature & circum/ances ( ! object1 & ! mann] ( ! view4 ,p]haps1 if we /rictly consid] ! matt]1 he rem>ks1 ! diff]5t temp] & /ate ( ! m9d makes no alt]ation z to ! agreeabl5ess ( objects 9 any o!r way1 ?an z x makes ! objects !mselves appe> diff]5tly2 beautiful or de=m$1 hav+ app>5t pleasure or pa9 att5d+ !m2 & z x occasions ! mann] ( ! view to be diff]5t1 causes ! idea ( beauty or de=mity1 pleasure or uneas9ess1 to be m or less lively4 7ibid47 ,9 ?is rem>k1 ,edw>ds %[s pla9ly h[ completely he makes m9d & object to run toge!r 9 *oice1 or h[ p]fect a unition ( ! two1 *oice is4 ,! /ate ( ! m9d is manife/$ only 9 relation to ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object2 & ! s5se ( agreeabl5ess be+ 9 ! correlation ( ! two1 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice is su* a p]fect unition ( ! two1 t1 hav+ describ$ ! object 9 its nature & circum/ances 9 relation to ! mo/ agreeable1 we h compreh5d$ 9 ?is ! /ate ( m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object1 9 relation to ! mo/ agreeable1 c be kn[n only by ! /ate ( m9d produc$ by ! pres5ce ( ! object & its circum/ances4 ,to give an example1--let a rose be ! object4 ,:5 ,i describe ! beauty & agreeabl5ess ( ?is object1 ,i describe ! /ate ( m9d 9 relation to x2 = its beauty & agreeabl5ess are id5tical ) ! s5sations & emotions :i* ,i exp]i5ce1 h5ce1 9 philosophical language1 call$ ! second>y qualities ( ! object3 & s1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,i describe my s5sations & emotions 9 ! pres5ce ( ! rose1 ,i d 9 fact describe its beauty & agreeabl5ess4 ,! m9d & object are ?us unit$ 9 ! s5se ( agreeabl5ess4 ,i c\ld n h ?is s5se ( agreeabl5ess )\t an object2 b :5 ! object is pres5t$ to my m9d1 !y are s made = ea* o!r1 t !y seem to melt toge!r 9 ! pleasurable emotion4 ,! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice may be illu/rat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! agreeable simply & ! mo/ agreeable is ?is3 ! agreeable ref]s m]ely to an emotion awak5$ on ! imm$iate pres5tation ( an object1 )\t any comp>ison or competition4 ,! mo/ agreeable takes place :]e !re is comp>ison & competition4 ,?us1 to pref] or *oose a rose above a violet is a s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable ( ! two4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 t :i* is refus$ is positively disagreeable4 ,! *oice1 9 /rictness ( spee*1 9 ^! cases1 is only a s5se ( ! agreeable4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 e in/ance ( *oos+1 !re are two t]ms =m$ by contemplat+ ! act ( *oos+ itself 9 ! contra/ ( positive & negative1 ! phrase mo/ agreeable or greate/ app>5t good is conv5i5t = g5]al use1 & suffici5tly precise to express e case :i* comes up4 ,x may be well "h to rem>k1 t 9 ! sy/em we are ?us endeav\r+ to /ate & to illu/rate1 ! ^w *oice is prop]ly us$ to express ! action ( w1 :5 t action is view$ 9 relation to its imm$iate effects1--z :5 ,i say1 ,i *oose to walk4 ,! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 is prop]ly us$ to express ! same action1 :5 ! action is view$ 9 relation to its own cause4 ,*oice & volition are ! words 9 common use1 because m5 at l>ge only ?9k ( *oice & volition 9 ref]5ce to effects4 ,b :5 ! cause ( *oice is s\ght aft] by a philosophic m9d1 & is suppos$ to lie 9 ! nature & circum/ances ( m9d & object1 !n ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable becomes ! mo/ appropriate =m ( expression4 ,edw>ds concludes 8 discussion ( ! cause ( ! mo/ agreeable1 by rem>k+3 ,h[ev]1 ,i ?9k s mu* is c]ta91--t volition1 9 no "o in/ance t c be m5tion$1 is o!rwise ?an ! greate/ app>5t good is1 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 expla9$4 ,?is is ! great pr9ciple ( 8 sy/em2 &1 a few s5t5ces aft]1 he /ates x z an axiom1 or a g5]ally admitt$ tru?3 ,!re is sc>cely a pla9] & m univ]sal dictate ( ! s5se & exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 ?an t :5 m5 act volunt>ily & d :at !y please1 !n !y d :at suits !m be/1 or :at is mo/ agreeable to !m4 ,inde$1 ,edw>ds _c be consid]$ z hav+ attempt$ to prove ?is2 he has only expla9$ x1 & !re=e x is only ! explanation ( a suppos$ axiom t we h be5 foll[+ out4 ,?is suppos$ axiom is really ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ section3 ,w & desire d n run c\nt] at all3 ! ?+ :i* he wills1 ! v same he desires2 t is1 a man wills z he desires1 & ( c\rse wills :at is mo/ agreeable to him4 ,x is to be notic$1 also1 t ! title ( "p ,i4 runs z foll[s3 ,:]e9 are expla9$ & /at$ v>i\s t]ms & ?+s1 c4 ,receiv+ x1 !re=e1 z a g5]ally admitt$ tru?1 t *oice or volition is always z ! mo/ agreeable1 & is itself only ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 :at is ! explanation giv58 #a4 ,t w1 or ! faculty ( *oice1 is n a faculty di/9ct f ! affections or passions1 or t "p ( our be+ :i* philosoph]s sometimes call ! s5sitivity4 #b4 ,t volition1 or *oice1 or pref]5ce1 be+ at any giv5 mom5t & "u any giv5 circum/ances ! /ronge/ incl9ation1 or ! /ronge/ affection & desire ) reg>d to an imm$iate object1 appe>s 9 ! con/itution ( our be+ z ! antec$5t ( effects 9 ! m9d itself1 or 9 ! body2 :i* effects are call$ volunt>y actions1--z acts ( att5tion1 or ( talk+1 or walk+4 #c4 ,to say t volition is z ! desire1 is equival5t to say+ t volition is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 :i* aga9 means only ! mo/ agreeable1--s t ! volition becomes aga9 ! s5se or feel+ ( ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,!re is 9 all ?is only a v>iety ( expressions = ! same affection ( ! s5sitivity4 #d4 ,det]m9ation ( w is actual *oice1 or ! production 9 ! m9d ( volition1 or *oice1 or ! /ronge/ affection1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 or ( ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,x is !re=e an effect1 & mu/ h a det]m9] or cause4 #e4 ,?is det]m9] or cause is call$ motive4 ,9 expla9+ :at con/itutes ! motive1 we mu/ take into view bo? m9d & object4 ,! object mu/ be p]ceiv$ by ! m9d z some?+ exi/5t4 ,?is p]ception1 h[ev]1 is only prelim9>y1 or a m]e introduction ( ! object to ! m9d4 ,n[1 9 ord] t ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 or *oice1 may take place1 ! m9d & object mu/ be suit$ to ea* o!r2 !y mu/ be correlatives4 ,! object mu/ possess qualities ( beauty & agreeabl5ess to ! m9d4 ,! m9d mu/ possess a susceptibility agreeable to ! qualities ( ! object4 ,b to say t ! object possesses qualities ( beauty & agreeabl5ess to ! m9d1 is 9 fact to affirm t ! m9d has ! requisite susceptibility2 = ^! qualities ( ! object h a be+1 & are :at !y are only 9 relation to m9d4 ,*oice1 or ! s5se ( agreeabl5ess1 may !re=e be call$ ! unition ( ! s5sitivity & ! object4 ,*oice is ?us1 l any emotion or passion1 a fact p]petually appe>+ 9 ! consci\sness2 &1 l emotion or passion2 &1 inde$1 be+ a m]e =m ( emotion & passion1 mu/ ultimately be acc\nt$ = by ref]r+ x to ! con/itution ( our be+4 ,b inasmu* z ! con/itution ( our be+ manife/s itself 9 relation to objects & circum/ances1 we d commonly acc\nt = its manife/ations by ref]r+ !m to ! objects & circum/ances 9 connexion ) :i* !y take place1 & )\t :i* !y w\ld n take place2 & ?us1 z we say1 ! cause ( passion is ! object ( passion3 s we say also1 9 common p>lance1 ! cause ( *oice is ! object ( *oice2 & assign+ ! affections ( ! m9d spr++ up 9 ! pres5ce ( ! object1 to ! object1 z descriptive ( its qualities1 we say t *oice is always z ! mo/ beautiful & agreeable2 t is1 z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,?is greate/ app>5t good1 ?us objectively describ$1 is ! motive1 or det]m9]1 or cause ( volition4 ,9 :at s5se ! ,w foll[s ! la/ dictate ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,x appe>s f ^! ?+s1 t 9 "s s5se ! w always foll[s ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+4 ,b !n ! und]/&+ mu/ be tak5 9 a l>ge s5se1 z includ+ ! :ole faculty ( p]ception or appreh5sion1 & n m]ely :at is call$ reason or judgem5t4 ,if by ! dictate ( ! und]/&+ is meant :at reason decl>es to be be/1 or mo/ = ! p]son's happ9ess1 tak+ 9 ! :ole ( its duration1 x is n true t ! w always foll[s ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+4 ,su* a dictate ( reason is q a diff]5t matt] f ?+s appe>+ n[ mo/ agreeable1 all ?+s be+ put toge!r :i* relates to ! m9d's pres5t p]ceptions 9 any respect4 7p4 #be47 ,! l>ge s5se 9 :i* ,edw>ds takes ! und]/&+1 embraces ! :ole intellectual & s5sitive be+4 ,9 ! production ( *oice1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 ! sugge/ions ( reason may h _! influ5ce1 & may "w 9 ) o!r p>ticul>s to br+ ab\t ! result2 b !n !y are subject to ! same condition ) ! o!r p>ticul>s1--!y mu/ appe>1 at ! mom5t & 9 ! imm$iate circum/ances1 ! mo/ agreeable4 ,x is n en\gh t !y come f reason1 & are true & "r2 !y mu/ likewise suit ! /ate ( ! m9d1--= z *oice is ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 t only z an object c t5d to awak5 ?is s5se1 :i* is prop]ly & agreeably relat$ to ! feel+s ( ! subject4 ,:]e ! sugge/ions ( reason are n agreeably relat$1 ! act ( ! w is det]m9$ 9 opposition to x4 7ibid47 ,sec4 ,,iii4--,conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! t]ms ,necessity1 ,impossibility1 ,inability1 c4 & ( ,cont+5ce4 ,aft] hav+ settl$ 8 def9ition ( *oice or volition1 & expla9$ ! cause ( ! same1 ,edw>ds takes up ! nature ( ! connexion betwe5 ?is cause & effect3 viz4 motive & volition4 ,is ?is connexion a necess>y connexion8 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is po9t1 & to expla9 8 view ( x1 he proce$s to discuss ! mean+ ( ! t]ms conta9$ 9 ! above title4 ,?is section is entirely occupi$ ) ?is prelim9>y discussion4 ,edw>ds makes two k9ds ( necessity3 #a4 ,necessity z und]/ood 9 ! common or vulg> use2 #b4 ,necessity z und]/ood 9 ! philosophical or metaphysical use4 #a4 ,9 common use1 necessity is a relative t]m1 & relates to "s suppos$ opposition made to ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 :i* opposition is ov]come or proves insuffici5t to h9d] or alt] x4 ,! ^w impossible is manife/ly a relative t]m1 & has ref]5ce to suppos$ p[] ex]t$ to br+ a ?+ to pass :i* is insuffici5t = ! effect4 ,! ^w unable is relative1 & has relation to ability1 or endeav\r1 :i* is insuffici5t4 ,! ^w irresi/ible is relative1 & has ref]5ce to resi/ance :i* is made1 or may be made1 to "s =ce or p[] t5d+ to an effect1 & is insuffici5t to )/& ! p[] or h9d] ! effect4 ,! common notion ( necessity & impossibility implies some?+ t fru/rates endeav\r or desire4 ,he !n di/+ui%es ?is necessity into g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,?+s are necess>y 9 g5]al1 :i* are or w be1 not)/&+ any supposable opposition1 f :atev] qu>t]3 e4 g4 t ,god w judge ! _w4 ,?+s are necess>y to u :i* are or w be1 not)/&+ all opposition supposable 9 ! case f u4 ,?is is p>ticul> necessity3 e4 g4 any ev5t :i* ,i _c h9d]4 ,9 ! discussions ab\t lib]ty & moral ag5cy1 ! ^w is us$ especially 9 a p>ticul> s5se1 because we are conc]n$ 9 ^! discussions z individuals4 ,accord+ to ?is common use ( necessity 9 ! p>ticul> s5se1 ,:5 we speak ( any ?+ necess>y to u1 x is ) relation to "s supposable opposition to our wills2 & a ?+ is said to be necess>y 9 ?is s5se :5 we _c help x1 d :at we w4 ,s also a ?+ is said to be impossible to u :5 we _c d x1 al?\gh we make ! attempt1--t is1 put =? ! volition2 & irresi/ible to u1 :i*1 :5 we put =? a volition to h9d] x1 ov]comes ! opposition3 & we are unable to d a ?+ :5 our supposable desires & endeav\rs are insuffici5t1--are n foll[$ by any effect4 ,9 ! common or vulg> use ( ^! t]ms1 we are n consid]+ volition 9 relation to its own cause2 b we are consid]+ volition z itself a cause 9 relation to its own effects3 e4 g4 suppose a "q be rais$1 :e!r a c]ta9 man c raise a c]ta9 weight1--if x be affirm$ t x is impossible = him to raise x1 t he has n ! ability to raise x1 & t ! weight w necess>ily keep its position1--no ref]5ce :atev] is made to ! production ( a volition or *oice to raise x1 b solely to ! connexion betwe5 ! volition & ! rais+ ( ! weight4 ,n[ ,edw>ds rem>ks1 t ?is common use ( ! t]m necessity & its cognates be+ habitual1 is likely to ent] into & conf\nd our reason+s on subjects :]e x is inadmissible f ! nature ( ! case4 ,we mu/ !re=e be c>eful to discrim9ate4 7p4 #bg47 #b4 ,9 metaphysical or philosophical use1 necessity is n a relative1 b an absolute t]m4 ,9 ?is use necessity applies 9 cases :]e9 no insuffici5t w is suppos$1 or c be suppos$2 b ! v nature ( ! suppos$ case itself excludes any opposition1 w1 or endeav\r4 7ibid47 ,?us x is us$ ) respect to ,god's exi/5ce be=e ! creation ( ! _w1 :5 !re 0 no o!r be+4 ,metaphysical or philosophical necessity is no?+ diff]5t f c]ta9ty1--n ! c]ta9ty ( k1 b ! c]ta9ty ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! c]ta9ty ( k1 or t :]e9 lies ! gr\nd ( ! infallibility ( ! proposition :i* affirms !m4 ,philosophical necessity is really no?+ else ?an ! full & fix$ connexion betwe5 ! ?+s signifi$ by ! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition :i* affirms some?+ to be true2 & 9 ?is s5se ,i use ! ^w necessity1 9 ! foll[+ disc\rse1 :5 ,i endeav\r to prove t necessity is n inconsi/5t ) lib]ty4 7p4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi47 ,! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( some?+1 may h a full1 fix$1 & c]ta9 connexion1 9 sev]al ways4 #a4 ,!y1 may h a full & p]fect connexion 9 & ( !mselves4 ,s ,god's inf9ity & o!r attributes are necess>y4 ,s x is necess>y1 9 its own nature1 t two & two %\ld be f\r4 #b4 ,! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition1 affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* is already come to pass1 are fix$ & c]ta94 #c4 ,! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition may be fix$ & c]ta9 consequ5tially1--& s ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+s affirm$ may be consequ5tially necess>y4 ,?+s :i* are p]fectly connect$ ) ! ?+s t are necess>y1 are necess>y !mselves1 by a necessity ( consequ5ce4 ,?is is logical necessity4 ,& "h x may be obs]v$1 t all ?+s :i* are future1 or :i* w h]eaft] beg9 to be1 :i* c be said to be necess>y1 are necess>y only 9 ?is la/ way1--t is1 by a connexion ) some?+ t is necess>y 9 its own nature1 or some?+ t already is or has be54 ,?is is ! necessity :i* especially belongs to controv]sies ab\t acts ( ! w4 7p4 #cj47 ,philosophical necessity is g5]al & p>ticul>4 #a4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ?+ may be said to be necess>y ) a g5]al necessity1 :5 all ?+s consid]$ !re is a f\ndation = ! c]ta9ty ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is is unconditional necessity 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 #b4 ,p>ticul> necessity ref]s to ?+s t happ5 to p>ticul> p]sons1 9 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 no w ( !irs has any conc]n1 at lea/ at t "t2 :i*1 :e!r !y are necess>y or n ) reg>d to ?+s 9 g5]al1 yet are necess>y to !m1 & ) reg>d to any volition ( !irs at t "t1 z !y prev5t all acts ( ! w ab\t ! affair4 7p4 #ca47 ,?is p>ticul> necessity is absolute to ! individual1 because 8 w has no?+ to d ) x--:e!r x be absolute or n 9 ! g5]al s5se1 does n affect 8 case4 ,:at has be5 said to %[ ! mean+ ( t]ms necess>y & necessity1 may be suffici5t = ! expla9+ ( ! opposite t]ms impossible & impossibility4 ,= !re is no diff]5ce1 b only ! latt] are negative & ! =m] positive4 7ibid47 ,inability & ,unable4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ^! t]ms 9 _! orig9al & common use1 h relation to w & endeav\r1 z supposable 9 ! case4 ,t is h relation to ! connexion ( volition ) effects4 ,b z ^! t]ms are (t5 us$ by philosoph]s & div9es1 especially writ]s on controv]sies ab\t free w1 !y are us$ 9 a q diff]5t & f> m ext5sive s5se1 & are appli$ to _m cases :]e9 no w or endeav\r = ! br++ ( ! ?+ to pass is or c be suppos$3 e4 g4 ,! connexion betwe5 volitions & _! causes or motives4 ,cont+5t & ,cont+5cy4 ,any ?+ is said to be cont+5t1 or to come to pass by *ance or accid5t1 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( su* words1 :5 its connexion ) its causes or antec$5ts1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( ?+s1 is n disc]n$2 & s is :at we h no means ( =esee+4 ,b ! ^w1 cont+5t1 is abundantly us$ 9 a v diff]5t s5se2 n = t1 ^: connexion ) ! s]ies ( ?+s we _c disc]n s z to =esee ! ev5t1 b = some?+ :i* has absolutely no previ\s gr\nd or reason1 ) :i* its exi/5ce has any fix$ connexion4 7p4 #ca4 #cb47 ,cont+5cy & *ance ,edw>ds uses z equival5t t]ms4 ,9 common use1 cont+5cy & *ance are relative to our k--imply+ t we disc]n no cause4 ,9 ano!r use1--! use ( a c]ta9 philosophical s*ool1--he affirms t cont+5cy is us$ to express absolutely no cause2 or1 t "s ev5ts are repres5t$ z exi/+ )\t any cause or gr\nd ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is w be exam9$ 9 its prop] place4 ,i am n[ only /at+ ,edw>ds's op9ions1 n discuss+ !m4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,di/9ction ( natural & moral ,necess>y & ,inability4 ,we n[ return to ! "q3--,is ! connexion betwe5 motive & volition necess>y8 ,! t]m necess>y1 9 its common or vulg> use1 does n relate to ?is "q1 = 9 t use z we h se51 x ref]s to ! connexion betwe5 volition consid]$ z a cause1 & its effects4 ,9 ?is "q1 we are consid]+ volition z an effect 9 relation to its cause or ! motive4 ,if ! connexion !n ( motive & volition be necess>y1 x mu/ be necess>y 9 ! philosophical or metaphysical s5se ( ! t]m4 ,n[ ?is philosophical necessity ,edw>ds does hold to *>act]ize ! connexion ( motive & volition4 ,?is section op5s ) ! foll[+ di/9ction ( philosophical necessity3 ,t necessity :i* has be5 expla9$1 consi/+ 9 an infallible connexion ( ! ?+s signifi$ by ! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition1 z intellig5t be+s are ! subjects ( x1 is di/+ui%$ into moral & natural necessity4 ,he !n appropriates moral philosophical necessity to express ! nature ( ! connexion betwe5 motive & volition3 ,& sometimes by moral necessity is meant t necessity ( connexion & consequ5ce :i* arises f moral causes1 z ! /r5g? ( incl9ation1 or motives1 & ! connexion :i* !re is 9 _m cases betwe5 ^!1 & su* c]ta9 volitions & actions4 ,& x is 9 ?is s5se t ,i use ! phrase moral necessity 9 ! foll[+ disc\rse4 7p4 #cb47 ,natural philosophical necessity z di/+ui%$ f ?is1 he employs to *>act]ize ! connexion betwe5 natural causes & ph5om5a ( our be+1 z ! connexion ( ext]nal objects ) our v>i\s s5sations1 & ! connexion betwe5 tru? & our ass5t or belief4 7p4 #cc47 ,9 employ+ ! t]m moral1 h[ev]1 he does n int5d to intimate t x affects at all ! absolut5ess ( ! necessity :i* x di/+ui%es2 on ! contr>y1 he affirms t moral necessity may be z absolute z natural necessity4 ,t is1 ! effect may be z p]fectly connect$ ) its moral cause1 z a natural necess>y effect is ) its natural cause4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t !re may be su* a ?+ z a sure & p]fect connexion betwe5 moral causes & effects2 s ?is only 7i4 e4 ! sure & p]fect connexion17 is :at ,i call by ! "n ( moral necessity4 7p4 #cc47 ,nor does he int5d t :5 a moral habit or motive is s /rong t ! act ( ! w infallibly foll[s1 ?is is n ow+ to ! nature ( ?+s6 ,b ^! t]ms1 moral & natural1 are conv5i5t to express a diff]5ce :i* really exi/s2 a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* does n lie s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! connexion z 9 ! two t]ms connect$4 ,inde$1 he soon aft] admits t *oice 9 _m cases arises f nature1 z truly z o!r ev5ts4 ,8 s5tim5t is pla9ly ?is *oice lies 9 ! great sy/em & *a9 ( nature z truly z any o!r ph5om5on1 aris+ f its antec$5t & hav+ its consequ5ts or effects3 b we h appropriat$ nature to express ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* lie )\t u1 & :i* are mo/ obvi\s to u2 & *oice be+1 z x 71 a new pr9ciple ( motion & action1 ly+ )9 u1 & (t5 int]rupt+ or alt]+ ! ext]nal c\rse ( nature1 seems to dem& a peculi> designation4 7p4 #cd47 ,edw>ds closes 8 rem>ks on moral necessity by ju/ify+ 8 r$uction ( motive & volition "u philosophical necessity4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t 9 :at has be5 expla9$1 z signifi$ by ! "n ( moral necessity1 ! ^w necessity is n us$ accord+ to ! orig9al design & mean+ ( ! ^w2 =1 z 0 obs]v$ be=e1 su* t]ms1 necess>y1 impossible1 irresi/ible1 c4 9 common spee*1 & _! mo/ prop] s5se1 are always relative1 hav+ ref]5ce to "s supposable volunt>y opposition or endeav\r1 t is insuffici5t4 ,b no su* opposition1 or contr>y w & endeav\r1 is supposable 9 ! case ( moral necessity2 :i* is a c]ta9ty ( ! incl9ation & w itself2 :i* does n admit ( ! supposition ( a w to oppose & resi/ x4 ,= x is absurd to suppose ! same individual w to oppose itself 9 its pres5t act2 or ! pres5t *oice to be opposite to1 & resi/+ pres5t *oice3 z absurd z x is to talk ( two contr>y motions 9 ! same mov+ body at ! same "t4 ,& !re=e ! v case suppos$ nev] admits ( any trial1 :e!r an oppos+ or resi/+ w c ov]come ?is necessity4 7p4 #ce47 ,?is passage is cle> & full4 ,common necessity1 or necessity 9 ! orig9al use ( ! ^w1 ref]s to ! connexion betwe5 volition & its effects2 = "h an opposition to w is supposable4 ,i may *oose or w to raise a weight2 b ! gravity oppos$ to my endeav\r ov]comes x1 & ,i f9d x impossible = me to raise x1 & ! weight necess>ily rema9s 9 its place4 ,9 ?is common use ( ^! t]ms1 ! impossibility & ! necessity are relative to my volition2 b 9 ! production ( *oice itself1 or volition1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 !re is no ref]5ce to volunt>y endeav\r4 ,*oice is n ! cause ( itself3 x _c be conceiv$ ( z /ruggl+ ) itself 9 its own production4 ,! cause ( volition does n lie )9 ! sph]e ( volition itself2 if any opposition1 !re=e1 7 made to ! production ( a volition1 x c\ld n be made by a volition4 ,! m9d1 ) giv5 susceptibilities & habits1 is suppos$ to be plac$ )9 ! influ5ce ( objects & _! circum/ances1 & ! *oice takes place 9 ! correlation ( ! two1 z ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,n[ *oice _c exi/ be=e its cause1 & s !re c be no *oice 9 ! act ( its causation4 ,x comes into exi/5ce1 !re=e1 by no necessity relat+ to volunt>y endeav\r2 x comes into exi/5ce by a philosophical & absolute necessity ( cause & effect4 ,x is necess>y z ! fall+ ( a /one :i* is ?r[n into ! air2 z ! freez+ or boil+ ( wat] at giv5 temp]atures2 z s5sations ( sight1 s\nd1 smell1 ta/e1 & feel+1 :5 ! organs ( s5se & ! objects ( s5se are br\ght toge!r4 ,! application ( ! epi!t moral to ! necessity ( volition1 evid5tly does n alt] 9 ! lea/ ! "* ( t necessity4 ,x is /ill philosophical & absolute necessity1 & z sure & p]fect z natural necessity4 ,?is we h se5 he expressly admits1 7p4 #cc27 affirm+1 7p4 #cd17 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a moral & natural necessity is a m]e diff]5ce 9 ! two t]ms connect$1 & n a diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! connexion4 ,natural & moral inability4 ,:at has be5 said ( natural & moral necessity1 may s]ve to expla9 :at is int5d$ by natural & moral inability4 ,we are said to be naturally unable to d a ?+1 :5 we _c d x if we w1 because :at is mo/ commonly call$ nature does n all[ ( x1 or because ( "s imp$+ defect or ob/acle t is extr9sic to ! w2 ei!r 9 ! faculty ( ! und]/&+1 con/itution ( body1 or ext]nal objects4 7p4 #ce47 ,we may make a volunt>y endeav\r to "k some?+1 & may f9d ourselves unable1 ?r\gh a defect ( ! und]/&+4 ,we may make a volunt>y ef=t to d some?+ by ! in/rum5tality ( our h&1 & may f9d ourselves unable ?r\gh a defect ( ! bodily con/itution2 or ext]nal objects may be reg>d$ z pres5t+ su* a c\nt] =ce z to ov]come ! =ce we ex]t4 ,?is is natural inability2 ?is is all we mean by x4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ too1 t ?is is inability n metaphysically or philosophically consid]$1 & !re=e n absolute inability2 b only inability 9 ! common & vulg> acceptation ( ! t]m--a relative inability1 relative to volition or *oice--an inability to d1 al?\gh we w to d4 ,:at is moral inability8 ,moral inability consi/s n 9 any ( ^! ?+s2 b ei!r 9 ! want ( incl9ation1 or ! /r5g? ( a contr>y incl9ation1 or ! want ( suffici5t motives 9 view1 to induce & excite ! act ( w1 or ! /r5g? ( app>5t motives to ! contr>y4 ,or bo? ^! may be resolv$ into "o2 & x may be said1 9 "o ^w1 t moral inability consi/s 9 ! opposition or want ( incl9ation4 ,= :5 a p]son is unable to w or *oose su* a ?+1 ?r\gh a defect ( motives1 or preval5ce ( contr>y motives1 x is ! same ?+ z 8 be+ unable ?r\gh ! want ( an incl9ation1 or ! preval5ce ( a contr>y incl9ation1 9 su* circum/ances & "u ! influ5ce ( su* views4 7bid47 ,! inability 9 ?is case does n relate to ! connexion betwe5 volition & its consequ5ts & effects2 b to ! production ( ! volition itself4 ,n[ ! inability to ! production ( a volition1 _c be affirm$ ( ! volition1 because x is n yet suppos$ to exi/1 & z an effect _c be conceiv$ ( z produc+ itself4 ,! inability1 !re=e1 mu/ belong to ! causes ( volition1 or to ! motive4 ,b motive1 z we h se51 lies 9 ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & 9 ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object2 & *oice or volition exi/s :51 9 ! correlation ( m9d & object1 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is produc$4 ,n[ :at reason c exi/1 9 any giv5 case1 :y ! volition or s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is n produc$8 ,:y simply ?is1 t !re is n su* a correlation ( m9d & object z to produce ?is s5se or *oice4 ,b :]e9 lies ! defici5cy8 ,we may say g5]ally1 t x lies 9 bo? m9d & object--t !y are n suit$ to ea* o!r4 ,! m9d is n 9 a /ate to be agreeably impress$ by ! object1 & ! object does n possess qualities ( beauty & agreeabl5ess to ! m9d4 ,on ! "p ( ! m9d1 !re is ei!r a want ( incl9ation to ! object1 or a /rong] incl9ation t[>ds ano!r object3 on ! "p ( ! object1 !re is a want ( int]e/+ & agreeable qualities to ! p>ticul> /ate ( m9d 9 "q1 or a suitabl5ess to a diff]5t /ate ( m9d3 & ?is con/itutes ! want ( suffici5t motives 9 view1 to induce & excite ! act ( w1 or ! /r5g? ( app>5t motives to ! contr>y4 ,& bo? ^! may cle>ly be resolv$ into "o1 t above m5tion$1 viz1 a want ( incl9ation on ! "p ( ! m9d to ! object1 & a /rong] incl9ation t[>ds ano!r object2 or1 z ,edw>ds expresses x1 ! opposition or want ( incl9ation4 ,= a want ( incl9ation to "o object1 imply+ a /rong] incl9ation to ano!r object1 expresses t ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & ! nature & circum/ances ( ! "o object1 are n correlat$2 b t ! /ate ( m9d1 & ! nature & circum/ances ( ! o!r object1 are correlat$4 ,! fir/1 is a want ( suffici5t motives2 ! second1 /rong] motives to ! contr>y4 ,moral inability lies entirely out ( ! sph]e ( volition2 volition1 !re=e1 _c produce or relieve x1 = ?is w\ld suppose an effect to modify its cause1 & t too be=e ! effect itself has any exi/5ce4 ,moral inability is a metaphysical inability3 x is ! p]fect & fix$ impossibility ( c]ta9 laws & pr9ciples ( be+1 lead+ to c]ta9 volitions2 & is contra/$ ) physical inability1 :i* is ! e/abli%$ impossibility ( a c]ta9 volition1 produc+ a c]ta9 effect4 ,s we may say1 t moral ability is ! c]ta9 & fix$ connexion betwe5 c]ta9 laws & pr9ciples ( be+1 & volitions2 & is contra/$ ) natural ability1 :i* is ! e/abli%$ connexion betwe5 c]ta9 volitions & c]ta9 effects4 ,moral inability1 al?\gh transc5d+ ! sph]e ( volition1 is a real inability4 ,:]e x exi/s1 !re is ! absolute impossibility ( a giv5 volition1--& ( c\rse an absolute impossibility ( c]ta9 effects com+ to pass by t volition4 ,! impossibility ( wat] freez+ above an e/abli%$ temp]ature1 or ( boil+ bel[ an e/abli%$ temp]ature1 is no m fix$ ?an ! impossibility ( effects com+ to pass by a volition1 :5 !re is a moral inability ( ! volition4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases does n lie 9 ! nature ( ! connexion1 b 9 ! two t]ms connect$4 ,edw>ds gives sev]al in/ances 9 illu/ration ( moral inability4 ,a woman ( great hon\r & *a/ity may h a moral inability to pro/itute h]self to h] slave4 7ibid47 ,!re is no correlation betwe5 ! /ate ( h] m9d & ! act :i* =ms ! object contemplat$1--( c\rse ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice _c take place2 & :ile ! /ate ( h] m9d rema9s ! same1 & ! act & its circum/ances rema9 ! same1 !re is1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,edw>ds1 an utt] inability to ! *oice1 & ( c\rse to ! consequ5ts ( ! *oice4 ,a *ild ( great love & duty to 8 p>5ts1 may be ?us unable to kill 8 fa!r4 7ibid47 ,?is case is simil> to ! prec$+4 ,a v lascivi\s man1 9 case ( c]ta9 opportunities & temptations1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( su* & su* re/ra9ts1 may be unable to =be> gratify+ 8 lu/4 ,!re is "h a correlation betwe5 ! /ate ( m9d & ! object1 9 its nature & circum/ances1--& ( c\rse ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice takes place4 ,!re is a moral ability to ! *oice1 & a moral inability to =be>1 or to *oose ! opposite4 ,a drunk>d1 "u su* & su* circum/ances1 may be unable to =be> tak+ /rong dr9k4 7ibid47 ,?is is simil> to ! la/4 ,a v malici\s man may be unable to ex]t b5evol5t acts to an enemy1 or to desire 8 prosp]ity2 yea1 "s may be s "u ! p[] ( a vile disposition1 t !y may be unable to love ^? :o are mo/ wor?y ( _! e/eem & affection4 7ibid47 ,! /ate ( m9d is su*1--t is1 ! disposition or s5sitivity1 z n to be at all correlat$ to ! great duty ( lov+ "o's neighb\r z "o's self1--or to any moral excell5cy 9 ano!r3 ( c\rse ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is n produc$2 & 9 ?is /ate ( m9d x is absolutely impossible t x %\ld be produc$4 ,a /rong habit ( virtue1 a great e/eem ( hol9ess1 may cause a moral inability to love wick$ness 9 g5]al4 7p4 #cf47 ,on ! o!r h&1 a great degree ( habitual wick$ness may lay a man "u an inability to love & *oose hol9ess1 & r5d] him utt]ly unable to love an inf9itely ,holy ,be+1 or to *oose & cleave to him z ! *ief good4 7ibid47 ,! love & *oice ( hol9ess is necess>ily produc$ by ! correlation ( ! m9d ) hol9ess2 & ! love & *oice ( hol9ess is utt]ly impossible :5 ?is correlation does n exi/4 ,:]e a moral inability to evil exi/s1 no?+ c be m sure & fix$ ?an ?is inability4 ,! individual :o is ! subject ( x has absolutely no p[] to alt] x4 ,if he 7 to proce$ to alt] x1 he w\ld h to put =? a volition to ?is effect2 b ?is w\ld be an evil volition1 & by supposition ! individual has no ability to evil volitions4 ,:]e a moral inability to good exi/s1 no?+ c be m sure & fix$ ?an ?is inability4 ,! individual :o is ! subject ( x1 has absolutely no p[] to alt] x4 ,if he 7 to proce$ to alt] x1 he w\ld h to put =? a volition to ?is effect2 b ?is w\ld be a good volition1 & by supposition ! individual has no ability to good volitions4 ,g5]al & habitual1 p>ticul> & occasional ,inability4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 a fix$ & habitual incl9ation1 or an habitual & /at$ defect or want ( a c]ta9 k9d ( incl9ation4 7p4 #cf47 ,! second is an inability ( ! w or he>t to a p>ticul> act1 ?r\gh ! /r5g? or defect ( pres5t motives1 or ( inducem5ts pres5t$ to ! view ( ! und]/&+1 on ?is occasion4 7ibid47 ,an habitual drunk>d1 & a man habitually sob]1 on "s p>ticul> occasion gett+ drunk1 are in/ances ( g5]al & p>ticul> inability4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! /ate ( ! man's m9d has become correlat$ to ! object2 "u all times & circum/ances x is fix$4 ,9 ! second in/ance1 ! /ate ( ! man's m9d is correlat$ to ! object only :5 pres5t$ on c]ta9 occasions & "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,9 bo? in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! *oice is necess>y1--x n be+ possible1 9 any case1 t ! w %\ld at pres5t g aga9/ ! motive :i* has n[1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! greate/ advantage to induce x4 ,w & endeav\r aga9/1 or div]se f pres5t acts ( ! w1 are 9 no case supposable1 :e!r ^? acts be occasional or habitual2 = t w\ld be to suppose ! w at pres5t to be o!rwise ?an at pres5t x is4 7ibid47 ,! passage :i* foll[s des]ves p>ticul> att5tion4 ,x may be br\ght up "u ! foll[+ "q3 ,al?\gh w _c be ex]t$ aga9/ pres5t acts ( ! w1 yet c pres5t acts ( ! w be ex]t$ to produce future acts ( ! w1 oppos$ to pres5t habitual or pres5t occasional acts8 ,b yet !re may be w & endeav\r aga9/ future acts ( ! w1 or volitions t are likely to take place1 z view$ at a di/ance4 ,x is no contradiction1 to suppose t ! acts ( ! w at "o "t may be aga9/ ! act ( ! w at ano!r "t2 & !re may be desires & endeav\rs to prev5t or excite future acts ( ! w2 b su* desires & endeav\rs are 9 _m cases r5d]$ insuffici5t & va9 ?r\gh fix$ness ( habit3 :5 ! occasion returns1 ! /r5g? ( habit ov]comes & baffles all su* opposition4 7p4 #cg47 ,let u take ! in/ance ( ! drunk>d4 ,! *oice or volition to dr9k is ! fix$ correlation ( 8 disposition & ! /rong dr9k4 ,b we may suppose t 8 disposition c be affect$ by o!r objects likewise3 z ! consid]ation ( ! int]e/ & happ9ess ( 8 wife & *ildr51 & 8 own respectability & f9al happ9ess4 ,:5 8 cups are remov$1 & he has an occasional fit ( satiety & loa?+1 ^! consid]ations may awak5 at ! "t ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 & lead him to avoid ! occasions ( drunk5ness1 & to =m resolutions ( am5dm5t2 b :5 ! appetite & long+ = dr9k returns1 & he comes aga9 9 ! way ( indulg5ce1 !n ^! consid]ations1 br\ght fairly into collision ) 8 habits1 are ov]come1 & dr9k+1 z ! mo/ agreeable1 ass]ts its supremacy4 ,b x may be comp>atively easy to make an alt]ation ) respect to su* future acts z are only occasional & transi5t2 because ! occasional or transi5t cause1 if =ese51 may (t5 easily be prev5t$ or avoid$4 7ibid47 ,9 ! case ( occasional drunk5ness1 = in/ance1 ! habitual correlation is n ( m9d & /rong dr9k1 b ( m9d & consid]ations ( hon\r1 prud5ce1 & virtue4 ,b /rong dr9k be+ associat$ on "s occasion ) objects :i* are correlat$ to ! m9d1 z hospitality1 fri5d%ip1 or fe/ive celebrations1--may obta9 ! ma/]y2 & 9 ?is case1 ! individual be+ "u no temptation f /rong dr9k 9 itself consid]$1 & be+ really affect$ ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable 9 relation to objects :i* are oppos$ to drunk5ness1 may take c>e t /rong dr9k %all n come aga9 into circum/ances to give x an adv5titi\s advantage4 ,! repetition ( occasional drunk5ness w\ld ( c\rse by & by produce a *ange 9 ! s5sitivity1 & e/abli% an habitual lik+ = dr9k4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! moral inability t att5ds fix$ habits1 especially obta9s ! "n ( inability4 ,& !n1 z ! w may remotely & indirectly resi/ itself1 & d x 9 va91 9 ! case ( /rong habits2 s reason may resi/ pres5t acts ( ! w1 & its resi/ance be insuffici5t3 & ?is is m commonly ! case1 also1 :5 ! acts arise f /rong habit4 7ibid47 ,9 e act ( ! w1 ! w at ! mom5t is unable to act o!rwise2 x is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se true1 t a man1 at ! mom5t ( 8 act+1 mu/ act z he does act2 b z we usually *>act]ize m5 by ! habitual /ate ( _! m9ds1 we m especially speak ( moral inability 9 relation to acts :i* are kn[n to h no correlation to ?is habitual /ate4 ,?is habitual /ate ( ! m9d1 if x be oppos$ to reason1 ov]comes reason2 = no?+1 n ev5 reason itself1 c be ! /ronge/ motive1 unless x produce ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable2 & ?is x _c d1 :]e ! habitual disposition or s5sitivity is oppos$ to x4 ,common usage ) respect to ! phrase want ( p[] or inability to act 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ conc]n+ moral inability1 9 ea* k9d ( x1 t ! ^w inability is us$ 9 a s5se v div]se f its orig9al import4 ,! ^w signifies only a natural inability1 9 ! prop] use ( x2 & is appli$ to su* cases only :]e9 a pres5t w or incl9ation to ! ?+1 ) respect to :i* a p]son is said to be unable1 is supposable4 ,x _c be truly said1 accord+ to ! ord9>y use ( language1 t a malici\s man1 let him be nev] s malici\s1 _c hold 8 h& f /rik+1 or t he is n able to %[ 8 neighb\r a k9dness2 or t a drunk>d1 let 8 appetite be nev] s /rong1 _c keep ! cup f 8 m\?4 ,9 ! /ricte/ propriety ( spee*1 a man has a ?+ 9 8 p[] if he has x 9 8 *oice or at 8 election2 & a man _c be truly said to be unable to d a ?+1 :5 he c d x if he w4 7ibid47 ,m51 9 ! common use ( language1 & 9 ! expression ( _! common & g5]ally receiv$ s5tim5ts1 affirm t an individual has any ?+ 9 8 p[] :5 x c be controll$ by volition4 ,_! connexion ( p[] does n arise f ! connexion ( volition ) its cause1 b f ! conception ( volition z itself a cause ) its effects4 ,?us ! h& ( a malici\s man :5 mov$ to /rike1 hav+ = its antec$5t a volition2 & if )held f /rik+1 hav+ = its antec$5t likewise a volition2 accord+ to ! common usage ( language1 he1 z ! subject ( volition1 has ! p[] to /rike or n to /rike4 ,n[ z x is improp]ly said t he _c p]=m ^? ext]nal volunt>y actions :i* dep5d on ! w1 x is 9 "s respects m improp]ly said1 t he is unable to ex]t ! acts ( ! w !mselves2 because x is m evid5tly false1 ) respect to ^!1 t he _c if he w2 = to say s is a d[nright contradiction2 x is to say he _c w if he does w3 &1 9 ?is case1 n only is x true t x is easy = a man to d ! ?+ if he w1 b ! v will+ is ! do+4 7ibid47 ,x is improp]1 accord+ to ?is1 to say t a man _c d a ?+1 :5 no?+ is want+ b an act ( volition2 = t is )9 our p[]1 z f> z x c be )9 our p[]1 :i* is )9 ! rea* ( our volition4 ,x is /ill m improp] to say t a man is unable to ex]t ! acts ( ! w !mselves1 or unable to produce volitions4 ,to say t a man has p[] to produce volitions1 w\ld imply t he has p[] to w volitions2 b ?is w\ld make "o volition ! cause ( ano!r1 :i* is absurd4 ,b1 z x is absurd to repres5t ! w z ! cause ( its own volitions1 & ( c\rse to say t ! man has ability to produce 8 volitions1 x mu/ be absurd likewise to repres5t ! man z unable1 9 any p>ticul> case1 to produce volitions1 = ?is w\ld imply t 9 o!r cases he is able4 ,nay1 ! v language is self-contradictory4 ,if a man produce volitions1 he mu/ produce !m by volitions2 & if 9 any case he is affirm$ to be unable to produce volitions2 !n ?is inability mu/ arise f a want ( connexion betwe5 ! volition by :i* ! requir$ volition is aim$ to be produc$1 & ! requir$ volition itself4 ,s t to affirm t he is unable to w is equival5t to say+1 t he _c w if he w--a proposition :i* grants ! v po9t x assumes to d5y4 ,! v will+ is ! do+1 :i* is requir$4 ,edw>ds adopts :at he calls ! orig9al & prop]1 mean+ ( p[]1 & ability1 z appli$ to human ag5ts1 & appe>+1 9 ! ord9>y use ( language1 z ! legitimate & true mean+4 ,9 ?is use1 p[]1 z we h se51 relates only to ! connexion ( volition ) its consequ5ts1 & n to its connexion ) its antec$5ts or motives4 ,h5ce1 9 ref]5ce to ! human ag5t1 to ascribe a non-p]=mance to ! want ( p[] or ability1 or to ! want ( motives1 7= ?is is pla9ly 8 mean+17 is n j1 because ! ?+ want+1 t is1 imm$iately want+1 & want+ s f> z ! ag5t himself c be ! subject ( rem>k 9 respect ( x1 is n a be+ able1 t is1 a hav+ ! requisite motives1 or ! moral ability1 b a be+ will+1 or ! act ( volition1 itself4 ,to ! act ( volition1 or ! fact ( 'be+ will+1' !re is no facility ( m9d or capacity ( nature want+1 b only a disposition or /ate ( m9d adapt$ to ! act2 b ) ?is1 ! individual c h no conc]n 9 ref]5ce to 8 action1 because he has all ! ability :i* c be pr$icat$ ( him legitimately1 :5 he c d ! act1 if he w to d x4 ,x is evid5t t !re may be an utt] moral inability to d a ?+--t is ! motive may be want+ :i* causes ! volition1 :i* is ! imm$iate antec$5t ( ! ?+ to be done2 b /ill if x is true t !re is su* a connexion betwe5 ! volition & ! ?+ to be done1 t ! mom5t ! volition takes place ! ?+ is done2 !n1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 ! man may be affirm$ to be able to d x ) ! only ability t c be affirm$ ( him4 ,we c ex]t p[] only by ex]t+ w1 t is by putt+ =? volitions by *oos+2 ( c\rse we _c ex]t p[] ov] ^? motives :i* are !mselves ! causes ( our volitions4 ,we are n unable to d any?+ 9 ! prop] & orig9al & legitimate use ( ! ^w :51 = ! want ( motive1 we are n ! subjects ( ! volition requir$ z ! imm$iate antec$5t ( ! ?+ to be done2 b we are unable 9 ?is use :51 al?\gh ! volition be made2 /ill1 ?r\gh "s imp$im5t1 ! ?+ is n done4 ,we are consci\s ( p[]1 or ( ! want ( p[] only 9 ! connexion betwe5 our actual volitions & _! objects4 ,sec4 ,v4 ,conc]n+ ! ,notion ( ,lib]ty1 & ( moral ,ag5cy4 ,:at is lib]ty8 ,! pla9 & obvi\s mean+ ( ! words fre$om & lib]ty1 9 common spee*1 is p[]1 opportunity1 or advantage t any "o has to d z he pleases4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 8 be+ free f h9d]ance1 or imp$im5t 9 ! way ( do+1 or conduct+ 9 any way z he wills4 ,& ! contr>y to lib]ty1 :atev] "n we call x by1 is a p]son's be+ h9d]$ or unable to conduct z he w1 or be+1 necessitat$ to d o!rwise4 7p4 #ch47 ,aga91 ,t p[] & opportunity = "o to d & conduct z he w1 or accord+ to 8 *oice1 is all t is meant by x2 )\t tak+ into ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 any?+ ( ! cause ( t *oice1 or at all consid]+ h[ ! p]son came to h su* a volition2 :e!r x 0 caus$ by "s ext]nal motive1 or int]nal habitual bias2 :e!r x 0 det]m9$ by "s int]nal antec$5t volition1 or :e!r x happ5$ )\t a cause2 :e!r x 0 necess>ily connect$ ) some?+ =ego+1 or n connect$4 ,let ! p]son come by 8 *oice any h[1 yet if he is able1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! way to h9d] 8 pursu+ & execut+ 8 w1 ! man is p]fectly free1 accord+ to ! prim>y & common notion ( fre$om4 7p4 #ci47 ,?is is ,edw>ds's def9ition ( lib]ty1 & he has giv5 x ) a cle>ness1 a precision1 &1 at ! same "t1 an amplification1 :i* r5d]s x impossible to mi/ake 8 mean+4 ,lib]ty has no?+ to d ) ! connexion betwe5 volition & its cause or motive4 ,lib]ty relates solely to ! connexion betwe5 ! volition & its objects4 ,he is free 9 ! only true & prop] s5se1 :o1 :5 he wills1 f9ds no imp$im5t betwe5 ! volition & ! object1 :o wills & x is done4 ,he wills to walk1 & 8 legs obey3 he wills to talk1 & 8 intellect & tongue obey1 & frame & express s5t5ces4 ,if 8 legs 7 b\nd1 he w\ld n be free4 ,if 8 tongue 7 ti$ ) a ?ong1 or 8 m\? gagg$1 he w\ld n be free2 or if 8 intellect 7 p>alys$ or disord]$1 he w\ld n be free4 ,if !re %\ld be any?+ prev5t+ ! volition f tak+ effect1 he w\ld n be free4 ,( :at c ! attribute ( ,lib]ty be affirm$8 ,f ! def9ition ?us giv5 ,edw>ds rem>ks1 ,x w foll[1 t 9 propriety ( spee*1 nei!r lib]ty1 nor its contr>y1 c prop]ly be ascrib$ to any be+ or ?+1 b t :i* has su* a faculty1 p[]1 or prop]ty1 z is call$ w4 ,= t :i* is possess$ ( no w1 _c h any p[] or opportunity ( do+ accord+ to its w1 nor be necessitat$ to act contr>y to its w1 nor be re/ra9$ f act+ agreeable to x4 ,& !re=e to talk ( lib]ty1 or ! contr>y1 z belong+ to ! v w itself1 is n to speak good s5se2 = ! w itself1 is n an ag5t t has a w4 ,! p[] ( *oos+ itself1 has n a p[] ( *oos+4 ,t :i* has ! p[] ( volition is ! man1 or ! s\l1 & n ! p[] ( volition itself4 ,& he t has ! lib]ty1 is ! ag5t :o is possess$ ( ! w2 & n ! w :i* he is possess$ (4 7p4 #ch47 ,lib]ty is ! attribute ( ! ag5t1 because ! ag5t is ! spiritual ess5ce or be+ :o is ! subject ( ! p[] or capacity ( *oice1 & 8 lib]ty consi/s z we h se5 9 ! unimp$$ connexion betwe5 ! volitions produc$ 9 him & ! objects ( ^? volitions4 ,h5ce1 free w is an objectionable phrase4 ,free ag5t is ! prop] phrase1 t is1 an ag5t hav+ ! p[] ( *oice & ^: *oice rea*es effects4 ,moral ,ag5t4 ,a moral ag5t is a be+ t is capable ( ^? actions t h a moral quality1 & :i* c prop]ly be d5om9at$ good or evil 9 a moral s5se1 virtu\s or vici\s1 comm5dable or faulty4 7p4 #ci47 ,9 :at lies ! capability ( actions hav+ a moral quality8 ,to moral ag5cy belongs a moral faculty1 or s5se ( moral good & evil1 or ( su* a ?+ z des]t or wor?9ess1 ( praise or blame1 rew>d or puni%m5t2 & a capacity :i* an ag5t has ( be+ influ5c$ 9 8 actions by moral inducem5ts or motives1 exhibit$ to ! view ( ! und]/&+ or reason1 to engage to a conduct agreeable to moral faculty4 7p4 #dj47 ,a moral ag5t is a be+ :o c p]=m moral actions1 or actions :i* are subject to praise or blame4 ,n[ ! same action may be committ$ by a man or by a brute--& ! man alone w be guilty3 :y is ! man guilty8 ,because he has a moral s5se or p]ception by :i* he di/+ui%es "r & wrong3 ! brute has no su* s5se or p]ception4 ,! man hav+ ?us ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ ! "r & wrong ( actions--actions & _! moral qualities may be s correlat$ to him z to produce ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice4 ,or1 we may say g5]ally1 moral ag5cy consi/s 9 ! possession ( a reason & consci5ce to di/+ui% "r & wrong1 & ! capacity ( hav+ ! "r & wrong s correlat$ to ! m9d z to =m motives & produce volitions4 ,we might def9e a man ( ta/e 9 ! f9e arts 9 a simil> way2 ?us1--a man ( ta/e is an ag5t :o has ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ beauty & ugl9ess1 & ^: m9d is s correlat$ to beauty t ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice is produc$4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases is ?is3 t1 9 ! latt]1 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is always produc$ by ! beauty p]ceiv$2 :ile 9 ! =m]1 ! "r p]ceiv$ does n always produce ?is s5se2 on ! contr>y1 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is (t5 produc$ by ! wrong1 9 opposition to ! decisions ( reason & consci5ce4 ,i h n[ complet$ ! /atem5t ( ,edw>ds's sy/em1 ne>ly 9 8 own words1 z conta9$ 9 "p ,i4 ( 8 "w4 ,! rem>ks & explanations :i* h be5 ?r[n 91 ,i hope w s]ve to make him m p]fectly und]/ood4 ,?is end w be /ill m fully atta9$ by pres5t+ on ! basis ( ! =ego+ inve/igation & /atem5t1 a comp5d ( 8 psy*ological sy/em1 indep5d5tly ( ! ord] !re pursu$1 & )\t l>gely introduc+ quotations1 :i* h already be5 abundantly made4 ,,comp5d ,,( ,,edw>ds',s ,,psy*ological ,,sy/em4 ,i4 ,!re are two c>d9al faculties ( ! m9d4 #a4 ,! intellectual--call$ reason or und]/&+4 #b4 ,! active & feel+--call$ w or affections4 ,,ii4 ,! relation ( ^! to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ prec$es ! second 9 ! ord] ( ex]cise4 ,! fir/ p]ceives & kn[s objects 9 _! qualities1 circum/ances1 & relations4 ,! second exp]i5ces emotions & passions1 or desires & *oices1 9 relation to ! objects p]ceiv$4 ,,iii4 ,p]ception is necess>y4 ,:5 ! und]/&+ & its objects are br\ght toge!r1 p]ception takes place accord+ to ! con/itut$ laws ( ! intellig5ce4 ,,iv4 ,! acts ( w or ! affections are necess>y4 ,:5 ?is faculty ( our be+ & its objects are br\ght toge!r1 volition or *oice1 emotions1 passions1 or desires take place1 accord+ to ! con/itut$ nature & laws ( ?is faculty4 ,! objects & ?is faculty are correlates4 ,9 relation to ! object1 we may call ?is faculty subject4 ,:5 subject & object are suit$ to ea* o!r1 t is1 are agreeable1 affections are produc$ :i* we call pleasant2 :5 !y are n suit$1 t is1 are disagreeable1 affections take place :i* are unpleasant or pa9ful4 ,e object 9 relation to subject1 is agreeable or disagreeable1 & produces accord+ly1 9 g5]al1 affections pleasant or pa9ful4 ,9 ! p]fection & h>mony ( our be+1 ?is correspond5ce is univ]sal2 t is1 :at is kn[n to be agreeable is felt to be pleasant2--:at is kn[n to be disagreeable is felt to be pa9ful4 ,b1 9 ! corruption ( our be+1 ?is is rev]s$ 9 respect ( moral objects4 ,al?\gh :at is "r is kn[n to be agreeable1 t is1 suit$ to u1 x is felt to be pa9ful4 ,b ! wrong :i* is kn[n to be unsuit$1 is felt to be pleasant4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ "h1 t pleasant & agreeable1 are us$ by ,edw>ds & o!rs1 z synonym\s t]ms4 ,! di/9ction ,i h "h made is at lea/ conv5i5t 9 describ+ ! same objects z pres5t$ to ! und]/&+ & to ! w4 ,v4 ,! emotions & passions1 volitions or *oices1 are ?us produc$ 9 ! correlation ( subject1 t is ! w1 & ! object4 ,9 assign+ ! causes ( ^! affections1 we may ref] to ! nature ( ! w1 :i* is su*1 z to receive su* & su* affections :5 9 ! pres5ce ( su* & su* objects3 or1 we may ref] to ! objects1 & say _! nature & circum/ances are su* z to produce su* & su* affections 9 ! w3 or1 we may ref] to bo? at once1 & say t ! affections arise f ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & f ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object4 ,,vi4 ,! affections ( ! w /& connect$ ) *anges or effects 9 o!r p>ts ( our be+1 z /at$ antec$5ts4 ,fir/1 !y /& ?us connect$ ) muscul> action1--z walk+1 talk+1 /rik+1 resi/+1 c4 ,secondly1 !y /& ?us connect$ ) m5tal op]ations1--z fix+ ! att5tion ^u any subject ( ?\ght & inve/igation1 or ^u any imag9ation1 or any idea ( ! memory4 ,,vii4 ,! affections ( ! w1 :5 ?us connect$ ) effects 9 o!r p>ts ( our be+1 h a peculi> & /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,x is ?is3 t ! effect contemplat$ takes place at ! mom5t x appe>s ! mo/ agreeable1--! greate/ app>5t good2 :i*1 z ,edw>ds uses ^! phrases1 means1 t at ! mom5t ! effect contemplat$ produces ! mo/ pleasant affection1--! mo/ int5se s5se ( ! agreeable1--x takes place4 ,?us1 :5 walk+ seems mo/ pleasant1 we walk2 :5 talk+1 we talk2 :5 ?9k+ on a p>ticul> subject1 !n we ?9k on t subject4 ,su* is ! con/itution & law ( our be+4 ,! play ( ! diff]5t p>ts is reciprocal4 ,p]ception mu/ br+ up ! objects1 & ! affections ( w imm$iately foll[4 ,! mo/ agreeable are dwelt ^u by ! m9d1 & p]ception aga9 takes place p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ^!2 & accord+ z objects affect ! w1 d all ! activities ( our be+ come =?4 ,,viii4 ,v>i\s t]ms & phrases 9 common use c be easily expla9$ by ?is sy/em3--,*oice is ! s5se or ! affection ( ! mo/ pleasant & agreeable4 ,pref]5ce is its synonyme1 ) sc>cely a %ade ( diff]5ce4 ,!y bo? h respect to ! act ( selection4 ,volition is ano!r "n = ?is affection ( w1 & is us$ m p>ticul>ly 9 relation to effects or *anges foll[+ ! affection4 ,desire is a nasc5t *oice4 ,! /ronge/ desire1 at a giv5 mom5t1 is *oice4 ,emotion is an affection1 pleasant or pa9ful1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! object1 b n rip5$ into desire4 ,x is ! fir/ sudd5 affection aris+ f an object pres5t$2 & ) respect to c]ta9 objects1 x expresses all ! enjoym5t possible 9 relation to !m1--= example1 ! emotion ( sublimity1 produc$ by an object :i* c hold no o!r relation to u4 ,b !n ! sublimity ( ! object may be ! motive :i* causes ! *oice ( gaz+ at x2 t is1 x connects ?is act ( contemplation ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,passion is emotion accompani$ by desire 9 ref]5ce to o!r relations ) ! object4 ,?us ! emotion ( beauty awak5$ by a fl[] may be accompani$ by ! desire ( possess+ x2 & if ?is desire becomes ! /ronge/ desire at ! mom5t1 !n ! passion has ! *>act]i/ic :i* makes x *oice1 & "s correspond+ effects take place 9 ord] to possess x1--z walk+ t[>ds x1 /ret*+ out ! h&1 c4 ,! det]m9ation ( w is ! production or causation ( *oice4 ,x is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! imm$iate & p>ticul> *oice1 9 opposition to all o!r *oices4 ,! w itself is ! capacity ( be+ affect$ by objects ) emotion1 passion1 & desire1--& ) t =m ( passion :i* we call ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice1 & :i* is connect$ ) effects or consequ5ts z _! /at$ antec$5t4 ,! motive is ! cause ( *oice1 & is complex4 ,x lies 9 ! nature & susceptibilities ( ! w1 & 9 ! nature & circum/ances ,( ! object *os54 ,,ix4 ,! w & reason may be oppos$2 t is1 :at reason comm&s may seem disagreeable to ! w1 & ( c\rse reason _c be obey$4 ,reason c be obey$ only :5 h] comm&s produce ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,x4 ,! t]ms necessity1 & fre$om or lib]ty are oppos$ 9 ref]5ce to w4 ,fre$om or lib]ty is ! attribute ( ! man--! human s\l4 ,! man is free :5 8 volitions or *oices are unimp$$1--:51 ^u *oos+ to walk1 he walks1 c4 ,! man is n free1 or is "u necessity1 :5 8 volitions or *oices are imp$$1--:51 ^u *oos+ to walk1 he f9ds 8 legs b\nd or p>alys$1 c4 ,!n x is impossible = him to walk1--!n he has no lib]ty to walk1--!n he is "u a necessity ( rema9+ 9 "o place4 ,necessity 9 any o!r use is metaphysical or philosophical necessity1 & is appli$ out ( ! sph]e ( ! w3 z ! necessity ( tru?1 ! necessity ( be+1--! necess>y connexion ( cause & effect4 ,h5ce1 ,! connexion betwe5 volitions or *oices1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable ) ! motive or cause1 is necess>y ) a philosophical necessity4 ,! necessity ( volitions 9 ref]5ce to motives is also call$ moral necessity4 ,?is t]m moral is giv51 n 9 ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! connexion1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! t]ms connect$4 ,volitions belong+ to responsible & moral be+s are ?us di/+ui%$ f ^? ph5om5a :i* we commonly call natural4 ,,xi4 ,an ag5t is t :i* produces effects4 ,a natural ag5t is t :i* produces effects )\t volition4 ,a moral ag5t is "o produc+ effects by volitions1 accompani$ ) an intellectual p]ception ( ! volitions & _! effects1 z "r or wrong1 & a s5se ( des]t1 or ( praisewor?9ess1 or blamewor?9ess1 on acc\nt ( ! volitions & _! effects4 ,brutes or irresponsible be+s are ag5ts t h volitions1 b h no reason to p]ceive "r & wrong1 & consequ5tly h no s5se ( des]t2 & z !y _c p]ceive "r & wrong1 !y _c be made ! subjects ( moral appeals & inducem5ts4 ,,xii4 ,moral responsibility arises fir/1 f ! possession ( reason2 secondly1 f ! capacity ( *oice2 ?irdly1 f natural ability4 ,natural ability exi/s :5 ! effect or act comm&$ to be accompli%$ has an e/abli%$ connexion ) volition or *oice4 ,?us we say a man has natural ability to walk1 because if he *ooses to walk1 he walks4 ,natural ability diff]s f fre$om only 9 ?is3--,! fir/ ref]s to an e/abli%$ connexion betwe5 volitions & effects4 ,! second ref]s to an abs5ce ( all imp$im5t1 or ( all resi/+ =ces f betwe5 volitions & effects4 ,h5ce a man is naturally unable to d any?+ :5 !re is no e/abli%$ connexion betwe5 volition & t ?+4 ,a man is naturally unable to pu% a m\nta9 f its seat4 ,he has no lib]ty to move 8 arm :5 x is b\nd4 ,moral inability is metaphysical or philosophical inability4 ,philosophical inability 9 g5]al ref]s to ! impossibility ( a c]ta9 effect = ! want ( a cause1 or an adequate cause4 ,?us !re is a philosophical inability ( transmut+ metal2 or ( re/or+ ! decay ( old age to ! fre%ness & vig\r ( y\?1 because we h no cause by :i* su* effects c be produc$4 ,!re is a philosophical inability also1 to pry up a rock ( a hundr$ tons weight ) a p9e la?1 & by ! h& ( a s+le man1 because we h n an adequate cause4 ,moral inability relates to ! connexion betwe5 motives & volitions 9 di/9ction f natural ability1 :i* relates to ! connexion betwe5 volitions & actions consequ5t ^u !m3 b ! t]m moral z we h se51 does n *>act]ize ! nature ( ! connexion1--x only expresses ! quality ( t]ms connect$4 ,h5ce moral inability1 z philosophical inability1 is ! impossibility ( a c]ta9 volition or *oice = ! want ( a motive or cause1 or an adequate motive4 ,?us !re is a moral philosophical inability ( ,paul d5y+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 = !re is pla9ly no motive or cause to produce a volition to su* an act4 ,!re is a moral philosophical inability also1 ( a man sell+ an e/ate = fifty doll>s :i* is wor? fifty ?\s&1 because ! motive is n adequate to produce a volition to su* an act4 ,philosophical necessity & inability are absolute 9 respect ( u1 because beyond ! sph]e ( our volition4 ,,xiii4 ,praisewor?9ess or virtue1 blamewor?9ess or guilt1 apply only to volitions4 ,?is inde$ is n =mally br\ght out 9 ! "p ( ,edw>ds's "w we h be5 exam9+4 ,8 discussion ( x w be f\nd 9 "p ,,iv4 sec4 ,i4 ,b z x is necess>y to a complete view ( 8 sy/em1 we introduce x "h4 ,he rem>ks 9 ?is "p1 ,if ! ess5ce ( virtu\sness or comm5dabl5ess1 & ( vici\sness or fault1 does n lie 9 ! nature ( ! disposition or acts ( ! m9d1 :i* are said to be our virtue or our fault1 b 9 _! cause1 !n x is c]ta9 x lies no :]e at all4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if ! vice ( a vici\s act ( w lies n 9 ! nature ( ! act1 b 9 ! cause1 s t its be+ ( a bad nature w n make x at all our fault1 unless x arises f "s faulty det]m9ation ( ours z its cause1 or some?+ 9 u t is our fault1 c4 7page #aij47 ,disposition ( m9d1 or incl9ation1 --acts ( ! m9d1 acts ( w1 "h obvi\sly mean ! same ?+2 t is1 !y mean volition or *oice1 & are di/+ui%$ f _! cause or motive4 ,! "q is n :e!r ! cause or motive be pure or impure1 b :e!r our virtu\sness or vici\sness lie 9 ! cause ( our volition1 or 9 ! volition itself4 ,x pla9ly results f ,edw>ds's psy*ology1 & he has himself 9 ! above quotation /at$ x1 t virtu\sness or vici\sness lie 9 ! volition itself4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( our p]sonality or ag5cy is volition4 ,x is 9 & by our volitions t we are consci\s ( do+ or =be>+ to d1 & !re=e x is 9 respect ( our volitions t we receive praise = well-do+1 or blame = evil-do+4 ,if ^! volitions are 9 accordance ) consci5ce & ! law ( ,god1 !y are "r2 if n1 !y are wrong1 & we are judg$ accord+ly4 ,! metaphysical que/ions1 h[ ! volition 0 produc$1 & :at is ! "* ( ! cause1 is ! cause praisewor?y or blamewor?y1 are que/ions :i* transc5d ! sph]e ( our volitions1 our actions1 our p]sonality1 our responsibility4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) ?is3--,d we d "r8 d we d wrong8 ,:at is ! nature ( our volitions8 ,nor does ! necess>y connexion betwe5 ! motives & ! volitions1 de/roy ! blamewor?9ess & ! praisewor?9ess ( ! volitions4 ,we are blamewor?y or praisewor?y accord+ to ! "* ( ! volitions 9 !mselves1 consid]$ & judg$ accord+ to ! rule ( "r1 )\t consid]+ h[ ^! volitions came to exi/4 ,! la/ inquiry is altoge!r ( a philosophical or metaphysical k9d1 & n ( a moral k9d1 or t k9d :i* relates to moral ag5cy1 responsibility1 & duty4 ,& s also we are blamewor?y or praisewor?y = do+ or n do+ ext]nal actions1 s f> only z ^! actions are naturally connect$ ) volitions1 z sequ5ts ) _! /at$ antec$5ts4 ,if ! action is "o :i* ought to be done1 we are responsible = ! do+ ( x1 if we "k t ^u our will+ x1 x w be done2 al?\gh at ?is v mom5t !re is no su* correlation betwe5 ! action & ! w1 z to =m ! motive or cause ^u :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! act ( will+ dep5ds4 ,if ! action is "o :i* ought n to be done1 we are guilty = do+ x1 :5 we "k t if we 7 n to w x1 x w\ld n be done2 al?\gh at ?is v mom5t !re is su* a correlation betwe5 ! action1 & ! /ate ( ! w1 z to =m ! cause or motive by :i* ! act ( will+ comes necess>ily to exi/4 ,! metaphysical or philosophical inquiry respect+ ! correlation ( ! /ate ( ! w & any action1 or respect+ ! want ( su* a correlation1 is =eign to ! "q ( duty & responsibility4 ,?is "q relates only to ! volition & its connexion ) its consequ5ts4 ,?is does n cla% at all ) ! common s5tim5t t our actions are to be judg$ ( by our motives2 = ?is s5tim5t does n respect volitions 9 relation to _! cause1 b ext]nal actions 9 relation to ! volitions :i* produce !m4 ,^! ext]nal actions may be 9 !mselves good1 b !y may n be :at 0 will$2 "s o!r =ce or p[] may h come 9 betwe5 ! volition & its object1 & *ang$ ! circum/ances ( ! object1 s z to br+ ab\t an ev5t diff]5t f ! w or int5tion2 al?\gh be+ 9 connexion ) ! ag5t1 x may /ill be attribut$ to 8 w3 or ! imm$iate act :i* appe>s good1 may1 9 ! m9d ( ! ag5t be m]ely "p ( an ext5d$ plan or *a9 ( volitions1 ^: la/ action or result is evil4 ,x is common1 !re=e1 to say ( an ext]nal action1 we mu/ "k :at ! man int5ds1 be=e we pron\nce ^u him2 :i* is ! same ?+ z to say we mu/ "k :at 8 volition really is1 or :at 8 motive is--t is1 n ! cause :i* produces 8 volition1 b ! volition :i* is aim+ at effects1 & is ! motive & cause ( ^! effects2--:i* aga91 is ! same ?+ z to say1 t be=e we c pron\nce ^u 8 conduct1 we mu/ "k :at effects he really int5ds or wills1 or desires1 t is1 :at x is :i* is really connect$ 9 8 m9d ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,edw>ds & ,locke4 ,_! sy/ems are "o3 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! pr9ciple4 ,edw>ds repres5ts ! w z necess>ily det]m9$ s does ,locke4 ,edw>ds places lib]ty 9 ! unimp$$ connexion ( volition ) its /at$ sequ5ts--s does ,locke4 ,!y diff] only 9 ! mode ( develop+ ! necess>y det]m9ation ( w4 ,accord+ to ,locke1 desire is 9 itself a necess>y modification ( our be+ produc$ 9 its correlation ) objects2 & volition is a necess>y consequ5t ( desire :5 excit$ at any giv5 mom5t to a degree :i* gives ! mo/ int5se s5se ( uneas9ess at t mom5t4 ,! greate/ pres5t uneas9ess is ! spur ( action t is con/antly felt1 & = ! mo/ "p1 det]m9es ! w 9 its *oice ( ! next action4 7book #b4 *4 #ba1 ,sec4 #dj47 ,accord+ to ,edw>ds1 desire is n di/+ui%able f w z a faculty1 & ! /ronge/ desire1 at any mom5t1 is ! volition ( t mom5t4 ,edw>ds's analysis is m nice ?an ,locke's1 & 8 :ole developem5t m true to ! great pr9ciple ( ! sy/em--necess>y det]m9ation4 ,locke1 9 di/+ui%+ ! w f ! desire1 seems ab\t to laun* into a diff]5t psy*ology1 & "o de/ructive ( ! pr9ciple4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,legitimate ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,edw>ds',s ,,sy/em4 ,^! consequ5ces mu/1 ,i am aw>e1 be d$uc$ ) ! greate/ c>e & cle>ness4 ,! d$uction mu/ be influ5c$ by no passion or prejudice4 ,x mu/ be purely & sev]ely logical--& su* ,i %all endeav\r to make x4 ,i %all beg9 ) a d$uction :i* ,edw>ds has himself made4 ,i4 ,!re is no self-det]m9+ p[] ( w1 & ( c\rse no lib]ty consi/+ 9 a self-det]m9+ p[]4 ,a self-det]m9+ p[] ( w is a suppos$ p[]1 :i* w has to det]m9e its own volitions4 ,w is ! faculty ( *oice1 or ! capacity ( desire1 emotion1 or passion4 ,volition is ! /ronge/ desire1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable at any giv5 mom5t4 ,volition arises f ! /ate ( ! m9d1 or ( ! w1 or s5sitivity itself1 9 correlation ) ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object4 ,n[1 if ! w det]m9$ itself1 x w\ld det]m9e its own /ate1 9 relation to objects4 ,b to det]m9e is to act1 & !re=e1 = ! w to det]m9e is = ! w to act2 & = ! w to det]m9e itself1 is = ! w to det]m9e itself by an act4 ,b an act ( ! w is a volition2 !re=e = ! w to det]m9e itself is to create a volition by a volition4 ,b !n we h to acc\nt = ?is antec$5t volition1 & x c be acc\nt$ = only 9 ! same way4 ,we %all !n h an inf9ite1 or m prop]ly1 an indef9ite s]ies ( volitions1 )\t any fir/ volition2 consequ5tly we %all h no self-det]m9] aft] all1 because we c arrive at no fir/ det]m9]1 & ?us ! idea ( self-det]m9ation becomes self-de/ructive4 ,aga91 we %all h effects )\t a cause1 = ! s]ies 9 ! nature ( ! case nev] ends 9 a fir/1 :i* is a cause p] se4 ,volitions are ?us cont+5t1 us+ ?is ^w z a synonyme ( *ance1 ! negative ( cause4 ,n[ t ?is is a legitimate d$uction1 no "o c "q4 ,if ,edw>ds's psy*ology be "r1 & if self-det]m9ation implies a w to w1 or *oos+ a *oice1 !n a self-det]m9+ p[] is ! greate/ absurdity possible4 ,,ii4 ,x is cle>ly d$ucible f ?is also1 t ,god c ex]cise a p]fect control ov] 8 intellig5t creatures1 or adm9i/] p]fectly a moral gov]nm5t consi/+ 9 ! influ5ce ( motives4 ,to any giv5 /ate ( m9d1 he c adapt motives 9 ref]5ce to requir$ det]m9ations4 ,& :5 an individual is remov$ f ! motives adapt$ to 8 /ate ( m9d1 ! ,almighty ,provid5ce c s ord] ev5ts z to br+ him into contiguity ) ! motives4 ,if ! /ate ( m9d %\ld be su* t no motives c be made available 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> det]m9ation1 x is de>ly supposable t he :o made ! s\l ( man1 may ex]t a direct influ5ce ov] ?is /ate ( m9d1 & cause x to answ] to ! motives pres5t$4 ,:e!r !re are motives adapt$ to e /ate ( m9d1 9 ref]5ce to e possible det]m9ation requir$ by ! ,almighty ,lawgiv]1 s z to r5d] x unnecess>y to ex]t a direct influ5ce ov] ! w1 is a "q :i* ,i am n call$ ^u "h to answ]4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ! div9e sov]eignty1 p]fect & absolute1 =e-det]m9+ & br++ to pass e ev5t 9 ! moral z well z ! physical _w2 & ! election ( a c]ta9 numb] to et]nal life1 & ! mak+ ( ?is election sure1 are necess>y & pla9 consequ5ces ( ?is sy/em4 ,& z ,god is a be+ all-wise & good1 we may feel assur$ 9 connexion ) ?is sy/em1 t1 9 ! work+ out ( 8 great plan1 :atev] evil may appe> 9 ! progress ( its developem5t1 ! gr& consummation w %[ t all ?+s h be5 work+ toge!r = good4 ,,iii4 ,x is pla9ly d$ucible f ?is sy/em t moral be+s ex]t an influ5ce ov] ea* o!r by ! pres5tation ( motives4 ,& ?us ef=ts may be made ei!r to ! injury or b5efit ( society4 ,,iv4 ,if1 z ,edw>ds cont5ds1 ! s5se ( responsibility1 ! consci\sness ( guilt or ( rectitude1 & consequ5tly ! expectation ( puni%m5t or rew>d1 connect !mselves simply ) ! nature ( ! m]e fact ( volition4--t is1 if ?is is a true & complete repres5tation ( consci\sness 9 relation to ?is subject1 !n ^u ! m]e fact ( volition consid]$ only 9 its own nature1 & :olly indep5d5tly ( its causes1 c ! processes ( ju/ice g =?4 ,?us we may view ! sy/em 9 relation bo? to ,god & to man4 ,9 relation to ,god4 ,x makes him supreme & absolute--=esee+ & =e-det]m9+1 & br++ ev]y?+ to pass accord+ to inf9ite wisdom1 & by ! en]gy ( an inf9ite w4 ,9 relation to man4 ,x %uts him up to ! consid]ation ( ! simple fact ( volition1 & its connexion z a /at$ or e/abli%$ antec$5t ) c]ta9 effects4 ,he is free to accompli% ^! effects1 because he c accompli% !m if he w4 ,he is free to =be>1 because he c =be> if he w4 ,x is affirm$ to be ! common judgem5t ( m51 & ( c\rse univ]sally a fact ( consci\sness1 t an individual is fully responsible = ! do+ ( any?+ :i* ought to be done1 if no?+ is want+ to ! do+ ( x b a volition3 t he is guilty & puni%able = do+ any?+ wrong1 because x 0 done by 8 volition3 t he is praisewor?y & to be rew>d$ = do+ any?+ "r1 because x 0 done by 8 volition4 ,9 va9 does he attempt to excuse himself f "r-do+ on ! plea ( moral inability2 ?is is metaphysical inability1 & transc5ds ! sph]e ( volition4 ,he c d x if he w--& !re=e he has all ! ability requir$ 9 ! case4 ,no?+ is imm$iately want+ b a will+ness1 & all 8 responsibility relates to ?is2 he c d no?+1 c influ5ce no?+1 except by w2 & !re=e t :i* goes be=e w is =eign to 8 consid]ation1 & impossible to 8 ef=t4 ,9 va9 does he attempt to excuse himself = wrong-do+ on ! gr\nd ( moral necessity4 ,?is moral necessity is metaphysical necessity1 & transc5ds ! sph]e ( volition4 ,he c\ld h =borne to d wrong1 if he _h _h ! w4 ,:atev] else may h be5 want+1 !re 0 n want+ to a successful resi/ance ( evil1 any?+ ) :i* ! ag5t has any conc]n1 & = :i* he is "u any responsibility1 b ! volition4 ,by 8 volitions simply is he to be tri$4 ,no c\rt ( ju/ice1 human or div9e1 t we c conceive (1 c\ld admit ! plea--,i did n ! good because ,i _h n ! w to d x1 or ,i did ! evil because ,i _h ! w to d x4 ,?is is y\r guilt1 w\ld be ! reply ( ! judge1 t y _h no w to d ! good--t y _h a w to d ! evil4 ,we mu/ n[ take up a diff]5t class ( d$uctions4 ,!y are su* z ^? abettors ( ?is sy/em :o wi% to su/a9 ! great int]e/s ( morality & religion d n make1 b /r5u\sly cont5d aga9/4 ,if h[ev] !y are logical d$uctions1 x is 9 va9 to cont5d aga9/ !m4 ,i am consci\s ( no wi% to =ce !m ^u ! sy/em1 & d mo/ firmly believe t !y are logical4 ,let ! read] judge = himself1 b let him judge ?\ghtfully & c&idly4 ,i4 ,! sy/em ( ,edw>ds leads to an absolute & unconditional necessity1 p>ticul> & g5]al4 #a4 ,a p>ticul> necessity--a necessity absolute 9 relation to ! individual4 ,x is grant$ 9 ! sy/em1 t ! connexion ( motive & volition is necess>y ) an absolute necessity1 because ?is prec$es & !re=e is n )9 ! rea* ( ! volition4 ,s also1 ! /ate ( m9d1 & ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object 9 relation to ?is /ate1 =m+ a correlation1 9 :i* lies ! motive1 is dep5d5t ^u a cause1 beyond ! rea* ( volition4 ,z ! volition _c make its motive1 s nei!r c ! volition make ! cause ( its motive1 & s on 9 ! retrogression ( causes1 back to ! fir/ cause4 ,h5ce1 all ! tra9 ( causes prec$+ ! volition are relat$ by an absolute necessity2 & ! volition itself1 z ! effect ( motive1 be+ necess>y also ) an absolute necessity1 ! only place = fre$om t rema9s1 if fre$om be possible1 is ! connexion ( volition & effects1 int]nal & ext]nal4 ,& ?is is ! only place ( fre$om :i* ?is sy/em claims4 ,b :at new *>act]i/ic appe>s 9 ?is relation8 ,h we "h any?+ beyond /at$ antec$5ts & sequ5ts8 ,i w to walk1 & ,i walk2 ,i w to talk1 & ,i talk2 ,i w to sit d[n1 & ,i sit d[n4 ,! volition is an e/abli%$ antec$5t to ^! muscul> movem5ts4 ,s also1 :5 ,i w to ?9k on a c]ta9 subject1 ,i ?9k on t subject4 ,! volition ( select+ a subject1 & ! volition ( att5d+ to x1 are /at$ antec$5ts to t m5tal op]ation :i* we call ?\ght4 ,we h "h only ano!r in/ance ( cause & effect2 ! relation be+ "o z absolute & necess>y z any o!r relation ( cause & effect4 ,! curi\s organism by :i* a *oice or a s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable produces muscul> movem5t1 has n be5 arrang$ by any *oice ( ! individual man4 ,! connexion is pre-e/abli%$ = him1 & has its cause beyond ! sph]e ( volition4 ,! con/itution ( m9d :i* connects volition ) ?9k+ is also pre-e/abli%$1 & beyond ! sph]e ( volition4 ,z ! volition itself appe>s by an absolute necessity 9 relation to ! individual man1 s also d ! /at$ sequ5ts or effects ( volition appe> by an absolute necessity 9 relation to him4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! connexion betwe5 volition & its objects may be int]rupt$ by =ces com+ betwe51 or ov]come by sup]ior =ces1 b ?is is common to cause & effect1 & =ms no peculi> *>act]i/ic2 x is a less] =ce necess>ily int]rupt$ or ov]come by a great]4 ,besides1 ! int]ruption or ! ov]com+ ( a =ce does n prove its fre$om :5 x is unimp$$2 its movem5t may /ill be necessitat$ by an antec$5t =ce4 ,& ?is is precisely ! tru? 9 respect ( volition1 accord+ to ?is sy/em4 ,! volition c\ld h no be+ )\t a motive1 & :5 ! motive is pres5t x mu/ h a be+1 & no soon] does x appe> ?an its effects foll[1 unless imp$$4 ,if imp$$1 !n we h two tra9s ( causes com+ into collision1 & ! same necessity :i* br\ght !m toge!r1 gives ! asc5d5cy to ! "o or ! o!r4 ,x seems to me impossible to resi/ ! conclusion1 t necessity1 absolute & unconditional1 z f> at lea/ z ! man himself is conc]n$1 reigns 9 ! relation ( volition & its effect1 if ! volition itself be a necess>y exi/5ce4 ,all t prec$es volition is necess>y2 volition itself is necess>y4 ,all t foll[s volition is necess>y3 ,humanity is b a l9k ( ! inevitable *a94 #b4 ,g5]al necessity--a necessity absolute1 9 relation to all be+ & causality1 & applicable to all ev5ts4 ,an ev5t prov$ to be necess>y 9 relation to an individual--is ?is ev5t likewise necess>y 9 ! :ole tra9 ( its relations8 ,let ?is ev5t be a volition ( a giv5 individual2 x is necess>y 9 relation to t individual4 ,n[ x mu/ be suppos$ to h a connexion by a *a9 ( sequ5ts & antec$5ts ) a fir/ cause4 ,let u n[ take any p>ticul> antec$5t & sequ5t 9 ! *a91 & t antec$5t & sequ5t1 9 its p>ticul> place & relations1 c be prov$ necess>y 9 ! same way t ! volition is prov$ necess>y 9 its p>ticul> place & relations2 t is1 ! antec$5t be+ giv5 "u ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 ! sequ5t mu/ foll[4 ,b ! antec$5t is l9k$ by l necessity to ano!r antec$5t1 ( :i* x is ! sequ5t2 & ! sequ5t is l9k$ by l necessity to ano!r sequ5t1 ( :i* x is ! antec$5t2 & ?us ! :ole *a91 f ! giv5 necess>y volition up to ! fir/ cause1 is necess>y4 ,we come !re=e at la/ to consid] ! connexion betwe5 ! fir/ sequ5t & ! fir/ antec$5t1 or ! fir/ cause4 ,is ?is a necess>y connexion8 ,if t fir/ antec$5t be reg>d$ z a volition1 !n ! connexion mu/ be necess>y4 ,if ,god w ! fir/ sequ5t1 !n x 0 absolutely necess>y t t sequ5t %\ld appe>4 ,b ! volition itself _c really be ! fir/ antec$5t or cause1 because volition or *oice1 f its v nature1 mu/ itself h a det]m9] or antec$5t4 ,:at is ?is antec$5t8 ,! motive3--= self-det]m9ation1 9 ! s5se ( ! w det]m9+ itself1 w\ld involve ! same absurdities on ?is sy/em 9 relation to ,god z 9 relation to man2 s9ce x is repres5t$ z an absurdity 9 its own nature--x is det]m9+ a volition by a volition1 9 endless retrogression4 ,z ! motive !re=e det]m9es ! div9e volition1 :at is ! nature ( ! connexion betwe5 ! motive & ! volition8 ,x _c b be a necess>y connexion2 = !re is no?+ to r5d] x o!rwise1 save ! div9e w4 ,b ! div9e w _c be suppos$ to d ?is1 = ! motive is already tak5 to be ! gr\nd & cause ( ! action ( ! div9e w4 ,! necessity :i* applies to volition1 9 ! nature ( ! case mu/ !re=e apply to ! div9e volition4 ,no motives1 inde$1 c be suppos$ to influ5ce ! div9e w1 except ^? drawn f 8 inf9ite intellig5ce1 wisdom1 & goodness2 b !n ! connexion betwe5 ^! motives & ! div9e volitions is a connexion ( absolute necessity4 ,?is ,edw>ds expressly affirms--,if ,god's w is /eadily & surely det]m9$ 9 ev]y?+ by supreme wisdom1 !n x is 9 ev]y?+ necess>ily det]m9$ to t :i* is mo/ wise4 7p4 #bcj47 ,t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by inf9ite wisdom1 is a glori\s & satisfactory ?\ght1 & is abundantly cont5d$ = by ?is sy/em2 b /ill x is a gov]nm5t ( necessity4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ excell5t gov]nm5t1 & if x be s reg>d$ x may fairly be cont5d$ =4 ,let u n1 h[ev]1 w&] f ! "q1 & 9 repres5t+ x z ! gov]nm5t ( wisdom1 =get t x is a gov]nm5t ( necessity1 & t absolute4 ,! volition1 !re=e1 ) :i* we />t$1 is at la/ trac$ up to a necess>y & inf9ite wisdom z its fir/ & f9al cause2 = "h ! effici5t cause & ! motive are inde$ "o4 ,:at we h ?us prov$ 9 relation to "o volition1 mu/ be equally true 9 ref]5ce to e o!r volition & e o!r ev5t1 = ! reason+ mu/ apply to e possible case4 ,e volition1 e ev5t1 mu/ be trac$ up to a fir/ & f9al cause1 & ?is mu/ be necess>y & inf9ite wisdom4 ,,ii4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 f ?is sy/em1 t e volition or ev5t is bo? necess>y1 & necess>ily ! be/ possible 9 its place & relations4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ?+s _h its orig9 9 inf9ite & necess>y wisdom4 ,all volitions & ev5ts h _! la/ & effici5t cause 9 inf9ite & necess>y wisdom4 ,all t has be51 all t is1 all t c be1 are connect$ by an absolute necessity ) ! same great s\rce4 ,x w\ld be ! height ( absurdity to suppose x possible = any ?+ to be diff]5t f :at x is1 or to suppose t any *ange c\ld make any ?+ bett] ?an x is2 = all t is1 is by absolute necessity1--& all t is1 is j :at & :]e inf9ite wisdom has made x1 & dispos$ ( x4 ,,iii4 ,if t :i* we call evil1 9 reality be evil1 !n x mu/ be bo? necess>y evil & evil hav+ its orig9 9 inf9ite wisdom4 ,x is 9 va9 to say t man is ! ag5t1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w2 t he is ! au?or1 because ! p>ticul> volitions are 84 ,^! volitions are absolutely necess>y1 & are necess>ily c>ri$ back to ! "o great s\rce ( all be+ & ev5ts4 ,h5ce1 ,,iv4 ,! creature man _c be blameable4 ,e volition :i* appe>s 9 him1 appe>s by an absolute necessity1--& x _c be suppos$ to be o!rwise ?an x is4 ,n[ ! gr\nd ( blamewor?9ess is n only ! p]ception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 & ! conviction t ! "r ought to be done1 b ! possession ( a p[] to d ! "r & refra9 f ! wrong4 ,b if e volition is fix$ by an absolute necessity1 !n nei!r c ! individual be suppos$ to h p[] to d o!rwise ?an he actually does1 nor1 all ?+s consid]$1 c x be suppos$ !re c\ld h be51 at t precise mom5t & 9 t precise relation1 any o!r volition4 ,! volition is fix$1 & fix$ by an inf9ite & necess>y wisdom4 ,we _c escape f ?is difficulty by p]petually runn+ ! *anges (--,he c if he w1--,he c\ld if he w\ld1--,!re is no?+ want+ b a w1--,he has a natural ability1 c4 c4 ,let u n deceive ourselves1 & endeav\r to /op ?\ght & conclusions by ^! words1 he c if he w6 b he _c if he don't w4 ,! w is want+1--& :ile x is want+1 ! requir$ effect _c appe>4 ,& h[ is t new volition or antec$5t to be obta9$8 ,! man _c *ange "o volition = ano!r4 ,by supposition1 he has n ! moral or metaphysical ability1--& yet ?is is ! only ability t c produce ! new volition4 ,x is pass+ /range t ! p[] ^u :i* volition is absolutely dep5d5t1 %\ld be set aside by call+ x metaphysical1--& ! man blam$ = an act because ! consequ5t ( 8 volition1 :5 ! volition itself is ! necess>y consequ5t ( ?is p[]6 ,! man is only 9 8 volition4 ,! volition is good or bad 9 itself4 ,! cause ( volition is none ( 8 conc]n1 because x transc5ds volition4 ,he c if he w4 ,t is en\gh = him6 ,b x is n en\gh to make him blameable1 :5 :e!r he w or n dep5ds n only ^u an antec$5t out ( 8 rea*1 b ! antec$5t itself is fix$ by a necessity 9 ! div9e nature itself4 ,i am n n[ disput+ ! philosophy4 ,! philosophy may be true2 x may be v good3 b !n we mu/ take its consequ5ces along ) x2 & ?is is all t ,i n[ insi/ ^u4 ,v4 ,x is ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is sy/em1 t !re c be no?+ evil 9 itself4 ,if inf9ite wisdom & goodness are ! highe/ =m ( moral p]fection1 z inde$ _! v names imply1 !n all ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ^! mu/ p>take ( _! nature4 ,inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 z pr9ciples1 c only envelope p>ts ( !mselves4 ,x w\ld be ! de/ruction ( all logic to d5y ?is4 ,x w\ld annihilate e conclusion t has ev] be5 drawn4 ,if x be said t inf9ite wisdom has promulg$ a law :i* def9es cle>ly :at is ess5tially "r1 & t x is a fact t volitions d transgress ?is law1 /ill ?is _c affect :at is said above4 ,! promulgation ( ! law 0 a necess>y developem5t ( inf9ite wisdom2 & ! volition :i* transgresses x is a developem5t ( ! same nature4 ,if ?is seems contradictory1 ,i _c help x4 ,x is drawn f ! sy/em1 & ! sy/em alone is responsible = its conclusions4 ,if x %\ld be repli$ "h1 t e sy/em mu/ be subject to ! same difficulty1 because if evil _h a beg9n+1 x mu/ h _h a holy cause1 inasmu* z x c\ld n exi/ be=e x began to exi/1--,i answ]1 ?is w\ld be true if evil is ! necess>y developem5t ( a holy cause4 ,b m ( ?is h]eaft]4 ,,vi4 ,! sy/em ( ,edw>ds is a sy/em ( utilit>ianism4 ,e volition be+ ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 & aris+ f ! correlation ( ! object & ! s5sitivity2 x foll[s t e motive & e action comes "u1 & _c b come "u1 ! "o idea ( gratification or enjoym5t4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 !re c be no collision betwe5 pr9ciple & passion1 because pr9ciple c h no p[] to det]m9e ! w1 except z x becomes ! mo/ agreeable4 ,univ]sally1 ju/ice1 tru?1 & b5evol5ce1 obta9 sway only by unit+ ) desire1 & ?us com+ "u conditions ( yield+ ! highe/ enjoym5t4 ,ju/ice1 tru?1 & b5evol5ce1 :5 obey$1 !re=e1 are n obey$ z su*1 b simply z ! mo/ agreeable2 & s also inju/ice1 falsehood1 & malignity1 are n obey$ z su*1 b simply z ! mo/ agreeable4 ,9 ?is quality ( ! mo/ agreeable1 z ! quality ( all motive & ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! det]m9ations ( ! w1 intr9sic moral di/9ctions fade away4 ,we may inde$ speculate respect+ ^! di/9ctions1--we may say t ju/ice evid5tly is "r 9 itself1 & inju/ice wrong 9 itself2 b ?is judgem5t has practical effici5cy only z "o ( ! t]ms takes ! =m ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,b we h se5 t ! mo/ agreeable dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! s5sitivity 9 correlation ) ! object1--a /ate & a correlation antec$5t to action2 & t !re=e x is a necess>y law ( our be+1 to be det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good or ! mo/ agreeable4 ,utility1 !re=e1 is n only 9 po9t ( fact1 b also 9 po9t ( necessity1 ! law ( action4 ,!re is no o!r law "u :i* x is conceivable t we c act4 ,,vii4 ,x foll[s f ?is sy/em1 aga91 t no individual c make an ef=t to *ange ! habitual "* ( 8 volitions1--& ( c\rse _c resi/ 8 passions1 or introduce any intellectual or moral discipl9e o!r ?an t 9 :i* he is actually plac$1 or und]take any ent]prise t %all be opposite to ! "o 9 :i* he is engag$1 or n "p or consequ5t ( ! same4 ,if he effect any *ange directly 9 ! habitual "* ( 8 volitions1 he mu/ d x by a volition2 t is1 he mu/ w diff]5t f 8 actual w1--8 w mu/ oppose itself 9 its own act3 b ?is is absurd1 ! sy/em itself be+ judge4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! w _c oppose itself1 a new volition c be obta9$ only by pres5t+ a new motive2 b ?is is equally impossible4 ,to pres5t a new motive is to call up new objects & circum/ances 9 relation to ! actual /ate ( ! m9d1 t\*+ ^u "s pr9ciples :i* _h be5 slumb]+ "u ! habitual volitions2 or ! /ate ( ! m9d itself mu/ be *ang$ 9 relation to ! objects n[ be=e x2 or a *ange mu/ take place bo? ( subject & object1 = ! motive lies 9 ! correlation ( ! two4 ,b ! volition to call up new objects & circum/ances 9 relation to "s pr9ciple ( ! m9d t _h be5 slumb]+1--= example1 fe>1 mu/ itself h a motive2 b ! motive to call up objects ( fe> mu/ preexi/2 if x exi/ at all4 ,if x preexi/1 !n ( necessity ! volition to call up objects ( fe> w take place2 &1 x w n be a *ange effect$ by ! man himself1 out ( ! actually exi/+ /ate ( m9d & objects4 ,if !re be no su* motive pre-exi/+1 !n x w\ld become necess>y to pres5t a new motive1 to cause ! *oice ( objects ( fe>2 & "h w\ld be a recurr5ce ( ! orig9al difficulty1--& s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,if ! problem be to effect a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! m9d 9 relation to exi/+ objects1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is _c be effect$ by a direct act ( w1 = ! act ( w is caus$ by ! /ate ( m9d1 & ?is w\ld be an effect *ang+ or annihilat+ its cause4 ,nor c x be done indirectly4 ,= to d x indirectly1 w\ld be to br+ influ5ces to be> ^u ! /ate ( m9d or ! s5sitivity2 b ! *oice & volition ( ^! influ5ces w\ld require a motive--b ! motive to *ange ! /ate ( m9d mu/ pre-exi/ 9 ! /ate ( m9d itself4 ,& ?us we h on ! "o h&1 to %[ ! possibility ( f9d+ a pr9ciple 9 ! /ate ( m9d on :i* to br+ ab\t its *ange4 ,& !n if ?is be %[n1 ! *ange is n really a *ange1 b a new developem5t ( ! long *a9 ( ! necess>y causes & volitions4 ,& on ! o!r1 if ?is be n %[n1 we mu/ f9d a motive to *ange ! /ate ( m9d 9 ord] to a *ange ( ! /ate3 b ?is motive1 if x exi/1 mu/ pre-exi/ 9 ! /ate ( m9d4 ,if x pre-exi/1 !n no *ange is requir$2 if x d n2 !n we mu/ seek /ill an antec$5t motive1 & s 9 endless retrogression4 ,if ! problem be to *ange bo? subject & object1 ! same difficulties exi/ 9 two-fold abundance4 ,! gr& difficulty is to f9d a primum mobile1 or fir/ mov]1 :5 ! v act ( seek+ implies a primum mobile1 :i* ! conditions ( ! act d5y4 ,any new discipl9e1 !re=e1 intellectual or moral1 a discipl9e opposite to t :i* ! pres5t /ate ( ! m9d w\ld naturally & necess>ily br+ ab\t1 is impossible4 ,( c\rse1 x is impossible to re/ra9 passion1 to d5y or mortify "o's self4 ,! pres5t volition is z ! /ronge/ pres5t desire--inde$1 is ! /ronge/ pres5t desire itself4 ,w & desire d n run c\nt] at all4 ,a man nev] 9 any in/ance1 wills any?+ contr>y to 8 desires1 or desires any?+ contr>y to 8 w4 7p4 #ag47 ,h5ce to re/ra9 a pres5t passion w\ld be to w aga9/ w--w\ld be to desire opposite ways at ! same mom5t4 ,desires may be relatively /rong] & weak]1 & ! /rong] w ov]come ! weak]2 b ! /ronge/ desire mu/ prevail & gov]n ! man2 x is utt]ly impossible = him to oppose any resi/ance1 = 8 :ole p[]1 activity1 & volition1 are 9 ! desire itself4 ,he c d no?+ b w2 & ! nature & direction ( 8 volitions are1 at lea/ 9 ref]5ce to any ef=t ( 8 own1 immutable z necessity itself4 ,,viii4 ,all exhortations & p]suasions :i* call ^u ! man to be/ir himself1 to ?9k1 to plan1 to act1 are inconsi/5t & absurd4 ,9 all su* exhortations & p]suasions1 ! man is urg$ to w or put =? volitions1 z if he 7 ! au?or1 ! det]m9] ( ! volitions4 ,x may be repli$1 't ! man does w1 t ! volitions are 8 volitions4' ,b !n he wills only passively1 & ^! volitions are 8 only because !y appe> 9 8 consci\sness4 ,y exhort & p]suade him to ar\se himself into activity2 b :at is 8 real condition accord+ to ?is sy/em8 ,! exhortations & p]suasions d !mselves conta9 ! motive p[]3 & in/ead ( ar\s+ himself to action1 he is absolutely & necess>ily passive "u ! motives y pres5t4 ,:e!r he be mov$ or n1 z truly & absolutely dep5ds ^u ! motives y pres5t1 z ! remov+ ( any mat]ial mass dep5ds ^u ! p[] & lev] appli$4 ,& ! mat]ial mass1 :e!r x be wood or /one1 may ) z mu* propriety be said to ar\se itself z ! man2 & ! man's volition is 8 volition 9 no o!r s5se ?an ! motion ( ! mat]ial mass is its motion4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! man p]ceives2 & 9 ! o!r case1 ! mat]ial mass does n p]ceive--b p]ception is grant$ by all p>ties to be necess>y2 ! addition ( p]ception1 !re=e1 only modifies ! "* ( ! be+ mov$1 )\t alt]+ ! nature ( 8 relation to ! p[] :i* moves him4 ,9 ! mat]ial mass1 too1 we h an analog\s prop]ty1 s f> z motion is consid]$4 ,= z motive _c det]m9e ! w unless !re be p]ception1 s nei!r c ! lev] & p[] move ! mass unless x possess resi/ance1 & cohesion ( p>ts4 ,if ,i h b ! wisdom to discov] ! prop] correlation ( object & s5sitivity 9 ! case ( individuals or ( masses ( m51 ,i c comm& !m 9 any direction ,i please1 ) a necessity no less absolute ?an t ) :i* a ma*9e is caus$ to "w by ! application ( a /eam or wat]-p[]4 ,:5 ,i br+ motives be=e ! m9ds ( my fell[-be+s 9 ! prop] relation1 ! volition is necess>ily produc$2 b let me n =get1 t 9 br++ ^! motives ,i put =? volitions1 & t ( c\rse ,i am myself mov$ "u ! necessity ( "s antec$5t motive4 ,my p]suasions & exhortations are necess>y sequ5ts1 z well z necess>y antec$5ts4 ,! wat] mu/ run ?r\gh ! wat]-c\rse2 ! :eel mu/ turn "u ! =ce ( ! curr5t2 ,i mu/ exhort & p]suade :5 motives det]m9e me4 ,! m9ds ,i address mu/ yield :5 ! motives are prop]ly select$4 ,,ix4 ,div9e comm&s1 w>n+s1 & rebukes1 :5 obey$ & yield$ to1 are obey$ & yield$ to by ! necess>y =ce :i* !y possess 9 relation to ! /ate ( m9d to :i* !y are address$4 ,:5 n obey$ & yield$ to1 !y fail necess>ily1 ?r\gh a moral inability on ! "p ( ! m9d address$2 or1 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh ! want ( a prop] correlation betwe5 !m & ! /ate ( m9d address$3 t is1 !re is n 9 ! case a suffici5t p[] to produce ! requir$ volitions1 & _! exi/5ce ( c\rse is an utt] impossibility4 ,div9e comm&s1 w>n+s1 & rebukes1 produce volitions ( ob$i5ce & submission1 only z !y produce ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable2 & z ! w ( ! creature c h no "p 9 produc+ ?is s5se1 s9ce ?is w\ld be produc+ a volition by a volition1 x is produc$ 9 a correlation antec$5t to w1 & ( c\rse by a positive necessity4 ,?is is s cle> f all t has gone be=e2 t no enl>gem5t "h is requir$4 ,:5 no ob$i5ce & submission take place1 x is because ! div9e comm&s1 w>n+s1 & rebukes1 d n produce ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,& z ! w ( ! creature c h no "p 9 produc+ ?is s5se1 s9ce ?is w\ld be produc+ a volition by a volition2 & z x is produc$ 9 a correlation antec$5t to w1 & ( c\rse by a positive necessity2 s likewise ! w ( ! creature c h no "p 9 prev5t+ ?is s5se f tak+ place4 ,! volition ( ob$i5ce & ! volition ( disob$i5ce are manife/ations ( ! antec$5t correlations ( c]ta9 objects ) ! subject1 & are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! correlation4 ,n[ ! ,div9e ,be+ mu/ "k ! precise relation :i* 8 comm&s w necess>ily hold to ! va/ v>iety ( m9d to :i* !y are address$1 & consequ5tly mu/ "k 9 :at cases ob$i5ce w be produc$1 & 9 :at cases disob$i5ce4 ,bo? results are equally necess>y4 ,! comm&s h !re=e1 necess>ily & fitly1 a two-fold (fice4 ,:5 !y come into connexion ) c]ta9 /ates ( m9d1 !y necess>ily & fitly produce :at we call ob$i5ce3 :5 9 connexion ) o!r /ates ( m9d1 !y necess>ily & fitly produce :at we call rebellion3 & z all volitions are pr$et]m9$ & fix$ by a necess>y & inf9ite wisdom1 & are !re=e 9 _! "t & place ! be/1 x mu/ foll[ t rebellion no less ?an ob$i5ce is a wise & desirable result4 ,! consequ5ces ,i am "h d$uc+ seem almo/ too %ock+ to utt]4 ,b %[ me1 he t c1 t !y are n logical d$uctions f ?is sy/em8 ,i press ! sy/em to its consequ5ces1--n to ?r[ any reproa* ^u ^? great & good m5 :o un=tunately 7 l$ away by a false philosophy1 b to expose & br+ to its close ?is philosophy itself4 ,x has too long be5 consecrat$ by its association ) ! good4 ,i "k ,i %all be ju/ifi$ 9 ! hone/1 ?\gh bold "w1 ( de/roy+ ?is unnatural & port5t\s alliance4 ,x4 ,! s5se ( guilt & %ame & ! fe> ( retribution _c1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 h a real & necess>y connexion ) any volitions1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z prejudices or errors ( education1 f :i* philosophy w s]ve to relieve u4 ,edw>ds lab\rs to prove1 7"p iv4 sec4 #a17 t virtue & vice lie ess5tially 9 ! volitions !mselves1 & t ( c\rse ! consci\sness ( evil volitions is ! consci\sness ( guilt4 ,i w1 or put =? volitions4 ,! volitions are m9e1 & !re=e ,i am guilty4 ,?is reason+ is plausible1 b n consequ5tial2 =1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ,i put =? volitions 9 entire passivity3 ! volitions appe> necess>ily & by ,antec$5t motives 9 my consci\sness1 & really are m9e only because !y are produc$ 9 me4 ,connect$ ) ?is may be ! p]ception t ^? volitions are wrong2 b if !re is likewise ! conviction t !y are necess>y1 & t to suppose !m diff]5t f :at !y are1 is to suppose :at c\ld n possibly h be51--s9ce a s]ies ( sequ5ts & antec$5ts connect ^! volitions :i* n[ appe>1 by absolutely necess>y relations1 ) a fir/ & necess>y cause1--!n ! s5se ( guilt & %ame1 & ! judgem5t ,i ought to be puni%$1 c h no place 9 ! human m9d4 ,x is ( no avail to tell me t ,i w1 &1 accord+ to ! common judgem5t ( mank9d1 ,i mu/ be guilty :5 ,i w wrong1--if1 at ! same "t1 philosophy tea*es me t ,i w "u ! necess>y & inevitable gov]nance ( an antec$5t motive4 ,! common judgem5t ( mank9d is an error1 & philosophy mu/ soon dissipate ! s5se ( guilt & %ame1 & ( moral des]t1 :i* h hi!rto annoy$ me & made me fe>ful3 & mu* m mu/ su* a result ensue1 :5 ,i take into consid]ation1 likewise1 t ! necessity :i* det]m9es me1 is a necessity :i* takes its rise 9 inf9ite & necess>y wisdom4 ,:at is true ( guilt & retribution is true also ( well-do+ & rew>d4 ,if ,i d well1 ! volitions be+ det]m9$ by an antec$5t necessity1 ,i c\ld n possibly h done o!rwise4 ,x does n answ] ! conditions ( ! case at all1 to say ,i might h done o!rwise1 if ,i _h will$ to d o!rwise2 because ! w to d z ,i actually am do+1 is a w t c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,give me1 !n1 9 any action call$ good1 great1 noble1 glori\s1 c4 ! conviction t ! *oice ( ?is action 0 a necess>y *oice1 pr$et]m9$ 9 a long & unbrok5 *a9 ( necess>y antec$5ts1 & ! s5se ( praisewor?9ess1 & ! judgem5t ,i ought to be rew>d$1 rema9 no long]4 ,m]it & dem]it are connect$ 9 our m9ds ) our volitions1 "u ! impression t ! good we p]=m1 we p]=m 9 opposition to temptation1 & ) ! p[] & possibility ( do+ evil2 & t ! evil we p]=m1 we p]=m 9 opposition to motives ( good1 & ) ! p[] & possibility ( do+ good4 ,b :5 we are in=m$ t all ! p[] & possibility ( a conduct opposite to our actual conduct is ?is1--t if we _h put =? opposite volitions1 !re w\ld h be5 opposite ext]nal acts1 b t nev]!less ! volitions !mselves 7 necess>y1 & c\ld n h be5 o!rwise1--we _c b exp]i5ce a revulsion ( m9d4 ,we p]haps are fir/ l$ to d\bt ! philosophy1--or if1 by acute reason+s1 or by ! au?ority ( great names1 we are influ5c$ to yield an implicit belief1--! s5se ( m]it & dem]it mu/ ei!r die away1 or be ma9ta9$ by a ha/y retreat f ! regions ( speculation to ^? ( common s5se4 ,,xi4 ,x foll[s f ?is sy/em1 also1 t nature & _s1 z causes or ag5ts1 _c be di/+ui%$ 9 _! op]ations4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( natural causes or ag5ts g5]ally ackn[l$g$ #a4 ,inanimate1--z wat]1 w9d1 /eam1 magnetism1 c42 #b4 ,animate1 b ins5sible1--z ! life & aff9ities ( plants2 #c4 ,animate & s5sitive1 or brute animal p[]4 ,^! all prop]ly come "u ! d5om9ation ( natural1 because !y are alike necessitat$4 ,:atev] is compris$ 9 ! *a9 & me*anism ( cause & effect1 ( c\rse necessitat$1 & hav+ its necessity 9 "s o!r ?+ antec$5t or concurr5t1--?is is said to be natural2 & ! aggregate & sy/em ( all su* ?+s is nature4 ,n[ _s1 z a cause or ag5t1 by ?is sy/em1 comes "u ! same def9ition3 9 all its acts x is necessitat$4 ,x is 9 w p>ticul>ly t man is tak5 z a cause or ag5t1 because x is by w t he directly produces ph5om5a or effects2 & by ?is sy/em x is n possible to di/+ui%1 s f> z necess>y connexion is consid]$1 a *a9 ( antec$5ts & sequ5ts made up ( motives1 volitions1 & ! consequ5ts ( volitions1 f a *a9 ( sequ5ts & antec$5ts into :i* ! ?ree fir/ m5tion$ classes ( natural ag5ts ent]4 ,all ! sev]al classes h peculi> & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics2 b 9 ! relation ( antec$5ce & sequ5ce1--_! relation z causes or ag5ts produc+ effects1--no di/9ction c be p]ceiv$4 ,w9d1 wat]1 c4 =m "o k9d ( cause2 organic life =ms ano!r2 brute organization & s5sitivity ano!r2 intellig5t volition ano!r3 b !y are all necess>y1 absolutely necess>y2 & !re=e !y are ! co-ord9ate p>ts ( ! "o sy/em ( nature4 ,! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 !m is a diff]5ce ( t]ms m]ely4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 ! t]ms4 ,! nature ( ! relation betwe5 ! wat]-:eel & ! wat]1--( ! relation betwe5 ! organic life ( plants & _! developem5t1--( ! relation betwe5 passion & volition 9 brutes1--( ! relation betwe5 _! ef=ts & mat]ial effects1--& ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 motive & volition1--are "o3 x is ! relation ( cause & effect consid]$ z /at$ antec$5t & sequ5t1 & no m & no less necess>y 9 "o subject ?an 9 ano!r4 ,,xii4 ,x foll[s1 aga91 t s5sations produc$ by ext]nal objects1 & all emotions foll[+ p]ception1 & all ! acts ( ! intellig5ce1 :e!r 9 intuitive k or 9 ratioc9ation1 are z really our acts1 & acts = :i* we are z really responsible1 if responsibility be grant$ to exi/1 z acts ( volition4 ,s5sations1 emotions1 p]ceptions1 reason+s1 are all )9 u2 !y all lie 9 our consci\sness2 !y are n creat$ by our volitions1 l ! motions ( ! h&s & feet2 !y take place by _! own causes1 j z volitions take place by _! causes4 ,! relation ( ! man to all is precisely ! same4 ,he is 9 no s5se ! cause ( any ( ^! affections ( 8 be+2 he is simply ! subject3 ! subject ( s5sation1 ( p]ception1 ( emotion1 ( reason+1 & ( volition2 & he is ! subject ( all by ! same necessity4 ,,xiii4 ,! sy/em ( puni%m5t is only a sy/em accommodat$ to ! op9ions ( society4 ,!re is no?+ evil 9 itself1 accord+ to ?is sy/em ( necessity1 z we h already %[n4 ,e ?+ :i* takes place is1 9 its "t1 place1 & relations g5]ally1 ! necess>y result ( necess>y & inf9ite wisdom4 ,b /ill x is a fact t society are desir\s ( prev5t+ c]ta9 acts1--su* z /eal+1 adult]y1 murd]1 c42 & !y are necess>ily s desir\s4 ,n[ ! sy/em ( puni%m5t is a m]e collection ( motives 9 relation to ! s5se ( pa9 & ! emotion ( fe>1 :i* prev5t ! commission ( ^! acts4 ,:]e ^! acts d take place1 x is be/ !y %\ld take place2 b :]e !y are prev5t$ by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 x is be/ !y %\ld be prev5t$4 ,:]e ! crim9al suff]s1 he has no "r to compla91 because x is be/ t he %\ld suff]2 & yet1 if he does compla91 x is be/ t he %\ld compla94 ,! sy/em ( puni%m5t is good1 z e ?+ else is good4 ,! sy/em ( div9e puni%m5ts mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! same light4 ,inde$1 :at are human puni%m5ts1 :5 prop]ly consid]$1 b div9e puni%m5ts8 ,!y are compreh5d$ 9 ! pre-orda9$ & necess>y *a9 ( be+ & ev5ts4 ,,xiv4 ,h5ce we mu/ conclude1 also1 t !re _c really be any calamity4 ,! calamities :i* we may at any "t exp]i5ce1 we ought to endure & rejoice 91 z fl[+ f ! same p]fect & necess>y s\rce4 ,b z calamity does nev]!less necess>ily produce suff]+ & uneas9ess1 & ! desire ( relief1 we may be p]mitt$ to hope t p]fect relief & entire bless$ness w f9ally ensue1 & t ! f9al bless$ness w be enhanc$ j 9 proportion to ! pres5t suff]+4 ,! necessit>ian may be an optimi/ ( a high ord]4 ,x he commits :at is call$ crime1 & remorse succe$s1 & puni%m5t is inflict$ "u law1 ! crime is good1 ! remorse is good1 ! puni%m5t is good1 all necess>y & good1 & work+ out1 z he hopes1 a result ( pure happ9ess4 ,no?+ c be bad 9 itself3 x may be disagreeable2 b ev5 ?is w probably give way to ! agreeable4 ,& s also ) all afflictions3 !y mu/ be good 9 !mselves1 al?\gh disagreeable1 --& w probably lead ! way to ! agreeable1 j z hung] & ?ir/1 :i* are disagreeable1 lead ! way to ! enjoym5ts ( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,all is ( necessity1 & ( a necess>y & p]fect wisdom4 ,,xv4 ,b z all is ( necessity1 & ( a necess>y & p]fect wisdom1 !re really c no m be folly 9 conduct1 or error 9 reason+ & belief1 ?an !re c be crime & calamity1 consid]$ z evils 9 !mselves4 ,e act t we call folly is a necess>y act1 9 its "t1 place1 & relations g5]ally1 & is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! inf9ite wisdom2 b a necess>y consequ5ce ( inf9ite wisdom _c be oppos$ to inf9ite wisdom2 s t :at we call folly1 :5 philosophically consid]$1 ceases to be folly4 ,9 any act ( pure reason+1 ! relations seem necess>y1 & ! ass5t ( ! m9d is necess>y4 ,?is is grant$ by all p>ties4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$1 t :5 m5 are said to reason falsely1 & to yield _! ass5t to false conclusions1 ! relations seem necess>y to !m2 &1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 !y necess>ily s seem1 & _c seem o!rwise3 & ! ass5t ( ! m9d is also necess>y4 ,! reason+1 to o!rs1 w\ld be false reason+1 because x s necess>ily seems to !m2 b to ! individual to :om x seems diff]5t1 x mu/ really be diff]5t1 & be good & valid reason+4 ,aga93 z all ^! diff]5t reason+s & beliefs proce$ necess>ily f ! same s\rce1 !y mu/ all be really true :]e !y seem true1 & all really false :]e !y seem false4 ,x w\ld foll[1 f ?is1 t no "o c really be 9 a false position except ! hypocrite & sophi/1 pret5d+ to believe & to be :at he does n believe & :at he is n1 & purposely reason+ falsely1 & /at+ 8 false conclusions z if !y 7 tru?s4 ,i say ?is w\ld foll[1 7 we n compell$ by ?is sy/em to all[ t ev5 ! hypocrite & sophi/ _c hold a false position1 inasmu* z 8 position is a necess>y "o1 pr$et]m9$ 9 its necess>y connexion ) ! fir/ necess>y wisdom4 ,,xvi4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is sy/em is fatalism1--or1 p]haps1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! sy/em is itself a sy/em ( fatalism4 ,?is1 inde$1 has already be5 made to appe> sub/antially4 ,! ^w1 h[ev]1 has n yet be5 us$4 ,i "h1 !n1 *>ge directly ?is consequ5ce or feature ^u ! sy/em4 ,fatalism is ! absolute negation ( lib]ty4 ,?is sy/em is fatalism1 because x is ! absolute negation ( lib]ty4 ,no lib]ty is cont5d$ =1 9 ?is sy/em1 9 relation to man1 b physical lib]ty3 viz4 t :5 he wills1 ! effect w foll[1--t :5 he wills to walk1 he walks1 c4 ,lib]ty1 z ,i h expla9$ x1 is ! p[]1 opportunity1 or advantage1 t any "o has to d z he pleases1 or conduct+ himself 9 any respect accord+ to 8 pleasure1 )\t consid]+ h[ 8 pleasure comes to be z x is4 7p4 #bia47 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is no high] lib]ty ?an :at brutes possess4 ,!y h p[]1 opportunity1 or advantage1 to d z !y please4 ,effects foll[ _! volitions by z c]ta9 a law z effects foll[ ! volitions ( m54 ,9 ! second place1 ?is is no high] lib]ty ?an slaves possess4 ,slaves uni=mly d z !y please4 ,if ! motive be ! la%1 or ! fe> ( ! la%1 /ill1 9 _! case z well z 9 t ( brutes "u simil> circum/ances1 ! volition :i* takes place is ! mo/ pleas+ at ! mom5t4 ,! slave & ! animal d :at is mo/ pleas+ to !m1 or d accord+ to _! pleasure1 ,:5 ! "o drags ! pl\gh & ! o!r holds x4 ,nay1 x is impossible = any animal1 rational or irrational1 to act )\t do+ :at is mo/ pleas+ to him or x4 ,volition is always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 or z ! s5se ( ! mo/ pleasant or agreeable4 ,if any %\ld reply t slaves & animals are liable to be fett]$1 & ?is di/+ui%es !m f ! free1 ,i rejo9 t e be+ is liable to v>i\s re/ra9ts2 none ( u c d _m ?+s :i* 9 !mselves appe> desirable1 & w\ld be objects ( volition if !re 7 kn[n to be an e/abli%$ connexion betwe5 !m & our wills4 ,we are limit$ 9 our actions by ! p[]s ( nature ar\nd u2 we _c ov]turn m\nta9s1 or comm& ! w9ds4 ,we are limit$ 9 ! nature ( our physical be+4 ,we are limit$ by our want ( weal?1 k1 & influ5ce4 ,9 all ^! respects1 we may1 ) z mu* propriety z ! slave1 be reg>d$ z depriv$ ( lib]ty4 ,x does n avail to say t1 z we nev] really w :at we "k to be impossible or impracticable1 s 9 relation to su* objects1 nei!r lib]ty or a want ( lib]ty is to be affirm$2 = ! same w apply to ! fett]$ slave2 he does n w to walk or run :5 he kn[s x to be impossible4 ,b 9 relation to him z well z to e o!r be+1 accord+ to ?is sy/em x holds true1 t :e!r he act or =be> to act1 8 volitions are z ! mo/ agreeable4 ,all creatures1 !re=e1 act+ by volition1 are to be acc\nt$ free1 & "o really z free z ano!r4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! lib]ty "h affirm$ belongs equally to e in/ance ( /at$ antec$5ce & sequ5ce4 ,! lib]ty :i* is tak5 to reside 9 ! connexion betwe5 volition & effects1 is a lib]ty ly+ 9 a connexion ( /at$ antec$5ce & sequ5ce1 & is p]fect accord+ z ?is connexion is necess>y & unimp$$4 ,! highe/ =m ( lib]ty1 !re=e1 is to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ absolute =m ( necessity4 ,lib]ty ?us becomes id5tifi$ also ) p[]3 :]e !re is p[]1 !re is lib]ty2 & :]e p[] is ! greate/1 t is1 :]e x ov]comes ! mo/ ob/acles & moves on irresi/ibly to its effects1 !re is ! greate/ degree ( lib]ty4 ,god is ! mo/ free ( all be+s1 because no?+ c imp$e 8 w4 ,8 volitions are always ! antec$5ts ( effects4 ,b obvi\sly we d n alt] ! relation1 :5 we *ange ! t]ms4 ,if lib]ty lie 9 ! /at$ antec$5ce ( volition to effects1 & if lib]ty is measur$ by ! necessity ( ! relation1 !n :5 ! antec$5t is *ang$1 ! relation rema9+ ! same1 lib]ty mu/ /ill be pres5t4 ,= example3 :5 a volition to move ! arm is foll[$ by a motion ( ! arm1 !re is lib]ty2 n[ let galvanism be sub/itut$ = ! volition1 & ! effect z c]ta9ly takes place2 & z fre$om is do+ z we please1 or w1 )\t consid]+ h[ ?is pleasure 7or w7 comes to be z x is2 t is1 )\t tak+ its motive into ! acc\nt4 ,s likewise1 fre$om may be affirm$ to be do+ accord+ to ! galvanic impulse1 )\t consid]+ h[ t impulse comes to be z x is4 ,if we take any o!r in/ance ( /at$ antec$5ce & sequ5ce1 ! reason+ is ! same4 ,= example1 a wat] :eel 9 relation to ! mill-/one3 :5 ! :eel turns1 ! mill-/one moves4 ,9 ?is case fre$om may be def9$3 ! mill-/one mov+ accord+ to ! turn ( ! :eel1 )\t consid]+ h[ t turn ( ! :eel comes to be z x is4 ,9 ! case ( human fre$om1 fre$om is def9$1 do+ accord+ to our volitions1 )\t consid]+ h[ ! volition comes to be z x is2 do+ accord+ to *oice1 )\t tak+ into ! mean+ ( ! ^w any?+ ( ! cause ( t *oice4 7p4 #ci47 ,if x be said t 9 ! case ( volition1 we h ! man ( :om to affirm fre$om2 b 9 ! case ( ! :eel & mill-/one1 we h no?+ ( :i* lib]ty c prop]ly be affirm$4 ,i reply1 t lib]ty mu/ be affirm$1 & is prop]ly affirm$1 ( t to :i* x really belongs2 & h5ce z volition is suppos$ to belong to ! spiritual ess5ce1 man2 & ?is spiritual ess5ce is pron\nc$ free1 because volition appe>s 9 x1 & is att5d$ by consequ5ces3--s1 likewise1 ! mat]ial ess5ce ( ! :eel may be pron\nc$ free1 because motion belongs to x1 & is foll[$ by consequ5ces4 ,z e be+ t has volition is free1 s likewise e ?+ t ha? motion is free3--9 e in/ance ( cause & effect1 we meet ) lib]ty4 ,b volition _c be ! *>act]i/ic ( lib]ty1 if volition itself be gov]n$ by necessity3 & yet ?is sy/em :i* affirms lib]ty1 :]ev] !re is unimp$$ volition1 makes volition a necess>y det]m9ation4 ,9 ! fact ( unimp$$ volition1 x gives lib]ty to all creatures t h volition2 & !n aga91 9 ! fact ( ! necess>y det]m9ation ( volition x de/roys ! possibility ( lib]ty4 ,b ev5 :]e x affirms lib]ty to exi/1 !re is no new feature to *>act]ize x z lib]ty4 ,! connexion betwe5 volition & its /at$ consequ5ces1 is a connexion z necess>y & absolute z ! connexion betwe5 ! motive & ! volition1 & betwe5 any antec$5t & sequ5t :atev]4 ,t my arm %\ld move :5 ,i make a volition to ?is effect1 is j z necess>y & j z incompreh5sible too1 z t wat] %\ld freeze at a giv5 temp]ature3 :5 ! volition is imp$$1 we h only ano!r in/ance ( necessity1--a less] =ce ov]come by a great]4 ,! lib]ty !re=e :i* ?is sy/em affirms 9 ! fact ( volition & its unimp$$ connexion ) its consequ5ts1 is an assumption--a m]e "n4 ,x is a "p ( ! univ]sal necessity arbitr>ily di/+ui%$ & nam$1 its lib]ty does n reside 9 human volition1 s nei!r c x reside 9 ! div9e volition4 ,! necess>y dep5d5ce ( volition ^u motive1 & ! necess>y sequ5ce ( effects ^u volition1 c no m be sep>at$ f ! div9e m9d ?an f ours4 ,x is a doctr9e :i*1 if true1 is impli$ 9 ! univ]sal conception ( m9d4 ,x belongs to m9d g5]ically consid]$4 ,! creation ( volition by volition is absurd 9 itself--x _c b be an absurdity4 ,! det]m9ation ( w by ! /ronge/ motive1 if a tru? is a tru? univ]sally2 on ?is sy/em1 x conta9s ! :ole cause & possibility ( volition4 ,! :ole lib]ty ( ,god1 x is affirm$1 is conta9$ 9 ?is1 to d z pleases him1 or1 9 o!r words1 t :at he wills is accompli%$1 & necess>ily accompli%$3 :at pleases him is also fix$ 9 ! necessity ( 8 own nature4 ,8 lib]ty1 !re=e1 by its own def9ition1 diff]s no?+ f necessity4 ,if ! movem5ts ( m9d are necess>y1 no argum5t is requir$ to prove t all be+ & ev5ts are necess>y4 ,we are ?us b\nd up 9 a univ]sal necessity4 ,:atev] is1 is1 & _c be o!rwise1 & c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,z !re=e !re is no lib]ty1 we are r$uc$ to ! only rema9+ alt]native ( fatalism4 ,edw>ds does n inde$ attempt to rebut :olly ! *>ge ( fatalism4 7"p iv4 ,sec4 vi47 ,9 relation to ! ,/oics1 he rem>ks3--,x seems !y diff]$ among !mselves2 & probably ! doctr9e ( fate z ma9ta9$ by mo/ ( !m1 01 9 "s respects1 errone\s4 ,b :atev] _! doctr9es 01 if any ( !m held su* a fate1 z is repugnant to any lib]ty1 consi/+ 9 our do+ z we please1 ,i utt]ly d5y su* a fate4 ,he objects to fatalism only :5 x %\ld d5y our actions to be connect$ ) our pleasure1 or our s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 t is our volition4 ,b ?is connexion we h fully prov$ to be z necess>y z ! connexion betwe5 ! volition & its motive4 ,?is res]vation !re=e does n save him f fatalism4 ,9 ! foll[+ section1 7sec4 vii47 he repres5ts ! lib]ty & sov]eignty ( ,god z consi/+ 9 an ability to d :atev] pleases him4 ,8 idea ( ! div9e lib]ty1 !re=e1 is ! same z t attribut$ to man4 ,t ! div9e volitions are necess>ily det]m9$1 he repeat$ly affirms1 & inde$ repres5ts z ! great excell5ce ( ! div9e nature1 because ?is necessity ( det]m9ation is laid 9 ! inf9ite wisdom & p]fection ( 8 nature4 ,if necessity gov]n all be+ & ev5ts1 x is *e]+ to "k t x is necessity "u ! =ms ( inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,b /ill x rema9s true t necessity gov]ns4 ,if x is no disadvantage or di%on\r to a be+1 necess>ily to act 9 ! mo/ excell5t & happy mann] f ! necess>y p]fection ( 8 own nature1 /ill let u rememb] t "u ?is repres5tation he does act necess>ily4 ,fate mu/ h "s quality or =m2 x mu/ be :at we call good or evil3 b 9 det]m9+ its quality1 we d n de/roy its nature4 ,n[ if we call ?is fate a nature ( goodness & wisdom1 et]nal & inf9ite1 we pres5t x "u =ms beautiful1 b5ign1 & glori\s1 b x is nev]!less fate1--& z su* x gov]ns ! div9e volitions2 & ?r\gh ! div9e volitions1 all ! consequ5ts & effects ( ^! volitions2--! univ]se ( be+ & ?+s is det]m9$ by fate2--& all volitions ( angels or m5 are det]m9$ by fate--by ?is fate s beautiful1 b5ign1 & glori\s4 ,n[ if all ?+s ?us proce$+ f fate 7 beautiful1 b5ign1 & glori\s1 ! !ory might n al>m u4 ,b t de=mity1 crime1 & calamity %\ld h place z developem5ts ( ?is fate1 excites uneas9ess4 ,! abettors ( ?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 may p]haps com=t !mselves ) ! p]suasion t de=mity1 crime1 & calamity1 are names n ( realities1 b ( ! limit$ conceptions ( mank9d4 ,we h inde$ an in/ance 9 po9t 9 ,*>les ,bonnet1 :om ,dugald ,/ew>t m5tions z a v le>n$ & pi\s disciple ( ,leibnitz4 ,says ,bonnet--,?us ! same *a9 embraces ! physical & moral _w1 b9ds ! pa/ to ! pres5t1 ! pres5t to ! future1 ! future to et]nity4 ,t wisdom :i* has orda9$ ! exi/5ce ( ?is *a91 has d\btless will$ t ( e l9k ( :i* x is compos$4 ,a ,caligula is "o ( ^! l9ks2 & ?is l9k is ( iron4 ,a ,m>cus ,aurelius is ano!r l9k2 & ?is l9k is ( gold4 ,bo? are necess>y p>ts ( "o :ole1 :i* c\ld n b exi/4 ,%all ,god !n be angry at ! sight ( ! iron l9k8 ,:at absurdity6 ,god e/eems ?is l9k at its prop] value4 ,he sees x 9 its cause1 & he approves ?is cause1 = x is good4 ,god beholds moral mon/]s z he beholds physical mon/]s4 ,happy is ! l9k ( gold6 ,/ill m happy if he "k t he is only =tunate4 ,he has atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( moral p]fection1 & is nev]!less )\t pride1 kn[+ t :at he is1 is ! necess>y result1 ( ! place :i* he mu/ occupy 9 ! *a94 ,! gospel is ! allegorical exposition ( ?is sy/em2 ! simile ( ! pott] is its summ>y4 ,he might h add$1 ,happy is ! l9k ( iron1 if he "k t he is n guilty1 b at wor/ only un=tunate2 & really n un=tunate1 because hold+ a necess>y place 9 ! *a9 :i* bo? z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 is ! result ( inf9ite wisdom4 ,if any?+ m is requir$ 9 ord] to e/abli% ?is consequ5ce ( ! sy/em we are exam9+1 ,i w\ld call att5tion to ! inquiry1 :e!r aft] a cont+5t self-det]m9+ w !re rema9s any !ory ( action except fatalism8 ,a cont+5t self-det]m9+ w is a w :i* is ! cause ( its own volitions or *oices--a self-consci\s p[]1 self-mov$ & direct$1 & at ! mom5t ( its *oice1 or movem5t t[>ds a p>ticul> object1 consci\s ( ability ( *oos+1 or mov+ t[>ds1 an opposite object4 ,n[ :at conception h we to oppose to ?is b t ( a w n det]m9+ itself1--n ! cause ( its own volitions1--a p[] n self-mov$ & direct$1--& n consci\s ( ability at ! mom5t ( a p>ticul> *oice1 to make a contr>y *oice8 ,& ?is la/ conception is a w ^: volitions are det]m9$ by "s p[] antec$5t to itself1 n cont+5tly1 b necess>ily4 ,z ! w is ! only p[] = :i* cont+5t self-det]m9ation is claim$1 if x be prov$ to be no su* p[]1 !n no su* p[] exi/s4 ,! :ole !ory ( action & causality w !n be express$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,absolute & necess>y connexion ( motives & volitions4 #b4 ,absolute & necess>y connexion ( volitions & effects4 #c4 ,absolute & necess>y connexion ( all sequ5ts & antec$5ts 9 nature4 #d4 ,absolute & necess>y connexion ( all ?+s exi/5t ) a fir/ & necess>y pr9ciple or cause4 #e4 ,! necess>y det]m9ation ( ?is pr9ciple or cause4 ,d5y+ a cont+5t self-det]m9+ w1 ?is !ory is all t rema9s4 ,if lib]ty be affirm$ to reside 9 ! #b;d p>ticul> ( ?is !ory1 x becomes a m]e arbitr>y designation1 because ! nature ( ! relation is grant$ to be ! same2 x is n cont+5t1 b necess>y4 ,nor c lib]ty be affirm$ to reside 9 ! #e?2 because 9 ! fir/ place1 ! suppos$ demon/ration ( ! absurdity ( a cont+5t self-det]m9+ w1 by inf9ite s]ies ( volitions1 mu/ apply to ?is great fir/ pr9ciple consid]$ z ,god4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ! doctr9e ( ! necess>y det]m9ation ( motive mu/ apply "h likewise1 s9ce ,god z w & intellig5ce requires motives no less ?an we d4 ,su* det]m9ation is repres5t$ z aris+ f ! v nature ( m9d or _s4 ,n[ ?is !ory advanc$ 9 opposition to a self-det]m9+ w1 is pla9ly ! negation ( lib]ty z oppos$ to necessity4 ,& ?is is all t c be meant by fatalism4 ,lib]ty ?us becomes a self-contradictory conception1 & fatalism alone is tru? & reality4 ,,xvii4 ,x appe>s to me also1 t pan!ism is a fair d$uction f ?is sy/em4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ,god is ! sole & univ]sal do]--! only effici5t cause4 #a4 ,8 volition is ! creative act1 by :i* all be+s & ?+s exi/4 ,?us f> x is g5]ally conc$$ t ,god is all 9 all4 ,by him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 #b4 ,! active p[]s ( ! :ole sy/em ( nature he has con/itut$ & regulat$4 ,! w9ds are 8 mess5g]s4 ,! flam+ fire 8 s]vant4 ,h[ev] we may conceive ( ^! p[]s1 :e!r z really p[]s act+ "u necess>y laws1 or z imm$iate manife/ations ( div9e en]gy1 9 ei!r case x is prop] to attribute all _! movem5ts to ,god4 ,^! movem5ts 7 orda9$ by 8 wisdom1 & are execut$ directly or indirectly by 8 w4 ,e effect :i* we produce 9 ! mat]ial _w1 we produce by in/rum5tality4 ,our arms1 h&s1 c4 are our fir/ in/rum5ts4 ,all t we d by ! volunt>y use ( ^!1 we attribute to ourselves4 ,n[ if we increase ! in/rum5tality by ! addition ( an axe1 spade1 or hamm]1 /ill ! effect is ju/ly attribut$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t to :atev] ext5t we multiply ! in/rum5ts1 ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,:e!r ,i d ! de$ directly ) my h&1 or d x by an in/rum5t held 9 my h&1 or by a concat5ation ( ma*9]y1 rea*+ f ! c5tre to ! utmo/ pole1--if ,i contemplate ! de$1 & design$ly accompli% x 9 ?is way1 ! de$ is m9e4 ,& n only is ! la/ de$ contemplat$ z ! end ( all ?is arrangem5t m9e1 all ! int]m$i>y movem5ts produc$ z ! necess>y *a9 ( antec$5ts & sequ5ts by :i* ! la/ is to be atta9$1 are m9e likewise4 ,i use p[]s & in/rum5ts ^: en]gy & capacity ,i h le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 b 9 ^: con/itution ,i h _h no h&4 ,!y are provid$ = me1 & ,i m]ely use !m4 ,b ,god 9 work+ by ^!1 works by :at 8 own wisdom & p[] h creat$2 & !re=e a =tiori mu/ e effect produc$ by ^!1 accord+ to 8 design1 & by 8 volition z at lea/ ! fir/ p[] ( ! s]ies1 be attribut$ to him1--be call$ 8 do+4 ,he cause? ! sun to rise & set4 ,he cause? ! grass to gr[ = ! cattle1 & h]b = ! s]vice ( man4 ,he wat]e? ! hills f 8 *amb]s4 ,?is is n m]ely poetry4 ,x is tru?4 ,n[ ! sy/em we are consid]+ goes "o /ep fur!r2 x makes human volitions z mu* ! objects ( ! et]nal design1 & z really ! effects ( ! div9e volition1 z ! ris+ ( ! />s1 ! flight ( ! lightn+1 ! tumult ( ! wat]s1 or ! light :i* spreade? itself l a g>m5t ov] creation4 ,e volition ( creat$ m9d is ,god's act1 z really z any effect 9 nature4 ,we h se5 h[ e volition is connect$ ) its motive2 h[ ! motive lies 9 a pre-con/itution2 h[ ! s]ies ( antec$5ts & sequ5ts necess>ily runs back & connects itself ) ! inf9ite wisdom4 ,god's volition is 8 own act2 ! effect imm$iately produc$ by t volition is 8 own de$4 ,let t effect be ! creation ( man3 ! man 9 all 8 p[]s & susceptibilities is ,god's "w2 ! objects ar\nd him are ,god's "w2 ! correlation ( ! objects ) ! s5sitivity ( man is ,god's "w2 ! volition :i* necess>ily takes place z ! result ( ?is correlation is ,god's "w4 ,! volition ( ! man is z /rictly attributable to ,god1 z1 accord+ to our common appreh5sions1 ! bl[ :i* ,i give ) an axe is attributable to me4 ,:at is true ( ! fir/ man1 mu/ be equally true ( ! man remov$ by a ?\s& g5]ations1 = ! int]m$i>y l9ks are all orda9$ by ,god "u an inevitable necessity4 ,god is really1 !re=e1 ! sole do]--! only effici5t1 ! only cause4 ,all be+s & ?+s1 all motion & all volition1 are absolutely resolv$ into div9e volition4 ,god is ! au?or ( all be+s1 ?+s1 motions1 & volitions1 & z mu* ! au?or ( any "o ( ^! z ( any o!r1 & ! au?or ( all 9 ! same way & 9 ! same s5se4 ,set aside self-det]m9+ w1 & !re is no /opp+-place betwe5 a human volition & ! div9e volition4 ,! human volition is b ! div9e1 manife/$ ?r\gh a l5g!n$ x may be1 b a connect$ & necess>y *a9 ( antec$5ts & sequ5ts4 ,i see no way ( escap+ f ?is1 z a necess>y & legitimate consequ5ce ( ! necess>y det]m9ation ( w4 ,& :at is ?is consequ5ce b pan!ism8 ,god is ! univ]sal & all-p]vad+ intellig5ce--! univ]sal & only p[]4 ,e movem5t ( nature is necess>y2 e movem5t ( m9d is necess>y2 because necess>ily caus$ & det]m9$ by ! div9e volition4 ,!re is no life b 81 no ?\ght b 81 no effici5cy b 84 ,he is ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,sp9osa nev] repres5t$ himself z an a!i/1 & accord+ to ! foll[+ repres5tation appe>s r z a pan!i/4 ,he held t ,god is ! cause ( all ?+s2 b t he acts1 n f *oice1 b f necessity2 &1 ( consequ5ce1 t he is ! involunt>y au?or ( all ! good & evil1 virtue & vice1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 human life4 7,dugald ,/ew>t1 vol4 #f4 p4 #bgf1 note47 ,c\s9 rem>ks1 too1 t ,sp9osa des]ves r ! reproa* ( pan!ism ?an ( a!ism4 ,8 pan!ism 0 fairly d$uc$ f ! doctr9e ( necess>y det]m9ation1 :i* he advocat$4 ,,xviii4 ,sp9osa1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally consid]$ an a!i/4 ,x w n be disput$1 says ,/ew>t1 by ^? :o compreh5d ! drift ( 8 reason+s1 t 9 po9t ( practical t5d5cy a!ism & ,sp9osism are "o & ! same4 ,! foll[+ is ,c\s9's view ( 8 sy/em4 ,x app>5tly diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 "s respects1 b really t5ds to ! same conclusions4 ,in/ead ( accus+ ,sp9osa ( a!ism1 he ought to be reproa*$ = an error 9 ! o!r direction4 ,sp9osa />ts f ! p]fect & inf9ite be+ ( ,desc>tes's sy/em1 & easily demon/rates t su* a be+ is alone a be+ 9 itself2 b t a be+1 f9ite1 imp]fect1 & relative1 only p>ticipates ( be+1 )\t possess+ x1 9 itself3 t a be+ 9 itself is "o necess>ily3 t !re is b "o sub/ance2 & t all t rema9s has only a ph5om5al exi/5ce3 t to call ph5om5a1 f9ite sub/ances1 is affirm+ & d5y+1 at ! same "t2 :]eas1 !re be+1 b "o sub/ance :i* possesses be+ 9 itself1 & ! f9ite be+ t :i* p>ticipates ( exi/5ce )\t possess+ x 9 itself1 a sub/ance f9ite implies two contradictory notions4 ,?us1 9 ! philosophy ( ,sp9osa1 man & nature are pure ph5om5a2 simple attributes ( t "o & absolute sub/ance1 b attributes :i* are co-et]nal ) _! sub/ance3 = z ph5om5a _c exi/ )\t a subject1 ! imp]fect )\t ! p]fect1 ! f9ite )\t ! inf9ite1 & man & nature suppose ,god2 s likewise1 ! sub/ance _c exi/ )\t ph5om5a1 ! p]fect )\t ! imp]fect1 ! inf9ite )\t ! f9ite1 & ,god on 8 "p supposes man & nature4 ,! error ( 8 sy/em lies 9 ! pr$om9ance ( ! relation ( ph5om5on to be+1 ( attribute to sub/ance1 ov] ! relation ( effect to cause4 ,:5 man has be5 repres5t$1 n z a cause1 volunt>y & free1 b z necess>y & uncontrollable desire1 & z an imp]fect & f9ite ?\ght2 ,god1 or ! supreme patt]n ( humanity1 c be only a sub/ance1 & n a cause--a be+1 p]fect1 inf9ite1 necess>y--! immutable sub/ance ( ! univ]se1 & n its produc+ & creat+ cause4 ,9 ,c>tesianism1 ! notion ( sub/ance figures m conspicu\sly ?an t ( cause2 & ?is notion ( sub/ance1 altoge!r pr$om9at+1 con/itutes ,sp9osism4 7,hi/4 de la ,phil tom4 #a4 p4 #dff47 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! notion ( sub/ance & attribute1 ov] t ( cause & effect1 :i* ,c\s9 "h pron\nces ! vice ( ,sp9osa's sy/em1 is inde$ ! vice ( e sy/em :i* conta9s ! dogma ( ! necess>y det]m9ation ( w4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce is pan!ism2 ! second1 a!ism4 ,i w endeav\r to expla94 ,:5 self -det]m9ation is d5i$ to w1 & x is resolv$ into m]e desire1 necessitat$ 9 all its acts f its pre-con/itut$ correlation ) objects1 !n w really ceases to be a cause4 ,x becomes an in/rum5t ( antec$5t p[]1 b is no p[] 9 itself1 creative or productive4 ,! reason+ employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! human w1 applies 9 all its =ce to ! div9e w1 z has be5 already abundantly %[n4 ,! div9e w !re=e ceases to be a cause1 & becomes a m]e in/rum5t ( antec$5t p[]4 ,?is antec$5t p[] is ! inf9ite & necess>y wisdom2 b inf9ite & necess>y wisdom is et]nal & un*angeable2 :at x is n[1 x always 02 :at t5d5cies or en]gies x has n[1 x always _h2 & !re=e1 :atev] volitions x n[ necess>ily produces1 x always necess>ily produc$4 ,if we conceive a volition to h be51 9 "o direction1 ! imm$iate & necess>y antec$5t ( creation2 &1 9 ano!r1 ! imm$iate & necess>y sequ5t ( inf9ite1 & et]nal1 & necess>y wisdom2 !n ?is volition mu/ h always exi/$1 & consequ5tly1 creation1 z ! necess>y effect ( ?is volition1 mu/ h always exi/$4 ,! et]nal & inf9ite wisdom ?us becomes ! sub/ance1 because ?is is exi/5ce 9 itself1 no antec$5t be+ conceivable2 & creation1 consi/+ ( man & nature1 imp]fect & f9ite1 p>ticipat+ only ( exi/5ce1 & n be+ exi/5ce 9 !mselves1 are n sub/ances1 b ph5om5a4 ,b :at is ! relation ( ! ph5om5a to ! sub/ance8 ,n t ( effect to cause2--?is relation slides entirely out ( view1 ! mom5t w ceases to be a cause4 ,x is ! relation simply ( ph5om5a to be+1 consid]$ z ! necess>y & insep>able manife/ations ( be+2 ! relation ( attributes to sub/ance1 consid]$ z ! necess>y & insep>able prop]ties ( sub/ance4 ,we _c conceive ( sub/ance )\t attributes or ph5om5a1 nor ( attributes or ph5om5a )\t sub/ance2 !y are1 !re=e1 co-et]nal 9 ?is relation4 ,:o !n is ,god8 ,sub/ance & its attributes2 be+ & its ph5om5a4 ,9 o!r words1 ! univ]se1 z made up ( sub/ance & attributes1 is ,god4 ,?is is ,sp9osism2 ?is is pan!ism2 & x is ! fir/ & legitimate consequ5ce ( a necessitat$ w4 ,! second consequ5ce is a!ism4 ,9 ! d5ial ( w z a cause p] se1--9 resolv+ all its volitions into ! necess>y ph5om5a ( ! et]nal sub/ance1--we de/roy p]sonality3 we h no?+ rema9+ b ! univ]se4 ,n[ we may call ! univ]se ,god2 b ) equal propriety we call ,god ! univ]se4 ,?is de/ruction ( p]sonality1--?is m]g+ ( ,god into necess>y sub/ance & attributes1--is all t we mean by ,a!ism4 ,! conception is really ! same1 :e!r we "n x fate1 pan!ism1 or a!ism4 ,! foll[+ rem>k ( ,dugald ,/ew>t1 %[s t he arriv$ at ! same result3 ,:atev] may h be5 ! doctr9es ( "s ( ! anci5t a!i/s ab\t man's free ag5cy1 x w n be d5i$ t1 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy1 ! s*emes ( a!ism & ( necessity h be5 hi!rto always connect$ toge!r4 ,n t ,i w\ld by any means be und]/ood to say1 t e necessit>ian mu/ ipso facto be an a!i/1 or ev5 t any presumption is af=d$1 by a man's atta*m5t to ! =m] sect1 ( 8 hav+ ! slighte/ bias 9 fav\r ( ! latt]2 b only t e mod]n a!i/ ,i h he>d ( has be5 a necessit>ian4 ,i _c help add+1 t ! mo/ consi/5t necessit>ian :o h yet appe>$1 h be5 ^? :o foll[$ out _! pr9ciples till !y end$ 9 ,sp9osism1--a doctr9e :i* diff]s f a!ism m 9 words ?an 9 reality4 7,vol4 #f1 p4 #dgj47 ,cudwor?1 9 8 great "w entitl$ ,! true ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se1 %[s cle>ly ! connexion betwe5 fatalism & a!ism4 ,?is "w seems to h gr[n out ( ano!r und]tak+1 :i* contemplat$ specifically ! "q ( lib]ty & necessity1 & its be>+ ^u morality & religion4 ,! passage 9 ! preface1 9 :i* he in=ms u ( 8 orig9al plan1 is a v full expression ( 8 op9ion4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 says he1 t :5 ,i engag$ ! press1 ,i int5d$ only a disc\rse conc]n+ lib]ty & necessity1 or1 to speak out m pla9ly1 aga9/ ! fatal necessity ( all actions & ev5ts2 :i*1 ^u :atsoev] gr\nds or pr9ciples ma9ta9$1 w1 z we conceive1 s]ve ! design ( a!ism1 & und]m9e ,*ri/ianity1 & all religion1 z tak+ away all guilt & blame1 puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 & pla9ly r5d]+ a day ( judgem5t ridicul\s4 ,?is op9ion ( ! t5d5cy ( ! doctr9e ( a necessitat$ w1 is ! g]m ( 8 "w4 ,! connexion e/abli%$ 9 8 m9d betwe5 ?is doctr9e & a!ism1 naturally l$ him to 8 ma/]ly & elaborate exposition & refutation ( ! latt]4 ,! argum5ts ( _m a!i/s might be ref]r$ to1 to illu/rate ! connexion betwe5 necessity & a!ism4 ,i %all "h ref]1 h[ev]1 to only "o individual1 rem>kable bo? = 8 poetic g5ius & metaphysical acum54 ,i mean ! late ,pi]cy ,bys%e ,%elley4 ,he op5ly & unblu%+ly pr(ess$ a!ism4 ,9 8 ,que5 ,mab we f9d ?is l9e3 ,!re is no ,god4 ,9 a note ^u ?is l9e1 he rem>ks3 ,?is negation mu/ be und]/ood solely to affect a creative ,deity4 ,! hypo!sis ( a p]vad+ _s1 co-et]nal ) ! univ]se1 rema9s un%ak54 ,?is la/ hypo!sis is ,pan!ism4 ,pan!ism is really ! negation ( a creative ,deity1--! id5tity or at lea/ necess>y & et]nal co-exi/5ce ( ,god & ! univ]se4 ,%elley has express$ ?is cle>ly 9 ano!r passage3 ,_s ( nature6 all-suffic+ p[]1 ,necessity6 ?\ "m ( ! _w6 ,9 a note ^u ?is passage1 ,%elley has argu$ ! doctr9e ( ! necess>y det]m9ation ( w by motive1 ) an acut5ess & p[] sc>cely inf]ior to ,coll9s or ,edw>ds4 ,he makes1 inde$1 a diff]5t application ( ! doctr9e1 b a p]fectly legitimate "o4 ,coll9s & ,edw>ds1 & ! :ole race ( necessit>ian !ologians1 evid5tly toil "u insurm\ntable difficulties1 :ile attempt+ to base religion ^u ?is doctr9e1 & effect _! escape only "u a fog ( subtleties4 ,b ,%elley1 9 d>+ to be p]fectly consi/5t1 is p]fectly cle>4 ,he fe>lessly proce$s f necessity to pan!ism1 & !nce to a!ism & ! de/ruction ( all moral di/9ctions4 ,we are taught1 he rem>ks1 by ! doctr9e ( necessity1 t !re is nei!r good nor evil 9 ! univ]se1 o!rwise ?an z ! ev5ts to :i* we apply ^! epi!ts h relation to our own peculi> mode ( be+4 ,/ill less ?an ) ! hypo!sis ( a ,god1 w ! doctr9e ( necessity accord ) ! belief ( a future /ate ( puni%m5t4 ,i "h close my d$uctions f ?is sy/em4 ,if ^! d$uctions be legitimate1 z ,i myself _c d\bt !y are1 !n1 to ! l>ge/ class ( read]s1 ! doctr9e ( necessity is ov]?r[n3 x is ov]?r[n by its consequ5ces1 & my argum5t has ! =ce ( a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,if a self-det]m9$ w appe> an absurdity1 /ill x _c be z absurd z ! contr>y doctr9e1 if ?is doctr9e involve ! consequ5ces above giv54 ,at lea/1 practical wisdom w claim t doctr9e :i* leaves to ! _w a ,god1 & to man a moral & responsible nature4 ,a "q w "h v naturally arise3 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ! fact t s _m wise & good m5 h cont5d$ = a necessitat$ w1 z if !y 7 cont5d+ = ! great basis ( all morality & religion8 ,= example1 take ,edw>ds himself z a man ( great ?\ght & ( mo/ f]v5t piety4 ,9 ! :ole ( 8 treatise1 he argues ) ! air & mann] ( "o :o is oppos+ great errors z really connect$ ) a self-det]m9$ w4 ,:at c be /rong] ?an ! foll[+ language3 ,i ?9k t ! notion ( lib]ty1 consi/+ 9 a cont+5t self-det]m9ation ( ! w1 z necess>y to ! morality ( m5's dispositions & actions1 is almo/ inconceivably p]nici\s2 & t ! contr>y tru? is "o ( ! mo/ important tru?s ( moral philosophy t ev] 0 discuss$1 & mo/ necess>y to be kn[n4 ,! "q is a fair "o1 & ,i w endeav\r to answ] x4 #a4 ,! impossibility ( a self-det]m9+ w z be+ 9 itself a contradictory idea1 & z lead+ to ! consequ5ce ( affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( effects )\t causes1 takes /rong hold ( ! m9d 9 ^! individuals4 ,?is ,i believe1 & hope to prove 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise1 to be a philosophical error2--b x is no new ?+ = great & good m5 to fall into philosophical errors4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! lib]ty consi/+ 9 a self-det]m9+ w1 or ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1 z x has be5 te*nically call$1 is conceiv$ to be explod$1 !y endeav\r to supply a lib]ty ( spontaneity1 or a lib]ty ly+ 9 ! unimp$$ connexion betwe5 volition & sequ5ts4 ,hobbes has def9$ & illu/rat$ ?is lib]ty 9 a cle>] mann] ?an any ( its advocates3 ,i conceive1 says he1 lib]ty to be rightly def9$1--! abs5ce ( all imp$im5ts to action1 t are n conta9$ 9 ! nature & intr9sical quality ( ! ag5t4 ,z = example1 ! wat] is said to desc5d freely1 or is said to h lib]ty to desc5d by ! *annel ( ! riv]1 because !re is no imp$im5t t way2 b n across1 because ! banks are imp$im5ts3 & ?\gh wat] _c asc5d1 yet m5 nev] say1 x wants ! lib]ty to asc5d1 b ! faculty or p[]1 because ! imp$im5t is 9 ! nature ( ! wat]1 & intr9sical4 ,s also we say1 he t is ti$1 wants ! lib]ty to g1 because ! imp$im5t is n 9 him1 b 9 8 h&s2 :]eas1 we say n s ( him :o is sick or lame1 because ! imp$im5t is 9 himself1--t is1 he wants ! faculty or p[] ( go+3--?is con/itutes natural inability4 ,lib]ty is volition act+ ^u physical in/rum5talities1 or ^u m5tal faculties1 accord+ to a fix$ & con/itut$ law ( antec$5ts1 & meet+ ) no imp$im5t or ov]com+ antagoni/ic p[]4 ,natural ability is ! fix$ & con/itut$ antec$5ce itself4 ,h5ce !re may be natural ability )\t lib]ty2 b lib]ty _c be affirm$ )\t natural ability4 ,bo? are necess>y to con/itute responsibility4 ,natural ability is volition kn[n z a /at$ antec$5t ( c]ta9 effects4 ,lib]ty is ?is antec$5t exi/+ )\t imp$im5t or fru/ration4 ,s9ce ?is is ! only possible lib]ty rema9+1 & z !y h no wi% to be consid]$ fatali/s1 !y enl>ge mu* ^u ?is2 n only z ! :ole ( lib]ty actually exi/+1 b z ! full & satisfactory notion ( lib]ty4 ,9 bas+ responsibility & praise & blamewor?9ess ^u ?is lib]ty1 an appeal is made to ! common ideas1 feel+s1 & practices ( m54 ,e man reg>ds himself z free :5 he does z he pleases1--:51 if he pleases to walk1 he walks1--:51 if he pleases to sit d[n1 he sits d[n1 c4 if a man1 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 7 to plead 9 excuse t he committ$ ! crime because he pleas$ or will$ to d x1 ! judge w\ld reply--?is is y\r guilt1 t y pleas$ or will$ to commit x3 nay1 y\r be+ pleas$ or will+ to commit x 0 ! v do+ ( x4 ,n[ all ?is is j4 ,i readily admit t we are free :5 we d z we please1 & t we are guilty :51 9 do+ z we please1 we commit a crime4 ,well1 !n1 x is ask$1 is n ?is lib]ty suffici5t to con/itute responsibility8 ,& ?us ! :ole difficulty seems to be got ov]4 ,! reason+ w\ld be v fair1 z f> z x goes1 if employ$ aga9/ fatali/s1 b am\nts to no?+ :5 employ$ aga9/ ^? :o hold to ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w4 ,! latt] receive ^! common ideas1 feel+s1 & practices ( m51 z facts indicative ( fre$om1 because !y raise no "q aga9/ human fre$om4 ,! real "q at issue is1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ^! facts8 ,! advocates ( self-det]m9+ p[] acc\nt = !m by ref]r+ !m to a self-det]m9$ w4 ,we say a man is free :5 he does z he pleases or accord+ to 8 volitions1 & has ! s5se ( fre$om 9 8 volitions1 because he det]m9es 8 own volitions2 & t a man is guilty = crime1 if committ$ by 8 volition1 because he det]m9$ ?is volition1 & at ! v mom5t ( det]m9+ x1 0 consci\s ( ability to det]m9e an opposite volition4 ,& we affirm1 also1 t a man is free1 n only :5 he does z he pleases1 or1 9 o!r words1 makes a volition )\t any imp$im5t betwe5 x & its object1--he is free1 if he make ! volition )\t produc+ effects by x3 volition itself is ! act ( fre$om4 ,b h[ d ^? :o d5y a self-det]m9+ p[] acc\nt = ^! facts8 ,!y say t ! volition is caus$ by a motive antec$5t to x1 b t nev]!less1 inasmu* z ! man feels t he is free & is g5]ally acc\nt$ s1 he mu/ be free2 = lib]ty means no?+ m ?an p[] & opportunity to d & conduct z he w1 or accord+ to 8 *oice1 )\t tak+ into ! mean+ ( ! ^w any ?+ ( ! cause ( t *oice1 or at all consid]+ h[ ! p]son came to h su* a volition1--t is1 ! man is free1 & feels himself to be s1 :5 he does z he pleases1 because ?is is all t is meant by fre$om4 ,b suppose ! objection be br\ght up1 t ! def9ition ( lib]ty "h giv5 is assum$1 arbitr>y1 & unsatisfactory2 & t ! s5se or consci\sness ( fre$om 9 ! act ( volition1 & ! common s5tim5ts & practices ( m5 9 ref]5ce to volunt>y action1 are n adequately acc\nt$ =1--!n ! advocates ( necessitat$ volition return to ! fir/ argum5t1 ( ! impossibility ( any o!r def9ition1--& affirm t1 inasmu* z ?is s5se ( fre$om does exi/1 & ! s5tim5ts & practices ( m5 g5]ally correspond to x1 we mu/ believe t we are free :5 volition is unimp$$ 9 its connexion ) sequ5ts1 & t we are blame or praisewor?y1 accord+ to ! p]ceiv$ "* ( our volitions1--al?\gh x _c b be true t ! volitions !mselves are necess>y4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y are compell$ by _! philosophy to d5y a self-det]m9+ w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are compell$1 by _! moral s5se & religi\s convictions1 to uphold moral di/9ctions & responsibility4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 h[ev]1 a quasi lib]ty mu/ be pres]v$3 h5ce ! attempt to reconcile lib]ty & necessity1 by ref]r+ ! fir/ exclusively to ! connexion betwe5 volition & its sequ5ts1 & ! second exclusively to ! connexion betwe5 ! volition & its antec$5ts or motives4 ,lib]ty is physical2 necessity is metaphysical4 ,! fir/ belongs to man2 ! second transc5ds ! sph]e ( 8 activity1 &1 is n 8 conc]n4 ,9 ?is v difficult position1 no bett] or m +5i\s solution c\ld be devis$2 b t x is :olly illogical & ineffectual1 & =ms no escape f absolute & univ]sal necessity1 has already be5 abundantly prov$4 #b4 ,! philosoph]s & div9es ( :om we are speak+1 conceive t :5 volitions are suppos$ to exi/ out ( ! necess>y det]m9ation ( motives1 !y exi/ =tuit\sly & )\t a cause4 ,b to give up ! necess>y & univ]sal dep5d5ce ( ph5om5a ^u causes1 w\ld be to place ev5ts beyond ! div9e control3 nay1 m1--x w\ld de/roy ! great a po/]iori argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be ! de/ruction ( all morality & religion4 #c4 ,! doctr9e ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 9 p>ticul>1 is mu* insi/$ ^u z incompatible ) cont+5t volitions4 ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 x is alleg$1 makes all ev5ts c]ta9 & necess>y4 ,h5ce volitions are necess>y2 &1 to c>ry out ! reason+1 x mu/ be add$ likewise t ! connexion betwe5 volitions & _! sequ5ts is equally necess>y4 ,god =esees ! sequ5t ( ! volition z well z ! volition4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 is c>eful to pres]ve ! "n ( lib]ty1 because x fe>s ! designation :i* prop]ly belongs to x4 #d4 ,by necess>y det]m9ation1 ! sov]eignty ( ,god & ! h>mony ( 8 gov]nm5t are pres]v$4 ,8 volitions are det]m9$ by 8 inf9ite wisdom4 ,! _w1 !re=e1 mu/ be rul$ 9 tru? & righte\sness4 ,^! philosoph]s & div9es ?us repres5t to !mselves ! !ory ( a self-det]m9+ w z an absurdity 9 itself1 &1 if grant$ to be true1 z involv+ ! mo/ mon/r\s & disa/r\s consequ5ces1 :ile ! !ory :i* !y advocate is view$ only 9 its fav\rable po9ts1 & )\t rea*+ =? to its legitimate consequ5ces4 ,if ^! consequ5ces are urg$ by ano!r h&1 !y are s\ght to be evad$ by conc5trat+ att5tion ^u ! fact ( volition & ! s5se ( fre$om att5d+ x3 = example1 if fatalism be urg$ z a consequ5ce1 ( ?is !ory1 ! ready reply is inv>iably--,no su* necessity is ma9ta9$ z goes to de/roy ! lib]ty :i* consi/s 9 do+ z "o pleases2 or if ! de/ruction ( responsibility be urg$ z a consequ5ce1 ! reply is--,a man is always held a j subject ( praise or blame :5 he acts volunt>ily4 ,! argum5tation und\bt$ly is z s9c]e z x is e>ne/4 ,! int]e/s at /ake are mom5t\s4 ,!y are suppos$ to p]i%1 if ?is philosophy be untrue4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t1 rev]5c+ & lov+ morality & religion1 !y %\ld by e possible argum5t aim to su/a9 ! philosophy :i* is suppos$ to lie at _! basis1 & look away f consequ5ces s de/ructive1 p]suad+ !mselves t ^! consequ5ces are b ! rampant sophi/ries ( infidelity4 ,x is a wond]ful fact 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 t ! philosophy ( fate1 pan!ism1 & a!ism1 %\ld be tak5 z ! philosophy ( religion4 ,good m5 h misappreh5d$ ! philosophy1 & h succe$$ 9 br++ x into fell[%ip ) tru? & righte\sness4 ,bad m5 & err+ philosoph]s h embrac$ x 9 a cle> und]/&+ ( its pr9ciples1 & h bo? logically reason$ out & fe>lessly own$ its consequ5ces4 ,,xix4 ,assum+1 = ! mom5t1 t ! def9ition ( lib]ty giv5 by ! !ologians above allud$ to1 is ! only possible def9ition1 x mu/ foll[ t ! mo/ commonly receiv$ modes ( prea*+ ! tru?s & urg+ ! duties ( religion are inconsi/5t & contradictory4 ,a class ( !ologians has be5 f\nd 9 ! *ur*1 :o1 p]haps )\t int5d+ absolutely to d5y human fre$om1 h d5i$ all ability on ! "p ( man to comply ) ! div9e precepts4 ,a g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 inability & a want ( fre$om is n t5able1 & c]ta9ly is ( no mom5t1 :]e1 z 9 ?is case1 ! inability cont5d$ = is radical & absolute4 ,^! !ologians cle>ly p]ceiv$1 t if volition is necess>ily det]m9$ by motive1 & if motive lies 9 ! correlation ( desire & object1 !n1 9 a be+ totally deprav$1 or a be+ ( radically corrupt desires1 !re c be no ability to good de$s3 ! de$ is z ! volition1 & ! volition is z ! /ronge/ desire or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,h5ce ^! !ologians ref] ! conv]sion ( man exclusively to div9e influ5ce4 ,! man _c *ange 8 own he>t1 nor employ any means to t end2 = ?is w\ld imply a volition = :i*1 accord+ to ! supposition1 he has no ability4 ,n[1 at ! same "t1 t ?is class repres5t m5 z unable to love & obey ! tru?s ( religion1 !y engage ) great zeal 9 exp\nd+ ^! tru?s to _! m9ds1 & 9 urg+ ^u !m ! duty ( ob$i5ce4 ,b :at is ! aim ( ?is prea*+8 ,p]haps "o w reply1 ,i "k ! man _c det]m9e himself to ob$i5ce1 b 9 prea*+ to him1 ,i am pres5t+ motives :i* may influ5ce him4 ,b 9 d5y+ 8 ability to d good1 y d5y ! possibility ( mov+ him by motives drawn f religi\s tru? & obligation4 ,8 he>t1 by supposition1 is n 9 correlation ) tru? & duty2 ! m1 !re=e1 y prea* tru? & duty1 ! m int5se is ! s5se ( ! disagreeable :i* y awak54 ,z :5 y pres5t objects to a man's m9d :i* are correlat$ to 8 feel+s1 ! m cle>ly & frequ5tly y pres5t !m1 ! m y advance t[>ds ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice4 ,s :5 y pres5t objects :i* are n correlat$ to 8 feel+s1 ! m cle>ly & frequ5tly y pres5t !m1 ! m y mu/ advance t[>ds ! s5se ( ! mo/ disagreeable1 or positive refusal4 ,if x be affirm$1 9 reply to ?is1 t ! pres5tation ( tru? =ms ! occasion or condition on :i* ! div9e influ5ce is ex]t$ = ! reg5]ation ( ! he>t1 !n ,i ask1 :y d y urge ! man to rep5t1 & believe1 & love ,god1 & dis*>ge religi\s duty g5]ally1 & rebuke him = s91 :5 y "k t he is utt]ly unable to move1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 t[>ds any ( ^! affections & actions1 & utt]ly unable to leave (f s9n+1 until ! div9e influ5ce be ex]t$1 :i* br+s 8 he>t into correlation ) religion1 & makes x possible = him to put =? ! volitions ( piety & duty8 ,x c be reg>d$ 9 no o!r light ?an play+ a solemn f>ce1 ?us to rebuke & urge & p]suade1 z if ! man ought to make "s ex]tion :5 y feel conv9c$ t ex]tion is impossible4 ,x c]ta9ly c =m no occasion = div9e int]position1 unless x be 9 pity ( human folly4 ,if y say t su* a c\rse does succe$ 9 ! conv]sion ( m51 !n we are con/ra9$ to believe t y\r philosophy is wrong1 & t y\r practice succe$s1 because inconsi/5t ) x1 & really belong+ to "s o!r sy/em :i* y "k n1 or und]/& n & d5y4 ,a total inability to d good makes man ! passive subject ( influ5ces to be employ$ = 8 reg5]ation1 & he c no m be consid]$ active 9 effect+ x ?an he is 9 ! process ( dige/+ food1 or 9 ! curative action ( m$ic9es ^u any diseas$ "p ( 8 sy/em4 ,if y urge him to ex]t himself = 8 reg5]ation1 y urge him to put =? volitions :i*1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 are 9 no s5se possible until ! reg5]ation has be5 effect$1 or at lea/ comm5c$4 ,i w g "o /ep f>!r 9 ?is reason+3--on supposition ( total inability1 n only is ! individual a passive subject ( reg5]at+ influ5ces1 b he is also incapable ( reg5]ation1 or any disposition or t5d5cy t[>ds reg5]ation1 f any influ5ces :i* lie m]ely 9 motives1 produc$ by array+ objects be=e ! m9d4 ,motive1 accord+ to ! def9ition1 exhibit$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ,edw>ds's sy/em1 lies 9 ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object /&+ 9 correlation ) ! /ate ( m9d4 ,n[ ! /ate ( m9d1 9 an unreg5]ate /ate1 is a /ate repres5t$ by ?is sy/em itself1 z totally adv]se to ! objects ( religion4 ,h5ce1 !re is no conceivable array ( religi\s tru?1 & no conceivable religi\s exhortation & p]suasion t c\ld possibly come into su* a relation to ?is /ate ( m9d z to =m ! motive ( a religi\s *oice or volition4 ,x is p]fectly pla91 t be=e su* a result c\ld take place1 ! /ate ( m9d itself w\ld h to be *ang$4 ,b z ! array ( religi\s tru? & ! en]gy ( religi\s exhortation mu/ fail to produce ! requir$ volitions1 on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( m9d1 s nei!r c ! /ate ( m9d be *ang$ by ?is array ( tru? or by ?is exhortation4 ,!re is a positive opposition ( m9d & object1 & ! collision becomes m sev]e ^u e attempt to br+ !m toge!r4 ,x mu/ foll[1 !re=e1 t prea*+ tru? & duty to ! unreg5]ate1 s f> f lead+ to _! conv]sion1 c only s]ve to call out m actively ! necess>y det]m9ation1 n to obey4 ,! v enlight5+ ( ! intellig5ce1 z x gives a cle>] p]ception ( ! disagreeable objects1 only increases ! dis9cl9ation4 ,nor c we pause 9 ?is consequ5ce1 at human in/rum5tality4 ,x mu/ be equally true1 t if div9e int]position lies 9 ! pres5tation ( tru? & p]suasions to duty1 only t ^! are giv5 ) t5fold light & p[]1 x mu/ fail ( accompli%+ reg5]ation1 or ( produc+ any t5d5cy t[>ds reg5]ation4 ,! he>t be+ 9 no correlation ) ^!1--its s5se ( ! disagreeable1--& !re=e ! en]gy ( its refusal w only be ! m int5se & decid$4 ,if x %\ld be rem>k$ t hope & fe> are feel+s1 :i*1 ev5 9 a /ate ( unreg5]acy1 c be op]at$ ^u1 ! /ate ( ?+s is equally difficult4 ,no su* hope c be op]at$ ^u z implies desire aft] religi\s pr9ciples & enjoym5ts2 = ?is _c belong to ! corrupt nature2 nor c any fe> be ar\s$ :i* implies a rev]5ce ( ! div9e purity1 & an abhorr5ce ( s94 ,! fe> c\ld only relate to dang] & suff]+2 & ! hope1 to deliv]ance & security1 indep5d5tly ( moral qualities4 ,! m]e excitem5t ( ^! passions might awak5 att5tion1 con/ra9 to an outw>d ob$i5ce1 & =m a v prud5t conduct1 b c\ld effect no purification ( ! he>t4 ,!re is ano!r class ( !ologians1 ( :om ,edw>ds is "o1 :o endeav\r to escape ! difficulties :i* att5d a total inability1 by mak+ ! di/9ction ( moral & natural inability3--man1 !y say1 is morally unable to d good1 & naturally able to d good1 & !re=e he c ju/ly be made ! subject ( comm&1 appeal1 rebuke1 & exhortation4 ,! futility ( ?is di/9ction ,i _c b ?9k has already be5 made app>5t4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 inasmu* z s great /ress is laid ^u x1 to call up a brief consid]ation ( x 9 ?is p>ticul> connexion4 ,moral inability1 z we h se51 is ! impossibility ( a giv5 volition1 because !re are no motives or causes to produce x4 ,x is simply ! impossibility ( an effect = ! want ( a cause3 :5 we speak ( moral cause & effect1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 we speak ( no?+ diff]5t f physical cause & effect1 except 9 ! quality ( ! t]ms--! relation ( ! t]ms is ! same4 ,! impossibility ( a giv5 volition1 !re=e1 :5 ! appropriate motive is want+1 is equal to ! impossibility ( freez+ wat] 9 ! sun ( a summ]'s noon-tide4#a ,:5 objects ( volition are fairly pres5t$1 an inability to *oose !m mu/ lie 9 ! /ate ( ! m9d1 s5sitivity1 desire1 w1 or affections1 = all ^! h ! same mean+ accord+ to ?is sy/em4 ,!re is no volition ( pref]5ce :]e !re is no motive to ?is effect2 & !re is no motive to ?is effect :]e ! /ate ( ! m9d is n 9 correlation ) ! objects pres5t$3 on ! contr>y1 ! volition :i* n[ takes place1 is a volition ( refusal4 ,natural inability1 z def9$ by ?is sy/em1 lies 9 ! connexion betwe5 ! volition consid]$ z an antec$5t1 & ! effect requir$4 ,?us ,i am naturally unable to walk1 :51 al?\gh ,i make ! volition1 my limbs1 ?r\gh weakness or disease1 d n obey4 ,any defect 9 ! p[]s or in/rum5talities dep5d5t = activity ^u volition1 or any imp$im5t :i* volition _c surm\nt1 con/itutes natural inability4#b ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ,i am n held responsible = any?+ :i*1 ?r\gh natural inability1 _c be accompli%$1 al?\gh ! volition is made4 ,b n[ let u suppose t !re is no defect 9 ! p[]s or in/rum5talities dep5d5t = activity ^u volition1 & no imp$im5t :i* volition _c surm\nt1 s t !re ne$ be only a volition 9 ord] to h ! effect1 & !n ! natural ability is complete3--,i w to walk1 & ,i walk4 ,n[ x is affirm$ t a man is fairly responsible = ! do+ ( any?+1 & c be fairly urg$ to d x :5 all t is necess>y = ! do+ ( x is a volition al?\gh !re may be a moral inability to ! volition itself4 ,no?+ x seems to me c be m absurd ?an ?is di/9ction4 ,if lib]ty be ess5tial to responsibility1 lib]ty1 z we h cle>ly %[n1 c no m lie 9 ! connexion betwe5 volition & its effects1 ?an 9 ! connexion betwe5 volition & its motives4 ,"o is j z necess>y z ! o!r4 ,if x be grant$ to be absurd ) ! fir/ class ( !ologians to urge m5 to d "r :5 !y are conceiv$ to be totally unable to d "r1 x is equally s :5 !y are conceiv$ to h only a natural ability to d "r1 because ?is natural ability is ( no avail )\t a correspond+ moral ability4 ,if ! volition take place1 !re is inde$ no?+ to prev5t ! action2 nay1 ! v will+ is ! do+ ( x2 b !n ! volition z an effect _c take place )\t a cause2 & to ackn[l$ge a moral inability1 is no?+ less ?an to ackn[l$ge t !re is no cause to produce ! requir$ volition4 ,! condition ( m5 z repres5t$ by ! second class ( !ologians1 is n really diff]5t f _! condition z repres5t$ by ! fir/ class4 ,! inability "u bo? repres5tations is a total inability4 ,9 ! utt] impossibility ( a "r volition on ^!1 is ! utt] impossibility ( any good de$4 ,:5 we h d5i$ lib]ty1 9 d5y+ a self-det]m9+ p[]1 ^! def9itions 9 ord] to make out a quasi lib]ty & ability1 are no?+ b +5i\s folly & plausible deception4 ,y tell ! man1 inde$1 t he c if he w2 & :5 he replies to y1 t on y\r own pr9ciples ! requir$ volition is impossible1 y ref] him to ! common notions ( mank9d4 ,accord+ to ^!1 y say a man is guilty :5 he =be>s to d "r1 s9ce no?+ is want+ to "r-do+ b a volition1--& guilty :5 he does wrong1 because he wills to d wrong4 ,accord+ to ^! common notions1 too1 a man may fairly be p]suad$ to d "r1 :5 no?+ is want+ b a w to d "r4 ,b d we f9d ?is di/9ction ( natural & moral ability 9 ! common notions ( m58 ,:5 no?+ is requir$ to ! p]=mance ( a de$ b a volition1 d m5 conceive ( any inability :atev]8 ,d !y n feel t ! volition has a metaphysical possibility z well z t ! sequ5t ( ! volition has a physical possibility8 ,h we n at lea/ "s reason to suspect t ! philosophy ( responsibility1 & ! basis ( rebuke & p]suasion ly+ 9 ! common notions ( m51 are some?+ widely diff]5t f ! s*eme ( a necessitat$ volition8 ,?is la/ class ( !ologians1 equally ) ! fir/1 d]ive all ! =ce ( _! prea*+ f a philosophy1 ^u :i* !y are compell$ to act1 b :i* !y /\tly d5y4 ,let !m c>ry out _! philosophy1 & = prea*+ no place rema9s4 ,prea*+ c produce good effects only by produc+ good volitions2 & good volitions c be produc$ only by good motives3 b good motives c exi/ "u prea*+ only :5 ! subjects ( ! prea*+ are correlat$ ) ! /ate ( m9d4 ,b by supposition ?is is n ! case1 = ! he>t is totally deprav$4 ,to urge ! unreg5]ate man to put =? volitions 9 ref]5ce to 8 reg5]ation1 may consi/ ) a self-det]m9+ p[] ( w1 b is altoge!r irrelevant on ?is sy/em4 ,x is urg+ him to d :at he _c d2 & inde$ :at all p]suasion mu/ fail to d 9 him z a m]e passive subject4 ,to assure him t ! affair is q easy1 because no?+ is requir$ ( him b to w1 is equival5t to assur+ him t ! affair is q easy1 because x w be done :5 he has done x4 ,! man may reply1 ! affair w\ld inde$ be q easy if !re exi/$ 9 me a motive to produce ! volition2 b z !re does n1 ! volition is impossible4 ,& z ,i _c put =? ! volition )\t ! motive1 s nei!r c ,i make ! motive :i* is to produce ! volition--= !n an effect w\ld make its cause4 ,:at ,i _c d = myself1 ,i fe> nei!r y1 nor inde$ an angel f heav5 w succe$ 9 do+ = me4 ,y array ! tru?s1 & duties1 & prospects ( religion be=e my m9d1 b !y _c take ! "* ( motives to influ5ce my w1 because !y are n agreeable to my he>t4 ,y inde$ mean well2 b d y n p]ceive t on y\r own pr9ciples all y\r zeal & eloqu5ce mu/ necess>ily h an opposite effect f :at y int5d8 ,my affections n be+ 9 correlation ) ^! subjects1 ! m y urge !m1 ! m int5se becomes my s5se ( ! mo/ disagreeable1 or my positive refusal2 & ?is1 my good fri5ds1 by a necessity :i* holds u all alike 9 an inevitable & ev]-dur+ *a94 ,x is pla9ly impossible to escape f ?is conclusion1 & yet ma9ta9 ! philosophy4 ,all ef=ts ( ?is k9d1 made by appeal+ to ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 we h se5 are self-contradictory4 ,x w n d to press =w>d ! philosophy until involv$ 9 difficulty & p]plexity1 & !n to /ep aside & borr[ argum5ts f ano!r sy/em :i* is assum$ to be ov]?r[n4 ,!re is no necessity m absolute & sov]eign1 ?an a logical necessity4#c ,,xviii4 ,! c>d9al pr9ciples ( ,edw>ds's sy/em 9 ! sections we h be5 exam9+1 f :i* ! above consequ5ces are d$uc$1 are ! ?ree foll[+3 #a4 ,! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive4 #b4 ,! /ronge/ motive is always ! mo/ agreeable4 #c4 ,! w is necess>ily det]m9$4 ,i %all close ?is "p ( ! pres5t treatise ) a brief exam9ation ( ! reason+ by :i* he endeav\rs to e/abli% ^! po9ts4 ,! reason+ by :i* ! fir/ po9t is aim$ to be e/abli%$1 is ! g5]al reason+ respect+ cause & effect4 ,volition is an effect1 & mu/ h a cause4 ,its cause is ! motive ly+ 9 ! correlation ( m9d & object4 ,:5 sev]al physical causes conflict ) ea* o!r1 we call t ! /ronge/ :i* prevails & produces its appropriate effects1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,s also :]e !re are sev]al moral causes or motives conflict+ ) ea* o!r1 we call t ! /ronge/ :i* prevails4 ,:]e a physical cause is n oppos$ by any o!r =ce1 x ( c\rse produces its effect2 & 9 ?is case we d n say ! /ronge/ cause produces ! effect1 because !re is no comp>ison4 ,s also !re are cases 9 :i* !re is b "o moral cause or motive pres5t1 :5 !re be+ no comp>ison1 we _c affirm t ! volition is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive3 ! do+ ( some?+ may be entirely agreeable1 & ! n do+ ( x may be utt]ly disagreeable3 9 ?is case ! motive is only = ! do+ ( x4 ,b :]ev] ! case conta9s a comp>ison ( causes or ( motives1 x mu/ be true t ! effect :i* actually takes place1 is produc$ by ! /ronge/ cause or motive4 ,?is inde$ is no?+ m ?an a truism1 or a m]e po/ulate1 z if we %\ld say1--let a cause or motive produc+ effects be call$ ! /ronge/4 ,x may be repres5t$1 also1 z a petitio pr9cipii1 or reason+ 9 a circle1--s9ce ! pro( t ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive is no o!r ?an ! fact t x is det]m9$4 ,x may be /at$ ?us3 ,! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,h[ d y "k ?is8 ,because x is det]m9$4 ,h[ does ?is prove x8 ,because t :i* det]m9es x mu/ be ! /ronge/4#d ,edw>ds assumes1 also1 t motive is ! cause ( volition4 ,?is assumption he aft]w>ds endeav\rs indirectly to su/a91 :5 he argues aga9/ a self-det]m9+ w4 ,if ! w d n cause its own volitions1 !n x mu/ foll[ t motive is ! cause4 ,! argum5t aga9/ a self-det]m9+ w we are ab\t to take up4 #b4 ,! /ronge/ motive is always ! mo/ agreeable4 ,edw>ds ma9ta9s t ! motive :i* always prevails to cause volition1 has ?is *>act]i/ic1--t x is ! mo/ agreeable or pleasant at ! "t1 & t volition itself is no?+ b ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,if !re %\ld be b "o motive pres5t to ! m9d1 z 9 t case !re w\ld be no comp>ison1 we presume he w\ld only say t ! w is det]m9$ by ! agreeable4 ,b h[ are we to "k :e!r ! motive ( e volition has ?is *>act]i/ic ( agreeabl5ess1 or ( mo/ agreeabl5ess1 z ! case may be8 ,we c "k x only by consult+ our consci\sness4 ,if1 :5ev] we w1 we f9d ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable id5tifi$ ) ! volition1 & if we are consci\s ( no p[] ( will+1 save "u ?is condition ( will+ :at is mo/ agreeable to u1 !n c]ta9ly !re rema9s no f>!r "q on ?is po9t4 ,! det]m9ation ( consci\sness is f9al4 ,:e!r su* be ! det]m9ation ( consci\sness1 we are h]eaft] to consid]4 ,does ,edw>ds appeal to consci\sness8 ,he does1--b )\t =mally ann\nc+ x4 ,! foll[+ passage is an appeal to consci\sness1 & conta9s ,edw>ds's :ole ?\ght on ?is subject3 ,!re is sc>cely a pla9] & m univ]sal dictate ( ! s5se & exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 ?an t :5 m5 act volunt>ily1 & d :at !y please1 !n !y d :at suits !m be/1 or :at is mo/ agreeable to !m4 ,to say t !y d :at pleases !m1 b yet :at is n agreeable to !m1 is ! same ?+ z to say1 !y d :at !y please1 b d n act _! pleasure2 & t is to say1 t !y d :at !y please1 & yet d n :at !y please4 7p4 #be47 ,motives diff] widely1 intr9sically consid]$4 ,"s are 9 accordance ) reason & consci5ce2 "s are oppos$ to reason & consci5ce4 ,"s are wise2 "s are fooli%4 ,"s are good2 "s are bad4 ,b :atev] may be _! intr9sic prop]ties1 !y all h ?is *>act]i/ic ( agreeabl5ess :5 !y cause volition2 & x is by ?is *>act]i/ic t _! /r5g? is measur$4 ,! appeal1 h[ev]1 :i* is made to su/a9 ?is1 is made 9 a way to beg ! v po9t 9 "q4 ,w n e "o admit1 t :5 m5 act volunt>ily & d :at !y please1 !y d :at suits !m be/1 & :at is mo/ agreeable to !m8 ,yes4 ,is x n a palpable contradiction1 to say t m5 d :at pleases !m1 & yet d :at is n agreeable to !m1 accord+ to ! ord9>y use ( ^! words8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b ! po9t 9 "q is1 :e!r m51 act+ volunt>ily1 always d :at is pleas+ to !m3 & ?is po9t ,edw>ds assumes4 ,he assumes x "h1 & he assumes x ?r\gh\t 8 treatise4 ,we h se5 t1 9 8 psy*ology1 he id5tifies w & desire or ! affections3--h5ce volition is ! prevail+ desire or affection1 & ! object :i* moves ! desire mu/ ( c\rse appe> desirable1 or agreeable1 or pleasant2 = !y h ! same mean+4 ,if m5 always w :at !y mo/ desire1 & desire :at !y w1 !n ( c\rse :5 !y act volunt>ily1 !y d :at !y please2 & :5 !y d :at !y please1 !y d :at suits !m be/ & is mo/ agreeable to !m4 ,edw>ds runs ! *anges ( ^! words ) great plausibility1 & we mu/ say deceives himself z well z o!rs4 ,! great po9t1--:e!r w & desire are "o1--:e!r ! volition is z ! mo/ agreeable1--he takes up at ! beg9n+ z an unque/ionable fact1 & adh]es to ?r\gh\t z su*2 b he nev] once attempts an analysis ( consci\sness 9 relation to x1 adequate & satisfactory4 ,8 psy*ology is an assumption4 #c4 ,! w is necess>ily det]m9$4 ,h[ does ,edw>ds prove ?is8 #a4 ,on ! g5]al connexion ( causes & effects4 ,causes necess>ily produce effects1 unless resi/$ & ov]come by oppos+ =ces2 b :]e sev]al causes are act+ 9 opposition1 ! /ronge/ w necess>ily prevail1 & produce its appropriate effects4 ,n[1 ,edw>ds affirms t ! nature ( ! connexion betwe5 motives & volitions is ! same ) t ( any o!r causes & effects4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely 9 ! t]ms3 & :5 he calls ! necessity :i* *>act]izes ! connexion ( motive & volition a moral necessity1 he ref]s n to ! connexion itself1 b only to ! t]ms connect$4 ,9 ?is reason+ he pla9ly assumes t ! connexion betwe5 cause & effect 9 g5]al1 is a necess>y connexion2 t is1 all causation is necess>y4 ,a cont+5t1 self-det]m9+ cause1 9 8 sy/em1 is *>act]iz$ z an absurdity4 ,h5ce he lays himself op5 to all ! consequ5ces ( a univ]sal & absolute necessity4 #b4 ,he also endeav\rs to prove ! necessity ( volition by a me?od ( approximation4 7p4 #cc47 ,he "h grants1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 t ! w may oppose ! /ronge/ motive 9 a giv5 case2 b !n he cont5ds t x is supposable t ! /r5g? ( ! motive may be increas$ beyond ! /r5g? ( ! w to resi/1 & t at ?is po9t1 on ! g5]al law ( causation1 ! det]m9ation ( ! w mu/ be consid]$ necess>y4 ,:atev] p[]1 he rem>ks1 m5 may be suppos$ to h to surm\nt difficulties1 yet t p[] is n inf9ite4 ,if ! p[] ( ! man is f9ite1 t ( ! motive may be suppos$ to be inf9ite3 h5ce ! resi/ance ( ! man mu/ at la/ be necess>ily ov]come4 ,?is reason+ seems plausible at fir/2 b a little exam9ation1 ,i ?9k1 w %[ x to be fallaci\s4 ,edw>ds does n det]m9e ! /r5g? ( motives by inspect+ _! intr9sic qualities1 b only by obs]v+ _! degrees ( agreeabl5ess4 ,b agreeabl5ess1 by 8 own repres5tation1 is relative1--relative to ! w or s5sitivity4 ,a motive ( inf9ite /r5g? w\ld be a motive ( inf9ite agreeabl5ess1 & c\ld be kn[n to be su* only by an inf9ite s5se ( agreeabl5ess 9 ! man4 ,! same ( c\rse mu/ hold true ( any motive less ?an inf9ite3 & univ]sally1 :atev] be ! degree ( /r5g? ( ! motive1 !re mu/ be 9 ! man an affection ( correspond+ int5sity4 ,n[1 if !re be a p[] ( resi/ance 9 ! w to any motive1 :i* is t5d+ /rongly to det]m9e x1 ?is p[] ( resi/ance1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 mu/ consi/ ( a s5se ( agreeabl5ess oppos+ ! o!r motive1 :i* is likewise a s5se ( agreeabl5ess3 & ! "q is simply1 :i* %all pr$om9ate & become a s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,x is pla9 t if ! fir/ be increas$1 ! second may be suppos$ to be increas$ likewise2 if ! fir/ c become inf9ite1 ! second c become inf9ite likewise3 & h5ce ! p[] ( resi/ance may be suppos$ always to meet ! motive requir$ to be resi/$1 & a po9t ( necess>y det]m9ation may nev] be rea*$4 ,if ,edw>ds %\ld *oose to ?r[ u ^u ! /r5g? ( motives intr9sically consid]$1 !n ! answ] is ready4 ,!re are motives ( inf9ite /r5g?1 ?us consid]$1 :i* m5 are cont9ually resi/+3 = example1 ! motive :i* urges !m to obey & love ,god1 & seek ! salvation ( _! s\ls4 ,,iii4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,aga9/ ,a ,,self-,,det]m9+ ,,& ,,cont+5t ,,w4 ,edw>ds's fir/ & great argum5t aga9/ a self-det]m9+ w1 is giv5 9 "p ,,ii4 sec4 #a1 ( 8 "w1 & is z foll[s3 ,! w1--or ! s\l1 or man1 by ! faculty ( will+1 effects e ?+ )9 its p[] z a cause1 by acts ( *oice4 ,! w det]m9es :i* way ! h&s & feet %all move1 by an act ( *oice2 & !re is no o!r way ( ! w's det]m9+1 direct+1 or comm&+ any ?+ at all4 ,h5ce1 if ! w det]m9es itself1 x does x by an act ( *oice2 & if x has itself "u its comm&1 & det]m9es itself 9 its own actions1 x d\btless does x 9 ! same way t x det]m9es o!r ?+s :i* are "u its comm&4 ,b if ! w det]m9es its *oice by its *oice1 !n ( c\rse we h an inf9ite s]ies ( *oices1 or we h a fir/ *oice :i* is n det]m9$ by a *oice1--:i* br+s u directly to a contradiction2 = x supposes an act ( ! w prec$+ ! fir/ act 9 ! :ole tra91 direct+ & det]m9+ ! re/2 or a free act ( ! w be=e ! fir/ free act ( ! w3 or else we mu/ come at la/ to an act ( ! w det]m9+ ! consequ5t acts1 :]e9 ! w is n self-det]m9$1 & s is n a free act1 9 ?is notion ( fre$om4 7p4 #dc47 ,?is reason+1 & all t foll[s 9 ! attempt to meet v>i\s evasions1 z ,edw>ds t]ms !m1 ( ! advocates ( a self-det]m9+ w1 dep5d ma9ly ^u ! assumption1 t if ! w det]m9es itself1 x mu/ det]m9e itself by an act ( *oice2 t is1 inasmu* z ^? acts ( ! w1 or ( ! s\l1 consid]$ 9 its p[] ( will+1 or 9 its p]sonal activity1 by :i* effects are produc$ out ( ! activity or w itself1 are produc$ by acts ( *oice1 = example1 walk+ & talk+1 ris+ up & sitt+ d[n3 !re=e1 if ! s\l1 9 ! p[] ( will+1 cause volitions1 x mu/ cause !m by volitions4 ,! causative act by :i* ! s\l causes volitions1 mu/ itself be a volition4 ,?is assumption ,edw>ds does n ev5 attempt to su/a91 b takes = grant$ t x is ( unque/ionable validity4 ,if ! assumption be ( unque/ionable validity1 !n 8 position is impregnable2 = no?+ c be m palpably absurd ?an ! w det]m9+ volitions by volitions1 9 an int]m9able s]ies4 ,be=e directly meet+ ! assumption1 ,i rem>k1 t if x be valid1 x is fatal to all causality4 ,w is simply cause2 volition is effect4 ,i affirm t ! w is ! sole & adequate cause ( volition4 ,edw>ds replies3 if w is ! cause ( volition1 !n1 to cause x1 x mu/ put =? a causative act2 b ! only act ( w is volition itself3 h5ce if x cause its own volitions1 x mu/ cause !m by volitions4 ,n[ take any o!r cause3 !re mu/ be "s effect :i* accord+ to ! g5]al views ( m5 /&s directly connect$ ) x z its effect4 ,! effect is call$ ! ph5om5on1 or t by :i* ! cause manife/s itself4 ,b h[ does ! cause produce ! ph5om5on8 ,by a causative act3--b ?is causative act1 accord+ to ,edw>ds's reason+1 mu/ itself be an effect or ph5om5on4 ,!n ?is effect comes betwe5 ! cause1 & :at 0 at fir/ consid]$ ! imm$iate effect b ! effect 9 "q mu/ likewise be caus$ by a causative act2 & ?is causative act1 aga91 be+ an effect1 mu/ h ano!r causative act be=e x2 & s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,we h "h !n an inf9ite s]ies ( causative acts--an absurdity ( ! same k9d1 ) an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t !re c be no cause :atev]4 ,an inf9ite s]ies ( causative acts1 )\t any fir/1 be+1 accord+ to ?is reason+1 ! consequ5ce ( suppos+ a cause to cause its own acts1 x mu/ !re=e foll[1 t a cause does n cause its own acts1 b t !y mu/ be caus$ by "s cause out ( ! cause4 ,b ! cause out ( ! cause :i* causes ! causative acts 9 "q1 mu/ cause ^! causative acts 9 ! o!r cause by a causative act ( its own3--b ! same difficulties occur 9 relation to ! second cause z 9 relation to ! fir/2 x _c cause its own acts1 & !y mu/ !re=e be caus$ out ( itself by "s o!r cause2 & s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,we h "h aga9 ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causative acts2 & also1 ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes )\t a fir/ cause4 ,o!rwise1 we mu/ come to a fir/ cause :i* causes its own acts1 )\t an act ( causation2 b ?is is impossible1 accord+ to ! reason+ ( ,edw>ds4 ,z1 !re=e1 !re _c be a cause caus+ its own acts1 & inasmu* z ! d5ial ( ?is leads to ! absurdities above m5tion$1 we are driv5 to ! conclusion1 t !re is no cause :atev]4 ,e cause mu/ ei!r cause its own acts1 or its acts mu/ be caus$ out ( itself4 ,nei!r ( ^! is possible2 !re=e1 !re is no cause4 ,take ! w itself z an illu/ration ( ?is la/ consequ5ce4 ,! w is cause2 ! volition1 effect4 ,b ! w does n cause its own volition2 ! volition is caus$ by ! motive4 ,b ! motive1 z a cause1 mu/ put =? a causative act 9 ! production ( a volition4 ,if ! motive det]m9e ! w1 !n !re mu/ be an act ( ! motive to det]m9e ! w4 ,to det]m9e1 to cause1 is to d1 is to act4 ,b :at det]m9es ! act ( ! motive det]m9+ ! act ( ! w or volition ,if x det]m9e its own act1 or cause its own act1 !n x mu/ d ?is by a previ\s act1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ?is reason+2 & ?is aga9 by ano!r previ\s act2 & s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,take any o!r cause1 & ! reason+ mu/ be ! same4 ,x may be said 9 reply to ! above1 t volition is an effect altoge!r peculi>4 ,x implies selection or det]m9ation 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r1 & !re=e t 9 inquir+ aft] its cause1 we inquire n m]ely aft] ! en]gy :i* makes x exi/5t1 b also aft] ! cause ( its p>ticul> det]m9ation 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,! "q is n s mu*1 h[ a _s end[$ ) activity comes to act1 z :y x ex]ts su* an act1 & n ano!r2 or :y x acts ) a p>ticul> det]m9ation8 ,if activity ( nature be ! cause :y a _s 7! s\l ( man1 = in/ance7 acts & does n lie /ill2 yet t alone is n ! cause :y its action is ?us & ?us limit$1 direct$ & det]m9$4 7p4 #eh47 ,e ph5om5on or effect is p>ticul> & limit$4 ,x mu/ necess>ily be "o ?+ & n ano!r1 be 9 "o place & n 9 ano!r1 h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics & n o!rs2 & ! cause :i* det]m9es ! ph5om5on1 may be suppos$ to det]m9e likewise all its prop]ties4 ,! cause ( a p>ticul> motion1 = example1 mu/1 9 produc+ ! motion1 give x likewise a p>ticul> direction4 ,volition mu/ h an object2 some?+ is will$ or *os52 p>ticul> det]m9ation & direction are !re=e insep>able f e volition1 & ! cause :i* really gives x a be+1 mu/ necess>ily give x "*1 & p>ticul> direction & det]m9ation4 ,selection is ! attribute ( ! cause1 & answ]s to p>ticul> det]m9ation & direction 9 ! effect4 ,z a ph5om5on or effect _c come to exi/ )\t a p>ticul> det]m9ation1 s a cause _c give exi/5ce to a ph5om5on1 or effect1 )\t selection4 ,!re mu/ necess>ily be "o object select$ r ?an ano!r4 ,?us1 if fire be ?r[n among v>i\s sub/ances1 x selects ! combu/ibles1 & produces ph5om5a accord+ly4 ,x selects & gives p>ticul> det]m9ation4 ,we _c conceive ( cause )\t selection1 nor ( effect )\t a p>ticul> det]m9ation4 ,b 9 :at lies ! selection8 ,9 ! nature ( ! cause 9 correlation ) c]ta9 objects4 ,fire is 9 correlation ) c]ta9 objects1 & consequ5tly exhibits ph5om5a only ) respect to !m4 ,9 *emi/ry1 "u ! title ( aff9ities1 we h wond]ful exhibitions ( selection & p>ticul> det]m9ation4 ,n[ motive1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 lies 9 ! correlation ( ! nature ( ! w1 or desire1 ) c]ta9 objects2 & volition is ! effect ( ?is correlation4 ,! selection made by w1 aris+ f its nature1 is1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,edw>ds1 l ! selection made by any o!r cause2 & ! p>ticul> det]m9ation or direction ( ! volition1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 is l t :i* appe>s 9 e o!r effect4 ,9 ! case ( w1 :atev] effect is produc$1 is produc$ ( necessity1 by a pre-con/itution & disposition ( w & objects1 j z 9 ! case ( any o!r cause4 ,f ?is x appe>s suffici5tly evid5t1 t on ,edw>ds's pr9ciples !re is no su* diff]5ce betwe5 volition & any o!r effect1 z to %ield 8 reason+s respect+ a self-det]m9+ w1 aga9/ ! consequ5ces above d$uc$ f !m4 ,! di/9ction ( f9al & effici5t causes does n lie 9 8 sy/em4 ,! motive is t :i* produces ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 & produces x necess>ily1 & (t5 9 opposition to reason & consci5ce2 & ?is s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable is *oice or volition4 ,x belongs to ! opposite sy/em to make ?is di/9ction 9 all its cle>ness & =ce--:]e ! effici5t w is di/+ui%$1 bo? f ! p]suasions & allurem5ts ( passion & desire1 & f ! laws ( reason & consci5ce4 ,?us f> my argum5t aga9/ ,edw>ds's assumption1--t1 to make ! w ! cause ( its own volitions1 is to make x cause its volitions by an act ( volition1--has be5 indirect4 ,if ?is indirect argum5t has be5 fairly & legitimately conduct$1 few probably w be dispos$ to d5y t ! assumption is ov]?r[n by its consequ5ces4 ,9 addition to ! above1 h[ev]1 on a subject s important1 a direct argum5t w n be deem$ sup]flu\s4 ,self-det]m9+ w means simply a w caus+ its own volitions2 & consequ5tly1 p>ticul>ly det]m9+ & direct+ !m4 ,w1 9 relation to volition1 is j :at any cause is 9 relation to its effect4 ,w caus+ volitions1 causes !m j z any cause causes its effects4 ,!re is no int]v5tion ( any?+ betwe5 ! cause & effect2 betwe5 w & volition4 ,a cause produc+ its ph5om5a by ph5om5a1 is a manife/ absurdity4 ,9 mak+ ! w a self-det]m9]1 we d n imply ?is absurdity4 ,edw>ds assumes t we d1 & he assumes x z if x 7 unque/ionable4 ,! w1 he fir/ rem>ks1 det]m9es all our ext]nal actions by volitions1 z ! motions ( ! h&s & feet4 ,he next affirms1 g5]ally1 t all :i* ! w det]m9es1 x det]m9es 9 ?is way2 & !n concludes1 t if x det]m9es its own volitions1 !y mu/ come "u ! g5]al law1 & be det]m9$ by volitions4 ,! fir/ position is admitt$4 ,! second1 involv+ ! la/1 he does n prove1 & ,i d5y t x is unque/ionable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x _c legitimately be tak5 z foll[+ f ! fir/4 ,! relation ( w to ! sequ5ts ( its volitions1 is n necess>ily ! same z its relation to its volitions4 ,! sequ5ts ( volitions are *anges or modifications1 9 ext]nal nature1 or 9 p>ts ( ! be+ ext]nal to ! w2 b ! volitions are modifications ( ! w itself4 ,n[ if ! modification ( ext]nal nature by ! w c be effect$ only by t modification ( itself call$ volition1 h[ does x appe> t ?is modification ( itself1 if effect$ by itself1 mu/ be effect$ by a previ\s modification ( itself8 ,we le>n f exp]i5ce1 t volitions h sequ5ts 9 ext]nal nature1 or 9 p>ts ( our be+1 ext]nal to w2 b ?is exp]i5ce tea*es u no?+ respect+ ! production ( volitions4 ,! acts ( ! w are volitions1 & all ! acts ( wills are volitions2 b ?is means no?+ m ?an t all ! acts ( ! w are acts ( ! w1 = volition means only ?is--an act ( ! w4 ,b has n ! act ( ! w a cause8 ,yes1 y h assign$ ! cause1 9 ! v language j employ$4 ,x is ! act ( ! w--! w is ! cause4 ,b h[ does ! w cause its own acts8 ,i d n "k1 nor d ,i "k h[ any cause ex]ts itself1 9 ! production ( its appropriate ph5om5a2 ,i "k m]ely ! facts4 ,! connexion betwe5 volition & its sequ5ts1 is j z wond]ful & inexplicable1 z ! connexion betwe5 w & its volitions4 ,h[ does volition raise ! arm or move ! foot8 ,h[ does fire burn1 or ! sun raise ! tides8 ,& h[ does w cause volitions8 ,i "k n2 b if ,i "k t su* are ! facts1 x is en\gh4 ,volitions mu/ h a cause2 b1 says ,edw>ds1 w _c be ! cause1 s9ce ?is w\ld lead to ! absurdity ( caus+ volitions by volitions4 ,b we _c p]ceive t x leads to any su* absurdity4 ,x is n necess>y = u to expla9 h[ a cause acts4 ,if ! w produce effects 9 ext]nal nature by its acts1 x is impossible to connect ) ?is z a sequ5ce1 e/abli%$ ei!r by exp]i5ce or logic1 t 9 be+ receiv$ z ! cause ( its own acts1 x becomes su* only by will+ its own acts4 ,x is cle>ly an assumption unsupport$1 & incapable ( be+ support$4 ,besides1 9 d5y+ w to be ! cause ( its own acts1 & 9 supply+ ano!r cause1 namely1 ! motive1 ,edw>ds does n escape ! v difficulty :i* he creates2 = ,i h already %[n1 t ! same difficulty app]ta9s to motive1 & to e possible cause4 ,e cause produces effects by ex]tion or act+2 b :at is ! cause ( its act+8 ,to suppose x ! cause ( its own acts1 involves all ! absurdities :i* ,edw>ds attributes to self-det]m9ation4 ,b1 ,9 ! second place1--let u look at ! connexion ( cause & ph5om5a a little m p>ticul>ly4 ,:at is cause8 ,x is t :i* is ! gr\nd ( ! possible1 & actual exi/5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,h[ is cause kn[n8 ,by ! ph5om5a4 ,is cause visible8 ,no3 :atev] is se5 is ph5om5al4 ,we obs]ve ph5om5a1 & by ! law ( our intellig5ce we assign !m to cause4 ,b h[ d we conceive ( cause z produc+ ph5om5a8 ,by a nisus1 an ef=t1 or en]gy4 ,is ?is nisus itself a ph5om5on8 ,x is :5 x is obs]v$4 ,is x always obs]v$8 ,x is n4 ,! nisus ( gravitation we d n obs]ve2 we obs]ve m]ely ! facts ( gravitation4 ,! nisus ( heat to consume we d n obs]ve2 we obs]ve m]ely ! facts ( combu/ion4 ,:]e !n d we obs]ve ?is nisus8 ,only 9 w4 ,really1 volition is ! nisus or ef=t ( t cause :i* we call w4 ,i d n wi% to anticipate subsequ5t inve/igations1 b ,i am con/ra9$ "h to ask e "o to exam9e 8 consci\sness 9 relation to ?is po9t4 ,:5 ,i wi% to d any?+ ,i make an ef=t--a nisus to d x2 ,i make an ef=t to raise my arm1 & ,i raise x4 ,?is ef=t is simply ! volition4 ,i make an ef=t to lift a weight ) my h&1--?is ef=t is simply ! volition to lift x1--& imm$iately antec$5t to ?is ef=t1 ,i recognise only my w1 or really only myself4 ,?is ef=t--?is nisus--?is volition--:atev] we call x1--is 9 ! w itself1 & x becomes a ph5om5on to u1 because we are causes t "k ourselves4 ,e nisus1 or ef=t1 or volition1 :i* we may make1 is 9 our consci\sness3 causes1 :i* are n self-consci\s1 ( c\rse d n reveal ?is nisus to !mselves1 & !y _c reveal x to u because x is 9 ! v bosom ( ! cause itself4 ,:at we obs]ve 9 relation to all causes--n ourselves1 :e!r !y be self-consci\s or n1 is n ! nisus1 b ! sequ5ts ( ! nisus4 ,?us 9 m5 we d n obs]ve ! volition or nisus 9 _! wills1 b ! ph5om5a :i* =m ! sequ5ts ( ! nisus4 ,& 9 physical causes1 we d n obs]ve ! nisus ( ^! causes1 b only ! ph5om5a :i* =m ! sequ5ts ( ?is nisus4 ,b :5 ea* "o comes to himself1 x is all diff]5t4 ,he p5etrates himself--kn[s himself4 ,he is himself ! cause--he1 himself1 makes ! nisus1 & is consci\s ( x2 & ?is nisus to him becomes an effect--a ph5om5on1 ! fir/ ph5om5on by :i* he reveals himself1 b a ph5om5on by :i* he reveals himself only to himself4 ,x is by ! sequ5ts ( ?is nisus1--! effects produc$ 9 ! ext]nal visible _w1 t he reveals himself to o!rs4 ,sometimes ! nisus or volition exp5ds itself 9 ! w1 & gives no ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,i may make an ef=t to raise my arm1 b my arm may be b\nd or p>alyz$1 & consequ5tly ! ef=t is 9 va91 & is n kn[n )\t4 ,h[ en]getic are ! ef=ts made by ! w dur+ a fit ( ! night-m>e6 we /ruggle to resi/ "s dreadful =ce2 we /rive to run away f dang] b all 9 va94 ,x is possible = me to make an ef=t to remove a m\nta93 ,i may place my h& aga9/ its side1 & tug1 & /rive3 ! nisus or volition is ! mo/ en]getic t ,i c make1 b1 save ! /ra9+ ( my muscles1 no ext]nal expression ( ! en]gy ( my w is giv52 ,i am resi/$ by a great] p[] ?an myself4 ,! mo/ orig9al movem5t ( e cause is1 !n1 ?is nisus 9 ! bosom ( ! cause itself1 & 9 man1 z a cause1 ! mo/ orig9al movem5t is ?is nisus likewise1 :i* 9 him we call volition4 ,to d5y su* a nisus w\ld be to d5y ! activity1 effici5cy1 & en]gy ( cause4 ,?is nisus1 by its v conception & def9ition1 admits ( no antec$5t1 ph5om5on1 or movem5t3 x is 9 ! sub/ance ( ! cause2 its fir/ go+ =? to effects4 ,a fir/ movem5t or nisus ( cause is j z necess>y a conception z fir/ cause itself4 ,!re is no conception to oppose to ?is1 b t ( e cause hav+ its fir/ movem5t det]m9$ by "s o!r cause out ( itself--a conception :i* runs back 9 endless retrogression )\t arriv+ at a fir/ cause1 & is1 inde$1 ! annihilation ( all cause4 ,! assumption ( ,edw>ds1 !re=e1 t if w det]m9e its own volitions1 x mu/ det]m9e !m by an act ( volition1 is unsupport$ alike by ! facts ( consci\sness & a s\nd logic1--:ile all ! absurdities ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causation ( acts really fa/5 ^u 8 own !ory1 & de/roy x by ! v weapons ) :i* x assails ! opposite sy/em4 ,9 ! ?ird place1--,edw>ds virtually all[s ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( w4 ,w he def9es z ! desire1 ! affections1 or ! s5sibility4 ,!re is no p]sonal activity out ( ! affections or s5sitivity4 ,volition is z ! mo/ agreeable1 & is itself ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,b :at is ! cause ( volition8 ,he affirms t x _c be w1 assum+ t to make w ! cause ( its own volitions1 involves ! absurdity ( will+ volitions or *oos+ *oices2 b at ! same "t he affirms ! cause to be ! /ate ( ! affections or w1 9 correlation ) ! nature & circum/ances ( objects4 ,b all natural causes are 9 correlation ) c]ta9 objects1--z1 = example1 heat is 9 correlation ) combu/ibles2 t is1 ^! natural causes act only "u ! condition ( meet+ ) objects s con/itut$ z to be susceptible ( be+ act$ ^u by !m4 ,s1 likewise1 accord+ to ,edw>ds's repres5tation1 we may say t ! cause ( volition is ! nature & /ate ( ! affections or ! w1 act+ "u ! condition ( objects correlat$ to x4 ,! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or *oice _c inde$ be awak5$1 unless !re be an object pres5t$ :i* %all appe> ! mo/ agreeable2 b !n its appe>+ mo/ agreeable1 & its awak5+ ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 dep5ds n only ^u :at appe>s 9 ! object view$1 b also 9 ! mann] ( ! view1 & ! /ate & circum/ances ( ! m9d t views4 7p4 #bb47 ,n[ ! /ate & circum/ances ( ! m9d t views1 & ! mann] ( its view1 is simply ! m9d act+ f its inh]5t nature & "u its prop] conditions1 & is a repres5tation :i* answ]s to e natural cause ) :i* we are acqua9t$3 ! /ate ( ! m9d1 !re=e1 imply+ ( c\rse its inh]5t nature1 may ) z mu* propriety be tak5 z ! cause ( volition1 on ,edw>ds's own pr9ciples1 z ! nature & /ate ( heat may be tak5 z ! cause ( combu/ion3 b by ! /ate1 ( m9d1 ,edw>ds means1 evid5tly1 ! /ate ( ! w or ! affections4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t he makes ! /ate ( ! w or ! affections ! cause ( volition2 b z ! /ate ( ! w or ! affections means no?+ m 9 ref]5ce to w ?an ! /ate ( any o!r cause means 9 ref]5ce to t cause1--& z ! /ate ( a cause1 imply+ ( c\rse its inh]5t nature or con/itution1 means no?+ m ?an its "* & qualities consid]$ z a cause1--!re=e he virtually & really makes w ! cause ( its own volitions1 z mu* z any natural cause is ! cause ( its inv>iable sequ5ts4 ,edw>ds1 9 contemplat+ & urg+ ! absurdity ( det]m9+ a volition by a volition1 ov]look$ t1 accord+ to our mo/ common & necess>y conceptions ( cause1 ! fir/ movem5t or action ( cause mu/ be det]m9$ by ! cause itself1 & t to d5y ?is1 is 9 fact to d5y cause4 ,if cause h n )9 itself a nisus to produce ph5om5a1 !n :]e9 is x a cause8 ,he ov]look$1 too1 t 9 assign+ z ! cause or motive ( volition1 ! /ate ( ! w1 he really gave ! w a self-det]m9+ p[]1 & grant$ ! v po9t he lab\r$ to ov]?r[4 ,! po9t 9 dispute1 !re=e1 betwe5 u & ,edw>ds1 is n1 aft] all1 ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w4 ,if w be a cause1 x w be self-det]m9+2 = all cause is self-det]m9+1 or1 9 o!r words1 is 9 its inh]5t nature active1 & ! gr\nd ( ph5om5a4 ,b ! real po9t 9 dispute is ?is3 ,is ! w necess>ily det]m9$1 or n8 ,! inh]5t nature ( cause may be s con/itut$ & fix$1 t ! nisus by :i* x det]m9es itself to produce ph5om5a1 %all take place accord+ to inv>iable & necess>y laws4 ,?is we believe to be true ) respect to all physical causes4 ,heat1 electricity1 galvanism1 magnetism1 gravitation1 me*anical =ces 9 g5]al1 & ! p[]s at "w 9 *emical ( aff9ities1 produce _! ph5om5a accord+ to fix$1 &1 ) respect to ! p[]s !mselves1 necess>y laws4 ,we d n conceive x possible = ^! p[]s to produce any o!r ph5om5a1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 ?an ^? :i* !y actually produce4 ,:5 a burn+ coal is ?r[n into a mass ( dry gunp[d]1 an explosion mu/ take place4 ,n[1 is x true likewise t ! cause :i* we call w1 mu/1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 necess>ily produce su* & su* ph5om5a8 ,mu/ its nisus1 its self-det]m9+ en]gy1 or its volition1 foll[ a uni=m & inevitable law8 ,edw>ds answ]s yes4 ,w is b ! s5sitivity1 & ! inh]5t nature ( ! w is fix$1 s t its s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 :i* is its mo/ orig9al nisus or its volition1 foll[s c]ta9 necess>y laws1--necess>y 9 relation to itself4 ,if we "k ! /ate ( any p>ticul> w1 & its correlation to e v>iety ( object1 we may "k1 ) ! utmo/ c]ta9ty1 :at its volition w be at a giv5 "t1 & "u giv5 circum/ances4 ,moral necessity & physical necessity diff] only 9 ! t]ms1--n 9 ! nature ( ! connexion betwe5 ! t]ms4 ,volition is z necess>y z any physical ph5om5on4 ,n[1 if ! w & ! affections or s5sitivity are "o1 !n1 z a m]e psy*ological fact1 we mu/ grant t volition is necess>y2 = no?+ c be pla9] ?an t ! desires & affections necess>ily foll[ ! correlation ( ! s5sitivity & its objects4 ,b if we c di/+ui% 9 ! consci\sness1 ! w z a p]sonal activity1 f ! s5sitivity1--if we c di/+ui% volition f ! /ronge/ desire or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1--!n x w n foll[1 because ! "o is necess>y1 ! o!r is necess>y likewise1 unless a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! two be also an obs]v$ fact ( consci\sness4 ,?is w be inquir$ into 9 ano!r "p ( our und]tak+4 ,:at we are n[ ma9ly conc]n$ )1 is ,edw>ds's argum5t aga9/ ! conception ( a w n necess>ily det]m9$4 ,?is he calls a cont+5t det]m9ation ( w4 ,we adopt ! ^w cont+5t2 x is important 9 m>k+ a di/9ction4 ,edw>ds1 9 8 argum5t aga9/ a cont+5t det]m9ation1 mi/akes & begs ! "q "u discussion4 #a4 ,he mi/akes ! "q4 ,cont+5cy is treat$ ( ?r\gh\t z if id5tical ) *ance or no cause4 ,any ?+ is said to be cont+5t1 or to come to pass by *ance or accid5t1 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( su* words1 :5 its connexion ) its causes or antec$5ts1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( ?+s1 is n disc]n$2 & s is :at we h no means ( =esee+4 ,& especially is any ?+ said to be cont+5t or accid5tal1 ) reg>d to u1 :5 x comes to pass )\t our =ekn[l$ge1 & beside our design & scope4 ,b ! ^w cont+5t is us$ abundantly 9 a v diff]5t s5se2 n = t ^: connexion ) ! s]ies ( ?+s we _c disc]n s z to =esee ! ev5t1 b = some?+ :i* has absolutely no previ\s gr\nd or reason ) :i* its exi/5ce has any fix$ & c]ta9 connexion4 7p4 #ca47 ,?us1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 n only is cont+5t us$ 9 ! same s5se z *ance & accid5t1 9 ! ord9>y & famili> acceptation ( ^! words1 b x is also gravely employ$ to repres5t c]ta9 ph5om5a1 z )\t any gr\nd1 or reason1 or cause ( _! exi/5ce2 & x is "u ?is la/ po9t ( view t he opposes x z appli$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,9 "p #b1 sec4 #c1 he elaborately discusses ! "q--:e!r any ev5t :atsoev]1 & volition 9 p>ticul>1 c come to pass )\t a cause ( its exi/5ce2 & 9 sec4 #d1--:e!r volition c arise )\t a cause1 ?r\gh ! activity ( ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,if1 9 call+ volitions cont+5t1--if1 9 repres5t+ ! det]m9ation ( ! w z cont+5t1 we int5d$ to repres5t a class ( ph5om5a z exi/+ )\t any previ\s gr\nd or reason ) :i* _! exi/5ce has a fix$ & c]ta9 connexion1--z exi/+ )\t any cause :atev]1 & !re=e z exi/+ by *ance1 or z really self-exi/5t1 & !re=e n dem&+ any previ\s gr\nd = _! exi/5ce1--x seems to me t no elaborate argum5t w\ld be requir$ to expose ! absurdity ( our position4 ,t e ph5om5on mu/ h a cause1 is unque/ionably "o ( ^? primitive tru?s :i* nei!r require nor admit ( a demon/ration1 because !y prec$e all demon/ration1 & mu/ be assum$ z ! basis ( all demon/ration4 ,by a cont+5t w1 ,i d n mean a w :i* is n a cause4 ,by cont+5t volitions1 ,i d n mean volitions :i* exi/ )\t a cause4 ,by a cont+5t w1 ,i mean a w :i* is n a necessitat$ w1 b :at ,i conceive only & truly to be a free w4 ,by cont+5t volitions1 ,i mean volitions belong+ to a cont+5t or free w4 ,i d n oppose cont+5cy to cause1 b to necessity4 ,let x be suppos$ t we h a cle> idea ( necessity1 !n :atev] is n necess>y ,i call cont+5t4 ,n[ an argum5t aga9/ cont+5cy ( w on ! assumption t we int5d1 "u ?is title1 to repres5t volitions z exi/+ )\t a cause1 is irrelevant1 s9ce we mean no su* ?+4 ,b an argum5t attempt+ to prove t cont+5cy is id5tical ) *ance1 or no cause1 is a fair argum5t2 b !n x mu/ be rememb]$ t su* an argum5t really goes to prove t no?+ b necessity is possible1 = we mean by cont+5cy t :i* is oppos$ to necessity4 ,! argum5t mu/ !re=e turn ^u ^! two po9ts3 ,fir/1 is cont+5cy a possible conception1 or is x 9 itself contradictory & absurd8 ,?is is ! ma9 "q2 = if x be decid$ t cont+5cy is a contradictory & absurd conception1 !n we are %ut up to a univ]sal & an absolute necessity1 & no place rema9s = inquiry respect+ a cont+5t w4 ,b if x be decid$ to be a possible & rational conception1 !n ! second po9t w be1 to det]m9e :e!r ! w be cont+5t or necess>y4 ,! fir/ po9t is ! only "o :i* ,i %all discuss 9 ?is place4 ,! second prop]ly belongs to ! psy*ological inve/igations :i* are to foll[4 ,b ,i proce$ to rem>k1 #b4 t ,edw>ds1 9 8 argum5t aga9/ a cont+5t w1 really begs ! "q 9 dispute4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he repres5ts ! w z necess>ily det]m9$4 ,?is is br\ght out 9 a direct & positive argum5t conta9$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 treatise4 ,"h necessity is made univ]sal & absolute4 ,!n1 9 ! second place1 :5 he comes p>ticul>ly to discuss cont+5cy1 he assumes t x means no cause1 & t necessity is insep>able f ! idea ( cause4 ,n[ ?is is pla9ly a begg+ ( ! "q1 z well z a mi/ak+ ( x2 = :5 we are inquir+ :e!r !re be any ?+ cont+5t1 t is1 any ?+ oppos$ to necessity1 he beg9s 8 argum5t by affirm+ all cause to be necess>y1 & cont+5cy z imply+ no cause4 ,if all cause be necess>y1 & cont+5cy imply no cause1 !re is no occasion = inquiry aft] cont+5cy2 = x is already settl$ t !re c be no cont+5cy4 ,! v po9ts we are aft]1 z we h se51 are ^! two3 :e!r cont+5cy be possible2 & :e!r !re be any cause1 = example1 w1 :i* is cont+5t4 ,if ,edw>ds has bo? mi/ak5 & begg$ ! "q respect+ a cont+5t w1 z ,i ?9k cle>ly appe>s1 !n ( c\rse he has logically det]m9$ no?+ 9 relation to x4 ,b :e!r ?is be s or n1 we may proce$ n[ to inquire :e!r cont+5cy be a possible & rational conception1 or :e!r x be contradictory & absurd4 ,necessity & cont+5cy are !n two ideas oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,!y at lea/ _c co-exi/ 9 relation to ! same subject4 ,t :i* is necess>y _c be cont+5t at ! same "t1 & vice v]sa4 ,:e!r cont+5cy is a possible conception & has place 9 relation to any subject1 rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,let u seek a def9ition ( ^! oppos+ ideas3 we w beg9 ) necessity1 because t ?is idea is rational & admits ( actual application is n que/ion$4 ,! only po9t 9 "q respect+ x1 is1 :e!r x be univ]sal1 embrac+ all be+s1 causes1 & ev5ts4 ,:at is necessity8 ,edw>ds def9es necessity "u two po9ts ( view3-- #a4 ,view$ 9 relation to w4 #b4 ,view$ irrespective ( w4 ,! fir/1 supposes t opposition ( w is possible1 b insuffici5t2--= example3 x is possible = me to place myself 9 opposition to a ru%+ torr5t1 b my opposition is insuffici5t1 & ! progress ( ! torr5t relatively to me is necess>y4 ,! second does n take w into consid]ation at all1 & applies to subjects :]e opposition ( w is n supposable2 = example1 logical necessity1 a is b1 & c is a1 !re=e c is b3 ma!matical necessity1 #b x #b #d4 ,! c5tre ( a circle is a po9t equally di/ant f e po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce3 metaphysical necessity1 ! exi/5ce ( a fir/ cause1 ( "t1 ( space4 ,edw>ds compreh5ds ?is second k9d ( necessity "u ! g5]al designation ( metaphysical or philosophical4 ,?is second k9d ( necessity und\bt$ly is absolute4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( ^! subjects diff]5tly f :at !y are4 ,we _c conceive ( no space2 no "t2 or t #b x #b #e1 & s ( ! re/4 ,necessity "u bo? po9ts ( view he di/+ui%es into p>ticul> & g5]al4 ,relative necessity1 z p>ticul>1 is a necessity relative to individual w2 z g5]al1 relative to all w4 ,metaphysical necessity1 z p>ticul>1 is a necessity irrespective ( individual w2 z g5]al1 irrespective ( all w4 ,relative necessity is relative to ! w 9 ! connexion betwe5 volition & its sequ5ts4 ,:5 a volition ( individual w takes place1 )\t ! sequ5t aim$ at1 because a great] =ce is oppos$ to x1 !n ! sequ5t ( ?is great] =ce is necess>y ) a p>ticul> relative necessity4 ,:5 ! great] =ce is great] ?an all supposable w1 !n its sequ5ts take place by a g5]al relative necessity4 ,x is pla9 h[ev]1 t "u all supposable w1 ! w ( ,god _c be includ$1 z !re c be no great] =ce ?an a div9e volition4 ,metaphysical necessity1 :5 p>ticul>1 excludes ! opposition ( individual w4 ,"u ?is ,edw>ds br+s ! connexion ( motive & volition4 ,! opposition ( w1 he cont5ds1 is exclud$ f ?is connexion1 because w c act only by volition1 & motive is ! cause ( volition4 ,volition is necess>y by a p>ticul> metaphysical necessity1 because ! w ( ! individual _c be oppos$ to x2 b n ) a g5]al metaphysical necessity1 because o!r wills may be oppos$ to x4 ,metaphysical necessity1 :5 g5]al1 excludes ! opposition ( all w--ev5 ( inf9ite w4 ,t #b x #b #d--t ! c5tre ( a circle is a po9t equally di/ant f e po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce--! exi/5ce ( "t & space--are all true & real1 indep5d5tly ( all w4 ,w ha? n con/itut$ !m1 nor c w de/roy !m4 ,x w\ld imply a contradiction to suppose !m diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,accord+ to ,edw>ds1 too1 ! div9e volitions are necess>y ) a g5]al metaphysical necessity1 because1 z ^! volitions are caus$ by motives1 & inf9ite w1 z well z f9ite w1 mu/ act by volitions1 ! opposition ( inf9ite w itself is exclud$ 9 ! production ( inf9ite volitions4 ,n[ :at is ! simple idea ( necessity conta9$ 9 ^! two po9ts ( view1 ) _! two-fold di/9ction8 ,necessity is t :i* is & :i* _c possibly n be1 or be o!rwise ?an x is4 #a4 ,an ev5t necess>y by a relative p>ticul> necessity1 is an ev5t :i* is & _c possibly n be or be o!rwise by ! opposition ( an individual w4 #b4 ,an ev5t necess>y by a relative g5]al necessity1 is an ev5t :i* _c possibly n be1 or be o!rwise by ! opposition ( all f9ite w4 ,9 ^! cases1 opposition ( w ( c\rse is supposable4 #c4 ,an ev5t is necess>y by a metaphysical p>ticul> necessity1 :5 x is1 & admits ( no possible opposition f ! individual w4 #d4 ,an ev5t is necess>y by a metaphysical g5]al necessity1 :5 x is1 & _c possibly admit ( opposition ev5 f inf9ite w4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 9 ! la/ analysis on ,edw>ds's sy/em1 becomes absolute necessity4 ,! inf9ite w is necess>ily det]m9$ by a metaphysical g5]al necessity4 ,all ev5ts are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! inf9ite w4 ,h5ce1 all ev5ts are necess>ily det]m9$ by a metaphysical g5]al necessity4 ,p>ticul> & relative necessity are m]ely ! absolute & g5]al necessity view$ 9 ! p>ticul> individual & relation3--! t]ms *>act]ize only ! mann] ( our view4 ,! opposition ( ! p>ticul> w be+ pr$et]m9$ by ! inf9ite w1 :i* compreh5ds all1 is to ! precise limit ( its =ce absolutely necess>y2 & ! opposite =ce :i* ov]comes ! opposition ( ! p>ticul> w1 produces its ph5om5a necess>ily n only 9 ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> w1 b also 9 ref]5ce to ! inf9ite w :i* necess>ily pre-det]m9es x4 ,hav+ ?us settl$ ! def9ition ( necessity1 & t too1 on ,edw>ds's own gr\nds1 we are next to inquire1 :at is ! opposite idea ( cont+5cy1 & :e!r x has place z a rational idea8 ,necessity is t :i* is1 & :i* _c possibly n be1 or be o!rwise ?an x is4 ,cont+5cy !n1 z ! opposite idea1 mu/ be t :i* is1 or may be1 & :i* possibly might n be1 or might be o!rwise ?an x is4 ,n[1 cont+5cy _c h place ) respect to any?+ :i* is indep5d5t ( w2--"t & space2--ma!matical & metaphysical tru?s1 = example1 t all "r angles are equal1 t e ph5om5on supposes a cause1 _c be cont+5t1 = !y are se5 to be real & true 9 !mselves4 ,!y d n arise f w1 nor is x conceivable t w c alt] !m1 = x is n conceivable t !y admit ( *ange f any s\rce4 ,if ! idea ( cont+5cy h place z a rational idea1 x mu/ be ) respect to causes1 be+1 & ph5om5a1 :i* dep5d ^u w4 ,! :ole creation is ! effect ( div9e volition4 ,god said1 let !re be light1 & !re 0 light3 ?us did ! :ole creation come to be4 ,n[ e "o w grant1 t ! creation does n seem necess>y z "t & space2 & intuitive tru?s ) _! logical d$uctions1 seem necess>y4 ,we _c conceive ( ^! z hav+ n be51 or z ceas+ to be2 b we c conceive ( ! creation z n hav+ be51 & z ceas+ to be4 ,no space is an impossible conception2 b no body1 or void space1 is a possible conception2 & z ! exi/5ce ( body may be annihilat$ 9 ?\ght1 s1 likewise1 ! p>ticul> =ms & relations ( body may be modifi$ 9 ?\ght1 indef9itely1 diff]5t f _! actual =m4 ,n[1 if we wi% to express 9 "o ^w ?is diff]5ce betwe5 space & body1 or 9 g5]al ?is diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( w1 & t :i* exi/s purely z ! effect ( w1 we call ! fir/ necess>y2 ! second1 cont+5t4 ,! fir/ we _c conceive to be diff]5t f :at x is4 ,! second we c conceive to be diff]5t f :at x is4 ,:at is true ( ! creation consid]$ z a collection ( be+s & ?+s1 is true likewise ( all ! ev5ts tak+ place 9 ?is creation4 ,all ^! ev5ts are ei!r directly or m$iately ! effects ( w1 div9e or human4 ,n[ we c conceive ( ^! z n be+ at all1 or z be+ modifi$ indef9itely1 diff]5t f :at !y are2--& "u ?is conception we call !m cont+5t4 ,no "o ,i ?9k w d5y t we d z j repres5t$1 conceive ( ! possibility ( ! ev5ts & creations ( w1 ei!r z hav+ no be+1 or z be+ diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,?is conception is common to all m54 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is conception8 ,is x a *im]a8 ,x mu/ be a *im]a1 if ! sy/em ( ,edw>ds be true2 = accord+ to ?is1 !re really is no possibility t any ev5t ( w might h _h no be+ at all1 or might h be5 diff]5t f :at x is4 ,w is det]m9$ by motives antec$5t to itself4 ,& ?is applies to ! div9e w1 likewise1 :i* is det]m9$ by an inf9ite & necess>y wisdom4 ,! conception1 !re=e1 ( ! possibility ( t :i* is1 be+ diff]5t f :at x is1 mu/ on ?is sy/em be *im]ical4 ,b al?\gh ! sy/em w\ld =ce u to ?is conclusion1 ! conception /ill reigns 9 our m9ds1 & does n seem to u *im]ical2--! d$uction f ! sy/em /rangely conflicts ) our natural & spontane\s judgem5ts4 ,!re are few m5 :o w\ld n be />tl$ by ! dogma t all ?+s & all ev5ts1 ev5 ! con/antly occur+ volitions ( _! m9ds1 are absolutely necess>y1 z necess>y z a metaphysical axiom or a ma!matical tru?1--necess>y ) a necessity :i* leaves no possibility ( _! be+ o!rwise ?an !y actually are4 ,!re are few p]haps ( ! !ological abettors ( ,edw>ds's sy/em1 :o w\ld n also be />tl$ by x4 ,i suppose t ^! w\ld g5]ally attempt to evade ! broad conclusion1 by cont5d+ t ! univ]sal necessity "h repres5t$1 be+ m]ely a metaphysical necessity1 does n affect ! sequ5ts ( volition2 t if a man c d z he pleases1 he has a natural lib]ty & ability :i* relieves him f ! *a9 ( metaphysical necessity4 ,i h already %[n h[ utt]ly futile ?is attempt$ di/9ction is--h[ completely ! metaphysical necessity embraces ! s call$ natural lib]ty & ability4 ,if no?+ bett] ?an ?is c be resort$ to1 !n we h no alt]native left b to exclaim ) ,%elley1 ,necessity1 ?\ "m ( ! _w6 ,b :y ! reluctance to escape f ?is univ]sal necessity8 ,d ! abettors ( ?is sy/em admit t !re is some?+ oppos$ to necessity8 ,b :at is ?is some?+ oppos$ to necessity8 ,d !y affirm t *oice is oppos$ to necessity8 ,b h[ oppos$--is *oice cont+5t8 ,d !y admit ! possibility t any *oice :i* is1 might n h be5 at all1 or might h be5 diff]5t f :at x is8 ,we surely d n di/+ui% *oice f necessity by m]ely call+ x *oice1 or an act ( ! w4 ,if w is n necessitat$1 we wi% to "k "u :at condition x exi/s4 ,volition is pla9ly "u necessity on ,edw>ds's sy/em1 j z e o!r ev5t is "u necessity4 ,& ! connexion betwe5 volition & its sequ5ts is j z necess>y z ! connexion betwe5 volition & its motives4 ,expla91--:y d y endeav\r to evade ! conclusion ( ?is sy/em :5 y come to volition8 :y d y claim lib]ty "h8 ,d y likewise h a natural & spontane\s judgem5t aga9/ a necessitat$ w8 ,x is evid5t t :ile ,edw>ds & 8 foll[]s embrace ! doctr9e ( necessity 9 its c>d9al pr9ciples1 !y %r9k f its application to w4 ,!y fir/ e/abli% ! doctr9e ( necessity univ]sally & absolutely1 & !n claim = w an exception f ! g5]al law1--n by logically & psy*ologically po9t+ out ! gr\nds & nature ( ! exception1 b by simply appeal+ to ! spontane\s & natural judgem5ts ( m51 t !y are free :5 !y d z !y please3 b no def9ition ( fre$om is giv5 :i* di/+ui%es x f necessity2--nor is ! natural & spontane\s judgem5t aga9/ necessity ( volition expla9$ & %[n n be a m]e illusion4 ,!re is an idea oppos$ to necessity1 says ?is spontane\s judgem5t--& ! w comes "u ! idea oppos$ to necessity4 ,b :at is ?is idea oppos$ to necessity1 & h[ does ! w come "u x8 ,edw>ds & 8 foll[]s h n answ]$ ^! que/ions--_! attempt at a solution is self-contradictory & void4 ,is !re any o!r idea oppos$ to necessity ?an t ( cont+5cy1 viz4--t :i* is or may be1 & possibly might n be1 or might be o!rwise ?an x is8 ,t #b x #b #d is a tru? :i* _c possibly n be1 or be o!rwise ?an x is4 ,b ?is book :i* ,i hold 9 my h&1 ,i c conceive ( z n be+ at all1 or be+ diff]5t f :at x is1 )\t imply+ any contradiction1 accord+ to ?is spontane\s judgem5t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 ,i _c conceive ( z n exi/+1 or z be+ alt]$ s z to transpose ! t]ms1 mak+ t "r :i* n[ is wrong1 & t wrong :i* n[ is "r4 ,b ! volition :i* ,i n[ put =? to move ?is p5 ov] ! pap]1 ,i c conceive ( z n exi/+1 or z exi/+ "u a diff]5t mode1 z a volition to write words diff]5t f ^? :i* ,i am writ+4 ,t ?is idea ( cont+5cy is n *im]ical1 seems settl$ by ?is1 t all m5 naturally h x1 & ent]ta9 x z a mo/ rational idea4 ,inde$ ev5 ^? :o hold ! doctr9e ( necessity1 d ei!r adopt ?is idea 9 relation to w by a self-contradiction1 & "u a false position1 z ! abettors ( ! s*eme :i* ,i am oppos+ = example1 or 9 ! ord9>y conduct ( life1 !y act ^u x4 ,all ! in/itutions ( society1 all gov]nm5t & law1 all our feel+s ( remorse & compunction1 all praise & blame1 & all language itself1 seem bas$ ^u x4 ,! idea ( cont+5cy z above expla9$1 is someh[ connect$ ) w1 & all ! creations & *anges aris+ f w4 ,t ! w actually does come "u ?is idea ( cont+5cy1 mu/ be %[n psy*ologically if %[n at all4 ,an inve/igation to ?is effect mu/ be res]v$ !re=e = ano!r occasion4 ,9 ?is place1 ,i %all simply inquire1 h[ ! w may be conceiv$ z com+ "u ! idea ( cont+5cy8 ,! cont+5cy ( any ph5om5on or ev5t mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature ( its cause4 ,a cont+5t ph5om5on or ev5t is "o :i* may be conceiv$ (1 z "o t might n h be5 at all1 or might h be5 diff]5t f :at x is2 b :]e9 lies ! possibility t x might n h be5 at all1 or might h be5 diff]5t f :at x is8 ,?is possibility _c lie 9 itself1 = an effect c det]m9e no?+ 9 relation to its own exi/5ce4 ,nei!r c x lie 9 any?+ :i* is n its cause1 = ?is c det]m9e no?+ 9 relation to its exi/5ce4 ,! cause !re=e :i* actually gives x exi/5ce1 & exi/5ce "u its p>ticul> =m1 c alone conta9 ! possibility ( its n hav+ exi/$ at all1 or ( its hav+ exi/$ "u a diff]5t =m4 ,b :at is ! nature ( su* a cause8 ,x is a cause :i* 9 det]m9+ a p>ticul> ev5t1 has at ! v mom5t ( do+ s1 ! p[] ( det]m9+ an opposite ev5t4 ,x is a cause n *a9$ to any class ( effects by its correlation to a c]ta9 class ( objects--z fire1 = example1 is *a9$ to combu/ion by its correlation to a c]ta9 class ( objects :i* we !nce call combu/ibles4 ,x is a cause :i* mu/ h ?is peculi>ity 9 opposition to all o!r causes1 t x =be>s ( itself to produce an effect :i* x may produce1 & ( any giv5 numb] ( effects alike )9 its p[]1 x may take any "o ( !m 9 opposition to all ! o!rs2 & at ! v mom5t x takes "o effect1 x has ! p[] ( tak+ any o!r4 ,x is a cause cont+5t & n necessitat$4 ,! cont+5cy ( ! ev5t1 !re=e1 arises f ! cont+5cy ( ! cause4 ,n[ e cause mu/ be a necess>y or n necess>y cause4 ,a necess>y cause is "o :i* _c be conceiv$ ( z hav+ p[] to act diff]5tly f its actual developem5ts--fire mu/ burn--gravitation mu/ draw bodies t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,if !re be any cause oppos$ to ?is1 x c be only ! cont+5t cause above def9$1 = !re is no ?ird conception4 ,we mu/ *oose !re=e betwe5 a univ]sal & absolute necessity1 & ! exi/5ce ( cont+5t causes4 ,if we take necessity to be univ]sal & absolute1 !n we mu/ take all ! consequ5ces1 likewise1 z d$uc$ 9 "p ,,ii4 ,!re is no possible escape f ?is4 ,z !n all causes mu/ be ei!r necess>y or cont+5t1 we br+ w "u ! idea ( cont+5cy1 by reg>d+ x z a cont+5t cause--a p[] to d1 or n to d1#e--or a faculty ( det]m9+ to d1 or n to d some?+ :i* we conceive to be 9 our p[]4#f ,we may "h inquire :]e9 lies ! necessity ( a cause oppos$ to a cont+5t cause8 ,its necessity lies 9 its nature1 also4 ,:at is ?is nature8 ,x is a nature 9 fix$ correlation ) c]ta9 objects1 s t x is inconceivable t its ph5om5a might be diff]5t f ^? :i* long & e/abli%$ obs]vation h assign$ to x4 ,x is inconceivable t fire might n burn :5 ?r[n amid combu/ibles2 x is inconceivable t wat] might n freeze at ! freez+ temp]ature4 ,b is ?is necessity a necessity p] se1 or a det]m9$ necessity8 ,x is a det]m9$ necessity--det]m9$ by ! creative w4 ,if ! creative w be "u ! law ( necessity1 !n ( c\rse e cause det]m9$ by w becomes an absolute necessity4 ,! only necessity p] se is f\nd 9 t inf9ite & necess>y wisdom 9 :i* ,edw>ds places ! det]m9+ motives ( ! div9e w4 ,all intuitive tru?s & _! logical d$uctions are necess>y p] se4 ,b ! div9e w is necess>y ) a det]m9$ necessity on ,edw>ds's sy/em1--& s ( all o!r wills & all o!r causes1 dep5d5t ^u w--! div9e w be+ ! fir/ w det]m9$4 ,we mu/ recollect1 h[ev]1 t on ,edw>ds's !ory ( causation1 a cause is always det]m9$ out ( itself2 & t consequ5tly !re c be no cause necess>y p] se2 & yet at ! same "t !re is by ?is !ory1 an absolute necessity ?r\gh\t all causality4 ,n[ let u consid] ! result ( mak+ w a cont+5t cause4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! div9e w z ! fir/ & supreme cont+5t cause4 ,!n consequ5tly 9 ! second place1 all causes orda9$ by ! div9e w1 consid]$ z effects1 are cont+5t4 ,!y might n h be54 ,!y might cease to be4 ,!y might be diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,b 9 ! ?ird place1 ^! causes consid]$ z causes1 are n all cont+5t4 ,only w is cont+5t4 ,physical causes are necess>y ) a det]m9$ necessity4 ,!y are necess>y z fix$ by ! div9e w4 ,!y are necess>y ) a relative necessity--relatively to ! div9e w4 ,!y put =? _! nisus1 & produce ph5om5a by a fix$ & inv>iable law1 e/abli%$ by ! div9e w4 ,b w is ( ! nature1 be+ made aft] ! image ( ! div9e w4 ,! div9e w is inf9ite p[]1 & c d ev]y?+ possible to cause4 ,! creat$ w is f9ite p[]1 & c d only :at is )9 its giv5 capacity4 ,its volitions or its ef=ts1 or its nisus to d1 are limit$ only by ! ext5t ( its intellig5ce4 ,x may make an ef=t1 or volition1 or nisus1 to d any?+ ( :i* x c conceive--b ! actual production ( ph5om5a out ( itself1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! in/rum5tal & physical connexion :i* ! div9e w has e/abli%$ betwe5 x & ! _w1 ext]nal to itself4 ,( all ! volitions or nisus )9 its capacity1 x is n necessitat$ to any "o1 b may make any "o1 at any "t2 & at ! "t x makes any "o nisus or volition1 x has ! p[] ( mak+ any o!r4 ,x is pla91 moreov]1 t w is effici5t1 ess5tial1 & fir/ cause4 ,:atev] o!r causes exi/1 are det]m9$ & fix$ by w1 & are !re=e prop]ly call$ second>y or in/rum5tal causes4 ,& z we ourselves are w1 we mu/ fir/ ( all1 & mo/ naturally & mo/ truly ga9 our idea ( cause f ourselves4 ,we _c p5etrate ^! second causes--we obs]ve only _! ph5om5a2 b we "k ourselves 9 ! v fir/ nisus ( causation4 ,to reason !re=e f ^! second>y causes to ourselves1 is inde$ rev]s+ ! natural & true ord] on ?is subject4 ,n[ :at is ! gr\nd ( all ?is clam\r aga9/ cont+5cy8 ,d y say x repres5ts ph5om5a z exi/+ )\t cause8 ,we d5y x4 ,we oppose cont+5cy n to cause1 b to necessity4 ,d y say x is contr>y to ! ph5om5a ( physical causation1--we reply t y h no "r to reason f physical causes to t cause :i* is y\rself4 ,= 9 g5]al y h no "r to reason f ! laws & prop]ties ( matt] to ^? ( m9d4 ,d y affirm t cont+5cy is an absurd & p]nici\s doctr9e--!n turn & look at ! doctr9e ( an absolute necessity 9 all its be>+s & consequ5ces1 & :]e lies ! balance ( absurdity & p]nici\s consequ5ces8 ,b we d5y t !re is any?+ absurd & p]nici\s 9 cont+5cy z above expla9$4 ,t x is n p]nici\s1 b t on ! contr>y1 x is ! basis ( moral & religi\s responsibility1 w cle>ly appe> 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiries4 ,aft] :at has already be5 said 9 ! prec$+ pages1 x p]haps is unnecess>y to make any fur!r reply to its alleg$ absurdity4 ,!re is "o =m "u :i* ?is allegation comes up1 h[ev]1 :i* is at fir/ sight s plausible1 t ,i %all be p>don$ = prolong+ ?is discussion 9 ord] to dispose ( x4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,t 9 assign+ cont+5cy to w1 we d n acc\nt = a volition be+ 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,! w1 x is urg$1 "u ! idea ( cont+5cy1 is indiff]5t to any p>ticul> volition4 ,h[ !n c we expla9 ! fact t x does pass out ( ?is /ate ( indiff]5cy to a *oice or volition8 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i rem>k3--,x has already be5 made cle>1 t selection & p>ticul> det]m9ation belong to e cause4 ,9 physical causes1 ?is selection & p>ticul> det]m9ation lies 9 ! correlation ( ! nature ( ! cause ) c]ta9 objects2 & ?is selection & p>ticul> det]m9ation are necess>y by a necessity det]m9$ out ( ! cause itself--t is1 !y are det]m9$ by ! creative w1 :i* gave orig9 to ! physical & second>y causes4 ,n[ ,edw>ds affirms t ! p>ticul> selection & det]m9ation ( w take place 9 ! same way4 ,! nature ( ! w is correlat$ to c]ta9 objects1 & ?is nature1 be+ fix$ by ! creative w1 :i* gave orig9 to ! second>y dep5d5t w1 ! selection & p>ticul> det]m9ation ( w1 is necess>y ) a necessity det]m9$ out ( itself4 ,b to a necessitat$ w1 we h no?+ to oppose except a w ^: volitions are n det]m9$ by ! correlation ( its nature ) c]ta9 objects--a w1 inde$1 :i* has n its nature correlat$ to any objects1 b a w indiff]5t2 = if its nature 7 correlat$ to objects1 its p>ticul> selection & det]m9ation w\ld be influ5c$ by ?is1 & consequ5tly its action w\ld become necess>y1 & t too by a necessity out ( itself2 & fix$ by ! inf9ite w4 ,9 ord] to escape an absolute & univ]sal necessity1 !re=e1 we mu/ conceive ( a w =m+ volitions p>ticul> & det]m9ate1 or 9 o!r words1 mak+ a nisus t[>ds p>ticul> objects1 )\t any correlation ( its nature ) ! objects4 ,is ?is conception a possible & rational conception8 ,x is n a possible conception if w & ! s5sitivity1 or ! affections are id5tical--= ! v def9ition ( w !n becomes t ( a p[] 9 correlation ) objects1 & necess>ily affect$ by !m4 ,b n[ let u conceive ( ! w z simply & purely an activity or cause1 & di/9ct f ! s5sitivity or affections--a cause capable ( produc+ *anges or ph5om5a 9 relation to a great v>iety ( objects1 & consci\s t x is ?us capable1 b consci\s also t x is n drawn by any necess>y aff9ity to any "o ( !m4 ,is ?is a possible & rational conception8 ,x is inde$ ! conception ( a cause diff]5t f all o!r causes2 & on ?is conception !re are b two k9ds ( causes4 ,! physical1 :i* are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! correlation ( _! nature ) c]ta9 objects1 & w1 :i* is a pure activity n ?us det]m9$1 & !re=e n necessitat$1 b cont+5t4 ,n[ ,i may take ?is z a rational conception1 unless its palpable absurdity c be po9t$ out1 or x c be prov$ to involve "s contradiction4 ,does ! objector allege1 z a palpable absurdity1 t !re is1 aft] all1 no?+ to acc\nt = ! p>ticul> det]m9ation8 ,i answ] t ! p>ticul> det]m9ation is acc\nt$ = 9 ! v quality or attribute ( ! cause4 ,9 ! case ( a physical cause1 ! p>ticul> det]m9ation is acc\nt$ = 9 ! quality ( ! cause1 :i* quality is to be necess>ily correlat$ to ! object4 ,9 ! case ( w1 ! p>ticul> det]m9ation is acc\nt$ = 9 ! quality ( ! cause1 :i* quality is to h ! p[] to make ! p>ticul> det]m9ation )\t be+ necess>ily correlat$ to ! object4 ,a physical cause is a cause fix$1 det]m9$1 & necessitat$4 ,! w is a cause cont+5t & free4 ,a physical cause is a cause in/rum5tal ( a fir/ cause3--! w is fir/ cause itself4 ,! inf9ite w is ! fir/ cause inhabit+ et]nity1 fill+ imm5sity1 & unlimit$ 9 its en]gy4 ,! human w is fir/ cause appe>+ 9 "t1 conf9$ to place1 & f9ite 9 its en]gy2 b x is ! same 9 k9d1 because made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! inf9ite w2 z fir/ cause x is self mov$1 x makes its nisus ( itself1 & ( itself x =be>s to make x2 & )9 ! sph]e ( its activity1 & 9 relation to its objects1 x has ! p[] ( select+ by a m]e arbitr>y act1 any p>ticul> object4 ,x is a cause1 all ^: acts1 z well z any p>ticul> act1 consid]$ z ph5om5a dem&+ a cause1 are acc\nt$ = 9 itself alone4 ,?is does n make ! creat$ w indep5d5t ( ! uncreat$4 ,! v fact ( its be+ a creat$ w1 settles its dep5d5ce4 ,! p[] :i* creat$ x1 has likewise limit$ x1 & c\ld annihilate x4 ,! p[] :i* creat$ x1 has orda9$ & fix$ ! in/rum5talities by :i* volitions become productive ( effects4 ,! man may make ! volition or nisus1 to remove a m\nta91 b 8 arm fails to c>ry out ! nisus4 ,8 volitions are produc$ freely ( himself2 !y are unre/ra9$ )9 ! capacity ( w giv5 him1 b he meets on e side ^? physical causes :i* are mighti] ?an himself1 & :i*1 in/rum5tal ( ! div9e w1 make ! creat$ w aw>e ( its feebl5ess & dep5d5ce4 ,b al?\gh ! w is an activity or cause ?us cont+5t1 arbitr>y1 free1 & indiff]5t1 x is an activity or cause unit$ ) s5sitivity & reason2 & =m+ ! unity ( ! s\l4 ,w1 reason1 &1 ! s5sitivity or ! affections1 con/itute m9d1 or _s1 or s\l4 ,al?\gh ! w is arbitr>y & cont+5t1 yet x does n foll[ t x mu/ act )\t reg>d to reason or feel+4 ,i h yet to make my appeal to consci\sness2 ,i am n[ only giv+ a s*eme ( psy*ology 9 ord] to prove ! possibility ( a cont+5t w1 t we h no?+ else to oppose to an absolute & univ]sal necessity4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme1 we take ! w z ! executive ( ! s\l or ! do]4 ,x is a do] hav+ life & p[] 9 itself1 n necess>ily det]m9$ 9 any ( its acts1 b a p[] to d or n to d4 ,reason we take z ! lawgiv]4 ,x is ! s\rce & sub/ance ( pure1 immutable1 et]nal1 & necess>y tru?4 ,?is tea*es & comm&s ! executive w :at ought to be done4 ,! s5sitivity or ! affections1 or ! desire1 is ! seat ( enjoym5t3 x is ! capacity ( pleasure & pa94 ,objects1 9 g5]al1 hold to ! s5sitivity ! relation ( ! agreeable or ! disagreeable1 are 9 correlation ) x2 &1 accord+ to ! degree ( ?is correlation1 are ! emotions & passions awak5$4 ,next let ! w be tak5 z ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( p]sonality1 or m /rictly1 z ! p]sonality itself4 ,by ! p]sonality1 ,i mean ! me1 or myself4 ,! p]sonality--! me--! w1 a self-mov+ cause1 directs itself by an act ( att5tion to ! reason1 & receives ! laws ( its action4 ,! p]ception ( ^! laws is att5d$ ) ! conviction ( _! rectitude & imp]ative obligation2 at ! same "t1 !re is ! consci\sness ( p[] to obey or to disobey !m4 ,aga91 let ! w be suppos$ to direct itself 9 an act ( att5tion to ! pleasurable emotions connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 objects2 & ! pa9ful emotions connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( o!r objects2 & !n ! desire ( pleasure1 & ! wi% to avoid pa91 become rules ( action4 ,!re is "h aga9 ! consci\sness ( p[] to resi/ or to comply ) ! solicitations ( desire4 ,! w may direct itself to ^? objects :i* yield pleasure1 or may reject !m1 & direct itself t[>ds ^? objects :i* yield only pa9 & disgu/4 ,we may suppose aga9 two conditions ( ! reason & s5sitivity relatively to ea* o!r2 a condition ( agreem5t1 & a condition ( disagreem5t4 ,if ! affections incl9e to ^? objects :i* ! reason approves1 !n we h ! fir/ condition4 ,if ! affections are repell$ 9 dislike by ^? objects :i* reason approves1 !n we h ! second condition4 ,on ! fir/ condition1 ! w1 9 obey+ reason1 gratifies ! s5sitivity1 & vice v]sa4 ,on ! second1 9 obey+ ! reason1 x resi/s ! s5sitivity1 & vice v]sa4 ,n[ if ! w 7 always gov]n$ by ! highe/ reason1 )\t ! possibility ( resi/ance1 x w\ld be a necessitat$ w2 & if x 7 always gov]n$ by ! /ronge/ desire1 )\t ! possibility ( resi/ance1 x w\ld be a necessitat$ w2 z mu* s z 9 ! sy/em ( ,edw>ds1 :]e ! /ronge/ desire is id5tifi$ ) volition4 ,! only escape f necessity1 !re=e1 is 9 ! conception ( a w z above def9$--a consci\s1 self-mov+ p[]1 :i* may obey reason 9 opposition to passion1 or passion 9 opposition to reason1 or obey bo? 9 _! h>moni\s union2 & la/ly1 :i* may act 9 ! indiff]5ce ( all1 t is1 act )\t ref]5ce ei!r to reason or passion4 ,n[ :5 ! w obeys ! laws ( ! reason1 %all x be ask$1 :at is ! cause ( ! act ( ob$i5ce8 ,! w is ! cause ( its own act2 a cause p] se1 a cause self-consci\s & self-mov+2 x obeys ! reason by its own nisus4 ,:5 ! w obeys ! /ronge/ desire1 %all we ask1 :at is ! cause ( ! act ( ob$i5ce8 ,"h aga91 ! w is ! cause ( its own act4 ,are we call$ ^u to asc5d high]8 ,we %all at la/ come to su* a self-mov+ & cont+5t p[]1 or we mu/ resign all to an absolute necessity4 ,suppose1 t :5 ! w obeys ! reason1 we attempt to expla9 x by say+1 t ob$i5ce to ! reason awak5s ! /ronge/ desire1 or ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable2 we may !n ask1 :y ! w obeys ! /ronge/ desire8 & !n we may attempt to expla9 ?is aga9 by say+1 t to obey ! /ronge/ desire seems mo/ reasonable4 ,we may evid5tly1 ) z mu* propriety1 acc\nt = ob$i5ce to passion1 by ref]r+ to reason2 z acc\nt = ob$i5ce to reason1 by ref]r+ to passion4 ,if ! act ( ! w :i* goes 9 ! direction ( ! reason1 f9ds its cause 9 ! s5sitivity2 !n ! act ( ! w :i* goes 9 ! direction ( ! s5sitivity1 may f9d its cause 9 ! reason4 ,b ?is is only mov+ 9 a circle1 & is no advance :atev]4 ,:y does ! w obey ! reason8 because x is mo/ agreeable3 b :y does ! w obey because x is mo/ agreeable8 because to obey ! mo/ agreeable seems mo/ reasonable4 ,acts ( ! w may be conceiv$ ( z analog\s to intuitive or fir/ tru?s4 ,fir/ tru?s require no demon/ration2 !y admit ( none2 !y =m ! basis ( all demon/ration4 ,acts ( ! w are fir/ movem5ts ( prim>y causes1 & z su* nei!r require nor admit ( antec$5t causes1 to expla9 _! action4 ,w is ! s\rce & basis ( all o!r cause4 ,x expla9s all o!r cause1 b 9 itself admits ( no explanation4 ,x pres5ts ! prim>y & all-compreh5d+ fact ( p[]4 ,9 ,god1 w is inf9ite1 prim>y cause1 & untreat$3 9 man1 x is f9ite1 prim>y cause1 con/itut$ by ,god's creative act1 b n necessitat$1 = if necessitat$ x w\ld n be w1 x w\ld n be p[] aft] ! lik5ess ( ! div9e p[]2 x w\ld be m]e physical or second>y cause1 & compreh5d$ 9 ! *a9 ( natural antec$5ts & sequ5ts4 ,god's w expla9s creation z an exi/5t fact2 man's w expla9s all 8 volitions4 ,:5 we proce$ to inquire aft] ! *>act]i/ics ( creation1 we br+ 9 ! idea ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness4 ,b :5 we inquire :y ,god's w obey$ inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 we mu/ ei!r repres5t 8 w z necessitat$ by inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 & take ) ?is all ! consequ5ces ( an absolute necessity2 or we mu/ be cont5t to /op %ort1 ) w itself z a fir/ cause1 n necess>y1 b cont+5t1 :i*1 expla9+ all effects1 nei!r requires nor admits ( any explanation itself4 ,:5 we proce$ to inquire aft] ! *>act]i/ics ( human volition1 we br+ 9 ! idea ( "r & wrong2 we look at ! relations ( ! reason & ! s5sitivity4 ,b :5 we inquire :y ! w n[ obeys reason1 & n[ passion2 & :y ?is passion1 or t passion2 we mu/ ei!r repres5t ! w z necessitat$1 & take all ! consequ5ces ( a necessitat$ w1 or we mu/ /op %ort "h likewise1 ) ! w itself z a fir/ cause1 n necess>y1 b cont+5t1 :i*1 9 expla9+ its own volitions1 nei!r requires nor admits ( any explanation itself1 o!r ?an z a f9ite & dep5d5t w x requires to be ref]r$ to ! inf9ite w 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,edw>ds1 :ile he burd5s ! "q ( ! w's det]m9ation ) mon/r\s consequ5ces1 relieves x ( no "o difficulty4 ,he lays d[n1 inde$1 a uni=m law ( det]m9ation2 b !re is a la/ inquiry :i* he does n presume to answ]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! w1 or ! volition1 is always z ! mo/ agreeable1 & is ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,b :ile ! w is grant$ to be "o simple p[] or capacity1 !re arise f x an indef9ite v>iety ( volitions2 & volitions at "o "t directly oppos$ to volitions at ano!r "t4 ,! "q n[ arises1 h[ ?is "o simple capacity ( volition comes to produce su* v>i\s volitions8 ,x is said 9 reply1 t :atev] may be ! volition1 x is at ! "t ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable3 b t x is always ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 respects only its relation to ! w itself2 ! volition1 intr9sically consid]$1 is at "o "t "r1 at ano!r wrong2 at "o "t rational1 at ano!r fooli%4 ,! volition really v>ies1 al?\gh1 relatively to ! w1 x always puts on ! *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,! "q !re=e returns1 h[ ?is simple capacity det]m9es su* a v>iety ( volitions1 always h[ev] repres5t+ !m to itself z ! mo/ agreeable8 ,!re are ?ree ways ( answ]+ ?is4 ,fir/1 we may suppose ! /ate ( ! w or s5sitivity to rema9 un*ang$1 & ! diff]5t volitions to be effect$ by ! diff]5t arrangem5ts & conditions ( ! objects relatively to x4 ,secondly1 we may suppose ! arrangem5ts & conditions ( ! objects to rema9 un*ang$1 & ! diff]5t volitions to be effect$ by *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! s5sitivity1 or w1 relatively to ! objects4 ,or1 ?irdly1 we may suppose bo? ! /ate ( ! w1 & ! arrangem5ts & conditions ( ! objects to be subject to *anges1 s+ly & mutually1 & ?us giv+ rise to ! diff]5t volitions4 ,b our que/ion+s are n yet at an end4 ,on ! fir/ supposition1 ! "q comes up1 h[ ! diff]5t arrangem5ts & conditions ( ! objects are br\ght ab\t8 ,on ! second supposition1 h[ ! *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! s5sitivity are effect$8 ,on ! ?ird supposition1 h[ ! *anges 9 bo?1 s+ly & mutually1 are effect$8 ,if x c\ld be said1 t ! s5sitivity *anges itself relatively to ! objects1 !n we %\ld ask aga91 :y ! s5sitivity *ooses at "o "t1 z mo/ agreeable to itself1 t :i* is "r & rational1 & at ano!r "t1 t :i* is wrong & fooli%8 ,or1 if x c\ld be said1 t ! objects h ! p[] ( *ang+ _! own arrangem5ts & conditions1 !n also we mu/ ask1 :y at "o "t ! objects arrange !mselves to make ! "r & rational appe> mo/ agreeable1 & at ano!r "t1 ! wrong & fooli%4 ,^! la/ que/ions are ! v que/ions :i* ,edw>ds does n presume to answ]4 ,! motive by :i* he acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( ! volition1 is =m$ ( ! correlation ( ! /ate ( ! w1 & ! nature & circum/ances ( ! object4 ,b :5 ! correlation is su* z to give ! volition 9 ! direction ( ! "r & ! rational1 9 opposition to ! wrong & ! fooli%1--we ask :y does ! correlation give ! volition 9 ?is direction4 ,if x be said t ! volition 9 ?is direction appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ! answ] is a m]e repetition ( ! "q2 = ! "q am\nts simply to ?is3--:y ! correlation is su* z to make ! "o agreeable r ?an ! o!r8 ,! volition :i* is itself only ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 _c be expla9$ by affirm+ t x is always z ! mo/ agreeable4 ,! po9t to be expla9$ is1 :y ! m9d *anges its /ate 9 relation to ! objects2 or :y ! objects *ange _! relations to ! m9d1 s z to produce ?is s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r8 ,! difficulty is precisely ( ! same nature :i* is suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! case ( a cont+5t w4 ,! w n[ goes 9 ! direction ( reason1 & n[ 9 ! direction ( passion1--b :y8 ,we say1 because z w1 x has ! p[] ( ?us v>y+ its movem5t4 ,! *ange is acc\nt$ = by m]ely ref]r+ to ! w4 ,accord+ to ,edw>ds1 ! correlation ( w & its objects1 n[ gives ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 or volition1 9 ! direction ( ! reason2 & n[ 9 ! direction ( passion--b :y8--,:y does ! reason n[ appe> mo/ agreeable1--& n[ ! indulg5ces ( impure desire8 ,i *oose ?is because x is mo/ agreeable1 says ,edw>ds1 :i* is equival5t to say+1--,i h ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable 9 ref]5ce to ?is1 because x is mo/ agreeable2 b h[ d y "k x is ! mo/ agreeable8 because ,i *oose x1 or h ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t on ,edw>ds's sy/em1 z well z on t oppos$ to x1 ! p>ticul> direction ( volition1 & ! con/ant *anges ( volition1 mu/ be ref]r$ simply to ! cause ( volition1 )\t giv+ any o!r explanation ( ! diff]5t det]m9ations ( ?is cause1 except ref]r+ !m to ! nature ( ! cause itself4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 to ref] ! *anges 9 ! correlation to "s cause :i* gov]ns ! correlation ( ! w & its objects2 b !n ! "q mu/ arise 9 relation to ?is cause1 :y x det]m9es ! correlation 9 "o direction at "o "t1 & 9 ano!r direction at ano!r "t8 ,& ?is c\ld be answ]$ only by ref]r+ x to itself z hav+ ! capacity ( ^! v>i\s det]m9ations z a p[] to d or n to d1 & a p[] to det]m9e 9 a giv5 direction1 or 9 ! opposite direction2 or by ref]r+ x to /ill ano!r antec$5t cause4 ,n[ let u suppose ?is la/ antec$5t to be ! inf9ite w3 !n ! "q w\ld be1 :y ! inf9ite w det]m9es ! s5sitivity1 or w ( 8 creatures at "o "t to wisdom1 & at ano!r to folly8 ,& :at answ] c\ld be giv58 ,%all x be said t x seems mo/ agreeable to him8 ,b :y does x seem mo/ agreeable to him8 ,is x because ! p>ticul> det]m9ation is ! mo/ reasonable1 t x seems mo/ agreeable8 ,b :y does he det]m9e always accord+ to ! mo/ reasonable8 ,is x because to det]m9e accord+ to ! mo/ reasonable1 seems mo/ agreeable8 ,n[1 inasmu* z accord+ to ,edw>ds1 ! volition & ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable are ! same2 to say t ,god wills z he does w1 because x is mo/ agreeable to him1 is to say t he wills because he wills2 & to say t he wills z he does w1 because x seems mo/ reasonable to him1 am\nts to ! same ?+1 because he wills accord+ to ! mo/ reasonable only because x is ! mo/ agreeable4 ,to repres5t ! volitions1 or *oices1 ei!r 9 ! human or div9e w1 z det]m9$ by motives1 removes !re=e no difficulty :i* is suppos$ to p]ta9 to cont+5t self-det]m9ation4 ,let u comp>e ! two !ories p>ticul>ly1 al?\gh at ! haz>d ( "s repetition4 ,cont+5t self-det]m9ation repres5ts ! w z a cause mak+ its nisus or volitions ( itself1 & det]m9+ _! direction ( itself--n[ obey+ reason1 & n[ obey+ passion4 ,if x be ask$ :y x det]m9es 9 a p>ticul> direction8--if ?is p>ticul> direction 9 :i* x det]m9es be t ( ! reason8--!n x may be said1 t x det]m9es 9 ?is direction because x is reasonable2--if ?is p>ticul> direction be t ( passion1 z oppos$ to reason1 !n x may be said t x det]m9es 9 ?is direction1 because x is pleas+4 ,b if x be ask$ :y ! w goes 9 ! direction ( reason1 r ?an 9 t ( passion1 z oppos$ to reason8--we _c say t x is mo/ reasonable to obey reason & n passion2 because ! "o is all reason1 & ! o!r is all passion1 & ( c\rse !y _c be comp>$ "u ! reasonable2 & no m c !y be comp>$ "u ! pleas+1--:51 by ! pleas+1 we und]/&1 ! gratification ( desire1 z oppos$ to reason4 ,to obey reason because x is reasonable1 is no?+ m ?an ! /atem5t ( ! fact t ! w does obey reason4 ,to obey desire because x is desirable1 is no?+ m ?an ! /atem5t ( ! fact t ! w does obey desire4 ,! w goes 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r by an act ( self-det]m9ation1 :i* nei!r admits (1 nor inde$ requires any o!r explanation ?an ?is1 t ! w has p[] to d "o or ! o!r1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 x does "o r ?an ! o!r4 ,to ?is /&s contra/$ ! sy/em ( ,edw>ds2 & :at is ?is sy/em8 ,t ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2--& :at is ! /ronge/ motive8 ,! greate/ app>5t good1 or ! mo/ agreeable3--:at con/itutes ! greate/ app>5t good1 or ! mo/ agreeable8 ,! correlation ( w or s5sitivity & ! object4 ,b :y does ! correlation make "o object appe> m agreeable ?an ano!r2 or make ! same object at "o "t appe> agreeable1 at ano!r "t disagreeable8 ,n[ ?is "q is equival5t to ! "q1--:y does ! w g 9 ! direction ( "o object r ?an ( ano!r2 or g 9 ! direction ( a giv5 object at "o "t1 & 9 opposition to x at ano!r "t8 ,= ! w to det]m9e itself t[>d an object 9 "o sy/em1 answ]s to ! w hav+ ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable t[>ds an object 9 ,edw>ds's sy/em4 ,if ,edw>ds %\ld attempt to give an answ] )\t go+ beyond ! motive1 he c\ld only say t ! s5sitivity has ! p[] ( be+ affect$ ) ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable or ( ! mo/ disagreeable2 & t 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] x is affect$ ) ! "o r ?an ) ! o!r4 ,he c\ld n say t to obey reason appe>s m agreeable ?an to obey passion z oppos$ to reason1 = ! ob$i5ce ( ! w on 8 sy/em1 is no?+ m ?an a s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,nor c\ld he say x is m reasonable to obey reason1 = reason _c be comp>$ ) its opposite1 "u ! idea ( itself2 & if he c\ld say ?is1 x am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 on 8 sy/em1 t x is mo/ agreeable to obey ! reasonable2--t is1 ! reasonable is obey$ only z ! mo/ agreeable3 b ob$i5ce ( w be+ no?+ m ?an ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 to say x is obey$ because mo/ agreeable1 is m]ely to say t x awak5s ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable2 t is1 x is obey$1 because x is obey$4 ,to ref] ! motive to ! div9e det]m9ation makes volition necess>y to ! man1 & ?r[s ! difficulty 9 "q1 if x is to be consid]$ a difficulty1 only f>!r back4 ,if ,god's w det]m9es 9 ! direction ( ! reasonable because x is mo/ agreeable1 !n we ask1 :y is x ! mo/ agreeable8 ,if ! reply be1 because x is mo/ reasonable1 !n we are only mov+ 9 a circle2 b if ! agreeable be tak5 z an ultimate fact1 !n inasmu* z to w is only to h ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 x foll[s t ,god has ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable t[>ds an object only because x is mo/ agreeable to him1 or awak5s ?is s5se 9 him2 & ?us ! "q :y ,god wills 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r1 or :at is ! cause ( 8 det]m9ation1 is n answ]$ by ,edw>ds1 unless he says ) u t ! w 9 itself z a p[] to d or n to d1 or to d "o ?+1 or its opposite1 is a suffici5t explanation1 & ! only possible explanation2--or unless he ref]s ! div9e w to an antec$5t cause1 & ?is aga9 to ano!r antec$5t cause1 9 an endless s]ies--& ?us introduce ! two-fold error ( an endless s]ies1 & an absolute necessity4 ,all possible volitions1 accord+ to ! s*eme ( psy*ology ,i h above giv51 mu/ be ei!r 9 ! direction ( ! reason or ( ! s5sitivity1 or 9 ! indiff]5cy ( bo?4 ,if ! volition be 9 ! direction ( ! reason1 x takes ! *>act]i/ics ( rational1 good1 c4 ,if 9 ! direction ( ! s5sitivity1 x takes its *>act]i/ic f ! nature ( ! p>ticul> desire :i* x obeys3--x is g5]\s1 b5evol5t1 k9d1 c4--or x is malici\s1 envi\s1 unk9d1 vici\s1 c4 ,:at moves ! w to g 9 ! direction ( ! reason8 ,no?+ moves x2 x is a cause p] se2 x goes 9 t direction because x has p[] to g 9 t direction4 ,:at moves ! w to g 9 ! direction ( ! s5sitivity8 ,no?+ moves x2 x is a cause p] se2 x goes 9 t direction because x has p[] to g 9 t direction4 ,!re are 9 ! intellig5ce or reason1 z unit$ ) ! w 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 necess>y convictions ( ! true1 ! j1 ! "r4 ,!re are 9 ! s5sitivity1 z unit$ 9 ! same con/itution1 necess>y affections ( ! agreeable & ! disagreeable 9 ref]5ce to v>i\s objects4 ,! w z ! p[] :i* by its nisus produces *anges or ph5om5a1 is consci\s ( ability to g 9 ei!r ( ^! directions1 or 9 opposition to bo?4 ,n[ :5 x makes its nisus or volition 9 ref]5ce to ! true1 ! j1 ! good2 %\ld we attempt to expla9 ?is nisus by say+ t ! true1 ! j1 ! good1 affect ! s5sitivity agreeably1 ?is w\ld only am\nt to say+ t ! nisus is made t[>ds ! true1 n z ! true1 b only z ! agreeable2 & !n we w\ld introduce ! law t ! nisus is always made 9 ! direction ( ! agreeable4 ,b !n aga9 we might seek to expla9 :y ! nisus is always made 9 ! direction ( ! agreeable4 ,is x ( an antec$5t necessity8 ,!n we h an absolute & univ]sal necessity4 ,is x because to g 9 ! direction ( ! agreeable seems mo/ rational8 ,!n x foll[s t ! nisus is made t[>ds ! agreeable n z ! agreeable1 b only z ! rational2 & !n we w\ld introduce ! law t ! nisus is always made 9 ! direction ( ! rational4 ,b !n aga9 we might seek to expla9 :y ?is nisus is always made 9 ! direction ( ! rational4 ,is x ( an antec$5t necessity8 ,!n "h likewise we h an absolute & univ]sal necessity4 ,is x because to g 9 ! direction ( ! rational seems mo/ agreeable8 ,!n we are w9d+ back 9 a circle to our fir/ position4 ,h[ %all we escape f ^! difficulties8 ,%all we adopt ! psy*ology ( ,edw>ds1 & make ! w & ! s5sitivity "o8 ,!n z ! volition is always ! /ronge/ affection ( ! agreeable1 if ! s5sitivity be necess>y1 volitions are necess>y1 & we are plung$ headlong aga9 into an absolute & univ]sal necessity4 ,if ! s5sitivity be n necess>y1 !n we h %[n fully1 above1 t we h to acc\nt = its v>i\s det]m9ations j z we are suppos$ to be call$ ^u to acc\nt = ! v>i\s det]m9ations ( ! w :5 consid]$ z a p[] di/9ct f ! s5sitivity3--we are met ) ! que/ions1 :y does ! s5sitivity repres5t ?is object z m agreeable ?an t object8--or ! same object z agreeable at "o "t1 & disagreeable at ano!r8 ,or if ^! v>i\s det]m9ations are resolv$ into an antec$5t necessity compreh5d+ !m1 !n we g up to ! antec$5t cause 9 :i* ?is necessity resides1 & "q x 9 l mann]4 ,b "o ?+ rema9s1 & t is to consid] ! w z prim>y cause1 cont+5t 9 opposition to be+ necessitat$--a cause hav+ 9 itself ! p[] ( mak+ ^! v>i\s volitions or nisus1 & nei!r ask+ nor all[+ ( any explanation ( its acts1 or _! p>ticul> direction1 save its own peculi>ity & en]gy z w4 ,! "q respect+ ! indiff]5cy ( w mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,! t]m indiff]5cy comes up 9 consequ5ce ( consid]+ ! w z di/9ct f ! s5sitivity4 ,x is n desire or feel+--x is a p[] indiff]5t to ! agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess ( objects4 ,x is also a p[] di/9ct f ! reason2 x is n conviction or belief--x is a p[] indiff]5t to ! true & ! "r1 to ! false & ! wrong1 9 ! s5se t x is n necess>ily det]m9$ by conviction & belief1 by ! true & ! "r1 or by ! false & ! wrong4 ,! conception ( w 9 its utmo/ simplicity is ! conception ( pure p[]1 self-mov+1 & self-consci\s--conta9+ )9 itself ! gr\nd & ! possibility ( creation & ( modification4 ,9 ,god x is inf9ite1 et]nal1 uncreat$ p[]2 & e nisus 9 8 w is really creative or modify+1 accord+ to its self-direct$ aim4 ,9 man x is con/itut$1 dep5d5t1 limit$1 & acc\ntable4 ,n[ 9 direct connexion ) p[]1 we h ! conception ( law or rule1 or :at p[] ought to d4 ,?is law or rule is reveal$ 9 ! reason4 ,9 man z pure1 & we conclude 9 ,god likewise1 z ! ar*etype ( all _s1 !re is giv5 a s5sitivity or a capacity to be affect$ agreeably by1 & to be drawn t[>ds ! objects approv$ & comm&$ by ! reason4 ,if ?is s5sitivity does n move 9 h>mony ) ! reason1 x is corrupt$4 ,n[ w is plac$ 9 a triunity ) ^! two o!r p[]s4 ,we c di/+ui% b n sep>ate x f !m4 ,a w )\t reason w\ld be a p[] )\t eyes1 or light4 ,a w )\t s5sitivity w\ld be a p[] /]n & isolat$2--j z a reason & s5sitivity )\t w1 w\ld be )\t effici5cy1 or capacity ( giv+ real manife/ations4 ,! complet5ess & p]fection ( ea*1 lies 9 a union ) all2 b !n ea* 9 its prop] movem5ts is 9 "s s5se indep5d5t & free ( ! o!rs4 ,! convictions1 beliefs1 or p]ceptions ( reason are n made1 nor c !y be unmade by ! en]gy ( ! w4 ,nor has ! w any direct comm& ov] ! s5sitivity4 ,& yet ! w c excite & direct bo? ! reason & ! s5sitivity1 by call+ up objects & occasions4 ,! s5sitivity does n gov]n ! reason1 & yet x supplies conditions :i* are necess>y to its manife/ations4 ,! reason does n gov]n ! s5sitivity1 & yet ! latt] w\ld h no def9ite p]ception1 & ( c\rse its highe/ s5sibilities w\ld lie dormant )\t ! reason4 ,s also ! reason & ! s5sitivity d n det]m9e ! acts ( ! w4 ,! w has effici5cy1 or creative & modify+ p[] 9 itself--self-mov$1 self-direct$4 ,b !n )\t reason & s5sitivity1 ! w w\ld be )\t objects1 )\t designs1 )\t rules1--a solit>y p[]1 consci\s ( ability to d1 b n kn[+ :at to d4 ,x addition to ! above1 ! w has ?is high & di/+ui%+ peculi>ity4 ,t x alone is free--t x alone is oppos$ to necessity4 ,reason mu/ p]ceive1 mu/ believe4 ,s5sitivity mu/ feel :5 its objects are pres5t$2 b w1 :5 ! reason has giv5 its light & utt]$ its comm&s1 & :5 ! s5sitivity has awak5$ all its passions & emotions1 is n compell$ to obey4 ,x is z consci\s ( p[] n to d1 z ( p[] to d4 ,x may be call$ a p[] arbitr>y & cont+5t2 b ?is means only t x is a p[] :i* absolutely puts =? its own nisus1 & is free4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t ! w c act irrespective ( bo? reason & s5sitivity1 if an object ( action1 be>+ no relation to reason or s5sitivity1 be possible4 ,x is pla9 t an object be>+ no su* relation1 mu/ be v trifl+4 ,if a case 9 illu/ration c\ld n be call$ up1 x w\ld n argue any?+ aga9/ ! indiff]5cy ( w2--x w\ld only prove t all objects ( action actually exi/+1 be> "s relation to reason & s5sitivity4 ,!re is a case1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly call$ up1 & mu* disput$1 :i* des]ves "s att5tion1 & :i* x appe>s to me1 (f]s ! illu/ration requir$4 ,let x be requir$ to select "o ( ! squ>es ( ! *ess-bo>d4 ,9 select+ "o ( ! squ>es1 does ! w act irrespective ( reason & s5sitivity1 or n8 ,^? :o hold t ! w is necess>ily det]m9$1 mu/ make out "s connexion betwe5 ! act ( selection1 & ! reason & s5sitivity4 ,x is affirm$ t !re is a g5]al motive :i* det]m9es ! :ole process1 viz3 ! aim or desire to illu/rate1 if possible1 ! "q 9 dispute4 ,! motive is1 to prove t ! w c act )\t a motive4 ,i reply to ?is1 t ?is is und\bt$ly ! motive ( br++ ! *ess-bo>d be=e ! eye1 & 9 mak+ all ! prep>ations = a selection2--b n[ ! la/ "q is1 :i* squ>e %all ,i select8 ,! illu/ration w h ! same =ce :i*ev] squ>e is select$1 & !re is no motive t c be drawn ei!r f ! reason or ! s5sitivity = tak+ "o squ>e 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r3 "u ! abs5ce ( all su* motives1 & af=d+ ea* "t ! same attempt at illu/ration1 ,i c v>y ! selection sixty-f\r times3 9 mak+ ?is selection1 !re=e1 x appe>s to me1 !re is an entire indiff]5cy z to :i* p>ticul> squ>e is select$2--!re is no comm& ( ! reason direct+ to "o squ>e r ?an ano!r2--!re is no affection ( ! s5sitivity t[>ds "o squ>e r ?an ano!r1 z mo/ agreeable & yet ! w does select "o ( ! squ>es4 ,x w be prop]1 9 ?is place1 to consid] ! foll[+ argum5t ( ,edw>ds aga9/ indiff]5cy ( w3 ,*oice may be imm$iately aft] a /ate ( indiff]5ce1 b _c co-exi/ ) x3 ev5 ! v beg9n+ ( x is n 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce4 ,&1 !re=e1 if ?is be lib]ty1 no act ( ! w1 9 any degree1 is ev] p]=m$ 9 a /ate ( lib]ty1 or 9 ! "t ( lib]ty4 ,volition & lib]ty are s f> f agree+ toge!r1 & be+ ess5tial "o to ano!r1 t !y are contr>y "o to ano!r1 & "o excludes & de/roys ! o!r1 z mu* z motion & re/1 light & d>kness1 or life & dea?4 7p4 #gc47 ,edw>ds reasons accord+ to 8 own psy*ology3 ,if ! w & ! s5sitivity are "o1 ! w _c well be conceiv$ ( z 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce1 & if x c\ld be conceiv$ ( z 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce be=e x ex]cises volition1 inasmu* z1 accord+ to 8 sy/em aga91 volition is ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 ! mom5t volition beg9s1 indiff]5ce ceases2 & h5ce1 if lib]ty consi/ 9 indiff]5ce1 lib]ty mu/ cease :5 volition takes place1 j z re/ ceases ) motion4 ,b accord+ to ! sy/em ( psy*ology1 :i* we adopt1 & :i* ,i %all v]ify h]eaft]1 ! w is n "o ) ! s5sitivity1 b is cle>ly di/+ui%able f x3--! s5sitivity is ! capacity ( feel+2 ! w is ! causality ( ! s\l3--a movem5t ( ! s5sitivity1 "u ! quality ( indiff]5ce1 is self-contradictory2 & a movem5t ( ! w be+ a m]e nisus ( cause1 "u ! quality ( any s5se & feel+ :atev]1 w\ld be self-contradictory likewise2 x w\ld be conf\nd+ t :i* we _h already di/+ui%$4 ,f ,edw>ds's v def9ition ( w x _c be indiff]5t2 f our v def9ition ( w x _c be o!rwise ?an indiff]5t4 ,:5 x det]m9es exclusively ( bo? reason & s5sitivity1 x ( c\rse mu/ reta91 9 ! action1 ! indiff]5ce :i* x possess$ be=e ! action2 b ?is is no less true :5 x det]m9es 9 ! direction ei!r ( reason or s5sitivity4 ,:5 ! det]m9ation is 9 ! direction ( ! reason1 !re is an ex]cise ( reason 9 connexion ) ! act1 & all ! int]e/ ( ! reason is wak5$ up1 b ! w consid]$ 9 its entire simplicity1 kn[s only ! nisus ( p[]4 ,:5 ! det]m9ation is 9 ! direction ( ! s5sitivity1 !re is a play ( emotions & passions1 b ! w aga9 kn[s only ! nisus ( p[] :i* c>ries x 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ! unity ( ! s\l ^! p[]s are g5]ally f\nd act+ toge!r4 ,x may be difficult to di/+ui% !m1 & ?is1 9 connexion ) ! con/antly obs]v$ fact ( ! fix$ correlation betwe5 physical causes & ! masses :i* !y op]ate ^u1 may lead to ! conclusion t !re is a fix$ correlation likewise betwe5 ! w & its objects1 reg>d+ ! w z ! s5sitivity2 or at lea/1 t !re is a fix$ connexion betwe5 ! w & ! s5sitivity1 s t ! =m] is inv>iably gov]n$ by ! latt]4 ,we h already %[n1 t to id5tify s5sitivity & w does n relieve u f ! difficulties ( a self-det]m9$ & cont+5t w1 unless we plunge into absolute necessity2 & t to make ! s5sitivity gov]n ! w1 is only transf]r+ to ! s5sitivity ! difficulties :i* we suppose1 to encompass ! w4 ,9 our psy*ological inve/igations x w appe> h[ cle>ly di/+ui%able ^? p[]s are1 & also h[ cle>ly indep5d5t & sov]eign w is1 inasmu* z x does actually det]m9e at "o "t1 9 opposition to ! mo/ agreeable2 at ano!r1 9 opposition to reason2 & at ano!r1 9 opposition to bo? conjo9$4 ,9 ! unity ( our be+1 h[ev]1 we p]ceive t w is design$ to obey ! reason1 & z subord9at$ to reason1 to move )9 ! delights ( ! s5sitivity2 & we "k t we are act+ unreasonably & s5selessly :5 we act o!rwise2 b yet unreasonably & s5selessly d we (t5 act4 ,b :5 we d obey reason1 al?\gh we *>act]ize ! act f its direction1 w does n lose its simplicity & become reason2 & :5 we d obey ! s5sitivity1 w does n become s5sitivity--w is /ill simply cause1 & its act ! nisus ( p[]3 ?\ght1 & conviction1 & design1 hold _! place 9 ! reason alone3 emotion & passion _! place 9 ! s5sitivity alone4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,! ,,div9e ,,presci5ce4 ,edw>ds's argum5t aga9/ a cont+5t1 self-det]m9+ w1 drawn f ! div9e presci5ce1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,! argum5t is introduc$ z foll[s3 ,t ! acts ( ! wills ( moral ag5ts are n cont+5t ev5ts1 9 su* a s5se z to be )\t all necessity1 appe>s by ,god's c]ta9 =ekn[l$ge ( su* ev5ts4 7sec4 xi4 p4 #ih47 ,edw>ds devotes ?is section to ! evid5ce ( ,god's c]ta9 =ekn[l$ge ( ! volitions ( moral ag5ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ section1 7sec4 xii4 p4 #aad17 he proce$s =mally ) 8 argum5t4 ,be=e exam9+ ?is argum5t1 let u look at ! consequ5ces ( 8 position4 ,god =esees all volitions2 t he =esees !m makes _! exi/5ce necess>y4 ,if _! exi/5ce 7 n necess>y1 he c\ld n =esee !m2 or1 to express x /ill m g5]ally1 =ekn[l$ge ext5ds to all ev5ts1 & =ekn[l$ge proves ! necess>y exi/5ce ( ev]y?+ to :i* x ext5ds4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t all ev5ts exi/ ) an absolute necessity1 all physical ph5om5a1 all volitions1 & moral1 ph5om5a1 :e!r good or evil1 & all ! div9e volitions1 = ,god _c b =esee 8 own volitions4 ,9 no "p ( 8 "w1 does ,edw>ds lay d[n m summ>ily & decid$ly1 ! doctr9e ( absolute & univ]sal necessity4 ,we h already1 9 "p ,,ii4 ( ?is treatise1 d$uc$ ! consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e4 ,if !n we are plac$ ^u ! alt]native ( d5y+ ! div9e presci5ce ( volitions1 or ( ackn[l$g+ ! doctr9e ( necessity1 x w\ld practically be mo/ desirable & wise/ to take ! fir/ "p ( ! alt]native4 ,if x c\ld be demon/rat$1 rem>ks ,dugald ,/ew>t1 7vol4 #e4 app4 sec4 viii47 :i* 9 my op9ion has n yet be5 done1 t ! presci5ce ( ! volitions ( moral ag5ts is incompatible ) ! free ag5cy ( man1 ! logical inf]5ce w\ld be1 n 9 fav\r ( ! s*eme ( necessity1 b t !re are "s ev5ts1 ! =ekn[l$ge ( :i* implies an impossibility4 ,%all we v5ture to affirm1 t x exce$s ! p[] ( ,god to p]mit su* a tra9 ( cont+5t ev5ts to take place1 z 8 own =ekn[l$ge %all n ext5d to8 ,does n su* a proposition detract f ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 9 ! same proportion 9 :i* x aims to exalt 8 omnisci5ce8 ,if ! div9e =ekn[l$ge goes to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( necessity1 !re is no?+ left t x is wor? :ile to cont5d =2 all moral & !ological int]e/s vani% away4 ,b let u exam9e ! argum5t ( ,edw>ds4 ,?is argum5t consi/s ( ?ree p>ts2 we %all consid] !m 9 ord]4 ,i4 ,edw>ds lays d[n1 t a pa/ ev5t is necess>y1 hav+ already made sure ( exi/5ce2 b div9e =ekn[l$ge is su* an ev5t1 & is !re=e necess>y4 ,?is is equival5t to ! axiom1 t :atev] is1 is4 ,he next affirms1 t :atev] is indissolubly connect$ ) o!r ?+s t are necess>y1 are !mselves necess>y2 b ev5ts infallibly =ekn[n1 h an indissoluble connexion ) ! =ekn[l$ge4 ,h5ce1 ! volitions infallibly =ekn[n by ,god1 h an indissoluble connexion ) 8 =ekn[l$ge1 & are !re=e necess>y4 ,! =ce ( ?is reason+ turns ^u ! connexion betwe5 =ekn[l$ge & ! ev5ts =ekn[n4 ,?is connexion is affirm$ to be indissoluble2 t is1 ! =ekn[l$ge is c]ta9ly connect$ ) ! ev5t4 ,b ?is only am\nts to ! c]ta9ty ( div9e =ekn[l$ge1 & proves no?+ z to ! nature ( ! exi/5ce =ekn[n4 ,we may c]ta9ly "k a pa/ or pres5t ev5t1 b our k ( its exi/5ce def9es no?+ z to ! mann] 9 :i* x came to exi/4 ,i look out ( my w9d[1 & ,i see a man walk+ 9 a c]ta9 direction3 ,i h a positive k ( ?is ev5t1 & x _c b be t ! man is walk+2 b !n my k ( 8 walk+ has no influ5ce ^u 8 walk+1 z cause or necess>y antec$5t2 & ! "q :e!r 8 walk+ be cont+5t or necess>y is entirely di/9ct1 & relates to ! cause ( walk+4 ,i look$ out ( my w9d[ ye/]day1 & saw a man walk+2 & ! k ( t ev5t ,i n[ reta91 s t x _c b be t ! man walk$ ye/]day3 b ?is aga9 leaves ! "q respect+ ! mode ( exi/5ce unt\*$3--,did ! man walk ( necessity1 or 0 x a cont+5t ev5t8 ,n[ let me suppose myself end[$ ) ! faculty ( presci5ce1 suffici5tly to "k ! ev5ts ( to-morr[2 !n by ?is faculty ,i may see a man walk+ 9 ! "t call$ to-morr[1 j z by ! faculty ( memory ,i see a man walk+ 9 ! "t call$ ye/]day4 ,! k1 :e!r x relate to pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 z a k 9 relation to myself1 is always a pres5t k2 b ! object kn[n may /& 9 v>i\s relations ( "t1 place1 c4 ,n[ 9 relation to ! future1 no m ?an 9 relation to ! pa/ & pres5t1 does ! act ( k on my "p1 expla9 any?+ 9 relation to ! mode ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object ( k4 ,edw>ds rem>ks1 7p4 #aba47 ,all c]ta9 k1 :e!r x be =ekn[l$ge1 or aft]-k1 or concomitant k1 proves ! ?+ kn[n n[ to be necess>y1 by "s means or o!r2 or proves t x is impossible t x %\ld n[ be o!rwise ?an true4 ,edw>ds does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! c]ta9ty ( ! m]e fact ( exi/5ce1 & ! necessity by :i* any?+ comes to exi/4 ,=ekn[l$ge1 aft]-k1 & concomitant k1--t is1 ! pres5t k ( ev5ts1 future1 pa/1 or pres5t1--proves ( c\rse ! reality ( ! ev5ts2 t !y w be1 h be51 or are3 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ! k ( an ev5t1 9 any relation ( "t1 is ! affirmation ( its exi/5ce 9 t relation2 b ! k ( ! ev5t nei!r proves nor affirms ! necessity ( its exi/5ce4 ,if ! k ( ! ev5t 7 ! cause ( ! ev5t1 or if x g5]ically compreh5d$ x 9 its own exi/5ce1 !n1 ^u /rict logical pr9ciples1 ! necessity affirm$ ( ! k w\ld be affirm$ ( ! ev5t likewise4 ,t ,god =ekn[s all volitions is grant$2 t z he =ekn[s !m1 !y w be1 is also grant$2 8 =ekn[l$ge ( !m is ! positive affirmation ( _! reality 9 "t future2 b by supposition1 ,god's =ekn[l$ge is n _! cause1 & does n g5]ically compreh5d !m2 !y are caus$ by wills act+ 9 ! future4 ,h5ce ,god's =esee+ h[ ! wills act+ 9 ! "t future1 w put =? or det]m9e _! volitions1 does n take away f ^! wills ! cont+5cy & fre$om belong+ to !m1 any m ?an our witness+ h[ wills act 9 ! "t pres5t1 takes away f !m _! cont+5cy & fre$om4 ,god 9 8 presci5ce1 is ! spectator ( ! future1 z really z we are ! spectators ( ! pres5t4 ,edw>ds's reason+ is a sort ( puzzle1 l t employ$ sometimes = ex]cis+ ! /ud5t ( logic 9 ! detection ( fallacies3 = example1 a man 9 a giv5 place1 mu/ necess>ily ei!r /ay 9 t place1 or g away f t place2 !re=e1 :e!r he /ays or goes away1 he acts necess>ily4 ,n[ x is necess>y1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t a man z well z any o!r body %\ld be 9 "s place1 b !n x does n foll[ f ?is1 t 8 det]m9ation1 :e!r to /ay or g1 is a necess>y det]m9ation4 ,8 necess>y condition z a body1 is entirely di/9ct f ! "q respect+ ! necessity or cont+5cy ( 8 volitions4 ,& s also 9 respect ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge3 all human volitions z ev5ts occurr+ 9 "t1 are subject to ! necess>y condition ( be+ =ekn[n by t ,be+1 :o inhabite? et]nity3 b ?is necess>y condition ( _! exi/5ce nei!r proves nor disproves ! necessity or ! cont+5cy ( _! p>ticul> causation4 ,,ii4 ,! second proposition 9 ,edw>ds's argum5t is1 ,no future ev5t c be c]ta9ly =ekn[n1 ^: exi/5ce is cont+5t1 & )\t all necessity4 ,8 reason+ 9 support ( ?is is z foll[s3 #a4 ,x is impossible = a ?+ to be c]ta9ly kn[n to any intellect )\t evid5ce4 #b4 ,a cont+5t future ev5t is )\t evid5ce4 #c4 ,!re=e1 a cont+5t future ev5t is n a possible object ( k4 ,i dispute bo? premises3 ,t :i* is kn[n by evid5ce or pro( is m$iate k1--t is1 we "k x ?r\gh some?+ :i* is imm$iate1 /&+ betwe5 ! faculty ( k & ! object ( k 9 "q4 ,t :i* is kn[n intuitively is kn[n )\t pro(1 & ?is is imm$iate k4 ,9 ?is way all axioms or fir/ tru?s & all facts ( ! s5ses are kn[n4 ,inde$ evid5ce itself implies imm$iate k1 = ! evid5ce by :i* any?+ is kn[n is itself imm$iate k4 ,to a ,be+1 !re=e1 ^: k fills duration1 future & pa/ ev5ts may be z imm$iately kn[n z pres5t ev5ts4 ,inde$1 c we conceive ( ,god o!rwise ?an imm$iately kn[+ all ?+s8 ,an ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,intellig5ce _c be ?\ght ( "u relations ( "t & space1 or z arriv+ at k ?r\gh m$ia ( pro( or demon/ration4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ premise4 ,! second is equally unt5able3 ,a cont+5t future ev5t is )\t evid5ce4 ,we grant ) ,edw>ds t x is n self-evid5t2 imply+ by t ! evid5ce aris+ f ! necessity ( its nature1 z = example1 #b x #b #d4 ,:at is self-evid5t1 z we h already %[n1 does n require any evid5ce or pro(1 b is kn[n imm$iately2 & a future cont+5t ev5t may be self-evid5t z a fact ly+ be=e ! div9e m9d1 rea*+ into futurity1 al?\gh x _c be self-evid5t f ! necessity ( its nature4 ,b ,edw>ds affirms1 t nei!r is !re any pro( or evid5ce 9 any?+ else1 or evid5ce ( connexion ) some?+ else t is evid5t2 = ?is is also contr>y to ! supposition4 ,x is suppos$ t !re is n[ no?+ exi/5t ) :i* ! future exi/5ce ( ! cont+5t ev5t is connect$4 ,= su* a connexion de/roys its cont+5cy & supposes necessity4 7p4 #aaf47 ,he illu/rates 8 mean+ by ! foll[+ example3 ,suppose t five ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sixty ye>s ago1 !re 0 no o!r be+ b ! ,div9e ,be+1--& !n ?is _w1 or "s p>ticul> body or _s1 all at once />ts out ( no?+ into be+1 & takes on itself a p>ticul> nature & =m--all 9 absolute cont+5ce1--)\t any conc]n ( ,god1 or any o!r cause 9 ! matt]1--)\t any mann] ( gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce1 or any dep5d5ce ^u1 or connexion at all ) any?+ =ego+2--,i say t if ?is be suppos$1 !re 0 no evid5ce ( t ev5t be=eh&4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce ( x to be se5 9 ! ?+ itself2 = ! ?+ itself z yet 0 n2 & !re 0 no evid5ce ( x to be se5 9 any ?+ else2 = evid5ce 9 some?+ else2 is connexion ) some?+ else2 b su* connexion is contr>y to ! supposition4 7p4 #aaf47 ,! am\nt ( ?is reason+ is ?is3 ,t inasmu* z a cont+5t ev5t exi/s )\t any conc]n ( ,god1 or any o!r cause 9 ! matt]1--)\t any mann] ( gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce1--or any dep5d5ce ^u or connexion ) any?+ =ego+1--!re is really no?+ by :i* x c be prov$ be=eh&4 ,if ,edw>ds be "r 9 ?is def9ition ( a cont+5t ev5t1 viz43 t x is an ev5t )\t any cause or gr\nd ( its exi/5ce1 & t !re is no?+ n[ exi/5t ) :i* ! future exi/5ce ( ! cont+5t ev5t is connect$1 !n ?is reason+ mu/ be all[$ to be conclusive4 ,b ,i d n acc$e to ! def9ition3 ,cont+5ce ,i repeat aga91 is n oppos$ to cause b to necessity4 ,! _w may h sprung into be+ by absolute cont+5ce m ?an five ?\s& ye>s ago1 & yet h sprung into be+ at ! comm& ( ,god himself1 & its exi/5ce h be5 =ese5 by him f all et]nity4 ,! cont+5ce expresses only ! fre$om ( ! div9e w1 creat+ ! _w by sov]eign *oice1 & at ! mom5t ( creation1 consci\s ( p[] to )hold ! creative nibus1--creat+ 9 ! light ( 8 inf9ite wisdom1 b f no compulsion or necessity ( motive !re9 f\nd4 ,"u ?is view to =esee creation 0 no?+ diff]5t f =esee+ 8 own volitions4 ,! gr\nd on :i* human volitions c be =ese51 is no less pla9 & reasonable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 future cont+5t volitions are nev] )\t a cause & suffici5t gr\nd ( _! exi/5ce1 ! individual w be+ always tak5 z ! cause & suffici5t gr\nd ( ! individual volitions4 ,god has !re=e provid$ = ! possible exi/5ce ( volitions o!r ?an 8 own1 9 ! creation & con/itution ( f9ite free w4 ,n[1 9 relation to him1 x is n requir$ to conceive ( m$ia by :i* all ! p>ticul> volitions may be made kn[n or prov$ to 8 m9d1 previ\s to _! actual exi/5ce4 ,:atev] he kn[s1 he kn[s by direct & inf9ite intuition2 he _c be dep5d5t ^u any m$ia = 8 k4 ,x is en\gh1 z ,i h already %[n1 to assign him presci5ce1 9 ord] to br+ )9 8 positive k all future cont+5t volitions4 ,he kn[s all ! v>iety & ! full ext5t ( ! possible1 & amid ! possible he =esees ! actual2 & he =esees n only t class ( ! actual :i*1 z decre$ & det]m9$ by himself1 is relatively necess>y1 b also t class ( ! actual :i* is to spr+ up "u ! *>act]i/ic ( cont+5cy4 ,& h]e91 ,i w\ld rem>k1 lies ! sup]iority ( ! div9e presci5ce ov] human =eca/1--9 t ! =m] p5etrates ! cont+5t z accurately z ! necess>y4 ,) ! latt] x is f> o!rwise4 ,human =eca/ or calculation c =esee ! motions ( ! planets1 eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 & ev5 ! flight ( ! comets1 because !y are gov]n$ by necess>y laws2 b ! volitions ( ! human w =m ! subject ( only probable calculations4 ,b if human volitions1 z cont+5t1 =m ! subject ( probable calculations1 !re mu/ be 9 opposition to ,edw>ds some?+ t is evid5t & n[ exi/5t1 ) :i* ! future exi/5ce ( ! cont+5t ev5t is connect$4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( c]ta9ty4 ,fir/1 absolute c]ta9ty4 ,?is is ! c]ta9ty :i* lies 9 necess>y & et]nal pr9ciples e4 g4 #b x #bd2 ! exi/5ce ( space2 e body mu/ be 9 space2 e ph5om5on mu/ h a cause2 ! be+ ( ,god4 ,logical c]ta9ty1 t is1 ! connexion betwe5 premises & conclusion1 is likewise absolute4 ,secondly4 ,physical c]ta9ty4 ,?is is ! c]ta9ty :i* lies 9 ! connexion betwe5 physical causes & _! ph5om5a3 e4 g4 gravitation1 heat1 *emical aff9ities 9 g5]al1 me*anical =ces4 ,! reason conceives ( ^! causes z inh]5tly active & uni=m2 & h5ce1 :]ev] a physical cause exi/s1 we expect its prop] ph5om5a4 ,n[ we d n call ! op]ation ( ^! causes absolutely c]ta91 because !y dep5d ultimately ^u w1--! w ( ,god2 & we c conceive t ! same w :i* orda9$ !m1 c *ange1 susp5d1 or ev5 annihilate !m3 !y h no intr9sic necessity1 /ill1 z causes giv5 9 "t & space1 we conceive ( !m g5]ally z immutable4 ,if 9 any case !y be *ang$1 or susp5d$1 we are compell$ to recognise ! pres5ce ( t w :i* orda9$ !m4 ,su* *ange or susp5sion we call a miracle2 t is1 a surprise1--a wond]1 because x is unlook$ =4 ,:51 !re=e1 we affirm any ?+ to be physically c]ta91 we mean t x is c]ta9 9 ! immutability ( a cause act+ 9 "t & space1 & "u a necessity relatively to ! div9e w2 b /ill n absolutely c]ta91 because !re is a possibility ( a miracle4 ,b :5 we affirm any ?+ to be absolutely c]ta91 we mean t x is c]ta9 z compreh5d$ 9 a pr9ciple :i* is unalt]able 9 its v nature1 & is !re=e indep5d5t ( w4 ,?irdly4 ,moral c]ta9ty1 is ! c]ta9ty :i* lies betwe5 ! connexion ( motive & w4 ,by w we mean a self-consci\s & intellig5t cause1 or a cause 9 unity ) intellig5ce4 ,x is also1 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 a cause p] se2 t is1 x conta9s )9 itself prop] effici5cy1 & det]m9es its own direction4 ,by motives we mean ! reasons accord+ to :i* ! w acts4 ,9 g5]al1 all activity proce$s accord+ to rules1 or laws1 or reasons2 = !y h ! same mean+3 b 9 m]e mat]ial masses1 ! rule is n contemplat$ by ! act+ =ce1--x is contemplat$ only by ! intellig5ce :i* orda9$ & condition$ ! =ce4 ,9 _s1 on ! contr>y1 ! activity :i* we call w is self-consci\s1 & is connect$ ) a p]ception ( ! reasons1 or ends1 or motives ( action4 ,^! motives or ends ( action are ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 ^? f\nd 9 ! ideas ( ! practical reason1 :i* decides :at is fit & "r4 ,^! are reasons ( supreme au?ority4 ,secondly1 ^? f\nd 9 ! und]/&+ & s5sitivity3 e4 g4 ! imm$iately useful & exp$i5t1 & ! gratification ( passion4 ,^! are "r only :5 subord9ate to ! fir/4 ,n[ ^! reasons & motives are a light to ! w1 & s]ve to direct its activities2 & ! human consci5ce1 :i* is b ! reason1 has drawn up = ! w explicit rules1 suit$ to all circum/ances & relations1 :i* are call$ e?ics1 or ! rules4 ,^! rules ! w is n compell$ or necessitat$ to obey4 ,9 e volition x is consci\s ( a p[] to d or n to d2 b yet1 z ! w =ms a unity ) ! intellig5ce1 we take = grant$ t x w obey !m1 unless gr\nds = an opposite conclusion are app>5t4 ,b ! only probable gr\nd = a disob$i5ce ( ^! rules lies 9 a /ate ( s9fulness1--a corruption ( ! s5sitivity1 or a disposition to violate ! h>mony & fitness ( ! spiritual con/itution4 ,h5ce moral c]ta9ty c exi/ only :]e ! h>mony ( ! spiritual be+ is pres]v$4 ,= example3 ,god & good angels4 ,9 ,god moral c]ta9ty is inf9ite4 ,8 dispositions are inf9itely pure1 & 8 w freely det]m9es to d "r2 x is n compell$ or necessitat$1 = !n 8 inf9ite m]itori\sness w\ld cease4 ,moral c]ta9ty is n absolute1 because w be+ a p[] to d or n to d1 !re is always a possibility1 al?\gh !re may be no probability1 nay an inf9ite improbability1 t ! w may disobey ! laws ( ! reason4 ,9 ! case ( angels & good m51 ! moral c]ta9ty is su* z to be att5d$ ) no appreh5sion ( a d]eliction4 ,) respect to su* m5 z ,joseph1 ,daniel1 ,paul1 ,h[>d1 & ,wa%+ton1 we c calculate ) a v high & satisfactory moral c]ta9ty1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y w act 9 any giv5 circum/ances involv+ ! influ5ce ( motives4 ,we "k !y w obey tru?1 ju/ice1 & m]cy1--t is1 ! fir/ class ( motives2 & ! second only s f> z !y are au?oriz$ by ! fir/4 ,if ! fir/ class ( motives are =sak51 !n human conduct c be calculat$ only accord+ to ! influ5ce ( ! second class4 ,human "*1 h[ev]1 is mix$ & v>i\sly comp\nd$4 ,we might make a scale ( an indef9ite numb] ( degrees1 f ! highe/ po9t ( moral excell5ce to ! l[e/ po9t ( moral degradation1 & !n our pr$ictions ( human conduct w\ld v>y ) e degree4 ,9 any p>ticul> case :]e we are call$ ^u to reason f ! connexion ( motives ) ! w1 x is evid5t we mu/ det]m9e ! "* ( ! individual z accurately z possible1 9 ord] to "k ! probable resultant ( ! opposite moral =ces :i* we are likely to f9d4 ,we h rem>k$ t moral c]ta9ty exi/s only :]e ! h>mony ( ! moral con/itution is pres]v$4 ,"h we "k ! "r w be obey$4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 addition to ?is1 h[ev]1 t moral c]ta9ty may almo/ be said to exi/ 9 ! case ( ! l[e/ moral degradation1 :]e ! "r is altoge!r =sak54 ,"h ! rule is1 :atev] is mo/ agreeable2 & ! volition is inde$ m]g$ into ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable4 ,b 9 ! int]m$iate /ate lies ! wide field ( probability4 ,:at is commonly call$ ! k ( human nature1 & e/eem$ ( mo/ importance 9 ! affairs ( life1 is n ! k ( human nature z x ought to be1 b z x is 9 its va/ v>iety ( good & evil4 ,we ga9 ?is k f obs]vation & hi/ory4 ,:at human nature ought to be1 we le>n f reason4 ,on a subject ( s mu* importance1 & :]e x is s desirable to h cle> & def9ite ideas1 ! rhetorical ungracefulness ( repetition is ( little mom5t1 :5 ?is repetition s]ves our great end4 ,i %all be p>don$1 !re=e1 9 call+ ! att5tion ( ! read] to a po9t above sugge/$1 namely1 t ! w is 9 a triunity ) reason & s5sitivity1 &1 9 ! con/itution ( our be+1 is design$ to d]ive its rules & inducem5ts ( action f ^!4 ,acts :i* are 9 ! direction ( nei!r reason nor s5sitivity1 mu/ be v trifl+ acts2 & !re=e acts ( ?is description1 al?\gh possible1 we may conclude are v r>e4 ,9 calculat+1 !n1 future acts ( w1 we may1 l ! ma!maticians1 drop inf9itesimal diff]5ces1 & assume t all acts ( ! w are 9 ! direction ( reason or s5sitivity1 or ( bo? 9 _! h>mony4 ,al?\gh ! w is consci\s ( p[] to d1 out ( ! direction ( bo? reason & s5sitivity1 /ill1 9 ! triunity 9 :i* x exi/s1 x submits itself to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! be+1 & consults ! au?ority ( consci5ce1 or ! enjoym5ts ( passion4 ,n[ e individual has acquir$ = himself habits & a "* m or less fix$4 ,he is kn[n to h submitt$ himself f day to day1 & 9 a great v>iety ( transactions1 to ! laws ( ! consci5ce2 & h5ce we conclude t he has =m$ = himself a fix$ purpose ( do+ "r4 ,he has exhibit$1 too1 on _m occasions1 noble1 g5]\s1 & pure feel+s2 & h5ce we conclude t 8 s5sitivity h>monizes ) consci5ce4 ,or he is kn[n to h violat$ ! laws ( ! consci5ce f day to day1 & 9 a great v>iety ( transactions2 & h5ce we conclude t he has =m$ = himself a fix$ purpose ( do+ wrong4 ,he has exhibit$1 too1 on _m occasions1 l[1 selfi%1 & impure feel+s2 & h5ce we conclude t 8 s5sitivity is 9 collision ) consci5ce4 ,9 bo? cases suppos$1 & 9 l mann] 9 all supposable cases1 !re is pla9ly a basis on :i*1 9 any giv5 circum/ances1 we may =esee & pr$ict volitions4 ,!re is some?+ t is evid5t & n[ exi/5t ) :i* ! future exi/5ce ( ! cont+5t ev5t is connect$4 ,on ! "o h& ^! pr$ictions ex]t no necessitat+ influ5ce ov] ! ev5ts !mselves1 = !y are entirely disconnect$ ) ! causation ( ! ev5ts3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ev5ts ne$ n be assum$ z necess>y 9 ord] to become ! objects ( probable calculations4 ,if !y 7 necess>y1 ! calculations w\ld no long] be m]ely probable3--!y w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 take ! precision & c]ta9ty ( ! calculation ( eclipses & o!r ph5om5a bas$ ^u necess>y laws4 ,b ^! calculations c aim only at moral c]ta9ty1 because !y are made accord+ to ! g5]ally kn[n & receiv$ det]m9ations ( w 9 a unity ) reason & s5sitivity2 b /ill a w :i* is kn[n also to h ! p[] to dep>t at any mom5t f ! l9e ( det]m9ation :i* x has e/abli%$ = itself4 ,?us ! calculations :i* we make respect+ ! conduct ( "o man 9 giv5 circum/ances1 bas$ on 8 kn[n integrity1 & ! calculations :i* we make respect+ ano!r1 bas$ on 8 kn[n di%one/y1 may alike disappo9t u1 ?r\gh ! unexpect$1 ?\gh possible d]eliction ( ! fir/1 & ! unexpect$1 ?\gh possible re=mation ( ! latt]4 ,:5 we reason f moral effects to moral causes1 or f moral causes to moral effects1 we _c reg>d ! op]ation ( causes z positive & uni=m "u ! same law ( necessity :i* app]ta9s to physical causes1 because 9 moral causality ! free w is ! effici5t & la/ det]m9]4 ,x is inde$ true t we reason "h ) a high degree ( probability1 ) a probability suffici5t to regulate wisely & h>moni\sly ! affairs ( society2 b we _c reason respect+ human conduct1 z we reason respect+ ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 because x is possible = ! human w to disappo9t calculations bas$ ^u ! ord9>y influ5ce ( motives3 e4 g4 ! motive does n hold ! same relation to w :i* fire holds to combu/ible sub/ance2 ! fire mu/ burn2 ! w may or may n det]m9e 9 view ( motive4 ,h5ce ! reason :y1 9 common p>lance1 probable evid5ce has receiv$ ! "n ( moral evid5ce3 moral evid5ce be+ g5]ally probable1 all probable evid5ce is call$ moral4 ,! w diff]s f physical causes 9 be+ a cause p] se1 b al?\gh a cause p] se1 x has laws to direct its volitions4 ,x may inde$ violate ^! laws & become a mo/ arbitr>y & incon/ant law unto itself2 b ?is violation ( law & ?is arbitr>y det]m9ation d n arise f x necess>ily z a cause p] se1 b f an abuse ( its lib]ty4 ,z a cause 9 unity ) ! laws ( ! reason1 we expect x to be uni=m1 & 9 its h>moni\s & p]fect movem5ts x is uni=m4 ,physical causes are uni=m because ,god has det]m9$ & fix$ !m accord+ to laws d]iv$ f inf9ite wisdom4 ,! human w may likewise be uni=m by obey+ ! laws ( consci5ce1 b ! dep>tures may also be indef9itely num]\s & v>i\s4 ,to sum up ^! obs]vations 9 g5]al /atem5ts1 we rem>k2-- ,fir/3 ,! connexion on :i* we base pr$ictions ( human volitions1 is ! connexion ( w ) reason & s5sitivity 9 ! unity ( ! m9d or _s4 ,secondly3 ,by ?is connexion1 ! w is se5 to be design$ to be regulat$ by tru? & righte\sness1 & by feel+ subord9at$ to ^!4 ,?irdly3 ,9 ! purity ( ! s\l1 ! w is ?us regulat$4 ,f\r?ly3 ,?is regulation1 h[ev]1 does n take place by ! necess>y gov]nance :i* reason & s5sitivity h ov] w1 b by a self-subjection ( w to _! rules & inducem5ts2--?is con/itutes m]itori\sness1--! opposite conduct con/itutes ill des]t4 ,fif?ly3 ,our calculations mu/ proce$ accord+ to ! degree & fix$ness ( ?is self-subjection to reason & "r feel+2 or :]e ?is does n exi/1 accord+ to ! degree & fix$ness ( ! habits ( wrong do+1 9 a self-subjection to c]ta9 passions 9 opposition to reason4 ,six?ly3 ,our calculations w be m or less c]ta9 accord+ to ! ext5t & accuracy ( our obs]vations ^u human conduct4 ,sev5?ly3 ,our calculations c nev] be att5d$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 because ! w be+ cont+5t1 has ! p[] ( disappo9t+ calculations made ^u ! longe/ obs]v$ uni=mity4 ,eigh?ly3 ,our expectations respect+ ! det]m9ations ( ,deity are att5d$ ) ! highe/ moral c]ta9ty4 ,we say moral c]ta9ty1 because x is c]ta9ty n aris+ f necessity1 & 9 t s5se absolute2 b c]ta9ty aris+ f ! free *oice ( an inf9itely pure be+4 ,?us1 :5 ,god is affirm$ to be immutable1 & :5 x is affirm$ to be impossible = him to lie1 x _c be meant t he has n ! p[] to *ange or to det]m9e contr>y to tru?2 b t !re is an inf9ite moral c]ta9ty aris+ f ! p]fection ( 8 nature1 t he nev] w dep>t f inf9ite wisdom & rectitude4 ,to assign ,god any o!r immutability w\ld be to deprive him ( fre$om4 ,n9?ly3 ,! div9e =esight ( human volitions ne$ n be suppos$ to necessitate !m1 any m ?an human =esight1 inasmu* z =esee+ !m1 has no necess>y connexion 9 any case ) _! causation4 ,aga91 if x does n appe> ess5tial to ! div9e =esight ( volitions t !y %\ld be necess>y4 ,we h se5 t future cont+5t volitions may be calculat$ ) a high degree ( c]ta9ty ev5 by m52 & n[ suppos+ t ! div9e be+ mu/ proce$ 9 ! same way to calculate !m ?r\gh m$ia1--! rea* & accuracy ( 8 calculations mu/ be 9 ! proportion ( 8 intellig5ce1 & h[ f> %ort ( a c]ta9 & p]fect k ( all future cont+5t volitions c inf9ite intellig5ce be suppos$ to fall by su* calculations8 ,t5?ly3 ,b we may n suppose t ! inf9ite m9d is compell$ to resort to d$uction1 or to employ m$ia = arriv+ at any p>ticul> k4 ,9 ! attribute ( presci5ce1 he is really pres5t to all ! possible & actual ( ! future4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird & la/ po9t ( ,edw>ds's argum5t is z foll[s3 ,to suppose ! future volitions ( moral ag5ts1 n to be necess>y ev5ts2 or :i* is ! same ?+1 ev5ts :i* x is n impossible b t !y may n come to pass2 & yet to suppose t ,god c]ta9ly =ekn[s !m1 & kn[s all ?+s1 is to suppose ,god's k to be inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,= to say t ,god c]ta9ly & )\t all conjecture1 kn[s t a ?+ w infallibly be1 :i* at ! same "t he kn[s to be s cont+5t1 t x may possibly n be1 is to suppose 8 k inconsi/5t ) itself2 or t "o ?+ he kn[s is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ano!r ?+ he kn[s4 7page #aag47 ,! sub/ance ( ?is reason+ is ?is4 ,t inasmu* z a cont+5t future ev5t is unc]ta9 f its v nature & def9ition1 x _c be call$ an object ( c]ta9 k1 to any m9d1 n ev5 to ! div9e m9d1 )\t a manife/ contradiction4 ,x is ! same z to say1 he n[ kn[s a proposition to be ( c]ta9 infallible tru?1 :i* he kn[s to be ( cont+5t unc]ta9 tru?4 ,we h "h aga9 an error aris+ f n mak+ a prop] di/9ction1 :i* ,i h already po9t$ out1--! di/9ction betwe5 ! c]ta9ty ( a future volition z a m]e fact exi/5t1 & ! mann] 9 :i* t fact came to exi/4 ,! fact ( volition comes to exi/ cont+5tly2 t is1 by a p[] :i* 9 giv+ x exi/5ce1 is "u no law ( necessity1 & at ! mom5t ( causation1 is consci\s ( ability to )hold ! causative nibus4 ,n[ all volitions :i* h already come to exi/ 9 ?is way1 h bo? a c]ta9 & cont+5t exi/5ce4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y h come to exi/1 = t is a matt] ( obs]vation2 b _! exi/5ce is also cont+5t1 because !y came to exi/1 n by necessity z a ma!matical conclusion1 b by a cause cont+5t & free1 & :i*1 al?\gh actually giv+ exi/5ce to ^! volitions1 _h ! p[] to )hold !m4 ,c]ta9ty & cont+5cy are n oppos$1 & exclusive ( ea* o!r 9 ref]5ce to :at has already tak5 place4 ,are !y oppos$ & exclusive ( ea* o!r 9 ref]5ce to ! future8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may reason on probable gr\nds4 ,cont+5t causes h already produc$ volitions--h5ce !y may produce volitions 9 ! future4 ,!y h produc$ volitions 9 ob$i5ce to laws ( reason & s5sitivity--h5ce !y may d s 9 ! future4 ,!y h done ?is accord+ to a uni=mity self-impos$1 & long & habitually obs]v$--h5ce ?is uni=mity may be cont9u$ 9 ! future4 ,a future cont+5t ev5t may !re=e h a high degree ( probability1 & ev5 a moral c]ta9ty4 ,b to a be+ end[$ ) presci5ce1 :at prev5ts a positive & infallible k ( a future cont+5t ev5t8 ,8 m9d ext5ds to ! actual 9 ! future1 z easily z to ! actual 9 ! pa/2 b ! actual ( ! future is n only t :i* comes to pass by 8 own det]m9ation & nibus1 & !re=e necess>ily 9 its relation to himself z cause1 b also t :i* comes to pass by ! nibus ( con/itut$ wills1 cont+5t & free1 z p[]s to d or n to d4 ,!re is no opposition1 z ,edw>ds supposes1 betwe5 ! infallible div9e =ekn[l$ge1 & ! cont+5cy ( ! ev5t2--! div9e =ekn[l$ge is infallible f its own inh]5t p]fection2 & ( c\rse !re c be no d\bt b t ! ev5t =ese5 w come to pass2 b !n x is =ese5 z an ev5t com+ to pass cont+5tly1 & n necess>ily4 ,! error we h j not$1 appe>s aga9 9 ! coroll>y :i* ,edw>ds imm$iately d$uces f 8 ?ird position4 ,f :at has be5 obs]v$1 he rem>ks1 x is evid5t1 t ! absolute decrees ( ,god are no m inconsi/5t ) human lib]ty1 on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( ! ev5t :i* foll[s su* decrees1 ?an ! absolute =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 7page #aah47 ,! absolute decrees ( ,god are ! det]m9ations ( 8 w1 & compreh5d ! ev5ts to :i* !y relate1 z ! cause compreh5ds ! effect4 ,=ekn[l$ge1 on ! contr>y1 has no causality 9 relation to ev5ts =ekn[n4 ,x is n a det]m9ation ( div9e w1 b a =m ( ! div9e intellig5ce4 ,h5ce ! decrees ( ,god d actually & truly necessitate ev5ts2 :ile ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god ext5ds to ev5ts :i* are n necess>y b cont+5t1--z well z to ^? :i* are pre-det]m9$4 ,edw>ds always conf\nds cont+5cy ) *ance or no cause1 & ?us makes x absurd 9 its v def9ition4 ,he also always conf\nds c]ta9ty ) necessity1 & ?us compels u to take ! latt] univ]sal & absolute1 or to plunge into utt] unc]ta9ty1 d\bt1 & disord]4 ,presci5ce is an ess5tial attribute ( ,deity4 ,presci5ce makes ! ev5ts =ekn[n1 c]ta92 b if c]ta91 !y mu/ be necess>y4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 if ! ev5ts 7 n c]ta91 !y c\ld n be =ekn[n1--= t :i* is unc]ta9 _c be ! object ( positive & infallible k2 b if !y are c]ta9 9 ord] to be =ekn[n1 !n !y mu/ be necess>y4 ,aga93 cont+5ce1 z imply+ no cause1 puts all future ev5ts suppos$ to come "u x1 out ( all possible connexion ) any?+ prec$+ & n[ actually exi/5t1 & consequ5tly all[s ( no basis ^u :i* !y c be calculat$ & =ese54 ,cont+5ce1 also1 z oppos$ to necessity1 de/roys c]ta9ty1 & excludes ! possibility ev5 ( div9e presci5ce4 ,?is is ! c\rse ( ,edw>ds's reason+4 ,n[ if we h reconcil$ cont+5ce ) bo? cause & c]ta9ty1 & h oppos$ x only to necessity1 ?us sep>at+ cause & c]ta9ty f ! absolute & unv>y+ dom9ion ( necessity1 !n ?is reason+ is truly & legitimately set aside4 ,necessity lies only 9 ! et]nal reason1 & ! s5sitivity connect$ ) x3--cont+5cy lies only 9 w4 ,b ! future acts ( w c be calculat$ f its kn[n union )1 & self-subjection to ! reason & s5sitivity4 ,^! calculations are m or less probable1 or are c]ta9 accord+ to ! kn[n "* ( ! p]son :o is ! subject ( ^! calculations4 ,( ,god we d n affirm m]ely ! p[] ( calculat+ future cont+5t ev5ts ^u kn[n data1 b a positive presci5ce ( all ev5ts4 ,he sees f ! beg9n+ h[ cont+5t causes or wills1 w act4 ,he sees ) absolute infallibility & c]ta9ty--& ! ev5ts to him are infallible & c]ta94 ,b /ill !y are n necess>y1 because ! causes :i* produce !m are n det]m9$ & necessitat$ by any?+ prec$+4 ,!y are causes cont+5t & free1 & consci\s ( p[] n to d :at !y are actually engag$ 9 do+4 ,i am p]suad$ t inatt5tion to ! important di/9ction ( ! c]ta9ty impli$ 9 ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 & ! necessity impli$ 9 ! div9e pr$et]m9ation or decree1 is ! great s\rce ( fallaci\s reason+s & conclusions respect+ ! div9e presci5ce4 ,:5 ,god pre-det]m9es or decrees1 he fixes ! ev5t by a necessity relative to himself z an inf9ite & irresi/ible cause4 ,x _c be o!rwise ?an x is decre$1 :ile 8 decree rema9s4 ,b :5 he =ekn[s an ev5t1 he pres5ts u m]ely a =m ( 8 inf9ite intellig5ce1 ex]t+ no causative1 & consequ5tly no necessitat+ influ5ce :atev]4 ,! volitions :i* ,i am n[ consci\s ( ex]cis+1 are j :at !y are1 :e!r !y h be5 =ese5 or n--& z !y n[ d actually exi/1 !y h c]ta9ty2 & yet !y are cont+5t1 because ,i am consci\s t ,i h p[] n to ex]cise !m4 ,!y are1 b !y might n h be54 ,n[ let ! intellig5ce ( ,god be s p]fect1 z five ?\s& ye>s ago1 to h =ese5 ! volitions :i* ,i am n[ ex]cis+2 x is pla9 t ?is =esight does n de/roy ! cont+5cy ( ! volitions1 nor does ! cont+5cy r5d] ! =esight absurd4 ,! supposition is bo? rational & possible4 ,x is n necess>y = u to consid] ! rema9+ coroll>ies ( ,edw>ds1 z ! application ( ! above reason+ to !m w be obvi\s4 ,be=e clos+ ?is "p ( ! treatise 9 h&1 ,i deem x exp$i5t to lay d[n some?+ l a scale ( c]ta9ty4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i %all h to repeat "s ?+s4 ,b x is by repetition1 & by plac+ ! same ?+s 9 new positions1 t we (t5 be/ atta9 p]spicuity1 & succe$ 9 r5d]+ philosophical ideas famili>4 ,fir/3 ,let u consid] m9utely ! di/9ction betwe5 c]ta9ty & necessity4 ,necessity relates to tru?s & ev5ts consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,c]ta9ty relates to our appreh5sion or conviction ( !m4 ,h5ce necessity is n c]ta9ty itself1 b a gr\nd ( c]ta9ty4 ,absolute c]ta9ty relates only to tru?s or to be+4 ,fir/ or intuitive tru?s1 & logical conclusions drawn f !m1 are necess>y ) an absolute necessity4 ,!y d n admit ( negative suppositions1 & are irrespective ( w4 ,! be+ ( ,god1 & "t1 & space1 are necess>y ) an absolute necessity4 ,relative necessity relates to logical conclusions & ev5ts or ph5om5a4 ,logical conclusions are always necess>y relatively to ! premises1 b _c be absolutely necess>y unless ! premises f :i* !y are d]iv$1 are absolutely necess>y4 ,all ph5om5a & ev5ts are necess>y ) only a relative necessity2 = 9 dep5d+ ^u causes1 !y all ultimately dep5d ^u w4 ,consid]$ !re=e 9 !mselves1 !y are cont+5t2 = ! w :i* produc$ !m1 ei!r imm$iately or by second or dep5d5t causes1 is n necessitat$1 b free & cont+5t--& !re=e _! non-exi/5ce is supposable4 ,b !y are necess>y relatively to w4 ,! div9e w1 :i* gave bir? to creation1 is inf9ite2 :5 !re=e ! nibus ( ?is w 0 made1 creation 0 ! necess>y result4 ,! ,deity is "u no necessity ( will+2 b :5 he does w1 ! effect is said necess>ily to foll[--mean+ by ?is1 t ! nibus ( ! div9e w is ess5tial p[]1 & t !re is no o!r p[] t c prev5t its tak+ effect4 ,creat$ w is "u no necessity ( will+2 b :5 x does w or make its nibus1 effects necess>ily foll[1 accord+ to ! connexion e/abli%$ by ! w ( ,deity1 betwe5 ! nibus ( creat$ w & surr\nd+ objects4 ,:]e a nibus ( creat$ w is made1 & effects d n foll[1 x arises f ! necess>ily great] =ce ( a resi/+ p[]1 e/abli%$ by ,deity likewise2 s t :atev] foll[s ! nibus ( creat$ w1 :e!r x be a ph5om5on )\t1 or ! m]e exp]i5ce ( a great] resi/+ =ce1 x foll[s by a necessity relative to ! div9e w4 ,:5 we come to consid] w 9 relation to its own volitions1 we h no m necessity1 ei!r absolute er relative2 we h cont+5cy & absolute fre$om4 ,n[ c]ta9ty we h affirm$ to relate to our k or conviction ( tru?s & ev5ts4 ,necessity is "o gr\nd ( c]ta9ty1 bo? absolute & relative4 ,we h a c]ta9 k or conviction ( t :i* we p]ceive to be necess>y 9 its own nature1 or ( :i* a negative is n supposable2 & ?is1 z bas$ ^u an absolute necessity1 may be call$ an absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! e/abli%$ connexion betwe5 causes & effects1 is ano!r gr\nd ( c]ta9ty4 ,causes are ( two k9ds2 fir/ causes1 or causes p] se1 or cont+5t & free causes1 or w2 & second or physical causes1 :i* are necess>y ) a relative necessity4 ,fir/ causes are ( two degrees1 ! inf9ite & ! f9ite4 ,n[ we are c]ta91 t :atev] ,god wills1 w take place4 ,?is may likewise be call$ an absolute c]ta9ty1 because ! connexion betwe5 div9e volitions & effects is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is n supposable t ,god %\ld w 9 va91 = t w\ld contradict 8 admitt$ inf9ity4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! volitions ( creat$ w & effects1 & ! connexion betwe5 physical causes & effects1 suppos+ ea* ( c\rse to be 9 its prop] relations & circum/ances1 is a connexion ( relative necessity2 t is1 relative to ! div9e w4 ,n[ ! c]ta9ty ( our k or conviction t an ev5t w take place1 dep5d+ ^u volition or ^u a physical cause1 is pla9ly diff]5t f ! c]ta9 k ( a necess>y tru?1 or ! c]ta9 conviction t an ev5t :i* inf9ite p[] wills1 w take place4 ,! w :i* e/abli%$ ! connexion1 may at any mom5t susp5d or *ange ! connexion4 ,i believe t :5 ,i w to move my h& ov] ?is pap]1 x w move1 suppos+ ( c\rse ! cont9u$ heal?9ess ( ! limb2 b x is possible = ,god s to alt] ! con/itution ( my be+1 t my w %all h no m connexion ) my h&s ?an x n[ has ) ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,i believe also t if ,i ?r[ ?is pap] into ! fire1 x w burn2 b x is possible = ,god s to alt] ! con/itution ( ?is pap] or ( fire1 t ! pap] w n burn2 & yet ,i h a c]ta9 belief t my h& w cont9ue to obey volition1 & t pap] w burn 9 ! fire4 ,?is c]ta9ly is n an absolute c]ta9ty1 b a conditional c]ta9ty3 ev5ts w ?us cont9ue to take place on condition ! div9e w does n *ange ! condition ( ?+s4 ,?is conditional c]ta9ty is likewise call$ a physical c]ta9ty1 because ! ev5ts contemplat$ include besides ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 :i* are n s commonly notic$1 ! ev5ts or ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 or nature4 ,b we mu/ next look at w itself 9 relation to its volitions3 ,"h all is cont+5cy & fre$om1--"h is no necessity4 ,is !re any gr\nd ( c]ta9 k respect+ future volitions8 ,if w z a cause p] se1 7 isolat$ & 9 no relation :atev]1 !re c\ld n be any gr\nd ( any k :atev]1 respect+ future volitions4 ,b w is n ?us isolat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x =ms a unity ) ! s5sitivity & ! reason4 ,reason reveals :at ought to be done1 on ! basis ( necess>y & un*angeable tru?4 ,! s5sitivity reveals :at is mo/ desirable or pleasurable1 on ! gr\nd ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,n[ al?\gh x is grant$ t w c act )\t d]iv+ a reason or inducem5t ( action f ! reason & ! s5sitivity1 /ill ! in/ances 9 :i* x does s act1 are s r>e & trifl+1 t !y may be ?r[n out ( ! acc\nt4 ,we may !re=e safely assume z a g5]al law1 t ! w det]m9es accord+ to reasons & inducem5ts drawn f ! reason & ! s5sitivity4 ,?is law is n by its v def9ition1 & by ! v nature ( ! subject to :i* x relates1 a necess>y law--b a law reveal$ 9 our consci\sness z "o to :i* ! w1 9 ! ex]cise ( its fre$om1 does submit itself4 ,9 ! h>mony & p]fection ( our be+1 ! reason & ! s5sitivity p]fectly accord4 ,9 obey+ ! "o or ! o!r1 ! w obeys bo?4 ,) reg>d to p]fect be+s1 !re=e1 we c calculate ) c]ta9ty z to _! volitions "u any giv5 circum/ances4 ,:atev] is comm&$ by reason1 :atev] appe>s attractive to ! pure s5sitivity1 w be obey$ & foll[$4 ,b :at k9d ( c]ta9ty is ?is8 ,x is n absolute c]ta9ty1 because x is supposable t ! w :i* obeys may n obey1 = x has p[] n to obey4 ,nor is x physical c]ta9ty1 = x does n relate to a physical cause1 nor to ! connexion betwe5 volition & its effects1 b to ! connexion betwe5 w & its volitions4 ,nor aga9 c we1 /rictly speak+1 call x a conditional c]ta9ty2 because ! w1 z a p[] p] se1 is "u no conditions z to ! production ( its volitions4 ,to say t ! volitions w be 9 accordance ) ! reason & pure s5sitivity1 if ! w cont9ue to obey ! reason & pure s5sitivity1 is m]ely say+ t ! volitions w be "r if ! will+ p[] put =? "r volitions4 ,:at k9d ( c]ta9ty is x1 !n8 ,i reply1 x is a c]ta9ty altoge!r peculi>1--a c]ta9ty bas$ ^u ! relative /ate ( ! reason & ! s5sitivity1 & _! unity ) ! w2 & z ! comm&s ( reason 9 relation to conduct h receiv$ ! "n ( moral#g laws1 simply because !y h ?is relation1--& z ! s5sitivity1 :5 h>moniz+ ) ! reason1 is !nce call$ morally pure1 because attract+ to ! same conduct :i* ! reason comm&s1--?is c]ta9ty may fitly be call$ moral c]ta9ty4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1 does n m>k degree4 ,does ?is c]ta9ty possess degrees8 ,x does4 ,) respect to ! volitions ( ,god1 we h ! highe/ degree ( moral c]ta9ty1--an inf9ite moral c]ta9ty4 ,he1 inde$1 9 8 inf9ite w1 has ! p[] ( produc+ any volitions :atev]2 b f 8 inf9ite excell5cy1 consi/+ 9 ! h>mony ( inf9ite reason ) ! div9e affections ( inf9ite b5evol5ce1 tru?1 & ju/ice1 we are c]ta9 t 8 volitions w always be "r1 good1 & wise4 ,besides1 he has assur$ u ( 8 fix$ det]m9ation to ma9ta9 ju/ice1 tru?1 & love2 & he has giv5 u ?is assurance z p]fectly kn[+ himself 9 ! :ole et]nity ( 8 be+4 ,let no "o attempt to conf\nd ?is p]fect moral c]ta9ty ) necessity1 = ! di/9ction is pla94 ,if ,god's w 7 affirm$ to be necess>ily det]m9$ 9 ! direction ( tru?1 righte\sness1 & love1 x w\ld be an affirmation respect+ ! mann] ( ! det]m9ation ( ! div9e w3 viz4--t ! div9e det]m9ation takes place1 n 9 cont+5cy & fre$om1 n ) ! p[] ( mak+ an opposite det]m9ation1 b 9 absolute necessity4 ,b if x be affirm$ t ,god's w1 w c]ta9ly g 9 ! direction ( tru?1 righte\sness1 & love1 ! affirmation respects our k & conviction ( ! "* ( ! div9e volitions 9 ! :ole et]nity ( 8 be+4 ,we may inde$ proce$ to inquire aft] ! gr\nds ( ?is k & conviction2 & if ! necessity ( ! div9e det]m9ations be ! gr\nd ( ?is k & conviction1 x mu/ be all[$ t x is a suffici5t gr\nd4 ,b w any man assume t necessity is ! only gr\nd ( c]ta9 k & conviction8 ,if necessity be univ]sal1 embrac+ all be+s & ev5ts1 !n ( c\rse !re is no place = ?is "q1 inasmu* z any o!r gr\nd ( k ?an necessity is n supposable4 ,b if1 at lea/ = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 x be grant$ t !re may be o!r gr\nds ( k ?an necessity1 !n ,i w\ld ask :e!r ! inf9ite excell5ce ( ! div9e reason & s5sitivity1 9 _! p]fect h>mony1 does af=d to u a gr\nd = ! mo/ c]ta9 & satisfactory belief t ! div9e w w create & m\ld all be+ & ord] all ev5ts accord+ to inf9ite wisdom & rectitude4 ,9 ord] to h full confid5ce t ,god w =ev] d "r1 mu/ we "k t 8 w is absolutely necessitat$ by 8 reason & 8 affections8 ,c we n enjoy ?is confid5ce1 :ile we all[ him absolute fre$om ( *oice8 ,c we n believe t ! ,judge ( all ! ,e>? w d "r1 al?\gh 9 8 free & omnipot5t w he h ! p[] to d wrong8 ,& especially may we n believe ?is1 :51 9 8 omnisci5ce & 8 tru?1 he has decl>$ t 8 purposes w =ev] be righte\s1 b5evol5t1 & wise8 ,does n ! glory & excell5cy ( ,god appe> 9 ?is1--t :ile he ha? unlimit$ p[]1 he employs t p[] by 8 free *oice1 only to disp5se ju/ice1 m]cy1 & grace8 ,& does n ! excell5cy & m]itori\sness ( a creature's fai? appe> 9 ?is1--t :ile ,god is kn[n to be s mighty & s absolute1 he is confid$ 9 z a be+ :o w nev] violate any moral pr9ciple or affection8 ,suppose ,god's w to be necessitat$ 9 its wise & good volitions1--! sun disp5s+ heat & light1 & by _! ag5cy unfold+ & reveal+ ! beauty ( creation1 seems z truly excell5t & wor?y ( gratitude1--& ! creature1 ex]cis+ gratitude t[>ds ,god & confid+ 9 him1 holds no o!r relation to him ?an ! sunfl[] to ! sun--by a necessity ( its nature1 ev] turn+ its face upw>ds to receive ! influ5ces :i* m9i/] to its life & prop]ties4 ,! moral c]ta9ty att5d+ ! volitions ( creat$ p]fect be+s is ! same 9 k9d ) t att5d+ ! volitions ( ! ,deity4 ,x is a c]ta9ty bas$ ^u ! relative /ate ( ! reason & ! s5sitivity1 & _! unity ) ! w4 ,:]ev] ! reason & ! s5sitivity are 9 h>mony1 !re is moral c]ta9ty4 ,i mean by ?is1 t 9 calculat+ ! "* ( future volitions 9 ?is case1 we h n to calculate ! relative en]gy ( oppos+ pr9ciples3--all :i* is n[ exi/5t is1 9 ! con/itut$ unity ( ! s\l1 naturally connect$ only ) good volitions4 ,b ! degree ( ! moral c]ta9ty 9 creat$ be+s1 :5 comp>$ ) t att5d+ ! volitions ( ,deity1 is only 9 ! proportion ( ! f9ite to ! inf9ite4 ,! confid5ce :i* we repose 9 ! integrity ( a good be+1 does n arise f ! conviction t 8 volitions are necessitat$1 b f 8 kn[n habit ( obey+ tru? & ju/ice2 & our s5se ( 8 m]itori\sness does n arise f ! impossibility ( 8 do+ wrong1 b f 8 kn[n det]m9ation & habit ( do+ "r :ile hav+ ! p[] ( do+ wrong1 & :ile ev5 "u temptations ( do+ wrong4 ,a c]ta9ty respect+ volitions1 if bas$ ^u ! necessity ( ! volitions1 w\ld n diff] f a physical c]ta9ty4 ,b a moral c]ta9ty has ?is pla9 di/9ction1--t x is bas$ ^u ! evid5tly pure dispositions & habits ( ! individual1 )\t imply+1 h[ev]1 any necessity ( volitions4 ,moral c]ta9ty1 !n1 is pr$icable only ( moral p]fection1 & pr$icable 9 degrees accord+ to ! dignity & excell5cy ( ! be+4 ,b n[ let u suppose any disord] to take place 9 ! s5sitivity2 t is1 let u suppose ! s5sitivity1 to any degree1 to gr[ into opposition to ! reason1 s t :ile ! reason comm&s 9 "o direction1 ! s5sitivity gives ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable 9 ! opposite direction1--& !n our calculations respect+ future volitions mu/ v>y accord+ly4 ,"h moral c]ta9ty exi/s no long]1 because volitions are n[ to be calculat$ 9 connexion ) oppos+ pr9ciples3 calculations n[ atta9 only to ! probable1 & 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,by ! probable1 we mean t :i* has n atta9$ to c]ta9ty1 b :i* nev]!less has gr\nds on :i* x claims to be believ$4 ,we call x probable or proveable1 because x bo? has pro( & is /ill "u conditions ( pro(1 t is1 admits ( /ill f>!r pro(4 ,t :i* is c]ta91 has all ! pro( ( :i* ! case admits4 ,a ma!matical proposition is c]ta9 on ! gr\nd ( necessity1 & admits ( no high] pro( ?an t :i* really demon/rates its tru?4 ,! div9e volitions are c]ta9 on ! gr\nd ( ! div9e p]fections1 & admit ( no high] pro( ?an :at is f\nd 9 ! div9e p]fections4 ,! volitions ( a good creat$ be+ are c]ta9 on ! gr\nd ( ! purity ( su* a be+1 & admit ( no high] pro( ?an :at is f\nd 9 ?is purity4 ,b :5 we come to a mix$ be+1 t is1 a be+ ( reason1 & ( a s5sitivity corrupt$ totally or 9 diff]5t degrees1 !n we h place n = c]ta9ty1 b = probability4 ,z our k ( ! future volitions ( su* a be+ c only be ga!r$ f some?+ n[ exi/5t1 ?is k w dep5d ^u our k ( ! pres5t relative /ate ( 8 reason & s5sitivity2 b a p]fect k ( ?is is 9 no case supposable1--s t1 al?\gh our actual k ( ?is be+ may be su* z to af=d u pro( ( :at 8 volitions may be1 yet1 inasmu* z our k ( him may be increas$ indef9itely by close obs]vation & /udy1 s likewise w ! pro( be increas$4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition ( probability above giv51 !re=e1 our k ( ! future volitions ( an imp]fect be+ c only am\nt to probable k4 ,! direction ( ! probabilities w be det]m9$ by ! prepond]ance ( ! good or ! bad 9 ! mix$ be+ suppos$4 ,if ! s5sitivity be totally corrupt$1 ! probabilities w g5]ally g 9 ! direction ( ! corrupt$ s5sitivity1 because x is "o obs]v$ g5]al fact 9 relation to a /ate ( corruption1 t ! enjoym5ts ( passion are pref]r$ to ! duties enjo9$ by ! consci5ce4 ,b ! /ate ( ! reason itself mu/ be consid]$4 ,if ! reason be 9 a highly develop$ /ate1 & ! convictions ( ! "r consequ5tly cle> & /rong1 !re may be probabilities ( volitions 9 opposition to passion :i* _c exi/ :]e ! reason is undevelop$ & subject to ! errors & prejudices ( cu/om & sup]/ition4 ,! diff]5ce is t :i* is commonly kn[n "u ! t]ms enlight5$ & un5light5$ consci5ce4 ,:]e ! s5sitivity is n totally corrupt$1 ! direction ( ! probabilities mu/ dep5d ^u ! degree ( corruption & ! degree to :i* ! reason is develop$ or undevelop$4 ,) a giv5 /ate ( ! s5sitivity & ! reason1 ! direction ( ! probabilities w dep5d also v mu* ^u ! correlat$1 or ^u ! oppos+ objects & circum/ances3--:]e ! objects & circum/ances agree ) ! /ate ( ! s5sitivity & ! reason1 or to speak g5]ally & collectively1 ) ! /ate ( ! m9d1 ! probabilities w cle>ly be m easily det]m9$ ?an :]e !y are oppos$ to ! /ate ( ! m9d4 ,! law :i* ,edw>ds lays d[n z ! law ( volition univ]sally1 viz3 t ! volition is z ! greate/ app>5t good3 und]/&+ by ! t]m good1 z he does1 simply1 t :i* /rikes u agreeably1 is inde$ a g5]al rule1 accord+ to :i* ! volitions ( *>act]s deeply deprav$ may be calculat$4 ,?is law repres5ts ! individual z gov]n$ :olly by 8 passions1 & ?is m>ks ! wor/ =m ( "*4 ,x is a law :i* _c ext5d to him :o is /ruggl+ "u ! light ( 8 reason aga9/ passion1 & consequ5tly ! probabilities 9 ?is la/ case mu/ be calculat$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,b 9 relation to ! =m] x is a suffici5t rule4 ,probability1 z well z c]ta9ty1 respects only ! k9d & degree ( our k ( any ev5ts1 & n ! causes by :i* ^? ev5ts are produc$3 :e!r ^! causes be necess>y or cont+5t is ano!r "q4 ,"o great error 9 reason+ respect+ ! "* ( causes1 9 connexion ) ! calculation ( probabilities1 is ! assumption t uni=mity is ! *>act]i/ic ( necess>y causes only4 ,! reason+ may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ syllogism3 ,9 ord] to calculate ei!r ) c]ta9ty or probability any ev5ts we mu/ suppose a uni=m law ( causation2 b uni=mity c exi/ only :]e !re is a necessity ( causation2 h5ce1 our calculations suppose a necessity ( causation4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( apply+ to ! w pr9ciples :i* 7 fir/ obta9$ f ! obs]vation ( physical causes1 & :i* really belong to physical causes only4 ,) respect to physical causes1 x is true t uni=mity appe>s to be a *>act]i/ic ( necess>y causes1 simply because physical causes are relatively necess>y causes3--b ) respect to ! w1 x is n true t uni=mity appe>s to be a *>act]i/ic ( necess>y cause1 because ! w is n a necess>y cause4 ,t uni=mity !re=e1 z 9 ! case ( physical causes1 seems to become a *>act]i/ic ( necess>y cause1 does n arise f ! nature ( ! idea ( cause1 b f ! nature ( ! p>ticul> subject1 viz41 physical cause4 ,uni=mity 9 logical /rictness1 does n belong to cause at all1 b to law or rule4 ,cause is simply effici5cy or p[]3 law or rule def9es ! direction1 aims1 & modes ( p[]3 cause expla9s ! m]e exi/5ce ( ph5om5a3 law expla9s _! relations & *>act]i/ics3 law is ! ?\ght & design ( ! reason4 ,n[ a cause may be s condition$ z to be incapable ( act+ except 9 ob$i5ce to law1 & ?is is ! case ( all physical causes :i* act accord+ to ! law or design ( inf9ite wisdom1 & ?us ! uni=mity :i* we are accu/om$ to attribute to ^! causes is n _! own1 b belongs to ! law "u :i* !y necess>ily act4 ,b w is a cause :i* is n s condition$ z to be incapable ( act+ except 9 ob$i5ce to law2 x c oppose itself to1 & violate law1 b /ill x is a cause 9 connexion ) law1 ! law f\nd 9 ! reason & s5sitivity1 :i* law ( c\rse has ! *>act]i/ic ( uni=mity4 ,! law ( ! reason & pure s5sitivity is uni=m--x is ! law ( "r4 ,! law ( a totally corrupt$ s5sitivity is likewise a uni=m law2 x is ! law ( passion2 a law to d :atev] is mo/ pleas+ to ! s5sitivity2 & e individual1 :atev] may be ! degree ( 8 corruption1 =ms = himself c]ta9 rules ( conduct1 & z ! v idea ( rule embraces uni=mity1 we expect 9 e individual m or less uni=mity ( conduct4 ,uni=mity ( physical causation1 is no?+ b ! design ( ! supreme reason develop$ 9 ph5om5a ( nature4 ,uni=mity ( volitions is no?+ b ! design ( reason & pure s5sitivity1 or ( corrupt$ passion develop$ 9 human conduct4 ,! uni=mity ?us n be+ ! *>act]i/ic ( cause z su*1 _c be ! *>act]i/ic ( necess>y cause4 ,! uni=mity ( causation1 !re=e1 argues no?+ respect+ ! nature ( ! cause2 x may be a necess>y cause or x may n4 ,!re is no difficulty at all 9 conceiv+ ( uni=mity 9 a free cont+5t w1 because ?is w is relat$ to uni=m rules1 :i* 9 ! unity ( ! be+ we expect to be obey$ b :i* we also "k d n necessitate ob$i5ce4 ,9 physical causes we h ! uni=mity ( necessitat$ causes4 ,9 w we h ! uni=mity ( a free intellig5t cause4 ,we c conceive ( p]fect fre$om & yet ( p]fect ord]1 because ! free w c submit itself to ! light ( ! reason4 ,inde$1 all ! ord] & h>mony ( creation1 al?\gh spr++ f ! idea ( ! reason1 has be5 con/itut$ by ! p[] ( ! inf9ite free w4 ,x is an ord] & h>mony n necessitat$ b *os5 by a p[] det]m9+ itself4 ,x is altoge!r an assumption incapable ( be+ support$ t fre$om is id5tifi$ ) disord]4 ,( ! words1 ,=ekn[l$ge & ,presci5ce4 ,^! words are metaphorical3 =e & pre d n qualify k & sci5ce 9 relation to ! m9d :i* has ! k or sci5ce2 b ! "t 9 :i* ! k takes place 9 relation to ! "t 9 :i* ! object ( k is f\nd4 ,! metaphor consi/s 9 giv+ ! attribute ( ! "t ( k1 consid]$ relatively to ! "t ( ! object ( k1 to ! act ( k itself4 ,bani%+ metaphor = ! sake ( atta9+ great] p]spicuity1 let u say1 ,fir/3 ,all acts ( kn[+ are pres5t acts ( kn[+1--!re is no =e k & no aft] k4 ,secondly3 ,! objects ( k may be 9 no relation to "t & space :atev]1 e4 g4 pure ab/ract & necess>y tru?1 z #b x #b #d2 & ! be+ ( ,god4 ,or ! objects ( k may be 9 relations ( "t & space1 e4 g4 all physical ph5om5a4 ,n[ ^! relations ( "t & space are v>i\s2--! object ( k may be 9 "t pa/1 or "t pres5t1 or "t future2 & x may be 9 a place ne>1 or 9 a place di/ant4 ,& ! faculty ( k may be ( a capacity to "k ! object 9 all ^! relations "u c]ta9 limitations1 or "u no limitations4 ,! faculty ( k z kn[+ objects 9 all relations ( "t & space1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 is ! faculty z giv5 9 man4 ,we "k objects 9 "t pres5t1 & pa/1 & future2 & we "k objects bo? ne> & di/ant2 b !n our k does n ext5d to all ev5ts 9 any ( ^! relations1 or 9 any ( ^! relations to _! utmo/ limit4 ,! faculty ( k z kn[+ objects 9 all relations ( "t & space1 "u no limitations1 is ! faculty "u its div9e & inf9ite =m4 ,"u ?is =m x compreh5ds ! pres5t p]fectly1 & ! pa/ & ! future no less ?an ! pres5t--& x rea*es ?r\gh all space4 ,god's k is an et]nal n[--an omnipres5t "h2 t is1 all t is possible & actual 9 et]nity & space1 is n[ p]fectly kn[n to him4 ,inde$ ,god's k ought n to be spok5 ( 9 relation to "t & space2 x is inf9ite & absolute k1 f et]nity to et]nity ! same2 x is un*angeable1 because x is p]fect2 x c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,we h %[n be=e t ! p]fection ( ! k does n settle ! mode ( causation2 t :i* comes to pass by necessity1 & t :i* comes to pass cont+5tly1 are alike kn[n to ,god4 ,,conclusion4 ,i "h f9i% my review ( ,edw>ds's ,sy/em1 & 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! opposite sy/em4 ,i hope ,i h n ?\ght or writt5 9 va94 ,! review ,i h aim$ to conduct fairly & hon\rably1 & 9 supreme rev]5ce ( tru?4 ,z to /yle1 ,i h lab\r$ only = p]spicuity1 & :]e a homely expression has be/ answ]$ ?is end1 ,i h n hesitat$ to adopt x4 ,! nice graces ( rhetoric1 z popul>ly und]/ood1 _c be att5d$ to 9 sev]e reason+4 ,to amble on a fl[]y surface ) fancy1 :5 we are m9+ 9 ! dep?s ( reason1 is manife/ly impossible4 ,! great man ) ^: "w ,i h be5 engag$1 ,i hon\r & admire = 8 intellectual might1 & love & v5]ate = a purity & elevation ( _s1 :i* places him among ! mo/ sa9t$ names ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,b h ,i done wrong n to be s$uc$ by 8 g5ius1 nor won & comm&$ by 8 piety to ! belief ( 8 philosophy8 ,i h n done wrong if t be a false philosophy4 ,:5 he leads me to ! cross1 & speaks to me ( salvation1 ,i he> 9 mute att5tion--& "o ( ! old prea*]s ( ! m>tyr age seems to h re-appe>$4 ,b :5 we take a walk 9 ! academian grove1 ,i view him 9 a diff]5t "*1 & "h 8 voice does n s\nd to me s sweet z ,plato's4 ,! fir/ "p ( my und]tak+ is accompli%$4 ,:5 ,i aga9 tr\ble ! public ) my lucubrations1 ,i %all appe> n z a review]1 b 9 an orig9al "w1 :i* 9 its turn mu/ become ! subject ( philosophical criticism4 ,,! ,,end4 ,footnotes #a ,x is rem>kable t ! advocates = necessity h adopt$ a di/9ction made use ( = o!r purposes1 & =c$ x into _! s]vice2 ,i mean moral & natural necessity4 ,!y say natural or physical necessity takes away lib]ty1 b moral necessity does n3 at ! same "t !y expla9 moral necessity s z to make x truly physical or natural4 ,t is physical necessity :i* is ! inv9cible effect ( ! law ( nature1 & x is nei!r less natural1 nor less insurm\ntable1 if x is f ! laws ( _s ?an x w\ld be if x 7 f ! laws ( matt]4--7,)]spoon's ,lectures on ,div9ity1 lect4 xiii47 #b ,natural inability1 & a want ( lib]ty1 are id5tifi$ 9 ?is usage2 = ! want ( a natural faculty ess5tial to ! p]=mance ( an action1 & ! exi/5ce ( an imp$im5t or antagoni/ic =ce1 :i* takes f a faculty suppos$ to exi/1 ! lib]ty ( action1 h ! same be>+ ^u responsibility4 #c ,x is b ju/ice to rem>k "h1 t ! di/9ction ( moral & natural inability is made by _m em95t div9es1 )\t int5d+ any?+ s futile z t we h above expos$4 ,by moral inability !y d n appe> to mean any?+ :i* really r5d] ! actions requir$1 impossible2 b su* an imp$im5t z lies 9 corrupt affections1 an imp$im5t :i* may be remov$ by a self-det]m9ation to ! use ( means & appliances graci\sly provid$ or promis$4 ,by natural ability !y mean ! possession ( all ! natural faculties necess>y to ! p]=mance ( ! actions requir$4 ,9 _! repres5tations ( ?is natural ability1 !y proce$ accord+ to a popul> me?od1 r ?an a philosophical4 ,!y affirm ?is natural ability z a fact1 ! d5ial ( :i* involves mon/r\s absurdities1 b !y give no psy*ological view ( x4 ,?is task ,i %all impose ^u myself 9 ! subsequ5t volume4 ,i %all !re endeav\r to po9t out ! connexion betwe5 ! s5sitivity & ! w1 bo? 9 a pure & a corrupt /ate1--& expla9 :at ^! natural faculties are1 :i*1 accord+ to ! j mean+ ( ^! div9es1 =m ! gr\nd ( rebuke & p]suasion1 & con/itute responsibility4 #d ,! great argum5t t m5 are det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motives1 is a m]e equivocation1 & :at logicians call petitio pr9cipii4 ,x is impossible ev5 to produce any m$ium ( pro( t x is ! /ronge/ motive1 except t x has prevail$4 ,x is n ! greate/ 9 itself2 nor does x seem to be 9 all respects ! /ronge/ to ! ag5t2 b y say x appe>s /ronge/ 9 ! meantime4 ,:y8 ,because y are det]m9$ by x4 ,alas6 y promis$ to prove t ,i 0 det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 & y h only %[n t ,i _h a motive :5 ,i act$4 ,b :at has det]m9$ y !n8 ,c any effect be )\t a cause8 ,i answ]--suppos+ my self-det]m9+ p[] to exi/1 x is z real a cause ( its prop] & di/+ui%+ effect1 z y\r moral necessity3 s t ! matt] j comes to a /&1 & is b "o & ! same ?+ on "o side & on ! o!r4 --7,)]spoon's ,lectures1 lect4 xiii47 #e ,c\s94 #f ,dr4 ,reid4 #g ,lat4 moralis1 f mos1--i4 e4 cu/om or ord9>y conduct4