,,an?ropological ,,pap]s ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,sun ,,dance ,,( ,,! ,,blackfoot ,,indians ,,by ,,cl>k ,,wissl] ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,tru/ees #aiah ,,! ,,sun ,,dance ,,( ,,! ,,blackfoot ,,indians4 ,,by ,,cl>k ,,wissl]4 ,,preface4 ,! ,blackfoot tribes1 p>ticul>ly ! ,piegan1 h be5 m ext5sively /udi$ ?an mo/ o!r ,pla9s ,indians4 ,! writ] began a sy/ematic inve/igation ( _! culture 9 #aijc4 ,at t "t1 ! only works treat+ !m s]i\sly 7 ^? ( ! y\ng] ,h5ry1 ,maximilian1 & ,gr9nell4 ,!re 7 "s good fragm5t>y articles by ,mc,lean & ,hale4 ,yet1 s9ce we began "w on ?is problem1 a numb] ( excell5t books h appe>$4 ,fir/1 ! long-=gott5 j\rnals ( ,ma!w ,cock+ & ,an?ony ,h5dry :o w5t to ! ,blackfoot c\ntry 9 #aged 7 pr9t$4 ,!n foll[$ ,mc,clintock's delightful book1 ,! ,old ,nor? ,trail & lat]1 ,curtis's highly illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! ,piegan4 ,l+ui/ic /udies _h be5 und]tak5 by ,tims1 b lat]1 ,mi*elson1 ,uhl5beck1 & ,jossel9 de ,jong br\ght out /udies ( ! language & "s aspects ( social organization4 ,( m popul> books1 ! only "o to be consid]$ "h is ,s*ultz's1 ,my ,life z an ,indian1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 ! =m ( fiction1 is full ( true pictures ( ,blackfoot life & ?\ght4 ,"o un=tunate ?+ ab\t all ?is subsequ5t activity is t x c5t]$ on ! ,piegan & z ! writ]'s "w 0 l>gely ) t division be=e ^! publications appe>$1 !re 0 no *ance to rectify ?is asymmetry4 ,! publication ( ?is /udy ( ! sun dance has be5 long delay$ 9 ! hope t circum/ances w\ld p]mit a m int5sive /udy ( ! c]emony among ! ,canadian divisions4 ,b ! "t = mak+ su* a /udy has really pass$1 s9ce ^? natives :o _h ! k ess5tial to an accurate exposition ( ! sun dance are n[ dead4 ,x seems advisable1 !re=e1 to publi% ! data z !y /&4 ,! writ] saw ! ,piegan c]emony twice1 s t ?is /udy is bas$ bo? ^u objective obs]vation & discussion ) ! native au?orities on ! subject4 ,lat]1 ,mr4 ,duvall *eck$ ov] ! data & conclusions ) ^! & o!r in=mants4 ,a l>ge s]ies ( photographs 0 tak51 b ! important phases ( ! c]emony are s well %[n 9 ! publi%$ works ( ,mc,clintock & ,curtis t a repetition "h is unnecess>y4 ,,cl>k ,,wissl]4 ,may1 #aiah4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,preface #bbe ,,! ,,sun ,,dance #bbi ,,prep>ation ,,p]iod #bbi ,,program ,,by ,,days #bcj ,fir/ ,day #bcj ,second ,day #bcj ,?ird ,day #bcj ,f\r? ,day #bcj ,fif? ,day #bcj ,six? ,day #bca ,sev5? ,day #bca ,eigh? ,day #bca ,,! ,,v[ #bca ,,c]emony ,,( ,,! ,,tongues #bcd ,,! ,,m$ic9e ,,woman #bdj ,,! ,,procession ,,to ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lodge #bdh ,! ,(f]+ ( ,clo? #bdi ,,! ,,hundr$-,,will[ ,,swea?\se #bej ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lodge #beb ,,cutt+ ,,! ,,?ongs #bed ,,rais+ ,,! ,,sun ,,pole #bef ,,! ,,wea!r ,,danc]s #beh ,,danc+ #bfj ,,society ,,dances #bfb ,,! ,,torture ,,c]emony #bfb ,,sun ,,dance ,,songs #bfg ,,! ,,sun ,,dance ,,camp #bfh ,,my?ological ,,notes #bfh ,,! ,,blood ,,& ,,nor? ,,blackfoot #bgj ,,illu/rations4 ,,text ,,figures4 #a4 ,! ,(f]+ ( ,human ,fle%4 ,drawn f a native sket* #bff ,,! ,,sun ,,dance4 ,9 our e>li] pap] ^u ! bundles ( ! ,blackfoot1 we h conc]n$ ourselves ) c]emonial functions 9 :i* ! own]%ip & *ief responsibility1 9 !ory1 re/$ 9 a s+le individual4 ,we come n[ to an affair initiat$1 x is true1 by ! own] ( ! natoas bundle1 b yet a composite ( o!r rituals & functions1 ea* ( :i* has a def9ite place 9 a program c>ri$ out by ! :ole tribal organization4 ,! only trace ( a simil> tribal p>ticipation is 9 ! n[ almo/ ext9ct tobacco-plant+ c]emonies conduct$ by ! beav] own]s2 b "h !re 0 no complex ( o!r unrelat$ c]emonies & functions4 ,9 %ort1 ! sun dance 0 = ! ,blackfoot a true tribal fe/ival1 or demon/ration ( c]emonial functions1 9 :i* practically e important ritual own] & organization _h a place4 ,nev]!less1 !re 7 c]ta9 rituals peculi> to x :i* gave x its "*4 ,s9ce ! plan ( ?is section is to give an e?nological pres5tation ( ! ,blackfoot sun dance1 r ?an a logically unfold+ description ( ! c]emony z se5 at a specifi$ "t1 we %all pres5t ! g5]al program n[ & take up lat] a some:at analytical detail$ discussion ( ! v>i\s phases ( ! c]emony4 ,by ?is me?od1 we %all be able to conc5trate our att5tion ^u a s+le c]emonial concept )\t ! di/raction aris+ f contemporane\s & intrusive proc$ures bas$ ^u o!r concepts1 = z we %all see1 ?is sun dance is a true composite4 ,! foll[+ s*$ule is n giv5 z ! "o obs]v$ by ! writ]1 b z ! "o reg>d$ z prop] & believ$ to h be5 foll[$ be=e ! v>i\s divisions ( ! ,blackfoot 7 "u ! complete dom9ation ( ! ,canadian & ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5ts4 ,,prep>ation ,,p]iod4 ,aft] mak+ a v[ to pur*ase a sun dance bundle1 ! woman & h] husb& make ! necess>y arrangem5ts & p]=m ! prescrib$ rites4 ,?is is an indef9ite p]iod4 ,at ! approa* ( summ]1 ! invitation tobacco is s5t to all ! b&s & ! camp circle is =m$4 ,,program ,,by ,,days4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,! program op5s ) mov+ camp to a site previ\sly select$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ?is day1 ! m$ic9e woman beg9s to fa/1 :i* may be tak5 z ! real beg9n+ ( ! c]emony4 ,if ! c]emony ( cutt+ ! tongues has n be5 previ\sly p]=m$ or complet$1 x is n[ 9 ord]4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! fa!r & any male assi/ants he may *oose to invite1 sp5d a "p ( ! day 9 pray+ & s++ ov] ! tongues4 ,a society br+s 9 will[s & a hundr$-will[ swea?\se is built4 ,second ,day4 ,9 ! morn+1 ! camp moves aga9 to a site /ill ne>] t propos$ = ! sun dance4 ,a few gre5 b\ghs ( cottonwood are kept ar\nd ! base ( ! m$ic9e woman's tipi z a sign ( its sanctity4 ,a swea?\se is made1 z on ! previ\s day4 ,pray+ & s++ ov] ! tongues cont9ues dur+ ! day & ev5+4 ,?ird ,day4 ,! same z ! second day4 ,f\r? ,day4 ,! camp moves aga92 ?is "t to ! site ( ! sun dance4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 ! f\r? & la/ hundr$-will[ swea?\se is built & us$4 ,! s++ cont9ues dur+ ! ev5+ 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi4 ,fif? ,day4 ,?is is an active day4#a ,! v>i\s b&s cut & drag 9 ! poles & gre5 cottonwood b\ghs to be us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! danc+ lodge4 ,! c5t]1 or sun pole1 is select$ & br\ght 9 ) ! c]emonies p]ta9+ !reto4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! holes = ! po/s are dug & ! sides ( ! danc+ lodge put 9 place & prep>$ = ! rais+ at sunset4 ,a w9d-break is erect$ at ! we/ side1 fac+ ! =k$ end ( ! sun pole4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 "s m$ic9em5 take up _! /ations "h to receive (f]+s to ! sun & place !m on ! pole4 ,9 ! =5oon1 ! c]emony connect$ ) ! op5+ ( ! natoas bundle beg9s 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi4 ,?is is complet$ by ! middle ( ! aft]noon :5 !re is a procession f ! tipi to ! w9d-break fac+ ! sun pole4 ,! ?ongs = ! poles are cut4 ,:ile ^! are tak+ place1 "s food is di/ribut$ among ! poor p4 ,^? wom51 :o1 dur+ ! pa/ season1 promis$ to come =w>d to ! tongues n[ fulfil _! v[s by public decl>ations address$ to ! sett+ sun4 ,! pole rais]s !n approa* f ! f\r qu>t]s1 erect+ fir/ ! sun pole & !n ! raft]s1 ) z mu* spe$ z possible4 ,! m$ic9e woman !n returns to h] tipi & ! fa!r ) 8 male companions goes into a swea?\se4 ,six? ,day4 ,9 ! morn+1 a boo? is erect$ 9 ! danc+ lodge = ! m$ic9em51 or wea!r danc]s4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 !y approa*1 ) processions made up ( _! respective b&s1 & take _! places 9 ! boo?4 ,at v>i\s times dur+ ! day1 !y dance to ! sun4 ,p also come up to be pa9t$ & pray$ =4 ,z a rule1 ! m$ic9e-pipes are br\ght out = ^! m5 to bless & smoke4 ,dur+ ! aft]noon1 ! digg+ dance occurs1 :5 ! fireplace is made & ! fire k9dl$4 ,sev5? ,day4 ,p /ill come to be pa9t$ or pray$ = by ! m$ic9em54 ,lat] 9 ! day1 ! danc+ ( ! societies beg9s4 ,eigh? ,day4 ,! danc+ may cont9ue on ?is day2 o!rwise1 camp is brok5 & ! b&s g _! sev]al ways4 ,! danc+ may cont9ue sev]al days1 !re be+ no def9ite "t = clos+ ! c]emony4 ,inde$1 to ! ,blackfoot m9d1 ! really vital "p ( ! c]emony closes on ! ev5+ ( ! fif? day4 ,! danc+ ( ! societies is free to take its c\rse z ! v>i\s organizations see fit4 ,9 =m] times1 h[ev]1 x 0 cu/om>y to break camp any "t betwe5 ! sev5? & t5? days4 ,accord+ to our in=mation1 ! f\r camps ( ! m$ic9e woman 0 ! rule 9 old5 times & a hundr$-will[ swea?\se 0 made at ea* camp4 ,9 rec5t times1 b two moves seem to h be5 made2 ! fir/ day m>k+ ! move f ! regul> home camp to ! tempor>y "o :]e ! second day is also sp5t4 ,b "o ( ! hundr$-will[ swea?\ses is n[ made--! "o on ! ?ird day4 ,also1 :]e =m]ly !y us$ ! ord9>y type ( swea?\se1 at ! close ( ! f\r? day1 ! m5 n[ return to ! hundr$-will[ swea?\se4 ,! "t !n 0 :5 ! s]vice b]ries are ripe1 p]haps ,augu/1 in/ead ( ,f\r?-(-,july week1 z 9 rec5t ye>s4#b ,ev5 ! fa/ is mu* abbreviat$1 usually b ( two days' duration4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,z 9 _m o!r cases1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at 01 or is1 ! correct s*$ule4 ,"s ma9ta9 t ! timb] & sun pole are br\ght 9 on ! f\r? day & ! fif? day giv5 ov] to ! erection ( ! danc+ lodge only4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( no great mom5t4 #b ,see ,gr9nell1 ,george ,bird1 ,blackfoot ,lodge ,tales 7,new ,york1 #aijc71 #bfd1 = program4 ,,! ,,v[4 ,! mo/ important function>y 9 ! ,blackfoot sun dance is a woman1 kn[n among ! :ites z ! m$ic9e woman1 & ^u a cle> compreh5sion ( h] functions & antec$5ts dep5ds our und]/&+ ( ! c]emony itself4 ,accord+ly1 we %all proce$ ) z complete an exposition ( h] (fice z ! in=mation at h& all[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a sun dance _c occur unless "s woman qualifies = ! (fice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 almo/ inconceivable t !re %\ld be a summ] 9 :i* su* a qualification w\ld n be made4 ,?is attitude ( our in=mants implies t public op9ion _h suffici5t =ce to call out volunte]s aga9/ _! own wills4 ,!re 0 a feel+ t an annual sun dance 01 f a religi\s & e?ical po9t ( view1 necess>y to ! g5]al welf>e1 = :i* "s individual ought to sacrifice p]sonal com=t & prop]ty to ! ext5t requir$ by cu/om4 ,z we %all see lat]1 ?is 0 no small price to pay = a d\btful honor4 ,?is feel+ 0 sure to express itself 9 ! subtle ways peculi> to ,indian society1 if ne$ be1 to ! direct sugge/ion ( a c&idate :o 9 turn felt impell$ to come =w>d z if prompt$ entirely f )94 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! woman qualifies by a v[4 ,(times1 :5 a memb] ( ! family is dang]\sly ill1 "o ( ! wom5 goes out ( ! tipi & rais+ h] eyes to ! sun calls ^u x t heal? may be re/or$ to ! ail+ "o4 ,9 su* an appeal %e (f]s to make gifts to ! sun1 usually specify+ t %e w sacrifice a piece ( clo?1 a dress1 a robe1 an ax1 etc41 :i* are aft] a "t1 provid$ ! sick "o improves1 hung 9 trees or deposit$ ^u a hill4 ,su* appeals are /ill made ) great frequ5cy4 ,x is believ$ t unless ! woman has be5 indu/ri\s1 tru?ful1 & above all1 true to h] m>riage v[s1 h] appeal w n be answ]$4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! woman addresses ! sun %e promises to be ! m$ic9e woman at ! next sun dance4 ,%e h]self may be ill & promise su* a sacrifice 9 case %e receives help4 ,aga91 %e may1 out ( gratitude = ! satisfactory way 9 :i* h] pray]s h be5 answ]$1 ann\nce h] int5tion to take ?is /ep4 ,9 su* a case1 a =mal ann\ncem5t is made to ! sun4 ,9 company ) a man1 usually a m$ic9eman exp]i5c$ 9 ! c]emonies1 %e /eps out into ! camp1 :]e !y face ! sun :om ! man addresses1 expla9+ t z ?is woman ask$ = help 9 "t ( ne$ & t inasmu* z x 0 grant$1 %e 9 turn promises to be ! m$ic9e woman at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,"s su* =mal ann\ncem5t is made 9 e case :]e ! pray]s h be5 answ]$4 ,by ?is =mality1 ! v[ receives public regi/ry4 ,z indicat$ above1 ! pray]s are n always grant$4 ,9 su* cases1 ! promises are n only n b9d+1 b to proce$ ) ! sun dance1 or to take a second>y "p 9 x1 w\ld be to ! detrim5t ( all conc]n$4 ,! fault is said to lie 9 ! woman's life & t only ! wra? ( ! sun w\ld be invok$ by h] p>ticipation 9 ! c]emonies4 ,x may be ask$ if a man c make su* a v[4 ,he may & does (t5 call ^u ! sun1 promis+ gifts ( prop]ty or ev5 scalps & may promise to furni% ! mat]ial support = a wife1 "m1 si/]1 or 9 fact any woman :o w come =w>d to p]=m ! c]emony4 ,?us1 a ,blood *ief once told u t he _h be5 v ill all w9t]2 t he _h tri$ all k9ds ( doctors )\t relief1 until he 0 /ripp$ ( all 8 prop]ty4 ,at la/1 he recov]$ & !n made a v[ t ) ! help ( 8 wife he w\ld give ! sun dance4 ,?is he did1 b1 z he express$ x1 ) great difficulty because he 0 !n poor & did n receive adequate help f 8 relatives4 ,aga91 x mu/ be not$ t wom5 :o d n feel equal to ! responsibility ( ! m$ic9e woman's (fice1 make a v[ to ann\nce publicly _! virg9ity or fai?fulness to _! m>riage v[s1 z ! case may be1 ?\gh = an unm>ri$ woman to make su* a pl$ge is ! exception4 ,?is is spok5 ( z ! go+ =w>d to ! tongues1 ! full mean+ ( :i* w appe> lat]4 ,! mann] & occasion ( mak+ ?is v[ are 9 mo/ respects simil> to ! prec$+4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( ! sun dance proce$+s1 all ! wom5 :o made su* a promise to ! sun1 come =w>d & make _! /atem5ts subject to ! *all5ge ( any man pres5t4 ,?is be>s "s resemblance to ! virg9ity te/s ( ! ,dakota1 b applies m p>ticul>ly to m>ri$ wom5 & m>ital virtue ?an o!rwise4 ,naturally1 ! numb] ( wom5 mak+ promises ( ?is k9d 0 mu* great] ?an = ! m important c]emony4 ,?us1 we h a cu/om ( call+ ^u ! sun 9 "t ( ne$ :i* is an almo/ univ]sal practice1 a m re/rict$ =m ( su* appeal peculi> to wom5 9 s f> t sexual morality is a necess>y qualification1 ! m specific v[ ( go+ =w>d to ! tongues1 & ! exceptional v[ to p]=m ! m$ic9e woman's functions at ! sun dance1 a fair illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* mo/ complex folk c]emonies are support$ by a pyramid ( less & less diff]5tiat$ practices4 ,9 pass+1 x %\ld be not$ t :5 ! v[ is made to p]=m ! m$ic9e woman's functions1 x is lit]ally an obligation to pur*ase a natoas bundle1 or if already ! own] ( a bundle1 to p]=m its ritual4#c ,a woman may own m ?an "o ( ^! bundles at a "t2 inde$1 we h he>d ( a woman pur*as+ new ones at sev]al successive sun dances4 ,?is pur*ase is a fundam5tal feature 9 all bundle c]emonies to :i* ! sun dance bundle (f]s no exception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v[ means m ?an ! m]e pur*ase ( a bundle4 ,we are told t ! requirem5t z to virtue holds /rictly = ! v[ & ! tongue c]emony4 ,a woman c buy a natoas 9 ! ord9>y s5se & h x transf]r$ ) ! ritual ev5 ?\gh %e has n be5 true to h] husb&4 ,we are rem9d$ t ,scabby-r\nd-robe's wife#d 0 n true to h] =m] husb& & t :5 h] husb& receiv$ a beav] bundle !re w5t ) x a natoas & accessories2 b t :ile %e c\ld use !m by virtue ( h] relation to a beav] bundle1 %e 0 n compet5t to make a v[ & initiate a sun dance4#e ,?is is consi/5t ) ! tradition t ! natoas 0 once b\ght f a beav] bundle by a woman :o gave ! sun dance = t ye> & us$ in/ead ( a wrea? ( junip] z 9 =m] c]emonies4 ,x also ?r[s "s light on ! relation ( ! natoas to ! beav] & ! sun dance rituals4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,?is s]ies1 volume #g1 #bae4 #d ,?is s]ies1 vol4 #b1 #hc4 #e ,= example1 we 7 told t "s few ye>s ago ! wid[ ( ,spott$-eagle took ! "p ( ! m$ic9e woman & borr[$ a natoas f ! "m ( ,curly-be>4 ,rec5tly 7#aiaa71 ! latt] di$4 ,!n ! =m] claim$ ! natoas on ! gr\nds t %e _h paid full value = x at ! "t & t %e _h n[ ! mo/ "r to x4 ,curly-be> cons5t$4 ,!n1 aft] an int]val1 ?is woman transf]r$ x to ! wife ( ---- :o made no v[ to give ! sun dance1 = x 0 g5]ally kn[n t ! reputation ( ! new own] p]man5tly disqualifi$ h] = ! function ( m$ic9e woman4 ,,c]emony ,,( ,,! ,,tongues4 ,:ile x is obvi\s f ! prec$+1 t ! m$ic9e woman takes h] v[ at no fix$ p]iod 9 ! ye>1 ! ord] ( proc$ure is su* t z a rule1 %e mu/ h tak5 h] v[ n lat] ?an ! spr+ ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! sun dance occurs4 ,!re is no absolute prohibition to qualify+ at a lat] "t1 z is (t5 ! case at pres5t :5 ! cons5t ( ! ,indian ,ag5t mu/ be obta9$ be=e ! c]emony is p]mitt$1 b ! normal ord] seems to be z j /at$4 ,any way1 9 ! spr+1 ! m$ic9e woman calls ^u h] relatives = buffalo tongues 79 rec5t ye>s1 ^? ( cattle74 ,^! are !n sav$ z reque/$4 ,9 pass+1 x may be not$ t 9 all c]emonies1 ! p]sons ^u :om ! burd5 ( responsibility falls h n only an inh]5t "r to call ^u _! blood relatives1 b ^! 9 turn are "u obligations to respond4 ,! numb] ( tongues requir$ is unc]ta91 "s in=mants claim+ t !re %\ld be an ev5 hundr$1 o!rs1 t f\r to five full p>fle*es 0 ! /&>d4 ,naturally1 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! numb] has be5 mu* less4 ,^! tongues are to be slic$1 p>boil$1 & dri$ l meat4 ,! slices1 h[ev]1 mu/ be p]fect1 )\t holes1 & come f ! int]ior ( ! tongue4 ,! slic+ ( ^! tongues appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ c]emony ( ! cycle4 ,x is conduct$ by a man1 usually ! fa!r1 :o =mally ann\nc$ ! woman's v[ & :o conducts all ! c]emonies 9 :i* ! m$ic9e woman takes "p4 ,!re is no /ipulation t ! same man mu/ direct all p>ts ( ! c]emony1 b1 by cu/om1 ?is (fice is p]=m$ annually by ! same man s long z he is physically capable4 ,to ?is c]emony are call$ ! m$ic9e woman1 ! wom5 :o h promis$ to g =w>d to take ! tongues1 & sometimes ^? hav+ previ\sly p]=m$ ^! functions4 ,! mann] ( =mally regi/]+ ! v[ & ( collect+ ! tongues is /at$ z foll[s3-- ,n[ ! woman :o made ! v[ calls on a man & woman :o h be5 ?r\gh ! m$ic9e lodge c]emony to ann\nce x4 ,! man & woman come to h] tipi & pa9t h] clo!s & face & ^? ( ! relative = :om ! v[ 0 made ) r$ pa9t4 ,pray]s are (f]$ = !m & a few songs sung4 ,aft] ?is1 ! f\r /& 9 front ( ! tipi & ! man ann\nces ! v[4 ,he says1 ,sun1 %e is go+ to make a sun lodge = y4 ,i ?9k y & ^? :o are above c he> :at is said4 ,!n !y move 9 turn to ! s\?1 we/1 & nor? side ( ! tipi1 repeat+ ! same words at ea* /op & f9ally ent] ! tipi4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 :5 ! p run buffalo1 ! woman has h] tipi a little t[>ds ! front or c5t]4 ,x may be t %e is only ) "o ( ! b&s1 :ile ! re/ are camp$ else:]e4 ,h] tipi /&s alone a little to ! we/ ( ! o!rs4 ,! p are !n notifi$ t ! tongues are to be giv5 to ! woman4 ,h] husb& m\nts 8 horse & sets out1 tak+ a pipe & tobacco1 b no weapons ) him4 ,:5 he f9ds a man but*]+1 he sits d[n on a robe1 fills 8 pipe1 prays = ^? pres5t1 & smokes ) !m4 ,! but*] cuts out ! tongue1 wipes x (f ) sagegrass1 & places x ne> ! man1 :o has spread "s buffalo dung ) sagegrass on top ( x 9 a r[ be=e him4 ,! tongues are plac$ on ! sage & dung4 ,! man !n takes ! tongues & rides to :]e ! next man is but*]+ & goes ?r\gh ! same proc$ure4 ,aft] he has ga!r$ up all ! tongues he takes !m home4 ,ea* "t buffalo are kill$ ! man rides out to ga!r 9 tongues until he has accumulat$ a hundr$4 ,! tongues hav+ be5 collect$1 an important c]emony foll[s ) _! boil+ & slic+4 ,an exp]i5c$ man & woman are invit$ to direct2 ^! are spok5 ( z ! fa!r & ! "m4 ,also1 all ! wom5 hav+ made a v[ to g =w>d to ! tongues are invit$4 ,9 addition1 a numb] ( wom5 & m5 famili> ) ! c]emonies are call$4 ,! woman mak+ ! v[ 7! daught]7 & h] husb& 7! son7 sit at ! back ( ! fire2 next to ! =m]1 sits ! "m & !n ! o!r wom52 next to ! latt]1 sits ! fa!r & !n ! m5 9 ord]4 ,! m5 sit on ! nor? side & ! wom5 on ! s\?4 ,at ! prop] mom5t1 ! "m br+s 9 ! tongues1 pass+ ar\nd to ! s\? side1 & lays !m 9 r[s on a half ra:ide back ( ! fire4 ,all ! wom5 hav+ made v[s are n[ call$ ^u to slice ! tongues4 ,_! husb&s mu/ be pres5t4 ,! tongues are slit op5 & ! wom5 are invit$ to slice & boil !m4 ,:5 all ! gue/s are pres5t1 "o ( ! tongues is tak5 & pa9t$ black on "o edge & r$ on ! o!r1 & giv5 to ! woman :o made ! v[4 ,! re/ ( ! tongues are h&$ to ! wom5 = sk9n+ & slic+2 if !re 7 m tongues ?an wom51 ea* 0 giv5 m ?an "o to slice4 ,aft] all ! wom5 h ! tongues1 ! woman ) ! pa9t$ tongue makes a confession1 say+1 ,sun1 ,i h be5 true to my husb& ev] s9ce ,i h be5 ) him & all my life4 ,help me1 = :at ,i say is true4 ,i w sk9 ?is tongue )\t cutt+ a hole 9 x or cutt+ my f+]s4 ,! next woman also makes a confession1 & s on4 ,aft] all h confess$1 !y comm5ce to sk9 ! tongues4 ,z ! fir/ woman takes up ! knife1 ! song runs3 ,a %>p ?+ ,i h tak52 x is p[]ful4 ,! knife is pa9t$1 "o half r$1 ! o!r black4 ,%\ld any ( ! wom5 cut a hole 9 ! tongue sk9 or cut _! f+]s1 x is a sign t !y mu/ h li$ & !y are ord]$ f ! tipi4 ,at ! outset1 ea* woman c>efully exam9es h] tongue to see if ! sk9 is p]fect4 ,%\ld a hole be f\nd1 ! tongue is pass$ to ! director :o m>ks x ) black pa9t4 ,aft] ! tongues are all sk9n$ & slic$1 !y are pass$ back to ! woman :o di/ribut$ !m & plac$ 9 a wood5 b[l4 ,! sk9s ( ! tongues are ti$ 9 bun*es ) s9ew s t !y c tell to :i* woman ! sk9s belong4 ,! sk9s are to be boil$ by two wom54 ,two /icks are giv5 to "o woman & "o to ! o!r4 ,all ?is "t s++ is go+ on4 ,! woman :o has ! two /icks pa9ts !m black1 :ile ! woman :o has ! o!r1 pa9ts x r$4 ,! ?ree /icks are ti$ toge!r at "o end & are us$ z a tripod = hang+ ! kettle 9 :i* ! sk9s ( ! tongues are to be boil$4 ,! legs ( ! tripod1 ! wood5 kettle hook1 & all o!r /icks are pa9t$ half 9 r$ & half 9 black4 ,also1 ! kettle is m>k$ ) f\r v]tical b&s ( black & f\r ( r$4 ,! f\r blunt /icks = /irr+ ! pot are pa9t$ 9 pairs1 r$ & black4 ,a r$ & black pa9t$ /ick is slipp$ ?r\gh ! bail1 pass$ ar\nd to ! nor? ( ! tipi1 & h&$ to ! two wom54 ,dur+ all ^! movem5ts !re is pray+ & s++4 ,! wom5 ea* take hold ( "o end ( ! /ick & g = wat]4 ,!y make f\r pauses on ?is j\rney1 ea* "t pray+ to ! sun & ass]t+ _! m>ital rectitude & rec\nt+ su* occasions z !y h be5 improp]ly approa*$ by a man4 ,all ?is "t1 ! fa!r & 8 assi/ants s+ 9 ! tipi4 ,"o ( ! wom5 takes a cup1 makes f\r movem5ts ) x & dips ! wat]4 ,at ?is mom5t ! song runs3-- ,! wat] t ,i see4 ,wat] is sacr$4 ,on ! return1 ! wom5 make f\r pauses z be=e4 ,:5 ! pail is f9ally )9 ! tipi1 inc5se is burn$ betwe5 ! fireplace & ! door & ! pail held 9 ! smudge4 ,! fa!r takes up ! bo>d ^u :i* "s ( ! tongues lie & :ile hold+ x up 9 "o h&1 %akes ! cup ab\t 9 ! wat]1 mean:ile mak+ a noise l ! buffalo1 f9ally /rik+ ! pail a bl[ ) ! cup4 ,"h ! song runs3-- ,buffalo w dr9k4 ,?is may be tak5 z m>k+ "o /age ( ! c]emony4 ,! boil+ ( ! tongue is n[ 9 ord]4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! fa!r />ts ! songs 9 ! next s]ies4 ,! two wom5 hook ! kettle on ! tripods & :ile ! kettle is heat$1 !re are o!r songs & inc5se burn$ & ! song runs3-- ,:]e ,i 7buffalo speak+7 sit is sacr$4 ,:ile ! wat] boils1 ! director takes up a tongue1 holds x above ! kettle1 l[]s x sl[ly1 mak+ a noise z if some?+ 7 dr9k+4 ,aft] ?is1 ! wom5 place ! tongues 9 ! kettle & proce$ ) ! boil+4 ,"h or else:]e1 songs accompany ! c]emonial acts4 ,! pot mu/ n boil ov]4 ,:5 ! tongues h cook$1 ! two wom5 rise & /& by ! fire z ! songs beg94 ,at ! prop] mom5t1 !y remove ! kettle & place x on ! spot :]e ! smudge 0 made4 ,fir/1 !y take out ! pa9t$ tongues & !n ! o!rs4 ,! fa!r takes up a small piece1 s++3-- ,old ,man 7sun71 he wants pemmican4 ,he wants to eat4 ,old ,woman 7moon71 %e wants back fat4 ,%e wants to eat4 ,morn+/>1 he wants bro?4 ,he wants to eat4 ,!n ! pa9t$ tongue is pass$ to ! daught]4 ,n[1 ea* ( ! wom5 te>s (f a bit ( ! tongue sk9 & all hold up ! pieces & pray4 ,aft] ! pray]s1 ! pieces are plac$ 9 ! e>? & ! tongues are hung up to dry4 ,fir/1 ! rope is tak5 up & a song sung4 ,! woman :o made ! v[1 rises & ties "o end ( ! rope to ! tipi pole on ! nor? side & ! o!r end to ! tipi pole on ! s\? side1 a little to ! we/ ( ! fireplace4 ,all ! tongues1 bo? pa9t$ & unpa9t$1 are hung on ?is rope4 ,dur+ all ^! c]emonies !re is no regul> smudge4 ,! smudges are made ) sweetgrass on ! grass ne> ! re> ( ! tipi4 ,! tongues are left to hang = two days be=e !y are tak5 d[n to be cook$4 ,:5 ! tongues h be5 hung1 all return to _! homes1 ! wom5 tak+ ! tongue sk9s ) !m = _! relatives to eat1 z !y are consid]$ to be bless$ & suppos$ to br+ good luck4 ,aft] two days1 all meet aga9 9 ! same tipi4 ,! two wom5 :o w5t = ! wat] place ! tripods ov] ! fire & :ile songs are sung1 ! pot is pass$ to !m ) ! r$ pa9t$ /icks4 ,! two wom51 ea* hold+ "o end ( ! /ick1 g = wat]1 pray+ on ! way4 ,:5 !y return to ! tipi a smudge1 ov] :i* !y hold ! bucket ( wat]1 is made betwe5 ! door & ! fireplace4 ,!n ! bucket is plac$ beside ! smudge4 ,:ile ! o!rs s+1 ! woman :o made ! v[ rises & fir/ takes ! pa9t$ tongue & !n ! o!rs f :]e !y 7 hung4 ,!y are !n plac$ on a buffalo hide & ! woman returns to h] place4 ,f\r wom5 sit d[n ne> ! tongues2 ea* "o takes a tongue1 "o ( :i* is ! pa9t$ "o4 ,kneel+ & sway+ _! bodies 9 "t ) ! songs1 !y s+ ! buffalo songs4 ,! pa9t$ tongue is plac$ 9 ! kettle fir/ & a song is sung3 ,:5 buffalo g to dr9k2 x is p[]ful4 ,:]e buffalo sit is p[]ful 7natojiwa74 ,!n ! re/ ( ! tongues are plac$ 9 ! pot :i* is hook$ on ! tripod ov] ! fire4 ,songs are sung & f\r /icks1 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! =e>m1 = /irr+ ! tongues1 are plac$ :]e ! tongues 7 fir/ plac$4 ,"o ( ! cooks takes a pair ( ! /icks & /irs ! tongues ) !m4 ,:5 remov+ ! tongues f ! kettle !y are held betwe5 two ( ^! /icks4 ,ano!r song1 call$ ! song ( re/ is sung1 & all re/ = a "t & smoke4 ,:5 ! tongues are cool$1 ano!r song is sung1 ! two cooks rise1 & tak+ ! pot1 place x ov] ! smudge place ne> ! door4 ,to ! s++ ( songs1 ! pa9t$ tongue fir/1 & !n ! o!rs1 are tak5 out & plac$ on half a ra:ide4 ,! s\p is p\r$ into wood5 b[ls & di/ribut$ among ^? pres5t4 ,no t9 cups mu/ be us$ 9 dr9k+ ?is s\p4 ,:ile all s+1 ! woman :o made ! v[ rises & fir/ takes ! pa9t$ tongue & !n all ! o!rs & hangs !m up z be=e4 ,?is ends ! c]emony4 ,two days lat]1 ! same p>ticipants are call$ toge!r to ! same tipi & ! woman rises & takes fir/ ! pa9t$ tongue & !n ! o!rs f :]e !y 7 hung4 ,a p>fle*e is br\ght & a buffalo song sung3 ,buffalo ,i take4 ,:]e ,i sit is p[]ful4 ,! pa9t$ tongue & !n ! o!rs are plac$ on ! p>fle*e4 ,wild pepp]m9t is put 9 ) ! tongues1 ! p>fle*es are ti$ up & plac$ at ! re> ( ! tipi4 ,sometimes tongues are dri$ 9 front ( ! tipi on a /age made by sett+ up two travois ) a lodge pole ti$ betwe5 !m4 ,! man & woman :o lead ! c]emony mu/ n h any metal ab\t !m4 ,brass r+s1 e>r+s1 & all su* tr9kets mu/ be tak5 (f4 ,nor mu/ !re be any knives 9 ! vic9ity4 ,ev5 ! knives ) :i* ! tongues are cut are tak5 out4 ,no "o mu/ spit 9 front ( him1 b always close to ! wall "u ! b$s4 ,if !y d1 x w ra94 ,no wat] is br\ght into ! m$ic9e lodge & :5 wat] is br\ght1 x is cov]$4 ,! only "t :5 x is p]mitt$ to eat or dr9k is be=e sunrise & aft] sunset4 ,!y mu/ be giv5 food by ! in/ructors4 ,! pray]s 9 ?is c]emony are pray]s = good luck = ev]yone 9 ! camp4 ,?is closes ! prelim9>ies to ! c]emonies lead+ to ! sun dance & may be designat$ z ! cutt+ ( ! tongues4 ,z 9 mo/ o!r cases1 !re seems to h be5 consid]able v>iation 9 ?is proc$ure1 bo? z to "t & ord]4 ,c]ta9ly1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 x has be5 mu* abbreviat$4 ,z impli$ 9 ! program1 ?is c]emony may be p]=m$ on ! fir/ day4 ,! ga!r+ ( tongues 0 dep5d5t ^u circum/ances & aft] ! days ( ! great buffalo drives 0 a matt] ( gradual accumulation4 ,?us1 x 0 expla9$ t by necessity1 ! cutt+ 0 (t5 repeat$1 ?\gh naturally ) less c]emony4 ,! p>fle*es conta9+ tongues are kept 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi :]e !y are pray$ & sung ov] dur+ ! fir/ & second days ( ! program4 ,! und]ly+ ?\ght seems to be t !y are consecrat$ to ! sun4 ,9 ! procession ( ! f\r? day1 ! p>fle*es are c>ri$ beh9d ! m$ic9e woman by h] att5dants4 ,9 =m] ye>s1 ^! 7 ! wom5 :o _h promis$ to g =w>d to ! tongues4 ,!y are pres5t at ! c]emony 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi & may be said to be 9 att5dance dur+ ! entire fa/+ p]iod4 ,at ! "t indicat$ 9 ! program1 ! p>fle*es are op5$ & ! wom5 9 turn /ep out ) "s ( ! dri$ tongue1 face ! we/1 & ea* hold+ up a piece1 address ! sun !n ne>+ ! horizon4 ,!y decl>e _! innoc5ce ( adult]y1 z at ! "t ( mak+ ! v[ & cutt+ ! tongues4 ,!y also pray = !mselves & _! relatives aft] :i* !y di/ribute dri$ tongue among !m4 ,f9ally1 !re is a g5]al di/ribution ( tongues among ! p4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ano!r aspect ( _! appe>ance at ?is po9t4 ,! ,blackfoot assume t _m wom5 h at "o or m p]iods ( _! lives be5 invit$ by a man to commit ! (f5ce & t (t5 ! occasion is "o ( great temptation or calls = great pres5ce ( m9d & w p[]4 ,n[1 :5 address+ ! sun1 if s approa*$1 ! woman n>rates ! circum/ances1 nam+ ! m5 committ+ ! (f5ce1 & rec\nts ! mann] ( h] refusal4 ,9 nam+ ! (f5d]1 !y usually say1 ,i suppose he he>s :at ,i say4 ,^! wom5 are also subject to *all5ge ( _! hav+ committ$ adult]y4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t ! "p !y take 9 ! c]emony is an ordeal = :i* mo/ wom5 h little lik+ & "o :i* !y w n und]take lightly4 ,! ,blackfoot1 !mselves1 reg>d x z "o ( ! mo/ solemn occasions 9 ! c]emony4 ,s f> z we c\ld le>n1 no "o n[ liv+ 0 ev] pres5t :5 "o ( ^! wom5 0 *all5g$1 b ! nam+ ( m5 :o 7 guilty ( improp] advances 0 n unusual4 ,a retrospect ( ! concept ( ! tongues indicates t ! entire c]emony1 or _! association ) ! m$ic9e woman & ^? :o are sexually pure1 gives !m a pot5cy t may be acquir$ by eat+4 ,!y seem mo/ closely associat$ ) sexual purity s9ce !y are less prim>y 9 ! function ( ! m$ic9e woman ?an 9 case ( ^? :o g =w>d1 ! =m] be+ requir$ to possess _m virtues1 ! latt] b "o4 ,:ile ! m$ic9e woman fa/s & keeps to h] tipi1 ! o!rs d n4 ,,! ,,m$ic9e ,,woman4 ,we %all n[ give our att5tion to ! m$ic9e woman4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 %e is 9 mo/ respects ! c5tral figure 9 ! :ole c]emony1 ar\nd :om c5t]s its m s]i\s & solemn aspects4 ,on ! fif? day1 an elaborate ritual is demon/rat$ 9 h] tipi1 culm9at+ 9 ! procession to ! danc+ lodge4 ,to ?is ritual belongs a m$ic9e bundle ) accessories1 kn[n z ! natoas1 ?\gh ! "n is prim>ily t ( ! headdress :i* ! bundle conta9s4 ,?is bundle is transf]r$ 9 ! rituali/ic way to ! m$ic9e woman by ! c]emony & ?us becomes h]s to c>e = & gu>d until us$ aga9 at ano!r sun dance c]emony4 ,! ritual & ! bundle h be5 discuss$ 9 detail 9 ,volume #g ( ?is s]ies4 ,9 addition to ! cont5ts ( ! bundle1 !re mu/ be a special robe ( elksk91 a dress ( ! same mat]ial1 & wri/lets ( /rong elk tee?4 ,a new travois mu/ be provid$ = mov+ ! m$ic9e woman outfit4 ,sometimes %e h]self rides on x4 ,?is travois is made by ! pa/ m$ic9e woman1 h] att5dant 9 ! c]emonies4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! natoas ritual 9 ! sun dance has = its my?ical basis ! ,elk-woman & ! ,woman-:o-m>ri$-a-/>1 ?\gh ,sc>-face1 ,cuts-wood1 ,ott]-woman1 & ,scabby-r\nd-robe are said to h made m9or contributions4 ,v]sions ( ^! my?s may be consult$ 9 ,volume #b1 "p #a ( ?is s]ies4 ,! ,woman-:o-m>ri$-a-/> is cr$it$ ) br++ d[n ! digg+-/ick & ! turnip1 toge!r ) ! songs p]ta9+ !reto 7p4 #fa71 also a wrea? ( junip] =m]ly worn 9 place ( ! natoas & ! eagle fea!r worn by ! man4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! ,crane-woman :o transf]s ! rituali/ic attributes ( ^! objects makes a =mal decl>ation ( h] m>ital virtue4 ,9 ! case ( ,elk-woman1 we h aga9 ! incid5t ( ! ,crane & ! digg+-/ick :]e x is impli$ t ! latt] symbolizes ! bill ( ! =m]4 ,we are in=m$ t _m animals 7 pres5t at ?is transf]1 ea* contribut+ some?+ to ! regalia4 ,we also f9d x sugge/$ t ! bun*es ( fea!rs on ! natoas repres5t ! horns ( ! elk1 ! elk robe & elk tee? wri/lets fur!r symboliz+ t animal4 ,9 "o v]sion ( ?is my? is ! antagoni/ic implication t ,elk-woman 0 n q up to ! /&>d ( m>ital virtue4 ,9 ! ,cuts-wood my? ! go+ =w>d to ! tongues is acc\nt$ =4 ,scabby-r\nd-robe is cr$it$ ) add+ ! necklace & ! arr[ po9t to ! natoas & ,ott]-woman ) ! wild cat-tail4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( an in=mant has a be>+ ^u ?is po9t3-- ,! natoas is said to h come f ! ,elk4 ,x 0 fir/ own$ by beav] bundle m51 b x 0 ! cu/om = ! m$ic9e woman 9 ! sun dance to borr[ x = h] c]emony4 ,?is cont9u$ = a "t1 b ultimately ! m$ic9e woman b\ght x & kept x 9 a bundle ( h] own4 ,! fea!rs on ! front ( ! natoas are said to repres5t ! horns ( ,elk & ! plumes at ! sides1 ! leafy top ( ! l>ge turnip4 ,?is is ! same turnip :i* ! woman :o w5t to ! sky l& is suppos$ to h dug up4 ,! digg+-/ick :i* accompanies ! natoas also repres5ts ! /ick ) :i* %e did ?is digg+4 ,"s ( ! songs 9 ! natoas ritual speak ( little *ildr5 runn+ ab\t & ?is ref]s to ! ball-l image on ! front ( ! natoas1 = ?is image is /uff$ ) tobacco se$s1 :i*1 z y "k1 are (t5 spok5 ( z *ildr51 or dw>fs 7p4 #bja74 ,! broad b& ^u :i* ! natoas is m\nt$ is said to repres5t ! liz>d4 ,all ^! ?+s1 x is said1 7 add$ to ! natoas1 "o at a "t1 by "s ( ! beav] m54 ,s x came ab\t t we h ! natoas z x is4 ,n[1 z to ! /ory ab\t ! ,elk giv+ ! ,natoas ! robe & ! wri/lets us$ ) x4 ,! objection is sometimes made t ?is fir/ woman :o ran away f h] husb& to jo9 ! ,elk 0 n a true woman & t ! facts are !re=e inconsi/5t ) ! ideal ( ! natoas ritual4 ,yet1 "s ( our p claim t ! woman 0 true & t ?\gh %e w5t away ) ! ,elk x 0 m]ely = ! sake ( receiv+ ! ritual & t ?is is evid5t because 9 ! /ory x tells h[ %e 0 able to hook d[n trees by h] magical p[]s & x is n conceivable t %e c\ld d ?is if %e _h n be5 a true woman4 ,! c]emonial transf] ( ! sun dance bundle really beg9s ) ! fa/+ ( ! m$ic9e woman on ! fir/ day4 ,nei!r %e nor h] husb& are suppos$ to eat or dr9k :ile ! sun is visible1 & !n b sp>+ly4 ,on ! ev5+ be=e1 !y are put to b$ by ! fa!r & "m4 ,! "m places ! daught] on ! s\? side ( ! fire & ! fa!r ! son on ! nor? side4 ,!y mu/ rema9 9 ! same position until morn+4 ,be=e ! sun rises ! fa!r & "m g to ! m$ic9e woman's tipi1 /& by ! door & s+4 ,!y s+ z !y =mally ent]1 ! fa!r rais+ up ! son2 ! "m1 ! daught]4 ,! man is tak5 out by ! fa!r & ! daught] by ! "m = ! morn+ toilet4 ,:5 !y return a small am\nt ( food is f$ to ! son & daught]1 aft] :i* ! fa!r & "m take a little food & dr9k4 ,?is mu/ be be=e sunrise4 ,dur+ ! day ! son & especially ! daught] mu/ sit quietly 9 _! places ) b[$ heads & eyes ca/ d[n4 ,%e we>s a buffalo robe1 hair side 91 pa9t$ r$1 cov]+ h] head z well z h] body4 ,h] hair is n braid$1 b hangs d[n freely except = a horizontal b& ar\nd ! head4 ,! hair may be all[$ to conceal ! entire face4 ,! daught] mu/ d no?+ = h]self4 ,if %e wi%es to speak x mu/ be 9 almo/ a :isp] 9 ! e> ( ! "m or o!r att5dant1 :o 9 turn w ann\nce ! import1 if necess>y4 ,a fire is kept burn+ 9 ! middle ( ! tipi1 ! e>s are closely drawn ar\nd ! smoke hole1 ! door clos$1 & ! tipi cov] securely /ak$ d[n at ! edges4 ,?\gh ?is keeps ! temp]ature high1 ! m$ic9e woman _c use a fan1 b may use ! sk9 ( a muskrat to wipe ! p]spiration f h] face & h&s4 ,dur+ ! fa/+ p]iod no noise mu/ be made 9 ! tipi4 ,all ! att5dants mu/ avoid unnecess>y conv]sation & speak 9 a v subdu$ tone2 ut5sils mu/ n be rattl$ or /ruck toge!r4 ,visitors may ent]1 b respectfully & quietly4 ,no noises %\ld be made 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m$ic9e tipi & boi/]\s acts ab/a9$ f 9 all p>ts ( ! camp circle4 ,if wat] is br\ght 9 ! vessel mu/ be cov]$4 ,no "o %\ld spit 9 ! tipi nor d ! o!r ?+s =bidd5 at ! c]emony ( ! tongues4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod !re is a male att5dant4 ,he keeps ! fire alive dur+ ! night & until camp is mov$4 ,he c only />t ! fire ) an emb] f "s o!r tipi1 /rik+ fire 9 ! tipi be+ /rictly prohibit$4 ,pipes c only be light$ f ! fire by ?is att5dant ) s]vice b]ry /icks4 ,a blaze mu/ be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! att5dant cuts ! tobacco & fills ! pipe & :5 burnt out he mu/ empty ! a%es into a small hole 9 ! gr\nd ne> 8 seat4 ,ev]yone is expect$ to sit quietly1 leav+ ! mov+ to him4 ,he rema9s on duty dur+ ! night also4 ,=m]ly1 ! tipi ( ! m$ic9e woman 0 mov$ ?ree times1 f\r diff]5t camps result+1 ! la/ be+ at its position 9 ! circle = ! sun dance4 ,z a consid]able j\rney 0 (t5 necess>y to rea* ! sun dance site ^! camps might be f> ap>t4 ,!oretically1 ! camp is pit*$ late 9 ! aft]noon ( ea* day4 ,at ! sun dance a special swea?\se c]emony takes place4 ,?is w be discuss$ lat]4 ,aft] ?is ! ev5+ & great] "p ( ! night are sp5t by ^? 9 att5dance at ! m$ic9e woman's tipi 9 rehe>s+ ! songs & in/ruct+ ! son & daught]4 ,l ev]y?+ else1 mov+ ! camp ( ! m$ic9e woman is a =mal matt]4 ,! travois is made1 pa9t$ r$1 & res]v$ = ! special use ( ! m$ic9e woman4 ,:5 ! "t = break+ camp 9 ! m$ic9e woman's b& arrives1 %e & h] husb& are l$ out & seat$ ^u a robe at ! we/ or re> ( _! tipi1 fac+ 9 ! direction to move4 ,! p>fle*e ( tongues & o!r p>aph]nalia are br\ght out by ! att5d+ wom5 & put d[n beside ! c\ple4 ,! "m directs ! att5d+ wom5 9 tak+ d[n ! tipi & hit*+ ! horse to ! travois4 ,! p>fle*e ( tongues is pack$ on ! travois4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! woman & man are l$ to _! horses & assi/$ to m\nt1 ! woman rid+ ! horse to ! travois4 ,! fa!r & ! son g ahead 9 s+le file1 next ! "m & ! daught]1 or m$ic9e woman4 ,!y pause f\r times1 z songs are sung4 ,aft] !y get "s di/ance out1 !y /op & wait = ! camp1 n[ mov+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is procession ( f\r always leads1 ! two m5 side by side & beh9d !m ! two wom5 likewise4 ,at noon1 :5 !y /op = lun*1 ! two are aga9 seat$ on a robe1 ! travois unhook$ & laid d[n be=e !m4 ,!n foll[s ! camp "s di/ance beh9d4 ,! old m5 =m a circle & smoke ne> ! pair4 ,at ?is "t ! fa!r ord]s "o ( ! m5's societies to g =w>d & m>k out a camp site4 ,:5 ?is spot is rea*$1 tipis are pit*$ & :5 ev]y?+ is 9 place ! m$ic9e woman & h] husb& are tak5 inside4 ,on ! morn+ ( ea* day a society is giv5 in/ructions to make ! swea?\se at ! camp+ place1 a man to get ! creep+ junip] & ano!r to cut out ! smudge place4 ,z ! swea?\se proc$ure is a di/9ct c]emony1 x w be treat$ "u ano!r head4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ev5+ c]emonies 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi 0 giv5 by ,r$-plume3-- ,9 ! ev5+1 aft] sunset1 ! fir/ swea?\se is made4 ,all ^? :o took "p 9 ! c]emony be=e & a few o!r old m5 are invit$4 ,! man :o fills ! pipes & t5ds to ! smok+ dur+ ! c]emony rema9s on duty dur+ ! :ole sun dance c]emony4 ,f\r-be>s is told to tell ! mosquito society to s+ t night 9 _! own tipi :i* is inside ( ! circle4 ,?is society is to s+ ! sun dance songs1 ! wea!r-mak]s danc+ songs1 ! re/ ( ! p rema9+ quiet ?r\gh ! night4 ,9 ! m$ic9e lodge !y s+ until a little be=e day-break4 ,! smudge place 9 ! m$ic9e lodge on ! fir/ day & = ! fir/ swea?\se is a squ>e m>k$ 9 ! s(t e>? ) a cresc5t 9 ! middle ( x4 ,x is n pa9t$4 ,"u ! cresc5t is a dot :]e ! smudge is made4 ,:5 all ! gue/s are assembl$ 9 ! tipi ! c]emony = ! ev5+ beg9s4 ,food is giv5 to all2 ! m$ic9e woman & h] husb& h _! meat cut up = !m4 ,:ile a song is sung a piece ( meat is held ov] ! smudge1 f\r passes made ) x1 & !n f$ to ! man & woman4 ,! same ?+ is done ) wat]4 ,aft] ?is !y may help !mselves to ! food4 ,aft] ! meal is ov] ! s++ beg9s4 ,! sweetgrass is tak5 up & a song sung3 ,old man1 takes spr+ grass4 ,old woman comes 9 ) h] body4 ,ano!r man takes ! smudge /ick & places a live coal on ! smudge place4 ,! s+] holds ! grass ov] head & !n br+s x d[n on ! coal4 ,?is song is = ! morn+/>3 ,morn+/> says let u h a swea?\se4 ,sev5 songs are sung = ! sun & moon :i* are spok5 ( z ! old man & old woman4 ,^! ) ! sev5 sung = ! morn+/> make f\rte5 sung ?us f>4 ,s9ce ! m5 h be5 9 ! swea?\se :]e ! pa9t has all wa%$ (f1 five songs are sung to re-pa9t ! man & woman4 ,z ! man s+s1 he takes "s r$ e>? pa9t ) a ball ( fat :i* he rolls 9 ! palms ( 8 h&s4 ,! song is3 ,old man says r$ face ,i take4 ,he makes a /reak crosswise on ! man's =ehead1 v]tically on 8 *eeks1 & across ! *94 ,! entire face is !n cov]$ ) ! same r$ pa9t4 ,! robe is !n tak5 f ! man's %\ld]s4 ,he s+s ano!r song z he takes up ! sagegrass & bru%es "o side ( ! man's head1 8 arm1 & !n 8 body4 ,at ! same "t1 ! woman is pa9t$ on ! o!r side ( ! tipi4 ,ano!r song is sung & he takes ! pa9t1 rubs x 9 8 h&s1 & s+s3 ,?is man ,i am mak+ 8 body holy1 p[]ful4 ,! same words are sung = ! woman4 ,! man's body & robe are !n pa9t$4 ,:5 ! tongues 7 fir/ tak5 9 to be slic$1 two r\nd buffalo dungs toge!r ) a ball ( sweetgrass 7 giv5 to ! man & woman4 ,!y keep ^! to wipe ! pa9t f _! h&s4 ,a song is sung = ! dung4 ,! two m5 & ! two wom5 hold _! h&s ov] ! dung4 ,!y make f\r motions ) ! clos$ fi/s & !n t\* ! gr\nd to ! s\!a/1 s\?we/1 nor?we/1 & nor!a/ ( ! dung4 ,! words 9 ?is song are3 ,?is may help me to live long1 & help me ?r\gh life4 ,!re is also "p ( a buffalo dung4 ,! smudge /ick is tak5 up1 ) ! song3 ,timb] ,i am look+ =8 ,timb] ,i h f\nd & tak54 ,! two m5 & ! two wom5 all grasp ! =k$ /ick4 ,!y s+ z !y take up ! dung ) x & gradually move x up ! /ick until x re/s on ! =k4 ,!n x is held ov] ! fire4 ,someone knocks ! dung into ! fire & x is cov]$ ) a%es4 ,! song is3 ,p[]ful1 ,i />t4 ,p[]ful :]e ,i sit4 ,to ?r[ ! dung (f into ! fire is a sign t enemies w be conqu]$4 ,f\r songs are n[ sung = ! muskrat sk9 us$ to wipe ! faces ( ! man & woman3 ,man says1 my m$ic9e1 ,i am look+ =4 ,i h f\nd x4 ,! sk9 is tak5 up4 ,two songs are sung = ! p>fle*e ) tongues 9 x4 ,x is tak5 up v sl[ly & ! s++ cont9ues dur+ all ! movem5ts made ) x4 ,x is held ov] ! smudge & plac$ to "o side1 ! cords unti$1 & ! tongues tak5 out & di/ribut$ to all :o are n[ 9 ! tipi4 ,! two m$ic9em5 & wom5 also eat4 ,! song :5 fir/ tak+ up ! p>fle*e is3 ,buffalo ,i am p[]fully />t+4 ,x is p[]ful :]e ,i sit4 ,:5 undo+ ! cords ! words are3 ,buffalo ,i take "s4 ,:5 ! fir/ tongue is tak5 out1 a little piece is held up by ev]yone1 pray]s are said1 ! small pieces are plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & !y beg9 to eat !m4 ,sev5 songs = ! eagle tail fea!r ) :i* ! sun is suppos$ to h bru%$ (f ! sc> f ,sc>-face's face & is suppos$ to be ! fea!r br\ght d[n f ! sun by ,sc>-face foll[3 ,old man says1 h& me a fea!r4 ,! fea!r is pass$ to ! man4 ,ano!r song foll[s3 ,old man says he wants a hundr$ fea!rs4 ,old woman wants diff]5t k9ds ( fea!rs4 ,sev5 m songs are sung1 ! words ( "s ( !m are3 ,?is man says t above h se5 me4 ,x is p[]ful4 ,! gr\nd ,i see is p[]ful4 ,old man1 says1 :ite buffalo robe ,i want4 ,old woman1 says1 ,elk ,i want4 ,old man says1 don't fool me4 ,old woman says1 don't fool me4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is to be sure & give !m :at !y ask =1 t is1 (f]+s made at ! sun dance to ! sun1 moon1 etc4 ,sev5 songs are sung be=e !y take up ! rattles & ! ra:ide & five songs = ! rav54 ,at ?is "t1 ! man takes hold ( "o ( ! rattles by ! ball "p t\*+ x to ! gr\nd1 :ile he holds ! end ( ! h&le /raight up4 ,! rav5 songs are3 ,rav5 says1 buffalo ,i am look+ =2 buffalo ,i take4 ,! w9d is our m$ic9e4 ,! bru% is our home4 ,buffalo ,i take4 ,! man pecks ! rattle h&le ) "o f+] on bo? sides & cr[s4 ,!n !y beg9 to beat ! rattles on ! ra:ide & %ake !m 9 a circle once4 ,n[ sev5 songs are sung = ! smudge :i* is made ( a species ( fungus t gr[s on a k9d ( will[4 ,! songs3 ,old man says1 all "r1 may my lodge be put up4 ,old woman says1 all "r may my lodge be put up or built4 ,^! words mean t ! sun & moon are speak+ & want ! sun dance lodge built )\t any accid5ts4 ,! next songs are = ! natoas bundle :i* is n op5$4 ,! songs3 ,old man comes 91 he says1 ,i am look+ = my bonnet4 ,i h f\nd x4 ,x he>s me4 ,x is m$ic9e4 ,! old woman s+s & uses ! same words 9 h] songs4 ,!re are six ( ^! bonnet songs4 ,! songs = ! badg] sk9 foll[3 ,! man above he>s me2 he is p[]ful4 ,! gr\nd is my home2 x is p[]ful4 ,!re are f\r songs = ! badg]4 ,! badg] sk9 & o!r ?+s are n h&l$1 ! songs ab\t !m are simply sung4 ,! songs = ! natoas are3 ,old man says ,i am look+ = my bonnet4 ,i h f\nd x3 x is p[]ful4 ,! woman !n s+s a song ) ! same words1 :i* is foll[$ by a song ab\t ! /one arr[ po9ts on ! natoas4 ,!re is a song = ev]y?+ :i* makes up ! bonnet :i* is z foll[s3 ! lea!r b&1 ! blue pa9t on ! b&1 ! /uff$ weasel sk9 ti$ crosswise on ! bonnet1 ! weasel tails hang+ f ! bonnet1 two fea!rs 9 front1 & two beh9d1 two plumes on ea* side ( ! bonnet1 a fl9t arr[ po9t1 a buffalo calf tail1 a snipe1 & a small doll ! head ( :i* is /uff$ ) tobacco se$4 ,! song = ! doll on ! bonnet is3 ,*ildr5 are runn+ ab\t4 ,!y are runn+ f u4 ,!y are runn+ t[>ds u4 ,!y are boys4 ,!y are p[]ful4 ,! man says1 ,give me ! *ild1 & makes ! movem5t ( reception4 ,ano!r song is sung3 ,*ild is cry+1 & ! man imitates ! cry+ ( a *ild4 ,! song = ! little birds is3 ,bird says wat] is my m$ic9e2 x is p[]ful1 = ! calf tail3 ,man says calf tail ,i want1 & = ! arr[ po9t3 ,%>p po9ts are on bo? sides4 ,!n foll[s ! song = ! lea!r b& :i* repres5ts ! liz>d3 ,yond] man1 ,i am angry & mad at y4 ,?is song ( ! liz>d ref]s to ! prairie dog *ief4 ,! blue pa9t on ! b& repres5ts wat] & ! song = x is3 ,! blue wat]s are our m$ic9e4 ,! song = ! fea!rs is3 ,fea!rs ,i want4 ,ano!r song = ! plume on ! fea!rs3 ,r$ ,i want4 ,?is closes ! ev5+ c]emony4 ,! man & woman are put to b$ & all g home4 ,?is is ! c]emony aft] ! fir/ swea?\se is made4 ,?ree m moves ( ! entire camp & ?ree m swea?\ses mu/ be made4 ,! f\r? move & swea?\se is :]e ! sun dance takes place4 ,n[adays1 only "o swea?\se is made = ! sun dance4 ,x seems t ! f9al camp is m>k$ out by a society lay+ rocks ar\nd its b\nds1 accord+ to :i* ! arriv+ b&s f9d _! prop] places4 ,at ! f\r? camp & on ! f\r? day1 ! natoas bundle is op5$1 or its =mal ritual demon/rat$4 ,e>ly 9 ! day ano!r tipi is pit*$ be=e ! m$ic9e tipi & ! cov]s are jo9$1 ?us enl>g+ ! space & provid+ = a few spectators4 ,a few m5 & wom5 are invit$ to assi/ 9 ! c]emony3 ! m5 use ! rattles & ) ! wom5 aid 9 ! s++4 ,! fa!r & o!r m5 sit on ! nor? side ( ! tipi1 ! =m] next ! m$ic9e woman's husb&2 & ! o!r wom5 sit on ! s\? side1 ! "m next to ! m$ic9e woman4 ,%e directs ! m$ic9e woman & ! s++ ( ! o!r wom54 ,! c]emony op5s at ab\t t5 ,a4 ,m4 ) ! fir/ s]ies ( songs 9 ! ritual4 ,?ree m5 hold a rattle 9 ea* h&1 beat+ !m ^u ! ra:ide by a vigor\s d[nw>d =w>d /roke1 ! sev5? rattle is us$ by ! fa!r4 ,! ritual ( ! natoas w be f\nd 9 ,volume #g1 pp4 #bae-bbj4 ,normally1 ?is c]emony transf]s ! natoas to ! daught]4 ,%e may1 h[ev]1 waive ! "r1 9 :i* case ! bundle returns to ! =m] own]4 ,yet1 %e seems to enjoy all ! privileges accord$ to "o hav+ be5 an own]4 ,!oretically1 no "o c p]=m a transf] c]emony )\t hav+ fir/ own$ ! bundle 9 "q4 ,9 case ( ! natoas1 ev5 n[1 a beav] own] is reg>d$ z compet5t to conduct ! proce$+1 ?\gh he may nev] h gone ?r\gh ! ritual ) 8 wife4 ,?is is consi/5t ) ! tradition t =m]ly ! natoas 0 a "p ( ! beav] bundle4#f ,yet1 ! conditions "h are slightly diff]5t f ^? = o!r bundles 9 t ! fa!r mu/ provide or is *>g$ ) ! responsibility to see t a natoas is provid$4 ,foll[+ ! v[1 ei!r he or ! son makes =mal application to ! own] ( a natoas by ! usual pres5tation ( a pipe4#g ,:5 ! daught] beg9s h] fa/+1 ! fa!r has ! natoas br\ght to h] tipi4 ,z a rule1 ! fa!r's wife owns a natoas4 ,"s in=mants claim t ev5 %\ld ! daught] own a natoas1 ! fa!r mu/ provide ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! daught] c select ! eligible natoas4 ,9 any case1 ! fa!r furni%es ! daught] ) a dress & an elk robe = :i* he mu/ be paid lib]ally4#h ,9 conclusion1 x may be rem>k$ t anyone c make up a natoas1 if he has a dream s direct+ him2 also1 if he own$ a natoas t 0 lo/ or o!rwise de/roy$2 if he gave x away1 )\t receiv+ paym5t2 or if x 0 buri$ ) someone4 ,hav+ own$ a natoas & transf]r$ x1 he _c duplicate x2 %\ld ! new own] lose x1 he may1 if call$ ^u1 replace x2 likewise1 if buri$1 ! surviv+ husb& or wife c\ld call ^u him4 ,9 all su* cases fees are giv54 ,:5 "o transf]s a m$ic9e bundle & has be5 paid = x1 he has no m "r to x & _c duplicate x on 8 own motion4 ,%\ld "o sell ! bundle )\t ! c]emony ( transf]1 ! ritual rema9s ) him & he c aga9 make up ! bundle2 %\ld "o make ! transf] & fail to receive ! pay1 or waive ! pay1 he c make x up aga94 ,! relatives ( "o buri$ ) a bundle c call ^u a =m] own] to make x up1 aft] :i* x mu/ be =mally transf]r$ to "o ( !m4 ,m5 7 sometimes kill$ on ! w>pa? & _! bundles lo/2 su* 7 replac$ z not$ above4 ,9 e case ^! mu/ be true duplicates2 x is only a dream t au?orizes new creations1 or v>iations1 h[ev] slight4 ,an int]e/+ sidelight is ?r[n ^u ! idealiz$ qualities ( ?is woman's function by ! foll[+ n>rative3-- ,once :ile a m$ic9e woman 0 sleep+ 9 ! sacr$ tipi dur+ ! fa/+1 a nephew ( h] husb& /ole 9 & made improp] advances4 ,be+ a good & true woman1 l all o!rs :o give ! sun dance1 %e spurn$ him4 ,next day %e told h] husb& ! :ole /ory4 ,he 0 v angry4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! confession %e made1 b suspect$ t %e mu/ h giv5 ! "y man "s enc\ragem5t4 ,s :5 all ! m$ic9em5 & wom5 _h come into ! tipi to rehe>se ! songs z usual1 he made a /atem5t ( ^! suspicions & z he _h two wives1 he propos$ to h !m *ange places4 ,! m$ic9em5 plead$ = ! fir/ wife because !y believ$ h] innoc5t1 b ! husb& 0 obdurate4 ,s ! second wife 0 call$ 9 to take ! place4 ,!n ! fir/ wife said1 ,x 0 ,i :o sav$ ?is man's life :5 he 0 ill4 ,i made ! v[ to give ! sun dance & he got well4 ,i h suff]$ mu* 9 fa/+1 all = him4 ,n[ he disgraces me be=e all ! p4 ,b ,i w put my virtue to a te/4 ,if ,i am true1 ,i h already acquir$ p[]4 ,%e fill$ a pipe1 w5t outside & /&+ n[ on ! ea/ side ( ! tipi1 !n on ! s\?1 ! we/1 & ! nor?1 %e address$ ! sun4 ,! day 0 cle>1 b soon aft] ! woman ent]$ ! tipi1 ?und] 0 he>d4 ,a /orm came d[n ) hail & blew ov] _m tipis4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! pro(s1 h] husb& 0 obdurate & ! second wife w5t on ) ! c]emony4 ,n long aft] ! sun dance ?is same man became ill aga94 ,f9ally1 z a la/ resort1 he call$ ^u ! fir/ wife to save him aga94 ,?is woman told him to call ^u ! o!r woman z he seem$ to h s mu* fai? 9 h]4 ,s he di$ & 0 prop]ly puni%$ = s unju/ly treat+ 8 fai?ful wife4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,9 =m] times1 ! natoas & ! m$ic9e woman's co/ume 7 own$ by a beav] man4 ,:5 a woman gave a sun dance %e gave a horse = _! use4 ,%e j borr[$ !m4 ,lat] on1 a beav] man transf]r$ !m1 :5ce !y became a sep>ate bundle4--,tom ,kiyo4 #g ,%\ld ! woman already own a natoas & ! transf]r] 7fa!r7 own "o2 ! woman mu/ say :i* bundle %all be us$4 ,%e c use h] own1 borr[1 or pur*ase ( ! transf]r]4--,curly-be>4 #h ,a ,piegan in=mant comm5ts z foll[s3 ,! woman c ei!r buy or borr[ a natoas4 ,9 ! old5 times %e (t5 borr[$ because ! natoas1 ! dress1 ! elk too? wri/lets1 & ! robe 7 own$ by a beav] man's wife4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 ^! 7 transf]r$ to a m$ic9e woman & 7 ?us sep>at$ f ! beav] bundle4 ,,! ,,procession ,,to ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lodge4 ,9 our acc\nt ( ! natoas ritual we told h[ ! fa!r1 son1 etc41 em]ge f _! tipi4 ,! file is head$ by ! fa!r1 foll[$ by ! son1 next ! "m1 !n ! m$ic9e woman foll[$ by wom5 be>+ ! tongues4 ,! fa!r & ! son are muffl$ 9 blankets 7robes72 ! latt] walks ) b[$ head1 lean+ heavily on a /aff & be>+ ov] 8 head a wild rhub>b /alk4#i ,! m$ic9e woman we>s ! natoas on h] head1 an elksk9 7(t5 bucksk97 dress & an elksk9 robe1 ) ! digg+-/ick on h] back4 ,= a /aff1 %e uses "o ( ! smudge /icks4 ,! wom5 9 h] re> be> p>fle*es conta9+ ! tongues1 toge!r ) blankets & o!r ord9>y objects4 ,two or ?ree old m5 act z conductors1 or flank]s1 keep+ ! way cle> ( spectators1 etc4 ,! procession moves sl[ly & by /ages4 ,! f\r pr9cipal p]sonages 9 x keep _! eyes ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! c\rse is s\?w>d pa/ ! entrance 7ea/ side7 to ! danc+ lodge1 ar\nd ! s\? side1 ! re> ( ! %elt] & ent]+ f ! nor? side4 ,"h ! m$ic9e woman rema9s until ! danc+ lodge is rais$ at sunset1 :5 %e returns to h] tipi & breaks h] fa/ ) b]ry s\p4 ,! fa!r & ! son g to a swea?\se aft] :i* _! responsibilities also end4 ,dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! c]emonies 9 ! sun lodge1 ! m$ic9e woman c>es = ! natoas bundle1 n[ h] prop]ty1 until transf]r$ to ano!r1 b is o!rwise free to d z %e likes4 ,%e usually rema9s quietly at home receiv+ gue/s & re/+4 ,! "p ( ! m$ic9e woman is truly a sacrifice4 ,%e & h] husb& mu/ pay lib]ally ev]yone call$ ^u = c]emonial s]vice directly connect$ ) ! tongues & ! natoas ritual4 ,!y mu/ also pay a consid]able am\nt ( prop]ty = ! natoas itself4 ,to give ! c]emony means ! sacrifice ( all p]sonal prop]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is comp5sation1 aside f fulfill+ ! v[4 ,h] relatives are v pr\d ( h] s9ce %e is s virtu\s4 ,%e is highly respect$ by h] husb& & family4 ,9 a measure ^? :o take ! tongues are also respect$4 ,! m$ic9e woman may act z ! "m 9 a future sun dance = :i* %e w receive pres5ts & %e may ev5tually realize some?+ by transf]r+ ! natoas to ano!r4 ,%\ld any?+ g wrong dur+ ! c]emony1 ! wea!r be unfavorable1 etc41 p w look ) suspicion ^u h] & say %e mu/ h li$ 9 h] confession to ! sun4 ,%\ld %e become ill or h dea?s 9 ! family1 ! same *>ge w be made4 ,! ,(f]+s ( ,clo?4 ,aft] ! procession head$ by ! fa!r & he is 9 position at ! we/ side ( ! danc+ lodge1 (f]+s ( clo? & clo?+ are br\ght up by ! p4 ,a man mak+ su* an (f]+ h&s ! fa!r a fill$ pipe & ! clo?4 ,! fa!r holds ! pipe & (f]s pray]s = ! giv] & lights & passes ! pipe to o!r old m5 sitt+ ar\nd4 ,! clo? he lays 9 a pile4 ,!n he pa9ts ! giv]3 fir/ ! face is sme>$ ov] ) r$1 !n black spots are daub$ on ! *eeks1 nose1 =ehead1 & *91 f\r 9 all4 ,a black circle is m>k$ ar\nd ea* wri/4 ,wom5 br++ (f]+s & pipes g to ! "m :o prays = !m & pa9ts _! faces r$ ) a black spot on ! nose & a black circle ar\nd ! face4 ,!re is also a black circle ar\nd ea* wri/4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,sc>-face is said to h made a :i/le 7flageolet7 ( su* a /alk4 ,! pi? ( ! gr[+ plant is sometimes eat5 = food4 ,,! ,,hundr$-,,will[ ,,swea?\se4 ,z /at$ be=e1 a swea?\se ( special =m is con/ruct$ on ! ?ird day4 ,?is is said to h orig9at$ ) ,sc>-face1 x be+ ! h\se into :i* he 0 tak5 by ! sun4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! day a society is s5t out = ! will[s4 ,^! 7 usually ^? ( ! y\ng] m52 ! pigeons & mosquitoes4 ,!re is a belief1 h[ev]1 t 9 =m] times only w>riors c\ld be s5t ^u ?is err&4 ,^! p]sons are m\nt$ & return 9 procession1 s++ & circl+ ! m$ic9e woman's tipi 9 ! direction ( ! sun1 & deposit _! will[s at ! we/ side ( ! camp circle4 ,!y mu/ n dr9k wat] :ile on ?is duty4 ,an old] society is call$ to build ! swea?\se4 ,!y mu/ n dr9k wat] :ile engag$ 9 ?is op]ation & receive "s ( ! tongues aft] ! c]emonies ( ! f\r? day4 ,=m]ly1 ^! m5 mu/ h _h a c\p to _! cr$it z a qualification & "s in=mants claim t ! sum total = ! society %\ld h totall$ at lea/ "o hundr$1 ! numb] ( will[s4 ,! "w beg9s "s "t be=e sunset by :i* "t ! swea?\se %\ld be complet$4 ,! will[s are /uck into ! gr\nd 9 an oval & _! tops b5t ov] & int]lock$ ov] ! top4 ,! ends po9t t[>d ! ea/ & ! we/1 an op5+ or door be+ provid$ at ea*4 ,! will[s are !n pa9t$1 "o side r$ & ! o!r black4 ,next1 a hole is dug 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ructure = ! heat$ /ones4 ,9 ! meantime1 a small heap ( /ones mix$ ) firewood has be5 plac$ "s di/ance to ! ea/4 ,a buffalo skull is pa9t$ ) r$ spots on "o side & black on ! o!r4 ,sagegrass is ?ru/ into ! nose & eye-sockets4 ,robes are !n ?r[n ov] ! will[s & all is ready = ! procession f ! m$ic9e woman's tipi4 ,! procession f ! m$ic9e woman's tipi consi/s ( ! fa!r & ano!r man exp]i5c$ 9 c]emonial affairs1 ! husb&1 ! "m & ! m$ic9e woman4 ,!y approa* sl[ly & by /ages1 pass+ ar\nd ! s\? side ( ! swea?\se to ! nor? & !n to ! ea/ or entrance4 ,all keep _! eyes on ! gr\nd4 ,! husb& walks ) a heavy /aff2 ! m$ic9e woman c>ries ! natoas bundle ) a smudge /ick4 ,! m5 ent] ! swea?\se1 :ile ! two wom5 g to ! we/ side & sit d[n fac+ ! ea/4 ,! m$ic9e woman is on ! nor? side ) ! bundle be=e h]4 ,aft] ! m5 h ent]$1 ! fire is light$ & "s ( ! att5dants 7build]s ( ! swea?\se7 lift ! buffalo skull to ! top ( ! swea?\se :]e x faces ! ea/4 ,pray]s & ! usual swea?\se proc$ure n[ foll[ :ile ! /ones & a pail ( wat] are pass$ 9 by an att5dant4 ,! cov]s are !n drawn d[n & ! vapor ba? tak54 ,aft] ! c]emony ! procession returns to ! m$ic9e woman's tipi4 ,! cov] is remov$ f ! swea?\se & ! buffalo skull plac$ on top :]e x rema9s4 ,%\ld !re be m ?an "o m$ic9e woman1 ano!r swea?\se is made on ! ea/ side ( ! camp circle & ! o!rs gr\p$ ar\nd !m equally4 ,s9ce aft] ! swea?\se c]emony !re is =mal s++ 9 ! tipi until f> into ! night1 x may be said t dur+ ! f\r days ( ! fa/ ! c]emonies beg9 ) ! swea?\se at sund[n1 :ile on ! fif? day ! c]emony beg9s 9 ! morn+ & ends at sund[n4 ,to ?is g5]aliz$ /atem5t ! foll[+ acc\nt f a ,piegan may be add$3-- ,n[1 :5 ! fir/ swea?\se is to be made1 ord]s are giv5 9 ! morn+ to "o ( ! societies to get ! will[s to make ! hundr$-will[ swea?\se4 ,ano!r man is to get ! creep+ junip] to use 9 ! smudge place 9 ! m$ic9e lodge1 & /ill ano!r is to cut out ! smudge place4 ,! moves are %ort4 ,! p all move camp1 z be=e1 & ! society goes on ahead & /akes out ! camp+ gr\nd4 ,:5 ! tipis are pit*$ at ! new camp+ gr\nd1 ! society comes 9 ) ! will[s & ! rocks = ! swea?\se4 ,!y circle once ar\nd to ! "r ( ! lodges & /op outside ( ! circle1 we/ ( ! m$ic9e lodge4 ,!y mu/ nei!r eat nor dr9k :ile build+ ! swea?\se4 ,!y ga!r wood f among ! tipis until !y h en\gh to heat ! rocks4 ,robes = cov]+ ! swea?\se are borr[$ f ! p ( ! camp4 ,"o man goes to ! m$ic9e lodge & digs out ! smudge place4 ,:5 ! swea?\se is ready = ! m$ic9em51 f\r ( ! m5 :o help$ 9 ! con/ruction g & in=m ! m5 & wom54 ,!y c>ry ! p>fle*e ) ! tongues 9 x on a robe1 ea* man hold+ a corn]4 ,! two m$ic9em5 take ! lead1 ! two wom5 foll[1 !n come ! f\r m5 ) ! p>fle*e4 ,f\r /ops are made be=e !y rea* ! swea?\se4 ,! in/ructor leads1 & is foll[$ 9 s+le file by ! o!r man1 & ! two wom5 walk+ v sl[ly & s++4 ,!y m>* once ar\nd ! swea?\se 9 ! direction ( ! sun4 ,! o!r old m5 :o are to jo9 !m & ! two m$ic9em5 g 9 :ile ! two wom5 rema9 seat$ on a robe j we/ ( x ) ! p>fle*e beside !m4 ,a smudge is made ) sweetgrass1 & a cresc5t-%ap$ place m>k$ out betwe5 ! squ>e hole & ! re> ( ! swea?\se & live coals are plac$ on ! dot 9 front ( ! cresc5t4 ,a song is sung :ile ! smudge /ick is tak5 up & a man goes aft] ! coal = ! smudge4 ,! sweetgrass is plac$ on ! live coal & ! two songs = ! smudge are sung3 ,spr+ grass ,i take4 ,:]e ,i sit is p[]ful4 ,a pipe is h&$ 9 & ! pipe b[l & /em pa9t$ r$4 ,! man holds ! pipe ov] ! smudge & prays = ! "o :o gave x to him & !n passes x to ! la/ man to 8 "r :o lights x & all smoke x4 ,:5 ! pipe is all burnt out1 ! man :o bless$ x1 takes x1 & ) a r$-pa9t$ /ick loos5s ! a%es & empties "s ( !m on ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! squ>e hole 9 ! swea?\se1 !n on ! nor?we/ corn]1 on ! nor!a/1 & f9ally 9 ! c5t]4 ,aft] ?is ! buffalo skull is br\ght 9 & ! songs ( ! buffalo sung :ile ! same man pa9ts x ) black & r$ dots1 ! left half black & ! "r half 9 r$4 ,grass is /uff$ into ! eyes & nose ( ! skull :i* is pass$ out ?r\gh ! we/ ( ! swea?\se & plac$ on ! e>? tak5 out ( ! hole 9 ! swea?\se4 ,an extra buffalo horn wrapp$ ) swamp grass is br\ght 9 & giv5 to ! man :o pa9ts x r$ & s+s :ile do+ s3 ,*iefs ( o!r tribes ,i want to hook4 ,he ?r[s ! horn out & all ! m5 ( ?is society :o rema9 ne> ! swea?\se try to cat* x4 ,! "o :o captures x is consid]$ lucky & he is suppos$ to capture a gun 9 ! next battle he witnesses4 ,! m5 9 ! swea?\se all undress & z !y pass _! robes & moccas9s out ?r\gh ! we/ ( ! swea?\se & ! door1 ! buffalo songs are sung4 ,! two m$ic9em5 only we> a robe & moccas9s :5 !y g into ! swea?\se4 ,:ile s++1 ! =k$ /ick is tak5 up & "o ( ! outsid]s goes = ! heat$ /ones1 /opp+ f\r times be=e he br+s !m 94 ,"o ( ! m5 :o is inside takes ! /one ) two /raight /icks & places x on ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! hole1 ! same is done ) f\r m /ones :i* are plac$ on ! s\?we/1 ! nor?we/1 ! nor!a/ corn] & ! fif? is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! hole at ! c5t]4 ,:5 a six? /one is plac$ 9 ! hole1 !y are all roll$ to ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,wat] & a horn spoon or wood5 b[l is br\ght 94 ,a little wat] is ?r[n on ! /ones to wa% !m1 ! curta9s are l[]$1 & pray]s to ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & e>? beg94 ,9 gr\ps ( f\r1 sixte5 m$ic9e lodge songs are sung4 ,! curta9s are rais$ & f\r m songs are sung2 ! swea?\se is op5$ & f\r songs are sung1 until ! sixte5 h be5 complet$4 ,! two m$ic9em5 g out ?r\gh ! we/ ( ! swea?\se :ile ! re/ g ?r\gh ! door4 ,! m5 dress1 & ! p>fle*e conta9+ ! tongues is op5$ & ! tongues giv5 to ! memb]s ( ! society :o made ! swea?\se4 ,! m$ic9em5 & wom5 d n eat4 ,aft] all are provid$ ) ! tongues a piece is brok5 (f ea* & :ile all hold ! pieces up a pray] is said & ! piece ( tongue plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,!n !y all beg9 to eat4 ,aft] ?is ! robes are all return$ to _! own]s1 ! buffalo skull plac$ on top ( ! frame ( ! swea?\se ) ! nose po9t$ t[>ds ! ea/ & ! m$ic9em5 & wom5 return 9 s+le file :ile f\r m5 foll[ beh9d c>ry+ ! empty p>fle*e4 ,! m5 :o belong to ! society may n[ eat & dr9k z !y wi%4 ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lodge4 ,! danc+ lodge may be said to take its orig9 on ! f\r? day1 by :i* "t ! m$ic9e woman has h] tipi 9 place ne> its site & ! camp circle has be5 =m$4 ,9 con/ruction1 n9e =k$ tree trunks ab\t n9e feet 9 height are set 9 a circle4 ,across _! tops1 except ! ea/]n face1 are laid /r+]s ab\t fifte5 feet long ( ! same mat]ial4#aj ,9 ! c5t]1 is ano!r =k$ tree trunk mu* high] ?an ! o!r 7?is we %all call ! sun pole7 connect$ ) ea* ( ! /r+]s by a raft]4 ,gre5 b\ghs are plac$ ?ickly aga9/ ! outside ( ! lodge4 ,on ! inside1 at ! re>1 is a boo? scre5$ & ro($ ) b\ghs4 ,! mat]ial is cottonwood4 ,t o!r woods 7 occasionally us$1 is atte/$ by ! fact t a locality is kn[n z ! place ( sweet p9e danc+ lodge4 ,"s in=mants claim t 9 =m] ye>s ea* b& 0 requir$ to furni% two raft]s1 a po/1 a rail1 & _! proportionate am\nt ( b\ghs4 ,two raft]s 7 us$ in/ead ( "o z n[1 ea* b& furni%+ ! section opposite _! place 9 ! circle4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ! numb] ( b&s & ! size ( ! danc+ lodge seems n to h tr\bl$ our in=mants4 ,n[1 ! "y m5 g out dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? day to cut ! poles & b\ghs4 ,?is is done )\t c]emony4 ,a cri] usually rides ar\nd ! camp circle rem9d+ ! v>i\s b&s ( _! duty4 ,=m]ly1 ! "y wom5 w5t out on horseback to drag 9 ! poles & bru%4 ,on ?is occasion1 !y dress$ 9 ! be/ co/umes & us$ ! f9e/ horse trapp+s obta9able4 ,! m5 cut ! poles & bru%1 hit*+ !m to ! drag ropes ) _! own h&s4 ,z ! procession gallop$ t[>d ! camp circle1 ! m5 rode beh9d1 %oot+ & yell+4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ! m5 br+ ! mat]ial 9 on wagons )\t demon/ration4 ,m5 ( "s prom95ce are select$ to dig ! holes = ! po/s4 ,! po/s are erect$ & ! /r+]s put 9 place1 except+ "o on ! we/ side ne>ly opposite ! entrance4 ,! raft]s are lean$ aga9/ ! /r+]s1 ready to be pu%$ 9 place & ! gre5 b\ghs pil$ up at conv5i5t places ne> by4 ,! cutt+ ( ! sun pole is att5d$ ) "s c]emony4 ,"s in=mants claim t =m]ly ?is 0 to be c>ri$ out by ! m$ic9e woman's b&2 o!rs t "o ( ! m5's societies 0 call$ ^u = ?is s]vice4 ,9 any ev5t1 !y g out z a w> p>ty & locate a suitable tree4 ,a man ) a w> record1 pref]ably "o hav+ /ruck an enemy ) an ax1 comes =w>d1 takes an ax1 pa9ts ! blade z he rec\nts "s ev5t 9 :i* he kill$ an enemy1 & !n /rikes ! tree4 ,f\r su* de$s mu/ be told be=e ! tree c be fell$4 ,!n "o or two m5 cut ! tree z ! o!rs /& ar\nd4 ,z ! tree beg9s to fall all give ! w> cry & %oot at its top1 !n ru% up1 & te>+ (f bran*es1 wave !m 9 ! air z if !y 7 trophies f an enemy4 ,inde$1 ! :ole proce$+1 f />t to f9i%1 is a mimic attack on an enemy4 ,! pole is cut to approximate =m & tak5 to ! site ( ! danc+ lodge4 ,"o end is plac$ on a travois 79 rec5t times on a wagon71 :ile ! rid]s assi/ ) _! ropes1 _! horses mass$ ar\nd ! travois horse4 ,! hole = ! sun pole is dug )\t c]emony by relatives ( ! m$ic9e woman4 ,:5 x is 9 place1 !y tie a bundle ( gre5 b\ghs 9 ! =k1#aa mak+ ev]y?+ ready = ! rais+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,! sun pole n[ lies on ! gr\nd ) ! butt ov] ! hole & ! =k$ end support$ by a piece ( timb]4 ,! =k po9ts to ! we/4 ,x seems t =m]ly ! pole 0 pa9t$4 ,j bel[ ! =k x 0 circl$ by two black b&s & two r$ ones b5ea? ^!4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,obvi\sly1 ?is w\ld make ! danc+ lodge v l>ge4 ,9 reply to ?is objection x 0 said t !y 7 l>ge2 t x 0 necess>y to select z a site places :]e v long raft] poles c\ld be cut2 t =m]ly societies & o!rs p]=m$ evolutions )9 on horseback4 ,! late ,little-plume is cr$it$ ) hav+ introduc$ ! pres5t cu/om ( recit+ de$s1 requir+ horses1 outside ! danc+ lodge4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note t ! ,arapaho also made v l>ge sun dance %elt]s4 ,9 #aijh ,mr4 ,duvall measur$ ! danc+ lodge4 ,! sun pole /ood sixte5 feet f ! gr\nd to ! =k4 ,! po/s 7 eight feet & approximately sixte5 feet ap>t4 ,! diamet] ( ! :ole 0 fifty-two feet4 ,! fireplace 0 ea/ ( ! sun pole six feet & 0 f\r feet by two feet & five in*es deep4 ,! boo? = m$ic9em5 0 five feet eight in*es wide by sev5 feet six in*es deep4 ,! two holes 7 ab\t a foot =w>d f ! sod walls1 eight in*es across & six in*es deep4 ,! man :o has be5 m>k+ out ! site = ! lodge dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 beg9s by select+ ! place = ! sun pole & /epp+ (f sev5 paces z ! radius4 #aa ,! bundle ( b\ghs is nei!r spok5 ( z ! ?und]bird's ne/ nor giv5 a "n ( any k9d2 ?\gh "s old m5 seem$ to "k t o!r tribes s designat$ x4 ,we made dilig5t inquiry on ?is po9t & feel t ! above /atem5t is correct4 ,ref]5ce to publi%$ photographs w %[ t ! bru% is m]ely ga!r$ into a bundle & n made into ! =m ( a ne/ z 9 case ( ! ,cr[4 ,,cutt+ ,,! ,,?ongs4 ,a fre% c[sk9 7=m]ly two buffalo hides7 is provid$ t ?ongs may be cut = b9d+ ! raft]s to ! /r+]s & ! objects plac$ on ! sun pole4 ,!re seems to h be5 no hunt+ c]emony = provid+ ?is hide & !re is n[ no symbolic hunt+4 ,aft] ! m$ic9e woman is 9 ! %elt]1 ! c]emony ( cutt+ ! ?ongs takes place4 ,if no "o volunte]s1 m5 are caught4 ,! m5 :o cut ! ?ongs la/ ye> may d ! cat*+ or engage repres5tatives to d x4 ,=m]ly1 ?is function 0 ex]cis$ by old w>riors :o _h captur$ enemies alive4 ,! cat*]s g quietly ab\t ! camp look+ = eligibles4 ,:ile pret5d+ to pass "o by )\t notice1 !y sudd5ly lay hold ( him4 ,! victim may pull back1 b is n all[$ to resort to o!r means ( resi/ance4 ,he is !n l$ up to ! hides ne> ! front ( ! m$ic9e woman's %elt]4 ,9 =m] times1 f\r su* m5 7 br\ght up = ! c]emony4 ,!y mu/ h c\ps to _! records1 o!rwise !y w\ld n h be5 select$4 ,9 ! c]emony ( #aijd we obs]v$ an attempt to cat* a man on horseback1 b ! /ruggles ( ! horse enabl$ him to escape4 ,9 =m] times1 ! fri5ds ( ! int]e/$ p>ty w\ld h ga!r$ ar\nd ! re> & sides ( ! horse =c+ him =w>d 9 ! lead ( ! cat*]4 ,?is :ole cat*+ proc$ure is said to symbolize ! capture ( an enemy4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! c]emony t n[ takes place1 x is necess>y to "k t ! "r to cut ! ?ong is to ! ,blackfoot a m$ic9e to be transf]r$ = gifts ( prop]ty z 9 case ( o!r m$ic9es4 ,! m5 :o did ! cutt+ 9 ! previ\s ye> are to sell1 or transf]1 ?is ye>4 ,x is !y :o d ! cat*+1 ei!r 9 p]son or by deputy4 ,%\ld no "o be br\ght =w>d1 ^? :o p]=m$ ! rite on ! previ\s ye> mu/ aga9 s]ve4 ,z soon z a man is caught1 8 relatives are notifi$2 !y come out ) all k9ds ( prop]ty to support him 9 ! transf]4 ,! initiate is br\ght into ! pres5ce ( ! pres5t own] ( ! "r1 8 h&s & face are pa9t$1 accompani$ by rituali/ic pray]s4 ,:ile ?is proce$s1 an old man 7usually a relative7 /&s some:at ap>t & %\ts out praise = ! initiate4 ,h[ev]1 ?is may be done by a woman1 if no man comes =w>d4 ,a horse & o!r prop]ty is !n giv5 to ! =m] own] ( ! "r1 :5ce x ceases to be 84 ,! deputy cat*]1 if !re is "o1 !n receives a small pres5t or two f ! =m] own]4 ,! cutt+ ( ! ?ong !n takes place4 ,! new own] ( ! "r1 /&+ up by ! hide1 %\ts out 8 c\ps4 ,he holds ! knife 9 8 h& & :ile po9t+ 9 diff]5t directions ) x1 he tells ( a w> de$4 ,at ! end ( ea* tale he makes a pass ) ! knife z if to cut ! hide4 ,aft] f\r de$s are told1 he cuts ! hide4 ,= example1 he may say1 ,at su* a place ,i captur$ a horse :i* gives me ! "r to cut ?is1 etc4 ,if !re are o!r m5 ) ! "r1 !y foll[ 9 turn4 ,aft] ?is1 ! ?ongs are cut ) ! assi/ance ( o!r m5 & di/ribut$ at ! places :]e !y w be ne$$4 ,a ?ong ) ! tail atta*$ is us$ to b9d ! bun* ( b\ghs to ! sun pole1 ! tail hang+ d[n4 ,:ile ?is c]emony is go+ on1 gifts ( fl\r1 beef1 etc41 made by :ite p are di/ribut$ among ! old poor p4 ,?is is reg>d$ z a rec5t intrusion4 ,! foll[+ extract f an unpubli%$ v]sion ( ! ,sc>-face my? acc\nts = ! ?ong-cutt+ c]emony3-- ,h] husb& c\ld tell by h] eyes t %e _h be5 cry+ & he said1 ,i told y n to dig up t turnip1 b nev]!less y h done s4 ,s9ce y are lonesome & wi% to return to y\r p1 ,i w take y back4 ,!n ,morn+/> w5t out & kill$ "s buffalo4 ,aft] he _h sk9n$ all ( !m he cut ! hides into long /r&s1 fa/5$ !m toge!r1 & ti$ ! woman & h] *ild to "o end & let h] d[n f ! sky to :]e h] p 74 ,be=e %e rea*$ ! e>?1 a little sore-ey$ boy 0 ly+ on 8 back1 look+ up at ! sky & saw a v small object com+ d[n4 ,! boy told ! m5 :o 7 play+ ! :eel gambl+ game :at he saw1 b !y laugh$ at him & ?rew dirt 9 8 eyes & said1 ,y mu/ see ! gum on y\r eyelids or la%es4 ,z ! fall+ object came clos] o!rs notic$ x & :5 x came among ! gr\p !y knew t x 0 ! woman :o 0 miss+ f ! camp4 ,!y unti$ ! ra:ide /r& & notic$ t "s ( ! buffalo tails 7 on ! ends ( ! long rope :i* lay pil$ up high be=e !m4 ,?is woman came d[n ) h] digg+-/ick4 ,z %e 0 n a wick$ woman & only liv$ ) ,morn+/> z h] husb&1 %e gave h] digg+-/ick to ! m$ic9e lodge woman & ! natoas 0 nam$ = ! turnip %e dug up4 ,:5 ! sun dance 0 held1 ?is woman told !m always to cut up a ra:ide into /r&s & tie ! po/s ) !m4 ,also t ! c5t] po/ & ! bir* on x mu/ be ti$ ) !m4 ,! tail ( ! hide is to hang d[n f ! c5t] po/4 ,^! ra:ide /r&s are a repres5tation ( ! ra:ide rope ) :i* ?is woman 0 let d[n to ! e>?4 ,lat]1 ! moose ho(s are ti$ to ?is digg+-/ick4 ,! plumes on ! natoas are to repres5t ! leaf ( ! l>ge turnip ?is woman dug up :ile 9 ! sky4 ,,rais+ ,,! ,,sun ,,pole4 ,:ile ! hide is be+ cut1 all ! woman :o made v[s to take "s ( ! tongues come =w>d to ! p>fle*e plac$ ne> ! m$ic9em5 & wom54 ,ea* woman takes "o ( ! tongues & /&s ) ! p]son = :om h] v[ 0 made & makes a confession to ! sun 9 a l\d voice1 s all may he>4 ,!n %e prays to ! sun = ! b5efici>y4 ,aft] all ! wom5 h tak5 _! tongues1 "s ( ! m5 tie ! clo? (f]+s to ! ends ( ! poles & a bun* ( bir* is ti$ betwe5 ! =ks ( ! c5t] pole4 ,! prec$+ c]emony comes to a close z ! sun gets v l[4 ,ab\t "t = ! sun to set1 a procession ( pole rais]s />ts f ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! camp circle4 ,tipi poles are ti$ ne> ! small ends 9 pairs1 ea* pair c>ri$ by two m54 ,! f\r p>ties advance 9 unison by f\r /ages & at ea* pause s+ a special song4 ,9 ! la/ move1 !y ru% ^u ! sun pole & raise x 9 place4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! fa!r & son g & /& on ! c5t] pole :ile _! wives /& to ! we/4 ,! m5 make w+ movem5ts ) _! arms t[>d ! ea/4 ,accord+ to "s in=mants1 ! m$ic9e woman may make hook+ motions at ! pole1 to symbolize ! my?ical ,elk-woman4 ,f\r m5 are call$ ^u to assi/ ! fa!r & son4 ,z ! latt] /& ^u ! pole1 !y encircle & scre5 !m ) _! blankets & jo9 ! fa!r 9 s++4 ,! songs call = good luck 9 erect+ ! danc+ lodge4 ,! son does n s+4 ,f\r songs are sung4 ,at ! end ( ea* ! fa!r bl[s a :i/le :ile someone %akes ! pole4 ,! la/ "t !y jump (f ! pole4 ,! son drops 8 blanket 7"s say ! fa!r also1 "s add moccas9s7 pa9t$ black z a sun (f]+4 ,ano!r blanket is h&$ him at once4 ,z soon z ! m5 leave ! pole ! advanc+ rais]s ru% 91 raise ! c5t] pole1 put on ! raft]s1 tie !m ) ! ra:ide /r&s & place bru% all ar\nd to =m ! w9d-break4 ,?is is accompani$ by mu* %\t+1 b )\t %oot+4 ,:ile ! sun pole is be+ rais$ ! daught] & "m /& wat*+ x4 ,!y pray & make movem5ts ) ! corn]s ( _! robes z ?\gh /e]+ ! ris+ pole4 ,z x sways f side to side1 !y ge/ure z if right+ x4 ,z soon z ! pole is set1 ! natoas1 robe1 & moccas9s are tak5 (f ! daught] by ! "m4 ,%e may call on someone to d ?is & pay a gun or a horse = ! s]vice4 ,! "m & o!r att5dants !n lead ! daught] to h] tipi :]e %e resumes h] ord9>y r\t9e4 ,! fa!r & son g to a swea?\se :]e all ! pa9t is wa%$ (f4 ,?is is n ! hundr$-will[ swea?\se & is ! fif? swea?\se1 if x 7 c\nt$4 ,! two m5 g 9 & "s sagegrass be+ h&$ to ! fa!r1 he takes (f ! fea!rs ti$ to ! son's hair1 ! hair necklace1 & :i/le4 ,aft] ! fir/ op5+ ( ! swea?\se he takes ! sagegrass & wipes (f ! black pa9t on ! son & h&s out ?r\gh ! we/ side ( ! swea?\se ! necklace1 :i/le1 & fea!rs :i* are to be tak5 home4 ,at ! same "t1 ! two wom5 are 9 ! c]emonial lodge1 ! "m c>+ = ! daught]4 ,:5 ! m5 h complet$ ! swea?\se c]emony !y g to ! m$ic9e woman's tipi4 ,! fa!r & 8 wife wrap up ! natoas & place x 9 ! badg] sk94 ,aft] ?is is done1 !y no long] h to eat sp>+ly4 ,?is ends ! c]emony ( ! m$ic9e woman4 ,e>ly ! next day %e & h] husb& mu/ obta9 ! cottonwood bru% ) :i* ! boo? = ! wea!r danc]s is made4 ,ano!r man digs out ! place 9 ! boo?1 mak+ x ! same z ! smudge place 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi1 ) ! sod on ?ree sides & creep+ junip] on top ( x4 ,! fireplace is dug out to ! we/ ( ! c5t] po/ & is made z 9 ! m$ic9e woman's tipi4 ,:5 go+ = & return+ ! bru%1 ! woman rides "o horse & leads ! "o dragg+ h] travois4 ,:ile :5 ! o!r bru% 0 br\ght 9 !re 0 mu* %oot+ & %\t+1 !re are n[ no demon/rations ( any k9d1 b absolute sil5ce4 ,,! ,,wea!r ,,danc]s4 ,e>ly on ! fif? day1 a boo? is built inside ! danc+ lodge opposite ! entrance4 ,a slight excavation ab\t six feet squ>e is made ov] :i* is erect$ a %elt] ( gre5 cottonwood b\ghs1 op5 on ! side fac+ ! sun pole4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! day1 a procession ( "o or m m5 suppos$ to h p[] ov] ! wea!r1 att5d$ by drumm]s1 proce$s by /ages f ! m$ic9e woman's tipi to ?is boo?4 ,!y pause f\r times & dance1 fac+ alt]nately ! ea/ & ! we/4 ,!y hold :i/les ( bone 9 _! m\?s1 :i* are s\nd$ 9 unison ) ! danc+4 ,! procession is ( two transv]se l9es1 ! danc]s1 9 front1 ! drumm]s & s+]s beh9d4 ,a great deal ( danc+ is done betwe5 ! entrance to ! danc+ lodge & ! boo?4 ,at int]vals dur+ ! day !y /& be=e ! boo? & dance to ! ea/ & we/3 ! drumm]s are n[ /ation$ on ! s\? side ( ! boo? :]e wom5 also assemble = ! s++4 ,! danc+ is *iefly an up & d[n movem5t produc$ by flex+ ! knees1 ! eyes are direct$ t[>d ! sun & w+-l movem5ts ( ! h&s are made 9 ! same direction4 ,! danc]s we> bree*clo? & moccas9s & usually a robe ar\nd ! wai/4 ,_! faces & bodies are pa9t$ accord+ to _! own m$ic9es & m$ic9e objects worn on _! heads4 ,x is /at$ t !re is b "o wea!r danc]1 b o!rs may jo9 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 practice ?is seems to am\nt to !re be+ a director or lead] 9 ! dance1 at lea/ su* 0 ! case 9 #aijc & #aijd4 ,9 #aijd ! two assi/ant danc]s w5t to ! m$ic9e woman's tipi to pa9t !mselves & began _! procession f !re1 :ile ! lead] approa*$ 9 a simil> mann] f 8 own tipi1 ! two =m+ "o procession be=e ! ea/ side ( ! danc+ lodge 0 rea*$4 ,! lead+ danc] wore a special c]emonial robe1 headdress1 & sev]al m$ic9e objects1 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ,volume #g 7pp4 #ih-ii74 ,^! objects & _! m$ic9e functions may be reg>d$ z esot]ic 9 s f> z !y are n absolutely ess5tial to ! (fice ( lead+ danc]4 ,yet1 ?is same individual seems to h p]=m$ ?is function = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,cl>k m5tions /r+s ( fea!rs ti$ to ! f+] ( ?is danc]4#ab ,9 #aijd !re 7 two assi/ant danc]s4 ,bo? wore headdresses some:at l t ( _! lead]4 ,"o 0 fully dress$ ) a blanket ar\nd 8 wai/2 ! o!r 0 nude to ! belt4 ,! latt] 0 pa9t$ *iefly 9 r$ ) a circle 9 blue on ! back & "o on ! brea/4 ,! =m] _h a pair ( horizontal l9es on ea* *eek1 ^? on ! "r1 black1 on ! left1 r$4 ,x is said t =m]ly ^! danc]s 7 nude1 except = ! bree*clo? & moccas9s4 ,! entire body 0 pa9t$4 ,!re seem$ to h be5 no fix$ pa9t+1 b ! sun1 moon1 & />s 7 usually repres5t$4 ,ar\nd ! head1 !y wore a wrea? ( junip] & b&s ( sagegrass ar\nd ! neck1 wri/s1 & ankles4 ,! wea!r danc]s are n p]mitt$ to eat or dr9k dur+ ! day4 ,=m]ly1 !y rema9$ 9 ! boo? cont9u\sly until ! ev5+ ( ! f\r? day ( _! danc+2 9 rec5t ye>s1 !y sp5d ! night at home & return to ! boo? 9 ! morn+4 ,! functions ( ^! danc]s are n cle>ly und]/ood4 ,!y seem to be held responsible = ! wea!r3 i4 e41 ^u !m falls ! duty ( prev5t+ ra9 f int]f]+ ) ! danc+4 ,:e!r !y d ?is because !y happ5 to h indep5d5t %amani/ic p[]s or :e!r x is a m]e function ( _! tempor>y (fice 9 ! c]emony1 _c be det]m9$4 ,o!r m$ic9em5 (t5 attempt to control ! wea!r dur+ ! days prec$+ ! =mal entry into ! boo? z well z dur+ ! lat] days4 ,9 #aijc 7,piegan7 !re 0 a conte/ betwe5 a numb] ( rival m$ic9em5 "s ( :om conjur$ = ra91 o!rs = fair wea!r3 /range to say1 cl\ds w\ld ?reat5 & !n pass away dur+ ^! days1 :i* co9cid5ce 0 int]pret$ z pro( ( ev5ly mat*$ p[]s4 ,sev]al times "o ( ! p>tisans ( fair wea!r came out ne> ! site ( ! danc+ lodge & danc$ to ! sun1 hold+ up a small pipe & occasionally %\t+4 ,he wore no regalia & danc$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f t obs]v$ among ! wea!r danc]s at ! boo?4 ,h[ev]1 ! man :o l$ ! wea!r danc]s = _m ye>s until 8 dea? 9 #aijh1 0 fam\s = 8 control ov] ! wea!r4 ,once1 x is told1 he became enrag$ at ! p[] mak+ ! wea!r bad1 %\t+ out ,n[1 y g ahead1 if y want to4 ,i h great p[] & c /op y :5 ,i w4 ,9 =m] times1 ! dreams ( ! wea!r danc]s :ile sleep+ 9 ! boo? 7 consid]$ ( special sup]natural significance1 s9ce1 x is said1 !y 7 en rapport ) ! sun4 ,?is rapport may acc\nt = :at seems to be "o ( _! *ief functions--bless+ ! p4 ,dur+ ! days !y are 9 ! boo?1 individuals come to !m to be pray$ =4 ,!y come up & /& be=e ! boo?4 ,! danc] takes black pa9t & pa9ts _! faces4 ,!n he prays to ! sun = _! welf>e4 ,dur+ ?is "p ( ! c]emony ! recipi5t faces ! sun4 ,aga91 ! m$ic9e-pipes & o!r rituali/ic objects are br\ght up = ! danc] to pres5t to ! sun4 ,! pipes he holds up ) ! /ems t[>ds ! sun1 :om he addresses at "s l5g?1 (f]+ him a smoke1 mak+ reque/s1 etc41 aft] :i* he smokes ! pipe4 ,all ! p]sons pres5t are !n p]mitt$ to put _! lips to ! pipe f :i* !y are suppos$ to d]ive great b5efits4 ,! danc] also receives (f]+s made to ! sun4 ,a "y man may fill a pipe & approa* ) 8 (f]+s4 ,! danc] takes ! pipe1 smokes1 prays1 pa9ts ! man's face1 & makes ! (f]+4 ,a woman or *ild may d ?is2 or a :ole family4 ,=m]ly1 a great deal ( old clo?+ 0 (f]$ at ?is "t1 a cu/om /ill practis$ by ! ,blood4 ,also *ildr5's moccas9s & clo?+ 7 (f]$ 9 ?is way4 ,z !y grew out ( !m !y 7 giv5 to ! sun to promote well-be+4 ,9 la/ analysis1 x seems t :ile ^! danc]s are spok5 ( z wea!r prie/s1 !y are r sun prie/s1 s9ce ?r\gh !m appeals to ! sun are made4 ,x %\ld be not$ t !y are reg>d$ z indep5d5t ( & 9 no way associat$ ) ! m$ic9e woman c]emonies or ! erection ( ! danc+ lodge1 b ^u entrance to ! boo?1 ! lead+ wea!r danc] is said to become ! *ief & director ( all succe$+ c]emonies4 ,! l5g? ( ! c]emony dep5ds entirely ^u him & =m]ly cont9u$ z long z he kept 8 place4 ,l o!r rites ?is "o 0 b\ght & sold1 b x 0 usual to cont9ue 9 own]%ip _m ye>s4 ,anyone c\ld make a v[ to dance ) ! wea!r danc] & jo9 him 9 8 c]emonies1 b su* v[s 7 usually made by =m] own]s ( ! rite4 ,:5 "o makes a v[ to pur*ase ! rite1 its own] mu/ sell1 h[ev] reluctant he may be4 ,! transf] mu/ be 9 ! sun dance4 ,x is said t two m5 once alt]nately sold to ea* o!r = _m ye>s s t bo? c\ld appe> 9 e sun dance4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,cl>k1 ,w4 ,p41 ,! ,indian ,sign ,language 7,philadelphia1 #ahhe71 #gb4 ,,danc+4 ,! fir/ c]emony ( ?is "* is nam$ ! cutt+-out dance 7to cut out a hole 9 a robe74 ,x seems to h be5 p]=m$ by a society & occurs e>ly on ! fif? day4 ,ab\t f\r or six old m5 dance 9 l9e ) a ra:ide :i* !y hold 9 front ( !m1 s++ & beat+ "t on ! ra:ide ) rattles simil> to ^? ( ! beav] m54 ,! society n[ divides into two p>ties1 "o plac+ itself nor? ( ! c5t] pole1 & ! o!r p>ty /&+ 9 l9e s\? ( ! c5t] pole4 ,! two p>ties dance back & =w>d 9 front ( ! pole %oot+ at x4 ,! old m5 on ! we/ side ( ! c5t] pole dance 9 _! places4 ,! ra:ide held 9 front ( !m1 hangs d[n l an apron4 ,!y beat "t on x1 hold+ ! ra:ide 9 "o h&1 & ! rattles 9 ! o!r4 ,an old man c\nts de$s & m>ks out ) a knife ! fireplace & ! boo? = ! wea!r danc]s4 ,^! are dug :ile ! danc+ & %oot+ take place4#ac ,! hole1 or fire pit1 is dug betwe5 ! sun pole & ! entrance to ! danc+ lodge4 ,x is ab\t ?ree feet by two & two h&s deep4 ,a w>rior is !n call$ to />t ! fire4 ,w>riors n[ come =w>d 9 turn to c\nt _! c\ps4 ,9 ?is a man took a piece ( firewood & hold+ x up1 call$ out 9 a l\d voice h[ he once /ruck a ,si\x1 a ,snake1 etc41 !n plac$ x 9 ! fire4 ,:5 he _h rec\nt$ all he gave way to ! next4 ,/ories are told ( m5 hav+ en\gh c\ps to make a fire l>ge en\gh to ?reat5 ! de/ruction ( ! danc+ lodge4 ,we 7 able to confirm ! /atem5t ( ,cl>k#ad t ! height ( ! flame z det]m9$ by a buffalo tail hang+ d[n 0 ! crit]ion = det]m9+ a great w>rior4 ,"o in=mant /ates z foll[s3-- ,!re is always a c[ tail hang+ d[n f ! c5t] po/4 ,9 old5 times ?is 0 a buffalo tail1 to ! end ( :i* a black5$ plume 0 ti$4 ,?is hangs d[n ov] ! fireplace :i* 0 us$ at night to furni% light = ! proce$+s4 ,! assembl$ p 7 ent]ta9$ by n>ratives ( w>riors z !y came =w>d to n>rate _! de$s2 ea* ?rew a /ick on ! fire = ea* de$ c\nt$ & he ^: fire blaz$ high en\gh to rea* ! tail 0 consid]$ a great w>rior4 ,x 0 a great honor :5 a man c\ld tell en\gh w> de$s to scor* ! tail4 ,all ?is "t !re 0 s++ 7! *e]+ songs7 & drumm+1 :ile b]ry s\p 0 s]v$ to all4 ,! p]sons tak+ "p are designat$ z ^? :o are ab\t to make ! fire4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ?is c]emony has be5 p]=m$ 9 a v p]functory mann]4 ,aft] ! c]emony1 ! fire 0 f$ 9 ! ord9>y way & kept go+ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! succe$+ days4 ,! orig9 ( ?is dance is (t5 ascrib$ to ,sc>-face4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,x w be recall$ t 9 ! sun dance ( ! ,dakota type 7p4 #aaj7 !re is a c]emonial %oot+ at ! sun pole4 ,"h ! %oot+ takes place 9 a p]functory way1 :ile ! pole is dragg$ to ! sun dance site4 ,yet1 ,mc,questen claims to h witness$ ! driv+ ( evil p[] f ! sun lodge at a ,blood c]emony 9 #aiab4 7,! ,sun ,dance ( ! ,blackfeet ,rod & ,gun 9 ,canada1 ,m>* #aiab47 ,z ?is is n not$ 9 old] acc\nts & we fail$ to get in=mation z to x1 we suspect x to be due to =eign influ5ces1 or p]haps ! au?or's own int]pretation4 #ad ,cl>k1 ibid41 #gb4 ,,society ,,dances4 ,9 =m] times1 ! succe$+ days 7 apportion$ to ! m5's societies 7! ikunukats7 9 ! ord] ( _! rank1 beg9n+ at ! l[e/4#ae ,!re seems to h be5 no fix$ allotm5t ( "t to ea*1 only ! ord] ( succession be+ adh]$ to4 ,! c]emonies 7 det]m9$ *iefly by ! respective society rituals1 ?\gh ! rec\nt+ ( de$s 9 w> 0 giv5 great prom95ce4 ,z a rule1 ea* society clos$ its c]emonies by (f]+ p>ts ( its regalia1 etc41 to ! sun1 a cu/om /ill obs]v$ by ! ,blood 7,see vol4 #aa1 ?is s]ies1 fig4 #ai1 p4 #daa74 ,aft] ! highe/ society _h complet$ its function1 ! lead+ m5 ( ! tribe held a k9d ( a w> dance 9 :i* c\ps 7 rec\nt$4 ,9 ?is dance1 aga91 rattles 7 beat5 ^u a ra:ide4 ,! organizations or p]sons hav+ *>ge ( ! day's c]emonies mu/ furni% ! fea/ & all necess>ies4 ,! m$ic9e woman & h] husb& usually repair to ! danc+ lodge ea* day4 ,! man usually takes 8 pipe & tobacco & furni%es ! smok+ = ! gue/s :o sit ar\nd4 ,8 wife we>s ! bucksk9 dress & elk robe1 b n ! natoas4 ,!y sit on ! nor? or "r side ( ! boo? & m]ely are spectators4 ,?is closes ! c]emonies & camp is brok54 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,?is s]ies1 ,vol4 #aa1 #cfe-dgd4 ,,! ,,torture ,,c]emony4 ,! torture feature1 especially prom95t 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,m&an1 ,hidatsa1 & ,dakota1 0 =m]ly giv5 a place among ! danc+ lodge c]emonies ( ! ,blackfoot4 ,! in=mation we h seems to indicate t ?is c]emony _h n become ?or\ghly adju/$ to its place 9 ?is s]ies at ! "t ( its prohibition by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian gov]nm5ts4 ,! claim is made by "s ( ! ,piegan t x 0 borr[$ f ! ,arapaho & 0 n look$ ^u ) mu* favor4 ,z "o man express$ x1 ,none ( ^? tak+ ! cutt+ liv$ to rea* old age4 ,x 0 said t a few ,blackfoot w>riors once visit$ ! ,arapaho at ! "t ( _! sun dance :]e !y 7 put ?r\gh ! cutt+ c]emony4 ,accord+ to ! ,blackfoot mode ( ?\ght1 ?is means t ! m$ic9e rites 7& rights7 7 transf]r$ to !m4 ,:5 !y return$1 !y induc$ o!rs to take ! cutt+1 to :om1 ( c\rse1 ! rites 7 transf]r$4 ,:e!r ?is hi/orical /atem5t is accurate or my?ical1 we h no means ( kn[+1 b we are incl9$ to give x "s weight z evid5ce4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t w>riors took ! cutt+ because ( a v[1 simil> to t ( ! m$ic9e woman4 ,sometimes a man dream$ t ! sun requir$ x ( him4 ,! giv+ ( prop]ty & ! conditions ( ! transf] 7 ! same z = cutt+ ! ?ong1 ?\gh we h no in=mation t cat*+ 0 p]mitt$4 ,su* may1 h[ev]1 h be5 tol]at$4 ,! m5 tak+ ! cutt+ 7 nude to ! belt4 ,sage 0 ti$ ar\nd ! wri/s & ankles4 ,! hair hung d[n1 held 9 place by a wrea? ( c$> 7"s in=mants say sage74 ,!y 7 pa9t$ :ite4 ,r[s ( spots 9 blue ext5d$ d[n ! sides ( ! face1 ov] ! %\ld]s & d[n ! arms4 ,wavy l9es ( ! same color 7 also drawn d[n ! arms4 ,a circle repres5t+ ! sun1 0 made on ! brea/1 also ^u ! *9 & probably on ! back opposite ! "o ov] ! he>t4 ,on ! =ehead 0 ano!r circle repres5t+ ! moon4 ,o!r in=mants say a cresc5t moon 9 black 0 us$ in/ead ( ^! circles4 ,accord+ to "o in=mant1 v[s 7 made to pur*ase ?is c]emony :5 ill or 9 great dang]4 ,if ! promise br\ght results1 ! v[ 0 fulfill$ at ! next dance4 ,! supplicant calls ^u "o hav+ pur*as$ ! rite4 ,!y ent] ! boo? ( ! wea!r danc]s1 a blanket is held up to %ut out ! gaze ( ! o!rs4 ,! transf]r] !n pa9ts ! pur*as]4 ,he cuts a hole ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! "r %\ld]1 ov] ! scapula1 & a hole ov] ea* brea/4 ,a small %>p5$ /ick is ?ru/ ?r\gh ea*4 ,a %ield is hung on ! back4 ,long cords 7 fa/5$ to ^? on ! brea/1 ! ends ( :i* 7 ti$ fa/1 high up to ! c5t] pole4 ,! pur*as] goes up to ! pole1 embraces x1 & cries = a "t4 ,!n he backs (f1 & danc+1 ?r[s 8 weight on ! ropes4 ,! transf]r] j]ks ! %ield f 8 %\ld]s & if necess>y1 assi/s him 9 te>+ loose4 ,at once1 ! pur*as] goes out into ! hills & sleeps 9 diff]5t places to receive p[]4 ,x is said t all :o take ?is c]emony die 9 a few ye>s1 because x is equival5t to giv+ "o's self to ! sun4 ,h5ce1 ! sun takes !m = 8 own4 ,! cutt+ 0 simil> to t describ$ by ,catl9 & o!r writ]s z obs]v$ else:]e4 ,"s in=mants say ! danc]s held :i/les 9 _! m\?s & gaz$ at ! sun z !y danc$4 ,:5 all ! ?ongs 7 torn out1 "s ( ! lac]at$ fle% 0 cut (f z an (f]+ to ! sun4 ,mc,lean reports ! foll[+ obs]vations ^u ?is c]emony at a ,blood sun dance3-- 444 ,! *ief attraction to ! pale-face is :at has be5 ignorantly t]m$ mak+ braves4 ,i desir$ v mu* to see ?is c]emony once1 t ,i might "k ! facts f p]sonal obs]vation1 & draw my own conclusions aft] conv]s+ ) ! ,indians4 ,two "y m5 hav+ _! :ole bodies pa9t$1 we>+ ! lo9-clo? only1 & ) wrea?s ( leaves ar\nd _! heads1 ankles & wri/s1 /epp$ into ! c5t] ( ! lodge4 ,a blanket & a pill[ 7 laid on ! gr\nd1 & "o ( ! "y m5 /ret*$ himself ^u !m4 ,z he lay1 an old man came =w>d & /ood ov] him & !n 9 an e>ne/ spee* told ! p ( ! brave de$s1 & noble he>t ( ! "y man4 ,9 ! enum]ation ( 8 virtues & noble de$s1 aft] ea* sep>ate /atem5t ! musicians beat applause4 ,:5 ! ag$ orator ceas$1 ! "y man arose1 plac$ 8 h&s ^u ! old man's %\ld]s1 & drew !m d[nw>d1 z a sign ( gratitude = ! favorable ?+s said ab\t him4 ,he lay d[n1 & f\r m5 held him :ile a fif? made ! incisions 9 8 brea/ & back4 ,two places 7 m>k$ 9 ea* brea/ d5ot+ ! position & wid? ( ea* incision4 ,?is be+ done1 ! wood5 skew]s be+ 9 read9ess1 a d\ble edg$ knife 0 held 9 ! h&1 ! po9t t\*+ ! fle%1 a small piece ( wood 0 plac$ on ! "u side to receive ! po9t ( ! knife :5 x _h gone ?r\gh1 & ! fle% 0 drawn out ! desir$ l5g? = ! knife to pi]ce4 ,a quick pressure & ! incision 0 made1 ! piece ( wood 0 remov$1 & ! skew] ins]t$ f ! "u-side z ! knife 0 be+ tak5 out4 ,:5 ! skew] 0 prop]ly ins]t$1 x 0 beat5 d[n ) ! palm ( ! h& ( ! op]ator1 t x might rema9 firmly 9 its place4 ,?is be+ done to ea* brea/1 ) a s+le skew] = ea*1 /rong en\gh to te> away ! fle%1 & long en\gh to hold ! l>iats fa/5$ to ! top ( ! sacr$ pole1 a d\ble incision 0 made on ! back ( ! left %\ld]1 to ! skew] ( :i* 0 fa/5$ an ,indian drum4 ,! "w be+ pron\nc$ good by ! p]sons engag$ 9 ! op]ation1 ! "y man arose1 & "o ( ! op]ators fa/5$ ! l>iats giv+ !m two or ?ree j]ks to br+ !m into position4 ,! "y man w5t up to ! sacr$ pole1 & :ile 8 c\nt5ance 0 exce$+ly pale1 & 8 frame trembl+ ) emotion1 ?rew 8 arms ar\nd x1 & pray$ e>ne/ly = /r5g? to pass successfully ?r\gh ! try+ ordeal4 ,8 pray] end$ he mov$ backw>d until ! fle% 0 fully ext5d$1 & plac+ a small bone :i/le 9 8 m\?1 he blew cont9u\sly ^u x a s]ies ( %ort %>p s\nds1 :ile he ?rew himself backw>d1 & danc$ until ! fle% gave way & he fell4 ,previ\s to 8 te>+ himself free f ! l>iats1 he seiz$ ! drum ) bo? h&s & ) a sudd5 pull tore ! fle% on 8 back1 da%+ ! drum to ! gr\nd amid ! applause ( ! p4 ,z he lay on ! gr\nd1 ! op]ators exam9$ 8 w\nds1 cut (f ! fle% t 0 hang+ loosely1 & ! c]emony 0 at an end4 ,9 =m] ye>s ! head ( a buffalo 0 fa/5$ by a rope on ! back ( ! p]son und]go+ ! feat ( self-immolation1 b n[ a drum is us$ = t purpose4 ,f two to five p]sons und]go ?is torture e ,sun-,dance4 ,its object is milit>y & religi\s4 ,x admits ! "y man into ! noble b& ( w>riors1 :]eby he ga9s ! e/eem ( 8 fell[s1 & op5s up ! pa? to =tune & fame4 ,b x is *iefly a religi\s rite4 ,9 a "t ( sickness1 or dang]1 or 9 />t+ ^u "s dang]\s exp$ition1 ! "y man prays to ,natos = help1 & promises to give himself to ,natos if 8 pray]s are answ]$4 ,^u 8 return1 :5 ! ,annual ,sun-,dance is held1 he fulfills 8 v[1 gives himself to 8 god1 & ?us p]=ms a tw(old duty4 ,( c\rse ! applause ( ! p & ! exhibition ( c\rage are important factors 9 ?is rite1 b its *ief feature is a religi\s "o4 ,in/ead ( be+ a "t ( fea/+ & pleasure1 ! ,sun-,dance is a milit>y & religi\s fe/ival1 9 connection ) :i* !re are occasions = joy1 & ! fea/ enhances ! pleasure4#af ,x may be well to note t ! (f]+ ( bits ( fle% to ! sun 0 a g5]al practice n necess>ily associat$ ) ! sun dance4 ,_m comp>atively "y m5 n[ liv+ 7#aijd7 be> num]\s sc>s te/ify+ to su* (f]+s4 ,:5 9 p]il\s situations a f+] w\ld sometimes be /ruck (f ) a call ^u ! sun = help4 ,among ! ,blood1 su* sacrifice ( a f+] by wom5 z well z m5 0 common at ! sun dance4#ag ,^! facts conc]n+ ! m g5]al practice ( mutilat+ ! body to w9 ! approval ( ! sun sugge/ t if ! cutt+ c]emony is intrusive1 x ei!r f\nd on h& a s]ies ( analog\s cu/oms or br\ght ) x a concept t aft]w>ds gave bir? to !m4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! =m ( co/ume & dance is /rik+ly l t employ$ by ! pres5t wea!r danc]s4 ,s9ce !re seems to be no good publi%$ data on ! sacrific+ ( sk9 & f+]s we app5d ! n>rative ( ,split-e>s3-- ,sometimes1 :5 w>riors are on an exp$ition & come 9 sight ( ! enemy !y w sit 9 a circle :ile ! lead]1 or ! olde/ memb] ( ! p>ty1 (f]s pray]s t !y may succe$ 9 _! und]tak+4 ,!n !y proce$ to (f] bits ( _! own sk9 to ! sun4 ,! "o :o pray$ sits d[n by "o ( ! p>ty1 takes up a ne$le or bodk9 & a knife1 ?ru/s ! =m] "u a small section ( sk9 & rais+ x1 cuts (f a small slice ) a knife4 ,?is leaves a circul> w\nd a qu>t] ( an in* or less 9 diamet]4 ,x is und]/ood t ! op]ator pulls ! sk9 up ) ! ne$le & slices (f a small section und]nea? t in/rum5t4 ,he !n takes up "s black pa9t & dips ! bit ( sk9 into x4 ,!n he holds x up to ! sun & prays = ! success ( 8 victim4 ,! bit ( sk9 is !n plac$ ^u a piece ( clo? & ano!r is remov$ f ! victim 9 ! same mann] & s ! op]ator goes to ea* ( ! p>ty 9 turn1 ea* "t remov+ a piece ( sk91 dipp+ x 9 black pa9t1 & hold+ x up 9 a pray] to ! sun4 ,:ile ea* p]son is expect$ to give two pieces1 !y are n limit$ to ! maximum numb]1 "s m5 giv+ f\r & "s /ill m4 ,! bits ( sk9 ?us collect$ are ti$ up 9 "o corn] ( ! clo? :i* is m\nt$ ^u a /ick wrapp$ ) wild sage1 ! :ole be+ fa/5$ 9 a tree or set up on ! top ( a high hill z ! sun's (f]+4 ,?is sacrifice is always spok5 ( z fe$+ ! sun ) fle% f "o's own body4 ,! clo? is fa/5$ to ! /ick 9 ! =m ( a flag or bann] s t x waves 9 ! w9d ) ! fle% (f]+s ti$ 9 "o corn]4 ,?is sacrifice is consid]$ "o ( ! greate/ a man c make4 ,n[1 z ,i h said1 "s m5 only give two small pieces ( sk91 :ile o!rs give a great _m m1 b z !y d ?is ea* "t !y g on an exp$ition1 x s happ5s t a man :o made _m w> exp$itions has _m small sc>s on 8 arms & legs4 ,?us1 we c /ill tell ^? ( our old m5 :o w5t ^u ! w>pa? _m times 9 _! y\?4 ,we c tell by ! sc>s made f fe$+ ! sun _! own fle%4 ,b1 aga91 x s happ5s t m5 :ile at home may h dreams 9 :i* !y are comm&$ to fe$ ! sun4 ,n[ x is believ$ t unless a man he$s su* a comm&1 he is c]ta9 to be visit$ by mis=tune or ev5 dea?1 s he always makes ha/e to comply ) ! comm&4 ,aft] su* a dream he makes a swea?\se & invites 9 an old man :o prays & makes ! (f]+4 ,! proc$ure "h is ! same z previ\sly describ$ & ! (f]+ is made into a bann] & plac$ 9 a tree or ^u a hill4 ,!n aga91 ! m5 :o are at home 9 ! camp b :o h relatives 9 a w> p>ty may s wi% = ! safety ( ^! t !y !mselves (f] bits ( sk9 9 _! behalf4 ,?us1 y see1 !re are _m times :5 p w (f] bits ( sk91 s t x 0 n uncommon = a man to h "o hundr$ or m sc>s ^u 8 body4 ,^! are g5]ally arrang$ 9 r[s up & d[n ! arms1 d[n ! legs1 d[n ! brea/s & ! back4 ,i h ev5 he>d ( cases :]e a man is said to h (f]$ "o hundr$ pieces ( sk9 at "o "t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 unusual4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,(f]+ ( ,human ,fle%4 ,! bits ( fle% are ti$ 9 ! corn] ( ! bann]4 ,drawn f a native sket*4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( (f]+ sk91 ! w>rior w\ld (f] a f+]4 ,?us1 if beset by v great dang] on ! w>pa? a man may make a v[ to ! sun /at+ t if br\ght home safely he w sacrifice a f+]4 ,?is sacrifice c be made at any "t2 ei!r :5 on ! w>pa? or :5 at home 9 camp or at ! sun dance4 ,9 su* cases1 ! f+] is (f]$ to ! sun 9 ! precise mann] z ! pieces ( sk9 describ$ above4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 occasions ^u :i* f+]s are cut (f t are n (f]+s to ! sun4 ,?us1 p :o are 9 m\rn+ sometimes sacrifice a f+]4 ,9 ^? cases x is usual to call ^u "s old woman :o is skill$ 9 ! amputation4 ,%e cuts (f ! f+]1 usually recit+ a k9d ( ritual1 b x is n (f]$ to ! sun4 ,x is simply ?r[n away4 ,!n aga9 babies' f+]s are sometimes cut (f to give ! *ild good luck4 ,?us1 if a woman lo/ _m *ildr5 %e w\ld call ^u an old woman to make ! sacrifice = h] newly born4 ,9 ?is case1 ! tip end ( a f+] is cut (f & wrapp$ up 9 a piece ( meat :i* ! "m is requir$ to swall[4 ,?is is suppos$ to insure ! *ild's liv+ to maturity4 ,x _h no connection ) ! sun4 ,i h told y h[ m5 are call$ ^u to cut (f pieces ( sk9 & h[ c]ta9 old wom5 7 select$ to amputate f+]s4 ,y %\ld also "k t 9 old5 times !re 7 "s wom5 & m5 :o might be call$ ^u to cut op5 dead p]sons = v>i\s reasons4 ,sometimes !y did ?is on _! own acc\nt 9 ord] to get in=mation z to ! cause ( dea?4 ,^! acc\nts %[ = "o ?+ t ! cutt+ c]emony 9 ! sun dance is b "o ( a type ( blood & fle% (f]+s made to ! sun1 9 fulfillm5t ( a v[4 ,! sacrifice ( a f+] is m frequ5t & less specializ$1 ?\gh frequ5tly done at ! sun dance4 ,!n comes ! v frequ5t (f]+ ( bits ( sk91 a sacrifice common 9 w> raids at all times4 ,! (f]+ ( bits ( sk9 9 ! precise mann] describ$ "h is f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,pla9s4 ,! writ] has obs]v$ m5 s sc>r$ among sev]al divisions ( ! ,dakota4 ,! me?od ( remov+ ! sk9 0 "h ! same z foll[$ by ! ,blackfoot4 ,! ?ru/+ 9 ( ! awl has a curi\s simil>ity to ! cutt+ & skew]+ 9 ! sun dance2 "o may ev5 be p>don$ = wond]+ if x did n s arise4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,mc,lean1 ,john1 ,! ,blackfoot ,sun ,dance 7,proce$+s ( ! ,canadian ,in/itute1 ?ird s]ies1 vol4 #f1 ,toronto1 #ahhh71 #bce-bcg4 #ag ,mc,lean1 z an eye-witness to su* a sacrifice1 gives ! foll[+3-- ,z ,i /ood outside ! lodge1 a "y ,indian fri5d ( m9e1 w5t to an old m$ic9e-woman & pres5t$ 8 sacrifice to ,natos4 ,dur+ ! ye> he _h gone on a horse-/eal+ exp$ition & z is cu/om>y on su* occasions _h pray$ to ,natos = protection & success1 (f]+ himself to 8 god if 8 pray]s 7 answ]$4 ,he _h be5 successful & he n[ pres5t$ himself z a sacrifice4 ,! old woman took 8 h& held x t[>d ! ,sun & pray$1 !n lay+ a f+] on a block ( wood %e sev]$ x ) "o bl[ f a knife & de]'s horn scrap]4 ,%e held ! portion ( ! f+] cut (f t[>d ! ,sun & d$icat$ t to him z ! "y man's sacrifice4 7p4 #bce47 ,,sun ,,dance ,,songs4 ,two songs h a special place 9 ! c]emony4 ,!y are sung by ! m5 z !y ride into camp ) ! will[s = ! hundr$-will[ swea?\se4 ,!y are sung aga9 :5 ! procession ( pole rais]s moves up to raise ! sun pole4 ,=m]ly1 !y 7 sung by any consid]able body ( ! tribe approa*+ ! camp ( /range ,indians4 ,likewise1 :5 !y approa*$ a po/ to op5 trade4#ah ,r$-plume1 a ,piegan1 has a smudge /ick on :i* are not*es said to repres5t ! numb] ( diff]5t songs us$ 9 ! c]emonies ( ! m$ic9e woman4 ,!re are #dac :i* is said to be ! full numb] ( songs4 ,^!1 z has be5 /at$ 9 ,volume #g1 are 9 reality a "p ( ! beav] bundle ritual4 ,! s++ at ! danc+ c]emonies aft] ! sun lodge has be5 erect$ is usually conf9$ to ! songs ( v>i\s societies conc]n$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few ) *>act]i/ic airs t are reg>d$ z peculi>ly appropriate to ! occasion1 reg>dless ( :o may be danc+4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,= musical notation see ,mc,clintock1 ,walt]1 ,! ,old ,nor? ,trail1 or ,life1 ,leg5ds & ,religion ( ! ,blackfoot ,indians 7,london1 #aiaj71 #caa4 ,,! ,,sun ,,dance ,,camp4 ,9 a previ\s pap]1 we call$ att5tion to ! belief t ! camp circle 0 =m$ expressly = ! sun dance4 ,our in=mants say t =m]ly ! circle 0 =m$ by ! assemblage ( ! b&s "s "t be=e ! m$ic9e woman began h] fa/4 ,9 w9t]1 ! tribes scatt]$ out1 usually two to five b&s 9 a camp1 (t5 _m miles ap>t4 ,at ! approa* ( summ]1 ! husb& ( a woman hav+ made a v[ to give ! sun dance s5ds a man to look up ! camps & invite !m to jo9 8 b&4 ,he c>ries tobacco & pres5ts "s to ea* head man ) ! invitation4 ,z ! head m5 receive ! invitation1 !y ord] _! b&s to move1 =m+ ! circle at ! m$ic9e woman's camp4 ,once =m$1 ! circle is n brok5 until aft] ! sun dance1 a p]iod e/imat$ at f two to f\r mon?s4 ,! :ole body may move ab\t & ev5 make long j\rneys aside f ! f\r c]emonial moves requir$ :ile ! m$ic9e woman is fa/+4 ,aft] ! sun dance1 !y split up into p>ties = ! fall hunt & f9ally w5t into w9t] qu>t]s4 ,! import ( our =m] /atem5t is ?us app>5t4 ,! sugge/ion is t ! camp circle is intimately associat$ ) ! sun dance4 ,at lea/1 "o po9t is cle>1 ! camp circle is initiat$ by ! woman :o />ts ! sun dance & ev5 s is "o ( ! prep>atory /eps4 ,z previ\sly /at$ 9 ,volume #g ( ?is s]ies1 !re is mu* unc]ta9ty z to ! ord] ( b&s 9 ! circle4 ,we d\bt if x ev] 0 absolutely fix$ beyond *ange at ! w ( ^? 9 *>ge ( ! sun dance proce$+s4 ,,my?ological ,,notes4 ,! way t sev]al di/9ct my?s are us$ to acc\nt = diff]5t features ( ! sun dance might be tak5 z a sugge/ion t ! c]emony grew up among ! ,blackfoot4 ,we suspect1 h[ev]1 t we h "h an example ( patt]n ph5om5a4 ,^? famili> ) ! detail$ /udy ( rituals 9 ,volume #g w recall t tradition recogniz$ ! obvi\s fact t rituals 7 n produc$ all at once1 b grew by accretions4 ,?is is s m>k$ 9 ! my?ical acc\nts ( ritual orig9 t we may suspect its appe>ance 9 ! my?ology ( ! sun dance4 ,on page #bda we h enum]at$ ! my?s acc\nt+ = important features ( ! c]emony4 ,among ^! are n includ$ ! p>ts tak5 by societies or ! cutt+ sacrifices1 !y1 z we h /at$1 n be+ reg>d$ z integral p>ts ( ! sun dance4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess we (f] "s extracts f an unpubli%$ v]sion ( ! ,sc>-face my?3-- ,we w take up ?is n>rative at ! po9t :]e ,sc> ,face has kill$ ! cranes & report$ ) _! scalps4 ,we are told t _h n ,sc> ,face kill$ ^! birds1 !y w\ld always h kill$ p1 b t s9ce he ov]p[]$ !m !y n[ fe> p & h done s ev] s9ce4 ,n[1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ,sc> ,face1 & ,morn+/> _h a scalp dance :ile ! ,sun & ,moon sang ! praise songs 9 honor ( ,sc> ,face4 ,! ,sun address$ ,sc> ,face3 ,:5 y\r p kill enemies !y %\ld scalp !m & !n give a scalp dance4 ,:5ev] anyone c\nts c\p or rec\nts 8 w> exp]i5ces1 ! praise songs %\ld be sung4 ,we h foll[$ ?is cu/om ev] s9ce4 ,:5ev] anyone relat$ 8 w> de$s1 "s old m5 or old woman sang ! praise songs1 repeat+ ! n>rator's "n dur+ ! s++4 ,! ,sun 0 pleas$ ) ,sc> ,face4 ,he direct$ ,morn+/> & ,sc> ,face to build f\r swea?\ses1 /&+ side by side1 ) _! entrances fac+ ea/4 ,:5 !y 7 complet$1 ! ,sun1 ,morn+/>1 & ,sc> ,face ent]$ "o ( !m1 ! ,moon rema9+ outside to close ! door4 ,aft] ! ,sun _h work$ ov] ,sc> ,face1 he ord]$ ! moon to op5 ! door & !y w5t into ! next swea?\se1 aga9 *oos+ ! moon to be ! door att5dant4 ,n[1 ! ,sun ask$ ! ,moon to po9t out h] son4 ,! ,moon designat$ ,morn+/>4 ,!y mov$ into ! ?ird swea?\se :]e ! ,sun _h ,morn+/> & ,sc> ,face ex*ange seats4 ,aga91 ! ,moon 0 ask$ to pick out h] son4 ,?\gh %e notic$ t ! sc> on ! "y man's face _h disappe>$1 %e po9t$ to h] own son4 ,!y proce$$ to ! f\r? swea?\se4 ,aga91 ! ,sun _h ! two m5 ex*ange places4 ,! ,moon look$ 9 & po9t+ to ,sc> ,face said1 ,?is is ,morn+/>4 ,! ,sun repli$1 ,y h mi/ak5 him = ,morn+/>1 ! o!r is our son4 ,ev] s9ce t "t1 ,sc> ,face has always be5 call$ ,mi/ak5 ,morn+/>4 ,!n ! ,sun gave ,sc> ,face a bucksk9 suit decorat$ ) porcup9e quills4 ,on ! brea/ & back ( ! %irt 7 quill-work$ rosettes repres5t+ ! sun2 ! side seams ( ! legg+s & sleeves 7 cov]$ ) /rips ( quillwork ?ree or f\r in*es wide4 ,9 addition1 ! sleeves & legg+s bore hair fr+es repres5t+ ! scalps ( cranes kill$ by ,sc> ,face4 ,! ,sun also gave ,sc> ,face a b[ ) a lock ( hair fa/5$ to "o end1 a :i/le made ( a holl[ re$1 a bladd]1 & ! robe worn by ,sc> ,face4 ,to repres5t ! scalp+1 ! ,sun pa9t$ ! upp] "p black4 ,! :i/le & ! bladd] 7 to be us$ on ! woman :o _h refus$ ,sc> ,face4 ,! b[ too1 is a rem9d] ( ! kill+ ( ! cranes & is /ill us$ 9 ! sun dance lodge4 ,! ,sun gave ,sc> ,face a circle ( creep+ junip] :i* ! wom5 t build ! lodge 7! sun dance or m$ic9e lodge7 are to we> on _! heads4 ,! ,sun told ,sc> ,face ( ! sun dance1 ! lodge1 & ! swea?\se1 & add$1 ,:5 y return to y\r p & wi% to make an (f]+ to me1 y mu/ fir/ build a swea?\se & !re make y\r (f]+s4 ,!n ,i w he> y\r pray]s & accept !m4 ,y may also make (f]+s to me 9 ! sun dance lodge4 ,he cov]$ ,sc> ,face's face ) ! sev5? or r$ pa9t1 drew a black circle ar\nd 8 face & a black dot on ! bridge ( 8 nose1 & a /reak ( black ar\nd ea* wri/4 ,he said to ,sc> ,face1 ,?is is ! way ! p mu/ pa9t :5 !y make (f]+s to me 9 ! sun dance lodge4 ,= ! victory or scalp dance !y mu/ pa9t _! faces black4 ,! ,sun also gave him a necklace1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* 7 /rung two small %ells & a p5d5t lock ( hair1 flank$ on ei!r side by f\r beads4 ,?is is ! necklace worn by ! husb& ( ! woman own+ ! natoas4 ,! ,sun's lodge 0 made ( :ite buffalo robes & "s ! color ( beav] sk9s4 ,! door ( ! ,sun's lodge fac$ ! ea/4 ,= ?is reason1 tipis 7 always turn$ s ! doors fac$ ea/4 ,n[ ,sc> ,face decid$ to return to ! place :]e ,spid] wait$4 ,! n>rative !n proce$s 9 ! usual way1 except t ! h]o calls all ! m5 ( ! camp to take rev5ge on ! "y woman aft] :i* he by magic turns h] into a cripple4 ,,! ,,blood ,,& ,,nor? ,,blackfoot4 ,! writ] has ^u two occasions se5 ! gr\nd :]e a ,blood sun dance _h be5 held4 ,! danc+ lodge1 ! swea?\se1 etc41 7 /ill /&+ & all ^! 7 j z not$ among ! ,piegan4 ,! ,blood lodge 0 a little l>g]1 b ! ,piegan said t x 0 =m]ly s ) !m1 !y n[ hav+ v poor timb] to "w )4 ,we h 9 addition two brief publi%$ acc\nts ( eyewitnesses4#ai ,! *ief diff]5ce we c\ld detect 0 9 ! second>y dances ( ! society :]e ! ,horns & ! ,matoki#bj took a v prom95t "p4 ,z !re are n[ no su* organizations among ! ,piegan1 ?is gives m]ely an outw>d appe>ance ( diff]5ce4 ,! ,nor!rn ,piegan1 z may be expect$1 also _h ! same =m4 ,z to ! ,nor? ,blackfoot1 we h only ! /atem5t ( o!r ,indians t ! sun dance 0 ! same4 ,! ,s>si#ba also _h ! v same =m & we may suspect ! ,kut5ai z well4 ,at lea/1 my ,piegan in=mants ass]t$ t ! ,kut5ai _h ! sun dance f !m4 ,! problem "h1 h[ev]1 mu/ re/ until we h m data1 ?\gh ,hale is ( ! op9ion t ! ,blackfoot gradually displac$ ! ,kut5ai & took ov] _m ,pla9s traits f !m4#bb ,,footnotes3 #ai ,mc,lean1 ibid41 #bca-bcg2 ,mc,questen1 ibid41 #aafi-aagg4 #bj ,?is s]ies1 volume #aa1 #daj-dah1 #dcj-dce4 #ba ,godd>d1 ,pl9y ,e>le1 ,s>si ,texts 7,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publications 9 ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology1 vol4 #aa1 no4 #c1 ,b]keley1 #aiae71 #aib-aie4 #bb ,hale1 ,h41 ,on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada 7,report1 ,fifty-sev5? ,meet+1 ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ces1 #agc-bjj1 ,london1 #ahhh71 #aih4