,,h>p]',s ,,libr>y ( ,,liv+ ,,?\ght ,,are ,,! ,,planets ,,inhabit$8 ,,by ,e4 ,,walt] ,,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,royal ,,obs]vatory ,,gre5wi* ,,au?or ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,)\t ,a ,,telescope ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,gre5wi*1 ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,"w ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,! ,,bible1 ,,! ,,heav5s ,,& ,,_! ,,/ory ,,etc4 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,london ,,& ,,new ,,york #de ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aiac ,publi%$ ,m>*1 #aiac ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,"q ,,/at$ #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,organism #f ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sun #bj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,space #cc ,v4 ,,! ,,moon #dc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,canals ,,( ,,m>s #eg ,,vii4 ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,m>s #ga ,,viii4 ,,! ,,illusions ,,( ,,m>s #if ,,ix4 ,,v5us1 ,,m]cury ,,& ,,! ,,a/]oids #aaa ,x4 ,,! ,,major ,,planets #abb ,,xi4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,major ,,planets ,,cool #acc ,,xii4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,"q #adc ,,index #afc ,,are ,,! ,,planets ,,inhabit$8 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,"q ,,/at$ ,! fir/ ?\ght t m5 _h conc]n+ ! heav5ly bodies 0 an obvi\s "o3 !y 7 lights4 ,!re 0 a great] light to rule ! day2 a less] light to rule ! night2 & !re 7 ! />s also4 ,9 ^? days !re seem$ an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>? ^u :i* m5 /ood1 & ! bright objects t %one d[n ^u x f ! heav5s above4 ,! e>? seem$ to be va/1 d>k1 & motionless2 ! cele/ial lights seem$ to be small1 & mov$1 & %one4 ,! e>? 0 !n reg>d$ z ! fix$ c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b ! ,cop]nican !ory has s9ce depriv$ x ( ?is pride ( place4 ,yet f ano!r po9t ( view ! new conception ( its position involves a promotion1 s9ce ! e>? itself is n[ reg>d$ z a heav5ly body ( ! same ord] z "s ( ^? :i* %9e d[n ^u u4 ,x is among/ !m1 & x too moves & %9es--%9es1 z "s ( !m d1 by reflect+ ! light ( ! sun4 ,c\ld we transport ourselves to a neighb\r+ _w1 ! e>? w\ld seem a />1 n di/+ui%able 9 k9d f ! re/4 ,b z m5 realiz$ ?is1 !y began to ask3 ,s9ce ?is _w f a di/ant /&po9t mu/ appe> z a />1 w\ld n a />1 if we c\ld get ne> en\gh to x1 %[ itself also z a _w8 ,?is _w teems ) life2 above all1 x is ! home ( human life4 ,m5 & wom51 gift$ ) feel+1 intellig5ce1 & "*1 look upw>d f its surface & wat* ! %9+ memb]s ( ! heav5ly ho/4 ,are none ( ^! ! home ( be+s gift$ ) l p[]s1 :o wat* 9 _! turn ! movem5ts ( t %9+ po9t :i* is our _w8 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! controv]sy on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds :i* excit$ s mu* int]e/ "s sixty ye>s ago1 & has be5 ) u m or less ev] s9ce4 ,x is ! desire to recognize ! pres5ce 9 ! orbs ar\nd u ( be+s l ourselves1 possess$ ( p]sonality & intellig5ce1 lodg$ 9 an organic body4 ,?is is :at is meant :5 we speak ( a _w be+ inhabit$4 ,x w\ld n1 = example1 at all cont5t u if we c\ld asc]ta9 t ,jupit] 0 cov]$ by a %oreless ocean1 ri* 9 e v>iety ( fi%2 or t ! h>d rocks ( ! ,moon 7 delicately veil$ by li*5s4 ,j z no ri*ness ( vegetation & no fulness & complexity ( animal life w\ld ju/ify an explor] 9 describ+ "s l& t he _h discov]$ z be+ inhabit$ if no m5 7 !re1 s we _c rightly speak ( any o!r _w z be+ inhabit$ if x is n ! home ( intellig5t life4 ,if ! life did n rise above ! level ( algae or oy/]s1 ! globe on :i* !y fl\ri% w\ld be un9habit$ 9 our e/imation1 & its *ief int]e/ w\ld lie 9 ! possibility t 9 ! c\rse ( ages life might *ange its =ms & develop h]eaft] into manife/ations ) :i* we c\ld claim a ne>] k9%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( necessity we are preclud$ f ext5d+ our enquiry to ! case ( disembodi$ intellig5ces1 if su* be conceiv$ possible4 ,all creat$ exi/5ces mu/ be condition$1 b if we h no k ( :at ^? conditions may be1 or means = atta9+ su* k1 we _c discuss !m4 ,no?+ c be affirm$1 no?+ d5i$1 conc]n+ ! possibility ( intellig5ces exi/+ on ! ,moon or ev5 9 ! ,sun if we are unable to asc]ta9 "u :at limitations ^? p>ticul> intellig5ces subsi/4 ,gnomes1 sylphs1 elves1 & fairies1 & all simil> conceptions1 escape ! possibility ( discussion by our ignorance ( _! prop]ties4 ,z no?+ c be ass]t$ ( !m !y rema9 beyond inve/igation1 z !y are beyond sight & t\*4 ,! only be+s1 !n1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ ano!r _w z inhabit$ are su* z w\ld ju/ify u 9 apply+ t t]m to a "p ( our own _w4 ,!y mu/ possess intellig5ce & consci\sness on ! "o h&2 on ! o!r1 !y mu/ likewise h corporeal =m4 ,true1 ! =m might be imag9$ z diff]5t f t we possess2 b1 z ) ourselves1 ! intellig5t _s mu/ be lodg$ 9 & express$ by a liv+ mat]ial body4 ,our enquiry is ?us r5d]$ a physical "o2 x is ! necessities ( ! liv+ body t mu/ guide u 9 x2 a _w unsuit$ = liv+ organisms is n1 9 ! s5se ( ?is enquiry1 a habitable _w4 ,! discussion1 z x 0 c>ri$ on sixty ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,:ewell & ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 0 ess5tially a metaphysical1 almo/ a !ological "o1 & x 0 *iefly consid]$ 9 its suppos$ relation%ip to c]ta9 religi\s conceptions4 ,x 0 urg$ t x 0 d]ogatory to ! wisdom & goodness ( ! ,creator to suppose t ,he w\ld h creat$ s _m great & glori\s orbs )\t hav+ a def9ite purpose 9 s do+1 & t ! only purpose = :i* a _w c\ld be made 0 t x might be inhabit$4 ,s1 aga91 :5 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace reviv$ ! discussion 9 #aijc1 he cle>ly _h a !ological purpose 9 8 op5+ pap]1 ?\gh he 0 tak+ ! opposite view f t held by ,brew/] half a c5tury e>li]4 ,= myself1 if !re be any !ological significance atta*+ to ! solv+ ( ?is problem1 ,i d n "k :at x is4 ,if we decide t !re are v _m inhabit$ worlds1 or t !re are few1 or t !re is b "o--our own--,i fail to see h[ x %\ld modify our religi\s beliefs4 ,= example3 explor]s h made _! way across ! ,ant>ctic cont95t to ! ,s\? ,pole b h f\nd no inhabitant !re4 ,has ?is fact any !ological be>+8 or if1 on ! contr>y1 a race ( m5 _h be5 discov]$ !re1 :at *ange w\ld x h made 9 ! !ological position ( anyone8 ,& if ?is be s ) reg>d to a new cont95t on ?is e>?1 :y %\ld x be diff]5t ) reg>d to ! cont95ts ( ano!r planet8 ,! problem !re=e seems n to be !ological or metaphysical1 b purely physical4 ,we h simply to ask ) reg>d to ea* heav5ly body :i* we pass 9 review3 ,are its physical conditions1 s f> z we c asc]ta9 !m1 su* z w\ld r5d] ! ma9t5ance ( life possible ^u x8 ,! "q is n at all z to h[ life is g5]at$ on a _w1 b z to :e!r1 if once 9 action on a p>ticul> _w1 its activities c\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,liv+ ,,organism ,a _w = habitation1 !n1 is a _w :]eon liv+ organisms c exi/ t are comp>able 9 intellig5ce ) m54 ,b m5 presuppose ! exi/5ce ( liv+ organisms ( inf]ior grades4 ,!re=e a _w = habitation mu/ fir/ ( all be "o ^u :i* x is possible = liv+ organisms1 z su*1 to exi/4 ,x does n conc]n u 9 ! pres5t connection h[ life fir/ came into exi/5ce on ?is planet4 ,x is suffici5t t we "k f exp]i5ce t life does exi/ "h2 & 9 :atsoev] way x 0 fir/ g5]at$ "h1 9 t same way we may consid] t x c\ld h be5 g5]at$ on ano!r planet4 ,nor ne$ any "q tr\ble u z to ! precise l9e ( dem>kation to be drawn betwe5 inorganic & organic sub/ances1 or among/ ! latt]1 betwe5 plants & animals4 ,^! are important subjects = discussion1 b !y d n affect u "h1 = we are ess5tially conc]n$ ) ! highe/ =m ( organism1 ! "o fur!/ f ^! two divid+ l9es4 ,x suffices t liv+ organisms d exi/ "h1 & exi/ "u well-def9$ conditions4 ,want+ ^! conditions1 !y p]i%4 ,we c1 to a v>y+ degree1 det]m9e ! physical conditions prevail+ ^u ! heav5ly bodies1 & we c asc]ta9 :e!r ^! physical conditions w\ld be fav\rable1 unfav\rable1 or fatal to ! liv+ organism4 ,:at is a liv+ organism8 ,a liv+ organism is su* t1 ?\gh x is cont9ually *ang+ its sub/ance1 its id5tity1 z a :ole1 rema9s ess5tially ! same4 ,?is def9ition is incomplete1 b x gives u a fir/ ess5tial approximation1 x indicates ! cont9uance ( ! :ole1 ) ! unceas+ *ange ( ! details4 ,7 ?is def9ition complete1 a riv] w\ld furni% u ) a p]fect example ( a liv+ organism1 because1 :ile ! riv] rema9s1 ! individual drops ( wat] are cont9ually *ang+4 ,!re is !n some?+ m 9 ! liv+ organism ?an ! cont9uity ( ! :ole1 ) ! *ange ( ! details4 ,an analogy1 giv5 by ,max ,v]worn1 c>ries u a /ep fur!r4 ,he lik5s life to a flame1 & takes a gas flame ) its butt]fly %ape z a p>ticul>ly appropriate illu/ration4 ,"h ! %ape ( ! flame rema9s con/ant1 ev5 9 its details4 ,imm$iately above ! burn]1 at ! base ( ! flame1 !re is a completely d>k space2 surr\nd+ ?is1 a blui% zone t is fa9tly lum9\s2 & beyond ?is aga91 ! broad spread ( ! two w+s t are brightly lum9\s4 ,! flame1 l ! riv]1 pres]ves its id5tity ( =m1 :ile its con/itu5t details--! gases t fe$ x--are 9 cont9ual *ange4 ,b !re is n only a *ange ( mat]ial 9 ! flame2 !re is a *ange ( condition4 ,ev]y:]e ! gas f ! burn] is ent]+ into en]getic comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 ) evolution ( light & heat4 ,!re is *ange 9 ! con/itu5t p>ticles z well z *ange ( ! con/itu5t p>ticles2 !re is m ?an ! m]e flux ( mat]ial ?r\gh ! =m2 !re is *ange ( ! mat]ial1 & 9 ! process ( t *ange en]gy is develop$4 ,a /eam-eng9e may af=d u a ?ird illu/ration4 ,"h fre% mat]ial is cont9ually be+ introduc$ into ! eng9e !re to suff] *ange4 ,"p is suppli$ z fuel to ! fire !re to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! eng9e2 s f> ! illu/ration is analog\s to t ( ! gas flame4 ,b ! eng9e c>ries u a /ep fur!r1 = "p ( ! mat]ial suppli$ to x is wat]1 :i* is conv]t$ into /eam by ! heat ( ! fire1 & f ! expansion ( ! /eam ! en]gy s\ght f ! ma*9e is d]iv$4 ,"h aga9 we h *ange 9 ! mat]ial ) developm5t ( en]gy2 b !re is n only "w done 9 ! subject1 !re is "w done by x4 ,b ! liv+ organism diff]s f artificial ma*9es 9 t1 ( itself & by itself1 x is cont9u\sly draw+ into itself non-liv+ matt]1 conv]t+ x into an integral "p ( ! organism1 & s end[+ x ) ! qualities ( life4 ,& f ?is non-liv+ matt] x d]ives fre% en]gy = ! c>ry+ on ( ! life ( ! organism4 ,! eng9e & ! butt]fly gas flame d n give u1 any m ?an ! riv]1 a complete picture ( ! liv+ organism4 ,! =m ( ! riv] is impos$ ^u x f )\t2 ! riv] is def9$ by its b$1 by ! cont\r ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,! =m & size ( ! flame are equally def9$ by ext]ior conditions2 !y are impos$ ^u x by ! %ape ( ! burn] & ! pressure ( ! gas pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! =m ( ! eng9e is z its design] has made x4 ,b ! =m ( ! liv+ organism is impos$ ^u x f )92 &1 z f> z we c tell1 is inh]5t 9 x4 ,"h is ! wond] & my/]y ( life3 ! p[] ( ! liv+ organism to assimilate dead matt]1 to give x life & br+ x into ! law & unity ( ! organism itself4 ,b x _c d ?is indiscrim9ately2 x is n able ?us to conv]t e dead mat]ial2 x is re/rict$1 n>r[ly re/rict$1 9 its action4 ,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( liv+ matt] is f\nd 9 ! cont9u\s range ( *emical reactions :i* take place betwe5 liv+ cells & _! inorganic surr\nd+s4 ,)\t cease c]ta9 sub/ances are tak5 up & disappe> 9 ! endless r\nd ( *emical reactions 9 ! cell4 ,o!r sub/ances :i* h be5 produc$ by ! *emical reactions 9 liv+ matt] pass out ( ! cell & reappe> 9 inorganic nature z wa/e products ( ! life process4 ,! :ole complex ( ^! *emical trans=mations is g5]ally call$ ,metabolism4 ,inorganic matt] contra/s /rik+ly ) liv+ sub/ance4 ,h[ev] long a cry/al or a piece ( metal is kept 9 obs]vation1 !re is no *ange ( ! sub/ance1 & ! molecules rema9 ! same & 9 ! same numb]4 ,= liv+ matt] ! cont9u\s *ange ( sub/ances is an indisp5sable condition ( exi/5ce4 ,to /op ! supply ( food mat]ial = a c]ta9 "t is suffici5t to cause a s]i\s lesion ( ! life process or ev5 ! dea? ( ! cell4 ,b ! same happ5s :5 we h9d] ! pass+ out ( ! products ( *emical trans=mation f ! cell4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may keep a cry/al ( lifeless matt] 9 a glass tube c>efully %ut up f all ex*ange ( sub/ance ) ! ext]nal _w = z _m ye>s z we l4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is cry/al w cont9ue )\t end & )\t *ange ( any ( its prop]ties4 ,!re is no kn[n liv+ organism :i* c\ld rema9 9 a dry re/+ /ate = an inf9itely long p]iod ( "t4 ,! longe/ liv$ are p]haps ! spores ( mosses :i* c exi/ 9 a dry /ate m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,z a rule ! se$s ( high] plants %[ _! vital p[] already weak5$ aft] t5 ye>s2 mo/ ( !m d n g]m9ate if kept m ?an tw5ty to ?irty ye>s4 ,^! exp]i5ces lead to ! op9ion t ev5 dry se$s & spores ( l[] plants 9 _! p]iod ( re/ ( vegetation cont9ue ! processes ( metabolism to a c]ta9 degree4 ,?is supposition is confirm$ by ! fact t a v slight respiration & production ( c>bonic acid c be prov$ :5 ! se$s conta9 a small p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,x seems z if life 7 weak5$ 9 ^! plant organs to a q imp]ceptible degree1 b nev]1 n ev5 tempor>ily1 really susp5d$4 ,life is1 !re=e1 q insep>able f *emical reactions1 & on ! :ole :at we call life is no?+ else b a complex ( innum]able *emical reactions 9 ! liv+ sub/ance :i* we call protoplasm4#a ,! ess5tial quality1 !re=e1 ( life is cont9ual *ange1 b n m]e *ange 9 g5]al4 ,x is t special process ( ! circulation ( matt] :i* we call metabolism1 & ?is circulation is always connect$ ) a p>ticul> *emical sub/ance--protoplasm4 ,9 ?is sub/ance five elem5ts are always pres5t & pr$om9ant--c>bon1 oxyg51 nitrog51 hydrog51 & sulphur4 ,! comp\nds :i* ^! five elem5ts =m ) ea* o!r are mo/ complex & v>i$1 & !y also admit to comb9ation--b 9 small] proportions--"s ( ! o!r elem5ts1 ( :i* phosphorus1 potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 & iron are ! mo/ important4 ,= protoplasm--us+ ! t]m 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se--is a *emical sub/ance1 n a m]e mixture ( a numb] ( *emical elem5ts1 nor a m]e me*anical /ructure4 ,h[ev] diff]5tly ! v>i\s plasma sub/ances behave 9 detail1 !y always exhibit ! same g5]al composition z ! o!r album9oids out ( ! five 'organo-g5etic elem5ts'--namely 9 po9t ( weight1 #ea-ed c>bon1 #ba-bc oxyg51 #ae-ag nitrog51 #f-g hydrog51 & #a-b sulphur4#b ,haeckel1 ! writ] j quot$1 describes ! plasm1 ! univ]sal basis ( all ! vital ph5om5a1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,9 e case :]e we h ) great difficulty succe$$ 9 exam9+ ! plasm z f> z possible & sep>at+ x f ! plasma-products1 x has ! appe>ance ( a col\rless1 visc\s sub/ance1 ! *ief physical prop]ty ( :i* is its peculi> ?ickness & consi/5cy4 ,! physici/ di/+ui%es ?ree conditions ( inorganic matt]--solid1 fluid1 & gase\s4 ,active liv+ protoplasm _c be /rictly describ$ z ei!r fluid or solid 9 ! physical s5se4 ,x pres5ts an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! two :i* is be/ describ$ z visc\s2 x is be/ comp>$ to a cold jelly1 or solution ( glue4 ,j z we f9d ! latt] sub/ance 9 all /ages betwe5 ! solid & ! fluid1 s we f9d 9 ! case ( protoplasm4 ,! cause ( ?is s(tness is ! quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! liv+ matt]1 :i* g5]ally am\nts to a half ( its volume & weight4 ,! wat] is di/ribut$ betwe5 ! plasma molecules or ! ultimate p>ticles ( liv+ matt] 9 mu* ! same way z x is 9 ! cry/als ( salts1 b ) ! important diff]5ce t x is v v>iable 9 quantity 9 ! plasm4 ,on ?is dep5ds ! capacity = ! absorption or imbibition 9 ! plasm1 & ! mobility ( its molecules1 :i* is v important = ! p]=mance ( ! vital actions4 ,h[ev]1 ?is capacity ( absorption has def9ite limits 9 ea* v>iety ( plasm2 liv+ plasm is n soluble 9 wat]1 b absolutely resi/s ! p5etration ( any wat] beyond ?is limit4#c ,& ,czapek fur!r tells u t ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( cell life is ! fact t an enorm\s numb] ( *emical reactions take place )9 ! n>r[e/ space4 ,mo/ plant cells d n exce$ #j4a to #j4e millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,_! greate/ volume !re=e c only be an eigh? ( a cubic millimetre4 ,nev]!less1 9 ?is m9ute space we notice 9 e /age ( cell life a consid]able numb] ( *emical reactions :i* are c>ri$ on contemporane\sly1 )\t "o di/urb+ ! o!r 9 ! slighte/ degree4#d ,x is cle> if organic bodies 7 built up ( *emical comp\nds ( small complexity & great /ability t ?is cont9u\s range ( *emical reactions1 ?is unceas+ metabolism1 c\ld n take place4 ,x is !re=e a necess>y condition = organic sub/ances t !y %\ld be built up ( *emical comp\nds t are mo/ complex & un/able4 ,exactly ^? sub/ances :i* are mo/ important = life possess a v high molecul> weight1 & consequ5tly v l>ge molecules1 9 comp>ison ) inorganic matt]4 ,= example3 egg-album9 is said to h ! molecul> weight ( at lea/ #ae1jjj1 />* m ?an #cj1jjj1 :il/ ! molecul> weight ( hydrog5 is #b1 ( sulphuric acid & ( potassium nitrate ab\t #ajj1 & ! molecul> weight ( ! heavie/ metal salts does n exce$ ab\t #cjj4e ,to sum up3 ! liv+ organism1 :e!r x be a simple cell1 or ! ord]$ community ( cells mak+ up ! p]fect plant or animal1 is an entity1 a liv+ individual1 :]e9 highly complex & un/able comp\nds are unceas+ly und]go+ *emical reactions1 a metabolism ess5tially associat$ ) protoplasm4 ,b ^! complex comp\nds are1 nev]!less1 =m$ by ! comb9ations ( b a few ( ! elem5ts n[ kn[n to u4 ,_m writ]s on ! subject ( ! habitability ( o!r worlds1 f contemplat+ ! ri* & app>5tly limitless v>iety ( ! =ms ( life1 & ! div]sity ( ! conditions "u :i* !y exi/1 h be5 l$ to assume t ! basis ( life mu/ itself also 9 l mann] be inf9itely broad & inf9itely v>i$4 ,9 ?is !y are mi/ak54 ,z we h se51 ! elem5ts ent]+ into ! composition ( organic bodies are1 9 ! ma91 few 9 numb]4 ,! temp]atures at :i* !y c exi/ are likewise /rictly limit$4 ,b1 above all1 t circulation ( matt] :i* we call ,life--! metabolism ( vital processes--requires = its cont9uance ! pres5ce ( "o indisp5sable factor--,,wat]4 ,protoplasm itself1 z ,czapek puts x1 is practically an album9 sol2 t is to say1 x is a *emical sub/ance ( :i* ! *ief con/itu5ts are album9\s matt] & wat]1 & ! protoplasm c only take f )\t mat]ial dissolv$ 9 wat]2 x c only eject matt] 9 ! same way4 ,?is osmosis is an indisp5sable condition 9 ! vital process4 ,& ! /ream+ ( protoplasm1 its cont9ual movem5t 9 ! cell1 c only be c>ri$ on 9 wat]4 ,,wat] is ! comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! proportion ( two atoms ( hydrog5 to "o ( oxyg54 ,x is famili> to u 9 ?ree /ates3 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s1 or ice1 wat]1 & /eam4 ,b x is only 9 ! liquid /ate t wat] is available = c>ry+ on ! processes ( life4 ,?is fact limits ! temp]atures at :i* ! organic functions c be c>ri$ on1 = wat] "u t]re/rial conditions is only liquid = a hundr$ degrees2 x freezes at #j deg4 ,c5tigrade1 x boils at #ajj deg4 ,c5tigrade4 ,necess>ily1 our exp]i5ces are mo/ly conf9$ )9 ?is range1 & !re=e we are apt unconsci\sly to assume t ?is range is all ! range t is possible1 :]eas x is b a v small fraction ( ! range conceivable1 & inde$ exi/+1 9 cosmical space4 ,9 its liquid /ate wat] is a g5]al solv5t1 & yet pure wat] is neutral 9 its qualities1 bo? *>act]i/ics be+ ess5tial to its usefulness z a vehicle = ! protoplasmic actions4 ,naturally1 ?is function ( wat] z a solv5t c only exi/ :5 wat] is 9 ! liquid /ate2 solid wat]1 t is ice1 nei!r dissolves nor fl[s2 & wat]1 :5 heat$ to boil+ po9t1 passes into vap\r1 & s leaves ! organism moi/ureless1 & !re=e dead4 ,x is possible to gr9d a liv+ organism to a pulp s t ! /ructure ( ! cells is practically de/roy$1 & yet = "s reactions :i* are q peculi> to life /ill to %[ !mselves = "s appreciable "t4 ,b :5 ! cell-pulp is heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 ^! *emical processes _c be long] obs]v$4 ,:at is left may !n be consid]$ z def9itely dead4 ,wat] is1 !n1 indisp5sable = ! liv+ organism2 b !re are two great divisions ( su* organisms--plants & animals4 ,animals are g5]ally1 b n univ]sally1 free to move1 & !re=e to travel to seek _! food4 ,b _! food is re/rict$2 !y _c directly conv]t inorganic matt] to _! own use2 !y c only assimilate organic mat]ial4 ,! plant1 on ! o!r h&1 unlike ! animal1 c make use ( inorganic mat]ial4 ,plant life1 !re=e1 requires an abundant supply ( wat] 9 :i* ! v>i\s sub/ances necess>y = its support c be dissolv$2 x mu/ ei!r be 9 wat]1 or1 if on l&1 !re mu/ be an active circulation ( wat] bo? ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & ?r\gh ! soil1 s z to br+ to x ! food t x requires4 ,animal life presupposes plant life1 = x is always dep5d5t ^u x4 ,_m writ]s h assum$ t life is v widely di/ribut$ 9 connection ) ?is planet4 ,! assumption is a mi/ak5 "o1 z has be5 well po9t$ out by ,g>rett ,p4 ,s]viss1 a *>m+ writ] on a/ronomical subjects3 ,on ! ,e>? we f9d animat$ exi/5ce conf9$ to ! surface ( ! cru/ ( ! globe1 to ! l[] & d5s] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 & to ! film ( wat] t con/itutes ! oceans4 ,x does n exi/ 9 ! he>t ( ! rocks =m+ ! body ( ! planet nor 9 ! void ( space surr\nd+ x outside ! atmosph]e4 ,z ! ,e>? cond5s$ f ! orig9al nebula1 & cool$ & solidifi$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( matt] rema9$ at its surface 9 ! =m ( free gases & un/able comp\nds1 &1 )9 ! n>r[ prec9cts :]e ^! ?+s 71 ly+ l a ?9 %ell betwe5 ! huge in]t globe ( p]man5tly comb9$ elem5ts bel[1 & ! equally un*ang+ realm ( ! e!r above1 life1 a ph5om5on dep5d+ ^u ceaseless *anges1 comb9ations & re-comb9ations ( *emical elem5ts 9 un/able & tempor>y union1 made its appe>ance1 & !re only we f9d x at ! pres5t "t4#f ,! huge in]t globe ( p]man5tly comb9$ elem5ts bel[1 & ! equally un*ang+ realm ( ! e!r above1 (f] no home = ! liv+ organism2 lea/ ( all = ! highe/ ( su* organisms--,man4 ,bo? mu/ be temp]$ to a condition :i* w p]mit & fav\r cont9ual *ange1 ! metabolism :i* is ! ess5tial feature ( life4 ,:5 ! e>? _h to be prep>$ = ! habitation ( man1 a veil1 z x 71 ( int]m$iate be+ 0 spread betwe5 him & its d>kness1 9 :i* 7 jo9$1 9 a subdu$ measure1 ! /ability & ! ins5sibility ( ! e>?1 & ! passion & p]i%+ ( mank9d4 ,b ! heav5s1 also1 _h to be prep>$ = 8 habitation4 ,betwe5 _! burn+ light1--_! deep vacuity1 & man1 z betwe5 ! e>?'s gloom ( iron sub/ance1 & man1 a veil _h to be spread ( int]m$iate be+2--:i* %\ld appease ! un5durable glory to ! level ( human feebl5ess1 & sign ! *angeless motion ( ! heav5s ) ! semblance ( human vicissitude4 ,betwe5 ! e>? & man arose ! leaf4 ,betwe5 ! heav5 & man came ! cl\d4 ,8 life be+ p>tly z ! fall+ leaf & p>tly z ! fly+ vap\r4#g ,! leaf & ! cl\d are ! signs ( a habitable _w4 ,! leaf--t is to say1 plant life1 vegetation--is necess>y because animal life is n capable ( build+ itself up f inorganic mat]ial4 ,?is /ep mu/ h be5 previ\sly tak5 by ! plant4 ,! cl\d1 t is to say wat]-vap\r1 is necess>y because ! plant 9 its turn _c directly assimilate to itself ! nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,! food = ! plant is br\ght to x by wat]1 & x assimilates x by ! help ( wat]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ^u ! "q ( ! pres5ce ( wat] t ! "q ( ! habitability ( a giv5 _w *iefly turns4 ,9 ! physical s5se1 man is born ( wat]1 & any _w fitt$ = 8 habitation mu/ /& out ( ! wat] & 9 ! wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sun ,! ,sun is1 ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 ! mo/ impressive1 & has necess>ily1 at all times1 attract$ ! *ief att5tion ( m54 ,!re are only two ( ! heav5ly bodies t appe> to be m ?an po9ts ( light1 only two t %[ a surface to ! nak$ eye1 & ! ,sun1 be+ s mu* ! bright] ( ! two1 & ! obvi\s s\rce ( all our light & heat1 & ! fo/]] ( vegetation1 readily takes ! premi] place 9 int]e/4 ,9 ! pres5t day we "k too mu* ab\t ! ,sun = anyone to suppose t x c be ! home ( organic life2 b x is n _m ye>s s9ce its habitability 0 s]i\sly sugge/$ ev5 by s high an au?ority z ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,he conceiv$ t x 0 possible t its /ores ( light & heat might be conf9$ to a relatively ?9 %ell 9 its upp] atmosph]e1 & t bel[ ?is %ell a scre5 ( cl\ds might s *eck radiation d[nw>d t x w\ld be possible = an inn] nucleus to exi/ :i* %\ld be cool & solid4 ,?is fanci$ inn] globe w\ld !n necess>ily enjoy p]petual daylight1 & a climate :i* knew no v>iation f pole to pole4 ,to its inhabitants ! entire heav5s w\ld be g5]ally lum9\s1 ! light n be+ conc5trat$ into any "o "p ( ! vault2 & x 0 suppos$ t1 ignorant ( "t1 a happy race might fl\ri%1 cultivat+ ! f>-spread sol> fields1 9 p]petual daylight1 & 9 ! s]5ity ( a p]petual spr+ t 0 di/ract$ by no /orm4 ,! picture ?us conjur$ up is a pleas+ "o1 ?\gh probably1 to ! re/less sons ( ,e>?1 x w\ld seem to suff] some:at f monotony4 ,b we n[ "k t x corresponds 9 n a s+le detail to ! actual facts4 ,! /udy ( sol> conditions c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! la/ hundr$ ye>s has reveal$ to u1 n s]5ity & peace1 b /orm1 /ress1 & commotion on ! mo/ gigantic scale4 ,b ?\gh we n[ c dismiss f our m9ds ! possibility t ! ,sun c be inhabit$1 yet x is ( su* importance to ! ma9t5ance ( life on ?is planet1 & by p>ity ( reason+ to life on any o!r planet1 t a review ( its conditions =ms a necess>y introduction to our subject4 ,fur!r1 ^? conditions !mselves w br+ out c]ta9 pr9ciples t are ( necess>y application :5 we come to consid] ! case ( p>ticul> planets4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>? is (t5 spok5 ( z ! a/ronomical unit2 x is ! fundam5tal measure ( a/ronomy1 & all our in=mation z to ! sizes & di/ances ( ! v>i\s planets re/s ^u x4 ,&1 z we %all %ortly see1 ! p>ticul> problem ) :i* we are engag$--! habitability ( worlds--is directly connect$ ) ^! two factors3 ! size ( ! _w 9 "q1 & its di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,sun has be5 det]m9$ by sev]al diff]5t me?ods ! pr9ciples ( :i* d n conc]n u "h1 b !y agree 9 giv+ ! mean di/ance ( ! ,sun z a little less ?an #ic1jjj1jjj miles2 t is to say1 x w\ld require #aa1gbj worlds z l>ge z our own to be put side by side 9 ord] to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! two4 ,or a travell] go+ r\nd ! ,e>? at its equator w\ld h to repeat ! j\rney #cgcj times be=e he _h trav]s$ a space equal to ! ,sun's di/ance4 ,b kn[+ ! ,sun's di/ance1 we are able to d$uce its actual diamet]1 its sup]ficial ext5t1 & its volume1 = its app>5t diamet] c readily be measur$4 ,its actual diamet] !n comes out z #hff1djj miles1 or #aji4d times t ( ! ,e>?4 ,its surface exce$s t ( ! ,e>? #aa1igj times2 its volume1 #a1caj1jjj times4 ,b ! weight ( ! ,sun is kn[n z well z its size2 ?is foll[s z a consequ5ce ( gravitation4 ,= ! planets move 9 orbits "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,sun's attraction2 ! dim5sions ( _! orbits are kn[n1 & ! times tak5 9 describ+ !m2 ! am\nt ( ! attractive =ce !re=e is also kn[n1 t is to say1 ! mass ( ! ,sun4 ,?is is #ccb1jjj times ! mass ( ! ,e>?2 & z ! latt] has be5 det]m9$ z equal to ab\t #f1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons t ( ! ,sun w\ld be equal to #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,x w be se5 t ! proportion ( ! volume ( ! ,sun to t ( ! ,e>? is great] ?an ! proportion ( its mass to ! ,e>?'s mass--almo/ exactly f\r times great]2 s t ! mean d5sity ( ! ,sun c be only "o-f\r? t ( ! ,e>?4 ,yet1 if we calculate ! =ce ( gravity at ! surfaces ( bo? ,sun & ,e>?1 we f9d t ! ,sun has a great prepond]ance4 ,its mass is #ccb1jjj times t ( ! ,e>?1 b to comp>e x ) ! attraction ( ! ,e>?'s surface we mu/ divide by 7#aji4d7b1 s9ce ! di/ance ( ! ,sun's c5tre f its surface is #aji4d times z great z ! correspond+ di/ance 9 ! case ( ! ,e>?1 & ! =ce ( gravity dim9i%es z ! squ>e ( ! increas$ di/ance4 ,?is gives ! =ce ( gravity at ! sol> surface z #bg4fe times its p[] at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 s t a body weigh+ "o ton "h w\ld weigh #bg tons #ac cwt4 if x 7 tak5 to ! ,sun4#h ,?is relation is "o ( great importance :5 we realize t ! pressure ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e is #ad4g lb4 on ! squ>e in* at ! sea level2 t is to say1 if we c\ld take a column ( air "o squ>e in* 9 section1 ext5d+ f ! surface ( ! ,e>? upw>ds to ! v limit ( ! atmosph]e1 we %\ld f9d t x w\ld h ?is weight4 ,if we con/ruct a wat] b>omet]1 ! column ( wat] requir$ to balance ! atmosph]e mu/ be #cd feet high1 :ile ! height ( ! column ( m]cury 9 a m]curial b>omet] is #cj in*es high1 = ! weight ( #cj cubic in*es ( m]cury or ( #djh cubic in*es ( wat] 7#cd x #ab #djh7 is #ad4g lb4 ,if1 n[1 we asc5d a m\nta91 c>ry+ a m]curial b>omet] ) u we %\ld f9d t x w\ld fall ab\t "o in* = ! fir/ #ijj feet ( our asc5t2 t is to say1 we %\ld h left "o-?irtie? ( ! atmosph]e bel[ u by asc5d+ #ijj feet4 ,z we w5t up high] we %\ld f9d t we %\ld h to climb m ?an #ijj feet fur!r 9 ord] t ! b>omet] might fall ano!r in*2 & ea* successive in*1 z we w5t upw>d1 w\ld mean a long] climb4 ,at ! height ( #bgfj feet ! b>omet] w\ld h fall5 ?ree in*es2 we %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh "o-t5? ( ! atmosph]e4 ,at ! height ( #ehjj feet1 we %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh "o-fif? ( ! atmosph]e1 ! b>omet] w\ld h dropp$ six in*es2 & s on1 until at ab\t ?ree & a ?ird miles above sea level ! b>omet] w\ld read fifte5 in*es1 %[+ t we _h pass$ ?r\gh half ! atmosph]e4 ,mont ,blanc is n q ?ree miles high1 s t 9 ,europe we _c climb to ! height :]e half ! atmosph]e is left bel[ u1 & !re is no t]re/rial m\nta9 any:]e :i* w\ld enable u to d\ble ! climb2 t is to say1 to asc5d six & two-?ird miles4 ,c\ld we d s1 h[ev]1 we %\ld f9d t ! b>omet] _h fall5 to sev5 & a half in*es2 t ! second asc5t ( ?ree & a ?ird miles _h br\ght u ?r\gh half ! rema9+ atmosph]e1 s t only "o-f\r? /ill rema9$ above u4 ,9 ! celebrat$ balloon asc5t made by ,mr4 ,coxwell & ,mr4 ,glai%] on ,septemb] #e1 #ahfa1 an ev5 great] height 0 atta9$1 & x 0 e/imat$ t ! b>omet] fell at its l[e/ read+ to sev5 in*es1 :i* w\ld correspond to a height ( #ci1jjj feet4 ,b on ! ,sun1 :]e ! =ce ( gravity is #bg4fe times z great z at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 x w\ld1 if all ! o!r conditions 7 simil>1 only be necess>y to asc5d "o furlong1 in/ead ( ?ree & a ?ird miles1 9 ord] to rea* ! level ( half ! surface pressure1 & an asc5t ( two furlongs w\ld br+ u to ! level ( qu>t] pressure1 & s on4 ,if !n ! sol> atmosph]e ext5ds inw>ds1 bel[ ! app>5t surface1 x %\ld approximately d\ble 9 d5sity ) ea* furlong ( desc5t4 ,^! consid]ations1 if tak5 alone1 w\ld po9t to a mean d5sity ( ! ,sun n z we "k x to be1 less ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 b immeasurably great]2 b ! discordance is suffici5tly expla9$ :5 we come to ano!r class ( facts4 ,^! relate to ! temp]ature ( ! ,sun1 & to ! enorm\s am\nt ( light & heat :i* x radiates =? cont9ually4 ,?is entirely transc5ds our p[] to und]/& or appreciate4 ,nev]!less1 ! a/oni%+ figures :i* ! be/ au?orities give u may1 by _! va/ness1 convey "s r\gh g5]al impression t may be ( s]vice4 ,?us ,pr(4 ,c4 ,a4 ,"y puts ! total quantity ( sunlight z equival5t to #a1ege1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj /&>d c&les4 ,! int5sity ( sunlight at ea* po9t ( ! ,sun's surface is v>i\sly express$ z #aij1jjj times t ( a /&>d c&le1 #ecjj times t ( ! metal 9 a ,bessem] conv]t]1 #adf times t ( a calcium light1 or1 #c4d times t ( an electric arc4 ,! same au?ority e/imates at #cj calories ! value ( ! ,sol> ,con/ant2 t is to say1 ! heat :i*1 if our atmosph]e 7 remov$1 w\ld be receiv$ f ! ,sun 9 a m9ute ( "t ^u a squ>e metre ( ! ,e>?'s surface t _h ! ,sun 9 its z5i?1 w\ld be suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature ( a kilogram ( wat] #cj degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,?is w\ld involve t ! heat radiation f ea* squ>e metre ( ! ,sun's surface w\ld equal #a1cdj1jjj calories2 or suffici5t to melt ?r\gh 9 ea* m9ute ( "t a %ell ( ice surr\nd+ ! ,sun to ! ?ickness ( #eh4b feet4 ,pr(4 ,abbot's mo/ rec5t det]m9ation ( ! sol> con/ant dim9i%es ^! e/imates by "o ?ird2 b he /ill gives ! probable temp]ature ( ! sol> surface z n f> %ort ( #gjjj degrees ,c5tigrade1 or ab\t #ab1jjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! ,sun1 !n1 pres5ts u ) temp]atures & pressures :i* entirely surpass our exp]i5ce on ! ,e>?4 ,! temp]atures1 on ! "o h&1 are suffici5t to conv]t into a p]man5t gas e sub/ance ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 ! pressures1 on ! o!r h&1 ap>t f ! high temp]atures1 w\ld probably solidify e elem5t1 & ! ,sun1 z a :ole1 w\ld pres5t itself to u z a comp>atively small solid globe1 ) a d5sity l t ( plat9um4 ,) bo? factors 9 op]ation1 we h ! result already giv53 a huge globe1 m ?an "o hundr$ times ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?1 yet only "o-f\r? its d5sity1 & gase\s probably ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its enorm\s bulk4 ,:at effect h ^! two factors1 s /up5d\s 9 scale1 ^u its visible surface8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! ,sun8 ,x appe>s to be a l>ge gl[+ disc1 s5sibly circul> 9 outl9e1 ) its edge fairly well-def9$ bo? z se5 9 ! telescope & z regi/]$ on photographs4 ,9 ! spectroscope1 or :5 9 an eclipse ( ! ,sun ! ,moon cov]s ! :ole disc1 a n>r[ s]rat$ r+ is se5 surr\nd+ ! rim1 l a velvet pile ( a bright rose col\r4 ,?is crimson rim1 ! si]ra or *romosph]e z x is usually call$1 is always to be f\nd edg+ ! entire ,sun1 & !re=e mu/ c>pet ! surface ev]y:]e4 ,b "u ord9>y conditions1 we d n see ! *romosph]e itself1 b look d[n ?r\gh x on ! photosph]e1 or g5]al radiat+ surface4 ,?is1 to ! eye1 c]ta9ly looks l a def9ite %ell1 b "s !ori/s h be5 s impress$ ) ! difficulty ( conceiv+ t a gase\s body l ! ,sun c\ld1 "u ! conditions ( su* /up5d\s temp]atures z !re exi/1 h any def9$ limit at all1 t !y d5y t :at we see on ! ,sun is a real b\nd>y1 & argue t x only appe>s s to u ?r\gh ! effects ( ! anomal\s refraction or disp]sion ( light4 ,su* !ories introduce difficulties great] & m num]\s ?an ^? t !y cle> away1 & !y are n g5]ally accept$ by practical obs]v]s ( ! ,sun4 ,!y seem incompatible ) ! app>5t /ructure ( ! photosph]e1 :i* is ev]y:]e made up ( a complicat$ mottl+3 m9ute gra9s some:at resembl+ ^? ( rice 9 %ape1 ( int5se brightness1 & irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,?is mottl+ is sometimes co>sely1 sometimes f9ely textur$2 9 "s regions x is %>p & well def9$1 9 o!rs mi/y or blurr$1 & 9 bo? cases !y are (t5 arrang$ 9 l>ge elaborate patt]ns1 ! figures ( ! patt]n sometimes ext5d+ = a hundr$ ?\s& miles or m 9 any direction4 ,! rice-l gra9s or granules ( :i* ^! figures are built up1 & ! d>k] pores betwe5 !m1 are1 on ! o!r h&1 comp>atively small1 & d n1 on ! av]age1 exce$ two to f\r hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,b ! ,sun %[s u o!r objects ( q a diff]5t ord] 9 _! dim5sions4 ,"h & !re ! bright granules ( ! photosph]e become di/urb$ & torn ap>t1 & broad areas are expos$ :i* are relatively d>k4 ,^! are sunspots1 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t !y are usually arrang$ 9 gr\ps :i* t5d to be /ret*$ out p>allel to ! ,sun's equator4 ,a gr\p ( spots 9 its lat] /ages ( developm5t is m commonly r$uc$ to a s+le r\nd1 well-def9$1 d>k spot4 ,^! gr\ps1 :5 ne> ! edge ( ! ,sun1 are usually se5 to be accompani$ by v bright m>k+s1 arrang$ 9 long irregul> l9es1 l ! foam on an incom+ tide4 ,^! m>k+s are kn[n z ! faculae1 f _! brightness4 ,9 ! spectroscope1 :5 ! s]rat$ edges ( ! *romosph]e are "u obs]vation1 e n[ & !n great prom95ces1 or tongues & cl\ds ( flame1 are se5 to rise up f !m1 sometimes *ang+ _! =m & appe>ance s rapidly t ! motion c almo/ be foll[$ by ! eye4 ,an int]val ( fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes has frequ5tly be5 suffici5t to trans=m1 q beyond recognition1 a mass ( flame fifty ?\s& miles 9 height4 ,sometimes a prom95ce ( ^!1 or ev5 great]1 dim5sions has =m$1 develop$1 ris5 to a great di/ance f ! ,sun1 & completely disappe>$ )9 less ?an half an h\r4 ,! velocity ( ! gas /reams 9 su* eruptions (t5 exce$s "o hundr$ miles a second2 sometimes1 ?\gh only r>ely1 x rea*es a spe$ twice z great4 ,sunspots d n (f] u examples ( motions ( ?is ord] ( rapidity1 b ! areas :i* !y affect are n less a/oni%+4 ,_m spot gr\ps h be5 se5 to ext5d ov] a l5g? ( "o hundr$ ?\s&1 or "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& miles1 & to cov] a total area ( a ?\s& million squ>e miles4 ,inde$1 ! great gr\p ( ,febru>y1 #aije1 at its greate/ ext5t1 cov]$ an area f\r times z great z ?is4 ,aga91 9 ! normal c\rse ( ! developm5t ( a spot gr\p1 ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! gr\p frequ5tly %[ a k9d ( repulsion = ea* o!r 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! gr\p's hi/ory1 & ! usual spe$ ) :i* !y move away f ea* o!r is ?ree hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,! spots1 ! faculae1 ! prom95ces1 are all1 9 diff]5t ways1 ( ! nature ( /orms 9 an atmosph]e2 t is to say1 t1 9 ! great gase\s bulk ( ! ,sun1 c]ta9 local diff]5ces ( con/itution1 temp]ature1 & pressure are m>k$ by ^! diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is mo/ significant t _m spots are kn[n to la/ = m ?an a mon?2 "s h be5 kn[n to endure = ev5 half a ye>4 ,! ne>e/ analogy :i* ! ,e>? supplies to ^! di/urbances may be f\nd 9 tropical cyclones1 b ^! are relatively ( f> small] area1 & only la/ a few days at ! utmo/1 :ile a hundr$ miles an h\r is ! greate/ velocity !y ev] exhibit1 & ?is1 =tunately1 only "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,= a w9d ( su* viol5ce m[s d[n build+s & trees z a scy! ! blades ( grass2 & 7 tornadoes mov+ at a rate ( #cjj miles an h\r z common ^u ! ,e>? z spots are ^u ! ,sun1 x w\ld be /ripp$ b>e ( plants & animals1 z well z ( m5 & ( all _! works4 ,x is n an accid5t t ! ,sun1 :5 /orm-swept1 %[s ?is viol5ce ( commotion1 b a necess>y consequ5ce ( its enorm\s temp]ature & pressures4 ,z we h se51 ! =ce ( gravity at its surface is #bg4fe times t at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 :]e a body falls #af4a feet 9 ! fir/ second ( "t2 on ! ,sun1 !re=e1 a body w\ld fall #dde feet 9 ! fir/ second2 & ! atmosph]ic motions g5]ally w\ld be accel]at$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,! high temp]atures1 ! great pressures1 ! viol5t commotions :i* prevail on ! ,sun are1 !re=e1 ! direct consequ5ce ( its enorm\s mass4 ,! ,sun is1 !n1 n m]ely ! type & example ( ! *ief s\rce ( light & heat 9 a giv5 planet>y sy/em2 x indicates to u t size & mass are ! prim>y tok5s by :i* we may judge ! temp]ature ( a _w1 & ! activity to be expect$ 9 its *anges4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,space ,x is n[ an old /ory1 b /ill possess+ its int]e/1 h[ ,fraunh(] analys$ ! light ( ! ,sun by mak+ x pass ?r\gh a n>r[ slit & a prism1 & f\nd t ! broad ra9b[-t9t$ b& ( light s obta9$ 0 int]rupt$ by hundr$s ( n>r[ d>k l9es1 images 9 negative ( ! slit2 & h[ ,kir*h(f succe$$ 9 prov+ t two ( ^! d>k l9es 7 caus$ by ! :ite light ( ! sol> photosph]e hav+ suff]$ absorption at ! ,sun by pass+ ?r\gh a /ratum ( gl[+ sodium vap\r4 ,f t "t =w>d x has be5 kn[n t ! ,sun is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( int5sely heat$ gases1 among :i* figure _m ( ^? elem5ts famili> to u 9 ! solid =m on ! ,e>?1 su* z iron1 cobalt1 nickel1 copp]1 manganese1 & ! l4 ,^! metals1 "h ! v types ( solid bodies1 are p]man5t gases on ! ,sun4 ,! ,sun1 !n1 is 9 an ess5tially gase\s condition1 enclos$ by ! lum9\s %ell :i* we t]m ! photosph]e4 ,?is %ell ,pr(4 ,c4 ,a4 ,"y & ! majority ( a/ronom]s reg>d z consi/+ ( a relatively ?9 lay] ( gl[+ cl\ds1 ju/ify+ ! qua9t conceit ( ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 :o spoke ( ! ,sun z a ,bubble2 t is1 a globe ( gas surr\nd$ by an envelope s ?9 9 comp>ison z to be a m]e film4 ,!re has be5 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! sub/ance =m+ ^! cl\ds1 b ! !ory is /ill widely held :i* 0 fir/ put =w>d by ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney 9 #ahfg1 t !y are due to ! cond5sation ( c>bon1 ! mo/ refractory ( all kn[n elem5ts4 ,pr(4 ,abbot1 h[ev]1 refuses to believe 9 a surface ( ?is nature1 hold+ t ! temp]ature ( ! ,sun is too high ev5 at ! surface to p]mit any su* cond5sation4 ,! application ( ! spectroscope to a/ronomy is n conf9$ to ! ,sun1 b rea*es mu* fur!r4 ,! />s also yield _! spectra1 & we are compell$ to recognize t !y also are suns2 int5sely heat$ globes ( gl[+ gas1 ri* 9 ! same elem5ts z ^? famili> to u on ! ,e>? & kn[n by _! spectral l9es to be pres5t on ! ,sun4 ,! />s1 !re=e1 _c !mselves be inhabit$ worlds any m ?an ! ,sun1 & at a /roke ! :ole ( ! cele/ial lum9>ies )9 ! fur!/ range ( our mo/ p[]ful telescopes are remov$ f our pres5t se>*4 ,only ^? memb]s ( our sol> sy/em t %9e by reflect+ ! light ( ! ,sun c be cool en\gh = habitation2 ! true />s _c be inhabit$1 =1 :atev] _! quality & ord]1 !y are all suns1 & mu/ necess>ily be 9 f> too highly heat$ a condition to be ! abode ( life4 ,_m ( !m may1 p]haps1 be a s\rce ( light & heat to att5dant planets1 b !re is no s+le in/ance 9 :i* su* a planet has be5 directly obs]v$2 no d>k1 non-lum9\s body has ev] be5 actually se5 9 att5dance on a />4 ,_m d\ble or multiple />s are kn[n1 b ^! are all in/ances 9 :i* "o sun-l body is revolv+ r\nd ano!r ( ! same ord]4#i ,we see no body %9+ by reflect$ light outside ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,planets to ! v>i\s />s may exi/ 9 c\ntless numb]s1 b !y are invisible to u1 & we _c discuss conditions :]e ev]y?+ is unkn[n4 ,enquiry 9 su* a case is useless1 & speculation va94 ,! />s1 z reveal$ to u by ! spectroscope are all ( ! same ord] z ! ,sun1 b !y are n all ( ! same species4 ,q a l>ge numb] ( />s1 ( :i* ,arcturus is "o ( ! be/-kn[n examples1 %[ spectra t are ess5tially ! same z t ( ! ,sun1 b !re are o!r />s ( :i* ! spectra be> little or no semblance to x4 ,nev]!less1 x rema9s true t1 on ! :ole1 /ell> spectra be> witness to ! pres5ce ( j ! same elem5ts z we recognize 9 ! ,sun1 ?\gh n always 9 ! same proportions or 9 ! same conditions--hydrog51 calcium1 sodium1 magnesium1 iron1 titanium1 & _m m are recogniz$ 9 ne>ly all4 ,x is true t n all ! kn[n t]re/rial elem5ts h yet be5 id5tifi$ 9 ei!r ,sun or />s2 b1 9 g5]al1 ^? miss+ are ei!r negative elem5ts l ! halog5s1 or elem5ts ( great atomic weight l m]cury & plat9um4 ,t elem5ts ( "o class %\ld1 z a rule1 reveal _! pres5ce 9 ,sun & />s :]ev] ^! are plac$1 &1 correspond+ly1 t o!r classes %\ld z g5]ally fail to %[ !mselves1 indicate t su* abs5ce is m likely to be due to ! g5]al /ructure ( ! /ell> photosph]es & rev]s+ lay]s ?an to any irregul>ity 9 ! di/ribution ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is easy1 = example1 to conceive t ! heavy metals may lie some:at deep] d[n )9 ! ,sun or /> ?an ^? ( l[ atomic weight4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,sun1 !re seems a cle> connection betwe5 atomic weight & ! di/9ctness ) :i* ! elem5t is recogniz$ 9 ! spectrum ( ! photosph]e1 ! l[] atomic weights %[+ !mselves m conspicu\sly4 ,x is cle> t n all elem5ts pres5t 9 a ,sun or /> %[ !mselves 9 its spectrum4 ,oxyg5 is v feebly repres5t$ by its elem5tal l9es1 b ! flut+s ( titanium oxide are f\nd 9 sunspots1 & ) great di/9ctness 9 a c]ta9 type ( />s4 ,nitrog51 too1 ?\gh n directly recogniz$1 proves its pres5ce by ! l9es ( cyanog54 ,! case ( helium is "o ( p>ticul> int]e/2 ?is elem5t 0 recogniz$ by a v bright yell[ l9e 9 ! sol> prom95ces be=e x 0 kn[n to exi/ on ! ,e>?2 inde$1 x receiv$ ! "n helium because x !n seem$ to be a purely sol> con/itu5t4 ,n[ x is se5 z a /rong absorption l9e 9 ! spectrum ( _m />s2 b = "s reason x is n 9 g5]al se5 z an absorption l9e ov] ! ,sun's disc1 & if our ,sun 7 remov$ to su* di/ance s z to appe> to u only z a />1 we %\ld h no evid5ce t x conta9$ any helium at all4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ! evid5ce ( ! spectroscope goes1 ! elem5ts pres5t 9 ! ,e>? are pres5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! univ]se )9 our view3 ! same elem5ts & ) ! same qualities4 ,= ! l9es ( ! spectrum ( an elem5t are ! revelation ( its inn]mo/ molecul> /ructure1 s t we c confid5tly affirm t hydrog5 & oxyg5 on ,sirius1 ,arcturus1 or ! ,sun1 are ess5tially ! same elem5ts z hydrog5 & oxyg5 on ! ,e>?4 ,on a planet atta*$ to any ( ^! />s1 ! two gases w\ld comb9e toge!r to =m wat] "u j ! same conditions z !y d "h on ! ,e>?2 & at suitable temp]atures t wat] w\ld be a neutral liquid1 capable ( dissolv+ j ! same *emical sub/ances t x does "h4 ,x w\ld freeze z x does "h2 x w\ld evaporate z x does "h2 x w\ld be wat] z completely 9 all its qualities & conditions z e>?ly wat] is4 ,& :at applies to "o elem5t or comp\nd applies to all4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( space1 ! same build+ mat]ials h be5 employ$1 & ?r\gh\t !y reta9 ! same qualities4 ,hydrog5 is se5 9 ! spectra ( ne>ly all />s1 & also 9 ^? ( nebulae4 ,! elem5tal l9es ( oxyg5 are n inde$ se5 9 /ell> spectra1 b t ! elem5t is pres5t is %[n by ! flut+s ( titanium oxide :i* di/+ui% />s l ,ant>es4 ,nitrog5 & c>bon aga9 are n recogniz$ by _! elem5tal l9es1 b ! l9es ( cyanog5 are se5 9 ! spectra ( comets & ( sunspots1 & hydroc>bon flut+s 9 ! spectra ( comets & r$ />s2 :ile 9 a few ( ! hotte/ />s ev5 sulphur has rec5tly be5 id5tifi$4#aj ,all ! five organo-g5etic elem5ts are !re=e abundantly diffus$ ?r\gh space2 ! mat]ials = protoplasm1 ! album9\s sub/ance ) wat]1 are at h& ev]y:]e4 ,?is be+ s1 x is reasonable to inf] t if organic life exi/s else:]e ?an on ?is ,e>?1 its ess5tial feature1 !re z "h1 is ! metabolism ( nitrog5\s c>bon comp\nds 9 association ) protoplasm4 ,b x is object$ t we are n yet able to id5tify all ! l9es 9 sol> or /ell> spectra2 may n "s ( ^! l9es be due to elem5ts ( :i* we "k no?+ "h1 & may n su* new elem5ts =m complex & un/able comp\nds ) ea* o!r1 or ) "s ( ^? famili> to u1 t w\ld take ! place ( ! five organo-g5]ators1 & s give rise to a physical basis ( life1 diff]5t f t we "k on ?is ,e>?8 ,b ! developm5t ( ,m5deleeff's ,p]iodic ,law has %[n t ! elem5ts are n to be reg>d$ z disconnect$ entities4 ,! ,law z giv5 9 ,m5deleeff's own words1 runs3 ,! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts z well z ! =ms & prop]ties ( _! comp\nds are 9 p]iodic dep5d5ce on1 or 7express+ ourselves algebraically7 =m a p]iodic function ( ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 !y =m a s]ies1 n only z x reg>ds _! atomic weights1 b also z x reg>ds _! own prop]ties & ! =ms & prop]ties ( _! comp\nds4 ,we are no long] at lib]ty1 z we might h be5 _m ye>s ago1 to call into fanci$ exi/5ce new elem5ts hav+ no relation 9 _! prop]ties & comp\nds to ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,new elem5ts1 no d\bt1 w be discov]$ 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/2 & inde$ we may be able to discov] !m & le>n _! atomic weights & prop]ties )\t ev] be+ able to h&le !m 9 a t]re/rial laboratory4 ,9 a s]ies ( rem>kable pap]s communicat$ to ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society dur+ ! pa/ ye> 7#aiaa-aiab71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ni*olson has giv5 ! result ( 8 computation ( ! positions ( ! spectral l9es ( two elem5ts ( simple /ructure1 & has f\nd t ! result+ l9es correspond1 = "o dynamical sy/em1 to ! *ief unid5tifi$ l9es obs]v$ 9 ! spectra ( nebulae1 & = ! o!r1 to ! *ief unid5tifi$ l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ! corona4 ,! latt] elem5t is probably associat$ ) ! halog5s1 b ( mu* l[] atomic weight 7namely1 #a4c71 ?an fluor9e2 he !re=e gives x ! "n ( ,prot(luor9e4 ,! o!r elem5t1 to :i* he gives ! "n ,nebulium1 w h an atomic weight ( #b4a4 ,pr(4 ,max ,wolf1 ( ,heidelb]g1 has rec5tly po9t$ out#aa ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( two o!r unkn[n gases 9 ! ,r+ nebula 9 ,lyra1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ! process ( discov]y has come to an end4 ,b we _c imag9e t we %all discov] any new elem5ts t are m abundant & m univ]sally diffus$ ?an ! five :i* give u protoplasm--! physical basis ( life4 ,to take an analogy f ! sol> sy/em3 _m hundr$s ( planetoids h n[ be5 discov]$ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & probably _m hundr$s m rema9 to be discov]$2 b ( "o ?+ we are c]ta91 t none ( ! planetoids yet to be discov]$ w be ( ! same rank z ei!r ( ^? two gu>dians1 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 :o revolve on ! conf9es ( ! planetoidal zone4 ,inde$1 ,c]es1 ! planetoid fir/ discov]$1 has a great] mass ?an ! aggregate ( all discov]$ s9ce1 & probably ( all t exi/ 9 ! zone4 ,wat] is ess5tial = life "h1 b ! quality 9 wat] :i* re/ricts ! range ( t]re/rial life is t x freezes at #j deg4 ,c5tigrade1 & boils at #ajj deg4 ,c5tigrade2 x is only 9 ! liquid /ate dur+ ! int]m$iate range ( #ajj degrees4 ,9 ord] to ext5d ! range = liv+ organisms1 we %\ld h1 !re=e1 to discov] a new vehicle1 t1 possess+ all ! o!r qualities ( wat]1 is n re/rict$ to ! liquid /ate )9 ! same limits4 ,b we are at once met ) ! difficulty t ! fir/ ess5tial = ! vehicle is t x %\ld be abundant1 & !re are no o!r elem5ts m abundant ?an hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,?is new vehicle mu/1 l wat]1 be bo? neutral & /able1 or x w\ld itself int]f]e ) ! highly un/able comp\nds t are a necessity = metabolism4 ,&1 if we c\ld f9d ?is new vehicle1 liquid at temp]atures outside ! #j deg4 to #ajj deg4 ,c5tigrade1 h we any reason to suppose t protoplasm itself w\ld be able to endure ^! outly+ temp]atures8 ,look+ ?r\gh ! range ( sub/ances available1 we c only say t none o!r pres5ts itself z approa*+ wat] 9 suitability = its ess5tial (fice4 ,if we1 ourselves1 7 able to create a vehicle1 c\ld we imag9e "o m p]fectly suit$8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,moon ,! ,sun & ,moon (f] to our sight almo/ exactly ! same app>5t diamet]s2 to ! eye1 !y look ! same size4 ,b z we "k ! ,sun to be #djj times z di/ant z ! ,moon1 x is necess>ily #djj times z l>ge2 its surface mu/ exce$ t ( ! ,moon by ! squ>e ( #djj1 or #afj1jjj2 its volume by ! cube ( #djj1 or #fd1jjj1jjj4 ,z ! ,sun is ( l[ mean d5sity1 its mass does n exce$ t ( ! ,moon 9 q ! same high ratio2 b x is equal 9 mass to #bg1jjj1jjj moons4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,sun1 ! ,moon is !re=e an insignificant little ball--a m]e p>ticle2 b z a _w = habitation x possesses "s advantages ov] ! ,sun4 ,! fir/ glance at x 9 a telescope is suffici5t to assure ! obs]v] t he is look+ at a solid1 sub/antial globe4 ,x is n only sub/antial1 x is rugg$2 its surface is brok5 up into m\nta9s1 hills1 valleys1 & pla9s2 ! m\nta9s /& out 9 s5sible relief2 x looks l a ball ( solid silv] boldly emboss$ & *as$4 ,s f> all is to ! good = ! purpose ( habitation4 ,:]ev] m5 are1 !y mu/ h a solid plat=m on :i* to /&2 !y mu/ h a /able t]r5e :]eon _! food may gr[1 & ?is ! ,moon c\ld supply4 ,! ,e>?'s gloom ( iron sub/ance is necess>y = man "h1 & ! ,moon appe>s to (f] a l /ability4 ,ano!r fav\rable condition is t we "k t ! ,moon receives f ! ,sun a suffici5t supply ( light & heat4 ,ea* squ>e y>d ( its surface receives1 on ! av]age1 ! same am\nt ( light & heat t w\ld fall ^u a squ>e y>d on ! ,e>? t 0 pres5t$ t[>ds ! ,sun at ! same incl9ation2 & we "k f our own exp]i5ce t ?is is suffici5t = ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,& ! ,moon is ne> en\gh = u to subject h] to a se>*+ scrut9y4 ,e "p ( ! hemisph]e turn$ t[>d u has be5 repeat$ly exam9$1 measur$1 & photograph$2 to t ext5t our k ( its topography is m complete ?an ( ! _w on :i* we live4 ,!re are no unexplor$ regions on our side ( ! ,moon4 ,! great photographs tak5 9 rec5t ye>s at ! obs]vatories ( ,p>is & ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago h %[n ?\s&s ( crat]-pits1 n m ?an a mile across2 & n>r[ l9es on ! ,moon's surface h be5 detect$ ) a bread? less ?an "o-t5? ( ?is4 ,an elevation on ! ,moon1 if x rose up abruptly f an op5 pla91 w\ld make its pres5ce app>5t by ! %ad[ :i* x w\ld ca/ soon aft] sunrise or ne> sunset2 9 ?is way an isolat$ build+1 if x 7 z l>ge z ! great pyramid ( ,ghizeh1 w\ld also %[ itself1 & all our great t[ns & cities w\ld be app>5t z areas ( indi/9ct mottl+1 ?\gh ! details ( ! cities w\ld n be made out4 ,b if vegetation took ! same =ms on ! ,moon z on ! ,e>?1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! same *anges1 we %\ld h no difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ ! evid5ce ( its pres5ce4 ,if we 7 transport$ to ! ,moon & turn$ our eyes e>?w>d1 we %\ld n ne$ ! assi/ance ( any telescope 9 ord] to detect t]re/rial *anges :i* w\ld be pla9ly connect$ ) ! seasonal *anges ( vegetation4 ,! ,e>? w\ld pres5t to u a disc f\r times ! app>5t diamet] ( ! ,moon1 & on t disc ,canada w\ld (f] z great an area z ! :ole ( ! ,moon does to u4 ,we c\ld easily foll[ ) ! nak$ eye ! *ange f ! glitt]+ :it5ess ( ! aspect ( ,canada :5 sn[-cov]$ 9 w9t]1 to ! br[n1 gre5 & gold :i* w\ld succe$ ea* o!r dur+ ! bright] mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,& ?is type ( *ange w\ld alt]nate betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 = ! w9t] ( ,canada is ! summ] ( ! ,arg5t9e1 & conv]sely4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 to h no difficulty 9 obs]v+ seasonal *anges on ! ,moon1 if su* take place4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d has ev] be5 rem>k$2 no *anges suffici5tly pron\nc$ = u to be sure ( !m are ev] witness$4 ,"h & !re "s slight mutations h be5 suspect$1 ne>ly all accompli%+ _! cycle 9 ! c\rse ( a lun> day2 s t x is difficult to sep>ate !m f *anges purely app>5t1 br\ght ab\t by ! *ange 9 ! incid5ce ( ! illum9ation4 ,! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance ( a giv5 area on ! ,moon :5 view$ "u a l[ ,sun & :5 ! ,sun is on ! m]idian is v /rik+4 ,9 ! fir/ case ev]y?+ is 9 ! bolde/ relief2 ! %ad[s are long & int5sely black2 ! :ole area "u exam9ation 9 ! telescope seems z if x might be h&l$4 ,"u ! high ,sun1 ! contra/s are gone2 ! sc5]y appe>s flat1 _m ( ! l>ge conspicu\s m>k+s are only recogniz$ ) difficulty4 ,?us ! t]se rem>k ( ,ma$l]1 ,! full ,moon kn[s no ,mag9us1 has become a prov]b among/ sel5ograph]s2 yet ,mag9us is a f9e wall$ pla9 "s eighty miles 9 diamet]1 & its ramp>t atta9s a height 9 p>ts ( #ad1jjj feet4 ,mag9us lies ne> ,ty*o1 :i* has be5 well nam$ ! lun> metropolis1 = f x radiates ! pr9cipal sy/em ( bright /reaks conspicu\s on ! full ,moon4 ,^! :ite /reaks appe> :5 ! %ad[s h vani%$ or are gr[+ %ort2 !y are n se5 "u a l[ ,sun4 ,! *anges :i* appe> to take place 9 ! lun> =mations ow+ to ! *ange 9 _! illum9ation are mu* m /rik+ & v>i$ ?an w\ld be anticipat$4 ,b ! "q arises :e!r all ! *anges t are associat$ ) ! progress ( ! lun> day c be ascrib$ to ?is effect4 ,?us1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ writes conc]n+ a well-kn[n pair ( little crat]s ( ab\t n9e miles 9 diamet]1 kn[n z ,messi] & ,messi] ,a1 situat$ side by side n f> f ! c5tre ( ! ,m>e ,fecunditatis4 ,:5 ! ,sun rises fir/ on !m1 ! ea/]n "o1 ,a1 is triangul> & l>g] ?an ,messi]1 :i* latt] is some:at pe>-%ap$4 ,ab\t ?ree days aft] sunrise !y bo? sudd5ly turn :ite1 ,messi] rapidly gr[s 9 size1 soon surpasses ,a1 & also becomes triangul> 9 %ape4 ,six days aft] sunrise ! crat]s are aga9 ne>ly ( ! same size1 ow+ to ! dim9ution ( ,messi]4 ,! %ape ( ,a has become irregul>1 & diff]s 9 diff]5t lunations4 ,at n9e days aft] sunrise ! crat]s are exactly alike 9 size & %ape1 bo? n[ be+ elliptical1 ) _! major axes ly+ 9 a ne>ly ,n4 & ,s4 direction4 ,j be=e sunset ,a is aga9 ! l>g]1 be+ almo/ twice ! size ( ,messi]4#ab ,"s obs]v]s expla9 ?is cycle ( *anges z due m]ely to ! peculi> cont\r ( ! two objects1 ! *ange 9 ! light+ dur+ ! lun> day alt]+ _! app>5t figures4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile recogniz+ t "s portion ( ! *ange ( %ape is probably due to ! cont\r ( ! gr\nd1 conceives t1 9 ord] to expla9 ! :ole ph5om5on1 x is necess>y to suppose t a :ite lay] ( ho> fro/ is =m$ p]iodically r\nd ! two crat]s4 ,x is also alleg$ t :]eas ,ma$l] describ$ ! two crat]s z be+ exactly alike eighty ye>s ago1 ,messi] ,a is n[ di/9ctly ! l>g]2 b x is v d\btful :e!r ,ma$l]'s description c be tru/$ to ?is degree ( nicety4 ,if x c\ld1 ?is w\ld e/abli% a p]man5t *ange 9 ! actual /ructure ( ! lun> surface at ?is po9t4 ,!re are sev]al o!r cases ( ! same ord] ( ambiguity4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ is ,l9ne1 a :ite spot ab\t six miles 9 diamet] on ! ,m>e ,s]5tatis4 ,?is object appe>s to *ange 9 size dur+ ! progress ( ! lun> day1 &1 z ) ,messi]1 "s sel5ograph]s consid] t x has also suff]$ an actual p]man5t *ange 9 %ape )9 ! la/ sixty or sev5ty ye>s4 ,"h aga9 ! evid5ce is n decisive2 ,neison is by no means conv9c$ t a *ange has tak5 place1 yet does n ?9k x impossible t ,l9ne may once h be5 a crat] ) /eep walls :i* h collaps$ into its int]ior ?r\gh ! =ce ( gravity4 ,ano!r type ( suspect$ *ange is associat$ ) ! neighb\rhood ( ,ari/>*us1 ! brighte/ =mation on ! ,moon1 s bright inde$ t ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 obs]v+ x :5 illum9at$ by e>?%9e 9 ! d>k portion ( ! ,moon1 ?\ght t he 0 wat*+ a lun> volcano 9 eruption4 ,9 #ahig1 on ,septemb] #ba1 ! late ,major ,moleswor? notic$ t ! crat] 0 at t "t "u ! rays ( ! sett+ ,sun1 & fill$ ) %ad[1 & ! inn] t]races1 :i* %\ld h be5 invisible1 7 se5 z fa9t1 knott$1 glimm]+ /reaks "u bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n walls1 & ! c5tral peak 0 also dimly disc]nible4 ,he ?\ght ?is unusual light+ up ( rocks on :i* ! ,sun _h already set might be due ei!r to phosphoresc5ce produc$ by long exposure to ! ,sun's rays1 or to inh]5t heat1 or to reflect$ gl>e f ! we/]n ramp>t4 ,/ill m important1 bo? ,major ,moleswor? & ,mr4 ,walt] ,goodacre1 ea* on m ?an "o occasion1 obs]v$ :at seem$ to be a fa9t blui% mi/ on ! inn] slope ( ! ea/ wall1 soon aft] sunrise1 b ?is 0 visible only = a %ort "t4 ,o!r sel5ograph]s too1 on r>e occasions1 h made obs]vations accordant ) ^!1 relat+ to v>i\s regions on ! ,moon4 ,^!1 & a few o!r simil> in/ances1 are all t sel5ography has to (f] by way ( evid5ce ( actual lun> *ange4 ,( seem+ *ange !re is abundance1 b beyond t we h only cases = controv]sy1 & "o ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s ( ! pres5t-day obs]v]s ( ! ,moon1 ,m4 ,philip ,fau?1 decl>es t z a /ud5t ( ! ,moon = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & z probably "o ( ! few liv+ inve/igators :o h kept 9 practical t\* ) ! results ( sel5ography1 he is b\nd to express 8 conviction t no eye has ev] se5 a physical *ange 9 ! pla/ic features ( ! ,moon's surface4#ac ,9 ?is matt] ( *ange1 !n1 ! ,e>? & ,moon /& 9 ! greate/ contra/ to ea* o!r4 ,z we h se51 f ! view-po9t ( ! ,moon1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,e>? w\ld *ange s manife/ly ) ! progress ( ! seasons t no "o c\ld fail to rem>k ! diff]5ce1 ev5 ?\gh obs]v+ ) ! nak$ eye4 ,b f ! view-po9t ( ! ,e>?1 ! ,moon :5 exam9$ by our mo/ exp]i5c$ obs]v]s1 arm$ ) our mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 (f]s u only a few d\btful enigmatical in/ances ( possible *ange conf9$ to small isolat$ localities2 we see no evid5ce t ! gloom ( iron sub/ance bel[ is ev] conceal$ by a veil ( *ang+ vegetation1 or t betwe5 ! burn+ light & deep vacuity ( ! heav5s above1 ! veil ( ! fly+ vap\r has ev] be5 spread out4 ,we see ! ,moon s cle>ly t we are assur$ x holds no wat] to n\ri% plant life2 we see x s cle>ly because !re is no air to c>ry ! vap\r t might dim our view4 ,life is *ange1 & a planet :]e !re is no *ange1 or :]e t *ange is v small1 c be no home = life4 ,! /ability & ins5sibility are inde$ requir$ 9 ! plat=m ^u :i* life is to appe>1 b !re mu/ be ! pres5ce ( ! passion & ! p]i%+1 or life w be unable to f9d a home4 ,we inf] ! abs5ce ( wat] & air f ! ,moon n only f ! un*ang+ "* ( its features & ! di/9ctness ) :i* we see !m2 we are able to make direct obs]vations4 ,galileo1 ! fir/ man to obs]ve ! ,moon to bett] advantage ?an ) ! nak$ eye1 0 n long be=e he decid$ t ! ,moon conta9$ no wat]1 = ?\gh ,milton1 9 a well-kn[n passage1 makes ,galileo discov] ,riv]s or m\nta9s on h] spotty globe1 ,galileo himself wrote3 ,i d n believe t ! body ( ! ,moon is compos$ ( e>? & wat]4 ,! "n ( m>ia 0 giv5 to ! great grey pla9s ( ! ,moon by ,hevelius1 b ?is 0 simply = conv5i5ce ( nom5clature1 n because he actually believ$ !m to be seas4 ,"o obs]vation is1 9 itself1 suffici5t to prove t ! m>ia are n wat] surfaces4 ,! ,moon's t]m9ator1 t is to say1 ! l9e divid+ ! "p 9 sunlight f t 9 d>kness1 is cle>ly irregul> :5 x passes ov] ! great pla9s2 7 !y actually sea x w\ld be a bright l9e & p]fectly smoo?4 ,! grey pla9s are !re=e n expanses ( wat] n[1 nor 7 !y 9 "t pa/4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 "s remote antiquity _! surface 0 9 a fluid condition1 b x 0 ! fluidity ( molt5 rock4 ,?is is se5 by ! way 9 :i* ! m>ia h invad$1 brea*$1 brok5 d[n1 & subm]g$ _m ( ! circul> =mations on _! m>g9s4 ,?us ! ,m>e ,humorum has swept away half ! wall ( ! r+s1 ,hippalus & ,doppelmay]1 & f> out 9 ! op5 pla9 ( ! ,m>e ,nubium1 great circles l ,kies1 & t imm$iately nor? ( ,flam/e$1 /& up 9 fa9t relief z ( half-subm]g$ r+s4 ,cle>ly !re 0 a p]iod aft] ! age 9 :i* ! great r+ m\nta9s & wall$ pla9s came into exi/5ce1 :5 an invasive flood attack$ & p>tially de/roy$ a l>ge proportion ( !m4 ,& ! flood itself evid5tly became m visc\s & less fluid ! fur!r x spread f its orig9al c5tre ( action1 = ! ridges & crumpl+ ( ! surface indicate t ! mat]ial f\nd m & m difficulty 9 its fl[4 ,we h evid5ce j z direct t !re is no atmosph]e4 ,?is is v /rik+ly %[n :5 ! ,moon1 9 its mon?ly progress among ! />s1 passes be=e "o ( !m & occults x4 ,su* an occultation is in/antane\s1 & is p>ticul>ly impressive :5 ei!r a disappe>ance or a reappe>ance occurs at ! defective limb2 t is to say1 at ! limb :i* is n illum9at$ by ! ,sun1 & is !re=e invisible4 ,! obs]v] may h a bright /> 9 ! field ( view1 %[+ /eadily 9 a cl\dless sky2 !re is n a h9t ( a weak5+ 9 its light2 sudd5ly x is gone4 ,! fir/ exp]i5ce ( su* an obs]vation is mo/ disconc]t+2 x is h>dly less disconc]t+ to obs]ve ! reappe>ance at ! d>k limb4 ,"o mom5t ! field ( view ( ! telescope is empty2 ! next1 )\t any sort ( dawn+1 a bright /> is %9+ /eadily 9 ! void1 & x almo/ seems to ! obs]v] z if an explosion _h tak5 place4 ,if ! ,moon _h an atmosph]e ext5d+ upw>ds f its surface 9 all directions & ( any appreciable d5sity1 an occultation w\ld n be s exce$+ly abrupt2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 if ! occultation 7 wat*$ ?r\gh a spectroscope1 !n1 at ! disappe>ance1 ! spectrum ( ! /> w\ld n vani% z a :ole1 b ! r$ end w\ld g fir/1 & ! re/ ( ! spectrum w\ld be swept out ( sight successively1 f orange to ! violet4 ,?is does n happ52 ! :ole spectrum goes out toge!r1 & x is cle> t no appreciable atmosph]e c exi/ on ! ,moon4 ,9 actual obs]vation s inappreciable is x t its d5sity at ! ,moon's surface is v>i\sly e/imat$ z #a_/cjj? ( t ( ! ,e>? by ,neison1 & z #a_/ajjjj? by ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+4 ,if ! ,moon possess$ an atmosph]e be>+ ! same proportion to h] total mass z we f9d 9 ! case ( ! ,e>?1 %e w\ld h a d5sity ( "o-=tie? ( our atmosph]e at ! sea level4 ,! ,moon is at ! same mean di/ance f ! ,sun z ! ,e>?1 & !re=e1 surface = surface1 receives f x on ! av]age ! same am\nt ( light & heat4 ,b x makes a v diff]5t use ( ^! supplies4 ,bright z ! ,moon appe>s :5 se5 at ! full on "s w9t] night1 x has really b a v l[ p[] ( reflection1 & is only bright by contra/ ) ! d>kness ( ! midnight sky4 ,if ! full ,moon is se5 9 broad daylight1 x is pale & gho/-l4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has put x on record t :5 9 ,s\? ,africa he (t5 _h ! opportunity ( comp>+ ! ,moon ) ! face ( ,table ,m\nta91 ! ,sun %9+ full ^u bo?1 & ! ,moon appe>$ no bright] ?an ! wea!r$ rock4 ,! be/ det]m9ations ( ! alb$o ( ! ,moon1 t is to say1 ( its reflective p[]1 give x z #j4ag1 s t only "o-six? ( ! incid5t light is reflect$1 ! o!r five-six?s be+ absorb$4 ,x is difficult to obta9 a good det]m9ation ( ! ,e>?'s alb$o1 b ! mo/ probable e/imate puts x z ab\t #j4ej1 or ?ree times z great z t ( ! ,moon4 ,?is high reflective p[] is p>tly to be acc\nt$ = by ! great ext5t ( ! t]re/rial pol> caps1 b *iefly by ! cl\ds & du/ lay] always pres5t 9 its atmosph]e4 ,a l>g] proportion1 !re=e1 ( ! sol> rays are employ$ 9 heat+ ! soil ( ! ,moon ?an 9 heat+ t ( ! ,e>?1 & 9 ?is connection ! effect ( an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two worlds mu/ be not$4 ,! ,e>? rotates on its axis 9 #bc h\rs #ef m9utes #d seconds1 ! mean l5g? ( its rotation z ref]r$ to ! ,sun be+ #bd h\rs4 ,! rotation ( ! ,moon1 on ! o!r h&1 takes #bg days #g h\rs #dc m9utes to accompli%1 giv+ a mean rotation1 z ref]r$ to ! ,sun1 ( #bi days #ab h\rs #dd m9utes4 ,! lun> surface is !re=e expos$ un9t]rupt$ly to ! sol> scor*+ = v ne>ly fifte5 ( our days at a "t1 & x is1 9 turn1 expos$ to ! int5se cold ( out] space = an equal p]iod4 ,z ! surface absorbs heat s readily1 x mu/ radiate x z quickly2 h5ce radiation mu/ g on ) great rapidity dur+ ! long lun> night4 ,"l ,rosse & ,pr(4 ,v h bo? obta9$ measures ( ! *ange 9 ! lun> heat radiation dur+ ! progress ( a total eclipse ( ! ,moon1 ) ! result t ! heat disappe>$ almo/ completely1 ?\gh n q at ! same "t z ! light4 ,pr(4 ,langley succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! ,moon1 f> d[n 9 ! long wave l5g?s ( ! infra-r$1 a heat spectrum :i* 0 only p>tly due to reflection f ! ,sun2 "p com+ f ! lun> soil itself1 :i*1 hav+ absorb$ heat f ! ,sun1 radiat$ x out aga9 almo/ imm$iately4 ,9 #ahih1 ,pr(4 ,v1 foll[+ up ,langley's l9e ( "w1 conclud$ t ! temp]ature ( ! lun> soil mu/ range ?r\gh ab\t #cej deg4 ,c5tigrade1 consid]ably exce$+ #ajj deg4 at ! height ( ! lun> day1 & fall+ to ab\t ! temp]ature ( liquid air dur+ ! lun> night4 ,s wide a range ( temp]ature mu/ be fatal to liv+ organisms1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! range is repeat$ at %ort1 regul> int]vals ( "t4 ,b ?is range ( temp]ature comes directly f ! l5g? ( ! ,moon's rotation p]iod2 = ! long] ! day ( ! ,moon1 ! high] ! temp]ature :i* may be atta9$ 9 x2 ! long] ! night1 ! great] ! cold :i* w 9 turn be exp]i5c$4 ,we le>n1 !re=e1 t ! "t ( rotation ( a planet is an important factor 9 its habitability4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,canals ,,( ,,m>s ,bo? ( ! two worlds be/ plac$ = our /udy are ?us1 = diff]5t reasons1 rul$ out ( c\rt z worlds = habitation4 ,! ,sun by its va/ness1 its intol]able heat & ! viol5ce ( its *anges1 has to be reject$ on ! "o h&1 :ile ! ,moon1 s small1 & !re=e s rigid1 un*ang+ & b>e1 is reject$ on ! o!r4 ,( ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 ! planet ,m>s is ! "o t we see to be/ advantage4 ,two o!r planets1 ,eros & ,v5us1 at times come ne>] to u1 b nei!r (f]s u on su* occasions equal facilities = _! exam9ation4 ,b ( ,m>s x has be5 ass]t$ n only t x is inhabit$1 b t we "k x to be ! case1 s9ce ! evid5ce ( ! h&iwork ( intellig5t be+s is manife/ to u1 ev5 across ! trem5d\s gulf ( =ty or m million miles ( space4 ,a claim s rem>kable almo/ captures ! position by its audacity4 ,!re is a natural desire among m5 to believe ! m>vell\s1 & ! v boldness ( ! ass]tion goes no small way to ov]come incr$ulity4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ puny are m5 z we see !m on ?is our planet1 h[ m9ute _! greate/ works1 h[ sup]human any und]tak+ w\ld be :i* c\ld demon/rate our exi/5ce to obs]v]s on ano!r planet1 we mu/ admit t x is a m>vel t !re %\ld be any evid5ce =?com+ t c\ld be> "o way or ano!r on ! solution ( a problem s difficult4 ,! fir/ fact t we h to rememb] ) reg>d to ! planet ,m>s is ! smallness ( its app>5t size4 ,to ! eye x is ne>ly a />--a po9t ( light )\t visible surface4 ,x is almo/ twice ! size ( ! ,moon 9 actual diamet]1 b z its mean di/ance f ! ,e>? is #fjj times t ( ! ,moon1 its mean app>5t diamet] is #cjj times small]4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 wat* ,m>s 9 all p>ts ( its orbit2 x is be/ plac$ = obs]vation1 &1 !re=e1 mo/ obs]v$1 :5 9 opposition1 & oppositions may be fav\rable or unfav\rable4 ,at ! mo/ fav\rable opposition1 ,m>s is #adj times z di/ant z ! ,moon2 at ! lea/ fav\rable1 #bfj times2 s t on su* occasions its app>5t size v>ies f #a_/gj? ( ! diamet] ( ! ,moon to #a_/acj?4 ,b a telescope ) a magnify+ p[] ( #gj c\ld nev]1 "u ! mo/ p]fect conditions1 %[ ,m>s1 ev5 9 ! close/ opposition1 z well z ! ,moon is se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 = ! practical magnify+ p[] ( a telescope is nev] z great z ! !oretical4 ,9 practice1 a *ild's spy-glass magnify+ "s six diamet]s w %[ ! full ,moon to bett] advantage ?an ,m>s has ev] be5 se51 ev5 9 our mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,! small app>5t size ( ! planet expla9s h[ x 0 t ,galileo does n seem to h be5 able to detect any m>k+s ^u x4 ,9 #afei1 ,huygh5s laid ! f\ndation /one ( areography by obs]v+ "s d>k spots1 & det]m9+ f _! app>5t movem5ts t ! planet _h a rotation on its axis1 :i* x accompli%$ 9 ab\t ! same "t z ! ,e>?4 ,small & r\gh z are ! draw+s t ,huygh5s made1 ! id5tification ( "o or two ( 8 spots is unmi/akable4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]1 9 #afff1 bo? ,cass9i & ,hooke made a numb] ( sket*es1 & ^? by ,hooke h be5 repeat$ly us$ 9 mod]n det]m9ations ( ! rotation p]iod ( ! planet4 ,! next great advance 0 made by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o1 dur+ ! oppositions ( #aggg1 #aggi1 #agha1 & #aghc1 det]m9$ ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ,m>s to ! plane ( its orbit1 measur$ its pol> & equatorial diamet]s1 & asc]ta9$ ! am\nt ( ! pol> flatt5+4 ,he paid also special att5tion to two bright :ite spots ^u ! planet1 & he %[$ t ^! =m$ r\nd ! planet's poles & increas$ 9 size z ! w9t] ( ea* sev]al hemisph]e drew on & dim9i%$ aga9 ) ! advance ( summ]1 behav+ !re=e z d ! sn[ caps ( our own pol> regions4 ,! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( our k ( ,m>s mu/ be ascrib$ to ! two ,g]man a/ronom]s1 ,be] & ,ma$l]1 :o made a s]ies ( draw+s 9 ! ye>s #ahcj1 #ahcb & #ahcg1 by means ( a telescope ( #d in*es ap]ture1 f :i* !y 7 able to con/ruct a *>t ( ! entire globe4 ,?is *>t may be consid]$ classic1 = ! features :i* x repres5ts h be5 obs]v$ afre% at ea* succe$+ opposition4 ,m>s1 !re=e1 possesses a p]man5t topography1 & "s ( ! m>k+s 9 "q c be id5tifi$1 n only 9 ! r\gh sket*es made by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 b ev5 9 ^? made by ,hooke & ,cass9i z f> back z ! ye> #afff4 ,9 ! =ty ye>s t foll[$1 ! planet 0 /udi$ by _m ( ! mo/ skill$ obs]v]s1 p>ticul>ly by ,mr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,locky] 9 #ahfb1 & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,dawes 9 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahgg1 ! late ,mr4 ,n4 ,e4 ,gre51 draw+-ma/] to ,que5 ,victoria1 & a di/+ui%$ pa9t] 9 wat] col\rs1 made a s]ies ( sket*es ( ! planet f a /ation 9 ! isl& ( ,madeira #bjjj feet above sea-level4 ,:5 ! opposition 0 ov]1 ,mr4 ,gre5 collect$ toge!r a l>ge numb] ( draw+s1 & =m$ a *>t ( ! planet1 mu* ri*] 9 detail ?an any t _h prec$$ x1 & f 8 skill1 exp]i5ce & tra9+ z an arti/ he reproduc$ ! appe>ance ( ! planet ) a fidelity t _h nev] be5 equall$ be=e & has nev] be5 surpass$ s9ce4 ,at ?is "t x 0 g5]ally assum$ t ,m>s 0 a m9iature ( our own _w4 ,! bright] di/ricts ( its surface 7 suppos$ to be cont95ts1 ! d>k]1 seas4 ,z ,sir ,william ,h]s*el _h already po9t$ out long be=e1 ! little _w evid5tly _h its seasons1 its axis be+ incl9$ to ! plane ( its orbit at mu* ! same angle z is ! case ) ! ,e>?2 x _h its pol> caps1 presumably ( ice & sn[2 its day 0 b v little long] ?an t ( ! ,e>?2 & ! only important diff]5ce seem$ to be t x _h a long] ye>1 & 0 a little fur!r (f ! ,sun4 ,b ! g5]al conclusion 0 t x 0 s l ! ,e>? 9 its conditions t we _h practically f\nd out all t !re 0 to "k2 all t seem$ to be res]v$ = future rese>* 0 t a few m9or details ( ! surface might be fill$ 9 z ! p[] ( our telescopes 0 increas$4 ,b =tunately = progress1 ?is s5se ( satisfaction 0 to be rudely di/urb$4 ,z ,m>s1 9 its progress r\nd ! ,sun1 rec$$ f ! ,e>?1 or r z ! ,e>? mov$ away f x1 ! a/ronom]s :o obs]v$ s dilig5tly dur+ ! autumn ( #ahgg turn$ _! att5tion to o!r objects4 ,"o ( !m1 h[ev]1 ,s*iap>elli1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ a/ronom] on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 /ill cont9u$ to wat* ! planet1 &1 z ! result ( 8 lab\rs1 he publi%$ "s mon?s lat] ! fir/ ( a magnific5t s]ies ( ,memoirs1 br++ to light :at appe>$ to be a new feature4 ,8 draw+s n only %[$ ! l&s & seas1 t is to say ! bright & d>k areas1 t ,gre5 & 8 pr$ecessors _h drawn1 b also a numb] ( f9e1 n>r[1 d>k l9es cross+ ! l&s 9 e direction4 ,^! n>r[ l9es are ! m>k+s :i* h s9ce be5 s celebrat$ z ! canals ( ,m>s1 & ! discussion z to ! real nature ( ^! canals has focuss$ att5tion ^u ,m>s 9 a way t1 p]haps1 no?+ else c\ld h done4 ,be=e #ahgg ! /udy ( planet>y m>k+s 0 left almo/ entirely to ! desultory lab\rs ( amateurs1 skill$ ?\gh _m ( !m 72 s9ce #ahgg1 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes ( ! great public obs]vatories ( ! _w h be5 turn$ ^u ,m>s1 & ! mo/ skilful & exp]i5c$ ( pr(essional a/ronom]s h n be5 a%am$ to devote _! "t to x4 ,!re is no ne$ to pass 9 review ! :ole ( ! imm5se mass ( obs]vations t h be5 accumulat$ s9ce ,s*iap>elli br\ght out ! fir/ ( 8 great ,memoirs4 ,t ,memoir gave rise to an imm$iate controv]sy1 = _m a/ronom]s ( skill & exp]i5ce _h obs]v$ ! planet 9 #ahgg )\t detect+ ! network ( l9es :i* ,s*iap>elli _h reveal$1 & x 0 natural t !y %\ld feel "s reluctance 9 accept+ results s /range & novel4 ,b little by little ?is controv]sy has pass$4 ,we n[ "k t ! canals v>y mu* 9 _! visibility1 & curi\sly en\gh ! canals are mo/ conspicu\s1 n at ! "t ! planet is ne>e/ to ! ,e>? & its g5]al features are 9 consequ5ce be/ se51 b z ! planet goes away ! canals come out4 ,! fact is t ! orbital position & ! seasonal epo* conspire to a mask+ ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?is 0 ! *ief reason :y ,s*iap>elli's discov]ies seem$ at fir/ to /& s entirely )\t corroboration2 ! canals did n become conspicu\s until aft] mo/ obs]v]s _h desi/$ f foll[+ ! planet4 ,ano!r reason 0 t1 9 #ahgg1 ,m>s 0 l[ d[n 9 ! sky = nor!rn obs]vatories1 & good def9ition is an ess5tial = _! recognition4 ,b ! c>eful exam9ation ( draw+s made 9 e>li] oppositions1 especially ^? made by ,dawes & ,gre51 af=d$ confirmation ( n a few ( ,s*iap>elli's canals2 ev5 9 #ahgg a few ( ! easie/ & mo/ conspicu\s _h be5 del9eat$ by o!r a/ronom]s be=e any rum\r ( ,s*iap>elli's "w _h come abroad1 & z ,m>s came "u obs]vation aga9 & aga9 at successive oppositions1 ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 able to v]ify ,s*iap>elli's discov]ies increas$4 ,x has n[ long be5 kn[n t ! great ,italian a/ronom] 0 n ! victim ( a m]e optical illusion2 !re 7 actual m>k+s on ! planet ,m>s :]e he _h repres5t$ !m2 m>k+s :i*1 :5 se5 "u l conditions & ) equal in/rum5tal equipm5t1 did pres5t ! appe>ance ( /raight1 n>r[ l9es4 ,! canals ( ,m>s are n m]e figm5ts ( ! imag9ation1 b h a real objective basis4 ,z ?is controv]sy has pass$ away1 ano!r & a v diff]5t "o has aris5 out ( an un=tunate mi/ranslation ( ! t]m *os5 by ,s*iap>elli to indicate ^! l9e> /reaks4 ,9 con=mity ) ! type ( nom5clature adopt$ by previ\s areograph]s :o _h divid$ ,m>s into seas1 cont95ts1 isl&s1 i/hmuses1 /raits & ! l1 ,s*iap>elli _h call$ ! n>r[ l9es he detect$ canali1 t is to say *annels1 b )\t int5d+ to convey ! idea ( artificial con/ruction4 ,inde$1 he himself 0 c>eful to po9t out t ^! designations 7 n int5d$ to prejudge ! nature ( ! spot1 & 7 no?+ b an artifice = help+ ! memory & = %ort5+ descriptions4 ,& he add$1 ,we speak 9 ! same way ( ! lun> seas1 al?\gh we well "k t !re are no true seas on ! ,moon4 ,b canali 0 unhappily r5d]$ 9 ,engli% z canals1 in/ead ( *annels4 ,*annel w\ld h left ! nature ( ! m>k+ an op5 "q1 b1 9 ,engli%1 canal means an artificial wat]way4 ,"h !n ! "q z to :e!r or no ,m>s is inhabit$ comes def9itely be=e u4 ,h we suffici5t gr\nds = believ+ t ! canals are artificial con/ructions1 or may !y be m]ely natural =mations8 ,9 #ahid1 ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell f\nd$ at ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 ,u4,s4,a41 a well-equipp$ obs]vatory = ! special /udy ( ,m>s1 & he has cont9u$ 8 scrut9y ( ! planet f t "t to ! pres5t ) ! mo/ unrelax+ p]sev]ance4 ,! *ief results t he has obta9$ h be5 ! detection ( _m new canals2 ! discov]y ( a numb] ( d>k1 r\nd dots1 t]m$ by him oases1 at ! junctions ( ! canals2 & ! demon/ration t ! canals & c]ta9 ( ! dusky regions are subject to /rictly seasonal *ange1 z really z ! pol> caps !mselves4 ,9 addition1 he has =m$ ! conclusion1 :i* he has support$ ) mu* +5uity & skill1 t ! regul>ity ( ! canals & oases q precludes ! possibility ( _! be+ natural =mations4 ,h5ce !re has aris5 ! second controv]sy3 t on ! nature ( ! canals2 = ,mr4 ,l[ell consid]s t _! pres5ce proves ! exi/5ce ( inhabitants on ,m>s1 :o1 by means ( a ,titanic sy/em ( irrigation1 are fight+ a los+ battle aga9/ ! gradual desiccation ( _! planet4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,review1 ,sci5tia1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,l[ell gave a summ>y ( 8 argum5t4 ,organic life ne$s wat] = its exi/5ce4 ,?is wat] we see exi/s on ,m>s1 b 9 v scant am\nt1 s t if life ( any sort exi/s !re1 x mu/ be *iefly dep5d5t on ! semi-annual unlock+ ( ! pol> sn[s = its supply1 inasmu* z !re are no surface bodies ( x ov] ! re/ ( ! planet4 ,n[ ! la/ few ye>s1 beg9n+ ) ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgg1 & mu* ext5d$ s9ce at ,flag/aff1 h %[n3 ,! surface ( ! planet to be v curi\sly me%$ by a f9e network ( l9es & spots4 ,n[ if "o consid]s fir/ ! appe>ance ( ?is network ( l9es & spots1 & !n its regul> behavi\r1 he w note t its geometrism precludes its causation on su* a scale by any natural process &1 on ! o!r h&1 t su* is precisely ! aspect :i* an artificial irrigat+ sy/em1 dep5d5t ^u ! melt+ ( ! pol> sn[s1 w\ld assume4 ,s9ce wat] is only to be _h at ! "t x is !re unlock$1 & s9ce = any organic life x mu/ be got1 x w\ld be by tapp+ ! dis9tegrat$ cap1 & only s1 t x c\ld be obta9$4 ,if ,m>s be inhabit$1 !re=e1 x is precisely su* a curi\s sy/em we %\ld expect to see1 & only by su* explanation does x seem possible to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,^! l9es are ! s-call$ canals ( ,m>s4 ,x is n suppos$ t :at we see is ! conduit itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! behavi\r ( ^! l9es indicates t :at we are look+ at is vegetation4 ,n[1 vegetation c only be induc$ by a wat]-supply4 ,:at we see resembles ! ye>ly inundation ( ! ,nile1 ( :i* to a spectator 9 space ! riv] itself might be too n>r[ to be se51 & only ! v]dur$ c\ntry on its banks be visible4 ,?is is :at we suppose to be ! case ) ,m>s4 ,h[ev] ! wat] be conduct$1 :e!r 9 cov]$ conduits1 :i* seems probable1 or n1 sci5ce is n able to /ate1 b ! effects ( x are s palpable & s exactly 9 accord ) :at su* a sy/em ( irrigation w\ld %[1 t we are compell$ to believe t su* is inde$ its v]a causa4 ,beside ! bulky ,memoirs 9 :i* ,pr(4 ,l[ell has publi%$ ! sci5tific results obta9$ at 8 obs]vatory at ,flag/aff1 & pap]s & articles appe>+ 9 v>i\s sci5tific j\rnals1 he has br\ght out ?ree books ( a m popul> "*3 ,m>s2 ,m>s & its ,canals2 & ,m>s z ! ,abode ( ,life4 ,9 ^! he %[s t to ! assiduity ( ! a/ronom] he adds ! mission>y's zeal & eag]ness = conv]ts z he pleads mo/ skilfully = ! acceptance ( 8 *os5 doctr9e ( ! pres5ce ( m5 on ,m>s4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! ?ree books m5tion$1 he deals directly ) ,pro(s ( ,life on ,m>s4 ,! pres5ce ( vegetation may be inf]r$ f seasonal *anges ( t9t1 j z an obs]v] on ! ,moon might ) ! nak$ eye wat* effects on ! ,e>?4 ,b ?\gh vegetable life c\ld ?us reveal itself directly1 animal life c\ld n4 ,n by its body b by its m9d w\ld x be kn[n4 ,across ! gulf ( space x c\ld be recogniz$ only by ! impr9t x _h made on ! face ( ,m>s4 ,confront+ ! obs]v] are l9es & spots t b impress him ! m1 z 8 /udy goes on1 ) _! non-natural look4 ,s uncommonly regul> are !y1 & on su* a scale z to raise suspicions :e!r !y c be by nature regul>ly produc$ 7p4 #ahh74 444 ,unnatural regul>ity1 ! obs]vations %[$1 betrays itself 9 ev]y?+ to d ) ! l9es3 9 _! surpris+ /raightness1 _! amaz+ uni=mity ?r\gh\t1 _! exce$+ t5uity1 & _! imm5se l5g? 7p4 #ahi74 ,z a planet ages1 its surface wat] gr[s sc>ce4 ,its oceans 9 "t dry up1 its riv]s cease to fl[1 its lakes evaporate 7p4 #bjc74444 ,n[1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 wat] mu/ be got4444 ,its procur+ dep5ds on ! intellig5ce ( ! organisms t /& 9 ne$ ( x4444 ,z a planet ages1 any organisms ^u x w %>e 9 its developm5t4 ,!y mu/ evolve ) x1 inde$1 or p]i%4 ,at fir/ !y *ange only1 z environm5t (f]s opportunity1 9 a l[ly1 unconsci\s way4 ,b1 z bra9 develops1 !y rise sup]ior to su* occasion+4444 ,! la/ /age 9 ! expression ( life ^u a planet's surface mu/ be t j antec$5t to its dy+ ( ?ir/4444 ,) an intellig5t population ?is inevitable end w\ld be long =ese54444 ,bo? pol> caps w\ld be press$ into s]vice 9 ord] to utilize ! :ole available supply & also to accommodate mo/ easily ! inhabitants ( ea* hemisph]e 7pp4 #bjd-aa74 ,t intellig5ce %\ld ?us mutely communicate its exi/5ce to u across ! f> rea*es ( space1 itself rema9+ hid1 appeals to all t is highe/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ 9 man himself4 ,m satisfactory ?an /range ?is2 = 9 no o!r way c\ld ! habitation ( ! planet h be5 reveal$4 ,x simply %[s aga9 ! supremacy ( m9d4444 ,?us1 n only d ! obs]vations we h scann$ lead u to ! conclusion t ,m>s at ?is mom5t is inhabit$1 b !y l& u at ! fur!r "o t ^! d5iz5s are ( an ord] ^: acqua9tance 0 wor? ! mak+ 7p4 #bae74 ,= ! mom5t1 let u leave ,pr(4 ,l[ell's argum5t z he puts x4 ,:e!r we accept x or n1 x rema9s t x is a m>vell\s a*ievem5t ( ! optician's skill & ! obs]v]'s devotion t f a planet s small & s di/ant z ,m>s any evid5ce %\ld be =?com+ at all t c\ld be> ^u ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t organisms ^u its surface4 ,b x is ( ! utmo/ significance to note t ! :ole "q turns ^u ! pres5ce ( wat]--( wat] 9 ! liquid /ate1 ( wat] 9 a suffici5t quantity2 & ! f9al decision1 = ,mr4 ,l[ell's cont5tion1 or aga9/ x1 mu/ turn on t "o po9t4 ,! se>* = ,life on ,m>s is ess5tially a se>* = ,wat]2 a se>* = wat]1 n only 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,m>s1 b 9 its pa/ z well4 ,=1 )\t wat] 9 suffici5t quantities 9 ! pa/1 life on ,m>s c\ld n h pass$ ?r\gh ! evolution>y developm5t necess>y to its atta9+ its highe/ expression1--t :]e ! mat]ial liv+ organism has become ! tab]nacle & in/rum5t ( ! consci\s intellig5t _s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,m>s ,! planet ,m>s is ! debatable gr\nd betwe5 two op9ions4 ,"h1 ! two oppos+ views jo9 issue2 ! controv]sy comes to a focus4 ,! po9t 9 debate is :e!r c]ta9 m>k+s--"s l9e>1 "s circul>--are natural or artificial4 ,if1 x is argu$1 "s are truly l a l9e1 )\t curve or break1 z if drawn ) p51 ink1 & rul]2 or o!rs1 s truly circul>1 )\t deviation or break1 z if drawn ) p51 ink1 & compass2 if1 moreov]1 :5 we obta9 m p[]ful telescopes1 erect$ 9 bett] climates = obs]v+1 ^! m>k+s become m truly l9es & circles ! bett] we see !m2 !n !y are artificial1 n natural /ructures4 ,b artificial /ructures imply artific]s4 ,& if ! /ructures are s design$ z to meet ! ne$s ( a liv+ organism1 x implies t ! liv+ organism t design$ !m mu/ h a reasonable m9d lodg$ 9 a natural body4 ,if1 !n1 ! l9es & circles t ,pr(4 ,l[ell & 8 disciples ass]t to be artificial canals & oases are really su*1 !y premise ! ord] ( be+ t we call ,man4 ,b ^! canals & oases also premise ! liquid t we call ,wat]--wat] t fl[s & wat] utiliz$ 9 cultivation4 ,9 ?is *apt] we w leave out ( c\nt ! fir/ premiss--,man--& only deal ) :at conc]ns ! second premiss--,wat]2 ) wat] t fl[s & is utiliz$ 9 vegetation4 ,,planet>y ,,/ati/ics ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,m9or ,inn] ,planets4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c]es ,moon ,m]cury ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,planets3-- ,diamet] 9 miles #dgg #bafc #cjcj ,symbol #a #j4jf #j4bgc #j4chc ,surface1 ,symbol #a #j4jjd #j4jge #j4adg ,volume1 ,symbol #a #j4jjjb #j4jb #j4jf ,d5sity1 ,wat] #a #b4h 8 #c4ci #d4gb ,symbol #a #j4e 8 #j4fa #j4he ,mass1 ,symbol #a #j4jjja #j4jab #j4jdh ,gravity at surface1 ,symbol #a #j4jbh #j4ag #j4cc ,rate ( ,fall1 ,feet 9 ! ,fir/ ,second #j4de #b4gc #e4cj ,alb$o #j4ad #j4ag #j4ad ,,details ,,( ,,orbit3-- ,mean ,di/ance f ,sun 9 millions ( miles#beg4a #ib4i #cf4j ,e>?'s di/ance #a #b4gfg #a4jjj #j4chg ,p]iod ( ,revolution1 9 ye>s #d4fj #a4jj #j4bd ,velocity1 9 miles p] second #aa4a #ah4e #i4g ,ecc5tricity #j4jgfc #j4jafh #j4bjef ,aphelion ,di/ance1 ,p]ihelion #a #a4aeg #a4jcd #a4eag ,incl9ation ( ,equator to ,orbit 787 #a deg44#cb' 787 d h m d ,rotation p]iod 787 #bg4g4dc #hh787 ,,atmosph]e1 assum+ ! total mass ( ! atmosph]e to be proportional to ! mass ( ! planet3-- ,pressure at ! surface 9 lb4 p] sq4 94 #j4jad #j4dj #a4f 9 atmosph]es #j4jjji #j4jbg #j4ajh ,level ( half surface pressure 9 miles #aai4j #ai4f #aj4a ,boil+ po9t ( wat] at ! surface #bb deg4,c #ec deg4,c ,,temp]ature3-- ,light & heat receiv$ f ,sun1 ,symbol #a #j4ac #a4jj #f4fg ,reciprocal ( squ>e-root ( di/ance1 ,symbol #a #j4fj #a4jj #a4fa ,equatorial temp4 ( ideal planet1 ,absolute #ahh #cab deg4 #ejb deg4 ,c5tigrade -#fe #ci #bbi ,av]age temp4 ( ideal planet1 ,absolute #agd #bij #dfg ,c5tigrade -#ii #ag #aid ,upp] limit "u z5i? sun1 ,absolute #bdh #dab #ffd ,c5tigrade -#be #aci #cia ,av]age temp4 ( equival5t disc1 ,absolute #bbc #cga #eih ,c5tigrade -#ej #ih #cbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,planets4 ,out] ,planets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,m>s ,v5us ,e>? ,uranus ,neptune ,saturn ,jupit] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #dbcj #ggjj #giah #caijj #cdhjj #gcjjj #hfejj #j4ecd #j4igb #a4jjj #d4jbi #d4cie #i4bai #aj4ibd #j4bhe #j4ide #a4jjj #af4b #ai4c #he4j #aai4c #j4ae #j4ib #a4jj #fe4 #he4 #gfj4 #acjd4 #c4ib #d4id #e4ee #a4bb #a4aa #j4gb #a4cb #j4ga #j4hi #a4jj #j4bb #j4bj #j4ac #j4bd #j4ajg #j4hbj #a4jjj #ad4f #ag4j #id4h #cag4g #j4ch #j4hg #a4jj #j4ij #j4hi #a4ah #b4fe #f4aa #ac4ii #af4jh #ad4dg #ad4ca #ah4ig #db4fa #j4bb #j4gf #j4ej8 #j4fj #j4eb #j4gb #j4fb #ada4e #fg4b #ib4i #agha4i #bgia4f #hhf4j #dhc4c #a4ebd #j4gbc #a4jjj #ai4ahc #cj4jee #i4eci #e4bjc #a4hh #j4fb #a4jj #hd4jb #afd4gh #bi4df #aa4hf #ae4j #ba4i #ah4e #d4b #c4d #f4j #h4a #j4jicc #j4jjfh #j4jafh #j4jdfc #j4jjij #j4jefa #j4jdhc #a4bjg #a4jac #a4jcd #a4jig #a4jah #a4ajg #a4aja #bd deg44#j' 787 #bc deg44#bg' 787 787 #bf deg44#di' #c deg44#e' h m s h m s h m h m h m #bd4cg4bc 787 #bc4ef4d #i4cj787 787 #aj4ad- #i4ee- #b4a #aa4a #ad4g #aa4i #aa4e #ai4d #ajc4h #j4adc #j4ged #a4jjj #j4ha #j4gh #a4cb #g4jf #h4h #c4h #c4c #c4g #c4h #b4h #a4c #ec deg4,c #ib deg4,c #ajj deg4,c #id deg4,c #ic deg4,c #ajh deg4,c #aff deg4,c #j4dc #a4ia #a4jj #j4jjc #j4jja #j4jaa #j4jcg #j4ha #a4ah #a4jj #j4bc #j4ah #j4cb #j4dd #bec deg4 #cfh deg4 #cab deg4 #ga deg4 #ef deg4 #aja deg4 #acg deg4 -#bj #ie #ci -#bjb -#bag -#agb -#acf #bce #cdb #bij #ff #eb #id #abg -#ch #fi #ag -#bjg -#bba -#agi -#adf #ccg #dhf #dab #id #gd #acc #ahj #fd #bac #aci -#agi -#aii -#adj -#ic #cjj #dch #cga #hd #fg #abj #afb #bg #afe #ih -#ahi -#bjf -#aec -#aaa ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,= 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> premiss we c d away ) hypo!sis1 & deal only ) c]ta9 physical facts t are n controv]sial & are n 9 dispute4 ,! fir/ ( ?is s]ies ( facts conc]n+ ,m>s ab\t :i* !re c be no controv]sy or dispute relates to its size & mass4 ,z ! =ego+ ,table %[s1 x comes betwe5 ! ,moon & ! ,e>? 9 ^! respects4 ,! figures %[ at a glance t ,m>s ranks 9 its dim5sions betwe5 ! ,moon & ! ,e>?1 & t1 on ! :ole1 x is m l to ! ,moon ?an x is to ! ,e>?4 ,b 9 :at way w\ld ?is affect ,m>s z a suitable home = life8 ,9 _m ways2 & among/ ^! ! di/ribution ( its atmosph]e & ! sluggi%ness ( its atmosph]ic circulation are n ! lea/ important4 ,x 0 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii t at a height ( ab\t ?ree & a ?ird miles ! b>omet] w /& at #ae in*es1 or half its mean height at sea level1 %[+ t "o half ! atmosph]e has be5 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,mont ,blanc1 ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ,europe1 is "u #c miles 9 height1 s t x is n possible1 9 ,europe1 to climb to ! level ( half-pressure2 ,mt4 ,ev]e/1 ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! _w1 is n q six miles high1 s t no "p ( ! solid sub/ance ( our planet rea*es up to ! level ( ! qu>t] pressure4 ,on a v few occasions d>+ a]onauts h so>$ into ! empyrean high] ?an ! summits ( ev5 our l(tie/ m\nta9s1 b ! excursion has be5 a dang]\s "o1 & !y h ) difficulty br\ght _! life back f s r>e & cold1 s inhospitable a region4 ,:5 ,gay-,lussac1 9 #ahjd1 atta9$ a height ( #bc1jjj feet above sea level1 ! !rmomet]1 :i* on ! gr\nd read #ca deg4 ,c41 sank to #i deg4 bel[ z]o1 & ! r>e atmosph]e 0 s dry t pap] crumpl$ up z if x _h be5 plac$ ne> ! fire1 & 8 pulse rose to #abj pulsations a m9ute in/ead ( 8 normal #ff4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,glai%] & ,mr4 ,coxwell made _! celebrat$ asc5t betwe5 #a & #b o'clock on ! aft]noon ( ,septemb] #e1 #ahfa1 !y f\nd t at a height ( #ba1jjj feet ! temp]ature sank to -#aj4d deg42 at #bf1jjj feet to -#ae4b deg42 & at #ci1jjj feet ! temp]ature 0 d[n to -#af4j deg4 ,c4 ,at ?is height ! r>efaction ( ! air 0 s great & ! cold s int5se t ,mr4 ,glai%] fa9t$1 & ,mr4 ,coxwell's h&s be+ r5d]$ numb & useless by ! cold1 he 0 only able to br+ ab\t _! desc5t 9 "t by pull+ ! /r+ ( ! safety valve ) 8 tee?4 ,yet :5 !y atta9$ ?is height !y 7 f> above all cl\d or mi/1 & ! ,sun's rays fell full ^u !m4 ,! ,sun's rays _h all ! =ce t !y _h at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 b 9 ! r>e atmosph]e ( sev5 miles above ! ,e>?1 ! radiation f e p>ticle n 9 direct sunlight 0 s great t :ile ! "r h&1 expos$ to ! ,sun1 might burn1 ! left h&1 protect$ f 8 direct rays1 might freeze4 ,b gravity at ! surface ( ,m>s is mu* feebl] ?an at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & 9 ord] to rea* ! level ( half-pressure a ,m>tian m\nta9e] w\ld h to climb1 n ?ree & a ?ird miles1 b eight & ?ree-qu>t] miles2 t is to say1 ! di/ance to be asc5d$ is 9 ! inv]se proportion ( ! =ce ( gravity at ! surface ( ! planet4 ,! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 !re=e1 is mu* deep] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 & "o great cause ( precipitation "h is mu* weak5$ !re4 ,a curr5t ( air heavily lad5 ) moi/ure1 if x enc\nt]s a range ( m\nta9s1 is =c$ upw>ds1 & consequ5tly exp&s1 ow+ to ! dim9i%$ pressure4 ,! expansion br+s ab\t a cool+1 & f bo? causes ! atmosph]e is unable to reta9 z mu* wat]-vap\r z x c>ri$ be=e4 ,on ,m>s1 ! same relative expansion & cool+ w\ld only foll[ if ! asc5t 7 ne>ly ?ree times z great1 & ! feeble =ce ( gravity has its effect 9 ano!r way2 = j z a weight on ,m>s w only fall six feet 9 ! fir/ second z aga9/ sixte5 on ! ,e>?1 s a d5se & heavy column ( air w fall ) proportionate sl[ness & a light column asc5d 9 ! same languid mann]4 ,an asc5d+ curr5t on ,m>s w\ld !re=e take #a_/j4ch x #a_/j4ch #a_/j4ade1 or sev5 times z long to atta9 ! same relative expansion z on ! ,e>?4 ,! w9ds ( ,m>s are !re=e sluggi%1 & precipitation is slight4 ,s f> at lea/ x resembles ,! isl& valley ( ,avilion2 ,:]e falls n hail1 or ra91 or any sn[1 ,nor ev] w9d bl[s l\dly2 & ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 acute & accurate writ] on planet>y physics z he 01 fell into a mi/ake :5 he ref]r$ to ,m>s z be+ hurricane-swept4 ,!re are no hurricanes on ,m>s2 its fi]ce/ w9ds c nev] exce$ 9 viol5ce :at a sailor w\ld call a capful4 ,?is holds good = ,m>s1 b x also holds good = e planet :]e ! =ce ( gravity at ! surface is relatively feeble4 ,! great] ! =ce ( gravity ! m active ! atmosph]ic circulation1 & m viol5t its di/urbances2 ! feebl] ! action ( gravity ! m languid ! circulation1 & ! slight] ! di/urbances4 ,! atmosph]e ( ,m>s is relatively deep] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 s t we1 9 obs]v+ ! details ( its surface1 are look+ d[n ?r\gh an imm5se ?ickness ( an obscur+ m$ium4 ,& yet ! details ( ! surface are se5 ) rem>kable di/9ctness2 n z cle>ly inde$ z we c see ^? ( ! ,moon1 b ne>ly s4 ,= in/ance1 ! canals appe> to h a bread? ( f #ae to #bj miles1 correspond+ to #a_/af?1 & #a_/ab?1 ( a second ( arc1 at an av]age opposition4 ,! oases1 z a rule1 are ab\t #abj miles 9 diamet]1 t is to say ab\t half a second ( arc4 ,^! are extraord9>ily f9e details to be p]ceiv$ & held1 ev5 if ,m>s _h no atmosph]e at all2 x w\ld c]ta9ly be impossible to detect !m unless ! atmosph]e 7 exce$+ly ?9 & transp>5t4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t1 ?\gh our own atmosph]e is a h9drance to our obs]v+1 yet ! atmosph]e ( ! planet into :i* we are look+ is a great] h9drance /ill4 ,l ! lace curta9s ( ! w9d[ ( a h\se1 x is a mu* great] ob/acle to look+ inw>d ?an to look+ outw>d1 & z ! p]fect di/9ctness ) :i* we see ! ,moon is a pro( t x is practically )\t an atmosph]e1 s ! great detail visible on ,m>s be>s unmi/akable te/imony to ! slightness ( ! atmosph]ic veil ar\nd t planet4 ,& :5 we turn aga9 to ! /ati/ics ( ,m>s1 we see t ?is mu/ inevitably be ! case4 ,( two planets1 "o heavi] ?an ! o!r1 x is n possible to suppose t ! light] %\ld secure ! great] proportional am\nt ( atmosph]e4 ,) planets1 z ) p]sons1 x is ! mo/ p[]ful t gets ! lion's %>e3 to him t ha? x is giv51 & f him t ha? n is tak5 away ev5 t :i* he seeme? to h4 ,b if we assume t ,m>s has acquir$ an atmosph]e proportional to its mass1 !n we see f ! ,table t ?is mu/ be a little less ?an #a_/i? ( t ( ! ,e>?2 exactly #j4ajg4 ,x is di/ribut$ ov] a small] surface1 #j4bhe4 ,consequ5tly ! am\nt ( air above ea* squ>e in* ( ,m>tian surface is #j4ajg _/ #j4bhe #j4ch4 ,b s9ce ! =ce ( gravity at ! surface ( ,m>s is less ?an on ! ,e>?1 ?is column ( air w only weigh #j4ch x #j4ch #j4ade2 or "o-sev5? ( ! column ( air re/+ on a squ>e in* ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,! pressure at ! surface ( ,m>s w !re=e be #b4a lb42 & ! an]oid b>omet] w\ld read #d4c in*es4 7,9 ord] to express ! dim9i%$ pressure ( ! ,m>tian atmosph]e1 x is necess>y to ref] x to ! an]oid b>omet]4 ,! m]cury 9 a m]curial b>omet]1 or ! wat] 9 a wat] b>omet] w\ld lose 9 weight 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9i%$ =ce ( gravity 9 ! same proportion z ! air w\ld1 & ! m]curial b>omet] w\ld read #aa4d in*es47 ,b a pressure ( #b4a lb4 on ! squ>e in* is f> less ?an t exp]i5c$ by ,coxwell & ,glai%] 9 _! great asc5t2 x is ab\t "o-half ! pressure t is exp]i5c$ on ! top ( ! v highe/ t]re/rial m\nta9s4 ,b ! habitable regions ( ! ,e>? d n ext5d ev5 s f> upw>d z to ! level ( a pressure ( #g4c lb4 on ! squ>e in*2 t is1 ( half ! t]re/rial surface pressure4 ,plant life dies out be=e we rea* t po9t1 & ?\gh birds or m5 may occasionally atta9 great] heights1 !y _c domicile !re1 & are1 inde$1 only able ?us to asc5d 9 virtue ( n\ri%m5t :i* !y h procur$ 9 m fav\r$ regions4 ,if we c\ld suppose ! conditions ( ! :ole ,e>? *ang$ to correspond ) ^? prevail+ at ! summit ( ,mt4 ,ev]e/1 or ev5 at ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 x is cle> t ! life n[ pres5t on ?is planet w\ld be ext+ui%$1 & t spe$ily4 ,mu* m w\ld ?is be ! case if ! atmosph]e 7 dim9i%$ to "o half ! pressure on ! summit ( ! highe/ e>?ly m\nta94 ,! t5uity ( ! atmosph]e on ,m>s has ano!r consequ5ce4 ,"h wat] freezes at #j deg4 ,c4 & boils at #ajj deg4 ,c42 s t = "o hundr$ degrees x rema9s 9 a liquid condition4 ,on ,m>s1 "u ! assum$ conditions1 wat] w\ld boil at #ec deg4 ,c41 & ! range ( temp]ature )9 :i* x w\ld be liquid w\ld be mu* curtail$4 ,b x is only wat] 9 ! liquid /ate t is useful = su/a9+ life4 ,! above e/imate ( ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s is an outside limit1 = x assumes t ,m>s has reta9$ an atmosph]e to ! full proportion ( its mass4 ,b z ! molecules ( a gas are 9 cont9ual motion1 & 9 e direction1 ! light]1 mo/ swiftly mov+ molecules mu/ occasionally be mov+ directly outw>ds f ! planet at ! top ( _! spe$1 & 9 ?is case1 if ! spe$ ( recession %\ld exce$ t :i* ! gravity ( ! planet c control1 ! p>ticle is lo/ to ! planet = ev]4 ,a small planet !re=e is subject to a cont9ual dra9 ^u its atmosph]e1 a dra9 ( ! lighte/ con/itu5ts4 ,h5ce x is1 no d\bt1 t free hydrog5 is n a con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e ( ! ,e>?4 ,to :at ext5t1 !n1 has ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s fall5 bel[ its full proportion8 ,mr4 ,l[ell has adopt$ an +5i\s me?od ( obta9+ "s light on ?is "q1 by comp>+ ! relative alb$oes ( ! ,e>? & ,m>s2 t is to say ! relative p[] ( reflection possess$ by ! two planets4 ,( c\rse ! me?od is r\gh2 we h fir/ ( all no satisfactory means ( det]m9+ ! alb$o ( ! ,e>? itself1 & ,mr4 ,l[ell puts x high] ?an mo/ a/ronom]s w\ld d2 !n !re is ! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at portion ( ! total alb$o is to be ref]r$ to ! atmosph]e & :at to ! actual soil or surface ( ! planet4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ,mr4 ,l[ell concludes t ! am\nt ( atmosph]e above ! unit ( surface ( ,m>s is #j4bbb ( t above ! unit ( surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,?is w\ld br+ d[n ! pressure on ea* squ>e in* ( ,m>s to #a4b lb41 & ! an]oid b>omet] w\ld read #b4e in*es2 & wat] w\ld boil at #dd deg4 ,c4 ,! range ( temp]ature f day to night1 f summ] to w9t]1 at any place on ! planet w\ld be increas$1 :ile ! range )9 :i* wat] c\ld reta9 its liquid =m w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,^! /ati/ics may seem r dull & tiresome1 b if we are to deal ) ! problem be=e u at all1 x is important to und]/& t "o factor 9 ! condition ( a planet _c be alt]$ & all ! o!r factors reta9$ un*ang$4 ,x w be se5 t 9 comput+ ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 we _h to take into consid]ation n only ! diamet] ( ! planet1 b ! surface1 :i* v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! diamet]2 ! volume1 :i* v>ies z ! cube2 ! mass1 :i* v>ies 9 a high] p[] /ill2 & v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! numb]s4 ,noveli/s :o write tales ( j\rneys to o!r worlds or ( ! inhabitants ( o!r worlds visit+ ?is "o1 usually assume t ! atmosph]e is ( ! same d5sity on all planets1 & ! action ( gravity un*ang$4 ,9 _! view x is only t m5 w\ld h a little less gr\nd to walk ^u on ,m>s1 & a good deal m on ,jupit]4 ,dean ,swift1 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 made ! ,lilliputians take a tru] view ( ! effect ( ! alt]ation ( "o dim5sion1 =1 f9d+ t ,gulliv] 0 twelve times z tall z ! av]age ,lilliputian1 !y did n appo9t him ! rations ( twelve ,lilliputians1 :i* w\ld h be5 r poor fe$+ = t v]aci\s m>9]1 b allott$ him ! cube ( twelve1 viz4 sev5te5 hundr$ & tw5ty-eight rations4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,holt ,s*ool+1 9 "o ( 8 +5i\s & int]e/+ /ati/ical pap]s1 tri$ to br+ home ! va/ ext5t ( ! ,briti% ,empire by suppos+ t x sec$$1 & tak+ ! portion ( ,e>? t has fall5 to x1 set up a _w ( its own--! planet ,victoria4 ,he allots to ! ,briti% ,empire #ba p] c5t ( ! l& surface ( ! _w4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 divid$ s z to =m two globes ) surfaces 9 proportion ( #ba to #gi1 ! small] globe1 :i* w\ld correspond to ,mr4 ,s*ool+'s new planet ,victoria1 w\ld be less ?an half ! pres5t ,e>? 9 diamet]2 x w\ld be consid]ably small] ?an ,m>s4 ,b ! re/ ( ! _w w\ld be #j4if ( ! pres5t ,e>? 9 diamet]1 or v ne>ly ! size ( ,v5us1 & x w\ld conta9 j eight-n9?s ( ! sub/ance ( ! ,e>?1 leav+ only "o-n9? = ,victoria4 ,! /ati/ics giv5 above w sugge/ to ! read] t1 c\ld su* a secession be c>ri$ out1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% ,empire w\ld n be happi] = ! *ange dur+ ! v %ort cont9u$ exi/5ce t rema9$ to !m4 ,! re/ ( ! _w c\ld sp>e our fraction ( ! planet mu* bett] ?an we c\ld sp>e !irs4 ,?is is a pr9ciple :i* applies to worlds any:]e2 n m]ely )9 ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em b :]ev] !y exi/4 ,ev]y:]e ! surface mu/ v>y ) ! squ>e ( ! diamet]2 ! volume ) ! cube2 ev]y:]e ! small] planet mu/ h ! r>] atmosph]e1 & ) a r>e atmosph]e ! extreme range ( temp]ature mu/ be great1 :ile ! range ( temp]ature )9 :i* wat] w fl[ w be re/rict$4 ,our ,e>? /&s z ! model ( a _w ( ! "r size = ! ma9t5ance ( life2 mu* small] ?an our ,e>? w\ld be too small2 mu* l>g]1 z we %all see lat]1 w\ld be too l>ge4 ,s f> we h dealt ) ,m>s z if x receiv$ ! same am\nt ( light & heat f ! ,sun t ! ,e>? does4 ,b1 z ! ,table %[s1 f its great] di/ance f ! ,sun1 ,m>s receives p] unit ( surface only ab\t ?ree-sev5?s ( ! light & heat ( t receiv$ by ! ,e>?4 ,! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ,m>s is almo/ ! same z t ( ! ,e>?1 s t ! g5]al "* ( ! seasons is n v diff]5t on ! two planets1 & ! torrid1 temp]ate1 & frigid zones h almo/ ! same proportions4 ,! l5g? ( ! day is also ne>ly ! same = bo?1 ! ,m>tian day be+ slightly long]2 b ! mo/ s]i\s factor is ! great] di/ance ( ,m>s1 & ! consequ5t dim9ution 9 ! light & heat receiv$ f ! ,sun4 ,! light & heat receiv$ by ! ,e>? are n s excessive t we c\ld be cont5t to see !m dim9i%$1 ev5 by #e p] c5t1 b = ,m>s !y are dim9i%$ by #eg p] c5t4 ,h[ c we judge ! effect ( s important a diff]5ce8 ,! mean temp]ature ( our ,e>? is suppos$ to be ab\t #fj deg4,f41 or #af deg4,c4 ,?ree-sev5?s ( ?is w\ld give u #g deg4,c4 z ! mean temp]ature ( ,m>s1 :i* w\ld signify a planet n impossible = life4 ,b ! z]o ( ! ,c5tigrade scale is n ! absolute z]o2 x only m>ks ! freez+-po9t ( wat]4 ,! absolute z]o is comput$ to be -#bgc deg4 on ! ,c5tigrade scale2 ! temp]ature ( ! ,e>? on ! absolute scale !re=e %\ld be tak5 z #bhi deg41 & ?ree-sev5?s ( ?is w\ld give #abd deg4 ( absolute temp]ature4 ,b ?is is #adi deg4 bel[ freez+-po9t1 & no life c\ld exi/ on a planet "u su* conditions4 ,b ! mean temp]ature ( ,m>s _c be comput$ q s easily4 ,! hott] a body is ! m rapidly x radiates heat2 ! cool] x is ! sl[] its radiation4 ,accord+ to ,/efan's ,law1 ! radiation v>ies = a p]fect radiator ) ! #d? p[] ( ! absolute temp]ature2 s t if ,m>s 7 at #abd deg4 abs41 :ile ! ,e>? 7 at #bhi deg4 abs41 ! ,e>? w\ld be radiat+ its heat ne>ly #cj times fa/] ?an ,m>s4 ,! heat income ( ,m>s w\ld !re=e be 9 a mu* high] proportion ?an its exp5diture2 & necess>ily its heat capital w\ld increase until income & exp5diture balanc$4 ,pr(4 ,poynt+ has made ! temp]ature ( ! planets "u ! #d? p[] law ( radiation ! subject ( an int]e/+ enquiry1 & ! figures :i* he has obta9$ = ,m>s & o!r planets are includ$ 9 ! ,table4 ,! equatorial & av]age temp]atures are giv5 "u ! assumption t ,m>s possesses an atmosph]e z effici5t z our own 9 equaliz+ ! temp]ature ( ! :ole planet4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 its atmosph]e has no su* regulat+ p[]1 !n "u ! z5i? ,sun ! upp] limit ( ! temp]ature ( a portion ( its surface reflect+ "o-eigh? w\ld be1 z %[n 9 ! ,table1 #fd deg4,c4 ,?is w\ld imply t ! temp]ature on ! d>k side ( ! planet 0 v ne>ly at ! absolute z]o4 ,if we reg>d ,m>s z resembl+ our ,moon1 & take ! ,moon's effective av]age temp]ature z #big deg4 abs41 ! correspond+ temp]ature = ,m>s is #bdj deg4 abs41 & ! highe/ temp]ature is f\r-fif?s ( #ccg deg4 #bgj deg4 abs4 ,b ! surface ( ,m>s has probably a high] coeffici5t ( absorption ?an ! surface ( ! ,moon--x c]ta9ly has = light--s t we may put 8 effective av]age temp]ature1 on ?is supposition1 "s few degrees above #bdj deg4 abs41 & 8 equatorial temp]ature "s degrees high] /ill4 ,x appe>s z exce$+ly probable1 !n1 t :e!r we reg>d ,m>s z l ! ,e>? or1 go+ to ! o!r extreme1 z l ! ,moon1 ! temp]ature ( 8 surface is ev]y:]e bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( wat]4#ad ,z ! atmosph]ic circulation on ,m>s mu/ be languid1 & ! atmosph]e itself is v r>e1 ! g5]al condition ( ! planet w approximate r to ! lun> type ?an to ! t]re/rial1 & ! extremes1 bo? ( heat & cold1 w approa* ^? :i* w\ld prevail on a planet )\t a regulat+ atmosph]e4 ,!re is ano!r way ( consid]+ ! effect on ! climate ( ,m>s & its great di/ance f ! ,sun1 :i*1 ?\gh only r\gh & crude1 may be helpful to "s read]s4 ,if we take ! ,e>? at noonday at ! "t ( ! equ9ox1 !n a squ>e y>d at ! equator has ! ,sun 9 its z5i?1 & is fully pres5t$ to its light & heat4 ,b1 z we move away f ! equator1 we f9d t ea* high] latitude is less fully pres5t$ to ! ,sun1 until1 :5 we rea* latitude #fd-a_/b deg4--9 o!r words j outside ! ,arctic ,circle--#g squ>e y>ds are pres5t$ to ! ,sun s z to receive only z mu* ( ! sol> radiation z #c squ>e y>ds receive at ! equator4 ,we may take1 !n1 latitude #fd-a_/b deg4 z repres5t+ ,m>s1 :ile ! equator repres5ts ! ,e>?4 ,or1 we may take x t we %\ld comp>e ! climate ( ,ar*angel ) ! climate ( ,s+apore4 ,n[ ! mean temp]ature ( latitude #fd-a_/b deg41 say ! latitude ( ,ar*angel1 is j ab\t freez+-po9t 7#j deg4,c471 :ile t ( ! equator is ab\t #bh deg4,c4 ,we %\ld !re=e expect f ?is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean temp]atures ( ! ,e>? & ,m>s ( #bh deg42 t is to say1 z ! ,e>? /&s at #af deg4,c1 ,m>s w\ld be at -#ab deg4,c4 ,b1 on ! ,e>?1 ! evaporation & precipitation is great1 & ! atmosph]ic circulation vigor\s4 ,evaporation is always go+ on 9 equatorial regions1 & ! moi/ure-lad5 w9ds are cont9ually mov+ polew>ds1 c>ry+ ) !m va/ /ores ( heat to be lib]at$ z ! ra9 falls4 ,! oceanic curr5ts h ! same effect1 & h[ great ! modification :i* !y introduce may be se5 by comp>+ ! climates ( ,labrador & ,scotl&4 ,!re appe> to be no great oceans on ,m>s4 ,! diff]5ce ( #bh deg4 :i* we f9d on ! ,e>? betwe5 ! equator & ! edge ( ! ,arctic ,circle is a diff]5ce :i* rema9s aft] ! convection curr5ts ( air & sea h done mu* to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! equator & to raise t ( high latitudes4 ,if we suppose t _! effect has be5 to r$uce ?is diff]5ce to "o half ( :at x w\ld h be5 7 ea* latitude isolat$ f ! re/1 we %all n be f> wrong1 & we %\ld get a range ( #ef deg4 z ! true equival5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean temp]atures ( ,s+apore & ,ar*angel2 i4e4 ( ! ,e>? & ,m>s2 & ,m>s w\ld /& at -#dj deg4,c4 ,! clos5ess ) :i* ?is figure agrees ) t rea*$ by ,pr(4 ,poynt+ sugge/s t x is a fair approximation to ! correct figure4 ,! size ( ,m>s taught u t we h 9 x a planet ) an atmosph]e ( b "o half ! d5sity ( t prevail+ on ! top ( our highe/ m\nta92 ! di/ance ( ,m>s f ! ,sun %[$ u t x mu/ h a mean temp]ature close to t ( freez+ m]cury4 ,:at *ance w\ld !re be = life on a _w ! av]age condition ( :i* w\ld correspond to t ( a t]re/rial m\nta9 top1 t5 miles high & 9 ! he>t ( ! pol> regions8 ,b ,m>s 9 ! telescope does n look l a cold planet4 ,z we look at x1 & note its bright col\r1 ! small ext5t ( ! :ite caps presum$ to be sn[1 & ! high latitudes 9 :i* ! d>k m>k+s--presum$ to be wat] or vegetation--are se51 x seems difficult to suppose t ! mean temp]ature ( ! planet is l[] ?an t ( ! ,e>?4 ,?us on ! wond]ful photographs tak5 by ,pr(4 ,b>n>d 9 #aiji1 ! ,nilosyrtis ) ! ,protonilus is se5 z a d>k canal4 ,n[ ! ,protonilus is 9 ,nor? ,lat4 #db deg41 & on ! date ( obs]vation--,septemb] #bh1 #aiji--! w9t] sol/ice ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ,m>s 0 j pa/4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ unusual = ! gr\nd to be cov]$ ) sn[ & ! wat] to be froz5 9 a correspond+ latitude if 9 a cont95tal situation on ! ,e>?4 ,!n1 aga91 9 ! summ]1 ! :ite pol> caps ( ,m>s dim9i% to a f> great] ext5t ?an ! sn[ & ice caps ( ! ,e>?2 inde$1 "o ( ! ,m>tian caps has be5 kn[n to disappe> completely4 ,yet1 z ! accompany+ diagram w %[1 some?+ ( ?is k9d is precisely :at we ought to expect to see4 ,! diagram has be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a curve ( mean temp]atures has be5 laid d[n = e #aj deg4 ( latitude on ! ,e>?1 d]iv$ z f> z possible f accept$ iso!rmals 9 cont95tal c\ntries 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,f ?is curve ord9ates h be5 drawn at ea* #aj deg41 upw>d to %[ av]age deviation f ! mean temp]ature = ! hotte/ "p ( ! day 9 summ]1 d[nw>d = ! deviation = ! colde/ "p ( ! night 9 w9t]4 ,obvi\sly1 on ! av]age1 ! range f maximum to m9imum w increase f ! equator to ! poles4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! ,e>? has be5 tak5 z #af deg4,c1 & z repres5t+ t prevail+ 9 ab\t #db deg4 lat4 ,! diagram %[s t ! maximum temp]ature ( no place ^u ! ,e>?'s surface approa*es ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & t x is only )9 ! pol> circle t ! mean temp]ature is bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,wat]1 !re=e1 on ! ,e>? mu/ be normally 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,9 con/ruct+ a simil> diagram = ,m>s1 ?ree modifications h to be made4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! planet mu/ be consid]ably l[] ?an t ( ! ,e>?4 ,next1 s9ce ! atmosph]ic circulation is languid & !re are no great oceans1 ! temp]atures ( diff]5t latitudes _c be equaliz$ to ! same ext5t z on ! ,e>?4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! range 9 mean temp]ature f equator to pole mu/ be consid]ably great] on ,m>s ?an on ! ,e>?4 ,?irdly1 ! range 9 temp]ature 9 any latitude1 f ! hotte/ "p ( ! day 9 summ] to ! colde/ "p ( ! night 9 w9t]1 mu/ be mu* great] ?an ) u2 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! v slight d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! ,m>tian ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!rmographs ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,m>s ,we _c "k ! exact figures to adopt1 b ! g5]al type ( ! !rmograph = ,m>s z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,e>? w rema94 ,! mean temp]ature ( ,m>s w be l[]1 ! range ( temp]ature f equator to pole w be great]1 & ! extremes ( temp]ature 9 any giv5 latitude m pron\nc$ ?an ^u ! ,e>?4 ,& ! g5]al lesson ( ! diagram may be summ$ up 9 a s5t5ce4 ,! maximum temp]ature on ! planet is well above freez+-po9t1 & ! "p ( ! planet at maximum temp]ature is precisely ! "p t we see ! be/4 ,b :ile ?is is s1 x is cle> t wat] on ,m>s mu/ normally be 9 ! /ate ( ice2 ,m>s is ess5tially a froz5 planet2 & ! extremes ( cold exp]i5c$ !re1 n only e ye> b e night1 f> transc5d ! bitt]e/ extremes ( our own pol> regions4 ,! above consid]ations d n appe> to r5d] x likely t !re is any vegetation on ,m>s4 ,a planet ice-b\nd e night & ) its mean temp]ature consid]ably bel[ freez+-po9t does n seem promis+ = vegetation4 ,if vegetation exi/s1 x mu/ be ( a k9d t c pass ?r\gh all ! /ages ( its life-hi/ory dur+ ! few bright h\rs ( ! ,m>tian day4 ,e night w be = x a w9t]1 a w9t] ( undescribable fro/1 :i* x c\ld only endure 9 ! =m ( spores4 ,s if !re be vegetation x mu/ be conf9$ to "s h>dy =ms ( a l[ type4 ,at a di/ance ( =ty millions ( miles x is n easy to discrim9ate betwe5 ! d>kness ( %eets ( wat] & ! d>kness ( /ret*es ( vegetation4 ,"s ( ! s-call$ seas may possibly be really ( ! latt] class1 b t !re mu/ be expanses ( wat] on ! planet is cle>1 = if !re 7 no wat] surfaces !re w\ld be no evaporation2 & if !re 7 no evaporation f :5ce c\ld come ! supply ( moi/ure t builds up ! w9t] pole cap8 ,! great ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(4 ,newcomb1 gave 9 ,h>p]'s ,weekly = ,july #be1 #aijh1 an admirable summ>y ( ! v]dict ( sci5ce z to ! "* ( ! meteorology ( ,m>s4 ,! mo/ c>eful calculation %[s t if !re are any consid]able bodies ( wat] on our neighb\r+ planet !y exi/ 9 ! =m ( ice1 & c nev] be liquid to a dep? ( m ?an "o or two in*es1 & t only )9 ! torrid zone & dur+ a few h\rs ea* day4444 ,!re is no evid5ce t sn[ l ours ev] =ms ar\nd ! poles ( ,m>s4 ,x does n seem possible t any consid]able fall ( su* sn[ c\ld ev] take place1 nor is !re any necessity ( suppos+ actual sn[ or ice to acc\nt = ! :ite caps4 ,at a temp]ature va/ly bel[ any ev] felt 9 ,sib]ia1 ! smalle/ p>ticles ( moi/ure w be cond5s$ into :at we call ho> fro/1 & w gli/5 ) z mu* :it5ess z actual sn[4444 ,?us we h a k9d ( ,m>tian meteorological *anges1 v slight inde$ & seem+ly v diff]5t f ^? ( our e>?1 b yet foll[+ simil> l9es on _! small scale4 ,= sn[fall sub/itute fro/fall2 in/ead ( feet or in*es say fractions ( a millimetre1 & in/ead ( /orms or w9d sub/itute little motions ( an air ?9n] ?an t on ! top ( ! ,himalayas1 & we %all h a g5]al description ( ,m>tian meteorology4 ,:at we "k ( ,m>s1 !n1 %[s u a planet1 iceb\nd e night1 b ) a day temp]ature some:at above freez+-po9t4 ,z we see x1 we look ^u its w>me/ regions1 & ! rapidity ) :i* x is cle>$ ( ice1 sn[1 & cl\d %[s ! atmosph]e to be r>e & ! moi/ure little 9 am\nt & readily evaporat$4 ,! seas are probably %all[ depressions1 fill$ ) ice to ! bottom1 b melt$ z to _! surfaces by day4 ,f ! v>iety ( t9ts not$ 9 ! seas1 & ! recurr5t *anges 9 _! outl9es1 !y are compos$ ( cong]ies ( %all[ pools1 f$ by small sluggi% /reams2 great ocean bas9s into :i* great riv]s dis*>ge !mselves are q unkn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,illusions ,,( ,,m>s ,! two prec$+ *apt]s h l$ to two oppos+1 two incompatible conclusions4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 a summ>y 0 giv5 ( ,pr(4 ,l[ell's claim to h _h ocul> demon/ration ( ! h&iwork ( intellig5t organisms on ,m>s4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 x 0 %[n t ! indisp5sable condition = liv+ organisms1 wat] 9 ! liquid /ate1 is only occasionally pres5t !re1 ! g5]al temp]ature be+ mu* bel[ freez+-po9t1 s t liv+ organisms ( high developm5t & m ?an ephem]al exi/5ce are impossible4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell argues t ! appe>ance ( ! network ( l9es & spots =m$ by ! canals & oases1 & its regul> behavi\r1 preclude its causation on su* a scale by any natural process1 8 assumption be+ t he has obta9$ f9ality 9 8 see+ ( ! planet1 & t no improvem5t 9 telescopes1 no increase 9 exp]i5ce1 no bett] eyesight w ev] break up ! p]fect regul>ity ( =m & position1 :i* he gives to ! canals1 into f9] & m complex detail4 ,b ! hi/ory ( our k ( ! planet's surface tea*es u a diff]5t lesson4 ,two small objects appe> repeat$ly on ! draw+s made by ,be] & ,ma$l] 9 #ahcj2 ^! are two simil> d>k spots1 ! "o isolat$1 ! o!r at ! end ( a g5tly curv$ l9e4 ,bo? spots resemble 9 =m & "* ! oases ( ,pr(4 ,l[ell1 & ! curv$ l9e1 at ! t]m9ation ( :i* "o ( ! spots appe>s1 repres5ts closely ! appe>ance pres5t$ by sev]al ( ! canals4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcj no bett] draw+s ( ,m>s _h appe>$2 & 9 repres5t+ ^! two spots z truly circul> & ! curv$ l9e z n>r[1 %>p1 & uni=m1 ,be] & ,ma$l] und\bt$ly portray$ ! planet z actually !y saw x4 ,! "o m>k+ 0 nam$ by ,s*iap>elli ! ,lacus ,solis1 ! o!r1 ! ,s9us ,sabaeus1 & !y are two ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ easily recogniz$ ( ! planet's features2 s t x is easy to trace ! gr[? ( our k ( bo? ( !m f #ahcj up to ! pres5t "t4 ,!y 7 drawn by ,dawes 9 #ahfd1 by ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgg & ! succe$+ ye>s1 by ,l[ell 9 #ahid & s9ce1 & by ,antoniadi 9 #aiji & #aiaa4 ,b :]eas ! draw+s ( ,be] & ,ma$l]1 made by ! aid ( a telescope ( #d in*es ap]ture1 %[ ! two spots z exactly alike1 9 ^? ( ,dawes1 made ) a telescope ( #h in*es1 ! resemblance betwe5 ! two has entirely vani%$1 & nei!r is %[n z a pla9 circul> dot4 ,s9ce !n1 obs]v]s ( great] exp]i5ce & equipp$ ) m p[]ful in/rum5ts h direct$ _! att5tion to ^! two objects1 & a mass ( complicat$ /ructure has be5 br\ght out 9 ! regions :i* 7 s simple 9 ! sight ( ,be] & ,ma$l]1 s t n a trace ( resemblance rema9s betwe5 ! two objects t to !m appe>$ indi/+ui%able4 ,n[ ! gradation 9 size1 f ! ,lacus ,solis d[n to ! smalle/ oasis ( ,l[ell1 is a complete "o4 ,if a future developm5t 9 ! p[] ( telescopes %\ld equal ! advance made f ! #d-;in* ( ,be] & ,ma$l]1 to ! #cc-;in* :i* ,antoniadi us$ 9 #aiji1 is x reasonable to suppose t ,pr(4 ,l[ell's oases w refuse to yield to su* improvem5t1 & w all /ill %[ !mselves z uni=m spots1 precisely circul> 9 outl9e8 ,x is cle> t ,be] & ,ma$l] w\ld h be5 mi/ak5 if !y _h argu$ t ! app>5tly p]fect circul>ity ( ! two oases :i* !y obs]v$ prov$ !m to be artificial1 because ! increase 9 telescopic p[] has s9ce %[n u t nei!r is circul>4 ,! obvi\s reason :y !y appe>$ s r\nd to ,be] & ,ma$l] 0 t !y 7 too small to be def9$ 9 _! in/rum5ts2 _! m9or irregul>ities 7 !re=e invisible1 & _! app>5t circul>ity cov]$ detail ( an altoge!r diff]5t =m4 ,be] & ,ma$l] only drew two su* spots2 ,l[ell %[s ab\t two hundr$4 ,be] & ,ma$l]'s two spots seem$ to !m exactly alike2 ^! two spots z we see !m to-day h no resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell's two hundr$ oases1 ) few exceptions1 seem all ( ! same "*2 is x possible to suppose1 if telescopes develop 9 ! future z !y h done 9 ! pa/1 t ! two hundr$ oases w pres]ve _! uni=mity ( appe>ance any m ?an ! ,lacus ,solis & ! head ( ! ,s9us ,sabaeus8 ,if a novice beg9s to "w ^u ,m>s ) a small telescope1 he w draw ! ,lacus ,solis & ! ,s9us ,sabaeus z two r\nd1 uni=m spots1 & z he ga9s exp]i5ce1 & 8 in/rum5tal p[] is increas$1 he w beg9 to detect detail 9 !m1 & draw !m z ,dawes & ,s*iap>elli & o!rs h %[n !m lat]4 ,x is no "q ( planet>y *ange2 x is a "q ( exp]i5ce & ( see+4 ,!re is a mu* simpl] explanation ( ! regul>ity ( ! canals & oases ?an to suppose t an indu/ri\s population ( geomet]s h dug !m out or plant$ !m2 x is connect$ ) ! nature ( vision4 ,a telegraph wire se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( a bright cl\d c be disc]n$ at an amaz+ di/ance--9 fact1 at #bjj1jjj times ! bread? ( ! wire2 a di/ance at :i* ! wire subt5ds a bread? ( a second ( arc4 ,= av]age normal sight ! p]ception ( ! wire w be q unmi/akable1 b at ! same "t x w\ld be q untrue to say t ! p]ception ( ! wire 0 ( ! nature ( def9$ vision1 z w\ld be se5 at once if small objects ( irregul> %ape 7 ?read$ on ! wire2 ^! w\ld h to be _m times ! bread? ( ! wire 9 ord] to be detect$4 ,aga91 if in/ead ( a wire ( v great l5g? ext5d+ "r across ! field ( view ( bo? eyes1 a %ort1 black l9e be drawn on a :ite gr\nd1 x w be f\nd t z ! l5g? ( ! l9e is dim9i%$ bel[ a c]ta9 po9t s its bread? mu/ be increas$4 ,if ! obs]v] is di/ant f ! l9e #fjjj times its l5g?1 !n ! bread? mu/ be increas$ to be equal to ! l5g?1 & ! object1 :atev] its actual %ape1 c be j recogniz$ z a small circul> spot1 :i* w subt5d ab\t #cd seconds ( arc4 ,b ?\gh a black spot1 #cd seconds 9 diamet]1 c be p]ceiv$ on a :ite gr\nd1 we h n yet atta9$ to def9$ vision4 ,= if we place two black spots ea* #cd seconds ( arc 9 diamet]1 ne> ea* o!r1 !y w n be se5 z sep>ate spots unless !re is a cle> space betwe5 !m ( six times t am\nt4 ,ne>] ?an t !y w give ! impression t !y =m "o circul> spot1 or an oval "o1 or ev5 a uni=m /raight l9e1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( sep>ation4 ,if two equal r\nd spots be plac$ s t ! di/ance betwe5 _! c5tres is equal to two diamet]s1 !n ! diamet] ( ea* spot mu/ be1 at lea/1 #gj seconds ( arc = !m to be di/9ctly def9$2 t is to say = ! spots to be se5 z two sep>ate objects4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a wide range betwe5 objects t are l>ge en\gh to be q unmi/akably p]ceiv$1 & objects :i* are l>ge en\gh to h _! true outl9e really def9$4 ,x is a "q ( seconds ( arc 9 ! "o case & ( m9utes ( arc 9 ! o!r4 ,)9 ?is range1 betwe5 ! limit at :i* objects c be j p]ceiv$ & t :]e !y c be j def9$1 objects mu/ all appe> z ( "o ( two =ms--! /raight l9e & ! circul> dot4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! /ructure ( ! eye & ( ! ret9a2 ! eye be+ ess5tially a l5s ) its def9+ p[] necess>ily limit$ by its ap]ture1 & ! ret9a a s5sitive scre5 built up ( an imm5se numb] ( sep>ate elem5ts ea* ( :i* c only transmit a s+le s5sation4 ,diff]5t eyes w h diff]5t limits1 bo? = ! smalle/ objects :i* c be disc]n$ & = ! smalle/ objects t c be def9$1 b = any sight ! range betwe5 ! two w be ( ! ord] j indicat$4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell has drawn att5tion to ! /rangely economic "* ( bo? ! canals & oases 9 ! matt] ( =m4 ,x is true t /raight l9es & circles are economic =ms1 b !y are economic n only 9 ! con/ruction ( irrigation works b also 9 vision4 ,! circle is ! figure :i* encloses ! maximum area = ! m9imum av]age di/ance f its c5tre to any po9t situat$ )9 x2 !re=e1 if a small spot be p]ceiv$ by ! sight b be too small to h its actual outl9e def9$1 x w be recogniz$ by ! eye z be+ truly circul>1 on ! pr9ciple ( economy ( ef=t4 ,s1 aga91 a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ t c be drawn betwe5 two po9ts2 & a /raight l9e c be p]ceiv$ z su* :5 ( an angul> bread? q #dj times less ?an t ( ! smalle/ spot4 ,a /raight l9e is t :i* gives ! lea/ total excitem5t 9 ord] to produce an appreciable impression1 & !re=e ! smalle/ appreciable impression produces ! effect ( a /raight l9e4 ,x is suffici5t1 !n1 = u to suppose t ! surface ( ,m>s is dott$ ov] ) m9ute irregul> m>k+s1 ) a t5d5cy to aggregate 9 c]ta9 directions1 su* z w\ld naturally arise 9 ! process ( ! cool+ ( a planet :5 ! out] cru/ 0 contract+ above an unyield+ nucleus4 ,if ^! m>k+s are fairly ne> ea* o!r x is n necess>y1 9 ord] to produce ! effect ( canals1 t !y %\ld be individually l>ge en\gh to be se54 ,!y may be ( any conceivable %ape1 provid$ t !y are sep>ately bel[ ! limit ( def9$ vision1 & are suffici5tly sp>sely scatt]$4 ,9 ?is case ! eye inevitably sums up ! details 7:i* x recognizes b _c resolve7 into l9es ess5tially canal-l 9 "*4 ,:]ev] !re is a small aggregation ( ^! m9ute m>k+s1 an impression w be giv5 ( a circul> spot1 or1 to use ,pr(4 ,l[ell's nom5clature1 an oasis4 ,if ! aggregation be great] /ill & m ext5d$1 we %all h a %ad$ area--a sea4 ,! above rem>ks apply to obs]vation ) ! unaid$ eye1 b ! same pr9ciple applies yet m /rongly to telescopic vision4 ,no /> is ne> en\gh or suffici5tly l>ge to give ! lea/ impression ( a true disc2 its diamet] is indi/+ui%able2 x is = u a ma!matical po9t1 )\t p>ts or magnitude4 ,b ! image ( a /> =m$ by a telescope is n a po9t b a m9ute disc1 surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( diffraction r+s4 ,?is disc is spuri\s1 = ! great] ! ap]ture ( ! telescope ! small] ! app>5t disc4 ,t :i* holds good = a bright po9t l a /> holds good = e individual po9t ( a planet>y surface :5 view$ ?r\gh ! telescope2 t is to say1 ea* po9t is repres5t$ by a m9ute disc2 all l9es & outl9es !re=e are slightly blurr$1 s t m9ute irregul>ities are inevitably smoo!d out4 ,:5 we come to photographs1 ! process is c>ri$ to a ?ird /age4 ,! image is =m$ by ! telescope1 subject to all ! limitations ( telescopic images1 & is receiv$ on a plate ess5tially granul> 9 /ructure1 & is f9ally exam9$ by ! eye4 ,! granul> /ructure ( ! plate acts z ! ?ird factor 9 conceal+ irregul>ities & simplify+ details2 a ?ird factor 9 produc+ ! two simple/ types ( =m--! /raight l9e & ! circul> dot4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell describes ! canals z l l9es drawn ) p51 ink & rul]1 b n a few ( our be/ obs]v]s h advanc$ mu* beyond ?is /age4 ,ev5 z f> back z #ahhd1 "s ( ! canals 7 los+ _! /rict rectil9e> appe>ance to ,s*iap>elli1 & ! obs]v]s ( ! planet :o h be5 be/ fav\r$ by ! p[] ( ! telescope at _! disposal1 by ! atmosph]ic conditions "u :i* !y work$1 & by _! own skill & exp]i5ce--su* z ,antoniadi1 ,b>n>d1 ,c]ulli1 ,d5n+1 ,millo*au1 ,moleswor?1 ,phillips1 ,/anley ,williams & o!rs--h f\nd !m to %[ evid5t signs ( resolution4 ,?us1 9 #aiji1 ,antoniadi f\nd t ( #ej canals1 #ad 7 resolv$ into disconnect$ knots ( diffus$ %ad+s1 #d 7 se5 z irregul> l9es1 #aj z m or less d>k b&s2 & he f\nd t1 9 good see+1 !re 0 no trace :atev] ( ! geometrical network4 ,! progress ( obs]vation1 !re=e1 has left ,pr(4 ,l[ell beh9d1 & has dispell$ ! fable :i* he has def5d$ ) s mu* +5uity4 ,b1 inde$1 !re nev] 0 any m reason = tak+ s]i\sly 8 !ory z to ! pres5ce ( artificial wat]ways on ,m>s ?an = believ+ 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( ! weird creatures describ$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,worlds4 ,!re are too _m ov]sights 9 ! canal !ory4 ,?us no s\rce is indicat$ = ! moi/ure suppos$ to be lock$ up 9 ! w9t] pole cap4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell holds t !re are no l>ge bodies ( wat] on ! planet2 t ! s-call$ seas are really cultivat$ l&4 ,9 ?is case !re c\ld be little or no evaporation1 & s no means by :i* ! pol> deposits c\ld be recruit$4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ! supply ( ! w9t] pole cap mu/ come f ! evaporation ( wat] 9 "s region or o!r4 ,& "h is ano!r ov]sight ( ! artificial canal !ory4 ,! canals are suppos$ to be necess>y = ! conveyance ( wat] f ! pole t[>ds ! equator2 al?\gh1 z ?is 0 uphill1 va/ pump+ /ations at %ort int]vals _h to be pr$icat$4 ,b x is n suppos$ t ! wat] ne$$ to travel by way ( ! canals to ! poles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! moi/ure is convey$ z vap\r ?r\gh ! atmosph]e to ! pole z w9t] approa*es1 x _c be impossible t x %\ld be convey$ 9 ! same mann] f ! pole z summ] draws on1 & 9 t case ! artificial canals w\ld n be ne$$4 ,if ! canals are necess>y = convey+ ! wat] 9 "o direction1 !y w\ld be necess>y = ! opposite direction4 ,b !re w\ld be some?+ too f>cical 9 ! idea ( ! c>eful ,m>tians dispat*+ _! wat] fir/ to ! pole to be froz5 !re1 & !n1 aft] x _h be5 duly froz5 & melt$ aga91 fet*+ x back along ?\s&s ( miles & ?r\gh num]\s pump+ /ations = use 9 irrigat+ _! fields4 ,( all ! _m hundr$s ( canals only a few actually t\* ! pol> caps4 ,b on ! !ory t ! entire canal sy/em is f$ by ! pol> cap 9 summ]1 ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! pol> canals %\ld be equal to1 if n great] ?an1 t ( ! entire sy/em outside ! pol> circle4 ,a glance at ! *>ts ( ! planet %[s t ! pol> canals c\ld n supply a tw5tie? "p ( ! wat] ne$$ = ^? 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,ano!r ov]sight is t ( ! significance ( ! alleg$ uni=mity & bread? ( ! canals4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell repeat$ly insi/s t ! canals are ( ev5 bread? f end to end1 & spr+ into exi/5ce at once ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,?is /atem5t is 9 itself a pro( t ! canals _c be :at he supposes !m to be4 ,an irrigation sy/em c\ld n h ^! *>act]i/ics2 ! region f]tiliz$ w\ld take "t to develop2 we %\ld see ! canal ext5d+ itself gradually across ! cont95t1 & its bread? w\ld n be uni=m f end to end1 b ! region f]tiliz$ w\ld gr[ n>r[] ) increase ( di/ance f ! f\nta9 head ( ! canal4 ,"u :at conditions c we see /raight l9es1 p]fectly uni=m f end to end1 spr+ into exi/5ce1 9 _! entirety1 )\t go+ ?r\gh any /ages ( gr[?8 ,:5 ! l9es are n actual images1 b are sugge/$ by m>k+s p]ceiv$1 b n p]fectly def9$4 ,9 #aijb & #aijc1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,evans1 ! headma/] ( ,gre5wi* ,hospital ,s*ool1 ,i tri$ a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ?is po9t1 ) ! aid ( ab\t two hundr$ ( ! boys ( ! s*ool4 ,!y _h sev]al qualifications 9 respect ( ^! exp]im5ts2 !y 7 ke5-sight$1 well drill$2 accu/om$ to d :at !y 7 told )\t ask+ que/ions2 & !y knew no?+ :atsoev] ( a/ronomy1 c]ta9ly no?+ ab\t ,m>s4 ,a diagram 0 hung up1 bas$ ^u "s draw+ or o!r ( ! planet made by ,s*iap>elli1 ,l[ell or o!r ,m>tian obs]v]1 b ! canals 7 n ins]t$2 only a few dots or irregul> m>k+s 7 put 9 "h & !re4 ,& ! boys 7 arrang$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! diagram & told to draw exactly :at !y saw4 ,^? ne>e/ ! diagram 7 able to detect ! little irregul> m>k+s & repres5t$ !m "u _! true =ms4 ,^? at ! back ( ! room c\ld n see any?+ ( !m1 & only repres5t$ ! broade/ features ( ! diagram1 ! cont95ts & seas4 ,^? 9 ! middle ( ! room 7 too f> (f to def9e ! m9ute m>k+s1 b 7 ne> en\gh = ^? m>k+s to produce "s impression ^u !m2 & t impression always 0 ( a network ( /raight l9es1 sometimes ) dots at ! po9ts ( meet+4 ,advanc+ f a di/ance t[>d ! diagram ! process ( developm5t became q cle>4 ,at ! back ( ! room no /raight l9es 7 se52 z ! obs]v] came sl[ly =w>d1 fir/ "o /raight l9e w\ld appe> completely1 !n ano!r1 & s on1 until all ! *ief canals drawn by ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell 9 ! region repres5t$ _h come into evid5ce 9 _! prop] places4 ,advanc+ /ill fur!r1 ! canals disappe>$1 & ! little irregul> m>k+s :i* _h giv5 rise to !m 7 p]ceiv$ 9 _! true =ms4 ,^! exp]im5ts at ! ,gre5wi* ,hospital ,s*ool 7 m]ely ! repetition ( simil> ones t ,i _h myself made privately twelve ye>s e>li]1 lead+ me to ! conclusion1 publi%$ 9 #ahid1 t ! canals ( ,m>s 7 simply ! summation ( a complexity ( detail too m9ute to be sep>ately disc]n$4 ,a little lat]1 9 8 "w ,m>te nel #ahif-g1 ,dr4 ,c]ulli indep5d5tly arriv$ at ! same conclusion1 & wrote3 ,^! l9es are =m$ by ! eye 444 :i* utilizes 444 ! d>k elem5ts :i* x f9ds along c]ta9 directions2 & a l>ge numb] ( ^! elem5ts =ms a broad b&2 & a small] numb] ( !m gives rise to a n>r[ l9e4 ,also1 ! m>vell\s appe>ance ( ! l9es 9 "q has its orig91 n 9 ! reality ( ! ?+1 b 9 ! inability ( ! pres5t telescope to %[ fai?fully su* a reality4 ,9 #aijg1 ,pr(4 ,newcomb made "s exp]im5ts 9 ! same direction & rea*$ ! same g5]al conclusion4 ,m rec5tly /ill1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ has work$ on ! same l9es & ) ! same result4 ,! v5]able ,george ,pollock1 =m]ly ! ,s5ior ,ma/] ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt & ,k+'s ,remembranc]1 s5t to me1 9 8 #ia/ ye>1 ! foll[+ note z af=d+ an apt illu/ration ( ! true nature ( ! canali=m m>k+s on ,m>s3 ,on ,saturday la/1 j\rney+ 9 a motor-c>1 ,i came into a broad road b\nd$ by a d>k wood4 ,look+ up ,i 0 amaz$ to see di/9ct1 well-def9$1 v]tical1 p>allel :ite l9es1 ! wood =m+ ! d>k backgr\nd4 ,on gett+ ne>]1 ^! l9es resolv$ !mselves into spots1 & !y prov$ to be ! :ite insulators support+ ! telegraph wires4 ,pr(4 ,l[ell has object$ t all exp]im5ts & illu/rations ( ?is k9d are irrelevant2 only obs]vations ^u ! planet itself ought to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b su* obs]vations h be5 made ^u ! planet itself ) j ! same result4 ,obs]v]s h se5 /reaks ^u ,m>s--knott$1 brok51 irregul>1 full ( detail--& :5 ! planet has rec$$ to a great] di/ance1 ! v same m>k+ has %[n itself z a n>r[ /raight l9e1 uni=m f end to end1 z if drawn ) p51 ink & rul]4 ,! great] di/ance has caus$ ! irregul>ities1 se5 :5 ne>] at h&1 to disappe>4 ,9 ?is1 & n 9 any gigantic eng9e]+ works1 is ! explanation ( ! artificiality ( ! m>k+s on ,m>s z ,pr(4 ,l[ell sees !m4 ,t artificiality has already disappe>$ "u bett] see+ ) m p[]ful telescopes4 ,?is *apt] is entitl$ ,! ,illusions ( ,m>s4 ,yet ! illusions ( ,m>s are n ! /raight l9es & r\nd dots ( ! canal sy/em1 b ! =c$ & curi\s int]pretation :i* has be5 put ^u !m4 ,if ! planet be )9 a c]ta9 range ( di/ance & "u exam9ation ) a c]ta9 telescopic p[]1 ! /raight l9es & r\nd dots are inevitable4 ,_! artificiality is n a function ( ! actual ,m>tian details !mselves1 b ( ! mode 9 :i*1 "u giv5 conditions1 we are oblig$ to see !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,v5us1 ,,m]cury ,,& ,,! ,,a/]oids ,( all ! planets1 ,v5us appe>s1 to ! unassi/$ eye1 by f> ! lovelie/4 ,:5 se5 9 ! e>ly morn+ be=e sunrise--its we/]n elongation--or aft] sund[n 9 ! ev5+--its ea/]n elongation--& /ill m z x atta9s its greate/ brilliancy1 x has attract$ att5tion ev]y:]e & 9 all ages4 ,x !n %9es ) brilliance t5 times z great z ,jupit] 9 opposition1 & ! brighte/ memb]s ( ! heav5ly ho/ look pale & dim beside x4 ,x is emphatically ! morn+ or ! ev5+ />1 ,lucif]1 or ,vesp]1 h]ald or foll[] ( ! ,sun2 x c ev5 ass]t itself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l ( ,day1 = x has (t5 be5 se5 at noonday by wat*]s :o knew :]e to look2 sometimes by ! g5]al cr[d4 ,b 9 ! telescope ,v5us appe>s less satisfy+4 ,x is a pretty spectacle inde$ to wat* ! phases ( ! gleam+ little globe ( silv]1 =1 l ! ,moon "u v>y+ illum9ation f ! ,sun1 x und]goes *ange ( app>5t %ape4 ,b ! surface ( ! planet yields little detail1 & t little is illusive & ill-def9$4 ,! cle>-cut outl9es & black %ad[s ( ! ,moon h no place "h1 nor d ! ruddy pla9s & blue-grey seas ( ,m>s f9d any analogues4 ,all t c be obs]v$ beyond ! *anges ( phase are a few fa9t1 ill-def9$ pat*es1 :]e ! molt5 silv] ( ! g5]al surface is slightly dimm$ & t>ni%$1 & p]haps "o or two spots1 n less evasive & difficult to fix1 t exce$ ! re/ ( ! surface 9 brightness4 ,?is v difficulty 9 mak+ out ! m>k+s on ,v5us is hopeful = our se>*2 x po9ts to a veil+ ov] ! planet1 a veil+ by an atmosph]e4 ,& ! /ati/ics ( ! ,table %[ t ,v5us closely resembles our ,e>? 9 size & mass1 & !re=e probably 9 atmosph]ic equipm5t4 ,if we assume t ! atmosph]e ( any planet is 9 direct proportion to its mass--& z ,v5us is s ne>ly ! tw9 ( ! ,e>? !re is no reason to expect any great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 ?is respect--! atmosph]e ( ,v5us w\ld h a pressure ( ab\t #aa4b lb4 on ! squ>e in*1 & ! level ( half pressure w\ld be ne>ly f\r miles above ! surface4 ,9 o!r words ! atmosph]e w\ld be bo? ?9n] & deep] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 b ! diff]5ce w\ld n be important 9 am\nt4 ,b ,v5us is ne>] to ! ,sun ?an ! ,e>?1 & receives ne>ly d\ble ! light & heat4 ,its !oretical equatorial temp]ature is #cfh deg4abs41 or #ie deg4,c1 & its correspond+ mean temp]ature is #fi deg4 ,c4 ,b wat] "u a pressure ( #aa4b lb4 w boil at #ic deg4 ,c1 s t at ! equator ( ,v5us ! upp] limit = wat] z a liquid is j pass$1 b1 = ! planet 9 g5]al1 a fairly safe m>g9 is ma9ta9$4 ,"h !n is suffici5t explanation :y ! topography ( ,v5us is conceal$4 ,! atmosph]e w always be abundantly *>g$ ) wat]-vap\r1 & an almo/ unbrok5 scre5 ( cl\ds be spread ?r\gh\t its upp] regions4 ,su* a scre5 w greatly protect ! planet f ! full scor*+ ( ! ,sun1 & t5d to equalize ! temp]ature ( day & night1 ( summ] & w9t]1 ( equator & poles4 ,! temp]ature range w be slight1 & !re w be no wide expanses ( pol> ice4 ,wat] t fl[s w be abundant ev]y:]e4 ,s f> all ! facts connect$ ) ,v5us are fav\rable = life1 ev5 ?\gh ! picture call$ up to ! m9d may n seem invit+ to u4 ,= views ( ! heav5s mu/ be r>e2 ! ,sun mu/ seldom pi]ce ?r\gh ! cl\d veil2 !re is no moon & ! />s mu/ be almo/ always hidd54 ,! ,e>? ) its ,moon might =m a beautiful ornam5t at times 9 ! midnight sky if ! cl\d-%ell %\ld occasionally op51 b on ! :ole1 ! planet is %ut up to itself 9 a p]petual vap\r-ba?1 & its condition w approa* t ( "s ( ! mo/ humid c\ntries 9 ! t]re/rial tropics dur+ ! height ( _! ra9y seasons4 ,b x w\ld seem t life bo? ( plants & animals1 "u su* conditions1 might fl\ri% & be abundant4 ,! mean temp]ature w\ld n1 9 g5]al1 be high en\gh to drive (f ! wat] z /eam1 nor l[ en\gh to congeal x into ice2 x w\ld rema9 wat]--wat] t fl[s4 ,b !re is /ill a possible h9drance to life on ,v5us1 a h9drance t actually exi/s 9 ! case ( ,m]cury4 ,m]cury1 ! ,tw9kl]1 is n an easy object 9 our ,nor!rn latitudes1 b1 9 c\ntries ne> ! tropics1 is (t5 q conspicu\s1 a little sc9tillat+ gem ( light 9 ! bright sky1 be=e sunrise or aft] sunset4 ,9 ! telescope x is n s attractive z ,v5us1 p>tly because x is small]1 p>tly because1 ?\gh x receives m ?an ?ree times z mu* light f ! ,sun1 x is dull] 9 hue4 ,yet x is n q s secretive z its neighb\r1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( m>k+s h be5 detect$ ^u its disc1 m>k+s :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,moon1 appe> to be p]man5t4 ,a glance at ! ,table w %[ t ?is 0 to be expect$4 ,9 size1 ,m]cury comes betwe5 ! ,moon & ,m>s1 & ! atmosph]ic veil ought !re=e to be1 z x evid5tly is1 v slight & transp>5t2 (f]+ little or no h9drance to an obs]v] scann+ x f ano!r _w4 ,! o!r necess>y consequ5ces ( small size & mass w foll[2 ! feeble =ce ( gravitation1 ! languid atmosph]ic circulation1 ! extreme range ( temp]atures1 ! l[ temp]ature at :i* wat] w boil4 ,b ! heat to :i* ,m]cury is expos$ f> transc5ds our t]re/rial exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! mean x receives ne>ly sev5 times z mu* heat f ! ,sun z ! ,e>? does1 b ?is supply is n ma9ta9$ uni=mly1 = ,m]cury moves r\nd ! ,sun 9 a v ecc5tric orbit1 s t :5 9 aphelion x receives1 surface = surface1 only ab\t f\r times z mu* heat z ! ,e>?1 b "s six weeks lat] :5 9 p]ihelion x receives m ?an elev5 times4 ,! great range ( temp]ature due to ! ?9ness ( ! atmosph]e mu/ !re=e be fur!r increas$ by ! v>y+ di/ance ( ! planet f ! ,sun4 ,a ref]5ce to ,pr(4 ,poynt+'s figures %[s t ! mean temp]ature ( ,m]cury mu/ approximate to #aid deg4 ,c41 :ile wat] w boil at #dj deg4 ,c4 or ev5 l[]4 ,"h1 !n1 is a condition ! exact rev]se ( ,m>s4 ,wat] z a liquid w be r>e on ,m]cury1 n because x is congeal$1 b because x is evaporat$2 on ! d>k side ( ! planet x may1 inde$1 pass into ice1 b on ! side expos$ to ! ,sun x mu/ exi/ normally z a con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,wat] 9 a liquid /ate1 wat] t fl[s1 mu/ be almo/ unkn[n4 ,b we h good reason to believe t t :i* is ! d>k side ( ,m]cury at "o "t is always d>k2 t :i* is expos$ to ! ,sun is always expos$ to x4 ,s9ce ,m]cury we>s no conceal+ veil ( atmosph]e1 & displays m>k+s t c be id5tifi$ & foll[$1 a surpris+ circum/ance has come to light4 ,9 #ahhi1 ,s*iap>elli discov]$ t ,m]cury1 in/ead ( rotat+ on its axis 9 ab\t #bd h\rs l ! ,e>? & ,m>s1 rotates 9 #hh days2 t is to say1 x always turns ! same face t[>ds ! ,sun1 j z ! ,moon turns ! same face t[>ds ! ,e>?4 ,?is fact1 confirm$ !oretically by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w9 9 8 developm5t ( ! !ory ( tidal friction1 puts ! condition ( ,m]cury 9 q a new light4 ,no alt]nation ( day or night refre%es & re/ores ! little _w2 "o hemisph]e is = ev] expos$ to ! bla/+ heat ( ! ,sun1 sev5 times hott] = x ?an = ! ,e>?2 ! o!r hemisph]e is = ev] expos$ to ! d>kness & cold ( out] space1 a range f some?+ l #cij deg4 ,c4 above freez+-po9t1 to #bgj deg4 ,c4 bel[4 ,x is true t betwe5 ! two hemisph]es !re is a debatable l&1 =1 ow+ to ! ellipticity ( ! orbit1 ! face turn$ to ! ,sun is n exactly ! same at all times1 & a region ab\t #dg deg4 9 wid? on ea* side ( ! planet1 t is to say1 r m ?an a qu>t] ( its entire surface1 has "o day & "o night 9 ea* p]iod ( #hh days1 b ^! m fav\r$ sections c sc>cely be consid]$ m habitable ?an ! re/4 ,! conditions ( ,m]cury are s unfav\rable = life t1 ev5 if ?is rem>kable relation ( rotation p]iod to revolution did n hold good1 x w\ld /ill be impossible to reg>d x z a _w = habitation4 ,b its case %[s t a fur!r condition ( habitability has to be satisfi$ by a planet4 ,size & di/ance f ! ,sun af=d ! fir/ two conditions2 a suitable rotation p]iod is n[ se5 to be a ?ird4 ,& x is possible t 9 ?is v p>ticul> ,v5us fails to qualify4 ,s*iap>elli1 ! fir/ obs]v] ( 8 "t1 assi/$ by ! cle> ,italian sky1 believ$ t he _h demon/rat$ t ,v5us1 l ,m]cury1 rotates once 9 h] ye>2 h] day be+ ?us equal 9 l5g? to #bbe ( ours1 & ! face t %e turns to ! ,sun be+ always ! same4 ,& 9 h] case ?is /atem5t requires practically no qualification1 =1 h] orbit be+ ne>ly circul>1 !re is h>dly any libration2 a place t has ! ,sun 9 its z5i? has x s = ev]2 "o on ! night side ( ,v5us c nev] h a sunrise1 or gladd5 9 ! daylight4 ,! side expos$ to ! ,sun w )] 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #bbg deg4 ,c41 9 :i* all moi/ure w be evaporat$2 ! side remote f x w be b\nd 9 et]nal ice4 ,9 nei!r hemisph]e w wat] exi/ 9 ! liquid /ate2 9 nei!r hemisph]e w life be possible4 ,b z yet ! evid5ce is n conclusive t ,v5us has ?is long rotation p]iod4 ,sev]al obs]v]s ( high rank believe t our neighb\r rotates 9 ne>ly ! same "t z ! ,e>?1 b its m>k+s are s fa9t & elusive t ! problem is a difficult "o4 ,! spectroscopic me?od ( det]m9+ ! spe$ ( rotation has be5 equally indecisive4 ,until1 !re=e1 ! rotation p]iod has be5 decid$1 ! habitability ( ,v5us mu/ rema9 9 "q4 ,if x always turns ! same face to ! ,sun1 !re c be no m life ^u x ?an ^u ,m]cury2 if on ! contr>y x rotates 9 mu* ! same "t z ! ,e>?1 !n1 s f> z we "k1 x may well be a habitable _w4 ,:e!r x is actually inhabit$ is a matt] at pres5t entirely beyond our k4 ,a page or two back we t\*$ lightly on ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ( ,m]cury--lightly1 because x 0 n ! *ief factor 9 disabl+ ! planet = habitation4 ,b ! condition introduc$ by ?is ecc5tricity is "o :i* ( itself w\ld be suffici5t to put x out ( c\rt4 ,9 ! six weeks 9 :i* ,m]cury moves f aphelion to p]ihelion1 x approa*es ! ,sun by f\rte5 millions ( miles1 & ! heat receiv$ by x is increas$ #b-a_/b times4 ,!n1 9 ! next six weeks1 x rec$es z f>1 & !re is a l dim9ution4 ,9 o!r words1 six weeks makes a great] proportional *ange 9 ?is "o planet's condition ?an we %\ld exp]i5ce if our ,e>? 7 transport$ f its own orbit to t ( ,m>s4 ,b !re are o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em ^: orbits are s elongat$ t t ( ,m]cury seems 9 comp>ison almo/ circul>4 ,^! are ! comets1 "s ( :i* all b graze ! surface ( ! ,sun at p]ihelion1 & !n rec$e f him = p]iods t x takes ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to complete4 ,b )\t dwell+ on su* extreme cases1 two ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! p]iodic comets may be tak5 z examples ( ! re/4 ,encke's is ! comet ( %orte/ p]iod1 return+ 9 ab\t #c4c ye>s4 ,at p]ihelion x is #ca millions ( miles f ! ,sun2 "o-?ird ! di/ance ( ! ,e>?4 ,x receives1 !re=e1 at ?is "p ( its orbit1 #i times z mu* light & heat z ! ,e>?4 ,b at aphelion x retreats deep into ! region ( ! a/]oids1 & is mu* m ?an f\r times ! mean di/ance ( ! ,e>?4 ,at ?is "p ( its orbit x receives b #a_/ag? z mu* heat z ! ,e>?4 ,by f> ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! comets is t kn[n by ! "n ( ,halley1 & its mean p]iod is #gf ye>s4 ,at p]ihelion x comes )9 ! orbit ( ,v5us2 inde$1 ne>ly halfway betwe5 t & ! orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,at aphelion x rec$es to ?irty-five times ! di/ance ( ! ,e>?1 f> beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,! range 9 its light & heat f ! ,sun is f #c times t ( ! ,e>? to less ?an #a_/abjj?2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! supply ( heat at "o "t is ne>ly #djjj times t at ano!r1 & ( ! #gf ye>s ( its p]iod1 only #hj days are sp5t )9 ! orbit ( ! ,e>?4 ,comets _c be homes ( life2 !y are n suffici5tly cond5s$2 inde$1 !y are probably b loose cong]ies ( small /ones4 ,b ev5 if comets 7 ( planet>y size x is cle> t life c\ld n be support$ on !m2 wat] c\ld n rema9 9 ! liquid /ate on a _w t ru%$ f "o su* extreme ( temp]ature to ano!r4 ,betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit] !re are scatt]$ an untold numb] ( little planets commonly kn[n z a/]oids or m9or planets4 ,m9or planets inde$ !y are1 = ! "o fir/ discov]$--,c]es-- probably outweighs all ! re/1 kn[n & unkn[n1 put toge!r1 ?\gh some?+ l #gjj h already be5 detect$1 & ! li/ gr[s at ! rate ( ab\t "o a week4 ,z ! ,table %[s1 ,c]es is s small t ! ,e>? exce$s x 9 volume #ejjj times2 ev5 ! ,moon is #ij times z l>ge4 ,! mass ( ,c]es is n kn[n2 be+ s small1 its d5sity is probably less ?an t ( ! ,moon1 s t ! ,e>? may easily outweigh x #aj1jjj times4 ,! unfav\rable conditions result+ f smallness ( size t ! ,moon pres5ts are !re=e exagg]at$ exce$+ly 9 ! case ( ,c]es2 its atmosph]e mu/ approa* 9 t5uity :at we %\ld reg>d z a vacuum 9 a t]re/rial laboratory1 & wat] z a liquid be entirely unkn[n4 ,its di/ance f ! ,sun is ano!r ho/ile factor2 = 9 consequ5ce x receives p] unit ( surface only #ac p] c5t ( ! light & heat t falls on ! ,e>?2 its maximum temp]ature "u a z5i? ,sun w fall f> bel[ freez+-po9t1 ! m9imum on ! d>k side w approa* ! absolute z]o4 ,) ,c]es ! :ole ( ! a/]oidal family c be dismiss$ z possible abodes ( life4 ,no a/ronom] c reg>d !m z su*4 ,yet !y h _! lesson to tea*4 ,life c exi/ on ! ,e>? only on ! upp] face ( its cru/1 & 9 a v ?9 film ( air & wat]2 b ! enorm\s solid bulk )91 in]t ?\gh x be1 t supports ! /age on :i* ! great drama ( life is play$1 is z really ess5tial z air & wat] !mselves4 ,if t bulk 7 mu* small] & less massive life c\ld f9d no place ^u its surface4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,major ,,planets ,x is a /rik+ *ange to pass f ,c]es1 ! giant ( ! m9or planets1 to ,jupit]1 ! giant ( ! major planets4 ,in/ead ( a _w t ! ,e>? exce$s 9 volume #ejjj times1 we are confront$ by "o t exce$s ! ,e>? #adjj times4 ,c]es1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a l>ge telescope1 is j able to pres5t a p]ceptible disc2 ,jupit] (f]s ! l>ge/ %[n by any heav5ly body aft] ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,& t disc is "o t nev] fails to *>m ! att5tive /ud5t1 = x ab\nds 9 col\r1 movem5t & *ange4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,james ,keel]1 an obs]v] ( ! fir/ rank1 hav+ ! advantage ( obs]v+ ! planet f ! summit ( ,mt4 ,hamilton & ) ! great #cf-;in* telescope ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ?us describes ! aspect ( ! planet 9 #ahhi4 ,se5 ) ?is in/rum5t on a f9e night1 ! disc ( ,jupit] 0 a mo/ beautiful object1 cov]$ ) a weal? ( detail :i* c\ld n possibly be accurately repres5t$ 9 a draw+4444 ,sc>cely any portion ( ,jupit]1 except ! ,r$ ,spot & ! extreme pol> regions1 0 ( a uni=m t9t1 ! surface be+ mottl$ ) floccul5t & m or less irregul> cl\d masses4444 ,! equatorial zone1 occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! r$ belts1 0 m>k$ 9 ! c5tre by a salmon-col\r$ /ripe1 :i* 0 occasionally int]rupt$ by an ext5sion ( ! :ite cl\ds on ! sides ( ! zone4 ,! edges 7 brilliant :ite1 & 7 =m$ ( r\nd$ cl\d-l masses1 :i* at c]ta9 places ext5d$ into ! r$ belts z long /ream]s4444 ,ne> _! junction ) ! equatorial zone1 ! /ream]s 7 :ite & def9ite 9 outl9e1 b !y became r$d] 9 t9t t[>d _! out] extremities1 & m diffuse1 until !y 7 lo/ 9 ! g5]al r$ col\r ( ! backgr\nd4 ,:5 ! see+ 0 good !y 7 se5 to be =m$ ( irregul> r\nd$ or fea!ry cl\ds1 fad+ t[>d ! out] ends1 until ! /ructure c\ld no long] be di/+ui%$4444 ,! portions ( ! equatorial zone surr\nd+ ! roots ( well-m>k$ /ream]s 7 some:at bright] ?an at o!r places1 & x is a curi\s circum/ance t !y 7 almo/ inv>iably suffus$ ) a pale olive-gre5 col\r1 :i* seem$ to be associat$ ) great di/urbance1 & :i* 0 r>ely se5 else:]e4444 ,! r$ belts pres5t$ on all occasions ! appe>ance ( a passive m$ium1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! /ream]s & o!r =ms 444 7 manife/$4 ,! ph5om5a w\ld be exactly reproduc$ by /ream]s ( cl\dy :ite matt] float+ 9 a semi-transp>5t r$di% fluid1 sometimes subm]g$ & sometimes ris+ to ! surface4444 ,! d>k spots frequ5tly se5 on ! r$ belts usually occupi$ spaces left by %>p turns 9 ! /ream]s1 & !y 7 ( ! same col\r z ! belts1 b deep] 9 t9t1 z if ! fluid m$ium c\ld be se5 to a great] dep?4#ae ,9 o!r words1 ,jupit] is a /rip$ or b&$ planet1 ! b&s ly+ along ! direction ( turn+4 ,^! b&s are col\r$ 9 v>y+ t9ts1 & ! planet rotates v rapidly1 = ! details 9 ! b&s pass quickly f "o limb to ! o!r4 ,& n only is ! spe$ ( rotation ( ! :ole v rapid--,jupit] turns ab\t its axis 9 a little less ?an t5 h\rs1 s t a p>ticle at its equator moves ?r\gh #dff miles 9 ea* m9ute--b ! v>i\s items t =m ! b&s rotate 9 diff]5t times4 ,!y may also alt] _! =m & _! col\r4 ,jupit] seems1 !n1 to be a planet ) a great & rapidly *ang+ atmosph]e t ext5ds above a %oreless sea =m$ ( "s liquifi$ sub/ance or sub/ances--! :ole 9 a /ate ( flux4 ,b if we turn back to ! ,table1 we see t ,jupit] at its mean di/ance f ! ,sun is #e4b times t ( ! ,e>?2 t is to say1 x receives only #a_/bg? ( ! light & heat t we receive4 ,b 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 we le>nt f ,m>s t z ?is receives only #c_/g?s ( ! ,e>?'s light & heat1 its mean temp]ature w\ld s9k to -#cj deg4,c42 ! ,e>?'s be+ #af deg4,c4 ,m>s is !re=e almo/ always a froz5 planet2 froz5 except on its m]e surface :5 ?is is expos$ to ! full rays ( ! ,sun4 ,no sea !re w\ld ev] be melt$ to a dep? ( m ?an a few in*es1 ev5 at noonday 9 midsumm]4 ,& yet ,m>s has at lea/ t5 times ! advantages ( ,jupit]4 ,jupit]1 !n1 mu/ be a froz5 planet ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 no liquid ( any sort c exi/ on its surface2 no vap\r ( any sub/ance c exi/ 9 its atmosph]e4 ,x mu/ be iceb\nd ev5 at its summ] noonday4 ,yet1 f ! description giv5 by ,pr(4 ,keel]1 x is manife/ly n s2 & ano!r item 9 ! ,table emphasizes t x _c be s4 ,! d5sity ( ! ,sun is #a4d t ( wat]1 ,jupit]'s is #a4cc1 %[+ t b a v small proportion 7if any7 ( its bulk c be solid2 ! re/ mu/ be vapor\s1 or at lea/ fluid4 ,h[ !n c we reconcile ^! inconsi/5cies8 ,x is 9 ! dim5sions ( ,jupit] t we f9d ! answ]4 ,! mass ( ! planet is #cag times t ( ! ,e>?2 x is inde$ ne>ly ?ree times z great z t ( all ! o!r planets put toge!r4 ,b ! aggregation ( s va/ an am\nt ( mat]ial is ( itself a s\rce ( heat2 ! *ief s\rce at ! pres5t "t ( ! enorm\s output ( heat f ! ,sun is ascrib$ to its gradual contraction2 ! sl[ fall+ ( its sub/ance1 if we may s express x1 a little ne>] to its c5tre4 ,! great mass ( ,jupit] po9ts to its inh]5t /ore ( heat be+ mu* great] ?an t ( any o!r planet4 ,& ( two bodies equally hot1 ! l>g] mu/ cool m sl[ly ?an ! small]4 ,if1 !re=e1 all ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em _h at "o & ! same mom5t possess$ ! same surface temp]ature1 t equality w\ld h ceas$ directly !y began to radiate _! heat into space2 ! temp]ature ( ! small] bodies fall+ m rapidly ?an ^? ( ! l>g]4 ,?is is ano!r example ( ! pr9ciple t has already be5 not$1 t ! prop]ties ( a small _w are n ^? ( a l>ge _w divid$ by a con/ant factor4 ,x is n possible to conceive a model ( ! sol> sy/em 9 :i* all ! significant factors %\ld be true to ! same scale4 ,if ! diamet]s & di/ances 7 all made on a "o-t5? scale1 ! surfaces w\ld be "o-hundr$? ( reality1 ! volumes "o-?\s&?4 ,b a radiat+ body radiates f its surface1 :ile ! /ore ( heat f :i* t radiation is kept up is suppli$ by its volume4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t a l>ge & heavy _w mu/ diff] f a small light _w1 n m]ely 9 scale1 b also 9 k9d4 ,! surface ( a _w is all t we see ( x2 x is1 !re=e1 v commonly all t we consid]4 ,b unse51 & h5ce (t5 unconsid]$1 b5ea? ! surface lies its sub/ance or mass1 & x is ?is t det]m9es ! /ate & condition ( ! surface2 x is ! und]ly+ p[]4 ,two m5 may be cont5d+ 9 a f9ancial /ruggle2 to ! eye !y may look alike1 equally prosp]\s2 bo? may h ! same am\nt ( money actually 9 _! pockets2 b ! "o has no?+ else1 ! o!r has a great bank+ acc\nt & va/ inve/m5ts1 & is1 9 fact1 a millionaire2 & x is 8 unse5 p[] & res\rces t w make !mselves felt4 ,jupit] !re=e introduces u to a new factor 9 _w-condition2 n all its heat is d]iv$ f ! ,sun2 mu* is inh]5t to x4 ,& ?\gh x is n possible at pres5t to say t ! mass ( ,jupit] be+ s mu* its inh]5t heat mu/ be ?is or t quantity z a function ( t mass1 yet 9 g5]al1 & neglect+ o!r consid]ations1 we c say t ( two worlds ! "o ) ! great] mass w be t ) ! high] inh]5t temp]ature4 ,?is factor ( inh]5t temp]ature 0 "o t did n require to be notic$ 9 deal+ ) ! ,moon1 or ,v5us1 or ,m>s1 = ^! & all ! planets yet notic$ are less 9 size1 surface1 volume1 & mass ?an ! ,e>?1 & h5ce possess less inh]5t heat4 ,x is only n[ t ! great] planets are be+ consid]$ t ! "q ( a s\rce ( heat1 o!r ?an ! ,sun1 c arise4 ,b ! evid5ce ( su* heat on ,jupit] is n to be disput$4 ,! alb$o or reflective index ( ,jupit] has be5 put by ! late ,pr(4 ,g4 ,bond1 ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 z high] ?an unity2 9 o!r words1 t x emits m light ?an x receives4 ,?is is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z an excessive e/imate1 b ! alb$o ( ! disc z a :ole _c be put l[] ?an #j4gb1 or ab\t t ( :ite pap]4 ,b _m ( ! belts or d>k regions are ( a dull copp] t9t1 & ! pol> caps are dusky1 s t ,bond's e/imate mu/ be realiz$ = ! mo/ brilliant zones1 z ! bright] regions are call$2 c]ta9ly = ! :ite/ ( ! :ite spots4 ,no direct evid5ce ( inh]5t lum9osity has be5 obta9$1 = ! satellites disappe> entirely 9 eclipse4 ,b ?\gh _! %ad[s 9 transit appe> v d>k1 x is cle> t !y are n absolutely black1 s9ce sometimes su* a %ad[ is n di/+ui%able 9 d>kness f ! satellite t ca/s x2 a delicate pro( t ! backgr\nd on :i* x falls has "s intr9sic lum9osity4 ,unless !re is ! c\nt]act+ effect ( a high temp]ature1 ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit] w\ld h a pressure at ! surface ( #ajd lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 & ! level ( half pressure be atta9$ at a mile & a qu>t]2 ! rev]se condition to t on ,m>s w\ld obta91 & ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit] w\ld be mu* d5s] & mu* %all[] ?an t ( ! ,e>?4 ,d5s] x probably is2 %all[] x _c be1 = ! great :ite spots1 ea* (t5 five or six ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 t range !mselves at times along ! equatorial regions till !y look l ! por?oles ( a %ip1 evid5tly rise f dep?s great ev5 z comp>$ ) _! size4 ,b x is only by int5se heat t ! effect ( ! great mass ( ,jupit] 9 con/rict+ its atmosph]e )9 %all[ dep?s c be ov]come4 ,aga91 ! extraord9>y lightness ( ! planet1 s little above ! d5sity ( wat]1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,s1 n less unmi/akably1 d ! magnitude & rapidity ( ! atmosph]ic movem5ts4 ,! cl\ds & /orms ( our own atmosph]e are work$ by sol> heat2 sol> heat x is t draws up ! vap\rs & provides ! *ief "p ( ! en]gy manife/$ 9 ! spe$ & /r5g? ( ! air-curr5t4 ,b sol> heat c only give #a_/bg? ! am\nt ( t en]gy at ! di/ance ( ,jupit]1 s t1 if !y 7 entirely dep5d5t on sol> radiation1 ! w9ds ( ,jupit] %\ld be v feeble4 ,fur!r1 ! diff]5ce ( pres5tm5t due to ! diff]5ce ( latitude is a fruitful cause ( inequalities ( temp]ature & pressure 9 ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,b z a degree ( latitude on ,jupit] is elev5 times z wide z on ! ,e>?1 su* inequalities connect$ ) a giv5 diff]5ce 9 latitude are spread ov] elev5 times ! di/ance t !y w\ld be on ! ,e>?1 & are1 !re=e1 s mu* ! less pron\nc$4 ,yet1 across a gulf ( #djj millions ( miles we c cle>ly disc]n ! bright zones ( ,jupit] n[ n>r[+ d[n & con/rict+ ! r$ belts1 n[ ?ru/ ap>t by !m1 & c detect *anges tak+ place 9 an h\r ( "t ov] areas equal to t ( a t]re/rial hemisph]e4 ,a notable peculi>ity ( ,jupit] is f\nd 9 ! prop] motions ( its spots4 ,_m ( ! :ite spots are exce$+ly swift1 giv+ a rotation p]iod ( #i;h4 #ejm4 :ile ! equatorial belt 9 g5]al gives a p]iod #em4 long]2 s t 9 #aai rotations 7ne>ly #di days7 a :ite spot w h pass$ entirely r\nd ! belt1 ga9+ ^u x at a rate ( ne>ly #bdj miles an h\r4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all ! m>k+s 9 ,jupit] is ! ,great ,r$ ,spot1 :i* became conspicu\s 9 #ahgh1 s9ce :5 ! spot itself1 or at lea/ ! ne/ 9 :i* x lay1 has always be5 visible4 ,x has be5 id5tifi$ ) a great r$ spot obs]v$ by ,hooke & ,cass9i 9 #affd-f1 t appe>$ & vani%$ aga9 eight times betwe5 #affe & #agjh4 ,x !re=e has _h a hi/ory practically z long z our telescopic k ( ! planet1 & may be look$ ^u z 9 "s sort a p]man5t feature4 ,yet t x is n 9 ! nature ( a portion ( a solid cru/ is cle>4 ,x occupies on ,jupit] mu* ! position & relative area ( ,au/ralia on ! ,e>?1 b :]eas ,au/ralia ( necessity rotates 9 "o piece ) all ! o!r cont95ts1 ! ,great ,r$ ,spot has a rotation p]iod :i* is nei!r t ( ! equatorial belt1 nor ( ! quickly mov+ :ite spots1 & is n itself /able4 ,an ,au/ralia on ! loose is impossible1 ev5 un?9kable "h1 b ! ,great ,r$ ,spot1 = all its long duration1 is mobile & incon/ant1 & is !re=e no portion ( a solid p]man5t cru/4 ,! giant planet ,jupit]1 !re=e1 (f]s u an example ( :at we may call a semi-sun2 a _w /ill bubbl+ ) trem5d\s en]gies ( its own1 /ill puls+ ) its own inh]5t heat1 /ill )\t a solid cru/2 probably )\t a solid nucleus1 liquid or vapor\s ?r\gh\t4 ,:atev] ! future may hold = su* an orb1 x is cle>ly no _w = habitation at pres5t4 ,full ( col\r1 & movem5t1 & *ange z x is1 x lacks ! ,e>?'s gloom ( iron sub/ance1 :i* is necess>y1 no less ?an its veil+ by ! plant1 z a /age = ! passion & p]i%+ ( mank9d4 ,b if ,jupit] be a semi-,sun1 /ill a s\rce ( heat1 p]haps ev5 ( light1 c x yield ! means ( life to its satellites8 ,= ,jupit] is sun-l1 n m]ely 9 its own condition1 b also 9 t x is ! c5tre & rul] ( a sy/em ( its own4 ,we "k already ( eight satellites revolv+ r\nd x4 ,( ^! eight1 only f\r--! f\r discov]$ by ,galileo1 9 ! fir/ days ( 8 possession ( a telescope--ne$ be consid]$2 ! o!r f\r are ( ! same ord] ( size z ! a/]oids1 & are inde$ mu* small] ?an ,c]es4 ,b ! ,galilean satellites are ( a high] rank4 ,europa1 ! smalle/1 is 9 size a tw9 to ! ,moon2 ,calli/o1 ! out]mo/1 is almo/ exactly ! size ( ,m]cury2 ,io1 ! inn]mo/1 is midway betwe5 ! two 9 its dim5sions4 ,b ,ganym$e1 ! l>ge/1 is almo/ comp>able ) ,m>s1 its diamet] be+ #j4de t ( ! ,e>? in/ead ( ! #j4ec ( ,m>s4 ,b ! ,moon1 ,m]cury1 & ,m>s h all be5 %[n1 on ! gr\nd ( _! small size1 to be worlds unfit = habitation2 ! satellites ( ,jupit] are1 !re=e1 all reject$ on ! same score4 ,nor c ! great] ne>ness ( _! imm$iate prim>y comp5sate = _! remot5ess f ! ,sun4 ,x is true t ,jupit] pres5ts to ,ganym$e a disc ) m ?an #bjj times ! app>5t area t ! ,sun pres5ts to ! ,e>?1 b to make up = ! fall+-(f ( ! sol> radiation1 ea* unit ( ?is area %\ld radiate ab\t #a_/bej? z mu* heat z ea* unit ( ! ,sun's surface4 ,9 o!r words1 ! absolute surface temp]ature ( ,jupit] %\ld be #a_/d? t ( ! ,sun1 or ab\t #aeej deg4 ,c41 & ?is is high] ?an c be admitt$4 ,! ,sun & ,jupit] toge!r _c put ,ganym$e 9 z fav\rable a position z ,m>s1 mu* less z fav\rable z ! ,e>?4 ,! case ( ,jupit] c>ries ) x ^? ( ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,all ?ree1 f _! high alb$oes & l[ d5sities1 are /ill 9 a vapor\s condition2 /ill 9 "s sort1 semi-,suns2 s\rces ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 & n recipi5ts m]ely4 ,! days are yet f> di/ant :5 a solid cru/ c =m on any "o ( !m1 & ! wat] cond5se f ! /eamy atmosph]e to =m oceans1 seas1 & riv]s4 ,n till !n1 if at all1 :5 wat] z a liquid1 wat] t fl[s1 is pres5t1 c life beg9 to appe> & ent] on its long c\rse ( *ange4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,:5 ,,! ,,major ,,planets ,,cool ,! "q has be5 ask$3 ,x is evid5t t life _c exi/ at ! pres5t "t on ! out] planets1 s9ce !y are 9 a highly heat$ & quasi-sol> condition2 b :5 !y cool d[n1 z cool !y mu/1 & a solid cru/ is =m$1 may n a "t come :5 !y w be habitable8 ,x seems impossible to ?9k t worlds s beautiful to our eyes & s va/ 9 scale are de/9$ nev] to be peopl$ by intellig5t be+s4 ,x is cle>ly difficult to answ] satisfactorily a "q t requires s deep a plunge into ! recesses ( ! unkn[n future2 yet1 s f> z our k goes1 !re is no reason to ?9k t ,jupit] w be m habitable !n ?an x is n[4 ,! difficulty ( ! small supply ( light & heat receiv$ f ! ,sun w\ld app>5tly /ill rema91 if inde$1 ! cool+ ( ! ,sun itself w\ld n increase x4 ,we d n "k ( any means by :i* our ,sun c\ld s increase its radiation z to supply to ,jupit] f #be to #cj times z mu* heat z x n[ receives1 & ?is w\ld be necess>y to place x 9 ! same fav\r$ condition z ! ,e>?4 ,if s great a *ange 7 to take place 9 ! ,sun1 life w\ld be scor*$ out ( exi/5ce on all planets ne>] ?an ,jupit]1 &1 simil>ly1 if ! sol> emission 7 increas$ to meet ! necessities ( ,uranus or ,neptune1 ev5 ,jupit] w\ld fall a victim4 ,b we may consid] x z a conceivable case t a planet ( ! exact dim5sions ( ,jupit] may be revolv+ 9 an annual p]iod ( ! same l5g? z 81 r\nd "s /> t is capable ( af=d+ x adequate n\ri%m5t2 & s ) ! ?ree o!r giant planets4 ,! actual ,jupit] & ,saturn ( ! sol> sy/em h1 s f> z we c tell1 nei!r pres5t nor future z habitable worlds1 b we c consid] :at w\ld be ! case ( imag9>y bodies ( simil> dim5sions 9 sy/ems :]e ! supply ( heat w\ld be suffici5t4 ,or we c neglect ! "q ( temp]ature altoge!r1 z we did at fir/ 9 ! case ( ,m>s4 ,all ! f\r planets mu/ %r9k mu* 9 volume be=e _! solidification w take place4 ,_! av]age d5sity at pres5t b little exce$s t ( wat]2 inde$1 ,saturn is n s d5se z wat]2 yet we mu/ suppose t ! same elem5ts are 9 g5]al common to ! ,e>? & to !m all4 ,if we assume1 !n1 t ! f\r planets all cool to ! po9t ( solidification1 _! d5sities mu/ be mu* increas$1 & _! volumes correspond+ly dim9i%$4 ,s9ce all f\r greatly exce$ ! ,e>? 9 mass1 x is b natural to expect t1 :5 !y h assum$ ! t]re/rial condition1 !y w be m closely compact$ ?an ! ,e>?1 & _! d5sities 9 consequ5ce w be great]4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be simpl] if we assume exactly ! same d5sity = !m z = ! ,e>?4 ,jupit] w !n h %runk to ab\t "o-f\r? ( its pres5t volume1 & ! /ati/ics = ! f\r planets w run z 9 ! foll[+ ,table3 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,out] ,,planets ,,if ,,) ,,! ,,same ,,d5sity ,,z ,,! ,,e>? ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,planets3-- ,uranus ,neptune ,saturn ,jupit] ,diamet] 9 miles #aicjj #bjdjj #cfjjj #edjjj d ,symbol #a #b4dd #b4eg #d4ef #f4hb ,surface1 ,symbol #a #f4j #f4f #bj4h #df4f ,mass & ,volume1 ,symbol #a #ad4f #ag4j #id4h #cag4g ,gravity at surface1 ,symbol #a #b4dd #b4eg #d4ef #f4hb ,rate ( ,fall1 ,feet 9 ! ,fir/ ,second #ci4b #da4c #gc4c #aji4g ,,atmosph]e1 assum+ ! total mass ( ! atmosph]e to be proportional to ! mass ( ! planet3-- ,pressure at ! surface 9 lb4 p] squ>e in* #hh4b #ig4j #cje4h #fhe4j ,pressure at ! surface 9 atmosph]es #f4j #f4f #bj4h #df4f ,level ( half-pressure 9 miles #a4cg #a4cj #j4gc #j4di ,boil+ po9t ( wat] at surface #abg deg4,c #abi deg4,c #adh deg4,c #afd deg4,c ,jupit] (f]s two peculi>ities4 ,9 its %runk5 condition1 its diamet]1 in/ead ( be+ elev5 times t ( ! ,e>?1 w be n q sev51 & ! =ce ( gravity at ! surface w be great] ?an t ( ! ,e>? 9 ! same proportion4 ,a man :o "h weighs #aej lb4 w !re weigh ov] #ajjj lb42 & ! muscul> ef=t ( movem5t w be increas$ 9 ! same ratio4 ,! a?lete :o "h c cle> a height #e ft4 #h 94 w !re1 ) l pa9s1 surm\nt #aj in*es2 & o!r ef=ts w be 9 ! same proportion4 ,! atmosph]e1 suppos+ x to be 9 proportion to ! mass ( ,jupit]1 w ex]cise a pressure ( #df-a_/b atmosph]es1 or m ?an #fhj lb41 to ! squ>e in*4 ,foll[+ on ?is enorm\s pressure at ! surface w\ld be ! rapidity ) :i* ! atmosph]e w\ld ?9 out 9 ! upw>d direction4 ,! level ( half-pressure w\ld be atta9$ by asc5d+ less ?an half a mile 9 height2 t is to say1 !re w\ld be a diff]5ce ( pressure ( #cdj lb4 on ! squ>e in* f t exp]i5c$ at ! sea-level4 ,we "k f ! fact t fi%es live at enorm\s dep?s 9 ! ocean1 t liv+ organisms c be con/ruct$ to endure great pressures1 b !y are n con/ruct$ to endure great alt]ations ( pressure4 ,! deep-sea fi%es are z in/antly kill$ by be+ br\ght up to ! surface1 z ! surface fi%es or ! l& animals w\ld be if !y 7 plung$ into ! dep?s4 ,& x is cle> t on ,jupit] a l[ range ( hills t on ! ,e>? w\ld be consid]$ only an easy climb1 w\ld be an impassable b>ri]1 n only f ! imm5se ex]tion ( m\nt+ x1 b *iefly f ! un5durable *ange ( pressure :i* ! asc5t w\ld involve4 ,! sev5fold gravity ( ,jupit]1 tak5 9 connection ) ?is enorm\s atmosph]ic pressure1 w\ld t5d to make ! meteorological di/urbances ( ! planet viol5t f> beyond any?+ ( :i* ! ,e>? c furni% an example4 ,! atmosph]e w\ld possess a high viscosity1 & diff]5ces 9 condition1 pressure & saturation w\ld t5d to accumulate1 until at l5g? ! balance w\ld be re/or$ ) explosive sudd5ness & =ce4 ,"h our mo/ viol5t tornadoes may rea* a spe$ ( #ajj miles an h\r2 on ,jupit]1 gales ( five or six times t velocity w\ld be common4 ,we _c conceive t liv+ organisms w\ld be able to gr[1 fl\ri% & multiply :]e ! conditions 7 s cataclysmic4 ,?is difficulty mu/ always exi/ :]e ! planet is great 9 mass1 & ! =ce ( gravity high at ! surface4 ,! case ( ,saturn is n s extreme z t ( ,jupit]1 ?\gh x is probably suffici5tly sev]e to exclude x f ! ranks ( worlds t c\ld ev] be dwelt 94 ,! atmosph]ic pressure w\ld be ab\t #ba atmosph]es1 or m ?an #cjj lb4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,! level ( half-pressure w\ld be rea*$ at ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 & ! =ce ( gravity be ne>ly #d-a_/b times t ( ! ,e>?4 ,b ! s]i\s condition = ,saturn w\ld come f t feature :i* r5d]s x by f> ! mo/ attractive ( all ! planets se5 9 ! telescope1 ! pres5ce ( ! wond]ful ,r+ sy/em4 ,to u1 view+ ,saturn f af>1 & f practically ! same direction z ! ,sun1 ! ,r+s are se5 lit up2 b to a dwell] on ,saturn1 ! ,r+s dur+ ! day are betwe5 8 _w & ! ,sun1 & h5ce turn _! d>k side t[>d him4 ,m ?an t1 ! telescope %[s u t ! ,r+s ca/ a %ad[ on ! planet2 9 o!r words1 !y eclipse "p ( x2 & ?is %ad[ *anges its position ) ! progress ( ! ,saturnian ye>4 ,proctor comput$ t if ! ,r+s 7 a hundr$ miles 9 ?ickness1 ! equator w\ld suff]1 9 consequ5ce1 total eclipse = ne>ly t5 days at ea* equ9ox1 & p>tial eclipse = ab\t =ty days m4 ,mov+ away f ! equator1 ea* high] latitude w\ld h a long] & long] p]iod ( eclipse 9 ! w9t] half ( its ye>2 ! high] ! latitude1 ! lat] aft] ! autumnal equ9ox ! eclipse w\ld beg91 & ! long] x w\ld la/1 until ab\t latitude #dj deg4 0 rea*$4 ,"h ! eclipses w\ld beg9 ne>ly ?ree t]re/rial ye>s aft] ! "t ( ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,at fir/ ! ,sun w\ld be eclips$ only 9 ! morn+ & ev5+ ( ea* day1 b ! l5g? ( ! daily eclipse w\ld increase1 until ! ,sun 0 hidd5 ! :ole day long4 ,?is p]iod ( total eclipse w\ld la/ = ab\t #f ye>s #h mon?s1 t]re/rial reckon+1 or ) ! p]iods ( p>tial eclipse1 #h ye>s & ne>ly #aj mon?s4 ,:atev] ! effici5cy ( ! ,sun t af=d$ light & heat to su* a planet1 x is cle> t su* eclipses mu/ be fatal to life 9 two ways3 light & heat w\ld be cut (f f wide regions ( ! planet = long p]iods ( "t1 & t]rible meteorological convulsions mu/ foll[ 9 ! tra94 ,"h on ! ,e>?1 ?\gh a total eclipse g5]ally la/s only two or ?ree m9utes1 ! atmosph]ic di/urbance is p]ceptible1 & ! fall ( temp]ature v m>k$1 & x does n require mu* reflection to see t ! analog\s di/urbance 9 an atmosph]e tw5ty times z d5se mu/ be t]rific inde$ dur+ an eclipse t la/s n a few m9utes only1 b = m ?an six ( our ye>s4 ,! case ( ,uranus introduces u to ano!r class ( conditions fatal to habitability4 ,! equator ( ,jupit] is incl9$ only #c deg4 to ! plane ( its orbit2 ! diff]5ce 9 its seasons is1 !re=e1 almo/ imp]ceptible2 !re is h>dly any alt]ation 9 ! incid5ce ( ! sol> rays2 x is1 z if on ! ,e>?1 ! height ( ! ,sun at noon 9 mid-w9t] 7 :at x actually is on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 & its height at midsumm] ! same z we obs]ve on ,m>* #bh4 ,! incl9ation ( ! equator ( ,saturn is consid]ably great] ?an t ( ,m>s or ! ,e>?1 s t its seasons are m pron\nc$1 b n to an ext5t t w\ld introduce any radical diff]5ce4 ,b = ,uranus1 ! incl9ation ( ! equator to ! plane ( ! orbit is #hb deg4 ,if ?is 7 ! case = ! ,e>?1 ! noonday sun = ,london w\ld be1 at ! spr+ equ9ox1 #ch-a_/b deg4 high z at pres5t1 b its altitude day by day w\ld increase ) great rapidity1 & be=e ! end ( ,april1 ! ,sun at noon w\ld be "r 9 ! z5i?1 & #ac deg4 above ! horizon at midnight4 ,at midsumm]1 inde$1 x w\ld be only #ei deg4 high at noonday1 b x w\ld be nor? ( ! z5i? in/ead ( s\?1 & at te*nical midnight1 x w\ld /ill be #dd deg4 9 altitude1 ?us mov+ r\nd 9 a v small circle1 only #ae deg4 9 diamet]4 ,f ab\t ,april #ah to ,augu/ #be--t is to say1 = #abi days--! ,sun w\ld nev] set1 & unlike ! summ] day ( our own pol> regions n[1 :]e9 ! ,sun1 ?\gh always pres5t1 is always l[ d[n 9 ! sky1 = mu* ( t p]iod x w\ld pass ! m]idian q close to ! z5i?4 ,z ! ye> ( ,uranus is #hd times ! l5g? ( our ye>1 ! ,london ( ,uranus w\ld h to endure n f> %ort ( #cj ye>s cont9u\s scor*+4 ,& ! w9t] w\ld be z long2 ! p]petual day ( summ] w\ld be replac$ by a night z endur+4 ,m ?an #bi ye>s ( unbrok5 d>kness1 ( unmitigat$ cold1 _c possibly ev] consi/ ) ! conditions necess>y = life ^u a planet4 ,:atev] ! brightness ( ! imag9$ sun ( ,uranus1 if = #bi ye>s at a "t t sun 7 bel[ ! horizon1 ! wat] on ! planet mu/ be congeal$1 & dur+ ! #bi ye>s ( unbrok5 day all ! wat] w\ld be z c]ta9ly evaporat$4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,uranus is n burd5$ by ! enorm\s mass ( ,jupit]1 nor ov]%ad[$1 l ,saturn1 by a sy/em ( r+s1 ! extraord9>y incl9ation ( its axis introduces a condition :i* is z fatal to x1 z a _w to dwell 91 z any ( ! disabilities ( ! o!r planets4 ,x is curi\s t ^! f\r out] planets1 t resemble ea* o!r s /rik+ly 9 _m ( _! conditions--9 _! va/ size1 high alb$o1 l[ d5sity1 & vapor\s envelopes1 t %[1 9 _! spectra1 n m]ely ! l9es ( reflect$ sunlight1 b also special l9es due to _! own atmosph]es 7! *ief ( ^! be+ common to all ! f\r planets7--%\ld yet1 9 ! incl9ation ( _! axes to ! plane ( _! orbits1 display e possible v>iety4 ,! axis ( ,jupit] is almo/ normal to its orbit1 t ( ,uranus lies almo/ 9 ! plane ( its orbit4 ,! axes ( ,saturn & ,neptune h a mean incl9ation1 b x w\ld appe> t ! rotation ( ,neptune is 9 ! rev]se direction to t ( planets 9 g5]al1 s t ! true incl9ation is usually tak5 z be+ ! complem5t ( ! obs]v$ angle1 z if ! axis 7 turn$ "r ov]4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ?is w\ld h any important effect ^u ! habitability ( ! planet1 b x supplies ! f\r? possible case = ! position ( ! axis4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,f9al ,,"q ,9 pass+ 9 review ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 x has be5 se5 t !re are _m conditions t h to be fulfill$ be=e a planet c be reg>d$ z ! possible abode ( life1 because !re are _m conditions necess>y 9 ord] t wat] may exi/ on its surface 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,! size & mass ( ! planet are re/rict$ )9 q n>r[ limits2 & a _w mu* l>g] or mu* small] ?an our own is necess>ily exclud$4 ,! supply ( light & heat receiv$ f ! ,sun mu/ n fall mu* bel[ t receiv$ by ! ,e>?1 nor greatly exce$ x2 9 o!r words1 ! di/ance ( ! planet f its ,sun is some:at precisely fix$1 s9ce ! light & heat v>y inv]sely n z ! di/ance1 b z its squ>e4 ,( c\rse1 9 diff]5t sy/ems1 ) suns ( diff]5t p[]1 ! mo/ fav\rable di/ance w n be ! same 9 ea*2 b 9 any sy/em !re w be "o mo/ advantage\s di/ance1 & no great dep>ture f x w be possible4 ,?is condition fur!r implies t ! planet>y orbits mu/ be ne>ly circul>2 pron\nc$ ecc5tricity1 su* z ! orbits ( ev5 our %ort-p]iod comets display1 w\ld be fatal to ! p]si/5ce ( wat] 9 ! liquid /ate1 & h5ce to ! cont9uance ( life4 ,a wide discordance betwe5 ! planes ( ! planet's equator & ( its orbit1 by r5d]+ ! seasons extravagantly div]se1 w\ld act z prejudicially z an ecc5tric orbit1 & a rotation p]iod equal to t ( revolution w\ld mean t "o hemisph]e 0 et]nally froz5 :ile ! o!r 0 expos$ to p]petual heat4 ,x foll[s t 9 any giv5 sy/em !re c be at mo/ only "o or two planets ^u :i* life c f9d a home1 & ?is only :]e ! "r conditions ( size & mass1 ( rotation p]iod1 incl9ation ( axis1 & %ape ( orbit1 all co-exi/ 9 a globe at ! prop] di/ance4 ,b ! type ( sy/em (f]$ by our ,sun & 8 planets is n ! only "o t exi/s4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( />s are b9>ies--two suns revolve r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,9 _m cases ! two suns are sep>able 9 ! telescope1 & _! relative movem5ts c be measur$2 9 o!r cases1 t]m$ spectroscopic b9>ies1 we only le>n t a /> :i* appe>s absolutely s+le has two compon5ts f ! evid5ce ( its spectrum2 ! spectroscope reveal+ two sets ( l9es t vibrate to & fro ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,yet1 aga91 a ?ird class ( d\ble />s has made itself kn[n 9 ! ,algol v>iables4 ,! optical d\ble />s are cases :]e ! two compon5ts are f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 & h5ce c be di/+ui%$ 9 our telescopes z sep>ate po9ts ( light4 ,! spectroscopic b9>ies are cases :]e ! two compon5ts are too close to be sep>ately p]ceiv$1 b :]e ! two are n greatly unequal 9 brightness1 s t ! spectrum ( ! "o does n ov]p[] t ( ! o!r4 ,! ,algol v>iables are cases :]e ! two compon5ts are ( v unequal brightness1 &1 be+ v close to ea* o!r1 are s plac$ ) respect to ! ,e>? t ! fa9t] p>tly eclipses ! bright] 9 its revolution r\nd x1 & s causes a tempor>y dim9ution 9 its light at regul> int]vals4 ,all ^! ?ree classes ( b9>y sy/ems are n[ kn[n to be v num]\s4 ,pr(4 ,campbell e/imates t fully "o /> 9 six is a spectroscopic b9>y4 ,b !re mu/ be _m b9>y sy/ems t d n reveal !mselves--d\ble />s :]e ! companion is too fa9t or too close to be detect$1 ,algol sy/ems :]e ! companion does n pass be=e its prim>y--& x seems almo/ c]ta9 t simple sy/ems1 l t ( :i* our ,sun is ! un*all5g$ autocrat1 mu/ be comp>atively r>e4 ,b ! problem ( ! movem5ts ( a planet att5dant ^u two or m suns is "o ( amaz+ complexity1 & our greate/ ma!maticians h z yet only be5 able to deal ) ! approximate solution ( a few v special cases4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 suffici5t to %[ t ! orbit ( a planet s plac$ w\ld be mo/ irregul>2 ! v>iations 9 ! supplies ( light & heat receiv$ w\ld be z great z ev5 comets exp]i5ce )9 ! sol> sy/em1 &1 :at w\ld be m disa/r\s /ill1 ^! v>iations w\ld n be p]iodic b irregul>4 ,"o ye> w\ld be unlike t :i* prec$$ x1 & w\ld be foll[$ by *ang$ conditions 9 ! next4 ,plants & animals w\ld nev] h ! *ance ( acclimatiz+ !mselves to ^! ev]-*ang+ vicissitudes4 ,! /ability ( condition ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( wat] 9 a liquid /ate w\ld be want+2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ,life c\ld nei!r come into exi/5ce1 nor p]si/ if x once appe>$4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 our l9e ( ?\ght has l$ u to recognize t ,life c exi/ 9 comp>atively few ( ! innum]able /ell> sy/ems /rewn ?r\gh inf9ite space1 & 9 any giv5 sy/em x c at be/ f9d only "o or two homes4 ,! conditions = a ,life-be>+ planet are ?us bo? num]\s & /r+5t--!re is no ela/icity ab\t !m4 ,x is n suffici5t t a planet might fulfil _m or ev5 mo/ ( ^! conditions2 failure 9 "o is failure altoge!r2 "o black ball excludes2 ! c&idate :o fails 9 a s+le subject is pl\gh$ )\t m]cy4 ,& 9 mo/ cases ! failure is f9al2 no opportunity is giv5 to ! c&idate to sit aga94 ,b ,space is n ! only horizon along :i* our ?\ght mu/ be direct$2 !re is also ! horizon ( ,"t4 ,e _w mu/ h its ,pa/ & its ,future1 z well z its ,pres5t4 ,= "s worlds ! conditions are s fix$ t1 l ,jupit] & ,saturn1 !y are n n[ worlds t c be dwelt 91 !y nev] 7 9 t condition1 & !y nev] c be2 _! enorm\s mass =bids x4 ,m]cury & ! ,moon at ! o!r end ( ! planet>y scale are also p]man5tly disabl$2 _! insignificant size excludes !m4 ,!re 0 also a "t :5 ! ,e>? 0 n a _w ( habitation2 x 0 )\t =m & void2 hot & vapor\s1 ev5 z ! f\r out] planets are n[4 ,n[ x is inhabit$1 b !re may come a "t :5 ?is phase ( its hi/ory has run its c\rse1 & ei!r f a fall+ (f 9 ! tribute ( light & heat r5d]$ to x by ! ,sun1 or f ! gradual desiccation ( ! surface1 or1 p]*ance1 f ! sl[ loss ( its atmosph]e1 x may approa* ! condition ( ,m>s1 & 9 its turn be no long] an abode ( life4 ,_m planets are ess5tially deb>r$ f ev] ent]+ on ! vital /age2 b ( ^? to :i* su* a /age is possible1 x c only =m an incid5t 9 ! entire duration ( ! orb4 ,& if our ,e>? is any type or example ( ! vital /age 9 g5]al1 va/ aeons mu/ run _! c\rse f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! humble/ g]ms ( life up to ! br++ =? ( ,life 9 consci\s ,intellig5ce4 ,"o hundr$ million ye>s are freely spok5 ( 9 ?is connection by ^? :o /udy ! cru/ ( ! ,e>? & ^? :o are occupi$ ) ! relations ( ! v>i$ =ms ( life4 ,man is ! late/ arrival on ?is planet1 & h[ev] f> back we try to pu% ! "t ( 8 e>lie/ appe>ance1 x is beyond "q t t "t1 relatively to ! entire duration ( ! ,e>? s9ce a solid cru/ began to =m1 is b z ye/]day4 ,if1 f "s o!r globe 9 ! dep?s ( space1 ?is _w ( ours c\ld h be5 wat*$ dur+ ! long aeons t elaps$ f its fir/ sep>ation f ! sol> nebula d[n to ! "t :5 x fir/ possess$ a surface ( l& & wat]1 & f t "t1 aga91 ?r\gh\t ! hypo!tical "o hundr$ million ye>s t prec$$ ! adv5t ( man1 !n1 dur+ all ^? aeons1 ^? imag9$ obs]v]s w\ld h _h "u _! scrut9y a _w z yet )\t inhabitant4 ,! ,e>? n[ is 9 ! inhabit$ condition1 b sci5ce gives u no clue z to h[ long t condition w endure2 r su* h9ts z are af=d$ u w\ld seem to po9t to its la/+ b = a brief season z comp>$ ) ! indef9ite duration :i* prec$$ x1 & ! indef9ite duration :i* %all foll[4 ,if ?is ?\ght be s\nd1 x places be=e u an entirely new & mo/ s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! _w pr$e/9$ = habitation mu/ n only h its size )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limits1 its di/ance f its c5tral sun 9 a c]ta9 n>r[ zone1 its rotation p]iod1 ! incl9ation ( its axis1 ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 all suitable alike1 b ev5 if 9 ^! & 9 all o!r necess>ies x is p]fectly adapt$ = habitation1 yet x w be only dur+ a relatively small fraction ( its entire duration t ,intellig5t ,life1 clo!d 9 mat]ial =m1 w f9d a place ^u x4 ,let u sum %ortly :at we "k & :at we conclude4 ,we "k t ?is1 our ,e>?1 is a habitable globe1 = we ourselves are liv+ ^u x4 ,we "k :at con/itutes ! physical basis ( our life1 & "u :at conditions on ?is ,e>? x fl\ri%es1 & "u :at conditions x is de/roy$4 ,if we turn our eyes f ?is1 our ,e>?1 & look out ^u ! />ry skies1 we see ! o!r planets ( our sy/em1 & ! suns :i* are ! c5tres ( o!r sy/ems4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ! planets 9 our own sy/em1 we h se5 h[ /r+5t & h[ _m are ! conditions impos$ = ,life to be possible4 ,r\nd our ,sun !re is b a n>r[ zone 9 :i* a habitable _w may circle2 9 ?is zone !re is room = b few worlds1 & we actually "k ( ?ree alone1 ! ,e>?1 ! ,moon1 & ,v5us4 ,we "k t ! ,e>? c be & is inhabit$2 t ! ,moon is n & _c be inhabit$2 & t ,v5us1 ?\gh ( habitable size1 may yet be subject to ! fatal disqualification ( always turn+ ! same face to ! ,sun4 ,( o!r planet>y sy/ems ?an our own1 we actually "k ( none1 b we assume t !re are su*1 & z num]\s z !re are suns 9 ! />ry dep?s4 ,b ( ^! planet>y sy/ems we c rule out1 z conta9+ no habitable memb]1 all su* z circle r\nd d\ble or multiple suns or1 inde$1 r\nd any s+le /> t1 f :atev] cause1 is l>gely v>iable &1 !re=e1 mu* less /able ?an our own4 ,mira ,ceti1 :i* 9 #e mon?s increases its brightness #ajjj times1 may /& z an example4 ,probably ^! disqualifications rule out ( c\rt ! great proportion ( ! /ell> sy/ems4 ,( ! few1 comp>atively speak+1 s+le & /able suns t rema9 9 ! heav5ly abyss1 we mu/ conclude1 f :at we "k ( our sol> sy/em1 t !y1 too1 h b a n>r[ zone1 outside ( :i* no _w w\ld be fit to dwell 92 :il/ 9 ! zone ! few worlds :i* might exi/ mu/ violate no "o ( _m /rict conditions4 ,if we assume t !re are a hundr$ million />s )9 ! k5 ( our telescopes1 we may well believe t n m ?an "o 9 a hundr$ ( ^! w\ld fulfil ! condition ( be+ a s+le & /able sun1 su* z ours4 ,( ! planets revolv+ r\nd ^! million suns--/able & effici5t suns--c we expect t 9 m cases ?an "o 9 a hundr$ !re w be a planet 9 ! habitable zone fulfill+ all ! o!r conditions ( habitability1 ( size1 mass1 incl9ation ( axis1 circul> orbit1 & rotation8 ,( ^! t5 ?\s& e>?s :i* may be made fit = ! habitation ( ,man1 c we assume t ev5 "o 9 a hundr$ is n[ at t epo* 9 its hi/ory :5 x is no long] )\t =m & void1 :5 a division has be5 made betwe5 ! wat]s "u ! firmam5t & ^? t are above ! firmam5t2 :5 ! wat]s "u ! heav5 h be5 ga!r$ into "o place1 & ! dry l& has appe>$1 & :5 ! e>? & ! wat]s h br\ght =? life abundantly8 ,out ( a hundr$ million ( planet>y sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! dep?s ( space1 c we suppose t !re are ev5 "o hundr$ worlds t are actually inhabit$ at ! pres5t mom5t8 ,^! numb]s & proportions c]ta9ly are n1 & _c be1 bas$ on k2 !y are giv5 z illu/rations only2 b1 vague z !y are1 !y sugge/ t our ,e>? may be nei!r "o ( _m inhabit$ e>?s1 nor yet unique1 b "o ( a few--inde$ ( a v few4 ,& !n ! objection is rais$3 ,if our own ,e>? is b "o (1 p]haps1 two inhabit$ worlds 9 ! sol> sy/em2 & ( p]haps "o or two hundr$ inhabit$ worlds ?r\gh\t ! fur!/ space t we c scan2 :y is all ?is wa/e8 ,( all ! c\ntless millions ( /ell> sy/ems )\t liv+ organisms z inhabitants1 we _c tell ! purpose = ! simple reason t we d n "k x2 b ( wa/e 9 ! sol> sy/em1 !re is no "q4 ,relatively speak+1 ?is is q insignificant1 = we _c consid] t z wa/e mat]ial :i* is useful &1 inde$1 ess5tial to exi/5ce4 ,=1 consid] fir/ ! mat]ial 9 ! ,e>? itself4 ,its total volume is #bfj1fac1jjj1jjj cubic miles1 b man only lives ^u its surface ( less ?an #bjj million squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 & he c n probe d[n z f> z t5 miles bel[ x1 ?r\gh ! dep?s ( ocean or by 8 deepe/ m9e4 ,?us we are left ) ov] #beh ?\s& million ( cubic miles t man1 or plant1 or bea/ c nev] make direct use (4 ,b )\t ?is #beh ?\s& million cubic miles t he c nev] s[ nor reap1 ! ov]ly+ plat=m on :i* he dwells w\ld be useless = reta9+ ! air or ! wat] by :i* he lives4 ,no less ess5tial is ! ,sun2 its va/ bulk ( #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons c1 9 no s+le unit1 be c\nt$ wa/e1 = x is f ?is t ! heat & light necess>y = life on ! ,e>? is d]iv$4 ,b ! tonnage ( all ! planets comb9$ is b #j4ac p] c5t ( ! ,sun alone2 & a wa/age1 if su* x is1 l ?is is insignificant f a mat]ial po9t ( view4 ,!re is a type ( politician at ! pres5t day :o is conv9c$ t ! highe/ purpose to :i* l& c be put is to build ^u x2 t be+1 9 g5]al1 ! use giv+ ! highe/ money return p] squ>e foot1 ?\gh ! return does n always fall to ! build]4 ,x has tak5 n a little agitation & popul> pressure to en=ce ! tru? t cultivat$ l& is also ( use4 ,b !re are few :o realize t l& t is nei!r built ^u nor cultivat$ is also ess5tial4 ,our b>r5 moors & bleak hillsides1 wa/el&s z we call !m1 are absolutely necess>y z collectors ( ! wat] by :i* we live4 ,f !m our spr+s take _! s\rce2 & !y supply our cities ) ! fir/ necessity ( life4 ,we f9d1 !n1 9 ?is univ]se s f> z we c "k x1 t ,space is lavi%ly provid$1 ,matt] is lavi%ly scatt]$1 ,"t is unsp>+ly drawn ^u1 b ,life 9 any =m1 & especially 9 its highe/ =m1 is1 relatively speak+1 v sp>sely giv54 ,t v circum/ance surely po9ts to ! ov]:elm+ importance ( consci\s1 intellig5t ,life1 & ! insignificance ( lifeless matt] 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,we h to exhau/ ari?metic 9 comput+ ! size1 ! mass1 ! output ( heat & light ( our ,sun1 yet x is b ! he>?-fire & lamp ( t]re/rial life2 & its amaz+ agglom]ation ( matt] & en]gy is ungrudg+ly devot$ to ?is humble purpose4 ,:atev] view we hold z to ! s*eme ( ! univ]se2 :e!r ) ! un?9k+ we fail to recognize ,?\ght & ,purpose beh9d its m>vell\s manife/ations1 or1 ) ! ?\ghtful1 realize t only ,inf9ite ,?\ght c\ld provide s wond]fully = ! br++ =? ( ?\ght 9 liv+ mat]ial organisms1 ! conclusion /ill rema9s3 liv+ intellig5ces are1 by ! direct te/imony ( ! univ]se itself1 its noble/ & mo/ preci\s product4 ,! plea is (t5 made t z we f9d life adapt+ itself to a great v>iety ( conditions on ?is ,e>?1 we mu/ n set limits to its p[] ( adaption to ! conditions ( o!r worlds4 ,b ?is plea is an un?9k+ "o4 ,! range ( conditions ?r\gh :i* we f9d life on ?is ,e>? is z no?+ to ! range giv5 by ! v>i$ sizes & positions ( ! diff]5t planets2 & ev5 on our ,e>?1 life 9 ! unfav\r$ regions--! tops ( m\nta9s1 ! pol> sn[s1 ! wat]less des]ts1 ! ocean dep?s--is only possible because !re are m fav\r$ regions close at h&1 & !re are1 z x 71 crumbs t fall f ! ri* man's table4 ,a well-kn[n litt]ateur 9 sett+ =? a hundr$ ways ( mak+ money gave great prom95ce to ! me?od ( liv+ z c>etak] 9 an empty h\se4 ,b resid+ 9 an empty h\se does n1 9 itself1 supply ! means ( su/5ance2 ^! h to be furni%$ by ! weal?i] man :o employs ! c>etak]4 ,ano!r plea = vague s5tim5t 9 ?is matt] is t we _c expect t intellig5t be+s on o!r worlds w\ld h ! same =m z man1 & if n ! same =m1 !n1 t ! same conditions ( exi/5ce w\ld n hold good = !m z = u4 ,bo? cont5tions are uns\nd4 ,protoplasm is ! physical basis ( all ! life t we "k1 :atev] its =m2 ?\gh ^! =ms are to be c\nt$ by ! million1 & are z div]se z !y are num]\s4 ,& ev]y:]e & always1 wat] is f\nd ess5tial to protoplasmic life4 ,( life ( any o!r k9d we d n "k any examples2 we h no in/ance2 if su* exi/1 !n !y are beyond our k54 ,& nei!r an?ropologi/ nor biologi/ w\ld admit t ! =m ( intellig5t life 0 an unrelat$ accid5t4 ,:e!r ! =m br\ght ! intellig5ce1 or ! intellig5ce ! =m1 or bo? 7 evolv$ toge!r1 ! "o react+ on ! o!r1 ! human =m & ! human intellig5ce are associat$1 & we feel ?is to be s ( necessity4 ,9 #ahia1 ,dr4 ,eug5e ,dubois f\nd 9 ,java a mol> too? & a portion ( a skull1 & lat] ! ?igh bone ( ! left leg1 & two m tee?4 ,su* z !y 71 ^! relics appe>$ ne>] 9 =m to ! correspond+ fragm5ts ( an av]age ,au/ralian ?an to ^? ( an ape1 & on ?is gr\nd intellig5ce 0 claim$ = ! creature ( :i* !y 7 ! rema9s1 & x 0 giv5 ! "n ( ,pi!can?ropus1 or ,ape-,man4 ,! discov]y ar\s$ mu* discussion1 b on all sides x 0 unhesitat+ly assum$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m ( ,pi!can?ropus & t ( ! mo/ simil> ape 0 an index ( its sup]ior intellig5ce ov] ! ape1 j 9 s f> z t diff]5ce 0 9 ! direction ( ! mod]n human =m4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! rec5t discov]y ( v anci5t human rema9s 9 ,sussex4 ,nev] at any "t has x be5 suppos$ t ! physical frame has foll[$ any o!r pa? 9 ! evolution ( intellig5ce ?an t :i* br\ght =? man4 ,! fle%-eat+ animals h atta9$ effici5cy 9 hunt+ & w>f>e by v>iation along _m types ( =m2 ! h]bivora h be5 n less v>i$ 9 ! =ms by :i* z races !y secur$ !mselves f de/ruction2 b ,?\ght has be5 associat$ ) ! developm5t ( "o type or =m only1 & ! entire future ( ,?\ght on ?is planet re/$ nei!r ) mammo? nor cave-be>1 b ) ! possessor ( ! erect /ature1 ! upw>d look1 ! diff]5tiation ( h& & foot1 ev5 9 _! crude/ & e>lie/ /ages4 ,swift1 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 conceiv$ ( a l& :]e ! intellig5ce & consci5ce ( ,man dwelt 9 ! =m ( ! horse1 & ! human =m tab]nacl$ ! in/9cts ( ! bea/4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 9 8 ,w> ( ! ,worlds1 attribut$ intellig5ce to mon/]s--half-cuttlefi% & half-anemone1--& ! human =m to _! helpless1 unresi/+ prey4 ,bo? conceptions are z sci5tifically absurd z !y are gross & revolt+2 & if x 7 possible = ! skeleton ( creatures f o!r worlds to be br\ght to u "h1 !n biologi/s w\ld z confid5tly pron\nce on _! intellig5ce z !y d on ! ext9ct =ms ( bygone ages--! ne>] to ! human =m1 ! ne>] to ! human m9d4 ,we h f\nd ! figures ( re9de]1 horse1 & mammo? scrat*$ 9 outl9e on a mammo? tusk2 b ?\gh ! arti/ has left no o!r trace1 we ne$ no fur!r evid5ce ( 8 bodily =m4 ,nei!r horse1 nor re9de]1 nor mammo? made ^? r\gh outl9es2 !y 7 drawn by a man4 ,m /rik+ /ill1 ,france yields u *ipp$ fl9ts by ! million1 fl9ts s slightly %ap$ t x is 9 dispute :e!r !y may n h be5 s brok5 by ! action ( torr5ts4 ,b !re are only two !ories ab\t !m2 ei!r !y 7 s *ipp$ by natural action1 or !y 7 design$ly s *ipp$ by creatures resembl+ ourselves 9 head & h&4 ,! "q t has be5 dealt ) 9 ?is volume is a sci5tific "o1 & ! attempt has be5 made to treat x z su*1 & to argue f kn[n physical facts z to ! conditions ( worlds :i* we _c visit4 ,b by _m ! "q is g5]ally discuss$ :olly ap>t f physical facts at all1 & x becomes "o ( s5tim5t & ( religi\s sympa?y4 ,yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! division betwe5 ^? :o ?9k t all worlds mu/ be inhabit$ & ^? :o ?9k t our own _w /&s alone is n co9cid5t ) any l9e ( !ological divisions1 b r cuts across all su*4 ,"s believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity argue t s9ce ,god has fill$ ?is _w ) ,life1 ,life has be5 ,8 purpose 9 ! _w1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 ,8 purpose 9 all o!r worlds--!y too mu/ be fill$ ) ,life 9 l mann]4 ,o!r believ]s argue t ?is _w 0 ! sc5e ( ! ,inc>nation ( ,our ,"l1 & is !re=e unique 9 t respect2 & t ?is uniqu5ess sets its /amp ^u ?is _w 9 all respects4 ,oppon5ts to ,*ri/ianity are divid$ into ! same two classes1 ! "o argu+ t :]ev] !re is matt] ! inevitable c\rse ( evolution w produce life1 & ev5tually intellig5t life4 ,! o!r class are equally cle> t all =ms ( life are special1 ! result ( ! p>ticul> environm5t1 & t x is unreasonable to expect t any o!r _w has _h ! same hi/ory z our own1 or t ! same special conditions h prevail$ else:]e4 ,9 o!r words ! belief t !re are o!r inhabit$ worlds has dep5d$ *iefly nei!r on sci5ce nor on religi\s belief1 b ^u s5tim5t4 ,!re are "s :o l to ?9k !mselves1 & ! race to :i* !y belong1 altoge!r exceptional2 o!rs delight 9 f9d+ !mselves reflect$ :]ev] !y look4 ,s f> z ,sci5ce has progress$ & c return an answ] to an enquiry t exce$s s f> ! b\nds ( our direct obs]vation1 x diss5ts f bo? ord]s ( ?\ght4 ,! conditions ( life are inde$ n>r[1 special1 re/rict$2 intellig5t1 organic life mu/1 relatively speak+1 be a r>ity 9 ! univ]se1 b we lack ! in=mation t w\ld enable u to affirm ) any confid5ce t su* life is only to be f\nd ^u ?is _w ( ours4 ,heavy z ! odds are aga9/ any p>ticul> _w be+ an inhabit$ "o1 yet :5 ! limitless ext5t ( space is consid]$1 & ! innum]able numb]s ( />s & sy/ems ( />s1 x seems b reasonable to conclude t ?\gh inhabit$ worlds are relatively r>e1 ! absolute numb] ( !m may be consid]able2 consid]able1 if n at "o p>ticul> mom5t ( "t1 yet :5 ! :ole duration ( ! univ]se is admitt$4 ,b !re is a religi\s "q connect$ ) ?is enquiry2 "o t goes d[n to ! v roots ( man's deepe/ ?\ghts & aspirations4 ,z individuals our days on ! ,e>? are z a %ad[1 & !re is none abid+2 z individuals we pass & disappe>2 & ?\gh ! race rema9s1 yet z f> z sci5ce c guide u & enable u to p5etrate ! future1 ! same lot awaits ! race z well4 ,sl[ly b surely ! wat] ( a planet w comb9e ) its sub/ance or disappe> into its cru/4 ,! cool+ ( ! ,sun1 ?\gh x may be long delay$1 w\ld seem to be inevitable 9 ! sequel4 ,oh1 life z futile !n z frail4 99 99 99 99 ,:at hope ( answ] or r$ress8 ,beh9d ! veil1 beh9d ! veil4 ,x is to ?is veil t we are n[ br\ght4 ,x seems impossible to believe t ,life1 s r>e a fruit ( ! univ]se1 intellig5t ,life1 consci\s ,life1 to :i* ! long c\rse ( evolution has be5 s manife/ly lead+ up all ?r\gh ! long ages1 %\ld h no bett] de/9y ?an a f9al & hopeless ext9ction2 t ?is ,e>? & all ! ef=ts & aspirations ( ! long g5]ations ( m5 %\ld h no wor?i] end ?an to sw+1 ?r\gh\t ! et]nal ages1 an empty1 froz5 heap ( du/1 circl+ r\nd ! ext9ct c9d] t 0 once its ,sun4 ,if we look backw>d1 we seem to disc]n cle> signs ( progress2 if we look =w>d1 we disc]n no?+ b ! veil4 ,sci5ce is b organiz$ exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce ( ! future we h none4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 on ?is _w !re 0 no life2 a "t :5 life began4 ,h[ did x beg98 ,"u :at conditions8 ,( t great *ange--:5 non-liv+ matt] fir/ became end[$ ) life1 became s end[$ n by ! action & int]v5tion ( o!r liv+ matt]1 b )\t x--we h no k1 no exp]i5ce4 ,& s long z ?is cont9ues to be ! case1 t *ange1 ! greate/ physical *ange t has yet tak5 place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 ! fir/ *ange ( ! non-liv+ into ! liv+1 is outside ! rea* ( sci5ce2 x lies beyond its bord]4 ,we may guess & speculate ab\t x1 b speculation is n sci5ce2 we may sp9 words ab\t x ) ! utmo/ skill ( ! dialectician1 b metaphysics is n sci5ce2 x c nev] come )9 ! scope ( sci5ce until x has fir/ come )9 ! scope ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a veil beh9d u z well z ! "o t encloses u 9 front2 & z hi!rto ,sci5ce has fail$ to pi]ce ! veil ( ! pa/1 x is ev5 less able to pi]ce ! veil ( ! future2 = ( ! future we h no exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 !n1 our enquiry mu/ end1 = x is an enquiry ( physical sci5ce2 ! se>* = liv+ mat]ial organisms end[$ ) intellig5ce4 ,h[ life fir/ came ^u ?is ,e>?1 or :51 or :]e1 is beyond ! p[] ( sci5ce to det]m9e4 ,yet x did come4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !re 0 no life "h2 none1 n ev5 ! humble/ =m ( x2 nor 0 !re any h9t or =e%ad[+ ( x1 /ill less ( all its inf9ities ( =m1 & possibilities ( developm5t4 ,once ,life 0 n1 yet ,life came1 & n[1 life is abundant1 b abundant only 9 worlds q exceptional 9 _! conditions1 & !re=e few 9 numb]2 x is ev5 conceivable t ?is ,e>? ( ours may be unique4 ,b life z we "k x1 protoplasmic life1 life dep5d5t ^u wat]1 ! life ( intellig5ce unit$ to ! mat]ial organism1 is "u s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,has x any future beyond t veil8 ,is !re any k9d ( life n subject to ^! n>r[ limitations2 n "u ! inexorable decree8 ,to que/ions su* z ^! ,sci5ce has no reply to give2 x is ev5 m helpless to answ] !m ?an to det]m9e h[ life fir/ came2 its exp]i5ce does n rea* s f>4 ,sci5ce c exam9e ! pres5t conditions ( physical life1 b :e!r or no t life c und]go a *ange great] ?an t :i* pass$ ^u ! old inorganic _w1 x _c det]m9e4 ,x has no exp]i5ce4 ,b if ,sci5ce is dumb1 if ! utmo/ ex]tion ( human en]gy & p[] ( rese>* c ?r[ no light on a future ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 we are n left )\t an answ]4 ,a voice has be5 he>d1 ! voice ( ! ,son ( ,god ,himself3 ,i am ! ,resurrection & ! ,life4 ,he t believe? on ,me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live4 ,& accept+ ,8 ^w1 ! ,*ur* 9 all ages1 & among all nations1 peoples1 & tongues1 has made reply3 ,i ,,look ,,= ,,! ,,resurrection ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,to ,,come4 ,,index ,abbot1 ,c4 ,g41 #bg1 #cd ,alb$o ( ,e>?1 #ed1 #ha ---- ,jupit]1 #abg ---- ,m>s1 #ha ---- ,moon1 #ed ,album9 sol1 #ae ,algol-type />s1 #ce1 #add1 #ade ,ant>es1 #ch ,antoniadi1 ,e4 ,m41 #ig1 #ajd ,ar*angel1 climate (1 #hg1 #hh ,arcturus1 #ce1 #cg ,ari/>*us1 lun> crat]1 #dh ,a/ronomical unit1 #ba ,atmosph]e (1 ,m>s1 #gf ----1 ,moon1 #ec ----1 ,sun1 #be ----1 ,v5us1 #aab ,b>n>d1 ,e4 ,e41 #hi1 #ajd ,be]1 #fj1 #ig1 #ih ,bond1 ,g4 ,p41 #abg1 #abh ,brew/]1 ,sir ,david1 #d ,calcium1 #ab1 #cf ,calli/o1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #aca ,calory1 #bf ,campbell1 ,w4 ,w41 #ade ,c>bon1 #aa1 #cd1 #ch1 #ci ,c>bonic acid1 #aa ,cass9i1 #ei1 #fj1 #acj ,c]es1 m9or planet1 #da1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #aca ,c]ulli1 ,v41 #ajd1 #ajh ,*romosph]e1 #bh1 #bi ,cobalt1 #cc ,comet1 ,encke's1 #aai ----1 ,halley's1 #aai ----1 spectra1 #ch ,cop]nican !ory1 #a ,copp]1 #cc ,corona1 #dj ,coxwell1 #be1 #ge1 #gi ,cyanog51 #cg1 #ch ,czapek1 ,f41 #aa1 #ac ,d>w91 ,sir ,g4 ,h41 #aaf ,dawes1 ,w4 ,r41 #fj1 #fc1 #ig1 #ii ,d5n+1 ,w4 ,f41 #ajd ,disp]sion1 anomal\s1 #bh ,doppelmay]1 lun> crat]1 #eb ,dubois1 ,eug5e1 #aee ,eros1 m9or planet1 #eg ,europa1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #aca ,evans1 ,j4 ,e41 #ajg ,faculae1 #bi1 #cj ,fau?1 ,p41 #ej ,flam/e$1 lun> crat]1 #eb ,fluor9e1 #dj ,fraunh(]1 #cc ,galileo1 #ea1 #ei1 #aca ,ganym$e1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #aca1 #acb ,gay-,lussac1 #ge ,glai%]1 ,j41 #be1 #ge1 #gi ,goodacre1 ,w41 #di ,gre51 ,n4 ,e41 #fj1 #fb1 #fc ,gre5wi* ,hospital ,s*ool1 #ajg1 #ajh ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 #hb1 #aef ,haeckel1 ,e41 #ab ,halog5s1 #cf1 #dj ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 #ic ,helium1 #cg ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j41 #ed ---- ,sir ,w41 #bj1 #di1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa ,hevelius1 #ea ,hippalus1 lun> crat]1 #eb ,hooke1 ,r41 #ei1 #fj1 #acj ,huygh5s1 #ei ,hydroc>bons1 #ch ,hydrog51 #aa1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 #ha ,inhabitant1 #e ,inhabit$ ,worlds1 #b1 #c1 #d ,io1 satellite ( ,jupit]1 #aca ,iron1 #ab1 #cc1 #cf ,jupit]1 #abb-cb ----1 belts1 #abg1 #abi ----1 great r$ spot1 #acj ----1 prop] motion ( spots1 #abi ----1 satellites (1 #abh1 #aca ----1 :ite spots1 #abh1 #acj ,keel]1 ,j4 ,e41 #abb1 #abe ,kies1 lun> crat]1 #eb ,kir*h(f1 #cc ,lacus ,solis1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii ,langley1 ,s4 ,p41 #ee ,lilliputians1 #hb1 #hc ,l9ne1 lun> crat]1 #dh ,locky]1 ,j4 ,n41 #fj ,l[ell1 ,p41 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #ga1 #ha1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj ,lucif]1 #aaa ,ma$l]1 #df1 #dh1 #fj1 #ig1 #ih ,mag9us1 lun> crat]1 #df ,magnesium1 #ab1 #cf ,manganese1 #cc ,m>e ,fecunditatis1 #dg ---- ,hum]um1 #eb ---- ,nubium1 #eb ---- ,s]5itatis1 #dh ,m>s1 canals (1 #eg-gj1 #gh1 #aja1 #ajb ----1 conditions (1 #ga-ie ----1 illusions (1 #if-aaj ----1 meteorology (1 #ic-d ----1 oases (1 #fe1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja ----1 !rmograph (1 #ia1 #ib ----1 w9ds (1 #gg ,m5deleeff1 #ci ,m]cury1 #aad-ah ,messi]1 lun> crat]1 #dg1 #dh ,metabolism1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ch ,mille*au1 #ajd ,milton1 #ea ,mira ,ceti1 #aej ,moleswor?1 ,p4 ,b41 #di1 #ajd ,moon1 #dc-ef ----1 t]m9ator (1 #ea ,mont ,blanc1 #be1 #gd1 #hj ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 #ge1 #hj ,nature ( ,vision1 #ii ,nebulae1 spectrum (1 #ch1 #dj ,nebulium1 #dj ,negative elem5ts1 #cf ,neison1 ,e41 #dh1 #ec ,neptune1 #acb1 #ada ,newcomb1 ,s41 #ic1 #aji ,ni*olson1 ,j4 ,w41 #dj ,nickel1 #cc ,nilosyrtis1 canal on ,m>s1 #hi ,nitrog51 #aa1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci ,obs]vatory1 ,*icago1 #dd ----1 ,h>v>d ,college1 #abg ----1 ,lick1 #abb ----1 ,p>is1 #dd ,occultation1 #eb1 #ec ,organic ,life1 def9ition (1 #ae ,organism1 liv+1 #f-ai ,organo-g5etic elem5ts1 #ab1 #ch1 #ci ,osmosis1 #ae ,oxyg51 #aa1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #da ,p]iodic ,law1 ,m5deleeff's1 #ci ,phillips1 ,t4 ,e4 ,r41 #ajd ,phosphorus1 #ab ,photosph]e1 #bh1 #cc1 #cf ,pick]+1 ,w4 ,h41 #dg1 #dh1 #ec1 #aji ,pi!can?ropus1 #aee ,planet>y /ati/ics1 table (1 #gb1 #gc1 #ace ,plat9um1 #cf ,plurality ( ,worlds1 #b ,pollock1 ,ma/]1 #aji ,potassium1 #ab ,poynt+1 ,j4 ,h41 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #aae ,proctor1 ,r4 ,a41 #cd1 #gg ,prom95ces1 #bi1 #cj1 #cg ,prot(luor9e1 #dj ,protonilus1 canal on ,m>s1 #hi ,protoplasm1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #ch1 #dj1 #aed ,pyramid1 ,great1 #de ,refraction1 anomal\s1 #bh ,rev]s+ lay]1 #cf ,rice-gra9s1 ( ,sun's surface1 #bh1 #bi ,r+ ,nebula 9 ,lyra1 #dj ,rosse1 ,"l1 #ee ,rusk91 ,j41 #ai ,saturn1 #acb ----1 ,r+s (1 #ach ,s*iap>elli1 ,g4 ,v41 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaf1 #aag ,s*ool+1 ,t4 ,holt1 #hc ,sci5tia1 #ff ,semi-suns1 #aca1 #acb ,s]viss1 ,g>rett ,p41 #ag ,s+apore1 climate (1 #hg1 #hh ,s9us ,sabaeus1 m>k+ on ,m>s1 #ig1 #ii ,sirius1 #cg ,sodium1 #cc1 #cf ,sol> ,con/ant1 #bf ,spectroscopic b9>ies1 #add1 #ade ,spectrum1 #ec ----1 heat1 #ee ,spuri\s disc1 #ajc ,/>s1 d\ble1 #ce ----1 multiple1 #ce ----1 r$1 #ch ----1 spectra (1 #cd1 #ch1 #ci ,/efan's ,law1 #he ,/oney1 ,g4 ,john/one1 #cd ,/ream+1 #ae ,sulphur1 #aa1 #ch ,sun1 #bj-cb ,sunspots1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #ch ----1 spectra (1 #cg ,swift1 ,dean1 #hb1 #aef ,table ,m\nta91 #ed ,!rmograph ( ,m>s1 #ia1 #ib ,titanium1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch ,tornadoes1 #ca1 #acg ,tw9kl]1 #aad ,ty*o1 lun> crat]1 #df ,uranus1 #acb1 #adj ,v5us1 #eg1 #aaa-ah ,v]worn1 ,max1 #g ,v1 ,f4 ,w41 #ee ,vesp]1 #aaa ,victoria1 hypo!tical planet1 #hc ,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 #d ,w> ( ! ,worlds1 #ajd1 #aef ,wa/e1 #aea1 #aeb ,wat]1 indisp5sable factor1 #ae1 #da ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #ajd1 #aef ,:ewell1 #d ,williams1 ,a4 ,/anley1 #ajd ,wolf1 ,max1 #dj ,"y1 ,c4 ,a41 #bf1 #cc ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,plym\? ,footnotes3 #a ,*emical ,ph5om5a 9 ,life1 pp4 #fb-c1 by ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,czapek 7,h>p]'s ,libr>y ( ,liv+ ,?\ght74 ,! read] is /rongly recomm5d$ to /udy ?is "w 9 ! pres5t connection4 #b ,wond]s ( ,life1 by ,ern/ ,haeckel1 ,pr(essor at ,j5a ,univ]sity1 p4 #acj4 #c ,wond]s ( ,life1 pp4 #abg-h4 #d ,*emical ,ph5om5a 9 ,life1 p4 #eh4 #e ,ibid41 p4 #bb4 #f ,o!r ,worlds1 by ,g>rett ,p4 ,s]viss1 pp4 #fc-d4 #g ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 by ,john ,rusk94 #h ,if ?is exp]im5t c\ld be c>ri$ out1 x w\ld be necess>y to use a spr+ balance4 ,if ! object 7 weigh$ 9 a pair ( scales or by a /eely>d1 ! c\nt]balanc+ weights w\ld be likewise affect$ 9 ! same proportion1 s t ! equilibrium w\ld be undi/urb$4 #i ,! movem5ts ( n a few d\ble />s po9t to p]turbations caus$ by ! attraction ( unse5 bodies4 ,!re are also a numb] ( in/ances kn[n ( ,eclipse or ,algol-type v>iable />s1 9 :i* ! pres5ce ( a d>k companion is indicat$ by ! dim9ution ( ! light ( ! /> at regul> int]vals4 #aj ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc41 ,,lxxx1 #ej1 #aijg4 #aa ,nature1 ,,lxxx1 #aeh 7,april #h?1 #aiji74 #ab ,p]iodic ,*anges ^u ! ,moon1 ,memoirs1 ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #hh4 #ac ,! ,moon1 by ,philip ,fau?1 p4 #aef4 #ad ,radiation 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em3 ,its ,effects on ,temp]ature1 & its ,pressure on ,small ,bodies1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,poynt+ 7,phil4 ,trans4 ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,vol4 #bjb ,a74 #ae ,publ4 ( ! ,a/ron4 ,soc4 ( ! ,pacific1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhf-h4 ,h>p]'s ,libr>y ( ,liv+ ,?\gh ,,ar?ur ,,holmes ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,& ,associat$ ,problems4 ,illu/rat$ ,gives u ! result ( ! late/ rese>* into ?is field ( enquiry4 ,! radioactive m9]als are %[n to be record+ _! own age ) ! exquisite accuracy ( a *ronomet]--_! records *eck+ physical1 a/ronomical1 & geological me?ods ( computation4 ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,bick]ton ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,worlds ,,& ,,sy/ems ,illu/rat$ ,preface by ,pr(4 ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a graphic acc\nt ( ! =mation ( new />s f ! collision ( dead suns or o!r cele/ial bodies4 ,! !ory ?r[s light on _m a/ronomical problems1 & ) its conception ( an immortal cosmos1 is ( great philosophical importance4 ,,pr(4 ,,svante ,,arrh5ius ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se #b ,vols4 ,illu/rat$ ,we c ?or\ghly recomm5d ^! volumes4 ,! in=mation is accurate1 useful1 & mo/ sugge/ive4 ,!re are _m = :om ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis are a subtle allegory cov]+ ! pr(\nde/ tru?s1 & we are grateful to ! au?or = hav+ set out ?is mass ( facts4--,! ,globe4 ,,sir ,,oliv] ,,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,e!r ,,( ,,space ,illu/rat$ ,?is "w by ! great physici/ w be f\nd to possess an abid+ *>m & an intellectual /imulation4-,obs]v]4 ,op5s up new views into ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,precise & lucid1 x summ>ises our k ( ! sub/ance :i* fills all space & p5etrates all matt]--! sub/ratum ( matt] itself4--,birm+ham ,po/4 ,please write = ann\ncem5ts & descriptive li/3 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 #de ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4 ,h>p]'s ,libr>y ( ,liv+ ,?\ght ,foolscap #hvo1 gilt tops1 decorative cov]s1 ri*ly gilt backs ,p] ,volume3 ,clo? #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,lea!r #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,pr(4 ,,ar?ur ,,kei?1 ,m4,d4 7,hunt]ian ,pr(essor ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons7 ,,anci5t ,,types ,,( ,,man ,illu/rat$ ,! k9d ( book t only a ma/] ( 8 subject c\ld write4 ,x mu/ int]e/ e ?9k+ p]son4--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,pr(4 ,,fr$]ick ,,czapek ,,*emical ,,ph5om5a ,,9 ,,life ,discusses 9 cle>1 concise t]ms ! great "q--,c life be expla9$ by physics & *emi/ry8 ,x deals ) ! life-processes ( plants1 ! molecul> /ructure ( protoplasm1 organic syn!sis 9 ! cell1 ! nature ( f]m5ts1 & ! subject ( inh]itance4 ,,sir ,a4 ,,tild51 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,speculations z to _! ,nature & ,orig9 ,diagrams1 c4 ,po9ts to ! conclusion t ! elem5ts result$ f a *ange 9 "s primal ess5ce1 & discusses :e!r all may n be suff]+ a sl[ wa/e1 :i*1 9 ! long run1 mu/ lead back to ! primal *aos4 ,,sir ,,william ,,ramsay1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,electrons ,diagrams ,! electron--! atom ( electricity--is %[n to be sep>able f matt]1 & to be capable "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! book %[s t ! electron mu/ be reg>d$ z a k9d ( elem5t itself1 ) mu* /rong] claims to elem5t>y or undecomposable *>act]s ?an ! bodies hi!rto rank$ z elem5ts4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by sup]script4 ,! orig9al text includes symbols :i* are repres5t$ by ,symbol 9 ?is text v]sion4