f ! ,google ,pr9t project47             
,,reflections ,,on ,,w> ,,& ,,dea?      
,,reflections ,,on ,,w> ,,& ,,dea?  ,by 
,,pr(essor ,,dr4 ,,sigmund ,,freud1     
,,ll4,d4  ,au?oriz$ ,engli% ,translation
 ,by  ,,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,brill & ,,alfr$   
,b4 ,,kuttn]  ,illu/ration3 colophon    
,,m(fat1 ,,y>d ,,& ,,company ,,new      
,,york #aiah  ,copyright1 #aiah1 by     
,,m(fat1 ,,y>d1 ,,& ,,company   ,?is    
book is (f]$ to ! ,am]ican public at !  
pres5t "t 9 ! hope t x may contribute   
some?+ to ! cause ( int]national und]/&+
 & good w :i* has become ! hope ( ! _w4 
,,! ,,translators4     ,,reflections    
,,on ,,w> ,,& ,,dea?     ,i  ,,!        
,,disappo9tm5ts ,,( ,,w>   ,caught 9 !  
:irlw9d ( ^! w> times1 )\t any real     
in=mation or any p]spective ^u ! great  
*anges t h already occurr$ or are ab\t  
to be enact$1 lack+ all premonition ( ! 
future1 x is small wond] t we ourselves 
become confus$ z to ! mean+ (           
impressions :i* cr[d 9 ^u u or ( ! value
 ( ! judgm5ts we are =m+4 ,x w\ld seem z

 ?\gh no ev5t _h ev] de/roy$ s mu* ( !  
preci\s h]itage ( mank9d1 confus$ s _m (
 ! cle>e/ intellects or s ?or\ghly      
debas$ :at is highe/4  ,ev5 sci5ce has  
lo/ h] dispassionate imp>tiality4 ,h]   
deeply embitt]$ vot>ies are int5t ^u    
seiz+ h] weapons to d _! %>e 9 ! battle 
aga9/ ! enemy4 ,! an?ropologi/ has to   
decl>e 8 oppon5t inf]ior & deg5]ate1 !  
psy*iatri/ mu/ diagnose him z m5tally   
d]ang$4 ,yet x is probable t we are     
affect$ out ( all proportion by ! evils 
( ^! times & h no "r to comp>e !m ) !   
evils ( o!r times ?r\gh :i* we h n liv$4
  ,! individual :o is n himself a       
combatant & !re=e has n become a cog 9 !
 gigantic w> ma*9]y1 feels confus$ 9 8  
be>+s & hamp]$ 9 8 activities4 ,i ?9k   
any little sugge/ion t w make x easi] = 
him to see 8 way m cle>ly w be welcome4 
,among ! factors :i* cause ! /ay-at-home
 s mu* spiritual mis]y & are s h>d to   
endure !re are two 9 p>ticul> :i* ,i    
%\ld l to emphasize & discuss4 ,i mean !
 disappo9tm5t t ?is w> has call$ =? & ! 

alt]$ attitude t[>ds dea? to :i* x1 9   
common ) o!r w>s1 =ces u4  ,:5 ,i speak 
( disappo9tm5t ev]ybody kn[s at once :at
 ,i mean4 ,"o ne$ n be a s5tim5tali/1 "o
 may realize ! biological &             
physiological necessity ( suff]+ 9 !    
economy ( human life1 & yet "o may      
condemn ! me?ods & ! aims ( w> & long = 
its t]m9ation4 ,to be sure1 we us$ to   
say t w>s _c cease z long z nations live
 "u su* v>i$ conditions1 z long z !y    
place su* diff]5t values ^u ! individual
 life1 & z long z ! animosities :i*     
divide !m repres5t su* p[]ful psy*ic    
=ces4 ,we 7 !re=e q ready to believe t =
 "s "t to come !re w\ld be w>s betwe5   
primitive & civiliz$ nations & betwe5 ^?
 divid$ by color1 z well z ) & among !  
p>tly enlight5$ & m or less civiliz$    
peoples ( ,europe4 ,b we d>$ to hope    
diff]5tly4 ,we expect$ t ! great rul+   
nations ( ! :ite race1 ! lead]s (       
mank9d1 :o _h cultivat$ _w wide int]e/s1
 & to :om we owe ! te*nical progress 9 !
 control ( nature z well z ! creation ( 

arti/ic & sci5tific cultural /&>ds--we  
expect$ t ^! nations w\ld f9d "s o!r way
 ( settl+ _! diff]5ces & conflict+      
int]e/s4  ,ea* ( ^! nations _h set a    
high moral /&>d to :i* ! individual _h  
to con=m if he wi%$ to be a memb] ( !   
civiliz$ community4  ,^! frequ5tly ov]  
/rict precepts dem&$ a great deal ( him1
 a great self-re/ra9t & a m>k$          
r5unciation ( 8 impulses4 ,above all he 
0 =bidd5 to resort to ly+ & *eat+1 :i*  
are s extraord9>ily useful 9 competition
 ) o!rs4 ,! civiliz$ /ate consid]$ ^!   
moral /&>ds ! f\ndation ( its exi/5ce1 x
 dra/ically int]f]$ if anyone d>$ to "q 
!m & (t5 decl>$ x improp] ev5 to submit 
!m to ! te/ ( intellectual criticism4 ,x
 0 !re=e assum$ t ! /ate itself w\ld    
respect !m & w\ld d no?+ t might        
contradict ! f\ndations ( its own       
exi/5ce4 ,to be sure1 "o 0 aw>e t       
scatt]$ among ^! civiliz$ nations !re 7 
c]ta9 remnants ( races t 7 q univ]sally 
dislik$1 & 7 !re=e reluctantly & only to
 a c]ta9 ext5t p]mitt$ to p>ticipate 9 !

 common "w ( civilization :]e !y _h     
prov$ !mselves suffici5tly fit = ! task4
 ,b ! great nations !mselves1 "o %\ld h 
?\ght1 _h acquir$ suffici5t und]/&+ = ! 
qualities !y _h 9 common & en\gh        
tol]ance = _! diff]5ces s t1 unlike 9 ! 
days ( classical antiquity1 ! words     
=eign & ho/ile %\ld no long] be         
synonyms4  ,tru/+ to ?is unity (        
civiliz$ races c\ntless p left he>? &   
home to live 9 /range l&s & tru/$ _!    
=tunes to ! fri5dly relations exi/+     
betwe5 ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,& ev5 he :o 0 
n ti$ d[n to ! same spot by ! exig5cies 
( life c\ld comb9e all ! advantages &   
*>ms ( civiliz$ c\ntries into a new] &  
great] fa!rl& :i* he c\ld enjoy )\t     
h9drance or suspicion4 ,he ?us took     
delight 9 ! blue & ! grey ocean1 !      
beauty ( sn[ clad m\nta9s & ( ! gre5    
l[l&s1 ! magic ( ! nor? woods & ! gr&eur
 ( s\!rn vegetation1 ! atmosph]e (      
l&scapes ^u :i* great hi/orical memories
 re/1 & ! peace ( unt\*$ nature4 ,! new 
fa!rl& 0 to him also a museum1 fill$ ) !

 treasure t all ! arti/s ( ! _w = _m    
c5turies _h creat$ & left beh9d4 ,:ile  
he w&]$ f "o hall to ano!r 9 ?is museum 
he c\ld give 8 imp>tial appreciation to 
! v>i$ types ( p]fection t _h be5       
develop$ among 8 di/ant compatriots by !
 mixture ( blood1 by hi/ory1 & by !     
peculi>ities ( physical environm5t4 ,"h 
cool1 inflexible en]gy 0 develop$ to !  
highe/ degree1 !re ! graceful art (     
beautify+ life1 else:]e ! s5se ( law &  
ord]1 or o!r qualities t h made man ma/]
 ( ! e>?4  ,we mu/ n =get t e civiliz$  
citiz5 ( ! _w _h creat$ 8 own special   
,p>nassus & 8 own ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,among
 ! great philosoph]s1 poets1 & arti/s ( 
all nations he _h select$ ^? to :om he  
consid]$ himself indebt$ = ! be/        
enjoym5t & und]/&+ ( life1 & he         
associat$ !m 9 8 homage bo? ) ! immortal
 anci5ts & ) ! famili> ma/]s ( 8 own    
tongue4 ,n "o ( ^! great figures seem$  
ali5 to him j because he spoke 9 a      
diff]5t language2 be x ! incomp>able    
explor] ( human passions or ! intoxicat$

 wor%ip] ( beauty1 ! mighty & ?reat5+   
se] or ! s5sitive sc(f]1 & yet he nev]  
reproa*$ himself ) hav+ become an       
apo/ate to 8 own nation & 8 belov$ "m   
tongue4  ,! enjoym5t ( ?is common       
civilization 0 occasionally di/urb$ by  
voices :i* w>n$ t 9 consequ5ce (        
traditional diff]5ces w>s 7 unavoidable 
ev5 betwe5 ^? :o %>$ ?is civilization4  
,"o did n want to believe ?is1 b :at did
 "o imag9e su* a w> to be l if x %\ld   
ev] come ab\t8 ,no d\bt x 0 to be an    
opportunity to %[ ! progress 9 man's    
community feel+ s9ce ! days :5 ! ,greek 
amphictyonies _h =bidd5 ! de/ruction ( a
 city belong+ to ! league1 ! fell+ ( h] 
oil trees & ! cutt+ (f ( h] wat] supply4
 ,x w\ld be a *ivalr\s b\t ( arms = !   
sole purpose ( e/abli%+ ! sup]iority (  
"o side or ! o!r ) ! greate/ possible   
avoidance ( sev]e suff]+ :i* c\ld       
contribute no?+ to ! decision1 )        
complete protection = ! w\nd$1 :o mu/   
)draw f ! battle1 & = ! physicians &    
nurses :o devote !mselves to _! c>e4 ,) 

e consid]ation1 ( c\rse1 =              
noncombatants1 = ! wom5 :o are remov$ f 
! activities ( w>1 & = ! *ildr5 :o1 :5  
gr[n up1 are to become fri5ds &         
co-work]s on bo? sides4 ,& ) !          
ma9t5ance1 f9ally1 ( all ! int]national 
projects & in/itutions 9 :i* ! civiliz$ 
community ( peace times _h express$ its 
corporate life4  ,su* a w> w\ld /ill be 
horrible en\gh & full ( burd5s1 b x w\ld
 n h int]rupt$ ! developm5t ( e?ical    
relations betwe5 ! l>ge human units1    
betwe5 nations & /ates4 ,b ! w> 9 :i* we
 did n want to believe broke out &      
br\ght--disappo9tm5t4 ,x is n only      
bloodi] & m de/ructive ?an any =ego+ w>1
 z a result ( ! trem5d\s developm5t (   
weapons ( attack & def5se1 b x is at    
lea/ z cruel1 bitt]1 & m]ciless z any   
e>li] w>4 ,x places itself above all !  
re/rictions pl$g$ 9 times ( peace1 !    
s-call$ rights ( nations1 x does n      
ackn[l$ge ! pr]ogatives ( ! w\nd$ & (   
physicians1 ! di/9ction betwe5 peaceful 
& fight+ memb]s ( ! population1 or !    

claims ( private prop]ty4 ,x hurls d[n 9
 bl9d rage :atev] b>s its way1 z ?\gh   
!re 7 to be no future & no peace aft] x 
is ov]4 ,x te>s asund] all community    
bonds among ! /ruggl+ peoples & ?reat5s 
to leave a bitt]ness :i* w make         
impossible any re-e/abli%m5t ( ^! ties =
 a long "t to come4  ,x has also br\ght 
to light ! b>ely conceivable ph5om5on ( 
civiliz$ nations kn[+ & und]/&+ ea* o!r 
s little t "o c turn f ! o!r ) hate &   
loa?+4 ,inde$ "o ( ^! great civiliz$    
nations has become s univ]sally dislik$ 
t x is ev5 attempt$ to ca/ x out f !    
civiliz$ community z ?\gh x 7 b>b>ic1   
al?\gh ?is v nation has long prov$ its  
eligibility ?r\gh contribution aft]     
contribution ( brilliant a*ievem5ts4 ,we
 live 9 ! hope t imp>tial hi/ory w      
furni% ! pro( t ?is v nation1 9 ^:      
language ,i am writ+ & = ^: victory our 
de> ones are fight+1 has s9n$ lea/ aga9/
 ! laws ( human civilization4 ,b :o is  
privileg$ to /ep =w>d at su* a "t z     
judge 9 8 own def5se8  ,races are r\ghly

 repres5t$ by ! /ates !y =m & ^! /ates  
by ! gov]nm5ts :i* guide !m4 ,!         
individual citiz5 c prove ) dismay 9 ?is
 w> :at occasionally ?ru/ itself ^u him 
already 9 times ( peace1 namely1 t !    
/ate =bids him to d wrong n because x   
wi%es to d away ) wrongdo+ b because x  
wi%es to monopolize x1 l salt & tobacco4
 ,a /ate at w> makes free use ( e       
inju/ice1 e act ( viol5ce1 t w\ld       
di%onor ! individual4 ,x employs n only 
p]missible cunn+ b consci\s lies &      
int5tional deception aga9/ ! enemy1 &   
?is to a degree :i* app>5tly outdoes :at
 0 cu/om>y 9 previ\s w>s4 ,! /ate dem&s 
! utmo/ ob$i5ce & sacrifice ( its       
citiz5s1 b at ! same "t x treats !m z   
*ildr5 ?r\gh an excess ( secrecy & a    
c5sor%ip ( news & expression ( op9ion   
:i* r5d] ! m9ds ( ^? :o are ?us         
intellectually repress$ def5seless aga9/
 e unfavorable situation & e wild rumor4
 ,x absolves itself f gu>antees &       
treaties by :i* x 0 b\nd to o!r /ates1  
makes unaba%$ confession ( its gre$ &   

aspiration to p[]1 :i* ! individual is  
!n suppos$ to sanction out ( patriotism4
  ,let ! read] n object t ! /ate _c     
ab/a9 f ! use ( inju/ice because x w\ld 
!reby put itself at a disadvantage4 ,= !
 individual1 too1 ob$i5ce to moral /&>ds
 & ab/95ce f brutal acts ( viol5ce are z
 a rule v disadvantage\s1 & ! /ate b    
r>ely proves itself capable ( indemnify+
 ! individual = ! sacrifice x dem&s (   
him4 ,nor is x to be wond]$ at t !      
loos5+ ( moral ties betwe5 ! l>ge human 
units has _h a pron\nc$ effect ^u !     
morality ( ! individual1 = our consci5ce
 is n ! inexorable judge t tea*]s (     
e?ics say x is2 x has its orig9 9 no?+ b
 social fe>4 ,:]ev] ! community susp5ds 
its reproa* ! suppression ( evil desire 
also ceases1 & m5 commit acts ( cruelty1
 trea*]y1 deception1 & brutality1 ! v   
possibility ( :i* w\ld h be5 consid]$   
incompatible ) _! level ( culture4  ,?us
 ! civiliz$ _w-citiz5 ( :om ,i spoke    
be=e may f9d himself helpless 9 a _w t  
has gr[n /range to him :5 he sees 8     

great fa!rl& dis9tegrat$1 ! possessions 
common to mank9d de/roy$1 & 8 fell[     
citiz5s divid$ & debas$4  ,nev]!less    
sev]al ?+s might be said 9 criticism ( 8
 disappo9tm5t4 ,/rictly speak+ x is n   
ju/ifi$1 = x consi/s 9 ! de/ruction ( an
 illusion4 ,illusions comm5d !mselves to
 u because !y save u pa9 & all[ u to    
enjoy pleasure in/ead4 ,we mu/ !re=e    
accept x )\t compla9t :5 !y sometimes   
collide ) a bit ( reality aga9/ :i* !y  
are da%$ to pieces4  ,two ?+s h r\s$ our
 disappo9tm5t 9 ?is w>3 ! feeble        
morality ( /ates 9 _! ext]nal relations 
:i* h inw>dly act$ z gu>dians ( moral   
/&>ds1 & ! brutal behavior ( individuals
 ( ! highe/ culture ( :om "o w\ld n h   
believ$ any su* ?+ possible4  ,let u    
beg9 ) ! second po9t & try to sum up !  
view :i* we wi% to criticise 9 a s+le   
compact /atem5t4 ,?r\gh :at process does
 ! individual rea* a high] /age (       
morality8 ,! fir/ answ] w probably be3  
,he is really good & noble f bir?1 9 !  
fir/ place4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to give

 ?is any fur!r consid]ation4 ,! second  
answ] w foll[ ! sugge/ion t a process ( 
developm5t is involv$ "h & w probably   
assume t ?is developm5t consi/s 9       
eradicat+ ! evil incl9ations ( man &    
sub/itut+ good incl9ations "u ! influ5ce
 ( education & cultural environm5t4 ,9 t
 case we may inde$ wond] t evil %\ld    
appe> aga9 s actively 9 p]sons :o h be5 
educat$ 9 ?is way4  ,b ?is answ] also   
conta9s ! !ory :i* we wi% to contradict4
 ,9 reality !re is no su* ?+ z eradicat+
 evil4 ,psy*ological1 or /rictly speak+1
 psy*oanalytic inve/igation proves1 on !
 contr>y1 t ! deepe/ "* ( man consi/s ( 
impulses ( an elem5tal k9d :i* are      
simil> 9 all human be+s1 ! aim ( :i* is 
! gratification ( c]ta9 primitive ne$s4 
,^! impulses are 9 !mselves nei!r good  
or evil4 ,we classify !m & _!           
manife/ations accord+ to _! relation to 
! ne$s & dem&s ( ! human community4 ,x  
is conc$$ t all ! impulses :i* society  
rejects z evil1 su* z selfi%ness &      
cruelty1 are ( ?is primitive nature4    

,^! primitive impulses g ?r\gh a long   
process ( developm5t be=e !y c become   
active 9 ! adult4 ,!y become inhibit$ & 
div]t$ to o!r aims & fields1 !y unite ) 
ea* o!r1 *ange _! objects & 9 "p turn   
aga9/ "o's own p]son4 ,! =mation (      
reactions aga9/ c]ta9 impulses give !   
deceptive appe>ance ( a *ange ( cont5t1 
z if egotism _h become altruism &       
cruelty _h *ang$ into sympa?y4 ,!       
=mation ( ^! reactions is favor$ by !   
fact t _m impulses appe> almo/ f !      
beg9n+ 9 contra/+ pairs2 ?is is a       
rem>kable /ate ( affairs call$ !        
ambival5ce ( feel+ & is q unkn[n to !   
layman4 ,?is feel+ is be/ obs]v$ &      
grasp$ ?r\gh ! fact t int5se love &     
int5se hate occur s frequ5tly 9 ! same  
p]son4 ,psy*oanalysis goes fur!r & /ates
 t ! two contra/+ feel+s n infrequ5tly  
take ! same p]son z _! object4  ,:at we 
call ! "* ( a p]son does n really em]ge 
until ! fate ( all ^! impulses has be5  
settl$1 & "*1 z we all "k1 is v         
inadequately def9$ 9 t]ms ( ei!r good or

 evil4 ,man is seldom entirely good or  
evil1 he is good on ! :ole 9 "o respect 
& evil 9 ano!r1 or good "u c]ta9        
conditions1 & decid$ly evil "u o!rs4 ,x 
is int]e/+ to le>n t ! e>li] infantile  
exi/5ce ( int5se bad impulses is (t5 !  
necess>y condition ( be+ good 9 lat]    
life4 ,! mo/ pron\nc$ *ildi% egoti/s may
 become ! mo/ helpful & self-sacrific+  
citiz5s2 ! majority ( ideali/s1         
humanit>ians1 & protectors ( animals h  
develop$ f little sadi/s & animal       
torm5tors4  ,! trans=mation ( evil      
impulses is ! result ( two factors      
op]at+ 9 ! same s5se1 "o inw>dly & ! o!r
 outw>dly4 ,! inn] factor consi/s 9     
influ5c+ ! evil or selfi% impulses ?r\gh
 erotic elem5ts1 ! love ne$s ( man      
int]pret$ 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,! addition ( 
erotic compon5ts trans=ms selfi%        
impulses into social impulses4 ,we le>n 
to value be+ lov$ z an advantage = !    
sake ( :i* we c r5\nce o!r advantages4  
,! out] factor is ! =ce ( education :i* 
repres5ts ! dem&s ( ! civiliz$          

environm5t & :i* is !n cont9u$ ?r\gh !  
direct influ5ce ( ! cultural milieu4    
,civilization is bas$ ^u ! r5unciation (
 impulse gratification & 9 turn dem&s ! 
same r5unciation ( impulses f e newcom]4
 ,dur+ ! individual's life a con/ant    
*ange takes place f out] to inn]        
compulsion4 ,! influ5ces ( civilization 
"w ?r\gh ! erotic compon5ts to br+ ab\t 
! trans=mation ( m & m ( ! selfi%       
t5d5cies into altrui/ic & social        
t5d5cies4 ,we may inde$ assume t ! inn] 
compulsion :i* makes itself felt 9 !    
developm5t ( man 0 orig9ally1 t is1 9 ! 
hi/ory ( mank9d1 a purely ext]nal       
compulsion4 ,today p br+ along a c]ta9  
t5d5cy 7disposition7 to trans=m !       
egoti/ic into social impulses z a "p (  
_! h]$it>y organization1 :i* !n responds
 to fur!r slight inc5tives to complete !
 trans=mation4 ,a "p ( ?is trans=mation 
( impulse mu/ also be made dur+ life4 ,9
 ?is way ! individual man is n only "u !
 influ5ce ( 8 own contempor>y cultural  
milieu b is also subject to ! influ5ces 

( 8 ance/ral civilization4  ,if we call 
a p]son's individual capacity = trans=m+
 8 egoti/ical impulses "u ! influ5ce (  
love 8 cultural adaptability1 we c say t
 ?is consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o cong5ital & 
! o!r acquir$1 & we may add t ! relation
 ( ^! two to ea* o!r & to ! untrans=m$  
"p ( ! emotional life is a v v>iable "o4
  ,9 g5]al we are incl9$ to rate !      
cong5ital "p too highly1 & are also 9   
dang] ( ov]-valu+ ! :ole cultural       
adaptability 9 its relation to t "p ( ! 
impulse life :i* has rema9$ primitive1 t
 is1 we are misl$ into judg+ p to be    
bett] ?an !y really are4 ,= !re is ano!r
 factor :i* cl\ds our judgm5t &         
falsifies ! result 9 favor ( :at we are 
judg+4  ,we are ( c\rse 9 no position to
 obs]ve ! impulses ( ano!r p]son4 ,we   
d$uce !m f 8 actions & 8 conduct1 :i* we
 trace back to motives spr++ f 8        
emotional life4 ,9 a numb] ( cases su* a
 conclusion is necess>ily incorrect4 ,! 
same actions :i* are good 9 ! civiliz$  
s5se may sometimes orig9ate 9 noble     

motives & sometimes n4 ,/ud5ts ( ! !ory 
( e?ics call only ^? acts good :i* are !
 expression ( good impulses & refuse to 
ackn[l$ge o!rs z su*4 ,b society is on !
 :ole guid$ by practical aims & does n  
bo!r ab\t ?is di/9ction2 x is satisfi$  
if a man adapts 8 conduct & 8 actions to
 ! precepts ( civilization & asks little
 ab\t 8 motives4  ,we h he>d t ! out]   
compulsion :i* education & environm5t   
ex]cise ^u a man br+s ab\t a fur!r      
trans=mation ( 8 impulse life = ! good1 
! *ange f egotism to altruism4 ,b ?is is
 n ! necess>y or regul> effect ( ! out] 
compulsion4 ,education & environm5t h n 
only love premiums to (f] b "w ) pr(it  
premiums ( ano!r sort1 namely rew>ds &  
puni%m5ts4 ,!y c !re=e br+ x ab\t t a   
p]son subject to _! influ5ce decides 9  
favor ( good conduct 9 ! civiliz$ s5se  
)\t any ennobl+ ( impulse or *ange f    
egoti/ic into altrui/ic incl9ations4 ,on
 ! :ole ! consequ5ce rema9s ! same2 only
 special circum/ances w reveal :e!r ! "o
 p]son is always good because 8 impulses

 compel him to be s :ile ano!r p]son is 
good only 9 s f> z ?is civiliz$ behavior
 is ( advantage to 8 selfi% purposes4 ,b
 our sup]ficial k ( ! individual gives u
 no means ( di/+ui%+ ! two cases1 & we  
%all c]ta9ly be misl$ by our optimism   
into greatly ov]-e/imat+ ! numb] ( p :o 
h be5 trans=m$ by civilization4         
,civiliz$ society1 :i* dem&s good       
conduct & does n bo!r ab\t ! impulse on 
:i* x is bas$1 has ?us won ov] a great  
_m p to civiliz$ ob$i5ce :o d n !reby   
foll[ _! own natures4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is  
success1 society has p]mitt$ itself to  
be misl$ into putt+ ! e?ical dem&s z    
high z possible1 !reby =c+ its memb]s to
 move /ill fur!r f _! emotional         
dispositions4 ,a cont9ual emotional     
suppression is impos$ ^u !m1 ! /ra9 (   
:i* is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! mo/  
rem>kable reactions & comp5sations4  ,9 
! field ( sexuality1 :]e su* suppression
 is mo/ difficult to c>ry out1 x results
 9 reactions kn[n z neurotic ailm5ts4 ,9
 o!r fields ! pressure ( civilization   

%[s no pa?ological results b manife/s   
itself 9 di/ort$ *>act]s & 9 ! con/ant  
read9ess ( ! inhibit$ impulses to en=ce 
_! gratification at any fitt+           
opportunity4  ,anyone ?us =c$ to react  
cont9ually to precepts t are n !        
expressions ( 8 impulses lives1         
psy*ologically speak+1 above 8 means1 & 
may be objectively describ$ z a         
hypocrite1 :e!r he is cle>ly consci\s ( 
?is diff]5ce or n4 ,x is und5iable t our
 contempor>y civilization favors ?is    
sort ( hypocrisy to an extraord9>y      
ext5t4 ,"o might ev5 v5ture to ass]t t x
 is built ^u su* a hypocrisy & w\ld h to
 und]go ext5sive *anges if man 7 to     
und]take to live accord+ to !           
psy*ological tru?4 ,!re are !re=e m     
civiliz$ hypocrites ?an truly cultur$   
p]sons1 & "o c ev5 discuss ! "q :e!r a  
c]ta9 am\nt ( civiliz$ hypocrisy is n   
indisp5sable to ma9ta9 civilization     
because ! already organiz$ cultural     
adaptability ( ! man ( today w\ld p]haps
 n suffice = ! task ( liv+ accord+ to ! 

tru?4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ma9t5ance (        
civilization ev5 on su* que/ionable     
gr\nds (f]s ! prospect t ) e new        
g5]ation a m ext5sive trans=mation (    
impulses w pave ! way = a bett]         
civilization4  ,^! discussions h already
 af=d$ u ! consolation t our            
mortification & pa9ful disappo9tm5t on  
acc\nt ( ! unciviliz$ behavior ( our    
fell[ _w citiz5s 9 ?is w> 7 n ju/ifi$4  
,!y re/$ ^u an illusion to :i* we _h    
succumb$4 ,9 reality !y h n sunk z      
deeply z we fe>$ because !y nev] really 
rose z high z we _h believ$4 ,! fact t  
/ates & races aboli%$ _! mutual e?ical  
re/rictions n unnaturally incit$ !m to  
)draw = a "t f ! exi/+ pressure (       
civilization & to sanction a pass+      
gratification ( _! suppress$ impulses4  
,9 do+ s _! relative morality )9 _! own 
national life probably suff]$ no        
rupture4  ,b we c /ill fur!r deep5 our  
und]/&+ ( ! *ange :i* ?is w> has br\ght 
ab\t 9 our =m] compatriots & at ! same  
"t take w>n+ n to be unju/ to !m4 ,=    

psy*ic evolution %[s a peculi>ity :i* is
 n f\nd 9 any o!r process ( developm5t4 
,:5 a t[n becomes a city or a *ild gr[s 
into a man1 t[n & *ild disappe> 9 ! city
 & 9 ! man4 ,only memory c sket* 9 ! old
 features 9 ! new picture2 9 reality !  
old mat]ials & =ms h be5 replac$ by new 
ones4 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! case ( psy*ic   
evolution4 ,"o c describe ?is unique    
/ate ( affairs only by say+ t e previ\s 
/age ( developm5t is pres]v$ next to !  
foll[+ "o f :i* x has evolv$2 !         
succession /ipulates a co-exi/5ce al?\gh
 ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! :ole s]ies ( *anges  
has tak5 place rema9s ! same4  ,! e>li] 
psy*ic /ate may n h manife/$ itself =   
ye>s b nev]!less cont9ues to exi/ to !  
ext5t t x may "s day aga9 become ! =m 9 
:i* psy*ic =ces express !mselves1 9 fact
 ! only =m1 z ?\gh all subsequ5t        
developm5ts _h be5 annull$ & made       
regressive4 ,?is extraord9>y pla/icity (
 psy*ic developm5t is n )\t limits z to 
its direction2 "o c describe x z a      
special capacity = retrograde action or 

regression1 = x sometimes happ5s t a    
lat] & high] /age ( developm5t t has be5
 ab&on$ _c be atta9$ aga94 ,b !         
primitive conditions c always be        
recon/ruct$2 ! primitive psy*e is 9 !   
/ricte/ s5se inde/ructible4  ,! s-call$ 
m5tal diseases mu/ make ! impression on 
! layman ( m5tal & psy*ic life fall5    
into decay4 ,9 reality ! de/ruction     
conc]ns only lat] acquisitions &        
developm5ts4 ,! nature ( m5tal diseases 
consi/s 9 ! return to =m] /ates ( !     
affective life & function4 ,an excell5t 
example ( ! pla/icity ( ! psy*ic life is
 ! /ate ( sleep1 :i* we all c\rt e      
night4  ,s9ce we "k h[ to int]pret ev5 !
 madde/ & mo/ confus$ dreams1 we "k t e 
"t we g to sleep we ?r[ aside our h>d   
won morality l a g>m5t 9 ord] to put x  
on aga9 9 ! morn+4 ,?is lay+ b>e is1 (  
c\rse1 h>mless1 because we are p>alyz$ &
 condemn$ to inactivity by ! sleep+     
/ate4  ,only ! dream c in=m u ( !       
regression ( our emotional life to an   
e>li] /age ( developm5t4 ,?us1 =        

in/ance1 x is wor?y ( note t all our    
dreams are gov]n$ by purely egoti/ic    
motives4 ,"o ( my ,engli% fri5ds once   
pres5t$ ?is !ory to a sci5tific meet+ 9 
,am]ica1 :]eupon a lady pres5t made !   
rem>k t ?is might p]haps be true (      
,au/rians1 b %e v5tur$ to ass]t = h]self
 & h] fri5ds t ev5 9 dreams !y always   
felt altrui/ically4 ,my fri5d1 al?\gh   
himself a memb] ( ! ,engli% race1 0     
oblig$ to contradict ! lady en]getically
 on ! basis ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 dream        
analysis4 ,! noble ,am]icans are j z    
egoti/ic 9 _! dreams z ! ,au/rians4  ,! 
trans=mation ( impulses ^u :i* our      
cultural adaptability re/s c !re=e also 
be p]man5tly or tempor>ily made         
regressive4 ,)\t d\bt ! influ5ces ( w>  
belong to ^? =ces :i* c create su*      
regressions2 we !re=e ne$ n d5y cultural
 adaptibility to all ^? :o at pres5t are
 act+ 9 su* an unciviliz$ mann]1 & may  
expect t ! ref9em5t ( _! impulses w     
cont9ue 9 m peaceful times4  ,b !re is  
p]haps ano!r symptom ( our fell[ citiz5s

 ( ! _w :i* has caus$ u no less surprise
 & fe> ?an ?is desc5t f =m] e?ical      
heights :i* has be5 s pa9ful to u4 ,i   
mean ! lack ( insight t our greate/     
intellectual lead]s h %[n1 _! obduracy1 
_! inaccessibility to ! mo/ impressive  
argum5ts1 _! uncritical cr$ulity conc]n+
 ! mo/ conte/able ass]tions4 ,?is       
c]ta9ly pres5ts a sad picture1 & ,i wi% 
expressly to emphasize t ,i am by no    
means a bl9d$ p>tisan :o f9ds all !     
intellectual mi/akes on "o side4 ,b ?is 
ph5om5on is m easily expla9$ & f> less  
s]i\s ?an ! "o :i* we h j consid]$4     
,/ud5ts ( human nature & philosoph]s h  
long ago taught u t we d wrong to value 
our intellig5ce z an indep5d5t =ce & to 
ov]look its dep5d5ce ^u our emotional   
life4 ,accord+ to _! view our intellect 
c "w reliably only :5 x is remov$ f !   
influ5ce ( p[]ful incitem5ts2 o!rwise x 
acts simply z an in/rum5t at ! beck &   
call ( our w & deliv]s ! results :i* ! w
 dem&s4 ,logical argum5tation is !re=e  
p[]less aga9/ affective int]e/s2 t is :y

 argu+ ) reasons :i*1 accord+ to        
,fal/aff1 are z common z blackb]ries1   
are s fruitless :]e our int]e/s are     
conc]n$4 ,:5ev] possible psy*oanalytic  
exp]i5ce has driv5 home ?is ass]tion4 ,x
 is 9 a position to prove e day t !     
clev]e/ p sudd5ly behave z un9tellig5tly
 z defectives z soon z _! und]/&+       
enc\nt]s emotional resi/ance1 b t !y    
rega9 _! intellig5ce completely z soon z
 ?is resi/ance has be5 ov]come4 ,?is    
bl9dness to logic :i* ?is w> has s      
frequ5tly conjur$ up 9 j our be/ fell[  
citiz5s1 is !re=e a second>y ph5om5on1 !
 result ( emotional excitem5t & de/9$1  
we hope1 to disappe> simultane\sly ) x4 
,if we h ?us come to a fre% und]/&+ (   
our e/rang$ fell[ citiz5s we c m easily 
be> ! disappo9tm5t :i* nations h caus$  
u1 = ( !m we mu/ only make dem&s ( a f> 
m mode/ nature4 ,!y are p]haps repeat+ !
 developm5t ( ! individual & at ! pres5t
 day /ill exhibit v primitive /ages (   
developm5t ) a correspond+ly sl[        
progress t[>ds ! =mation ( high]        

unities4 ,x is 9 keep+ ) ?is t !        
educational factor ( an out] compulsion 
to morality1 :i* we f\nd s active 9 !   
individual1 is b>ely p]ceptible 9 !m4   
,we _h inde$ hop$ t ! wond]ful community
 ( int]e/s e/abli%$ by int]c\rse & !    
ex*ange ( products w\ld result 9 !      
beg9n+ ( su* a compulsion1 b x seems t  
nations obey _! passions ( ! mom5t f> m 
?an _! int]e/s4 ,at mo/ !y make use ( _!
 int]e/s to ju/ify ! gratification ( _! 
passions4  ,x is inde$ a my/]y :y !     
individual memb]s ( nations %\ld disda91
 hate1 & abhor ea* o!r at all1 ev5 9    
times ( peace4 ,i d n "k :y x is4 ,x    
seems z if all ! moral a*ievem5ts ( !   
individual 7 oblit]at$ 9 ! case ( a l>ge
 numb] ( p1 n to m5tion millions1 until 
only ! mo/ primitive1 olde/1 & mo/      
brutal psy*ic inhibitions rema9$4       
,p]haps only lat] developm5ts w succe$ 9
 *ang+ ^! lam5table conditions4 ,b a    
little m tru?fulness & /raight=w>d deal+
 on all sides1 bo? 9 ! relation ( p     
t[>ds ea* o!r & betwe5 !mselves & ^? :o 

gov]n !m1 might smoo? ! way = su* a     
*ange4     ,,ii  ,,our ,,attitude       
,,t[>ds ,,dea?   ,x rema9s = u to       
consid] ! second factor ( :i* ,i h      
already spok5 :i* acc\nts = our feel+ ( 
/rang5ess 9 a _w :i* us$ to seem s      
beautiful & famili> to u4 ,i ref] to !  
di/urbance 9 our =m] attitude t[>ds     
dea?4  ,our attitude _h n be5 a s9c]e   
"o4 ,to li/5 to u we 71 ( c\rse1 prep>$ 
to ma9ta9 t dea? is ! necess>y t]m9ation
 ( life1 t ev]yone ( u owes nature 8    
dea? & mu/ be prep>$ to pay 8 debt1 9   
%ort1 t dea? 0 natural1 und5iable1 &    
inevitable4 ,9 practice we 7 accu/om$ to
 act z if matt]s 7 q diff]5t4 ,we h %[n 
an unmi/akable t5d5cy to put dea? aside1
 to elim9ate x f life4 ,we attempt$ to  
hu% x up1 9 fact1 we h ! prov]b3 to ?9k 
( some?+ z ( dea?4 ,( c\rse we meant our
 own dea?4 ,we _c1 inde$1 imag9e our own
 dea?2 :5ev] we try to d s we f9d t we  
survive ourselves z spectators4 ,! s*ool
 ( psy*oanalysis c\ld ?us ass]t t at    
bottom no "o believes 9 8 own dea?1 :i* 

am\nts to say+3 9 ! unconsci\s e "o ( u 
is conv9c$ ( 8 immortality4  ,z f> z !  
dea? ( ano!r p]son is conc]n$ e man (   
culture w /udi\sly avoid m5tion+ ?is    
possibility 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p]son 9 "q4 
,only *ildr5 ignore ?is re/ra9t2 !y     
boldly ?reat5 ea* o!r ) ! possibility ( 
dea?1 & are q capable ( giv+ expression 
to ! ?\ght ( dea? 9 relation to ! p]sons
 !y love1 z1 = in/ance3 ,de> ,mama1 :5  
un=tunately1 y are dead1 ,i %all d s &  
s4 ,! civiliz$ adult also likes to avoid
 ent]ta9+ ! ?\ght ( ano!r's dea? le/ he 
seem h>% or unk9d1 unless 8 pr(ession z 
a physician or a lawy] br+s up ! "q4    
,lea/ ( all w\ld he p]mit himself to ?9k
 ( somebody's dea? if ?is ev5t is       
connect$ ) a ga9 ( fre$om1 weal?1 or    
position4 ,dea? is1 ( c\rse1 n def]r$   
?r\gh our s5sitiv5ess on ! subject1 & :5
 x occurs we are always deeply affect$1 
z if our expectations _h be5 %att]$4 ,we
 regul>ly lay /ress ^u ! unexpect$      
causes ( dea?1 we speak ( ! accid5t1 !  
infection1 or advanc$ age1 & ?us betray 

our endeavor to debase dea? f a         
necessity to an accid5t4 ,a l>ge numb] (
 dea?s seems unspeakably dreadful to u4 
,we assume a special attitude t[>ds !   
dead1 some?+ almo/ l admiration = "o :o 
has accompli%$ a v difficult feat4 ,we  
susp5d criticism ( him1 ov]look+ :atev] 
wrongs he may h done1 & issue ! comm&1  
de mortuis nil nisi b5e3 we act z if we 
7 ju/ifi$ 9 s++ 8 praises at ! fun]al   
oration1 & inscribe only :at is to 8    
advantage on ! tomb/one4 ,?is           
consid]ation = ! dead1 :i* he really no 
long] ne$s1 is m important to u ?an !   
tru? & to mo/ ( u1 c]ta9ly1 x is m      
important ?an consid]ation = ! liv+4    
,?is conv5tional attitude ( civiliz$ p  
t[>ds dea? is made /ill m /rik+ by our  
complete collapse at ! dea? ( a p]son   
closely relat$ to u1 su* z a p>5t1 a    
wife or husb&1 a bro!r or si/]1 a *ild  
or a de> fri5d4 ,we bury our hopes1 our 
wi%es1 & our desires ) ! dead1 we are   
inconsolable & refuse to replace our    
loss4 ,we act 9 ?is case z if we belong$

 to ! tribe ( ! ,asra :o also die :5 ^? 
:om !y love p]i%4#a  ,b ?is attitude (  
ours t[>ds dea? ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce 
^u our lives4 ,life becomes impov]i%$ & 
loses its int]e/ :5 life itself1 !      
highe/ /ake 9 ! game ( liv+1 mu/ n be   
risk$4 ,x becomes z holl[ & empty z an  
,am]ican flirtation 9 :i* x is und]/ood 
f ! beg9n+ t no?+ is to happ51 9 contra/
 to a cont95tal love affair 9 :i* bo?   
p>tn]s mu/ always be> 9 m9d ! s]i\s     
consequ5ces4 ,our emotional ties1 !     
unbe>able int5sity ( our grief1 make u  
dis9cl9$ to c\rt dang]s = ourselves & ^?
 belong+ to u4 ,we d n d>e to           
contemplate a numb] ( und]tak+s t are   
dang]\s b really indisp5sable1 su* z    
a]oplane flights1 exp$itions to di/ant  
c\ntries1 & exp]im5ts ) explosive       
sub/ances4 ,we are p>alyz$ by ! ?\ght ( 
:o is to replace ! son to 8 "m1 ! husb& 
to 8 wife1 or ! fa!r to 8 *ildr51 %\ld  
an accid5t occur4 ,a numb] ( o!r        
r5unciations & exclusions result f ?is  
t5d5cy to rule out dea? f ! calculations

 ( life4 ,& yet ! motto ( ! ,hanseatic  
,league said3 ,navig>e necesse e/1 viv]e
 non necesse3 ,x is necess>y to sail !  
seas1 b n to live4  ,x is !re=e         
inevitable t we %\ld seek comp5sation = 
! loss ( life 9 ! _w ( fiction1 9       
lit]ature1 & 9 ! !at]4 ,!re we /ill f9d 
p :o "k h[ to die1 :o are ev5 q capable 
( kill+ o!rs4 ,!re alone ! condition =  
reconcil+ ourselves to dea? is fulfill$1
 namely1 if b5ea? all ! vicissitudes (  
life a p]man5t life /ill rema9s to u4 ,x
 is really too sad t x may happ5 9 life 
z 9 *ess1 :]e a false move c =ce u to   
lose ! game1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t we _c  
beg9 a return mat*4 ,9 ! realm ( fiction
 we f9d ! _m lives 9 "o = :i* we crave4 
,we die 9 id5tification ) a c]ta9 h]o & 
yet we outlive him &1 q unh>m$1 are     
prep>$ to die aga9 ) ! next h]o4  ,x is 
obvi\s t ! w> mu/ bru% aside ?is        
conv5tional treatm5t ( dea?4 ,dea? is no
 long] to be d5i$2 we are compell$ to   
believe 9 x4 ,p really die & no long] "o
 by "o1 b 9 l>ge numb]s1 (t5 t5 ?\s& 9  

"o day4 ,x is no long] an accid5t4 ,(   
c\rse1 x /ill seems accid5tal :e!r a    
p>ticul> bullet /rikes ?is man or t b ! 
survivor may easily be /ruck d[n by a   
second bullet1 & ! accumulation ( dea?s 
ends ! impression ( accid5t4 ,life has  
inde$ become int]e/+ aga92 x has once m 
receiv$ its full significance4  ,let u  
make a division "h & sep>ate ^? :o risk 
_! lives 9 battle f ^? :o rema9 at home1
 :]e !y c only expect to lose "o ( _!   
lov$ ones ?r\gh injury1 illness1 or     
infection4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be v int]e/+ 
to /udy ! *anges 9 ! psy*ology ( !      
combatants b ,i "k too little ab\t ?is4 
,we mu/ /ick to ! second gr\p1 to :i* we
 ourselves belong4 ,i h already /at$ t  
,i ?9k ! confusion & p>alysis ( our     
activities f :i* we are suff]+ is       
ess5tially det]m9$ by ! fact t we _c    
reta9 our previ\s attitude t[>ds dea?4  
,p]haps x w help u to direct our        
psy*ological inve/igation to two o!r    
attitudes t[>ds dea?1 "o ( :i* we may   
ascribe to primitive man1 :ile ! o!r is 

/ill pres]v$1 ?\gh invisible to our     
consci\sness1 9 ! deep] lay]s ( our     
psy*ic life4  ,! attitude ( prehi/oric  
man t[>ds dea? is1 ( c\rse1 kn[n to u   
only ?r\gh d$uctions & recon/ructions1 b
 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ^! h giv5 u fairly  
tru/wor?y in=mation4  ,primitive man    
ma9ta9$ a v curi\s attitude t[>ds dea?4 
,x is n at all consi/5t b r             
contradictory4 ,on ! "o h& he took dea? 
v s]i\sly1 recogniz$ x z ! t]m9ation (  
life1 & made use ( x 9 ?is s5se2 b1 on !
 o!r h&1 he also d5i$ dea? & r$uc$ x to 
no?+ness4 ,?is contradiction 0 made     
possible by ! fact t he ma9ta9$ a       
radically diff]5t position 9 reg>d to ! 
dea? ( o!rs1 a /rang] or an enemy1 ?an 9
 reg>d to 8 own4 ,! dea? ( ano!r p]son  
fitt$ 9 ) 8 idea1 x signifi$ !          
annihilation ( ! hat$ "o1 & primitive   
man _h no scruples aga9/ br++ x ab\t4   
,he mu/ h be5 a v passionate be+1 m     
cruel & vici\s ?an o!r animals4 ,he lik$
 to kill & did x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,nor
 ne$ we attribute to him ! in/9ct :i*   

re/ra9s o!r animals f kill+ & dev\r+ _! 
own species4  ,z a matt] ( fact !       
primitive hi/ory ( mank9d is fill$ )    
murd]4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w :i* is /ill     
taught to our *ildr5 is ess5tially a    
s]ies ( race murd]s4 ,! dimly felt s5se 
( guilt "u :i* man has liv$ s9ce ar*aic 
times1 & :i* 9 _m religions has be5     
cond5s$ into ! assumption ( a primal    
guilt1 a h]$it>y s91 is probably !      
expression ( a blood guilt1 ! burd5 (   
:i* primitive man assum$4 ,9 my book    
entitl$ ,totem & ,taboo1 #aiac1 ,i h    
foll[$ ! h9ts ( ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1    
,atk9son1 & ,*>les ,d>w9 9 ! attempt to 
fa?om ! nature ( ?is anci5t guilt1 & am 
( ! op9ion t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( today 
/ill makes x possible = u to "w back to 
its orig94#b  ,if ! ,son ( ,god _h to   
sacrifice 8 life to absolve mank9d f    
orig9al s91 !n1 accord+ to ! law (      
retaliation1 ! return ( l = l1 ?is s9   
mu/ h be5 an act ( kill+1 a murd]4 ,no?+
 else c\ld call = ! sacrifice ( a life 9
 expiation4 ,& if orig9al s9 0 a s9     

aga9/ ! ,god ,fa!r1 ! olde/ s9 ( mank9d 
mu/ h be5 a patricide--! kill+ ( !      
primal fa!r ( ! primitive human horde1  
^: memory picture lat] 0 transfigur$    
into a deity4#c  ,primitive man 0 z     
incapable ( imag9+ & realiz+ 8 own dea? 
z any "o ( u are today4 ,b a case arose 
9 :i* ! two opposite attitudes t[>ds    
dea? cla%$ & came into conflict ) ea*   
o!r1 ) results t are bo? significant &  
f> rea*+4 ,su* a case 0 giv5 :5         
primitive man saw "o ( 8 own relatives  
die1 8 wife1 *ild1 or fri5d1 :om he     
c]ta9ly lov$ z we d ours2 = love _c be  
mu* y\ng] ?an ! lu/ = murd]4 ,9 8 pa9 he
 mu/ h discov]$ t he1 too1 c\ld die1 an 
admission aga9/ :i* 8 :ole be+ mu/ h    
revolt$1 = ev]yone ( ^! lov$ ones 0 a "p
 ( 8 own belov$ self4 ,on ! o!r h& aga91
 e su* dea? 0 satisfactory to him1 = !re
 0 also some?+ =eign 9 ea* "o ( ^!      
p]sons4 ,! law ( emotional ambival5ce1  
:i* today /ill gov]ns our emotional     
relations to ^? :om we love1 c]ta9ly    
obta9$ f> m widely 9 primitive times4 ,!

 belov$ dead _h nev]!less r\s$ "s ho/ile
 feel+s 9 primitive man j because !y _h 
be5 bo? fri5ds & enemies4  ,philosoph]s 
h ma9ta9$ t ! intellectual puzzle :i* ! 
picture ( dea? pres5t$ to primitive man 
=c$ him to reflect & became ! />t+ po9t 
( e speculation4 ,i believe !           
philosoph]s "h ?9k too philosophically1 
!y give too little consid]ation to !    
prim>y effective motive4 ,i %\ld !re=e l
 to correct & limit ! above ass]tion2   
primitive man probably triumph$ at !    
side ( ! corpse ( ! sla9 enemy1 )\t f9d+
 any occasion to puzzle 8 head ab\t !   
riddle ( life & dea?4 ,x 0 n !          
intellectual puzzle or any p>ticul> dea?
 :i* r\s$ ! _s ( inquiry 9 man1 b !     
conflict ( emotions at ! dea? ( belov$ &
 )al =eign & hat$ p]sons4  ,f ?is       
emotional conflict psy*ology arose4 ,man
 c\ld no long] keep dea? away f him1 =  
he _h ta/$ ( x 9 8 grief = ! deceas$1 b 
he did n want to ackn[l$ge x1 s9ce he   
c\ld n imag9e himself dead4 ,he !re=e   
=m$ a compromise & conceal$ 8 own dea? b

 d5i$ x ! significance ( de/roy+ life1 a
 di/9ction = :i* ! dea? ( 8 enemies _h  
giv5 him no motive4 ,he inv5t$ spirits  
dur+ 8 contemplation ( ! corpse ( !     
p]son he lov$1 & 8 consci\sness ( guilt 
ov] ! gratification :i* m+l$ ) 8 grief  
br\ght x ab\t t ^! fir/ creat$ spirits 7
 trans=m$ into evil demons :o 7 to be   
fe>$4 ,! *anges wr\ght by dea? sugge/$  
to him to divide ! individual into body 
& s\l1 at fir/ sev]al s\ls1 & 9 ?is way 
8 tra9 ( ?\ght p>allel$ ! dis9tegration 
process inaugurat$ by dea?4 ,! cont9u$  
remembrance ( ! dead became ! basis ( ! 
assumption ( o!r =ms ( exi/5ce & gave   
him ! idea ( a future life aft] app>5t  
dea?4  ,^! lat] =ms ( exi/5ce 7 at fir/ 
only vaguely associat$ app5dages to ^?  
:om dea? _h cut (f1 & enjoy$ only slight
 e/eem until mu* lat] times2 !y /ill    
betray$ a v meagre k4 ,! reply :i* ! s\l
 ( ,a*illes made to ,odysseus comes to  
our m9d3      ,er/ 9 ! life on ! e>?1 no
 less ?an a god we rev]$ !e1     ,we !  
,a*aeans2 & n[ 9 ! realm ( ! dead z a   

mon>*     ,"h ?\ do/ rule2 !n :y %\ld   
dea? ?us grieve !e1 ,a*illes8     ,?us  
did ,i speak3 =?) !n answ]+ ?us he      
address$ me4     ,speak n smoo?ly (     
dea?1 ,i besee*1 ,o fam\s ,odysseus1    
,bett] by f> to rema9 on ! e>? z ! ?rall
 ( ano!r1     ,e'en ( a portionless man 
t ha? means "r scanty ( liv+1     ,r ?an
 reign sole k+ 9 ! realm ( ! bodiless   
phantoms4                               
,odysseus ,,xi1 v]se #dhd-dia           
,translat$ by ,h4 ,b4 ,cot]ill4  ,he9e  
has r5d]$ ?is 9 a =cible & bitt] p>ody3 
,! smalle/ liv+ phili/9e1     ,at       
,/uck]t on ! ,neck>     ,is mu* happi]  
?an ,i am1     ,son ( ,pelleus1 ! dead  
h]o1     ,%ad[y rul] ( ! ,und]world4  ,x
 0 mu* lat] be=e religions manag$ to    
decl>e ?is aft]-life z ! m valuable &   
p]fect & to debase our mortal life to a 
m]e prep>ation = ! life to come4 ,x 0 !n
 only logical to prolong our exi/5ce    
into ! pa/ & to inv5t =m] exi/5ces1     
transmigrations ( s\ls1 & re9c>nations1 
all ) ! object ( depriv+ dea? ( its     

mean+ z ! t]m9ation ( life4 ,x 0 z e>ly 
z ?is t ! d5ial ( dea?1 :i* we describ$ 
z ! product ( conv5tional culture1      
orig9at$4  ,contemplation ( ! corpse ( !
 p]son lov$ gave bir? n only to ! !ory (
 ! s\l1 ! belief 9 immortality1 &       
implant$ ! deep roots ( ! human s5se (  
guilt1 b x also creat$ ! fir/ e?ical    
laws4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important           
prohibition ( ! awak5+ consci5ce decl>$3
 ,?\ %alt n kill4 ,?is arose z a        
reaction aga9/ ! gratification ( hate = 
! belov$ dead :i* is conceal$ beh9d     
grief1 & 0 gradually ext5d$ to ! unlov$ 
/rang] & f9ally also to ! enemy4        
,civiliz$ man no long] feels ?is way 9  
reg>d to kill+ enemies4 ,:5 ! fi]ce     
/ruggle ( ?is w> w h rea*$ a decision e 
victori\s w>rior w joyfully & )\t delay 
return home to 8 wife & *ildr51         
undi/urb$ by ?\ghts ( ! enemy he has    
kill$ ei!r at close qu>t]s or ) weapons 
op]at+ at a di/ance4  ,x is wor?y ( note
 t ! primitive races :i* /ill inhabit ! 
e>? & :o are c]ta9ly clos] to primitive 

man ?an we1 act diff]5tly 9 ?is respect1
 or h s act$ z long z !y did n yet feel 
! influ5ce ( our civilization4 ,!       
savage1 su* z ! ,au/ralian1 ! ,bu%man1  
or ! inhabitant ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 is  
by no means a remorseless murd]]2 :5 he 
returns home z victor f ! w> pa? he is n
 all[$ to ent] 8 village or t\* 8 wife  
until he has expiat$ 8 w> murd]s ?r\gh  
l5g?y & (t5 pa9ful p5ances4 ,!          
explanation = ?is is1 ( c\rse1 relat$ to
 8 sup]/ition2 ! savage fe>s ! av5g+ _s 
( ! sla94 ,b ! spirits ( ! fall5 enemy  
are no?+ b ! expression ( 8 evil        
consci5ce ov] 8 blood guilt2 beh9d ?is  
sup]/ition !re lies conceal$ a bit (    
e?ical delicacy ( feel+ :i* has be5 lo/ 
to u civiliz$ be+s4#d  ,pi\s s\ls1 :o   
w\ld l to ?9k u remov$ f contact ) :at  
is evil & mean1 w surely n fail to draw 
satisfactory conclusions 9 reg>d to !   
/r5g? ( ! e?ical impulses :i* h be5     
implant$ 9 u f ^! e>ly & =cible murd]   
prohibitions4 ,un=tunately ?is argum5t  
proves ev5 m = ! opposite cont5tion4    

,su* a p[]ful inhibition c only be      
direct$ aga9/ an equally /rong impulse4 
,:at no human be+ desires to d does n h 
to be =bidd51 x is self-exclusive4 ,! v 
emphasis ( ! comm&m5t3 ,?\ %alt n kill1 
makes x c]ta9 t we are desc5d$ f an     
endlessly long *a9 ( g5]ations (        
murd]]s1 ^: love ( murd] 0 9 _! blood z 
x is p]haps also 9 ours4 ,! e?ical      
/riv+s ( mank9d1 ) ! /r5g? &            
significance ( :i* we ne$ n qu>rel1 are 
an acquisition ( ! hi/ory ( man2 !y h   
s9ce become1 ?\gh un=tunately 9 v       
v>iable quantities1 ! h]$it>y           
possessions ( p ( today4  ,let u n[     
leave primitive man & turn to !         
unconsci\s 9 our psy*e4 ,"h we dep5d    
entirely ^u psy*oanalytic inve/igation1 
! only me?od :i* rea*es su* dep?s4 ,! "q
 is :at is ! attitude ( our unconsci\s  
t[>ds dea?4 ,9 answ] we say t x is almo/
 l t ( primitive man4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 
well z 9 _m o!rs1 ! man ( prehi/oric    
times lives on1 un*ang$1 9 our consci\s4
  ,our unconsci\s !re=e does n believe 9

 its own dea?2 x acts z ?\gh x 7        
immortal4 ,:at we call our unconsci\s1  
^? deepe/ lay]s 9 our psy*e :i* consi/ (
 impulses1 recognizes no negative or any
 =m ( d5ial & resolves all              
contradictions1 s t x does n ackn[l$ge  
its own dea?1 to :i* we c give only a   
negative cont5t4 ,! idea ( dea? f9ds    
absolutely no acceptance 9 our impulses4
 ,?is is p]haps ! real secret ( h]oism4 
,! rational basis ( h]oism is dep5d5t ^u
 ! decision t "o's own life _c be wor? z
 mu* z c]ta9 ab/ract common ideals4 ,b  
,i believe t in/9ctive or impulsive     
h]oism is mu* m frequ5tly indep5d5t (   
su* motivation & simply defies dang] on 
! assurance :i* animat$ ,hans1 !        
/one-cutt]1 a "* 9 ,anz5grub]1 :o always
 said to himself3 ,no?+ c happ5 to me4  
,or t motivation only s]ves to cle> away
 ! hesitations :i* might re/ra9 !       
correspond+ h]oic reaction 9 !          
unconsci\s4 ,! fe> ( dea?1 :i* controls 
u m frequ5tly ?an we are aw>e1 is       
comp>atively second>y & is usually !    

outcome ( ! consci\sness ( guilt4  ,on !
 o!r h& we recognize ! dea? ( /rang]s & 
( enemies & s5t5ce !m to x j z will+ly &
 unhesitat+ly z primitive man4 ,"h !re  
is inde$ a di/9ction :i* becomes        
decisive 9 practice4 ,our unconsci\s    
does n c>ry out ! kill+1 x only ?9ks &  
wi%es x4 ,b x w\ld be wrong to          
und]e/imate ! psy*ic reality s          
completely 9 comp>ison to ! practical   
reality4 ,x is really important & full (
 s]i\s consequ5ces4  ,9 our unconsci\s  
we daily & h\rly d away ) all ^? :o /& 9
 our way1 all ^? :o h insult$ or h>m$ u4
 ,! expression3 ,! devil take him1 :i* s
 frequ5tly crosses our lips 9 ! =m ( an 
ill-humor$ je/1 b by :i* we really int5d
 to say1 ,dea? take him1 is a s]i\s &   
=ceful dea? wi% 9 our unconsci\s4 ,inde$
 our unconsci\s murd]s ev5 = trifles2 l 
! old ,a!nian law ( ,draco1 x kn[s no   
o!r puni%m5t = crime ?an dea?1 & ?is n  
)\t a c]ta9 consi/5cy1 = e injury done  
to our all-mighty & self-glorify+ self  
is at bottom a crim5 laesae maje/atis4  

,?us1 if we are to be judg$ by our      
unconsci\s wi%es1 we ourselves are no?+ 
b a b& ( murd]]s1 j l primitive man4 ,x 
is lucky t all wi%es d n possess ! p[]  
:i* p ( primitive times attribut$ to    
!m4#e ,= 9 ! cross fire ( mutual        
mal$ictions mank9d w\ld h p]i%$ long    
ago1 n except+ ! be/ & wise/ ( m5 z well
 z ! mo/ beautiful & *>m+ wom54  ,z a   
rule ! layman refuses to believe ^!     
!ories ( psy*oanalysis4 ,!y are reject$ 
z calumnies :i* c be ignor$ 9 ! face ( !
 assurances ( consci\sness1 :ile ! few  
signs ?r\gh :i* ! unconsci\s betrays    
itself to consci\sness are clev]ly      
ov]look$4 ,x is !re=e 9 place "h to po9t
 out t _m ?9k]s :o c\ld n possibly h be5
 influ5c$ by psy*oanalysis h v cle>ly   
accus$ our sil5t ?\ght ( a read9ess to  
ignore ! murd] prohibition 9 ord] to    
cle> away :at /&s 9 our pa?4 ,in/ead (  
quot+ _m examples ,i h *os5 "o :i* is v 
fam\s4 ,9 8 novel1 ,pre ,goriot1 ,balzac
 ref]s to a place 9 ! works ( ,j4 ,j4   
,r\sseau :]e ?is au?or asks ! read] :at 

he w\ld d if1 )\t leav+ ,p>is &1 (      
c\rse1 )\t be+ discov]$1 he c\ld kill an
 old m&>9 9 ,pek+1 ) great pr(it to     
himself1 by a m]e act ( ! w4 ,he makes x
 possible = u to guess t he does n      
consid] ! life ( ?is dignit>y v secure4 
,to kill y\r m&>9 has become prov]bial =
 ?is secret read9ess to kill1 ev5 on !  
"p ( p ( today4  ,!re are also a numb] (
 cynical jokes & anecdotes :i* be>      
witness to ! same effect1 su* z ! rem>k 
attribut$ to ! husb&3 ,if "o ( u dies ,i
 %all move to ,p>is4 ,su* cynical jokes 
w\ld n be possible if !y did n h an     
unav[$ tru? to reveal :i* we _c admit :5
 x is baldly & s]i\sly /at$4 ,x is well 
kn[n t "o may ev5 speak ! tru? 9 je/4   
,a case arises = our consci\sness1 j z x
 did = primitive man1 9 :i* ! two       
opposite attitudes t[>ds dea?1 "o ( :i* 
ackn[l$ges x z ! de/roy] ( life1 :ile ! 
o!r d5ies ! reality ( dea?1 cla% & come 
into conflict4 ,! case is id5tical =    
bo?1 x consi/s ( ! dea? ( "o ( our lov$ 
ones1 ( a p>5t or a p>tn] 9 w$lock1 ( a 

bro!r or a si/]1 ( a *ild or a fri5d4   
,^! p]sons we love are on ! "o h& a "p (
 our inn] possessions & a con/itu5t (   
our own selves1 b on ! o!r h& !y are    
also 9 "p /rang]s & ev5 enemies4 ,except
 9 a few in/ances1 ev5 ! t5d]e/ & close/
 love relations also conta9 a bit (     
ho/ility :i* c r\se an unconsci\s dea?  
wi%4 ,b at ! pres5t day ?is ambival5t   
conflict no long] results 9 ! developm5t
 ( e?ics & s\l !ories1 b 9 neuroses :i* 
also gives u a pr(\nd insight into !    
normal psy*ic life4 ,doctors :o practice
 psy*oanalysis h frequ5tly _h to deal ) 
! symptom ( ov] t5d] c>e = ! welf>e (   
relatives or ) :olly unf\nd$ self       
reproa*es aft] ! dea? ( a belov$ p]son4 
,! /udy ( ^! cases has left !m 9 no d\bt
 z to ! significance ( unconsci\s dea?  
wi%es4  ,! layman feels an extraord9>y  
horror at ! possibility ( su* an emotion
 & takes 8 av]sion to x z a legitimate  
gr\nd = disbelief 9 ! ass]tions (       
psy*oanalysis4 ,i ?9k he is wrong !re4  
,no debas+ ( our love life is int5d$ &  

none su* has result$4 ,x is inde$ =eign 
to our compreh5sion z well z to our     
feel+s to unite love & hate 9 ?is mann]1
 b 9 s f> z nature employs ^! contra/s  
%e br+s x ab\t t love is always kept    
alive & fre% 9 ord] to safegu>d x aga9/ 
! hate t is lurk+ beh9d x4 ,x may be    
said t we owe ! mo/ beautiful unfold+ ( 
our love life to ! reaction aga9/ ?is   
ho/ile impulse :i* we feel 9 our he>ts4 
,let u sum up :at we h said4 ,our       
unconsci\s is j z inaccessible to !     
conception ( our own dea?1 j z mu*      
incl9$ to kill ! /rang]1 & j z divid$1  
or ambival5t t[>ds ! p]sons we love z 0 
primitive man4 ,b h[ f> we are remov$ f 
?is primitive /ate 9 our conv5tionally  
civiliz$ attitude t[>ds dea?6  ,x is    
easy to see h[ w> ent]s into ?is        
disunity4 ,w> /rips (f ! lat] deposits (
 civilization & all[s ! primitive man 9 
u to reappe>4 ,x =ces u aga9 to be h]oes
 :o _c believe 9 _! own dea?1 x /amps   
all /rang]s z enemies ^: dea? we ought  
to cause or wi%2 x c\nsels u to rise    

above ! dea? ( ^? :om we love4 ,b w> _c 
be aboli%$2 z long z ! conditions (     
exi/5ce among races are s v>i$ & !      
repulsions betwe5 !m are s vehem5t1 !re 
w h to be w>s4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r we  
%all be ! ones to yield & adapt         
ourselves to x4 ,%all we n admit t 9 our
 civiliz$ attitude t[>ds dea? we h aga9 
liv$ psy*ologically beyond our means8   
,%all we n turn ar\nd & av[ ! tru?8 ,7 x
 n bett] to give dea? ! place to :i* x  
is entitl$ bo? 9 reality & 9 our ?\ghts 
& to reveal a little m ( our unconsci\s 
attitude t[>ds dea? :i* up to n[ we h s 
c>efully suppress$8 ,?is may n appe> a v
 high a*ievem5t & 9 "s respects r a /ep 
backw>ds1 a k9d ( regression1 b at lea/ 
x has ! advantage ( tak+ ! tru? into    
acc\nt a little m & ( mak+ life m       
be>able aga94 ,to be> life rema9s1 aft] 
all1 ! fir/ duty ( ! liv+4 ,! illusion  
becomes wor?less if x di/urbs u 9 ?is4  
,we rememb] ! old say+3              ,si
 vis pacem1 p>a bellum4     ,if y wi%   
peace1 prep>e = w>4  ,! times call = a  

p>aphrase3             ,si vis vitam1   
p>a mortem4     ,if y wi% life1 prep>e =
 dea?4   ,,footnotes3  #a ,comp>e       
,he9e's poem1 ,d] ,asra1 ,l\is          
,unt]mey]'s translation1 p4 #bfi1 ,h5ry 
,holt  ,co41 #aiag4  #b ,totem & ,taboo1
 translat$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,brill1      
,m(fat1 ,y>d  ,co41 #aiah4  #c ,totem & 
,taboo1 ,*apt] ,,iv4  #d ,totem &       
,taboo1 ,*apt] ,,iv4  #e ,see ,totem &  
,taboo1 ,*apt] ,,iii4