,! ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia ,! ,gif=d ,lectures on ! ,anci5t ,egyptian & ,babylonian ,conception ( ! ,div9e ,deliv]$ 9 ,ab]de5 ,by ,ar*ibald ,h5ry ,sayce1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,assyriology1 ,ox=d ,ed9burgh ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ch ,george ,/reet #aijc ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,religion ,( ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,lecture ,i4 ,introduction4 ,lecture ,,ii4 ,egyptian ,religion4 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,! ,imp]i%able ,"p ,( ,man ,& ,! ,o!r ,_w4 ,lecture ,,iv4 ,! ,sun-,god ,& ,! ,ennead4 ,lecture ,v4 ,animal ,wor%ip4 ,lecture ,,vi4 ,! ,gods ,( ,egypt4 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,osiris ,& ,! ,osirian ,fai?4 ,lecture ,,viii4 ,! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,lecture ,,ix4 ,! ,popul> ,religion ,( ,egypt4 ,lecture ,x4 ,! ,place ,( ,egyptian ,religion ,9 ,! ,hi/ory ,( ,!ology4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,religion ,( ,! ,babylonians4 ,lecture ,i4 ,introductory4 ,lecture ,,ii4 ,primitive ,animism4 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,! ,gods ,( ,babylonia4 ,lecture ,,iv4 ,! ,sun-,god ,& ,i/>4 ,lecture ,v4 ,sum]ian ,& ,semitic ,conceptions ,( ,! ,div9e3 ,assur ,& ,mono!ism4 ,lecture ,,vi4 ,cosmologies4 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,lecture ,,viii4 ,! ,my?s ,& ,epics4 ,lecture ,,ix4 ,! ,ritual ,( ,! ,temple4 ,lecture ,x4 ,a/ro-,!ology ,& ,! ,moral ,elem5t ,9 ,babylonian ,religion4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,! subject ( ! foll[+ ,lectures 0 8,! ,conception ( ! ,div9e among ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,babylonians10 & 9 writ+ !m ,i h kept ?is aspect ( !m con/antly 9 view4 ,! "t has n yet come = a sy/ematic hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion1 :atev] may be ! case z reg>ds anci5t ,egypt1 &1 = reasons /at$ 9 ! text1 we mu/ be cont5t ) g5]al pr9ciples & fragm5t>y details4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t s little advance has be5 made 9 grasp+ ! real nature & *>act]i/ics ( ,babylonian religion1 & t a sort ( natural hi/ory description ( x has be5 suppos$ to be all t is ne$$ by ! /ud5t ( religion4 ,:ile read+ ov] aga9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 z well z lat] works on ! subject1 ,i h be5 gratifi$ at f9d+ h[ l>gely !y h borr[$ f me1 ev5 ?\gh x be )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,b my ,hibb]t ,lectures 7 necess>ily a pione]+ "w1 & we mu/ n[ attempt to build on ! mat]ials :i* 7 !re br\ght toge!r4 ,9 ! pres5t volume1 !re=e1 ! mat]ials are presuppos$2 !y w be f\nd = ! mo/ "p ei!r 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures or 9 ! cunei=m texts :i* h s9ce be5 publi%$4 ,we are bett] (f1 =tunately1 z reg>ds ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,?anks m especially to ,pr(essor ,masp]o's unrivall$ comb9ation ( le>n+ & g5ius1 we are beg9n+ to le>n :at ! old ,egyptian fai? actually 01 & :at 7 ! f\ndations on :i* x re/$4 ,! developm5t ( its dogmas c be trac$1 at all ev5ts to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & we c ev5 wat* ! progress ( _! decay4 ,!re are two facts :i*1 ,i am b\nd to add1 h be5 =c$ ^u me by a /udy ( ! old religions ( civilis$ humanity4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y te/ify to ! cont9uity ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,god's light lighte? e man t come? into ! _w1 & ! religions ( ,egypt & ,babylonia illu/rate ! words ( ! evangeli/4 ,!y =m1 z x 71 ! backgr\nd & prep>ation = ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity2 ,*ri/ianity is ! fulfilm5t1 n ( ! ,law only1 b ( all t 0 true/ & be/ 9 ! religions ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 x ! beliefs & aspirations ( ,egypt & ,babylonia h f\nd _! explanation & fulfilm5t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ,judaism & ! co>sely poly!i/ic religion ( ,babylonia1 z also betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! old ,egyptian fai?1--9 spite ( its high morality & spiritual insight1--!re lies an impassable gulf4 ,& = ! exi/5ce ( ?is gulf ,i c f9d only "o explanation1 unfa%ionable & antiquat$ ?\gh x be4 ,9 ! language ( a =m] g5]ation1 x m>ks ! divid+-l9e betwe5 revelation & unreveal$ religion4 ,x is l t 8some?+10 h>d to def9e1 yet impossible to d5y1 :i* sep>ates man f ! ape1 ev5 ?\gh on ! physiological side ! ape may be ! ance/or ( ! man4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce4 ,octob] #aijb4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt4 ,lecture ,i4 ,introduction4 ,x 0 ) a consid]able am\nt ( diffid5ce t ,i accept$ ! invitation to deliv] a c\rse ( lectures be=e ?is ,univ]sity1 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ,"l ,gif=d's beque/4 ,n only is ! subject ( !m a wide & compreh5sive "o2 x is "o1 moreov]1 :i* is full ( difficulties4 ,! mat]ials ^u :i* ! lectures mu/ be bas$ are almo/ entirely monum5tal3 !y consi/ ( sculptures & pa9t+s1 ( objects buri$ ) ! dead or f\nd among ! ru9s ( temples1 &1 above all1 ( texts writt5 9 languages & *>act]s :i* only a c5tury ago 7 absolutely unkn[n4 ,h[ fragm5t>y & mutilat$ su* mat]ials mu/ be1 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out4 ,! ,egyptian or ,babylonian texts we possess at pres5t are b a ti! ( ^? :i* once exi/$1 or ev5 ( ^? :i* w yet be discov]$4 ,inde$1 s f> z ! ,babylonian texts are conc]n$1 a consid]able proportion ( ^? :i* h already be5 /or$ 9 ! museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica are /ill undeciph]$1 & ! "w ( ?or\ghly exam9+ !m w be ! lab\r ( ye>s4 ,& ( ^? :i* h be5 copi$ & translat$1 ! imp]fections are great4 ,n infrequ5tly a text is brok5 j :]e x seem$ ab\t to ?r[ light on "s problem ( religion or hi/ory1 or :]e a few m words 7 ne$$ 9 ord] to expla9 ! s5se4 ,or aga91 only a s+le docum5t may h surviv$ to u out ( a long s]ies1 l a s+le *apt] out ( a book1 lead+ u to =m a :olly wrong idea ( ! au?or's mean+ & ! object ( ! "w he _h writt5 or compil$4 ,we all "k h[ dang]\s x is to expla9 a passage ap>t f its context1 & to :at errone\s conclusions su* a practice is likely to lead4 ,& yet x is ) su* brok5 & prec>i\s mat]ials t ! /ud5t ( ! religions ( ! pa/ has to "w4 ,classical antiquity c give u b little help4 ,9 ! lit]>y age ( ,greece & ,rome ! anci5t religions ( ,babylonia & ,egypt _h pass$ into _! dotage1 & ! conceptions on :i* !y 7 f\nd$ _h be5 trans=m$ or =gott54 ,:at 0 left ( !m 0 little m ?an an empty & un9telligible husk1 or ev5 a m]e c>icature4 ,! gods1 9 ^: "n ! k+s ( ,assyria _h gone =? to conqu]1 & 9 ^: hon\r ,nebu*adrezz> _h re>$ ! temples & palaces ( ,babylon1 _h deg5]at$ into ! patrons ( a sy/em ( magic2 ! prie/s1 :o _h once made & unmade ! lords ( ! ,ea/1 _h become 8,*aldan0 =tune-tell]s1 & ! religion & sci5ce ( ,babylonia 7 rememb]$ only = _! connection ) a/rology4 ,! old tradition _h surviv$ 9 ,egypt ) less app>5t alt]ation1 b ev5 !re ! cont9uity ( religi\s belief & tea*+ 0 m app>5t ?an real1 ext]nal r ?an int]nal2 & ?\gh ! ,ptolemies & e>ly ,roman emp]ors rebuilt ! temples on ! old l9es1 & all[$ !mselves to be depict$ 9 ! dress ( ! ,ph>aohs1 mak+ (f]+s to gods ^: v names !y c\ld n h pron\nc$1 x 0 all felt to be b a %am1 a dress+ up1 z x 71 9 ! clo!s ( a religion out ( :i* all ! _s & life _h fl$4 ,bo? 9 ,egypt & 9 ,babylonia1 !re=e1 we are ?r[n back ^u ! monum5tal texts :i* ! excavator has recov]$ f ! soil1 & ! deciph]] has piec$ toge!r ) inf9ite lab\r & pati5ce4 ,at e /ep we are br\ght face to face ) ! imp]fections ( ! record1 & made aw>e h[ mu* we h to read into ! /ory1 h[ scanty is ! evid5ce1 h[ disconnect$ are ! facts4 ,! conclusions we =m mu/ to a l>ge ext5t be !oretical & provisional1 liable to be revis$ & modifi$ ) ! acquisition ( fre% mat]ial or a m skilful comb9ation ( :at is already kn[n4 ,we are compell$ to int]pret ! pa/ 9 ! light ( ! pres5t1 to judge ! m5 ( old by ! m5 ( to-day1 & to expla9 _! beliefs 9 accordance ) :at seem to u ! common & natural op9ions ( civilis$ humanity4 ,i ne$ n po9t out h[ prec>i\s all su* attempts mu/ necess>ily be4 ,!re is no?+ h>d] ?an to det]m9e ! real "* ( ! religion ( a p1 ev5 :5 ! religion is /ill liv+4 ,we may describe its outw>d *>act]i/ics1 ?\gh ev5 ^! are n unfrequ5tly a matt] ( dispute2 b ! religi\s ideas !mselves1 :i* con/itute its ess5ce1 are f> m difficult to grasp & def9e4 ,inde$1 x is n always easy = ! individual himself to /ate ) philosophical or sci5tific precision ! religi\s beliefs :i* he may hold4 ,difficult z x is to "k :at ano!r man believes1 x is sometimes q z difficult to "k exactly :at "o believes "o's self4 ,our religi\s ideas & beliefs are a h]itage :i* has come to u f ! pa/1 b :i* has also be5 influ5c$ & modifi$ by ! exp]i5ces we h und]gone1 by ! education we h receiv$1 &1 above all1 by ! k & t5d5cies ( our age4 ,we seldom attempt to r$uce !m into a h>moni\s :ole1 to reconcile _! inconsi/5cies1 or to fit !m into a consi/5t sy/em4 ,beliefs :i* g back1 x may be1 to ! ages ( b>b>ism1 exi/ ) b little *ange by ! side ( o!rs :i* are d]iv$ f ! late/ revelations ( physical sci5ce2 & our conceptions ( a spiritual _w are n unfrequ5tly an ill-assort$ mixture ( survivals f a "t :5 ! univ]se 0 b a small tract ( ! e>?'s surface1 ) an ext+ui%]-l firmam5t above x1 & ( ! ideas :i* a/ronomy has giv5 u ( illimitable space1 ) its millions ( worlds4 ,if x is difficult to und]/& & describe ) accuracy ! religions :i* are liv+ 9 our mid/1 h[ mu* m difficult mu/ x be to und]/& & describe ! religions t h gone be=e !m1 ev5 :5 ! mat]ials = do+ s are at h&6 ,we are con/antly told t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! p>ticul> =ms ( religion :i* we pr(ess1 has be5 misund]/ood & misconceiv$2 t x is only n[1 = example1 t ! true hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity is be+ discov]$ & writt51 or t ! motives & pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,re=mation are be+ rightly und]/ood4 ,! e>li] phases 9 ! hi/ory ( a religion soon become un9telligible to a lat] g5]ation4 ,if we w\ld und]/& !m1 we mu/ h n only ! mat]ials 9 :i* ! record ( !m has be51 z x 71 embodi$1 b also ! see+ eye & ! sympa!tic m9d :i* w enable u to ?r[ ourselves back into ! pa/1 to see ! _w z our =efa!rs saw x1 & to %>e = a "t 9 _! beliefs4 ,!n & !n only %all we be able to realise :at ! religion ( =m] g5]ations actually meant1 :at 0 its inn] ess5ce z well z its out] =m4 ,:51 in/ead ( exam9+ & describ+ a pa/ phase 9 ! hi/ory ( a /ill exi/+ =m ( fai?1 we are call$ ^u to exam9e & describe a =m ( fai? :i* has :olly pass$ away1 our task becomes inf9itely great]4 ,we h no long] ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity & developm5t to help u2 x is a new plant t we h to /udy1 n ! same plant 9 an e>li] p]iod ( its gr[?4 ,! fundam5tal ideas :i* =m1 z x 71 its environm5t1 are /range to u2 ! poly!ism ( ,babylonia1 or ! animal-wor%ip ( ,egypt1 transports u to a _w ( ideas :i* /&s :olly ap>t f t :]e9 we move4 ,x is difficult = u to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ^? :o saw no und]ly+ unity 9 ! univ]se1 no s+le pr9ciple to :i* x c\ld all be ref]r$1 or :o believ$ t ! dumb animals 7 inc>nations ( ! div9e4 ,& yet1 until we c d s1 ! religions ( ! two great cultur$ nations ( ! anci5t _w1 ! pione]s ( ! civilisation we enjoy to-day1 w be = u a hopeless puzzle1 a labyr9? )\t a clue4 ,be=e t clue c be f\nd1 we mu/ dive/ ourselves ( our mod]nism4 ,we mu/ g back 9 ?\ght & sympa?y to ! old ,ori5t1 & =get1 s f> z is possible1 ! int]v5+ ages ( hi/ory & developm5t1 & ! m5tal & moral diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,i say s f> z is possible1 = ! possibility is relative only4 ,no man c %ake (f ! influ5ces ( ! age & c\ntry ( :i* he is ! *ild2 we _c undo our tra9+ & education1 or root out ! inh]it$ in/9cts ) :i* we 7 born4 ,we _c put back ! h& ( "t1 nor c ! ,e?iopian *ange 8 sk94 ,all we c d is to suppress our own prejudices1 to rid ourselves ( baseless assumptions & prepossessions1 & to int]pret su* evid5ce z we h hone/ly & lit]ally4 ,above all1 we mu/ possess t p[] ( sympa?y1 t hi/orical imag9ation1 z x is sometimes call$1 :i* w enable u to realise ! pa/1 & to ent]1 9 "s degree1 into its feel+s & exp]i5ces4 ,! fir/ fact :i* ! hi/orian ( religion has to be> 9 m9d is1 t religion & morality are n necess>ily connect$ toge!r4 ,! rec5t hi/ory ( religion 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 x is true1 has made x increas+ly difficult = u to und]/& ?is fact1 especially 9 days :5 sy/ems ( morality h be5 put =w>d z religions 9 !mselves4 ,b betwe5 religion & morality !re is n necess>ily any close tie4 ,religion has to d ) a p[] outside ourselves1 morality ) our conduct "o to ano!r4 ,! civilis$ nations ( ! _w h d\btless usually reg>d$ ! p[] t gov]ns ! univ]se z a moral p[]1 & h consequ5tly plac$ morality "u ! sanction ( religion4 ,b ! p[] may also be conceiv$ ( z non-moral1 or ev5 z immoral2 ! bl9d law ( de/9y1 to :i*1 accord+ to ,greek belief1 ! gods !mselves 7 subject1 0 necess>ily non-moral2 :ile c]ta9 ,gno/ic sects acc\nt$ = ! exi/5ce ( evil by ! !ory t ! creator-god 0 imp]fect1 & !re=e evil 9 8 nature4 ,inde$1 ! cruelties p]petrat$ by :at we t]m nature h seem$ to _m s contr>y to ! v elem5ts ( moral law1 z to presuppose t ! p[] :i* p]mits & ord]s !m is ess5tially immoral4 ,zoroa/rianism divid$ ! _w betwe5 a god ( good & a god ( evil1 & held t1 "u ! pres5t disp5sation at all ev5ts1 ! god ( evil 01 on ! :ole1 ! /rong] p[]4 ,x is /r5g? r ?an goodness t primitive man admires1 wor%ips1 & fe>s4 ,9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 at any rate 9 its e>li] /ages1 physical /r5g? plays ! mo/ important "p4 ,! old in/9ctive pride ( /r5g? :i* enabl$ our fir/ ance/ors to battle successfully aga9/ ! =ces ( nature & ! bea/s ( ! =e/1 /ill survives 9 ! *ild & ! boy4 ,! baby /ill delights to pull (f ! w+s & legs ( ! fly t has fall5 into its p[]2 & ! h]o ( ! playgr\nd is ! /ronge/ a?lete1 & n ! be/ s*ol> or ! mo/ virtu\s ( s*oolboys4 ,a sudd5 outbreak ( political fury l t :i* *>act]is$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution %[s h[ ?9 is ! v>ni% ( conv5tional morality :i* cov]s ! passions ( civilis$ man1 & ,*ri/ian ,europe /ill makes ! battlefield its c\rt ( f9al appeal4 ,l ! l[] animals1 man is /ill gov]n$ by ! law :i* dooms ! weak] to ext9ction or decay1 & gives ! palm ( victory to ! /rong4 ,9 spite ( all t morali/s may say & prea*1 p[] & n morality /ill gov]ns ! _w4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( religion we f9d little or no traces ( ! moral elem5t4 ,:at we t]m morality 01 9 fact1 a sl[ gr[?4 ,x 0 ! necess>y result ( life 9 a community4 ,z long z m5 liv$ ap>t "o f ! o!r1 !re 0 little opportunity = its display or evolution4 ,b ) ! rise ( a community came also ! developm5t ( a moral law4 ,9 its practical details1 d\btless1 t law diff]$ 9 _m respects f ! moral law :i* we pr(ess to obey to-day4 ,x 0 only by sl[ degrees t ! sacr$ness ( ! m>riage tie or ( family life1 z we und]/& x1 came to be recognis$4 ,among c]ta9 tribes ( ,esquimaux !re is /ill promiscu\s int]c\rse betwe5 ! two sexes2 & :]ev] ,mohamm$anism ext5ds1 polygamy1 ) its att5dant degradation ( ! woman1 is p]mitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are /ill tribes & races 9 :i* poly&ry is practis$1 & ! *ild has consequ5tly no fa!r :om x c rightfully call its own4 ,until ! rec5t conv]sion ( ! ,fijians to ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 consid]$ a filial duty = ! sons to kill & dev\r _! p>5ts :5 !y _h become too old = "w2 & 9 ! royal family ( ,egypt1 z among ! ,ptolemies :o ent]$ on its h]itage1 ! bro!r 0 compell$ by law & cu/om to m>ry 8 si/]4 ,family morality1 9 fact1 if ,i may use su* an expression1 has be5 sl[] 9 its developm5t ?an communal morality3 x 0 9 ! community & 9 ! social relations ( m5 to "o ano!r t ! e?ical s5se 0 fir/ develop$1 & x 0 f ! community t ! newly-won code ( morals 0 transf]r$ to ! family4 ,man recognis$ t he 0 a moral ag5t 9 8 deal+s ) ! community to :i* he belong$1 long be=e he recognis$ x z an individual4 ,religion1 h[ev]1 has an inv]se hi/ory4 ,x />ts f ! individual1 x is ext5d$ to ! community4 ,! individual mu/ h a s5se ( a p[] outside himself1 :om he is call$ ^u to wor%ip or propitiate1 be=e he c rise to ! idea ( tribal gods4 ,! feti% c be ador$1 ! ance/or address$ 9 pray]1 be=e ! family has become ! tribe1 or promiscu\s int]c\rse has pass$ into polygamy4 ,! association ( morality & religion1 !re=e1 is n only n a necessity1 b x is ( comp>atively late orig9 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,inde$1 ! union ( ! two is by no means complete ev5 yet4 ,or?odox ,*ri/ianity /ill ma9ta9s t correctness ( belief is at lea/ z important z correctness ( behavi\r1 & x is n s long ago t m5 7 puni%$ & done to dea?1 n = immoral conduct1 b = refus+ to accept "s dogma ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,creator1 ! correct /atem5t ( ab/ruse metaphysical que/ions 0 suppos$ to be ( m importance ?an ! fulfilm5t ( ! moral law4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! "w ( br++ religion & morality toge!r 0 to place morality "u ! sanction ( religion4 ,! rules ( conduct :i* ! exp]i5ces ( social life _h r5d]$ necess>y or advantage\s 7 en=c$ by an appeal to ! t]rors ( religi\s belief4 ,practices :i* s9n$ aga9/ ! code ( social morality 7 put "u ! ban ( ! gods & _! m9i/]s1 & ^? :o v5tur$ to adopt !m 7 doom$ to de/ruction 9 ?is _w & ! next4 ,! tapu1 :i* 0 orig9ally conf9$ to res]v+ c]ta9 places & objects = ! use ( ! div9e p[]s1 0 invok$ = ! protection ( e?ical laws1 or to puni% violations ( !m1 & ! curse ( heav5 0 call$ d[n n only ^u ! enemy ( ! tribe1 b ^u ! enemy ( ! moral code ( ! tribe z well4 ,religion ?us became tribal z well z p]sonal2 ! religi\s in/9ct 9 ! individual clo!d itself ) ! =ms ( social life1 & ! religi\s conceptions :i* _h ga!r$ r\nd ! life ( ! family 7 modifi$ & transf]r$ to ! life ( ! community4 ,x 0 no long] only a feel+ ( fe> or rev]5ce on ! "p ( ! individual :i* made him b[ d[n be=e ! t]rors ( ! sup]natural & obey its behe/s2 to ?is 7 n[ add$ all ! ties & associations connect$ ) ! life ( a tribe4 ,! e?ical elem5t 0 jo9$ to ! religi\s1 & :at has be5 t]m$ ! religi\s in/9ct or consci\sness 9 ! individual man atta*$ itself to ! rules & laws ( e?ical conduct4 ,b ! atta*m5t 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 m or less accid5tal2 long ages _h to pass be=e ! place ( ! two elem5ts1 ! e?ical & religi\s1 0 rev]s$1 & ! religi\s sanction ( ! e?ical code 0 ex*ang$ = an e?ical sanction ( religion4 ,x ne$$ c5turies ( tra9+ be=e a ,*ri/ian poet c\ld decl>e3 8,he c't be wrong ^: life is 9 ! "r40 ,!re is yet ano!r dang] aga9/ :i* we mu/ gu>d :5 deal+ ) ! religions ( ! pa/2 x is t ( confus+ ! ?\ghts & utt]ances ( individuals ) ! common religi\s beliefs ( ! communities 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,we are = ! mo/ "p dep5d5t on lit]>y mat]ials = our k ( ! fai?s ( ! anci5t _w1 & consequ5tly ! dang] ( :i* ,i speak is "o to :i* ! hi/orian ( religion is p>ticul>ly expos$4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t a lit]>y writ] is1 by ! v fact ( 8 lit]>y activity1 diff]5t f ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies1 & t ?is diff]5ce 9 ! ages be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 0 great] ?an x is to-day4 ,he 0 n only an educat$ man2 he 0 also a man ( exceptional culture4 ,he 0 a man ^: ?\ghts & say+s 7 consid]$ wor?y ( be+ rememb]$1 :o c\ld ?9k = himself1 & ^: ?\ghts 7 li/5$ to by o!rs4 ,8 abilities or g5ius rais$ him above ! ord9>y level2 8 ideas1 accord+ly1 c\ld n be ! ideas ( ! multitude ab\t him1 nor c\ld he1 f ! nature ( ! case1 express !m 9 ! same way4 ,! poets or !ologians ( ,egypt & ,babylonia 7 necess>ily orig9al ?9k]s1 & we _c1 !re=e1 expect to f9d 9 _! writ+s m]ely a reflection ( ! beliefs or sup]/itions ( ^? among :om !y liv$4 ,to recon/ruct ! religion ( ,egypt f ! lit]>y works ( :i* a few fragm5ts h come d[n to u1 w\ld be l recon/ruct+ ! religion ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! la/ c5tury f a few tatt]$ pages ( ,hume or ,burns1 ( ,dugald ,/ew>t or ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,! attempts to %[ t anci5t ,egyptian religion 0 a sublime mono!ism1 or an enlight5$ pan!ism :i* disguis$ itself 9 allegories & metaphors1 h _! orig9 9 a confusion betwe5 ! aspirations ( individual ?9k]s & ! actual religion ( _! "t4 ,!re are inde$ lit]>y monum5ts rescu$ f ! wreck ( anci5t ,egyptian culture :i* embody ! highe/ & mo/ spiritual conceptions ( ! ,godhead1 & use ! language ( ! pure/ mono!ism4 ,b su* monum5ts repres5t ! beliefs & ideas ( ! cultur$ few r ?an ( ! ,egyptians z a :ole1 or ev5 ( ! majority ( ! educat$ classes4 ,!y set be=e u ! highe/ po9t to :i* ! individual ,egyptian c\ld atta9 9 8 spiritual conceptions--n ! religion ( ! day z x 0 g5]ally believ$ & practis$4 ,to reg>d !m z repres5t+ ! popul> fai? ( ,egypt1 w\ld be z mislead+ z to suppose t ,socrates or ,plato 7 fai?ful expon5ts ( ,a!nian religion4 ,t ?is view ( ! lit]>y monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt is correct1 c be %[n f two concrete in/ances4 ,on ! "o side1 !re is ! curi\s attempt made by ,amon-hotep ,,iv41 ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 to revolutionise ,egyptian religion1 & to replace ! old religion ( ! ,/ate by a sort ( mono!i/ic pan!ism4 ,! hymns address$ to ! sol> disk--! visible symbol ( ! new ,god--brea! an exalt$ spirituality1 & rem9d u ( passages 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 8,o ,god10 we read 9 "o ( !m4 8,o ,god1 :o 9 tru? art ! liv+ "o1 :o /&e/ be=e our eyes2 ?\ creat$ t :i* 0 n1 ?\ =me/ x all02 8,we also h come into be+ ?r\gh ! ^w ( ?y m\?40 ,b all su* language 0 inspir$ by a cult :i* 0 n ,egyptian1 & :i* ! ,egyptians !mselves reg>d$ z an insult to _! national deity1 & a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ! prie/hood ( ,!bes4 ,h>dly 0 its royal patron consign$ to 8 tomb :5 ! national hatr$ bur/ =? aga9/ ^? :o /ill adh]$ to ! new fai?2 ! temple & city ( ! sol> disk 7 levell$ ) ! gr\nd1 & ! body ( ! h]etic ,ph>aoh himself 0 torn 9 pieces4 ,_h ! religi\s productions ( ! c\rt ( ,amon-hotep ,,iv4 alone surviv$ to u1 we %\ld h =m$ out ( !m a :olly false picture ( ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt1 & ascrib$ to x doctr9es :i* 7 held only by a few individuals at only "o %ort p]iod ( its hi/ory1--doctr9es1 moreov]1 :i* 7 dete/$ & bitt]ly res5t$ by ! or?odox adh]5ts ( ! old cre$s4 ,my o!r example is tak5 f a class ( lit]ature :i* exi/s :]ev] !re is a cultur$ society & an anci5t civilisation4 ,x is ! lit]ature ( scepticism1 ( ^? m9ds :o _c accept ! popul> notions ( div9ity1 :o are critically contemptu\s ( "t-hon\r$ traditions1 & :o f9d x impossible to reconcile ! tea*+ ( ! popul> cult ) ! daily exp]i5ces ( life4 ,x is n s mu* t !y d5y or oppose ! doctr9es ( ! (ficial cre$1 z t !y ignore !m4 ,_! scepticism is t ( ,epicurus r ?an ( ! ,fr5* encyclopdi/s4 ,let ! multitude believe 9 its gods & its prie/s1 s long z !y !mselves are n =c$ to d ! same4 ,egypt _h its lit]>y sceptics l ,greece or ,rome4 ,li/51 = in/ance1 to ! s-call$ ,song ( ! ,h>p]1 writt5 z long ago z ! age ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y1 some:]e ab\t #bejj ,b4,c4 ,?is is h[ a "p ( x runs 9 ,canon ,rawnsley's metrical translation1 :i* fai?fully pres]ves ! _s & s5se ( ! orig9al--7#a7 8,:at is =tune8 say ! wise4 ,vani%$ are ! he>?s & homes2 ,:at he does or ?9ks1 :o dies1 ,none to tell u comes ,eat & dr9k 9 peace to-day1 ,:5 y g y\r goods rema92 ,he :o f>es ! la/ long way1 ,comes n back aga940 ,! ,song ( ! ,h>p] is n ! only fragm5t ( ! sceptical lit]ature ( ,egypt :i* we possess4 ,at a f> lat] date1 a treatise 0 writt5 9 :i*1 "u ! ?9ly-veil$ =m ( a fable ! dogmas ( ! national fai? 7 controv]t$ & ov]?r[n4 ,x takes ! =m ( a dialogue betwe5 an ,e?iopian cat--! repres5tative ( all t 0 or?odox & respectable 9 ,egyptian society--& a jackal1 :o is made ! m\?piece ( h]etical unbelief47#b7 ,b x is cle> t ! sympa?ies ( ! au?or are ) ! sceptic r ?an ) ! believ]2 & x is ! cat & n ! jackal :o is wor/$ 9 argum5t4 ,9 ?is fir/ controv]sy betwe5 au?ority & reason1 au?ority ?us comes (f second be/1 & j z ,epicurus has a pr$ecessor 9 ! au?or ( ! ,song ( ! ,h>p]1 s ,voltaire has a pr$ecessor 9 ! au?or ( ! dialogue4 ,"h1 aga91 x is obvi\s t if only ^! two specim5s ( ,egyptian !ological lit]ature _h be5 pres]v$1 we %\ld h c>ri$ away ) u a v errone\s idea ( anci5t ,egyptian belief--or unbelief4 ,:o c\ld h imag9$ t ! ,egyptians 7 a p :o _h elaborat$ a m9utely-detail$ description ( ! _w beyond ! grave1 & :o believ$ m int5sely p]haps ?an any o!r p has done ei!r be=e or s9ce 9 a future life8 ,:o c\ld h suppos$ t _! religion inculcat$ a belief n only 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l or _s1 b 9 ! resurrection ( ! body z well2 & t !y pa9t$ ! fields ( ! bless$ to :i* !y look$ =w>d aft] dea? z a happi] & a sunni] ,egypt1 a l& ( light & gladness1 ( fea/+ & joy8 ,we _c judge :at ,egyptian religion 0 l m]ely f ! writ+s ( "s ( its lit]>y m51 or build ^u !m elaborate !ories z to :at prie/ & layman believ$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! fragm5ts ( ,egyptian lit]ature1 we mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d t !y repres5t1 n ! ideas ( ! mass ( ! p1 b ! conceptions ( ! cultur$ few4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r error into :i* we may fall4 ,x is t ( atta*+ too lit]al a mean+ to ! language ( !ology4 ,! error is ! natural result ( ! reaction f ! old] me?ods ( int]pretation1 :i* f\nd allegories 9 ! simple/ ( texts1 & my/ical significations 9 ! pla9e/ words4 ,! application ( ! sci5tific me?od to ! records ( ! pa/ br\ght ) x a recognition t an anci5t writ] meant :at he said q z mu* z a writ] ( to-day1 & t to read into 8 language ! arbitr>y ideas ( a mod]n hi]ophant might be an attractive pa/ime1 b n a s]i\s occupation4 ,be=e we c hope to und]/& ! lit]ature ( ! pa/1 we mu/ try to discov] :at is its lit]al & natural mean+1 unbiass$ by prejudices or prepossessions1 or ev5 by ! au?ority ( great names4 ,!ologians h be5 too fond ( avail+ !mselves ( ! ambiguities ( language1 & ( see+ 9 a text m ?an its au?or ei!r knew or dreamt (4 ,unless we h express te/imony to ! contr>y1 x is no m p]missible to f9d p>ables & metaphorical expressions 9 an old ,egyptian book ?an x is 9 ! productions ( ! mod]n press4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to press ?is lit]alism too f>4 ,language1 x has be5 said1 is a /oreh\se ( fad$ metaphors2 & if ?is is true ( language 9 g5]al1 x is /ill m true ( !ological language4 ,we c und]/& ! spiritual & ! ab/ract only ?r\gh ! help ( ! mat]ial2 ! words by :i* we d5ote !m mu/ be drawn1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,j z 9 ! _w ( s5se itself ! picture t we see or ! music t we he> comes to u ?r\gh ! n]ves ( sight & he>+1 s all t we "k or believe ( ! moral & spiritual _w is convey$ to u ?r\gh s5su\s & mat]ial *annels4 ,?\ght is impossible )\t ! bra9 ?r\gh :i* x c act1 & we _c convey to o!rs or ev5 to ourselves our conceptions ( "r & wrong1 ( beauty & goodness1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to analogies f ! _w ( ph5om5a1 to metaphor & imag]y1 to p>able & allegory4 ,:at is 8conception0 itself b a 8grasp+ ) bo? h&s10 or 8p>able0 b a 8?r[+ by ! side (08 ,if we w\ld deal ) ! spiritual & moral1 we mu/ h rec\rse to metaphorical =ms ( spee*4 ,a religion is necess>ily built up on a f\ndation ( metaphor4 ,to int]pret su* metaphors 9 _! purely natural s5se w\ld !re=e l& u 9 gross error4 ,un=tunately1 mod]n /ud5ts ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! pa/ h n always be5 c>eful to avoid do+ s4 ,misl$ by ! fact t language (t5 en%r9es old beliefs & cu/oms :i* h o!rwise pass$ out ( memory1 !y h =gott5 t a metaphor is n necess>ily a survival1 or a survival a metaphor4 ,9 ! hi]oglyphic texts discov]$ 9 ! ,pyramids ( ! six? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ,sahu or ,orion1 ! huntsman ( ! skies1 is said to eat ! great gods 9 ! morn+1 ! less] gods at noon & ! small] ones at night1 roa/+ _! fle% 9 ! va/ ov5s ( ! heav5s2 & x has be5 ha/ily conclud$ t ?is po9ts to a "t :5 ! ance/ors ( ! hi/orical ,egyptians actually did eat human fle%4 ,x w\ld be j z reasonable to conclude f ! language ( ! ,eu*>i/ic ,(fice t ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 once addict$ to cannibalism4 ,eat+ & dr9k+ are v obvi\s metaphors1 & !re are ev5 languages 9 :i* ! ^w 8to eat0 has acquir$ ! mean+ 8to exi/047#c7 ,i rememb] he>+ ( a tribe :o believ$ t we wor%ipp$ a lamb because ( ! lit]al translation into _! language ( ! phrase1 8,o ,lamb ( ,god40 ,!ology is full ( in/ances 9 :i* ! language x uses has be5 metaphorical f ! outset1 & ! endeav\r to int]pret x ) bald lit]ality1 & to see 9 x ! fossilis$ ideas & practices ( ! pa/1 w\ld end 9 no?+ b failure4 ,*ri/ianity is n ! only religion :i* has consci\sly employ$ p>able = inculcat+ ! tru?s x pr(esses to tea*4 ,buddhism has done ! same1 & ! 8,p>ables ( ,buddhago%a0 h _h a wid] influ5ce ?an all ! o!r volumes ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon4 ,survivals !re und\bt$ly are 9 !ological language z 9 all o!r =ms ( language1 & "o ( ! h>de/ tasks ( ! /ud5t ( anci5t religion is to det]m9e :]e !y really exi/4 ,is ! symbolism embodi$ 9 a ^w or an expression ( prim>y or second>y orig98 ,0 x f ! v beg9n+ a symbol & metaphor int5d$ to be b ! s5su\s *annel ?r\gh :i* "s p]ception ( div9e tru? c\ld be convey$ to u1 or does x reflect ! mann]s & ?\ght ( an e>li] age ( society1 :i* has acquir$ a symbolical significance ) ! lapse ( c5turies8 ,:5 ! primitive ,aryan gave ! ,be+ :om he wor%ipp$ ! "n ( ,dyaus1 f a root :i* signifi$ 8to be bright10 did he actually see 9 ! bright firmam5t ! div9ity he ador$1 or 0 ! title a metaphorical "o expressive only ( ! fact t ! p[] outside himself 0 bright & %9+ l ! sun8 ,! ,babylonians pictur$ _! gods 9 ! image ( man3 did ,babylonian religion accord+ly beg9 ) ! wor%ip ( deifi$ ance/ors1 or 7 ! human figures m]e symbols & images d5ot+ t ! highe/ conception man c\ld =m ( 8 creator 0 t ( a be+ l himself8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions1 :i* x has be5 ( late ye>s ! fa%ion to seek 9 mod]n savag]y1 is inconclusive4 ,x has fir/ to be prov$ t mod]n savag]y is n due to deg5]ation r ?an to arre/$ developm5t1 & t ! =efa!rs ( ! civilis$ nations ( ! anci5t _w 7 ev] on ! same level z ! savage ( to-day4 ,9 fact ! savage ( to-day is n1 & _c be1 a repres5tative ( primitive man4 ,if ! ord9>y doctr9e ( developm5t is "r1 primitive man w\ld h kn[n no?+ ( ^? ess5tials ( human life & progress ( :i* no savage community has hi!rto be5 f\nd to be de/itute4 ,he w\ld h kn[n no?+ ( ! art ( produc+ fire1 no?+ ( language1 )\t :i* human society w\ld be impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! civilis$ races ( mank9d possess$ f ! outset ! g]ms ( culture & ! p[] to develop x1 !y c 9 no way be comp>$ ) ! savages ( ! mod]n _w1 :o h liv$1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 /ation>y & unprogressive1 l ! bea/s t p]i%1 ev5 ?\gh at times !y may h be5 9 contact ) a high] civilisation4 ,to expla9 ! religi\s beliefs & usages ( ! ,greeks & ,romans f ! religi\s ideas & cu/oms ( ,au/ralians or ,hott5tots1 is 9 mo/ cases b lab\r 9 va91 & to seek ! orig9 ( ,semitic religion 9 ! habits & sup]/itions ( l[-ca/e ,b$w91 is l look+ to ! gipsies = an explanation ( ,european ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* a proc$ure is ! abuse1 n ! use1 ( ! an?ropological me?od4 ,folk-lore gives u a key to ! m9d ( ! *ild1 & ( ! *ildlike portion ( society2 x %$s no light on ! beg9n+s ei!r ( religion or ( civilisation1 & to make x d s is to mi/ake a w-o'-!-wisp = a beacon-light4 ,x is once m to f9d 8survivals0 :]e !y exi/ only 9 ! m9d ( ! inquir]4 ,s long z civilis$ society has la/$1 x has conta9$ ! ignorant z well z ! le>n$1 ! fool z well z ! wise man1 & we are no m ju/ifi$ 9 argu+ f ! ignorance ( ! pa/ ?an we %\ld be 9 argu+ f ! ignorance ( ! pres5t4 ,s f> z folk-tales g5u9ely reflect ! m9d ( ! unle>n$ & *ildlike only1 !y are ( little help to ! /ud5t ( ! religions ( ! anci5t civilis$ _w4 ,we mu/1 !n1 bew>e ( discov]+ allegory & symbol :]e !y d n exi/2 we mu/ equally bew>e ( ov]look+ !m :]e !y are actually to be f\nd4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t1 al?\gh ! metaphors & symbolism ( ! e>li] civilisations are n likely to be ^? :i* seem natural to ! mod]n ,european1 ?is is no reason :y we %\ld d5y ! exi/5ce ( !m4 ,9 fact1 )\t !m religi\s language & beliefs are impossible2 x is only ?r\gh ! _w ( ! s5ses t a way lies to a k ( ! _w beyond4 ,! conditions into :i* we 7 born necessitate our express+ & realis+ our m5tal1 moral1 & religi\s conceptions ?r\gh s5su\s imag]y & similitude4 ,only we mu/ nev] =get t ! imag]y is n ! same = diff]5t races or g5]ations ( mank9d4 ,be=e conclud+1 ,i mu/ say a few words 9 explanation ( ! title ,i h giv5 to ! c\rse ( lectures ,i h ! hon\r ( deliv]+ be=e y4 ,x is n my int5tion to give a sy/ematic description or analysis ( ! anci5t religions ( ,egypt & ,babylonia4 ,t w\ld h>dly be 9 keep+ ) ! t]ms ( ,"l ,gif=d's beque/1 nor w\ld ! details be int]e/+1 except to a small company ( speciali/s4 ,inde$1 9 ! case ( ! anci5t religion ( ,babylonia1 ! details are /ill s imp]fect & disput$1 t a discussion ( !m is fitt$ r = ! pages ( a le>n$ ,society's j\rnal ?an = a c\rse ( lectures4 ,:at ! lectur] has to d is to take ! facts t h be5 already asc]ta9$1 to see to :at conclusions !y po9t1 & to review ! !ories :i* !y c\nt5ance or condemn4 ,! names & numb] ( ! gods & goddesses wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians is ( little mom5t to ! sci5tific /ud5t ( religion3 :at he wants to "k is ! conception ( ! deity :i* und]lay ^! manifold =ms1 & ! relation 9 :i* man 0 believ$ to /& to ! div9e p[]s ar\nd him4 ,:at 0 x t ! civilis$ ,babylonian or ,egyptian meant by ! t]m 8god08 ,:at 0 ! idea or belief t lay beh9d ! poly!ism ( ! popul> cult1 & 9 :at respects is x m>k$ (f f ! ideas & beliefs t rule ! religions ( our mod]n _w8 ,! old ,egyptian1 inde$1 might n h und]/ood :at we mean by 8poly!ism0 & 8mono!ism10 b w\ld he n h already recognis$ ! two t5d5cies ( ?\ght :i* h f\nd expression among u 9 ^! words8 ,0 ,/4 ,paul "r :5 he decl>$ t ! old civilis$ nations _h s\ght aft] ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity1 8if haply !y might feel aft] ,him & f9d ,him10 or is !re an impassable gulf betwe5 ! religi\s conceptions ( paganism & ^? ( ,*ri/ian ,europe8 ,su* are "s ( ! que/ions to ^: solution ,i tru/ t ! facts ,i h to br+ be=e y may contribute1 9 h[ev] humble a degree4 ,lecture ,,ii4 ,egyptian ,religion4 ,x is ?r\gh its temples & tombs t anci5t ,egypt is ma9ly kn[n to u4 ,x is true t ! w>m & ra9less climate ( ,upp] ,egypt has pres]v$ _m ( ! objects ( daily life accid5tally buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( its cities1 & t ev5 fragm5ts ( fragile papyrus h come f ! m\nds t m>k ! sites ( its villages & t[ns2 b ^! d n con/itute ev5 a ti! ( ! monum5ts ^u :i* our pres5t k ( anci5t ,egyptian life & hi/ory has be5 built4 ,x is f ! tombs & temples t we h le>n$ almo/ all we n[ "k ab\t ! ,egypt ( ! pa/4 ,! tombs 7 fill$ ) (f]+s to ! dead & illu/rations ( ! daily life ( ! liv+1 :ile _! walls 7 adorn$ ) repres5tations ( ! sc5es at :i* _! possessor _h be5 pres5t1 ) ! hi/ory ( 8 life1 or ) invocations to ! gods4 ,! temples 7 /oreh\ses ( religi\s lore1 :i* 0 sculptur$ or pa9t$ on _! walls & ceil+s4 ,9 fact1 we owe mo/ ( our k ( anci5t ,egypt to ! gods & to ! dead2 & x is natural1 !re=e1 t ! l>g] "p ( x %\ld be conc]n$ ) religion & ! life to come4 ,we are ?us 9 an exceptionally good position = asc]ta9+1 at all ev5ts 9 outl9e1 ! religi\s ideas ( ! old ,egyptians1 & ev5 = trac+ _! hi/ory ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t4 ,! civilisation ( ,egypt goes back to a remote pa/1 & rec5t discov]ies h c>ri$ u almo/ to its beg9n+s4 ,! veil :i* s long cov]$ ! orig9 ( ,egyptian culture is at la/ be+ drawn aside1 & "s ( ! mo/ puzzl+ inconsi/5cies 9 ! religion1 :i* =m$ s integral a "p ( t culture1 are be+ expla9$4 ,we h le>nt t ! religion ( ! ,egypt :i* is be/ kn[n to u 0 highly composite1 ! product ( diff]5t races & diff]5t /reams ( culture & ?\ght2 & ! task ( unit+ !m all into a homog5e\s :ole 0 nev] fully complet$4 ,to ! la/1 ,egyptian religion rema9$ a comb9ation ( ill-assort$ survivals r ?an a sy/em1 a conf$]ation ( sep>ate cults r ?an a def9ite !ology4 ,l ! ,/ate1 :atev] unity x possess$ 0 giv5 to x by ! ,ph>aoh1 :o 0 n only a son & repres5tative ( ! sun-god1 b ! visible manife/ation ( ! sun-god himself4 ,its unity 0 ?us a purely p]sonal "o3 )\t ! ,ph>aoh ! ,egyptian ,/ate & ,egyptian religion w\ld alike h be5 dissolv$ into _! orig9al atoms4 ,! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians--! ,egyptians1 t is to say1 :o embank$ ! ,nile1 :o trans=m$ ! m>% & ! des]t into cultivat$ fields1 :o built ! temples & tombs1 & left beh9d !m ! monum5ts we associate ) ,egyptian culture--seem to h come f ,asia2 & x is probable t _! fir/ home 0 9 ,babylonia4 ,! race 7or races7 !y f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile 7 already possess$ ( a c]ta9 measure ( civilisation4 ,!y 7 9 an advanc$ /age ( neoli?ic culture2 _! fl9t tools are among ! f9e/ t h ev] be5 made2 & !y 7 skill$ 9 ! manufacture ( vases ( ! h>de/ /one4 ,b !y 7 pa/oral r ?an agricultural1 & !y liv$ 9 ! des]t r ?an on ! riv]-bank4 ,!y prov$ no mat* = ! newcom]s1 ) _! weapons ( copp]2 &1 little by little1 ! invad+ race succe$$ 9 mak+ itself ma/] ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 ?\gh tradition rememb]$ ! fi]ce battles :i* 7 ne$$ be=e ! 8smi?s0 :o foll[$ ,horus c\ld subjugate ! old] population 9 _! progress f s\? to nor?4 ,h[ f> ! invad]s !mselves =m$ a s+le race is /ill unc]ta94 ,"s s*ol>s believe t1 besides ! ,asiatics :o ent]$ ,egypt f ! s\?1 cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea & s m>*+ ?r\gh ! ea/]n des]t to ! ,nile1 !re 7 o!r ,asiatics :o came ov]l& f ,mesopotamia1 & made _! way into ! ,delta across ! i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,( ?is ov]l& invasion1 h[ev]1 ,i c myself see no evid5ce2 s f> z our mat]ials at pres5t all[ u to g1 ! ,egyptians ( hi/ory 7 compos$1 at mo/1 ( ?ree elem5ts1 ! ,asiatic invad]s f ! s\?1 & two old] races1 :i* we may t]m aborig9al4 ,"o ( !m ,pr(essor ,petrie is probably "r 9 ma9ta9+ to be ,libyan47#d7 ,we ?us h at lea/ ?ree diff]5t types ( religi\s belief & practice at ! basis ( ,egyptian religion1 correspond+ ) ! ?ree races :i* toge!r made up ! ,egyptian p4 ,two ( ! types w\ld be ,african2 ! ?ird w\ld be ,asiatic1 p]haps ,babylonian4 ,f ! v outset1 !re=e1 we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d div]g5ces ( religi\s conception z well z div]g5ces 9 rites & c]emonies4 ,& su* div]g5ces c be actually po9t$ out47#e7 ,! practice ( embalm+1 = in/ance1 is "o :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,x is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 & describ$ by classical writ]s4 ,!re are _m p ^: acqua9tance ) ! old ,egyptians is conf9$ to ! fact t :5 !y di$ _! bodies 7 made into mummies4 ,x is f ! wrapp+s ( ! mummy t mo/ ( ! small amulets & sc>abs h come :i* fill s l>ge a space 9 collections ( ,egyptian antiquities1 z well z _m ( ! papyri :i* h giv5 u an insight into ! lit]ature ( ! pa/4 ,we h be5 taught to believe t f times immemorial ! ,egyptians mummifi$ _! dead1 & t ! practice 0 connect$ ) an equally immemorial fai? 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead2 & yet rec5t excavations h made x cle> t su* a belief is errone\s4 ,mummification 0 nev] univ]sal 9 ,egypt1 & !re 0 a "t :5 x 0 n practis$ at all4 ,x 0 unkn[n to ! prehi/oric populations :om ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians f\nd on _! arrival 9 ! c\ntry2 & among ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians !mselves x seems to h spread only sl[ly4 ,few traces ( x h be5 met ) be=e ! age ( ! ,f\r? & ,fif? ,dyna/ies1 if1 inde$1 any h be5 met ) at all4 ,b1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 ! practice ( mummification 0 closely b\nd up ) a belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,! abs5ce ( x accord+ly implies t ?is belief 0 ei!r non-exi/5t1 or1 at all ev5ts1 did n z yet occupy a prom95t place 9 ! ,egyptian cre$4 ,l embalm+1 x mu/ h be5 introduc$ by ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians2 x 0 n until ! old] races ( ! c\ntry _h be5 absorb$ by _! conqu]ors t mummification became g5]al1 along ) ! religi\s ideas t 7 connect$ ) x4 ,be=e ! age ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y x seems to h be5 practically conf9$ to ! c\rt & ! (ficial prie/hood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o at lea/ ( ! prehi/oric races appe>s to h practis$ second>y burial4 ,! skeletons discov]$ 9 its graves h be5 mutilat$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,! skull1 ! legs1 ! arms1 ! feet1 & ! h&s h be5 f\nd dissev]$ f ! trunk2 ev5 ! backbone itself is sometimes brok5 into sep>ate portions2 & !re are cases 9 :i* ! :ole skeleton is a m]e heap ( dismemb]$ bones4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is dismemb]m5t1 ! greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 to pres]ve ! sep>ate fragm5ts1 :i* are (t5 plac$ side by side4 ,an explanation ( ! dismemb]m5t has be5 s\ght 9 cannibalism1 b cannibals d n take ! tr\ble to collect ! bones ( _! victims & bury !m ) all ! m>ks ( respect2 moreov]1 ! bones h n be5 gnaw$ except 9 "o or two examples1 :]e wild bea/s r ?an man mu/ h be5 at "w4 ,x seems evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! race ^: dismemb]$ rema9s h ?us be5 f\nd 9 s _m ( ! prehi/oric cemet]ies ( ,egypt1 all[$ ! bodies ( ! dead to rema9 unburi$ until ! fle% _h be5 /ripp$ f _! bones by ! birds & bea/s ( prey1 & t x 0 only :5 ?is _h be5 done t ! sun-blea*$ bones 7 consign$ to ! tomb4 ,simil> practices /ill prevail 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w2 ap>t f ! ,p>si 8t[]s ( sil5ce10 x is /ill ! cu/om 9 ,new ,gu9ea to leave ! corpse among ! bran*es ( a tree until ! fle% is entirely de/roy$47#f7 ,betwe5 mummification & second>y burial no reconciliation is possible4 ,! conceptions ^u :i* ! two practices re/ are contradictory "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ! "o case e ef=t is made to keep ! body intact & to pres]ve ! fle% f decay2 9 ! o!r case ! body is ca/ =? to ! bea/s ( ! des]t & ! f[ls ( ! air1 & its v skeleton all[$ to be brok5 up4 ,a p :o practis$ second>y burial c h>dly h believ$ 9 a future exi/5ce ( ! body itself4 ,_! belief mu/ r h be5 9 ! exi/5ce ( t %ad[y1 vap\r-l =m1 comp>able to ! human brea?1 9 :i* s _m races ( mank9d h pictur$ to !mselves ! imp]i%able "p ( man4 ,x 0 ! mi/y gho/1 se5 9 dreams or detect$ at night amid ! %ad[s ( ! =e/1 t surviv$ ! dea? ( ! body2 ! body itself return$ to ! e>? f :5ce x _h sprung4 ,?is prehi/oric belief left its traces 9 ! (ficial religion ( lat] ,egypt4 ,! ,ba or 8,s\l10 ) ! figure ( a bird & ! head ( a man1 is its direct desc5dant4 ,z we %all see1 ! conception ( ! ,ba fits b ill ) t ( ! mummy1 & ! h>moni/ic ef=ts ( a lat] date 7 unable altoge!r to hide ! inn] contradiction t exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,! s\l1 :i* fl$ on ! w+s ( a bird to ! _w beyond ! sky1 0 n easily to be reconcil$ ) ! mummifi$ body :i* 0 ev5tually to lead a life 9 ! o!r _w t %\ld be a repetition & reflection ( its life 9 ?is4 ,h[ ! ,ba & ! mummy 7 to be unit$1 ! (ficial cult nev] endeav\r$ to expla92 ! task 0 probably beyond its p[]s4 ,x 0 cont5t to leave ! two conceptions side by side1 bidd+ ! individual believ] reconcile !m z be/ he c\ld4 ,! fact illu/rates ano!r :i* mu/ always be kept 9 m9d 9 deal+ ) ,egyptian religion4 ,up to ! la/ x rema9$ )\t a philosophic sy/em4 ,!re 71 x is true1 c]ta9 sides ( x :i* 7 r$uc$ to sy/ems1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! (ficial cre$ :i* became philosophies4 ,b z a :ole x 0 a loosely-connect$ agglom]ation ( beliefs & practices :i* _h come d[n f ! pa/1 & "o aft] ! o!r _h f\nd a place 9 ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,no attempt 0 ev] made to =m !m into a coh]5t & homog5e\s :ole1 or to f9d a philosophic basis ^u :i* !y all might re/4 ,su* an idea1 inde$1 nev] occurr$ to ! ,egyptian4 ,he 0 q cont5t to take 8 religion z x _h be5 h&$ d[n to him1 or z x 0 prescrib$ by ! ,/ate2 he _h none ( t inn] retrospection :i* di/+ui%es ! ,h9du1 none ( t desire to "k ! causes ( ?+s :i* *>act]is$ ! ,greek4 ,! contradictions :i* we f9d 9 ! articles ( 8 cre$ nev] tr\bl$ him2 he nev] p]ceiv$ !m1 or if he did !y 7 ignor$4 ,he has left to u ! task ( f9d+ a philosophic basis = 8 fai?1 & ( fix+ ! c5tral ideas r\nd :i* x revolv$2 ! task is a h>d "o1 & x is r5d]$ ! h>d] by ! imp]fection ( our mat]ials4 ,! ,egyptian 0 no philosoph]1 b he _h an imm5se v5]ation = ! pa/4 ,! pa/1 inde$1 0 ev] be=e him2 he c\ld n escape f x4 ,objects & monum5ts :i* w\ld h p]i%$ 9 o!r c\ntries 7 pres]v$ almo/ 9 _! pri/9e fre%ness by ! climate "u :i* he liv$4 ,z to-day1 s too 9 ! age ( ! ,ph>aohs1 ! e>lie/ & ! late/ ( ?+s jo/l$ "o ano!r1 & x 0 (t5 difficult to say :i* ( ! two look$ ! old]4 ,! pa/ 0 pres]v$ 9 a way t x c\ld n be else:]e2 no?+ p]i%$ except by ! h& ( man4 ,& man1 br\ght up 9 su* an atmosph]e ( cont9uity1 became int5sely cons]vative4 ,nature itself only increas$ ! t5d5cy4 ,! ,nile rose & fell ) monoton\s regul>ity2 ye> aft] ye> ! seasons succe$$ ea* o!r )\t *ange2 & ! agriculturi/ 0 n dep5d5t on ! v>iable alt]nations ( ra9 & sun%9e1 or ev5 ( extreme heat & cold4 ,9 ,egypt1 accord+ly1 ! new grew up & 0 adopt$ )\t displac+ ! old4 ,x 0 a l& to :i* ! rule did n apply t 8! old ord] *ange?1 giv+ place to new40 ,! old ord] might1 inde$1 *ange1 ?r\gh =eign invasion or ! inv5tions ( human g5ius1 b all ! same x did n give place to ! new4 ,! new simply took a place by ! side ( ! old4 ,! ,egyptian sy/em ( writ+ is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! fact4 ,all ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* writ+ mu/ pass1 9 its developm5t out ( pictures into alphabetic lett]s1 exi/ 9 x side by side4 ,! hi]oglyphs c be us$ at once ideographically1 syllabically1 & alphabetically4 ,& :at is true ( ,egyptian writ+ is true also ( ,egyptian religion4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts out ( :i* x arose are all /ill traceable 9 x2 none ( !m has be5 disc>d$1 h[ev] little x might h>monise ) ! elem5ts ) :i* x has be5 comb9$4 ,religi\s ideas :i* belong to ! l[e/ & to ! highe/ =ms ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 to races ( diff]5t orig9 & diff]5t age1 exi/ 9 x side by side4 ,x is true t ev5 9 organis$ religions we f9d simil> comb9ations ( het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,survivals f a di/ant pa/ are l9k$ 9 !m ) ! conceptions ( a lat] age1 & beliefs ( div]g5t orig9 h be5 incorporat$ by !m into ! same cre$4 ,b x is a def9ite & coh]5t cre$ into :i* !y h be5 embodi$2 ! attempt has be5 made to fuse !m into a h>moni\s :ole1 & to expla9 away _! app>5t div]g5cies & contradictions4 ,ei!r ! ass]tion is made t ! cre$ ( ! pres5t has come d[n un*ang$ f ! pa/1 or else x is ma9ta9$ t ! doctr9es & rites ( ! pa/ h develop$ normally & gradually into ^? ( ! pres5t4 ,b ! ,egyptian made no su* endeav\r4 ,he nev] realis$ t !re 0 any necessity = mak+ x4 ,x 0 suffici5t t a ?+ %\ld h desc5d$ to him f 8 ance/ors = x to be true1 & he nev] tr\bl$ himself ab\t its consi/5cy ) o!r p>ts ( 8 belief4 ,he accept$ x z he accept$ ! inconsi/5cies & inequalities ( life1 )\t any ef=t to "w !m into a h>moni\s !ory or =m !m into a philosophic sy/em4 ,8 religion 0 l 8 temples1 9 :i* ! art & ar*itecture ( all ! pa/ c5turies ( 8 hi/ory exi/$ side by side4 ,all t ! pa/ _h bequea!d to him mu/ be pres]v$1 if possible2 x might be add$ to1 b n modifi$ or de/roy$4 ,x is curi\s t ! same _s has prevail$ 9 mod]n ,egypt4 ,! native nev] re/ores4 ,if a build+ or ! furniture )9 x goes to decay1 no attempt is made to m5d or repair x2 x is left to m\ld] on 9 ! spot :]e x /&s1 :ile a new build+ or a new piece ( furniture is set up beside x4 ,t ! new & ! old %\ld n agree toge!r--%\ld1 9 fact1 be 9 gl>+ contra/--is a matt] ( no mom5t4 ,?is v5]ation = ! pa/1 :i* pres]ves )\t repair+ or modify+ or ev5 adapt+ to ! surr\nd+s ( ! pres5t1 is a *>act]i/ic :i* is deeply engra9$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptian4 ,x _h its prior orig9 9 ! physical & climatic conditions ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he 0 born1 & has long s9ce become a lead+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 race4 ,along ) ! inability to take a g5]al view ( ! beliefs he held1 & to r$uce !m to a philosophic sy/em1 w5t an inability to =m ab/ract ideas4 ,?is inability1 aga91 may be trac$ to natural causes4 ,?anks to ! p]petual sun%9e ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 ! ,egyptian leads an op5-air life4 ,except = ! purpose ( sleep1 8 h\se is ( little use to him1 & 9 ! summ] mon?s ev5 8 sleep is usually tak5 on ! ro(4 ,he ?us lives con/antly 9 ! light & w>m? ( a s\!rn sun1 9 a l& :]e ! air is s dry & cle> t ! outl9es ( ! mo/ di/ant objects are %>p & di/9ct1 & !re is no melt+ ( %ad[ into light1 su* z *>act]ises our nor!rn climes4 ,ev]y?+ is cle>2 no?+ is left to ! imag9ation2 & ! s5se ( sight is t :i* is mo/ frequ5tly br\ght into play4 ,x is :at ! ,egyptian sees r ?an :at he he>s or h&les t impresses itself ^u 8 memory1 & x is ?r\gh 8 eyes t he recognises & rememb]s4 ,at ! same "t ?is op5-air life is by no means "o ( leisure4 ,! peculi> conditions ( ! valley ( ! ,nile dem& incessant lab\r on ! "p ( its population4 ,fruitful z ! soil is :5 once x is wat]$1 )\t wat] x rema9s a b>r5 des]t or an un:olesome m>%4 ,& ! only s\rce ( wat] is ! riv] ,nile4 ,! ,nile has to be kept )9 its banks1 to be div]t$ into canals1 or di/ribut$ ov] ! fields by irrigat+ ma*9es1 be=e a s+le blade ( :eat c gr[ or a s+le crop be ga!r$ 94 ,day aft] day mu/ ! ,egyptian lab\r1 repair+ ! dykes & canals1 pl\gh+ ! gr\nd1 plant+ ! se$1 & incessantly wat]+ x2 ! ,nile is ready to take advantage ( any relaxation ( vigilance & toil1 to subm]ge or sweep away ! cultivat$ l&1 or to d5y to x ! wat] t x ne$s4 ,( all p ! ,egyptian is ! mo/ indu/ri\s2 ! conditions "u :i* he has to till ! soil oblige him to be s1 & to sp5d 8 exi/5ce 9 con/ant agricultural "w4 ,b1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 ?is "w is monoton\sly regul>4 ,!re are no unexpect$ breaks 9 x2 no mom5ts :5 a sudd5 dem& is made = exceptional lab\r4 ,! f>m]'s ye> is all mapp$ out = him be=eh&3 :at 8 =efa!rs h done = unnumb]$ c5turies be=e him1 he too has to d almo/ to a day4 ,x is /eady toil1 day aft] day1 f dawn to night1 dur+ ! l>g] portion ( ! ye>4 ,?is /eady toil 9 ! op5 air gives no opportunity = philosophic m$itation or introspective !oris+4 ,on ! contr>y1 life = ! ,egyptian fellah is a v real & practical ?+3 he kn[s be=eh& :at he has to d 9 ord] to ga9 8 bread1 & he has no "t 9 :i* to !orise ab\t x4 ,x is1 moreov]1 8 s5se ( sight :i* is con/antly be+ ex]cis$4 ,! ?+s :i* he kn[s & rememb]s are ! ?+s :i* he sees1 & he sees !m cle>ly 9 ! cle> sun%9e ( 8 fields4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t ! anci5t ,egyptian %\ld h %[n on ! "o h& an incapacity = ab/ract ?\ght1 & on ! o!r h& a love ( visible symbols4 ,! two1 9 fact1 7 b ! rev]se sides ( ! same m5tal t5d5cy4 ,symbolism1 inde$1 is always necess>y be=e we c appreh5d ! ab/ract3 x is only ?r\gh ! s5su\s symbol t we c express ! ab/ract ?\ght4 ,b ! ,egyptian did n c>e to p5etrate beyond ! expression4 ,he 0 satisfi$ ) ! symbol :i* he c\ld see & rememb]1 & ! result 0 t 8 religi\s ideas 7 mat]ial r ?an spiritual4 ,! mat]ial husk1 z x 71 suffic$ = him1 & he did n tr\ble to inquire too closely ab\t ! k]nel )94 ,! s\l 0 = him a human-head$ bird1 :i* asc5d$ on its w+s to ! heav5s above2 & ! future _w itself 0 b a duplicate ( ! ,egypt :i* 8 eyes gaz$ ^u bel[4 ,! hi]oglyphic writ+ 0 at once an illu/ration & an enc\ragem5t ( ?is *>act]i/ic ( 8 m9d4 ,all ab/ract ideas 7 express$ 9 x by symbols :i* he c\ld see & und]/&4 ,! act ( eat+ 0 d5ot$ by ! picture ( a man ) 8 h& to 8 m\?1 ! idea ( wick$ness by ! picture ( a sp>r[4 ,& ^! symbolic pictures 7 usually atta*$ to ! words !y repres5t$1 ev5 :5 ! latt] _h come to be syllabically & alphabetically spelt4 ,ev5 9 read+ & writ+1 !re=e1 ! ,egyptian 0 n requir$ to conc]n himself ov]mu* ) ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! concrete symbols 7 ev] be=e 8 eyes1 & x 0 _! m5tal pictures :i* took ! place = him ( ab/ract ideas4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$ t ! =ego+ g5]alisations apply to ! ,egyptian p z a :ole4 ,!re 7 individual exceptions2 !re 0 ev5 a class ! lives ( ^: memb]s 7 n devot$ to agricultural or o!r lab\r1 & ^: religi\s conceptions 7 (t5 spiritual & sublime4 ,?is 0 ! class ( prie/s1 ^: p[] & influ5ce increas$ ) ! lapse ( "t1 & :o ev5tually m\ld$ ! (ficial !ology ( ,egypt4 ,prie/ly colleges arose 9 ! great sanctu>ies ( ! c\ntry1 & gradually absorb$ a consid]able "p ( its l& & rev5ues4 ,at fir/ ! prie/s d n seem to h be5 a num]\s body1 & up to ! la/ ! high] memb]s ( ! hi]>*y 7 comp>atively few4 ,b 9 _! h&s ! religi\s beliefs ( ! p und]w5t modification1 & ev5 a rudim5t>y sy/ematisation2 ! diff]5t indep5d5t cults ( ! k+dom 7 organis$ & comb9$ toge!r1 & ) ?is organisation came philosophic speculation & !oris+4 ,if ,pr(essor ,masp]o is "r1 ! two *ief s*ools ( religi\s ?\ght & sy/ematis+ 9 e>ly ,egypt 7 at ,heliopolis1 ne> ! apex ( ! ,delta1 & ,h]mopolis1 ! mod]n ,e%munn1 9 ,c5tral ,egypt4 ,9 ,h]mopolis ! conception ( creation1 n by voice m]ely1 b ev5 by ! m]e s\nd ( ! voice1 0 fir/ =m$ & work$ out :ile ,heliopolis 0 ! s\rce ( t arrangem5t ( ! deities into gr\ps ( n9e :i* l$ to ! id5tification ( ! gods "o ) ano!r1 & s prep>$ ! way = mono!ism47#g7 ,if ,heliopolis 7 inde$1 z seems probable1 ! fir/ home ( ?is religi\s !ory1 its influ5ce ^u ! re/ ( ,egypt 0 pr(\nd4 ,already 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! hi/orical p]iod1 9 ! age ( ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies1 :5 ! religi\s texts ( ! ,pyramids 7 compil$1 ! s*eme :i* plac$ ! ,ennead or gr\p ( n9e at ! head ( ! ,pan!on _h be5 accept$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( an inevitable process ( ?\ght1 :i* end$ by resolv+ ! deities ( ! (ficial cult into =ms or manife/ations "o ( ! o!r1 & by l&+ its adh]5ts 9 pan!ism4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !re=e1 ! g5]al incapacity = ab/ract ?\ght :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,egyptians did n hold good ( ! prie/ly colleges4 ,b ev5 among ! prie/s ! ab/ract 0 nev] entirely dissociat$ f ! symbol4 ,symbolism /ill dom9ates ! pr(\nde/ ?\ghts & expressions ( ! lat] inscriptions2 ! writ] _c free himself f ! s5su\s image1 except p]haps 9 a few individual cases4 ,at ! mo/1 ,egyptian ?\ght _c rise fur!r ?an ! conception ( 8! god :o has no =m0--a confession 9 itself ( inability to conceive ( :at is =mless4 ,x is true t aft] ! rise ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y ! deity is address$ z ,khep] zes-ef1 8t :i* is self-gr[n10 8! self-exi/5t02 b :5 we f9d ! same epi!t appli$ also to plants l ! balsam & m9]als l saltpetre1 x is cle> t x does n possess ! ab/ract significance we %\ld read into x to-day4 ,x simply expresses ! conviction t ! god to :om ! pray] is (f]$ is a god :o 0 nev] born 9 human fa%ion1 b :o grew up ( himself1 l ! m9]al :i* effloresces f ! gr\nd1 or ! plant :i* is n gr[n f se$4 ,simil>ly1 :5 x is said ( him t he is 8exi/5t f ! beg9n+10--khep] em at1--or1 z x is o!rwise express$1 t he is 8! fa!r ( ! beg9n+10 ! phrase is less ab/ract ?an x seems at fir/ sight to be4 ,! v ^w khep] or 8exi/5t0 d5otes ! visible univ]se1 :ile at or 8beg9n+0 is ! h9d] extremity4 ,! phrase c be press$ j z little z ! epi!t 8"l ( et]nity10 appli$ to deities ^: bir? & dea? are nev]!less ass]t$ 9 ! same brea?4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ab/ract conception ( ! div9e to :i* ! ,egyptian atta9$ 0 t ( 8! nameless "o10 s9ce ! "n 0 reg>d$ z some?+ v real & concrete1 z1 9 fact1 ! ess5ce ( t to :i* x belong$4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t a ?+ 0 nameless1 0 equival5t to ei!r d5y+ its exi/5ce or to lift+ x out ( ! _w ( ! concrete altoge!r4 ,!re 0 a mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,egypt :5 an attempt 0 made to put a real signification into ! app>5tly ab/ract t]ms & phrases address$ to ! gods4 ,! ,ph>aoh ,khu-n-,at51 t[>ds ! close ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 appe>s sudd5ly on ! sc5e z a royal re=m]1 det]m9$ to give life & mean+ to ! language :i* _h describ$ ! supreme deity z 8! sole & only god10 ! absolute rul] ( ! univ]se1 :o 0 f all et]nity1 & ^: =m 0 hidd5 f m54 ,b ! impulse to ! re=m came f ,asia4 ,khu-n-,at5's "m 0 a =eign]1 & 8 attempt to engraft ,asiatic ideas ^u ,egyptian religion1 or r to sub/itute an ,asiatic =m ( fai? = t ( 8 fa!rs1 prov$ a failure4 ,! wor%ip ( ! "o supreme deity1 ^: visible symbol 0 ! sol> disc1 ?\gh en=c$ by p]secution & by all ! p[] ( ! ,ph>aoh himself1 h>dly surviv$ 8 dea?4 ,amon ( ,!bes & 8 prie/hood came victori\s out ( ! /ruggle1 & ! pan!i/ic mono!ism ( ,khu-n-,at5 0 nev] reviv$4 ,symbolism rema9$1 :ile ! ab/ract ?\ght1 to :i* t symbolism %\ld h be5 a /epp+-/one1 fail$ to p5etrate into ,egyptian religion4 ,! ,egyptian cont9u$ to be cont5t ) ! symbol1 z 8 fa!r _h be5 be=e him4 ,b 9 ! prie/ly colleges & among ! high] circles ( culture x became less mat]iali/ic2 :ile ! mass ( ! p /ill saw no?+ b ! symbol itself1 ! prie/s & scribes look$ z x 7 beyond x1 & saw 9 ! symbol ! picture ( "s div9e tru?1 ! outw>d g>m5t 9 :i* ! deity _h clo!d himself4 ,:at con/itut$1 h[ev]1 ! peculi>ity ( ! ,egyptian po9t ( view 01 t ?is outw>d g>m5t 0 nev] sep>at$ f t :i* x cov]$2 x 0 reg>d$ z an integral "p ( ! div9e ess5ce1 :i* c\ld no m be dissociat$ f x ?an ! surface ( a /atue c be dissociat$ f ! /one ( :i* x is made4 ,! educat$ ,egyptian came to see 9 ! multitud9\s gods ( ! public wor%ip m]ely v>y+ manife/ations or =ms ( "o div9e sub/ance2 b /ill !y 7 manife/ations or =ms visible to ! s5ses1 & ap>t f su* =ms ! div9e sub/ance _h no exi/5ce4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t ! old belief 0 nev] disav[$1 t images 7 actually animat$ by ! gods or human p]sonalities ^: lik5ess !y bore1 & :om !y 7 expressively said to h 8dev\r$02 inde$1 ! k+ /ill receiv$ ! ,sa or pr9ciple ( immortality f contact ) ! /atue ( ! god he s]v$2 & wond]-work+ images1 :i* incl9$ ! head t[>ds ^? :o ask$ !m que/ions1 cont9u$ to be consult$ 9 ! temples47#h7 ,at ,d5d]a ! s\l ( ! goddess ,ha?or 0 believ$ to desc5d f heav5 9 ! =m ( a hawk ( lapis-lazuli 9 ord] to vivify h] /atue27#i7 & ! belief is a significant comm5t>y on ! m5tal attitude ( h] wor%ipp]s4 ,"o result ( ! ,egyptian's inability or dis9cl9ation = ab/ract ?\ght 0 ! necessity n only ( repres5t+ ! gods "u special & def9ite =ms1 b ev5 ( always s ?9k+ ( !m4 ,! sy/em ( writ+1 ) its pictorial *>act]s1 fav\r$ ! habit2 & we c well und]/& h[ difficult ! mo/ educat$ scribe mu/ h f\nd x to conceive ( ,?o? o!rwise ?an z an ibis1 or ( ,ha?or o!rwise ?an z a c[4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! ,egyptian wor%ip ( animals1 or--:i* is some?+ v diff]5t--( ! id5tification ( c]ta9 individual animals ) ! pr9cipal gods1 its cont9uance 0 mat]ially assi/$ by ! sacr$ writ+ ( ! scribes & ! pictures t adorn$ ! walls ( ! temples4 ,to ! ord9>y ,egyptian1 ,?o? 0 inde$ an ibis1 & ! folk-lore ( ! great sanctu>ies accord+ly describ$ him z su*47#aj7 ,b to ! cultur$ ,egyptian1 also1 ! ibis 0 8 symbol2 & 9 ,egypt1 z we h se51 ! symbol & :at is symbolis$ 7 apt to be conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,! bea/-wor%ip ( ,egypt excit$ ! a/oni%m5t & ridicule ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & ! unmeasur$ scorn ( ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s4 ,i %all h to deal ) x 9 a lat] lecture4 ,= ! pres5t x is suffici5t to po9t out h[ l>gely x ow$ its cont9u$ exi/5ce to ! ne$ = symbolism :i* *>act]is$ ,egyptian ?\ght1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re 0 ano!r & contradictory conception :i* held sway )9 ,egyptian religion4 ,?is 0 ! conception ( ! div9ity ( man1 :i* f\nd its supreme expression 9 ! doctr9e t ! ,ph>aoh 0 ! inc>nation ( ! sun-god4 ,x 0 n 9 ! brute bea/1 b 9 man himself1 t ! deity reveal$ himself on e>?4 ,! orig9 ( ! conception mu/ be s\ght 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,egypt 0 n at fir/ ! unit$ mon>*y x aft]w>ds became4 ,x 0 divid$ into a numb] ( small pr9cipalities1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!r & (t5 ho/ile4 ,x is probable t 9 "s cases ! inhabitants ( ^! pr9cipalities did n belong to ! same race2 t :ile 9 "o ! old] population pr$om9at$1 9 ano!r ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians held absolute sway4 ,at all ev5ts ! mann]s & cu/oms ( _! inhabitants 7 n uni=m1 any m ?an ! religi\s beliefs !y held & ! rites !y practis$4 ,! god :o 0 hon\r$ 9 "o place 0 abhorr$ 9 ano!r1 & a rival deity set ov] aga9/ him4 ,true to its cons]vative pr9ciples1 ,egypt nev] =got ! exi/5ce ( ^! e>ly pr9cipalities4 ,!y cont9u$ to survive 9 a some:at *ang$ =m4 ,!y became ! nomes ( ,ph>aonic ,egypt1 sep>ate di/ricts resembl+ to a c]ta9 degree ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,republic1 & pres]v+ to ! la/ _! indep5d5t life & organisation4 ,ea* nome _h its own capital1 its own c5tral sanctu>y1 & its own pr9ce2 above all1 x _h its own special god or goddess1 ) _! att5dant deities1 _! college ( prie/s1 _! c]emonies & _! fe/ivals4 ,up to ! age ( ! ,hyksos conque/ ! h]$it>y pr9ces ( ! nomes 7 feudal lords1 own+ a qualifi$ ob$i5ce to ! ,ph>aoh1 & furni%+ him ) tribute & soldi]s :5 call$ ^u to d s4 ,x 0 n till aft] ! rise ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y t ! old feudal nobility 0 replac$ by c\rt (ficials & a bureaucracy :i* ow$ its position to ! k+2 & ev5 !n ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t pr9ces 7 ev] on ! wat* to take advantage ( ! weakness ( ! c5tral au?ority & recov] ! p[] !y _h lo/4 ,up to ! la/1 too1 ! gods ( ! sev]al nomes pres]v$ a semblance ( _! indep5d5t "*4 ,x 0 only ) ! rise ( ! new k+dom & ! accession ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y t t process ( fusion set 9 to any real purpose :i* id5tifi$ ! v>i\s deities "o ) ano!r1 & trans=m$ !m into kaleidoscopic =ms ( ,amon or ,ra4 ,! loss ( _! sep>ate & indep5d5t "* w5t along ) ! suppression ( ! feudal families ) :om _! wor%ip _h be5 associat$ = unnumb]$ g5]ations4 ,! feudal god & ! feudal pr9ce disappe>$ toge!r3 ! "o became absorb$ into ! supreme god ( ! ,ph>aoh & 8 prie/s1 ! o!r into a function>y ( ! c\rt4 ,x 0 only 9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( ! p t ,?o? rema9$ :at he _h always be51 ! "l & ma/] ( ,h]mopolis1 & ( ,h]mopolis alone4 ,! pr9cipalities ( primitive ,egypt gradually became unifi$ into two or ?ree k+doms1 & ev5tually into two k+doms only1 ^? ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,rec5t discov]ies h ?r[n unexpect$ light on ?is e>ly p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,at "o "t ! capital ( ! s\!rn k+dom 0 ,nekh51 call$ ,hi]akonpolis 9 ! ,greek p]iod1 ! site ( :i* is n[ repres5t$ by ! ru9s ( ,kom el-,ahm>1 opposite ,el-,kab4 ,"h1 among ! f\ndations ( ! anci5t temple1 ,mr4 ,quibell has f\nd rema9s :i* probably g back to an age be=e t ( ,m5es & ! rise ( ! unit$ ,egyptian mon>*y4 ,among !m are huge vases ( alaba/] & granite1 :i* 7 d$icat$ by a c]ta9 k+ ,be% 9 ! ye> :5 he conqu]$ ! p ( ,nor!rn ,egypt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on a /ela n[ at ,pal]mo a li/ is giv5 ( k+s :o seem to h reign$ ov] ,nor!rn ,egypt :ile ! ,ph>aohs ( ,nekh5 7 reign+ 9 ! s\?47#aa7 ,= h[ _m c5turies ! two k+doms exi/$ side by side1 sometimes 9 peaceful int]c\rse1 sometimes 9 ho/ile collision1 x is impossible to say4 ,! fact t ,egypt _h once be5 divid$ into two k+doms 0 nev] =gott52 d[n to ! la/ days ( ! ,egyptian mon>*s ! ,ph>aoh bore ! title ( 8"l ( ! two l&s10 & on 8 head 0 plac$ ! tw(old cr[n ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,nekh5 0 "u ! protection n only ( ,horus1 ! god ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians1 b also ( ,nekheb1 ! tutel>y goddess ( ! :ole ( ! s\!rn l&4 ,f ! ,cat>act nor?w>d h] dom9ion ext5d$1 b x 0 at ,el-,kab opposite ,nekh51 :]e ! road f ! ,r$ ,sea & ! m9es ( ! des]t rea*$ ! ,nile1 t h] special sanctu>y /ood4 ,be% calls himself on 8 vases 8! son ( ,nekheb02 & ev5 z late z ! "t ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y ! elde/ son ( ! k+ 0 entitl$ 8! royal son ( ,nekheb407#ab7 ,nekheb1 ! vulture1 0 ! goddess ( ! s\?1 9 contradi/9ction to ,uazit1 ! s]p5t1 ! goddess ( ! nor?4 ,b 9 bo? ! s\? & ! nor? ! same dom9ant race held rule1 ! same cu/oms prevail$1 & ! same language 0 spok54 ,! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians1 9 _! nor!rn advance1 _h c>ri$ ) !m a common legacy ( ideas & mann]s4 ,_! religi\s conceptions _h be5 ! same1 & consequ5tly ! g5]al =m assum$ by ! religi\s cult 0 simil>4 ,9 spite ( local diff]5ces & ! self-c5tr$ "* ( ! num]\s indep5d5t pr9cipalities1 !re 01 nev]!less1 a family lik5ess betwe5 !m all4 ,ideas & cu/oms1 !re=e1 :i* grew up 9 "o place pass$ readily to ano!r1 & ! influ5ce ( a p>ticul> local sanctu>y 0 easily c>ri$ beyond ! limits ( ! di/rict 9 :i* x /ood4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( ! beliefs :i* ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians br\ght ) !m 0 t 9 ! div9e orig9 ( c]ta9 individuals4 ,! pr9ce :o l$ !m 0 n only ! son ( a god or goddess1 he 0 an inc>nation ( ! god himself4 ,! belief is "o ( ! _m facts :i* l9k ! ,ph>aonic civilisation ) ! culture ( primitive ,babylonia4 ,9 ,babylonia also ! k+ 0 div9e4 ,"o ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,ur calls himself ! son ( a goddess1 j z ,be% does at ,nekh52 & ! great conqu]ors ( primeval ,asia1 ,s>gon ( ,akkad & 8 son ,n>am-,s91 give !mselves ! title ( 8god0 9 _! inscriptions2 :ile ,n>am-,s9 is ev5 invok$ dur+ 8 lifetime z 8! god ( ! city ( ,agad0 or ,akkad4 ,= _m g5]ations ! ,babylonian k+s cont9u$ to receive div9e hon\rs :ile !y 7 /ill alive2 & x 0 n until aft] ! conque/ ( ,babylonia by a tribe ( half-civilis$ =eign]s f ! m\nta9s ( ,elam t ! old tradition 0 brok51 & ! reign+ k+ ceas$ to be a god4 ,l ! doctr9e ( ! div9e "r ( k+s 9 ,engl&1 :i* c\ld n survive ! fall ( ! ,/u>ts1 ! doctr9e ( ! div9e nature ( ! mon>* did n survive 9 ,babylonia ! fall ( ! native dyna/ies4 ,9 ,babylonia also1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! k+ cont9u$ to be invok$ z a god aft] 8 dea?4 ,*apels & prie/s 7 consecrat$ to 8 memory1 & /at$ sacrifices & (f]+s made to him4 ,x 0 n necess>y t ! deifi$ pr9ce %\ld be ! supreme sov]eign1 x 0 suffici5t if he 7 ! head ( a feudal pr9cipality4 ,?us1 :ile ,dungi1 ! supreme sov]eign ( ,babylonia1 receives 9 8 inscriptions ! title ( 8god10 8 vassal ,gudea1 ! high prie/ & h]$it>y pr9ce ( ! city ( ,lagas1 is likewise wor%ipp$ z a deity1 ^: cult la/$ = _m c5turies4 ,gudea 0 non-,semitic 9 race1 b mo/ ( ! ,babylonian k+s :o 7 ?us deifi$ 7 ,semites4 ,x is !re=e possible t ! deification ( ! rul] 0 ( ,semitic orig91 & only adopt$ f !m by ! old] ,sum]ian population1 z 9 ! case ( ,gudea2 x is also possible t x 0 "o ( ! consequ5ces ( t fusion ( ! two races1 ,sum]ian & ,semitic1 :i* produc$ ! lat] population & culture ( ,babylonia4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! apo!osis ( ! ,babylonian k+ dur+ 8 lifetime c be trac$ back z f> z ,s>gon & ,n>am-,s91 #chjj ,b4,c4 ,s>gon incorporat$ ,pale/9e1 8! l& ( ! ,amorites10 z x 0 !n call$1 into 8 empire1 :ile ,n>am-,s9 ext5d$ 8 conque/s to ,mgan or ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 ?us br++ ! arms & civilisation ( ,babylonia to ! v doors ( ,egypt4 ,! precise nature ( ! connection :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,egyptian belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! rul] mu/ be left to future rese>*4 ,9 ! ,egyptian m9d1 at all ev5ts1 x 0 a belief t 0 deeply implant$4 ,! ,ph>aoh 0 a god ^u e>?4 ,l ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 he belong$ to ! sol> race1 & ! blood :i* fl[$ 9 8 ve9s 0 ! i*or ( ! gods4 ,! exi/5ce ( a simil> belief 9 ,p]u %[s h[ easy x 0 = su* a belief to gr[ up 9 reg>d to ! lead] ( a conqu]+ p :o br\ght ) !m a high] culture & ! arts ( life4 ,b x presupposes religi\s conceptions :i*1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic ( ,babylonia1 are directly contr>y to ^? :i* seem to und]lie ! religion ( ,egypt4 ,among ! ,babylonians ! gods assum$ human =ms2 man _h be5 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! gods1 & ! gods !re=e 7 ( human %ape4 ,! conv]se1 h[ev]1 0 ! case 9 ,egypt4 ,"h ! gods1 ) few exceptions1 7 conceiv$ ( z brute bea/s4 ,horus 0 ! hawk1 ,nekheb ! vulture1 ,uazit ( ,buto ! deadly uru snake4 ,!re is only "o way ( expla9+ ! anomaly4 ,! conception ( ! gods :i* made !m m5 mu/ h come f outside1 & be5 impos$ ^u a p ^: gods 7 ! brute bea/s4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! ,ph>aonic invad]s f ,asia to :om ! lead] !y foll[$ 0 an inc>nate god4 ,h5ce x 0 j ?is lead] & no o!r :o 0 clo!d ) div9ity4 ,h5ce1 too1 x 0 t ! old] wor%ip ( animals 0 nev] really h>monis$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,ph>aoh4 ,! inn] contradiction :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! new religi\s conceptions rema9$ to ! end1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( ! prie/ly colleges to make !m agree4 ,religi\s art might repres5t ! god ) ! head ( a bea/ or bird & ! body ( a man1 ! sacr$ books might tea* t ! deity is unconf9$ by =m1 & s c\ld pass at w f ! body ( a man into t ( a bea/2 b all su* make%ifts c\ld n hide ! actual fact4 ,betwe5 ! deity :o is human & ! deity :o is be/ial no true reconciliation is possible4 ,we mu/ !re=e trace ! deification ( ! ,ph>aoh back to ,asia1 & ! ,asiatic elem5t 9 ! ,egyptian population4 ,! ,ph>aonic conqu]ors ( ! valley ( ! ,nile 7 ^? 8foll[]s ( ,horus0 :o wor%ipp$ _! lead] z a god4 ,x 0 a god 9 human =m :o _h l$ !m to victory1 & ,horus accord+ly cont9u$ to be repres5t$ z a man1 ev5 ?\gh ! symbolism ( ! hi]oglyphs unit$ ) ! cre$ ( ! prehi/oric races ( ,egypt 9 giv+ him ! head ( a hawk4 ,at fir/ ! rul] ( ea* ( ! small k+doms into :i* prehi/oric ,egypt 0 divid$1 0 hon\r$ z a god1 l ,gudea 9 ,babylonia4 ,:5 ! k+doms became1 fir/1 vassal pr9cipalities "u a p>am\nt "l1 & !n nomes1 ! old tradition 0 /ill ma9ta9$4 ,div9e titles 7 giv5 to ! nom>*s ev5 9 ! lat] times ( ! unit$ mon>*y1 & aft] _! dea? wor%ip cont9u$ to be paid to !m47#ac7 ,*ri/ian writ]s tell u h[ at ,anab p>ticul> individuals 7 reg>d$ z gods1 to :om (f]+s 7 accord+ly br\ght2 & ,ptah1 ! tutel>y deity ( ,memphis1 0 pictur$ z a man 9 ! wrapp+s ( a mummy1 :ile to ,anhur ( ,?is ! human figure 0 assign$4 ,) ! coalesc5ce ( ! small] pr9cipalities into two k+doms1 ! deification ( ! rul] 0 conf9$ )9 n>r[] b\nds4 ,b = t v reason x became m absolute & int5se4 ,! supreme sov]eign1 ! ,ph>aoh z we may h5ce=? call him1 0 a v]itable god on e>?4 ,to 8 subjects he 0 ! s\rce1 n only ( mat]ial b5efits1 b ( spiritual bless+s z well4 ,he 0 8! good god10 ! b5efic5t disp5s] ( all good ?+s47#ad7 ,! p[] ( life & dea? 0 9 8 h&1 & rebellion aga9/ him 0 rebellion aga9/ ! gods4 ,! blood t fl[$ 9 8 ve9s 0 ! same z t :i* fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( ! gods2 x 0 ev5 communicat$ to him f "t to "t by 8 div9e bre?r52 & ! bas-reliefs ( a lat] age1 :5 ! traditional belief _h become little m ?an a symbolical allegory1 /ill depict him ) 8 back t[>ds ! /atue ( ! god1 :o is transfus+ ! i*or ( heav5 ?r\gh 8 ve9s47#ae7 ,m5es1 ! k+ ( ,upp] ,egypt1 fir/ unit$ "u "o sceptre ! two k+doms ( ! ,nile4 ,! div9ity :i* _h hi!rto be5 %>$ betwe5 ! ,ph>aohs ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt n[ pass$ 9 all x fulness to him4 ,he became ! visible god ( ,egypt1 j z ,s>gon or ,n>am-,s9 0 ! visible god ( ,akkad4 ,all ! attributes ( div9ity belong$ to him1 z !y 7 conceiv$ ( by 8 subjects1 & f him !y pass$ to 8 successors4 ,legitimacy ( bir? 0 reckon$ ?r\gh ! "m1 & ?r\gh ! "m accord+ly ! div9e nature ( ! ,ph>aoh 0 h&$ on4 ,only ^? :o _h be5 born ( a pr9cess ( ! royal family c\ld be consid]$ to possess x 9 all its purity2 & :]e ?is title 0 want+1 x 0 necess>y to assume ! direct int]v5tion ( a god4 ,! "m ( ,amon-hotep ,,iii4 0 ( ,asiatic orig92 we read1 !re=e1 on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,luxor1 t he 0 born ( a virg9 & ! god ( ,!bes4 ,alex&]1 ! conqu]or ( ,egypt1 0 a ,mac$onian2 x 0 ne$ful1 accord+ly1 t he %\ld be ackn[l$g$ z a son by ! god ( ! oasis ( ,ammon47#af7 ,b su* consequ5ces ( ! old ,egyptian belief 9 ! inc>nation ( ! deity 9 man are lead+ u away into a field ( inve/igation :i* w h to be trav]s$ 9 a future lecture4 ,= ! pres5t1 x is suffici5t to keep two facts /eadily be=e ! m9d3 on ! "o side1 ! old ,egyptian belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! brute bea/2 on ! o!r1 ! equally old belief 9 ! div9ity ( man4 ,! two beliefs are n really to be h>monis$ "o ) ! o!r2 !y 71 9 fact1 d]iv$ f diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! ,egyptian population2 b1 ) 8 usual cons]vative in/9ct & avoidance ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ! ,egyptian ( lat] days co-ord9at$ !m toge!r1 & clos$ 8 eyes to _! actual incompatibility4 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,! ,imp]i%able ,"p ,( ,man ,& ,! ,o!r ,_w4 ,x has sometimes be5 ass]t$ by travell]s & e?nologi/s1 t tribes exi/ :o are absolutely )\t any idea ( ,god4 ,x w usually be f\nd t su* ass]tions mean little m ?an t !y are )\t any idea ( :at we mean by ,god3 ev5 ! ,zulus1 :o saw 9 a re$ ! creator ( ! _w17#ag7 nev]!less believ$ t ! _w _h be5 creat$ by a p[] outside !mselves4 ,mod]n rese>* goes to %[ t no race ( man1 s f> z is kn[n1 has be5 )\t a belief 9 a p[] ( ! k9d1 or 9 a _w :i* is sep>ate f ! visible _w ar\nd u2 /atem5ts to ! contr>y g5]ally re/ on ignorance or misconception4 ,! v fact t ! savage dreams1 & gives to 8 dreams ! reality ( 8 wak+ mom5ts1 br+s ) x a belief 9 :at1 = ! want ( a bett] t]m1 ,i w call 8ano!r _w40 ,?is o!r _w1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is mat]ial1 z mat]ial z ! 8heav5ly ,j]usalem0 to :i* s _m good ,*ri/ians h look$ =w>d ev5 9 our own day4 ,! savage has no exp]i5ce ( any?+ else ?an mat]ial exi/5ce1 & he _c1 !re=e1 rise to ! conception ( :at we mean by ! spiritual1 ev5 if he 7 capable ( =m+ s ab/ract an idea4 ,8 spiritual _w is necess>ily mat]iali/ic1 n only to be int]pret$ & appreh5d$ ?r\gh s5su\s symbols1 b id5tical ) ^? s5su\s symbols !mselves4 ,! ,lat9 anima meant 8brea?0 be=e x meant 8! s\l40 ,?is s5su\s mat]iali/ic conception ( ! spiritual has l+]$ long 9 ! human m9d2 inde$1 x is que/ionable :e!r1 z long z we are human1 we %all ev] %ake ourselves :olly free f x4 ,! great] is naturally its dom9ance ! fur!r we rec$e 9 hi/ory4 ,!re is 8ano!r _w10 b x is a _w /rangely l our own4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is conception ( 8ano!r _w0 is ! conception :i* man =ms conc]n+ 8 own nature4 ,!re are few races ( mank9d among :om we d n f9d 9 "o %ape or ano!r ! belief 9 a second self4 ,sometimes ?is second self is 9 all respects a reflection & image ( ! liv+ self1 l ! images ( ^? we see 9 our dreams2 & x is m ?an probable t dreams fir/ sugge/$ x4 ,sometimes x is a m]e speck ( grey vap\r1 :i* may owe its orig9 to ! brea? :i* issues f ! m\? & seems to =sake x at dea?1 or to ! mi/y =ms se5 aft] nightfall by ! savage 9 ! gloom ( ! =e/ & by ! edge ( ! morass4 ,at times x is conceiv$ ( z a sort ( lum9\s gas or a phosphoresc5t fla% ( light1 su* z is emitt$ by decay+ vegetation 9 a damp soil4 ,or1 aga91 x may be lik5$ to ! bird t flies to heav51 to ! butt]fly :i* hov]s f fl[] to fl[]1 or ev5 to insects l ! gras%opp] :i* hop along ! gr\nd4 ,b h[ev] x may be envisag$1 x is at once impalpable & mat]ial1 some?+ t c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses & yet eludes ! grasp4 ,! ,egyptian !ory ( ! nature ( man 9 ! hi/orical age ( ! nation 0 v complicat$4 ,man 0 made up ( _m p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 capable ( liv+ et]nally4 ,! belief 9 8 composite "* 0 due to ! composite "* ( ! p z describ$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 add$ to t cons]vative t5d5cy :i* prev5t$ !m f disc>d+ or ev5 alt]+ any "p ( ! h]itage ( ! pa/4 ,"s at lea/ ( ! elem5ts :i* w5t 8to ! mak+ ( man0 7 d]iv$ f diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! population4 ,!y _h be5 absorb$1 or r co-ord9at$1 9 ! ,/ate religion1 ) little reg>d to _! mutual compatibility & ) little ef=t to reconcile !m4 ,h5ce x is some:at difficult to di/+ui% !m all "o f ano!r2 inde$1 x is a task :i* no ,egyptian !ologian ev5 attempt$2 & :5 we f9d ! li/ ( !m giv5 9 full1 x is d\btless to secure t no compon5t "p ( ! individual %\ld be omitt$1 ! "n ( :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f ! g5]ations ( old4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 c]ta9 compon5t p>ts :i* 7 cle>ly def9$1 & :i* occupi$ an important place 9 ! religi\s ideas ( ,egypt4 ,=emo/ among/ ^! 0 ! ,ka or 8,d\ble40 ,und]nea? ! conception ( ! ,ka lay a crude philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,ka correspond$ ) ! %ad[ 9 ! visible _w4 ,l ! %ad[ :i* _c be deta*$ f ! object1 s1 too1 ! ,ka or ,d\ble is ! reflection ( ! object z x is conceiv$ ( 9 ! m9d4 ,b ! ,egyptian did n realise t x 0 only a product ( ! m9d4 ,= him x 0 z real & mat]ial z ! %ad[ itself2 inde$1 x 0 mu* m mat]ial1 = x _h an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own4 ,x c\ld be sep>at$ f ! object ( :i* x 0 ! facsimile & pres5tm5t1 & repres5t x else:]e4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 x 0 :at gave life & =m to ! object ( :i* x 0 ! image2 x con/itut$1 9 fact1 its ess5ce & p]sonality4 ,h5ce x 0 sometimes int]*ang$ ) ! 8,"n0 :i*1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,egyptian1 0 ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself1 )\t :i* ! ?+ c\ld n exi/4 ,9 a s5se ! ,ka 0 ! spiritual reflection ( an object1 b x 0 a spiritual reflection :i* _h a concrete =m4 ,! 8ideas0 ( ,plato 7 ! la/ developm5t ( ! ,egyptian doctr9e ( ! ,ka4 ,!y 7 ! ar*etypes aft] :i* all ?+s h be5 made1 & !y are ar*etypes :i* are at once ab/ract & concrete4 ,mod]n philosoph]s h trans=m$ !m into ! ?\ghts ( ,god1 :i* realise !mselves 9 concrete %ape4 ,b to ! anci5t ,egyptian ! concrete side ( 8 conception 0 alone app>5t4 ,t ! ,ka 0 a creation ( 8 own m9d nev] once occurr$ to him4 ,x _h a real & sub/antial exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( gods & m51 ev5 ?\gh x 0 n visible to ! outw>d s5ses4 ,ev]y?+ t he knew or ?\ght ( _h its d\ble1 & he nev] suspect$ t x 0 8 own act ( ?\ght :i* br\ght x into be+4 ,x 0 symbolism aga9 t 0 to blame4 ,once m ! symbol 0 confus$ ) t = :i* x /ood1 & ! ab/ract 0 translat$ into ! concrete4 ,! ab/ract idea ( p]sonality became a sub/antial ?+1 to :i* all ! attributes ( sub/antial objects 7 atta*$4 ,l ! 8,"n10 :i* 0 a =ce ) a concrete individuality ( its own1 ! ,ka 0 z mu* an individual entity z ! angels ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,betwe5 x & ! object or p]son to :i* x belong$1 !re 0 ! same relation z exi/s betwe5 ! conception & ! ^w4 ,! "o presuppos$ ! o!r4 ,until ! p]son 0 born1 8 ,ka _h no exi/5ce2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! ,ka to :i* 8 exi/5ce 0 ow$4 ,b once x _h come into be+ ! ,ka 0 immortal1 l ! ^w :i*1 once =m$1 c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! ?\ght :i* gave x bir?4 ,z soon z x left ! body1 ! body ceas$ to live1 & did n recov] life & consci\sness until x 0 reunit$ ) its ,ka4 ,b :ile ! body rema9$ ?us lifeless & unconsci\s1 ! ,ka l$ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 consci\s & alive4 ,?is exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 01 9 a s5se1 q z mat]ial z t ( ! body _h be5 ^u e>?4 ,! ,ka ne$$ to be su/a9$ by food & dr9k4 ,h5ce came ! (f]+s :i* 7 made to ! dead z well z to ! gods1 ea* ( :om _h 8 ,ka1 :i*1 l ! human ,ka1 0 dep5d5t on ! food t 0 suppli$ to x4 ,b x 0 ! ,ka ( ! food & ! ,ka ( ! dr9k ^u :i* ! ,ka ( man or god 0 necess>ily f$4 ,?\gh at fir/1 !re=e1 ! actual food & dr9k 7 furni%$ by ! fai?ful1 ! ,egyptians 7 ev5tually l$ by ! =ce ( logic to hold t models ( ! food & dr9k 9 /one or t]ra-cotta or wood 7 z efficaci\s z ! food & dr9k !mselves4 ,su* models 7 *eap] & m easily procurable1 & _h1 moreov]1 ! advantage ( be+ practically imp]i%able4 ,gradually1 !re=e1 !y took ! place ( ! meat & bread1 ! be] & w9e1 :i* _h once be5 pil$ up 9 ! dead man's tomb1 & f ! "t ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y onw>ds we f9d t]ra-cotta cakes1 inscrib$ ) ! "n & titles ( ! deceas$1 sub/itut$ = ! fun]>y bread4 ,! same idea z t :i* l$ to ! manufacture ( ^! %am (f]+s _h introduc$ /atues & images into ! tomb at an e>ly date4 ,9 ! tombs ( ! ,?ird & ,f\r? & foll[+ ,dyna/ies1 /atues h be5 f\nd ( a v high ord] ( art4 ,no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to make !m speak+ lik5esses ( ! m5 & wom5 9 ^: tombs !y 7 plac$2 ev5 ! eyes h be5 made lifelike ) inlaid ivory & obsidian4 ,usually1 too1 ! /atues are c>v$ out ( ! h>de/1 & !re=e ! mo/ endur+1 ( /one1 s t1 :5 ! corpse ( ! dead 0 %rivell$ beyond recognition1 8 c\nt]p>t 9 /one /ill repres5t$ him j z he 0 9 life4 ,b ! /atue _h its ,ka l ! man x repres5t$1 & if ! lik5ess 7 exact1 ! ,ka ( ! /atue & ! ,ka ( ! man w\ld be "o & ! same4 ,h5ce ! ,ka c\ld f9d a fitt+ =m 9 :i* to clo! itself :5ev] x wi%$ to revisit ! tomb & !re n\ri% itself on ! (f]+s made to ! dead by ! piety ( 8 desc5dants4 ,& ev5 if ! mummy p]i%$1 ! /atue w\ld rema9 = ! homeless ,ka47#ah7 ,x 0 probably on ?is acc\nt t we s (t5 f9d m ?an "o /atue ( ! dead man 9 ! same tomb4 ,! m num]\s ! /atues1 ! great] *ance !re 0 t "o at lea/ ( !m w\ld survive d[n to ! day :5 ! ,ka %\ld at la/ be aga9 unit$ to its body & s\l4 ,& ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis discov]$ yet a fur!r reason = ! practice4 ,f "t immemorial ,ra ! sun-god _h be5 invok$ !re "u ! =m ( 8 sev5 birdlike 8s\ls0 or spirits1 & d\ble ?is numb] ( ,kas 0 n[ ascrib$ to him1 ea* correspond+ ) a quality or attribute :i* he c\ld be/[ ^u 8 wor%ipp]s47#ai7 ,symbols already exi/$ 9 ! hi]oglyphics = ^! v>i\s qualities1 s t x 0 easy to reg>d ea* ( !m z hav+ a sep>ate & concrete exi/5ce1 & s be+ practically a ,ka4 ,! fun]>y /atue & ! ideas connect$ ) x seem to h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ,memphis & ! s*ool ( !ology :i* exi/$ !re4 ,at all ev5ts1 no simil> /atues h be5 discov]$ at ,abydos 9 ! tombs ( ! fir/ two 7,?9ite7 dyna/ies2 !y make _! appe>ance ) ! rise ( ,memphite influ5ce "u ! ,?ird ,dyna/y4 ,& ) ! disappe>ance ( ! old ,memphite empire1 !y too t5d to disappe>4 ,! di/urb$ condition ( ,egypt aft] ! fall ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y 0 n fav\rable to art1 & x 0 probably difficult to f9d arti/s any long] :o c\ld imitate ) ev5 approximate accuracy ! features ( ! dead4 ,b "u ! ,!ban dyna/ies ano!r k9d ( image becomes prom95t4 ,?is 0 ! ,u%ebti or 8,respond5t10 hundr$s ( :i* may be se5 9 mo/ museums4 ,!y are usually small figures ( blue or gre5 porcela91 ) a mattock pa9t$ "u ea* arm1 & a basket on ! back4 ,! "n & titles ( ! deceas$ are g5]ally inscrib$ ^u !m1 & n unfrequ5tly ! #f? *apt] ( ! ,egyptian fun]>y ritual or ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! *apt] reads z foll[s3 8,o ^! u%ebtis1 :atev] be ! "w x is decre$ ! ,osirifi$ "o mu/ d 9 ! o!r _w1 let all h9drances to x !re be smitt5 d[n = him1 ev5 z he desires6 ,behold me :5 ye call6 ,see t ye "w dilig5tly e mom5t !re1 s[+ ! fields1 fill+ ! canals ) wat]1 c>ry+ s& f ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/4 ,behold me :5 ye call60 ,! *apt] expla9$ :at ! u%ebti-figures 7 int5d$ =4 ,be=e ! dead man1 ju/ifi$ ?\gh he _h be5 by fai? 9 ,osiris & 8 own good de$s1 c\ld be admitt$ to ! full enjoym5t ( ! fields ( p>adise1 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld %[ t he 0 wor?y ( !m by ! p]=mance ( "s "w4 ,he 0 !re=e call$ ^u to cultivate t portion ( !m :i* _h be5 allott$ to him1 to till ! gr\nd & wat] x f ! heav5ly ,nile4 ,_h he be5 a peasant :ile on e>?1 ! task w\ld h be5 an easy "o2 _h he1 on ! contr>y1 belong$ to ! weal?i] classes1 or be5 unaccu/om$ to agricultural lab\r1 x w\ld h be5 h>d & irksome4 ,?anks to ! doctr9e ( ! ,ka1 h[ev]1 means 7 f\nd = light5+ ! obligation4 ,! relatives ( ! dead buri$ ) him a numb] ( u%ebti-figures1 ea* ( :i* repres5t$ a fellah ) mattock & basket1 & _! ,kas1 x 0 believ$1 w\ld1 ) ! help ( ! sacr$ words ( ! ,ritual1 assi/ him 9 8 "w4 ,sometimes1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 ! images 7 brok52 ?us1 z x 71 putt+ an end to _! e>?ly exi/5ce1 & sett+ _! ,kas free4 ,:5 once ! tomb 0 clos$ & ! mummy hidd5 away 9 ! recesses1 x 0 necess>y to f9d a way by :i* ! ,ka c\ld ent] ! abode ( ! dead1 & s eat & dr9k ! food t _h be5 deposit$ !re4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,ka f its v nature 0 subject to ! same limitations z ! p]son :om x repres5t$4 ,if !re 0 no door x c\ld n ent]4 ,:]e x diff]$ f ! liv+ p]son 0 9 its exi/+ 9 a _w 9 :i* :at are %ams & pictures to u 7 s _m concrete realities4 ,consequ5tly all t 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to all[ ! ,ka free entrance into ! tomb 0 to pa9t a false door on "o ( its walls2 ! ,ka c\ld !n pass 9 & out ?r\gh ! ,ka ( ! door1 & s rejo9 its mummy or its /atue :5 s x wi%$4 ,?is false door1 9 front ( :i* ! (f]+s to ! dead 7 orig9ally laid1 mu/ g back to a primitive p]iod 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie has %[n t x is presuppos$ by ! s-call$ ,bann] "n ( ! ,egyptian ,ph>aohs47#bj7 ,ev] s9ce ! fir/ days ( hi]oglyphic deciph]m5t1 x has be5 kn[n t besides ! "n or names giv5 to ! ,ph>aoh at bir?1 & commonly borne by him 9 life1 he _h ano!r "n n enclos$ 9 a c>t\*e1 b 9 some?+ t resembl$ a bann]1 & 0 surm\nt$ by ! hawk ( ! god ,horus4 ,x actually repres5t$1 h[ev]1 n a bann]1 b ! panel above ! false door ( a tomb1 & ! "n writt5 )9 x 0 ! "n ( ! ,ka ( ! ,ph>aoh r ?an ( ! ,ph>aoh himself4 ,x 0 accord+ly ! "n by :i* he 0 kn[n aft] dea?1 ! "n inscrib$ on ! objects buri$ 9 8 tomb1 & also ! "n "u :i* he 0 wor%ipp$ :e!r 9 ?is life or 9 ! next4 ,z ! ,horus or deifi$ lead] :o _h subjugat$ ! old] inhabitants ( ,egypt & f\nd$ ! ,ph>aonic dyna/ies1 x 0 "r & fitt+ t he %\ld be kn[n by ! "n ( 8 ,ka4 ,x 0 n s mu* ! ,ph>aoh t 0 ador$ by 8 subjects1 z ! ,ka ( ! ,ph>aoh1 & ! ,ph>aoh 0 god because ! blood ( ,horus fl[$ 9 8 ve9s4 ,! e>lie/ monum5ts ( ! ,ph>aohs yet discov]$ give almo/ inv>iably only ! ,ka-"n ( ! k+4 ,! fact is d\btless due 9 great measure to _! g5]al "*4 ,) few exceptions !y consi/ ( tomb/ones & o!r sepul*ral furniture4 ,b ! objects f\nd 9 ! f\ndations ( ! temple ( ,nekh5 are also examples ( ! same fact4 ,! fusion 0 n yet complete1 at all ev5ts 9 ! s\?1 betwe5 ! ,ph>aoh z man & ! ,ph>aoh z god2 x 0 8 ,ka t 0 div9e1 r ?an ! bodily husk 9 :i* x soj\rn$ = a "t4 ,! ,ka accord+ly occupies a prom95t place 9 ! names ( ! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,old ,empire1 :ile ! sacr$ art ( ! temples cont9u$ ! anci5t tradition d[n to ! late/ times4 ,horus & ! ,nile-gods1 = in/ance1 pres5t ! ,ka ( ,amon-hotep ,,iii4 along ) ! infant pr9ce to ! god ( ,!bes2 & at ,soleb ! same ,ph>aoh is repres5t$ z mak+ (f]+s to 8 own d\ble47#ba7 ,inde$1 x is n unfrequ5t to f9d ! k+ & 8 ,ka ?us sep>at$ f "o ano!r & set side by side2 & at times ! ,ka becomes a m]e symbol1 plant$ l a /&>d at ! mon>*'s back4 ,x 0 ! ,ka1 !re=e1 :i* 9 ! e>ly days ( ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght 0 m especially associat$ ) ! div9e nature ( ! k+4 ,! association ( ideas 0 assi/$ by ! fact t ! gods1 l m51 _h ea* 8 individual ,ka4 ,& 9 ! old] p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory ! ,ka ( ! god & n ! god himself 0 prim>ily ! object ( wor%ip4 ,! sacr$ "n ( ,memphis 0 a-ka-,pta1 8! temple ( ! ,ka ( ,pta10 :i* appe>s z ,khikuptakh 9 ! ,tel el-,am>na lett]s1 & f :i* ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! ,aiguptos1 8,egypt40 ,ev5 9 ! la/ c5turies ( ,egyptian indep5d5ce ! pray]s address$ to ! bull-god ,apis are /ill made = ! mo/ "p to 8 ,ka4 ,! ,ka1 9 fact1 0 conceiv$ ( z ! liv+ pr9ciple :i* inspir$ bo? gods & m54 ,its sep>ation f ! body meant :at we call dea?1 & life c\ld return only :5 ! two 7 reunit$4 ,t reunion c\ld take place only 9 ! o!r _w1 aft] long ye>s _h pass$ & /range exp]i5ces _h be5 und]gone by ! disembodi$ ,ka4 ,! #aje? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead conta9s ! words ) :i* on ! day ( resurrection ! ,ka 0 to be greet$4 8,hail10 says ! dead man1 8to !e :o wa/ my ,ka dur+ life6 ,behold1 ,i come unto !e1 ,i arise respl5d5t1 ,i lab\r1 ,i am /rong1 ,i am hale1 ,i br+ gra9s ( inc5se1 ,i am purifi$ !reby1 & ,i !reby purify t :i* goe? =? f !e40 ,!n foll[ ! magical words by :i* all evil 0 to be w>d$ (f3 8,i am t amulet ( gre5 felsp>1 ! necklace ( ! god ,ra1 :i* is giv5 unto !m t are on ! horizon4 ,!y fl\ri%1 ,i fl\ri%1 my ,ka fl\ri%es ev5 z !y1 my duration ( life fl\ri%es ev5 z !y1 my ,ka has abundance ( food ev5 z !y4 ,! scale ( ! balance rises1 ,tru? rises high unto ! nose ( ! god ,ra on ! day on :i* my ,ka is :]e ,i am 7874 ,my head & my arm are re/or$ to me :]e ,i am 7874 ,i am he ^: eye see?1 ^: e>s he>2 ,i am n a bea/ ( sacrifice4 ,! sacrificial =mul = ! high] ones ( heav5 are recit$ :]e ,i am40 ,z might be expect$1 ! ,ka is (t5 repres5t$ ) ! symbol ( life 9 its h&s4 ,at ! same "t1 x is important to rememb] t1 ?\gh "u "o aspect ! ,ka 0 id5tical ) ! pr9ciple ( life1 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptian x 0 sep>ate f ! latt]1 j z x 0 sep>ate f consci\sness & f ! div9e ess5ce4 ,^! 7 ea* ( !m indep5d5t entities :i* 7 possess$ by ! ,ka j z !y 7 possess$ by its human c\nt]p>t4 ,life1 consci\sness1 & relation%ip to ! gods 7 all attributes ( ! ,ka1 b !y 7 attributes1 ea* ( :i* _h a concrete & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own4 ,at ! outset1 d\btless1 ! ,ka 0 practically id5tical ) ! vital pr9ciple4 ,primitive man does n di/+ui% z we d betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate4 ,he projects 8 own p]sonality into ! ?+s he sees ab\t him1 & ascribes to !m ! same motive =ces z ^? :i* move himself4 ,he kn[s ( only "o s\rce ( movem5t & activity1 & t s\rce is life4 ,! />s :i* travel ?r\gh ! firmam5t1 ! arr[ t flies ?r\gh ! air1 are ei!r alive or else are direct$ & animat$ by "s liv+ p[]4 ,movem5t1 9 fact1 implies life1 & ! mov+ object1 :atev] x may be1 is a liv+ ?+4 ,! old belief or in/9ct is /ill /rong 9 ! *ild4 ,he rev5ges himself ^u ! ball or /one t has /ruck him z ?\gh x too 7 a liv+ be+4 ,9 ! ,mosaic law x is laid d[n t 8if an ox gore a man or a woman t !y die1 !n ! ox %all be surely /on$02 & simil> p5alties 7 en=c$ aga9/ animals :i* _h injur$ man1 n only 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?us a pig 0 burn$ at ,font5ay-aux-,roses1 9 #abff1 = hav+ dev\r$ a *ild2 & 9 #achi a horse 0 br\ght to trial at ,dijon = ! murd] ( a man1 & condemn$ to dea?4 ,9 ,brazil1 9 #agac1 an action 0 br\ght aga9/ ! ants :o _h burr[$ "u ! f\ndations ( a mona/]y1 &1 aft] c\nsel _h be5 he>d on bo? sides1 !y 7 solemnly condemn$ to bani%m5t by ! judge2 :ile1 9 #afhe1 ! bell ( ! ,prote/ant *apel at ,la ,ro*elle 0 fir/ sc\rg$ = hav+ abett$ h]esy1 !n cate*is$ & made to recant1 & f9ally baptiz$47#bb7 ,! e>ly ,egyptians 7 n m enlight5$ ?an ! or?odox !ologians ( ,la ,ro*elle4 ,= !m1 too1 action mu/ h impli$ life1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 object & subject _h n yet be5 realis$4 ,h5ce ! belief t objects z well z p]sons _h ea* its ,ka1 a belief :i* 0 /r5g!n$ by ! fact t !y all alike ca/ %ad[s be=e !m1 z well z ! fur!r belief t ! nature ( ! ,ka 0 9 ei!r case ! same4 ,h5ce x 01 moreov]1 t ! u%ebti-figures & o!r sepul*ral furniture 7 brok5 9 ord] t _! ,kas might be releas$ f !m1 & s accompany ! ,ka ( ! dead man 9 8 w&]+s 9 ! o!r _w4 ,z life & ! p[] ( movem5t des]t$ ! corpse ( ! dead man z soon z 8 ,ka 0 sep>at$ f x1 s too ! ,ka ( ! u%ebti pass$ out ( x :5 its =m 0 mutilat$ by breakage4 ,! life t 0 9 x _h dep>t$1 z x 71 into ano!r _w4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! v ^w ,ka _h orig9ally a connection ) a root signify+ 8to live40 ,at any rate1 x 0 id5tical 9 spell+ ) a ^w :i* d5ot$ 8food02 & t ! pronunciation ( ! two words 0 ! same1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! ,egyptian bas-reliefs sometimes repres5t ! (f]+s ( food made to ! dead or to ! gods inside ! arms ( ! symbol ( ! ,ka7#bc74 ,:5 we rememb] t viv&e is no?+ m ?an ! ,lat9 viv5da1 8! ?+s on :i* we live10 !re arises at lea/ ! possibility ( an etymological connection betwe5 ! d\ble & ! pr9ciple ( life :i* x once symbolis$47#bd7 ,n[1 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 ,i po9t$ out t ! e>ly ,sum]ian inhabitants ( ,babylonia held a belief :i* is almo/ precisely ! same z t ( ! ,egyptians 9 reg>d to ! ,ka4 ,9 ,babylonia also1 ev]y?+ _h its ,zi or 8d\ble10 & ! nature ( ?is ,zi is 9 no way di/+ui%able f t ( ! ,egyptian ,ka4 ,z 9 ,egypt1 moreov]1 ! gods _h ea* 8 ,zi z well z m5 & ?+s1 &1 z 9 ,egypt1 x 0 ! ,zi ( ! god r ?an ! god himself :i* 0 prim>ily wor%ipp$4 ,s m>k$ is ! resemblance betwe5 ! two conceptions1 t 9 work+ x out on ! ,babylonian side1 ,i c\ld n resi/ ! conviction t !re mu/ h be5 "s connection betwe5 !m4 ,t 0 sixte5 ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n discov]ies h be5 made & facts br\ght to light :i* indicate t a connection really did exi/ betwe5 ! ,babylonia & ! ,egypt ( ! s-call$ prehi/oric age1 & h l$ me to believe1 ) ,hommel1 de ,morgan1 & o!rs1 t ,babylonia 0 ! home & cradle ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians4 ,9 ,sum]ian ! ^w ,zi signifi$ 8life10 & 0 d5ot$ by ! picture ( a fl[]+ re$4 ,x 0 ! life on :i* 0 impr9t$ ! =m ( ! body t 0 = a "t its home1 & its sep>ation f ! body meant ! dea? ( ! latt]4 ,! ,sum]ians nev] advanc$ to ! fur!r /age ( mak+ ! vital pr9ciple itself a sep>able quality2 p]haps ! orig9al signification ( ! ^w :i* x nev] lo/ w\ld h prev5t$ ?is4 ,b !y did g on to trans=m ! ,zi into a _s or demon1 :o1 9 place ( be+ ! c\nt]p>t ( "s individual p]son or ?+1 c\ld ent] at w into any object he *ose4 ,ev5 9 ,egypt1 traces ( ! same logical progress 9 ideas may p]haps be f\nd4 ,if ,pr(essor ,masp]o is "r 9 8 int]pretation ( c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,pyramid texts & ,ptolemaic papyri1 8,! d\ble did n all[ its family to =get x1 b us$ all ! means at its disposal to rem9d !m ( its exi/5ce4 ,x ent]$ _! h\ses & _! bodies1 t]rifi$ !m1 wak+ & sleep+1 by its sudd5 app>itions1 /ruck !m d[n ) disease or madness1 & w\ld ev5 suck _! blood l ! mod]n vampire7#be740 ,su* a conception ( ! ,ka1 h[ev]1 if ev] x exi/$1 mu/ h soon pass$ away1 leav+ beh9d x b few ve/iges ( itself4 ,i h dwelt ?us long on ! doctr9e ( ! ,ka or d\ble on acc\nt bo? ( its importance & ( ! difficulties x pres5ts to ! mod]n s*ol>4 ,its discov]y by ,pr(essor ,masp]o & ,sir ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f cle>$ away a ho/ ( misconceptions1 & introduc$ light into "o ( ! d>ke/ corn]s ( ,egyptian religion7#bf74 ,& h[ev] /range x may seem to u1 x 0 9 ?or\gh accordance ) ! simple logic ( primitive man4 ,giv5 ! premisses1 ! conclusion foll[$4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ,egyptian came to progress 9 k & culture1 & new ideas ab\t 8 own nature 7 adopt$1 t difficulties began to multiply & ! !ory ( ! ,ka to become complicat$4 ,among ^! new ideas 0 t ( ! ,khu or 8lum9\s0 "p ( man4 ,on ! rec5tly discov]$ monum5ts ( ! e>ly p]iod1 ! ,khu holds a place :i* x lo/ aft] ! rise ( ,memphite influ5ce ) ! ,?ird ,dyna/y4 ,we f9d x depict$ on ! tomb/ones ( ,abydos embrac$ by ! d[n-b5t arms ( ! ,ka4 ,! ,khu1 !re=e1 0 conceiv$ ( z compreh5d$ 9 ! human ,ka1 z =m+ "p ( x1 ?\gh at ! same "t z a sep>ate entity4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! s\l ( ! human ,ka1 & 0 accord+ly symbolis$ by ! cre/$ ibis7#bg74 ,x may be t x 0 9 ! beg9n+ no?+ m ?an ! phosphoresc5t light emitt$ by decay+ vegetation :i* ! belat$ wayf>] took = a gho/2 ! g9n 7j9n7 ( ! mod]n ,egyptian fellah are simil> lights :i* fla% up sudd5ly f ! gr\nd4 ,b ! e>lie/ examples ( its use on ! monum5ts are aga9/ su* an ignoble orig91 & sugge/ r t x 0 ! glorifi$ _s :i* m\nt$ up l a bird 9 ! arms ( its ,ka t[>ds ! brilliant vault ( heav54 ,x is n until we come to ! decad5t days ( ! ,greek & ,roman p]iods t ! ,khu appe>s 9 a degrad$ =m z a malignant gho/ :i* ent]s ! bodies ( ! liv+ 9 ord] to torm5t !m4 ,no traces ( su* a belief are to be f\nd 9 old] days4 ,! ,pyramid texts speak ( 8! f\r ,khu ( ,horus10 8:o live 9 ,heliopolis10 & 7 at once male & female1 & ( ! ,khu :o br&i% _! arms & =m a sort ( bodygu>d ar\nd ! god ( ! dead4 ,!y are id5tifi$ ) ! fix$ />s1 & m especially ) ^? ( ! ,great ,be>1 & 9 ! euhem]i/ic *ronicles ( ,egyptian hi/ory !y become ! 8,manes0 ( ,mane?o1 ! semi-div9e dyna/y :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! dyna/ies ( ! gods & ( m547#bh7 ,! ,khu ?us =ms a l9k betwe5 m5 & ! gods1 & p>ticipates 9 ! div9e nature4 ,x is ! s\l reg>d$ z a godlike ess5ce1 z com+ d[n f heav5 r ?an z m\nt+ up t[>ds x4 ,x is n only disembodi$1 b ne$s ! body no long]2 x belongs to ! ,ka1 :i* /ill lives & moves1 & n to ! mummifi$ corpse f :i* ! vital sp>k has fl$4 ,x waits on ! god ( ! dead1 n on ! dead !mselves4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t 9 ! "p ( ,egypt 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,khu grew up1 mummification 0 n practis$2 & ! probability is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t1 be=e ! rise ( ! ,?ird ,dyna/y1 embalm+ 0 app>5tly n frequ5t 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! k+s4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 "o ?+ is c]ta94 ,! conception ( ! ,khu _c h orig9at$ 9 ! same "p ( ! c\ntry1 or p]haps among ! same elem5t 9 ! population1 z a p>allel b :olly inconsi/5t conception :i* ev5tually ga9$ ! pr$om9ance4 ,accord+ to ?is conception1 ! imp]i%able "p ( man :i*1 l ! ,ka1 pass$ aft] dea? into ! o!r _w1 0 ! ,ba or 8s\l40 ,l ! ,khu1 ! ,ba 0 pictur$ z a bird2 b ! bird is usually giv5 a human head & sometimes human h&s47#bi7 ,b1 :ile ! ,khu 0 ess5tially div9e1 ! ,ba 0 ess5tially human4 ,x is true t ! ,ba1 z well z ! ,khu1 0 assign$ to ! gods--,ra ( ,heliopolis 0 ev5 cr$it$ ) sev52 b :]eas man possess$ a ,khu or lum9\s s\l because he 0 lik5$ to ! gods1 ! gods possess$ a ,ba because !y 7 lik5$ to m54 ,! relation betwe5 ! two is br\ght out v cle>ly 9 ! philosophy ( ! s-call$ ,h]metic books1 :i* endeav\r$ to translate ! !ology ( ,egypt into ,greek ?\ght4 ,!re we are told t ! ,khu is ! intellig5ce 771 ( :i* ! ,ba or s\l 77 is z x 7 ! envelope4 ,z long z ! s\l is imprison$ 9 ! e>?ly tab]nacle ( ! body1 ! intellig5ce is depriv$ ( ! robe ( fire 9 :i* x %\ld be clo!d1 its brightness is dimm$1 & its purity is sulli$4 ,! dea? ( ! body releases x f its prison-h\se2 x once m so>s to heav5 & becomes a _s 771 :ile ! s\l is c>ri$ to ! hall ( judgm5t1 !re to be aw>d$ puni%m5t or happ9ess 9 accordance ) its des]ts47#cj7 ,! ,khu1 9 o!r words1 is a sp>k ( t div9e intellig5ce :i* p]vades ! _w & to :i* x mu/ return2 ! ,ba is ! individual s\l :i* has to answ] aft] dea? = ! de$s committ$ 9 ! body4 ,! plov] 0 ! bird usually *os5 to repres5t ! ,ba1 b at times ! place ( ! plov] is tak5 by ! hawk1 ! symbol ( ,horus & ! sol> gods4 ,t ! s\l %\ld h be5 lik5$ to a bird is natural1 & we meet ) ! same or simil> symbolism among o!r peoples4 ,l ! bird1 x flew betwe5 e>? & heav51 untrammell$ by ! body to :i* x _h once be5 jo9$4 ,f "t to "t x visit$ its mummy2 at o!r times x dwelt ) ! gods above4 ,n[ & aga91 s ! inscriptions tell u1 x alight$ on ! b\ghs ( ! g>d5 x _h made = itself 9 life1 cool+ itself "u ! sycamores & eat+ _! fruits4 ,= ! ,ba 0 no m immat]ial ?an ! ,ka2 x1 too1 ne$$ meat & dr9k = its su/5ance1 & look$ to its relatives & desc5dants to furni% !m4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,masp]o7#ca7 has po9t$ out1 !re 0 a v real & fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea ( ! ,ka or d\ble1 & t ( ! ,ba or s\l4 ,! ,ka 0 orig9ally n\ri%$ on ! actual (f]+s t 7 plac$ 9 ! tomb ( ! dead man2 x pass$ into x ?r\gh ! false door & consum$ ! food t x f\nd !re4 ,b ! s\l _h asc5d$ to ! gods 9 heav52 x liv$ 9 ! light ( day1 n 9 ! d>kness ( ! tomb2 & x is d\btful if x 0 ev] suppos$ to return !re4 ,to ! gods accord+ly 0 committ$ ! c>e ( ! ,ba1 & ( see+ t x 0 prop]ly provid$ =4 ,by ! p[] ( pray] & magical incantation1 ! v>i\s articles ( food1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 _! d\bles1 7 id5tifi$ ) ! gods1 & communicat$ by ! gods to ! s\l4 ,long be=e ! days :5 ! ,pyramid texts _h be5 compil$1 ?is !ory ( ! n\ri%m5t ( ! s\l 0 appli$ also to ! n\ri%m5t ( ! ,ka1 & ! old] belief 9 ! mat]ial eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! ,ka _h pass$ away4 ,all t rema9$ ( x 0 ! habitual (f]+ ( ! food to ! dead1 a cu/om :i* /ill l+]s among ! fellah9 ( ,egypt1 bo? ,moslem & ,copt4 ,besides ! d\ble & ! two s\ls1 !re 0 yet ano!r immortal elem5t 9 ! human frame4 ,?is 0 ! he>t1 ! seat bo? ( ! feel+s & ( ! m9d4 ,b x 0 n ! mat]ial he>t1 b its immat]ial d\ble1 :i* pass$ aft] dea? into ! o!r _w4 ,! mat]ial he>t 0 c>efully remov$ f ! mummy1 & ) ! re/ ( ! inte/9es 0 usually ca/ into ! ,nile4 ,porphyry7#cb7 tells u t 9 8 "t1 :5 ! bodies ( ! weal?i] classes 7 embalm$1 ! ,egyptians 8take out ! /oma* & put x into a c(f]1 &1 hold+ ! c(f] to ! sun1 prote/1 "o ( ! embalm]s mak+ a spee* on behalf ( ! dead4 ,?is spee*1 :i* ,euphantos translat$ f 8 native language1 is z foll[s3 #8,o ,"l ! ,sun1 & all ye gods :o give life to man1 receive me & make me a companion ( ! et]nal gods4 ,= ! gods1 :om my p>5ts made kn[n to me1 z long z ,i h liv$ 9 ?is _w ,i h cont9u$ to rev]5ce1 & ^? :o gave bir? to my body ,i h ev] hon\r$4 ,& z = o!r m51 ,i h nei!r sla9 any1 nor defraud$ any ( any?+ entru/$ to me1 nor committ$ any o!r wick$ act2 b if by *ance ,i h committ$ any s9 9 my life1 by ei!r eat+ or dr9k+ :at 0 =bidd51 n ( myself did ,i s91 b ow+ to ^! memb]s1'--at ! same "t %[+ ! c(f] 9 :i* ! /oma* 04 ,& hav+ said ?is1 he ?r[s x into ! riv]1 & embalms ! re/ ( ! body z be+ pure4 ,?us !y ?\ght t !y ne$$ to excuse !mselves to ,god = :at !y _h eat5 & drunk51 & !re=e s reproa* ! /oma*407#cc7 ,n[ & !n1 h[ev]1 ! he>t & inte/9es 7 replac$ 9 ! mummy1 b "u ! protection ( wax images ( ! f\r g5ii ( ! dead--! f\r ,khu ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,m (t5 !y 7 put into f\r vases ( alaba/] or "s o!r mat]ial1 :i* 7 buri$ ) ! dead47#cd7 ,?\gh ! latt] practice 0 n v common1 probably on acc\nt ( its exp5se1 x mu/ g back to ! v beg9n+s ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,! hi]oglyphic symbol ( ! he>t is j "o ( ^! vases1 & "o ( ! two names appli$ to ! he>t 0 ati1 8t :i* belongs to ! vase40 ,aft] ages ev5 endeav\r$ to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ab 8! he>t0 prop]1 & ati 8! he>t-sack407#ce7 ,f ! "t ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y7#cf7 onw>ds1 ! place ( ! mat]ial he>t 9 ! mummy 0 tak5 by an amulet1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( :i*1 x 0 suppos$1 ! corpse w\ld be secur$ aga9/ all ! dang]s & inconv5i5ces att5d+ ! loss ( its he>t until ! day ( resurrection4 ,! amulet 0 9 ! =m ( a beetle or sc>ab1 ! emblem ( 8becom+0 or trans=mation1 & on ! "u side ( x !re 0 (t5 inscrib$ ! #cj? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 to ! words ( :i* 7 ascrib$ a magical effect4 ,! *apt] reads z foll[s3 8,o he>t 7ab7 ( my "m1 ,o he>t 7ati7 ( my trans=mations6 ,let !re be no /oppage to me z reg>ds evid5ce 7be=e ! judges ( ! dead71 no h9drance to me on ! "p ( ! ,p[]s1 no repulse ( me 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gu>dian ( ! scales6 ,?\ art my ,ka 9 my body1 ! god ,khnum :o makes /rong my limbs4 ,come ?\ to ! good place to :i* we are go+4 ,let n our "n be ov]?r[n by ! lords ( ,hades :o cause m5 to /& upright6 ,good unto u1 yea good is x to he> t ! he>t is l>ge 7& heavy7 :5 ! words 7( life7 are weigh$67#cg7 ,let no lies be utt]$ aga9/ me be=e ,god4 ,h[ great art ?\60 ,mean:ile ! immat]ial he>t1 ! 8,ka0 ( x1 :i* is address$ 9 ! words j quot$1 _h made its way ?r\gh ! region ( ! o!r _w1 until x f9ally rea*$ ! place kn[n z 8! ,abode ( ,he>ts40 ,"h 9 ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris x met ! dead man to :om x _h =m]ly belong$1 & "h1 too1 x accus$ him ( all ! evil words & ?\ghts he _h h>b\r$ 9 8 lifetime1 or te/ifi$ to ! good ?\ghts & words ( :i* he _h be5 ! au?or4 ,= ! he>t1 ?\gh ! organ ?r\gh :i* 8 ?\ghts & words _h act$1 0 n ! cause ( !m2 9 its nature x 0 ess5tially pure & div9e1 & x _h be5 an unwill+ witness ( ! s9s x _h be5 =c$ to "k4 ,ev5tually x 0 weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ ! image ( ,tru?1 & only if ! scales turn$ 9 fav\r ( ! dead man c\ld x rejo9 its =m] body & live ) x = ev] 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,! scales & judgm5t-hall1 h[ev]1 belong to ! religi\s conceptions :i* ga!r$ r\nd ! "n ( ,osiris1 l ! ,p>adise :i* ! ris5 mummy look$ =w>d to enjoy4 ,x 0 only aft] ! wor%ip ( ,osiris _h become univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 & ! old] or local ideas ( ! future life _h be5 accommodat$ to !m1 t x 0 possible = an ,egyptian to speak ( meet+ 8 disembodi$ he>t1 or ( ! te/imony x c\ld give = or aga9/ him be=e ! judges ( ! dead4 ,! fact t ! use ( ! sc>ab does n seem to ext5d fur!r back ?an ! age ( ! ,memphite or ,!ban dyna/ies1 may imply t x 0 only !n t ! ,osirian beliefs 7 (ficially fitt$ on to e>li] =ms ( fai?4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! wor%ip ( ,osiris & ! beliefs atta*+ to x mu/ be left to ano!r lecture1 & = ! pres5t we mu/ pass on to ! mummy itself1 ! la/ "p ( man :i* x 0 hop$ w\ld be immortal4 ,! mummy or ,su has to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ,khat or natural body4 ,! latt] 0 a m]e dead %ell1 se5 by ! s\l b n af=d+ a re/+-place = x4 ,! mummy1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9$ )9 itself ! se$s ( gr[? & resurrection4 ,x c\ld be visit$ by ! s\l & inspir$ by x = a few mom5ts ) life1 & ! ,egyptian look$ =w>d to a "t :5 x w\ld once m be reunit$ ) bo? its he>t & its s\l1 & s rise aga9 f ! dead4 ,x is impossible to say h[ f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian religion ?is belief 9 ! immortality ( ! mummy may g4 ,x c h>dly h orig9at$ 9 ! same circle ( ideas z ! doctr9e ( ! ,ka1 ?\gh ! doctr9e ( ! ,ka c\ld easily be reconcil$ ) x4 ,on ! "o h&1 x seems connect$1 z we %all see1 ) ! cult ( ,osiris2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are no traces ( mummification 9 ! prehi/oric graves1 & x is d\btful :e!r !re are any 9 ! royal tombs ( ,negada & ,abydos :i* belong to ! age ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,dyna/ies4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! sc>ab1 :i* accompani$ embalmm5t1 fir/ appe>s at a mu* lat] date1 & p]haps _h a ,memphite orig94 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 indications t ! process ( embalm+ fir/ arose among ! pre-,m5ic rul]s ( ,nekh51 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,el-,kab4 ,! soil ( ,el-,kab lit]ally effloresces ) ! natron1 :i*1 x 0 discov]$1 pres]v$ ! bodies buri$ 9 x2 & ev5 z late z ! "t ( ! ,pyramid texts ( ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies1 :5 ! nor!rn s\rces ( natron 7 kn[n1 x 0 /ill necess>y = c]emonial purposes t ! mat]ials us$ by ! embalm] %\ld conta9 "s ( ! natron ( ,el-,kab47#ch7 ,:at 0 difficult to h>monise ) ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! mummy 0 ! belief :i* made ! ris5 man an 8,osiris10 id5tifi$1 t is to say1 9 sub/ance ) ! god ,osiris1 & n 8 old mat]ial self4 ,9 ! days1 !re=e1 :5 ,greek philosophy took x 9 h& to sy/ematise & int]pret ! !ology ( ,egypt1 ! ris5 mummy drops out ( sight4 ,! ,khu1 z we h se51 becomes ! div9e intellig5ce1 :i* = a "t is en%r\d$ 9 ! human s\l2 & ?is aga9 ne$s ! envelope ( ! _s1 :i* s5ds ! brea? ( life ?r\gh ! ve9s be=e x c tab]nacle 9 ! body ( man4 ,! ,h]metic books tell u t :ile body1 _s1 & s\l are common to man & ! bea/s1 ! div9e intellig5ce is 8 alone to possess1 /ripp$1 inde$1 ( its native cov]+ ( e!real fire1 b /ill ! v]itable _s ( ,god4 ,ev] is x seek+ to raise ! human s\l to itself1 & s purify x f ! passions & desires ) :i* x is inspir$ by ! body4 ,b ! fle% wages cont9ual w> aga9/ x1 & endeav\rs to drag ! s\l d[n to its own level4 ,if ! s\l yields1 aft] dea? ! intellig5ce returns to its orig9al /ate1 :ile ! s\l is arraign$ be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( heav51 & !re be+ accus$ by its consci5ce1 ! he>t1 is condemn$ to ! puni%m5t ( ! lo/4 ,fir/ x is sc\rg$ = its s9s1 & !n h&$ ov] to ! buffet+s ( ! tempe/s1 susp5d$ betwe5 e>? & sky4 ,at times 9 ! =m ( an evil demon x seeks alleviation ( its torm5ts by ent]+ ! body ( a man or animal1 :om x drives to murd] & madness4 ,b at la/1 aft] ages ( suff]+1 ! end comes2 x dies ! second dea?1 & is annihilat$ = ev]4 ,! good s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* has li/5$ 9 life to ! voice ( ! div9e intellig5ce1 & /ruggl$ to ov]come ! lu/s & passions ( ! fle%1 obta9s aft] dea? its rew>d4 ,guid$ by ! intellig5ce1 x trav]ses space1 le>n+ ! secrets ( ! univ]se1 & com+ to und]/& ! ?+s t are d>k & my/]i\s to u "h4 ,at l5g? its education 9 ! o!r _w is complet$1 & x is p]mitt$ to see ,god face to face & to lose itself 9 ,8 ineffable glory4 ,i ne$ n po9t out to y h[ deeply ?is ,hell5is$ philosophy ( ,egypt has affect$ ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,*ri/ian ,alex&ria1 & ?r\gh ,alex&ria ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,x may be t traces ( x may be detect$ ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,at any rate1 mu* ( ! psy*ology ( ,*ri/ian !ologians is cle>ly d]iv$ f x4 ,we are /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ideas ^: fir/ home 0 9 ,egypt1 & ^: developm5t has be5 ! "w ( long ages ( "t4 ,true or false1 !y are "p ( ! h]itage bequea!d to u by ! pa/4 ,lecture ,,iv4 ,! ,sun-,god ,& ,! ,ennead4 ,9 my la/ lecture1 :5 speak+ ( ! =m "u :i* ! s\l ( man 0 pictur$ by ! ,egyptians1 ,i m5tion$ t x 0 (t5 repres5t$ by a hawk1 ! symbol ( ! sun-god4 ,:y ! hawk %\ld h ?us symbolis$ ! sun is a "q t has (t5 be5 ask$4 ,! ,egyptians did n "k !mselves2 & ,porphyry1 9 ! dy+ days ( ! old ,egyptian fai?1 gravely decl>es t x 0 because ! hawk 0 a comp\nd ( blood & brea?6 ,"o explanation has be5 t x 0 because ! hawk p\nces d[n f ! sky l ! rays ( ! sun1 :i*1 l ! eagle1 he c gaze at )\t bl9k+2 & a passage 9 ! ,odyssey ( ,hom] 7xv4 #ebe7 has be5 invok$ 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 :]e ! hawk is call$ 8! swift mess5g] ( ,apollo40 ,b if !re is any connection betwe5 ! ,hom]ic passage & ! ,egyptian symbol1 x w\ld %[ only t ! symbol _h be5 borr[$ by ! ,greek poet4 ,orig9ally1 moreov]1 x 0 only ! sun-god ( ,upp] ,egypt :o 0 repres5t$ ev5 by ! ,egyptians "u ! =m ( a hawk4 ,?is 0 ,horus1 (t5 call$ 9 ! lat] texts 8,horus ! eld]0 7,hor-ur1 ! ,greek ,aroris71 9 ord] to di/+ui% him f a :olly diff]5t god1 ,horus ! y\ng]1 ! son ( ,isis4 ,8 symbol1 ! hawk1 is f\nd on ! e>ly ,ph>aonic monum5ts :i* rec5t excavations h br\ght to light4 ,sometimes ! hawk /&s on ! s-call$ /&>d1 :i* is really a p]*1 sometimes on ! cr5elat$ circle1 :i* d5ot$ a city 9 ^? primitive days4 ,! /&>d is borne be=e ! ,ph>aoh1 repres5t+ at once 8 own title & ! nome or pr9cipality ov] :i* he held rule2 & its resemblance to ! /one birds p]*$ on simil> supports1 :i* ,mr4 ,b5t f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,zimbabwe1 sugge/s a connection betwe5 ! prehi/oric gold m9]s ( ,c5tral ,africa & ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,s\!rn ,egypt4 ,on "o ( ! e>ly ,egyptian monum5ts discov]$ at ,abydos1 two hawks /& above ! wall ( a city :i* seems to be> ! "n ( 8! city ( ! k+s107#ci7 & a slate plaque f\nd by ,mr4 ,quibell at ,kom el-,am> %[s u on "o side ! ,ph>aoh ( ,nekh5 inspect+ ! decapitat$ bodies ( 8 enemies ) two hawks on /&>ds c>ri$ be=e him1 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 a hawk leads ! bridl$ 8,nor?0 to him "u ! guise ( a prison]1 ?r\gh ^: lips a r+ has be5 pass$47#dj7 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! hawks may repres5t ! di/ricts ( :i* ! god !y symbolis$ 0 ! protect+ deity27#da7 9 ! second case1 ! god & ! k+ mu/ be id5tifi$ toge!r4 ,x 0 z ,horus1 ! hawk1 t ! ,ph>aoh _h conqu]$ ! ,egyptians ( ! nor?1 & x 0 ,horus1 !re=e1 :o _h giv5 !m into 8 h&4 ,if ,dr4 ,naville is "r1 ,horus ! hawk-god is aga9 repres5t$ on ! same plaque1 ) ! symbol ( 8foll[]10 above a boat :i* is engrav$ ov] ! bodies ( ! decapitat$ sla947#db7 ,c\nt5ance is giv5 to ?is view by a draw+ on ! rocks ne> ,el-,kab1 9 :i* ! c>t\*es ( two k+s ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 ,%>u & ,khufu1 are c>ri$ 9 boats on ! pr[s ( :i* a hawk is p]*$1 :ile above ea* "n are two o!r hawks1 /&+ on ! hi]oglyph ( 8gold10 & ) ! cr[ns ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt on _! heads4 ,! title 8foll[] ( ,horus0 w\ld take u back to ! e>lie/ traditions ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,! 8foll[]s ( ,horus10 accord+ to ! lat] texts1 7 ! pr$ecessors ( ,m5es & ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y ( unit$ ,egypt1 ! ,ph>aohs & pr9ces ( ! s\!rn k+dom ^: v names 7 =gott5 9 aft] days4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 rememb]$ t !y _h f\nd$ ! great sanctu>ies ( ! c\ntry2 ?us an inscription at ,d5d]a decl>es t 9 ! reign ( k+ ,pepi ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y !re 0 f\nd 9 ! wall ( ! palace a p>*m5t on :i* 0 a plan ( ! temple drawn ^u x 9 ! "t ( 8! foll[]s ( ,horus40 ,! leg5ds ( ,edfu told h[ ^! foll[]s ( ,horus _h be5 smi?s1 arm$ ) weapons ( iron1 & h[ !y _h driv5 ! enemies ( _! lead] be=e !m until !y _h possess$ !mselves ( ! :ole ( ,egypt47#dc7 ,b _m h>d-f\ght battles 7 ne$$ be=e ?is c\ld be accompli%$4 ,aga9 & aga9 _h ! foe be5 cru%$--at ,zadmit ne> ,!bes1 at ,net]-,khadu ne> ,d5d]a1 at ,m9ia1 at ,behnesa & ,ahnas on ! fronti] ( ! ,fayym1 & f9ally at ,z>u on ! ,asiatic bord]s ( ! ,delta4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! /ruggle 0 n ov]4 ,horus & 8 foll[]s _h to take %ip & pursue ! enemy d[n ! ,r$ ,sea1 inflict+ a f9al bl[ ^u !m ne> ,b]5ic1 f :5ce he return$ across ! des]t 9 triumph to ,edfu4 ,9 ?is leg5d1 :i* 9 its pres5t =m is n old] ?an ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 e*oes ( ! gradual conque/ ( ,egypt by ! fir/ foll[]s ( ! ,ph>aohs h probably be5 pres]v$1 ?\gh !y h be5 comb9$ ) a :olly diff]5t cycle ( my?s relat+ to ! et]nal /ruggle betwe5 ,horus ! son ( ,isis & 8 tw9 bro!r ,set4 ,b ! confusion betwe5 ! two ,horuses mu/ h aris5 at an e>ly "t4 ,already a k+ ( ! ,?ird ,dyna/y1 ^: rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,nekh51 & :o bore ! title ( him 8:o is glorifi$ ) ! two sceptres1 9 :om ! two ,horus gods are unit$10 has above 8 "n ! cr[n$ emblems ( ,horus & ,set47#dd7 ,! titles ( ! que5s ( ! ,memphite dyna/ies make x cle> t by ! two ,horuses are meant ! two k+doms ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 & we mu/ !re=e see 9 ,horus & ,set ! symbols ( ! ,s\? & ,nor?47#de7 ,9 ! rock draw+1 s\? ( ,el-,kab1 to :i* ,i h allud$ a few m9utes ago1 ! two ,horus hawks /& on ! symbol ( 8gold10 ! "o we>+ ! cr[n ( ,s\!rn ,egypt1 ! o!r t ( ! ,nor?4 ,! 8,gold5 ,horus0 01 9 fact1 "o ( ! titles assum$ by ! ,ph>aoh at an e>ly date4 ,:e!r ! epi!t appli$ to ! god repres5t$ orig9ally ! gold5 col\r ( ! w+s ( ! sp>r[-hawk1 or :e!r1 z is m probable1 x d5ot$ ! ,horus-hawk ( gold :o wat*$ ov] ! de/9ies ( ! k+s ( ,upp] ,egypt 9 _! anci5t capital ( ,nekh51 x is n[ impossible to say47#df7 ,lat] ages expla9$ x z ref]r+ to ! gold5 rays ( ! morn+ sun4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y ! title 0 atta*$ indiff]5tly to ! ,ka or dea? "n giv5 to ! ,ph>aoh aft] 8 dea?1 & to ! liv+ "n giv5 to him at 8 bir? into ?is _w4 ,! ,horus-hawk1 )\t ! symbol ( 8gold10 surm\nt$1 s f> z we "k1 only ! ,ka "n4 ,x 0 ! d\ble ( ! ,ph>aoh1 r ?an ! ,ph>aoh himself1 9 :om ! god _h be5 inc>nat$4 ,horus br+s ! captive nor!rn] to ! k+1 & presides ov] 8 k+dom2 b x is only ov] ! royal ,ka t he actually wat*es4 ,at ,nekh51 ! ,horus-hawk1 to :om ! city 0 d$icat$1 0 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a mummy4 ,x 0 "h1 p]haps1 t ! natron ( ,el-,kab 0 fir/ employ$ to pres]ve ! dead body f decay1 & t ,horus 0 suppos$ to be entomb$1 l ,osiris at ,abydos4 ,at any rate1 !re is cle>ly a connection betwe5 ! dead & mummifi$ ,horus & ! ,horus :o /&s above ! "n ( ! ,ph>aoh's d\ble4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! id5tification ( ,horus ) ! k+s ( ,upp] ,egypt orig9at$ at ,nekh54 ,! ,horus-hawk 0 ! tok5 "u :i* !y f\ght & rul$2 x 0 ,horus :o _h l$ !m to victory1 & 9 ^: "n ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians1 ) _! weapons ( metal1 ov]came ! neoli?ic population ( ! ,nile4 ,t ,horus1 accord+ly1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 %\ld h become ! patron god ( s _m pr9cipalities 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt1 is 9 no way a/oni%+47#dg7 ,he repres5t$ ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians2 & z !y mov$ nor?w>d1 subdu+ ! old] inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 !y c>ri$ 8 wor%ip ) !m4 ,at ,heliopolis he 0 ador$ z ,hor-em-,khuti or ,h>makhis1 8,horus issu+ f ! two horizons10 & id5tifi$ ) ,ra1 ! sun-god1 ! patron ( ! city4 ,8 image may /ill be se5 9 ! sph9x ( ,giza1 ) its human head & lion's body4 ,at ,edfu1 :]e ! ,ph>aonic invad]s appe> to h fir/ e/abli%$ !mselves1 he 0 wor%ipp$ z ,hor-beudet "u ! =m ( a w+$ sol> disc1 a comb9ation ( ! orb ( ! sun ) ! w+s ( ! hawk47#dh7 ,a leg5d inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! temple1 :i* is a curi\s mixture ( folklore & false etymologis+1 work$ up aft] ! fa%ion ( ,lemprire by ! prie/s ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 kn[s exactly :5 x 0 t ?is emblem ( ! god came into exi/5ce4 ,x 0 9 ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty-?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,ra-,h>makhis on e>?1 :5 he fl$ f ! rebels :o _h ris5 aga9/ him 9 ,nubia & _h l&$ at ,edfu4 ,"h ,hor-beudet1 ! local deity1 paid homage to 8 suz]a9 & und]took to de/roy 8 enemies4 ,b fir/1 he flew up to ! sun 8z a great w+$ disc10 9 ord] t he might discov] :]e !y 74 ,!n 9 8 new =m he return$ to ! boat ( ,h>makhis1 & !re ,?o? address$ ,ra1 say+3 8,o "l ( ! gods1 ! god ( ,edfu 7,beudet7 came 9 ! %ape ( a great w+$ disc3 f h5ce=? he %all be call$ ,hor-beudet40 ,x 0 aft] ?is t ,horus ( ,edfu & 8 foll[]s1 8! smi?s10 smote ! foe f ! s\!rn to ! nor!rn bord] ( ,egypt4 ,! leg5d1 or r ! prosaic fiction 9 :i* x has be5 embodi$1 has be5 compos$ :5 ! orig9al "* ( ,horus _h long be5 =gott51 & :5 ! sun-god ( ,heliopolis _h become ! dom9ant god ( ,egypt4 ,x belongs to ! age ( !ological syncretism1 :5 ! gods ( ,egypt 7 resolv$ "o into ! o!r l ! col\rs 9 a kaleidoscope1 & made intangible & ev]-%ift+ =ms ( ,ra4 ,b x be>s witness to "o fact1--! antiquity ( ! wor%ip ( ,horus ( ,edfu & ( ! emblem :i* 0 associat$ ) him4 ,! w+$ sol> disc =ms "p ( 8 e>lie/ hi/ory4 ,! fact is difficult to reconcile ) ! view ( ,pr(essor ,masp]o1 t ,horus 0 orig9ally ! sky1 & is 9 fav\r ( ! g5]al belief ( ,egyptologi/s1 t he 0 f ! outset ! sun-god4 ,su*1 at all ev5ts1 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,egyptians !mselves 9 ! lat] p]iod ( _! hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,pyramid texts ,horus already appe>s z a sol> deity1 & x is only z ! sun-god t 8 id5tification ) ! ,ph>aohs c be expla9$4 ,x 0 n ! sky b ! sun :o wat*$ ov] ! names ( _! d\bles4 ,x is true t ! two eyes ( ,horus 7 said to be ! sun & ! moon1 & t a punn+ etymology1 :i* connect$ 8 "n ) ! ^w h] or 8face10 caus$ him to be depict$ z ! face ( ! sky1 ! f\r locks ( hair ( :i* 7 ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,b ! etymology is late1 & !re is no m difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! sol> & lun> discs c be call$ ! eyes ( ! sun-god1 ?an !re is 9 und]/&+ h[ ! w+$ disc 0 di/+ui%$ f him1 or h[ ev5 9 mod]n phrase ! 8eye0 may be us$ z a synonym ( ! :ole man4 ,:5 we speak ( 8! eye ( ,god10 we mean ,god ,himself47#di7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o newly-discov]$ monum5t :i* may be claim$ 9 support ( ,pr(essor ,masp]o's !ory4 ,above ! ,horus-hawk :i* surm\nts ! "n ( ! ,?ird ,dyna/y k+ f\nd at ,nekh51 is ! hi]oglyph ( ! sky4 ,b ! explanation ( ?is is n difficult to f9d4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! hi]oglyph embraces ! hawk z ! sky does ! sun2 on ! o!r h&1 x gives ! pronunciation ( ! "n ( ,horus1 ! sky 9 ,egyptian be+ h] or hor1 8! high0 & uplift$4 ,& ! "n ( ,hor-em-,khuti or ,h>makhis1 8! ,horus :o issues f ! two horizons10 mu/ be q z old z ! monum5t ( ,nekh54 ,:at ! two horizons 7 is %[n u by ! hi]oglyph :i* depicts !m4 ,!y 7 ! tw9 m\nta9s betwe5 :i* ! sun came =? at dawn1 & betwe5 :i* he aga9 passes at sunset4 ,! hi]oglyph belongs to ! v beg9n+ ( ,ph>aonic ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,x may h be5 br\ght by ! ,ph>aonic immigrants f _! old home 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is at lea/ noticeable t 9 ! ,sum]ian language ( primitive ,babylonia ! horizon 0 call$ kh>ra or khurra1 a ^w :i* corresponds lett] = lett] ) ! "n ( ,horus4 ,! fact may1 ( c\rse1 be accid5tal1 & ! "n ( ! ,egyptian god may really be d]iv$ f ! same root z t f :i* ! ^w = 8heav50 has come1 & :i* means 8to be high40 ,b ! conception ( ! tw9-m\nta9s betwe5 :i* ! sun-god comes =? e morn+1 & betwe5 :i* he passes aga9 at nightfall1 is ( ,babylonian orig94 ,on e>ly ,babylonian seal-cyl9d]s we see him /epp+ ?r\gh ! door1 ! two leaves ( :i* h be5 flung back by its w>d]s on ei!r side ( ! m\nta9s1 :ile rays ( glory %oot upw>d f 8 %\ld]s4 ,! m\nta9s 7 call$ ,mas1 8! tw9s10 9 ,sum]ian2 & ! great ,epic ( ,*alda n>rat$ h[ ! h]o ,gilgames made 8 way to !m across ! des]t1 to a l& ( d>kness1 :]e scorpion-m51 ^: heads rise to heav5 :ile _! brea/s desc5d to hell1 wat*$ ov] ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sun4 ,x is difficult to believe t su* a conception ( ! horizon c\ld ev] h aris5 9 ,egypt4 ,!re ! ,delta is a flat pla9 ) no hills ev5 9 sight1 :ile 9 ! valley ( ,upp] ,egypt !re are nei!r high m\nta9s nor tw9 peaks4 ,horus himself is1 ,i believe1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,m5tion is occasionally made 9 !m ( a god ,kh> or ,khur1 & 9 contracts ( ! "t ( ,khammurabi 7,b4,c4 #bbjj7 we f9d ! "n ( ,abi-,kh>1 8my fa!r is ,kh>40 ,b ! age ( ,khammurabi 0 "o ( int]c\rse betwe5 ,babylonia & ,egypt1 & ! god ,kh> or ,horus is !re=e probably borr[$ f ,egypt1 j z a seal-cyl9d] in=ms u 0 ! case ) ,anupu or ,anubis47#ej7 ,b ?\gh ! "n ( ,kh> or ,khur is & mu/ rema9 ,egyptian1 ,horus has mu* 9 common ) ! ,babylonian sun-god ,n9-ip4 ,!y are bo? w>rior-gods2 & j z ! foll[]s ( ,horus 7 work]s 9 iron1 s ,n9-ip also 0 ! god ( iron4 ,"o ( 8 titles1 moreov]1 is t ( 8! s\!rn sun02 & on a b\nd>y-/one ! eagle /&+ on a p]* is /at$ to be 8! symbol ( ! s\!rn sun407#ea7 ,! goddess ) :om ,horus ( ,nekh5 0 associat$ 0 ,nekheb ) ! vulture's head4 ,h] temple /ood opposite ,nekh5 at ,el-,kab on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,nile1 & at ! end ( ! long road :i* l$ across ! des]t f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x 0 at once a sanctu>y & a =tress def5d+ ,nekh5 on ! ea/4 ,b ,nekheb 0 ! goddess n only ( ,nekh51 b ( all ,s\!rn ,egypt4 ,we f9d h] 9 ! e>lie/ inscriptions on ! sacr$ isl& ( ,sehl 9 ! ,cat>act1 :]e %e is id5tifi$ ) ! local goddess ,sati4 ,we f9d h] aga9 at ,!bes "u ! "n ( ,mut1 8! "m40 ,h] supremacy1 9 fact1 w5t back to ! days :5 ,nekh5 0 ! capital ( ! s\?1 & its goddess accord+ly %>$ ) x ! privileges ( dom9ation4 ,:5 ,nekh5 fell back into ! position ( a small prov9cial t[n1 ,nekheb also p>ticipat$ 9 its decl9e4 ,"u ! ,!ban dyna/ies1 x is true1 ! "n ( ,mut ( ,k>nak became hon\r$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 b h] orig9 by t "t _h be5 =gott54 ,! ,egyptian :o br\ght 8 (f]+ to ,mut nev] realis$ t beh9d ! mask ( ,mut lay ! features ( ,nekheb ( ,nekh54 ,mut1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to we> ! vulture =m1 & ! titles assum$ by ! k+ /ill pres]v$ a recollection ( ! "t :5 ,nekheb 0 ! presid+ goddess ( ! k+dom ( ! s\?4 ,f ! days ( ,m5es onw>d1 9 ! title ( 8k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt10 :ile ! s]p5t ( ,uazit symbolis$ ! nor?1 ! vulture ( ,nekheb symbolis$ ! s\?4 ,at times1 inde$1 ! uru ( ,uazit is transf]r$ to ,nekheb2 b t 0 at an epo* :5 x _h come to signify 8goddess10 z ! ,horus-hawk signifi$ 8god40 ,f ! e>lie/ ages1 h[ev]1 ! plant :i* d5ot$ ! s\?1 & =m$ "p ( ! royal title1 0 us$ 9 writ+ h] "n4 ,%e 0 emphatically 8! s\!rn]10 ! mi/ress ( ! s\?1 j z h] consort1 ! mummifi$ ,horus1 0 its "l4 ,! euhem]is+ leg5ds ( ,edfu made ,horus ! fai?ful vassal ( 8 liege "l ,ra ,h>makhis ( ,heliopolis4 ,b f a hi/orical po9t ( view ! relations betwe5 ! two gods ought to h be5 rev]s$1 & ! leg5ds !mselves conta9$ a rem9isc5ce t su* 0 ! case4 ,9 describ+ ! victori\s m>* ( ,horus & 8 foll[]s t[>ds ! nor?1 !y tell u h[ he made 8 way pa/ ,heliopolis into ! ,delta1 & ev5 e/abli%$ "o ( 8 8=ges0 on its ea/]nmo/ bord]s4 ,! ,horus k+s ( ,upp] ,egypt made !mselves ma/]s ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 introduc+ into x ! div9e hawk !y wor%ipp$ & ! ,horus title ov] _! names4 ,! sun-god ( ,heliopolis 0 repres5t$1 l ! gods ( ,babylonia1 z a man & n z a hawk4 ,he 0 kn[n z ,tum or ,atmu1 :o1 9 ! lat] days ( religi\s syncretism1 0 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r =ms ( ! sun-god z repres5t+ ! sett+ sun4 ,b ,tum 0 ! p]sonal "n ( ! sun-god2 ! sun itself 0 call$ ,ra4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! attributes ( ! god 7 transf]r$ to ! sun2 ,ra1 too1 became div9e1 &1 aft] be+ fir/ a synonym ( ,tum1 end$ by becom+ an indep5d5t deity4 ,:ile ,tum 0 peculi>ly ! sett+ sun1 ,ra d5ot$ ! sun-god 9 all 8 =ms & "u all 8 manife/ations4 ,he 0 ?us fitt$ to be ! common god ( all ,egypt1 ) :om ! v>i\s local sun-gods c\ld be id5tifi$1 & lose 9 him _! individuality4 ,ra 0 a ^w :i* meant 8! sun0 9 all ! dialects ( ! c\ntry1 & its v want ( !ological associations made x ! />t+-po9t ( a new phase ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,x 0 n until ! rise ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y t a special temple 0 built to ,ra 9 ,heliopolis47#eb7 ,up to t "t ,ra _h be5 cont5t to %>e ) ,tum ! anci5t temple ( ! city1 or r _h absorb$ ,tum into himself & ?us become its virtual possessor4 ,b 8 religi\s importance goes back to prehi/oric times4 ,! temple ( ,heliopolis became ! c5tre ( a !ological s*ool :i* ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! (ficial religion ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 "h t ! sun-wor%ip 0 organis$1 & ! doctr9e ( creation by g5]ation or emanation fir/ develop$2 x 0 "h1 too1 t ! *ief gods ( ! ,/ate religion 7 =m$ into gr\ps ( n9e47#ec7 ,! doctr9e ( ^! ,enneads or gr\ps ( n9e 0 de/9$ to play an important "p 9 ! (ficial cre$4 ,f ,heliopolis x spread to o!r p>ts ( ,egypt1 & ev5tually ea* ( ! great sanctu>ies _h its own ,ennead1 =m$ on ! model ( t ( ,heliopolis4 ,at ,heliopolis ! cycle ( ! n9e supreme gods conta9$ ,%u & ,tefnut1 ,seb & ,mut1 ,osiris & ,isis1 ,set & ,nebht1 ! f\r pairs :o _h desc5d$ by successive acts ( g5]ation f ,tum1 ! orig9al god ( ! nome4 ,we owe ! explanation & analysis ( ! ,ennead to ,pr(essor ,masp]o1 :o has = ! fir/ "t made ! orig9 ( x cle>47#ed7 ,tum1 :o is always repres5t$ 9 human =m1 0 ! anci5t sun-god & tutel>y deity ( ,heliopolis4 ,to him 0 ascrib$ ! creation ( ! _w1 j z x 0 ascrib$ by ea* ( ! o!r nomes to _! *ief god4 ,b :]eas at ! ,cat>act ! creator 0 a pott] :o _h made ?+s f clay1 or at ,memphis an arti/ :o _h c>v$ !m out ( /one1 s x 0 z a fa!r & g5]ator t ,tum _h call$ ! univ]se into be+4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead x is said ( him t he is 8! creator ( ! heav5s1 ! mak] ( 7all7 exi/5ces1 :o has begott5 all t !re is1 :o gave bir? to ! gods1 :o creat$ himself1 ! "l ( life :o be/[s ^u ! gods ! /r5g? ( y\?40 ,an orig91 h[ev]1 0 f\nd = him 9 ,nu1 ! primeval abyss ( wat]s1 ?\gh x is possible t ,pr(essor ,masp]o may be "r 9 ?9k+ t ,nu really owes 8 exi/5ce to ! goddess ,nut1 & t he 0 introduc$ into ! cosmogony ( ,heliopolis "u ! influ5ce ( ,asiatic ideas4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,%u & ,tefnut1 :o imm$iately emanat$ f him1 app>5tly repres5t$ ! air4 ,lat] art pictur$ !m 9 ,asiatic /yle z tw9 lions sitt+ back to back & support+ betwe5 !m ! ris+ or sett+ sun47#ee7 ,b an old leg5d describ$ ,%u z hav+ rais$ ! heav5s above ! e>?1 :]e he /ill keeps !m susp5d$ above him l ! ,greek ,atlas4 ,a text at ,esna1 :i* id5tifies him ) ,khnum1 describes him z su/a9+ 8! floor ( ! sky ^u its f\r supports0 or c>d9al po9ts2 8he rais$ ,nut1 & put himself "u h] l a great column ( air40 ,tefnut1 8 tw9 si/]1 0 ! nor? w9d1 :i* gives fre%ness & vig\r to ! _w4 ,! next pair 9 ! ,ennead ( ,heliopolis 7 ,seb & ,nut1 ! e>? & ! firmam5t1 :o issu$ f ,%u & ,tefnut4 ,!n came ,osiris & ,isis1 ! *ildr5 ( ! e>? & sky1 & la/ly ,set & ,nebht1 ! "o ! repres5tative ( ! des]t l& 9 :i* ! ,asiatic nomads pit*$ _! t5ts1 ! o!r ( ! civilis$ ,egyptian family at ^: head /ood ,neb-ht1 8! lady ( ! h\se40 ,^u ! model ( ?is ,ennead two o!r m9or ,enneads 7 aft]w>ds =m$4 ,b x 0 only its fir/ fa!r & g5]ator :o 0 ! god ( ! nome 9 :i* ! temple ( ,heliopolis /ood4 ,! deities :o 7 d]iv$ f him 9 ! prie/ly cosmogony 7 fet*$ f else:]e4 ,!y 7 ei!r elem5t>y deities l ,%u & ,seb1 or else deities ^: wor%ip _h already ext5d$ all ov] ,egypt1 l ,osiris & ,isis4 ,! goddess ,nebht seems to h be5 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( provid+ ,set ) a si/] & a consort2 p]haps ,tefnut1 too1 _h orig9ally come into exi/5ce = ! same reason4 ,! ,ennead1 once creat$1 0 readily adopt$ by ! o!r nomes ( ,egypt4 ,x provid$ an easy answ] to t fir/ "q ( primitive humanity3 :at is ! orig9 ( ! _w into :i* we are born8 ,! answ] 0 d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( man himself2 z he _h be5 born into ! _w1 s1 too1 x 0 natural to suppose t ! _w itself _h be5 born4 ,! creator mu/ h be5 a fa!r1 &1 9 a l& :]e ! woman held a high place 9 ! family1 a "m z well4 ,?\gh ,tum cont9u$ to be pictur$ z a man1 no wife 0 assign$ him2 fa!r & "m 9 him 7 "o4 ,x is impossible n to be rem9d$ ( simil> supreme gods 9 ! ,semitic k+doms ( ,asia4 ,as%ur ( ,assyria 0 wifeless27#ef7 s also 0 ,*emo% ( ,moab4 ,nor does ! analogy end "h4 ,creation by g5]ation 0 a peculi>ly ,semitic or r ,babylonian doctr9e4 ,! ,babylonian ,epic ( ! ,creation beg9s by describ+ ! g5]ation ( ! _w out ( ,mummu or ,*aos4 ,& ! g5]ation is by pairs z 9 ! ,ennead ( ,heliopolis4 ,fir/1 ,mummu1 ! "o primeval s\rce ( all ?+s2 !n ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 :o correspond ) ,%u & ,tefnut2 next1 ,ans> & ,kis>1 ! firmam5t & ! e>?2 & la/ly1 ! ?ree great gods :o rule ! pres5t _w4 ,( "o ( ^!1 ,ea1 ! rul] ( ! deep1 ,bel-,m]oda* ! sun-god 0 born4 ,betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,egyptian s*emes ! diff]5ces are slight4 ,9 ! ,ennead ( ,heliopolis1 ,tum1 ! (fspr+ ( ,nu1 takes ! place ( ,mummu1 ! wat]y *aos2 b ?is 0 because he 0 ! god ( ! ,/ate1 & _h !re=e to be made ! creator & plac$ at ! head ( ! gods4 ,x m]ely int]poses ano!r l9k 9 ! *a9 ( g5]ation1 sep>at+ ,nu f ! two elem5tal deities :i* 9 ! ,babylonian s*eme proce$$ imm$iately f x4 ,= ,nu 0 ! exact equival5t ( ! ,babylonian ,mummu4 ,bo? d5ote t wat]y *aos out ( :i*1 x 0 believ$1 all ?+s h come4 ,& :at makes ! fact ! m rem>kable is1 t ?\gh ! conception ( a primeval wat]y *aos 0 natural 9 ,babylonia1 x 0 n s 9 ,egypt4 ,babylonia 0 wa%$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 out ( :i* ,ea1 ! god ( ! deep1 _h aris51 br++ ) him ! elem5ts ( culture1 & ! waves ( :i* at times rag$ angrily & subm]g$ ! %ore4 ,b ! ,egyptians ( hi/ory liv$ on ! banks ( a riv] & n by ! sea2 x 0 a riv]1 too1 ^: movem5ts 7 regul> & calculable1 & :i* be/[$ on !m all ! bless+s !y enjoy$4 ,s f> f be+ an emblem ( *aos & confusion1 ! ,nile 0 to !m ! au?or ( all good4 ,i d n see h[ we c avoid ! conclusion t betwe5 ! ,ennead ( ,heliopolis ) its !ory ( cosmology1 & ! cosmological doctr9es ( ,babylonia1 a connection ( "s sort mu/ h exi/$47#eg7 ,inde$1 ! native "n ( ,heliopolis is sugge/ive ( ,asiatic relations4 ,x is ! ,on ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 0 call$ ,on ( ! nor? to di/+ui% x f ano!r ,on1 ! mod]n ,erm5t1 9 ! s\?4 ,x 0 symbolis$ by a flut$ & pa9t$ column ( wood17#eh7 9 :i* "s h se5 an emblem ( ! sun-god1 l ! sun-pill>s ( ,semitic fai?4 ,b ! "n ( ,on 0 n conf9$ to ,egypt4 ,!re 0 ano!r ,heliopolis 9 ,syria1 call$ ,on ( ! ,beka'a by ,amos 7i4 #e71 :]e ! sun-god 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a /one4 ,& 9 ,pale/9e itself ,be?-el1 8! h\se ( ,god10 0 kn[n 9 e>li] ages z ,be?-,on4 ,x is true t ! "n ( ,on may h be5 c>ri$ into ,asia 9 ! days :5 ! ,hyksos dyna/ies rul$ ov] ,egypt1 b x is m probable t bo? ,be?-,on & ! ,on ne> ,damascus g back to an old] date4 ,9 any case !y te/ify to "s k9d ( contact betwe5 ! sun-wor%ip ( ,heliopolis 9 ,egypt & t ( ,syria & ,pale/9e47#ei7 ,betwe5 ,tum1 ! sun-god ( ,nor!rn ,egypt1 & ,horus1 ! sun-god ( ! ,s\?1 !re 0 "o notable diff]5ce4 ,:ile ,horus 0 a hawk1 ,tum 0 a man4 ,9 ?is respect1 aga91 he resembl$ ! gods ( ,babylonia1 :o are always depict$ 9 human =m4 ,x is difficult to f9d any o!r ,egyptian deity :o 0 simil>ly =tunate4 ,osiris1 inde$1 0 orig9ally a man1 b at an e>ly date he became conf\nd$ ) 8 symbol1 ! ram1 9 8 title ( 8"l ( ,daddu40 ,pr(essor ,masp]o ?9ks t ,khnum at ! ,cat>act may also h be5 orig9ally a man2 b if s1 he too became a ram be=e ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,pta ( ,memphis & ,anh] ( ,?is are ! only o!r gods :o appe> consi/5tly 9 human %ape1 & ,pta is a mummy1 :ile ,anh]1 l ,tum1 0 ! sun47#fj7 ,) ! adoption ( ! ,ennead & ! cosmological ideas x embodi$1 a new elem5t ent]$ into ! !ology ( ! ,egyptian temples4 ,?is 0 ! id5tification ( "o god ) ano!r1 or1 to speak m exactly1 ! loss ( _! individuality on ! "p ( ! gods4 ,! process 0 begun :5 ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis took su* ( ! div9ities z 7 recognis$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 & transmut$ !m into successive phases 9 ! creative action ( _! local god4 ,x 0 complet$ :5 o!r religi\s c5tres foll[$ ! example ( ,heliopolis1 & =m$ ,enneads ( _! own4 ,9 ea* case ! local god /ood ( necessity at ! head ( ! ,ennead1 & 9 ea* case also he 0 assimilat$ to ,tum4 ,:atev] may h previ\sly be5 8 attributes1 he ?us became a =m ( ! sun-god4 ,a dual p]sonality 0 creat$1 :i* soon melt$ into "o4 ,b x 0 n z ,tum t ! sun-god ( ,heliopolis ?us made 8 way victori\sly ?r\gh ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 "u ! m g5]al & undef9$ "n ( ,ra t he 0 accept$ 9 ! ,egyptian sanctu>ies4 ,tum rema9$ ! local god ( ,heliopolis1 or else =m$ "p ( a sol> tr9ity 9 :i* he repres5t$ ! sett+ sun4 ,b ,ra became a div9e ,ph>aoh1 9 :om ! _w ( ! gods 0 unifi$4 ,! k+s ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y call$ !mselves 8 sons4 ,hi!rto ! ,ph>aohs _h be5 inc>nations ( ! sun-god1 l ! e>li] mon>*s ( ,babylonia2 h5ce=w>d ! title ( ,horus 0 re/rict$ to _! d\bles 9 ! o!r _w1 :ile t ( 8,son ( ! ,sun0 0 prefix$ to ! bir?-"n :i* !y bore on e>?4 ,! same *ange took place also 9 ,babylonia4 ,!re x 0 due to ! invasion ( =eign b>b>ians1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a =eign dyna/y at ,babylon1 :]e ! prie/s refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! legitimacy ( a k+ :o _h n be5 adopt$ z son by ! sun-god ,bel-,m]oda*4 ,p]haps a simil> cause 0 at "w 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,fif? ,dyna/y came f ,elephant91 an isl& :i* 0 n only on ! extreme fronti] ( ,egypt1 b 0 inhabit$ !n z n[ by a non-,egyptian race2 x may be t ! price ( _! ackn[l$gm5t by ! prie/s & pr9ces ( ,memphis 0 _! acceptance ( ! title ( 8,son ( ,ra40 ,x n>r[$ _! pret5sions to div9ity1 & at ! same "t impli$ _! submission to ! god ( ! great sanctu>y :i* /ood 9 su* close relations ) ,memphis4 ,z we h se51 ! fir/ monum5t on :i* ! w+$ sol> disc is f\nd is t ( a k+ ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y2 x !re ov]%ad[s 8 figure & 8 two names2 b ?\gh ! hawk ( ,horus /&s above ! "n ( 8 d\ble1 8 bir?-"n is )\t ! title ( 8,son ( ,ra40 ,:5 once ! pr9ciple _h be5 adopt$ t ! lead+ gods ( ,egypt 7 b v>y+ =ms ( ! sun-god1 x 0 easy to con/ruct ,enneads1 :atev] might be ! numb] ( ! deities x 0 wi%$ to br+ into !m4 ,?us at ,heliopolis itself ,horus ! son ( ,isis 0 introduc$1 8 confusion ) ! sun-god ,horus facilitat+ ! process4 ,at ,?is1 ,anh] 0 id5tifi$ ) ,%u2 at ,!bes1 ,amon 0 made "o ) ,tum & ,ra1 ) ,m5tu & ,mut4 ,:]e a goddess 0 at ! head ( ! local ,pan!on ! process 0 ! same2 %e int]*ang$ ) ! o!r goddesses ( ! c\ntry1 & ev5 ) ,tum himself4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,horapollo 7i4 #ab7 /ates t ,nit ( ,sais 0 at once male & female4 ,"o result ( all ?is kaleidoscopic int]*ange 0 ! gr[? ( tr9ities 9 :i* ! same god appe>s "u ?ree sep>ate =ms4 ,at ,heliopolis1 = example1 ,h>makhis became id5tifi$ ) ,tum1 & ! tr9ity ( ,tum1 ,ra1 & ,h>makhis grew up1 9 :i* ,h>makhis 0 ! sun ( ! morn+ & ,tum ( ! ev5+1 :ile ,ra embodi$ !m bo?4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 9 fact1 ,h>makhis & ,tum 7 b diff]5t aspects "u :i* ,ra c\ld be envisag$2 f ano!r po9t1 ,ra1 ,tum1 & ,h>makhis 7 ?ree p]sons 9 "o god4 ,i believe t ,pr(essor ,masp]o is "r 9 hold+ t ! ,egyptian tr9ity is ( comp>atively late orig9 & ( artificial "*47#fa7 ,he po9ts out t x presupposes ! ,ennead1 & 9 "s cases1 at lea/1 c be %[n to h be5 =m$ by ! union ( =eign elem5ts4 ,?us at ,memphis ! triad 0 creat$ by borr[+ ,nef]-,tum f ,heliopolis & ,sekhet f ,latopolis1 & mak+ ! "o ! son ( ! local god ,pta1 & ! o!r 8 wife4 ,! fam\s tr9ity ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ,horus1 :i* became a patt]n = ! re/ ( ,egypt1 0 =m$ by transf]r+ ,nebht & ,anubis1 ! allies ( ,osiris1 to 8 enemy ,set1 & s ?r[+ ! :ole ( ! ,osirian leg5d into confusion4 ,! tr9ity ( ,!bes is confess$ly mod]n2 x ow$ its orig9 to ! rise ( ! ,!ban dyna/ies1 :5 ,!bes became ! capital ( ,egypt1 & its god ,amon necess>ily foll[$ ! =tunes ( ! local pr9ce4 ,mut1 8! "m10 a m]e title ( ! goddess ( ,s\!rn ,egypt1 0 associat$ ) him1 & ! triad 0 complet$ by embody+ 9 x ,pta ( ,memphis1 :o _h be5 ! *ief god ( ,egypt :5 ,!bes 0 /ill a small prov9cial t[n4 ,at a subsequ5t date1 ,khonsu1 ! moon-god1 took ! place ( ,pta47#fb7 ,we c ?us trace ! gr[? ( ! ,egyptian tr9ity & ! ideas & t5d5cies :i* lay beh9d x4 ,x 0 ! culm9at+ /age 9 ! evolution ( ! religi\s sy/em :i* took its fir/ />t among ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis4 ,fir/ creation by means ( g5]ation1 !n ! ,ennead1 & la/ly ! triad & ! tr9ity--su* 7 ! /ages 9 ! gradual process ( developm5t4 ,& ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity itself rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( p]fection 9 t wor%ip ( ,osiris ( :i* ,i %all speak 9 a future lecture4 ,b ! ,ennead _h o!r results besides ! ,egyptian doctr9e ( ! tr9ity4 ,g5]ation 9 ! case ( a god c\ld n be ! same z 9 ! case ( a man4 ,! v fact t ,tum 0 wifeless prov$ ?is4 ,x 0 inevitable1 !re=e1 t x %\ld come to be conceiv$ ( z symbolical l ! g5]ation ( ?\ght1 all ! m s9ce ! deities :o _h proce$$ f ,tum 7 all ( !m symbols repres5t+ ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w4 ,h5ce ! idea ( g5]ation pass$ naturally into t ( emanation1 "o div9e be+ emanat+ f ano!r z ?\ght emanates f ?\ght4 ,& to ! ,egyptian1 ) 8 love ( symbolism & dis9cl9ation = ab/ract ?\ght1 ! expression ( an idea meant a concrete =m4 ,seb & ,nut 7 ! div9e ideas :i* und]lay ! e>? & ! firmam5t & kept !m 9 exi/5ce1 b !y 7 at ! same "t ! e>? & ! firmam5t !mselves4 ,!y repres5t$ ?\ght 9 a concrete =m1 if we may borr[ a phrase f ! ,hegelian philosophy4 ,! pr9ciple ( emanation 0 eag]ly seiz$ ^u by ,greek ?9k]s 9 ! days :5 ,alex&ria 0 ! meet+-place ( ! old _w & ! new4 ,x af=d$ an explanation n only ( creation1 b also ( ! orig9 ( evil1 & _h1 moreov]1 beh9d x ! v5]able %ad[ ( ,egyptian antiquity4 ,x became ! basis & %eet-an*or ( mo/ ( ! ,gno/ic sy/ems1 & ?r\gh !m made its way into ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view x may be reg>d$ z an anticipation ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,! "w ( ! prie/ly college ( ,heliopolis 0 accompli%$ long be=e ! ,pyramid texts 7 writt5 "u ! k+s ( ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies4 ,! ,ennead appe>s 9 !m z a long e/abli%$ doctr9e1 ) all its consequ5ces4 ,! sol> fai? _h laid firm hold ( ,egyptian religion1 & ga9$ a position f :i* x 0 nev] to be dislodg$4 ,h5ce=w>d ,egyptian religion 0 p]meat$ by ! ideas & beliefs :i* fl[$ f x1 & ! gods & goddesses ( ! l& assum$ a sol> dress4 ,"u ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 if n be=e1 a new view ( ! future life obta9$ (ficial sanction1 :i* sub/itut$ ! sun-god = ,osiris & ! sol> b>k = ! ,osirian p>adise4 ,b ,i mu/ leave an acc\nt ( x to ano!r occasion1 & conf9e myself at pres5t to ! la/ & mo/ notewor?y developm5t ( sol> wor%ip 9 ,egypt4 ,x is p]haps h>dly correct to apply to x ! t]m developm5t4 ,x 0 r a break 9 ! religi\s tradition ( ,egypt1 an int]ruption 9 ! normal evolution ( ! ,egyptian cre$1 :i* accord+ly made b little p]man5t impression on ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! nation4 ,b 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( episodes4 ,l ,mosaism 9 ,israel1 x prea*$ ! doctr9e ( mono!ism 9 ,egypt2 b unlike ,mosaism1 its success 0 only tempor>y4 ,unlike ,mosaism1 moreov]1 x 0 a pan!i/ic mono!ism1 & x fail$ accord+ly 9 its /ruggle ) ! nebul\s poly!ism ( ,egypt4 ,"o ( ! la/ ,ph>aohs ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y 0 ,amon-hotep ,,iv4 ,s9ce ! conque/ ( ,syria by 8 ance/or ,?o?mes ,,iii41 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an empire :i* ext5d$ to ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 ,asiatic mann]s & cu/oms _h p\r$ into ,egypt 9 an ev]-increas+ flood1 & ) !m ! ideas & religi\s beliefs ( ! ,semitic ,ea/4 ,amon-hotep ,,iii41 ! fa!r ( ,amon-hotep ,,iv41 _h ma9ta9$ ! old] traditions ( ! ,egyptian c\rt1 s f> at lea/ z religion 0 conc]n$1 ?\gh 8 "m & wife _h alike be5 =eign]s4 ,b 8 son appe>s to h be5 "y at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,he 0 accord+ly br\ght up "u ! eye & influ5ce ( 8 "m ,teie1 & 8 temp]am5t seems to h second$ ! tea*+ he receiv$ f h]4 ,8 features are ^? ( a philosophic vision>y r ?an ( a man ( action1 ( a religi\s re=m] r ?an ( a k+4 ,he flung himself eag]ly into a religi\s movem5t ( :i* he 0 ! ma9spr+ & c5tre1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory !re 0 p]secution = religion's sake4 ,= numb]less c5turies ! ,egyptian _h appli$ ! title ( 8! "o god0 to ! div9ity he 0 ador+ at ! mom5t1 or :o presid$ ov] ! =tunes ( 8 city or nome4 ,b he did n mean to exclude by x ! exi/5ce ( o!r deities4 ,! 8"o god0 0 unique only to ! wor%ipp]1 & to ! wor%ipp] only 9 s f> z 8 wor%ip = ! mom5t 0 address$ to ?is 8"o god0 alone4 ,:5 ) ! gr[? ( ! sol> !ory ! deities ( ,egypt began to be resolv$ into "o ano!r1 ! title came to signify t attribute ( div9ity :i* unifi$ all ! re/4 ,b to ! ,egyptian1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ! attribute 0 a concrete ?+2 & ?\gh 9 "o s5se ,amon & ,khnum & ,horus d5ot$ ! attributes ( ,ra1 9 ano!r s5se !y 7 di/9ct p]sonalities ) a di/9ct hi/ory beh9d !m4 ,! result 0 :at ,i h call$ a nebul\s poly!ism1 9 :i* ! individual deities ( ! ,egyptian ,pan!on _h melt$ l cl\ds into "o ano!r2 !y _h lo/ _! sev]al individualities1 b _h n ga9$ a new individuality 9 return4 ,! cons]vative _s1 :i* =bade ! ,egyptian to break ) ! traditions ( ! pa/ & ?r[ aside any "p ( 8 h]itage1 prev5t$ him f tak+ ! f9al /ep1 & pass+ out ( poly!ism into mono!ism4 ,x 0 j ?is /ep1 h[ev]1 t 0 tak5 by ,amon-hotep ,,iv4 & 8 foll[]s1 & :i* at once /amps ! non-,egyptian "* ( 8 religi\s re=mation4 ,h5ce=w>d !re 0 to be b "o ,god 9 ,egypt1 a ,god :o 0 omnipres5t & omnisci5t1 exi/+ ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+1 & :o w\ld brook no rival at 8 side4 ,he 0 n1 inde$1 a new god1 = he _h already reveal$ himself to ! g5]ations ( ! pa/ "u ! =m ( ,ra1 & 8 visible symbol 0 ! sol> disc4 ,b ,ra _h be5 ignorantly wor%ipp$2 unwor?y language _h be5 us$ ( him1 & he _h be5 conf\nd$ ) gods :o 7 no gods at all4 ,! new & purifi$ conception ( ! supreme div9ity ne$$ a new "n "u :i* x c\ld be express$1 & ?is 0 f\nd 9 ,at51 8! sol> disc10 or ,at5-,ra1 8! disc ( ! sun40 ,x 0 n probable t ,amon ( ,!bes & 8 wor%ipp]s w\ld b[ _! heads to ! new fai? )\t a /ruggle4 ,x 0 ,amon :o _h l$ ! fa!rs ( ,amon-hotep ,,iv4 to victory1 :o _h giv5 !m _! empire ov] ! _w1 & ^u ^: city ( ,!bes ! spoils ( ,asia _h be5 lavi%$4 ,a fi]ce conte/ broke out betwe5 ! ,!ban prie/hood & ! h]etical k+4 ,! wor%ip ( ,amon 0 proscrib$1 8 v "n 0 eras$ f ! monum5ts on :i* x 0 engrav$1 & a %r9e ( ! rival deity 0 erect$ at ! v gates ( 8 anci5t temple4 ,! ,ph>aoh *ang$ 8 own "n to t ( ,khu-n-,at51 8! glory ( ! sol> disc10 & !reby publicly proclaim$ 8 r5unciation ( ! religion ( :i* he 0 ! (ficial head4 ,b 9 ! end ! prie/s ( ,amon prevail$4 ,khu-n-,at5 0 =c$ to leave ! capital ( 8 fa!rs1 &1 c>ry+ ) him ! ,/ate ar*ives & ! adh]5ts ( ! new fai?1 he built a new city = himself midway betwe5 ,m9ia & ,sit1 :]e ! m\nds ( ,tel el-,am>na n[ m>k its site4 ,"h1 surr\nd$ by a c\rt :i* 0 m ?an half ,asiatic 9 blood & belief1 he rais$ a temple to ! new ,god ( ,egypt1 & h>d by x a palace = himself4 ,! new cre$ 0 accompani$ by a new /yle ( art2 ! old traditions ( ,egyptian art 7 ?r[n aside1 & a naturali/ic realism1 sometimes ( an exagg]at$ "*1 took _! place4 ,! palace & temple 7 alike made glori\s ) brilliant pa9t+ & c>v$ /one1 ) fresco$ floors & walls1 ) columns & friezes inlaid ) gold & preci\s /ones1 ) panels ( pictur$ porcela91 & ) /atu>y :i* rem9ds u ( t ( lat] ,greece47#fc7 ,g>d5s 7 plant$ by ! edge ( ! ,nile1 & c>riage roads con/ruct$ 9 ! des]t1 along :i* ! k+ & 8 c\rt took _! morn+ drives4 ,!n1 return+ to 8 palace1 ! ,ph>aoh w\ld prea* or lecture on ! pr9ciples & doctr9es ( ! new fai?4 ,x 0 (ficially call$ 8! doctr9e10 :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,erman rem>ks1 %[s t x possess$ a dogmatically-=mulat$ cre$4 ,its tea*+s are embodi$ 9 ! hymns inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! tombs ( ,tel el-,am>na4 ,! ,god1 ^: visible symbol is ! sol> disc1 is ,he1 z we le>n f !m1 :o has creat$ all ?+s1 8! f>-(f heav5s1 mank9d1 ! animals & ! birds2 our eyes are /r5g!n$ by 8 beams1 & :5 he reveals himself all fl[]s gr[ & live2 at 8 ris+ ! pa/ures br+ =?1 !y are intoxicat$ be=e 8 face2 all ! cattle skip on _! feet1 & ! birds 9 ! m>%es flutt] ) joy40 ,x is he 8:o br+s 9 ! ye>s1 creates ! mon?s1 makes ! days1 reckons ! h\rs2 he is "l ( "t1 accord+ to :om m5 reckon407#fd7 ,beside ,him1 8!re is no o!r0 ,god4 8,beautiful is ?y sett+10 beg9s ano!r hymn1 8,o liv+ ,at51 ?\ "l ( lords & k+ ( ! two worlds6 ,:5 ?\ unite/ ?yself ) ! heav5 at ?y sett+1 mortals rejoice be=e ?y c\nt5ance1 & give hon\r to him :o has creat$ !m1 & pray to him :o has =m$ !m 9 ! pres5ce ( ,khu-n-,at51 ?y son1 :om ?\ love/1 ! k+ ( ,egypt :o live? 9 tru?4 ,all ,egypt & all l&s )9 ! circle t ?\ treade/ 9 ?y glory1 praise !e at ?y ris+ & at ?y sett+4 ,o ,god1 :o 9 tru? art ! liv+ "o1 :o /&e/ be=e our eyes1 ?\ create/ t :i* 0 n1 ?\ =me/ x all2 we also h come into be+ ?r\gh ! ^w ( ?y m\?407#fe7 ,! sol> disc 0 ?us1 z x 71 ! mask ?r\gh :i* ! supreme ,creator reveal$ himself4 ,& ?is ,creator 0 ! "o true liv+ ,god1 liv+ et]nally1 brook+ ! wor%ip ( no o!r god at 8 side1 &1 9 fact1 ! only ,god :o exi/$ 9 tru?4 ,all o!r gods 7 false1 & ! foll[]s ( ,at5-,ra 7 accord+ly call$ ^u to ov]?r[ _! wor%ip & conv]t _! wor%ipp]s4 ,at ! same "t1 ,at5 0 ! fa!r ( all ?+s2 he _h call$ all ?+s into exi/5ce by ! ^w ( 8 m\?1 m5 equally ) ! bea/s & birds1 ! fl[]s & ! f>-(f heav5 itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 m5 refus$ to wor%ip him1 x 0 because !y _h be5 l$ a/ray by falsehood & ignorance1 or else 7 wilfully bl9d4 ,:atev] measure ( success ! re=ms ( ,khu-n-,at5 atta9$ among ! natives ( ,egypt1 !y mu/ h possess$ 9 s f> z !y repres5t$ a re=mation1 & n ! introduction ( a new & =eign cult4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a section ( ! p1 m especially among ! educat$ classes1 ^: religi\s ideas 7 already t5d+ 9 t direction1 & :o 7 !re=e prep>$ to accept ! new 8doctr9e40 ,! language (t5 us$ ( ! gods1 if /rictly int]pret$1 impli$ a m or less modifi$ =m ( mono!ism2 ! ,egyptian deities1 z we h se51 _h come to be resolv$ into manife/ations ( ! sun-god1 & ! symbol ( ! new fai? enabl$ x to be connect$ ) ! anci5t wor%ip ( ,ra4 ,! old sun-wor%ip ( ,heliopolis =m$ a bridge :i* spann$ ! gulf betwe5 ,amon & ,at54 ,inde$1 ! wor%ip ( ! sol> disc itself 0 n absolutely /range4 ,an ,egyptian1 = in/ance1 :o 0 buri$ at ,kom el-,am>1 opposite ,el-,kab1 9 ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 speaks ( be+ 8belov$ by ! beams ( ! sol> disc0 7,at5-,ra72 & ?\gh no det]m9ative ( div9ity is atta*$ to ! words1 x 0 b a /ep =w>d to make ! disc ! equival5t ( ! sun-god4 ,nev]!less1 betwe5 ! 8doctr9e0 ( ,khu-n-,at5 & ! old] ,egyptian ideas ( ! sun-god !re 0 a va/1 if n impassable1 di/ance4 ,! 8doctr9e0 0 no result ( a normal religi\s evolution4 ,t is prov$ n only by ! opposition ) :i* x met & ! viol5t measures t 7 tak5 to en=ce x1 b /ill m by its rapid & utt] disappe>ance or ext]m9ation aft] ! dea? ( its royal patron4 ,x came f ,asia1 &1 l ! ,asiatic (ficials1 0 bani%$ f ,egypt 9 ! national reaction :i* end$ 9 ! rise ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4 ,! god ( ,khu-n-,at51 9 fact1 has mu* 9 common ) ! ,semitic ,baal4 ,l ,baal1 he is ! 8"l ( lords10 ^: visible symbol is ! sol> orb4 ,l ,baal1 too1 he is a jeal\s god1 & ! fa!r ( mank9d4 ,x is true t ,baal 0 accompani$ by ! %ad[y ,baalat2 b ,baalat1 aft] all1 0 b 8 pale reflection1 necessitat$ by ! g5d]s ( ,semitic gramm>2 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,semitic _w ev5 ?is pale reflection 0 want+4 ,*emo% ( ,moab1 = in/ance1 & ,as%ur ( ,assyria 7 alike wifeless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ,at5 & ! ,semitic ,baal !re 0 a wide & ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,! mono!ism ( ,khu-n-,at5 0 pan!i/ic1 & z a result ( ?is ! god he wor%ipp$ 0 ! god ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,! "* & attributes ( ! ,semitic ,baal 7 cle>ly & %>ply def9$4 ,he /ood outside ! creatures he _h made or ! *ildr5 ( :om he 0 ! fa!r4 ,8 k+dom 0 /rictly limit$1 8 p[] itself 0 circumscrib$4 ,he 0 ! 8"l ( heav510 sep>ate f ! _w & f ! matt] ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,b ,at5 0 9 ! ?+s :i* he _h creat$2 he 0 ! liv+ "o 9 :om all life is conta9$1 & at ^: comm& !y spr+ into exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 no *aos ( matt] outside & be=e him2 he _h creat$ 8t :i* 0 n10 & _h =m$ x all4 ,he 0 n1 !re=e1 a national or tribal god1 ^: p[] & protection did n ext5d beyond ! locality 9 :i* he 0 ackn[leg$ & ! t]ritory on :i* 8 high places /ood2 on ! contr>y1 he 0 ! ,god ( ! :ole univ]se2 n only ,egypt1 b 8all l&s0 & all peoples are call$ ^u to adore him1 & ev5 ! birds & ! fl[]s gr[ & live ?r\gh him4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 s f> z we "k1 ! doctr9e 0 proclaim$ t ! ,supreme ,be+ 0 ! ,god ( all mank9d4 ,! fact is rem>kable f :atev] po9t ( view x may be reg>d$4 ,! date ( ,khu-n-,at5 is ab\t #adjj ,b4,c41 a c5tury be=e ! ,exodus & ! rise ( ,mosaism4 ,m ?an once x has be5 sugge/$ t betwe5 ,mosaism & ! 8doctr9e0 ( ,at5 !re may h be5 a connection4 ,b 9 ,mosaism we look 9 va9 = any traces ( pan!ism4 ,! ,yahveh ( ! ,comm&m5ts /&s z mu* outside ,8 creation z ! man :om ,he _h made 9 ,8 own image2 ,8 outl9es are %>ply def9$1 & ,he is ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews r ?an ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ ,comm&m5t be>s ! fact on its =efront3 o!r nations h _! gods ^: exi/5ce is admitt$1 b ,yahveh is ! ,god ( ,israel1 & !re=e ,him only may ,israel s]ve4 ,lecture ,v4 ,animal ,wor%ip4 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ?us describes ! religion ( 8 ,egyptian neighb\rs 7,pdag4 iii4 #b73 8,among 7! ,egyptians7 ! temples are surr\nd$ ) groves & consecrat$ pa/ures2 !y are provid$ ) propyla1 & _! c\rts are encircl$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( columns2 _! walls glitt] ) =eign m>bles & pa9t+s ( ! highe/ art2 ! sanctu>y is respl5d5t ) gold & silv] & electrum1 & _m-col\r$ /ones f ,india & ,e?iopia2 ! %r9e )9 x is veil$ by a curta9 wr\ght ) gold4 ,b if y pass beyond into ! remote/ "p ( ! enclosure 9 ! expectation ( behold+ some?+ yet m excell5t1 & look = ! image :i* dwells 9 ! temple1 a pa/ophorus or "s o!r m9i/]1 s++ a pan 9 ! ,egyptian language ) a pomp\s air1 draws aside a small portion ( ! curta91 z if ab\t to %[ u ! god2 & makes u bur/ into a l\d laugh4 ,= no god is f\nd !re91 b a cat1 or a crocodile1 or a s]p5t sprung f ! soil1 or "s su* brute animal 444 & ! ,egyptian deity is reveal$ z a bea/ t rolls itself on a purple cov]let40 ,/4 ,clem5t 0 a ,*ri/ian philosoph] & apologi/1 b ! animal wor%ip ( ! ,egyptians 0 q z mu* an object ( ridicule to ! pagan writ]s ( ,greece & ,rome4 8,:o has n he>d10 says ,juv5al 7,sat4 xv471--8:o has n he>d1 :]e ,egypt's realms are nam$-- 8,:at mon/] gods h] frantic sons h fram$8 ,"h ,ibis gorg$ ) well-gr[n s]p5ts1 !re ,! crocodile comm&s religi\s fe>2444 ,& %\ld y leeks or onions eat1 no "t ,w\ld expiate ! sacrilegi\s crime2 ,religi\s nations sure1 & ble/ abodes1 ,:]e e or*>d is o'errun ) gods60 ,a ,roman soldi] :o _h accid5tally kill$ a cat 0 torn to pieces by ! mob be=e ! eyes ( ,diodorus1 al?\gh ! ,romans 7 at ! "t ma/]s ( ! c\ntry1 & ! reign+ ,ptolemy did 8 utmo/ to save ! (f5d]47#ff7 ,= ! majority ( ! p ! cat 0 an inc>nate god4 ,?is wor%ip ( animals 0 a griev\s puzzle to ! philosoph]s ( ! classical age4 ,! v5]able antiquity ( ,egypt1 ! high level ( its moral code1 &1 above all1 ! spiritual & exalt$ "* ( s mu* ( its religion1 _h deeply impress$ ! ?9k+ _w ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,t _w _h f\nd1 9 a bl5d+ ( ,egyptian religi\s ideas ) ,greek metaphysics1 a key to ! my/]ies ( life & dea?2 9 ! s-call$ ,h]metic books ! old beliefs & religi\s conceptions ( ,egypt 7 r$uc$ to a sy/em & int]pret$ f a ,greek po9t ( view1 :ile ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy 0 an av[$ attempt to comb9e ! symbolism ( ,egypt ) ! subtleties ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,b ! animal wor%ip 0 h>d to reconcile ) philosophy2 ev5 symbolism fail$ to expla9 x away1 or to satisfy ! m9d ( ! inquir]4 ,plut>* _h boldly d5i$ t ! wor%ip ( an animal 0 9 any way m absurd ?an t ( an image2 ! deity1 if s he *ose1 c\ld manife/ himself 9 ei!r equally well4 ,porphyry _h rec\rse to ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,if ! s\l migrat$ aft] dea? into ! body ( "s l[] animal1 he urg$1 x w\ld communicate to ! latt] a portion ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,b aft] all ?is 0 no explanation ( ! wor%ip paid to ! animal2 ! s\l _h n be5 wor%ipp$ :ile x 0 /ill 9 ! body ( its orig9al possessor1 & !re 0 !re=e no reason :y x %\ld be wor%ipp$ :5 x 0 embodi$ 9 ano!r =m4 ,moreov]1 metempsy*osis 9 ! ,greek s5se 0 nev] an ,egyptian doctr9e4 ,all ! ,egyptian held 0 t ! s\l1 aft] x _h be5 ju/ifi$ & admitt$ to a /ate ( bless$ness1 c\ld ent] = a "t :atev] mat]ial =m x *ose2 c\ld fly to heav51 = in/ance1 9 ! body ( a swall[1 or return to ! mummifi$ body 9 :i* x _h once dwelt4 ,b su* embodim5ts 7 m]ely tempor>y1 & matt]s ( free *oice2 !y 7 l a g>m5t1 :i* ! s\l c\ld put on & take (f at w4 ,mod]n writ]s h f\nd x z difficult to expla9 ! animal wor%ip ( anci5t ,egypt z ! philosoph]s & !ologians ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,creuz] decl>$ t x 0 ! result ( a pov]ty ( imag9ation1 & t ! bea/s 7 wor%ipp$ because !y embodi$ c]ta9 natural ph5om5a4 ,l5ormant argu$1 on ! o!r h&1 t x 0 due to a high spiritual conception ( religion1 :i* prev5t$ ! ,egyptians f ador+ lifeless rocks & /ones l ! o!r nations ( antiquity4 ,( late ! t5d5cy has be5 to see 9 x a sort ( totemism :i* prevail$ among ! aborig9al population ( ! c\ntry1 & 0 tol]at$ by ! high] religion ( ! ,ph>aonic immigrants4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld repres5t ! religion ( ! prehi/oric race or races1 & its admittance into ! (ficial religion w\ld be p>allel$ by ! hi/ory ( ,bramanism1 :i* has simil>ly tol]at$ ! cults & sup]/itions ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india4 ,inde$1 x is possible to discov] an analog\s proc$ure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! l[] beliefs & =ms ( wor%ip c be expla9$ away :]ev] ne$ful ) ! help ( symbolism & allegory1 :ile ! mass ( ! p are left 9 ! undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( ! religi\s ideas & rites ( _! =efa!rs4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 h ca/ a new light on ! matt]4 ,! e>ly monum5ts ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 f\nd 9 ! neoli?ic graves & among ! rema9s ( ! fir/ dyna/ies1 h %[n t ! animal wor%ip ( ,egypt 0 only "p ( a l>g] sy/em4 ,slate plaques1 on :i* are repres5t$ ! actions ( ,ph>aohs :o prec$$ ,m5es or 7 8 imm$iate successors1 prove t ! prevail+ sy/em ( religion mu/ h be5 "o closely ak9 to ,african feti%ism4 ,! gods appe> frequ5tly1 b !y always appe> "u ! =m ( :at 9 lat] times 7 reg>d$ z _! symbols4 ,sometimes ! symbol is an animal or bird1 b sometimes also x is a lifeless object4 ,! human =ms1 to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 lat] ,egyptian art1 are abs5t27#fg7 !re is no?+ to tell u t ! religion ( ! "t 0 9 any way di/+ui%$ f ! feti%ism ( ,dahomey or ! ,congo4 ,?us on a slate plaque f ,kom el-,am> 7opposite ,el-,kab7#fh77 we see ! ,ph>aoh ent]+ ! hall 9 :i* lie ! bodies ( 8 decapitat$ foes1 :ile f\r /&>ds are borne be=e him4 ,on ! fir/ two are ! hawks ( ,horus1 on ! ?ird ! jackal ( ,anubis1 on ! la/ an object :i* may be int5d$ = a lock ( hair47#fi7 ,on ! rev]se ( ! plaque ! god is br++ be=e him ! prison]s ( ! nor?4 ,b ! god is a hawk1 ^: human h& grasps ! rope by :i* ! conqu]$ enemy is dragg$ along4 ,on a plaque ( equally e>ly date1 f\nd at ,abydos1 five /&>ds are depict$1 ! foot ( ea* ( :i* is %ap$ l a h& hold+ a rope4 ,above ! fir/ two /&>ds are ! jackals ( ,anubis1 on ! next ! ibis ( ,?o?1 !n ! hawk ( ,horus1 &1 f9ally1 ! curi\s object :i* is ! emblem ( ,m94 ,on a /ill old] plaque f ! same locality ! names ( ! cities rul$ 7or conqu]$7 by ! ,ph>aoh are inscrib$1 ea* )9 its battlem5t$ wall1 :ile above is ! animal god by :i* x is said to be 8belov$0 or p]haps 8de/roy$40 ,! la/ ( ! cities is 8! royal0 capital1 above :i* /& ! two hawks ( ,horus1 :o are p]*$ on ! /&>ds ( ! k+2 beh9d x are ! names ( ! o!r t[ns "u ! protection ( ! scorpion ( ,selk1 ! lion ( ,sekhet1 & ! hawk ( ,horus47#gj7 ,b we c trace ! /&>ds & ! symbols ^u !m /ill f>!r back4 ,m4 de ,morgan has po9t$ out t ! rude & primitive boats pa9t$ on ! pott]y ( ! prehi/oric graves h _! pr[s ornam5t$ ) /&>ds :i* are precisely ! same 9 %ape z ! /&>ds t 7 borne be=e ! ,ph>aoh4 ,on ! top ( "o is p]*$ a hippopotamus1 on ano!r a fi%2 on ano!r is a fl[]+ bran*1 on ano!r ! sail ( a %ip47#ga7 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t bo? /&>ds & symbols 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! old] population ( ! c\ntry :om ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians f\nd :5 !y ent]$ x4 ,b ! symbols _h no connection ) any k9d ( writ+2 we look 9 va91 ei!r on ! pott]y or on any o!r object ( prehi/oric art1 = hi]oglyphic signs4 ,! /&>d may h be5 adopt$ by ! invad+ race f _! conqu]$ subjects1 & s introduc$ into _! sy/em ( writ+2 orig9ally x 0 no?+ b a primeval flag/aff at ! pr[ ( a boat4 ,&1 l ! flag/aff1 ! symbol t s]v$ z a flag mu/ h be5 ( aborig9al inv5tion4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! conclusion to :i* we are l$ by ! newly-f\nd monum5ts ( e>ly ,egypt4 ,on ! ,ph>aonic monum5ts ( t remote age ! gods are n yet human2 !y are /ill repres5t$ by animals & o!r feti%es4 ,& ^! feti%es h be5 borr[$ f ! old] population ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 along ) ! s-call$ /&>d on ! top ( :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,! /&>d ) ! emblem ^u x d5ot$ a nome 9 ! hi/orical days ( ,egypt4 ,! emblem repres5t$ ! god ( ! nome1 or r ( ! *ief sanctu>y 9 ! nome4 ,:]e ! god ( ! nome 0 ,horus1 ! hawk appe>$ ^u ! /&>d2 :]e two ,horus-gods 7 wor%ipp$1 !re 7 two hawks4 ,z ! prehi/oric boat _h be5 plac$ "u ! protection ( ! deity ^: feti% or symbol 0 plant$ at its pr[1 s ! nome 0 "u ! protection ( ! god ^: emblem 0 erect$ on its /&>d4 ,! /&>ds borne be=e ! ,ph>aoh on ! plaque ( ,kom el-,am> 7 ! /&>ds ( ! nomes ov] :i* he claim$ rule4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! god ( a nome 0 9 mo/ in/ances ! god ( ! aborig9al tribe :i* orig9ally inhabit$ x1 & t ! symbols by :i* ^! gods 7 kn[n 7 primitively ! gods !mselves4 ,on ! plaque ( ,abydos x is n ,selk or ,sekhet :o is ! protect+ deity ( ! city1 b ! scorpion & ! lion4 ,& by ! side ( animals & birds1 z we h se51 we f9d also inanimate objects :i* are on exactly ! same foot+ z ! animals & birds4 ,! primitive religion ( ,egypt mu/ h be5 a =m ( feti%ism4 ,b 9 pass+ f ! old] population to ! ,asiatic immigrants x und]w5t a *ange4 ,! same slate plaques :i* portray ,horus z a hawk & ,anubis z a jackal1 repres5t ! k+ "u ! lik5ess ( a bull4 ,x is a lit]al pictorial r5d]+ ( ! phrase s (t5 met ) 9 ! inscriptions1 9 :i* ! ,ph>aoh is describ$ z a bull trampl+ on 8 enemies4 ,! animal has ceas$ to repres5t ! actual reality1 & has become a symbol4 ,& ?is symbolism1 x w be notic$1 accompanies ! introduction ( symbolic writ+4 ,! figure ( ! bull :i* d5otes ! ,ph>aoh1 is z mu* a symbol z ! fi% :i* =ms "p ( 8 "n4 ,x is !re=e fair to conclude t ! hawk :i* br+s ! captur$ enemy to ! k+ is also a symbol4 ,! feti% has become symbolic2 ! hawk is no long] a god 9 & = itself1 b because x is ! embodim5t ( ! div9e ,horus4 ,x 0 b a /ep fur!r to unite ! symbol ) ! human =m4 ,! process involv$ ! disuse ( inanimate objects2 only ! liv+ c\ld be fitly jo9$ toge!r4 ,horus c\ld be depict$ z a man ) a hawk's head2 x 0 less easy to comb9e ! symbol ( ,m9 ) a man's limbs4 ,su* an?ropomorphis+ foll[$ necess>ily f ! deification ( ! ,ph>aoh4 ,! race :i* turn$ its human lead] into a god 0 b\nd to repres5t its gods "u human =m4 ,9 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ! old] elem5t 9 ! population1 ) its religi\s ideas1 0 too /rong to be :olly disreg>d$ by ! rul+ ca/e4 ,! compromise1 :i* _h trans=m$ ! feti% into a symbol1 end$ by reta9+ ! animal =ms ( ! gods1 b 9 subord9ation to ! =m ( man4 ,h5ce=?1 = ! ,/ate religion1 ,horus wore m]ely ! mask ( a hawk47#gb7 ,t ! (ficial figures ( ! gods 7 ?us a compromise betwe5 two antagoni/ic curr5ts ( religi\s ?\ght1 appe>s v cle>ly :5 we comp>e ,egypt ) ,babylonia4 ,9 ,babylonia1 also1 !re 7 symbols atta*$ to ! gods1 "s ( !m repres5t+ animals & birds1 o!rs inanimate objects4 ,9 ,babylonia1 moreov]1 ! k+ 0 a god1 bo? 9 8 lifetime & aft] 8 dea?4 ,b 9 ,babylonia ! figures ( ! gods ( ! ,/ate religion 7 all human2 x 0 only ! demons ( ! popul> cult :o 7 all[$ to reta9 ! bodies ( bea/s & birds4 ,! gods !mselves 7 all depict$ 9 human =m4 ,! reason ( ?is is simple3 9 ,babylonia ! ,semitic conception ( ! deity 0 pr$om9ant2 !re 0 no feti%ism to be conciliat$1 no animal wor%ip to be reconcil$ ) a high] fai?4 ,! emblems ( ! gods rema9$ emblems1 & ! gods ( heav5 clo!d !mselves ) ! same =m z ! human god on e>?4 ,9 ! ret5tion ( ! primitive animal wor%ip1 !re=e1 we mu/ see an evid5ce n only ( ! /r5g? ( t portion ( ! population to :om x orig9ally belong$1 b also ( ! cons]vative _s :i* *>act]is$ ! ,egyptians4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! cons]vative _s 0 ! result ( ! influ5ce ( ! conqu]$ race2 art cont9u$ to repres5t ,horus ) ! head ( a hawk1 j because ^? :o believ$ him to be a bird cont9u$ to =m an important "p ( ! population4 ,! popul> cult & ! popul> sup]/itions 7 too widely spread to be disreg>d$4 ,egyptian or?odoxy f\nd a ready way 9 :i* to expla9 ! animal =ms ( its gods4 ,! s\l1 once fre$ f its e>?ly body1 c\ld assume :atev] %ape x *ose1 or r1 c\ld inhabit z long z x w\ld :atev] body x *ose to ent]4 ,& :at 0 true ( ! human s\l 0 equally true ( ! gods4 ,!y too 7 l m51 diff]+ inde$ f m5 only 9 s f> z !y 7 already 9 ! o!r _w1 & ?us fre$ f ! trammels & limitations ( our pres5t exi/5ce4 ,! s\l ( ,ra1 :i* 0 practically ,ra himself1 c\ld appe> "u ! =m ( a bird1 if s he will$4 ,transmigration f "o body to ano!r1 inde$1 nev] pres5t$ any difficulty to ! ,egyptian m9d4 ,x c\ld be effect$ by ! magician by means ( 8 spells2 & !re 7 /ories1 l ! folk-tales ( mod]n ,europe1 :i* told h[ ! life & individuality ( a man c\ld pass into ! bodies ( animals1 & ev5 into se$s & trees4 ,! belief is common to mo/ primitive peoples1 & is d\btless due to ! dreams 9 :i* ! sleep] imag9es himself possess$ ( "s bodily =m t is n 8 own4 ,we mu/ !n reg>d ! animal wor%ip ( ,egypt z ! survival ( an e>ly feti%ism4 ,b x is a survival :i* has _h to accommodate itself to ! antagoni/ic conceptions ( an an?ropomorphic fai?4 ,by ! side ( ! deifi$ k+ ! deifi$ animal 0 all[$ to rema91 & man & bea/ 7 mix$ toge!r 9 religi\s art4 ,x 0 p>allel to ! juxtaposition ( pictorial ideographs & phonetically-spelt words 9 ! writ+ ( a lat] day4 ,& j z x 0 only ! cultivat$ classes to :om ! writt5 *>act]s 7 symbols ) a mean+ o!r ?an t :i* !y bore to ! eye1 s too x 0 only ^! same cultivat$ classes to :om ! sacr$ animals 7 symbols & embodim5ts ( ! deity1 r ?an ! deity itself4 ,! masses cont9u$ to be feti%-wor%ipp]s l ! e>li] inhabitants ( ! c\ntry f :om mo/ ( !m drew _! desc5t4 ,to ?is fact we mu/ ascribe ! extraord9>y hold :i* ! wor%ip ( animals _h ^u ! ,egyptian p z a :ole up to ! p]iod ( _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ! walls ( ! temple 7 cov]$ ) pictures 9 :i* ! gods 7 repres5t$ 9 human or semi-human =m1 ! inn] %r9e :i* !y s]v$ to surr\nd & protect conta9$ m]ely ! bea/ or bird 9 :i* ! deity 0 believ$ to be inc>nat$ = ! "t4 ,:5 ! god reveal$ himself to 8 wor%ipp]1 x 0 z a hawk or a crocodile4 ,! fact w\ld be inexplicable if ! prie/s alone 7 privileg$ to see him1 z has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case4 ,e ,egyptian1 :atev] might be 8 rank & /ation1 c\ld foll[ ! processions 9 ! temple1 c\ld ent] its inn] *amb]s1 & gaze ^u ! inc>nat$ deity1 provid$ only t he _h con=m$ to ! prelim9>y requirem5ts ( ! ritual & 7 n unclean47#gc7 ,! temple 0 n ! exclusive prop]ty ( a privileg$ ca/e2 x 0 only ! =eign] & ! unbeliev] :o 0 =bidd5 to tread its c\rts4 ,x 0 op5 to ! ,egyptian populace1 & to ! populace ! sacr$ animals 7 ! gods !mselves4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! hawk :i* repres5t$ ,horus1 & 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! god tab]nacl$ = a "t1 0 di/+ui%$ f o!r hawks by special m>ks4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 ! case ) "s ( ! sacr$ animals4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus 7iii4 #bh71 ! bull ,apis ( ,memphis 0 requir$ to be black1 ) a :ite triangle on 8 =ehead1 an eagle on 8 back1 d\ble hairs 9 8 tail1 & a beetle on 8 tongue2 & ?\gh ! extant figures ( ! god d n support ! precise description giv5 by ! ,greek writ]1 !y %[ t c]ta9 *>act]i/ic m>ks 7 really requir$4 ,9 ?is way ! inc>nation ( ! god 0 sep>at$ f o!r animals ( ! same species1 ^u :om1 h[ev]1 "s "p ( 8 div9ity 0 reflect$4 ,s9ce any bull might h become ! habitation ( ! deity1 x 0 necess>y to treat ! :ole species ) respect4 ,! bull ,apis 0 an inc>nation ( ,pta1 8! new life ( ,pta10 z he is (t5 call$ on ! votive tablets4 ,we mu/ see 9 him accord+ly ! local feti% ( ! pre-dyna/ic ,egyptians :o liv$ 9 ! di/rict :]e ,memphis aft]w>ds arose4 ,9 fact ! bull 0 sacr$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is region4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ city ( ,heliopolis ! place ( ,apis 0 tak5 by ano!r bull1 ,ur-m]1 or ,mnevis1 z ! ,greeks miscall$ him4 ,mnevis 0 ! inc>nation ( ! sun-god1 &1 l ,apis1 x 0 ne$ful t he %\ld be black4 ,nor 0 ! wor%ip ( ! bull conf9$ to ! nor?4 ,at ,erm5t also1 ne> ,!bes1 ,m5tu1 ! god ( ! nome1 0 inc>nat$ 9 ! bull ,bakis47#gd7 ,! sanctity ( ! bull is n difficult to und]/& among an agricultural p 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,9 ,india ! bull is /ill sacr$2 & ,sir ,samuel ,bak] tells u t ! tribes ( ! ,upp] ,nile /ill ab/a9 f eat+ ! fle% ( ! ox4 ,9 ,phrygia ! slaught] ( an ox 0 puni%able ) dea?27#ge7 ! fir/ k+ ( ! c\ntry 0 suppos$ to h be5 a peasant1 & 8 ox-drawn c>t 0 pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,kybel4 ,among ! ,egyptians !mselves1 z we h se51 ! ,ph>aoh 0 symbolis$ "u ! =m ( a bull at ! v beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,! bull1 !n1 mu/ h be5 wor%ipp$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,memphis & ,heliopolis be=e x became ! inc>nation ( ,pta or ,ra4 ,x foll[s1 moreov]1 t z yet x 0 no "o p>ticul> bull to :om div9e hon\rs 7 paid2 !re 0 no "o p>ticul> bull into :om ! s\l ( "o ( ! gods ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians _h z yet ent]$1 ?us sett+ x ap>t f all o!rs4 ,! bull 0 /ill a feti% pure & simple2 x 0 ! :ole species t 0 sacr$1 & n a s+le memb] ( x4 ,t ?is 0 inde$ ! case1 is prov$ by a cu/om :i* la/$ d[n to ! late/ times4 ,n only 0 ! sacr$ bull or ! sacr$ hawk mummifi$ aft] dea?1 b o!r bulls & hawks also4 ,!re 7 cemet]ies ( mummifi$ animals1 j z !re 7 cemet]ies ( mummifi$ m54 ,va/ cemet]ies ( cats h be5 f\nd at ,buba/is1 at ,b5i-,hassan1 & o!r places2 s too !re 7 cemet]ies ( hawks & crocodiles1 ( jackals & bulls4 ,we are /ill ignorant ( ! exact conditions "u :i* ^! creatures 7 embalm$ & buri$4 ,x is impossible to suppose t a solemn burial 0 provid$ = all ! individual memb]s ( a species :i* 0 acc\nt$ sacr$ 9 a p>ticul> nome1 mu* less = all its individual memb]s ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 z seems to h be5 imag9$ by ,h]odotus 7ii4 #da72 !re mu/ h be5 c]ta9 limitations )9 :i* su* a burial 0 p]mitt$ or orda9$4 ,& sometimes !re 0 no burial at all2 ! mummy ( ! sacr$ animal ( ,set1 = in/ance1 has nev] be5 f\nd4 ,/ill ! fact rema9s t n only 7 ! bodies ( ! ,apis or ! ,mnevis mummifi$ & consign$ to a special bury+-place1 b ! bodies ( o!r bulls z well4 ,d\btless ! ,egyptian ( ! ,ph>aonic p]iod _h an excell5t reason to give = ! practice4 ,j z ! s]vants ( ! pr9ce 7 buri$ ar\nd _! ma/]1 or z ! u%ebti-figures 7 plac$ 9 ! tomb ( ! dead1 s ! ord9>y bull 0 int]r$ l ! div9e inc>nations ( ,pta & ,ra1 9 ! hope t its d\ble might accompany ! _s ( ! god 9 ! o!r _w4 ,! sc5es ( c\ntry life pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! tombs conta9 pictures ( %eep & cattle ^: kas 71 9 "s way or o!r1 believ$ to exi/ 9 ! ,egyptian p>adise1 & a mummifi$ bull _h z mu* "r to ! hope ( a future exi/5ce z a mummifi$ man4 ,! v act ( embalm+ impli$ ! possibility ( its union ) ,osiris4 ,egyptian logic soon conv]t$ ! possibility into a fact4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! ,osirian cult ! dead ,apis became1 l ! pi\s ,egyptian1 "o ) ,osiris1 ! "l ( ! o!r _w4 ,8 id5tity ) ,pta pal$ & disappe>$ be=e 8 new] id5tity ) ,osiris4 ,at fir/ he 0 ,osiris-,apis1 8! ,osirifi$ bull-god10 z gu>dian only ( ! necropolis ( ,memphis2 !n z god also ( bo? ,memphis & ,egypt 9 life z well z 9 dea?4 ,"u ! ,ptolemies1 ,greek ideas ga!r$ r\nd ! p]son ( a deity :o ?us unit$ 9 himself ! e>li] & lat] =ms ( ,egyptian belief1 & out ( ! comb9ation rose ! ,s]apis ( ! classical age1 ^: wor%ip ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce on ! ,roman _w4 ,9 ! features ( ! human ,s]apis1 ) 8 maje/ic face & fl[+ be>d1 x is difficult to recognise ! bull-god ( primitive ,egypt4 ,! hi/ory ( ,s]apis is on a l>ge scale :at t ( ! o!r sacr$ animals ( ,egypt is on a small] scale4 ,mnevis 0 a less] ,apis2 z ,heliopolis wan$ be=e ,memphis1 s did its div9e bull be=e ! rival deity ( ! capital4 ,!y _h bo? />t$ on an equal foot+1 & _h foll[$ ! =tunes ( ! cities :]e !y 7 ador$4 ,at ,m5des x 0 n a bull1 b a ram1 t 0 ! object ( wor%ip1 & 9 :i* ! prie/s beheld an inc>nation ( ,ra17#gf7 ?\gh ! accid5tal fact t ! ^w ba meant alike 8ram0 & 8s\l0 caus$ lat] g5]ations to id5tify x ) ! 8s\l0 ( ,osiris4 ,9 ! ,fayym x 0 ! crocodile :i* naturally became ! god ,sebek or ,sukhos1 & at a lat] "t ,pete-sukhos1 8! gift ( ,sukhos40 ,9 ! latt] "n we read ! signs ( a gr[+ dis9cl9ation to see 9 ! animal ! god himself or ev5 8 s\l or d\ble2 ! ,sukhos becomes 8! gift ( ,sukhos10 sep>ate f ! god1 & be/[$ by him ^u man4 ,!re 7 o!r nomes besides ! ,fayym 9 :i* ! crocodile 0 wor%ipp$4 ,x 0 ! sacr$ animal ( ,onuphis 9 ! ,delta1 & ( ,ombos 9 ! f> s\? ( ,egypt4 ,b we mu/ n expect to f9d a ,sebek & a sacr$ crocodile always accompany+ "o ano!r4 ,!re c\ld be cases 9 :i* ! crocodile 0 id5tifi$ ) o!r gods ?an ,sebek1--) ,set1 = example1 z at ,nubti1 ne> ,d5d]a4 ,! sacr$ animal exi/$ be=e ! god ^: inc>nation he aft]w>ds became4 ,! neoli?ic races 7 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile be=e ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians1 & ! deities !y ador$ 7 consequ5tly also !re be=e ! gods ( ! intrud+ race4 ,pta1 ) 8 human figure1 w\ld n h be5 trans=m$ into ! bull ,apis if ! bull _h n be5 already 9 possession4 ,! "n ( ! god ,?o? is itself a pro( ( ?is4 ,?o? 0 ! god ( ,h]mopolis1 ! mod]n ,e%munn1 & 8 patronage ( writ+ & books %[s t he mu/ h be5 ! deity ( ! ,ph>aonic race4 ,! god to :om ! inv5tion ( ! hi]oglyphs 0 ascrib$1 c\ld n h be5 ! god ( an illit]ate population4 ,n[ ! ,egyptian =m ( ! "n ,?o? is ,deuti 7or ,zeuti71 8he :o belongs to ! ibis407#gg7 ,?o?1 !re=e1 0 n orig9ally ! ibis1 &1 9 spite ( 8 bird's head1 ! human body :i* he reta9$ 0 a traditional evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,he 0 m]ely 8atta*$ to ! ibis10--atta*$1 t is to say1 to ! place :]e ! ibis 0 ! feti% ( ! aborig9es4 ,accord+ to ,mane?o1 x 0 n until ! reign ( ! second k+ ( ! ,second ,dyna/y t ,apis1 ,mnevis1 & ,m5des 87 adjudg$ to be gods40 ,?is mu/ mean t x 0 !n t ! ,/ate religion admitt$ = ! fir/ "t t ! (ficial gods ( ,memphis1 ,heliopolis1 & ,m5des 7 inc>nat$ 9 ! sacr$ animals ( ! local cults4 ,t ! /atem5t is hi/orically correct1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! temples ( ,memphis & ,heliopolis 7 d$icat$ to ,pta & ,tum1 & n to ,apis & ,mnevis4 ,:5 !y 7 built ! div9ity ( ! bull _h n yet be5 (ficially recognis$4 ,! gods 9 ^: hon\r !y 7 f\nd$ 7 gods ( human =m1 & gods ( human =m !y cont9u$ to be4 ,d[n to ! la/ days ( ,egyptian paganism ! sun-god ( ,heliopolis 0 n a bull1 b a man2 & ?\gh ! mummifi$ ,apis wat*$ ov] ! cemet]ies ( ,memphis1 ! god ( its great temple rema9$ a mummifi$ man & n a mummifi$ bull4 ,"o ( ! leg5ds elaborately concoct$ 9 ! temples out ( old folk-tales & etymological puns expla9$ ! animal =ms ( ! gods z ! result ( ! murd] ( ,osiris by ,typhon or ,set4 ,! fe> ( %>+ 8 fate made !m hide !mselves1 x 0 relat$1 9 ! bodies ( ! bea/s47#gh7 ,b ! explanation mu/ belong to an age :5 ! introduction ( =eign ideas _h ?r[n discr$it on ! old wor%ip ( animals4 ,9 e>li] times no explanation 0 ne$$4 ,! belief 9 ! p[] possess$ by ! s\l ( migrat+ f "o body into ano!r1 & ! symbolism ( :i* ! hi]oglyphic writ+ 0 at once ! expression & ! cause1 =m$ an easy bridge by :i* ! feti%ism ( neoli?ic ,egypt & ! an?ropomorphism ( hi/orical ,egypt c\ld be jo9$ toge!r4 ,horus is a hawk & ! ,ph>aoh is a bull on ! e>lie/ monum5ts we possess1 & su* visible symbols necess>ily react$ on a p1 "o half at lea/ ( :om already ackn[l$g$ ! hawk & ! bull z _! gods4 ,! (ficial recognition ( ,apis & ,mnevis & ,m5des 0 ! la/ /ep 9 ! process ( incorporat+ ! aborig9al sup]/itions & practices into ! ,/ate religion1 & giv+ !m (ficial sanction4 ,! p>allelism ) ,bramanism 9 ,india is complete4 ,b we h /ill to ask :y x 0 t ! bull 0 wor%ipp$ 9 "o di/rict ( prehi/oric ,egypt1 ! hawk 9 ano!r8 ,:y 0 x t a p>ticul> feti% 0 ! protect+ deity ( a p>ticul> sanctu>y or nome8 ,to ?is !re c be b "o answ]4 ,a modifi$ =m ( totemism mu/ once h be5 kn[n 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! sacr$ animal mu/ h be5 ! la/ repres5tative ( ! totem ( ! tribe or clan4 ,! emblems borne on ! flag/affs ( ! prehi/oric boats1 l ! emblems on ! /&>ds ( ! sev]al nomes1 mu/ h be5 ! animals or objects 9 :i* ! clans saw ! div9e p[]s :i* held !m toge!r1 & f :i*1 x may be1 !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( animal wor%ip 9 ,egypt is a cont9u\s drift+ away f ?is primitive totemism4 ,! inanimate objects fir/ fall into ! backgr\nd2 !n1 "u ! influ5ce ( a high] =m ( religion1 ! animals become symbols1 & assume semi-human %apes1 & f9ally "o only out ( a species is select$ to become ! inc>nation ( a god4 ,b ! god ( :om he is ! inc>nation is a v diff]5t god f ! div9ity t 0 believ$ to reside 9 ! orig9al feti%4 ,x is a god 9 ! ,asiatic & n 9 ! ,african s5se1 a god ^: nature is spiritual & free f ! limitations ( our e>?ly exi/5ce1 s t he c ent] at any mom5t into :atsoev] =m he desires4 ,! old feti%es surviv$1 inde$1 b x 0 z amulets & *>ms2 & to ^! ! multitude transf]r$ its fai? z ! ,/ate religion became m & m un9telligible to x4 ,! magic lock ( hair & image ( a s]p5t pres]v$ at ,saft el-,h5na1 & said by ! prie/s to h belong$ to ! sun-god1 _h d\btless come d[n f ! days ( feti%ism4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t besides ! bull or ! ram or ! crocodile1 !re 7 o!r creatures ( a composite or fabul\s "* :i* 7 also acc\nt$ sacr$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,x is true t ! sacr$ animal & symbol ( ,set seems to be ( ?is nature4 ,8 =k$ tail & ass-l e>s make x difficult to believe t any exi/+ bea/ ev] s]v$ = 8 portrait4 ,b ! sph9x1 9 :om ! m5 ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y saw ! image ( ,h>makhis1 ! ris+ sun1 or ! phnix 9 :om ! sun-god ( ,heliopolis 0 inc>nat$1 belongs to a diff]5t category4 ,!y are n sacr$ animals 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,apis & ,mnevis 7 s4 ,! sph9x1 l ! symbol ( ,set1 is "o ( ^? composite creatures :i* meet u f "t to "t 9 ,egyptian art4 ,x has be5 said t su* composite creatures 7 z real to ! ,egyptian z ! cattle & %eep he t5d$ 9 ! fields2 t he 0 q z mu* prep>$ to meet ) !m 9 ! des]t1 z ! anci5t ,greek w\ld h be5 to meet ) a satyr 9 ! woods or a ,highl&] ) a kelpie by ! wat]side4 ,v possibly t 0 ! case2 x w n1 h[ev]1 expla9 _! orig91 or ! =ms t 7 assign$ to !m4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 %\ld ! sph9x ( ,giza be 9 ! =m ( a lion ) a human head8 ,once m we mu/ look to ,asia = an explanation4 ,! sph9x ( ,giza 0 ! gu>dian ( ! tombs ( ! dead2 x protect$ !m f ! spiritual foes ^: home 0 9 ! des]t4 8,i protect ?y sepul*ral *apel10 x is made to say 9 an inscription1 8,i wat* ov] ?y sepul*ral *amb]1 ,i keep away ! /rang] :o w\ld ent]1 ,i ov]?r[ ! foe ) _! weapons1 ,i drive ! wick$ f ?y tomb1 ,i annihilate ?y oppon5ts 444 s t !y return no m407#gi7 ,! sph9x1 9 fact1 p]=m$ precisely ! same (fice z ! w+$ bulls t gu>d$ ! entrance to an ,assyrian palace1 or ! *]ubim :o /ood at ! gates ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,! w+$ bulls & ! *]ubim 7 composite creatures1 & came orig9ally f ,babylonia4 ,babylonia 0 ! primal home1 inde$1 ( all su* animal comb9ations4 ,!y 7 pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,bel at ,babylon1 & _! exi/5ce =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! ,babylonian cosmogony4 ,t cosmogony re/$ on ! doctr9e ( a conte/ betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & d>kness1 ( ord] & *aos1 & on ! f9al victory ( ! gods ( light4 ,!re 0 a _w ( *aos z well z a _w ( ord]2 & be=e ! pres5t creation c\ld be evolv$ ) its settl$ laws & def9ite b\nd>ies1 !re _h be5 ( necessity ano!r creation 9 :i* all ?+s 7 confus$ & *aotic4 ,! brood ( ,tiamat1 ! dragon ( *aos1 correspond$ ) ! creatures ( ! actual _w :i* ! gods ( light _h call$ into exi/5ce2 !y 7 abortive attempts at creation1 compos$ ( limbs :i* mat*$ n toge!r1 8m5 ) ! body ( birds1 or ! faces ( rav5s40 ,?is brood ( *aos 7 ! demons :o 7 ! enemies ( ,bel-,m]oda* & 8 foll[]s4 ,9 ord] to oppose !m successfully1 x 0 ne$ful t !re %\ld be simil>ly composite creatures1 :o1 in/ead ( be+ on ! side ( evil1 7 "u ! ord]s ( ! gods4 ,by ! side ( ! evil demon1 !re=e1 !re 0 ! 8good *]ub10 :o protect$ ! pi\s ,babylonian1 & b>r$ ! way to ! spirits ( wick$ness4 ,! w+$ bull ) 8 human head def5d$ ! approa* to a temple or h\se2 m5 ) ! bodies ( scorpions gu>d$ ! gateways ( ! sun4 ,?is curi\s simil>ity 9 ! functions assign$ to ! images ( composite animals bo? 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia1 raises ! presumption t ! composite =ms !mselves 7 ultimately d]iv$ f a ,babylonian s\rce4 ,t su* 0 ! case we n[ h pro(4 ,on ! slate plaques & mace-heads ( ,nekh5 & ,abydos we f9d composite =ms simil> to ^? ( ,babylonia4 ,:at aft]w>ds became ! ,ha?or-head$ column appe>s z a human face ) a c['s e>s & horns4 ,bel[ are two mon/]s ) a dog's body & a lion's head1 ^: int]tw9$ necks are snakes4 ,:at makes ! latt] repres5tation ! m int]e/+ is1 t ,m4 ,heuzey has po9t$ out exactly ! same figures on an e>ly ,babylonian seal n[ 9 ! ,l\vre47#hj7 ,l ! seal-cyl9d]1 !re=e1 :i* di/+ui%es ! e>ly p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 ! composite mon/]s ( :i* ! sph9x & ! symbol ( ,set 7 surviv+ examples indicate direct communication ) ,*alda4 ,&1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 x is only 9 ,*alda t !y f9d _! explanation4 ,"h !y orig9at$ 9 ! religi\s & cosmological ideas associat$ ) ! physical features ( ! c\ntry4 ,! sph9x ( ,giza /ill gu>ds ! des]t ( ,giza1 because ages ago ! flood+ waves ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf made ! ,babylonians believe t ! _w _h aris5 out ( a wat]y *aos peopl$ by un=m$ creatures ( mon/r\s %ape4 ,! case ( ! phnix or b5nu is some:at diff]5t4 ,"h we h to d n ) a fabul\s mon/]1 b ) an exi/+ bird ( :i* a fabul\s /ory 0 told4 ,! bird 0 n an eagle1 z ,h]odotos suppos$1 b a h]on1 :i* at an e>ly date seems to h be5 conf\nd$ ) ! cre/$ ibis1 ! symbol ( ! khu or lum9\s s\l4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! _s ( ! sun-god1 & lat] leg5ds decl>$ t x /ood & sang on ! top ( a tree at ,heliopolis1 :ile a flame bur/ =? beside x1 & ! sun rose f ! morn+ sky4 ,) sunset x became an ,osiris1 ^: mummy 0 int]r$ at ,heliopolis1 to awake aga9 to life ) ! fir/ rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,x 0 ?us = ,*ri/ian writ]s an emblem ( ! resurrection1 & z su* its /ory is told by ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome37#ha7 8,!re is a c]ta9 bird :i* is call$ ! phnix4 ,?is is ! only "o ( its k9d1 & x lives five hundr$ ye>s4 ,:5 ! "t ( its dissolution draws ne> t x mu/ die1 x builds itself a ne/ ( frank9c5se & myrrh & o!r spices1 into :i*1 :5 ! "t is fulfill$1 x ent]s & dies4 ,b z ! fle% decays a c]ta9 k9d ( worm is produc$1 :i*1 be+ n\ri%$ by ! juices ( ! dead bird1 br+s =? fea!rs4 ,!n1 :5 x has acquir$ /r5g?1 x takes up ! ne/ 9 :i* are ! bones ( its p>5t1 &1 be>+ ^!1 x passes f ! l& ( ,arabia into ,egypt1 to ! city call$ ,heliopolis4 ,&1 fly+ 9 op5 day 9 ! sight ( all m51 x places !m on ! alt> ( ! sun1 &1 hav+ done ?is1 x ha/5s back to its =m] abode4 ,! prie/s !n inspect ! *ronological regi/]s1 & f9d t x has return$ exactly :5 ! five hundr$? ye> is complet$407#hb7 ,! leg5d ( ! phnix has gr[n up r\nd ! belief t ! disembodi$ s\l c\ld ent] at w into ! body ( a bird4 ,! phnix 0 alli$ to ! hawk ( ,horus1 & probably 0 orig9ally id5tical ) t primitive symbol ( ! s\l 7khu71 ! "n ( :i* means lit]ally 8! lum9\s40 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,pyramid texts speak ( ! 8f\r khu0 or 8lum9\s s\ls ( ,horus0 8:o live 9 ,heliopolis10 & ! sun-god ( t city 0 usually invok$ by 8 bau or 8s\ls10 figur$ z ?ree birds :i* appe> z ?ree o/ri*es on objects f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,m5es47#hc7 ,on an e>ly seal-cyl9d] ( ,babylonian type ! b5nu or khu is t]m$ 8! d\ble ( ,horus407#hd7 ,! /ory ( ! phnix illu/rates ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! pictorial "* ( ,egyptian writ+ ^u ! c\rse ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! s\l 0 fir/ symbolis$ by a bird4 ,x pass$ out ( ! corpse & into ! air l a bird2 x 0 free to ent] :atev] body x *ose1 & ! body ( a bird 0 t :i* x w\ld naturally *oose4 ,ev5 to-day ! belief is n ext9ct 9 ,europe t ! spirits ( ! dead pass into ! =ms ( swall[s or doves4 ,b at fir/ x 0 immat]ial :at bird 0 select$ to express pictorially ! idea ( a s\l4 ,x 0 ! o/ri* :5 ! latt] /ill exi/$ 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt2 !n x became ! plov]1 9 consequ5ce1 probably1 ( a simil>ity 9 s\nd betwe5 ! "n ( ! plov] & t ( ! s\l4 ,at o!r times ! fav\rite symbol 0 ! cre/$ ibis1 ^: "n 0 id5tical ) a ^w t signifi$ 8light40 ,ar\nd ! conception ( ! s\l !re accord+ly ga!r$ associations ) ! light1 & m especially ) ! light ( ! sun4 ,! sun-god1 too1 _h a d\ble & a s\l2 :at c\ld be m fitt+1 !re=e1 ?an t !y %\ld be repres5t$ by ! cre/$ ibis8 ,x 0 b a /ep f>!r to see 9 ! bird an inc>nation ( ! sun-god himself4 ,! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! my? 0 due to ! fact t ! god ( ,heliopolis cont9u$ to be depict$ z a man4 ,8 human =m 0 too /]eotyp$ 9 religi\s art to be *ang$1 & ! phnix consequ5tly 0 nev] actually id5tifi$ ) him4 ,x 0 8 s\l1 b x 0 n ,ra himself4 ,! comb9ation ( ! man & ! bea/ c\ld be tol]at$ only :5 bo? 7 co-ord9ate survivals f a di/ant pa/4 ,! inn] contradiction betwe5 ! human & ! be/ial god 0 !n obscur$ or ignor$4 ,) ! human god 0 closely connect$ ! ance/or wor%ip1 :i* 0 q z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( ,egypt z ! wor%ip ( animals4 ,x 0 due 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 p]haps1 to ! belief t ! ,ka ( ! dead man ne$$ food & n\ri%m5t1 & t if he did n receive !m ! hungry d\ble w\ld rev5ge himself on ! liv+4 ,to ?is day ! ,egyptian fellah91 bo? ,moslem & ,copt1 visit ! tombs ( _! =efa!rs at c]ta9 times 9 ! ye>1 &1 aft] eat+ & dr9k+ beside !m1 place a few gra9s ( :eat or "s simil> (f]+ on a %elf 9 front ( a w9d[-l op5+ into ! tomb4 ,b ! belief 9 ! mat]ial ne$s ( ! ,ka w\ld n ( itself h suffic$ to support ! long l9es ( prie/s :o 7 atta*$ to ! cult ( ! dead1 or ! pray]s t 7 address$ to !m4 ,x 0 ! deification ( ! ,ph>aoh :i* caus$ 8prophets0 ( ,khufu & ,khafra to be /ill consecrat$ 9 ! days ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y17#he7 & prev5t$ ! =ms ( ! sacr$ animals f be+ pictur$ on ! temple walls4 ,z long z !re 0 a human god on e>?1 !re c\ld also be a human god 9 heav52 & 9 ! ,pyramid texts ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y ! dead ,pepi or ,teta is z mu* a god z any deity 9 ! pan!on4 ,:5 ! ,osirian fai? _h spread ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 & ! pi\s ,egyptian look$ =w>d aft] dea? to becom+ himself an 8,osiris10 !re 0 /ill great] reason = ! div9e hon\rs t 7 paid to ! ance/or4 ,9 pay+ !m to him ! wor%ipp] 0 pay+ !m to ! god ( ! dead4 ,& ! god ( ! dead 0 himself "o ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,egyptian p4 ,he 0 a human god :o _h once rul$ on e>?1 & he /ill gov]n$ z a ,ph>aoh 9 ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,z ! ,ph>aoh 0 a !omorphic man1 s ,osiris 0 an an?ropomorphic god4 ,9 him ! cult ( ! ance/or rea*$ its fulle/ developm5t4 ,x 0 natural t ,ph>aonic ,egypt %\ld h be51 s f> z we "k1 ! bir?place ( euhem]ism4 ,:]e ! gods _h human =ms1 & ! m5 7 gods1 x 0 inevitable t x %\ld arise4 ,! deification ( ! ,ph>aoh prev5t$ any l9e be+ drawn betwe5 ! liv+ man & ! deity he wor%ipp$4 ,z ! man c\ld be a god1 s too c\ld ! god be a man4 ,! gods ( ,egypt 7 accord+ly trans=m$ into ,ph>aohs1 :o liv$ & conqu]$ & di$ l ! ,ph>aohs ( hi/ory4 ,!y diff]$ f ! m5 ( to-day only 9 hav+ liv$ long ago1 & on t acc\nt be+ possess$ ( p[]s :i* are n[ lo/4 ,t !y %\ld h di$ did n make !m less div9e & immortal4 ,! ,ph>aoh also di$ l ! ance/ors :o 7 wor%ipp$ at ! tombs1 b dea? meant no?+ m ?an pass+ into ano!r =m ( exi/5ce4 ,x 0 m]ely a re-bir? "u new conditions4 ,! ,ka cont9u$ z be=e2 !re 0 no *ange 9 outw>d %ape or 9 ! moral & intellectual p[]s4 ,9 fact1 ! dea? ( ! god 0 a necess>y accompanim5t ( an an?ropomorphic =m ( religion4 ,9 ,babylonia ! temples ( ! gods 7 also _! tombs1 & ev5 among ! ,greeks ! sepul*re ( ,zeus 0 po9t$ out 9 ,krete4 ,! same cult 0 paid to ! dead ,n>am-,s9 or ! dead ,gudea 9 ,*alda t 0 paid to ! dead ,khufu 9 ,egypt4 ,we h no ne$ to seek 9 any peculi>ly ,egyptian beliefs an explanation ( ! ance/or wor%ip :i*1 along ) ! deification ( ! k+1 x %>$ ) ,babylonia4 ,! euhem]ism ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood s\nd$ ! knell ( ! old fai?4 ,z ! c5turies pass$1 pur] & high] ideas ( ! ,godhead _h gr[n up1 & betwe5 ! 8=mless0 & et]nal ,creator ( ! _w & ! man :o _h become a god1 ! di/ance 0 too great to be spann$4 ,on ! "o side1 ! gods ( ! national cre$ _h be5 resolv$ "o into ano!r1 till no di/9ctive %ape or "* 0 left to any "o ( !m2 on ! o!r side1 !y _h be5 trans=m$ into m]e human k+s :o _h rul$ ov] ,egypt long ago4 ,! pan!i/ic ,creator & ! deifi$ ,egyptians ( vulg> & prosaic hi/ory c\ld n be h>monis$ toge!r4 ,! multitude might be cont5t ) its sacr$ animals & its amulets1 b ! ?9k+ portion ( ! nation turn$ to ,greek metaphysics or a despair+ scepticism4 ,already1 9 ! "t ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y1 ! poet :o compos$ ! dirge ( k+ ,antef gives pa!tic expression to 8 d\bts7#hf7-- 8,:at is =tune8 say ! wise4 ,vani%$ are ! he>?s & homes1 ,:at he does or ?9ks1 :o dies1 ,none to tell u comes4 8,h ?y he>t's desire1 be glad1 ,use ! o9tm5t :ile y live2 ,be 9 gold & l95 clad1 ,take :at gods may give4 8,= ! day %all come to ea* ,:5 e>?'s voices s\nd no m2 ,dead m5 he> no m\rn]s' spee*1 ,te>s c n re/ore4 8,eat & dr9k 9 peace to-day1 ,:5 y g1 y\r goods rema92 ,he :o f>es ! la/ long way ,comes n back aga940 ,/ill m hopeless are ! words put into ! m\? ( ! wife ( ! high prie/ ( ,memphis at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e our era-- 8,o my bro!r1 my sp\se1 & my fri5d1 ,high prie/ ( ,memphis6 ,cease n to dr9k & to eat1 ,to fill ?yself ) w9e1 & to make sweet love2 ,enjoy ea* fe/ive day & foll[ ?y desire1 ,let n c>e ent] ?y he>t ,all ! ye>s t on e>? ?\ rema9e/4 ,! und]world is a l& ( ?ick d>kness1 ,a sorr[ful place = ! dead4 ,!y sleep1 aft] _! guise1 nev] to awak5 ,& behold _! comrades4 ,_! fa!r & _! "m !y "k n1 ,no ye>n+ = _! wives & _! *ildr5 d !y feel407#hg7 ,lecture ,,vi4 ,! ,gods ,( ,egypt4 ,9 ! language ( anci5t ,egypt ! ^w net] signifi$ 8a god40 ,sir ,p4 le ,page ,r5\f endeav\r$ to %[ t ! ^w orig9ally meant 8/rong10 & t ! fir/ ,egyptians accord+ly pictur$ _! gods z embodim5ts ( /r5g?47#hh7 ,b x has be5 po9t$ out7#hi7 t :]e net] is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8/rong10 x is r ! lu/9ess ( y\? t is meant1 & t a bett] r5d]+ w\ld be 8fre% & vigor\s40 ,! v]b net] signifies 8to fl\ri%0 & 8gr[ up40 ,moreov]1 x is a "q :e!r betwe5 ?is v]b & ! ^w = 8god0 !re is any connection at all4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! gods c\ld be describ$ z 8gr[?s0 unless !y 7 conceiv$ ( z plants2 & ( ?is !re is no evid5ce 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) ! fact t z f> back z we c trace ! hi/ory ( ! ^w net]1 x meant 8god0 & 8god0 only4 ,b we mu/ also bew>e ( suppos+ t ! ,egyptians atta*$ ! same ideas to x t we d1 or t x _h ! same connotation at all p]iods ( _! hi/ory or among all classes ( ! p4 ,! pan!i/ic deity ( ,khu-n-,at5 0 a v diff]5t be+ f ! sun-god ( :om ! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y _h call$ !mselves ! sons1 & betwe5 ! div9ity :i* ! multitude saw 9 ! bull ,apis & ! =mless & ev]-liv+ ,creator ( ! prie/hood !re 0 a gulf :i* c\ld h>dly be bridg$4 ,b ev5 ! conception ( ! ,creator =m$ by ! prie/hood is difficult = u to realise4 ,eighte5 c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity h left _! impress ^u u1 & we />t f a diff]5t backgr\nd ( ideas f t ( ! ,egyptian1 to :atev] class he may h belong$4 ,x is impossible t we c ent] exactly into :at ! ,egyptian meant by su* expressions z 8liv+ = ev]0 or 8hav+ no =m02 ev5 ! words 8life0 & 8=m0 w\ld n h _h ! same connotation = him t !y h = u4 ,all t we c d is to approximate to ! mean+ t he gave to !m1 rememb]+ t our translation ( !m into ! language ( to-day c be approximative only4 ,! hi]oglyphic writ+ :i* pres]v$ memories ( a "t t ! ,egyptians !mselves _h =gott51 repres5ts ! idea ( a 8god0 by ! picture ( an axe4 ,! axe seems orig9ally to h consi/$ ( a %>p5$ fl9t or blade ( metal haft$ 9 a wood5 h&le1 :i* 0 occasionally wrapp$ 9 /rips ( r$1 :ite1 & black clo?47#ij7 ,x takes u back to an age ( feti%ism1 :5 inanimate objects 7 look$ ^u z div9e1 & p]haps reflects ! impression made ^u ! natives ( ! c\ntry by ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians ) _! weapons ( metal4 ,horus ( ,edfu1 x w be rememb]$1 0 s]v$ by smi?s1 & ! %r9es he f\nd$ to commemorate 8 conque/ ( ,egypt 7 kn[n z 8! smi?ies40 ,! d\ble-head$ axe 0 a div9e symbol 9 ,asia ,m9or17#ia7 & bo? 9 ! old _w & 9 ! new ! feti% 0 wrapp$ 9 clo?s4 ,ev5 at ,delphi a sacr$ /one 0 envelop$ 9 wool on days ( fe/ival4 ,9 ! sacr$ axe1 !re=e1 :i* d5ot$ a god1 we may see a p>allel to ! /&>ds on ! pr[ ( ! prehi/oric boat or to ! symbols ( ! nomes4 ,x w\ld h repres5t$ ! gods ( ^? invad]s ( ! valley ( ! ,nile :o br\ght ) !m weapons ( copp]1 & h be5 ! symbol ( ! conqu]+ race & ! deities x wor%ipp$4 ,z ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians appropriat$ ! feti%es ( ! old] population 9 _! sculptures & _! picture-writ+1 s too w\ld !y h appropriat$ :at _h become to ! neoli?ic p ! sign & emblem ( sup]ior p[]4 ,we h already dealt ) an important class ( gods1 ^? :i* _h a sol> orig94 ,!re 7 o!r gods ( an elem5tal "*1 ^: wor%ip does n seem to h be5 orig9ally conf9$ to "o p>ticul> locality4 ,su* 7 ,seb1 ! e>?1 ,nut1 ! sky1 & ,nu1 ! primeval deep4 ,b !y play$ only a small "p 9 ! religion ( ! c\ntry4 ,seb 0 kn[n 9 lat] days *iefly z ! fa!r ( ,osiris2 at an e>li] epo* he _h be5 ! rp1 or 8h]$it>y pr9ce1 ( ! gods10 a title :i* takes u back to ! feudal p]iod ( ,egypt1 :5 z yet !re 0 no ,ph>aoh :o rul$ ov] ! :ole ( ! l&4 ,! animal sacr$ to him 0 ! goose1 p]haps on acc\nt ( "s simil>ity 9 its "n2 b he 0 nev] id5tifi$ ) x1 & cont9u$ to ! la/ to be depict$ 9 human =m4 ,8 symbol1 h[ev]1 gave rise to a cosmological my?4 ,! goose became ! "m ( ! egg out ( :i* ! univ]se 0 born4 ,nut 0 ! wife ( ,seb1 w$d$ to him z ! sky is w$d$ to ! e>?4 ,x seems reasonable to see 9 h] ! fem99e =m ( ,nu1 ! primeval *aos ( wat]s2 & s ! ,egyptians ( ! hi/orical p]iod believ$1 s9ce !y id5tifi$ h] ) ! wife ( ! ,nile1 & repres5t$ h] z sitt+ 9 ! sycamore & p\r+ ! wat] ( life on ! h&s ( a s\l at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 h[ev]1 t ,nu 0 ( lat] orig9 ?an ,nut1 :o became a ,nile goddess ) ! head ( a snake only :5 ,nu himself _h be5 *ang$ into ! ,nile47#ib7 ,b ! idea ( a wat]y *aos is n "o :i* w\ld h gr[n up on ,egyptian soil4 ,!re x 0 r ! des]t :i* repres5t$ ! un=m$ beg9n+ ( ?+s2 ! ,nile spread itself ov] ! already exi/+ l& at regul> int]vals1 & 0 no dre>y wa/e ( wat]s1 out ( :i* ! e>? em]g$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! geographical home ( ! idea 0 9 ,babylonia1 on ! %ores ( ! ev]-retreat+ ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,& f ,babylonia we f9d t ! belief 9 a primeval deep spread itself ov] ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! ,egyptian ,nu is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,babylonian ,mummu1 ! "m ( gods1 z ,nu 0 _! fa!r4 ,pr(essor ,hommel may ev5 be "r 9 id5tify+ ! "n ) ! ,babylonian ,nun or ,nunu1 ! "l ( ! deep4 ,b ,nu surviv$ only 9 ! !ological s*ools1 m especially 9 t ( ,h]mopolis1 ! mod]n ,e%munn4 ,! god ( ,h]mopolis 0 ,?o?1 ! ,egyptian ,deuti4 ,?o? seems to h be5 at ! outset ! moon1 :i* 0 ?us1 z 9 ,babylonia1 ( ! male sex4 ,a leg5d1 repeat$ by ,plut>*17#ic7 relates h[ he ga9$ ! five int]calatory days ( ! ,egyptian ye> by play+ at dice ) ! moon2 & he 0 at times id5tifi$ ) ! moon-gods ,aah & ,khonsu4 ,! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> 0 81 & he 0 ! measur] ( "t1 :o _h inv5t$ ari?metic & geometry1 music & a/ronomy1 ar*itecture & lett]s4 ,he knew ! magic =mul :i* c\ld b9d ! gods !mselves1 & z m9i/] ( ! ,ph>aoh ,?amos _h introduc$ writ+ & lit]ature into ,egypt4 ,h5ce=w>d he rema9$ ! patron ( books & education1 on :i* ! culture ( ,egypt s l>gely re/$4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ! culture-god ( ! ,egyptians to :om ! elem5ts ( civilisation 7 due4 ,x is curi\s t we d n "k 8 true "n1 = ,deuti means m]ely ! god 8:o is atta*$ to ! ibis40 ,0 x really ,nu8 & is ,?o? really a comp\nd ( a moon-god & a sun-god8 ,at all ev5ts ! culture-god ( ,babylonia :o correspond$ to ,?o? 0 ,ea1 ! deep1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ names ( ,ea 0 8! god ,nun40 ,moreov]1 ! son ( ,ea 0 ,as>i1 ! ,osiris ( ,egypt2 & j z ,as>i in/ruct$ mank9d 9 ! wisdom & laws ( ,ea1 s ,?o? act$ z ! m9i/] ( ,osiris & adjudg$ 8 cause aga9/ ,seb4 ,l ,ea1 too1 ,?o? wrote ! fir/ books f :i* m5 d]iv$ _! laws47#id7 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,?o? 0 ! creator ( ! _w ?r\gh ! ^w ( 8 m\?4 ,9 ! cosmogony ( ,h]mopolis ! univ]se & ! gods t direct x are ! creation ( 8 ^w1 :i* lat] ages ref9$ into ! s\nd ( 8 voice4 ,f ,h]mopolis ! doctr9e pass$ to o!r p>ts ( ,egypt1 & "u ! ,!ban dyna/ies t5d$ to displace or absorb ! old] ,heliopolitan doctr9e ( creation by g5]ation4 ,b ! doctr9e 0 kn[n also 9 ,babylonia1 :]e ! god ^: ^w is creative 0 ,as>i1 ! ,m]oda* ( ! ,semites4 ,9 ! ,babylonian ,epic ( ! ,creation ! 8^w0 ( ,m]oda* creates & de/roys1 l ! 8^w0 ( ,yahweh 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i mu/ leave to ano!r lecture ! consid]ation z to h[ f> ! ,logos ( ,alex&r9e philosophy has be5 influ5c$ by ! !ology ( ,h]mopolis4 ,:e!r ,?o? 7 orig9ally ,nu or n1 ,nu at all ev5ts =ms ! second memb] ( ! ,h]mopolitan ,ennead4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o has %[n t x 0 modell$ on ! ,ennead ( ,heliopolis47#ie7 ,b 9 accordance ) ! m ab/ract "* ( ! cosmogony ( :i* x 0 a "p1 ! div9ities ( :i* x is compos$ are ab/ractions t look /rangely out ( place 9 ! ,egyptian ,pan!on4 ,nu is provid$ ) ! fem99e ,nut1 :o is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! old goddess ( ! sky1 & f !m are d]iv$ ! successive pairs eui & eet1 ,kek & ,keket1 ,n9i & ,n9it1 8et]nity10 8d>kness10 & 8in]tia407#if7 ,! :ole s*eme is ,asiatic r ?an ,egyptian1 b ! gods compos+ x are already m5tion$ 9 ! ,pyramid texts4 ,! f\r pairs ( ab/ract deities con/itut$ 8! eight0 gods aft] :om ,h]mopolis receiv$ "o ( its names 7,khmunu1 n[ ,a%munn71 & :o 7 (t5 address$ z 8! god eight10 l 8! god sev50 9 ,babylonia4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o sees 9 !m a philosophical developm5t ( ! f\r cynocephal\s apes :o accompani$ ,?o? & salut$ ! fir/ /reak ( dawn4 ,b ! developm5t is difficult to foll[1 & ! apes :o are ! companions ( ! god probably _h ano!r orig94 ,!y c]ta9ly mu/ h come f ! ,sudn2 no apes 7 indig5\s 9 ,egypt 9 hi/orical times4 ,moreov]1 x 0 only ! ,?o? ( ,h]mopolis 9 ,upp] ,egypt 9 ^: tra9 !y 7 f\nd2 ! ,?o? ( ,h]mopolis ,p>va 9 ! ,delta1 prop]ly speak+1 knew !m n4 ,b f an e>ly epo* 8! five gods0--,?o? & 8 f\r ape-foll[]s1 ^: lik5ess he sometimes adopt$--_h be5 wor%ipp$ at ,e%munn4 ,its temple 0 call$ 8! ,abode ( ! ,five10 & its high prie/ 8! great "o ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,five407#ig7 ,h[ ! half-human apes ( ,c5tral ,africa came to be associat$ ) ,?o? we d n "k4 ,betwe5 ! baboons :o s+ hymns to ! ris+ & sett+ sun & ! moon1 or ! culture-god1 !re is little or no connection4 ,b a curi\s biography f\nd 9 a tomb at ,assuan ?r[s light ^u x4 ,h]khuf1 ! subject ( ! biography1 0 s5t by ,hor-em-saf ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y on an explor+ exp$ition into ! ,libyan des]t s\? ( ! ,fir/ ,cat>act1 & he br\ght back ) him a ,danga dw>f 8:o danc$ ! dances ( ! god10 l ano!r ,danga dw>f br\ght f ,punt 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sukim or ,massawa 9 ! "t ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y4 ,! dw>f 0 evid5tly reg>d$ by ,h]khuf z a species ( baboon1 if we may judge f ! acc\nt he gives ( ! way 9 :i* he 0 treat$2 ev5 to-day ! ape 9 ! zoological g>d5s ( ,giza is call$ by ! l[] classes at ,cairo 8! savage man40 ,travell]s h describ$ ! danc+ & scream+ ( troops ( apes at daybreak :5 ! sun fir/ lights up ! e>?1 & x 0 natural = primitive man to suppose t ! danc+ 0 9 hon\r ( ! return ( ! god ( day4 ,dances 9 hon\r ( ! gods h be5 common all ov] ! _w2 inde$1 among b>b>\s & savage peoples ! dance is ess5tially ( a religi\s "*4 ,ev5 ,david danc$ be=e ! ark1 & boys /ill dance be=e ! high alt> 9 ! ca!dral ( ,seville4 ,t dances are repres5t$ on ! prehi/oric pott]y ( ,egypt1 has be5 po9t$ out by ,m4 de ,morgan27#ih7 & s9ce ! ,danga dw>f came f ! half-my?ical c\ntry 9 ! s\? :i* 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians z 8! l& ( ! gods10 & :]e1 too1 ! apes ( ,?o? _h _! home1 x 0 reasonable to believe t he knew ! dance t w\ld be pleas+ to ! gods47#ii7 ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ! apes ( ,?o? 7 at ! outset ! dw>f-l apes or ape-l dw>fs :o danc$ 9 8 hon\r 9 ! temple ( ,h]mopolis4 ,gradually !y 7 tak5 hold ( by t symbolism :i* 0 insep>able f a religion s intimately b\nd up ) a pictorial sy/em ( writ+2 f danc]s !y became ! foll[]s ( ! god1 :o sang to ! ris+ & sett+ sun ! hymns :i* ,?o? _h compos$4 ,b ?is w\ld h be5 :5 ! wor%ip ( ! sun-god ( ,heliopolis _h already spread to ,h]mopolis1 & ! cult ( ,?o? 0 m+l+ ) t ( ,ra4 ,! mutual influ5ce ( ! !ories ( creation taught by ! prie/s ( ! two cities %[s at :at a comp>atively e>ly date ?is w\ld h happ5$4 ,x is possible t !re 0 actually a connection betwe5 ! f\r baboons & ! f\r elem5tal gods ( ,h]mopolitan !ology4 ,b x 0 n 9 ! way ( developm5t4 ,x 0 r t z ! gods 7 f\r 9 numb]1 ! danc]s 9 _! temple 7 f\r also4 ,to ea* god1 z x 71 an ape 0 assign$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,h]mopolis belongs to ! pre-,m5ic age ( ,egypt2 we c h>dly any long] call x prehi/oric4 ,s1 too1 does ! influ5ce ( ,nekh51 once ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,9 a =m] lecture ,i h already spok5 ( its vulture-head$ goddess ,nekheb1 ! consort ( ! hawk ,horus1 ^: temple at ,el-,kab gu>d$ ! outlet ( ! road f ! ,r$ ,sea1 & :o 0 kn[n z ,mut1 8! "m10 at ,!bes4 ,%e 01 9 fact1 ! goddess ( all ,upp] ,egypt1 ^: wor%ip _h spread ov] x 9 ! days :5 ,nekh5 0 its rul+ city4 ,! gods ( ! ,ph>aoh foll[$ ! ext5sion ( 8 p[]4 ,9 ! e>ly inscriptions ( ! ,fir/ ,cat>act ! vulture-head$ goddess sitt+ on h] basket is id5tifi$ ) ! local div9ity ,sati 7m correctly ,suti71 8! ,asiatic40 ,f h] ! isl& ( ,sehl receiv$ its "n1 & !re h] sanctu>y /ood be=e ,isis ( ,phil ou/$ h] f h] supremacy4 ,%e 0 symbolis$ by ! arr[1 ! "n ( :i* 0 ! same z t ( ! goddess1 & :i* 01 moreov]1 a fitt+ emblem ( ! ho/ile tribes ( ! des]t4 ,x already appe>s on ! prehi/oric pott]y z a sacr$ feti% on ! 8flag/aff0 or /&>d at ! pr[ ( ! boat4 ,! "n ( ,sati1 or r ,suti1 is rem>kable4 ,x 0 n only ! "n ( ! goddess ( ! ,fir/ ,cat>act1 x 0 also ! "n giv5 by ! ,egyptians to ! nomadic tribes ( ,asia4 ,b x 0 n ! ,egyptians only :o us$ x 9 ?is s5se4 ,f "t immemorial ! "n ,sut _h precisely ! same mean+ among ! ,babylonians4 ,! fact _c be accid5tal2 & z ,sut is ( ,babylonian orig91 we h 9 x a fre% pro( ( ! relations ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians ) primeval ,babylonia4 ,b ! goddess ,sati does n /& alone4 ,!re 0 also a god ,set 7or ,sut71 ! tw9-bro!r & enemy ( ,osiris1 &1 l ,esau 9 ,hebrew hi/ory1 a repres5tative ( ! des]t2 :ile at ! ,cat>act ano!r goddess1 nuqet by "n1 is h] companion4 ,n[ nuqet is ! fem99e ( nuq1 ! naq ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! =eign nature ( nuqet has long be5 recognis$1 = %e we>s on h] head ! non-,egyptian head-dress ( a cap fr+$ ) fea!rs4 ,x is ! same head-dress z t worn by ! god ,bes1 :om ! ,egyptians d]iv$ f ! l& ( ,punt on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,a simil> cap is worn by ! ,zakkal on ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e1 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( 8! sons ( naq10 z well z by ! ,babylonian k+ ,m]oda*-nad9-akhi1 on a monum5t n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47#ajj7 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 po9ts to its hav+ be5 an ,asiatic *>act]i/ic2 p]haps x 0 made ( ! o/ri* fea!rs :i* are /ill collect$ 9 ,arabia & ev5 on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,jordan4 ,! ,greeks id5tifi$ nuqet ) ,he/ia1 & ,sati ) ,hra4 ,?is 0 probably because ,sati 0 ! wife ( ,khnum 7or ,kneph71 ! god ( ! ,cat>act4 ,z su* ,sati 0 also kn[n z ,heket1 8! frog10 :i* 0 suppos$ to be born f ! mud left by ! inundation ( ! ,nile4 ,x ?us became a symbol ( ! resurrection1 & 0 consequ5tly adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy ) :i* x is repres5t$ on lamps ( ! late ,roman p]iod4 ,khnum1 l ! god ( ,!bes1 0 a ram1 & is accord+ly usually depict$ ) a ram's head4 ,b he c\ld n orig9ally h be5 s4 ,once m ! old feti% ( ! di/rict1 ! sacr$ animal ( ! nome1 mu/ h be5 fus$ ) ! god :om ! ,ph>aonic invad]s br\ght ) !m4 ,= ,khnum 0 a pott]1 z 8 "n signifies1 & at ,phil x is said ( him t he 0 8! m\ld] 7khnum7 ( m51 ! modell] ( ! gods407#aja7 ,h5ce he is call$ 8! creator ( all ?is1 ! fa%ion] ( t :i* exi/s1 ! fa!r ( fa!rs1 ! "m ( mo!rs10 8! creator ( ! heav5 & ! e>?1 ! l[] _w1 ! wat] & ! m\nta9s10 8:o has =m$ ! male & female ( f[l & fi%1 wild bea/s1 cattle1 & creep+ ?+s40 ,9 ,babylonia1 ,ea1 ! culture-god & creator1 0 also t]m$ ! 8pott]10 & x 0 ?us t he m\ld$ ! gods z well z m547#ajb7 ,at ! same "t1 l ,khnum1 he 0 a god ( ! wat]s4 ,:ile ! ,cat>act ( ! ,nile 0 ! home ( ,khnum1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf 0 ! dwell+-place ( ,ea4 ,! connection betwe5 ! wat] & ! modell] 9 clay is obvi\s4 ,x is only :]e ! wat] inundates ! soil & leaves ! moi/ clay beh9d x t ! art ( ! pott] c fl\ri%47#ajc7 ,b 0 !re also a connection betwe5 ! ,babylonian god :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! anci5t seaport ( ,*alda & ! god ( ! ,egyptian ,cat>act8 ,we h se5 t ! wife ( ,khnum 0 entitl$ 8! ,asiatic10 ! v =m ( ! "n be+ ,babylonian4 ,we h fur!r se5 t h] companion nuqet 0 also f ,asia1 & t h] traditional head-dress pres]v$ a memory ( ! fact4 ,!re is a road f ! ,r$ ,sea to ,assuan z well z to ,el-,kab2 x may be t x goes back to ^? prehi/oric times :5 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians made _! way across ! des]t into ! valley ( ! ,nile1 z _! ,semitic k9sfolk did 9 lat] days into ! tablel&s ( ,abyss9ia4 ,! creator :o 0 wor%ipp$ at ,memphis1 at ! o!r end ( ! ,nile valley1 0 a pott] also47#ajd7 ,?is 0 ,pta1 ^: "n is d]iv$ f a root :i* means to 8op540 ,accord+ to ,porphyry1 he _h sprung f an egg :i* _h come f ! m\? ( ,kneph4 ,b ! ref]5ce 9 ! "n is probably to ! c]emony ( 8op5+ ! m\?0 ( a mummy1 or ! /atue ( ! dead man ) a *isel1 a f+]1 or "s r$ pebbles1 9 ord] to conf] ^u x ! capability ( receiv+ ! brea? ( life1 & ( h>b\r+ ! d\ble or ! s\l47#aje7 ,pta 0 repres5t$ z a mummy2 he 01 9 fact1 "o ( ! gods ( ! und]world1 :o1 l ,osiris or ! mummifi$ ,horus ( ,nekh51 _h _! tombs z well z _! temples4 ,he mu/ h be5 ! creative pott]1 h[ev]1 be=e he became a mummy4 ,p]haps 8 trans=mation dates f ! p]iod ( 8 fusion ) ,sok>is1 :o seems to h be5 ! god ( ! cemet]y ( ,memphis47#ajf7 ,at any rate1 ,pta & ,khnum are alike =ms ( ! same primitive deity1 & ! names !y be> are epi!ts m]ely4 ,at ,phil1 ,pta is pictur$ z ab\t to model man out ( a lump ( clay1 & ! ,khnumu1 or 8creators0 :o help$ him to fa%ion ! _w1 7 8 *ildr547#ajg7 ,! ,khnumu are ! ,patki ( ,h]odotos 7iii4 #cg71 ^: figures1 ! ,greek writ] tells u1 7 c>v$ by ! ,phnicians on ! pr[s ( _! vessels1 probably to w>d (f ! evil eye4 ,!y 7 dw>fs1 l ! ,danga dw>f ( ,h]khuf or ! god ,bes1 ) ?ick heads1 b[$ legs1 long arms1 & bu%y be>ds2 & _! t]ra-cotta figures h (t5 be5 met ) 9 ! tombs4 ,f ! "n ,patki we might inf] t !y _h be5 borr[$ by ! ,phnicians f ,egypt4 ,b x is also possible t bo? ,egypt & ,phnicia d]iv$ !m f ! same s\rce4 ,dr4 ,s*eil has po9t$ out t a simil> figure occurs on e>ly ,babylonian seal-cyl9d]s1 :]e its ,sum]ian "n is giv5 z 8! god ,nugidda0 or 8! ,dw>f10 & x is sometimes repres5t$ z danc+ be=e ! goddess ,i/>47#ajh7 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 no text has be5 discov]$ :i* associates ! god ,nugidda ) ! creator ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,memphis became ! capital ( ,egypt & ! seat ( ! ,ph>aoh1 its god also became supreme 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,b he 0 no long] ,pta ! creator simply4 ,he 0 already amalgamat$ ) ,sok>is1 & probably ) ,osiris z well4 ,x 0 n difficult to id5tify two mummifi$ gods ^: doma9 0 among ! dead4 ,) ! spread ( ! sun-wor%ip ( ,heliopolis & ! _s ( pan!i/ic syncretism :i* accompani$ x1 ! individuality ( ! old god ( ,memphis became /ill fur!r lo/4 ,he 0 m]g$ into ,tan5 or ,tatun51 a local god ( ! e>?1 z well z into ,ra4 ,he _h already be5 made into ! *ief ( an ,ennead1 & n[ ! ,ennead 0 resolv$ into a tr9ity4 ,n(]-,tum1 8beautifi$ by ,tum10 0 br\ght f ,heliopolis1 & 0 made into a son ( ,pta1 aft]w>ds to be sup]s$$1 h[ev]1 by ano!r ab/raction1 ,im-hotep1 8he :o comes 9 peace407#aji7 ,im-hotep 0 reput$ ! fir/ kh]-heb or hi]ophant2 he x 0 :o recit$ & int]pret$ ! liturgy ( ! dead & ! magic =mul :i* re/or$ heal? to ! sick & rais$ ! dead to life4 ,! ,greeks consequ5tly id5tifi$ him ) ,asklpios47#aaj7 ,bo? ,im-hotep & ,n(]-,tum 7 ! sons ( ,sekhet1 ! lion-head$ goddess ( ,letopolis1 f :5ce %e mu/ h be5 borr[$ by ! ,memphite prie/s :5 ! anci5t pott] god _h become a g5]ator1 & a wife 0 ne$$ = him4 ,) ! decl9e ( ! ,memphite dyna/ies & ! fall ( ! ,old ,empire1 ! comm&+ "p play$ by ,pta 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on 0 at an end4 ,! god ( ! imp]ial city _h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! gods ( ! prov9cial nomes2 8 temple at ,memphis _h tak5 prec$5ce ( all o!rs1 & ! local prie/hoods 7 cont5t t _! deities %\ld h f\nd a %elt] 9 x z =ms ( ,pta4 ,he 0 ev5 id5tifi$ ) pi1 ! ,nile1 ?\gh p]haps ! simil>ity 9 s\nd betwe5 ! sacr$ "n ( ! riv] & t ( ! bull ,apis 7api7 may h assi/$ 9 ! id5tification47#aaa7 ,t ! ,nile %\ld h be5 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ! l& ( ,egypt is natural4 ,! v l& itself 0 8 gift1 ! crops t grew ^u x & ! population x support$ all dep5d$ ^u 8 b\nty4 ,:5 ! ,nile fail$1 ! p />v$2 :5 ! ,nile 0 full1 ,egypt 0 a l& ( cont5tm5t & pl5ty4 ,x is only wond]ful t ! cult ( ! ,nile %\ld n h be5 m prom95t ?an x 04 ,! temples built 9 its hon\r 7 nei!r num]\s nor important1 nor 7 its prie/s end[$ z ! prie/s ( o!r gods4 ,b ! cause ( ?is is expla9$ by hi/ory4 ,! neoli?ic population ( ! c\ntry liv$ 9 ! des]t2 ! ,nile 0 = !m little m ?an ! creator ( pe/il5tial swamps & dang]\s jungles1 :]e wild bea/s & v5om\s s]p5ts lurk$ = ! intrud]4 ,! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians br\ght _! own gods ) !m1 & ^! naturally became ! div9ities ( ! nomes4 ,:5 ! riv] _h be5 embank$ & its wat]s be5 made a bless+ in/ead ( a curse1 ! sacr$ animals & ! gods ( ! nomes 7 too firmly e/abli%$ to be displac$47#aab7 ,b ! backw>dness ( ! ,/ate religion 0 made up = by ! piety ( individuals4 ,hymns to ! ,nile1 l ^? :i* 7 engrav$ on ! rocks ( ,silsilis by ,m5eptah & ,ramses ,,iii41 brea! a _s ( gratitude & devotion :i* c h>dly be exce$$-- 8,hail to !e1 ,o ,nile6 :o manife/e/ ?yself ov] ?is l&1 & come/ to give life to ,egypt6 ,my/]i\s is ?y issu+ =? f d>kness1 on ?is day :]eon x is celebrat$6 ,wat]+ ! or*>ds creat$ by ,ra to cause all cattle to dr9k1 ?\ give/ ! e>? to dr9k1 inexhau/ible "o6444 ,"l ( ! fi%1 dur+ ! inundation1 no bird alights on ! crops4 ,?\ create/ ! :eat1 ?\ br+e/ =? ! b>ley1 assur+ p]petuity to ! temples4 ,if ?\ cease/ ?y toil & ?y "w1 !n all t exi/s is 9 angui%4 ,if ! gods suff] 9 heav51 !n ! faces ( m5 wa/e away4444 ,no dwell+ 7is !re7 :i* may conta9 !e6 ,none p5etrates )9 ?y he>t6 ,?y "y m51 ?y *ildr51 applaud !e & r5d] unto !e royal homage4 ,/able are ?y decrees = ,egypt be=e ?y s]vants ( ! nor?4 ,he dries ! te>s f all eyes1 & gu>ds ! increase ( 8 good ?+s4444 ,e/abli%] ( ju/ice1 mank9d desires !e1 supplicat+ !e to answ] _! pray]s2 ?\ answ]e/ !m by ! inundation6 ,m5 (f] !e ! fir/-fruits ( corn2 all ! gods adore !e6444 ,a fe/al song is rais$ = !e on ! h>p1 ) ! accompanim5t ( ! h&4 ,?y "y m5 & ?y *ildr5 acclaim !e1 & prep>e _! ex]cises4 ,?\ art ! augu/ ornam5t ( ! e>?1 lett+ ?y b>k advance be=e m51 lift+ up ! he>t ( wom5 9 lab\r1 & lov+ ! multitude ( ! flocks4 ,:5 ?\ %9e/ 9 ! royal city1 ! ri* man is sat$ ) good ?+s1 ev5 ! poor man disda9s ! lotus2 all t is produc$ is ( ! *oice/2 all plants exi/ = ?y *ildr54 ,if ?\ refuse/ n\ri%m5t1 ! dwell+ is sil5t1 devoid ( all t is good1 ! c\ntry falls exhau/$ 444 ,o ,nile1 come 7&7 prosp]6 ,o ?\ t make/ m5 to live ?r\gh 8 flocks1 & 8 flocks ?r\gh 8 or*>ds607#aac7 ,! supremacy ( ,memphis 0 replac$ by t ( ,!bes1 & "u ! ,!ban dyna/ies1 accord+ly1 ,amon1 ! god ( ,!bes1 became p>am\nt 9 ! ,/ate religion ( ,egypt4 ,b be=e we trace ! hi/ory ( 8 rise to supremacy1 x is necess>y to say a few words reg>d+ ! ,egyptian goddesses4 ,! woman occupi$ an important position 9 ! ,egyptian h\sehold2 purity ( blood 0 trac$ ?r\gh h]1 & %e ev5 sat on ! ?rone ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,! div9e family naturally correspond$ to ! family on e>?4 ,! ,egyptian goddess 0 n always a pale reflection ( ! god1 l ! ,semitic consort ( ,baal2 on ! contr>y1 !re 7 goddesses ( nomes z well z gods ( nomes1 & ! nome-goddess 0 on precisely ! same foot+ z ! nome-god4 ,nit ( ,sais or ,ha?or ( ,d5d]a diff]$ 9 no way1 s f> z _! div9e p[]s 7 conc]n$1 f ,pta ( ,memphis or ,khnum ( ! ,cat>act4 ,l ! gods1 too1 !y became ! heads ( ,enneads1 or 7 embodi$ 9 ,tr9ities1 :5 fir/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,ennead1 & !n t ( ! ,tr9ity1 made its way ?r\gh ! !ological s*ools4 ,!y are ea* ev5 call$ 8! fa!r ( fa!rs0 z well z 8! "m ( mo!rs10 & take ! place ( ,tum z ! creators ( heav5 & e>?47#aad7 ,nit rose to em95ce ) ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4 ,h] city ( ,sais _h previ\sly play$ no "p 9 hi/ory1 b bo? its goddess & its sanctu>y 7 ( old date47#aae7 ,( ! nature ( ! goddess1 h[ev]1 we "k little4 ,%e is repres5t$ z a woman ) a %uttle z h] emblem1 & 9 h] h&s %e c>ries a b[ & arr[1 l ,i/> ( ,assyria or ,artemis ( ,greece4 ,b ! tw9 arr[ 0 also a symbol ( ! nome1 :i* 0 a bord] di/rict1 expos$ to ! attacks ( ! ,libyan tribes4 ,! ,greeks id5tifi$ h] ) _! ,a?na on acc\nt ( a slight simil>ity 9 ! names4 ,sekhet1 or ,ba/ ( ,buba/is1 is bett] kn[n4 ,sometimes %e has ! head ( a lion1 sometimes ( a cat4 ,at ,phil x is said ( h] t 8%e is savage z ,sekhet & mild z ,ba/407#aaf7 ,b ! lion mu/ h prec$$ ! cat4 ,! e>li] inhabitants ( ! valley ( ! ,nile 7 acqua9t$ ) ! lion2 ! cat seems to h be5 introduc$ f ,nubia 9 ! age ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,old ,empire !re 0 no cat-head$ deity1 = !re 7 no cats4 ,b ! cat1 :5 once introduc$1 0 f ! outset a sacr$ animal47#aag7 ,! lion ( ,sekhet 0 trans=m$ into a cat2 & z ! c5turies pass$1 ! pett$ & dome/icat$ animal 0 ! object ( a wor%ip t became fanatical4 ,h]odotos ma9ta9s t :5 a h\se took fire ! ,egyptians ( 8 "t ?\ght only ( pres]v+ ! cats2 & to ?is day ! cat is hon\r$ above all o!r animals on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! *ief sanctu>y ( ,ba/ 0 at ,buba/is1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! excavations ( ,dr4 ,naville h %[n t %e did n become ! *ief div9ity be=e ! rise ( ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/y47#aah7 ,! goddesses pass$ "o into ! o!r ev5 m readily ?an ! gods4 ,sekhet develop$ by turns into ,uazit & ,mut1 ,selk ! scorpion1 & ,ha?or ( ,d5d]a4 ,pepi ,i41 ev5 at ,buba/is1 /ill calls himself ! son ( ,ha?or4 ,ha?or play$ mu* ! same "p among ! goddesses t ,ra play$ among ! gods4 ,%e gradually absorb$ ! o!r female div9ities ( ,egypt4 ,!y 7 resolv$ into =ms ( h]1 z ! gods 7 resolv$ into =ms ( ,ra4 ,! k+s ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y call$ !mselves h] sons1 j z !y also call$ !mselves sons ( ! sun-god4 ,%e presid$ ov] ! und]world2 %e presid$ also ov] love & pleasure4 ,! sev5 goddesses1 :o1 l fairy godmo!rs1 be/[$ all good ?+s on ! newborn *ild1 7 call$ by h] "n1 & %e 0 ev5 id5tifi$ ) ,mut1 ! />ry sky4 ,h] *ief sanctu>y 0 at ,d5d]a1 f\nd$ 9 ! fir/ days ( ! ,ph>aonic conque/ ( ,egypt4 ,"h %e 0 supreme2 ev5 ,horus ! eld] & ! y\ng]17#aai7 :5 compell$ to =m ) h] a tr9ity1 rema9$ lay figures & no?+ m4 ,%e 0 pictur$ sometimes z a c[1 sometimes z a woman ) ! head ( a c[ be>+ ! sol> disc betwe5 h] horns3 = f ! e>lie/ days %e 0 associat$ ) ! sun4 ,sometimes %e is address$ z ! daught] ( ,ra27#abj7 sometimes ! sun-god is h] son4 ,at ,d5d]a ! sol> orb is repres5t$ z ris+ f h] lap1 :ile its rays encircle h] head1 :i* re/s ^u ,bkhu1 ! m\nta9 ( ! sun4 ,9 ano!r *amb] ( ! same temple we see h] unit$ ) h] son ,horus z a hawk ) a woman's head 9 ! v middle ( ! sol> disc1 :i* sl[ly rises f ! ea/]n hills4 ,:5 ,isis is figur$ z a c[1 x is because %e is reg>d$ z a =m ( ,ha?or47#aba7 ,! orig9al "* ( ,ha?or has be5 a matt] ( dispute4 ,"s s*ol>s h made h] orig9ally ! sky or space g5]ally1 o!rs h call$ h] ! goddess ( light1 :ile %e has ev5 be5 id5tifi$ ) ! moon4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ! de/ruction ( mank9d by ,ra1 %e appe>s z ! eye ( ! sun-god :o plies h] "w at night2 & a text at ,d5d]a speaks ( h] z 8re/+ on h] ?rone 9 ! place = behold+ ! sun's disc1 :5 ! bright "o unites ) ! bright "o40 ,9 any case %e is closely connect$ ) ! ris+ sun1 ^: fir/ rays surr\nd h] head4 ,egyptian tradition ma9ta9$ t %e _h come f ! l& ( ,punt1 f ^? %ores ( ,arabia & ! opposite ,african coa/ f :i* ! ,ph>aonic immigrants _h made _! way to ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,%e 01 moreov]1 ! goddess ( ! ,semitic nomads ( ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula2 9 o!r words1 %e 0 "h id5tifi$ ) ! ,a%tore? or ,i/> ( ! ,semitic _w47#abb7 ,n[ ! "n ( ,ha?or does n seem to be ,egyptian4 ,x is writt5 ) ! help ( a sort ( rebus1 s common 9 ideographic =ms ( writ+4 ,! pronunciation ( ! "n is giv5 by means ( ideographs1 ! significations ( :i* h no?+ 9 common ) x1 ?\gh ! s\nds ( ! words !y express approximate to its pronunciation4 ,! "n ( ,ha?or1 accord+ly1 is d5ot$ by writ+ ! hawk ( ,horus inside ! picture ( a 8h\se10 ! "n ( :i* 0 ,ht4 ,a simil> me?od ( repres5t+ names is frequ5t 9 ! ideographic script ( anci5t ,babylonia2 ?us ! "n ( ,as>i1 ! ,egyptian ,osiris1 is express$ by plac+ ! picture ( an eye 7%i7 inside t ( a place 7eri74 ,! "n ( ,ha?or1 !re=e1 _h primitively no?+ to d ) ei!r ,horus or ! h\se ( ,horus1 :atev] may h be5 ! speculations :i* ! prie/s ( a lat] day f\nd$ ^u ! writt5 =m ( ! "n4 ,x 0 only an attempt1 simil> to ^? common 9 ! e>ly script ( ,babylonia1 to repres5t ! pronunciation ( a "n :i* _h no mean+ 9 ! ,egyptian language4 ,b x is a "n :i* we meet ) 9 ! anci5t inscriptions ( ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,!re x appe>s z ! "n ( ! god ,at?>4 ,b ,at?> itself 0 borr[$ f ,babylonia4 ,x is ! "n ( ! ,babylonian goddess ,i/>1 orig9ally ! morn+ & ev5+ />s1 :o1 an a/ronomical text tells u1 0 at once male & female4 ,z a male god %e 0 ador$ 9 ,s\? ,arabia & ,moab2 z ! goddess ( love & w> %e 0 ! *ief goddess ( ,babylonia1 ! patron ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 & ! ,a%tore? ( ,canaan4 ,:51 ) ! progress ( a/ronomical k1 ! morn+ & ev5+ />s 7 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 9 "o "p ( ,we/]n ,asia %e rema9$ id5tifi$ ) ! "o1 9 ano!r "p ) ! o!r4 ,ha?or is !n1 ,i believe1 ! ,i/> ( ! ,babylonians4 ,%e agrees ) ,i/> bo? 9 "n & 9 attributes4 ,! =m ( ! "n c be trac$ back to t ( ,i/> ?r\gh ! ,at?> ( ,s\? ,arabia1 t v l& ( ,punt f :i* ,ha?or 0 said to h come4 ,9 ,egypt z 9 ,babylonia %e 0 ! goddess ( love & joy1 & h] relation to ! sun c be expla9$ naturally if %e 7 at ! outset ! morn+ />47#abc7 ,ev5 h] animal =m connects h] ) ,*alda4 ,dr4 ,s*eil has publi%$ a ,babylonian seal ( ! age ( ,abraham1 on :i* ! c[1 giv+ milk to a calf1 appe>s z ! symbol ( ,i/>1 & a hymn ( ! "t ( ,assur-bani-pal id5tifies ! goddess ) a c[47#abd7 ,i h left myself b little "t 9 :i* to speak ( ! gods :o int]p5etrat$ & transfigur$ ,egyptian !ology 9 ! p]iod ( :i* we "k mo/4 ,^! are ! gods ( ,!bes4 ,= c5turies ,!bes 0 ! dom9ant c5tre ( a p[]ful & unit$ ,egypt1 & its *ief god ,amon foll[$ ! =tunes ( 8 city4 ,z ! ^w amon meant 8to conceal10 ! prie/s discov]$ 9 ! god an embodim5t ( a my/]i\s & hidd5 =ce :i* p]vades & controls ! univ]se1 & ( :i* ! sun is z x 7 ! mat]ial organ4 ,b su* discov]ies 7 ! product ( a lat] day1 :5 ! true mean+ ( ! "n _h be5 long s9ce =gott51 & ,!ban !ology _h become pan!i/ic4 ,:at ,amon really signifi$ ! prie/s did n "k1 nor are we any wis]4 ,amon 01 h[ev]1 ! local god ( ,!bes1 or r ( ,k>nak1 & he seems f ! fir/ to h be5 a sun-god4 ,b he _h a rival 9 ! w>rior deity ,m5tu ( ,h]mon?is1 :o also probably repres5t$ ! sun4 ,at any rate1 ,m5tu _h ! head ( a hawk1 & !re=e mu/ h be5 a local =m ( ,horus--( t ,horus1 namely1 ( :om ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians 7 ! foll[]s47#abe7 ,l ,horus1 too1 he 0 a fight+ god1 & 0 accord+ly id5tifi$ 9 ! texts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y ) ! ,canaaniti% ,baal1 8! ,"l ( ho/s40 ,b he 0 also inc>nat$ 9 ! sacr$ bull :i* 0 wor%ipp$ at ,erm5t1 & ( :i* ,i h spok5 9 an e>li] lecture4 ,he ?us diff]$ f ,amon1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ram1 ! sacr$ animal ( ! aborig9al population1 n at ,k>nak only1 b 9 ! :ole ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict47#abf7 ,b ,amon 0 usually ( human =m1 ) two l(ty fea!rs ris+ above 8 cr[n4 ,"u ! ,!ban dyna/ies he became ! supreme god1 fir/ ( ,egypt1 !n ( ! ,egyptian empire4 ,all o!r gods _h to give way be=e him1 & to lose _! individuality 9 84 ,8 supremacy began ) ! rise ( ! ,elev5? & ,twelf? ,dyna/ies2 x 0 *eck$ = a mom5t by ! ,hyksos conque/ ( ,egypt1 b 9 ! end ! *eck prov$ only a fre% impulse4 ,x 0 ! pr9ces ( ,!bes1 ! s]vants ( ,amon1 :o rais$ ! /&>d ( revolt aga9/ ! ,asiatic intrud]1 & f9ally drove him back to ,asia4 ,amon _h be5 _! help] 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce1 & x 0 he :o aft]w>ds ga9$ _! victories = !m 9 ,syria & ,e?iopia4 ,! glory & weal? ( ,egypt 7 all due to him1 & ^u 8 temple & city accord+ly ! spoils ( ,asia 7 lavi%$1 & tra9s ( captives work$ "u ! la%4 ,! ,hyksos invasion1 moreov]1 & ! long w> ( indep5d5ce :i* foll[$1 de/roy$ ! p[] ( ! old feudal pr9ces1 :ile x /r5g!n$ & develop$ t ( ! ,ph>aoh4 ,! influ5ce ( ! prov9cial gods pass$ away ) ! feudal pr9ces ^: patrons !y _h be52 ! supremacy ( ! ,ph>aoh impli$ also ! supremacy ( ! ,ph>aoh's god4 ,!re 0 none left 9 ,egypt to dispute ! pr\d boa/ ( ! ,!ban1 t ,amon 0 8! "o god40 ,b he became ! "o god n by de/roy+1 b by absorb+ ! o!r gods ( ! c\ntry4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,ennead & ! ,tr9ity _h prep>$ ! way4 ,!y _h taught h[ easily ! gods ( ! ,/ate religion c\ld be m]g$ "o into ! o!r2 t _! attributes 7 conv]tible1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 7 all t gave !m a di/9ct p]sonality4 ,! attributes 7 to ! ,egyptian little m ?an ! concrete symbols by :i* !y 7 express$ 9 ! picture writ+2 ! p]sonality 0 little m ?an a "n4 ,& bo? symbols & "n c\ld be *ang$ or int]*ang$ at w4 ,! process ( fusion 0 aid$ by ! id5tification ( ,amon ) ,ra4 ,! spread ( ! sol> cult ( ,heliopolis _h introduc$ ! "n & wor%ip ( ,ra into all ! temples ( ,egypt2 ! local gods _h1 z x 71 be5 incorporat$ into him1 & ev5 ! goddesses =c$ to become 8 wives or 8 daught]s4 ,! ,ph>aoh1 ev5 ! ,!ban ,ph>aoh1 0 /ill 8! son ( ! sun-god02 z ,amon 0 also 8 8fa!r10 x 0 a necess>y conclusion t ,amon & ,ra 7 "o & ! same4 ,9 ! ,!ban p]iod1 accord+ly1 ,amon is no long] a simple god4 ,he is ,amon-,ra1 to :om all ! attributes ( ,ra h be5 transf]r$4 ,! sol> elem5t is pr$om9ant 9 8 "*2 &1 s9ce ! o!r gods ( ! c\ntry are b subord9ate =ms ( ,amon1 9 _! *>act]s also4 ,mo/ ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,egypt :i* we possess belongs to ! ,!ban p]iod or is d]iv$ f x2 x is n a/oni%+1 !re=e1 if ,egyptologi/s h be5 incl9$ to see ! sun-god ev]y:]e 9 ,egyptian !ology4 ,! ,!ban tr9ity 0 modell$ on ! or?odox l9es4 ,mut1 8! "m10 a local epi!t ( ! goddess ( ,s\!rn ,egypt1 0 made ! wife ( ,amon1 :ile ,khonsu1 a local moon-god1 became 8 son4 ,b 9 acquir+ ?is relation%ip ,khonsu lo/ 8 orig9al nature47#abg7 ,s9ce ! div9e son 0 "o ) 8 div9e fa!r1 he too became a sun-god1 ) ! sol> disc & ! hawk's head4 ,z ! design] ( ar*itectural plans1 h[ev]1 he /ill pres]v$ a rem9isc5ce ( 8 primal "*4 ,b he 0 ev5tually sup]s$$ by ,m5tu1 a result ( ! decad5ce ( ,!bes & ! rise ( ,erm5t to ! head%ip ( ! nome4 ,x is ne$less to say t ,m5tu _h long be=e become ,m5tu-,ra4 ,we c trace ! evolution ( ,amon1 ?anks to ! multiplicity ( ! texts :i* belong to ! p]iod :5 8 city 0 supreme4 ,we c wat* him z he rises sl[ly f ! position ( an obscure prov9cial deity to t ( ! supreme god ( all ,egypt1 & c foll[ ! causes :i* br\ght x ab\t4 ,we c see him unit+ himself ) ! sun-god1 & !n absorb+ ! re/ ( ! ,egyptian gods into himself4 ,! !ological ?\ght1 ( :i* he 0 ! subject & c5tre1 gradually b inexorably passes f a n>r[ =m ( poly!ism into a mat]iali/ic pan!ism4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 x ends4 ,x nev] advances fur!r into a mono!ism 9 :i* ! creator is sep>ate f 8 creation4 ,) all its spirituality1 ! ,egyptian conception ( ! div9e rema9$ concrete2 ! !ologians ( ,egypt nev] escap$ ! influ5ce ( ! symbol or recognis$ ! god beh9d & ap>t f matt]4 ,x 0 ?r\gh matt] t !y came to "k ,god1 & to ! la/ x 0 by matt] t _! conception ( ! ,godhead 0 b\nd$4 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,osiris ,& ,! ,osirian ,fai?4 ,! leg5d ( ,osiris z x exi/$ at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury is record$ by ,plut>*4 ,x has be5 piec$ toge!r f ! my?s & folk-tales ( v>i\s ages & v>i\s localities t 7 curr5t ab\t ! god4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s _h consid]able difficulty 9 fitt+ !m into a consi/5t /ory2 _h !y be5 ,greek or ,roman hi/oriograph]s1 !y w\ld h solv$ ! problem by decl>+ t !re _h be5 m ?an "o ,osiris2 z x 01 !y 7 cont5t$ ) sett+ ! diff]5t acc\nts ( 8 dea? & =tunes side by side1 & h>monis+ !m aft]w>ds z be/ !y might4 ,z to ! g5]al outl9es ( ! leg5d1 !re 0 no dispute4 ,osiris _h be5 an ,egyptian ,ph>aoh :o _h devot$ 8 life to do+ good1 to introduc+ ! elem5ts ( art & culture among 8 subjects1 & trans=m+ !m f savages into civilis$ m54 ,he 0 ! son ( ! sun-god1 born on ! fir/ ( ! int]calatory days1 ! bro!r & husb& ( ,isis1 & ! bro!r also ( ,set or ,sut1 :om ! ,greeks call$ ,typhon4 ,typhon _h z wife 8 si/] ,neph?ys or ,nebht1 b h] son ,anubis1 ! jackal1 claim$ ,osiris z 8 fa!r4 ,osiris set =? f 8 ,egyptian k+dom to subdue ! _w by ! arts ( peace1 leav+ ,isis to gov]n 9 8 abs5ce4 ,on 8 return1 ,set & 8 sev5ty-two fell[ conspirators imprison$ him by craft 9 a *e/1 :i* 0 ?r[n into ! ,nile4 ,9 ! days :5 ,canaan _h become a prov9ce ( ! ,egyptian empire1 & !re 7 close relations betwe5 ! ,phnician cities & ! ,delta1 x 0 said t ! *e/ _h float$ across ! sea to ,gebal1 :]e x became emb$d$ 9 ! core ( a tree1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds cut d[n & %ap$ into "o ( ! columns ( ! royal palace4 ,isis w&]$ f place to place seek+ h] lo/ husb&1 & m\rn+ = him2 at la/ %e arriv$ at ,gebal1 & succe$$ 9 extract+ ! *e/ f its hid+-place1 & 9 c>ry+ x back to ,egypt4 ,b ! old] v]sion ( ! leg5d knew no?+ ( ! voyage to ,gebal4 ,! *e/ 0 inde$ f\nd by ,isis1 b x 0 ne> ! m\?s ( ! ,nile4 ,"h x 0 buri$ = a:ile2 b ,set1 :ile hunt+ by night1 discov]$ x1 &1 te>+ op5 its lid1 cut ! body inside into f\rte5 pieces1 :i* he scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,!n ,isis took boat & se>*$ = ! pieces1 until %e _h recov]$ !m all save "o4 ,:]ev] a piece 0 f\nd1 a tomb ( ,osiris arose 9 lat] days4 ,c>efully 7 ! pieces put toge!r by ,isis & ,neph?ys1 & ,anubis !n embalm$ ! :ole body4 ,x 0 ! fir/ mummy t 0 made 9 ! _w4 ,mean:ile ,horus ! y\ng] _h be5 born to ,isis1 & br\ght up secretly at ,buto1 9 ! m>%es ( ! ,delta1 out ( rea* ( ,set4 ,z soon z he 0 gr[n to man's e/ate he ga!r$ 8 foll[]s ar\nd him1 & prep>$ himself to av5ge 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,long & fi]ce 0 ! /ruggle4 ,once ,set 0 tak5 prison]1 b releas$ by ,isis2 :]eupon ,horus1 9 a fit ( ang]1 /ruck (f 8 "m's head1 :i* 0 replac$ by ,?o? ) ! head ( a c[4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! conte/ end$ ) ! victory ( ,horus4 ,! enemy 7 driv5 f "o nome to ano!r1 & ,horus sat on ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r4 ,b !re 7 o!rs :o said t ! /ruggle w5t on ) alt]nat+ success1 until at la/ ,?o? 0 appo9t$ arbit]1 & divid$ ,egypt betwe5 ! two foes4 ,s\!rn ,egypt 0 giv5 to ,horus1 ,nor!rn ,egypt to ,set4 ,x is some:at difficult to dis5tangle ! ?reads out ( :i* ?is /ory has be5 wov54 ,elem5ts ( v>i\s sorts are mix$ up 9 x toge!r4 ,horus ! y\ng]1 ! po/hum\s son ( ,osiris1 has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,horus ! eld]1 ! anci5t sun-god ( ,upp] ,egypt1 & ! leg5ds connect$ ) ! latt] h be5 transf]r$ to ! son ( ,isis4 ,! ev]la/+ w> betwe5 good & evil has be5 inextricably conf\nd$ ) ! w> betwe5 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians & ! old] population4 ,! sol> !ology has invad$ ! my? ( ,osiris1 mak+ him ! son ( ,ra1 & inve/+ him ) sol> attributes4 ,anubis ! jackal1 :o wat*$ ov] ! cemet]ies ( ,upp] ,egypt1 has be5 foi/$ into x1 & has become ! s]vant & m9i/] ( ! god ( ! dead :o sup]s$$ him4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity has be5 appli$ to x1 & ,anubis & ,neph?ys1 :o orig9ally 7 ! allies ( ,osiris1 h be5 =c$ to comb9e ) ,set4 ,"h & !re old =gott5 cu/oms or fragm5ts ( folk-lore h be5 embodi$ 9 ! leg5d3 ! dismemb]m5t ( ,osiris1 = example1 po9ts to ! "t :5 ! neoli?ic inhabitants ( ,egypt dismemb]$ _! dead2 & ! pres]vation ( ! body ( ,osiris 9 ! he>t ( a tree has its e*o 9 ! ,tale ( ! ,two ,bro!rs1 9 :i* ! individuality ( ! h]o 0 simil>ly pres]v$4 ,! gre5 face ) :i* ,osiris 0 repres5t$ 0 9 ! same way a traditional rem9isc5ce ( ! cu/om ( pa9t+ ! face ( ! dead ) gre5 pa9t1 :i* 0 practis$ by ! neoli?ic population ( ,egypt4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 facts 9 ! p]sonality ( ,osiris :i* /& out cle>ly amid ! my?s & !ological inv5tions :i* ga!r$ r\nd 8 "n4 ,he 0 a human god2 he 0 ! fir/ mummy2 & he became ! god ( ! dead4 ,& ! p>adise ov] :i* he rul$1 & to :i* ! fai?ful s\ls :o believ$ 9 him 7 admitt$1 0 ! field ( ,alu1 a l& ( light & happ9ess4 ,sekhet ,alu1 8! field ( ,alu10 seems to h be5 ! cemet]y ( ,busiris among ! m>%es ( ! ,delta47#abh7 ,! "n meant 8! field ( m>%-mall[s10--! 8asphodel mead[s0 ( ! ,odyssey1--& 0 appli$ to "o ( ! isl&s :i* 7 s num]\s 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,delta4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! nome ( :i* ,osiris 0 ! feudal god1 ! p>adise ( 8 foll[]s orig9ally lay1 ?\gh a "t came :5 x 0 translat$ f ! e>? to ! sky4 ,b :5 ,osiris fir/ became "l ( ! dead1 ! l& to :i* !y foll[$ him 0 /ill )9 ! conf9es ( ,egypt4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ,pr(essor ,masp]o is "r 9 hold+ t ,osiris 0 prim>ily ! god ( ,busiris 9 ! ,delta4 ,x is ! only nome ( :i* he 0 =mally ! presid+ deity1 "u ! title ( nz1 8! k+10 & x bord]$ on ,h]mopolis1 :i* 0 d$icat$ to ! ibis-god ,?o?1 :o is s closely connect$ ) ! /ory ( ,osiris47#abi7 ,to ! nor? /ood ! temple ( ,isis-,r5net17#acj7 to ! s\?-we/ 0 ,ph>b?os 7,horbt71 :i* wor%ipp$ ,set1 :ile ,horus 0 ! god ( _m ( ! neighb\r+ nomes4 ,! :ole cycle ( ,osirian deities is ?us to be f\nd )9 ! conf9es ( a small tract ( ! ,delta4 ,! "n ,busiris means simply 8! place ( ,osiris40 ,primitively x _h be5 call$ ,daddu1 8! two colonnades107#aca7 & ,osiris became kn[n z its "l4 ,x 0 "u ?is title t he 0 inc>nat$ 9 ! ram ( ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,m5des on ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,h]mopolis4 ,! ram became 8 s\l2 all ! m easily s9ce ! ,egyptian words = 8ram0 & 8s\l0 _h ! same or a simil> pronunciation4 ,at ,d5d]a x is said t 9 ! ram ( ,m5des ,osiris grew "y aga92 & 9 ! lat] days ( sol> syncretism ! f\r s\ls ( ,ra & ,osiris1 ( ,%u & ,khep]a1 7 unit$ 9 its body4 ,h[ f> back ?is id5tification ( ! god & ! sacr$ animal may rea* we d n "k4 ,b x is significant t x 0 n at ,daddu itself1 b at a neighb\r+ city1 t ! animal 0 wor%ipp$1 ?\gh a seal-cyl9d] :i* belongs to ! olde/ p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory already decl>es t ,daddu 0 8! city ( ! ram407#acb7 ,nebht & ,anubis _h orig9ally no?+ to d ) ! god ( ,busiris4 ,nebht1 9 fact1 is m]ely a title :i* has be5 fossilis$ into ! "n ( a deity4 ,x is m]ely ! ord9>y title ( ! ,egyptian lady z 8! mi/ress ( ! h\se10 :o ?us /&s on ! same foot+ z 8! "l ( ! h\se10 h] husb&4 ,! title c\ld h be5 giv5 to any goddess :o 0 conceiv$ ( 9 human =m1 & 0 d\btless appli$ to ,isis ! wife ( ,osiris4 ,he 0 8! "l0 ( ! city2 %e1 8! lady ( ! h\se40 ,x rem9ds u ( ! way 9 :i* ! deities ( ,babylonia 7 address$4 ,!re1 too1 ! god 0 8! "l10 ! goddess 8! lady40 ,! old titles ( ,osiris & ,isis :i* h ?us surviv$ 9 ! ,osirian my? are ess5tially ,babylonian4 ,nebht or ,neph?ys 0 individualis$ 9 ord] to complete ! tr9ity ( ,set1 ( :i* ,set 0 ! c5tral figure4 ,we c tell1 accord+ly1 :5 %e ?us develop$ into a sep>ate goddess4 ,x 0 :5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity fir/ became dom9ant 9 ! ,egyptian s*ools ( !ology1 & all ! *ief deities ( ! c\ntry 7 =c$ to con=m to x4 ,anubis1 ! second p]son 9 ! tr9ity ( ,set1 mu/ h already be5 atta*$ to ! cult ( ,osiris4 ,h[ ?is came ab\t is n difficult to discov]4 ,anubis ! jackal 0 ! god ( ! und]world4 ,l 8 symbol1 ! jackal1 he wat*$ ov] ! tombs1 m especially 9 8! m\nta90 f> away f ! cultivat$ l&4 ,8 sacr$ animal already appe>s m\nt$ on its /&>d on ! e>ly slate plaques ( ,nekh5 & ,abydos by ! side ( ! ,horus-hawk4 ,he 01 9 fact1 wor%ipp$ 9 _m ( ! nomes1 above all at ,sit1 :]e he 0 ador$ z 8! op5] ( ! pa?s0 to ! _w bel[4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! art ( embalm+2 he mu/ !re=e h be5 ! god ( ! dead :5 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians fir/ settl$ !mselves 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 he 0 y\ng] ?an ,horus1 s9ce 8! foll[]s ( ,horus0 _h n br\ght ! art ) !m f _! e>li] home2 b he 0 already god ( ! dead1 & ! discov]y ( ! art 0 accord+ly ascrib$ to him4 ,! acceptance ( ,osiris z ! god ( ! und]world meant ! displacem5t ( ,anubis4 ,he _h to make way = 8! "l ( ,daddu40 ,! fact is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! influ5ce :i* ! ,osirian tea*+ mu/ h possess$4 ,osiris 0 ! feudal god only ( a nome 9 ! nor? ( ! ,delta2 ,anubis _h be5 ador$ f "t immemorial ?r\gh\t ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! cities :i* recognis$ him z _! *ief deity 7 num]\s & p[]ful4 ,nev]!less he _h to yield to ! rival god & take a subord9ate place beside him4 ,he rema9$1 inde$1 9 ! pan!on1 = ! ,egyptians nev] broke ) _! pa/2 b ! "p he _h play$ 9 x 0 tak5 by ano!r1 & he 0 cont5t to become m]ely ! m9i/] ( ,osiris & ! gu>dian ( ! cemet]ies ( ! dead4 ,mean:ile ,osiris1 l ! ,greek ,dionysos1 _h pursu$ 8 victori\s m>*4 ,:]ev] 8 wor%ip ext5d$ 8 temple rose by ! side ( 8 tomb l ! temples atta*$ to ! ,pyramids4 ,l ,pta ( ,memphis or ! mummifi$ ,horus ( ,nekh51 he 0 a dead god1 & x 0 to a dead god consequ5tly t ! (f]+ 0 made & ! prie/ d$icat$4 ,x 0 at ,abydos 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 h[ev]1 t 8 fame 0 greate/4 ,abydos 0 ! sepul*ral temple ( ,osiris atta*$ to ! city ( ,?is1 & ,?is 0 n only ! seat ( a p[]ful k+dom1 :i* probably succe$$ t ( ,nekh51 b ! bir?place ( ,m5es1 ! f\nd] ( ! unit$ mon>*y4 ,ar\nd ! tomb ( ! ,osiris ( ,abydos1 accord+ly1 ! k+s & pr9ces ( ! ,?9ite dyna/ies 7 buri$1 & :]e ! ,ph>aoh 0 buri$ 8 subjects wi%$ to be buri$ too4 ,f all p>ts ( ,egypt ! bodies ( ! dead 7 br\ght to ! sacr$ gr\nd1 t !y might be int]r$ z ne> z possible to ! tomb ( ! god1 & s _! mummies might repose beside him on e>? z !y hop$ _! s\ls w\ld d 9 ! p>adise ( ! ,ble/4 ,ev5 ! rise ( ! ,memphite dyna/ies did n deprive ,abydos ( its claim to v5]ation4 ,its sanctity 0 too firmly e/abli%$2 hundr$s ( ,egyptians /ill cont9u$ to be buri$ !re1 r ?an 9 ! spaci\s necropolis ( ! ,memphite ,ph>aohs47#acc7 ,abydos1 ) its royal memories1 ?rew ! old] city ( ,osiris into ! %ade4 ,he /ill1 x is true1 reta9$ 8 anci5t title ( 8"l ( ,daddu10 b x 0 an ar*aism r ?an a reality1 & x 0 z 8"l ( ,abydos0 t he 0 n[ ) pref]5ce address$4 ,b o!r sanctu>ies disput$ ) ,abydos its claim to possess ! tomb ( ! god ( ! dead4 ,:]ev] a temple 0 erect$ 9 8 hon\r1 8 tomb also 0 necess>ily to be f\nd4 ,an attempt 0 made to h>monise _! conflict+ claims by fall+ back on ! old tradition ( ! cu/om ( dismemb]+ ! dead3 ! head ( ! god 0 at ,abydos1 8 he>t at ,a?ribis1 8 neck at ,letopolis4 ,b ev5 s ! difficulty rema9$3 ! sep>ate limbs w\ld n suffice = ! numb] ( ! tombs1 & ! same memb] 0 sometimes claim$ by m ?an "o locality4 ,at ,memphis1 = example1 :]e ,osiris 0 unit$ ) ,apis into ! comp\nd ,s]apis1 8 head 0 said to h be5 int]r$ z well z at ,abydos4 ,abydos1 at ! outset1 0 ! cemet]y1 or r "o ( ! cemet]ies1 ( ,?is4 ,& ! god ( ,?is 0 ! sun-god ,anh]1 :o 0 depict$ 9 human =m4 ,9 ! age :i* produc$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,ennead1 ,anh] 0 id5tifi$ ) ,%u1 ! atmosph]e1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ! god ( ! space betwe5 sky & e>? 0 m]g$ into ! god ( ! sun4 ,b x 0 n only at ,?is t ,anh] 0 wor%ipp$4 ,he 0 also ! god ( ,seb5nytos1 :i* adjo9$ ! ,busirite nome1 & :]e1 !re=e1 ! human sun-god 0 9 imm$iate contact ) ! human god ( ! dead4 ,:at ! mummy 0 to ! liv+ man1 t ,osiris 0 to ,anh]47#acd7 ,! d\ble relation betwe5 ,osiris & ,anh] 9 bo? ,l[] & ,upp] ,egypt _c be an accid5t4 ,osiris became ! god ( ,abydos1 because ,abydos 0 ! cemet]y ( ,?is1 ^: feudal god 0 ,anh]4 ,! relation t exi/$ 9 ! ,delta1 betwe5 ,anh] ! sun-god ( ,seb5nytos1 & ,osiris ! god ( ! dead at ,busiris1 0 transf]r$ also to ,s\!rn ,egypt4 ,:om or :at did ,osiris orig9ally repres5t8 ,to ?is _m answ]s h be5 giv54 ,( late ,egyptologi/s h se5 9 him sometimes a p]sonification ( mank9d1 sometimes ! riv] ,nile1 sometimes ! cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,aft] ! rise ( ! sol> s*ool ( !ology ! ,egyptians !mselves id5tifi$ him ) ! sun :5 x s9ks bel[ ! horizon to trav]se ! d>k regions ( ! und]world4 ,horus ! sun-god ( morn+ ?us became 8 son1 born z x 7 ( ! sun-god ( night1 & diff]+ f 8 fa!r only 9 8 =m ( manife/ation47#ace7 ,we h1 h[ev]1 "o or two facts to guide u 9 det]m9+ ! primitive "* ( ! god4 ,he 0 a mummifi$ man l ,pta ( ,memphis1 & he 0 ! bro!r & enemy ( ,set4 ,set or ,sut became = ! lat] ,egyptians ! imp]sonation ( evil4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,apophis1 ! s]p5t ( wick$ness1 aga9/ :om ! sun-god wages p]petual w>2 & 8 "n 0 eras$ f ! monum5ts on :i* x 0 engrav$4 ,b all ?is 0 because ,set 0 ! god & ! repres5tative ( ! ,asiatic invad]s :o _h conqu]$ ,egypt1 & ar\s$ 9 ! ,egyptian m9d a feel+ ( bitt] animosity t[>ds !mselves4 ,z late z ! "t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 ! ,ph>aohs :o re/or$ ,tanis1 ! ,hyksos capital1 to some?+ ( its =m] glory1 call$ !mselves aft] ! "n ( ! ,hyksos deity4 ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y built a temple 9 hon\r ( ,set ( ,ombos1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ ne> ,d5d]a2 & if we g back to ! olde/ records ( ! unit$ mon>*y1 we f9d ,set symbolis+ ! nor? :ile ,horus symbolises ! s\?4 ,be=e ! days ( ,m5es1 ,set 0 ! god ( ,nor!rn ,egypt1 ,horus ( ,s\!rn ,egypt4 ,9 ! prehi/oric w>s ( ! two k+doms ! two gods w\ld be ho/ile to "o ano!r1 & yet bre?r54 ,x 0 ! armies ( ,set t 7 driv5 by ,horus & 8 metal-be>+ foll[]s f "o end ( ,egypt to ! o!r1 & f9ally ov]come47#acf7 ,set !re=e repres5ts 9 ! leg5d ! old] population ( ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! reason ( ?is is n f> to seek4 ,set or ,sut1 l ,sati1 d5otes ! ,semitic or ,african nomad ( ! des]t1 ! ,babylonian ,sutu4 ,he is ! equival5t ( ! ,b$wi ( to-day1 :o /ill hov]s on ! ,egyptian bord]s1 & betwe5 :om & ! fellah !re is p]petual feud4 ,! same cause :i* made ,horus ! bro!r & yet ! enemy ( ,set mu/ h be5 at "w to place ,osiris 9 ! same relation to him4 ,osiris too mu/ h typifi$ ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptian1 & l ,horus h be5 ! fir/ ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,h5ce 8 human body1 & h5ce also ! confusion betwe5 himself & ,horus1 :i* end$ 9 mak+ ,horus 8 son & 9 g5]at+ a new ,horus--,horus ! y\ng]--by ! side ( ! old] ,horus ( ! ,egyptian fai?47#acg7 ,! position ( ,osiris 9 respect to ,anh] is n[ cle>4 ,he is ! sun-god aft] 8 sett+ 9 ! we/1 :5 he has pass$ to ! region ( ! dead 9 ! und]world4 ,he /&s1 !re=e1 9 exactly ! same relation to ,anh] t ! mummifi$ hawk /&s to ! ,horus-hawk4 ,! "o belongs to ! city ( ! liv+1 ! o!r to ! city ( ! dead4 ,b !y are bo? ! same deity "u diff]5t =ms1 "o ( :i* presides ov] ! city1 ! o!r ov] its bury+-gr\nd4 ,l ,horus1 ,osiris mu/ h be5 a sun-god ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians1 b a sun-god :o 0 connect$ = "s special reason ) ! dead47#ach7 ,n[ ,mr4 ,ball has drawn att5tion to ! fact t !re 0 a ,sum]ian god :o _h precisely ! same "n z ,osiris1 & t ?is "n is express$ 9 bo? cases by precisely ! same ideographs47#aci7 ,! etymology ( ! "n has be5 s\ght 9 va9 9 ,egyptian4 ,b ! cunei=m texts make x cle>4 ,osiris 7,z-ar7 is ! ,as>i ( anci5t ,babylonia1 :o 0 call$ ,m]oda* by ! ,semites1 & ^: ord9>y title is 8! god :o does good to man40 ,! "n ( ,as>i is writt5 ) two ideographs1 "o ( :i* d5otes 8a place0 & ! o!r 8an eye10 & ! =ms ( ! two ideographs1 z well z _! mean+s1 are id5tical ) ^? ( ! hi]oglyphic *>act]s :i* repres5t ,osiris4 ,su* a ?reefold agreem5t _c be accid5tal3 bo? ! "n & ! mode ( writ+ x mu/ h come f ,babylonia4 ,& :at makes ! agreem5t ! /rong] is ! fact t ! ideographs h no?+ to d ) ! signification ( ! "n itself2 !y express simply its pronunciation4 ,9 ! ,sum]ian ( e>ly ,babylonia ! "n signifi$ 8! mighty "o407#adj7 ,as>i 0 ! sun-god ( ,eridu1 ! anci5t seaport ( ,babylonia on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,ea1 ! *ief god ( ! city1 ( ^: w & wisdom he 0 ! int]pret]4 ,x 0 he :o communicat$ to m5 ! lessons 9 culture & ! art ( heal+1 :i* ,ea 0 will+ !y %\ld le>n4 ,j z ,osiris sp5t 8 life 9 do+ good1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian leg5d1 s ,as>i 0 he 8:o does good to man40 ,he 0 ev] on ! wat* to help 8 wor%ipp]s1 to convey to !m ! magic =mulas :i* c\ld w>d (f sickness or evil1 &1 z x is (t5 express$1 to 8raise ! dead to life40 ,9 ?is la/ expression we h ! key to ! "p play$ by ,osiris4 ,osiris di$1 & 0 buri$1 l ,as>i or ,m]oda*1 ^: temple at ,babylon 0 also 8 tomb2 b x 0 t he might rise aga9 9 ! morn+ ) r5ew$ /r5g? & brilliancy4 ,& ?r\gh ! spells he _h receiv$ f 8 fa!r all ^? :o tru/$ 9 him1 & %>$ 9 8 dea? & entombm5t1 7 also 8rais$ to life40 ,bo? 9 ,egypt & 9 ,babylonia he 0 ! god ( ! resurrection1 :e!r t took place 9 ?is visible _w or 9 ! heav5ly p>adise1 :i* 0 a purifi$ reflection ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,babylonia1 ,as>i or ,m]oda* 0 ! *ampion ( light & ord]1 :o conqu]$ ! dragon ( *aos & h] an>*ic =ces1 & put ! demons ( d>kness to flight4 ,9 ,egypt t "p 0 tak5 by ,horus4 ,b bo? ,anh] & ,osiris 7 m]ely local =ms--local names1 if ! phrase %\ld be pref]r$--( ,horus & ! mummifi$ hawk4 ,anh] is sometimes repres5t$1 l ,horus1 ) ! spe> 9 8 h&1 ov]?r[+ ! wick$2 b 8 figure 0 eclips$ by t ( ,osiris1 :o _h come to be reg>d$ z ! b5efactor ( mank9d1 & to :om m5 pray$ 9 sickness & dea?4 ,a god ( ! dead1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be a conqu]or2 x 0 he1 & n 8 foe1 :o _h di$1 & consequ5tly ! victories ga9$ by ,horus c\ld n be ascrib$ to him4 ,b ! difficulty 0 n insoluble2 ,horus became 8 son1 :o 0 at ! same "t 8 fa!r1 & ! old /ruggle betwe5 ,horus & ,set 0 transf]r$ to ! ,osirian cult4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! rec5tly-recov]$ monum5ts ( ! ,?9ite dyna/ies ,set is /ill ! tw9-bro!r ( ,horus4 ,he /ill repres5ts ! nor?1 until lately ! antagoni/ ( ! s\?2 & a k+ ^: rema9s h be5 f\nd at ,nekh5 & ,abydos1 & :o calls himself 8! unit] ( ! two sceptres0 ( ,egypt1 /ill sets ! ,horus-hawk & ! animal ( ,set above 8 "n4 ,set1 z ,i h already said1 is ! ,sutu or ,b$wi4 ,he 0 ador$ else:]e ?an 9 ,egypt2 ! ,moabites call$ !mselves 8 *ildr5 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag71 & 9 ! cunei=m texts ,sutu-s> 78,sutu ! k+07 & ,nabu-rab 78,nebo ! great07 are describ$ z tw9s47#ada7 ,b 9 ,egypt he repres5t$ ! population :i* _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians or cont9u$ to live on ! des]t fronti]s ( ! c\ntry1 & :i* 0 /rong] 9 ! ,delta ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,! old /ruggle1 !re=e1 betwe5 light & d>kness1 ord] & confusion1 :i* =m$ ! backgr\nd ( ,babylonian my?ology1 became ! /ruggle :i* 0 wag$ = su* long c5turies1 fir/ betwe5 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians & ! neoli?ic races1 !n betwe5 ! k+doms ( ! s\? & nor?1 & f9ally betwe5 ! unit$ mon>*y & ! ,b$w9 ( ! des]t or assailants f ,asia4 ,:]e ! =eign elem5t prevail$1 ,set 0 an hon\r$ god2 :]e ! rul+ ,egyptian 0 dom9ant1 8 place 0 tak5 by 8 bro!r & 8 antagoni/4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! /ruggle betwe5 ,horus & ,set typifi$ ! /ruggle t is ev] go+ on betwe5 ! des]t & ! cultivat$ l&4 ,b su* an idea is f> too ab/ract to h =m$ ! basis ( an ,egyptian religi\s my?4 ,x might h be5 elaborat$ subsequ5tly by "s !ological s*ool out ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,sutu ( ! des]t & ! god ( ! agriculturi/s2 b x c\ld nev] h be5 !re orig9ally4 ,! int]pretation is z little ju/ifiable z t :i* sees 9 ,osiris ! se$ t is buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is inde$ true t ! ,egyptians ( a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! ,osirian doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection 0 fully develop$1 f\nd an analogy to x 9 ! se$ t is s[n 9 ord] to gr[ aga94 ,! tomb ( ,ma-h]-pa-,ra1 ! fan-be>] ( ,amon-hotep ,,ii4 ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,loret 9 ! valley ( ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes1 conta9s a pro( ( ?is4 ,9 x 0 a rudely-con/ruct$ b$ ) a mattress1 on :i* ! figure ( ,osiris _h be5 drawn4 ,on ?is e>? 0 plac$1 & 9 ! e>? gra9s ( corn _h be5 s[n4 ,! corn _h spr\t$ & gr[n to ! height ( a few in*es be=e x _h )]$ away4 ,b su* symbolism is1 l ! simil> symbolism ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! result ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection & n ! orig9 ( x4 ,x is n till m5 believe t ! human body c rise aga9 f ! sleep ( corruption1 t ! gr[? ( ! se$ :i* has be5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd is invok$ to expla9 & confirm _! cre$4 ,h[ came ?is doctr9e ( ! resurrection to be atta*$ to ! cult ( ,osiris & to become an integral "p ( ,egyptian belief8 ,!re is only "o answ] t c be giv5 to ?is3 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection 0 a necess>y accompanim5t ( ! practice ( mummification1 & ,osiris 0 a mummifi$ god4 ,we h already se5 t old ,babylonian hymns describe ,as>i or ,m]oda* z ! god 8:o raises ! dead to life40 ,we h also se5 t ,osiris 0 n ! only mummifi$ god kn[n 9 ,egypt4 ,pta ( ,memphis 0 also a mummy2 s too 0 ! mummifi$ ,horus ( ,nekh51 :o 0 wor%ipp$ ev5 9 ! ,delta 9 ! 8,arabian0 nome ( ,go%5 on ! bord]s ( ,asia4 ,:e!r or n ! practice ( embalm+ fir/ orig9at$ at ,nekh51 :]e x 0 discov]$ t bodies buri$ 9 ! nitrog5\s soil ( ,el-,kab 7 pres]v$ undecay$1 x is c]ta9 t1 l ! art ( writ+1 x *>act]is$ ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians f ! e>lie/ times4 ,9 no o!r way c we expla9 ! exi/5ce among !m ( _! mummifi$ gods4 ,b its adoption by ! old] races :o /ill =m$ ! bulk ( ! p 0 b gradual4 ,x did n become univ]sal be=e ! age ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! bulk ( ! p1 b ! rul+ classes1 :o wor%ipp$ ,osiris1 & among :om 8 cult spread & grew4 ,he became = !m ,un-nef]1 8! good be+10 ready to heal = !m ev5 ! pa9s ( dea?1 & to receive !m 9 8 realm beyond ! grave1 :]e life & action w\ld be re/or$ to !m4 ,! sun %one !re z x did "h1 = 0 n ,osiris himself a sun-god8 ! fields ( ! bless$ 7 l ^? ( ,egypt1 except t no sickness or dea? came ne> !m1 t no blight ev] fell on fruit or corn1 t ! ,nile nev] fail$1 & t ! heat 0 always temp]$ by ! nor!rn breeze4 ,! 8field ( ,alu10 ! ,elysion ( ! ,greeks1 0 at fir/ 9 ! m>%es ( ! ,delta ne> ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 l ! p>adise ( e>ly ,babylonia1 :i* too 0 8at ! m\? ( ! riv]s40 ,b x soon migrat$ to ! nor?-ea/]n portion ( ! sky1 & ! ,milky ,way became ! heav5ly ,nile4 ,"h ! dead liv$ 9 p]petual happ9ess "u ! rule ( ,osiris1 work+1 fea/+1 read+1 ev5 fight+1 z !y w\ld bel[1 only )\t pa9 & et]nally47#adb7 ,b1 9 ord] to %>e 9 ?is /ate ( bliss1 x 0 necess>y = ! believ] 9 ,osiris to become l ! god himself4 ,he mu/ himself be an ,osiris1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian expression4 ,8 individuality rema9$ intact2 z he _h be5 on e>?1 s w\ld he be 9 heav54 ,! ,osiris1 9 fact1 0 a spiritualis$ body 9 :i* ! immortal p>ts ( man 7 all unit$ toge!r4 ,s\l & _s1 he>t & d\ble1 all met toge!r 9 x z !y _h done :5 ! individual 0 on e>?4 ,x is cle> t ! doctr9e ( ! ,osiris 9 its develop$ =m is inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( ! ka4 ,b x is also cle> t )\t ! idea ( ! ka x w\ld nev] h be5 =m$4 ,bo? presuppose an individuality sep>ate f ! p]son to :i* x belongs1 & yet at ! same "t mat]ial1 an individuality :i* cont9ues aft] dea? & manife/s itself "u ! same %ape z t :i* *>act]is$ ! p]son 9 life4 ,! popul> conception ( ! gho/1 :i* reproduces n only ! features b ev5 ! dress ( ! dead1 is analog\s4 ,fundam5tally ! ,osiris is a ka1 b x is a ka :i* repres5ts n only ! outw>d %ape1 b ! inn] ess5ce z well4 ,! :ole man is !re1 spiritually1 morally1 intellectually1 z well z corporeally4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,osiris ?us absorbs1 z x 71 ! old idea ( ! ka1 & spiritualises x1 at ! same "t conf9+ x to ! life aft] dea?4 ,b if ! conception ( a d\ble1 unsub/antial & yet mat]ialis$1 und]lay ! belief 9 ! ,osiris1 ! practice ( embalm+ 0 equally responsible = x4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! d\ble 0 dep5d5t on ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! body1 = ! "o presuppos$ ! o!r1 & x 0 only ! mummifi$ body :i* c\ld cont9ue to exi/4 ,z long z ! d\ble 0 believ$ to haunt ! tomb1 & !re receive ! food & o!r (f]+s :i* 7 provid$ = x1 ! connection betwe5 x & ! mummy pres5t$ no difficulties4 ,b :5 ! ,egyptian came to look =w>d to ! heav5 ( ,osiris1 fir/ on ?is ne!r e>? & !n 9 ! skies1 ! case 0 :olly alt]$4 ,! mummy lay 9 ! tomb1 ! immortal c\nt]p>t ( ! man himself 0 9 ano!r & a spiritual _w4 ,! result 0 inevitable3 ! foll[] ( ,osiris soon assur$ himself t "o day ! mummifi$ body also w\ld h life & action aga9 brea!d into x & rejo9 its ,osiris 9 ! fields ( p>adise4 ,_h n ! god c>ri$ ?i!r 8 div9e body z well z its c\nt]p>t8 & :at ! god _h done ^? :o _h become ev5 z he 0 c\ld also d4 ,9 ?is way ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body became an integral "p ( ! ,osirian fai?4 ,! future happ9ess to :i* its disciples look$ =w>d 0 n 9 absorption into ! div9ity1 or contemplation ( ! div9e attributes1 or a monoton\s exi/5ce ( passive idl5ess4 ,!y 7 to live z !y _h done 9 ?is life1 only )\t sorr[ & suff]+1 )\t s91 & et]nally4 ,b all _! bodily p[]s & int]e/s 7 to rema9 & be gratifi$ z !y c\ld n be 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,! realm ov] :i* ,osiris rul$ 0 ! idealis$ reproduction ( t ,egypt :i* ! ,egyptian lov$ s well1 ) its sun%9e & light1 its broad & life-be>+ riv]1 its f]tile fields1 & its busy t[ns4 ,^? :o dwelt 9 x c\ld inde$ fea/ & play1 c\ld l\nge 9 canoes & fi% or hunt1 c\ld read tales & poems or write treatises on morality1 c\ld trans=m !mselves into birds t alight$ among ! ?ick foliage ( ! trees2 b !y mu/ also "w z !y _h done "h1 mu/ cultivate ! soil be=e x w\ld produce its e>s ( :eat two cubits high1 mu/ submit to ! corve & embank ! canals4 ,! ,osirian heav5 _h no place = ! idle & inactive4 ,no soon]1 inde$1 _h ! dead man be5 pron\nc$ wor?y ( admittance to x1 ?an he 0 call$ ^u to "w4 ,at ! v outset ( 8 new exi/5ce1 be=e any ( its pleasures might be ta/$1 he 0 requir$ to till ! gr\nd & guide ! pl\gh4 ,?is 0 no h>d%ip to ! poor fellah :o _h sp5t 8 life 9 agricultural lab\r4 ,b x 0 o!rwise ) ! ri* man ^: l&s _h be5 cultivat$ by o!rs1 :ile he himself _h m]ely enjoy$ _! produce4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 accord+ly1 x 0 ! fa%ion = ! feudal l&[n] to surr\nd 8 tomb ) ! graves ( 8 s]vants & reta9]s1 ^: bodies 7 mummifi$ & buri$ at 8 exp5se4 ,:at !y _h p]=m$ = him 9 ?is _w1 x 0 believ$ !y w\ld p]=m = him 9 ! _w to come4 ,!re1 too1 ! ,osiris ( ! fellah w\ld "w = ! ,osiris ( ! weal?y1 ^: necess>y task w\ld ?us be p]=m$ vic>i\sly4 ,b z "t w5t on a feel+ grew up t 9 ! sight ( ,osiris all ^? :o 7 assimilat$ to him 7 equal "o to ! o!r4 ,betwe5 "o ,osiris & ano!r ! di/9ctions ( rank & /ation :i* prevail "h 7 no long] possible4 ,! old conception ( ! ka came to ! help ( ! believ]4 ,! place ( ! human s]vant 0 tak5 by ! u%ebti1 t little figure ( clay or wood :i* repres5t$ a peasant1 & ^: d\ble1 accord+ly1 0 s5t to assi/ ! dead 9 8 tasks above4 ,! human ,osiris1 :atev] 8 lot 9 ?is life _h be51 0 h5ce=? free f ! toils :i* _h once await$ him 9 ! fields ( ,alu2 he c\ld look on :ile ! ka ( ! u%ebti p]=m$ 8 "w4 ,! u%ebti-figures become especially num]\s aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,hyksos4 ,! dom9ation ( ! =eign] & ! long w> ( indep5d5ce :i* put an end to x1 _h de/roy$ ! feudal nobility1 & !re) ! feudal ideas :i* reg>d$ mank9d z divid$1 n[ & h]eaft]1 into two classes4 ,f !nce=? ! ,egyptians became ! democratic p t !y /ill are4 ,z ! ,ph>aoh on e>? rul$ a p :o be=e him 7 all equal1 s betwe5 ! subjects ( ,osiris1 ! ,ph>aoh 9 heav51 no di/9ctions ( rank 7 kn[n except su* z 7 conf]r$ by himself4 ,! same belief :i* _h sub/itut$ ! u%ebti = ! human peasant _h fill$ ! tombs ) ! objects :i*1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld be/ please ! dead man4 ,besides ! meat & dr9k :i* _h be5 provid$ = ! ka f "t immemorial1 !re 0 n[ plac$ beside ! mummy ev]y?+ :i* x 0 imag9$ he w\ld ne$ or desire 9 ! o!r _w4 ,ev5 ! books :i* ! dead man _h delight$ 9 dur+ 8 e>?ly exi/5ce 7 n =gott54 ,x 0 n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! actual objects %\ld be !re4 ,x 0 ! ka only ( ! object t 0 want$1 & t c\ld be furni%$ by a repres5tation ( ! object z well z by ! object itself4 ,& s1 besides ! actual clo!s or tools or weapons t are buri$ 9 ! tombs1 we f9d imitation clo!s & tools1 l ! 8gho/-money0 ( ! ,greeks1 or ev5 pa9t+s on ! wall1 :i*1 s long z ! object 0 correctly depict$ 9 !m1 7 consid]$ q suffici5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ t\*+ results ( ?is ?or\gh-go+ realism has be5 notic$ by ,pr(essor ,wi$emann47#adc7 8,! soles ( ! feet 7( ! mummy7 :i* _h trodd5 ! mire ( e>? 7 remov$1 9 ord] t ! ,osiris might tread ! ,hall ( ,judgm5t ) pure feet2 & ! gods 7 pray$ to grant milk to ! ,osiris t he might ba! 8 feet 9 x & s assuage ! pa9 :i* ! removal ( ! soles mu/ ne$s h caus$ him4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! soles0 7 !n plac$ )9 ! mummy1 t he might f9d !m at h& on ! day ( resurrection1 & meantime make use ( _! ka4 ,! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body involv$ also a doctr9e ( a judgm5t ( ! de$s committ$ by ! body4 ,^? only 7 admitt$ into ! k+dom ( ,osiris :o1 l _! lead]1 _h done good to m54 ,a k ( ! ,ritual ) its div9e lore & incantations 0 n suffici5t to unlock its gates4 ,! ,osiris :o ent]$ x _h to be morally z well z c]emonially pure4 ,osiris 0 n only a k+2 he 0 a judge also1 & ^? :o appe>$ be=e him _h to prove t _! conduct 9 ?is life _h be5 9 con=mity ) "o ( ! highe/ ( ! moral codes ( antiquity4 ,?is moral te/ ( righte\sness is ! mo/ rem>kable fact connect$ ) ! ,osirian sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,! ,egyptian :o accept$ x 0 call$ on to ackn[l$ge t or?odoxy 9 belief & practice 0 n suffici5t to ensure 8 future salvation2 x 0 ne$ful t he %\ld h avoid$ s9 & be5 actively b5evol5t z well4 ,unlike mo/ anci5t =ms ( fai?1 morality--& t too ( a high ord]--0 made an integral "p ( religion1 & ev5 set above x4 ,x 0 n s mu* :at a man believ$ z :at he _h done t enabl$ him to pass ! awful tribunal ( heav5 & be admitt$ to ev]la/+ bliss4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 ! guide ( ! dead man on 8 j\rney to ! o!r _w4 ,its *apt]s 7 inscrib$ on ! rolls buri$ ) ! mummy1 or 7 pa9t$ on ! c(f9 & ! walls ( ! tomb4 ,x 0 ! ,ritual :i* prescrib$ ! pray]s & incantations to be repeat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! j\rney1 & describ$ ! enemies to be met ) on ! o!r side ( ! grave4 ,?anks to its in/ructions1 ! dead pass$ safely ?r\gh ! limbo :i* divides ?is e>? f ! k+dom ( ,osiris1 & arriv$ at la/ at ! ,judgm5t ,hall1 ! hall ( ! ,tw(old ,tru?1 :]e ,mt1 ! goddess ( tru? & law1 receiv$ him4 ,"h on 8 judgm5t ?rone sat ,osiris1 surr\nd$ by ! =ty-two assessors ( div9e ju/ice f ! =ty-two nomes ( ,egypt1 :ile ,?o? & ! o!r deities ( ! ,osirian cycle /ood ne> at h&4 ,!n ! dead man 0 call$ ^u to %[ reason :y he %\ld be admitt$ to ! fields ( ,alu1 & to prove t dur+ 8 lifetime he _h practis$ m]cy & ju/ice & _h ab/a9$ f evil-do+4 ,! negative confession put into 8 m\? is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y relics ( anci5t lit]ature4 8,praise be to !e 7,o ,osiris710 he 0 made to say1 8"l ( ! ,tw(old ,tru?6 ,praise to !e1 great god1 "l ( ! ,tw(old ,tru?6 ,i come to !e1 my "l1 ,i draw ne> to see ?9e excell5cies47#add7444 ,i h n act$ ) deceit or done evil to m54 ,i h n oppress$ ! poor4 ,i h n judg$ unju/ly4 ,i h n kn[n ought ( wick$ ?+s4 ,i h n committ$ s94 ,i h n exact$ m "w f ! lab\r] ?an 0 j4 ,i h n be5 anxi\s4 ,i h n be5 feeble ( purpose4 ,i h n default$4 ,i h n be5 nigg>dly4 ,i h n done :at ! gods abhor4 ,i h n caus$ ! slave to be ill-treat$ by 8 ma/]4 ,i h made none to hung]4 ,i h made none to weep4 ,i h n committ$ murd]4 ,i h n caus$ any man to be trea*]\sly murd]$4 ,i h n dealt trea*]\sly ) any "o4 ,i h n dim9i%$ ! (f]+s ( bread 9 ! temples4 ,i h n spoil$ ! %ewbread ( ! gods4 ,i h n robb$ ! dead ( _! loaves & c]eclo?s4 ,i h n be5 un*a/e4 ,i h n defil$ myself 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! god ( my city4 ,i h n /9t$ & be5 nigg>dly ( (f]+s4 ,i h n defraud$ 9 weigh+ ! scales4 ,i h n giv5 false weight4 ,i h n tak5 ! milk f ! m\? ( ! *ild4 ,i h n hunt$ ! cattle 9 _! mead[s4 ,i h n nett$ ! birds ( ! gods4 ,i h n fi%$ 9 _! pres]ves4 ,i h n kept ! wat] 7f my neighb\r7 9 ! "t ( inundation4 ,i h n cut (f a wat] *annel4 ,i h n ext+ui%$ ! flame at a wrong "t4 ,i h n defraud$ ! ,ennead ( ! gods ( ! *oice p>ts ( ! victims4 ,i h n driv5 away ! ox5 ( ! temple4 ,i h n driv5 back a god :5 he has left ! temple4 ,i am pure6 ,i am pure6 ,i am pure607#ade7 ,! negative confession end$1 ! dead man turn$ to ! =ty-two assessors & plead$ t he 0 innoc5t ( ! p>ticul> s9 :i* !y _h be5 sev]ally appo9t$ to judge4 ,!n he once m address$ ,osiris ) a f9al plea = ju/ification3 8,hail to y1 ye gods :o are 9 ! great hall ( ! ,tw(old ,tru?1 :o h no falsehood 9 y\r bosoms1 b :o live on tru? 9 ,on1 & fe$ y\r he>ts ^u x be=e ! "l god :o dwelle? 9 8 sol> disc4 ,deliv] me f ! ,typhon :o fe$e? on entrails1 ,o *iefs6 9 ?is h\r ( supreme judgm5t2 grant t ! deceas$ may come unto y1 he :o ha? n s9n$1 :o ha? nei!r li$1 nor done evil1 nor committ$ any crime1 :o ha? n borne false witness1 :o ha? done n\ght aga9/ himself1 b :o live? on tru?1 :o fe$e? on tru?4 ,he ha? spread joy on all sides2 m5 speak ( t :i* he ha? done1 & ! gods rejoice 9 x4 ,he ha? reconcil$ ! god to him by 8 love2 he ha? giv5 bread to ! hungry1 wat] to ! ?ir/y1 clo?+ to ! nak$2 he ha? giv5 a boat to ! %ipwreck$2 he ha? (f]$ sacrifices to ! gods1 sepul*ral meals to ! dead4 ,deliv] him f himself1 speak n aga9/ him be=e ! "l ( ! dead1 = 8 m\? is pure & 8 h&s are pure607#adf7 ,mean:ile ! he>t ( ! dead man--8 consci5ce1 z we %\ld call x 9 our mod]n phraseology--0 be+ weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ ! image ( tru?4 ,some?+ m conv9c+ 0 ne$$ ?an 8 own prote/ation t he _h act$ uprightly & done no wrong4 ,! he>t 0 plac$ 9 ! scale by ,?o?1 :o1 kn[+ ! weakness ( human nature1 incl9$ ! balance a little 9 its fav\r4 ,anubis sup]9t5d$ ! weigh+1 :ile ,?o? record$ ! result4 ,if ! v]dict 7 fav\rable1 he address$ ,osiris 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,behold ! deceas$ 9 ?is ,hall ( ! ,tw(old ,tru?1 8 he>t ha? be5 weigh$ 9 ! balance1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great g5ii1 ! lords ( ,hades1 & be5 f\nd true4 ,no trace ( e>?ly impurity ha? be5 f\nd 9 8 he>t4 ,n[ t he leave? ! tribunal true ( voice 7ju/ifi$71 8 he>t is re/or$ to him1 z well z 8 eyes & ! mat]ial cov] ( 8 he>t1 to be put back 9 _! places1 ea* 9 its own "t1 8 s\l 9 heav51 8 he>t 9 ! o!r _w1 z is ! cu/om ( ! foll[]s ( ,horus4 ,h5ce=? let 8 body lie 9 ! h&s ( ,anubis1 :o preside? ov] ! tombs2 let him receive (f]+s at ! cemet]y 9 ! pres5ce ( 7,osiris7 ,un-nef] 7! ,good ,be+72 let him be z "o ( ^? fav\rites :o foll[ !e2 let 8 s\l abide :]e x w 9 ! necropolis ( 8 city1 he ^: voice is true be=e ! great ,ennead407#adg7 ,9 ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris we f9d ! fir/ expression ( ! doctr9e :i* 0 e*o$ s _m ages lat] by ! ,hebrew prophets1 t :at ! gods require is m]cy & righte\sness r ?an or?odoxy ( belief4 ,& ! righte\sness & m]cy are f>-rea*+4 ,! fai? t is to save ! foll[] ( ,osiris is a fai? t has l$ him to fe$ ! hungry1 to give dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 to clo! ! nak$1 to ab/a9 f injur+ 8 neighb\r 9 ^w or ?\ght1 mu* less 9 de$1 & to be tru?ful 9 bo? act & spee*4 ,ev5 ! slave is n =gott52 to h done any?+ :i* has caus$ him to be ill-treat$ by 8 ma/]1 is suffici5t to exclude ! (f5d] f ! delights ( p>adise4 ,man's duty t[>ds 8 fell[-man is put on a high] foot+ ev5 ?an 8 duty t[>ds ! gods1 = x comes fir/ 9 ! li/ ( righte\s actions requir$ f him4 ,x is n until ! dead man has prov$ t he has act$ ) ju/ice & m]cy t[>ds 8 fell[s1 t he is all[$ to pass on to prove t he has p]=m$ 8 duty t[>ds ! gods4 ,& ! ,osirian confession ( fai? 0 n a m]e conv5tional =mul>y1 )\t influ5ce on ! life & conduct ( ^? :o pr(ess$ x4 ,!re are already allusions to x 9 ! ,pyramid texts1 & 9 ! tombs ( a lat] p]iod ! deceas$ re/s 8 claim to be rememb]$ ^u ! good de$s he _h done :ile on e>?4 ,to fe$ ! hungry1 to clo! ! nak$1 & to deal ju/ly1 are duties :i* are con/antly recognis$ 9 !m4 8,i lov$ my fa!r10 says ,baba at ,el-,kab1 8,i hon\r$ my "m4444 ,:5 a fam9e arose1 la/+ _m ye>s1 ,i di/ribut$ corn to ! ne$y40 ,! ,egyptian sepul*res conta9 few records ( w> & battles2 ( de$s ( k9dness & righte\s deal+ !re is frequ5t m5tion47#adh7 ,( ! fate ( ! wick$1 ( ^? ^: he>ts 7 ov]weigh$ 9 ! balance & :o fail$ to pass ! tribunal ( ,osiris1 we "k b little4 ,typhon1 9 ! =m ( a hide\s hippopotamus1 /ood beh9d ,?o? 9 a corn] ( ! hall1 ready to dev\r _! entrails4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,o!r ,_w1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak 9 ano!r lecture1 ! tortures ( ! lo/ are depict$ q 9 m$ieval /yle4 ,we see !m plung$ 9 wat] or burn$ 9 ! fire1 enclos$ 9 vault$ *amb]s fill$ ) burn+ *>coal1 ) _! heads /ruck f _! necks or _! bodies dev\r$ by s]p5ts4 ,b ! ,book ( ! ,o!r ,_w is ! ritual ( a religi\s sy/em :i* 0 orig9ally di/9ct f ! ,osirian1 & x is probable t mo/ ,egyptians expect$ ! f9al annihilation ( ! wick$ r ?an _! cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 an et]nal hell4 ,! div9e elem5ts 9 man1 :i* c\ld n die1 7 equally incapable ( committ+ s91 & consequ5tly w\ld return to ! ,god :o gave !m1 :5 ! human individuality to :i* !y _h be5 jo9$ 0 puni%$ = its (f5ces 9 ! fle%4 ,! s\l c\ld rema9 unit$ only to t individuality :i* _h be5 purifi$ f all its e>?ly /a9s1 & _h become z ! god ,osiris himself4 ,! individuality :i* 0 condemn$ 9 ! judgm5t ( ,osiris p]i%$ et]nally1 & 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptian ! individuality & ! individual 7 "o & ! same4 ,lecture ,,viii4 ,! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,l all o!r organis$ religions1 t ( anci5t ,egypt _h its sacr$ books4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! :ole body ( sacr$ lit]ature 0 conta9$ 9 a collection ( =ty-two books1 ! orig9 ( :i* 0 ascrib$ to ! god ,?o?4 ,! fir/ t5 ( ^! 8,h]metic0 volumes 7 entitl$ 8! ,prophet10 & dealt ) !ology 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,!n foll[$ ! t5 books ( 8! ,/oli/10 9 :i* 7 to be f\nd all directions z to ! fe/ivals & processions1 z well z hymns & pray]s4 ,next came ! f\rte5 books ( 8! ,sacr$ ,scribe10 conta9+ all t 0 kn[n ab\t ! hi]oglyphic sy/em ( writ+1 & ! sci5ces ( geometry & geography1 a/ronomy1 a/rology1 & ! l4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by two books on music & hymnology2 &1 f9ally1 six books on ! sci5ce & practice ( m$ic9e47#adi7 ,! ,h]metic books 7 writt5 9 ,greek1 & 7 a compilation ( ! ,greek age4 ,su* a sy/ematic epitome ( ! le>n+ ( anci5t ,egypt belong$ to ! p]iod :5 ,egyptian religion _h ceas$ to be creative1 or ev5 progressive1 & ! antiqu>ian _s ( ,greek ,alex&ria _h laid hold ( ! traditions & in/itutions ( ! pa/4 ,b !y 7 d]iv$ f g5u9e s\rces1 & repres5t$ ) m or less exactitude ! beliefs & practices ( e>li] g5]ations4 ,!y 71 x is true1 a compilation adapt$ to ,greek ideas & int5d$ to satisfy ! dem&s ( ,greek curiosity1 b x is no less true t ! mat]ials out ( :i* !y 7 compil$ w5t back to ! remote/ antiquity4 ,! temple libr>ies 7 fill$ ) rolls ( papyri relat+ n only to ! m9ute/ details ( ! temple s]vice1 b also to all ! v>i\s bran*es ( sacr$ lore4 ,among ^! 7 ! books :i* h be5 call$ ! ,bibles ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,=emo/ among/ ! latt] is ! ,ritual to :i* ,lepsius gave ! "n ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,*ampollion 9 ! e>ly days ( ,egyptian deciph]m5t1 & a comp>ative edition ( ! text curr5t dur+ ! ,!ban p]iod has be5 made by ,dr4 ,naville4 ,papyri conta9+ ! :ole or portions ( x are numb]less2 ! *apt]s into :i* x is divid$ are inscrib$ on ! c(f9s1 & ev5 on ! wrapp+s ( ! dead1 z well z on ! sc>abs & ! u%ebtis t 7 buri$ ) ! mummy4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a sort ( passport & guide-book comb9$ 9 "o1 :i* w\ld c>ry ! dead man 9 safety ?r\gh ! dang]s t confront$ him 9 ! o!r _w1 & br+ him at la/ to ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris & ! p>adise ( ,alu4 ,x describ$ m9utely all t await$ him aft] dea?2 x detail$ ! words & pray]s t w\ld deliv] him f 8 spiritual enemies2 & x put into 8 m\? ! confession he w\ld h to make be=e ! tribunal ( ! dead4 ,)\t x he w\ld h be5 lo/ 9 ! /range _w to :i* he j\rney$1 & h5ce ! ne$ ( inscrib+ at lea/ "s portions ( x on 8 tomb or sepul*ral furniture1 :]e _! gho/ly d\bles c\ld be read by 8 ka & s\l4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 ! ,bible or ,pray]-book ( ! ,osirian cre$4 ,its univ]sal use m>ks ! triumph ( ! wor%ip ( ,osiris & ( ! beliefs t accompani$ x4 ,x 0 = ! foll[] ( ,osiris t x 0 orig9ally compil$2 ! judgm5t ) :i* x ?reat5$ him 0 t ( ,osiris1 ! heav5 to :i* x l$ him 0 ! field ( ,alu4 ,! ,pyramid texts ( ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies imply t x already exi/$ 9 "s %ape or o!r2 ! ,osirian cre$ is kn[n to !m 9 all its details1 & ! 8o!r _w0 depict$ 9 !m is t ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead47#aej7 ,b ! ,book ( ! ,dead is a composite "w4 ,n only are ! religi\s conceptions embodi$ 9 x composite & sometimes self-contradictory1 on ! lit]>y side x is composite also4 ,x 01 moreov]1 a "w ( sl[ gr[?2 glosses h be5 add$ to x to expla9 passages :i* _h become obscure ?r\gh ! lapse ( "t2 ! glosses h !n made _! way into ! text1 & !mselves become ! subject ( fre% comm5t>y & explanation4 ,*apt]s h be5 ins]t$1 p>agraphs int]polat$1 & ! lat] comm5t>y comb9$ ) ! orig9al text4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead z x appe>s 9 ! age ( ! ,!ban dyna/ies _h already pass$ ?r\gh long c5turies ( gr[? & modification47#aea7 ,! ,pyramid texts %[ ! same comb9ation ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,osirian cre$ ) ^? ( ! sol> cult z ! ,book ( ! ,dead47#aeb7 ,b ! comb9ation is t ( two mutually exclusive sy/ems ( !ology :i* h be5 br\ght =cibly side by side )\t any attempt be+ made to fuse !m into a h>moni\s :ole4 ,!y display ! usual t5d5cy ( ! ,egyptian m9d to accept ! new )\t disc>d+ ! old1 & )\t tr\bl+ to consid] h[ ! new & old c be fitt$ toge!r4 ,x 0 en\gh to place !m side by side2 ^? :o did n ?9k ! ,osirian cre$ suffici5t to ensure salvation1 _h ! *oice ( ! sol> cre$ (f]$ !m ) its pray]s & incantations to ! sun-god4 ,b x 0 n an alt]native *oice2 ! heav5 ( ! sol> b>k 9 its passage ?r\gh ! _w ( ! night 0 atta*$ to ! heav5 ( ,alu ) its fields light$ by ! sun ( day4 ,x is evid5t t ! *apt]s :i* introduce ! doctr9es ( ! sol> cult are a lat] addition to ! orig9al ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,t 0 ! text-book ( ! ,osirian s\l1 ) ^: beliefs ! doctr9es ( ! sol> cult 7 absolutely incompatible4 ,:ile ! "o taught t ! dead1 )\t di/9ction1 pass$ to ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris1 :]e1 aft] be+ acquitt$1 z mu* on moral z on religi\s gr\nds1 !y 7 admitt$ to a p>adise ( light & happ9ess1 ! o!r ma9ta9$ t only a *os5 few1 :o 7 ri* & le>n$ en\gh to be provid$ ) ! necess>y !ological =mul1 7 receiv$ 9 ! sol> b>k z x glid$ along ! twelve h\rs ( ! night1 ?us becom+ companions ( ! sun-god 9 8 passage ?r\gh a realm ( d>kness t 0 peopl$ by demoniac =ms4 ,! ,osirian & sol> cre$s issu$ f two :olly diff]5t religi\s sy/ems1 & ! introduction ( conceptions d]iv$ f ! latt] into ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 h[ev] subord9ate may be ! place :i* !y occupy1 indicates a revision ( ! orig9al "w4 ,x 0 n until ! book _h ga9$ a pr$om9ant position 9 ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght t x w\ld h be5 ne$ful to incorporate into x ! ideas ( a rival !ology4 ,b ! incorporation _h tak5 place long be=e ! ,pyramid texts 7 compil$1 p]haps be=e ! day :5 ,m5es unit$ ! two k+doms ( ,egypt into "o4 ,!re are yet o!r evid5ces ( a composite !ology 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,9 "o *apt] we h ! old doctr9e ( ! ,ka conf9$ to ! d>k & dismal tomb 9 :i* its body lies2 9 ano!r we see ! s\l fly+ :i!rsoev] x w on ! w+s ( a bird1 sitt+ on ! bran*es ( a tree "u ! %ade ( ! foliage1 or p]*$ on ! m>g9 ( fl[+ wat]4 ,b su* !ological inconsi/5cies probably g back to ! age :5 ! book 0 fir/ compos$4 ,! conceptions ( ! ,ka & ( ! s\l1 h[ev] inconsi/5t !y may be1 belong to s e>ly a p]iod1 t !y lay toge!r at ! f\ndation ( ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght long be=e ! days :5 an (ficial =m ( religion _h come into exi/5ce1 or ! ,book ( ! ,dead _h be5 compil$4 ,9 "s in/ances x is possible to fix approximately ! p]iod to :i* p>ticul> portions ( ! book belong4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o has %[n t ! #fd? *apt]1 once consid]$ "o ( ! olde/1 is 9 reality "o ( ! late/ 9 date4 ,x sums up ! diff]5t =mul :i* enabl$ ! s\l ( ! dead man to quit 8 body 9 safety2 & accord+ly its title1 :i*1 h[ev]1 v>ies 9 diff]5t rec5sions1 is a repetition ( t prefix$ to ! e>li] "p ( ! "w1 & decl>es t x makes 8kn[n 9 a s+le *apt] ! *apt]s relat+ to go+ =? f day40 ,accord+ to c]ta9 papyri1 x 0 8discov]$0 ei!r 9 ! reign ( ,usaphaes ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y or 9 t ( ,m5-kau-,ra ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 "u ! feet ( ,?o? 9 ! temple ( ,e%munn1 writt5 9 lett]s ( lapis-lazuli on a tablet ( alaba/]4 ,! details ( ! 8discov]y0 are n suffici5tly uni=m to all[ u to put mu* confid5ce 9 !m2 ! tradition proves1 h[ev]1 t ! ,egyptians consid]$ ! *apt] to be at lea/ z old z ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y2 & ! belief is support$ by ! fact t on ! monum5ts ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y x is already an integral "p ( ! book4 ,if1 !n1 a *apt] :i* is relatively mod]n 0 nev]!less embodi$ 9 ! book 9 ! age ( ! e>li] dyna/ies1 we c ga9 "s idea ( ! antiquity to :i* ! book itself mu/ rea* back1 ev5 9 its composite =m47#aec7 ,! fir/ fifte5 *apt]s1 z ,*ampollion p]ceiv$1 =m a complete :ole 9 !mselves4 ,9 ! ,!ban texts !y are call$ ! 8,*apt] ( go+ be=e ! div9e tribunal ( ,osiris40 ,9 ! ,saite p]iod ?is is replac$ by ! m g5]al title ( 8,beg9n+ ( ! ,*apt] ( go+ =? f day407#aed7 ,!y describe h[ ! s\l c leave its mummy1 c escape =c$ lab\r 9 ! o!r _w ?r\gh ! help ( ! u%ebti1 c pass 9 safety 8ov] ! back ( ! s]p5t ,apophis1 ! wick$10 & c acquire t 8correctness ( voice0 :i* w enable x to repeat correctly ! words ( ! ritual1 & s ent] or leave at w ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,! #ae? *apt] is a hymn to ! ,sun4 ,! #ag? *apt] beg9s a new section4 ,x sums up 9 a cond5s$ =m all t ! s\l 0 requir$ to "k ab\t ! gods & ! _w to come4 ,b x has be5 gloss$ & regloss$ until its fir/ =m has become almo/ unrecognisable4 ,! comm5t>y atta*$ to ! orig9al passages became 9 "t itself s obscure z to ne$ explanation1 & ! *apt] n[ consi/s ( ?ree /rata ( religi\s ?\ght & exposition pil$ "o on ! top ( ! o!r4 ,z x n[ /&s x unites 9 a common goal ! aspirations ( ! foll[]s ( ,osiris & ( ^? ( ! sol> cult2 ! dead man is id5tifi$ ) ! gods1 & s w5ds 8 way to ! div9e l& 9 :i* !y dwell1 :e!r t be ! fields ( ,alu or ! b>k ( ! ,sun4 ,! *apt]s :i* foll[ are int5d$ to re/ore voice1 memory1 & "n to ! dead man4 ,) ! re/oration ( 8 "n comes ! re/oration ( 8 individuality1 = t :i* has no "n has no individuality4 ,!n foll[s 79 *apt]s xxvi4-xxx47 ! re/oration ( 8 he>t1 :i* is reg>d$ fir/ z a m]e organ ( ! body1 & !n 9 ! ,osirian s5se z ! equival5t ( ! consci5ce4 ,z an organ1 ! figure ( a he>t plac$ 9 ! tomb 0 suffici5t to ensure its return2 z ! liv+ consci5ce & pr9ciple ( life1 some?+ ( a m my/]i\s & symbolic nature 0 ne$$4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ! sc>ab or beetle1 ^: "n khep] happ5$ to co9cide 9 s\nd ) ! ^w t signifi$ 8to become407#aee7 ,9 a s]ies ( *apt]s ! s\l is n[ protect$ aga9/ ! poison\s s]p5ts1 includ+ 8! great py?on :o dev\rs ! ass10 :i* x w meet ) 9 its passage ?r\gh ! limbo ( ! o!r _w4 ,z ,pr(essor ,masp]o rem>ks1 ! l>ge place occupi$ by ^! s]p5ts among ! dang]s :i* await ! s\l on its fir/ exit f ! body1 make x pla9 t 9 ! days :5 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 fir/ be+ compil$1 v5om\s snakes 7 f> m pl5tiful ?an !y ev] h be5 9 ! ,egypt ( hi/orical times4 ,inde$1 ! py?on1 ^: huge folds are /ill pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! royal tombs ( ,!bes1 _h retir$ s\?w>d long be=e ! age ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y4 ,to an equally e>ly p]iod we may ref] ! =ty-second *apt]1 9 :i* ! s\l is taught h[ to escape ! slaught] ( ! enemies ( ,horus1 :i* took place at ,h]akleopolis dur+ ! ,osirian w>s1--a *apt]1 h[ev]1 9 :i*1 x may be obs]v$1 ! eld] ,horus is already conf\nd$ ) ! son ( ,osiris47#aef7 ,*apt]s xliv4 to liii4 are occupi$ 9 describ+ h[ ! dead man is ?us pres]v$ f 8! second dea?40 ,illu/rations are drawn bo? f ! puni%m5ts und]gone by ! enemies ( ! sun-god 9 ! /ory ( 8 passage ?r\gh ! _w ( night1 & f ! old beliefs connect$ ) ! lot ( ! ,ka4 ,he 0 nei!r to be behead$1 nor ca/ head d[nw>ds into ! abyss1 nor 0 he to fe$ on fil? l ! ,ka = :i* no (f]+s ( food _h be5 provid$4 ,! dang]s f :i* he is ?us pres]v$ are next contra/$ ) ! joys t await him 9 ! p>adise ( ! ,ble/ 7*s4 liv4-lxiii474 ,! #fd? *apt]1 :i* sums up ! prec$+ "p ( ! book1 & con/itutes a break betwe5 x & :at foll[s1 has already be5 consid]$4 ,! t5 *apt]s :i* succe$ x are all simil>ly conc]n$ ) 8com+ =? f ! day40 ,!y ?us trav]se ! same gr\nd z ! fir/ fifte5 *apt]s ( ! book1 b !y deal ) ! subject 9 a diff]5t way & f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,!y are a fre% pro( ( ! composite "* ( ! "w1 & ( ! desire ( its au?ors to incorporate 9 x all t _h be5 writt5 on ! future life ( ! s\l up to ! "t ( its composition4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o believes t !y embody ! v>i\s =mul relat+ to ! sev]ance ( s\l & body :i* 7 curr5t 9 ! prie/ly s*ools47#aeg7 ,equally sep>ate 9 tone & _s are ! next six *apt]s 7lxxv4-xc471 :i* h emanat$ f ! s*ool ( ,heliopolis4 ,!y deal ) ! de/9y ( ! ,ba or 8s\l0 r ?an ) t ( ! ,osirian1 & describe ! trans=mations :i* x c und]go if =tifi$ ) ! words ( ! ritual4 ,x may at w trans=m itself into a hawk ( gold1 a lotus fl[]1 ! moon-god or ,pta1 ev5 into a vip]1 a crocodile1 or a goose4 ,b fir/ x mu/ fly to ,heliopolis & ! sol> deities :o reside !re1 & x is 9 ,heliopolis t its trans=mation into ! god ,pta is to take place4 ,! next *apt]1 ! #ia/1 transports u into a diff]5t atmosph]e ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,x deals ) ! reunion ( ! s\l & ! body4 ,b ! two :i* foll[ =bid ! ,egyptian to believe t ?is meant a soj\rn ( ! s\l 9 ! tomb4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s\l1 x is said1 is n to be 8imprison$02 :ile ! #icrd *apt] 8op5s ! gates ( ! sepul*re to ! s\l & ! %ad[ 7khaib71 t !y may g =? & employ _! limbs40 ,& ! l& to :i* !y 7 to g 0 a l& ( sunlight4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ! ,book ( ! ,dead is purely ,osirian 9 "*4 ,b beliefs d]iv$ f ! sol> cult h be5 all[$ to m+le ) ! ,osirian elem5ts2 ?us ! b>k ( ! sun-god has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! b>k :i* c>ri$ ! ,osirian dead to ! fields ( ,alu1 & ,osiris is ev5 p]mitt$ to assign a place to 8 fai?ful s]vants 9 ! boat ( ,ra in/ead ( 9 ! p>adise ov] :i* he himself rules4 ,& ! ,osirian elem5ts !mselves belong to two diff]5t p]iods or two diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! e>li] *apt]s ! p>adise ( ,osiris is ga9$ l ! p>adise ( ,ra1 by ! magical p[] ( ! words ( ! ritual & ! (f]+s made by ! fri5ds ( ! dead2 f ! #abe? *apt] onw>ds ! te/ ( righte\sness is a moral "o2 ! dead man has to be acquitt$ by 8 consci5ce & ! tribunal ( ,osiris be=e he c ent] into ev]la/+ bliss4 ,! b>k :i* c>ri$ ! foll[]s ( ,osiris has be5 expla9$ by ! ,pyramid texts4 ,:5 ! dead man _h asc5d$ to heav51 ei!r by ! ladd] :i* rose f ! e>? at ,h]mopolis or 9 "s o!r way1 he f\nd 8 pa? b>r$ by a deep lake or canal4 ,accord+ to "o my?1 he 0 c>ri$ across x on ! w+s ( ! ibis ,?o?1 b ! m g5]al belief provid$ = him ! boat ( ! f]ryman ,nu-,urru17#aeh7 ! prototype ( ! ,greek ,*>on4 ,! fusion ( ! ,osirian cre$ ) ! sol> cult1 h[ev]1 caus$ ! boat ( ,nu-,urru & ! b>k ( ! sun-god to be conf\nd$ toge!r1 & accord+ly ?ree *apt]s 7c4-cii47 h be5 add$ to t 9 :i* ! boat ( ! ,egyptian ,*>on is ref]r$ to1 89 ord] to tea* ! lum9\s _s 7khu7 h[ to ent] ! b>k among ! s]vants ( ,ra40 ,9 ! next *apt]1 ,ha?or1 8! lady ( ! we/10 is ! object ( pray]4 ,two *apt]s 7cv4 & cvi47 are n[ int]polat$ f ! ritual ( ,pta4 ,!y take u back to ! age :5 (f]+s 7 made to ! ka ( ! dead & n to ! gods1 & decl>e t abundant food %\ld be giv5 x 8ea* day 9 ,memphis40 ,!y h little to d ) ! de/9ies ( ! ,osirian 9 ! p>adise ( ,alu4 ,^! are once m resum$ 9 ! #ajg? *apt]3 ! fields ( ,alu are describ$1 & ! life l$ by ^? :o enjoy !m4 ,) ! #abe? *apt] we ent] ! 8,hall ( ! ,two ,tru?s10 :]e ,osiris sits on 8 ?rone ( judgm5t1 & ! s\l is ju/ifi$ or condemn$ = ! de$s x _h done 9 ! fle%4 ,x is no long] c]emonial1 b moral purity t is requir$3 ! foll[] ( ,osiris is to be sav$ n by ! words & pray]s ( ! ritual1 h[ev] correctly !y may be pron\nc$1 b by 8 acts & conduct 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,we are transport$ into a new atmosph]e1 9 :i* religion & morality = ! fir/ "t are unit$ 9 "o3 ! tea*+ ( ! prophet has tak5 ! place ( ! tea*+ ( ! prie/4 ,all ! bless+s promis$ to ! disciples ( o!r cre$s ?an ! ,osirian are n[ grant$ to ! s\l :o has pass$ unsca!d ?r\gh ! hall ( judgm5t4 ,n only ! fields ( ,alu are 81 b ! sol> b>k z well1 to :i* ! s*ool ( ,heliopolis look$ =w>d2 ev5 ! old belief :i* conf9$ ! ,ka to ! n>r[ prec9cts ( ! tomb 0 n =gott51 & ! #acbnd *apt] in/ructs ! ,osirian h[ to 8w&] at w to see 8 h\se40 ,l ,osiris himself1 he c take "p 9 ! fe/ival ( ! dead1 & %>e 9 ! (f]+s t are pres5t$ at x4 ,free access is all[$ him to all p>ts ( ! o!r _w3 :atev] heav5 or hell _h be5 imag9$ 9 ! local sanctu>ies ( ,egypt 0 op5 to him to visit z he w\ld4 ,! lat] *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead take u back to ! e>?4 ,!y are conc]n$ ) ! mummy & its re/+-place1 ) ! *>ms & amulets :i* pres]v$ ! body f decay1 or enabl$ ! s\l to inspire x once m ) life4 ,!y =m a sort ( app5dix1 deal+ r ) ! beliefs & sup]/itions ( ! p1 ?an ) ! ideas ( ! !ologians1 ab\t ! gods & ! future life47#aei7 ,! ord] 9 :i* ,i h ref]r$ to ! *apt]s ( ! book are ^? ( ! ,!ban texts z edit$ by ,dr4 ,naville4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t x con/itutes an integral "p ( ! orig9al "w4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re are v few copies ( ! book1 ev5 among ^? :i* belong to ! ,!ban p]iod1 9 :i* any?+ l all ! *apt]s is to be f\nd4 ,inde$1 x is difficult to say h[ _m *apt]s a complete edition ( x ought to conta94 ,pi]ret made !m "o hundr$ & sixty-five2 ! late/ editors raise !m to ov] two hundr$4 ,! reason ( ?is is easy to expla94 ,! sep>ate *apt]s are = ! mo/ "p int5d$ = special purposes or special occasions1 & ea*1 !re=e1 has _h a sep>ate orig94 ,!y h be5 collect$ f all sides1 & ?r[n toge!r ) v little attempt at arrangem5t or ord]4 ,!y belong to diff]5t p]iods ( composition & diff]5t s*ools ( religi\s ?\ght3 "s ( !m m\nt back to ! remote/ antiquity1 o!rs are probably ev5 lat] ?an ! f\ndation ( ! unit$ mon>*y4 ,h5ce1 z a rule1 only a selection ( !m 0 inscrib$ on ! rolls ( papyrus t 7 buri$ ) ! dead1 or on ! c(f9 & sepul*ral objects deposit$ 9 ! tomb2 x 0 only ! mo/ important ( !m t ! ,osirian 0 likely to ne$ 9 ! o!r _w4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases only ! semblance ( a text seems to h be5 ?\ght necess>y4 ,! copies made = ! dead usually ab\nd ) errors1 & "s h actually be5 f\nd 9 :i* ! text is repres5t$ by a numb] ( unmean+ signs4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 moreov]1 0 cont9ually gr[+4 ,! olde/ texts are ! %orte/ & mo/ simple1 ! late/ are ! longe/ & mo/ cr[d$ ) *apt]s4 ,z fre% pray]s & =mul = protect+ ! dead 9 ! o!r _w1 or direct+ !m on _! j\rney1 7 discov]$ 9 ! local sanctu>ies1 !y 7 add$ 9 ! =m ( *apt]s2 no precaution1 x 0 felt1 %\ld be omitt$ :i* might secure ! safety ( ^? :o _h pass$ beyond ! grave4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 ?us a gr[?1 & a gr[? x rema9$4 ,x nev] und]w5t ! sy/ematic revision :i* has be5 ! lot ( mo/ o!r sacr$ books4 ,we look 9 x 9 va9 = traces ( an individual editor4 ,& on ?is acc\nt its =m & ev5 its language 7 nev] fix$4 ,! pray]s & =mul x conta9$ 71 x is true1 /]eotyp$1 = _! success dep5d$ on _! correct recitation2 b beyond ?is ! utmo/ latitude 0 all[$ 9 ! way ( addition or *ange4 ,a ,masoretic c\nt+ ( words & syllables w\ld h be5 inconceivable to ! ,egyptian4 ,9 lat] days1 m especially 9 ! ,greek p]iod1 ! ,book ( ! ,dead s]v$ z a basis = o!r religi\s compositions :i* claim$ div9e au?or%ip1 & ! au?ority due to su* an orig94 ,( ^! ! mo/ popul> 0 ! ,book ( ,respirations 7,%-n-,s5s5u71 :i* d]ives its inspiration f *apt]s liv4 to lxiii4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & is ascrib$ to ! god ,?o?4 ,9 anticipation ( ! apocalyptic lit]ature ( ! ,jews1 ! writ] describes ! condition ( ! s\l 9 ! next _w1 foll[+ closely ! indications ( ! old ritual1 & decl>+ h[ ! 8,respirations0 x conta9s 7 fir/ 8made by ,isis = h] bro!r ,osiris to give life to 8 s\l1 to give life to 8 body1 to rejuv5ate all 8 memb]s anew40 ,! s\l ( ! ,osirian is said to 8live0 by means ( ! book t is ?us provid$ = him1 = he 8has receiv$ ! ,book ( ,respirations1 t he may brea! ) 8 s\l 444 t he may make any trans=mation at 8 w 444 t 8 s\l may g :]ev] x desire?407#afj7 ,we are rem9d$ 9 ^! words ( ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,revelation 7xxii4 #g1 #ah1 #ai74 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 ! olde/ ( ! sacr$ books ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 also 9 univ]sal use4 ,:atev] o!r articles ( belief he may h held1 ! ,egyptian ( ! hi/orical age 0 be=e all ?+s else a foll[] ( ,osiris4 ,x 0 z an ,osirian t he hop$ to trav]se ! regions t lay beyond ! tomb1 & ^: geography & inhabitants 7 reveal$ to him 9 ! ,osirian ritual4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 accord+ly1 ! ,book ( ! ,dead may be t]m$ ! ,bible ( ! ,egyptians4 ,b x 0 n )\t rivals4 ,we h se5 t ev5 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead ! heav5 ( ,osiris is n ! only heav5 to :i* ! dead may look =w>d4 ,osiris has a rival 9 ! sun-god1 & a place 9 ! sol> b>k seems almo/ z mu* covet$ z a place 9 ! fields ( ,alu4 ,! sol> cult ( ,heliopolis _h inde$ to yield to ! m popul> cult ( ,osiris1 b x 0 on condition t ! cult ( ,osiris recognis$ & admitt$ x4 ,to be a foll[] ( ,osiris did n prev5t ! believ+ ,egyptian f be+ also a foll[] ( ! god ,ra4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,!ban p]iod ! sol> cult receiv$ a fre% impulse & develop$ a new life4 ,! attempt ( ,khu-n-,at5 to e/abli% a new fai?1 ! outw>d symbol ( :i* 0 ! sol> disc1 0 b an indication ( ! g5]al tr5d ( religi\s ?\ght1 & ! ,asiatic conque/s ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y introduc$ into ,egypt ! wor%ip & cre$ ( ! sun-god ,baal4 ,"o by "o ! gods 7 id5tifi$ ) ,ra2 ,amon himself became ,amon-,ra1 & ! local deity ( ,!bes pass$ into a pan!i/ic sun-god4 ,x 0 "u ^! conditions t a new ritual 0 compil$ = ! educat$ classes ( ,egypt1 or at all ev5ts 0 adopt$ by ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is 0 ! ,book ,am ,duat1 ! ,book ( ! ,o!r ,_w4 ,copies ( x are writt5 on ! walls ( ! d>k *amb]s 9 ! rock-cut labyr9?s :]e9 ! k+s ( ! ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies 7 laid to re/4 ,9 ! tomb ( ,seti ,i4 we f9d two v]sions1 "o 9 :i* ! text is giv5 9 full1 ano!r 9 :i* ! usual plan is foll[$ ( giv+ only ! la/ five sections completely1 :ile extracts alone are tak5 f ! fir/ sev54 ,! text is pr(usely illu/rat$ by pictures1 9 ord] t ! dead might h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! words ( ! ritual1 or 9 recognis+ ! fri5ds & enemies he w\ld meet 9 ! o!r _w4 ,unlike ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! ,book ,am ,duat is a sy/ematic treatise1 :i* be>s ! /amp ( individual au?or%ip4 ,x is an apocalypse re/+ on an a/ronomical f\ndation1 & is1 9 fact1 a m9ute & detail$ acc\nt ( ! passage ( ! sun-god along ! heav5ly riv] ,ur-nes dur+ ! twelve h\rs ( ! night4 ,ea* h\r is repres5t$ by a sep>ate locality 9 ! _w ( d>kness1 enclos$ )9 gates1 & gu>d$ by fire-brea?+ s]p5ts & simil> mon/]s4 ,z ! b>k ( ! sun-god glides along1 ! gates are successively op5$ by ! magical p[] ( ! words he utt]s1 & _! gu>dians receive him 9 peace4 ,imm$iately he has pass$ ! gates close beh9d him1 & ! region he has left is once m envelop$ 9 d>kness4 ,b ?\gh he is ?us able to illum9ate = ! brief space ( an h\r ! sev]al regions ( ! o!r _w1 x is n z ! liv+ sun-god ( day t he voyages along ! inf]nal riv]1 b z 8! fle% ( ,ra0--t is to say1 z t mortal "p ( 8 nature :i* alone c\ld die & ent] ! realm ( ! dead4 ,! riv] is a duplicate ( ! ,nile1 ) its /rip ( bank on ei!r side1 its fields & cities1 ev5 its nomes1 :]e9 ! god1 l ! ,ph>aoh1 assigns l& & duties to 8 foll[]s4 ,= ! foll[]s ( ,ra h a v diff]5t lot be=e !m f t :i* await$ ! foll[]s ( ,osiris4 ,!re 0 no l& ( ev]la/+ light & happ9ess to :i* !y c\ld look =w>d1 nor 0 _! de/9y h]eaft] dep5d5t on _! conduct 9 ?is life4 ,_! supreme end 0 to accompany ! sun-god 9 8 b>k z he pass$ ea* night ?r\gh ! twelve regions ( ! dead1 & ?is c\ld be atta9$ only by a k ( ! ritual ( ,am ,duat & ! my/ic =mul x conta9$4 ,few1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :o />t$ ) ! sun-god on 8 nocturnal voyage rema9$ ) him to ! la/2 mo/ ( !m 7 /opp$ 9 ! regions ?r\gh :i* he pass$1 :]e fields 7 grant$ !m ^: produce !y might enjoy1 & :]e ea* night = a s+le h\r !y =m$ z x 7 a bodygu>d ar\nd ! god & liv$ once m 9 ! light4 ,ev5 ! k+s ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt 7 condemn$ to dwell = ev] 9 ?is gloomy ,hades1 along ) ,osiris & ! ,kh or lum9\s s\ls ( an e>li] fai?4 ,^? :o 7 happy en\gh by virtue ( _! k & spells to em]ge ) ,ra into ! dawn ( a new day1 h5ce=? _h _! home 9 ! sol> b>k1 & 7 absorb$ into ! p]son ( ! god4 ,b x 0 n only ! fri5ds & foll[]s ( ,ra :o ?us accompani$ him 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! o!r _w2 8 enemies 7 !re also1 & ! horrible puni%m5ts !y _h to endure1 z depict$ on ! walls ( ! royal tombs1 7 wor?y ( ! imag9ation ( a ,dante4 ,! banks ( ! inf]nal riv] 7 l9$ ) /range & t]rible mon/]s1 "s ( !m ! old] deities & spirits ( ! popul> cre$1 o!rs m]e creations ( symbolism1 o!rs creatures ( composite =m to ^: inv5tion ! old] my?ology contribut$4 ,fire-brea?+ s]p5ts are prom95t among !m1 light+ up ! d>kness = ! fri5ds ( ,ra1 & burn+ 8 foes ) _! poison\s flames47#afa7 ,! artificial "* ( ?is picture ( ! o!r _w is cle> at ! fir/ glance4 ,) ! p$antic att5tion to details :i* *>act]is$ ! ,egyptian1 e "p ( x has be5 c>efully elaborat$4 ,! names & =ms ( ! p]sonages :o /& on ! banks ( ! inf]nal riv] or ent] ! boat ( ,ra1 z ) ea* successive h\r he passes into a new region1 are all giv52 ev5 ! exact area ( ea* region is /at$1 ?\gh ! measurem5ts d n agree 9 all ! v]sions ( ! book4 ,b ! be/ pro( ( its artificial nature is to be f\nd 9 a fact fir/ po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,masp]o4 ,two ( ! old] conceptions ( ! o!r _w & ! life beyond ! grave1 :i* diff]$ ess5tially f ! sol> doctr9e1 are emb$d$ 9 x1 b emb$d$ z x 7 p]=ce4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? h\rs or regions we h a picture ( ! future life z x 0 conceiv$ by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,sok>is 9 ! primitive days ( ,memphis2 9 ! six? & sev5?1 ! tribunal & p>adise ( ,osiris4 ,! k+dom ( ,sok>is repres5t$ t dre>y conception ( an aft]-exi/5ce :i* 0 associat$ ) ! ka4 ,l ! mummy1 ! ka 0 condemn$ to live 9 ! d>k *amb] ( ! tomb1 :5ce x crept =? at night to consume ! food t _h be5 (f]$ to x1 & )\t :i* x 0 doom$ to p]i%4 ,long be=e ! age :5 ! ,book ( ,am ,duat 0 writt51 ?is primitive belief _h pass$ away f ! m9ds ( m52 b ! tradition ( x /ill l+]$1 & _h secur$ a p]man5t place 9 ! !ological lore ( ,egypt4 ,x has accord+ly be5 annex$ z x 7 by ! au?or ( ! book1 & trans=m$ into two ( ! regions ( ! night ?r\gh :i* ! sol> b>k has to pass4 ,b ! t]ms 9 :i* ! k+dom ( ,sok>is _h be5 describ$ 7 too /]eotyp$ to be ignor$ or alt]$1 & ! sol> b>k is accord+ly made to pass above ! primitive ,hades1 ! voices ( ^: inhabitants are he>d ris+ up 9 an indi/9ct murmur ?\gh _! =ms are conceal$ f view4 ,a memory is pres]v$ ev5 ( ! s&y des]t ( ,giza & ,saqqra1 :]e ! inhabitants ( ,memphis 7 buri$1 & ov] :i* ,sok>is rul$ z "l ( ! dead4 ,! realm ( ,sok>is is pictur$ z an enclosure ( s&1 flank$ on ei!r side by a half-buri$ sph9x4 ,! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,am ,duat has dealt ) ! heav5 ( ,osiris z he has done ) ! ,hades ( ,sok>is4 ,osiris & 8 p>adise h be5 transport$ bodily to ! nocturnal pa? ( ! sun-god1 & condemn$ to receive :at little light is h5ce=? all[$ !m f ! nightly passage ( ! sol> b>k4 ,?o? guides ! b>k to ! city :i* conta9s ! tomb ( ,osiris1 t my/]i\s h\se :]e9 are ! f\r human =ms ( ! god4 ,on ! way ! s]p5t ,neha-hir has to be ov]come2 he is b ano!r =m ( ! s]p5t ,apophis1 ! enemy ( ,ra1 :o ?us takes ! place ( ,set1 ! enemy ( ,osiris4 ,:5 ! six? region is pass$1 :i* is a sort ( ve/ibule to ! 8retreat0 ( ,osiris 9 ! sev5?1 o!r enemies ( ,osiris--( :om1 h[ev]1 ! ,osirian doctr9e knew b little--are be+ put to dea? 9 true sol> fa%ion4 ,p]haps ! mo/ notewor?y fact 9 ?is description ( ! k+dom ( ,osiris is1 t n only all ! gods ( ! ,osirian cycle are relegat$ to x1 includ+ ! hawk ,horus1 b also ! ,kh or lum9\s manes & ! anci5t k+s ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! fact po9ts unmi/akably to ! great antiquity ( ! ,osirian cre$4 ,x w5t back to a "t :5 z yet ! ,egyptian mon>*y 0 n unit$1 & :5 ! kh or lum9\s s\l held ! same place 9 ,egyptian ?\ght z _h be5 held at an e>li] "t by ! ka & lat] by ! s\l or ba4 ,s und\bt$ 0 ! fact t ! old ,ph>aohs ( primeval ,egypt _h di$ 9 ! ,osirian fai?1 t ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,am ,duat c\ld n disreg>d x2 he 0 =c$ to place ! pr$ecessors ( a ,seti or a ,ramses1 = :om ! book 0 copi$1 9 "o ( ! murky regions ( ! o!r _w in/ead ( 9 ! sol> b>k4 ,!y _h be5 foll[]s ( ,osiris & n ( ,ra1 & !re 0 accord+ly no place = !m 9 ! boat ( ! sun-god4 ,osiris is ?us subord9at$ to ! sun4 ,! god ( ! dead is n all[$ to rule ev5 9 8 own doma9s4 ,su* light & life z are graci\sly p]mitt$ to him come f ! pass+ ( ! sol> b>k once 9 ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,he has lo/ ! bright & happy fields ( ,alu1 he has _h to quit ev5 ! judgm5t-hall :]e he decid$ ! lot ( man4 ,osiris & 8 cre$ are depos$ to make way = ano!r god ) ano!r & a l[] =m ( doctr9e4 ,! fact 0 s pat5t1 t a second sol> apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ord] to smoo? x away4 ,?is 0 ! ,book ( ! ,gates or ( ,hades1 a copy ( :i* is also inscrib$ 9 ! tomb ( ,seti4 ,x diff]s only 9 details f ! ,book ,am ,duat2 ! ma9 outl9es ( ! latt]1 ) ! passage ( ! sol> b>k ?r\gh ! twelve h\rs or regions ( ! night1 rema9 unalt]$4 ,b ! details v>y consid]ably4 ,! gates :i* %ut ! h\rs (f "o f ! o!r become =tifi$ pylons1 gu>d$ by s]p5ts brea?+ fire4 ,! ,hades ( ,sok>is is suppress$1 & ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris is introduc$ betwe5 ! fif? & six? h\rs4 ,! object ( ! judgm5t1 h[ev]1 seems m]ely ! puni%m5t ( ! enemies ( ! god1 :o are ti$ to /akes & f9ally burn$ or o!rwise put to dea? 9 ! eigh? h\r4 ,among !m appe>s ,set 9 ! =m ( a sw9e1 :o is driv5 out ( ! hall ( judgm5t by a cynocephal\s ape4 ,z = ! righte\s1 !y are /ill all[$ to cultivate ! fields ( ! k+dom ( ,osiris2 b x is a k+dom :i* is plung$ 9 d>kness except dur+ ! brief space ( "t :5 ! b>k ( ! sun-god floats ?r\gh x4 ,osiris1 nev]!less1 is ackn[l$g$ z "l ( ! _w ( ! dead1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,book ,am ,duat1 :i* assigns him only a portion ( x2 & :5 ! sun-god em]ges into ! _w ( light at ! end ( ! twelf? h\r1 x is by pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,nut1 ! sky1 :o /&s on ! body ( ,osiris1 8:i* encircles ! o!r _w40 ,nor is ! s]p5t ,apophis1 ! enemy ( ,ra1 conf\nd$ ) ,set2 8 ov]?r[ by ,tum takes place 9 ! fir/ h\r1 be=e ! tribunal ( ,osiris is rea*$4 ,! !ology ( ! two books resembles ! ,taoism ( ,*9a 9 its id5tification ( religion ) ! k ( magical =mul4 ,! moral elem5t :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,osirian fai? has disappe>$1 & salvation is made to dep5d on ! k ( a my/ical apocalypse4 ,only ! ri* & cultivat$ h h5ce=? a *ance ( obta9+ x4 ,& ev5 = !m ! prospect 0 dre>y en\gh4 ,a few--! inn]mo/ circle ( disciples--might look =w>d to absorption into ! sun-god1 :i* practically meant a loss ( individuality2 = ! re/ !re 0 only a _w ( d>kness & inaction1 :]e all t made life enjoyable to ! ,egyptian 0 abs5t4 ,! au?or ( ! ,book ( ! ,gates gives expression to ! fact :5 he tells u t z ! la/ gate ( ! o!r _w closes beh9d ! sun-god1 ! s\ls :o are left 9 d>kness groan heavily4 ,to su* an end _h ! le>n$ !ology ( ,egypt br\ght bo? ! p & _! gods6 ,we ne$ n wond] t "u ! influ5ce ( su* tea*+ ! intellectual classes fell m & m into a hopeless scepticism1 :i* saw 9 dea? ! loss ( all t we mo/ prize "h bel[4 ,on ! "o side1 we h sceptical treatises l ! dialogue betwe5 ! jackal & ! ,e?iopian cat1 :]e ! cat1 :o repres5ts ! old-fa%ion$ or?odoxy1 has by f> ! wor/ ( ! argum5t27#afb7 on ! o!r side1 ! dirge on ! dea? ( ! wife ( ! high prie/ ( ,memphis1 :i* ,i h quot$ 9 an e>li] lecture-- 8,! und]world is a l& ( ?ick d>kness1 ,a sorr[ful place = ! dead4 ,!y sleep1 aft] _! guise1 nev] to awak540 ,x 0 bett]1 inde$1 t x %\ld be s ?an t !y %\ld awak5 only to lead ! exi/5ce :i* ! ,book ( ,am ,duat describes4 ,h[ f> ! doctr9es ( ! sol> !ology ext5d$ beyond ! n>r[ circle 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 x is difficult to say4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case !y c\ld n become popul>1 z !y />t$ f an assumption ( esot]ic k4 ,we "k t ! majority ( ! ,egyptians cont9u$ to hold to ! ,osirian cre$ up to ! la/ days ( paganism--or at all ev5ts !y pr(ess$ to d s--& z long z ! ,osirian cre$ 0 reta9$ ! moral elem5t 9 religion 0 recognis$4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 ! sol> !ology triumph$4 ,! gods ( ,egypt1 includ+ ,osiris himself1 7 id5tifi$ ) ! sun-god1 & became =ms or manife/ations ( ,ra4 ,egyptian religion became pan!i/ic2 ! div9ity 0 discov]$ ev]y:]e1 & ! %ad[y & imp]sonal =ms ( ! anci5t deities 7 m+l$ toge!r 9 hopeless confusion4 ,x seem$ h>dly to matt] :i* 0 invok$1 = ea* 0 all & all 7 ea*4 ,gno/icism 0 ! natural daught] ( ! sol> !ology4 ,! doctr9e t k is salvation & t ! gods ( ! popul> cult are manife/ations ( ! sun-god1 0 appli$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( evil4 ,evil became ! result ( imp]fection & ignorance1 necess>ily inh]5t 9 matt]1 & aris+ f ! fact t ! creation is due to ! la/ ( a long s]ies ( ons or emanations f ! supreme ,god4 ,! ons are ! legitimate desc5dants ( ! manifold deities :om ! ,egyptian prie/s _h resolv$ into =ms ( ,ra1 :ile ! id5tification ( evil ) ! necess>y imp]fection ( matt] deprives x ( a moral elem5t1 & f9ds a rem$y = x 9 ! gnosis or 8k0 ( ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,ev5 ! /range mon/]s & symbolic figures :i* play s l>ge a "p 9 ! sol> revelation are reproduc$ 9 ,gno/icism4 ,abraxas & ! o!r curi\sly composite creatures engrav$ on ,gno/ic gems h all sprung f ! ,books ( ,am ,duat & ! ,gates1 along ) ! allegorical mean+s t 7 read into !m4 ,h[ev] mu* ! sol> s*ool ( !ology may h be5 = ! old religion ( ,egypt a tea*+ ( dea?1 9 ! ,gno/icism ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies x 0 born anew4 ,lecture ,,ix4 ,! ,popul> ,religion ,( ,egypt4 ,?us f> ,i h dealt ) ! (ficial religion ( anci5t ,egypt1 ) ! religion ( ! prie/s & pr9ces1 ! scribes & educat$ classes4 ,?is is naturally ! religion ( :i* we "k mo/4 ,! monum5ts t h come d[n to u are = ! mo/ "p lit]>y & ar*itectural1 & en%r9e ! ideas & beliefs ( ! cultivat$ "p ( ! community4 ,! papyri 7 writt5 = ^? :o c\ld read & write1 ! temples 7 erect$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 & ! texts & figures ) :i* !y 7 adorn$ 7 engrav$ or pa9t$ on _! walls "u prie/ly direction4 ,! sculptur$ & decorat$ tomb1 ! pa9t$ mummy-case1 ! co/ly s>cophagus1 ! roll ( papyrus t 0 buri$ ) ! dead1 7 all alike ! privilege ( ! weal?y & ! educat$4 ,! grave t conta9$ ! body ( ! poor conta9$ little else ?an ! co>se c]e-clo?s 9 :i* x 0 wrapp$4 ,our k1 !re=e1 ( ! religion ( ! p1 ( ! popul> religion z di/+ui%$ f ! religion ( (ficial or?odoxy1 is1 & mu/ be1 imp]fect4 ,we h to ga!r x f ! traces x has left 9 ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 f /ray ref]5ces to x 9 lit]ature1 f a few r>e monum5ts :i* h come d[n to u1 f its survivals 9 ! mod]n folk-lore & sup]/itions ( ,egypt1 or f its influ5ce on ! decay+ fai? ( ! classical age4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a popul> religion by ! side ( ! (ficial religion1 j z !re is 9 all c\ntries :i* possess an organis$ fai?4 ,& if x is difficult to und]/& fully ! religion ( ! un$ucat$ classes 9 ,we/]n ,europe to-day1 or to realise _! po9t ( view1 x mu/ be mu* m difficult to d s 9 ! case ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,"h our mat]ials are scanty1 & ! v fact t we "k z mu* z we d ab\t ! religion ( ! upp] class makes x additionally h>d] to e/imate !m aright4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! fellah9 7 desc5d$ f ! e>li] neoli?ic population ( ,egypt1 :om ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians f\nd already settl$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 a =m] lecture ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t !y 7 feti%-wor%ipp]s1 & t among _! feti%es animals 7 especially prom95t4 ,!y _h no prie/s1 = feti%ism is incompatible ) a prie/hood 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,nei!r did !y embalm _! dead2 all ^? beliefs & ideas1 !re=e1 :i* 7 connect$ ) a prie/hood & ! practice ( embalm+ mu/ h come to !m f )\t2 ! gods & sac]dotal colleges ( ! ,/ate religion1 ! ,osirian cre$1 & ! belief 9 ! resurrection1 mu/ h be5 = !m ( =eign orig94 ,& ( =eign orig9 !y d\btless rema9$ to ! bulk ( ! nation d[n to ! la/ days ( paganism4 ,amon & ,ra & ,osiris 7 inde$ famili> names1 ! temple fe/ivals 7 duly obs]v$1 & ! processions 9 hon\r ( ! ,/ate gods duly att5d$2 & aft] ! age ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 :5 ! fusion betwe5 ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! population 0 complet$1 ! practice ( mummification became g5]al2 b ! names ( ! ,/ate gods 7 names only1 to :i* ! peasant atta*$ a v diff]5t mean+ f t :i* (ficial or?odoxy dem&$4 ,he /ill wor%ipp$ ! tree ^: %ady bran*es arose on ! edge ( ! des]t or at ! corn] ( 8 field1 or br\ght 8 (f]+s to "s animal1 9 :i* he saw n a symbol or an inc>nation ( ,horus & ,sekhet1 b an actual hawk & cat4 ,h[ deeply root$ ?is belief 9 ! div9ity ( animals 0 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 is %[n by ! fact t ! ,/ate religion _h to recognise x j z ,mohamm$ _h p]=ce to recognise ! sanctity ( ! 8,black ,/one0 ( ! ,kaaba4 ,z we h se51 ! second k+ ( ! ,second ,?9ite ,dyna/y is said to h legalis$ ! wor%ip ( ! bull ,apis ( ,memphis1 ,mnevis ( ,heliopolis1 & ! ram ( ,m5des2 & ?\gh ! (ficial explanation 0 t ^! animals 7 b inc>nations ( ,pta & ,ra to :om ! wor%ip 0 really address$1 x 0 an explanation ab\t :i* ! p nei!r knew nor c>$4 ,! div9e hon\rs !y paid to ! bulls & ram 7 paid to ! animals !mselves1 & n to ! gods ( ! prie/ly cult4 ,"h & !re a few evid5ces h be5 pres]v$ to u t su* 0 ! fact4 ,9 ! tomb ( ,ra-zes]-ka-s5eb1 = in/ance1 at ,!bes1 ! arti/ has introduc$ a picture ( a peasant mak+ 8 morn+ pray] to a sycamore :i* /&s at ! end ( a corn-field1 :ile (f]+s ( fruit & bread & wat] are plac$ on ! gr\nd beside x47#afc7 ,! (ficial religion endeav\r$ to legalise ?is old tree wor%ip mu* 9 ! same way z ,*ri/ianity endeav\r$ to legalise ! old wor%ip ( spr+s1 by atta*+ ! tree to ! s]vice ( a god1 & see+ 9 x "o ( ! =ms 9 :i* ! deity manife/$ himself4 ,?us 8! sycamore ( ! s\?0 became ! body ( ,ha?or1 ^: head 0 depict$ appe>+ f its bran*es1 :ile opposite ,sit x 0 ,hor-pes :o took ! goddess's place47#afd7 ,l o!r beliefs & practices :i* g back to ! neoli?ic population ( ,egypt1 ! anci5t tree wor%ip is n yet ext9ct4 ,on ei!r side ( ! ,nile sacr$ trees are to be f\nd1 "u :i* ! (f]+ ( bread & wat] is /ill set1 ?\gh ! god ( ! (ficial cult ( ,ph>aonic ,egypt1 to :om ! wor%ip 0 nom9ally paid1 has be5 succe$$ by a ,mohamm$an sa9t4 ,by ! side ( ! tree (t5 rises ! :ite dome ( ! tomb ( a 8%kh10 to :om ! place is d$icat$1 rem9d+ u ( a picture copi$ by ,wilk9son 9 a sepul*re at ,h1 9 :i* a small *apel1 repres5t+ ! tomb ( ,osiris1 /&s by ! side ( a tree on ^: bran*es is p]*$ ! b5nu or phnix47#afe7 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! trees1 h[ev]1 t ( ,mat>ya1 is an object ( v5]ation to ! ,*ri/ian r ?an to ! ,mohamm$an4 ,! ,holy ,family1 x is said1 once re/$ "u its bran*es dur+ _! flight into ,egypt2 9 reality x repres5ts a sycamore 9 :i* ! s\l ( ,ra ( ,heliopolis mu/ h be5 believ$ to dwell4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o has drawn att5tion to c]ta9 /el 9 ! museum ( ,tur91 :i* %[ h[1 ev5 9 ! l[] middle class1 x 0 ! animal itself & n ! (ficial god inc>nat$ 9 x t 0 ! object ( wor%ip4 ,on "o ( !m1 :i* belongs to ! age ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 huge figures ( a swall[ & a cat are pa9t$1 ) a table ( (f]+s /&+ be=e !m1 z well z two kneel+ scribes1 :ile ! accompany+ inscriptions tell u t x 0 to 8! good0 swall[ & ! 8good0 cat1 & n to any ( ! ,/ate gods :o may h hidd5 !mselves "u ^! animal =ms1 t fl[]s 7 be+ (f]$ & pray]s made4 ,on ano!r /ela we f9d two pet cats1 :o are sitt+ on a %r9e & fac+ "o ano!r1 & :om _! mi/resses--two ( ! wom5 :o wail$ at fun]als--adore 9 precisely ! same language z t :i* 0 us$ ( ,osiris or ,amon47#aff7 ,9 ! qu>ries nor? ( ,qurna is a simil> repres5tation ( a c[ & a cobra1 :i* /& face to face ) a table ( (f]+s betwe5 !m1 :ile a wor%ipp] kneels at ! side1 & a half-oblit]at$ inscription conta9s ! usual =mul ( adoration47#afg7 ,/ill m curi\s is a /ela1 n[ 9 ! museum ( ,cairo1 on :i* an ox is repres5t$ inside a %r9e1 :ile und]nea? x is a ,greek inscription decl>+ t ! 8,kretan0 :o _h d$icat$ ! monum5t c\ld int]pret dreams1 ?anks to ! comm&m5t ( 8! god40 ,! god1 x w be notic$1 is n ,apis1 b an ord9>y ox4 ,b ( all ! animals :o ?us cont9u$ to be ! real gods ( ! p 9 spite ( prie/ly tea*+ & ,/ate end[m5ts1 none 7 s num]\s or 7 s univ]sally fe>$ & v5]at$ z ! snakes4 ,! s]p5t 0 ador$ :]e ,amon 0 b a "n1 & :]e ,ra 0 look$ ^u z belong+1 l f9e horses & clo!s1 to ! ri* & ! mighty4 ,! prom95ce ( ! s]p5t 9 ,egyptian my?ology & symbolism indicates h[ pl5tiful & dang]\s x mu/ h be5 9 ! e>ly days ( ,egypt1 & :at a la/+ impression x made ^u ! native m9d4 ,:5 ! banks ( ! ,nile 7 an un9habitable morass1 & ! neoli?ic tribes built _! huts 9 ! des]t1 ! snake mu/ inde$ h be5 a =midable dang]4 ,! mo/ deadly /ill frequ5t ! des]t2 x is only 9 ! cultivat$ l& t !y are comp>atively r>e4 ,9 ,egypt1 z else:]e1 ! cultivation ( ! soil & ! habits ( civilis$ life h dim9i%$ _! numb]1 & driv5 !m into ! solitudes ( ! wild]ness4 ,b :5 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians fir/ arriv$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 :5 ! swamps 7 be+ dra9$1 ! jungle cle>$ away1 & ! l& s[n ) ! :eat ( ,babylonia1 ! s]p5t 0 /ill "o ( ! p]ils ( daily life4 ,a folk-tale :i* has be5 appropriat$ & spoilt by ! prie/ly compil]s ( ! leg5d ( ,ra1 tells h[ ! sun-god 0 bitt5 by a v5om\s snake :i* lay 9 8 pa?1 & h[ ! poison ran ?r\gh 8 ve9s l fire4 ,! symbol ( royalty adopt$ by ! e>lie/ ,ph>aohs 0 ! cobra2 x symbolis$ ! irresi/ible might & deadly p[] ( ! conqu]+ *iefta9 :i*1 l ! dread$ cobra ( ! des]t1 ov]came ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 & compell$ !m to reg>d him ) ! same awe & t]ror z ! s]p5t itself4 ,d[n to ! la/ ! embalm]s & grav$igg]s & o!rs :o _h to att5d to ! fun]al arrangem5ts ( ! dead1 & consequ5tly liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! necropolis1 7 m expos$ to ! *ances ( snake-bite ?an ! inhabitants ( ! cultivat$ l&4 ,! necropolis 0 inv>iably 9 ! des]t1 & ! nature ( _! occupation oblig$ !m to excavate ! s& or visit ! d>k *amb]s ( ! dead :]e ! snake glid$ unse54 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! v5]ation ( ! snake 0 especially /rong among ! population ( ! cemet]ies4 ,^? :o inhabit$ ! necropolis ( ,!bes h left u pray]s & d$ications to ! goddess ,m]t-seg]1 :o is repres5t$ z a cobra or "s equally deadly s]p5t1 ?\gh at times %e is dec5tly veil$ "u ! "n ( an (ficial deity4 ,once h] place is tak5 by two snakes1 at ano!r "t by a doz5 ( !m4 ,%e 01 9 fact1 ! tutel>y goddess ( ! necropolis1 & h5ce receiv$ ! title ( 8! ,we/]n ,cre/0--t is to say1 ! cre/ ( ! we/]n hills1 :]e ! e>lie/ tombs ( ,!bes 7 situat$4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o has translat$ an int]e/+ inscription made 9 h] hon\r by "o ( ! workm5 employ$ 9 ! cemet]y4 8,adoration to ! ,we/]n ,cre/10 x beg9s1 8pro/rations be=e h] d\ble6 ,i make my adoration1 li/56 ,ev] s9ce ,i walk$ on ! e>? & 0 an att5dant 9 ! ,place ( ,tru? 7! cemet]y71 a man1 ignorant & fooli%1 :o knew n good f evil1 ,i committ$ _m s9s aga9/ ! goddess ( ! ,cre/1 & %e puni%$ me4 ,i 0 "u h] h& night & day2 :ile ,i c[]$ on ! b$ l a woman ) *ild1 ,i cri$ = brea?1 & no brea? came to me1 = ,i 0 pursu$ by ! ,we/]n ,cre/1 ! mightie/ ( all ! gods1 ! goddess ( ! place2 & behold ,i w decl>e to all1 great & small1 among ! workm5 ( ! necropolis3 ,bew>e ( ! ,cre/1 = !re is a lion 9 h]1 & %e /rikes l a lion t bewit*es1 & %e is on ! track ( all :o s9 aga9/ h]6 ,s ,i cri$ to my mi/ress1 & %e came to me z a s(t breeze1 %e unit$ h]self ) me1 caus+ me to feel h] h&2 %e return$ to me 9 peace1 & made me =get my tr\bles by giv+ me brea?4 ,= ! ,we/]n ,cre/ is appeas$ :5 ! cry is made to h]2--s says ,nef]-ab1 ! ju/ifi$4 ,he says3 ,behold1 he>1 all e>s :o live on e>?1 bew>e ( ! ,we/]n ,cre/607#afh7 ,x is cle> t ,nef]-ab suff]$ f a/hma1 t he believ$ x _h be5 inflict$ ^u him by ! local goddess = "s s9 he _h committ$ aga9/ h]1 & t he fur!r believ$ 8 p5it5ce & cry = help to h induc$ h] to come to him & cure him4 ,& ?is goddess 0 a snake4 ,"h1 9 ! necropolis ( ,!bes1 !re=e1 ! snake play$ ! same "p z a heal] t x did 9 ! wor%ip ( ,asklpios4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! fir/ temple rais$ to sculapius at ,rome 0 built aft] a plague1 f :i* ! city 0 suppos$ to h be5 deliv]$ by a s]p5t hidd5 9 ! m>%es ( ! ,tib]4 ,! s]p5t t de/roys also heals2 by ! side ( ,kakodmon !re is also ! good snake ,aga?odmon4 ,m]t-seg]1 ! s]p5t ( ! necropolis1 did n :olly escape ! patronage ( ! ,/ate religion4 ,l ! local cults ( aborig9al ,india ov] :i* ,bramanism has ?r[n its mantle1 ! cult ( ,m]t-seg] 0 n left :olly unnotic$ by ! organis$ religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,a *apel 0 erect$ to h] 9 ! or?odox =m1 & x is f ?is *apel t mo/ ( ! /el h come :i* h reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( ! old wor%ip4 ,9 "s ( !m ,m]t-seg] is id5tifi$ ) ,mut1 or ev5 ) ,isis2 b su* an id5tification 0 nev] accept$ or und]/ood by h] illit]ate wor%ipp]s4 ,= !m %e cont9u$ to be :at %e _h be5 to _! =efa!rs1 simply a s]p5t & no?+ m4 ,! old fai? has surviv$ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o discov]$ t ! local ,mohamm$an sa9t1 ^: tomb is n f> f ! anci5t *apel ( ,m]t-seg]1 is /ill believ$ to "w miracles ( heal+4 ,he has tak5 ! place ( ! s]p5t goddess2 t is all47#afi7 ,! s]p5t1 h[ev]1 0 n always v5]at$ because x 0 fe>$4 ,x liv$ und]gr\nd1 & 0 ?us1 9 a special s5se1 ! olde/ inhabitant ( ! l&1 & ! gu>dian ( ! soil4 ,! ,telmessians told ,krsus t x 0 8a *ild ( ! e>?407#agj7 ,! h>mless snakes t frequ5t ! village h\ses ( mod]n ,egypt are /ill reg>d$ z ! 8protectors0 ( ! h\sehold4 ,! b[l ( milk is provid$ = !m z regul>ly z x once 0 9 ,wales = ! fairies1 & _m tales are told ( ! puni%m5t a neglect ( ! h\sehold arrs or 8gu>dian0 w entail4 ,= its poison cont9ues to exi/1 ?\gh held 9 res]ve1 & is communicable by o!r means ?an ! fangs4 ,at ,helwn ne> ,cairo1 = in/ance1 ,i 0 told ( "o ( ^! gu>dian snakes :i* once miss$ its female mate & suppos$ x _h be5 kill$4 ,!reupon x crept into ! zr or j> 9 :i* wat] is kept1 & poison$ ! wat] 9 x4 ,b ! female hav+ soon aft]w>ds made its appe>ance1 x 0 obs]v$ to glide into a bas9 ( milk1 !n to crawl along ! gr\nd s t ! clott$ du/ might adh]e to its body1 & aga9 to ent] ! zr4 ,z ! du/ f\l$ ! wat]1 ! p ( ! h\se knew t ! latt] mu/ h be5 poison$1 & accord+ly p\r$ x on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is case ! snake provid$ ! rem$y = ! mis*ief x _h ! p[] to cause47#aga7 ,b ! ,aga?odmon or s]p5t gu>dian ( ! h\se n only /ill survives among ! fellah9 ( ,egypt1 s]p5t wor%ip /ill holds undim9i%$ sway 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,9 a crat]-l holl[ ( ! m\nta9 cliff ( ,%kh ,h]d !re are two dom$ tombs1 d$icat$ n to a ,*ri/ian or a ,mohamm$an sa9t1 b to a snake & 8 female mate4 ,%kh ,h]d1 9 fact1 is a s]p5t1 & ! place he inhabits is holy gr\nd4 ,pilgrimages are made annually to x1 & ! fe/ival ( ! 8,%kh10 :i* takes place 9 ! mon? t foll[s ,ramadan1 is att5d$ by cr[ds ( sailors & o!r dev\t believ]s1 :o encamp = days toge!r 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! %r9e4 ,!y h no d\bt ab\t ! miracul\s p[]s possess$ by ! snake4 ,x is z ?ick z a man's ?igh1 &1 if treat$ irrev]5tly1 brea!s flames ( fire into ! face ( ! spectator1 :o imm$iately dies4 ,if x is cut 9 pieces1 ! pieces reunite ( _! own accord1 & ! blood fl[+ f !m m>ks a spot :]e gold is hidd5 9 ! gr\nd4 ,paul ,lucas1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 tells u t 9 8 "t x 0 call$ 8! angel10 & t %ortly be=e 8 visit to ! ,nile x _h cur$ a woman ( ,ekhmm ( p>alysis1 f :i* %e _h suff]$ = eight ye>s1 by simply crawl+ up into h] litt] :5 %e 0 br\ght to its dwell+-place4 ,paul ,lucas himself 0 a witness ( its sup]natural gifts4 ,x 0 br\ght to him by ! keep] ( ! %r9e :5 he 0 visit+ a ,bey on ! opposite side ( ! riv]4 ,sudd5ly x disappe>$1 & 0 n[h]e to be f\nd2 b a mess5g]1 :o 0 s5t po/ ha/e to ! %r9e1 return$ ) ! in=mation t 8! angel 0 already !re1 & _h advanc$ m ?an tw5ty /eps to meet ! d]vi% :o takes c>e ( x407#agb7 ,nord51 a few ye>s lat]1 has a simil> tale to relate4 ,he 0 told t ! s]p5t-sa9t 8nev] dies10 & t x 8cures & grants fav\rs to all ^? :o implore its aid & (f] sacrifices to x40 ,! cures 7 effect$ by ! m]e pres5ce ( ! snake1 :i* came 9 p]son to ^? :o desir$ its help4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 he adds1 admit ! miracul\s p[]s ( ! ,%kh equally ) ! ,mohamm$ans1 only !y expla9 !m z due to a demon :o clo!s himself 9 a s]p5t's =m47#agc7 ,sa9t or demon1 h[ev]1 ,%kh ,h]d is really ! l9eal desc5dant ( a s]p5t :i* has be5 wor%ipp$ 9 its neighb\rhood s9ce ! prehi/oric days ( ,egypt4 ,a bronze s]p5t ) ! head ( ,zeus ,s]apis has be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nds ( ,b5wt1 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,nile1 :i* face ! entrance to ! %r9e ( ! ,%kh2 & ! nome 9 :i* ! %r9e is situat$ 0 t ( ,du-,hefi1 8! m\nta9 ( ! snake40 ,! s]p5t ( ,%kh ,h]d1 ) 8 miracul\s p[]s ( heal+1 mu/ ?us h be5 already fam\s 9 ! days :5 ! nomes ( ,upp] ,egypt fir/ receiv$ _! names4 ,! old neoli?ic population ( ! des]t mu/ h already v5]at$ ! snake t dwelt 9 ! cleft ( ! rock above :i* n[ rises ! sacr$ 8tomb0 ( ,%kh ,h]d47#agd7 ,! fai? ( ! p dies h>d4 ,! gods & goddesses1 ! !ology & speculations ( ! (ficial religion ( ,egypt1 h pass$ away1 b ! old beliefs & sup]/itions :i* 7 already 9 possession ( ! l& :5 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians fir/ ent]$ x1 h surviv$ bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism4 ,! !ological sy/ems ( ,heliopolis or ,!bes are l ! sacr$ trees1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*we9fur?17#age7 7 br\ght f ,s\!rn ,arabia along ) ! deities ) ^: cult !y 7 associat$2 :5 ! deities !mselves ceas$ to be wor%ipp$1 ! trees also ceas$ to be cultivat$1 & s disappe>$ f a soil :]e9 !y _h be5 b exotics4 ,b ! religion ( ! great mass ( ! p rema9$ root$ z x 7 9 ! soil1 l ! palm or ! acacia4 ,x fl[$ l a /rong curr5t "u ! surface ( ! !ology ( ! ,/ate1 contemptu\sly tol]at$ by ! latt]1 & 9 its turn b little affect$ by x4 ,! !ology ( ! ,/ate might incorporate & adapt ! beliefs ( ! multitude2 to ! multitude ! ,/ate !ology 0 a 8tale ( little mean+1 ?\gh ! words 7 /rong40 ,if we w\ld "k :at ! bulk ( ! p ?\ght ( ^? deities :om ! high] classes reg>d$ z manife/ations ( a s+le ineffable & omnipot5t div9e p[]1 we mu/ turn to ! folk-tales :i* 7 tak5 up & disfigur$ by ! rationalis+ prie/s ( a lat] p]iod1 :5 !y comb9$ toge!r 9 a connect$ /ory all t _h be5 said ab\t ! gods ( ! local sanctu>ies4 ,ea* sanctu>y came to possess its euhem]is+ leg5d ( ! *ief div9ity to :om x 0 consecrat$2 ! div9ity 0 trans=m$ into an e>?ly k+1 & 8 hi/ory 0 concoct$ p>tly out ( popul> tales1 associat$ = ! mo/ "p ) p>ticul> relics & *>ms1 p>tly f =c$ etymologies ( prop] names4 ,at h[ e>ly a date ^! artificial leg5ds fir/ came into exi/5ce we d n "k1 b we already meet ) examples ( !m 9 ! "t ( ! ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies4 ,!y belong1 h[ev]1 to ! age :5 ! rationali/ic process ( resolv+ ! gods into human pr9ces _h already begun1--! c\nt] side ( ! process t _h turn$ ! ,ph>aoh into a god1--& _! artificial "* is betray$ by ! attempt to extract hi/ory f le>n$ b unsci5tific explanations ( ! orig9 ( local & o!r names4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is "o :i* 0 compil$ = ! temple ( ! sun-god at ,heliopolis1 & is conta9$ 9 a ,tur9 papyrus ( ! age ( ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y3 8,acc\nt ( ! god :o creat$ himself1 ! creator ( heav51 ( e>?1 ( ! gods1 ( m51 ( wild bea/s1 ( cattle1 ( reptiles1 ( f[ls1 & ( fi%2 ! k+ ( m5 & gods1 to :om c5turies are b z ye>s2 :o possesses numb]less names :i* no man kn[e?1 no1 n ev5 ! gods4 8,isis 0 a woman1 m kn[+ 9 h] malice ?an millions ( m51 clev] among millions ( ! gods1 equal to millions ( spirits1 to :om z unto ,ra no?+ 0 unkn[n ei!r 9 heav5 or ^u e>?4 8,! god ,ra came ea* day to sit ^u 8 ?rone2 he _h gr[n old1 8 m\? trembl$1 8 slav] trickl$ d[n to ! e>?1 & 8 saliva dropp$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,isis knead$ x ) h] h& along ) ! du/ t _h adh]$ to x2 %e m\ld$ !refrom a sacr$ s]p5t1 to :i* %e gave ! =m ( a spe>-%aft4 ,%e w\nd x n ab\t h] face1 b flung x on ! road along :i* ! great god walk$1 z (t5 z he wi%$1 9 8 tw(old k+dom4 8,! v5]able god w5t =?1 ! 7o!r7 gods accompani$ him1 he walk$ along z on o!r days4 ,!n ! sacr$ s]p5t bit him4 ,! div9e god op5$ 8 m\?1 & 8 cry rang to heav54 ,8 ,ennead ( gods call$3 #8,:at is x8' & ! gods cri$1 #8,look !re6' ,he c\ld make no answ]1 8 jaws *att]$1 8 limbs %ook1 ! v5om took hold ( 8 fle% z ! ,nile cov]s its banks 7) wat]74 8,:5 ! he>t ( ! great god 0 quiet$1 he call$ to 8 foll[]s3 #8,come to me1 ye *ildr5 ( my limbs1 ye gods :o h emanat$ f me6 ,some?+ pa9ful ha? hurt me2 my he>t p]ceive? x1 yet my eyes see x n2 my h& ha? n wr\ght x1 no?+ t ,i h made kn[e? :at x is1 yet h ,i nev] ta/$ suff]+ l unto x1 & !re is no pa9 :i* is worse4444 ,i w5t =? to see :at ,i _h creat$1 ,i 0 walk+ 9 ! two l&s :i* ,i h made1 :5 some?+ /ung me :i* ,i knew n4 ,0 x fire1 0 x wat]8 ,my he>t is 9 flames1 my limbs tremble1 all my memb]s %iv]4 ,let !re be br\ght unto me ! *ildr5 ( ! gods ( b5efic5t words1 :o h und]/&+ m\?s1 & ^: p[] rea*es unto heav54' 8,! *ildr5 ( ! gods came1 full ( woe2 ,isis came ) h] magic2 ) h] m\? full ( ! brea? ( life1 ^: recipes de/roy pa91 ^: ^w gives life to ! dead4 ,%e said3 #8,:at is x1 :at is x1 ,o fa!r ( ! gods8 ,a s]p5t ha? wr\ght ?is suff]+ 9 !e1 "o ( ?y creatures ha? lift$ up 8 head aga9/ !e4 ,surely he %all be ov]?r[n by b5efic5t incantations2 ,i w make him retreat at ! sight ( ?y rays4' 8,! holy god op5$ 8 m\?3 #8,i walk$ along ! road1 travell+ ?r\gh ! two l&s ( ! e>?1 aft] ! desire ( my he>t1 t ,i might see :at ,i _h creat$2 !n 0 ,i bitt5 by a s]p5t t ,i saw n4 ,is x fire1 is x wat]8 ,i am cold] ?an wat]1 ,i am hott] ?an fire1 all my limbs sweat1 ,i tremble1 my eye is un/eady1 ,i see n ! sky1 drops roll f my face z 9 ! season ( summ]4' 8,isis repli$ to ,ra3 #8,o tell me ?y "n1 fa!r ( ! gods1 !n %all he live :o is releas$ 7f pa97 by ?y "n4' ,b ,ra answ]s3 #8,i h creat$ heav5 & e>?1 ,i h set ! hills 9 ord]1 & made all be+s t are !reon4 ,i am he :o creat$ ! wat]1 & caus$ ! primeval ocean to issue =?4 ,i creat$ ! sp\se ( 8 7div9e7 "m4 ,i creat$ ! heav5s & ! secrets ( ! two horizons1 & h ord]$ ! s\ls ( ! gods4 ,i am he :o illum9ates all ?+s at ! op5+ ( 8 eyes2 if he closes 8 eyes1 all is d>k4 ,! wat] ( ! ,nile rises :5 he bids x2 ! gods "k n 8 "n4 ,i make ! h\rs & create ! days1 ,i s5d ! ye> & create ! inundation1 ,i make ! fire t lives1 ,i purify ! h\se4 ,i am ,khep]a 9 ! morn+1 ,ra at noon1 & ,tum at ev5+4' 8,! v5om dep>t$ n1 x advanc$ fur!r1 ! great god became no bett]4 ,!n ,isis said to ,ra3 #8,?y "n 0 n pron\nc$ 9 ! words ?\ ha/ repeat$4 ,tell x to me & ! poison w dep>t2 !n %all he live ^: "n is 7?us7 nam$4' 8,! poison gl[$ l fire2 x 0 hott] ?an ! flame ( fire4 ,! maje/y ( ,ra said3 #8,i grant !e leave t ?\ %\lde/ se>* )9 me1 ,o "m ,isis6 & t my "n pass f my bosom into ?9e4' 8,s ! god hid himself f ! 7o!r7 gods2 8 ev]la/+ b>k 0 empty4 ,:5 ! mom5t arriv$ = extract+ ! he>t 7:]eon ! "n 0 writt571 ,isis said to h] son ,horus3 #8,he mu/ yield up unto !e 8 two eyes 7! sun & moon74' 8,s ! "n ( ! great god 0 tak5 f him1 & ,isis1 ! great en*antress1 said3 #8,dep>t1 ,o poison1 leave ,ra3 let ! eye ( ,horus g =? f ! god & %9e out ( 8 m\?4 ,i1 ,i h done x2 ,i ?r[ on ! e>? ! victori\s poison1 = ! "n ( ! great god is extract$ f him4 ,let ,ra live & ! poison die6' ,s spake ,isis1 ! great "o1 ! reg5t ( ! gods1 :o kn[s ,ra & 8 true "n40 ,! writ] ( ! papyrus adds t ! recital ( ?is leg5d is an excell5t *>m aga9/ ! poison ( a snake1 especially if x is writt5 & dissolv$ 9 wat]1 :i* is !n drunk by ! pati5t2 or if x is inscrib$ on a piece ( l951 & hung ar\nd 8 neck47#agf7 ,! contra/ is /rik+ betwe5 ! introduction to ! leg5d & ! euhem]i/ic _s t else:]e prevails 9 x1 & c be expla9$1 ev5 9 ! case ( su* disreg>d]s ( consi/5cy z ! ,egyptians1 only on ! supposition t ! ,ra ( folk-lore & ! ,ra ( !ology 7 held to be ! same m]ely 9 "n4 ,n ev5 a pret5ce is made ( reg>d+ ,isis z a goddess2 %e is simply a common wit*1 :o resorts to magic 9 ord] to =ce ,ra to h& ov] 8 "n & !re) 8 p[]s to h] son ,horus4 ,! virtue ( ! "n1 & ! p[] conf]r$ by a k ( x1 are features common to ! folk-lore ( mo/ c\ntries4 ,!y take u back to t primitive phase ( ?\ght :i* n only id5tifies ! "n ) ! p]son or ?+ x repres5ts1 b makes x a sep>ate entity ) an exi/5ce ( its own4 ,! leg5d ( ! sun-god ( ,edfu is equally in/ructive1 ?\gh 9 its pres5t =m x is n e>li] ?an ! ,ptolemaic age4 ,?is beg9s z foll[s3 8,9 ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty-?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,ra-,h>makhis1 ! ev]-liv+1 ,ra 0 9 ,nubia ) 8 soldi]s4 ,enemies1 h[ev]1 conspir$ 7uu7 aga9/ him2 h5ce ! c\ntry has ev] s9ce borne ! "n ( ! l& ( ,conspirators 7,uaua74 ,!n ! god ,ra w5t 8 way 9 8 b>k along ) 8 foll[]s1 & l&$ 9 ! nome ( ,edfu4 ,"h ! god ,hor-,beudet 7! w+$ disc7 ent]$ ! b>k ( ,ra & said to 8 fa!r3 #8,o ,h>makhis1 ,i see h[ ! enemy h conspir$ aga9/ _! "l4' ,!n said ! ,maje/y ( ,ra-,h>makhis to ! p]son ( ,hor-,beudet3 #8,o son ( ,ra1 exalt$ "o1 :o ha/ emanat$ f me1 smite ! enemy be=e !e =?)4' ,hor-,beudet flew up to ! sun 9 ! =m ( a great w+$ disc2 on t acc\nt he is ev] s9ce call$ ! great god1 ! "l ( heav54 ,he espi$ ! enemy f ! sky1 he foll[$ !m 9 ! =m ( a great w+$ disc4 ,?r\gh ! attack :i* he made ^u !m 9 front1 _! eyes saw no long]1 _! e>s he>d no long]1 ea* slew 8 neighb\r =?)1 !re rema9$ n "o alive4 ,!n ,hor-,beudet came 9 a _m-col\r$ =m z a great w+$ disc into ! b>k ( ,ra-,h>makhis4 ,& ,?o? said to ,ra3 #8,"l ( ! gods1 ! god ( ,beudet 7,edfu7 has come 9 ! =m ( a great w+$ disc3 f ?is day =? he %all be call$ ,hor-,beudet 7,horus ( ,edfu74' ,& he said 7aga973 #8,f ?is day =? ! city ( ,edfu %all be call$ ! city ( ,hor-,beudet4' ,!n ,ra embrac$ ! =m ( ,hor1 & said to ,hor-,beudet3 #8,?\ make/ ! wat] ( ,edfu 7r$ ) blood l7 grapes1 & ?y he>t is rejoic$ !reat4' ,h5ce ?is wat] ( ,edfu is call$ 7! wat] ( grapes74 8,& ,hor-,beudet said3 #8,m>* on1 ,o ,ra1 & behold ?9e enemies "u ?y feet 9 ?is l&4' ,:5 ! ,maje/y ( ,ra _h turn$ back1 & ! goddess ,a/>t ) him1 he saw ! enemy ly+ on ! gr\nd1 ea* ext5d$ l a prison]4 ,!n said ,ra to ,hor-,beudet3 #8,t is a suitable life4' ,h5ce ! seat ( ,hor-,beudet has ev] s9ce be5 call$ ! place ( ! ,suitable ,life4 ,& ,?o? said3 #8,x 0 a pi]c+ 7deb7 ( my enemies4' ,s ! nome ( ,edfu 7,deb7 has be5 call$ ev] s9ce by t "n4 ,& ,?o? said to ,hor-,beudet3 #8,?\ art a great protection' 7mk a74 ,great 9 ,protection 7a mk7 accord+ly has ! sacr$ b>k ( ,horus be5 ev] s9ce call$4 8,!n ,ra spake to ! gods :o 7 ) him3 #8,let u voyage 7kh57 9 our b>k on ! ,nile2 we are rejoic$1 = our enemies lie on ! gr\nd4' ,! 7canal7 9 :i* ! great god 0 has ev] s9ce be5 call$ ! ,wat] ( ,voyag+ 7,pe-kh574 8,!n ! enemies ( ,ra ent]$ ! wat]3 !y *ang$ !mselves into crocodiles & hippopotamuses4 ,b ,h>makhis voyag$ on ! wat] 9 8 b>k4 ,:5 ! crocodiles & hippopotamuses came up to him1 !y op5$ _! jaws 9 ord] to de/roy ! ,maje/y ( ,h>makhis4 ,!n came ,hor-,beudet ) 8 foll[]s ! blacksmi?s 7mesniu72 ea* held an iron lance & *a9 9 8 h&1 :]e) he smote ! crocodiles & ! hippopotamuses4 ,!n ?ree hundr$ & eighty-"o ( ! enemy 7 br\ght to ! spot1 :o _h be5 kill$ 9 sight ( ! city ( ,edfu4 8,& ,h>makhis said to ,hor-,beudet3 #8,let my image be 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt1 s9ce !re x is t ! victory 0 ga9$' 7nekht 74 ,s ! dwell+-place ( ,hor-,beudet 7at ,edfu7 has ev] s9ce be5 call$ ! ,victori\s 7,nekht-74 ,& ,?o? said1 :5 he _h se5 ! enemy ly+ on ! gr\nd3 #8,glad are y\r he>ts1 ,o gods ( heav52 glad are y\r he>ts1 ,o gods ( e>?6 ,horus ! y\ng] is come 9 peace2 he has wr\ght wond]s 9 8 j\rney :i* he und]took 9 accordance ) ! ,book ( ! ,slay+ ( ! ,hippopotamus4' ,ev] s9ce 0 !re 7at ,edfu7 a =ge 7mes57 ( ,horus47#agg7 8,hor-,beudet *ang$ 8 =m into t ( a w+$ sol> disc1 :i* rema9$ !re above ! pr[ ( ! b>k ( ,ea4 ,he took ) him ,nekheb1 ! goddess ( ! s\?1 & ,uazit1 ! goddess ( ! nor?1 9 ! =m ( two s]p5ts1 9 ord] to annihilate ! enemy 9 _! crocodile & hippopotamus bodies 9 e place to :i* he came1 bo? 9 ,s\!rn & 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt4 8,!n ! enemy fl$ be=e him1 !y turn$ _! faces t[>ds ! s\?1 _! he>ts sank )9 !m f fe>4 ,b ,hor-,beudet 0 beh9d !m 9 ! b>k ( ,ra1 ) an iron lance & *a9 9 8 h&4 ,) him 7 8 foll[]s1 arm$ ) weapons & *a9s4 ,!n beheld he ! enemy t[>ds ! s\?-ea/ ( ,!bes 9 a pla9 two s*ni 9 size40 ,"h foll[s an acc\nt ( ! sev]al battles :i* drove ! enemies ( ,horus f place to place until ev5tually all ,egypt pass$ "u 8 sway4 ,! fir/ battle1 t :i* took place s\?-ea/ ( ,!bes1 0 at ,aa-,zadmi1 s call$ f ! 8w\nds0 inflict$ on ! foe1 :i* h5ce=? bore ! sacr$ "n ( ,ht-,ra1 8! ,h\se ( ,ra40 ,! second 0 at ,net]-khadu1 8! div9e c>nage10 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,d5d]a2 ! ?ird at ,hebnu1 ne> ,m9ia1 9 ! nome ( ! ,gazelle2 & o!rs foll[$ at ,oxyrrhyn*us or ,benesa1 & ,h]akleopolis or ,anas1 :]e a tw(old ,mes5 or 8,=ge0 0 e/abli%$4 ,!n ! foe 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! ,delta & defeat$ at ,z>u on its ea/]n fronti]1 :5ce !y fl$ 9 %ips d[n ! ,r$ ,sea1 b 7 f9ally ov]?r[n at ,%as-er1 ne> ! lat] ,b]5ik1 at ! end ( ! road t l$ across ! des]t f ! ,nile4 ,mean:ile1 on ! #g? ( ,tybi1 _! lead] 8,set _h come =w>d & cri$ horribly1 utt]+ curses ^u ! de$ ( ,hor-,beudet 9 slay+ ! enemy4 ,& ,ra said to ,?o?3 #8,! horrible "o cries l\dly on acc\nt ( :at ,hor-,beudet has done aga9/ him4' ,?o? repli$ to ,ra3 #8,let ! cries be call$ horrible f ?is day =w>d4' ,hor-,beudet f\ght long ) ,set2 he flung 8 iron at him1 he smote him to ! gr\nd 9 ! city :i* h5ce=w>d 0 call$ ,pa-,reeui 7! ,h\se ( ! ,tw9s747#agh7 ,:5 ,hor-,beudet return$1 he br\ght ,set ) him2 8 spe> /uck 9 8 neck1 8 *a9 0 on 8 h&2 ! mace ( ,horus _h smitt5 him1 & clos$ 8 m\?4 ,he br\ght him be=e 8 fa!r ,ra4 8,!n ,ra said to ,?o?3 #8,let ! companions ( ,set be giv5 to ,isis & ,horus h] son1 t !y may deal ) !m z !y w4'444 ,s ,horus ! son ( ,isis cut (f ! head ( ,set & 8 conf$]ates be=e 8 fa!r ,ra & all ! great ,ennead4 ,he c>ri$ him "u 8 feet ?r\gh ! l&1 ) ! axe on 8 head & 9 8 back40 ,set1 h[ev]1 0 n sla94 ,he trans=m$ himself into a s]p5t1 & ! battles succe$$ :i* end$ ) ! victory at ,%as-er 9 ! l& ( ,uaua4 ,aft] ?is 8,h>makhis came 9 8 b>k & l&$ at ,!s-,hor 7! ,?rone ( ,horus or ,edfu74 ,& ,?o? said3 #8,! disp5s] ( rays :o come? =? f ,ra has conqu]$ ! enemy 9 8 =m 7( a w+$ disc72 let him be nam$ h5ce=w>d ! disp5s] ( rays :o come? =? f ! horizon4' ,& ,ra said to ,?o?3 #8,br+ ?is sun 7! w+$ disk7 to e place :]e ,i am1 to ! seats ( ! gods 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt1 to ! seats ( ! gods 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt1 7to ! seats ( ! gods7 9 ! o!r _w1 t x may drive all evil f its neighb\rhood4' ,?o? br\ght x accord+ly to all places1 z _m z exi/ :]e !re are gods & goddesses4 ,x is ! w+$ sol> disc :i* is plac$ ov] ! sanctu>ies ( all gods & goddesses 9 ,egypt1 s9ce ^! sanctu>ies are also t ( ,hor-,beudet407#agi7 ,! leg5d is a curi\s comb9ation ( ! traditions relative to ! conque/ ( ! neoli?ic population by ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians1 ( ! my? ( ,osiris1 ( etymological speculations ab\t ! mean+ ( c]ta9 prop] names1 & ( an attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! w+$ sol> disc4 ,we may ga!r f x t ! disc 0 fir/ us$ z an ornam5t at ,edfu1 & t x 0 believ$1 l ! w+$ bulls ( ,assyria1 to h ! p[] ( prev5t+ ! demons ( evil f pass+ ! door ov] :i* x 0 plac$4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 "o ( ! sup]/itions ( ! old] p1 or :e!r x 0 br\ght by ! conqu]ors f _! ,babylonian home1 is d\btful2 p]haps ! fact t ! disc 0 a symbolic & ar*itectural ornam5t1 & 0 conf9$1 s f> z we "k1 to ! temples ( ! (ficial gods1 po9ts 9 ! latt] direction4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! temple relics m5tion$ 9 a leg5d :i* has be5 pres]v$ on a granite %r9e ( ! ,ptolemaic epo*1 t long s]v$ z a wat]-tr\gh by ! side ( ! well at ,el-,ar%4 ,! temple f :i* x orig9ally came 0 t ( ,at-,nebes1 ! sacr$ "n ( ! city ( ,qesem or ,go%51 n[ ,saft el-,h5na4 ,! leg5d beg9s by describ+ ! reign ( ,%u1 :o =tifi$ ,at-,nebes aga9/ 8! *ildr5 ( ,apophis10 ! ,semites ( 8! r$ des]t10 :o came f ! ,ea/ 8at nightfall ^u ! road ( ,at-,nebes0 to invade ,egypt4 ,"h he dwelt 9 8 palace1 & f h5ce he 8asc5d$ into heav510 :5 he _h gr[n old & ! "t _h come = him to die4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,seb1 :o 8discuss$ ! hi/ory ( ! city ) ! gods :o att5d$ him1 7& !y told him7 all t happ5$ :5 ! ,maje/y ( ,ra 0 9 ,at-,nebes1 ! conflicts ( ! k+ ,tum 9 ?is locality1 ! val\r ( ! ,maje/y ( ,%u 9 ?is city 444 7& ! wond]s t7 ! s]p5t-goddess ,ankhet _h done = ,ra :5 he 0 ) h]2 ! victories ( ! ,maje/y ( ,%u1 smit+ ! evil ones1 :5 he plac$ h] ^u 8 br[4 ,!n said ! ,maje/y ( ,seb3 #8,i also 7w place7 h] ^u my head1 ev5 z my fa!r ,%u did4' ,seb ent]$ ! temple ( ,a>t 7,lock ( ,hair7 toge!r ) ! gods t 7 ) him2 !n he /ret*$ =? 8 h& to take ! casket 9 :i* 7,ankhet7 02 ! s]p5t came =? & brea!d its vap\r on ! ,maje/y ( ,seb1 conf\nd+ him greatly2 ^? :o foll[$ him fell dead1 & 8 ,maje/y himself 0 burn$ 9 t day4 ,:5 8 ,maje/y _h fl$ to ! nor? ( ,at-,nebes1 ) ! fire ( ! cobra ^u him1 behold1 :5 he came to ! fields ( h5na1 ! pa9 ( 8 burn 0 n yet assuag$1 & ! gods :o foll[$ him said unto him3 #8,come1 let !m take ! lock 7a>t7 ( ,ra :i* is !re1 :5 ?y ,maje/y %all g to see x & its my/]y1 & 8 ,maje/y %all be heal$ 7z soon z x is plac$7 ^u !e4' ,s ! ,maje/y ( ,seb caus$ ! magic lock ( hair to be br\ght to ,pa-,a>t 7! ,h\se ( ! ,lock71 = :i* 0 made t reliqu>y ( h>d /one :i* is hidd5 9 ! secret place ( ,pa-,a>t1 9 ! di/rict ( ! div9e lock ( ! god ,ra2 & behold ! fire dep>t$ f ! limbs ( ! ,maje/y ( ,seb4 ,& _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ?is lock ( hair 0 br\ght back to ,pa-,a>t 9 ,at-,nebes1 & ca/ into ! great lake ( ,pa-,a>t1 ^: "n is ! ,dwell+ ( ,waves1 9 ord] t x might be purifi$1 behold ! lock became a crocodile2 x flew to ! wat] & became ,sebek1 ! div9e crocodile ( ,at-,nebes407#ahj7 ,inside ! %r9e is a picture ( ! two relics1 ! cobra :i* adorn$ ! head-dress ( ! ,ph>aoh1 & ! a>t or lock ( hair :i* 0 suppos$ to give its "n to ! temple4 ,!y 7 d\btless pres]v$ at ,at-,nebes1 & %[n to ! fai?ful z ! v]itable objects :i* _h prov$ ! bane & ! antidote ( ! god ,seb4 ,!y introduce u to a side ( ,egyptian religion :i*1 ?\gh ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ! popul> fai?1 _h also receiv$ ! sanction ( ! (ficial cre$4 ,! belief 9 amulets & *>ms 0 too deeply engra9$ 9 ! popul> m9d to be ignor$2 !y 7 consequ5tly tak5 "u ! patronage ( ! gods1 & a !ory 0 inv5t$ to expla9 _! efficacy4 ,already ! lat] *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead are conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s amulets :i* 7 necess>y to ! pres]vation or resuscitation ( ! body2 & ev5 if ! latt] 7 reg>d$ z symbolic1 !y 7 concrete symbols--symbols1 t is to say1 :i* actually possess$ ! virtues ascrib$ to !m4 ,j z ! "n 0 a concrete entity1 expressive ( ! v ess5ce ( ! ?+ to :i* x 0 appli$1 s too ! symbol 0 an entity ) a concrete exi/5ce ( its own4 ,! mat]iali/ic t5d5cy ( ,egyptian ?\ght1 add$ to ! feti%ism ( ! e>li] /ratum ( native religion1 produc$ ?is result4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,ka furni%$ a !ory by :i* ! educat$ classes c\ld expla9 ! efficacy ( ! amulet & ! active virtues ( ! symbol4 ,x 0 ! ,ka1 ! spiritual & yet mat]ialis$ d\ble1 ( ! amulet t work$ ! *>m--t made ! sc>ab1 = in/ance1 a sub/itute = ! liv+ he>t1 or ! dad--! symbol ( /ability--a passport to ! o!r _w47#aha7 ,! amulets buri$ ) ! dead1 ! relics pres]v$ 9 ! temples1 _h orig9ally be5 ! feti%es ( ! e>li] population ( ,egypt4 ,!y h>dly *ang$ _! "* :5 !y became symbols end[$ ) my/]i\s prop]ties1 or relics ( ! ,/ate gods :i* /ill possess$ miracul\s p[]s4 ,! peasant might be told 9 ! ritual ( ,amon3 9 8! sanctu>y ( ! god clam\r is an abom9ation to him3 pray = ?yself ) a lov+ he>t1 9 :i* ! words rema9 hidd52 t he may supply ?y ne$1 he> ?y words & accept ?9e (f]+027#ahb7 b x 0 a tea*+ t 0 f> above him4 ,:5 he ent]$ ! sanctu>y x 0 to see ! processions ( ! prie/s & ! relics pres]v$ 9 x1 & x 0 9 ^! relics t he /ill put 8 tru/4 ,x 0 n only 9 ,e?iopia t !re 7 mov+ & speak+ /atues :i* elect$ ! k+ by tak+ him by ! h&2 9 ,!bes itself1 "u ! prie/ly k+s ( ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y1 we f9d wond]-work+ /atues ^: reality 0 gu>ante$ by ! prie/hood4 ,"o ( !m1 x 0 said1 0 s5t to ,asia1 :]e x deliv]$ a k+'s daught] f ! demon t possess$ h]1 & aft]w>ds return$ 9 a mom5t to ,!bes ( its own accord2 :ile o!rs answ]$ ! que/ions address$ to !m by nodd+ ! head1 or ev5 pron\nc$ prophecies reg>d+ ! future47#ahc7 ,inde$1 z we h se51 ! old !ory ( ! ka impli$ t ! /atue ( ! dead man c\ld be reanimat$ 9 a s5se by 8 _s2 & a text at ,d5d]a speaks ( ! s\l ( ,ha?or desc5d+ f heav5 z a human-head$ hawk ( lapis-lazuli1 & unit+ itself ) h] image4 ,! peasant1 !re=e1 might be excus$ if he rema9$ true to ! sup]/itions & traditions ( 8 ance/ors1 & left ! (ficial religion1 ) its "o ineffable god1 to ^? :o 7 cultur$ en\gh to und]/& x4 ,l ! peasant ( mod]n ,italy1 he 0 cont5t ) a div9ity t he c\ld see & h&le1 & ab\t ^: wond]-work+ p[]s he _h no d\bt4 ,mat]ialism is ! basis ( primitive religion2 ! horizon ( primitive man is limit$1 & he has n yet le>nt to sep>ate ?\ght f ! s5ses ?r\gh :i* alone 8 n>r[ _w is kn[n to him4 ,! simple fai? ( a *ild (t5 we>s a v mat]iali/ic =m4 ,lecture ,x4 ,! ,place ,( ,egyptian ,religion ,9 ,! ,hi/ory ,( ,!ology4 ,9 ! prec$+ lectures ,i h endeav\r$ to br+ be=e y ! m sali5t po9ts 9 ! religion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 9 s f> z !y illu/rate _! conception ( ! div9e4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t all su* descriptions ( anci5t belief mu/ be approximate only4 ,we _c put ourselves 9 ! position ( ^? :o held x2 our inh]it$ exp]i5ces1 our racial t5d5cies1 our education & religi\s ideas1 all alike =bid x4 ,if ! ,egyptians ( ! ,!ban p]iod f\nd x difficult to und]/& ! ritual ( _! own e>li] hi/ory1 & mis9t]pret$ ! expressions & allusions 9 x1 h[ mu* m difficult mu/ x be = u to d s4 ,! mo/ ord9>y religi\s t]ms d n be> = u ! same mean+ t !y bore = ! ,egyptians4 ,! "n ( ,god calls up o!r associations & ideas2 ! v ^w 8div9e0 has a diff]5t signification 9 ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w among ,ea/]n & ,we/]n peoples4 ,9 fact1 ! m lit]al is our translation ( an old religi\s text1 ! m likely we are to misund]/& x4 ,& yet 9 "o s5se we are ! religi\s heirs ( ! build]s & f\nd]s ( ! ,egyptian temples4 ,_m ( ! !ories ( ,egyptian religion1 modifi$ & trans=m$ no d\bt1 h p5etrat$ into ! !ology ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 & =m1 z x 71 "p ( ! wo( 9 ! web ( mod]n religi\s ?\ght4 ,*ri/ian !ology 0 l>gely organis$ & nurtur$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 & ,alex&ria 0 n only ! meet+-place ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 x 0 also ! place :]e ! decrepit !ology ( ,egypt 0 revivifi$ by contact ) ! speculative philosophy ( ,greece4 ,! ,egyptian1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,jew met !re on equal t]ms1 & ! result 0 a !ological sy/em 9 :i* ea* _h 8 %>e4 ,9 ,philo1 we are told1 we f9d ,moses ,platonis+2 b ! atmosph]e 9 :i* he did s 0 t ( ! old ,egyptian fai?4 ,& :at 0 true ( ! philosophy ( ,philo 0 /ill m true ( ! philosophy ( ,alex&r9e ,*ri/ianity4 ,y _c b h be5 /ruck by ! simil>ity ( ! anci5t ,egyptian !ory ( ! spiritual "p ( man to t :i* und]lies s mu* ,*ri/ian speculation on ! subject1 & :i* /ill p]vades ! popul> !ology ( to-day4 ,!re is ! same di/9ction betwe5 s\l & _s1 ! same belief 9 ! resurrection ( a mat]ial body1 & 9 a heav5 :i* is b a glorifi$ c\nt]p>t ( our own e>?4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! indebt$ness ( ,*ri/ian !ological !ory to anci5t ,egyptian dogma is n[h]e m /rik+ ?an 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! v t]ms us$ ( x by ,*ri/ian !ologians meet u aga9 9 ! inscriptions & papyri ( ,egypt4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o has attempt$ to %[ t ! ,egyptian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 po/]ior to t ( ! ,ennead47#ahd7 ,:e!r ?is 7 s or n1 x makes its appe>ance at an e>ly date 9 ,egyptian !ology1 & 0 already recognis$ 9 ! ,pyramid texts4 ,orig9ally ! tr9ity 0 a triad l ^? we f9d 9 ,babylonian my?ology4 ,"h & !re ! primitive triads surviv$ into hi/orical times1 l t ( ,khnum & ! two goddesses ( ! ,cat>act4 ,b m frequ5tly ! tr9ity 0 an artificial creation1 ! =mation ( :i* c /ill be trac$4 ,?us at ,!bes ! female elem5t 9 x 0 f\nd 9 ,mut1 8! "m0 goddess1 a title ( ! supreme goddess ( ,upp] ,egypt2 :ile ,khonsu1 ! moon-god1 or ,m5tu1 ! old god ( ! nome1 became ! div9e son1 & s took a place subord9ate to t ( ! local god ,amon4 ,sometimes rec\rse 0 _h to gramm>1 & ! second p]son 9 ! tr9ity 0 obta9$ by atta*+ ! fem99e suffix to ! "n ( ! *ief god4 ,9 ?is way ,amon-t 0 grammatically evolv$ f ,amon1 & ev5 ,ra-t f ,ra4 ,else:]e an epi!t ( ! god 0 trans=m$ into 8 son2 at ,memphis1 = example1 ,imhotep1 8he :o comes 9 peace10 a title ( ,pta1 became 8 son & ! second p]son 9 ! tr9ity4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! tr9ity 7 fet*$ f neighb\r+ cities & nomes2 ,nit ( ,sais _h ,osiris z a husb&1 & ,sekhet ( ,letopolis & ,ba/ ( ,buba/is 7 successively reg>d$ z ! wives ( ,pta4 ,! triad consi/$ ( a div9e fa!r1 wife1 & son4 ,x 0 ?us a c\nt]p>t ( ! human family1 & belong$ to ! same ord] ( ideas z t :i* expla9$ ! creation ( ! _w by a process ( g5]ation4 ,?is 0 ! cosmology ( ,heliopolis1 & x is probable t to ,heliopolis also we mu/ ascribe ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,at any rate ! doctr9e seems to h be5 sol> 9 its orig94 ,z ,tum1 ! god ( sunset1 0 id5tical ) ,khep]a1 ! sun ( ! morn+1 & ,ra1 ! sun ( ! noonday1--all ?ree be+ b "o god "u div]se =ms1--s ! div9e fa!r 0 believ$ to eng5d] himself 9 ! p]son ( ! div9e son1 & ! div9e "m to be "o ) ! div9e fa!r & son4 ,! div9e ess5ce rema9$ necess>ily ! same1 :atev] might be ! =ms or names "u :i* x display$ itself2 & ! "n1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 _h = ! ,egyptian a sep>ate & real exi/5ce4 ,! fa!r became ! son & ! son ! fa!r ?r\gh all "t1 & ( bo? alike ! "m 0 b ano!r =m4 ,x 0 et]nal fa!rhood1 et]nal mo!rhood1 & et]nal g5]ation4 ,! developm5t ( ! doctr9e 0 assi/$ by t id5tification ( ! ,egyptian deities ) ! sun-god :i* end$ 9 sol> pan!ism1 z well z by ! old !ory ( ! ka1 ( a p]sonality di/+ui%able f t to :i* x belong$1 id5tical ) t ( :i* x 0 ! d\ble1 & yet at ! same "t enjoy+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own4 ,) ! spread ( ! ,osirian =m ( fai? ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity became univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,! organisation ( ! fai? _h includ$ ! r$uction ( ! cycle ( div9ities connect$ ) ,osiris into a tr9ity4 ,?o? & ,anubis1 ,nebht & ,set1 7 sep>at$ f him1 & h5ce=? he 0 made ! head ( a triad1 9 :i* ,isis 0 ! second p]son1 & ,horus1 ! av5g] ( 8 fa!r1 0 ! ?ird4 ,h[ completely ! fa!r & son 7 m]g$ toge!r may be se5 f a hymn to ,horus :i* has be5 translat$ by ,*abas7#ahe7-- 8,! gods are joy\s at ! arrival ( ,osiris1 ! son ( ,horus1 ! intrepid1 ! tru?-speak+1 ! son ( ,isis1 ! heir ( ,osiris4 ,! div9e *iefs jo9 him1 ! gods recognise ! omnipot5t *ild himself 444 ! reign ( ju/ice belongs to him4 ,horus has f\nd 8 ju/ification1 to him is giv5 ! title ( 8 fa!r2 he appe>s ) ! atef-cr[n by ord] ( ,seb4 ,he takes ! royalty ( ! two worlds1 ! cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt is plac$ ^u 8 head4 ,he judges ! _w z he likes1 heav5 & e>? are b5ea? 8 eye1 he comm&s mank9d--! intellectual be+s1 ! race ( ! ,egyptians & ! nor!rn b>b>ians4 ,! circuit ( ! sol> disc is "u 8 control2 ! w9ds1 ! wat]s1 ! wood ( ! plants1 & all vegetables4444 ,sanctify+1 b5efic5t is 8 "n 444 evil flies af> (f1 & ! e>? br+s =? abundantly "u h] "l4 ,ju/ice is confirm$ by its "l1 :o *ases away iniquity4 ,mild is ?y he>t1 ,o 7,osiris7 ,un-nef]1 son ( ,isis2 he has tak5 ! cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt2 = him is ackn[leg$ ! au?ority ( 8 fa!r 9 ! great dwell+ ( ,seb2 he is ,ra :5 speak+1 ,?o? :5 writ+2 ! div9e *iefs are at re/40 ,"h ,osiris is id5tifi$ ) ,horus1 & s becomes ! son ( 8 own wife4 ,! ,egyptian tr9ity has ?us gr[n out ( ! triad "u ! influ5ce ( ! sol> !ology1 & ( ! old conception ( a p]sonality :i* possess$ a concrete =m4 ,once introduc$ into ! ,osirian cre$1 x spread ) x ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 & became a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,egyptian !ology4 ,along ) ! doctr9es ( ! resurrection ( ! body & ( a judgm5t to come1 x pass$ into ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 & 0 !re ?r[n into ! crucible ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( ideas 0 adapt$ to ! ,egyptian doctr9e ( p]sonality1 & ! ?ree p]sons ( ! tr9ity became ,unity1 ,m9d1 & ,s\l--absolute ?\ght1 absolute reason1 & absolute en]gy47#ahf7 ,b :ile1 on ! "o h&1 !re is cont9uity betwe5 ! religi\s ?\ght ( anci5t ,egypt & ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! _w ( to-day1 !re is also cont9uity1 on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ! religion ( ,egypt & t ( primitive ,babylonia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures ,i h m ?an once po9t$ to ! fact3 ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians 7 ( ,asiatic orig9 & !y necess>ily br\ght ) !m ! religi\s ideas ( _! ,ea/]n home4 ,z we come to "k m bo? ( e>ly ,babylonian civilisation & ( ! beg9n+s ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 we %all d\btless discov] t ! l9ks betwe5 !m are clos] ?an we at pres5t imag9e1 & mu* t is n[ obscure w become cle> & di/9ct4 ,mean:ile !re is "o l9k :i* ,i _c pass ov]4 ,a/ro-!ology once play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! religion ( ! ,egyptians4 ,9 ! hi/orical age x has lo/ its importance2 ! />s h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! (ficial deities1 :o h accord+ly absorb$ _! individual attributes2 b e*oes ( ! wor%ip =m]ly paid to !m are /ill he>d 9 ! ,pyramid texts4 ,sau or ,orion is /ill rememb]$ z a mighty hunt]1 ^: hunt+-gr\nd 0 ! pla9 ( heav51 & ^: prey 7 ! gods !mselves4 ,:5 he rises1 x is said 9 ! ,pyramid ( ,unas1 8! />s fight toge!r1 & ! ar*]s patrol0 ! sky :i* drops ) ra92 ! small] />s :i* =m 8 con/ellation pursue & lasso ! gods z ! human hunt] lassoes ! wild bull2 !y slay & disemb[el _! booty1 & boil ! fle% 9 gl[+ caldrons4 ,! 8great] gods0 are hunt$ 89 ! morn+10 ^? ( less acc\nt at mid-day1 ! 8less] gods0 8at ev5+1 & ,sau refre%es himself ) ! div9e banquet10 fe$+ on _! bodies & absorb+ 8_! magic virtues40 8,! great ones ( ! sky0 laun* 8! flames aga9/ ! caldrons :]e9 are ! haun*es ( ! foll[]s0 ( ! gods2 ! pole-/>1 8:o causes ! dwell]s 9 ! sky to m>* 9 procession r\nd0 ,orion1 8?r[s into ! caldron ! legs ( _! wives407#ahg7 ,we are transport$ to ! cannibal's kit*5 ( "s ,african *iefta91 su* z t repres5t$ on a curi\s /ela f\nd 9 ,d>fr1 & n[ 9 ! museum ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! :ole description takes u back to a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,egypt long ant]ior to t ( ! ,pyramids1 :5 ! ,ph>aonic invad]s 7 fir/ beg9n+ to m+le ) ! old] population ( ! l& & become acqua9t$ ) its practices4 ,9 ! days ( ,unas ! real mean+ ( ! expressions h&$ d[n by !ological cons]vatism _h be5 =gott51 or 0 int]pret$ metaphorically2 b !y rema9$ to prove t ! age :5 ,orion 0 /ill an object ( wor%ip sup]ior to ! gods ( heav5 0 "o :i* w5t back to ! v dawn ( ,ph>aonic hi/ory4 ,! cult ( ! />s mu/ h be5 br\ght by 8! foll[]s ( ,horus0 f _! ,asiatic home47#ahh7 ,! fame ( ,orion 0 eclips$ 9 lat] days by t ( ,sopd or ,sirius4 ,b ?is _h its reason 9 ! physio-graphical peculi>ities ( ,egypt4 ,! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 ! ,dog ,/>1 t is to say1 its fir/ appe>ance along ) ! sun1 correspond$ ) ! rise ( ! ,nile 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & accord+ly became a m>k ( "t1 & ! />t+-po9t ( ! sol> ye>4 ,its importance !re=e 0 great1 n only = ! cal5d>1 b also = ^? agricultural op]ations ^u :i* ! v exi/5ce ( ,egypt dep5d$4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 accord+ly1 if ) ! settlem5t ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile ! wor%ip & "n ( ,orion fell m & m into ! backgr\nd1 :ile t ( ,sirius became pre-em95t4 ,h[ f> back ! pre-em95ce ( ,sirius rea*es may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! tw5tie? nome ( ,nor!rn ,egypt--t ( ,go%5--d]iv$ its "n f a comb9ation ( ! mummifi$ hawk ( ,horus & ! cone :i*1 z ,brugs* fir/ %[$17#ahi7 repres5ts ! %aft ( zodiacal light t accompanies ! ris+ ( ,sirius be=e ! dawn ( day4 ,sopd or ,sirius is ?us id5tifi$ ) ! dead ,horus :o presid$ ov] ,nekh5 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & prec$$ ,osiris z ! god ( ! dead47#aij7 ,( ! o!r />s & con/ellations we d n "k mu*4 ,! ,great ,be> 0 call$ 8! haun* ( beef10 & 0 at times id5tifi$ ) ,set1 & made ! abode ( ! s\ls ( ! wick$4 ,n f> (f 0 ! hippopotamus1 :i* ,brugs* w\ld id5tify ) ,draco2 :ile among o!r con/ellations 7 to be f\nd ! ,lion & ! ,horus-hawk1 z well z a w>rior arm$ ) a spe>4 ,all ov] ! _w ! m prom95t />s & con/ellations h receiv$ names4 ,b x is only ! m prom95t & brilliant among !m ( :i* ?is is true4 ,s f> z we "k1 ! only p :o h ev] sy/ematically mapp$ out ! heav5s1 divid+ ! />s into gr\ps1 & giv+ to ea* gr\p a "n ( its own1 7 ! ,babylonians2 & x 0 f ! ,babylonians t ! con/ellations z kn[n to ,greeks & ,romans1 to ,h9dus1 or to ,*9ese1 7 ultimately d]iv$4 ,! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is ne> at h&1 t ! primitive ,egyptians also 7 indebt$ = _! map ( ! sky to ! same s\rce4 ,& ! inf]5ce is support$ by m ?an "o fact4 ,on ! "o side1 ! names ( sev]al ( ! con/ellations 7 ! same among bo? ,babylonians & ,egyptians4 ,( ?is ! ,tw9s1 ,aqu>ius1 or ! ,family1 are examples1 :ile x c h>dly be an accid5t t ,orion 9 bo? sy/ems ( a/ronomy is a giant & a hunt]4 8,! ,bull ( heav50 0 a ,babylonian />1 & ,jupit] bore ! ,sum]ian "n ( ,gudi-bir1 8! ,bull ( light02 9 ! ,pyramid texts also we h a 8,bull ( heav510 ! planet ,saturn accord+ to ,brugs*1 ,jupit] accord+ to ,lepsius4 ,/ill m /rik+ are ! ?irty-six ,egyptian decans1 ! />s :o wat*$ = t5 days ea* ov] ! #cfj days ( ! anci5t ,egyptian ye>1 & 7 divid$ into two classes or hemisph]es1 ^? ( ! day & ^? ( ! night47#aia7 ,n only did ! e>ly ,*aldan ye> simil>ly consi/ ( #cfj days2 x too 0 presid$ ov] by ?irty-six 8c\ncillor0 />s1 half ( :i* 7 above ! e>?1 :ile ! o!r half 7 bel[ x47#aib7 ,su* a co9cid5ce _c h be5 accid5tal2 ! ,babylonian & ,egyptian decans mu/ h _h ! same orig94 ,b !re 0 yet a fur!r p>allelism betwe5 ! /ell> !ology ( ,egypt & t ( ,babylonia4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! wor%ip ( ! />s pass$ into an a/ro-!ology4 ,! (ficial gods 7 id5tifi$ ) ! planets & fix$ />s1 & ! /ell> cult ( ! p 0 ?us absorb$ into ! ,/ate religion4 ,b :]eas ?is a/ro-!ology 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,babylonia1 x has done little m ?an leave its traces on ! hi/orical religion ( ,egypt4 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,m>s 7 id5tifi$ ) ,horus "u diff]5t =ms1 & ,m]cury ) ,set1 :ile ,v5us became 8! b>k 7za77#aic7 ( ! phnix0 or s\l 8( ,osiris40 ,sirius 0 made ! /> ( ,isis1 ,orion ! /> ( ,osiris4 ,b1 l ! cult ( ! />s itself1 ?is a/ro-!ology belongs to a f>-(f age 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,x is ! la/ fa9t reflection ( a phase ( religi\s ?\ght :i* _h pass$ away :5 ! monum5tal records fir/ beg94 ,x is ! same ) a curi\s e*o ( anci5t ,babylonian cosmology1 to :i* ,pr(4 ,hommel has drawn our att5tion4 ,! old ,babylonian ,epic ( ! ,creation beg9s ) ! words-- 8,at t "t ! heav5 above 0 n kn[n by "n1 ! e>? b5ea? 0 n nam$1 9 ! beg9n+ ! deep 0 _! g5]ator1 ! *aos ( ! sea 0 ! "m ( !m all40 ,! l9es are ! introduction to a /ory ( ! ,creation ( :i* !y =m an integral "p4 ,on ! walls ( ! ,pyramid ( ,pepi ,i4 we read aga9 almo/ ! same words4 ,pepi1 x is said1 80 born ( 8 fa!r ,tum4 ,at t "t ! heav5 0 n1 ! e>? 0 n1 m5 did n exi/1 ! gods 7 n born1 !re 0 no dea?407#aid7 ,b "h ! words h be5 introduc$ )\t connection ) ! context2 !y coh]e nei!r ) :at prec$es nor ) :at foll[s !m1 & are evid5tly no?+ b an old =mula torn f ! cosmogony to :i* !y once belong$1 & repeat$ )\t a cle> und]/&+ ( :at !y really meant4 ,! phrases are f\nd aga9 9 ! lat] religi\s lit]ature ( ,egypt1 emb$d$ 9 x l flies 9 amb] or ! fossils 9 an old sea-bea*47#aie7 ,to recov] _! orig9al mean+ we mu/ betake ourselves to ! clay tablets ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 & ! cosmological !ories ( e>ly ,*alda4 ,!y presuppose t /ory ( a creation out ( ! *aos ( ! deep :i* 0 indig5\s 9 ,babylonia alone4 ,?is deep1 :i* lay at ! f\ndation ( ,babylonian cosmology1 0 symbolis$ 9 ! temples by a 8sea0 across :i* ! images ( ! gods 7 c>ri$ 9 8%ips0 on _! days ( fe/ival4 ,9 ,babylonia su* 8seas0 _h a reason = _! exi/5ce4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf1 x 0 believ$1 0 ! cradle ( ,babylonian culture2 x 0 also ! s\rce ( t cosmogony :i* saw 9 ! deep ! 8"m0 ( all ?+s4 ,t x %\ld h its mimic repres5tatives 9 ! temples ( ! c\ntry 0 b natural2 x 0 f ! 8deep0 t ! gods _h come1 & ! deep 0 /ill ! home ( ! culture-god ,ea47#aif7 ,9 ,egypt1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sea 0 out ( place nay m1 x 0 altoge!r unnatural4 ,if wat] 7 ne$$1 ! sacr$ ,nile fl[$ at ! foot ( ! temple or else !re 7 canals :i* conduct$ ! wat]s ( ! riv] ?r\gh ! temple l&s4 ,!re 0 no primeval deep to be symbolis$1 no ,p]sian ,gulf out ( :i* ! culture-god _h ris5 ) ! gifts ( civilisation4 ,if ! gods desir$ to sail 9 _! b>ks1 x 0 reasonable to suppose t !y w\ld d s on ! ,nile or its tribut>y canals4 ,& yet ! supposition w\ld be wrong4 ,! gods _h inde$ _! sacr$ 8%ips0 z 9 ,babylonia2 b1 z 9 ,babylonia1 x 0 on an artificially-con/ruct$ lake t !y float$1 & n1 z a rule1 on ! riv] ,nile4 ,c\ld any?+ indicate m cle>ly ! orig9 ( ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians8 ,l ! brick tombs ( ! ,old ,empire1 ) _! recess$ panels & pila/]s1 x po9ts to ,babylonia & ! cosmological !ories :i* _h _! bir? 9 ! ,babylonian pla947#aig7 ,! religion ( anci5t ,egypt is ?us no isolat$ fact4 ,x l9ks itself1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! beliefs & religi\s conceptions ( ! pres5t1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ^? ( a yet old] pa/4 ,b x is a l9k+ only2 ,egyptian religion is no m ! religion ( anci5t ,babylonia ?an x is mod]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,egypt x assum$ a =m peculi> to itself1 adapt+ itself to ! sup]/itions & habits ( ! e>li] inhabitants ( ! l&1 & develop+ ! ideas :i* lay lat5t )9 x4 ,x 0 *>act]is$ by ! inexorable logic ) :i* ea* ( ^! ideas 0 foll[$ to its m9ute/ conclusions1 & at ! same "t by ! want ( any attempt to h>monise ^! conclusions "o ) ! o!r1 h[ev] inconsi/5t !y might be4 ,x 0 also *>act]is$ by a _s ( creativ5ess2 ! ,egyptian creat$ new religi\s conceptions because he 0 n afraid to foll[ 8 premisses to _! end4 ,b he 0 int5sely practical4 ,ab/ractions z su* _h little attraction = him1 & he translat$ !m into mat]ial =m4 ,! symbolism ( 8 sy/em ( writ+ fav\r$ ! process3 ev5 su* an ab/ract idea z t ( 8becom+0 became = him a 8trans=mation0 or 8*ange ( outw>d %ape40 ,9 spite1 !re=e1 ( ! spirituality & pr(undity ( mu* ( 8 !ology1 8 religion rema9$ ess5tially mat]iali/ic4 ,! gods might inde$ pass "o into ! o!r & be b ! manifold =ms "u :i* ! ev]-*ang+ div9e ess5ce manife/$ itself1 b ?is 0 because x 0 "o ) nature & ! inf9ite v>iety :i* nature displays4 ,ev5 ! supreme god ( ,khu-n-,at5 incorporat$ himself at x 7 9 ! visible orb ( ! sun4 ,! inc>nation ( ! deity accord+ly pres5t$ no difficulty to ! ,egyptian m9d4 ,x foll[$ necess>ily f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 cre$4 ,! div9ity :i* p]meat$ ! :ole ( nature reveal$ itself m cle>ly ?an else:]e 9 t :i* possess$ life4 ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght nev] q %ook itself free f ! influ5ces ( ! primitive belief t life & motion 7 ! same4 ,:atev] moves possesses life1 :atev] lives mu/ move2--su* 01 & /ill is1 "o ( ! axioms ( primitive man4 ,& s9ce ! deity manife/$ itself 9 movem5t1 x c\ld be recognis$ 9 :atev] 0 alive4 ,man on ! "o side became a god 9 ! p]son ( ! ,ph>aoh1 ! gods on ! o!r side became m5 :o _h liv$ & di$ l ,osiris1 or _h rul$ ov] ,egypt 9 ! days ( old4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y man conta9$ )9 him a p>ticle or efflu5ce ( ! div9e ess5ce :i* c\ld nev] die2 & ! bodily husk 9 :i* x 0 inc>nat$ c\ld1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 acquire ! prop]ties ( t div9ity to :i* x _h af=d$ a home4 ,t ! div9e ess5ce c\ld ?us assume an individual =m1 0 "p ( ! doctr9e :i* saw1 9 ! manifold v>ieties ( nature1 ! manife/ations ( a 8s+le god40 ,! belief 9 ! inc>nation ( ! deity 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( a mat]iali/ic pan!ism4 ,& x matt]$ little :e!r ! inc>nation took place "u a human or "u an animal %ape2 ! human & ! animal god _h alike be5 a h]itage f elem5ts :i*1 div]se ?\gh !y may h be5 9 orig91 comb9$ to =m ! ,egyptian p1 & bo? ! man & ! bea/ 7 alike liv+ & !re=e div9e4 ,! bea/ 0 m my/]i\s ?an ! man1 t 0 all2 ! work+s ( its m9d 7 m difficult to compreh5d1 & ! language x spoke 0 m un9telligible4 ,b on t v acc\nt x 0 bett] adapt$ = ! symbolism :i* lit]ature & education enc\rag$1 & :i* became an ess5tial "p ( ! texture ( ,egyptian ?\ght4 ,if1 !n1 we w\ld und]/& ! conception ( ! div9e =m$ by ! educat$ ,egyptian ( ! hi/orical age1 we mu/ rememb] ! *>act]i/ics ( ,egyptian ?\ght :i* lay beh9d x4 ,mat]ialism & symbolism con/itut$ ! backgr\nd ( ,egyptian religion4 ,! "o presuppos$ ! o!r1 = ! symbol pres5t$ ! ab/ract idea 9 a mat]ial & visible %ape1 :ile ! mat]ialism ( ! ,egyptian m9d dem&$ some?+ concrete :i* ! s5ses c\ld appreh5d4 ,! conception ( ! ka1 ) :i* ,egyptian religion beg9s1 is *>act]i/ic ( ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght up to ! la/4 ,x is l ! 8mat]ialis$ spirits0 ( mod]n spiritualism1 spirits :i* are m]ely matt] 9 an e!rialis$ =m4 ,! ,egyptian gave n only %ape b sub/ance to 8 m5tal & spiritual creations2 l ! 8ideas0 ( ,plato1 !y became s5su\s realities l ! writt5 symbols :i* express$ !m4 ,n only 7 ! "n & ! ?+ nev] dissociat$ f "o ano!r1 ! "n 0 look$ on z ! ess5ce ( ! ?+1 & ! "n includ$ its expression 9 bo? s\nd & writ+4 ,! bird :i* repres5t$ ! idea ( 8s\l0 became 9 "t ! s\l itself4 ,?is v fact assi/$ 9 spiritualis+ ,egyptian religion4 ,ideas & _! symbols int]*ange "o ) ! o!r2 ! ideas1 moreov]1 develop & pass out ( "o =m into ano!r4 ,! id5tification1 !re=e1 ( ! ab/ract & ! concrete1 ( ideas & sub/antial exi/5ce1 made a pan!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se easy4 ,! div9ity clo!d itself 9 z _m =ms z !re 7 symbols to express x1 & ^! =ms pass$ "o into ! o!r l phases ( ?\ght4 ,! ,egyptian 0 ! fir/ discov]] ( ! t]m 8becom+10 & ! keynote ( 8 cre$ 0 ! doctr9e ( trans=mation4 ,trans=mation1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n transmigration4 ,!re 0 no passage ( an individual s\l f body to body1 f =m to =m2 ! div9e ess5ce p]meat$ all bodies & =ms alike1 ?\gh x manife/$ itself at a giv5 mom5t only "u c]ta9 ones4 ,x 0 9 ?is p[] ( manife/ation t ! trans=mation consi/$4 ,_h ! ,egyptian n be5 fett]$ by 8 mat]iali/ic symbolism1 he w\ld d\btless h gone fur!r & conclud$ t ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! div9ity 7 subjective only--exi/+1 t is to say1 only 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]2 z x 01 he held !m to be objective1 & to possess ! same sub/antial reality z ! symbolic pictures by :i* !y 7 d5ot$4 ,) all ?is1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no sev]e lit]alism 9 ! int]pretation ( ! symbol4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case at ! outset1 ! symbol 0 z mu* a metaphor 9 ! hi/orical ages ( ,egyptian hi/ory z are ! metaphors ( our own language4 ,:5 ! ,egyptian spoke ( 8eat+0 8 god1 he meant no m ?an we d :5 we speak ( 8absorb+0 a subject47#aih7 ,! ,pyramid texts are full ( su* fad$ & =gott5 metaphors2 ! ,egyptian 0 cons]vative above all o!r m51 & ! language ( religion is cons]vative above all o!rs4 ,d\btless1 9 "s cases1 he 0 ! victim ( ! symbols & metaphors he us$2 b 9 ?is respect he does n /& alone4 ,:]e he has no rival is 9 ! magnitude ( ! "p play$ 9 8 religion by ! symbol & its logical developm5t4 ,x 0 j ?is symbolism :i* enabl$ him to reta91 on ! "o h&1 all ! old =mul ) _! gross mat]ialism & *ildlike views ( ! univ]se1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to atta9 to a conception ( ! div9e be+ :i* 0 at once spiritual & sublime4 ,= ,egyptian religion1 z we f9d x 9 ! monum5ts ( ! educat$ classes be=e ! decay ( ! mon>*y1 01 9 spite ( its outw>d %[ ( symbols & amulets1 full ( high ?\ghts & deep emotions4 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! words 9 :i* x is describ$ by "o ( its lea/ prejudic$ /ud5ts1 ,pr(essor ,masp]o37#aii7 8,:5 we put aside ! popul> sup]/itions & endeav\r solely to asc]ta9 its fundam5tal doctr9es1 we soon recognise t few religions h be5 s exalt$ 9 _! pr9ciples4 ,! ,egyptians ador$ a be+ :o 0 unique1 p]fect1 end[$ ) absolute k & intellig5ce1 & incompreh5sible to su* an ext5t t x passes man's p[]s to /ate 9 :at he is incompreh5sible4 ,he is #8! "o ( "o1 he :o exi/s ess5tially1 ! only "o :o lives sub/antially1 ! sole g5]ator 9 heav5 & e>?1 :o is n himself g5]at$4' ,always ! same1 always immutable 9 8 immutable p]fection1 always pres5t 9 ! pa/ z 9 ! future1 he fills ! univ]se )\t any =m 9 ! _w be+ able to give ev5 a feeble idea ( 8 imm5sity2 he is felt ev]y:]e1 he is p]ceiv$ n[h]e4 8,unique 9 ess5ce1 he is n unique 9 p]son4 ,he is fa!r because he exi/s1 & ! =ce ( 8 nature is su* t he is et]nally begett+1 )\t ev] gr[+ weak or exhau/$4 ,he has no ne$ to g outside himself = ?is act ( g5]ation2 he f9ds 9 8 own bosom ! mat]ial ( 8 p]petual fa!rhood4 ,alone 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 be+ he conceives 8 (fspr+2 & z 9 him !re c be no di/9ction betwe5 conception & bir?1 f all et]nity #8he produces 9 himself ano!r self4' ,he is at once ! div9e fa!r1 "m1 & son4 ,conceiv$ ( ,god1 born ( ,god1 )\t sep>at+ f ,god1 ^! ?ree p]sons are ,god 9 ,god1 &1 f> f divid+ ! primitive unity ( ! div9e nature1 !y all ?ree comb9e to con/itute 8 inf9ite p]fection4 8,d\btless ! m9d ( ! un$ucat$ classes c\ld nei!r und]/& nor rise to su* l(ty heights4 ,human intellig5ce supports ) difficulty s pure an idea ( an absolute be+4 ,all ! attributes ( div9ity--8 imm5sity1 8 et]nity1 8 indep5d5ce--place him at an inf9ite di/ance f ourselves2 to compreh5d & p>ticipate 9 !m1 we mu/ make him ?9k z we ?9k1 we mu/ l5d him our passions & subject him to our laws4 ,god mu/ take ^u him1 ) human nature1 all ! weaknesses t accompany x1 all ! infirmities "u :i* x lab\rs2 9 a ^w1 ! ,^w mu/ become fle%4 ,! immat]ial god mu/ inc>nate himself1 mu/ come to ! l& ( ,egypt & p x ) ! gods1 8 *ildr54 ,ea* ( ! p]sons ( ! primitive tr9ity ?us became indep5d5t & =m$ a new type1 f :i*1 9 _! turn1 o!r l[] types emanat$4 ,f tr9ity to tr9ity1 f p]sonification to p]sonification1 t truly incr$ible numb] ( div9ities 0 soon rea*$1 ) =ms sometimes grotesque & (t5 mon/r\s1 :o desc5d$ by almo/ ins5sible degrees f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ ranks ( nature4 ,! scribes1 ! prie/s1 ! (ficials1 all ! educat$ _w1 9 fact1 ( ,egyptian society1 nev] pr(ess$ t gross paganism :i* caus$ ,egypt to be call$ ) ju/ice #8! "m ( sup]/itions4' ,! v>i\s names & innum]able =ms attribut$ by ! multitude to z _m di/9ct & indep5d5t div9ities1 7 = !m m]ely names & =ms ( "o & ! same be+4 #8,god1 :5 he comes z a g5]ator1 & br+s to light ! lat5t =ces ( ! hidd5 causes1 is call$ ,ammon2 :5 he is ! _s :o embodies all t is intellig5t1 he is ,imhotep2 :5 he is he :o accompli%es all ?+s ) art & v]ity1 he is ,ph?ah2 :5 he is ,god good & b5efic5t1 he is ,osiris4' ,:at ! scribe means by ^! words is ! my/]i\s inf9ite :i* animates ! univ]se1 ! et]nal1 imp5etrable to eyes ( fle%1 b p]ceiv$ vaguely by ! eyes ( ! _s4 ,beh9d ! s5su\s appe>ance1 beh9d ! manife/ation ( ! div9e nature :]e9 ! popul> imag9ation fanci$ x saw t nature itself1 he beheld confus$ly a be+ obscure & sublime1 a full compreh5sion ( :om is d5i$ him1 & ! feel+ ( ?is incompreh5sible pres5ce l5ds to 8 pray] a deep & ?rill+ acc5t1 a s9c]ity ( ?\ght & emotion1 a ?\s& times m t\*+ ?an t m$ley ( amor\s pu]ilities1 ( my/ic languors & morbid contrition1 :i* is s (t5 ! sub/itute = religi\s poetry40 ,!re 7 two deep-root$ conceptions 9 ! ,egyptian m9d :i* _h mu* to d ) ! purity & sublimity ( 8 religi\s ideas4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! conception ( a div9e law :i* gov]n$ ! univ]se1 & to :i* ! gods !mselves _h to submit4 ,! o!r 0 t ( a moral ,god1 ( a 8good be+0 :o rew>d$--n piety b--uprightness1 & puni%$ iniquity4 ,! _w 0 ord]$ & controll$1 n by *ance or caprice1 b by a fix$ law1 :i* 01 *>act]i/ically en\gh1 imp]sonat$ 9 ! goddess ,mt4 ,& ?is law1 unlike ! bl9d de/9y ( ! ,greek or ,roman1 0 at once div9e & moral2 x n only repres5t$ ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 aga9/ :i* !re 0 no appeal1 b x also repres5t$ an ord] :i* 0 9 accordance ) ju/ice & tru?4 ,! law :i* all mu/ obey "u p5alty ( be+ ca/ into out] d>kness1 0 an intellig5t & moral law2 x comm5d$ itself necess>ily & in/9ctively to all intellig5t be+s ^: ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s 7 alike righte\s4 ,only ^? :o _h con=m$ to x c\ld be admitt$ aft] dea? into ! p>adise ( ,osiris or into ! company ( ! gods1 & ! seal ( ju/ification 0 ! pron\ncem5t t ! dead man _h 8spok5 ! tru?10 & t 8 confession 9 ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris _h be5 9 agreem5t ) ! tru? & ) ! et]nal ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,( ! moral "* ( ! ,osirian cre$ ,i h already spok54 ,x is ! fir/ (ficial recognition by religion t :at ,god requires is uprightness ( conduct & n c]emonial or?odoxy1 ! fir/ id5tification ( religion ) morality4 ,& ! god :o requir$ ?is uprightness ( conduct 0 n a 8"l ( ho/s10 :o compell$ adoration by ! display ( 8 p[]1 b ,un-nef]1 8! good be+10 :o exi/$ 9 ord] to d good to m54 ,9 ! conflict ) evil he _h app>5tly be5 wor/$2 b ?\gh he _h di$ a %ameful dea?1 8 disciples believ$ t x _h be5 endur$ on _! behalf1 & t = ^? :o foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 & ^: lives resembl$ 81 he _h provid$ a bett] & a happi] ,egypt 9 ano!r _w1 into :i* s9 & pa9 & dea? c\ld n ent]1 & :]e he rul$ et]nally ov] ! cities & fields ( ! ble/4 ,9 ! ,osirian cre$1 writ] aft] writ] has discov]$ 8=e-gleams0 ( ,*ri/ianity m /rik+ ev5 ?an ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* belongs to ! philosophy ( fai?4 ,b !re is no?+ wond]ful 9 ! cont9uity ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! *ief lessons impress$ ^u u by ! sci5ce ( ! c5tury :i* has j pass$ away1 is t ( cont9uity2 ?r\gh\t ! _w ( nature !re is no break1 no isolat$ l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( antec$5t & consequ5t1 & /ill less is !re any 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,developm5t is b ano!r "n = ! cont9uity :i* b9ds ! pa/ to ! pres5t ) /rong] fett]s ?an ^? ( de/9y4 ,x is n only ! philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ! wid] & m g5]al doctr9es ( its cre$1 :i* f9d an e*o 9 ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt2 9 details also ,egypt is l9k$ ) ! mod]n _w4 ,long be=e ! ,hebrew prophets pictur$ ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah1 an ,egyptian poet1 9 ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 _h said3 8,a k+ %all come f ! s\?1 ,am5i1 ! tru?-decl>+1 by "n4 ,he %all be ! son ( a woman ( ,nubia1 & w be born 9 ! s\?4444 ,he %all assume ! cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt1 & lift up ! r$ cr[n ( ! nor?4 ,he %all unite ! d\ble cr[n4444 ,! p ( ! age ( ! son ( man %all rejoice & e/abli% 8 "n = all et]nity4 ,!y %all be remov$ f> f evil1 & ! wick$ %all humble _! m\?s = fe> ( him4 ,! ,asiatics %all fall be=e 8 bl[s1 & ! ,libyans be=e 8 flame4 ,! wick$ %all wait on 8 judgm5ts1 ! rebels on 8 p[]4 ,! royal s]p5t on 8 br[ %all pacify ! revolt$4 ,a wall %all be built1 ev5 t ( ! pr9ce1 t ! ,asiatics may no m ent] into ,egypt407#bjj7 ,yet m /rik+ is ! belief 9 ! virg9-bir? ( ! god ,ph>aoh1 :i* goes back at lea/ to ! "t ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,on ! we/]n wall ( "o ( ! *amb]s 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! temple ( ,luxor1 ,*ampollion fir/ notic$ t ! bir? ( ,amon-hotep ,,iii4 is portray$4 ,! inscriptions & sc5es :i* describe x h s9ce be5 copi$1 & we le>n f !m t he _h no human fa!r2 ,amon himself desc5d$ f heav5 & became ! fa!r ( ! future k+4 ,8 "m 0 /ill a virg9 :5 ! god ( ,!bes 8inc>nat$ himself10 s t %e might 8behold him 9 8 div9e =m40 ,& !n ! hi]oglyphic record cont9ues ) words t are put into ! m\? ( ! god4 8,amon-hotep10 he is made to say1 8is ! "n ( ! son :o is 9 ?y womb4 ,he %all gr[ up accord+ to ! words t proce$ out ( ?y m\?4 ,he %all ex]cise sov]eignty & righte\sness 9 ?is l& unto its v end4 ,my s\l is 9 him1 7&7 he %all we> ! tw(old cr[n ( royalty1 rul+ ! two worlds l ! sun = ev]407#bja7 ,b ,amon-hotep ,,iii4 0 n ! fir/ ( :om x _h be5 said t 8 fa!r 0 a god4 ,fragm5ts ( a simil> text h be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,naville at ,dr el-,bh>1 f :i* we may ga!r t que5 ,hat%epsu also claim$ to h be5 born ( ,amon4 ,h[ mu* fur!r back 9 ,egyptian hi/ory ! belief may g we d n "k3 ! k+s ( ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies call$ !mselves sons ( ! sun-god1 & ! ,!ban mon>*s ^: virg9-mo!rs 7 w$d$ to ,amon1 inc>nate 9 ! fle%1 did b "w out ! old conception 9 a m detail$ & def9ite way4 ,x 0 giv5 to ! ,egyptians to be "o among ! few inv5tive races ( mank9d4 ,!y 7 pione]s ( civilisation2 above all1 !y 7 ! inv5tors ( religi\s ideas4 ,! ideas1 x is true1 7 n self-evolv$2 !y presuppos$ beliefs :i* _h be5 bequea!d by ! pa/2 b _! logical developm5t & ! =ms :i* !y assum$ 7 ! "w ( ! ,egyptian p4 ,we owe to !m ! *ief m\lds into :i* religi\s ?\ght has s9ce be5 ?r[n4 ,! doctr9es ( emanation1 ( a tr9ity :]e9 "o god manife/s himself 9 ?ree p]sons1 ( absolute ?\ght z ! und]ly+ & p]man5t sub/ance ( all ?+s1 all g back to ! prie/ly philosoph]s ( ,egypt4 ,gno/icism & ,alex&rianism1 ! speculations ( ,*ri/ian metaphysic & ! philosophy ( ,hegel1 h _! roots 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,egyptian ?9k]s !mselves1 inde$1 nev] enjoy$ ! full fruition ( ! ideas !y _h creat$2 _! eyes 7 bl9d$ by ! symbolism :i* _h guid$ _! fir/ ef=ts1 _! sight 0 dull$ by ov]mu* rev]5ce = ! pa/1 & ! mat]ialism :i* came ( a cont5tm5t ) ?is life4 ,!y end$ 9 ! scepticism ( despair or ! prosaic sup]/itions ( a decad5t age4 ,b ! task :i* dropp$ f _! h&s 0 tak5 up by o!rs2 ! se$s :i* !y _h s[n 7 n all[$ to )]1 &1 l ! elem5ts ( our culture & civilisation1 ! elem5ts also ( our modes ( religi\s ?\ght may be trac$ back to ! 8dwell]s on ! ,nile40 ,we are heirs ( ! civilis$ pa/1 & a goodly portion ( t civilis$ pa/ 0 ! creation ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,babylonians4 ,lecture ,i4 ,introductory4 ,x is n[ f\rte5 ye>s ago s9ce ,i deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures = ! ,hibb]t ,tru/ees on ! religion ( ! anci5t ,babylonians4 ,! subject at t "t 0 almo/ unt\*$2 ev5 su* mat]ials z 7 !n accessible _h be5 h>dly notic$1 & no attempt _h be5 made to analyse or r$uce !m to ord]1 mu* less to draw up a sy/ematic acc\nt ( anci5t ,babylonian religion4 ,x 0 necess>y to lay ! v f\ndations ( ! /udy be=e x c\ld be und]tak51 to fix ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,babylonian fai? & ! l9es along :i* x _h develop$1 &1 above all1 to di/+ui% ! diff]5t elem5ts ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,! publi%$ texts did n suffice = su* a "w2 !y ne$$ to be supplem5t$ f t great mass ( unpubli%$ cunei=m docum5ts ) :i* ! rooms ( our museums are fill$4 ,my lectures 7 necess>ily provisional & prelim9>y only1 & ,i _h to cont5t myself ) erect+ a scaffold on :i* o!rs might build4 ,! "t _h n yet come = writ+ a sy/ematic description ( ,babylonian religion1 & ( ! phases ?r\gh :i* x pass$ dur+ ! long c5turies ( its exi/5ce4 ,nor has ! "t come yet4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is ! unsatisfactory nature ( ! attempts t h rec5tly be5 made to accompli% ! task4 ,our evid5ce is /ill too scanty & imp]fect1 ! gaps 9 x are too num]\s1 to make any?+ ( ! sort possible4 ,our k ( ! religi\s beliefs ( ,babylonia & ,assyria is at be/ only piecemeal4 ,n[ & aga9 we h inscriptions :i* illu/rate ! belief ( a p>ticul> epo* or ( a p>ticul> class1 or :i* ?r[ light on a p>ticul> side ( ! (ficial or popul> religions2 b su* rays ( light are int]mitt5t1 & !y p5etrate ! d>kness only to be succe$$ by a deep] obscurity ?an be=e4 ,all we c hope to d is to discov] ! lead+ conceptions :i* und]lay ! religion ( ,babylonia 9 its v>i\s =ms1 to det]m9e & di/+ui% ! *ief elem5ts t w5t to create x1 & to picture ^? aspects ( x on :i* our docum5t>y mat]ials ca/ ! mo/ light4 ,b any?+ l a sy/ematic description ( ,babylonian religion w = _m ye>s to come be altoge!r out ( ! "q2 x mu/ wait until ! buri$ libr>ies ( ,*alda h be5 excavat$1 & all _! cont5ts /udi$4 ,we are b at ! beg9n+ ( discov]ies1 & ! belief t our pres5t conclusions are f9al is ! belief ( ignorance4 ,z ,i po9t$ out 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ! fir/ endeav\r ( ! /ud5t ( anci5t ,babylonian religion mu/ be to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,semitic & non-,semitic elem5ts embodi$ 9 x4 ,& be=e we c d ?is we mu/ also di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,semitic & non-,semitic elem5ts 9 our s\rces ( in=mation4 ,?is 0 ! pr9cipal task to :i* ,i appli$ myself1 & ! failure to recognise ! necessity ( x has be5 ! ma9 cause ( ! little progress t has be5 made 9 ! /udy ( ! subject4 ,s9ce ,i wrote ! means = und]tak+ ! task ) success h be5 multipli$2 ?anks to ! excavations ( ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican explor]s1 ! pre-,semitic _w ( ,babylonia has be5 op5$ out to u 9 a way ( :i* we c\ld n h dream$2 & numb]less texts h be5 f\nd :i* belong to ! e>ly days ( ,sum]ian or non-,semitic culture4 ,we are no long] conf9$ to ! editions ( ,sum]ian texts made 9 lat] times by ,semitic scribes2 we n[ h be=e u ! actual inscriptions :i* 7 engrav$ :5 ,sum]ian pr9ces /ill rul$ ! l&1 & ! ,sum]ian language 0 /ill spok5 by _! subjects4 ,we c read 9 !m ! names ( ! gods !y wor%ipp$1 & ! pray]s :i* !y (f]$ to ! spirits ( heav54 ,! mat]ials are at la/ at h& = det]m9+ 9 "s measure :at is ,sum]ian & :at is ,semitic1 & :at aga9 may be reg>d$ z a mixture or amalgamation ( bo?4 ,b ?\gh ! mat]ials are at h&1 x w be long be=e !y c all be exam9$1 mu* less ?or\ghly criticis$4 ,i _c emphasise too /rongly ! provisional & imp]fect "* ( our pres5t k ( ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,?\s&s ( tablets are ly+ 9 ! museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 :i* x w take ye>s ( h>d "w on ! "p ( _m /ud5ts to copy & read4 ,at ,tello17#bjb7 ,m4 de ,s>zec f\nd a libr>y ( m ?an #cj1jjj tablets1 :i* g back to ! days ( ! prie/-k+ ,gudea2 & ! great temple ( ,bel at ,nippur 9 ,nor!rn ,babylonia has yield$ five times z _m m to ! ,am]ican excavators4 ,o!r excavations by natives or ,turki% (ficials h at ! same "t br\ght to light multitud9\s tablets f o!r anci5t sites1--f ,jokha1 ne> ! ,%att el-,hai1 & f ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,nebo at ,borsippa4 ,x is true t a l>ge proportion ( ^! tablets are contracts & simil> bus9ess docum5ts1 b !y conta9 mu* t is ( importance n only = ! social hi/ory ( ,babylonia1 b = its religi\s hi/ory z well4 ,mean:ile ! va/ numb] ( texts :i* h come f ! m\nds ( ,n9eveh & ,sipp>a is /ill b imp]fectly kn[n2 x is only )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s t ! catalogue ( ! ,k\yunjik collection ( tablets1 :i* h be5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum = almo/ half a c5tury1 has be5 at la/ complet$ 9 five portly volumes2 & !re /ill rema9 ! numb]less tablets f ,babylonia :i* l9e ! ,museum %elves4 ,& ev5 ( :at has be5 catalogu$ !re is mu* :i* has n yet be5 fully copi$ or exam9$4 ,! ,briti% ,museum1 moreov]1 is no long] ! sole repository ( ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,! ,l\vre1 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 are equally fill$ ) ! clay tablets ( ! ,babylonian scribes2 :ile ! collection 9 ! ,museum ( ,con/ant9ople f> exce$s ^? :i* h be5 =m$ else:]e4 ,ev5 private individuals h _! collections ( l>g] or less ext5t2 t ( ,"l ,amh]/ ( ,hackney1 = example1 w\ld h made ! =tune ( "o ( ! great museums ( ! _w b a few ye>s ago4 ,x is evid5t t x w be long be=e m ?an a fraction ( ?is va/ & ev]-accumulat+ lit]ature c be adequately /udi$4 ,& :at adds to ! difficulty is t x is /ill increas+ ye> by ye>4 ,at pres5t !re are z _m z ?ree explor+ exp$itions 9 ,babylonia4 ,m4 de ,s>zec's successor on behalf ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t is /ill c>ry+ on "w at ,tello1 ! anci5t ,lagas1 :i* 0 begun z f> back z #ahgg2 ! ,am]icans are cont9u+ _! excavations at ,nippur1 :]e1 ev] s9ce #ahhh1 !y h be5 excavat+ = ! fir/ "t on a ?or\ghly sy/ematic & sci5tific plan2 & n[ ! ,g]mans h comm5c$ "w at ,babylon itself1 & h already fix$ ! site ( ! temple ( ,bel-,m]oda* & ( t palace ( ,nebu*adrezz> 9 :i* ,alex&] ! ,great di$47#bjc7 ,ev5 :ile ,i am writ+1 ! news has come ( ! discov]y ( a great libr>y at ,nippur1 :i* seems to h be5 buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ! build+ 9 :i* x 0 kept z f> back z ! ,abrahamic age4 ,! m\nds 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd lie to ! s\?-we/ ( ! great temple ( ,bel4 ,already ne>ly #bj1jjj tablets h be5 rescu$ f x1 & x is calculat$ t at lea/ #acj1jjj are yet to be dis9t]r$4 ,! tablets lie 9 ord] ^u ! clay %elves on :i* !y 7 arrang$ 9 ! days ( ,khammurabi1 ! ,amraphel ( ,g5esis27#bjd7 &1 s f> z !y h be5 exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,hilpre*t1 x w\ld appe> t !y relate to all ! v>i\s bran*es ( k :i* 7 kn[n & /udi$ at ! "t4 ,hi/ory1 *ronology1 religion & lit]ature1 philology & law1 are all alike repres5t$ 9 !m4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! cata/rophe :i* ov]:elm$ !m occurr$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 we may well ask :at new & unexpect$ in=mation ! future has 9 /ore = u1 & hesitate ab\t com+ to conclusions :i* ! discov]y ( to-morr[ may ov]?r[4 ,we "k b a ti! ( :at ! monum5ts ( ,babylonia h yet to reveal to u1 & mu* t we seem to "k to-day w be pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! k we %all h]eaft] possess4 ,! imp]fection ( 8 mat]ials places ! /ud5t ( ,babylonian religion at a great] disadvantage ?an ! /ud5t ( ,babylonian hi/ory or social life4 ,! facts once obta9$ 9 ! field ( hi/ory or ( social life rema9 p]man5tly secur$2 ! !ories bas$ ^u !m may h to be *ang$1 b ! facts !mselves h be5 acquir$ by sci5ce once = all4 ,b a religi\s fact is to a l>ge ext5t a matt] ( int]pretation1 & ! int]pretation dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( ! evid5ce at our disposal z well z ^u ! "* ( ! evid5ce itself4 ,moreov]1 ! hi/ory ( religion is a hi/ory ( spiritual & intellectual developm5t2 x deals ) ideas & dogmas :i* %ift & *ange ) ! process ( ! ages1 & take z x 7 ! col\r ( ea* succe$+ c5tury4 ,! hi/ory ( religion transports u out ( :at ,g]man metaphysicians w\ld call ! 8objective0 _w into ! 8subjective0 _w ( ?\ght & belief2 x is n suffici5t to "k ! lit]al mean+ ( its te*nical t]ms1 or ! m]e ord] & arrangem5t ( its rites & c]emonies2 we h to discov] :at 7 ! religi\s conceptions t 7 connect$ ) ! t]ms1 & ! dogmas t und]lay ! p]=mance ( a p>ticul> rite4 ,a m]e b>r5 li/ ( div9e names & titles1 or ev5 ! assurance t !ology _h id5tifi$ c]ta9 gods ) "o ano!r1 w n c>ry u v f>2 at mo/ !y are b ! dry bones ( a !ological sy/em1 :i* mu/ be made to live be=e !y c tell u :at t sy/em actually 04 ,! /udy ( anci5t ,babylonian religion is ?us beset ) _m difficulties4 ,our mat]ials are imp]fect1 & yet at ! same "t are p]petually gr[+2 ! religi\s sy/em to :i* !y relate is a comb9ation ( two widely diff]5t =ms ( fai?1 *>act]i/ic ( two entirely diff]5t races2 & be=e we c und]/& x prop]ly1 we mu/ sep>ate ! elem5ts ( :i* x consi/s1 & assign to ea* _! *ronological position4 ,! v fact1 h[ev]1 t religi\s texts are usually ( immemorial antiquity1 & t *anges inevitably pass ov] !m z !y are h&$ d[n 9 successive editions1 makes su* a task peculi>ly difficult4 ,nev]!less x is a task :i* mu/ be und]tak5 be=e we h ! "r to draw a conclusion f ! texts ) :i* we deal4 ,we mu/ fir/ "k :e!r !y are orig9ally ,sum]ian or ,semitic1 or :e!r !y belong to ! age :5 ,sum]ian & ,semitic 7 fus$ 9 "o2 :e!r1 aga91 !y are composite or ! products ( a s+le au?or & epo*2 :e!r1 la/ly1 !y h be5 gloss$ & int]polat$1 & _! primitive mean+ trans=m$4 ,we mu/ h a *ronology = our docum5ts z well z an e?nology1 & bew>e ( trans=m+ ,sum]ian into ,semitic1 or ,semitic into ,sum]ian1 or ( int]pret+ ! creations ( "o age z if !y 7 ! creations ( ano!r4 ,! critical exam9ation ( ! texts mu/ prec$e e attempt to write an acc\nt ( ,babylonian religion1 if ! acc\nt is to be ( p]man5t value4 ,un=tunately we h no?+ 9 ,babylonia t corresponds ) ! ,pyramid texts ( ,egypt4 ,we h no body ( doctr9e :i*1 9 its exi/+ =m1 is coeval ) ! e>ly days ( ! mon>*y1 & c accord+ly be comp>$ ) ! religi\s belief & ! religi\s books ( a lat] "t4 ,! ,pyramid texts h enabl$ u to p5etrate beh9d ! classical age ( ,egyptian religion1 & s trace ! developm5t ( _m ( ! dogmas :i* di/+ui%$ ! fai? ( lat] epo*s2 x is possible t simil>ly e>ly records ( ! (ficial cre$ may yet be discov]$ 9 ,babylonia2 b up to ! pres5t no?+ ( ! sort has be5 f\nd4 ,we are conf9$ !re to ! texts :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( c\ntless editors & scribes1 or else to su* ref]5ces to religi\s beliefs & wor%ip z c be extract$ f ! inscriptions ( k+s & prie/s4 ,! sacr$ books ( ,babylonia are kn[n to u only 9 ! =m :i* !y f9ally assum$4 ,! ,babylonian religion ) :i* we are acqua9t$ is t (ficial !ology 9 :i* ! old] ,sum]ian & ,semitic elem5ts 7 comb9$ toge!r & work$ into an elaborate sy/em4 ,to di/+ui% ! elem5ts "o f ! o!r1 & discov] ! beliefs & conceptions :i* und]lie !m1 is a task ( inf9ite lab\r & complexity4 ,b x is a task :i* _c be %irk$ if we w\ld ev5 beg9 to und]/& ! nature ( ,babylonian religion1 & ! fundam5tal ideas ^u :i* x re/$4 ,we mu/ analyse & recon/ruct1 mu/ comp>e & classify & piece toge!r z be/ we may1 ! fragm5ts ( belief & practice t h come d[n to u4 ,above all1 we mu/ bew>e ( confus+ ! old ) ! new1 ( conf\nd+ ,sum]ian ) ,semitic1 or ( ascrib+ to an e>li] epo* ! conceptions ( a lat] "t4 ,! picture w be at mo/ b a blurr$ & mutilat$ "o4 ,b its ma9 outl9es c be fix$1 & ) ! progress ( discov]y & rese>* !y w be m & m fill$ 94 ,& ! importance ( ! picture lies 9 ! fact t ,babylonian religion ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce n only ov] ! l&s imm$iately adjo9+ ! ,babylonian pla91 b ov] ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia z well4 ,long be=e ! days ( ,abraham1 ,canaan 0 a ,babylonian prov9ce1 obey+ ,babylonian law1 read+ ,babylonian books1 & writ+ 9 ,babylonian *>act]s4 ,along ) ,babylonian culture necess>ily came also ! religion ( ,babylonia & ! !ological or cosmogonic dogmas :i* accompani$ x4 ,abraham himself 0 born 9 a ,babylonian city1 & ! religion ( 8 desc5dants 0 nurtur$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ,babylonian ?\ght4 ,! ,mosaic ,law %[s almo/ z cle> evid5ces ( ,babylonian influ5ce z d ! e>li] *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,rec5t discov]ies h gone f> t[>ds lift+ ! veil t has hi!rto cov]$ ! beg9n+s ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,we h be5 c>ri$ back to a "t :5 ! ,ed9 or 8pla90 ( ,babylonia 0 /ill 9 great measure a m>%1 & ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf ext5d$ #abj miles f>!r inl& ?an !y d to-day4 ,if we take ! rate at :i* ! l& has gr[n s9ce ! days ( ,alex&] ! ,great z a basis ( measurem5t1 ?is w\ld h be5 f eight to n9e ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 already two great sanctu>ies 9 ! c\ntry1 ar\nd ea* ( :i* a settlem5t or city _h sprung up4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,nippur 9 ! nor?1 ! mod]n ,niff]2 ! o!r 0 ,eridu1 8! good city107#bje7 n[ m>k$ by ! m\nds ( ,n[wis or ,abu-,%ahra91 :i* /ood on :at 0 !n ! %ore ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,n[ its site is m ?an a hundr$ miles di/ant f ! sea4 ,b x 0 once ! seaport ( ,babylonia1 ^: inhabitants caught fi% 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf or trad$ ) ! populations ( ! ,arabian coa/4 ,nippur1 on ! o!r h&1 0 inl& & agricultural4 ,x 0 ! primitive c5tre ( ^? eng9e]+ works :i* gradually conv]t$ ! pe/if]\s m>%es ( ,babylonia into a fruitful pla91 wat]$ by canals & riv]s1 & protect$ f inundation by l(ty dykes4 ,:ile ,eridu look$ seaw>d1 ,nippur look$ l&w>d1 & ! influ5ces t emanat$ f ea* 7 accord+ly div]se f ! v outset4 ,z ,i po9t$ out 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,babylon mu/ h be5 a colony ( ,eridu4 ,its tutel>y god 0 a son ( ,ea ( ,eridu1 & _h be5 wor%ipp$ at ,eridu long be=e 8 cult 0 c>ri$ nor?w>d to ,babylon4 ,dr4 ,pet]s has s9ce sugge/$ t ,ur 0 simil>ly a colony ( ,nippur4 ,! moon-god ( ,ur 0 ! son ( ! god ( ,nippur1 & ?\gh ,ur lay b a few miles f ,eridu1 x 0 an inl& & n a m>itime t[n4 ,x /ood on ! des]t plateau to ! we/ ( ! ,euphrates1 ov]look+ ! ,babylonian pla91 :i* at ! "t ( its f\ndation _h d\btless n z yet be5 reclaim$4 ,b its situation expos$ x to ,arabian influ5ces4 ,unlike ! o!r great cities ( ,babylonia1 x 0 9 ,arabia r ?an 9 ,babylonia1 & its population f ! outset mu/ h conta9$ a consid]able ,arabian elem5t4 ,semitic settl]s f ,s\!rn ,arabia & ,canaan occupi$ x1 & x 0 kn[n to !m z ,uru1 8! city0 p> excell5ce47#bjf7 ,nippur & ,eridu 7 already old :5 ,ur fir/ rose to fame4 ,!y 7 bo? great sanctu>ies r ?an ! capitals ( secul> k+doms4 ,! god ( ,nippur 0 ,el-lil1 8! "l ( ! gho/-_w107#bjg7 ! rul] ( ! spirits1 ^: abode 0 b5ea? ! e>?1 or 9 ! air by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,he 0 ! ma/] ( spells & incantations1 ( ! magical =mul :i* enabl$ ^? :o knew !m to keep ! evil spirits at bay1 or to turn _! malice aga9/ an enemy4 ,nippur 0 peculi>ly ! home ( ! d>k] side ( ,babylonian religion2 ! tea*+ & influ5ces t emanat$ f x reg>d$ ! _s-_w z a _w ( night & d>kness1 peopl$ by be+s t 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ho/ile to man4 ,! lil or gho/ belong$ to ! realm ( ! dead r ?an to t ( ! liv+1 & ! female liltu 0 ! ance/ress ( t ,lili? :om ! ,jewi% ,rabbis made a vampire "u ! =m ( a beautiful woman1 :o liv$ on ! blood ( ! *ildr5 %e slew at night4 ,eridu1 on ! contr>y1 0 ! seat ( ! ,*aldan god ( culture4 ,ea1 ^: home 0 9 ! deep1 among ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 _h !re 8 temple1 & x 0 !re t he _h taught ! fir/ inhabitants ( ,babylonia all ! elem5ts ( civilisation1 writ+ d[n = !m ! laws !y %\ld obey1 ! moral code !y %\ld foll[1 & ! heal+ spells t prev5t$ disease & dea?4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( all ! arts ( life1 ! all-wise god :o knew ! ?+s t b5efit$ man2 & 8 son & m9i/] ,as>i1 :o int]pret$ 8 w to 8 wor%ipp]s1 receiv$ ! title ( him 8:o does good to mank9d40 ,:ile ,el-lil ( ,nippur 0 ! "l & creator ( ! _s-_w1 ,ea 0 ! "l & creator ( m54 ,he _h made man1 l a pott]1 out ( ! clay1 & to him1 !re=e1 man cont9u$ to look = guidance & help4 ,! "* ( ,ea 0 d\btless col\r$ by ! position ( 8 city4 ,! my? :i* spoke ( him z ris+ ea* morn+ out ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf to br+ ! elem5ts ( culture to 8 p1 cle>ly po9ts to t m>itime int]c\rse ) ! coa/s ( ,s\!rn ,arabia :i* seems to h _h a good deal to d ) ! e>ly civilisation ( ,babylonia4 ,=eign ideas made _! way into ! c\ntry1 trade br\ght culture 9 its tra91 & x may be t ! ,semites1 :o ex]cis$ s pr(\nd an influ5ce ^u ,babylonia1 fir/ ent]$ x ?r\gh ! port ( ,eridu4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x 0 at ,eridu t ! g>d5 ( ! ,babylonian ,ed5 0 plac$2 "h 0 8! c5tre ( ! e>?02 "h1 too1 ! wat]s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates 7 p\r$ out on ei!r side f vases held by ! god47#bjh7 ,until ,eridu1 h[ev]1 is excavat$ ) ! same sy/ematic c>e z ,nippur1 we mu/ be cont5t to d]ive our k ( x & ( its influ5ce ^u ! primitive culture & religion ( ,babylonia f ! records :i* h be5 f\nd else:]e4 ,t its sanctu>y 0 at lea/ z old z t ( ,nippur1 we may ga!r f ! fact t x 0 f\nd$ be=e ! coa/-l9e _h rec$$ f ! spot on :i* x /ood4 ,its e>ly relations to ,nippur mu/ be left to ! future to disclose4 ,t nei!r ,nippur nor ,eridu %\ld h be5 ! seat ( a secul> k+dom1 is n s /range z at fir/ sight x appe>s to be4 ,! prie/hood ( ea* mu/ h be5 too num]\s & p[]ful to surr5d] its rights to a s+le pontiff1 or to all[ su* a pontiff to wre/ f x its au?ority 9 civil affairs4 ,x is difficult = a k+ to e/abli% himself :]e a !ocratic olig>*y holds absolute sway1 & ! rev]5ce 9 :i* ! temples & wor%ip ( ,el-lil & ,ea 7 held w\ld h prev5t$ ! success ( any attempt ( ! k9d4 ,x 0 _! sanctu>ies :i* made ,babylonia a holy l&1 :]e9 all :o c\ld 7 buri$ aft] dea?4 ,l ,abydos 9 ,egypt1 ,nippur or ,eridu cont9u$ to be a sanctu>y1 gov]n$ by its own hi]>*y & enjoy+ its own indep5d5t exi/5ce1 :ile secul> k+doms grew up at its side47#bji7 ,l ,egypt1 ,babylonia 0 orig9ally divid$ into sev]al indep5d5t ,/ates4 ,f "t to "t "o ( ^! became pr$om9ant1 & oblig$ ! o!r ,/ates to ackn[l$ge its supremacy4 ,b ! c5tre ( p[] %ift$ frequ5tly1 & x took _m c5turies be=e ! gov]nm5t became ?or\ghly c5tralis$4 ,! e>li] dyna/ies :i* claim$ rule ov] ! :ole c\ntry _h at times to def5d _! claims by =ce ( arms4 ,l ,egypt1 too1 ,babylonia fell naturally into two halves1 ,akkad 9 ! nor? & ,sum] 9 ! s\?4 ,! recollection ( ! fact 0 pres]v$ 9 ! imp]ial title ( 8k+ ( ,akkad & ,sum]10 :i* ?us corresponds ) ! ,egyptian title ( 8k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt40 ,b :]eas 9 ,egypt ! conqu]+ race mov$ f s\? to nor?1 caus+ ! "n ( ,upp] ,egypt to come fir/ 9 ! royal title1 9 ,babylonia x 0 ! ,semites ( ! nor!rn half :o impos$ _! yoke ^u ! s\?4 ,akkad accord+ly takes prec$5ce ( ,sum]4 ,i h said t ! veil :i* has s long cov]$ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! c\ntry is beg9n+ at la/ to be lift$4 ,rays ( light are beg9n+ to /ruggle ?r\gh ! d>kness1 & we c at la/ =m "s idea ( ! process :i* made ,babylonia :at x 0 9 lat] hi/orical times4 ,:5 ! light fir/ breaks ^u x1 ! lead+ k+dom1 at all ev5ts 9 ! nor?1 is ,kis4 ,"h a ,semitic dyna/y seems to h e/abli%$ itself at an e>ly p]iod1 & we he> ( w>s c>ri$ on by x ) its s\!rn neighb\rs4 ,t[>ds ! s\?1 ,lagas1 ! mod]n ,tello1 became ! *ief ,/ate "u its high prie/s1 :o made !mselves k+s4 ,b ,lagas1 l all ! o!r petty k+doms ( ! c\ntry1 _h at l5g? to submit to a ,semitic p[] :i* grew up 9 ! nor?1 &1 aft] unify+ ,babylonia1 creat$ an empire t ext5d$ to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is 0 ! empire ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 & 8 son ,n>am-,s91 ^: date is fix$ by ! native annali/s at ,b4,c4 #chjj1 & ^: importance = ! hi/ory ( religion & culture ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,pale/9e & ,syria--! l& ( ! ,amorites1 z ! ,babylonians call$ !m--became a ,babylonian prov9ce2 & a portion ( a cada/ral survey = ! purposes ( taxation has come d[n to u1 f :i* we le>n t x _h be5 plac$ "u a gov]nor :o be>s ! ,canaaniti% "n ( ,uru-,malik 7,urimele*747#baj7 ,n>am-,s9 c>ri$ 8 arms ev5 into ,magan1 ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 :]e he wre/$ f ! ,egyptians ! covet$ m9es ( copp] & mala*ite4 ,susa _h long be5 a ,babylonian dep5d5cy2 & z ,mesopotamia1 includ+ ! lat] ,assyria1 also obey$ ,babylonian rule1 ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia became ,babylonian or1 to use ! words ( ,s>gon's ,annals1 8all c\ntries 7 =m$ toge!r into "o 7empire740 ,int]c\rse 0 kept up betwe5 "o "p ( ! empire & ! o!r by means ( high roads1 along :i* ! imp]ial po/ travell$ frequ5tly4 ,"s ( ! lett]s c>ri$ by x1 ) ! clay seals :i* s]v$ z /amps1 are n[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,l\vre47#baa7 ,h[ long ! empire ( ,s>gon la/$ is /ill unc]ta94 ,b f t day onw>d ! k+s :o claim$ supreme au?ority 9 ,babylonia itself also claim$ au?ority 9 ,syria2 & f "t to "t !y succe$$ 9 en=c+ _! claim4 ,ere* & ,ur n[ appe> ^u ! sc5e1 & m ?an "o imp]ial dyna/y _h its capital at ,ur4 ,:5 ! la/ ( ^! fell1 ,babylonia pass$ = a :ile into a /ate ( decay & an>*y1 a dyna/y ( ,s\? ,arabian or ,canaaniti% orig9 e/abli%$ itself at ,babylon2 :ile ,elamite pr9ces seiz$ ,l>sa1 & compell$ ! s\!rn half ( ! c\ntry to pay !m tribute4 ,a deliv]] f9ally arose1 9 ! p]son ( ,khammurabi or ,ammurapi1 ( ! ,arabian dyna/y2 he drove ! ,elamites out ( ,babylonia1 defeat$ ,ario* ( ,l>sa1 captur$ 8 capital1 & once m unit$ ,babylonia "u a s+le head1 ) its c5tre at ,babylon4 ,f h5ce=? ,babylon rema9$ ! capital ( ! mon>*y1 & ! sacr$ city ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! national revival 0 accompani$ by a lit]>y revival z well4 ,poets & writ]s arose ^: works became classical2 new copies & editions 7 made ( anci5t books1 & ! !ology ( ,babylonia 0 f9ally sy/ematis$4 ,"u ,khammurabi & 8 imm$iate successors we may place ! consummation ( t gradual process ( developm5t :i* _h r$uc$ ! discordant elem5ts ( ,babylonian society & religion into a s+le h>moni\s sy/em4 ,?is !ological sy/em1 h[ev]1 _c be und]/ood1 unless we be> 9 m9d t1 z 9 ,egypt s too 9 ,babylonia1 !re 0 orig9ally a numb] ( small indep5d5t pr9cipalities1 ea* ) its tutel>y deity & special sanctu>y4 ,! head ( ! ,/ate 0 ! patesi1 or high prie/ ( ! god1 8 vic> & repres5tative ^u e>?1 & ! int]pret] ( ! div9e comm&s to m54 ,at ! outset1 !re=e1 ,babylonian gov]nm5t 0 ess5tially !ocratic2 & ?is !ocratic "* clung to x to ! la/4 ,x 0 ?is :i* made ,babylon a sacr$ city1 ^: prie/s _h ! p[] ( conf]r+ ! "r to rule ^u :om !y w\ld1 l ! ,pope 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?\gh ! high prie/ became 9 "t a k+1 he nev] dive/$ himself ( 8 sac]dotal mantle1 or =got t he 0 ! adopt$ son ( 8 god47#bab7 ,! tutel>y gods foll[$ ! =tunes ( ! cities ov] ^: de/9ies !y wat*$4 ,! rise ( a city to p[] meant ! supremacy also ( ! div9ity to :om x 0 d$icat$2 its decay involv$ 8 decl9e4 ,! gods ( ! subject cities 7 ! vassals ( ! deity ( ! dom9ant ,/ate2 :5 ! k+s ( ,ur 7 supreme 9 ,babylonia1 ! moon-god ( ,ur 0 supreme z well4 ,simil>ly ! rise ( ,babylon br\ght ) x ! supremacy ( ,m]oda*1 ! god ( ,babylon1 :o h5ce=w>d became ! ,bel or 8,"l0 ( ! :ole pan!on4 ,a god :o _h once occupi$ s exalt$ a position c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be easily depos$4 ,babylonian hi/ory pres]v$ ! memory ( ! rul+ dyna/ies ^: suz]a9ty _h be5 ackn[l$g$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ,babylonian religion equally rememb]$ ! gods ^: s]vants & repres5tatives !y _h be54 ,a god :o _h once be5 supreme ov] ,babylonia c\ld n aga9 occupy a l[] seat2 x 0 necess>y to f9d a place = him by ! side ( ! y\ng] deity1 ^: position 0 m]ely t ( a *ief among 8 pe]s4 ,:5 ,babylon became ! capital1 ! old] seats ( empire /ill claim$ equality ) h]1 & ! prie/ly hi]>*ies ( ,ur or ,ere* or ,sipp>a /ill acc\nt$ !mselves ! equals ( h] prie/hood4 ,! anci5t sanctu>ies surviv$1 ) _! cults unimpair$ & _! traditions /ill v5]at$2 & ! rev]5ce paid to ! sanctu>y & its m9i/]s 0 reflect$ back ^u ! god4 ,h5ce x 0 t at ! head ( ! (ficial fai? !re /ood a gr\p ( supreme gods1 ea* ) 8 rank & p[]s def9itely fix$1 & ea* wor%ipp$ 9 "s "o ( ! great cities ( ! k+dom4 ,b ! sy/em ( :i* !y =m$ "p 0 necess>ily ( artificial orig94 ,x 0 ! "w ( a !ological s*ool1 su* z 0 made possible by ! exi/5ce ( ! primeval sanctu>ies ( ,nippur & ,eridu4 ,)\t ^! latt] ! organisation ( ,babylonian religion w\ld h be5 imp]fect or impossible4 ,b f ! e>lie/ days ( ,babylonian civilisation1 ,nippur & ,eridu _h alike ex]cis$ a unify+ influ5ce on ! div]se & discordant elem5ts ( :i* ! population 0 compos$2 !y 7 c5tres1 n only ( religion1 b ( culture z well1 & ?is culture 0 ess5tially religi\s4 ,= unnumb]$ c5turies ! gods ( ,nippur & ,eridu 7 ackn[l$g$ z supreme by all ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 :atev] might be _! race or ! p>ticul> local div9ities !y ador$1 & ! religi\s tea*+ ( ! prie/s ( ,nippur & ,eridu 0 accept$ z ! inspir$ utt]ances ( heav54 ,:5 ,babylon became at l5g? ! capital ( a unit$ mon>*y "u an ,arabian dyna/y1 ! anci5t gods ( ,nippur & ,eridu yield$ to its p>v5u deity only "u prote/2 despite ! fact t ! city ( ,m]oda* _h be5 ! lead] 9 ! national w> ( indep5d5ce1 ,m]oda* himself _h to be id5tifi$ ) ! son ( ,ea ( ,eridu1 & ! title ( ,bel :i* he wre/$ f ,el-lil ( ,nippur 0 nev] ackn[l$g$ at ,nippur itself4 ,!re at lea/ ! old 8,"l ( ! gho/-_w0 /ill rema9$ = 8 wor%ipp]s ! 8,"l0 ( all ! gods4 ,! title _h be5 giv5 him by ! ,semites1 ?\gh ! sanctu>y 9 :i* he 0 wor%ipp$ 0 ( ,sum]ian or non-,semitic f\ndation4 ,! fact introduces u to ! la/ po9t on :i* ,i wi% to t\* 9 ! pres5t lecture4 ,! population ( ,babylonia 0 n homog5e\s4 ,! ,*aldan hi/orian ,b]ossos tells u h[1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 races ( v>i\s orig9 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 x2 & ! /atem5t has be5 fully confirm$ by ! monum5ts4 ,two ma9 races 7 repres5t$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( ^!1 usually t]m$ ,sum]ian1 spoke an agglut9ative language1 & came1 p]haps1 f ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,elam2 ! o!r 7 ! ,semites1 ^: fir/ home 01 ,i believe1 9 ,arabia4 ,! ,sum]ians 7 ! fir/ 9 ! l&4 ,to !m 7 due ! elem5ts ( ,babylonian civilisation2 !y 7 ! fir/ to dra9 ! m>%es & cultivate ! soil1 to build ! temples & cities1 & to inv5t--or at all ev5ts to develop--t sy/em ( pictorial writ+ out ( :i* ! cunei=m *>act]s gradually arose4 ,!y 71 too1 ! fir/ to c>ry ! culture !y _h creat$ among ! neighb\r+ populations ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! result 0 t _! language & script spread f> & wide2 :]ev] proto-,*aldan civilisation ext5d$1 ! proto-,*aldan language w5t ) x4 ,& along ) ! language & lit]ature !re w5t also ! !ology ( primitive ,babylonia4 ,! names ( ! ,sum]ian div9ities made _! way into o!r l&s1 & ! dialects ( ! ,semitic tribes 7 pr(\ndly affect$ by ! =ms ( ,sum]ian spee*4 ,! e>lie/ civilisation ( ,we/]n ,asia 0 ,sum]ian4 ,b a "t came :5 ! ,sum]ian 0 supplant$ by ! ,semite4 ,x 0 9 ,nor!rn ,babylonia t ! ,semite fir/ pr$om9at$4 ,"h ! empire ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad grew up1 & ! cunei=m syllab>y became an imp]fect means = express+ ! s\nds ( a ,semitic language4 ,f ,nor!rn ,babylonia ,semitic influ5ces pass$ into ! s\?1 a mix$ ,semitic & ,sum]ian population came into exi/5ce1 & ! ,babylonians ( hi/ory 7 born4 ,! mix$ population necess>ily _h a mix$ language1 & a composite culture produc$ a composite !ology4 ,to dis5tangle ! elem5ts ( ?is !ology is ! fir/ & mo/ press+ task ( its hi/orian2 b x is a task full ( difficulties1 :i* ! native !ologians !mselves n unfrequ5tly fail$ to ov]come4 ,! union ( ,sum]ian & ,semite creat$ ! ,babylonian ) :om we h to deal1 j z ! union ( ,kelt & ,teuton has creat$ ! ,engli%man ( to-day4 ,o!r races1 x is true1 settl$ 9 8 c\ntry 9 subsequ5t ages1 b _! influ5ce 0 comp>atively slight & transitory4 ,at "o "t non-,semitic ,elamites f ! ea/ ov]ran bo? ,babylonia & ! di/rict ( ,susa1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 a ,babylonian prov9ce1 & f\nd$ a dyna/y at ,babylon :i* la/$ = ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s4 ,b1 l ! ,hyksos dyna/ies 9 ,egypt1 x made b little p]man5t impression ^u ! p2 9 "* & religion !y rema9$ :at !y 7 be=e4 ,nor did ! irruption ( ,b$w9 tribes & o!r m pure-blood$ repres5tatives ( ! ,semitic race h a great] effect4 ,!y 7 r influ5c$ by ! ,babylonians ?an ! ,babylonians by !m4 ,_! own culture 0 inf]ior1 & ,babylonia 0 _! tea*] 9 ! arts & com=ts ( life4 ,! wild ,b$w91 :o t5d$ ! flocks ( _! ,babylonian ma/]s1 ! ,amorite m]*ants f ,canaan1 :o =m$ trad+ settlem5ts 9 ! ,babylonian cities1 ev5 ! ,s\? ,arabian pr9ces :o head$ ! national revolt aga9/ ,elamite supremacy & made ,babylon ! capital ( _! k+dom1 7 all alike absorb$ into ! ,babylonian race4 ,!y became ! *ildr5 ( ,babylonian civilisation1 &1 along ) ! culture1 !y adopt$ ! language ( ! ,babylonian p4 ,! mix$ race :i* _h produc$ ! civilisation ( ,babylonia1 0 de/9$ to reta9 its individuality unimpair$ d[n to ! day :5 ,europe took ! place ( ,asia 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,b ! fact ( ! mixture mu/ nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,)\t x1 ,babylonian religion1 l ! ,babylonian sy/em ( writ+1 w\ld be a hopeless puzzle4 ,we c\ld1 inde$1 draw up long li/s ( obscure deities ) unmean+ names1 & enum]ate ! titles :i* ! inscriptions give !m1 b any attempt to trace _! hi/ory or discov] ! religi\s ideas ( :i* !y are ! expression1 w\ld be impossible4 ,we mu/ "k :at is ,semitic & :at is ,sum]ian1 or :at is due to a comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts1 be=e we c p5etrate to ! he>t ( ! old ,babylonian !ology1 & asc]ta9 ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/s4 ,! native writ]s !mselves 7 aw>e ( ?is1 & fully realis$ ! fact t ,sum]ian conceptions ( ! godhead =m$ ! backgr\nd ( ! (ficial fai?4 ,b _! uncritical ef=ts to solve ! problem ( ! orig9 ( _! religion h add$ only to ! complication ( x4 ,j z ! ,engli% lexicograph]s ( a pa/ g5]ation f\nd a ,greek or ,lat9 d]ivation = ! ,teutonic words ( our language1 s ! s*ol>s ( ,babylonia discov]$ ,sum]ian etymologies = ,semitic words & div9e names1 or else assimilat$ !m to o!r words ( a diff]5t orig94 ,?us ! ,semitic ^w ,sabattu1 8,sabba?10 is d]iv$ f ! ,sum]ian sa1 8he>t10 & bat1 8to cease0 or 8re/10 & int]pret$ z 8a day ( re/ = ! he>t02 :ile p>du1 8p>adise10 is expla9$ z ! p> or 8doma9 ( ! god ,eu407#bac7 ,9 _m cases x is z yet impossible to tell :e!r a native etymology really re/s on a fact ( hi/ory1 or is ! inv5tion ( le>n$ p$antry or popul> etymologis+4 ,m>duk or ,m]oda*1 = in/ance1 is v>i\sly d]iv$ f ! ,sum]ian ,am>-utuki1 8! heif] ( ! sun-_s02 & ! ,semitic ,m>-,eridugga1 8! son ( ! city ,eridu407#bad7 ,! fir/ etymology is c]ta9ly false2 our pres5t mat]ials d n all[ u to speak s positively 9 reg>d to ! second4 ,all we c say ab\t x is t x is unlikely 9 ! extreme4 ,& yet a good deal turns ^u ! true orig9 ( ! "n ( ! patron god ( ,babylon4 ,if x is ,semitic1 ! f\ndation ( ! city & ( ! temple ar\nd :i* x 0 built w\ld presumably belong to ,semitic days1 & ! developm5t ( ! cult ( ! god w\ld be ,semitic f ! fir/4 ,! id5tification ( ,m]oda*1 moreov]1 ) ,as>i ! son ( ,ea ( ,eridu1 w\ld receive sub/antial support2 ! 8son ( ,eridu0 w\ld naturally be ! son ( ! god ( ,eridu1 & we %\ld h to see 9 ,babylon a colony f ! old seaport ( ! ,babylonian pla94 ,! div]g5t etymologies1 h[ev]1 assign$ to ! "n ( ,m]oda* by ! !ologians ( ,babylonia %[ t !y 7 q z mu* 9 ! d>k z we are 9 reg>d to its orig9 & significance4 ,its d]ivation _h be5 already lo/ 9 ! night ( "t2 ! wor%ip ( ! god & ! build+ ( 8 sanctu>y w5t back to ages too remote = ! memory ( man4 ,& yet ,m]oda* 0 "o ( ! y\nge/ gods 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,by ! side ( ,ea ( ,eridu or ,el-lil ( ,nippur he 0 b a *ild1 ! (fspr+ ( a lat] day2 & ev5 :5 he became supreme 9 ,babylonia1 ! fact t he 0 s 0 /ill rememb]$4 ,if x is difficult to trace ! e>lie/ l9eam5ts ( ,m]oda*1 h[ mu* m difficult mu/ x be to trace ^? ( ! old] gods6 ,! !ology ( ,babylonia1 z x is kn[n to u1 is ?us an artificial product4 ,x comb9es two :olly diff]5t =ms ( fai? & religi\s conception4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ov]laid by ! o!r at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p1 & ! !ological beliefs ( ,sum] receiv$ a ,semitic int]pretation4 ,?is natural process ( comb9ation & assimilation 0 foll[$ by an artificial attempt to weld ! :ole into a consi/5t & uni=m %ape4 ,an artificial sy/em took ! place ( natural gr[?1 & ! punn+ etymologies :i* accompani$ x 7 b an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples t und]lay its me?ods4 ,if we w\ld successfully analyse ! !ology :i* has come d[n to u1 we mu/1 z x 71 get beh9d x & discov] ! elem5ts ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,we mu/ sep>ate & di/+ui% ,sum]ian & ,semitic1 mu/ trace ! influ5ces !y ex]t$ ^u "o ano!r1 &1 above all1 mu/ detect & disc>d ! mis9t]pretations & accretions ( ! lat] sy/ematic !ology4 ,= su* an und]tak+1 x is true1 our mat]ials are /ill mis]ably scanty1 &1 ) imp]fect mat]ials1 ! results also c be imp]fect only4 ,b all pione]+ "w is necess>ily imp]fect1 & = _m a day to come ! hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion mu/ be left to ! pione]4 ,ye> by ye>1 inde$1 ! mat]ials are increas+1 & x may be t a discov]y w yet be made1 l t ( ! ,pyramid texts 9 ,egypt1 :i* w reveal to u ! inn] religi\s ?\ght & belief ( ,babylonia 9 ^? di/ant ages1 :5 ,nippur & ,eridu1 & n z yet ,babylon1 7 ! !ological c5tres ( ! l&4 ,ev5 n[ we possess inscriptions ( ! ,sum]ian epo*1 :i* tell u ! names ( ! gods :o 7 wor%ipp$ by ! k+s ( ! pre-,semitic age1 & ?r[ light on ! religi\s ideas :i* animat$ !m1 & ! religi\s ritual :i* !y obs]v$4 ,b su* inscriptions are /ill comp>atively few1 _! translation is full ( difficulties1 & ! ref]5ces conta9$ 9 !m to ! !ology ( ! "t are scanty & unsatisfactory4 ,& ! mo/ important ( !m--^? ( ! high prie/s ( ,tello--belong to an epo* :5 ! ,semite _h be5 = _m c5turies 9 ! l&1 influ5c+ & be+ influ5c$ by 8 ,sum]ian neighb\rs4 ,?\gh ,lagas 0 /ill ,sum]ian1 its ov]lord 0 ! ,semitic k+ ( ,ur47#bae7 ,y mu/ n1 !re=e1 expect ei!r s complete or s detail$ an acc\nt ( ,babylonian religion z t :i* x is n[ possible to give ( ! religion ( ,egypt4 ,!re are no pictures f ! walls ( tombs1 no bas-reliefs f ! temples1 to help u2 we h to dep5d almo/ :olly on ! lit]ature t has come d[n to u1 mutilat$ & only half exam9$ z x is4 ,our ef=ts to int]pret x are )\t ! assi/ance ( pictorial repres5tations su* z are at ! disposal ( ! ,egyptologi/2 !y re/ ^u philology alone1 & ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 !m is !re=e consid]able4 ,! advances made 9 our k ( ,babylonian religion1 s9ce ,i lectur$ ^u x "s fifte5 ye>s ago1 are consequ5tly n s great z ! inexp]i5c$ /ud5t might be tempt$ to believe4 ,!re are "s ?+s to be add$1 !re is m to be correct$1 b ! ma9 facts & pr9ciples :i* ,i !n tri$ to place be=e ! _w ( s*ol>s rema9 intact4 ,9 "s cases confirmation has come ( sugge/ions :i* seem$ only possible or probable2 9 o!r cases o!rs h work$ ) great] success & bett] mat]ials ^u ! f\ndations :i* ,i laid4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! progress made dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s may appe> disappo9t+1 !re is no reason = surprise2 ! fault lies n ) ! ,assyriologi/1 b ) ! mat]ials ) :i* he has to deal4 ,! lab\r] is ready1 b ! h>ve/ is n yet ripe4 ,lecture ,,ii4 ,primitive ,animism4 ,deep d[n 9 ! v core ( ,babylonian religion lay a belief 9 :at ,pr(essor ,tylor has call$ animism4 ,x belong$ to ! ,sum]ian elem5t 9 ! fai? ( ! p1 &1 z we %all see1 0 nev] really assimilat$ by ! ,semitic settl]s4 ,b 9 spite ( ,semitic influ5ces & (ficial attempts to expla9 x away1 x 0 nev] eradicat$ f ! popul> cre$1 & x left a p]man5t impress ^u ! folk-lore & sup]/itions ( ! nation4 ,z 9 ,egypt1 s too 9 ,babylonia1 animism 0 ! e>lie/ %ape assum$ by religion1 & x 0 ?r\gh animism t ! ,sum]ian =m$ 8 conception ( ! div9e4 ,9 ,egypt x 0 ! ,ka :i* l9k$ 8! o!r _w0 ) t ( liv+ m54 ,9 ,babylonia ! place ( ! ,ka 0 tak5 by ! ,zi4 ,we may translate ,zi by 8_s10 b l ! ,ka x 0 r a d\ble ?an a _s 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,lit]ally ! ^w signifi$ 8life10 & 0 symbolis$ 9 ! primitive picture-writ+ ( ! c\ntry by a fl[]+ plant4 ,life1 h[ev]1 meant a great deal m to e>ly man ?an x does to u4 ,x 0 synonym\s ) motion1 ) =ce & en]gy4 ,all t mov$ 0 end[$ ) life2 life 0 ! only =ce kn[n to man :i* expla9$ motion1 &1 conv]sely1 motion 0 ! sign & manife/ation ( life4 ,! arr[ :i* sp$ ?r\gh ! air or ! rock :i* fell f ! cliff did s 9 virtue ( _! possess+ life1 or because ! motive =ce ( life lay 9 "s way or o!r beh9d !m4 ,! />s :i* sl[ly mov$ ?r\gh ! sky1 & ! sun :i* rose & set day by day1 7 liv+ be+s2 x 0 life :i* gave !m ! p[] ( movem5t1 z x gave ! p[] ( movem5t to man himself & ! animals by :om he 0 surr\nd$4 ,! p[] ( movem5t1 9 fact1 sep>at$ ! animate f ! inanimate2 all t mov$ possess$ life2 ! motionless 0 lifeless & dead4 ,man's exp]i5ce 0 necess>ily 8 measure ( ! univ]se2 ! only =ce he knew ( 0 ! =ce we call life1 & 8 reason seem$ to dem& t :at held true ( himself mu/ hold true also ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,b1 l ! ,egyptian1 ! ,sum]ian c\ld n conceive ( life except "u visible & concrete =m4 ,! ab/ract 0 /ill emb$d$1 z x 71 9 ! concrete2 x c\ld n be divorc$ f x 9 ?\ght any m ?an 9 ^? pictorial *>act]s :i* 7 us$ by ! scribes4 ,:at we mean by 8=ce0 w\ld h be5 un9telligible to ! primitive ,babylonian2 = him life 0 some?+ real & mat]ial1 :i* _h a %ape ( its own1 ev5 ?\gh ?is %ape 0 b an unsub/antial %ad[1 se5 inde$ by ! eye1 b elud+ ! grasp4 ,at ! same "t x 0 m ?an a %ad[1 = x possess$ all ! qualities ( ! object or p]son to :om x belong$4 ,x 0 n life 9 ! ab/ract1 b ! c\nt]p>t ( an individual object1 :i* end[$ t object ) ! p[] ( motion1 & gave x a place 9 ! animate _w4 ,! ,sum]ian ,zi1 !re=e1 closely resembl$ ! ,egyptian ,ka4 ,! human ,zi 0 ! imp]i%able "p ( man2 x made him a liv+ s\l :ile he 0 9 ?is _w1 & aft] dea? cont9u$ to repres5t him 9 ! %ad[y _w bel[47#baf7 ,unlike ! lilla or 8gho/10 x repres5t$ ! man himself 9 8 p]sonality2 if t p]sonality 7 de/roy$1 x also ceas$ to exi/4 ,:ile on ! "o side x 0 ! ,zi :i* gave man life & ! p[] ( movem5t1 on ! o!r side1 )\t ! individual man !re c\ld be no individual ,zi4 ,food & dr9k 7 (f]$ to ! ,babylonian dead z !y 7 to ! ,egyptian1 & ! objects ! dead man _h lov$ dur+ 8 lifetime 7 deposit$ 9 8 grave4 ,8 seal 0 atta*$ to 8 wri/1 8 spe> or /aff 0 laid at 8 side1 & at times ev5 dates or fi% or p\ltry 7 buri$ ) him1 le/ he might feel hungry 9 ! d>kness ( ! tomb4 ,! *ild _h 8 fav\rite toys to play )1 ! woman h] necklace ( beads4 ,! wat]-j> 0 !re1 fill$ ) 8! pure wat]0 = :i* ! dead ?ir/$1 along ) ! b[l ( clay or bronze out ( :i* x might be drunk4 8,a g>m5t to clo! him10 says an old hymn1 8& %oes = 8 feet1 a girdle = 8 lo9s & a wat]-sk9 = dr9k+1 & food = 8 j\rney h ,i giv5 him407#bag7 ,l m51 ! gods too _h ea* 8 ,zi4 ,we he> ( ! ,zi ( ,ea1 ! god ( ! deep27#bah7 & ! primeval 8"m1 :o _h begott5 heav5 & e>?10 0 ,zi-kum or ,zi-kura1 8! life ( heav50 & 8e>?407#bai7 ,9 ! e>ly magical texts 8! ,zi ( heav50 & ! 8,zi ( e>?0 are invok$ to remove ! spell t has be5 ca/ ov] ! sick or ! insane4 ,ev5 :5 ,ea & 8 son ,as>i _h tak5 ! place ( ! demons ( ! old] fai?1 ! (ficial religion 0 /ill compell$ to recognise _! exi/5ce & p[]4 ,! =mula ( exorcism put into ! m\? ( ,ea himself ends ) an appeal to ! 8life0 ( heav5 & e>?4 ,x beg9s1 inde$1 ) 8! *>m ( ,ea10 ?r\gh ! efficacy ( :i* ! evil spell is to be dissolv$2 b ! *>m ( ! god ( wisdom is soon =gott51 & x is to ! ,zi ( heav5 & e>? t ! exorci/ f9ally has rec\rse4 8,o life ( heav51 maye/ ?\ conjure x2 ,o life ( e>?1 maye/ ?\ conjure x60 ?us1 & ?us only1 c\ld ! exorcism end4 ,! old associations 7 too /rong to be ov]come1 & ! wor%ipp]s ( ,ea _h to all[ a place at 8 side = ! 8spirits0 ( an e>li] age4 ,! anci5t conception ( ! ,zi l+]$ long among ! ,babylonian population4 ,b1 z ! ,semitic elem5t became pr$om9ant1 x fell m & m into ! backgr\nd1 & surviv$--s f> at lea/ z ! (ficial religion 0 conc]n$--only 9 a few old =mul & names4 ,"o ( ! fix$ />s1 = example1 0 call$ ,sib-zi-,anna1 8! ,%eph]d ( ! ,life ( ,heav510 & a common =m ( oa? 0 by 8! life ( ! gods0 or 8k+0 7nis ilni1 nis s>ri74 ,ev5 ,s5na*]ib swe>s by 8! life ( ,assur02 b x is que/ionable :e!r ei!r he or any ( 8 contempor>ies rememb]$ ! orig9al mean+ & hi/ory ( ! phrase4 ,! ,sum]ian ,zi _h receiv$ a ,semitic translation1 & !re) a ,semitic connotation4 ,! ideas atta*$ to ! ,semitic nsu 7 n ^? :i* _h once clu/]$ ar\nd ! ,zi4 ,on ! lips ( ! ,semite ev5 ! ^w ,zi itself meant 8life0 & little m4 ,:5 ,pur-,s9 ,,ii4 ( ,ur1 a c5tury or two be=e ,abraham1 addresses a d$ication 9 ,sum]ian to ! moon-god1 he calls himself 8! div9e ,zi ( 8 c\ntry07#bbj7--;9 o!r words1 a 8god :o gives life to 8 l&40 ,!re is no "q "h ( a vital =ce :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( a man or god2 we h1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,semitic conception ( a div9e fa!r f :om 8 p d]ive _! life4 ,! ,semite has transf]r$ 8 own ideas to ! language ( 8 ,sum]ian pr$ecessors1 & 8life0 = him is no mat]ialis$ reflection ( an individual ?+1 b a pr9ciple :i* is diffus$1 z x 71 f a div9e c5tre4 ,! 8,zi ( heav50 has become ! ab/ract life1 :i* ! god c communicate to ^? ab\t him4 ,x is only 9 ! dim backgr\nd ( hi/ory1 !re=e1 t we f9d 9 ,babylonia a belief analog\s to t :i* creat$ ! ,egyptian doctr9e ( ! ,ka4 ,x 0 =eign to ! ,semitic m9d1 & ) ! rise ( ,semitic supremacy1 accord+ly1 x disappe>$ f ! religion ( ,babylonia4 ,we h to look = its fossilis$ relics 9 ! old magical texts1 :i*1 l ! spells & *>ms ( mod]n folk-lore1 h pres]v$ s _m ( ! beliefs & sup]/itions ( an o!rwise =gott5 pa/1 or else 9 div9e names & epi!ts :i* g back to a remote antiquity4 ,! animism ( ! ,sum]ian is difficult to discov] & trace1 = x 0 already buri$ "u ,semitic modes ( ?\ght :5 ! fir/ libr>ies ( ,babylonia 7 be+ =m$4 ,x 0 ano!r ,sum]ian belief :i* ex]cis$ a great] influ5ce ^u ! ,semitic m9d4 ,?is 0 ! belief 9 gho/s4 ,! lil or gho/ 0 di/9ct f ! ,zi2 :ile ! ,zi belong$ to ! _w ( ! liv+1 ! lil belong$ to ! _w ( ! dead4 ,! lil consequ5tly 0 no c\nt]p>t or d\ble ( ei!r man or god1 b a be+ ) an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( its own4 ,its home 0 b5ea? ! e>?1 :]e ! dead _h _! dwell+2 b x visit$ ?is upp] _w "u ! %ad[ ( night1 or 9 des]t places to :i* no?+ liv+ came47#bba7 ,x 0 ess5tially a _s ( d>kness1 & "o ( ! names by :i* x 0 kn[n 0 t ( 8! light-despoil]407#bbb7 ,x came 9 ! rag+ w9d :i* d>k5s ! heav5 ) cl\ds1 or 9 ! cl\d ( du/ :i* betok5s ! approa* ( ! /orm4 ,! lil1 9 fact1 0 ess5tially a demon1 8)\t husb& or wife10 "o ( ^? evil spirits :o torm5t$ & p]plex$ mank9d4 ,! sexless ,lil 0 wait$ on by 8a maid10 :o "u ! cov] ( night entic$ m5 to _! de/ruction1 or s$uc$ !m 9 _! dreams4 ,%e 0 a v]itable vampire1 provid+ ! ,lil %e s]v$ ) its human food4 ,:5 ! ,semite succe$$ to ! h]itage ( ! ,sum]ian1 ! sexless ,lil disappe>$4 ,semitic gramm> dem&$ t !re %\ld be a di/9ction betwe5 mascul9e & fem99e1 & ,semitic modes ( ?\ght equally dem&$ t a female ,lilt %\ld take h] place by ! side ( a male ,lilu4 ,! attributes ( ! 8s]v+-maid0 ( ! ,sum]ian ,lil 7 transf]r$ to ! new creation ( ! ,semitic m9d1 & ! sir5 :o lur$ m5 to _! de/ruction ceas$ to be a s]v+-maid1 & became ! female ,lilt h]self4 ,b ! orig9 ( ! p[]s %e ex]cis$ 0 nev] =gott54 ,:5 ! "n & "* ( ! ,babylonian ,lilt 7 borr[$ by ! ,hebrews "u ! =m ( ,lili?1 %e 0 conceiv$ ( z a s+le individual _s r ?an z a class4 ,isaiah 7xxxiv4 #ad7 tells u h[ ,lili? %all haunt ! desolate ru9s ( ,edom1 & f9d among !m 8a place ( re/02 :ile1 accord+ to ! ,rabbis1 ,lili? _h be5 ! fir/ wife ( man1 9 appe>ance ! faire/ ( wom51 b 9 reality a vampire demon :o suck$ at night ! blood ( h] victims4 ,! "l & rul] ( ! ,lils 0 ! god :o 0 wor%ipp$ at ,nippur4 ,he bore1 accord+ly1 ! title ( ,en-lil1 8! "l ( ! gho/-_w10 & 8 temple 0 "o ( ! olde/ sanctu>ies ( ,sum]ian ,babylonia47#bbc7 ,x 0 a c5tre ( primeval civilisation1 & ! s\rce ( ! magical arts :i* ga!r$ r\nd ! belief 9 ! spirits ( ! und]world4 ,b ! lord%ip ( ! und]world impli$ also a lord%ip ov] ! e>?1 ( :i* x =m$ a "p4 ,en-lil1 8! "l ( ! gho/-_w10 ?us became 9 "t ! rul]1 n only ( ! dead1 b also ( ! liv+4 ,8 empire ceas$ to be conf9$ to ! realms ( d>kness1 & 0 ext5d$ to ?is upp] _w ( light & ( mank9d4 ,up to ! la/1 h[ev]1 8 primitive "* 0 nev] =gott54 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,deluge he appe>s z ! de/roy] ( m52 ,namt>1 ! plague-demon1 is 8 m9i/]2 & l ,k+u1 ! demon-god ( *aos1 he wore ! tablets ( de/9y1 :i* det]m9e :5 m5 %all die47#bbd7 ,en-lil 0 accord+ly ! sov]eign ( ! dead z well z ( ! spirits ( ! und]world4 ,! ,sum]ian lil mu/ !re=e h once includ$ ! gho/s ( m5 z well z o!r gho/s :i* nev] _h a mat]ial exi/5ce 9 ! fle%4 ,! lil mu/ once h meant t immat]ial "p ( man :i*1 aft] dea?1 _h its home 9 ! und]world1 f :5ce x issu$ at night to satisfy its crav+s = food ) ! g>bage ( ! /reets4 ,by ! side ( ! ,zi !re mu/ also h be5 ! ,lil2 b we mu/ wait till m monum5ts ( ,sum]ian antiquity are discov]$ be=e we c def9e ! exact relation%ip betwe5 !m47#bbe7 ,9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgames x is said t :5 ! %ade ( ,ea-bani 0 call$ up f ! dead1 l t ( ! %ade ( ,samuel by ! ,wit* ( ,endor1 8x arose f ! e>? l a cl\d ( du/407#bbf7 ,x 0 fitt+ t ! gho/ %\ld be lik5$ to a du/-/orm4 ,its home 0 9 ! gr\nd2 & !re1 9 ! d>k und]world1 its food1 we are told1 0 du/4 ,b ! ^w us$ by ! poet = ! gho/ ( ,ea-bani is n lil4 ,x is ano!r ^w1 utukku1 :i* occurs frequ5tly 9 ! magical texts4 ,"h ! utukku is a g5]al "n = a demon1 & we he> ( ! utukku 8( ! field10 8( ! m\nta910 8( ! sea10 & 8( ! grave40 ,! 8utukku ( ! grave0 mu/ be ! re/less gho/ ( "s dead man :i* has become a _s ( d>kness1 work+ evil to mank9d4 ,! ord9>y utukku1 h[ev]1 _h no human ance/ry2 x 0 a demon pure & simple1 :i* sat ^u ! neck ( ! suff]] & inflict$ ^u him pa9 & dea?4 ,x correspond$ ) ! vampire ( ,european folk-lore2 & j z ! ranks ( ! vampire might be recruit$ f ! dead1 s too might ! class ( demons :om ! ,babylonians t]m$ utukki4 ,x 0 ! same ) ano!r species ( demon1 ! ekimmu1 :i* hov]$ ar\nd ! tomb & attack$ ! lo9s ( ^? :o fell 9 its way4 ,b ! ekimmu 0 a be+ ^: orig9 0 kn[n4 ,x 0 ! _s ( an unburi$ corpse ov] ^: unsanctifi$ rema9s ! fun]al rites _h nev] be5 p]=m$4 ,! my/ic c]emonies & magical words :i* consign$ ! dead to _! la/ re/+-place _h be5 neglect$1 & ! hapless _s 0 left unprovid$ ) ! talismans t w\ld enable him to cross ! riv] ( dea?1 or jo9 8 comrades 9 ! passive tranquillity ( ! l[] _w4 ,re/lessly1 !re=e1 x w&]$ ab\t ! des]t places ( ! e>?1 f9d+ at times a %elt] 9 ! bodies ( ! liv+1 :om x plagu$ ) sore diseases1 & seek+ to satiate its hung] "u ! cov] ( night ) ! refuse x c\ld pick up 89 ! /reet40 ,! food & dr9k :i* pi\s h&s laid 9 ! tomb 7 d5i$ to ! tombless gho/1 & x _h to se>* = !m :]e x c\ld4 ,! ,epic ( ,gilgames concludes ) a description ( x1 :i* pa9ts 9 vivid col\rs ! old ,babylonian belief-- 8,he ^: body lies =sak5 9 ! field1 ,z ?\ & ,i alike h se51 ,8 ekimmu re/s n 9 ! e>?4 ,he ^: ekimmu has none to c>e = him1 ,z ?\ & ,i alike h se51 ,! g>bage ( ! pot1 ! refuse ( food1 ,:i* is ?r[n into ! /reet1 mu/ he eat40 ,x is no wond] t a ,babylonian k+ prays t ! body ( 8 enemy may be 8ca/ aside1 & no grave all[$ to him107#bbg7 or t ,assur-bani-pal %\ld h torn ! bodies ( ! ,elamite k+s f _! tombs at ,susa4 ,s5na*]ib simil>ly desecrat$ ! burial-places ( ! ance/ors ( ,m]oda*-baladan2 & "o ( ! olde/ ( ,babylonian monum5ts1 ! s-call$ ,/ela ( ! ,vultures1 depicts ! bodies ( ! slaught]$ enemy expos$ to ! vultures t fe$ ^u !m1 :ile ! sla9 ,babylonians !mselves are buri$ by _! companions "u a tumulus ( e>?4 ,! ekimmu 0 ?us1 prop]ly speak+1 ! gho/ ( ! unburi$ corpse2 :]eas ! utukku 0 ! gho/ ( a corpse :i* _h obta9$ burial1 b ?r\gh "s accid5t or o!r _h escap$ f ! realms ( ! dead4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! ekimmu necess>ily _h a human orig91 ! utukku 0 only accid5tally a human gho/4 ,! rites ) :i* its body _h be5 laid 9 ! grave1 ought to h conf9$ x to ! und]gr\nd regions ( ! dead2 & ! 8pure wat]0 & food ) :i* x _h be5 provid$ 7 suffici5t to su/a9 x 9 its exi/5ce bel[4 ,if x return$ to ! upp] _w x c\ld only h be5 ?r\gh ! arts ( ! necromanc]1 & ! suff]+s x may h inflict$ ^u m5 7 b ! rev5ge x took = be+ di/urb$4 ,! utukku1 l ! lil1 belong$ to a class ( sup]natural be+s :o manife/$ _! pres5ce 9 a p>ticul> way1 & x 0 only z x 7 accid5tally t ! gho/ ( a dead man came to be includ$ among !m4 ,b x mu/ be notic$ t no di/9ction 0 drawn 9 ! m9d ( ! ,babylonian betwe5 ^! sup]natural be+s & ! gho/s ( ! dead1 at all ev5ts s f> z _! nature & to a c]ta9 ext5t _! p[]s 7 conc]n$4 ,! gho/ might become an ekimmu j z x might become a lil2 all 7 alike d5iz5s ( ! und]gr\nd _w1 & 9 primeval times obey$ ! rule ( ! ,en-lil1 8! "l ( gho/s40 ,! same belief mu/ once h prevail$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,:5 ! _s ( ,samuel 0 call$ up f ! dead1 ! wit* decl>$ %e saw ,elohim ris+ up f ! e>? 9 ! =m ( an old man clo!d 9 a mantle4 ,n[ ,elohim or 8gods0 0 ! g5]al t]m "u :i* ! ,canaanite includ$ all ! be+s ( ! spiritual _w 9 :om he believ$2 & 9 call+ ! _s ( ,samuel 8,elohim10 ! wit* 0 accord+ly ass]t+ t ! human gho/ %e _h evok$ _h become !reby "o ( !m4 ,z ! gho/ ( ,ea-bani :5 summon$ f its re/+-place became an utukku1 s ! gho/ ( ,samuel = ! same reason became "o ( ! ,elohim4 ,! gho/1 l ! body to :i* x _h belong$1 0 dep5d5t = its exi/5ce ^u food & dr9k4 ,! leg5d ( ! desc5t ( ,i/> into ,hades describes ! gho/s ( ! dead z flitt+ l w+$ bats ?r\gh _! gloomy prison-h\se1 dr9k+ du/ & eat+ clay4 ,! bread & dates & wat] (f]$ at ! tombs ( ! dead 7 a welcome sub/itute = su* nause\s food4 ,food1 h[ev]1 ( "s k9d x 0 necess>y = ! gho/ to h1 o!rwise x w\ld h suff]$ f ! pangs ( hung]1 or di$ ! second dea? = want ( n\ri%m5t4 ,l ! ,egyptian ,ka1 consequ5tly1 ! ,babylonian gho/ 0 conceiv$ ( z a semi-mat]ial c\nt]p>t ( ! body1 ne$+1 l ! body1 dr9k & food2 & if recall$ to ! upp] _w 9 ! =m ( an utukku or an ekimmu1 resembl+ ! body 9 e detail1 ev5 to ! clo!s x wore4 ,moreov]1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble mu/ be ext5d$ to inanimate objects z well z to liv+ ?+s4 ,! (f]+s deposit$ ) ! dead includ$ n only p\ltry & fi%1 b also dates & gra91 w9e & wat]4 ,! objects1 too1 :i* ! dead _h lov$ 9 8 life 7 laid 9 8 grave--toys = ! *ild1 mirrors & jewell]y = ! woman1 ! /aff & ! seal = ! man4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! d\bles ( ! food & dr9k ^u :i* ! gho/ f$ 9 ! _w bel[1 & ! d\bles ( ! o!r objects buri$ ) ! corpse1 :i* x enjoy$ 9 its new mode ( exi/5ce4 ,!re mu/ h be5 gho/s ( ?+s z well z gho/s ( m54 ,! ov]lay+ ( primitive ,sum]ian animism by ,semitic conceptions & beliefs naturally introduc$ new elem5ts into ! views held ab\t ! imp]i%able "p ( man1 & pr(\ndly modifi$ ! old !ories reg>d+ x4 ,! ,zi1 z we h se51 became synonym\s ) ! vital pr9ciple2 ! lil1 ! utukku1 & ! ekimmu 7 bani%$ to ! doma9 ( ! magician & wit*4 ,! words surviv$1 l 8gho/0 9 ,engli%1 b ! ideas connect$ ) !m ins5sibly *ang$4 ,9 place ( ,en-lil1 8! "l ( ! gho/-_w10 a new conception arose1 t ( ,bilu or ,baal1 8! "l0 ( mank9d & ! visible univ]se1 ^: symbol 0 ! flam+ sun47#bbh7 ,! gho/s _h to make way = liv+ m51 ! und]gr\nd _w ( d>kness = ! _w ( light4 ,en-lil became a ,semitic ,baal1 & man himself became 8! son ( 8 god407#bbi7 ,) ! rise ( ,semitic influ5ce came also ! influ5ce ( ! culture t emanat$ f ,eridu4 ,! "* ( ,ea ( ,eridu l5t itself m readily to ,semitic conceptions ?an did ! "* ( ,en-lil4 ,!re 0 no ne$ = viol5t *ange2 ! old ,sum]ian god 7or r 8_s07 reta9$ 8 "n & !re) _m ( 8 anci5t attributes4 ,he rema9$ ! god ( wisdom & culture1 ! fa!r ( ,aari1 8:o does good to man40 ,:5 ,as>i 0 id5tifi$ ) ,m]oda* ! sun-god ( ,babylon1 ,semitic influ5ce 0 already 9 ! asc5dant4 ,m]oda* 0 already a ,semitic ,baal2 ! supremacy ( 8 city made him ! supreme ,baal ( ,babylonia4 ,! old] ,baal ( ,nippur 0 absorb$ by ! y\ng] ,baal ( ,babylon1 & ! (ficial cult almo/ ceas$ to rememb] :at 8 attributes & "* _h orig9ally be54 ,ev5 ! recit] ( ! magical texts probably =got t ! god _h once be5 a *ief lil or gho/ & no?+ m4 ,?is alt]$ conception ( ! god ( ,nippur 0 necess>ily accompani$ by an alt]$ conception ( ! gho/-_w ov] :i* he _h rul$4 ,x 0 h&$ ov] to o!r gods 9 ! ,/ate religion1 or else pass$ into ! possession ( ! wiz>d & necromanc]4 ,n]gal ( ,cu?a became ! "l ( ,hades1 :i* he %>$ ) ! goddess ,eris-kigal or ,allat4 ,leg5d told h[ at ! comm& ( ! gods ( light1 ,n]gal _h =c$ 8 way into ! d>k recesses ( ! und]world1 & !re compell$ ! goddess to become 8 bride4 ,f h5ce=w>d ,hades 0 a realm "u ! control ( ! gods ( heav51 & "p ( t ord]ly univ]se :i* !y gov]n$ & direct$4 ,! conque/ ( ,hades by ! gods ( light impli$ ! conque/ by !m ( dea?4 ,! dead 0 no long] a m]e gho/1 beyond ! rea* ( ! lords ( heav51 & able to play havoc 9 _! own sph]e :5 d>kness _h swall[$ up ! light4 ,! lords ( heav5 n[ claim$ ! p[] ( 8rais+ ! dead to life40 ,x is an epi!t t is appli$ m especially to ,m]oda*1 ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( 8 fa!r ,ea1 ?r\gh ^: magic words & wise tea*+ he heals ! diseases ( mank9d1 & ev5 br+s !m aga9 f ! _w ( ! dead4 ,x is evid5t t we "h h a new conception be=e u ( ! imp]i%able "p ( man4 ,! gods are ) man beyond ! grave z !y are on ?is side ( x4 ,!re is no inexorable de/9y =bidd+ !m to br+ him back to life4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a life 9 ! next _w z well z 9 ?is4 ,x may be a v inf]ior & %ad[y k9d ( life1 b x is a life nev]!less1 & n ! exi/5ce ( a bloodless gho/ :i* w\ld p]i% if x c\ld n satisfy its crav+s ) food & dr9k4 ,! religi\s consci\sness has pass$ beyond ! /age :5 ! future _w is peopl$ ) ! d\bles & c\nt]p>ts ( exi/+ ?+s1 & x has atta9$ to ! conception ( a spiritual life :i* man c %>e ) ! immortal gods4 ,animism has made way = poly!ism4 ,h[ close ?is connection betwe5 ! gods & ! s\ls ( m5 became 9 lat] days1 may be se5 f ! fact t :5 ,assur-bani-pal visit$ ! tombs ( 8 =efa!rs1 he p\r$ out a libation 9 _! hon\r & address$ to !m 8 pray]s4 ,!y _h1 9 %ort1 become gods1 l ! gods ( light to :om temples 7 erect$ & (f]+s made4 ,! *ange 9 po9t ( view _h d\btless be5 quick5$ by t deification ( ! k+ ( :i* ,i %all h to speak 9 a future lecture1 & :i* seems to h be5 ( ,semitic orig94 ,:5 ! k+ became a god1 to :om prie/s & temples 7 d$icat$ bo? 9 8 lifetime & aft] 8 dea?1 x 0 inevitable t new ideas %\ld arise 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,! _s :o 0 address$ z a god1 & set on a level ) ! div9e lords ( heav51 0 no p[]less & />vel+ gho/ 9 ! und]world ( ,en-lil1 b a _s 9 ! m mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 :o dwelt 9 ! realms ( light1 :]e he c\ld he> & answ] ! pray]s t 7 laid be=e him4 ,! gho/ _h be5 trans=m$ into a s\l1 ^: nature 0 ! same z t ( ! gods !mselves1 & :i*1 l !m accord+ly1 c\ld move freely :]e x w\ld1 li/5+ to ! petitions ( ^? on e>?1 & int]c$+ = !m4 ,?is conception ( ! s\l _h already be5 arriv$ at 9 ! age ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 ! e>lie/ to :i* at pres5t any?+ l full contemporane\s records rea* back4 ,b x 0 an age 9 :i* ,semitic influ5ce 0 already dom9ant2 ,s>gon 0 ! f\nd] ( a ,semitic empire :i* ext5d$ to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,sum]ian epo* ( ,babylonian civilisation _h long s9ce pass$ away4 ,remote z ! age seems to u ( to-day1 x 0 comp>atively late 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*aldan culture4 ,& deification 0 n conf9$ to ! p]son ( ! k+4 ,! high prie/s ( ! ,babylonian cities :o own$ allegiance to him 7 simil>ly deifi$ by _! subjects4 ,! daily (f]+ 0 made1 = in/ance1 to ! deifi$ ,gudea1 ! ,sum]ian gov]nor ( ,lagas2 he :o _h rul$ on e>?1 :e!r ,semite or ,sum]ian1 0 adjudg$ wor?y ( a place among ! gods ( ! (ficial cre$4 ,k+ & noble alike c\ld be rais$ to ! rank ( a div9ity2 & we ev5 f9d ,gimil-,s91 ! k+ ( ,ur1 erect+ a temple to 8 own godhead47#bcj7 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! %r9es built by ! lat] ,ph>aohs 9 hon\r ( _! own ,kas4 ,! deification ( man1 & !re) a belief 9 ! high] de/9ies ( ! human s\l1 c ?us be trac$ back to an e>ly p]iod ( ,semitic supremacy 9 ,babylonia4 ,un=tunately our evid5ces = ?is belief 9 ! high] de/9ies ( ! s\l are /ill b scanty4 ,9 ?is respect ,babylonia (f]s a /rik+ contra/ to ,egypt4 ,!re ! l>g] "p ( ! monum5tal records we possess are d]iv$ f tombs2 & ,egyptian belief 9 reg>d to ! future life is abundantly describ$ n only on ! tomb/ones1 b also on ! inscrib$ & pictur$ walls ( ! sepul*re itself4 ,we "k almo/ m ( :at ! ,egyptian ?\ght ab\t ! imp]i%able "p ( man & its lot h]eaft]1 ?an we d ab\t any o!r portion ( 8 cre$4 ,9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 on ! contr>y1 !re are no tomb/ones1 no pictur$ & inscrib$ tombs4 ,! lit]ature we possess tells u b little conc]n+ ! future life & ! beliefs connect$ ) x4 ,! ritual & ! hymns to ! gods are conc]n$ ) ?is life1 n ) ! next1 & we h to grope our way1 z x 71 ?r\gh obscure allusions & ambigu\s phrases if we w\ld f9d 9 !m any ref]5ces to ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,to fall back on my?ological poems & h]oic epics is dang]\s & mislead+4 ,! lit]>y my? w give u z false an idea ( ! psy*ology ( a p z x w ( _! !ology2 at mo/ x w express ! beliefs ( ! individual writ]1 or en%r9e old t]ms & phrases1 ! primitive mean+ ( :i* has pass$ away4 ,to extract a psy*ology f lit]>y leg5ds is z difficult z to extract f !m sob] hi/ory4 ,! poets :o depict$ ,hades1 ) its batlike gho/s t f$ ^u du/1 7 us+ ! language ( ! pa/ r ?an ( ! age 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,we might z well inf] t ! ,engli%man ( ! eighte5? c5tury believ$ 9 ! ,muses :om 8 poets invok$1 z inf] f ! language ( ! poets ( ,babylonia t ! ,hades !y describ$ 0 ! ,hades ( popul> belief4 ,! cult ( ! k+s & nobles is suffici5t ( itself to prove t su* c\ld n h be5 ! case4 ,& :5 primitive conceptions become ! commonplaces ( lit]ature1 _! true signification is lo/ or blurr$4 ,/ill less help c be obta9$ f ! magical texts4 ,& by an un=tunate accid5t ! magical texts con/itute a v undue proportion ( ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 exam9$4 ,until rec5tly we h be5 dep5d5t = our k ( ,babylonian lit]ature on ! relics ( ! libr>y ( ,n9eveh1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 collect$ by ,assur-bani-pal1 & ,assur-bani-pal _h a special pr$ilection = *>ms & exorcisms1 & ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ! augur or a/rologi/4 ,! _w ( ! magical texts 0 a _w t /ood ap>t by itself4 ,magic 0 only half recognis$ by ! or?odox fai?2 its beliefs & practices _h come d[n f an age :5 t or?odox fai? did n z yet exi/1 & its pr(essors 7 look$ ^u ) suspicion by ! (ficial prie/hood4 ,! cre$ ^u :i* x re/$1 !re=e1 0 a cre$ ( ! remote pa/ r ?an ( ! pres5t4 ,its gods & goddesses 7 n ^? ( ! ,/ate religion except 9 "n2 ! ,i/> :o patronis$ ! wit* & sup]9t5d$ ! mixture ( ! poison\s philtre "u ! cloak ( night1 0 a v diff]5t ,i/> f ! goddess ( love & w> :o promis$ help & com=t to ,es>-haddon 9 8 ne$1 & 0 kn[n to be 8! "m0 ( mank9d4 ,! ,/ate religion1 inde$1 wisely temporis+1 _h recognis$ magic s f> z x c\ld be regulat$1 & plac$1 z x 71 "u ! sup]vision ( ! prie/hood2 8! black art0 0 nev] a h]esy to be suppress$ by =ce1 z 9 anci5t ,israel2 b = all t x /ood outside ! (ficial fai?1 & embodi$ pr9ciples & conceptions :i* c\ld be h>monis$ b imp]fectly ) ! high] & m enlight5$ ideas ( ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,we may f9d 9 ! magical texts survivals f ! primeval age ( animism1 if only we "k h[ to int]pret !m rightly1 = ! religi\s conceptions ( a lat] age we %all look 9 va94 ,!y (f] u magic & n religion1 ! wiz>d or wit* & n ! prie/4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! reasons :y x is impossible = ! pres5t to describe ! psy*ology ( ! ,babylonians ) ! same accuracy & fulness z t ( ! ,egyptians1 or to trace its hi/ory ) ! same detail4 ,! mat]ials are want+1 & probably we %all nev] h !m 9 ! same abundance z 9 ,egypt4 ,b "o ?+ is cle>4 ,beh9d ! poly!i/ic view ( ! human _s :i* prevail$ 9 lat] times1 !re lay an animi/ic view :i* closely resembl$ ! primitive ,egyptian doctr9e ( ! ,ka4 ,! animi/ic view pass$ away ) ! rise ( ,semitic supremacy & ! deification ( man1 & to discov] & def9e x mu/ be l>gely a matt] ( inf]5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( ! d\ble 0 sup]s$$ by ! doctr9e ( ! s\l--t is to say1 ( an immortal elem5t :i* aft] dea? 0 reunit$ ) ! gods4 ,! ,zi1 ) ! ,lil & ! ,ekimmu1 _h to make way = a high] & pur] conception ( ! _s ( man4 ,! old names1 inde$1 /ill rema9$1 b m & m empti$ ( _! e>li] mean+1 or bani%$ to ! out] d>kness ( ! magician & wit*4 ,! wat] & food t once s]v$ to n\ri% ! gho/ 9 ! _w bel[1 became (f]+s to ! dead man1 & to ! gods "u ^: protection he cont9u$ to be4 8,all ! furniture t befitte? ! grave10 says an ,assyrian k+1 8! due "r ( 8 sov]eignty1 ,i display$ be=e ! sun-god1 & beside ! fa!r :o begat me ,i set !m 9 ! grave4 ,gifts unto ! pr9ces1 ev5 ! spirits ( e>?1 & unto ! gods :o inhabit ! grave1 ,i !n pres5t$407#bca7 ,! gifts1 x w be notic$1 are n only set by ! side ( ! dead1 b are also pres5t$ to ! sun-god1 :o is ?us associat$ ) ! deceas$ k+4 ,!y are consecrat$ to ! god ( light1 :o judg$ mank9d1 be=e !y c be claim$ by ! gods ( ! grave4 ,b ) all ?is x mu/ be all[$ t a great contra/ exi/s betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! lat] ,egyptian view ( ! imp]i%able "p ( man & its lot 9 ! o!r _w4 ,& ?is diff]5ce ( view results f a fur!r diff]5ce 9 ! view tak5 ( ?is pres5t life4 ,to ! ,egyptian ! pres5t life 0 b a prep>ation = ! next2 n only ! spiritual elem5ts ( :i* he 0 compos$1 b1 z he hop$1 8 body itself w\ld survive beyond ! grave4 ,x 0 o!rwise 9 ,babylonia4 ,no traces ( mummification are to be f\nd !re2 at mo/ we he> ( ! corpse be+ ano9t$ = dea?1 z x 71 ) oil or honey2 & cremation1 p>tial or complete1 seems to h be5 practis$4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! ,babylonian 7 fix$ r on ?is _w ?an on ! next2 8 horizon1 speak+ g5]ally1 0 b\nd$ by dea?4 ,x 0 9 ?is _w t he _h relations ) ! gods & duties t[>ds !m1 & x 0 "h t he 0 puni%$ or rew>d$ = ! de$s committ$ 9 ! fle%4 ,! practical "* ( ! ,babylonians did n l5d itself to dreams & speculations ab\t ! future2 ! elaborate map ( ! o!r _w1 :i* is drawn 9 ! sacr$ books ( ,egypt1 w\ld h be5 impossible = !m4 ,!y 7 too mu* absorb$ 9 comm]ce & trade & ! practical pursuit ( weal?1 to h leisure = !ories t conc]n$ !mselves ) a d\btful future & an invisible _w4 ,! %ad[ ( ! old religion ( ,nippur1 moreov]1 ) its und]gr\nd ,hades ( d>kness & gloom1 re/$ to ! la/ on ! m9d ( ! ,babylonian p4 ,! bright] views :i* _h emanat$ f ,eridu nev] succe$$ 9 ov]com+ x altoge!r4 ,! gods ( light rul$1 inde$1 ov] a _w t _h once belong$ to ! demons ( night1 b _! victory nev] ext5d$ fur!r4 ,! l& ( ,hades /ill cont9u$ to be a l& ( d>kness1 ev5 ?\gh ! wat]s ( life gu%$ up f bel[ ! gold5 ?rone ( ! spirits :o dwelt !re4 ,we f9d no conception 9 ,babylonian lit]ature p>allel to ! ,egyptian fields ( ,alu1 no judgm5t-hall ( ,hades be=e :i* ! consci5ce ( ! dead man is arraign$4 ,! ,babylonian 0 judg$ 9 ?is life & n 9 ! next1 & ! god :o judg$ him 0 ! sun-god ( day1 & n ! dead sun-god ( ! o!r _w4 ,x is usually ! fa%ion to ascribe ?is conc5tration ( religion ^u ! pres5t _w1 ) its repell5t views ( ,hades & limitation ( div9e rew>ds & puni%m5ts to ?is life1 to ! inh]5t peculi>ities ( ! ,semitic m9d4 ,b = ?is !re is no ju/ification4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,semitic m9d :i* w\ld necessitate su* a !ological sy/em4 ,x is true t ! sun-god 0 ! c5tral object ( ! ,semitic ,babylonian fai?1 & t to ! nomads ( ,arabia ! satisfaction ( _! daily wants 0 ! practical end ( exi/5ce4 ,b x is n among ! nomads ( ,arabia t we f9d any?+ correspond+ ) ! ,babylonian idea ( ,hades & ! conceptions associat$ ) x4 ,! idea 01 9 fact1 ( ,babylonian orig94 ,if ! ,hebrew ,%eol resembles ! ,hades ( ,babylonia1 or ! ,hebrew conception ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts is l t ( ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians1 x is because ! ,hebrew beliefs 7 d]iv$ f ! civilisation ( ! ,euphrates4 ,hi/orically we "k t ! ,israelites trac$ _! orig9 f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 & t 9 days long be=e ,abraham1 ,canaan =m$ "p ( a ,babylonian empire1 & 0 p]meat$ by ,babylonian culture2 on ! !ological side ! d]ivation ( ! ,hebrew doctr9es is equally cle>4 ,! ,hebrew ,%eol is too exactly a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,babylonian _w ( ! dead n to h be5 borr[$ f x1 l ,lili? & ! o!r spirits ^: home x 01 & ! !ology :i* taught t ! sun-god 0 ! supreme judge ( m51 puni%+ 9 ?is life _! s9s or rew>d+ _! good de$s1 0 "p ( ! culture :i* came f ,babylonia to ! ,we/4 ,x 0 no inh]5t h]itage ( ,semitic nature1 b ! product ( a civilisation ^: roots w5t back to a non-,semitic race4 ,! rul+ ca/e 9 ,egypt 7 ( ,semitic extraction1 b _! religion conta9s little or no trace ( ! ideas :i* und]lay ! ,babylonian doctr9es ( div9e retribution & ! future life ( ! s\l4 ,x is to ,babylonia1 !re=e1 t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ^? views ( ! future _w & ( ! puni%m5t ( s9 9 ?is life :i* h left s deep an impression on ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y belong$ prim>ily to ,babylonia1 & 7 "p ( ! price :i* ! ,semites ( ! ,we/ _h to pay = ! ine/imable gift ( culture t came to !m f ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,!y 7 views f :i* ! ,israelite 0 long 9 emancipat+ himself4 ,! inn] hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is1 9 fact1 9 l>ge measure a hi/ory ( ! gradual wid5+ ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ,israel 9 reg>d to !m1 & _! sup]session by a high] & m spiritual =m ( fai?4 ,! old belief1 t mis=tune implies s9 & prosp]ity righte\sness1 is nev]1 inde$1 entirely eradicat$1 & ,%eol long cont9ues to be a l& ( %ad[ & unsub/antiality1 :]e good & bad %>e ! same fate1 & ! ?+s ( ?is life are =gott52 b little by little new] & pur] views make _! way into ! religion ( ! p1 & ! high] message :i* ,israel 0 de/9$ to receive takes ! place ( ! tea*+ ( ! old culture ( ,babylonia4 ,babylonia _h done its "p2 new =ces 7 ne$$ = ! education ( mank9d4 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,! ,gods ,( ,babylonia4 ,i h already _h occasion to ref] to "o ( ! gods ( ,babylonia1 ,en-lil or ,el-lil ( ,nippur47#bcb7 ,8 wor%ip goes back to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,babylonian hi/ory2 8 sanctu>y at ,nippur 0 "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! l&4 ,he belongs to ! p]iod :5 ! ,sum]ian 0 /ill supreme1 & ! "n he bore 0 ! ,sum]ian title ( ,en-lil1 8! "l ( ! gho/-_w40 ,b x 0 a title only2 ! 8"l ( ! gho/s0 0 himself a gho/1 albeit ! *ief among !m4 ,! fact mu/ be kept c>efully 9 m9d4 ,z yet !re 0 no god 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! sup]human p[]s t 7 dread$ & propitiat$ 7 gho/s only1 l ! gho/s ( dead m52 &1 l ! latt]1 !y 7 d5iz5s ( ! grave & ! und]gr\nd _w4 ,x 0 only at night t !y em]g$ f _! retreat1 & t]rifi$ ! pass]-by4 ,primitive man fe>s ! d>k z mu* z does ! *ild2 x is !n t ! p[]s ( evil are active1 & spiritual or sup]natural foes lurk beh9d e corn] ready to injure or de/roy him4 ,! gho/s ( ! night are accord+ly objects ( t]ror1 h>mful be+s f :om all =ms ( sickness & insanity are d]iv$4 ,b ev5 ^! gho/s c be controll$ by ^? :o "k ! magic words or ! my/ic rites :i* !y are compell$ to obey4 ,betwe5 ! gho/ & 8 victim ! sorc]] or m$ic9e-man c int]pose1 & by means ( 8 spells =ce ! _s to quit ! body ( ! suff]] or ent] ! body ( an enemy4 ,by ! side ( ! gho/1 !re=e1 /&s ! sorc]]1 :o is at once ! ma/] & ! m9i/] ( ! _s-_w4 ,) ! progress ( civilisation an organis$ body ( sorc]]s necess>ily gr[s up4 ,b an organis$ body ( sorc]]s also implies an organis$ body ( spirits1 & an organis$ sy/em ( controll+ !m4 ,! spells & *>ms :i* h be5 h&$ d[n f ! pa/ are =m$ into a sy/em1 & ! spirits !mselves are classifi$ & def9$1 :ile special functions are assign$ to !m4 ,! old unorganis$ animism passes into an organis$ %amanism1 su* z /ill prevails among c]ta9 ,sib]ian tribes4 ,! sorc]] is on ! high road to becom+ a prie/4 ,betwe5 ! sorc]] & ! prie/1 h[ev]1 !re is a gulf too wide to be spann$4 ,! religi\s conceptions presuppos$ by !m diff] 9 k9d z well z 9 degree4 ,! nature ( ! sup]human be+s by :om man is surr\nd$1 & ! relations :i* he be>s to !m1 are ess5tially diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,! prie/ may also be a sorc]]1 b ! sorc]] _c be a prie/4 ,c %amanism develop naturally into !ism1 & ! sorc]] into ! prie/8 ,or is !re ne$ ( =eign influ5ces & ( contact ) o!r ideas & religi\s beliefs8 ,i %\ld myself be incl9$ to adopt ! second alt]native4 ,!ism may absorb %amanism1 & ! prie/ ?r[ ! gis ( 8 au?ority ov] ! sorc]]1 b ! natural developm5t ( ! "o into ! o!r is contr>y to ! facts ( psy*ology z well z to ^? ( hi/ory4 ,! evolution ( a god out ( ! %aman's gho/ may be conceivable1 b no evid5ce = x exi/s4 ,! sup]/itions & beliefs ( %amanism l+]1 inde$1 "u a !i/ic religion1 & ! poly!ism ( ,babylonia 0 no exception to ! rule4 ,up to ! la/ ! magician fl\ri%$ !re1 & ! spells he work$ 7 recognis$ by ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,b = all t !y /ood outside ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 h>monis+ ) x j z little z ! sup]/itions ( popul> folk-lore h>monise ) ! religion we pr(ess4 ,no "o w\ld ass]t t ! ,*ri/ianity ( to-day has gr[n out ( beliefs l t 9 ! vampire :i* /ill holds su* sway 9 "s ( ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries ( ,europe2 & !re is j z little reason = ass]t+ t ! vampire ( ! primitive ,sum]ian develop$ into a ,babylonian deity4 ,!y repres5t two div]se curr5ts ( belief1 :i* may = a "t run side by side1 b nev] actually coalesce4 ,babylonian tradition itself bore witness to ! fact4 ,! ,*aldan hi/orian ,b]ossos tells u t ! elem5ts ( culture1 & !re) ( ! organis$ religion ( a lat] day1 7 br\ght to ,babylonia f abroad4 ,oannes or ,ea1 ! culture-god1 _h ris5 morn+ by morn+ out ( ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & in/ruct$ ! savage races ( ! %ore 9 ! arts ( life4 ,x 0 n f ,nippur & ! wor%ipp]s ( ,en-lil1 b f t my/]i\s deep :i* connect$ ,babylonia ) o!r l&s1 t its civilisation _h come4 ,x 0 ,ea :o _h taught m5 8to f\nd ! temple0 9 :i* ! gods ( aft]times 7 to be ador$4 ,! culture-god ( ,babylonia 0 ,ea1 & ! home ( ,ea 0 n 9 ,babylonia1 b 9 ! deep4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! significance ( ! leg5d4 ,! culture ( ,babylonia orig9at$ on ! seacoa/1 & 0 br\ght to x across ! sea4 ,! elem5ts ( civilisation 7 due to int]c\rse ) o!r l&s4 ,& ?is civilisation 0 associat$ ) a god--) a god1 too1 :o repres5t$ all ! high] aspects ( ,babylonian religion1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! au?or ( its sacr$ books4 ,! impulse :i* trans=m$ ! 8"l ( ! gho/-_w0 into a god1 & replac$ ! sorc]] by a prie/1 came n f )91 b f )\t4 ,! impulse w5t back to t primitive age :5 ,sum]ian supremacy 0 /ill unque/ion$ 9 ! l&4 ,o!r races1 s ! leg5d av]r$1 7 already settl$ !re1 b !y 7 all alike rude & savage 8z ! bea/s ( ! field40 ,h[ f> di/ant x may h be5 9 ! night ( "t we c b dimly conjecture4 ,at ! rate at :i* ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf is be+ sl[ly silt$ up1 x w\ld be at lea/ eight ?\s& ye>s ago :5 ! old seaport ( ,eridu & ! sanctu>y ( its god ,ea /ood on ! %ores ( ! sea4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! ,semite 0 already beg9n+ to be felt1 ?\gh indirectly1 ?r\gh m>itime trade4 ,new ideas came f ! s\?4 ,ea 0 a god1 & l ! gods ( ! ,semitic race he _h a wife & son4 ,:ile he himself 0 "l ( ! deep1 ,dam-k9a1 8 wife1 0 ! mi/ress ( ! l&4 ,8 son 0 ,aari1 8! pr9ce :o does good to man107#bcc7 & :o1 9 contradi/9ction to ! night-demons ( ,nippur1 br\ght k & heal+ to ! m5 :om ,ea _h creat$4 ,! ,sum]ian might inde$ speak ( ! 8,zi0--8! _s0--( ,ea1 or r ( ! deep1 b to ! ,semite he 0 a v]itable god4 ,at ! same "t x 0 ! conception only ( ,ea & 8 family :i* we ne$ trace to a =eign s\rce4 ,_! names are purely ,sum]ian1 & _! orig9 consequ5tly mu/ be ,sum]ian too4 ,d\btless !y _h once be5 m]e lils or gho/s1 belong+ to ! gho/-_w ( ! god ( ,nippur1 & ! spells taught by ,ea to mank9d 7 survivals f ! day :5 ! sorc]] 0 /ill 8 prie/47#bcd7 ,b "u ,semitic influ5ce ! lil _h be5 trans=m$ into a god2 ! sacr$ book took ! place ( ! *>m1 & ! prie/ ( ! magician4 ,! *>m & ! magician 7 /ill recognis$1 b x 0 on ! condition t !y adapt$ !mselves to ! new ideas4 ,sum]ian %amanism 0 ov]laid by ,semitic poly!ism1 & 9 process ( "t 0 absorb$ into x4 ,! culture ( ,eridu spread nor?w>d1 along ) ! religi\s ideas :i* =m$ s integral a "p ( x4 ,! wor%ip ( ,ea 0 adopt$ 9 o!r cities ( ,babylonia1 & ! god ( ,babylon 0 id5tifi$ ) 8 son4 ,! lil :i* _h be5 pictur$ "u animal %ape put on human =m1 & ! ,sum]ian accept$ ! conviction ( ! ,semite1 t man 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( 8 god4 ,en-lil ( ,nippur _h to yield to ! influ5ce ( ! /rang]4 ,! antiquity ( 8 wor%ip1 ! sanctity ( 8 temple1 c\ld n save him f 8 fate4 ,he too became a ,semitic god2 8 old "n became an unmean+ title1 :i* surviv$ 9 lit]ature b n 9 ! m\?s ( ! p1 & he 0 h5ce=? address$ z a ,semitic ,bilu or ,baal4 ,he ceas$ to be ! *ief ( ! gho/s ( night1 & 0 trans=m$ into ! div9e 8,"l0 ( ,semitic wor%ip1 :o1 l ! sun1 wat*$ ov] ?is ne!r e>?4 ,x 0 a trans=mation & n a developm5t4 ,z ! ,semitic ,bel1 ! god ( ,nippur cont9u$ = long c5turies to reta9 ! anci5t v5]ation ( ! p4 ,unlike ! ,greek ,kronos1 he 0 n z yet de?ron$ by ! y\ng] gods4 ,! position occupi$ by ! great sanctu>y ( ,nippur & its prie/hood long prev5t$ ?is4 ,b ! de/9y ( ,kronos at la/ ov]took him4 ,babylon became ! capital ( ! k+dom1 & its god accord+ly claim$ prec$5ce ov] all o!rs4 ,m]oda* ( ,babylon assum$ ! title ( ,bel1 & little by little ! old god ( ,nippur 0 robb$ ( 8 anci5t rank4 ,= ! ,babylonia ( lat] hi/ory ,m]oda* & n ,en-lil 0 ! supreme ,baal1 & ev5 ! leg5ds t _h be5 told ( ! god ( ,nippur 7 transf]r$ to 8 y\ng] rival4 ,! memories t /ill ga!r$ r\nd ,nippur 7 too deeply t+$ ) ! col\rs ( a religion t _h pass$ away1 & ! beliefs ( a d>k] & less civilis$ =m ( fai?4 ,m]oda* 0 ! *ampion ( ! gods ( light1 ,en-lil _h be5 ! "l ( ! demons ( d>kness4 ,!ologically z well z politically x 0 ne$ful t ,m]oda* %\ld supplant ,en-lil4 ,! spread ( ! wor%ip ( ,ea1 or r ( ! religi\s conceptions ) :i* x 0 associat$1 br\ght ) x ! effacem5t ( ,dam-k9a4 ,dam-k9a _h once be5 ! e>?2 j z ,en-lil at ,nippur 0 8! "l ( gho/s10 ( :om he 0 himself "o1 s at ,eridu ,dam-k9a 0 ! 8lady ( ! e>?10 ) :i*1 z its ,zi or 8_s10 %e 0 h]self id5tifi$4 ,sum]ian gramm> knew no di/9ction ( g5d]1 & 9 ! ,sum]ian family ! woman held a =emo/ place by ! side ( ! man4 ,x 0 o!rwise among ! ,semites4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! mascul9e & ! fem99e is engra9$ 9 ! ,semitic languages1 b ! di/9ction is atta9$ by =m+ ! fem99e out ( ! mascul9e4 ,:ile a consid]able "p ( ,semitic flexion is ! result ( v[el *anges )9 ! ^w itself1 ! fem99e is creat$ by atta*+ an affix to ! mascul9e =m4 ,! mascul9e presupposes ! fem99e1 b ! fem99e is dep5d5t on ! mascul9e4 ,semitic gramm> m]ely reflects ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,semitic m9d4 ,= ! ,semite ! woman is ! less] man1 =m$ out ( him & dep5d5t ^u him4 ,l ! fem99e ( ! n\n1 %e is ! col\rless reflection ( h] husb&1 ?\gh )\t ! reflection !re c be no husb&4 ,:]ev] ! ,semitic _s has prevail$1 ! woman has be5 simply ! helpmeet & %ad[ ( ! man2 = ! or?odox ,mohamm$an %e h>dly possesses a s\l4 ,x is only :]e ! ,semitic _s has be5 met & *eck$ by ! influ5ce ( ano!r race t ?is is n ! case2 ! high place reta9$ by ! woman 9 ,babylonian society w\ld ( itself h be5 a pro( t ,semitic culture _h "h be5 engraft$ on t ( an old] p1 ev5 if ! monum5ts _h n reveal$ to u t su* 0 inde$ ! fact4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! goddesses or female spirits ( ,sum]ian fai? fad$ away z ! ,semitic elem5t 9 ,babylonian religion became /rong]4 ,at fir/ ,semitic influ5ce _h done no m ?an trans=m ! 8h&maid ( ! lil0 into a goddess2 !n ! goddesses !mselves became l ! woman 9 ,semitic ?\ght1 pale & col\rless1 exi/+ m]ely = ! sake ( ! god4 ,dam-k9a1 ! lady ( ! e>?1 0 rememb]$ only by ! antiqu>ian or by ! compil] ( a cosmological sy/em4 ,:5 %e became ! wife ( ,ea h] fate 0 seal$4 ,h] attributes & (fice1 9 fact1 7 transf]r$ to him4 ,at ,eridu he _h necess>ily be5 m ?an ! "l ( ! deep2 he 0 "l ( ! city z well4 ,he _h z x 7 migrat$ f ! deep2 he _h left 8 palace ( ! sea & come to dwell 9 a sanctu>y on l&4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ,eridu /ood 0 ! gift ( ! sea1 ! s(t silt :i* ! retreat+ waves ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf _h left beh9d !m4 ,x _h once be5 "p ( ! doma9 ( ,ea1 if n ,ea himself4 ,ea accord+ly came to be address$ z ! 8"l ( ! e>?0 z well z ( ! sea1 & ,eridu1 8 city1 0 ! 8city ( ! "l ( ! l&40 ,! m5 :o inhabit$ x 7 8 creation3 he _h =m$ !m l a pott] out ( ! clay1 & z ! div9e 8pott]0 he 0 !re=e kn[n unto !m47#bce7 ,l ! ,egyptian ,khnum at ! ,cat>act1 he 0 ! fir/ arti/ 9 clay1 & ! models t he made 7 ! fir/ m54 ,! god ( culture 0 ?us also ! creator ( mank9d4 ,he br\ght civilisation to !m f 8 home b5ea? ! waves1 b x 0 because he _h already creat$ !m4 ,!y 7 n inde$ 8 *ildr51 b ! creation ( 8 h&s1 = ! culture-god 0 necess>ily an arti/1 & ! m5 he m\ld$ 7 ! highe/ products ( 8 skill4 ,wat] & e>? _h alike gone to _! =mation2 ,ea 0 ma/] n only ( ! sea1 b ( ! l& ( ,eridu z well4 ,! h]itage ( ,dam-k9a 0 ?us usurp$ by ! god :om ,semitic influ5ce _h giv5 to h] z husb&4 ,& !re) ! h]itage ( ano!r goddess ( ! ,sum]ian cult 0 usurp$ z well4 ,?is 0 ,bau1 ^: native home 0 probably f>!r to ! nor?1 ?\gh %e _h be5 z x 7 dome/icat$ at ,eridu 9 e>ly days4 ,z ,dam-k9a 0 made ! wife ( ,ea1 s ,bau 0 made 8 "m4 ,= ?is !re 0 a special reason4 ,bau 0 kn[n z 8! great "m10 f :om mank9d _h receiv$ ! h]d & ! flock z well z ! crops ( ! field4 ,%e x 0 :o gave f]tility to ! soil1 & protect$ ^? :o till$ x4 ,! heif] 0 h] symbol1 & %e may h be5 orig9ally ! local _s ( "s field 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,eridu47#bcf7 ,b 9 ! days :5 %e is fir/ kn[n to u by contemporane\s inscriptions1 %e is already a goddess1 & ! ,semitic conception ( a div9e "m is already atta*$ to h]47#bcg7 ,%e ?us resembles ano!r goddess1 ,aruru by "n1 :om an old cosmological poem associates ) ,m]oda* 7or r ,ea7 9 creat+ 8! se$ ( man10 :i* spr+s =? f h] bosom l ! re$ f ! m>% or 8! wild c[ ) its "y40 ,9 _! orig9 ,bau & ,aruru are alike b ,dam-k9a "u o!r names1--! e>?-spirits ( ! old ,sum]ian religion1 :o beget or create all liv+ ?+s4 ,! und]gr\nd _w ov] :i* ,en-lil held rule 0 n only ! home ( ! dead1 x 0 also ! place :]e ! se$ mu/ be buri$ be=e x c spr+ up into ! gre5 h]b4 ,t same gho/-_w1 consequ5tly1 to :i* ! dead mu/ j\rney1 is also ! s\rce ( life4 ,! lil 7or r ! ,zi7 :o inhabits x is ! "m ( mank9d1 ev5 ?\gh x is also ! home ( ! demon :o plagues !m ) disease4 ,h5ce x 0 t :5 ,bau assum$ ! dress ( a ,semitic goddess1 %e became fir/ ! creatress-"m1 & !n ! "m ( ! creator4 ,z su*1 h[ev]1 %e ent]$ into rivalry ) ano!r deity :o 0 simil>ly 9 process ( developm5t out ( an e>li] =m4 ,?is 0 ,zi-,kum or ,zi-,g>um1 8! _s ( ! sky10 :o is call$ 8! "m t has begott5 heav5 & e>?10 & 8! se]ess ( ! _s ( ! e>?0 7-kur71 t is to say1 ( ,en-lil47#bch7 ,to ! primitive seaf>] ( ,babylonia ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf seem$ to desc5d f ! vault ( heav5 :i* re/$ ^u !m2 ! /reams :i* int]sect$ ! gr\nd 7 f$ by ! ra9s1 & x 0 !re=e natural to suppose t ! sea :i* bl5d$ ) ! sky 0 simil>ly d]iv$ f x4 ,! deep 0 embosom$ 9 ! heav5s1 & ! _s ( ! deep accord+ly mu/ h be5 begott5 by ! _s ( ! sky4 ,b ?is _s ( ! sky necess>ily own$ ob$i5ce to ! 8"l ( ! gho/-_w10 & ! "m ( ,ea ( ,eridu 0 ?us at ! same "t a m9i/]+ h&maid ( ,en-lil47#bci7 ,! ,zi :o 0 wor%ipp$ at ,eridu 0 also a ,lil 9 ! !ology ( ,nippur1 & ! home ( ! ,lil 0 b5ea? ! e>?4 ,9 ?is way we mu/ expla9 h[ x is t ,zi-,kum1 8! heav510 is also1 "u ano!r aspect1 ,zi-,kura1 8! e>?10 & z su* id5tical ) ,dam-k9a & ,bau47#bdj7 ,t %e %\ld h coalesc$ ) ,bau r ?an ) ,dam-k9a1 0 due to ! fact t ! "o 0 made ! "m ( ,ea1 :ile ! o!r became 8 wife4 ,b ! l9eam5ts ( ! old 8_s ( ! sky0 7 soon oblit]at$4 ,z ! religion ( ,babylonia mov$ fur!r & fur!r away f ! animism ( ! pa/1 ! _s's exi/5ce fad$ into ! backgr\nd & ,bau /epp$ into its place4 ,zi-,kum1 8! _s ( ! sky10 end$ by becom+ a symbol ( t primordial deep f :i* ,ea _h d]iv$ 8 wisdom1 & ^: wat]s 7 above ! visible firmam5t z well z bel[ x47#bda7 ,ea1 ! god ( ! mix$ ,babylonian race1 _h absorb$ ! spirits & gho/s ( ! ,sum]ian fai?4 ,_! attributes _h be5 tak5 f !m1 & !y _h be5 trans=m$ into goddesses ^: sole end 0 to complete ! family ( ! culture-god4 ,! old fai? 0 av5g$1 h[ev]1 :5 ,babylon became ! political head ( ,babylonia4 ,ea 0 supplant$ by 8 son1 & ! hon\rs he _h receiv$ 7 transf]r$ to ! y\ng] god4 ,x 0 8 son1 too1 "u a new & =eign "n4 ,m]oda* 0 son ( ,ea only because he _h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,aari1 :o 0 son ( ,ea 9 ! !ology ( ,eridu4 ,h5ce=w>d ,ea %9es m]ely by reflect$ light4 ,8 wisdom is h&$ on to ,m]oda*2 ev5 ! creation ( mank9d is d5i$ to him4 ,x is n ,ea1 b ,m]oda*1 :o conqu]s ! dragon ( *aos & introduces law & ord] into ! _w1 & x is equally n ,ea b ,m]oda* :o is ! creator ( all visible ?+s4 ,ea is n robb$1 l ,bel ( ,nippur1 ( 8 "n & pr]ogatives1 he is simply effac$47#bdb7 ,midway betwe5 ,nippur & ,eridu /ood ! city ( ,ere*4 ,d\btless x 0 ( ,sum]ian f\ndation1 l ! o!r great cities ( ,babylonia1 b z f> back z we c trace its hi/ory x is already a seat ( ,semitic p[] & religi\s cult4 ,its god 0 ,anu1 ! sky4 ,x may be t ,anu _h be5 br\ght f else:]e1 = a ,babylonian inscription ( ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c4 calls ,dr r ?an ,ere* 8 city2 b if s1 ! ,semitic inhabitants ( ,ere* knew no?+ ( x4 ,= !m ,anu 0 ! protect+ god ( _! city1 ! fa!r ( ,i/>1 ^: habitation x 04 ,f ! days :5 ,ere* fir/ became a ,semitic possession1 ,anu & ,i/> _h be5 wor%ipp$ 9 x side by side4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem f ! inscription ( ,lugal-zaggi-i1 discov]$ at ,nippur1 t at ! remote p]iod to :i* x belongs ,i/> _h n yet be5 associat$ ) ,anu 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ,ere*4 ,lugal-zaggi-i 0 k+ ( ,ere*1 & z a consequ5ce 8prie/ ( ,ana10 b n ( ,i/>4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce goes at pres5t1 x po9ts to ! fact t ! div9e patron ( ,ere* 0 ,anu1 & t ,i/> 0 introduc$ by ! ,semites1 p]haps f ! t[n ( ,dilbat 7n[ ,dillem74 ,! god & 8 "n 7 alike borr[$ by ! ,semite f 8 ,sum]ian pr$ecessor4 ,ana 0 ! ,sum]ian ^w = 8sky10 & x 0 d\btless a _s ( ! sky :i* _h be5 wor%ipp$ by ! primitive population ( ! c\ntry4 ,b :5 ! hi]oglyphic pictures 7 fir/ inv5t$1 out ( :i* ! cunei=m *>act]s aft]w>ds develop$1 ! _s 0 already on ! way to becom+ a god4 ,! eight-ray$ /> :i* d5otes ,ana 9 ! hi/orical days ( ,babylonia also d5otes a god4 ,he ?us became a type ( ! god z di/+ui%$ f ! _s1 & be>s witness to ! evolution t 0 already tak+ place 9 ! religion ( ,babylonia4 ,t !re _h be5 spirits ( ! sky1 h[ev]1 z well z spirits ( ! e>?1 0 nev] =gott54 ,by ! side ( ! ,anunna-ki or 8spirits ( ! e>?0 ! lat] !ology cont9u$ to reta9 a memory ( ! ,igigi or spirits ( heav547#bdc7 ,z ,en-lil 0 ! *ief among ! spirits ( ! e>?1 s x is probable t ,ana 0 *ief among ! spirits ( ! sky4 ,b !re 0 n ! same difficulty 9 accommodat+ 8 "n & p]sonality to ! new conception ( a god t !re 0 9 ! case ( ,en-lil4 ,8 old ,sum]ian title br\ght ) x no associations ) animism2 !re 0 no ne$ to *ange x1 & x c\ld !re=e1 l ! "n ( ,ea1 be reta9$ ev5 :5 ! _s ( ! sky _h become ! god ( heav54 ,f ! outset ,ana _h /ood outside ! sph]e & dom9ion ( ,en-lil2 he 0 no gho/ ( ! und]world to be degrad$ or r5am$4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 9 ,en-lil ( ,nippur1 ev5 "u 8 new ,semitic =m ( ,bel1 ! dom9ant elem5t rema9$ ,sum]ian1 & 9 ,ea ( ,eridu ! ,semitic & ,sum]ian elem5ts 7 m+l$ toge!r1 ,ana ( ,ere* 0 di/9ctively a ,semitic god4 ,x 0 only by ma9 =ce1 z x 71 t ,en-lil c\ld be trans=m$ into ! semblance ( a ,semitic ,baal2 up to ! la/ he cont9u$ to be "l ( ! e>? r ?an ( ! sky1 ^: dwell+-place 0 bel[ r ?an above47#bdd7 ,x 0 ?is1 p]haps1 :i* facilitat$ 8 effacem5t by ,m]oda*2 ! l9eam5ts ( a ,baal 7 m easily traceable 9 ! sun-god ( ,babylon ?an 9 ! god ( ,nippur4 ,b ! sky-god 0 already a ,baal4 ,betwe5 him & ! ,semitic ,baal-%ama91 8! "l ( heav510 ! di/ance 0 b slight1 & x 0 n difficult to clo! him ) ! attributes :i* ! ,semite ascrib$ to 8 supreme deity4 ,a consci\sness ( ! fact may possibly be detect$ 9 ! read9ess ) :i* ! "n & wor%ip ( ,anu 7 accept$ 9 ! ,semitic ,we/2 :5 ,babylonian culture made its way to ,canaan1 x 0 prim>ily ,anu & ! div9ities mo/ closely associat$ ) him--,i/>1 ,anat1 & ,dagon--:o f\nd !re a home4 ,ana1 ! sky1 ?us became ,anu1 ! god ( a ,semitis$ ,babylonia4 ,b a ,semitis$ ,babylonia c\ld n conceive ( a god )\t a goddess :o /ood to him 9 ! relation ( ! fem99e to ! mascul9e g5d]4 ,out ( ,anu 0 =m$ ,anat1 ! fem99e c\nt]p>t ( ! god4 ,! same process at ,nippur _h creat$ a ,belit or ,beltis out ( ! mascul9e ,bel4 ,! goddesses ow$ _! exi/5ce to a grammatical necessity1 & _! unsub/antial & col\rless "* ju/ifi$ _! orig94 ,!y fitly repres5t$ ! relation 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,semitic ideas1 ! woman /ood to ! man4 ,%e 0 =m$ out ( him 9 nature z ! fem99e 0 out ( ! mascul9e 9 language1 & h] v exi/5ce ?us dep5d$ on h] 8"l40 ,!re 01 inde$1 a goddess1 ev5 9 ,ere*1 ! c5tre ( ,semitic influ5ce1 :o possess$ a v /rongly-m>k$ & indep5d5t "* ( h] own4 ,?is 0 ,i/>1 ( :om ,i %all h to speak at a future "t4 ,b x 0 j because ,i/> possess$ ?is indep5d5t "* t %e c\ld n be ! wife ( ! god ( ! sky4 ,! ,semitic ,baal brook$ ! pres5ce ( no indep5d5t goddess 9 ! div9e family2 ! wife ( ! god c\ld n claim rights ( h] own any m ?an ! wife ( ! man4 ,anu1 l ,bel & ,ea1 /ood alone4 ,ere* _h be5 made ! capital ( a tempor>ily unit$ ,babylonia at an e>ly age 9 its ,semitic hi/ory4 ,be=e ! days ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 ,lugal-zaggi-i--we "k him only by 8 ,sum]ian "n--_h made himself supreme ov] ! small] ,/ates ( ! c\ntry1 & ev5 c>ri$ 8 arms to ! di/ant ,we/4 ,9 an inscription he has left u he boa/s t 8 empire ext5d$ 8f ! l[] sea ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates to ! upp] sea10 presumably ! ,m$it]ranean1 z he fur!r def9es 8 p[] z /ret*+ 8f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! sun40 ,ere* became ! capital ( ! k+dom1 & x 0 p]haps at ?is "t t x acquir$ ! "n :i* x bore ev] aft]w>ds ( 8! city0 p> excell5ce4 ,future ages 7 nev] all[$ to =get t x _h once be5 ! premi] city ( ,babylonia4 ,lugal-zaggi-i calls himself 8! prie/ ( ,anu10 ! god ( ! city :i* he _h made ! seat ( 8 p[]4 ,anu = a:ile 0 ! god ( ! supreme ,/ate 9 ,babylonia1 & !re=e supreme god ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! k+1 x is true1 _h come f ! nor?1 & 8 au?ority _h be5 giv5 him by ,bel ( ,nippur2 ! old sanctu>y ( ,nippur /ill claim$ ! fir/ place 9 ! religion ( ,nor!rn ,babylonia1 & ! cult ( its god reta9$ its anci5t hold on ! v5]ation ( ! p4 ,b f h5ce=w>d he _h to %>e 8 div9e hon\rs ) ano!r2 ,bel ( ,nippur1 inde$1 conf]r$ ! sov]eignty1 b ! sov]eign 0 prie/ & viceg]5t ( ,anu4 ,bel & ,anu 7 associat$ toge!r at ! head ( ! pan!on ( ,nor!rn ,babylonia1 & ! position !y occupi$ 9 x became m & m unique4 ,s firmly e/abli%$ 0 x be=e ! reign ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 t ev5 8 victories & ! empire he f\nd$ fail$ to give !m a colleague 9 ! god ( ! new capital city4 ,bel & ,anu rema9$ supreme2 ! sun-god ( ,akkad or ,sipp> _h to cont5t himself ) a subord9ate rank4 ,! !ological sy/em :i* put ,bel & ,anu at its head 0 already =m$1 & ! position assign$ to !m by ! v5]ation & traditions ( antiquity 0 too firmly fix$ to be %ak54 ,nor!rn ,babylonia wor%ipp$ a dyad 9 ! %ape ( two supreme gods4 ,b ,babylonia itself 0 a dual ,/ate4 ,x 0 probably on ?is acc\nt t ,lugal-zaggi-i _h fix$ 8 capital at ,ere* 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 midway betwe5 nor? & s\?4 ,& ! gods ( ,nor!rn ,babylonia 7 n necess>ily ^? ( ! s\?4 ,"h ,ea 0 at ! head ( ! div9e ho/2 = ! s\? 8 city ( ,eridu 0 :at ,nippur 0 = ! nor?1 & ! same causes :i* made ,bel ! disp5s] ( p[] to ! nor!rn pr9ces1 made ,ea ! gu>dian & guide ( ! mon>*y 9 ! s\?4 ,= _! wor%ipp]s ,bel & ,ea /ood on ! same level2 ! cult ( ea* alike _h desc5d$ f a remote antiquity1 & _! prie/s ex]cis$ a simil> influ5ce & p[]4 ,z ! ,babylonians ( ! nor? 7 call$ ! p ( ,bel :om ,bel c\ld grant to :om he w\ld1 s too ! mix$ races ( ! s\? 7 ! creation ( ,ea to :om ! god ( ,eridu _h taught ! arts ( life4 ,! union ( nor? & s\? consequ5tly br\ght ) x ! =mation ( a div9e triad4 ,ea jo9$ himself to ,bel & ,anu1 & ! supreme triad ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea ?us came into exi/5ce4 ,! process ( =mation 0 facilitat$ by ! fact t ! ?ree gods 7 already di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 _! ma9 features4 ,anu 0 ! god ( ! sky2 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,bel _h giv5 him naturally ! dom9ion ( ! e>?2 & ?\gh1 9 becom+ a ,semitic ,baal1 he _h acquir$ ! attributes ( a god ( ! upp] sph]e1 ^! 7 all[$ to fall into ! backgr\nd4 ,ea 0 ev5 easi] to deal )2 8 home 0 9 ! deep1 & 8 rule 0 accord+ly conf9$ to ! wat]s & ! sea4 ,t he _h once be5 a god ( ! l& z well z ( ! sea1 0 dropp$ out ( sight1 & 9 ! lat] c5turies ( ,babylonia x ev5 began to be =gott5 t he _h creat$ man out ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,he ceas$ to be ! div9e pott]1 & became in/ead ! god ( ! wat]s1 :o p\rs out ! ,tigris & ,euphrates f ! vases 9 8 h&s4 ,z god ( ! e>? & ! liv+ ?+s ^u x1 8 place 0 tak5 by 8 son4 ,aari1 trans=m$ into ! ,semitic sun-god ,m]oda*1 became ! inh]itor ( 8 fa!r's wisdom1 & !re) ( 8 fa!r's p[]4 ,! =mation ( ! ,babylonian triad1 & ! diff]5tiation ( ! div9e p]sons :o compos$ x1 mu/ h be5 ! "w ( a !ological s*ool4 ,x is an artificial s*eme elaborat$ aft] ! union ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! univ]se is divid$ betwe5 ! ?ree div9e repres5tatives ( ,nor!rn1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\!rn ,*alda1 ^: sanctu>ies 7 ! olde/ 9 ! l&1 & ^: cult _h be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial4 ,! triad once =m$ became a model aft] :i* o!rs c\ld be creat$4 ,! o!r great gods foll[$ ! example t _h be5 set !m1 & 7 simil>ly resolv$ into triads4 ,z ! or?odox !ological sy/em ( ,egypt re/$ on ! ,ennead1 ! correspond+ ,babylonian sy/em re/$ on ! triad4 ,! pr9ciple 9 ea* case 0 mu* ! same4 ,! ,ennead 0 b a multiple ( ! triad1 & presuppos$ ! sacr$ numb]4 ,p]haps we may see 9 x ! result ( a contact betwe5 ,sum]ian modes ( ?\ght & ! ,semitic conception ( ! div9e family4 ,:]e ! god _h a wife & a son1 ! godhead w\ld naturally be reg>d$ z a tr9ity47#bde7 ,"u ! fir/ & supreme triad came ! second triad ( ,s91 ,samas1 & ,hadad4 ,s91 ! moon-god1 0 ador$ "u _m names & 9 _m =ms4 ,b 8 two *iefe/ temples 7 at ,ur & at ,h>ran4 ,ur1 ! mod]n ,muqayy>1 on ! we/]n bank ( ! ,euphrates1 _h be5 d$icat$ to 8 s]vice f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! ru9s ( 8 temple /ill rise 9 huge m\nds f ! gr\nd4 ,! city /ood outside ! limits ( ! ,babylonian pla91 9 ! ,semitic t]ritory ( ! ,arabian des]t1 & its ,semitic population 0 !re=e probably l>ge4 ,h>ran1 ! o!r seat ( ! moon-god1 0 equally beyond ! limits ( ,babylonia1 & gu>d$ ! high road ( comm]ce & w> t l$ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/4 ,b ! "n ,h>ran1 8! road10 is ,babylonian1 &1 l its temple & god1 ! city d\btless ow$ its orig9 to ,babylonian coloni/s4 ,!y probably came f ,ur4 ,! moon-god ( ,ur is call$ ! son ( ,en-lil ( ,nippur1 & x may be !re=e t ,nippur 0 ! "m-city ( ,ur4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t :]eas ,ur 0 built on ! des]t plateau ( ,arabia1 ,nippur /ood among ! m>%es ( ! ,babylonian pla94 ,its sanctu>y c\ld n h be5 f\nd$ be=e ! m>%es _h be51 at all ev5ts1 p>tially dra9$1 & ! inundat+ riv]s be5 regulat$ by dykes & canals4 ,a settlem5t on ! high] & dri] gr\nd w\ld seem m naturally to prec$e "o 9 ! pe/if]\s swamps bel[ x1 & ! fact t ,ur 0 ! neighb\r ( ,eridu seems to po9t to its e>ly f\ndation & connection ) ! old seaport ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ! same "t ! wor%ip ( ! moon-god is associat$ ) ! ,semites ( ,arabia & ! we/ r ?an ) ,eridu1 ^: god reveal$ himself to mank9d by day & n 9 ! %ades ( night47#bdf7 ,x 0 "r & fitt+1 h[ev]1 t ! moon-god %\ld be 8! fir/born0 ( ! god ( ,nippur4 ,! realm ( ,en-lil 0 9 ! und]gr\nd _w ( d>kness1 & ! spirits ov] :om he _h rul$ pli$ _! "w at night4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 x 0 f him & ! d>k _w :i* orig9ally belong$ to him t ! moon-god proce$$4 ,x may be t ,s9 _h once be5 "o ( ! spirits 9 ! doma9 ( ,en-lil1 a m]e gho/ :om ! sorc]] c\ld *>m4 ,b ) 8 elevation to ! rank ( a god 8 attributes & "* grew fix$ & def9$4 ,9 ! anci5t hymns address$ to him he is f> m ?an a m]e god ( ! moon4 ,8 wor%ipp] at ,ur1 :]e he 0 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,nann>1 address$ him z n only 8"l ( ! moon10 b also 8pr9ce ( ! gods10 8! begett] ( gods & m540 ,x is ?us t we read 9 an old bil+ual hymn-- 8,fa!r1 long-suff]+ & full ( =giv5ess1 ^: h& upholds ! life ( all mank9d1 ,"l1 ?y div9ity1 l ! f>-(f heav51 fills ! wide sea ) fe> 444 ,fir/born1 omnipot5t1 ^: he>t is imm5sity1 & !re is none :o %all disc]n x 444 ,"l1 ! orda9] ( ! laws ( heav5 & e>?1 ^: comm& may n be brok5 444 ,9 heav51 :o is supreme8 ,?\ alone1 ?\ art supreme6 ,on e>?1 :o is supreme8 ,?\ alone1 ?\ art supreme6 ,z = !e1 ?y w is made kn[n 9 heav51 & ! angels b[ _! faces4 ,z = !e1 ?y w is made kn[n on e>?1 & ! spirits bel[ kiss ! gr\nd4 ,z = !e1 ?y w is bl[n on high l ! w9d2 ! /all & ! fold are quick5$4 ,z = !e1 ?y w is done on ! e>?1 & ! h]b gr[s gre540 ,su* language is fitt] = a supreme ,baal ?an = a local moon-god2 &1 9 fact1 x 0 z a supreme ,baal r ?an z a local moon-god t ,nann> 0 ador$ at ,ur4 ,8 connection ) ! moon 01 z x 71 an accid5t2 ! ess5tial po9t ab\t him 0 t he 0 ! gu>dian god ( ! city4 ,its temple _h be5 d$icat$ to him 9 prehi/oric days1 & ) ! rise ( ,semitic influ5ce all ! attributes associat$ ) a ,semitic ,baal ga!r$ r\nd 8 p]son4 ,he rema9$1 x is true1 a moon-god1 b he 0 also m ?an a moon-god4 ,he 0 ! *ief deity ( a city ^: k+s _h rul$ ?r\gh\t ,babylonia1 & c>ri$ _! arms to ! di/ant ,we/4 ,8 trans=mation into a supreme ,baal 0 d\btless assi/$ by ! important place fill$ by ! moon 9 e>ly ,babylonian culture4 ,! moon 0 ! measur] ( "t2 ! fir/ cal5d> 0 a lun> "o1 & "t 0 m>k$ by ! movem5ts ( ! moon & n by ^? ( ! sun4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ! moon-god 0 call$ ,en-zu1 8! "l ( k10 by ! ,sum]ians2 ?r\gh him !y le>n$ h[ to regulate ! ye> & ! fe/ivals ( ! gods4 ,a/ronomy _h be5 cultivat$ 9 ,babylonia f ! beg9n+ ( its hi/ory1 & = a nation ( a/ronom]s ! moon 0 naturally an object ( v5]ation & reg>d4 ,x 0 ! symbol ( law & ord] z well z ( ! light t illum9at$ ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,b we mu/ notice t x 0 only at ,ur & ,h>ran t ,s9 or ,nann> 0 ?us elevat$ to ! rank ( a supreme ,baal4 ,! (ficial !ology refus$ to include him among ! ?ree *ief gods ( ! l&4 ,he 01 9 fact1 z ,pr(essor ,hommel has %[n1 r ! ,baal ( ! ,semitics ( ,arabia & ! ,we/ ?an ( ! ,babylonians !mselves1 & ! place occupi$ by 8 cult at ,ur proves h[ completely ?is city lay outside ! limits ( ! true ,babylonia1 & 0 peopl$ by an ,arabian population4 ,! sun-god 0 born ( ! moon4 ,! lun> ye> prec$$ ! sol>1 & to ! primitive ,babylonian ! moon 0 a m important ag5t ( culture ev5 ?an ! sun4 ,moreov]1 ! sun seem$ to rise f t _w ( night ov] :i* ! moon held sway2 ! day 0 begott5 by ! night1 & 0 accord+ly reckon$ f ev5+ to ev5+4 ,x is n until we come to ! lat] age ( ,babylonian hi/ory t we f9d ! old sy/em mak+ way = a new "o1 9 :i* ! day beg9s at midnight2 & ! #a/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ) its 8ev5+ & morn+10 p]petuates ! anci5t sy/em ( ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,! sun-god 0 kn[n "u _m names1 &1 l ! moon-god1 0 wor%ipp$ 9 _m ( ! ,babylonian cities4 ,b j z 9 hi/orical times !re 7 two *ief seats ( ! wor%ip ( ! moon-god1--at ,ur 9 ! s\?1 & at ,h>ran 9 ! nor?1--s too !re 7 two *ief seats ( ! wor%ip ( ! sun-god1 "o 9 ,s\!rn & ! o!r 9 ,nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,! s\!rn seat 0 ,l>sa1 ! nor!rn ,zimbir or ,sipp>a on ! bord]s ( ,mesopotamia4 ,& z ! moon-god ( ,ur 0 old] ?an ! moon-god ( ,h>ran1 s !re are reasons = ?9k+ t ! sun-god ( ,l>sa 0 old] ?an 8 rival at ,sipp>a4 ,babylonian culture mov$ f s\? to nor?4 ,bo? at ,l>sa & at ,sipp>a ! temple ( ! sun-god 0 call$ -,babb>a1--,bit-,uri 9 ,semitic1--8! h\se ( light40 ,at ,sipp>a x _h be5 f\nd$ or re/or$ by ,n>am-,s91 ! son ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 9 ! e>ly days ( ,semitic supremacy4 ,! ,sum]ian ,utu _h already become ! ,semitic ,samas1 & clo!d himself 9 ! attributes ( a ,semitic ,bel4 ,& !re) he _h necess>ily tak5 to himself a wife4 ,?is 0 1 :o1 9 becom+ ! consort ( a ,semitic ,baal1 0 compell$ to *ange h] sex4 ,= ! ,sum]ian 0 a male god1 a local sun-god1 9 fact1 :om ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ sugge/s may orig9ally h be5 ! sun-god ( "o ( ! sep>ate villages out ( ! amalgamation ( :i* ! city ( ,sipp>a arose47#bdg7 ,sum]ian gramm>1 h[ev]1 did n recognise g5d]2 s f> z outw>d =m 0 conc]n$1 ! same ^w1 z 9 ,engli%1 might be indiff]5tly mascul9e or fem99e1 & !re 0 !re=e no?+ 9 ! "n ( itself :i* w\ld =bid ! =eign] f deal+ ) x z he w\ld4 ,samas ( ,sipp>a ne$$ a wife1 & 1 despite h] male orig91 0 accord+ly giv5 to him4 ,b ! gift 0 fatal to h]self4 ,%e lo/ h] individuality1 & became ! m]e d\ble ( h] husb&4 ,samas absorb$ h] attributes & wor%ip1 & gradually %e s9ks out ( sight1 or survives only 9 ! works ( !ological antiqu>ians or 9 ! lit]ature ( ! pa/47#bdh7 ,hadad1 ! ?ird 9 ! second triad ( ! ,babylonian ,/ate religion1 _h no city :i* he c\ld peculi>ly call 8 own4 ,he _h develop$ out ( ! ,sum]ian spirits ( ! /orm1 :o reveal$ !mselves 9 ! rag+ w9d or ! tempe/ ( ra94 ,m ?an "o elem5tal _s or demon _h gone to 8 mak+ & !re 0 consequ5tly no s+le sanctu>y 9 :i* 8 cult _h be5 h&$ d[n f ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,:]ev] ! /orm rag$ or ! deluge desc5d$1 ,hadad 0 to be f\nd1 l ! spirits f :om he _h desc5d$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,semitic ideas he gradually became ! god ( ! air4 ,8 old "*1 inde$ nev] des]t$ him2 up to ! la/ he rema9$ ! div9e p[]1 :o n only gave ! f]tilis+ ra9 9 ! ?und]1 & he c>ri$ ! =k$ lightn+ 9 8 h&4 ,god ( ! air ?\gh he 01 he cont9u$ to be ! /orm-god z well4 ,! god ( ! /orm 0 naturally ! god ( ! m\nta9s4 ,:5 ! armies ( ,babylonia fir/ made _! way to ! ,we/1 !y f\nd !mselves 9 a l& ( m\nta9s1 :]e ! /orm bur/ sudd5ly ^u !m1 & ! /reams fl[$ swoll5 ) ra9 into ! sea4 ,"h1 !re=e1 9 ! l& ( ! ,amorites ! ,babylonian seem$ to h discov]$ ! true home ( ! god he wor%ipp$4 ,hadad 0 an ,amorite r ?an a ,babylonian1 & ! title1 accord+ly1 by :i* he 0 mo/ frequ5tly address$ 9 e>ly days 0 t ( 8! ,amorite god40 ,! title is ,sum]ian 9 orig91 & mu/ !re=e h be5 giv5 :ile z yet ! ,sum]ian 0 dom9ant4 ,?is raises ! "q :e!r ! "n by :i* ! god 0 subsequ5tly kn[n 9 ,semitic ,babylonia 0 n r ( ,amorite ?an ( ,babylonian d]ivation4 ,& !re is mu* 9 fav\r ( ! view4 ,hadad1 or ,rimmon z he 0 also t]m$1 0 9 a special way ! god ( ,syria4 ,8 wor%ip 0 spread along ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,syrian seabo>d1 & we f9d him hold+ !re ! rank ( a supreme ,baal4 ,x is n z ! god ( /orms1 b z ! sun-god himself1 t he 0 ador$ 9 ,syria1 & 8 v "n !re became synonym\s ) deity4 ,t ! ,semitis$ ,sum]ian ( ,babylonia %\ld h id5tifi$ ! supreme god ( a l& ( m\nta9s & /orms ) 8 own /orm-god1 we c und]/&2 t ! ,syrian %\ld h transf]r$ ! "n ( a ,babylonian god ( /orms to 8 own *ief ,baal1 w\ld be difficult to expla94 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! p]son ( ,hadad is peculi>ly ,semitic4 ,! features :i* he inh]it$ f 8 ,sum]ian ance/ry 7 obscur$ or dropp$1 & he became 9 all respects a ,semitic god4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !re=e1 at f9d+ t he 0 a special fav\rite 9 ,assyria4 ,assur-nazir-pal calls him 8! mightie/ ( ! gods10 & ! ,assyrian troops 9 _! onset are lik5$ to him47#bdi7 ,! doctr9e ( ! triad 0 n conf9$ to ! m prom95t gods4 ,x 0 ext5d$ to o!rs also :o occupi$ a l[] rank 9 ! div9e hi]>*y or 9 ! public cult4 ,?us ,samas helps to =m ! subord9ate triad ( ,samas1 ,malik1 & ,bunn1 9 :i* ! local sun-gods1 ,malik & ,bunn1 are di/+ui%$ f ,samas ( ,sipp>a1 & ,bunn is trans=m$ into a female div9ity1 ! consort ( ,malik4 ,b 9 all cases ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! ,semitic conception ( ! div9e family1 husb&1 wife1 & son1 is comb9$ ) ! old] ideas ( g5d]less ,sum]ian1 :i* plac$ ! goddess on ! same level z ! god1 & ! result is a triad 9 :i* ! ,sum]ian elem5t has s f> prevail$ z to exclude ! "m & son1 & leave ?ree gods ( equal p[] & rank47#bej7 ,! ,babylonian triad is ?us 9 no way a tr9ity4 ,! div9e p]sons :o compose x are coequal & indep5d5t "o ( ! o!r1 ! sph]e ( ea* be+ limit$ by t ( ! o!r4 ,b !y divide ! :ole univ]se betwe5 !m1 or at all ev5ts t "p ( ! univ]se ov] :i* _! attributes & au?ority ext5d4 ,!y are p>tn]s ) c>efully def9$ p[]s1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree4 ,none ( !m is a supreme ,baal dom9ant ov] ! o!r two4 ,nor1 inde$1 are !y ,baalim at all 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,= ! ,semitic ,baalim admitt$ ( no su* gr\p+2 ea* 0 supreme god 9 8 own locality1 :]e 8 p[]s 7 nei!r %>$ nor limit$ by ano!r god4 ,a triad l t ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea c\ld n exi/ :]e ea* local ,baal claim$ all ! attributes t 7 divid$ betwe5 ! ?ree ,babylonian deities1 & its exi/5ce 9 ,babylonia is "o ( _m pro(s t1 ?\gh ,babylonian religion 9 its lat] =m 0 m\ld$ by ,semitic h&s1 ! elem5ts t compos$ x _h come 9 l>ge measure f an old] fai?4 ,lecture ,,iv4 ,! ,sun-,god ,& ,i/>4 ,x is ?us t ,nebu*adrezz> addresses 8 god 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 glory & p[]-- 8,to ,m]oda*1 my "l1 ,i pray$2 ,i began to him my petition2 ! ^w ( my he>t s\ght him1 & ,i said3 #8,o pr9ce t art f ev]la/+1 "l ( all t exi/s1 = ! k+ :om ?\ love/1 :om ?\ calle/ by "n1 z x seems good unto !e ?\ guide/ 8 "n aright1 ?\ wat*e/ ov] him 9 ! pa? ( righte\sness6 ,i1 ! pr9ce :o obeys !e1 am ! "w ( ?y h&s2 ?\ ha/ creat$ me1 & ha/ intru/$ to me ! sov]eignty ov] multitudes ( m51 accord+ to ?y goodness1 ,o "l1 :i* ?\ ha/ made to pass ov] !m all4 ,let me love ?y supreme lord%ip1 let ! fe> ( ?y div9ity exi/ 9 my he>t1 & give :at seeme? good unto !e1 s9ce ?\ ma9ta9e/ my life4' ,!n he1 ! fir/born1 ! glori\s1 ! lead] ( ! gods1 ,m]oda* ! pr9ce1 he>d my pray] & accept$ my petition407#bea7 8,to ,m]oda*1 my "l1 ,i pray$1 & lift$ up my h&3 #8,o ,m]oda*1 7my7 "l1 ! wise "o ( ! gods1 ! mighty pr9ce1 ?\ did/ create me & ha/ intru/$ to me ! dom9ion ov] multitudes ( m52 z my own de> life d ,i love ! height ( ?y c\rt2 among all mank9d h ,i n built a city ( ! e>? fair] ?an ?y city ( ,babylon4 ,z ,i h lov$ ! fe> ( ?y div9ity & h s\ght aft] ?y lord%ip1 accept ! lift+ up ( my h&s1 he>k5 to my petition1 = ,i ! k+ am ! adorn] 7( ! %r9e7 :o rejoices ?y he>t1 an in/ruct$ rul]1 ! adorn] ( all ?y =tresses4' 07#beb7 ,! god be=e :om ! great ,babylonian conqu]or ?us humbles himself 9 passionate devotion1 0 ! div9e gu>dian & "l ( 8 capital city4 ,ev] s9ce ! days :5 ,babylon _h be5 b "o ( ! _m villages ( ,babylonia1 ,m]oda* _h be5 its presid+ god4 ,x 0 to him t -,saggil1 its sanctu>y1 0 d$icat$1 & f him & 8 prie/hood ! k+s ( ,babylon d]iv$ _! "r to rule4 ,m]oda* _h giv5 !m _! supremacy1 fir/ 9 ,babylonia & !n ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia1 & ! supremacy he be/[$ ^u !m 0 reflect$ ^u himself4 ,! god foll[$ ! =tunes ( 8 city1 because ?r\gh him 8 city _h ris5 to p[]2 & he became ,bel1 8! "l10 n = ! inhabitant ( ,babylon only1 b = all ! civilis$ _w4 ,l ,amon ( ,!bes1 ,bel-,m]oda* ( ,babylon supplant$ ! old] gods ( ! c\ntry because ! city :]e9 he 0 wor%ipp$ supplant$ ! e>li] seats ( ,babylonian p[]4 ,l ,amon ( ,!bes1 moreov]1 ,m]oda* ( ,babylon ow$ mu* to 8 sol> "*4 ,y\nge/ ( ! gods ?\gh he might be1 he 0 yet a =m ( ! sun-god17#bec7 & z su* a repres5tative & imp]sonation ( ! supreme ,baal4 ,h[ev] mu* 8 sol> features 7 ov]%ad[$ by o!r attributes 9 lat] days1 !y 7 nev] :olly obscur$1 & 8 sol> orig9 0 rememb]$ to ! la/4 ,x 0 nev] =gott5 t be=e he became ! supreme ,bel or 8"l0 ( ,babylonian !ology he _h be5 m]ely a local sun-god1 l ,utu ( ,l>sa or ,samas ( ,sipp>a4 ,we c ev5 trace 8 cult to ,sum]ian days4 ,a punn+ etymology1 propos$ = 8 "n 9 an age :5 ! true orig9 ( x _h be5 lo/1 made him ! am>-utuki or 8heif] ( ! gobl902 & ! fact t ! sun-god 0 kn[n to h once be5 an utuk or 8gobl90 seem$ to l5d c\nt5ance to x4 ,b :5 we fir/ cat* glimpses ( 8 wor%ip1 he has already ceas$ to belong to ! gobl9s ( ! night4 ,he has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,as>i ! son ( ,ea ( ,eridu1 & has ?us became ! mess5g] & int]pret] ( ! culture-god4 ,9 ! language ( ,sum]1 ,as>i signifi$ 8! /rong "o0 or 8pr9ce407#bed7 ,8 "n 0 express$ by two ideographs :i* d5ot$ 8place0 & 8eye10 & _h precisely ! same mean+ & =m z ! two :i* express$ ! "n ( ! ,egyptian ,osiris47#bee7 ,betwe5 ! ,sum]ian ,as>i & ! ,egyptian ,osiris1 !re=e1 x seems probable t !re 0 a connection4 ,& to my m9d ! probability is rais$ to practical c]ta9ty by ! fact t ! "* & attributes ( bo? ,as>i & ,osiris 7 ! same4 ,osiris 0 ,un-nef]1 8! good be+10 ^: life 0 sp5t 9 b5efit+ & civilis+ mank9d2 ,as>i also 0 8! good heif]0 7am>-dugga71 & 8 common title 0 t ( 8! pr9ce :o does good to m50 7,aari-galu-dugga74 ,he x 0 :o convey$ to m5 ! tea*+ ( ,ea1 :o heal$ _! diseases by means ( 8 fa!r's spells1 & :o 8rais$ ! dead to life40 ,as>i & ,osiris are n only ! same 9 "n & pictorial repres5tation1 !y play ! same "p 9 ! hi/ory ( religion & culture4 ,b !re 0 "o important diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,osiris 0 a dead god1 ^: k+dom 0 9 ! o!r _w2 ,as>i br\ght help to ! liv+1 :om he re/or$ f sickness & deliv]$ f dea?4 ,ev5 9 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 x 0 rememb]$ t ,osiris _h be5 a god ( ! liv+ be=e he 0 god ( ! dead4 ,tradition told h[ he _h in/ruct$ m5 9 ! arts ( life1 & done = primeval ,egypt :at ,ea & ,as>i _h done = ,*alda4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ,as>i is a diff]5ce t runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,egyptian & ,babylonian !ology4 ,! ,egyptian ( ! hi/orical p]iod fix$ 8 eyes on ! future life1 & ! god he wor%ipp$ accord+ly 0 ! god :o judg$ & sav$ him 9 ! o!r _w2 ! religion ( ! ,babylonian 0 conf9$ to ?is _w1 & x 0 9 ?is _w only t he 0 judg$ by ! sun-god1 & receiv$ 8 s5t5ce ( rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,! mummifi$ sun-god did n exi/ = ! ,babylonians1 = ! practice ( mummification 0 unkn[n among !m4 ,x is possible t ,aari1 8! pr9ce :o does good to m510 _h be5 orig9ally a title ( ,ea4 ,if s1 ! title & ! god _h be5 sep>at$ f "o ano!r at an e>ly epo*1 & ! title _h become itself a god :o own$ ,ea z 8 fa!r4 ,?is relation%ip betwe5 ,ea & 8 son betrays ,semitic--or at all ev5ts =eign--influ5ce4 ,! gho/s & spirits ( primitive ,sum]ian belief 7 n b\nd toge!r by any su* family ties2 ! demons ( ! night _h little 9 common ) ! m5 !y t]rifi$ & plagu$4 ,as>i _h once be5 conceiv$ ( z a ram1 ,ea z an antelope2 & betwe5 ! ram & ! antelope no g5etic relation%ip 0 possible4 ,!y might be unit$ toge!r l ! composite creatures :i* _h come d[n to ! ,babylonians f ! old ,sum]ian days1 b !re c\ld be no bir? ( "o f ! o!r4 ,bir? *>act]ises ! pres5t creation 9 :i* l spr+s f l2 x 0 only 9 ! "t ( *aos t unlike =ms c\ld be m+l$ toge!r 9 disord]ly confusion4 ,t ,as>i 0 a sun-god foll[s f 8 id5tification ) ,m]oda*4 ,"h & "h only c\ld h be5 ! l9k :i* b\nd ! two deities toge!r47#bef7 ,b 9 pass+ into ,m]oda* he lo/ 8 own p]sonality4 ,h5ce=? ! son ( ,ea & ! god ( ,babylon are "o & ! same4 ,x 0 b gradually t he atta9$ 8 high position 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,ea & ,as>i 7 gods ( ! s\?2 ,babylon lay 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re mu/ !re=e h be5 "s special reason = ! close connection t grew up betwe5 !m4 ,i "k ( no o!r t w\ld acc\nt = x except ! "o ,i gave _m ye>s ago--t ,babylon 0 a colony f ,eridu4 ,9 ?is case we c\ld und]/& :y its local deity %\ld h be5 a son ( ,ea1 & h[ accord+ly x became possible to id5tify him ) t p>ticul> son ( ! god ( ,eridu ^: attributes resembl$ 8 own4 ,x is difficult at pres5t to trace ! hi/ory ( ,m]oda* beyond ! age ( ! dyna/y ( ,khammurabi4 ,x 0 !n t ,babylon became an imp]ial city1 & ! p[] ( its god grew ) ! p[] ( its rul]s4 ,! dyna/y 0 ,semitic1 ?\gh ( =eign orig92 & we may ga!r f ! names ( ! fir/ two k+s t ! ance/ral god ( ! family _h be5 amu7#beg7 or ,%em4 ,b ) ! possession ( ,babylon ! mann]s & religion ( ,babylonia 7 adopt$2 ! f\r? k+ ( ! dyna/y be>s a ,babylonian "n17#beh7 & 8 gr&son ascribes 8 victories to ! god ( ,babylon4 ,m]oda* is inve/$ by ,khammurabi ) all ! attributes ( a supreme ,semitic ,baal4 ,8 sol> "* falls into ! backgr\nd2 he becomes ! "l ( gods & m51 :o deliv]s ! weak & puni%es ! pr\d4 ,! (fice ( judge1 :i* belong$ to him z ! sun-god1 is amplifi$2 ! wisdom he _h d]iv$ f ,ea is made "p ( 8 orig9al nature2 8 quality ( m]cy is insi/$ on aga9 & aga94 ,l ! ,semitic ,baal1 he is ! fa!r ( 8 p1 ! mighty k+ :o rules ! _w & occupies ! =emo/ place 9 ! c\ncil ( ! gods4 ,already ! son ( ,khammurabi decl>es t ! old] ,bel ( ,nippur _h transf]r$ to ,m]oda* ! sov]eignty ( ! civilis$ _w2 ! p[] ( ,nippur & its prie/hood _h pass$ to ,babylon1 & its god _h to make way = a y\ng] rival4 ,z long z ,babylon rema9$ ! capital ( ! k+dom1 ! ,bel or 8"l0 ( ,babylonia 0 ,m]oda*4 ,! god foll[$ ! =tunes ( 8 ,/ate4 ,! sanctity t _h l+]$ = s _m c5turies ar\nd ! temple ( ,nippur n[ pass$ to -,saggil1 ! temple ( ,m]oda*4 ,! prie/s ( ,m]oda* inh]it$ ! rights & functions ( ! prie/s ( ,en-lil4 ,f h5ce=? x 0 ,m]oda* & 8 prie/s :o c\ld make & unmake k+s2 x 0 only ! pr9ce :o _h 8tak5 ! h& ( ,bel0 ( ,babylon1 & !reby be5 adopt$ z 8 son1 t c\ld claim legitimate rule4 ,! desc5dants ( ! conqu]ors :o _h c>ri$ ,babylonian culture to ! l&s ( ! ,we/1 d]iv$ _! title to dom9ion n f ,nippur1 b f ,babylon1 & x 0 =gott5 t ! title _h ev] _h any o!r s\rce4 ,! lord%ip ( ! _w _h inde$ be5 transf]r$ to a new god & a new city2 ,zeus _h supplant$ 8 fa!r ,kronos4 ,a sort ( pan 9 praise ( ,m]oda*1 :i* is suppos$ to =m "p ( ! ,epic ( ! ,creation1 describes h[ ! god ( ,babylon receiv$ ! names1 & !re) ! attributes & p[]s1 ( ! old] deities4 ,9 ! great assembly ( ! gods he 0 greet$ z _! ,zi or 8,life107#bei7 !n z ,ea "u 8 "n ( 8god ( div9e life10 !n z ,hadad or ! god ( 8! good w9d107#bfj7 & f9ally z ,s9 ) 8! div9e cr[n10 9 ^: "n he became 8! m]ciful "o :o br+s back ! dead to life40 ,! c]emony 0 n conclud$ until he _h receiv$ all 8! fifty names ( ! great gods10 ^: virtues & ess5ce _h ?us1 z x 71 pass$ into himself4 ,n only 0 he _! heir1 he also absorb$ _! :ole be+1 & s became "o ) 8 fa!r1 :o is made to say3 8,he is become ev5 z myself1 = ,ea is 7n[7 8 "n40 ,9 ^! words we are br\ght v ne> to ! ,egyptian doctr9e :i* transmut$ "o god into ano!r1 & saw 9 !m only s _m =ms ( ! same div9ity4 ,b ! /age ( pan!ism 0 nev] rea*$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,! ,semitic elem5t 9 ,babylonian religion 0 too /rong to admit ( x2 ! attributes & "* ( ea* deity 7 too cle>ly cut & def9$1 & ! ,semitic m9d 0 incapable ( trans=m+ ! human figures ( ! gods into nebul\s ab/ractions4 ,! god 0 too mu* ( a man1 mov+ 9 too well m>k$ a sph]e1 to be resolv$ into a m]e =m or manife/ation4 ,m]oda* might receive f ! o!r gods _! attributes & ! p[] to ex]cise !m1 b x 0 delegation & n absorption4 ,! o!r gods /ill reta9$ ! attributes t belong$ to !m1 & ! "r to use !m if !y w\ld4 ,m]oda* 0 _! viceg]5t & successor r ?an !mselves "u ano!r =m4 ,h5ce x is t ! human elem5t 9 ! ,babylonian god pr$om9at$ ov] ! ab/ract & div9e4 ,8 sol> attributes fell into ! backgr\nd1 & he became m & m ! repres5tative ( a human k+ :o rules 8 p ju/ly1 & ^: ord]s all are b\nd to obey4 ,he became1 9 fact1 a ,semitic ,baal1 made 9 human =m1 & consequ5tly conceiv$ ( z an exagg]at$ or sup]human man4 ,! o!r gods are 8 subjects1 n =ms "u :i* he c reveal himself2 !y reta9 _! individualities1 & con/itute 8 c\rt4 ,!re is no nebulosity1 no pan!ism1 9 ! religion ( ,semitic ,babylonia2 ! =mless div9ity & ! animal wor%ip ( ,egypt are alike unkn[n to x4 ,z is ! man1 s is ! god1 = ! "o has be5 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! o!r4 ,nev]!less ! sol> orig9 ( ,m]oda* left its impress ^u ! !ology ( ! ,/ate4 ,x _h mu* to d ) t process ( id5tify+ "o god ) ano!r1 :i*1 z we h se51 t5d$ to approximate ! doctr9es ( ,babylonia to ^? ( ,egypt4 ,?\gh ! individual gods 7 di/+ui%$ & m>k$ (f f "o ano!r l individual m51 x 0 yet possible to get z x 7 beh9d ! individual traits1 & f9d 9 c]ta9 ( !m a common elem5t 9 :i* _! individual peculi>ities 7 lo/4 ,! "n1 s ! ,babylonian believ$1 0 ! ess5ce ( ! p]son or ?+ to :i* x 0 atta*$2 t :i* _h no "n did n exi/1 & its exi/5ce comm5c$ only :5 x receiv$ its "n4 ,a nameless god c\ld n exi/ any m ?an a nameless man1 & a k ( 8 "n br\ght ) x a k ( 8 real nature & p[]s4 ,b a "n 0 transf]able2 x c\ld be tak5 f "o object & giv5 to ano!r1 & !re) ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics :i* _h belong$ to ! fir/ w\ld become ! prop]ty ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ! "n 0 *ang$1 ! p]son or ?+ 0 *ang$ along ) x4 ,to give ,m]oda* ano!r "n1 !re=e1 0 equival5t to *ang+ 8 ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 & end[+ him ) ! nature & prop]ties ( ano!r god4 ,! sol> "* :i* belong$ to him primitively gave ! fir/ impulse to ?is transf]5ce & *ange ( "n4 ,!re 7 o!r sol> deities 9 ,babylonia1 ) di/9ct p]sonalities ( _! own1 = !y 7 ea* call$ by an individual "n4 ,b ! sun :i* !y typifi$ & repres5t$ 0 ! same ev]y:]e1 & ! attributes ( ! sol> div9ity diff]$ b little 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates ( ,semitic ,babylonia4 ,x 0 easy1 !re=e1 to assign to ! "o ! "n ( ano!r1 & ! assignm5t br\ght ) x a *ange ( p]sonality4 ,) ! "n came ! p]sonality ( ! god to :om x orig9ally belong$1 & :o n[1 z x 71 lo/ 8 individual exi/5ce4 ,x pass$ into ! p]son ( ! o!r deity2 ! two gods 7 id5tifi$ toge!r2 b x 0 n by ! absorption ( ! "o into ! o!r b by ! loss ( individual exi/5ce on ! "p ( "o ( !m4 ,x 0 no resolution ( two indep5d5t be+s into a common =m1 b r ! sub/itution ( "o individual = ano!r4 ,?is process ( assimilation 0 assi/$ by ! ,babylonian conception ( ! goddess4 ,by ! side ( ! god1 ! goddess 0 little m ?an a col\rless ab/raction :i* ow$ its orig9 to ! necessities ( gramm>4 ,! individual elem5t 0 abs5t2 all t gave =m & sub/ance to ! goddess 0 ! p>ticul> "n %e happ5$ to be>4 ,)\t ! "n %e _h no exi/5ce1 & ! "n itself 0 b an epi!t :i* c\ld be int]*ang$ ) ano!r epi!t at ! w ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,! goddesses ( ,babylonia 7 ?us l ! col\rs ( a kaleidoscope1 con/antly %ift+ & pass+ "o into ano!r4 ,z long z ! "n exi/$1 inde$1 !re 0 an individuality atta*$ to x2 b ) ! *ange ( "n ! individuality *ang$ too4 ,! individuality dep5d$ m on ! "n 9 ! case ( ! goddess ?an 9 ! case ( ! god2 = ! goddess possess$ no?+ b ! "n :i* %e c\ld call h] own1 :ile ! god 0 conceiv$ ( z a human "l & ma/] ) def9ite p[]s & attributes4 ,!re 01 x is true1 "o goddess1 ,i/>1 :o resembl$ ! god 9 ?is respect2 b x 0 j ! goddess ,i/> :o reta9$ h] indep5d5t p]sonality ) z mu* t5acity z ! gods4 ,:5 once ! v>i\s sun-gods ( ,babylonia _h be5 assimilat$1 or id5tifi$1 "o ) ! o!r1 x 0 n difficult to ext5d ! process yet fur!r4 ,z ! city ( ,m]oda* increas$ 9 p[]1 lord+ x ov] ! o!r ,/ates ( ! c\ntry1 & giv+ to _! inhabitants its own "n1 s ,m]oda* himself took prec$5ce ov] ! old] gods ( ,babylonia1 & claim$ ! au?ority & ! attributes :i* _h belong$ to !m4 ,_! names1 & !re) _! p[]s1 7 transf]r$ to him2 ! supremacy ( ,en-lil1 ! wisdom ( ,ea1 ! glory ( ,anu1 alike became 84 ,! 8tablets ( de/9y10 :i* conf]r$ on _! possessor ! gov]nm5t ( ! visible _w1 7 tak5 f ! old] ,bel & giv5 to 8 y\ng] rival2 ! wisdom ( :i* ,m]oda* _h once be5 ! int]pret] n[ became 8 own2 &1 l ,anu1 8 rule ext5d$ to ! f>!/ regions ( ! sky4 ,b 9 ?us tak+ ! place ( ! great gods ( e>? & heav51 ,m]oda* 0 at ! same "t ! inh]itor & own] ( _! names4 ,if ! tablets ( de/9y _h pass$ into 8 possession1 x 0 because he _h assum$ along ) !m ! "n ( ,bel2 if ,ea & ,anu _h yield$ to him _! anci5t pr]ogatives1 x 0 because he _h himself be5 trans=m$ into ! ,ea & ,anu ( ! new (ficial !ology4 ,! ,babylonian hymn 9 hon\r ( ,m]oda*1 :5 x decl>es t ! fifty names ( ! great gods _h be5 conf]r$ ^u him1 only expresses 9 ano!r =m ! conviction t he _h ent]$ into ! h]itage ( ! old] gods4 ,z "t w5t on1 & ,babylon cont9u$ to be ! sov]eign city ( ! k+dom1 ! position ( its god became at once m exalt$ & m secure4 ,! sol> features 9 8 "* pass$ out ( sight2 he 0 n only ! giv] ( ! empire ( ! _w to 8 adopt$ son & viceg]5t1 ! k+ ( ,babylon1 he 0 also ! div9e c\nt]p>t & repres5tative ( ! k+ 9 heav54 ,! god _h made man 9 8 own image1 & he 0 n[ trans=m$ into ! lik5ess ( m54 ,two ideas1 consequ5tly1 /ruggl$ = ! ma/]y 9 ,babylonian religion--! an?ropomorphic conception ( ! deity1 & ! belief 9 8 id5tification ) o!r gods2 & ! result 0 an amalgamation ( ! two4 ,m]oda* 0 ! div9e man1 fre$ f ! limitations ( our mortal exi/5ce1 & !re=e able n only to rule ov] ! o!r gods1 b also1 l ! magician1 to make _! natures 8 own4 ,! o!r gods cont9u$ to exi/ inde$1 b x 0 z 8 subjects :o _h yield$ up to him _! p[]s1 & ( :om1 accord+ly1 he c\ld dispose z seem$ to him good4 ,orig9ally ! fir/ among 8 pe]s1 he end$--at lea/ 9 ! belief ( ! native ( ,babylon--9 becom+ supreme ov] !m1 & absorb+ into himself all ! attributes & pr]ogatives ( div9ity4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! clos+ days ( ,babylonian indep5d5ce t an attempt 0 made to give outw>d & visible expression to ! fact4 ,nabonidos1 ! la/ k+ ( ,babylon & ! nom9ee ( its prie/hood1 took ! images ( ! gods f _! anci5t %r9es & c>ri$ !m to ,babylon4 ,!re1 9 ! temple ( ,m]oda*1 !y =m$ z x 7 8 c\rt1 b[+ 9 rev]5ce be=e him1 :51 on ! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>1 he ann\nc$ ! de/9ies ( ! future4 ,x 0 an ef=t to c5tralise ! religion ( ! c\ntry1 & give public pro( ( ! supremacy ( ! god ( ,babylon4 ,l ! p>allel endeav\r ( ,hezekiah 9 ,judah1 ! attempt ( ,nabonidos naturally ar\s$ ! ho/ility ( ! local prie/hoods2 &1 :5 ,cyrus invad$ ! c\ntry1 !re 0 already a p>ty 9 x ready to welcome him z a deliv]]1 & to ma9ta9 t ,m]oda* himself _h be5 ang]$ by ! sacrilegi\s k+4 ,! attempt1 inde$1 came too late1 & ,nabonidos 0 too sup]/iti\s & full ( respect = ! old] sanctu>ies & gods ( ,babylonia to c>ry x out 9 o!r ?an a half-he>t$ way4 ,b x indicat$ ! t5d5cy ( religi\s ?\ght1 & ! direction 9 :i* ! (ficial wor%ip ( ,m]oda* 0 irresi/ibly be>+ its adh]5ts4 ,m]oda*1 l 8 city1 0 supreme1 & ! old] gods 7 surely pass+ away4 ,! t5d5cy 0 *eck$1 h[ev]1 by ! long cont9uity ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 ,babylonian records w5t back f> beyond ! days :5 ,babylon _h become ! capital ( ! k+dom4 ,x 0 rememb]$ t !re _h be5 o!r c5tres ( p[]1 9 ages :5 z yet ,babylon 0 b an obscure village4 ,x 0 nev] =gott5 t ! god ( ,nippur _h once made & unmade k+s1 t ,akkad _h be5 ! seat ( an empire1 or t ,ur _h prec$$ ,babylon z ! capital ( ! rul+ dyna/y4 ,babylonian hi/ory did n beg9 ) ! rise ( ,babylon to p[]1 mu* z ! prie/s ( ,babylon wi%$ to make x d s2 & ! *ronological s*emes :i* made a native ( ,babylon ! fir/ rul] ( mank9d1 or trac$ to ,babylon ! fir/ obs]vations ( a/ronomy1 7 b fictions :i* a little acqua9tance ) hi/ory c\ld easily refute4 ,! e>li] cities ( ! l& 7 pr\d ( _! traditions & _! temples1 & 7 n incl9$ to give !m up 9 fav\r ( ! p>v5u city ( ,m]oda*2 _! religi\s corporations 7 /ill weal?y1 & _! sanctu>ies /ill comm&$ ! rev]5ce ( ! p4 ,:olly to displace & efface !m 0 impossible1 z long z hi/ory cont9u$ to be writt5 & ! pa/ to be rememb]$4 ,! sun-god ( ,sipp>a1 ! moon-god ( ,ur or ,h>ran1 ev5 ,en-lil ( ,nippur1 all rema9$ ! rivals ( ,m]oda* d[n to ! late/ days ( ,babylonian exi/5ce4 ,nabonidos himself 0 =c$ to con=m to ! prevail+ s5tim5t2 he be/[$ almo/ z mu* c>e on ! temple ( ! moon-god at ,h>ran1 & ! temple ( ! sun-god at ,sipp>a1 z ^u t ( ,m]oda* at ,babylon1 ?\gh1 x is true1 he tells u t x 0 ,m]oda* :o bade him re/ore ! sanctu>y ( ,s91 :ile ! sun-god ( ,sipp>a might be consid]$ to be ,m]oda* himself "u ano!r "n47#bfa7 ,x 0 ?us hi/ory :i* prev5t$ ! rise ( any?+ l mono!ism 9 ,babylonia4 ,x 0 impossible to break ) ! pa/1 & ! pa/ 0 b\nd up ) poly!ism & ) ! exi/5ce ( great cities1 ea* ) its sep>ate god & sanctu>y & ! m9or div9ities :o revolv$ ar\nd !m4 ,at ! same "t ! t5d5cy to mono!ism exi/$2 & c\ld ! ,babylonian h blott$ out ! pa/1 x might h end$ 9 ! wor%ip ( b "o god4 ,z x 01 ! language ( ! lat] inscriptions sometimes approa*es v ne>ly t ( ! mono!i/4 ,:5 ,nebu*adrezz> prays to ,m]oda*1 8 words might (t5 h be5 ^? ( a ,jew2 & ev5 at an e>li] date ! moon-god is call$ by 8 wor%ipp] 8supreme0 9 e>? & heav51 omnipot5t & creator ( all ?+s2 :ile an old religi\s poem ref]s1 9 ! ab/ract1 to 8! god0 :o conf]s lord%ip on m54 ,z 0 long ago po9t$ out by ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son1 ,anu1 ^: writt5 "n became synonym\s ) 8god10 is id5tifi$ ) v>i\s cosmic deities1 bo? male & female1 9 a !ological li/27#bfb7 & ,dr4 ,p9*es has publi%$ a tablet 9 :i* ! *ief div9ities ( ! ,babylonian pan!on are resolv$ into =ms ( ,m]oda*47#bfc7 ,en-lil becomes 8! ,m]oda* ( sov]eignty10 ,nebo 8! ,m]oda* ( e>?ly possessions10 ,n]gal 8! ,m]oda* ( w>40 ,?is is b ano!r way ( express+ t id5tification ( ! god ( ,babylon ) ! o!r deities ( ,babylonian belief :i*1 z we h se51 plac$ him at ! head ( ! div9e hi]>*y1 &1 by depriv+ !m ( _! attributes & p[]s1 t5d$ to r$uce !m into m]e angel-m9i/]s ( a supreme god4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r cause :i* prev5t$ ! religion ( ,babylonia f assum+ a mono!i/ic =m4 ,z we h se51 ! majority ( ! ,babylonian goddesses foll[$ ! usual ,semitic type1 & 7 little else ?an reflections ( ! male div9ity4 ,b !re 0 "o goddess :o reta9$ h] indep5d5ce1 & claim$ equal rank ) ! gods4 ,aga9/ h] p[] & pr]ogatives ! influ5ce ( ,semitic !ology cont5d$ 9 va94 ,! ,sum]ian elem5t cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ! mix$ ,babylonian nation1 &1 l ! woman :o held a position 9 x :i* 0 d5i$ h] :]e ! ,semite 0 alone dom9ant1 ! goddess ,i/> rema9$ ! equal ( ! gods4 ,ev5 h] "n nev] assum$ ! fem99e t]m9ation :i* d5ot$ ! ,semitic goddess2 ,semitis$ ?\gh %e might be1 %e cont9u$ to be ess5tially a ,sum]ian deity4 ,_m ye>s ago1 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,i fir/ drew att5tion to ! fact t ,i/> belong$ to ! non-,semitic "p ( ! ,babylonian population1 & 9 bo? "n & attributes 0 =eign to ,semitic modes ( ?\ght4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! trans=mations %e und]w5t :5 h] wor%ip 0 c>ri$ by ,babylonian culture to ! m purely ,semitic peoples ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ,arabia & ,moab %e became a male deity2 ! ideas & functions connect$ ) h] 7 incompatible 9 ! ,semitic m9d ) ! conception ( a female div9ity4 ,ev5 9 ,babylonia itself !re 7 ^? :o believ$ 9 a male ,i/>27#bfd7 & ! (ficial !ology itself spoke ( an &rogyn\s deity1 ( an ,i/> :o 0 at once a goddess & a god47#bfe7 ,9 ,canaan1 :]e h] female nature 0 accept$1 %e 0 *ang$ into a ,semitic goddess2 ! fem99e suffix 0 atta*$ to h] "n1 & h] attributes 7 assimilat$ to ^? ( ! native goddess ,a%rah4 ,9 ,assyria1 too1 we c see ! same process go+ on4 ,! "n ( ,i/> ) ! fem99e t]m9ation ( ,semitic gramm> becomes a m]e synonym ( 8goddess10 &1 z 9 ,canaan1 ! ,i/>s1 or r ! ,a%tore?s1 mean m]ely ! goddesses ( ! popul> cult1 ! female c\nt]p>ts ( ! ,baalim or 8,baals40 ,x 0 only ! ,/ate religion1 :i* _h its roots 9 ,babylonia1 t prev5t$ ,i/> ( ,n9eveh or ,i/> ( ,arbela f becom+ a ,canaaniti% ,a%tore?4 ,?is 0 ! fate t _h actually befall5 "s ( ! old ,sum]ian deities4 ,9 ! ,sipp>a ( ,semitic days1 = example1 ! wife ( ! sun-god 0 ! goddess 4 ,b _h once be5 ! sun-god himself1 & texts exi/ 9 :i* he is /ill reg>d$ z a god4 ,sum]ian gramm> 0 g5d]less2 !re 0 no di/9ction 9 x betwe5 mascul9e & fem99e1 & ! div9e names ( ! ,sum]ian pan!on c\ld consequ5tly be classifi$ by ! ,semite z he w\ld4 ,he _h only to apply a fem99e epi!t to "o ( !m1 & x =?) became ! "n ( a goddess4 ,sipp>a already _h its sun-god ,samas3 !re 0 no room = ano!r1 & accord+ly became 8 wife4 ,b 9 becom+ 8 wife %e lo/ h] individuality2 h] attributes & p[]s 7 absorb$ by ,samas1 & 9 ! lat] ,semitic !ology %e s]ves only to complete ! div9e family or triad4 ,i/> succe$$ 9 escap+ any su* effacem5t or degradation4 ,h] wor%ip 0 too deeply root$ 9 ,babylonia1 & too intimately associat$ ) ! religi\s traditions ( ! pa/4 ,! same hi/orical reasons :i* prev5t$ mono!ism f develop+ out ( ,babylonian poly!ism prev5t$ ,i/> f deg5]at+ into an ,a%tore?4 ,at times %e came p]il\sly ne> to su* a fate3 9 ! p5it5tial psalms we f9d ! beg9n+s ( x2 &1 :5 ,babylon became ! head ( ! k+dom1 ! supremacy ( ,m]oda* ?reat5$ ! indep5d5ce & au?ority ( ,i/> ev5 m ?an x ?reat5$ ^? ( ! o!r 8great gods40 ,b ! cult ( ,i/> _h be5 fix$ & e/abli%$ long be=e ,m]oda* 0 m ?an a petty prov9cial god2 %e 0 ! goddess & patroness ( ,ere*1 & ,ere* _h once be5 ! capital ( a ,babylonian empire4 ,x 0 ne$ful t t fact %\ld be =gott5 be=e ,i/> c\ld be de?ron$ f ! position %e held 9 ! religion ( ,babylonia1 :e!r (ficial or popul>4 ,all attempts to f9d a ,semitic etymology = ! "n ( ,i/> h be5 a failure4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to leave x unexpla9$1 & to recognise ! =eign "* bo? ( ! "n & ( ! goddess :om x repres5t$4 ,9 ,babylonia ! "n 0 nev] ,semitis$2 ! "* ( ! goddess1 on ! o!r h&1 0 adapt$1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 to ,semitic modes ( ?\ght4 ,%e took ^u h] ! attributes ( a ,baal1 & presid$ ov] w> z well z ov] love4 ,"o result ( ?is m+l+ ( ,semitic & ,sum]ian ideas 0 ! difficulty ( fitt+ h] into ! family sy/em ( ,semitic !ology4 ,%e c\ld n h a wife1 = %e 0 a goddess2 x 0 equally difficult to assign to h] h] %ad[ & c\nt]p>t1 :i* 0 contr>y to all ! preconceptions ( ! ,semitic m9d4 ,g5]ally1 !re=e1 if n (ficially1 %e 0 conceiv$ ( z a virg91 or at all ev5ts z a goddess :o might indulge 9 am\rs s long z !y did n lead to regul> m>riage4 ,ev5 ,tammuz 0 ! bridegroom r ?an ! husb& ( h] y\?1 & he too _h be5 bani%$ to ! d>kness ( ! und]gr\nd _w long be=e ,i/> h]self _h int]f]$ ) ! affairs ( m54 ,%e has be5 describ$ z ! female pr9ciple correspond+ ) ! male pr9ciple 9 ! _w3 b ! description is incorrect2 %e 0 r ! male pr9ciple 9 female =m4 ,i/> at ! outset 0 ! _s ( ! ev5+ />4 ,9 days1 h[ev]1 :5 a/ronomy 0 z yet 9 its infancy1 ! ev5+ & ! morn+ />s 7 believ$ to be ! same4 ,x 0 only 9 aft]times t an endeav\r 0 made to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,i/> ( ! ev5+ & ! ,i/> ( ! morn+4 ,orig9ally !y 7 "o & ! same1 ! h]ald at once ( night & day4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ,i/> 0 associat$ ) ,ana1 ! sky4 ,! sky 0 h] fa!r1 = %e 0 born f x at sunset & dawn2 & if o!r traditions or my?s made h] ! daught] ( ! moon-god1 !y 7 n accept$ at ,ere*1 ! c5tre & s\rce ( h] cult4 ,9 virtue ( h] orig9 %e =m$ a triad ) ,samas & ,s94 ,! sun1 ! moon1 & ! ev5+ /> divid$1 z x 71 ! heav5s betwe5 !m1 & presid$ ov] its de/9ies4 ,!y 7 ! lum9>ies t regulat$ ! seasons ( ! ye> & det]m9$ ! ord]ly c\rse ( ! pres5t creation4 ,i/> repres5ts 8! />s 0 ( ,g5esis t 7 made ) ! sun & moon4 ,b 9 ! ,babylonian sy/em ! triad ( ,i/>1 ,s91 & ,samas 0 n made1 !y 7 deities t 7 born4 ,be=e !m 0 ! old] & high] triad ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1--! sky1 ! e>?1 & ! wat]1--! ?ree elem5ts ( :i* ! :ole univ]se 0 =m$4 ,h[ ! _s ( ! ev5+ /> came 9 "t to be ! goddess ( love1 is n difficult to und]/&4 ,ev5 mod]n poets h sung ( ! ev5+ z ! season ( lov]s1 :5 ! "w & bus9ess ( ! day are ov]1 & words ( love c be :isp]$ "u ! pale light ( ! ev5+ />4 ,b ?is alone w n expla9 ! lic5ti\s wor%ip t 0 c>ri$ on at ,ere* 9 ! "n ( ,i/>4 ,x 0 ess5tially ,semitic 9 its "*1 & illu/rates t int5sity ( belief :i* made ! ,semite sacrifice all he possess$ to ! deity :om he ador$4 ,! pro/itution t 0 practis$ 9 ! "n ( ,i/> _h ! same orig9 z ! sacrifice ( ! fir/born1 or ! orgies t 7 celebrat$ 9 ! temples ( ! sun-god4 ,at ,ere*1 ,i/> 0 s]v$ by organis$ b&s ( unm>ri$ maid5s :o pro/itut$ !mselves 9 hon\r ( ! goddess4 ,! pro/itution 0 /rictly religi\s1 z mu* s z ! c]emonial cannibalism =m]ly preval5t among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s4 ,9 return = ! lives !y l$1 ! 8h&maids ( ,i/>0 7 indep5d5t & free f ! control ( m54 ,!y =m$ a religi\s community1 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( :i* 0 ! p[] ( indulg+ ! passions ( womanhood )\t ! disabilities :i* among/ a ,semitic population ^! w\ld o!rwise h br\ght4 ,! 8h&maid ( ,i/>0 own$ allegiance only to ! goddess %e s]v$4 ,h] fre$om 0 dep5d5t on h] prie/hood1 b 9 return = ?is fre$om %e _h to give up all ! pleasures ( family life4 ,x 0 a self-surr5d] :i* plac$ ! prie/ess outside ! re/rictions ( ! family code1 & 0 yet = ! sake ( a pr9ciple :i* made t family code possible4 ,baal1 ! "l ( ! ,semitic family1 claim$ ! fir/born z 8 "r1 & ,i/> or ,a%tore? simil>ly dem&$ ! s]vice ( its daught]s4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ,canaan z at ,ere*4 ,did ! rites1 & ! beliefs on :i* ! rites 7 bas$1 migrate f ,babylonia to ! ,we/ along ) ,babylonian culture1 or 7 !y a common ,semitic h]itage 9 :i* ,ere* & ,phnicia %>$ alike8 ,x is difficult to give a precise answ] to ! "q4 ,on ! "o h&1 we "k t ! ,a%tore? ( ,canaan 0 ( ,babylonian bir?1 & t 9 days f> remote ! !ology ( ! ,canaanite 0 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by t ( ,babylonia2 on ! o!r h&1 ! rites ) :i* ,i/> 0 wor%ipp$ 7 conf9$ 9 ,babylonia to ,ere*2 x 0 !re only t h] 8h&maids0 & eunu*-prie/s 7 organis$ into communities1 & t unspeakable abom9ations 7 practis$ 9 h] "n4 ,! ,i/> :o 0 ador$ else:]e 0 a *a/e & passionless goddess1 ! "m ( h] p :om %e _h begott51 or _! /]n lead] 9 w>4 ,x does n seem likely t a cult :i* 0 unable to spread 9 ,babylonia or ,assyria %\ld nev]!less h tak5 deep root 9 ,phnicia1 _h !re n already be5 !re a soil prep>$ to receive x4 ,ere* 0 ess5tially a ,semitic city2 its supreme god ,anu _h all ! features ( ! ,semitic ,baal1 8! "l ( heav502 & its goddess ,i/>1 ,sum]ian ?\gh %e may h be5 9 orig91 l ,anu himself1 _h clo!d h]self 9 a ,semitic dress4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 ano!r side to ! wor%ip ( ,i/> :i* be>s indirect te/imony to ! ,semitic orig9 ( h] cult at ,ere*4 ,by ! side ( ! ,i/> ( ! (ficial fai? !re 0 ano!r ,i/>1 :o presid$ ov] magic & wit*craft4 ,h] prie/esses 7 ! wit*es :o pli$ _! unholy call+ "u ! %ad[ ( night1 & mix$ ! poison\s philtres :i* dra9$ away ! /r5g? ( _! hapless victims4 ,! black ,i/>1 z we may call h]1 0 a p>ody ( ! goddess ( love2 & ! rites ) :i* %e 0 ador$1 & ! m9i/]s by :om %e 0 s]v$1 7 equally p>odies ( ! cult t 0 c>ri$ on at ,ere*4 ,b ! black ,i/> 0 n only a p>ody ( ! goddess ( ! ,/ate religion1 %e 0 also ! ,i/> ( ! popul> cre$1 ( ! cre$ ( t "p ( ! population1 9 fact1 :i* 0 lea/ int]mix$ ) ,semitic elem5ts & lea/ influ5c$ by ,semitic beliefs4 ,x 0 among/ ?is portion ( ! nation t ! old ,sum]ian animism l+]$ longe/ & resi/$ ! pur] tea*+ ( ! educat$ class4 ,! ,semitic conceptions :i* und]lay ! wor%ip ( ,i/> at ,ere* 7 nev] ?or\ghly assimilat$ by x2 all t x c\ld d 0 to create a p>ody & c>icature ( ! (ficial cult1 adapt+ x to ^? old] beliefs & ideas :i* bad f\nd _! c5tre 9 ! temple ( ,en-lil4 ,! black ,i/> 0 a ,sum]ian gho/ masqu]ad+ 9 ,semitic g>b4 ,z ,bel attract$ to himself ! o!r gods1 appropriat+ _! names & !re) _! ess5ce & attributes1 s ,i/> attract$ ! unsub/antial goddesses ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,!y became m]e epi!ts ( ! "o female div9ity :o ma9ta9$ h] indep5d5t exi/5ce by ! side ( ! male gods4 ,"o by "o !y 7 id5tifi$ ) h] p]son1 & pass$ into ! ,i/>t1 or ,i/>s1 ( ! lat] cre$4 ,l ! ,baalim1 ! ,i/>t ow$ :at sep>ate individuality !y possess$ to geography4 ,on ! !ological side ! ,i/> ( ,n9eveh 0 id5tical ) ! ,i/> ( ,arbela2 :at di/+ui%$ !m 0 ! local sph]e ov] :i* !y held jurisdiction4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 0 purely geographical3 ! "o 0 atta*$ to a p>ticul> area ov] :i* h] p[] ext5d$1 & :]e %e 0 ador$1 :ile ! o!r 0 ! goddess ( ano!r city--t 0 all4 ,x 0 ! same goddess1 b a diff]5t local cult4 ,! deity rema9$ ! same1 b h] relations1 bo? to h] wor%ipp]s & to ! o!r gods1 7 *ang$4 ,!re is no transmutation ( =m z 9 ,egypt1 b a *ange ( relations1 :i* h _! orig9 9 geographical v>iety4 ,9 ,babylonia1 h[ev]1 ,i/> 0 n s completely )\t a rival z %e 0 9 ,assyria4 ,!re 0 ano!r city ( anci5t fame :i*1 l ,ere*1 0 "u ! protection ( a goddess r ?an ( a god4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! two ,sipp>as on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 :i* is di/+ui%$ 9 ! inscriptions f ! ,sipp>a ( ,samas z ! ,sipp>a ( ,anunit4 ,! fem99e t]m9ation ( ! "n ( ,anunit indicates t "h aga9 we h a goddess :o1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we "k h]1 is ess5tially ,semitic4 ,b x is only 9 ! =m 9 :i* we "k h] t su* is ! case4 ,! orig9 ( ,anunit goes back to ,sum]ian times4 ,%e 0 9 ! beg9n+ m]ely an ,anunna or 8_s0 ( ! e>?1 z sexless z ! o!r spirits ( ,sum]ian belief1 & lack+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,semitic div9ity47#bff7 ,x 0 n till ,sipp>a became ! seat ( a ,semitic empire t ! ,anunna or ,sum]ian 8_s0 0 trans=m$ into ,anunit ! goddess4 ,! trans=mation "h 0 accompani$ by ! same outw>d *ange z t :i* turn$ ! ,babylonian ,i/> into ! ,a%tore? ( ,canaan4 ,= a "t x seem$ z ?\gh ,anunit r ?an ,i/> w\ld become ! supreme goddess ( ,semitic cult2 b ! political pr$om9ance ( ,sipp>a pass$ away ) ! fall ( ! empire ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 & hi/orical cons]vatism alone pres]v$ ! "n & influ5ce ( its goddess4 ,z "t w5t on1 ,anunit t5d$ m & m to s9k into ! common h]d ( ,babylonian goddesses1 or to be id5tifi$ ) ,i/>4 ,z long z ! ,sum]ian elem5t cont9u$ to be /rong 9 ! ,babylonian p & _! religion1 ,anunit reta9$ ! position :i* ! mixture ( ! ,semite & ,sum]ian _h creat$ = h]2 ) ! gr[+ dom9ance ( ! ,semitic _s1 h] indep5d5ce & individuality dep>t$1 & %e became1 l ,beltis or ,gula1 m]ely ! female complem5t ( ! god4 ,p]haps ! process 0 ha/5$ by ! grammatical t]m9ation t _h be5 add$ to h] "n4 ,:]ev]1 9 fact1 ,semitic influ5ce prevail$1 ! goddess1 z oppos$ to ! god1 t5d$ to disappe>4 ,x 0 b a /ep f ! conception ( a god ) a col\rless c\nt]p>t1 ^: v exi/5ce seem$ to be due to ! necessities ( gramm>1 to t ( a deity :o absorb$ )9 himself ! female z well z ! male pr9ciples ( ! univ]se1 & :o /ood alone & unmat$4 ,a goddess :o dep5d$ = h] exi/5ce on a grammatical accid5t c\ld h no pr(\nd or p]man5t hold on ! belief ( ! p2 %e necess>ily fell into ! backgr\nd1 & ! pr]ogatives :i* _h belong$ to h] 7 transf]r$ to ! god4 ,i/> h]self1 ?anks to ! mascul9e =m ( h] "n1 became a god 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ,*emo% 9 ,moab1 :ile ev5 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria %e assum$ ! attributes ( a male div9ity1 & 0 ador$ z ! goddess ( w> z well z ( love47#bfg7 ,9 ,assyria1 inde$1 h] w>like "* pr$om9at$3 %e took ! place ( ! w>-gods ( ,babylonia1 & arm$ h]self ) ! fal*ion & b[4 ,i %all h h]eaft] to po9t out h[ ?is t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! goddess to vani%1 z x 71 out ( sight1 leav+ ! god alone 9 possession1 result$ 9 ,assyria 9 rais+ its supreme god ,assur to some?+ ( ! position occupi$ by ,yahveh 9 ,israel4 ,assur is wifeless2 n[ & aga91 x is true1 a wife is assign$ to him by ! p$antry ( ! scribes1 b :o x %\ld be 0 nev] settl$2 & t he ne$$ a wife at all1 0 nev] ackn[l$g$ g5]ally4 ,l ,*emo% 9 ,moab1 ,assur reigns alone2 & ?\gh ! immemorial influ5ce ( ,babylonia kept alive ! wor%ip ( ,i/> by ! side ( him1 x 0 ,assur & ,assur only :o l$ ! ,assyrian armies to victory1 & 9 ^: "n !y subdu$ ! disob$i5t4 ,x 0 n until ! k+s ( ,assyria became k+s also ( ,babylon t ,i/> encroa*$ on ! rights ( ,assur1 or t an ,assyrian mon>* betook himself to h] r ?an to ! god ( 8 fa!rs 9 ! h\r ( 8 necessity4 ,z long z ! capital rema9$ at ! old city ( ,assur1 none b ! god ,assur might direct ! c\nsels & campaigns ( its pr9ces1 or conf] ^u !m ! cr[n ( sov]eignty4 ,:5 ,tigla?-piles] ,,iii4 ackn[l$g$ himself ! son ( ,bel-,m]oda*1 & receiv$ f 8 h&s ! "r to rule1 x 0 a sign t ! old] ,assyrian dyna/y _h pass$ away1 t ! k+dom _h become a cosmopolitan empire1 & t ! v5]able traditions ( ,babylon _h subjugat$ its conqu]ors f ! nor?4 ,! mix$ races ( ,babylonia _h ov]come ! pur] ,semites ( ,assyria1 ,i/> _h prevail$ aga9/ ,assur1 & ,semitic mono!ism s\ght a home 9 ! fur!r ,we/4 ,lecture ,v4 ,sum]ian ,& ,semitic ,conceptions ,( ,! ,div9e3 ,assur ,& ,mono!ism4 ,9 ! prec$+ lectures ,i h assum$ t ! conception ( ! deity :i* we f9d 9 ! lat] hi/orical monum5ts ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 0 ( ,semitic orig91 diff]+ radically f t =m$ ( ! godhead by ! e>li] ,sum]ian population4 ,b x w d\btless be ask$ :at basis !re is = su* an assumption2 :y may we n suppose t ! lat] conception has develop$ naturally & )\t any viol5t break f old] beliefs :i* 7 equally ,semitic8 ,:y1 9 %ort1 mu/ we reg>d ! animism :i* und]lay ! religion ( ,babylonia z ,sum]ian1 & n r z ! e>lie/ =m ( ,semitic fai?8 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s answ] to ! "q w\ld be1 ! fact t ! old] names ( ! sup]human be+s :o became ! gods ( ! lat] cre$ are n ,semitic1 b ,sum]ian4 ,en-lil ( ,nippur is ! ,sum]ian ,en-lila1 8"l ( ! gho/7s702 :5 he becomes a ,semitic god he receives ! ,semitic title ( ,bilu1 ,baal1 8! "l40 ,& ! fur!r fact t 9 _m cases ! ,sum]ian "n cont9u$ to be us$ 9 ,semitic times1 sometimes slightly *ang$1 sometimes adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ,semitic gramm>1 proves n only t ! ,sum]ian prec$$ ! ,semitic1 b also t ! ,sum]ian cult on its lit]>y & philological side 0 assimilat$ by ! ,semitic settl]s 9 ,babylonia4 ,! gods & goddesses ( ,babylonia 7 ,sum]ian be=e !y 7 ,semitic2 ?\gh !y we> a ,semitic dress1 we h to seek _! ance/ry outside ! ,semitic _w ( ideas4 ,z we "k !m1 !y are clo!d 9 human =m4 ,! deities ^: figures are f\nd on ! seal-cyl9d]s ( ,babylonia or engrav$ on ! walls ( ! ,assyrian palaces are all alike 9 8! lik5ess ( man40 ,bel-,m]oda* is z mu* a man z ! k+ :om he adopt$ z 8 son2 ! sun-god :o rises betwe5 ! tw9 m\nta9s ( ! dawn /eps =? z a human giant to run 8 c\rse2 & ,i/> is a woman 9 m9d & ?\ght z well z 9 outw>d =m4 ,!re are no animal gods 9 ,babylonia1 no mon/r\s comb9ations ( man & bea/ su* z meet u 9 ! !ology ( ,egypt4 ,n b t su* comb9ations 7 kn[n to ! ,babylonians4 ,b !y belong$ to ! primeval _w ( *aos2 !y 7 ! brood ( ,tiamt1 ! dragon ( lawlessness & night1 ! demons :o _h be5 bani%$ into out] d>kness beyond ! _w ( light & ( god-fe>+ m54 ,l ! devils ( m$ieval belief1 !y 7 ! div9e be+s ( an ali5 fai? :i* ! gods ( ! new-com]s _h exil$ to ! limbo ( a dead pa/4 ,ev5 ! subt]ranean ,hades ( ,semitic ,babylonia recognis$ !m n4 ,! gods wor%ipp$ by ! ,semite 7 ,baalim or 8,lords10 l ! m5 :om !y protect$1 & ^: creators !y 7 believ$ to be4 ,:]ev] ! pure ,semite is f\nd1 ?is belief 9 ! an?ropomorphic "* ( ! deity is f\nd also4 ,p]haps x is connect$ ) t di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 gramm> :i* divides ! _w into ! mascul9e & ! fem99e1 ! male & ! female4 ,at any rate ! ,semite made 8 god 9 ! lik5ess ( m51 & taught1 conv]sely1 t m5 _h be5 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! gods4 ,! two beliefs are b ! c\nt] sides ( ! same %ield2 ! !omorphic man implies an an?ropomorphic god4 ,! god1 9 fact1 0 b an amplifi$ man ) amplifi$ human p[]s2 8 %ape 0 human1 s too 7 8 passions & 8 ?\ghts4 ,ev5 ! life t 0 9 man 0 itself ! brea? ( ! god4 ,t man 0 n immortal l ! gods1 0 b an accid5t2 he _h fail$ to eat ( ! food ( immortality or to dr9k ( ! wat]s ( life1 & dea? !re=e reign$ 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,! gods !mselves might die2 ,tammuz1 ! sp\se ( ,i/>1 _h be5 sla9 by ! bo>'s tusk ( angry summ]1 & c>ri$ into ! realm ( ,hades17#bfh7 & ! temple ( ,m]oda* at ,babylon 0 also kn[n z 8 tomb4 ,z ! gods 7 born1 s c\ld !y die2 !y c\ld m>ry also & beget *ildr51 & !y ne$$ meat & dr9k l ! sons ( m54 ,inde$1 ! _w ( ! gods 0 a duplicate & c\nt]p>t ( ! _w ( mank9d4 ,on 8! m\nta9 ( ! _w10 ! ,babylonian ,olympos1 ! supreme god held 8 c\rt2 ar\nd him 7 rang$ 8 subjects & s]vants1 = !re 7 s]vants 9 heav5 z !re 7 on e>?2 cele/ial armies w5t =? at 8 bidd+1 & !re 7 w>s among ! gods z among m54 ,ev5 !ft 0 n unkn[n among !m2 a leg5d tells u1 = in/ance1 h[ ! god ,zu /ole ! tablets ( de/9y :i* 7 hung l ! ,urim & ,?ummim on ! brea/ ( 8fa!r ,bel10 & !re) acquir$ = a:ile ! "r & p[] to control ! fate ( ! univ]se4 ,z f> back z we c trace ! hi/ory ( ,semitic religion1 :e!r 9 ,babylonia1 9 ,canaan1 or 9 ,arabia1 its fundam5tal conception is always ! same2 ! gods are human1 & m5 are div9e4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t z soon z ! ,semitic elem5t becomes p>am\nt 9 ,babylonia1 ! k+ becomes a god4 ,at ,babylon he 0 made ! adopt$ son ( ,bel-,m]oda* by tak+ ! h& ( ! deity1 & !reby became himself a ,bel1 a rul] ( 8! p ( ,bel0 ov] :om he 0 h5ce=? to ex]cise undisput$ lord%ip4 ,9 e>li] days1 ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ ,semitic empire 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & 8 son ,n>am-,s91 7 explicitly deifi$4 ,n>am-,s9 is ev5 address$ z 8! god ( ,akkad027#bfi7 & a seal-cyl9d] f\nd by ,g54 di ,cesnola 9 ,cyprus describes its own] z 8! s]vant ( ! god ,n>am-,s9407#bgj7 ,! title ( 8god0 is assum$ by ! ,semitic successors ( ,s>gon1 to :atev] city or dyna/y !y belong$2 ev5 ! ,sum]ian pr9ces 9 ,s\!rn ,babylonia foll[$ ! example ( _! ,semitic suz]a9s1 & ,gudea1 ! high prie/ ( ,lagas1 built temples to 8 own godhead1 :]e = long c5turies 8 cult cont9u$ to be obs]v$1 & sacrifices & (f]+s to be made to him47#bga7 ,! occupation ( ,babylonia by ! ,arab or ,canaanite dyna/y to :i* ,amraphel belong$1 made no diff]5ce 9 ! div9e hon\rs paid to ! k+2 he /ill assum$ ! title ( 8god10 & 8 subjects ador$ him by ! side ( ,bel4 ,b a *ange came ) ! conque/ ( ,babylonia by ,kassite hordes f ! m\nta9s ( ,elam2 ! =eign k+s ceas$ to be div9e1 & ! title ( 8god0 is giv5 to !m no m4 ,z ! doctr9e ( ! div9e "r ( k+s pass$ away 9 ,engl& ) ! ,/u>ts1 s too ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! k+ disappe>$ 9 ,babylonia ) ! fall ( ! ,semitic dyna/ies4 ,no?+ c\ld %[ m pla9ly its ess5tially ,semitic orig91 & ! little hold x possess$ ^u ! non-,semitic "p ( ! population4 ,! k+ 0 a god only s long z he 0 a ,semite1 or subject to ,semitic influ5ce & supremacy4 ,! apo!osis ( ! k+ is ?us coeval ) ! rise ( ,semitic dom9ation 9 ,babylonia4 ,9 ! old] ,sum]ian epo* we look 9 va9 = any traces ( x4 ,man 0 n yet div9e1 = ! gods 7 n yet human4 ,!re 0 z yet no ,semitic ,bel1 & ,en-lil ( ,nippur 0 b a 8"l ( gho/7s740 ,b we h bett] te/imony to ! fact ?an ! gho/s ( ,nippur4 ,beh9d ! human figures ( ! ,semitic gods ! primitively pictorial "* ( ! cunei=m signs enables u to disc]n ! l9eam5ts ( figures t belong to a :olly diff]5t sph]e ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,!y are ! figures n ( m51 b ( brute bea/s4 ,! "n ( ,en-lil 0 d5ot$ by a composite sign :i* repres5t$ ! ^w elim1 8a ram027#bgb7 t ( ,ea by ! ideograph :i* /ood = d>a1 8! antelope407#bgc7 ,en-lil1 accord+ly1 0 once a ram2 ,ea1 an antelope4 ,!re are o!r deities :i* reveal _! fir/ %apes 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,! wife ( ,hadad1 = example1 0 ,azaga-uga1 8! mil*-goat0 ( ,en-lil1 f :om ! primitive ,sum]ian %eph]d d]iv$ 8 milk47#bgd7 ,m]oda* himself1 or r 8 ,sum]ian prototype at ,eridu1 0 once ,as>i-elim1 8! pr9cely ram027#bge7 a /rik+ title :5 we rememb] t ,osiris1 too1 0 address$ 9 ,egypt z ,ati1 8! pr9ce10 & id5tifi$ ) ! ram ( ,m5des4 ,ev5 ,zu1 ! div9e ?ief :o /ole ! tablets ( de/9y1 0 ! /orm-bird1 ! =efa!r alike ( ! roc ( ! ,arabian ,nights & ( ! ,*9ese /orm-bird1 8:i*1 9 fly+1 obscures ! sun1 & ( ^: quills ! wat]-tuns are made40 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al =ms ( ! ,babylonian div9ities surviv$ only 9 ! animals ^u ^: backs !y 7 depict$ z /&+1 or ) :om ! gem-cutt] associat$ !m on seals47#bgf7 ,n[ & aga9 an attempt 0 made to comb9e !m ) ! human figure4 ,?us ,ea is at times repres5t$ z clo!d 9 ! sk9 ( a fi%1 a fitt+ symbol ( ! relation betwe5 ! new] & old] religions ( ,babylonia & ! antagoni/ic views ( ! godhead ent]ta9$ by ! races t dwelt !re4 ,at o!r times ! animal =m is relegat$ to t great company ( demons & inf]ior spirits among/ :om room 0 f\nd = ! multitud9\s gho/s ( ,sum]ian belief4 ,:]e x is n altoge!r exclud$ f ! _w ( gods & m51 x exi/s only z ! humble reta9] ( "o ( ! human gods4 ,z ,m]oda* 0 accompani$ by 8 f\r div9e dogs1 s ,ea 0 att5d$ by sacr$ bulls4 ,!y gu>d$ ! approa* to ! 8field0 & 8h\se ( ,ed510 l ! colossal figures1 ) bull-l bodies & ! heads ( m51 t gu>d$ ! gates ( ! palace or temple4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 ! *]ubim :o =bade approa* to ! tree ( life 7or k71--t sacr$ palm :i* an old ,babylonian hymn tells u 0 plant$ beside ! pa?way ( ,ea 9 ,eridu1 :]e ! god _h 8 h\se 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 p\r+ f 8 h&s ! wat]s ( f]tility t fl[$ d[n 9 ! tw(old /reams ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates47#bgg7 ,9 lat] art1 h[ev]1 ! bull-l =m disappe>$1 & ! gu>dians ( ! sacr$ tree 7 repres5t$ 9 human %ape1 b ) ! heads ( eagles4 ,! *ange ( =m 0 due to ! same /riv+ to humanise ! sup]human be+s ( ,sum]ian belief z t :i* _h giv5 a man's head to ! colossal bulls2 :]e ! div9e be+ _h become a god 9 ! ,semitic s5se ( ! ^w1 all traces ( 8 be/ial orig9 7 swept away2 :]e he rema9$ z x 7 only on ! m>g9 ( ! div9e _w1 ! be/ial elem5t 0 ?ru/ z f> z possible out ( sight1 & comb9$ ) ! features ( a man4 ,! *]ub 0 all[$ to reta9 8 bull's body or 8 eagle's head1 b x 0 on condition t he nev] rose to ! rank ( a god1 & t human memb]s 7 comb9$ ) 8 animal =m4 ,! second>y creatures ( ! div9e _w ( ! ,babylonians ?us resembl$1 9 outw>d =m1 ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,b :]eas 9 ,egypt x 0 ! gods !mselves :o jo9$ ! head ( ! bea/ to ! body ( ! man1 9 ,babylonia x 0 only ! semi-div9e spirits & mon/]s ( ! popul> cre$ :o 7 ?us p>tly be/ial & p>tly human4 ,! (ficial !ology c\ld n bani% !m altoge!r2 !y became accord+ly ! s]vants & foll[]s ( ! gods1 or else ! rabble-ho/ ( ,tiamt1 ! imp]sonation ( *aos & s94 ,l ! devils & angels ( m$ieval belief1 !y 7 includ$ among ! ?ree hundr$ spirits ( heav5 & ! six hundr$ spirits ( e>?47#bgh7 ,! spirits ( heav5 =m$ 8! ho/s0 ( :i* ! supreme deity 0 "l1 & :om he l$ into battle aga9/ 8 foes2 ,nebo 0 ! m9i/] & lieut5ant ( ,m]oda* & 8! ho/s ( ! heav5 & e>?10 !re=e x 0 8 duty to mu/] & drill47#bgi7 ,! ,anunna-ki or 8spirits ( e>?0 _h _! habitation 9 ! subt]ranean _w ( ,hades1 :]e !y sat on a ?rone ( gold gu>d+ ! wat]s ( life1 :ile ! ,igigi or angels dwelt r ) ! gods 9 ! heav5 ( light & blissfulness4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ,assur-nazir-pal calls ,n9-ip 8! *ampion ( ! ,igigi10 & t else:]e ! god receives ! title ( 8*ief ( ! angels40 ,b x 0 only 9 ! lat] ages ( ,babylonian religion1 :5 ! ,semitic conception ( div9ity _h become pr$om9ant1 t a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! spirits ( ! e>? & ! air4 ,x 0 only = ! ,semites t !re 7 spirits ( ! und]world & angels ( heav52 ! ,sum]ian _h kn[n no diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 !y 7 all alike ,anunnas or spirits1 & ,n9-ip _h be5 "l1 n ( ! ,igigi alone1 b ( ! ,anunna-ki z well47#bhj7 ,he _h1 9 fact1 be5 "o ( !m himself2 he 0 ! m9i/] & att5dant ( ,en-lil1 & x 0 nev] =gott5 t1 l ! ,anunna-ki1 he 0 ! 8(fspr+ ( -kur10 ! "n at once ( ! temple ( ,nippur & ( ! und]gr\nd _w ( ,hades4 ,sometimes he is said to h sprung f -s>ra1 8! h\se ( ! 7_s7-ho/s40 ,he _h be5 a gho/ 9 ,nippur be=e he 0 trans=m$ into a ,semitic god4 ,b he _h be5 a gho/ :o 0 associat$ ) ! dawn1 & he ?us became id5tifi$ 9 ! e>ly ,semitic age ) ! ris+ sun4 ,8 sol> "* rais$ him to ! rank ( a ,baal1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( a god4 ,8 old] attributes1 h[ev]1 /ill clung to him4 ,he 0 a sun-god :o _h ris5 out ( ! e>? & ( ! d>kness ( night1 & 9 him1 !re=e1 ! d>k] & m viol5t side ( ! sun-god 0 reflect$47#bha7 ,he became ess5tially a god ( w>1 & z su* a special fav\rite ( ! ,assyrian k+s4 ,he x 0 :o c>ri$ de/ruction ov] ! e>? at ! "t ( ! ,deluge1 :ile ! ,anunna-ki foll[$ him ) _! blaz+ tor*es2 & he is ! bro!r ( ,en-nugi1 ! god f ^: h&s !re is no escape4 ,) ! spread ( sol> wor%ip1 ! sol> features ( ,n9-ip naturally grew m m>k$4 ,at times he 0 ! god ( ! noonday z well z ( ! dawn1 = x 0 at noon t ! rays ( ! sun 7 fi]ce/ & mo/ deadly to man2 at times he 0 assimilat$ to 8 fell[ sun-god ,m]oda*1 & made a son ( ,ea4 ,! syncretic epo* ( ,babylonian religion _h truly arriv$ :5 ,ea & ,en-lil 7 ?us int]*ang$1 & ! tea*+ ( ,nippur & ,eridu unit$ 9 ! sol> cult6 ,b we h glimpses ( a "t :5 ,n9-ip 0 n yet a god 9 human =m1 mu* less a sol> ,baal4 ,8 "n is a title m]ely1 & orig9ally d5ot$ ! sexless _s1 :o 0 indiff]5tly 8"l0 & 8lady ( ! veil407#bhb7 ,! veil 0 worn 9 sign ( m\rn+1 = ! head 0 cov]$ 9 sleep & dea?4 ,l ! cloak :i* enfold$ ! %ade ( ,samuel1 x symbolis$ ! d5iz5 ( ! und]world4 ,at fir/ x w\ld seem to h be5 m]ely a veil t cov]$ ! head & face1 l ! keffya ( ! mod]n ,arab2 9 c\rse ( "t x 0 ext5d$ to ! cloak 9 :i* ! sleep] or ! dead man c\ld be wrapp$4 ,b 9 ei!r case x 0 a symbol ( ! _w bel[1 & z su* became 9 ! ,semitic age ! g>m5t ( ! m\rn]4 ,! god :o 0 8"l ( ! veil0 mu/ once h dwelt b5ea? ! e>?1 & be5 himself "o ( ^? spirits ( d>kness ^: faces 7 veil$ f ! sight ( ! liv+4 ,n9-ip1 !n1 mu/ h be5 "o ( ! ,anunna-ki1 a _s ( ! e>? & ! l& ( ,hades1 be=e he assum$ ! =m ( a ,semitic ,baal1 & clo!d himself ) ! attributes ( ! sun-god4 ,& ! %ape 9 :i* he appe>$ to 8 wor%ipp]s 0 t ( a sw9e4 ,we are told t ,n9-ip 0 "o ) ,n9-sakh1 8! "l ( ! sw9e07#bhc7 & ! s]vant ( ,el-lil1 :o 0 ador$ at ,lagas 9 ,sum]ian days1 & to :om a temple 0 erect$ ev5 at ,ere*4 ,t ! sw9e %\ld be connect$ ) ! und]gr\nd _w ( ! dead1 is n surpris+4 ,we f9d ! same connection 9 ,keltic my?ology4 ,!re1 too1 ! sw9e are ! cattle ( ,hades1 & x 0 f ! subt]ranean fields ( ,hades t !y 7 transport$ by ,pryd]i to ! e>? above47#bhd7 ,! sw9e turns up ! gr\nd 9 8 se>* = food2 ev5 to-day he is us$ to hunt = truffles1 & primitive man saw 9 8 action an attempt to communicate ) ! spirits ( ! und]world47#bhe7 ,f ! e>?-_s ) ! veil$ face1 :o inc>nat$ himself 9 ! sw9e1 ! di/ance is great to ! sol> h]o & w>rior god ( ! ,semitic age4 ,9 fact1 ! di/ance is too great to be spann$ by any natural process ( evolution4 ,x is a di/ance 9 k9d & n 9 degree4 ,x presupposes fundam5tally diff]5t conceptions ( religion1 animism on ! "o side & an?ropomorphic gods on ! o!r4 ,if we are to li/5 to fa%ionable !ories ( ! orig9 ( religion1 we />t 9 ! "o case ) ! feti%1 9 ! o!r case ) ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,! diff]5ce is racial3 :]ev] we f9d ! ,semite1 9 all p]iods ( 8 hi/ory1 8 gods are human & n made 9 ! =m ( ! bea/4 ,b ! ,semite1 ?\gh he m\ld$ ! lat] religion ( ,babylonia1 c\ld n trans=m x altoge!r4 ,! ,sum]ian elem5t 9 ! population 0 nev] extirpat$1 & x is probable t if we knew m ( ! religion ( ! p z oppos$ to ! (ficial !ology1 we %\ld f9d t x rema9$ comp>atively little affect$ by ,semitic influ5ce4 ,! wit*craft & necromancy t fl\ri%$ is a pro( ( ?is2 ev5 ! ,/ate religion 0 compell$ to recognise x1 &1 l ,brahmanism 9 ! pres5ce ( ! native cults ( ,india1 to l5d x its sanction & control4 ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve :at a contra/ !re 0 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! (ficial religion ( ,babylonia & t ( ! m purely ,semitic ,israelites4 ,wit*craft & necromancy 7 practis$ also 9 ,israel1 b !re !y 7 =bidd5 by ! law & suppress$ by ! head ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,babylonia1 h[ev]1 ! local deities 7 = ! mo/ "p ( ,sum]ian orig91 & 9 spite ( _! ,semitic col\r+ & dress n unfrequ5tly reta9$ _! old ,sum]ian names4 ,babylonian religion c\ld n :olly repudiate its orig9 & p>5tage2 ! sup]/ructure might be ,semitic1 b its basis 0 ,sum]ian4 ,l ! ,sum]ian words :i* _h be5 adopt$ into ! language1 ! names ( ! gods rema9$ to te/ify to ! fact t ! p & _! religion 7 alike mix$4 ,& ) ! names w5t e>ly beliefs & leg5ds1 fragm5ts ( folk-lore & ritual :i* _h desc5d$ f a non-,semitic pa/4 ,! (ficial cre$ f\nd a ni*e = ea* ( !m z be/ x c\ld1 b ! assimilation 0 nev] m ?an p>tial1 & f "t to "t we meet ) practices & conceptions :i* are ali5 to ! (ficial fai?4 ,!re 7 _m exp$i5ts = gett+ rid ( ! multitud9\s spirits ( ! anci5t cre$ :o _h n be5 transmut$ into ,semitic deities4 ,!y might1 z we h se51 be h]d$ toge!r 9 ! indi/+ui%able cr[d ( spirits ( heav5 & e>? t =m$ ! angel-ho/s ( ! gods ( light1 or else be trans=m$ into demons 9 ! tra9 ( ,tiamt1 ! imp]sonation ( *aos4 ,"s ( !m might be set ap>t z ! special s]vants & mess5g]s ( ! gods1 & occupy ! place ( ar*angels 9 ! cele/ial hi]>*y4 ,b x 0 also possible to call 9 ! aid ( cosmology1 & turn !m into elem5tal p[]s repres5t+ successive /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,!y ?us cont9u$ to belong to t in*oate p]iod ( ,babylonian religion :5 z yet ! ,semitic gods _h n come into exi/5ce1 & at ! same "t !y c\ld be id5tifi$ ) ^? gods 9 ! ex]cise ( _! creative p[]4 ,9 ! language ( lat] metaphysic1 !y ?us became ! successive ?\ghts ( ! creator realis+ !mselves 9 ! successive acts ( ! creation1 l ! ons ( ,gno/icism :i* emanate "o f ! o!r z ! realis$ ?\ghts ( ,god4 ,! idea is d\btless a late "o1 & belongs to an age ( philosophy2 b x repres5ts an attempt to grapple ) ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! oppos+ ,sum]ian & ,semitic elem5ts 9 ,babylonian religion1 & to reconcile !m toge!r4 ,x presupposes t id5tification ( "o god ) ano!r :i* ! sol> cult & ! ,semitic conception ( ! goddess _h made possible1 & s takes u "o /ep fur!r 9 ! direction ( mono!ism4 ,! div9e or sup]human be+s ( ! ,sum]ian cre$ are n m]ely id5tifi$ ) a p>ticul> god1 b are ev5 trans=m$ into ! male & female pr9ciples :i* 8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w or ! act ( creation compels him to exhibit 9 concrete =m47#bhf7 ,be=e ,babylonian !osophy c\ld arrive ?us f>1 two ?+s 7 necess>y4 ,! gods _h to be arrang$ 9 a div9e hi]>*y1 & ! id5tification ( "o ) ! o!r _h to become possible4 ,! hi]>*ical arrangem5t foll[$ f ! ,semitic conception ( div9ity4 ,if ,baal 7 a c\nt]p>t ( ! human fa!r1 !re w\ld be a div9e family & a div9e c\rt modell$ on ! patt]n ( ^? ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! god w\ld h n only 8 wife & *ildr51 b 8 slaves & m9i/]s z well4 ,! deities ( heav5 w\ld ?us fall into ord]ly gr\ps ( high] & l[] rank2 ! high] gods w\ld t5d to sep>ate !mselves m & m f ^? ( subord9ate degree1 & ! latt] to s9k into ! position ( second-rate intellig5ces1 :o /ood midway betwe5 ! gods & m51 & dep5d$ on 8! great gods0 = _! (fices & exi/5ce4 ,! conception ( a div9e mess5g] or angel :o c>ri$ ! ord]s ( ! high] god f heav5 to e>? & int]pret$ 8 w to m51 goes back to an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion4 ,we c trace x to ! "t :5 ! ,sum]ian fir/ began to be affect$ by ,semitic influ5ce4 ,! sukkal or 8angel0-m9i/] plays a prom95t "p 9 primitive ,babylonian !ology1 b x is noticeable t he is usually a son ( ! god ^: messages he conveys to gods & m54 ,as>i or ,m]oda* is at once ! son & ! m9i/] ( ,ea2 ,n9-ip1 ( ,en-lil4 ,! fact po9ts to an age :5 ,sum]ian animism _h already be5 succe$$ by ,semitic ,baalism2 ! _s or gho/ _h become a god 9 human %ape1 :o begat *ildr5 & requir$ an envoy4 ,:5 ,m]oda* became ! god ( ,babylon1 & ) ! rise ( 8 city to political p[] ent]$ ! circle ( ! supreme gods1 he 9 8 turn ne$$ a mess5g]4 ,! latt] 0 f\nd 9 ! god ( ! neighb\r+ city ( ,borsippa4 ,! gr[? ( ,babylon 0 accompani$ by ! decay ( ,borsippa1 :i* 9 "t 0 r$uc$ to a m]e suburb ( ! rival t[n4 ,! god ( ! suburb 0 necess>ily annex$ by ! god ( ! city :i* _h absorb$ x1 & z necess>ily became 8 foll[] & s]vant4 ,khammurabi1 to :om ,babylon ow$ its position & influ5ce1 ev5 transf]r$ ! anci5t temple ( ! god ( ,borsippa to ! god ( ,babylon1 & includ$ him among ! inf]ior deities to :om *apels 7 erect$ 9 ! great sanctu>y ( ,m]oda*47#bhg7 ,b ! god ( ,borsippa _h once be5 z indep5d5t & supreme 9 8 own city z ,m]oda* 0 at ,babylon4 ,he _h be5 address$ z 8! mak]0 ( ! univ]se & ! irrigator ( ! fields1 & ! orig9 ( ! cunei=m sy/em ( writ+ 0 ascrib$ to him4 ,! ,semites call$ him ! ,nabium or 8,prophet10 & x 0 "u ?is title ( ,nabium or ,nebo t he became ! m9i/] ( ,m]oda*4 ,! "n 0 appropriate 9 8 tw(old "* ( int]pret] ( ! w ( ,bel & patron ( lit]ature1 & 0 c>ri$ by ,babylonian conque/ into ! di/ant ,we/4 ,!re ,moses di$ 9 ,moab on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,nebo1 & cities be>+ ! "n /ood )9 ! bord]s ( ,reub5 & ,judah4 ,x 0 d\btless ! association ( ,nebo ) ,m]oda* t caus$ him1 l ,?o? 9 ,egypt1 to become ! patron ( lit]ature & ! god ( ! scribes4 ,! culture-god 0 z x 7 divid$ into two2 :ile ,m]oda* reta9$ ! functions peculi> to a ,semitic ,baal1 ,nebo wat*$ ov] ! libr>y & s*ool1 & enc\rag$ ! /udy ( ! script :i* _h be5 inv5t$ by him4 ,! old] claims ( ,ea fell into ! backgr\nd & 7 =gott52 x 0 no long] ! god ( ,eridu1 b ,nebo1 :o _h writt5 ! fir/ book1 & in/ruct$ mank9d 9 ! elem5ts ( culture4 ,! m>%al's /aff1 :i* ,nebo _h wield$ z organis] ( 8! ho/s ( heav5 & e>?10 n[ became ! rod ( ! scribe1 & a consort 0 creat$ = him 9 ! p]son ( ,tasmit or 8,he>+40 ,9 ,assyria1 :]e ! wor%ip ( ,assur prev5t$ any developm5t ( t ( 8 rival ,m]oda*1 ,nebo became a special fav\rite ( ! lit]>y class1 :o d]iv$ _! k & inspiration f ,babylon4 ,assur-bani-pal nev] we>ies ( tell+ u h[ ,nebo & ,tasmit _h 8made broad 8 e>s & enlight5$ 8 eyes10 s t he _h collect$ & republi%$ ! books & tablets ( ! k+s :o _h gone be=e him4 ,z m9i/] ( ,m]oda*1 ,nebo pass$ into ! sol> circle4 ,9 ,egypt he w\ld h be5 absorb$ by ! m influ5tial god1 b 9 ,babylonia ! ,semitic conception ( ,m]oda* z a ,baal :o requir$ 8 m9i/] & envoy l an e>?ly k+1 /ood 9 ! way ( any su* id5tification4 ,he consequ5tly reta9$ 8 p]sonality1 & x 0 ano!r god :o 0 id5tifi$ ) him4 ,?is 0 ,nusku1 once ! fire :i* blaz$ up into flame & purifi$ ! sacrifice4 ,) ! spread ( ! sol> cult ,nusku became a local sun-god1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! god ( ! burn+ sun ( noon4 ,9 ,sum]ian days1 h[ev]1 :ile he 0 /ill ! _s ( ! fire1 he _h be5 necess>ily ! s]vant & associate ( ,en-lil2 & :5 ,en-lil became ! ,semitic ,bel ( ,nippur1 ,nusku foll[$ 8 =tunes & 0 made 8 mess5g]4 ,aft] ?is 8 id5tification ) ,nebo 0 easy4 ,nebo1 too1 0 ! mess5g] & int]pret] ( ,bel1 ?\gh x 0 ! y\ng] ,bel ( ,babylon :o _h supplant$ ! old] ,bel ( ,nippur4 ,z ,bel-,m]oda* took ! place ( ,en-lil1 s too did ,nebo take ! place ( ,nusku4 ,! prie/s ( ,babylon knew ( "o ,bel only1 & ! m9i/] ( ,bel mu/ be "o & ! same :e!r 8 "n 7 ,nusku or ,nebo4 ,t ,nusku _h orig9ally be5 an indep5d5t deity 01 h[ev]1 nev] =gott54 ,! pa/ hi/ory & religion ( ! c\ntry c\ld n be ignor$1 & ! prie/hood 7 =c$ to erect a sep>ate %r9e to ,nusku )9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple ( ,nebo itself4 ,only ?us c\ld !y be c]ta9 t ! god w\ld n av5ge himself = be+ defraud$ ( 8 dues4 ,! hi/ory ( ,nebo is an in/ructive illu/ration ( ! successive *anges t pass$ ov] ! religion ( ,babylonia4 ,we fir/ h ! gho/ ( ,sum]ian times1 :o becomes ! god ( a special city 9 ! days :5 ,semitic influ5ce began to make itself felt4 ,!n ! god is trans=m$ into a ,semitic ,baal1 & ) ! political rise ( ! neighb\r+ city ( ,babylon is degrad$ into an att5dant & reta9] ( ! mighti] god4 ,z int]pret] ( ! w ( ! culture-god he deprives ,ea ( 8 anci5t pr]ogatives1 & 8 title ( 8,prophet0 becomes 8 "n4 ,h5ce=? he is a purely ,semitic div9ity1 & a wife is f\nd = him 9 ! %ad[y ab/raction 8,he>+40 ,"u ! influ5ces ( ! sol> cult1 he is id5tifi$ ) ! anci5t ,sum]ian fire-_s :o _h himself become a sun-god1 & ev5tually he is adopt$ 9 ,assyria z ! patron ( ! le>n$ class1 & ! div9e repres5tative ( ,babylonian le>n+4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ,nebo also illu/rates "o ( ! directions 9 :i* ! /riv+ aft] a mono!i/ic fai? display$ itself4 ,n only 0 a sep>ate god1 ,nusku1 amalgamat$ ) ,nebo1 ,nebo himself1 :ile /ill keep+ 8 indep5d5t p]sonality1 sank into a subord9ate position :i* may be comp>$ ) t ( an ar*angel 9 ,*ri/ian belief4 ,babylonian religion came to di/+ui% betwe5 a limit$ numb] ( 8great gods0 & ! inf]ior deities :o =m$ _! c\rt4 ,inde$1 x w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ?is4 ,f ! days ( ,khammurabi onw>d !re 0 a t5d5cy to exalt ,bel-,m]oda* at ! exp5se ( all 8 bro!r gods4 ,! developm5t ( ,babylonian religion1 9 fact1 w5t h& 9 h& ) t ( ! ,babylonian ,/ate4 ,! f\ndation ( an empire _h made ! ,babylonian famili> ) ! conception ( a supreme sov]eign1 "u :om !re 7 vassal k+s1 & "u !m aga9 a dep5d5t nobility4 ,! same conception 0 ext5d$ to ! cele/ial hi]>*y4 ,"h1 too1 ,bel-,m]oda* sat supreme1 :ile ! o!r gods 8b[$ rev]5tly be=e him10 reta9+1 inde$1 _! ance/ral rights & p[] )9 ! limits ( _! respective sanctu>ies1 b ackn[l$g+ ! supremacy ( ! "o sov]eign ,bel4 ,x 0 no long] 9 hon\r ( ,en-lil t ! inhabitants ( ,babylonia 7 call$ 8! p ( ,bel10 b because !y 7 all alike ! *ildr5 & ador]s ( ,bel ( ,babylon4 ,b ,babylonian religion nev] advanc$ fur!r4 ,x is true t ! tablet publi%$ by ,dr4 ,p9*es1 to :i* ,i h already allud$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 id5tifies ! *ief gods ( ! pan!on ) ,m]oda* 9 8 v>i\s phases & functions2 x is also true t ,nabonidos1 ! la/ ,babylonian k+1 %ock$ ! consci5ces & violat$ ! rights ( ! local prie/hoods by br++ ! images ( _! gods into ! c5tral sanctu>y2 b su* speculations & ef=ts rema9$ isolat$ & )\t effect4 ,x 0 o!rwise1 h[ev]1 9 ,assyria4 ,!re ! deities = ! mo/ "p1 l ! culture & language1 _h be5 import$ f ! s\?2 !re 7 no "t-hon\r$ temples & v5]able traditions to cont5d aga9/2 &1 above all1 !re 0 a national god :o repres5t$ ! ,/ate r ?an a ,semitic ,baal1 & 0 !re=e a symbol ( ! unity :i* b\nd ! ,/ate toge!r4 ,! supreme god ( ,assyria 0 ,assur2 ! o!r gods 7 ( ,babylonian orig94 ,& 9 ! "n ( ,assur we h ! "n ( ! c\ntry itself & its primitive capital4 ,assur1 9 %ort1 0 ! deifi$ city ( ,assur1 ! div9e ,/ate :i* f ! days ( its successful revolt f ,babylonia 0 pr$om9antly milit>y1 ) all ! union & discipl9e ( a milit>y organisation4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! view tak5 ( ! god 9 ! hi/orical age ( ,assyria1 ?\gh "s mod]n s*ol>s h d\bt$ :e!r1 l ,n9eveh1 :i* d]iv$ its "n f ! goddess ,n91 x 0 n orig9ally r ! city t took its "n f ! god ?an ! god f ! city4 ,su* d\bts1 h[ev]1 are set at re/ by an exam9ation ( ! prop] names f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian contracts ( ! e>ly ,semitic p]iod1 m especially 9 ^? ( ! age ( ,khammurabi4 ,_m ( !m are comp\nd$ ) ! names ( cities :i* are treat$ z deities1 & are prec$$ by ! prefix ( div9ity4 ,?us we h ,sumu-,upi 7,bu4 #ia-e-i4 #bahb4 #af71 l umu-,rakh or ,sumu-,r & ,samuel1 z well z ,upi-rabi 7,bu4 #ia-e-i4 #cgg4 #be71 :]e ! deifi$ ,upi or ,opis plays exactly ! same "p z ! deifi$ riv]s ,euphrates & ,tigris 9 o!r simil>ly comp\nd$ names4 ,betwe5 ! deifi$ city & ! deifi$ riv] no di/9ction 0 drawn4 ,bo? alike 7 imp]sonations ( ! god4 ,s too 9 ! second tablet ( ! ,surpu s]ies 7,,wai4 iv4 #ei4 #ce1 #ch71 ,eridu & ,babylon are invok$ to deliv] ! sick man by ! side ( ,ea & ,m]oda* & v>i\s o!r gods1 z well z c]ta9 ( ! />s4 ,betwe5 ! ord9>y gods ( ,babylonia & ! deifi$ city no di/9ction is made47#bhh7 ,_h ! city tak5 its "n f ! god1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a satisfactory etymology = x4 ,! spell+ ( ! "n is aga9/ our connect+ x ) ! ^w asiru1 8he :o blesses0 or 8consecrates10 f :i* ! ,assyrian asirtu1 8sanctu>y10 is d]iv$1 l ! "n ( ! ,canaaniti% goddess ,a%rah47#bhi7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! native ,assyrian etymology is z inadmissible z ! endeav\rs ( our eighte5? c5tury lexicograph]s to f9d ,greek or ,lat9 d]ivations = ,anglo-,saxon words4 ,! ,assyrian scribes saw 9 ,assur m]ely ! old elem5tal deity ,ans>1 8! firmam5t10 :o 0 himself no?+ m ?an ! ,sum]ian _s ( ! 8heav5ly ho/40 ,x is wise/ n to imitate !m1 b1 z 9 ! case ( ,m]oda* & ,i/>1 to leave ! orig9 ( ! "n ,assur unexpla9$4 ,! k+s ( ,assyria 7 orig9ally high prie/s ( ,assur4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,semitic _w ! high prie/ simil>ly prec$$ ! k+4 ,! fa!r-9-law ( ,moses 0 high prie/ ( ,midian1 & ! high prie/s ( ,saba 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia develop$ into k+s47#bij7 ,!re 7 high prie/s also 9 ,babylonia1 :o took _! titles n only f ! gods !y s]v$1 b also f ! cities ov] :i* !y rul$4 ,! peculi>ity 9 ! case ( ,assyria1 h[ev]1 0 t !re ! god & ! city 7 "o & ! same4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! high prie/ ( ,assur assum$ ! title ( k+1 he /ill reta9$ 8 prie/ly functions "u ano!r title4 ,he 0 prie/1 b no long] high prie/4 ,assyria 0 a mon>*y1 n a !ocracy2 x 0 f\nd$ on milit>y =ce1 n on prie/ly influ5ce4 ,! k+ accord+ly 0 n a repres5tative & viceg]5t ( ! god1 l a ,babylonian pr9ce2 he repres5t$ ! god ,assur only because he repres5t$ ! city ( ,assur4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! city ( ,assur t ! god manife/$ himself z x 7 to m54 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is fact 0 t ,assur 0 a national z oppos$ to a m]ely local god4 ,:]ev] ! p[] ( ! city ext5d$1 !re ! p[] ( ! god necess>ily ext5d$ z well4 ,:5 ,assur became ! capital ( a k+dom1 ! :ole l& :i* own$ its au?ority receiv$ its "n & accept$ ! supremacy ( its god4 ,! local cults made way = ! national cults2 x 0 n only 9 ,assur itself t ! god _h 8 temple2 :]ev] a city call$ itself ,assyrian1 ! wor%ip ( ,assur held ! fir/ place4 ,!re 7 no old sanctu>ies & cults to displace1 z 9 ,babylonia2 ! deities :o 7 ador$ 9 ! cities ( ,assyria 7 ( ,babylonian orig91 l ,n9 & ,i/>2 & :5 once ,assyria _h a*iev$ its indep5d5ce1 & realis$ t x _h a national life ( its own1 !y 7 unable to ma9ta9 !mselves aga9/ ! national god4 ,?is national god _h giv5 8 p _! fre$om & "r to rule4 ,he x 0 :o _h l$ _! armies to victory1 & _h vanqui%$ ! ho/ile deities ( ,babylonia4 ,he 0 ?us id5tifi$ ) ! army to :i* ,assyria ow$ its exi/5ce1 & ) ! k+ :o 0 its lead] 9 w>4 ,:]ev] ! army w5t or ! k+ e/abli%$ himself1 ,assur w5t also4 ,he lo/1 !re=e1 ! la/ relics ( 8 association ) a p>ticul> locality1 & became ! god ( ! :ole p4 ,f e po9t ( view he 0 national & n local4 ,fre$ f ! limitations ( locality1 he 0 consequ5tly fre$ f ! limitations ( =m4 ,bel-,m]oda* 0 necess>ily human 9 =m1 ) all ! limitations ( humanity2 x 0 only :]e 8 image 0 t he c\ld be pres5t 9 visible %ape4 ,b ,assur 0 n conf9$ to ! human image t repres5t$ him4 ,he c\ld also be repres5t$ by a symbol1 & :]e ! symbol 0 he 0 too4 ,! symbol 0 a /&>d1 on :i* an ar*] 0 depict$ ris+ f a w+$ sun4 ,x 0 c>ri$ ) ! armies ( ,assyria f place to place1 l ! ark 9 :i* ! ,israelites ( ! age ( ,samuel saw a symbol ( ! pres5ce ( _! national ,god4 ,! w+$ sun ref]s u to ,egypt2 s too does ! /&>d on :i* ! emblem ( ,assur 0 borne4 ,! ,asiatic conque/s ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y _h br\ght ,egypt & ,assyria into contact2 ! ,assyrian k+ paid tribute to ! ,ph>aoh1 & d\btless dep5d$ on him = support aga9/ ,babylonia4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :5 ,assyria 0 fir/ feel+ itself an indep5d5t nation2 ! au?ority ( ,babylonia _h be5 %ak5 (f1 & ! god ( ,babylon _h be5 supplant$ by ,assur4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$1 !re=e1 if ,assur cons5t$ to borr[ f ,egypt ! symbol :i* h5ce=? di/+ui%$ him f ! ,babylonian gods1 & ) ! symbol w5t ! !ological ideas ( :i* x 0 ! expression4 ,^! !ological ideas 7 already deeply t9ctur$ by ! !ories ( ! sol> cult4 ,! w+$ sol> disc is evid5ce t ,assur 0 assimilat$ to ,amon-,ra ( ,egypt4 ,b ! assimilation /opp$ !re4 ,! ,assyrians 7 too purely ,semitic ev5 to compreh5d ! nebul\s pan!ism ( ! ,egyptian sol> s*ool2 ,assur rema9$ an an?ropomorphic god1 ) v def9ite attributes & %>ply-cut features4 ,! ar*] :o rises above ! disc ( ! sun significantly indicates ! contra/ betwe5 ! !ology ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,above ! sun-god is ! human w>rior1 ! "l ( ho/s1 ! god ( battles1 ! div9e lead] ( ! armies ( ,assur4 ,!re 0 no room 9 ! practical ,assyrian m9d = a =mless div9ity1 ) its inf9ite trans=mations & elusive %ape4 ,! ,assyrian ne$$ a soldi]'s god1 at once human & cle>ly def9$4 ,nev]!less ?is human god 0 recognis$ z "o ) ! sun-god4 ,or r1 p]haps1 ! sun 0 reg>d$ z 8 visible manife/ation1 ! m>k or symbol "u :i* he display$ himself4 ,assur 0 ?us ess5tially a ,semitic ,baal1 b a w>like ,baal1 :o 0 ! god ( a nation & n ( a p>ticul> place4 ,:]e ! nation & its army 71 accord+ly1 _! god 0 z well4 ,& :5 ,assyria claim$ to rule ! :ole civilis$ _w1 ! p[] & au?ority ( its god became _w-wide4 ,x 0 9 8 "n t ! ,assyrian troops w5t =? to fight1 & x 0 8?r\gh tru/ 90 him t !y ga9$ _! victories4 ,^? :o resi/$ !m 7 8 enemies1 ^? :o submitt$ 7 incorporat$ into 8 empire1 & became 8 subjects & wor%ipp]s4 ,all o!r gods _h to yield to him2 he 0 n only p>am\nt ov] !m1 b to wor%ip !m in/ead ( him 0 an act ( impiety4 ,! sacrifice might cont9ue to be made to !m & ! pray] (f]$1 b x 0 on condition t ! fir/-fruits ( bo? sacrifice & pray] 7 giv5 to ,assur4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n all4 ,assur 0 n only jeal\s ( o!r gods1 !re 0 no goddess :o c\ld %>e ) him 8 p[]4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,assyrian p he 0 wifeless1 l ,yahveh ( ,israel or ,*emo% ( ,moab4 ,x is true t "s ,assyriologi/s1 ) m zeal ?an k1 h f\nd = him a wife1 b !y are n agre$ z to :o %e 04 ,sometimes we h be5 told x 0 ,s]ua1 sometimes ,i/>1 sometimes ,belit4 ,! v fact t su* a diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s is suffici5t to condemn ! :ole supposition4 ,x is bas$ on ! p$antry ( c]ta9 ( ! ,assyrian scribes1 :o1 educat$ 9 ! lit]ature & religion ( ,babylonia1 7 naturally anxi\s to fit _! national god into ! ,babylonian sy/em ( !ology4 ,! gods ( ,babylonia _h ea* 8 wife2 !y 7 ea* ! head ( a div9e family1 & consequ5tly ! *ief god ( ,assyria mu/ be ! same4 ,b x 0 difficult to f9d = him a female consort4 ,once or twice ! help ( ! gramm> is invok$1 & ! fem99e ,assurit is made to take h] place by ! side ( ,assur4 ,b %e 0 too evid5tly an artificial creation1 & accord+ly ,belit 0 borr[$ f ,bel-,m]oda*1 or ,n9-lil f ,bel ( ,nippur1 & boldly claim$ z ! wife ( ,assur4 ,b ?is too 0 acceptable nei!r to ,babylonians nor to ,assyrians1 &1 z a la/ res\rce1 ,i/>1 ! virg9 goddess1 0 trans=m$ into a m>ri$ wife4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t ! idea1 once />t$1 w\ld h met ) ready acceptance2 = ,i/> 0 ! goddess ( ,n9eveh1 z ,assur 0 ( ! old] capital :i* 0 sup]s$$ by ,n9eveh 9 ! lat] days ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,t x did n d s is a pro( h[ firmly root$ 0 ! wifelessness ( ,assur 9 ! ,assyrian m9d2 he 0 no ,babylonian ,bel :o ne$$ a helpmeet1 b a w>rior's god1 :o ent]$ ! battle wifeless & alone4 ,i c b repeat aga9 ( him :at ,i said ye>s ago 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures3 8,assur consequ5tly diff]s f ! ,babylonian gods1 n only 9 ! less n>r[ly local "* t belongs to him1 b also 9 8 solit>y nature4 ,he is #8k+ ( all ! gods' 9 a s5se 9 :i* none ( ! deities ( ,babylonia 74 ,he is l ! k+ ( ,assyria himself1 brook+ no rival1 all[+ nei!r wife nor son to %>e 9 ! hon\rs :i* he claims = himself alone4 ,he is ess5tially a jeal\s god1 & z su* s5ds =? 8 ,assyrian ador]s to de/roy 8 unbeliev+ foes4 ,wifeless1 *ildless1 he is mighti] ?an ! ,babylonian ,baalim2 less k9dly1 p]haps1 less ne> to 8 wor%ipp]s ?an !y 71 b m awe-inspir+ & m p[]ful4 ,we c1 9 fact1 trace 9 him all ! l9eam5ts ^u :i*1 "u o!r conditions1 !re might h be5 built up z pure a fai? z t ( ! ,god ( ,israel40 ,t none su* 0 ev] built1 may be accept$ z a sign & tok5 t betwe5 ! ,semites ( ,assyria & ^? ( ,israel !re lay a diff]5ce :i* no !ories ( evolution are able to expla94 ,lecture ,,vi4 ,cosmologies4 ,man 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! gods1 &1 conv]sely1 ! gods are 9 ! lik5ess ( man4 ,?is belief lies at ! root ( ! !ology ( ,semitic ,babylonia1 & *>act]ises its conception ( div9ity4 ,x foll[s f x t ! _w :i* we see has come into exi/5ce l ! successive g5]ations ( mank9d or ! products ( human art4 ,x has ei!r be5 begott5 by ! creator1 or x has be5 =m$ out ( pre-exi/+ mat]ials4 ,x did n come into be+ ( itself2 x is no =tuit\s concurr5ce ( atoms2 no self-evolv$ product out ( no?+1 or ! result ( cont9u\s developm5t & evolution4 ,! doctr9es ( spontane\s g5]ation & ( developm5t are alike =eign to ,babylonian religi\s ?\ght4 ,t dem&$ a creator :o 0 human 9 8 attributes & mode ( "w1 :o c\ld ev5 make mi/akes & exp]im5ts1 & s call into exi/5ce imp]fect or mon/r\s =ms :i* fur!r exp]i5ce 0 ne$$ to rectify4 ,!re 0 an e>li] z well z a lat] creation1 ! un%apely brood ( *aos z well z ! m p]fect creations ( ! gods ( light4 ,z we h se51 ! culture ( primitive ,babylonia radiat$ f two ma9 c5tres1 ! sanctu>y ( ,nippur 9 ! nor?1 & ! seaport ( ,eridu 9 ! s\?4 ,! "o 0 inl&1 ! o!r m>itime2 & :at ,i may t]m ! geographical sett+ ( ! two /reams ( culture v>i$ accord+ly4 ,! great temple ( ,nippur 0 kn[n z -kur1 8! h\se ( ! m\nta9-l&02 x 0 a model ( ! e>?1 :i* ^? :o built x believ$ to be simil>ly %ap$1 & to h ! =m ( a m\nta9 ^: peak p5etrat$ ! cl\ds4 ,its supreme god 0 ! "l ( ! ne!r e>?1 8 subjects 7 ! demons ( ! und]world1 & ! !ology ( 8 prie/s 0 associat$ ) sorc]y & wit*craft1 & ) invocations to ! spirits :o rul$ ov] ! _w ( ! dead4 ,eridu1 on ! contr>y1 0 ! dwell+-place ( ! god ( ! deep4 ,its temple1 -,saggila1 8! h\se ( ! high head10 01 we are told1 89 ! mid/0 ( ! encircl+ ocean on :i* ! :ole e>? re/$1 & 9 x 0 ! home ( ,ea1 8! "l ( ! holy m\nd407#bia7 ,its god 0 ! au?or ( ,babylonian writ+ & civilisation1 & 8 son & int]pret] 0 ,aari1 8! b5efactor ( man40 ,:ile ! !ology ( ,nippur conc]n$ itself ) ! dead1 t ( ,eridu 0 pre-em95tly occupi$ ) ! liv+4 ,as>i is invok$ z ! god :o rais$ ! dead to life1 & ! arts :i* make life pleasant 7 ! gifts ( ,ea himself4 ,x is p]haps n )\t reason t1 :ile ,en-lil ( ,nippur appe>s z ! de/roy] ( mank9d1 ,ea is _! creator & in/ructor4 ,he n only creat$ !m1 b he taught !m h[ to live1 & provid$ = !m ! spells & rem$ies :i* c\ld heal ! sick & w>d (f dea?4 ,l ,khnum ( ,egypt1 he 0 call$ 8! pott]10 = he _h m\ld$ mank9d f ! clay :i* 8 wat]s =m$ on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf47#bib7 ,nor 0 x mank9d only t 0 ?us made4 ,! :ole _w ( creat$ ?+s _h be5 simil>ly m\ld$2 ! e>? & all t dwelt ^u x _h ris5 out ( ! sea4 ,! cosmology ( ,eridu ?us made wat] ! orig9 ( all ?+s2 ! _w we inhabit has sprung f ! deep1 :i* /ill encircles x l a s]p5t ) its coils4 ,b ! deep ov] :i* ! creator-god presid$ 0 a deep :i* =m$ "p ( t ord]ly framework ( nature :]e9 ! gods ( light be> rule1 & :i* obeys laws t may n be brok54 ,x is n ! deep :]e ! _s ( *aos held sway1 & ( :i* %e 0 an imp]sonation2 t 0 a deep )\t limits or law1 ^: only prog5y 0 a brood ( mon/]s4 ,betwe5 ! deep ( ,ea & ! *aos ( ,tiamt ! cosmology ( hi/orical ,babylonia drew a %>p l9e ( di/9ction2 ! "o exclud$ ! o!r1 & x 0 n until ! deep ( ,tiamt _h be51 z x 71 ov]come & plac$ )9 b\nds1 t ! deep :]e9 ,ea dwelt 0 able to take its place4 ,! two conceptions are antagoni/ic "o to ! o!r1 & c h>dly be expla9$1 except on ! supposition t !y belong to two diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,! brood ( ,tiamt1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 7 once ! subjects ( ,en-lil ( ,nippur1 & ! ,anunna-ki1 or 8spirits ( ! e>?10 ?\gh !y became ! ord]ly m9i/]s ( ! gods ( light1 nev]!less cont9u$ to h _! dwell+-place 9 ! und]gr\nd _w1 & to s]ve its mi/ress ,allat4 ,! motley ho/ t foll[$ ,tiamt 9 h] conte/ ) ,bel-,m]oda* 7 ess5tially ! gho/s & gobl9s ( ! !ology ( ,nippur2 & x is ) ! latt]1 !re=e1 t we mu/ associate ! !ory ( ! div9e _w ) :i* !y are connect$4 ,! _w ( ,nippur 0 a _w f :i* ! sea 0 exclud$2 x 0 a _w ( pla9 & m\nta91 & ( ! holl[ dep?s :i* lay b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! cosmology ( ,nippur w\ld naturally conc]n itself ) ! l& r ?an ) ! sea2 ! e>? & n ! wat] w\ld h be5 ! fir/ 9 ord] ( exi/5ce1 & habitation ( ! gods w\ld be s\ght on ! summit ( a ,m\nt ,olympus r ?an 9 ! dep?s ( an encircl+ ocean47#bic7 ,9 ! *aos ( ,tiamt1 accord+ly1 ,i see ! la/ relics ( a cosmology :i* emanat$ f ,nippur1 & 0 accept$ :]ev] ! influ5ce ( ,nippur prevail$4 ,x has be5 modifi$ by ! cosmological ideas ( ,eridu2 & 9 ! /ory ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,tiamt & ,m]oda* an attempt has be5 made to h>monise ! two conflict+ conceptions ( ! univ]se1 & to weld !m into a compact :ole4 ,! _w ( ,tiamt has fir/ be5 trans=m$ into a wat]y abyss l t :i* ! !ologians ( ,eridu believ$ to be ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 & !n has be5 absorb$ by ! deep ov] :i* ,ea held sway4 ,! creator ,ea has tak5 ! place ( ! _s ( de/ruction1 ! culture-god ( ! dragon ( d>kness4 ,b a curi\s leg5d1 :i* has be5 mu* misund]/ood1 /ill pres]ves traces ( ! old cosmology ( ! great sanctu>y ( ,nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,x describes ! w> made aga9/ a k+ ( ,babylonia by ! p[]s ( d>kness1 ! gnome-l be+s :o dwelt 89 ! gr\nd10 :]e ,tiamt _h suckl$ !m1 & :]e !y _h multipli$ 9 ! cav]n\s dep?s ( a m\nta9 l&4 ,!y 71 we are told1 composite mon/]s1 8w>riors ) ! bodies ( birds1 m5 ) ! faces ( rav5s10 ov] :om rul$ a k+ & 8 wife & _! sev5 sons47#bid7 ,ye> aft] ye> ! w> cont9u$1 &1 9 spite ( *>ms & incantations1 ho/ aft] ho/ s5t =? f ,akkad 0 annihilat$ by ! unclean & sup]human enemy4 ,! ,babylonian k+ 0 9 despair2 9 va9 he appeal$ to ! gods1 & decl>$ h[ 8t]ror & night1 dea? & plague1 e>?quake1 fe> & horror1 hung]1 fam9e1 & de/ruction10 _h come ^u 8 un=tunate p4 8,! pla9 ( ,akkad0 seem$ ab\t to become ! prey ( ! demons ( ! night4 ,h[ x 0 rescu$ f ! dang] t ?reat5$ x we d n "k2 ! /ory is un=tunately brok51 & ! end ( x has n be5 f\nd4 ,b ! orig9 & "* ( ! sup]human enemy is n difficult to discov]2 _! dwell+-place is 9 ! tomb-l recesses ( ! m\nta9s1 _! "m 0 ,tiamt h]self1 & !y h ! mon/r\s %apes ( ! gho/s & spirits ( ! anci5t animism ( ,nippur47#bie7 ,! leg5d 0 fitly pres]v$ 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,n]gal1 ! god ( ! dead1 at ,ku?a4 ,x too has und]gone ! h>monis+ process ( lat] times3 ! cosmologies ( ,nippur & ,eridu are aga9 set 9 antagonism1 "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & !re is a fir/ creation z well z a second engag$ 9 ! same /ruggle z t :i* "u a diff]5t =m is describ$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ,eridu & ,babylon4 ,b ! antagoni/s 9 x are alike ! inhabitants ( ! dry l&2 !re is no wat]y abyss f :i* !y h sprung1 :e!r x be ! *aotic deep ( ,tiamt or ! ocean home ( ! god ( culture4 ,! conceptions on :i* x re/s belong to ! inl& pla9 ( ,babylonia r ?an to ! %ores ( ! sea4 ,influ5c$ ?\gh x has be5 by ! cosmology ( ,eridu1 ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$ g back to an inl& & n to a m>itime ,/ate4 ,x w be se5 t our k ( ! cosmology ( ,nippur is /ill scanty & unc]ta94 ,! _w :i* x presuppos$ _h ! =m ( a m\nta91 on ! peak ( :i* ! gods liv$ among ! cl\ds ( heav51 :ile ! cav]n\s dep?s bel[ x 7 peopl$ ) ho/s ( spirits & demons1 ! %ades ( ! dead & ! gho/s ( a primitive animism4 ,!re 0 no encircl+ ocean1 no abysmal deep on :i* x float$1 & f :i* x _h be5 produc$4 ,:at its orig91 h[ev]1 0 believ$ to be we d n yet "k1 or to :at creative ,zi or ,lil x 0 held to owe its exi/5ce4 ,= an answ] to ^! que/ions we mu/ wait until ! anci5t libr>ies ( ,nippur h be5 ?or\ghly excavat$ & explor$47#bif7 ,x is o!rwise ) ! cosmology ( ,eridu4 ,we "k a good deal ab\t x1 ?anks to ! !ologians ( ,babylon1 ^: god ,m]oda* 0 ! successor & repres5tative ( ! god ( ,eridu4 ,x is true t its =m has be5 *ang$ & modifi$ 9 "p = ! great] glory ( ,m]oda* & 8 city1 t ,m]oda* has ev5 tak5 ! place ( ,ea z ! creator1 & t ! cosmology ( ,nippur--or at all ev5ts ( a simil> s*ool ( ?\ght--has be5 comb9$ ) t ( ,eridu1 ) ! result t !re are two creations1 ! fir/ *aotic1 & ! second t ( ! pres5t _w4 ,b x is /ill easy to dis5tangle ! e>li] f ! lat] elem5ts 9 ! /ory1 & to sep>ate :at is purely ,babylonian f :at belongs to ,eridu4 ,"o ( ! v]sions ( ! /ory t h come d[n to u has be5 pres]v$ 9 a spell1 ( :i*1 l v]ses ( ! ,bible 9 mod]n times1 x has be5 us$ to =m a "p4 ,its antiquity is %[n by ! fact t x is writt5 9 ! anci5t language ( ,sum]4 ,x is ?us t x beg9s-- 8,no holy h\se1 no h\se ( ! gods 9 a holy place _h z yet be5 built1 no re$ _h gr[n1 no tree be5 plant$1 no bricks _h be5 made1 no /ructure =m$1 no h\se _h be5 built1 no city f\nd$1 no city built :]e liv+ ?+s c\ld dwell4 ,nippur 0 unbuilt1 its temple ( -kur 0 un]ect$2 ,ere* 0 unbuilt1 its temple ( -ana 0 un]ect$27#big7 ! deep sea 0 uncreat$1 ,eridu unbuilt4 ,! site ( 7its7 holy h\se1 ! h\se ( ! gods1 exi/$ n1 all ! e>? 0 sea1 :ile 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea 0 a wat]-c\rse4 ,9 ^? days 0 ,eridu built & ! temple ( -,saggil f\nd$1 -,saggil :]e9 dwells ! div9e k+ ( ! holy m\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ! deep2-- ,babylon 0 built1 -,saggil complet$2-- ! spirits ( ! e>? 7 creat$ toge!r1 !y call$ x by ! mighty "n ( ! holy city1 ! seat ( _! well-be+47#bih7 ,m]oda*7#bii7 ti$ 7re$s7 toge!r to =m a weir 9 ! wat]1 he made du/ & mix$ x ) ! re$s ( ! weir1 t ! gods might dwell 9 ! seat ( 7_!7 well-be+47#cjj7 ,mank9d he creat$1-- ! goddess ,aruru creat$ ! se$ ( mank9d ) him17#cja7-- ! cattle ( ! field1 ! liv+ creatures 9 ! field1 he creat$2 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates he made1 & set !m 9 _! place1 giv+ !m good names4 ,moss & se$-plant ( ! m>%1 re$ & ru% he creat$1 he creat$ ! gre5 h]b ( ! field1 ! e>?1 ! m>%1 ! jungle1 ! c[ & its "y1 ! calf1 ! %eep & its "y1 ! lamb ( ! fold1 ! grove & ! =e/1 ! goat1 7&7 ! gazelle multipli$ 787 = him4 ,bel-,m]oda*7#cjb7 fill$ a space at ! edge ( ! sea1 !re he made an enclosure ( re$s1 he con/ruct$ a site81 he creat$ ! re$s1 he creat$ ! trees1 he laid a plat=m 9 ! place1 he m\ld$ bricks1 ! /ructure he =m$2 he built h\ses1 he f\nd$ cities1 cities he f\nd$ & fill$ !m ) liv+ ?+s2 ,nippur he built1 -kur he erect$1 ,ere* he built1 -ana he erect$17#cjc7 ! deep he creat$1 ,eridu he built40 ,x is evid5t t ! poem 0 writt5 by "o :o liv$ on ! m>%y %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & _h wat*$ h[ l& c\ld be =m$ by ty+ ! re$s 9 bundles & build+ ) !m a weir4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! fir/ cultivators ( ,eridu protect$ _! fields f ! tide1 or reclaim$ ! l& f ! sea4 ,none b ^? :o _h actually se5 ! process c\ld h devis$ a cosmology :i* ?us appli$ x to ! creation ( ! _w4 ,to ! "q--8,h[ did ?is _w come into exi/5ce80 ! primitive inhabitant ( ,eridu seem$ to h a ready answ]3 he too 0 able to create new l&1 out ( :i* ! ru% & ! h]b c\ld gr[1 :]e ! cattle c\ld be pa/ur$1 & ! h\se built4 ,:at he c\ld d1 ! gods _h d\btless done at ! beg9n+ ( "t2 all ?+s mu/ h come f ! primeval deep1 & ! e>? itself 0 b an islet rescu$ f ! tides & creat$ by ob/ruct+ _! ebb & fl[4 ,b x is also evid5t t ! old poem has be5 revis$ & re-edit$ by ! prie/hood ( ,babylon4 -,saggil1 ! temple ( ,bel-,m]oda* ( ,babylon1 has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! e>li] -,saggil ( ,eridu1 & ! creator-god ,ea has be5 supplant$ by ,m]oda*4 ,! supplant]1 h[ev]1 _c conceal 8 =eign orig94 ,! 8enclosure0 or 8dwell+-place10 8at ! edge ( ! sea10 mu/ h be5 made 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! god ( ! deep1 n by ! sun-god ( ,babylon4 ,m]oda* _h no?+ to d ) ! sea & m>%l&1 ) cities t /ood on ! m>g9 ( ! ocean1 or re$s t grew by its %ores4 ,he 0 ! god ( an inl& city1 & he symbolis$ ! sun & n ! sea4 ,x is possible t ev5 be=e its alt]ation at ! h&s ( ! !ologians ( ,babylon1 ! old cosmological poem ( ,eridu _h be5 modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( a !ology :i* result$ f a fusion ( ,sum]ian & ,semitic ideas4 ,! doctr9e ( ! triad is already presuppos$ by x2 ,nippur1 ,ere*1 & ,eridu1 ) _! sanctu>ies ( ,bel1 ,anu1 & ,ea1 already repres5t ,babylonia1 & ! temples ( ,bel & ,anu ev5 take prec$5ce ( t ( ,ea4 ,at ! same "t ! p>allelism betwe5 ,nippur & ,ere* on ! "o side1 & ,eridu on ! o!r1 is imp]fect4 ,! uncreat$ 8deep10 on ! m>g9 ( :i* ,eridu /ood1 has no?+ correspond+ ) x 9 ! two prec$+ l9es1 :ile ! place ( ! temples ( ,nippur & ,ere* is occupi$ by ! "n ( ! city ( ,eridu4 ,x seems cle>1 t ! ref]5ce to ! two great sanctu>y-cities ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,babylonia is an int]polation1 :i* breaks & injures ! s5se4 ,orig9ally1 we may conclude1 ! poem nam$ ,eridu only2 its au?or knew no?+ ( ! o!r %r9es ( ,babylonia2 = him ! temple ( ,ea at ,eridu 0 ! h\se ( all 8! gods40 ,ea1 "u ! mask ( ,m]oda*1 is ! creator ( mank9d1 z ( all ?+s else4 ,9 ?is act ( creation ! goddess ,aruru is c\pl$ ) him2 we h no mat]ials at pres5t = expla9+ :y %e %\ld h be5 introduc$1 or :e!r ! introduction =m$ "p ( ! orig9al leg5d4 ,x is n ! only passage1 h[ev]1 9 :i* %e appe>s z a creatress4 ,accord+ to ! ,epic ( ,gilgames1 %e _h creat$ ! great h]o ( ,babylonia1 & x 0 %e also :o m\ld$ ,ea-bani1 ! companion ( ,gilgames1 out ( clay :i* %e _h knead$ ) h] h&s4 ,l ,ea1 !re=e1 %e 0 a modell] 9 clay1 & !re 0 good reason = associat+ h] ) ! div9e pott] :o _h made man4 ,_h %e be5 a god %e w\ld d\btless h be5 id5tifi$ ) him2 z x 01 %e _h to rema9 8 companion & associate1 ^: "n c\ld n be =gott5 ev5 by a wor%ipp] ( ,ea4 ,probably %e 0 ! goddess ( "s ,babylonian city :]e %e play$ ! "p t ,ea play$ at ,eridu2 x may be t h] sanctu>y 0 at ,m>ad1 :i* claim$1 z x w\ld seem1 to be ! bir?place ( ,gilgames4 ,! "n ( ! fir/ man 0 ,adapa1 8! son ( ,eridu40 ,ea _h creat$ him )\t a helpmeet2 he _h end[$ him ) wisdom & k1 b _h d5i$ to him ! gift ( immortality4 ,ea* day he bak$ ! bread & p\r$ pure wat] into ! b[l2 at night he drew ! bolts ( ! gates ( ,eridu1 & at dawn he sail$ =? 9 8 b>k to fi% 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,once1 s ! /ory ran1 ! s\? w9d upset 8 skiff1 & 9 rev5ge he broke its w+s4 ,b ! s\? w9d 0 a s]vant ( ,anu1 & ! god ( ! sky dem&$ ! puni%m5t ( ! d>+ mortal4 ,ea1 h[ev]1 int]v5$ to save ! man he _h creat$4 ,he clad ,adapa 9 a m\rn]'s robe1 & %[$ him ! road to heav51 tell+ him :at he 0 to d 9 ! realm ( ,anu1 b =bidd+ him to eat or dr9k !re4 ,! gate ( heav5 0 gu>d$ by ! gods ,tammuz & ,n9-gis-zida1 :o ask$ him ! mean+ ( ! m\rn]'s g>m5t :i* he wore47#cjd7 ,:5 he answ]$ t x 0 = _! own selves1 because !y _h vani%$ f ! e>?1 _! he>ts 7 s(t5$1 & !y became 8 int]cessors ) ,anu4 ,anu li/5$1 & =gave2 b t a mortal man %\ld behold ! secrets ( heav5 & e>? 0 s contr>y to "r1 t he ord]$ ! food & wat] ( life to be (f]$ him4 ,adapa1 h[ev]1 rememb]$ ! comm&s ( ,ea1 &1 unlike ! biblical ,adam1 refus$ ! food ( immortality4 ,man rema9$ mortal1 & x 0 nev] aga9 9 8 p[] to eat ( ! tree ( life4 ,b 9 return1 sov]eignty & dom9ion 7 be/[$ ^u him1 & ,adapa became ! fa!r ( mank9d4 ,! leg5d is a ,babylonian attempt to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( dea?4 ,x is l1 & yet unlike1 ! /ory 9 ,g5esis4 ,! biblical ,adam lo/ ! gift ( immortality because 8 desire to become z ,god1 kn[+ good & evil1 _h caus$ him to be driv5 f ! ,p>adise 9 :i* grew ! tree ( life4 ,adapa1 on ! o!r h&1 0 already end[$ ) k by 8 creator ,ea1 & 8 loss ( immortality 0 due1 n to 8 disob$i5ce1 b to 8 ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ! god4 ,adam 0 bani%$ f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 8le/ he %\ld put =? 8 h& & take ( ! tree ( life1 & eat1 & live = ev]02 :ile 9 ! ,babylonian leg5d x 0 ,anu himself :o 0 reluctant t "o :o _h ent]$ ! gate ( heav5 %\ld rema9 a m]e mortal man4 ,babylonian poly!ism all[$ ! exi/5ce ( divid$ c\nsels among ! gods2 ! mono!ism ( ,israel made ?is impossible4 ,!re 0 no second ,yahveh to act 9 contradiction to ! fir/2 ,yahveh 0 at once ! creator ( man & ! ,god ( heav51 & !re 0 none to dispute ,8 w4 ,!re is no room = ,anu 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis2 & z ,ea1 ! creator ( ,adapa1 0 unwill+ t ! man he _h creat$ %\ld become an immortal god1 s ,yahveh1 ! creator ( ,adam1 simil>ly d5i$ to him ! food ( immortal life4 ,t !re is a connection betwe5 ! ,biblical /ory & ! ,babylonian leg5d is1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! geography ( ! ,biblical ,p>adise4 ,x 0 a g>d5 9 ! l& ( ,ed51 & ,ed9 0 ! ,sum]ian "n ( ! 8pla90 ( ,babylonia 9 :i* ,eridu /ood4 ,two ( ! riv]s :i* wat]$ x 7 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 ! two /reams1 9 fact1 :i* we are specially told _h be5 creat$ & nam$ by ,ea at ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,inde$1 ! "n t is giv5 to ! ,tigris 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis is its old ,sum]ian title1 :i* surviv$ 9 lat] days only 9 ! religi\s lit]ature4 ,ev5 ! /range /atem5t t 8a riv] w5t out ( ,ed510 :i* 80 p>t$ & became into f\r heads10 is expla9$ by ! cunei=m texts4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf 0 call$ 8! ,salt ,riv]10 &1 ?anks to its tides1 0 reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! f\r /reams :i* fl[$ into x f _! 8heads0 or spr+s 9 ! nor?4 ,on e>ly ,babylonian seals1 ,ea1 ! god ( ! sea1 is depict$ z p\r+ sometimes ! f\r riv]s1 sometimes only ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 f a vase t he holds 9 8 h&s4 ,ye>s ago ,i drew att5tion to a ,sum]ian hymn 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to ! g>d5 & sacr$ tree ( ,eridu1 ! ,babylonian ,p>adise 9 ! pla9 ( ,ed54 ,dr4 ,p9*es has s9ce discov]$ ! la/ l9e ( ! hymn1 9 :i* ! picture is complet$ by a m5tion ( ! riv]s :i* wat]$ ! g>d5 on ei!r side4 ,x is ?us t ! text reads-- 8,9 ,eridu a v9e7#cje7 grew ov]-%ad[+2 9 a holy place 0 x br\ght =?2 its root 0 ( bright lapis1 set 9 ! _w b5ea?4 ,! pa? ( ,ea 0 9 ,eridu17#cjf7 teem+ ) f]tility4 ,8 seat 7!re7 is ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 8 c\* is ! b$ ( ! primeval "m47#cjg7 ,into ! he>t ( its holy h\se1 :i* spreads its %ade l a =e/1 ha? no man ent]$4 ,9 its mid/ is ,tammuz1 betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s on bo? sides407#cjh7 ,! sacr$ tree ( ! g>d5 ( ,eridu 01 h[ev]1 n ! tree ( life4 ,x 0 r ! tree ( k4 ,?is is %[n by an inscription ( ,eri-,aku or ,ario*1 9 :i* he describes himself z 8! executor ( ! oracle ( ! sacr$ tree ( ,eridu40 ,p]haps x is to ! same tree t ref]5ce is made 9 a magical text1 9 :i* a man possess$ ( 8! sev5 evil spirits0 is heal$ ) ! help ( 8! tree :i* %att]s ! p[] ( ! incubus1 & ^u ^: core ! "n ( ,ea is record$407#cji7 ,b ,ea 0 n only ! god ( wisdom1 he 0 also ! god ( 8life10 & ! trees ( bo? wisdom & life might !re=e be fitly plac$ "u 8 protection4 ,:5 ,babylon became ! supreme head ( ,babylonia "u ,khammurabi & 8 successors1 ! creative functions ( ,ea 7 usurp$ by ,m]oda*4 ,a long poem celebrat+ ! glories & p[] ( ,m]oda*1 8 /ruggle ) *aos & creation ( ! _w1 &1 f9ally1 8 =mal inve/iture ) ! names & pr]ogatives ( ,ea1 has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 "p4 ,ev] s9ce its discov]y by ,mr4 ,george ,smi? x has be5 kn[n z ! ,epic ( ! ,creation1 & ! p>allelism betwe5 ! fir/ tablet compos+ x & ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis has long attract$ att5tion4 ,b ! poem is ( late date4 ,x belongs to an age ( religi\s syncretism & mat]iali/ic philosophy2 ! my?ological be+s ( popul> belief are resolv$ into cosmological pr9ciples1 & ! my?ological dress 9 :i* !y appe> has a !atrical effect4 ,! :ole poem rem9ds u ( ! /ilt$ & s\lless productions ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 :i* commonplace ideas & a prosaic philosophy masqu]ade z ,greek nymphs or ,roman gods4 ,x is only "h & !re1 z 9 ! description ( ! conte/ ) ,tiamt1 or 9 ! conclud+ l9es1--if1 inde$1 !y belong to ! poem at all1--t x rises above ! level ( dull m$iocrity4 ,b m$iocre z x may be f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 x is ( consid]able value to ! /ud5t ( ,babylonian cosmology4 ,! au?or is =tunately n orig9al1 & 8 mat]ials1 !re=e1 h be5 drawn f ! folk-lore or ! !ology ( ! pa/4 ,a welcome comm5t>y on ! fir/ tablet has be5 pres]v$1 moreov]1 9 ! ,problems & ,solutions ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 writt5 by ! philosoph] ,damascius1 ! contempor>y ( ,ju/9ian1 ^: accuracy & acqua9tance ) ,babylonian s\rces x proves4 ,un=tunately ! tablet is brok51 & ! f9al l9es ( x are consequ5tly lo/-- 8,:5 above unnam$ 0 ! heav51 ! e>? bel[ by a "n 0 uncall$1 ! primeval deep 0 _! begett]1 ! *aos ( ,tiamt 0 ! "m ( !m all4 ,_! wat]s 7 embosom$ 9 "o place1 ! corn-/alk 0 unga!r$1 ! m>%-plant ungr[n4 ,at t "t ! gods _h n appe>$1 any "o ( !m1 by no "n 7 !y call$1 no de/9y _h !y fix$4 ,!n 7 ! primeval gods creat$1 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu came =? ! fir/4 ,until !y grew up 444 ,ans> & ,kis> 7 creat$ 444 ,long 7 ! days 444 ,anu ,bel & ,ea 7 made40 ,to ! ,babylonian1 "n & exi/5ce 7 "o & ! same4 ,no?+ c\ld exi/ unless x _h a "n1 & :atev] _h a "n necess>ily exi/$4 ,t ! heav5 & e>? 7 unnam$1 !re=e1 0 equival5t to say+ t !y 7 n yet 9 be+4 ,! words ) :i* ! ,book ( ,g5esis beg9s are a curi\s contradiction ( ! /atem5t ( ! ,babylonian cosmologi/4 ,b ! contradiction illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hebrew & ! ,babylonian po9ts ( view4 ,! ,hebrew 0 n only a mono!i/2 he believ$ also t ev]y?+1 ev5 f ! beg9n+1 _h be5 made by ! "o supreme ,god2 ! ,babylonian1 on ! contr>y1 />t$ ) a mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,!re are no gods at ! outset2 ! gods !mselves h be5 creat$ l o!r ?+s2 all t exi/$ at fir/ 0 a *aos ( wat]s4 ,! ,babylonian cosmology is t ( ,g5esis )\t ! fir/ v]se4 ,! ^w ,i h r5d]$ 8*aos0 is mummu4 ,damascius expla9s x z 1 8! _w ( ?\ght0 or 8ideas40 ,x is a _w :i* has z yet no outw>d =m or cont5t1 a _w )\t matt]1 or p]haps m probably a _w 9 :i* matt] is insep>able f ?\ght4 ,& = ?is reason x is =mless2 matt] z yet _h assum$ no %ape1 !re is no s+le "p ( x :i* is s def9$ & sep>at$ f ! re/ z to receive a "n & !reby to exi/4 ,!re is no?+ b a d>k & =mless deep1 :i* c be imag9$ b n pictur$ or describ$4 ,! *aos1 h[ev]1 is a *aos ( wat]s4 ,once m1 !re=e1 we are tak5 back to ,eridu & ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & to ! cosmology :i* saw 9 ! wat] ! orig9 ( all ?+s4 ,b ! cosmology itself has be5 /rangely *ang$4 ,!re is no long] a creator god1 no long] an ,ea1 :o1 l ,yahveh1 exi/$ be=e creation1 & to :om ! e>? & its inhabitants owe _! exi/5ce4 ,he has be5 swept aside1 & an a!i/ic philosophy has tak5 8 place4 ,! my?ological g>b ( ! l>g] "p ( ! poem _c disguise ! mat]ialism ( its preface2 9 ! lat] tablets ( x ,tiamt may once m be ! dragon ( popul> imag9ation1 b ! fir/ tablet is c>eful to expla9 t ?is is b an adaptation to folk-lore & leg5d1 & t ,tiamt is really :at h] "n signifies1 ! *aos ( wat]s4 ,! process ( creation is conceiv$ ( "u ! ,semitic =m ( g5]ation4 ,! ,deep & ! *aos ( wat]s become male & female pr9ciples1 f :om o!r pairs are g5]at$4 ,! process ( g5]ation easily pass$ into ! emanation ( ! ,gno/ic sy/ems ( !osophy "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek metaphysics4 ,b ! poet ( ,babylon rema9$ true to 8 ,semitic po9t ( view2 = him creation is a process ( g5]ation r ?an ( emanation2 & ?\gh ! div9e or sup]human be+s ( ! old my?ology h become m]e primordial elem5ts1 !y are /ill male & female1 begett+ *ildr5 l m5 & gods4 ,to f9d ! elem5tal deities or pr9ciples t c\ld ?us =m l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evolution1 x 0 necess>y to fall back on ! spirits or gho/s ( ! e>ly ,sum]ian cult :o 7 ess5tially mat]ial 9 _! nature1 & _h no?+ 9 common ) ! ,semitic ,baal4 ,lakhmu & 8 consort 7 "p ( ! mon/r\s brood ( ,tiamt2 !y repres5t$ ! fir/ attempts to give =m & sub/ance to ! univ]se4 ,b ! =m 0 /ill *aotic & immature1 suitably symbolis$ by be+s1 half human & half be/ial1 :i* _h desc5d$ to ,semitic ,babylonia f ,sum]ian animism1 & ^: memory 0 kept alive by religi\s art4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu 7 foll[$ by ,an-s> & ,ki-s>1 ! upp] & l[] firmam5t4 ,! "o orig9ally d5ot$ ! _s-_w ( ! sky1 ! o!r ! _s-_w ( ! e>?47#caj7 ,!y 7 n gods 9 ! ,semitic s5se ( ! t]m4 ,b ! ,babylonian !ologians trans=m$ !m into ab/ractions1 or r into ,platonic ar*etypes ( ! heav5 & e>?4 ,_! appe>ance meant t ! _w _h at la/ tak5 =m & sub/ance2 ! reign ( *aos 0 ov]1 & limits _h be5 set :i* %\ld nev] aga9 be ov]pass$4 ,! e>? & ! sky b\nd$ & def9$ "o ano!r2 ! age ( =mlessness 0 end$1 & an ord]ly univ]se 0 be+ prep>$ fit to receive ! pres5t creation4 ,b ! "w ( prep>ation 0 a long "o1 & n until x 0 f9i%$ c\ld ! gods ( ,semitic ,babylonia be born4 ,b ev5 !y h ceas$ to be gods = ! philosophic cosmologi/4 ,!y are replac$ & repres5t$ by ! triad ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 :o ?us become m]e symbols ( ! sky1 ! e>?1 & ! wat]1 ! elem5ts :i* ,babylonian philosophy reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! pres5t _w4 ,d\btless1 did we possess ! re/ ( ! tablet1 we %\ld read h[ ! o!r 8great gods0 7 sprung f !m4 ,! lat] tablets ( ! ,epic1 :i* are devot$ to ! glorification ( ,m]oda*1 are = ! mo/ "p ( little int]e/ = ! cosmologi/4 ,!y describe at we>isome l5g? & ) t$i\s reit]ation ! *all5ge ( ,tiamt to ! gods1 ! arm+ ( ,m]oda*1 & 8 victory ov] ! dragon4 ,religions & my?ological conceptions ( all k9ds h be5 laid "u contribution1 & confus$ly m+l$ toge!r4 ,x 0 necess>y t ,m]oda*1 ! supreme god ( ,babylon1 %\ld h be5 ! creator ( ! _w2 & x 0 !re=e also necess>y t ! creative acts ( ! o!r creator gods ( ,babylonia %\ld be transf]r$ to him1 h[ev] div]se !y may h be54 ,h5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( ! poem1 ,m]oda* is describ$ z de/roy+ & creat+ by 8 ^w alone1--a cosmological conception :i* rem9ds u ( t ( ! ,egyptian s*ool ( ,h]mopolis1 :ile aft] ! de/ruction ( ,tiamt he is said to h cut h] 9 half l a flat fi%1 =m+ ! canopy ( heav5 ) "o half1 above :i* ! 8f\nta9s ( ! great deep0 7 kept firmly b>r$4 ,?is is 9 flagrant contradiction ) ! cosmogony ( ! ,introduction1 b x is probable t x 0 d]iv$ f ,nippur1 :]e ,en-lil 0 p]haps describ$ z creat+ ! heav5s & e>? 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,:5 ! creative functions ( ,en-lil 7 usurp$ by ,m]oda*1 ! old my? 0 transf]r$ to ! god ( ,babylon2 & accord+ly1 9 ! pan :i* seems to =m ! end ( ! ,epic1 ,bel ( ,nippur is decl>$ to h be/[$ ^u ,m]oda* 8 "n ( 8"l ( ! e>?10 & !re) ! p[]s & functions :i* accompani$ x4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ,tiamt1 ! dragon ( d>kness1 & ,m]oda*1 ! god ( light1 mu/ orig9ally h symbolis$ ! disp]sion ( ! black ra9-cl\d & rag+ tempe/ by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,b ! au?or ( ! poem evid5tly reg>ds x f a cosmological po9t ( view4 ,= him x is ! victory ( ord] ov] *aos1 ( ! pres5t creation ov] ! =mless _w ( ! pa/1 & ( fix$ law ov] an>*y & confusion4 ,! conception ( a law1 gov]n+ ! univ]se & unable to be brok51 lay deep 9 ! ,babylonian m9d4 ,ev5 ! gods c\ld n escape x2 !y too _h to submit to t inexorable de/9y :i* di/+ui%$ ! _w 9 :i* we live f ! _w ( *aos4 ,all !y c\ld d 0 to int]pret & reveal ! decrees ( fate2 ! decrees !mselves 7 unalt]able4 ,x 0 n ,bel :o issu$ !m2 !y 7 conta9$ 9 ! tablets ( de/9y :i* he wore on 8 brea/ z ! symbol ( 8 supremacy1 & :i* enabl$ him to pr$ict ! future4 ,^! 71 inde$1 ! ,urim & ,?ummim :i*1 l ! high prie/ ( ,israel1 he 0 privileg$ to consult47#caa7 ,:at !y did 0 n to make him ! arbit] ( =tune1 b its int]pret] & se]4 ,he le>n$ f !m h[ ! laws ( ! univ]se 7 go+ to "w1 :at de/9y _h 9 /ore = x1 & h[1 !re=e1 x 0 ne$ful to act4 ,x does n ev5 seem t 8 prevision ext5d$ beyond a ye>2 at all ev5ts1 :5 ,bel ( ,nippur _h yield$ up 8 rights to ,bel ( ,babylon1 we are told t ! latt] _h to sit ea* ,new ,ye>'s day 9 ! my/ic 8*amb] ( ! fates10 det]m9+ ! de/9y ( mank9d dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! victory ov] ,tiamt 0 foll[$ by ! assignm5t ( p>ticul> po/s 9 ! sky to ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 ,?is aga9 h>monises b ill ) ! cosmology ( ! preface to ! poem2 b ! a/ronom]s _h long s9ce divid$ ! heav5 betwe5 ! gods ( ! ,babylonian triad1 & ! hon\r ( fir/ do+ s is accord+ly assign$ to ,m]oda*4 ,!n comes an acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies-- 8,he prep>$ ! /ations ( ! great gods2 ! />s correspond+ to !m he e/abli%$ z con/ellations2 he made kn[n ! ye>1 & m>k$ out ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,?ree />s he assign$ to ea* ( ! #ab mon?s1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> till 7its7 close4 ,he e/abli%$ ! /ation ( ,jupit] t !y might "k _! b\nds1 t !y %\ld n s91 %\ld n g a/ray1 any "o ( !m4 ,! /ations ( ,bel & ,ea he fix$ along ) x4 ,he op5$ gates on bo? sides1 he /r5g!n$ 7_!7 bolts on ! left h& & ! "r2 9 ! middle he set a /aircase47#cab7 ,he made ! moon appe> illum9at+ ! night2 he e/abli%$ x z ! lum9>y ( night t ! days might be kn[n40 ,"h x w be notic$ t1 z 9 ,g5esis1 ! heav5ly bodies are reg>d$ z already 9 exi/5ce4 ,:at ! creator did 0 to e/abli% !m 9 _! /ations1 & appo9t !m to m>k & regi/] "t4 ,9 fact1 z soon z ,ans>--! upp] firmam5t--appe>$1 !y appe>$ also1 ?\gh 9 an embryonic =m4 ,m]oda* is ?us an arrang] r ?an a creator1 ! f\nd] ( a/ronomy & ! cal5d> r ?an ! mak] ( ! />s4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 t !re is no ref]5ce to ! sun2 ! sun-god c\ld h>dly fix = himself ! laws he _h to obey4 ,x has usually be5 suppos$ t ! acc\nt ( ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! />s 0 foll[$ by t ( ! creation ( animals4 ,b ! tablet on :i* ! latt] is f\nd is a m]e fragm5t1 & ,pr(essor ,zimm]n may be "r 9 ?9k+ t x belongs to a diff]5t /ory ( ! creation4 ,at any rate1 ! creation 9 x is assign$ to 8! gods0 g5]ally 89 _! assembly0 r ?an to ,m]oda* alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 ! au?or ( ! ,epic did n hesitate to introduce into x cosmological my?s & ideas :i* agre$ b badly toge!r1 & x is n likely t he w\ld h omitt$ to notice ! creation ( animate ?+s4 ,b a description ( ! creation ( ! _w1 or ev5 ( ! great /ruggle betwe5 ! gods ( light & ! dragon ( d>kness1 0 n ! ma9 purpose ( ! ,babylonian poem4 ,?is 0 ! glorification ( ! god ( ,babylon4 ,! /ory ( ! creation 0 introduc$ into x because x 0 necess>y t ! supreme god ( ! univ]se %\ld also be its creator1 & x 0 = ! same reason t ! ov]?r[ ( ! p[]s ( d>kness & an>*y 0 assign$ to ,m]oda* alone4 ,he usurp$ & absorb$ ! pr]ogatives & attributes ( ! old] gods2 _! virtues1 z x 71 pass$ to him along ) _! sov]eignty & k+dom4 ,! fact is v pla9ly express$ 9 :at appe>s to be ! conclud+ tablet ( ! ,epic4 ,"h ! names1 & !re) ! ess5tial natures1 ( ! o!r deities are =mally h&$ ov] to ,bel-,m]oda* ( ,babylon4 ,h5ce=w>d he is ackn[l$g$ 9 heav5 z well z 9 e>?1 ! supreme ,bel or ,baal ( ,semitic fai?1 ! fa!r ( gods & m54 ,ea1 ! "l ( ! deep1 & ,bel ( ,nippur1 8! "l ( ! e>?10 alike yield up to him _! p[]s2 he assumes _! names & titles2 &1 ?anks to ! c5tralis+ influ5ce ( ,babylon1 ,babylonian religion approa*es mono!ism z ne>ly z its local "* ev] all[$ x to d4 ,! creator alone c\ld rightfully claim ! wor%ip ( ! creatures he _h made4 ,b x 0 an approa* m]ely2 ! f9al /ep 0 nev] tak51 ev5 by ! m speculative !ologians ( ,babylonia1 :i* swept away ! poly!ism ( ! local cults1 & left ,m]oda* )\t a rival4 ,h]e9 lies ! great contra/ betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,hebrew conceptions ( ! creation4 ,! ,hebrew cosmology />ts f ! belief 9 "o ,god1 beside :om !re is none else1 :e!r 9 ! ord]ly _w ( to-day or 9 ! _w ( *aos t prec$$ x4 ,on its =efront /& ! words1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?40 ,!re 0 *aos1 x 0 true1 b x 0 a *aos :i* _h no exi/5ce ap>t f ,god1 :o 0 its absolute ma/] to c>ve & fa%ion z ,he w\ld4 ,! deep1 too1 0 !re2 b ! deep 0 nei!r ! imp]sonation ( ,tiamt nor ! realm ( ,ea2 ! brea? ( ! "o ,god brood$ ov] x1 await+ ! "t :5 ! creative ^w %\ld be utt]$1 & ! brea? ( ,god %\ld become ! life ( ! _w4 ,! elem5ts1 inde$1 ( ! ,hebrew cosmology are all ,babylonian2 ev5 ! creative ^w itself 0 a ,babylonian conception1 z ! /ory ( ,m]oda* has %[n u2 b ! _s t inspires ! cosmology is ! anti!sis ( t :i* inspires ! cosmologies ( ,babylonia4 ,betwe5 ! poly!ism ( ,babylonia & ! mono!ism ( ,israel a gulf is fix$ :i* _c be spann$4 ,! ,babylonian ,epic ( ! ,creation1 z we may cont9ue to call x1 sums up & incorporates ! v>i\s cosmological sy/ems & fancies t _h be5 curr5t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y are ?r[n into a my?ological =m ) a philosophical introduction4 ,we may !re=e reg>d x z embody+ ! late/ & mo/ fully elaborat$ attempt ( ! ,babylonian m9d to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,x is probably n mu* old] ?an ! age ( ! ,second ,assyrian empire1 ?\gh ! mat]ials out ( :i* x has be5 compos$ g back to ! e>lie/ days ( ,babylonian antiquity4 ,b x exemplifies ! ?ree pr9ciples or fundam5tal ideas ^u :i* ,babylonian cosmology re/$--! belief t wat] is ! primal elem5t1 ! belief 9 a lawless *aos f :i* ! pres5t _w has1 z x 71 be5 rescu$ aft] a long & fi]ce /ruggle betwe5 ! p[]s ( d>kness & light1 & a belief 9 g5]ation z ! prim>y creative =ce4 ,! doctr9e t 9 wat] we mu/ see ! s\rce ( all ?+s--a doctr9e t made its way ?r\gh ! cosmologies ( ,phnicia & ,israel into t ( ! ,greek philosoph] ,?ales--c be trac$ back to ! days :5 ,eridu 0 ! seaport ( ,babylonia1 & its inhabitants reclaim$ ! m>%l&s f ! sea1 & speculat$ on ! orig9 ( ! soil on :i* !y dwelt4 ,! belief 9 ! two creations ( d>kness & light1 ( confusion & law1 may h aris5 f ! fir/ contact betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,nippur & t ( ,eridu1 & ! endeav\r to reconcile ! antagoni/ic conceptions t und]lay !m1 & ! contr>y sy/ems ( creation :i* !y presuppos$4 ,! belief1 f9ally1 9 g5]ation z a motive =ce 0 "p ( ! religi\s h]itage t 0 common to ! ,semitic race4 ,semitic religion c5tr$ 9 a div9e family :i* correspond$ to ! family ( ! wor%ipp] on e>?2 ! gods 7 fa!rs & mo!rs1 & begat *ildr5 l ! human p>5ts1 aft] :om !y 7 modell$4 ,9 s f>1 !re=e1 z ! univ]se 0 div9e1 x too mu/ h be5 evolv$ 9 ! same fa%ion2 x 0 only :5 x ceas$ to p>take ( ! div9e nature1 & to assume its pres5t =m1 t ! god c\ld deal ) ! mat]ials ( :i* x consi/$1 z ! pott] dealt ) 8 clay2 or c\ld ev5 create by ! simple ^w ( 8 m\?1 l ! man :o simil>ly creat$ ! names ( ?+s1 & !re) ! ?+s !mselves :i* ! names d5ot$4 ,) ! rise ( philosophic speculation ! process ( div9e g5]ation became a process ( emanation4 ,! gods pass$ into m]e symbols1 or r cosmic pr9ciples & elem5ts2 !y reta9$1 inde$1 _! d\ble nature z male & female2 b t 0 all4 ,! human elem5t t once 0 9 !m disappe>$1 ! concrete became ! ab/ract4 ,mummu ,tiamt 0 expla9$ z ! _w ( immature ideas1--! simple 8appreh5sion10 we might almo/ say1 ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1--& ! fir/ ( ! 8ons0 ( ! lat] ,gno/icism 0 ?us />t$ on its way4 ,babylonian religion _h be5 n>r[ly local & an?ropomorphic2 "u ! guidance ( a cosmological philosophy x t5d$ to become an a!i/ic mat]ialism4 ,! poet :o wrote ! introduction to ! ,epic ( ! ,creation c\ld h _h b little fai? 9 ! gods & goddesses he p>ad$ on ! sc5e2 9 ! self-evolv$ univ]se ( ! s*ools !re 0 h>dly room ev5 = ! creator ,m]oda* himself4 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,! ,sacr$ ,books4 ,e organis$ religion has _h its sacr$ books4 ,!y h be5 z indisp5sable to x z an organis$ prie/hood2 inde$1 ,mohamm$anism is a pro( t ! sacr$ book is m necess>y to its exi/5ce ?an ev5 a prie/hood4 ,! sacr$ book b9ds a religion to its pa/2 x is ! ultimate au?ority to :i*1 9 matt]s ( controv]sy1 appeal c be made1 = x en%r9es ^? tea*+s ( ! pa/ ^u :i* ! fai? ( ! pres5t pr(esses to re/4 ,x rema9s fix$ & p]man5t amid ! p]petual fl[ & ebb ( human ?+s2 ! g5]ations ( m5 pass quickly away1 rites & c]emonies *ange1 ! mean+ ( symbols is =gott51 & ! human memory is weak & deceitful2 b ! writt5 ^w endures1 & ! *anges t pass ov] x are comp>atively few & slight4 ,babylonia possess$ an organis$ religion1 a religion t 0 (ficial1 & to a l>ge ext5t ! result ( an artificial comb9ation ( het]og5e\s elem5ts2 & x too1 !re=e1 necess>ily possess$ its sacr$ books4 ,b !y diff]$ ess5tially f ! sacr$ books ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,! ,egyptian liv$ = ! future life r ?an = ! pres5t1 & 8 sacr$ books 7 ,books ( ! ,dead1 int5d$ = ! guidance ( ! disembodi$ s\l 9 its j\rney ?r\gh ! o!r _w4 ,! int]e/ & c>es ( ! ,babylonian1 on ! contr>y1 7 c5tr$ 9 ! pres5t life4 ,! o!r _w 0 = him a l& ( %ad[ & =getfulness2 a dre>y _w ( d>kness & semi-consci\s exi/5ce to :i* he will+ly clos$ 8 eyes4 ,x 0 9 ?is _w t he 0 rew>d$ or puni%$ = 8 de$s1 t he _h int]c\rse ) ! gods ( light1 & t he 01 z is (t5 said 9 ! hymns1 8! son ( 8 god40 ,:at he ne$$1 accord+ly1 f 8 sacr$ books 0 guidance 9 ?is _w1 n 9 ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,! sacr$ books ( ,babylonia ?us fall into ?ree classes4 ,we h1 fir/1 ! s-call$ magical texts or incantations1 ! object ( :i* 0 to pres]ve ! fai?ful f disease & mis*ief1 to w>d (f dea?1 & to defeat ! evil arts ( ! wit* & ! sorc]]4 ,secondly1 !re are ! hymns to ! gods2 &1 la/ly1 ! p5it5tial psalms1 :i* resemble 9 _m respects ! psalms ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 7 employ$ n only by ! individual1 b also 9 seasons ( public calamity or dismay4 ,we owe ! fir/ discov]y ( ?is sacr$ lit]ature to ! g5ius ( ,franois ,l5ormant2 he x 0 :o fir/ drew att5tion to x & *>act]is$ its sev]al divisions4 ,x 0 ,franois ,l5ormant1 moreov]1 :o po9t$ out t its ne>e/ analogue 0 ! ,h9du ,v$a1 a brilliant intuition :i* has be5 v]ifi$ by subsequ5t rese>*4 ,un=tunately our k ( x is /ill exce$+ly imp]fect4 ,we are dep5d5t on ! fragm5t>y copies ( x :i* h come f ! libr>y ( ,n9eveh1 & :i* resemble ! torn leaves1 mix$ pell-mell toge!r1 t alone rema9 9 "s ,ori5tal libr>y f vani%$ manuscripts ( ! ,bible & ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,until ! great libr>ies ( ,babylonia itself are ?or\ghly explor$1 our analysis & explanation ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! c\ntry mu/ be provisional only2 ! evid5ce is defective1 & ! conclusions we draw f x mu/ ne$s be defective z well4 ,moreov]1 ! purely ritual texts1 :i* /& to ! hymns 9 ! same relation t ! ,a?>va-,v$a /&s to ! ig-,v$a1 h z yet be5 b little exam9$4 ,_! translation is difficult & obscure1 & ! c]emonies describ$ 9 !m are b half und]/ood4 ,! ritual1 nev]!less1 con/itut$ an important "p ( ! sacr$ lit]ature1 & its rubrics 7 reg>d$ ) at lea/ z mu* rev]5ce z ! rubrics ( ! ,anglican ,pray]-book4 ,d\btless ! actual words ( :i* !y consi/$ did n possess ! same magical or div9e p[] z ^? ( ! incantations & hymns1 !y 7 n--9 mod]n language--v]bally inspir$1 b !y prescrib$ rites & actions :i* _h q z div9e & au?oritative an orig9 z ! hymns !mselves4 ,!y 71 fur!rmore1 ! framework 9 :i* ! hymns & spells 7 set2 & !y all =m$ toge!r a s+le act ( div9e wor%ip1 ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* c\ld n be sep>at$ )\t endang]+ ! efficacy ( ! :ole4 ,t ! incantations 7 ! old] portion ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ,*alda1 0 p]ceiv$ by ,l5ormant4 ,!y g back to ! age ( animism1 to ! days :51 z yet1 ! multitud9\s spirits & demons ( ,sum]ian belief _h n made way = ! gods ( ,semitic ,babylonia1 or ! sorc]] & m$ic9e-man = a hi]>*y ( prie/s4 ,_! language z well z _! _s is ,sum]ian1 & ! zi or 8_s0 ( heav5 & e>? is invok$ to repel ! attack ( ! evil gho/1 or to %[] bless+s on ! head ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,!y transport u into a _w t h>monises b badly ) ! decor\s & ord]ly realm ( ! gods ( light2 x is a _w 9 :i* ! lil & ! utuk1 ! galla & ! ekimmu1 reign supreme1 & little room seems to be left = ! deities ( ! ,semitic fai?4 ,! gods !mselves1 :5 !y are introduc$ into x1 we> a new aspect4 ,ea is no long] ! creator & culture god1 b a ma/] ( magic spells2 & 8 son ,as>i displays 8 goodness t[>ds mank9d by in/ruct+ !m h[ to remove ! sorc]ies 9 :i* !y h be5 involv$1 & ! wit*]ies ) :i* !y are torm5t$4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! incantations d n all belong to ! same age4 ,! description ,i h j giv5 holds good only ( ! olde/ "p ( !m4 ,! ,sum]ian population cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,babylonia aft] ! ,semitic occupation ( ! c\ntry1 & ,sum]ian animism cont9u$ to exi/ z well4 ,by ! side ( ! high] ,semitic fai?1 ) its gods & goddesses1 its prie/hood & its cult1 ! anci5t belief 9 sorc]y & wit*craft1 9 spells & incantations1 & 9 ! gho/-_w ( ,en-lil1 fl\ri%$ among ! p4 ,& z 9 ,india1 :]e ,brahmanism has ?r[n its protection ov] ! old] cults & beliefs ( ! native tribes1 assimilat+ !m z f> z possible1 or expla9+ !m 9 accordance ) ! or?odox cre$2 s too 9 anci5t ,babylonia1 ! primeval animism ( ! p 0 tacitly recognis$ by ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 & giv5 an (ficial sanction4 ,!re 0 no decl>ation ( ho/ility t[>ds x su* z 0 made by ! religion ( ,israel2 on ! contr>y1 ! old incantations 7 pres]v$ & mod]nis$1 & ! sanctity ) :i* !y _h be5 inve/$ all[$ to rema9 unimpair$4 ,at ! same "t1 !y 7 h>monis$1 s f> z c\ld be1 ) ! (ficial cre$4 ,! gods ( ! ,/ate religion 7 introduc$ into !m1 & to ^! gods appeal 0 made r ?an to 8! _s ( heav50 & 8! _s ( e>?40 ,! spirits & gho/s ( ! night exi/$1 inde$1 b f h5ce=? !y _h to be subs]vi5t to ! deities ( ! (ficial fai?4 ,x 0 no long] ! m$ic9e-man1 b ! prie/ ( ! ,semitic deity1 :o recit$ ! incantation = ! suppliant & ! suff]]4 ,we c almo/ trace ! gr[? ( :at ,i w t]m ! ,book ( ,incantations d[n to ! "t :5 x assum$ its f9al =m4 ,x 0 no ,book1 h[ev]1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 & x is d\btful :e!r all ! collections :i* might h be5 compris$ 9 x 7 ev] comb9$ toge!r4 ,b x is conv5i5t to speak ( x 9 ! s+ul>1 s long z we rememb] t ?is is m]ely a mode ( spee*4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ea* great sanctu>y seems to h _h its own collection4 ,^! 7 add$ to f "t to "t2 "s ( !m 7 amalgamat$ toge!r1 or p>ts belong+ to "o collection 7 incorporat$ into ano!r4 ,spells :i* _h be5 f\nd effective 9 w>d+ (f disease or prev5t+ evil1 7 introduc$ into a collection :i* relat$ to ! same subject1 :atev] may h be5 _! s\rce1 & ! li/ ( gods invok$ 0 cont9ually be+ enl>g$1 9 ! hope t "s "o at lea/ among !m might give ! suff]] relief4 ,! old] collections 7 modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,/ate religion1 & ! animism t inspir$ !m accommodat$ to ! or?odox belief2 :ile new collections came into exi/5ce :i* brea!d ! lat] ,semitic _s1 & 7 drawn up "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,babylonian prie/hood4 ,hymns & ev5 p5it5tial psalms 7 embodi$ 9 !m1 l ! v]ses ( ! ,bible or ! ,quran1 :i* are /ill us$ z *>ms 9 ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an c\ntries2 & x is sometimes difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! hymn t s]v$ m]ely z an incantation & ! hymn t 0 *ant$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,inde$1 incantatory =mul are n unfrequ5tly int]mix$ ) ! words ( ! hymn or psalm1 produc+ t grotesque & emb>rass+ m$ley ( exalt$ spiritual ?\ght & /upid sup]/ition :i* s (t5 meets u 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia4 ,h[ late "s ( ! collections are 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion1 may be judg$ f ! fact t a "t came :5 ! old ,sum]ian language 0 no long] consid]$ necess>y to ensure ! efficacy ( ! *>m1 & collections ( incantations 7 made 9 ! ,semitic language ( lat] ,babylonia4 ,criticism w h]eaft] h to sift & di/+ui% ^! collections "o f ! o!r1 &1 above all1 det]m9e ! e>li] & lat] elem5ts conta9$ 9 ea*4 ,at pres5t su* a task is impossible4 ,few1 if any1 ( ! collections h come d[n to u 9 a p]fect /ate2 !re are _m m1 d\btless1 :i* future rese>* w h]eaft] br+ to light2 & z long z we are dep5d5t solely on ! copies made = ! libr>y ( ,n9eveh1 )\t be+ able to comp>e !m ) ! old] texts ( ! ,babylonian libr>ies1 ! prim>y condition ( sci5tific inve/igation is want+4 ,nev]!less !re are c]ta9 collections :i* /& out m>k$ly f among ! re/4 ,!y display features ( great] antiquity1 & ! animism presuppos$ by !m is b ?9ly disguis$4 ,x is comp>atively easy to sep>ate 9 !m ! new] & old] elem5ts1 :i* h little 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,mo/ ( !m po9t to ,eridu z ! s\rce f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$1 ?\gh !re are o!rs ! orig9 ( :i* is probably to be s\ght at ,nippur4 ,9 ^! old] incantations ! gods ( ! (ficial cult are abs5t1 except :]e _! names h be5 viol5tly foi/$ 9 at a lat] date1 & _! place is tak5 by ! spirits or gho/s ( e>ly ,sum]ian belief4 ,! ,zi or 8_s ( ! sky10 8! _s ( ! e>?10 8! _s ( ,ans> & ,kis>10 su* are ! sup]human p[]s t are invok$1 & to :om ! wor%ipp] turns 9 8 extremity4 ,ev5 :5 we come across a "n t is borne by "o ( ! deities ( ! lat] ,babylonian religion1 we f9d t x is ! "n n ( a god1 b ( a d5iz5 ( ! gho/-_w4 8,o _s ( ,zikum1 "m ( ,ea10 we read 9 "o place2 8,o _s ( ,n9a1 daught] ( ,ea02 8,o _s1 div9e "l ( ! "m-fa!r ( ,en-lil2 ,o _s1 div9e lady ( ! "m-fa!r ( ,n9-lil02 8,o _s ( ! moon1 ,o _s ( ! sun1 ,o _s ( ! ev5+ />60 ,!re is z yet nei!r ,bel ( ,nippur1 nor ,s9 & ,samas & ,i/>2 ! sorc]] kn[s only ( ! spirits t animate ! univ]se1 & br+ good & evil ^u mank9d4 ,no?+ c be m /rik+ ?an ! enum]ation ( ! div9e p[]s to :om ! pray] is direct$1 9 an incantation ( :i* ,i h giv5 ! translation 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures 7p4 #dej sqq47-- 8,:e!r x be ! _s ( ! div9e "l ( ! e>?s2 or ! _s ( ! div9e lady ( ! e>?s2 or ! _s ( ! div9e "l ( ! />s2 or ! _s ( ! div9e lady ( ! />s2 or ! _s ( ! div9e "l ( prog5ies2 or ! _s ( ! div9e lady ( prog5ies2 or ! _s ( ! div9e "l ( 4442 or ! _s ( ! div9e lady ( 4442 or ! _s ( ! div9e "l ( ! holy m\nd 7,ea72 or ! _s ( ! div9e lady ( ! holy m\nd 7,damk9a72 or ! _s ( ! div9e "l ( ! dayspr+ ( life2 or ! _s ( ! div9e lady ( ! dayspr+ ( life2 or ! _s ( ! div9e *ant] ( ! _s-ho/s 7,en-me-s>ra72 or ! _s ( ! div9e *antress ( ! _s-ho/s407#cac7 ,ev5 ! ^w 8div9e10 :i* ,i h us$ "h 9 default ( any?+ bett]1 imports !ological ideas into ! texts :i* 7 really =eign to !m4 ,! orig9al means no?+ m ?an 8sup]human0 or p]haps 8non-human02 ! ,sum]ian t]m is dimm]1 ( :i* dimme1 8a gho/10 & dimmea1 8a spectre10 are b o!r =ms2 & ! ideograph by :i* x is symbolis$ is an eight-ray$ />47#cad7 8,! div9e "l0 & 8div9e lady0 ( ! incantation are b ! lil & its h&maid "u ano!r guise2 !y are m]ely ! gho/-l spirits :o display !mselves at night 9 ! po9ts ( light t tw9kle & move ?r\gh ! sky4 ,! !ologians ( a lat] day amus$ !mselves by catalogu+ ! ,sum]ian names ( ! spirits invok$ 9 ! anci5t incantations1 & trans=m+ !m into titles ( ! deities ( ! (ficial pan!on4 ,! same process _h be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,semitic translations :i* 7 add$ to ! incantatory texts4 ,! _s ( ! sun became ,samas1 ! _s ( ! ev5+ /> became ,i/>4 ,en-lil ( ,nippur 0 transmut$ into ,bel1 & ,n9-lil1 ! lady ( ! gho/-_w1 into ,bilat or ,beltis4 ,! process 0 facilitat$ by ! *anges und]gone at ,eridu by ! magical texts !mselves1 ev5 be=e ! days ( ,semitic influ5ce4 ,m>itime int]c\rse ) o!r l&s _h already deeply affect$ ! !ology ( ,eridu2 ! crude animism ( an e>li] epo* _h made way = ! conception ( a culture-god :o taught m5 ! elem5ts ( civilisation1 & wrote books = _! in/ruction4 ,he 0 /ill a 8_s0 r ?an a god 9 ! ,semitic s5se ( ! ^w1 b he 0 a _s :o _h em]g$ above ! re/1 :o _h acquir$ ^? family ties :i* =m$ ! v f\ndation ( civilis$ life1 & to :om ! creation ( ! _w 0 due4 ,ea 0 n inde$ a ,baal1 b he 0 already on ! way to become a god 9 human =m4 ,at ! same "t1 bo? ,ea & 8 son ,as>i /ill appe> 9 animal %ape4 ,as>i is1 x is true1 8! b5efactor ( man10 b he is also 8! mighty "o ( ! pr9cely gazelle10 & ev5 8! gazelle0 himself2 :ile ,ea is 8! antelope ( ! deep10 or m simply 8! antelope407#cae7 ,at o!r times he is ! 8"l ( ! e>?0 :i* he has creat$1 or ! 8k+0 ( t 8holy m\nd0 ( wat]s :i* rose up aga9/ ! sky l a m\nta91 & beh9d :i* ! sun appe>$ at dawn4 ,! titles t he be>s po9t unmi/akably to ,eridu4 ,"h alone ,ea 0 ! creator ( ! e>?1 & "h too1 9 ! temple ( ! god1 0 a lik5ess ( t 8holy m\nd0 :]eon ! future de/9ies ( mank9d 7 decl>$4 ,! olde/ incantations :i* h come d[n to u mu/ h be5 compos$ at ,eridu 9 ! days ( its ,sum]ian animism4 ,!re are o!r div9e or semi-div9e names 9 !m :i* tell ! same tale4 ,! pure wat]s :i* heal ! sick & de/roy ! p[] ( wit*craft are br\ght by ! wat]-_s ,n9-akha-kudda1 8! mi/ress ( spells10 :om ! !ologians ( a lat] "t trans=m$ into a daught] ( ,ea4 ,bau1 too1 ! heif] ( ! city ( ,is917#caf7 appe>s along ) ! wat]-_s4 ,l ,zikum1 %e 0 ! "m ( ,ea & 8! g5]atress ( mank9d10 & %e %>$ ) ,as>i ! hon\rs ( ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival4 ,b ,bau1 x w\ld seem1 0 n orig9ally f ,eridu4 ,%e _h come !re f a neighb\r+ city1 & h] pres5ce 9 ! incantations is a pro( t ev5 9 ^! olde/ monum5ts ( a sacr$ lit]ature we are /ill f> f ! beg9n+s ( ,babylonian religion4 ,at ,nippur x 0 ! gho/s & vampires1 :o _h _! habitation b5ea? ! gr\nd1 t 7 objects ( t]ror to ! m5 :o liv$ ^u x4 ,at ,eridu ! demons 7 r ! rag+ w9ds & /orm-cl\ds :i* la%$ ! wat]s ( ,ea into fury1 & seem$ = a "t to trans=m 8 k+dom into a *aos ( lawless de/ruction4 ,! fi%]man p]i%$ 9 8 b>k1 :ile ! salt waves inundat$ ! l& & ravag$ ! fields ( ! husb&man4 ,x 0 "h1 on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 t ! /ory ( ! great flood 0 p]haps fir/ ?r[n into lit]>y =m1 & t conception ( ! univ]se grew up :i* f\nd its la/ expression 9 ! leg5d ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,m]oda* & ! =ces ( an>*y4 ,at any rate x 0 "h t ! spirits ( evil 7 pictur$ z ! sev5 evil demons 9 :om ! tempe/ 01 z x 71 inc>nat$-- 8,sev5 are !y1 sev5 are !y1 9 ! holl[ ( ! deep sev5 are !y6 ,gleams 787 ( ! sky are ^? sev54 ,9 ! holl[ ( ! deep1 9 a palace1 !y grew up4 ,male !y are n1 female !y are n4 ,de/ructive :irlw9ds are !y4 ,wife !y h n1 *ild !y beget n2 compassion & m]cy !y d n "k4 ,pray] & supplication he> !y n4 ,horses br$ 9 ! m\nta9s are !y4 ,unto ,ea are !y ho/ile4 ,! ?rone-be>]s ( ! gods are !y4 ,to "w mis*ief 9 ! /reet !y settle 9 ! highway4 ,evil are !y1 evil are !y6 ,sev5 are !y1 sev5 are !y1 sev5 twice aga9 are !y60 ,! sev5 evil spirits play$ an important "p 9 ! demonology ( anci5t ,eridu1 & e*oes ( x survive 9 ! lat] lit]ature4 ,!y 7 ev5 transmut$ into a god1 & unifi$ 9 8 p]son "u ! "n ( 8! div9e sev5027#cag7 :ile ! la/ mon? ( ! ye>1 ! /ormy ,ad>1 0 d$icat$ to !m4 ,b 9 e>li] days x ne$$ all ! wisdom ( ,ea to c\nt]act _! wick$ devices4 ,! fire-god himself 0 s5t to drive !m f _! victims1 & to disclose _! nature & orig9-- 8,9 ! m\nta9 ( ! sunset1 x is said1 8^? sev5 7 born20 9 ! m\nta9 ( ! sunrise ^? sev5 grew up2 9 ! holl[s ( ! e>? !y h _! dwell+2 on ! high-places ( ! e>? _! names are proclaim$4 ,z = !m1 9 heav5 & e>? !y h no dwell+1 hidd5 is _! "n4 ,among ! s5ti5t gods !y are n kn[n4 ,_! "n 9 heav5 & e>? exi/s n4 ,^? sev5 f ! m\nta9 ( ! sunset gallop =?1 ^? sev5 9 ! m\nta9 ( ! sunrise are b\nd to re/4 ,9 ! holl[s ( ! e>? !y set ! foot2 on ! high-places ( ! e>? !y lift ! neck4 ,!y by n\ght are kn[n2 9 heav5 & e>? !re is no k ( !m40 ,! hymn or incantation :i* ?us describes !m belongs to a late p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion4 ,! animism ( primitive times has be5 replac$ by ! gods & goddesses ( ! lat] (ficial fai?4 ,b ! belief 9 ! sev5 evil spirits /ill l+]$1 n only 9 ! popul> m9d1 b also 9 ! ranks ( ! (ficial hi]>*y2 & x 0 /ill rememb]$ t !y _h be5 at ! outset ! spirits ( ! tempe/1 born 9 ! clefts ( ! rav9e or on ! /ormy m\nta9-top1 f :5ce !y issu$ l wild horses4 ,! flame ( sacrifice c\ld alone av]t _! onset1 & incantations 7 /ill compos$ "u (ficial sanction1 ) ! help ( :i* !y might be driv5 away4 ,! fact %[s to h[ late an epo* ! composition ( spells & incantatory hymns may come d[n1 ev5 :5 ! atmosph]e !y brea! is /ill t ( ,eridu1 & ! language 9 :i* !y are writt5 is /ill ! sacr$ ,sum]ian4 ,b !re are collections ( magical hymns & =mul :i* are ev5 yet lat] 9 date4 ,! eight books ( ! s-call$ ,maql or 8,burn+0 collection are writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 ,semitic ,babylonian27#cah7 & ?\gh two out ( ! n9e books ( ano!r collection--t ( ! ,surpu or 8,consum+ ,fev]0--are bil+ual1 !y h be5 cle>ly translat$ f ! m orig9al ,babylonian into ,sum]ian1 l ! ,lat9 ex]cises ( to-day47#cai7 ,! (ficial canon ( ! magical texts1 9 fact1 0 long 9 =mation1 & did n assume its f9al %ape until ! age ( ,khammurabi or lat]1 ev5 ?\gh its roots g back to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,babylonia1 to ! age ( animism & ! m$ic9e-man1 :5 ! ,sum]ian 0 /ill dom9ant 9 ! l&1 & ! ,semitic nomad or trad] 0 cont5t to le>n f him ! elem5ts ( civilisation4 ,! (ficial canon _h be5 collect$ toge!r f all sides4 ,mo/ ( ! great sanctu>ies ( ! c\ntry _h probably contribut$ to x2 9 mo/1 if n 9 all1 ( !m !re mu/ h be5 magical rituals :i* _h gr[n up "u ! c>e & sup]vision ( ! prie/hood1 & 9 :i* ! old beliefs ( ! p 7 discipl9$ & h>monis$ ) ! dogmas ( ! ,/ate cre$4 ,up to ! la/1 "o ( ! classes into :i* ! prie/hood 0 divid$ 0 kn[n z ! ni or 8,*ant]s10 ^: "n 0 d]iv$ f ! ,sum]ian n1 8an incantation40 ,x is ?is ^w :i* is prefix$ to ! *>ms & incantatory hymns t con/itute s integral a "p ( ! magical texts2 & ?\gh 9 c\rse ( "t x came to d5ote little m ?an 8recitation10 x 0 a recitation :i* possess$ magical p[]s1 & = :i*1 !re=e1 a special tra9+ 0 necess>y4 ,a s+le mi/ake 9 pronunciation or intonation1 a s+le sub/itution ( "o ^w = ano!r1 0 suffici5t to de/roy ! *>m & necessitate ! repetition ( ! c]emony4 ,"s ( ! incantations _h ev5 to be recit$ 9 a :isp]1 l c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,roman missal2 & a :ole s]ies or collection is accord+ly t]m$ ! ritual ( 8! :isp]$ *>m10 rem9d+ u ( ! passage 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah :]e ! prophet ref]s to 8! wiz>ds t peep & t mutt]407#cbj7 ,by ! side ( ! 8,book ( ,incantations0--:e!r x ev] exi/$ or n--!re 0 ano!r sacr$ book conta9+ hymns to ! gods4 ,"h1 aga91 x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ! v>i\s collections ( hymns compil$ = use 9 ! great sanctu>ies ( ! c\ntry 7 ev] comb9$ toge!r & incorporat$ into a s+le volume4 ,! t5d5cy to religi\s c5tralisation & unification 9 ,babylonia 0 arre/$ be=e x c\ld produce 9 religion :at ! sev5ty-two books ( ! 8,illum9ation ( ,bel0 7 = a/ronomy & a/rology1 a compilation 9 :i* ! obs]vations ( ! pa/ 7 collect$ & br\ght toge!r47#cba7 ,babylon1 despite its political pr$om9ance1 nev] succe$$ 9 absorb+ ! religi\s cults ( ! m v5]able sanctu>ies ( ! c\ntry2 ! hi/orical cons]vatism ( ! p 0 too /rong1 & ev5 ,nabonidos 0 =c$ to lavi% gifts on ! %r9e ( ! sun-god at ,sipp>a z well z ^u t ( ,m]oda* at ,babylon4 ,! prie/hood ( ,babylon 7 cont5t to be *ief among _! pe]s2 !re 0 no mono!i/ic zeal to sweep away ! rival temples1 & ! int5sely localis$ "* ( ,babylonian religion prev5t$ ! rise ( mono!ism4 ,& )\t religi\s c5tralisation a common s]vice-book & canon are n v probable4 ,p]haps1 moreov]1 ! hymns to ! gods 7 too long 9 deta*+ !mselves f ! magical ritual1 & too late 9 acquir+ a sacr$ "* ( _! own1 to atta9 ! same degree ( div9e au?ority z ! incantations4 ,_m ( !m are n only 9 ,semitic ,assyrian1 b 7 compos$ z late z ! reigns ( ! la/ ,assyrian k+s1 :ile ev5 ^? :i* are bil+ual seem to h be5 9 _m cases ! "w ( ,semitic poets1 ! ,sum]ian text be+ a translation f ! ,semitic into ! sacr$ language ( !ology4 ,at ! same "t1 ,l5ormant 0 n f> wrong 9 comp>+ ! religi\s hymns ( ,*alda ) ^? ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,l ! latt]1 !y belong to diff]5t p]iods ( "t1 & comprise poems z unlike "o ano!r z w>-songs & incantations & philosophic addresses to ! gods4 ,moreov]1 z 9 ! case ( ! incantations1 !re 7 collections ( hymns address$ to ! god or gods ( ! sanctu>y 9 ^: s]vice !y 7 us$4 ,?us _m ( !m belong to a collection t mu/ h be5 made = ! temple ( ! sun-god at ,sipp>a or ,l>sa2 all alike are address$ to ! sun-god1 ! supreme judge ( mank9d2 & ! language t is us$ ( him is ! same 9 ea*4 ,o!r hymns celebrate ! moon-god ( ,ur1 :ile o!rs belong to ,nippur or to ! sanctu>y ( ,m]oda* at ,babylon4 ,! hymn to ! god 0 z mu* a necess>y portion ( div9e s]vice z ! incantation or ! c]emonial rite4 ,! ritual texts tell u h[ & :5 x 0 employ$4 ,?us on ! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> ! s]vice 9 ! temple ( ,bel-,m]oda* 0 op5$ by a hymn 9 hon\r ( 8 ark2 & on ! second ( ,nisan ! prie/ 0 ord]$ to g d[n to ! ,euphrates at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ h\r ( ! night1 & !n1 aft] putt+ on ! prescrib$ ve/m5t1 & tak+ ! wat]s ( ! riv] 9 8 h&1 to 8ent] into ! pres5ce ( ,bel10 & !re recite a long hymn 9 praise ( ! god4 ,! hymn clos$ ) a pray]-- 8,%[ m]cy to ?y city ( ,babylon2 to -,saggil ?y temple incl9e ?y face2 grant ! pray]s ( ?y p ! sons ( ,babylon60 ,b !re is yet ano!r pro( ( ! sacr$ "* t atta*$ itself to ! hymns4 ,_m ( !m 7 employ$ z incantations4 ,n only 7 !y introduc$ into ! magical texts1 l ! v]ses ( ! ,bible :5 us$ z *>ms1 b ! magical elem5t 0 ins]t$ 9 ! hymn itself4 ,! address to ! deity 0 comb9$ ) spells & incantations1 produc+ a confus$ m$ley ( spiritual expressions & grovell+ sup]/ition t is at once repell5t & grotesque to our mod]n notions4 ,! hymn1 moreov]1 is prefac$ by ! ^w n or 8incantation10 :i* makes its words z au?oritative & unalt]able z ! re/ ( ! magical ritual4 ,! same sacr$ness t inve/s ! latt] inve/s also ! hymn4 ,! hymn1 9 %ort1 is z mu* v]bally inspir$ z ! incantation or spell2 inde$1 betwe5 ! hymn & ! incantation no cle> l9e ( dem>cation 0 drawn by ! ,babylonian1 & x is que/ionable :e!r he w\ld h recognis$ t !re 0 any su* l9e at all4 ,x 0 9 ! use t 0 made ( !m1 & n 9 _! ess5tial nature1 t ! hymn to ! god & ! incantation diff]$ f "o ano!r4 ,& z animism prec$$ ! (ficial religion ( ,babylonia1 & ! belief 9 spirits prec$$ ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 s too did ! incantation prec$e ! hymn4 ,! sacr$ness t 0 acquir$ by ! hymn 0 orig9ally reflect$ f ! incantation2 x 0 n ! cont5ts ( ! hymn1 b ! actual words ( :i* x 0 compos$1 t gave x its sacr$ & au?oritative "*1 & consecrat$ its employm5t by ! prie/ly ca/e4 ,x is accord+ly ) good reason t ,i h describ$ ! hymns1 l ! incantations prop]1 z v]bally inspir$4 ,! inspiration lay 9 ! words m ?an 9 ! s5se !y convey$2 an error ( pronunciation 0 m fatal ?an a misund]/&+ ( _! mean+4 ,z long z ! words 7 recit$ correctly1 x matt]$ little :e!r ei!r prie/ or p und]/ood precisely :at !y meant4 ,i h already 9 an e>li] lecture quot$ "s l9es f ! hymn to ! moon-god :i* 0 probably compos$ = ! s]vices 9 ! great temple ( ,ur4 ,! hymns 9 hon\r ( ! sun-god are mu* m num]\s1 & =m$ "p ( a collection :i* seems to h be5 made by ! prie/s ( ,bit-,uri1 ! temple ( ! sun-god at ,sipp>a4 ,! sun-god !y celebrate is ! incorruptible 8judge ( mank9d10 ! rew>d] ( ! innoc5t & ! puni%] ( ! guilty1 :o sees all t is done on e>?1 & acts t[>ds ^? :o call ^u him ) ju/ice & m]cy4 8,o "l1 we read 9 "o ( !m17#cbb7 8illum9ator ( ! d>kness1 op5] ( ! sickly face10 m]ciful god1 :o sette? up ! fall51 :o helpe? ! weak1 unto ?y light look ! great gods1 ! spirits ( e>? all gaze ^u ?y face4 ,tongues 9 unison l a s+le ^w ?\ directe/1 smit+ _! heads !y look to ! light ( ! mid-day sun4 ,l a wife ?\ /&e/1 glad & gladd5+4 ,?\ art _! light 9 ! vault ( ! f>-(f heav54 ,?\ art ! object ( _! gaze 9 ! broad e>?4 ,m5 f> & ne> behold !e & rejoice60 ,! language ( ano!r hymn is 9 a simil> /ra9-- 8,direct ! law ( ! multitudes ( mank9d6 ,?\ art et]nal righte\sness 9 ! heav5s6 ,?\ art ( fai?ful judgm5t t[>ds all ! _w6 ,?\ kn[e/ :at is "r1 ?\ kn[e/ :at is wrong4 ,o sun-god1 righte\sness ha? lift$ up its foot6 ,o sun-god1 wick$ness ha? be5 cut d[n z ) a knife6 ,o sun-god1 ! m9i/] ( ,anu & ,bel art ?\6 ,o sun-god1 ! judge supreme ( heav5 & e>? art ?\6 ,o "l ( ! liv+ creation1 ! pitiful "o 7:o directe/7 ! _w6 ,o sun-god1 on ?is day purify & illum9e ! k+ ! son ( 8 god6 ,:atev] worke? evil 9 8 body let x be tak5 away6 ,cleanse him l ! goblet ( ! ,zoganes6 ,illum9e him l a cup ( ghee2 l ! copp] ( a poli%$ tablet let him be made bright6 ,release him f ! ban607#cbc7 ,! la/ words illu/rate t /range mixture ( spiritual ?\ght & ! arts ( ! sorc]] to :i* ,i h m ?an once allud$4 ,! hymns to ! sun-god 7 n yet emancipat$ f ! magical beliefs & c]emonies 9 :i* !y _h _h _! orig92 !y 7 /ill incantations r ?an hymns 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! collection to :i* !y belong$ mu/ h be5 us$ by ! class ( prie/s kn[n z 8,*ant]s0 or 8,en*ant]s10 :o _h succe$$ to ! sorc]]s & m$ic9e-m5 ( ! pre-,semitic pa/2 & ! fact expla9s h[ x is t 9 _m ( !m we h an alt]nat+ antiphonal s]vice1 portions ( !m be+ recit$ by ! prie/ & o!r portions by ! wor%ipp]4 ,9 "s in/ances1 inde$1 ! v]ses seem to h be5 alt]nately inton$ by ! prie/ & ! assi/ant m9i/]s1 l ! canticles or psalms 9 ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip ( to-day4 ,! practice _h its orig9 9 ! magical ritual1 :]e ! sorc]] fir/ recit$ ! incantation1 & !n call$ ^u ! individual to repeat x once or (t5] aft] him4 ,x is ano!r pro( ( ! intimate connection t exi/$ betwe5 ! hymns & ! incantations out ( :i* !y _h sprung2 l ! ,v$a or ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! sacr$ books ( anci5t ,*alda mix$ magic & ! spiritual wor%ip ( ! gods toge!r 9 a confusion :i* seems to u difficult to und]/&4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! p5it5tial psalms :i* con/itute ! ?ird division ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ,babylonia4 ,9 _m respects !y resemble ! psalms ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,l !m !y are int5d$ = public use1 9 spite ( _! individuali/ic =m2 ! individual repres5ts ! community1 & at times x is ! national calamity & ! national s9 to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,aft] ! revolt & reconque/ ( ,babylon by ,assur-bani-pal1 :5 ! city 0 /ill pollut$ by ! corpses ( ^? :o _h p]i%$ by fam9e or ! sword1 ! prophets7#cbd7 ord]$ t its %r9es & temple-roads %\ld be purifi$1 t its 8wra?ful gods & angry goddesses0 %\ld be 8appeas$ by pray]s & p5it5tial psalms10 & t !n1 & only !n1 ! daily sacrifices 9 ! temples %\ld be (f]$ once m47#cbe7 ,d\btless ! p5it5tial psalms 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! spontane\s outp\r+ ( ! he>t ( ! individual2 x 0 8 suff]+s t !y depict$1 & 8 s9s t !y deplor$2 b z soon z !y _h be5 introduc$ into ! wor%ip ( ! temple1 & become "p ( ! public cult1 ! individual elem5t 9 !m fell into ! backgr\nd1 & 9 ! s9s & suff]+s ( ! individual bo? prie/ & laity saw ^? ( ! :ole community4 ,l ! ,hebrew psalms1 aga91 !y express ! belief t s9 is ! cause ( suff]+ & calamity1 & t x c be remov$ by p5it5ce & pray] to ! (f5d$ deity4 ,b :]eas ! ,hebrew mono!i/ knew ( "o ,god only :o c\ld inflict puni%m5t & li/5 to ! rep5tant words ( ! s9n]1 ! ,babylonian poly!i/ 0 di/ract$ by ! unc]ta9ty z to :at p>ticul> div9ity he _h (f5d$1 & to :om1 !re=e1 8 p5it5t appeal %\ld be address$4 ,9 ! p5it5tial psalms1 accord+ly1 x is ! vague & g5]al 8god0 & 8goddess0 t are invok$1 r ?an a p>ticul> deity4 ,x is only occasionally t ! names ( special gods are introduc$1 & !n a long li/ ( !m is sometimes giv51 9 ! hope t among !m might be ! div9ity ^: ang] _h be5 excit$1 & ^: wra? ! suff]] 0 eag] to appease4 ,s91 x mu/ be rememb]$1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,babylonian includ$ a good deal m ?an moral wrong-do+4 ,!re 7 ritual s9s z well z moral s9s1 (f5ces aga9/ ! c]emonial law z well z aga9/ ! moral or spiritual code4 ,! s9 0 n unfrequ5tly involunt>y1 & ! suff]] did n ev5 "k 9 :at p>ticul> respect he _h (f5d$ aga9/ ! div9e laws4 ,x may h be5 ! eat+ ( =bidd5 food1 su* z t :i* drove ,adam & ,eve f ! s9less g>d5 ( ,p>adise4 ,or1 aga91 x may h be5 a real s91 a s9 ( ?\ght & ^w committ$ 9 ! secrecy ( ! he>t4 8,0 he frank 9 speak+10 x is ask$ 9 a confession :i* is put into ! m\? ( a suppliant1 8b false 9 he>t8 ,0 x #8yes' ) 8 m\?1 b #8no' 9 8 he>t80 ,s f> z ! puni%m5t 0 conc]n$1 little di/9ction 0 made betwe5 moral & c]emonial s92 bo? 7 visit$ alike1 & ! s9 ( ignorance 0 puni%$ z sev]ely z ! s9 t 0 committ$ ) delib]ate int5t4 ,! recitation ( ! p5it5tial psalms 0 accompani$ by fa/+4 8,food ,i h n eat510 ! p5it5t is made to say1 8pure wat] ,i h n drunk40 ,&1 z 9 ! case ( ! incantations & hymns1 ! recitation 0 antiphonal4 ,portions ( ! psalms 7 recit$ by ! prie/1 :o act$ z ! m$iator betwe5 ! p5it5t & ! (f5d$ deity2 o!r portions by ! p5it5t himself1 or a *oir ( att5dant m9i/]s4 ,! ideas :i* _h be5 associat$ ) ! use ( ! incantations /ill dom9at$ ! public cult4 ,inde$1 ! p5it5tial psalm sometimes v ne>ly approa*es ! incantation 9 "*4 ,on ! "o side1 x is difficult to di/+ui% f ! psalm a confession l t f :i* ,i quot$ j n[1 & :i* nev]!less =ms "p ( a magical ritual2 on ! o!r side1 ! psalm itself at times deg5]ates into ! language ( magic4 ,babylonia nev] %ook (f ! influ5ce ( ^? collections ( incantations :i* con/itut$ its fir/ sacr$ book1 & gave x its fir/ conception ( a div9ely-inspir$ lit]ature2 up to ! la/ ! desc5dants ( ! old m$ic9e-man occupi$ a recognis$ place 9 ! prie/ly hi]>*y1 & ! 8,*ant]0 & 8,augur0 /ood on ! same foot+ z ! 8prophet0 & ! 8prie/40 ,p]haps x 0 ! same influ5ce :i* dem&$ t ! language ( ! p5it5tial psalm %\ld be ! ext9ct ,sum]ian4 ,t "s ( ! psalms w5t back to ,sum]ian times & 7 compos$ by ,sum]ians 9 _! own tongue1 ,i h little d\bt2 b x seems also unque/ionable t _m ( ! psalms :i* h come d[n to u 7 ( ,semitic orig91 ! ,sum]ian v]sion atta*$ to !m be+ really a translation ( ! orig9al ,semitic text4 ,at all ev5ts1 p5it5tial psalms 7 writt5 9 lat] times 9 ,assyria1 ^: au?ors ei!r did n c>e or did n "k h[ to provide !m ) a ,sum]ian text4 ,x may be t !y did n possess ! same sacr$ au?ority z ! old] psalms1 b1 l ! latt]1 !y 7 us$ 9 ! public s]vices ( ! nor!rn k+dom ) ! au?orisation ( ! k+4 ,! k+ 9 ,assyria1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ex]cis$ ! influ5ce t 0 wield$ by ! prie/hood 9 ! s\!rn k+dom4 ,! ,assyrian psalms1 9 fact1 7 l our mod]n hymns2 ! sanctity t surr\nd$ ! old] p5it5tial psalms ( ,babylonia 0 inde$ d5i$ !m1 b !y bett] suit$ ! new] age & ! "* ( ! ,assyrian p1 & !re 0 no omnipot5t prie/hood to =bid _! introduction into ! public cult4 ,!y /ood1 x is true1 outside ! sacr$ canon ( ,babylonia1 9 ! s5se t no dogmas ( religion c\ld be built on !m1 & x is probable t !y nev] receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,babylonian prie/s2 b = all t ! _s !y brea! is t ( ! old] psalms2 & _h ! ,assyrian empire la/$ long]1 x is possible t !y too might h become a sacr$ book4 ,i w conclude my lecture ) "o ( ! p5it5tial psalms1 :i*1 we are told1 might be address$ 8to any god0-- 8,! he>t ( my "l is wro?2 may x be appeas$6 ,may ! god t ,i "k n be pacifi$6 ,may ! goddess :om ,i "k n be pacifi$6 ,may ! god ,i "k & 7! god7 ,i "k n be pacifi$6 ,may ! goddess ,i "k & 7! goddess7 ,i "k n be pacifi$6 ,may ! he>t ( my god be appeas$6 ,may ! he>t ( my goddess be appeas$6 ,may ! god & ! goddess ,i "k & ,i "k n be pacifi$6 ,may ! god 7:o has smitt5 me be pacifi$76 ,may ! goddess 7:o has smitt5 me be pacifi$76 ,! s9 t 7,i s9n$7 ,i knew n2 ! s9 7t ,i committ$ ,i knew n74 ,! ^w ( bless+ 7may my god pron\nce ^u me72 a "n ( bless+ 7may ! god ,i "k & ,i "k n7 record = me6 ,! ^w ( bless+ 7may ! goddess pron\nce ^u me76 ,food ,i h n eat51 pure wat] ,i h n drunk4 ,an (f5ce aga9/ my god unkn[+ly h ,i committ$2 an (f5ce aga9/ my goddess unkn[+ly ,i h wr\ght4 ,o "l1 my s9s are _m1 my transgressions are great6 ,o my god1 my s9s are _m1 my transgressions are great6 ,o my goddess1 my s9s are _m1 my transgressions are great6 ,o god :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n1 my s9s are _m1 my transgressions are great6 ,o goddess :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n1 my s9s are _m1 my transgressions are great6 ,! s9 t ,i s9n$ ,i knew n1 ! transgression ,i committ$ ,i knew n4 ,! (f5ce ,i committ$ ,i knew n1 ! (f5ce t ,i wr\ght ,i knew n4 ,! "l 9 ! wra? ( 8 he>t has reg>d$ me2 god has visit$ me 9 ! ang] ( 8 he>t2 ! goddess has be5 viol5t aga9/ me1 & has put me to grief4 ,! god :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n has oppress$ me1 ! goddess :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n has br\ght sorr[ ^u me4 ,i s\ght = help1 & none took my h&2 ,i wept1 & none /ood at my side2 ,i cri$ al\d1 & !re 0 none t he>d me4 ,i am 9 tr\ble & hid+1 & d>e n look up4 ,to my god1 ! m]ciful "o1 ,i turn myself1 ,i utt] my pray]1 ! feet ( my goddess ,i kiss & wat] ) te>s4 ,to ! god :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n ,i utt] my pray]4 ,o "l1 look ^u 7me2 receive my pray]76 ,o goddess1 look ^u 7me2 receive my pray]76 ,o goddess :om ,i "k 7& :om ,i "k n1 receive my pray]76 ,h[ long1 ,o god1 7mu/ ,i suff]78 ,h[ long1 ,o goddess1 7%all ?y face be turn$ f me78 ,h[ long1 ,o god :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n1 %all ! ang] 7( ?y he>t cont9ue78 ,h[ long1 ,o goddess :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n1 %all ! wra? ( ?y he>t be unappeas$8 ,mank9d is made to w&]1 & !re is none t kn[e?4 ,mank9d1 z _m z h a "n1 :at d !y "k8 ,:e!r he %all h good or ill1 !re is none t kn[e?4 ,o "l1 ca/ n away ?y s]vant6 ,ov]fl[+ ) te>s1 take him by ! h&6 ,! s9s ,i h s9n$1 turn to a bless+2 ! transgressions ,i h committ$ may ! w9d c>ry away6 ,/rip (f my manifold transgressions z a g>m5t4 ,o my god1 sev5 times sev5 are my transgressions2 =give my s9s6 ,o my goddess1 sev5 times sev5 are my transgressions2 =give my s9s6 ,o god :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n1 sev5 times sev5 are my transgressions2 =give my s9s6 ,o goddess :om ,i "k & :om ,i "k n1 sev5 times sev5 are my transgressions2 =give my s9s6 ,=give my s9s1 & let me humble myself be=e !e4 ,may ?y he>t be appeas$ z ! he>t ( a "m :o has borne *ildr56 ,may x be appeas$ z t ( a "m :o has borne *ildr51 z t ( a fa!r :o has begott5 !m60 ,lecture ,,viii4 ,! ,my?s ,& ,epics4 ,a lecture on ! my?s ( ,babylonia may p]haps seem out ( place 9 a c\rse1 ! subject ( :i* is ,babylonian religion4 ,b religion has its my?ology z well z its !ology1 & sometimes ! my?ology has _h a good deal to d ) m\ld+ or ev5 creat+ its !ology4 ,moreov]1 ! my?s ( ,babylonia 7 intimately connect$ ) its wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,!y all relat$1 s f> z we "k1 to ! gods & spirits1 or else1 to :at ,greek !ology w\ld h call$ h]oes & demi-gods4 ,!y embody religi\s beliefs & practices2 !y conta9 allusions to local cults2 above all1 !y n unfrequ5tly reflect ! popul> conception ( ! div9e4 ,only we mu/ bew>e ( bas+ !ological conclusions on _! unsupport$ evid5ce4 ,!y h come to u 9 a lit]>y =m1 & /ud5ts ( folk-lore "k h[ little tru/wor?y1 ev5 = ! purposes ( ! folk-lori/1 a tale is :i* has und]gone lit]>y remodell+4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% 9 x :at is peculi> to ! individual au?or or ! lit]>y circle 9 :i* he moves1 & :at is really ! belief ( ! p or ! traditional h]itage ( ! pa/4 ,9 fact1 all my?ology1 :e!r lit]>y or o!rwise1 suff]s f ! mixture )9 x ( old & mod]n ideas4 ,! old ideas may be pres]v$ 9 x l ! fossils 9 a geological =mation1 or !y may h be5 col\r$ & expla9$ away 9 accordance ) ! conceptions ( a lat] age2 b 9 ei!r case !y are m+l$ ) ! beliefs & notions ( aft] g5]ations1 :i* our ignorance necess>ily prev5ts u f sep>at+ ) ! requisite c>e4 ,9 deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( religion1 !re=e1 we ought to treat ! language ( a lit]>y my? ) extreme caution1 & refra9 f draw+ any f>-rea*+ inf]5ces f ! /atem5ts we f9d 9 x4 ,?is is m especially true ( ! lit]>y epics ( anci5t ,babylonia4 ,!y seem to h be5 num]\s2 at all ev5ts fragm5ts ( a good _m h be5 sav$ = u out ( ! wreckage ( ! pa/4 ,b !y belong = ! mo/ "p to ! same p]iod1 ! age ( national revival :i* began ) ! reign ( ,khammurabi1 & cont9u$ = sev]al c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,x is possible t ,s9-liqi-unn9i1 ! au?or ( ! great ,epic ( ,gilgames1 0 a contempor>y ( ,abraham2 ! /ory ( ,adapa1 ! fir/ man1 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 & _h become a /&>d classic1 :5 ! ,tel el-,am>na lett]s 7 writt5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,beh9d all ^! poems lay a long-prec$+ p]iod 9 :i* ! my?s & leg5ds !y embody _h tak5 %ape & =m$ ! subject ( numb]less lit]>y works4 ,! ,epic ( ,gilgames is1 = in/ance1 b ! f9al /age 9 ! lit]>y developm5t ( ! tales & my?s ( :i* x is compos$2 old] poems1 or p>ts ( poems1 h be5 incorporat$ into x1 & ! elem5ts ( :i* x consi/s are multi=m & ( v>i\s orig94 ,! /ory ( ! ,deluge1 :i* con/itutes ! elev5? book1 has be5 foi/$ into x by an almo/ viol5t artifice1 & repres5ts a comb9ation ( m ?an "o ( its _m v]sions :i* 7 9 circulation 9 ,babylonia4 ,:5 ! e>ly libr>ies ( ! c\ntry h be5 explor$1 we %all "k bett] ?an we d n[ h[ f> ! /ory 9 ! =m we h ( x 9 ! ,epic is orig9al1 & h[ f> ! au?or has freely borr[$ f 8 pr$ecessors1 us+ _! language or comb9+ _! "w4 ,z a rule1 ! subject ( a ,babylonian poem is ei!r "s s+le god or "s s+le h]o4 ,:5 ! god or h]o is m]ely a c5tral figure ar\nd ^: adv5tures ^? ( o!r gods or h]oes are made to revolve1 ! poem becomes an ,epic4 ,x /ill reta9s its my?ological %ape1 & ! _w 9 :i* x moves is a _w ( sup]natural p[]s1 a div9e fairyl& 9 :i* ! gods play ! "p ( m54 ,b !re is none ( ! dull & crass euhem]ism :i* di/+ui%es ! ,egyptian tales ( ! gods4 ,! gods d n become m]e m5 ) enl>g$ human p[]s2 !y rema9 div9e1 ev5 ?\gh _! actions are human & ! /age on :i* !y move is human also4 ,x 0 ! pan!ism ( ! ,egyptian1 9 conjunction ) ! deification ( ! ,ph>aoh1 t made him rationalise ! /ories ( 8 gods2 9 ,babylonia !re 0 no su* temptation2 ea* deity reta9$ 8 individual "*1 & f ! outset he _h worn ! lik5ess ( a man4 ,b x 0 a lik5ess only1 beh9d :i* ! div9ity reveal$ itself1 ?\gh ! lik5ess necess>ily caus$ ! revelation to be made ?r\gh individual features1 cle>ly cut & %>ply def9$4 ,bel 0 no human k+ possess$ ( magical p[]s1 :o _h once sat on ! ?rone ( ,babylon2 he rema9$ ! god :o c\ld1 x is true1 display himself at times to 8 fai?ful wor%ipp]s1 b ^: habitation 0 9 ! f>-(f heav5s1 f :i* he survey$ & regulat$ ! actions ( mank9d4 ,! gods ( ,babylonian my?ology /ill belong$ to heav5 & n to e>?1 & its h]oes are m5 & n humanis$ gods4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! /ory ( ! fir/ man1 ,adapa1 & 8 refusal ( ! gift ( immortality4 ,! /ory1 z we h x1 has receiv$ a !ological col\r+2 l ! n>rative ( ! ,fall 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 x s]ves to expla9 :y dea? has ent]$ ! _w4 ,man 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! gods1 & ! "q !re=e naturally arose :y1 l !m1 he %\ld n be immortal4 ,! answ] 0 giv51 at any rate by ! prie/s ( ,eridu1 9 ! leg5d ( ,adapa & 8 j\rney to ! sky4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r /ory :i* illu/rat$ ! puni%m5t ( human presumption1--! attempt ( man to be z a god1--& is ?us a p>allel to ! /ory ( ! t[] ( ,babel4 ,x is ! leg5d ( ,etana & ! eagle1 :o tempts ! h]o to asc5d ) him to ! highe/ heav5s & !re visit ! abodes ( ! gods4 ,borne accord+ly on ! brea/ ( ! bird1 ,etana m\nts upw>ds4 ,at ! end ( two h\rs ! e>? looks to !m l a m]e m\nta91 ! sea l a pool4 ,ano!r f\r h\rs & 8! sea has become l a g>d5]'s dit*40 ,at la/ !y rea* 8! heav5 ( ,anu02 b ev5 !re !y refuse to /ay4 ,high] /ill !y asc5d to ! heav5 ( ,i/>1 s t ! sea appe>s to !m 8l a small bread-basket40 ,b be=e !y c rea* _! de/9ation ! de/9$ p5alty ov]takes ! presumptu\s pair4 ,! eagle's w+s fail him1 & he falls ?r\gh space1 & bo? he & 8 burd5 are da%$ to ! gr\nd4 ,) ?is /ory ( ,etana !re has be5 c\pl$ a leg5d1 or r fable1 ( ! eagle itself1 :i* ! mutilat$ /ate ( our copies ( x r5d]s extremely obscure4 ,! eagle _h dev\r$ ! "y ( ! s]p5t1 :o accord+ly appeal$ to ! sun-god1 ! judge ( all ?+s1 = ju/ice4 ,by ! sun-god's advice ! s]p5t creeps into ! c>case ( a dead ox1 & !re1 :5 ! eagle comes to fe$ ^u ! putrify+ fle%1 seizes 8 enemy1 /rips him ( 8 fea!rs1 & leaves him to die ( hung] & ?ir/4 ,?is mu/ h happ5$ aft] ! fall ( ! eagle f heav52 & we may !re=e conjecture t1 :ile 8 human companion 0 kill$1 l ,ic>us1 by ! fall1 ! puni%m5t ( ! eagle 0 def]r$4 ,b x came f9ally2 n ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! w+$ creation c\ld v5ture ) impunity into ! heav5 ( ! gods4 ,:ile ! cele/ial seat ( ,i/> 0 beyond ! rea* ( man1 ,i/> h]self s\ght ,tammuz1 ! bridegroom ( h] y\?1 9 ! und]gr\nd realm ( ,hades1 9 ! hope t %e might give him to dr9k ( ! wat]s ( life :i* gu%$ up "u ! ?rone ( ! spirits ( ! e>?1 & s br+ him back once m to life & light4 ,! poem :i* told ( h] desc5t into ,hades 0 sung at ! ye>ly fe/ival ( ,tammuz by ! wom51 :o wept = 8 untimely dea?4 ,l ,baldyr1 ! y\nge/ & mo/ beautiful ( ! gods1 he 0 cut (f 9 ! fl[] ( 8 y\?1 & tak5 f ! e>? to ano!r _w4 ,b :ile ! my? embodi$ 9 ! poem1 & illu/rat$ by numb]less engrav$ seals1 makes him desc5d into ,hades1 ! old] belief ( ,eridu1 :]e he _h once be5 a wat]-_s1--8! son ( ! _s ( ! deep10--transf]r$ him to ! heav5 above1 :]e1 along ) ,n9-gis-zida1 8! "l ( ! upright po/10 he s]v$ z w>d] ( ! cele/ial gate4 ,9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures ,i h dealt s fully ) ! /ory ( ,tammuz 9 ! v>i\s =ms x assum$1 z well z ) ! my? ( ,i/>'s pursuit ( him 9 ! _w bel[1 t ,i ne$ n dwell ^u x n[4 ,all ,i ne$ d is to insi/ ^u ! caution ) :i* we %\ld build ^u x !ories ab\t ! ,babylonian's conception ( ! o!r _w1 & ! exi/5ce he expect$ to lead aft] dea?4 ,! description ( ,hades ) :i* ! poem beg9s 0 borr[$ f "s old] "w4 ,we meet ) x aga9 almo/ ^w = ^w 9 :at is probably "o ( ! books ( ! ,epic ( ,gilgames4 ,! fact illu/rates ! way 9 :i* ! poets & epic-writ]s ( ,babylonia freely borr[$ f old] s\rces1 & h[ ! classical works ( ,*alda 7 built up out ( e>li] mat]ials4 ,p]haps if reproa*$ ) plagi>ism1 _! au?ors w\ld h made ! same answ] z ,v]gil1 t !y _h b pick$ out ! pe>ls f ! dunghill ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,at all ev5ts ! description ( ,hades is /rik+1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t x repres5ts only "o ( ! _m ideas t 7 ent]ta9$ ( x 9 ,babylonia-- 8,to ! l& f :i* !re is no return1 ! home ( d>kness1 ,i/>1 ! daught] ( ,s91 turn$ h] m9d1 yea1 ! daught] ( ,s9 set h] m9d to g2 to ! h\se ( gloom1 ! dwell+ ( ,irkalla1 to ! h\se f :i* ^? :o ent] dep>t n1 ! road f ^: pa? !re is no return2 to ! h\se :]e !y :o ent] are depriv$ ( light2 a place :]e du/ is _! n\ri%m5t1 clay _! food2 ! light !y behold n1 9 ?ick d>kness !y dwell2 !y are clad l bats 9 a g>b ( w+s2 on door & bolt ! du/ is laid40 ,?r\gh ! sev5 gates ( ! inf]nal regions did ,i/> desc5d1 leav+ at ea* "s "o ( h] adornm5ts1 until at la/1 /ripp$ & helpless1 %e /ood be=e ! goddess ( ! und]world4 ,!re no m]cy 0 %[n h]2 ! plague-demon 0 bidd5 to smite h] ) manifold diseases1 & %e 0 kept imprison$ 9 ,hades l ! ord9>y dead4 ,b :ile ! goddess ( love ?us lay b\nd & buri$1 ?+s 9 ?is upp] _w fell into confusion4 ,nei!r m5 nor cattle produc$ (fspr+1 & ! gods 9 heav5 took c\nsel :at %\ld be done4 ,ea accord+ly creat$ an &rogyne1 to :om ! "n 0 giv5 8,bright is 8 light40 ,be=e him ! gates ( ,hades op5$1 & ! d>kness )9 !m 0 light$ up4 ,! inf]nal goddess 0 =c$ to obey ! ord]s ( heav52 & ?\gh %e curs$ ! mess5g] ) deadly imprecations1 ! spirits ( ! e>? 7 seat$ on _! gold5 ?rone :ile ,i/> 0 spr9kl$ ) ! wat] ( life1 & %e !n return$ once m to ! _w ( light4 ,ereskigal1 ! goddess ( ,hades1 =ms ! subject ( yet ano!r poem1 fragm5ts ( :i* 7 f\nd at ,tel el-,am>na 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! poem _h be5 us$ z a text-book = ! /ud5ts ( ! ,babylonian language & script4 ,! poem rec\nts h[ %e refus$ to come to a fea/ :i* ! gods _h prep>$ 9 heav51 & h[ ,n]gal invad$ h] dom9ions1 broke ?r\gh ! gates t %ut !m 91 &1 seiz+ ,ereskigal by ! hair1 dragg$ h] f h] ?rone4 ,b %e begg$ = m]cy1 & ,n]gal cons5t$ to be h] husb&1 & to rule ) h] ov] ! realm ( ! dead4 ,! 8tablet ( wisdom0 0 transf]r$ to him1 & %e became a ,semitic ,baalat1 ! m]e reflection ( h] 8"l40 ,! ,sum]ian 8que5 ( ,hades0 gave place to a ,semitic ,bel4 ,! 8tablet ( wisdom0 0 di/9ct f ! 8tablets ( de/9y10 :i* gave _! possessor a =ekn[l$ge ( ! future c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! possession ( ! latt] impli$ supreme rule ov] gods & m52 x br\ght ) x ! "r to be 8,bel0 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,l ! ,urim & ,?ummim1 !y 7 hung ^u ! brea/2 & 9 ! ,epic ( ! ,creation1 ,tiamt is describ$ z deliv]+ !m to h] demon husb& ,k+u1 :o !reby became ! ackn[l$g$ rul] ( ! _w4 ,! victory ( ,m]oda* ov] ! p[]s ( d>kness transf]r$ to him ! my/ic tablets2 f h5ce=? he 0 ! ,bel :o _h made1 & :o direct$1 ! exi/+ univ]se2 & once ea* ye>1 at ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival1 he sat en?ron$ above ! m]cy-seat 9 8 temple at ,babylon1 decl>+ ! de/9ies ( ! com+ ye>4 ,b be=e ! tablets 7 giv5 to ,bel-,m]oda* ( ,babylon1 !y _h belong$ to ! old] ,bel ( ,nippur & ,dur-ili2 & a my? told h[ ,zu1 ! /orm-bird1 _h /ol5 !m :ile ,bel 0 8p\r+ =? ! pure wat] & m\nt+ 8 ?rone0 at ! beg9n+ ( day4 8,i w take10 he _h said1 8! div9e tablets ( de/9y1 ev5 ,i2 ! laws7#cbf7 ( all ! gods w ,i decree2 my ?rone w ,i e/abli% & issue my comm&s1 & direct all ! angels 7( heav5740 ,! ?ief flew ) 8 spoil to ,m\nt ,sbu2 & ,anu call$ 9 va9 ^u 8 bro!r gods to pursue & smite him1 & recov] ! /ol5 treasure4 ,x 0 only at la/ by ! help ( /ratagem t ! ne/ ( ,zu 0 f\nd1 & ! tablets re/or$ to ,bel4 ,a my? ( m transp>5t mean+ is t :i* told ( ! ravages wr\ght 9 l& aft] l& by ,urra1 ! ,pe/il5ce4 ,! description ( ! plague-god rem9ds u ( t angel ( pe/il5ce :om ,david saw ) 8 h& /ret*$ =? ov] ,j]usalem4 ,no moral consid]ations mov$ him2 j & unju/1 ! s9n] & ! innoc5t1 7 alike involv$ 9 a common de/ruction4 ,babylon 0 ! fir/ to be smitt51 !n ,ere*2 & ,m]oda* & ,i/> m\rn$ va9ly ov] ! ru9 ( _! p4 ,!n ,isum1 ! angel-mess5g] ( ,urra1 0 s5t on a long] mission4 ,! pe/il5ce spread ov] ! :ole civilis$ _w2 ,syria & ,assyria1 ,elamite & ,b$w91 ,kurd & ,akkadian equally suff]$4 ,! v9ey>ds ( ,amanus & ! ,lebanon 7 root$ up1 & ^? :o cultivat$ !m p]i%$ f ! e>?4 ,= 8unnumb]$ ye>s0 ! sc\rge la/$1 = ,urra _h 8plann$ evil because ( =m] wick$ness10 & x 0 long be=e 8 rage 0 appeas$1 & ! _w return$ to its normal /ate4 ,simil>ly transp>5t is ! /ory ( ! assault ( ! sev5 evil spirits ^u ! moon1 result+ 9 its eclipse & ?reat5$ ext9ction4 ,en-lil 9 despair s5ds 8 mess5g]1 ! fire-god1 to ,ea = advice & help1 :i* are accord+ly giv51 & ! moon-god is sav$4 ,! poem1 h[ev]1 is ( a mu* old] date ?an ^? we h hi!rto be5 consid]+4 ,x goes back to ! "t :5 magic /ill held a =emo/ place 9 ! (ficial religion ( ,babylonia2 :5 ,aari1 ! son ( ,ea1 _h n z yet become ,bel-,m]oda* ( ,babylon2 & :5 ! cult ( ,ea _h n be5 obscur$ by ^? ( y\ng] deities4 ,9 fact1 x =ms "p ( "o ( ! incantation texts1 & is describ$ z ! sixte5? book ( ! s]ies on evil spirits4 ,b ! div9e triads already make _! appe>ance 9 x2 ,ea does n /& alone1 b %>es 8 p[]s ) ,en-lil & ,anu1 :ile bel[ !m is ! triad ( ,s91 ,samas1 & ,i/>4 ,we may look ^u ! /ory z belong+ to ! age :i* saw ! trans=mation ( ,sum]ian animism into ! syncretic ,/ate religion ( lat] days2 ! ,semitic gods are !re1 b !y /ill reta9 9 "p ! functions :i* di/+ui%$ !m :5 !y 7 8spirits0 & no?+ m4 ,betwe5 ! leg5d ( ! assault ^u ! moon-god & ! ,epic ( ,gilgames ! di/ance is great4 ,c5turies ( ?\ght & developm5t int]v5e betwe5 !m1 & !re is a diff]5ce n only 9 degree1 b also 9 k9d4 ,:ile "o rem9ds u ( ! leg5ds ( ,lapps or ,samoy$s1 ! o!r f9ds its p>allel 9 ! h]oic tales ( ,greece4 ,gilgames is a h]o 9 ! ,greek s5se ( ! t]m2 he is n a god1 at lea/ = ! poet ( ! ,epic1 ev5 ?\gh he liv$ l ,a*illes & ,odysseus 9 days :5 ! gods took "p 9 visible =m 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,s f> z we "k1 x is ! ma/]piece ( ,babylonian epical lit]ature1--a pro( t h[ev] defici5t ! pure-blood$ ,semite may h be5 9 epical & my?ological g5ius1 ! mix$ race ( ,babylonia 0 9 ?is respect ! rival ( ! ,greek4 ,l ! /ory ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 ! /ory ( ,gilgames attract$ to x epical & my?ological elem5ts f all sides1 & became a v]itable treasure-h\se ( ,babylonian my?ology4 ,its au?or divid$ x into twelve books4 ,long ago x 0 notic$ t ! arrangem5t has an a/ronomical basis1 & t ! adv5tures ( ! h]o describ$ 9 "s at lea/ ( ! books are made to correspond ) ! curr5t names ( ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,?us ! love & rev5ge ( ,i/> are ! subject ( ! six? book1 answ]+ to ! "n ( ! six? mon?1 t ( 8! mission ( ,i/>02 :ile ! episode ( ! ,deluge is introduc$ into ! elev5? book1 :]e x fitly corresponds ) ! elev5? mon? ,ad>1 8! mon? ( ! curse ( ra940 ,x is true t ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! subject ( ! book & ! "n ( ! mon? _c be trac$ 9 all cases1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ea* mon? _h _m names1 especially 9 ! age ( ,khammurabi1 & t ! poet w\ld h m especially 9 8 m9d ! religi\s fe/ivals :i* di/+ui%$ ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,z 0 po9t$ out by ,sir ,h4 ,c4 ,rawl9son1 he mu/ h reg>d$ ,gilgames1 if n z a sol> h]o1 at all ev5ts z a repres5tative ( ! sun-god4 ,n only is ! ,epic divid$ into twelve books1 b 9 ! sev5?1 :5 ! summ] sol/ice is pass$ & ! ye> beg9s to wane1 ! h]o is smitt5 ) a sore disease4 ,x is n until ! twelf? & la/ book is rea*$1 t1 aft] ba?+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean :i* encircles ! _w1 he is heal$ ( 8 sickness1 & re/or$ once m to heal? & /r5g?4 ,b ! sol> "* ( ,gilgames did n orig9ally belong to him4 ,8 "n1 l ^? ( mo/ ( ! ,babylonian h]oes1 _h come d[n f ,sum]ian times1 :5 z yet ! gods did n exi/1 & ! _w ( liv+ ?+s 0 divid$ betwe5 8spirits0 & m547#cbg7 ,& ,gilgames 0 a man1 ! creation ( ! goddess ,aruru1 ^: orig9al bir?place seems to h be5 ,m>ad1 & ( :om a tale 0 told :i* may be ! prototype ( t ( ,akrisios & ,p]seus47#cbh7 ,he 0 ! ,hrakls ( ,babylonia1 ! embodim5t ( human /r5g?1 :o saves 8 c\ntry f its foes1 & de/roys ! mon/r\s bea/s t infe/ x1--a mighty pr9ce1 ?\gh n an actual k+4 ,!re is no reason :y he %\ld n h be5 l ,cyrus1 a hi/orical p]sonage r\nd ^: "n & de$s my?s aft]w>ds ga!r$2 an e>ly inscription record+ ! re/oration ( ! wall ( ,ere* /ates t x _h be5 orig9ally built by ! deifi$ ,gilgames47#cbi7 ,! ,epic beg9s ) a description ( 8 rule at ,ere*1 8! seat0 ( 8 p[]4 ,betwe5 him & ! inhabitants ( ! city !re seems to h be5 little goodwill4 ,he _h n left1 !y compla9$1 ! son to 8 fa!r or ! wife to h] husb&4 ,x may be t ! leg5d conta9s a g]m ( hi/orical tru?1 & goes back to ! days :5 ,ere* 0 /ill a battlegr\nd betwe5 ,sum]ian & ,semite47#ccj7 ,at any rate ! gods1 we are told1 he>d ! cry ( ! p1 & ,aruru 0 in/ruct$ to create a rival to ,gilgames1 :o might ov]come him 9 ! conte/ ( /r5g?4 ,! goddess accord+ly knead$ clay ) h] h&s1 & made x 9 ! =m ( ,ea-bani1 half-man & half-bea/4 ,8 body 0 cov]$ ) hair2 8he knew nei!r k9 nor c\ntry02 8) ! gazelles he ate ! grass0 ( ! field1 & 8satisfi$ 8 ?ir/ ) ! cattle40 ,on ! seals he is repres5t$ z a satyr ) a goat's legs & human head4 ,va9ly 8! ,huntsman0 endeav\r$ to capture him4 ,ea-bani broke ?r\gh ! nets t 7 laid = him2 & x 0 only :5 "o ( ! c\rtesans ( ,i/> 0 s5t to entice him t he yield$ to ! temptation1 & left 8 gazelles & cattle to lie ) h] sev5 nights4 ,:5 once m he turn$ back to !m1 !y fl$ f him 9 t]ror2 he _h become a man1 kn[+ good & evil1 & betwe5 him & ! brute bea/s !re 0 no?+ m 9 common4 ,he li/5$ accord+ly to ! c\rtesan1 & w5t ) h] to ,ere*1 8! seat ( ,gilgames1 ! giant 9 /r5g?1 :o l a wild ox is /rong] ?an ! /ronge/ m540 ,!re ,gilgames _h dream$ ?ree dreams relat+ to him2 & ,ea-bani1 on he>+ ! int]pretation ( !m1 gave up 8 design ( wre/l+ ) ! h]o1 & became in/ead 8 fa/ fri5d & ally4 ,! ?ird book ( ! ,epic describes ! exp$ition ( ! two h]oes aga9/ ! tyrant ,khumbaba1 ^: home 0 9 ! c$>-=e/ ( ,elam4 ,!y f\nd a way into its magical dep?s1 gaz+ 9 wond] at ! height ( ! trees1 & behold+ ! m\nta9 ( ! c$>s1 8! my/ic0 seat ( ! gods1 ! %r9e ( ,irn9i2 8be=e ! m\nta9 ! c$>s lift$ up _! luxuriant foliage2 deep 0 _! %ad[ & full ( pleasaunce40 ,khumbaba 0 ov]come & sla92 b ,gilgames once m dream$ a dream1 :]e9 ! heav5s ?und]$1 ! lightn+ fla%$1 & ! e>? %ook1 & :i* port5d$ disa/] to ,ea-bani & 8 fri5d4 ,! six? & foll[+ books describe h[ ! dream 0 fulfill$4 ,i/> saw & lov$ ,gilgames 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 manhood1 & ask$ him to be h] bridegroom4 8,if ?\ wilt be my husb&10 %e decl>$-- 8,i w let !e ride 9 a *>iot ( lapis-lazuli & gold1 ?\ %alt h>ness ea* day great mules 7to ?y yoke72 ! od\rs ( c$> %all ent] our h\se 444 ,k+s1 lords1 & pr9ces %all b[ at ?y feet2 ! increase ( m\nta9 & pla9 %all !y br+ !e 9 tribute40 ,gilgames1 h[ev]1 reject$ ! (f] ( ! goddess 9 scorn1 & taunt$ h] ) h] fickl5ess & cruelty & ! mis]able end ( all :o _h lov$ h] 9 ! pa/-- 8,tammuz1 ! sp\se ( ?y y\?1 ?\ orda9e/ weep+ = him ye> by ye>4 ,! bright-col\r$ wood-pigeon did/ ?\ love2 ?\ did/ smite him & break 8 w+s2 9 ! woods he sits & cries1 #8,o my w+s6' ,?\ did/ love a lion p]fect 9 might2 sev5 times sev5 did/ ?\ dig = him a pit4 ,?\ did/ love a horse1 glori\s 9 battle2 :ip & spur & bridle did/ ?\ decree = him4 ,f\rte5 h\rs did/ ?\ make him gallop2 we>9ess & ?ir/ did/ ?\ lay ^u him2 = 8 "m1 ! goddess ,silili1 ?\ orda9e/ weep+4 ,?\ did/ love ! %eph]d ,tabulu1 :o p\r$ out ! salt cont9ually = !e2 day by day did he slay = !e ! suckl+s4 ,?\ did/ smite him1 & *ange him into a wolf4 ,8 own %eph]d-boys drove him away1 & 8 own dogs bit 8 fle%4 ,?\ did/ love ,isullanu1 ! g>d5] ( ?y fa!r1 :o 0 ev] br++ !e fruit2 day by day he made bright ?y di%2 ?\ did/ lift ?9e eyes to him1 & speak s(tly to him3 #8,isullanu m9e1 let u eat ! g\rds toge!r2 put =? ?9e h& & t\* "o 444' ,isullanu answ]$ h]3 #8,( me :at require/ ?\8 ,has my "m n bak$1 h ,i n eat51 t ,i %\ld eat su* food8 ,?orns & ?i/les are hidd5 !re9' 7874 ,:5 ?\ did/ he> ^! 8 words1 ?\ did/ smite him1 & *ange him into a column 7871 & did/ plant him 9 ! mid/ ( ! g>d5840 ,i/> flew to h] fa!r ,anu 9 heav51 & dem&$ f him v5geance ^u ,gilgames = ! slight he _h put ^u h]4 ,accord+ly a mon/r\s bull 0 creat$1 :i* ravag$ ! c\ntry1 & ?reat5$ ! life ( ,gilgames himself4 ,b ,gilgames 0 m ?an a mat* = ! mon/]4 ,) ! help ( ,ea-bani ! bull 0 sla91 & its huge horns c>ri$ 9 triumph ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,ere*2 :ile ,i/> /ood 9 impot5t rage on ! walls ( ! city1 lam5t+ ! dea? ( ! bull1 & call+ on h] h>lot prie/esses to weep ov] x ) h]4 ,b ! dea? ( 8! div9e bull0 _h evil consequ5ces = ! two h]oes4 ,! curse ( ,i/> falls ^u !m2 ,gilgames himself is smitt5 ) a griev\s sickness1 & ,ea-bani dies aft] l+]+ 9 pa9 = full twelve days4 ,gilgames is inconsolable2 va9ly he prote/s aga9/ ! law ( dea? :i* c>ries away ! /rong equally ) ! weak1 ! h]o equally ) ! common man4 ,! n9? book ?us beg9s-- 8,gilgames = 8 fri5d ,ea-bani weeps bitt]ly & lies out/ret*$ ^u ! gr\nd4 8',%all ,i n die l ,ea-bani8 ,grief has ent]$ my body2 ,i fe> dea?1 & lie out/ret*$ ^u ! gr\nd4' 0 ,accord+ly he det]m9es to visit ,xisu?ros17#cca7 ! h]o ( ! ,deluge1 :o dwelt beyond ! riv] ( dea?1 :i!r he _h be5 translat$ )\t dy+1 & le>n f him ! secret ( immortality4 ,! road 0 long & difficult2 mortal man _h nev] trodd5 x be=e4 ,b !re 0 div9e blood 9 ,gilgames2 & z ! ,greek ,hrakls =c$ 8 way to ,hades1 s he too =c$ 8 way beyond ! limits ( our human _w4 ,fir/ he _h to pass ! tw9 m\nta9s ( ,mas1 9 ! nor!rn des]t ( ,arabia1 :i* gu>d ! daily ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 ^: summit t\*es ! 8z5i? ( heav510 :ile 8_! brea/ rea*es d[nw>ds to ,hades40 ,m5 ) ! bodies ( scorpions gu>d$ ! gateway ( ! sun1 ! horror ( ^: aspect 0 8awesome10 & ^: look 80 dea?40 ,b 8! scorpion-man0 & 8 8wife0 recognis$ t ! /rang] 0 p>tly div9e1 & he 0 all[$ to pass 9 safety ?r\gh ! op5 doors4 ,once beyond !m he ent]$ a region ( ?ick d>kness4 ,= ! space ( twelve d\ble h\rs he grop$ 8 way ?r\gh ?is l& )\t light1 :5 sudd5ly he em]g$ f x into ! bright light ( day4 ,"h grew a m>vell\s tree1 ^: fruit 0 ! preci\s turquoise7#ccb7 & lapis-lazuli1 :i* hung f x l clu/]s ( grapes4 ,at la/ ,gilgames rea*$ ! %ore ( ! ocean1 :i*1 l a s]p5t1 encircles ! e>?4 ,"h iduri1 or abitum 8! lady ( ,saba107#ccc7 sat ^u 8! ?rone ( ! sea40 ,b %e lock$ ! gate ( h] palace1 & =bade him to cross ! ocean2 none _h ev] pass$ ov] x except ! sun-god 9 8 nightly voyage f we/ to ea/4 ,once m1 h[ev]1 ! elem5t ( div9ity t 0 9 ,gilgames prevail$2 abitum ackn[l$g$ t he 0 m ?an a m]e man1 & all[$ 8 "r to seek 8 ance/or beyond ! riv] ( dea?4 ,arad-,ea1 ! pilot ( ,xisu?ros1 0 summon$2 trees 7 cut & fa%ion$ into a boat1 & = a mon? & fifte5 days ,gilgames & 8 pilot pursu$ _! voyage ov] ! sea4 ,!n 8on ! ?ird day0 !y ent]$ 8! wat]s ( dea?40 ,! h]o 0 bidd5 to cl+ to ! rudd] & to see t ! deadly wat] did n t\* 8 h&4 ,twelve /rokes ( ! o> 7 ne$$ be=e ! rapids 7 safely pass$1 & ! boat rea*$ ! %ore t lay beyond ! realm ( dea?4 ,"h ,gilgames beheld ,xisu?ros 8af> (f0 8at ! m\? ( ! riv]s40 ,at once he communicat$ to him ! object ( 8 j\rney3 h[ & :y _h ,xisu?ros escap$ ! univ]sal law ( dea?8 ,! answ] is conta9$ 9 ! elev5? book ( ! ,epic1 :i* rec\nts ! /ory ( ! great ,deluge4 ,ev] s9ce its discov]y by ,george ,smi? 9 #ahgb1 ! ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,deluge1 :i* has ?us be5 introduc$ into ! ,epic ( ,gilgames1 has attract$ ! special att5tion ( bo? s*ol>s & ! public4 ,on ! "o side x agrees ) ! /ory ( ! ,deluge h&$ d[n to u by ! copyi/s ( ! ,*aldan hi/orian ,b]ossos1 & s is a witness to 8 tru/wor?9ess2 on ! o!r side1 its p>allelism ) ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis is at once /rik+ & />tl+4 ,b ! v]sion ( ! /ory embodi$ by ,s9-liqi-unn9i 9 8 ,epic 0 b "o out ( _m t 7 curr5t 9 ,babylonia4 ,we h a fragm5t ( ano!r :i* s closely resembles t ( ! ,epic1 z to h be5 long believ$ to =m "p ( x2 inde$1 x is possible t x comes f a v>iant copy ( ! ,epic itself4 ,fragm5ts ( ano!r v]sion h lately be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*eil 9 a ,babylonian tablet :i* goes back to ! reign ( ,ammi-zadok1 ! f\r? successor ( ,khammurabi47#ccd7 ,ev5 ! v]sion conta9$ 9 ! ,epic seems to be a comb9ation ( two e>li] ones1 or r to be bas$ ^u at lea/ two diff]5t v]sions ( ! leg5d4 ,! /ory1 9 fact1 mu/ h be5 ( immemorial antiquity 9 ,babylonia2 ,xisu?ros & 8 %ip are depict$ ^u "s ( ! e>lie/ seals1 & ,babylonian *ronology drew a %>p l9e ( division betwe5 ! k+s :o _h reign$ be=e & aft] ! ,flood4 ,9 ! ,epic ,xisu?ros is a native ( ,surippak on ! ,euphrates1 b ! /ory mu/ orig9ally h gr[n up at ,eridu on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,l ! /ory ( ! /ruggle ) ,tiamt1 x typifies ! conte/ betwe5 ! an>*ic elem5ts ( /orm & flood & t peaceful expanse ( wat] 9 :i* ! fi%]m5 ( ,eridu pli$ _! trade1 & out ( :i* ! culture-god _h asc5d$4 ,x is significant t up to ! la/ x 0 ,en-lil ( ,nippur :o 0 repres5t$ z s5d+ ! ,flood t de/roy$ mank9d1 :ile ,xisu?ros 0 sav$ by ,ea4 ,! ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,deluge has be5 s (t5 translat$ & is s well kn[n1 t !re is no ne$ = me to repeat x "h4 ,x is suffici5t to note t ,xisu?ros1 l ,noah1 ow$ 8 pres]vation to 8 piety4 ,9 ! f9al sc5e1 :5 ,bel 7,en-lil7 is enrag$ t any "o %\ld h escap$ f ! de/ruction he _h br\ght ^u mank9d1 ,ea pacifies him ) ! words3 8,puni% ! s9n] = 8 s9s1 puni% ! transgressor = 8 transgressions2 be m]ciful t he be n utt]ly cut (f1 be long-suff]+ t he be n root$ out40 ,! ,deluge 0 a puni%m5t = s91 & x 0 only j1 !re=e1 t ! righte\s man %\ld be sav$4 ,! translation ( ,xisu?ros ) 8 wife to ! p>adise beyond ! grave is evid5tly reg>d$ by ! au?or ( ! ,epic z a fur!r rew>d = 8 piety4 ,b we may suspect t ?is 0 n its orig9al cause4 ,9 ! my? ( ,adapa1 ! fir/ man1 we f9d ,anu lay+ d[n t ! mortal :o has p5etrat$ into ! secrets ( ! gods mu/ receive ! gift ( immortality & become z "o ( ! gods himself1 & x w\ld seem t ! same idea inspir$ ! belief 9 ! translation ( ! second fa!r ( mank9d4 ,xisu?ros too _h le>n$ ! secret c\nsels ( ! gods2 ) ! help ( ,ea he _h outwitt$ ,bel1 & x 0 !re=e ne$ful t ! gift ( immortality %\ld be conf]r$ on him1 & t he %\ld dwell l !m 9 ! l& :i* dea? _c rea*4 ,true to 8 primeval "*1 ,en-lil ( ,nippur 0 ! au?or ( ! ,deluge4 ,8 m9i/]s1 ,n9-ip1 ,nusku1 & ,en-nugi1 c>ry out 8 comm&s1 :ile 8! spirits ( ! e>? lift up _! tor*es40 ,b ! poet ( ! ,epic has spoilt ! primitive symmetry ( ! picture by introduc+ ! triad into x along ) ! /orm-god ,hadad ( lat] times1 & s mak+ ! de/ruction ( mank9d n ! "w ( ,en-lil alone1 b ( ! gods g5]ally 9 common c\ncil4 ,! result has be5 a want ( coh]5ce 9 ! elem5ts ( ! /ory2 ,i/>7#cce7 cons5ts to ! dea? ( ! *ildr5 %e has borne1 only to rep5t ( x subsequ5tly :5 %e sees !m fill+ ! sea 8l fi%10 & to weep ) ! re/ ( ! gods ov] ! havoc t has be5 wr\ght4 ,p]haps ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ is "r 9 8 sugge/ion t two sep>ate v]sions ( ! /ory h be5 unit$ toge!r1 9 "o ( :i* x 0 ! s+le city ( ,surippak & its inhabitants t 7 de/roy$1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! ,deluge 0 univ]sal4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,ea disclos$ ! det]m9ation ( ,en-lil to 8 fai?ful s]vant1 8! son ( ,ub>a-,tutu40 ,accord+ to "o "p ( ! /ory1 ! disclosure 0 made ?r\gh a dream2 accord+ to ano!r "p1 by a device simil> to t :i* gave ! ,phrygian ,midas 8 ass's e>s4 ,! god :isp]$ ! m$itat$ de$ ( ,bel & ! means ( escap+ x to "o ( ^? re$-huts :i* /ood by ! %ore ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & 9 :i* ,xisu?ros--despite ! fact t he is call$ 8a man ( ,surippak0--0 born4 ,! ru/l+ re$s communicat$ to him ! secret1 & he 9 turn told 8 8"l ,ea0 t he _h und]/ood ! message4 ,! %ip 0 built1 & by ! advice ( ,ea ! too-inquisitive inquir]s 7 in=m$ t ! build] 0 transf]r+ 8 allegiance f ,bel1 ! "l ( ! l&1 to ,ea1 ! god ( ! sea47#ccf7 ,all sorts ( provisions 7 /or$ 9 x1 toge!r ) 8! se$ ( life10 ea* aft] its k9d--8cattle ( ! field1 wild bea/s ( ! field1 & ! sons ( ! craftsm540 ,!n ! helm 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,buzur-,sadi-rabi1 ! /e]sman1 ! door ( ! ark 0 clos$1 & ! /orm broke ^u ! e>?4 ,= sev5 days & nights x rag$2 man & 8 works 7 swept away1 & ! ark alone surviv$ ) its liv+ freight4 ,:5 at la/ ,xisu?ros op5$ 8 w9d[ & look$ out1 a desolate wa/e ( wat]s 0 all t c\ld be se54 ,above x ! l(ty peak ( ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir7#ccg7 9 ! nor?-ea/ f9ally appe>$2 "h ! %ip gr\nd$1 & sev5 days aft]w>ds ,xisu?ros s5t =? a dove to see if ! e>? 7 dry4 ,b ! dove 8w5t to & fro1 & return$40 ,next he s5t =? a swall[1 :i* return$ also to ! ark2 & la/ly a rav51 :i* 8ate1 wad$ & croak$1 & did n return40 ,s ! ,*aldan ,noah knew t ! wat]s ( ! ,flood _h subsid$3 & accord+ly he op5$ ! door ( ! ark & let ! animals )9 x dep>t t[>ds 8! f\r qu>t]s ( heav540 ,!n he (f]$ sacrifice on ! summit ( ! m\nta91 sett+ beside x vases ( smok+ inc5se rang$ 8sev5 by sev540 ,! gods smelt ! sweet sav\r ( ! (f]+1 & rejoic$ t !re 7 m5 /ill left to prep>e x = !m4 ,!y ga!r$1 we are told1 8l flies above ! (f]]10 :ile ,beltis lift$ up 8! b[ t ,anu _h made40 ,en-lil alone refus$ to be reconcil$4 ,he v5t$ 8 wra? at ! escape ( ,xisu?ros & 8 family ^u ! ,igigi or angels1 :o1 z spirits1 7 m "u 8 control ?an ! gods4 ,b ,ea took ! blame ^u himself1 &1 aft] decl>+ t ! righte\s mu/ n suff] ) ! guilty1 p]suad$ ,bel to promise t ?\gh he might s5d ! wild bea/1 ! fam9e1 & ! pe/il5ce ^u mank9d1 ! e>? %\ld nev] aga9 be visit$ by ! wat]s ( a flood4 ,!n ,bel ent]$ ! %ip1 bless$ ,xisu?ros & 8 wife1 & translat$ !m to ! o!r _w4 ,aft] he>+ ! /ory1 ,gilgames fell into a deep sleep1 :i* la/$ six days & sev5 nights1 :ile ! wife ( ,xisu?ros prep>$ magic food1 :i* %e plac$ at ! head ( ! sleep]4 ,:5 he awoke he ate x1 & 8 sickness dep>t$ f him4 ,b 8 sk9 0 /ill cov]$ ) sores1 & x 0 !re=e necess>y t he %\ld ba! 9 ! purify+ wat]s ( ! ocean be=e ! full /r5g? & beauty ( 8 y\? came back to him4 ,xisu?ros n[ tells him ( ! plant ( immortality :i* gr[s1 cov]$ ) ?orns1 at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,! h]o accord+ly ties heavy /ones to 8 feet1 & dives = x2 & ?\gh ! ?orns pi]ce 8 h&s1 he br+s a bran* ( x to ! surface1 & prep>es to c>ry x to ! _w ( m54 ,b ! gift ( immortality 0 n = m5 to possess4 ,on 8 voyage home ,gilgames /ops a:ile at a f\nta9 ( cool wat]1 & :ile he ba!s 9 x a s]p5t p]ceives ! od\r ( ! plant1 & /eals x away4 ,va9ly ! h]o lam5ts its loss1 ! plant t 8*anges age into y\? 0 c\ld nev] be br\ght to a _w ! law ( :i* is dea?4 ,man mu/ die1 b :at is ! lot ( ! dead8 ,?is is ! "q :i* =ms ! burd5 ( ! twelf? & la/ book ( ! ,epic4 ,gilgames w&]s f temple to temple1 ask+ ! god ( ea* if ! e>? has seiz$ hold ( ,ea-bani1 & if s1 :at is 8 fate bel[4 ,b ! gods are sil5t2 !y give nei!r answ] nor sign4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 he rea*es ! %r9e ( ,n]gal1 ! god ( ! dead1 & ,n]gal causes ! e>? to op5 & ! _s ( ,ea-bani to asc5d out ( x l a cl\d ( du/4 ,& !n ! answ] is giv54 ,he :o has fri5ds to c>e = him w 8lie on a c\* & dr9k pure wat]02 ! h]o too-- 8:o is sla9 9 battle1 z y & ,i h se51 8 fa!r & 8 "m support 8 head1 & 8 wife weeps ov] him4 ,b he ^: body lies =sak5 9 ! field1 z ?\ & ,i h se51 8 gho/ re/s n 9 ! e>?4 ,he ^: gho/ has none to c>e = him1 z ?\ & ,i h se51 ! g>bage ( ! pot1 ! refuse ( food1 :i* is ?r[n into ! /reet1 mu/ he dev\r40 ,) ?is dre>y & mat]iali/ic picture ( ! o!r _w ! ,epic comes to an end4 ,x is a curi\s contra/ to ! life 9 ! fields ( ,alu to :i* ! ,egyptian wor%ipp] ( ,osiris look$ =w>d2 & !re is little ne$ to wond] t ! m9d & religi\s cult ( ! ,babylonian %\ld h be5 c5tr$ 9 ! pres5t life4 ,! ,hades 9 :i* he 0 call$ ^u to believe 0 m dre>y ev5 ?an ! ,hades ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks4 ,! ,epic ( ,gilgames =ces two que/ions ^u our att5tion1 bo? ( :i* h be5 (t5 discuss$4 ,! "o is ! relation ( ! /ory ( ! ,deluge conta9$ 9 x to ! ,biblical n>rative ( ! ,flood1 ! o!r is ! relation ( ,gilgames himself to ! ,greek ,hrakls4 ,f ! outset x has be5 p]ceiv$ t ! connection betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,hebrew /ories is v close1 & t ! ,babylonian is ! old] ( ! two4 ,! birds1 = in/ance1 s5t out by ,xisu?ros are ?ree in/ead ( two1 z 9 ! ,biblical n>rative1 ?\gh ! numb] ( times !y 7 despat*$ is ! same 9 bo? cases2 & ! %ip ( ! ,babylonian v]sion has be5 replac$ by an ark 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t acc\nt4 ,9 fact ! ,babylonian /ory has be5 modifi$ 9 ,pale/9e & "u ,we/]n influ5ces4 ,9 an inl& c\ntry an ark 0 naturally sub/itut$ = a %ip1 m especially z ! latt] conta9$ a h\se ) w9d[ & door2 ev5 9 ,babylonia itself1 9 ! processions ( ! gods1 an ark came to take ! place ( ! %ip ( primitive ,eridu4 ,! olive bran*1 aga91 ) :i* ! dove return$1 accord+ to ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 po9ts to ,pale/9e1 :]e ! olive grew2 :ile ! p]iod ( ! ra9fall has be5 transf]r$ f ,sebet or ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 :5 ! w9t] ra9s fall 9 ,babylonia1 to ! 8second mon?0 ( ! ,hebrew civil ye>1 our ,octob] & ,novemb]1 :5 ! 8=m] ra9s0 began 9 ,canaan4 ,simil>ly1 ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s is ext5d$ 9 ! ,hebrew n>rative to ! middle ( ! 8sev5? mon?10 :5 ! 8latt] ra9s0 ( ! ,canaaniti% spr+ are ov]4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable fact br\ght to light by a comp>ison ( ! ,babylonian /ory ) t ( ,g5esis is1 t ! resemblances betwe5 !m are n conf9$ to "o only ( ! two docum5ts into :i* mod]n criticism has sep>at$ ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,x is n ) ! s-call$ ,elohi/ic1 or ! s-call$ ,yahvi/ic1 acc\nt only t ! agreem5t exi/s1 b ) bo? toge!r z !y are f\nd at pres5t comb9$1 or suppos$ to be comb9$1 9 ! ,hebrew text47#cch7 ,! fact ?r[s grave d\bt on ! reality ( ! critical analysis4 ,z ,i h said else:]e37#cci7 8,ei!r ! ,babylonian poet _h be=e him ! pres5t #8r$act$' text ( ,g5esis1 or else ! ,elohi/ & ,yahvi/ mu/ h copi$ ! ,babylonian /ory ^u ! mutual und]/&+ /&+ t ! "o %\ld ins]t :at ! o!r omitt$4 ,!re is no ?ird alt]native40 ,! ,pale/9ian col\r+ ( ! ,biblical v]sion ( itself excludes ! supposition t ! /ory 0 borr[$ by ! ,jews 9 ! age ( ! ,babylonian exile4 ,su* a supposition1 inde$1 w\ld be little 9 accordance ) ! feel+s ( hatr$ felt by ! captives t[>ds _! ,babylonian conqu]ors & ! religi\s beliefs & traditions ( ! latt]4 ,b ! discov]y ( ! ,tel el-,am>na tablets has %[n t ! culture & lit]ature ( ,babylonia _h made its way to ,pale/9e & ev5 to ,egypt long be=e ! ,mosaic age4 ,! great lit]>y works ( ,*alda 7 already kn[n & us$ z text-books 9 ! ,we/1 &1 l ! /ory ( ! fir/ man ,adapa1 a portion ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 ! /ory ( ! ,deluge & ! second f\nd] ( ! human race mu/ also h be5 kn[n !re4 ,gunkel has made x cle>7#cdj7 t ! conceptions & beliefs :i* und]lie ! hi/ory ( ! ,flood1 & f9d _! expression 9 ! /atem5t t 8! f\nta9s ( ! great deep0 7 brok5 up1 are n only ( ,babylonian orig91 b are also met ) 9 ! e>lie/ fragm5ts ( ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,be=e ! ,israelites ent]$ ,canaan1 ! cosmological ideas ( ,babylonia _h already made _! way to x1 & be5 adapt$ to ! geographical conditions ( 8! l& ( ! ,amorites40 ,! /ory ( a deluge 0 kn[n to ,greece z well z to ,pale/9e4 ,!re1 too1 x _h be5 s5t by ,zeus z a puni%m5t = ! impiety ( mank9d2 & ,deukalion1 ! ,greek ,noah1 sav$ himself & 8 family 9 a %ip47#cda7 ,! peak ( ,p>nassos play$ ! same "p 9 ! ,greek leg5d t ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir play$ 9 ! ,babylonian2 & ! /ones ?r[n on ! gr\nd by ,deukalion :i* became m51 rem9d u ( ! images ( clay m\ld$ by ! goddess ,mami 9 ! mutilat$ ,babylonian my? ( ,at>pi1 :i* simil>ly become m5 & wom54 ,b x is n s mu* ) ! episode ( ! ,deluge z ) ! :ole /ory ( ,gilgames & 8 adv5tures t ,greek my?ology claims connection4 ,! desire ( f9d+ ! biblical ,nimrod 9 ! cunei=m tablets long s$uc$ ,assyriologi/s into ! impossible attempt to id5tify him ) ,gilgames2 x is n1 h[ev]1 to ! ,biblical ,nimrod1 b to ! ,greek ,hrakls1 t ! ,babylonian h]o is relat$4 ,! curi\s p>allelism betwe5 ! twelve lab\rs ( ,hrakls & ! twelve adv5tures ( ,gilgames may be an accid5t2 b x is no accid5t t ,gilgames & ,hrakls %\ld alike be h]oes :o are n k+s1 & t bo? alike %\ld be torm5t$ ) a deadly di/emp] :i* de/roy$ ! fle%4 ,khumbaba is ! tyrant ,g]yon1 ! bull sla9 by ,gilgames is ! ,kretan bull sla9 by ,hrakls1 & ! ,neman lion reappe>s 9 ! lion :i* ,gilgames is s (t5 repres5t$ on ! seals z /rangl+ to dea?4 ,z ,hra p]secut$ ,hrakls1 s ,i/> p]secut$ ,gilgames2 ! j\rney ( ! ,greek h]o into ,hades is p>allel$ by ! j\rney ( ,gilgames beyond ! wat]s ( dea?2 & ! tree :i* he f\nd on ! %ores ( ! sea ) its fruit ( preci\s /ones is ! magical tree ( ! ,hesp]ides ) its gold5 apples :i* grew 9 ! mid/ ( ! we/]n ocean4 ,x is true t !re are _m elem5ts 9 ! leg5d ( ,hrakls :i* are n d]iv$ f ,babylonia4 ,b x is also true t1 l ! cosmogonies ( ,hesiod or ! cosmological philosophy ( ,?ales1 !re are also elem5ts 9 x = :i* we mu/ claim a ,babylonian orig94 ,probably !y made _! way to ,greek l&s at ! same "t z ! ,cyprian cult ( ,aphrodit or ! my? ( ,adnis1 ^: "n indicates ! road along :i* ! culture ( ,babylonia _h travell$4 ,rec5t ar*ological discov]ies h reveal$ ! fact t 9 ! days :5 ,canaan 0 a ,babylonian prov9ce1 a civilisation already exi/$ 9 ! gean1 & t an active int]c\rse 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ,egypt & ,asia on ! "o h&1 & ! isl&s & %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean on ! o!r1 9 :i* ,krete took a lead+ %>e4 ,light is only j dawn+ on :at until lately 0 ! 8prehi/oric0 pa/ ( ! ,european peoples2 be=e long a new _w w d\btless be disclos$ to u1 su* z t :i* ! deciph]m5t ( ! cunei=m texts has br\ght to light4 ,x is n only 9 ! my?ology ( primitive ,greece t we c trace ! influ5ce ( ! leg5ds embodi$ 9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgames4 ,! adv5tures ( ,gilgames 9 se>* ( immortality =m "p ( ! /ory ( t my?ical ,alex&] :o grew up 9 lit]ature by ! side ( ! ,alex&] ( hi/ory4 ,he too _h to make 8 way ?r\gh a l& ( ?ick d>kness1 & he too f9ally fail$ 9 8 endeav\r to secure ! 8wat]s ( life407#cdb7 ,man is & mu/ rema9 mortal2 ?is is alike ! tea*+ ( ! old poet ( ,*alda & ( ! romance :i* ! contact ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ?\ght call$ into exi/5ce 9 classical days4 ,lecture ,,ix4 ,! ,ritual ,( ,! ,temple4 ,! temple ( ! god 0 ! c5tre & glory ( e great ,babylonian city4 ,! ,babylonian ,/ates _h be5 at ! outset ess5tially !ocratic2 _! rul] _h be5 a high prie/ be=e he became a k+1 & up to ! la/ he rema9$ ! viceg]5t & adopt$ son ( ! god4 ,x 0 r\nd ! temple t ! city _h gr[n & its population clu/]$4 ,! artisans work$ = x1 & ! agricultural lab\r]s till$ its fields4 ,! art ( ,babylonia orig9at$ )9 ! temple prec9cts2 x 0 = its adornm5t t ! enamell$ tiles 7 fir/ made1 & wood or /one or metal c>v$ into arti/ic %apes1 :ile ! end[m5ts :i* ?us fo/]$ ! craftsman's art 7 d]iv$ f l&$ prop]ty or f ! ti!s paid to ! prie/s ^u ! produce ( ! soil4 ,! culture ( ,babylonia 0 ) good reason trac$ back to ! god ,ea4 ,! place occupi$ 9 ,assyria by ! army 0 fill$ 9 ,babylonia by ! prie/hood4 ,! prie/s c\ld make & unmake _! k+s4 ,! la/ mon>* ( ,babylonia1 ,nabonidos1 0 a nom9ee ( ! prie/s ( ,babylon2 x 0 f !m1 & n f ! rights ( h]itage1 t he _h d]iv$ 8 title to ! ?rone4 ,! great sanctu>ies ( ! c\ntry influ5c$ its de/9ies to ! la/4 ,! influ5ce ( ,nippur & ,eridu1 9 fact1 0 :olly religi\s2 we "k ( no royal dyna/ies t sprang f !m4 ,ev5 ,nabonidos1 ) all 8 c5tralis+ zeal on behalf ( ,m]oda* ( ,babylon1 0 con/ra9$ to lavi% gifts & hon\rs on ! sun-god ( ,sipp>a1 at all ev5ts 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 reign4 ,we mu/ !re=e look ^u ! temple z ! olde/ unit 9 ! civilisation ( ,babylonia4 ,babylonian culture beg9s ) ! temple1 ) ! wor%ip ( a deity or a _s1 & ) ! m9i/]s atta*$ to ! cult4 ,c5turies be=e ,en-lil ( ,nippur _h develop$ into a ,semitic ,bel1 an e>?ly dwell+-h\se _h be5 provid$ = him :i* became 9 "t ! temple ( a god4 ,its fir/ "n1 -kur1 8! h\se ( ! e>?0 or 8m\nta910 cont9u$ always to cl+ to x1 ev5 ?\gh ! orig9al mean+ ( ! "n 0 =gott51 & x _h come to signify a temple 9 ! lat] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! temple 0 ! sign & tok5 ( ! reclamation ( ! primitive ,babylonian swamp4 ,be=e x c\ld be erect$1 x 0 ne$ful to con/ruct a plat=m ( solid e>? & brickwork1 :i* %\ld rise above ! pe/if]\s m>%1 & s]ve z a f\ndation = ! build+4 ,! ,sum]ians call$ ! plat=m ! ki-gal or 8great place02 x 0 ! fir/ place ( human or div9e habitation wre/$ f ! wat]s ( ! swamp1 & x m>k$ ! triumph ( civilis$ man ov] nature4 ,emphatically1 !re=e1 x 0 a 8great place10 a solid re/+-place 9 a _w ( wat] & slime4 ,on ! plat=m ! temple build+s 7 pil$4 ,!re 0 no /one 9 ,babylonia2 x 0 a l& ( mud1 & ( mud bricks1 accord+ly1 bak$ 9 ! sun1 ! temple ( ! god 0 con/ruct$4 ,:at 0 lo/ 9 beauty or design 0 ga9$ 9 solidity4 ,! ,babylonian temples 7 huge masses ( brick1 squ>e = ! mo/ "p1 & ) ! f\r corn]s fac+ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,x 0 only exceptionally t ! f\r sides1 in/ead ( ! f\r corn]s1 7 made to front ! f\r 8w9ds40 ,^! masses ( brick 7 cont9ually gr[+ 9 height4 ,! crude bricks soon dis9tegrat$1 & ! heavy ra9s ( a ,babylonian w9t] quickly r$uc$ !m to _! primeval mud4 ,con/ant re/orations 7 !re=e ne$$1 & ! hi/ory ( a ,babylonian temple is t ( p]petual repairs4 ,ef=ts 7 made to keep ! walls f crumbl+ away by build+ buttresses aga9/ !m1 & ! bricks 7 cem5t$ toge!r ) bitum54 ,b all precautions 7 9 va94 ,a p]iod ( national decay inevitably br\ght ) x ! decay also ( ! temples1 & a return ( prosp]ity meant _! re/oration on ! dis9tegrat$ ru9s ( ! old] edifice4 ,! artificial plat=m became a tel or m\nd4 ,b ! gr[? 9 height 0 n displeas+ to ! prie/ly build]s4 ,! high] ! temple rose above ! level ( ! pla91 ! bett] !y 7 pleas$4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,babylonian temple1 9 fact1 0 ! ziggurat or 8t[]0 atta*$ to ea*1 ^: head x 0 design$ %\ld 8rea* to heav540 ,! ^w ziggurat means a 8l(ty peak10 & ! royal build]s ( ,babylonia vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 mak+ ! temple t[]s !y erect$ z high z possible4 ,!re 0 m ?an "o reason = ?is *>act]i/ic feature ( religi\s ,babylonian ar*itecture4 ,! fir/ settl]s 9 ! pla9 ( ,babylonia mu/ soon h discov]$ t ! high] !y c\ld be above ! surface ( ! gr\nd ! bett] x 0 = !m4 ,! ne>] !y asc5d$ to ! cl\ds ( heav51 ! fre] !y 7 f ! miasmata & insects ( ! swamp4 ,! same cause :i* l$ !m to provide a plat=m = _! temples1 w\ld h also l$ !m to raise ! temple z high z !y c\ld above ! level ( ! pla94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n expla9 ! orig9 ( ! t[] itself4 ,x w\ld h be5 a reason = build+ ! temple z high z possible1 n = atta*+ to x a t[]4 ,nor 0 ! t[] suitable = def5ce aga9/ an enemy1 l ! pylons ( an ,egyptian temple4 ,at mo/ x 0 a conv5i5t wat*-t[] f :i* ! movem5ts ( a ho/ile b& c\ld be obs]v$4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s o!r reason1 m directly connect$ ) religi\s beliefs or practices1 :i* f\nd its outw>d expression 9 ! sacr$ t[]4 ,! sanctu>y ( ,nippur1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! olde/ 9 ,nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,& f "t immemorial x _h be5 kn[n z -kur1 8! h\se ( ! m\nta9-l&40 ,x repres5t$ t und]gr\nd _w :i* 0 ! home ( ,en-lil & 8 gho/s2 & ?is und]gr\nd _w1 we mu/ obs]ve1 0 conceiv$ ( z a m\nta94 ,9 fact1 ! cunei=m "* :i* signifies 8c\ntry0 also signifies 8m\nta910 & ! hi]oglyphic picture out ( :i* x develop$ is ! picture ( a m\nta9-range4 ,! l& 9 :i* x 0 fir/ drawn & /]eotyp$ 9 writ+ mu/1 x w\ld seem1 h be5 a m\nta9\s "o1 l ! l& 9 :i* ! subt]ranean realm ( ,en-lil 0 reg>d$ z a l(ty hill4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,sum]ians mu/ h be5 ! inhabitants ( a m\nta9\s c\ntry be=e !y settl$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,babylonia & laid ! f\ndations ( ! temple ( ,nippur4 ,& ?is m\nta9\s c\ntry lay to ! nor? or ea/1 :]e ! m\nta9s ( ,elam & ,kurdi/an bord] ! ,babylonian pla94 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,deluge ! ark is made to re/ on ! summit ( ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir1 :i* is probably ! mod]n ,r[&iz1 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,assyria2 & ! gods 7 believ$ to h be5 born 9 8! m\nta9 ( ! _w10 9 ! l& ( ,arallu47#cdc7 ,"h1 too1 !y held _! c\rt2 8,i w asc5d into heav510 ! ,babylonian mon>* is made to say 9 ! #ad? *apt] ( ,isaiah1 8,i w exalt my ?rone above ! />s ( ,el2 ,i w sit also ^u ! m\nt ( ! assembly 7( ! gods71 9 ! extremities ( ! nor?27#cdd7 ,i w asc5d above ! heights ( ! cl\ds2 ,i w be l ! ,mo/ ,high40 ,m ?an "o temple 9 bo? ,babylonia & ,assyria took its "n f ?is 8m\nta9 ( ! _w02 ! ziggurat at ,kis 0 kn[n z 8! h\se ( ! m\nta9 ( mank9d10 :ile a temple at ,ur 0 entitl$ 8! h\se ( ! m\nta910 & ! %r9e ( ,gula at ,babylon 0 8! h\se ( ! holy hill407#cde7 ,all ov] ,babylonia1 accord+ly1 ! m\nta9 is br\ght into close connection ) ! religi\s cult4 ,n at ,nippur only1 b 9 o!r cities z well1 ! home ( ! gods is on ! summit ( an ,olympos1 )9 ^: subt]ranean recesses !y 7 born :5 z yet ! primitive gho/ or _s _h n become a god4 ,sum]ian religion mu/ h gr[n up r among ! m\nta9s ?an 9 ! pla91 & ! memory ( its bir?place 0 pres]v$ by religi\s cons]vatism4 ,! ziggurat ( ! temple goes back to ! days :5 ! gods 7 /ill gods ( ! m\nta91 & ! build]s ( ! temple s\ght to =ce a way into ! heav5ly ,olympos by rais+ artificially an imitation ( ! m\nta9 on ! alluvial pla94 ,! t[] 0 a mimic repres5tation ( ! -kur1 or m\nta9 ( ! e>? itself1 :]e ,en-lil1 8! god ( ! great m\nta90 7sadu rabu71 _h 8 seat4 ,& ! e>? c\ld h be5 figur$ z a m\nta9 only by ! inhabitants ( a m\nta9\s l&4 ,b ?is conception ( ! _w ( gods & m5 /&s 9 gl>+ contra/ to ! cosmology ( ,eridu4 ,!re ! primeval e>? 0 n a m\nta9 peak1 b ! flat l&s reclaim$ f ! sea4 ,! gods & spirits _h _! home 9 ! abysses ( ! ocean1 n 9 ! d>k recesses ( a m\nta9 ( ! nor?2 ! c5tre ( ! _w 0 ! palace ( ,ea b5ea? ! waves1 n 8! m\nta9-h\se0 ( ,en-lil1 or ! d>k cav]ns ( 8! m\nta9 ( ,arallu40 ,once m we are confront$ by a tw(old elem5t 9 ,babylonian ?\ght & religion1 & a pro( ( its comp\nd nature4 ,l ! contradictory elem5ts 9 ,egyptian religion1 :i* c be/ be expla9$ by ! composite "* ( ! p1 ! contradictory elem5ts 9 ,babylonian religion imply t mixture ( races :i* is describ$ 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,b]ossos4 ,9 ! t[] or ziggurat1 accord+ly1 we mu/ see a reflection ( ! belief t ?is ne!r e>? is a m\nta9 ^: highe/ peak supports ! vault ( ! sky4 ,ar\nd x float ! />s & cl\ds1 conceal+ ! heav5 ( ! gods f ! eyes ( man4 ,b ?is ,olympian heav5 0 really an aft]?\ght4 ,x 0 n until ! gho/s ( ! l[] _w _h develop$ into gods1 & be5 transf]r$ f ! he>t ( ! m\nta9 to its summit1 t x _h any exi/5ce at all4 ,x belongs to ! age ( a/ro-!ology1 to ! "t :5 ! moon & sun & ho/ ( heav5 became div9e1 & receiv$ ! homage ( mank9d4 ,?is is an age to :i* ,i %all h to ref] aga9 9 my next & conclud+ lecture4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 ! ziggurat began to consi/ ( sev5 /oreys1 d$icat$ to ! sev5 planets1 :5 ! ziggurat ( ,ere* 0 call$ 8! h\se ( ! sev5 black /ones10 & t ( ,borsippa1 8( ! sev5 zones ( heav5 & e>?407#cdf7 ,! ziggurat occupi$ b a small "p ( ! temple area4 ,:at ! temple 0 l we "k to a c]ta9 ext5t1 n only f ! ,am]ican excavations at ,nippur1 b m especially f ! acc\nts giv5 u by ,h]odotos & by a cunei=m tablet :i* describes ! great temple ( ,bel-,m]oda* at ,babylon4 ,! latt] 0 call$ -,saggila1 8! h\se ( ! exalt$ head02 & ?\gh ! acc\nt ( ,h]odotos is probably quot$ f an e>li] au?or1 :ile ! cunei=m tablet1 :i* 0 se5 & translat$ by ,mr4 ,george ,smi? at ,con/ant9ople1 has un=tunately be5 lo/1 !re is nev]!less no gr\nd 9 ei!r case = mi/ru/4 ,! description giv5 by ,h]odotos fully agrees ) t ( ! tablet4 ,! visitor to ! temple fir/ ent]$ ! 8,great0 or ,out] ,c\rt4 ,x 0 #ijj feet 9 bread?1 & m ?an #aaej 9 l5g?4 ,if we may judge f ! analogy ( ,nippur & ,lagas1 an arcade ran r\nd its int]ior1 support$ on columns1 & two l>g]1 b deta*$1 columns ( brick or /one /ood on ei!r side ( ! entrance4 ,at ,babylon a second c\rt op5$ out ( ! fir/1 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! goddesses ,i/> & ,zamm4 ,six gates pi]c$ ! walls--! ,gr& ,gate1 ! ,gate ( ! ,ris+ ,sun1 ! ,great ,gate1 ! ,gate ( ! ,colossi1 ! ,gate ( ! ,canal1 & ! ,gate ( ! ,t[]-view47#cdg7 ,!n came ! kigallu1 or plat=m1 ( ! orig9al temple1 ! sides1 & n ! corn]s ( :i* fac$ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 & :i* possess$ f\r gates1 ea* 9 ! c5tre ( a side4 ,9 x 0 ! ziggurat1 8! h\se ( ! f\ndation ( heav5 & e>?10 z x 0 t]m$1 ) its sev5 /ages1 :i* rose "o above ! o!r 9 gradually dim9i%+ proportions to a height ( #cjj feet47#cdh7 ,a w9d+ ramp l$ upw>ds on ! outside1 connect+ ! /ages ) ea* o!r1 & all[+ a *>iot to be driv5 along x to ! top4 ,"h 9 ! la/ ( ! sev5 /ages 0 ! *amb] ( ! god4 ,x conta9$ no image ( ! deity1 only a c\* ( gold & a gold5 table = ! %ewbread47#cdi7 ,none b a woman into :om ! god _h brea!d ! _s ( prophecy 0 all[$ to ent] x1 & x 0 to h] t ,bel reveal$ himself at night on 8 gold5 c\* & deliv]$ 8 oracles4 ,z 9 ,greece1 s too 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 wom5 7 inspir$ prophetesses ( ! gods4 ,x 0 f ! prie/esses & s]v+-wom5 ( ,i/> ( ,arbela t ,es>-haddon receiv$ ! oracles ( ! goddess2 & we are rem9d$ t 9 ,israel also x 0 ! prophetess ,deborah :o r\s$ h] c\ntrym5 to battle1 & ,huldah1 r ?an ,j]emiah1 to :om ! high prie/ betook himself t he might he> 8! ^w ( ! ,"l40 ,x is significant t ! place ( ! oracle 0 ! topmo/ *amb] ( ! t[]4 ,! god is conceiv$ z com+ d[n f heav527#cej7 x is !re t he lives1 n 9 ! und]gr\nd recesses ( ! m\nta9 ( ! _w or fa?omless abysses ( ! sea4 ,:5 ! ziggurat took its f9al %ape1 ! deities ( ,babylonia _h already be5 transport$ to ! sky4 ,x is also significant t !re 0 no image ( ! god4 ,! spiritual _h be5 f9ally sep>at$ f ! mat]ial1 & :]e ! god himself came 9 spiritual =m no mat]ial image ( him 0 ne$$4 ,?\gh none might be able to see him ) mortal eye save only 8 inspir$ prie/ess1 he 0 nev]!less z actually pres5t z if he _h embodi$ himself 9 "s /atue ( metal or /one4 ,! d5iz5 ( heav5 requir$ no body or =m ( e>?ly make2 ! div9e spirits :o 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ! sun or />s 7 se5 only by ! eye ( fai?4 ,b x 0 9 ! ziggurat only t ! deity ?us came d[n f heav5 9 spiritual guise4 ,9 ! *apels & %r9es t /ood at its foot images 7 num]\s2 "h ! multitude1 :e!r ( prie/s or laym51 s]v$ & wor%ipp$1 & ! old] traditions ( religion rema9$ intact4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! t[] 0 ! sanctu>y ( ,nebo1 ! 8angel0 or int]pret] ( ! w ( ,m]oda*1 ) ,tasmit1 8 wife4 ,to ! nor? 7 ! *apels ( ,ea & ,nusku1 & to ! s\? ^? ( ,anu & ,en-lil1 :ile we/w>d 0 ! temple ( ,m]oda* himself4 ,x consi/$ ( a d\ble build+1 ) a c\rt betwe5 ! two w+s4 ,9 ! recesses ( ! inn] sanctu>y 0 ! papakhu1 or 8,holy ( ,holies10 ) its gold5 image ( ! god4 ,"h too 0 ! gold5 table ( %ewbread & ! p>akku1 or m]cy-seat1 :i* at times gave its "n to ! :ole %r9e4 ,! inn]mo/ sanctu>y 0 kn[n z ! ,du-azagga1 or 8,holy ,hill10 aft] :i* ! mon? ,tisri receiv$ "o ( its names47#cea7 ,b ! "n _h really come f ,eridu4 ,x 0 ! dwell+-place ( ,ea on ! ea/]n horizon ( ! sea1 :]e ! sun rises f ! deep17#ceb7 & ,as>i accord+ly 0 entitl$ its 8son40 ,:5 ,as>i became ,m]oda* ( ,babylon1 ! ,holy ,m\nd or ,hill migrat$ ) him1 & ! seat ( ! oracul> wisdom ( ,ea 0 trans=m$ into ! %r9e ( ,m]oda*1 :]e he 9 8 turn deliv]$ 8 oracles on ! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>47#cec7 ,lehmann7#ced7 has %[n t orig9ally x repres5t$ ! m]cy-seat1 ! 8gold5 ?rone0 ( ! description ( ,h]odotos1 above :i* ! deity seat$ himself :5 he desc5d$ to ann\nce ! future de/9ies ( man4 ,x 0 only subsequ5tly t x 0 ext5d$ to ! 8,holy ( ,holies0 9 :i* ! m]cy-seat /ood4 ,a gold5 alt> seems to h be5 rais$ close to ! m]cy-seat ( ! god4 ,if ,h]odotos may be tru/$1 lambs only 7 all[$ to be sacrific$ ^u x4 ,b !re 0 ano!r & l>g] alt> 9 ! out] c\rt4 ,on ?is :ole %eep 7 (f]$1 z well z frank9c5se4 ,! ar*itectural arrangem5t ( a ,babylonian temple1 h[ev]1 0 n always ! same4 ,! ori5tation ( ! temple ( ,m]oda*1 z we h se51 diff]$ f t ( ! majority ( ! ,babylonian sanctu>ies4 ,! numb] ( *apels includ$ )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts v>i$ greatly1 & ev5 ! position ( ! great t[] 0 n uni=m4 ,b ! g5]al plan 0 alike ev]y:]e4 ,!re 0 fir/ ! great c\rt1 op5 to ! sky1 & surr\nd$ by cloi/]s & colonnades4 ,"h 7 ! h\ses ( ! prie/s & o!r m9i/]s ( ! temple1 ! libr>y & s*ool1 %ops = ! manufacture & sale ( votive objects1 ev5 ! /alls :]e9 ! animals 7 kept t 7 int5d$ = sacrifice4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt /ood an alt> ( sacrifice1 ) l>ge vases = ! purposes ( ablution by ! side ( x1 z well z a 8sea10 or bas9 ( wat]1 :i* d]iv$ its "n f ! fact t x 0 a symbol ( ! primeval 8deep40 ,! bas9 0 ( bronze or /one1 & 0 at times support$ on ! backs ( twelve ox51 z we le>n f an old hymn :i* describes ! con/ruction ( "o ( !m47#cee7 ,at o!r times1 z at ,lagas1 ! bas9 0 decorat$ ) a frieze ( female figures1 :o p\r wat] f ! vases 9 _! out/ret*$ h&s47#cef7 ,! purify+ effects ( ! wat] ( ! 8deep0 7 transf]r$ to t ( ! mimic 8sea10 & ! wor%ipp] :o ent]$ ! temple aft] wa%+ 9 x became c]emonially pure4 ,! great c\rt1 ) its two isolat$ columns 9 front ( ! entrance1 l$ into a second1 f ! floor ( :i* rose ! ziggurat or t[]4 ,! second c\rt =m$ ! approa* to ! temple prop]1 :i* aga9 consi/$ ( an out] sanctu>y & an inn] %r9e4 ,:e!r ! laity 7 admitt$ into its inn] recesses is d\btful4 ,no "o1 inde$1 c\ld appe> be=e ! god except ?r\gh ! m$iation ( a prie/2 & on ! seal-cyl9d]s a frequ5t repres5tation is t ( a wor%ipp] :om ! prie/ is lead+ by ! h& & pres5t+ to ! image ( a deity4 ,b x is n c]ta9 t ! image repres5t$ on !m 0 t :i* /ood 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 or inn]mo/ %r9e2 x may h be5 a second image1 erect$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! temple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! num]\s *apels ( ! second>y gods :o =m$ ! c\rt ( ! *ief deity ( a city1 c h>dly h be5 furni%$ ) m ?an "o /atue1 & x is ev5 que/ionable :e!r !y consi/$ ( m ?an "o *amb]4 ,p]haps x 0 only f ! topmo/ room ( ! t[] t ! layman 0 absolutely exclud$4 ,! ,babylonian temple1 x w be se51 ?us closely resembl$ ! temple ( ,solomon4 ,t1 too1 _h its two c\rts1 its *amb]s = ! prie/s1 its sanctu>y1 & its ,holy ( ,holies4 ,bo? alike 7 ext]nally m]e rectangul> boxes1 )\t ar*itectural beauty or v>iety ( design4 ,x 0 only 9 ! possession ( a t[] t ! ,babylonian temple diff]$ f ! ,israelite4 ,!y agre$ ev5 9 ! details ( _! furniture4 ,! two alt>s ( ! ,babylonian sanctu>y are f\nd aga9 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem2 s too are ! m]cy-seat & ! table ( %ewbread4 ,ev5 ! bronze 8sea0 ( ,solomon1 ) its twelve ox51 is at la/ acc\nt$ =2 x 0 modell$ aft] a ,babylonian orig9al1 & goes back to ! cosmological ideas :i* _h _! s\rce 9 ,eridu4 ,yet m /rik+ are ! tw9 pill>s t flank$ ! gateway ( ! c\rt1 rema9s ( :i* h be5 f\nd bo? at ,nippur & at ,tello4 ,!y are exactly p>allel to ! tw9 pill>s :i* ,solomon set up 89 ! por* ( ! temple10 & :i* he nam$ ,yak9 & ,boaz4 ,9 ^!1 aga91 we may f9d ve/iges ( a belief :i* _h its roots 9 ! !ology ( ,eridu4 ,:5 ,adapa1 ! fir/ man1 0 s5t by ,ea to ! heav5 ( ,anu1 he f\nd on ei!r side ( ! gate two gods clo!d 9 m\rn+1 & weep+ = _! untimely removal f ! e>?4 ,l ! two *]ubim :o gu>d$ ! tree ( life1 !y gu>d$ ! gate ( heav54 ,"o ( !m 0 ,tammuz1 ! o!r ,n9-gis-zida1 8! "l ( ! firmly plant$ /ake40 ,ea* _h p]i%$1 x w\ld seem1 9 ! prime ( life1 & h5ce 7 fitly set to gu>d ! gates ( heav5 & prev5t mortal man f =c+ 8 way into ! realm ( immortality4 ,yak91 x %\ld be notic$1 is a v passable translation ( ! ,sum]ian ,n9-gis-zida2 p]haps ,boaz pres]ves1 "u a corrupt$ =m1 a rem9isc5ce ( ,tammuz4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r p>allelism betwe5 ! temples ( ,babylonia & ,j]usalem4 ,! ,hebrew ark 0 replac$ 9 ,babylonia by a %ip4 ,! %ip 0 d$icat$ to ! god or goddess ^: image x conta9$1 & 0 (t5 ( consid]able size4 ,its sides 7 frequ5tly inlaid ) gems & gold1 & x always bore a special "n4 ,"o at lea/ ( ! names indicates t ! %ip goes back to ! days :5 z yet ! gods _h n assum$ human =ms2 ! %ip ( ,bau is /ill t ( 8! holy c[40 ,9 e>ly times ! %ip 0 provid$ ) capta9 & crew2 lat]1 x 0 r$uc$ 9 size s t x c\ld be c>ri$ l an ark on ! %\ld]s ( m54 ,b its orig9al object is cle>4 ,on days ( fe/ival ! god 0 r[$ 9 x on ! sacr$ riv]1 :]e he c\ld enjoy ! cool breeze1 & return1 z x 71 to ! 8pure0 wat]s ( ! primeval deep4 ,gradually x became m]ely 8 travell+ home :5 he left 8 usual dwell+-place4 ,9 ,assyria its place 0 ev5 tak5 by a ?rone or plat=m borne ^u ! %\ld]s 9 ! religi\s processions4 ,! %ip1 9 fact1 pass$ into an ark1 ! curta9$ palanqu9 or %r9e :]e9 ! deity c\ld conceal himself f ! eyes ( ! pr(ane :5 he left 8 own sanctu>y4 ,a discov]y made by ,mr4 ,hormuzd ,rassam 9 ! m\nds ( ,balawt1 "s fifte5 miles f ,mossul1 %[s t 9 ,assyria ! developm5t ( ! %ip into ! ark 0 z complete z x 0 9 ,israel4 ,"h he f\nd a small *apel d$icat$ to ! god ( dreams4 ,at ! entrance ( ! sanctu>y 0 a /one c(f]1 :i* conta9$ two small alaba/] slabs ?ickly cov]$ ) cunei=m writ+4 ,!y prov$ to be records ( ! conque/s ( ,assur-nazir-pal1 ! build] ( ! *apel1 & ea* tablet conta9$ ! same text4 ,x 0 n surpris+ t ! native workm5 :5 !y op5$ ! c(f] believ$ t !y _h discov]$ ! v]itable tables ( ! ,mosaic ,law6 ,we are told 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t ! latt] 7 kept 9 ! ark4 ,n f> f ! c(f] 9 ! nor?-we/ corn] ( ! %r9e 0 a /one alt> ! asc5t to :i* 0 by a flight ( five /eps4 ,! temples 7 s]v$ by an army ( prie/s4 ,at ! head came ! patesi or 8high prie/10 :o 9 ! e>ly days ( ,babylonian hi/ory p]=m$ ! functions ( a k+4 ,b ! patesi 0 ess5tially ! viceg]5t ( ! god4 ,! god delegat$ 8 p[]s to him1 & all[$ him to ex]cise !m on e>?4 ,x 0 ! doctr9e ( prie/ly m$iation c>ri$ to its logical conclusion4 ,only ?r\gh ! prie/ c\ld ! deity be approa*$1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! deity ! high prie/ took 8 place4 ,at ,babylon1 z we h se51 ! div9e rights 7 conf]r$ by an act ( adoption2 ! viceg]5t ( ,bel1 by 8tak+ ! h&0 & becom+ ! son ( ! god1 acquir$ ! "r to ex]cise 8 sov]eignty ov] m54 ,an e>ly k+ ( ,ere* calls himself ! son ( ! goddess ,n9-un4 ,f ! outset ! ,babylonian mon>*y 0 ess5tially !ocratic2 ! k+ 0 simply ! high prie/ 9 a new =m4 ,b ) ! rise ( ,semitic supremacy ! k+ himself became a god4 ,! viceg]5t _h tak5 to himself all ! attributes ( ! deity1 ! adopt$ son succe$$ to ! rights & p[]s ( 8 div9e fa!r4 ,! patesi ceas$ to be ! k+ himself1 & became in/ead 8 vic]oy & lieut5ant4 ,:]ev] ! supreme mon>* _h a gov]nor :o act$ 9 8 "n1 he _h also a repres5tative ( 8 div9e au?ority4 ,!re 7 high prie/s ( ! god on e>? z well z ( ! gods 9 heav54 ,a new t]m 0 want$ to take ! place ( patesi1 :i* _h ?us come to h a secul> z well z a religi\s signification4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 sangu1 :i*1 m especially 9 ! ,assyrian p]iod1 meant a *ief prie/4 ,e great sanctu>y _h its *ief prie/s :o correspond$ to ! ,hebrew 8sons ( ,a>on10 ) a 8high prie/0 or sangam-makhu at _! head47#ceg7 ,"u !m 7 a l>ge numb] ( subord9ate prie/s & temple m9i/]s--! kali or 8gallos-prie/s107#ceh7 ! niakki or 8sacrific]s10 ! ramki or 8p\r]s ( libations10 & ! pasisi or 8ano9t]s ) oil40 ,!re 0 ev5 a special class ( bak]s :o made ! sacr$ cakes t 7 us$ 9 ! temple s]vice1 z well z 8*ant]s0 & 8wail]s10 8c>ri]s ( ! axe0 & 8( ! spe>40 ,above all1 !re 7 ! prophets & augurs1 ! soo?say]s 7makhkhi7 & necromanc]s 7musli71 & ^? :o 8inquir$0 ( ! dead 7saili74 ,! asipi or 8prophets0 con/itut$ a class ap>t4 ,9 "s respects !y resembl$ ! prophets ( ,israel4 ,x 0 8by ord] ( ! college ( prophets0 t ,assur-bani-pal purifi$ ! %r9es ( ,babylon aft] ! capture ( ! city1 & ! prophet accompani$ ev5 an army 9 ! field4 ,at times !y pr$ict$ ! future2 m (t5 x 0 r an ann\ncem5t ( ! w ( ,heav5 :i* !y deliv]$ to mank9d47#cei7 ,z !y prophesi$ !y p\r$ out libations2 h5ce x is t ! purification ( ! %r9es ( ! ,babylonian temples 0 _! special c>e1 & t an old ritual text comm&s ! prophet to p\r out libations 8= ?ree days at dawn & night dur+ ! middle wat*407#cfj7 ,! ^w 0 borr[$ by ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,daniel 7ii4 #aj7 "u ! =m ( a%%ph1 :i* ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion r5d]s 8a/rolog]s40 ,b ! ,babylonian asip or 8prophet0 0 n an a/rolog]2 he left to o!rs ! int]pretation ( ! />s1 & cont5t$ himself ) c\nsell+ or =etell+ ! de/9ies ( m54 ,l 8 ma/] ,bel-,m]oda*1 he 0 ! int]pret] ( ! wisdom ( ,ea1 & ! reveal] ( 8 c\nsels4 ,! ,holy ( ,holies 9 ! great temple ( ,babylon1 :]e ,bel utt]$ 8 oracles1 0 kn[n z ! 8h\se ( prophecy10 l ! %ip also 9 :i* ! image ( ! god 0 f]ri$ across ! /ream47#cfa7 ,! prophet may h be5 "p ( ! h]itage bequea!d by ,eridu to ! ,babylonian p4 ,by ! side ( ! prophet /ood ! se] 7sabr747#cfb7 ,! se] & ! prophet 7 di/9ct f "o ano!r2 !re 0 no confusion betwe5 _! (fices1 z seems to h be5 at "o "t ! case 9 ,israel4 ,! se] 0 n ! 8speak]0 :o decl>$ ! w ( ! gods or ! fate t 0 decre$ = man2 x 01 on ! contr>y1 ?r\gh visions & trances t ! future 0 made kn[n to him4 ,assur-bani-pal tells u h[1 on ! eve ( ! ,elamite w>1 aft] he _h invok$ ! aid & protection ( ,i/>1 8a se] slept & dream$ a prophetic dream2 a vision ( ! night did ,i/> reveal unto him2 he repeat$ x to me1 say+3 #8,i/>1 :o dwelle? 9 ,arbela1 came d[n1 & on ! "r h& & on ! left hung 7h]7 quiv]s2 9 h] h& %e held ! b[2 %e drew ! %>p w>-sword & held x be=e h]4 ,l a "m %e speake? ) !e1 %e calle? !e2 ,i/>1 ! que5 ( ! gods1 appo9te? = !e a doom3 444 8,eat food1 dr9k w9e1 make music1 exalt my div9ity1 until ,i m>* & ?is "w ( m9e be accompli%$4 ,i w give !e ?y he>t's desire2 ?y face %all n gr[ pale1 ?y feet %all n tott]40 ' 0 ,"h ! message ( ! se] passes into a prophecy1 & 8 (fice is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! prophet only ?r\gh ! diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( revelation4 ,! se] w5t back to ! e>lie/ ages ( ,semitic ,babylonia4 ,! 8se]0 ( ! palace ( ,s>gon ( ,akkad is already m5tion$ on a contemporane\s tablet by ! side ( 8! k+0 & 8! que5407#cfc7 ,l ! o!r prie/s among :om he 0 reckon$1 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld be )\t bodily blemi%4 ,! lep]1 ! bl9d1 & ! maim$ 7 exclud$ f ! s]vice ( ! gods47#cfd7 ,h[ f> ! ,babylonian prophet resembl$ ! ,hebrew prophet x is at pres5t impossible to say4 ,b !re 7 c]ta9ly two important po9ts 9 :i* !y diff]$4 ,! ,babylonian prophet 01 on ! "o side1 a memb] ( ! prie/ly body2 ! m]e peasant c\ld n become an 8utt]]0 ( ! w ( heav5 )\t previ\s tra9+ & consecration4 ,!re 01 consequ5tly1 no su* di/9ction betwe5 ! prophet & ! prie/ z prevail$ 9 ,israel2 ,babylonia 0 a !ocratic1 n a democratic ,/ate4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! prophet 0 closely l9k$ ) ! magician & necromanc]4 ,magic _h be5 tak5 "u ! protection ( ! ,/ate religion1 n repudiat$ & p]secut$ z among ! ,israelites4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! prophet 0 a prie/ to :om ! rites ( purification 7 specially entru/$1 he 0 at ! same "t class$ ) ! sailu :o 8inquir$0 ( ! dead1 ! muslu or necromanc]1 & ! makhkhu or 8soo?say]40 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 prophetesses z well z prophets 9 bo? ,babylonia & ,israel4 ,! employm5t ( wom5 9 ! temple s]vices peculi>ly *>act]is$ ,babylonia4 ,z we h se51 x 0 a woman only :o 0 privileg$ to ent] ! secret %r9e ( ,bel-,m]oda* at ,babylon2 :ile unm>ri$ wom5 7 consecrat$1 n only to ,i/>1 b also to ! sun-god1 &1 l ! prie/s1 =m$ a corporate community4 ,we are told t 9 ! l[] _w ( ,hades !re 7 female z well z male soo?say]s2 x 0 ! home ( ! black art1 & s reflect$ ! con/itution ( ! pr(essors ( sorc]y 9 ! upp] _w4 ,along ) ! se] & ! soo?say]1 ! prophet 0 ?us annex$ by ! temple4 ,a def9ite duty 0 assign$ to him !re2 he 0 8! p\r] out0 ( libations4 ,! libations 7 d\btless orig9ally ( 8pure0 wat]1 to :i* 0 subsequ5tly add$ w9e1 :e!r made f ! palm or ! v9e4 ,along ) ! libations all ! fir/-fruits ( ! cultivat$ l& 7 (f]$ to ! gods4 ,milk & butt] & oil1 dates & vegetables1 7 giv5 9 abundance4 ,s too 7 ! spices & inc5se t 7 br\ght f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,arabia1 ! corn t 0 gr[n 9 ! fields1 g>lic & o!r h]bs f ! g>d51 & honey f ! hive4 ,b animal sacrifices 7 n =gott54 ,ox5 & calves1 %eep & lambs1 goats & kids1 fi% & c]ta9 k9ds ( birds1 7 sla9 ^u ! alt>1 & s pres5t$ to ! gods4 ,x is noticeable t x 0 only ! cultivat$ plant & ! dome/icat$ bea/ t 7 ?us (f]$ to ! deity4 ,! dog & sw9e1 or r wild bo>1 are nev] m5tion$ 9 ! sacrificial li/s4 ,:at man gave to heav5 0 :at he ate himself1 & re>$ or grew ) ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,! gazelle1 inde$1 is nam$1 b x is a scape-goat :i* is driv5 into ! des]t l ! ,hebrew ,azazel1 c>ry+ away ) x ! s9s & sickness ( ^? :o let x loose47#cfe7 ,! gods ( ,semitic ,babylonia 7 ess5tially human1 & :at man liv$ ^u !y too requir$4 ,!y _h1 moreov]1 giv5 _! wor%ipp]s all !y mo/ ne$$ & priz$--fruitful fields1 fat cattle1 ra9 9 its season1 & ! bless+s ( ! sun%9e4 ,9 return !y dem&$ ! fir/-fruits ( :at 0 9 reality _! own2 !y c\ld1 if !y s *ose1 deprive man ( ! :ole1 b !y 7 g5]\sly satisfi$ ) a "p4 ,! ,semitic ,baal 0 inde$ l a div9e k+2 "l & ma/] ?\gh he 0 ( ! cultivat$ soil & ( all t x produc$1 he 0 cont5t only ) a %>e4 ,0 ! fir/born ( man includ$ among ! sacrifices t 7 deem$ acceptable to heav58 ,ye>s ago ,i publi%$ an e>ly text :i* seem$ to %[ t su* 0 ! case4 ,my int]pretation ( ! text has be5 disput$1 b x /ill appe>s to me to be ! sole legitimate "o4 ,! text is bil+ual 9 bo? ,sum]ian & ,semitic1 & !re=e probably goes back to ,sum]ian times4 ,lit]ally r5d]$1 x is z foll[s3 8,let ! algal proclaim3 ! (fspr+ :o raises 8 head among m51 ! (fspr+ = 8 life he mu/ give2 ! head ( ! (fspr+ = ! head ( ! man he mu/ give1 ! neck ( ! (fspr+ = ! neck ( ! man he mu/ give1 ! brea/ ( ! (fspr+ = ! brea/ ( ! man he mu/ give407#cff7 ,x is difficult to atta* any o!r mean+ to ?is ?an t :i* makes x ref] to ! sacrifice ( *ildr54 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is really settl$ by ! evid5ce ( ar*ology4 ,on ! fam\s /ela ( ! ,vultures1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 a sort ( wick]-"w cage is repres5t$1 fill$ ) captives :o are wait+ to be put to dea? by ! mace ( ! k+47#cfg7 ,on a c]ta9 class ( seal-cyl9d]s1 moreov]1 a sc5e is engrav$ :i* ,mnant seems to me to h rightly expla9$ z depict+ a human sacrifice4 ,9 lat] times1 x is true1 human sacrifice ceas$ to be practis$2 !re are few1 if any1 ref]5ces to x 9 ! inscriptions1 & ! human victim is replac$ by an ox or %eep4 ,x 0 to ! (f5d$ maje/y ( ! ,assyrian k+ r ?an ( ! god ,assur t ! ,assyrian conqu]or impal$ or burnt ! beat5 foe2 & among ! li/s ( (f]+s t 7 made to ! deifi$ rul]s ( ,babylonia1 we look 9 va9 = any m5tion ( man or *ild4 ,z 9 ,israel1 s too 9 ! k+doms ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 human sacrifice seems to h disappe>$ at an e>ly date4 ,s1 moreov]1 does ano!r cu/om :i* has be5 reveal$ to u by ! ar*aic sculptures ( ,tello4 ,t 0 ! cu/om ( approa*+ ! deity /ripp$ ( clo?+27#cfh7 & ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ aptly comp>es ) x n only ! scanty dress ( ! ,mohamm$an pilgrims on ,m\nt ,arafat1 b also ,saul's conduct :5 ! _s ( prophecy fell ^u him4 ,a simil> cu/om prevail$ 9 ,keltic ,irel&1 & ! ,h9du /ill /rips himself :5 he sits d[n to eat4 ,! gr[? ( culture1 & x may be also ! mixture ( races1 ?us depriv$ ! gods ( two ( ! pr]ogatives !y _h once enjoy$4 ,!y c\ld no long] claim ! fir/born ( m51 nor require t ! wor%ipp] %\ld ent] _! pres5ce nak$ & def5celess4 ,b !y reta9$ all _! o!r k+ly rights4 ,a ti! ( all t ! l& produc$ 0 !irs1 & x 0 rigor\sly exact$1 = ! support ( ! temples & prie/s4 ,babylonia1 9 %ort1 0 ! inv5tor ( ti!4 ,:y x %\ld h be5 a t5? we _c say4 ,! num]ical sy/em ( ! ,babylonians 0 sexagesimal & duodecimal1 n decimal1 & ! ye> consi/$ ( twelve mon?s1 n ( t54 ,p]haps ! in/itution w5t back to a p]iod :5 ! ye> ( twelve mon?s _h n yet be5 fix$1 &1 l ! lun> ye> ( ! mod]n ,mohamm$an1 x /ill possess$ b t5 mon?s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ti! became a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,babylonian religi\s life4 ,x 0 paid by all classes2 ev5 ! k+ & 8 heir 7 n exempt f x4 ,"o ( ! la/ acts ( ! cr[n pr9ce ,bel%azz> 0 to pay ! ti!1 =ty-sev5 %ekels 9 am\nt1 due f 8 si/] to ! temple ( ! sun-god at ,sipp>a1 at ! v mom5t :5 ,cyrus 0 knock+ at ! gates ( ,babylon47#cfi7 ,x is probable t ! daily sacrifices 7 provid$ = 9 great measure out ( ! ti!2 at all ev5ts1 ,assur-bani-pal tells u t aft] ! suppression ( ! ,babylonian revolt1 he levi$ ^u ! p ! provision ne$$ = ! sacrifices made to ,assur & ,beltis & ! gods ( ,assyria4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 (t5 end[$ specially2 ?us ,nebu*adrezz> made special provision = ! daily sacrifice ( eight lambs 9 ! temple ( ,n]gal at ,cu?ah2 & an e>li] k+ ( ,babylonia describes h[ he _h increas$ ! end[m5t ( ! /at$ (f]+s at ,sipp>a4 ,! daily sacrifice 0 call$ ! atttku1 a t]m :i* goes back to ! age :5 ! ,semite 0 fir/ m+l+ ) ! old] ,sum]ian47#cgj7 ,!re 7 o!r t]ms 9 use to d5ote ! v>i\s k9ds ( (f]+ t 7 pres5t$ to ! gods4 ,! animal sacrifice _h ! "n ( zbu1 ! meal-(f]+ be+ kn[n z manitu47#cga7 ,! free-w (f]+ 0 nidbu2 ! 8gift0 or 8b5evol5ce0 dem&$ by ! god ^u ! produce ( ! field be+ qurbannu1 ! ,hebrew qorbn4 ,o!r t]ms also 7 employ$1 ! exact s5se ( :i* is /ill unc]ta92 among !m is "o :i* probably means 8trespass-(f]+40 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck by ! _m po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,babylonian ritual & arrangem5t ( ! temples & t :i* exi/$ among ! ,israelites4 ,! temple ( ,solomon1 9 fact1 0 little m ?an a reproduction ( a ,babylonian sanctu>y4 ,& j z ! palace ( ! ,hebrew k+ adjo9$ ! temple 9 :i* he claim$ ! "r ( (f]+ sacrifice1 s too at ,babylon ! palace ( ,nebu*adrezz>--:o1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 a pontiff z well z a k+--/ood close to ! temple ( ,m]oda*4 ,ev5 ! bronze s]p5t :i* ,hezekiah de/roy$ f9ds its p>allel 9 ! bronze s]p5ts erect$ 9 ! gates ( ! ,babylonian temples47#cgb7 ,! int]nal decoration ( ! sanctu>y1 moreov]1 0 simil> 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,! walls 7 made gorge\s ) enamell$ bricks1 or ) plaques ( gold & bronze & inlaid /ones4 ,sometimes !y 7 pa9t$ ) v]milion1 ! mon/]s ( ! ,epic ( ! ,creation be+ pictur$ on ! walls4 ,b m (t5 ! pa9t$ or sculptur$ figures 71 z at ,j]usalem1 ^? ( *]ubim & ! sacr$ tree or o!r vegetable devices4 ,at ,ere*1 bull-head$ colossi gu>d$ ! doors4 ,b ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,hebrew rituals ext5ds beyond ! c]emonial ( ! temple ( ,solomon into ! ,levitical ,law4 ,9 fact1 ! v t]m = law1 ! torh1 z ! ,israelites call$ x1 0 borr[$ f ! ,babylonian t]tu1 z 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,haupt4 ,x is ev5 a "q :e!r ! ^w is n a d]ivative f ! v]b ahru1 8to s5d0 or 8direct10 f :i* ! "n ( ,a>on 0 also =m$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ev5 ! te*nical words ( ! ,mosaic ,law recur 9 ! ritual texts ( e>ly ,babylonia4 ,! biblical kipp]1 8atonem5t10 is ! ,assyrian kuppuru2 & ! qorbn1 z we h se51 is ! ,assyrian qurbannu4 ,a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! (f]+s ( ! ri* & ( ! poor 7musknu717#cgc7 & ! sacrificial animal 0 requir$ to be 8)\t blemi%0 7salmu74 ,! 8"r0 ?igh or %\ld] ( ! victim 0 giv5 to ! prie/1 along ) ! lo9s & hide1 ! rump & t5dons1 & "p ( ! /oma*47#cgd7 ,/ill m int]e/+ is x to f9d 9 ! ritual ( ! prophets in/ructions = ! sacrifice ( a lamb at ! gate ( ! h\se1 ! blood ( :i* is to be sme>$ on ! l9tels & doorpo/s1 z well z on ! colossal images t gu>d$ ! entrance47#cge7 ,to ?is day 9 ,egypt ! same rite is practis$1 & :5 my dahabiah 0 laun*$ ,i _h to con=m to x4 ,on ?is occasion ! blood ( ! lamb 0 all[$ to fall ov] ! sides ( ! l[] deck4 ,!re are o!r p>allels betwe5 ,babylonia & ,mosaic ,israel :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d by ,pr(essor ,zimm]n4 ,9 ! 8,tab]nacle ( ! ,congregation10 or 8,t5t ( meet+10 he sees ! place :]e 8! prop] "t0 7mod1 ,assyr4 adannu7 = an und]tak+ 0 det]m9$ by ! b> or se]2 at any rate1 8to det]m9e ! prop] "t0 7saknu sa adanni7 0 "o ( ! functions ( ! ,babylonian se]47#cgf7 ,by ! side ( ! rituals = ! se]s & prophets1 moreov]1 !re 0 ano!r = ! zammri or 8s+]s40 ,! hi]>*y ( a ,babylonian temple 01 9 %ort1 ! same z t ( ,israel4 ,b 9 addition to ! ar*itecture ( ! temple & ! regulations ( ! ritual1 !re 7 yet o!r resemblances betwe5 ! religi\s law ( ,babylonia & t ( ! ,israelites4 ,!y may be trac$ 9 ! num]\s fe/ivals ( ! cal5d>1 & ! "t ( ye> at :i* !y 7 held4 ,=emo/ among !m 0 ! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>4 ,babylonia 0 prim>ily an agricultural community1 & ! fe/ivals ( its gods1 l ! names ( ! mon?s1 7 det]m9$ by ! necessities ( agriculture4 ,spr+ & autumn 7 m>k$ by ! s[+ ( ! se$ & ! g>n]+ ( ! h>ve/4 ,b nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r took place 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry at ! same "t ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! s\? ! h>ve/ might be ga!r$ 9 :5 ! corn 0 s[n 9 ! nor?1 or ! se$ s[n :5 9 cold] regions ! h>ve/ 0 ga!r$ 94 ,h5ce x 0 t ! same fe/ival might commemorate ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ! agricultural ye>4 ,b 9 ei!r case x 0 a p]iod ( rejoic+ & re/ f lab\r1 ( ?ank+ ! gods = _! b5efits1 & (f]+ !m ! fir/-fruits ( ! field4 ,9 ! old days ( ,gudea ( ,lagas ! ye> comm5c$ ) ! fe/ival ( ! goddess ,bau 9 ! middle ( ,octob]2 9 ! lat] ,babylon ( ,khammurabi ! fea/ 0 transf]r$ to ! spr+1 & ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> began 9 ,m>*4 ,b ! old] cal5d> ( ,babylonia _h be5 already c>ri$ to ! ,we/1 & !re pres]v$ 9 a c\ntry to ^: climatic & agricultural conditions x 0 really inapplicable4 ,! anci5t ,canaaniti% ye> began 9 ! autumn 9 :at ! lat] cal5d> reckon$ ! sev5? mon?4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till aft] ! f9al unification ( ! c\ntry "u ,khammurabi t a fix$ & uni=m cal5d> 0 impos$ ^u all ! sanctu>ies ( ,babylonia4 ,at an e>li] epo* ! great sanctu>ies _h ea* its own cal5d>2 ! mon?s 7 v>i\sly nam$1 & ! deities to :om ! fe/ivals 7 d$icat$ 7 n always ! same47#cgg7 ,at ,lagas x 0 ,bau to :om ! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> 0 sacr$2 at ,babylon x 0 ,m]oda*4 ,besides ! fe/ivals ( ! spr+ & autumn1 !re 0 yet a ?ird fe/ival belong+ to ! agricultural ye>4 ,?is 0 ! fea/ ( ! summ] sol/ice1 :i* fell 9 ! mon? ( ,june4 ,x m>k$ ! dry+ up ( ! soil & ! disappe>ance ( ! crops & vegetation ( ! spr+4 ,9 "s ( ! e>ly ,/ates ( ,babylonia x 0 consecrat$ to a god ,bil-'si27#cgh7 9 ! cal5d> ( ,assyria1 ,tammuz took ! place ( ! old] god4 ,tammuz _h p]i%$ by an untimely dea?1 & x 0 fitt+ t ! dea? ( ! god %\ld be celebrat$ :5 nature also seem$ to die4 ,!re 0 a "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! fe/ival ( ,tammuz _h be5 obs]v$1 at all ev5ts 9 "s p>ts ( ,babylonia1 9 ,octob] r ?an 9 ,june4 ,! same mon? t _h witness$ ! fea/ ( ! ,new ,ye> witness$ also t ( ,tammuz ris5 aga9 f ! dead4 ,! ?ree great fea/s ( ! ,babylonian agriculturi/ are f\nd aga9 9 ,canaan4 ,b x is noticeable t ! ?ird ( !m--! fea/ ( ,weeks1 z x 0 call$ by ! ,hebrews--0 !re ! correspond5t ( ! spr+ fe/ival 9 ,babylonia4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a repetition ( ! fe/ival ( spr+4 ,& ! latt] accord+ly becomes a prelude & anticipation ( x4 ,on ! #af? ( ,nisan ! ,levitical ,law ord]$ a %eaf ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/ to be pres5t$ 7,lev4 xxiii4 #aj-ad71 & ! unleav5$ bread eat5 at ! fe/ival itself symbolis$ ! +a!r+ ( ! corn :i* 0 ?us d$icat$ to ,god 9 ! =m ( consecrat$ cakes4 ,! ?ree great agricultural fe/ivals 7 supplem5t$ by o!rs4 ,_m ( ^! occurr$ at fix$ times ( ! ye>1 & commemorat$ ! div9ities wor%ipp$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! sanctu>ies ( ,babylonia4 ,"s ( !m 7 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 o!rs only 9 a p>ticul> city & di/rict4 ,) ! deification ( a new k+ came a new fe/ival 9 8 hon\r2 & if 8 cult la/$1 ! fe/ival cont9u$ also by ! side ( ! e/abli%$ fe/ivals ( ! old] gods4 ,b new fe/ivals might fur!r be in/itut$ = o!r reasons4 ,! build+ or re/oration ( a sanctu>y1 or ev5 ! d$ication ( a /atue1 0 a q suffici5t pretext4 ,:5 ,gudea consecrat$ ! temple ( ,+uria at ,lagas1 he tells u h[ he _h 8remitt$ p5alties & giv5 pres5ts4 ,dur+ sev5 days no s]vice 0 exact$4 ,! female slave 0 made ! equal ( h] mi/ress2 ! male slave 0 made ! equal ( 8 ma/]2 ! *ief & 8 subject h be5 made equal 9 my city4 ,all t is evil ,i remov$ f ?is temple407#cgi7 ,! tempor>y fre$om ?us grant$ to ! slave seems to h be5 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,babylonian fe/ival4 ,b]ossos /at$ t 9 ! mon? ( ,los or ,july1 ! fea/ ( ,saka 0 celebrat$ at ,babylon = five days1 :5 x 0 8! cu/om t ! ma/]s %\ld obey _! dome/ics1 "o ( :om is l$ r\nd ! h\se clo!d 9 a royal g>m5t407#chj7 ,! cu/om has (t5 be5 comp>$ ) t :i* prevail$ at ! ,roman ,saturnalia1 & a baseless !ory has rec5tly be5 put =w>d connect+ ) x ! ,hebrew fea/ ( ,purim47#cha7 ,b ! cu/om 0 really ! exagg]ation 9 ! ,greek age ( ,babylonian hi/ory ( ! old doctr9e :i* und]lay ! ,babylonian conception ( a holy day4 ,a holy day 0 ess5tially a holiday1 a day :5 ! :ole p re/$ f "w1 & :51 accord+ly1 ev5 ! slave recov]$ = a:ile 8 fre$om4 ,! summ] fea/ ( ,saka1 at lea/ 9 its orig9al =m1 or ! fe/ival orda9$ by ,gudea at ! consecration ( ! temple ( -,n9nu1 0 ?us a p>allel to ! ,hebrew ye> ( ,jubilee4 ,9 ! ye> ( ,jubilee we h ! we/]n reflection ( beliefs & usages t 7 famili> to ! ance/ors ( ,abraham4 ,! ,sabba?-re/ 0 ess5tially ( ,babylonian orig94 ,! ^w ,sabba? itself 0 borr[$ f ,babylonia1 :]e x _h ! =m ,sabattu1 & 0 d]iv$ by ! native lexicograph]s f ! ,sum]ian sa1 8he>t10 & 8bat1 to cease10 & s expla9$ z 8a day ( re/ = ! he>t407#chb7 ,! d]ivation is1 ( c\rse1 absurd1 b x indicates ! antiquity ( ! t]m4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r "n1 sulum1 or 8quiet day10 :i* 0 m especially us$ z a translation ( ! ,sum]ian udu khul-gal1 8dies nefa/us10 on :i* x 0 unlawful or unlucky to p]=m c]ta9 k9ds ( "w47#chc7 ,?us1 9 a li/ ( :at we %\ld call ! ,sa9ts' days 9 ! mon? ( ! ,second ,elul1 we read t ! #g?1 #ad?1 #ai?1 #ba/1 & #bh? days ( ! mon? 7 all alike days ( quiet & re/4 8,! #g? day10 we are told1 8is a day d$icat$ to ,m]oda* & ,z>panit4 ,x is a lucky day & a quiet day4 ,! %eph]d ( mighty nations 7i4e4 ! k+7 mu/ n eat fle% cook$ at ! fire or 9 ! smoke4 ,8 clo!s he mu/ n *ange4 ,:ite g>m5ts he mu/ n put on4 ,he mu/ n (f] sacrifice4 ,! k+ mu/ n drive a *>iot4 ,he mu/ n issue royal decrees4 ,9 a secret place ! se] mu/ n prophesy4 ,m$ic9e = ! sickness ( 8 body he mu/ n apply4 ,= mak+ a spell x is n fitt+407#chd7 ,"h ! ,sabba? recurs1 z among ! ,hebrews1 e sev5 days2 & ,pr(essor ,j5s5 has po9t$ out t ! #ai? ( ! mon?1 on :i* !re 0 also a ,sabba?1 0 =ty-n9e days or sev5 weeks f ! beg9n+ ( ! previ\s mon?4 ,!re 0 !re=e n only a week ( sev5 days1 b a week ( sev5-day weeks z well4 ,9 fact1 ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ! ,hebrew in/itution lay 9 ! subord9ation ( ! ,sabba? to ! fe/ival ( ! 8new moon0 among ! ,babylonians4 ,!re 0 no ,sabba? on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?2 its place 0 tak5 by freewill (f]+s to ! moon4 ,! ,sabba?1 x w be notic$1 0 n a fa/-day4 ,fa/s1 h[ev]1 7 n infrequ5t 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & 9 times ( dang] & di/ress might be specially orda9$4 ,:5 ,es>-haddon 0 h>d press$ by 8 nor!rn enemies1 he ord]$ pray]s to be made & c]emonies to be p]=m$ to ! sun-god1 la/+ = "o hundr$ days & nights4 ,x 0 a long p]iod ( public humiliation1 & ! god 0 ask$ to grant fav\rable visions to ! 8se]s0 :o implor$ 8 help4 ,9 ! p5it5tial psalms1 fa/+ is allud$ to m ?an once4 8,in/ead ( food10 says ! p5it5t1 8,i eat bitt] te>s2 in/ead ( palm-w9e1 ,i dr9k ! wat]s ( mis]y40 ,or1 aga93 8,food ,i h n eat51 weep+ is my n\ri%m5t2 wat] ,i h n drunk1 te>s are my dr9k407#che7 ,! fa/ & ! fea/ alt]nat$ z !y did 9 ,israel4 ,z we come to "k m ( ! ritual ( ,babylonia1 ! resemblance x be>s to t ( ! ,hebrews becomes at once m /rik+ & ext5sive4 ,!y bo? />t f ! same pr9ciples1 & agree 9 _m ( _! details4 ,betwe5 !m1 inde$1 lies t deep gulf ( diff]5ce :i* sep>ates ! religions ( ,israel & ,babylonia z a :ole2 ! "o is mono!i/ic1 ! o!r poly!i/ic4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is pr(\nd di/9ction1 ! cult & ritual h m ?an a family relation%ip4 ,cu/oms & rites :i* h lo/ _! primitive mean+ 9 ! ,levitical ,law1 f9d _! explanation 9 ,babylonia2 ev5 ! ecclesia/ical cal5d> ( ! ,p5tateu* looks back to ! ,babylonia ( ! age ( ,khammurabi4 ,x _c be an accid5t t ! ,khammurabi or ,ammurapi ( ! cunei=m inscriptions is ! ,amraphel ( ,g5esis1 ! contempor>y ( ,abram ! ,hebrew1 :o 0 born 9 8,ur ( ! ,*aldees40 ,! ,mosaic ,law mu/ h drawn its fir/ inspiration f ! ,abrahamic age1 modifi$ & develop$ ?\gh x may h be5 9 ! lat] c5turies ( ,israeliti% hi/ory4 ,lecture ,x4 ,a/ro-,!ology ,& ,! ,moral ,elem5t ,9 ,babylonian ,religion4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 writ]s on ! hi/ory or philosophy ( religion _h mu* to say ab\t :at !y call$ ,sabaism4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( idolatry 0 suppos$ to h be5 a wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,a passage 9 ! ,book ( ,job 0 invok$ 9 support ( ! fact1 & beautifully execut$ draw+s ( ,babylonian seal-cyl9d]s 7 made = ! sake ( ! pictures ( ! sun & moon & />s t 7 ^u !m4 ,sir ,william ,drummond resolv$ ! sons ( ,jacob into ! signs ( ! ,zodiac27#chf7 ,dupuis d]iv$ ,*ri/ianity itself f a sort ( allegorical a/ronomy4 8,sabaism0 has long s9ce fall5 into disrepute4 ,an?ropology has long s9ce taught u t primitive religion is n conf9$ to a wor%ip ( ! />s4 ,! cult ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 n ! s\rce ( poly!ism2 inde$1 !re are sy/ems ( poly!ism 9 :i* x has nev] exi/$ at all4 ,( late ! t5d5cy has be5 to disc\nt x altoge!r z a factor 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,b ! t5d5cy has gone too f>4 ,!re 0 "o religion1 at all ev5ts1 9 :i* x play$ an important "p4 ,?is 0 ! religion ( anci5t ,babylonia & ( ^? o!r c\ntries :i* 7 influ5c$ by ,babylonian culture4 ,b ev5 "h ! deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions seem$ to %[ t x belong$ to a late age1 & 0 an artificial product :i* nev] affect$ ! p z a :ole4 ,:5 ,i deliv]$ my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 ,i believ$ t ,i c\ld dismiss x 9 a few words z m]ely a k9d ( subsidi>y *apt] add$ to ! religion ( ! ,/ate by p$ants & s*ol>s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! elaborate sy/em ( a/ro-!ology :i* *>act]is$ ,babylonian religion 0 an artificial creation4 ,x 0 ! result ( a comb9ation ( religion ) a/ronomy :i* 0 elaborat$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,a/ronomy1 l all o!r sci5ces1 0 "u ! control ( ! prie/s1 ! obs]vatory rose by ! side ( ! s*ool )9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ! cal5d> on ! obs]vations ( ! a/ronom] gave !m a religi\s "*4 ,moreov]1 ! a/ro-!ology ( ,babylonia did n g back to primeval times4 ,! id5tification ( ! (ficial gods ) ! heav5ly bodies belongs to an age :5 ! (ficial religion _h already be5 cry/allis$ into %ape1 & a map ( ! heav5s _h be5 made4 ,we c almo/ wat* its rise & trace its gr[?4 ,nev]!less ! rise & gr[? are ( f> e>li] date ?an 0 =m]ly imag9$4 ,a/ro-!ology 0 n a m]e le>n$ s*eme ( allegoris$ sci5ce1 ! play?+ ( a s*ool ( p$ants2 x ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! religion ( ,babylonia & ^u ! hi/ory ( its developm5t4 ,x _h1 moreov]1 a backgr\nd 9 ! fai? ( ! p4 ,l ! riv]s & /reams1 ! />s also 7 really wor%ipp$17#chg7 & ! symbols drawn on ! seal-cyl9d]s %[ t ?is wor%ip mu/ g back to ! olde/ p]iod ( ,babylonia4 ,ev5 ! ideograph t d5otes 8a god0 repres5ts an eight-ray$ />4 ,! fact is significant4 ,at ! "t :5 ! pictorial hi]oglyphics 7 fir/ be+ =m$ out ( :i* ! cunei=m *>act]s 7 to gr[1 ! /> 0 already ! symbol & repres5tative ( ! div9e4 ,x 0 n z yet ! m g5]al & ab/ract 8sky10 x 0 ! p>ticul> /> t 0 ador$ z a god4 ,babylonian religion1 z f> back z its writt5 hi/ory leads u1 really beg9s ) ,sabaism4 ,h[ is ?is fact to be reconcil$ ) ! fur!r fact t ! gods ( ,babylonia 7 once spirits & gho/s1 ! zi's ( ,eridu & ! lil's ( ,nippur8 ,to ?is "q no answ] at pres5t is possible2 at mo/ we c only sugge/ t ! zi1 or _s1 0 localis$ 9 ! />4 ,a _s ( ! sun 0 z conceivable z a _s ( ,ea1 & ! son ( ,ea1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 became a sun-god4 8,! zi ( ! god0 meant orig9ally 9 ! primitive picture-writ+ 8! _s ( ! />10 & ! lit]al r5d]+ ( ! invocation 9 ! e>ly spells w\ld be 8! _s ( ! /> :o is "l ( ,du-azagga10 8! _s ( ! /> :o is mi/ress ( ! holy hill40 ,9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah ! ,babylonian k+ is made to say t he w\ld en?rone himself among ! gods on ! summit ( ! ,*aldan ,olympos 8above ! />s ( ,el02 & ,n9-ip1 ! int]pret] ( ,en-lil1 0 at once ! sun-god & ! moon4 ,i/>1 x mu/ n be =gott51 0 prim>ily ! ev5+ />2 & ,i/> 0 n only supreme among ! goddesses ( ,babylonia1 %e 0 ! type & repres5tative ( !m all4 ,! signs ( ! ,zodiac _h once be5 ! mon/] allies ( ! dragon ( *aos4 ,) all ?is1 x may h]eaft] prove t ! conception ( ! div9e z a /> 0 introduc$ by a diff]5t race f t :i* saw 9 x a _s or a gho/4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 a conception :i* ! inscriptions ( ,s\!rn ,arabia h %[n to h prevail$ among ! ,we/]n ,semites4 ,pr(essor ,hommel has made x cle>7#chh7 t ! ,semitic tribes to :i* ! ,arabs ( ! s\?1 ! ,aramans1 & ! ,hebrews alike belong$1 wor%ipp$ f\r supreme deities--,a?t>1 ! ev5+ & morn+ />2 ! moon-god & its mess5g] or 8,prophet02 & ! goddess ( ! sun4 ,a?t> is ! ,babylonian ,i/>1 :o has become a male god 9 h] passage to ! ,semites2 &1 :ile ! p ( ,hadhramaut borr[$ ! "n ( ,s9 f ,babylonia1 ^? ( ,qatabn borr[$ ! "n ( ,nebo 7,anby74 ,samas1 ! sun1 has become a goddess2 ! moon-god has tak5 ! =emo/ place 9 ! pan!on1 & ! sun has accord+ly be5 trans=m$ into 8 col\rless reflection4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,i/>1 s too 9 t ( ! sun-god1 ! g5d]less gramm> ( ,sum]ian facilitat$ ! *ange4 1 ! sun-god ( ,sipp>a1 _h become 8 wife "u ,semitic influ5ce17#chi7 & f ,sipp>a ! conception ( a sol> goddess pass$ to ! ,semites on ! we/]n side ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! supreme ,baalim ( ! ,s\? ,arabian inscriptions mu/ ?us h be5 ( ,babylonian orig94 ,"n & "* alike 7 d]iv$ f ,sum]ian ,babylonia4 ,& f ?is ! fur!r inf]5ce is obvi\s3 ,arabian & ,we/ ,semitic 8,sabaism10 ) its wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies1 0 n indig5\s4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! result ( contact ) ,babylonian civilisation1 a contact :i* gave ,ur & ,h>ran a mix$ population1 & caus$ !m to be ! seats & c5tres ( ! wor%ip ( ! moon-god4 ,! primitive ,semitic ,baal--! 8"l0 ( a specific plot ( e>? or tribal t]ritory--became a moon-good or an ev5+ />1 :ile 8 wife 0 embodi$ 9 ! sun4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by a /udy ( ! religion ( ,canaan4 ,"h ! place occupi$ by ! moon-god among ,arabians & ,hebrews is tak5 by ! sun4 ,! supreme ,baal is ! sun-god1 & ! female ,a%tore? is id5tifi$ ) ! moon4 ,z ,i endeav\r$ to %[ 9 an e>li] lecture1 !re 0 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonian religion :5 "h also ! sun-god 0 supreme4 ,! gods 7 resolv$ into sol> deities1 or r 7 id5tifi$ ) ! sun4 ,! sol> elem5t 9 ,m]oda* ?reat5$ to absorb 8 human k+%ip2 x 0 only 8 lik5ess to man t sav$ him f ! fate ( ! ,egyptian gods4 ,x is j ?is phase 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonian !ology t we f9d reflect$ 9 ! !ology ( ,canaan4 ,baal has pass$ into ! sun-god1 & 8 *>act]i/ics are ^? ( ! sun-gods ( ,babylonia4 ,! hi/orical monum5ts h told u h[ long & deep 0 ! influ5ce ( ,babylonia ^u ! culture ( ,canaan1 & x 0 ex]cis$ j at ! "t :5 ! sol> fai? _h triumph$ 9 ! ,babylonian pla94 ,x is n )\t significance t ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 :o fir/ br\ght ! civilisation & arts ( ,babylonia to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 %\ld h _h 8 capital 9 a city :i* adjo9$ ,sipp>a1 ! special seat ( sol> wor%ip4 ,:ile ,arabia drew its inspiration f ,ur1 ! religion ( ,canaan 0 modifi$ by contact ) a culture & !ology t 7 m purely ,babylonian4 ,phnician tradition /\tly ma9ta9$ t ! ance/ors ( ! ,canaaniti% p _h come f ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 8,sabaism10 !re=e1 to use ! old t]m1 mu/ really h be5 an e>ly =m ( ,babylonian belief4 ,x 0 communicat$ to ! ,semites we/ ( ! ,euphrates at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t ways4 ,to ! ,we/]n ,semites ( ,arabia & ,mesopotamia x came ?r\gh ,ur1 & consequ5tly set ! moon-god at ! head ( ! div9e hi]>*y4 ,to ! ,canaanite x 0 c>ri$ m directly1 b at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! sol> wor%ip _h become dom9ant 9 ,babylonia4 ,! influ5ce ( ,nippur _h wan$ be=e t ( ,eridu1 & out ( ,eridu _h ris5 a culture-god ^: son & viceg]5t 0 ! sun4 ,! moon-god 0 address$ 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia by diff]5t titles1 "o ( :i* 0 t ',ammi or ',ammu :i* =ms "p ( ! "n ( ,khammurabi4 ,pr(essor ,hommel h9ts t ev5 ! ,hebrew ,yahveh may once h be5 a title ( ! moon-god among ! ,we/]n ,semites ( ,babylonia4 ,z ,i 0 ! fir/ to po9t out1 ! "n ( ,yahveh actually occurs 9 a docum5t ( ! age ( ,abraham1 :]e x ent]s into ! composition ( ! "n ,yahum-ilu1 ! ,joel ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,pr(essor ,hommel has s9ce f\nd o!r examples ( x 9 tablets ( ! same p]iod1 ?us ov]?r[+ ! mod]n !ory :i* d]ives x f ! ,k5ites47#cij7 ,x 0 already kn[n to 8,abram ! ,hebrew0 9 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,! hymn to ! moon-god ( ,ur1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 an e>li] lecture17#cia7 is almo/ mono!i/ic 9 tone4 ,to ! writ] he 8alone is supreme 9 heav5 & e>?40 ,he is ! creator ( ! univ]se2 he is also ! univ]sal 8,fa!r10 8long-suff]+ & full ( =giv5ess1 ^: h& upholds ! life ( all mank9d40 ,m ?an t1 he is 8! omnipot5t "o1 ^: he>t is imm5sity1 & !re is none t may fa?om x40 ,among ! o!r gods he has no rival2 he causes ! h]b to gr[1 & ! cattle & flock to br+ =?2 & he e/abli%$ law & ju/ice among mank9d4 ,! angels ( heav5 & ! spirits ( ! e>? alike d homage to him2 !re is no goddess ev5 :o appe>s at 8 side4 ,! hymn =m$ "p ( ! ritual ( ! great temple at ,ur be=e ! bir? ( ,abraham1 & ! ,hebrew patri>* may well h li/5$ to its tea*+4 ,f ,ur & its mix$ population we c trace ! wor%ip ( ! ,babylonian moon-god along ! coa/s ( ,s\!rn ,arabia z f> z ,egypt4 ,9 ,hadhramaut1 z ,i h already said1 ! v "n ( ,s9 0 reta9$1 & ev5 9 ,nor?-we/]n ,arabia ! "n ( ! sacr$ m\nta9 ( ,s9ai be>s witness to ! cult ( ! ,babylonian deity4 ,e>ly seal-cyl9d]s associate ) ! moon-god bo? an ape & a dw>f-l figure1 call$ ,nu-gidda1 8! dw>f10 9 ,sum]ian1 :o dances 9 hon\r ( ! god1 l ! ,danga dw>f 9 ,egypt1 or ! cynocephal\s apes ( ,?o?4 ,9 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ! dw>f assumes ! %ape ( ,bes1 :o is (t5 repres5t$ ) an ape on ei!r side2 & ,bes ) 8 cr[n ( fea!rs1 along ) ! apes 7or monkeys7 t accompany him1 came f ! s\? ( ,arabia to ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! mono!i/ic t5d5cy ( ! hymn to ! moon-god /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! poly!ism ( ! sol> hymns4 ,! sol> ritual1 9 fact1 0 ess5tially poly!i/ic4 ,b ,nann> or ,s91 ! moon-god1 0 8! pr9ce ( ! gods10 ! rul] ( ! />ry ho/s ( heav54 ,by ! side ( him ! />s 7 b z ! %eep ( a flock 9 ! pres5ce ( _! %eph]d1 or z ! p ( a ,/ate 9 ! pres5ce ( _! deifi$ k+4 ,h5ce he 0 "l ov] 8 bro!r gods 9 a way t ! sun-god c\ld nev] be2 !y became ! ho/s t he m>%all$ 9 fight aga9/ ! enemies ( light & ord]1 ! multitude t obey$ 8 voice z ! %eep foll[ _! %eph]d4 ,! moon-god 0 emphatically 8! "l ( ho/s06 ,! title 0 appli$ to o!r gods 9 lat] days4 ,nebu*adrezz> calls ,nebo 8! m>%all] ( ! ho/s ( heav5 & e>?107#cib7 & ,tigla?-piles] ,i4 makes ,assur 8! director ( ! ho/s ( ! gods40 ,! k+s transf]r$ ! title to !mselves1 *ang+ only 8gods0 into 8m510 & s becom+ 8k+s ( ! ho/s ( mank9d40 ,b ! fir/ signification ( ! t]m 0 8! ho/ ( heav510 ! />s ( ,el above :om ! k+ ( ,babylon s\ght to erect 8 ?rone4 ,"o ( ! primeval div9ities ( ! pan!on--a div9ity1 inde$1 :o sc>cely em]g$ f 8 primitive condition ( a primordial _s--0 ,en-me-s>ra17#cic7 8! en*ant] ( ! 7heav5ly & e>?ly7 ho/s10 to :om 9 "s ( ! old ,babylonian cities a fea/ ( m\rn+ 0 celebrat$ at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ! mon? ,tebet4 ,a hymn entitles him 8! "l ( ! e>?1 ! pr9ce ( ,arallu1 "l ( ! place & ! l& :5ce none return1 ev5 ! m\nta9 ( ! spirits ( e>? 444 )\t :om ,+uria _c produce prosp]ity 9 field or canal1 _c create ! crop 444 he :o gives sceptre & reign to ,anu & ,el-lil407#cid7 ,he is invok$1 l ! moon-god1 to e/abli% firmly ! f\ndation-/one t x may la/ = ev]4 ,b x is n only ov] ! spirits ( ! und]gr\nd _w t he holds sway2 he reigns also 9 heav51 9 ! close vic9ity ( ! ecliptic1 & 8! sev5 great gods0 :o 7 8 sons 7 />s 9 ! sky4 ,8 attributes1 !re=e1 closely resemble ^? ( ! moon-god ( ,ur3 l ! moon-god1 he is at once "l ( ! sky & ( ! und]world1 a fa!r ( ! />s ( night :o makes ! gre5 h]b gr[ 9 ! e>? bel[4 ,9 ,en-me-s>ra1 8! en*ant] ( ! 7_s7-ho/s10 ! realm ( ! moon-god 0 unit$ ) t ( ,en-lil2 z "l ( ! night he rul$ 9 ,hades1 & 0 supreme ev5 9 t 8m\nta90 ( ! gho/-_w f :i* ,en-lil d]iv$ "o ( 8 names47#cie7 ,b ,i mu/ leave to o!rs ! task ( fur!r pursu+ ! pa? ( exploration :i* ,i h ?us sket*$ 9 outl9e4 ,t ,yahveh 0 once id5tifi$ ) ! moon-god ( ,babylonia 9 ^? di/ant days1 :5 z yet ,abraham _h n be5 born 9 ,ur ( ,*aldees1 expla9s 8 title ( 8,"l ( ho/s0 bett] ?an ! f>-fet*$ !ories :i* h be5 inv5t$ to acc\nt = x4 ,! explanation has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ support$ by ! anci5t texts ( ,babylonia4 ,adv5tur\s spirits may ev5 be incl9$ to see 9 ,s9ai1 ! m\nta9 ( ,s91 a fitt+ place = ! promulgation ( ! ,law ( ! ,"l ( ho/s2 b su* speculations lie beyond ! rea* ( ! pres5t lectur]1 & ! lectures he has und]tak5 to give4 ,! "n ( ,en-me-s>ra1 8! en*ant] ( ! 7_s7-ho/s10 br+s u back to t d>k backgr\nd ( magic & sorc]y :i* di/+ui%$ & disfigur$ ! religion ( ,babylonia up to ! la/4 ,! ,sum]ian elem5t cont9u$ to survive 9 ! ,babylonian p1 & ! magic :i* 0 its primitive religion surviv$ also4 ,x 0 nev] elim9at$2 beh9d ! prie/ lurk$ ! sorc]]2 ! spell & ! incantation 7 b p>tially hidd5 b5ea? ! pray] & ! p5it5tial psalm4 ,"o result ( ?is 0 ! exagg]at$ importance atta*$ to rites & c]emonies1 & ! small space occupi$ by ! moral elem5t 9 ! (ficial ,babylonian fai?4 ,!re 0 d\btless a c]ta9 am\nt ( spirituality1 m especially ( an individuali/ic sort2 ! s9n] bewails 8 transgressions1 & appeals = help to 8 deity1 b ( morality z an integral "p ( religion !re is little evid5ce4 ,we look 9 va9 = any?+ analog\s to ! judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris & ! negative confession ( ! ,egyptian dead2 ! ,babylonian gods1 x is true1 pref]r$ t a man %\ld walk uprightly1 b 8 future salvation did n dep5d on 8 conduct 9 ?is life4 ,he 0 puni%$ 9 ?is _w = 8 s9s & %ortcom+s1 b ! s9s 7 n conf9$ to s9s aga9/ morality2 !y equally includ$ c]emonial transgressions4 ,at ! same "t1 a sort ( cate*ism :i* =ms "p ( ! ritual ( ! se]s %[s t a recognition ( ! moral elem5t 9 religion 0 n altoge!r want+4 ,! foll[+ is ,pr(essor ,zimm]n's translation ( x3 8,has he e/rang$ ! fa!r f 8 son8 ,has he e/rang$ ! son f 8 fa!r8 ,has he e/rang$ ! "m f h] daught]8 ,has he e/rang$ ! daught] f h] "m8 ,has he e/rang$ ! "m-9-law f h] daught]-9-law8 ,has he e/rang$ ! bro!r f 8 bro!r8 ,has he e/rang$ ! fri5d f 8 fri5d8 ,has he e/rang$ ! companion f 8 companion8 ,has he refus$ to set a captive free1 or has he refus$ to loose "o :o 0 b\nd8 ,has he exclud$ ! prison] f ! light8 ,has he said ( a captive1 #8,hold him fa/1' or ( "o :o 0 b\nd1 #8,/r5g!n 8 bonds'8 ,has he committ$ s9 aga9/ a god1 or has he committ$ s9 aga9/ a goddess8 ,has he (f5d$ a god1 or has he held a goddess 9 light e/eem8 ,is 8 s9 aga9/ 8 own god1 or is 8 s9 aga9/ 8 own goddess8 ,has he done viol5ce to "o old] ?an himself1 or has he conceiv$ hatr$ aga9/ an eld] bro!r8 ,has he held 8 fa!r & "m 9 contempt1 or has he insult$ 8 eld] si/]8 ,has he be5 g5]\s 9 small ?+s1 b av>ici\s 9 great matt]s8 ,has he said #8yea' = #8nay1' & #8nay' = #8yea'8 ,has he spok5 ( unclean ?+s or c\nsell$ disob$i5ce8 ,has he spok5 wick$ words8444 ,has he us$ false scales8444 ,has he accept$ a wrong acc\nt1 or has he refus$ a rightful sum8 ,has he dis9h]it$ a legitimate son1 or has he recognis$ an illegitimate son8 ,has he set up a false l&m>k1 or has he refus$ to set up a true l&m>k8 ,has he remov$ b\nd1 bord]1 or l&m>k8 ,has he brok5 into 8 neighb\r's h\se8 ,has he drawn ne> 8 neighb\r's wife8 ,has he %$ 8 neighb\r's blood8 ,has he /ol5 8 neighb\r's g>m5t807#cif7 ,! li/ ( que/ions rem9ds u ( ! negative confession ( ! ,osirian cre$1 b ! end & purpose ( x is diff]5t4 ,!y are ! que/ions put to ! p5it5t 9 ord] t ! prie/ may discov] :y ! wra? ( ! gods has fall5 ^u him4 ,!y relate to ?is life only1 n to ! next2 con=mity to ! moral code !y imply br+s ) x no assurance ( et]nal happ9ess1 x is a gu>antee only aga9/ suff]+ & mis=tune 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,! po9t ( view ( ! ,babylonian 0 t ( ! fri5ds ( ,job4 ,morality1 9 fact1 0 left 9 l>ge measure to ! legislator4 ,an old code1 :i* seems to h be5 ascrib$ to ! god ,ea1 ass]ts explicitly ! responsibility ( ! rul]1 & 8 am5ability to div9e puni%m5t = unrighte\s deal+4 8,if ! k+ does n give he$ to ju/ice10 x beg9s1 88 p w p]i% & 8 l& be enfeebl$47#cig7 8,if he gives no he$ to ! law ( ! l&1 ,ea1 ! k+ ( de/9ies1 w *ange 8 de/9y1 & visit him ) mis=tune4 8,if he gives no he$ to 8 nobles1 8 days %all n be long4 8,if he gives no he$ to ! wise1 8 l& w revolt aga9/ him4 8,if he gives he$ to ! 7law-7book1 ! k+ w behold ! /r5g!n+ ( 8 l&4 8,if he gives he$ to ! writ+ 7sipir7 ( ,ea1 ! great gods w e/abli% him 9 c\nsel & k ( ju/ice4 8,if he smites a man ( ,sipp>a & gives a wrong decision1 ! sun-god1 :o judges heav5 & e>?1 w appo9t ano!r judge 9 8 l&1 & a j pr9ce & a j judge in/ead ( unju/ ones4 8,if ! sons ( ,nippur come to him = judgm5t1 & he accepts bribes & treats !m h>%ly1 ,bel1 ! "l ( ! _w1 w br+ a =eign enemy aga9/ him & de/roy 8 army2 ! pr9ce & 8 g5]al w be hunt$ l outca/s ?r\gh ! /reets4 8,if ! sons ( ,babylon br+ silv] & (f] bribes1 & he fav\rs ! ,babylonians & turns himself to _! entreaty1 ,m]oda*1 ! "l ( heav5 & e>?1 w set 8 foes ov] him1 & give 8 goods & 8 treasure to 8 enemy4 ,! sons ( ,nippur1 or ,sipp>1 or ,babylon :o act ?us %all be ca/ into prison407#cih7 ,! dissociation ( e?ics & religion 9 ,babylonia 0 due to a consid]able ext5t to ! practical "* ( ,babylonian !ology & ! limitation ( ! doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts to ?is life4 ,9 contra/ to ! ,egyptian1 :o may be said to h liv$ = ! next _w1 ! ,babylonian liv$ = ?is4 ,x 0 "h t he 0 rew>d$ = 8 piety or puni%$ = 8 s9s4 ,! _w beyond ! grave 0 a place ( unspeakable dre>9ess4 ,i h already describ$ x 9 a previ\s lecture4 ,x 0 a prison-h\se ( d>kness & unsub/antiality2 a l& :]e all ?+s 7 =gott51 & ^? :o inhabit$ x 7 !mselves =gott5 ( m54 ,x resembl$ ! ,hebrew ,%eol2 inde$1 x is probable t ! "n ( ,%eol is borr[$ f ,babylonia17#cii7 & borr[$ names are apt to indicate t ! ideas connect$ ) !m 7 borr[$ too4 ,9 ! gloom ( t und]world1 :]e ! gho/s ( ! dead f$ on du/ & refuse1 ! hide\s mon/]s ( *aos /ill mov$ & dimly %[$ !mselves1 :ile 8! k+s ( ! nations0 sat on _! %ad[y ?rones1 welcom+ ! slaught]$ k+ ( ,babylon ) ! words3 8,art ?\ also become weak z we8 ,art ?\ become l unto u80 ,! dead man nev] aga9 saw ! light ( ! sun4 ,!re 0 no ,osirian p>adise to receive him1 ) its sun%9e & happy mead[s2 ev5 ! brief p]iod ( light :i* ! sol> cre$ ( ,egypt all[$ ! b>k ( ! sun-god to br+ to ! d5iz5s ( ! o!r _w1 0 d5i$ to ! dead ,babylonian4 ,ov] ! gates ( ! _w beyond ! grave ! words 7 writt53 8,ab&on hope1 all ye t ent] "h40 ,!re 0 no return2 none1 ev5 ) ! help ( ,m]oda*1 c\ld come back to ! home he _h left on e>?2 ! sev5fold gates ( ,hades op5$ only to admit ^? t ent]$ x4 ,dea? meant ! ext9ction ( light & hope1 ev5 ( ! capacity = feel+ ei!r pleasure or pa94 ,x 0 on ?is life1 !re=e1 t ! religi\s ?\ghts ( ! ,babylonian 7 c5tr$4 ,& 8 view ( 8 relation to ! gods 0 a curi\s mixture ( spirituality & ! comm]cial in/9ct4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 a "q ( b>t]2 if ! man 0 g5]\s 9 8 gifts to ! gods1 if he did :at !y approv$ & ab/a9$ f :at !y condemn$1 above all1 if ! rites & c]emonies ( religion 7 correctly fulfill$1 ! gods 7 b\nd to grant him all t 8 he>t desir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if mis=tune fell ^u him1 x 0 a pro( t he _h s9n$ aga9/ !m4 ,& z ! c5turies pass$ ! consci\sness ( s9 sank m & m deeply into ! he>t ( ! ,babylonian4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 ! s9s 7 (f5ces aga9/ ! ritual r ?an aga9/ ! moral & spiritual code4 ,! gho/s & spirits ( ! old ,sum]ian fai? 7 non-moral2 if "s ( !m inflict$ pa9 & disease ^u man1 x 0 because x 0 _! nature to d s1 & ! only def5ce aga9/ !m 0 9 ! *>ms ( ! sorc]]4 ,b ) ! arrival ( ! ,semite1 & ! consequ5t trans=mation ( ! gobl9 into a god & ( ! sorc]] into a prie/1 a new conception 0 introduc$ ( ! div9e nature4 ,! gods became human1 & ! humanity !y put on 0 t ( civilis$ man4 ,!y became moral ag5ts1 hat+ iniquity & lov+ righte\sness1 ready to help ! creatures !y _h made1 b *a/is+ !m = _! (f5ces z ! fa!r w\ld 8 son4 8,fa!r10 9 fact1 is "o ( ! commone/ titles giv5 to ! god 9 ! new age ( ,babylonian religion4 ,x 0 only 9 ! conception ( ,hades t ! old ideas /ill ma9ta9$ _! influ5ce1 t ! p[]s :o rul$ !re /ill cont9u$ to be ! malignant or non-moral mon/]s ( an e>li] belief1 & t a common lot 0 believ$ to await 9 x all mank9d1 :atev] might h be5 _! conduct on ?is side ( ! grave4 ,9 ?is _w1 on ! contr>y1 ! conviction t s9 br\ght puni%m5t ) x became m & m pron\nc$4 ,& ) ! conviction came an increas+ belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray] & rep5tance1 & ! necessity = purity ( he>t4 ,! words suppos$ to h be5 put into ! m\? ( ,m]oda* aft] 8 creation ( man1 late 9 date ?\gh !y may be1 te/ify cle>ly to ! fact4 ,i give !m 9 ,mr4 ,k+'s translation7#djj7-- 8,t[>ds ?y god %alt ?\ be pure ( he>t1 = t is ! glory ( ! godhead2 ,pray] & supplication & b[+ l[ to ! e>?1 e>ly 9 ! morn+ %alt ?\ (f] unto him4444 ,! fe> ( god begets m]cy1 (f]+s increase life1 & pray] absolves f s94 ,he t fe>s ! gods %all n cry al\d 9 grief1 he t fe>s ! spirits ( e>? %all h a long life4 ,aga9/ fri5d & neighb\r ?\ %alt n speak evil4 ,speak n ( ?+s t are hidd51 practise m]cy1 ,:5 ?\ make/ a promise 7to give71 give & hold n back40 ,already1 9 ! age ( ,khammurabi1 ! au?or ( ! /ory ( ! ,deluge makes x ! puni%m5t inflict$ on mank9d = _! misde$s1 & ! ,*aldan ,noah is rescu$ f x by ,ea on acc\nt ( 8 piety4 ,! p5it5tial psalms & ritual texts are full ( illu/rations ( ! same fact4 ,x is true t ! misde$s are (t5 m]ely involunt>y violations ( ! c]emonial law or (f5ces aga9/ ! ritual1 b ! s5se ( guilt atta*+ to !m is already pr(\nd4 ,x requir$ c5turies be=e ! ,babylonian 0 able to di/+ui% betwe5 moral & c]emonial s91--if1 inde$1 he ev] succe$$ 9 do+ s1--b at an e>ly p]iod a consci\sness ( ! he9\sness ( s9 already lay heavily ^u him1 z well z ( ! ne$ ( rep5tance4 ,a pr(\nd s5se ( 8 transgressions1 & ( ! puni%m5t !y des]v$1 _h gr[n up )9 him long be=e he _h le>nt to conf9e x to moral guilt4 ,9 ?is respect1 aga91 he diff]$ f ! ,egyptian3 p5it5ce & ! consci\sness ( s9 belong$ to ,babylonia2 we look 9 va9 = !m 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! light-he>t$ ,egyptian 0 too cont5t$ to feel !m2 ! gods he wor%ipp$ 71 l himself1 k9dly & easy-go+1 & ! pan!ism ( ! upp] classes (f]$ no place to a reproa*ful consci5ce4 ,b ! gods ( ,babylonia1 9 ! days :5 ! ,sum]ian & ! ,semite _h become "o p1 7 /]n judges4 ,! !ology ( ,eridu 0 col\r$ & d>k5$ by t ( ,nippur2 ,ea might save ,xisu?ros f ! wat]s ( ! ,flood1 b ,en-lil _h doom$ all m5 to de/ruction4 ,& :e!r x 0 ! sun-god :o 0 wor%ipp$1 or ! moon-god ( ,ur1 x 0 /ill a judge :o beheld & visit$ all ! de$s ( liv+ m54 ,9 ! sun-god ! judge pr$om9at$1 9 ! moon-god ! fa!r1 b t 0 all4 ,! fa!r 0 also a judge1 ! judge 0 also a fa!r1 & ! same ^w might be us$ to d5ote bo?4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! judge%ip ( ! son-god & ! fa!rhood ( ! moon-god 7 conf9$ to ! pres5t _w4 ,!y 7 n dead gods l ,osiris1 ^: tribunal 0 9 ano!r _w4 ,!re 0 no po/pon+ ! evil day1 !re=e2 a man's s9s 7 visit$ ^u him 9 ?is life1 j z x 0 also 9 ?is life t 8 righte\sness 0 rew>d$4 ,a dea?-b$ rep5tance 0 useless2 p5it5ce1 to be effective1 mu/ be manife/$ on ?is side ( ! grave4 ,h5ce came ! p5it5tial ritual :i* =ms s /rik+ a feature 9 ! s]vice-books ( ,babylonia4 ,x 0 r$uc$ to a sy/em1 l ! confessional 9 lat] days4 ,! p5it5t 0 in/ruct$ by ! prie/ :at to say1 & ! prie/ pron\nc$ 8 absolution4 ,= ! ex]cise ( prie/ly absolution 0 ano!r ess5tial feature ( ,babylonian religion4 ,besides ! consci\sness ( s9 & ! conception ( rep5tance1 ! idea ( m$iation mu/ also be trac$ to ,babylonia4 ,on ! e>lie/ seals ! prie/ is repres5t$ z act+ z a m$iator betwe5 ! wor%ipp] & 8 god4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! prie/ t ! layman c approa* ! deity & be l$ into ! pres5ce ( ! god4 ,?is idea ( m$iation has a tw(old orig94 ,on ! "o side1 x goes back to ! beliefs :i* saw 9 ! magician--! pr$ecessor ( ! prie/--! possessor ( k & p[]s t 7 hidd5 f ! re/ ( mank9d2 on ! o!r side1 x has gr[n out ( ! doctr9e t ! prie/ 0 ! viceg]5t ( ! god4 ,x 0 ?us ! result ( ! union ( two conceptions :i* ,i believe to h be5 respectively ,sum]ian & ,semitic4 ,! deifi$ k+ or pontiff necess>ily took ! place ( ! god on e>?2 ,gudea1 = in/ance1 at ,lagas 0 ! repres5tative ( ! god ,+uria1 & !re=e himself div9e4 ,! fact t ! gods 7 repres5t$ 9 human =ms facilitat$ ?is conv]sion ( ! m9i/] ( ! deity into 8 adopt$ son & repres5tative2 ! p[]s & functions ( ! god 7 transf]r$ to him1 &1 l ! vassal-pr9ce 9 ! abs5ce ( ! supreme k+1 he act$ 9 ! god's place4 ,! ,semitic ,baal 0 a "l or k+ ( human %ape & passions4 ,he ?us /ood 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! ,sum]ian gho/ or _s2 &1 z we h se51 ! gulf betwe5 !m is too deep & broad to be spann$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,= ! ,sum]ian ! _w outside man 0 peopl$ ) spirits & demons2 = ! ,semite x 0 a human _w1 s9ce man 0 made 9 ! image ( ! gods4 ,! triumph ( ! gods ( light & ord] ov] ! mon/]s ( *aos symbolis$ n only ! bir? ( ! pres5t creation1 b also ! !ological victory ( ! ,semite ov] ! ,sum]ian4 ,& ) ! victory came a conception ( ! div9e :i* 0 modell$ on t ( ! organis$ ,/ate4 ,z ! human head ( ! ,/ate 0 himself a god1 delegat+ 8 au?ority f "t to "t to 8 human m9i/]s1 s too 9 ! _w ( gods !re 0 a supreme ,baal or "l :o 0 surr\nd$ by 8 c\rt & m9i/]s4 ,=emo/ among ^! 7 ! sukkalli or 8angels10 ! mess5g]s :o convey$ ! w ( _! "l to ! dwell]s ^u e>?4 ,"s ( !m 7 m ?an mess5g]s2 !y 7 ! int]pret]s & viceg]5ts ( ! supreme deity1 l ,nebo 8! prophet0 ( ,borsippa4 ,& z viceg]5ts !y naturally became ! sons by adoption ( ,bel2 ,as>i ( ,eridu fir/ takes ! place ( ,ea1 ^: d\ble he orig9ally 01 & !n 9 ! p]son ( ,m]oda* becomes 8 son2 ,n9-ip ( ,nippur1 ! mess5g] ( ,en-lil1 is f9ally trans=m$ into 8 son1 & address$1 l ,horus 9 ,egypt1 z 8! av5g] ( 8 fa!r407#dja7 ,! hi]>*y ( ! gods is modell$ ^u t ( ,babylonia1 & ! ideas ( m$iation & viceg]5cy are transf]r$ to heav54 ,rep5tance1 ! consci\sness ( s91 & m$iation are ?us conceptions all ( :i* may be trac$ back to ,babylonia4 ,& ea* ( !m leads naturally1 if n inevitably1 to o!r & cognate conceptions4 ,m$iation1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 is p>tly dep5d5t on a belief 9 a doctr9e ( viceg]5cy1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) a pr(\nd s5se ( s91 leads 9 turn to ! doctr9e ( absolution4 ,& m$iation itself is giv5 a wide mean+4 ,! prie/ m$iates betwe5 ! layman & 8 deity2 ! less] gods betwe5 mank9d & ! supreme ,baalim4 ,m4 ,m>t9 aptly comp>es ! int]cession ( ,abraham = ! doom$ cities ( ! pla91 & ! doctr9e ( ! int]cession ( ! ,sa9ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*47#djb7 ,! consci\sness ( s91 aga91 is simil>ly f>-rea*+4 ,x ext5ds to s9s ( ignorance & omission z well z to s9s ( commission4 ,"t aft] "t ! p5it5tial psalms ask =giv5ess = s9s ! v nature ( :i* 0 unkn[n to ! p5it5t4 8,! s9 t ,i h done ,i "k n10 he is made to say1 8,! transgression t ,i h committ$ ,i "k n40 8,an (f5ce ,i h committ$ unwill+ly aga9/ my god4 ,a s9 aga9/ my goddess unwill+ly h ,i wr\ght3 ,o "l1 my transgressions are _m1 manifold are my s9s60 ,! disease or mis=tune t _h ov]tak5 him 0 a pro( ( ! s91 ev5 ?\gh x _h be5 committ$ involunt>ily or 9 ignorance t x 0 wrong4 8,:5 ,i 0 little ,i s9n$10 says ano!r psalm1 8yea1 ,i transgress$ ! comm&m5ts ( my god407#djc7 ,rep5tance has its coroll>y confession1 :e!r public or private4 ,& ! ritual texts %[ t bo? public & private confession 0 practis$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,inde$1 private confession seems to h be5 ! old] & m usual me?od4 ,! p5it5tial psalms are 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 l ! ,hebrew psalms2 9 public confession ! ,babylonian probably believ$ t a man 0 m likely to ?9k ab\t ! s9s ( o!rs ?an ab\t 8 own4 ,p5it5ce implies a ne$ ( absolution4 ,x also implies a belief 9 ! s9fulness ( human nature & ! purity ( ! div9e4 ,! purity1 x is true1 may be c]emonial r ?an moral1 & 9 ! e>ly days ( ,babylonian religion ! c]emonial elem5t almo/ obscur$ ! moral4 ,b z "t w5t on ! moral elem5t grew ev] /rong]1 & ! ritual texts began to be sup]s$$ by pray]s ( a m spiritual "*4 ,! pray]s address$ by ,nebu*adrezz> to ,m]oda* rise almo/ to ! height ( a passionate fai? 9 ! absolute goodness & m]cy ( ! god4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !n1 we may say t ! religion ( ,babylonia 0 ess5tially an?ropomorphic1 ) all ! faults & virtues ( an an?ropomorphic conception ( ! div9e4 ,b x 0 graft$ on a primeval /ock ( ,sum]ian %amanism f ! influ5ces ( :i* x nev] :olly %ook itself free4 ,x ?us diff]$ f ,hebrew an?ropomorphism1 ) :i* 9 o!r respects x _h s mu* 9 common4 ,beh9d ! l9eam5ts ( ,hebrew an?ropomorphism gho/ or gobl9 are n to be f\nd4 ,& yet betwe5 ! religion ( ,babylonia & t ( ,israel !re 0 mu* t 0 alike4 ,x 0 natural1 inde$1 t x %\ld be s4 ,! ,babylonians ( hi/ory 7 ,semitic1 & ,abraham ! ,hebrew _h sprung f a ,babylonian city4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i drew att5tion to ! simil>ity t exi/$ betwe5 ! temples ( ,babylonia & t ( ,j]usalem1 a simil>ity t ext5d$ ev5 to details4 ,!re 0 ! same simil>ity betwe5 ! ,babylonian rituals & ! ,mosaic ,law2 ! prie/hood1 moreov]1 0 e/abli%$ on ! same l9es1 & ! prophets & se]s ( ,israel h _! analogues 9 ^? ( ,*alda4 ,! religi\s law & ritual ( ! ,hebrews looks back l _! cal5d> to ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! same lesson is taught by ! lit]>y traditions ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,! cosmology ( ,g5esis has its roots 9 ! cosmology ( ,eridu1 & ! fir/ home ( mank9d is plac$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,ed51 8! pla90 ( ,babylonia1 :i* 0 wat]$ by ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,! ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,deluge is ! p>5t ( t :i* is rec\nt$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 :ile x 0 at ,babylon t ! disp]sal ( mank9d took place4 ,! backgr\nd ( ,hebrew hi/ory is z purely ,babylonian z ! backgr\nd ( ,hebrew ritual4 ,&1 z ,gunkel has %[n17#djd7 ! old ,babylonian traditions embodi$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis mu/ h made _! way to ! ,we/ at ! v beg9n+ ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,!y ent] into ! web ( ! e>lie/ ,hebrew ?\ght1 & are presuppos$ by ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,! cosmology :i* saw ! primordial elem5t 9 ! wat]y deep1 & told ( ! victory t _h be5 won ov] ,tiamt1 ! dragon ( *aos1 mu/ h be5 already kn[n 9 ,canaan :5 ! language & script ( ,babylonia 7 taught 9 its s*ools1 & ,babylonian lit]ature /udi$ 9 its libr>ies4 ,long be=e ! ,mosaic age1 ! lit]>y culture ( ,babylonia _h pr(\ndly affect$ ! peoples ( ,syria1 & _h p5etrat$ ev5 to ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,ne$ we be surpris$1 !n1 if we f9d a 8sea0 9 ! temple ( ,solomon1 ! symbol ( beliefs :i* _h _! orig9 on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 or prie/ly ord9ances :i* recall ^? ( anci5t ,*alda8 ,! ord9ances & temples 7 b ! outw>d symbols ( ! ideas t _h creat$ !m4 ,! an?ropomorphism ( ,semitic ,babylonia is reflect$ 9 ! an?ropomorphism ( ! ,israelites4 ,! s5se ( s9 & ( ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( ! deity1 ! efficacy ( p5it5ce & ! necessity ( a m$iator1 are common to bo? ,babylonia & ,israel4 ,h5ce x is t ! p5it5tial psalms ( ! ,babylonian ritual be> s /rik+ a resemblance to ! psalms ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 h5ce1 too1 ! individual elem5t & deep spirituality t *>act]ise !m4 ,israel 0 indebt$ to ,babylonia = some?+ m ?an ! se$s ( a m]ely mat]ial civilisation4 ,x is true t !re is a gulf1 wide & impassable1 betwe5 ! ,babylonian religion z we deciph] x 9 ! cunei=m tablets1 & ! religion ( ,israel z x is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,on ! "o side1 we h a gross & grotesque poly!ism2 on ! o!r1 an uncompromis+ mono!ism4 ,babylonian religion made t]ms ) magic & sorc]y1 & admitt$ !m 9 a c]ta9 degree to its privileges2 !y 7 n incompatible ) poly!ism2 b betwe5 !m & ! wor%ip ( ! "o ,god !re c\ld be no reconciliation4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! s5sualities t masqu]ad$ at ,ere* 9 ! g>b ( a religi\s cult2 !y belong$ to a sy/em 9 :i* ! sun-god 0 ,baal1 & a goddess claim$ ! divid$ adoration ( man4 ,to ,israel !y 7 =bidd51 l ! necromancy & wit*craft ) :i* !y 7 alli$4 ,b deep & impassable z may be ! gulf :i* sep>at$ ! ,mosaic ,law f ! (ficial religion ( ,babylonia1 diff]5t z may h be5 ! developm5t ( prophecy 9 ,babylonia & ,israel1 ! primordial ideas f :i* !y />t$ 7 /rangely alike4 ,! same relation t is borne by ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt to ,*ri/ianity is borne by ! religion ( ,babylonia to ,judaism4 ,! ,babylonian conception ( ! div9e1 imp]fect ?\gh x 01 und]lay ! fai? ( ! ,hebrew1 & t9ctur$ x up to ! end4 ,! ,jew nev] :olly fre$ himself f ! dom9ion ( beliefs :i* _h _! fir/ />t+-po9t 9 ! 8pla90 ( ,babylonia2 8 religi\s horizon rema9$ b\nd$ by dea?1 & ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob cont9u$ to be ! ,god ( ! liv+ & n ( ! dead4 ,x 0 9 ?is _w t ! righte\s 7 rew>d$ & ! wick$ puni%$2 ! _w to come 0 ! dre>y %ad[-l& ( ,babylonian tea*+1 a l& ( d>kness :]e all ?+s are =gott51 b also a l& :]e 8! wick$ cease f tr\bl+1 & ! we>y are at re/40 ,,index4 1 #cah1 #cch1 #dhb4 ,abraham1 #dig1 #dih4 absolution1 ,babylonian doctr9e (1 #dig4 ,abusir4 ,see ,busiris4 ,abydos1 #ajd1 #aai1 #aei1 #aff4 ,adam1 #chd1 #dag4 ,adapa ! fir/ man1 #chc1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dci1 #dde4 ,adonis1 #ddg4 ons1 ,gno/ic1 #cig4 ,akhem1 #afa4 ,see ,horus ( ,nekh54 ,akkad1 #bfd1 #bgj4 ,alex&]1 #de1 #ddg4 ,allat1 #bhh4 ,alu1 fields (1 #cg1 #aef1 #afa1 #afh1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bjj4 ,am ,duat4 ,see ,book (4 ,amh]/1 ,"l1 ( ,hackney1 #bee4 ',ammi1 #dhd4 ,amon1 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #adh sq41 #bdi4 ,amon-hotep ,,iii41 born ( a virg91 #de1 #bdi4 ,amon-hotep ,,iv4 7,khu-n-,at571 #aa1 #ce1 #ib1 #aie4 ,amon-t1 #bca4 ,amorites1 #bfe1 #bga1 #cbj4 ,amraphel4 ,see ,khammurabi4 amulets1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,anak1 #acf4 ,anat1 #caj4 ance/or-wor%ip1 #abb4 angel1 #cae1 #cfa1 #def1 #dif4 ,anhur1 #dd1 #hg1 #hi1 #afj1 #afc4 animal gods ( ,babylonia1 #djf4 animal wor%ip1 #ajj sq41 #bdb4 ,ans>1 #cfg1 #cij1 #djd4 an?ropomorphism1 #ajg1 #cdi1 #dih4 ,anu1 #cjh sq41 #cdb1 #chd1 #dce1 #def4 id5tifi$ ) o!r gods1 #ccf4 ,anubis1 #ij1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aeh4 ,anunit1 #cdd4 ,anunna1 #cdd1 #cef4 ,anunna-ki1 #cji1 #cce1 #cgf4 ,anuqet1 #ace4 nz1 #aef4 apes ( ,?o?1 #acb4 ,apis1 #aaj1 #aae1 #bjf4 ,apophis1 #afb1 #ahg1 #aii1 #bab1 #bbe4 ,arabia1 #bfa1 #cae1 #cag1 #cba1 #dha1 #dhc1 #dhe4 ,arad-,ea1 #dcg4 ,arallu1 #dea1 #deb1 #dhf4 ,ar>at1 #dda4 ark1 #cfi1 #dfj4 ,arum1 #cje1 #chc1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #ddj4 ,aari1 #aca1 #adg1 #afd sq41 #bgb1 #bhh1 #cjj1 #cac1 #cbe1 #dja1 #djf1 #deg1 #dif4 ,a%el1 #add4 ,a%]ah1 #cba1 #cch1 #cfg4 ,a%tore?1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdb1 #dhc4 ,assur1 #he1 #cdf1 #cff sq41 #dhf4 ,assur-bani-pal1 #bhi1 #bib1 #daf1 #dfd1 #dgj4 ,assurit1 #cga4 a/ronomy1 ,babylonian1 #bcf1 #daa1 #dhj4 a/ro-!ology1 #bcd1 #dch4 ,at>pi1 #dch1 #ddf4 ,at5-,ra1 #id4 hymn to1 #if4 univ]sal fa!r1 #ih4 ,a?t> 7,i/>71 #adg1 #cba1 #dhb4 ,atmu4 ,see ,tum4 ,at-,nebes1 #bbe4 axe1 d\ble-head$1 #abh4 ,azaga-suga1 #cec4 ba4 ,see ,s\l4 ,baal1 #ih1 #bhg1 #caj1 #cad1 #cae1 #cag1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #cdi1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #cie1 #dfg1 #dhb4 ,babylon1 colony ( ,eridu1 #bfa1 #cbg1 #cce1 #cfg1 #cid4 ,babylonia & ,egypt1 #bcd4 divid$ into ,/ates1 #bfd4 ,babylonian !ology artificial1 #bgc4 ,babylonians1 mix$ race1 #bgj4 ,bkhu1 #adf4 ,bakis1 #aaa4 ,balawt1 #dfa4 ,ball1 ,mr41 #afd4 8bann]-"n10 #ec4 ,ba/1 #add1 #bca4 ,bau1 #cjd sq41 #djg1 #dfj1 #dgc4 bea/-wor%ip1 #cg4 ,bel1 #aah1 #bfg1 #cja1 #cab1 #cdh4 ,bel-,m]oda*1 #bef4 ,see ,m]oda*4 ,bel%azz>1 #dfi4 ,beltis 7,bilat71 #caj4 b5nu4 ,see phnix4 ,b]5ik1 city (1 #bbc4 ,b]ossos1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bii1 #cjg1 #cgg1 #daa1 #dcf1 #dec1 #dge4 ,bes1 #aci1 #dhe4 ,bilu4 ,see ,bel4 ,book ,am ,duat1 #aie sq4 ,book ( ,respirations1 #aid4 ,book ( ! 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9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*] ,spra*e1 #ahig1 #a4 #ab ,simil>ly ! 8*ief ,kh]-heb0 ( ! ,ph>aoh1 9 ! age ( ! ,old ,empire1 bore ! title ( 8,*ief ( ! city ( ,nekheb0 7,eb]s1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,eng4 tr41 p4 #ij74 ,! ,pyramid texts speak ( ! ,:ite ,cr[n ( ,s\!rn ,egypt z well z ( ! royal uru 89 ! city ( ,nekheb0 7,pepi #afg72 & ! goddess ( ! city is describ$ z 8! c[ ,samet-urt0 :o 0 cr[n$ ) ! two fea!rs 7,teta #cei74 ,else:]e m5tion is made ( 8! s\ls ( ,on1 ,nekh51 & ,pe0 7,pepi #afh1 #ahb2 see also ,teta #bgb74 ,by ! 8s\ls ( ,on0 ,ra or r ,tum 0 meant2 ,pe & ,dep con/itut$ ! tw9-city ( ! ,delta call$ ,buto by ! ,greeks1 ov] a "p ( :i* 7,dep7 ,uazit ! s]p5t-goddess ( ! nor? presid$1 :ile ! o!r half 7,pe7 ackn[l$g$ ,horus z its *ief deity4 ,9 ,teta #hh 8! d\bles 9 ,pe0 are said to be 8! d\ble ( ,horus40 #ac ,wi$emann1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 iv4 p4 #ccb4 #ad ,! title ( 8good god0 w5t back to a v e>ly date1 & /&s 9 contra/ to t ( nef] mt-kh]1 8good & true ( voice10 appli$ to ! ord9>y individual on e>ly seal-cyl9d]s4 #ae ,see ! illu/ration f ! temple ( ,amon-hotep ,,iii4 at ,luxor1 9 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aaa4 #af ,! ,we/c> ,papyrus1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ! "t ( ! ,middle ,empire1 already describes ! fir/ ?ree k+s ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y z born ( ,ruddadt 7! wife ( a prie/ ( ! sun-god7 & ! god ,ra ( ,sakhab 7,erman1 8,die ,mr*5 des ,papyrus ,we/c>10 i4 p4 #ee1 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 aus d5 ori5talis*5 ,sammlung5 zu ,b]l91 #ahij74 #ag ,callaway1 ,unkulunkulu2 or1 ! ,tradition ( ! ,creation z exi/+ among ! ,amazulu & o!r ,tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 pt4 i4 pp4 #b1 #g1 #h4 #ah ,pr(essor ,masp]o1 to :om1 along ) ,sir ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 we owe ! explanation ( :at ! ,egyptians meant by ! ,ka1 fir/ po9t$ out ! mean+ ( ! portrait /atues :i* 7 buri$ 9 ! tomb 7,recueil de ,travaux1 i4 pp4 #aeb-afj74 #ai ,r5\f1 ,,tsba4 vi4 p4 #ejd sqq42 ,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 iii4 #aid4 #ac2 ,dmi*51 ,tempel9s*rift51 i4 pl4 #bi4 #bj ,a ,season 9 ,egypt1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #ba ,cf4 ! illu/rations 9 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #bei2 & ,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 iii4 #hg4 ,9 ,bonomi & ,arundale1 ,gall]y ( ,antiquities1 pt4 i4 pi4 #ca1 is a picture ( ,?o?mes ,,ii4 ) 8 ,ka /&+ beh9d him4 #bb ,b>+ ,c\ld1 ,curiosities ( ,old5 ,times1 #bnd ed41 p4 #eg sqq4 #bc ,x is noticeable t :ile ! ,tel el-,am>na lett]s %[ t ! actual pronunciation ( ! ^w ,ka 0 ,ku1 ,ha-ka-,ptah1 ! sacr$ "n ( ,memphis1 be+ writt5 ,khi-ku-,ptakh 7,aiguptos71 ku 0 8food0 9 ! ,sum]ian ( primitive ,babylonia4 #bd ,9 8 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 i4 p4 #fa1 ,pr(essor ,masp]o gives 8cake0 z ! orig9al s5se ( ,ka1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he expla9s z 8a cake ( e>?10 & h5ce 8sub/ance40 #be ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aad4 ,! ,ka1 h[ev]1 is "h id5tifi$ ) ! ,khu1 & x is que/ionable :e!r ! passages ref]r$ to 9 ! ,pyramid texts really embody old ideas :i* are to be int]pret$ lit]ally1 or :e!r !y are n r to be tak5 metaphorically4 #bf ,masp]o1 ,comptes r5dus du ,congrs prov9cial des ,ori5tali/es ,lyon1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bce-bfc2 ,r5\f1 ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology 7#ahgi71 vi4 pp4 #did-ejh4 #bg ,?is p>ticul> bird 0 *os5 because its "n 0 simil> 9 s\nd to t ( ! ,khu4 ,= ! same reason ! plov] 7ba7 d5ot$ ! ,ba or s\l4 ,on objects f\nd by de ,morgan 9 ! tomb ( ,m5es at ,negada1 ! 8s\l0 is repres5t$ by an o/ri*4 #bh ,see ,*ass9at1 ,recueil1 xix4 p4 #bc sqq4 #bi ,f ! fifte5? to ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 x 0 fa%ionable to sub/itute = ! bird a beetle ) a ram's head1 ! phonetic value ( ! hi]oglyph ( ram be+ ba1 & t ( ! beetle khep]1 8to become40 #cj ,h]mes ,trismeg41 ,pm&res1 ed4 ,p>!y1 *s4 i4 & x4 #ca tudes de ,my?ologie1 i4 p4 #aff4 #cb ,de ,ab/4 iv4 #aj4 #cc ,cf4 also ,plut>*1 ,de ,esu c>nium ,or4 ii4 p4 #iif1 & ,sept4 ,sapi5t4 ,conviv4 p4 #aei ,b4 #cd ,! f\r vases 7 d$icat$ to ! man-head$ ,amset 7or ,smet71 ! jackal-head$ ,dua-mut-ef1 ! ape-head$ ,hpi1 & ! hawk-head$ ,qeb-sonu-f1 :o are id5tifi$ ) ! planets 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,masp]o1 8,pyramide du roi ,ounas0 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 iii4 p4 #bje74 #ce ,see ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 *s4 xxvi4 & sqq4 #cf ,x is /ill a moot "q :e!r any sc>abs g back to ! age ( ! ,old ,empire4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 ?9k+ t !y d s4 #cg ,or1 accord+ to ,r5\f's translation3 8,pleasant unto u1 pleasant unto ! li/5]1 is ! joy ( ! weigh+ ( ! words40 #ch ,?ree gra9s ( ! natron ( ! city ( ,nekheb _h to be us$1 :ile only two gra9s ( t ( ! nor? 7 requir$ 7,masp]o1 8,pyramide du roi ,ounas0 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 iii4 p4 #ahb74 ,! ,horus ( ,nekh51 opposite ,el-,kab1 0 repres5t$ by a mummifi$ hawk 7akhem74 #ci ,de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 ii4 pl4 iii4 l9e #b4 #dj ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 xxxvi4 pls4 xii4 & xiii42 ,quibell1 ,hi]akonpolis1 pt4 i4 pl4 xxix4 #da ,pr(essor ,masp]o1 h[ev]1 proposes to see 9 !m a symbol ( ! k+ ( ,upp] ,egypt de/roy+ a ho/ile city4 #db ,recueil de ,travaux1 xxi4 pp4 #aaf1 #aag4 ,dr4 ,naville po9ts out t on ! ,pal]mo ,/ela ! fe/ival ( ! ,%e%-,hor1 ) ! det]m9ative ( a sacr$ b>k1 occurs repeat$ly 9 t "p ( ! inscription :i* relates to ! fe/ivals ( ! k+s ( ! fir/ two dyna/ies4 ,pr(essor ,petrie has f\nd ! same fe/ival m5tion$ on two ivory tablets f ! tomb ( a k+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y at ,abydos 7,petrie1 ,! ,royal ,tombs ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 pt1 i4 pl4 xvii472 & x may be add$ t 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,pepi #fgj2 ,recueil de ,travaux1 viii4 p4 #aje7 ! ,mt or ,mdit b>k ( ! sun-god is id5tifi$ ) ! b>k ( ! ,%e%-,hor1 :ile ! ,semkett or b>k 9 :i* ! sun-god voyages at night becomes a b>k 9 :i* ! place ( ! hawk is tak5 by a picture ( ! b5 or tomb ( ,osiris--"h id5tifi$ ) t ( ,akhem ! mummifi$ hawk1 :i* =ms "p ( ! symbol = ! ,?9ite nome4 ,else:]e x is ! ,semkett or day-b>k ( ! sun :i* is id5tifi$ ) ! fe/ival ( ! ,%e%-,hor 7,recueil de ,travaux1 iii4 p4 #bje74 #dc ,on ! mesnitiu or 8blacksmi?s0 ( ,horus1 see ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie1 ii4 p4 #cac & sqq4 ,! ,mesnit or 8,=ge0 0 ! "n giv5 to ! passage op5+ into ! %r9e ( ! temple ( ,edfu4 #dd ,quibell1 ,hi]akonpolis1 pt4 i4 pl4 ii4 #de ,see de ,r\g1 ,re*]*es sur les ,monum5ts qu'on peut attribu] aux six premires dyna/ies1 pp4 #dd1 #de4 #df ,mr4 ,quibell f\nd a l>ge bronze hawk ) a head ( solid gold & eyes ( obsidian along ) two bronze figures ( ,pepi1 9 ! f\ndation ( ! temple ( ,nekh5 7,kom el-,am>72 see ,quibell1 ,hi]akonpolis1 pt4 i4 pl4 xlii4 ,hor-nubi1 8! gold5 ,horus10 0 ! god ( ! ,antopolite nome4 #dg ,! #a/ 7,ombite7 & #bnd 7,apoll9opolite7 nomes1 ! #crd nome 7orig9ally7 ) its capital ,nekh51 ! nomes ( ! 8,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,horus0 7,tuphium & ,asphynis71 ,qus 8! city ( ,horus ! eld]10 ! #e? 7,coptite7 nome1 ! #f? nome ( ,d5d]a 9 s f> z ,ha?or 0 daught] & husb& ( ,horus1 ! #aj? 7,antopolite7 & #ab? 7,hi]akopolite7 nomes1 & f9ally ! #ae?1 #ah?1 & #bj? 7,h]akleopolite7 nomes4 ,9 ! ,delta also ,horus 0 god ( ! #crd1 #e?1 #g?1 #h?1 #aa?1 #ai?1 #be?1 #bg?1 & #cj? nomes1 ( :i* ! #g? & #h? 7 close to ! ,asiatic fronti]4 #dh ,:5 ?is emblem 0 fir/ inv5t$ we d n "k2 x probably goes back to ! pr-,m5ic p]iod1 l ! composite animals on ! e>ly monum5ts ( ,nekh5 & ,abydos4 ,its fir/ dateable occurr5ce is on a b\ld] ( granite 9 ! isl& ( ,elephant9 above ! "n & figure ( ,unas ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y4 ,x is also engrav$ above ! d\ble figure ( an ,old ,empire k+ on a great isolat$ rock ne> ,el-,kab1 :i* is probably ( ! same date4 ,! tablet on :i* x is engrav$ faces s\?-ea/4 #di ,hor-m]ti1 8,horus ( ! two eyes10 0 wor%ipp$ at ,%$5nu 9 ! ,ph>b?ite nome ( ! ,delta4 ,grbaut's view1 t ! two eyes orig9ally repres5t$ ! light1 seems to me too ab/ract a conception = an e>ly p]iod 7,recueil de ,travaux1 pp4 #gb-hg1 #aab-aca74 ,9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,rec4 iv4 p4 #db71 m5tion is made ( ,horus ) 8! blue eyes40 #ej ,cf4 ,sayce1 ,,tsba41 ,nov4 #ahih4 ,9 "o case ! "n ( ! god is writt5 ,kha-ar4 ,9 ,,wai4 ii4 #ee4 #cf1 ,khur-galzu1 8,horus1 ?\ art great60 is giv5 z ! "n ( a ,sum]ian goddess4 #ea ,n9-ip 0 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,saturn1 l 8,horus ! bull40 #eb ,x 0 !n t ! two obelisks 7 erect$ 9 front ( ! temple by ,us]tes5 ,i41 :i* caus$ x to be kn[n z ,ht-,b5b5i1 8! h\se ( ! two obelisks40 #ec ,! memb]s ( ! ,ennead ( ,heliopolis or ,on are nam$ 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,pepi ii4 #fff7 ,tum1 ,%u1 ,tefnut1 ,seb1 ,nut1 ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,set1 & ,nebht4 #ed ,see 8 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ii4 p4 #ccg sqq4 #ee ,simil>ly1 on e>ly ,babylonian seal-cyl9d]s ! leaves ( ! fold+ doors ?r\gh :i* ! sun-god comes =? at daybreak are surm\nt$ by lions4 ,see ! illu/ration 9 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ologie1 p4 #cb4 7,! g5u95ess ( ?is cyl9d] has be5 que/ion$ )\t good reason47 #ef ,! wife occasionally provid$ = ,as%ur by ! scribes 0 a m]e grammatical ab/raction1 l ,tumt1 ! fem99e ( ,tum1 ^: "n is n[ & !n met ) 9 late ,egyptian texts4 #eg ,"o ( ! old =mul emb$d$ 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,teta #hf7 reads l a passage f a ,sum]ian hymn3 8,hail to !e1 great deep 7ageb71 m\ld] ( ! gods1 creator ( m540 ,x belongs to ,babylonia r ?an to ,egypt1 :]e ! 8great deep0 c\ld h be5 a matt] only ( tradition4 #eh ,see ,petrie1 ,m$um1 p4 #cj4 #ei ,! exi/5ce ( o!r cities ( ! "n 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 8,on ( ! s\?10 n[ ,erm5t1 & ,on1 n[ ,d5d]a1 %[s t x mu/ g back to ! e>lie/ epo* ( ,ph>aonic ,egypt4 ,i believe t x is ! ,sum]ian unu1 8city10 & t ! column :i* repres5t$ x hi]oglyphically d5ot$ 8a f\ndation0 or 8settlem5t40 #fj ,x w be %[n 9 a future lecture t ,osiris 0 ! mummifi$ ,anh]4 ,"o is tempt$ to ask :e!r ,pta is n simil>ly ! mummifi$ ,tum8 #fa tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ii4 p4 #bgj sqq4 #fb ,?is has be5 prov$ by a /ela ( ,antef ,,iv4 ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,legra9 9 #aijj1 9 ! temple ( ,pta4 ,khonsu 0 a m]e epi!t ( ! moon-god1 mean+ 8w&]]40 ,9 a lat] age ,khonsu 0 himself sup]s$$ by ,m5tu4 #fc ,= ! ar*itectural plan ( ! temple1 see ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,eng4 tr41 p4 #bhg4 #fd ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,eng4 tr41 p4 #bfb4 #fe ,ano!r /rophe ( ! ,hymn to ,at51 z translat$ by ,pr(essor ,brea/$ 7,de ,hymnis 9 ,solem sub rege ,am5ophide ,,iv4 conceptis1 p4 #dg71 is equally explicit3 8,?\ ha/ creat$ ! e>? accord+ to ?y pleasure1 :5 ?\ wa/ alone1 bo? all m5 & ! cattle great & small2 all :o walk ^u ! e>?1 ^? on high :o fly ) w+s2 ! =eign l&s ( ,syria 7,kh>7 & ,cu% z well z ! l& ( ,egypt2 ea* 9 its place ?\ appo9te/1 ?\ provide/ !m ) all t !y ne$2 ea* has 8 gran>y1 8 /ores ( gra9 are c\nt$4 ,div]se are ! languages ( m51 m diff]5t ?an _! %ape is ! col\r ( _! sk91 7=7 ?\ ha/ di/+ui%$ ! nations ( ! _w 7"o f ! o!r740 ,9 ! succe$+ /rophe ! mono!ism ( ! wor%ipp] ( ,at51 9 ^: eyes ev5 ! sacr$ ,nile 0 ! creature ( ! "o true ,god1 appe>s 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! ord9>y poly!ism ( ,egypt 7,brea/$1 l4c4 p4 #ec73 8,?\ create/ ! ,nile 9 ! o!r _w1 ?\ br+e/ x at ?y pleasure to give life to mank9d2 = ?\ ha/ made !m = ?yself1 ,o "l ( !m all :o art ev] ) !m1 ,o "l ( all ! e>? :o rise/ = !m1 ,o sun ( day 7! mighty "o 987 ! remote/ l&s1 ?\ give/ !m _! life1 ?\ s5de/ =? ! ,nile 9 heav51 t x may desc5d = !m2 x raises its waves m\nta9 high l ! sea1 x wat]s ! fields ( _! cities4 ,h[ glori\s are ?y c\nsels6 ,o "l ( et]nity1 ?\ art a ,nile 9 heav5 = =eign m5 & cattle ?r\gh\t all ! e>?6 ,!y walk on _! feet1 7&7 ! ,nile come? to ,egypt f ! o!r _w40 #ff ,diod4 ,sic4 i4 #hc4 #fg ,except 9 ! case ( ,osiris at ,abydos2 ,petrie1 ,! ,royal ,tombs ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 pt4 i4 pl4 xv4 #af2 comp4 also at ,kom el-,am>1 ,hi]akonpolis1 pt4 i4 pl4 xxvi4 ,b1 ?\gh "h x seems to be ! ,ph>aoh :o is repres5t$4 #fh ,quibell 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 xxxvi4 pls4 xii41 xiii42 ,hi]akonpolis1 pt4 i4 pl4 xxix4 #fi ,on a /ela 9 ! ,wadi ,magh>a1 9 ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 ,sahu-,ra ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 divid$ into two figures1 "o ) ! cr[n ( ,l[] ,egypt ! o!r ) t ( ,upp] ,egypt1 is /&+ be=e a /&>d on :i* are ! two emblems ( ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn ,egypt1 ,set & ,horus4 ,set is repres5t$ by 8 usual animal1 b ,horus by an uru s]p5t & ! same symbol z t on ! plaque 7de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 i4 p4 #bcc74 ,z we le>n f ! leg5d ( ,seb rec\nt$ at ,at-,nebes 7,saft el-,h5na71 ! two relics pres]v$ !re 7 ! uru & lock ( hair ( ,ra4 ,! lock ( hair has practically ! same =m z ! symbol we are consid]+ "h1 & long be=e ! leg5d _h be5 concoct$1 ,ra & ,horus _h be5 id5tifi$ toge!r 7see ,griffi?1 ,antiquities ( ,tell el-,yahudiyeh1 ,sev5? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 pl4 xxiii474 #gj ,de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 ii4 pls4 ii4 & iii42 ,sayce 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,feb4 #ahih4 ,x w be notic$ t ,?o? is repres5t$ by ! ibis & n by ! ape4 #ga ,de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 p4 #ic4 #gb ,= late examples ( ! wor%ip ( animals l ! cat1 ram1 swall[1 or goose1 z animals & n z inc>nations ( an (ficial god1 see ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ii4 p4 #cie sqq4 ,! r>ity ( !m is due to _! repres5t+ private & dome/ic cults n recognis$ by ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 8,! wor%ip ( ! swall[1 cat1 & goose1 :i* _h comm5c$ z ! pure & simple adoration ( ^! creatures 9 !mselves1 always rema9$ s = ! multitude4 ,we mu/ n =get t ,ori5tals reg>d bea/s some:at diff]5tly f ourselves4 ,!y ascribe to !m a language1 a k ( ! future1 an extreme acut5ess ( ! s5ses :i* all[s !m to p]ceive objects & be+s invisible to man4 ,x 0 n1 inde$1 all ,egypt t wor%ipp$ 9 ! bea/ ! bea/ itself2 b a consid]able "p ( x :i* belong$ almo/ entirely to ! same social condition1 & repres5t$ pretty mu* ! same moral & intellectual ideas40 #gc ,see ,wi$emann1 ,die ,religion d] alt5 ,aegypt51 pp4 #ajh1 #aji4 #gd ,late inscriptions call ,bakh or ,bakis 8! liv+ s\l ( ,ra10 b ?is 0 :5 ,m5tu & ,ra _h be5 id5tifi$ toge!r4 ,/el ( ! ,roman p]iod1 h[ev]1 f ,erm5t repres5t ! sacr$ bull )\t any sol> emblem1 :ile by ! side ( x /&s a hawk-head$ crocodile cr[n$ ) ! orb ( ! sun4 ,x is possible t ! latt] may be connect$ ) ! hawk-head$ crocodile1 ) ! orb ( ! sun on its head & an uru s]p5t at ! end ( its tail1 :i* 9 ,greek graffiti at ,phil is call$ ,ptiris4 #ge ,nicolaus ,damasc541 ,fr4 #abh1 ed4 ,mll]4 #gf ,de ,r\g1 ,monnaies de nomes1 p4 #df4 #gg ,griffi? 7,proc4 ( ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xxi4 p4 #bgh7 has rec5tly propos$ to see 9 ,deuti a d]ivative f ! "n ( ! nome ,deut1 l ,anzti1 ! title ( ,osiris at ,busiris1 f ! "n ( ! nome ,anzet4 ,b ?is is 8putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse40 ,x 0 n ! nomes t 7 birds or m51 b ! deities wor%ipp$ 9 !m4 ,anz 7p]haps f ! ,semitic 'az1 8! /rong "o07 meant 8k+10 & repres5t$ ! human ,osiris4 #gh ,plut>*1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 ed4 ,leemans1 lxxii4 p4 #abf4 #gi ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e 7#ahhj7 p4 #ej4 #hj ,rev4 ,ar*ologique1 xxxiv4 p4 #bia4 ,on ! seal-cyl9d] !y are accompani$ by ! lion-head$ eagle ( primitive ,babylonian art4 ,! ,egyptian figures are giv5 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 xxxvi4 pl4 xii4 #ha ,ep4 ad ,cor4 #be4 #hb ,see also ,h]odotos1 ii4 #gc2 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 x4 #b2 ,t]tullian1 ,de ,resurr4 #ac4 #hc ,de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 ii4 p4 #afe4 #hd ,sayce1 ,proc4 ,,sba41 ,feb4 #ahih1 ,no4 #h4 ,on a monum5t discov]$ at ,sn 7,petrie1 ,tanis1 pt4 ii4 pl4 x4 #agj71 we read ( 8,horus 9 ! b5nu z a black bull10 8,horus 9 ! b5nu z a horn$ bull40 ,! cemet]y ( ,tanis 0 call$ 8! city ( ! phnix0 7b5nu74 ,at ,edfu x is said t ! phnix 7b5nu7 8comes =? f ! holy he>t0 ( ,osiris4 #he ,on a /ela 9 ! ,l\vre a c]ta9 ,psamtik1 son ( ,uza-,hor1 calls himself prophet ( ,khufu1 ,khaf-,ra1 & ,dadef-,ra1 z well z ( ,tan51 ,isis1 & ,h>makhis4 #hf ,! v]sification is ,canon ,rawnsley's1 ,notes = ! ,nile1 pp4 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,pr(essor ,erman's lit]al translation is z foll[s 7,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,eng4 tr41 pp4 #chf1 #chg7-- 8,i he>d ! words ( ,imhotep & ,h>-dad-ef1 ,:o bo? speak ?us 9 _! say+s3 #8,behold ! dwell+s ( ^? m51 _! walls fall d[n1 ,_! place is no m1 ,!y are z ?\gh !y _h nev] exi/$4' ,no "o comes f !nce to tell u :at is become ( !m1 ,:o tells u h[ x goes ) !m1 :o n]ves our he>ts1 ,until y y\rselves approa* ! place :i!r !y are gone4 ,) joyful he>t =get n to glorify ?yself ,& foll[ ?y he>t's desire1 s long z ?\ live/4 ,put myrrh on ?y head1 clo! ?yself 9 f9e l951 ,ano9t+ ?yself ) ! m>vell\s ?+s ( ,god4 ,adorn ?yself z beautifully z ?\ can/1 ,& let n ?y he>t be disc\rag$4 ,foll[ ?y he>t's desire & ?y pleasures ,z long z ?\ live/ on e>?4 ,foll[ ?y he>t's desire & ?y pleasures ,till !re comes to !e ! day ( m\rn+4 ,yet he1 ^: he>t is at re/1 he>s n _! compla9t1 ,& he :o lies 9 ! tomb und]/&s n _! m\rn+4 ,) beam+ face keep holiday to-day1 ,& re/ n !re94 ,= none c>ries 8 goods away ) him1 ,yea1 none returns aga91 :o has j\rney$ ?i!r40 #hg ,brugs*'s translation 7,die ,aegyptologie1 i4 p4 #afc74 #hh ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7#ahgi71 pp4 #ic-ajj4 #hi ,brugs*1 ,die ,aegyptologie1 p4 #afg4 #ij ,see ,b5i-,hasan1 pt4 iii4 7,ar*ological ,survey ( ,egypt71 pl4 v4 fig4 #ge4 #ia ,! d\ble-head$ axe is c>v$ repeat$ly on ! walls ( ! 8palace ( ,m9os10 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,evans at ,knossos1 & seems to h be5 ! div9e symbol :i* 0 believ$ to protect ! build+ f injury4 ,on ! co9s ( ,t>sus ! sun-god ,s&an c>ries an axe4 #ib ,see above1 p4 #hc4 #ic ,de ,isid4 #ab4 #id ,z ,?o? writes ! "n ( ! k+ ^u ! sacr$ sycamore 9 ord] to ensure him ev]la/+ life1 s ! "n ( ,ea is writt5 ^u ! core ( ! sacr$ c$>-tree 7,,wai4 iv4 #ae1 ,rev4 #aj-ac72 ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 p4 #bdj4 #ie tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ii4 pp4 #cha-che4 #if ,?is is ,brugs*'s translation 7,religion und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,aegypt]1 p4 #abc sqq472 b ! mean+ ( ! la/ "n is d\btful1 & ! fir/ is r 8"t0 ?an 8et]nity40 #ig ,see ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 ii4 pp4 #beg sqq4 & #cge sqq4 ,9 an inscription discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,petrie 9 ! tombs ( ! fir/ two dyna/ies at ,abydos1 ,?o? is repres5t$ z a seat$ ape 7,! ,royal ,tombs ( ,abydos1 pt4 i4 pl4 xvii4 #bf74 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! brok5 ,abydos slate figur$ 9 de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 pl4 ii41 :i* is probably prehi/oric1 ,?o? appe>s z an ibis4 #ih ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 p4 #fe4 #ii ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 p4 #dbi sqq4 #ajj ,! same cap is worn by ! god :o sits beh9d a scorpion-man on a /one conta9+ a grant ( l& by ! ,babylonian k+ ,nebu*adrezz> ,i4 7,b4,c4 #aajj74 ,! /one 0 f\nd at ,abu-,habba1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,wai4 v4 #eg74 #aja ,masp]o 7,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aeg7 reproduces a picture 9 ! temple ( ,luxor repres5t+ ,khnum m\ld+ ,amon-hotep ,,iii4 & 8 ,ka on a pott]'s table4 #ajb ,see ,s*eil1 ,recueil de ,travaux1 xx4 p4 #abd sqq4 #ajc ,! khnum or 8pot0 is (t5 us$ to express ! "n ( ,khnum 9 ! hi]oglyphics4 ,x rem9ds u ( ! vase on e>ly ,babylonian seal-cyl9d]s f ! two sides ( :i* fl[ ! riv]s ,tigris & ,euphrates1 & :i* is (t5 held 9 ! h&s ( ! wat]-god ,ea4 ,! design is reproduc$ ) modifications on e>ly ,syrian cyl9d]s1 & ! "n ( ! zodiacal sign ,aqu>ius %[s to :at an antiquity x mu/ rea* back4 ,! primitive ,egyptians believ$ t ! ,nile issu$ f a grotto to :i* ! q]ti or 8two gulfs0 ( ! ,cat>act gave access 7,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #ai1 #ch1 #ci71 & ,khnum 0 ! god ( ! ,cat>act4 ,p]haps ! classical repres5tation ( ! ,tib] & o!r riv]s hold+ urns f :i* a /ream ( wat] fl[s is d]iv$ f ,egypt4 #ajd ,m5-n(] 7,memphis71 8! good place10 is ! equival5t ( ! "n ( ! anci5t seaport ( ,babylonia1 ,eridu1 ! ,sum]ian ,eri-duga or 8good city40 ,ea1 ! culture-god & creator1 0 ! god ( ,eridu4 ,9 ! ,deluge tablet 7l4 #i7 ,ea says t he _h n 8op5$ 7pat7 ! oracle ( ! great gods40 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to m5tion t ! antiquity ( ,memphis has be5 disput$ by "s philologi/s4 #aje ,pta is /at$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead to h be5 ! orig9al au?or ( ! c]emony :i* he fir/ p]=m$ on ! dead gods4 #ajf ,?is is ,masp]o's view 7tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 ii4 pp4 #ba1 #bb74 ,wi$emann 7,religion d] alt5 ,aegypt]1 p4 #ge7 makes ,sok>is a sun-god2 b 8 sol> attributes belong to ! "t :5 he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,ra ( ,heliopolis4 #ajg ,x 0 only :5 ! sun-god _h absorb$ ! o!r deities t !y became ! *ildr5 ( ,ra4 #ajh ,recueil de ,travaux1 xix4 pp4 #ej1 #ed4 #aji ,to 8come 9 peace0 is /ill a common expression 9 ,egyptian ,arabic1 & means 8to return safely40 ,! "n seems to be tak5 f ! (fice ( ,im-hotep1 :i* 0 to conduct ! dead safely back to a second life4 #aaj ,n(]-,tum & ,im-hotep _h human =ms l _! fa!r4 ,! fir/ is a man ) a lotus fl[] on ! head1 ! second a y\? ) a papyrus roll on ! knee4 #aaa ,!re 0 a diff]5ce only 9 ! v[el ( ! fir/ syllable4 #aab ,! ,nile-gods1 repres5t+ ! ,nile & ! canals1 are depict$ z /\t m5 ) l>ge brea/s1 cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 & we>+ only ! n>r[ girdle ( prehi/oric ,egypt4 ,! human =m agrees well ) ! fact t ! ,nile 0 fir/ eng9e]$1 & s made a s\rce ( life = ,egypt1 by ! ,ph>aonic ,egyptians4 ,babylonia 0 ! c\ntry1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 :]e riv] eng9e]+ & irrigation 7 orig9ally develop$4 #aac 8,hymn to ! ,nile10 translat$ by ,p4 ,guieysse1 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 new s]ies1 iii4 p4 #df sqq4 ,! hymn 0 compos$ by ,anna or ,annana 9 ! "t ( ,m5eptah ,,ii4 #aad ,brugs*1 ,religion und ,my?ologie1 pp4 #c1 #bdh1 #cdh4 #aae ,h] "n is already m5tion$ 9 ! ,pyramid texts1 & 9 ,pepi ii4 #aca %e is describ$ z ! eye ( ,horus & 8! op5] ( ! pa?s10 ! ord9>y title ( ,anubis z god ( ! dead4 #aaf ,9 ! ,speos ,art]midos ne> ,b5i-,hassan1 :]e a l>ge cemet]y ( mummifi$ cats has be5 f\nd1 %e is call$ ,pakht1 an old] =m ( ,ba/4 #aag ,on a slab discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,petrie at ,koptos1 ,us]tes5 ,i4 ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y already appe>s /&+ be=e a cat-head$ goddess :o is call$ 8,ba/1 ! lady ( ,%el40 ,%el is p]haps ,a%el at ,k>nak1 :]e ! temple ( ,mut /ood1 9 :i* s _m figures ( ,ba/ or ,sekhet h be5 f\nd 7,petrie1 ,koptos1 pl4 x4 #b74 ,! "n ( ,ba/ also occurs 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,pepi #bij72 b "h x is an epi!t ( ,uazit1 ! goddess ( ,dep or ,buto1 once ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,nor!rn ,egypt1 :o is contra/$ ) ! goddess ( ,nekheb4 #aah ,naville1 ,buba/is 7,egypt ,exploration ,fund71 i4 pp4 #dd1 #dg1 #dh4 #aai ,horus ,ahi4 ,! mean+ ( ,ahi1 ! local title assign$ to ,horus ! y\ng]1 is d\btful4 #abj ,?us at ,d5d]a we read3 8,ance/ral "m ( ! gods1 ?\ unite/ ?yself ) ?y fa!r ,ra 9 ?y fe/al *amb]40 #aba ,! s-call$ ,ha?or head ) ! horns ( a c[ is already f\nd on ! slate plaque ( ,kom el-,am>1 :i* is ei!r ( ! "t ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y or pre-,m5ic 7,zeits4 f4 ,aegypt4 ,spr4 xxxvi4 pl4 xii474 ,a head ( simil> type is engrav$ "u ! "n ( ,pepi ,,ii41 discov]$ at ,koptos 7,petrie1 ,koptos1 pl4 v4 #g74 #abb ,horus & ,ha?or1 t is to say1 ,baal & ,a%tore?1 71 accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 ! deities ( ,mafket1 ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula4 #abc ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ,egypt ! place occupi$ by ! morn+ /> 9 ! a/ronomy & my?s ( o!r peoples 0 tak5 by ,sirius on acc\nt ( its importance = ! ris+ ( ! ,nile4 ,& ,sirius 0 id5tifi$ ) ,isis4 #abd ,recueil de ,travaux1 xx4 p4 #fb4 ,dr4 ,s*eil fur!r po9ts out t ! sacr$ b>k ( ,bau1 ) :om ,i/> is id5tifi$1 0 call$ 8! %ip ( ! holy c[40 ,at ,d5d]a also1 ,isis1 9 h] b>k z goddess ( ! /> ,sirius1 becomes ,ha?or "u ! =m ( a c[4 #abe ,pr(essor ,wi$emann has sugge/$ t ! "n ( ,m5-tu or ,mon-tu is connect$ ) t ( ,a-mon4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m reasonable to associate x ) t ( ! ,m5tiu or ,semitic nomads ( ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula4 #abf ,h5ce ! ram-head$ sph9xes t l9$ ! roads lead+ to ! temple ( ,k>nak4 ,! fle% ( ! ram 0 taboo$ at ,!bes1 an indication t ! animal 0 orig9ally a totem 7cf4 ,h]od4 ii4 #db74 #abg ,a /ela ( ,antef ,,iv41 f\nd by ,m4 ,legra9 9 #aijj1 %[s t ,khonsu 0 prec$$ by ,pta z ! ?ird memb] ( ! tr9ity4 ,see above1 p4 #ij4 #abh ,s ,lau?1 ,aus ,aegypt5's ,vorzeit1 p4 #fa2 ,brugs*1 ,dictionnaire gographique1 pp4 #fa1 #fb2 ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #ahj4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is n q cle>4 #abi ,! bronze figures ( ! ibis f\nd at ,tel el-,baqlya1 on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,damietta bran* ( ! ,nile1 opposite ,abusir or ,busiris1 h %[n t x is ! site ( ! capital ( ! ,h]mopolite nome4 #acj ,at ,bebt ne> ,mansra4 #aca ,?is1 at lea/1 is h[ ! "n is usually writt54 ,b on an e>ly seal-cyl9d] :i* ,i h publi%$ 9 ! ,proc4 ,,sba41 ,feb4 #ahih1 ,no4 #b1 :]e we read1 8,! city ( ! ram1 ! city :i* is call$ ,dad10 ! "n is writt5 ,d-d1 & on a libation-table ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y f ,el-,kab we f9d ,dad-d-u 7,quibell1 ,el-,kab1 pl4 iv4 #a74 ,! e>li] pronunciation ( ! "n z f\nd 9 ! ,pyramid texts is ,zaddu or ,zadu4 #acb ,z e>ly z ! age ( ! ,pyramid texts ! column ,dad _h come to be expla9$ z a picture ( ! sp9e1 or r sp9al column 7zad71 ( ,osiris1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be pres]v$ at ,daddu or ,pi-,as>-neb-,daddu or ,abusir4 ,see ,unas #g4 #acc ,n unfrequ5tly a ri* ,egyptian :o 0 buri$ at ,saqqra _h a c5otaph at ,abydos4 ,i believe t ! fa%ion _h be5 set by ! f\nd] ( ! unit$ mon>*y himself1 & t besides ! tomb ( ,m5es at ,negada !re 0 also a c5otaph ( ! k+ at ,abydos4 ,at all ev5ts clay impressions ( 8 ,ka-"n ,aa h be5 f\nd !re 9 ! ,omm el-,ga'ab4 #acd ,! title borne by ,osiris at ,abydos 0 ,kh5t-am5tit1 8! rul] ( ! we/40 ,!re is no ne$ ( turn+ ! title into a sep>ate god :o 0 aft]w>ds id5tifi$ ) ,osiris3 he 0 z mu* ,osiris z 0 ,neb-,daddu1 8! "l ( ,daddu40 ,pr(essor ,masp]o says ) tru? t 8,kh5t-am5tit 0 ! dead ,anh]1 a sun :i* _h set 9 ! we/0 7tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ii4 p4 #bd7--or r1 p]haps1 a sun t 0 sett+ 9 ! we/1 z 8 doma9 0 ! necropolis ( ,omm el-,ga'ab1 imm$iately ea/w>d ( ! we/]n b\nd>y ( hills4 ,:5 8,osiris ( ,daddu0 is di/+ui%$ f 8,kh5t-,am5tit ( ,abydos10 z on a /ela ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y 7,d>essy 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xiv4 p4 #bc71 ?is is only 9 accordance ) ! ,egyptian habit ( trans=m+ a div9e epi!t into a sep>ate deity4 #ace ,already 9 ! ,pyramid texts ,horus is said to h assi/$ 9 ! burial ( ,osiris1 :o goes to ! pla9s ( ,alu ) 8! great gods t proce$ f ,on0 7,pepi ii4 #hfd-hgb72 & we h p]haps a rem9isc5ce ( ! spread ( ! ,osirian cult to ! s\? & ! id5tification ( ,osiris ) ,akhem1 ! mummifi$ ,horus ( ,nekh51 9 ,pepi ii4 #hdi1 :]e we read3 8,seb in/alls by 8 rites ,osiris z god1 to :om ! wat*]s 9 ,pe make (f]+1 & ! wat*]s 9 ,nekh5 v5]ate him0 7,masp]o 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xii4 p4 #afh74 ,pe & ,nekh5 7 ! capitals ( ! two pre-,m5ic k+doms ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,egypt1 & on a /ela f ,nekh5 7,kom el-,am>7 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 8,horus ( ,nekh50 is id5tifi$ ) ,osiris 7,recueil de ,travaux1 xiv4 p4 #bb1 ,no4 xx474 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ! ,pyramid ( ,pepi ,,ii41 l9es #hfd-e1 x is said t ,isis & ,nebht wept = ,osiris at ,pe along ) 8! s\ls ( ,pe40 ,pe ) its temple ( ! y\ng] ,horus1 & ,dep ) its temple ( ,uazit ! goddess ( ! nor?1 toge!r =m$ ! city call$ ,buto by ! ,greeks4 #acf ,s 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7e4g4 ,teta #aga1 #agb74 #acg ,! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,set _h already be5 =gott5 9 ! age ( ! ,pyramid texts1 :]e x is expla9$ by ! det]m9ative set1 8a /one40 #ach ,:5 ! hi]oglyphic "n ( ! ,busirite nome 0 fir/ inv5t$1 ,osiris 0 /ill ! liv+ 8"l ( ,daddu0 r ?an ! mummifi$ patron ( its necropolis1 s9ce x repres5ts him z a liv+ ,ph>aoh ) ! title ( nz or 8*iefta940 #aci ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xii4 #h1 pp4 #dja-djb4 #adj ,! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,osiris _h be5 =gott5 by ! ,egyptians long be=e ! age ( ! ,pyramid texts1 :]e we f9d 7,unas #bbi7 ! grammatical goddess ,us]-t inv5t$ to expla9 ,osiris1 z if ! latt] 7 ! adjective us]1 8/rong06 ,m4 ,grbaut long ago express$ 8 belief t ,osiris 0 ( =eign orig9 7,recueil de ,travaux1 i4 p4 #abj74 #ada ,nebo or ,nabium 7,nabu71 8! prophet10 0 ! int]pret] ( ! w ( ,m]oda*1 j z ,m]oda* 0 ! int]pret] ( ! w ( ,ea4 #adb ,! con/ellation ( ,osiris 0 call$ 8! s\l ( ,osiris10 & ,pr(essor ,masp]o notes t ! ,pyramid texts place 8 k+dom ne> ! ,great ,be> 7tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 ii4 p4 #bj74 ,isis became ,sirius1 & ,horus ! morn+ />4 #adc ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ( ,immortality1 p4 #dh4 #add ,r5\f's translation ( ! #abe? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead 7,papyrus ( ,ani7 is z foll[s3--8,i am n a do] ( :at is wrong4 ,i am n a plund]]4 ,i am n a robb]4 ,i am n a slay] ( m54 ,i d n /9t ! measure ( corn4 ,i am n a nigg>d4 ,i d n desire ! prop]ty ( ! gods4 ,i am n a tell] ( lies4 ,i am n a monopolis] ( food4 ,i am no extortion]4 ,i am n un*a/e4 ,i am n ! cause ( o!rs' te>s4 ,i am n a dissembl]4 ,i am n a do] ( viol5ce4 ,i am n a dom9e]+ "*4 ,i d n pillage cultivat$ l&4 ,i am n an eavesdropp]4 ,i am n a *att]]4 ,i d n dismiss a case ?r\gh self-int]e/4 ,i am n un*a/e ) wom5 or m54 ,i am n obsc5e4 ,i am n an excit] ( al>ms4 ,i am n hot 9 spee*4 ,i d n turn a deaf e> to ! words ( righte\sness4 ,i am n f\l-m\!d4 ,i am n a /rik]4 ,i am n a qu>rell]4 ,i d n revoke my words4 ,i d n multiply clam\r 9 reply to words4 ,i am n evil-m9d$ or a do] ( evil4 ,i am n a revil] ( ! k+4 ,i put no ob/ruction on 7! use ( ! ,nile7 wat]4 ,i am n a bawl]4 ,i am n a revil] ( ! god4 ,i am n fraudul5t4 ,i am n sp>+ 9 (f]+s to ! gods4 ,i d n deprive ! dead ( ! fun]al cakes4 ,i take n away ! cakes ( ! *ild1 or pr(ane ! god ( my locality4 ,i d n kill sacr$ animals40 #ade ,wi$emann1 ,die ,religion d] alt5 ,aegypt]1 pp4 #acb1 #acc2 & ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #ahh-aij4 #adf ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aij4 #adg ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aia4 #adh ,s on a /ela translat$ by ,pr(essor ,masp]o 7,recueil de ,travaux1 iv4 p4 #abh7 ! deceas$ says3 8,nev] has "o said ( me1 ,:at is t he ha? done8 ,i h n injur$1 ,i h n committ$ evil2 none has suff]$ ?r\gh my fault1 ! lie has nev] ent]$ into me s9ce ,i 0 born1 b ,i h always done t :i* 0 true 9 ! sight ( ! "l ( ! two worlds4 ,i h be5 unit$ 9 he>t to ! god2 ,i h walk$ 9 ! good pa?s ( ju/ice1 love1 & all ! virtues4 ,ah1 let my s\l live 444 = behold ,i am come to ?is l&1 ,o s\ls1 to be ) y 9 ! tomb1 ,i am become "o ( y :o dete/ s940 #adi ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vi4 p4 #bfj1 ed4 ,sylb4 ,see ,lepsius1 ,e9leitung zur ,*ronologie d] ,aegypt]1 pp4 #de1 #df4 ,! rema9s ascrib$ to ,h]mes ,trismegi/os1 includ+ ! ,dialogue call$ ,pm&res1 h be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,j4 ,d4 ,*amb]s 7#ahhb74 ,! ,dialogue is already quot$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,exhort4 ad ,grcos1 xxxviii474 #aej ,! extraord9>y c>e ) :i* ! sacr$ texts 7 h&$ d[n ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t is illu/rat$ by c]ta9 ( ! ,pyramid texts1 :i* are reproduc$ ^w = ^w d[n to ! close ( ! ,egyptian mon>*y4 ,?us passages at ! beg9n+ ( ! inscriptions 9 ! ,pyramid ( ,unas are repeat$ 9 ! ,ritual ( ,abydos1 & ano!r portion ( ! same text is f\nd on a /ela ( ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y1 z well z 9 "o ( ! c\rts ( ! temple ( que5 ,hat%epsu at ,dr el-,bh>i1 :]e1 z ,pr(essor ,masp]o rem>ks1 8we h ?ree id5tical v]sions ( diff]5t epo*s & localities40 ,! invocations aga9/ s]p5ts 7,unas #cjj-cci7 recur 9 ! tomb ( ,bak-n-r5-ef ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4 ,see ,masp]o1 ,recueil de ,travaux1 iii4 pp4 #ahb1 #aie1 #bbj4 ,! fact gives u confid5ce 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,egyptian scribes1 t su* & su* *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead _h be5 8f\nd0 or writt5 9 ! reigns ( c]ta9 e>ly k+s4 #aea ,!re is mu* to be said = ! view ( ,pr(essor ,piehl1 t we h 9 x an amalgamation ( ! rituals & =mul ( ! v>i\s *ief sanctu>ies ( ,egypt1 :i* h be5 ?r[n side by side )\t any attempt at arrangem5t or h>mony4 ,"o ( su* rituals w\ld be t m5tion$ on ! s>cophagus ( ,nes-,%u-,tefnut1 :]e we read ( 8! sacr$ writ+s ( ,horus 9 ! city ( ,hur50 9 ! ,busirite nome 7,recueil de ,travaux1 vi4 p4 #acd74 ,on ! s>cophagus ( ,beb1 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,petrie at ,d5d]a1 & belong+ to ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,six? & ! ,elev5? ,dyna/ies1 we h n only 8e>ly v]sions0 ( p>ts ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 b also *apt]s :i* d n occur 9 ! /&>d text 7,petrie1 ,d5d]eh1 #ahih1 pp4 #ef-eh74 #aeb ,we ev5 read 9 !m ( ,ra be+ 8purifi$ 9 ! fields ( ,alu0 7,unas #daa74 #aec ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 pp4 #cfg-cgj4 #aed ,v>i\s int]pretations h be5 giv5 ( ! phrase p] m hru4 ,i h adopt$ t :i* seems to me mo/ consonant ) bo? gramm> & logical probability4 #aee ,! inscrib$ sc>ab does n seem to be old] ?an ! age ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y1 :5 x began to take ! place ( ! cyl9d] z a seal4 ,at all ev5ts !re is no au!ntic record ( ! discov]y ( "o 9 any tomb ( an e>li] date1 & ! sc>abs ) ! names ( ,neb-ka-ra1 ,khufu1 & o!r e>ly k+s1 7 = ! mo/ "p made 9 ! "t ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t "s at lea/ ( ! sc>abs :i* be> ! "n ( ,ra-n-ka ( ! ,eigh? ,dyna/y are contemporane\s ) ! ,ph>aoh ^: "n is writt5 ^u !m4 ,if s1 !y are ! olde/ inscrib$ sc>abs ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,un9scrib$ sc>abs1 h[ev]1 g back to ! prehi/oric age4 ,! use ( ! sc>ab z an amulet is already ref]r$ to 9 ! ,pyramid texts4 ,& ,dr4 ,reisn] has discov]$ gre5 porcela9 beetles 9 ! prehi/oric graves ( ,negadiy1 along ) o!r gre5 porcela9 amulets1 su* z turtles1 etc4 #aef ,z is also ! case 9 ! ,pyramid texts4 #aeg ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 p4 #cfi4 #aeh ,masp]o1 8,la ,pyramide de ,pepi #a;er0 9 ,recueil de ,travaux1 vii4 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 ,9 ! ,babylonian ,epic ( ,gilgames ! place ( ,nu-,urru is tak5 by ,ur-,n9nu4 #aei ,! ,book ( ! ,dead has be5 analys$ by ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 i4 pp4 #cbe-chg4 #afj ,translat$ by ,p4 ,j4 de ,horrack4 #afa ,= a translation & analysis ( ! ,book ( ,am ,duat1 see ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes ii4 pp4 #a-afc4 #afb ,revue gyptologique1 i4 #d1 ii4 #c 7#ahhj1 #ahha71 :]e an acc\nt ( ! demotic /ory is giv5 by ,e4 ,rvill\t4 #afc ,s*eil1 8,tombeaux ?ba9s0 9 ,mmoires de la ,mission ar*ologique franaise du ,caire1 v4 #d1 pl4 #d4 #afd ,s 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,unas #agj7 ref]5ce is made to 8! baqt10 or 8b5-nut tree :i* is 9 ,on40 ,! tree is ! ,mor+a apt]a ,grtn]1 f ! fruit ( :i* ! myrobalanum oil 0 extract$ 7,joret1 ,les ,plantes dans l',antiquit et au ,moy5 ,age1 i4 pp4 #acc1 #acd74 #afe ,anci5t ,egyptians1 iii4 p4 #cdi4 ,! b5nu is describ$ z 8! s\l ( ,osiris40 #aff tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 ii4 p4 #cie sqq4 #afg ,! influ5ce ( ! ,/ate religion is visible 9 ! picture1 z ! c[ has ! sol> disc betwe5 its horns1 & ! cobra is cr[n$ n only ) horns1 b also ) ! sol> disc4 ,beh9d ! cobra is ! leafy bran* ( a tree4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ ) ,wi$emann 7,muson1 #ahhd7 t ! monum5t is ,e?iopian3 :at is deciph]able 9 ! inscription is purely ,egyptian4 ,pr(essor ,wi$emann calls ! animal on ! left a ram1 b my draw+ made x a c[4 ,at ! feet ( ! c[1 :i* has a g>l& r\nd ! neck1 are two vases4 #afh ,see ! v int]e/+ /udy ( ,masp]o on 8,la ,desse ,miritskro et ses gurisons miraculeuses0 9 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie1 ii4 pp4 #djb-dai2 ,recueil de ,travaux1 ii4 p4 #aji sqq4 #afi ,! ,belmore collection ( ,egyptian antiquities conta9s sev]al /el :i* commemorate ! popul> wor%ip ( ! s]p5t2 see ,belmore ,collection1 pls4 #g1 #h1 & #ab4 ,9 "o ( !m ! uru has ! human head ( ! (ficial deity2 9 ano!r x /&s on ! top ( a %r9e2 b on "o 7giv5 9 pl4 #g7 ! wor%ipp] is kneel+ be=e a colub] ( great l5g?1 :i* has none ( ! attributes ( ! ,/ate gods1 & ^: num]\s coils rem9d u ( ,apophis4 #agj ,h]odotos1 i4 #gh4 #aga ,sayce1 8,s]p5t ,wor%ip 9 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,egypt10 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,oct4 #ahic4 #agb ,voyage du ,sieur ,paul ,lucas1 fait en mdccxiv etc41 p> ,ordre de ,l\is ,,xiv41 ii4 pp4 #hc-hf4 #agc ,voyage d'gypte et de ,nubie1 n\v4 dit4 p> ,l4 ,langls1 ii4 pp4 #fd-fi4 #agd ,see my article on 8,s]p5t ,wor%ip 9 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,egypt10 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,oct4 #ahic4 ,on a rock call$ ,hag> el-,ghorb1 a few miles nor? ( ,assuan1 ,i h f\nd graffiti ( ! age ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 :i* %[ t a *apel ( 8! liv+ s]p5t0 /ood on ! spot2 & a native in=m$ me t ! rock is /ill haunt$ by a mon/r\s s]p5t1 8z long z an o> & z ?ick z a man10 :i* appe>s at night & de/roys1 ) ! fire t blazes f its eyes1 :oev] is un=tunate en\gh to fall 9 its way4 ,see ,recueil de ,travaux1 xvi4 p4 #agd4 #age ,9 ! ,v]h&lung5 d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 #ahhi1 ,no4 #g4 #agf ,! leg5d 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,pleyte & ,rossi1 8,les ,papyrus hiratiques de ,tur910 pls4 #ca1 #gg1 #aca-h4 ,x 0 translat$ by ,lefbure 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bg-cc4 #agg ,! %r9e ( ,horus1 :om ! leg5d "h id5tifies ) ! son ( ,osiris1 0 call$ ,mes5 at ,edfu4 ,! w+$ sol> disc1 :i* seems to h orig9at$ !re1 is call$ sometimes 8! "l ( ! city ( ,beudet10 sometimes 8! "l ( ! city ( ,mes540 ,beudet 0 =m]ly read ,hud1 & x is possible t ?is 0 really ! pronunciation ( ! "n 9 lat] days4 ,at all ev5ts x seems to be ! orig9 ( ! mod]n ,edfu1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 has no?+ to d ) ! v]b deb1 8to pi]ce40 #agh 8,! ,city ( ! ,tw9s0 seems to be ! same z a-,zaui1 8! ,h\se ( ! ,tw9s10 :i* ,dmi*5 id5tifies ) ! ,greek ,khnubis1 close to ,esna4 ,an inscription at ,esna says t x 0 also t]m$ ,pa-,saura1 8! ,h\se ( ,saura0 7( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y71 a "n :i* ,dmi*5 f9ds 9 t ( ! mod]n village ( ,sah]a1 s\? ( ,esna4 ,on a prehi/oric slate f\nd at ,abydos ! "n ( ! city appe>s to be indicat$ by ! figures ( two tw9s inside ! c>t\*e ( a t[n 7de ,morgan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l'gypte1 i4 pl4 iii41 fir/ regi/]74 #agi ,naville1 ,my! d',horus1 pls4 #ab-ah2 ,brugs*1 ,abh&lung5 d] ,gtt+4 gelehrt4 ,akademie1 xiv4 #ahj ,griffi?1 8,m9or ,explorations10 9 ! ,sev5? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund 7#ahij71 pp4 #ga-gc2 ,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #afi-aga4 #aha ,cf4 ! #aee? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead3 8,^! words mu/ be spok5 ov] a gild$ dad1 :i* is made f ! he>t ( a sycamore & hung r\nd ! neck ( ! dead4 ,!n %all he pass ?r\gh ! gates ( ! o!r _w40 ,:5 ?is *apt] 0 writt51 h[ev]1 ! real orig9 ( ! dad--a r[ ( f\r columns--_h be5 =gott51 & x 0 imag9$ to repres5t ! backbone ( ,osiris4 ,we are transport$ by x into ! full bloom ( religi\s symbolism4 #ahb ,erman1 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,eng4 tr41 p4 #bgc4 #ahc ,see ,masp]o1 tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 i4 pp4 #hb-hi4 #ahd ,see above1 p4 #ij4 #ahe ,records ( ! ,pa/1 fir/ s]ies1 ii4 #ahf ,see ,cudwor?'s translation ( ,iambli*us4 #ahg ,masp]o1 8,la ,pyramide du ,roi ,ounas10 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 iv4 pp4 #ei-fa4 #ahh ,else:]e 9 ! ,pyramid texts ! ,akhimu-seku or planets ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e are id5tifi$ ) ! gods 7,unas #bah-bbj72 ,unas himself rises z a /> 7,unas #cia72 ,sirius is ! si/] ( ,pepi 7,pepi #agb72 :ile ! ,kh or lum9\s spirits are id5tifi$ ) ! planets 7,teta #bhi74 ,we he> ( ! 8fields ( ! />s0 7,unas #dai71 ( ! morn+ /> 9 ! fields ( ,alu 7,pepi #hj71 & ( ,akhimt1 ! grammatically-=m$ wife ( ,akhim 8planet10 :o is associat$ ) 8,bab1 ! "l ( night0 7,unas #fde1 #fdf74 ,"o ( ! con/ellations frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,pyramid texts is 8! ,bull ( heav510 :i* 0 also an important con/ellation 9 e>ly ,babylonian a/ronomy1 :]e ! "n =m$ "p ( an a/ronomical sy/em2 9 ,unas #dba ! 8,bull ( heav50 is call$ ! ,an or 8column0 ( ,heliopolis4 ,we he> also ( 8! fre% wat] ( ! />s0 7,unas #baj74 ,) ! latt] may be comp>$ ! goddess ,qebu1 or 8,fre% ,wat]10 ! daught] ( ,anubis1 ! primitive god ( ! dead1 :o p\r$ =? ! liquid f f\r vases 7,pepi #cic74 ,) ! "n ( ! goddess ! symbol ( ! ,antopolite nome ( ,upp] ,egypt is associat$4 #ahi ,9 ! ,proc4 ,,sba4 xv4 p4 #bcc4 #aij ,or r1 p]haps1 0 ! ,osiris ( primeval ,egypt4 #aia ,lepsius1 ,*ronologie d] ,aegypt]1 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 ,see ,brugs*1 ,die ,aegyptologie1 ii4 pp4 #cci-cdb4 #aib ,hommel1 ,ausl&1 #ahib1 p4 #ajb2 ,g9zel1 ,beitrge zur alt5 ,ges*i*te1 i4 pp4 #ab-ae4 ,diodorus 7ii4 #cj7 /ates t ! 8c\ncillor gods0 7 only ?irty 9 numb]2 b ! li/ ( planet>y /ations discov]$ by ,hommel 9 ,,wai4 v4 #df1 %[s t ! text mu/ be correct$ into ?irty-six4 ,inde$1 ,diodorus himself adds t e t5 days !re 0 a *ange ( con/ellation1 s t 9 a ye> ( #cfj days !re mu/ h be5 ?irty-six con/ellations 9 all4 #aic ,! ,egyptian za is ! ,semitic i1 8%ip10 f :i* x seems to h be5 borr[$4 #aid ,masp]o1 8,la ,pyramide du ,roi ,pepi #a;er0 9 ,recueil de ,travaux1 viii4 p4 #ajc4 #aie ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,rh9d ,papyrus3 ,wi$emann1 8,e9 altgyptis*] ,welts*pfungsmy?us10 9 ! ,urquell1 new s]41 ii4 p4 #fd1 8,heav5 0 n1 e>? 0 n1 ! good & evil s]p5ts did n exi/40 #aif ,see above1 p4 #hf4 #aig ,! s]p5t ) ! sev5 necks 7,unas #fcj1 ,teta #cje7 is ! ,babylonian 8s]p5t ) ! sev5 heads10 & po9ts to ,babylonia1 :]e alone sev5 0 a sacr$ numb]4 ,o!r co9cid5ces betwe5 ,egyptian & ,babylonian my?ology t may be not$ are 8! tree ( life0 7khet n nkh7 :i* grew 9 ,alu1 & 0 giv5 by ! />s to ! dead t !y might live = ev] 7,pepi #dca72 & ! 8great h\se10 ! ,babylonian -gal1 :i* is sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 ! ,pyramid texts4 #aih ,?us 9 ! ,pyramid texts 7,unas #eah7 ,unas is describ$ z 8eat+0 ! cr[ns ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 #aii tudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie gypti5nes1 ii4 pp4 #ddf1 #ddg4 #bjj ,golnis*eff1 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xv4 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,! passage is f\nd 9 ,papyrus #aaaf ( ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! words 8son ( man0 are a lit]al translation ( ! orig9al si-n-sa4 #bja ,= ! sc5es accompany+ ! text1 see ,gayet1 8,le ,temple de ,l\xor10 9 ! ,mmoires de la ,mission ar*ologique franaise au ,caire1 xv4 #a1 pl4 lxxi41 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! copy ( ! inscriptions is v incorrect4 ,my translation is made f a copy ( my own4 ,! :ole inscription is z foll[s3 8,said by ,amon-,ra1 etc43 ,he 7! god7 has inc>nat$ himself 9 ! royal p]son ( ?is husb&1 ,?o?mes ,,iv41 etc42 he f\nd h] ly+ 9 h] beauty2 he /ood beside h] z a god4 ,%e has f$ ^u sweet od\rs emanat+ f 8 maje/y4 ,he has gone to h] t he may be a fa!r ?r\gh h]4 ,he caus$ h] to behold him 9 8 div9e =m :5 he _h gone ^u h] t %e might be> a *ild at ! sight ( 8 beauty4 ,8 lovabl5ess p5etrat$ h] fle%1 fill+ x ) ! od\r ( all 8 p]fumes ( ,punt4 8,said by ,mut-em-ua be=e ! maje/y ( ?is augu/ god ,amon1 etc41 ! tw(old div9ity3 ,h[ great is ?y tw(old w1 h[ glori\s ?y designs 9 mak+ ?y he>t repose ^u me6 ,?y dew is ^u all my fle% 9 444 ,?is royal god has done all t is pleas+ to him ) h]4 8,said by ,amon be=e h] maje/y3 ,amon-hotep is ! "n ( ! son :i* is 9 ?y womb4 ,?is *ild %all gr[ up accord+ to ! words :i* proce$ out ( ?y m\?4 ,he %all ex]cise sov]eignty & righte\sness 9 ?is l& unto its v end4 ,my s\l is 9 him3 he %all we> ! tw(old cr[n ( royalty1 rul+ ! two l&s l ! sun = ev]40 #bjb ,also writt5 ,tello1 on ! assumption t ! second syllable repres5ts lo1 8a tablet40 ,b ! native pronunciation is ,tello4 #bjc ,! palace is repres5t$ by ! m\nd call$ ,el-,qasr1 ! temple by t call$ ,tell ',amrn ibn ',ali4 #bjd ,! "n ( ,khammu-rabi or ,ammu-rabi is writt5 ,ammu-rapi 9 ,h>p]1 ,lett]s1 iii4 p4 #beg1 ,no4 #bee 7,k #eeb71 z 0 fir/ notic$ by ,dr4 ,p9*es 7see ! ,proc4 ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,may #aija1 p4 #aia72 ,dr4 ,l9dl sugge/s t ! f9al -l ( ! ,hebrew =m is d]iv$ f ! title ilu1 8god10 s (t5 giv5 to ! k+4 ,pr(essor ,hommel fur!r po9ts out t ! "* be ) :i* ! f9al syllable ( ! royal "n is sometimes writt5 also _h ! value ( pil4 #bje ,erid is a ,semitis$ abbreviation ( ! ,sum]ian ,eri-dugga1 8good city40 #bjf ,ye>s ago ,i po9t$ out t uru 0 "o ( ! words :i* 7along ) :at x signifi$7 0 borr[$ by ! ,semites f _! ,sum]ian neighb\rs or pr$ecessors 7,transactions ( ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 i4 #b1 pp4 #cjd1 #cje74 #bjg ,lit]ally1 8! "l ( ! gho/7s710 8! gho/-"l40 ,! "n has be5 s misund]/ood & mis9t]pret$1 t x is necess>y to ent] into "s details 9 reg>d to x1 ?\gh ! facts ought to be kn[n ev5 to ! beg9n] 9 ,assyriology4 ,! ,sum]ian lilla or lil meant a 8gho/10 8_s10 or 8spook10 & 0 borr[$ by ! ,semites "u ! =m ( lil1 f :i* ! fem99e liltu 0 =m$ 9 ord] to repres5t ! female lil :om ! ,sum]ians call$ kiel lilla1 8h&maid ( 7! male7 lil40 ,liltu is ! ,hebrew ,ll? 7,isa4 xxxiv4 #ad74 ,9 ! lexical tablets ! lil is expla9$ z 8a brea? ( w9d0 7s>u71 or m exactly z a zaqiqu1 or 8du/-cl\d0 7n1 ( c\rse1 8a fog10 z x has sometimes be5 translat$1 9 defiance alike ( common s5se & ( mod]n ,arab beliefs74 ,:5 ! _s ( ,ea-bani rose f ! gr\nd1 x naturally took ! =m ( a 8du/-cl\d02 at o!r times1 :5 ! spirits appe>$ 9 ! air1 !y reveal$ _! pres5ce by a draught ( cold 8w9d40 #bjh ,see ,p9*es1 8,c]ta9 ,inscriptions & ,records ref]r+ to ,babylonia & ,elam10 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 xxix4 p4 #dd3 8betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s on bo? sides40 #bji ,x is significant t al?\gh ! ant$iluvian k+s enum]at$ by ,b]ossos mu/ h belong$ to ,eridu1 z is %[n by _! connection ) ! ,oannes-gods :o rose f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 !y are n k+s ( ,eridu1 b ( ,pantibibla & ,l>ankha 7:i* seems to h be5 ! ,surippak ( ! cunei=m texts74 #baj ,?ureau-,dang91 9 ! ,revue ,smitique4 #baa ,heuzey1 8,sceaux 9dits des rois d',agad10 9 ! ,revue d',assyriologie1 iv4 #a1 pp4 #a-ab4 #bab ,x is to ?is adoption by ! god t ! phrase met ) 9 e>ly ,sum]ian texts--8! k+ 7or ! man7 ! son ( 8 god0--probably ref]s1 ?\gh x may possibly h ev5tually come to be synonym\s ) 8pi\s man40 ,pr(essor ,hommel comp>es ,hebrew names l ,b5-,ammi1 8! son ( 7! god7 ,ammi40 #bac ,a4 ,h4 #hc-a-ah1 #ahff1 ,rev4 v41 publi%$ by ,p9*es 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xviii4 #h 7#ahif71 & expla9$ by him1 p4 #bee4 ,i %\ld myself pref] to r5d] ,p>-,eu 8! l& ( ! (fspr+ ( ! god ,eu0 7or ,esau74 #bad ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ajg1 note4 #bae ,?is at lea/ 0 ! ease 9 ! "t ( ,gudea1 to :om we owe all ! m important !ological ref]5ces f\nd 9 ! ,tello texts4 #baf ,?us we h ! phrase 8to swe> by ! ,zi ( ! k+0 7see ,delitzs*1 ,assyris*es ,h&wrt]bu*1 s4v4 nisu74 ,! ,zi includ$ ! ekim or specific gho/1 ^: prom95ce belongs r to po/-,sum]ian days ?an to ! e>ly ages ( ,babylonian hi/ory4 #bag ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #df4 #bah ,,wai4 ii4 #cf4 #ed1 #ef4 #cc-ch4 #bai ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #cge4 ,a common phrase is 8! ,zi 7,assyr4 nis7 ( ! great gods0 7,delitzs*1 ,assyris*es ,h&wrt]bu*1 s4v4 nisu74 ,9 ! incantation text1 ,,wai4 iv4 #a1 #b1 ! gods ( lat] times are /ill ,zis4 ,a translation ( "p ( ! text w be giv5 9 a future *apt]4 ,= ! possibility t ! ,zi & ! ,lil orig9ally _h mu* ! same mean+1 ! "o be+ us$ at ,eridu & ! o!r at ,nippur1 see ! next lecture4 #bbj ,s*eil 9 ,recueil de ,travaux1 xxii4 p4 #ch4 #bba ,see ,sm4 #aiha4 #c1 :]e ! ed9na or 8des]t0 is call$ ! home ( ! lilla4 #bbb ,uda-kra4 #bbc ,by assimilation ,en-lil became ,el-lil4 ,! "n is lit]ally 8gho/-"l10 :]e ! s+ul> lil repres5ts a class4 ,h5ce ,en-lil is 8"l ( ! gho/s0 9 g5]al1 conceiv$ ( z 8! devil0 is (t5 conceiv$ ( 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 or z ,hades sometimes meant all ! d5iz5s ( ! und]world 9 ,greek4 ,dialectic =ms ( ! "n are ,mul-lil & ,u-lil4 #bbd ,"u ,semitic influ5ce ^! 8tablets ( de/9y0 lo/ _! primitive signification1 & became1 l ! ,urim & ,?ummim ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 simply a means ( pr$ict+ ! future4 #bbe ,at ,eridu ! ,zi seems to h tak5 ! place occupi$ by ! ,lil at ,nippur2 at all ev5ts1 j z ,en-lil 0 ! *ief ,lil or ,lilla at ,nippur1 s ,ea seems to h be5 ! *ief ,zi at ,eridu4 ,on ?is see ! next lecture4 #bbf ,zaqiqu is ( c\rse a 8cl\d ( du/10 n 8a w9d10 z "s s*ol>s h translat$ x4 ,a w9d does n rise up out ( ! e>?1 b comes f ! air or sky4 ,9 ,,wai4 v4 #f1 vi4 #fd1 ! mean+ ( zaqiqi c be 8du/0 & no?+ else3 ilni-su i/>ti-su amn ana zakiki1 8its gods & goddesses ,i r$uc$ to du/40 #bbg ,,wai4 v4 #fa1 vi4 #ed1 #ee1 :]e we mu/ read kibira4 #bbh ,pr(essor ,hommel has %[n t among ! ,arabian & ,we/]n ,semites 7! ,canaanites except$7 ! orig9al ,baal 0 r ! moon-god ?an ! sun-god4 ,! supremacy ( ! sun-god belongs to ,semitic ,babylonia 7,aufstze und ,abh&lung51 ii4 pp4 #adi-afe74 #bbi ,) ?is phrase1 :i* is s frequ5t 9 ! ,babylonian texts1 ,hommel comp>es names l ,b5-,ammi1 8! son ( 7! god7 ,ammi40 #bcj ,?ureau-,dang9 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xix4 p4 #ahf4 #bca ,quot$ by ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion1 p4 #di4 #bcb ,by assimilation ,en-lil became ,el-lil 7& ,ul-lil7 9 "o ( ! ,sum]ian dialects 7,,wai4 v4 #cg4 #ba74 ,h5ce ! ,ill9os 7= :i* ,illillos mu/ be read7 ( ,damascius4 #bcc ,aari-galu-dugga4 ,we owe ! int]pretation ( ! "n to ! insight & le>n+ ( ,fr4 ,l5ormant1 f ^: untimely dea? ! inve/igation ( ,babylonian religion has suff]$ griev\sly4 #bcd ,is x possible t ! orig9al diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,zi & ! ,lil 0 t ! "o t]m 0 us$ at ,eridu ! o!r at ,nippur1 ! mean+ be+ pretty mu* ! same 9 bo? cases8 ,un=tunately we h no mat]ials at pres5t = answ]+ ! "q4 #bce ,,wai4 ii4 #ee4 #dc1 #eh4 #eg2 iii4 #fg4 #aef4 #bcf ,h] assignm5t z a wife to ! sun-god ( ,kis or to ,n9-ip ( ,nippur belongs to a lat] p]iod2 see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bfc4 #bcg ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 %e _h be5 m]ely a _s 9 ! =m ( a heif]2 ,,wai4 ii4 #fb4 #de1 :]e 8! %ip ( ,bau0 is call$ 8! %ip ( ! holy c[40 ,! "n is d\btless ,sum]ian1 & x seems to be ! orig9 ( ! ,baau ( ,phnician cosmology1 :i* ass]t$ t ! fir/ m51 n & ,protogonos1 7 born ( 8! w9d ,kolpia & 8 wife ,baau1 :i* is int]pret$ ,night0 7,eusebius1 ,prp>4 ,evang4 i4 #aj74 ,baau is probably ! ,hebrew ,bohu4 #bch ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #bfb1 #cgd1 #cge4 -kur1 8! h\se ( ! e>?10 0 ! "n ( ! temple ( ,en-lil at ,nippur4 ,x 0 ! abode ( ! 8"l ( ! spirits0 ( ! e>? & ! und]world4 #bci ,%e is call$ 8! h&maid ( ! _s ( ,e-kura0 7,,wai4 ii4 #ed4 #ah74 ,! 8_s ( ,e-kura0 is ,en-lil1 ^: temple ,e-kura 01 & consequ5tly ! title id5tifies h] ) ! kiel lilla or 8h&maid ( ! ,lil10 :o ev5tually became ! ,lili? ( ,jewi% folk-lore4 #bdj ,h5ce 9 ! hymn :i* describes ! oraculur tree ( ,eridu 7,,wai4 v4 #ae7 ! 8c\*0 ( ,ea is call$ 8! b$ ( ,zi-,kum0 9 8! c5tral place ( ! e>?40 #bda ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 pp4 #cgd1 #cge4 #bdb ,simil>ly1 z ,i fir/ indicat$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures 7p4 #acb71 ! fir/ two ant$iluvian k+s ( ,babylonia giv5 by ,b]ossos d n belong to ! orig9al li/1 b h be5 prefix$ to x :5 ,babylon became ! lead+ city ( ! c\ntry1 & x 0 accord+ly necess>y to make x ! capital ( ! k+dom f ! v beg9n+ ( "t4 ,x is wor? notice t1 j z ! fir/ two ant$iluvian ,babylonian k+s are a lat] addition to ! orig9al li/1 s ! fir/ two ant$iluvian patri>*s 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis seem to h be5 add$ to ! orig9al eight4 ,adam & ,enos are synonyms l ,ca9an & ,ca91 = :om ,se?1 ! ,sutu or ,b$w9 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag71 0 sub/itut$4 ,9 ! ,babylonian li/1 ,amelon or ,amilu1 8man10 corresponds ) ,enos1 j z ,amm5on 7,ummanu1 8! craftsman07 corresponds ) ,ca9an or ,ca91 8! smi?40 ,= bo? ! ,babylonian & ! ,hebrew1 man 9 ! ab/ract 0 foll[$ imm$iately by civilis$ man4 #bdc ,! ,igigi are repres5t$ ideographically by vii 7! ideograph ( plurality74 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 !y 7 orig9ally ! spirits ( ! five planets duplicat$ accord+ to _! appe>ance 9 ! ev5+ & morn+4 ,if ! op9ion ( ,pognon 7,l',inscription de ,bavian1 i4 p4 #be7 c\ld be su/a9$ t ! orig9al ideograph 0 really vii & n vii1 we %\ld h a bett] explanation ( !m z ! sev5 planets :i*1 9 ,*aldan a/ronomy1 includ$ ! sun & moon4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n is unkn[n4 ,guy>d's supposition1 t x is d]iv$ f ! ,assyrian aggu1 8to be angry0 7n 8to be /rong10 z he imag9$71 is devoid ( probability4 ,9 ,k #bajj1 col4 iv41 x is also writt5 ,igg1 & expla9$ by is>tum1 8ju/ice10 or 8/raight direction40 ,9 ,,wai4 ii4 #ce4 #cg1 ! ,,nun-,,gal 7pron\nc$ ,kisagal7 is call$ ! ,rbu :i* ,j5s5 w\ld connect ) ! ,hebrew ,rahab4 #bdd ,! div9e 8"l0 ( a place or t]ritory1 su* z is met ) 9 a ,s\? ,arabian or ,phnician inscription1 is totally diff]5t f ! "l ( ! gho/-_w at ,nippur4 ,! "o 0 ma/] ( a def9ite t]ritory on ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! o!r 0 a _s rul+ ov] o!r spirits 9 an und]gr\nd _w4 ,! two conceptions h no?+ 9 common ) "o ano!r4 #bde ,! evid5ce t has s9ce come to light %[s t ,i 0 wrong 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures 7pp4 #aaj1 #aic7 9 suppos+ t ! orig9 ( ! triad 0 purely ,sum]ian4 ,x 0 really due to ! fusion ( ! ,sum]ian & ,semitic elem5ts 9 ! (ficial ,babylonian religion4 ,possibly ! a/ronomical triad ( ! sun1 moon1 & ev5+ /> may h sugge/$ ! artificial gr\p+ ( ! gods ( ! ?ree great seats ( religi\s culture1 b t 0 all4 ,! orig9 ( ! triad mu/ be s\ght 9 geography1 or r 9 ! fact t ,ana1 ,en-lil1 & ,ea repres5t$ ! ?ree *ief sanctu>ies & c5tres ( religi\s influ5ce 9 ,babylonia4 ,i h already po9t$ out 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aib7 t f ! fact t ,ana is ! fir/ ( ! triad we may inf] t ! :ole doctr9e orig9at$ 9 ! !ological s*ool ( ,ere*4 ,ere*1 9 fact1 0 ! meet+-place ( ! ,semite & ,sum]ian1 :]e ! ,semitic influ5ce fir/ f\nd itself supreme4 ,! ,baal ( hi/orical ,semitic religion 0 a sky-god1 despite ,rob]tson ,smi?'s +5i\s philological attempts to f9d a t]re/rial s\rce = him4 #bdf ,cf4 ,hommel1 ,aufstze und ,abh&lung51 ii4 pp4 #adi-afe4 ,hommel has prov$1 ) ! help ( ! ,m9an inscriptions1 t primitive ,semitic religion consi/$ ( moon & /> wor%ip1 ! moon-god ,a?t> & an 8angel0 god /&+ at ! head ( ! pan!on1 :ile ! sun-goddess 0 atta*$ to !m z daught] or wife4 ,! supreme ,baal ( ! ,we/]n ,semites 0 ?us orig9ally ! moon-god1 a fact t ?r[s light on 8 cult at ,ur & ,h>ran1 :i* lay outside ,babylonia prop]1 & 7 inhabit$ by a l>ge ,we/ ,semitic population4 #bdg ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #gd4 #bdh ,! "n ( ! ,edomite k+ -rammu 9 ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib %[s t ! "n & wor%ip ( _h be5 c>ri$ to ! ,we/4 ,comp>e also ! "n ( ,ehud 7,judg4 iii4 #ae74 seems to h be5 a title signify+ 8! fa!r10 ! actual ,sum]ian "n ( ! deity be+ ,sirrigam 7see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #agh74 #bdi ,= ! absorption by ,hadad ( ! ,sum]ian god ( ! air1 ,m]i or ,m]m]1 ! div9e patron ( ! city ( ,muru1 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bjb sqq41 may be consult$4 ,gubra1 8! lady ( ! pla910 0 app>5tly orig9ally ! wife ( ,m]i2 :5 ,m]i pass$ into ,hadad1 ,gubra necess>ily became ! wife ( ! latt]1 8! "l ( ! m\nta910 z he 0 call$4 ,z ,hadad 0 already provid$ ) a wife1 ,sala1 ! next /ep 0 to id5tify ,sala & ,gubra4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ,gubra repres5t$ ! ,canaaniti% goddess ,a%rah1 ,asirtum 9 ,babylonian3 see ,reisn]1 8,sum]is*-babylonis*e ,hymn5 na* ,?ontafeln grie*is*] ,zeit10 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 aus d5 ori5talis*5 ,sammlung5 zu ,b]l91 x4 p4 #aci1 :]e ! ,sum]ian ,m>tue mulu kh>sagga-ga ,gub>ra gasan gu-ed9 is translat$ ,amurru bel sad ,asratum belit ts]i1 8! ,amorite god 7,hadad71 ! "l ( ! m\nta92 ,asratum 7,a%rah71 ! lady ( ! pla940 #bej ,! triad ( ,a?t>1 ! moon-god & ! 8angel-mess5g]10 :i* ,hommel has %[n to be presuppos$ 9 ! ,s\? ,arabian inscriptions1 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian culture4 ,?is is made cle> by ! ,babylonian "n ( ! moon-god1 ,s91 9 ! inscriptions ( ,hadhramaut1 & ( ,auby1 i4e4 ,nebo1 9 ^? ( ,katabn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! addition ( ! sun-goddess to ! triad is purely ,semitic4 #bea ,ea/ ,india ,h\se ,inscription1 i4 #eb-;ii4 #e4 #beb ,ea/ ,india ,h\se ,inscription1 ix4 #de-x4 #e4 #bec ,! sol> "* ( ,m]oda* 0 fir/ po9t$ out by myself 7,trans4 ,,sba4 7#ahgc7 ii4 p4 #bdf71 & ! pro(s ( x 7 giv5 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ajj sqq4 ,! ,sum]ian poem 9 :i* ! creation is ascrib$ to ,ea makes -,saggil orig9ally ! "n ( ! temple ( ,ea at ,eridu1 f :5ce x mu/ h be5 transf]r$ to ,babylon :5 ,ea 0 supplant$ by ,m]oda*4 ,f ! li/ ( ,babylonian k+s 9 :i* _! names are expla9$1 we may p]haps inf] t ! prop] title ( ! temple at ,babylon 0 ,e7s7-,guzi4 ,guzi _h ! same mean+ 9 ,sum]ian z -,saggil1 8! h\se ( ! high head0 7,,wai4 ii4 #cj4 #d1 #bf4 #eh74 #bed ,comp>e ,ati1 8pr9ce10 ! title ( ,osiris4 #bee ,?is 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,ball1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xii4 #h1 pp4 #dja1 #djb4 #bef ,we may comp>e ! /atem5t 9 a hymn 7,,wai4 v4 #ej4 i4 #e7 t ! sun-god 8rises f ! ,du-azagga1 ! place ( de/9ies10 :]e ! ,assyrian translation has 8m\nta9 ( de/9ies40 ,! ,du-azagga 0 on ! horizon ( ,ea's doma91 ! deep4 #beg ,m commonly writt5 umu4 #beh ,abil-,s91 8! son ( ! moon-god10 ! god ( ! city ( ,ur1 to :i* ! prec$+ dyna/y _h belong$4 #bei ,?\gh ,zi is us$ "h 9 its ,semitic s5se ( 8life0 9 ! ab/ract1 ! position giv5 to x z ! fir/ ( ! div9e names & qualities be/[$ on ,m]oda* is significant4 ,be=e he c be id5tifi$ ) any ( ! gods ( ! (ficial pan!on1 he mu/ become a ,zi or 8_s10 or m /rictly 8! _s0 ( heav54 ,simil>ly ! div9e ess5ce ( ,ea is /ill call$ 8 ,zi or 8_s10 a survival f a "t :5 ,ea 0 n yet a god4 #bfj ,x is probable t ! ^w 8w9d0 "h1 ?\gh its orig9al s5se 0 obscur$ or =gott51 goes back to an age :5 x signifi$ ! lil ( :i* 9 ! lexical tablets x is giv5 z an equival5t4 #bfa ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! att5tions lavi%$ by ,nabonidos ^u ! old] sanctu>ies ( ,babylonia outside ! walls ( ,babylon belong$ to ! e>li] "p ( 8 reign4 #bfb ,,wai4 ii4 #ed1 ,no4 #d2 iii4 #fi1 ,no4 #a4 ,9 ii4 #ed1 ,no4 #c1 ! cosmic deities are made 8! "m7s7 & fa!r7s7 ( ,anu0 in/ead ( be+ id5tifi$ ) him4 ,b ! id5tification is d\btless really due to ! fact t ana meant 8god0 z well z 8,anu40 #bfc ,j\rnal ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 xxviii4 #h-aj4 #bfd ,?us ! god ,tispak 7! ,sus9ak ( ,susa1 ,k #ibfia1 ,rev4 ii4 #ce7 is id5tifi$ ) ,i/> 9 ,,wai4 #ce4 #ah1 comp4 ii4 #eg4 #ce2 & ,iskh>a1 ano!r "n ( ,i/>1 is call$ a male deity ) a wife1 ,almanti 7,/rassmai]1 #cija74 ,pr(essor ,b>ton notices 7,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 #ba1 pp4 #ahf-ahh7 t an inscription ( ,lugal-khai1 an e>ly k+ ( ,kis1 is d$icat$ to 8! k+ ,nana & ! lady ,nana40 #bfe ,,wai4 iii4 #ec4 #cj-i4 #bff ,i c sugge/ no bett] etymology = ! ^w ,anunna ?an t propos$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ahb4 ,x is support$ by ,k #bajj1 col4 iv41 :]e ! ,sum]ian pronunciation ( ,anunna-ki is giv5 z ,enu-kki1 8! "l ( ! e>?40 ,:5 ! 8spirits ( ! e>?0 came to be di/+ui%$ f 8! angels0 or 8spirits0 ( ! air1 ! =m ,anunna-ki or ,anunna-ge1 8! _s ( ! e>?0 or 8l[] _w10 became m usual ?an ! simple ,anunna4 ,! latt] is us$ ( ! ,igigi or 8angels0 9 ,k #dfbi1 ,rev41 & ( ! ,anunna-ki 9 ,,wai4 iv4 #a1 #b1 col4 iv4 #c4 #bfg ,h(fmann rem>ks 9 reg>d to ! ,aramaic inscriptions ( ,z5jirli 7,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 xi4 p4 #bec73 8,! mo/ int]e/+ fact is t ev5 ! !ological ,hadad-/ela makes no m5tion ( a female goddess40 #bfh ,! orig9 & nature ( ,tammuz h be5 inve/igat$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #bbj-bde1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,he 0 prim>ily a ,zi or _s wor%ipp$ at ,eridu1 :]e he 0 kn[n z 8! ,son ( ! ,_s ( ! ,deep10 i4e4 ,ea4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ! primitive sun-god ( ,eridu1 ?\gh 8 "* und]w5t /range trans=mations 9 ! c\rse ( 8 id5tification ) ,n9-giru 7,+uria7 & o!r gods4 ,b ,tammuz 0 a sun-god :o sp5t half 8 annual life 9 ! und]world1 or1 accord+ to ano!r view1 z fell[-w>d] ) ,n9-gis-zida ( ! gates ( heav54 ,h5ce he pa/ures 8 cattle 9 ! fields beyond ! riv] ,khubur1 ! ocean-/ream t encircles ! e>?1 on ! road to ! l& ( ! dead 7,craig1 ,religi\s ,texts1 i4 p4 #ag74 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 also said to dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ! cosmic temple ( ,ea at ,eridu1 betwe5 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates 7,,wai4 iv4 #ae4 #eh-ei74 ,x is possible1 ?\gh n yet prov$1 t 9 ,tammuz two deities h be5 comb9$ toge!r1 ! sun-god & ! vegetation ( ! spr+ :i* ! "y sun ( ! ye> br+s into exi/5ce4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 ,tammuz & ,n9-gis-zida ,i see ! ,babylonian prototypes ( ! two pill>s ,ja*9 & ,boaz erect$ by ,solomon 9 front ( ! temple 7#a ,k+s vii4 #ba74 ,n9-gis-zida means 8! "l ( ! upright po/0 7bil itsi kni 9 ,semitic ,babylonian71 & ?us corresponds ) ,ja*94 #bfi ,?ureau-,dang9 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et assyri5nes1 xix4 pp4 #ahe-ahg4 #bgj ,publi%$ & translat$ by me 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 v4 7#ahgg7 p4 #dda1 :]e ,i po9t$ out = ! fir/ "t t ! e>ly ,babylonian k+s 7 deifi$4 #bga ,s*eil 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xviii4 p4 #ga1 xxi4 p4 #bg4 #bgb ,see ,brnn[1 ,classifi$ ,li/1 ,no4 #hhhc4 #bgc ,,wai4 ii4 #ee4 #bg1 iv4 #be4 #dj4 ,d>a1 ,semitic turakhu1 is %[n to be 8an antelope0 by ! figure ( an antelope1 end+ 9 a fi%1 :i* is /at$ to repres5t ,ea on a b\nd>y-/one f ,susa publi%$ 9 de ,morgan's ,dlgation en ,p]se1 vol4 i41 & expla9$ by ,s*eil 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xxiii4 pp4 #if1 #ig4 ,! figure is accompani$ by ! symbol ( ,ea1 a weapon :i* t]m9ates 9 ! head ( a ram4 #bgd ,,wai4 iii4 #fh4 #ab-ad4 ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bhf4 ,= 8! c[0 ,bau1 see above1 p4 #adh4 ,n]gal or ,allamu 0 orig9ally ! gazelle 7,brnn[1 ,classifi$ ,li/1 ,nos4 #aijf1 #aijg74 #bge ,,wai4 ii4 #ah4 #eg1 #ee4 #fi1 iv4 #c4 #be4 #bgf ,?us ! monkey is associat$ ) ,nu-gidda1 8! dw>f10 :o 9 8 turn accompanies ! moon-god4 #bgg ,! la/ l9e ( ?is hymn 7,,wai4 iv4 #ae4 #eb sqq471 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a translation 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bch1 has be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,p9*es1 & publi%$ by him 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,transactions ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 xxix4 p4 #dd4 #bgh ,9 ,reisn]1 8,sum]is*-babylonis*e ,hymn5 na* ,?ontafeln grie*is*] ,zeit10 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 aus d5 ori5talis*5 ,sammlung51 x4 p4 #ace1 #be-cb1 & p4 #aci1 #aea-aeh1 we read1 8! great gods are #ej2 ! gods ( de/9y are #g2 ! ,anunnaki ( heav5 are #cjj2 ! ,anunnaki ( e>? are #fjj40 #bgi ,h5ce he is call$ by ,nebu*adrezz> pakid kissat sam u irtsitim1 8m>%all] ( ! ho/s ( heav5 & e>?0 7,,wai4 i4 #ea4 #ac74 #bhj ,= ! ,anunna-ki & ,igigi1 see above1 p4 #cdd4 #bha ,! sol> "* ( ,n9-ip 0 fir/ po9t$ out by myself 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ii4 7#ahgc7 p4 #bdf1 & aga9 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #aeb1 #aec4 ,he 0 probably call$ ,br 9 ,assyrian1 b ! ,cilician ,n9eps %[s t he 0 also kn[n by 8 ,sum]ian title ( ,n9-ip4 ,see my pap] 9 ! ,proc4 ,,sba4 xx4 #g1 pp4 #bfa1 #bfb4 #bhb ,! ideograph d5otes ! keffya1 correspond+ bo? to ! veil & to ! turban4 ,9 its e>lie/ pictorial =m x repres5ts a veil cov]+ bo? ! head & face1 & leav+ only ! hair at ! back ( ! head visible4 ,x 0 usually t]m$ uras1 a ^w borr[$ by ,semitic ,babylonian "u ! =m ( urasu1 :i* 9 its turn creat$ ! v]b arsu1 8to veil10 & ! ^w ari/u1 8a cloak40 ,! keffya 0 also kn[n 9 ,sum]ian z mutra1 ,semitic mutru1 f :i* ! ,greek 0 borr[$4 ,! mitra prop]ly signifi$ ! ,ori5tal turban2 b z no su* head-dress 0 worn by ! ,greeks1 x is already us$ by ,hom] = ! girdle ( ! wai/4 ,besides ! value ( uras1 ! ideograph also _h ! value ( d>a 79 ,assyrian nibittu & ikhu1 8a veil074 ,x is possible t ! actual pronunciation ( ! "n ,n9-ip 0 ,9-d>4 #bhc ,,wai4 ii4 #eg4 #ci4 #bhd ,gwydion induc$ ,pryd]i by /ratagem to give "s ( !m to him1 & s c>ri$ !m f ,dyv$ to ,nor? ,wales2 ,rhys1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 pp4 #bdb-bdd4 #bhe ,cf4 ,,wai4 ii4 #ai4 #di;b1 8! spirits ( ! e>? ,i made grope l sw9e 9 ! holl[s40 #bhf ,see1 = example1 ,,wai4 ii4 #ed4 #c ,obv4 #d-ad1 #d4 #cg-de4 #bhg ,!re is no reason = hold+ t ! temple ( -,zida rebuilt by ,khammurabi at ,borsippa1 0 any o!r ?an ! old -,zida :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,nebo4 #bhh ,= names l ,sipp>-sad1 ,sipp>-saduni1 ,up-semi1 & ,up-natsir1 see ,p9*es1 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xliii4 p4 #bgg4 #bhi ,support may be f\nd = ?is etymology 9 ! common title ( ,assur z 8! good god10 :i* is writt5 ideographically an-dugga4 ,b ev5 if ! ,assyrians believ$ t ?is 0 ! prop] signification ( ! "n ( _! god1 x does n foll[ t !y 7 "r2 & s9ce ! *>act]s repres5t+ ! title c\ld be read ,,an-,,s>1 x is possibly only a play on ! suppos$ connection ( ! "n ) ! ,sum]ian ,ans>4 ,! latt] appe>s z ,assoros 9 ,damascius4 ,p]haps ,assur 7orig9ally ,asur7 is m]ely asurru1 8a wall40 #bij ,glas]1 ,skizze d] ,ges*i*te ,arabi5s 7#ahhi71 pp4 #fd-gd4 #bia ,du-azagga4 ,z ! 8holy m\nd0 0 ! home ( ,ea1 x foll[s t x 0 orig9ally "p ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 on ! o!r h&1 ! "n giv5 to x implies t x resembl$ a m\nta9 lift+ itself up into ! sky4 ,! sun rose f x 7,,wai4 v4 #ej4 #e;a72 h5ce x mu/ h be5 ! ea/]n horizon1 :i*1 to an inhabitant ( ,eridu1 w\ld h be5 ! horizon ( ! sea1 t asc5d$ t[>ds ! heav5s l a great m\nd4 ,a model 0 made ( x1 :i* became ! p>akku or m]cy-seat ( ,ea 9 8 temple at ,eridu4 ,:5 ,eridu & its god 7 supplant$ by ,babylon & ,bel-,m]oda*1 ! ,du-azagga 0 transf]r$ to ! latt] city & became 8! seat ( ! oracles0 9 ! %r9e ( ,bel-,m]oda*1 8:]eon10 accord+ to ,nebu*adrezz>1 8at ! fe/ival ( ,zagmuku1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 on ! #h? & #aa? days1 ! k+ ( ! gods ( heav5 & e>?1 ,bel1 ! god1 seats himself1 :ile ! gods ( heav5 & e>? rev]5tly reg>d him1 /&+ be=e him ) b[$ heads40 ,:5 ,nebo became ! m9i/] ( ,m]oda*1 he too 0 address$ z 8! god ( ! holy m\nd0 7,,wai4 ii4 #ed4 #ga71 & "o ( 8! ?ree great names ( ,anu0 0 said to be 8! k+ :o comes =? f ! holy m\nd10 ano!r ( ! names be+ 8! creator ( ! heav5ly ho/s0 7,,wai4 iii4 #fh4 #ai1 #bj74 ,ev5 ,i/>1 or r ,iskh>a1 is call$ 8! goddess ( ! holy m\nd0 7,,wai4 iii4 #fh4 #bg74 ,x may be add$ t a lexical tablet makes ! 8holy m\nd0 a synonym ( ! deep 7,,wai4 v4 #da1 ,no4 #a74 #bib ,,wai4 ii4 #eh4 #eg4 ,8 ,sum]ian title z ! div9e pott] 0 ,nunurra1 :i* is expla9$ z 8god ( ! pot10 or m lit]ally 8"l ( ! pot0 7,brnn[1 ,classifi$ ,li/1 #ehie74 ,see ,s*eil1 ,recueil de ,travaux1 xx4 p4 #abe4 #bic ,el-lil1 x %\ld be not$1 0 call$ 8! great m\nta90 7,kur-gal1 ,sadu-rabu 9 ,semitic71 & ! "n ( 8 temple 0 -kur1 8! h\se ( ! m\nta940 ,x is probable t ! belief 9 ! ,kh>sag-kurkurra1 or 8m\nta9 ( ! _w10 on :i* ! gods liv$1 orig9at$ at ,nippur4 ,f ,isa4 xiv4 #ac we ga!r t x 0 plac$ 9 ! nor?4 ,n9-lil1 ! wife ( ,en-lil1 is call$ ,n9-kh>sag1 8! lady ( ! m\nta910 by ,samsu-iluna1 :o describes h] z 8! "m :o creat$ me0 7,brit4 ,mus41 pl4 #aii1 #a4 #da74 #bid ,^! are ! creatures describ$ by ,b]ossos z sprung f ! bosom ( ,tiamt--w+$ m51 ) f\r or two faces1 or ) ! feet ( horses & goats2 human-head$ bulls2 dog-head$ horses1 & ! l--:i* 7 depict$ on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,bel-,m]oda*1 ! successor ( ,bel ( ,nippur 7,syncell4 p4 #bi2 ,euseb4 ,*ron4 ,arm54 p4 #aj1 ed4 ,mai74 #bie ,a v>iant fragm5t ( ! leg5d1 z 0 fir/ recognis$ by myself 9 ! ,proc4 ,,sba4 xx4 pp4 #ahg-ahi1 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,s*eil f an e>ly ,babylonian tablet 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux1 xx4 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #bif ,an indication may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t ! ,lillum or 8,lil0 0 ! 8"m-fa!r0 ( ,en-lil 7,,wai4 iv4 #bg4 #e71 & ! fur!r ref]5ce to ! ,zi or 8_s0 :o 0 ! 8"m-fa!r0 ( ,en-lil & ,n9-lil 7,,wai4 iv4 #a4 ,col4 ii4 #be-bh74 ,! g5d]less ,sum]ian knew ( no di/9ction ( sex2 ! creative pr9ciple 0 at once female & male4 ,x w be notic$ t ! female elem5t takes prec$5ce ( ! male 9 contradi/9ction to ,semitic ideas4 #big ,^! two l9es are an int]polation4 #bih ,^! ?ree l9es h be5 int]polat$4 #bii ,! "n ( ,m]oda* has be5 sub/itut$ = t ( ,ea4 #cjj ,a play on ! "n ( ,eri-dugga1 8! good city40 #cja ,probably an int]polation4 #cjb ,orig9ally ,ea4 #cjc ,^! two l9es d n belong to ! orig9al poem4 #cjd ,= ,tammuz & ,n9-gis-zida1 see above1 p4 #cej1 note4 ,x may be add$ t 9 ! ,maql collection ( incantation texts1 ,n9-gis-zida seems to be reg>d$ z a goddess & ! consort ( ,nusku1 ! fire-god4 ,n91 9 ,sum]ian1 m (t5 signifi$ 8lady0 ?an 8"l40 ,x is possible t at ,eridu %e 0 held to be ! wife ( ,tammuz4 #cje ,p]haps ,hommel is "r 9 translat+ 8palm40 #cjf ,cp4 ,g54 iii4 #h4 #cjg ,zikum or ,nammu1 ! abyss1 :o is call$ ! "m ( ,ea4 ,nammu is giv5 z ! ,sum]ian "n or title ( ,zikum 9 ,cunei=m ,texts1 xii4 p4 #bf1 #a4 #bj4 #cjh ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bch1 & ,p9*es1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 xxix4 p4 #dd4 #cji ,,wai4 iv4 #ae1 ,col4 ii4 #e1 #f4 #caj ,s 9 ,,wai4 iv4 #be4 #di1 an-s> ki-s> is translat$ 8! ho/s ( heav5 & e>?40 ,9 ,,wai4 v4 #dc4 #bg1 ! ,sum]ian 8! div9e scribe1 ! creator ( ! ho/s ( e>?10 is p>aphras$ by ! ,semitic translator ,nab pakid kissat sam u irtsiti1 8,nebo1 ! capta9 ( ! ho/s ( heav5 & e>?40 ,= ! ,semite1 ! god he wor%ipp$ 0 "l ( ! ho/s ( heav5 z well z ( ! spirits ( ! e>?4 #caa ,x is possible t ! ,hebrew ,urim & ,?ummim 7 really connect$ ) ! ,babylonian 8tablets ( de/9y40 ,! latt] 7 fa/5$ 8on ! brea/10 accord+ to ! ,epic ( ! ,creation1 l ! ,urim & ,?ummim ( ! ,israeliti% high prie/4 ,9 ,,wai4 iv4 #ah1 ,no4 #c1 ,ea describes a sort ( magical brea/plate1 made ( gold1 :i* 0 to be set ) preci\s /ones & fa/5$ to ! brea/4 ,n9e /ones are nam$1 :i* seem to h be5 c>v$ into figures ( ! gods1 l ,egyptian amulets1 s9ce !y are said to be 8! fle% ( ! gods40 ,pr(essor ,zimm]n ev5 sugge/s 7,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] babylonis*5 ,religion1 p4 #ia7 t ,urim is to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,assyrian urtu1 a synonym ( t]tu 7trh71 8in/ruction0 or 8law40 #cab ,comp>e ! 8ladd]0 ( ,jacob 7,g54 xxviii4 #ab74 ,a simil> /aircase or ladd] is repres5t$ on ! conical or egg-%ap$ /one :i* symbolis$ ! moon-god ( ,h>ran 7e4g4 ,laj>d1 ,culte de ,mi?ra1 #ed1 #d74 #cac ,en-me1 lit]ally1 8"l ( ! voice10 appe>s to h be5 pron\nc$ n 9 ,sum]ian1 s9ce ! ,semitic nu 0 borr[$ f x4 ,! ^w has ! same root z n1 8an incantation10 & ! nu d5ot$ ! prie/ :o 8recit$0 ! incantatory ritual4 ,he may ?us be comp>$ ) ! ,egyptian kh]-heb4 ,!re 0 an nu or 8*ant] ( ,i/>10 ^: te*nical "n 0 ukurrim1 & ano!r ( ,ea1 8! holy fa!r10 :o 0 call$ ! s5nu4 ,! incantatory =mul1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 relate = ! mo/ "p to ,ea & ,i/>4 ,ano!r class ( ! nu 0 call$ sailu1 8! magian10 9 ,assyrian 7lit]ally1 8! que/ion]0 ( ! spirits :o may h practis$ v5triloquism72 9 ,sum]ian ! "n may be read n-lil1 8! *ant] ( ! lil40 #cad ,i c /ill see no bett] etymology = dimm]1 d+ir1 8god10 ?an ! "o ,i propos$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures 7p4 #adc71 viz4 dim1 8to create0 or 8make40 ,f ! same root we h dim or dimma1 8(fspr+0 7,,wai4 v4 #bi4 #ga71 :i* illu/rates ! anti!sis betwe5 ! ,sum]ian :o reg>d$ g5]ation z an act ( creation1 & ! ,semite :o reg>d$ creation z an act ( g5]ation4 ,9 ,,wai4 ii4 #dg4 #bi1 dim takes ! place ( dumu1 8son40 ,dimme & dimmea %[ t 9 dimm] ! f9al consonant is a suffix4 #cae ,,wai4 ii4 #ee4 #bg1 iv4 #be4 #dj4 ,i h reta9$ "h ! ord9>y r5d]+ ( 8gazelle0 = ! ,assyrian ditanu1 ?\gh x is m probable t its ,sum]ian equival5t elim 7p]haps ! ,heb4 yl7 means 8ram40 ,at all ev5ts elim is giv5 z kuarikku or 8ram0 9 ,sc4 #cae4 ,b !re is a difficulty ab\t ! god to :om ! "n 0 orig9ally appli$4 ,9 ,,wai4 ii4 #ee4 #ca-cc1 8! pr9cely elim10 8! mighty elim10 & 8! e>?-creat+ elim0 are giv5 z names ( ,ea2 :]eas 9 ,,wai4 v4 #ba4 #aa1 elim is a synonym ( ! god ,aari1 & 9 ,sc4 #cab x is ! equival5t ( ,el-lil4 ,z 8! %ip0 or ark ( ,ea 0 8! %ip ( ! antelope ( ! deep10 ,ea mu/ h be5 ! antelope 7turakhu7 r ?an ! ram or gazelle2 & ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ! transf]5ce ( :at 0 prop]ly ! "n ( ,el-lil to ,as>i & ,ea 0 due to ! confusion t grew up betwe5 ,el-lil aft] 8 trans=mation into ! ,semitic ,bel & ,as>i aft] 8 trans=mation into ! ,semitic ,bel-,m]oda*4 ,! ideograph :i* d5otes elim repres5ts a quadrup$1 sometimes ) an eye1 sometimes ) ! ideograph ( %eep1 atta*$ to x4 #caf ,,wai4 v4 #eb1 ,col4 iv4 #h4 #cag ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! 8div9e sev50 0 desc5d$ f ! sev5 gods :o 7 sons ( ,en-me-s>ra1 accord+ to ,,wai4 iv4 #bc1 ,no4 #a4 ,en-me-s>ra means 8! incantation-prie/ ( ! 7heav5ly7 ho/s0 7nu sa kissati71 & 8 8sons0 !re=e rem9d u ( ,job xxxviii4 #g4 ,x w n be =gott5 t ,philo ,byblius made 8! sev5 sons ( ,sydyk1 ! ,kabeiri1 ) _! eigh? bro!r ,asklpios 7,a%mn710 ! fir/ writ]s ( hi/ory 7,euseb4 ,prp4 evang4 i4 #aj74 #cah ,x has be5 edit$ & translat$ by ,tallqvi/1 ,die ,assyris*e ,bes*wrungss]ie ,maql 7#ahid71 :o calculates t x conta9$ #aeej l9es1 or m ?an #ijjj words4 #cai ,! :ole "w is 9 ! metrical =m *>act]i/ic ( ,semitic ,babylonian4 ,x has be5 edit$ by ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] babylonis*5 ,religion2 ,die ,bes*wrung/afeln ,%urpu 7#ahif74 #cbj ,isa4 viii4 #ai4 ,! beg9n+1 = in/ance1 ( ! second book ( ! ,maql collection _h to be recit$ 9 a :isp] be=e a wax image4 #cba ,z ! title ( ! latt] "w is sometimes writt5 ,,ud-,,ma ,,an ,,en-,,lil z well z ,,ud ,,an ,,en-,,lil1 ! real translation may be 8:5 7enu-ma7 ,bel10 r ?an 8,illum9ation 7nam>u7 ( ,bel10 ^! hav+ be5 ! op5+ words ( ! fir/ tablet4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x 0 translat$ into ,greek by ,b]ossos z a "w ( 8,bel0 7,s5eca1 ,qu/4 ,nat4 iii4 #bi71 ! "n assign$ to x 9 ! text is on ! :ole to be pref]r$4 #cbb ,,wai4 iv4 #ai1 ,no4 #b4 #cbc ,,wai4 iv4 #bh1 ,no4 #a4 #cbd ,lit]ally1 8! prophetdom0 or 8college ( prophets0 7isipputi74 #cbe ,,wai4 v4 #d4 #hf-ia4 #cbf ,t]ti1 ! ,heb4 ?rh4 ,! laws :i* ! gods h to obey are meant4 #cbg ,gilgames seems to mean 8great fa!r10 f gilga1 8fa!r10 & mes1 i4e4 mas1 8great40 #cbh ,hi/4 ,anim4 xii4 #ba4 ,sokk>os1 k+ ( ,babylonia1 fe>+ t 8 daught]'s son w\ld de?rone & slay him1 imprison$ h] 9 a t[]4 ,gilgamos1 h[ev]1 0 born to h]4 ,by 8 gr&fa!r's ord]s he 0 ?r[n f ! t[]1 b sav$ by an eagle1 :i* caught him ^u its w+s4 ,philologically x is possible to id5tify ,sokk>os & ,akris-ios4 #cbi ,hilpre*t1 ,! ,babylonian ,exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 i4 #ae4 #bf2 ,hommel 9 ! ,proc4 ,,sba4 xvi4 pp4 #ac-ae4 ,! inscription is z foll[s3 8,! deifi$ ,abil-ili7871 fa!r ( ! army ( ,ere*1 ! son ( ,bel-semea1 has re/or$ ! walls ( ,ere*1 :i* 7 built 9 old times by ! deifi$ ,gilgames40 #ccj ,pr(essor ,haupt1 h[ev]1 to :om we owe ! 8editio pr9ceps0 ( ! ,epic ( ,gilgames1 believes t ! description ( ! siege ( ,ere* does n belong to ! ,epic at all4 ,he f9ds ! beg9n+ ( x 9 ! fragm5t ,k #bgef c1 g5]ally assign$ to ! ?ird book ( ! poem4 ,see 8 article on 8,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,babylonian ,nimrod ,epic0 9 ! 8,johns ,hopk9s ,semitic ,pap]s0 7,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 xxii4 #a 7#aija774 #cca ,z ,b]ossos has told u :at 0 ! pronunciation ( ! "n ( ! h]o ( ! ,*aldean ,deluge1 ! disputes ( mod]n ,assyriologi/s z to :e!r x 0 ,pir-napi/im or ! l are b lab\r lo/4 ,! true analysis ( ! "n ,xisu?ros is /ill unkn[n1 ?\gh x is possible1 b n probable1 t ,george ,smi? 0 "r 9 see+ 9 x a meta!sis ( ! title ,adra-khasis appli$ to sev]al ( ! e>ly ,babylonian h]oes4 ,adra-khasis means 8! v clev]10 rem9d+ u ( 8,mohamm$ ! clev]0 9 mod]n ,egyptian folk-lore4 #ccb ,samtu1 ,heb4 %ohem 7,g54 ii4 #ab74 #ccc ,s ,hommel1 :o is probably "r 9 see+ 9 ! ^w ! "n ( ,saba 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia4 #ccd ,zimm]n1 inde$1 has sugge/$ t ?is latt] text belongs to ! leg5d ( ,at>pi1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has un=tunately come d[n to u 9 s mutilat$ a condition t no c]ta9 int]pretation ( x is possible4 ,! discov]] ( ! tablet is m probably "r 9 connect+ x ) ! /ory ( ! ,flood4 #cce ,:o "h takes ! place ( ,aruru4 #ccf ,! words 8,i w no long] dwell 9 y\r city1 & turn my face t[>d ! gr\nd ( ,en-lil10 imply t ,surippak 0 n f> f ,nippur4 #ccg ,! m\nta9 ( ,nizir 0 9 ! c\ntry call$ ,lulubi or ,luluwi by ! ,assyrians1 ,lulu 9 ! ,vannic inscriptions4 ,9 ! bil+ual inscription ( ,topzawa1 ,lulu is made ! equival5t ( ! ,assyrian ,ur>dhu1 ! ,hebrew ,ar>at4 #cch ,see my ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 p4 #abb sqq4 #cci ,loc4 cit41 p4 #abf4 #cdj ,s*pfung und ,*aos 9 ,urzeit und ,endzeit 7#ahie74 #cda ,x %\ld be notic$ t1 z ! voyage ( ,xisu?ros la/$ = a ,babylonian week ( sev5 nights1 s ! voyage ( ,deukalion la/$ = a ,greek week ( n9e days4 ,ogyges is b a local v>iant ( ,deukalion4 #cdb ,see ,meissn]1 ,alex&] und ,gilgamos 7#ahid74 #cdc ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #cfj-cfc1 :]e ! v>i\s passages relat+ to ! ,babylonian ,olympos are quot$4 #cdd ,! l& ( ,arallu or ,hades4 #cde ,?is1 h[ev]1 is r ! 8holy m\nd0 ( wat]s1 9 :i* ,ea _h 8 home1 ?an ! inl& m\nta9 ( ,en-lil4 #cdf ,ur is ! ,sum]ian ^w = 8zone40 ,x is translat$ by arru1 8to b9d02 etsdu1 8to b9d ! %eaves0 = h>ve/2 & khammu1 8to b9d0 or 8fix0 laws4 #cdg ,f ,mr4 ,smi?'s words x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! gates 7 9 ! fir/ or second c\rt1 or :e!r 7z seems ! m probable7 ! tablet int5d$ u to und]/& t ! gates belong$ to bo? c\rts4 #cdh ,! fir/ /age 0 #cjj feet squ>e & #aaj feet high1 :ile ! topmo/ 0 #hj feet long by #gj broad & #ej high4 #cdi ,= ! %ewbread1 see ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] babylonis*5 ,religion1 pp4 #id1 #ie2 & ,haupt1 8,babylonian ,elem5ts 9 ! ,levitic ,ritual10 p4 #ei 7,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 #aijj74 ,sometimes six doz5 cakes 7 laid be=e ! god1 sometimes ?ree doz51 m (t5 only "o doz51 z among ! ,israelites4 ,! %ewbread is call$ akal pani1 :i* is ! exact equival5t ( ! ,hebrew lekhem happnm2 & ,pr(essor ,haupt has po9t$ out t x 0 requir$ to be unleav5$ 7mutqu74 #cej ,cp4 ,g54 xi4 #e4 #cea ,! ,sum]ian du has1 ( c\rse1 no?+ to d ) ! ,semitic ,babylonian d1 8a *apel0 7unless1 inde$1 ! latt] is borr[$ f ! ,sum]ian ^w74 ,x is prop]ly ! equival5t ( tilu1 8a m\nd0 or 8hill02 b z ! tilu or tel 0 g5]ally inhabit$1 x came fur!r to acquire ! signification ( subtu1 8a dwell+-place40 #ceb ,,wai4 v4 #ej4 i4 #e2 #da4 #a1 ,rev4 #ah4 #cec ,see above1 p4 #cgd1 note #a4 #ced ,samassumuk91 ii4 pp4 #dg-ea4 ,nebu*adrezz> calls ! ,du-azagga1 8! place ( ! oracles ( ! ,ubsu-g9na1 ! m]cy-seat ( de/9ies1 :i* on ! fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> 7,zag-muku71 on ! eigh? & elev5? days10 ,bel ann\nces be=e ! assembl$ gods4 ,j5s5 7,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #bci-bdb7 fir/ po9t$ out t ! ,ubsu-g9na 0 8! assembly-place0 ( ! gods1 :i* 0 locat$ 9 or ^u -kur1 8! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,_w0 7,,wai4 iv4 #fc4 #ag474 ,x ?us corresponds ) 8! m\nt ( ! ,assembly0 ( ,isa4 xiv4 #ac1 & illu/rates ! comb9ation ( ! !ology ( ,eridu ) t ( ,nippur4 #cee ,,wai4 iv4 #bc1 ,no4 #a1 translat$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #die4 #cef ,de ,s>zec1 ,dc\v]tes en ,*alde1 pp4 #baf1 #bag4 #ceg ,! sangu 0 call$ b> 9 ,sum]ian1 ) :i* ! "n ( ,eb] 9 ,g54 xi4 #ae may possibly be comp>$4 #ceh ,n 8a/rolog]s10 z has sometimes be5 suppos$4 ,kal is borr[$ f ! ,sum]ian kal1 z makhkh is f makh4 ,at _! head 0 ! abba-kalla1 aba-kul1 or ab-gal1 a ^w :i* "u ! fir/ =m is us$ z a prop] "n 9 e>ly ,babylonian texts4 ,assyrian coloni/s c>ri$ x to ,kappadokia1 & ,/rabo accord+ly tells u t ! high prie/ ( ,komana 0 call$ ,abakls4 ,a ,hell5is$ =m ( ! title1 ,baklos1 is giv5 by ,hesy*ius1 :o r5d]s x by 8! gr&ee0 & 8! gallos-prie/0 7see my note 9 ! ,proc4 ,,sba4 xxiii4 p4 #ajf74 ,abgal is /at$ to be ! equival5t n only ( ! borr[$ ,assyrian abkallu1 b also ( bil t]ti1 8ma/] ( ! law02 khassu & imqu1 8! le>n$ "o0 7l ! ,arabic 'alim72 & m> ummani1 8! craftsman0 or 8pr(essional0 7,,wai4 v4 #ac4 #cg-db74 ,! relation ( kal to gallu 7,sum]ian kal & galla71 8a s]vant10 is n yet cle>1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! gallos 0 ! 8s]vant0 ( ,kybel4 ,on ! use ( kal1 8s]vant0 9 ! ,sum]ian texts1 see ,reisn]1 ,tempelurkund5 aus ,telloh1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #cei ,s 9 a text quot$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ha1 8l ,bel on ! m]cy-seat ( ! de/9ies ! prophecy %all be utt]$1 ?is %all be said3 #8,bel has come =?1 ! k+ has look$ aft] me4' 0 ,a special class ( 8prophets0 bore ! "n ( masmas 7:5ce masmasu 9 ,assyrian71 :i* is translat$ mullilu1 8! prais]0 ( ! gods 7,heb4 hilll74 #cfj ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #gi4 #cfa -kua & ,m-,kua1 bit-assaputi & elip-assaputi 9 ,semitic4 ,ja/r[ mi/ranslates 8dwell+-h\se0 in/ead ( 8oracle0 or 8prophecy02 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w 0 already discov]$ by ,opp]t 9 ! e>ly days ( cunei=m deciph]m5t4 #cfb ,! sabr 0 di/9ct f ! b>1 ^: "n seems to h a m g5]al signification1 & ,pr(essor ,haupt is probably "r 9 reg>d+ x z ! %aphel =m ( ! latt]4 ,he gives b>1 h[ev]1 too wide a mean+ :5 he makes x d5ote a 8div9]0 ( e k9d & sort4 ,x is true t magic 0 tak5 "u ! gis ( ,babylonian !ology1 & t j z ! asipi or 8prophets0 might be made to include ! 8en*ant]s0 & 8pron\nc]s0 ( spells1 s ! b>i might include ^? :o s\ght to div9e ! future by exam9+ ! entrails ( victims or by means ( a cup 7cp4 ,g54 xliv4 #e74 ,b1 prop]ly speak+1 ! b>1 l ! sabr1 8reveal$0 ! future by means ( dreams4 ,haupt's correction ( baddm into brm1 8div9]s10 9 ,isa4 xliv4 #be & ,j]4 l4 #cf1 is brilliant 7,babylonian ,elem5ts 9 ! ,levitic ,ritual1 p4 #eg74 ,! ,sum]ian equival5t ( b> is ,,khal 7or m correctly khal72 t ( sabr1 ,,pa-,,al1 :]e ,,pa means 8! (ficial40 #cfc ,?ureau-,dang91 8,tablettes *aldennes 9dites10 9 ! ,revue d',assyriologie1 iv4 #c1 pl4 xiii4 #dj1 ,obv4 #cfd ,s too 0 a p]son ( illegitimate bir?1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,haupt 7,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature 7#aijj71 p4 #eg74 #cfe ,j4 ,d4 ,price 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 xxi4 #b1 pp4 #a-bb4 ,9 ! hem]ology publi%$ 9 ,,wai4 iv4 #cb1 ! animal m5tion$ 9 col4 #a1 l9e #c1 is n a gazelle1 z ,i h suppos$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #gj1 b a 8goat0 7,sum]ian sikku1 ,assyrian sapp>u74 #cff ,!re is no "q "h ( a scape-goat or any?+ simil>4 ,! ^w 8(fspr+0 is uritsu1 :i* is ! regul> equival5t ( ,bir 8suboles40 ,! addition ( ! words sa amiluti1 8( mank9d10 conf9es x 9 ?is case to man4 ,already1 9 #ahge1 9 my ,elem5t>y ,assyrian ,gramm> 7p4 #abc71 ,i po9t$ out t x 0 connect$ ) ! ,arabic w>ats1 :i* ,i see 7l _m o!r ?+s ( ! same sort7 has rec5tly be5 ann\nc$ z a new discov]y4 ,! v]b ittad91 by ! way1 is an ,iphteal1 n a ,niphal1 & !re=e _c be translat$ z a passive4 #cfg ,de ,s>zec1 ,dc\v]tes en ,*alde1 iv4 #a1 pl4 #d bis4 ,?is 0 9 ! "t ( k+ ,e-anna-du4 ,a bas-relief ( ! "t ( ,entem5a on ! same plate1 #e bis 7#c;b71 repres5ts :at may also be a human sacrifice1 "o nak$ captive ly+ on ! gr\nd already sla91 :ile ano!r is be+ l$ to execution4 #cfh ,ref]5ces are giv5 9 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #fff4 #cfi ,! ti! 0 paid on ! #e? ( ,ab2 on ! #af? ( ,tammuz1 n9ete5 days e>li]1 ,gobryas _h ent]$ ,babylon ) ! soldi]s ( ,cyrus4 #cgj ,a m compreh5sive t]m 0 g91 8! fix$ (f]+10 :i* includ$ n only ! daily sacrifices1 b all o!r /at$ sacrifices z well4 #cga ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #gb1 note #b4 #cgb ,,wai4 i4 #fe1 ii4 #ai-ba2 #ed4 iii4 #dh-ej4 ,see ,trumbull1 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaf4 #cgc ,cp4 ,lev4 v4 #g1 #aa4 #cgd ,haupt1 ,babylonian ,elem5ts 9 ! ,levitic ,ritual1 pp4 #fj1 #fa4 #cge ,zimm]n1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,babylonis*5 ,religion1 p4 #abg4 #cgf ,l4c41 p4 #hh1 note #b4 #cgg ,on ! e>ly ,babylonian cal5d>1 see ,radau1 ,e>ly ,babylonian ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bhg-cjg4 #cgh ,! real read+ ( ! god's "n is unkn[n4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,n9-ip 7,,wai4 ii4 #eg4 #fh71 ! sun ( ! s\? 7,,wai4 ii4 #eg4 #ea71 & !re=e ! midday sun--n ! morn+ sun1 z has rec5tly be5 ma9ta9$4 ,n9-ip 0 ! mess5g] or 8angel0 ( ,el-lil ( ,nippur1 & consequ5tly ,bil-'si is fur!r id5tifi$ ) 8! moon ( ,nippur0 7,,wai4 #eg4 #ef71 ! angel ( ! "l ( ! gho/-_w be+ m prop]ly ! moon ?an ! sun4 ,:5 ,bel-,m]oda* ( ,babylon usurp$ ! functions ( ,el-lil1 ,bel-'si naturally became ,nebo1 8! p[] ( /r5g?0 7,,wai4 v4 #dc4 #cg71 :o /ood 9 ! same relation to ,m]oda* t ,n9-ip did to ,el-lil4 ,bil-'si 0 also ! sev5? ( ! tikpi-/>s 7,,wai4 ii4 #di4 #aj-ac1 iii4 #ej-eb74 #cgi ,amiaud's translation 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 new s]41 ii4 pp4 #hc1 #hd4 #chj ,a!nu1 ,deipnosophi/1 #ad4 #cha ,! mo/ obvi\s d]ivation ( ! ,hebrew ,purim is t :i* ,i h propos$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xix4 #g1 pp4 #bhj1 #bha1 little z x may suit c]ta9 fa%ionable hypo!ses4 ,on ! ,black ,obelisk 7#age71 ,%almanes] says3 8,= ! second "t ! ,pr-fe/ival ( ,assur & ,hadad ,i celebrat$02 & a de$ ( sale 7,rm4 #b4 #ai7 is dat$ 9 ! eponymy ( ,bel-danan1 ,b4,c4 #gcd1 89 ! ye> ( 8 ,pr-(fice0 7ina san puri-su74 ,pur1 :i* is int]pret$ 8a lot10 has naturally no connection ) ! ,assyrian bur1 :i* is /at$ to mean 8a /one40 ,t we mu/ read bur & n pur1 is %[n by ! v>iant spell+ ba-ar 7,sa #e4 iv4 #aj74 #chb ,,wai4 ii4 #cb4 #af4 ,! read+ ( ,delitzs* & myself has be5 call$ 9 "q1 ! tablet hav+ app>5tly be5 damag$ s9ce we exam9$ x1 b all d\bts h n[ be5 set at re/ by ,k #icjcg1 ,obv4 #bd 7publi%$ 9 ,cunei=m ,texts1 xii4 #f71 :]e sabattum is ! equival5t ( a ,sum]ian 8! day0 p> excell5ce4 ,babylonia 0 ! home ( a/ronomy & ( ! sacr$ness ( ! numb] sev51 due to ! fact t !re 7 sev5 planets1 s t a sev5?-day ,sabba? 0 natural !re4 #chc ,comp>e ! ,rabb9ical phrase1 8soil+ ! h&s10 appli$ to ! inspir$ books ( ,scripture4 #chd ,a translation ( ! :ole text is giv5 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #gj-gf4 ,) ! la/ prohibition1 comp>e ,isa4 lviii4 #ac1 8n speak+ ?9e own words0 on ! ,sabba?-day4 #che ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc4 #chf dipus ,judaicus 7,london1 #ahaa74 #chg ,s 9 ! second book ( ! ,surpu s]ies 7,,wai4 iv4 #ei1 ,col4 ii4 #ajf1 ,col4 iv4 #g-i1 translat$ 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ejh1 #eji72 ,,wai4 iii4 #ff4 a #i1 #ac4 #chh ,aufstze und ,abh&lung51 ii4 pp4 #adi-afe4 #chi ,see my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #agg1 #agh4 #cij ,expository ,times1 ix4 7#ahih7 p4 #ebb2 ,m>* #aijj1 p4 #bgj4 #cia ,p4 #caf4 #cib ,,wai4 i4 #ea4 #a1 #ac4 #cic ,pron\nc$ n-s>ra1 nu-sa-kissati 9 ,semitic4 #cid ,see ! translation ( ! hymn 9 my ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cja4 ,! text has be5 comm5t$ on by ,fr4 ,m>t91 ,textes rligieux assyri5s et babyloni5s1 pp4 #gg-hj4 #cie ,! god ( ! 8great m\nta910 see above1 pp4 #cgf1 #deb4 #cif ,zimm]n1 ,die ,bes*wrung/afeln ,%urpu1 p4 #c sqq4 #cig ,we may notice t x is ! p1 & n ! k+1 :o w suff] = ! misde$s ( ! latt]2 cp4 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ag1 & ,horace1 ,ep4 i4 #ab1 #bj3 8quicquid delirant reges1 plec tuntur ,a*ivi40 #cih ,,wai4 iv4 #ee4 ,! inscription 0 fir/ translat$ by ,george ,smi?1 ,assyrian ,discov]ies 7#ahge71 pp4 #dji-daa1 & by myself 9 ! ,records ( ! ,pa/1 fir/ s]41 vii4 7#ahgf71 pp4 #aai-abb4 ,mr4 ,k+ has rec5tly giv5 ! fir/ "p ( ! text 9 8 ,babylonian ,religion1 pp4 #bag1 #bah4 #cii ,hommel sugge/s t siln1 8! holl[ place und]nea? ! e>?10 is d]iv$ f sa'lnu1 8%eol0 7,aufstze und ,abh&lung51 iii4 p4 #cdg74 #djj ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology1 p4 #hc4 ,see ,george ,smi?1 ,*aldan ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis1 pp4 #gh-hj 7,,ii4 #aj-ac1 #af-bc74 #dja ,k #bee1 ,obv4 i4 #ai1 ,ablu dannu mutir gimilli ,bili abi-su1 8! mighty son1 ! av5g] ( ,bel 8 fa!r40 #djb ,textes religieux assyri5s et babyloni5s1 p4 xvi4 #djc ,m>t91 l4c41 p4 #ad4 #djd ,h4 ,gunkel1 ,s*pfung und ,*aos 9 ,urzeit und ,endzeit 7#ahie74