,,exam9ation ,,( ,,edw>ds ,,on ,,! ,,w4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,presid5t ,,edw>ds' ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,,by ,,alb]t ,,taylor ,,bl$soe4 ,man1 z ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature1 does & und]/&s z mu* z 8 obs]vations on ! ord] ( nature1 ei!r ) reg>d to ?+s or ! m9d1 p]mit him1 & nei!r kn[s m1 nor is capable ( m4--,novum ,organum4 ,,philadelphia3 ,h4 ,,hook]1 #af ,,s\? ,,sev5? ,,/reet4 #ahde4 ,,ent]$1 accord+ to act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahde1 by ,h4 ,,hook]1 9 ! cl]k's (fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,k+ ,baird1 ,pr9t]s1 #i ,george ,/4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,sp>r[1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,z ,a ,,tok5 ,,( ,,admiration ,,= ,,8 ,,g5ius1 ,,& ,,affectionate ,,reg>d ,,= ,,8 ,,virtues1 ,?is little ,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,inscrib$1 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,po9t ,,9 ,,controv]sy ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,cause ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,inquiry ,,involv$ ,,9 ,a ,,vici\s ,,circle ,,section ,,iv4 ,,volition ,,n ,,an ,,effect ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,reg>d+ ,,volition ,,z ,,an ,,effect ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,maxim ,,t ,,e ,,effect ,,mu/ ,,h ,a ,,cause ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,maxim ,,t ,,e ,,effect ,,mu/ ,,h ,a ,,cause ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,feel+s ,,& ,,! ,,w ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,indiff]5ce ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,action ,,& ,,passion ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,! ,,=ekn[l$ge ,,( ,,god ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,necessity ,,section ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,natural ,,& ,,moral ,,necessity ,,section ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,idea ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,section ,,xv4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,idea ,,( ,,virtue ,,section ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,self-,,det]m9+ ,,p[] ,,section ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,a ,,free-,,ag5t ,,section ,,xviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,consci\sness ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,i ,,ent]$ ^u an exam9ation ( ! ,inquiry ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 n ) a view to f9d any fallacy !re91 b simply ) a desire to asc]ta9 ! tru? = myself4 ,if ,i h come to ! conclusion1 t ! :ole s*eme ( moral necessity :i* ,edw>ds has lab\r$ to e/abli%1 is f\nd$ 9 error & delusion2 ?is has n be5 because ,i came to ! exam9ation ( 8 "w ) any preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,9 com+ to ?is conclusion ,i h disput$ e in* ( ! gr\nd ) myself1 z firmly & z resolutely z ,i c\ld h done ) an adv]s>y4 ,! result has be51 t ! views :i* ,i n[ ent]ta91 9 reg>d to ! philosophy ( ! w1 are widely diff]5t f ^? usually held by ! oppon5ts ( moral necessity1 z well z f ^? :i* are ma9ta9$ by its advocates4 ,! =mation ( ^! views1 :e!r !y be correct or n1 has be5 no light task4 ,long h ,i /ruggl$ "u ! /up5d\s difficulties ( ! subject4 ,long has d>kness1 a deep & p]plex+ d>kness1 seem$ to re/ ^u x4 ,fa9t glimm]+s ( light h alt]nately appe>$ & disappe>$4 ,"s ( ^! h return$ at int]vals1 :ile o!rs h vani%$ = ev]4 ,"s h return$1 & become less wav]+1 & l$ on ! m9d to o!r regions ( m+l$ obscurity & light4 ,gladly & joyfully h ,i foll[$4 ,by pati5t ?\ght1 & su/a9$ att5tion1 ^! fa9t glimm]+s h1 9 m in/ances ?an "o1 be5 made to op5 out into :at has appe>$ to be ! cle> & /eady light ( tru?4 ,if ^! are n m]e fond illusions1 ! true intellectual sy/em ( ! _w is f> diff]5t f t :i* has be5 con/ruct$ by ! logic ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,if 8 sy/em be false1 :y1 x may be ask$1 has ! ,inquiry s (t5 appe>$ to be unansw]able8 ,:y has x be5 suppos$1 ev5 by "s ( ! advocates ( free ag5cy1 t logic is 9 fav\r ( 8 sy/em1 :ile consci\sness only is 9 fav\r ( ours8 ,"o reason ( ?is op9ion is1 t x has be5 tak5 = grant$1 t ei!r ! s*eme ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds or t ( 8 oppon5ts mu/ be true2 & h5ce1 8 sy/em has appe>$ to /& ^u immoveable gr\nd1 9 s f> logic is conc]n$1 only because he has1 ) su* irresi/ible p[] & skill1 demoli%$ & trampl$ into ru9s t ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,reason has be5 suppos$ to be on 8 side1 because he has s cle>ly %[n t x is n on ! side ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,b ! s*eme ( ! motive-det]m9+ p[]1 does n necess>ily arise out ( ! ru9s ( ! self-det]m9+ p[]2 x is only to ! imag9ation t x appe>s to d s4 ,because ! "o sy/em is false1 x does n foll[ t ! o!r is true4 ,!re is ano!r & /ill m p[]ful reason = ! idea 9 "q4 ,! advocates ( free ag5cy h grant$ too mu*4 ,! great f\ndation pr9ciples ( ! s*eme ( moral necessity h be5 incauti\sly admitt$ by its adv]s>ies4 ,^! pr9ciples h appe>$ s obvi\s at fir/ view1 t _! correctness has n be5 d\bt$2 & h5ce !y h be5 assum$ by ! "o side & conc$$ by ! o!r4 ,yet1 if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 !y h be5 d]iv$1 n f ! true oracles ( nature1 b f :at ,bacon qua9tly calls ! idols ( ! tribe4 ,if ?is be ! case1 z ,i ?9k x w h]eaft] appe> to be2 !n 9 ord] to secure a complete triumph ov] ! s*eme ( moral necessity1 ev5 on ! ar5a ( logic1 we mu/ n only "k h[ to reason1 b also h[ to d\bt4 ,i fully concur ) ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 t ,cl>ke1 ,johnson1 ,price1 & ,reid h grant$ too mu*2 & :ile ,i try to %[ ?is1 ,i %all also endeav\r to %[ t ,presid5t ,edw>ds has assum$ too mu*1 n = ! good ( ! cause 9 :i* he is engag$1 b = ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,if 8 sy/em _h n be5 f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 natural illusions1 by :i* ! true secrets ( nature are conceal$ f our view1 x c\ld nev] h be5 ! boa/ ( its admir]s1 t a reluctant _w has be5 con/ra9$ to b[ 9 homage to its tru?4 ,if we w\ld try ! /r5g? ( ?is sy/em !n1 we mu/ b5d a se>*+ & scrut9iz+ eye ^u ! premises & assumptions ^u :i* x is bas$2 we mu/ put aside e preconceiv$ notion1 ev5 ! mo/ plausible & commonly receiv$ op9ions1 & lay our m9ds op5 to ! /eady & unbias$ contemplation ( nature1 j z x has be5 creat$ by ! ,almighty ,ar*itect2 we mu/ view ! intellectual sy/em ( ! _w1 n z x is se5 ?r\gh our ha/y & c>eless conceptions1 b z x is reveal$ to u 9 ! light ( consci\sness & sev]e m$itation4 ,?is w be no light task1 ,i am aw>e2 b :osoev] w\ld seek ! tru? on su* a subject1 mu/ n expect to f9d x by light & trifl+ ef=ts2 he mu/ g aft] x 9 all ! lov+ en]gy ( 8 s\l4 ,let ?is c\rse be pursu$1 hone/ly & p]sev]+ly pursu$1 & ,i am p]suad$1 t a sy/em ( tru? w be reveal$ to ! m9d1 to :i* x w n be con/ra9$ to r5d] a reluctant homage1 b :i*1 by h>moniz+ ! d$uctions ( logic ) ! dictates ( nature1 w secure to itself ! mo/ pleas+ & delightful homage ( :i* ! human m9d is susceptible4 ,^? false conceptions :i* are common to ! human m9d1 ^? idols ( ! tribe1 ( :i* ,bacon speaks1 h be51 z x is well kn[n1 ! s\rces ( "s ( ! mo/ ob/9ate errors1 bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 religion1 t h ev] infe/$ ! _w4 ,& x is evid5t1 t :ile ! assumptions f :i* any sy/em1 h[ev] false1 legitimately results1 are conc$$1 x w /&1 l a wall ( adamant1 aga9/ ! mo/ p[]ful artill]y ( logic4 ,x w rema9 triumphant 9 spite ( all opposition4 ,x may be contr>y to our natural convictions1 & consequ5tly liable to our suspicions2 b x _c be refut$ by argum5t4 ,its advocates may reason correctly1 & its adv]s>ies may appeal to opposite tru?s2 b nei!r c ev] arrive at ! tru?1 & ! :ole tru?4 ,?is has appe>$ to me to be ! case1 ) respect to ! long controv]t$ "q ( lib]ty & necessity4 ,! above causes1 conspir+ ) "s in/ances ( false logic1 :i* h be5 ov]look$ amid s mu* t is really conclusive1 & also ) a numb] ( uns\nd1 yet plausible1 devices to reconcile ! s*eme ( moral necessity ) ! reality ( virtue & free-ag5cy1 h1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 r5d]$ ! "w ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds bo? an acceptable & an unansw]able production4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! conclusion to :i* ,i h be5 con/ra9$ to come2 b :e!r ?is conclusion be correct or n1 x is n = me to det]m9e4 ,"t alone c %[1 :e!r ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em1 l t ( tru?1 is immutable1 or :e!r1 l _m :i* h be5 laid by ! ma/] spirits ( o!r ages1 x is de/9$ to pass away1 ?\gh n to be =gott54 ,9 ! above enum]ation ( causes ,i h n allud$ to ^? ( a !ological nature2 because !y h be5 b p>tial 9 _! op]ation4 ,& besides1 ,i h n wi%$ to ref] to ?is subject at all1 except 9 s f> z1 is necess>y to indicate :]e9 ,i conceive ! errors ( ! ,inquiry to consi/1 & !reby to po9t out ! c\rse :i* ,i int5d to pursue 9 ! foll[+ discussion4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,po9t ,,9 ,,controv]sy4 ,,x is worse ?an a wa/e ( "t1 x is a griev\s (f5ce aga9/ ! cause ( tru?1 to und]take to refute an au?or )\t hav+ tak5 pa9s to und]/& exactly :at he tea*es4 ,9 e discussion1 ! fir/ ?+ to be settl$ is ! po9t 9 dispute2 & if ?is be omitt$1 ! controv]sy mu/ ne$s deg5]ate into a m]e idle logoma*y4 ,x seldom happ5s t any ?+ af=ds s mu* satisfaction1 or ?r[s s mu* light on a controv]sy1 z to h ! po9t at issue cle>ly made up1 & con/antly borne 9 m9d4 ,:at !n1 is ! precise doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry :i* ,i int5d to oppose8 ,! great "q is1 says ,edw>ds1 :at det]m9es ! w4 ,x is tak5 = grant$1 on all sides1 t ! w is det]m9$2 & ! only po9t is1 or r has be51 z to :at det]m9es x4 ,x is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 says "o2 x is n det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 says ano!r4 ,b al?\gh ! issue is ?us made up 9 g5]al t]ms1 x is v f> f be+ settl$ ) any tol]able degree ( cle>ness & precision2 ample room is /ill left = all t loose & declamatory k9d ( w>f>e 9 :i* s _m controv]siali/s delight to indulge4 ,! "q /ill rema9s to be settl$1 :at is meant by det]m9+ ! w8 ,9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 ! necessit>ian does n seem to h a v cle> & def9ite idea4 ,! object ( our ,inquiry1 says ,presid5t ,day1 is n to le>n :e!r ! m9d acts at all4 ,?is no "o c d\bt4 ,nor is x to det]m9e :y we w at all4 ,! v nature ( ! faculty ( ! w implies t we put =? volitions4 ,b ! real po9t ( inquiry is1 :y we w "o way r ?an ano!r2 :y we *oose "o ?+ r ?an its opposite1 p4 #db4 ,"o w\ld suppose f ?is /atem5t1 t we h no?+ to d ) ! "q1 :y we put =? volitions1 b exclusively ) ! "q1 :y we w "o way r ?an ano!r4 ,"h ! au?or's mean+ seems to be pla91 & we may imag9e t we "k exactly :]e to f9d him2 b1 9 ! v next s5t5ce1 he decl>es t ! object ( our inquiry is1 :at is x t det]m9es n only t !re %all be volitions1 b :at !y %all be8 p4 #db4 ,9 "o brea? we are told1 t we h no?+ to d ) ! "q1 :y our volitions are put =? or come into exi/5ce2 ^! are admitt$ to be impli$ 9 ! v nature ( ! faculty ( ! w2 b1 9 ! v next1 we are in=m$ t we h to inquire into ?is po9t also4 ,"o mom5t1 only "o ( ^! po9ts is 9 dispute1 & ! next1 bo? are put 9 controv]sy4 ,surely1 ?is does n indicate any v cle> & def9ite idea1 on ! "p ( ,presid5t ,day1 z to ! po9t at issue4 ,! notion ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 on ?is subject1 appe>s to be equally un/eady & vacillat+4 ,?us1 says he1 by det]m9+ ! w1 if ! phrase be us$ ) any mean+1 mu/ be int5d$1 caus+ t ! act ( ! w %\ld be ?us1 & n o!rwise3 & ! w is said to be det]m9$1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( "s action1 or influ5ce1 its *oice is direct$ to1 & fix$ ^u a p>ticul> object4 ,z :5 we speak ( ! det]m9ation ( motion1 we mean caus+ ! motion ( ! body to be 9 su* a direction1 r ?an ano!r1 p4 #ah4 ,n[1 are we to und]/& f ?is1 t ! det]m9ation ( ! w c only ref] to ! "q1 :y x is direct$ to & fix$ ^u a p>ticul> object1 & n to ! "q1 h[ x comes to put =? a volition at all8 ,"o w\ld c]ta9ly suppose s2 & t1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 we h no?+ to d ) ! "q1 ,h[ a _s comes to act1 b ) ! "q1 :y its action has su* & su* a p>ticul> direction & det]m9ation4 ,b ?is supposition w\ld be v f> f ! tru?4 ,= he in=ms u1 t ! "q is n s mu*1 ,h[ a _s end[$ ) activity comes to act1 z :y x ex]ts su* an act1 & n ano!r2 or :y x acts ) su* a p>ticul> det]m9ation8 ,?is cle>ly implies1 t al?\gh ! "q1 ,h[ a _s comes to act1 is n *iefly conc]n$ 9 ! pres5t controv]sy2 yet x is p>tly conc]n$ 9 x4 ,?is "q is conc]n$ 9 x1 ?\gh n s mu* z ! o!r "q1 :y ! act ( ! m9d is z x is1 r ?an o!rwise4 ,?is is n all4 ,:5 ,edw>ds attacks ! doctr9e ( 8 adv]s>ies1 9 reg>d to ! det]m9+ ( ! w1 he nev] seems to dream ( ! idea1 :i*1 accord+ to himself1 if ! phrase mean any ?+1 mu/ be atta*$ to x4 ,he treats x z a settl$ po9t1 t by det]m9+ ! w mu/ be int5d$1 n caus+ volition to be "o way r ?an ano!r1 b caus+ x to come into exi/5ce4 ,he c\ld take ?is expression to mean ! "o ?+ or ! o!r1 j z x suit$ 8 purpose4 ,are ^! two que/ions really di/9ct8 ,c !re be "o cause ( volition1 & ano!r cause ( its p>ticul> direction8 ,i answ]1 !re _c4 ,no su* di/9ction c be %[n to exi/ by a ref]5ce to ! cause ( motion4 ,=ce is ! cause ( motion4 ,"o =ce may put a body 9 motion2 &1 aft]w>ds1 ano!r =ce may *ange ! direction ( its motion4 ,^u a sup]ficial obs]vation1 ?is may seem to illu/rate ! di/9ction 9 "q2 b1 ^u m mature reflection1 x w n appe> to d s4 ,= ! =ce :i* sets a body 9 motion necess>ily causes x to move 9 "o p>ticul> direction1 & n ano!r2 because x is impossible = a body to move )\t mov+ 9 a p>ticul> direction4 ,aft] "o =ce has put a body 9 motion1 ano!r =ce1 x is true1 may *ange its direction2 b 9 su* a case1 x is n correct to say1 t "o =ce caus$ its motion & ano!r ! direction ( t motion4 ,=1 9 reality1 bo? ! motion ( ! body & its direction1 result f ! jo9t action ( ! two =ces2 or1 9 o!r words1 ea* =ce contributes to ! motion1 & ea* to its direction4 ,bo? ! motion & its direction are caus$ by :at is te*nically call$1 9 me*anical philosophy1 ! resultant ( ! two =ces2 & ! case is really n diff]5t1 s f> z ! di/9ction 9 "q is conc]n$1 f ! case ( motion produc$ by ! action ( a s+le =ce4 ,! absurdity ( ?is di/9ction consi/s1 9 suppos+ t a body may be put 9 motion )\t mov+ 9 a p>ticul> direction2 & t some?+ else beside ! cause ( its motion1 is necess>y to acc\nt = ! direction ( t motion4 ,! illu/ration1 !re=e1 drawn f ! ph5om5a ( motion1 fails to answ] ! purpose = :i* ,presid5t ,edw>ds has produc$ x4 ,! same absurdity is involv$ 9 ! supposition1 t "o ?+ may cause volition to exi/1 & ano!r may cause x to be direct$ to & fix$ ^u a p>ticul> object4 ,no man c conceive ( a *oice z exi/+1 :i* has n "s p>ticul> object4 ,x is ( ! v nature & ess5ce ( a *oice to h "s p>ticul> direction & det]m9ation4 ,if a *oice exi/s at all1 x mu/ be a *oice ( "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,h5ce1 :atev] causes a volition to exi/1 mu/ cause x to h a p>ticul> direction & det]m9ation4 ,let any "o %[ a *oice1 :i* is n ! pref]5ce ( "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 & !n we may admit t !re is "s reason = ! di/9ction 9 "q2 b until !n1 we mu/ be p]mitt$ to reg>d x z hav+ no f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,if x 7 necess>y1 ?is matt] might be fully & unansw]ably illu/rat$2 b a b>e /atem5t ( x is suffici5t to r5d] x p]fectly cle>4 ,we %all h]eaft] see1 t ! reason :y ,presid5t ,edw>ds suppos$ t !re is "s f\ndation = su* a di/9ction is1 t he did n suffici5tly di/+ui% betwe5 ! cause ( a ?+ & its condition4 ,al?\gh we may suppose t ! activity ( ! s\l is ! cause ( its act+2 yet motive may be ! indisp5sable condition ( its act+2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 may be ! reason :y a volition is "o way r ?an ano!r4 ,b x is d5i$ t !re c be two causes 9 ! case2 "o to produce volition1 & ano!r to det]m9e its object4 ,we h se5 t su* a supposition is absurd2 & we %all h]eaft] see1 t ,edw>ds 0 l$ to make x1 by conf\nd+ ! condition ) ! cause ( volition4 ,aft] all1 x may be said1 t ,edw>ds himself did n really consid] ^! two ?+s z di/9ct1 b only z diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+4 ,if s1 x w foll[1 t :5 he und]took to e/abli% 8 own s*eme1 he repres5t$ motive z ! cause ( volition2 & yet :5 he 0 rem9d$1 t ! activity ( ! nature ( ! s\l is ! cause ( its actions1 he repli$1 t al?\gh ?is may be v true1 yet ?is activity ( nature is n ! cause :y its acts are ?us & ?us limit$1 direct$ & det]m9$4 ,he repli$ t ! "q is n s mu*1 ,h[ a _s comes to act1 z :y x acts ?us1 & n o!rwise4 ,t is to say1 x w foll[1 t he *ose to build up 8 s*eme "u "o aspect ( x1 & to def5d x "u ano!r aspect !re(2 t z ! ar*itect ( 8 sy/em1 he *ose to assume & occupy ! position1 t motive is ! cause ( volition itself2 yet z ! def5d] ( x1 he sometimes pref]r$ to pres5t ?is same position "u ! f> mild] aspect1 t al?\gh ! activity ( _s1 may be ! cause :y x acts1 yet motive is ! cause :y its acts are ?us & ?us limit$1 c4 ,9 o!r words1 x w foll[1 t 8 doctr9e possesses two faces2 & t ) ! "o x looks /]nly on ! s*eme ( necessity1 :il/1 ) ! o!r1 x seems to smile on its adv]s>ies4 ,! tru? is1 ! great "q :i* ,presid5t ,edw>ds discusses ?r\gh\t ! ,inquiry1 z we %all see1 is ,h[ a _s comes to act2 & ! o!r "q1 :y its action is ?us & ?us limit$1 c41 :i*1 on occasion1 swells out into su* imm5se importance1 z to seem to cov] ! :ole field ( vision1 g5]ally %r9ks d[n into comp>ative insignificance4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 he goes along 9 ! ev5 t5or ( 8 way1 to prove t no ev5t c beg9 to be )\t a cause ( its exi/5ce2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 t no volition c come into exi/5ce )\t be+ caus$ to d s by motive2 & x is only :5 x is urg$ ^u him1 t a _s end[$ ) activity may give rise to its own acts1 t he takes a sudd5 turn & rem9ds u1 t ! "q is n s mu* h[ a _s comes to act8 z :y its acts are ?us & ?us limit$8 ,f ! supposition made by ,edw>ds1 t if activity ( nature be ! cause :y a _s acts1 x has be5 conclud$ t he reg>d$ ! s\l ( man z ! effici5t cause ( its volitions1 & motive z m]ely ! occasion on :i* !y are put =? or ex]t$4 ,b surely1 ^? :o h s und]/ood ! ,inquiry1 h done s v unadvis$ly1 & h b little reason to compla91 z !y are prone to d1 t 8 oppon5ts d n und]/& him4 ,if ,edw>ds makes m9d ! effici5t cause ( volition1 :at becomes ( 8 fam\s argum5t aga9/ ! self-det]m9+ p[]1 by :i* he r$uces x to ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions8 ,if ! m9d causes its volition1 says he1 x c d s only by a prec$+ volition2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,is n all ?is true1 on ! supposition t ! m9d is ! effici5t cause ( volition8 ,& if s1 h[ c any read] ( ,edw>ds1 :o does n wi% to make ei!r 8 au?or or himself appe> ridicul\s1 s]i\sly cont5d t he holds m9d to be ! effici5t1 or produc+ cause ( volition8 ,!re be pret5d$ foll[]s & bl9d admir]s ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 :o1 kn[+ b little ( 8 "w !mselves1 are ev] ready to def5d him1 :5soev] attack$1 ev5 by ^? :o h devot$ ye>s to ! /udy ( ! ,inquiry1 by mo/ ignorantly & flippantly decl>+ t !y d n und]/& him4 ,^! pseudo-disciples w n li/5 to ! *>ge1 t ,edw>ds makes ! /ronge/ motive ! produc+ cause ( volition2 b :e!r ?is *>ge be true or n1 we %all see 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,cause4 ,,we h already se5 t ,edw>ds mu/ be und]/ood z hold+ motive to be ! cause ( volition2 b /ill we _c make up ! issue ) him1 until we h asc]ta9$ 9 :at s5se he employs ! t]m cause4 ,x has be5 cont5d$1 by high au?ority1 t he did n reg>d motive z ! effici5t1 or produc+ cause ( volition1 b only z ! occasion or condition on :i* volition is produc$4 ,h5ce1 x becomes necess>y to exam9e ?is po9t1 & to settle ! mean+ ( ! au?or1 9 ord] t ,i may n be suppos$ to misrepres5t him1 & to dispute ) him only ab\t words4 ,! above notion is bas$ on ! foll[+ passage3 ,i w\ld expla91 says ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 h[ ,i w\ld be und]/ood :5 ,i use ! ^w cause 9 ?is disc\rse2 s9ce1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 ,i %all h occasion to use x 9 a s5se :i* is m ext5sive1 ?an t 9 :i* x is sometimes us$4 ,! ^w is (t5 us$ 9 s re/ra9$ a s5se z to signify only t :i* has a positive effici5cy or influ5ce to produce a ?+1 or br+ x to pass4 ,b !re are _m ?+s :i* h no su* positive productive influ5ce2 :i* yet are causes 9 ?is respect1 t !y h truly ! nature ( a reason :y "s ?+s are1 r ?an o!rs2 or :y !y are ?us r ?an o!rwise44 4 4 4 ,i sometimes use ! ^w ,cause1 9 ?is ,inquiry1 to signify any antec$5t1 ei!r natural or moral1 4 4 4 ^u :i* an ev5t s dep5ds1 t x is ! gr\nd or reason1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 :y x is1 r ?an n2 or :y x is z x is1 r ?an o!rwise2 or1 9 o!r words1 any antec$5t ) :i* a consequ5t ev5t is s connect$1 t x truly belongs to ! reason :y ! proposition :i* affirms t ev5t1 is true2 :e!r x has any positive influ5ce1 or n4 ,&1 agreeably to ?is1 ,i sometimes use ! t]m effect = ! consequ5ce ( ano!r ?+1 :i* is p]haps r an occasion ?an cause1 mo/ prop]ly speak+4 ,& he tells u1 t ,i am ! m c>eful ?us to expla9 my mean+1 t ,i may cut (f occasion1 f any t might seek occasion to cavil & object aga9/ "s ?+s :i* ,i may say conc]n+ ! dep5d5ce ( all ?+s :i* come to pass1 on "s cause1 & _! connection ) _! cause1 p4 #ej-a4 ,?is is ! portion ( ! ,inquiry on :i* ! y\ng] ,edw>ds f\nds 8 conclusion1 t 8 fa!r did n reg>d motive z ! effici5t cause ( volition1 b only z ! occasion1 or condition1 or antec$5t ( volition4 ,he f9ds ?is language 9 ! ,essays ( ,dr4 ,we/2 ,we _c agree ) ,mr4 ,edw>ds 9 8 ass]tion1 t motive is ! cause ( volition2 & he replies1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds has v p>ticul>ly in=m$ u 9 :at s5se he uses ! t]m cause2 &1 9 pro( ( ?is1 he proce$s to quote a portion ( ! above extracts f ! ,inquiry4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he triumphantly dem&s1 ,n[1 does ,dr4 ,we/ d5y1 t motive is an antec$5t1 on :i* volition1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p dep5ds8 or t x is a gr\nd or reason1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ei!r by positive influ5ce or n1 :y x is r ?an n8 ,surely1 he _c ) consi/5cy d5y ?is1 s9ce he says1 ',by motive we und]/& ! occasion1 end or design1 :i* an ag5t has 9 view :5 he acts4' ,s t1 h[ev] desir\s ,dr4 ,we/ may be to be ?\ght to diff]1 9 ?is po9t1 f ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 x appe>s t he mo/ exactly agrees ) him1 p4 #fe4 ,n[1 if ,edw>ds really believ$ t motive is m]ely ! occasion on :i* ! m9d acts1 agree+ h]e9 mo/ p]fectly ) ,dr4 ,we/1 :y did he n say s8 ,:y adh]e to ! t]m cause1 :i* c only obscure su* an idea1 in/ead ( adopt+ ! ^w occasion1 or condition1 or antec$5t1 :i* w\ld h cle>ly express$ x8 ,surely1 if ,edw>ds ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ascrib$ to him1 he has be5 mo/ un=tunate 9 8 mann] ( sett+ x =?2 x is a great pity he did n give x a m conspicu\s place 9 8 sy/em4 ,x is to be regrett$1 t he has n once told u t su* 0 8 doctr9e1 9 ord] t we might see = ourselves 8 agreem5t ) ,dr4 ,we/ 9 ?is respect1 in/ead ( leav+ x to ! initiat$ few to enlight5 u on ?is subject4 ,he has1 we are told1 v p>ticul>ly in=m$ u 9 :at s5se he uses ! ^w cause1 p4 #fd4 ,n[ is ?is s8 ,has he in=m$ u t by cause he means occasion8 ,he has done no su* ?+1 & 8 language admits ( no su* con/ruction4 ,he m]ely tells u1 t he sometimes uses ! t]m cause to signify an occasion only2 b :5 & :]e he s employs x1 he has n expla9$ at all4 ,he has n once said1 t :5 he applies x to motive he uses x 9 ! s5se ( an occasion1 or antec$5t2 &1 if he _h said s1 x w\ld n h be5 true4 ,! tru? is1 t he has us$ ! ^w 9 "q ) no little vagu5ess & indi/9ctness ( mean+2 = he sometimes employs x to signify m]ely an occasion1 :i* ex]ts no positive influ5ce1 & sometimes to signify a produc+ cause4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* he uses x1 :5 he applies x to motive4 ,9 8 def9ition ( motive1 z ! y\ng] ,edw>ds truly says1 he includes e cause or occasion ( volition2 e ?+ :i* has a t5d5cy to volition2 c41 p4 #ajd4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! y\ng] ,edw>ds himself1 ! eld] ,edw>ds has1 9 8 def9ition ( motive1 includ$ e conceivable cause ( volition2 & yet1 :5 ,dr4 ,we/ objects t he makes motive ! produc+ cause ( volition1 ! v same writ] replies t he has done no su* ?+3 t he has v p>ticul>ly expla9$ 9 :at s5se he uses ! ^w cause :5 appli$ to motive1 & t he means by cause1 no o!r ?an occasion1 reason1 or previ\s circum/ance necess>y = volition2 & t 9 ?is ,dr4 ,we/ entirely agrees ) him1 p4 #fe4 ,if we may believe ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 !n1 :5 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry says1 t motive is ! cause ( volition1 he means t x is no o!r ?an ! occasion or previ\s circum/ance necess>y to volition1 & n t x is ! cause !re( 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 & yet t x is ! cause !re( 9 e conceivable s5se ( ! ^w6 ,n[1 he agrees ) ,dr4 ,we/ himself2 & aga91 he tea*es precisely ! opposite doctr9e6 ,let ^? :o s fondly imag9e t !y are ! only m5 :o und]/& ! ,inquiry1 & t ! mo/ elaborate replies to x may be suffici5tly refut$ by rais+ ! cry ( miscon/ruction2 let !m1 ,i say1 take "s little pa9s to und]/& ! "w = !mselves1 in/ead ( m]ely giv+ e*o to ! blund]s ( ! y\ng] ,edw>ds4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds says1 t ! t]m cause is (t5 us$ 9 s re/ra9$ a s5se z to signify t :i* has a positive effici5cy or influ5ce to produce a ?+1 or br+ x to pass4 ,x is 9 ?is re/ra9$ s5se t ,i use ! ^w1 :5 ,i say t ,presid5t ,edw>ds reg>d$ motive z ! cause ( volition2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ,i int5d to make ! *>ge good4 ,i int5d to %[ t he reg>d$ motive1 n m]ely z ! occasion or condition ( volition1 b z t :i* produces x4 ,?is position1 z we h se51 has be5 d5i$ by high au?ority2 & !re=e x becomes necess>y to e/abli% x1 9 ord] t ,i may n be *>g$ ) disput+ only ab\t words2 & t al?\gh ,i may be exce$+ly desir\s ( be+ ?\ght to diff] ) ,presid5t ,edw>ds on ?is subject1 yet ,i d mo/ exactly agree ) him4 ,to beg9 !n2--if motive is m]ely ! condition on :i* ! m9d acts1 & ex]ts no influ5ce 9 ! production ( volition1 x is c]ta9ly improp] to say1 t x gives rise to volition4 ,?is cle>ly implies t x is ! effici5t1 or produc+ cause ( volition4 ,on ?is po9t1 let ! y\ng] ,edw>ds himself be ! judge4 ,t self-det]m9ation gives rise to volition1 is an expression :i* he quotes f ,dr4 ,*auncey1 & italicizes ! words gives rise to1 z %[+ t ! au?or ( !m reg>d$ ! m9d z ! effici5t cause ( volition4 ,n[1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds says1 t ! /ronge/ motive excites ! m9d to volition2 & he adds1 t ! notion ( excit+1 is ex]t+ influ5ce to cause ! effect to arise & come =? into exi/5ce1 p4 #if4 ,surely1 if to give rise to a ?+1 is effici5tly to cause x1 no less c be said ( ex]t+ influ5ce to cause x to arise & come =? into exi/5ce4 ,& if s1 !n1 accord+ to ! y\ng] ,edw>ds himself1 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry reg>d$ motive z ! effici5t cause ( volition2 & yet1 on p4 #ff he decl>es1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds did n hold motive to be ! effici5t cause ( volition2 & t if he has dropp$ any expression :i* implies su* a doctr9e1 x mu/ h be5 an inadv]t5cy4 ,i int5d to %[1 be=e ,i h done1 t !re are _m su* inadv]t5cies 9 8 "w2 ! y\ng] ,edw>ds himself be+ ! judge4 ,n[1 x w n be d5i$1 t t :i* produces a ?+1 is its effici5t cause4 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds himself has spok5 ( an effici5t1 produc+ cause1 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t he reg>d$ !m z conv]tible t]ms1 p4 #df4 ,he be+ judge1 !n1 t :i* produces a ?+1 is its effici5t cause4 ,i might easily %[1 if x 7 necess>y1 t he himself frequ5tly speaks ( motive z ! effici5t1 or produc+ cause ( volition2 b1 at pres5t1 ,i am only conc]n$ ) ! doctr9e ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,x is true1 says ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 ,i f9d myself possess$ ( my volitions be=e ,i c see ! effectual p[] ( any cause to produce !m1 = ! p[] & efficacy ( ! cause is n se5 b by ! effect1 p4 #bgg4 ,"h1 f ! volition1 f ! effect1 he inf]s ! op]ation ( ! cause or p[] :i* produces x4 ,n[ ?is cause is motive1 ! /ronge/ motive2 = ?is is t :i* op]ates to induce a *oice4 ,motive1 !n1 produces volition1 accord+ to ! ,inquiry2 x is n m]ely ! condition on :i* x is produc$4 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds decl>es1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds did n reg>d motive z ! effici5t cause ( volition1 p4 #ff1 b only z ! occasion or previ\s circum/ances necess>y to volition2 9 ?is respect mo/ exactly agree+ ) ,dr4 ,we/ himself2 & yet he tells u1 9 ano!r place1 t e cause ( volition is includ$ 9 ,presid5t ,edw>ds' def9ition ( motive1 p4 #ajd4 ,n[1 does n e cause ( volition include ! effici5t cause !re(8 ,does n ?is expression include t :i* is ! cause ( volition 9 ! real1 9 ! only prop]1 s5se ( ! ^w8 ,to save ! consi/5cy ( ! au?or1 w x be said1 t e cause does n include ! effici5t cause 9 8 e/imation1 s9ce 9 8 op9ion !re is no su* cause8 ,if ?is %\ld be said1 x w\ld n be true2 = ! y\ng] ,edw>ds did1 z x is well kn[n1 reg>d ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+ z ! effici5t cause ( volition4 ,he reg>d$ ! ,deity z ! sole f\nta9 ( all effici5cy 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4 ,h5ce1 if ! def9ition ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds includ$ e cause ( volition2 x mu/ h includ$ ?is div9e influ5ce1 ?is effici5t cause4 ,inde$1 ! y\ng] ,edw>ds expressly ass]ts1 t ?is div9e influ5ce is includ$ 9 ,presid5t ,edw>ds' explanation ( 8 idea ( motive1 p4 #ajd4 ,he tells u1 !n1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds reg>ds motive z m]ely ! occasion ( volition2 & yet t he consid]$ motive z includ+ ! effici5t cause ( volition6 ,at "o "t1 motive is m]ely ! antec$5t1 :i* ex]ts no influ5ce2 at ano!r1 x embraces ! effici5t cause6 ,at "o "t1 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry mo/ exactly agrees ) ! lib]t>ian 9 reg>d to ?is all-important po9t2 &1 at ano!r1 he mo/ p]fectly disagrees ) him6 ,x is to be hop$1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds is n q s gl>+ly inconsi/5t ) himself1 on ?is subject1 z he is repres5t$ to be by 8 di/+ui%$ son4 ,aga94 ,presid5t ,edw>ds has writt5 a section to prove1 t volitions are necess>ily connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( motives2 :i* cle>ly implies t !y are br\ght to pass by ! influ5ce ( motives4 ,9 ?is section1 he says1 ,motives d no?+1 z motives or inducem5ts1 b by _! influ5ce4 ,& s mu* z is done by _! influ5ce is ! effect ( !m4 ,= t is ! notion ( an effect1 some?+ t is br\ght to pass by ! influ5ce ( some?+ else4 ,"h motives are said to be ! causes ( volitions1 & to br+ !m to pass by _! influ5ce4 ,is ?is to make motive m]ely ! condition on :i* ! m9d acts8 ,is ?is to consid] x z m]ely an antec$5t to volition1 :i* ex]ts no influ5ce8 ,on ! contr>y1 does x n /rongly rem9d "o ( t re/ra9$ s5se ( ! ^w cause1 9 :i* x signifies1 t :i* has an influ5ce to produce a ?+1 or br+ x to pass8 ,once m4 ,9 relation to ! acts ( ! w1 he adopts ! foll[+ language to %[ t !y are necess>ily dep5d5t on ! influ5ce ( motives3 ,= an ev5t to h a cause & gr\nd ( its exi/5ce1 & yet n be connect$ ) its cause1 is an inconsi/5cy4 ,= if ! ev5t be n connect$ ) ! cause1 x is n dep5d5t on its cause2 its exi/5ce is z x 7 loose f its influ5ce2 & x may att5d x1 or x may n2 its be+ a m]e cont+5cy1 :e!r x foll[s or att5ds ! influ5ce ( ! cause1 or n2 & t is ! same ?+ z n to be dep5d5t on x4 ,& to say ! ev5t is n dep5d5t on its cause1 is absurd2 x is ! same ?+ z to say1 x is n its cause1 nor ! ev5t ! effect ( x2 = dep5d5ce on ! influ5ce ( a cause is ! v notion ( an effect4 ,if !re be no su* relation betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r1 consi/+ 9 ! connexion & dep5d5ce ( "o ?+ on ! influ5ce ( ano!r1 !n x is c]ta9 !re is no su* relation betwe5 !m z is signifi$ by ! relation ( cause & effect1 p4 #gg-h4 ,n[1 "h we are told1 t x is ! v notion ( an effect1 t x owes its exi/5ce to ! influ5ce ( its cause2 & t x is absurd to speak ( an effect :i* is loose f ! influ5ce ( its cause4 ,x is ?is influ5ce1 :i* causes volition to arise & come =? into exi/5ce4 ,any o!r notion ( cause & effect is absurd & unmean+4 ,& yet1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds in=ms u1 t he sometimes uses ! t]m cause to signify any antec$5t1 ?\gh x may ex]t no influ5ce2 & t he s employs x1 9 ord] to prev5t cavill+ & object+4 ,n[1 :at is all ?is tak5 toge!r1 b to in=m u1 t he sometimes uses ! ^w 9 "q v absurdly1 9 ord] to keep u f f9d+ fault ) him8 ,! tru? is1 t :atev] app>5t concession ,presid5t ,edw>ds may h made1 he does habitually br+ d[n ! t]m cause to its n>r[ & re/ra9$ s5se1 to its /rict & prop] mean+1 :5 he says1 t motive is ! cause ( volition4 ,he loses sight entirely ( ! idea1 t x is only ! occasion on :i* ! m9d acts4 ,i might multiply extracts to ! same effect almo/ )\t end2 b x is n necess>y4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to e imp>tial read] ( ! ,inquiry1 t ev5 if ! au?or really meant by ! above extracts1 t motive is m]ely ! antec$5t to volition2 ?is 0 only a mom5t>y concession made to 8 oppon5ts1 ) ! vague & ill-def9$ hope1 p]haps1 t x w\ld r5d] 8 sy/em less obnoxi\s to !m4 ,x _h no abid+ place 9 8 m9d4 ,x 0 no soon] utt]$ ?an x 0 repell$ & driv5 away by ! :ole t5or ( 8 sy/em4 ,we soon he> him1 z if no su* ?+ _h ev] be5 dream$ ( 9 8 philosophy1 ask+ ! "q1 & t too1 9 relation to motives1 ,:at c be meant by a cause1 b some?+ t is ! gr\nd & reason ( a ?+ by its influ5ce1 ,,an ,,influ5ce ,,t ,,is ,,preval5t ,,& ,,effectual1 p4 #ig4 ,w x be pret5d$1 t ?is does n come up to 8 def9ition ( an effici5t cause1 z t :i* br+s some?+ to pass by a positive influ5ce8 ,su* a pretext w\ld am\nt to no?+2 = ,edw>ds has said1 t motives excite volition2 & to excite1 is to be a cause 9 ! mo/ prop] s5se1 n m]ely a negative occasion1 b a gr\nd ( exi/5ce by positive influ5ce1 p4 #if4 ,an effici5t cause is prop]ly def9$ by ! ,edw>dses !mselves4 ,does n ! man talk absurdly & inconsi/5tly1 says ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 :o ass]ts1 t a man is ! effici5t cause ( 8 own volitions1 yet puts =? no ex]tion 9 ord] to cause x8 ,if any o!r way ( effici5tly caus+ an effect1 be possible or conceivable1 let x be po9t$ out1 p4#di4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds evid5tly ent]ta9$ ! same idea2 = he repeat$ly says1 t if ! m9d be ! cause ( its own volitions1 x mu/ cause !m by a prec$+ act ( ! m9d4 ,! objection :i* he urges aga9/ ! self-det]m9+ p[]1 is f\nd$ on ?is idea ( a cause4 ,x is :at he means1 :5 he says1 t ! t]m cause is (t5 us$ 9 s re/ra9$ a s5se z to signify only t :i* has a positive effici5cy or influ5ce to produce a ?+1 or br+ x to pass4 ,t ,presid5t ,edw>ds reg>d$ motive z ! effici5t or produc+ cause ( volition1 accord+ to 8 own notion ( x1 is cle> n only f num]\s passages ( ! ,inquiry2 x is also wr\ght into ! v sub/ance & /ructure ( 8 :ole argum5t4 ,x is involv$ 9 8 v def9ition ( ! /ronge/ motive4 ,! /ronge/ motive1 says he1 is ! :ole ( t :i* op]ates to induce a p>ticul> *oice4 ,n[1 to say t "o ?+ op]ates to induce ano!r1 or br+ x into exi/5ce1 is1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( ! y\ng] ,edw>ds himself1 to say t x is ! effici5t cause ( ! ?+ s produc$4 ,if !re be any mean+ 9 words1 or any tru? 9 ! def9ition ( ! ,edw>dses1 !n to say t "o ?+ op]ates to produce ano!r1 is to say t x is its effici5t cause4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 z we h se51 holds t motive is ! effectual p[] & efficacy :i* produces volition4 ,aga94 ,edw>ds frequ5tly says1 t if ?is great pr9ciple ( common s5se1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 be giv5 up1 !n !re w be no su* ?+ z reason+ f effect to cause4 ,we _c ev5 prove ! exi/5ce ( ,deity4 ,if any ?+ c beg9 to be )\t a cause ( its exi/5ce1 !n we _c "k t !re is a ,god4 ,n[1 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is maxim is "h us$ is p]fectly obvi\s2 = no?+ c beg9 to be )\t an effici5t cause1 by :i* x is br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,:5 we reason f ^? ?+s :i* beg9 to be up to ,god1 we cle>ly reason f effects to _! effici5t causes4 ,h5ce1 :5 ?is maxim is appli$ by ,edw>ds to volitions1 he evid5tly ref]s to ! effici5t causes ( !m4 ,if he does n1 8 maxim is misappli$2 = x is e/abli%$ 9 "o s5se1 & appli$ 9 ano!r4 ,if x proves any ?+1 x proves t volition mu/ h an effici5t cause2 & :5 motive is tak5 to be t cause1 x is tak5 to be ! effici5t cause ( volition4 ,?is is n all4 ,edw>ds und]takes to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 natural & moral necessity4 ,9 ! case ( moral necessity1 says he1 ! cause ) :i* ! effect is connect$ is ( a p>ticul> k9d3 viz41 t :i* is ( a moral nature2 ei!r "s previ\s habitual disposition1 or "s motive pres5t$ to ! und]/&+4 ,& ! effect is also ( a p>ticul> k9d1 be+ likewise ( a moral nature2 consi/+ 9 "s incl9ation or volition ( ! s\l1 or volunt>y action4 ,b ! diff]5ce1 says he1 does n lie s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! connection1 z 9 ! two t]ms connect$4 ,n[1 let u suppose t any effect1 ! creation ( ! _w1 = example1 is produc$ by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,9 ?is case1 ! connection betwe5 ! effect produc$1 ! creation ( ! _w1 & ! act ( ! div9e omnipot5ce by :i* x is creat$1 is c]ta9ly ! connection betwe5 an effect & its effici5t cause4 ,! two t]ms are "h connect$ by a natural necessity4 ,b we are mo/ explicitly in=m$1 t ! connection betwe5 motives & volitions1 diff]s f ?is 9 ! nature ( ! two t]ms connect$1 r ?an 9 ! nature ( ! connection4 ,h[ c\ld language m cle>ly or precisely convey ! mean+ ( an au?or8 ,to say t ,presid5t ,edw>ds does n make motive ! effici5t cause ( volition1 is1 inde$1 n s mu* to int]pret1 z x is to new model1 8 philosophy ( ! w4 ,! connection betwe5 ! /ronge/ motive1 he decl>es1 & ! correspond+ volition1 is absolute1 j z absolute z any connection 9 ! _w4 ,if ! /ronge/ motive exi/s1 ! volition is sure to foll[2 x necess>ily foll[s2 x is absurd to suppose1 t x may att5d its cause or n4 ,to say t x may foll[ ! influ5ce ( its cause1 or may n1 is to say t x is n dep5d5t on t influ5ce1 t x is n ! effect ( x4 ,9 o!r words1 x is to say t a volition is ! effect ( ! /ronge/ motive1 & yet t x is n ! effect ( x2 :i* is a pla9 contradiction4 ,su*1 z we h se51 is ! cle> & unequivocal tea*+ ( ! ,inquiry4 ,9 conclusion1 if ,edw>ds really held1 t motive does n produce volition1 b is m]ely ! occasion on :i* x is put =?1 :]e %all we f9d 8 doctr9e8 ,:]e %all we look = x8 ,we he> him *>g$ ) de/roy+ man's free-ag5cy1 by mak+ motive ! produc+ cause ( volition2 & we see him lab\r+ to repel ?is *>ge4 ,truly1 if he held ! doctr9e ascrib$ to him1 we might h expect$ to f9d "s allusion to x 9 8 attempts to refute su* a *>ge4 ,if su* _h be5 8 doctr9e1 ) :at ease might he h repell$ ! *>ge 9 "q1 & %[n its utt] futility1 by simply alleg+ t1 accord+ to 8 sy/em1 motive is ! occasion1 & n ! produc+ cause1 ( volition8 ,in/ead ( ! _m pages ?r\gh :i* he has s labori\sly /ruggl$1 9 ord] to br+ our ideas ( free-ag5cy & virtue into h>mony ) 8 s*eme2 ) :at inf9ite ease might a s+le ^w h br\ght 8 s*eme into h>mony ) ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 reg>d to free-ag5cy & virtue6 ,inde$1 if ,edw>ds really believ$ t motive is m]ely ! condition on :i* ! m9d acts1 no?+ c be m wond]ful ?an 8 pr(\nd sil5ce 9 reg>d to x on su* an occasion2 except ! great pa9s :i*1 on all occasions1 he has tak5 to keep x entirely 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,if ! y\ng] ,edw>ds is n mi/ak5 z to ! true import ( 8 fa!r's doctr9e1 !n1 in/ead ( sett+ x =? 9 a cle> light1 s t x may be read ( all m51 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry has1 inde$1 envelop$ x 9 su* a flood ( d>kness1 t x is no wond] ^? :o h be5 s =tunate z to f9d x out1 %\ld be s frequ5tly call$ ^u to compla9 t 8 oppon5ts d n und]/& him4 ,inde$1 if su* be ! doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry1 ,i d n see h[ any man c possibly und]/& x1 unless he has inh]it$ "s peculi> p[]1 unkn[n to ! re/ ( mank9d1 by :i* its occult mean+ may be disc]n$1 not)/&+ all ! outw>d appe>ances by :i* x is contradict$ & obscur$4 ,! pla9 tru? is1 z we h se51 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds holds motive to be ! produc+ cause ( volition4 ,accord+ to 8 s*eme1 ,volitions are necess>ily connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( motives2 !y are br\ght to pass by ! prevail+ & effectual influ5ce ( motives4 ,motive is ! effectual p[] & efficacy by :i* !y are produc$4 ,!y are n m]ely caus$ to be ?us1 & n o!rwise1 by motive2 !y are caus$ to arise & come =? into exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! great doctr9e = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds2 & ?is is precisely ! doctr9e :i* ,i d5y4 ,i cont5d aga9/ no o!r k9d ( necessity b ?is moral necessity1 j z x is expla9$ by ,edw>ds himself4 ,"h ! issue ) ,presid5t ,edw>ds is jo9$2 & ,i int5d to hold him /eadily to x4 ,no ambiguity ( words %all1 = a mom5t1 div]t my m9d f x4 ,if 8 argum5ts1 :5 ?or\ghly sift$ & scrut9iz$1 e/abli% ?is doctr9e2 !n %all ,i lay d[n my arms & surr5d] at discretion4 ,b if 8 assumptions are uns\nd1 or 8 d$uctions false1 ,i %all hold !m = naught4 ,if he reconciles 8 s*eme ( moral necessity ) ! reality ( virtue1 ) ! moral ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man1 & ) ! purity ( ,god2 !n ,i %all lay aside my objections2 b if1 9 reality1 he only reconciles x ) ! semblance ( ^! ?+s1 :il/ he d5ies _! sub/ance1 ,i %all n be div]t$ f an opposition to s mon/r\s a sy/em1 by ! fair appe>ances x may be made to we> to ! outw>d eye4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,inquiry ,,involv$ ,,9 ,a ,,vici\s ,,circle4 ,,! great doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry seems to g r\nd 9 a vici\s circle1 to run into an insignificant truism4 ,?is is a grave *>ge1 ,i am aw>e1 & ,i h v5tur$ to make x only aft] ! mo/ mature reflection3 & ! ju/ness ( x1 may be %[n by a v>iety ( consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 we ask1 :at det]m9es ! w8 ! au?or replies1 x is ! /ronge/ motive2 & yet1 accord+ to 8 def9ition1 ! /ronge/ motive is t :i* det]m9es ! w4 ,?us1 says ,edw>ds1 :5 ,i speak ( ! /ronge/ motive1 ,i h respect to ! :ole t op]ates to induce a p>ticul> act ( volition1 :e!r t be ! /r5g? ( "o ?+ alone1 or ( _m toge!r4 ,if we ask1 !n1 :at produces any p>ticul> act ( volition1 we are told1 x is ! /ronge/ motive2 & if we inquire :at is ! /ronge/ motive1 we are in=m$1 x is ! :ole ( t :i* op]at$ to produce t p>ticul> act ( volition4 ,:at is ?is b to in=m u1 t an act ( volition is produc$ by t :i* produces x8 ,x is tak5 = grant$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 t volition is an effect1 & consequ5tly has a cause4 ,! great "q1 accord+ to 8 "w1 is1 :at is ?is cause8 ,he says x is ! /ronge/ motive2 9 ! def9ition ( :i* he includes e ?+ t 9 any way contributes to ! production ( volition2 9 o!r words1 ! /ronge/ motive is made to embrace e ?+ t acts z a cause ( volition4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* he expla9s himself1 z well z ! mann] 9 :i* he is und]/ood by o!rs4 ,?us1 says ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 9 8 explanation ( 8 idea ( motive1 he m5tions all agreeable objects & views1 all reasons & argum5ts1 & all int]nal biases & temp]s1 :i* h a t5d5cy to volition2 i4 e4 e cause or occasion ( volition1 p4 #ajd4 ,e read] ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds mu/ be satisfi$ t ?is is a correct acc\nt ( 8 def9ition ( motive2 & ?is be+ ! case1 ! :ole am\nts to j ?is proposition1 t volition is caus$ by t :i* causes x6 ,he admits t x w\ld be h>d1 if n impossible1 to enum]ate all ^? ?+s & circum/ances :i* aid 9 ! production ( volition2 b /ill he is q sure1 t ! :ole ( t :i* op]ates to produce a volition does actually produce x6 ,?\gh he may h fail$ to %[ :]e9 consi/s ! /r5g? ( motives2 yet he cont5ds t ! /ronge/ motive1 or ! cause ( volition1 is really & unque/ionably ! cause ( volition6 ,su* is ! great doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry4 ,if ?is is :at ! ,inquiry means to e/abli%1 surely x re/s ^u unassailable gr\nd4 ,well may ,presid5t ,day ass]t1 t to say a weak] motive prevails aga9/ a /rong] "o is to say1 t t :i* has ! lea/ influ5ce has ! greate/ influ5ce1 p4 #ff4 ,n[ :o w\ld d5y ?is position ( ! le>n$ presid5t8 ,:o w\ld say1 t t :i* has ! greate/ influ5ce has n ! greate/ influ5ce8 ,surely1 ?is great doctr9e is to ! full z c]ta9 z ! newly discov]$ axiom ( pr(essor ,villant1 t a ?+ is equal to itself6 ,presid5t ,day1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,edw>ds1 in=ms u t ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 b h[ %all we "k :at is ! /ronge/ motive8 ,! /r5g? ( a motive1 says he1 is n its prevail+1 b ! p[] by :i* x prevails4 ,yet we may v prop]ly measure ?is p[] by ! actual result6 ,?us are we gravely in=m$ t ! w is det]m9$ by t :i* det]m9es x4 ,aga94 ,if we suppose !re is a real /r5g? 9 motives1 t !y ex]t a positive influ5ce 9 ! production ( volitions1 !n we conc$e e ?+ to ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,=1 if motives are s _m =ces act+ ^u ! w1 to say t ! /ronge/ w prevail1 is simply to say t x is ! /ronge/4 ,b if motives ex]t no positive influ5ce1 !n :5 we say t "o is /rong] ?an ano!r1 we mu/ be und]/ood to use ?is expression 9 a metaphorical s5se2 we mu/ ref] to "s prop]ty ( motives :i* we figuratively call _! /r5g?1 & ( :i* we suppose "o motive to possess a great] degree ?an ano!r4 ,if ?is be s1 :at is ?is common prop]ty ( motives1 :i* we call _! /r5g?8 ,if !y d n possess a real /r5g?1 if !y d n ex]t an effici5t influ5ce2 b are m]ely said1 metaphorically speak+1 to possess su* p[] & to ex]t su* influ5ce2 !n :at becomes ( ! self-evid5ce :i* ,presid5t ,edw>ds claims = 8 fundam5tal proposition motives ex]t a real =ce1 ( c\rse ! /ronge/ mu/ prevail2 b if !y only h some?+ else ab\t !m1 :i* we call _! /r5g?1 x is n self-evid5t t ! motive :i* possesses ?is some?+ else 9 ! highe/ degree mu/ necess>ily prevail4 ,h5ce1 ! great doctr9e ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds is ei!r a proposition ^: tru? arises out ( ! v def9ition ( ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$1 or x is utt]ly de/itute ( t axiomatical c]ta9ty :i* he claims = x4 ,9 o!r words1 he has settl$ 8 great doctr9e ( ! w by ! m]e =ce ( a def9ition2 or he has left its f\ndations q unsettl$4 ,motives1 z !y are call$1 are diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 nature & 9 k9d2 & h5ce1 x 7 absurd to comp>e !m 9 degree4 ,! /ronge/ motive1 !re=e1 is a mode ( expression :i* c h no intelligible mean+1 unless x be us$ ) ref]5ce to ! influ5ce :i* motives are suppos$ to ex]t ov] ! m9d4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* x cle>ly seems to be us$ by ,edw>ds4 ,! di/+ui%+ prop]ty ( a motive1 accord+ to 8 def9ition1 is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ! motive itself2 x consi/s 9 its adapt$ness to move or excite ! m9d to volition2 nor inde$ c\ld he f9d any o!r way ( measur+ or det]m9+ :at he calls ! /r5g? ( motives1 s9ce !y are s div]se 9 _! own nature f ea* o!r4 ,he c\ld n h giv5 any plausible def9ition ( ! /r5g? ( motives1 if he _h look$ at !m z !y are 9 !mselves2 & h5ce1 he 0 "u ! necessity ( def9+ x1 by a ref]5ce to ! degree ( t5d5cy or advantage !y h to move or excite ! w4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! ,inquiry1 ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 & yet we c =m no intelligible idea ( :at is meant by ! /ronge/ motive1 unless we conceive x to be t :i* det]m9es ! w4 ,! matt] w n be m5d$1 by alleg+ t ! /ronge/ motive is n def9$ to be t :i* actually det]m9es ! w1 b t :i* has ! greate/ degree ( previ\s t5d5cy or advantage1 to excite or move x2 = we _c "k :at motive has ?is greate/ degree ( previ\s t5d5cy or advantage1 except by obs]v+ :at motive actually does det]m9e ! w4 ,?is leads u to ano!r view ( ! same subject4 ,! /r5g? ( a motive1 z ,presid5t ,edw>ds prop]ly rem>ks1 dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! m9d to :i* x is address$4 ,h5ce1 9 a great majority ( cases1 we c "k no?+ ab\t ! relative /r5g? ( motives1 except f ! actual influ5ce :i* !y ex]t ov] ! m9d ( ! individual ^u :om !y are br\ght to be>4 ,?is %[s t ! univ]sal proposition1 t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 c be kn[n to be true1 only by assum+ t ! /ronge/ motive is t by :i* ! w is det]m9$4 ,! same ?+ may be made to appe> f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,x has be5 well said by ! philosoph] ( ,malmsbury1 t exp]i5ce conclude? no?+ univ]sally4 ,f exp]i5ce we c pron\nce1 only 9 s f> z we h obs]v$1 & no f>!r4 ,b ! proposition1 t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 is a univ]sal proposition2 & h5ce1 if true at all1 its tru? c\ld n h be5 le>nt f obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ dep5d ^u ! v def9ition ( ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$4 ,we _c say t ! w is 9 all cases det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 unless we include 9 ! v idea & def9ition ( ! /ronge/ motive1 t x is su* t x det]m9es ! w4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds n only does1 b he mu/ necess>ily1 g ar\nd 9 ?is circle1 9 ord] to give any degree ( cle>ness & c]ta9ty to 8 doctr9e4 ,t ,presid5t ,edw>ds goes ar\nd 9 ?is vici\s circle1 may be %[n 9 ano!r way4 ,x appe>s f ^! ?+s1 says he1 t 9 "s s5se1 ! w always foll[s ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+4 ,b !n ! und]/&+ mu/ be tak5 9 a l>ge s5se1 z includ+ ! :ole faculty ( p]ception or appreh5sion1 & n m]ely :at is call$ reason or judgm5t4 ,if by ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+ is meant :at reason decl>es to be be/1 or mo/ = ! p]son's happ9ess1 tak+ 9 ! :ole ( its duration1 x is n true1 t ! w always foll[s ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+1 p4 #be4 ,9 ?is place1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds gives no di/9ct idea ( :at he means by ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+1 :i* ! w is said to foll[ 9 all cases4 ,b 9 ! eigh? volume ( 8 works1 t dictate ( ! und]/&+ :i* ! w is said to foll[1 is call$ ! practical judgm5t2 & ?is is def9$ to be1 t judgm5t :i* m5 make ( ?+s t prevail1 s z to det]m9e _! actions & gov]n _! practice4 ,"h aga9 are we in=m$1 t ! w always foll[s ! practical judgm5t1 & t ! practical judgm5t is t :i* m5 make ( ?+s t prevail1 s z to det]m9e ! w4 ,! ,inquiry itself furni%es abundant evid5ce1 t ,i h done its au?or no inju/ice4 ,i h *os51 says he1 r to express myself ?us1 t ! w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 or z :at appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an to say ! w is det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 or by :at seems mo/ agreeable2 because an appe>+ mo/ agreeable to ! m9d1 & ! m9d's pref]r+1 seem sc>cely di/9ct4 ,if /rict propriety ( spee* be insi/$ on1 x may m prop]ly be said1 t ! volunt>y action1 :i* is ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! m9d's *oice1 is det]m9$ by t :i* appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an ! *oice itself4 ,aft] all1 !n1 x seems t *oice itself1 or volition1 is n det]m9$ by t :i* appe>s ! mo/ agreeable2 because1 9 reality1 ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable & volition are "o & ! same ?+4 ,b surely1 if we _c di/+ui% betwe5 *oice & ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 !n to say t ! "o always is z ! o!r1 is only to say t a ?+ is always z x is4 ,edw>ds saw ! absurdity ( say+ t a ?+ is det]m9$ by itself2 b he does n seem to h se5 h[ insignificant is ! proposition1 t a ?+ is always z x is1 & n o!rwise2 & h5ce ?is is ! =m 9 :i* he has *os5 to pres5t ! great lead+ idea ( 8 "w on ! w4 ,& h5ce=? we are to und]/&1 t ! pref]5ce ( ! m9d is always z t :i* appe>s mo/ agreeable to ! m9d2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! pref]5ce or *oice ( ! m9d is always z ! *oice ( ! m9d4 ,?is is n all4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds himself has frequ5tly r$uc$ ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry to an id5tical proposition4 ,x is well kn[n1 t to be det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 to foll[ ! greate/ app>5t good1 to d :at is mo/ agreeable1 or :at pleases mo/1 are all diff]5t modes ( expression employ$ by him to set =? ! same fundam5tal doctr9e4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is doctr9e1 he says3 ,!re is sc>cely a pla9] & m univ]sal dictate ( ! s5se & exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 ?an t1 :5 m5 act volunt>ily1 & d :at !y please1 !n !y d :at suits !m be/1 or :at is mo/ agreeable to !m4 ,to say1 t !y d :at pleases !m1 b yet n :at is agreeable to !m1 is ! same ?+ z to say1 !y d :at !y please1 b d n act _! pleasure2 & t is to say1 t !y d :at !y please1 & yet d n :at !y please4 ,mo/ assur$ly1 if to d5y ! lead+ proposition ( ! ,inquiry1 is to d5y t m5 d :at !y please :5 !y d :at !y please2 !n to affirm x1 is only to advance ! insignificant truism1 t m5 d :at !y please :5 !y d :at !y please4 ,x seems to me1 t aft] ,presid5t ,edw>ds _h r$uc$ 8 fundam5tal proposition to su* a truism1 he might v well h sp>$ himself ! ?ree hundr$ pages t foll[4 ,aga91 he says3 ,x is manife/ t no acts ( ! w are cont+5t1 9 su* s5se z to be )\t all necessity1 or s z n to be necess>y ) a necessity ( consequ5ce & connection2 because e act ( ! w is "s way connect$ ) ! und]/&+1 & is z ! greate/ app>5t good is1 9 ! mann] :i* has already be5 expla9$2 namely1 t ! s\l always wills or *ooses t1 :i* 9 ! pres5t view ( ! m9d1 consid]$ 9 ! :ole ( t view1 & all t belongs to x1 appe>s mo/ agreeable4 ,because1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 no?+ is m evid5t ?an t1 :5 m5 act volunt>ily1 & d :at !y please1 !n !y d :at appe>s mo/ agreeable to !m2 & to say o!rwise w\ld be z mu* z to affirm1 t m5 d n *oose :at appe>s to suit !m be/1 or :at seems mo/ pleas+ to !m2 or t !y d n *oose :at !y pref]1 :i* br+s ! matt] to a contradiction4 ,?us1 ! great fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry is r$uc$ by ,edw>ds himself to ! b>r5 truism1 t m5 d actually *oose :at !y *oose2 a proposition :i* ! bolde/ advocate ( free-ag5cy w\ld h>dly d>e to call 9 "q4 ,aft] lab\r+ ?r\gh a :ole section to e/abli% ?is position1 ! au?or concludes by say+1 ,^! ?+s may s]ve1 ,i hope1 9 "s measure to illu/rate & confirm ! position laid d[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is section3 viz4 ,t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 or by ! view ( ! m9d :i* has ! greate/ previ\s t5d5cy to excite volition4 ,b :e!r ,i h be5 s happy z rightly to expla9 ! ?+ :]e9 consi/s ! /r5g? ( motives1 or n1 yet my fail+ 9 ?is w n ov]?r[ ! position itself2 :i* c>ries mu* ( its own evid5ce along ) x1 & is a po9t ( *ief importance to ! purpose ( ! ensu+ disc\rse3 & ! tru? ( x ,i hope w appe> ) great cle>ness1 be=e ,i h f9i%$ :at ,i h to say on ! subject ( human lib]ty4 ,truly ! position 9 "q1 z x is expla9$ by ! au?or himself1 c>ries n only mu*1 b all1 ( its own evid5ce along ) x4 ,:o c d5y t a man always does :at he pleases1 :5 he does :at he pleases8 ,?is tru? appe>s ) j z great cle>ness at ! beg9n+1 z x does at ! conclusion1 ( ! celebrat$ ,inquiry ( ! au?or4 ,x is inve/$ 9 a flood ( light1 :i* c nei!r be increas$ by argum5t1 nor obscur$ by sophi/ry4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 x appe>s1 ,i ?9k1 t ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry is a b>r5 truism1 or a vici\s circle4 ,if ,edw>ds und]/ood ! import ( 8 own doctr9e1 :5 he r$uc$ x to ! =m t a man does :at he pleases :5 he does :at he pleases1 x is c]ta9ly a truism2 & if ?is is all 8 fam\s doctr9e am\nts to1 x c h no be>+ :atev] ^u ! "q z to ! cause ( volition2 = :e!r ! m9d be ! cause ( its own volitions1 or :e!r ! /ronge/ motive always causes !m1 or :e!r !y h no causes at all1 x is equally & unalt]ably true1 t e man does :at he pleases :5 he does :at he pleases4 ,!re is no possible =m ( ! doctr9e ( free-ag5cy or cont+5cy1 h[ev] wild1 :i* is at all inconsi/5t ) su* a truism4 ,edw>ds is n always consi/5t ) himself4 ,he sometimes repres5ts ! greate/ app>5t good1 or s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 z ! cause ( volition2 & !n 8 doctr9e assumes ! =m1 t ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 or ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,& yet he sometimes id5tifies a s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable ) ! *oice itself2 & !n 8 doctr9e assumes ! =m t ! *oice ( ! m9d is always z ! *oice ( ! m9d2 & to d5y x is a pla9 contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,f ! fact t ,edw>ds has gone r\nd 9 a circle1 x has be5 conclud$ t he has begg$ ! "q2 b h[1 or :]e9 he has begg$ x1 is a po9t :i* has n be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,! v au?ors :o h utt]$ ?is compla9t1 h grant$ him ! v ?+ = :i* he has begg$4 ,if volition is an effect1 if x has a cause1 !n mo/ unque/ionably ! cause ( volition is ! cause ( volition4 ,admit t volition is an effect1 z s _m lib]t>ians h done1 & !n 8 def9ition ( motive1 :i* includes e cause ( volition1 places 8 doctr9e ^u an immutable f\ndation4 ,we might z well heave at ! ev]la/+ m\nta9s z to try to %ake x4 ,admit t volition is an effect1 & :at c we say8 ,c we say1 t ! /ronge/ motive may exi/1 & yet no volition may foll[ f x8 ,to ?is ! necessit>ian w\ld in/antly reply1 t x any ?+ exi/s1 & no volition foll[s !reupon1 x is evid5tly n ! cause ( volition1 & consequ5tly is n ! /ronge/ motive2 = ?is1 accord+ to ! def9ition1 includes e cause ( volition3 x is inde$ absurd1 to suppose t an effect %\ld n proce$ f its cause3 ,?is is ! gr\nd tak5 bo? by ,presid5t ,edw>ds & ,presid5t ,day4 ,x is absurd1 says ! latt]1 to suppose t a weak] motive1 or any ?+ else1 c prevail ov] ! /rong]--& :y8 ,because ! /ronge/ motive is t :i* prevails4 ,if x be said1 he cont9ues1 t some?+ else gives ! weak] motive a sup]iority ov] ! /rong]2 !n ?is some?+ else is itself a motive1 & ! unit$ influ5ce ( ! two is great] ?an t ( ! ?ird1 p4 #ff4 ,?us1 say :at we w1 we c nev] escape ?is admirable net ( words1 t ! w is det]m9$ by t :i* det]m9es x4 ,i d n int5d1 !n1 to engage 9 ! hopeless task1 ( admitt+ volition to be an effect1 & yet /riv+ to extricate x f ! me*anism ( cause & effect4 ,?is gr\nd has long s9ce be5 occupi$ by mu* abl] p]sons ?an myself2 & if !y h fail$ ( success1 fall+ into innum]able inconsi/5cies1 x is because1 on su* gr\nd1 success is impossible2 & t not)/&+ _! transc5dant abilities1 !y h be5 fat$ to contradict !mselves4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,volition ,,n ,,an ,,effect4 ,,! argum5t ( ! ,inquiry1 z ,i h %[n1 assumes t a volition is an effect 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 t x is ! correlative ( an effici5t cause4 ,if x 7 necess>y1 ?is po9t might be e/abli%$ by a great v>iety ( additional consid]ations2 b1 ,i presume t e c&id read] ( ! ,inquiry is fully satisfi$ 9 relation to x4 ,if we mean by an effect1 e ?+ t comes to pass1 ( c\rse a volition is an effect2 = no "o c d5y t x comes to pass4 ,or1 if we include 9 ! def9ition ( ! t]m1 e ?+ :i* has a suffici5t reason & gr\nd ( its exi/5ce1 we _c d5y t x embraces ! idea ( a volition4 ,=1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! free m9d w furni% a suffici5t reason & gr\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( a volition4 ,all t ,i d5y is1 t a volition does proce$ f ! m9d1 or f motive1 or f any?+ else1 9 ! same mann] t an effect1 prop]ly s call$1 proce$s f its effici5t cause4 ,?is is a po9t on :i* ,i desire to be di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,i put =? a volition to move my h&4 ,! motion ( ! h& foll[s4 ,n[1 "h ,i obs]ve ! action ( ! m9d1 & also ! motion ( ! h&4 ,! effect exi/s 9 ! body1 9 t :i* is by nature passive2 ! cause 9 t :i* is active1 9 ! m9d4 ,! effect produc$ 9 ! body1 9 ! h&1 is ! passive result ( ! prior direct action ( ! m9d4 ,x is 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se1 t ,i use ! t]m 9 "q1 :5 ,i d5y t a volition is an effect4 ,i d n d5y t x dep5ds = its production ^u c]ta9 circum/ances1 z ! conditions ( action1 & ^u ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 by :i* x is capable ( act+ 9 view ( su* circum/ances4 ,all t ,i d5y is1 t volition results f ! prior action ( m9d1 or ( circum/ances1 or ( any ?+ else1 9 ! same mann] t ! motion ( body results f ! prior action ( m9d4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ,i cont5d t action is ! inv>iable antec$5t ( bodily motion1 b n ( volition2 t :atev] may be its relations to o!r ?+s1 a volition does n su/a9 ! same relation to any ?+ 9 ! univ]se1 t an effect su/a9s to its effici5t cause1 t a passive result su/a9s to ! direct prior action by :i* x is produc$4 ,i hope ,i may be always s und]/ood1 :5 ,i affirm t a volition is n an effect4 ,x is 9 ?is n>r[ & re/rict$ s5se t ,edw>ds assumes a volition to be an effect4 ,he does n say1 9 s _m words1 t ! m9d _c put =? a volition1 except 9 ! way ( produc+ x by a prec$+ volition or act ( ! w2 b he fir/ assumes a volition to be an effect2 & !n he ass]ts1 t ! m9d c be ! cause ( no effect1 7italicis+ ! t]m effect17 except by ! prior action ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 hav+ assum$ a volition to be an effect1 he takes x = grant$ t x _c proce$ f ! m9d 9 any way1 except t 9 :i* any effect 9 ! out] _w proce$s f ! m9d2 t is to say1 except x be produc$ by ! direct prior action ( ! m9d1 by a prec$+ volition4 ,?us he br+s ! idea ( a volition "u ! above n>r[ & re/rict$ notion ( an effect2 & !reby conf\nds ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 m9d & its volitions1 ) ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 m9d & its ext]nal effects 9 body4 ,9 o!r words1 on ! supposition t our volitions proce$ f ! m9d1 he takes x = grant$ t !y mu/ be produc$ by ! prec$+ action ( ! m9d2 j z an effect1 9 ! limit$ s5se ( ! t]m1 is produc$ by ! prior action ( its cause4 ,x is 9 ?is assumption1 t ,edw>ds lays ! f\ndation ( ! logic1 by :i* he r$uces ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! m9d to ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions4 ,x is evid5t t su* is ! c\rse pursu$ by ,edw>ds2 = he n only calls a volition1 an effect1 b he also says1 t ! m9d c br+ no effects to pass1 b :at are consequ5t ^u its act+1 p4 #ef4 ,& aga9 he says1 ,! w det]m9es :i* way ! h&s & feet %all move1 by an act ( *oice2 & !re is no o!r way ( ! w's det]m9+1 direct+1 or comm&+ any ?+ at all4 ,?is is v true1 if a volition is su* an effect z requires ! prior action ( some?+ else to acc\nt = its production1 j z ! motion ( ! h&s & feet requires ! action ( ! m9d to acc\nt = its production2 b x is n true1 if a volition is su* an effect1 t its exi/5ce may be acc\nt$ = by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 circum/ances or motives1 z ! conditions ( action1 9 conjunction ) a m9d capable ( act+ 9 view ( su* motives4 ,9 o!r words1 8 ass]tion is true1 if we all[ him to assume1 z he does1 t a volition is an effect1 9 ! above re/rict$ mean+ ( ! t]m2 b x is n true1 if we consid] a volition z an effect 9 a l>g] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,h5ce1 ! :ole /r5g? ( ,edw>ds' position lies 9 ! s5se :i* he arbitr>ily atta*es to ! t]m effect1 :5 he says t a volition is an effect4 ,n[1 is a volition an effect 9 su* a s5se ( ! ^w8 ,is x br\ght into exi/5ce1 l ! motion ( body1 by ! prior action ( any ?+ else8 ,we answ]1 ,no4 ,b h[ %all ?is po9t be decid$8 ,! necessit>ian says1 a mom5t be=e ! volition did n exi/1 n[ x does exi/2 & h5ce1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t !re mu/ h be5 a cause by :i* x 0 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,t is to say1 x mu/ be an effect4 ,true1 x mu/ be an effect1 if y please2 b 9 :at s5se ( ! ^w8 ,is volition an effect1 9 ! same s5se t ! motion ( ! body is an effect8 ,?is is ! "q4 ,& ?is "q1 ,i cont5d1 is n to be decid$ by ab/ract consid]ations1 nor yet by ! lay+ ( words toge!r1 & draw+ conclusions f !m4 ,x is a "q1 n ( logic1 b ( psy*ology4 ,by :atev] "n y may please to call x1 ! true nature ( a volition is n to be det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ab/ractions1 nor by ! p[] ( words2 b by simply look+ at x & see+ :at x is4 ,if we w\ld really und]/& its nature1 we mu/ n und]take to reason x out2 we mu/ op5 our eyes1 & look1 & see4 ,! =m] c\rse w\ld d v well1 no d\bt1 if ! object 7 to con/ruct a _w = ourselves2 b if we w\ld behold ! glory ( t :i* ,god has con/ruct$ = u1 & 9 u1 we mu/ lay aside ! pr\d syllogi/ic me?od ( ! s*ools1 & betake ourselves to ! humble task ( obs]vation--( pati5t1 sev]e1 & scrut9iz+ obs]vation4 ,!re is no o!r condition on :i* we c ent] into ! k+dom ( man1 :i* is f\nd$ 9 ! sci5ces4 ,!re is no o!r c\rse m>k$ out = u by ! immortal ,bacon3 & if we pursue any o!r we may w&] 9 ! dazzl+ light ( a ?\s& ab/ractions1 & behold :atev] fleet+ images ( gr&eur & ( beauty we may be pleas$ to conjure up = ourselves2 b ! pure light ( nature & ( tru? w be hid f u4 ,:at !n is a volition j z x is reveal$ to u 9 ! light ( consci\sness8 ,does x result f ! prior action ( m9d1 or ( motive1 or ( any ?+ else8 ,9 o!r words1 is x an effect1 z ! motion ( body is an effect6 ,we always conceive ( ! subject 9 :i* su* an effect resides1 z be+ :olly passive4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds himself has repeat$ly said1 t x is ! v notion ( an effect1 t x results f ! action or influ5ce ( its cause2 & t no?+ is any fur!r an effect1 ?an z x proce$s f t action or influ5ce4 ,! subject 9 :i* x is produc$1 is always passive z to its production2 & j 9 s f> z x is itself active1 x is n ! subject ( an effect1 b ! au?or ( an action4 ,su* is ! idea ( an effect 9 ! true & prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,n[ does our idea ( a volition correspond ) ?is idea ( an effect8 ,is x produc$ 9 ! m9d1 & is ! m9d passive z to its production8 ,is x1 l ! motion ( a body1 ! passive result ( ! action ( some?+ else8 ,no4 ,x is n ! result ( action2 x is action itself4 ,! m9d is n passive z to its production2 x is 9 & ( itself an action ( ! m9d4 ,x is n det]m9$2 x is a det]m9ation4 ,x is n a produc$ effect1 l ! motion ( body2 x is itself an orig9al produc+ cause4 ,x does seem to me1 t if any man w only reflect on ?is subject1 he mu/ see t !re is a cle> & manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 an ,,act & an ,,effect4 ,al?\gh ! s*eme ( ,edw>ds id5tifies ^! two ?+s1 & 8 argum5t assumes !m to be "o & ! same2 yet 8 language1 x appe>s to me1 frequ5tly betrays ! fact1 t 8 consci\sness did n "w 9 h>mony ) 8 !ory4 ,:ile speak+ ( ! acts ( ! w z effects1 he frequ5tly says1 t x is ! v idea ( an effect t x results f1 & is necess>ily connect$ )1 ! action ( its cause1 & t x is absurd to suppose t x is free or loose f ! influ5ce ( its cause4 ,& yet1 9 ref]5ce to volitions1 he (t5 uses ! expression1 ?is sort ( effects1 z if x did n exactly correspond ) ! v idea ( an effect1 f :i* x is absurd to dep>t 9 our conceptions4 ,:5 he gives fair play to consci\sness1 he speaks ( diff]5t k9ds ( effects2 & yet1 :5 he returns to 8 !ory & 8 reason+1 all ?is seems to vani%2 & !re rema9s b "o cle>1 fix$1 & def9ite idea ( an effect1 & to speak ( any ?+ else z su* is absurd4 ,he n[ & !n pays a pass+ tribute to ! p[] ( consci\sness1 by admitt+ t ! s\l ex]ts its own volitions1 t ! s\l itself acts2 b he no soon] comes to ! "w ( argum5t & refutation1 ?an x is motive t causes !m to be put =? or ex]t$1 p4 #if4 ,ev] & anon1 he seems to cat* a :isp] f ! voice ( consci\sness2 & he conc$es t he sometimes uses ! t]m cause to designate t :i* has n a positive or productive influ5ce1 p4 #ej-a4 ,b ?is is n :5 he is engag$ 9 ! en]gy ( debate4 ,let ,mr4 ,*ubb cross 8 pa?2 let him he> ! voice ( opposition giv+ utt]ance to ! s5tim5t1 t 9 motive !re is no causality 9 ! production ( action2 & t mom5t ! voice ( consci\sness is hu%$ 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd sil5ce4 ,he rises1 l a giant1 9 ! def5ce ( 8 sy/em1 & he decl>es1 t to excite1 z motives d1 is positively to d some?+1 & c]ta9ly t :i* does some?+1 is ! cause ( ! ?+ done by x4 ,yea1 to excite1 is to cause 9 ! mo/ prop] s5se1 n m]ely a negative occasion1 b a gr\nd ( exi/5ce by positive influ5ce1 p4 #if4 ,^! passages1 :i* are scatt]$ up & d[n ?r\gh ! ,inquiry1 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( lib]ty seems to be conc$$1 ,i _c b reg>d z highly important concessions4 ,!y h be5 us$ to %[ t we misconceive ! s*eme ( ,edw>ds1 :5 we ascribe to him ! doctr9e ( fate4 ,b :5 !y are ?us adduc$1 to %[ t we misrepres5t 8 doctr9e1 ,i beg x may be rememb]$ t su* evid5ce c prove only "o ( two ?+s2 ei!r t we d n und]/& :at he tea*es1 or t he is n always consi/5t ) himself4 ,if he really held ! doctr9e ( fatalism1 we ought n to be surpris$ t he has furni%$ su* evid5ce aga9/ himself4 ,x is n 9 ! nature ( ! human m9d to keep itself always deaf to ! voice ( consci\sness4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( any sy/em always to c\nt]act ! spontane\s work+s ( nature4 ,?\gh ! m9d %\ld be surr\nd$ by ^? deep-seat$1 all-p]vad+1 & ob/9ate illusions1 by :i* ! s*eme ( fatalism is made to we> ! appe>ance ( self-evid5t tru?2 yet :5 x loses sight ( t sy/em1 x w1 at times1 speak out 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( nature4 ,! /]n & unrel5t+ features ( fatalism _c always be s intimately pres5t to ! m9d1 z entirely to exclude x f ! contemplation ( a mild] & m captivat+ sy/em ( philosophy4 ,not)/&+ ! influ5ce ( sy/em1 h[ rigid soev] may be its dem&s1 ! human m9d w1 9 its mom5ts ( relaxation1 recognize 9 its feel+s & 9 its utt]ance1 ^? great tru?s :i* are insep>able f its v nature4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d1 !n1 t !re is m ?an "o process 9 ! univ]se4 ,"s ?+s are produc$1 x is mo/ true1 by ! prior action ( o!r ?+s2 & h]e9 we behold ! relation ( cause & effect1 prop]ly s call$2 b x does n foll[1 t all ?+s are embrac$ by ?is "o relation4 ,?is appe>s to be s only to ! m9d ( ! necessit>ian2 f :i* "o fix$ idea has %ut out ! light ( obs]vation4 ,he no long] sees ! ri* v>iety1 ! b\ndless div]sity1 !re is 9 ! works ( ,god3 all ?+s & all modes & all processes ( ! awe-inspir+ univ]se1 are made to con=m to ! n>r[ & contract$ me?ods ( 8 own m9d4 ,look :]e he w1 he sees n ! free & fl[+ outl9e ( nature's true l9eam5ts2 he e :]e beholds ! image ( ! "o fix$ idea 9 8 m9d1 project$ outw>dly ^u ! univ]se ( ,god2 beh9d :i* ! true secrets & op]ations ( nature are conceal$ f 8 vision4 ,ev5 :5 he contemplates t liv+ s\rce ( action1 t bubbl+ f\nta9 ( volitions1 ! immortal m9d ( man itself1 he only beholds a ?+1 :i* is made to act by ! action ( some?+ else ^u x2 j z a body is made to move by ! action ( =ce ^u x4 ,8 philosophy is1 !re=e1 an ess5tially %all[ & sup]ficial philosophy4 ,! great "n ( ,edw>ds _c %ield x f su* condemnation4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,reg>d+ ,,volition ,,z ,,an ,,effect4 ,,x has be5 frequ5tly conc$$ t a volition is an effect2 b to make ?is concession1 )\t explanation or qualification1 is to surr5d] ! :ole cause ( free ag5cy into ! h& ( ! enemy4 ,= if a volition is an effect1 prop]ly speak+1 ! only "q is z to its effici5t cause3 x is necess>ily produc$ by its cause4 ,to make ?is matt] cle>1 let u consid] :at is precisely meant by ! t]m cause :5 x is ?us us$8 ,an effect is necess>ily connect$1 n ) ! ?+ :i* is sometimes call$ its cause1 b ) ! action or positive influ5ce ( t ?+4 ,?us1 ! m9d1 or ! p[] ( ! m9d1 is sometimes said to be ! cause ( motion 9 ! body2 b ?is is n to speak ) philosophical precision4 ,no motion ( ! body is necess>ily connect$1 ei!r ) ! m9d itself1 or ) ! p[] ( ! m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 if ^! %\ld lie dormant1 or fail to act1 !y w\ld produce no bodily motion4 ,b let ! m9d act1 or w a p>ticul> motion1 & ! body w necess>ily move 9 consequ5ce ( t action4 ,h5ce1 x is nei!r ) ! m9d1 nor ) ! p[] ( ! m9d1 t bodily motion1 z an effect1 is necess>ily connect$2 x is ) an act ( ! m9d or volition t ?is necess>y connection subsi/s4 ,a cause is said to imply its effect3 x is n ! m9d1 b an act ( ! m9d1 t implies motion 9 ! body4 ,?is is evid5tly ! idea ( ,edw>ds1 :5 he says1 z he frequ5tly does1 t an effect is necess>ily connect$ ) ! influ5ce or action ( its cause4 ,! t]m cause is ambigu\s2 & :5 he says1 t an effect is necess>ily connect$ ) its cause1 he %\ld be und]/ood to mean1 9 accordance ) 8 own doctr9e1 t ! cause ref]r$ to is ! influ5ce or action by :i* x is produc$1 & n ! ?+ :i* ex]ts t influ5ce or action4 ,?us1 al?\gh motives are said to be causes ( action1 he cont5ds1 !y c d no?+ except by _! influ5ce2 & s mu* z results f _! influ5ce is ! effect ( t influ5ce1 & is necess>ily connect$ ) x4 ,n[1 if a volition is an effect1 if x has an effici5t cause1 :at is t cause8 ,by ! action ( :at is x produc$8 ,x _c be by ! act ( ! m9d1 says ,edw>ds1 because ! m9d c produce an effect only by ano!r act4 ,?us1 on ! supposition 9 "q1 we _c ascribe a volition to ! m9d z its cause1 )\t be+ compell$ to admit t x results f a prec$+ act ( ! m9d4 ,b t prec$+ act1 on ! same supposition1 w require /ill ano!r prec$+ act to acc\nt = its production2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,su* is ! absurdity :i* ,edw>ds delight$ to urge aga9/ ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! m9d4 ,x is triumphantly bas$ on ! concession t a volition is an effect2 t z su* ! prior action ( some?+ else is necess>y to acc\nt = its exi/5ce4 ,& if we suppose1 9 accordance ) ! tru?1 t a volition is m]ely a /ate ( ! m9d1 :i* does n su/a9 ! same relation to ! m9d t an effect does to its effici5t cause1 ?is absurdity w vani%4 ,! doctr9e ( lib]ty w no long] be encumb]$ ) x4 ,n[1 proce$+ on ! same supposition1 let u conceive ( a volition z result+ f ! influ5ce ex]t$ by motive4 ,if an act ( ! m9d is an effect1 surely we may say1 t ! act or productive influ5ce ( motive1 or ( any ?+ else1 is likewise an effect2 & consequ5tly mu/ h a cause to acc\nt = its exi/5ce2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,h5ce1 ! v absurdity :i* ,edw>ds *>ges ^u our sy/em1 really atta*es to 8 own4 ,w x be said t ?is ad inf9itum absurdity does n result f ! supposition 9 "q1 b f ! fact t ! m9d c d no?+ except by its action or influ5ce8 ,x is v true1 z ,edw>ds repeat$ly decl>es1 t ! m9d c be ! cause ( no effect1 except by a prec$+ act ( ! m9d4 ,! tru? ( ?is proposition is involv$ 9 ! v idea :i* he atta*es to ! t]m effect1 & x is bas$ ^u ?is idea alone4 ,& we may say1 ) equal propriety1 t motive c be ! cause ( no effect1 except by its action or productive influ5ce4 ,inde$1 ,edw>ds himself expressly says1 t motives c d no?+1 except by an ex]tion ( _! influ5ce1 or by op]at+ to produce effects4 ,?us1 ! two cases are r5d]$ p]fectly p>allel2 & af=d ! same f\ndation on :i* to erect an inf9ite s]ies ( causes4 ,to evade ?is1 c x be pret5d$1 t motive j ex]ts ?is influ5ce ( itself8 ,may we n ) equal1 nay1 ) inf9itely great] propriety1 cont5d t m9d j ex]ts its own positive influ5ce ( itself8 ,or1 w x be said1 t x is a mi/ake1 to suppose t ,edw>ds ascrib$ any real1 productive1 or causal influ5ce to motives2 t he reg>d$ !m z ! occasions on :i* ! m9d acts1 & n prop]ly z ! causes ( its action8 ,if s1 !n ! :ole s*eme ( moral necessity is ab&on$1 & ! doctr9e ( lib]ty is left to /& ^u its own f\ndation1 9 ! undisput$ evid5ce ( consci\sness4 ,! tru? is1 if we take x = grant$1 t a volition is an effect1 prop]ly s call$1 & z su* mu/ proce$ f ! prior action ( some?+ else1 we _c escape ! ad inf9itum1 absurdity ( ! ,inquiry4 ,if we rise f ?is plat=m1 we _c possibly asc5d 9 any direction1 )\t ent]+ ^u an inf9ite s]ies ( causes4 ,:e!r we asc5d ?r\gh ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! m9d1 or ?r\gh ! det]m9+ p[] ( motives1 or ?r\gh ! jo9t action ( bo?1 we c save ourselves f su* an absurd consequ5ce only by a gl>+ act ( inconsi/5cy4 ,h5ce1 we are =c$ back ^u ! conclusion t action may1 & actually does arise 9 ! _w ( m9d1 )\t any effici5t or produc+ cause ( its exi/5ce1 )\t result+ f ! prior action ( any ?+ :atev]4 ,any o!r hypo!sis is involv$ 9 absurdity4 ,let x be assum$1 t a volition is1 prop]ly speak+1 an effect1 & e ?+ is conc$$4 ,on ?is vantage gr\nd1 ! s*eme ( necessity may be erect$ beyond ! possibility ( an ov]?r[4 ,=1 ev5 if we suppose t action is det]m9$ by ! w & free *oice1 ?is is z mu* z to say1 t x mu/ be necess>y1 be+ dep5d5t ^u1 & det]m9$ by some?+ =ego+2 namely1 a =ego+ act ( *oice1 p4 #aii4 ,let ! above position be conc$$1 & !re is no escape f ?is conclusion4 ,nay1 ! conclusion itself is b ano!r mode ( /at+ ! position assum$4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t action mu/ take its rise some:]e 9 ! _w1 )\t be+ caus$ by prior action2 or else !re mu/ be an inf9ite s]ies ( acts4 ,i say x takes its rise 9 ! m9d1 9 t :i* is ess5tially active1 & n 9 matt]4 ,edw>ds does n say1 t x takes its rise 9 matt]2 & h5ce1 !re is no dispute on ?is po9t4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t ?is objection to 8 s*eme1 t x runs into an inf9ite s]ies1 seems nev] to h occurr$ to ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,he seems to h endeav\r$ to anticipate & reply to all possible objections to 8 sy/em2 & yet ?is1 :i* has occurr$ to s _m o!rs1 appe>s n to h occurr$ to himself1 = he has n notic$ x4 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds has attempt$ to reply to x4 ,let u see 8 reply4 ,we ma9ta91 says he1 t action may be ! effect ( a div9e influ5ce2 or t x may be ! effect ( "o or m second causes1 ! fir/ ( :i* is imm$iately produc$ by ! ,deity4 ,"h !n is n an inf9ite s]ies ( causes1 b a v %ort s]ies1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! ,deity or fir/ cause1 p4 #aba4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 ! inf9ite s]ies ( causes is cut %ort1 t]m9at+ 9 ! volition ( ,deity4 ,:at6 does ! volition ( ,god come into exi/5ce )\t a cause ( its exi/5ce8 ,:at !n becomes ( t great pr9ciple ( common s5se1 s (t5 appli$ to volition1 t no ev5t c beg9 to be )\t a cause ( its exi/5ce8 ,is ?is great pr9ciple giv5 up8 ,has x become obsolete8 ,x may be cont5d$1 t al?\gh human volition is an effect1 & s mu/ h a cause2 yet ! div9e volition is n an effect4 ,! eld] ,edw>ds c\ld n h tak5 ?is gr\nd2 = he cont5ds1 t ! volition ( ,deity is j z necess>ily connect$ ,) ! /ronge/ motive1 or ! greate/ app>5t good1 z is ! volition ( man4 ,accord+ to ! ,inquiry1 all volitions1 bo? human & div9e1 are necess>ily connect$ ) ! greate/ app>5t good1 & 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,! above pretext1 !re=e1 c\ld n h be5 set up by him4 ,?is gr\nd1 h[ev]1 is tak5 by ! y\ng] ,edw>ds4 ,x is grant$1 says he1 t volition 9 ! ,deity is n an effect1 p4 #abb2 x has no cause1 & "h t]m9ates ! s]ies4 ,b h[ is ?is8 ,c "s ev5t1 aft] all1 beg9 to be )\t hav+ a cause ( its exi/5ce8 )\t be+ an effect8 ,by no means4 ,h[ is x !n8 ,:y1 says ! le>n$ au?or1 ! volitions ( ! ,deity h exi/$ f all et]nity6 ,!y h no causes2 because !y h nev] begun to be6 ,i d5y1 says he1 t ! op]ations & en]gies ( ! ,deity beg9 9 "t1 ?\gh ! effects ( ^? op]ations d4 ,!y no m beg9 9 "t ?an ! div9e exi/5ce does2 b human volitions all beg9 9 "t1 p4 #abc4 ,?is makes all ! diff]5ce imag9able2 = z ! div9e acts h exi/$ f all et]nity1 s !y _c be caus$4 ,b !re is an objection to ?is view4 ,if x %\ld be said1 he cont9ues1 t on ?is supposition ! effects take place n till long aft] ! acts1 by :i* !y are produc$1 ,i answ]1 !y d s 9 our view1 b n 9 ! view ( ,god4 ,) him !re is no "t1 no be=e nor aft] ) respect to "t1 p4 #abd4 ,n[1 x w n be d5i$1 t ?+s appe> to ,god j z !y are 9 !mselves2 & h5ce1 if 8 volitions1 :i* are said to exi/ long be=e _! effects1 ev5 f all et]nity1 appe> to him n to exi/ long be=e !m2 !n !y d n 9 reality exi/ long be=e !m4 ,b if ! div9e volitions d n really exi/ long be=e _! effects1 b j be=e !m1 z o!r causes d be=e _! effects1 :y %\ld !y n h causes z well z any o!r volitions8 ,if !y really exi/ j be=e _! effects 9 "t1 & n long be=e !m1 :y d !y n exi/ 9 "t j z mu* z any o!r volitions8 & :y d !y n z mu* require causes to acc\nt = _! exi/5ce8 ,if !y only seem to u to exi/ long be=e _! effects1 ev5 f all et]nity1 h[ c ?is m]e seem+ make any real diff]5ce 9 ! case8 ,!re is a v %ort s]ies1 we are told1 ! volition ( ,deity con/itut+ ! fir/ l9k4 ,has n ?is fir/ l9k1 ?is volition ( ! ,deity1 a cause8 ,no4 ,& :y8 ,because x has exi/$ f all et]nity2 & s no?+ c\ld g be=e x to produce x4 ,did x n exi/ long be=e ! effect !n1 :i* x produces 9 "t8 ,no4 ,& :y8 ,because 9 ! view ( ,god & 9 reality1 x exi/$ j be=e its effect1 z all causes d1 & !re=e !re is no real sev]ance ( cause & effect 9 ! case6 ,x really comes j be=e its effect 9 "t1 & !re=e !re is no sev]ance ( cause & effect2 & yet x really exi/$ be=e all "t1 ev5 f all et]nity1 & !re=e x _c h a cause6 ,n[ is ?is logic1 or is x leg]dema98 ,!re is no "t ) ,god1 says ! au?or2 !n !re is no "t 9 reality2 x is all an illusion aris+ f ! succession ( our own ?\ghts4 ,if ?is be s1 !n all ?+s d really come to pass simultane\sly2 & if !re 7 a v long s]ies1 ev5 an inf9ite s]ies ( causes & effects1 yet w\ld !y all come to pass 9 ! same in/ant4 ,inde$1 !re is v great unc]ta9ty ab\t ! speculations ( philosoph]s 9 reg>d to "t & space2 & we h>dly "k :at to make ( !m1 except we _c v well und]/& !m2 b "o ?+ is abundantly c]ta92 & t is1 t x is n good logic1 to ass]t t a p>ticul> cause _c be produc$1 because x has exi/$ long be=e its effect1 ev5 f all et]nity2 & yet repel objections to ?is ass]tion1 by alleg+ t !y only seem to d s1 :ile 9 reality !re is no su* til+4 ,?is is to turn f ! illusion to ! reality1 & f ! reality to ! illusion1 j z x suits ! exig5cy ( ! mom5t4 ,su* are ! poor %ifts & %all[ devices1 to :i* ev5 gift$ m9ds are r$uc$1 :5 !y refuse to admit t action1 t volition1 may take its rise 9 ! _w1 spontane\sly proce$+ f m9d itself1 )\t be+ made to d s by ! action ( any ?+ ^u x4 ,let u suppose1 t a man %\ld tell u1 t a produc+ cause exi/$ long be=e its effect2 t !re 0 no?+ to prev5t x f br++ its effect to pass2 & yet1 long aft] x _h exi/$1 its effect sprang up & came into exi/5ce2 :at %\ld we ?9k8 ,%\ld we n see t x is absurd1 9 ! highe/ degree1 to say t an unimp$$ causative act exi/$ ye/]day1 & ev5 f all et]nity1 un*ang$ & un*angeable2 & yet its effect did n come to pass until to-day8 ,surely1 no man 9 8 "r m9d c be made to believe ?is1 unless x be =c$ ^u him by ! desp]ate necessities ( a false sy/em2 & if any p]son 7 told1 t al?\gh su* a ?+ may seem absurd to u1 inasmu* z ! cause seems to exi/ 9 full op]ation long be=e its effect1 yet x is n s 9 ! view ( ,god1 ) :om !re is no "t1 %\ld he n be p>don$ if he d\bt$ ! infallibility ( 8 in=mant8 ,! tru? is1 we mu/ reason ab\t cause & effect z !y appe> to u2 & :e!r "t be an illusion or n1 we mu/1 9 all our reason+s1 conceive ( cause & effect z conjo9$ 9 :at we call "t1 or we _c reason at all4 ,accord+ to ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 ! act ( creation1 n ! m]e purpose to create1 b ! real causative act ( creation1 exi/$ 9 ! div9e m9d f all et]nity4 ,:y !n did ! _w spr+ up & come into exi/5ce at "o po9t ( "t r ?an ano!r8 ,h[ happ5$ x1 t s _m ages roll$ away1 & ?is mighty causative act produc$ no effect8 ,9 view ( su* a case1 h[ c\ld ! au?or h said1 z he frequ5tly does1 t a cause necess>ily implies its effect8 ,h[ c ?is be1 if a causative act ( ! ,almighty may exi/1 & yet1 = millions ( ages1 its omnipot5t en]gy produce no effect8 ,inde$1 su* a doctr9e de/roys all our notions ( cause & effect2 x ov]?r[s ! great pr9ciple ( common s5se t cause & effect necess>ily imply ea* o!r2 & involves all our reason+ f cause to effect1 & vice v]sa1 9 ! utmo/ p]plexity & confusion4 ,x ?r[s cl\ds & d>kness ov] ! :ole field ( inquiry4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 x has be5 frequ5tly object$ to ! s*eme ( moral necessity1 t x is involv$ 9 ! great absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds urg$ ?is objection aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! self-det]m9+ p[]2 he did n p]ceive t x lay aga9/ 8 own s*eme ( ! motive-det]m9+ p[]2 & h5ce1 he has n ev5 attempt$ to answ] x4 ,?is 0 res]v$ = ! y\ng] ,edw>ds2 & al?\gh he has des]v$ly rank$ high z a logician1 ,i _c b reg>d 8 attempt to answ] ! objection 9 "q1 z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable abortions 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,maxim ,,t ,,e ,,effect ,,mu/ ,,h ,a ,,cause4 ,,9 a =m] section1 ,i ref]r$ to "s ( ! false assumptions :i* h be5 incauti\sly conc$$ to ! necessit>ian1 & 9 :i* he has laid ! f\ndations ( 8 sy/em2 b ,i h n1 z yet1 allud$ to ! argum5t or d$uction 9 :i* he is accu/om$ to triumph4 ,?is argum5t1 /range z x may seem1 is a d$uction1 n f any pr9ciple or g5]al fact :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation or exp]i5ce1 b f a self-evid5t & univ]sal tru?4 ,t e effect mu/ h a cause1 is ! maxim ^u :i* ! necessit>ian takes 8 /&1 & f :i* he delights to draw 8 fav\rite conclusion4 ,x may be well1 !re=e1 to exam9e ! argum5t :i* has be5 s frequ5tly erect$ ^u ! maxim 9 "q4 ,al?\gh f v>i\s consid]ations1 x has be5 v ju/ly conclud$1 t !re is some:]e a lurk+ fallacy 9 ! argum5t1 yet x has n be5 precisely %[n :]e ! fallacy lies4 ,suspicion has be5 ?r[n ov] x3 nay1 abundant reason has be5 %[n :y x %\ld be reject$2 b yet ! fallacy ( x %\ld be dragg$ f ! place ( its concealm5t1 & laid op5 9 a cle> light1 s z to r5d] x app>5t to e eye4 ,if x is a sophism1 x c]ta9ly c be expos$1 & x %\ld be done4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 x w be necess>y to consid] ! nature & use ( ! maxim1 t e effect mu/ h a cause4 ,i am aw>e1 t no necessit>ian ( ! pres5t day1 w\ld *oose to express ?is maxim z ,i h express$ x2 = 9 su* a =m ,mr4 ,hume has %[n t x conta9s no in=mation1 & is inde$ a mo/ insignificant proposition4 ,&1 9 tru?1 :at does x am\nt to8 ,cause & effect are correlative t]ms2 & :5 we speak ( an effect1 we mean some?+ t is produc$ by a cause2 & h5ce1 ! fam\s proposition1 t e effect has a cause1 am\nts only to ?is1 t e effect is an effect6 ,aft] ,mr4 ,hume _h caus$ ! subject to be view$ 9 ?is light1 ! usual mode ( expression 0 dropp$2 & x has n[ become ! common practice to say1 t !re is no *ange 9 nature )\t a cause4 ,b ,i d n see h[ ?is m5ds ! matt] 9 ! lea/3 x may disguise1 b x does n alt] ! nature or real import ( ! maxim 9 "q4 ,= :5 x is said t e *ange has a cause1 x is evid5t t a *ange is conceiv$ ( "u ! idea ( an effect4 ,x is suppos$ to be produc$ by a cause1 & !re=e x mu/ be consid]$ z an effect2 & if ! idea rema9s precisely ! same1 ,i d n see t giv+ x a new "n1 c possibly make any diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ! proposition4 ,! maxim1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 is a self-evid5t & univ]sal proposition4 ,its tru? is involv$ 9 ! v def9ition ( ! t]ms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,9 ?is respect x is l ! axioms ( geometry4 ,:5 x is said1 = example1 t ! :ole is equal to ! sum ( ! p>ts1 we at once p]ceive ! tru? ( ! axiom2 because ! :ole is m]ely ano!r "n = ! sum ( ! p>ts4 ,x is intuitively c]ta9 t !y are equal1 because !y are b diff]5t expressions ( ! same ?+4 ,s1 likewise1 :5 x is affirm$1 t e effect or e *ange 9 nature has a cause1 we in/antly p]ceive ! tru? ( ! proposition2 inasmu* z an effect is t :i* is produc$ by a cause4 ,! v idea ( an effect implies its relation to a cause2 & to say1 t x has "o1 is only to say1 t an effect is an effect4 ,= if x 7 n produc$ by a cause1 x w\ld n be an effect4 ,! maxim "u consid]ation is z unque/ionably true z any axiom 9 ,euclid4 ,x does n dep5d = ! evid5ce ( its tru? ^u obs]vation1 or exp]i5ce1 or reason+2 x c>ries its own evid5ce along ) x4 ,no soon] are ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$ und]/ood1 ?an x rivets irresi/ible conviction on ! m9d4 ,x is a fundam5tal law ( belief2 & x is impossible = ! imag9ation ( man to conceive1 t an effect1 or t :i* is produc$ by a cause1 %\ld be )\t a cause4 ,& x 7 j z idle an employm5t ( "o's "t1 to und]take to prove su* a proposition1 z x w\ld be to attempt to refute x4 ,n[1 "o ( ! fallacies ( ! argum5t ( ! necessit>ian is1 t x is an attempt to draw a conclusion f ! axiomatical tru? above ref]r$ to1 z f ! major ( a syllogism4 ,e su* attempt mu/ necess>ily be va9 & fruitless4 ,axioms1 ju/ly rem>ks ,mr4 ,locke1 are n ! f\ndations on :i* any ( ! sci5ces are built4 ,& aga91 ,x 0 n ! influ5ce ( ^? maxims :i* are tak5 = pr9ciples 9 ma!matics1 t ha? l$ ! ma/]s ( t sci5ce into ! wond]ful discov]ies !y h made4 ,let a man ( good p>ts "k all ! maxims g5]ally made use ( 9 ma!matics nev] s p]fectly1 & contemplate _! ext5t & consequ5ces z mu* z he pleases1 he w1 by _! assi/ance1 ,i suppose1 sc>ce ev] come to "k1 t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse 9 a "r-angl$ triangle1 is equal to ! squ>es ( ! two o!r sides4 ,! k1 t ! :ole is equal to ! p>ts1 &1 if y take equals f equals1 ! rema9d] w be equal1 help$ him n1 ,i presume1 to ?is demon/ration4 ,& a man may1 ,i ?9k1 pore long en\gh on ^? axioms1 )\t ev] see+ "o jot ! m ( ma!matical tru?s4 ,! same doctr9e is /ill m di/9ctly /at$ by ,dugald ,/ew>t4 ,if by ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a sci5ce1 says he1 be meant ^? fundam5tal propositions f :i* its remot] tru?s are d]iv$1 ! axioms _c1 ) any consi/5cy1 be call$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ma!matics4 ,!y h n1 7x w be admitt$17 ! mo/ di/ant analogy to :at are call$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( natural philosophy3--to ^? g5]al facts1 = example1 ( ! gravity & ela/icity ( ! air1 f :i* may be d$uc$1 z consequ5ces1 ! susp5sion ( ! m]cury 9 ! ,torricellian tube1 & its fall :5 c>ri$ up to an em95ce4 ,accord+ to ?is mean+ ( ! ^w1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ma!matical sci5ce are1 n ! axioms b ! def9itions2 :i* def9itions hold1 9 ma!matics1 precisely ! same place t is held 9 natural philosophy by su* g5]al facts z h n[ be5 ref]r$ to4 ,b ! doctr9e 9 "q re/s ^u a firm] basis ?an t ( human au?ority4 ,let any man exam9e ! demon/rations 9 geometry1 & att5tively consid] ! pr9ciples f :i* ! conclusions ( t sci5ce are d$uc$1 & he w f9d t !y are def9itions1 & n axioms4 ,he w f9d2 t ! prop]ties ( ! triangle are d]iv$ f ! def9ition ( a triangle1 & ^? ( a circle f ! def9ition ( a circle4 ,& !n let him try 8 own skill ^u ! axioms ( t sci5ce2 let him arrange !m & comb9e !m 9 all possible ways2 let him comp>e !m toge!r z long z he pleases1 & det]m9e = himself1 :e!r !y c be made to yield a s+le logical inf]5ce4 ,if ! "q is ?us br\ght to ! te/ ( an actual exp]i5ce1 ,i ?9k x is n difficult to =esee1 t ! decision mu/ be 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( ,/ew>t1 & t x w be se51 t no su* proposition z t :atev] is1 is1 c ev5 con/itute ! po/ulate1 or fir/ pr9ciple1 9 any s\nd argum5t2 & t x is only f g5]al facts1 su* z are asc]ta9$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 t we c d]ive logical consequ5ces ( any k9d :atev]1 ei!r 9 relation to matt] or to m9d4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks1 or correctness 9 ! position ( ,locke & ,/ew>t1 x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! capital errors ( ,edw>ds1 z well z ( o!r necessit>ians1 t he has und]tak5 to d$uce 8 doctr9e f a metaphysical axiom1 or id5tical proposition4 ,suppos+ ?is to be ! case1 h[ has x happ5$1 x may be ask$1 t ! argum5t ( ! necessit>ian has appe>$ s conclusive to himself1 z well z unansw]able to o!rs8 ,! reason is pla94 ,hav+ set out ) a proposition1 :i* is b>r5 ( all consequ5ces1 z ! basis ( 8 argum5t1 x became necess>y1 9 ord] to arrive at ! de/9$ conclusion1 to assume1 some:]e & someh[1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 reason+1 ! v po9t :i* he _h und]tak5 to prove4 ,accord+ly1 ?is has be5 done2 & ! tacit assumption ( ! po9t 9 dispute seems n to h be5 suspect$ by him4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is rem>k may be %[n1 by a ref]5ce to ! argum5t ( ! necessit>ian4 ,:5 ?is is r$uc$ to ! =m ( a syllogism1 x /&s ?us3 ,e effect has a cause2 a volition is an effect2 &1 !re=e1 a volition has a cause4 ,9 ! middle t]m1 :i* assumes t a volition is an effect1 ! po9t 9 dispute is tak5 = grant$1 ! :ole "q is completely begg$4 ,if we take ! words 9 any s5se1 yet z !y are correlative t]ms1 ! maxim t e effect mu/ h a cause is self-evid5t2 & h5ce1 no conclusion c be drawn f x1 unless ! conclusion int5d$ to be drawn is assum$ 9 ! middle t]m ( ! syllogism4 ,x ei!r begs ! "q1 or x decides no?+ to ! purpose4 ,x is true1 t e *ange 9 nature mu/ h a cause2 t is to say1 x is 9 "s s5se ( ! ^w an effect1 & consequ5tly mu/ h a correspond+ cause2 b 9 :at s5se does e act ( ! m9d come "u ! idea & def9ition ( an effect8 ,?is is ! "q4 ,is x br\ght to pass by ! prior action ( motive8 ,is x necessitat$8 ,^u ?is precise "q1 ! maxim t e *ange mu/ h a cause c ?r[ no light2 x only seems to ref] to ?is po9t1 by means ( ! v conv5i5t ambiguity ( ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$4 ,! necessit>ian nev] fails to avail himself ( ?is ambiguity4 ,he seems bo? to himself & to ! spectator to be c>ry+ on a great demon/ration2 & ?is is "o reason1 p]haps1 :y ! m9d is div]t$ f ! sophi/ical tricks1 ! metaphysical juggl]y1 by :i* bo? are deceiv$4 ,let u look a little m n>r[ly at ?is pret5d$ demon/ration4 ,! maxim 9 "q is appli$ to volition2 e *ange 9 nature1 ev5 ! volunt>y acts ( ! m9d1 mu/ h a cause4 ,n[ accord+ to ,edw>ds' explanation ( ! t]m1 ?is is a proposition :i*1 ,i w v5ture to say1 no man 9 8 "r m9d ev] v5tur$ to d5y4 ,x is true1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds tells u ( ^?1 :o imag9e t a volition has no cause1 or t x produces itself2 & he has v well comp>$ ?is to ! absurdity ( suppos+1 t ,i gave myself my own be+1 or t ,i came into be+ )\t a cause1 p4 #bgg4 ,b :o ev] held su* a doctr9e8 ,did any man1 9 8 "r m9d1 ev] cont5d t a volition c\ld produce itself1 c arise out ( no?+1 & br+ itself into exi/5ce8 ,if s1 !y 7 c]ta9ly beyond ! rea* ( logic2 !y /ood 9 ne$ ( ! physician4 ,i h nev] be5 s un=tunate z to meet ) any advocate ( free-ag5cy1 ei!r 9 actual life or 9 hi/ory1 :o suppos$ t a volition arose out ( no?+1 )\t any cause ( its exi/5ce1 or t x produc$ itself4 ,!y h all ma9ta9$1 ) "o cons5t1 t ! m9d is ! cause ( volition4 ,is ! m9d no?+8 ,if a man %\ld say1 z s _m h said1 t ! m9d produces its own volitions1 is t equival5t to say+1 t no?+ produces x2 t x comes into be+ accid5tally1 )\t any cause ( its be+8 ,su* is ! broad c>icature ( _! doctr9e1 :i* is repeat$ly giv5 by ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,x is freely admitt$1 & ! advocates ( free-ag5cy h always admitt$1 t volition has a cause1 z t ^w is frequ5tly us$ by ,edw>ds4 ,he tells u1 t by cause he sometimes means any antec$5t1 :e!r x ex]ts any positive influ5ce or no4 ,n[1 9 ?is s5se1 x is conc$$ by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy1 t motive itself is ! cause ( volition4 ,?is is ! "q3 ,is motive ! effici5t1 or produc+ cause ( volition8 ,?is is ! "q1 ,i say2 b ,edw>ds frequ5tly loses sight ( x 9 a mi/ ( ambiguities2 & he lays ar\nd him 9 ! d>k1 ) su* prodigi\s /r5g?1 t if 8 adv]s>ies 7 n altoge!r imag9>y be+s1 & !re=e impassible to 8 pond]\s bl[s1 ,i h no d\bt he w\ld h sla9 m ( !m ?an ev] ,samson did ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! necessit>ian speaks ( cause 9 8 maxims1 & reason+s1 & pret5d$ demon/rations1 is ( v great s]vice to him4 ,x includes1 z we are told1 e condition or cause ( volition2 7:at a het]og5e\s mass67 e ?+ )\t :i* volition c\ld n come to pass4 ,yea1 x is us$ 9 ?is s5se1 :5 x is said t motive is ! cause ( volition4 ,:at %all we d1 !n1 ) ?is broad1 ?is mo/ ambigu\s proposition8 ,%all we d5y x8 ,if s1 !n we d5y t volition has any cause ( its exi/5ce1 & fall into ! great absurdity ( suppos+ volition to produce itself4 ,%all we ass5t to x1 !n8 ,if s1 we really admit t motive is ! effici5t cause ( volition2 & ?us1 by d5y+1 we are made to reject our own doctr9e1 :ile1 by affirm+1 we are made to receive t ( our oppon5ts4 ,?is way ( propos+ ! doctr9e ( necessity v /rongly rem9ds "o ( a c]ta9 trick 9 legislation1 by :i* su* ?+s are =c$ into a bill1 t 9 vot+ ^u x1 y mu/ ei!r reject :at y mo/ e>ne/ly desire1 or else sanction & support :at y mo/ e>ne/ly dete/4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 nei!r affirm nor d5y ! :ole proposition z x is set =? by ! necessit>ian2 we %\ld t\* x ) ! dissect+ knife1 & cure x ( its manifold infirmities4 ,! ambiguity ( ! t]m cause is1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful weapons1 bo? ( attack & def5ce1 9 ! :ole armory ( ! necessit>ian4 ,d y affirm ! m9d to be ! cause ( volition8 ,!n1 =?)1 z if ! ^w c\ld h only "o mean+1 x is alleg$1 t if ! m9d is ! cause ( volition1 x c cause x only by a prec$+ volition2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,h5ce1 y\r doctr9e mu/ ne$s be absurd2 because ! ^w is und]/ood1 yea1 & w be und]/ood1 9 its mo/ re/ra9$ & n>r[ s5se4 ,b d y d5y motive to be ! cause ( volition8 ,!n1 h[ absurd are y aga92 y are no long] und]/ood to use ! ^w 9 ! same s5se2 y n[ mean1 n only t motive is n ! produc+ cause ( volition1 b t !re is absolutely no?+ ^u :i* x dep5ds = its exi/5ce1 & t x produces itself4 ,does ,edw>ds affirm t motive is ! cause ( volition2 t motive causes volition to arise & come =? into exi/5ce2 t x is n m]ely ! negative occasion !re(1 b ! cause 9 ! mo/ prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 t x is ! effectual p[] :i* produces volition8 ,:at !n8 ,d>e y ass]t1 9 ! face ( su* tea*+1 t motive is n ! cause ( volition8 ,if s1 !n y are a mo/ ob/9ate & p]v]se cavill]2 & y are sil5c$ by ! in=mation t he sometimes uses ! ^w cause to signify any antec$5t1 :e!r x has any positive influ5ce or no4 ,yea1 he gives ?is in=mation1 he decl>es1 to cut (f occasion f any t might seek occasion to cavil & object aga9/ 8 doctr9e1 p4 #ea4 ,^!1 & _m o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d1 are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,day1 & ,edw>ds1 & ,coll9s1 & ,hobbes2 & :osoev] may be pleas$ to foll[ !m1 ?r\gh all ! d\bl+s & w9d+s ( _! logic1 may d s at 8 leisure4 ,x is suffici5t = my pres5t purpose to rem>k1 t ,edw>ds has includ$ a numb] ( diff]5t ideas 9 8 def9ition ( cause2 & t he turns f ! "o to ! o!r ( ^! ideas1 j z x suits ! exig5cies ( 8 argum5t4 ,x is 9 ?is way1 z we h se51 t ! fam\s maxim1 t e *ange 9 nature mu/ h a cause1 has be5 made to s]ve 8 purpose4 ,he did n look at a volition & an effect1 s z to m>k _! diff]5ces n>r[ly1 & to proce$ 9 8 reason+s accord+ to !m2 he set out ) ! great & univ]sal tru?1 t e *ange 9 ! univ]se mu/ h a cause2 f :i* l(ty position ! diff]5ces ( ?+s 9 ?is ne!r _w 7 invisible4 ,hav+ secur$ ?is position to 8 entire satisfaction1 be+ firmly p]suad$ 9 8 own m9d1 t non5tity c\ld n br+ =?1 he suppos$ he _h ga9$ a /rong foo?old2 & f !nce he proce$$ to reason d[nw>d to :at actually takes place 9 ?is l[] _w6 ,we are b ! humble s]vants & int]pret]s ( nature1 & we c und]/& h] op]ations only 9 s f> z we h obs]v$ !m4 ,! necessit>ian takes high] gr\nd ?an ?is4 ,he disda9s ! humble & pati5t task ( obs]vation4 ,he plants 8 foot ^u an et]nal & immutable axiom2 &1 turn+ away f ! /udy ( :at is1 he magi/]ially pron\nces :at mu/ be4 ,x is easy to see h[ he con/ructs 8 sy/em4 ,e *ange 9 nature mu/ h a cause1 says he2 ?is is v true2 !re is no tru? 9 ! _w m c]ta91 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* he frequ5tly und]/&s x4 ,if he means to ass]t1 t no?+1 :e!r x be an entity1 or an attribute1 or a mode1 c br+ itself into exi/5ce1 no "o disputes 8 doctr9e4 ,x is mo/ true1 t !re c be no *oice )\t a m9d t *ooses1 or an object 9 view ( :i* x *ooses2 a m9d1 an object1 & a desire1 7if y please17 are ! indisp5sable pr]equisites1 ! inv>iable antec$5ts1 to volition2 b !re is an imm5se *asm betwe5 ?is position & ! doctr9e1 t ! m9d _c put =? a volition1 unless x is made to d s by ! action ( some?+ else ^u x4 ,?is imm5se *asm1 ! necessit>ian c cross only by /epp+ ov] f "o bran* ( 8 ambigu\s proposition to ano!r2 he ei!r does ?is1 or he does n rea* ! po9t 9 controv]sy at all4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,maxim ,,t ,,e ,,effect ,,mu/ ,,h ,a ,,cause4 ,,9 ! la/ section ,i consid]$ ! application ( ! maxim1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 to ! "q ( necessity4 ,?is maxim figures s l>gely 9 e s*eme ( necessity1 & x is reli$ ^u ) s mu* confid5ce1 t ,i %all pres5t "s fur!r views respect+ its true nature & application4 ,! necessit>ian may see ! tru? ( ?is maxim cle>ly1 b he applies x vaguely4 ,he is always say+1 t if we give up ?is great pr9ciple ( common s5se1 !n !re is no reason+ f effect to cause2 & we _c prove ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,n[ ,i propose to %[ t we ne$ n give up ?is great pr9ciple ( common s5se2 t we may cont9ue to reason f effect to cause1 & s rea* ! conclusion t !re is a ,god1 by "o ( ! mo/ incontrov]tible ( all our m5tal processes2 & yet we may1 ) p]fect consi/5cy1 refuse to apply ! maxim 9 "q to human actions or volitions4 ,9 o!r words1 t we may freely admit ! pr9ciple 9 "q1 & yet reject ! application :i* ! necessit>ian is accu/om$ to make ( x4 ,9 ord] to d ?is 9 a p]spicu\s & satisfactory mann]1 let u consid] ! occasion on :i* we fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple1 t e effect mu/ h a cause4 ,let u consid] ! circum/ances "u :i* x is fir/ sugge/$ to ! m9d4 ,:5ce1 !n1 d we d]ive ! ideas ( cause & effect1 & ( ! necess>y connection betwe5 !m8 ,locke1 x is well kn[n1 suppos$ t we might d]ive ! idea ( causation by reflect+ on ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,! fallacy ( ?is supposition has be5 fully %[n by ,hume1 & ,br[n1 & ,cons94 ,9 ! refutation ( ,locke's notion1 ^! celebrat$ philosoph]s 7 und\bt$ly "r2 b ! two fir/ 7 wrong 9 ! conclusion t we h no idea ( p[] at all4 ,because ! ideas ( p[] & causation are n sugge/$ by ! *anges ( ! mat]ial _w1 x does n foll[ t we h no su* ideas 9 reality2 t ! only notion we h ( causation is t ( an inv>iable antec$5ce4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! m9d ev] comes to be furni%$ ) ! ideas ( cause & effect at all is ?is3 we are consci\s t we w a c]ta9 motion 9 ! body1 & we discov] t ! motion foll[s ! volition4 ,x is ?is act ( ! m9d1 ?is ex]tion ( ! w1 t gives u ! idea ( a cause2 & ! *ange :i* x produces 9 ! body1 is t f :i* we d]ive ! idea ( an effect4 ,if we _h nev] exp]i5c$ a volition1 we %\ld nev] h =m$ ! idea ( causation4 ,! idea ( positive effici5cy1 or active p[]1 w\ld nev] h ent]$ into our m9ds4 ,! two t]ms ( ! sequ5ce1 ) :i* we are ?us furni%$ by an actual exp]i5ce1 is an act ( ! m9d1 or a volition1 on ! "o h&1 :i* we call an effici5t cause2 & a modification or *ange 9 in]t1 passive matt]1 on ! o!r1 :i* we call an effect4 ,x is easy to see h[ we rise f ?is s+le exp]i5ce to ! univ]sal maxim 9 "q4 ,we are s made & con/itut$1 by ! ,au?or ( our nature1 t we _c help believ+ 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's laws1 or sequ5ces4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] we see ei!r t]m ( ! above sequ5ce1 we are necess>ily compell$1 by a fundam5tal law ( belief1 to inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,?is fundam5tal law ( belief1 by :i* we repose ! mo/ implicit confid5ce 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces1 has be5 recogniz$ by _m di/+ui%$ writ]s 9 mod]n times4 ,x is well /at$ & illu/rat$ by ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 ,! doctr9e ( innate ideas 9 ! m9d1 says he1 is :olly diff]5t f ! doctr9e ( innate t5d5cies 9 ! m9d--:i* t5d5cies may lie undevelop$ till ! excitem5t ( "s occasion h manife/$ or br\ght !m =?4 ,9 a newly-=m$ m9d1 !re is no idea ( nature1 or ( a s+le object 9 nature2 yet1 no soon] is an object pres5t$1 or is an ev5t obs]v$ to happ51 ?an !re is elicit$ ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d to presume on ! con/ancy ( nature4 ,at lea/ z f> back z our obs]vation ext5ds1 ! law ( ! m9d is 9 full op]ation4 ,let an infant1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life1 /rike on ! table ) a spoon2 &1 pleas$ ) ! noise1 x w repeat t /roke ) e appe>ance ( a confid5t expectation t ! noise w be repeat$ also4 ,x c\nts on ! inv>iabl5ess :]e) ! same consequ5t w foll[ ! same antec$5t4 ,9 ! language ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n1 ^! two t]ms make up a sequ5ce1 & !re seems to exi/ 9 ! _s ( man n an und]iv$1 b an aborig9al fai? 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces4--,nat4 ,!o4 p4 #aba4 ,n[1 ! two t]ms :i* we f9d connect$ 9 ! case be=e u1 is an act ( ! m9d1 & a *ange or modification ( ! body4 ,! volition is ! antec$5t1 & ! motion ( body is ! consequ5t4 ,& ^! two1 by virtue ( ! law ( belief above /at$1 we %all always expect to f9d conjo9$4 ,:]ev] we discov] a *ange or modification1 = example1 9 ! corporeal sy/em ( any o!r p]son1 simil> to t :i* results f our own volitions1 we %all necess>ily inf] ! exi/5ce ( a prior act by :i* x 0 produc$4 ,h5ce1 :5 we witness a *ange 9 ! _w ( matt]1 we are au?oriz$ to apply ! maxim we h d]iv$ 9 ! mann] above expla9$4 ,we h really no idea ( an effici5t cause1 except t :i* we h d]iv$ f ! ph5om5a ( action4 ,h5ce1 if we w\ld n suff] ourselves to be impos$ ^u by words )\t mean+1 :5 we see any *ange or effect 9 ! mat]ial _w1 we %\ld conclude t x proce$s f an action ( _s4 ,:5 we see ! same consequ5t1 we %\ld inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! same antec$5t2 & n suff] our m9ds to be confus$ & misl$ by ! manifold ambiguities ( language1 z well z by ! innum]able illusions ( ! fancy4 ,:]ev] we see a *ange 9 matt]1 we %\ld inf] an act by :i* x is produc$2 & ?us1 ?r\gh all ! *anges & modifications ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 we %all behold ! sublime manife/ations ( an ev]-pres5t & all-p]vad+ ag5cy ( _s4 ,by a simil> process1 we are made acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t & design+ ,fir/ ,cause4 ,we le>n ! connection betwe5 ! adaptation ( means to an end1 & ! op]ations ( a design+ m9d1 by reflect+ on :at passes )9 ourselves :5 we plan & execute a "w ( skill & contrivance4 ,&1 z we are s made z to rely ) implicit confid5ce on ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces2 s1 )\t fur!r exp]i5ce or induction1 x is impossible = u to conceive ( any contrivance :atev]1 )\t conceiv+ ( x z proce$+ f ! h& ( a contriv]4 ,?us1 we necess>ily rise f ! innum]able & wond]ful contrivances 9 nature1 to a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t & design+ m9d4 ,9 l mann] may we e/abli% ! o!r attributes ( ,god4 ,b to return to our maxim4 ,we c only inf]1 f a *ange or modification 9 matt]1 ! exi/5ce ( an act by :i* x is produc$4 ,! =m] is ! only idea we h ( an effect2 ! latt] is ! only idea we h ( an effici5t cause4 ,h5ce1 9 reason+ f effect to cause1 we c only reason f a *ange or modification 9 matt]1 or 9 t :at is passive1 to ! act ( "s active p[]4 ,?is lays a suffici5t f\ndation on :i* to re/ ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 z well z ! exi/5ce ( o!r m9ds4 ,b ! case is v diff]5t :5 we turn f ! contemplation ( a passive result to consid] an effici5t cause--:5 we turn f ! motion ( body to consid] ! activity ( m9d4 ,9 su* a case1 ! consequ5t ceases to be ! same2 & h5ce we h no "r to inf] t ! antec$5t is ! same4 ,we are consci\s ( an act2 we p]ceive t x is foll[$ by a *ange 9 ! outw>d _w2 & h5ce=?1 :5ev] we obs]ve ano!r *ange 9 ! outw>d _w1 we are compell$ to ascribe x1 also1 to a simil> cause4 ,?is conviction results f ! con/itution ( our m9ds--f a fundam5tal law ( belief4 ,b :5 we contemplate1 n a *ange 9 ! outw>d _w1 9 t :i* is passive1 b an act ( ! m9d itself1 ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,we h "s exp]i5ce t c]ta9 *anges 9 matt] are ! results ( c]ta9 acts2 & h5ce1 :5ev] we obs]ve simil> ph5om5a1 we are "u a necessity ( our nature to ref] !m to simil> causes4 ,we m]ely rely ^u our v]itable belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces1 )\t a reliance ^u :i* !re c be no su* ?+ z reason+1 :5 we asc5d f ! *anges 9 ! outw>d _w to a belief 9 ! ag5cy ( an effici5t ,cause4 ,b we h no exp]i5ce t an act ( ! m9d is produc$ by a prec$+ act ( ! m9d1 or by ! prior action ( any ?+ else4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds himself admits t our exp]i5ce is sil5t on ?is subject4 ,& h5ce1 :5 we witness an act ( ! m9d1 or :5 we are consci\s ( a volition1 our in/9ctive belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces does n require u to believe t x has an effici5t cause2 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is produc$ by ! prior action ( some?+ else1 z ! motion ( body is produc$ by a prior act ( m9d4 ,a *ange 9 body necess>ily implies ! prior action ( some?+ else by :i* x is produc$2 an act ( m9d only implies ! exi/5ce ( an ag5t t is capable ( act+4 ,:]ev] an act exi/s1 we mu/ believe t !re is a s\l1 or m9d1 or ag5t1 t is capable ( act+4 ,we ne$ n suppose t1 l a *ange 9 body1 x is br\ght to pass by a prior act4 ,9 o!r words1 a *ange 9 t :i* is by nature passive1 necess>ily implies an act by :i* x is produc$4 ,b an act ( ! m9d itself1 :i* is n passive1 does n likewise imply a prec$+ act by :i* x is produc$4 ,x only implies ! exi/5ce ( an ag5t t is capable ( act+1 & ! circum/ances necess>y to action z conditions1 n z causes4 ,h]e91 !n1 lies ! error ( ! necessit>ian4 ,he discov]s f exp]i5ce ! connection betwe5 an act & a correspond+ motion2 & 8 in/9ctive belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces au?orizes him to ext5d ?is connection to all sequ5ces :]e ! two t]ms are ! same4 ,t is to say1 :]ev] he discov]s a *ange 9 body1 he is au?oriz$ to inf] ! exi/5ce ( a prior act by :i* x 0 produc$4 ,b he does n conf9e himself to ?is sequ5ce alone4 ,he does n re/ satisfi$ ) ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 t e *ange 9 body1 or 9 t :i* is passive1 mu/ proce$ f ! prior action ( some?+ else4 ,he makes a mo/ unw>rantable ext5sion ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,he supposes n only t e *ange 9 body1 b also t e act ( m9d1 mu/ proce$ f ! prior action ( some?+ else4 ,?us he conf\nds passion & action4 ,he takes x = grant$ t a volition is an effect--an effect 9 su* a s5se t x _c proce$ f ! m9d1 unless x be produc$ by ! prior act !re(4 ,he ass]ts t ! m9d _c be ! cause ( su* an effect1 ( a volition1 except by ! prec$+ action ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 9 ris+ f a s+le exp]i5ce to a univ]sal maxim1 by virtue ( our belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature's laws1 he does n conf9e himself to ! obs]v$ sequ5ces2 he does n keep 8 att5tion /eadily fix$ on a *ange 9 body z ! consequ5t1 & on an act z ! inv>iable antec$5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 f ! exce$+ly ab/ruse & subtle nature ( ! subject1 z well z f ! ambiguity ( language1 he treats a volition z a consequ5t1 :i* implies ! same k9d ( antec$5t z does a *ange 9 body4 ,?us1 by ?is unw>rantable ext5sion or application ( 8 pr9ciple1 he conf\nds ! motion ( body ) ! action ( _s2 ?an :i* !re c\ld h>dly be a m unphilosophical confusion ( ideas4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 x w be p]ceiv$1 z ,i h already said1 t ! "q is n1 :e!r e effect mu/ h a cause4 ,?is is conc$$4 ,we d n give up ?is great pr9ciple ( common s5se4 ,we insi/ ^u x z firmly z d our adv]s>ies2 & h5ce1 we h z /rong a f\ndation :]eon to re/ our belief 9 ! be+ ( a ,god4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r e cause is an effect8 ,or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r an act ( m9d c exi/ )\t be+ produc$ by ! prior action ( some?+ else2 j z ! motion ( body is produc$ by ! prior action ( m9d8 ,we say t x c exi/ )\t any su* produc+ cause4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 if e cause 7 an effect 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a volition is assum$ to be an effect by ! necessit>ian1 :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce8 ,x is evid5t1 t ea* & e cause 9 ! univ]se mu/ itself h a cause--mu/ itself result f ! prec$+ action ( some?+ else2 & ?us we %\ld be involv$ 9 ! great absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes1 z well z 9 ! iron s*eme ( an all-p]vad+ necessity4 ,b1 happily1 !re is no?+ 9 our exp]i5ce1 nor 9 any law ( our nature1 nor 9 bo? toge!r1 :i* requires u to believe t a volition is an effect 9 any su* s5se ( ! ^w4 ,call x an effect1 if y please2 b !n x mu/ be conc$$ t x is n1 l ! motion ( body1 su* a consequ5t z necess>ily requires ! prior action ( some?+ else = its production4 ,e effect mu/ h a cause1 x is true2 b x is purely a gratuit\s assumption--a m]e petitio pr9cipii1 to take x = grant$ t a volition is an effect 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w %\ld always be und]/ood 9 ?is celebrat$ maxim4 ,?is maxim is und\bt$ly true1 z we h se51 :5 appli$ to ! *anges ( t :i* _c act3 x is 9 ref]5ce to su* effects1 or consequ5ts1 t ! conviction ( its tru? is fir/ sugge/$2 & we _c d\bt ( ! propriety ( its application to all su* effects1 unless we c d\bt ( ! uni=mity ( nature's sequ5ces4 ,b :5 we g ov] f ! region ( in]t1 passive matt]1 into t :i* is full ( spiritual vig\r & unceas+ activity1 & apply ?is maxim "h 9 all its rig\r1 we d make a mo/ unw>rantable ext5sion ( x4 ,we p]v]t x f its true mean+ & import2 we id5tify volition ) local motion2 we involve ourselves 9 ! greate/ ( all absurdities1 z well z 9 ! mo/ ru9\s ( all doctr9es4 ,z we h already said1 !n1 we d n give up ! great pr9ciple ( common s5se1 t e effect mu/ h a cause4 ,we recognize ?is pr9ciple :5 we reason f effect to cause--:5 we asc5d f ! creation up to ! ,creator4 ,we d5y t volition is an effect2 & :at !n8 ,if volition be n an effect1 are !re no effects 9 ! univ]se8 ,are we sunk 9 utt] d>kness8 ,h we no plat=m left :]eon to /&1 & to behold ! glory ( ,god1 our ,creator & ,pres]v]8 ,surely we h4 ,e *ange ?r\gh\t inanimate nature bespeaks ! ag5cy ( ,him1 :o sits conceal$ beh9d 8 own creation1 b is ev]y:]e manife/$ by 8 omnipres5t en]gy4 ,! human body is an effect1 teem+ ) evid5ces ( ! mo/ wond]ful skill ( its ,great ,cause & ,contriv]4 ,! s\l itself is an effect1--! s\l1 ) all its complicat$ & wond]-work+ p[]s1 is an effect2 & cle>ly proclaims ! wisdom1 & ! goodness1 & ! hol9ess ( its ,mak]4 ,! heav5s above u1 ) all its %9+ ho/s & admirable me*anism1 proclaims ! glory ( ,god2 & ! :ole univ]se ( creat$ intellig5ces %\t = joy1 z !y respond 9 _! et]nal an!ms to ! music ( ! sph]es4 ,& is n ?is en\gh8 ,is ! :ole psalt]y ( heav5 & e>? m>r$1 & all its sweet h>mony turn$ into h>% discord1 if we only d>e to ass]t t an act is n an effect8 ,no1 no3 ?is too proclaims ! glory ( ,god2 =1 h[ev] great may be ! my/]y1 x only %[s t ! ,almighty has call$ into exi/5ce innum]able creatures1 be>+ ! impress ( 8 own glori\s image1 & t1 9 consequ5ce !re(1 !y are capable ( act+ )\t be+ compell$ to act4 ,x is ! position ( ,edw>ds1 & n ours1 t w\ld disprove ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,we believe 9 action :i* is uncaus$ by any prior action2 & h5ce1 we c reason f effects up to ,cause1 & !re f9d a re/+-place4 ,we d n look beyond t :i* is uncaus$4 ,we believe !re is action some:]e1 uncaus$ by prec$+ action2 & if we did n believe ?is1 we %\ld be con/ra9$ to adopt ! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds1 t action itself mu/ be caus$ by ! action ( some?+ else1 p4 #bjc2 :i* necess>ily l&s u 9 an inf9ite s]ies ( causes2 ! v gr\nd occupi$ by ,a!i/s 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to hold on to ?is great pr9ciple ( common s5se1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 9 ord] t we may rise f ! _w & its innum]able wond]s to ! contemplation ( ! inf9ite wisdom & goodness ( ,god3 x is also well t we %\ld hold x ) a di/9ction1 & n apply x to action1 9 ord] t we may n be =c$ beyond ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause--! c5tral light ( ! ,univ]se1 into ! out] d>kness ( ! old a!i/ic s*eme ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes4 ,if we give up ?is pr9ciple1 we _c prove ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 x is mo/ true2 b yet1 if we apply ?is pr9ciple z ,edw>ds applies x1 we are irresi/ibly laun*$ ^u an inf9ite s]ies ( causes1 & compell$ to %oot entirely beyond ! belief ( a ,god4 ,we qu>rel n1 !re=e1 ) 8 great pr9ciple2 b we utt]ly reject 8 application ( x1 z lead+ directly to ,a!ism4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,feel+s ,,& ,,! ,,w4 ,,x is well kn[n t ,edw>ds conf\nds ! s5sitive "p ( our nature ) ! w1 ! susceptibility by :i* ! m9d feels ) ! p[] by :i* x acts4 ,he expressly decl>es1 t ! affections & ! w are n two faculties ( ! s\l2 & x is ^u ?is confusion ( ?+s t mu* ( 8 argum5t dep5ds = its coh]5cy4 ,b al?\gh he ?us expressly conf\nds !m2 yet he frequ5tly speaks ( !m1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t1 z if !y 7 two diff]5t faculties ( ! s\l4 ,?us1 he frequ5tly ass]ts t ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ appetite1 by ! /ronge/ disposition1 by ! /ronge/ incl9ation4 ,n[1 9 ^! expressions1 he evid5tly means to di/+ui% appetite1 incl9ation1 & disposition1 f ! w2 & if he does n1 !n he ass]ts1 t ! w is det]m9$ by itself1 a doctr9e :i* he utt]ly repudiates4 ,! s\ndness ( mu* ( 8 argum5t dep5ds1 z ,i h said1 ^u ! confusion or ! id5tification ( ^! two prop]ties ( ! m9d2 ! s\ndness ( mu* ( x also dep5ds ^u ! fact t !y are n id5tical1 b di/9ct4 ,f a great numb] ( simil> passages1 we may select ! foll[+1 z an illu/ration ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k3 ,moral necessity1 says he1 may be z absolute1 z natural necessity4 ,t is1 ! effect may be z p[]fully connect$ ) its moral cause1 z a natural necess>y effect is ) its natural cause4 ,:e!r ! w 9 e case is necess>ily det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 or :e!r ! w ev] makes any resi/ance to su* a motive1 or c ev] oppose ! /ronge/ pres5t incl9ation1 or n2 if t matt] %\ld be controv]t$1 yet ,i suppose none w d5y1 b t1 9 "s cases1 a previ\s bias1 or incl9ation1 or ! motive pres5t$1 may be s ,,p[]ful1 ,,t ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,may ,,be ,,c]ta9ly ,,& ,,indissolubly ,,connect$ ,,!re)4 ,:5 motives or previ\s bias are v /rong1 all w all[ t !re is "s difficulty 9 go+ aga9/ !m4 ,& if !y 7 yet /rong]1 ! difficulty w\ld be /ill great]4 ,&1 !re=e1 if m be /ill add$ to _! /r5g?1 to a c]ta9 degree1 x w\ld make ! difficulty s great1 t x w\ld be :olly impossible to surm\nt x2 =1 ?is pla9 reason1 because :atev] p[] m5 may be suppos$ to h to surm\nt difficulties1 yet t p[] is n inf9ite2 & s goes n beyond c]ta9 limits4 ,if a man c surm\nt t5 degrees ( difficulty ( ?is k9d ) tw5ty degrees ( /r5g?1 because ! degrees ( /r5g? are beyond ! degrees ( difficulty2 yet if ! difficulty be increas$ to ?irty1 or an hundr$1 or a ?\s& degrees1 & 8 /r5g? n also increas$1 8 /r5g? w be :olly insuffici5t to surm\nt ! difficulty4 ,z1 !re=e1 x mu/ be all[$1 t !re may be su* a ?+ z a sure & p]fect connexion betwe5 moral causes & effects2 s ?is only is :at ,i call by ! "n ( moral necessity4 ,n[ he "h speaks ( incl9ation & previ\s bias1 z else:]e ( appetite & disposition1 z di/9ct f volition4 ,9 ?is he is "r2 ev5 ! necessit>ian w n1 at ! pres5t day1 d5y t our desires1 affections1 c41 are diff]5t f volition4 ,betwe5 motive & volition1 says ,presid5t ,day1 !re mu/ int]v5e an appreh5sion ( ! object1 & consequ5t feel+ excit$ 9 ! m9d4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,presid5t ,day1 feel+ is n volition2 x int]v5es betwe5 ! ext]nal object & volition4 ,b al?\gh ,edw>ds is "r 9 ?is2 !re is "o ?+ 9 :i* he is wrong4 ,he is wrong 9 suppos+ t our feel+s possess a real /r5g?1 by :i* !y act ^u & control ! w4 ,x is obvi\s t ! coh]5cy & =ce ( ! above passage dep5ds on ! idea1 t !re is a real p[] 9 ! /ronge/ incl9ation or desire ( ! m9d1 :i* r5d]s x difficult to be surm\nt$ or ov]come4 ,= if we suppose1 t our incl9ations or desires are m]ely ! occasions on :i* we act1 & t !y !mselves ex]t no influ5ce or effici5cy 9 ! production ( our volitions1 x w\ld be absurd to speak ( ! difficulty ( ov]com+ !m1 z well z to speak ( ?is difficulty z increas+ ) ! increas+ /r5g? ( ! incl9ation1 or desire4 ,take away ?is idea1 %[ t !re is no real /r5g? 9 motives1 or desires & incl9ations1 & ! above extract w lose all its =ce2 x w fall to pieces ( itself4 ,inde$1 ! idea or supposition 9 "q1 is "o ( ! /rongholds ( ! necessit>ian4 ,ext]nal objects are reg>d$ z ! effici5t causes ( desire2 desire z ! effici5t cause ( volition2 & 9 ?is way1 ! :ole "q seems to be settl$4 ,! same result w\ld foll[1 if we %\ld suppose t desire is awak5$ n exclusively by ext]nal objects1 b p>tly by t :i* is ext]nal1 & p>tly by t :i* is int]nal4 ,on ?is supposition1 z well z on ! =m]1 ! w w\ld seem to be "u ! dom9ion ( ! /ronge/ desire or incl9ation ( ! s\l4 ,! assumption1 t !re is a real effici5cy ex]t$ by ! desires & incl9ations ( ! s\l1 has be51 s f> z ,i "k1 univ]sally conc$$ to ! necessit>ian4 ,he seems to h be5 left 9 ! undisput$ possession ( ?is /ronghold2 & yet1 ^u mature reflection1 ,i ?9k we may f9d "s reason to call x 9 "q4 ,if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 we may see t ! necessit>ian has "s reason to abate ! l(t9ess ( 8 tone1 :5 he ass]ts1 t we "k t ! feel+s d ex]t an influ5ce 9 ! production ( volition4 ,?is may appe> v evid5t to 8 m9d2 nay1 at fir/ view1 x may appe> v evid5t to all m9ds2 & yet1 aft] all1 x may be only an idol ( ! tribe4 ,x is a commonly receiv$ op9ion1 among philosoph]s1 t ! passions1 desires1 c41 d really ex]t an influ5ce to produce volition4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! idea ( ,burlamaqui4 ,he draws a di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y actions & free actions2 & z an in/ance ( a volunt>y action :i* is n free1 he cites ! case ( a man :o1 z he supposes1 is con/ra9$ to act f fe>4 ,he supposes t su* an action1 ?\gh volunt>y1 is n free1 because x is br\ght ab\t by ! irresi/ible influ5ce ( ! passion ( fe>4 ,x is believ$1 also1 by ! disciples ( ,butl]1 t !re is a real /r5g? possess$ by :at are call$ ! active p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,?is di/9ction1 says ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 made by ! sagaci\s ,butl] betwe5 ! p[] ( a pr9ciple & its au?ority1 enables u 9 ! mid/ ( all ! actual anomalies & disord]s ( our /ate1 to =m a precise e/imate ( ! place :i* consci5ce naturally & rightly holds 9 man's con/itution4 ,! desire ( act+ virtu\sly1 :i* is a desire consequ5t on our s5se ( "r & wrong1 may n be ( equal /r5g? ) ! desire ( "s crim9al indulg5ce1 & s1 practically1 ! evil may pr$om9ate ov] ! good4 ,& ?us x is t ! sy/em ( ! inn] man1 f ! weakness ( t :i* claims to be ! asc5dant pr9ciple ( our nature1 may be ?r[n into a /ate ( turbul5ce & disord]4--,nat4 ,!4 p4 #cac4 ,su* 0 ! idea ( ,butl] himself4 ,he frequ5tly speaks ( ! supremacy ( consci5ce1 9 t]ms su* z ! foll[+3 ,t pr9ciple by :i* we survey1 & ei!r approve or disapprove1 our he>t1 temp]1 & actions1 is n only to be consid]$ z :at 9 its turn is to h "s influ5ce1 :i* may be said ( e passion1 ( ! base/ appetite2 b likewise z be+ sup]ior2 z f its v nature manife/ly claim+ sup]iority ov] all o!rs2 insomu* t y _c =m a notion ( ?is faculty consci5ce1 )\t tak+ 9 judgem5t1 direction1 & sup]9t5d5cy4 ,?is is a con/itu5t "p ( ! idea1 t is ( ! faculty itself2 & to preside & gov]n1 f ! v economy & con/itution ( man1 belongs to x4 ,_h x might1 z x has "r2 _h x p[]1 z x has manife/ au?ority2 x w\ld absolutely gov]n ! _w4 ,?is language1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 is n us$ 9 a metaphorical s5se2 x occurs 9 ! /atem5t ( a philosophical !ory ( human nature4 ,simil> language is frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ advocates ( free-ag5cy4 ,?us1 says ,j\ffroy1 ev5 :ile he is cont5d+ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( necessity3 ,!re are two k9ds ( mov+ p[]s act+ ^u u2 fir/1 ! impulses ( in/9ct1 or passion2 &1 secondly1 ! conceptions ( reason4 4 4 4 4 ,t ^! two k9ds ( mov+ p[]s c & d1 act effici5tly ^u our volitions1 !re c be no d\bt1 p4 #ajb4 ,if x 7 necess>y1 x might be %[n1 by hundr$s ( extracts f _! writ+s1 t ! great advocates ( free-ag5cy h held1 t ! emotions1 desires1 & passions1 d really act on ! w1 & t5d to produce volitions4 ,b :y dwell ^u p>ticul> in/ances8 ,if any advocate ( free-ag5cy _h really believ$1 t ! passions1 desires1 affections1 c41 ex]t no influ5ce ov] ! w1 is x n c]ta9 t he w\ld h avail$ himself ( ?is pr9ciple8 ,if ! pr9ciple t no desire1 or affection1 or passion1 is possess$ ( any p[] or causal influ5ce1 _h be5 adopt$ by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy1 its be>+ 9 fav\r ( _! cause w\ld h be5 too obvi\s & too important to h be5 ov]look$4 ,! necessit>ian might h suppos$1 if he _h pleas$1 t our desires & affections are produc$ by ! action ( ext]nal objects2 & yet1 on ! supposition t ^! ex]t$ no positive or causal influ5ce1 ! doctr9e ( lib]ty might h be5 mo/ successfully ma9ta9$4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! desires & affections ?us produc$ 9 ! m9d1 w\ld n1 on ! supposition 9 "q1 be ! causes ( our volitions4 ,!y w\ld m]ely be ! occasions on :i* we act4 ,!re w\ld be no necess>y connexion betwe5 :at are call$ motives & _! correspond+ actions4 ,our desires or emotions might be "u ! influ5ce & dom9ion ( ext]nal causes1 or ( causes t are p>tly ext]nal & p>tly int]nal2 b yet our volitions w\ld be p]fectly free f all prec$+ influ5ces :atev]4 ,our volitions might dep5d on c]ta9 conditions1 x is true1 su* z ! possession ( c]ta9 desires or affections2 b !y w\ld n result f ! influ5ce or action ( !m4 ,!y w\ld be absolutely free & uncontroll$4 ,! reason :y ?is pr9ciple has n be5 employ$ by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy is1 ,i humbly conceive1 because x has n be5 ent]ta9$ by !m4 ,9 %ort1 if ! advocates ( free-ag5cy _h %ak5 (f ! common illusion t !re is a real effici5cy1 or causal influ5ce1 ex]t$ by ! desires ( ! s\l1 !y w\ld h made x kn[n 9 ! mo/ explicit & unequivocal t]ms4 ,in/ead ( resort+ to ! exp$i5ts !y h adopt$1 9 ord] to surm\nt ! difficulties by :i* !y h be5 surr\nd$1 !y w\ld1 e :]e & on all occasions1 h rem9d$ _! adv]s>ies t ^? difficulties arise m]ely f ascrib+ a lit]al signification to language1 :i* is only true 9 a metaphorical s5se2 & we %\ld h _h pages1 n to say volumes1 conc]n+ ?is use ( language1 :]e we h n _h a syllable4 ,if ! illusion 9 "q has be5 z g5]al z ,i h suppos$1 x is n difficult to acc\nt = its preval5ce4 ,! fact t a desire1 or affection is ! indisp5sable condition1 ! inv>iable antec$5t1 ( an act ( ! w1 is ( itself suffici5t to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( su* a notion4 ,no?+ is m common ?an = m5 to mi/ake an inv>iable antec$5t = an effici5t cause4 ,?is s\rce ( error1 x is well kn[n1 has giv5 rise to "s ( ! mo/ ob/9ate delusions t h ev] infe/$ & enslav$ ! human m9d4 ,& besides1 :5 su* an error or illusion prevails1 its hold ^u ! m9d is confirm$ & r5d]$ almo/ inv9cible by ! circum/ance1 t x is int]wov5 into ! /ructure ( all our language4 ,9 ?is case 9 p>ticul>1 we nev] cease to speak ( ! active pr9ciples1 ( ! rul+ passion1 ( ungov]nable desire1 ( ! dom9ion ( lu/1 ( be+ enslav$ to a vici\s prop5sity2--9 a ?\s& ways1 ! idea t !re is a real effici5cy 9 ! desires & affections ( ! s\l1 is wr\ght into ! /ructure ( our language2 & h5ce1 !re is no wond] t x has ga9$ su* an asc5d5cy ov] our ?\ghts4 ,x has met u at e turn2 x has pres5t$ itself to u 9 a ?\s& %apes2 x has become s famili>1 t we h n ev5 /opp$ to inquire into its true nature4 ,its dom9ion has become complete & secure1 j because its tru? has nev] be5 d\bt$4 ,! illusion 9 "q1 if x be "o1 has d]iv$ an accession ( /r5g? f ano!r s\rce4 ,x is a fact1 t :5ev] we feel int5sely1 we d1 z a g5]al ?+1 act ) a proportion$ degree ( en]gy2 & vice v]sa4 ,h5ce1 we naturally d]ive ! impression1 t ! det]m9ations ( ! w are produc$ by ! /r5g? ( our feel+s4 ,if ! passion or desire is languid1 7s9ce we mu/ use a metaphor17 ! action is 9 g5]al feeble2 & if x is int5se1 ! act is usually p[]ful & en]getic4 ,h5ce1 we are prone to conclude1 t ! m9d is mov$ to act by ! influ5ce ( passion or desire2 & t ! en]gy ( ! action corresponds ) ! /r5g? ( ! motive1 or mov+ pr9ciple4 ,?\gh ! pr9ciple 9 "q has be5 s commonly receiv$1 ,i ?9k we %\ld be l$ to "q x 9 consequ5ce ( ! conclusions :i* h be5 d$uc$ f x4 ,if our desires1 affections1 c41 op]ate to influ5ce ! w1 h[ c x be free 9 putt+ =? volitions8 ,h[ does ,mr4 ,locke meet ?is difficulty8 ,does he tell u1 t x arises solely f our mi/ak+ a metaphorical = a lit]al mode ( expression8 ,f> f x4 ,he does n place lib]ty on ! broad gr\nd1 t ! desires by :i* volitions are suppos$ to be det]m9$1 are 9 reality no?+ m ?an ! conditions or occasions on :i* ! m9d acts2 & t !y !mselves c ex]t no positive influ5ce or effici5cy4 ,! lib]ty ( ! s\l consi/s1 accord+ to him1 n 9 ! circum/ance t its desires d n op]ate1 b 9 its p[] to arre/ ! op]ation ( its desires4 ,he admits t !y op]ate1 t !y t5d to produce volition2 b ! m9d is nev]!less free1 because x c susp5d ! op]ation ( desire1 & prev5t ! t5d5cy !re( f pass+ into effect4 ,!re be+1 says he1 9 u a great _m uneas9esses always solicit+ & ready to det]m9e ! w1 x is natural1 z ,i h said1 t ! greate/ or mo/ press+ %\ld det]m9e ! w to ! next action2 & s x does = ! mo/ "p1 b n always4 ,= ! m9d hav+ 9 mo/ cases1 z is evid5t 9 exp]i5ce1 a p[] to susp5d ! execution & satisfaction ( its desires1 & s all1 "o aft] ano!r1 exam9e !m on all sides1 & weigh !m ) o!rs4 ,9 ?is lies ! lib]ty man has4 ,?us we are suppos$ to be free1 because we h a p[] to resi/1 9 "s cases at lea/1 ! influ5ce ( desire4 ,b ?is is n always ! case4 ,our desires may be s /rong z entirely to ov]come u--& :at !n8 ,:y we cease to be free ag5ts2 & x is only :5 ! /orm ( passion subsides1 t we are re/or$ to ! rank ( acc\ntable be+s4 ,sometimes a boi/]\s passion hurries away our ?\ghts1 says ,locke1 z a hurricane does our bodies1 )\t leav+ u ! lib]ty ( ?9k+ on o!r ?+s1 :i* we w\ld r *oose4 ,b z soon z ! m9d rega9s ! p[] to /op or cont9ue1 beg9 or =be>1 any ( ^! motives ( ! body )\t1 or ?\ghts )91 accord+ z x ?9ks fit to pref] ei!r to ! o!r1 we !n consid] ! man z a free-ag5t aga94 ,?is language is employ$ by ,mr4 ,locke1 :ile attempt+ to def9e ! idea ( lib]ty or free-ag5cy2 & he evid5tly suppos$1 z appe>s f ! above passage1 z well z f "s o!rs1 t we frequ5tly cease to be free-ag5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! irresi/ible p[] ( our desires or passions4 ,dr4 ,reid set out f ! same position1 & he arriv$ at ! same conclusion4 ,he frequ5tly speaks ( ! appetites & passions z s _m =ces1 ^: action is directly ^u ! w4 ,!y draw a man t[>ds a c]ta9 object1 )\t any fur!r view1 by a sort ( viol5ce4--,essays1 p4 #ah4 ,:5 a man is act$ ^u by motives ( ?is k9d1 he f9ds x easy to yield to ! /ronge/4 ,!y are l two =ces pu%+ him 9 contr>y directions4 ,to yield to ! /ronge/1 he ne$ only be passive1 p4 #bcg4 ,9 actions t proce$ f appetite & passion1 we are passive 9 "p & only 9 "p active4 ,!y are !re=e 9 "p imput$ to ! passion2 & if x is suppos$ to be irresi/ible1 we d n impute !m to ! man at all4 ,ev5 an ,am]ican savage judges 9 ?is way2 :5 9 a fit ( drunk5ness he kills 8 fri5d2 z soon z he comes to himself1 he is v sorry = :at he has done1 b pleads t dr9k1 & n he1 0 ! cause1 p4 #ad1 #ae4 ,su* is ! dreadful consequ5ce1 :i* ,dr4 ,reid boldly d$uces f ! pr9ciple1 t ! appetites & passions d really act ^u ! w4 ,?\gh he 0 an advocate ( free-ag5cy2 yet1 hold+ ?is pr9ciple1 he c\ld speak ( actions t are p>tly passive2 & t 9 s f> z !y are passive1 he ma9ta9$ !y %\ld n be imput$ to ! man ^: actions !y are1 b to ! passions by :i* !y are produc$1 ,?is may appe> to be /range doctr9e = an advocate ( free-ag5cy & acc\ntability2 b x seems to be ! natural & inevitable consequ5ce ( ! commonly receiv$ notion ) respect to ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! passions & ! w4 ,! pr9ciple t our appetites1 desires1 c41 d ex]t a real influ5ce 9 ! production ( volition1 0 common to ,edw>ds1 ,locke1 & ,reid3 inde$1 s f> z ,i "k1 x has be5 univ]sally receiv$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,edw>ds1 ?is influ5ce becomes s p[]ful at times z to e/abli% a moral necessity beyond all "q2 & 9 t ( ,locke & ,reid1 x is sometimes s great z to de/roy free-ag5cy & acc\ntability4 ,is n ?is inf]5ce well drawn8 ,x seems to me t x is2 & ?is con/itutes "o reason1 :y ,i d5y ! pr9ciple f :i* x is d$uc$4 ,is x true1 !n1 t any p[] or efficacy belongs to ! s5sitive or emotive "p ( our nature8 ,reflection mu/ %[ u1 ,i ?9k1 t x is absurd to suppose t any desire1 affection1 or disposition ( ! m9d1 c really & truly ex]t any positive or productive influ5ce4 ,:5 we speak ( ! appetites1 desires1 affections1 c41 z ! active pr9ciples ( our nature1 we mu/ ne$s und]/& ?is z a purely metaphorical mode ( expression4 ,edw>ds himself has %[n ! impropriety ( reg>d+ simil> modes ( spee* z a lit]al expression ( ! tru?4 ,to talk ( lib]ty1 says he1 or ! contr>y1 z belong+ to ! v w itself1 is n to speak good s5se2 if we judge ( s5se1 & nons5se1 by ! orig9al & prop] signification ( words4 ,= ! w itself is n an ag5t t has a w3 ! p[] ( *oos+1 itself1 has n a p[] ( *oos+4 ,t :i* has ! p[] ( volition is ! man1 or ! s\l1 & n ! p[] ( volition itself4 ,to be free is ! prop]ty ( an ag5t1 :o is possess$ ( p[]s & faculties1 z mu* z to be cunn+1 valiant1 b\ntiful1 or zeal\s4 ,b ^! qualities are ! prop]ties ( p]sons1 & n ! prop]ties ( prop]ties4 ,?is rem>k1 no d\bt1 is p]fectly j1 z well z highly important4 ,& x may be appli$ ) equal =ce & propriety1 to ! practice ( speak+ ( ! /r5g? ( motives1 or incl9ations1 or desires2 = p[] is a prop]ty ( ! p]son1 or ! s\l2 & n ! prop]ty ( a prop]ty4 ,x appe>$ exce$+ly absurd to ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry1 to speak ( ! free acts ( ! w1 z be+ det]m9$ by ! w itself2 because ! w is n an ag5t1 & actions are to be ascrib$ to ag5ts1 & n prop]ly to ! p[]s & prop]ties ( ag5ts4 ,b he seem$ to p]ceive no absurdity1 9 speak+ ( ! free acts ( ! w1 z be+ caus$ by ! /ronge/ motives1 by ! dispositions & appetites ( ! s\l4 ,n[1 are ! /ronge/ motives1 z !y are call$1 are ! /ronge/ dispositions & desires ( ! s\l1 ag5ts1 or are !y m]ely ! prop]ties ( ag5ts8 ,let ! necessit>ian answ] ?is "q1 & !n det]m9e :e!r 8 logic is consi/5t ) itself4 ,mr4 ,locke1 also1 has well said1 t x is absurd to inquire :e!r ! w be free or no2 inasmu* z lib]ty1 :i* is b a p[]1 belongs only to ag5ts1 & _c be an attribute or modification ( w1 :i* is also b a p[]4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,locke appli$ ?is rem>k to ! usual =m ( spee*1 by :i* fre$om is ascrib$ to ! w1 he fail$ to d s 9 reg>d to ! language by :i* p[]1 :i* is a prop]ty ( ! m9d itself1 is ascrib$ to our desires1 or passions1 or affections1 :i* are likewise prop]ties ( ! m9d4 ,& h5ce h aris5 _m ( 8 difficulties 9 reg>d to ! fre$om ( human actions4 ,suppos+ t our desires ex]t$ "s positive influ5ce or effici5cy 9 ! production ( volitions1 8 views on ! subject ( free-ag5cy become vague1 inconsi/5t1 fluctuat+ & unsatisfactory4 ,! hypo!sis t ! desires impel ! w to act1 is inconsi/5t ) obs]v$ facts4 ,if ?is hypo!sis 7 true1 ! ph5om5a ( volition w\ld be v diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,a man may desire t x %\ld ra91 = example2 he may h ! mo/ int5se feel+ on ?is subject imag9able1 & !re may be no c\nt]act+ desire or feel+ :atev]2 n[ if desire ev] impell$ a man to volition1 x w\ld induce him1 9 su* a case1 to w t x %\ld ra94 ,b no man1 9 8 s5ses1 ev] puts =? a volition to make x ra9--& :y8 ,j because he is a rational creature1 & kn[s t 8 volition _c produce any su* effect4 ,9 ! same mann]1 a man might wi% to fly1 or to d a ?\s& o!r ?+s :i* are beyond 8 p[]2 & yet n make ! lea/ ef=t to d s1 n because he has no p[] to put =? su* ef=ts1 b because he does n *oose to make a fool ( himself3 ,?is %[s t desire1 feel+1 c41 is m]ely "o ( ! conditions necess>y to volition1 & n its produc+ cause4 ,aga94 ,x has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 s9ce ! "t ( ,butl]1 t our passive impressions (t5 become weak] & weak]1 :ile our active habits become /rong] & /rong]4 ,?us1 ! feel+ ( pity1 by be+ frequ5tly excit$1 may become less & less vivid1 :ile ! active habit ( b5evol5ce1 by :i* x is suppos$ to be induc$1 becomes m & m en]getic4 ,t is to say1 :ile ! p[]1 z x is call$1 or ! causal influ5ce1 is gradually dim9i%+1 ! effect1 :i* is suppos$ to fl[ f x1 is becom+ m & m conspicu\s4 ,& aga91 ! feel+ ( pity is sometimes exce$+ly /rong2 t is to say1 exce$+ly vivid & pa9ful1 :ile !re is no act att5d+ x4 ,! passive impression or susceptibility is entirely dissociat$1 9 _m cases1 f ! acts ( ! w4 ,! feel+ (t5 exi/s 9 all its p[]1 & yet !re is no act1 & no disposition to act1 on ! "p ( ! individual :o is ! subject ( x4 ,! cause op]ates1 & yet ! effect does n foll[6 ,all t we c say is1 t :5 we see ! m9d deeply agitat$1 &1 z x 71 c>ri$ away by a /orm ( passion1 we also obs]ve t x frequ5tly acts ) great vehem5cy4 ,b we d n obs]ve1 & we d n "k1 t ?is increas$ p[] ( action1 is ! result ( an increas$ p[] ( feel+4 ,all t we "k is1 t z a matt] ( fact1 :5 our feel+s are languid1 we are apt to act b feebly2 & t :5 !y are int5se1 we are accu/om$ to act ) en]gy4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 t we d n ord9>ily act ) s mu* en]gy 9 ord] to gratify a slight feel+ or emotion1 z we d to gratify "o ( great] int5sity & pa9fulness4 ,b x is wrong to conclude f h5ce1 t x is ! increas$ int5sity ( feel+1 :i* produces ! increas$ en]gy ( ! action4 ,no matt] h[ int5se ! feel+1 x is wrong to conclude1 t x lit]ally causes u to act1 t x ev] lays ! w "u con/ra9t1 & !reby de/roys1 ev5 = a mom5t1 our free-ag5cy4 ,su* an assumption is a m]e hypo!sis1 unsupport$ by obs]vation1 inconsi/5t ) ! dictates ( reason1 & irreconcilable ) obs]v$ facts4 ,i repeat x1 su* an assumption is inconsi/5t ) obs]v$ facts2 = :o t has any en]gy ( w1 has n1 on _m a try+ occasion1 /ood firm amid ! fi]ce/ /orm ( passion2 &1 ?\gh ! elem5ts ( discord rag$ )91 rema9$ himself unmov$2 giv+ n ! lea/ sign or manife/ation ( :at 0 pass+ 9 8 bosom8 ,:o has n felt1 on su* an occasion1 t al?\gh ! passions may /orm1 yet ! w alone is p[]8 ,x is n uncommon to see ?is tru? indirectly recogniz$ by ^? :o absolutely "k t "s p[] is ex]t$ by our passions & desires1 & t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/4 ,?us1 says ,presid5t ,day1 our acts ( *oice1 are n always controll$ by ^? emotions :i* appe> to be mo/ vivid4 ,we (t5 f9d a det]m9$ & settl$ purpose1 app>5tly calm1 b unyield+1 :i* c>ries a man /eadily =w>d1 amid all ! solicitations ( appetite & passion ,! inflexible det]m9ation ( ,h[>d1 gave law to 8 emotions1 & guid$ 8 b5evol5t movem5ts1 p4 #fe4 ,"h1 al?\gh ,presid5t ,day holds t ! w is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ desire1 passion1 or emotion1 he unconsci\sly admits t ! w1 ! inflexible det]m9ation1 is indep5d5t ( !m all4 ,let x be suppos$1 t no "o means s absurd a ?+ z to say1 t ! affections !mselves act ^u ! w1 b t ! m9d 9 ! ex]cise ( its affections acts ^u x1 & !reby ex]ts a p[] ov] its det]m9ations2 let u suppose1 t ?is is ! mann] 9 :i* a real =ce is suppos$ to be> ^u ! w2 & :at w be ! consequ5ce8 ,:y1 if ! w is n di/+ui%$ f ! affections1 we %all h ! w act+ ^u itself2 a doctr9e to :i* ! necessit>ian w n li/5 = a mom5t4 ,& if !y are di/+ui%$ f ! w1 we %all h two p[]s ( action1 two =ces 9 ! m9d1 ea* cont5d+ = ! ma/]y4 ,b :at d we mean by a w1 if x is n ! faculty by :i* ! m9d acts1 by :i* x ex]ts a real =ce8 ,& if ?is be ! idea & def9ition ( a w1 we _c di/+ui% ! w f ! affections1 & say t ! latt] ex]ts a real =ce1 )\t mak+ two wills4 ,?is seems to be ! inevitable consequ5ce ( ! commonly receiv$ notion1 t ! m9d1 9 ! ex]cise ( its affections1 does really act ^u ! w ) an impell+ =ce4 ,inde$1 !re seems to h be5 no little p]plexity & confusion ( conception on ?is subject1 aris+ f ! extreme subtlety ( our m5tal processes1 z well z f ! ambiguities ( language4 ,! tru? is1 t 9 feel+ ! m9d is passive2 & x is absurd to make a passive impression1 ! active cause ( any ?+4 ,! s5sibility does n act1 x m]ely suff]s4 ,! appetites & passions1 :i* h always be5 call$ ! active p[]s1 ! mov+ pr9ciples1 & s =?1 %\ld be call$ ! passive susceptibilities4 ,unless ?is tru? be cle>ly & fully recogniz$1 & ! commonly receiv$ notion respect+ ! relation :i* ! appetites & passions su/a9 to ! w1 to ! active p[]1 be disc>d$1 x seems to me1 t ! great doctr9e ( ! lib]ty ( ! w1 mu/ cont9ue to be involv$ 9 ! sade/ p]plexity1 ! mo/ di/ress+ d>kness4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,indiff]5ce4 ,,if1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 ! appetites & passions ex]t no positive influ5ce 9 ! production ( volition1 if !y d n su/a9 ! relation ( cause to ! acts ( ! w2 !n is ! doctr9e ( ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce plac$ 9 a cle> & /rong light hav+ admitt$ t ! s5sitive "p ( our nature always t5ds to produce volition1 & 9 "s cases irresi/ibly produces x1 ! advocates ( free ag5cy h n be5 able to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( a p]fect lib]ty 9 reg>d to all human actions4 ,!y h be5 compell$ to retire f ! broad & op5 field ( ! controv]t$ t]ritory1 & to take _! /& 9 a d>k corn]1 9 ord] to cont5d = t p]fect lib]ty1 )\t :i* !re _c be a p]fect & uncl\d$ acc\ntability4 ,h5ce1 x has be5 no uncommon ?+1 ev5 = ^? :o h be5 ! mo/ dispos$ to sympa?ize ) !m1 to feel a dissatisfaction 9 read+ :at !y h writt5 on ! subject ( a lib]ty ( indiff]5ce4 ,?is !y h plac$ 9 a p]fect fre$om to *oose betwe5 a few insignificant ?+s1 9 reg>d to :i* we h no feel+2 :ile1 9 reg>d to ! great objects :i* relate to our et]nal de/9y1 we h be5 suppos$ to enjoy no su* fre$om4 ,! true lib]ty ( indiff]5ce does n consi/1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 9 a p[] to resi/ ! influ5ce ( ! appetites & passions /ruggl+ to produce volition2 because !re is no su* influ5ce 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is notion is encumb]$ ) insup]able difficulties2 x supposes two p[]s /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y--! desires on ! "o h&1 & ! w on ! o!r2 & t :5 ! desires are s /rong z to prevail1 & be> u away 9 spite ( ourselves1 we cease to be free ag5ts4 ,x supposes t at no "t we h a p]fect lib]ty1 unless we are p]fectly de/itute ( feel+2 & t at "s ( ! mo/ try+1 & critical1 & awful mom5ts ( our exi/5ce1 we h no lib]ty at all2 ! :ole man be+ passive to ! p[] & dom9ion ( ! passions4 ,:at a w\nd is ?us giv5 to ! cause ( free-ag5cy & acc\ntability6 ,:at scope is ?us all[$ = ! sophi/ry ( ! passions6 ,e man :o c p]suade himself t 8 appetites1 8 desires1 or 8 passions1 h be5 too /rong = him1 may bl9d 8 m9d to a s5se ( 8 guilt1 & lull 8 consci5ce into a fatal repose4 ,! necessit>ian1 l a skilful g5]al1 is n sl[ to attack ?is weak po9t 9 ! philosophy ( free-ag5cy4 ,if our emotions op]ate to produce volition1 says he1 !n ! /ronge/ mu/ prevail2 to say o!rwise1 is to say t x is n ! /ronge/4 ,?is is ! gr\nd uni=mly occupi$ by ,presid5t ,day4 ,& x is urg$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 t if a great degree ( su* influ5ce de/roys free ag5cy1 z x is suppos$ to d1 !n e small] degree ( x mu/ impair free ag5cy2 & h5ce1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples & s*eme ( its advocates1 x _c be p]fect4 ,is n ?is inf]5ce well drawn8 ,inde$1 x seems to me1 t :ile ! notion t our desires possess a real p[] & efficacy1 :i* are ex]t$ ov] ! w1 ma9ta9s its hold ^u ! m9d1 ! great doctr9e ( lib]ty c nev] be se5 9 ! brightness ( its full-orb$ glory2 & t x mu/1 at times1 suff] a total eclipse4 ,! lib]ty :i* we really possess1 !n1 does n consi/ 9 an indiff]5ce ( ! desires & affections1 b 9 t ( ! w itself4 ,we are p]fectly free1 says ! lib]t>ian1 9 reg>d to all ^? ?+s ab\t :i* our feel+s are 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce2 su* z t\*+ "o ( two spots1 or *oos+ "o ( two objects t are p]fectly alike4 ,to ?is ! necessit>ian replies1 :at does x signify t a man has a p]fect lib]ty 9 reg>d to ! *oice ( "o ( two pepp]corns8 ,are n su* ?+s p]fectly insignificant1 & unwor?y ! grave att5tion ( ! philosoph]1 :ile treat+ ( ! great que/ions ( moral good & evil8 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is reply1 & "s inju/ice4 ,x truly signifies no?+1 t we are at p]fect lib]ty to *oose betwe5 two pepp]-corns1 if we are n s to *oose betwe5 good & evil1 life & dea?4 ,b 9 mak+ ?is attack ^u ! position ( 8 oppon5t1 :5 view$ z design$ to s]ve ! cause ( free-ag5cy1 ! necessit>ian ov]looks its be>+ ^u 8 own s*eme4 ,he cont5ds1 t ! m9d _c act unless x is made to act by "s extrane\s influ5ce3 ?is is a univ]sal proposition1 ext5d+ to all our m5tal acts2 & h5ce1 if x c be %[n t1 9 a s+le in/ance1 ! m9d c & does put =? a volition1 )\t be+ made to d s1 8 doctr9e is subv]t$ f its f\ndations4 ,if ?is c be %[n1 by a ref]5ce to ! case ( two pepp]-corns1 x may be made to s]ve an important purpose 9 philosophy1 h[ mu* soev] x may be despis$ by ! philosoph]4 ,if we keep ! di/9ction betwe5 ! w & ! s5sibility 9 m9d1 x w ?r[ mu* light on :at has be5 writt5 9 reg>d to ! subject ( indiff]5ce4 ,if y (f] a gu9ea & a p5ny to a man's *oice1 asks ,presid5t ,day1 :i* w he *oose8 ,w ! "o ex]t z great an influ5ce ov] him z ! o!r8 ,presid5t ,day may ass]t1 if he pleases1 t ! gu9ea w ex]t ! great] influ5ce ov] 8 feel+s2 b ?is does n de/roy ! equilibrium ( ! w4 ,! feel+s & ! w are diff]5t4 ,by ! "o we feel1 by ! o!r we act2 by ! "o we suff]1 by ! o!r we d4 ,:y1 !n1 w ! man be c]ta9 to *oose ! gu9ea1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal8 ,n because its influ5ce acts ^u ! w1 ei!r directly or indirectly ?r\gh ! passions1 & compels him to *oose x1 b because he has a purpose to accompli%2 &1 z a rational be+1 he sees t ! gu9ea w answ] 8 purpose bett] ?an ! p5ny4 ,he is n made to act1 !re=e1 by a bl9d impulse2 he acts freely 9 ! light ( reason4 ,! philosophy ( ! necessit>ian ov]looks ! slight circum/ance1 t ! w ( man is n a ball to be set a-go+ by ext]nal impulse2 b t man is a rational be+1 made 9 ! image ( 8 ,mak]1 & c act z a design+ cause4 ,h5ce1 :5 we affirm t ! w ( man acts )\t be+ made to d s by ! action ( any ?+ ^u ! w itself1 he imag9es t we de?rone ! ,almighty1 & place *ance ^u ! ?rone ( ! moral univ]se4 ,day on ! ,w1 p4 #aie4 ,b ,i w\ld rem9d him1 once = all1 t ! act ( a free design+ cause1 no less ?an t ( a necessitat$ act1 proce$+ f an effici5t cause1 7if su* a ?+ c be conceiv$17 is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( accid5t4 ,*oice 9 its v nature is oppos$ to *ance4 ,! doctr9e ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! w has be5 subject$ to ano!r mode ( attack4 ,?is doctr9e implies t we h a p[] to *oose "o ?+ or ano!r2 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 a p[] ( *oice to ! contr>y4 ,=1 if ! w is n controll$ by any extrane\s influ5ce1 x is evid5t t we may *oose a ?+1 or let x alone--t we may put =? a volition1 or refuse to put x =?4 ,?is p[]1 :i* results f ! idea ( indiff]5ce z j expla9$1 is reg>d$ z 9 ! highe/ degree absurd2 & a torr5t ( impetu\s que/ions is p\r$ =? to sweep x away4 ,:5 ,satan1 z a ro>+ lion1 asks ,presid5t ,day1 goe? ab\t1 seek+ :om he may dev\r1 is he equally incl9$ to promote ! salvation ( mank9d8 c4 c4 c4 ,n[1 ,i freely admit1 t :5 ,satan is incl9$ to d evil1 & is actually do+ x1 he is n incl9$ to ! contr>y4 ,i freely admit t a ?+ is n diff]5t f itself2 & ! le>n$ au?or is welcome to all su* triumphant positions4 ,9 ! same easy way1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 z he imag9es1 demoli%es ! doctr9e ( indiff]5ce4 ,he supposes t1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ! w does n *oose :5 x does *oose2 &1 hav+ suppos$ ?is1 he proce$s to demoli% x1 z if he 7 cont5d+ ) a ?\s& adv]s>ies2 & yet1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t no man 9 8 s5ses ev] ma9ta9$ su* a position4 ,! mo/ contemptible advocate ( free-ag5cy t ev] liv$1 has ma9ta9$ no?+ s absurd z t ! m9d ev] *ooses )\t *oos+4 ,?is is ! light 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( indiff]5ce is frequ5tly repres5t$ by ,edw>ds1 b x is a gross misrepres5tation4 ,! "q is1 says ,edw>ds1 :e!r ev] ! s\l ( man puts =? an act ( w1 :ile x yet rema9s 9 a /ate ( lib]ty1 viz3 z imply+ a /ate ( indiff]5ce2 or :e!r ! s\l ev] ex]ts an act ( pref]5ce1 :ile at ! v "t ! w is 9 a p]fect equilibrium1 n incl9+ "o way m ?an ano!r1 p4 #gb4 ,if ?is be ! po9t 9 dispute1 he may well add1 t ! v putt+ ( ! "q is suffici5t to %[ ! absurdity ( ! affirmative answ]2 & he might h add$1 ! utt] futility ( ! negative reply4 ,h[ ridicul\s1 he cont9ues1 = any body to insi/ t ! s\l *ooses "o ?+ be=e ano!r1 :51 at ! v same in/ant1 x is p]fectly indiff]5t ) respect to ea*6 ,?is is ! same ?+ z to say1 we %all pref] "o ?+ to ano!r1 at ! v same "t t x has no pref]5ce4 ,*oice & pref]5ce c no m be 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce ?an motion c be 9 a /ate ( re/1 c4 p4 #gb4 ,& he repeats x ov] & ov] aga91 t ?is is to put ! s\l 9 a /ate ( *oice1 & 9 a /ate ( equilibrium at ! same "t2 *oos+ "o way1 :ile x rema9s 9 a /ate ( p]fect indiff]5ce1 & has no *oice ( "o way m ?an ! o!r2 p4 #gd4 ,to suppose ! w to act at all 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce1 is to ass]t t ! m9d *ooses )\t *oos+1 p4 #fd2 & s 9 v>i\s o!r places4 ,n[1 if ! doctr9e ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! w1 z commonly und]/ood1 am\nts to ?is1 t ! w does n *oose :5 x *ooses1 !n ,edw>ds 0 c]ta9ly "r 9 oppos+ x2 b h[ c\ld he h expect$ to correct su* incorrigible blockheads z ! au?ors ( su* a doctr9e mu/ h be51 by ! =ce ( logic8 ,edw>ds has n always1 ?\gh frequ5tly1 mis-/at$ ! doctr9e ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1 says he1 9 "o place1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! w1 9 *oos+1 is subject to no prevail+ influ5ce1 p4 #fd4 ,n[ ?is is a fair /atem5t ( ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,:y did n ,edw>ds1 !n1 combat ?is idea8 ,:y trans=m x into ! mon/r\s absurdity1 t ! w *ooses )\t *oos+1 or ex]ts an act ( *oice at ! same "t t x ex]ts no act ( *oice2 & !n proce$ to demoli% x8 ,0 x because he did n wi% to m>* up1 fairly & squ>ely1 9 ! face ( ! enemy1 & cont5d ) !m 9 _! /rongholds & fa/nesses8 ,by no means4 ,!re nev] 0 a m hone/ reason] ?an ,edw>ds4 ,b 8 psy*ology is false2 & h5ce1 he has n only misrepres5t$ ! doctr9e ( 8 oppon5ts1 b also 8 own4 ,he conf\nds ! s5sitive "p ( our nature ) ! w1 expressly 9 8 def9itions1 ?\gh he frequ5tly di/+ui%es !m 9 8 argum5ts4 ,?is is ! reason :y he sometimes ass]ts1 t ! *oice ( ! m9d is always z ! s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable2 &1 at o!rs1 ?r[s ?is fundam5tal doctr9e into ! =m1 z we h se5 9 our ?ird section1 t ! *oice ( ! m9d is always z ! *oice ( ! m9d2 & holds t to d5y x is a pla9 contradiction4 ,by reason ( ! same confusion ( ?+s1 ! doctr9e ( 8 oppon5ts1 t ! w1 9 *oos+1 is subject to no prevail+ influ5ce1 seem$ to him to mean t ! w1 9 *oos+1 does n *oose4 ,9 bo? cases1 he conf\nds ! mo/ agreeable impression ^u ! s5sibility ) ! *oice ( ! m9d2 & ?us misrepres5ts bo? 8 own doctr9e1 & t ( 8 oppon5ts1 by r$uc+ ! "o to an insignificant truism1 & ! o!r to a gl>+ absurdity4 ,presid5t ,day %\ld h avoid$ ! error ( ,edw>ds1 9 ?us misconceiv+ ! doctr9e ( 8 oppon5ts2 = he expressly di/+ui%es ! s5sibility f ! w4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ,edw>ds & ,day2 ! fir/ expressly conf\nds ^! two p>ts ( our nature1 & !n proce$s to reason1 9 _m cases1 z if !y 7 di/9ct2 :ile ! la/ mo/ explicitly di/+ui%es !m1 & !n frequ5tly proce$s to reason z if !y 7 "o & ! same4 ,x is 9 ?is way t he also gravely tea*es t ! m9d *ooses :5 x *ooses2 & makes 8 adv]s>ies ass]t t ! m9d *ooses )\t *oos+1 or t ! w is incl9$ )\t be+ incl9$4 ,/>t f :atev] po9t he w1 ! necessit>ian nev] feels s /rong1 z :5 he f9ds himself securely intr5*$ 9 ! truism1 t a ?+ is always z itself2 !re manfully cont5d+ aga9/ ^? :o ass]t t a ?+ is diff]5t f itself4 ,! doctr9e ( ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1 z usually held1 is ?is--t ! w is n det]m9$ by any prevail+ influ5ce4 ,?is is n a p]fect lib]ty1 x is true1 :]ev] ! w is p>tially influ5c$ by an extrane\s cause2 b x is n equival5t to ! gross absurdity ( ! position1 t ! w *ooses )\t *oos+4 ,nor c we possibly r$uce x to ?is =m1 unless we =get t ! au?ors ( x did n conf\nd t :i* is suppos$ to ex]t ! influ5ce ov] ! w1 ) ! act ( ! w itself4 ,!y cont5d$ = a p>tial indiff]5ce ( ! w only2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y c\ld only cont5d = a p>tial1 & n a p]fect lib]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k we %\ld cont5d = a p]fect indiff]5ce1 n 9 reg>d to feel+1 b 9 reg>d to ! w4 ,/&+ on ?is high gr\nd1 we ne$ n retire f ! broad & op5 field1 9 ord] to set up ! empire ( a p]fect lib]ty 9 a d>k corn]1 ext5d+ to a few insignificant ?+s only3 we may e/abli% x ov] ! :ole range ( human activity1 br++ out into a cle> & full light1 ! great fact ( man's p]fect acc\ntability1 = all 8 actions1 "u all ! circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,action ,,& ,,passion4 ,,!re are no two ?+s 9 nature :i* are m p]fectly di/9ct ?an action & passion2 ! "o necess>ily excludes ! o!r4 ,?us1 if an effect is produc$ 9 any ?+1 by ! action or influ5ce ( some?+ else1 !n is ! ?+ 9 :i* ! effect is produc$ :olly passive 9 reg>d to x4 ,! effect itself is call$ passion or passiv5ess4 ,x is n an act ( t 9 :i* x is produc$2 x is an effect result+ :olly f t :i* produces x4 ,to say t a ?+ acts !n1 is to say t x is n passive2 or1 9 o!r words1 t its act is n produc$ by ! action or influ5ce ( any ?+ else4 ,to suppose t an act is s produc$1 is to suppose t x is n an act2 ! object 9 :i* x is said to be caus$ be+ :olly passive 9 reg>d to x4 ,if ?is /atem5t be correct1 x foll[s t an act ( ! m9d _c be a produc$ effect2 t ! ideas ( action & passion1 ( cause & effect1 are opposite & contr>y ! "o to ! o!r2 & h5ce1 x is absurd to ass]t t ! m9d may be caus$ to act1 or t a volition c be produc$ by any ?+ act+ ^u ! m9d4 ,?is is a self-evid5t tru?4 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds calls = pro( ( x2 b ! only evid5ce !re is 9 ! case1 is t :i* arises f ! nature ( ! ?+s !mselves1 z !y mu/ appe> to e m9d :i* w be/[ suitable reflection on ! subject4 ,b z he held ! affirmative1 ma9ta9+ t ! m9d is caus$ to act1 x w\ld h be5 well = him to h furni%$ pro( himself1 be=e he call$ = x f ! opposite p>ty4 ,x may be said1 t if x 7 self-evid5t t ! m9d _c be caus$ to act1 x w\ld appe> s to all m51 & !re c\ld be no d\bt on ! subject2 t a tru? or proposition _c be said to be self-evid5t1 unless x c>ries irresi/ible conviction to e m9d to :i* x is propos$4 ,b ?is does n foll[4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ,galileo1 x 0 univ]sally believ$ by mank9d1 t if a body 7 set 9 motion1 x w\ld run d[n ( itself2 ?\gh x %\ld meet ) no resi/ance :atev] 9 its progress4 ,b t great philosoph]1 by reflect+ on ! nature ( matt]1 v cle>ly saw1 t if a body 7 put 9 motion1 & met ) no resi/ance1 x w\ld cont9ue to move on 9 a "r l9e =ev]4 ,z matt] is in]t1 s he saw t x c\ld n put itself 9 motion2 & if put 9 motion by ! action ( any ?+ ^u x1 he p]ceiv$ ) equal cle>ness t x c\ld n *eck itself 9 its c>e]4 ,he p]ceiv$ t x is j z impossible = passive1 in]t matt]1 to *ange its /ate f motion to re/1 z x is = x to *ange its /ate f re/ to motion4 ,?us1 by simply reflect+ ^u ! nature ( matt]1 z t :i* _c act1 ! m9d ( ,galileo recogniz$ x z a self-evid5t & unque/ionable tru?1 t if a body be put 9 motion1 & !re is no?+ to imp$e its c>e]1 x w move on 9 a "r l9e =ev]4 ,?is great law ( motion1 fir/ recogniz$ by ,galileo1 & aft]w>ds adopt$ by all o!r philosoph]s1 is call$ ! law ( in]tia2 because its tru? necess>ily results f ! fact1 t matt] is ess5tially in]t1 or _c act4 ,i am aw>e x has be5 cont5d$ by ,mr4 ,:ewell1 9 8 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 t ! law ( motion 9 "q is n a necess>y or self-evid5t tru?2 & ! reason he assigns is1 t if x 7 a tru? ( ?is nature1 x w\ld h be5 recogniz$ & believ$ by all m5 be=e ! "t ( ,galileo4 ,b ?is reason is n good4 ,= if x did n appe> self-evid5t to ^? philosoph]s :o liv$ be=e ,galileo1 x 0 because !y did n be/[ suffici5t reflection ^u ! subject1 & n because x 0 n a self-evid5t tru?4 ,all m5 _h se5 bodies mov+ only 9 a resi/+ m$ium1 amid c\nt]act+ influ5ces2 & hav+ always se5 !m run d[n 9 su* a m$ium1 !y v naturally conclud$ t a body put 9 motion w\ld run d[n ( itself4 ,yield+ to an illusion ( ! s5ses1 in/ead ( ris+ above x by a su/a9$ ef=t ( reason & m$itation1 !y suppos$ t ! motion ( a body w\ld sp5d itself 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & s come to an end )\t any cause ( its ext9ction4 ,?is is ! reason :y !y did n see1 :at mu/ h appe>$ to be a self-evid5t tru?1 if !y _h be/[$ suffici5t reflection ^u ! subject1 in/ead ( be+ sway$ by an illusion ( ! s5ses4 ,mr4 ,:ewell admits ! law 9 "q to be a tru?2 he only d5ies t x is a necess>y or self-evid5t tru?4 ,n[1 if x be n a necess>y tru?1 ,i %\ld l to "k h[ he has asc]ta9$ x to be a tru? at all4 ,has any man ev] se5 a body put 9 motion1 & cont9ue to move on 9 a "r l9e =ev]8 ,has any man ev] asc]ta9$ ! tru? ( ?is law by obs]vation & exp]im5t8 ,x is evid5t1 t if x be true at all1 x mu/ be a necess>y tru?4 ,:o t is capable ( ris+ above ! associations ( s5se1 s z to view ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 c m$itate ^u ?is subject1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ! law ( in]tia is a self-evid5t tru?1 necess>ily aris+ out ( ! v nature ( matt]8 ,x does n foll[1 !n1 t a tru? is n self-evid5t1 because x does n appe> s to all m52 = "s may be bl9d$ to ! tru? by an illusion ( ! s5ses4 ,?is is ! case1 ) ! necessit>ian4 ,he has always se5 ! motion ( body produc$ by ! action ( some?+ else2 & h5ce1 conf\nd+ ! activity ( m9d ) ! motion ( body1 he concludes t volition is produc$ by ! prior action ( some?+ else4 ,all t he ne$s 9 ord] to see ! impossibility ( su* a ?+1 is sev]e & su/a9$ m$itation4 ,b h[ c we expect ?is f him8 ,is he n a great reason]1 r ?an a great ?9k]8 ,does he n display 8 skill 9 draw+ logical conclusions f ! illusions ( ! s5ses1 & assumptions f\nd$ !reon2 r ?an 9 lay+ 8 f\ndations & 8 premises aright1 9 ! immutable dep?s ( m$itation & consci\sness8 ,we may appeal to 8 reason1 & he w fall to reason+4 ,we may ask = m$itation1 & he w give u logic4 ,inde$1 he wants t sev]e & scrut9iz+ obs]vation :i* pi]ces ?r\gh all ! illusions & associations ( ! s5ses1 ris+ to a contemplation ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves2 :i* is "o ( ! be/ attributes ( ! great ?9k]4 ,to %[ t he does ?is1 ,i %all beg9 ) ,presid5t ,day4 ,no o!r necessit>ian has made s =mal & elaborate an attempt to prove1 t ! m9d may be caus$ to act4 ,he und]takes to answ] ! objection :i* has be5 urg$ aga9/ ! s*eme ( moral necessity1 t x conf\nds action & passion4 ,x is alleg$1 t a volition _c be produc$ or caus$ by ! action or influ5ce ( any ?+4 ,to ?is ,presid5t ,day replies1 ^! are t]ms ( v conv5i5t ambiguity1 ) :i* x is easy to con/ruct a plausible b fallaci\s argum5t4 ,! ^w passive is sometimes us$ to signify t :i* is inactive4 ,) ?is mean+1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ! opposite ( e ?+ :i* is active4 ,to say t t :i* is 9 ?is s5se passive1 is at ! same "t active1 is to ass]t t t :i* is active is n active4 ,b ?is is n ! only signification ( ! t]m passive 9 common use4 ,x is v frequ5tly us$ to express ! relation ( an effect to its cause1 p4 #aei4 ,n[1 "h is ! di/9ction1 b is x n )\t a diff]5ce8 ,if an effect is produc$1 is x n passive 9 relation to its cause8 ,?is is n d5i$4 ,is x active !n 9 relation to any ?+8 ,presid5t ,day says x is4 ,b is ?is s8 ,is n an effect1 :i* is :olly produc$ 9 "o ?+ by ! action or influ5ce ( ano!r1 :olly passive8 ,is n ! ?+ :i*1 accord+ to ! supposition1 is :olly passive to ! influ5ce act+ ^u x1 :olly passive8 ,9 o!r words2 is x made to act8 ,does x n m]ely suff]8 ,if x is endu$ ) an active nature1 & really puts =? an act1 is n ?is act cle>ly diff]5t f ! passive impression made ^u x8 ,"o w\ld c]ta9ly suppose s1 b = ! logic ( ! necessit>ian4 ,let u exam9e ?is logic4 ,! t]m passive1 says ,presid5t ,day1 is sometimes employ$ to express ! relation ( an effect to its cause4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x is s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) activity1 t activity may be ! v effect :i* is produc$4 ,a ?+ may be caus$ to be active4 ,a cannon %ot is said to be passive1 ) respect to ! *>ge ( p[d] :i* impels x4 ,b is !re no activity giv5 to ! ball8 ,is n ! :irlw9d active1 :5 x te>s up ! =e/8 c4 c41 p4 #afj4 ,n[1 all ^! illu/rations are br\ght to %[ t ! m9d may be caus$ to act2--t x may be passive 9 relation to ! cause ( its volition1 & active 9 relation to ! effect ( its volition4 ,a m /rik+ in/ance c\ld n be adduc$ to prove ! correctness ( ! ass]tion already made1 t ! necessit>ian conf\nds ! motion ( body ) ! action ( m9d4 ,a ?+ may be caus$ to act1 says ,presid5t ,day4 ,b h[ does he %[ ?is8 ,by %[+ t a ?+ may be caus$ to move6 ,is no activity giv5 to ! ball8 ,is n ! :irlw9d active1 :5 x te>s up ! =e/8 ,& s he goes on1 leav+ ! light ( reason & ( consci\sness2 n[ ru%+ into ! d>kness ( ! :irlw9d2 n[ rid+ on ! m\nta9 wave2 & n[ plung+ into ! dep?s ( volcanic lava2--all ! "t 9 que/ ( light respect+ ! ph5om5a ( m9d6 ,we c\ld h wi%$ him to /op a:ile1 9 ! impetu\s curr5t ( rhetoric1 & in=m u1 :e!r he really consid]s1 ! motion ( a ball z ! same ?+ ) ! volition ( ! m9d4 ,if he does1 !n he may suppose t 8 illu/rations are to ! purpose1 h[ great soev] may be 8 mi/ake2 b if he supposes !re is a real diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 h[ c he ev] pret5d to %[ t m9d may be caus$ to act1 by %[+ t body may be caus$ to move8 ,i freely admit1 t body may be caus$ to move4 ,body is p]fectly passive 9 motion2 & h5ce1 its motion may be caus$4 ,b ! m9d is n passive 9 volition2 & h5ce ! diff]5ce 9 ! two cases4 ,x is an error1 z ,i h already said1 p]vad+ ! views ( ! necessit>ian1 t he conf\nds ! action ( m9d ) ! motion ( body4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,locke1 :o1 9 "s places1 has recogniz$ ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 has frequ5tly conf\nd$ !m 9 8 reason+s & illu/rations4 ,h5ce1 x becomes necess>y to be> ?is di/9ction always 9 m9d1 9 ! exam9ation ( _! writ+s4 ,x %\ld be r5d]$ p]fectly cle> to our m9ds by m$itation2 & nev] p]mitt$ to gr[ dim ?r\gh =getfulness4 ,?is is indisp5sably necess>y to %ut out ! illusions ( ! s5ses1 9 ord] t we may h a cle> & uncl\d$ view ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,is ! motion ( body1 !n1 "o & ! same ?+ ) ! action ( m9d8 ,!y are frequ5tly call$ by ! same "n4 ,! motion ( m9d1 & ! action ( body1 are v common modes ( expression4 ,body is said to act1 :5 x only moves2 & m9d is said to move1 :5 x really acts4 ,^! metaphors & suppos$ analogies are intimately & insep>ably int]wov5 into ! v frame-"w ( our language2 & h5ce ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ !m 9 our conceptions4 ,!y are almo/ z subtle z ! great adv]s>y ( tru?2 & !re=e we %\ld be con/antly on ! wat*1 le/ we %\ld be deceiv$ or misl$ by !m4 ,let u look1 !n1 at ^! ?+s j z !y are 9 !mselves4 ,:5 a body moves1 x simply passes f "o place to ano!r2 & :5 ! m9d acts or *ooses1 x simply pref]s "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,"h1 !re is no real id5tity or sam5ess ( nature4 ,! body suff]s a *ange2 ! m9d itself acts4 ,! "o is pure passim or passiv5ess2 ! o!r is pure action--! v opposite ( passivity4 ,! "o is a suff]+1 & ! o!r is a do+4 ,!re are no two ?+s 9 ! :ole range ( nature1 :i* are m p]fectly & ess5tially di/9ct2 & he :o conf\nds !m 9 8 reason+s1 z philosoph]s h s (t5 done1 c nev] arrive at a cle> p]ception ( ! tru?4 ,presid5t ,day1 if he int5d$ any ?+ to ! purpose1 und]took to %[ t an act may be produc$ 9 m9d1 9 t :i* is active1 by ! action or influ5ce ( some?+ else2 & :at has he %[n8 ,:y1 t body may be caus$ to move6 ,let a case be produc$ 9 :i* ! m9d1 ! active s\l ( man1 is made to act3 let a case be produc$ 9 :i* a volition is caus$ to exi/ 9 ! s\l ( man1 by ! action or influ5ce ( any ?+ :atev]1 & x w be some?+ to ! purpose3 b :at does x signify to tell u1 t a body1 t t :i* is :olly & ess5tially passive 9 its nature1 may be made to move1 or suff] a *ange ( place8 ,a m palpable sophism 0 nev] p]petrat$2 & t su* a m9d %\ld h rec\rse to su* an argum5t1 only betrays ! mis]able weakness1 & ! =lorn hopelessness1 ( ! cause 9 :i* x is enli/$4 ,inde$1 ! le>n$ presid5t seems1 aft] all1 to be at lea/ half consci\s t ! analogies ( matt] c ?r[ no light on ! ph5om5a ( m9d2 & t :at he has s eloqu5tly said1 am\nts to j no?+ at all4 ,= he says1 ,x may be object$1 t ^! are all examples ( inanimate objects2 & t !y h no prop] application to m5tal activity1 p4 #afa4 ,yes1 truly1 ?is is ! v objection :i* we %\ld urge aga9/ all ! f9e illu/rations ( ,presid5t ,day2 & x is a full & complete answ] to !m4 ,x is ! great pr9ciple ( ! inductive /udy ( m9d1 t its ph5om5a c be und]/ood only 9 s f> z we h obs]v$ !m 9 ! pure light ( consci\sness1 & no f>!r2 !y %\ld nev] be view$ ?r\gh ! d>k5+ & conf\nd+ analogies ( matt]4 ,no "o1 t ,i "k (1 has ev] d5i$ t a body may be caus$ to move2 ! only po9t on :i* we desire to be enlight5$ is1 :e!r ! m9d may be caus$ to act4 ,to ?is po9t ,presid5t ,day next directly comes4 ,leav+ inanimate objects1 he says1 take ! case ( deep & e>ne/ ?9k+4 ,is !re no activity 9 ?is8 ,& is x )\t a cause8 ,:5 read+ ! orations ( ,demo/h5es1 or ! demon/rations ( ,newton1 are our m9ds :olly inactive2 or if !y ?9k int5sely1 h our ?\ghts no dep5d5ce on ! book be=e u8 p4 #afa4 ,truly1 !re is activity 9 ?is1 9 our deep & e>ne/ ?9k+2 b :at is ! cause ( ?is activity8 ,does ! book be=e u cause u to ?9k8 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* ! argum5t ( ! au?or is driv+1 & to :i* x %\ld come1 if x w\ld be to ! purpose1 & yet he does n seem to l to speak x out "r manfully2 & h5ce1 in/ead ( say+ t ! book causes u to ?9k1 he *ooses to say t our ?\ghts h a dep5d5ce on ! book4 ,x is true1 t no man c read a book1 unless he has x to read2 &1 consequ5tly1 8 ?\ghts 9 read+ ! book are absolutely dep5d5t on ! possession ( x4 ,b /ill1 ! possession ( a book is ! condition1 & n ! cause1 ( 8 read+ x4 ,! cause ( a ?+1 & ! indisp5sable condition ( x1 are p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r2 & ! argum5t ( ,day1 9 conf\nd+ !m1 has pres5t$ u ) ano!r sophism4 ,! ideas ( a condition & ( a cause1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 !mselves1 are always bl5d$ toge!r by necessit>ians2 & h5ce ! confusion into :i* !y run4 ,edw>ds has unit$ !m1 z we h se51 "u ! t]m cause2 & !n employ$ ?is t]m to signify ! "o or ! o!r at 8 pleasure4 ,! ^w dep5d5ce1 is ! fav\rite ( ,presid5t ,day2 & he uses x ) fully z mu* vagu5ess & vacillation ( mean+1 z ,edw>ds does ! t]m cause4 ,he has und]tak5 to %[ u1 t ! m9d may be caus$ to act2 & he has %[n u1 t a p>ticul> class ( ?\ghts _c come to exi/5ce1 except ^u a p>ticul> condition6 ,?is is n to reason2 b to slip & to slide f "o mean+ ( an ambigu\s ^w to ano!r4 ,:5 x is said t ! m9d _c be caus$ to act1 ,presid5t ,day mu/ h kn[n 9 :at s5se ! t]m cause is us$ 9 ?is proposition4 ,he mu/ h kn[n1 t no "o meant to ass]t1 t !re are no conditions or antec$5ts1 on :i* ! action ( ! m9d dep5ds4 ,!re is n an advocate ( free-ag5cy 9 ! univ]se1 :o w cont5d1 t ! m9d c *oose a ?+1 unless !re is a ?+ to be *os52 or1 to take 8 own illu/ration1 c read a book1 unless !re is a book to be read4 ,! "q is n1 :e!r !re are conditions1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! m9d _c act2 ?is no "o d5ies2 b :e!r !re is1 or c be1 a real & effici5t cause ( ! m9d's action4 ,! po9t 9 dispute1 relates n to m]e fact ( dep5d5ce1 b to ! nature ( t dep5d5ce4 ,! "q is1 c ! m9d be effici5tly caus$ to act8 ,?is be+ ! "q1 :at does x signify to tell u1 t x _c read a book1 unless x has a book to read8 ,or :at does x signify to tell u1 t a body may be caus$ to move8 ,^! are m]e irrelevancies2 !y fall %ort ( ! po9t 9 dispute2 & !y only seem to rea* x by means ( a v conv5i5t ambiguity ( words4 ,b /ill x may be said1 t al?\gh a body is passive 9 motion1 x may act ^u o!r bodies1 & !reby communicate motion to !m4 ,?is is ! gr\nd tak5 by ,presid5t ,day4 ,! v same ?+1 says he1 may be bo? cause & effect4 ,! m\nta9 wave1 :i* is ! effect ( ! w9d1 may be ! cause :i* buries ! %ip 9 ! ocean1 p4 #afj4 ,i am aw>e1 t "o body is frequ5tly said to act ^u ano!r2 b ?is ^w action1 z ,presid5t ,day has well said1 is a t]m ( v conv5i5t ambiguity1 ) :i* x is easy to con/ruct a plausible b fallaci\s argum5t1 p4 #aei4 ,! only cause 9 e case ( motion1 is t =ce1 :atev] x may be1 :i* acts ^u ! body mov$1 & puts x 9 motion4 ,all ! re/ is pure passion or passiv5ess4 ,! motion ( ! body is n action2 x is ! mo/ pure passion ( :i* ! m9d c =m a conception4 ,if a body 9 action is said to act ^u ano!r1 ?is is b a metaphor2 !re is no real action 9 ! case4 ,inde$1 if a body be put 9 motion1 & meets ) no resi/ance1 x w move on 9 a "r l9e =ev]--& :y8 j because ( its in]tia1 ( its inh]5t de/itution ( a p[] to act4 ,z a ma!matician1 ,presid5t ,day c]ta9ly knew all ?is2 b he seems to h =gott5 x all1 9 8 eag]ness to support ! cause ( moral necessity4 ,he saw t motion is frequ5tly call$ action2 he saw t "o body is sometimes said to act ^u ano!r2 & ?is 0 suffici5t = 8 purpose4 ,he did n reflect ^u ! natures ( motion & ( volition1 z !y are 9 !mselves2 he views !m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an ambigu\s phraseology4 ,nor did he reflect1 t if motion is communicat$ f "o body to ano!r1 ?is is n because "o body really acts ^u ano!r1 b because x is impossible = two bodies to occupy ! same place at "o & ! same "t4 ,he did n reflect1 t if motion is communicat$ f "o body to ano!r1 ?is does n arise f ! activity1 b f ! imp5etrability ( matt]4 ,9 %ort1 he did n reflect1 t !re is no /ate or ph5om5a ( matt]1 :atev] may be its "n1 t at all resembles ! /ate ( m9d :i* we call action or volition2 or else he w\ld h se51 t all 8 illu/rations drawn f mat]ial objects c ?r[ no light on ! po9t 9 controv]sy4 ,we f9d ! same confusion ( ?+s 9 ! works ( ! ,edw>dses4 ,we d n at all conf\nd action & passion1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds cont5ds1 by suppos+ t acts ( ! s\l are effects1 :]e9 ! s\l is ! object ( some?+ act+ ^u & influ5c+ x1 p4 #bjc4 ,& aga91 ,x is no m a contradiction to suppose t action may be ! effect ( "s o!r cause beside ! ag5t1 or be+ t acts1 ?an to suppose t life may be ! effect ( "s o!r cause beside ! be+ t lives1 p4 #bjc4 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds also ass]ts1 t to say t an ag5t t is act$ ^u _c act1 is z gr\ndless1 z to say1 t a body act$ ^u _c move1 p4 #aca4 ,we might adduce _m simil> passages2 b ^! are suffici5t4 ,:at d !y prove8 ,if !y are any ?+ to ! purpose1 !y are only s by conf\nd+ motion ) volition1 passion ) action4 ,no "o w\ld pret5d to d5y1 t ! m9d may be1 & is1 caus$ to exi/1 or t ! ag5t may be caus$ to live4 ,9 reg>d to our be+ & liv+ we are p]fectly passive2 & h5ce we admit t we may be caus$ to exi/ & to live4 ,liv+ & be+ are n act+4 ,we are n passive 9 reg>d to volition2 ?is is an act ( ! m9d itself4 ,! above ass]tions only ov]look ! slight circum/ance t be+ & do+ are two diff]5t ?+s2 t motion is n volition1 t passion is n action4 ,?is /range confusion ( ?+s is v common 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,edw>dses1 z well z 9 ^? ( all o!r necessit>ians4 ,edw>ds held volition to be a produc$ effect4 ,?is id5tifies a passive impression made ^u ! m9d1 ) an act ( ! m9d itself4 ,9 ord] to escape ?is difficulty1 ,edw>ds 0 b\nd to %[ t action & passion are n opposite 9 _! natures4 ,action1 :5 prop]ly set 9 opposition to passion or passiv5ess1 says he1 is no real exi/5ce2 x is n ! same ) an action1 b is a m]e relation4 ,& aga91 ,action & passion are n two contr>y natures2 :5 plac$ 9 opposition !y are only contr>y relations4 ,! same gr\nd is tak5 by ,presid5t ,day4 ,are n cause & effect1 says he1 opposite 9 _! natures8 ,!y are opposite relations1 b n always opposite ?+s4 ,!y cont5d1 t an object may be passive 9 relation to "o ?+1 & active 9 relation to ano!r2 t a volition may be passive 9 relation to its produc+ cause1 & yet active 9 relation to its produc$ effect4 ,n[1 ?is is n true4 ,an act is opposite 9 its nature to a passive impression made ^u ! m9d4 ,?is e man may cle>ly see by suitable reflection1 if he w n bl9d himself to ! tru?1 z ! necessit>ian always does1 by false analogies drawn f ! _w ( matt]1 & ! ph5om5a ( motion4 ,we h se5 h[ ,presid5t ,day has attempt$ to %[1 t an object may be passive 9 relation to "o ?+1 & yet active 9 relation to ano!r2 & t 9 all ^! attempts he has conf\nd$ ! motion ( body ) ! action or *oice ( m9d4 ,we h se5 t all ! illu/rations adduc$ to ?r[ light on ?is subject are fallaci\s4 ,let ?is subject be /udi$ 9 ! light ( consci\sness1 n ?r\gh ! d>k5+ & conf\nd+ m$ium ( false analogies1 & we may safely anticipate a v]dict 9 our fav\r4 ,= :o t w closely & /eadily reflect ^u an action ( ! m9d1 does n p]ceive t x is diff]5t1 9 nature & 9 k9d1 f a passive impression made ^u ! m9d f )\t8 ,i d n say action1 :i* ,presid5t ,edw>ds seems to ?9k does n signify any ?+ positive1 su* z an action1 :5 x is set 9 opposition to passion2 b ,i say t an action itself is opposite 9 its nature to passion1 to a produc$ effect4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds _c escape ! absurdity ( 8 doctr9e by alleg+1 t :5 action & passion are set 9 opposition1 !y d n signify opposite natures1 b only opposite relations4 ,= he has conf\nd$ an act ( ! m9d ) a passive impression made !reon2 & ^! ?+s are opposite 9 _! natures1 :e!r he is pleas$ to say t action & passion are opposite natures or n4 ,?is position may be easily e/abli%$4 ,i humbly conceive1 says he1 t ! affections ( ! s\l are n prop]ly di/+ui%$ f ! w1 z ?\gh !y 7 two faculties 9 ! s\l4 4 4 4 4 ,! affections are no o!r ?an ! m vigor\s & s5sible ex]cises ( ! incl9ation & w ( ! s\l4 ,^! passages are ref]r$ to by ,presid5t ,day to prove1 t ,edw>ds reg>d$ our emotions or affections z acts ( ! w1 p4 #ci4 ,hav+ conf\nd$ ! w & ! s5sibility1 x became exce$+ly easy = ,edw>ds to %[ t a volition may be produc$ or caus$3 all t he _h to d 0 to %[1 t an emotion may be produc$1 :i* is ! same ?+ ) an act ( ! w or a volition4 ,x is ^u ?is confusion ( ?+s1 t 8 :ole sy/em re/s2 = if ! s5sibility is diff]5t f ! w1 z mo/ p]sons1 at ! pres5t day1 w admit x is2 !n to excite an emotion1 or to make a passive impression ^u ! s5sibility1 is v diff]5t f produc+ a volition4 ,edw>ds has tak5 great pa9s ) ! sup]/ructure ( 8 sy/em1 :ile he has left its f\ndations )\t support4 ,he has n %[n1 nor c any man %[1 t ! s5sibility & ! w are "o & ! same faculty ( ! s\l4 ,he assumes t an emotion is an act ( ! w1 & !n proce$s to build ^u x1 & to argue f x1 z if x 7 a cle> & unque/ionable tru?4 ,?us1 he repeat$ly says1 t :atev] pleases u mo/1 or excites ! mo/ agreeable s5sation1 is t :i* op]ates to induce a volition2 & to say o!rwise1 is to ass]t t t :i* pleases u mo/1 does n please u mo/4 ,su* ass]tions1 7& ,i h already _h occasion to adduce _m su*17 cle>ly id5tify a s5se ( ! mo/ agreeable1 or ! mo/ pleas+ emotion1 ) an act ( ! w4 ,8 def9ition1 z we h already se51 laid ! f\ndation = ?is1 & 8 argum5ts are bas$ ^u x4 ,! passive impression1 or ! s5sation produc$1 is1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 a volition6 ,no wond]1 !n1 t he c\ld conceive ( an action ( ! m9d z be+ produc$4 ,! wond] is1 h[ he c\ld conceive ( x z be+ an action at all4 ,let u suppose1 n[1 t a feel+ or an emotion is produc$ by an object 9 view ( ! m9d4 ,x w foll[1 t ! m9d is passive 9 feel+1 or 9 exp]i5c+ emotion4 ,we are consci\s ( su* feel+ or emotion2 & h5ce we inf]1 t we are susceptible ( feel+ or emotion4 ,?is susceptibility we call ! s5sibility1 ! he>t1 ! affections1 c4 ,b !re is ano!r ph5om5on ( our nature1 :i* is p]fectly di/9ct 9 nature & 9 k9d f an emotion or a feel+4 ,we are consci\s ( a volition or *oice2 & h5ce we inf] t we h a p[] ( act+1 or putt+ =? volitions4 ,?is p[] we call ! w4 ,n[1 ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ^! two faculties ( ! s\l1 ! s5sibility & ! w1 are entirely diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & !re is n ! lea/ %ad[ ( evid5ce go+ to %[ t ! faculties !mselves are "o & ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are compell$ by a fundam5tal law ( belief1 to reg>d ! susceptibility ( our nature1 by :i* we feel1 z diff]5t f t p[] ( ! s\l1 by :i* we act or put =? volitions4 ,! only reason we h = say+ t matt] is diff]5t f m9d1 is t its manife/ations or ph5om5a are diff]5t2 & we h a simil> reason = ass]t+1 t ! emotive "p ( our nature1 or ! s5sibility1 is di/9ct f ! w4 ,& yet1 9 ! face ( all ?is1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds has expressly d5i$ t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two faculties ( ! s\l4 ,x is 9 ?is confusion ( ?+s1 9 ?is false psy*ology1 t he has laid ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em4 ,if ,presid5t ,edw>ds be "r1 x is no wond] t ! y\ng] ,edw>ds %\ld s (t5 ass]t1 t x is no m absurd to say1 t volition may be caus$1 ?an x is to say1 t feel+ or emotion may be caus$4 ,=1 if ! doctr9e 9 "q be true1 a volition is an emotion or feel+2 & to produce ! "o is to produce ! o!r4 ,h[ %ort & easy has ! pa? ( ! necessit>ian be5 made1 by a conv5i5t def9ition6 ,if we only be> ! di/9ction betwe5 ! s5sibility & ! w 9 m9d1 x w be exce$+ly easy to see ?r\gh ! cl\dy sophi/ications ( ! necessit>ian4 ,h[ does x appe> to be a fact1 asks ,presid5t ,day1 t ! w _c act :5 x is act$ ^u8 ,i reply t ! w is n act$ ^u at all2 t passive impressions are made ^u ! s5sibility1 & n ^u ! w4 ,?is is a fact :i* ! necessit>ian always ov]looks4 ,aga92 ! same object may be bo? passive & active2 passive ) respect to "o ?+1 & active ) respect to ano!r4 ,?us1 says ,presid5t ,day1 ,! axe is passive1 ) respect to ! h& :i* moves x2 b active1 ) respect to ! object :i* x /rikes4 ,! cricket club is passive 9 receiv+ motion f ! h& ( ! play]2 x is active 9 communicat+ motion to ! ball4 ,! fallacy ( all su* illu/rations1 9 conf\nd+ motion & action1 ,i h already notic$1 & ,i int5d to say no?+ m 9 relation to ?is po9t4 ,b !re is ano!r less palpable fallacy 9 !m4 ,h[ are su* illu/rations int5d$ to be appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( volition8 ,is x meant1 t volition itself is passive 9 relation to "o ?+1 & active 9 relation to ano!r8 ,if s1 ,i reply x is absurd to affirm1 t volition1 or an act1 is passive 9 relation to any ?+8 ,is x meant1 t n volition itself1 b ! w1 is passive to t :i* acts ^u x1 :ile x is active 9 relation to its effect8 ,if s1 ,i cont5d t ! w is n act$ ^u at all2 t ! passive impression is made ^u ! s5sibility1 & n ^u ! w4 ,is x suppos$1 t x is nei!r ! volition nor ! w1 :i* is bo? active & passive at ! same "t2 b t x is ! m9d8 ,?is may be v true4 ,! m9d may be passive1 if y please1 9 relation to t :i* acts ^u its s5sibility1 :ile x is active 9 volition2 b h[ does ?is prove ! doctr9e1 t an act may be produc$ by some?+ else act+ ^u ! w8 ,h[ does ?is %[1 t action & passion are n conf\nd$1 9 suppos+ t an act is caus$8 ,! passive impression1 ! /ate ( ! s5sibility is produc$ b ?is is n a volition4 ,! passive impression exi/s 9 ! s5sibility2 ! volition exi/s 9 ! w4 ,! fir/ is a produc$ effect2 ! la/ is an act ( ! m9d4 ,& ! only way 9 :i* ?is act ( ! m9d itself has be5 l9k$ ) t :i* acts ^u ! m9d1 z an effect is l9k$ ) its cause1 has be5 by conf\nd+ ! s5sibility ) ! w2 & ! light ( ?is di/9ction is no soon] held up1 ?an we see t a v important l9k is want+ 9 ! *a9 ( ! necessit>ian's logic4 ,let ?is light be c>ri$ ar\nd ?r\gh all ! d>k corn]s ( 8 sy/em1 & ?r\gh all its d>k labyr9?s ( words2 & _m a lurk+ sophism w be detect$ & br\ght out f its unsuspect$ hid+ place4 ,:5 x is said1 t ! same ?+ may be active & passive1 ?is rem>k %\ld be und]/ood ) ref]5ce to ! m9d itself4 ,! language ( ! necessit>ian1 ,i am aw>e1 sometimes po9ts to ! volition itself1 & sometimes to ! w2 b we %\ld always und]/& him z ref]r+ to ! m9d4 ,he may n h s und]/ood himself2 b he mu/ be s und]/ood4 ,= x is n ! w t acts2 x is ! m9d4 ,?is is conc$$ by ! necessit>ian4 ,h5ce1 :5 he says1 t ! same ?+ may be bo? active & passive1 he mu/ be und]/ood z apply+ ?is proposition to ! m9d itself2 & n to ! w or to volition4 ,x is ! m9d t acts2 & h5ce ! m9d mu/ be also passive2 or we _c say t ! same ?+ may be bo? active & passive4 ,! m9d !n1 x may be said1 is bo? active & passive at ! same "t4 ,b x is passive 9 reg>d to its emotions & feel+s2 & h5ce1 if y please1 ^! may be produc$4 ,x is active 9 reg>d to its volitions1 or r 9 its volitions2 & h5ce ^! _c be produc$ by ! action ( any ?+ ^u ! m9d4 ,to %[ t !y c1 ! necessit>ian1 z we h se51 has conf\nd$ a passive impression ) an active volition4 ,if ^! be di/9ct1 z !y mo/ cle>ly are1 ! necessit>ian c make 8 po9t good1 only by %[+ t ! passive impression made ^u ! m9d1 is connect$ ) ! volition ( ! m9d1 z a produc+ cause is connect$ ) its effect4 ,b ?is he has n %[n2 & h5ce 8 :ole sy/em re/s ^u gratuit\s & unf\nd$ assumptions4 ,i say 8 :ole sy/em2 = if ! m9d _c be caus$ to act1 if x is absurd to speak ( a produc$ action1 x is n true1 t an action or volition does or c result f ! necessitat+ action1 or influ5ce ( motives4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,! ,,=ekn[l$ge ,,( ,,god4 ,,! argum5t f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 is "o on :i* ! necessit>ian relies ) great confid5ce4 ,nor is ?is at all surpris+2 s9ce to s _m m9ds1 ev5 among di/+ui%$ philosoph]s1 ! presci5ce ( ,deity & ! free-ag5cy ( man h appe>$ to be irreconcilable4 ,?us1 says ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 ,i h m5tion$ ! attempt ( ,cl>ke & o!rs to %[ t no valid argum5t aga9/ ! s*eme ( free-w c be d$uc$ f ! presci5ce ( ,god1 ev5 suppos+ t to ext5d to all ! actions ( volunt>y be+s4 ,on ?is po9t ,i mu/ decl9e (f]+ any op9ion ( my own1 because ,i conceive x z plac$ f> beyond ! rea* ( our faculties4 ,dr4 ,campbell also says1 ,to reconcile ! div9e presci5ce ) ! fre$om1 & ev5 cont+5cy1 & consequ5tly ) ! good or ill des]t ( human actions1 is :at ,i h nev] yet se5 a*iev$ by any1 & inde$ despair ( see+4 ,& ,mr4 ,locke decl>es1 ,i _c make fre$om 9 man consi/5t ) omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce 9 ,god1 ?\gh ,i am z fully p]suad$ ( bo? z ( any tru? ,i mo/ firmly ass5t to2 & !re=e ,i h long s9ce giv5 (f ! consid]ation ( t subject1 resolv+ all into ?is %ort conclusion1 t if x is possible = ,god to make a free-ag5t1 !n man is free1 ?\gh ,i see n ! way ( x4 ,s5tim5ts l ^!1 :i* are s (t5 met ) 9 ! writ+s ( em95t philosoph]s1 h repeat$ly l$ me to reconsid] ! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$ on ?is subject2 b ,i h be5 able to discov] no reason :y x %\ld be ab&on$4 ,inde$1 if au?ority 7 a suffici5t reason :y ! great difficulty 9 "q %\ld be reg>d$ z incapable ( be+ solv$1 ,i %\ld ab&on x 9 despair1 & leave ! necessit>ian to make ! mo/ ( 8 argum5t2 b x has only induc$ me to proce$ ) ! great] caution2 & ?is1 in/ead ( hav+ %ak5 my convictions1 has settl$ !m ) ! great] firmness & cle>ness 9 my m9d4 ,:e!r ,i am 9 ! "r1 or :e!r ,i lab\r "u a halluc9ation1 satisfactory only to myself1 & p]plex+ to all o!rs1 ,i mu/ submit to ! c&id consid]ation ( ! read]4 ,:y %\ld x be ?\ght impossible to reconcile ! free-ag5cy ( man ) ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god8 ,no "o pret5ds t !re is any disagreem5t betwe5 ! ?+s !mselves1 z !y really exi/2 if !re is any discrepancy 9 ! case1 x mu/ exi/ only betwe5 our ideas ( =ekn[l$ge & free-ag5cy4 ,inde$1 we _c ?9k ( ! ?+s !mselves1 or comp>e !m1 except by means ( ! ideas we h =m$ ( !n2 & if our ideas ( !m are really irreconcilable1 x is because !y h n be5 correctly =m$1 & d n correspond ) ! ?+s !mselves4 ,:at %all we d !n8 ,%all we set to "w to re=m our ideas8 ,%all we expla9 away ! free-ag5cy ( man1 or d5y ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god8 ,no4 ,we may reta9 bo?4 ,edw>ds cont5ds1 t volitions are br\ght to pass by ! influ5ce ( motives1 & t x is impossible 9 any case1 t a volition %\ld dep>t f ! influ5ce ( ! /ronge/ motive4 ,?is is ! great doctr9e ( moral necessity1 :i* x is ! object ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds to e/abli%4 ,n[1 if 8 celebrat$ argum5t1 or demon/ration1 z x is call$1 proves ?is po9t1 !n x is to be held z true & valid2 b if x only proves "s o!r ?+ :i* is call$ by ! "n ( necessity1 x is n to ! purpose4 ,& if x c be %[n1 t 8 argum5t does n prove any ?+ at all 9 relation to ! causation ( *oice1 x w appe> t x has no relevancy to ! po9t at issue4 ,! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 ,i admit1 inf]s ! necessity ( all human actions1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w2 b n t k9d ( necessity = :i* any necessit>ian pleads1 or aga9/ :i* any lib]t>ian is at all conc]n$ to cont5d4 ,! fallacy ( ! argum5t 9 "q is1 t x %[s all human actions to be necess>y 9 a s5se 9 :i* x is n oppos$ to any s*eme ( lib]ty :atev]1 & assumes !m to be necess>y 9 ano!r & q diff]5t s5se2 & ?us ! great doctr9e ( freewill1 o!rwise s cle> & unque/ionable1 is ov]%ad[$ & obscur$ by an imp]fect & ambigu\s phraseology1 r ?an by ! inh]5t difficulties ( ! subject4 ,?is is ! position :i* ,i %all endeav\r to e/abli%4 ,! fir/ argum5t ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds is z foll[s4 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ is infallibly & indissolubly connect$ ) some?+ else1 :i* has already _h exi/5ce1 !n its exi/5ce is necess>y2 b ! future volitions ( moral ag5ts1 are infallibly & indissolubly connect$ ) ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god2 & !re=e !y are necess>y1 p4 #aad-ae4 ,n[ ?is argum5t is p]fectly s\nd2 ! conclusion is really conta9$ 9 ! premise1 or def9ition ( necessity1 & x is fairly d$uc$ f x4 ,x is z p]fect z any syllogism 9 ,euclid b :at does x prove8 ,x proves t all human actions are necess>y--b 9 :at s5se8 ,does x prove t !y are necess>y ) a moral necessity8 ,does x prove t !y are br\ght to pass by ! influ5ce ( moral causes8 ,no su* ?+ is ev5 pret5d$3 ,i all[ :at ,dr4 ,:itby says to be true1 says ,edw>ds1 t m]e =ekn[l$ge does n affect ! ?+ kn[n1 to make x m c]ta9 or future1 p4 #abb4 ,he admits t =ekn[l$ge ex]ts no influ5ce on ! ?+ kn[n to make x necess>y4 ,he does n ev5 pret5d t !re is any moral necessity %[n to exi/ by ?is argum5t2 & h5ce 8 conclusion has no connexion ) ! great doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry1 or ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,x aims at ! ^w1 b n at ! ?+4 ,! infallible connexion x %[s to exi/1 is admitt$ to be entirely diff]5t f ! infallible connexion betwe5 moral causes & volitions2 t is to say1 x is admitt$ t x does n prove any ?+ to ! purpose4 ,b is ! indissoluble connexion1 or necessity1 e/abli%$ by ?is argum5t1 at all inconsi/5t ) human lib]ty8 ,if x is n2 & if our s*eme ( lib]ty is p]fectly consi/5t & reconcilable ) x2 !n x inf]s no?+1 & is no?+1 t is oppos$ to :at we hold4 ,?is "q admits ( an easy solution4 ,! =ekn[l$ge ( a future ev5t proves x to be necess>y 9 precisely ! same mann] t ! k ( a pres5t ev5t %[s x to be necess>y4 ,?is is conc$$ by ,edw>ds4 ,all c]ta9 k1 says he1 :e!r x be =ekn[l$ge1 or aft] k1 or concomitant k1 proves ! ?+ kn[n n[ to be necess>y1 by "s means or o!r2 or proves t x is impossible x %\ld n[ be o!rwise ?an true1 p4 #aba4 ,& aga91 ,all c]ta9 k proves ! necessity ( ! tru? kn[n2 :e!r x be be=e1 or aft]1 or at ! same "t1 p4 #abd2 & s 9 o!r places4 ,9 :at s5se !n1 let u inquire1 does ! k ( a pres5t ev5t prove x to be necess>y8 ,x is necess>y1 says ,edw>ds1 because x is indissolubly connect$ ) ! k ( x4 ,9 o!r words1 x c\ld n possibly be kn[n to exi/1 unless x did exi/2 & h5ce1 its exi/5ce is said to be indissolubly connect$ ) ! k ( its exi/5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 x is said to be necess>y4 ,?is is all true2 b is ?is indissoluble connexion1 or necessity1 at all inconsi/5t ) ! cont+5cy ( ! ev5t kn[n8 ,?is is ! "q2 & let u n lose sight ( x 9 a mi/ ( words4 ,let x be di/9ctly borne 9 m9d1 & x w be easily settl$4 ,= ?is purpose1 let u suppose1 to adopt ! language ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 t non5tity is ab\t to br+ =?2 & t an ev5t comes into be+ )\t any cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is ev5t !n exi/s2 x is se51 & x is kn[n to exi/4 ,n[1 ev5 on ?is wild supposition1 !re is an infallible & indissoluble connexion betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( ! ev5t & ! k ( x2 & h5ce x is necess>y1 9 ! s5se above expla9$4 ,b :at has ?is necess>y connexion to d ) ! cause ( its exi/5ce8 ,?is indissoluble connexion1 ?is dire necessity1 is p]fectly consi/5t1 z we h se51 ) ! supposition t ! ev5t _h no cause at all ( its exi/5ce4 ,h[ c x conflict1 !n1 ) any s*eme ( free-ag5cy t ev] 0 dream$ ( by man8 ,if ?is argum5t proves any ?+ 9 reg>d to human actions1 x only proves t a volition has an effect1 & n t x has a cause4 ,inde$1 x has be5 said1 t ! k ( an ev5t is ! effect ( its exi/5ce2 & ! same rem>k has be5 ext5d$ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god ) respect to ! future volitions ( human be+s4 ,?is position is n d5i$ by ,edw>ds2 he consid]s1 9 fact1 t x /r5g!ns1 r ?an weak5s1 8 argum5t4 ,because x %[s ! exi/5ce ( ! ev5t to be s settl$ & firm1 t x is z if x _h already be52 inasmu* z 9 effect x actually exi/s already2 & mu* m to ! same purpose1 p4#abb-c4 ,x is z /rong argu+1 says he1 f ! effect to ! cause1 z f ! cause to ! effect4 ,?is is all true2 x is z /rong argu+ f effect to cause1 z x is f cause to effect4 ,b d ! argum5ts prove ! same ?+8 ,let u see4 ,i "k a ?+ to exi/2 & !re=e x does exi/4 ,?is is to reason f effect to cause4 ,! conclusion is inevitable2 b :at does x prove8 ,:y1 x proves t ! ?+ does exi/--x proves ! b>e fact ( exi/5ce4 ,! indissoluble connexion1 or ! necessity1 9 ?is case1 exi/s betwe5 ! k & ! ev5t kn[n2 & x has no relation to ! "q h[ ! ev5t came to exi/4 ,?is argum5t1 !n1 9 reg>d to human volitions1 only proves t !y are indissolubly connect$ ) _! effects1 & are necess>ily impli$ by !m2 j z e cause is impli$ by its effects3 b no lib]t>ian 9 ! _w has ev] que/ion$ su* a position4 ,= all t su* an argum5t proves1 all ! volitions ( moral ag5ts may come into exi/5ce1 )\t hav+ ! lea/ %ad[ ( reason or gr\nd ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we admit t volitions are effici5t causes2 & t !y h effects1 ) :i* !y are indissolubly connect$4 ,edw>ds und]took to %[1 t volitions are necess>y1 because !y are infallibly & indissolubly connect$ ) _! causes2 & he has %[n t !y are necess>y1 because !y are infallibly & indissolubly connect$ ) _! effects6 ,?is is "o bran* ( 8 great argum5t4 ,!re is ano!r s5se1 9 :i* ! k ( an ev5t1 :e!r x be =e1 or aft]1 or concomitant1 k1 proves x to be necess>y4 ,?is s5se is n cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ,edw>ds4 ,he recognizes !m bo?1 h[ev]1 al?\gh he bl5ds !m toge!r1 & frequ5tly turns f ! "o to ! o!r 9 ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t4 ,x is highly important1 & af=ds no little satisfaction1 to keep !m cle>ly di/9ct 9 our m9ds4 ,a ?+ is said to be necess>y1 z we h se51 because x is connect$ ) ! k ( x2 &1 if a ?+ does exi/1 or is c]ta9ly & infallibly kn[n to exi/1 x may be said to be necess>y1 on ! pr9ciple t x is impossible x %\ld exi/ & n exi/ at "o & ! same "t4 ,^! two ?+s are evid5tly diff]5t2 &1 = ! sake ( di/9ctness 9 our language1 z well z 9 our ?\ghts1 ,i %all call ! fir/ a logical1 & ! la/ an axiomatical necessity4 ,a ?+1 !n1 :i* does exi/1 is said to be necess>y ) an axiomatical necessity2 because x is impossible = x n to exi/ :ile x does exi/3 & x is said to be necess>y1 ) a logical necessity1 because x is indissolubly connect$ ) ! k ( x4 ,! =m] k9d ( necessity is frequ5tly pres5t$ 9 ?is =m ( expression1 t if a ?+ does exi/1 x is impossible x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true t x does exi/4 ,9 ?is =m ( expression1 x is frequ5tly resort$ to by ,edw>ds4 ,?us1 says he1 ,i obs]v$ be=e1 9 expla9+ ! nature ( necessity1 t 9 ?+s :i* are pa/1 _! pa/ exi/5ce is n[ necess>y2 hav+ already made sure ( exi/5ce1 x is n[ impossible t x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true1 t ! ?+ has exi/$1 p4 #aad-ae4 ,j s we may say 9 relation to ?+s :i* n[ exi/2 =1 hav+ already made sure ( exi/5ce1 x is impossible x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true1 t !y d n[ exi/2 or1 9 o!r words1 x is impossible !y %\ld n exi/ :ile !y d exi/4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! future exi/5ce ( any ?+ is =ekn[n1 x is impossible x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true1 t x %\ld exi/1 or come to pass3 t is to say1 if x w exi/1 x w be impossible = x n to exi/ at ! "t ( its exi/5ce4 ,=ekn[l$ge1 ,i admit1 inf]s ?is k9d ( necessity2 b is ?is any ?+ to ! purpose8 ,! conclusion is ! same1 :e!r x be d$uc$ f =ekn[l$ge1 or concomitant k4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 = ! sake ( cle>ness & conv5i5ce1 t a ?+ is n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,x foll[s f h5ce1 by a logical necessity1 t x does exi/2 = x c\ld n possibly be kn[n to exi/1 unless x did exi/4 ,&1 z x does exi/1 x is impossible t x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true t x does exi/2 or1 9 o!r words1 x is impossible = x n to exi/ n[1 :ile x does exi/4 ,?is is all !re is 9 ?is "p ( ! argum5t4 ,& :at does x am\nt to8 ,x is a simple decl>ation ( :at no body ev] d5i$--t if a ?+ exi/s1 or is to exi/1 or has exi/$1 x is impossible to conceive ( x z n exi/+ at ! "t ( its exi/5ce4 ,all ?is is p]fectly true1 )\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to ! "q1 h[ x came to exi/1 or h[ x w come to exi/8 ,x is :olly irrelevant to ! po9t at issue4 ,x controv]ts no position1 held by any sane man t n[ lives1 or t ev] has liv$4 ,9 o!r words1 if a ?+ is kn[n to exi/1 c]ta9ly & infallibly1 !n x does exi/2 & if x does exi/1 !n x is impossible x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true t x does exi/2 & h5ce its exi/5ce is said to be necess>y ) an axiomatical necessity4 ,b ?is does n prove t x is necess>ily produc$4 ,=1 suppos+ x to exi/1 its exi/5ce w\ld be necess>y 9 ! above s5se1 ev5 if x _h no cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,! necessity "h ref]r$ to1 is a necessity 9 ! ord] ( our ideas1 & n 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,x arises f ! impossibility ( a ?+'s n exi/+ at ! "t x does exi/2 & x has no ref]5ce :atev] to ! causation ( any ?+3 x is a fundam5tal law ( belief1 & n a causal necessity4 ,^! ?ree ?+s1 an axiomatical1 a logical1 & a causal necessity1 are mo/ /rangely conf\nd$ 9 ! argum5t ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,w x be said1 t 9 ?is argum5t1 x 0 n ! object ( ,edw>ds1 to prove t !re is a moral necessity 9 reg>d to our volitions2 b only t !y are n )\t all necessity8 ,suppose ?is to be ! case1 ) :om has he any controv]sy1 or to :at purpose has he argu$8 ,no "o has ev] held t human volitions are )\t all necessity1 accord+ to ,edw>ds' use ( t t]m2 & no "o c hold x4 ,no "o c d5y1 t !re is an indissoluble connexion betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 & ! c]ta9 & infallible k ( its exi/5ce2 or betwe5 ! effect ( a ?+ & ! ?+ itself2 or t x is impossible = a ?+ n to exi/ :ile x does exi/4 ,9 ^! s5ses ( ! ^w1 all rational creatures are b\nd to ackn[l$ge t human volitions are necess>y4 ,! mo/ /r5u\s advocate ( free-ag5cy has n "o ^w to say aga9/ !m2 & su* be+ ! mean+ ( ,edw>ds1 we mu/ all he>tily concur ) him1 :5 he says1 t !re is no geometrical !orem or proposition :atev] m capable ( /rict demon/ration1 ?an t ,god's c]ta9 presci5ce ( ! volition ( moral ag5ts is inconsi/5t ) su* a cont+5cy ( ^! ev5ts1 z is )\t all necessity1 p4 #abe-f4 ,if x c be truly said1 t a ?+ is =ekn[n1 x foll[s t x w come to pass1 or ! proposition :i* affirms ! future exi/5ce ( x1 is necess>ily true4 ,9 o!r words1 x is self-contradictory & absurd1 to ass]t t a ?+ is =ekn[n1 & yet t x may n come to pass2 j z x is to ass]t t a ?+ is kn[n to exi/ & yet at ! same "t does n exi/4 ,h5ce1 x is frequ5tly alleg$ by ,edw>ds1 t to d5y 8 conclusions1 drawn f =ekn[l$ge1 is self-contradictory & absurd2 unless we d5y =ekn[l$ge itself4 ,to admit ?is1 says he1 & yet cont5d t ! ?+ =ekn[n may possibly n be1 is to fall into a pla9 contradiction1 & to suppose ,god's =ekn[l$ge to be inconsi/5t ) itself1 p4 #aag4 ,is x n /range1 t x did n occur to ,edw>ds1 t if to d5y 8 position is to d5y t ,god =ekn[s :at he =ekn[s2 !n to affirm x1 is only to affirm t he =ekn[s :at he =ekn[s8 ,inde$1 all ^? reason+s 9 :i* he repres5ts ! d5ial ( 8 position z self-contradictory & absurd1 %\ld h conv9c$ him t he c\ld prove no?+ to ! purpose1 by argu+ f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 or else he mu/ assume ! v ?+ 9 dispute1 by tak+ x = grant$ t x is future2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+ 9 effect1 t x is =ekn[n4 ,= 9 admitt+ any premise1 we admit1 no m ?an is conta9$ 9 x2 & if we only d5y :at is n conta9$ 9 our admission1 we are n involv$ 9 a self-contradiction1 or absurdity4 ,9 alleg+ t we h done ?is1 !re=e1 9 ! pres5t case2--9 alleg+ t we contradict ourselves by admitt+ ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 & 9 d5y+ necessity1 he takes x = grant$ t ! v ?+ 9 dispute is includ$ 9 t =ekn[l$ge4 ,9 o!r words1 if ,edw>ds does n mean to say1 t ! po9t 9 dispute is includ$ 9 ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god2 !n he _c say1 t we contradict ourselves by admitt+ t div9e presci5ce2 & if he does mean to say1 t ! ?+ :i* we d5y is includ$ 9 ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 !n he begs ! "q4 ,x is freely conc$$1 t :atev] ,god =ekn[s w mo/ c]ta9ly & infallibly come to pass4 ,he =esees all human volitions2 &1 !re=e1 !y w mo/ c]ta9ly & infallibly come to pass1 9 "s mann] or o!r3 ! b>e fact ( _! future exi/5ce is cle>ly e/abli%$ by ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( !m4 ,& if all human volitions w be br\ght to pass1 by ! op]ation ( moral causes2 !n ?is mann] ( _! exi/5ce is =ekn[n to ,god1 & w all come to pass 9 ?is way2 b to take ?is = grant$1 is to beg ! "q4 ,we h j z mu* "r to suppose1 t ,god =ekn[s t ! volitions ( moral ag5ts are n necessitat$1 z ! necessit>ian has to suppose t ,he =ekn[s ! contr>y2 & !n x w\ld foll[ t our volitions are necess>ily free1 or )\t any produc+ causes4 ,if ,god =ekn[s t our actions w come to pass 9 ! way we call freely1 7& we h z mu* "r to ?is supposition z our oppon5ts h to ! contr>y17 !n1 z =ekn[l$ge inf]s necessity1 our actions are necess>ily free4 ,& surely1 if ! necessity :i* is inf]r$ f =ekn[l$ge1 is pr$icable ( fre$om itself1 x _c be inconsi/5t ) x4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! necessity ( human volitions1 accord+ to ! s*eme ( ,edw>ds1 be a fact1 !n x 0 =ekn[n to ,god t su* is ! fact2 &1 if we please1 we may inf] ! fact f 8 =ekn[l$ge1 aft] hav+ inf]r$ 8 =ekn[l$ge f ! fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! s*eme ( necessity be a m]e hypo!sis1 hav+ no correspond+ reality 9 ! univ]se2 !n ,god nev] =eknew t x is accord+ to su* s*eme t all human actions are br\ght to pass2 unless he =eknew ?+s to be necessitat$ :i* 9 reality are n necessitat$4 ,h5ce1 we c prove no?+ by reason+ f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god2 except :at we fir/ assume to be true1 & consequ5tly =ekn[n to ,him2 &1 if we *oose to resort to ?is pitiful way ( begg+ ! "q1 we may prove our hypo!sis j z well z any o!r4 ,! =ekn[l$ge ( an ev5t1 z ,i h already said1 proves no?+ m nor less ?an ! b>e c]ta9ty ( its future exi/5ce2 x decides no?+ z to ! mann] ( its com+ into exi/5ce4 ,! necessit>ian may r+ ! *anges ^u ?is subject z long z he pleases1 & all he c possibly make out ( x is1 t if ,god =ekn[s a ?+1 x w c]ta9ly be1 & to suppose o!rwise1 is a contradiction4 ,?us1 says ,edw>ds1 ,to suppose ! future volitions ( moral ag5ts n to be necess>y ev5ts2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ev5ts :i* x is n possible b t !y may come to pass2 & yet to suppose t ,god c]ta9ly =ekn[s !m1 & kn[s all ?+s1 is to suppose ,god's k to be inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,= to say t ,god c]ta9ly1 & )\t all conjecture1 kn[s t a ?+ w infallibly be1 :i* at ! same "t he kn[s to be s cont+5t t x may possibly n be1 is to suppose 8 k inconsi/5t ) itself2 or t "o ?+ he kn[s is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ano!r ?+ he kn[s4 ,x is ! same z to say1 he n[ kn[s a proposition to be ( c]ta9 infallible tru?1 :i* he kn[s to be ( cont+5t unc]ta9 tru?4 ,if a future volition is s )\t all necessity1 t no?+ h9d]s b x may n be1 !n ! proposition :i* ass]ts its future exi/5ce is s unc]ta91 t no?+ h9d]s b t ! tru? ( x may entirely fail4 ,& if ,god kn[s all ?+s1 he kn[s ?is proposition to be ?us unc]ta92 & t is inconsi/5t ) 8 kn[+ x to be infallibly true2 & s inconsi/5t ) 8 kn[+ t x is true4 p4 #aag4 ,n[ all ?is go+ ar\nd & ar\nd am\nts to j ?is1 t if ,god c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[s a ?+1 he c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[s x1 or t if x w c]ta9ly come to pass1 x w c]ta9ly come to pass4 ,we admit t ! c]ta9ty ( all future ev5ts is impli$ 9 ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( !m4 ,does ! argum5t 9 "q prove any m ?an ! b>e fact ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! ev5ts =ekn[n8 ,! argum5t1 s f> z we h yet foll[$ x1 cle>ly does n4 ,x m]ely proves ! b>e fact ( ! c]ta9ty ( exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 ,edw>ds himself says1 t metaphysical or philosophical necessity1 7& ?is is ! necessity = :i* he "h cont5ds17 is no?+ diff]5t f _! c]ta9ty4 p4 #bc4 ,& ! y\ng] ,edw>ds frequ5tly says1 ,if a proposition ass]t+ "s future ev5t1 be a real & absolute tru?1 !re is an absolute c]ta9ty ( ! ev5t2 su* absolute c]ta9ty is all t is impli$ 9 ! div9e =ekn[l$ge2 & all ! moral necessity = :i* we plead4 p4 #afj4 ,n[1 if ^! writ]s m]ely mean t a ?+ is c]ta91 :5 !y say x is necess>y1 x is to be regrett$ t !y did n use ! "r ^w4 ,x w\ld h sav$ _! works f no little confusion4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ! moral necessity = :i* !y cont5d consi/s sometimes 9 ! c]ta9ty ( an ev5t1 & sometimes 9 ! gr\nd ( t c]ta9ty4 ,volitions are said to be morally necessitory 9 _! def9ition1 & 9 _! sy/em1 because !y are made c]ta9 by ! influ5ce ( moral causes4 ,b 9 _! argum5ts1 & ! def5ce ( _! sy/em1 ! b>e absolute c]ta9ty1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! gr\nd ( x1 is frequ5tly all t is meant by moral necessity4 ,?us1 !y build ^u "o idea ( necessity1 :ile !y attack & def5d !mselves ^u ano!r idea !re(4 ,?is is our pres5t />t+ po9t !n1 agre$ ^u by all sides1 t ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god inf]s ! c]ta9ty ( all future realities4 ,n[1 h[ c we conclude f h5ce1 t ! volitions ( moral ag5ts are1 n only c]ta91 b r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! influ5ce ( moral causes8 ,x may be said1 t x is suffici5t t ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god proves t human volitions w c]ta9ly come to pass 9 "s way or o!r2 = if !y w c]ta9ly come to pass 9 any way1 we "k t !y mu/ h "s cause ( _! exi/5ce2 & x is j z absurd to suppose t a volition c come into be+ )\t any cause ( its exi/5ce1 z x is to suppose t a _w c come into be+ ( itself4 ,if ?is gr\nd %\ld be tak51 7& x c]ta9ly w be17 ! reply is obvi\s4 ,x w\ld %[ t ! div9e presci5ce c only prove ! c]ta9ty ( future ev5ts :ile x is left to ! old maxim1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 9 ord] to make out ! doctr9e ( moral necessity1 or ! po9t 9 dispute6 ,x w\ld %[1 t aft] all ! p>ade made ) ! div9e presci5ce1 x leaves ! :ole argum5t to re/ ^u gr\nd :i* has already be5 occupi$ by "o side1 & fully consid]$ by ! o!r6 ,x w\ld only %[1 t a great pret5ce ( demon/ration _h be5 made f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god2 :]eas1 9 fact1 x proves no?+ to ! purpose1 unless its mo/ impot5t & lame conclusion be help$ out by some?+ else6 ,ano!r attempt is made to l9k ! conclusion drawn f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 ) ! po9t to be e/abli%$ by ! necessit>ian4 ,x is said1 t ,god c\ld n =ekn[ all future ev5ts1 unless he views !m z connect$ ) kn[n causes4 ,?is gr\nd is tak5 by _m em95t necessit>ians4 ,?us1 says ,dr4 ,john ,dick1 ,future ev5ts _c be =ese51 unless !y are c]ta92 !y _c be c]ta91 unless ,god h det]m9$ to br+ !m to pass4 ,! same position is assum$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 ,!re mu/ be a c]ta9ty 9 ?+s !mselves1 says he1 be=e !y are c]ta9ly =ekn[n4 4 4 4 ,!re mu/ be a c]ta9ty 9 ?+s to be a gr\nd ( c]ta9ty ( k1 & r5d] ?+s capable ( be+ kn[n to be c]ta94 p4 #abb4 ,n[1 :at is ?is c]ta9ty 9 ?+s !mselves1 or 9 human volitions1 )\t :i* !y are incapable ( be+ =ekn[n8 ,! answ] is obvi\s2 = ,edw>ds e :]e cont5ds1 t unless volitions are br\ght to pass by ! influ5ce ( moral causes--t unless !y are necess>ily produc$ by an effectual p[] & efficacy--!y are altoge!r unc]ta9 & cont+5t1 & connect$ ) no?+ t c r5d] !m c]ta94 ,h5ce1 he cle>ly ma9ta9s1 t unless human volitions are necess>ily br\ght to pass by ! influ5ce ( motives1 !y are n c]ta9 9 !mselves1 & h5ce are incapable ( be+ =ekn[n4 ,& besides1 he has a lab\r$ argum5t to prove1 t ,god c\ld n =ekn[ ! future volitions ( moral ag5ts1 unless he views !m z necess>ily connect$ ) some?+ else t is evid5t4 pp4 #aae-aag4 ,?is some?+ else is n =ekn[l$ge itself2 = x is ! gr\nd ( =ekn[l$ge1 x is ! necess>y influ5ce ( motives1 or moral causes4 ,b we ne$ n dwell ^u ?is po9t1 z ?is is s evid5tly 8 mean+2 & if x is n1 !n x is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,if ,edw>ds means t a ?+ _c be =ekn[n unless x has a suffici5t gr\nd & reason = its exi/5ce1 & does n ( itself come =? out ( no?+1 we are n at all conc]n$ to d5y 8 position4 ,e advocate ( free-ag5cy cont5ds1 t volition proce$s f ! m9d1 act+ 9 view ( motives2 & !re=e is n de/itute ( a suffici5t gr\nd & reason ( its exi/5ce4 ,he d5ies t volition is necess>ily br\ght to pass by ! op]ation ( motives4 ,h5ce1 if ,edw>ds m]ely means t ,god c\ld n =ekn[ a human volition1 unless he =eknew all ! circum/ances 9 view ( ! m9d :5 x is to act1 z well z ! nature & all ! circum/ances ( ! m9d f :i* ! act is to proce$2 no advocate ( free-ag5cy is at all conc]n$ to d5y 8 position4 ,x may be true1 or x may be false2 b x e/abli%es no?+ :i* may n be consi/5tly admitt$ by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy4 ,if he means any ?+ to ! purpose1 he mu/ mean1 t ,god c\ld n =esee human volitions1 unless !y are necess>ily connect$ ) causes1 accord+ to 8 s*eme ( moral necessity2 t is1 unless !y are necess>ily produc$ by ! action or influ5ce ( motives1 or moral causes4 ,if ?is is 8 mean+1 !n inde$ x is some?+ to ! purpose2 b :at unb\nd$ presumption is x1 on ! "p ( a poor bl9d worm ( ! du/1 ?us to set b\nds & limits to ! modes ( k possesssd by an inf9ite1 all-kn[+ ,god6 ,x is true1 t no und]/&+1 creat$ or uncreat$1 c see evid5ce :]e !re is none2 b :at k9d ( evid5ce t is1 by :i* all ?+s are r5d]$ p]fectly cle> to ! eye ( ,omnisci5ce1 x is surely n = u to det]m9e4 ,t all ?+s are kn[n to ,god1 is freely admitt$2 b t !y c be kn[n1 only by reason ( _! result+ f ! necessitat+ influ5ce ( kn[n causes1 :i* are !mselves necessitat$1 is m ?an any f9ite m9d %\ld presume to affirm4 ,x 71 inde$1 to make our %all[1 limit$1 & feeble intellects1 ! measure ( all possible modes ( k4 ,x 7 to make ,god l "o ( ourselves4 ,yet ?is position ! necessit>ian has be5 compell$ to assume4 ,aft] all 8 pret5d$ demon/rations f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 8 argum5t c rea* ! po9t 9 dispute1 only by means ( ?is trem5d\s flight ( presumption4 ,let ! necessit>ian %[1 t ,god _c =esee future ev5ts1 unless he h det]m9$ to br+ !m to pass1 or unless !y are br\ght to pass by a *a9 ( produc+ causes1 ultimately connect$ ) 8 own w2 & he w prove some?+ to ! purpose4 ,b let him n talk s boa/fully ab\t demon/rations1 :ile !re is ?is exce$+ly weak l9k 9 ! *a9 ( 8 argum5t4 ,if ,god 7 s l "o ( ourselves1 t he c\ld n =esee future volitions1 unless !y are br\ght to pass by ! op]ation ( kn[n causes2 !n1 ,i admit1 t 8 =ekn[l$ge w\ld inf] ! moral necessity = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds1 provid$ he really possesses t k2 b if he 7 s imp]fect a be+1 ,i %\ld be compell$ to believe1 t !re are "s ?+s :i* he c\ld n =ekn[4 ,?is assumption comes ) a peculi>ly ill grace f ! necessit>ian4 ,he %\ld be ! la/ man to cont5d1 t ,god _c =esee future ev5ts unless !y are involv$ 9 kn[n produc+ causes2 j z all t we "k ( ! future is asc]ta9$ by reason+ f kn[n causes to effects4 ,= he cont5ds t ) ,god1 !re is no "t2 b t to ,8 view all ?+s are se5 z if !y 7 pres5t4 ,8 k is )\t succession1 & !re is no be=e nor aft] ) him2 all ?+s are intimately pres5t to 8 m9d f all et]nity4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( bo? ! ,edw>dses2 & ,dr4 ,dick believes1 t ,god sees all ?+s at a glance4 ,n[1 pres5t ?+s are n kn[n to exi/1 because !y are impli$ by kn[n causes1 b because !y are pres5t & se54 ,& h5ce1 if ,god sees all ?+s z pres5t1 !re is n ! %ad[ ( a f\ndation :]eon to re/ ! pro( ( moral necessity f 8 =ekn[l$ge4 ,x is all tak5 away by _! own doctr9e1 & _! argum5t is left )\t ! lea/ support f x4 ,inde$1 !re is no ne$ ( lugg+ ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god into ! pres5t controv]sy1 except x be to deceive ! m9d4 ,= all future ev5ts w c]ta9ly & infallibly come to pass1 :e!r !y are =ekn[n or n2 & =ekn[l$ge _c make ! matt] any m c]ta9 ?an x is )\t x4 ,we may say t ,god =ekn[s all ?+s1 & we may mix ?is up ) all possible propositions2 b ?is w nev] help ! conclusion1 t all future ?+s w c]ta9ly & infallibly come to pass4 ,if ,god %\ld cease to =ekn[ all future volitions1 or if he _h nev] =ekn[n !m1 !y w\ld1 nev]!less1 j z c]ta9ly & infallibly come to pass1 z if he _h =ekn[n !m f all et]nity4 ,! b>e nak$ fact1 t !y are future inf]s all t is impli$ 9 ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( !m2 & x is j z mu* a contradiction 9 t]ms1 to say t :at is future w n come to pass1 z x is to say1 t :at ,god =ekn[s w nev] take place4 ,h5ce1 by br++ 9 ! presci5ce ( ,deity1 we d n really /r5g!n or add to ! conclusion 9 fav\r ( necessity4 ,x only furni%es a v conv5i5t & plausible me?od ( begg+ ! "q1 or ( seem+ to prove some?+ by hid+ our sophisms 9 ! blaze ( ! div9e attributes4 ,x only s]ves z a veil1 beh9d :i* is conceal$ ^? sophi/ical tricks1 by :i* bo? ! p]=m] & ! spectator are deceiv$4 ,?is :ole argum5t f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 is1 inde$1 a gr& specim5 ( undesign$ metaphysical juggl]y1 by :i* ! m9d is call$ (f 9 "o direction1 :il/ x is deceiv$1 p]plex$1 & conf\nd$1 by n see+ :at takes place 9 ano!r4 ,x appe>s f ^! ?+s1 t ^? p]sons :o h endeav\r$ to cle> up ?is matt]1 by suppos+ t "s ?+s are n =ekn[n to ,god2 h only got rid ( "o ( ! div9e attributes1 & n ( _! difficulty4 ,x appe>s also1 t ,edw>ds might h made 8 argum5t f> m simple & direct1 by leav+ out ! long section 9 :i* he proves t ,god really =ekn[s all future ?+s2 & conf9+ himself to ! simple proposition1 t all future ev5ts w c]ta9ly & infallibly come to pass2 t x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to say t a ?+ is future & yet t x w n come to pass2 or1 9 o!r words1 if a ?+ is future1 x is impossible x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true1 t x w come to pass4 ,& h[ unreasonable are ^?1 :o h imag9$ t we are free-ag5ts1 because ,god has *os5 n to =esee our free actions2 z if ! supposition t he might h =ese5 !m1 does n inf] necessity j z mu* z ! fact t he does =esee !m4 ,inde$1 ^! reason]s seem to h expect$ to see "o tru?1 by %utt+ _! eyes ^u ano!r6 ,mr4 ,hobbes has an argum5t to prove necessity1 precisely l t ( ,edw>ds1 except t its nak$ness is n cov]$ up ) ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,let ! case be put1 says he1 ( ! wea!r3 'tis necess>y t to-morr[ x %all ra9 or n ra94 ,if1 !re=e1 x be n necess>y t x %all ra91 x is necess>y x %all n ra92 o!rwise !re is no necessity t ! proposition1 x %all ra9 or n ra91 %\ld be true4 ,?is sophism conf\nds ! axiomatical necessity ref]r$ to 9 ! premise1 t x mu/ ra9 or n ra91 ) ! causal necessity int5d$ to be d$uc$ f x 9 ! conclusion4 ,?is poor sophism has be5 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,locke1 & s]i\sly employ$ to prove t human volitions _c be free4 ,?us1 says he1 ,x is unavoidably necess>y to pref] ! do+ or =be>ance ( an action 9 a man's p[]1 :i* is once propos$ to a man's ?\ghts4 ,! act ( volition or pref]r+ "o ( ! two1 be+ t1 :i* he _c avoid1 a man 9 respect ( t act ( will+ is "u necessity4 ,"h we h precisely ! same confusion ( an axiomatical ) a causal necessity1 t occurs 9 ! argum5t ( ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,& yet1 ! y\ng] ,edw>ds has deem$ ?is argum5t ( ,mr4 ,locke z wor?y ( 8 special notice & comm5dation2 & ,presid5t ,day falls 9 ) ! same idea1 alleg+ t we w because we _c avoid will+1 because we mu/ ei!r *oose or refuse4 ,is x n wond]ful1 t ^! philosoph]s %\ld h imag9$1 t !y _h any controv]sy ) any "o1 9 cont5d+ s manfully t ! m9d1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 mu/ ei!r *oose or refuse8 or t !y c\ld inf] any ?+ f ?is1 9 fav\r ( a causal necessity--! only "q 9 dispute8 ,) :at cle>ness6 ) :at =ce6 w\ld ,presid5t ,edw>ds h da%$ ?is poor flimsy sophism into a ?\s& atoms1 if he _h come across x 9 ! a!ism ( ,hobbes6 ,b1 un=tunately1 he came across x 9 a diff]5t direction2 & h5ce1 he has rescu$ x f ! loa?some dunghill ( a!i/ical tra%1 inve/$ x ) dignity1 seem+ to clo! x 9 ! solemn sanction ( religion1 by cov]+ x up 9 ! ample folds ( ! div9e ,omnisci5ce4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! presci5ce ( ,god does n make our volitions necess>y2 x only proves !m to be c]ta94 ,?is is conc$$ by ,edw>ds4 ,x proves !m to be c]ta91 j z pres5t k proves !m to be c]ta94 ,?is also is admitt$ by ,edw>ds4 ,b pres5t k proves an act ( ! m9d to be c]ta91 because x is infallibly connect$ ) t k1 & n because x is necessitat$ by ! influ5ce ( a cause4 ,x proves x to be c]ta91 because x is impossible = a volition1 or any ?+ else1 n to exi/ at ! "t ( its exi/5ce1 & n because x is impossible = x to come to pass )\t be+ necessitat$4 ,9 %ort1 x proves an axiomatical & a logical necessity1 b n a causal necessity2 t is to say1 x proves no?+ to ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,! necessit>ian c connect 8 conclusion ) ! ?+ he has und]tak5 to prove1 9 only "o ( two ways3 he may say1 t if an ev5t is c]ta91 x _c come into exi/5ce )\t a produc+ cause2 or he may allege1 t ,god _c =esee !m1 unless he is det]m9$ to br+ !m to pass4 ,if he takes ! =m] position1 he really disc>ds ! argum5t f =ekn[l$ge1 & returns = support to ! old argum5t1 t e effect mu/ h a cause4 ,& if he assumes ! latt]1 ma9ta9+ t ,god _c =ekn[ future ev5ts unless he reasons f produc+ causes to effects1 he builds 8 argum5t1 n ^u =ekn[l$ge alone1 b ^u ?is 9 connection ) a mo/ unw>rantable flight ( presumption1 )\t :i* ! argum5t f presci5ce is good = no?+4 ,& besides1 ! br++ 9 ( ! div9e presci5ce1 only s]ves to bl9d1 & n to illum9ate4 ,= ,god =ekn[s only :at is future2 & all future ?+s w come to pass j z infallibly1 )\t be+ =ekn[n1 z !y w ) x4 ,if we assume !m to be future1 x is j z mu* a contradiction to d5y t !y w come to pass2 z x is to assume t !y are =ekn[n & yet d5y x4 ,no?+ c be prov$ 9 ?is way1 except :at is assum$ or tak5 = grant$2 & ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god is only a plausible way ( begg+ ! "q1 or conceal+ a sophism4 ,9 conclusion1 ! necessit>ian takes ! wrong c\rse 9 8 inquiries1 & lays 8 premises 9 ! d>k4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t3--,i "k t ,i act2 & h5ce1 ,i conclude t ,god =eknew t ,i w\ld act4 ,& aga91 ,i "k t my act is n necessitat$1 t x does necess>ily proce$ f ! action1 or influ5ce ( causes2 & h5ce1 ,i conclude t ,god =eknew t ,i w\ld ?us act freely1 9 precisely ?is mann]1 & n o!rwise4 ,?us1 ,i reason f :at ,i "k to :at ,i d n "k1 f my k ( ! actual _w z x is1 up to ,god's =ekn[l$ge respect+ x4 ,! necessit>ian pursues ! opposite c\rse4 ,he reasons f :at he does n "k1 t is1 f ! p>ticul>s ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 ab\t :i* he absolutely kn[s no?+ a priori1 d[n to ! facts ( ! actual _w4 ,?us1 quitt+ ! light :i* %9es s brightly )9 u & ar\nd u1 he seeks = light 9 ! mid/ ( imp5etrable d>kness4 ,he endeav\rs to det]m9e ! ph5om5a ( ! _w1 n by look+ at !m & see+ :at !y are2 b by d$uc+ conclusions f ,god's inf9ite =ekn[l$ge respect+ !m6 ,9 do+ ?is1 a gr& illusion is practis$1 by 8 m]ely suppos+ t ! volitions !mselves are =ekn[n1 )\t tak+ into ! supposition ! :ole ( ! case1 & recollect+ t ,god n only =esees all our actions1 b also all ab\t !m4 ,= if ?is 7 done1 if x 7 rememb]$ t ,he n only =esees t our volitions w come to pass1 b also h[ !y w come to pass2 ! necessit>ian w\ld see1 t no?+ c\ld be prov$ 9 ?is way except :at is fir/ tacitly assum$4 ,! gr& illusion w\ld vani%1 & x w\ld be cle>ly se51 t if ! argum5t f =ekn[l$ge proves any ?+1 x j z well proves ! necessity ( fre$om z any ?+ else4 ,inde$1 x does seem to me1 t x is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 t1 9 reason+ ab\t facts 9 relation to :i* ! mo/ direct & palpable s\rces ( evid5ce are op5 be=e u1 s _m ( its brighte/ ornam5ts %\ld s long h endeav\r$ to draw conclusions f ! d>k unkn[n ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge2 )\t p]ceiv+ t ?is is to reject ! true me?od1 to inv]t ! true ord] ( inquiry1 & to involve ! inquir] 9 all ! d>kness & confusion insep>able !refrom3 )\t p]ceiv+ t no p[]s1 h[ev] great1 t no g5ius1 h[ev] exalt$1 c possibly extort f su* a me?od any ?+ b ! d>k1 & confus$1 & p]plex+ exhibitions ( an +5i\s logoma*y4 ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,necessity4 ,,9 ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! w1 no?+ is ( m importance1 x w readily be admitt$1 ?an to gu>d aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ! ambiguity ( words4 ,yet1 x may be %[n1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds has us$ ! pr9cipal t]ms 9 ?is controv]sy 9 an exce$+ly loose & indet]m9ate mann]4 ,?is he has done especially 9 reg>d to ! t]m necessity4 ,8 v def9ition prep>es ! way = su* an abuse ( language4 ,philosophical necessity1 says he1 is really no?+ else ?an ! ,,full ,,& ,,fix$ ,,connexion ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,?+s ,,signifi$ ,,by ,,! ,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate ,,( ,a ,,proposition1 :i* affirms some?+ to be true4 ,:5 !re is su* a connexion1 !n ! ?+ affirm$ 9 ! proposition is necess>y1 9 a philosophical s5se1 :e!r any opposition or contr>y ef=t be suppos$ or no4 ,:5 ! subject & pr$icate ( ! proposition1 :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( any ?+1 ei!r sub/ance1 quality1 act1 or circum/ance1 h a full & ,,c]ta9 ,,connexion1 !n ! exi/5ce or be+ ( t ?+ is said to be necess>y 9 a metaphysical s5se4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,i use ! ^w ,necessity1 9 ! foll[+ disc\rse1 :5 ,i endeav\r to prove t ,necessity is n inconsi/5t ) ,lib]ty4 ,! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition1 :i* affirms exi/5ce ( some?+1 may h a full1 fix$1 & c]ta9 connexion sev]al ways4 #a4 ,!y may h a full & p]fect connexion 9 & ( !mselves2 because x may imply a contradiction1 or gross absurdity1 to suppose !m n connect$4 ,?us _m ?+s are necess>y 9 _! own nature4 ,s ! et]nal exi/5ce ( be+1 g5]ally consid]$1 is necess>y 9 itself2 because x w\ld be 9 itself ! greate/ absurdity1 to d5y ! exi/5ce ( be+ 9 g5]al1 or to say !re 0 absolute & univ]sal no?+2 & z x 7 ! sum ( all contradictions2 z might be %[n1 if ?is 7 ! prop] place = x4 ,s ,god's inf9ity1 & o!r attributes are necess>y4 ,s x is necess>y 9 its own nature1 t two & two %\ld be f\r2 & x is necess>y1 t all "r l9es drawn f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce %\ld be equal4 ,x is necess>y1 fit1 & suitable1 t m5 %\ld d to o!rs1 z !y w\ld t !y %\ld d to !m4 ,s innum]able metaphysical & ma!matical tru?s are necess>y 9 !mselves2 ! subject & pr$icate ( ! proposition :i* affirms !m1 are p]fectly connect$ ( !mselves4 #b4 ,! connexion ( ! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition1 :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( some?+1 may be fix$ & made c]ta91 because ! exi/5ce ( t ?+ is already come to pass2 & ei!r n[ is1 or has be52 & s has1 z x 71 made sure ( exi/5ce4 ,& !re=e1 ! proposition :i* affirms pres5t or pa/ exi/5ce ( x1 may by ?is means1 be made c]ta91 & necess>ily & unalt]ably true2 ! pa/ ev5t has fix$ & decid$ ! matt]1 z to its exi/5ce2 & has made x impossible b t exi/5ce %\ld be truly pr$icat$ ( x4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( :atev] is already come to pass1 is n[ become necess>y2 x is become impossible x %\ld be o!rwise ?an true1 t su* a ?+ has be54 #c4 ,! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition :i* affirms some?+ to be1 may h a real & c]ta9 connexion consequ5tially2 & s ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ may be consequ5tially necess>y1 z x may be surely & firmly connect$ ) some?+ else1 t is necess>y 9 "o ( ! =m] respects4 ,z x is ei!r fully & ?or\ghly connect$ ) t :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 its own nature2 or ) some?+ :i* has already made sure ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is necessity lies 91 & may be expla9$ by1 ! connexion betwe5 two or m propositions1 "o ) ano!r4 ,?+s :i* are p]fectly connect$ ) o!r ?+s t are necess>y1 are necess>y !mselves1 by a necessity ( consequ5ce4 ,aft] hav+ def9$ :at he means by philosophical or metaphysical necessity1 he tells u1 t ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* he uses ! ^w1 :5 he endeav\rs to %[ t necessity is n inconsi/5t ) lib]ty4 ,& yet "u ?is s5se1 h[ _m totally di/9ct ideas are embrac$6 ,! et]nal exi/5ce ( be+ 9 g5]al2 ! attributes ( ,god2 ! proposition t two & two are f\r2 ! equality ( ! radii ( a circle2 ! moral duty t we %\ld d z we w\ld be done by2 ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ :i* has already come to pass2 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 t are connect$ ) t :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 itself1 or ) some?+ t has already made sure ( its exi/5ce2 ! connexion ( two or m propositions ) ea* o!r--all ^! ?+s are includ$ 9 8 def9ition ( philosophical necessity6 ,& yet he tells u1 t he uses ! t]m 9 ?is s5se 79 :at s5se87 :5 he und]takes to reconcile lib]ty ) necessity6 ,:5 he says1 t he employs ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 "o w\ld suppose t1 z a great metaphysician1 he ref]r$ to "s "o ( its precise & def9ite significations2 b no su* ?+4 ,he m]ely ref]s to its philosophical s5se1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 own explanation1 embraces a multitude ( diff]5t ideas4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh he may keep close to ?is philosophical s5se ( ! ^w1 9 ! ensu+ disc\rse2 yet he may1 be=e ! disc\rse is conclud$1 %ift 8 position a ?\s& times f "o ( ^! ideas to ano!r4 ,& he may always seem1 to sup]ficial obs]v]s1 to speak ( ! same ?+2 because al?\gh ! ?+s spok5 ( are really diff]5t1 !y are all drawn toge!r "u "o def9ition1 & call$ by "o "n4 ,he n only may h done ?is2 he actually has done x4 ,& if he _h =m$ ! express design to envelope ! :ole subject 9 a cl\d ( sophi/ry1 he c\ld n h tak5 a bett] c\rse to accompli% 8 object4 ,x 0 ! design ( ! ,inquiry to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( moral necessity2 & h5ce x 0 incumb5t on ,presid5t ,edw>ds to reconcile ?is k9d ( necessity1 & n philosophical necessity1 ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,he cont5ds t !re is a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! influ5ce ( motives & volitions4 ,?is he calls moral necessity4 ,x diff]s f natural necessity1 says he1 x diff]s f ! necess>y connexion betwe5 cause & effect2 b yet1 he expressly tells u1 t ?is diff]5ce does n lie s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! connexion1 z 9 ! t]ms connect$4 ,9 bo? cases1 he ma9ta9s1 ! connexion is necess>y & absolute4 ,! two t]ms connect$ are diff]5t2 b ! k9d & nature ( ! connexion is ! same4 ,?is is ! k9d ( necessity = :i* he pleads2 & we c nev] be satisfi$ ) 8 s*eme1 until ! t]m %all be us$ 9 ?is precise & def9ite s5se1 & ! doctr9e x expresses %all be %[n to be consi/5t ) ! true idea & feel+ ( lib]ty 9 ! human brea/4 ,x w n1 x _c satisfy ! m9d1 t any o!r k9d ( necessity is reconcilable ) lib]ty2 :ile x rema9s to be %[n t moral necessity1 z x is def9$ & expla9$ 9 ! ,inquiry1 is consi/5t ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,!re is "o s5se ( ! t]m 9 "q1 says he1 :i* especially belongs to ! controv]sy ab\t acts ( ! w1 p4 #cj4 ,x is :at he calls a necessity ( consequ5ce4 ,?is w\ld be v true1 if he m]ely meant by a necessity ( consequ5ce1 to ref] to ! necess>y connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,b ?is is n 8 mean+2 = he expressly says1 t a necessity ( consequ5ce lies 91 & may be expla9$ by1 ! connexion ( two or m propositions "o ) ano!r4 ,n[ :at has ! connexion betwe5 any two or all ! propositions 9 ! univ]se1 to d ) ! controv]sy ab\t acts ( ! w8 ,is x n evid5t1 t x is ! connexion :i* subsi/s betwe5 effects & _! produc+ causes1 & :i* is suppos$ to subsi/ betwe5 motives & actions1 t has to d ) ! controv]sy 9 "q2 & t ! connexion :i* subsi/s betwe5 two or m propositions is entirely =eign to ! subject8 ,x may be said1 t by a necessity ( consequ5ce1 ,edw>ds ref]r$ n only to ! connexion betwe5 two or m propositions1 b also to ! connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,?is is und\bt$ly true2 = he speaks ( effects z com+ to pass by ?is k9d ( necessity4 ,b !n x is to be lam5t$ t two ideas1 :i* are s p]fectly di/9ct1 %\ld h be5 c\*$ "u ! same mode ( expression1 & treat$ z if !y 7 id5tically ! same4 ,su* a conf\nd+ ( diff]5t ideas1 has l$ to no little confusion & error 9 ! reason+ ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,! subject ( ! la/ section furni%es a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k4 ,f ! proposition t a volition is c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[n1 x foll[s1 by a necessity ( consequ5ce1 t x w come to pass4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! necess>y connexion betwe5 two ideas or propositions2 betwe5 ! idea or proposition1 t a c]ta9 volition is =ekn[n1 & ! idea t x w come to pass2 betwe5 ! proposition :i* affirms t1 x is =ekn[n1 & ! idea t x w come to pass 9 o!r words1 ! proposition :i* affirms t x is =ekn[n1 necess>ily assumes t x w come to pass2 & to d5y ?is assumption1 at ! same "t t we make x1 is surely to be guilty ( a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,to suppose t a volition w n come to pass1 is inconsi/5t ) ! proposition t x is c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[n4 ,edw>ds himself has frequ5tly decl>$ t ?is is ! k9d ( necessity :i* is inf]r$ f =ekn[l$ge4 ,9 tru?1 ! necess>y connexion :i* exi/s betwe5 ! idea t a ?+ is =ekn[n1 & ! tru? ( ! proposition :i* pr$icates future exi/5ce ( x1 is p]fectly di/9ct f ! necess>y connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,!y are z widely diff]5t1 z ! connexion betwe5 any two propositions 9 ,euclid is f ! connexion betwe5 ! motion ( a ball & ! =ce by :i* x is put 9 motion4 ,h5ce1 ! k9d ( necessity :i* is involv$ 9 ! idea ( =ekn[l$ge1 has no?+ to d ) ! controv]sy ab\t acts ( ! w4 ,!re is1 9 l mann]1 a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! idea t a volition is n[ c]ta9ly & infallibly kn[n to exi/1 & ! tru? ( ! proposition :i* affirms pres5t exi/5ce ( x2 & h5ce1 its pres5t exi/5ce is necess>y1 by a necessity ( consequ5ce1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,b all ?is has no relevancy to ! "q1 z to h[ t volition came to pass4 ,its pres5t exi/5ce is necess>ily connect$ ) ! idea t x is c]ta9ly kn[n to exi/2 b ?is is a necessity ( consequ5ce :i* lies 91 & may be expla9$ by1 ! connexion betwe5 two or m propositions4 ,x is n a necessity ( consequ5ce t lies 91 or c be expla9$ by1 ! connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,! two ?+s are entirely diff]5t1 & x is /range1 t !y %\ld always h be5 conf\nd$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,i d mo/ c]ta9ly & infallibly "k1 = example1 t ,i am n[ will+ to write2 & f ?is k1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t ,i am n[ will+ to write4 ,b if any "o %\ld inf] f h5ce1 t ,i am necessitat$ to write1 by ! op]ation ( "s cause1 we %\ld c]ta9ly ?9k 8 inf]5ce v badly drawn4 ,yet ?is is precisely ! way 9 :i* ! necessit>ian proce$s1 :5 he inf]s ! necessity ( human actions f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,he conf\nds ! necess>y connexion betwe5 two propositions1 ) ! necess>y connexion betwe5 cause & effect4 ,?is s+le ambiguity has be5 a mighty in/rum5t 9 ! build+ up ( t port5t\s s*eme ( necessity1 :i* has seem$ to ov]%ad[ ! glory & beauty ( man's nature z a free & acc\ntable be+4 ,?is is n ! only ambiguity ( ! t]m 9 "q :i* has be5 turn$ to acc\nt by ! necessit>ian4 ,9 opposition to ! s*eme ( moral necessity1 or ! necess>y connexion betwe5 volitions & ! influ5ce ( motives1 x has be5 said1 t volitions are produc$ nei!r by motives1 nor by prec$+ acts ( *oice4 ,?is is a direct d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( moral necessity1 ( ! only ?+ :i* we are at all conc]n$ to d5y4 ,we may ?us attempt to escape f ! ?+1 b ! "n /ill pursues u4 ,=1 to ?is view ( ! subject1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds replies z foll[s3 ,if any %all see cause to d5y ?is1 & say !y hold no su* ?+ z t e action is *os5 or det]m9$ by a =ego+ *oice2 b t ! v fir/ ex]tion ( w only1 undet]m9$ by any prec$+ act1 is prop]ly call$ action2 !n ,i say1 su* a man's notion ( action implies necessity2 = :at ! m9d is ! subject (1 )\t ! det]m9ation ( its own previ\s *oice1 x is ! subject ( necess>ily1 z to any h& t free *oice has 9 ! affair2 & )\t any ability ! m9d has to prev5t x1 by any w or election ( its own2 because by ! supposition x precludes all previ\s acts ( ! w or *oice 9 ! case1 :i* might prev5t x4 ,s t x is aga91 9 ?is o!r way1 impli$ 9 ! notion ( an act1 t1 x is bo? necess>y & n necess>y1 p4 #aii4 ,x is 9 ?is mann]1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds disposes ( ?is important view ( ! subject ( free-ag5cy4 ,let u exam9e 8 logic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! argum5t is n s\nd4 ,x proce$s on ! supposition1 t unless a volition is produc$1 x _c be prev5t$1 by a prec$+ act ( volition4 ,?is is a false supposition4 ,i *oose1 = example1 to g out at "o ( ! doors ( my room4 ,?is *oice is n produc$ by any prec$+ act ( *oice4 ,& yet ,i c c]ta9ly prev5t x1 by *oos+ to g out at ! o!r door ( ! room1 or by *oos+ to sit /ill4 ,?us "o act ( *oice may1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 necess>ily exclude or prev5t ano!r act ( *oice2 al?\gh x c\ld n possibly h produc$ t o!r act ( *oice4 ,b suppose ! argum5t to be s\nd1 :at does x prove8 ,x proves our actions to be necess>y2 b 9 :at s5se8 ,does x %[ !m to be subject to t moral necessity1 = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds1 & aga9/ :i* we prote/8 ,?is is ! "q1 let me repeat1 :i* we h und]tak5 to discuss2 & if we w\ld n w&] 9 an et]nal maze ( words1 we mu/ keep to x2 x is ! talisman :i* is to conduct u out ( all our difficulties & p]plexities4 ,x is ! fir/ po9t1 & ! second po9t1 & ! ?ird po9t 9 logic1 to keep to ! issue1 /eadily1 con/antly1 & )\t ! lea/ %ad[ ( turn+4 ,o!rwise we %all lose ourselves 9 a labyr9? ( words1 9 d>kness & confusion int]m9able4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 does ! above argum5t1 suppos+ x to be s\nd1 prove our actions to be necess>y8 ,does x prove !m to be necess>y ) a moral necessity8 ,x does n4 ,accord+ to ! argum5t 9 "q1 volitions are necess>y1 z to any h& free *oice has 9 ! affair2 because by ! supposition x precludes all previ\s acts ( ! w or *oice 9 ! case1 :i* might prev5t !m4 ,t is to say1 volitions are necess>y z to previ\s acts ( *oice2 because by ! supposition previ\s acts ( *oice d n produce !m1 & consequ5tly _c prev5t !m4 ,?is is ! argum5t4 ,n[1 x is v true1 t ?is is n an unhe>d ( use ( ! t]m 9 "q4 ,we say a ?+ is necess>y1 :5 x is dep5d5t ^u no cause = its exi/5ce4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+ is said to be necess>y1 because he is ! uncaus$ ,cause ( all ?+s4 ,z he owes 8 exi/5ce to no?+1 s !re is no?+ capable ( de/roy+ x4 ,he is indep5d5t ( all causes2 & h5ce1 8 exi/5ce is said to be necess>y4 ,9 l mann]1 a ?+ may be said to be necess>y z to any o!r p>ticul> ?+1 ^u :i* x does n dep5d = its exi/5ce4 ,z ! ,supreme ,be+ is said to be necess>y z to all ?+s1 because 8 exi/5ce dep5ds ^u no?+2 s any creat$ object may be said to be necess>y1 z to ! influ5ce ( any o!r object1 to :i* x does n owe its exi/5ce1 & ^u :i* its exi/5ce does n dep5d4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t our volitions are %[n to be necess>y by ! above argum5t ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,a volition is necess>y z to any h& free *oice has 9 ! affair2 because by ! supposition x preclude all previ\s acts ( ! w or *oice 9 ! case1 :i* might prev5t x4 ,t is to say1 x is necess>y z to prec$+ acts ( *oice2 because1 by ! supposition1 x is :olly indep5d5t ( prec$+ acts ( *oice = its exi/5ce4 ,n[1 9 s f> z ! doctr9e ( moral necessity is conc]n$1 ?is argum5t am\nts to j exactly no?+4 ,= al?\gh a volition may be necess>y z to "o p>ticul> cause1 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ :olly indep5d5t ( t cause2 x does n foll[ t x is necess>ily produc$ by ano!r cause4 ,because x does n result f any prec$+ act ( volition1 & consequ5tly is necess>y z to any h& t prec$+ act ( volition _h 9 ! affair1 x does n foll[1 t ! /ronge/ motive produces x4 ,suppos+ a volition to be indep5d5t ( all causes1 z well z ( prec$+ acts ( *oice2 & !n x w\ld be necess>y1 9 ! same s5se1 z to all causes1 z well z to prec$+ acts ( *oice4 ,b h[ inf9itely absurd w\ld x be to conclude1 t because a volition is indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( all causes1 x is !re=e necess>ily connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( a p>ticul> cause6 ,we only d5y t volitions are necess>ily connect$ ) ! p[]1 or influ5ce1 or action1 ( motives or moral causes4 ,?is is ! only k9d ( necessity aga9/ :i*1 z ! advocates ( free-ag5cy1 we are at all conc]n$ to cont5d4 ,& x is worse ?an idle = ! necessit>ian to endeav\r to e/abli% any o!r k9d ( necessity beside ?is4 ,let him come directly to ! po9t1 & keep to x1 if he w\ld hope to accompli% any ?+4 ,?is %ift+ backw>ds & =w>ds f "o mean+ ( an ambigu\s t]m to ano!r2 ?is %[+ a volition to be necess>y 9 "o s5se1 & !n tacitly assum+ x to be necess>y 9 ano!r s5se2 is n ! way to sil5ce & refute ! adv]s>ies ( ! doctr9e ( moral necessity4 ,x may %[1 7suppos+ ! argum5t to be s\nd17 t a volition is necess>y z to a p>ticul> cause1 on ! supposition t x is n produc$ by t cause2 & 9 ! same mann]1 x might be %[n1 t a volition is necess>y z to all causes1 on ! supposition t x is produc$ by no cause4 ,b ! necessity :i* results f su* a supposition1 w\ld be directly array$ aga9/ ! necessity = :i* ,presid5t ,edw>ds cont5ds4 ,9 ! same s5se1 volitions are necess>y z to any h& motives h 9 ! affair1 on ! supposition t !y d n result f ! influ5ce ( motives2 b in/ead ( build+ on ?is k9d ( necessity1 "o w\ld h suppos$ t ,presid5t ,edw>ds 0 some:at conc]n$ 9 its de/ruction4 ,9 %ort1 ! case /&s ?us3 a ?+ is said to be necess>y1 on ! supposition t x has no cause ( its exi/5ce2 or necess>y z to ano!r ?+1 on ! supposition t x does n dep5d on t o!r ?+ = its exi/5ce4 ,aga91 a ?+ is said to be necess>y1 on ! supposition t x proce$s f ! op]ation ( a cause4 ,^! ideas are p]fectly di/9ct4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is z cle> z noonday4 ,x is true1 !y h ! same "n2 b to reason f ! "o to ! o!r1 is ab\t z wild an abuse ( language z c\ld be made4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds is requir$ to %[ t a volition is necess>y1 9 ! s5se ( its hav+ a moral cause2 he has %[n t x is necess>y 9 ! s5se ( its n hav+ a cause4 ,?is is 8 argum5t4 ,let u view ?is subject 9 ano!r light4 ,if we say t a volition proce$s f a prior act ( *oice1 we c]ta9ly hold ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds speaks out f ! ,inquiry & convicts u ( ?is doctr9e4 ,_! notion (1 action1 says he1 implies necessity1 & supposes t x is necess>y1 & _c be cont+5t4 ,= !y suppose1 t :atev] is prop]ly call$ action1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! w & free *oice2 & ?is is z mu* z to say1 t x mu/ be necess>y1 be+ dep5d5t ^u1 & det]m9$ by some?+ =ego+2 namely1 a =ego+ act ( *oice1 p4 #aii4 ,?us1 if we say t a volition is produc$ by a prec$+ act ( volition1 we are cle>ly convict$ ( ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,n[ let u endeav\r to escape f ?is accusation4 ,= ?is purpose1 let u assume ! directly opposite position3 let u d5y t our volitions are produc$ by prec$+ acts ( *oice--& :at !n8 ,are we out ( dang]8 ,f> f x4 ,we are /ill convict$ ( ! dread$ doctr9e ( necessity4 ,on ! v supposition we h made1 diametrically opposite z x is to ! =m]1 we are /ill convict$ ( ! same doctr9e ( necessity4 ,we _c escape f x4 ,x pursues u1 l a gho/1 ?r\gh ! d>k & ill-def9$ %ad[s ( an ambigu\s phraseology1 & lays its cold h& ^u u4 ,turn :]esoev] we may1 x is sure to meet u 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,?is is n all4 ,we are also convict$ ( a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,x is %[n1 t we hold an act to be bo? necess>y & n necess>y4 ,?is may appe> to be an exce$+ly grave *>ge2 & yet ,i ?9k we may v5ture to put 9 ! plea ( guilty4 ,we d hold an act to be necess>y1 z to ! /ronge/ motive1 z well z to any prec$+ act ( *oice1 by :i* we cont5d x is n produc$1 & by :i* x _c be prev5t$4 ,we likewise mo/ freely admit1 t _m volitions are necess>y 9 o!r s5ses ( ! ^w1 z expla9$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,we _c d5y ?is1 s long z we reta9 our s5ses2 = a ?+ is said to be necess>y1 accord+ to him1 :5 x has already come to pass1 & s made sure ( its exi/5ce2 & x is likewise said to be necess>y1 :5 its pres5t exi/5ce1 is c]ta9ly & infallibly kn[n1 z well z :5 its future exi/5ce is c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[n4 ,b yet we d5y1 t an act ( volition is necess>y1 9 ! s5se t x is produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! /ronge/ motive1 z x is call$4 ,t is to say1 we admit an act ( *oice to be necess>y1 9 "s s5ses ( ! ^w2 &1 9 ano!r s5se ( x1 we d5y x to be necess>y4 ,is !re any ?+ v contradictory 9 all ?is8 ,any ?+ to %ock ! common s5se & reason ( mank9d8 ,x may be said1 t ,edw>ds does n always endeav\r to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( moral necessity2 t he frequ5tly aims m]ely to %[1 t our actions are n )\t all necessity4 ,?is is unque/ionably true4 ,he frequ5tly arrives at ?is conclusion2 & he seems to ?9k t he has done some?+1 :5ev] he has %[n our actions to be necess>y 9 any s5se ( ! ^w z def9$ by himself4 ,b x is difficult to conceive ) :om he c\ld h _h any controv]sy4 ,= c]ta9ly no "o 9 8 "r m9d1 c\ld pret5d to d5y t human actions are necess>y 9 any s5se1 z ! ^w is expla9$ & us$ 9 ! ,inquiry4 ,:5 x is said1 = example1 t ! tru? ( ! proposition :i* affirms ! future exi/5ce ( an ev5t1 is necess>ily connect$ ) ! idea t t ev5t is c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[n2 no "o1 9 8 "r m9d1 c d5y ! position4 ,su* a d5ial1 z ,edw>ds says1 involves a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,h5ce1 ?is notion ( necessity only requires to be /at$ & und]/ood1 9 ord] to rivet irresi/ible conviction on ! m9d ( e rational be+4 ,no light has be5 ?r[n ^u x1 by ! pages :i* ,presid5t ,edw>ds has devot$ to ! subject2 nor c\ld a ?\s& volumes r5d] x "o :it cle>] ?an x is 9 itself4 ,h5ce1 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry %\ld h se51 t if !re 0 any controv]sy ) him on ?is po9t1 x 0 n because !re 0 any div]sity ( op9ion2 b because !re 0 a misconception ( 8 proposition4 ,& no d\bt he w\ld h se5 ?is1 if ! mean+ ( 8 own language _h be5 cle>ly def9$ 9 8 own m9d3 if he _h m>k$ out & circumscrib$1 z ) a sunbeam1 ! precise limitation )9 :i* 8 own propositions are true1 & beyond :i* !y are false4 ,if he _h done ?is1 he w\ld h se5 t !re 01 & t !re c\ld h be51 b "o real po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 himself & 8 adv]s>ies4 ,he w\ld h se51 t1 aside f ! ambiguities ( language1 !re 0 b "o real po9t 9 dispute4 ,he w\ld h se51 t x 0 affirm$1 on ! "o side1 t ! /ronge/ motive op]ates to produce a *oice2 & t ?is 0 d5i$ on ! o!r4 ,& h5ce1 he w\ld h put =? 8 :ole /r5g? to e/abli% ?is s+le po9t1 to =tify ?is s+le doctr9e ( moral necessity4 ,he w\ld n h cr[d$ s _m diff]5t ideas into ! def9ition ( ! t]m necessity2 & !n imag9$ t he 0 ov]:elm+ & conf\nd+ 8 adv]s>ies1 :5 he 0 only %[+ t human actions are n )\t all necessity4 ,& :5 !y said1 t a necess>y action is a contradiction1 he w\ld h se5 h[ !y us$ ! t]m necess>y2 & he w\ld n h conclud$1 z he has done1 t ?is notion ( action implies cont+5ce1 & excludes all necessity1 p4 #aii4 ,he w\ld h se51 t ! idea ( an action1 9 our view1 is inconsi/5t ) necessity1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w2 & yet n inconsi/5t ) e ?+ t has be5 call$ necessity4 ,9 ! def9ition ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 !re is an inh]5t & radical defect1 :i* ,i h n z yet notic$2 & :i* is1 inde$1 ! s\rce ( all 8 vacillat+ on ?is subject4 ,x proce$s f a v common error1 :i* has be5 well expla9$ & illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t 9 8 ,essay on ! ,beautiful4 ,! v>i\s !ories1 :i* +5i\s m5 h fram$ 9 relation to ! beautiful1 says ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 h orig9at$ 9 a prejudice1 :i* has desc5d$ to mod]n times f ! s*ola/ic ages2 t :5 a ^w admits ( a v>iety ( significations1 ^! diff]5t significations mu/ all be species ( ! same g5us2 & mu/ consequ5tly include "s ess5tial idea common to e individual to :i* ! g5]ic t]m c be appli$4 ,! "q ( ,ari/ippas1 h[ c beauty diff] f beauty1 says ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 pla9ly proce$$ on a total misconception ( ! nature ( ! circum/ances2 :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( language1 atta* diff]5t mean+s to ! same ^w2 & :i* by sl[ & ins5sible gradations1 remove !m to su* a di/ance f _! primitive or radical s5se1 t no +5uity c trace ! successive /eps ( _! progress4 ,! v>iety ( ^! circum/ances is1 9 fact1 s great1 t x is impossible to attempt a complete enum]ation ( !m2 & ,i %all1 !re=e1 select a few ( ! cases1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple n[ 9 "q appe>s mo/ obvi\sly & indisputably to fail4 ,i %all beg9 ) suppos+1 t ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 d5ote a s]ies ( objects2 t ,a possesses "s quality 9 common ) ,b2 ,b a quality 9 common ) ,c2 ,c a quality 9 common ) ,d2 ,d a quality 9 common ) ,e2--:ile at ! same "t1 no quality c be f\nd :i* belongs 9 common to any ?ree objects 9 ! s]ies4 ,is x n conceivable1 t ! aff9ity betwe5 ,a & ,b may produce a transf]5ce ( ! "n ( ! fir/ to ! second2 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! o!r aff9ities :i* connect ! rema9+ objects toge!r1 ! same "n may pass 9 succession f ,b to ,c2 f ,c to ,d2 & f ,d to ,e8 ,?is idea1 & ! reason+ :i* ,mr4 ,/ew>t has f\nd$ ^u x1 are at once obvi\s1 orig9al & pr(\nd4 ,x %[s t ! mo/ gift$ philosoph]s1 h n be5 able to frame a satisfactory !ory ( ! beautiful1 because !y h proce$$ on ! false supposition1 t all ^? objects :i* are call$ beautiful h "s common prop]ty1 m]ely because !y h a common appellation1 by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f o!r objects2 & t 9 endeav\r+ to po9t out & def9e ?is common prop]ty1 !y h engag$ 9 an impracticable attempt2 & h5ce !y h succe$$ to _! own satisfaction1 only by do+ viol5ce to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,?is is a fruitful idea4 ,x admits ( _m illu/rations4 ,i %all select only a few4 ,philosoph]s & juri/s h frequ5tly attempt$ to def9e executive p[]2 b !y h proce$$ on ! supposition1 t all ^? p[]s call$ executive1 h a common & di/+ui%+ prop]ty1 because !y h a common "n4 ,h5ce1 !y h necess>ily fail$2 because ! supposition on :i* !y h proce$$ is false4 ,executive p[]1 prop]ly s call$1 is t :i* sees to ! execution ( ! laws2 & o!r p[]s are call$ executive1 n because !y p>take ( ! nature ( su* p[]s1 b simply because !y h be5 conf]r$ ^u ! *ief executive magi/rate4 ,! same rem>k1 may be made1 9 relation to ! attempts ( +5i\s m51 to def9e ! nature ( law 9 g5]al4 ,if we analyze all ^? ?+s :i* h be5 call$ laws1 we %all f9d t !y h no elem5t or prop]ty 9 common3 ! only ?+ !y h 9 common is ! "n4 ,h5ce1 :5 we und]take to def9e law 9 g5]al1 or to po9t out ! common prop]ty by :i* laws are di/+ui%$ f o!r ?+s1 we mu/ necess>ily fail4 ,we may frame a def9ition 9 words1 z o!rs h done2 b1 h[ev] c>efully ?is may be con/ruct$1 x c be appli$ to diff]5t k9ds ( laws1 only by giv+ totally diff]5t mean+s to ! words ( :i* x is compos$4 ,?us1 = example1 a law is said to be a rule ( conduct1 giv5 by a sup]ior to an inf]ior1 & :i* ! inf]ior is b\nd to obey4 ,n[1 :o does n see1 t ! words conduct & ob$i5ce1 mu/ h totally di/9ct mean+s1 :5 !y are appli$ to inanimate objects & :5 !y are appli$ to ! actions ( moral & acc\ntable be+s8 ,& :o does n see1 t human be+s are b\nd to d _! duty1 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se1 f t 9 :i* matt] c be said to be "u an obligation8 ,! same rem>k may be ext5d$ to all ! def9itions :i* h be5 giv5 ( law 9 g5]al4 ,& :oev] und]/&s ! philosophy ( def9itions1 w easily p]ceive t e attempt to draw ?+s1 s :olly unlike ea* o!r1 "u "o & ! same mode ( expression1 is n really to def9e1 b to hide1 ! true nature ( ?+s "u ! ambiguities ( language4 ,( ?is common fault1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds has be5 guilty4 ,in/ead ( def9+ ! v>i\s s5ses ( ! t]m necessity1 & always us+ x ) precision & )\t confusion2 he has und]tak5 to %[ :]e9 ^? ?+s call$ necess>y really agree 9 "s common prop]ty4 ,he look$ = a common nature1 :]e !re is only a common "n4 ,z ,ari/ippas c\ld n conceive1 h[ beauty c\ld diff] f beauty2 s1 if we may judge f 8 argum5t1 x 0 a great difficulty ) him1 to conceive h[ necessity c diff] f necessity4 ,h5ce1 :5 he proves an action to be necess>y 9 any "o ( ! v>i\s s5ses :i* are includ$ "u 8 def9ition ( philosophical necessity1 he imag9es t 8 "w is done2 & :5 8 adv]s>y d5ies t an action is necess>y 9 any "o ( ^? s5ses1 he concludes t he d5ies all necessity6 ,9 all ?is1 we see ! "q z pla9ly z if x _h be5 expressly writt5 d[n1 h[ c philosophical necessity diff] f philosophical necessity8 ,to :i* ,i w\ld simply reply1 t a ?+ _c diff] f itself1 x is true2 b ! same ^w may h v diff]5t mean+s2 & t x is a prejudice :i* has desc5d$ to mod]n times f ! s*ola/ic ages1 to suppose t ?+s h a common nature1 m]ely because !y h a common "n4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! fallacy ( ?is prejudice c\ld be furni%$1 ?an t :i* ,edw>ds has giv5 9 8 def9ition ( philosophical or metaphysical necessity4 ,"u ?is def9ition1 z we h se51 he has includ$ ! be+ ( a ,god1 :i* is said to be necess>y1 because he has exi/$ f all et]nity1 unmade & uncaus$2 & also ! exi/5ce ( an effect1 :i* is said to be necess>y1 because x necess>ily results f ! op]ation ( a cause4 ,n[1 ^! two ideas /& 9 direct opposition to ea* o!r2 & ! only ?+ !y h 9 common is ! "n4 ,& yet ,presid5t ,edw>ds reasons f ! "o to ! o!r6 ,if he c1 9 any way1 rea* ! "n1 ?is seems to satisfy him4 ,! ?+ 9 dispute is entirely ov]look$4 ,if we say t *oice is produc$ by *oice1 !n he cont5ds x is an effect1 & consequ5tly necess>y4 ,if we d5y t *oice is produc$ by *oice1 !n x is necess>y any h[2 n because x is produc$ by a cause1 b because x is indep5d5t ( a cause1 be+ nei!r produc$ nor prev5t$ by x4 ,x makes no diff]5ce ) ?is great *ampion ( necessity1 :e!r *oice is said to be produc$ by *oice or n2 =1 on ei!r ( ^! opposite suppositions1 he c %[ t our volitions are necess>y4 ,! abs5ce ( ! v circum/ance :i* makes x necess>y 9 ! "o case1 is t :i* makes x necess>y 9 ! o!r4 ,is *oice produc$ by *oice8 ,!n ?is dep5d5ce ( *oice ^u *oice1 %[s x to be necess>y4 ,is *oice n produc$ by *oice8 ,!n ?is indep5d5ce ( *oice ^u *oice is ! v ?+ :i* %[s x to be necess>y6 ,?us ?is great *ampion ( necessity1 j passes f "o mean+ ( ! t]m to ano!r1 )\t ! lea/ reg>d to ! po9t 9 dispute1 or to ! logical coh]5cy ( 8 argum5t4 ,surely1 if a reluctant _w has b[$ 9 homage to 8 logic1 x mu/ h be5 because ! _w has be5 too indol5t to pry into ! sophisms ) :i* x sw>ms4 ,x is only 9 8 onsets ^u error1 t ! might ( 8 resi/less logic is felt2 9 ! def5ce ( 8 own sy/em1 he does n reason at all1 he m]ely rambles4 ,inde$1 ) all 8 gigantic p[]1 he 0 compell$ to reel & /agg] "u ! burd5 ( su* a cause4 ,,section ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,natural ,,& ,,moral ,,necessity4 ,i ,,h already said _m ?+s be>+ ^u ! fam\s di/9ction betwe5 natural & moral necessity2 b ?is di/9ction is reg>d$ z s important by its advocates1 t x des]ves a sep>ate notice4 ,?is ,i %all proce$ to give x4 ,! di/9ction 9 "q is treat$ ) no great rev]5ce by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy4 ,x is d5\nc$ by !m z a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce2 &1 ?\gh ?is may be true 9 ! ma91 yet ?is is n ! way to settle any ?+4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a real diff]5ce betwe5 natural & moral necessity1 z !y are held & describ$ by necessit>ians2 & if we pay no att5tion to x1 our decl>ations ab\t its futility w be apt to produce m heat ?an light4 ,i fully recognize ! ju/ness ( ! dem& made by ,dr4 ,edw>ds1 t ^? :o insi/ t natural & moral necessity are ! same1 %\ld tell u 9 :at respects !y are s4 ,we h in=m$ !m1 says he1 9 :at respects we hold !m to be diff]5t4 ,we wi% !m to be equally explicit & c&id1 p4 #ai4 ,i int5d to be equally explicit & c&id4 ,i admit1 !n1 t !re is a real diff]5ce betwe5 natural & moral necessity2 !y diff]1 z ! ,edw>dses say1 9 ! nature ( ! t]ms connect$4 ,9 ! "o case1 !re is a natural cause & its effect1 su* z =ce & ! motion produc$ by x1 connect$ toge!r2 & 9 ! o!r1 !re is a motive & a volition4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,i believe t !re is a great] diff]5ce betwe5 !m ?an does ! necessit>ian himself2 = he consid]s volition to be ( ! same nature ) an effect1 :]eas ,i reg>d x z ess5tially diff]5t 9 nature & 9 k9d f an effect4 ,!re is ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 natural & moral necessity4 ,natural necessity admits ( an opposition ( ! w2 :]eas x is absurd to suppose any su* opposition 9 ! case ( moral necessity4 ,a man may be s b\nd t 8 utmo/ ef=ts to move may prove unavail+3 9 su* a case1 he is said to lab\r "u a natural necessity4 ,?is always implies & presupposes an opposition ( w4 ,b n s 9 reg>d to moral necessity4 ,x is absurd to suppose1 t our wills c ev] be 9 opposition to moral necessity2 = ?is w\ld be to suppose t we are made will+ by ! influ5ce ( motives1 & yet are n will+4 ,n[1 ,i fully recognize ^! diff]5ces betwe5 natural & moral necessity1 z !y are view$ by ! necessit>ian4 ,:e!r !y are n inconsi/5t ) _! ideas ( moral necessity1 is ano!r "q4 ,b z ,i am n conc]n$ ) t "q at pres5t1 ,i am will+ to take ^! diff]5ces )\t ! lea/ abatem5t4 ,admitt+1 !n1 t ^! di/9ctions are well-f\nd$1 & t !y are p]fectly consi/5t ) ! idea ( moral necessity1 let u see 9 :at respects !re is an agreem5t betwe5 ! ?+s "u consid]ation4 ,! diff]5ce does n lie1 says ,edw>ds1 s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! connexion1 z 9 ! two t]ms connect$4 ,moral necessity is a sure & p]fect connexion betwe5 moral causes & effects4 ,x is z absolute z natural necessity4 ,! influ5ce ( motives is n a condition ( volition1 :i* ! w may or may n foll[2 x is ! cause !re(2 & x is absurd to suppose t ! effect1 ! volition1 c be loose f ! influ5ce ( its cause1 p4 #gg-h4 ,yes1 volition is j z absolutely & unconditionally controll$ by motive1 z ! inanimate objects ( nature are controll$ by ! p[] ( ! ,almighty4 ,! connexion1 ! necess>y connexion1 :i* subsi/s betwe5 motion & ! =ce by :i* x is produc$1 is ! same 9 nature & 9 k9d z t :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! action or influ5ce ( motive & volition4 ,h]e91 !n1 is ! agreem5t1 t 9 moral necessity1 z well z 9 natural1 ! effect is produc$ by ! influ5ce ( its cause4 ,! nature ( ! connexion is ! same 9 bo?2 & 9 bo? x is equally absolute4 ,n[ we h se5 ! diff]5ces1 & we h also se5 ! po9ts ( agreem5t2 & ! "q is1 n :e!r ?is fam\s di/9ction be well-f\nd$1 b :e!r x w s]ve ! purpose = :i* x is employ$4 ,9 ! full light1 & 9 ! p]fect recognition ( ?is di/9ction1 we d5y t x w s]ve ! purpose ( ! necessit>ian4 ,x is suppos$1 t natural necessity alone int]f]es ) ! free-ag5cy ( man1 :ile moral necessity is p]fectly consi/5t ) x4 ,b1 9 reality1 moral necessity is m utt]ly subv]sive ( all free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ?an natural necessity itself4 ,?9k n t ?is is a m]e ha/y & idle ass]tion4 ,let u look at x1 & see if x is n true4 ,we h already se51 t a caus$ volition is no volition at all2--t a necess>y ag5t is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,9 o!r words1 a p[] to act mu/ itself act1 & n be made to act by ! action ( any o!r p[]1 or else x does n act at all4 ,& if x mu/ be caus$ to act1 be=e x c act1 !n1 z we h already se51 !re mu/ be an inf9ite s]ies ( acts4 ,^! ?+s h be5 fully illu/rat$1 & def5d$ aga9/ ! false analogies1 by :i* !y h be5 assail$2 & !y are "h m5tion$ only = ! sake ( great] cle>ness & di/9ctness4 ,if ! s*eme ( moral necessity be true1 !n1 accord+ to :i* our volitions are absolutely caus$ by ! action or influ5ce ( motive1 x is idle to talk ab\t free acts ( ! w2 = !re are no acts ( ! w at all4 ,if our wills are caus$ to put =? volitions1 & are turn$ to "o side or ! o!r1 by ! controll+ influ5ce ( motives1 x is idle to talk ab\t a free-w2 = we h no w at all4 ,i "k full well1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds admits t we h a w2 & t ! w does really act2 b ?is admission is contradict$ by br++ ! w & all its ex]cises "u ! dom9ation & absolute control ( motives4 ,he oblit]ates ! di/9ction betwe5 cause & effect1 betwe5 action & passion1 betwe5 m5tal activity & bodily motion2 & !reby draws ! ph5om5a ( w1 ! volitions ( all intellig5t creatures1 "u ! iron s*eme ( necessity4 ,we are et]nally rem9d$ t ,edw>ds believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( a w1 & 9 ! reality ( its acts4 ,we "k x2 b let u n be accus$ ( misrepres5t+ him1 unless x c be %[n t "o "p ( 8 sy/em does n contradict ano!r1--unless x c be %[n1 n by false analogies & an abuse ( words1 b by valid evid5ce1 t an act ( ! m9d may be necess>ily caus$4 ,?is nev] has be5 %[n2 & ! attempts ( ! necessit>ian to %[ x1 z we h se51 are among ! mo/ signal failures 9 ! :ole range ( human philosophy4 ,until ?is be %[n1 we mu/ cont5d t !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se s diametrically oppos$ to all free-ag5cy--to all lib]ty ( ! w1 z ! s*eme ( moral necessity2 :i* s cle>ly ov]?r[s &1 demoli%es ! v idea ( a w & all its volitions4 ,inde$1 :at is call$ natural necessity does n prop]ly int]f]e ) ! lib]ty ( ! w at all2 x m]ely re/ra9s ! fre$om ( motion4 ,x is moral necessity t rea*es ! seat ( ! m9d1 & takes away all ! fre$om !re(2 ev5 d5y+ to u ! possession ( a w itself4 ,:5 my h& is b\nd1 ,i may /rive to move x 9 va92 9 ?is case1 my w is free1 because ,i may /rive1 or ,i may n2 b ! h& is n free1 because x _c move4 ,b if motives cause ! m9d to foll[ _! influ5ce1 s t x may n possibly dep>t or be loose f t influ5ce2 !n we h no w at all2 & x is idle & a mock]y to talk ab\t fre$om ( ! w4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ,edw>ds w\ld h u to believe t no sy/em is consi/5t ) free-ag5cy b 8 own2 he occupies ! position1 t x is absurd to suppose1 t a volition may possibly be loose f ! influ5ce ( motive2 t ?is is to suppose t x is ! effect ( motive1 & at ! same "t t x is n ! effect ( motive6 ,all agree1 says ,day1 t a necessity :i* is oppos$ to our *oice1 is inconsi/5t ) lib]ty1 p4 #ia4 ,t is to say1 a necessity :i* cuts (f or prev5ts ! ext]nal consequ5ce ( our *oice1 is inconsi/5t ) lib]ty ( ! w2 b t :i* takes away "o *oice1 & sets up ano!r1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) x6 ,if ! arm is held1 s t ! free *oice _c move x1 !n is ! lib]ty ( ! w int]f]$ )2 b1 ?\gh ! w may be absolutely sway$ & controll$1 by ! influ5ce ( motives1 or by ! sov]eign p[] ( ,god himself1 yet is x p]fectly free6 ,if su* be ! lib]ty ( ! w1 :at is x wor?8 ,!re are _m ?+s1 :i* x is beyond ! p[] ( ! human m9d to accompli%4 ,ev5 9 su* cases1 ! natural necessity "u :i* we are said to lab\r1 does n int]f]e ) ! lib]ty ( ! w4 ,if we _c d su* ?+s1 x is n because our w is n free 9 reg>d to !m1 b because its p[] is limit$4 ,we might v well attempt !m1 & put =? volitions 9 ord] to accompli% !m1 z 9 our ignorance we (t5 d2 & if we ab/a9 f s do+ 9 o!r cases1 :]e9 we might wi% to act1 x is because we "k !y are beyond our p[]1 &1 z rational creatures1 d n *oose to make fools ( ourselves4 ,to say t we are "u a natural necessity1 !n1 is only to say t our p[] is limit$1 & n t x is n free4 ,x is res]v$ = moral necessity--%all ,i say to enslave8--no1 b to annihilate ! w4 ,x is true1 if we w to d a ?+1 & are re/ra9$ f do+ x by a sup]ior =ce1 we are n to blame = n do+ x2 or if we refuse to d x1 & are con/ra9$ to d x1 we are equally blameless4 ,9 su* cases1 natural necessity1 al?\gh x does n rea* ! w1 is an excuse = ext]nal conduct4 ,if ! "q 71 is a man acc\ntable = 8 ext]nal actions8 = ! movem5ts ( 8 body8 !n we might talk ab\t natural necessity4 ,b z ! "q1 9 ! pres5t controv]sy1 is1 :e!r a man is acc\ntable = 8 int]nal acts1 = ! volitions ( 8 m9d8 to talk ab\t natural necessity is :olly irrelevant4 ,x has no?+ to d ) su* a controv]sy2 & h5ce1 ,edw>ds is entirely mi/ak5 :5 he supposes t x is natural necessity1 & t alone1 :i* is oppos$ to ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,x is 9 fact oppos$ to no?+ b ! fre$om ( ! body2 & by lugg+ x into ! pres5t controv]sy1 x c only s]ve to make confusion ! worse conf\nd$4 ,x is ! g5]al s5tim5t ( mank9d1 t moral necessity is inconsi/5t ) free-ag5cy & acc\ntability4 ,edw>ds has tak5 great pa9s to expla9 ?is fact4 ,8 great reason = x is1 t m5 are 9 ! habit ( excus+ !mselves = _! outw>d conduct1 on ! gr\nd ( natural necessity4 ,9 ?is way1 by e>ly & con/ant association1 ! idea ( blamelessness becomes firmly atta*$ to ! t]m necessity1 z well z ^? t]ms1 su* z mu/1 _c1 c41 9 :i* ! same ?+ is impli$4 ,h5ce1 we naturally suppose t we are excusable = ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y ) a moral necessity4 ,?us1 ! fact t m5 g5]ally reg>d moral necessity & free-ag5cy z incompatible ) ea* o!r1 is suppos$ by ,edw>ds to arise f ! ambiguity ( language2 & t if we w only %ake (f ?is influ5ce1 we %all see a p]fect agreem5t & h>mony betwe5 !m4 ,b is ?is s8 ,let any man fix 8 m9d ^u ! v idea ( moral necessity itself1 & !n answ] ?is "q4 ,let him lay aside ! t]m necessity1 & all k9dr$ words2 let him simply & ab/ract$ly consid] a volition z be+ produc$ by ! action or influ5ce ( motives2 & !n ask himself1 if ! subject 9 :i* ?is effect is produc$ is acc\ntable = x8 ,if x c be 8 virtue or 8 vice8 ,let him conceive ( a volition1 or any?+ else1 z be+ produc$ 9 ! human m9d1 by an extrane\s cause2 & !n ask himself if ! m9d 9 :i* x is ?us produc$ c be to praise or to blame = x8 ,let any man d ?is1 & ,i ?9k he w see a bett] reason = ! common s5tim5t ( mank9d ?an any :i* ,edw>ds has assign$ = x2 he w see t m5 h g5]ally reg>d$ moral necessity z incompatible ) free-ag5cy & acc\ntability1 j because x is utt]ly irreconcilable ) !m4 ,inde$1 h[ev] liable ! common p1 & philosoph]s too1 may be to be deceiv$ & misl$ by ! ambiguities ( language1 !re is no su* deception 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! common p1 z !y are call$1 d n always say1 my actions are necess>y1 ,i _c help !m1 & !re=e ,i am n acc\ntable = !m4 ,!y z frequ5tly say1 t if my actions1 if my volitions1 are br\ght to pass by ! /r5g? & influ5ce ( motives1 ,i am n responsible = !m4 ,?is common s5tim5t & conviction ( mank9d1 !re=e1 does n bl9dly aim m]ely at ! "n1 :ile x misses ! ?+2 x does inde$ be> ) all its =ce directly ^u ! s*eme ( moral necessity itself4 ,& its p[] is s\ght to be evad$1 z we h se51 & z we %all /ill fur!r see1 n by expla9+ ! ambiguities ( language1 s z to enlight5 mank9d1 b by conf\nd+ ! mo/ opposite natures1 su* z action & passion1 volition & local motion1 ?r\gh ! ambiguities ( language4 ,x is ! necessit>ian1 :o is always talk+ ab\t ! ambiguities ( language1 t is cont9ually build+ ^u !m4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to conceive :y he has s (t5 be5 suppos$ to use language ) su* wond]ful precision1 if x be n because he is et]nally compla9+ ( ! want ( x 9 o!rs4 ,j let ! common p1 or ^? ( !m :o may desire an opiate = _! consci5ces1 see ! s*eme ( moral necessity z x is 9 itself1 /ripp$ ( all ! disguises ( an ambigu\s phraseology1 & x w satisfy !m4 ,x w be ! "o ?+ ne$ful to _! crav+ & hung]+ appetites4 ,let !m be made to believe t all our volitions are produc$ by ! action & influ5ce ( motives1 s t !y may n be o!rwise ?an !y are2 & a s5se ( moral obligation & responsibility w be ext+ui%$ 9 _! brea/s1 unless nature %\ld prove too /rong = sophi/ry4 ,inde$1 if we may believe ! mo/ au!ntic acc\nts1 ?is doctr9e has done its /range & fe>ful "w among ! common p1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,x is a philosophy :i* is )9 ! rea* ( ! mo/ ord9>y m9ds1 z well z ! mo/ agreeable to ! mo/ ab&on$ he>ts2 & h5ce its awfully desolat+ p[]4 ,& if its ravages & deva/ations h n ext5d$ wid] & deep] ?an !y h1 x is because !y h be5 *eck$ by ! comb9$ p[]s ( nature & ( religion1 r ?an by logic2 by ! happy inconsi/5cy1 r ?an by ! sup]ior metaphysical acum51 ( its advocates & admir]s4 ,,section ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,idea ,,( ,,lib]ty4 ,,x 0 n ! design ( ,edw>ds1 z x is well kn[n1 to int]f]e ) ! moral ag5cy ( man4 ,he hone/ly believ$ t ! s*eme ( necessity1 z held by himself1 0 p]fectly consi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( lib]ty2 & he retort$ ^u 8 adv]s>ies t x 0 _! sy/em1 & n 81 :i* /ruck at ! f\ndation ( moral ag5cy & acc\ntability4 ,b h[ev] upright may h be5 8 int5tions1 he has m]ely left u ! "n ( lib]ty1 :ile he has 9 reality d5i$ to u its nature & its ess5ce4 ,accord+ to 8 view ( ! subject1 ,! pla9 & obvi\s mean+ ( ! words fre$om & lib]ty1 9 common spee*1 is ! p[]1 opportunity1 or advantage t any "o has to d z he pleases4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 8 be+ free f h9drance or imp$im5t 9 ! way ( do+1 or conduct+ 9 any respect z he wills4 ,& ! contr>y to lib]ty1 :atev] "n we call t by1 is a p]son's be+ h9d]$1 or unable to conduct z he w1 or be+ necessitat$ to d o!rwise4 ,?is is ! k9d ( lib]ty = :i* he cont5ds4 ,& he says1 ,!re are two ?+s contr>y to :at is call$ lib]ty 9 common spee*4 ,"o is con/ra9t1 o!rwise call$ =ce1 compulsion1 & co-action1 :i* is a p]son's be+ necessitat$ to d a ?+ contr>y to 8 w4 ,! o!r is re/ra9t2 :i* is 8 be+ h9d]$1 & n hav+ p[] to d accord+ to 8 w4 ,b t :i* has no w _c be ! subject ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is notion ( lib]ty1 z ,edw>ds says1 presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a w4 ,9 fact1 x presupposes m ?an ?is2 x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,=1 unless "o is det]m9$ n to d a ?+1 he _c be con/ra9$ to d x1 contr>y to 8 w2 &1 unless he is det]m9$ to d a ?+1 he _c be re/ra9$ f do+ x accord+ to 8 w4 ,?is k9d ( lib]ty1 !n1 z x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a det]m9ation ( ! w1 has no?+ to d ) ! mann] 9 :i* t det]m9ation is br\ght to pass4 ,if ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d or w 7 br\ght to pass1 s to speak1 by an absolutely irresi/ible =ce2 j z any o!r effect is br\ght to pass by its effici5t cause2 yet ?is k9d ( lib]ty might exi/ 9 its utmo/ p]fection4 ,= x only requires t aft] ! w is det]m9$ 9 ?is mann]1 or 9 any o!r1 t x %\ld be left free f con/ra9t or re/ra9t1 to fl[ on j z x has be5 det]m9$ to d4 ,x is no o!r lib]ty ?an t :i* is possess$ by a curr5t ( wat]1 :5 x is said to fl[ freely1 because x is n oppos$ 9 its c\rse by any mat]ial ob/ruction4 ,t ! lib]ty = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds1 has no?+ to d ) ! mann] 9 :i* our actions or volitions come to pass2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ) ! k9d ( relation betwe5 motives & actions1 we h 8 own express ackn[l$gm5t4 ,:at is vulg>ly call$ lib]ty1 says he1 namely1 t p[] & opportunity = "o to d & conduct z he w1 or accord+ to 8 *oice1 is all t is meant by x2 )\t tak+ into ! mean+ ( ! ^w any ?+ ( ! cause ( t *oice2 or at all consid]+ h[ ! p]son came to h su* a volition2 :e!r x 0 caus$ by "s ext]nal motive1 or int]nal habitual bias2 :e!r x 0 det]m9$ by "s int]nal antec$5t volition1 or :e!r x happ5$ )\t a cause2 :e!r x 0 necess>ily connect$ ) some?+ =ego+1 or n connect$4 ,let ! p]son come by 8 *oice ,,any ,,h[1 yet if he is able1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! way to h9d] 8 pursu+ & execut+ 8 w1 ! man is p]fectly free1 accord+ to ! prim>y & common notion ( fre$om4 ,?is notion ( lib]ty1 x is easy to see1 is consi/5t ) ! mo/ absolute s*eme ( fatality ( :i* x is possible to conceive4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is idea ( x1 if we %\ld come by our *oice any h[1 ev5 by ! mo/ irresi/ible influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 yet we might be p]fectly free4 ,h5ce x is no wond] t we f9d ! same def9ition ( lib]ty 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ absolute fatali/s4 ,x is rem>kable t ,edw>ds has tak5 great pa9s to def9e 8 idea ( philosophical necessity1 & to di/+ui% x f ! common s5se ( ! ^w2 & yet he supposes t ! notion ( lib]ty1 ab\t :i* ! same dispute is conv]sant1 is t :i* is ref]r$ to 9 common spee*1 or t :i* is vulg>ly call$ lib]ty4 ,he cont5ds = a philosophical necessity1 & especially = a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! influ5ce ( motives & volitions2 b ! philosophical lib]ty :i* /&s oppos$ to 8 s*eme1 :i* d5ies any su* necess>y connexion1 he has n deem$ x wor? 8 :ile to notice6 ,lib]ty1 accord+ to ,edw>ds' s5se ( ! t]m1 has no?+ to d ) ! controv]sy respect+ free-ag5cy & necessity4 ,x is z consi/5t ) fatalism z c\ld be desir$ by ! mo/ extravagant support]s ( t odi\s sy/em4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! doctr9e ( necessity is d5i$1 & t ( lib]ty or moral ag5cy is ass]t$1 some?+ m ?an ?is is int5d$4 ,! idea ( lib]ty1 z x /&s connect$ ) ! controv]sy 9 "q1 has ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* our volitions come to pass1 to ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 motives & _! correspond+ actions4 ,:5 we say t ! w is free1 we mean t x is n necess>ily det]m9$ by ! influ5ce ( motives2 we mean to d5y ! doctr9e ( moral necessity1 or t ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 a motive & its correspond+ act1 is n t :i* subsi/s betwe5 an effici5t cause & its effect4 ,we mean to cont5d = a philosophical lib]ty1 z ,presid5t ,edw>ds cont5ds = a philosophical necessity1 & n = t :i* is vulg>ly call$ lib]ty4 ,!re is an inconsi/5cy1 ,i am aw>e1 9 suppos+ a *oice to be induc$ by ! =ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 or by ! =ce ( motives1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal2 b ?is inconsi/5cy belongs to ! s*eme ( necessity2 & if ,i h indulg$ 9 ! supposition = a mom5t1 x 0 only to meet ! necessit>ian1 & argue ) him on 8 own gr\nd4 ,z ,i h already said1 a w t is det]m9$1 in/ead ( det]m9+1 is no w at all4 ,& ! lib]ty ( ! w = :i* we cont5d1 is impli$ by ! p[] ( ! m9d to ,,act4 ,x does n dep5d ^u ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( any ext]nal ob/ruction4 ,x is no su* occasional1 or accid5tal ?+2 x is an inh]5t & ess5tial attribute & p[] ( ! m9d4 ,no p[] 9 ! univ]se1 b t ( creation1 c produce x1 & no *a9s on e>? c b9d x4 ,! idea ( lib]ty1 z cont5d$ = by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 is no o!r ?an t ent]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,locke4 ,?us1 says ! latt]1 !re may be ?\ght1 !re may be w1 !re may be volition1 :]e !re is no lib]ty4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is position he says1 ,a man fall+ into wat]1 7a bridge break+ "u him17 has n h]e9 lib]ty1 is n a free-ag5t4 ,= ?\gh he has volition1 ?\gh he pref]s 8 n fall+ to fall+1 yet ! =be>ance ( t motion n be+ 9 8 p[]1 ! /op or cessation ( t motion foll[s n ^u 8 volition2 & !re=e !re9 he is n free4 ,x is true1 he is n !re9 free1 9 "o ( ! mo/ common s5ses ( ! t]m2 b x is wrong to conclude f h5ce1 t !re is 9 su* a case1 no lib]ty4 ,= if ! volition1 ( :i* he is said to be possess$1 did n result f ! action ( any ?+1 if x 0 simply an act ( ! m9d1 :i* 0 n necess>ily produc$ by ano!r act1 !n he possess$ fre$om 9 ! philosophical s5se ( ! t]m4 ,he 0 free 9 ! act ( will+1 9 ! possession ( 8 volition1 al?\gh ! consequ5ce ( t volition 0 cut (f & prev5t$ by an ov]-rul+ necessity1 :i* _h no conceivable relation to ! mann] 9 :i* he came by 8 volition4 ,:]ev] !re is a volition1 !re is ?is k9d ( lib]ty2 = a volition is n1 & _c be1 produc$ by any co]cive =ce4 ,! =ego+ illu/ration might h be5 v consi/5tly (f]$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 :o consid]$ a volition & a pref]5ce ( ! m9d z id5tically ! same2 b x comes n ) s good a grace f ,mr4 ,locke4 ,he consid]$ an act ( ! w z diff]5t f a pref]5ce4 ,accord+ to 8 doctr9e1 a man might pref] n to fall1 9 su* a case z t put by himself1 & yet n w n to fall4 ,& he illu/rates ! diff]5ce by say+1 a man w\ld pref] fly+ to walk+1 yet :o c say he ev] wills x8 ,n[1 if a man _c w to fly1 x is v difficult to see h[ he c w n to fall1 9 case he 7 dropp$ f ! air4 ,! illu/ration ( ,mr4 ,locke is fallaci\s4 ,x does n %[1 & ,i humbly conceive x _c be %[n1 t !re c be a volition any:]e 9 ! univ]se :]e !re is n fre$om4 ,! v idea ( a volition1 or an act ( ! m9d1 necess>ily implies t k9d ( philosophical lib]ty = :i* we cont5d4 ,! above notion ( lib]ty1 :i* ,mr4 ,locke borr[$ f ,hobbes1 & ,edw>ds f ,locke1 evid5tly conf\nds ! motion ( ! body1 7:i* !y frequ5tly call action17 ) volition or action ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 no matt] h[ a volition comes to pass1 or is caus$ to exi/1 if !re is no?+ to prev5t ! motion ( ! body f foll[+ its influ5ce1 we are said to be p]fectly free4 ,?is k9d ( lib]ty1 !re=e1 ref]s to ! motion ( ! body1 & n to ! action ( ! m9d4 ,x has no ref]5ce :atev] to ! "q1 ,is ! m9d free 9 ! act ( will+8 ,?is is ! "q 9 dispute2 & h5ce1 if ! necessit>ian w\ld say any ?+ to ! purpose1 he mu/ %[ t 8 s*eme is reconcilable ) ! fre$om ( ! m9d 9 will+4 ,?is ,edw>ds has n attempt$ to d4 ,he has1 9 fact1 z we h se51 only giv5 u ! "n1 :ile he has tak5 f u ! sub/ance ( lib]ty4 ,! idea ( lib]ty1 = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds1 may be illu/rat$ by an unob/ruct$ fall ( wat]4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! v ?+ by :i* ,mr4 ,hobbes has *os5 to illu/rate & expla9 x4 ,i conceive lib]ty to be rightly def9$ 9 ?is mann]1 says he2 lib]ty is ! abs5ce ( all ! imp$im5ts to action1 7motion87 t are n conta9$ 9 ! nature & intr9sical quality ( ! ag5t1 z = example1 ! wat] is said to desc5d freely1 or to h lib]ty to desc5d by ! *annel ( ! riv]1 because !re is no imp$im5t t way1 b n across1 because ! banks are imp$im5ts1 & ?\gh ! wat] _c asc5d1 yet m5 nev] say x wants ! lib]ty to asc5d1 b ! faculty or p[]1 because ! imp$im5t is 9 ! nature ( ! wat]1 & intr9sical4 ,mr4 ,hobbes enc\nt]$ no m difficulty 9 reconcil+ ?is notion ( lib]ty ) ! s*eme ( fatality = :i* he cont5d$1 ?an ,presid5t ,edw>ds f\nd 9 reconcil+ x ) ! same s*eme 9 disguise4 ,accord+ to ! ,inquiry1 !n1 we h no o!r lib]ty ?an t :i* may be ascrib$ to ! w9ds & ! waves ( ! sea1 z !y are c>ri$ onw>d 9 _! c\rses by ! p[] ( ! ,almighty4 ,edw>ds looks = lib]ty1 & he f9ds x1 n 9 ! w1 b 9 ! motions ( ! body1 :i* is univ]sally admitt$ to be passive to ! action ( ! w4 ,he looks = lib]ty1 & he f9ds x1 :]e1 by univ]sal cons5t1 an absolute necessity reigns2 ?us seek+ & f9d+ ! liv+ among ! dead4 ,x is no wond]1 t he c\ld reconcile su* a lib]ty ) ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,ev5 ,presid5t ,day is n satisfi$ ) ?is acc\nt ( lib]ty4 ,on ! subject ( lib]ty or fre$om1 says he1 :i* occupies a portion ( ! fif? section ( ,edw>ds' fir/ book1 he has be5 less p>ticul> ?an 0 to be expect$1 consid]+ t ?is is ! great object ( inquiry 9 8 "w4 ,h[ c\ld ,edw>ds h be5 m p>ticul>8 ,he has repeat$ly & mo/ explicitly in=m$ u1 t lib]ty consi/s 9 a p[]1 or opportunity1 to d z we *oose2 )\t consid]+ h[ we come by our *oice4 ,if we c only d z we *oose1 ?\gh our *oice %\ld be produc$ by ! mo/ absolute & irresi/ible p[] 9 ! univ]se1 yet are we p]fectly free 9 ! highe/ conceivable s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if any imag9e !y desire1 & t !y conceive ( a high] lib]ty ?an ?is1 says he1 !y are deceiv$1 & delude !mselves ) confus$ ambigu\s words in/ead ( ideas4 ,presid5t ,day compla9s t all ?is is n suffici5tly p>ticul>2 b al?\gh he may n h be5 aw>e ( x1 ,i appreh5d t he has be5 dissatisfi$ ) ! dreadful p>ticul>ity & precision ) :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,inquiry has be5 exhibit$4 ,x is precisely ! doctr9e ( lib]ty :i* has be5 held by ! mo/ absolute & unqualifi$ fatali/s ! _w has ev] se52 & x is set =?1 too1 ) a bold precision & cle>ness1 :i* w\ld h done hon\r to ! /]n consi/5cy ( ,hobbes himself4 ,x is no wond]1 t ,presid5t ,day %\ld h felt a desire to see su* a doctr9e s(t5$ d[n by ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry4 ,! pr(ess$ object ( 8 book1 says ,presid5t ,day1 accord+ to ! title-page1 is an inquiry conc]n+ ! fre$om ( ! w2--n ! fre$om ( ext]nal conduct4 ,we naturally look = 8 mean+ ( ?is int]nal lib]ty4 ,:at he has said1 9 ?is section1 respect+ fre$om ( ! w1 has r ! appe>ance ( evad+ su* a def9ition ( x z might be consid]$ 8 own4 ,yes1 x is 9 ?is section t we naturally look = 8 idea ( ! lib]ty ( ! w2 b we d n f9d x4 ,we mu/ turn to ! title-page1 if we wi% to see any ?+ ab\t ! lib]ty ( ! w4 ,:at he has said1 9 ?is section1 respect+ fre$om ( ! w1 does n1 7,presid5t ,day himself be+ judge17 relate to ! fre$om ( ! w at all2 x only relates to ! fre$om ( ! body1 :i* has no fre$om at all2 b :i* is :olly passive to ! action ( ! w4 ,presid5t ,day is n satisfi$ ) all ?is2 & h5ce1 he proce$s to tell u1 :at ,edw>ds w\ld h said 9 ?is section1 if he _h n ?us evad$ 8 own def9ition ( int]nal lib]ty4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at he w\ld h said4 ,f a lett] to a m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ,presid5t ,day f9ds t 9 ! phrase conduct+ z a man pleases1 ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry means to include ! idea ( *oos+ z he pleases4 ,n[1 ?is is all true2 & ?is is ! int]nal lib]ty1 :i* ,presid5t ,day has extract$ f ! a=esaid lett]4 ,!n1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 we h two k9ds ( lib]ty3 ! "o is a lib]ty to move ! body z we please1 or z we *oose2 & ! o!r is1 to *oose z we please1 or z we *oose4 ,9 ! vocabul>y1 & accord+ to ! psy*ology ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 z we h frequ5tly se51 & z we "h see1 our pleas+ & our *oos+ are "o & ! same ?+4 ,h5ce1 to move our bodies accord+ to our pleasure1 is to move x accord+ to our *oice2 & to *oose z we please1 is to *oose z we *oose4 ,presid5t ,day ne$ n h gone to ! lett] 9 "q1 9 ord] to f9d ?is doctr9e2 = x is repeat$ly set =? 9 ! inquiry4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 z we h se51 frequ5tly cont5ds 9 ! ,inquiry1 t we always *oose z we *oose2 & z frequ5tly makes 8 adv]s>ies ass]t1 t we c *oose )\t *oos+2 :i* is j z absurd1 he truly decl>es1 z to say t a body c move :ile x is 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,n[1 to place lib]ty 9 ?is *oos+ z we *oose1 )\t reg>d to ! cause or orig9 ( our *oice1 is j ab\t z rational z x w\ld be to place x 9 ! axioms ( geometry4 ,suppose a man is made to *oose1 by an absolute & uncontrollable p[]2 x is nev]!less true1 t he *ooses z he does *oose4 ,?is _c be o!rwise ?an true2 x is a self-evid5t & necess>y tru?2 = no?+ c be diff]5t f itself1 c be :at x is1 & yet n :at x is1 at "o & ! same "t4 ,to speak ( a p[] ( *oos+ z we *oose1 z ,edw>ds & ,day bo? d1 is j ab\t z reasonable z x 7 to speak ( a p[] to make two & two equal to f\r4 ,suppos+ ! ,almighty %\ld cause u to *oose1 x is n 9 8 p[] to prev5t u f *oos+ z we d *oose2 = he _c "w contradictions4 ,:e!r ,presid5t ,edw>ds speaks ( our mov+ z we please1 or ( our *oos+ z we please2 :e!r he speaks ( an ext]nal lib]ty1 or ( ?is int]nal lib]ty2 he is always c>eful to rem9d u1 t x has no ref]5ce to ! "q1 h[ we come by our pleasure or *oice4 ,9 ! lett] ref]r$ to1 :]e9 he admits t a man's lib]ty ( conduct+ z he pleases or *ooses1 includes a lib]ty ( *oos+ z he pleases1 he in/antly adds1 b )\t det]m9+ h[ he came by t pleasure4 ,yes1 no matt] h[ we come by our *oice1 ?\gh x be wr\ght into u by ! mo/ uncontrollable p[] 9 ! univ]se1 yet are we free 9 ! highe/ conceivable s5se ( ! ^w1 if we c only conduct accord+ to our *oice4 ,?is1 in/ead ( be+ ! greate/ lib]ty1 is inde$ ! greate/ mock]y1 ( :i* x is possible = ! imag9ation ( man to conceive4 ,! lib]ty ( fate itself1 is1 9 all respects1 to ! full z desirable z su* a lib]ty z ?is4 ,is x n wond]ful1 to behold ! great & good au?or ( ! ,inquiry1 ?us plant+ himself ^u ! v gr\nd ( a!i/ical fatalism2 & f !nce1 9 sob]1 s]i\s e>ne/ness1 hold+ out to u1 z a great & glori\s reality1 ! m]e "n & %ad[ & fiction ( lib]ty8 ! v phantom :i* a!i/s1 9 mock]y & d]ision1 h be5 pleas$ to conf] ^u mank9d1 z ^u poor bl9d fools1 :o m]ely dream ( lib]ty1 & fondly dote ^u ! empty "n !re(1 :il/ !y are ignorant ( ! *a9s :i* b9d !m fa/ 9 fate4 ,,section ,,xv4 ,,( ,,edw>ds' ,,idea ,,( ,,virtue4 ,,9 ord] to reconcile 8 s*eme ( necessity ) ! exi/5ce & reality ( virtue1 x appe>s t ,edw>ds has adopt$ a false notion ( virtue4 ,?is is ! c\rse he has tak51 z ,i h already %[n1 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e ( lib]ty or free-ag5cy1 9 ord] to reconcile x ) necessity2 & if ,i mi/ake n1 x may be %[n1 t he has be5 able to reconcile necessity & virtue only by trans=m+ ! nature ( virtue to make x suit 8 sy/em4 ,i d n int5d1 at pres5t1 to ent] into a full discussion ( ! au?or's views 9 relation to ! nature ( virtue4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) a brief consid]ation ( 8 notion ( virtue1 z x /&s m imm$iately & directly connect$ ) ! subject ( ! ,inquiry4 ,x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ) him1 t ! ess5ce ( ! virtue & vici\sness ( dispositions ( ! he>t1 & acts ( ! w1 lies n 9 _! cause1 b _! nature4 ,9 :at precise s5se ! au?or w\ld h u to und]/& ?is proposition1 ,i %all n n[ /op to inquire4 ,x is suffici5t = my pres5t purpose1 t he atta*es su* a s5se to x1 z to make ! idea ( virtue x is int5d$ to def9e1 to agree n only ) 8 doctr9e ( necessity1 b also ) any o!r k9d ( necessity or fatality :atev]4 ,= he ma9ta9s1 t z ! ess5ce ( virtue does n consi/ 9 its cause1 b 9 its nature1 s a man by ! m]e act ( creation may1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 be end[$ ) virtu\s & holy dispositions4 ,x is true1 ! man himself has _h no %>e 9 ! production ( 8 dispositions1 !y are exclusively ! "w ( 8 ,creator2 b yet !y are virtu\s1 !y are ! objects ( moral approbation1 because ! virtu\sness ( dispositions has no?+ at all to d ) _! cause or orig94 ,x dep5ds :olly on _! nature1 & hav+ ?is nature1 7z he supposes !y may h by creation alone17 he concludes t !y are prop]ly & truly virtu\s1 al?\gh ! p]son 9 :om !y exi/ has 9 no mann] :atev] contribut$ to _! production2 nei!r 9 :ole nor 9 "p1 nei!r exclusively nor concurr5tly ) 8 ,mak]4 ,n[1 x is evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 t if virtue may be made to exi/ 9 ?is way1 by a p[] :olly extrane\s to ! be+ 9 :om x exi/s1 & :olly indep5d5t ( all 8 own ?\ghts & reflections & do+s1 !n x may be easily reconcil$ ) ! mo/ absolute s*eme ( fatality t has ev] be5 advocat$4 ,= x may exi/ )\t any ag5cy or concurr5ce or cons5t on ! "p ( ! p]son 9 :om x exi/s2 & h5ce1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 reconcil+ x ) any s*eme ( necessity t any fatali/ may be pleas$ to advance4 ,to %[ t ,i h n misrepres5t$ ! au?or1 ,i %all select f _m passages ( simil> import1 ! foll[+ f 8 "w on ,orig9al ,s93--,human nature mu/ be creat$ ) "s dispositions2 a disposition to reli% "s ?+s z good & amiable1 & to be av]se to o!r ?+s z odi\s & disagreeable3 o!rwise x mu/ be )\t any su* ?+ z incl9ation or w1 p]fectly indiff]5t1 )\t pref]5ce1 )\t *oice or av]sion t[>ds any ?+ z agreeable or disagreeable4 ,b if x _h any concreat$ dispositions at all1 !y mu/ be ei!r "r or wrong1 ei!r agreeable or disagreeable to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,if man _h at fir/ ! highe/ reli% ( ?+s excell5t & beautiful1 a disposition to h ! quicke/ & highe/ delight 9 ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ wor?y ( x1 !n 8 dispositions 7 morally "r & amiable1 & nev] c be excell5t 9 a high] s5se4 ,b if he _h a disposition to love mo/ ^? ?+s t 7 inf]ior & less wor?y1 !n 8 dispositions 7 vici\s4 ,& x is evid5t !re c be no m$ium betwe5 ^!4 ,n[1 ?is pr9ciple1 t a man may be to praise or to blame1 t he may be e/eem$ virtu\s or vici\s1 on acc\nt ( :at he has :olly & exclusively receiv$ f ano!r1 appe>s to me to be utt]ly irreconcilable ) "o ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ unequivocal dictates ( reason & consci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! above passage1 !re c be no m$ium betwe5 virtu\s & vici\s dispositions4 ,?is s5tim5t is /ill m explicitly decl>$ 9 ! foll[+ words2 ,9 a moral ag5t1 subject to moral obligations1 x is ! same ?+ to be p]fectly innoc5t1 z to be p]fectly righte\s4 ,x mu/ be ! same1 because !re c no m be any m$ium betwe5 s9 & righte\sness1 or betwe5 be+ "r & be+ wrong1 9 a moral s5se1 ?an !re c be betwe5 be+ /raight & crook$1 9 a natural s5se4 ,n[1 all ?is is v true1 9 reg>d to a moral be+ :o has be5 call$ ^u to act2 = he mu/ ei!r live up to ! rule ( duty1 or he mu/ fall %ort ( x4 ,if he does ! =m]1 he becomes righte\s 9 ! true & prop] s5se ( ! t]m2 & if he does ! latt]1 he loses 8 orig9al innoc5ce1 & becomes a transgressor4 ,b be=e he has any opportunity ( act+1 at ! in/ant ( 8 creation1 ,i humbly conceive t no moral ag5t is ei!r to be prais$ or blam$ = any disposition ) :i* he may h be5 end[$ by 8 ,mak]4 ,he is nei!r virtu\s nor vici\s1 nei!r righte\s nor s9ful4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ,adam1 z x v cle>ly appe>s to me1 at ! in/ant ( 8 creation4 ,he 0 9 a /ate ( p]fect innoc5cy2 hav+ nei!r transgress$ ! law ( ,god1 nor atta9$ to true hol9ess4 ,& if ?is be ! case1 !n 9 reg>d to su* a moral ag5t1 be=e he has an opportunity to act1 or to ?9k1 or to feel1 x is n ! same ?+ to be p]fectly innoc5t1 z to be1 p]fectly righte\s2 nor ! same ?+ to be de/itute ( true righte\sness1 z to be s9ful4 ,x /rikes my m9d ) ! =ce ( a self-evid5t tru?1 t no?+ c be our virtue1 unless we are 9 "s s5se ! au?or ( x2 & to affirm t a man may be ju/ly prais$ or blam$1 t he may be e/eem$ virtu\s or vici\s1 on acc\nt ( :at he has :olly & exclusively receiv$ f ano!r1 appe>s to me to contradict "o ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ unequivocal dictates ( reason1 "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal & irrev]sible laws ( human belief4 ,?\gh ! ,almighty end[$ ,adam ) all t is lovely 9 human nature1 ! recipi5t ( su* noble qualities c]ta9ly des]v$ no cr$it = !m1 z he _h no ag5cy 9 _! production4 ,all ! praise & glory belong$ to ,god4 ,su* dispositions are no d\bt ! objects ( our admiration & love1 b !y are no m ! objects ( our moral approbation ?an is ! beauty ( a fl[]4 ,bo? are ! "w ( ! same creative en]gy :i* ha? diffus$ s mu* ( lovel9ess & beauty ov] e "p ( ! creation4 ,h5ce1 ,i d5y t ,adam 0 creat$ or br\ght into exi/5ce righte\s4 ,i am will+ to admit1 t he 0 br\ght into exi/5ce capable ( act+ imm$iately z a moral ag5t2 &1 !re=e1 he 0 imm$iately "u a rule ( "r action4 ,he 0 oblig$ z soon z he exi/$1 to act "r4 ,b ,i d5y t until he did beg9 to act1 he c\ld possess ! "* ( true hol9ess or virtue4 ,t ,presid5t ,edw>ds ?\ght o!rwise1 is evid5t1 n only f ! passage already quot$1 b also f _m o!rs1 z well z f ! fact1 t he argues if ,adam _h n possess$ virtu\s dispositions be=e he began to act1--if he _h n d]iv$ !m directly f 8 ,creator1 !n ! exi/5ce ( virtue w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,on ?is subject1 8 argum5t is +5i\s & plausible4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,x is agreeable to ! s5se ( m51 9 all nations & ages1 n only t ! fruit or effect ( a good *oice is virtu\s1 b t ! good *oice itself f :5ce t effect proce$s1 is s2 yea1 also ! antec$5t good disposition1 temp]1 or affection ( m9d1 f :5ce proce$s t good *oice1 is virtu\s4 ,?is is ! g5]al notion--n t pr9ciples d]ive _! goodness f actions1 b--t actions d]ive _! goodness f ! pr9ciples :5ce !y proce$2 s t ! act ( *oos+ :at is good1 is no fur!r virtu\s1 ?an x proce$s f a good pr9ciple1 or virtu\s disposition ( m9d4 ,:i* supposes t a virtu\s disposition ( m9d1 may be be=e a virtu\s act ( *oice2 & t1 !re=e1 x is n necess>y !re %\ld fir/ be ?\ght1 reflection1 & *oice1 be=e !re c be any virtu\s disposition4 ,if ! *oice be fir/1 be=e ! exi/5ce ( a good disposition ( he>t1 :at is ! "* ( t *oice8 ,!re c1 accord+ to our natural notions1 be no virtue 9 a *oice :i* proce$s f no virtu\s pr9ciple1 b f m]e self-love1 ambition1 or "s animal appetite3 !re=e1 a virtu\s temp] ( m9d may be be=e a good act ( *oice1 z a tree may be be=e ! fruit1 & ! f\nta9 be=e ! /ream :i* proce$s f x1 p4 #djg4 ,x is true1 t actions d]ive _! good or evil quality1 z ! case may be1 f ! pr9ciples :5ce !y proce$4 ,?is accords1 z ! au?or truly says1 ) ! univ]sal s5tim5t ( mank9d4 ,b ?is proposition1 pla9 & simple z x appe>s to be at fir/ sight1 may be misund]/ood4 ,! t]m pr9ciple is ambigu\s2 &1 accord+ to ! idea atta*$ to x1 ! above proposition may be true or false4 ,:5 x is said1 = example1 t a vici\s or s9ful action d]ives its evil quality f ! pr9ciple or motive :5ce x proce$s1 ,i appreh5d t no "o pret5ds to fix ! br& ( condemnation on ! implant$ pr9ciple1 or ! natural spr+ ( action1 f :i* x is suppos$ to proce$4 ,to take ! v case 9 "q2 our fir/ p>5ts1 9 eat+ ! =bidd5 fruit1 act$ p>tly f a desire ( food & p>tly f a desire ( k4 ,n[1 ?is 0 a s9ful action1 because =bidd51 & consequ5tly1 accord+ to ! s5se ( m5 9 all ages & nations1 x mu/ h proce$$ f a s9ful incl9ation or pr9ciple4 ,b yet no "o1 ,i presume1 w cont5d t ei!r ! desire ( food or ! desire ( k1 f :i* x is suppos$ to h proce$$1 is 9 itself s9ful4 ,!y 7 implant$ 9 our nature by ! f+] ( ,god1 = wise & b5efic5t purposes2 & to ass]t t !y are s9ful1 is to make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,our fir/ p>5ts 7 n to blame because !y 7 end[$ ) ^! pr9ciples4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is said1 t a s9ful action mu/ proce$ f a s9ful pr9ciple1 we are n to und]/& ! proposition z mean+ t ! inh]5t con/itutional pr9ciple ( action f :i* x is suppos$ to proce$ is s9ful4 ,our fir/ p>5ts s9n$1 n 9 possess+ an appetite = food1 or a desire = k1 b 9 indulg+ ^! contr>y to ! w ( ,god4 ,x 0 _! int5tion & design to d t :i* ,god _h comm&$ !m n to d1 & :i* !y knew x 0 wrong = !m to d4 ,x 0 ?is int5tion & design1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n an implant$ pr9ciple1 or any "p ( ! "w ( ! ,creator1 :i* con/itut$ _! s92 & x is ?is int5tion & design t is po9t$ at1 :5 x is said1 t ! pr9ciple or motive f :i* _! transgression proce$$1 0 a s9ful pr9ciple or motive4 ,& h5ce1 we v cle>ly p]ceive1 t a s9ful action may result f ^? pr9ciples ( our con/itution1 :i* are 9 !mselves nei!r virtu\s nor vici\s1 :i* are :olly de/itute ( any moral "* :atev]4 ,s1 9 l mann]1 a virtu\s action may result f a pr9ciple ( our nature1 implant$ 9 ! human brea/ by ! ,au?or ( our be+1 al?\gh su* pr9ciple may n1 prop]ly speak+1 be call$ a virtu\s pr9ciple1 or an object ( moral approbation4 ,! fallacy ( ! au?or's argum5t1 ,i conceive1 has aris5 f ! ambiguity ( ! t]m pr9ciple4 ,z x is truly said1 t a holy action c proce$ only f a holy pr9ciple or disposition1 he conclud$1 t if man _h n be5 creat$ ) a pr9ciple ( virtue or hol9ess 9 8 he>t1 !n no su* ?+ z virtue or hol9ess c\ld ev] h f\nd its way into ! _w4 ,suppos+1 all ! "t1 t x is univ]sally consid]$ t a virtu\s act c\ld proce$ only f an implant$ pr9ciple ( virtue1 ( :i* ,god alone is ! au?or2 :]eas1 9 fact1 ! virtu\s pr9ciple f :i* ! virtu\s act is suppos$ to d]ive its "*1 is n an implant$ pr9ciple at all1 b ! design1 or int5tion1 or motive ) :i* ! act is done2 & ( :i* ! creat$ ag5t is himself ! au?or4 ,!re is "o ?+ well wor?y ( rem>k 9 ?is connexion4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds cont5ds1 z we h se51 t ,adam mu/ h be5 creat$ ) a pr9ciple ( virtue1 ( :i* 8 ,mak] 0 ! sole au?or1 or else ! exi/5ce ( virtue w\ld h be5 impossible1 ,& yet1 he cont5ds t ,adam 0 creat$ p]fectly free f s92--t z he came f ! h& ( 8 ,mak]1 he 0 p]fectly pure & holy1 )\t ! lea/ /a9 or blemi% ( any wrong or vici\s pr9ciple ^u 8 nature4 ,is x n wond]ful1 t x did n occur to s acute a reason] z ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry1 t if 8 own argum5t 0 s\nd1 x w\ld1 accord+ to 8 own pr9ciple1 prove ! introduction ( s9 into ! _w to be utt]ly impossible8 ,t he did n see1 if x is impossible to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( hol9ess1 except on ! supposition t man 0 creat$ or br\ght into ! _w ) a pr9ciple ( hol9ess implant$ 9 8 he>t2 s1 = ! same reason1 x is equally impossible to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( s91 except on ! supposition t a s9ful pr9ciple 0 implant$ 9 ! brea/ ( man by ! h& ( 8 ,mak]8 ,! above extract1 by :i* ,edw>ds endeav\rs to prove t ,adam c\ld n h p]=m$ a virtu\s act1 unless a virtu\s pr9ciple _h be5 plant$ 9 8 nature by ! ,creator1 w\ld be j z correct & conclusive1 if we 7 to read vici\s in/ead ( virtu\s4 ,by ! v same argum5t1 we might prove t he c\ld n h s9n$1 & s s9 w\ld h be5 impossible1 unless ,god _h plant$ a s9ful pr9ciple or disposition 9 8 nature4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t1 t ,presid5t ,edw>ds' idea ( ! ess5ce ( virtue1 0 n altoge!r correct1 & t he 0 l$ to adopt x by ! necessities ( a false sy/em4 ,= if we admit t ! ess5ce ( virtue or ( s9 consi/s 9 its nature1 & n 9 its cause or orig91 x mu/ be conc$$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! nature ( ^? pr9ciples1 or dispositions1 or volitions1 or habits1 7call !m :at we may17 :i* are t]m$ virtu\s or vici\s1 dep5d 9 a v important s5se ^u _! cause or orig94 ,x mu/ be conc$$1 t no disposition or pr9ciple :atev] :i* has d]iv$ its orig9 :olly f any cause or p[] extrane\s to ! moral ag5t 9 :i* x exi/s1 c be prop]ly d5om9at$ virtu\s or vici\s4 ,x _c p>take ( ! nature ( virtue or ( vice1 unless x owes its orig9 to ! ag5t ^: virtue or ^: vice x is suppos$ to be4 ,if x proce$s :olly f ! p[]1 influ5ce1 or action1 ( motives1 or f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 x is n ! act ( ! ag5t 9 :om x exi/s1 & consequ5tly he is n acc\ntable = x4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! nature ( virtue & vice is su*1 t !y _c possibly be produc$ by any cause1 or p[]1 or influ5ce1 :i* is :olly extrane\s to ! m9d 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,virtue & vice1 9 ! /rict & prop] s5se ( ! words1 mu/ h ! concurr5ce & cons5t ( ! m9d 9 :i* !y exi/1 or !y _c possibly exi/ at all4 ,to speak ( virtue1--( t :i* des]ves our moral approbation1 z be+ :olly d]iv$ f ano!r--z be+ exclusively ! "w ( ,god 9 ! s\l1 is to be guilty ( a contradiction1 z pla9 & palpable z ! light ( heav54 ,x is to be regrett$1 x is to be deeply lam5t$1 t ,edw>ds did n try to br+ 8 doctr9e ( ! w into h>mony ) ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d ) respect to ! nature ( virtue & free-ag5cy1 in/ead ( ex]t+ 8 mat*less p[]s to make virtue & free-ag5cy agree ) 8 s*eme ( necessity1 by expla9+ away & trans=m+ _! natures4 ,x is to be lam5t$2 because 9 attempt+ to uphold & support ! di/9ctive peculi>ities ( 8 own sy/em ( !ology1 he has un9t5tionally /ruck a deadly bl[ at ! vital & fundam5tal pr9ciples ( all religion1 bo? natural & reveal$4 ,! infidel & ! a!i/ are mu* indebt$ to him = su* an ex]tion ( 8 immortal p[]s4 ,,section ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,self-,,det]m9+ ,,p[]4 ,,! advocates ( free-ag5cy h cont5d$ t ! w is det]m9$ by itself1 & n by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,?is is ! gr\nd :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has always be5 tak5 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( necessity2 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r x is t5able1 & :e!r ! fri5ds ( moral ag5cy might n h made f> great] headway aga9/ _! adv]s>ies if !y _h n assum$ su* a position4 ,x appe>s to be involv$ 9 sev]al inevitable contradictions2 9 ! exposure ( :i* ! necessit>ian has be5 accu/om$ to triumph4 ,! lead+ argum5t ( ,edw>ds aga9/ ! self-det]m9+ p[] may be sub/antially /at$ 9 a few words4 ,! w c be ! cause ( no effect1 says he1 except by act+1 or putt+ =? a volition to cause x2 & h5ce1 if we ass]t t ! w causes its own volitions1 we mu/ suppose x causes !m by prec$+ volitions4 ,x c cause a volition only by a prior volition1 :i*1 9 its turn1 c be caus$ only by ano!r volition prior to x2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w necess>ily runs out into ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions4 ,if ?is reason+ is j1 ! doctr9e 9 "q mu/ be ab&on$2 = no s\nd doctr9e c lead to su* a conclusion4 ,b is x j8 ,does su* an absurdity really fl[ f ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w8 ,x has be5 object$ to ! argum5t ( ,edw>ds1 t x is bas$ on a false assumption4 ,! position ( ,edw>ds1 t if ! w det]m9es itself1 x mu/ det]m9e itself by an act ( *oice1 is1 x has be5 cont5d$1 cle>ly an assumption unsupport$1 & incapable ( be+ support$4 ,! reason assign$ = ?is objection is1 t we d n "k h[ any cause ex]ts itself 9 ! production ( ph5om5a2 & consequ5tly we h no "r to assume t ! w c cause its volitions only by volitions4 ,9 o!r words1 z we d n "k h[ any cause produces its effects1 s x is :olly a gratuit\s assumption to say1 t if ! w causes its volitions1 x mu/ cause !m 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 t is1 by prec$+ acts ( volition4 ,?is objection does n seem to be well tak54 ,:5 we say1 t ! w is ! cause ( any ?+1 we d n really mean t ! w itself is ! cause ( x2 = ! w itself does n act3 x is n an ag5t1 x is m]ely ! p[] ( an ag5t4 ,x is t p[] by :i* ! m9d acts4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! w is said to cause a ?+1 ! language mu/ ei!r h no intelligible mean+1 or x mu/ be und]/ood to mean1 t ! m9d causes x by an ex]cise ( its p[] ( will+4 ,b to say t ! m9d causes a ?+ by an ex]cise ( its p[] ( will+1 is to say t x causes x by an act ( ! w or a volition2 :i* br+s u to ! assumption ( ,edw>ds4 ,h5ce1 if ! language t ! w causes its own volitions means any ?+1 x mu/ mean :at ,edw>ds supposes x does4 ,t is1 if ! w causes its volition1 or r1 if ! m9d 9 ! act ( will+ causes !m1 !n !y mu/ be caus$ by volitions or acts ( ! w4 ,x is said1 t we d n "k h[ any cause acts4 ,?is is v true1 :5 prop]ly und]/ood2 b 9 ! true s5se ( ?is maxim1 ,edw>ds has n und]tak5 to expla9 h[ a cause acts2 nor has he made any assumption z to h[ x acts4 ,! t]m cause has a v>iety ( mean+s2 & x is frequ5tly appli$ ) extreme vagu5ess & want ( precision4 ,:at is ! cause ( an effect8--( ! motion ( ! h&1 = example8 ,x is ! m9d1 says "o2 x is ! w1 says ano!r2 x is a volition1 replies a ?ird4 ,n[ "h are ?ree di/9ct ?+s1--! m9d1 ! w1 & ! volition2 & yet ea* is said to be ! cause ( ! same id5tical effect4 ,?is div]sity ( expression may d v well 9 popul> disc\rse1 b x mu/ be laid aside :5ev] philosophical precision is requir$4 ,:at is !n1 really & prop]ly speak+1 ! cause ( ! motion 9 "q8 ,x is nei!r ! m9d1 nor ! w2 = ^! might bo? exi/1 & yet no su* effect result f !m4 ,a m9d1 or a w1 t lies /ill & does n act1 is ! cause ( no effect4 ,if we w\ld speak ) philosophical precision1 !n1 we %\ld say t ! act ( ! m9d is ! cause ( ! effect 9 "q4 ,! idea ( a cause1 9 ! /rict & prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 is t f :i* ! effect imm$iately & necess>ily fl[s4 ,n[ ! motion ( ! h& is n necess>ily connect$ ) ! m9d itself2 = if ! m9d 7 to lie /ill & n act1 no su* effect w\ld foll[4 ,x is ) ! act ( ! m9d t ! effect 9 "q is connect$ z ) its effici5t cause4 ,x is ! act ( ! m9d :i* implies ! motion ( ! h&1 & t is impli$ by x2 & h5ce1 x is ! act ( ! m9d1 or ! volition1 t is prop]ly said to be ! cause ( su* motion4 ,= cause & effect1 are said to imply ea* o!r4 ,n[ ,edw>ds has n pret5d$ to say h[ a volition acts ^u ! ext]nal "p ( our be+2 if he _h done s1 he w\ld h be5 ju/ly obnoxi\s to ! *>ge ( presum+ to "k h[ a cause acts1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 b he has done no su* ?+4 ,! connexion betwe5 cause & effect1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]ms1 he has left envelop$ 9 pr(\nd my/]y4 ,he has n presum$ to say h[ an act1 or cause1 prop]ly s call$1 produces its correspond+ effect4 ,he does n assume to "k h[ a cause acts2 b h[ :at is sometimes call$ a cause really becomes su*4 ,! w may be call$ a cause1 if y please2 b1 9 reality1 unless x acts1 x is ! cause ( no effect2 & ev5 !n1 prop]ly speak+1 ! act is ! cause4 ,he cle>ly saw t a w :i* lies /ill & does no?+1 is ! cause ( no effect2 & h5ce he /at$ ! simple fact1 t x mu/ act 9 ord] to become a cause1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 9 ord] to produce an effect4 ,& is n ?is p]fectly self-evid5t8 ,we d n "k h[ ! w acts1 nor h[ its act produces a *ange 9 ! ext]nal "p ( our be+2 b yet d we n c]ta9ly "k1 t a dormant w c d no?+1 & t x mu/ act 9 ord] to produce an effect4 ,if ?is be to expla9 h[ a cause acts1 ,i humbly conceive t we may d s ) p]fect propriety4 ,inde$1 all t is assum$ by ,edw>ds1 has be5 conc$$ to him by mo/ ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,?us says ,dr4 ,we/1 z quot$ by ,edw>ds ! y\ng]1 ,no be+ c become a cause1 i4 e4 an effici5t1 or t :i* produces an effect1 b by fir/ op]at+1 act+1 or en]giz+4 ,"h we are told1 n h[ a cause acts1 b h[ ! m9d becomes a cause1 or ! au?or ( effects4 ,?is is all t ,edw>ds takes = grant$2 &1 = aught t ,i c see1 he has done s ) p]fect propriety4 ,! same ?+ is conc$$ by ,dr4 ,reid4 ,! *ange1 says he1 :e!r x be ( ?\ght1 ( w1 or ( motion1 is ! effect4 ,active p[]1 !re=e1 is a quality 9 ! cause1 :i* enables x to produce ! effect4 ,& ! ex]tion ( t active p[] 9 produc+ ! effect1 is call$ action1 ag5cy1 effici5cy4 ,9 ord] to ! production ( any effect1 !re mu/ be 9 ! cause1 n only p[]1 b ! ex]tion ( t p[]4--,essays on ! ,active ,p[]s1 p4 #bei4 ,"h x is decl>$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 t active p[] or ! w mu/ act1 9 ord] to produce an effect1 :e!r ! effect be 9 ! m9d itself1 or out ( ! m9d1 :e!r x be ( ?\ght1 ( w1 or ( motion4 ,?is is all t ,edw>ds assumes z ! basis ( 8 argum5t4 ,b ! "q is n s mu* :at has be5 conc$$1 z :at is true4 ,is x true1 !n1 t if ! w causes its own volitions1 x c cause !m only by prec$+ volitions8 ,x is1 z we h already se51 accord+ to ! common acceptation ( ! t]ms2 = a dormant cause c produce no effect2 x mu/ act 9 ord] to produce effects4 ,edw>ds has truly said1 t if ! w be det]m9$1 !re is a det]m9]4 ,?is mu/ be suppos$ to be int5d$ ev5 by ^? t say ! w det]m9es itself4 ,if x be s1 ! w is bo? det]m9] & det]m9$2 x is a cause t acts & produces effects ^u itself1 & is ! object ( its own influ5ce & action4 p4 #ai4 ,n[1 :atev] may be ! mean+ ( ^? :o *oose to affirm t ! w det]m9es itself1 admitt+ t x is bo? det]m9$ & det]m9]2 ! conclusion ( ,edw>ds seems to be fairly drawn f ! language 9 :i* _! doctr9e is express$4 ,to say ! lea/1 he fairly r$uces ! obvi\s mean+ ( _! language to ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions4 ,if ! phrase1 t ! w is det]m9$ by itself1 has any mean+1 x mu/ mean1 ei!r t ! w is made to act by a prec$+ act ( ! w1 or t ! w simply acts4 ,if ! mean+ be1 t ! act or *oice ( ! w is produc$ by a prec$+ act ( ! w1 !n is ! inf]5ce ( ,edw>ds well drawn1 & ! self-det]m9+ p[] is involv$ 9 ! a=esaid ad inf9itum absurdity4 ,b if ! mean+ be1 t ! w simply acts1 :y n pres5t ! idea 9 ?is its true & unambigu\s =m8 ,x is evid5t1 t :ile ! w rema9s inactive1 x c produce no effect2 x mu/ act1 9 ord] to become ! au?or ( effects4 ,! effect caus$1 & ! causative act1 are cle>ly di/9ct2 ! "o produces ! o!r4 ,if ! causative act is a volition1 !n we h an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions4 ,& if x be n a volition1 b "s o!r ef=t ( ! m9d1 ! same difficulty arises2 = if x be necess>y to suppose a prec$+ ef=t ( ! m9d 9 ord] to acc\nt = a volition1 x w be equally necess>y to suppose ! exi/5ce ( ano!r ef=t to acc\nt = t2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,& an inf9ite s]ies ( ef=ts is j z great an absurdity z an inf9ite s]ies ( volitions4 ,n[ let u suppose t1 9 ord] to escape ^! difficulties1 an advocate ( ! self-det]m9+ p[] %\ld d5y t !re is any causative act ( volition2 b t volition is itself an act uncaus$ by any prec$+ act4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :at does ! self-det]m9+ p[] am\nt to8 ,x am\nts to j ?is1 t ! w itself acts1--a position :i* is z freely recogniz$ by ,edw>ds z x c\ld possibly be by ! w>me/ advocate ( ! self-det]m9+ p[]4 ,if ?is be all t is meant by self-det]m9ation1 :y n /ate ! simple fact t ! w itself acts1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 in/ead ( go+ ab\t to envelope x 9 a mi/ ( words8 ,if ?is be all t is meant1 :y n /ate ! ?+ s t x may be acquiesc$ 9 by ! necessit>ian1 in/ead ( keep+ up su* a w> ( words8 ,inde$1 x appe>s pla9 to me1 t ! ass]tion t ! w is det]m9$ by itself1 is ei!r false doctr9e1 or else ! language 9 :i* x is c\*$ is n a cle> & di/9ct expression ( its own mean+4 ,on ei!r supposition1 ?is mode ( expression %\ld be ab&on$4 ,i h long be5 impress$ ) ! conviction1 t ! self-det]m9+ p[]1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood1 is full ( inconsi/5cies4 ,:ile we hold ?is doctr9e1 we _c ) a good grace cont5d t ! motive-det]m9+ p[] is involv$ 9 ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes2 = we ourselves are involv$ 9 x4 ,nor c we v well ma9ta9 t a necess>y ag5t is no ag5t at all2 = ! necessit>ian w reply1 z he always does1 t accord+ to our own s*eme1 our actions are caus$2 & h5ce1 if x be absurd to speak ( a caus$ action1 ?is is equally true1 :e!r ! cause be intr9sic or extr9sic4 ,moreov]1 if we %\ld compla9 t1 accord+ to ! necessit>ian1 ! ph5om5a ( ! w are involv$ 9 ! me*anism ( cause & effect1 he w be sure to reply1 t ! same ?+ is true accord+ to our own s*eme1 inasmu* z we admit volition to be an effect1 & place x "u ! dom9ion ( an int]nal cause4 ,^! difficulties1 z well z "s o!rs1 h always encumb]$ ! cause ( free & acc\ntable ag5cy2 j because x has be5 suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 ab&on ?is doctr9e4 ,if ,cl>ke1 & ,price1 & ,reid1 & ,we/1 h n be5 able to ma9ta9 x )\t runn+ into su* inconsi/5cies1 x is high "t x %\ld be laid aside =ev]4 ,x has always be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! w is det]m9$4 ,! use ( ?is ^w cle>ly implies t ! w is act$ ^u1 ei!r by ! w itself1 or by some?+ else4 ,x has be5 conc$$1 on all sides1 t x is det]m9$2 & ! only controv]sy has be51 z to :at is ! det]m9]4 ,x is det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 says "o2 x is det]m9$ by itself1 says ano!r2 & ^u ^! two positions ! combatants h arrang$ !mselves4 ,b beh9d all ?is controv]sy1 !re is a "q :i* has n be5 agitat$2 & t is1 :e!r ! w is det]m9$ at all8 ,= my "p1 ,i am firmly & fully p]suad$ t x is n1 b t x simply det]m9es4 ,x is ! det]m9]1 b n ! det]m9$4 ,x is nev] ! object ( its own det]m9ation4 ,x acts1 b !re is no causative act1 by :i* x is made to act4 ,?is position1 ,i tru/1 has be5 made good 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,if we say t ! w is det]m9$ by itself1 ?is implies t x is det]m9$ 9 ! passive voice1 at ! same "t t x det]m9es 9 ! active voice2 :]eas1 9 reality1 x is simply active1 & n passive to ! action ( any ?+1 9 its det]m9ations4 ,we %\ld n say1 !n1 t ! m9d is self-det]m9$1 b simply t x is self-active4 ,on ?is gr\nd we may securely re/ 9 our opposition to ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,x c nev] be %[n t x is involv$ 9 ! absurdity ( an endless s]ies ( causes2 x w rema9 = ! necessit>ian alone to extricate himself f t absurdity4 ,t ! m9d is self-active1 ,i h already %[n1 by %[+ t x is absurd to suppose t an act ( ! m9d is produc$ by ! action ( any ?+ ^u x4 ,x is "r "h1 !n1 ^u ! self-activity ( ! human m9d1 t we take our /&1 9 ord] to plant ! lev] :i* %all heave ! s*eme ( moral necessity f its f\ndations4 ,x is "r "h t we f9d our /ronghold2 t we erect ! bulw>k & ! =tifications ( man's free-ag5cy1 aga9/ :i*1 z aga9/ a wall ( adamant1 all ! %afts ( ! necessit>ian w fall blunt$ to ! e>?1 or else recoil ) de/ructive =ce ^u himself4 ,b :y fight aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ^? :o h lab\r$ 9 ! same great cause ) myself8 ,truly1 mo/ truly1 n because x is a grateful task1 b because x is a deep & e>ne/ conviction1 wr\ght into my m9d by ! m$itation ( ye>s1 t ! great & glori\s cause ( free-ag5cy has be5 ret>d$ by "s ( ! errors ( its fri5ds1 m ?an by all ! tru?s ( its enemies4 ,?is has appe>$ to be ! case especially 9 reg>d to ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w4 ,x seems to h reta9$ its hold ^u ! m9d ( its fri5ds1 n s mu* by its intr9sic m]its1 z by its d5ial ( moral necessity1 & ! idea t x is ! only mode ( su* d5ial4 ,z ! s*eme ( moral necessity has triumph$ 9 ! weakness ( ! self-det]m9+ p[]1 s has ! self-det]m9+ p[] resi/$ ! siege ( c5turies1 9 ! unconqu]able en]gy ( its opposition to ! det]m9+ & controll+ p[] ( motives4 ,& if bo? h /ood toge!r1 ea* d]iv+ /r5g? f ! weakness ( ! o!r1 is x n possible t bo? may fall toge!r1 & t a m complete & satisfactory s*eme ( moral ag5cy may arise out ( ! common ru9s8 ,,section ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,a ,,free ,,ag5t4 ,,hav+ %[n1 z ,i tru/1 t !re is no influ5ce :atev] op]at+ ^u ! m9d to produce volition1 ,i am n[ prep>$ to decl>e ! true idea ( a free-ag5t4 ,a free-ag5t1 !n1 is "o :o acts )\t be+ caus$ to act4 ,"h ! "q arises1 ,is su* a ?+ possible8 ,c any be+ act1 )\t be+ caus$ to act8 ,! answ] to ?is "q1 dep5ds ^u ! mean+ :i* is atta*$ to ! v ambigu\s t]m cause4 ,if x means an effici5t cause1 or t :i* produces a ?+ by prior action or influ5ce1 x is possible = a _s to act )\t be+ caus$ to d s2 &1 z we h already se51 if !re c be no action )\t su* a cause ( its exi/5ce1 !n !re mu/ be an inf9ite s]ies ( actions or causes4 ,b if ! "q be1 ,c an act arise & come into be+1 )\t a suffici5t gr\nd & reason ( its exi/5ce8 ,i answ]1 ,no4 ,x is v necess>y to sep>ate ! diff]5t que/ions includ$ 9 ! g5]al "o1 ,is n a volition caus$8 or has x n a cause8 & to pass ^u !m sep>ately4 ,!re is1 ,i admit1 a suffici5t gr\nd & reason = our actions2 b n an effici5t cause ( !m4 ,?is is ! all-important di/9ction :i* has be5 ov]look$ 9 ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,edw>ds frequ5tly asks1 if a volition is )\t a cause8 ,n[ we call = a division ( ?is "q4 ,has volition an effici5t cause8 ,i answ]1 ,no4 ,has x a suffici5t gr\nd & reason ( its exi/5ce8 ,i answ]1 ,yes4 ,no "o ev] imag9$ t !re are no indisp5sable antec$5ts to *oice1 )\t :i* x c\ld n take place2 b ,edw>ds has fram$ ?is "q 9 su* a mann]1 t we _c give a categorical answ] to x1 )\t ei!r d5y+ our own doctr9e1 or else subscrib+ to 84 ,unless !re 7 a m9d1 !re c\ld be no act ( ! m9d2 & unless ! m9d possess$ a p[] ( act+1 x c\ld n put =? volitions4 ,! m9d1 !n1 & ! p[] ( ! m9d call$ w1 con/itute ! gr\nd ( action or volition4 ,b a p[] to act1 x w be said1 is n a suffici5t reason to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( action4 ,?is is true4 ,! reason is to come4 ,! suffici5t reason1 h[ev]1 is n an effici5t cause2 = !re is "s diff]5ce betwe5 a bl9d impulse or =ce1 & rationality4 ,! m9d is end[$ ) v>i\s appetites1 passions1 & desires1--) noble affections1 &1 above all1 ) a feel+ ( moral approbation & disapprobation4 ,^! are n ! active pr9ciples1 or ! motive p[]s1 z !y h be5 call$2 !y are ! ends ( our act+3 we simply act 9 ord] to gratify !m4 ,!y ex]t no influ5ce ov] ! w1 mu* less is ! w controll$ by !m2 & h5ce1 we are p]fectly free1 to gratify ! "o or ! o!r ( !m2--to act 9 ob$i5ce to ! dictates ( consci5ce1 or 9 ord] to gratify ! l[e/ appetites ( our nature4 ,we see t c]ta9 means mu/ be us$1 9 ord] to gratify ! passion1 desire1 affection1 or feel+1 :i* we int5d to gratify2 & we act accord+ly4 ,9 all ?is1 we =m our designs or int5tions free f all influ5ce :atev]3 no?+ acts ^u ! w3 we fix ^u ! end1 & we *oose ! means to accompli% x4 ,we adapt ! means to our end2 because !re is a fitness 9 !m to accompli% t end or design2 & because1 z rational creatures1 we p]ceive t fitness4 ,?us1 we act accord+ to reason1 b n f ! influ5ce ( reason4 ,we act ) a view to our desires1 b n f ! influ5ce ( our desires2 & our volition is virtu\s or vici\s accord+ to ! int5tion ) :i* x is put =?1--accord+ to ! design ) :i* x is direct$4 ,passion is n ! gale1 x is ! c>d4 ,reason is n ! =ce1 x is ! law4 ,all ! p[] resides 9 ! free1 untrammell$ w4 ,he :o ov]looks ?is1 & bl9dly seeks = some?+ to move ! m9d to volition1 loses sight ( ! gr& & di/9ctive peculi>ity ( man's nature1 & br+s x d[n to ! du/1 subject+ x to ! laws ( matt] & to bondage4 ,we d n all[ ,mr4 ,hobbes to decl>e our idea ( a free-ag5t1 z "o t1 :5 all ! circum/ances necess>y to produce action are pres5t1 c nev]!less n act2 nor d we accept ( ! am5dm5t1 ( ano!r1 t a free-ag5t is "o :o1 :5 all ! circum/ances necess>y to produce action are pres5t1 c act4 ,= if all ! circum/ances necess>y to produce action are pres5t1 !n !y w\ld produce x2 & no?+ w\ld be left = ! w to d1 except to receive ! produc+ influ5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 if volition is produc$ by circum/ances1 !n x is a passive impression made ^u ! w1 & n an act at all4 ,x is cont5d$ by ,edw>ds1 t x is j z absurd to say1 t a volition c come into exi/5ce )\t a cause1 z x is t a _w %\ld d s4 ,x is true1 t a _w _c arise out ( no?+1 & come into exi/5ce ( itself2 & ?is is also equally true ( a volition4 ,b is ! m9d no?+8 ,is ! w no?+8 ,is a free1 intellig5t1 design+ cause no?+8 ,! m9d is some?+2 & x is capable ( act+ 9 ord] to fulfil its own designs1 ?\gh x be n impell$ to act4 ,is ?is idea absurd8 ,is x self-contradictory8 ,is x any ?+ l ! ass]tion1 t an effect has no cause8 ,x is n4 ,x implies no contradiction2--x is a possible idea4 ,h[ does x act1 !n8 ,i d n "k4 ,?is is a my/]y4 ,inde$1 e ultimate fact 9 man's nature1 & e simple ex]cise ( 8 intellectual p[]s1 is a my/]y4 ,an ex]cise ( ! p[] ( conception1 by :i* ! pa/ is call$ up1 & made to pass 9 review be=e u2 an ex]cise ( ! imag9ation1 by :i* ! _w is made to teem ) wond]s ( our own creation2 & an ex]cise ( ! w1 by :i* we produce *anges 91 ! ext]nal _w2 are all my/]ies8 ,n[1 %all we fly f ^! my/]ies8 ,%all we /rive to make ! matt] pla91 9 a s+le in/ance1 by assign+ an effici5t cause to an act ( ! w8 ,if s1 :e!r we escape ! my/]y or n1 we %all c]ta9ly plunge into absurdity4 ,we %all embrace a doctr9e1 :i* d5ies ! nature ( action1 & :i* is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! great absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes4 ,= my "p1 ,i pref] a simple /atem5t ( ! fact ( volition1 ) its att5dant circum/ances1 h[ mu* soev] ( my/]y x may seem to leave ar\nd ! subject1 to any explanation :i* involves x 9 absurdity4 ,! philosoph]s ( all ages h s\ght = ! effici5t cause ( volition2 b :o has f\nd x8 ,is x 9 ! w8 ,! necessit>ian has %[n ! absurdities ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,is x 9 ! p[] ( motive8 ,?is hypo!sis is fraught ) ! v same absurdities4 ,is x 9 ! uncaus$ volition ( ,deity8 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds c\ld d no?+ ) ?is hypo!sis4 ,9 tru?1 ! effici5t cause ( volition is n[h]e4 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd1 because x does n exi/2 & x nev] w be f\nd1 s long z an action ( m9d cont9ues to be :at x is4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! true idea ( a free-ag5t3 x is "o :o1 9 view ( circum/ances1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 c act1 )\t be+ effici5tly caus$ to d s4 ,?is is ! idea ( a free-ag5t :i* ,god has realiz$ by ! creation ( ! s\l ( man4 ,x may be a my/]y2 b x is n a contradiction4 ,x may be a my/]y2 b !n x solves a ?\s& difficulties :i* we h unnecess>ily creat$ to ourselves4 ,x may be a my/]y2 b !n x is ! only safe retreat f self-contradiction1 absurdity1 & a!ism4 ,x is no reason = disbeliev+ a ?+1 t we _c conceive h[ x is4 ,?is w be readily admitt$2 b ?is pr9ciple1 l e o!r1 may be misappli$ & abus$4 ,if any ?+ is possible 9 itself consid]$1 t is1 if x implies no contradiction1 we %\ld n refuse to believe x1 because we _c conceive h[ x is4 ,:5 conf9$ )9 ^! limits1 ! pr9ciple or maxim 9 "q is "o ( imm5se importance2 & to disreg>d x betrays "o ( ! greate/ weaknesses to :i* ! human m9d is expos$4 ,if we d n adh]e to x1 !re is no re/+-place = u ?is side ( ! mo/ unqualifi$ a!ism3 we %all be compell$ to r5\nce1 n only ! /up5d\s facts & my/]ies ( revelation1 b also all ! great tru?s ( natural religion4 ,! v be+ & attributes ( ,god c f9d no place 9 our m9ds1 if we expunge ?is pr9ciple f !m2 & insi/ ^u see+ h[ e ?+ is1 be=e we cons5t to receive x z an object ( belief4 ,we %\ld f9d no difficulty1 !re=e1 9 believ+ t ! m9d ( man acts1 )\t be+ effici5tly caus$ to act4 ,?is implies no contradiction2 & h5ce ! creative p[] ( ,god c produce su* a be+--a be+ t acts freely1 )\t lab\r+ "u any necessity1 ei!r natural or moral1 9 its acc\ntable & moral ag5cy4 ,a be+1 ! end ( ^: action is f\nd 9 ! s5sibility2 ! int5tion1 ! design1 & ! plan ( ^: action is =m$ 9 ! intellig5ce2 & ! p[] by :i* ?is int5tion is execut$1 & ?is plan accompli%$1 is 9 ! w alone4 ,x is 9 ?is triunity ( ! s5sibility1 ! intellig5ce1 & ! w1 t ! glory ( man's nature1 z a free & acc\ntable be+1 consi/s4 ,! relation betwe5 !m is mo/ intimate1--is inconceivably intimate2 b ! relation is n ! same 9 nature & k9d z t :i* subsi/s betwe5 an effect & its effici5t1 or produc+ cause4 ,! only relation ( ?is k9d1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! case1 is t :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! action ( ! w1 or ! volition1 & ! correspond+ *ange :i* x produces 9 ! ext]nal "p ( our be+4 ,i say1 we c v easily believe all ?is1 z x implies no contradiction2 & yet n feel ourselves b\nd1 by a reg>d = consi/5cy1 to believe t a _w may rise up out ( no?+1 & come into be+ ( itself1 )\t any cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,^! ?+s are bl5d$ toge!r1 9 ! philosophy ( ! necessit>ian1 by a mo/ conv5i5t use ( an ambigu\s phraseology2 b !y are1 inde$1 z widely diff]5t f ea* o!r z my/]y is f absurdity1--z light is f d>kness4 ,b ! above maxim1 z ,i h already said1 may be griev\sly misappli$2 & ?us ! g>b ( intellectual humility may be ?r[n ov] ! greate/ absurdities4 ,we may be told1 = example1 t ! same body may be :olly 9 "o place1 & :olly 9 a f> di/ant place1 at "o & ! same "t2 &1 if we object to ?is doctr9e1 ! murmur+s ( reason are s\ght to be sil5c$1 by rem9d+ u1 t x is exce$+ly weak & presumptu\s = poor bl9d creatures l ourselves1 to reject a tru? because we _c conceive h[ x is4 ,9 l mann]1 we are in=m$ t a volition1 or an act ( ! w1 may be produc$ 9 ! m9d1 may be necessitat$1 by ! action ( an extrane\s cause2 or1 if y please1 ( an intr9sic cause2 & if we ask h[ ?is c be1 )\t int]f]+ ) our free-ag5cy1 x is frequ5tly repli$1 t we _c tell2 b t x is exce$+ly absurd & presumptu\s to disbelieve a ?+ because we _c conceive h[ x is4 ,t ,god op]ates ^u ! m9d1 n to rectify & elevate its p[]s1 b to produce a volition 9 x2 n to cleanse & purify ! :ole /ream & curr5t ( our natures1 b m]ely to ?r[ up a bubble ^u ! surface !re(1 = :i* effect he holds u acc\ntable3 t he does ?is1 we are told1 is a great my/]y1 :i* we %\ld n presume to call 9 "q4 ,= my "p1 ,i _h r believe ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation itself1 ?an su* a my/]y z ?is4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce1 ,i h suppos$1 betwe5 disbeliev+ a ?+ because we _c see h[ x is1 & disbeliev+ x1 because we v cle>ly see t x _c possibly be any h[ at all4 ,x is ^u ?is di/9ction t ,i /&1 :5 ,i receive ! great my/]ies ( ! ,godhead1 & reject ! absurdities ( transub/antiation4 ,& x is ^u ! same gr\nd1 t ,i mo/ freely & fully recognize & embrace ! great my/]ies ( our be+1 :il/ ,i reject ! absurdities ( an effici5tly caus$ & acc\ntable ag5cy4 ,is n ?is di/9ction prop]ly appli$8 ,if ! action or influ5ce ( any ?+ produces an effect ^u ! m9d1 is n t effect m]ely a passive impression8 ,is x n absurd to suppose1 t x is a passive impression1 produc$ by ! action ( some?+ else1 & yet t x is an action ( ! m9d itself8 ,if s2 & s ,i ?9k x has be5 made to appe>1 !n we n only %\ld1 b mu/1 reject x4 ,we mu/ reject x1 unless we suff] ourselves to be bl9d$ by false analogies1 & v]bal ambiguities4 ,?is is n to d5y ! div9e influ5ce1 z has be5 s (t5 imag9$4 ,! reg5]ation1 ! new creation1 ( ! s\l1 by ! p[] ( ,god1 is no m inconsi/5t ) free & acc\ntable ag5cy1 ?an 0 ! orig9al creation ( x ) all its p[]s2 b ?is _c be said ( ! production ( our acts or volitions by a div9e influ5ce4 ,^? mu/ take an exce$+ly n>r[ & sup]ficial view ( ! great "w ( reg5]ation2 :o suppose t x is altoge!r d5i$1 unless we admit t ! ,_s produces our volitions2 :o suppose t ! div9e ag5cy c 9 no way cleanse & purify our p[]s1 unless x c sup]9duce a volition1 or an act1 ^u our deprav$ natures4 ,h[ _m p]sons h lab\r$ 9 va91 to reconcile ! free-ag5cy ( man ) ! reality ( a div9e influ5ce2 j because !y h lab\r$ "u ! sup]ficial notion1 ! gr& illusion1 t ! ,_s ( ,god _c act ^u ! m9d at all1 unless x acts to produce a volition6 ,x is no wond] t !y h lab\r$ 9 va91 & ab&on$ ! task 9 despair2 because :at !y h tak5 = a seem+ difficulty1 is1 :5 n>r[ly inspect$1 se5 to be a real absurdity4 ,lay ?is aside1 & !re w be a my/]y 9 ! case1 x is true2 b !re w n be ev5 a seem+ contradiction4 ,b ,i d n int5d to ent] ^u ! subject ( !ology4 ,?is is entirely beside ! purpose ( ! pres5t "w2 & if ,i h t\*$ ^u x = a mom5t1 x 0 only to %[1 by a pass+ glance1 h[ v easy x 7 = any "o1 if he 7 s dispos$1 to draw false conclusions ) respect to !ology1 f ! views :i* h be5 advanc$ 9 reg>d to ! philosophy ( ! w4 ,true1 philosophy & religion w always p]fectly h>monize2 b !n he is v apt to be a poor philosoph]1 :o d]ives 8 philosophy f 8 religion2 & he a mis]able !ologian1 :o d]ives 8 religion f 8 philosophy4 ,x 0 9 t way1 t ,edw>ds became a necessit>ian2 x is 9 ?is1 t _m a necessit>ian has become an infidel or an a!i/4 ,,section ,,xviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,consci\sness4 ,,:e!r our volitions come to pass 9 ! mann] we call freely1 or are br\ght to pass by ! op]ation ( necess>y causes1 is a "q ( fact1 :i* %\ld be ref]r$ to ! tribunal ( consci\sness4 ,if we ev] hope to settle ?is "q1 we mu/ occasionally turn f ! ar5a ( dialectics1 & unite our ef=ts 9 ! cultivation ( ! mu*-neglect$ field ( obs]vation4 ,we mu/ turn f ! du/ & smoke ( m]e logical cont5tion1 & consult ! liv+ oracle )92 we mu/ behold ! pure light t ev] burns beh9d ! d>k5$ veil ( disputation4 ,?is appeal is n decl9$ by ! necessit>ian4 ,he cons5ts to ! appeal2 & ! dispute is1 z to ! true int]pretation ( ! decision ( ! tribunal 9 "q4 ,we cont5d t ! te/imony ( consci\sness is cle>ly & unequivocally 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 :ile our oppon5ts allege ! same evid5ce 9 _! own fav\r4 ,n[1 :at is ! real import ( ?is te/imony8 ,x is to be regrett$ t ,presid5t ,edw>ds has said s little on ?is subject4 ,he has dispos$ ( x 9 "o brief note2 z if ! nature ( our m5tal op]ations 7 to be det]m9$ by ab/ract & univ]sal propositions1 or truisms1 & obs]vation consult$ only to confirm our preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,:at little he has said on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t to %[ ) :at fa9t hope ( success ! necessit>ian c v5ture to submit 8 cause to ! tribunal ( consci\sness4 ,! te/imony ( consci\sness1 ,i h no d\bt1 might h be5 made mu* /rong] 9 our fav\r1 if ! wrong "q _h n be5 submitt$ to x4 ,all ! advocates ( free-ag5cy1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 h said t we are consci\s ( fre$om2 t we are consci\s ( a p[] ( contr>y *oice4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 t :5 we put =? a volition1 we are consci\s t we might =be> to d s4 ,b ?is does n seem to be ! case4 ,we are n consci\s ( :at does n take place 9 our m9ds2 & h5ce1 we are only consci\s ( ! volition :i* we put =?4 ,we are n ev5 consci\s ( our p[] to act2 ?is is necess>ily inf]r$ f ! acts ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,z we d n !n1 accord+ to ! supposition1 put =? ! contr>y *oice1 we _c be consci\s ( x1 nor ( ! p[] to put x =?4 ,by ref]r+ ?is1 !re=e1 to ! tribunal ( consci\sness1 x seems to me t mo/ advocates ( free-ag5cy h r5d]$ a diss]vice to ! cause :i* !y h s ably support$ 9 o!r respects4 ,= ! necessit>ian sees1 t ! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 or ! p[] ( *oice to ! contr>y1 _c be e/abli%$ by ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness alone2 & h5ce he /r5g!ns himself 9 8 own convictions1 by pick+ flaws 9 our evid5ce4 ,he sees t we are n borne out by ! te/imony ( consci\sness1 9 reg>d to ! po9t :i* we submit to x2 & h5ce1 he readily concludes t we are wrong 9 ! :ole matt]4 ,x is well1 x is exce$+ly important1 to obs]ve :at are ! /rong po9ts ( our cause1 ^u :i* we c re/ ) un%ak5 confid5ce1 & to take our /& ^u !m2 giv+ up all unt5able positions4 ,by consci\sness1 !n1 we discov] ! exi/5ce ( an act4 ,we see no cause by :i* x is produc$4 ,if x 7 produc$ by ! act or op]ation ( any ?+ else1 x w\ld be a passive impression1 & n an act ( ! m9d itself4 ,! m9d w\ld be :olly passive 9 relation to x1 & x w\ld n be an act at all4 ,:e!r x is produc$ by a prec$+ act ( ! m9d1 or by ! action ( any ?+ else1 ! m9d w\ld be passive z to ! effect produc$4 ,b we see1 9 ! cle> & unque/ionable light ( consci\sness1 t in/ead ( be+ passive1 ! m9d is active 9 its volitions4--,h5ce1 x foll[s by an inf]5ce z cle> z noonday1 & z irresi/ible z fate1 t ! action ( ! m9d is n a produc$ effect4 ,x is n a passive impression2 & h5ce x does n1 x _c1 result f ! action ( any ?+ else4 ,to say t x is produc$ by ! action ( some?+ else ^u ! m9d1 is to say t x is a passive impression1 & to d5y t x is an act4 ,we are simply consci\s ( an act !n1 & ! irresi/ible inf]5ce :i* results f ?is fact1 /&s out 9 direct & et]nal opposition to ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! op]ation ( ! w1 or ( ! m9d 9 ! act ( will+1 we simply f9d ourselves 9 possession ( a volition4 ,we d n see h[ we come by ?is volition2 h[ we come to exi/ 9 ?is /ate ( activity4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,i am happy to f9d t ! consci\sness ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds agre$ ) my own4 ,x is true1 says he1 ,i f9d myself possess$ ( my volitions be=e ,i c see ! effectual p[] ( any cause to produce !m1 = ! p[] & efficacy ( ! cause is se5 b by ! effect1 & ?is1 = aught ,i "k1 may make "s imag9e t volition has no cause1 or t x produces itself4 ,our consci\sness is precisely ! same2 b j obs]ve h[ he int]prets x4 ,he f9ds himself possess$ ( a volition2 b does he look at ?is volition to see :at x is8 ,does he ask himself :e!r x is ! same 9 nature & 9 k9d ) a produc$ effect8 ,he does n4 ,x is mo/ unque/ionably a produc$ effect2 ?is is beyond all d\bt1 & x is tak5 = grant$4 ,he sees no effectual p[] by :i* ?is volition is produc$2 b he kn[s x is a produc$ effect1 & !re=e he kn[s x mu/ h a produc+ cause4 ,! oracle is n consult$ on ?is po9t at all4 ,x w\ld be an insult to reason to consult ! great oracle ( nature on s pla9 a po9t z ?is4 ,?is has be5 decid$ long ago1 & ! e> is deaf to any response t might possibly contrav5e s cle> a decision4 ,?us x is t ! necessit>ian goes to ! true oracle )91 & deliv]s oracles himself4 ,he reasons n f ! obs]v$1 b f ! assum$1 nature ( a volition4 ,x mu/ be an effect1 says he1 & ?\gh ,i d n see ! effectual p[] by :i* x is produc$2 yet !re mu/ be su* a p[]4 ,yes1 x is j z absurd to suppose t x c exi/1 )\t be+ produc$ by ! effectual p[] ( some?+ op]at+ ^u ! m9d1 z x is to suppose t a _w c create itself6 ,b z we appeal to consci\sness1 let u pay "s little att5tion to its tea*+4 ,we f9d ourselves1 !n1 possess$ ( a volition2 we f9d our m9ds 9 a /ate ( act+4 ,?is is all we discov] by ! light ( consci\sness4 ,we see n ! effectual p[] ( any cause op]at+ to produce x4 ,:at %all we conclude !n8 ,%all we conclude t !re mu/ be "s cause to produce x8 ,?is 7 n to /udy nature1 z ! humble s]vants & int]pret]s !re(2 b to approa* x 9 ! attitude ( dictators4 ,if we draw su* an inf]5ce at all1 x mu/ be f ! fact1 x seems1 t volition is a produc$ effect4 ,b is x su* an effect8 ,:at says consci\sness ^u ?is po9t8 ,we h already repeat$ly se51 :at e man may see1 t a volition is n ! passive result ( any prior action2 x is action itself4 ,x is n a produc$ effect2 x is a produc+ cause4 ,x is n det]m9$ at all2 x is simply a det]m9ation4 ,z x /&s out 9 ! light ( consci\sness1 x is z p]fectly di/9ct f ! idea ( an effect1 z any "o ?+ c possibly be f ano!r2 & if x has n s appe>$ to e reflect+ m9d1 x is because x has n be5 simply look$ at1 & beheld z x is 9 itself1 b has be5 view$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a c]ta9 fix$ notion1 a c]ta9 preconceiv$ =m ( ?\ght1 a c]ta9 gr& illusion1 by :i* ! wit*]y ( ! s5ses has bl9d$ ! eye ( consci\sness4 ,e *ange 9 ! ext]nal _w requires a produc+ cause2 :o !n c possibly conceive ( a volition z exi/+ ^u any o!r t]ms or conditions6 ,x is ?is fallacy1 ?is begg+ ( ! "q1 ?is p]petual decl>ation t x is self-evid5t1 t has1 ?r\gh a natural illusion ( ! s5ses1 spread ! s*eme ( necessity f> & wide ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,x is ?is gr& illusion ( ! s5ses1 or1 if y please1 ( ! m9d1 t has br\ght ! dictates ( reason1 z !y h be5 call$1 into conflict ) ! te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,! doctr9e ( lib]ty is z inevitably connect$ ) ! obs]v$ nature ( a volition1 z t ( necessity is connect$ ) its assum$ nature4 ,i w\ld n say t we are consci\s ( lib]ty2 = t w\ld n be correct2 b ,i w say1 t we are consci\s ( t :i* necess>ily leads to ! conviction t we are free1 t we h a p[] ( contr>y *oice4 ,i w\ld n say ) ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 t lib]ty consi/s 9 a p[] to act2 b ,i w say1 t x necess>ily results f x4 ,i w\ld n say1 t we are consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( no produc+ cause ( our volitions2 = we _c be consci\s ( t :i* does n exi/4 ,b ,i w say1 t z we are consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( an act1 s we see & d "k t ?is is n a passive impression1 or a produc$ effect4 ,& z we are n compell$ to act1 s we "k t we may act or may n act1 s we "k t our actions are n necessitat$1 b may be put =? or )held4 ,?is is lib]ty1 ?is is a p[] ( contr>y *oice4 ,?is idea ( lib]ty1 ,i say1 foll[s f ! fact ( consci\sness t we d act1 by an inf]5ce z cle> z noonday2 by an inf]5ce s natural1 s direct1 & s inconceivably rapid1 t x has (t5 be5 suppos$ to be includ$ 9 ! te/imony ( consci\sness itself4 ,no man c\ld help ! conclusion1 if he w\ld only all[ 8 reason to speak = itself4 ,is ?is doctr9e any ! less c]ta91 because x is a matt] ( inf]5ce8 ,x w be conc$$ t x is n4 ,! mo/ unque/ionable facts 9 ! univ]se are made kn[n by ! same k9d ( evid5ce4 ,x is sometimes said1 t we are consci\s ( our own exi/5ce2 b ?is is n to use language ) philosophical precision4 ,we are m]ely consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght1 ( feel+1 ( volition2 & we are s made1 t we are compell$ to believe t !re is some?+ :i* ?9ks1 & feels1 & wills4 ,x is ?us1 by :at has be5 call$ a fundam5tal law ( belief1 t we arrive at ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( our m9ds4 ,9 l mann]1 f ! fact ( consci\sness t we d act1 or put =? volitions1 we are =c$1 by a fundam5tal law ( belief1 to yield to ! conviction t we are free4 ,?is inf]5ce z necess>ily results f ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 z ! exi/5ce ( ! m9d itself results f ! same ph5om5a4 ,& if ! doctr9e ( ! necessit>ian 7 true1 t volition is a produc$ effect1 we %\ld nev] inf] f x t we h a p[] ( act+ at all2 we %\ld simply inf] t we are susceptible ( passive impressions4 ,i h said1 t we are n consci\s t !re is no produc+ cause ( volition4 ,no man c be consci\s ( t :i* does n exi/4 ,h5ce1 x is highly absurd to require u to furni% ! evid5ce ( consci\sness t !re is no su* cause ( volition4 ,x _c te/ify to any su* univ]sal negative2 & "o might z well require a ma!matical demon/ration ( ! po9t 9 dispute1 z to dem& su* evid5ce f u4 ,& yet1 ,presid5t ,edw>ds decl>es1 t by exp]i5ce he kn[s no?+ l ! doctr9e1 t any volition arises 9 8 m9d cont+5tly2 t is to say1 he 0 n consci\s t a volition has no produc+ cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,did he expect t we %\ld prove ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ by ! direct evid5ce ( consci\sness8 ,all t he c\ld reasonably expect 9 su* a case is1 t we %\ld n be consci\s ( any su* influ5ce2 & ?is ,presid5t ,edw>ds himself admits4 ,he admits1 t we d n see ! effectual p[] ( any cause1 or feel its influ5ce1 op]at+ to produce a volition3 he m]ely inf]s ?is f ! assumption t volition is a produc$ effect4 ,he also says1 ,i f9d t ! acts ( my w are my own2 i4 e4 t !y are acts ( my w--! volitions ( my own m9d2 or1 9 o!r words1 t :at ,i w1 ,i w2 :i*1 ,i suppose1 is ! sum ( :at o!rs exp]i5ce 9 ?is affair4 ,surely1 no "o 0 ev] s silly z to d5y t :at a man wills1 he wills2 & if ?is is all t consci\sness tea*es on ! subject1 its in=mation c ?r[ no light ^u ?is or ^u any o!r controv]sy4 ,?is proposition1 t a man wills :at he wills1 is indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce & all consci\sness4 ,x is an id5tical proposition1 :i* exp]i5ce c nei!r %ake nor confirm4 ,we may see1 nay1 we mu/ see1 t ea* & e ?+ 9 ! univ]se is :at x is1 )\t any ref]5ce to consci\sness or exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 x is z absurd to appeal to exp]i5ce or consci\sness = ! tru? ( su* a univ]sal & self-evid5t axiom1 z x is to appeal to univ]sal & self-evid5t axioms1 to asc]ta9 & det]m9e ! nature ( our m5tal ph5om5a1--( ! /ates & processes ( ! m9d4 ,edw>ds has done bo?3 he has d$uc$ ! tru? ( ! proposition1 t a man wills :at he wills1 f ! evid5ce ( consci\sness or exp]i5ce1 z ! sum ( all its tea*+2 & he has e/abli%$ ! fact1 t a volition is produc$ by ! op]ation ( an effectual p[]1 by an appeal to a univ]sal axiom4 ,he has submitt$ a truism1 :i* decl9es e te/ ( its tru?1 to ! tribunal ( consci\sness2 & he has det]m9$ ! nature ( a volition1 z well z ! mann] ( its production1 by ! application ( a simil> truism1 :i* conta9s no conceivable in=mation respect+ ! nature ( any ?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,edw>ds says1 ,i f9d myself possess$ ( my volitions4 ,he 0 consci\s ( 8 own acts4 ,?is is a suffici5t f\ndation = ! doctr9e ( lib]ty2 = su* a consci\sness is utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! supposition t ^? acts are produc$ by ! op]ation ( effici5t causes4 ,to say t !y are my acts1 & yet to say t !y are produc$ by ! action ( some?+ else1 is1 z we h repeat$ly se51 to say t !y are my acts1 & at ! same "t to say t !y are n my acts1 b effects produc$ ^u my m9d4 ,?is v admission1 !re=e1 lays ! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( lib]ty4 ,& h5ce1 x has be5 suppos$ t ,edw>ds himself 0 an advocate ( ?is doctr9e2 because he has spok5 ( ! s\l z ex]t+ its own volitions4 ,f su* an admission1 x has be5 conclud$ by "s ( 8 admir]s1 t he really reg>d$ ! m9d z ! effici5t cause ( its own acts1 & motives z m]ely ! occasions on :i* x acts4 ,b su* an admission only proves1 t 8 consci\sness _c be reconcil$ ) 8 !ory4 ,8 consci\sness lays ! f\ndation ( lib]ty2 b he does n build !reon4 ,on ! contr>y1 he lays ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em 9 univ]sal ab/ractions1 & n 9 obs]v$ facts2 & h5ce1 z x is n d]iv$ f an obs]vation ( nature1 s x c nev] be br\ght into h>mony ) ! dictates & op]ations ( nature4 ,x is altoge!r a ?+ ( def9itions & words2 & z su* x mu/ pass away1 :5 m5 %all cease to con/ruct = !mselves1 & come =w>d z ! humble s]vants & int]pret]s ( nature1 to /udy ! _w ( m9d ^u ! true pr9ciples ( ! inductive me?od4 ,edw>ds did n obs]ve ! intellectual _w j z x has be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,almighty1 & n>r[ly wat* x 9 its work+s2 he only reason$ ab\t x & ab\t x2 & h5ce1 he 0 necess>ily devot$ to bl9dness4 ,) all 8 gigantic p[]1 he 0 necess>ily compell$ to g ar\nd1 et]nally1 ^u ! treadmill ( a m]ely dialectical philosophy1 :i* ( itself c yield no fruit1 in/ead ( go+ =? to ! h>ve/ ^u ! ri* & b\ndless field ( discov]y4 ,:y %\ld ! failure ( o!r times1 result+ f su* a c\rse1 inspire u ) despair8 ,we hope = bett] results1 n f bett] m9ds1 b f bett] me?ods4 ,socrates dissuad$ ! m5 ( 8 "t f ! /udy ( nature1 alleg+ t ! wond]ful art :]e) ! heav5s _h be5 con/ruct$1 0 conceal$ f _! eyes2 & t x 0 displeas+ to ! gods1 t m5 %\ld s va9ly /rive to pry into my/]ies :i* are s f> above _! rea*4 ,fa9t-he>t$ sage6 ,?\gh ,bacon _h beheld ! g5ius & lab\r ( two ?\s& ye>s aft] ,socrates _h be5 laid 9 ! du/1 wa/$ ^u ! same great problem1 yet did n ! unconqu]able ard\r ( 8 hope droop = a mom5t4 ,ris+ al(t1 ev5 f ! wild wa/e :i* m5 _h made ( _! p[]s 9 all times pa/1 he p\r$ d[n ! floods ( 8 indignation ^u ^? :o are ?us ready & will+ to devote mank9d to d>kness & despair4 ,inspir$ by 8 philosophy1 & pursu+ 8 me?od1 ! m ?an immortal ,newton did n fe>1 cauti\sly yet boldly1 humbly yet hopefully1 to pry into ! wond]ful art :]e) ! ,almighty has con/ruct$ ! heav5s2 & ! great problem :i* ,socrates _h s timidly1 yet s ra%ly1 pron\nc$ to lie beyond ! rea* ( man1 did ?is humble /ud5t ( nature mo/ triumphantly solve2 %[+1 to ! admiration ( ! _w & ! glory ( ,god1 t t wond]ful art is inf9itely m wond]ful ?an any ?+ :i* _h ev] be5 dream$ ( 9 ! philosophy ( antiquity4 ,h[ great soev]1 !n1 ! failure ( times pa/ may h be51 we %\ld n despair4 ,nor %\ld we li/51 = a mom5t1 to ^? :o are ev] ready to decl>e1 t ! great problem ( ! intellectual sy/em ( ! univ]se is n )9 ! rea* ( ! human faculties4 ,note4--,! edition ( ,edw>ds' works quot$ 9 ?is volume1 is t by ,g4 ,c4 ,h4 ,c>vill1 ,new ,york1 #ahcj4