,! ,philipp9e ,agricultural ,review ,vol4 ,,viii ,,fir/ ,,qu>t]1 #aiae ,no4 #a ,,special ,,articles ,,citrus ,,fruits ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,we/] ,,by-,,products ,,( ,,sug> ,,manufacture ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,h9es ,a ,,qu>t]ly ,,publication ,,issu$ ,,9 ,,engli% ,,by ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,agriculture ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction ,,manila ,,bureau ,,( ,,pr9t+ #aiae 7,ent]$ at ! po/ (fice at ,manila z second-class matt]47 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,editorial #c ,citrus ,fruits 9 ! ,philipp9es #e ,by-products ( ,sug> ,manufacture #bi ,c(fee 9 ! ,philipp9es #ci ,cane-juice ,cl>ification #dg ,book ,review3 ,la ,fabricacion de ,azuc> ,blanco en los ,+5ios #ef ,curr5t ,notes3 ,fir/ ,qu>t]--,%ield ,budd+ ! ,mango2 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,%ield ,budd+2 ,improvem5t ( ,tropical ,fruits 9 ! ,philipp9es2 ,petiol$ vs4 nonpetiol$ ,budwood2 ,new ,sug> ,indu/ry2 ,_w's ,sug> ,supply2 ,progress 9 ,sug> ,manufacture #eg ,,illu/rations4 ,plate ,i4 ,plant propagation %$ at ,lamao ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,frontispiece4 ,fac+ page-- ,,ii4 ,citrus ,fruits3 7a7 ,talamisan2 7b7 ,tizon2 7c7 ,philipp9e ,pomelo #af ,,iii4 ,h]b>ium ,specim5s ( ,citrus3 7a7 ,talamisan2 7b7 ,alem[2 7c7 ,limao #af ,,iv4 ,citrus ,fruits3 7a7 ,canol2 7b7 ,cabuyao2 7c7 ,limao #af ,v4 ,h]b>ium ,specim5s ( ,citrus3 7a7 ,canci2 7b7 ,cabuyao2 7c7 ,biasong #af ,,vi4 ,citrus ,fruits3 7a7 ,tihi-tihi2 7b7 ,biasong2 7c7 ,alem[ #af ,,vii4 ,h]b>ium ,specim5s ( ,citrus3 7a7 ,colo-,colo2 7b7 ,samuyao2 7c7 ,bal9colong #af ,,text ,,figure4 ,fig4 #a ,se$l+ ( ,c4 hi/rix ,,dc #ah ,,editorial4 ,,! ,,sug> ,,indu/ry4 ,x is suppos$ t ! sug> cane 7,sac*>um (fic9>um7 0 orig9ally f\nd 9 ,india1 probably 9 ! region ( ! ,ganges4 ,!re is no sug> cane kn[n any:]e to-day 9 ! wild /ate al?\gh !re are sev]al species ( mammo? grasses closely ak9 to ?is plant4 ,z v>i\s portions ( ! e>?'s surface 7 explor$ & f9ally settl$ ! sug> indu/ry 0 ext5d$ until to-day "o f9ds x fl\ri%+ 9 practically all tropical c\ntries & _m subtropical c\ntries z well4 ,p]haps ! la/ semitropical region to attempt ?is indu/ry 9 a comm]cial way 0 ! ,/ate ( ,arizona1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 :]e ! des]t wa/es 7 turn$ into fl\ri%+ beet & cane fields by ! aid ( irrigation f ! ,gov]nm5t /orage dam4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,napoleon 9 ,france trade 9 ! sug>s f ,briti% & o!r =eign possessions 0 de/roy$ by ! w> ) ,engl& b ?is decl9e 9 ! cane-sug> trade s]v$ only z an impetus to ! new beet-sug> indu/ry !n be+ />t$4 ,9 ! meantime !re 0 su* a de>? ( sug> & su* a fabul\s rise 9 prices1 t attempts 7 made to secure sug> f v>i\s plants & fruits gr[+ 9 ,france1 su* z beets1 sorghum1 maize1 grapes1 apples1 pe>s1 figs1 etc4 ,at t "t ! manufacture ( a k9d ( sug> f grapes became q important s t dur+ ! p]iod f #ahaa to #ahac consid]able quantities ( ?is class ( sug> 7 made4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is new v5ture ! beet root 0 ga9+ 9 importance ye> by ye>1 especially 9 ,france1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t z well 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1 until aft] ext5sive exp]im5ts 9 plant bre$+ x 0 le>n$ t ! sucrose value ( ! root c\ld be v mu* improv$4 ,f ?is "w v>ieties ( beets us$ to-day h evolv$ :i* (t5 conta9 z high z #bj to #be p] c5t sucrose4 ,ano!r ob/acle 9 ! way 0 ! bad ta/e & odor ( ! l[-grade sug>s f ! beets & ! difficulty ( mak+ a high-grade sug>4 ,to-day ! heavy lim+ & ! c>bonation process give a sug> equal 9 all respects to ! be/ grade ( granulat$ cane sug>1 & "o f9ds a great deal ( beet sug> ei!r mix$ ) cane sug> or m>ket$ alone "u ! "n ( cane sug>4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! beet-sug> indu/ry has become s important t m ?an eight million tons1 or ab\t "o-half ( all ! sug> produc$1 comes f ?is s\rce4 ,!re is a great] consumption ( sug> ea* ye> :i* necessitates great] production ei!r ?r\gh l>g] areas1 heavi] yields1 or its manufacture f o!r sac*>if]\s plants4 ,! maximum 9 bo? area & yield h by no means be5 rea*$1 :ile 9 rec5t ye>s a l>ge numb] ( sac*>if]\s plants h attract$ ! att5tion ( v>i\s inve/igators ?r\gh\t ! sug> _w1 & ?is w 9 all probability lead to a new s\rce ( supply4 ,! mo/ promis+ ( ^! plants is ! sug> palm 7,ar5ga sac*>if]a74 ,ext5sive "w 0 conduct$ on ?is palm by ?is ,bureau & report$ 9 ! ,may1 #aiad1 numb] ( ! ,philipp9e ,agricultural ,review4 ,dur+ ! above-m5tion$ ye> an entirely new me?od ( juice cl>ification 0 elaborat$ :i* is applicable to ! juices ( v>i\s o!r palms z well z to t ( ! sug> cane4 ,9 ,b5gal ! wild date palm 7,pho5ix silve/ris7 has produc$ a l[ grade ( molasses sug> = consumption by ! natives = a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,! ma9 ob/acle enc\nt]$ 9 mak+ a good grade ( sug> f ?is palm has be5 caus$ by ! difficulty ( cl>ification & ! susceptibility ( ! juice to f]m5tation4 ,x is ?\ght t ! above-m5tion$ process may br+ ?is palm into great] prom95ce 9 ! sug> _w4 ,!re are also ! ,palm]a 7,borassus flabelli=mis7 ( ,s\!rn ,india1 & ! ,nipa 7,nipa fructicans7 ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,ei!r ( ^! c\ld und\bt$ly be made pr(itable sug> produc]s4 ,! latt] is us$ comm]cially only z a s\rce ( alcohol4 ,!re is practically no limit to ! numb] ( sac*>if]\s plants "o might "n 9 ! ,tropics & subtropics1 b _m ( ^! d n conta9 a suffici5t p]c5tage ( sucrose1 or else !y conta9 su* a high p]c5tage ( impurities t ! l[ yield ( sug> & ! high co/ ( manufacture make _! use unpr(itable4 ,,citrus ,,fruits ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es4 #a ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,we/]1 ,horticulturi/ 9 ,*>ge ( ,lamao ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,de ,c&olle1 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,cultivat$ ,plants1 discusses #e species belong+ to ! g5us ,citrus3 ,! pomelo1 ,c4 decumana ,l42 ! citron1 lemon1 & lime1 "h consid]$ z di/9ct species1 :i* he includes "u ! "o species1 ,c4 m$ica ,l42 ! sweet orange1 ,c4 aurantium ,l41 :i* he sep>ates f ! s\r orange & :i* is also by him consid]$ z a di/9ct species1 ,c4 vulg>is ,risso2 & f9ally ! m&>91 ,c4 nobilis ,l\r4 ,( ^!1 ! pomelo1 orange1 m&>91 lemon1 lime1 & citron are important pomologically1 ! s\r orange be+ gr[n pr9cipally z /ock = ! o!r species4 ,! pomelo is by ! same au?or consid]$ to be indig5\s to ! ,pacific ,isl&s ea/ ( ,java1 ! citron & affiliat$ species to h orig9at$ 9 ,india1 & ! s\r orange ea/ ( ,india1 & all to h be5 9 cultivation = ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! antiquity ( ! orange & m&>9 is less1 bo? species be+ f ,*9a & ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,all ^! species h be5 introduc$ into ! ,philipp9e ,ar*ipelago1 & are well di/ribut$ except+ ! s\r orange1 :i* is r>ely se54 ,! discussion ( all species ref]s to !m z f\nd 9 ! ,philipp9es except :5 o!rwise /at$4 ,no v di/9ct types are f\nd among ! oranges or m&>9s2 ! v>iation 9 ! pomelo is consid]able1 al?\gh1 s f> z ! writ] has not$1 sc>cely en\gh to w>rant ! di/9ction ( sep>ate v>ieties4 ,bo? ! :ite & r$-fle%$ types occur ) _m gradations1 b no /udies h be5 made to note :i* o!r correlative *>act]s1 if any1 are id5tifi$ ) ^! diff]5t =ms4 ,! v primitive pomelos 7,pl4 ,,ii1 c7 t are n infrequ5tly se5 9 cultivation might indicate t ?is species is indig5\s to ! ,philipp9es1 ?\gh s f> z ! writ] kn[s ! tree has nev] be5 se5 9 ! virg9 =e/4 ,clos] obs]vations h be5 made on ! g5]al type repres5t$ by ! citron1 includ+ ! lemon & lime1 & sev]al di/9ct =ms h be5 recogniz$4 ,! calamond91 ,c4 mitis ,blanco1 is well kn[n to be indig5\s1 z well z ! cabuyao & relat$ plants t h be5 ref]r$ to ,c4 hi/rix ,,dc4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ species !re seem to be no v m>k$ v>iations4 ,c4 hi/rix 0 describ$ by ,de ,c&olle1 fl[]s & fruits except$1 f a plant gr[+ 9 ,montpelli]1 be+ recogniz$ pr9cipally by its long broad-w+$ petioles & free /am5s4 ,! writ] has n _h ! opportunity to see ! orig9al description ( ,c4 hi/rix or exam9e ! type specim51 b ,sw+le ref]s to x 9 ,j\r4 ( ,agri4 ,rese>*1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 page #aj1 #aiac1 z hav+ broadly w+$ petioles1 (t5 l>g] ?an ! blades1 ! w+s be+ m gradually n>r[$ t[>d ! base & usually m abruptly truncate at ! tip ?an ,c4 i*ang5sis ,sw+le1 mak+ !n some:at triangul> 9 outl9e4 ,)9 ^! broad limitations a numb] ( o!rwise rem>kably di/9ct =ms may be recogniz$ "s ( :i* 7 illu/rat$ 9 a previ\s publication1 ,bureau ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,citriculture 9 ! ,philipp9es1 #aiac1 & ref]r$ to ,c4 hi/rix ) ! /atem5t t "s ( ^! =ms unque/ionably w be recogniz$ z subspecies on clos] /udy1 or possibly z sep>ate species4 ,s9ce !n sev]al plants ( ?is type 9 ! citrus collection assembl$ at ,lamao by ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture h bloom$ & fruit$1 af=d+ an opportunity = full] obs]vations1 & ^! h be5 fur!r complem5t$ dur+ a trip to ,bohol & ,cebu 9 ,may1 #aiad1 & by ! fruits =w>d$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,s\?wick4 ,h[ev]1 assum+ t ,c4 hi/rix 7or "s ( its subspecies7 is ! ,c4 hi/rix ( ,de ,c&olle1 !re /ill rema91 on "o h& ! limao1 & on ! o!r ! biasong1 bal9colong1 samuyao1 samuyao-sa-amoo1 z widely diff]5t f ea* o!r & ! cabuyao & its subspecies z = in/ance ! orange1 & pomelo1 or ! m&>9 & ! calamond94 ,a v int]e/+ *>act]i/ic has be5 discov]$ 9 sev]al ( ! citrus fruits t h free /am5s 9 ! =m ( a m or less di/9ct nucleus 9 ! juice cells2 ?is1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 has n be5 previ\sly record$ 9 a citrus fruit4 ,! fact t ! pres5ce ( ^! nuclei is n "h ref]r$ to 9 "s species ) free /am5s does n necess>ily mean t !y are abs5t1 consid]+ t fruits ( ^! p>ticul> species h n be5 exam9$ s9ce ! fir/ nucle> cells 7 discov]$4 ,! writ] is incl9$ to believe t ^! nuclei are correlative to ^? species hav+ free /am5s4 ,to ! /ud5t 9 ! citrus-gr[+ sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! *>act]ization ( ! citron1 lemon & lime z giv5 h]e9 is no d\bt satisfactory1 b 9 ! ,philipp9es v>i\s =ms call$ limon w appe> t d n agree ) ?is & x w\ld !n be necess>y ei!r to make ! descriptions m g5]al s z to cov] ! additional =ms or to classify ^! z species or subspecies4 ,if ! b>ely m>g9$ petioles1 comp>atively small leaves1 ! gre51 t5d] gr[? & ! :ite corolla are insi/$ ^u = ! lime1 = in/ance1 x is difficult to "k :]e to place ! purple-gr[!d1 ?orny1 wide-w+$1 purpli%-petal$1 subglobose limes ) wide-w+$ leaves ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,!y _c well be plac$ ) ! lemons1 & /ill less ) ! citron1 ?\gh !y ( c\rse %[ /rong relation%ip to ea*4 ,! citron gr\p ( ! g5us p]haps m ?an any o!r %[s ! ne$ ( fur!r /udy & sy/ematization ( ! entire g5us4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! pres5ce 9 ! ,philipp9es ( ! extremely primitive types ( ! citron & ! lemons2 = in/ance1 ! fruit illu/rat$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,xvi 7c71 & colo-colo1 z well z ! lombog1 ref]r$ to ,c4 pseudolimonum 9 ?is pap]4 ,( all ! plants "h discuss$1 ,c4 micran?a v>4 microc>pa is botanically fur!/ remov$ f ! cultivat$ citrus fruits4 ,ea* consid]$ z a sep>ate species & con/itut+ p]haps ! mo/ complete description ( ^! species publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hume's *>act]ization ( ! orange1 s\r orange1 m&>91 pomelo1 citron1 lemon1 & lime 9 8 ,citrus ,fruits & ,_! ,culture1 is "h reproduc$ )\t alt]ation4 ,"s writ]s h gr\p$ sev]al ( ^! z subspecies "u "o great compreh5sive species1 b1 z ,mr4 ,hume aptly says3 ,:at advantage is !re 9 ?r[+ ! s\r orange1 sweet orange1 pomelo1 kumquat1 & a few o!r di/9ctly diff]5t trees into "o conglom]ate species 99 99 99 & !n plac+ ea* ( ! a=em5tion$ plants "u ?is species z subspecies & v>ieties4 ,su* a proc$ure is m likely to result 9 fur!r confusion ?an ord]4 ,! species ( ! g5us ,citrus t h come "u ! obs]vation ( ! writ]1 ) two exceptions1 seem naturally to divide !mselves into two gr\ps1--7#a7 ^? ) m or less unit$ filam5ts & hypogeal cotyl$ons1 & 7#b7 ^? ) free filam5ts1 & 79 all in/ances :]e !re has be5 an opportunity = obs]vations7 ) supra-t]rane\s1 di/9ct cotyl$ons 7fig4 #a74 ,9 s f> z ^! *>act]i/ics h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,philipp9e citrus fruits1 long & broad-w+$ petioles are a ?ird correlative feature di/+ui%+ gr\p ,no4 #b2 ,c4 i*ang5sis rec5tly describ$ by ,sw+le f ,*9a also possesses ?is la/ feature1 b has connate filam5ts4 ,! alsem & alem[ seem to be int]m$iate betwe5 ^! =ms1 ! alsem be+ mo/ closely relat$ to ^? 9 ! fir/ division1 ! filam5ts be+ connate1 :ile ! cotyl$ons 9 "s lots t h be5 propagat$ appe>$ above gr\nd4 ,! alem[ is mo/ closely relat$ to gr\p ,no4 #b1 ! filam5ts be+ ne>ly always free4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! talamisan toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( hypogeal cotyl$ons t5ds to ! belief t ?is species has m or less unit$ filam5ts & ?us w\ld belong to ! fir/ gr\p4 ,all descriptions h be5 made f liv+ plant mat]ial ei!r dur+ t\rs ( collection by ! writ]1 or f plants gr[n at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation f mat]ial s5t to ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture f "t to "t s9ce ,april1 #aiaa4 ,also1 all ! mat]ial has be5 collect$ f plants gr[+ 9 ! y>d ( "s ,filip9o & s may lay claim to hav+ be5 dome/icat$4 ,:ile ?is /atem5t may n be altoge!r reliable x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ,bohol ! ,filip9os /at$ t ! foll[+ trees grew wild 9 ! =e/3 ,among-pong1 amontay1 bal9colong1 biasong1 canci1 colo-colo1 limoncito1 limao1 lombog1 & samuyao4 ,:ile x is believ$ t ! species describ$ 9 ?is pap] include mo/ ( ! m di/9ctive ,philipp9e citrus fruits1 & sev]al hi!rto unkn[n ev5 to ! botani/1 !y d n by any means exhau/ ! ,philipp9e =ms ( ?is g5us4 ,sev]al o!r =ms h be5 not$1 & con/itute a "p ( ! citrus collection at ,lamao b are n "h ref]r$ to1 = ! reason t ! mat]ial on h& is too incomplete to w>rant _! description at ?is "t4 ,ackn[l$gem5ts4--,! writ] is greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,s\?wick1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! demon/ration /ation at ,cebu1 = 8 untir+ zeal 9 repeat$ly =w>d+ sets ( citrus fruits & budwood f ,bohol & ,cebu1 & = 8 mo/ valuable assi/ance dur+ a collection trip made by him & ! writ] to ,cebu & ,bohol 9 ,may1 #aiad1 )\t :i* x w\ld n h be5 possible to obta9 mu* ( ! data & mat]ial collect$4 ,all ! species & v>ieties cr$it$ to ,bohol 7 fir/ call$ to ! att5tion ( ! ,bureau by ,mr4 ,s\?wick4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,wea!rsbee1 =m]ly agricultural inspector ( ?is ,bureau1 fir/ call$ att5tion to ! alem[ & has also assi/$ 9 ! collection ( citrus mat]ial 9 ,cebu4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,burton1 =m]ly sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,tr9idad g>d51 ,b5guet1 has =w>d$ fruits & budwood ( ! cabugao & o!r fruits4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,mackie1 entomologi/ ( ! ,bureau1 fir/ call$ att5tion to a v>iety ( alsem 9 ,bontoc ( sup]ior quality4 ,m4 ,g4 ,b4 ,mead s5t ! fir/ specim5s ( ,panuban4 ,,descriptions ,,& ,,comm5ts4 ,citrus aurantium ,l4 ,orange4 ,a tree #g4e to #ab met]s 9 height1 ) a compact1 conical head2 b>k grayi% br[n2 ?orns g5]ally pres5t1 #ab to #ej millimet]s long1 %>p1 /\t2 leaves oval or ovate oblong1 #g4e to #aj c5timet]s long1 smoo?1 %9+1 some:at light] bel[ ?an above1 m>g9s entire1 or v slightly s]rate2 petiole #ab to #be millimet]s long1 slightly w+$ 7occasionally ) q a broad w+72 fl[]s axill>y 9 clu/]s ( "o to six1 :ite1 sweet sc5t$1 small] ?an ^? ( ,c4 vulg>is2 calyx cupp$2 sepals f\r to five1 awl-%ap$1 ?ick1 gre5i%1 p]si/5t2 petals usually five1 oblong1 #be to #ca millimet]s long1 ?ick1 fle%y1 recurv$2 /am5s tw5ty to tw5ty-five1 hypog5\s1 filam5ts flatt5$1 unit$ 9 gr\ps1 %ort] ?an ! petals2 pi/il di/9ctly divid$ into /igma1 /yle & ov>y2 /igma knob-l2 /yle long & sl5d]2 ov>y r\nd$1 #aj to #ad locul$2 fruit globose to oblate1 light orange to r$di%2 r9d smoo?2 pulp juicy1 subacid2 juice sacs sp9dle %ap$1 sometimes l>g] ?an ^? ( ,c4 vulg>is2 se$s few or _m1 oblong ovoid1 planoconvex1 g5]ally broad1 w$g$ or po9t$ at ! micropyl> end1 m>k$ ) oblique ridges surr\nd+ "o or two pla9 areas4 ,native to ,*9a or ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,:ile ! orange is n[h]e plant$ 9 or*>ds x is fairly well di/ribut$4 ,judg+ f ! preval5ce ( ! citrus fruits 9 ! m>kets 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago x ranks fif? 9 production1 z comp>$ ) ! m&>91 pomelo1 lime1 & calamond91 ! only citrus fruits beside ! orange t may claim to be ( any economic importance ev5 f a ,philipp9e po9t ( view4 ,except+ a few budd$ trees ( rec5t importation or di/ribution by ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture all trees are se$l+s & ne>ly always ! fruit is poor 9 quality4 ,s f> z not$1 !re are no v>iations wor?y ( notice4 ,citrus vulg>is ,risso4 ,s\r ,orange4 7,seville orange1 ,big>ade orange47 ,a small tree1 #f to #i met]s 9 height1 ) a d5se compact head2 "y %oots light gre51 ?orny2 ?orns alt]nate1 small1 %>p & po9t$1 on old] wood l>g]1 /rong1 /iff2 leaves unifoliate1 ev]gre51 alt]nate1 ovate1 po9t$1 /rongly & peculi>ly sc5t$2 petiole #ab to #ah millimet]s long1 broadly w+$2 fl[]s 9 small1 axill>y cymes1 :ite1 /rongly sweet sc5t$1 some:at l>g] ?an ^? ( ,c4 aurantium2 calyx cupp$1 segm5ts #d to #e1 blunt2 petals l9e> oblong1 conspicu\sly dott$ ) oil cells2 /am5s #bj to #bd2 filam5ts unit$ 9 gr\ps2 pi/il club %ap$1 smoo?2 ov>y #f to #ad locul$2 fruit orange color$ or frequ5tly r$di% :5 well matur$1 incl9$ to be r\gh2 r9d /rongly aromatic1 bitt]2 pulp acid2 juice sacs sp9dle %ap$1 r small2 se$s flatt5$ & w$g$ t[>d ! micropyl> end1 m>k$ ) ridg$ l9es4 ,native to s\!a/]n ,asia1 probably 9 ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,h>di] ?an ! sweet orange4 ,samples ( :at seems to be ! s\r orange h be5 receiv$ f ,davao1 ,m9danao4 ,citrus nobilis ,l\r4 ,m&>94 ,a small tree #c4f to #f met]s 9 height1 ) a d5se head ( upright or will[y1 droop+ bran*es2 b>k d>k br[ni% or /reak$ ) gray2 bran*lets light gre5 or d>k 9 color1 small1 sl5d]1 r\nd or angl$1 ?ornless1 or provid$ ) small %>p sp9es2 leaves small1 lanceolate to oval1 slightly cr5ate2 petioles %ort1 w+less1 or ) v small w+s2 fl[]s t]m9at+ ! bran*lets or axill>y1 sometimes clu/]$1 #ah to #be millimet]s across1 sweet sc5t$2 calyx small1 %all[1 cupp$1 ! petals small2 petals :ite1 fle%y1 recurv$2 /am5s #ah to #bc 9 numb]1 %ort] ?an ! petals2 pi/il small1 resembl+ t ( ,c4 aurantium2 ov>y #i to #ae locul$2 fruit di/9ctly oblate1 orange to r$di% 9 color2 pulp sweet or subacid2 juice sacs broad & blunt2 se$s top %ap$1 beak$1 cotyl$ons pi/a*e gre52 embryos "o or m2 sections sep>at+ readily f ea* o!r & f ! r9d2 r9d ?91 oil cell some:at balloon %ap$ or oval4 ,native to ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,g5]ally admitt$ to be some:at h>di] ?an ! sweet orange4 ,! m&>9 is ! only species 9 ! g5us ,citrus t has be5 at all sy/ematically plant$ & c>$ =1 ev5 ?\gh ?is mo/ly consi/s 9 ! plant+ ! trees1 n[ & !n ! cle>+ away ( ! we$s ) cutlasses & ! h>ve/+ ( ! fruit4 ,nev]!less ! quality ( ! fruit is uni=m & v good4 ,! m&>9 di/rict ( ! ,philipp9es is conf9$ to a small area pr9cipally ar\nd ,santo ,tomas & ,tanauan1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,batangas1 &1 except+ import$ fruit1 all m&>9s m>ket$ 9 ! ,philipp9es are gr[n 9 ! above-m5tion$ region4 ,scatt]$ trees are f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,aside f ! tizon1 :i* is describ$ lat]1 & :i* x is believ$ may be ref]r$ to ?is species1 !re are no well-def9$ v>ieties ( ! m&>94 ,citrus nobilis v>4 papill>is ,blanco4 ,tizon4 7,plate ,,ii1 b7 ,a spread+1 small tree1 atta9+ a height ( #f met]s or m1 9 habit simil> to ! pomelo2 sp9es small1 or want+2 leaves #aj to #ad c5timet]s long1 #e to #f c5timet]s broad1 ovate to elliptical oblong1 cr5ate1 d>k-gre5 & %9+ above1 cr9kly1 base broadly acute1 apex n>r[ly acute to almo/ acum9ate & caudate2 petioles #ag to #bj millimet]s long ) n>r[ w+ m>g92 fl[]s n se52 fruit l>ge f #f to #aj c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 #agj to #ehj grams 9 weight1 some:at compress$ at basal half1 usually end+ 9 a m or less conspicu\s nipple :i*1 h[ev]1 is sometimes want+2 apex flatt5$1 or ev5 depress$2 surface smoo?1 pale gre5i% turn+ to orange yell[2 sk9 m$ium ?92 locules #aj to #aa1 sep>able f ea* o!r & ! sk9 l ! m&>92 pulp yell[i%1 subacid1 v juicy1 & ( good flavor ) m>k$ qu99e ta/e2 juice cells l>ge2 se$s v few1 r>ely m ?an #g4 ,! tizon is extremely r>e & only a few trees are f\nd 9 cultivation1 conf9$ to ! citrus di/rict ( ,batangas1 ,luzon4 ,! trees are said to be q prolific1 & ! fruit matures f ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,?is fruit1 on acc\nt ( its sc>city1 is ( no comm]cial importance4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be an acceptable dess]t or breakfa/ fruit1 be+ a little m acid ?an ! orange4 ,x is said to be an introduction f ,spa94 ,! tizon is )\t d\bt ! ,c4 papill>is describ$ by ,blanco 9 ,flora ,filip9as4 ,! tizon is believ$ to be a natural hybrid betwe5 ! m&>9 & ! pomelo4 ,x has inh]it$ ! loose-sk9n$ "*1 l>ge juice cells1 & p>tial abs5ce ( sp9es1 & leaf "* ( ! fir/-nam$ species to :i* x is 7)\t ! writ] hav+ _h ! opportunity to exam9e ! fl[]s7 unque/ionably m closely relat$ ?an to any o!r species 9 ! g5us4 ,! tizon is repres5t$ 9 ! citrus collection at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation "u ,bureau ( ,agriculture ,no4 #gdd & #gde4 ,citrus decumana ,l4 ,pomelo4 ,a tree #f to #ab met]s 9 height1 ) a r\nd$ or conical head1 & a trunk upw>ds ( #de c5timet]s 9 diamet]2 b>k smoo?1 grayi% br[n2 "y leaves & %oots sp>sely pubesc5t1 light gre52 leaves ovate1 blunt1 po9t$ or r\nd$1 em>g9ate1 smoo?1 d>k1 glossy gre51 lea!ry1 m>g9 cr5ate2 petioles articulat$1 broadly w+$2 fl[]s produc$ s+ly or 9 cymose clu/]s ( #b to #bj1 sweet sc5t$2 calyx cupp$1 l>ge2 sepals #d to #e1 po9t$2 corolla :ite1 #cg to #dc millimet]s across2 petals #d to #e1 slightly reflex$1 fle%y1 oblong2 /am5s #bj to #be2 an!rs l>ge1 abundantly suppli$ ) poll51 prot]&r\s2 pi/il /\t2 /igma :5 ripe cov]$ ) a /icky1 milky fluid2 ov>y #aa to #ad locul$2 fruit l>ge1 oblate1 globose or pyri=m1 light lemon or orange color$2 fle% grayi% or p9k2 juice sacs l>ge1 sp9dle %ap$2 flavor a m+l+ ( acid1 bitt]ness & sweetness or subacid2 se$s l>ge1 light color$1 w$ge %ap$ or irregul>1 ) prom95t ridges surr\nd+ broad1 flat areas4 ,native to ! ,polynesian & ,malayan ,ar*ipelagos4 ,! pomelo is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ species 9 ! g5us1 b "h z 9 ! orange ! quality ( practically all ! fruit is wret*$ly poor1 dry & insipid ) a v ?ick sk94 ,) ! exception ( ! panuban1 describ$ bel[1 !re are no v>iations wor?y ( notice 9 ?is g5us4 ,citrus decumana ,l4 ,pomelo1 v>4 ,panuban4 ,a sp9y tree1 #c to #d met]s tall ( robu/ gr[?2 "y gr[? pubesc5t2 leaves #ab to #ag c5timet]s long1 #d4g to #h c5timet]s wide1 oblong ovate1 cr5ate1 coriace\s2 base r\nd$2 petiole #ae to #bc millimet]s long1 w+ m>g9s n>r[1 at mo/ #ah millimet]s broad1 & cunei=m2 fl[]s n se52 fruit #e4g c5timet]s long1 #g c5timet]s 9 transv]se diamet]1 oblate1 ) %all[ apical cavity2 surface smoo?1 lemon yell[2 sk9 v ?92 pulp conta9$ 9 #aa to #ab locules1 yell[i%1 fairly juicy1 subacid1 acidity & sweetness well bl5d$1 aromatic & well flavor$2 se$s l>ge1 polyembryonic4 ,! panuban is said to bloom ab\t ,new ,ye> & ! fruit rip5s 9 ,septemb] to ,novemb]2 ! trees are report$ to be v prolific4 ,! panuban has be5 report$ only f ,lias1 ,bontoc1 :]e half a doz5 trees are said to gr[4 ,possibly ! panuban may be an accid5tal hybrid betwe5 ! pomelo & ! orange or m&>92 if x is simply a mutation x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ 9 ?is species4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! pomelo "* is /rongly dom9ant 9 bo? ! foliage & ! fruit4 ,v well flavor$1 ! fruit is too dry to be acceptable to a discrim9at+ public1 b x is n improbable t "u cultivation ! juic9ess w\ld increase4 ,9 su* a case ! panuban might become a fruit ( comm]cial importance4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #eafj 7,lias1 ,bontoc74 ,citrus mitis ,blanco4 ,calamond94 ,a small1 some:at sp9y tree1 #d to #f met]s tall2 "y gr[? gre5i%2 leaves elliptic oblong1 #d to #i c5timet]s long & ab\t #d c5timet]s wide1 cr5ulate2 base acute2 apex usually em>g9ate2 petiole sc>cely w+$1 #aj to #ae millimet]s long2 fl[]s axill>y1 solit>y1 r>ely 9 pairs1 #ba millimet]s 9 diamet]1 fragrant2 petals :ite1 reflex$2 /am5s #ah to #bj1 unequal2 filam5ts unit$ into gr\ps2 ov>y globose1 #f to #h locul$2 /yle sl5d]1 di/9ct2 /igma knoblike2 fruit globose1 orange yell[1 #b to #d c5timet]s 9 diamet]2 sk9 smoo?1 ?91 brittle1 sep>able f ! fle%2 pulp orange color$1 juicy1 acid1 ) di/9ct aroma2 juice cells r l>ge1 %ort1 & blunt2 se$s comp>atively l>ge1 smoo?1 plump1 sometimes beak$2 polyembryonic4 ,! calamond9 is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,philipp9es & occurs wild z well z cultivat$4 ,! plant makes an attractive1 ornam5tal1 small tree & ! fruit may be made into m>malade or utiliz$ 9 mak+ ade4 ,!re are no p>ticul>ly di/9ct =ms ( ?is species4 ,! trees are almo/ inv>iably v prolific & almo/ ev]be>+4 ,9 ,bohol ! species is kn[n z limoncito4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bccb 7,tanauan1 ,batangas74 ,citrus webb]ii4 ,alsem4 ,a %rubby tree ) small1 %>p sp9es2 leaves av]ag+ #ie millimet]s 9 l5g?1 & #cb millimet]s 9 wid?1 oblong-ovate1 cr5ulate1 d>k gre5 & %9+ above2 base broadly acute2 apex em>g9ate1 petiole #bg millimet]s long2 w+s r>ely exce$+ #ab millimet]s 9 wid?2 fl[]s t]m9al1 r>ely axill>y1 solit>y1 #bj millimet]s 9 diamet]1 sweet sc5t$2 calyx small2 petals :ite1 reflex$2 /am5s #ai to #ba1 ab\t equal2 filam5ts unit$ into gr\ps ( sev]al2 ov>y small1 obovoid1 #g to #aa locul$2 /yle di/9ct1 sl5d]2 /igma small1 club %ap$2 fruit sometimes atta9+ a weight ( #afe grams1 =m oblate1 #eh millimet]s long to #fe millimet]s long to #ff across1 to r\ndi% oblate1 sometimes compress$ & wr9kl$ t[>d base end+ 9 a pron\nc$ nipple2 apex a %all[ depression1 or mammilate ) ! circul> depression m or less pron\nc$2 surface smoo? to fairly smoo?2 color gre5i% yell[ to lemon yell[1 l5ticels few1 depress$2 sk9 ?91 ! kid-glove "* m or less pron\nc$2 fle% :iti% to grayi%1 v juicy1 aromatic2 juice cells v>iable1 f %ort & blunt to m$ium sl5d] & tap]+ to "o end2 se$s ovate1 flatt5$1 smoo?1 sometimes beak$4 ,plants ( ! alsem h nev] be5 se5 by ! writ] 9 ! prov9ces1 ! description ( ! plant hav+ be5 made f budd$ plants gr[+ at ,lamao1 propagat$ f mat]ial collect$ 9 ,bulacan4 ,! trees h a long fl[]+ season1 z fruits are (f]$ 9 ,manila ?r\gh\t ! summ] to late 9 autumn4 ,! v>iation 9 ! fruit is v great1 "s be+ ( little value1 :ile o!rs are extremely ?9 sk9n$1 well flavor$1 juicy1 aromatic1 ) less rag ?an p]haps any citrus fruit t has be5 exam9$ by ! writ]4 ,! floral *>act]s correspond closely to ^? ( ! m&>91 :i* ! fruit 9 "s =ms also resembles 9 appe>ance & 9 its loose-sk9n$ "*4 ,flavor & aroma place ! alsem 9 close relation%ip ) ! cabuyao1 ,c4 hi/rix1 & x is a curi\s fact t ! ,tagalogs always call x cabuyao4 ,9 common ) ! cabuyao x is frequ5tly infe/$ ) ! r9dbor]1 ,prays citri1 :ile ! m&>9 is practically immune to ?is pe/4 ,an analysis made by ! ,bureau ( ,sci5ce 9 ,novemb]1 #aiab1 ( alsem fruits pur*as$ by ! writ] 9 ,manila gave ! foll[+ results3 ,weight (-- ,grams4 ,fruit #ef4e ,peel #ae ,se$ #a4e ,pulp 7rag7 #ac4e ,juice #bf4e ,analysis ( juice4 ,p] c5t4 ,acidity 7citric7 #e4da ,sucrose ,none4 ,sug> #b4da ,prote9 4#cc ,a% 4#ci ,analysis ( pulp4 ,p] c5t4 ,acidity 7citric7 #b4gc ,prote9 #a4jc ,a% 4#eh ,! alsem 0 consid]$ a v>iety ( ! m&>9 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,iv1 b a clos] /udy ( ! plant & fruit %[s t x diff]s s greatly f all o!r ,philipp9e species ( ! g5us z to be entitl$ to specific rank1 & x has be5 nam$ 9 honor ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,webb]1 director ( ! citrus exp]im5t /ation1 ,riv]side1 ,cali=nia1 ! association ) :om1 9 connection ) 8 citrus & p9eapple bre$+ "w1 m ?an any o!r cause influ5c$ ! writ] to take up ! improvem5t ( tropical economic plants4 ,! ,bontoc local "n alsem is "h propos$ z ! v]nacul> "n = ,c4 webb]ii4 ,9 previ\s publications by ! writ] x 0 call$ ! m&>9 lime1 :i* is h>dly suitable1 h[ev]1 s9ce :ile x has c]ta9 resemblances to ! m&>9 yet is di/9ct f x1 & aga91 its only resemblance to ! lime lies 9 its acidity & ade-mak+ qualities2 moreov] ! "n m&>9 lime is too long = popul> use4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #hec 7,bulacan71 #bbge 7,manila71 #dbib 7,bontoc74 ,citrus webb]ii v>4 montana4 ,cabugao4 ,a %rubby tree ) sl5d] bran*es & small1 weak sp9es1 sometimes abs5t2 "y gr[? gre52 leaves #h4e to #ad c5timet]s long1 #c to #c4e c5timet]s broad1 ovate to ovate oblong1 cr5ate1 d>k gre5 above1 %9+2 base broadly acute to r\nd$2 apex blunt po9t$1 usually retuse2 petiole #bd to #ch millimet]s long1 ) n>r[ w+ m>g91 9 l>ge leaves sometimes #ag millimet]s broad2 fl[]s n se52 fruit r\ndi% oblate1 ab\t #de millimet]s across1 some:at corrugate1 #h locul$4 ,budwood & fruits ( ! cabugao 7 =w>d$ to ! ,bureau by ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,burton1 f ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,! writ] did n h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! fruit1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 an excell5t photograph 0 made1 &1 to date ( writ+ ! plants at ,lamao n hav+ bloom$ !re has be5 no *ance to exam9e ! floral *>act]s4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! plant & fruit indicates t ! cabugao is a =m ( ! alsem4 ,?r\gh a typographical error 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,xvi 7a71 ! cabugao is cr$it$ to ,bohol4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bbff 7,b5guet1 ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce74 ,citrus longisp9a4 ,talamisan4 7,pls4 ,i,ia1 ,i,i,ia47 ,an arboresc5t1 v ?orny %rub ab\t #e met]s tall1 ) num]\s suck]s & int]lock+ bran*es1 ! sp9es on ! /ems frequ5tly #aj c5timet]s long2 "y gr[? bright gre51 ne>ly always angul>2 leaves #f4e to #aj c5timet]s long1 #c to #d4h c5timet]s broad1 ovate to broadly elliptical1 cr5ate2 base obtuse to broadly acute2 apex acute to r\nd$1 usually em>g9ate2 petioles #ai to #be millimet]s long1 r n>r[ly w+$1 ?\gh 9 l>ge leaves ! w+s are up to #ah millimet]s broad2 fl[]s n se52 fruit r\ndi%1 some:at flatt5$ at apex1 #eh millimet]s 9 diamet]1 smoo?1 deep lemon color$2 sk9 ?92 locules #aa to #ae2 pulp v juicy1 mildly acid1 ) a t+e ( orange yell[1 aromatic & pleasantly flavor$2 juice cells l>ge1 plump1 blunt or po9t$ at "o end2 se$s r few1 ( m$ium size1 fairly plump1 m or less reticulate1 polyembryonic1 & ( poor g]m9at+ qualities4 ,! talamisan is exce$+ly r>e1 & is f\nd 9 cultivation 9 ,bohol 7"o plant has be5 se5 9 ,cebu7 & is fairly productive4 ,except+ ! m&>91 :i* is also ( r>e occurr5ce1 x is mu* sup]ior to all o!r citrus fruits gr[n 9 ^! two isl&s1 & is eat5 by ! inhabitants2 x is nev]!less v r>e & ( no economic importance at pres5t4 ,! fruit rip5s 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 & is a poor keep]4 ,introduc$ into cultivation1 ! fruit ( ! talamisan c\ld to advantage be us$ z an ade fruit1 & ) a little sug> x w\ld make a good breakfa/ fruit4 ,! d5se gr[? ( ! plant1 ) num]\s suck]s1 arm$ also ) =midable sp9es1 w\ld make x a good live f5ce4 ,! talamisan1 or tamisan z x is also call$1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ citrus fruits t has come to ! att5tion ( ! writ]4 ,its angul> gr[?1 =midable sp9es1 broad1 sometimes almo/ orbicul>1 di/9ct leaves & fruit easily di/+ui% ! talamisan f all o!r species 9 ! g5us4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bebi1 #dhcc 7,bohol74 ,citrus macrophylla4 ,alem[4 7,pls4 ,i,i,ib1 ,v,ic47 ,a tree atta9+ a height ( #f met]s1 ( upright gr[?1 & r long1 /\t1 %>p sp9es2 leaves #ad to #ah c5timet]s long1 #f to #h c5timet]s wide1 elliptical to ovate1 cr5ate to s]rate2 base r\nd$2 apex acute2 petioles #ah to #dj millimet]s long1 broadly w+$1 w+s frequ5tly exce$+ #ce millimet]s 9 wid?2 fl[]s #d to #g1 9 compact cymes1 sessile1 #ah to #bb millimet]s 9 diamet]2 calyx cupp$2 petals #d to #e1 oblong2 /am5s #bf to #cj2 filam5ts ne>ly always free2 ov>y small1 #ac to #af locul$2 /yle di/9ct2 /igma club %ap$1 small2 fruit #he to sometimes exce$+ #ajj millimet]s 9 l5g?1 atta9+ a weight ( #ejj to #hjj grams1 subglobose to r\ndi% oblong1 m or less compress$ t[>ds base1 :i* is nippl$ & ) /em ins]t$ 9 a %all[ cavity2 apex flatt5$ ) a circul> depression ar\nd ! rais$ /igmatic area2 surface gre5i% lemon yell[1 r r\gh1 ) transv]se corrugations2 oil cells small1 sunk52 sk9 comp>atively ?92 pulp grayi%1 r dry1 %>ply acid1 lemon flavor$2 juice cells r sl5d]1 long1 & po9t$2 se$ m$ium l>ge1 %ort & plump1 smoo?1 sometimes beak$4 ,! alem[ is a v r>e fruit occurr+ 9 cultivation 9 ,cebu1 & consid]$ in$ible ev5 by ! natives4 ,! description ( ! fl[]s 0 made f fre% specim5s collect$ 9 ,may4 ,! tree is said to bloom lat] 9 ! ye> dur+ ! ra9y season hav+ !n l>g] fl[]s4 ,p>tly gr[n fruit 0 !n se5 on ! tree & s9ce mature fruit has be5 exam9$ by ! writ] f ,decemb] to late 9 ,febru>y ! alem[ is evid5tly ne>ly if n q ev]be>+4 ,! pr9cipal di/+ui%+ features 9 ?is species are ! l>ge1 broad leaves1 ! comp>atively %ort b q broad-w+$ petioles1 ! free r>ely unit$ filam5ts1 & ! q l>ge1 peculi>ly %ap$ fruit2 x is ?us app>5tly "o ( ! l9ks betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! g5us1 "o ( :i* has ! filam5ts m or less unit$ & ! o!r ! filam5ts free1 be+ 9 ! fir/ gr\p mo/ closely relat$ to ! pomelo4 ,! alem[ 0 fir/ =w>d$ to ! writ] "u ! "n ( colo3 ,bullet9 #bg1 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #beaj1 #bcgg1 #cfgg1 #dhbj 7,cebu74 ,citrus s\?wickii4 ,limao4 7,pls4 ,i,i,ie1 ,i,vc47 ,a ?orny tree1 ) d5se head & droop+ bran*es1 atta9+ a height ( #f met]s2 sp9es small b %>p1 leaves #i4e to #ad c5timet]s long1 #cf to #ec millimet]s broad1 ovate to r\ndi% ovate1 conspicu\sly cr5ate1 d>k gre5 & %9+ above1 lea!ry2 base acute2 apex acute to obtuse1 frequ5tly em>g9ate2 petioles #ce to #gj millimet]s long1 ! w+s #be to #cj millimet]s broad 9 l>ge leaves1 ! av]age w+ area some:at less ?an half ( ! leaf blade2 fl[]s #b to #f1 9 compact axill>y or t]m9al cymes1 sometimes solit>y1 #ad to #bj millimet]s 9 diamet]1 :ite1 ) trace ( purple on ! outside2 calyx v small2 /am5s #bb to #bh1 free2 ov>y globose to oblate2 locules #ae to #ai2 /igma almo/ sessile2 fruit #de to #ee millimet]s long1 #ee to #fe millimet]s 9 equatorial diamet]1 oblate1 ) %all[ cavity at apex1 smoo?1 ) slight longitud9al corrugations2 l5ticels sp>se1 small2 oil cells usually rais$2 sk9 ?92 pulp fairly juicy1 %>ply acid1 bitt]1 ) di/9ct aroma f ,c4 hi/rix2 juice cells %ort1 plump1 granulate1 small1 conta9+ a small1 gre5i% nucleus2 se$s num]\s4 ,! limao1 ?\gh r>e1 is n uncommon 9 ,bohol1 :]e x is cultivat$ & has also be5 collect$ by ! writ] 9 ,baganga1 ,m9danao4 ,! fl[]s appe> late 9 ,april & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,may1 ) ! fruit rip5+ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y2 a few fruits ne>ly full gr[n 7 collect$ 9 ,may4 ,no4 #bjdi has fl[]$ irregul>ly f ,may to ,decemb]4 ,! fruit is n eat51 b us$ 9 wa%+ by ! ,boholanos & is ( no economic importance4 ,! tree is evid5tly q dr\ght resi/ant1 & succe$s well 9 v scanty soil und]laid ) lime/one4 ,! limao belongs 9 t gr\p ( ! citrus fruits hav+ free filam5ts1 ! mo/ conspicu\s *>act]s be+ ! compact gr[? ( ! cr[n1 ! d>k-gre51 ?ick1 & di/9ct leaves1 ! almo/ sessile /igma1 & ! attractive1 oblate1 regul>-%ap$ fruit ) its _m locules1 exce$+ 9 numb] ^? 9 all o!r citrus fruits kn[n to ! writ]4 ,?is species has be5 nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,s\?wick1 else:]e ref]r$ to 9 ! pap]4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bjdi 7,baganga1 ,m9danao71 #bejd1 #dhbc 7,bohol74 ,citrus hi/rix ,,dc4 ,cabuyao4 7,pl4 ,vb2 fig4 #a47 ,a ?orny tree1 sometimes exce$+ #f4e met]s 9 height2 sp9es m$ium l>ge & %>p2 leaves #ac4e to #ah c5timet]s long1 #d to #f c5timet]s broad1 ovate to oblong ovate1 coriace\s1 d>k gre5 & %9+ above1 cr5ate2 base r\nd$ to broadly acute2 apex acute1 sometimes em>g9ate2 petiole #e4e to #h c5timet]s long1 broadly m>g9$1 sometimes #d4e c5timet]s wide1 w+ area inf]ior or equal to sometimes exce$+ leaf area2 fl[]s #d to #g1 9 axill>y or t]m9al1 compact cymes1 #ag to #bh millimet]s 9 diamet]2 calyx small1 n cupp$2 petals #d to #e1 oblong ovate1 :ite1 ) trace ( purple on ! outside2 /am5s #cj to #cf1 equal1 free1 ) abundant poll52 ov>y r l>ge1 globose1 #ac to #ah locul$2 /yle %ort & /\t2 /igma knob l2 fruit subglobose to %ort pyri=m or turb9ate1 atta9+ a l5g? ( #i c5timet]s & a diamet] ( #g c5timet]s2 surface smoo?2 color gre5i% yell[ to lemon yell[2 r9d m$ium ?ick2 pulp gre5i%1 juicy1 %>ply acid1 aromatic2 juice sacs r %ort & blunt1 usually conta9+ a m or less di/9ct nucleus2 se$s usually _m1 flat1 reticulate4 ,?is fruit1 commonly call$ cabuyao by ! ,tagalogs 9 c5tral ,luzon1 is )\t "q ! copahan ( ,bohol4 ,ne> ,manila ! tree has be5 f\nd 9 fl[] 9 ,septemb]1 :ile 9 ,bohol fl[]s 7 collect$ 9 ,may4 ,! fruit may be us$ 9 mak+ ade1 b is inf]ior to ! lemon or lime4 ,! native inhabitants eat x toge!r ) fi%1 & also use ! fruit 9 wa%+4 ,x is ( practically no importance4 ,! amongpong1 f\nd 9 ,bohol1 & consid]$ a di/9ct fruit f ! copahan by ! native inhabitants1 diff]s *iefly 9 hav+ only #bf to #cj /am5s1 & a l>ge oblate ov>y ) a %ort & sl5d] /yle4 ,! fir/ has n be5 exam9$ by ! writ] & is said to be smoo? & %ort1 pyri=m1 #aj c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,fl[]s exam9$ 9 ,may4 ,calo-oy is ano!r fruit also f\nd 9 ,bohol consid]$ by ! inhabitants z di/9ct f ! copahan & amongpong4 ,! leaf *>act]s 9 ! calo-oy sc>cely diff] suffici5tly to entitle x to rank ev5 z a subspecies2 ! fl[]s 7 j gone :5 ! visit 0 made to ,bohol4 ,! fruit is said to be globose1 smoo? & ab\t #h c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,amontay 7,pl4 ,i,vb7 is /ill ano!r =m ( ,c4 hi/rix f\nd 9 ,bohol4 ,?is plant 0 also out ( its fl[]+ /age at ! "t ( ! visit4 ,! fruit1 =w>d$ to ! writ] 9 ,febru>y by ,mr4 ,s\?wick1 is ab\t #hh millimet]s 9 diamet]1 irregul>ly globose1 ) flatt5$ or depress$ base1 & r\nd$ apex1 smoo?1 lemon yell[2 oil cells mo/ly rais$2 sk9 ?ick2 ! pulp1 conta9$ 9 #aj to #ab locules1 juicy1 & r pleasantly aromatic2 juice cells m$ium l>ge1 %ort & plump1 conta9+ a m9ute1 gre5i% nucleus2 cotyl$ons suprat]rane\s1 di/9ct4 ,s f> z obs]v$1 ! amongpong1 amontay & ! calo-oy are n suffici5tly di/9ct f ! cabuyao to entitle !m ev5 to rank z subspecies4 ,! v>i\s =ms above ref]r$ to are 9 ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture citrus collection at ,lamao1 repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,cabuyao1 ,no4 #gci 7,lamao72 copahan1 ,no4 #begj1 #dhce 7,bohol72 amongpong1 ,no4 #bdif1 #dhca 7,bohol72 calo-oy1 ,no4 #dhbb 7,bohol72 amontay1 ,no4 #beja1 #dhcj 7,bohol74 ,citrus hi/rix v>4 bohol5sis4 ,canci4 7,pls4 ,i,va1 ,va47 ,a small tree1 r>ely exce$+ #d met]s 9 height1 ) compact cr[n & small1 %>p sp9es2 leaves #i to #ab c5timet]s long1 #cj to #de millimet]s broad1 ovate to elliptical ovate1 cr5ulate1 coriace\s2 base broadly acute2 apex acute to acum9ate2 petioles #ce to #de millimet]s long1 #be to #cj millimet]s wide1 w+ area less ?an "o-half ( leaf area2 fl[]s #b to #f 9 compact axill>y cymes2 petals :ite1 ) purpli% t+e outside2 /am5s #bj to #bc1 equal1 free2 ov>y q l>ge1 oblate2 locules #aa to #ad2 /yle %ort1 di/9ct2 /igma knob l2 fruit #ci millimet]s long1 #df millimet]s 9 transv]se diamet]1 oblate1 smoo?1 lemon yell[2 oil cells num]\s1 uni=m1 rais$2 sk9 m$ium ?ick2 pulp q juicy ) v pron\nc$ acidity2 juice cells %ort1 plump1 & granul>2 se$s _m1 w$ge %ap$1 monoembryonic2 cotyl$ons suprat]rane\s4 ,! canci is f\nd 9 cultivation 9 ,bohol & is r r>e4 ,fl[]s 7 collect$ 9 ,may1 & ripe fruits h be5 exam9$ 9 ,janu>y4 ,! fruit is eat5 ) fi% by ! ,filip9os1 b is really s little gr[n t x has no economic importance4 ,! fruit makes a fairly good ade4 ,:ile ! canci und\bt$ly belongs to ,c4 hi/rix yet an exam9ation ( its p>ts %[s t x is v di/9ct f t species z already describ$4 ,9 ! leaves1 ! comp>atively %ort petioles ) small1 cunei=m w+s1 z comp>$ ) ! oblong-spatulate1 broad-w+$ petioles 9 ! cabuyao1 etc41 is v noticeable2 ! /am5s are #bj to #bc only 9 ! canci1 :ile ! locules are #aa to #ad1 & ! fruit is %ort] ?an broad unlike t 9 ,c4 hi/rix4 ,ev]y?+ consid]$ ! plant is app>5tly an int]m$iate type betwe5 ,c4 hi/rix & ,c4 webb]ii4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bebe1 #dhbd 7,bohol74 ,citrus hi/rix v>4 torosa ,blanco4 ,colobot4 ,a sp9y tree1 atta9+ a height ( #f or m met]s2 "y gr[? gre5 ) a t+e ( purple2 leaves #i to #ac c5timet]s long1 #c4e to #e4e c5timet]s broad1 ovate to %ort ovate1 bicr5ate1 d>k gre5 & glossy2 base r\nd$1 apex em>g9ate2 petiole #d to #g4e c5timet]s long1 #b4i to #e c5timet]s wide1 oblong1 ) a broadly acute to obtuse base2 w+ area ne>ly equal to or frequ5tly exce$+ ! leaf area2 fl[]s #bj millimet]s across1 9 axill>y clu/]s ( #b to #f2 p$icel sl5d]2 calyx small1 n cupp$2 petals #d to #e1 :ite1 ) a t+e ( purple on ! outside2 /am5s #ba to #bf1 free1 equal2 ov>y subglobose1 #c millimet]s long1 #aa to #ad locul$2 /yle %ort1 #a millimet] long1 di/9ct2 fruit #dh to #ee millimet]s long1 & ab\t #ej millimet]s 9 transv]se diamet]1 irregul>ly globose to oblate1 usually compress$ t[>ds base1 end+ 9 a small nipple1 m or less wr9kl$1 gre5i% lemon yell[2 pulp gre5i%1 fairly juicy1 acid1 sc>cely edible2 juice cells small1 %ort1 conta9+ a small gre5i% nucleus2 se$s small1 oblong1 reticulate4 ,?is plant is ! ,c4 torosa ( ,blanco1 :i* has be5 consid]$ a synonym ( ,c4 hi/rix1 & "h rais$ to ! rank ( a subspecies4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ,c4 hi/rix & ! v>iety torosa %[s consid]able diff]5ces betwe5 ! two4 ,c4 hi/rix is g5]ally l>g] 9 all p>ts2 ! w+s ( ,c4 h4 torosa are oblong1 ma9ta9+ an almo/ equal wid? ov] a l>ge "p ( ! petiole1 end+ 9 a r\nd$ to a broadly acute base1 :ile 9 ,c4 hi/rix1 & 9 fact 9 all ! species h]e9 describ$ ) free /am5s1 ! w+s are m or less cuneate to elongate cuneate or oblong-spatulate1 end+ usually 9 an acum9ate1 sometimes an acute base1 ! "o close/ approa*+ ! ,c4 h4 torosa 9 ?is respect be+ ! bal9colong1 ref]r$ to ,c4 micran?a4 ,! fl[] ( ,c4 h4 torosa corresponds ) t ( ,c4 hi/rix except t ! =m] has #ba to #bf /am5s z comp>$ ) #cj to #cf 9 ,c4 hi/rix1 :i* also av]ages m locules to a fruit4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #cffe1 #cfff 7,batangas74 ,citrus micran?a4 ,biasong4 7,pls4 ,vc1 ,v,ib1 ,v,i,ic47 ,a tree atta9+ a height ( #g4e to #i met]s1 ) comp>atively small b %>p sp9es2 leaves #i to #ab c5timet]s long1 #bg to #dj millimet]s broad1 broadly elliptical to ovate1 cr5ate1 r ?92 base r\nd$ or broadly acute2 apex acutely blunt po9t$2 petioles #ce to #fj millimet]s long1 broadly w+$1 up to #dj millimet]s wide2 w+ area sometimes exce$+ leaf area2 fl[]s small1 #ab to #ac millimet]s 9 diamet]1 :ite1 ) a trace ( purple on ! outside1 #b to #e1 9 axill>y or t]m9al cymes2 petals #d2 /am5s free1 equal1 #ae to #ag2 ov>y obovoid1 locules #f to #h2 /yle sl5d]1 di/9ct2 fruit #e to #g c5timet]s long1 #c to #d c5timet]s 9 transv]se diamet]1 av]ag+ #bf grams 9 weight1 obovate to oblong-obovate1 some:at compress$ t[>ds base2 apex blunt po9t$2 surface fairly smoo? or ) transv]se corrugations1 lemon yell[2 sk9 comp>atively ?ick2 pulp r juicy1 grayi%1 acid2 aroma simil> to t ( ! samuyao2 juice cells %ort & blunt to long1 sl5d] & po9t$1 sometimes conta9+ a m9ute1 gre5i% nucleus2 se$s _m1 flat1 po9t$1 m or less reticulate4 ,! biasong has be5 collect$ 9 ,cebu1 ,bohol1 ,dumaguete1 ,negros1 & 9 ! ,zamboanga & ,misamis ,prov9ces 9 ,m9danao1 9 all ( :i* x is sp>+ly cultivat$4 ,! fl[]s 7 describ$ f mat]ial collect$ 9 ,bohol 9 ,may4 ,ripe fruit has be5 obta9$ 9 ,may1 ,june1 ,augu/1 ,novemb]1 & ,febru>y1 indicat+ t ! species is m or less ev]be>+4 ,! fruit is us$ by ! native inhabitants z a hair wa%1 is n eat51 & is ( no economic importance4 ,p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! biasong are ! small fl[]s1 ) less /am5s ?an any o!r species1 & ! oblong-obovate1 few-locul$ fruits4 ,! bal9colong1 by ! ,filip9os reg>d$ z q a diff]5t fruit1 f\nd 9 ,bohol & 9 ,misamis1 ,m9danao1 is a m robu/ tree atta9+ a height ( #ab met]s1 & has long] w+s & ?ick] leaves1 ) smoo!r fruits :i* sometimes are almo/ r\nd1 b ^! diff]5ces sc>cely ju/ify ?is =m to rank z a subspecies ev54 ,beg9n+ 9 ,may1 ! bal9colong 7#aihb7 has bloom$ cont9u\sly at ,lamao until date ( writ+ 7,dec4 #ah74 ,biasong1 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bejb1 #dhbi 7,bohol71 ,bal9colong1 ,no4 #dhcd 7,bohol71 #aiha1 #aihb 7,misamis1 ,m9danao74 ,citrus micran?a v>4 microc>pa4 ,samuyao4 7,pl4 ,v,i,ib47 ,a %rubby tree1 #d4e met]s tall1 ) sl5d] bran*es & small1 weak sp9es2 leaves #ee to #hj millimet]s long1 #bj to #be millimet]s broad1 ovate to ovate-oblong or elliptical1 cr5ulate1 ?91 ( di/9ct fragrance1 base r\nd$ to broadly acute2 apex obtuse1 sometimes not*$1 petioles #bj to #cj millimet]s long1 broadly w+$1 ab\t #ad millimet]s wide1 w+ area some:at less ?an "o-half ( ! leaf blade2 fl[]s 9 compact axill>y or t]m9al cymes1 #b to #g1 small1 #e to #i millimet]s 9 diamet]1 :ite1 ) trace ( purple on ! outside2 calyx small1 n cupp$1 petals #c to #e2 /am5s #ae to #ah1 free1 equal2 ov>y v small1 globose to obovate2 locules #g to #i1 /yle di/9ct2 /igma small1 knob l2 fruit #ae to #bj millimet]s 9 diamet]1 r\ndi% 9 outl9e2 base sometimes nippl$2 apex an irregul>1 wr9kly cavity2 surface corrugate1 gre5i% lemon yell[2 oil cells usually sunk52 sk9 v ?92 pulp fairly juicy1 acid1 bitt] ) di/9ct aroma2 juice cells v m9ute1 blunt1 conta9+ a small1 gre5i% nucleus2 se$s small1 flatt5$1 sometimes beak$4 ,! samuyao occurs sp>+ly 9 cultivation 9 ,cebu & ,bohol4 ,fl[]s 7 collect$ 9 ,may1 p>tly gr[n fruits 7 also obta9$1 & ripe fruits h be5 collect$ 9 ,june1 & f ,novemb] to ,febru>y1 %[+ t ! plant is m or less ev]be>+4 ,! fruit is us$ by ! ,filip9os z a hair wa%1 & is ( no economic importance4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! samuyao gives an impression ( dw>fness1 by its small size1 weak sp9es1 small1 & ?9 leaves2 ! fl[]s are ev5 small] ?an 9 ! biasong & ! fruit is 9 all probability ! smalle/ 9 ! g5us4 ,9 ,bohol a some:at m vigor\s v>iety ( samuyao 0 f\nd :i* is nam$ samuyao-sa-amoo4 ,! fruits ( samuyao-sa-amoo are a little l>g]1 & smoo!r1 & long] ?an broad1 o!rwise simil> to ! samuyao4 ,samuyao1 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bcga1 #beji 7,cebu71 #becj1 #dhba 7,bohol72 ,samuyao-sa-amoo #becc1 #dhcb 7,bohol74 ,citrus m$ica ,l4 ,citron4 ,a %rub or small tree1 ab\t #c met]s high1 ) a %ort1 indi/9ct trunk & %ort1 ?ick1 irregul>1 /raggl+1 ?orny bran*es2 b>k light gray2 ?orns %ort1 %>p1 r /\t2 "y %oots smoo?1 violet color$ or purpli%1 /iff2 leaves l>ge1 #aj to #ae c5timet]s long1 oval oblong1 s]rate or some:at cr5ate1 d>k gre5 above1 light] b5ea?2 fl[]s small1 axill>y1 9 compact clu/]s ( #c to #aj1 (t5 un9sexual2 calyx small1 cupp$2 corolla :ite )91 t+$ ) purple on ! outside2 petals oblong1 ! tips incurv$2 /am5s %ort1 irregul> 9 l5g?1 #dj to #de 9 numb]2 pi/il small2 #b ov>y #i to #ab locul$ or occasionally m2 fruit lemon yell[1 l>ge1 #ae to #bb c5timet]s long1 oblong1 r\gh or w>ty1 sometimes ridg$2 apex blunt po9t$2 r9d ?ick1 :ite1 except = ! out] color$ rim2 pulp sp>se2 juice scant1 acid1 & some:at bitt] or sweeti%2 juice sacs small1 sl5d]2 se$s oval1 plump1 light color$1 smoo?4 ,probably native to ,india1 or x may h be5 introduc$ !re f f>!r ea/1 ,*9a or ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,extremely s5sitive to cold4 ,! citron is ! r>e/ ( all ! old cultivat$ citrus 9 ! ,philipp9es & is v seldom se5 9 ! m>kets4 ,citrus m$ica v>4 odorata4 ,tihi-tihi4 7,pl4 ,v,i,ia47 ,a small1 ?orny %rub1 seldom exce$+ #b4e met]s 9 height1 ) %>p1 /\t sp9es2 "y gr[? bright gre52 leaves #g4e to #aa c5timet]s long1 #d4c to #f4e c5timet]s broad1 elliptical1 r ?ick & lea!ry1 s]rate1 ( di/9ct fragrance2 base r\nd$2 apex not*$2 petioles v %ort #d to #f millimet]s long1 n w+$2 fl[]s #a to #d 9 axill>y compress$ cymes1 sessile1 r>ely exce$+ #ch millimet]s 9 diamet]2 calyx l>ge1 prom95tly cupp$2 petals #d to #e1 fle%y1 :ite1 ) a t+e ( purple on ! outside2 /am5s #cf to #db1 unequal1 %ort] ?an /igma2 filam5ts unit$ 9 gr\ps ( #d to #f2 poll5 abundant2 gynoecium frequ5tly abort$2 ov>y elevat$ on a bright gre5 disk1 l>ge1 #d millimet]s long1 #ac to #ad locul$2 /yle tap]+ f ov>y1 sc>cely m sl5d]1 r %ort2 /igma l>ge1 knob l1 & cleft2 fruit #fj to #fe millimet]s long1 #g to #aj c5timet]s 9 transv]se diamet]1 weigh+ #cjj to #dge grams1 oblate1 ) a %all[ basal cavity1 & sometimes a mammilate apex1 m or less ridg$ longitud9ally1 fairly smoo?1 cle> lemon yell[2 l5ticels scatt]$1 depress$2 oil cells l>ge1 equal or a trifle rais$2 sk9 r ?ick2 pulp grayi%1 r dry1 %>ply acid1 ( lemon flavor2 juice cells long & sl5d]2 se$s _m--sometimes #abe 9 a s+le fruit--%ort1 broad1 & flatt5$4 ,! tihi-tihi is a r>e plant f\nd 9 cultivation 9 ,cebu & ,bohol2 "o plant has be5 se5 9 ,misamis1 ,m9danao4 ,! plant is v precoci\s1 fruit+ z e>ly z ! ?ird ye> f se$1 ev]be>+1 & is us$ by ! ,filip9os 9 wa%+ ! hair4 ,x is n eat51 & is ( no comm]cial importance4 ,! tihi-tihi diff]s f ! citron 9 its gre51 t5d]1 highly aromatic gr[?1 ! leaves hav+ be5 f\nd to conta9 #j4f p] c5t ess5tial oil z analyz$ by ! ,bureau ( ,sci5ce4 ,! fruit is /rik+ly diff]5t f ! citron4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #ai 7,cebu74 ,citrus m$ica v>4 nanus4 ,a small1 ?orny %rub1 r>ely exce$+ #b met]s 9 height1 ) small1 %>p sp9es2 leaves #g to #aa c5timet]s long1 #b4e to #d4e c5timet]s broad1 n>r[ly oblong ovate to elliptical oblong1 s]rate1 d>k] above ?an b5ea?2 base r\nd$2 apex frequ5tly not*$2 petiole #e to #g millimet]s long1 w+less2 fl[]s #b to #aj1 9 axill>y or t]m9al1 r loose cymes1 #c to #d c5timet]s 9 diamet]2 calyx l>ge1 cupp$2 petals l9e> oblong1 ) tips slightly incurv$1 :ite1 ) trace ( purple on ! outside2 /am5s #cf to #ej1 unequal2 filam5ts usually unit$ into gr\ps1 sometimes free2 gynoecium sometimes want+2 ov>y l>ge1 oblong1 #aj to #ab locul$2 /yle n di/9ct1 ( ne>ly ! same ?ickness z ov>y2 /igma l>ge1 sup]ior to an!rs1 knob %ap$2 fruit #fe or m millimet]s long1 #ee millimet]s 9 diamet]1 ellipsoid to almo/ r\ndi%1 po9t$ at apex1 lemon yell[1 smoo?2 r9d m$ium ?ick2 pulp grayi% to gre5i%1 acid1 r dry2 juice cells long & sl5d]1 almo/ l9e>2 se$s _m1 r small1 flatt5$1 smoo?4 ,! plant is r common 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 & has be5 not$ 9 ,t>lac1 ,pampanga1 ,bulacan1 ,laguna1 & ,cebu4 ,x is frequ5tly gr[n & fruit$ 9 small pots1 & is probably ! smalle/ species 9 ! g5us4 ,x is surpris+ly productive & precoci\s1 fruit+ z e>ly z ! second ye> f se$1 & is practically ev]be>+4 ,! fruit is eat5 by ! ,filip9os b is too dry to be cultivat$ = ! fle% & ! sk9 is too ?9 = utilization z citron peel4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bg 7,cebu71 #bchd 7,laguna74 ,citrus limonum ,risso4 ,lemon4 ,a small tree #c to #f met]s 9 height1 ) r op5 head ( %ort1 r\nd or angul> bran*es1 ?orny2 b>k grayi%2 "y %oots purpli%1 smoo?2 leaves ev]gre51 alt]nate1 #ej to #ge millimet]s 9 l5g?1 ovate oval1 %>p po9t$1 light gre51 m>g9 s]rate2 petioles entirely w+less2 fl[]s solit>y1 occasionally 9 pairs1 axill>y1 on di/9ct p$uncles2 calyx p]si/5t1 segm5ts #d or #e2 corolla l>ge1 #ch to #ej millimet]s across1 :ite inside1 purpli% outside2 petals oblong1 spread+1 /rongly reflex$2 /am5s #bj to #bf1 sep>ate1 or m or less unit$ 9 small gr\ps2 ov>y consid]ably elevat$ on a prom95t disk1 #g to #aj locul$2 fruit rip5+ at all seasons1 ovoid or oblong1 & po9t$ at bo? base & apex1 ab\t #ge millimet]s long1 smoo? or r\gh1 light yell[ 9 color2 r9d ?91 fle% light color$2 pulp acid2 juice sacs long & po9t$2 se$s oval1 po9t$ at ! micropyl> end1 q smoo?4 ,native ( ! same regions z ! citron4 ,! true lemon is v r>ely cultivat$ 9 ! ,philipp9es & all lemons us$ are import$ f ,cali=nia1 ,au/ralia & ,spa94 ,citrus pseudolimonum4 ,colo-colo4 7,pl4 ,v,i,ia47 ,a ?orny %rub1 #c met]s tall1 ) int]lock+ bran*es1 & %ort1 %>p sp9es2 leaves #h to #aa c5timet]s long1 #dj to #de millimet]s broad1 elliptical to oblong-ovate1 cr5ulate to s]rulate2 base r\nd$2 apex obtuse1 frequ5tly slightly not*$2 petioles #ah to #be millimet]s long1 ) n>r[ w+ m>g91 r>ely exce$+ #aj millimet]s 9 wid?2 fl[]s #a to #e1 9 t]m9al or axill>y %ort cymes1 #bh to #ce millimet]s 9 diamet]1 :ite1 purpli% outside2 calyx cupp$2 /am5s #cj to #cg1 ne>ly always free1 unequal2 ov>y broadly obovoid1 #ad to #ah locul$2 /yle di/9ct2 fruit r\ndi% to pyri=m1 small1 usually compress$ at base2 apex irregul>2 surface gre5i% lemon1 m or less corrugate2 oil cells rais$2 sk9 comp>atively ?ick2 pulp acid2 juice cells small1 %ort & plump2 se$s undevelop$ & /]ile4 ,! colo-colo is ano!r ( ^! peculi> ,philipp9e species ) m or less w+$ petioles affiliat$ to ! lemon1 etc4 ,fl[]s 7 collect$ 9 ,may1 & ripe fruit has be5 exam9$ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,! ne>ly always free /am5s 9 a plant belong+ to ! same g5]al gr\p z ! lemon is ( int]e/4 ,ne> ! colo-colo is ! lombog1 consid]$ a di/9ct fruit1 also f\nd 9 ,bohol4 ,?is v>iety is less vigor\s ?an ! colo-colo & also diff]s f ! plant 9 hav+ n>r[] w+ m>g9s & #ba to #bh /am5s & #i to #aa locules4 ,! fruit is said to be ab\t #d4e c5timet]s 9 diamet] & simil> 9 %ape to t ( ! colo-colo4 ,! kunot is a ?ird v>iety consid]$ di/9ct by ! ,boholanos t also may be ref]r$ to ,c4 pseudolimonum4 ,to ,c4 pseudolimonum may p]haps also be ref]r$ a ?orny1 arboresc5t %rub1 atta9+ a height ( #d4e met]s1 f\nd 9 ,siquijor1 a little isl& s\? ( ,negros4 ,mat]ial ( ?is 0 collect$ 9 ,augu/1 #aiab1 by ! writ]1 at :i* "t ! tree bore p>tly gr[n1 oblong1 r\gh1 small fruits4 ,! plants at ,lamao h fl[]$ dur+ ! la/ two mon?s b h n set fruit4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce 9 ?is v>iety f ! colo-colo & lombog is 9 ! numb] ( /am5s1 "h #cf to #da4 ,! fruits ( ,c4 pseudolimonum h no economic value4 ,colo-colo1 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bece1 #dhbe2 ,lombog1 ,no4 #bdih1 #dhbg 7,bohol71 #aiec 7,siquijor74 ,citrus limetta ,risso4 ,lime4 ,a %rub or tree ( /raggl+ habit1 ) small1 /iff int]lock+ or droop+1 ?orny bran*es1 ! ?orns small1 %>p1 num]\s2 b>k grayi% br[n2 "y bran*lets light gre51 becom+ d>k] ) age2 leaves elliptic-oval1 glossy gre5 9 color1 m>g9 slightly ind5t$2 petioles m>g9$2 fl[]s small1 produc$ 9 axill>y clu/]s ( #c to #aj2 calyx small1 f\r to five po9t$2 corolla :ite on bo? inn] & out] surfaces2 petals #d to #e1 oblong1 fle%y2 /am5s small1 #bj to #be1 unit$ 9 a numb] ( gr\ps2 ov>y ab\t #aj locul$2 fruit r\nd$ or oblong1 frequ5tly mammilate1 light yell[2 r9d ?92 pulp gre5i%1 acid2 juice sacs small1 sl5d]1 po9t$2 se$s small1 oval1 po9t$4 ,native to ,india & s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,! lime1 9 ,luzon kn[n z dayap1 ranks ?ird 9 importance among ! citrus fruits cultivat$ 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & n[ & !n excell5t fruit is f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 %[+ :at c\ld be done 9 gr[+ fir/-class fruit if pa9s 7 tak5 to d a little selection "w & plant budd$ trees4 ,citrus limetta v>4 aromatica4 ,a sp9y %rub1 ) r sl5d]1 will[ly1 droop+ bran*es1 & %>p sp9es2 "y gr[? light gre51 ( pleasant & di/9ct odor :5 bruis$2 leaves #g4e to #aj c5timet]s long1 #c4e to #e c5timet]s broad1 ovate oblong to elliptical1 s]rate to cr5ate1 dull gre5 above2 base r\nd$ to broadly acute2 apex frequ5tly not*$2 petiole #f to #ai millimet]s long ) a n>r[ w+ m>g92 fl[]s solit>y or 9 cymes to #d1 t]m9al or axill>y1 #bh to #ce millimet]s across2 calyx r l>ge1 cupp$2 petals #d to #e1 :ite ) a trace ( purple on ! outside2 /am5s unequal1 #bh to #cb1 m or less unit$2 ov>y l>ge1 oblong1 #ab to #ac locul$2 /yle n di/9ct z 9 ,c4 aurantium b r simil> to t 9 ,c4 m$ica1 a trifle m sl5d] ?an ! ov>y2 fruit #e c5timet]s long1 #d to #d4e c5timet]s across1 r\ndi% to r\ndi% oblong1 lemon yell[1 smoo?2 sk9 ?92 pulp pale gre51 juicy1 %>ply acid1 sometimes almo/ bitt]2 juice cells long1 sl5d] & po9t$2 se$s v num]\s1 small & plump1 polyembryonic4 ,?is =m seems to be fairly well di/ribut$ & mat]ial has be5 propagat$ at ,lamao f su* di/9ct po9ts z ,m9doro1 ,palawan & ,b5guet4 ,unque/ionably a lime1 x is q di/9ct f ! ord9>y lime 9 habit1 & 9 ! aromatic t5d] foliage & purpli%-petal$ fl[]s on ! outside1 :i* are l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! lime1 ! numb] ( /am5s also exce$+ ^? ( ! lime4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #gda 7,palawan71 #agdi 7,m9doro71 #bahb 7,b5guet74 ,citrus excelsa4 ,limon ,real4 ,a ?orny1 tall %rub ( vigor\s gr[?1 /raggly habit & int]lock+ bran*es1 ) /\t1 long1 %>p ?orns2 "y gr[? purpli%2 leaves #i4e to #af c5timet]s long1 #d4e to #g c5timet]s wide1 elliptical oblong to ovate oblong1 cr5ate to s]rate1 ?ick & lea!ry2 base r\nd$2 apex retuse2 petiole #ai to #cg millimet]s long1 q broadly w+$1 9 l>ge leaves ! w+s frequ5tly exce$+ #b c5timet]s 9 wid?2 fl[]s #c to #g1 9 axill>y1 r loose cymes1 #cf millimet]s 9 diamet]2 calyx m$ium l>ge1 cupulate2 petals %[+ trace ( purple on ! outside2 /am5s #cd to #ce1 unequal2 filam5ts occasionally free1 usually unit$ into gr\ps ( #b to #f2 ov>y r\ndi%1 #aj to #ad locul$1 #d4e millimet]s across2 /yle di/9ct1 #e millimet]s long2 /igma l>ge2 fruit #e to #g4c c5timet]s long1 #e4e to #g4e c5timet]s 9 equatorial diamet]1 weight #aae to #bbe grams2 =m subglobose2 base r\nd$2 apex flatt5$2 surface smoo?1 gre5i% to cle> lemon yell[2 sk9 ?92 pulp gre5i% to grayi%1 9 good v>ieties v juicy1 mildly acid1 & ( excell5t flavor2 juice cells long1 sl5d] & po9t$4 ,plant mat]ial ( ! limon real has be5 collect$ 9 ,t>lac1 ,bontoc1 & ,bohol1 & ! fruit is at r>e int]vals (f]$ = sale 9 small quantities 9 ,manila4 ,! "n ( ! plant1 ,royal lemon1 indicates ! e/eem 9 :i* ! fruit is held by ! p1 & :ile x is un=tunately true t mo/ fruits te/$ h be5 too dry to be ( any value1 yet 9 ! be/ types ! fruits 9 quality & aroma surpass all lemons & limes t ! writ] has _h ! opportunity to sample4 ,) its robu/1 ?orny gr[?1 l>ge leaves & broad-w+$ petioles & consid]+ its aff9ity to ! lime & lemon toge!r ) ! r\ndi% oblate fruit ) #cd to #ce /am5s z aga9/ ! #bj to #bf 9 ^? species & ) its #aj to #ad locules1 ?is plant is app>5tly z di/9ct f ! lemon & lime z ^! species are f ea* o!r4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #agbg 7,bontoc874 ,citrus excelsa v>4 davao5sis4 ,a ?orny1 arboresc5t %rub ( /raggly habit1 ) int]lock+1 droop+ bran*es1 & ( vigor\s gr[?2 "y gr[? gre5 ) t+e ( purple2 leaves #h4e to #ac4e c5timet]s long1 #c4h to #e c5timet]s wide1 ovate to oblong ovate1 cr5ulate to s]rulate2 base r\nd$2 apex sometimes retuse2 petiole #af to #cj millimet]s long1 ) w+s ord9>ily n>r[1 9 l>ge leaves sometimes #ae millimet]s wide2 fl[]s n se52 fruit #f4d c5timet]s long1 #h c5timet]s 9 equatorial diamet]1 weigh+ #cag grams1 oblate2 base r\nd$2 apex flatt5$ to depress$1 wr9kl$1 ) a circul> depression ar\nd ! rais$ /igmatic area2 surface o!rwise fairly smoo?1 lemon yell[2 sk9 ?91 c5tral cavity l>ge2 pulp conta9$ 9 ab\t #ac locules1 light color$1 q juicy1 %>ply acid1 & ( good flavor2 juice cells long & sl5d]4 ,ripe fruit ( ?is species has be5 receiv$ f ,davao1 ,m9danao1 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,! fruit is p]haps too l>ge = retail trade1 b might possibly be utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( lime juice & alli$ products4 ,full-gr[n plants ( ,c4 excelsa or ! v>iety above describ$ h n be5 se51 b ,c4 e4 davao5sis appe>s to be small] ?an ,c4 excelsa 9 all respects1 ! fruits except$4 ,!re has be5 no opportunity = an exam9ation ( ! fl[]s b s f> z obs]v$ ! plant appe>s m closely relat$ to ,c4 excelsa ?an any o!r species h]e9 describ$4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #ajji 7,davao1 ,m9danao74 ,economic ,value ( ! ,new or ,little ,kn[n ,species4 ,! horticulturi/ & plantbre$]1 ev] on ! al]t = new plant mat]ial t may enhance 8 pr(its1 ext5d ! cultivable area ( 8 crop1 or be us$ 9 mak+ new cross comb9ations1 w naturally ask himself ( :at value are ^! new plants & fruits4 ,briefly /at$1 x may be said t ! ,tizon is a dess]t or breakfa/ fruit ( high1 if n p]haps ! highe/1 ord]1 its ma9 defect be+ ! unsightly basal projection4 ,!n1 z /at$ else:]e1 ! be/ limon real is unsurpass$ 9 quality = ade mak+4 ,p]haps ?ird 9 importance are ! bett] types ( ! alsem = ! manufacture ( citric acid1 etc41 & x might f9d a sale 9 competition ) ! lemon & lime1 dep5d+ to a great ext5t ^u its keep+ qualities4 ,! juicy1 ?9-sk9n$1 & few-se$$ talamisan may f9d lov]s z a breakfa/ fruit & is also ( ! "r size = an ade fruit4 ,if cultivation w\ld increase ! juic9ess ( ! panuban1 ?is fruit may f9d favor ) _m4 ,a good m>malade may be made ( ! calamond94 ,! above species or v>ieties h m or less ( a future on acc\nt ( _! pomological m]its1 & ! plant bre$]1 by cross+ !m & ! cabuyao & canci ) old cultivat$ species1 might obta9 valuable results4 ,!re is also ! prospective value ( ! new species z /ocks4 ,to det]m9e ! cong5iality ( ^! species & ! old cultivat$ citrus fruits & _! value z /ocks "u v>i\s soil conditions w\ld ( c\rse require ! labor & close obs]vations ( _m ye>s4 ,! calamond9 is q dr\ght resi/ant & w\ld probably dw>f ! scion4 ,"o ye> old buds ( ! pomelo1 lime1 m&>9 & orange at ,lamao h made satisfactory gr[?1 ! buds tak+ )\t difficulty4 ,! cabuyao is a v vigor\s tree & is also dr\ght resi/ant4 ,x has rec5tly be5 budd$ ) ! cultivat$ citrus fruits1 ! buds tak+ v well4 ,! orange has be5 budd$ on ! alsem1 result+ 9 a good gr[?1 be+ n[ 7,decemb]1 #aiad7 n9e mon?s old4 ,dur+ ! trip to ,bohol 9 ,may1 ! limao1 gr[+ 9 a coral9e lime-/one =mation ov]laid ) a little humus1 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,bahama ,isl&s or ! hammock l&s 9 s\!a/ ,florida1 impress$ ! writ] z "o ( ! be/ examples ( dr\ght resi/ance among citrus fruits "u su* conditions4 ,! talamisan also appe>$ q dr\ght resi/ant1 & is fur!rmore ( value z a live f5ce because ( its l>ge sp9es4 ,! limon real is ( great vigor & h5ce may be a desirable /ock = c]ta9 v>ieties & "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,,by-,,products ,,( ,,sug> ,,manufacture4 ,by ,cleve4 ,w4 ,h9es1 ,m4 ,s41 ,/ation ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 v>i\s l9es ( manufactur+ !re are c]ta9 by-products :i*1 ye>s ago1 con/itut$ a wa/e & great loss1 b :i* n[ "u mod]n me?ods h become 9 _m cases ( consid]able importance4 ,?is is especially true ) ! sug> indu/ry4 ,extreme c>e & att5tion is requir$ to keep ! balance on ! "r side ( ! l$g]1 & (t5 ! prop] h&l+ ( ! by-products =ms ! decid+ factor betwe5 success & failure4 ,9 ord] to build up a great sug> indu/ry 9 ^! ,isl&s1 m att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! details ( ! "w1 & _m ( ! pres5t losses mu/ be turn$ into pr(its be=e great progress c be expect$4 ,cane ,tops & ,tra%4 ,fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( by-products 9 ! manufacture ( sug>1 comes cane tops4 ,! am\nt ( ?is mat]ial produc$ p] hect>e w dep5d ^u v>i\s factors1 includ+ ! v>iety ( cane1 its /age ( maturity1 etc4 ,! less ( ^! tops1 ( c\rse1 t may be produc$ = a giv5 am\nt ( cane1 ! bett] x w be = ! gr[]s1 nev]!less !y h a good fe$+ value if prop]ly h&l$4 ,pr(essor ,dodson1 #c director ( ! ,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 /ates t he f\nd cane tops to h ! foll[+ composition3 ,p] c5t4 ,prote9 #a4ec ,fat #j4da ,c>bohydrate #ae4fb ,fib] #h4hg ,wat] #ga4ej ,a% #b4jg ,! fib] cont5t w\ld be slightly high] & ! wat] cont5t l[]1 = tropical cane1 s9ce maturity is completely rea*$ be=e h>ve/ beg9s4 ,x may be se5 f ! above analyses t ?is makes a mo/ excell5t fe$ = "w animals4 ,c]ta9ly great] advantage %\ld be tak5 ( ?is fe$+ /uff ?an is usually done1 s9ce !re is a sc>city ( pa/urage ne> ! end ( ! h>ve/ season & ! animals become ne$lessly ?9 on acc\nt ( lack ( fe$4 ,at pres5t v little ( ?is mat]ial is utiliz$1 b in/ead is burn$ on ! field ) ! re/ ( ! tra%4 ,if ! tops are remov$ & us$ z a /ock fe$1 only ! leaves & pieces ( /alk rema91 & ^! make a good f]tiliz] = cane l&s4 ,x is ! g5]al cu/om 9 ^! ,isl&s to burn all ( ?is mat]ial z soon z ! crop is h>ve/$4 ,! object ( ?is burn+ is to de/roy any insects t may be pres5t1 z well z to facilitate subsequ5t cultivation4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion nei!r ( ^! reasons is suffici5tly well bas$1 s9ce 9 ?is c\ntry l>ge numb]s ( tr\blesome cane insects are n f\nd4 ,if !y 7 pres5t 9 suffici5t quantities1 ! tr\ble c\ld be h&l$ by plac+ ! tra% betwe5 ! r[s & prop]ly treat+ x be=e pl[+ x "u4 ,?is %\ld be ! me?od ( dispos+ ( ! tra% at all times4 ,9 ?is mann] ! wa/e mat]ial c\ld be utiliz$1 & ! organic matt] w\ld be ev5 m valuable ?an t conta9$ 9 _m ( ! comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,! nitrog5 conta9$1 :i* am\nts to f #j4e to #b p] c5t1 w\ld be practically all sav$1 :ile ) ! burn+ me?od ?is is completely lo/4 ,9 ,l\isiana1 cotton-se$ meal =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s = cane l&s4 ,?is mat]ial co/s f ,p#ej to ,p#ge p] ton & ,dr4 ,/ubbs1 #d 9 8 rese>*1 f\nd t ! tra% burn$ f ea* ton ( cane caus$ a loss ( nitrog5 equal to t conta9$ 9 #bg p\nds ( cotton-se$ meal4 ,besides ?is loss ( nitrog5 enc\nt]$ 9 ! burn+ ( ! tra%1 ! organic matt] :i* w\ld lat] =m humus is completely de/roy$4 ,soils w\ld reta9 moi/ure bett] dur+ ! dry season & be m easily h&l$ if ! cons]vation ( organic matt] 7 giv5 great] att5tion4 ,!re is also a great injury done to ! rema9+ /umps & top roots by ?is burn+ :i* is v detrim5tal :5 ! field is to be us$ = a ratoon crop4 ,:]e cane is badly infe/$ ) de/ructive insects1 x is q ano!r ?+4 ,?is aga9 br+s up ! fact t ! cane po9ts %\ld be treat$ ) *emicals be=e plant+1 9 ord] to complete ! "w ( de/roy+ ^! insects4 ,use ( ,a%es4 ,! a% ( sug> cane con/itutes ! m9]al matt] t has be5 tak5 out ( ! soil4 ,?is usually runs ab\t #j4dh p] c5t ( ! total weight1 accord+ to ,payson's classical analyses4 ,*emically ?is conta9s ! foll[+3 silica1 iron1 alum9um1 lime1 magnesia1 pota%1 sodium1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 *lor9e1 oxyg51 wat]1 etc4 ,( ^! v>i\s elem5ts1 ! phosphorus & pota% are ! mo/ valuable to ! plant]4 ,lime is also useful = _m soils 9 correct+ ! acidity1 & occasionally 9 supply+ t elem5t1 :5 x happ5s to be lack+ 9 a p>ticul> soil4 ,! co/ ( diff]5t f]tiliz]s is gov]n$ by ! p]c5tage ( ^! plant-food elem5ts conta9$4 ,phosphoric acid is wor? #j4je p] p\nd 7,p#j4bb p] kilo7 9 crude f]tiliz]s4 ,at ?is rate ! value ( ?is elem5t recov]$ f a crop ( #ge tons ( cane p] hect>e w\ld be f ,p#aj to ,p#ab4 ,pota% is valu$ at ab\t ,p#j4bf p] kilo & t remov$ ) a crop ( #ge tons w\ld co/ ab\t ,p#be4 ,! lime conta9$ is a *eap] elem5t b w n act z a detrim5t on any soil1 :ile on _m x w be f\nd v helpful4 ,9 spite ( ! great defici5cy 9 ^! elem5ts 9 ! cane l&s "h1 & ! high co/ ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 ?is wa/e mat]ial is n only neglect$ at ! majority ( ! factories b is actually ?r[n away1 yet ! same elem5ts t comm& a high price 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s are conta9$ 9 ^! a%es4 ,filt]-press ,refuse4 ,9 ! defecation ( cane juice1 c]ta9 *emicals are (t5 us$ to precipitate ! impurities1 :i* are remov$ f ! subsid]s aft] ! cle> juice has be5 drawn (f1 & s5t to ! filt] presses1 :]e x is filt]$ ?r\gh heavy clo?s4 ,?is mat]ial conta9s co>se p>ticles ( bagasse toge!r ) o!r impurities includ+ ! lime & phosphoric acid :i* 7 us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! composition ( ! mat]ial dep5ds ^u ! orig9al composition ( ! juice & ! am\nt ( ! diff]5t *emicals t has be5 us$ 9 ! cl>ification4 ,9 any ev5t1 x makes a mo/ valuable f]tiliz] because ( ! organic matt]1 nitrog5\s bodies1 phosphoric acid1 & lime t x conta9s4 ,?is organic mat]ial is an ideal sub/ance to be appli$ to ! worn-out cane l&s 7:i* consi/ almo/ entirely ( m9]al sub/ances7 s9ce x induces bact]ial action1 & dur+ its decomposition c]ta9 acids are fre$1 su* z c>bonic1 nitric1 & organic acids4 ,^! h ! p[] to act ^u ! m9]al con/itu5ts & ?us lib]ate o!r plant-food elem5ts4 ,! filt]-press mud c v well be mix$ ) ! bagasse a%es1 & scatt]$ ab\t ! cane r[s z an almo/ complete f]tiliz] = sug> cane1 ! only elem5t lack+ be+ nitrog51 :i* 0 lo/ 9 ! burn+ ( ! bagasse4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! syn!sis ( sucrose1 :i* consi/s ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 !re are none ( ! plant-food elem5ts us$ :i* are s\ght = 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,^! are us$ only 9 build+ ! fibr\s /alk ( ! cane & !y may all be recov]$ 9 ! bagasse & cane-juice impurities4 ,! c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 :i* are us$ practically all come f ! air & wat]4 ,x is a cu/om to-day to c>t ?is a% to piles or depressions "s di/ance f ! factory4 ,9 "s places x is ?r[n into ! riv]1 or ca/ into ! sea--an absolute loss4 ,plant]s mu/ n dep5d ^u comm]cial f]tiliz]s = _! supply ( plant-food mat]ial1 :5 !re is su* an abundance ( natural f]tiliz] be+ wa/$4 ,! co/ ( ! artificial f]tiliz]s 9 _m cases is consid]$ prohibitive & (t5 unnecess>y4 ,9 ord] to build up a great sug> indu/ry "h1 ! mat]ial at h& mu/ be us$1 :ile money %\ld be sp5t = mod]n app>atus & equipm5t4 ,molasses4 ,! d>k-color$ visc\s sub/ance rema9+ aft] ! l>ge cry/als ( sucrose h be5 remov$ is call$ molasses4 ,?is conta9s small cry/als ( sucrose1 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! c5trifugal scre5s1 sucrose 9 solution1 glucose1 fructose1 & o!r organic sub/ances1 su* z pect9 bodies1 album5oids1 color+ sub/ances1 etc41 besides ! inorganic matt] con/itut+ ! a% ^u inc9]ation ( ! molasses4 ,! composition ( ! molasses v>ies ) ! work+ ( ea* factory1 also ) ! condition ( cane1 "t ( h>ve/1 etc4 ,! juice f gre5 cane & t :i* has rea*$ ultramaturity w conta9 a high] p]c5tage ( inv]t sug> & organic non-sug>s ?an a prop]ly matur$ cane4 ,!n factories t h ample boil+-h\se provision1 & cry/alliz]s z well z magma tanks1 w be able to s5d out a molasses ) l[] purity1 ?us recov]+ m ( ! cry/allizable sug>4 ,9 any case !re w be "s molasses produc$1 & ?is con/itutes a valuable sug>-h\se by-product1 if prop]ly c>$ =4 ,x may be dispos$ ( 9 "o ( sev]al =ms1 namely1 z a human food1 a /ock fe$1 a s\rce ( alcohol1 factory fuel1 & a f]tiliz]4 ,cane molasses z a human food4--,= _m ye>s l[-grade cane molasses has be5 us$ z a human food 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 orig9ally sold "u ! "n ( ,new ,orleans molasses1 b 9 rec5t ye>s a numb] ( companies h employ$ cl>ify+ & blea*+ ag5ts & ?us turn$ out a v fancy article1 "u v>i\s trade names1 = bak+ purposes4 ,) ! boil+ at l[ temp]atures practic$ to-day1 !re is little or no c>amel =m$ dur+ ?is "w1 & consequ5tly x is only necess>y to cl>ify & blea* ! organic non-sug>s1 9 ord] to make a salable molasses4 ,! blea*+ is usually accompli%$ by ! use ( a hydrosulphite1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( sodium or calcium1 b sometimes only ! sulphur\s acid gas is us$4 ,! blea*+ effect ( none ( ^! reag5ts is p]man5t1 especially :5 ! product is expos$ to ! air & light4 ,su* *emicals mu/ !re=e be us$ ) great caution1 & z late 9 ! process z possible4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ too t an excessive am\nt is n employ$1 s9ce an undesirable t9t is liable to result z well z an excessive am\nt ( ! sulphites to be admitt$1 :i* is n p]mitt$ by ! ,pure-,food ,law4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* ( ?is l[-grade molasses is ?us manufactur$ & us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = cook+ purposes1 & :at a high price ?is product comm&s4 ,cane molasses z a /ock fe$4--,p]haps m ( ! exhau/$ molasses is us$ = ?is purpose 9 ^! ,isl&s ?an = any o!r4 ,ord9>y molasses conta9s f #cj to #ce p] c5t ( sucrose & almo/ z mu* glucose4 ,^! be+ purely c>bohydrates1 x is necess>y to comb9e !m ) "s prote9-be>+ fe$ 9 ord] to make a p]fect ration4 ,_m legum9\s plants1 su* z alfalfa1 c[peas1 peanut v9es1 etc41 may be cut f9e & us$ z an absorb5t = molasses4 ,?is makes a mo/ excell5t fe$ z x conta9s a suffici5t am\nt ( r\ghage1 & at ! same "t (f]s a balanc$ ration if prop]ly compos$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re is a great am\nt ( exhau/$ cake f ! coconut-oil factories1 :i* is export$ to ,europe ea* ye>4 ,!re is no good reason :y ?is %\ld n be us$ z an absorb5t = ! molasses 9 mak+ a conc5trat$ fe$1 :i* c\ld be transport$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,isl&s or export$ abroad = /ock4 ,to-day ! ,philipp9es are dep5d5t ^u ,au/ralia & o!r c\ntries = _m ?\s& head ( cattle ea* ye>4 ,! by-products f sug> factories are ?r[n into ! riv]s or flu%$ away f ! factories ?r\gh dra9s1 & ! leaves & tops ( ! cane are burn$ on ! gr\nd 9 ord] to facilitate cultivation4 ,9 ! attempt to gr[ our own beef1 ^! fe$s %\ld be an important factor4 ,cane molasses z a s\rce ( alcohol4--,alcohol c be made f a great v>iety ( sub/ances conta9+ ! necess>y con/itu5ts1 viz1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,( ! num]\s alcohols possible1 e?yl alcohol is ! "o ord9>ily s\ght & ! easie/ produc$4 ,?is alcohol is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ *emical =mula3 ,c#b;,h#e-,,oh4 ,:ile glucose is ! sub/ance :i* may be easily transf]r$ into alcohol by f]m5tation1 sucrose may also be us$1 provid+ x is fir/ *ang$ into glucose or inv]t sug>4 ,ev5 cellulose & />* may be us$ aft] be+ transf]r$ into r$uc+ sug>s4 ,! process ( *ang+ glucose into alcohol & c>bon dioxide is call$ f]m5tation & is accompli%$ by a m9ute organism4 ,sucrose w n directly f]m5t1 consequ5tly x mu/ fir/ be *ang$ into glucose4 ,?is is usually accompli%$ by an enzyme :i* is secret$ by a f]m5t4 ,! foll[+ *emical =mula w s]ve to %[ ! /eps necess>y to pass f sug> to an alcohol3 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa 7sucrose7 ,h#b,o 7wat]7 ,pres5ce ( an #cdb ,m4 ,w4 enzyme -- ,inv]t sug> ---------------------------------------- -- 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f 7dextrose7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f 7levulose77 #ahj ,m4 ,w4 #ahj ,m4 ,w4 -- ,c#b;,h#e-,,oh 7e?yl alcohol7 #d;,,co#b 7c>bon dioxide7 #ahd 7#b ,m4 ,w47 #agf ,,cm4 ,w4 ,! !oretical yield !n ( alcohol f sucrose w\ld be #ec p] c5t & f inv]t sug> #ea p] c5t4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is yield w\ld n be exp]i5c$ on acc\nt ( ! yea/ conv]t+ "s ( ! sug>s into sub/ances o!r ?an alcohol & c>bon dioxide4 ,^! w consi/ mo/ly ( glyc]9e & succ9ic acid & w am\nt to #d or #e p] c5t4 ,s9ce ! work+ conditions det]m9e to a v great ext5t ! yield ( alcohol1 x is obvi\s t a ?or\ghly effici5t p]son %\ld be 9 *>ge ( ?is "w4 ,9 ! select+ ( cultures = ! f]m5t+1 ! manufactur] %\ld use only ! pure/1 o!rwise acetic acid & o!r =eign sub/ances w be =m$ dur+ f]m5tation1 ?us decreas+ ! yield ( ! alcohol z well z l[]+ its purity4 ,:]e ! p]c5tage ( sucrose & glucose ( a molasses is kn[n1 x is a simple matt] to calculate ! !oretical am\nt ( alcohol to be recov]$ & by kn[+ ! effici5cy ( ! factory1 a factor may be obta9$ :i* multipli$ by ! !oretical yield w give ! true am\nt ( alcohol to be expect$4 ,9 ?is mann] x is easy to det]m9e ! price t may be paid = any molasses4 ,! sep>ation ( ! alcohol f ! wat] & dirt 7lees7 is accompli%$ 9 an app>atus t]m$ a /ill4 ,9 ?is ! liquor is heat$ by /eam :i* causes ! alcohol to evaporate4 ,s9ce e?yl alcohol boils at a temp]ature ( #gh deg4 or a little high]1 dep5d+ ^u ! p]c5tage pres5t1 x may be sep>at$ f ! wat] & impurities dur+ ! evaporation1 & recov]$ f ! coils ( ! cond5s] 9 a fairly pure /ate4 ,!re is always1 h[ev]1 m or less wat] vapor escap+ ) ! alcohol & consequ5tly x is impossible to secure absolute alcohol )\t aft]-treatm5t1 al?\gh 9 ! mod]n /ill a v high grade is (t5 recov]$ 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,9 ?is connection ! /r5g? ( alcohol is usually det]m9$ by ref]r+ x to pro(1 :i* is an old ,engli% sy/em us$ be=e mod]n me?ods ( te/+ spirits 7 available4 ,9 its orig9al application1 gunp[d] 0 moi/5$ ) ! _s & ! mixture subject$ to ! flame ( a mat*4 ,:5 j en\gh alcohol 0 pres5t to set fire to ! p[d]1 x 0 said to be pro( _s4 ,if n en\gh alcohol 0 pres5t to accompli% ?is1 x 0 said to be "u pro(1 & :5 ! gunp[d] 0 light$ easily by x1 x 0 said to be ov] pro(4 ,by an act ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 ! t]m pro( _s 0 fix$ z "o :i* conta9s exactly #ab_/ac ( an equal volume ( wat] 7di/ill$7 at #ea deg4 ,f41 :i* repres5ts #eg4a p] c5t ( alcohol by volume1 or #di4c p] c5t by weight4 ,! simple/ me?od ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( alcohol is by ! use ( a gravity sp9dle = liquids light] ?an wat]1 & by ref]r+ to ! accompany+ table = ?is purpose1 ! p]c5tage ( alcohol may be asc]ta9$4 ,table = calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( alcohol4 #e ,specific gravity ,specific gravity ,specific gravity ,specific gravity at-- at-- at-- at-- ,volume4----------------,volume4-------- --------,volume4----------------,volume4 ---------------- #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p4 ct4 ,p4 ct4 ,p4 ct4 ,p4 ct4 #a #j4iihe #j4iigj #bf #j4ifih #j4ifee #ea #j4icbc #j4ibdf #gf #j4hgde #j4hffe #b 4#iigj 4#iiec #bg 4#ifia 4#ifdf #eb 4#icjc 4#ibbe #gg 4#hgba 4#hfda #c 4#iief 4#iich #bh 4#ifgh 4#ifca #ec 4#ibhc 4#ibje #gh 4#hfif 4#hfaf #d 4#iidb 4#iibb #bi 4#iffe 4#ifag #ed 4#ibfb 4#iahd #gi 4#hffd 4#hehc #e 4#iicj 4#iiji #cj 4#ifeb 4#ifjc #ee 4#ibdb 4#iafd #hj 4#hfci 4#heeh #f 4#iiad 4#ihic #ca 4#ifdc 4#ieid #ef 4#ibba 4#iadc #ha 4#hfaa 4#hecj #g 4#ihih 4#ihgf #cb 4#ifca 4#iehb #eg 4#ibjj 4#iabb #hb 4#heha 4#hejj #h 4#ihij 4#ihfh #cc 4#ifah 4#iefg #eh 4#iagh 4#iajj #hc 4#heeg 4#hdgf #i 4#ihgh 4#ihee #cd 4#ifji 4#ieef #ei 4#iafj 4#ijha #hd 4#hebf 4#hddd #aj 4#ihfi 4#ihdf #ce 4#ieic 4#iech #fj 4#iace 4#ijef #he 4#hdif 4#hdad #aa 4#ihee 4#ihca #cf 4#iegh 4#ieba #fa 4#iaac 4#ijcd #hf 4#hdff 4#hchd #ab 4#ihda 4#ihae #cg 4#iefe 4#iejg #fb 4#ijij 4#ijaa #hg 4#hdcd 4#hceb #ac 4#ihbh 4#ihja #ch 4#ieej 4#idhi #fc 4#ijfi 4#hihi #hh 4#hdjh 4#hcbf #ad 4#ihba 4#igic #ci 4#iece 4#idgc #fd 4#ijdg 4#hifi #hi 4#hcgc 4#hbia #ae 4#ihae 4#ighg #dj 4#ieai 4#idef #fe 4#ijbe 4#hidg #ij 4#hcdj 4#hbeh #af 4#ihjb 4#iggc #da 4#iejc 4#idch #ff 4#ijja 4#hibc #ia 4#hcje 4#hbbc #ag 4#ighi 4#igei #db 4#idij 4#idbd #fg 4#higc 4#hhie #ib 4#hbgb 4#haia #ah 4#iggh 4#igdf #dc 4#idgj 4#idjb #fh 4#hidi 4#hhgj #ic 4#hbcg 4#haef #ai 4#igff 4#igcc #dd 4#ideb 4#ichb #fi 4#hibe 4#hhdf #id 4#haii 4#haah #bj 4#igfj 4#igbf #de 4#idcd 4#icfc #gj 4#hijj 4#hhba #ie 4#hafd 4#hjhc #ba 4#igec 4#igai #df 4#idaf 4#icdc #ga 4#hhge 4#hgif #if 4#habe 4#hjdd #bb 4#igda 4#igjf #dg 4#icif 4#icbc #gb 4#hhej 4#hgga #ig 4#hjhd 4#hjjc #bc 4#igbh 4#ifib #dh 4#icha 4#icjg #gc 4#hhbe 4#hgdf #ih 4#hjda 4#gifj #bd 4#igaf 4#ifgh #di 4#icfb 4#ibhh #gd 4#hgii 4#hgai #ii 4#giie 4#giad #be 4#igji 4#iffh #ej 4#icdc 4#ibfg #ge 4#hgfi 4#hfhi #ajj 4#gifd 4#ghfe ,molasses z a fuel4--,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made1 us+ ?is sub/ance z a sug>-h\se fuel1 & :ile ord9>ily x may be bett] employ$ 9 "s o!r mann]1 at ! same "t :]e no o!r provision is made = ! use ( ?is mat]ial1 & :]e !re is a sc>city ( fuel z well1 satisfactory results may be secur$ 9 its combu/ion if x is prop]ly h&l$4 ,wa/e molasses consi/s ma9ly ( gums1 sucrose1 glucose1 album9oids1 o!r organic comp\nds1 wat]1 & a small am\nt ( a%4 ,sucrose has ! *emical =mula ( c>bon #ab 7atoms71 hydrog5 #bb 7atoms71 & oxyg5 #aa 7atoms74 ,! burn+ ( c>bon consi/s 9 unit+ oxyg5 to t elem5t1 =m+ c>bon dioxide4 ,:5 hydrog5 burns1 ! oxyg5 comb9es ) x1 =m+ wat]4 ,dur+ ?is oxidation1 two atoms ( hydrog5 comb9e ) "o ( oxyg51 b 9 ! molecule ( sug>1 ^! two elem5ts are already pres5t 9 ?is proportion1 consequ5tly only ! c>bon may be oxidiz$ & ?us give (f heat4 ,?is is f\nd to be true also ( sucrose1 r$uc+ sug>s1 & _m organic comp\nds4 ,an in/rum5t call$ a calorimet] is us$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat a sub/ance w give (f ^u oxidation4 ,te/s may be made on molasses 9 ord] to det]m9e its value z a fuel1 & ?us a comp>ison may be obta9$ ( a p\nd ( ?is mat]ial & "o ( coal hav+ a /&>d value4 ,! a% f ! molasses conta9s a great deal ( potassium & "s magnesium1 consequ5tly c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! burn+ ( ! molasses s t ?is mat]ial does n come 9 direct contact ) ! tubes ( ! boil]1 s9ce a heavy coat+ w be =m$ t w greatly l[] ! coeffici5t ( heat transmission4 ,on acc\nt ( ! high pota% cont5t1 ^! a%es make a valuable f]tiliz]1 :i* %\ld be mix$ ) ! bagasse a%es & mud cake1 & appli$ to ! cane l&s4 ,molasses z a f]tiliz]4--,:ile molasses is n us$ to any great ext5t z a f]tiliz]1 !re is no good reason :y exhau/ive exp]im5ts %\ld n be c>ri$ out ) ?is by-product on ,philipp9e soils1 :5 x is n[ be+ ?r[n into dra9s or wa/$1 until a bett] use is provid$ = ! molasses4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ,hawaii1 ,mauritius1 & o!r places ) ?is =m ( f]tiliz]1 & v enc\rag+ results 7 report$4 ,! plant-food elem5ts !mselves conta9$ 9 molasses are small 9 am\nt1 s9ce !y are conta9$ 9 ! l[ p]c5tage ( a% aft] burn+1 except1 ( c\rse1 nitrog51 :i* w be entirely sav$4 ,its ma9 value1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! p[] to induce bact]ial gr[?1 :i* is s necess>y 9 worn-out soils4 ,among ! organisms induc$ by ^! organic matt]s may be includ$ c]ta9 azotobact] species1 :i* contr>y to o!r =ms ( plant life1 h ! p[] ( us+ nitrog5 f ! air4 ,c>bohydrates =m especially good m$iums = _! developm5t1 & x has be5 f\nd t ! activities ( ^! organisms are increas$ by an increas$ am\nt ( ?is sub/ance4 ,:ile excell5t results h be5 atta9$ by ! use ( l[-grade molasses = f]tiliz] 9 o!r c\ntries yet x rema9s = ! plant]s "h to det]m9e results "u ,philipp9e conditions1 & ! be/ me?od ( h&l+ _! mat]ial4 ,9 "s places :]e irrigation wat] is appli$1 ! molasses is mix$ ) ! wat] & appli$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! plant-food mat]ial conta9$ 9 molasses w v>y some:at ) ! me?ods ( its production1 cl>ify+ ag5ts previ\sly us$1 etc4 ,! foll[+ table w indicate ! composition ( a% f diff]5t molasses3 #f #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,mill ,diffusion ,op5 ,c>bonitation4 sulphitation4sulphitation4 kettle4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,pota% #di4dh #eb4bj #ea4dh #ej4af ,soda 4#hi 4#hj #a4aa 4#cb ,lime #f4dg #f4gh #f4eh #h4ec ,magnesia #d4bi #c4ji #c4ii #b4ff ,iron oxide 4#ce 4#cc 4#ae 4#dg ,alum9a 4#cj 4#bb 4#ac 4#cj ,silica #d4ab #d4ei #b4hc #d4aj ,phosphoric acid #c4ga #c4hj #b4ab 4#ia ,sulphuric acid #aj4gi #f4gb #aj4id #aa4ah ,c>bonic acid #g4di #aa4ai #ac4jf #ae4gh ,*lor9e #ad4jj #aa4ie #i4aj #d4ei ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aja4hi #aja4fg #aja4di #ii4jj ,d$uct ,o m9us ,cl4 #c4af #b4gj #b4je #a4jd ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ih4gc #ih4ig #ii4dd #ig4if ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,undet]m9$ 7c>bon1 etc47 #a4bg #a4jc #j4ef #b4jd ,alkal9ity 7cc4 t5? normal p] gram a%7 cc4 #hj #ic #ie #aji ,9 ord] to make a wise selection ( ! me?od ( h&l+ ! diff]5t by-products ! manufactur] mu/ take into consid]ation _m factors4 ,among !m w be ! quantity ( 8 output1 ! facilities = h&l+ x 9 any specifi$ mann]1 ! dem& = diff]5t f9i%$ products to be made !refrom1 etc4 ,all ( ^! & _m o!r po9ts mu/ receive due consid]ation by a manag] :o expects to atta9 success 9 8 "w4 ,,c(fee ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es4 #g ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,we/]1 ,horticulturi/ 9 ,*>ge ( ,lamao ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4 ,:ile x _c be said t ! ,philipp9es h ev] gr[n c(fee on a scale t made x an important factor 9 ! _w's m>ket1 yet1 be=e ! adv5t ( ! c(fee blight1 c(fee gr[+1 f a ,philipp9e po9t ( view1 0 an indu/ry ( consid]able magnitude & unque/ionably ( great promise4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,philipp9es z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ea/]n ,tropics1 ! blight de/roy$ ! c(fee indu/ry1 & :ile 9 ! la/ few ye>s previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ! blight !re 0 an av]age annual export ( ab\t #g1jjj tons ( c(fee1 valu$ at ,p#d1jjj1jjj1 9 #aiac ! ,philipp9es produc$ only #aac1jca kilograms ( ,arabian c(fee ) an av]age production ( #agd kilograms p] hect>e1 ! c(fee imports dur+ ! same p]iod am\nt+ to #a1ach1gha kilograms1 valu$ at ,p#haf1gdd4 ,! lead+ c(fee-produc+ prov9ces ( ! ,ar*ipelago 71 dur+ #aiac1 ! ,m\nta91 #db1jff kilograms2 ,moro1 #ca1jdj kilograms2 ,nueva ,vizcaya1 #e1gib kilograms2 & ,batangas1 #e1cai kilograms4 ,v>y+ quantities ( c(fee1 less ?an #e1jjj kilograms 9 any "o1 7 produc$ 9 ea* ( ! rema9+ prov9ces1 except+ ,agusan1 ,bataan1 ,batanes1 ,ilocos ,sur1 ,leyte1 ,pampanga1 & ,surigao1 :]e c(fee is n gr[n4 ,f a /udy ( ! c(fee situation 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e x is evid5t t ,arabian c(fee w nev] aga9 become ( importance 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 includ+ ( c\rse ! ,philipp9es4 ,h[ev]1 x seems t a satisfactory sub/itute has be5 discov]$ 9 ! robu/a c(fee4 ,?is v>iety1 :ile n immune to ! blight1 is s resi/ant to ! effects !re( t ! disease ceases to affect ! pr(its ( ! crop1 or at lea/ v slightly4 ,?is & o!r reasons1 :i* w be expla9$ lat]1 h result$ 9 ! plant+ ( robu/a c(fee on a v l>ge scale 9 ,java & adjac5t ,dut* possessions1 & ! reports relative to ?is v>iety are su* z to recomm5d x to ! s]i\s consid]ation ( ,philipp9e plant]s4 ,! pres5t pap] has be5 prep>$ ) a view ( meet+ ! almo/ daily reque/s t rea* ?is ,bureau = in=mation on ! subject ( c(fee1 & p>ticul>ly to give "s in=mation relative to ! robu/a c(fee1 ) :i* practically all plant]s 9 ! ,ar*ipelago are unfamili>4 ,x might p]haps be well to /ate t propagation1 h&l+ ( ! plants f ! se$ b$ to ! plantation1 culture1 etc41 are ! same = bo? ,arabian & robu/a c(fee1 except :]e s /at$4 ,arabian ,c(fee4 ,! decrease 9 ! cultivation ( c(fee & ! pres5t /atus !re( 9 ! ,philipp9es %[ conclusively t ,arabian c(fee _c be pr(itably gr[n "h bel[ an altitude ( #hjj met]s4 ,at & above ?is elevation ! climate is s favorable = ! gr[? ( ! plant t :5 kept 9 good condition x is capable ( resi/+ ! attack ( ! blight suffici5tly to yield a pr(itable crop4 ,nev]!less1 ! plant+ ( ,arabian c(fee on a l>ge scale is n recomm5d$ ev5 "h1 because ! disease is ev]y:]e pres5t1 wait+ = a favorable opportunity to spread1 & a dr\ght1 typhoon1 or 9 fact any?+ t w\ld devitalize ! plants1 w\ld be sure to r5d] !m liable to a sev]e attack t might wipe out an entire plantation or di/rict4 ,x is true t ,arabian c(fee gr[s bel[ an altitude ( #hjj met]s2 9 fact1 c(fee bu%es are f\nd at sea level1 b a prospective inve/or %\ld always rememb] t !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 be+ able to m]ely gr[ c(fee & to produce x 9 su* quantities t its cultivation becomes pr(itable4 ,?is _c be done at a l[ elevation4 ,x is p]haps well to /ate "h t exhau/ive exp]im5ts h s f> fail$ to yield a fungicide or spray by :i* ! c(fee blight c be satisfactorily controll$ 9 ! field4 ,ev]y?+ consid]$ !n1 only 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce & on ! table l&s ( ,m9danao may ,arabian c(fee be successfully & pr(itably cultivat$ to any consid]able ext5t4 ,robu/a ,c(fee4 ,robu/a c(fee 9 ,java4--,:5 ! blight appe>$ 9 ,java1 c(fee gr[+ 0 "o ( ! mo/ important indu/ries 9 t isl&1 & aft] ! plantations _h be5 de/roy$ by ! disease1 ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 hav+ fail$ to control ! blight by repressive measures1 in/itut$ inve/igations ) a view ( discov]+ a blight-resi/ant c(fee1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* "w sev]al species 7 introduc$ & te/$4 ,among ^! 7 ,lib]ian c(fee 7,c(fea lib]ica7 & robu/a c(fee1 consid]$ by ,wildeman to be a v>iety ( ,c(fea canephora4 ,robu/a c(fee 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,belgian ,congo1 & se$s 7 s5t to ,brussels1 ,belgium1 & propagat$1 :]e plants 7 fir/ (f]$ = sale 9 #aija4 ,"s ( ^! plants f\nd _! way to ,java4 ,l mo/ new introductions ! robu/a c(fee 0 at fir/ look$ ^u r askance1 b z its great] climatological range z comp>$ ) t ( ,arabian c(fee1 & its productivity1 precocity1 & resi/ance to ! c(fee blight 7,hemileia va/atrix7 became app>5t1 x rapidly ga9$ popul>ity--s rapidly 9 fact t ! ,javanese c(fee plantations today consi/ almo/ entirely ( robu/a c(fee4 ,! fact t 9 #aiji ! total crop ( robu/a c(fee 0 only #ahc1jjj kilograms1 & t 9 #aiaa #i1fej1jjj kilograms 7 produc$1 ) an e/imat$ yield ( #af1jjj1jjj kilograms = #aiab1 & t dur+ ! p]iod f #aijg to #aiaa1 #bd1eba1jjj robu/a c(fee plants 7 plant$1 is ample pro( ( its popul>ity 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,introduction into ! ,philipp9es4--,robu/a c(fee has n be5 introduc$ into ! ,philipp9es to any ext5t4 ,be>+ trees are report$ f ,basilan1 ne> ,zamboanga1 & a few plants are also gr[+ at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation 9 ,bataan4 ,! latt] are 9 good condition ) no indication ( blight4 ,soil & climate4--,robu/a gr[s well f sea level to an altitude ( #a1jjj met]s1 do+ be/ at an elevation rang+ f #dej to #gej met]s4 ,less p>ticul> ?an ,arabian c(fee1 ! robu/a ?rives well on bo? light & heavy soils provid$ !y h ! necess>y f]tility4 ,h[ev]1 good dra9age is ess5tial = a good gr[? & !re=e robu/a %\ld n be plant$ on /icky & v heavy1 wat]-hold+ soils4 ,poor & s&y soils %\ld also be avoid$4 ,?is v>iety is also some:at s5sitive to dr\ght & %\ld be plant$ only :]e ! ra9fall is fairly ev5ly di/ribut$1 & :]e ! dry season is ( comp>atively %ort duration4 ,g5]ally speak+1 :]e ! soil conditions are favorable1 ! cacao1 abaca1 & coconut gr[+ di/ricts ( ! ,ar*ipelago are p]haps bett] adapt$ ?an o!r sections to ! culture ( robu/a c(fee4 ,culture4 ,propagation4--,! place select$ = se$b$ & nurs]y %\ld be well dra9$1 ) a loamy soil1 ! ri*] 9 humus ! bett]4 ,a light bamboo frame %\ld be erect$ above ! nurs]y plot ab\t #b4e met]s high1 & cov]$ ) grass or split bamboo to provide ab\t half %ade4 ,! l& %\ld be spad$ ?or\ghly to a dep? ( #cj c5timet]s1 & all /ones1 roots1 etc41 remov$4 ,"o met] is a conv5i5t wid? = se$ & plant b$s4 ,! se$s %\ld be s[n broadca/1 n too ?ick1 cov]$ ) n m ?an #a c5timet] ( e>?1 & !n wat]$ ?or\ghly4 ,h]eaft] ! se$b$ %\ld be well wat]$ f "t to "t :5ev] ! soil appe>s dry4 ,frequ5t light spr9kl+s t d n all[ ! wat] to p5etrate m ?an a few millimet]s bel[ ! surface are h>mful r ?an b5eficial bo? 9 ! se$b$ & ! nurs]y1 9 t !y enc\rage a %all[ root =mation4 ,z soon z ! fir/ leaves are fully exp&$ ! se$l+s %\ld be transplant$ to ! nurs]y b$s1 :i* %\ld be prep>$ l ! se$b$4 ,if ! l& is poor x is well to spade 9 a lib]al quantity ( well-decay$ manure or compo/4 ,! plants %\ld be tak5 up c>efully1 ! taproot nipp$ (f ) ! ?umb nail1 & !n transplant$ ) ! aid ( a po9t$ /ick or small dibb] spac+ !m #aj to #ae c5timet]s ap>t ea* way4 ,9 do+ ?is c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! roots are n d\bl$ up 9 ! hole & t ! soil is well pack$ ar\nd !m4 ,m plants %\ld nev] be remov$ at "o "t f ! se$b$ ?an c be conv5i5tly transplant$ be=e !y %[ signs ( wilt+1 & ! dug plants %\ld n be left expos$ until ! roots dry out4 ,! plants %\ld be ?or\ghly wat]$ be=e & aft] transplant+1 & ! b$s kept free f we$s & wat]$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,cle>+ & plant+4--,:]ev] possible1 ! l& to be plant$ 9 c(fee %\ld be /ump$1 & pl[$ once or twice1 s t aft] ! plants h be5 set out animal-drawn cultivators c be us$ to keep d[n ! we$s4 ,?us ! co/ ( we$+ is less5$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! plantation :ile ! plants are small4 ,if pl[+ is n feasible holes #a met] 9 diamet] & at lea/ #cj c5timet]s deep %\ld be grubb$ :]e ! plants are to be set4 ,on mod]ately ri* l& robu/a c(fee %\ld be plant$ #b4a met]s ap>t ea* way1 #b1bfe plants to ! hect>e2 on v f]tile l& ! di/ance may be increas$ to #b4e met]s1 or #a1fjj plants to ! hect>e4 ,arabian c(fee %\ld be spac$ f #b to #b4e met]s ap>t or on poor l&s ev5 clos]4 ,:5 ! plants are #d to #e mon?s old !y %\ld be ab\t #bj c5timet]s tall & ready = transplant+4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ! foliage %\ld n[ be cut (f2 a tr5* %\ld be dug at ! end ( ! nurs]y b$ ab\t #bj c5timet]s or m deep2 !n a ?91 %>p spade or bolo 7cutlass7 %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! soil1 und]nea? & ar\nd ! plant1 neatly sev]+ all /raggl+ roots1 & leav+ ! plant 9 ! c5t] ( a ball ( e>?4 ,! plants %\ld be set out 9 ! field at ! same dep? at :i* !y grew 9 ! nurs]y1 great c>e be+ tak5 n to break ! ball4 ,if ! soil is s loose t x falls away f ! roots 9 ! removal f ! nurs]y1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 n all[+ ! roots to dry out & 9 sett+ out ! plant s t ! roots fall 9 a natural position4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! plant+ ! soil %\ld be firmly pack$ ab\t ! roots4 ,! s[+ ( ! se$ 9 a giv5 locality %\ld be s tim$ t ! plants are ready = transplant+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season 9 ord] to avoid ! exp5se ( artificial wat]+4 ,if transplant$ dur+ ! dry season ! plants necess>ily w\ld h to be wat]$ by h& f "t to "t until !y are e/abli%$4 ,plants = %ade4--,z a tempor>y %ade & cov] crop ( rapid gr[? :ile ! c(fee trees are small1 p]haps no plant c compete ) ! cadios 7,cajanus indicus74 ,! plants may be cut d[n to s]ve z mul* :5ev] !y gr[ too high1 & may be expect$ to gr[ f ! /ubble twice be=e ! plants die1 provid$ !y are n cut (f too close to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,java1 :]e robu/a c(fee is m ext5sively plant$ ?an any:]e else1 p]man5t %ade is consid]$ advisable4 ,malaganit 7,leuca5a glauca71 a legum9\s %rub :i* gr[s ev]y:]e 9 ! ,philipp9es1 seems to be pref]r$ !re to o!r plants = %ade4 ,x is plant$ alt]nately ) ! c(fee plants &1 z is ! case ) all plants utiliz$ = %ade1 ?9n$ out lat] accord+ to ne$4 ,madre de cacao 7,gliricidia maculata7 & dapdap 7,ery?r9a indica & ,e4 subumbrans7 are o!r legum9\s trees readily obta9able 9 mo/ localities & are adapt$ = %ade4 ,madre de cacao %\ld be plant$ at ! same di/ance z ! malaganit :ile ! dapdap %\ld be plant$ "o plant to e two c(fee trees4 ,all ^! plants are readily propagat$ by cutt+ (f limbs or bran*es #a to #a4b met]s long & ins]t+ !m #bj to #cj c5timet]s deep 9 ! gr\nd dur+ ! ra9y season4 7,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly done by ! aid ( a cr[b>47 ,9 a limit$ way fruit trees1 su* z ! s\rsop1 cu/>dapple1 breadfruit1 & jak may also be us$ z %ade1 & ^! %\ld be plant$ f #f to #ab met]s ap>t accord+ to size4 ,! necess>y %ad+ betwe5 ^! trees :ile !y are small may be provid$ by plant+ malaganit1 etc4 ,robu/a c(fee has also be5 successfully int]plant$ ) coconuts4 ,9 ?is case ! palms & c(fee %\ld ( c\rse be plant$ at ! same "t1 ! palms p]haps n clos] ?an #i to #aj met]s ap>t1 ! c(fee to be us$ z a fill] betwe5 ! coconuts4 ,9 ?is connection x is p]haps well to /ate t 9 ,java robu/a c(fee is v frequ5tly plant$ z a cat* crop 9 ! ,hevea rubb] plantations4 ,among ! %ade plants available to ! ,philipp9e plant]1 malaganit1 dapdap1 & guango1 or ra9tree 7,pi!colobium saman71 h giv5 ! be/ results 9 ,java = ! robu/a ) ! foll[+ ratio yield ( c(fee3 #d4ge1 #d4aj1 & #c4jf4 ,cultivation4--,on level & well-cle>$ l&1 close att5tion %\ld be paid to keep+ ! c(fee plantation free f we$s dur+ ! fir/ ye> or two by means ( animal-drawn %all[ cultivators1 supplem5t$ ) h&-hoe+4 ,:]e ! topography ( ! l& or ! pres5ce ( /umps r5d]s ?is impossible ! we$+ mu/ ( c\rse be done by h&4 ,all we$s %\ld be left 9 ! field :]e !y s]ve bo? z a mul* 9 pres]v+ ! moi/ure & to enri* ! soil4 ,z soon z ! plants beg9 to %ade ! l& !y !reby aid 9 ! we$ eradication1 & we$+ !n becomes less exp5sive4 ,prun+4--,if ! trees are all[$ to gr[ )\t prun+ !y become too tall 7robu/a c(fee atta9s a height ( #f met]s or m71 & ! topmo/ b]ries are !n difficult to pick4 ,fur!rmore unprun$ c(fee trees 7includ+ robu/a71 h ! peculi> habit ( be>+ _! bran*es ne> ! gr\nd & at ! top1 leav+ ! middle b>e or ne>ly s :i* decreases ! produc+ capacity ( ! plant4 ,on ?is acc\nt up-to-date plant]s h g5]ally adopt$ a sy/em ( prun+ by :i* ! c(fee trees are head$ l[1 giv+ a maximum yield c\pl$ ) easy access to ! b]ries4 ,! prun+ consi/s ( topp+ ! robu/a trees :5 !y are f #b to #b4e met]s tall & ( subsequ5t prun+ to keep ! trees at ?is height4 ,?is "w %\ld pref]ably be done :ile ! plants are ( ! prop] height & ! gre5 %oots easily brok5 (f1 & n aft] ! trees h exce$$ ! height limit by sev]al decimet]s4 ,! plant1 if all[$ to d s1 usually s5ds up a l>ge numb] ( suck]s f ! base1 :i* con/itute a dra9 on ! vitality ( ! plant4 ,!re=e1 all sup]flu\s suck]s %\ld be remov$ & n m ?an #b to #c /ems to a plant %\ld be p]mitt$ to develop4 ,occasionally robu/a plants appe> t are m ?an ord9>ily subject to blight1 & ^! %\ld be at once pull$ up & burn$4 ,yield4--,! yield ( robu/a c(fee is q v>iable1 mu* dep5d+ ^u ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,on ! m f]tile soils 9 ,java ! yield p] hect>e 9 ! ?ird ye> 0 approximately #edj kilograms1 & 9 ! f\r? & fif? ye>s1 #a1djj & #a1hcj kilograms1 respectively4 ,9 old c(fee or cacao fields ! yields 7 #cbe1 #edj & #hej kilograms p] hect>e1 respectively1 dur+ ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? ye>s aft] plant+4 ,x is p]haps well to recall ! fact t ! av]age yield ( ,arabian c(fee 9 ! ,philipp9es is #agd kilograms p] hect>e1 :i* is ( c\rse mu* less ?an x %\ld be1 & x is n believ$ t ! ,philipp9e plant] ) 8 pres5t me?ods ( cultivation c\ld equal ) robu/a c(fee ! yields quot$ f ,java4 ,! imm5se sup]iority ( ! robu/a z a cropp] ov] ! ord9>y ,arabian c(fee is be/ illu/rat$ 9 a table publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,java4 ,we le>n "h t 9 ,java1 "u id5tical conditions1 ! yield p] plant 0 ( ,arabian c(fee1 #ec to #ig grams2 ( robu/a1 #iib grams2 & ( quilloi 7a new v r>e c(fee7 #a1jbj grams4 ,! ,m>agogipe hybrid on its own roots yield$ #ad to #ah grams1 :ile graft$ on robu/a ! yield 0 #aef grams1 a l>g] crop ?an any ,arabian c(fee has giv5 9 ,java4 ,?is w\ld t5d to %[ ! possibilities ( robu/a z a /ock4 ,fur!r1 comp>ative /udies by ,cram] h %[n t #d to #e kilograms ( fre% robu/a b]ries make #a kilogram ( c(fee :ile ( ! ,arabian c(fee #e to #f kilograms ( fruit are requir$ to make #a kilogram ( c(fee4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! pulp on ! robu/a c(fee 7?\gh small] 9 am\nt7 is m difficult to remove ?an t on ! ,arabian1 robu/a ne$s at lea/ two & "o-half days ( f]m5tation4 ,! bean requires rapid dry+ 9 ord] to loos5 ! silv] sk9 & ! dry+ is !re=e done 9 an artificially heat$ %$4 ,quality & m>ketability4--,relative to ! quality ( ! robu/a c(fee ,doctor ,hall says3 ,! appe>ance ( ! av]age m>ketable robu/a is n v beautiful2 ! beans are small & irregul>1 & ! av]age product %[s little uni=mity4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 great diff]5ces betwe5 ! _m diff]5t types ( robu/a4 ,"s ( !m h comp>atively l>ge beans1 l>g] ev5 ?an arabica1 o!rs aga9 h v small ones4 ,z reg>ds ! quality1 ?\gh be+ inf]ior to ,java-arabica1 ! ta/e is g5]ally consid]$ to be good & sup]ior to ! ord9>y arabica sorts1 z ,santos4 ,doctor ,wildeman /ates3 ,x is object$ t ! b]ries ( ! robu/a gr\p & ( o!r ,african c(fees are small 9 size & inf]ior 9 flavor2 b ! cont9ually increas+ quantities ( ^! c(fees sold 9 ,holl&1 & ! satisfactory prices !y fet* %[ t ! public is beg9n+ to appreciate !m4 ,no objections w be made to ! size ( ! b]ries :5 by means ( c>eful cultivation & especially ( "r prep>ation1 a c(fee is obta9$ equal 9 flavor to ! 7old7 ,java & ,arabian c(fee4 ,summ>y4 ,arabian c(fee _c be successfully gr[n 9 ! ,philipp9es bel[ an altitude ( #hjj met]s1 & ev5 at ?is elevation1 due to its susceptibility to ! c(fee blight1 ext5sive plant+ ( ,arabian c(fee _c be recomm5d$4 ,success ) ,arabian c(fee is obta9able only by keep+ ! plantations clean ( we$s & ! plants 9 ! be/ possible condition4 ,= ! rehabilitation ( ! ,philipp9e c(fee indu/ry robu/a c(fee appe>s m promis+ at pres5t ?an any o!r k9d4 ,! advantages ( robu/a c(fee are t x ?rives "u m v>i$ conditions ?an ,arabian c(fee1 t x is an e>li] & a m prolific be>] & t x is resi/ant to ! blight4 ,blight resi/ance 9 robu/a c(fee does n mean t x is immune1 b t not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ! blight x gr[s well & produces abundant crops4 ,robu/a c(fee is by "s au?orities reg>d$ z inf]ior 9 quality to ,arabian c(fee4 ,nev]!less1 consid]+ ! optimism ) :i* robu/a c(fee is reg>d$ by cons]vative ,european exp]ts 9 tropical crops1 c\pl$ ) ! results obta9$ 9 ,java1 x is confid5tly believ$ t robu/a c(fee is wor?y ( ext5d$ plant+ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,f ! ,dut* dep>tm5t ( agriculture 9 ,java ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture has import$ se$ ( ! be/ robu/a c(fee available = di/ribution1 z well z a consid]able quantity ( se$ ( ! ord9>y robu/a cultivat$ 9 t isl&4 ,all read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 plant+ robu/a c(fee are cordially invit$ to communicate ) ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture4 ,,cane-,,juice ,,cl>ification4 ,by ,cleve4 ,w4 ,h9es1 ,m4 ,s41 ,/ation ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! cl>ification ( ! juice =ms "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations 9 sug> manufacture1 s9ce ! high] ! purity ( ! juice to be conc5trat$1 ! great] ! p]c5tage ( sucrose t w cry/allize1 & ! easi] x w be to make a m>ketable sug>4 ,if a high-grade sug>1 or ev5 yell[ cl>ifi$ sug> is to be made1 ?is "w %\ld receive /ill great] att5tion4 ,be=e consid]+ ! me?ods to pursue & ! reag5ts to use1 x is well to decide fir/ ^u ! grade ( sug> x is desirable to make4 ,if ord9>y c5trifugal sug> te/+ #if deg4 is desir$1 x w usually be practical to use only lime 9 ! cl>ification1 s9ce 9 ^! ,isl&s cane rea*es full maturity1 & consequ5tly ! purity ( ! normal juice w be q high1 sometimes z high z #ij deg4 or #ib deg4 7app>5t purity74 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to make a :ite plantation sug>1 or granulat$ sug>1 x w be advisable to subject ! juice to an acidify+ or blea*+ treatm5t1 z well z to ! lime treatm5t4 ,usually sulphur\s acid is us$ = ?is purpose1 b sometimes phosphoric acid1 or a =m ( x1 is employ$4 ,x is g5]ally be/ to adm9i/] ! acidify+ ag5t be=e ! application ( ! lime1 s9ce ?is raises ! acidity & p]mits a l>g] am\nt ( ! lime to be us$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is process is rev]s$ by "s manufactur]s1 & v good results are (t5 report$4 ,9 ! acidify+ ( any cane juice1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t too high an acidity is n rea*$1 s9ce acids h an inv]t+ effect ^u sucrose1 ?us caus+ a noticeable loss4 ,?is ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! degree ( acidity c>ri$1 ! temp]ature ma9ta9$1 & ! me?ods foll[$ dur+ ! "t ! juice rema9s acid4 ,:5 x is desir$ to make a high-grade cry/al = granulat$ sug>1 ! cl>ification mu/ be m complete1 & a wat]-:ite ?ick liquor %\ld result1 )\t subsequ5t treatm5t by blea*+ ag5ts & o!r *emicals1 except ! neutraliz+ ( ! slightly yell[i% t9t1 :i* w be m5tion$ lat]4 ,reag5ts ,us$ 9 ,cl>ification4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( reag5ts at ! comm& ( ! sug> manufactur]1 ea* ( :i* has c]ta9 m]its ov] o!rs1 & all are valuable 9 _! place :5 prop]ly us$4 ,x w !re=e be ! duty ( ! op]ator to select ^? :i* be/ meet 8 individual conditions4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is article to give a brief survey ( ! m common reag5ts :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 may be us$ to advantage 9 ^! ,isl&s4 ,lime4--,?is is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ common & mo/ widely us$ ( all ! reag5ts4 ,s9ce ! object 9 view is to increase ! purity ( ! juice1 x is obvi\s t ! pure/ rock obta9able %\ld be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! lime4 ,ano!r reason :y a good lime %\ld be employ$1 is t "o ( ! ma9 impurities ( ! lime rock is magnesium1 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) cane juice1 becomes v tr\blesome 9 ! incru/+ ( ! evaporator tubes1 ?us greatly l[]+ ! coeffici5t ( heat transmission4 ,mu* ( ! lime on ! m>ket 9 ! ,philipp9es has be5 made )\t any attempt to select pure clean lime/one or %ells4 ,?is is n suitable = putt+ into cane juice1 & w result 9 a great deal ( tr\ble :5ev] us$ 9 mod]n evaporat+ plants4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an abundant supply ( lime/one f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,philipp9es1 :i* analyses %[ to be almo/ free f impurities1 & :i* w make a mo/ excell5t lime = cl>ify+ purposes if burn$ prop]ly4 ,at pres5t !re is no mod]n plant = burn+ ?is rock on a l>ge scale & consequ5tly mu* ( ! "w is done 9 a v crude & unsatisfactory mann]4 ,mo/ ( ! lime = cl>ification1 9 mod]n sug> factories1 is import$1 & con/itutes a v heavy exp5se4 ,if a lime kiln 7 in/all$ 9 conjunction ) "s ( our sug> factories1 fre% & well-burn$ lime might be made z ne$$4 ,! c>bon dioxide c\ld be us$ 9 ! juice cl>ification1 z is done 9 ,java1 & ?us a good grade ( plantation sug> c\ld easily be manufactur$4 ,any excess ( burn$ lime might v readily be sold to o!r factories1 :i* n[ use only high-pric$ import$ lime4 ,! lime us$ %\ld be ( ! unslak$ type1 & %\ld be protect$ f ! air until a %ort "t be=e us+4 ,! process ( prep>+ ?is consi/s ( heat+ lime rock to a v high temp]ature1 9 a kiln = t purpose1 :]eby ! lime/one is brok5 into two compon5t p>ts1 express$ by ! foll[+ *emical equation3 ,ca,c,o#c 7lime/one7 heat$ to high temp]ature--,ca,o 7calcium oxide7 ,,co#b 7c>bon dioxide74 ,?is calcium oxide1 commonly kn[n z quick lime1 is ! sub/ance desir$ 9 cl>ification4 ,x %\ld be slak$ by be+ plac$ 9 wat] j be=e x is desir$ = use4 ,?is milk ( lime %\ld n be us$ until aft] ! high temp]ature caus$ by ! viol5t *emical action has subsid$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! heat involv$ & ! high alkal9ity 9 local portions1 x is nev] safe to apply crude lime to ! juice )\t previ\sly slak+ x 9 wat]1 nor is x advisable to use a quantity ( juice to mix ?is lime1 z is q (t5 practic$ 9 ^! ,isl&s1 s9ce 9 ?is case !re may be a loss ( sucrose1 ) a result+ d>k-color$ product1 :i* w impair ! color ( ! cl>ifi$ juice4 ,! foll[+ *emical equation w express ! reaction :5 ?is lime is slak$3 ,ca,o 7calcium oxide7 ,h#b,o 7wat]7--,ca7,,oh7#b 7calcium hydroxide74 ,?is calcium hydroxide is a sub/ance :i* is v cau/ic1 & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 h&l+ x4 ,l all bases1 x has a great aff9ity = acid1 & consequ5tly its fir/ action is to neutralize "p ( ! acids pres5t4 ,x !n coagulates album9s & album9oids1 :i* =m a "p ( ! impurities1 & ?r[s d[n insoluble salts ( sulphates1 c>bonates & phosphates1 & ( ! bases iron & alum9um4 ,^! act z me*anical precipitants1 assi/+ 9 br++ d[n o!r impurities4 ,! comp\nds ( calcium are practically insoluble 9 cold cane juices1 & may be readily filt]$1 or settl$1 & ! sup]natant liquor drawn (f4 ,9 ! addition ( lime1 z well z 9 ! application ( o!r reag5ts1 mu* c>e mu/ be obs]v$ t ! prop] am\nt is add$4 ,if too little is us$1 !re w be poor cl>ification & settl+ ( ! precipitate1 :ile if too mu* is us$1 s t alkal9ity is rea*$1 & ! juice heat$ to a high temp]ature1 !re w be a d>k5+ ( ! juice caus$ by ! decomposition ( ! r$uc+ sug>s by ! calcium1 & ! =mation ( d>k-color$ comp\nds1 :i* are v h>d to remove4 ,if ! juice is lim$ to ?ree-t5?s or f\r-t5?s cubic c5timet] acidity aga9/ ,n_/#aj ,na,o,h1 us+ ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator1 !re w be little or no *ance ( tr\ble4 ,) ! above dang]s 9 view1 x is n safe to employ ! haphaz>d me?ods ( lim+ usually practic$ "h1 b ! milk ( lime %\ld always be made ( /at$ d5sity & a measur$ or weigh$ am\nt %\ld be suppli$ to ea* cl>ifi] ( juice1 correspond+ to prevail+ conditions4 ,sulphur dioxide4--,:]e a bett] grade ( sug> ?an #if deg4 te/ is desir$1 x is (t5 advisable to subject ! juice to fur!r treatm5t1 "o reason = :i* is to increase ! acidity s t a l>g] am\nt ( lime may be add$ to effect ! cl>ification4 ,9 addition to ?is ! sulphur acts to "s ext5t directly z a cl>ify+ ag5t1 by precipitat+ "s ( ! impurities4 ,x also acts z a blea*+ ag5t by extract+ ! oxyg5 f ! impurities & la/ly x acts z a dis9fectant4 ,x is =m$ by burn+ crude sulphur 9 a /ove made = t purpose4 ,s 7sulphur7 ,o 7oxyg5 heat7--,,s#b 7sulphur dioxide74 ,sometimes bombs fill$ ) liquid sulphur dioxide are pur*as$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! are inconv5i5t to use1 & ?is me?od is ord9>ily m exp5sive ?an ! usual "o ( burn+ ! sulphur & produc+ ! gas directly at ! factory4 ,sulphur dioxide is a heavy gas :i* is v readily absorb$ 9 wat]1 & at a temp]ature ( z]o ,c4 ne>ly #hj p] c5t by volume ( ! gas w be tak5 up4 ,at #dj deg4 ,c4 only ab\t #ah p] c5t by volume ( ! gas w be absorb$4 ,x may readily be se5 t ! p]c5tage ( gas conta9$ 9 ! juice :5 saturat$ w be det]m9$ by ! temp]ature4 ,! foll[+ equation expresses ! absorption ( sulphur dioxide 9 wat] at ord9>y temp]ature3 ,,s#b 7sulphur dioxide7 ,h#b,o 7wat] at l[ temp]ature7--,h#b,,s#c 7sulphur\s acid74 ,ano!r ?+ ( v great importance is ! cool+ ( ! gases to cond5se any wat] t may be pres5t s t no hot gas w rea* ! juice to be treat$ or comb9e ) wat] 9 ! pipes4 ,! equation repres5t$ :5 high temp]atures are us$ is z foll[s3 ,,s#b 7sulphur dioxide7 ,h#b,o 7wat]7 ,o 7high temp]ature7--,h#b,,s#d 7sulphuric acid74 ,?is la/-nam$ acid is v corrosive & a p[]ful inve/+ ag5t4 ,x !re=e has ! prop]ty ( rapidly de/roy+ sucrose1 especially at a high temp]ature4 ,9 ! burn+ ( sulphur x is well t z ?or\gh a comb9ation z possible be obta9$1 else !re w be a loss ( sulphur1 :i* w deposit 9 ! tubes & *oke !m1 & m "t w be requir$ = ! process4 ,! fumes f a well-regulat$ sulphur furnace %\ld conta9 f #ae to #af p] c5t sulphur\s acid4 ,! !oretical p]c5tage obta9able is ab\t #ba p] c5t ( ! acid4 ,c>bon dioxide4--,9 rec5t ye>s c>bon dioxide gas has f\nd a v useful application 9 ! cane-sug> factories1 :]e a good grade ( plantation sug> is desir$4 ,java factories h be5 ! =emo/ 9 elaborat+ a sy/em1 ?r\gh _! em95t te*nologi/s1 s t today "o may f9d ! bulk ( ! sug>s !y turn out f c]ta9 factories ( a v satisfactory grade & color4 ,! me?od !y use requires a great deal ( skill & att5tion 9 ord] to yield results t are satisfactory4 ,x is patt]n$ aft] ! process us$ 9 beet-sug> factories1 ) "s di/9ct modifications1 :i* make x applicable to a juice conta9+ glucose1 z is always ! case ) cane juices4 ,! object ( apply+ any cl>ify+ mat]ial is to effect a rise 9 purity1 & x is especially desirable to remove1 9 all cases1 ! sub/ance add$1 s9ce ?is itself w\ld t5d to act z an impurity & ?us give a l[] coeffici5t1 if n prop]ly remov$4 ,! lime1 :i* has be5 add$ previ\sly1 may be p>tly remov$1 z ! orig9al precipitate =m$1 & any free lime or comp\nd :i* may be easily decompos$ w comb9e ) c>bon dioxide1 =m+ calcium c>bonate or lime/one1 :i* is q insoluble & may be v easily filt]$ (f4 ,ca7,,oh7#b 7calcium hydroxide7 ,,co#b--;,ca,c,o#c 7calcium c>bonate7 ,h#b,o 7wat]74 ,:e!r s+le or d\ble c>bonation is us$1 ! same g5]al me?ods are employ$1 & results are express$ by ! same *emical equation4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! c>bon dioxide may be recov]$ f ! kilns dur+ ! burn+ ( lime1 z is commonly done 9 ! beet-sug> indu/ry1 or x may be pur*as$ 9 ! =m ( liquid ,,co#b conta9$ 9 heavy iron conta9]s4 ,x is also feasible to use flue gases = ?is purpose1 :]e a good combu/ion is obta9$1 & aft] !y h be5 prop]ly treat$4 ,phosphoric acid4--,x is sometimes advisable to apply a =m ( phosphoric acid z a cl>ify+ & precipitat+ ag5t aft] ! lime4 ,?is may be us$ 9 v>i\s =ms dep5d+ ^u ! individual desires ( ! op]ator4 ,! comp\nd usually f\nd on ! m>ket may consi/ ( "o ( ! foll[+ 7or a comb9ation ( !m73 ,h#c,,po#d 7or?o phosphoric acid74 ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b 7mono-calcium phosphate74 ,ca#b;,h#b7,,po#d7b 7dicalcium phosphate74 ,na#b;,,hpo#d 7sodium phosphate74 ,! sodium phosphate conta9s v little acidity1 & ! ma9 purpose ( its use is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! sodium is readily giv5 up = any soluble calcium t may be pres5t4 ,?is =ms ! insoluble calcium phosphate1 :i* is easily remov$ z a precipitate or filt]$ (f4 ,! ,res]ve ,factory 9 ,l\isiana has be5 us+ ?is reag5t 9 _! cl>ification = a long "t1 :]e a v good grade ( granulat$ sug> is made4 ,besides ^! =ms ( phosphor\s1 v>i\s comp\nds may be f\nd on ! m>ket1 "u trade names1 :i* h z _! base ! above acid4 ,cl>iphos is "o ( ^! comp\nds1 :i* has f\nd ext5sive use 9 _m ( ! ,l\isiana sug> factories4 ,ano!r is kn[n z phospho-gelose1 :i* is a comb9ation ( dicalcium phosphate ,ca#b;,h#b7,,po#d7b & infusorial silica4 ,x is a pat5t$ prep>ation & is made by ! absorption ( phosphoric acid by a p[d]y comp\nd kn[n z ,kieselguhr4 ,aft] ! absorption1 ! comp\nd is heat$ to expel ! wat]1 & !n resaturat$4 ,?is "w is repeat$ sev]al times until ! f9i%$ product1 :i* is v hydroscopic1 conta9s ab\t #be p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,kieselguhr4--,?is is a f9e light p[d] conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( silica4 ,x is us$ purely = its me*anical effect 9 =m+ p>ticles ^u :i* ! impurities may collect1 & ?us be m readily c>ri$ to ! bottom4 ,?is mat]ial (t5 prolongs ! work+s ( ! filt] presses by collect+ ! gummy mat]ial1 :i* w\ld o!rwise ga!r on ! filt] clo?s4 ,kieselguhr 0 us$ 9 ! beet-sug> indu/ry ( ,europe _m ye>s ago1 & is ext5sively us$ n[ = ! same purpose 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hydrosulphites4--,^! are prep>ations ( great blea*+ p[]1 f\nd on ! m>ket "u v>i\s trade names4 ,"o ( ^!1 widely us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 bo? ! beet & cane-sug> indu/ries1 is kn[n z ,blankit4 ,?is is dehydrat$ sodium hydrosulphite ) ! *emical =mula1 ,na#b,s#b,o#d4 ,x has a mu* great] blea*+ & r$uc+ action ?an sulphur\s acid1 & oxydizes v readily 9 comb9ation ) moi/ure1 =m+ sulphate4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is well to pur*ase ! reag5t 9 small p>cels = ?is climate1 & to c>efully gu>d ! /or$ mat]ial f moi/ure4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is a :ite p[d]1 dissolves v easily 9 wat]1 =m+ an alkal9e liquid1 al?\gh ?is po9t is sometimes h>d to di/+ui% on acc\nt ( hydrog5 atoms lib]at$4 ,!re is a blea*+ prep>ation made 9 ,france kn[n z ,r$o1 :i* is simply calcium hydrosulphite 7,ca,s#b,o#d74 ,?is is us$ 9 ! sug> indu/ry to "s ext5t1 b x is claim$ by _m t ! results obta9$ are n z good z ^? obta9$ f ! sodium comp\nd & t x det]iorates m easily4 ,hydrosulphites1 unlike sulphur\s acid1 w blea* equally z well 9 alkal9e or neutral m$ium1 z 9 an acid m$ium4 ,!re is !re=e less dang] f loss ( sug> by inv]sion :5 !y are us$1 :ile ! p]man5cy ( _! effect is ab\t ! same4 ,9 any case :]e juices h be5 blea*$ by sulphites1 ! result may be consid]$ z b tempor>y1 s9ce ^u exposure to air & light ! product assumes a d>k] color4 ,hydrosulphites %\ld !re=e be introduc$ z late 9 ! process z possible4 ,:]e ! mat]ial 9 ! vacuum pan is to be blea*$1 x is well to introduce ?is reag5t j be=e /rik+ gra91 ?us furni%+ a bright cle> mat]ial :i* w act z film ov] ! nucle\s ( sucrose 9 ! gra94 ,! *emical equation repres5t+ ! *ange :i* takes place ) ?is reag5t is z foll[s3 ,na#b,s#b,o#d 7sodium hydrosulphite7 ,o 7oxyg57 ,h#b,o 7wat]7--#b7,na ,h ,s ,o#c74 ,! am\nt to be us$ w dep5d absolutely ^u individual conditions1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ only by exp]im5tation4 ,! manufactur]s ( ?is product /ate t ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial us$ to t ( dry sug> %\ld be z #a is to #aj1jjj4 ,9 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 two or ev5 ?ree times ?is am\nt w usually be requir$ to give maximum results4 ,z /at$ be=e1 s9ce !re is su* a v>iance 9 ! mat]ial to be treat$1 ea* op]ator w be requir$ to judge ?is to a great ext5t f ! condition ( 8 product4 ,9 ^! ,isl&s :]e a v l[ grade ( op5-kettle sug> is /ill made1 :i* sells v *eaply1 attempts are (t5 made to blea* x & recry/alize 9 ord] to make a c5trifugal sug>4 ,:ile ord9>y cl>ify+ ag5ts help to a great ext5t1 if ! melt$ sug>s are v d>k f c>amel & ! decomposition products ( calcium glucosate1 ^! reag5ts c n be expect$ to give a light-color$ juice4 ,:ile !y may improve conditions some:at1 ! only solution to su* a problem is ! use ( ! boneblack process4 ,blu+4--,9 ! production ( plantation cl>ifi$ sug>s1 & sometimes ( ref9]y cry/als made f l[-grade sug>s1 !re is a ?9 film surr\nd+ ea* sug> cry/al1 :i* has a yell[i% t9t4 ,x is ?is t gives rise to ! diff]5t grades ( :ite sug>s1 :5 color te/ only is consid]$4 ,s9ce ?is yell[i% t+e w give way to a light] color :5 neutraliz$ ) ! prop] %ade ( blue1 x is a v common practice to use "s =m ( blu+--usually t kn[n z ultram>9e--= ?is purpose4 ,! action ( ?is reag5t is only me*anical & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! prop] quantity is us$4 ,?is mu/ be det]m9$ by trials ) ! diff]5t am\nts ( ! reag5t1 s9ce ! d5sity ( ! yell[i% t9t is diff]5t 9 ea* case4 ,! place ( application w also dep5d v mu* ^u conditions4 ,"s op]ators apply x only at ! c5trifugals & o!rs apply x 9 ! pan j at ! gra9+ po9t4 ,aga9 o!rs use a quantity at bo? ! pan & 9 ! la/ *>ge ( wat] at ! c5trifugals4 ,9 any case1 a good grade only ( ! reag5t %\ld be us$4 ,?is mu/ be ?or\ghly dissolv$ 9 cle> wat]1 cond5s$ /eam be+ pref]r$1 & pass$ ?r\gh clo? or felt filt]s 9 ord] to remove any trace ( lumps :i* w\ld t5d to produce unev5 blu+1 or blui% /reaks4 ,:ile ?is is an excell5t reag5t 9 its place1 x mu/ n be expect$ to :it5 molasses sug>s z 0 attempt$ by a local manufactur]4 ,animal *>coal or boneblack4--,?is mat]ial is made f bones ( animals1 by burn+ !m 9 a kiln built = t purpose4 ,! object ( ?is burn+ is to remove ! organic matt] & leave ! rema9d] 9 a por\s condition1 s t x may be cru%$ into p>ticles ! prop] size4 ,x is n desirable to h a great am\nt ( *> du/ pres5t1 s9ce ?is ret>ds ! passage ( ! liquors ?r\gh ! filt]s1 z well z impair+ ! effici5cy ( ! "w4 ,bone *>1 be+ v por\s1 absorbs a great volume ( gases1 among :i* is oxyg51 & x is ord9>ily presum$ t its blea*+ p[] may be attribut$ to ?is fact4 ,ext5sive exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e def9itely ?is po9t1 & ! *> has be5 subject$ to an atmosph]e ( o!r gases ?an oxyg54 ,?is prov$ t ! *> /ill conta9$ great cl>ify+ p[]4 ,*> also has a great surface attraction1 :i* causes x to collect p>ticles ( color+ matt] t may be pres5t1 & ?us acts z an excell5t filt]+ ag5t4 ,new *> %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) pure wat] until all ! impurities are remov$4 ,) ! end 9 view ( det]m9+ :5 ! la/ traces ( *lor9e h disappe>$1 *emical te/s are made on ! wa% wat]s4 ,nitric acid & silv] nitrate are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,aft] animal *> has be5 us$ = "s "t 9 ! filt]s & fails to d its "w effici5tly1 x is reburn$1 or reviv$1 z x is call$4 ,ord9>ily ! be/ results are obta9$ aft] a *> has be5 us$ sev]al times4 ,reburn+ ( ! *> at too high a temp]ature %\ld be avoid$1 z x incurs an unnecess>y loss ( fuel1 besides caus+ s]i\s injury to ! *> by a contraction ( ! pores4 ,s9ce1 z /at$ previ\sly1 ! ma9 value ( ! *> z a cl>ify+ & filt]+ m$ium lies 9 ! fact ( its porosity1 any?+ :i* r$uces ?is w greatly impair its effici5cy4 ,"o ?+ 9 connection ) ! bone-*> process ( mak+ :ite sug>s is t x is exp5sive & %\ld n be attempt$ except on a l>ge scale1 s9ce ! initial exp5se ( in/allation1 z well z ! co/ ( runn+1 is v great4 ,! writ] is sometimes ask$ by manag]s ( small factories1 turn+ out plantation yell[ cl>ifi$ sug>s1 if x w\ld n pay !m to employ bone-*> filt]s to use 9 connection ) ! rema9d] ( _! factory1 9 ord] to be able to "w up an indu/ry ) ! l[-grade op5-kettle sug>s1 dur+ ! int]campaign4 ,mo/ assur$ly su* a comb9ation ( small plantation factory & ref9]y w\ld n be a pay+ affair4 ,x takes m5 ( exp]i5ce & special tra9+ to c>ry out successfully ! m detail$ "w 9 any te*nical l9e4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 c be v successfully done by ^! factories1 & t is to make a fir/-class plantation :ite sug> :i* w comm& a ready price 9 ! local m>kets1 or ev5 suffice = export1 if ! prop] manufactur+ me?ods are us$4 ,x is n presum$ t any "o plant] w use all ( ! cl>ify+ reag5ts m5tion$ above1 b he %\ld *oose ! ones to fit 8 individual ne$s1 & secure 8 supply e>ly1 s9ce a great deal ( "t is requir$ to transport supplies f ! place ( manufacture to ^! ,isl&s4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! place ( manufacture happ5s to be 9 ,europe1 z is true ) a numb] ( ! pat5t$ cl>ify+ reag5ts4 ,!n1 aga91 a suitable place %\ld be select$ = ! /orage ( reag5ts1 :]e !y may be protect$ f dampness4 ,! quick-lime & sulphites are especially susceptible to moi/ure1 :ile ! greate/ dang] ( loss1 :5 phosphoric acid comp\nds are /or$1 w result f leakage4 ,?is is on acc\nt ( ! great oxydiz+ effect ( ! acid on ! iron loops surr\nd+ ! b>rels1 :]eby a great quantity may be lo/ )9 a v %ort "t4 ,! writ] obs]v$ ?is ne$less wa/e 9 "o ( ! small factories "h1 :5 tw5ty b>rels ( a high-pric$ acid 7 /or$ on ! damp gr\nd ( ! factory1 & a great p]c5tage ( x wa/$4 ,!re are a numb] ( cl>ify+ ag5ts (f]$ on ! m>ket "u fancy names4 ,plant]s are advis$ to be cauti\s ab\t ! pur*as+ ( su* supplies until !y h be5 ?or\ghly tri$ out & prov5 a success4 ,ev5 !n1 x is bett] to exp]im5t only on a small scale until x is kn[n t !y w meet _! individual ne$s4 ,"s ( ^! are n only defici5t 9 cl>ify+ p[]1 b actually act z an absolute detrim5t by introduc+ impurities :i* l[] ! value ( ! juice z well z increas+ ! subsequ5t "w ( boil+ & aft] work+ ( ! sug>4 ,,la ,,fabricacion ,,de ,,azuc> ,,blanco ,,en ,,los ,,+5ios4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,?4 ,h>l(f & ,h4 ,s*midt4 ,translat$ into ,spani% by ,c4 ,j4 ,b\rbakis4 7,review$ by ,cleve4 ,w4 ,h9es1 ,m4 ,s41 ,/ation ,sup]9t5d5t47 ,?is book is edit$ by two ( ! =emo/ sug> produc]s ( ! _w1 ,mr4 ,h>l(f1 :o is manag] ( a l>ge sug> factory 9 ,java1 & ,mr4 ,s*midt1 a v able consult+ *emi/ & eng9e]4 ,! book 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,dut* & 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 & n[ ! ,spani% edition has be5 complet$1 :i* w be welcom$ by ,spani% read]s ?r\gh\t ! sug> _w4 ,:ile deal+ ) a purely te*nical subject1 ?is "w is s simple 9 its diction t x may be readily compreh5d$ ev5 by ^? ( little te*nical tra9+4 ,! introduction is divid$ into five p>ts z foll[s3 ,"p ,i4--,! influ5ce ( alkalies & alkal9e e>?s on ! con/itu5ts ( cane juice4 ,m5tion is "h made ( ! =mation ( sac*>ates ( b>ium1 /rontium1 & calcium 9 l[ conc5trations4 ,! latt] is made use ( 9 ! fam\s ,/eff5s process ( ! beet-sug> indu/ry4 ,"p ,,ii4--,! influ5ce ( acids on ! con/itu5ts ( sug> cane & ! hydroliz+ effect ( dilute acids on sucrose & ! result+ con/itu5ts1 laevulose & dextrose or inv]t sug>1 are expla9$4 ,"p ,,iii4--,! influ5ce ( heat+ on ! con/itu5ts ( cane juice is %[n4 ,"p ,,iv4--,! color+ sub/ances ( cane & ^? produc$ 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,"p ,v4--,! diff]5t f]m5tations t occur 9 ! sug> factory includ+ lactic1 butyric1 alcoholic & dextran are discuss$4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! text deals ) ! manufacture ( :ite sug> by ! c>bonitation & sulphitation processes1 & p>ticul> att5tion is giv5 to ! acid-?9-juice-me?od :i* has be5 elaborat$ 9 ! ,java factories ) su* great success dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,?is book may be obta9$ f ,norman ,rog]1 #b ,/4 ,dun/an's ,hill1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net 7,p#d ,philipp9e curr5cy74 ,,curr5t ,,notes--,,fir/ ,,qu>t]4 ,,notes ,,by ,p4 ,j4 ,,we/]1 ,horticulturi/ 9 ,*>ge ( ,lamao ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,%ield ,budd+ ! ,mango4 ,! "o defect 9 ! ,p\nd me?od ( %ield budd+ ! mango describ$ 9 ,bureau ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #ah1 ,! ,mango1 consi/s ( ! necessity ( plac+ an apron to protect ! long petiole left on ! bud f ! sun & ! entrance ( wat]1 :i* "w necess>ily requires m "t ?an if ! bud c\ld be wrapp$ z is ! case 9 budd+ citrus trees4 ,h[ev]1 a possible use ( sc>r$ or nonpetiol$ budwood z a means ( obviat+ ! ne$ ( ! apron 0 sugge/$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ publication4 ,! results obta9$ 9 rec5t exp]im5ts conduct$ at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation 7,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aiad7 h fully come up to ! expectations ( ?is modification1 & if ! "w is c>efully p]=m$1 ! op]ator %\ld h no tr\ble 9 obta9+ #he p] c5t ( live buds by proce$+ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ directions3 7#a7 ,select budwood t is well matur$1 f ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird flu%es f ! end ( a bran*4 ,?is budwood is always gre5 & smoo?4 7#b7 ,?ree weeks or m 9 advance ( ! date :5 ! budd+ is to be p]=m$1 cut (f ! leaf blades ( ! budwood select$4 ,?is causes ! petioles to drop4 ,:5 ! sc>s left aft] ! petioles h fall5 are well heal$ ! budwood is 9 condition = budd+4 7#c7 ,! buds %\ld be cut ab\t #d c5timet]s long1 ) an ample wood %ield1 & ins]t$ 9 ! /ock at a po9t :]e ! b>k is gre5 & smoo? l ! budwood1 n :]e x is r\gh & br[ni%4 7#d7 ,use wax$ tape 9 ty+ & cov] ! entire bud4 7#e7 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( two to ?ree weeks a good union has =m$1 unw9d ! wrapp+ s z to expose ! leaf bud f :i* ! gr[? is to issue1 & cut (f ! top ( ! /ock #aj to #ae c5timet]s above ! bud4 7#f7 ,e t5 days aft] unwrapp+ ! buds g ?r\gh ! nurs]y & c>efully rub (f all /ock spr\ts 9 ord] to =ce ! buds to gr[4 ,all o!r precautions t are tak5 9 ord9>y %ield budd+ mu/1 ( c\rse1 also be att5d$ to 9 ord] to insure success4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,%ield ,budd+4 ,aft] repeat$ attempts ! %ield-budd+ exp]im5ts at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation ) ! camia 7,av]rhoa ,bilimbi7 & ! santol 7,s&oricum koetjape7 h be5 successful1 & x has also be5 f\nd t ! b>obo 7,diplodiscus paniculatus71 a nut tree indig5\s to ! ,philipp9es 7,dill5ia indica71 & ! sea grape 7,coccoloba uvif]a71 may be propagat$ by means ( %ield budd+4 ,detail$ in=mation relative to ! budd+ ( ^! plants w be publi%$ on ! completion ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,improvem5t ( ,tropical ,fruits 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! av]age fruit is s poor t mo/ =eign]s nev] give any att5tion to ! santol1 & ! fruit is a drug ev5 9 ! native m>kets & enorm\s quantities annually rot on ! gr\nd4 ,few are aw>e t !re are mutations among ! santol trees ! fruit ( :i* 9 po9t ( flavor vies ) ! be/ fruits 9 ! ,tropics1 & t 9 ?is respect x is sup]ior ev5 to its celebrat$ relative1 ! lanzon 7,lansium dome/icum71 ! greate/ defects be+ ! l>ge se$s & ! adh]5ce ( ! fle% to ! se$s4 ,if ! se$ 9 ^! sup]ior santols 7 abortive 9 ! same proportion z ^? 9 ! mango/e51 ! n[ despis$ santol1 ) its transluc5t pulp1 sep>able f ! p]ic>p z t ( ! mango/e51 subacid1 juicy & ( a v9\s1 excell5t flavor1 w\ld rapidly become "o ( ! mo/ popul> fruits 9 ! ,tropics4 ,its ?ick1 t\gh r9d %\ld make ! santol at lea/ equal to ! mango/e5 z a %ipp]4 ,:at is probably ! fir/ horticultural1 asexually propagat$ v>iety ( ! santol is n[ be+ e/abli%$ at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation f buds obta9$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,galang1 assi/ant agricultural inspector1 f a tree 9 ,pampanga1 ! fruit ( :i* is s highly priz$ locally t ! fruit nev] retails bel[ ! relatively high price ( #b c5tavos apiece ev5 :5 o!r santols are s pl5tiful z to be lit]ally unsalable4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,malv>1 assi/ant agricultural inspector1 has obta9$ 9 ,batangas budwood ( a sweet-fruit$ camia :i* is also be+ propagat$4 ,?is is ! fir/ mutation ( ?is k9d com+ to ! att5tion ( ! writ]4 ,! collection ( ,philipp9e citrus fruits ( economic value or ( botanical int]e/ has be5 9 progress s9ce 9 #aiaa1 b no sy/ematiz$ selection "w 9 ! m&>9 di/rict has be5 attempt$ until ,decemb]1 #aiad1 :5 ,mr4 ,b4 ,malv> 0 detail$ to visit ! citrus region 9 ,batangas4 ,mr4 ,malv> return$ ) sample fruits ( "s tw5ty odd trees1 a numb] ( :i* 7 f\nd to be ( v good quality4 ,^! are be+ propagat$ = future di/ribution4 ,mr4 ,malv> also f\nd ano!r ,tizon 7,citrus nobilis v>4 papill>is7 ( excell5t flavor & quality :i* has be5 add$ to ! citrus collection at ,lamao4 ,petiol$ ,vs4 ,nonpetiol$ ,budwood4 ,! la/ ?ree ye>s' exp]im5ts 9 %ield budd+ tropical fruits :i* h be5 conduct$ by ! writ] at ! ,lamao exp]im5t /ation indicate t = practical purposes 9 propagation "w ! tropical fruits may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ,^? species ! budwood ( :i* may be cut at ! "t ( budd+ & ! petioles cut (f close to ! bud--= in/ance1 ! citrus fruits1 avocado1 guava1 & c>ambola2 & 7#b7 ^? species 9 :i* decay ent]s ! bud f ! adh]+ remnant ( ! petiole s frequ5tly z to make impracticable budd+ f newly cut budwood f twigs ) ! leaves /ill adh]+1 su* z ! mango1 hevi1 & cacao4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is tr\ble may be easily ov]come by ! simple me?od ( cutt+ (f ! leaf blade ab\t ?ree weeks 9 advance ( :5 ! budd+ is to be done s z to induce ! =mation ( a leaf sc>4 ,!n :5 ! petioles h dropp$ & a well-heal$ sc> has =m$1 ! budwood may be cut & ! buds ins]t$ & ti$ z 9 ord9>y %ield budd+4 ,9 ! case ( "s species1 :e!r or n ! bud is ( ! same age z ! /ock at ! po9t ( ins]tion is ( little or no practical importance1 b 9 o!r species ?is condition is "o ( ! requirem5ts = success4 ,!re=e1 two *ances ( failure are insur$ aga9/ 9 exp]im5tal "w ) species t hi!rto h n be5 budd$--7a7 by defoliat+ ! budwood previ\sly to ! budd+ op]ation1 & us+ :at may be t]m$ nonpetiol$ or sc>r$ budwood2 & 7b7 by ins]t+ ! buds at a po9t 9 ! /ock :i* approximately is ( ! same age & appe>ance z ! budwood4 ,,notes ,,by ,,cleve4 ,w4 ,,h9es1 ,m4 ,s41 ,/ation ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,a ,new ,sug> ,indu/ry4 ,! beg9n+ ( a tropical indu/ry 9 :at w\ld be consid]$ a semitropical climate 0 not$ 9 #aiad1 :5 ! ,s\?we/]n ,sug> ,company ( ,arizona mill$ _! fir/ crop ( sug> cane & made x into sug>4 ,! factory _h be5 us$ previ\sly = ! manufacture ( beet sug> only4 ,x is a s+ul> co9cid5ce to f9d a region :]e bo? cane & beets w ?rive well & :]e sug> is made f bo? s\rces 9 ! same factory1 & ! sug> _w is look+ =w>d ) great int]e/ to ! results ( ?is new v5ture4 ,! ,_w's ,sug> ,supply4 ,! _w's production ( sug> am\nts to ne>ly sev5te5 million tons1 practically "o half ( :i* is d]iv$ f ! beet root1 ! great] p]c5tage ( :i* is produc$ 9 ,europe4 ,n[ t ! ravages ( w> h deva/at$ _m ( ! bett] beet-sug> regions ( ,europe a great] dem& w be made on ! m =tunate sug> c\ntries z soon z ! pres5t supply ( /orage sug> is exhau/$ & trade resumes its normal condition4 ,progress 9 ,sug> ,manufacture4 ,! pa/ few ye>s h %[n great progress 9 ! me?od ( sug> mak+4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t a high grade ( sug> c\ld be made only by ! use ( ! bone-black or animal-*> process4 ,! beet-sug> produc]s 7 ! fir/ to div]ge f ?is me?od & succe$$ 9 mak+ a p]fectly satisfactory sug> 9 _! factories 9 "o cont9u\s process by ! aid ( ! c>bonitation sy/em4 ,l\isiana _h be5 mak+ a fairly good sug> kn[n z yell[ cl>ifi$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ! great /ep 9 improvem5ts along ^! l9es 0 br\ght ab\t by ! acid-?9-juice process ( ,java4 ,?is 0 a comb9ation ( ! c>bonitation & sulphitation processes :i* gave a satisfactory sug>1 ?\gh un=tunately ! yield ( result+ molasses 0 also q high4 ,! late/ improvem5t 9 ?is "w 0 ! introduction ( ! ,battille ,process :i* has c]ta9 simil>ities to ! ,/eff5s process ( beet-sug> manufacture4 ,?is me?od has giv5 an excell5t grade ( sug> & ! maximum r5dem5t s9ce practically all ( ! sug> is extract$ 9 cry/aliz$ =m4 ,,publications ,,( ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,subscription rates = ,! ,philipp9e ,agricultural ,review are z foll[s3 ,9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,p#b 7#a ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy7 p] ye>2 9 =eign c\ntries 9 ! ,po/al ,union ,p#d 7#b ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy7 p] ye>4 ,a limit$ numb] ( ! foll[+-nam$ bullet9s are available = free di/ribution4 ,all communications %\ld be address$ to ! ,director ( ,agriculture1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i4 ,,bullet9s4 ,no4 #g4 ,! ,g>d54 7,spani%47 7#fb pp41 #i ill47 ,no4 #ab4 ,abaca 7,manila ,hemp74 7,revis$47 7,engli% & ,spani%47 7#dj pp41 #aa ill47 ,no4 #ac4 ,! ,cultivation ( ,maguey 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 7,spani%47 7#bf pp41 #i ill47 ,no4 #ad4 ,! ,cultivation ( ,sesamum 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 7,spani%47 7#h pp47 ,no4 #af4 ,cultivation ( ,tobacco 9 ! ,philipp9es 7,spani%1 ,engli%1 ,ilocano1 & ,ibanag47 7#bd pp41 #f ill47 ,no4 #ag4 ,coconut ,culture4 7,spani%47 7#bj pp41 #d ill47 ,no4 #ah4 ,! ,mango4 7,engli%47 7#fj pp41 #i ill47 7,out ( pr9t47 ,no4 #ai4 ,te/s ( ! ,effici5cy ( ,antir9d]pe/ ,s]um4 7,engli%47 7#aaj pp41 #ahg ,*>ts & ,diagrams47 ,no4 #bj4 ,notes on ! ,muscul> ,*anges ,br\ght ab\t by ,int]muscul> ,injection ( ,calves ) ! ,virus ( ,contagi\s ,pleuropneumonia 7,engli%47 7#ah pp41 #d ill47 ,no4 #ba4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,normal ,blood ( ,c>abao4 7,engli%7 7#ab pp47 ,no4 #bd4 ,! ,role ( ,/omoxys calcitrans 9 ! ,transmission ( ,trypanosoma evansi4 7,engli%47 7#ea pp41 #e4 ill47 ,no4 #be4 ,! ,philipp9e ,coconut ,indu/ry4 7,engli%47 7#fg pp41 #ba ill47 ,no4 #bf4 ,! ,kapok ,indu/ry4 7,engli%47 7#da pp41 #aa ill47 ,no4 #bg4 ,citriculture 9 ! ,philipp9es4 7,engli%47 7#fj pp41 #dc ill47 ,no4 #bh4 ,! ,me*anical ,transmission ( ,surra by ,tabanus /riatus4 7#aa pp47 ,,notes #a ,bureau ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,citriculture 9 ! ,philipp9es1 #aiac1 conta9s illu/rations ( sev]al unnam$ citrus fruits describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,^? read]s :o possess ! above-m5tion$ bullet9 may be int]e/$ to "k t 9 accordance ) ! classification h]e9 ^! fruits %\ld be nam$ z foll[s3 ,bull4 ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,iv1 ,m&>9 ,lime ,c4 webb]ii2 ,,viii1 ,lime 7,m9danao type7 ,c4 excelsa v>4 davao5sis2 ,,viii1 ,lime1 ,limon ,real ,c4 excelsa2 ,x1 ,cabuyao ,c4 hi/rix2 ,,xi1 ,cabuyao ,c4 hi/rix v>4 torosa2 ,,xii1 ,biasong ,c4 micran?a2 ,,xii1 ,type f ,bohol ,c4 hi/rix v>4 torosa2 ,,xii1 ,type f ,bohol ,c4 hi/rix v>4 bohol5sis2 ,,xiv1 ,colo ,c4 macrophylla2 ,,xiv1 ,samuyao ,c4 micran?a v>4 microc>pa2 ,,xv1 ,talamisan ,c4 longisp9a2 ,,xv1 ,tizon ,c4 nobilis v>4 papill>is2 ,,xv1 ,tihi-tihi ,c4 m$ica v>4 odorata2 ,x,v,ia ,c4 webb]ii v>4 montana2 ,x,v,ib ,c4 s\?wickii4 #b ,9 ! above description ! pi/il is said to be small4 ,citron fl[]s exam9$ by ! writ] h be5 f\nd to h l>ge pi/ils simil> to ^? 9 ,c4 m4 v>4 odorata & ,c4 m4 v>4 nanus4 #c ,pap] read be=e ! ,l\isiana ,sug> ,plant]s ,assn41 ,june #ab1 #aiac4 #d ,cultivation ( ,sug> ,cane1 by ,dr4 ,/ubbs4 #e ,f ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 ,no4 #ajg1 p4 #bjc4 #f ,bullet9 #ia1 ,l\isiana ,sug> ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #g ,all /ati/ics1 & mu* ( ! in=mation t applies specifically to robu/a c(fee h be5 adapt$ f ,robu/a & ,"s ,alli$ ,c(fee ,species by ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,j4 ,van ,hall1 ( ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 ,buit5zorg1 ,java1 publi%$ 9 ! ,agr4 ,bul4 ( ! ,f4 ,m4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i3 ,no4 #g1 #aiac1 & f a review ( a s]ies ( articles on robu/a c(fee by ,dr4 ,e4 ,wildeman1 9 ! ,mon?ly ,bul4 ( ,agr4 ,intellig5ce1 etc41 ,vol4 ,,iv3 ,no4 #d1 #aiac4