,the ,philippine ,agricultural ,review ,vol4 ,,viii ,,first ,,quarter1 #aiae ,no4 #a ,,special ,,articles ,,citrus ,,fruits ,,in ,,the ,,philippines ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,wester ,,by-,,products ,,of ,,sugar ,,manufacture ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,hines ,a ,,quarterly ,,publication ,,issued ,,in ,,english ,,by ,,the ,,bureau ,,of ,,agriculture ,the ,government of the ,philippine ,islands ,department of ,public ,instruction ,,manila ,,bureau ,,of ,,printing #aiae 7,entered at the post office at ,manila as second-class matter47 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,editorial #c ,citrus ,fruits in the ,philippines #e ,by-products of ,sugar ,manufacture #bi ,coffee in the ,philippines #ci ,cane-juice ,clarification #dg ,book ,review3 ,la ,fabricacion de ,azucar ,blanco en los ,ingenios #ef ,current ,notes3 ,first ,quarter--,shield ,budding the ,mango2 ,experiments in ,shield ,budding2 ,improvement of ,tropical ,fruits in the ,philippines2 ,petioled vs4 nonpetioled ,budwood2 ,new ,sugar ,industry2 ,world's ,sugar ,supply2 ,progress in ,sugar ,manufacture #eg ,,illustrations4 ,plate ,i4 ,plant propagation shed at ,lamao ,experiment ,station ,frontispiece4 ,facing page-- ,,ii4 ,citrus ,fruits3 7a7 ,talamisan2 7b7 ,tizon2 7c7 ,philippine ,pomelo #af ,,iii4 ,herbarium ,specimens of ,citrus3 7a7 ,talamisan2 7b7 ,alemow2 7c7 ,limao #af ,,iv4 ,citrus ,fruits3 7a7 ,canol2 7b7 ,cabuyao2 7c7 ,limao #af ,v4 ,herbarium ,specimens of ,citrus3 7a7 ,canci2 7b7 ,cabuyao2 7c7 ,biasong #af ,,vi4 ,citrus ,fruits3 7a7 ,tihi-tihi2 7b7 ,biasong2 7c7 ,alemow #af ,,vii4 ,herbarium ,specimens of ,citrus3 7a7 ,colo-,colo2 7b7 ,samuyao2 7c7 ,balincolong #af ,,text ,,figure4 ,fig4 #a ,seedling of ,c4 histrix ,,dc #ah ,,editorial4 ,,the ,,sugar ,,industry4 ,it is supposed that the sugar cane 7,saccharum officinarum7 was originally found in ,india1 probably in the region of the ,ganges4 ,there is no sugar cane known anywhere to-day in the wild state although there are several species of mammoth grasses closely akin to this plant4 ,as various portions of the earth's surface were explored and finally settled the sugar industry was extended until to-day one finds it flourishing in practically all tropical countries and many subtropical countries as well4 ,perhaps the last semitropical region to attempt this industry in a commercial way was the ,state of ,arizona1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 where the desert wastes were turned into flourishing beet and cane fields by the aid of irrigation from the ,government storage dam4 ,during the reign of ,napoleon in ,france trade in the sugars from ,british and other foreign possessions was destroyed by the war with ,england but this decline in the cane-sugar trade served only as an impetus to the new beet-sugar industry then being started4 ,in the meantime there was such a dearth of sugar and such a fabulous rise in prices1 that attempts were made to secure sugar from various plants and fruits growing in ,france1 such as beets1 sorghum1 maize1 grapes1 apples1 pears1 figs1 etc4 ,at that time the manufacture of a kind of sugar from grapes became quite important so that during the period from #ahaa to #ahac considerable quantities of this class of sugar were made4 ,simultaneously with this new venture the beet root was gaining in importance year by year1 especially in ,france1 and to a certain extent as well in other ,european countries1 until after extensive experiments in plant breeding it was learned that the sucrose value of the root could be very much improved4 ,from this work varieties of beets used to-day have evolved which often contain as high as #bj to #be per cent sucrose4 ,another obstacle in the way was the bad taste and odor of the low-grade sugars from the beets and the difficulty of making a high-grade sugar4 ,to-day the heavy liming and the carbonation process give a sugar equal in all respects to the best grade of granulated cane sugar1 and one finds a great deal of beet sugar either mixed with cane sugar or marketed alone under the name of cane sugar4 ,at the present time the beet-sugar industry has become so important that more than eight million tons1 or about one-half of all the sugar produced1 comes from this source4 ,there is a greater consumption of sugar each year which necessitates greater production either through larger areas1 heavier yields1 or its manufacture from other sacchariferous plants4 ,the maximum in both area and yield have by no means been reached1 while in recent years a large number of sacchariferous plants have attracted the attention of various investigators throughout the sugar world1 and this will in all probability lead to a new source of supply4 ,the most promising of these plants is the sugar palm 7,arenga saccharifera74 ,extensive work was conducted on this palm by this ,bureau and reported in the ,may1 #aiad1 number of the ,philippine ,agricultural ,review4 ,during the above-mentioned year an entirely new method of juice clarification was elaborated which is applicable to the juices of various other palms as well as to that of the sugar cane4 ,in ,bengal the wild date palm 7,phoenix silvestris7 has produced a low grade of molasses sugar for consumption by the natives for a great number of years4 ,the main obstacle encountered in making a good grade of sugar from this palm has been caused by the difficulty of clarification and the susceptibility of the juice to fermentation4 ,it is thought that the above-mentioned process may bring this palm into greater prominence in the sugar world4 ,there are also the ,palmera 7,borassus flabelliformis7 of ,southern ,india1 and the ,nipa 7,nipa fructicans7 of the ,philippines4 ,either of these could undoubtedly be made profitable sugar producers4 ,the latter is used commercially only as a source of alcohol4 ,there is practically no limit to the number of sacchariferous plants one might name in the ,tropics and subtropics1 but many of these do not contain a sufficient percentage of sucrose1 or else they contain such a high percentage of impurities that the low yield of sugar and the high cost of manufacture make their use unprofitable4 ,,citrus ,,fruits ,,in ,,the ,,philippines4 #a ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,wester1 ,horticulturist in ,charge of ,lamao ,experiment ,station4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 ,de ,candolle1 in his ,origin of ,cultivated ,plants1 discusses #e species belonging to the genus ,citrus3 ,the pomelo1 ,c4 decumana ,l42 the citron1 lemon1 and lime1 here considered as distinct species1 which he includes under the one species1 ,c4 medica ,l42 the sweet orange1 ,c4 aurantium ,l41 which he separates from the sour orange and which is also by him considered as a distinct species1 ,c4 vulgaris ,risso2 and finally the mandarin1 ,c4 nobilis ,lour4 ,of these1 the pomelo1 orange1 mandarin1 lemon1 lime1 and citron are important pomologically1 the sour orange being grown principally as stock for the other species4 ,the pomelo is by the same author considered to be indigenous to the ,pacific ,islands east of ,java1 the citron and affiliated species to have originated in ,india1 and the sour orange east of ,india1 and all to have been in cultivation for over two thousand years4 ,the antiquity of the orange and mandarin is less1 both species being from ,china and ,cochin ,china4 ,all these species have been introduced into the ,philippine ,archipelago1 and are well distributed excepting the sour orange1 which is rarely seen4 ,the discussion of all species refers to them as found in the ,philippines except when otherwise stated4 ,no very distinct types are found among the oranges or mandarins2 the variation in the pomelo is considerable1 although1 so far as the writer has noted1 scarcely enough to warrant the distinction of separate varieties4 ,both the white and red-fleshed types occur with many gradations1 but no studies have been made to note which other correlative characters1 if any1 are identified with these different forms4 ,the very primitive pomelos 7,pl4 ,,ii1 c7 that are not infrequently seen in cultivation might indicate that this species is indigenous to the ,philippines1 though so far as the writer knows the tree has never been seen in the virgin forest4 ,closer observations have been made on the general type represented by the citron1 including the lemon and lime1 and several distinct forms have been recognized4 ,the calamondin1 ,c4 mitis ,blanco1 is well known to be indigenous1 as well as the cabuyao and related plants that have been referred to ,c4 histrix ,,dc4 ,in the first-named species there seem to be no very marked variations4 ,c4 histrix was described by ,de ,candolle1 flowers and fruits excepted1 from a plant growing in ,montpellier1 being recognized principally by its long broad-winged petioles and free stamens4 ,the writer has not had the opportunity to see the original description of ,c4 histrix or examine the type specimen1 but ,swingle refers to it in ,jour4 of ,agri4 ,research1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 page #aj1 #aiac1 as having broadly winged petioles1 often larger than the blades1 the wings being more gradually narrowed toward the base and usually more abruptly truncate at the tip than ,c4 ichangensis ,swingle1 making then somewhat triangular in outline4 ,within these broad limitations a number of otherwise remarkably distinct forms may be recognized some of which were illustrated in a previous publication1 ,bureau of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #bg1 ,citriculture in the ,philippines1 #aiac1 and referred to ,c4 histrix with the statement that some of these forms unquestionably will be recognized as subspecies on closer study1 or possibly as separate species4 ,since then several plants of this type in the citrus collection assembled at ,lamao by the ,bureau of ,agriculture have bloomed and fruited1 affording an opportunity for fuller observations1 and these have been further complemented during a trip to ,bohol and ,cebu in ,may1 #aiad1 and by the fruits forwarded by ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,southwick4 ,however1 assuming that ,c4 histrix 7or some of its subspecies7 is the ,c4 histrix of ,de ,candolle1 there still remain1 on one hand the limao1 and on the other the biasong1 balincolong1 samuyao1 samuyao-sa-amoo1 as widely different from each other and the cabuyao and its subspecies as for instance the orange1 and pomelo1 or the mandarin and the calamondin4 ,a very interesting characteristic has been discovered in several of the citrus fruits that have free stamens in the form of a more or less distinct nucleus in the juice cells2 this1 so far as the writer knows1 has not been previously recorded in a citrus fruit4 ,the fact that the presence of these nuclei is not here referred to in some species with free stamens does not necessarily mean that they are absent1 considering that fruits of these particular species have not been examined since the first nuclear cells were discovered4 ,the writer is inclined to believe that these nuclei are correlative to those species having free stamens4 ,to the student in the citrus-growing sections of the ,united ,states the characterization of the citron1 lemon and lime as given herein is no doubt satisfactory1 but in the ,philippines various forms called limon will appear that do not agree with this and it would then be necessary either to make the descriptions more general so as to cover the additional forms or to classify these as species or subspecies4 ,if the barely margined petioles1 comparatively small leaves1 the green1 tender growth and the white corolla are insisted upon for the lime1 for instance1 it is difficult to know where to place the purple-growthed1 thorny1 wide-winged1 purplish-petaled1 subglobose limes with wide-winged leaves of the ,philippines4 ,they cannot well be placed with the lemons1 and still less with the citron1 though they of course show strong relationship to each4 ,the citron group of the genus perhaps more than any other shows the need of further study and systematization of the entire genus4 ,attention should be called to the presence in the ,philippines of the extremely primitive types of the citron and the lemons2 for instance1 the fruit illustrated in ,bulletin ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,xvi 7c71 and colo-colo1 as well as the lombog1 referred to ,c4 pseudolimonum in this paper4 ,of all the plants here discussed1 ,c4 micrantha var4 microcarpa is botanically furthest removed from the cultivated citrus fruits4 ,each considered as a separate species and constituting perhaps the most complete description of these species published in ,english1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hume's characterization of the orange1 sour orange1 mandarin1 pomelo1 citron1 lemon1 and lime in his ,citrus ,fruits and ,their ,culture1 is here reproduced without alteration4 ,some writers have grouped several of these as subspecies under one great comprehensive species1 but1 as ,mr4 ,hume aptly says3 ,what advantage is there in throwing the sour orange1 sweet orange1 pomelo1 kumquat1 and a few other distinctly different trees into one conglomerate species 99 99 99 and then placing each of the aforementioned plants under this species as subspecies and varieties4 ,such a procedure is more likely to result in further confusion than order4 ,the species of the genus ,citrus that have come under the observation of the writer1 with two exceptions1 seem naturally to divide themselves into two groups1--7#a7 those with more or less united filaments and hypogeal cotyledons1 and 7#b7 those with free filaments1 and 7in all instances where there has been an opportunity for observations7 with supra-terraneous1 distinct cotyledons 7fig4 #a74 ,in so far as these characteristics have been observed in the ,philippine citrus fruits1 long and broad-winged petioles are a third correlative feature distinguishing group ,no4 #b2 ,c4 ichangensis recently described by ,swingle from ,china also possesses this last feature1 but has connate filaments4 ,the alsem and alemow seem to be intermediate between these forms1 the alsem being most closely related to those in the first division1 the filaments being connate1 while the cotyledons in some lots that have been propagated appeared above ground4 ,the alemow is most closely related to group ,no4 #b1 the filaments being nearly always free4 ,the general character of the talamisan together with the presence of hypogeal cotyledons tends to the belief that this species has more or less united filaments and thus would belong to the first group4 ,all descriptions have been made from living plant material either during tours of collection by the writer1 or from plants grown at the ,lamao experiment station from material sent to the ,bureau of ,agriculture from time to time since ,april1 #aiaa4 ,also1 all the material has been collected from plants growing in the yard of some ,filipino and so may lay claim to having been domesticated4 ,while this statement may not be altogether reliable it is interesting to note that in ,bohol the ,filipinos stated that the following trees grew wild in the forest3 ,among-pong1 amontay1 balincolong1 biasong1 canci1 colo-colo1 limoncito1 limao1 lombog1 and samuyao4 ,while it is believed that the species described in this paper include most of the more distinctive ,philippine citrus fruits1 and several hitherto unknown even to the botanist1 they do not by any means exhaust the ,philippine forms of this genus4 ,several other forms have been noted1 and constitute a part of the citrus collection at ,lamao but are not here referred to1 for the reason that the material on hand is too incomplete to warrant their description at this time4 ,acknowledgements4--,the writer is greatly indebted to ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,southwick1 superintendent of the demonstration station at ,cebu1 for his untiring zeal in repeatedly forwarding sets of citrus fruits and budwood from ,bohol and ,cebu1 and for his most valuable assistance during a collection trip made by him and the writer to ,cebu and ,bohol in ,may1 #aiad1 without which it would not have been possible to obtain much of the data and material collected4 ,all the species and varieties credited to ,bohol were first called to the attention of the ,bureau by ,mr4 ,southwick4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,weathersbee1 formerly agricultural inspector of this ,bureau1 first called attention to the alemow and has also assisted in the collection of citrus material in ,cebu4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,burton1 formerly superintendent of the ,trinidad garden1 ,benguet1 has forwarded fruits and budwood of the cabugao and other fruits4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,mackie1 entomologist of the ,bureau1 first called attention to a variety of alsem in ,bontoc of superior quality4 ,m4 ,g4 ,b4 ,mead sent the first specimens of ,panuban4 ,,descriptions ,,and ,,comments4 ,citrus aurantium ,l4 ,orange4 ,a tree #g4e to #ab meters in height1 with a compact1 conical head2 bark grayish brown2 thorns generally present1 #ab to #ej millimeters long1 sharp1 stout2 leaves oval or ovate oblong1 #g4e to #aj centimeters long1 smooth1 shining1 somewhat lighter below than above1 margins entire1 or very slightly serrate2 petiole #ab to #be millimeters long1 slightly winged 7occasionally with quite a broad wing72 flowers axillary in clusters of one to six1 white1 sweet scented1 smaller than those of ,c4 vulgaris2 calyx cupped2 sepals four to five1 awl-shaped1 thick1 greenish1 persistent2 petals usually five1 oblong1 #be to #ca millimeters long1 thick1 fleshy1 recurved2 stamens twenty to twenty-five1 hypogenous1 filaments flattened1 united in groups1 shorter than the petals2 pistil distinctly divided into stigma1 style and ovary2 stigma knob-like2 style long and slender2 ovary rounded1 #aj to #ad loculed2 fruit globose to oblate1 light orange to reddish2 rind smooth2 pulp juicy1 subacid2 juice sacs spindle shaped1 sometimes larger than those of ,c4 vulgaris2 seeds few or many1 oblong ovoid1 planoconvex1 generally broad1 wedged or pointed at the micropylar end1 marked with oblique ridges surrounding one or two plain areas4 ,native to ,china or ,cochin ,china4 ,while the orange is nowhere planted in orchards it is fairly well distributed4 ,judging from the prevalence of the citrus fruits in the markets in the various parts of the ,archipelago it ranks fifth in production1 as compared with the mandarin1 pomelo1 lime1 and calamondin1 the only citrus fruits beside the orange that may claim to be of any economic importance even from a ,philippine point of view4 ,excepting a few budded trees of recent importation or distribution by the ,bureau of ,agriculture all trees are seedlings and nearly always the fruit is poor in quality4 ,so far as noted1 there are no variations worthy of notice4 ,citrus vulgaris ,risso4 ,sour ,orange4 7,seville orange1 ,bigarade orange47 ,a small tree1 #f to #i meters in height1 with a dense compact head2 young shoots light green1 thorny2 thorns alternate1 small1 sharp and pointed1 on older wood larger1 strong1 stiff2 leaves unifoliate1 evergreen1 alternate1 ovate1 pointed1 strongly and peculiarly scented2 petiole #ab to #ah millimeters long1 broadly winged2 flowers in small1 axillary cymes1 white1 strongly sweet scented1 somewhat larger than those of ,c4 aurantium2 calyx cupped1 segments #d to #e1 blunt2 petals linear oblong1 conspicuously dotted with oil cells2 stamens #bj to #bd2 filaments united in groups2 pistil club shaped1 smooth2 ovary #f to #ad loculed2 fruit orange colored or frequently reddish when well matured1 inclined to be rough2 rind strongly aromatic1 bitter2 pulp acid2 juice sacs spindle shaped1 rather small2 seeds flattened and wedged toward the micropylar end1 marked with ridged lines4 ,native to southeastern ,asia1 probably in ,cochin ,china4 ,hardier than the sweet orange4 ,samples of what seems to be the sour orange have been received from ,davao1 ,mindanao4 ,citrus nobilis ,lour4 ,mandarin4 ,a small tree #c4f to #f meters in height1 with a dense head of upright or willowy1 drooping branches2 bark dark brownish or streaked with gray2 branchlets light green or dark in color1 small1 slender1 round or angled1 thornless1 or provided with small sharp spines2 leaves small1 lanceolate to oval1 slightly crenate2 petioles short1 wingless1 or with very small wings2 flowers terminating the branchlets or axillary1 sometimes clustered1 #ah to #be millimeters across1 sweet scented2 calyx small1 shallow1 cupped1 the petals small2 petals white1 fleshy1 recurved2 stamens #ah to #bc in number1 shorter than the petals2 pistil small1 resembling that of ,c4 aurantium2 ovary #i to #ae loculed2 fruit distinctly oblate1 orange to reddish in color2 pulp sweet or subacid2 juice sacs broad and blunt2 seeds top shaped1 beaked1 cotyledons pistache green2 embryos one or more2 sections separating readily from each other and from the rind2 rind thin1 oil cell somewhat balloon shaped or oval4 ,native to ,cochin ,china4 ,generally admitted to be somewhat hardier than the sweet orange4 ,the mandarin is the only species in the genus ,citrus that has been at all systematically planted and cared for1 even though this mostly consists in the planting the trees1 now and then the clearing away of the weeds with cutlasses and the harvesting of the fruit4 ,nevertheless the quality of the fruit is uniform and very good4 ,the mandarin district of the ,philippines is confined to a small area principally around ,santo ,tomas and ,tanauan1 in the ,province of ,batangas1 and1 excepting imported fruit1 all mandarins marketed in the ,philippines are grown in the above-mentioned region4 ,scattered trees are found in most parts of the ,archipelago4 ,aside from the tizon1 which is described later1 and which it is believed may be referred to this species1 there are no well-defined varieties of the mandarin4 ,citrus nobilis var4 papillaris ,blanco4 ,tizon4 7,plate ,,ii1 b7 ,a spreading1 small tree1 attaining a height of #f meters or more1 in habit similar to the pomelo2 spines small1 or wanting2 leaves #aj to #ad centimeters long1 #e to #f centimeters broad1 ovate to elliptical oblong1 crenate1 dark-green and shining above1 crinkly1 base broadly acute1 apex narrowly acute to almost acuminate and caudate2 petioles #ag to #bj millimeters long with narrow wing margin2 flowers not seen2 fruit large from #f to #aj centimeters in diameter1 #agj to #ehj grams in weight1 somewhat compressed at basal half1 usually ending in a more or less conspicuous nipple which1 however1 is sometimes wanting2 apex flattened1 or even depressed2 surface smooth1 pale greenish turning to orange yellow2 skin medium thin2 locules #aj to #aa1 separable from each other and the skin like the mandarin2 pulp yellowish1 subacid1 very juicy1 and of good flavor with marked quinine taste2 juice cells large2 seeds very few1 rarely more than #g4 ,the tizon is extremely rare and only a few trees are found in cultivation1 confined to the citrus district of ,batangas1 ,luzon4 ,the trees are said to be quite prolific1 and the fruit matures from ,september to ,december4 ,this fruit1 on account of its scarcity1 is of no commercial importance4 ,however1 it would be an acceptable dessert or breakfast fruit1 being a little more acid than the orange4 ,it is said to be an introduction from ,spain4 ,the tizon is without doubt the ,c4 papillaris described by ,blanco in ,flora ,filipinas4 ,the tizon is believed to be a natural hybrid between the mandarin and the pomelo4 ,it has inherited the loose-skinned character1 large juice cells1 and partial absence of spines1 and leaf character of the first-named species to which it is 7without the writer having had the opportunity to examine the flowers7 unquestionably more closely related than to any other species in the genus4 ,the tizon is represented in the citrus collection at the ,lamao experiment station under ,bureau of ,agriculture ,no4 #gdd and #gde4 ,citrus decumana ,l4 ,pomelo4 ,a tree #f to #ab meters in height1 with a rounded or conical head1 and a trunk upwards of #de centimeters in diameter2 bark smooth1 grayish brown2 young leaves and shoots sparsely pubescent1 light green2 leaves ovate1 blunt1 pointed or rounded1 emarginate1 smooth1 dark1 glossy green1 leathery1 margin crenate2 petioles articulated1 broadly winged2 flowers produced singly or in cymose clusters of #b to #bj1 sweet scented2 calyx cupped1 large2 sepals #d to #e1 pointed2 corolla white1 #cg to #dc millimeters across2 petals #d to #e1 slightly reflexed1 fleshy1 oblong2 stamens #bj to #be2 anthers large1 abundantly supplied with pollen1 proterandrous2 pistil stout2 stigma when ripe covered with a sticky1 milky fluid2 ovary #aa to #ad loculed2 fruit large1 oblate1 globose or pyriform1 light lemon or orange colored2 flesh grayish or pink2 juice sacs large1 spindle shaped2 flavor a mingling of acid1 bitterness and sweetness or subacid2 seeds large1 light colored1 wedge shaped or irregular1 with prominent ridges surrounding broad1 flat areas4 ,native to the ,polynesian and ,malayan ,archipelagos4 ,the pomelo is the most widely distributed species in the genus1 but here as in the orange the quality of practically all the fruit is wretchedly poor1 dry and insipid with a very thick skin4 ,with the exception of the panuban1 described below1 there are no variations worthy of notice in this genus4 ,citrus decumana ,l4 ,pomelo1 var4 ,panuban4 ,a spiny tree1 #c to #d meters tall of robust growth2 young growth pubescent2 leaves #ab to #ag centimeters long1 #d4g to #h centimeters wide1 oblong ovate1 crenate1 coriaceous2 base rounded2 petiole #ae to #bc millimeters long1 wing margins narrow1 at most #ah millimeters broad1 and cuneiform2 flowers not seen2 fruit #e4g centimeters long1 #g centimeters in transverse diameter1 oblate1 with shallow apical cavity2 surface smooth1 lemon yellow2 skin very thin2 pulp contained in #aa to #ab locules1 yellowish1 fairly juicy1 subacid1 acidity and sweetness well blended1 aromatic and well flavored2 seeds large1 polyembryonic4 ,the panuban is said to bloom about ,new ,year and the fruit ripens in ,september to ,november2 the trees are reported to be very prolific4 ,the panuban has been reported only from ,lias1 ,bontoc1 where half a dozen trees are said to grow4 ,possibly the panuban may be an accidental hybrid between the pomelo and the orange or mandarin2 if it is simply a mutation it is certainly one of the most striking in this species4 ,however this may be1 the pomelo character is strongly dominant in both the foliage and the fruit4 ,very well flavored1 the fruit is too dry to be acceptable to a discriminating public1 but it is not improbable that under cultivation the juiciness would increase4 ,in such a case the panuban might become a fruit of commercial importance4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #eafj 7,lias1 ,bontoc74 ,citrus mitis ,blanco4 ,calamondin4 ,a small1 somewhat spiny tree1 #d to #f meters tall2 young growth greenish2 leaves elliptic oblong1 #d to #i centimeters long and about #d centimeters wide1 crenulate2 base acute2 apex usually emarginate2 petiole scarcely winged1 #aj to #ae millimeters long2 flowers axillary1 solitary1 rarely in pairs1 #ba millimeters in diameter1 fragrant2 petals white1 reflexed2 stamens #ah to #bj1 unequal2 filaments united into groups2 ovary globose1 #f to #h loculed2 style slender1 distinct2 stigma knoblike2 fruit globose1 orange yellow1 #b to #d centimeters in diameter2 skin smooth1 thin1 brittle1 separable from the flesh2 pulp orange colored1 juicy1 acid1 with distinct aroma2 juice cells rather large1 short1 and blunt2 seeds comparatively large1 smooth1 plump1 sometimes beaked2 polyembryonic4 ,the calamondin is widely distributed in the ,philippines and occurs wild as well as cultivated4 ,the plant makes an attractive1 ornamental1 small tree and the fruit may be made into marmalade or utilized in making ade4 ,there are no particularly distinct forms of this species4 ,the trees are almost invariably very prolific and almost everbearing4 ,in ,bohol the species is known as limoncito4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bccb 7,tanauan1 ,batangas74 ,citrus webberii4 ,alsem4 ,a shrubby tree with small1 sharp spines2 leaves averaging #ie millimeters in length1 and #cb millimeters in width1 oblong-ovate1 crenulate1 dark green and shining above2 base broadly acute2 apex emarginate1 petiole #bg millimeters long2 wings rarely exceeding #ab millimeters in width2 flowers terminal1 rarely axillary1 solitary1 #bj millimeters in diameter1 sweet scented2 calyx small2 petals white1 reflexed2 stamens #ai to #ba1 about equal2 filaments united into groups of several2 ovary small1 obovoid1 #g to #aa loculed2 style distinct1 slender2 stigma small1 club shaped2 fruit sometimes attaining a weight of #afe grams1 form oblate1 #eh millimeters long to #fe millimeters long to #ff across1 to roundish oblate1 sometimes compressed and wrinkled toward base ending in a pronounced nipple2 apex a shallow depression1 or mammilate with the circular depression more or less pronounced2 surface smooth to fairly smooth2 color greenish yellow to lemon yellow1 lenticels few1 depressed2 skin thin1 the kid-glove character more or less pronounced2 flesh whitish to grayish1 very juicy1 aromatic2 juice cells variable1 from short and blunt to medium slender and tapering to one end2 seeds ovate1 flattened1 smooth1 sometimes beaked4 ,plants of the alsem have never been seen by the writer in the provinces1 the description of the plant having been made from budded plants growing at ,lamao1 propagated from material collected in ,bulacan4 ,the trees have a long flowering season1 as fruits are offered in ,manila throughout the summer to late in autumn4 ,the variation in the fruit is very great1 some being of little value1 while others are extremely thin skinned1 well flavored1 juicy1 aromatic1 with less rag than perhaps any citrus fruit that has been examined by the writer4 ,the floral characters correspond closely to those of the mandarin1 which the fruit in some forms also resembles in appearance and in its loose-skinned character4 ,flavor and aroma place the alsem in close relationship with the cabuyao1 ,c4 histrix1 and it is a curious fact that the ,tagalogs always call it cabuyao4 ,in common with the cabuyao it is frequently infested with the rindborer1 ,prays citri1 while the mandarin is practically immune to this pest4 ,an analysis made by the ,bureau of ,science in ,november1 #aiab1 of alsem fruits purchased by the writer in ,manila gave the following results3 ,weight of-- ,grams4 ,fruit #ef4e ,peel #ae ,seed #a4e ,pulp 7rag7 #ac4e ,juice #bf4e ,analysis of juice4 ,per cent4 ,acidity 7citric7 #e4da ,sucrose ,none4 ,sugar #b4da ,protein 4#cc ,ash 4#ci ,analysis of pulp4 ,per cent4 ,acidity 7citric7 #b4gc ,protein #a4jc ,ash 4#eh ,the alsem was considered a variety of the mandarin in ,bulletin ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,iv1 but a closer study of the plant and fruit shows that it differs so greatly from all other ,philippine species of the genus as to be entitled to specific rank1 and it has been named in honor of ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,webber1 director of the citrus experiment station1 ,riverside1 ,california1 the association with whom1 in connection with his citrus and pineapple breeding work1 more than any other cause influenced the writer to take up the improvement of tropical economic plants4 ,the ,bontoc local name alsem is here proposed as the vernacular name for ,c4 webberii4 ,in previous publications by the writer it was called the mandarin lime1 which is hardly suitable1 however1 since while it has certain resemblances to the mandarin yet is distinct from it1 and again1 its only resemblance to the lime lies in its acidity and ade-making qualities2 moreover the name mandarin lime is too long for popular use4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #hec 7,bulacan71 #bbge 7,manila71 #dbib 7,bontoc74 ,citrus webberii var4 montana4 ,cabugao4 ,a shrubby tree with slender branches and small1 weak spines1 sometimes absent2 young growth green2 leaves #h4e to #ad centimeters long1 #c to #c4e centimeters broad1 ovate to ovate oblong1 crenate1 dark green above1 shining2 base broadly acute to rounded2 apex blunt pointed1 usually retuse2 petiole #bd to #ch millimeters long1 with narrow wing margin1 in large leaves sometimes #ag millimeters broad2 flowers not seen2 fruit roundish oblate1 about #de millimeters across1 somewhat corrugate1 #h loculed4 ,budwood and fruits of the cabugao were forwarded to the ,bureau by ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,burton1 from the ,mountain ,province4 ,the writer did not have the opportunity of examining the fruit1 of which1 however1 an excellent photograph was made1 and1 to date of writing the plants at ,lamao not having bloomed there has been no chance to examine the floral characters4 ,the general character of the plant and fruit indicates that the cabugao is a form of the alsem4 ,through a typographical error in ,bulletin ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,xvi 7a71 the cabugao is credited to ,bohol4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bbff 7,benguet1 ,mountain ,province74 ,citrus longispina4 ,talamisan4 7,pls4 ,i,ia1 ,i,i,ia47 ,an arborescent1 very thorny shrub about #e meters tall1 with numerous suckers and interlocking branches1 the spines on the stems frequently #aj centimeters long2 young growth bright green1 nearly always angular2 leaves #f4e to #aj centimeters long1 #c to #d4h centimeters broad1 ovate to broadly elliptical1 crenate2 base obtuse to broadly acute2 apex acute to rounded1 usually emarginate2 petioles #ai to #be millimeters long1 rather narrowly winged1 though in large leaves the wings are up to #ah millimeters broad2 flowers not seen2 fruit roundish1 somewhat flattened at apex1 #eh millimeters in diameter1 smooth1 deep lemon colored2 skin thin2 locules #aa to #ae2 pulp very juicy1 mildly acid1 with a tinge of orange yellow1 aromatic and pleasantly flavored2 juice cells large1 plump1 blunt or pointed at one end2 seeds rather few1 of medium size1 fairly plump1 more or less reticulate1 polyembryonic1 and of poor germinating qualities4 ,the talamisan is exceedingly rare1 and is found in cultivation in ,bohol 7one plant has been seen in ,cebu7 and is fairly productive4 ,excepting the mandarin1 which is also of rare occurrence1 it is much superior to all other citrus fruits grown in these two islands1 and is eaten by the inhabitants2 it is nevertheless very rare and of no economic importance at present4 ,the fruit ripens in ,january and ,february1 and is a poor keeper4 ,introduced into cultivation1 the fruit of the talamisan could to advantage be used as an ade fruit1 and with a little sugar it would make a good breakfast fruit4 ,the dense growth of the plant1 with numerous suckers1 armed also with formidable spines1 would make it a good live fence4 ,the talamisan1 or tamisan as it is also called1 is one of the most interesting citrus fruits that has come to the attention of the writer4 ,its angular growth1 formidable spines1 broad1 sometimes almost orbicular1 distinct leaves and fruit easily distinguish the talamisan from all other species in the genus4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bebi1 #dhcc 7,bohol74 ,citrus macrophylla4 ,alemow4 7,pls4 ,i,i,ib1 ,v,ic47 ,a tree attaining a height of #f meters1 of upright growth1 and rather long1 stout1 sharp spines2 leaves #ad to #ah centimeters long1 #f to #h centimeters wide1 elliptical to ovate1 crenate to serrate2 base rounded2 apex acute2 petioles #ah to #dj millimeters long1 broadly winged1 wings frequently exceeding #ce millimeters in width2 flowers #d to #g1 in compact cymes1 sessile1 #ah to #bb millimeters in diameter2 calyx cupped2 petals #d to #e1 oblong2 stamens #bf to #cj2 filaments nearly always free2 ovary small1 #ac to #af loculed2 style distinct2 stigma club shaped1 small2 fruit #he to sometimes exceeding #ajj millimeters in length1 attaining a weight of #ejj to #hjj grams1 subglobose to roundish oblong1 more or less compressed towards base1 which is nippled and with stem inserted in a shallow cavity2 apex flattened with a circular depression around the raised stigmatic area2 surface greenish lemon yellow1 rather rough1 with transverse corrugations2 oil cells small1 sunken2 skin comparatively thin2 pulp grayish1 rather dry1 sharply acid1 lemon flavored2 juice cells rather slender1 long1 and pointed2 seed medium large1 short and plump1 smooth1 sometimes beaked4 ,the alemow is a very rare fruit occurring in cultivation in ,cebu1 and considered inedible even by the natives4 ,the description of the flowers was made from fresh specimens collected in ,may4 ,the tree is said to bloom later in the year during the rainy season having then larger flowers4 ,partly grown fruit was then seen on the tree and since mature fruit has been examined by the writer from ,december to late in ,february the alemow is evidently nearly if not quite everbearing4 ,the principal distinguishing features in this species are the large1 broad leaves1 the comparatively short but quite broad-winged petioles1 the free rarely united filaments1 and the quite large1 peculiarly shaped fruit2 it is thus apparently one of the links between the two branches of the genus1 one of which has the filaments more or less united and the other the filaments free1 being in the first group most closely related to the pomelo4 ,the alemow was first forwarded to the writer under the name of colo3 ,bulletin #bg1 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #beaj1 #bcgg1 #cfgg1 #dhbj 7,cebu74 ,citrus southwickii4 ,limao4 7,pls4 ,i,i,ie1 ,i,vc47 ,a thorny tree1 with dense head and drooping branches1 attaining a height of #f meters2 spines small but sharp1 leaves #i4e to #ad centimeters long1 #cf to #ec millimeters broad1 ovate to roundish ovate1 conspicuously crenate1 dark green and shining above1 leathery2 base acute2 apex acute to obtuse1 frequently emarginate2 petioles #ce to #gj millimeters long1 the wings #be to #cj millimeters broad in large leaves1 the average wing area somewhat less than half of the leaf blade2 flowers #b to #f1 in compact axillary or terminal cymes1 sometimes solitary1 #ad to #bj millimeters in diameter1 white1 with trace of purple on the outside2 calyx very small2 stamens #bb to #bh1 free2 ovary globose to oblate2 locules #ae to #ai2 stigma almost sessile2 fruit #de to #ee millimeters long1 #ee to #fe millimeters in equatorial diameter1 oblate1 with shallow cavity at apex1 smooth1 with slight longitudinal corrugations2 lenticels sparse1 small2 oil cells usually raised2 skin thin2 pulp fairly juicy1 sharply acid1 bitter1 with distinct aroma from ,c4 histrix2 juice cells short1 plump1 granulate1 small1 containing a small1 greenish nucleus2 seeds numerous4 ,the limao1 though rare1 is not uncommon in ,bohol1 where it is cultivated and has also been collected by the writer in ,baganga1 ,mindanao4 ,the flowers appear late in ,april and during the early part of ,may1 with the fruit ripening in ,january and ,february2 a few fruits nearly full grown were collected in ,may4 ,no4 #bjdi has flowered irregularly from ,may to ,december4 ,the fruit is not eaten1 but used in washing by the ,boholanos and is of no economic importance4 ,the tree is evidently quite drought resistant1 and succeeds well in very scanty soil underlaid with limestone4 ,the limao belongs in that group of the citrus fruits having free filaments1 the most conspicuous characters being the compact growth of the crown1 the dark-green1 thick1 and distinct leaves1 the almost sessile stigma1 and the attractive1 oblate1 regular-shaped fruit with its many locules1 exceeding in number those in all other citrus fruits known to the writer4 ,this species has been named in honor of ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,southwick1 elsewhere referred to in the paper4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bjdi 7,baganga1 ,mindanao71 #bejd1 #dhbc 7,bohol74 ,citrus histrix ,,dc4 ,cabuyao4 7,pl4 ,vb2 fig4 #a47 ,a thorny tree1 sometimes exceeding #f4e meters in height2 spines medium large and sharp2 leaves #ac4e to #ah centimeters long1 #d to #f centimeters broad1 ovate to oblong ovate1 coriaceous1 dark green and shining above1 crenate2 base rounded to broadly acute2 apex acute1 sometimes emarginate2 petiole #e4e to #h centimeters long1 broadly margined1 sometimes #d4e centimeters wide1 wing area inferior or equal to sometimes exceeding leaf area2 flowers #d to #g1 in axillary or terminal1 compact cymes1 #ag to #bh millimeters in diameter2 calyx small1 not cupped2 petals #d to #e1 oblong ovate1 white1 with trace of purple on the outside2 stamens #cj to #cf1 equal1 free1 with abundant pollen2 ovary rather large1 globose1 #ac to #ah loculed2 style short and stout2 stigma knob like2 fruit subglobose to short pyriform or turbinate1 attaining a length of #i centimeters and a diameter of #g centimeters2 surface smooth2 color greenish yellow to lemon yellow2 rind medium thick2 pulp greenish1 juicy1 sharply acid1 aromatic2 juice sacs rather short and blunt1 usually containing a more or less distinct nucleus2 seeds usually many1 flat1 reticulate4 ,this fruit1 commonly called cabuyao by the ,tagalogs in central ,luzon1 is without question the copahan of ,bohol4 ,near ,manila the tree has been found in flower in ,september1 while in ,bohol flowers were collected in ,may4 ,the fruit may be used in making ade1 but is inferior to the lemon or lime4 ,the native inhabitants eat it together with fish1 and also use the fruit in washing4 ,it is of practically no importance4 ,the amongpong1 found in ,bohol1 and considered a distinct fruit from the copahan by the native inhabitants1 differs chiefly in having only #bf to #cj stamens1 and a large oblate ovary with a short and slender style4 ,the first has not been examined by the writer and is said to be smooth and short1 pyriform1 #aj centimeters in diameter4 ,flowers examined in ,may4 ,calo-oy is another fruit also found in ,bohol considered by the inhabitants as distinct from the copahan and amongpong4 ,the leaf characters in the calo-oy scarcely differ sufficiently to entitle it to rank even as a subspecies2 the flowers were just gone when the visit was made to ,bohol4 ,the fruit is said to be globose1 smooth and about #h centimeters in diameter4 ,amontay 7,pl4 ,i,vb7 is still another form of ,c4 histrix found in ,bohol4 ,this plant was also out of its flowering stage at the time of the visit4 ,the fruit1 forwarded to the writer in ,february by ,mr4 ,southwick1 is about #hh millimeters in diameter1 irregularly globose1 with flattened or depressed base1 and rounded apex1 smooth1 lemon yellow2 oil cells mostly raised2 skin thick2 the pulp1 contained in #aj to #ab locules1 juicy1 and rather pleasantly aromatic2 juice cells medium large1 short and plump1 containing a minute1 greenish nucleus2 cotyledons supraterraneous1 distinct4 ,so far as observed1 the amongpong1 amontay and the calo-oy are not sufficiently distinct from the cabuyao to entitle them even to rank as subspecies4 ,the various forms above referred to are in the ,bureau of ,agriculture citrus collection at ,lamao1 represented as follows3 ,cabuyao1 ,no4 #gci 7,lamao72 copahan1 ,no4 #begj1 #dhce 7,bohol72 amongpong1 ,no4 #bdif1 #dhca 7,bohol72 calo-oy1 ,no4 #dhbb 7,bohol72 amontay1 ,no4 #beja1 #dhcj 7,bohol74 ,citrus histrix var4 boholensis4 ,canci4 7,pls4 ,i,va1 ,va47 ,a small tree1 rarely exceeding #d meters in height1 with compact crown and small1 sharp spines2 leaves #i to #ab centimeters long1 #cj to #de millimeters broad1 ovate to elliptical ovate1 crenulate1 coriaceous2 base broadly acute2 apex acute to acuminate2 petioles #ce to #de millimeters long1 #be to #cj millimeters wide1 wing area less than one-half of leaf area2 flowers #b to #f in compact axillary cymes2 petals white1 with purplish tinge outside2 stamens #bj to #bc1 equal1 free2 ovary quite large1 oblate2 locules #aa to #ad2 style short1 distinct2 stigma knob like2 fruit #ci millimeters long1 #df millimeters in transverse diameter1 oblate1 smooth1 lemon yellow2 oil cells numerous1 uniform1 raised2 skin medium thick2 pulp quite juicy with very pronounced acidity2 juice cells short1 plump1 and granular2 seeds many1 wedge shaped1 monoembryonic2 cotyledons supraterraneous4 ,the canci is found in cultivation in ,bohol and is rather rare4 ,flowers were collected in ,may1 and ripe fruits have been examined in ,january4 ,the fruit is eaten with fish by the ,filipinos1 but is really so little grown that it has no economic importance4 ,the fruit makes a fairly good ade4 ,while the canci undoubtedly belongs to ,c4 histrix yet an examination of its parts shows that it is very distinct from that species as already described4 ,in the leaves1 the comparatively short petioles with small1 cuneiform wings1 as compared with the oblong-spatulate1 broad-winged petioles in the cabuyao1 etc41 is very noticeable2 the stamens are #bj to #bc only in the canci1 while the locules are #aa to #ad1 and the fruit is shorter than broad unlike that in ,c4 histrix4 ,everything considered the plant is apparently an intermediate type between ,c4 histrix and ,c4 webberii4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bebe1 #dhbd 7,bohol74 ,citrus histrix var4 torosa ,blanco4 ,colobot4 ,a spiny tree1 attaining a height of #f or more meters2 young growth green with a tinge of purple2 leaves #i to #ac centimeters long1 #c4e to #e4e centimeters broad1 ovate to short ovate1 bicrenate1 dark green and glossy2 base rounded1 apex emarginate2 petiole #d to #g4e centimeters long1 #b4i to #e centimeters wide1 oblong1 with a broadly acute to obtuse base2 wing area nearly equal to or frequently exceeding the leaf area2 flowers #bj millimeters across1 in axillary clusters of #b to #f2 pedicel slender2 calyx small1 not cupped2 petals #d to #e1 white1 with a tinge of purple on the outside2 stamens #ba to #bf1 free1 equal2 ovary subglobose1 #c millimeters long1 #aa to #ad loculed2 style short1 #a millimeter long1 distinct2 fruit #dh to #ee millimeters long1 and about #ej millimeters in transverse diameter1 irregularly globose to oblate1 usually compressed towards base1 ending in a small nipple1 more or less wrinkled1 greenish lemon yellow2 pulp greenish1 fairly juicy1 acid1 scarcely edible2 juice cells small1 short1 containing a small greenish nucleus2 seeds small1 oblong1 reticulate4 ,this plant is the ,c4 torosa of ,blanco1 which has been considered a synonym of ,c4 histrix1 and here raised to the rank of a subspecies4 ,a comparative study of ,c4 histrix and the variety torosa shows considerable differences between the two4 ,c4 histrix is generally larger in all parts2 the wings of ,c4 h4 torosa are oblong1 maintaining an almost equal width over a large part of the petiole1 ending in a rounded to a broadly acute base1 while in ,c4 histrix1 and in fact in all the species herein described with free stamens1 the wings are more or less cuneate to elongate cuneate or oblong-spatulate1 ending usually in an acuminate1 sometimes an acute base1 the one closest approaching the ,c4 h4 torosa in this respect being the balincolong1 referred to ,c4 micrantha4 ,the flower of ,c4 h4 torosa corresponds with that of ,c4 histrix except that the former has #ba to #bf stamens as compared with #cj to #cf in ,c4 histrix1 which also averages more locules to a fruit4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #cffe1 #cfff 7,batangas74 ,citrus micrantha4 ,biasong4 7,pls4 ,vc1 ,v,ib1 ,v,i,ic47 ,a tree attaining a height of #g4e to #i meters1 with comparatively small but sharp spines2 leaves #i to #ab centimeters long1 #bg to #dj millimeters broad1 broadly elliptical to ovate1 crenate1 rather thin2 base rounded or broadly acute2 apex acutely blunt pointed2 petioles #ce to #fj millimeters long1 broadly winged1 up to #dj millimeters wide2 wing area sometimes exceeding leaf area2 flowers small1 #ab to #ac millimeters in diameter1 white1 with a trace of purple on the outside1 #b to #e1 in axillary or terminal cymes2 petals #d2 stamens free1 equal1 #ae to #ag2 ovary obovoid1 locules #f to #h2 style slender1 distinct2 fruit #e to #g centimeters long1 #c to #d centimeters in transverse diameter1 averaging #bf grams in weight1 obovate to oblong-obovate1 somewhat compressed towards base2 apex blunt pointed2 surface fairly smooth or with transverse corrugations1 lemon yellow2 skin comparatively thick2 pulp rather juicy1 grayish1 acid2 aroma similar to that of the samuyao2 juice cells short and blunt to long1 slender and pointed1 sometimes containing a minute1 greenish nucleus2 seeds many1 flat1 pointed1 more or less reticulate4 ,the biasong has been collected in ,cebu1 ,bohol1 ,dumaguete1 ,negros1 and in the ,zamboanga and ,misamis ,provinces in ,mindanao1 in all of which it is sparingly cultivated4 ,the flowers were described from material collected in ,bohol in ,may4 ,ripe fruit has been obtained in ,may1 ,june1 ,august1 ,november1 and ,february1 indicating that the species is more or less everbearing4 ,the fruit is used by the native inhabitants as a hair wash1 is not eaten1 and is of no economic importance4 ,particularly noticeable in the biasong are the small flowers1 with less stamens than any other species1 and the oblong-obovate1 few-loculed fruits4 ,the balincolong1 by the ,filipinos regarded as quite a different fruit1 found in ,bohol and in ,misamis1 ,mindanao1 is a more robust tree attaining a height of #ab meters1 and has longer wings and thicker leaves1 with smoother fruits which sometimes are almost round1 but these differences scarcely justify this form to rank as a subspecies even4 ,beginning in ,may1 the balincolong 7#aihb7 has bloomed continuously at ,lamao until date of writing 7,dec4 #ah74 ,biasong1 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bejb1 #dhbi 7,bohol71 ,balincolong1 ,no4 #dhcd 7,bohol71 #aiha1 #aihb 7,misamis1 ,mindanao74 ,citrus micrantha var4 microcarpa4 ,samuyao4 7,pl4 ,v,i,ib47 ,a shrubby tree1 #d4e meters tall1 with slender branches and small1 weak spines2 leaves #ee to #hj millimeters long1 #bj to #be millimeters broad1 ovate to ovate-oblong or elliptical1 crenulate1 thin1 of distinct fragrance1 base rounded to broadly acute2 apex obtuse1 sometimes notched1 petioles #bj to #cj millimeters long1 broadly winged1 about #ad millimeters wide1 wing area somewhat less than one-half of the leaf blade2 flowers in compact axillary or terminal cymes1 #b to #g1 small1 #e to #i millimeters in diameter1 white1 with trace of purple on the outside2 calyx small1 not cupped1 petals #c to #e2 stamens #ae to #ah1 free1 equal2 ovary very small1 globose to obovate2 locules #g to #i1 style distinct2 stigma small1 knob like2 fruit #ae to #bj millimeters in diameter1 roundish in outline2 base sometimes nippled2 apex an irregular1 wrinkly cavity2 surface corrugate1 greenish lemon yellow2 oil cells usually sunken2 skin very thin2 pulp fairly juicy1 acid1 bitter with distinct aroma2 juice cells very minute1 blunt1 containing a small1 greenish nucleus2 seeds small1 flattened1 sometimes beaked4 ,the samuyao occurs sparingly in cultivation in ,cebu and ,bohol4 ,flowers were collected in ,may1 partly grown fruits were also obtained1 and ripe fruits have been collected in ,june1 and from ,november to ,february1 showing that the plant is more or less everbearing4 ,the fruit is used by the ,filipinos as a hair wash1 and is of no economic importance4 ,throughout1 the samuyao gives an impression of dwarfness1 by its small size1 weak spines1 small1 and thin leaves2 the flowers are even smaller than in the biasong and the fruit is in all probability the smallest in the genus4 ,in ,bohol a somewhat more vigorous variety of samuyao was found which is named samuyao-sa-amoo4 ,the fruits of samuyao-sa-amoo are a little larger1 and smoother1 and longer than broad1 otherwise similar to the samuyao4 ,samuyao1 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bcga1 #beji 7,cebu71 #becj1 #dhba 7,bohol72 ,samuyao-sa-amoo #becc1 #dhcb 7,bohol74 ,citrus medica ,l4 ,citron4 ,a shrub or small tree1 about #c meters high1 with a short1 indistinct trunk and short1 thick1 irregular1 straggling1 thorny branches2 bark light gray2 thorns short1 sharp1 rather stout2 young shoots smooth1 violet colored or purplish1 stiff2 leaves large1 #aj to #ae centimeters long1 oval oblong1 serrate or somewhat crenate1 dark green above1 lighter beneath2 flowers small1 axillary1 in compact clusters of #c to #aj1 often uninsexual2 calyx small1 cupped2 corolla white within1 tinged with purple on the outside2 petals oblong1 the tips incurved2 stamens short1 irregular in length1 #dj to #de in number2 pistil small2 #b ovary #i to #ab loculed or occasionally more2 fruit lemon yellow1 large1 #ae to #bb centimeters long1 oblong1 rough or warty1 sometimes ridged2 apex blunt pointed2 rind thick1 white1 except for the outer colored rim2 pulp sparse2 juice scant1 acid1 and somewhat bitter or sweetish2 juice sacs small1 slender2 seeds oval1 plump1 light colored1 smooth4 ,probably native to ,india1 or it may have been introduced there from farther east1 ,china or ,cochin ,china4 ,extremely sensitive to cold4 ,the citron is the rarest of all the old cultivated citrus in the ,philippines and is very seldom seen in the markets4 ,citrus medica var4 odorata4 ,tihi-tihi4 7,pl4 ,v,i,ia47 ,a small1 thorny shrub1 seldom exceeding #b4e meters in height1 with sharp1 stout spines2 young growth bright green2 leaves #g4e to #aa centimeters long1 #d4c to #f4e centimeters broad1 elliptical1 rather thick and leathery1 serrate1 of distinct fragrance2 base rounded2 apex notched2 petioles very short #d to #f millimeters long1 not winged2 flowers #a to #d in axillary compressed cymes1 sessile1 rarely exceeding #ch millimeters in diameter2 calyx large1 prominently cupped2 petals #d to #e1 fleshy1 white1 with a tinge of purple on the outside2 stamens #cf to #db1 unequal1 shorter than stigma2 filaments united in groups of #d to #f2 pollen abundant2 gynoecium frequently aborted2 ovary elevated on a bright green disk1 large1 #d millimeters long1 #ac to #ad loculed2 style tapering from ovary1 scarcely more slender1 rather short2 stigma large1 knob like1 and cleft2 fruit #fj to #fe millimeters long1 #g to #aj centimeters in transverse diameter1 weighing #cjj to #dge grams1 oblate1 with a shallow basal cavity1 and sometimes a mammilate apex1 more or less ridged longitudinally1 fairly smooth1 clear lemon yellow2 lenticels scattered1 depressed2 oil cells large1 equal or a trifle raised2 skin rather thick2 pulp grayish1 rather dry1 sharply acid1 of lemon flavor2 juice cells long and slender2 seeds many--sometimes #abe in a single fruit--short1 broad1 and flattened4 ,the tihi-tihi is a rare plant found in cultivation in ,cebu and ,bohol2 one plant has been seen in ,misamis1 ,mindanao4 ,the plant is very precocious1 fruiting as early as the third year from seed1 everbearing1 and is used by the ,filipinos in washing the hair4 ,it is not eaten1 and is of no commercial importance4 ,the tihi-tihi differs from the citron in its green1 tender1 highly aromatic growth1 the leaves having been found to contain #j4f per cent essential oil as analyzed by the ,bureau of ,science4 ,the fruit is strikingly different from the citron4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #ai 7,cebu74 ,citrus medica var4 nanus4 ,a small1 thorny shrub1 rarely exceeding #b meters in height1 with small1 sharp spines2 leaves #g to #aa centimeters long1 #b4e to #d4e centimeters broad1 narrowly oblong ovate to elliptical oblong1 serrate1 darker above than beneath2 base rounded2 apex frequently notched2 petiole #e to #g millimeters long1 wingless2 flowers #b to #aj1 in axillary or terminal1 rather loose cymes1 #c to #d centimeters in diameter2 calyx large1 cupped2 petals linear oblong1 with tips slightly incurved1 white1 with trace of purple on the outside2 stamens #cf to #ej1 unequal2 filaments usually united into groups1 sometimes free2 gynoecium sometimes wanting2 ovary large1 oblong1 #aj to #ab loculed2 style not distinct1 of nearly the same thickness as ovary2 stigma large1 superior to anthers1 knob shaped2 fruit #fe or more millimeters long1 #ee millimeters in diameter1 ellipsoid to almost roundish1 pointed at apex1 lemon yellow1 smooth2 rind medium thick2 pulp grayish to greenish1 acid1 rather dry2 juice cells long and slender1 almost linear2 seeds many1 rather small1 flattened1 smooth4 ,the plant is rather common in the ,archipelago1 and has been noted in ,tarlac1 ,pampanga1 ,bulacan1 ,laguna1 and ,cebu4 ,it is frequently grown and fruited in small pots1 and is probably the smallest species in the genus4 ,it is surprisingly productive and precocious1 fruiting as early as the second year from seed1 and is practically everbearing4 ,the fruit is eaten by the ,filipinos but is too dry to be cultivated for the flesh and the skin is too thin for utilization as citron peel4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bg 7,cebu71 #bchd 7,laguna74 ,citrus limonum ,risso4 ,lemon4 ,a small tree #c to #f meters in height1 with rather open head of short1 round or angular branches1 thorny2 bark grayish2 young shoots purplish1 smooth2 leaves evergreen1 alternate1 #ej to #ge millimeters in length1 ovate oval1 sharp pointed1 light green1 margin serrate2 petioles entirely wingless2 flowers solitary1 occasionally in pairs1 axillary1 on distinct peduncles2 calyx persistent1 segments #d or #e2 corolla large1 #ch to #ej millimeters across1 white inside1 purplish outside2 petals oblong1 spreading1 strongly reflexed2 stamens #bj to #bf1 separate1 or more or less united in small groups2 ovary considerably elevated on a prominent disk1 #g to #aj loculed2 fruit ripening at all seasons1 ovoid or oblong1 and pointed at both base and apex1 about #ge millimeters long1 smooth or rough1 light yellow in color2 rind thin1 flesh light colored2 pulp acid2 juice sacs long and pointed2 seeds oval1 pointed at the micropylar end1 quite smooth4 ,native of the same regions as the citron4 ,the true lemon is very rarely cultivated in the ,philippines and all lemons used are imported from ,california1 ,australia and ,spain4 ,citrus pseudolimonum4 ,colo-colo4 7,pl4 ,v,i,ia47 ,a thorny shrub1 #c meters tall1 with interlocking branches1 and short1 sharp spines2 leaves #h to #aa centimeters long1 #dj to #de millimeters broad1 elliptical to oblong-ovate1 crenulate to serrulate2 base rounded2 apex obtuse1 frequently slightly notched2 petioles #ah to #be millimeters long1 with narrow wing margin1 rarely exceeding #aj millimeters in width2 flowers #a to #e1 in terminal or axillary short cymes1 #bh to #ce millimeters in diameter1 white1 purplish outside2 calyx cupped2 stamens #cj to #cg1 nearly always free1 unequal2 ovary broadly obovoid1 #ad to #ah loculed2 style distinct2 fruit roundish to pyriform1 small1 usually compressed at base2 apex irregular2 surface greenish lemon1 more or less corrugate2 oil cells raised2 skin comparatively thick2 pulp acid2 juice cells small1 short and plump2 seeds undeveloped and sterile4 ,the colo-colo is another of these peculiar ,philippine species with more or less winged petioles affiliated to the lemon1 etc4 ,flowers were collected in ,may1 and ripe fruit has been examined in ,january and ,february4 ,the nearly always free stamens in a plant belonging to the same general group as the lemon is of interest4 ,near the colo-colo is the lombog1 considered a distinct fruit1 also found in ,bohol4 ,this variety is less vigorous than the colo-colo and also differs from the plant in having narrower wing margins and #ba to #bh stamens and #i to #aa locules4 ,the fruit is said to be about #d4e centimeters in diameter and similar in shape to that of the colo-colo4 ,the kunot is a third variety considered distinct by the ,boholanos that also may be referred to ,c4 pseudolimonum4 ,to ,c4 pseudolimonum may perhaps also be referred a thorny1 arborescent shrub1 attaining a height of #d4e meters1 found in ,siquijor1 a little island south of ,negros4 ,material of this was collected in ,august1 #aiab1 by the writer1 at which time the tree bore partly grown1 oblong1 rough1 small fruits4 ,the plants at ,lamao have flowered during the last two months but have not set fruit4 ,the principal difference in this variety from the colo-colo and lombog is in the number of stamens1 here #cf to #da4 ,the fruits of ,c4 pseudolimonum have no economic value4 ,colo-colo1 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #bece1 #dhbe2 ,lombog1 ,no4 #bdih1 #dhbg 7,bohol71 #aiec 7,siquijor74 ,citrus limetta ,risso4 ,lime4 ,a shrub or tree of straggling habit1 with small1 stiff interlocking or drooping1 thorny branches1 the thorns small1 sharp1 numerous2 bark grayish brown2 young branchlets light green1 becoming darker with age2 leaves elliptic-oval1 glossy green in color1 margin slightly indented2 petioles margined2 flowers small1 produced in axillary clusters of #c to #aj2 calyx small1 four to five pointed2 corolla white on both inner and outer surfaces2 petals #d to #e1 oblong1 fleshy2 stamens small1 #bj to #be1 united in a number of groups2 ovary about #aj loculed2 fruit rounded or oblong1 frequently mammilate1 light yellow2 rind thin2 pulp greenish1 acid2 juice sacs small1 slender1 pointed2 seeds small1 oval1 pointed4 ,native to ,india and southeastern ,asia4 ,the lime1 in ,luzon known as dayap1 ranks third in importance among the citrus fruits cultivated in the ,philippines1 and now and then excellent fruit is found in the market1 showing what could be done in growing first-class fruit if pains were taken to do a little selection work and plant budded trees4 ,citrus limetta var4 aromatica4 ,a spiny shrub1 with rather slender1 willowly1 drooping branches1 and sharp spines2 young growth light green1 of pleasant and distinct odor when bruised2 leaves #g4e to #aj centimeters long1 #c4e to #e centimeters broad1 ovate oblong to elliptical1 serrate to crenate1 dull green above2 base rounded to broadly acute2 apex frequently notched2 petiole #f to #ai millimeters long with a narrow wing margin2 flowers solitary or in cymes to #d1 terminal or axillary1 #bh to #ce millimeters across2 calyx rather large1 cupped2 petals #d to #e1 white with a trace of purple on the outside2 stamens unequal1 #bh to #cb1 more or less united2 ovary large1 oblong1 #ab to #ac loculed2 style not distinct as in ,c4 aurantium but rather similar to that in ,c4 medica1 a trifle more slender than the ovary2 fruit #e centimeters long1 #d to #d4e centimeters across1 roundish to roundish oblong1 lemon yellow1 smooth2 skin thin2 pulp pale green1 juicy1 sharply acid1 sometimes almost bitter2 juice cells long1 slender and pointed2 seeds very numerous1 small and plump1 polyembryonic4 ,this form seems to be fairly well distributed and material has been propagated at ,lamao from such distinct points as ,mindoro1 ,palawan and ,benguet4 ,unquestionably a lime1 it is quite distinct from the ordinary lime in habit1 and in the aromatic tender foliage and purplish-petaled flowers on the outside1 which are larger than those in the lime1 the number of stamens also exceeding those of the lime4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #gda 7,palawan71 #agdi 7,mindoro71 #bahb 7,benguet74 ,citrus excelsa4 ,limon ,real4 ,a thorny1 tall shrub of vigorous growth1 straggly habit and interlocking branches1 with stout1 long1 sharp thorns2 young growth purplish2 leaves #i4e to #af centimeters long1 #d4e to #g centimeters wide1 elliptical oblong to ovate oblong1 crenate to serrate1 thick and leathery2 base rounded2 apex retuse2 petiole #ai to #cg millimeters long1 quite broadly winged1 in large leaves the wings frequently exceeding #b centimeters in width2 flowers #c to #g1 in axillary1 rather loose cymes1 #cf millimeters in diameter2 calyx medium large1 cupulate2 petals showing trace of purple on the outside2 stamens #cd to #ce1 unequal2 filaments occasionally free1 usually united into groups of #b to #f2 ovary roundish1 #aj to #ad loculed1 #d4e millimeters across2 style distinct1 #e millimeters long2 stigma large2 fruit #e to #g4c centimeters long1 #e4e to #g4e centimeters in equatorial diameter1 weight #aae to #bbe grams2 form subglobose2 base rounded2 apex flattened2 surface smooth1 greenish to clear lemon yellow2 skin thin2 pulp greenish to grayish1 in good varieties very juicy1 mildly acid1 and of excellent flavor2 juice cells long1 slender and pointed4 ,plant material of the limon real has been collected in ,tarlac1 ,bontoc1 and ,bohol1 and the fruit is at rare intervals offered for sale in small quantities in ,manila4 ,the name of the plant1 ,royal lemon1 indicates the esteem in which the fruit is held by the people1 and while it is unfortunately true that most fruits tested have been too dry to be of any value1 yet in the best types the fruits in quality and aroma surpass all lemons and limes that the writer has had the opportunity to sample4 ,with its robust1 thorny growth1 large leaves and broad-winged petioles and considering its affinity to the lime and lemon together with the roundish oblate fruit with #cd to #ce stamens as against the #bj to #bf in those species and with its #aj to #ad locules1 this plant is apparently as distinct from the lemon and lime as these species are from each other4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #agbg 7,bontoc874 ,citrus excelsa var4 davaoensis4 ,a thorny1 arborescent shrub of straggly habit1 with interlocking1 drooping branches1 and of vigorous growth2 young growth green with tinge of purple2 leaves #h4e to #ac4e centimeters long1 #c4h to #e centimeters wide1 ovate to oblong ovate1 crenulate to serrulate2 base rounded2 apex sometimes retuse2 petiole #af to #cj millimeters long1 with wings ordinarily narrow1 in large leaves sometimes #ae millimeters wide2 flowers not seen2 fruit #f4d centimeters long1 #h centimeters in equatorial diameter1 weighing #cag grams1 oblate2 base rounded2 apex flattened to depressed1 wrinkled1 with a circular depression around the raised stigmatic area2 surface otherwise fairly smooth1 lemon yellow2 skin thin1 central cavity large2 pulp contained in about #ac locules1 light colored1 quite juicy1 sharply acid1 and of good flavor2 juice cells long and slender4 ,ripe fruit of this species has been received from ,davao1 ,mindanao1 in ,december and ,january4 ,the fruit is perhaps too large for retail trade1 but might possibly be utilized in the manufacture of lime juice and allied products4 ,full-grown plants of ,c4 excelsa or the variety above described have not been seen1 but ,c4 e4 davaoensis appears to be smaller than ,c4 excelsa in all respects1 the fruits excepted4 ,there has been no opportunity for an examination of the flowers but so far as observed the plant appears more closely related to ,c4 excelsa than any other species herein described4 ,b4 ,a4 ,no4 #ajji 7,davao1 ,mindanao74 ,economic ,value of the ,new or ,little ,known ,species4 ,the horticulturist and plantbreeder1 ever on the alert for new plant material that may enhance his profits1 extend the cultivable area of his crop1 or be used in making new cross combinations1 will naturally ask himself of what value are these new plants and fruits4 ,briefly stated1 it may be said that the ,tizon is a dessert or breakfast fruit of high1 if not perhaps the highest1 order1 its main defect being the unsightly basal projection4 ,then1 as stated elsewhere1 the best limon real is unsurpassed in quality for ade making4 ,perhaps third in importance are the better types of the alsem for the manufacture of citric acid1 etc41 and it might find a sale in competition with the lemon and lime1 depending to a great extent upon its keeping qualities4 ,the juicy1 thin-skinned1 and few-seeded talamisan may find lovers as a breakfast fruit and is also of the right size for an ade fruit4 ,if cultivation would increase the juiciness of the panuban1 this fruit may find favor with many4 ,a good marmalade may be made of the calamondin4 ,the above species or varieties have more or less of a future on account of their pomological merits1 and the plant breeder1 by crossing them and the cabuyao and canci with old cultivated species1 might obtain valuable results4 ,there is also the prospective value of the new species as stocks4 ,to determine the congeniality of these species and the old cultivated citrus fruits and their value as stocks under various soil conditions would of course require the labor and close observations of many years4 ,the calamondin is quite drought resistant and would probably dwarf the scion4 ,one year old buds of the pomelo1 lime1 mandarin and orange at ,lamao have made satisfactory growth1 the buds taking without difficulty4 ,the cabuyao is a very vigorous tree and is also drought resistant4 ,it has recently been budded with the cultivated citrus fruits1 the buds taking very well4 ,the orange has been budded on the alsem1 resulting in a good growth1 being now 7,december1 #aiad7 nine months old4 ,during the trip to ,bohol in ,may1 the limao1 growing in a coraline lime-stone formation overlaid with a little humus1 the exact counterpart of the ,bahama ,islands or the hammock lands in southeast ,florida1 impressed the writer as one of the best examples of drought resistance among citrus fruits under such conditions4 ,the talamisan also appeared quite drought resistant1 and is furthermore of value as a live fence because of its large spines4 ,the limon real is of great vigor and hence may be a desirable stock for certain varieties and under certain conditions4 ,,by-,,products ,,of ,,sugar ,,manufacture4 ,by ,cleve4 ,w4 ,hines1 ,m4 ,s41 ,station ,superintendent4 ,in various lines of manufacturing there are certain by-products which1 years ago1 constituted a waste and great loss1 but which now under modern methods have become in many cases of considerable importance4 ,this is especially true with the sugar industry4 ,extreme care and attention is required to keep the balance on the right side of the ledger1 and often the proper handling of the by-products forms the deciding factor between success and failure4 ,in order to build up a great sugar industry in these ,islands1 more attention must be given to the details of the work1 and many of the present losses must be turned into profits before great progress can be expected4 ,cane ,tops and ,trash4 ,first in the series of by-products in the manufacture of sugar1 comes cane tops4 ,the amount of this material produced per hectare will depend upon various factors1 including the variety of cane1 its stage of maturity1 etc4 ,the less of these tops1 of course1 that may be produced for a given amount of cane1 the better it will be for the growers1 nevertheless they have a good feeding value if properly handled4 ,professor ,dodson1 #c director of the ,louisiana ,experiment ,station1 states that he found cane tops to have the following composition3 ,per cent4 ,protein #a4ec ,fat #j4da ,carbohydrate #ae4fb ,fiber #h4hg ,water #ga4ej ,ash #b4jg ,the fiber content would be slightly higher and the water content lower1 for tropical cane1 since maturity is completely reached before harvest begins4 ,it may be seen from the above analyses that this makes a most excellent feed for work animals4 ,certainly greater advantage should be taken of this feeding stuff than is usually done1 since there is a scarcity of pasturage near the end of the harvest season and the animals become needlessly thin on account of lack of feed4 ,at present very little of this material is utilized1 but instead is burned on the field with the rest of the trash4 ,if the tops are removed and used as a stock feed1 only the leaves and pieces of stalk remain1 and these make a good fertilizer for cane lands4 ,it is the general custom in these ,islands to burn all of this material as soon as the crop is harvested4 ,the object of this burning is to destroy any insects that may be present1 as well as to facilitate subsequent cultivation4 ,in the writer's opinion neither of these reasons is sufficiently well based1 since in this country large numbers of troublesome cane insects are not found4 ,if they were present in sufficient quantities1 the trouble could be handled by placing the trash between the rows and properly treating it before plowing it under4 ,this should be the method of disposing of the trash at all times4 ,in this manner the waste material could be utilized1 and the organic matter would be even more valuable than that contained in many of the commercial fertilizers4 ,the nitrogen contained1 which amounts to from #j4e to #b per cent1 would be practically all saved1 while with the burning method this is completely lost4 ,in ,louisiana1 cotton-seed meal forms one of the principal nitrogenous fertilizers for cane lands4 ,this material costs from ,p#ej to ,p#ge per ton and ,dr4 ,stubbs1 #d in his research1 found that the trash burned from each ton of cane caused a loss of nitrogen equal to that contained in #bg pounds of cotton-seed meal4 ,besides this loss of nitrogen encountered in the burning of the trash1 the organic matter which would later form humus is completely destroyed4 ,soils would retain moisture better during the dry season and be more easily handled if the conservation of organic matter were given greater attention4 ,there is also a great injury done to the remaining stumps and top roots by this burning which is very detrimental when the field is to be used for a ratoon crop4 ,where cane is badly infested with destructive insects1 it is quite another thing4 ,this again brings up the fact that the cane points should be treated with chemicals before planting1 in order to complete the work of destroying these insects4 ,use of ,ashes4 ,the ash of sugar cane constitutes the mineral matter that has been taken out of the soil4 ,this usually runs about #j4dh per cent of the total weight1 according to ,payson's classical analyses4 ,chemically this contains the following3 silica1 iron1 aluminum1 lime1 magnesia1 potash1 sodium1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 chlorine1 oxygen1 water1 etc4 ,of these various elements1 the phosphorus and potash are the most valuable to the planter4 ,lime is also useful for many soils in correcting the acidity1 and occasionally in supplying that element1 when it happens to be lacking in a particular soil4 ,the cost of different fertilizers is governed by the percentage of these plant-food elements contained4 ,phosphoric acid is worth #j4je per pound 7,p#j4bb per kilo7 in crude fertilizers4 ,at this rate the value of this element recovered from a crop of #ge tons of cane per hectare would be from ,p#aj to ,p#ab4 ,potash is valued at about ,p#j4bf per kilo and that removed with a crop of #ge tons would cost about ,p#be4 ,the lime contained is a cheaper element but will not act as a detriment on any soil1 while on many it will be found very helpful4 ,in spite of the great deficiency in these elements in the cane lands here1 and the high cost of commercial fertilizers1 this waste material is not only neglected at the majority of the factories but is actually thrown away1 yet the same elements that command a high price in commercial fertilizers are contained in these ashes4 ,filter-press ,refuse4 ,in the defecation of cane juice1 certain chemicals are often used to precipitate the impurities1 which are removed from the subsiders after the clear juice has been drawn off1 and sent to the filter presses1 where it is filtered through heavy cloths4 ,this material contains coarse particles of bagasse together with other impurities including the lime and phosphoric acid which were used in this work4 ,the composition of the material depends upon the original composition of the juice and the amount of the different chemicals that has been used in the clarification4 ,in any event1 it makes a most valuable fertilizer because of the organic matter1 nitrogenous bodies1 phosphoric acid1 and lime that it contains4 ,this organic material is an ideal substance to be applied to the worn-out cane lands 7which consist almost entirely of mineral substances7 since it induces bacterial action1 and during its decomposition certain acids are freed1 such as carbonic1 nitric1 and organic acids4 ,these have the power to act upon the mineral constituents and thus liberate other plant-food elements4 ,the filter-press mud can very well be mixed with the bagasse ashes1 and scattered about the cane rows as an almost complete fertilizer for sugar cane1 the only element lacking being nitrogen1 which was lost in the burning of the bagasse4 ,it will be remembered that in the synthesis of sucrose1 which consists of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen1 there are none of the plant-food elements used which are sought for in commercial fertilizers4 ,these are used only in building the fibrous stalk of the cane and they may all be recovered in the bagasse and cane-juice impurities4 ,the carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen which are used practically all come from the air and water4 ,it is a custom to-day to cart this ash to piles or depressions some distance from the factory4 ,in some places it is thrown into the river1 or cast into the sea--an absolute loss4 ,planters must not depend upon commercial fertilizers for their supply of plant-food material1 when there is such an abundance of natural fertilizer being wasted4 ,the cost of the artificial fertilizers in many cases is considered prohibitive and often unnecessary4 ,in order to build up a great sugar industry here1 the material at hand must be used1 while money should be spent for modern apparatus and equipment4 ,molasses4 ,the dark-colored viscous substance remaining after the large crystals of sucrose have been removed is called molasses4 ,this contains small crystals of sucrose1 which has passed through the perforations of the centrifugal screens1 sucrose in solution1 glucose1 fructose1 and other organic substances1 such as pectin bodies1 albumenoids1 coloring substances1 etc41 besides the inorganic matter constituting the ash upon incineration of the molasses4 ,the composition of the molasses varies with the working of each factory1 also with the condition of cane1 time of harvest1 etc4 ,the juice from green cane and that which has reached ultramaturity will contain a higher percentage of invert sugar and organic non-sugars than a properly matured cane4 ,then factories that have ample boiling-house provision1 and crystallizers as well as magma tanks1 will be able to send out a molasses with lower purity1 thus recovering more of the crystallizable sugar4 ,in any case there will be some molasses produced1 and this constitutes a valuable sugar-house by-product1 if properly cared for4 ,it may be disposed of in one of several forms1 namely1 as a human food1 a stock feed1 a source of alcohol1 factory fuel1 and a fertilizer4 ,cane molasses as a human food4--,for many years low-grade cane molasses has been used as a human food in the ,united ,states4 ,it was originally sold under the name of ,new ,orleans molasses1 but in recent years a number of companies have employed clarifying and bleaching agents and thus turned out a very fancy article1 under various trade names1 for baking purposes4 ,with the boiling at low temperatures practiced to-day1 there is little or no caramel formed during this work1 and consequently it is only necessary to clarify and bleach the organic non-sugars1 in order to make a salable molasses4 ,the bleaching is usually accomplished by the use of a hydrosulphite1 either in the form of sodium or calcium1 but sometimes only the sulphurous acid gas is used4 ,the bleaching effect of none of these reagents is permanent1 especially when the product is exposed to the air and light4 ,such chemicals must therefore be used with great caution1 and as late in the process as possible4 ,care must be exercised too that an excessive amount is not employed1 since an undesirable tint is liable to result as well as an excessive amount of the sulphites to be admitted1 which is not permitted by the ,pure-,food ,law4 ,it is astonishing how much of this low-grade molasses is thus manufactured and used in the ,united ,states for cooking purposes1 and what a high price this product commands4 ,cane molasses as a stock feed4--,perhaps more of the exhausted molasses is used for this purpose in these ,islands than for any other4 ,ordinary molasses contains from #cj to #ce per cent of sucrose and almost as much glucose4 ,these being purely carbohydrates1 it is necessary to combine them with some protein-bearing feed in order to make a perfect ration4 ,many leguminous plants1 such as alfalfa1 cowpeas1 peanut vines1 etc41 may be cut fine and used as an absorbent for molasses4 ,this makes a most excellent feed as it contains a sufficient amount of roughage1 and at the same time offers a balanced ration if properly composed4 ,in this country there is a great amount of exhausted cake from the coconut-oil factories1 which is exported to ,europe each year4 ,there is no good reason why this should not be used as an absorbent for the molasses in making a concentrated feed1 which could be transported to various parts of the ,islands or exported abroad for stock4 ,to-day the ,philippines are dependent upon ,australia and other countries for many thousand head of cattle each year4 ,the by-products from sugar factories are thrown into the rivers or flushed away from the factories through drains1 and the leaves and tops of the cane are burned on the ground in order to facilitate cultivation4 ,in the attempt to grow our own beef1 these feeds should be an important factor4 ,cane molasses as a source of alcohol4--,alcohol can be made from a great variety of substances containing the necessary constituents1 viz1 carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen4 ,of the numerous alcohols possible1 ethyl alcohol is the one ordinarily sought and the easiest produced4 ,this alcohol is represented by the following chemical formula3 ,c#b;,h#e-,,oh4 ,while glucose is the substance which may be easily transferred into alcohol by fermentation1 sucrose may also be used1 providing it is first changed into glucose or invert sugar4 ,even cellulose and starch may be used after being transferred into reducing sugars4 ,the process of changing glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide is called fermentation and is accomplished by a minute organism4 ,sucrose will not directly ferment1 consequently it must first be changed into glucose4 ,this is usually accomplished by an enzyme which is secreted by a ferment4 ,the following chemical formula will serve to show the steps necessary to pass from sugar to an alcohol3 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa 7sucrose7 ,h#b,o 7water7 ,presence of an #cdb ,m4 ,w4 enzyme -- ,invert sugar ---------------------------------------- -- 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f 7dextrose7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f 7levulose77 #ahj ,m4 ,w4 #ahj ,m4 ,w4 -- ,c#b;,h#e-,,oh 7ethyl alcohol7 #d;,,co#b 7carbon dioxide7 #ahd 7#b ,m4 ,w47 #agf ,,cm4 ,w4 ,the theoretical yield then of alcohol from sucrose would be #ec per cent and from invert sugar #ea per cent4 ,in practice1 however1 this yield would not be experienced on account of the yeast converting some of the sugars into substances other than alcohol and carbon dioxide4 ,these will consist mostly of glycerine and succinic acid and will amount to #d or #e per cent4 ,since the working conditions determine to a very great extent the yield of alcohol1 it is obvious that a thoroughly efficient person should be in charge of this work4 ,in the selecting of cultures for the fermenting1 the manufacturer should use only the purest1 otherwise acetic acid and other foreign substances will be formed during fermentation1 thus decreasing the yield of the alcohol as well as lowering its purity4 ,where the percentage of sucrose and glucose of a molasses is known1 it is a simple matter to calculate the theoretical amount of alcohol to be recovered and by knowing the efficiency of the factory1 a factor may be obtained which multiplied by the theoretical yield will give the true amount of alcohol to be expected4 ,in this manner it is easy to determine the price that may be paid for any molasses4 ,the separation of the alcohol from the water and dirt 7lees7 is accomplished in an apparatus termed a still4 ,in this the liquor is heated by steam which causes the alcohol to evaporate4 ,since ethyl alcohol boils at a temperature of #gh deg4 or a little higher1 depending upon the percentage present1 it may be separated from the water and impurities during the evaporation1 and recovered from the coils of the condenser in a fairly pure state4 ,there is always1 however1 more or less water vapor escaping with the alcohol and consequently it is impossible to secure absolute alcohol without after-treatment1 although in the modern still a very high grade is often recovered in the first distillation4 ,in this connection the strength of alcohol is usually determined by referring it to proof1 which is an old ,english system used before modern methods of testing spirits were available4 ,in its original application1 gunpowder was moistened with the spirit and the mixture subjected to the flame of a match4 ,when just enough alcohol was present to set fire to the powder1 it was said to be proof spirit4 ,if not enough alcohol was present to accomplish this1 it was said to be under proof1 and when the gunpowder was lighted easily by it1 it was said to be over proof4 ,by an act of the ,english ,parliament1 the term proof spirit was fixed as one which contains exactly #ab_/ac of an equal volume of water 7distilled7 at #ea deg4 ,f41 which represents #eg4a per cent of alcohol by volume1 or #di4c per cent by weight4 ,the simplest method of determining the percentage of alcohol is by the use of a gravity spindle for liquids lighter than water1 and by referring to the accompanying table for this purpose1 the percentage of alcohol may be ascertained4 ,table for calculating the percentage of alcohol4 #e ,specific gravity ,specific gravity ,specific gravity ,specific gravity at-- at-- at-- at-- ,volume4----------------,volume4-------- --------,volume4----------------,volume4 ---------------- #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef deg4 #be deg4 #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef #ae4ef ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p4 ct4 ,p4 ct4 ,p4 ct4 ,p4 ct4 #a #j4iihe #j4iigj #bf #j4ifih #j4ifee #ea #j4icbc #j4ibdf #gf #j4hgde #j4hffe #b 4#iigj 4#iiec #bg 4#ifia 4#ifdf #eb 4#icjc 4#ibbe #gg 4#hgba 4#hfda #c 4#iief 4#iich #bh 4#ifgh 4#ifca #ec 4#ibhc 4#ibje #gh 4#hfif 4#hfaf #d 4#iidb 4#iibb #bi 4#iffe 4#ifag #ed 4#ibfb 4#iahd #gi 4#hffd 4#hehc #e 4#iicj 4#iiji #cj 4#ifeb 4#ifjc #ee 4#ibdb 4#iafd #hj 4#hfci 4#heeh #f 4#iiad 4#ihic #ca 4#ifdc 4#ieid #ef 4#ibba 4#iadc #ha 4#hfaa 4#hecj #g 4#ihih 4#ihgf #cb 4#ifca 4#iehb #eg 4#ibjj 4#iabb #hb 4#heha 4#hejj #h 4#ihij 4#ihfh #cc 4#ifah 4#iefg #eh 4#iagh 4#iajj #hc 4#heeg 4#hdgf #i 4#ihgh 4#ihee #cd 4#ifji 4#ieef #ei 4#iafj 4#ijha #hd 4#hebf 4#hddd #aj 4#ihfi 4#ihdf #ce 4#ieic 4#iech #fj 4#iace 4#ijef #he 4#hdif 4#hdad #aa 4#ihee 4#ihca #cf 4#iegh 4#ieba #fa 4#iaac 4#ijcd #hf 4#hdff 4#hchd #ab 4#ihda 4#ihae #cg 4#iefe 4#iejg #fb 4#ijij 4#ijaa #hg 4#hdcd 4#hceb #ac 4#ihbh 4#ihja #ch 4#ieej 4#idhi #fc 4#ijfi 4#hihi #hh 4#hdjh 4#hcbf #ad 4#ihba 4#igic #ci 4#iece 4#idgc #fd 4#ijdg 4#hifi #hi 4#hcgc 4#hbia #ae 4#ihae 4#ighg #dj 4#ieai 4#idef #fe 4#ijbe 4#hidg #ij 4#hcdj 4#hbeh #af 4#ihjb 4#iggc #da 4#iejc 4#idch #ff 4#ijja 4#hibc #ia 4#hcje 4#hbbc #ag 4#ighi 4#igei #db 4#idij 4#idbd #fg 4#higc 4#hhie #ib 4#hbgb 4#haia #ah 4#iggh 4#igdf #dc 4#idgj 4#idjb #fh 4#hidi 4#hhgj #ic 4#hbcg 4#haef #ai 4#igff 4#igcc #dd 4#ideb 4#ichb #fi 4#hibe 4#hhdf #id 4#haii 4#haah #bj 4#igfj 4#igbf #de 4#idcd 4#icfc #gj 4#hijj 4#hhba #ie 4#hafd 4#hjhc #ba 4#igec 4#igai #df 4#idaf 4#icdc #ga 4#hhge 4#hgif #if 4#habe 4#hjdd #bb 4#igda 4#igjf #dg 4#icif 4#icbc #gb 4#hhej 4#hgga #ig 4#hjhd 4#hjjc #bc 4#igbh 4#ifib #dh 4#icha 4#icjg #gc 4#hhbe 4#hgdf #ih 4#hjda 4#gifj #bd 4#igaf 4#ifgh #di 4#icfb 4#ibhh #gd 4#hgii 4#hgai #ii 4#giie 4#giad #be 4#igji 4#iffh #ej 4#icdc 4#ibfg #ge 4#hgfi 4#hfhi #ajj 4#gifd 4#ghfe ,molasses as a fuel4--,many experiments have been made1 using this substance as a sugar-house fuel1 and while ordinarily it may be better employed in some other manner1 at the same time where no other provision is made for the use of this material1 and where there is a scarcity of fuel as well1 satisfactory results may be secured in its combustion if it is properly handled4 ,waste molasses consists mainly of gums1 sucrose1 glucose1 albuminoids1 other organic compounds1 water1 and a small amount of ash4 ,sucrose has the chemical formula of carbon #ab 7atoms71 hydrogen #bb 7atoms71 and oxygen #aa 7atoms74 ,the burning of carbon consists in uniting oxygen to that element1 forming carbon dioxide4 ,when hydrogen burns1 the oxygen combines with it1 forming water4 ,during this oxidation1 two atoms of hydrogen combine with one of oxygen1 but in the molecule of sugar1 these two elements are already present in this proportion1 consequently only the carbon may be oxidized and thus give off heat4 ,this is found to be true also of sucrose1 reducing sugars1 and many organic compounds4 ,an instrument called a calorimeter is used to determine the amount of heat a substance will give off upon oxidation4 ,tests may be made on molasses in order to determine its value as a fuel1 and thus a comparison may be obtained of a pound of this material and one of coal having a standard value4 ,the ash from the molasses contains a great deal of potassium and some magnesium1 consequently care must be exercised in the burning of the molasses so that this material does not come in direct contact with the tubes of the boiler1 since a heavy coating will be formed that will greatly lower the coefficient of heat transmission4 ,on account of the high potash content1 these ashes make a valuable fertilizer1 which should be mixed with the bagasse ashes and mud cake1 and applied to the cane lands4 ,molasses as a fertilizer4--,while molasses is not used to any great extent as a fertilizer1 there is no good reason why exhaustive experiments should not be carried out with this by-product on ,philippine soils1 when it is now being thrown into drains or wasted1 until a better use is provided for the molasses4 ,experiments have been made in ,hawaii1 ,mauritius1 and other places with this form of fertilizer1 and very encouraging results were reported4 ,the plant-food elements themselves contained in molasses are small in amount1 since they are contained in the low percentage of ash after burning1 except1 of course1 nitrogen1 which will be entirely saved4 ,its main value1 however1 lies in the power to induce bacterial growth1 which is so necessary in worn-out soils4 ,among the organisms induced by these organic matters may be included certain azotobacter species1 which contrary to other forms of plant life1 have the power of using nitrogen from the air4 ,carbohydrates form especially good mediums for their development1 and it has been found that the activities of these organisms are increased by an increased amount of this substance4 ,while excellent results have been attained by the use of low-grade molasses for fertilizer in other countries yet it remains for the planters here to determine results under ,philippine conditions1 and the best method of handling their material4 ,in some places where irrigation water is applied1 the molasses is mixed with the water and applied in the usual manner4 ,the plant-food material contained in molasses will vary somewhat with the methods of its production1 clarifying agents previously used1 etc4 ,the following table will indicate the composition of ash from different molasses3 #f #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,mill ,diffusion ,open ,carbonitation4 sulphitation4sulphitation4 kettle4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,potash #di4dh #eb4bj #ea4dh #ej4af ,soda 4#hi 4#hj #a4aa 4#cb ,lime #f4dg #f4gh #f4eh #h4ec ,magnesia #d4bi #c4ji #c4ii #b4ff ,iron oxide 4#ce 4#cc 4#ae 4#dg ,alumina 4#cj 4#bb 4#ac 4#cj ,silica #d4ab #d4ei #b4hc #d4aj ,phosphoric acid #c4ga #c4hj #b4ab 4#ia ,sulphuric acid #aj4gi #f4gb #aj4id #aa4ah ,carbonic acid #g4di #aa4ai #ac4jf #ae4gh ,chlorine #ad4jj #aa4ie #i4aj #d4ei ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aja4hi #aja4fg #aja4di #ii4jj ,deduct ,o minus ,cl4 #c4af #b4gj #b4je #a4jd ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ih4gc #ih4ig #ii4dd #ig4if ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,undetermined 7carbon1 etc47 #a4bg #a4jc #j4ef #b4jd ,alkalinity 7cc4 tenth normal per gram ash7 cc4 #hj #ic #ie #aji ,in order to make a wise selection of the method of handling the different by-products the manufacturer must take into consideration many factors4 ,among them will be the quantity of his output1 the facilities for handling it in any specified manner1 the demand for different finished products to be made therefrom1 etc4 ,all of these and many other points must receive due consideration by a manager who expects to attain success in his work4 ,,coffee ,,in ,,the ,,philippines4 #g ,by ,p4 ,j4 ,wester1 ,horticulturist in ,charge of ,lamao ,experiment ,station4 ,preliminary ,remarks4 ,while it cannot be said that the ,philippines have ever grown coffee on a scale that made it an important factor in the world's market1 yet1 before the advent of the coffee blight1 coffee growing1 from a ,philippine point of view1 was an industry of considerable magnitude and unquestionably of great promise4 ,however1 in the ,philippines as in other parts of the eastern ,tropics1 the blight destroyed the coffee industry1 and while in the last few years previous to the appearance of the blight there was an average annual export of about #g1jjj tons of coffee1 valued at ,p#d1jjj1jjj1 in #aiac the ,philippines produced only #aac1jca kilograms of ,arabian coffee with an average production of #agd kilograms per hectare1 the coffee imports during the same period amounting to #a1ach1gha kilograms1 valued at ,p#haf1gdd4 ,the leading coffee-producing provinces of the ,archipelago were1 during #aiac1 the ,mountain1 #db1jff kilograms2 ,moro1 #ca1jdj kilograms2 ,nueva ,vizcaya1 #e1gib kilograms2 and ,batangas1 #e1cai kilograms4 ,varying quantities of coffee1 less than #e1jjj kilograms in any one1 were produced in each of the remaining provinces1 excepting ,agusan1 ,bataan1 ,batanes1 ,ilocos ,sur1 ,leyte1 ,pampanga1 and ,surigao1 where coffee is not grown4 ,from a study of the coffee situation in the ,eastern ,hemisphere it is evident that ,arabian coffee will never again become of importance in this part of the world1 including of course the ,philippines4 ,however1 it seems that a satisfactory substitute has been discovered in the robusta coffee4 ,this variety1 while not immune to the blight1 is so resistant to the effects thereof that the disease ceases to affect the profits of the crop1 or at least very slightly4 ,this and other reasons1 which will be explained later1 have resulted in the planting of robusta coffee on a very large scale in ,java and adjacent ,dutch possessions1 and the reports relative to this variety are such as to recommend it to the serious consideration of ,philippine planters4 ,the present paper has been prepared with a view of meeting the almost daily requests that reach this ,bureau for information on the subject of coffee1 and particularly to give some information relative to the robusta coffee1 with which practically all planters in the ,archipelago are unfamiliar4 ,it might perhaps be well to state that propagation1 handling of the plants from the seed bed to the plantation1 culture1 etc41 are the same for both ,arabian and robusta coffee1 except where so stated4 ,arabian ,coffee4 ,the decrease in the cultivation of coffee and the present status thereof in the ,philippines show conclusively that ,arabian coffee cannot be profitably grown here below an altitude of #hjj meters4 ,at and above this elevation the climate is so favorable for the growth of the plant that when kept in good condition it is capable of resisting the attack of the blight sufficiently to yield a profitable crop4 ,nevertheless1 the planting of ,arabian coffee on a large scale is not recommended even here1 because the disease is everywhere present1 waiting for a favorable opportunity to spread1 and a drought1 typhoon1 or in fact anything that would devitalize the plants1 would be sure to render them liable to a severe attack that might wipe out an entire plantation or district4 ,it is true that ,arabian coffee grows below an altitude of #hjj meters2 in fact1 coffee bushes are found at sea level1 but a prospective investor should always remember that there is a very great difference between being able to merely grow coffee and to produce it in such quantities that its cultivation becomes profitable4 ,this cannot be done at a low elevation4 ,it is perhaps well to state here that exhaustive experiments have so far failed to yield a fungicide or spray by which the coffee blight can be satisfactorily controlled in the field4 ,everything considered then1 only in certain districts of the ,mountain ,province and on the table lands of ,mindanao may ,arabian coffee be successfully and profitably cultivated to any considerable extent4 ,robusta ,coffee4 ,robusta coffee in ,java4--,when the blight appeared in ,java1 coffee growing was one of the most important industries in that island1 and after the plantations had been destroyed by the disease1 the ,dutch ,government1 having failed to control the blight by repressive measures1 instituted investigations with a view of discovering a blight-resistant coffee1 in the course of which work several species were introduced and tested4 ,among these were ,liberian coffee 7,coffea liberica7 and robusta coffee1 considered by ,wildeman to be a variety of ,coffea canephora4 ,robusta coffee was discovered in the ,belgian ,congo1 and seeds were sent to ,brussels1 ,belgium1 and propagated1 where plants were first offered for sale in #aija4 ,some of these plants found their way to ,java4 ,like most new introductions the robusta coffee was at first looked upon rather askance1 but as its greater climatological range as compared with that of ,arabian coffee1 and its productivity1 precocity1 and resistance to the coffee blight 7,hemileia vastatrix7 became apparent1 it rapidly gained popularity--so rapidly in fact that the ,javanese coffee plantations today consist almost entirely of robusta coffee4 ,the fact that in #aiji the total crop of robusta coffee was only #ahc1jjj kilograms1 and that in #aiaa #i1fej1jjj kilograms were produced1 with an estimated yield of #af1jjj1jjj kilograms for #aiab1 and that during the period from #aijg to #aiaa1 #bd1eba1jjj robusta coffee plants were planted1 is ample proof of its popularity in the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,introduction into the ,philippines4--,robusta coffee has not been introduced into the ,philippines to any extent4 ,bearing trees are reported from ,basilan1 near ,zamboanga1 and a few plants are also growing at the ,lamao experiment station in ,bataan4 ,the latter are in good condition with no indication of blight4 ,soil and climate4--,robusta grows well from sea level to an altitude of #a1jjj meters1 doing best at an elevation ranging from #dej to #gej meters4 ,less particular than ,arabian coffee1 the robusta thrives well on both light and heavy soils provided they have the necessary fertility4 ,however1 good drainage is essential for a good growth and therefore robusta should not be planted on sticky and very heavy1 water-holding soils4 ,poor and sandy soils should also be avoided4 ,this variety is also somewhat sensitive to drought and should be planted only where the rainfall is fairly evenly distributed1 and where the dry season is of comparatively short duration4 ,generally speaking1 where the soil conditions are favorable1 the cacao1 abaca1 and coconut growing districts of the ,archipelago are perhaps better adapted than other sections to the culture of robusta coffee4 ,culture4 ,propagation4--,the place selected for seedbed and nursery should be well drained1 with a loamy soil1 the richer in humus the better4 ,a light bamboo frame should be erected above the nursery plot about #b4e meters high1 and covered with grass or split bamboo to provide about half shade4 ,the land should be spaded thoroughly to a depth of #cj centimeters1 and all stones1 roots1 etc41 removed4 ,one meter is a convenient width for seed and plant beds4 ,the seeds should be sown broadcast1 not too thick1 covered with not more than #a centimeter of earth1 and then watered thoroughly4 ,hereafter the seedbed should be well watered from time to time whenever the soil appears dry4 ,frequent light sprinklings that do not allow the water to penetrate more than a few millimeters below the surface are harmful rather than beneficial both in the seedbed and the nursery1 in that they encourage a shallow root formation4 ,as soon as the first leaves are fully expanded the seedlings should be transplanted to the nursery beds1 which should be prepared like the seedbed4 ,if the land is poor it is well to spade in a liberal quantity of well-decayed manure or compost4 ,the plants should be taken up carefully1 the taproot nipped off with the thumb nail1 and then transplanted with the aid of a pointed stick or small dibber spacing them #aj to #ae centimeters apart each way4 ,in doing this care should be taken that the roots are not doubled up in the hole and that the soil is well packed around them4 ,more plants should never be removed at one time from the seedbed than can be conveniently transplanted before they show signs of wilting1 and the dug plants should not be left exposed until the roots dry out4 ,the plants should be thoroughly watered before and after transplanting1 and the beds kept free from weeds and watered as often as necessary4 ,clearing and planting4--,wherever possible1 the land to be planted in coffee should be stumped1 and plowed once or twice1 so that after the plants have been set out animal-drawn cultivators can be used to keep down the weeds4 ,thus the cost of weeding is lessened during the early years of the plantation while the plants are small4 ,if plowing is not feasible holes #a meter in diameter and at least #cj centimeters deep should be grubbed where the plants are to be set4 ,on moderately rich land robusta coffee should be planted #b4a meters apart each way1 #b1bfe plants to the hectare2 on very fertile land the distance may be increased to #b4e meters1 or #a1fjj plants to the hectare4 ,arabian coffee should be spaced from #b to #b4e meters apart or on poor lands even closer4 ,when the plants are #d to #e months old they should be about #bj centimeters tall and ready for transplanting4 ,about one-half of the foliage should now be cut off2 a trench should be dug at the end of the nursery bed about #bj centimeters or more deep2 then a thin1 sharp spade or bolo 7cutlass7 should be passed through the soil1 underneath and around the plant1 neatly severing all straggling roots1 and leaving the plant in the center of a ball of earth4 ,the plants should be set out in the field at the same depth at which they grew in the nursery1 great care being taken not to break the ball4 ,if the soil is so loose that it falls away from the roots in the removal from the nursery1 great care should be exercised in not allowing the roots to dry out and in setting out the plant so that the roots fall in a natural position4 ,in the course of the planting the soil should be firmly packed about the roots4 ,the sowing of the seed in a given locality should be so timed that the plants are ready for transplanting at the beginning of the rainy season in order to avoid the expense of artificial watering4 ,if transplanted during the dry season the plants necessarily would have to be watered by hand from time to time until they are established4 ,plants for shade4--,as a temporary shade and cover crop of rapid growth while the coffee trees are small1 perhaps no plant can compete with the cadios 7,cajanus indicus74 ,the plants may be cut down to serve as mulch whenever they grow too high1 and may be expected to grow from the stubble twice before the plants die1 provided they are not cut off too close to the ground4 ,in ,java1 where robusta coffee is more extensively planted than anywhere else1 permanent shade is considered advisable4 ,malaganit 7,leucaena glauca71 a leguminous shrub which grows everywhere in the ,philippines1 seems to be preferred there to other plants for shade4 ,it is planted alternately with the coffee plants and1 as is the case with all plants utilized for shade1 thinned out later according to need4 ,madre de cacao 7,gliricidia maculata7 and dapdap 7,erythrina indica and ,e4 subumbrans7 are other leguminous trees readily obtainable in most localities and are adapted for shade4 ,madre de cacao should be planted at the same distance as the malaganit while the dapdap should be planted one plant to every two coffee trees4 ,all these plants are readily propagated by cutting off limbs or branches #a to #a4b meters long and inserting them #bj to #cj centimeters deep in the ground during the rainy season4 7,this is most conveniently done by the aid of a crowbar47 ,in a limited way fruit trees1 such as the soursop1 custardapple1 breadfruit1 and jak may also be used as shade1 and these should be planted from #f to #ab meters apart according to size4 ,the necessary shading between these trees while they are small may be provided by planting malaganit1 etc4 ,robusta coffee has also been successfully interplanted with coconuts4 ,in this case the palms and coffee should of course be planted at the same time1 the palms perhaps not closer than #i to #aj meters apart1 the coffee to be used as a filler between the coconuts4 ,in this connection it is perhaps well to state that in ,java robusta coffee is very frequently planted as a catch crop in the ,hevea rubber plantations4 ,among the shade plants available to the ,philippine planter1 malaganit1 dapdap1 and guango1 or raintree 7,pithecolobium saman71 have given the best results in ,java for the robusta with the following ratio yield of coffee3 #d4ge1 #d4aj1 and #c4jf4 ,cultivation4--,on level and well-cleared land1 close attention should be paid to keeping the coffee plantation free from weeds during the first year or two by means of animal-drawn shallow cultivators1 supplemented with hand-hoeing4 ,where the topography of the land or the presence of stumps renders this impossible the weeding must of course be done by hand4 ,all weeds should be left in the field where they serve both as a mulch in preserving the moisture and to enrich the soil4 ,as soon as the plants begin to shade the land they thereby aid in the weed eradication1 and weeding then becomes less expensive4 ,pruning4--,if the trees are allowed to grow without pruning they become too tall 7robusta coffee attains a height of #f meters or more71 and the topmost berries are then difficult to pick4 ,furthermore unpruned coffee trees 7including robusta71 have the peculiar habit of bearing their branches near the ground and at the top1 leaving the middle bare or nearly so which decreases the producing capacity of the plant4 ,on this account up-to-date planters have generally adopted a system of pruning by which the coffee trees are headed low1 giving a maximum yield coupled with easy access to the berries4 ,the pruning consists of topping the robusta trees when they are from #b to #b4e meters tall and of subsequent pruning to keep the trees at this height4 ,this work should preferably be done while the plants are of the proper height and the green shoots easily broken off1 and not after the trees have exceeded the height limit by several decimeters4 ,the plant1 if allowed to do so1 usually sends up a large number of suckers from the base1 which constitute a drain on the vitality of the plant4 ,therefore1 all superfluous suckers should be removed and not more than #b to #c stems to a plant should be permitted to develop4 ,occasionally robusta plants appear that are more than ordinarily subject to blight1 and these should be at once pulled up and burned4 ,yield4--,the yield of robusta coffee is quite variable1 much depending upon the fertility of the soil4 ,on the more fertile soils in ,java the yield per hectare in the third year was approximately #edj kilograms1 and in the fourth and fifth years1 #a1djj and #a1hcj kilograms1 respectively4 ,in old coffee or cacao fields the yields were #cbe1 #edj and #hej kilograms per hectare1 respectively1 during the third1 fourth1 and fifth years after planting4 ,it is perhaps well to recall the fact that the average yield of ,arabian coffee in the ,philippines is #agd kilograms per hectare1 which is of course much less than it should be1 and it is not believed that the ,philippine planter with his present methods of cultivation could equal with robusta coffee the yields quoted from ,java4 ,the immense superiority of the robusta as a cropper over the ordinary ,arabian coffee is best illustrated in a table published by the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,java4 ,we learn here that in ,java1 under identical conditions1 the yield per plant was of ,arabian coffee1 #ec to #ig grams2 of robusta1 #iib grams2 and of quilloi 7a new very rare coffee7 #a1jbj grams4 ,the ,maragogipe hybrid on its own roots yielded #ad to #ah grams1 while grafted on robusta the yield was #aef grams1 a larger crop than any ,arabian coffee has given in ,java4 ,this would tend to show the possibilities of robusta as a stock4 ,further1 comparative studies by ,cramer have shown that #d to #e kilograms of fresh robusta berries make #a kilogram of coffee while of the ,arabian coffee #e to #f kilograms of fruit are required to make #a kilogram of coffee4 ,owing to the fact that the pulp on the robusta coffee 7though smaller in amount7 is more difficult to remove than that on the ,arabian1 robusta needs at least two and one-half days of fermentation4 ,the bean requires rapid drying in order to loosen the silver skin and the drying is therefore done in an artificially heated shed4 ,quality and marketability4--,relative to the quality of the robusta coffee ,doctor ,hall says3 ,the appearance of the average marketable robusta is not very beautiful2 the beans are small and irregular1 and the average product shows little uniformity4 ,there are1 however1 great differences between the many different types of robusta4 ,some of them have comparatively large beans1 larger even than arabica1 others again have very small ones4 ,as regards the quality1 though being inferior to ,java-arabica1 the taste is generally considered to be good and superior to the ordinary arabica sorts1 as ,santos4 ,doctor ,wildeman states3 ,it is objected that the berries of the robusta group and of other ,african coffees are small in size and inferior in flavor2 but the continually increasing quantities of these coffees sold in ,holland1 and the satisfactory prices they fetch show that the public is beginning to appreciate them4 ,no objections will be made to the size of the berries when by means of careful cultivation and especially of right preparation1 a coffee is obtained equal in flavor to the 7old7 ,java and ,arabian coffee4 ,summary4 ,arabian coffee cannot be successfully grown in the ,philippines below an altitude of #hjj meters1 and even at this elevation1 due to its susceptibility to the coffee blight1 extensive planting of ,arabian coffee cannot be recommended4 ,success with ,arabian coffee is obtainable only by keeping the plantations clean of weeds and the plants in the best possible condition4 ,for the rehabilitation of the ,philippine coffee industry robusta coffee appears more promising at present than any other kind4 ,the advantages of robusta coffee are that it thrives under more varied conditions than ,arabian coffee1 that it is an earlier and a more prolific bearer and that it is resistant to the blight4 ,blight resistance in robusta coffee does not mean that it is immune1 but that notwithstanding the presence of the blight it grows well and produces abundant crops4 ,robusta coffee is by some authorities regarded as inferior in quality to ,arabian coffee4 ,nevertheless1 considering the optimism with which robusta coffee is regarded by conservative ,european experts in tropical crops1 coupled with the results obtained in ,java1 it is confidently believed that robusta coffee is worthy of extended planting in the ,philippines4 ,from the ,dutch department of agriculture in ,java the ,bureau of ,agriculture has imported seed of the best robusta coffee available for distribution1 as well as a considerable quantity of seed of the ordinary robusta cultivated in that island4 ,all readers who are interested in planting robusta coffee are cordially invited to communicate with the ,bureau of ,agriculture4 ,,cane-,,juice ,,clarification4 ,by ,cleve4 ,w4 ,hines1 ,m4 ,s41 ,station ,superintendent4 ,the clarification of the juice forms one of the most important operations in sugar manufacture1 since the higher the purity of the juice to be concentrated1 the greater the percentage of sucrose that will crystallize1 and the easier it will be to make a marketable sugar4 ,if a high-grade sugar1 or even yellow clarified sugar is to be made1 this work should receive still greater attention4 ,before considering the methods to pursue and the reagents to use1 it is well to decide first upon the grade of sugar it is desirable to make4 ,if ordinary centrifugal sugar testing #if deg4 is desired1 it will usually be practical to use only lime in the clarification1 since in these ,islands cane reaches full maturity1 and consequently the purity of the normal juice will be quite high1 sometimes as high as #ij deg4 or #ib deg4 7apparent purity74 ,if1 however1 it is desired to make a white plantation sugar1 or granulated sugar1 it will be advisable to subject the juice to an acidifying or bleaching treatment1 as well as to the lime treatment4 ,usually sulphurous acid is used for this purpose1 but sometimes phosphoric acid1 or a form of it1 is employed4 ,it is generally best to administer the acidifying agent before the application of the lime1 since this raises the acidity and permits a larger amount of the lime to be used4 ,however1 this process is reversed by some manufacturers1 and very good results are often reported4 ,in the acidifying of any cane juice1 care must be exercised that too high an acidity is not reached1 since acids have an inverting effect upon sucrose1 thus causing a noticeable loss4 ,this of course depends upon the degree of acidity carried1 the temperature maintained1 and the methods followed during the time the juice remains acid4 ,when it is desired to make a high-grade crystal for granulated sugar1 the clarification must be more complete1 and a water-white thick liquor should result1 without subsequent treatment by bleaching agents and other chemicals1 except the neutralizing of the slightly yellowish tint1 which will be mentioned later4 ,reagents ,used in ,clarification4 ,there is a great variety of reagents at the command of the sugar manufacturer1 each of which has certain merits over others1 and all are valuable in their place when properly used4 ,it will therefore be the duty of the operator to select those which best meet his individual conditions4 ,it is the purpose of this article to give a brief survey of the more common reagents which1 under certain conditions1 may be used to advantage in these ,islands4 ,lime4--,this is perhaps one of the most common and most widely used of all the reagents4 ,since the object in view is to increase the purity of the juice1 it is obvious that the purest rock obtainable should be used in the preparation of the lime4 ,another reason why a good lime should be employed1 is that one of the main impurities of the lime rock is magnesium1 which1 when mixed with cane juice1 becomes very troublesome in the incrusting of the evaporator tubes1 thus greatly lowering the coefficient of heat transmission4 ,much of the lime on the market in the ,philippines has been made without any attempt to select pure clean limestone or shells4 ,this is not suitable for putting into cane juice1 and will result in a great deal of trouble whenever used in modern evaporating plants4 ,there is1 however1 an abundant supply of limestone found in various parts of the ,philippines1 which analyses show to be almost free from impurities1 and which will make a most excellent lime for clarifying purposes if burned properly4 ,at present there is no modern plant for burning this rock on a large scale and consequently much of the work is done in a very crude and unsatisfactory manner4 ,most of the lime for clarification1 in modern sugar factories1 is imported1 and constitutes a very heavy expense4 ,if a lime kiln were installed in conjunction with some of our sugar factories1 fresh and well-burned lime might be made as needed4 ,the carbon dioxide could be used in the juice clarification1 as is done in ,java1 and thus a good grade of plantation sugar could easily be manufactured4 ,any excess of burned lime might very readily be sold to other factories1 which now use only high-priced imported lime4 ,the lime used should be of the unslaked type1 and should be protected from the air until a short time before using4 ,the process of preparing this consists of heating lime rock to a very high temperature1 in a kiln for that purpose1 whereby the limestone is broken into two component parts1 expressed by the following chemical equation3 ,ca,c,o#c 7limestone7 heated to high temperature--,ca,o 7calcium oxide7 ,,co#b 7carbon dioxide74 ,this calcium oxide1 commonly known as quick lime1 is the substance desired in clarification4 ,it should be slaked by being placed in water just before it is desired for use4 ,this milk of lime should not be used until after the high temperature caused by the violent chemical action has subsided4 ,on account of the heat involved and the high alkalinity in local portions1 it is never safe to apply crude lime to the juice without previously slaking it in water1 nor is it advisable to use a quantity of juice to mix this lime1 as is quite often practiced in these ,islands1 since in this case there may be a loss of sucrose1 with a resulting dark-colored product1 which will impair the color of the clarified juice4 ,the following chemical equation will express the reaction when this lime is slaked3 ,ca,o 7calcium oxide7 ,h#b,o 7water7--,ca7,,oh7#b 7calcium hydroxide74 ,this calcium hydroxide is a substance which is very caustic1 and care must be exercised in handling it4 ,like all bases1 it has a great affinity for acid1 and consequently its first action is to neutralize part of the acids present4 ,it then coagulates albumins and albuminoids1 which form a part of the impurities1 and throws down insoluble salts of sulphates1 carbonates and phosphates1 and of the bases iron and aluminum4 ,these act as mechanical precipitants1 assisting in bringing down other impurities4 ,the compounds of calcium are practically insoluble in cold cane juices1 and may be readily filtered1 or settled1 and the supernatant liquor drawn off4 ,in the addition of lime1 as well as in the application of other reagents1 much care must be observed that the proper amount is added4 ,if too little is used1 there will be poor clarification and settling of the precipitate1 while if too much is used1 so that alkalinity is reached1 and the juice heated to a high temperature1 there will be a darkening of the juice caused by the decomposition of the reducing sugars by the calcium1 and the formation of dark-colored compounds1 which are very hard to remove4 ,if the juice is limed to three-tenths or four-tenths cubic centimeter acidity against ,n_/#aj ,na,o,h1 using phenolphthalein as an indicator1 there will be little or no chance of trouble4 ,with the above dangers in view1 it is not safe to employ the haphazard methods of liming usually practiced here1 but the milk of lime should always be made of stated density and a measured or weighed amount should be supplied to each clarifier of juice1 corresponding to prevailing conditions4 ,sulphur dioxide4--,where a better grade of sugar than #if deg4 test is desired1 it is often advisable to subject the juice to further treatment1 one reason for which is to increase the acidity so that a larger amount of lime may be added to effect the clarification4 ,in addition to this the sulphur acts to some extent directly as a clarifying agent1 by precipitating some of the impurities4 ,it also acts as a bleaching agent by extracting the oxygen from the impurities and lastly it acts as a disinfectant4 ,it is formed by burning crude sulphur in a stove made for that purpose4 ,s 7sulphur7 ,o 7oxygen heat7--,,so#b 7sulphur dioxide74 ,sometimes bombs filled with liquid sulphur dioxide are purchased for this purpose4 ,these are inconvenient to use1 and this method is ordinarily more expensive than the usual one of burning the sulphur and producing the gas directly at the factory4 ,sulphur dioxide is a heavy gas which is very readily absorbed in water1 and at a temperature of zero ,c4 nearly #hj per cent by volume of the gas will be taken up4 ,at #dj deg4 ,c4 only about #ah per cent by volume of the gas will be absorbed4 ,it may readily be seen that the percentage of gas contained in the juice when saturated will be determined by the temperature4 ,the following equation expresses the absorption of sulphur dioxide in water at ordinary temperature3 ,,so#b 7sulphur dioxide7 ,h#b,o 7water at low temperature7--,h#b,,so#c 7sulphurous acid74 ,another thing of very great importance is the cooling of the gases to condense any water that may be present so that no hot gas will reach the juice to be treated or combine with water in the pipes4 ,the equation represented when high temperatures are used is as follows3 ,,so#b 7sulphur dioxide7 ,h#b,o 7water7 ,o 7high temperature7--,h#b,,so#d 7sulphuric acid74 ,this last-named acid is very corrosive and a powerful investing agent4 ,it therefore has the property of rapidly destroying sucrose1 especially at a high temperature4 ,in the burning of sulphur it is well that as thorough a combination as possible be obtained1 else there will be a loss of sulphur1 which will deposit in the tubes and choke them1 and more time will be required for the process4 ,the fumes from a well-regulated sulphur furnace should contain from #ae to #af per cent sulphurous acid4 ,the theoretical percentage obtainable is about #ba per cent of the acid4 ,carbon dioxide4--,in recent years carbon dioxide gas has found a very useful application in the cane-sugar factories1 where a good grade of plantation sugar is desired4 ,java factories have been the foremost in elaborating a system1 through their eminent technologists1 so that today one may find the bulk of the sugars they turn out from certain factories of a very satisfactory grade and color4 ,the method they use requires a great deal of skill and attention in order to yield results that are satisfactory4 ,it is patterned after the process used in beet-sugar factories1 with some distinct modifications1 which make it applicable to a juice containing glucose1 as is always the case with cane juices4 ,the object of applying any clarifying material is to effect a rise in purity1 and it is especially desirable to remove1 in all cases1 the substance added1 since this itself would tend to act as an impurity and thus give a lower coefficient1 if not properly removed4 ,the lime1 which has been added previously1 may be partly removed1 as the original precipitate formed1 and any free lime or compound which may be easily decomposed will combine with carbon dioxide1 forming calcium carbonate or limestone1 which is quite insoluble and may be very easily filtered off4 ,ca7,,oh7#b 7calcium hydroxide7 ,,co#b--;,ca,c,o#c 7calcium carbonate7 ,h#b,o 7water74 ,whether single or double carbonation is used1 the same general methods are employed1 and results are expressed by the same chemical equation4 ,as stated before1 the carbon dioxide may be recovered from the kilns during the burning of lime1 as is commonly done in the beet-sugar industry1 or it may be purchased in the form of liquid ,,co#b contained in heavy iron containers4 ,it is also feasible to use flue gases for this purpose1 where a good combustion is obtained1 and after they have been properly treated4 ,phosphoric acid4--,it is sometimes advisable to apply a form of phosphoric acid as a clarifying and precipitating agent after the lime4 ,this may be used in various forms depending upon the individual desires of the operator4 ,the compound usually found on the market may consist of one of the following 7or a combination of them73 ,h#c,,po#d 7ortho phosphoric acid74 ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b 7mono-calcium phosphate74 ,ca#b;,h#b7,,po#d7b 7dicalcium phosphate74 ,na#b;,,hpo#d 7sodium phosphate74 ,the sodium phosphate contains very little acidity1 and the main purpose of its use is based on the principle that the sodium is readily given up for any soluble calcium that may be present4 ,this forms the insoluble calcium phosphate1 which is easily removed as a precipitate or filtered off4 ,the ,reserve ,factory in ,louisiana has been using this reagent in their clarification for a long time1 where a very good grade of granulated sugar is made4 ,besides these forms of phosphorous1 various compounds may be found on the market1 under trade names1 which have as their base the above acid4 ,clariphos is one of these compounds1 which has found extensive use in many of the ,louisiana sugar factories4 ,another is known as phospho-gelose1 which is a combination of dicalcium phosphate ,ca#b;,h#b7,,po#d7b and infusorial silica4 ,it is a patented preparation and is made by the absorption of phosphoric acid by a powdery compound known as ,kieselguhr4 ,after the absorption1 the compound is heated to expel the water1 and then resaturated4 ,this work is repeated several times until the finished product1 which is very hydroscopic1 contains about #be per cent of phosphoric acid4 ,kieselguhr4--,this is a fine light powder containing a high percentage of silica4 ,it is used purely for its mechanical effect in forming particles upon which the impurities may collect1 and thus be more readily carried to the bottom4 ,this material often prolongs the workings of the filter presses by collecting the gummy material1 which would otherwise gather on the filter cloths4 ,kieselguhr was used in the beet-sugar industry of ,europe many years ago1 and is extensively used now for the same purpose in the ,united ,states4 ,hydrosulphites4--,these are preparations of great bleaching power1 found on the market under various trade names4 ,one of these1 widely used in the ,united ,states1 in both the beet and cane-sugar industries1 is known as ,blankit4 ,this is dehydrated sodium hydrosulphite with the chemical formula1 ,na#b,s#b,o#d4 ,it has a much greater bleaching and reducing action than sulphurous acid1 and oxydizes very readily in combination with moisture1 forming sulphate4 ,on this account it is well to purchase the reagent in small parcels for this climate1 and to carefully guard the stored material from moisture4 ,this substance1 which is a white powder1 dissolves very easily in water1 forming an alkaline liquid1 although this point is sometimes hard to distinguish on account of hydrogen atoms liberated4 ,there is a bleaching preparation made in ,france known as ,redo1 which is simply calcium hydrosulphite 7,ca,s#b,o#d74 ,this is used in the sugar industry to some extent1 but it is claimed by many that the results obtained are not as good as those obtained from the sodium compound and that it deteriorates more easily4 ,hydrosulphites1 unlike sulphurous acid1 will bleach equally as well in alkaline or neutral medium1 as in an acid medium4 ,there is therefore less danger from loss of sugar by inversion when they are used1 while the permanency of their effect is about the same4 ,in any case where juices have been bleached by sulphites1 the result may be considered as but temporary1 since upon exposure to air and light the product assumes a darker color4 ,hydrosulphites should therefore be introduced as late in the process as possible4 ,where the material in the vacuum pan is to be bleached1 it is well to introduce this reagent just before striking grain1 thus furnishing a bright clear material which will act as film over the nucleous of sucrose in the grain4 ,the chemical equation representing the change which takes place with this reagent is as follows3 ,na#b,s#b,o#d 7sodium hydrosulphite7 ,o 7oxygen7 ,h#b,o 7water7--#b7,na ,h ,s ,o#c74 ,the amount to be used will depend absolutely upon individual conditions1 which may be ascertained only by experimentation4 ,the manufacturers of this product state that the amount of the material used to that of dry sugar should be as #a is to #aj1jjj4 ,in the writer's experience1 two or even three times this amount will usually be required to give maximum results4 ,as stated before1 since there is such a variance in the material to be treated1 each operator will be required to judge this to a great extent from the condition of his product4 ,in these ,islands where a very low grade of open-kettle sugar is still made1 which sells very cheaply1 attempts are often made to bleach it and recrystalize in order to make a centrifugal sugar4 ,while ordinary clarifying agents help to a great extent1 if the melted sugars are very dark from caramel and the decomposition products of calcium glucosate1 these reagents can not be expected to give a light-colored juice4 ,while they may improve conditions somewhat1 the only solution to such a problem is the use of the boneblack process4 ,bluing4--,in the production of plantation clarified sugars1 and sometimes of refinery crystals made from low-grade sugars1 there is a thin film surrounding each sugar crystal1 which has a yellowish tint4 ,it is this that gives rise to the different grades of white sugars1 when color test only is considered4 ,since this yellowish tinge will give way to a lighter color when neutralized with the proper shade of blue1 it is a very common practice to use some form of bluing--usually that known as ultramarine--for this purpose4 ,the action of this reagent is only mechanical and great care must be exercised that the proper quantity is used4 ,this must be determined by trials with the different amounts of the reagent1 since the density of the yellowish tint is different in each case4 ,the place of application will also depend very much upon conditions4 ,some operators apply it only at the centrifugals and others apply it in the pan just at the graining point4 ,again others use a quantity at both the pan and in the last charge of water at the centrifugals4 ,in any case1 a good grade only of the reagent should be used4 ,this must be thoroughly dissolved in clear water1 condensed steam being preferred1 and passed through cloth or felt filters in order to remove any trace of lumps which would tend to produce uneven bluing1 or bluish streaks4 ,while this is an excellent reagent in its place1 it must not be expected to whiten molasses sugars as was attempted by a local manufacturer4 ,animal charcoal or boneblack4--,this material is made from bones of animals1 by burning them in a kiln built for that purpose4 ,the object of this burning is to remove the organic matter and leave the remainder in a porous condition1 so that it may be crushed into particles the proper size4 ,it is not desirable to have a great amount of char dust present1 since this retards the passage of the liquors through the filters1 as well as impairing the efficiency of the work4 ,bone char1 being very porous1 absorbs a great volume of gases1 among which is oxygen1 and it is ordinarily presumed that its bleaching power may be attributed to this fact4 ,extensive experiments have been made to determine definitely this point1 and the char has been subjected to an atmosphere of other gases than oxygen4 ,this proved that the char still contained great clarifying power4 ,char also has a great surface attraction1 which causes it to collect particles of coloring matter that may be present1 and thus acts as an excellent filtering agent4 ,new char should be thoroughly washed with pure water until all the impurities are removed4 ,with the end in view of determining when the last traces of chlorine have disappeared1 chemical tests are made on the wash waters4 ,nitric acid and silver nitrate are employed for this purpose4 ,after animal char has been used for some time in the filters and fails to do its work efficiently1 it is reburned1 or revived1 as it is called4 ,ordinarily the best results are obtained after a char has been used several times4 ,reburning of the char at too high a temperature should be avoided1 as it incurs an unnecessary loss of fuel1 besides causing serious injury to the char by a contraction of the pores4 ,since1 as stated previously1 the main value of the char as a clarifying and filtering medium lies in the fact of its porosity1 anything which reduces this will greatly impair its efficiency4 ,one thing in connection with the bone-char process of making white sugars is that it is expensive and should not be attempted except on a large scale1 since the initial expense of installation1 as well as the cost of running1 is very great4 ,the writer is sometimes asked by managers of small factories1 turning out plantation yellow clarified sugars1 if it would not pay them to employ bone-char filters to use in connection with the remainder of their factory1 in order to be able to work up an industry with the low-grade open-kettle sugars1 during the intercampaign4 ,most assuredly such a combination of small plantation factory and refinery would not be a paying affair4 ,it takes men of experience and special training to carry out successfully the more detailed work in any technical line4 ,one thing1 however1 can be very successfully done by these factories1 and that is to make a first-class plantation white sugar which will command a ready price in the local markets1 or even suffice for export1 if the proper manufacturing methods are used4 ,it is not presumed that any one planter will use all of the clarifying reagents mentioned above1 but he should choose the ones to fit his individual needs1 and secure his supply early1 since a great deal of time is required to transport supplies from the place of manufacture to these ,islands4 ,this is especially the case when the place of manufacture happens to be in ,europe1 as is true with a number of the patented clarifying reagents4 ,then1 again1 a suitable place should be selected for the storage of reagents1 where they may be protected from dampness4 ,the quick-lime and sulphites are especially susceptible to moisture1 while the greatest danger of loss1 when phosphoric acid compounds are stored1 will result from leakage4 ,this is on account of the great oxydizing effect of the acid on the iron loops surrounding the barrels1 whereby a great quantity may be lost within a very short time4 ,the writer observed this needless waste in one of the small factories here1 when twenty barrels of a high-priced acid were stored on the damp ground of the factory1 and a great percentage of it wasted4 ,there are a number of clarifying agents offered on the market under fancy names4 ,planters are advised to be cautious about the purchasing of such supplies until they have been thoroughly tried out and proven a success4 ,even then1 it is better to experiment only on a small scale until it is known that they will meet their individual needs4 ,some of these are not only deficient in clarifying power1 but actually act as an absolute detriment by introducing impurities which lower the value of the juice as well as increasing the subsequent work of boiling and after working of the sugar4 ,,la ,,fabricacion ,,de ,,azucar ,,blanco ,,en ,,los ,,ingenios4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,th4 ,harloff and ,h4 ,schmidt4 ,translated into ,spanish by ,c4 ,j4 ,bourbakis4 7,reviewed by ,cleve4 ,w4 ,hines1 ,m4 ,s41 ,station ,superintendent47 ,this book is edited by two of the foremost sugar producers of the world1 ,mr4 ,harloff1 who is manager of a large sugar factory in ,java1 and ,mr4 ,schmidt1 a very able consulting chemist and engineer4 ,the book was originally written in ,dutch and was translated into ,english1 and now the ,spanish edition has been completed1 which will be welcomed by ,spanish readers throughout the sugar world4 ,while dealing with a purely technical subject1 this work is so simple in its diction that it may be readily comprehended even by those of little technical training4 ,the introduction is divided into five parts as follows3 ,part ,i4--,the influence of alkalies and alkaline earths on the constituents of cane juice4 ,mention is here made of the formation of saccharates of barium1 strontium1 and calcium in low concentrations4 ,the latter is made use of in the famous ,steffens process of the beet-sugar industry4 ,part ,,ii4--,the influence of acids on the constituents of sugar cane and the hydrolizing effect of dilute acids on sucrose and the resulting constituents1 laevulose and dextrose or invert sugar1 are explained4 ,part ,,iii4--,the influence of heating on the constituents of cane juice is shown4 ,part ,,iv4--,the coloring substances of cane and those produced in the process of manufacture4 ,part ,v4--,the different fermentations that occur in the sugar factory including lactic1 butyric1 alcoholic and dextran are discussed4 ,the main part of the text deals with the manufacture of white sugar by the carbonitation and sulphitation processes1 and particular attention is given to the acid-thin-juice-method which has been elaborated in the ,java factories with such great success during the past few years4 ,this book may be obtained from ,norman ,roger1 #b ,st4 ,dunstan's ,hill1 ,london1 ,england4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net 7,p#d ,philippine currency74 ,,current ,,notes--,,first ,,quarter4 ,,notes ,,by ,p4 ,j4 ,,wester1 ,horticulturist in ,charge of ,lamao ,experiment ,station4 ,shield ,budding the ,mango4 ,the one defect in the ,pound method of shield budding the mango described in ,bureau of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #ah1 ,the ,mango1 consists of the necessity of placing an apron to protect the long petiole left on the bud from the sun and the entrance of water1 which work necessarily requires more time than if the bud could be wrapped as is the case in budding citrus trees4 ,however1 a possible use of scarred or nonpetioled budwood as a means of obviating the need of the apron was suggested in the above-mentioned publication4 ,the results obtained in recent experiments conducted at the ,lamao experiment station 7,november and ,december1 #aiad7 have fully come up to the expectations of this modification1 and if the work is carefully performed1 the operator should have no trouble in obtaining #he per cent of live buds by proceeding in accordance with the following directions3 7#a7 ,select budwood that is well matured1 from the first1 second1 and third flushes from the end of a branch4 ,this budwood is always green and smooth4 7#b7 ,three weeks or more in advance of the date when the budding is to be performed1 cut off the leaf blades of the budwood selected4 ,this causes the petioles to drop4 ,when the scars left after the petioles have fallen are well healed the budwood is in condition for budding4 7#c7 ,the buds should be cut about #d centimeters long1 with an ample wood shield1 and inserted in the stock at a point where the bark is green and smooth like the budwood1 not where it is rough and brownish4 7#d7 ,use waxed tape in tying and cover the entire bud4 7#e7 ,when in the course of two to three weeks a good union has formed1 unwind the wrapping so as to expose the leaf bud from which the growth is to issue1 and cut off the top of the stock #aj to #ae centimeters above the bud4 7#f7 ,every ten days after unwrapping the buds go through the nursery and carefully rub off all stock sprouts in order to force the buds to grow4 ,all other precautions that are taken in ordinary shield budding must1 of course1 also be attended to in order to insure success4 ,experiments in ,shield ,budding4 ,after repeated attempts the shield-budding experiments at the ,lamao experiment station with the camia 7,averrhoa ,bilimbi7 and the santol 7,sandoricum koetjape7 have been successful1 and it has also been found that the barobo 7,diplodiscus paniculatus71 a nut tree indigenous to the ,philippines 7,dillenia indica71 and the sea grape 7,coccoloba uvifera71 may be propagated by means of shield budding4 ,detailed information relative to the budding of these plants will be published on the completion of the experiments4 ,improvement of ,tropical ,fruits in the ,philippines4 ,the average fruit is so poor that most foreigners never give any attention to the santol1 and the fruit is a drug even in the native markets and enormous quantities annually rot on the ground4 ,few are aware that there are mutations among the santol trees the fruit of which in point of flavor vies with the best fruits in the ,tropics1 and that in this respect it is superior even to its celebrated relative1 the lanzon 7,lansium domesticum71 the greatest defects being the large seeds and the adherence of the flesh to the seeds4 ,if the seed in these superior santols were abortive in the same proportion as those in the mangosteen1 the now despised santol1 with its translucent pulp1 separable from the pericarp as that of the mangosteen1 subacid1 juicy and of a vinous1 excellent flavor1 would rapidly become one of the most popular fruits in the ,tropics4 ,its thick1 tough rind should make the santol at least equal to the mangosteen as a shipper4 ,what is probably the first horticultural1 asexually propagated variety of the santol is now being established at the ,lamao experiment station from buds obtained by ,mr4 ,f4 ,galang1 assistant agricultural inspector1 from a tree in ,pampanga1 the fruit of which is so highly prized locally that the fruit never retails below the relatively high price of #b centavos apiece even when other santols are so plentiful as to be literally unsalable4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,malvar1 assistant agricultural inspector1 has obtained in ,batangas budwood of a sweet-fruited camia which is also being propagated4 ,this is the first mutation of this kind coming to the attention of the writer4 ,the collection of ,philippine citrus fruits of economic value or of botanical interest has been in progress since in #aiaa1 but no systematized selection work in the mandarin district has been attempted until ,december1 #aiad1 when ,mr4 ,b4 ,malvar was detailed to visit the citrus region in ,batangas4 ,mr4 ,malvar returned with sample fruits of some twenty odd trees1 a number of which were found to be of very good quality4 ,these are being propagated for future distribution4 ,mr4 ,malvar also found another ,tizon 7,citrus nobilis var4 papillaris7 of excellent flavor and quality which has been added to the citrus collection at ,lamao4 ,petioled ,vs4 ,nonpetioled ,budwood4 ,the last three years' experiments in shield budding tropical fruits which have been conducted by the writer at the ,lamao experiment station indicate that for practical purposes in propagation work the tropical fruits may be divided into two groups3 7#a7 ,those species the budwood of which may be cut at the time of budding and the petioles cut off close to the bud--for instance1 the citrus fruits1 avocado1 guava1 and carambola2 and 7#b7 those species in which decay enters the bud from the adhering remnant of the petiole so frequently as to make impracticable budding from newly cut budwood from twigs with the leaves still adhering1 such as the mango1 hevi1 and cacao4 ,it has been found1 however1 that this trouble may be easily overcome by the simple method of cutting off the leaf blade about three weeks in advance of when the budding is to be done so as to induce the formation of a leaf scar4 ,then when the petioles have dropped and a well-healed scar has formed1 the budwood may be cut and the buds inserted and tied as in ordinary shield budding4 ,in the case of some species1 whether or not the bud is of the same age as the stock at the point of insertion is of little or no practical importance1 but in other species this condition is one of the requirements for success4 ,therefore1 two chances of failure are insured against in experimental work with species that hitherto have not been budded--7a7 by defoliating the budwood previously to the budding operation1 and using what may be termed nonpetioled or scarred budwood2 and 7b7 by inserting the buds at a point in the stock which approximately is of the same age and appearance as the budwood4 ,,notes ,,by ,,cleve4 ,w4 ,,hines1 ,m4 ,s41 ,station ,superintendent4 ,a ,new ,sugar ,industry4 ,the beginning of a tropical industry in what would be considered a semitropical climate was noted in #aiad1 when the ,southwestern ,sugar ,company of ,arizona milled their first crop of sugar cane and made it into sugar4 ,the factory had been used previously for the manufacture of beet sugar only4 ,it is a singular coincidence to find a region where both cane and beets will thrive well and where sugar is made from both sources in the same factory1 and the sugar world is looking forward with great interest to the results of this new venture4 ,the ,world's ,sugar ,supply4 ,the world's production of sugar amounts to nearly seventeen million tons1 practically one half of which is derived from the beet root1 the greater percentage of which is produced in ,europe4 ,now that the ravages of war have devastated many of the better beet-sugar regions of ,europe a greater demand will be made on the more fortunate sugar countries as soon as the present supply of storage sugar is exhausted and trade resumes its normal condition4 ,progress in ,sugar ,manufacture4 ,the past few years have shown great progress in the method of sugar making4 ,it used to be thought that a high grade of sugar could be made only by the use of the bone-black or animal-char process4 ,the beet-sugar producers were the first to diverge from this method and succeeded in making a perfectly satisfactory sugar in their factories in one continuous process by the aid of the carbonitation system4 ,louisiana had been making a fairly good sugar known as yellow clarified for a number of years1 but the great step in improvements along these lines was brought about by the acid-thin-juice process of ,java4 ,this was a combination of the carbonitation and sulphitation processes which gave a satisfactory sugar1 though unfortunately the yield of resulting molasses was also quite high4 ,the latest improvement in this work was the introduction of the ,battille ,process which has certain similarities to the ,steffens process of beet-sugar manufacture4 ,this method has given an excellent grade of sugar and the maximum rendement since practically all of the sugar is extracted in crystalized form4 ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,bureau ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,subscription rates for ,the ,philippine ,agricultural ,review are as follows3 ,in the ,philippine ,islands and the ,united ,states ,p#b 7#a ,united ,states currency7 per year2 in foreign countries in the ,postal ,union ,p#d 7#b ,united ,states currency7 per year4 ,a limited number of the following-named bulletins are available for free distribution4 ,all communications should be addressed to the ,director of ,agriculture1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i4 ,,bulletins4 ,no4 #g4 ,the ,garden4 7,spanish47 7#fb pp41 #i ill47 ,no4 #ab4 ,abaca 7,manila ,hemp74 7,revised47 7,english and ,spanish47 7#dj pp41 #aa ill47 ,no4 #ac4 ,the ,cultivation of ,maguey in the ,philippine ,islands4 7,spanish47 7#bf pp41 #i ill47 ,no4 #ad4 ,the ,cultivation of ,sesamum in the ,philippine ,islands4 7,spanish47 7#h pp47 ,no4 #af4 ,cultivation of ,tobacco in the ,philippines 7,spanish1 ,english1 ,ilocano1 and ,ibanag47 7#bd pp41 #f ill47 ,no4 #ag4 ,coconut ,culture4 7,spanish47 7#bj pp41 #d ill47 ,no4 #ah4 ,the ,mango4 7,english47 7#fj pp41 #i ill47 7,out of print47 ,no4 #ai4 ,tests of the ,efficiency of ,antirinderpest ,serum4 7,english47 7#aaj pp41 #ahg ,charts and ,diagrams47 ,no4 #bj4 ,notes on the ,muscular ,changes ,brought about by ,intermuscular ,injection of ,calves with the ,virus of ,contagious ,pleuropneumonia 7,english47 7#ah pp41 #d ill47 ,no4 #ba4 ,a ,study of the ,normal ,blood of ,carabao4 7,english7 7#ab pp47 ,no4 #bd4 ,the ,role of ,stomoxys calcitrans in the ,transmission of ,trypanosoma evansi4 7,english47 7#ea pp41 #e4 ill47 ,no4 #be4 ,the ,philippine ,coconut ,industry4 7,english47 7#fg pp41 #ba ill47 ,no4 #bf4 ,the ,kapok ,industry4 7,english47 7#da pp41 #aa ill47 ,no4 #bg4 ,citriculture in the ,philippines4 7,english47 7#fj pp41 #dc ill47 ,no4 #bh4 ,the ,mechanical ,transmission of ,surra by ,tabanus striatus4 7#aa pp47 ,,notes #a ,bureau of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #bg1 ,citriculture in the ,philippines1 #aiac1 contains illustrations of several unnamed citrus fruits described in this paper4 ,those readers who possess the above-mentioned bulletin may be interested to know that in accordance with the classification herein these fruits should be named as follows3 ,bull4 ,no4 #bg1 ,plate ,,iv1 ,mandarin ,lime ,c4 webberii2 ,,viii1 ,lime 7,mindanao type7 ,c4 excelsa var4 davaoensis2 ,,viii1 ,lime1 ,limon ,real ,c4 excelsa2 ,x1 ,cabuyao ,c4 histrix2 ,,xi1 ,cabuyao ,c4 histrix var4 torosa2 ,,xii1 ,biasong ,c4 micrantha2 ,,xii1 ,type from ,bohol ,c4 histrix var4 torosa2 ,,xii1 ,type from ,bohol ,c4 histrix var4 boholensis2 ,,xiv1 ,colo ,c4 macrophylla2 ,,xiv1 ,samuyao ,c4 micrantha var4 microcarpa2 ,,xv1 ,talamisan ,c4 longispina2 ,,xv1 ,tizon ,c4 nobilis var4 papillaris2 ,,xv1 ,tihi-tihi ,c4 medica var4 odorata2 ,x,v,ia ,c4 webberii var4 montana2 ,x,v,ib ,c4 southwickii4 #b ,in the above description the pistil is said to be small4 ,citron flowers examined by the writer have been found to have large pistils similar to those in ,c4 m4 var4 odorata and ,c4 m4 var4 nanus4 #c ,paper read before the ,louisiana ,sugar ,planters ,assn41 ,june #ab1 #aiac4 #d ,cultivation of ,sugar ,cane1 by ,dr4 ,stubbs4 #e ,from ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin1 ,no4 #ajg1 p4 #bjc4 #f ,bulletin #ia1 ,louisiana ,sugar ,experiment ,station4 #g ,all statistics1 and much of the information that applies specifically to robusta coffee have been adapted from ,robusta and ,some ,allied ,coffee ,species by ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,j4 ,van ,hall1 of the department of agriculture1 ,buitenzorg1 ,java1 published in the ,agr4 ,bul4 of the ,f4 ,m4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i3 ,no4 #g1 #aiac1 and from a review of a series of articles on robusta coffee by ,dr4 ,e4 ,wildeman1 in the ,monthly ,bul4 of ,agr4 ,intelligence1 etc41 ,vol4 ,,iv3 ,no4 #d1 #aiac4