,babylonian-,assyrian ,bir?-,om5s ,& ,_! ,cultural ,significance by ,morris ,ja/r[1 jr4 ,ph4 ,d4 7,leipzig7 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania 7,philadelphia7 ,gieen #aiad ,v]lag von ,alfr$ ,tpelmann 7vormals ,j4 ,rick]7 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,v]su*e und ,vor>beit5 begrndet von ,albre*t ,diet]i* und ,ri*>d ,wns* h]ausgegeb5 von ,ri*>d ,wns* und ,ludwig ,deubn] 9 ,mn/] i4 ,w4 9 ,knigsb]g i4 ,pr4 ,,xiv4 ,b&4 #e4 ,heft ,to ,,sir ,,william ,,osl] ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,?is volume is d$icat$ z a m>k ( e/eem & admiration4 ,mo/ f9e1 mo/ hon\r'd1 mo/ r5[n'd4 7,k+ ,h5ry ,v1 #b;d ,"p1 ,act ,,iv1 #e1 #afd47 ,analysis ,div9ation 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria #a ,?ree *ief me?ods3 hepatoscopy1 a/rology & bir?-om5s #a-f ,spread ( ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology to ,hittites1 ,etruscans1 ,greeks & ,romans & to ,*9a #c-d ,! ,transition motif 9 religi\s rites & popul> cu/oms #e-f ,om5 collections 9 ,a%urbanapal's ,libr>y #f-g ,bir?-om5 reports #i-ab ,animal ,bir?-om5s #ab-bh ,d\ble foetus #ac-af ,pr9ciples ( int]pretation #ad-ae ,multiple bir?s among ewes #ag-ah ,mal=mation ( e>s #ai-bb ,excess numb] ( e>s #bj-bb ,ewe giv+ bir? to "y resembl+ lion #bc-bf ,ewe giv+ bir? to "y resembl+ o!r animals #bg-bh ,human ,bir?-om5s #bh-da ,tw9s #bi-cj ,mon/rosities #cj ,multiple bir?s #ca ,mal=mation ( e>s #cb-cc ,mal=mation ( m\?1 no/rils1 jaws1 arms1 lips1 h& #cc-cd ,mal=mation ( anus1 g5ital memb]1 ?igh1 feet #ce-cf ,pr9ciples ( int]pretation #cf ,mis%ap5 embryos #cg ,weakl+s1 cripples1 deaf-mutes1 /ill-bir?s1 dw>fs #ch-ci ,talk+ infants1 ) be>d$ lips & tee? #ci ,infants ) animal features #cb4 #cc4 #ce-cf4 #dj-da ,/udy ( ,human ,physiognomy among ,greeks & ,romans #dc-dd ,resemblances betwe5 human & animal features #de ,porta's & ,lavat]'s ,views #de-dh ,/udy ( ,human ,physiognomy bas$ on bir?-om5s #di-ej ,bir?-om5s 9 ,julius ,obsequ5s #ej-eb ,bir?-om5s 9 ,val]ius ,maximus #eb ,cic]o on bir?-om5s #ec-ed ,macrobius on bir?-om5s #ee ,bir?-om5s among ,greeks & 9 ,asia ,m9or #ef-eh ,bir?-om5s z basis ( belief 9 fabul\s & hybrid be+s #ei-fb ,dragons1 ,hippoc5taurs & hybrid creatures 9 ,babylonian-,assyrian ,lit]ature & ,art #fc-fd ,fabul\s creatures ( ,greek ,my?ology & ,bir?-om5s #fd-ff ,egyptian sph9xes #fg-gj ,totemism #gj ,metamorphosis ( human be+s into animals & vice v]sa #gj-gb ,talk+ animals 9 fairy tales #ga ,hi/ory ( mon/]s & p]si/5cy ( belief 9 mon/]s #gb-gh ,lyco/h5es' "w #gc-ge ,summ>y #gh-hj ,index #ha-hf 444 !y d obs]ve unfa!r'd heirs & loa?ly bir?s ( natures 7,k+ ,h5ry ,v4 #bnd "p ,act ,,iv1 #d1 #aba-abb74 ,i ,z a result ( rese>*es 9 ! field ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation1 n[ ext5d+ ov] a numb] ( ye>s#a1 x may be def9itely said t ap>t f ! l>ge class ( miscellane\s om5s#b1 ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians develop$ *iefly ?ree me?ods ( div9ation into m or less elaborate sy/ems--div9ation ?r\gh ! inspection ( ! liv] ( a sacrificial animal or ,hepatoscopy1 ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( ! movem5ts 9 ! heav5s or ,a/rology1 7*iefly direct$ to ! moon & ! planets b also to ! sun & ! prom95t />s & con/ellations71 & ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( signs not$ at bir? 9 infants & ! "y ( animals or ,bir?-om5s4 ,else:]e#c1 ,i h sugge/$ a g5]al division ( ! v>i\s =ms ( div9ation me?ods into two classes1 volunt>y & involunt>y div9ation1 mean+ by ! =m] ! case 9 :i* a sign is delib]ately select$ & !n obs]v$1 by ! latt] :]e ! sign is n ( y\r own *oice b =c$ ^u y\r att5tion & call+ = an int]pretation4 ,hepatoscopy falls )9 ! =m] category#d1 ,a/rology & ,bir?-om5s 9 ! latt]4 ,ea* "o ( ^! ?ree me?ods re/s on an und]ly+ well-def9$ !ory & is n ! outcome ( m]e caprice or pure fancy1 ?\gh ( c\rse ^! two factors are also prom95t4 ,9 ! case ( ,hepatoscopy1 we f9d ! und]ly+ !ory to h be5 ! id5tification ( ! 's\l' or vital c5tre ( ! sacrificial victim--always a %eep--) ! deity to :om ! animal is (f]$1--at lea/ to ! ext5t t ! two s\ls are attun$ to "o ano!r4 ,! liv] be+1 accord+ to ! view preval5t among ,babylonians & ,assyrians z among o!r peoples ( antiquity at a c]ta9 /age ( culture1 ! seat ( ! s\l#e1 ! inspection ( ! liv] foll[$ z ! natural & obvi\s means ( asc]ta9+ ! m9d1 i4 e41 ! w & disposition ( ! deity to :om an inquiry has be5 put or :om "o desir$ to consult4 ,! signs on ! liv]--! size & %ape ( ! lobes1 & ( ! gall bladd]1 ! "* or peculi>ities ( ! two app5dices to ! upp] lobe1 7! processus pyramidalis & ! processus papill>is71 & ! v>i\s m>k+s on ! liv] 7 not$1 & on ! basis ( ! two ma9 pr9ciples condition+ all =ms ( div9ation 7#a7 association ( ideas & 7#b7 not+ ! ev5ts t foll[$ ^u c]ta9 signs1 a decision 0 rea*$ z to :e!r ! deity 0 favorably or unfavorably dispos$ or1 :at am\nt$ to ! same ?+1 :e!r ! answ] to ! inquiry 0 favorable or unfavorable4 ,9 ! case ( ,a/rology1--a relatively m advanc$ me?od ( div9ation1--! und]ly+ !ory re/$ on ! suppos$ complete correspond5ce betwe5 movem5ts & ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s & occurr5ces on e>?4 ,! gods1 be+ id5tifi$ ) ! heav5ly bodies1--) ! moon1 sun1 planets1 & fix$ />s--or z we might also put x1 ! heav5ly bodies be+ p]sonifi$ z gods1 ! movem5ts 9 ! heav5s 7 int]pret$ z repres5t+ ! activity ( ! gods prep>+ ! ev5ts on e>?4 ,!re=e1 he :o c\ld read ! signs 9 ! heav5s aright w\ld "k :at 0 to happ5 "h bel[4 ,a/rology correspond$ 9 a measure to ! mod]n ,wea!r ,bureau 9 t x enabl$ "o to asc]ta9 a little 9 advance :at 0 c]ta9 to happ51 suffici5tly s 9 ord] to be prep>$ = x4 ,comp>$ ) ,hepatoscopy1 ,a/rology n only repres5ts a =m ( div9ation t might be designat$ z semi-sci5tific--only relatively sci5tific ( c\rse--b also occupies a high] plane1 because !re 0 no attempt involv$ to induce a deity unfavorably dispos$ to *ange 8 m9d4 ,! signs 7 !re2 !y po9t$ unmi/akably to c]ta9 occurr5ces on e>? t 7 c]ta9 to occur & x 0 ! task ( ! div9]--! br or 'inspector' z ! ,babylonian call$ him--to indicate :e!r :at ! gods 7 prep>+ w\ld be b5eficial or h>mful4 ,bo? ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology z develop$ by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians br-prie/s ex]t$ a wide influ5ce1 ! =m] spread+ to ! ,hittites & ,etruscans & ?r\gh ! "o or ! o!r m$ium to ,greeks & ,romans#f1 :ile ,babylonian-,assyrian ,a/rology pass+ to ! ,greeks became ! basis = ,graeco-,roman & m$iaeval ,a/rology1 pr(\ndly influ5c+ ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,europe#g & 9 a modifi$ =m surviv+ ev5 to our own days4 ,! *a9 ( evid5ce has rec5tly be5 complet$#h to prove ! direct transf] ( ! cunei=m a/rological lit]ature to ,greek a/rolog]s & a/ronom]s4 ,! possibility also ( a spread or at lea/ ( a second>y influ5ce ( bo? sy/ems to ! di/ant ,ea/ is also to be consid]$4 ,9 fact consid]able evid5ce is n[ available to %[ t ,babylonian-,assyrian a/rological notions & 9 "p also a/ronomical data spread to ,*9a#i4 ,,ii ,! obs]vation ( signs obs]v$ 9 "y animals & 9 infants at ! "t ( bir? con/itutes a ?ird division ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation1 q equal 9 prom95ce to ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology4 ,"h too we are ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ = "s rational or quasi-rational basis = ! importance atta*$ by ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 & z we %all see by o!r nations z well1 to any?+ ( a notewor?y or unusual "* obs]v$ at ! mom5t t a new life 0 u%]$ into ! _w4 ,! my/]y ( life made z deep an impression ^u primitive man & ^u anci5t peoples z x does on ! mod]n sci5ti/1 :o endeavors ) 8 bett] equipm5t & enri*$ by ! l>ge exp]i5ce ( pa/ ages1 to p5etrate to ! v s\rce ( life4 ,a new life issu+ f ano!r life--:at c\ld be /rang]1 :at m puzzl+1 :at m awe-inspir+8 ,if we be> 9 m9d t !re is suffici5t evid5ce to w>rant u 9 say+ t among peoples 9 a primitive /ate ( culture1 ! new life 0 n associat$ ) ! sexual act#aj1 ! my/]y mu/ h appe>$ /ill m pr(\nd4 ,! *ild or ! "y animal 0 suppos$ to be due to ! action ( "s _s or demon t _h f\nd its way into ! "m1 j z dea? 0 suppos$ to be due to "s malici\s demon t _h driv5 ! _s ( life out ( ! body4 ,! _m bir? cu/oms f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w#aa1 are associat$ ) ?is impression ( my/]y made by ! new life2 !y c5tre l>gely r\nd ! idea ( protection to ! "m & h] (fspr+ at a critical p]iod4 ,! rejoic+ is temp]$ by ! fe> ( ! demons :o 7 suppos$ to be lurk+ ne> to d mis*ief to ! new life & to ! "o :o br\ght x =?4 ,! ?\ght is a natural "o1 = ! "y life hangs 9 ! balance1 :ile t ( ! "m appe>s to be positively ?reat5$4 ,all bodily suff]+ & all physical ailm5ts be+ ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( bad demons1 or to ! equally malevol5t influ5ce ( p]sons :o c\ld by _! control ( ! demons or 9 "s o!r way ?r[ a spell ov] ! individual1 ,bir?1 ,pub]ty1 ,m>riage & ,dea? z ! f\r p]iods 9 life :i* may be reg>d$ z critical & transitional are m>k$ by popul> cu/oms & religi\s rites t foll[ mank9d f primitive times d[n to our own days4 ,a mod]n s*ol>1 ,van ,g5nep1 :o has rec5tly ga!r$ ^! cu/oms 9 a volume & int]pret$ !m1 calls 8 "w ',rites de ,passage'1 i4 e41 cu/oms associat$ ) ! f\r p]iods ( transition f "o /age to ! o!r & :i* survive 9 advanc$ =ms ( fai? z ,baptism1 ,confirmation1 ,m>riage c]emonies & ,fun]al rites1 j z ! *ief fe/ivals 9 all religions are ! ',rites de ,passage' ( nature--associat$ ) ! transition p]iods ( ! ye>1 ) ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! summ] sol/ice1 ! autumnal equ9ox & ! w9t] sol/ice or1 express$ 9 agricultural t]ms1 ) s[+ "t1 ) blossom+ or e>ly h>ve/ "t1 ) ! lat] h>ve/ "t & ) ! p]iod ( decay4 ,! significance atta*$ to bir? om5s is ?us m]ely a phase ( ! c]emonies att5dant ^u ! passage ( ! new-born f its my/]i\s hid+ place to ! light4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! new life & ! processes ( nature is complete1 = ! plant1 too1 aft] be+ hidd5 9 ! e>?1 :i* is pictur$ 9 ! religions ( antiquity z a 'great "m'1 comes to ! surface4 ,,iii ,! field ( obs]vation 9 ! case ( ! new-born among mank9d & 9 ! animal _w is l>ge--v l>ge1 & yet def9itely b\nd$4 ,normal conditions 7 naturally )\t special significance1 b any deviation f ! normal 0 reg>d$ z a sign call+ = int]pretation4 ,su* deviations cov]$ a wide & almo/ b\ndless range f peculi> =mations ( any "p ( ! body or ( ! features1 to actual mal=mations & mon/rosities4 ,! g5]al und]ly+ pr9ciple 01 ! great] ! abnormality1 ! great] ! significance atta*$ to x2 & z 9 ! case ( ! movem5ts 9 ! heav51 ! unusual 0 reg>d$ z an indication ( "s imm95t unusual occurr5ce4 ,we are =tunate 9 possess+ among ! tablets ( ,a%urbanapal's libr>y1 une>!d by ,lay>d j fifty ye>s ago & :i* is /ill our ma9 s\rce = ! ,babylonian-,assyrian religi\s lit]ature1 _m hundr$s ( texts furni%+ li/s ( bir? om5s & _! int]pretation#ab1 j z we h _m hundr$s ( texts deal+ ) liv] div9ation#ac1 & ev5 m deal+ ) ,a/rology#ad1 ap>t f ! _m hundr$s ( texts deal+ ) miscellane\s om5s ( :i* up to ! pres5t only a small proportion has be5 publi%$#ae4 ,f ?is division ( ! great collection ga!r$ by ,a%urbanapal's scribes *iefly f ! temple ar*ives ( ,babylonia1 x appe>s t ! br-prie/s made ext5sive collections ( all k9ds ( om5s :i* s]v$ ! purpose ( (ficial h&-books to be consult$ 9 case ( que/ions put to ! prie/s z to ! significance ( any p>ticul> ph5om5on1 & :i* 7 also us$ z textbooks = ! tra9+ ( ! aspirants to ! prie/hood4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ! bir?-om5s#af1 ! fir/ "q t arises is :e!r ! signs ent]$ are bas$ on actual occurr5ces or are fanciful4 ,9 ! case ( _m entries1 z w pres5tly be made evid5t1 ! anomalies not$ re/ ^u actual obs]vation1 b ) ! desire ( ! prie/s to embrace 9 _! collections all possible cont+5cies s z to be prep>$ = any "q t might at any "t arise1 a l>ge numb] ( signs 7 ent]$ :i* ! div9]s ?\ght might occur4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to be on ! safe side ! div9]s all[$ _! fancy free re9 & regi/]$ _m ?+s t we c positively say nev] did occur & nev] c\ld occur#ag4 ,) ! help ( h&-books on human & animal pa?ology1 we c )\t difficulty di/+ui% betwe5 two classes4 ,?us1 tw9s be+ reg>d$ z significant & triplets ev5 m s1 ! prie/s did n /op at ?is po9t b provid$ = cases :5 f\r1 five six up to eight & m infants 7 born at "o "t#ah4 ,aga9 9 reg>d to animals1 inasmu* z bit*es & s[s may ?r[ a litt] ( t5 & ev5 m1 ! prie/s 9 _! collections c>ri$ ! numb] up to ?irty#ai :i* is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,= %eep & goats ! numb] 0 ext5d$ up to t51 ?\gh x probably nev] happ5$ t m ?an triplets 7 ev] born to an ewe or to a "m-goat4 ,ev5 tw9s are r>e1 & ,i am told t !re are few au!nticat$ cases ( triplets4 ,mal=mations among infants & ! "y ( animals 7 ( c\rse pl5tiful1 b "h too ! anomalies & mon/rosities are n z num]\s & v>i$ z 7 ent]$ 9 ! h&books ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian div9]s4 ,! factor ( fancy to :i* ,i h ref]r$ ent]s ev5 m l>gely 9 ! entries ( _m actual mal=mations1 ?r\gh ! assumption ( a m or less fanciful resemblance ( "s feature or ( "s "p ( an infant or ( ! "y ( an animal ) ! features or p>ts ( "s animal4 ,an excess numb] ( limbs--?ree legs or f\r arms 9 ! case ( an infant1 or five or six legs 9 ! case ( a lamb1 puppy1 pig or foal1 or two heads--is n uncommon4 ,on ?is basis ! prie/s ent]$ cases ( excess legs & arms & heads up to n9e & m#bj2 & simil>ly 9 reg>d to e>s & eyes4 ,t1 h[ev]1 despite ! l>gely fanciful "* ( ! entries 9 ! om5 texts1 ^! collections n only re/$ on a firm basis ( actual obs]vation1 b s]v$ a practical purpose is %[n by ! examples t we h ( (ficial reports made by ! br-prie/s ( human & animal anomalies1 ) ! int]pretations atta*$ t repres5t quotations f ! collections#ba4 ,a report ( ?is k9d 9 ref]5ce to an animal mon/rosity reads 9 "p z foll[s#bb3 ',if x is a d\ble foetus1 b ) "o head1 a d\ble sp9e1 two tails & "o body1 ! l& t is n[ rul$ by two w be rul$ by "o p]son4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) "o head1 ! l& w be safe4' ,we h "h two quotations f a text furni%+ all k9ds ( peculi>ities connect$ ) a d\ble foetus & we are =tunate 9 hav+ ! text f :i* ! quotations are made#bc4 ,evid5tly an ewe has giv5 bir? to a mon/rosity su* z is "h describ$1 ! case has be5 report$ to ! div9]s :o furni% ! k+#bd ) ?is report1 indicat+ t s9ce ! mon/rosity has only "o head1 :at might h be5 an unfavorable om5 is conv]t$ into a favorable "o4 ,ano!r report#be reg>d+ a mon/rosity born ( a s[ reads3 ',if a foetus has eight feet & two tails1 ! rul] w acquire univ]sal sway4 ,a but*]1 ,uddanu by "n1 report$ z foll[s3 ,a s[ gave bir? 7to a "y7 hav+ eight feet & two tails4 ,i h pres]v$ x 9 salt & kept x 9 ! h\se4 ,f ,n]gal-etir#bf4' ,"h we h ! "n ( ! br-prie/ :o made ! report expressly indicat$4 ,! report beg9s ) a quotation f ! collections1 indicat+ ! int]pretation to be put ^u ! occurr5ce1 aft] :i* ! report ( ! actual ev5t t took place is giv5 9 detail2 & ,n]gal-etir is c>eful to add t he has pres]v$ ! specim5 z a pro( ( its occurr5ce1 precisely z to-day su* a mon/rosity w\ld be bottl$ & kept 9 a pa?ological museum4 ,9 ano!r report#bg conta9+ v>i\s quotations f ! collections ( bir?-om5s & clos+ ) "o 9 reg>d to a m>e t _h giv5 bir? to two colts1 "o male & "o female1 ) smoo? hair ov] ! e>s1 ov] ! feet1 m\? & ho(s1 :i* is int]pret$ z a favorable sign#bh1 ! "o :o makes ! report adds ',:e!r ?is is s1 ,i %all asc]ta94 ,x w be inve/igat$ accord+ to in/ructions'4 ,evid5tly1 ! facts _h n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$ & ! div9]1 :ile furni%+ ! int]pretations = v>i\s possibilities1 promises to in=m himself def9itely & report aga9 z to ! exact nature ( ! unusual occurr5ce4 ,frequ5tly ^! om5 reports conta9 int]e/+ & important allusions to hi/orical ev5ts :i* are !n embodi$ 9 ! collections#bi4 ,9 fact ! ev5t :i* foll[$ ^u any unusual or /rik+ sign1 :e!r 9 ! heav5s or among ! newly born or :at n1 0 c>efully not$ & on ! pr9ciple ( po/ hoc propt] hoc 0 reg>d$ z ! ev5t presag$ by ! sign 9 "q4 ,! def9ite indication ( ! int]pretation to be put ^u ! om5 itself 0 suppli$ by ! actual ev5t t foll[$ ^u ! appe>ance ( "s sign1 ?\gh x 0 n suppos$ t ! sign w\ld always be foll[$ by ! same occurr5ce4 ,! po9t to :i* att5tion 0 prim>ily direct$ 0 :e!r ! occurr5ce 0 ( a favorable or an unfavorable nature4 ,if favorable1 ! conclusion 0 drawn t ! sign 0 a favorable "o & h5ce 9 ! ev5t ( its recurr5ce "s favorable incid5t might be expect$ accord+ to exi/+ circum/ances--victory 9 an imp5d+ battle1 suppression ( an upris+1 recov]y ( "s memb] ( ! royal h\sehold :o may be ly+ ill1 good crops at ! approa*+ h>ve/ or :atev] ! case may be--or 9 g5]al a favorable answ] to any "q put by a rul]4 ,! same w\ld apply to a comb9ation ( signs1 "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( div9ation be+--once favorable1 always favorable4 ,among ! bir?-om5 reports we h "o conta9+ a hi/orical ref]5ce ( unusual int]e/#cj4 ',if ! foetus is male & female--om5 ( ,azag-,bau :o rul$ ! l&4 ,! k+'s c\ntry w be seiz$4 ,if a foetus is male & female1 )\t te/icles1 a son ( ! palace#ca w rule ! l& or w ass]t himself aga9/ ! k+4' ,we mu/ assume 9 ?is case t a mon/rosity has be5 born1 hav+ p>tly male & p>tly female organs4 ,! prie/ by way ( int]pretation notes a s]ies ( signs regi/]$ 9 ! collections1 all progno/icat+ an abnormal /ate ( affairs--a woman on ! ?rone1 captivity1 seizure ( ! ?rone by an usurp] & revolt4 ,we frequ5tly f9d 9 ! collections sev]al int]pretations regi/]$ 9 ?is way1--a valuable indication ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! collections 7 compil$ by ! prie/s f a v>iety ( docum5ts be=e !m4 ,! "n ( ?is female rul]1 hi!rto kn[n only f ?is report & f a li/ ( prop] names 9 :i* ,azag-,bau occurr$1 has n[ turn$ up 9 an important li/ ( e>ly dyna/ies rul+ 9 ! ,euphratean ,valley1 discov]$ & publi%$ by ,s*eil#cb4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t at ! "t t ,azag-,bau sat on ! ?rone or %ortly be=e1 su* a mon/rosity actually came to light4 ,z an unusual occurr5ce x presag$ some?+ unusual1 & 0 naturally associat$ ) ! extraord9>y circum/ance ( a woman m\nt+ ! ?rone4 ,azag-,bau accord+ to ! newly discov]$ li/ is ! f\nd] ( a dyna/y rul+ 9 ,ere* z a c5tre & ^: date appe>s to be some:]e betwe5 #bhjj & #cjjj ,b4 ,c4--possibly ev5 e>li]4 ,z a f\nd] ( a dyna/y t ov]?rew a previ\s "o1 ,azag-,bau mu/ h engag$ 9 ho/ilities ) o!r c5tres1 s t ! second int]pretation t '! k+'s c\ntry w be seiz$' may well ref] to "s hi/orical ev5t ( ! same g5]al p]iod4 ,be t z x may1 ! important po9t = u is t we h "h ano!r pro( ( ! practical purpose s]v$ by ! obs]vation ( bir?-om5s4 ,,iv ,pass+ n[ to "s illu/rations ( bir?-om5s f ! collections ( ! br-prie/s1 let u fir/ take up "s texts deal+ ) om5s f ! "y ( animals4 ,naturally1 ! animals to :i* att5tion 0 direct$ 7 ! dome/icat$ ones--%eep1 goats1 c[s1 dogs1 horses & pigs4 ,among ^! ! mo/ prom95t is ! %eep1 correspond+ to ! significance atta*$ to ! %eep 9 liv] div9ation :]e x is1 9 fact1 ! only animal ^: liv] is read z a means ( =eca/+ ! future#cc4 ,z a result ( ?is p>ticul>ly prom95t position tak5 by ! %eep 9 bir?-om5s1 ! ^w isbu1 designat+ ! normal or abnormal foetus--human or animal--:5 introduc$ )\t fur!r qualification g5]ally indicates ! foetus ( a %eep#cd4 ,a text#ce deal+ ) a d\ble foetus1 i4 e41 ( a %eep#cf1 reads 9 "p z foll[s3 ',if x is a d\ble foetus ) slits 787 on ! head & tail1 ! l& w be secure4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus & enclos$#cg1 confusion 9 ! c\ntry1 ! dyna/y w come to an end4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 encompass$ l an enclosure1 ! k+ w subdue 8 ! l&4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus & encompass$ l an enclosure1 confusion 9 ! l&1 ho/ilities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 encompass$ l an enclosure1 ) slits on ! body1 end ( ! dyna/y1 confusion & di/urbances 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 encompass$ l an enclosure1 ) twi/$ necks & only "o head1 ! l& w rema9 "u "o head4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 ! heads enclos$1 ) eight legs & only "o sp9e1 ! l& w be visit$ by a de/ructive /orm#ch4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) only "o head1 ! l& w be secure1 ! rul] w prevail aga9/ 8 enemy1 peace & prosp]ity 9 ! c\ntry#ci4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) "o head1 a d\ble sp9e1 eight feet1 two necks & two tails1 ! k+ w enl>ge 8 l&4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) "o head1 d\ble sp9e1 two tails & "o body1 !n ! l& t is rul$ by two w be rul$ by "o4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) only "o head & "o sp9e1 eight feet1 two necks & two tails1 ! k+ w enl>ge 8 l&4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) only "o neck1 ! rul] w enl>ge 8 l&4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) only "o sp9e1 ! rul] w enl>ge 8 l&4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) only "o m\?1 ! l& w rema9 "u ! comm& ( ! k+4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) only "o brea/1 ! l& w be enl>g$1 rule ( a legitimate k+4 ,9 ord] to grasp ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! int]pretation ( su* om5s1 we mu/ take z our />t+ po9t ! conceptions connect$ ) ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t ! om5s deal prim>ily ) public affairs & ! g5]al welf>e & only to a limit$ ext5t ) private & individual conc]ns#dj1 ! head ( ! foetus by a natural association /&s = ! rul] or occasionally = ! own] ( ! "m lamb4 ,"o head to ! d\ble foetus1 !re=e1 indicates unity--a s+le rule--:]eas two heads po9t to disruption ( "s k9d4 ,if ! d\ble foetus is s entw9$ z to be %ut 9 )9 an enclosure1 a simil>ly natural association ( ideas w\ld lead to ! c\ntry be+ %ut 91 9 a /ate ( confusion1 ! l& 9 a condition ( subjugation or ! l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if m]ely ! heads are enclos$ s z to give ! impression ( unity & ! re/ ( ! two bodies is dis5tangl$1 ! unfavorable sign is conv]t$ into a favorable "o4 ,a second pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! int]pretation results 9 a m favorable conclusion if ! d\ble foetus %[s less complications4 ,s1 a s+le neck or a s+le sp9e or a s+le brea/ or a s+le m\? po9t aga91 l a s+le head1 t[>ds unity & !re=e to fl\ri%+ conditions 9 ! l&4 ,9 ! case ( legs & tails1 to be sure1 ! conditions seem to be rev]s$--! eight legs & two tails & two necks ) "o head po9t+ to enl>gem5t ( ! l&1 :]eas a d\ble foetus ) only six or five feet =ebodes "s imp5d+ mis=tune#da4 ,let u proce$ fur!r ) ?is text4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 "o well =m$ & ! second issu+ f ! m\? ( ! fir/#db1 ! k+ w be kill$ & 8 army w revolt 81 8 oil plantation & 8 dwell+ w be de/roy$#dc4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 ! second ly+ at ! tail ( ! fir/1 ) two brea/s & two tails1 !re w be no unity 9 ! l&#dd4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 & ! second lies at ! tail ( ! fir/ & enclos$ & bo? are liv+1 ditto4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 & "o rides ov] ! o!r1 victory1 ?rone w support ?rone4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus & "o rides ov] ! o!r & !re is only "o head1 ! p[] ( ! k+ w conqu] ! enemy's l&4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus1 "o above & "o bel[1 ) only "o sp9e & eight feet1 f\r ,v>iant3 'two' e>s1 & two tails1 ?rone w support ?rone4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) ! faces d[nw>d1 approa* ( ! son ( ! k+1 :o w take ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r1 or a second son ( ! k+ w die1 or a ?ird son ( ! k+ w die4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) five feet1 s]i\s ho/ility 9 ! c\ntry1 ! h\se ( ! man w p]i%1 8 /all#de w be de/roy$4 ,if x is a d\ble foetus ) six feet1 ! population w be dim9i%$1 confusion 9 ! l&4 ,if x is a foetus )9 a foetus1 ! k+ w weak5 8 enemy1 8 possessions w be br\ght into ! palace#df4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a foetus gives bir? to a second foetus#dg1 ! k+ w ass]t himself aga9/ 8 oppon5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 q a numb] ( cases two alt]native int]pretations are giv51 "o ( an (ficial "* ref]r+ to ! public welf>e1 or to occurr5ces 9 ! royal h\sehold#dh1 ! o!r ( an un(ficial "* be>+ on ! welf>e ( ! individual to :om ! "m lamb t _h produc$ ! mon/rosity belong$4 ,"o foetus issu+ f ! o!r1 or "o )9 ! o!r1 appe>s to h be5 a favorable or an unfavorable sign1 accord+ to ! position ( ! second4 ,if ! "o lay above ! o!r1 ! association ( ideas po9t$ to a control ( ! rul] ov] 8 enemy4 ,9 "s cases1 ! association ( ideas lead+ to ! int]pretation is n cle>2 & we mu/ p]haps assume 9 su* in/ances an entry ( an ev5t t actually occurr$ aft] ! bir? ( ! mon/rosity 9 "q4 ,a c]ta9 measure ( arbitr>9ess 9 ! int]pretations also con/itutes a factor to be tak5 into consid]ation2 & ! la/ ?+ t we ne$ to expect 9 any sy/em ( div9ation is a consi/5t application ( any pr9ciple :atsoev]4 ,! text passes on to an enum]ation ( ! case ( an ewe giv+ bir? to m ?an two lambs4 ,! '(ficial' int]pretations are ?r\gh\t unfavorable#di1 & ! prie/s 7 q safe 9 _! entries :i* 7 purely arbitr>y 9 ^! cases1 s9ce su* multiple bir?s nev] occurr$4 ,x is wor? :ile to quote ^! int]pretations z an illu/ration ( ! fanciful factor t1 z already indicat$1 play$ a n insignificant "p 9 ! sy/em unfold$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to ?ree 7lambs71 ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry w be annull$1 b ?+s w g well ) ! own] ( ! ewe1 8 /all w be enl>g$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to ?ree fully develop$ 7lambs71 ! dyna/y w meet ) opposition1 approa* ( an usurp]1 ! c\ntry w be de/roy$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to f\r1 ! l& w enc\nt] ho/ility1 ! produce ( ! l& w be swept away1 approa* ( an usurp]1 de/ruction 9 ! l&4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to f\r fully develop$ lambs1 locu/s 787 w come & de/roy ! c\ntry4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to f\r1 approa* ( an usurp]1 ! c\ntry w be de/roy$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to five1 de/ruction w ravage ! c\ntry1 ! own] ( ! h\se w die1 8 /all w be de/roy$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to five1 "o ) ! head ( a bull#ej1 "o ) a lion-head1 "o ) a jackal-head1 "o ) a dog-head & "o ) ! head ( a lamb#ea1 deva/ation w take place 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to six1 confusion among ! population4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to sev51--?ree male & f\r female--1 ! k+ w p]i%4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to eight1 approa* ( an usurp]1 ! tribute ( ! k+ w be )held4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to n9e1 end ( ! dyna/y4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to t51 a weakl+ w acquire univ]sal sov]eignty#eb4 ,! g5]al simil>ity ( ! int]pretations may be tak5 z a fur!r indication t ! br-prie/s 7 simply giv+ _! fancy free scope 9 mak+ progno/ications = conditions t c\ld nev] arise2 nor is x ( s]i\s mom5t t 9 ! case ( triplets ! int]pretation is favorable to ! own] ( ! ewe1 or t 9 ! case ( t5 lambs1 ev5 ! (ficial int]pretation is n di/9ctly unfavorable--9 view ( ! purely 'academic' "* ( su* entries4 ,an extract f a long text#ec furni%+ om5s d]iv$ f all k9ds ( peculi>ities & abnormal ph5om5a not$ on ! e>s ( an animal--prim>ily aga9 ! %eep1 ?\gh no d\bt assum$ to be applicable to o!r dome/icat$ animals--w ?r[ fur!r light on ! sy/em ( div9ation devis$ by ! br-prie/s1 & w also illu/rate ! extravagant fancy ( ! prie/s 9 _! endeavor to make _! collections provide = all possible & inde$ = _m impossible cont+5cies4 ,if a foetus#ed lacks ! "r e>1 ! rule ( ! k+ w come to an end1 8 palace w be de/roy$1 ov]?r[ ( ! eld]s ( ! city1 ! k+ w be )\t c\nsellors1 confusion 9 ! l&1 dim9ution ( ! cattle 9 ! l&1 ! enemy w acquire control#ee4 ,if ! foetus lacks a left e>1 a god w h>k5 to ! pray] ( ! k+1 ! k+ w take ! l& ( 8 enemy1 ! palace ( ! enemy w be de/roy$1 ! enemy w be )\t a c\nsellor1 ! cattle ( ! enemy's c\ntry w be dim9i%$1 ! enemy w lose control4 ,if ! "r e> ( ! foetus is deta*$1 ! /all#ef w be de/roy$4 ,if ! left e> ( ! foetus is deta*$1 ! enemy's /all w be de/roy$4 ,if ! "r e> ( ! foetus is split1 ! h]d w be de/roy$ or ! lead]s ( ! city w leave 7x7#eg4 ,if ! left e> ( ! foetus is split1 ! h]d w be enl>g$1 ! lead]s ( ! enemy's c\ntry w leave 7x74 ,if ! "r e> ( ! foetus is split & swoll5 ) clay1 ! c\ntry w h a rival4 ,if ! left e> ( ! foetus is split & swoll5 ) clay1 ! enemy's c\ntry w h a rival4 ,if ! "r e> ( ! foetus is de/roy$1 ! /all w be enl>g$1 ! /all ( ! enemy w be dim9i%$4 ,if ! outside ( ! "r e> is de/roy$1 ! l& w yield to ! enemy's l&4 ,if ! "r e> ( ! foetus lies ne> ! *eek#eh1 ! enemy w prevail aga9/ ! p[] ( ! k+1 ! k+ w be )\t c\nsellors1 a rul] w n inhabit ! l&1 or ! son ( ! k+ ( univ]sal sway#ei w be k+4 ,if ! left e> ( ! foetus lies ne> ! *eek1 an enemy w be in/all$ 9 ! royal palace4 ,if ! "r e> ( ! foetus lies ne> ! jaw1 bir? ( a demon#fj 9 my l&1 or 9 ! h\se ( ! man#fa4 ,if ! left e> ( ! foetus lies ne> ! jaw1 bir? ( a demon 9 ! enemy's l&1 or ! l& ( ! enemy w p]i%4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! int]pretation 9 ^! in/ances is ! natural association ( ! "r z y\r side & ! left ) ! enemy's side4 ,a defect on ! "r side is unfavorable to y1 i4 e41 to ! k+ or to ! c\ntry or to ! individual 9 ^: h\sehold ! bir? occurs1 :ile ! same defect on ! left side is unfavorable to ! enemy &1 !re=e1 favorable to y4 ,! pr9ciple is q consi/5tly c>ri$ out ev5 to ! po9t t if ! sign itself is favorable1 x is only :5 x is f\nd on ! "r side t x is favorable to y1 :ile its occurr5ce on ! left side is favorable to ! enemy4 ,defects ( any k9d appe> to be unfavorable1 :]eas an excess ( organs & p>ts are 9 _m in/ances favorable1 ?\gh ) a consid]able measure ( arbitr>9ess4 ,if ! foetus has two e>s on ! "r side & none on ! left1 ! b\nd>y city ( ! enemy w become subject to y4 ,if ! foetus has two e>s on ! left side & none on ! "r1 y\r b\nd>y city w become subject to ! enemy4 ,if ! foetus has two e>s on ! "r side & "o on ! left1 ! l& w rema9 "u ! control ( ! rul]4 ,if ! foetus has two e>s on ! left side & "o on ! "r1 ! l& w revolt4 ,if )9 ! "r e> ( ! foetus a second e>#fb appe>s1 ! rul] w h c\nsellors4 ,if )9 ! left e> ( ! foetus !re is a second e>1 ! c\nsellors ( ! rul] w advise evilly4 ,if beh9d ! "r e> ( ! foetus !re is a second e>1 ! rul] w h c\nsellors4 ,if beh9d ! left e> ( ! foetus !re is a second e>1 confusion 9 ! l&1 ! l& w be de/roy$#fc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a foetus has f\r e>s1 a k+ ( univ]sal sway w be 9 ! l&4 ,if a foetus has f\r e>s1 two ly+ 9 front 7&7 two 9 back1 ! rul] w acquire possessions 9 a /range c\ntry#fd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if beh9d ! "r e>1 !re are two e>s1 visible on ! outside#fe1 ! inhabitants ( ! b\nd>y city w become subject to ! enemy4 ,if beh9d ! left e> !re are two e>s visible on ! outside1 ! inhabitants ( ! b\nd>y city ( ! enemy w become subject to y4 ,if a foetus has ?ree e>s1 "o on ! left side & two on ! "r side1 ! angry gods w return to ! c\ntry4 ,if a foetus has ?ree e>s1 "o on ! left side & two on ! "r1 ! gods w kill )9 ! c\ntry4 ,if )9 ! "r e> ( a foetus !re are ?ree e>s ) ! inn] sides well =m$1 ! oppon5t w conclude peace ) ! k+ :om he fe>s1 ! army ( ! rul] w dwell 9 peace ) him4 ,if )9 ! left e> ( a foetus !re are ?ree e>s ) ! inn] sides well =m$1 ?y ally w become ho/ile4 ,if beh9d ea* ( ! two e>s !re are ?ree e>s visible on ! outside1 confusion 9 ! l&1 ! c\nsel ( ! l& w be disc>d$1 "o l& aft] ! o!r w revolt4 ,if )9 ea* ( two e>s !re are ?ree e>s visible on ! inn] side1 ?+s w g well ) ! rul]'s army4 ,if )9 ea* ( ! two e>s !re are ?ree e>s1 visible on ! outside & ! inside1 ! army ( ! rul] w =sake him & 8 l& w revolt4 ,if )9 ea* ( ! two e>s !re are ?ree e>s1 visible on ! outside & ! inside1 ! army ( ! rul] w =sake him & 8 l& w revolt4 ,if ! e>s ( a foetus are *ok$ up#ff1 9 place ( a l>ge k+ a small k+ w be 9 ! l&4 ,9 g5]al1 !re=e1 an excess numb] ( e>s po9ts to enl>gem5t1 increas$ p[]1 /ability ( ! gov]nm5t & ! l2 & ?is is probably due 9 "p to ! association ( wisdom & und]/&+ ) ! e> 9 ,babylonian#fg1 = z a g5]al ?+ an excess ( organs or ( p>ts ( ! body is an unfavorable sign1 because a deviation f ! normal4 ,9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! e>s1 we h bir?-om5 texts deal+ ) ! head1 lips1 m\?1 eyes1 feet1 jo9ts1 tail1 g5ital organs1 hair1 horns & o!r p>ts ( ! body#fh4 ,9 _m ( ^! texts deal+ ) all k9ds ( peculi> =mations & abnormalities 9 ! case ( "o organ or "o "p ( ! body or ! o!r1 a comp>ison is in/itut$ betwe5 ! features or p>ts ( "o animal ) ^? ( ano!r & ! int]pretation is guid$ by ! association ( ideas ) ! animal comp>$4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ ! importance ( ?is feature 9 ext5d+ ! field ( obs]vation almo/ ad inf9itum4 ,a lamb born ) a l>ge head might sugge/ a lion1 a small long head t ( a dog1 or a v broad face might sugge/ ! features ( a bull4 ,f comp>isons ( ?is k9d1 ! /ep w\ld be a small "o to call+ a lamb ) lion-l features1 a lion1 or a lamb ) features recall+ ^? ( a dog1 a dog & s on ?r\gh ! li/1 ! int]pretations be+ *os5 ?r\gh ! ideas associat$ ) ! animal 9 "q4 ,a text ( ?is k9d#fi1 ( :i* we h _m1 reads 9 "p z foll[s4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 ! ab&on$ weapons w make an attack 7aga971 ! k+ w be )\t a rival4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 b ) a head ( a 'ra9 b[' bird#gj1 ! son w seize ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 b 7"s (7 ! features are 7also7 human1 ! p[] ( ! k+ w conqu] a p[]ful c\ntry4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 b 7"s (7 ! features are ^? ( a lamb1 ! "y cattle w n prosp]4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 b 7"s (7 ! features are ^? ( an ass1 sev]e fam9e w occur 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 b 7"s (7 ! features are ^? ( a dog1 ,n]gal#ga w cause de/ruction4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion b 7"s (7 ! features are ^? ( a khupipi#gb1 ! rul] w be )\t a rival & w de/roy ! l& ( 8 enemy4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 b ) ! m\? ( a wild c[1 ! rule ( ! k+ w n prosp]4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion b ) ! m\? ( a bull1 fam9e w ensue4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion ) ! horny exub]ance ( an ibex on its face1 prices w be l[]$#gc4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion ) ! horny exub]ance ( an ibex on its face & if ! eyes are op5#gd1 prices w be high4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion ) fatty fle% on ! nose1 ! l& w be well n\ri%$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 & ! "r temple is cov]$ ) fatty fle%1 ! l& w be ri*ly bless$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 & ! left temple is cov]$ ) fatty fle%1--rivalry4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion1 & x is cov]$ all ov] ) fatty fle%1 ! k+ w be )\t a rival4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion b )\t a head#ge1 dea? ( ! rul]4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion ) ! gorge torn (f#gf1 de/ruction ( ! l&1 ! mi/ress#gg w die4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a lion ) ! gorge torn (f & a mutilat$ tail#gh1 ! l& w be de/roy$ 787 ,f texts l ^! x w\ld appe> t ! phrase ( 'an ewe giv+ bir? to a lion' _h acquir$ a purely conv5tional =ce to describe a lamb ^: head or g5]al features sugge/$ ^? ( a lion4 ,x may h come to be us$ inde$ = a newly born lamb ( unusually l>ge proportions4 ,h5ce "o c\ld comb9e ) ! description ( a lion-lamb su* fur!r specifications z t x also sugge/$ human features1 or look$ l an ass or a dog1 or t :ile x came "u ! category ( a lion-lamb1 x yet _h "s ( ! features ( a normal lamb4 ,at all ev5ts we mu/ n cr$it ! ,babylonians or ,assyrians ) s absurd a belief z t an ewe c\ld actually produce a lion4 ,su* a supposition is at once dispos$ ( :5 we come to o!r texts :]e we f9d entries ( an ewe produc+ a :ole s]ies ( animals--a jackal1 dog1 fox1 pan!r1 hy5a1 gazelle1 etc4 & :]e we mu/ p]=ce assume resemblances betwe5 a "y lamb & ! animals 9 "q & n any extravagant views ( possible cross-bre$+#gi4 ,to cl9* ! matt]1 we h q a numb] ( passages 9 :i* ! preposition 'l' is introduc$#hj in/ead ( ! direct equation1 %[+ t :5 ! texts speak ( an ewe giv+ bir? to a lion1 a jackal1 a dog1 etc41 ! prie/s _h 9 m9d m]ely a resemblance z ! basis ( su* /atem5ts4 ,! g5]al idea associat$ ) ! lion 9 div9ation texts is t ( p[]1 success1 increase & ! l4 ,! sign1 !re=e1 ( an ewe produc+ a lion is a favorable "o2 x is only ?r\gh att5dant circum/ances t ! "* ( ! sign is trans=m$ into an unfavorable or p>tly unfavorable om54 ,s 9 case ! lion-lamb has a head sugge/ive ( ! v>iegat$ colors ( ! ra9b[ bird1 ! sign /ill po9ts to p[]1 b to a p[] ex]cis$ by ! cr[n pr9ce aga9/ ! fa!r4 ,if "s ( ! features sugge/ ^? ( an ass or ( a dog or ( a pig1 ! ideas associat$ ) ^! animals conv]t :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 a favorable sign into an unfavorable "o4 ,! m\? ( a wild c[ or ( a bull1 ?us int]f]+ ) ! complete id5tification ( ! "y lamb z a lion-lamb1 simil>ly1 br+s ab\t an unfavorable int]pretation4 ,fatty fle% by a natural association po9ts to increas$ prosp]ity1 :ile mutilations ( ! head1 tail or ( any o!r "p naturally c>ry ) !m unfavorable progno/ications4 ,x is int]e/+ to see f a long li/ ( comp>isons ( a new-born lamb ) all k9ds ( animals#ha ! ext5t to :i* ! association ( ideas connect$ ) ! animals 9 "q is c>ri$4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a dog 444 ! k+'s l& w revolt4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a beav]#hb 7871 ! k+'s l& w exp]i5ce mis]y4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a fox1 ,enlil#hc w ma9ta9 ! rule ( ! legitimate k+ = _m ye>s1 or#hd ! k+ w /r5g!n 8 p[]4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a ,mukh-,dul#he1 ! enemy w c>ry away ! inhabitants ( ! l&1 ! l& w despite its /r5g? g to ru91 ! dyna/y w be oppos$1 confusion 9 ! l&4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a pan!r1 ! k+dom ( ! rul] w secure univ]sal sway4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a hy5a 7871 approa* ( ,elam4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a gazelle1 ! days ( ! rul] ?r\gh ! grace ( ! gods w be long1 or ! rul] w h w>riors4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a h9d1 ! son ( ! k+ w seize 8 fa!r's ?rone1 or ! approa* ( ,sub>tu w ov]?r[ ! l&4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a roebuck1 ! son ( ! k+ w seize 8 fa!r's ?rone1 or de/ruction ( cattle#hf4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a wild c[1 revolt w prevail 9 ! l&4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to an ox1 ! weapons ( ! rul] w prevail ov] ! weapons ( ! enemy4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to an ox t has ganni#hg1 ! rul] w weak5 ! l& ( 8 enemy4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to an ox ) two tails1 om5 ( ,i%bi-,ura#hh1 :o 0 )\t a rival4 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a c[1 ! k+ w die1 ano!r k+ w draw nigh & divide ! c\ntry4 ,"o might h suppos$ t su* om5s repres5t a purely imag9ative !oretical factor1 b ! introduction ( ! hi/orical ref]5ce proves conclusively t ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians atta*$ an importance to ! fanci$ resemblance ( an animal to an o!r1 & t 9 ! case ( su* /range /atem5ts z t an ewe gives bir? to "o ( a s]ies ( all k9ds ( animals1 x is ?is fanci$ resemblance t =ms ! basis & ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! int]pretation4 ,v ,if1 n[1 we turn to bir?-om5s 9 ! case ( infants1 we f9d 9 ! om5 texts ! same two classes1 ^? 9 :i* all k9ds ( abnormalities & mal=mations are regi/]$1 & su* 9 :i* ! fanci$ resemblance ( ! new-born infant to "s animal1 or ( "s features ( an infant to ^? ( an animal is introduc$ z a factor4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! int]pretation1 s f> z !y c be recogniz$1 are naturally ! same z 9 ! case ( bir?-om5s = ! "y ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,a few illu/rations w make ?is cle>4 ,a text#hi deal+ ) tw9s1 & pass+ on to multiple bir?s up to eight1 reads 9 "p z foll[s3 ,if a woman gives bir? to two boys1 fam9e w prevail 9 ! l&1 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry w witness mis=tune1 & mis=tune w ent] ! h\se ( _! fa!r#ij4 ,if a woman gives bir? to two boys ) "o body--no union betwe5 man & wife1 t h\se w be r$uc$#ia4 ,if a woman gives bir? to two boys ( normal appe>ance1 t h\se#ib 444 ,if a woman gives bir? to a boy & a girl1 ill luck w ent] ! l&1 ! l& w be dim9i%$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sp9e1 ) ! faces back to back 81 ! gods w =sake ! c\ntry1 ! k+ & 8 son w ab&on ! city4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s )\t noses & feet1 ! l& w be dim9i%$#ic4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s 9 an abnormal condition1 ! l& w p]i%1 ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides#id1 ! l& rul$ by "o w be controll$ by two4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides1 7&7 ! "r h& ( ! "o ly+ to ! "r is miss+1 ! weapon ( ! enemy w kill me1 ! l& w be dim9i%$1 weakness w br+ ab\t defeat & my army w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides1 & ! left h& ( ! "o ly+ to ! left is miss+#ie 444 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides & ! "r h&s are miss+--attack1 ! enemy w de/roy ! produce ( ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides1 & ! left h&s are miss+1 ! produce ( ! enemy's l& w be de/roy$#if4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s1 unit$ at ! sides1 & ! "r foot ( ! "o ly+ to ! "r is miss+1 ! enemy w ab&on ! re/ ( my l&1 ! l& w be captur$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides1 & ! left foot ( ! "o ly+ to ! left1 is miss+1 ,i w ab&on ! re/ ( ! enemy's l&1 & ! l& ( ! enemy w be captur$#ig4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides1 & ! "r feet are miss+1 ! seat ( ! c\ntry#ih w be ov]?r[n & captur$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to tw9s unit$ at ! sides & ! left feet are miss+1 ! seat ( ! enemy's l& w be ov]?r[n & captur$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to two girls1 ! h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to two girls & !y die#ii 444 ,if a woman gives bir? to ?ree well develop$ girls1 ! l& ( ! rul] w be enl>g$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to two girls ) "o body1 no union betwe5 man & wife1 ! l& w be dim9i%$#ajj4 ,if a woman gives bir? to two girls ( normal appe>ance 444#aja4 ,if a woman gives bir? to ?ree boys1 di/ress w seize ! l& 444 ,if a woman gives bir? to f\r 787 boys1 de/ruction 9 ! l&#ajb4 ,?r\gh ano!r fragm5t#ajc1 ! li/ ( multiple bir?s is c>ri$ up to eight--a p]fectly safe proc$ure on ! "p ( ! br-prie/s1 s9ce x is unlikely t ! case ( m ?an f\r bir?s at "o "t ev] occurr$ 9 ! :ole scope ( ,babylonian-,assyrian hi/ory4 ,! int]pretations 9 ! case ( m ?an triplets appe> to h be5 consi/5tly unfavorable4 ,ev5 tw9s1 z is app>5t f ! above entries1 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z unfavorable1 because ( ! deviation f ! normal involv$2 & ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case :5 mon/r\s factors 7 connect$ ) ! d\ble bir?--! two unit$ at ! backs or at ! sides--or :5 ! tw9s lack$ a "p ( ! body su* z noses1 h&s or feet4 ,! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! "r side z repres5t+ y\r side & ! left z ! enemy's side int]v5es to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! application ( ! om5 to ! k+ or to ! c\ntry on ! "o h&1 & to ! enemy or 8 c\ntry on ! o!r4 ,correspond+ to ! text above discuss$#ajd1 9 :i* int]pretations are (f]$ = all k9ds ( mal=mations or peculi>ities1 9 connection ) ! e>s ( newly-born animals1 we h a text#aje furni%+ om5s 9 ! same way 9 ! case ( human bir?s4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 7& ! *ild has7 a lion's e>1 a p[]ful k+ w rule 9 ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r e>#ajf is miss+1 ! life ( ! rul] w come to an end4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left e> is miss+1 ! life ( ! k+ w be long4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? e>s are miss+1 fam9e w prevail 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! l& w be dim9i%$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r e> is small1 ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left e> is small1 ! h\se ( ! man w be enl>g$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? e>s are small1 ! h\se ( ! man w be ov]?r[n4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r e> is deta*$#ajg1 ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left e> is deta*$1 ! h\se ( ! oppon5t w be de/roy$1 ! h\se ( ! man#ajh w be enl>g$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? e>s are deta*$1 ! h\se ( ! man w enc\nt] mis=tune4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r e> rea*es to ! *eek1 a weakl+ w be born 9 ! man's h\se4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left e> rea*es to ! *eek1 a /rong "o w be born 9 ! man's h\se#aji4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? e>s rea* to ! *eek1 t l& w be de/roy$1 protection w be )drawn4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r e> is de=m$1 a weakl+ w be born 9 ! man's h\se4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left e> is de=m$1 a /rong "o w be born 9 ! man's h\se#aaj4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r e> ( ! *ild lies at ! l[] jaw#aaa1 ! son ( ! man w de/roy ! man's h\se4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left e> lies at ! l[] jaw1 ! son ( ! man w encircle ! man's h\se#aab4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & !re are two e>s on ! "r side & ! left e> is miss+1 ! angry gods w return to ! l& & ! l& w h peace4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & !re are two e>s on ! left side & ! "r e> is miss+1 ! c\nsel ( ! l& w be di/urb$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? e>s are flatt5$1--revolt4 ,! pr9ciple consi/5tly appli$ ?r\gh\t ^! om5s is t a defect or de=mity on ! "r side is an unfavorable sign1 & t ! same ph5om5on on ! left side is unfavorable to ! enemy1 or favorable to y4 ,a l>ge e>--sugge/+ t ( a lion--po9ts by association to enl>gem5t & increas$ /r5g?4 ,! text !n passes on to o!r peculi>ities4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & 7! *ild has7 ! m\? ( a bird1 t l& w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! m\? is miss+1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se w die4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r no/ril is miss+1--injury4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? no/rils are miss+1 ! l& w exp]i5ce di/ress1 ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! jaws are miss+#aac1 ! days ( ! rul] w come to an end1 ! h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! l[] jaw is miss+1 ! enemy w take ! b\nd>y /rip ( my l&4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! arms 787 are miss+1 ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! arms 787 are %ort1 he w atta9 favor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! upp] lip rides ov] ! l[] "o#aad1 he w atta9 favor4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! lips are miss+1 ! l& w enc\nt] di/ress1 ! h\se ( ! man w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & "o arm is %ort1 t man w be pref]r$#aae4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r h& is miss+1 t l& w suff] de/ruction4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? h&s are miss+1 ! enemy w conqu] ! city ( ! new-born#aaf4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! f+]s ( ! "r h& are miss+1 ! rul] w be hemm$ 9 by 8 enemy4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & !re are six f+]s on ! "r h&1 mis=tune w seize ! h\se4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & !re are six toes on ! "r & on ! left foot1 ! *ildr5#aag w enc\nt] mis=tune4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & !re are six toes on ! "r foot1 !re w be injury#aah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! g5ital memb] is miss+1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se w be weak5$1 dry+ up ( ! field4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! g5ital memb] & ! te/icles are miss+1 ! l& w enc\nt] mis=tune1 ! woman#aai w suff] pa91 ! h\se#abj w control ! palace#aba4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! anus is clos$#abb1 ! l& w suff] fam9e4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! anus is miss+ 81 ! k+ w be re/ra9$ 9 8 palace4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r ?igh is miss+1 ! l& ( ! rul] w g to ru94 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left ?igh is miss+1 ! enemy's l& w g to ru94 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & bo? feet are miss+1 ! c\rse ( ! l& w be *eck$1 t h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r foot ( ! *ild is l t ( a turtle#abc1 ! enemy w de/roy ! prop]ty ( ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & h&s & feet are l ^? ( a turtle1 ! rul] w de/roy ! product ( 8 l&4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! feet are atta*$ to ! belly 787#abd1 ! possession ( ! h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! *ild has only "o foot1 :i* is atta*$ to ! belly 787 & does n t\* ! gr\nd#abe ! l& w suff] mis=tune1 ! h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & x has ?ree feet ( :i* two are entw9$ 9 "o ano!r#abf ) ! body1 de/ruction w prevail 9 ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & x has f\r feet & g5ital memb] & pud5da are !re1 ! l& w suff] mis=tune1 a /range rul] w appe> on ! sc5e4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! "r leg is miss+1 ! l& ( ! rul] w g to ru94 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! left leg is miss+1 ! enemy's l& w g to ru94 ,9 g5]al1 mal=mations are look$ ^u z unfavorable1 z are also excess organs or p>ts e4 g4 six f+]s or six toes2 & x is only occasionally t a peculi>ity su* z %ort5$ arms or a protrud+ upp] lip1 receives a favorable int]pretation4 ,! v>iations 9 ! int]pretations !mselves are n num]\s1 & = ! mo/ "p are probably select$ 9 an entirely arbitr>y fa%ion1 ?\gh "h1 too1 z has be5 po9t$ out sev]al times1 association ( ideas ent]s z a factor1 z1 e4 g41 :]e l>ge e>s are made to po9t to increas$ p[]4 ,at ! same "t1 x is also cle> t ! great majority ( ! mal=mations & abnormalities 9 ! text t we h j discuss$ are su* z actually d occur & ) ! help ( m$ical works on human mal=mations#abg1 _m ( ! om5s describ$ 9 ?is & 9 o!r texts c be id5tifi$4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no d\bt t ! collections ( ! br-prie/s deal+ ) bir?-om5s obs]v$ 9 infants1 likewise1 re/ ^u actual obs]vations1 ?\gh ! field 0 ext5d$ by pass+ on f actual to purely fanciful & impossible abnormalities4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is attempt to provide = all k9ds ( cont+5cies 0 c>ri$ 9 ! collections is illu/rat$ by a portion ( ! fir/ tablet ( a s]ies#abh deal+ ) human bir?-om5s4 ,?is section treat+ 9 "p ( ! bir? ( %apeless abortions reads z foll[s3 ,if a woman gives bir? to pud5da#abi1 ! royal dyna/y w be *ang$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a head#acj1 ! l& w enc\nt] di/ress4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a =m ( "s k9d#aca1 k+ aga9/ k+1--8 rival1 w prevail4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a foetus#acb1 ! l& w enc\nt] di/ress4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a foetus 9 :i* !re is a second1 ! rule ( ! k+ & ( 8 sons w come to an end 444 ! p[] ( ! l& w dw9dle4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a mass ( clay#acc1 ! k+'s l& w oppose him & cause t]ror4 ,if a woman is pregnant ) a mass ( clay & gives bir? to a mass ( clay1 mis=tune w come1 ! "m w close (f h] gate aga9/ ! daught]1 !re w be no protection1 ! man#acd w g to ru91 ! produce ( ! field w n prosp]4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a male /ill-bir?1 ,n]gal#ace w de/roy1 ! man#acf w die be=e 8 "t4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a weak boy1 di/ress1 de/ruction ( ! h\se#acg4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a weak girl1 t h\se w be de/roy$ by fire4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a lame boy1 di/ress1 t h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a lame girl1 ditto4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a cripple1 t h\se w be plund]$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a crippl$ girl1 t h\se w be de/roy$ 84 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a woman gives bir? to some?+ t has no face#ach1 ! l& w exp]i5ce sorr[1 t h\se w n prosp]4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a weakl+1 t city#aci w exp]i5ce mis=tune 84 ,if a woman gives bir? to a crippl$ be+1 ! l& w exp]i5ce sorr[1 t h\se w n prosp]4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a deaf mute1 ! h\se w be %ut 94 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a woman gives bir? to a dw>f#adj ( a half-%ape1 t city w be oppos$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a half-%ap$ be+ ) be>d$ lips#ada1 talk+#adb1 & t moves ab\t1 & has tee?#adc--;ho/ility ( ,n]gal1 ! cru%+ =ce ( a p[]ful attack on ! l&1 a god#add w de/roy1 /reets w be attack$1 h\ses w be seiz$4 ,"o may "q :e!r all ( su* mon/rosities actually occurr$1 ?\gh !y are all possible1 if we add ! factor ( fancy to acc\nt = "s ( ! descriptions4 ,! conv5tional "* ( ! int]pretations & ! con/ant repetition ( ! same progno/ications likewise indicate ! desire on ! "p ( ! br-prie/s to exhau/ _! m$ical k ( mon/rosities & mal=mations t c\ld occur1 9 ord] to swell ! collections to ! l>ge/ possible proportions4 ,! fir/ tablet ( ! s]ies#ade ( :i* an extract has j be5 giv51 beg9s ) an enum]ation ( v>i\s animals to :i* a newly born infant be>s a resemblance & :i* is express$1 simil>ly to :at we f\nd 9 ! animal bir?-om5s1 by ! phrase t ! woman gives bir? to ! animal 9 "q4 ,! s]ies beg9s z foll[s3 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! (fspr+ cries 9 ! womb1 ! l& w enc\nt] sickness4 ,if a woman gives bir?1 & ! (fspr+ cries 9 ! womb & x is di/9ctly he>d1 a p[]ful enemy w arise & ov]?r[ ! l&1 de/ruction w sweep ! l&1 ! enemy w de/roy ! preci\s possession1 or ! ma/]'s h\se w be de/roy$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a lion1 t city w be tak51 ! k+ w be captur$4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a dog1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se w die & t h\se w be de/roy$1 confusion1 ,n]gal w de/roy4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a pig1 a woman w seize ! ?rone4 ,if a woman gives bir? to an ox1 ! k+ ( univ]sal rule w prevail 9 ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir? to an ass1 ! k+ ( univ]sal rule w prevail 9 ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a lamb1 ! rul] w be )\t a rival4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a ,s#adf1 ! rul] w be )\t a rival4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a s]p5t#adg1 ,i w surr\nd ! h\se ( ! ma/]4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a dolph9 787#adh1 ! h\se ( ! man w be enl>g$ 84 ,if a woman gives bir? to a fi%-be+#adi1 ! rule ( ! k+ w prosp]1 ! gods w return to ! l&4 ,if a woman gives bir? to a bird#aej1444 ,^! examples w suffice to %[ ! "p play$ by ! suppos$ resemblance ( a new-born infant ) "o animal or ! o!r 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s2 nor is x difficult to see h[ ! ?\ght ( su* resemblances %\ld arise1 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! %ape ( ! head ( an infant easily sugge/s t ( a dog or a bird4 ,! e> if unusually l>ge might recall a donkey's e>2 a small eye1 t ( a pig1 & a l>ge "o1 t ( a lion#aea4 ,! association ( ideas ) ! v>i\s animals no d\bt sugge/s ! int]pretation 9 mo/ cases1 ?\gh 9 o!rs ! int]pretation appe>s to be ( a purely conv5tional type & z a rule favorable4 ,,vi ,n[ :at does all ?is mean8 ,is !re any l>g] significance 9 ^! elaborate collections ( bir?-om5s8 ,d inve/igations ( ?is "* s]ve any purpose beyond f9d+ out h[ fooli% _m millions ( p 7 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ?\gh to be sure x may be "s satisfaction to asc]ta9 = oneself t fooli%ness has s v5]able an ance/ry4 ,b\*-,lecl]cq says at ! close ( 8 introduction to 8 great "w on ,greek ,a/rology#aeb t 'x is n a wa/e ( "t to f9d out h[ o!r peoples wa/$ !irs'4 ,b !re w\ld be small com=t ev5 9 su* a reflection1 if /udies 9 ! hi/ory ( div9ation did n furni% a l>g] outlook on ! developm5t ( human ?\ght--if 9 %ort su* /udies did n h "s important be>+ on ! cultural hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,let u see :e!r ?is is ! case4 ,su* is ! curi\s nature ( man t 8 sci5ce />ts ) sup]/ition4 ,! intellectual ef=t involv$ 9 develop+ :at to u at lea/ mu/ appe> z a fooli% & errone\s notion1 nev]!less1 results 9 "s positive advantage4 ,we (t5 he> x said t m$ic9e />ts ) religion1 & ?is is true 9 ! s5se t ! cure ( disease 0 once closely b\nd up ) ! belief t all suff]+ 0 due to "s demon or invisible _s t _h ent]$ ! body--a view t is aft] all n s f> remov$ f ! mod]n 'g]m' !ory hold+ = s _m diseases1 = ! g]ms are practically invisible & _! demoniac "* w assur$ly n be d5i$4 ,! cure ( a disease 9 primitive m$ic9e consi/$ 9 driv+ ! demon out ( ! body1 = :i* aga9 we might )\t mu* difficulty f9d an equival5t 9 mod]n m$ic9al me?ods4 ,incantations 7 suppos$ to h ! p[] ( fright5+ ! demon or 9 "s o!r way ( induc+ !m to leave ! body ( ! victim1 b x 0 soon discov]$ t c]ta9 h]bs & concoctions help$ to ?is end--n t x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t su* h]bs & concoctions 7 useful to ! pati5t1 b t !y 7 obnoxi\s to ! demons :o pref]r$ to leave _! victims r ?an endure ! na/y & ill-smell+ comb9ations t frequ5tly =m ! m$ical prescriptions atta*$ to ! incantations#aec4 ,:at we w\ld reg>d z m$ic9al rem$ies 7 orig9ally giv5 to ! pati5t1 ) a view & 9 ! hope ( disgu/+ ! demon t _h caus$ ! disease--a supplem5t !re=e to ! p[] attribut$ to ! recitation ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( words1 & all ) a view to =ce ! demons to release _! hold on ! suff]] by quitt+ 8 body4 ,f su* sup]/iti\s beg9n+s m$ic9e1 closely b\nd up ) ! prevail+ religi\s beliefs1 took its rise4 ,9 ! same way1 liv] div9ation ?\gh z a practice x belongs to ! p]iod ( primitive culture & re/s on an asumption :i* f ! mod]n sci5tific po9t ( view is ! height ( absurdity1 nev]!less1 l$ to ! /udy ( anatomy & z a matt] ( fact1 ! obs]vation ( ! liv] = purposes ( div9ation repres5ts ! beg9n+s ( ! /udy ( anatomy#aed4 ,a/rology l$ to a/ronomy1 & 9 ! same way ! obs]vation ( bir?-om5s gave rise to ano!r sci5ce or at lea/ to a m5tal discipl9e t until q rec5tly 0 reg>d$ z a sci5ce--namely1 ! /udy ( human & animal physiognomy4 ,! importance giv5 to any & to all k9ds ( peculi>ities 9 ! case ( ! "y ( animals & 9 new-born infants naturally %>p5$ ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 & l$ p to c>efully scrut9ize & /udy ! features ( ! new-born4 ,! l>ge "p play$ 9 ?is scrut9y by ! suppos$ resemblance ( ! features ( an infant to ^? ( "s animal =m$ a natural />t+ po9t1 f :i* x 0 n a v l>ge /ep to ! position t ?is suppos$ resemblance _h a be>+ on ! *ild itself4 ,9 o!r words ! bir?-om5s 9 s f> z !y ref]r$ to ph5om5a among infants _h a d\ble significance2 !y port5d$ some?+ ( mom5t ei!r to ! g5]al welf>e or to ! h\se 9 :i* ! bir? took place & also to ! *ild4 ,x is c]ta9ly n accid5tal t 9 ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy z c>ri$ on among ! ,greeks & ,romans z well z among m$iaeval ,arabic & ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ! suppos$ resemblances ( p to animals 0 "o ( ! *ief me?ods employ$ = det]m9+ ! "* ( an individual4 ,?is phase ( ,human ,physiognomy ,i v5ture to trace back directly to div9ation ?r\gh bir?-om5s1 :i* w\ld by a natural process lead to ! /udy ( human features z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! "* ( an individual4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ! great ,plato#aee 0 suppos$ to approve ( ! !ory t a man possesses to "s ext5t ! traits ( ! animal t he resembles2 & x seems to be a k9d ( poetic ju/ice t a philosoph] hold+ s manife/ly absurd a !ory %\ld himself1 z w pres5tly appe>1 h be5 comp>$ by a celebrat$ physiognomi/ ( ! #af? c5tury to a dog--?\gh to be sure to a dog ( ! f9] type4 ,polemon & ,adamantius _m c5turies aft] ,plato are among ! significant names ( ^? :o tri$ to "w out ! !ory 9 ! =m ( an elaborate sci5ce#aef4 ,ari/otle :o c g5]ally be c\nt$ ^u to h sane views on mo/ subjects oppos$ ?is me?od ( /udy+ human "*1 ?\gh until a few decades ago a "w on ,human ,physiognomy#aeg bas$ on ! !ory ( a man's possess+ ! traits ( ! animal t he resembles pass$ z a production ( ,ari/otle4 ,x is "o ( ! _m m]its ( mod]n s*ol>%ip to h remov$ ?is /igma f ! pr9ce ( ,greek philosoph]s4 ,ari/otle1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 a significant passage 9 8 de ,g5]atione ,animalium 7,,iv1 #ed7 d5ies ! possibility ( ! cross+ ( an animal ( "o species ) t ( ano!r1 & adds t mal=mations c produce app>5t simil>ities betwe5 animals ( diff]5t species1 b :i* are to be expla9$ ?r\gh ! work+s ( natural laws4 ,^! laws condition deviations f ! normal z well z all normal ph5om5a4 ,no?+ 9 nature1 ,ari/otle sums up1 c be contra naturam4 ,x w\ld appe> f passages l ?is t 9 ,ari/otle's days ! resemblances betwe5 an animal ( "o species & t ( ano!r1 & ! resemblance betwe5 man & animals _h l$ to ! belief ( cross bre$s to acc\nt = su* resemblances1 :ile mon/rosities among animals & among m5 7 look$ ^u z om5s s5t by ! gods z a w>n+ or z curses = crimes committ$--a po9t ( view t1 z we %all see1 is likewise to be trac$ back to ,babylonian-,assyrian influ5ces4 ,!re 7 o!rs besides ,ari/otle :o oppos$ ! curr5t views1 b ! curi\s ?+ is t ev5 ^? :o reject$ ! !ory ( a transition ( "o species to ano!r /ill ma9ta9$ t c]ta9 traits 9 an individual c\ld be associat$ ) & expla9$ by features t !y _h 9 common ) "s animal or ! o!r4 ,notable among ^! 0 ,giovanni ,porta1 a mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol> ( ! #af? c5tury1 :o :ile a believ] 9 magic 0 also a sci5tific inve/igator ^: rese>*es prov$ ( great value 9 develop+ a true !ory ( light & :o among o!r a*ievem5ts inv5t$ ! cam]a obscura4 ,he wrote a "w 9 ,lat91 de ,humana ,physiognomica 7,sorr5to1 #aehf7 :i* he himself translat$ into ,italian 7,naples1 #aeih7 & :i* subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man editions4 ,x rema9$ 9 fact ! /&>d "w on ! subject up to ! "t ( ,lavat]'s great "w on ,physiognomy at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,porta oppos$ ,plato's !ory t a man has ! traits ( ! animal t he resembles1 on ! gr\nd t a man may h features sugge/+ v>i\s animals4 ,8 =ehead may recall t ( a dog1 :ile 8 m\? may be l ! sn\t ( a sw9e1 & 8 e>s may resemble ^? ( an ass4 ,9 fact ,porta ma9ta9s t no man has features all ( :i* sugge/ a comp>ison ) "o animal only4 ,yet ,porta is ( ! op9ion t ! resemblance betwe5 m5 & animals1 :i* is self-evid5t1 =ms ! basis = ! /udy ( human "*1 ) ?is modification1 h[ev]1 :i* makes ! !ory ev5 m complicat$1 t ea* feature1--! =ehead1 ! eyes1 ! nose1 ! m\?1 ! e>s1 ! lips & ev5 ! eyebr[s1 & ! color ( hair ( ! head or ! be>d--betrays "s *>act]i/ic4 ,x is ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( all ^! features t ! "* is to be det]m9$1 b ea* feature is comp>$ by ,porta to ! correspond+ "o ( "s animal & its significance set =? accord+ to ! idea associat$ ) ! animal4 ,porta's treatise is1 !re=e1 q z l>gely tak5 up ) comp>isons betwe5 m5 & animals z are ! treaties ( o!r ,physiognomi/s1 only 9 m detail$ fa%ion4 ,?us a long =ehead or "o n too flat or too ev51 sugge/$ to ,porta ! "* ( a sagaci\s dog & by way ( illu/ration 7p4 #aad & #aah7aeh places ! portrait ( a dog side by side ) "o traditionally suppos$ to be a lik5ess ( ,plato4 ,dante1 s ,porta tells u1 also _h su* a dog =ehead4 ,a squ>e =ehead sugge/s t ( a lion 7#aae7 & po9ts to magnanimity1 c\rage & prud5ce--provid$1 he adds1 ! re/ ( ! face is 9 proportion2 a high1 r\nd$ =ehead 7#aag7 is comp>$ ) t ( an ass1 & is an indication ( /upidity & imprud5ce4 ,9 ! case ( noses1 comp>isons are in/itut$ ) ! beaks ( rav5s1 eagles & roo/]s1 ) ! noses ( ox51 sw9e1 dogs1 apes & /ags1 & horses4 ,s9ce ! rav5 is an impud5t & rapaci\s bird1 he :o is end[$ by nature ) a nose t curves f ! =ehead outw>d w also %[ ^! unpleasant qualities2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! nose is %ap$ l an eagle's beak1 ! p]son w %>e ! magnanimity & royal _s ( ! bird ( ,jupit]4 ,! illu/ration 7#aej7 %[s ! picture ( ! ,emp]or ,s]gius ,galba1 side by side ) an eagle's face4 ,cyrus & ,artax]xes1 too1 are said to h _h noses ( ?is =tunate %ape2 & by way ( confirmation ( ! !ory1 ,porta gives illu/rations ( ! magnanimity ( ^! & ( o!r rul]s :o _h a beak l t ( an eagle4 ,a nose broad 9 ! middle & slop+ inw>ds 7#aed71 sugge/+ t ( an ox1 indicates a ly+ & v]bose individual2 a ?ick nose 7#aee7 is pictur$ side by side ) a sw9e's head ) ! usual uncomplim5t>y traits associat$ ) t animal4 ,9 ?is way & 9 mo/ detail$ fa%ion ,porta takes up 9 succession ! m\?1 ! e>s1 ! eyes1 ! tee?1 ! lips1 ! hair & ! face 9 g5]al#aei4 ,a v l>ge & broad face is comp>$ ) t ( an ox or ass 7#agb seq47 & indicates ignorance1 /upidity1 laz9ess & ob/9acy2 a v small face resembles t ( a cat or an ape 7#agd seq47 & progno/icates timidity1 %rewd s]vility & n>r[ness2 a v fle%y face is aga9 comp>$ ) t ( an ox 7#agg72 a v bony "o ) t ( an ass1 ?\gh ,porta "h z else:]e is some:at emb>rass$ by ! v>iant op9ions ( 8 au?orities ,pseudo-,ari/otle1 ,polemon & ,adamantius & n infrequ5tly has rec\rse to textual *anges 9 ord] to solve difficulties4 ,! d\bt z to ! reasonabl5ess ( ! :ole !ory nev] appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h ent]$ 8 m9d1 & he *e]fully proce$s ) 8 comp>isons 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he introduces notable hi/orical p]sonages z illu/rations4 ,9 ?is way ,socrates is comp>$ to a /ag & because ( 8 baldness is giv5 a malignant1 &1 accord+ to o!rs1 a lascivi\s nature 7#hg72 ! ,emp]or ,vitellius is lik5$ to an owl 7#ab72 ,actiol9us to a hunt+ dog because ( ! groove above 8 eyes 7#abe72 ,plato1 z we h se51 to a dog & ,s]gius ,galba to an eagle1 :ile ! head ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ?\gh only ( m$ium size1 is comp>$ ) t ( a lion 7#gb74 ,su* 0 ! influ5ce ( ,porta's "w t x rema9$ ! au?ority = ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy till t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury :5 ,lavat]'s f\r volumes ( ,physiognomical ,fragm5ts#afj appe>$ ) _! wond]ful illu/rations1 to :i* ! pr(\nd impression made by ! "w 0 l>gely due4 ,lavat] con/antly ref]s to ,porta1 b "o ( 8 ma9 objects is to controv]t ! !sis t ! comp>ison ( human features ) ^? ( animals %\ld =m ! means ( det]m9+ ! trait indicat$ by ! feature 9 "q4 ,curi\sly en\gh 9 a prelim9>y outl9e ( 8 sy/em ( ,physiognomy#afa1 ,lavat] _h includ$ a *apt] on ! resemblance betwe5 man & animals1 b by ! "t he came to "w out 8 sy/em he _h *ang$ 8 m9d & h5ce=? oppos$ ,porta's view4 ,to be sure1 ! gr\nds on :i* he does s are m ( a s5tim5tal ?an ( a sci5tific "*4 ,lavat]--a cl]gyman & a believ] 9 ! special creation ( man by ! ,div9e ,p[] 7,physiognomis*e ,fragm5te ,,ii #aib71--prote/s aga9/ a possible relation%ip betwe5 man & ! animal _w1 decl>+ t to see animal features 9 ! human face is to l[] ! dignity ( mank9d4 ,man creat$ z ,god's supreme a*ievem5t c h no?+ to d ) ! animal creation :i* repres5ts a l[] ord] ( be+4 ,ev5 ,lavat] does n g s f> z to d5y all resemblances betwe5 human features & ^? ( animals4 ,he admits & sympa?izes & enl>ges on !m 9 sev]al passages 7,,ii #aib2 ,,iv #ef72 b he ascribes !m to accid5t or to fancy1 & decl9es to draw !refrom ! conclusion t ! individual :o has "s feature or a numb] ( features t sugge/ ^? ( "s animal mu/1 !re=e1 h ! traits associat$ ) ! animal or ! animals 9 "q4 ,x is r /range t ,lavat] %\ld n h hit ^u ! real objection to ,porta's me?od :i* lies 9 ! contradictions 9 :i* he necess>ily involves himself by comp>+ ! v>i\s features ( an individual ) v>i\s animals1 ! =ehead ) "o animal1 ! eyes ) ano!r1 ! lips ) a ?ird & s on2 & s9ce ! animals 9 "q %[ entirely diff]5t & contradictory traits1 x is manife/ly impossible to rea* any rational conclusions z to a man's "* by s absurd a me?od4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ,lavat] does n reveal ! real weakness ( ! curr5t !ory ( ,human ,physiognomy1 yet he contribut$ to ! ov]?r[ ( ! !ory itself :i* _h rea*$ ! /age ( r$uctio ad absurdum ?r\gh ! modifications introduc$ by ,porta4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an outliv$ !ory is set aside ?r\gh argum5ts t are 9 !mselves insuffici5t to d s4 ,?r\gh ,lavat] ! /udy ( ,physiognomy 0 ?r[n back on ! scrut9y ( human features1 & ! det]m9ation ( a man's "* by a direct me?od & )\t rec\rse to comp>isons ) ! features ( animals4 ,9 ?us remov+1 h[ev]1 :at _h be5 "o ( ! props ( ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy1 ,lavat] %ook ! f\ndation ( ! /udy itself4 ,) ! adv5t ( mod]n m$ic9e1 ! /udy ( ,physiognomy 0 de?ron$ f ! place t x _h s long occupi$ & 0 relegat$ to ! pseudo-sci5ces--an int]e/+ & 9 _m respects a sugge/ive intellectual discipl9e1 b n a sci5ce4 ,z a rec5t writ] t]sely puts x ',! physiognomical feel+ & s5sation w nev] die out among p1 = ! roots lie deep 9 human nature4 ,x is errone\s1 h[ev]1 to attempt to con/ruct a sci5ce out ( x'#afb4 ,! ?\ght1 h[ev]1 ( endeavor+ to det]m9e ! "* ( an individual by a /udy ( ! peculi>ities & /rik+ indications ( 8 features w\ld nev] h aris51 b = ! antec$5t beliefs t gave to ! obs]vation ( bir?-om5s s prom95t a place among me?ods ( div9ation4 ,correspond+ to ! emphasis laid ^u ! individual factor :5 ,babylonian-,assyrian ,a/rology pass$ to ! ,greeks & :i* l$ to ',g5e?lialogy' or ! ca/+ ( ! individual horoscope z ! *ief phase ( a/rology1 9 contradi/9ction to ! exclusive be>+ ( a/rology 9 its native haunt on ! g5]al welf>e#afc1 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian sy/em ( div9ation ?r\gh ! /udy ( bir?-om5s receiv$ an individuali/ic aspect ^u pass+ to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 by lead+ to ! /udy ( human features z a means ( det]m9+ ! "* ( an individual2 & ) ! "* also ! progno/ication ( ! fate 9 /ore = him dur+ 8 e>?ly c>e]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rise ( ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy f9ds a natural explanation1 if we assume t x takes its rise f a sy/em ( div9ation bas$ on ! obs]vation ( peculi>ities not$ at ! "t ( bir?4 ,x 0 natural :5 div9ation me?ods 7 employ$ to =eca/ ! future ( ! individual1 t ! ?\ght %\ld arise ( a close relation%ip betwe5 ! features ( an individual & 8 p]sonality1 :i* w\ld include ! p[]s & qualities be/[$ on him1 & :i* det]m9e 8 actions & ! exp]i5ces he w enc\nt]4 ,! fact t 9 ?is pseudo-sci5ce ( ,physiognomy1 ! comp>ison betwe5 man & animals play$ s significant a "p among ,greek & ,roman ,physiognomi/s & ?r\gh !m among ! sci5ti/s ( ,europe till almo/ to ! ?re%old ( ! mod]n movem5t 9 sci5ce1 adds an additional =ce to ! !sis "h set =?4 ,su* a me?od ( det]m9+ ! traits possess$ by an individual1 & :i* 0 ! keynote ( ,human ,physiognomy till ! days ( ,lavat]1 w\ld n h ma9ta9$ s /rong a hold on ?9k]s & on ! masses _h x aris5 9 connection ) ! /udy itself4 ,x 0 embodi$ into ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy z an integral "p ( x1 because x repres5t$ an e/abli%$ tradition4 ,! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s 9 :i* ?is v comp>ison betwe5 man & animals =ms s important a factor furni% ! natural conditions = ! rise ( ! tradition1 :ile ! long range ( "t cov]$ by ! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s supply ! second factor ne$$ to acc\nt = ! p]si/5cy ( ! tradition aft] x _h pass$ beyond ! conf9es )9 :i* x arose4 ,,vii ,n[ 9 ord] to ju/ify ! proposition t ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy1 z develop$ among ! ,greeks & ,romans & z pass$ on to o!rs ) its insi/5ce on ! fanci$ resemblance betwe5 man & animals z a lead+ & inde$ z a fundam5tal factor1 is to be directly c>ri$ back to ! bir?-om5s ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 we ought to be able to e/abli% t among ,greeks & ,romans ! abnormalities obs]v$ at ! bir? ( infants & ( ! "y ( animals 7 really reg>d$ z om5s1 & t su* om5s %[ a suffici5t aff9ity to :at we f9d among ,babylonians & ,assyrians to w>rant ! conclusion t1 j z ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology came to ! ,greeks & ,romans ?r\gh influ5ces emanat+ f ! ,euphrates ,valley1 s also ! ?ird l>ge division ( div9ation me?ods may be trac$ to ! same s\rce4 ,let u fir/ take up ! ,romans = :i* ! mat]ial at our disposal is s mu* m abundant4 ,julius ,obsequ5s1 a writ] ^: exact date has n yet be5 det]m9$1 collect$ 9 8 fam\s ,lib] de ,prodigiis#afd all ! om5s t _h be5 not$ dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,he enum]ates 9 all #gb cov]+ ! ye>s #ee to #acb ,a4 ,d4 & ! li/ itself is an in/ructive comm5t>y on ! att5tion t 0 paid to 'signs' ( all k9ds among ! ,romans z an index ( ! w & ! int5tion ( ! gods4 ,we f9d ref]5ces to su* ph5om5a z a ra9 ( /ones1--presumably hail /ones--( oil1 blood & milk--app>5tly allusions to volcanic eruptions1 disguis$ 9 some:at fanciful language--( ! sun se5 at night--p]haps a description ( an eclipse :5 to a fright5$ populace x might appe> z ?\gh night _h sudd5ly set 9--( blood appe>+ 9 riv]s & ( milk 9 lakes--no d\bt a pollution ( "s k9d due p]haps to masses ( e>? or to glacial deposits p\r+ into ! riv]--to burn+ tor*es 9 ! heav5s--probably comets ) long tails--& m ! l1 all indicative ( ! unbridl$ play ( popul> fancy & %[+ t among ! ,romans1 z among ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 all unusual occurr5ces 7 look$ ^u z om5s--port5d+ "s unusual happ5+s4 ,n[ among ! #gb signs ( ,julius ,obsequ5s !re are q a numb] ( actual bir?-om5s1 ! "* ( :i* is s close to :at we f9d 9 ! collections ( ! br prie/s z to %[ a practical id5tity 9 ! po9ts ( view4 ,s we are told ( sev]al in/ances ( a mule 7suppos$ to be /]ile7 giv+ bir? to a "y 7 #fe71 9 "o case ev5 to triplets 7 #ae71 9 ano!r to a "y ) five feet 7 #bg74 ,= ! ye> #hc he records among v>i\s rem>kable occurr5ces all reg>d$ z om5s1 ! bir? ( a colt ) five feet 7 #bd72 two ye>s 9 succession a two-head$ calf 7 #ca-cb74 ,v mu* z 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian collections we read 7 #ad7 ( a s[ giv+ bir? to a "y ) ! h&s & feet ( a man4 ,among human mon/rosities1 our au?or records ! case ( a boy ) ?ree feet & "o h& 7 #bj71 ) "o h& 7 #eb71 a boy ) a clos$ anus 7 #bf1 #dj71 ) f\r feet1 f\r eyes & f\r e>s & ) d\ble g5ital memb]s 7 #be74 ,sev]al in/ances are giv5 ( &rogyn\s infants 7 #bb1 #cb & #cf74 ,tw9s born at ,nursia 9 ! ye> #ajj are describ$ z foll[s1 '! girl ) all p>ts intact1 ! boy ) ! upp] "p ( ! belly op51 reveal+ ! inte/9es#afe1 ! anus clos$1 & speak+ z he expir$' 7 #dj74 ,! talk+ infant is a n infrequ5t ph5om5on#aff4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! bir? ( a boy :o said 'ave' is record$ 7 #da74 ,aga91 z 9 ! collections ( ! br prie/s#afg1 we read 7 #eg7 ( a woman giv+ bir? to a s]p5t4 ,to ^! bir?-om5s fur!r examples c be add$ f t inexhau/ible /oreh\se ( encyclopa$ic k1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] :o1 among o!r ?+s1 tells u 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,vii #c7 ( a woman ,alcippa :o gave bir? to a *ild ) ! head ( an elephant#afh4 ,val]ius ,maximus 9 8 de ,dictis ,factisque ,memorabilibus devotes a *apt] to ,prodigia#afi ( ! same miscellane\s "* z ! collection ( ,julius ,obsequ5s--_m 9 fact id5tical--among :i* by ! side ( riv]s fl[+ ) blood1 talk+ ox5 :o utt] words ( w>n+#agj1 ra9 ( /ones1 my/]i\s voices1 we also f9d bir?-om5s su* z ! speak+ infant & ! *ild ) an elephant's head#aga4 ,suetonius#agb tells u t ,caes>'s horse _h human feet & t ! ,h>uspices--! ,etruscan augurs--decl>$ x to be an om5 t ! _w w\ld "o day belong to ,caes>4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t among ! ,romans bir?-om5s 7 reg>d$ f ! same po9t ( view z among ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians & t ! int]pretation ( ! om5s 0 ! conc]n ( a special class :o act$ z div9]s4 ,n[ ! "q may prop]ly be put at ?is juncture1 :e!r we are 9 a position to trace ! actual int]pretation ( bir?-om5s among ! ,romans back to ! ,babylonian-,assyrian br-prie/s8 ,to ?is "q1 ,i ?9k an affirmative answ] may unhesitat+ly be giv54 ,we h 9 ! fir/ place ! te/imony ( ,cic]o#agc1 z well z o!r writ]s#agd t ! ,etruscans :o are describ$ z skill$ 9 all k9ds ( div9ation 7 especially v]s$ 9 ! int]pretation ( mal=mations among infants & among ! "y ( animals4 ,cic]o emphasizes m p>ticul>ly by ! side ( bir?-om5s1 div9ation ?r\gh ! sacrificial animal & ?r\gh ph5om55 9 ! heav5s1 ?us giv+ u ! same ?ree classes t we f9d among ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,s9ce ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology among ,greeks & ,romans c be trac$ back directly to ,babylonia & ,assyria#age1 ! presumption is 9 favor ( ! !sis t ! ,etruscan augurs d]iv$ _! bir?-om5s also f ! same s\rce4 ,! "* ( ! specim5s t we h ( ! ,etruscan int]pretations ( bir?-om5s /r5g!ns ?is presumption4 ,s1 e4 g41 ,cic]o pres]ves ! word+ ( su* a bir?-om5#agf :i* pres5ts a p]fect p>allel to :at we f9d 9 ! collections ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian br prie/s1 to wit1 t if a woman gives bir? to a lion1 x is an indication t ! /ate w be vanqui%$ by an enemy4 ,if we comp>e ) ?is a /atem5t 9 a ,babylonian-,assyrian text deal+ ) bir?-om5s#agg1 vis43 ',if a woman gives bir? to a lion1 t city w be tak51 ! k+ w be imprison$'1 x w be admitt$ t ! co9cid5ce is too close to be accid5tal4 ,! phraseology1 re/+ ^u ! resemblance betwe5 man & animals1 is id5tical4 ,! comp>ison ( an infant to a lion1 z ( a new-born lamb to a lion is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation texts & ev5 ! =m ( ! om51 /at+ t ! woman actually gave bir? to a lion is ! same 9 bo? :ile ! basis ( int]pretation--! lion po9t+ to an ex]cise ( /r5g?--is likewise id5tical4 ,ord9>ily ! resemblance ( ! feature ( an infant to t ( a lion po9ts to increas$ p[] on ! "p ( ! k+ ( ! c\ntry1 b 9 ! specific case1 ! om5 is unfavorable also 9 ! ,babylonian text4 ,x is ! enemy :o w develop p[]1 s t ! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,etruscan om5 ext5ds ev5 to ! exceptional "* ( ! int]pretation 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,9 ! same passage#agh1 ,cic]o ref]s to ! two-fold int]pretation giv5 = ! case ( a girl born ) two heads1 "o t !re w be revolt among ! p1 ! o!r t ! m>riage tie w be brok54 ,we ?us h two int]pretations1 "o be>+ on ! public weal1 ! o!r on private affairs1 correspond+ to ! frequ5t comb9ation ( '(ficial' & 'un(ficial' int]pretations 9 ! collections ( ! br-prie/s#agi4 ,! specific int]pretations are aga9 ( ! same "* z we f9d 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian texts1 'revolt'#ahj be+ 9 fact "o ( ! mo/ common1 :ile ! o!r corresponds to ! phrase 'no unity among man & wife' f\nd 9 ! texts above discuss$#aha4 ,x s happ5s t 9 ! case ( ! bir? ( a two-head$ girl we h bo? ! '(ficial' & ! 'un(ficial' int]pretation1 namely1 ',no union betwe5 man & wife & dim9ution ( ! l&'#ahb--;=m+ a really rem>kable p>allel to ! ,etruscan om54 ,fur!r te/imony to ! p>allelism betwe5 ,etruscan & ,babylonian-,assyrian me?ods ( div9ation 9 ! case ( bir?-om5s is born by an int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,annals ( ,tacitus 7,,xv1 #dg7 t two-head$ *ildr5 or two-head$ "y ( animals 7 int]pret$ by ! ,h>uspices z po9t+ to an approa*+ *ange ( dyna/y & to ! appe>ance ( a weak rul]4 ,aga91 !re=e1 progno/ications t pres5t a complete p>allel to :at we f9d 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian texts#ahc4 ,macrobius#ahd pres]ves an ,etruscan int]pretation ( a bir?-om5 relat+ to ! color ( newly born lambs4 ,a purple or gold5 color ( ! lamb po9ts to good luck4 ,?is 'purple' color corresponds to ! t]m smu frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ,babylonian-,assyrian om5 texts & :i* is g5]ally r5d]$ 'd>k r$'#ahe4 ,9 ! collections ( ! br-prie/s1 _m ref]5ces are f\nd to ! colors ( ! "y animals & among ^! we h z a complete p>allel to ! /atem5t 9 ,macrobius ! foll[+#ahf3 ,if an ewe gives bir? to a "y ( d>k-r$ color1--good =tune#ahg4 ,la/ly1 ! t]ms us$ to describe all k9ds ( mal=mations--mon/ra & prodigia#ahh1 i4 e41 ph5om5a t 'po9t' to some?+ %[ a p>allel conception to ! ,babylonian-,assyrian viewpo9t t abnormality 9 ! case ( ! "y ( animals & ( infants are prim>ily signs s5t to indicate unusual ev5ts t w\ld %ortly happ54 ,t ! ,greeks also atta*$ an importance to mal=mations1 may be conclud$ f ,ari/otle's prote/#ahi aga9/ ! supposition t a woman c give bir? to an infant ) ! features ( "s animal#aij1 or t an animal c give bir? to a "y ) human features4 ,su* resemblances1 he ass]ts1 are m]ely sup]ficial & he endeavors to acc\nt = !m z = all mal=mations 9 a sci5tific mann]1 z due to an insuffici5t control ( ! fructify+ matt] :i* prev5ts a normal developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,:ile ,ari/otle does n directly ref] to ! belief t mal=mations & mon/rosities 7 look$ ^u by ,greeks z om5s1 ! emphatic mann] 9 :i* he /ates t abnormalities _c be aga9/ nature b only aga9/ ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature#aia indicates t he is polemiciz+ aga9/ a view :i* look$ ^u su* anomalies z contr>y to nature1 & presumably reg>d$ !m1 !re=e1 f ! same po9t ( view z did ! ,babylonians & ,etruscans4 ,we h a direct pro( = ?is view h[ev]1 9 ,val]ius ,maximus1 :o includes 9 8 li/ ( prodigia bir?-om5s record$ among ! ,greeks1 su* z a m>e giv+ bir? to a h>e at ! "t t ,x]xes 0 plann+ 8 invasion ( ,greece :i* 0 reg>d$ z an om5 ( ! com+ ev5t#aib1 or aga9 an infant ) mal=mation ( ! m\?#aic4 ,h]odotus#aid records z ano!r sign at ! "t ( ,x]xes' contemplat$ invasion ( ,greece a mule giv+ bir? to a *ick5 ) d\ble g5ital organs1 male & female1 :i* is cle>ly aga9 a bir? om54 ,a fur!r pro( is furni%$ 9 a passage 9 ,aelian#aie1 :i* reports t an ewe 9 ! h]d ( ,nikippos gave bir? to a lion & t ?is 0 reg>d$ z an om5 progno/icat+ t ,nikippos1 :o at ! "t 0 a simple citiz51 w\ld become ! rul] ( ! isl&4 ,x w be recall$ t ?is bir?-om5--! ewe giv+ bir? to a lion--is n only ( special frequ5cy1 9 ! om5 s]ies ( ,babylonia & ,assyria#aif1 b is "p ( ! conv5tional div9atory phraseology ( ^! texts1 :ile ! int]pretation bas$ on ! association ( ! lion ) p[] =ms a complete & v]bal p>allel to ! sy/em devis$ by ! br-prie/s4 ,! fact t ! bir?-om5 is report$ z occurr+ at ,cos is r int]e/+1 because x 0 !re t ,b]osus1 :o br\ght ,babylonian ,a/rology to ! ,greeks1 settl$ & op5$ 8 s*ool = in/ruction 9 ! div9atory me?ods ( ! br-prie/s4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 look+ ^u ?is circum/ance z a l9k connect+ bir?-om5s among ,greek settlem5ts ) influ5ces1 emanat+ directly f ! civilization ( ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,z ano!r pro( ( ! spread ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation 9 o!r p>ts ( ! anci5t _w1 we may po9t to ! /ory report$ by ,h]odotus#aig ( a concub9e ( ,k+ ,meles ( ,s>dis :o gave bir? to a lion1 & ( ! tale f\nd 9 ,cic]o z well z 9 ,h]odotus#aih1 ( ! speak+ infant ( k+ ,croesus ( ,lydia :i* 0 int]pret$ z an om5 ( ! com+ de/ruction ( ! k+dom & ( ! royal h\se4 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d 7a7 ! famili> phraseology re/+ ^u ! suppos$ resemblance betwe5 man & animals & 7b7 ! agreem5t 9 ! int]pretation ( ! anomaly ( an infant capable ( speak+--a bir?-om5 ( p>ticul>ly om9\s significance#aii4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! discov]y ( clay models ( liv]s ) inscriptions reveal+ ! t]m9ology ( ,babylonian-,assyrian ,hepatoscopy 9 ! ,hittite c5tre ,boghaz-,kewi#bjj & :i* def9itely e/abli%es ! spread ( ?is division ( ,babylonian-,assyrian ,div9ation to ,asia ,m9or1 x is q 9 keep+ ) :at we w\ld h a "r to expect1 to come across traces ( ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s 9 ?is same g5]al region4 ,t ! ,etruscans are to be trac$ back to ,asia ,m9or is a !sis t is n[ s g5]ally accept$ z to ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ x z def9itely e/abli%$#bja4 ,hepatoscopy & ,bir?-om5s ?us foll[$ ! same c\rse 9 pass+ f ! di/ant ,ea/ to ! ,we/4 ,we may sum up our !sis 9 ! g5]al /atem5t t ,babylonian div9ation made its way f ,babylonia to ,assyria1 subsequ5tly spread to ,asia ,m9or & ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,hittites & ,etruscans came to ! ,greeks & ,romans#bjb4 ,! same is ! case ) ,a/rology s f> z ! ,romans 7 conc]n$1 = :om ! ,etruscans aga9 repres5t ! m$iators1 :ile ! ,greeks appe> to h obta9$ _! k ( ,babylonian-,assyrian ,a/rology ?r\gh ! direct contact betwe5 ,greece & ,euphratean culture1 lead+ to a mutual ex*ange ( views & cu/oms4 ,,viii ,!re is /ill ano!r aspect ( ! subject ( ,babylonian-,assyrian ,bir?-om5s to :i* att5tion %\ld be direct$1 & :i* w fur!r illu/rate ! cultural significance ( ! views t gave rise to ?is ext5sive subdivision ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation4 ,we h 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations not$ ! t5d5cy 9 ! collections ( ! br-prie/s to all[ a free scope to ! re9s ( fancy1 :i* l$ to ! amplification ( entries ( actual occurr5ces by add+ entries ( abnormalities t d n occur4 ,9 ord] to be prep>$ = all cont+5cies1 ! prie/s1 z we saw1 ext5d$ ! scope ( bir?-om5s 9 all directions1 ?r\gh entries = an asc5d+ scale ( multiple bir?s :i* w5t f> beyond ! remote/ possibility1 ?r\gh equally extravagant entries ( ! numb] ( excess organs or ( excess p>ts ( ! body1 & ?r\gh ! mo/ fanciful comb9ations ( ! features1 aspects & p>ts ( v>i\s animals 9 ! case ( new-born infants & ! "y ( animals4 ,! omission ( ! preposition 'l'#bjc 9 ! case ( ^! entries obscur$ ! />t+-po9t = su* comp>isons1 & x 0 natural = ! idea ( an ewe actually giv+ bir? to a lion1 or = a woman to "s animal or ! o!r--a lion1 dog1 fox1 etc4--to take root#bjd4 ,/range z ?is may seem to u1 yet if we be> 9 m9d ! ignorance ( p 9 ! anci5t _w z to ! orig9 & c\rse ( pregnancy & ! g5]al lack ( k ( ! laws ( nature1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! possible & ! impossible w\ld be correspond+ly fa9t4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! transition f ! abnormal to ! belief 9 mon/rosities t 7 q out ( ! "q & t repres5t ! outcome ( pure fancy w\ld be m readily made4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh a comb9ation ( all ! features involv$ 9 ! entries ( ! br-prie/s1 we obta9 a reasonable basis = ! belief1 widespread ?r\gh\t ! anci5t ,ori5t z well z 9 ! ,greek & ,roman _w & exi/+ up to ! ?re%hold ( mod]n sci5ce1 9 all k9ds ( mon/r\s be+s :i* f9d _! reflex 9 ! fabul\s creatures ( my?ology1 leg5d & folklore4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s =m ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( mon/]s4 ,! v t]m mon/rum1 z already sugge/$1 reflects ! ,babylonian-,assyrian po9t ( view1 z a be+ :i* is s5t z a sign--'po9t+' 7mon/r>e7 to "s com+ ev5t4 ,a mon/rum is 9 fact a demon/ration ( ! w or int5t ( a deity1 :i* becomes def9ite ?r\gh ! int]pretation put ^u x4 ,p]haps ?is po9t w become a little cle>]1 if we consid] "s ( ! possibilities includ$ 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s4 ,an ewe giv+ bir? to a lamb ) two or ev5 m heads1 or to a creature ) "s ( ! organs & p>ts ( ! body d\bl$ & ) "s s+le is c]ta9ly a mon/rosity2 & x is only a small /ep f su* mon/rosities :i* fall )9 ! category ( ! abnormally possible to suppos$ comb9ations ( ! p>ts or features ( v>i\s animals 9 "o be+4 ,we actually read 9 "o ( ^! texts#bje ( an isbu or a "y lamb hav+ ! head ( a lion & ! tail ( a fox1 or ! head ( a dog & ! m\? ( a lion1 or ! head ( a m\nta9 goat & ! m\? ( a lion2 or 9 ano!r text#bjf ( colts ) heads or manes ( lions1 or ) ! claws ( lions or feet ( dogs or ) ! heads ( dogs4 ,x is only necess>y to c>ry ?is fanciful comb9ation a little fur!r to rea* ! conception t l$ to pictur+ ! ,egyptian sph9xes or ! ,babylonian s$u or lamassu#bjg--! protect+ spirits or demons gu>d+ ! entrances to palaces & temples1 z hav+ ! head ( a man1 ! body ( a lion or bull2 & 9 ! case ( ! ,assyrian sph9xes also ! w+s ( an eagle4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! case ( infants we f9d actual mon/rosities record$ z a *ild ) a d\ble face1 f\r h&s & f\r feet#bjh1 or ) ! e> ( a lion & ! m\? ( a bird4 ,"h aga9 ! /ep is a small "o to ! assumption ( hybrid be+s z hippoc5taurs--half man & half horse--or tritons & m]maids--half human1 half fi%--or satyrs & fawns or mon/]s l ,c]b]us ) sev]al heads4 ,x has commonly be5 held t ! conception ( su* fabul\s hybrid be+s re/$ on a popul> belief 9 a k9d ( primitive !ory ( evolution1 accord+ to :i* 9 an e>ly /age creatures 7 produc$ 9 a mix$ =m & t gradually ord] 0 br\ght out ( ?is *aotic /age ( creation4 ,b]osus#bji 9 8 acc\nt ( creation accord+ to ,babylonian traditions voices ?is !ory1 & gives a description ( ! 'mix$' creatures t m>k$ ?is e>lie/ p]iod ( "t1 m5 ) d\ble w+s1 "s ) f\r w+s & two faces1 "s ) "o body b two heads & hav+ bo? male & female organs1 o!rs ) goat's legs & horns1 ) horses feet1 ! h9d p>ts ( ! body l a horse1 9 front l a man1 7i4 e41 hippoc5taurs74 ,!re 7 also bulls ) human heads1 dogs ) f\r bodies & fi% tails1 horses ) ! head ( dogs1 m5 & o!r creatures ) heads & bodies ( horses b tails ( fi%es1 & v>i\s o!r creatures ) ! =ms ( all k9ds ( animals 444 all k9ds ( m>vell\s hybrid be+s4 ,! description1 :i* is confirm$ 9 "p by ! ,m>duk ,epic or ! ',babylon' v]sion ( creation :]e we enc\nt] 'scorpion m5'1 'fi%-m5'1 'goat-fi%'1 dragons & o!r mon/r\s be+s#baj z ! brood ( ,tiamat ! symbol ( primaeval *aos1 reads l an extract f ! bir?-om5s 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian h&books ( div9ation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m ( ! hybrid be+s describ$ by ,b]osus c be p>allell$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! collections t h be5 publi%$#baa4 ,my !sis1 !re=e1 is t ! bir?-om5s gave rise to ! belief 9 all k9ds ( mon/r\s & fabul\s be+s4 ,! resemblances betwe5 m5 & animals1 z well z betwe5 an animal ( "o species ) t ( ano!r1 l$ to ! supposition t all mann] ( hybrid be+s c\ld be produc$ 9 nature4 ,! fanciful comb9ations 9 ! collections ( ! br-prie/s1 9 "p reflect+ popul> fancies1 9 "p 'academical' ex]cises ( ! fancies ( ! prie/s1 =m$ ! basis & />t+-po9t = ! !ory t at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 pictur$ z a condition ( *aos & confusion1 su* hybrid be+s repres5t$ ! norm1 :ile ) ! sub/itution ( law & ord] = *aos & confusion1 _! occurr5ce 0 exceptional & port5d$ "s approa*+ deviation f ! normal /ate ( affairs4 ,x is n unusual 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s & ( popul> beliefs to f9d fancy & fanciful resemblances lead+ to ! belief 9 ! reality4 ,once ! ?\ght sugge/$ by ! manifold abnormalities occurr+ 9 ! "y ( dome/ic animals & among infants firmly root$1 !re 0 no limit to ! c\rse ( unbridl$ fancy 9 ?is direction4 ,add+ to ?is ! practical importance atta*$ to bir?-om5s1 :at w\ld be m natural ?an t ) ! developm5t & spread ( sy/ems ( div9ation devis$ to int]pret ! /range ph5om5a obs]v$ at bir?1 ! belief 9 all k9ds ( mon/]s & mon/rosities %\ld likewise h be5 develop$ & %\ld h spread ) ! ext5d+ influ5ce ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation4 ,babylonian lit]ature furni%es _m examples ( ! p]si/5cy ( su* beliefs4 ,x is suffici5t to ref] 7a7 to ! gigantic scorpion-m5 :o keep gu>d at ! gate ( ! sun 9 ! m\nta9 ,masu & :o are describ$ 9 ! ,gilgame% epic#bab z 't]rible'1 ^: v aspect is dea?1 7b7 to ,engidu1 ! companion ( ,gilgame%1 :o is pictur$ z a man ) ! body ( a bull1 & ! horns ( a bison#bac1 7c7 to ! mon/] ,tiamat 9 ! creation tale pictur$ 9 art ) ! m\? & =eclaws ( a lion1 w+s & h9d-feet ( an eagle#bad1 or z a mon/r\s dragon ) ! head ( a s]p5t1 =e feet ( a pan!r1 h9d talons ( an eagle1 or aga9 describ$ z a s]p5t ( sev5 heads#bae1 & 7d7 to ! 'mix$' creatures--man1 bull or lion & eagle comb9$--above ref]r$ to & t appe> 9 su* v>i\s =ms 9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian art#baf1 & reappe> z sph9xes 9 ,hittite#bag & ,egyptian art4 ,! ,hippoc5taur 9 v>i\s =ms also appe>s 9 ! ,babylonian art ( ! ,cassite p]iod#bah4 ,if we are correct 9 trac+ ! spread ( ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s to ! peoples ( ,asia ,m9or & !nce to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & 9 associat+ ! belief 9 all k9ds ( mon/r\s & fabul\s be+s ) ^! bir?-om5s & z a direct outcome ( ! fanciful comb9ations embodi$ 9 ! collections ( ! br-prie/s1 ! spread ( ?is belief w\ld accompany ! ext5sion ( ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation & ( ,euphratean culture 9 g5]al4 ,! !sis "h propos$ w\ld1 !re=e1 c>ry ) x ! assumption t ! fabul\s creatures ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 z well z ! wide spread belief 9 mon/rosities ( all k9ds f\nd 9 ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 & :i* belief ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,greek & ,roman ideas 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! middle ages & up to our own days1 rev]ts 9 ! la/ in/ance to ! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s4 ,,ix ,! !sis t ! fabul\s figures ( ,greek my?ology 7 sugge/$ by mal=mations 0 set =? "s twelve ye>s ago by ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,s*atz 9 a monograph on ',die grie*is*5 ,gtt] und die m5s*li*5 ,migeburt5' 7,wiesbad5 #aija71 9 :i* he endeavor$ to %[ t ! conceptions ( su* be+s z ! ,cyclops1 ,h>pies1 ,c5taurs & ,sir5s 7 m]ely ! fanciful elaborations ( ! impression made by actually occurr+ abnormal ph5om5a 9 ! case ( infants4 ,! cyclops 7#i seq4 ) illu/rations7 0 sugge/$ by ! *ild born ) "o eye#bai1 ! sir5 7#aa seq4 ) illu/ration7 by ! abnormal b actually occurr+ ph5om5on ( a *ild born ) ! feet unit$#bbj4 ,a d\ble head$ god l ,janus 7#ab seq47 0 sugge/$ by ! mon/rosity ( a *ild ) two heads & ev5 su* a tale z t ( ! head ( ! ,gorgon1 ,s*aatz believes is bas$ 7#bd seq4 ) illu/rations7 or1 at all ev5ts1 sugge/$ by ! fact t a woman gave bir? to an undevelop$ embryo :i* sugge/s a human head#bba4 ,! ?ree heads ( ,c]b]us1 ,diana ( ! _m brea/s & ev5 h>pies are simil>ly expla9$ z sugge/$ by mal=mations or by excess p>ts or organs4 ,hav+ rea*$ my conclusions long be=e ,i le>n$ ( ,dr4 ,s*aatz's monograph1 ,i 0 naturally glad to f9d t ! idea _h occurr$ to "s "o :o _h approa*$ ! subject f an entirely diff]5t po9t ( view & )\t ref]5ce to bir?-om5s4 ,i w\ld n g s f> z ,dr4 ,s*aatz 9 ! attempt to trace back all ! fabul\s creatures ( my?ology1 to c]ta9 specific mal=mations4 ,inde$ "s ( 8 comb9ations are almo/ z fanciful z ! creatures !mselves1 e4 g41 8 endeavor to expla9 ! ,prome!us my? z sugge/$ by 'extopy ( ! liv]' 7#cf71 :]eas ! tale cle>ly re/s ^u ! old !ory ( ! liv] z ! seat ( ! life#bbb1 b ! ma9 ?\ght t ! idea ( mon/r\s be+s 0 sugge/$ by actual mal=mations plus ! factor ( unbridl$ fancy is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 correct4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 add to human mal=mations ! _m abnormal ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ! "y ( animals 9 :i* ! det]m9+ factor is aga9 ! significance atta*$ to all k9ds ( mal=mation among human be+s & animals z bir?-om5s4 ,?is factor mu/ be tak5 z our po9t ( dep>ture2 x furni%es a reason n m]ely = ! rise ( ! belief 9 all k9ds ( fabul\s creatures b also = ! elaboration & ! p]si/5cy ( ! belief & = its embodim5t 9 ! religi\s ?\ght ( peoples4 ,x is because ! mal=mation is an om5 t x leads to fur!r beliefs & fancies4 ,! direct association ( ! belief 9 fabul\s creatures ) bir?-om5s 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria l5ds a presumption 9 favor ( ! same association among ! ,greeks4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c trace ! atta*m5t to bir?-om5s among ,greeks & ,romans to ! ,euphrates ,valley1 we w h f\nd a reasonable explanation = ! "p play$ by mon/]s & fabul\s be+s 9 ! my?ology & ! religion ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x is n necess>y to g4 ,x is n ess5tial to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !sis to trace all ! fabul\s be+s ( classical my?ology to actual mal=mations4 ,! factor ( fancy w\ld lead to ! ext5sion ( ! sph]e f> beyond ! orig9al b\nd>ies2 nor is x necess>y to f9d p>allels to all ! creatures ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology 9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian lit]ature or art 9 ord] to ju/ify ! dep5d5ce ( ! =m] ^u ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s4 ,no d\bt ! ,greeks1 m p>ticul>ly1 develop$ ! conception 9 _! own way1 add+ o!r features to x1 j z !y modifi$ ,babylonian-,assyrian a/rology 9 adapt+ x to _! environm5t & _! way ( ?9k+1 & j z ! ,etruscans & ,romans modifi$ ! ,babylonian-,assyrian hepatoscopy#bbc4 ,all t is claim$ "h is t ! conception ( mon/r\s & fabul\s be+s is a direct outcome ( ! importance atta*$ to ,bir?-om5s2 & s9ce ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians are ! only p :o develop$ an elaborate sy/em ( div9ation 9 :i* ! int]pretation ( bir?-om5s con/itut$ an important division1 & :i* spread ) ! ext5sion ( ,euphratean culture to ,asia ,m9or & !nce to ,greece & ,rome1 ,i claim t ! ultimate s\rce ( ! belief itself is to be s\ght 9 ! ,euphrates ,valley4 ,c we trace ! conception likewise to ! di/ant ,ea/8 ,dr4 ,bab 9 an int]e/+ essay on ',ges*le*tsleb51 ,geburt und ,migeburt5' 9 ! ,zeits*r4 fr ,e?nologie#bbd adopts ! !sis ( ,dr4 ,s*aatz & applies x to acc\nt = ! frequ5t repres5tation ( gods 9 ,india ) excess organs or an excess numb] ( p>ts ( ! body--gods & goddesses ) _m heads1 ) ?ree or f\r eyes1 v>i\s brea/s & m ! l4 ,! same w\ld ( c\rse apply to repres5tations ( ,*9ese gods & demons4 ,bab's pap] is elaborately illu/rat$ & ! juxtaposition ( actual mal=mations ) ! repres5tation ( gods & demons 9 ,india & ,*9a leaves no d\bt ( at lea/ a p>tial dep5d5ce ( ^! arti/ic fancies ^u actual occurr5ces 9 nature#bbe4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 a w>n+ is 9 ord] n to c>ry ! !sis too f>2 nor is x possible to furni% def9ite pro(s = ! spread ( ,babylonian-,assyrian sy/ems ( div9ation to ! di/ant ,ea/1 ?\gh we n[ h "s evid5ce po9t+ to a spread 9 ?is direction ( ,babylonian-,assyrian a/rology#bbf & p]haps also ( ,babylonian-,assyrian hepatoscopy#bbg4 ,9 a g5]al way1 we are also ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ = an e>ly connection--comm]cial1 arti/ic & social--betwe5 ! ,euphrates ,valley & di/ant ,india & ,*9a1 b = ! pres5t we mu/ re/ cont5t ) ! ass]tion ( ! possibility t ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s1 & ) ?is sy/em ( div9ation also ! conception ( & belief 9 hybrid mon/]s & fabul\s creatures spread ea/w>ds z well z we/w>ds4 ,h[ /&s ! case ) ,egypt1 :]e we f9d sph9xes t repres5t a comb9ation ( man & animal & :]e we enc\nt] num]\s gods compos$ ( human bodies ) ! heads ( animals8 ,! "q ( =eign influ5ces 9 ! e>li] art ( ,egypt is "o t has z yet sc>cely be5 t\*$1 & we are equally at sea z to ! possibility ( v e>ly connections betwe5 ! ,euphratean culture & t :i* arose 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! fact t ! olde/ pyramid--t ( ,k+ ,zos] at ,sakk>ah--is =m$ ( a succession ( t]races#bbh l ! zikkurats or /age-t[]s ( ,babylonia & moreov] is ( brick 0 reg>d$ by ,ih]+#bbi z an evid5ce ( an influ5ce ex]t$ by ,babylonia ^u ,egypt4 ,an isolat$ ph5om5on is too sl5d] a ?read on :i* to hang a weighty !ory1 & ! /ep pyramid ( ,zos] c be expla9$ z a transition f a =m ( ! ma/aba to ! g5u9e pyramid1 )\t rec\rse to =eign models4 ,all attempts to f9d a connection betwe5 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics & ! olde/ hi]oglyphics =ms f :i* ! ,babylonian cunei=m script develop$ h likewise end$ 9 negative results & ! same is to be said ( endeavors to f9d any direct connection betwe5 ,babylonian & ,egyptian beliefs & rites & my?s & despite c]ta9 r /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance#bcj4 ,& yet x is difficult to suppress ! impression "o receives t mu* 9 ,egyptian art & 9 ! ,egyptian religion sugge/s e>ly outside influ5ces4 ,) ,babylonia & ,egypt 9 m or less close t\* z f> back at lea/ z #agjj ,b4 ,c41 & ) ,asiatic entanglem5ts rev]t+ to a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ! possibility ( "s connection betwe5 ! ,egyptian =ms ( ! sph9x--! cr\*+ lion ) ! human head1 ! falcon-head$ & ram-head$ sph9xes--& ! comb9ations ( ! human face ) bulls & lions 9 ,babylonian art to :i* ! ,assyrians add$ ! w+s1 _c be summ>ily set aside4 ,! "q z to ! age ( ! sph9x at ,gizeh--! olde/ ( all--is /ill 9 abeyance4 ,masp]o ascribes x to ! e>ly ,memphite art#bca1 ,spiegelb]g to ! middle k+dom#bcb1 :ile o!rs br+ x d[n to ! #ah? dyna/y4 ,if we accept ,spiegelb]g's date we w be close to ! p]iod :5 by g5]al cons5t ! ,m$it]ranean culture--includ+ !re=e ,syria1 ,pale/9e & ,we/]n ,asia 9 g5]al--ex]cis$ a decid$ influ5ce on ,egypt4 ,x is dur+ ! "t ( ! new k+dom t ! sph9xes become frequ5t1 z x is at ?is p]iod t ! t5d5cy to repres5t ! gods z a comb9ation ( ! human & animal =m becomes prom95t & rea*es its highe/ =m ( expression4 ,n[1 to be sure1 we h n z yet come across any traces ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation 9 any ( its =ms 9 ,egypt1 b t may be due to ! rationali/ic "* ( ! ,egyptian religion 9 ! '(ficial' =m reveal$ by ! monum5ts & ! lit]ature :i*1 :ile full ( rites & c]emonials connect$ s l>gely ) ! cult ( ! dead1 is yet relatively free ( magic or div9ation4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! un(ficial popul> cu/oms div9ation may h play$ a great] "p ?an we suspect4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! conception ( mon/r\s be+s may h f\nd its way into ,egypt ev5 )\t ! transf] ( ! practice ( int]pret+ bir?-om5s4 ,! !sis ( outside influ5ces to acc\nt = ! ,egyptian sph9xes & = ! comb9ation ( ! human & animal =m z a means ( repres5t+ gods & goddesses1 is on ! :ole m plausible ?an to assume t ,babylonians & ,egyptians %\ld h indep5d5tly hit ^u ! idea ( c>v+ sph9xes to protect ! entrances to temples & palaces4 ,naturally1 we mu/ aga9 be on our gu>d n to c>ry ! !ory too f>4 ,! =m giv5 to ! images ( ! gods by ! ,egyptians sugge/s ! almo/ p]fect bl5d+ ( ! human & animal1 & z su* is a di/9ct expression ( ! g5ius ( ,egyptian art4 ,all t is claim$ "h is t ! ?\ght ( reproduc+ hybrid & fabul\s be+s 9 art did n arise 9 ,egypt )\t "s outside influ5ces4 ,resemblances betwe5 ! human =m & ! features ( animals may h sugge/$ !mselves to all peoples )\t any influ5ce ex]t$ by "o on ! o!r1 b 9 ord] to take ! fur!r /ep1 lead+ to ! belief 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( be+s 9 :i* ! human & ! animal are comb9$1 ! resemblances mu/ h be5 fraught ) "s practical significance4 ,?is condition1 ,i hold1 is fulfill$ if ! resemblances--z well z all k9ds ( o!r abnormalities--are look$ ^u z signs s5t = a specific purpose i4 e4 to po9t to "s unusual happ5+ t may be confid5tly expect$4 ,! mon/] 9 %ort presupposes :at ! ^w implies1 t x is a 'sign'--an om5 ( "s k9d4 ,a w>n+ may also n be out ( place aga9/ connect+ ! belief 9 mon/]s & fabul\s creatures ) ! m5tal processes t give rise to totemi/ic beliefs4 ,9 s f> z totemism implies ! desc5t ( a clan or gr\p f "s animal1 x re/s 9 "p ^u ! suppos$ resemblance betwe5 man & animals4 ,)\t ?is feature ! ?\ght ( a desc5t ( human be+s f "s animal w\ld h>dly h occurr$ to p1 b ?is is only "o factor involv$4 ,ignorance z to processes ( nature 9 br++ ab\t a new life is an equally important factor2 & !re are o!rs4 ,b totemism does n involve ! comb9ation ( ! human & ! animal =m 9 "o be+4 ,t comb9ation belongs to an entirely diff]5t process ( ?\ght1 ?\gh x also has z its />t+-po9t ! recognition ( a resemblance betwe5 man & animals4 ,! conception ( hybrid be+s is alli$ to t ( human creatures or ( animals :o ?r\gh defects or ?r\gh an excess numb] ( organs or ( p>ts ( ! body repres5t /rik+ deviations f ! normal4 ,bo? classes fall )9 ! category ( mon/]s1 i4 e41 !y are signs s5t = a specific purpose4 ,desc5t f an animal totem1 h[ev]1 :]e ! belief exi/s1 is n look$ ^u z abnormal1 b on ! contr>y z ! rule4 ,/ill a ?ird direction tak5 by ! impression made ^u man ?r\gh ! recognition ( a resemblance betwe5 him & c]ta9 species ( ! animal _w is repres5t$ by ! belief--s widespread--( ! possibility ( ! *ange ( ! human =m into ! animal4 ,ref]5ces to su* ph5om5a are n infrequ5t 9 ,lat9 ,lit]atures4 ,pl9y#bcc ref]s to sev]al in/ances ( wom5 be+ trans=m$ into m54 ,livy#bcd also speaks ( ?is ph5om5on z a matt] ( common belief2 & x is m]ely ano!r phase ( ?is same belief t we enc\nt] 9 ! fam\s ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid :]e ! gods take on ! =m ( animals1 ,io be+ *ang$ to a c[ & back aga9 to human =m1 ,jupit] to a bull1 ,cadmus to a dragon1 ,m$ea to a fi%1 & s on ?r\gh q a long li/4 ,circe by virtue ( h] p[]s c *ange m5 to sw9e1 j z %e trans=ms h] rivals into trees4 ,apuleius' fam\s tale ( ! ,gold5 ,ass :]e ! h]o is *ang$ into a talk+ ass re/s ^u ! same deep-root$ belief1 :i* appe>s aga9 9 a modifi$ =m 9 ! ,jatakas or ,bir?-/ories ( ,india :]e ,buddha takes on ! =m ( all k9ds ( animals & :i* lead to ! bea/ fables ( ,bidpai :]e animals are introduc$ at e turn :o talk & act z m5#bce4 ,ev5 su* a tale z t ( ,balaam's talk+ ass w\ld n h aris5 )\t ! antec$5t belief 9 ! possibility ( a trans=mation ( man to animals & ! rev]se4 ,9 fact ! talk+ animal 9 all fairy tales re/s 9 ! la/ in/ance on a metamorphosis4 ,b ?is metamorphosis has no?+ to d ) hybrid creatures or mon/]s4 ,! univ]sal spread ( totemi/ic beliefs preclude a priori a s+le c5tre z a />t+-po9t = su* beliefs2 & ! same 9 all probabilities holds good = ! belief t m5 may be *ang$ into animals & ! rev]se4 ,9 bo?1 h[ev]1 ! factor ( ! resemblance betwe5 man & animals is und\bt$ly involv$4 ,all t is claim$ by my !sis is t ! developm5t ( ?is recognition ( a resemblance betwe5 man & animal 9 ! direction :i* l$ to ! belief 9 fabul\s creatures & mon/]s1 t is to say comb9ations ( man & animal 9 "o be+1 side by side ) abnormalities ?r\gh defective organs or p>ts ( ! body1 or ?r\gh an excess 9 ! numb] ( ! organs or p>ts ( ! body is associat$1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 ) bir?-om5s2 t is1 ) ! obs]vation ( /rik+ or peculi> ph5om5a obs]v$ at ! "t ( bir? 9 ! case ( infants or ! "y ( animals & reg>d$ z om5s4 ,mon/ra1 prodigia1 o/5ta & port5ta to use ! t]ms employ$ by ,lat9 writ]s4 ,all ^! t]ms convey ! idea t su* ph5om5a are signs s5t by ! gods z a means ( indicat+ :at ! gods h 9 m9d1 or1 to put x m g5]ally1 :at ! future has 9 /ore4 ,?is *a9 ( ideas & conceptions & beliefs is re/rict$ to culture circles :i* h be5 subject to common influ5ces4 ,x ,! hi/ory ( mon/]s =ms an int]e/+ division 9 ! annals ( mank9d1 & ,i %\ld l 9 conclusion to call att5tion to ! p]si/5cy ( ?is belief d[n to ! ?re%hold almo/ ( our own days4 ,among ! ,romans up to ! late/ p]iod ! old law ( ei!r burn+ ! mon/]s or ( ?r[+ !m into ! sea 0 g5]ally c>ri$ out#bcf4 ,?is 0 done on ! supposition t ! mon/] 0 an ill om5 =ebod+ evil & :i* 0 s5t z a puni%m5t4 ,plut>* tells a /ory#bcg :i* despite ! skeptical attitude assum$ by ! n>rator1 %[s t ! same po9t ( view prevail$ among ! ,greeks4 ,f ! ,greeks & ,romans ! belief 9 all k9ds ( mon/]s & ! view t !y 7 signs ( div9e ang] 0 h&$ d[n to ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,precisely z among ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 no di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 mon/rosities t actually occurr$--su* z infants1 or ! "y ( animals ) two heads1 or ) only "o eye1 or ) no nose1 or an o!rwise defective face1 or ) an excess numb] ( h&s or feet 9 ! case ( *ildr51 or an excess numb] ( feet 9 ! case ( animals & ! l#bch--;& su* z are purely imag9>y1 or 9 :i* ! imag9ation plays at lea/ a lead+ factor4 ,a le>n$ ,jesuit1 ,conrad ,lyco/h5es1 publi%$ an elaborate "w 9 #aeeg "u ! title ,prodigiorum ac ,o/5torum ,*ronicon 7,basel7 9 :i* he put toge!r all miracles1 miracul\s happ5+s & /range ph5om5a f ! creation ( ! _w d[n to 8 days4 ,?is is only "o ( a numb] ( compilations ( ?is "*1 ! significant feature ( :i* is ! jumbl+ toge!r into "o class1 ( miracles1 ( unusual ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s & on e>?1 ( ! bir? ( mal=mations--human or animal--includ+ mon/rosities & fanciful hybrid creatures1--all be+ view$ z signs s5t by a div9e p[]4 ,lyco/h5es includes 9 8 compilation ! acc\nts ( anci5t writ]s & lat] travell]s ( peoples ( rem>kable =mation su* z ! ,scipodes & ,monom]i 7#aj7 ( :om ,pl9y#bci reports t !y h only "o foot1 ( p :o h ! heads ( dogs 7#aa71 ( o!rs liv+ 9 ,we/]n ,e?iopia 7#h7 :o h f\r eyes1 ( ! ,ipopodes 9 ,asia 7#h7 :o h ! feet ( horses1 & ( ! ,scy?ians 7ib47 :o h only "o eye1 or ( p h no heads1 ( o!rs ) eyes1 nose & m\? on ! brea/ 7#i71 or :o h six arms1 7#ad7 or :o are provid$ ) ho(s & horns1 or ( wom5 7#ac7 :o lay _! "y 9 ! =m ( eggs4 ,lyco/h5es' "w is elaborately illu/rat$ & s he portrays = u ^! /range be+s1 z well z m5 ) ! heads ( dogs 7#aa71 hippoc5taurs 7#ab71 m5 ) six arms 7#ad71 baldhead$ wom5 ) be>ds1 & p 9 ! region ( ! ,nor? ,sea :o h e>s t cov] ! :ole body 7#ac71 m]maids1 tritons1 satyrs1 fauns 7#aj1 #bh1 #bah1 #caa1 #cag7 & h>pies 7#ca74 ,! :ole army ( fabul\s be+s ( my?ology & folk-lore is br\ght be=e u#bdj1 includ+ ! rem>kable creature :om ,gessn] 9 8 great "w on ,animals#bda describes z 'a virg9 ) human face1 arms & h&s1 body ( a dog1 w+s ( a bird1 claws ( a lion & ! tail ( a dragon'4 ,naive cr$ulity alone w\ld be insuffici5t to acc\nt = su* fancies1 b if we />t f ! deep impression made by mal=mations ( all k9ds f ! po9t ( view ( bir?-om5 div9ation1 ! exagg]ation ( su* mal=mations ?r\gh ! play ( ! imag9ation w\ld foll[ f ! inh]5t fondness ( human nature = ! m>vell\s4 ,a l>ge "p ( ,lyco/h5es' "w is tak5 up ) ! mal=mations & mon/rosities m5tion$ 9 classical writ]s--,pl9y1 ,livy1 ,cic]o1 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,julius ,obsequ5s1 ,aelian1 etc4 :i* he has collect$ ) great pati5ce4 ,pass+ beyond classical days1 he is at equal pa9s to put toge!r all records ( unusual ph5om5a1 add+ g5]ally ! att5dant circum/ances or ! ev5ts t foll[$1 :i* ! sign 0 reg>d$ z port5d+4 ,all k9ds ( mon/rosities are describ$1 toge!r ) ! date & ! place ( _! appe>ance4 ,a lamb ) a sw9e's head 7#acf71 born 9 ,mac$onia presag$ ! w> ) ,phillip :i* soon !reaft] broke out4 ,a d\ble-head$ ox born 9 ! ye> #egc ,b4 ,c4 7#cji7 presag$ ! defeat ( ! ,p]sians4 ,a *ild )\t arms 7#caf7 & ! tail ( a fi% in/ead ( legs1 born 9 ,?race 9 #fja ,a4 ,d41 0 ord]$ to be kill$4 ,9 #hed ,a4 ,d4 a boy atta*$ to a dog 0 born 7#ceb1 see ! illu/ration74 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! days ( ,lo?>ius ,caes>1 duke ( ,saxony1 :o soon !reaft] di$4 ,9 #heh ,a4 ,d4 7#cec7 a mon/rosity ( mix$ %ape 0 born & all k9ds ( mis=tunes foll[$4 ,tw9s unit$ at ! lo9s born 9 ,engl& 9 #aaab are br\ght into connection ) a victory ( ,k+ ,boleslaus ( ,pol& & ! dea? ( ,waldri*1 duke ( ,saxony4 ,he c>ries 8 *ronicle beyond #aedcbdb 9 :i* ye> a human mon/rosity 0 born at ,crac[1 ) flames />t+ out ( ! eyes1 m\? & nose1 ) horns on its head1 ) ! tail ( a dog1 ) faces ( apes on its brea/ & legs1 ) ! eyes ( a cat & ) claws4 ,x liv$ = f\r h\rs1 cri$ ',vigilate1 ,dom9us ,deus ve/] adv5tat' & expir$4 ,! po9t ( view ?r\gh\t is ! "t-honor$ "o t ! mon/rosity is a mon/rum--a sign s5t by an ang]$ deity1 j z on ! o!r h& z a trace ( ! pri/9e ignorance ( ! processes ( nature1 ! belief cont9u$ to prevail t su* mon/rosities 7 due to ! int]c\rse ( wom5 ) demons--ei!r wilfully accompli%$ by ! woman1 or )\t h] k4 ,m>t9 9 8 ,hi/oire des ,mon/res devotes an entire *apt]#bdc to illu/rations ( ?is belief1 :i* is advocat$ z late z ! ye> #ahcf by ,go]res#bdd1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,muni* ,univ]sity1 & ev5 z late z ! ye> #ahfd by ,delaporte 9 a book on ! devil#bde4 ,su* a belief :i* involves ! possibility ( pregnancy )\t ! ord9>y sexual int]c\rse & :i* has left its traces f> & wide#bdf 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d mu/ h act$ z a p[]ful ag5t 9 ma9ta9+ also ! belief 9 all k9ds ( mon/rosities t c\ld nev] h occurr$4 ,! demons naturally c\ld d any?+1 & ?us a v simple !ory 0 evolv$ to acc\nt = su* mon/rosities & :i* supplem5t$ ! old] "o#bdg t acc\nt$ = ! simpl] hybrid be+s z due to ! int]c\rse ( a human be+ ) an animal4 ,! coop]ation ( ! demons1 moreov]1 0 a natural correlative to ! belief t deviations f ! normal c\rse ( ?+s 7 om5s4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ian !ology f\nd no difficulty 9 assum+ t ,god p]mitt$ a demon to ex]cise 8 p[] ov] ^? :o _h ?r\gh s9 =feit$ ! ,div9e protection1 ) ! result t 9 _m cases ! un=tunate "m 0 br\ght be=e a tribunal & n infrequ5tly suff]$ dea? = ! s9 ( int]c\rse ) "s demon4 ,m>t9's "w1 above ref]r$ to1 also furni%es abundant evid5ce ( ! p]si/5cy bo? ( ! belief 9 mon/]s & ( _! be+ reg>d$ z om5s ev5 9 ! sci5tific _w d[n to a v late date4 ,he tells ! /ory#bdh ( ! bir? ( tw9s1 unit$ at ! brea/1 9 ! ye> #aefi4 ,! royal physician ,jacques ,roy 0 commission$ to make an autopsy & to report on ! result4 ,he closes 8 report ) a poem1 glorify+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & vigor\sly d5\nc+ ! ,prote/ant movem5t4 ,m ?an ?is1 he concludes f ! fact t "o ( ! tw9s receiv$ ! baptismal rite be=e dy+1 :ile ! o!r di$ )\t baptism t ! ,ca?olic *ur* w\ld survive ! ,hug5ot h]esy4 ,9 #afje tw9s unit$ at ! umbilicum 7 born 9 ,p>is1 & despite ! fact t ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is pres5t$ a sci5tific report1 acc\nt+ = ! mon/rosity ?r\gh ! fact t '! sem5 0 too pl5tiful = "o body & two small = two'1 a *ronicl] 9 embody+ ! report ( ! physicians 9 8 acc\nt pres5ts 8 view t ! mon/rosity 0 a symbol ( ! wick$ness ( ,papism & ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,betwe5 #aeci & #afje we h ! ,edict ( ,nantes :i* 9 r5d]+ civil lib]ty to ! ,hug5ots br\ght ab\t a rev]sion ( feel+ 9 _! favor4 ,! tables are !re=e turn$1 & ! mon/rosity is n[ a sign s5t aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! *ronicl] breaks out 9 rhyme z foll[s#bdi3 ,je ti5s que ces deux fronts1 cette face jumelle1 ,sont deux religions1 dont l'une e/ qui s'appelle ,papisme1 et son au!ur e/ l'ante*ri/ roma91 ,de l'autre e/ ,mahumet avec son ,alcora94 ,! p]si/5cy ( ! belief 9 mon/]s ev5 9 sci5tific or quasi-sci5tific circles & ( reg>d+ mon/]s z om5s no d\bt _h mu* to d ) ! fact t a really sci5tific !ory to acc\nt = su* mal=mations z actually d occur 0 n put =? until ! ye> #ahbf :5 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 9 report+ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,m$ic9e on a mummy f\nd at ,h]mopolis#bej & :i* appe>$ to h be5 t ( a human mon/rosity1 enunciat$ ! view :i* l$ to ! sci5ce ( ,t]atology1 z a bran* ( mod]n m$ic9e#bea4 ,b despite ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation :i* s /rik+ly ju/ify ,ari/otle's prote/ aga9/ reg>d+ abnormal ph5om5a 9 ! "y ( animals & ( infants z contra naturam1 ! /rong desire = ! m>vell\s /ill helps to ma9ta9 at lea/ ! belief 9 mon/]s1 ev5 if ! coroll>y t ! mon/] is a bir?-om5 has disappe>$4 ,! believ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages h be5 succe$$ by ! deceiv]s ( ! #ai? & #bj? c5turies--! naive ,lyco/h5es by ! %rewd] ,b>nums#beb :o 9 ord] to supply ! dem& creat$ by ! love ( ! m>vell\s h manufactur$ _! mon/]s4 ,to be sure ev5 ?is is n q new "u ! sun1 = ,pl9y#bec tells u t he saw a hippoc5taur :i* 0 br\ght to ,rome f ,!ssalonica at ! ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius & :i*1 z x subsequ5tly turn$ out1 0 ! embalm$ body ( a horse to :i* a human foetus _h be5 skillfully atta*$4 ,! late/ companion piece to ?is neat bit ( trick]y is to be f\nd 9 a description ( a fi% ) ! head ( a man t 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,crimea 9 #aiaa--;fi%$ up 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean#bed6 ,,xi ,to sum up ! results ( our inve/igations 9 a s]ies ( propositions3 #a4 ,! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s :i* c be trac$ back to at lea/ #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 re/ on ! impression made by ! my/]y ( a new life em]g+ f ano!r4 #b4 ,a lead+ factor 9 ! int]pretation ( ! om5s 0 ! recogniz$ resemblance--(t5 /rik+--betwe5 ! features ( an infant & t ( "s animal1 or ( an animal to "s o!r4 #c4 ,z ,babylonian-,assyrian hepatoscopy l$ to ! /udy ( ! anatomy ( ! liv]1 & ,babylonian-,assyrian a/rology to ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s1 s ! resemblance betwe5 man & animals became ! basis = ! /udy ( ,human ,physiognomy1 :i* :5 x came to ! ,greeks & ,romans 0 made a means ( det]m9+ ! "* ( ! individual1 j z ,babylonian-,assyrian a/rology :5 transf]r$ to ,greece & ,rome 0 appli$ to ! individual z a means ( ca/+ 8 horoscope1 i4 e41 = det]m9+ ! g5]al c\rse ( 8 life4 #d4 ,?is same factor ( ! resemblance betwe5 m5 & animals 9 conjunction ) ! ignorance z to ! processes ( nature l$ to ! belief 9 all k9ds ( hybrid creatures1 compos$ ( human & animal organs or features4 #e4 ,?is belief und]lies ! fabul\s creatures ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 & also helps to expla9 ! repres5tation ( gods z p>tly animalic 9 ,egypt1 9 ,india & 9 ,*9a4 #f4 ,! recognition ( a resemblance betwe5 man & animals is univ]sal1 & besides lead+ 9 connection ) bir?-om5s to ! belief 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( be+s compos$ ( p>tly human & p>tly animal organs or p>ts ( ! body1 develop$ q indep5d5tly ( su* associations also 9 ?ree o!r directions1 lead+ on ! "o h& to ! belief 9 ! desc5t ( a clan or gr\p f "s animal1 & on ! o!r to ! belief 9 a trans=mation ( a human be+ into an animal & vice v]sa1 & ?irdly to ! ,bea/ ,fables ( ,india 9 :i* bea/s t talk l human be+s are introduc$4 #g4 ,! !ory set =? 9 ,b]osus ( a "t :5 mix$ creatures ( all k9ds exi/$ reflects ! fanciful comb9ations f\nd 9 ! collections ( ! br-prie/s4 #h4 ,! ,roman view ( a mon/] z a 'sign' 7mon/rum71 s5t z an indication ( "s ev5t ( a disa/r\s "*1 is directly traceable to ! ,babylonian-,assyrian po9t ( view ( mal=mations ( all k9ds & deviations f ! normal z bir?-om5s4 #i4 ,f ,rome ?is view pass$ ov] to m$iaeval ,europe1 :]e "u ,*ri/ian influ5ce ! mon/] became a 'sign' s5t by an ang]$ deity z a w>n+ & z a puni%m5t = s9s4 #aj4 ,! pri/9e ignorance ( ! c\rse ( nature1 lead+ to ! assumption t conception c\ld take place )\t sexual int]c\rse1 _h its natural outcome 9 ! belief t wom5 giv+ bir? to mon/rosities _h int]c\rse--wilful or unkn[n to !m--) demons z emiss>ies ( ! devil1 or ) ! devil himself4 ,?is attitude s]v$ to ma9ta9 ! belief 9 mon/]s d[n to ! ?re%hold ( mod]n sci5ce4 #aa4 ,! ,roman law ( burn+ ! mon/r\s bir? or ( ?r[+ x into ! sea 0 ma9ta9$ = a long "t & l$ also to ! puni%m5t ( ! woman :o ?r\gh suppos$ int]c\rse ) a demon _h giv5 bir? to a mon/]4 #ab4 ,! view tak5 ( mon/]s z a sign s5t by an ang]$ ,deity _h mu* to d ) prev5t+ ! rise ( a sci5tific !ory to acc\nt = actual mal=mations ( all k9ds4 #ac4 ,! rise ( ,t]atology z a bran* ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ! #ai? c5tury repres5ts ! clos+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( mon/]s1 :i* is ?us to be trac$ back to ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s--"o ( ! ?ree *ief bran*es ( ,babylonian-,assyrian div9ation t all made _! way ) ! spread ( ! influ5ce ( ,euphratean culture ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or & we/w>ds to ,greece & ,rome1 & t may also h pass$ to ! di/ant ,ea/4 ,add5dum1 to page #dc1 ,note #b4 ,porta1 :o 9 8 ,della ,fisonomia dell' ,huomo 7,v5ice edition1 #afdh1 *apt]s ,,xiii & ,,xiv1 or ,lat9 edition ,de ,humana ,physiognomia1 ,frankfurt #afah1 *apt] ,,ix7 ascribes to ,plato ! op9ion t a man :o resembles an animal is likely to h ! traits ( t animal1 appe>s to base ?is view on su* a passage z ,pha$o #ca1 ref]r$ to 9 ! note1 & :i* is giv5 z ! ref]5ce 9 ! ,g]man translation ( ,porta's "w4 ,! passage1 h[ev]1 h>dly admits ( ?is int]pretation1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> f ,porta1 :o evid5tly does n /& alone 9 8 op9ion1 t f ,plato's view t accord+ to ! life l$ by a man 8 s\l w be transf]r$ into an animal hav+ ! traits manife/$ by ! individual1 ! coroll>y 0 drawn t a man :o resembles an animal has a s\l :i* %[s ! traits ( ! animal :i* he resembles4 ,index 7,assyrian words italiciz$7 ,acephaly #be ,actiol9us1 lik5$ to a hunt+ dog #dg ,adamantius #dd ,aelian #eg4 #ge ,agna?y #cd ,alex&] ! ,great1 lik5$ to a lion #dg ,algemundus1 ,k+ ( ,lomb>ds #h4 #gd alluttu 7dolph97 #dj ,&rogyn\s =mations #aa4 #ea4 #ef ,animals #h4 #ab4 #bf4 #dj seq4 #ea seq4 -- ) two to sev5 heads #fb ,anus1 clos$ #ce4 #ea seq4 ,ape1 human nose comp>$ ) ape's #df ,aprosopy #ch ,apuleius #ga ,ari/otle #dd4 #ef4 #ei4 #gg ,arms1 "o arm %ort #cd ,arnobius #ec ,a%urbanapal 7,assyrian rul]7 #f4 #bc ,a%urbanapal's ,libr>y #f ,ass1 born by woman #dj -- ,gold5 ,ass #ga -- human face comp>$ ) #df seq4 -- talk+ #ga ,a/rology #a -- und]ly+ !ory #c -- among ,greeks & ,romans #c4 #ej4 #ec4 #gi -- among ,etruscans #c -- among ,hittites #c -- 9 ,europe #d ,a/rology 9 ,*9a #d -- (ficial reports #i -- leads to a/ronomy #dc -- horoscope #gi ,azag-,bau 7female rul]7 #aa seq4 ,bab1 ,e4 #ff ,babylonia & ,egypt #fh ,balaam's ass #ga ,baldness1 a sign ( lascivi\sness #dg ,baptism #e ,b>num1 ,p4 ,t4 #gh br 7div9]7 #c4 #g4 #i seq4 #ab4 #ah seq4 #cg4 #ed4 #ei seq4 #fd4 #gi ,baur1 ,paul ,v4 #fd ,be>d1 *ild born ) #ci ,belly1 op5 #eb ,b]osus #eg4 #fb ,bezold1 ,c>l #d ,bird1 s5d+ out birds #b -- born by woman #da -- *ild ) m\? ( #fa ,birnbaum1 ,r4 #cd4 #cg ,bir? cu/oms #e ,bir?-om5s #b -- basis ( #d -- my/]y ( bir? #d -- texts #f seq4 -- (ficial reports #i -- basis ( int]pretation #aa seq4 #ad seq4 #af seq4 #ai4 #bj4 #bb seq4 -- comb9ation ( texts #ai -- animal #i-bh -- human #bh-da -- lead to /udy ( human physiognomy #dc seq4 -- z w>n+s #dd -- among ,romans #eb seq4 -- give rise to belief 9 hybrid & fabul\s be+s #fb -- 9 ,india #fg -- 9 ,*9a #fg -- 9 ,egypt #fg -- 9 ,europe #gb ,blood1 9 riv]s #ea seq4 -- 1 ra9 ( blood #ea ,boghaz-,keui #eh ,boissi]1 ,alfr$ #aa ,boleslaus1 ,k+ ( ,pol& #ge ,boll1 ,franz #d ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,a4 #da ,boy see ,*ild ,bra*yprosopy #be ,buddha #ga ,bull1 ) human head #fa -- ,jupit] *ang$ to bull #ga ,cadmus1 *ang$ into a dragon #ga ,caes>1 ,julius1 8 horse _h human feet #eb ,calf1 two-head$ #gd ,cat1 human face comp>$ ) cat's #df ,c]b]us #fa4 #fe ,*avannes1 ,edu>d #fg ,*ick51 z (fspr+ ( mule #ef ,*ild1 ) m\? ( bird #cc -- )\t m\? #cc -- &rogyn\s #ea4 #fb4 #gd -- ) "o h& #ea -- ) ?ree feet #ea -- ) ?ree feet & "o h& #ea -- ) clos$ anus #ea seq4 -- ) op5 belly #eb -- ) f\r feet1 f\r eyes1 f\r e>s1 & d\ble g5ital memb]s #ea -- ) two faces1 f\r h&s & f\r feet #fb -- ) face ( an ass #fb -- ) caudal app5dix #gc -- ) club-foot #gc -- ) six toes #gc -- ) elephant's head #gd -- ) ?ree legs #gd -- ) ?ree legs & ?ree h&s #ga -- ) f\r legs #gd -- ) f\r h&s & f\r legs #gd -- ) be>d & f\r eyes #gd -- two-head$ #gd -- )\t eyes or nose #gd -- )\t arms or feet #gd -- )\t eyes1 no arms1 & fi%'s tail in/ead ( feet #gd -- speak+ #eb4 #gd -- speak+ 9 womb #gd ,*9a #fg -- a/rology 9 ,*9a #d ,cic]o #ec seq4 #eg4 #gd ,claudius 7,roman ,emp]or7 #ga ,clay1 ,a4 ,t4 #fd ,club-foot #gc ,cos #eg ,c[ #ab4 #ga ,crac[1 mon/] ( #ge ,cripple #ch ,croesus 7,k+ ( ,lydia7 #eg seq4 ,cross-bre$+ #dd4 #ei ,cumont1 ,franz #d ,cyclops #fd ,dante1 dog =ehead #df ,deaf-mute #ch ,dea? 7see also ,fun]al rites7 #e ,delaporte1 ,alb]t #gf ,demon #bj4 #db4 #ge ,diana ( _m brea/s #fe ,div9ation1 me?ods #a seq4 -- basis ( int]pretation #aa ,div9] see br ,dd]le91 ,alb]t #h ,dog #ab4 #dj4 #ei4 #fa -- ,plato comp>$ to a #dd4 #dg -- born by a woman #dj4 #ei -- ) f\r bodies & fi% tails #fa -- ) six divisions ( foot #gc ,dragon #fc ,dw>f #ci ,eagle #fa -- human nose comp>$ ) beak ( #df seq4 ,e>1 de=mities & om5s #ai seq4 #cb seq4 ,egypt #fg seq4 #gg ,elephant1 born by woman #gd -- *ild ) head ( #eb ,ell5b]g]-,s*eun]t #bf ,engidu #fc ,enlil 7deity7 #bg ,es>haddon 7,assyrian rul]7 #aj ,e?iopia #gc ,etruscans #c4 #eb seq4 #ed seq4 #eh ,eusebius #fa ,ewe see ,%eep ,excess numb] ( limbs & organs #h4 #aj4 #bj seq4 #cf seq4 #ea ,fabul\s be+s #fa seq4 #ff seq4 ,fauns #fa ,features see ,physiognomy4 ,feet1 six toes on ea* foot #ce -- six toes on "r foot #ce -- l ^? ( a turtle #cf -- atta*$ to belly #cf -- only "o foot1 :i* is atta*$ to belly #cf -- *ild ) ?ree feet #cf -- *ild ) f\r feet #cf -- horse ) human feet #eb ,fe/ivals at transition p]iods #e seq4 ,f+]s1 "o miss+ #cd -- six on "r h& #cd ,fi%1 born by woman #dj -- dogs ) fi% tails #fa -- m5 & o!r creatures ) fi% tails #fa -- ,m$ea *ang$ to a fi% #ga ,foetus1 d\ble #i4 #ac seq4 #ae seq4 ,fox1 born by woman #ei ,fo]/]1 ,ri*>d #dd ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g4 #e ,fun]al rites #e ganni #bh ,g5ital memb]s1 intact #cf4 #eb -- miss+ #ce ,gessn]1 ,conrad #gd ,gilgame% #fc ,gizeh #fh ,goat #ab -- m5 ) legs & horns ( #fa -- goat-fi% #fa ,go]res1 ,johann ,joseph von #ge ,gorgon #fe ,greek & ,roman my?ology #fd seq4 #ff ,greeks & ,romans #eh ,gu9>d1 ,l4 #cg4 #dj4 #gc4 #gg ,h&1 *ild ) "o h& #ea ,h>e1 born by m>e #ef ,h>tl&1 ,s4 ,g4 #e ,h>uspices see ,etruscans ,hepatoscopy 7see also ,liv]7 #a4 #ej4 #ff4 #gh ,h]big1 ,g4 #eh ,h]mopolis1 mummy #gg ,h]odotus #ef ,hippoc5taurs #fa4 #fc seq4 ,hir/ & ,pi]sol #fd4 #ge ,hittites #c4 #eh -- om5s #aj ,horse1 9 bir?-om5s #ab -- ) human feet #eb -- m>e giv+ bir? to a h>e #ef -- hippoc5taurs #fa -- m5 ) horses' feet #fa -- ?ree-foot$ #gd -- five foot$ #gd -- ) two tails & mane ( lion #fb -- ) human head #fb -- ) dog's head #fb ,hybrid =mations #fj seq4 #fg seq4 ,ih]+1 ,rudolph von #fh ,india #fg ,infant see ,*ild ,io1 *ang$ into a c[ #ga ,ipopodes1 h horses' feet #gc isbu 7foetus7 #ac4 #ai4 #fj4 #fb ,i%bi-urra 7,babylonian rul]71 om5 #bh ,jacobs1 ,joseph #ga ,janus #fe ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 jr4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #g4 #aj4 #ac4 #bc4 #bf4 #bh4 #bi4 #cf4 #ci4 #dc4 #di4 #eg4 #eh4 #fj4 #fc4 #fe4 #ff4 #fg ,jatakas #ga ,jaw1 miss+ #cd ,julius ,obsequ5s #ce4 #ej seq4 #eg4 #gd khupipi #bd ,kitt1 ,!odor #be4 #ge lamassu 7w+$ lion or bull7 #fb ,lamb see ,%eep ,lavat]1 ,j4 ,c4 #dg4 #dh4 #ej ,leg1 miss+ #cf ,lion1 lamb l unto #bc seq4 #ec4 #eg4 #ei -- born by woman #dj4 #ec seq4 #eg4 #ei -- ,alex&]'s head comp>$ to lion's #dg -- s$u1 lamassu ) head ( #fa ,lips1 miss+ #cd -- upp] lip project+ #cd ,liv] #a -- z seat ( s\l #b -- signs on #b -- p>ts ( #b -- div9ation texts #f -- (ficial reports #i -- div9ation #a4 #dd -- clay models #eh ,livy #ci4 #ga4 #gd4 #ge ,lo?>ius ,caes>1 ,duke ( ,saxony #ge ,lu-,bat 7planet7 #ac ,lus*an1 ,felix von #fc ,lyco/h5es1 ,conrad #h4 #ci4 #eg4 #ge seq4 #gh4 ,mac$onia1 mon/] ( #ge ,macrobius #ee ,mal=mations #h4 #ai4 #bi seq4 #cb seq4 #cf seq4 #ef ,m>duk ,epic #fa m>ratum 7ra9b[7 #bc ,m>riage cu/oms #e ,m>t91 ,erne/ #gb4 #ge seq4 #gg ,masp]o1 ,ga/on #fh ,m$ea1 *ang$ into a fi% #ga ,m$ic9e1 e>ly #db ,meles 7,k+ ( ,s>dis7 #eg ,m]maids #fa ,metamorphosis1 ( m5 into animals1 ( wom5 into m5 #ga ,milk1 9 lakes #ea ,monom]i1 h only "o foot #gc ,mon/rosities #h4 #aj4 #bj4 #bi seq4 #cc seq4 #dd4 #ea seq4 #ed seq4 #fj seq4 #gb seq4 ,mon/rum #ee4 #fj4 #gi ,m\?1 *ild ) m\? ( bird #cc -- *ild )\t m\? #cc -- mal=mation ( m\? #ef ,mule1 giv+ bir? to *ick5 #ef -- ?ree-foot$1 five-foot$ #gd ,multiple bir?s #h4 #ag seq4 #ea seq4 #ei ,n>am-,s9 7,babylonian rul]71 om5s #aj ,n]gal 7god ( pe/il5ce7 #ci seq4 ,n]gal-etir 7div9]7 #aj ,neub]t1 ,fritz #di ,nikippos #eg ,no/rils1 miss+ #cd ,(ficial & un(ficial int]pretations #af seq4 #ai4 #cd seq4 #ed ,owl1 ,vitellius lik5$ to #dg ,ox1 born by woman #dj -- human face comp>$ ) #df seq4 -- talk+ #eb4 #gd ,pale/9e #fi ,pa?ology1 human & animal #g seq4 ,p]i&] #gb ,p]okomy #be ,phillip ( ,mac$onia #ge ,phlegon #ga ,physiognomy1 /udy ( #h4 #bc seq4 #dc seq4 #gj -- among ,greeks #dc seq4 #di -- ,porta's "w #de seq4 -- ,lavat]'s "w #de4 #dg seq4 -- decl9e ( /udy #dh seq4 -- z indication ( "* #de seq4 -- 9 ,europe #de seq4 #di ,pi$ d'equ9 7club-foot7 #gc ,pi]sol see ,hir/ ,pig1 9 bir?-om5s #ab -- ) five divisions ( ho( #gc ,plato1 views on resemblances betwe5 m5 & animals #dc seq4 #hj -- comp>$ ) dog #df seq4 ,pl9y #h4 #ci4 #eb4 #ga4 #gd4 #ge4 #gh ,ploss-,b>tels #e ,plut>* #gb ,polemon #dd ,porta1 ,g4 ,b4 #de seq4 #hj ,port5ts #ea ,prodigium #ee seq4 ,prome!us my? #fe ,pseudo-,ari/otle #dd ,pyramids #fh ,pub]ty #e ,ra9 ( /ones1 oil1 blood #ea ,rav51 noses comp>$ ) beak ( #df ,resemblances1 betwe5 animals #bc seq4 #dd seq4 #fb -- betwe5 infants & animals #dj4 #dd seq4 #fb4 #gh -- prote/ aga9/ #dg seq4 #gg seq4 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 born ) tee? #ci ,roscius #ee ,rossba*1 ,otto #ce4 #ea ,roy1 ,jacques #gf s 7animal7 #dj ,/4 ,hilaire ,eti5ne ,ge(frey #gg ,sakk>ah #fh ,s>gon 7,babylonian rul]71 om5s #aj ,satyrs #fa ,s*aatz1 ,fri$ri* #fd seq4 ,s*eil1 ,v9c5t #ab ,s*walbe1 ,ern/ #fg ,scipodes1 h only "o foot #gc ,scy?ians1 h only "o eye #gc s$u 7w+$ lion or bull7 #fb ,se-ma ,tsi5 #fg ,s]gius ,galba 7,roman ,emp]or71 lik5$ to an eagle #dg ,s]p5t1 born by woman #dj4 #eb ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry ,v #ci ,%eep1 animal ( sacrifice #b -- prom95ce 9 hepatoscopy #ab -- om5s #ac seq4 #ai seq4 #bc seq4 -- resemblance to lion #bc seq4 -- resemblance to infant #dj -- color ( #ee -- ) feet ( a lion #fb -- ) feet ( lion1 head ( dog 9 front1 six feet long & bri/les ( a sw9e #fb -- ) feet ( lion1 head ( dog1 tail ( sw9e #fb -- ) two heads1 two tails & dog's feet #fb -- ) two heads1 two feet1 dog's hair #fb -- ) f\r division ( ho( #gc -- )\t e>s #gc -- two-head$ #gd -- ) sw9e's head #gd ,sir5 #fd ,sir5 =mation #dj ,socrates1 comp>$ ) /ag #dg ,s[ #aj ,sph9xes #fj4 #fh ,spiegelb]g1 ,wilhelm #fh seq4 ,/ag1 human nose comp>$ ) /ag's #df seq4 ,/ill-bir? #ch ,sub>tu 7old] "n ( ,assyria7 #bg ,suetonius #eb ,sun at night #ea ,sw9e1 born by woman #dj -- human nose comp>$ ) sw9e's #df -- m5 *ang$ to #ga -- two-head$ #gd -- ) human head #gd -- ) human h&s & feet #gd ,syria #fi ,tacitus #ee ,talk+ infant #ci4 #eb4 #eg seq4 ,tee?1 *ild born ) #ci ,t]atology #gg t]tu 7om57 #ac ,te/icles1 miss+ #ce ,?ales #gb ,?igh1 miss+ #ce ,?ompson1 ,r4 ,c4 #aa ,?race1 mon/] ( #ge ,?ul91 ,c>l #ed seq4 tigri ili 7dw>f7 #ci ,toes1 six on foot #ce ,tor*es 9 heav5 #ea ,totemism #gj4 #gi ,transition p]iods #e ,tritons #fa ,turtle1 *ild ) turtle's h&s & feet #ce seq4 ,tw9s #bh seq4 -- unit$ at ! back #gd -- brea/ #gf -- umbilicum #gf ,ungnad1 ,ar?ur #fa ,urumus 7,babylonian rul]71 om5 #aj ,val]ius ,maximus #eb4 #ef4 #ge ,van ,g5nep1 ,arnold #e ,virolleaud1 ,*>les #cg ,vitellius 7,roman ,emp]or71 lik5$ to owl #dg ,walde1 ,alois #ee ,waldri*1 ,duke ( ,saxony #ge ,w>d1 ,w4 ,h4 #fd ,w+$ human figures #fa4 #fc ,woman1 giv+ bir? to elephant1 to s]p5t1 to sev5 *ildr5 #gd ,wuelk]1 ,ri*>d #eg ,x]xes #ef ,zimm]n1 ,he9ri* #fa4 #fc ,zos] 7,egyptian rul]7 #fh ,,footnotes3 #a ,embodi$ 9 detail 9 ! au?or's ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s ,,ii #bjc-ifi to be ref]r$ to h]eaft] z ,ja/r[ ,religion4 ,see also v>i\s special articles by ! writ] su* z ,signs & ,names = ! ,liv] 9 ,babylonian 7,zeits*r4 f4 ,assyr4 ,,xx #aje-abi74 ,! ,liv] 9 ,antiquity & ! ,beg9n+s ( ,anatomy 7,trans4 ( ! ,college ( ,physicians ( ,phila4 ,,xxix #aag-ach74 ,! ,liv] 9 ,babylonian ,div9ation 7,proc4 ( ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,soc4 ( ,phila4 ,,xxv #bc-cj74 ,! ,liv] z ! ,seat ( ! ,s\l 7,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions pres5t$ to ,c4 ,h4 ,toy #adc-afi74 ,sign & ,"n = ,planet 9 ,babylonian 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,society ,,xlvii #ada-aef74 ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria 7ib4 ,,xlvii #fdf-fgf74 ,sun & ,saturn 7,revue d',assyriologie ,,vii ,no4 #b71 & ! g5]al survey 9 ! au?or's ,aspects ( ,religi\s ,belief & ,practice 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,n4 ,y4 #aiaa71 ,*apt] ,,iii & ,,iv4 #b ,! field ( div9ation 0 gradually ext5d$ s t practically e unusual occurr5ce or e occurr5ce t ev5 ar\s$ att5tion 0 reg>d$ z an om54 ,among ^! miscellane\s classes ( om5s we may di/+ui% z di/9ct subdivisions 7a7 dreams1 7b7 ph5om5a connect$ ) riv]s & canals1 7c7 movem5ts ( animals--*iefly s]p5ts1 dogs1 %eep & c]ta9 birds l rav5s & falcons2 also mice & rats1 & v>i\s insects z roa*es & locu/s1 7d7 ph5om5a 9 h\ses & temples1 includ+ probably 7z 9 ,leviticus1 ,*ap4 #ad7 suspici\s look+ m>ks or spots1 7e7 peculi>ities & diseases ( any portion ( ! human frame4 ,no d\bt ! li/ c be /ill fur!r ext5d$4 #c ,see ,hepatoscopy & ,a/rology 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,society ,,xlvii #fdf sq47 #d ,! ,greek & ,roman me?od ( s5d+ out birds & not+ _! flight is ano!r example ( volunt>y div9ation1 & s is ! anci5t ,arabic me?od ( select+ arr[s1 writ+ c]ta9 words on !m1 ?r[+ !m be=e ! image or symbol ( a deity & z !y fell1 read+ ! oracle s5t by ! deity4 #e ,see ! details 9 ! writ]'s ',! ,liv] z ! ,seat ( ! ,s\l'4 7,toy ,anniv]s>y volume #adc-afh47 #f ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #abj sq4 & ,! ,liv] z ! ,seat ( ! ,s\l 7,toy ,anniv]s>y volume7 #aeh-afe4 #g ,see ,cumont1 ,fatalisme ,a/rale et ,religions ,antiques 7,revue d',hi/oire et de ,littrature ,religieuse #aiab72 also ! same au?or's ,a/rology & ,religion among ! ,greeks & ,romans 7,n4 ,y4 #aiab74 #h ,bezold & ,boll1 ,reflexe a/rologis*] ,keil9s*rift5 bei grie*is*5 ,s*rift/ell]n 7,heidelb]g ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 #aiaa72 see also ,cumont1 ,babylon und die grie*is*e ,a/ronomie 7,neue ,jahrb*] f4 das klass4 ,alt]tum ,,xxviii ,abt4 ,i4 #a-aj74 #i ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #gde sq4 & ,boll1 ,d] o/asiatis*e ,ti]zyklus im ,hell5ismus 7,leid5 #aiab74 ,i hope to treat ?is phase ( ! subject m fully 9 a special article4 ,see = ! pres5t ! summ>y ( my pap] on ?is subject 9 ! ,actes du ,,ivre ,congrs ,int]national d',hi/oire des ,religions 7,leid5 #aiac7 #ajf-aaa & ,records ( ! ,pa/ 7,wa%+ton7 ,vol4 ,,xii 7#aiac7 #ab-af4 #aj ,see ,h>tl&1 ,primitive ,pat]nity--especially ! summ>y 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii1 & also ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy ,i #ic seq42 #aia seq4 etc4 #aa ,see ,plo-,b>tels1 ,das ,weib 7#b;d ed47 ,*ap4 ,,xxxii2 ,das ,k9d ,*ap4 ,,iii1 ,,viii1 ,,ix & ,van ,g5nep1 ,rites de ,passage ,*ap4 ,v4 #ab ,"p ,,xxvii & ,"p ,,xxviii ,pl4 #a-db ( ,cunei=m ,texts f ,babylonian ,tablets etc4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are tak5 up ) texts ( ?is "*4 #ac ,p>ts ,,xx1 ,,xxx & ,,xxxi & ,pl4 #a-db ( ,"p ,,xxviii repres5t ! bulk ( ?is section ( ! ,libr>y s f> z recov]$ by ,lay>d1 ,rassam & ,george ,smi?4 ,previ\s to ! ,briti% ,museum publication1 ,alfr$ ,boissi] _h publi%$ ?ree volumes ( div9ation texts ( all k9ds "u ! title ( ,docum5ts ,assyri5s relatifs aux ,prsages 7,p>is #ahid-ii7 & 9 8 ,*oix de ,textes relatifs a la ,div9ation ,assyro-,babyloni5ne 7,p>is #aije-jf74 #ad ,! *ief publications ( a/rological texts is by ,*4 ,virolleaud "u ! title ,l',a/rologie ,*aldenne 7,p>is #aijc-ac71 consi/+ up to ! pres5t ( f\r p>ts & two supplem5ts conta9+ texts1 & f\r p>ts ) two supplem5ts conta9+ ! translit]ation ( ^! texts4 ,besides ?is publication1 ,m4 ,virolleaud has publi%$ num]\s fragm5ts ( texts 9 ! p]iodical ,babyloniaca1 f\nd$ & edit$ by him4 ,cun4 ,texts1 ,"p ,,xxx ,pl4 #dc-ej also conta9s a/rological texts2 ,"p ,,xxxiii ,pl4 #a-ab are aids to a/rology4 #ae ,*iefly by ,boissi] 9 ! two works m5tion$ 9 note #b on p4 #f4 #af ,copi\s specim5s ( liv] div9ations texts 9 ,g]man translation ) comm5ts w be f\nd 9 ! au?or's ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s ,,ii #bbg-dab2 ( ,a/rological ,texts ib ,,ii #deh-gdj2 ,oil & ,wat]1 ,div9ation ib ,,ii #gdi-gge2 ( ,animal om5s ib ,,ii #gge-hbf2 ( ,bir? om5s ib ,,ii #hcg-ida & a summ>y view ( ! miscellane\s om5s ib ,,ii #idf-ifi4 #ag ,! same is ! case ) ! collections ( liv] signs & to a l>ge ext5t also 9 ! case ( ! a/rological collections4 #ah ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bd ,cases ( m ?an ?ree bir?s at "o "t are extremely r>e4 ,a case ( qu9tuplets 9 ,gron+5 9 ! ye> #ahig is v\*$ = by ,pr(4 ,dd]le9 ( ,muni* & "o 0 report$ 9 ! newspap]s rec5tly z occurr+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a case ( sextuplets is not$ by ,vasalli 9 ! ,boll4 ,m$4 della ,svizz]a ,italiana1 #ahid1 ,nos4 #c & #d4 ,?is seems to be ! highe/ m>k1 ?\gh ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,vii #c1 on ! au?ority ( ,trogus records t a woman 9 ,egypt gave bir? to sev5 infants at "o "t2 ,lyco/h5es1 ,prodigiorum ac4 ,o/5torum ,*ronicon 7,basel #aeeg7 p4 #bhd reports ! same numb] born 9 ! days ( ,algemundus1 ,k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds4 #ai ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #c4 #bj ,e4 g4 ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #de 7,k4 #abjej72 ,,xxviii ,pl4 #db1 #bj4 #ba ,9 ! same way we h hundr$s ( (ficial reports ( occur5ces & obs]v$ ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s ) ! int]pretations tak5 f ! a/rological texts2 & we also h a l>ge numb] ( (ficial reports ( ! same "* deal+ ) ! results ( ! inspection ( ! liv] ( a sacrificial animal1 kill$ & inspect$ at a giv5 "t = ! purpose ( obta9+ an answ] to a "q put4 ,^! reports are made 9 all cases to ! rul]s1 :i* ?us /amps !m z (ficial4 ,see copi\s examples 9 ,ja/r[1 ,religion1 ,,ii #bbg-bga2 #bge-cai 7,liv] texts72 #deh-edb2 #egh-ehd2 #fac-faf2 #fci-feb2 #fef-fgc2 #fhh-fib 7,a/rological ,texts74 #bb ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bh4 #bc ,! fir/ om5 is tak5 f ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bf1 #aa2 ! second f ib4 l9e #aj4 #bd ,! om5s 7 always suppos$ to be> on ev5ts ( a public import2 h5ce ! reports may always be assum$ to be address$ to ! reign+ k+1 ev5 :5 ?is is n expressly /at$4 #be ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #de4 #bf ,f o!r s\rces 7cf4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #dfg1 #c7 we "k t ,n]gal-etir fl\ri%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,es>haddon1 ,k+ ( ,assyria 7#gje-ffh ,b4 ,c474 #bg ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxxvii ,pl4 #cj4 #bh ,! text f :i* ?is om5 is quot$ is f\nd4 ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #dh1 #b-d4 #bi ,see examples 9 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #bbg-bdd 7,s>gon & ,n>am-,s9 om5s72 #ccc & #cib 7murd] ( a rul] ,urumu72 #eee1 7invasion ( ,babylonia by ,hittites72 see also #bbf1 #c2 #hdc1 #g & articles by ! writ] 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,assyr4 ,,xxi #bgg-bhb & ,revue ,smitique ,,xvii #hg-if4 #cj ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #f2 also ,boissi]1 ,docum5ts ,assyri5s #ahe 7! fir/ publication ( ?is text1 ! importance ( :i* 0 recogniz$ by ,boissi]7 & ,?ompson1 ,reports ( ! ,magicians & ,a/rolog]s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon 7,london #aijj7 ,nr4 #bgf4 #ca ,i4 e4 ,a *ild ( ! h>em--n ! legitimate heir4 #cb ,les plus anci5nes ,dyna/ies connues de ,sum]-,accad4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,inscript4 et ,belles-,lettres #aiaa1 #fjf-fba4 #cc ,! position occupi$ by ! %eep 9 div9ation leads 9 a/rology to ! use ( ! ,sum]ian t]m ,lu-,bat1 i4 e41 'dead %eep' z ! designation ( ! planets1 ! association ( ideas be+ 'dead %eep' trtu 'om5' & !n planet1 because ! planets 7 reg>d$ z om5s4 ,9 ! l>g] s5se1 ! moon & sun 7 includ$ among ! planets4 ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii p4 #ddh sq4 & ! article ,sign & ,"n = ,planets 9 ,babylonian quot$ 9 note #a on p4 #a4 #cd ,see ,ja/r[ ,religion ,,ii #hde1 #a & #hdg1 #fh4 #ce ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #be-bf complet$ by ! duplicate ,pl4 #bg-bh4 #cf ,%[n by ! cont9uation ( ! text4 ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bf4 #cg ,i4 e4 twi/$ up 9 a heap4 #ch ,an int]pretation evid5tly bas$ on ! fact ( a de/ructive /orm t swept ov] ! l& aft] ! bir? ( a mon/rosity z describ$ 9 ! om54 #ci ,?ree int]pretations1 ga!r$ f v>i\s docum5ts & "h unit$4 #dj ,n infrequ5tly a bir?-om5 is int]pret$ z apply+ to ! own] ( ! "m lamb or to ! h\sehold 9 :i* ! lamb 0 born1--b g5]ally z an alt]native to an (ficial int]pretation be>+ on public affairs4 ,see e4 g4 bel[ pp4 #ae & #af4 #da ,see bel[ p4 #af4 #db ,i4 e41 ly+ at ! m\?4 #dc ,i4 e41 presumably ! plantation & h\se ( ! own] ( ! "m lamb4 #dd ,! opposite to ?is is '?rone w support ?rone'1 i4 e41 !re w be mutual support4 #de ,i4 e41 ! /all ( ! own] ( ! "m lamb4 #df ,i4 e41 ! prop]ty ( ! own] ( ! "m lamb w be confiscat$4 #dg ,i4 e41 ! second issues f ! belly ( ! o!r1 or appe>s to d s4 #dh ,:atev] occurr$ to ! k+ or to a memb] ( 8 h\sehold 0 an om5 = ! g5]al welf>e "u ! anci5t view ( ! k+ z ! repres5tative ( ! deity on e>?4 #di ,a p>tial exception1 h[ev] occurs 9 ! case ( ?ree & ( t5 lambs be+ produc$ at "o bir?4 ,see bel[ p4 #ah4 #ej ,i4 e41 ( c\rse1 ! head resembles t ( a bull4 ,see bel[ p4 #bc sq4 & #bg sq4 #ea ,i4 e41 ) a normal head4 #eb ,a v>iant reads1 ! city w acquire sov]eignty4 #ec ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #cg-ch ( :i* aga9 ,pl4 #cf is an extract4 #ed ,! t]m us$ ?r\gh\t is isbu = :i* see above p4 #ac4 #ee ,! unusual numb] ( alt]native int]pretations--?\gh all unfavorable--po9ts to ! compilation ( ! text f v>i\s s\rces 9 :i* ! sign 0 aga9 ent]$ ) a diff]5t int]pretation 9 ea*4 ,^! v>y+ int]pretations are "h unit$2 & no d\bt ! prie/s felt t !re 0 safety 9 numb]s4 ,"o ( ! sev5 progno/icat$ ev5ts 0 q c]ta9 to happ5--at "s "t4 ,! *ief po9t 0 t ! sign 0 unfavorable4 #ef ,i4 e41 ! /all ( ! own] ( ! "m lamb4 #eg ,z above1 an un(ficial & an (ficial int]pretation4 #eh ,i4 e41 displac$4 #ei ,i4 e41 ( ,babylonia or ,assyria4 #fj ,i4 e41 a demoniac be+ or a mon/rosity ( "s k9d4 #fa ,i4 e41 ( ! own] ( ! "m lamb4 #fb ,i4 e41 ! rudim5ts ( :at seems to be a second e>4 #fc ,simil>ly1 a second e> appe>+ bel[ or above 787 ! o!r "o1 is a favorable sign2 on ! "r side1 !re=e1 favorable to y1 on ! left favorable to ! enemy1 &1 !re=e1 unfavorable to y\r side4 #fd ,!re is ins]t$ at ?is po9t an om5 = ! case t a foetus has eight 787 feet & two tails ) unfavorable int]pretations1 approa* ( an usurp]1 no unity 9 ! l&1 ! l& w de/roy its inhabitants4 #fe ,i4 e41 n "o )9 ! o!r--9 all1 !re=e1 ?ree e>s4 #ff ,lit]ally full4 #fg ,! 'wide-e>$ man' 7rapas uzni7 is ! wise man4 ,a%urbanapal 9 ! subscript to ! tablets ( 8 libr>y ?anks ! gods = hav+ 'op5$ 8 e>s wide'1 i4 e4 giv5 him und]/&+ etc4 #fh ,see ! p>tial li/ ( su* texts1 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #hea note #a4 #fi ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #ba-bb1 ) a duplicate ,pl4 #ai 7,k4 #dacb74 #gj ,= m>ratum ! ra9-b[ see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #gci note #g & #hge1 note #c4 ,! ra9-b[ bird mu/ h be5 "o di/+ui%$ by its manifold color+4 ,a lion-lamb ) ! head ( a 'ra9b[ bird' 01 !re=e1 a "y lamb ) a l>ge lion-l head1 b %[+ v>i\s hues & %ades4 #ga ,! god ( pe/il5ce4 #gb ,an animal n yet id5tifi$4 #gc ,l[ prices indicate h>d times & are an unfavorable sign2 high prices are favorable4 ,! gods 9 anci5t ,babylonia & ,assyria appe> to h be5 on ! side ( ! ,tru/s4 #gd ,x is assum$ t ! abnormal bir? is /ill-born1 b 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! eyes are op54 #ge ,su* a mon/rosity is kn[n z ,acephaly 9 mod]n nom5clature4 ,see ,kitt1 ,lehrbu* d] pa?ologis*5 ,anatomie d] ,hau/i]e 7#d ed47 ,i1 #gb1 = illu/rations ( an ,acephalus bipes4 #gf ,kn[n 9 mod]n nom5clature z ,bra*yprosopy4 ,see ,kitt1 ib4 ,i #hg sq4 #gg ,presumably ! mi/ress ( ! h\sehold 9 :i* ! mon/rosity 0 born4 #gh ,p]okormy--,see ! illu/ration 9 ,kitt1 ib4 ,i #ge sq4 #gi ,cross-bre$+1 9 fact1 is a comp>atively r>e ph5om5on 9 ! animal _w1 limit$ to ! horse & ass1 horse & zebra1 dog & wolf1 dog & fox1 or jackal1 lion & tig]1 ox & buffalo or yak1 h>e & rabbit1 camel & drom$>y1 goat & m\nta9 /ag1 & possibly lambs & goats4 ,see ,ell5b]g]-,s*eun]t1 ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie d] ,haussugeti]e 7,b]l9 #aiaj7 #gjc4 #hj ,see ! enum]ation 9 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #hgc note #b1 e4 g41 'eyes l ^? ( a dog' 9 ! case ( a newly-born lamb 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xvii ,pl4 #bc1 #ad71 'foot l t ( a lion' 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #de1 #cd71 'head l t ( a dog' 7,cun4 ,texts1 ,,xxviii ,pl4 #cf1 #ae72 9 ! case ( a d\ble foetus 'bo? l a lion' or 'l a dog' 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #dh1 #aa-ab7 etc4 #ha ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bb1 obv4 #ac-be4 #hb ,ideographic designation 'wat] dog'4 #hc ,! *ief god ( ,nippur & ! old] head ( ! pan!on4 #hd ,i4 e41 an alt]native int]pretation4 #he ,an unid5tifi$ animal4 #hf ,i4 e41 an alt]native int]pretation ( a less (ficial "*4 #hg ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #hgi note #i4 #hh ,f\nd] ( ! ,is9 dyna/y 7c4 #bage ,b4 ,c47--ano!r illu/ration ( an hi/orical om54 #hi ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #d1 #ae-ci1 complet$ by ! duplicates ,pl4 #c1 #bb-bg & ,pl4 #a1 #a-b & ,pl4 #f4 ,! complete translation ( ! tablet ) its v>i\s duplicates w be f\nd 9 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #ijj-iaf4 #ij ,an alt]native 'un(ficial' int]pretation z 9 ! in/ances not$ above pp4 #ae-af1 #bj etc4 #ia ,two int]pretations1 bo? un(ficial--a r unusual case4 #ib ,! re/ ( ! l9e is brok5 (f4 #ic ,! l9e is defective1 b ! om5 0 )\t d\bt unfavorable4 #id ,z 9 ! case ( ! fam\s ,siamese tw9s4 #ie ,int]pretation brok5 (f1 b x 0 no d\bt ! rev]se ( :at 0 ent]$ 9 ! prec$+ om51 i4 e41 unfavorable = ! enemy & !re=e1 favorable to y\r side4 #if ,! end ( ! l9e c be re/or$ by comp>ison ) ! prec$+ om54 #ig ,re/oration c]ta94 #ih ,i4 e41 ! capital4 #ii ,int]pretation no d\bt unfavorable4 #ajj ,re/or$ by comp>ison ) ! second om5--above p4 #bi4 #aja ,re/ ( ! l9e brok5 (f1 b ! int]pretation 0 no d\bt unfavorable4 #ajb ,! end ( ! l9e suppli$ by ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bd1 #af4 #ajc ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bda1 #af 7,k4 #chha7 to ! close ( ! tablet4 #ajd ,above p4 #ai seq4 #aje ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #af1 toge!r ) ,pl4 #ag1 #ah--;an extract f ! full] tablet4 #ajf ,i4 e41 ( ! *ild2 & s ( c\rse 9 e case4 #ajg ,comp>e ! om5 9 ! case ( ! "y ( an animal1 above p4 #ai4 #ajh ,i4 e41 ! fa!r ( ! *ild4 #aji ,! 'left' side be+ unfavorable to ! enemy is favorable to y4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 expect to f9d 9 a v>iant text ',a weakl+ w be born 9 ! enemy's h\se'4 #aaj ,see prec$+ note4 #aaa ,i4 e41 misplac$4 #aab ,i4 e41 protect x4 #aac ,agna?y 9 mod]n nom5clature4 ,see ,birnbaum1 ,kl9ik d] ,mibildung5 #gc4 #aad ,i4 e41 ! upp] lip falls ov] ! l[] "o4 #aae ,i4 e41 ! fa!r ( ! *ild4 #aaf ,i4 e41 ! city 9 :i* ! *ild 0 born4 #aag ,( ! same h\se4 #aah ,presumably to ! h\sehold 9 :i* ! *ild 0 born4 #aai ,i4 e41 ! "m4 #abj ,v>iant '! (fspr+'1 i4 e41 ! newly born infant4 #aba ,i4 e41 !re w be a political upheaval4 #abb ,?is mal=mation ( a *ild ) a clos$ anus is frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ,roman om5s1 e4 g41 ,julius ,obsequ5s1 de prodigiis 7ed4 ,roba*71 #bf & #dj4 ,see bel[ p4 #eb4 #abc ,i4 e41 only ! rudim5ts ( a foot are to be se54 #abd ,i4 e41 !y are directly atta*$ to ! body )\t ?ighs4 #abe ,i4 e41 b5t & de=m$ s t "o _c /& on x4 #abf ,twi/$ legs z 9 ! illu/ration 9 ,ja/r['s ,bild]mappe zur ,rel4 ,babyl4 und ,assyr4 ,no4 #ce4 #abg ,z1 e4 g41 ,gu9>d1 ,prcis de ,t]atologie or ,birnbaum1 ,kl9ik d] ,mibildung54 #abh ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #cd1 ) duplicate ,k #fcj 7,virolleaud1 ,fragm5ts des ,textes ,div9atoires #i74 #abi ,i4 e41 a %apeless abortion sugge/+ pud5da4 #acj ,i4 e41 a misc>riage1 %ap$ l a head4 #aca ,i4 e41 a %apeless mass4 #acb ,i4 e41 an embryo4 #acc ,i4 e41 a %apeless mass4 #acd ,i4 e41 ! fa!r4 ,note ! five alt]native int]pretations po9t+ aga9 to ! union ( v>i\s collections ( om5s4 #ace ,! god ( pe/il5ce4 #acf ,i4 e41 ! fa!r ( ! *ild4 #acg ,9 :i* ! bir? took place4 #ach ,aprosopy4 ,see above p4 #be4 #aci ,9 :i* ! bir? took place4 #adj ,! expression us$ is tigri ili 'a div9e tigru'--:i* ,i take to be ! ,babylonian t]m = dw>f4 ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #iac note #g4 #ada ,else:]e we f9d ! anomaly ( a *ild born ) a be>d or ) hair on ! *9 ref]r$ to4 ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #ibi4 #adb ,! talk+ infant 7see also ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #ibi note #f7 occurs frequ5tly z a prodigy 9 ,roman lit]ature4 ,see ,lyco/h5es1 ,prodigiorum ac ,o/5torum ,*ronicon #aac4 #bbh etc4 #adc ,see fur!r ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #ibh--;infants born ) "o too?1 ) two tee? or a numb] ( tee?4 ,! om5 is also f\nd 9 ,roman lit]ature1 ,livy1 ,hi/oria ,,xli1 #ba2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,vii1 #ae4 ,k+ ,ri*>d ! ,?ird is among ! hi/orical p]sonages said to h be5 born ) tee? & :i* 0 reg>d$ z an evil om54 7,see ,h5ry ,v1 #c;d ,"p4 ,act ,v1 #f4 #ec & #ge47 #add ,n]gal1 ! god ( pe/il5ce1 is meant4 ,! text adds z a note ',su* a be+ is call$ a div9e tigru'4 ,see note #a above4 #ade ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvi ,pl4 #d ) v>i\s duplicates & 'extract' tablets4 ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #ijg1 note #a4 #adf ,an unid5tifi$ animal4 #adg ,9 ano!r li/ ( bir?-om5s a woman giv+ bir? to a s]p5t is int]pret$ t '! k+ w increase 9 p[]' 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #dc1 #i74 #adh ,alluttu--describ$ else:]e 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #df1 #i71 z a fi% ) a ?ick head--probably1 !re=e1 a dolph94 #adi ,su* a mal=mation ) ! feet unit$ & end+ 9 ! rudim5ts ( toes t resemble fi%'s tail is /ill call$ a ',sir5=mation' 9 mod]n nom5clature4 ,see ,gu9>d1 ,prcis de ,t]atologie #cff ) illu/rations fig4 #agh & #agi4 ,see also ,lyco/h5es l4 c4 #adb & #caf1 also ,hir/ & ,pi]sol1 ,human ,mon/rosities #hh & ,pl4 ,,vii 7sir5o-melus74 #aej ,! int]pretation is brok5 (f4 #aea ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #c1 #aj2 :]e ?is comp>ison is introduc$ ) ! int]pretation t '! k+ w be )\t a rival'4 #aeb ,l'a/rologie ,grecque ,,ix4 #aec ,see num]\s examples 9 ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxiii4 #aed ,see ! writ]'s pap] on ',! ,liv] & ! ,beg9n+s ( ,anatomy' quot$ on p4 #a note #a4 #aee ,on ! basis ( su* passages z ,pha$o1 #ca4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ! po/cript on p4 #hj4 #aef ,see ,scriptores ,physiognomici ,graeci et ,lat9i 7ed4 ,ri*>d ,fo]/]1 ,leipzig #aijc1 #b vols47 conta9+ ! treatises ( ,pseudo-,ari/otle1 ,polemon1 ,adamantius & o!rs4 ,see ,*apt] ,i ( ,polemon 7ed4 ,fo]/] ,i #ajh7 & ,*apt] ,,ii 7#agj-aih72 ,*apt] ,,ii1 #b ( ,adamantius 7#cdi sq47 = a long enum]ation ( ! resemblances betwe5 man & animals & ! conclusions to be drawn !refrom4 #aeg ',physiognomika' includ$ 9 ,fo]/]'s edition ,i #e-ia4 ,see ,fo]/]'s ,prolegom5a to 8 edition ,,xix1 #b4 #aeh ,i quote f ! ,lat9 ed4 ( #aeic 7,hanovia74 #aei ,he also has a s]ies ( *apt]s on ! voice1 :i* are mu* m reasonable 9 "* because ( ! omission ( any comp>isons ) animals2 & passes on to ! h&s1 ! brea/1 ! belly & ! ?ighs & feet1 & ! g5]al %ape ( ! body4 #afj ,physiognomis*e ,fragm5te 7,leipzig #agge-aggh74 #afa ,von d] ,physiognomik 7,leipzig #aggb71 #b4 ,/ck p4 #de4 #afb ,fritz ,neub]t1 ,die volk/mli*5 ,ans*auung5 b] ,physiognomik 9 ,frankrei* bis zum ,ausgang des ,mittelalt]s 7,muni* ,diss]tation #aiaj7 #aah4 #afc ,see ,ja/r[ ,religion1 ,,ii #gjd sq4 #afd ,i quote ,rossba*'s edition 9 ! ,teubn] ,s]ies4 #afe ,9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian bir?-om5s1 su* cases1 express$ by ! phrase 'middle portion op5'1 are v frequ5t1 e4 g41 ,cun4 ,text ,,xxvii ,pl4 #dd 7,k #caff72 #dg1 #ad-ae2 #dd etc4 #aff ,see above p4 #ci & bel[ p4 #eg4 #afg ,above p4 #dj4 #afh ,9 ! same p>agraph he records ! bir? ( a s]p5t by a woman z 9 ,julius ,obsequ5s #eg4 #afi ,book ,i1 #f4 #agj ,e4 g41 cave tibi1 ,roma 7,i1 #f1 #e7 at ! "t ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 #aga ,i1 #f1 #e4 ,fur!r examples ( all k9ds ( om5s are f\nd 9 ,*ap4 #h ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,memorabilia4 #agb ,life ( ,julius ,caes> #fa4 #agc ,de ,div9atione ,i #da-db4 #agd ,arnobius1 ,adv]sum ,nationes ,,vii #bf calls ,etruria ! g5etrix et mat] sup]/itionis4 #age ,see above p4 #d4 #agf ,de ,div9atione ,i #ec4 #agg ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxiii ,pl4 #ad1 #d4 #agh ,de ,div9atione ,i #ec4 ,cic]o does n specifically /ate t ! int]pretation is due to ,etruscan h>uspices1 b ,?ul91 ,etruskis*e ,diszipl9 ,,iii #aaf1 prop]ly concludes t ,cic]o :o is discuss+ ,etruscan augury 9 ! p>agraph has ,etruscan augurs 9 m9d4 #agi ,see above p4 #ad note #b4 ,among ! ,romans ^! two classes 7 kn[n z o/5ta publica & o/5ta privata 7,?ul91 ,etruskis*e ,diszipl9 ,,iii #hf & #aaf1 #a74 #ahj ,! phrase b>tu or b>tu ina mti 'revolt' or 'revolt 9 ! c\ntry' occurs hundr$s ( times 9 ! div9ation texts4 #aha ,see p4 #bi & #ca4 #ahb ,see p4 #ca4 #ahc ,see above p4 #bi sq4 ,cic]o also furni%es u 7de ,div9atione ,i #cf7 ) a mo/ /rik+ p>allel betwe5 a ,babylonian-,assyrian animal om5 & an ,etruscan int]pretation ( ! same om54 ,he tells u t ! nurse ( ! "y ,roscius obs]v$ h[ a s]p5t came & w\nd itself ar\nd ! sleep+ *ild4 ,on inquiry1 ! ,h>uspices decl>$ t ! occurr5ce 0 an om5 indicat+ t ! *ild w\ld become fam\s & di/+ui%$ above 8 fell[s4 ,9 ! same way we f9d 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian texts t 'if a s]p5t is f\nd ly+ on a little *ild1 ! *ild :e!r male or female1 w acquire r5[n & ri*es'4 ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #ghb & #idb1 #c4 #ahd ,saturnalia ,,iii #g1 #b also quot$ by ,s]vius1 ?\gh 9 a slightly modifi$ =m4 ,see ,?ul91 ,etruskis*e ,diszipl9 ,,iii #gf & #ajb4 #ahe ,! *ief colors 9 ,babylonia-,assyrian om5 texts are :ite1 black1 yell[ & d>k r$4 ,see e4 g41 ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #cb 7,k4 #chch etc471 #d-i4 #ahf ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #ai 7,k4 #acddc71 #e4 #ahg hud libbi1 lit]ally 'joy ( he>t'4 #ahh ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione ,i #da1 :o correctly expla9s ! application ( mon/rum to a mal=mation4 ,= ! etymology ( prodigium1 see ,walde1 ,late9is*-,etymologis*es ,wrt]bu* s4 v4 #ahi ,de ,g5]atione ,animalium ,,iv1 #ed4 ,see above p4 #dd4 #aij ,he gives z illu/rations a *ild born ) ! head ( a ram or ( an ox2 a calf born ) a *ild's head1 or a lamb ) ! head ( an ox4 ,see fur!r ib ,,iv1 #fe seq4 #aia ,de ,g5]atione ,,iv1 #fc4 ,see above p4 #dd4 ,he argues aga9/ ! possibility ( su* hybrid creatures 7,,iv1 #ee71 on ! gr\nd ( ! v>y+ l5g? ( pregnancy 9 ! case ( wom51 ewes1 bit*es1 & c[s4 #aib ,i1 #f1 de ,prodigiis quae ev5]e ,ext]nis #a4 ,see also ,h]odotus1 ,,vii #eg :o repres5ts ! s\rce ( ,val]ius ,maximus4 #aic ,book ,i1 #h de ,miraculis quae contig]e ,ext]nis #ab4 #aid ,,vii1 #eg4 #aie ,v>ia ,hi/oria ,i #bi4 ,aelian says t ! /ory 0 told by '! *ildr5 9 ,cos'--evid5tly a rationali/ic supplem5t to ! tale1 dat+ f a "t :5 x 0 no long] consid]$ possible to take su* /ories s]i\sly4 ,! /ory _h become1 z we w\ld say1 'an old wives' tale'4 #aif ,see above p4 #bd sq4 & ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #hge sq4 #aig ,h]odotus ,i #hd4 #aih ,h]odotus ,i #he2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione ,i #ec4 ,! latt] pres]ves ! tradition 9 its correct =m ,croesi filium cum infans esset locutum4 ,! om5 consi/s 9 ! fact t ! infant speaks z 9 ! cases report$ by ,julius ,obsequ5s 7see above #eb74 ,9 ,h]odotus ! /ory is p]v]t$ ?r\gh ! rationali/ic t\* t ! son ( ,croesus 0 dumb = _m ye>s 7cf4 also #cd & #ci7 b sudd5ly acquir$ ! p[] ( spee*4 ,! /ory loses its po9t by ?is modification4 ,! correct =m ( ! /ory is also giv5 by ,lyco/h5es1 ,prodigiorum ac ,o/5torum ,*ronicon #fe4 ,! 'speak+' infant ( :i* ,wuelk]1 ,prodigi5wes5 bei d5 ,rm]n #bj gives six in/ances1 0 always reg>d$ z an ill om51 progno/icat+ "s national mis=tune4 #aii ,see above p4 #ci4 #bjj ,see ! writ]'s article ',! ,liv] z ! ,seat ( ! ,s\l' 9 ',/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions 9 honor ( ,c4 ,h4 ,toy' #afd & ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #gdb4 ,sev]al ( ! models are n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & w1 x is hop$1 soon be publi%$4 #bja ,see ,h]big's article on ! ',etruscan ,religion' 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,! possibility1 inde$1 t ! ,etruscans belong to "o ( ! ,hittite gr\ps is to be s]i\sly consid]$1 ?\gh naturally ! problem _c be approa*$ until fur!r advances 9 ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,hittite inscriptions %all h be5 made1 foll[+ along ! l9e ( ,r4 ,c4 ,?ompson's rec5t attempt ,a ,new ,developm5t ( ! ,hittite ,hi]oglyphics 7,ox=d #aiac71 :i* unque/ionably m>ks consid]able progress4 #bjb ,see fur!r ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #cbj1 #c4 #bjc ,see above #bf4 #bjd ,ari/otle1 de ,g5]atione ,,iv1 #ed ref]s to a physiognomi/ :o trac$ back all su* 'mal=mations' 7z ,ari/otle calls !m7 to two or ?ree animals1 & ^: views he says met ) mu* favor1 ! assumption be+ t su* hybrid be+s 7 produc$ by ! union betwe5 a woman & an animal1 or by cross+ ( animals4 ,z a matt] ( fact int]c\rse betwe5 a human be+ & an animal nev] produces results1 & ! cross+ ( animals only 9 re/rict$ cases1 :i* d n ent] into consid]ation 9 ! bir?-om5s4 ,see above p4 #bf note #a4 #bje ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bi4 #bjf ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #dh4 #bjg ,! "n giv5 to ^! demons4 ,see ,ja/r[1 ,bild]mappe zur ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s ,nr4 #fb4 #bjh ,see above p4 #bi seq4 #bji ,9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,eusebius 7ed4 ,s*o5e ,i #ad1 #ah74 ,see also ,zimm]n1 ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t ,,ii #dhh seq4 #baj ,see ,ungnad's translation 9 ,gressmann's ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] ,i #h4 #baa ,e4 g41 horses ) ! heads ( dogs 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvi ,pl4 #dh1 #i72 an isbu 7"y ( animal7 ) human head 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #bi1 #bf & #ca1 #h72 infants ) two faces1 f\r h&s & f\r feet 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #h1 #aj1 #ba-bb 7,k4 #gjic772 human face & body ( a s$u1 i4 e41 a body ( a lion or bull ) w+s 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #aj1 #bc ,pl4 #h1 #f ,pl4 #ae1ag72 infant ) male & female organs 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #e1 #aa72 ) ! face ( an ass 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #ae1 #ab72 isbu--probably lamb--) feet ( a lion 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #de1 #cd72 horse ) two tails & mane ( lion 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxvii ,pl4 #di1 #c 7,k4 #djca772 horse ) human head 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #ca1 #g72 animals ) two to sev5 heads 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #cc 7,k4 #fbhh rev4772 isbu 7"h probably a lamb7 ) ! feet ( a lion1 head ( dog 9 front1 six feet & bri/les ( a sw9e 7,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #ch1 #ac72 ) ! feet ( a lion1 head ( a dog & tail ( a sw9e 7ib4 #a4 #ae72 ) two heads1 two tails & feet l ^? ( a dog 7ib4 #a4 #ag72 two heads1 two feet1 hair ( a dog 7ib4 #a4 #ai71 etc4 #bab ,tablet ,,ix4 #bac ,see ,ja/r[1 ,bild]mappe zur ,ges*i*te ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s ,nos4 #adi1 #aej1 #ahd usw4 #bad ,see ,zimm]n1 ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,a4 ,t4 ,,ii #ejc sq4 #bae ,ja/r[ ib4 ,no4 #abj2 o!r fanciful =ms1 ,nos4 #aic-aii4 #baf ,see ,ja/r[1 ,bild]mappe 7,gieen #aiab71 ,nos4 #cf-dg 7on ,b\nd>y ,/ones71 #eb-ec 7dragons71 #ee-fj 7w+$ human figures & w+$ human figure ) eagle face71 #fa 7bull ) human head71 #fb 7w+$ bull ) human face71 #fc-fd 7w+$ horses1 w+$ bulls1 w+$ sph9xes1 w+$ human figures74 #bag ,see ,lus*an1 ,ausgrabung5 9 ,s5ds*irli ,,iv #ccj sq4 & #cch sq4 & ,pl4 ,,lv-,,lvi4 #bah ,ja/r[1 ,bild]mappe ,no4 #cb w+$ hippoc5taur ) two heads 7man & lion7 ) scorpion tail & horse's tail & scorpions atta*$ to ! =elegs2 ,no4 #cc1 upright hippoc5taur1 head1 arms & upp] "p ( ! body t ( a man1 l[] "p ( ! body t ( a horse ) two feet4 ,simil> figures appe> on seal cyl9d]s1 e4 g4 ,w>d1 ,seal ,cyl9d]s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 #chb1 & ,clay1 ,dat$ ,cassite ,ar*ives1 #ae & ,pl4 ,,xv1 ,no4 #f4 ,see ,baur1 ,c5taurs 9 ,anci5t ,art pp4 #a-d4 ,a va/ am\nt ( mat]ial be>+ on ! repres5tation ( all k9ds ( mon/r\s be+s 9 ,babylonian1 ,assyrian & ,hittite art w be f\nd 9 ,w>d's valuable "w j quot$1 p>ticul>ly 9 *apt]s ,,li to ,,lv & ,,lxvii to ,,lxix1 b also *apt]s ,,vii-,,xi2 ,,xv 7,bird-man67 ,,xviii1 ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxviii4 #bai ,see e4 g4 ,hir/ & ,pi]sol1 ,human ,mon/rosities #aaf ,pl4 ,,xxii4 #bbj ,see above p4 #dj note #d4 #bba ,?is bir?-om5 'if a woman gives bir? to a head' actually occurs 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian collections1 e4 g41 ,cun4 ,texts ,,xxviii ,pl4 #cd1 #bd 7,k4 #hbgd74 ,see above p4 #cg4 #bbb ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #idc1 #a4 ,! vulture eats ! liv] because x is ! seat ( life4 ,! r5ewal ( ! liv] is ! r5ewal ( life4 ,prome!us ?us suff]s p]petual dea? & is yet condemn$ to et]nal r5ewal ( life4 ,?is view ( ! liv] is incid5tally a pro( ( ! high antiquity ( ! my?4 #bbc ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #cbj seq4 #bbd ,vol4 #ch 7#aij71 #bji-caa4 #bbe ,s*walbe1 ,migeburt5 und ,mibildung5 bei ,m5s*5 und ,ti]5 ,i #ci also favors ?is view4 #bbf ,see p4 #d & ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #gdj seq4 #bbg ,see ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,,ii #icg1 #b4 ,9 ,se-ma ,tsi5's ,memoires ,hi/oriques tr4 by ,*avannes ,i #ac1 !re is a ref]5ce to a mon/] :i* _h ! body ( a man & ! head ( an ox1 & :i* 0 born to a woman ?r\gh a dragon4 #bbh ,see ,spiegelb]g1 ,ges*i*te d] gyptis*5 ,kun/ #ag2 ,masp]o ,art 9 ,egypt #dj4 #bbi ,! ,evolution ( ! ,aryan #aja4 #bcj ,po9t$ out by ,hommel1 ,grundri d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts ,i #aac-abi :o1 h[ev]1 includes mu* 9 8 discussion t is d\btful1 & draws conclusions t are entirely too f> rea*+4 #bca ,see ,masp]o1 ,art 9 ,egypt #hj4 #bcb ,ges*i*te d] gyptis*5 ,kun/ #ce--p]haps to ,am5emhat ,,iii ( ! #ab? dyna/y4 #bcc ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,vii #c4 #bcd ,see also ,phlegon1 ,mirabilia 7ed4 ,kell]7 ,,iv-,x includ+ 7,,vi7 ! case ( a woman turn+ into a man 9 ! days ( ,emp]or ,claudius at ,antio*ia4 #bce ,see ,joseph ,jacobs1 ,introduction to 8 edition ( ! ,fables ( ,bidpai 7,london #ahhh7 ,,xxxix-,,li4 #bcf ,see ! ref]5ces 9 ,erne/ ,m>t91 ,hi/oire des ,mon/res depuis l'antiquit jusqu' nos j\rs 7,p>is #ahhj7 #g seq4 ,m>t9's book is a m9e ( valuable in=mation on ?is subject4 #bcg ,banquet ( ! ,sev5 ,sages #c4 ,! /ory is plac$ 9 ! days ( ,p]i&] & ,?ales1 & relates ! rem>kable bir? ( a c5taur 9 ! h]d ( ,p]i&]4 ,?ales is ask$ to exam9e ! /range creature1 & aft] do+ s asks ! div9] ,diocles1 :e!r he does n int5d to make "s expiation 9 ord] to av]t ! ang] ( ! gods4 ,! div9] answ]s ',:y n8'1 & assures ,?ales t ! bir? ( ! mon/] is an om5 ( discord & s$ition4 ,?ales smil$ & look+ at ! "y %eph]d ( ,p]i&] 9 *>ge ( ! h]d advis$ ,p]i&] to keep a look-out on 8 "y m51 or to provide wives = !m4 ,! intimation reflects little cr$it on ,?ales' k ( ! processes ( nature4 #bch ,see = actually occurr+ human mon/rosities1 ,hir/ & ,peirsol1 ,human ,mon/rosities2 ,kitt1 ,pa?ologis*e ,anatomie d] ,hau/i]e 7#d? ed47 ,i ,*ap4 ,,iii & ,gu9>d's ,prcis de ,t]atologie 7,p>is #ahic71 e4 g4 9 ! la/ nam$ "w1 a lamb )\t e>s 7#afh71 an infant ) a caudal app5dix 7#hb71 club-foot 7#aca--/ill call$ pi$ d'equ971 six toes 7#abh71 a pig ) five divisions ( ! ho(1 a lamb ) f\r divisions1 a dog ) six etc4 7#abi74 #bci ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,vii #c4 #bdj ,also su* om5s z ! speak+ infant 7#aac4 #aah71 :ile /ill 9 ! womb 7#age71 ! talk+ ox 7#fe4 #aac4 #aah4 #abe4 #abi4 #adj4 #adf4 #aec4 #aei4 #aff4 etc471 by ! side ( ! two-head$ sw9e 7#abi71 ?ree-foot$ mule or horse 7#aej4 #aeg4 #aff71 a five-foot$ horse or mule 7#aca4 #acf4 #aga4 #agf71 two-head$ calf 7#ahj4 #aha4 #cjh71 lamb ) sw9e's head 7#ace4 #acf71 sw9e ) human head 7#abd4 #acf4 #ach71 ) human h&s & feet 7#afe71 two-head$ lamb 7#ach4 #aci4 #aig4 #aih71 boy ) elephant's head 7#abe71 infant )\t eyes or nose 7#ada71 )\t arms or feet 7#adb71 two-head$ boy 7#aee4 #agg4 #cae4 #cag71 ) f\r h&s & f\r legs 7#afc4 #afe4 #agb4 #cag71 ) ?ree legs 7#afh & #afi71 ) ?ree legs & ?ree h&s 7#aii71 ) f\r legs 7#age71 &rogyn\s infants 7#abe4 #ace4 #agj4 #age4 #aha4 #ahg4 #aif4 #aih71 tw9s unit$ at ! back etc41 7#aih4 #bhd71 a *ild ) be>d & f\r eyes 7#bgb71 a woman giv+ bir? to an elephant 7#bja71 to a s]p5t 7#bji-baj71 a woman giv+ bir? to sev5 *ildr5 9 days ( ,algemundus1 fir/ k+ ( ,lomb>ds 7#bhd71 a boy )\t eyes1 no arms & a fi% tail in/ead ( feet 7#caf7 etc4 #bda ,conrad ,gessn]1 ,allgeme9es ,?i]bu* 7,deuts* von ,conrad ,fo]]1 ,frankfurt #affi7 #ai4 #bdb p4 #ehb4 ,! *ronicle is br\ght d[n 9 fact to ! ye> #aeeg4 #bdc p4 #cb-fh4 #bdd ,*ri/li*e ,my/ik ,,iii #ddj seq4 #bde ,le ,diable 7,p>is #ahfd74 #bdf ,9 ! doctr9e ( ! immaculate conception ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ?is factor is involv$4 #bdg ,see above #dd4 #bdh ,p4 #ih4 ,*apt] ,,xii1 ( ,m>t9's "w1 7',les ,mon/res ,celebres'71 furni%es _m supplem5ts to ,lyco/h5es "w1 includ+ "s int]e/+ examples ( ,h]maphrodites4 #bdi ,m>t9 p4 #ajj4 #bej ,! mummy 0 f\nd 9 ! cemet]y res]v$ = ! sacr$ animals1 f :i* ,m>t9 concludes t ! ,egyptians %>$ ! g5]al belief 9 mon/]s z due to ! comb9ation ( ! human ) ! animal4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ 9 view ( ! pres5t /age ( ,egyptological rese>* to det]m9e ! exact "* ( ! mummy :i* 0 ?us de/9$ to play s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n m$ic9e4 ,see ,m>t91 ib ,introduction p4 ,v4 #bea ,see ,gu9>d1 ,prcis de ,t]atologie 7,p>is #ahed7 9 :i* a full acc\nt ( ! !ory ( ,/4 ,hilaire & ( ^? :o foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps is giv54 #beb ,p4 ,t4 ,b>num1 ! fam\s ,am]ican %[man1 9 8 ,memoirs tells 9 a mo/ frank mann] ( ! manufacture ( 8 mon/]s--liv+ & dead4 #bec ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,vii #c4 #bed ,am/]dam] ,weekblad voor ,n$]l&1 ,may #bh1 #aiaa4 ,! illu/ration atta*$ to ! description reveals ! bogus "* ( ! 'mon/]'4 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,v]su*e und ,vor>beit5 begrndet von ,albre*t ,diet]i* und ,ri*>d ,wns* h]ausgegeb5 von ,ri*>d ,wns* und ,ludwig ,deubn] 9 ,mn/] i4 ,w4 9 ,knigsb]g i4 ,pr4 ,vi]zehnt] ,b& #aiac_/aiad ,v]lag von ,alfr$ ,tpelmann 7vorm4 ,j4 ,rick]7 9 ,gieen ,inhaltsv]zei*nis des vi]zehnt5 ,b&es ,l9ck1 ,kurt3 ,de antiquissimis vet]um quae ad ,iesum ,naz>5um spectant te/imoniis 7#a4 ,heft74 ,k*l+1 ,josef3 ,de coron>um apud antiquos vi atque usu 7#b4 ,heft74 ,s*eftel[itz1 ,isidor3 ,das /ellv]tret5de ,huhnopf] 7#c4 ,heft74 ,diri*let1 ,gu/av ,lejeune3 ,de vet]um mac>ismis 7#d4 ,heft74 ,ja/r[1 jr41 ,morris3 ,babylonian-,assyrian ,bir? ,om5s 7#e4 ,heft74 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by sup]script4 ,gesp]rt text is indicat$ by gesp]rt4